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/ 

Cftebsster'ss Collegiate Mctiomvv 

I * 

DICTIONARY 

OF THE 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 









GIVING THE DERIVATIONS, PRONUNCIATIONS, DEFINITIONS 

AND SYNONYMS OF A LARGE VOCABULARY OF THE 

WORDS OCCURRING IN LITERATURE, ART, 

SCIENCE, AND THE COMMON SPEECH 



WITH AN APPENDIX 

CONTAINING A COPIOUS SCOTCH GLOSSARY, A PRONOUNCING 

VOCABULARY OF PROPER NAMES, AND VARIOUS 

OTHER USEFUL TABLES 



MAINLY ABRIDGED FROM 

WEBSTER'S INTERNATIONAL 
DICTIONARY 



OVER 1100 ILLUSTRATIONS 




SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
PUBLISHED BY G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 






14078 



Copyright, 1898, 
Bl G- A C. MERRIAM COMPANY. 

Entered at Stationers' Hall. 
[All rights reserved.'] 



( 



01898 



HtCtlVED. 

SetoAOu'Vb 



Tfie Riverside Press, Cambridge , Mass., U. S. A. 
Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton and Company. 



. 2 





7 



B 



PREFACE. 

The aim of this book is to present the most essential parts of Webster's Inter- 
national Dictionary in a compact and convenient form, suited to the general reader L' 
and especially to the college student. It is the latest and fullest of the abridg- 
ments of the International. The series which includes the Primary, Common 
School, High School and Academic, naturally leads up to the Collegiate. 

In the International Dictionary, the solid foundation laid by Noah Webster, and 
the structure built upon it by such scholars as Gilman, Whitney, Porter and Good- E 

rich, was renovated, enriched and thoroughly modernized by ten years' labor of a 
large staff under President Porter. From that book the pith and marrow has been 
drawn, so far as the limits of space permit, by careful exercise of judgment and 
labor, to make the Collegiate. Its main features, especially in comparison with the 
original work, r.r3 these : — F 

The Vocabulary is pruned of the less familiar technical terms, and of most of 
the obsolete or very rare literary words. It retains scientific terms occurring in 
books for the general reader, and also the words of the Bible, Shakespeare, and 
the more widely read of the older writers. Each word defined is given its place in 
the alphabetical order of the column, regard being had in this, as in all other Q 

details of arrangement, to convenience and quickness of consultation. J ^ 

The Etymologies retain the essential quality which has won such high com- 
mendation for the International. They give the source, when known, of every 
word ; the intermediate steps of its derivation, with fullness proportioned to the 
importance of the word ; and the cognates of the English word in German, Latin, H 

Greek, Sanskrit, and in some instances in other languages, such as Icelandic, 
Swedish, Irish, etc. 

The Pronunciation is indicated by the simple and effective system of respell- 
ing which is used in the International. It employs the diacritically marked letters 
familiar in the schoolbooks of the country. It avoids the use of peculiar letters, j 

or the ordinary letters with a value not commonly given to them in English. 

In the Definitions, the language of the International is retained as far as pos- 
sible. Where condensation was necessary, care has been taken not to sacrifice the 
lucidity and exactness which have always characterized the work of Webster and 
his editors. The various definitions of a word are given in the order of their his- i 

torical development ; this being regarded as at= once the most logical and scientific 
arrangement, and also the most practically serviceable in showing not only the 
what but the why of the later meanings. Many of the definitions are supple- 
mented by an explication of synonyms, somewhat abbreviated from the larger 
work. ^ ^ 

The Pictorial Illustrations have been selected with great care, many of them " 

from those of the International, in some cases with reduction of size. The aim 
of these illustrations is not display, but clearer elucidation. They number over 
eleven hundred, and a system of cross-references increases their value. 

Preceding or following the Vocabulary are a number of tables and treatises ; . 

some taken from the International ; some, with large improvement, from the ■- 

Appendix of the old National Pictorial, — which the Collegiate replaces in the 
series of abridgments ; while some of the work is entirely new. 

M 



iv PREFACE 

The Guide to Pronunciation is slightly abbreviated from that in the Interna- 
tional. The treatment of the vowel and consonant sounds is supplemented by a 
omplete exposition of the mode of uttering the different sounds, made clear 
by illnstrationfl showing the different positions of the vocal organs. 

' The Table of Prefixes and Suffixes has been entirely rewritten and enlarged, and 
will afford a key to the meaning of B great number of simple derivatives omitted 
in the Vocabulary a- a saving of Bpace. 

The entire contents of the Appendix, so far as taken from the National Pictorial, 
been enlarged and improved. Tiny include a Pronouncing Vocabulary of 
Scripture, Greek, and Latin Proper Names, with Modern Geographical and Bio- 
graphical Names (four lists combined in one) ; a Vocabulary of Rhymes; a list of 
foi gHfth Christian Names; Deities and Heroes; Foreign Words and Phrases; Ar- 
bitrary Sign-, etc. 

In the Scotch Glossary, the indication of the pronunciation has been a very 
arduous task, owing to the almost entire want of any serviceable guide in previous 
ies. It has been necessary to rely largely on oral sources of information, 
and the difficulty is heightened by the divergence of usage even in the same local- 
All available printed authorities have been consulted, and several cultivated 
Scotch gentlemen have given careful attention to the details of the work. 

A.8 B whole, the broad aim of the Collegiate Dictionary has been to retain, both 
in substance and in form, so much of the ample scholarship of the International as 
to meet the ordinary wants of the advanced students in schools or colleges ; and to 
offer to the general reader a compact and convenient dictionary, thoroughly trust- 
worthy, and full enough to serve for most of the everyday purposes for which a 
dictionary is consulted. 

Al the many-shelved library, the voluminous encyclopedia, and the substantial 
quarto, has each its necessary place ; as at the other extreme a much simpler word- 
bonk i- requisite for the child ; so there is another distinct need, for an intermediate 
work condensed, portable, adequate for common use, disencumbered of the more 
abstruse lore, easy to handle and quick to consult. For this purpose, Webster's 
_iate Dictionary is put forth. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION vi-xxxii 

Key to the Symbols vi 

Standard of Pronunciation vii 

System of English Vowel Sounds via 

Accent, Quantity, and Emphasis, and their Relations to the Qual- 
ity of Vowel Sounds xii 

The Vowels of the Alphabet in Detail xiv 

Analytical Survey of the English Consonant Sounds .... xx 
The Consonants of the Alphabet (with the Consonant Digraphs) in 

Detail xxvi 

Syllabication . . ■ xxxi 

ORTHOGRAPHY xxxiii-xliv 

Observations xxxiii 

Rules for Spelling Certain Classes of Words xxxiv 

A List of Words spelled in Two or More Ways .... xxxviii 

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES . . . xlv-li 

RELATIONS OF ENGLISH TO OTHER LANGUAGES .... lii-liv 

ABBREVIATIONS lv-lvi 

A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 1-948 



PRONOUNCING GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES . 951-9GS 

VOCABULARY OF RHYMES 969-978 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF PROPER NAMES . . . . . 979-1024 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTLVN 
NAMES WITH THEIR ORIGIN, SIGNIFICATION, FOREIGN EQUIVA- 
LENTS, ETC 1025-1032 

CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., IN THE 

GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 1033-1041 

QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC., FROM THE GREEK, 

THE LATIN, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES .... 1042-1050 

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING . . . 1051-1057 

ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING . . . 1058-1060 



(v) 



M 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



SI. KEY TO THE SYMBOLS. 

In the RESPELLING FOR PRONUNCIATION in the Dictionary, there is employed — as shown in the Table — 
a symbol for everv clear vowel or diphthongal sound in the language ; with, in four instances, a pair of equiva- 
: the nme sound as occurring in different situations, viz. : u = db ; u= do ; 6 = a. ; and y (final) = I ; 
■ and e, italicized, as these vowels are in certain cases obscured and turned toward the neutral form ; also, 
be for the voice-glide ; and N to indicate foreign nasalized vowels ; — some of the sounds occurring only in 
I and others only in unaccented syllables, and some others, with but slight difference of quality, in both ; 
— the e is always of the M narrow " form in accented and the " wide" in unaccented syllables. The a, e. and 
o arc used to represent the similar sounds in foreign words, but not limited as they are in English to unac- 
cented syllables. The u is employed, as the nearest English vowel we have, to replace u French and ii Ger- 
man ; and the e for the eu French and o German. 

The consonant letters b, d, f , li, j, k, 1, m, p, r, t, v, w, and y, and the digraphs sli and ng, are used with 
their ordinary normal value ; g, s. z. and ch are each limited to a single sound ; 11 and til are marked for one 
6ound of each and used unmarked for the other. No use is made of c, q, x, or the digraphs pli, gh, dg, and 
wh. The principal substitutions made with each consonant symbol in the respelling are noted in the Table. 



ft, 



File, fate, la'bor, cha'os, cham'ber. 
sen'ate, pref'&ce. a-e'ri-al, cha-ot'ic. 
care, share, par'ent, hear, air. 
In, add, fat, r&n'dom, attack'. 
arm, far, fa'ther, ah. alms, palm, 
ask, grass, dance, A-mer'i-ca, so'fa. 
ii'ivtl, infant, guidance, mad'am. 
0)11, s|we, Bwarm, talk, dr^w. 
eve. mete, se-rene', he'li-om'e-ter. 
e-vent', de-pend', cre-ate', so-ci'e-ty. 
end, met, ex-cuse', ef-face', car'pet. 
fern, her, er'mine, per-vert', ev'er. 
re'cmt, de'cii-cy. pru'dence, nov'el. 
iee. time, sight, hind, in-spire'. 
f-de'a. tri-bu'nal, di-am'e-ter. 
111. pin, ad-mit', habit. lii-fin'i-tive. 
old. note. row. bold, lo'co-mo'tive. 
obey', to-bac'c6, sor'row, pro-pose/. 



6, „ „ 6rb, lord, or'der, ab-h6r / ring. 

5, ,, ,, odd, not, tor'rid, for'est, 6c-cur'. 

u, ,, ,, use, pure, mute, tune, hu'man. 

u, „ „ u-nite / , ac'tu-ate, hu-mane'. 

u, „ „ rude, ru'mor, in-trude'. 

u, „ ,, full, put, push, in'stru-ment. 

u, „ „ up, tub, stud'y, iin'der, sub-mit'. 

u, ,, ,, urn, furl, con-cur', burn. 

y, ,, „ pit'y, in'ju-ry, di-vin'i-ty. 

o"b, ,, „ food, moon, fdbl, ndbn, wdb'ing. 

db, ,, ,, foot, Tvdbl, bdbk, good, crdbk'ed. 

ou, ,, ,, out, thou, de-vour'. 

oi, „ „ oil, nois'y, a-void', em-broid'er-y. 

N, representing simply the nasal tone (as in French or 
Portuguese) of the preceding vowel ; as in ensem- 
ble (SH'sStr'b'l). 

' (for voice-glide), as in pardon (par'd'n), eaten 
(et'n). 



g (hard): as in go, begin, anger; for gu, as in 
•_rii ud; for gue, as in plague; for gli, as in 
uho-«t. 

01 sharp) : as in so. this, haste ; for c, as in 

cell, vice ; for sc, as in scene ; for ss, as in hiss. 

- sonant) : as in zone, haze ; for s, as in is, 

Ji\<* music, figs; for x, as in xylography. 

< h t-li aa in chair, much; for tch, as in 

mat< h. etching. 
gh: for <-h. aa in machine, chaise ; for ce, as in 
ni; for «i, as in social; for sci, as in con- 
adoofl : '-■ s, as in sure: for se, as in nau- 
aeooi in pension; for ss, as in is- 

l»a-sion ; for ti, as in nation. 
/I' -li * Woant) : for z, as in azure; for zi, 
•-'lazier; for s. U in pleasure, usual; for 
B \i-ion : to ^-i. as in abscission; f or g, 
n.n_'< _-<-nre. 
' 'l/Ji g in gem. giant, engine,- for gi 

religion, pigeon ; for di, as in sol- 
dier : for dg, as in edge, knowledge. 

< horn-, epoch, anarchy; for c, 
a» in eat ; for ck, as in pack ; for qu, as in con- 
quer ; for que, as in oblique. 
kw : for qu, as in queen, quit, quality. 
vi 



ks(surd) : forx, as in vex. exit, perplex, dextrous. 
j gz (sonant) : for x, as in exist, exact, example. 
j f : for ph., as in philosophy, triumph ; for gh, as 

in laugh, rough, 
hw : for wh, as in what, why, where, 
t : for ed, as in baked, crossed, capped ; for th, 

as in thyme, Thomas. 
ng : as in long, singer ; for ngue, as in tongue, 
n (like ng) : for n before the sound of k or hard g, as 
in bank, junction, linger, single, canker, 
n (the ordinary sound) : as in no, none, man. many. 
: th (sonant) : for th, as in then, though, this, 

smooth, breathe, 
th (surd) : as in thin, through, worth, width. 

Note. Foreign consonant sounds are represented by 

i the nearest English equivalents. 

j References. Figures annexed to the respelled form 
of the words refer to sections in the Guide to Pronun- 
ciation. 

| Accents and Hyphens. The principal accent is indi- 
cated by a heavy mark ('), and the secondary accent by 
a lighter mark ('), at the end of the syllable. Syllabic 

j division is otherwise indicated by a light hyphen ; a 

I heavier hyphen joins the members of compound words. 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. vii 

The Table here appended, together with the preceding Table, furnishes a method of INDICATING PRONUN- 
CIATION WITHOUT RESPELLING, which will serve, except in the case of a comparatively few words. Use is 
made of it in this Guide to Pronunciation. 

To each of the symbols here given, the equivalent is added that takes its place in the respelling (thus : a = 6, 
etc. ; what = whdt, etc. ; « = k, etc.). The unmarked letter in a digraph is to be taken as if silent f as in 
break, bread, hail, yield, veil, etc. Silent e at the end of syllables, as in fate, etc., or in the ed of 
preterits and participles, as in baked, burned, etc., need not be marked. 

The method has diacritical marks applied to all such consonant letters and digraphs as offer especial occasion 
for their use. In other instances in which they might be employed (z, gh, ti, as in nation, etc.), it is better 
to dispense with them. The sounds, as described, of x, ph, qu, and wh, unmarked, are what these characters 
will usually, but not invariably, represent. 



B 



a (=6), . . as in What, "Was, Qual'i-ty. 
E, e (=5), . . „ „ Eight, Prey, Vein, Obey'. 
1, e (=&),. „ „ There, Where, Heir. 
Ew,ew(=ii), ,, „ Ewe, Dew, Hewn, etc. ; or(=i 

as in Brew. 
Ee, ee (= e), „ „ Eel, Feet, Fee'ble, Seen. 

i (= e), . . „ „ Pi'que, Ma-chine', Po-liceA 
I, I (= e), . . . „ „ Irk'some, Bird, E-lix/ir. 
O, o (=db), . „ „ Ooze, Do, Who, Tomb. 



o (= 6h or u), as in Wolf, Wom'an, Bos'om. 
6, 6 (= ii), . . . „ „ Oth'er, Son, Wel'come. 
Ow, ow (= ou), „ „ Owl, Cow'ard, Al-low'. 
Oy, oy (= oi), . ,, „ Oys'ter, Boy, An-noy'ance. 

y (=i), . . . „ „ Fly, Sky, Style, Dy'ing. 
Y, y(=I), . . . „ „ Hymn,L,yr'ic,My-thol'o-gy. 

y (=e), . . > „ „ Myrrh, Myr'tle, Sa'tyr. 



C, c (= k), . . as in Cat, Concur. 
C,c(=s), . .„ „ Cell, Vice. 
Ch, ch (= k), „ „ Chorus, Echo, Epoch. 
Ch, ch (= sh), „ „ Chaise, Machine. 
G, g (= g), . . „ „ Get, Begin, Anger. 
G, g(=j), . . „ „ Gem, Engine. 



dg (= j), as in Edge, Bridge, Badger. 



$ (= z), 
$ (= gz), • • • • 
x(=kg), 
Ph, ph (= f ), . . 
Qu, qu (= kw), 
Wh, wh (= hw), 



1$, Ha|, Wi$dom. 
Exist, Example, 
Vex, Exit. 
Phantom, Sylph. 
Queen, Conquest. 
When, What. 



STANDARD OF PRONUNCIATION. 



§2. The ultimate standard of pronunciation for the 
English language is the usage that prevails among the 
best educated portion of the people to whom the lan- 
guage is vernacular ; or, at least, the usage that will be 
the most generally approved by them. The pronuncia- 
tion of this class of persons, all over the world, is for 
the greater part of the words of the language substan- 
tially uniform, and distinguished by only comparatively 
unimportant shades of difference. 

There are, however, sundry diversities of importance 
which affect the pronunciation of many words. Uni- 
formity is to be preferred to diversity ; but there is no 
country or locality the custom of which can claim pre- 
cedence as the everywhere acknowledged standard by 
which such differences are to be adjudged. The most 
approved pronunciation in London and the southeast of 
England is in some points different from what prevails 
anywhere else. But, notwithstanding the advantage con- 
nected with the metropolitan position, the usage of Lon- 
don and the vicinity is not really the standard for the 
other parts of Great Britain itself, in the sense of secur- 
ing actual conformity, or even of being acknowledged as 
the model which should be followed. Few of the best 
educated of the American people are disposed to take the 
usage of London as the standard for their own pronunci- 
ation. Thus there is in fact no single absolute and uni- 
versal standard. 

The aim of a pronouncing dictionary should of course 
be to serve as an exponent of the usage which is the 
ultimate standard of pronunciation. This is all that the 
dictionary has to do, except that it should present the 
reasons, when such exist, which render one pronuncia- 
tion preferable in itself to another. So far as the diction- 
ary may be known and acknowledged as a faithful inter- 
preter of the actual usage, so far and no further, and in 
no other sense, can it be appealed to as an authority. 

§ 3. The task assumed by a pronouncing dictionary is 
not easy of achievement. 

Supposing no doubt exists as to what is the actual 
usage to be indicated, even then nothing more than an 
approximation to exactness can possibly be attained. 



The sounds which we indicate by the same symbol have 
in fact only a certain general resemblance in common, 
and occasionally the actual variations are so consider- 
able, that the symbols need to be especially noted as 
having only an indeterminate value as exponents of com- 
mon usage ; — as in the case of 6 (6rb), and of u (urn), 
and e (fern), in this Dictionary (see §§ 87, 113, 139). 
What we indicate in any case is only a general type of 
sound. Each element undergoes variation as conjoined 
with this or that element in a syllable or in a word or 
phrase: the u (use, tune, etc., §131) is a signal in- 
stance. Pronunciation modeled after a common stand- 
ard will vary somewhat in different localities, and some- 
what as given by different individuals in the same 
community, and even as given by the same person at 
different times. Differences in stress, quantity, and 
pitch have effect upon orthoepical quality. — See §§ 36-44. 

The means of indication at command for a pronoun- 
cing dictionary are unavoidably imperfecto It is impos- 
sible, in the case of some of our vowel sounds, to select 
for an example any word not subject to such diversity of 
pronunciation as to render it unfit to serve the purpose 
in other than a most imperfect manner. Tet this is and 
must be the chief means of indication to be employed. 

This inadequacy is a cogent reason, in addition to 
others, for identifying the sounds by the positions and 
motions of the organs. But this method also is imperfect, 
since the organs as employed in speaking are, for the most 
part, out of sight, and have to be observed through the 
tactual or the muscular senses ; and allowance must be 
made for differences in the shape and structure of the 
organs in different persons, and for the somewhat differ- 
ent ways in which sounds nearly or essentially the same 
may possibly be produced. 

The best attainable result is to be gained by employ- 
ing the different methods that are available, and making 
one supplement the others. 

§ 4. In preparing the revised editions of Webster's Dic- 
tionary issued in 1847 and in 1864, the words in the vocab- 
ulary were marked in accordance with what was, after 
thorough investigation, believed to be the pronunciation 



H 



K 



M 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



generally approved by well-educated people in 
,; and in this dictionary the pronunciation as 
given in 1S04 is retained, except when decisive reasons 
for a change have become apparent. In many cases of 
difference betweeu American and English usage, or of 
divided usage in America or in England, references have 
been made to the Guide to Pronunciation; and in some 



cases of divided and unsettled usage, the word in the 
vocabulary is supplied with alternative forms. The plan 
of respelling for pronunciation is adopted in this revision, 
as preferable on the whole to the former plan of diacriti- 
cal marks without respelling ; and the unaccented sylla- 
bles are marked, as well as the accented, instead of being 
left to the guidance of general rules. 



SYSTEM OF ENGLISH VOWEL SOUNDS. 



Not*. — The System of the Vowels which is here pre- 
sented lias for its basis the manner of their formation by 
i.s; and agrees, in its general features and the 
main part of the nomenclature, with that advanced by 
Alexander Melville Bell and the same as modified by 
Henry Sweet ; though differing from both in some points 
of considerable importance. A synopsis of the scheme 
is presented in the Diagram at the foot of the next fol- 
lowing page. 

§ 5. Vowel sound, whether uttered with tone as in 
speaking aloud or merely whispered, has its source in 
the glottis, that is, the vocal cords, or vocal ligaments, 
with the narrow opening between them, in the upper 
part of the larynx (see Fig. 1). The vocal ligaments, 
with their membranous covering, serve to produce tone 
in speaking and singing, in just the way the lips do in 
blowing a horn or trumpet. Whispered vowel sound is 
made by friction of the breath against the vocal cords or 
the arytenoid cartilages, which are not then drawn close 
together as they are for tone vibration ; and there is 
also, in most if not in all cases, some sound produced by 
friction in the passage through the mouth. 

The sound thus originated is variously modified by 
resonance in the oral cavity ; which is molded to differ- 
ent forms by different adjustments of the flexible and 
movable parts of the mouth, namely, the tongue, soft 
palate, jaw, lips, cheeks, and the walls of the pharynx ; 
and hence arise the qualities by which vowels are dis- 
tinguished one from another. The nasal vowels, as in 
French, add a resonance in the nasal passage, but a 
nasal tone is always a blemish in English speech, except 
in the proper nasal consonants, n, m, ng (§ 167). 

In speaking aloud or in singing, the voice may be 
pitched higher or lower at pleasure, carrying with it all 
the while for any individual vowel the characteristic 
quality imparted by resonance from the suitably ad- 
justed oral cavity ; and the whispered vowel has the 
tone proper to the cavity as adjusted for that vowel, 
that serves, in the one way or the other, to produce the 
characteristic quality. 

§ C. Every part of the passage from the larynx at one 
end to the outer edge of the lips at the other will more 
or less modify the sound ; but for any one vowel, only a 
certain portion is instrumental in giving the character- 
istic quality by which it is individually recognized. This 
part, as thus employed and adjusted, may be called the 
vowel-chamber for that vowel ; through its action as 
nice chamber, the vowel quality comes into being. 
In the formation of a vowel-chamber, there is in every 
instance a place of constriction made by a more 
or lew close approximation of some part of the tongue 
to the hard palate, or the soft palate, or the pharyngeal 
wall ; on each side there is actual contact, leaving a pas- 
sage through in the middle ; for some vowels the lips 
m contracted, making a superadded place of constric- 
I he vowel-chamber consists of the passage at 
the place of constriction within the mouth, and to- 
ith this, in most cases, the cavity, or compart- 
ment, Wore or behind this place, — unless both the 
one before and the one behind be included. To make 
the vowel-chamber complete for a clear vowel sound, 
the lateral margins of the tongue are firmly applied all 



along to the sides of the pharynx and soft palate, or also 
still further on to the borders of the hard palate ; and 
for the labial vowels the walls of the chamber are 
formed in part by the cheeks and lips. A tense condi- 
tion of the soft parts of the walls is requisite for the 
resonance that is essential to the production of a vowel 
sound. 

The position of the lower jaw is important, though in 
a subordinate and secondary sense, through its connec- 
tion with the organs directly concerned. Thus, when de- 
pressed, it carries with it the under lip and lower teeth, 
stretches the cheeks, and allows of tongue configurations 
and positions otherwise difficult or impossible. The posi- 
tion of the lower jaw may affect indirectly that of the 
larynx, and even that of the soft palate. 

§ 7. The character of the resonance proper to any 
cavity, and thus to any particular vowel-chamber, will 
depend on the size and shape of the cavity together with 
the nature and condition of the material of the inclosing 
walls. The term resonance, as descriptive of the means 
by which vowel quality is imparted, needs to be taken, 
as implying, besides simple resonance in the vowel cham- 
ber, the modifying effects produced as the current of 
vocal breath strikes upon or rubs against the walls of the 
oral passage. Some of them will be really fricative, even 
in vocal speech, and thus similar in kind to such as char- 
acterize certain of the consonants. 

Some vowels are taken more easily at a low and others 
at a high pitch. But this is due mainly, if not wholly, 
to the connection, by muscle and ligament, between the 
larynx and the root of the tongue ; in consequence of 
which certain positions of the tongue favor the adjust- 
ment of the larynx for a higher and others for a lower 
pitch. 

§ 8. For the vowel a (arm, ah), —with its " wide " 
variant a (ask, pass, §§ 13, 61), —the constriction is 
made by approximating the extreme back part of the 
tongue to the back wall of the pharynx ; the place is 
thus very near to the larynx and the root of the tongue 
(see Fig. 1). Above this place, the vowel-chamber curves 
forward and opens gradually between the tongue on the 
one hand and the pharyngeal wall and soft palate on the 
other. It reaches no further forward than the front 
limit of the soft palate : the vowel gets its essential qual- 
ity in the space thus bounded. 

This may properly be denominated the OPEN-THROAT 
VOWEL, since it is formed in the throat and the parts ad- 
jacent, and with the throat in the upper or forward part 
quite open, neither obstructed nor constricted, so that 
the sound is reflected and thrown forward, directly and 
without hindrance, from the pharyngeal wall. By the 
throat is here meant the fauces, — the passage that runs 
from the mouth to the oesophagus and the larynx. — See 
§§ 12, 15, 57-69. 

§ 9. For the two groups (§§ 10, 11) next to be men- 
tioned, the constriction is made by approximation of the 
tongue to the hard palate in the one case, and to the soft 
palate in the other, — this in each case dividing the oral 
passage into two compartments, one of which, however, 
%vith the constricted channel, may properly be regarded 
as the vowel-chamber, because it contributes so much 
more than the other to the quality of the vowel. 

§ 10. When the constriction is made by arching up the 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



IX 



tongue under the hard palate, we have the tripartite 
Beries, namely, e (eve), a (ale), and a (care), each 
member of which has also its "wide" variant (§ 13). 
These are denominated front vowels, and otherwise 
are often called palatal vowels. 

The three members of the series are distinguished as 
HIGH (e), MID (a, without the "vanish"), and LOW 
(a, without the glide to r). The change from e to 5, and 
again from a to a, is made by lowering the parts of the 
tongue before and in the front, and behind and at the 
hinder end, of the place of constriction, which is thus 
made shorter ; the channel of the vowel-chamber at the 
place of constriction is at the same time made broader 
from side to side ; in each case the passage may be as close 
as it can be without consonantal friction. — See Fig. 2. 

For the high, e (eve), the root of the tongue is drawn 
forward ; also, the surface of the tongue back of the 
place of constriction and down toward the root is quite 
concave from side to side, and up and down as well ; it 
becomes less and less so for the mid and the low, falling 
back with a more and more even slope ; the arch of the 
soft palate is at the same time more and more flattened, 
and the lower jaw is of necessity more and more de- 
pressed, and is also drawn back ; if it be not so drawn 
back, the soft palate will be dragged forward by the 
tongue, and thus a nasal twang will be inevitable. 

The passage at the place of constriction and the larger 
compartment behind the same are two distinct resonant 
cavities, each having as such a pitch proper to itself. In 
passing from the low, a (care), to the high, e (eve), 
the pitch of the forward portion rises ; while, conversely, 
that of the cavity behind it becomes at the same time 
deeper. 

For the front vowels in detail, see §§ 43-56, 75-84, 102- 
104. 

§ 11. When the constriction is at the soft palate, in- 
volving retraction and humping up of the tongue, we 
have another series of three, with their " wide " vari- 
ants (§ 13), denominated back vowels, namely, do 
(food) high, 5 (old, without the usual " vanish") MID, 
and a, (all) low, — differenced as the tongue is swelled 
up higher or less high in the back part of the mouth, and 
thus reaches to a higher or lower — or, what is the same 
thing, a more or less forward — point along the soft pal- 
ate. Thus, in the back as well as the front vowels, the 
place of constriction is longest for the high, shorter for 
the mid, and still shorter for the low, — shortened at the 
forward or upper end of the place for the back vowels, 
as it is at the rearward end for the front vowels. The 
broadening of the vowel-chamber, the flattening of the 
arch of the soft palate, and the lowering of the jaw, in 
the change from high to mid and from mid to low, occur 



in the back as well as in the front vowels. The more 
and more gradual and regular, and longer and longer, 
slope of the surface of the tongue backwards in the front 
series, is paralleled, inversely, by a similar change for- 
wards in the back series. The extreme retraction of the 
fore part of the tongue for the high-back, do (food), 
corresponds to the drawing forward of the root and 
hinder part of the tongue for the high-front, e (eve). — 
See Figs. 2, 4. 

To all of the back vowels a labial modification is indis- 
pensable, and they are thus of the class termed LABIAL, 
or rounded, vowels. The high are more rounded, that 
is, have the lips more contracted, than the mid, and the 
mid more than the low. The vowel-chamber for all of 
the back vowels has its forward limit made by the lips, 
and takes in at the other extremity the place of constric- 
tion on the soft palate, the compartment below this place 
contributing but a comparatively unimportant part. 

The greater contraction and protrusion of the lips, and 
the greater retraction of the tongue and consequent 
greater dimensions of the cavity, — the depth of which is 
also increased by the elevation of the soft palate, — cause 
the high position for the back vowels to give a deeper 
resonance than the mid, and the mid than the low : there 
is thus presented a correspondence in this respect with 
the back cavity of the front vowels. 

For these vowels in detail, see §§ 70, 74, 108-122, 126- 
128, 136-138. 

§ 12. In both the front and the back series (§§ 10, 11) 
the change of organic position from that of the open- 
throat vowel, a (arm), a (ask, § 8), is least for the low, 
and greatest for the high ; this vowel being nearly related 
to the low in both series. It is thus properly to be re- 
garded as the common extremity, or point of departure, 
for the two series, which proceed from it by a regular 
gradation, as is represented in the Diagram, below. 

§ 13. Each of these vowels (§§ 8, 10, 11) has a variant 
denominated wide, as distinguished from the above de- 
scribed, the narrow.* We have a (arm) narrow, a 
(ask) wide ; a (care) narrow, a (am, cat) wide ; a 
(ale, without the " vanish ") narrow, e (end, pet) 
wide ; e (eve) narrow, I (111, pit) wide ; and a (all) 
narrow, 5 (odd) or a (what) wide ; o (old) narrow, 
6 (obey) wide ; do (food) narrow, <m> (fdbt) wide. 
The place of constriction is widened out by increase of 
distance between the tongue and the palate or the pha- 
ryngeal wall, not only by drawing away the entire body 
of the tongue, but by reducing the convexity across the 
surface, that is, by letting down the tongue toward the 
position it takes when in repose. For the narrow, the 

* The narrow, so termed by Mr. Sweet and others, were 
called the primary by Mr. Bell. 



B 



G 



H 



DIAGRAM OF THE SIMPLE VOWEL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH. 

The Diagram exhibits the arrangement of the vowels in the System and represents their relations, as explained in 
these pages ; giving also their descriptive names. — See § 25. 

The a (ale) and o (old) are here to be taken as meaning only the radical part without the usual " vanish " 
(§ 18) ; and the a (care) as apart from the " glide " to the r. For the back vowels, except the back-mixed, the 
term " round " (§ 11) is commonly added as part of the name. Thus, a (all) is the low-back-narrow-round vowel. 
a as in arm . described as ... Open-throat : narrow. 

• a • . „ . . ask . „ .... Open-throat : wide. 



K 



a, a; 5, ft 



care, &m ; Odd, all 



. Low-front : narrow, wide. Low-back : wide, narrow. 



5.5; 
[5,5; 



0,5 
[u,u 



ale, end ; obey, 5ld 
[f5rn, ever ; [up, urn 



Mid-front : narrow, wide. Mid-back : wide, narrow. 

[Mid-f rout-mixed : narrow, wide. [Mid-back-mixed : wide, narrow. 



e, t ; do, 66 

(.0, brief initial part 



eve, til ; 
[Use; 



fd&t, food „ High-front : narrow, wide. 
„ [High-front-mixed: wide. 



High-back : wide, narrow. 



M 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



tongue is pressed with some force toward the palate or 
pharyngeal wall, making comtact and meeting resistance 
on the lateral margin*, and being tints firmly braced in 
position. For the wide, this pressure is uot exerted, and 
this support is wanting ; the tongue is merely projected 
into position, and leans upon nothing, or only spreads 
itself against the teeth or other parts on each side, and 
finds but slight support — hence the commonly abrupt 
character and naturally short quantity of the wide. — 
Bee | U. 

The changes in the form and position of the tongue, 
from the narrow to the wide, carry with them corre- 
sponding changes in the position of the lower jaw. 

All the front vowels are converted from narrow to 
wide in the way shown for a (care), in Fig. 3 ; and all 
the back vowels, as shown for do (food), in Fig. 5. 



§ 14. The narrow and the wide may, in a given case, 
be regarded either as different vowels or as different 
] forms of the same vowel, but are commonly spoken of as 
different vowels. The two of each pair are perceived as 
characterized by the same fundamental quality, and as 
differentiated by features common to all the wide and 
the opposite appertaining to all the narrow. 

§ 15. There are intermediate degrees of narrow and 
wide which need to be noticed (§§ 23, 48) ; and there are 
forms of forcible tongue pressure away from the palate, 
making vowels still more open than what we call the 
wide, and with prolonged quantity, as heard in certain 
provincial and rustic modes of speech (see § 50). There 
are also various shades of sound between the high and 
mid, and between the mid and low. And every vowel is 
subject to variations in position and in sound as con- 



VIEWS OF THE VOCAL ORGANS (THE RIGHT HALF) IN VOWEL POSITIONS. 




High, eve. Low, care 



Narrow, 




High, food. Low, alL 



Narrow, food. Wide, fdbt.. 




c 






Fig- 4- 

oo 

a 



1 Hard Palate. 2 Soft Palate. 3 4 Back Wall of 
the Pharynx. 5 Tongue. 6 Tongue Bone. 7 Right 
Vocal Cord, below ; right False Vocal Cord, above ; 
both attached to the Thyroid Cartilage in front, and 
to the right Arytenoid Cartilage behind. 8 Fold, ex- 
tended from the border of the right half of the Epiglot- 
tis in front to the right Arytenoid Cartilage behind ; 
back of which is shown, in cross-section, the Transverse 
Muscle that runs from the right to the left Arytenoid. 
9 Cricoid Cartilage. 10 Windpipe. 11 Oesophagus. 
C Place of Constriction. 

[The Thyroid Cartilage extends back in two broad 
plates, one on each side ; each one hinged, or pivoted, 
at a point on the outside and near 
the bottom of the Cricoid. The 
Thyroid thus serves as a lever for 
stretching or relaxing the Vocal 
Cords. The Tongue Bone extends 
back in two branches above the 
Thyroid plates. Each Arytenoid is 
a pyramid with a triangular base, 
of which the outer angle (not seen 
in the engraving) rests upon the 
Cricoid, while the inner front angle 
holds the end of a Vocal Ligament, 
and the inner angle in the rear is 
held fast by a short ligament to 
the Cricoid. The Arytenoids serve 
as levers for moving and adjusting 
the Vocal Cords. When the Cords 
are brought close together, the 
passage between the Cartilages may 
either remain open or be closed : 
closed by the joining, and opened 
by the disjoining, of their front 
edges, from the bottom to the 
top, — the Transverse Muscle bar- 
ring the way behind at all times. 
The False Vocal Cords have no 
direct agency in phonation.] 

On Fig. 2, a (ale) would take an 
intermediate position : so o (old) 
on Fig. 4. Wide forms of all front 
vowels are fashioned as shown by 
Fig. 3 ; of back vowels, as by Fig. 5. 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



XI 



joined with different consonants. In a vowel scheme 
for ordinary uses, only the more prominent and plainly 
distinguishable diversities are to be marked, and the 
fixed points on the scale are to be taken with some lati- 
tude of variation. 

In the case of the open-throat or pharyngeal vowels, 
of which we have noted a narrow, si (arm), and a wide, 
a (ask), a nicer analysis might give as many varieties, 
though not so strongly marked, as we have in the other 
groups, that is to say, a high, a mid, and a low, and of 
each of these a narrow and a wide. Bnt, for ordinary 
orthoepical purposes, such a minute subdivision is un- 
necessary. The a (ask) will ordinarily be higher, as 
well as wider, than the a (arm). — See § 59. 

§ 16. (a) There is a fourth order of vowels in addition 
to the three above described (§§ 8, 10, 11), though it 
would not be altogether amiss to regard it as a variety 
running through the other three. To this the term 
MIXED is applied in the Bell nomenclature. It com- 
prises, in the English, u (urn), u (up), and e (fern, 
ever). Sounds of this order occur also in the first part 
of the glide between the initial and the final elements of 
the long i and ou diphthongs (§ 19 a) ; and make the 
glide between any vowel not of the mixed order and a 
following r, to which consonant the mixed vowels them- 
selves bear a close resemblance. Unaccented vowels 
tend, for the most part, to a sound of this sort, when 
they do not go over to the neutral vowel. — See §§ 17, 
38, 39, 85-95, 105, 123, 124, 139-142. 

These are called " mixed " because regarded as formed 
by a kind of blending of the organic positions for the 
front and the back vowels, or a neutrality between them. 
Though the term, as thus understood, is not wholly in- 
appropriate, the more essential characteristic of this 
class is that the passage at the place of constriction — 
which in this case is both longer and much more open 
than it is for the other vowels — has the part of the 
tongue along the middle line depressed and the lateral 
borders raised, so as to form a sort of cylindrical chan- 
nel, instead of a passage with a somewhat crescent- 
shaped cross section, concave on the palate and convex 
on the tongue, as for other vowels. This passage may 
be regarded as constituting the entire vowel-chamber. 

(6) The vowels of this class may properly be subdivided 
into FRONT and BACK, and under each may be distin- 
guished a high, a mid, and a LOW ; also, under each of 
these, a narrow and a wide . The front-mixed are made 
mainly under the hard palate, and the back-mixed mainly 
under the soft palate. For the high of each the vowel- 
chamber reaches well forward, and in the change from 
high to mid, and again from mid to low, falls back some- 
what in place, and is made larger in dimension. The 
English u (urn), narrow, and u (up), wide, are mid- 
back-mixed ; e (fern), narrow, and e (ever), wide, are 
mid-front-mixed. The high-front-mixed, — which, labially 
rounded, make the u French and ii German, — we have 
in English as the brief initial element of u. (use, § 132). 

The high-front-mixed, just above described, are closely 
related to the high-front vowels, e (eve, § 10) and i 
(HI) ; the mid, e (fern, ever), to the mid-front, a 
(ale), and e (end) ; a variant pronunciation in fern, 
earn, etc., low instead of mid, — more common for- 
merly than at present, — is nearly related to the low- 
front, a (care). The mid-back-mixed, u (urn), u (tip), 
have a similar relation to the mid-back, o (old), and 6 
(obey). 

The xi (urn) and e (fern) are distinguished as narrow, 
from ii (up), e (ever), wide. They are marked as such 
by the essential characteristics of the narrow and wide 
of the other groups (§§ 13, 21) ; only in this case we have 
for the wide a concavity made less deep, instead of a 
convexity flattened down, and we have the bracing action 
for the narrow made by a pull downward on the middle 
line and a firm pressure at the sides. 

(c) The rounding of the tongue in these vowels pro- 



duces an effect to the ear somewhat like that of lip- 
rounding. Tongue-rounding and lip-rounding are com- 
bined in the French eu and u, German 6 and ii. The 
term tongue-rounded would in fact describe the whole 
class more accurately than mixed. It is to be noticed that 
the lip-rounding takes a characteristically different shape 
in the mixed from what it does in the back vowels. 
There is some degree of lip-rounding in u (use), and 
even a slight degree in e (fern). 

(d) The mixed vowels are closely allied to the conso- 
nant r, into which they are converted by raising the 
point of the tongue toward the palate (see § 250). Hence, 
they form the glide connecting r with vowels preceding. 
The mid-mixed e (fern, ever) is more nearly allied to 
the dental r (§ 251), and the low-mixed to the palatal 
(§ 252). It is through the influence of the following r 
that the present sound of e in fern, her, etc., and of i 
in fir, sir, etc., has been developed from the original 
sounds of e (end) or a (ale), and i (ill) or e (eve). 

§ 17. The English vowels of the mixed (§ 16) class are 
the nearest to the obscure sound of the so-called neu- 
tral Vowel, otherwise named the natural vowel, — that 
is, the vocal sound produced with the least articulative 
effort, or with none at all, and heard, except as a glide, 
only in unaccented syllables. The neutral vowel differs 
from the mixed vowels in being made without the con- 
cave configuration of the tongue, and with a less tense 
condition of the organs. It admits of considerable va- 
riety of tongue position. Every short vowel is liable in 
very rapid speech — though some more than others — to 
fall into it (see §§ 38, 39). We have it also in the voice- 
glide (§ 95), the glide (§ 161) from vocal consonant to 
vowel, and the glide within diphthongs (§ 19 a). 

§ 18. The nineteen sounds (see Diagram) as above de- 
scribed, aside from the neutral vowel, but inclusive of 
the initial element in u (use, §§ 19 b, 132), make up the 
complete list of the simple vowel sounds, or of what 
need to be noted as such (§ 15) in English. The i (ice, 
§ 100) and the ii (use, § 132) are diphthongs. Also, a 
(ale, § 45), with the usual vanish in I (HI), and o (old, 
§ 109), with the vanish in rfb (f obt), are diphthongs. 

§ 19 (a). The PURE DIPHTHONGS in English are made 
up as follows : — (1) The i (ice, § 100) consists mainly of 
the glide between the initial and the final element, no 
one part having predominance. It begins with a (ask, 
§ 61), or a sound nearer to u (up, § 141), and proceeds 
through sounds of the mixed order (§ 16), followed by 
those of the neutral vowel, on to the final element I (ill, 
§ 103). As usually pronounced, it differs somewhat from 
the word aye (yea) : this begins with a (arm, § 57), 
and also gives more prominence to the initial element 
and somewhat more to the final, and less to the connect- 
ing glide. (2) The ou (out, § 129) is like I (Ice, §§ 99, 
100) in having no part predominant ; also, in beginning 
with the same element ; it then takes a different direc- 
tion, through sounds of the mixed and the neutral order, 
with gradually increased labial rounding, and terminates 
in o~o (f bbt, § 128). (3) The oi (oil, § 129) begins with 
a. (all, § 70), or a sound between this and o (odd, § 
118), taking it for the main part, and glides on to I (ill, 
§ 103). Both (4) a (ale, § 45) and (5) o (old, § 109) 
with the usual vanish, give much the greater promi- 
nence to the initial element. (6) The ii after certain 
consonants — as in lute, ju'ry, suit, duke, tune, 
etc. (see § 134) — begins with the high-front mixed 
vowel allied to i (ill, § 16 b), and without taking the y 
sound, glides on to o"o (food, § 127), and has that for 
the main part. 

(5) The following, as taking a semivowel yorw sound 
within the glide, are IMPURE DIPHTHONGS : — (1) The u 
(use, pure, § 132), or ew in few, etc., differs from the 
u in lute, etc. —the pure diphthong No. 6 above, — by 
interposing the y sound as part of the glide between the 
initial and the final elements. (2) There are several im- 
pure diphthongs that begin with a brief i (ill) and run 



B 



H 



K 



M 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



through r to different eudings : as the ea in malleable 

MM* iiial'l>:i-b 1 (§ 97) — the eon in 

.11 fiandewt l§97)s the la In 

t ,.i -.Ii.il. tili.il. familiarity, iou in bilious, in m 
minion ft 106) ; also, ya in yarn, you 
,. in yore, and yaw in yawl, when 
ouuionly done, with a brief initial i sound 
i he other kind of impure diphthong begins 
with a br.< : o«> t'«fot. J 138 sound and glides through 
a more or less complete consonant w on to the final 
rowel sound ; u la quail, quite, quality, guano, 
s\\im. Bwam, •well, When, etc. ; and maybe heard 
■ urn. m i-h. well, woe, we, as usually pro- 
nouns 

: the pure diphthongs, it is to be noticed that 
they all proceed from a place of constriction further 
back in the mouth to oue more forward, or from a low to 
a high vowel, — that is, from a more open to a more 
close palato-lingual position ; or else, as the u in lute, 
, from a more open to a more close 
lip configuration. The impure diphthongs with y for the 
connecting glide proceed in a backward direction from 
their high-front starting point ; and those with the w 
glide proceed from a more close to a more open lip con- 
figuration : the consonant glides in these cases are gen- 
erated by the relaxation from vowel tension that takes 
place in passing from close to open. 

(•) The vowelized r (§ 253), when this form is used, — 
as in far, ear, ire, more, worm, earth, etc., — is 
usually a sound of the mixed (§ 16) class ; and may 
either be added to the preceding vowel as a separate 
sound, or may in conjunction with it make a diphthong 
of a peculiar kind. 

The terms OPEN and CLOSE may be applied to 
describe either the difference of low, mid, and high, or that 
of narrow and wide, — or that between the open-throat 
rowel and any or all of the others. They are thus 
wanting in exactness. It is impossible to arrange all 
the vowels on a single linear scale, or even on two 
single lines, as more or less open and close. We can 
say, however, of the a (arm) that it is the most open 
of all.* 

§ 21. Among the vowels as narrow and wide (§ 13), there 



are certain important relations as concerns LONG and 
short quantity. Some are naturally long, and can 
not be shortened beyond a certain limit without a change 
of quality. Others are naturally short, and can be pro- 
longed only by a special effort. All the wide are natu- 
rally short, and the narrow naturally long, because of 
the fixed, braced position of the tongue in the latter case 
and the opposite in the former (§ 13). Also, the wide 
require a greater expenditure of vocalized breath to pro- 
duce the proper resonance in the wider passage, and 
hence are not so easily prolonged. The narrow long 
vowels, when shortened, verge toward the wide ; the 
shorter wide, when lengthened, tend to the narrow, or 
may turn to a still wider, or rather a more open, form. — 
See §§ 15, 30, 37. 

§ 22. The sounds symbolized by a, e, I, 5, u, as being 
the most frequent of the long sounds denoted by these 
letters, are called their REGULAR LONG sounds ; and, for 
the like reason, &,, e, I, 6, u, their REGULAR short 
sounds. The regular long and short of the same letter 
are at present, however, in no case variants of each other, 
as narrow and wide, or as the long and short of the 
same sound. 

§ 23. The regular short vowels &, e, I, o, u, pro- 
nounced in the proper English way, are a marked pecul- 
iarity of the language. The vowel sounds that, in the 
other languages of Europe, come nearest to any of these 
are, for the most part, considerably less wide. The for- 
eign variation is also habitual with the people of Scotland. 

§ 24. All the regular long vowels, as also all the diph- 
thongs, may form the closing element of an accented 
syllable (as day, e'vil, H'ar, etc.), while the regular 
short vowels naturally have the syllable closed by a con- 
sonant sound (as at'om, cop'y, clt'y, etc.); though 
such words as con-di'tion, n&'tion-al, etc., cannot 
well be so divided in writing and print. Even as unac- 
cented, four of these, namely, a, e, 6, u, are commonly 
joined to a following consonant. 

§ 25. The relations of the vowels, as respects organic 
formation, — carrying with them also corresponding 
acoustic relations, — are represented in the Diagram on 
p. ix. The neutral vowel, as having no fixed place of 
articulation, is not included in the scheme. 



ACCENT, QUANTITY, AND EMPHASIS, AND THEIR RELATIONS 
TO THE QUALITY OF VOWEL SOUNDS. 



§ 26. ACCENT, in the wider sense, may be defined as the 
nee given, or the act of giving prominence, by 
whatever means, to one syllable over others in a word or 
in a phrase, when not bestowed in the way of emphasis. 
Or it may be defined as a mode of utterance that gives 
such prominence. The accent is an essential part of the 
form of a word ; and sometimes makes the only differ- 
ence in form between two words that have totally dif- 
ferent meanings ; as, in'cense and in-cense/ ; con'- 
tract, n., and con-tract', v. 

Emphasis has a general resemblance to accent in the 
means it employs ; but, instead of being fixed by habitual 
u*age, it varies with occasions : it has for its office to 
make prominent and impress, and oftentimes to color 
and modify, and to Buffuse with emotion, the idea or 
w—ntn g conveyed. It usually falls on whole words or 
groups of words, — though sometimes on significant parts 
of a word, such as the prefixes un-, din-, etc. In the 
latter case, accent will give way to emphasis ; as it obvi- 
ously may do in the case of a phrase. For the purpose 
her* in view, it is a matter of indifference whether what 
we have in any inrtance be accent or emphasis. 

Z AS SUBJECT TO ACCENT is one con- 
sisting, either wholly or in part, of monosyllabic words, 
■"K»f v WpOs WO M, COOJ unctions, pronouns, 

the articles, and verb auxiliaries predominate. The 



more unimportant members fall naturally, and thus 
habitually, into less prominence in expression. Both 
phrase and word accent bear an important part in the 
rhythm of verse. 

§ 28. Accent, in the general sense, may be effected by 
greater stress, or by longer quantity, or by a distinction 
of pitch, in the accented syllable, — or by any two or by 
all of these combined. Accent, in a more special sense, 
may signify that — whether stress, quantity, or pitch — 
by which the syllabic prominence is effected. Accent, 
considered as made by stress alone, — or, it may be, by 
pitch, — is quite commonly thus contradistinguished from 
quantity ; — see § 33. 

§ 29. Pitch — that is, modification of voice as high or 
low on the musical scale — is not a recognized element 
in English accentuation, as it has been and is in that of 
some languages, — notably in the ancient Greek. Yet 
even in English, in the speech of some persons, and in 
some dialects, it appears as such in a noticeable degree. 

§30. Quantity means the length of time occupied 
in uttering either a syllable or an alphabetic element. 
Vowels are distinguished as intrinsically, or naturally, 
long or short (§ 21), according as they can or can not be 
easily prolonged, and as they do or do not resist being 
made short ; consonants also are distinguished as contin- 
uous and as momentary (§ 17C) ; syllables, of course, take 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



Xlll 



character from their components. As applied to the syl- 
lables in an English word or phrase, quantity may ordi- 
narily best be understood as not necessarily signifying 
any intrinsic quality in the vowel of the syllable : a rela- 
tively long syllable may be made by prolongation of the 
vowel or the consonant elements, or of both ; or may be 
made such virtually and in effect by a pause, or rest, at 
the end. 

§ 31. Stress — in speech — means force of utterance. 
This force is resolvable, in the last analysis, into muscu- 
lar tension, — tension, be it observed, not merely of the 
muscles that drive the air from the lungs, but of those 
which stretch and stiffen the vocal cords for tone vibra- 
tion, and of those which hold the mouth organs in the 
various positions and configurations for vowel resonance, 
and move or hold them for the consonant articulations. 
We thus have reaction against, as well as direct propul- 
sive action upon, the vocal current. And much of this 
reaction goes to impress upon the sound certain modifica- 
tions with greater distinctness and effectiveness. Thus, 
the prominence given by accentual stress is not merely 
due to greater loudness, or intensity, of sound ; but some- 
times as much, if not more, to the fuller distinctness of 
the articulation. 

§ 32. Stress in utterance is a thing of degree, and is 
entirely relative. The nearest to an absolute determina- 
tion is found in the least stress with which a syllable can 
be uttered and yet be perceived as a syllable. Above this 
least degree in one syllable or more, other degrees may 
exist in other syllables of the same word, and thus form 
a ground for distinguishing a primary, a secondary, or 
even a tertiary accent. 

§ 33. In English, stress is the chief, and is commonly 
regarded as the sole, constituent of accent. Yet, quan- 
tity is ordinarily combined with stress : that is to say, 
syllables that take the least degree of stress commonly 
take the shortest quantity ; — and quantity, in its turn, 
carries stress along with it. The two things are separa- 
ble ; but, in English, the two are ordinarily combined. 
— See § 30. 

§ 34. The syllable or syllables that, in a word or 
phrase, may be uttered with the absolutely least stress 
and quantity — or with a near approach to this quite 
least degree — are said to be unaccented. The one 
syllable which takes the relatively greatest stress and 
prolongation is, of course, an ACCENTED syllable. In 
many words of several syllables — usually of more than 
three — there is occasion to note two accents, a stronger 
and a weaker, denominated a PRIMARY and a SECOND- 
ARY accent, distinguished in this Dictionary by a heavier 
and a lighter accentual mark ; as, e. g. , mag'ni-fi/er, 
af'fa-bil'i-ty. There is, in many three-syllable words, 
such a secondary accent. It may fall on the first sylla- 
ble ; as in mi'der-take', con'tra-dict/ ; in which case 
it is usually marked in dictionaries. Or it may fall on 
the third and final syllable ; as in niag'ni-f y ; the final 
syllable of this word having equal stress with the third 
in mag'ni-fi / er, and thus differing from the third in 
van'i-ty ; and as in the verb proph'e-sy, which dif- 
fers from the noun proph'e-cy : in such cases it is not 
the custom to insert the accent mark ; in this Diction- 
ary, when the vowel of the syllable is long, the secondary 
accent is implied by the mark of long quantity ; as, 
mag'ni-fy, ded'i-cate, tur'pen-tine. 

There are, also, words of two syllables, neither of which 
can be properly spoken with the absolutely least stress 
and least quantity; such as a-men, fare-well, con- 
quest, horse-rake, house-wife, contest; including 
most of the two-syllable compounds, and many words not 
of that class. In the case of amen and a number of 
two-syllable compounds the two accent marks are given 
in this book. 

There are no principles by which to determine the ac- 
cent in English ; and in many cases some variation from 
the more customary form will pass unnoticed. The gen- 



eral tendency of the language is to carry the chief accent 
back towards or to the first syllable. 

§ 35. Degrees and shades of accentual stress and quan- 
tity, besides the two which we mark as primary and sec- 
ondary, are not indicated in this Dictionary. 

§ 36. Differences of accent will have effect in modi- 
fying or changing THE quality of articulate ele- 
ments. Certain of the elements require a considerable 
degree of articulative stress and some extent of time for 
their clear enunciation ; while others are compatible with 
a more relaxed, or less tense, condition of the organs, and 
with a quicker deliverance of the sound. It is, however, 
the quantity, and not the stress, that directly affects the 
quality. — See §§ 30, 33. 

§ 37. All the naturally LONG VOWELS (§ 21) and the 
diphthongs are under accentual stress, either primary 
or secondary (though indicated in the Dictionary, it may 
be, sometimes only by the vowel quantity) : they can not 
suffer weakening or loss of accent without alteration of 
quality. Thus, e (e-vent r , § 78) differs in quality from 
e (eve) ; l (l-de'a, § 101) from I (Ice) ; although, as 
thus weakened, these do not come down to the abso- 
lutely least accent ; — see §§ 21, 42. The a in sen'ate 
is nearly as wide as the e in bon'nSt. The second e in 
ce'res', when it turns to e in ce're-al, is hardly distin- 
guishable from the quite wide i in se'ri-al. The nar- 
row 6 of in-f orm' becomes the wide 5 in in'f or-ma'- 
tion; the narrow o (old) in im-pose', the wide ft 
(S-bey') in iin / p&-sr'tion. — See § 15 and the Dia- 
gram. A diphthong, when deprived of accent, is neces- 
sarily curtailed, — either preserving the middle portion 
(§ 19), or the middle and terminal element (§ 101), or the 
terminal. 

§ 38. Among the naturally short vowels (§ 21), 
the high-front-wide I (pit, § 104) undergoes but slight 
alteration as deprived of accent. The mid-front-wide e 
(end, § 83) with least accent tends to I (111) ; when it 
remains but slightly modified, it does not sink to the de- 
gree of least accent. The low-front-wide a (am, § 56) 
may change to a (ask) and then fall into the neutral 
vowel ; but a can not itself gradually pass into an ob- 
scure vowel sound. It is apt to change into 6 : thus 
accept and except are not distinguished by the illit- 
erate. 

§ 39. In the other naturally short vowels, there is a 
general tendency, on the remission of accent, to fall to- 
wards or sink into the neutral-vowel sound (§ 17), a 
sound which is taken only by syllables with the least 
accent. The letter o in final syllables with the least ac- 
cent, as in fel'on, at'oni, big'ot, act'or, etc. (§ 124), 
may be regarded as first taking a u sound as in son, or 
a sound of that class, whence it often passes over to the 
obscure neutral sound. 

§ 40. The tendencies, on the remission of accent, 
may be SUMMED UP as follows : — The narrow long vow- 
els tend to the wide form ; — see §§ 21, 37, and the Dia- 
gram, p. ix. Of the wide short vowels, those at the three 
extremes of the scales, namely, a (ask), ob (fo"bt), and 
I (ill), and also the mixed u (up), have their quality 
but slightly changed by loss of accent ; — e (end) and a 
(am), of the front group, tend in the forward direction, 
though a (am) has equai proclivity toward a (ask) or 
u (up) and thus to the neutral vowel ; — for all the wide 
back vowels, namely, o (odd), 6 (obey), u (full), or 
ob (foot), the tendency is to the neutral form ; into 
which, indeed, every short vowel will sometimes fall. 
In general, the narrow and long, when shortened and 
widened, may then further, in very rapid speech, take 
the course of the wide short vowels, as indicated above. 
— See § 48. 

In hurried and careless colloquial speech, these modi- 
fying and obscuring tendencies, in both word and phrase, 
are intensified. 

§ 41. These tendencies take the reverse direction 
when, instead of accent remitted or weakened, we have 



B 



H 



K 



M 



xiv 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



the quantity of a vowel, or both the stress and quantity, 
increased. In all cases of qui to deliberate speech we 
have increased quantity and stress upon both unaccented 
an d accented syllables , w bile yet their relations to each 
as such remain unchanged. The ordinarily ob- 
is of unaccented syllables are then and thus 
i to take some clear vowel sound. It is often a nice 
.me what the sound is that is thus to be 
It will not. for the most part, reach the exact 
snd full sound proper to the vowel as accented; but it 
should make a more or loss near approach to this, — yet 
enough of the modified form to indicate that it 
• to an unaccented or weakly accented syllable. 
b the marking of the pronunciation of unac- 



cented syllables, in this Dictionary, the intention is to 
give in each case — the e in pru'dent, nov'el, etc. 
(,§ M), and a in in'ftfiit, o'rwl, etc. (§ 09), excepted — 
the mark of that one of the clear vowels employed in 
accented syllables to which the unaccented vowel is to 
be considered as making the nearest approach when 
properly uttered in quite deliberate speech ; as, ex- 
press', ad-mit', e5r-rect'. In the case of the nat- 
urally long vowels when under weakened accent, it has 
been thought best, as a practical matter, to indicate the 
modified sound by a modification of the mark, — thus, 
a, e, 1, o, u. The absence of accent sufficiently distin- 
guishes the wide e in ev'er, pa'per, etc., from the 
narrow e in fern, iner/cy, etc. 



THE VOWELS OF THE ALPHABET IN DETAIL. 



§ 43. This letter is employed for eight variations of 
sound : a ; a; a ; a; a ; a; a ; a; besides the excep- 
tional sound as in § 47, and the sound of obscure quality, 
indicated by a italic (§ 69). For a as part of a digraph, 
see §§ 44, 4'J, 54, 57, 70, 76, 82, 85, 99, 104, 108, 113, 131. 

§44. (1.) A, a; as in ale, fate, mak'er, pro- 
f in. ' pa tri-ar'chal. This sound is otherwise repre- 
sented, as in pain, day, gaol, gauge, break, veil, 
whey, also aye (ever) ; and is the name sound of the 
letter. The vowel is commonly called " long a." 

§ 45. We have here the mid-front-narrow vowel (§ 10) ; 
of which the wide (§ 13) correlative is 6 (find). Taking 
this for the main element, the English a commonly ends 
with a vanish — a brief terminal sound — in I (111), some- 
times running even to e (eve). As thus spoken, the 
vowel is really diphthongal (§ 19 e) — made with a contin- 
uous glide, — though with much less rapid change near 
the initial than near the vanishing element. The vanish 
co m es out more clearly in some syllables than in others. 
It is not used in the Scottish dialect ; and is not apt to 
be given by people of foreign birth and training. 

4, 46. There is some diversity in the sound of this 
vowel, as spoken by different persons and as occurring in 
different words ; not only as concerns the vanish, but as 
the sound verges more or less toward the lower and 
mote open vov 10), or is even made iden- 

tical with that ; the more open form occurring mainly 
as an archaic survival. 

§ 47. The radical part of the a sound, widened usually 
so as to be (indistinguishable from fi (end), is the ex- 
ceptional sound of a in a'ny, ma'ny, Thames, and 
of al in said, again', against'. See § 82. 

§48. (2.) A, 4 ; a modification of the preceding vowel 
in syllables without accent ; wider (§ 13), ranging be- 
tween S (Hie) snd fi (find) ; and never taking the van- 
ish (J 4." It MB in the endings -ace, -age ; as, 
preface, aol'ace, rav'a«e. ad'age, etc. The end- 
fa»f -Ate, in the case of verbs, takes a (ate), with ac- 
cent, primary or secondary (though with the secondary 
accent not marked in the Dictionary) ; as, re-late', 
-ate [v.), etc. ; while, in the 
'***■ of ri'/.in and adjectives, a without the accent is 
1; as, m-n'ftte, ad'vo-cate (n.), ag / - 
Al*o, a often occurs as preceding an- 
other vowel —usually accented — in the following sylla- 
bic ; as, sWrl-al. rha-ot'l< . Ju'da Ism. In words 
like ml*'eel-l4-n> rv , Hump'tua-ry, 

before ny or ry final, and with the preceding 
has properly this sound ; but if the 
i be accented, as in bot'a-ny, di'a-ry, 
•al sv-ry, pri'ma-ry, houn'da-ry, the a sound (ask, 
•c/fa, § «6> is usually preferred ; yet in con'tra-ry 
cod lFbra-ry the ft U the easier to give, and in these 



and some others of the class is common and allowable. 
In final syllables, the tendency of the sound is to turn to 
I (ill) in rapid speech, — passing through fi on to I (§ 83) : 
this change is common in words like vil'lage, sur'face, 
etc., in which the a is followed by a j or an s sound. 
The ai in moim'tain. cap' tain, etc., as also ay in 
Mon'day, etc. , takes nearly the a sound, — falls be 
tween this and I (111). For the a sound in accented 
syllables, see § 81. 

§ 49. (3. ) A, a : only in syllables closed by r and more 
or less strongly accented ; as in care, share, com- 
pare', par'ent, plow'shftre'. The sound is also 
represented by e (there, § 84) ; and otherwise, as in 
air, bear, heir, prayer. 

The a before r does not ordinarily take this sound 
when the r precedes a vowel or another r in a follow- 
ing syllable of the word ; as in par'i-ty, par'ry, com- 
par'i-son, char'i-ty, etc. (a as in am) ; and in va'ry, 
3Ia'ry, etc. (a usually as in ale). See an analogous 
rule for e (fern) in § 85, and for 6 (orb) in § 114. But 
the sound remains without change by an added verb in- 
flection or the suffix -er ; as in com-par'ing, shar'er ; 
and appears exceptionally in par'ent, par'ent-age, 
gar'ish, and sometimes indeed in var'y, Mftr/y ; also 
in chftr'y, war'y. 

§ 50. The sound is the narrow correlate of the wide a 
(am) ; — see §§ 10, 13. It is not simply a prolongation 
of that sound ; though, if we attempt such prolongation, 
the organs naturally and unconsciously slide into a posi- 
tion which gives the sound in question. 

§ 51. Mr. Henry Sweet (Handbook, p. 28) describes 
this vowel as low-front-narrow ; identifying it with the 
French pere, f aire, and distinguishing it from the mid- 
front-narrow a (ale). It is, indeed, essentially the same 
as the so-called " open e " in French (tfite, pere, etc.), 
German (echt, leben, £tc), Italian (cielo, etc.). It was 
the common sound of the English long a two hundred 
years ago, and still later ; and the influence of the r 
would tend to hold it unchanged. 

The vowel is otherwise described by some authorities, 
either because of a difference in the actual pronuncia- 
tion, or of a disagreement as to the analysis of what 
may really be the same. The dictionaries of Walker, 
Smart, Stormonth, and Ogilvie identify it with a (ale). 
Mr. Bell gives also an alternative pronunciation, as of e in 
let prolonged ; and the sound is thus described by A. J. 
Ellis, and by Dr. Murray in the New English Dictionary. 
But the fi in lfit is the wide of a (ale). To pronounce the 
e in let, end, as the exact short of ft (cftre) is a foreign 
peculiarity ; characteristic also of the Irish and the 
Scotch. 

Most of the authorities above cited notice the vanish, 
or glide, in e (ev'er) through which the vowel passes 
on to the following r. — See § 250. 

§ 52. The error, into which some have been misled, of 
giving to this ft the sound of a (ale), with the usual 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



xv 



vanish in i (Til), is a fault which no orthoepist would 
sanction. When the vowel before r is, in some words, — 
such as par'ent, ere, e'er, tlieir, etc., — respelled by 
a (ale) as well as a, it is to be understood that the van- 
ish is in e (ev'er) and not in I (HI). 

§ 53. In syllables under least accent, the a never oc- 
curs : in words like wel'f are, war'fare, cor'sair, 
etc., the final syllable may be regarded as actually under 
a secondary accent (§ 34). 

§54. (4.) A, a: as in am (emphatic), add, fat, 
ran'dom, have, par'i-ty ; also in plaid, guar'an-ty, 
etc.; the regular "short a." It is usually followed by 
a closing consonant sound (§ 24). — See § 50. 

§ 55. Those to whom this peculiarly English sound is 
not native rarely learn to give it accurately ; — see § 23. 
They use a (ask) in its place. There are English and 
Americans who do the same ; as is always done in the 
Scottish dialect. 

§ 56. As UNACCENTED, it is common only in initial 
closed syllables : as in al-lude', at-tack', an-nul' ; 
in cases like abstract (a.) there is actually a secondary 
accent on the final syllable. — See §§ 34, 38, and Fig. 3. 

§ 57. (5.) A, a : as in arm, far, father, ah, alms, 
palm, etc. ; having equivalents as in hearth, aunt, 
guard, etc. ; commonly called the " Italian a." In Eng- 
land, and rarely in America, this sound is given to the 
e before the r in clerk (§ 85) ; and this in ser'geant 
is the leading pronunciation in both countries. 

§ 58. This is the narrow variety of the open-throat 
■vowel. — See §§ 8, 31, 62 ; see, also, Fig. 1. 

§ 59. There is a good deal of latitude of variation in 
the actual pronunciation of the " Italian a " in English, 
extending all the way between the farthest extremes 
possible for a (arm) and a (ask, § 62). A medial form 
is at present most approved. 

§ 60. In unaccented syllables, whenever the mark a 
(arm) is employed, it is to be understood that the vowel 
is wider — nearer to a (ask) — than when accented ; 
the latter would, in the opinion of some orthoepists, be 
the proper mark. 

§ 61. (6.) A, a. This is the sound to be preferred in 
certain words or syllables ending in sk, ff, ft, th, ss, 
sp, st, nee, lit, nd ; as, ask, staff, graft, path, 
pass, grasp, last, dance, chant, command' ; 
and in some other cases ; besides its frequent use in un- 
accented syllables, — for one class of which (§§ 68, 69) 
it will in this Dictionary be indicated by the Italic a. 

§ 62. This vowel is to be clearly distinguished from a 
(am, hat, § 54). In organic position it lies between 
this and a (arm) ; but in quality, as well as position, 
more nearly resembles the latter. It is the wide corre- 
late of a (arm, §§ 8, 13), and is naturally shorter (§ 21) : 
the main part of the tongue is raised higher ; the lower 
jaw is not so much depressed, and the mouth is not so 
widely opened ; hence, a (arm) has been commonly 
and correctly described as broader than a (ask). — See 
Fig. 1. 

This vowel slides easily into u (tip, § 16), especially 
when unaccented ; and a slight retraction of the tongue 
-with elevation of the back part will convert the vowel to 
o (not) ; the reverse transition, as of not to nat, Prov'- 
i-dence to Prav'i-dence, bSd'y to bad'y, etc., is a 
common fault. — See § 25. 

§ 63. Fulton and Knight described the a in the class 
of words in question as " a shortened form of the Ital- 
ian a." A. J. Ellis {Pronunciation for Singers), pp. 33, 
34), speaks of " the fine, thin sound of ' A', much used 
by delicate English speakers, especially ladies," for the 
words in question ; which sound, he says, is " common 
now [1877] in Paris " as a sound of the French a. The 
sound is one which many persons have not ear and vocal 
organs so trained as to appreciate. 



§ 64. The pronunciation of the a in the words in ques- 
tion (§ 61) is, indeed, various and unsettled. It is so rep- 
resented by Mr. Ellis in his Early English Pronuncia- 
tion, pp. 1147-48 ; and the New English Dictionary, by 
Dr. Murray, gives an optional pronunciation, that of a 
(arm) or of a (man, am), or intermediate, as that 
here indicated by a. In the dictionaries of Walker, 
Smart, Cooley, Stormonth, and Ogilvie, the mark is a 
(am). Yet, by Smart (Principles, 11) and by Cooley, 
the proper sound is admitted to be intermediate between 
a (am) and a (arm). With this diversity in general 
usage, — in both America and England, — it seems clear 
that the sound a (ask), the wide of a (arm), as the best 
and most agreeable to the ear, is to be preferred. 

§ 65. In unaccented syllables this sound (a) is 
of frequent occurrence, though in rapid speech more or 
less obscured and falling sometimes into the neutral 
form. — § 17. 

§ 66. In open syllables unaccented, as in a-rise', 
di'a-dem, ca-lor'ic, mu'ta-ble, bot'a-ny, sal'- 
a-ry, villa, so'fa, mes-si'ah, etc., this is clearly the 
proper sound when the syllable is at all prolonged in 
emphatic or deliberate utterance. — See §§ 37, 42. 

§ 67. In the dictionaries of Walker, Cooley, Stor- 
month, and Ogilvie, the mark in all such cases is a (am). 
Yet probably no one would regard this as the exact 
sound, if we except those who pronounce the a (am) as 
foreigners are apt to do (§ 55), that is, with a proper a 
(ask) sound. Walker admits (Principles, 92) that, in 
such cases as a-bound', di'a-dem, i-de'a, Af'ri-ca, 
etc., the sound approaches the " Italian a." Smart de- 
scribes this as the Italian a, but as coming near to the 
" natural," or neutral (§ 17) vowel. The New English 
Dictionary, by Dr. Murray, marks it as the " obscure " 
form of the a in bar (arm, § 57), and the a before r in 
ar-te'ri-al, etc., as the "ordinary, "and not the " long," 
form of the vowel. — See § 39. 

§ 68. In final or medial syllables, unaccented, and 
closed by n, 1, nt, nee, nd, s, ss, st, p or ph or ff, 
m, or d, as in syl'van, va'can-cy, loy'al, va'cant, 
guid'ance, hus'band, bi'as, com/pass, break'- 
fast, jal'ap, ser'aph, dis'taff, mad'am. myr'i- 
ad, etc., the vowel, when prolonged in deliberate or em- 
phatic speech, will quite commonly be sounded as a 
(§ 61), or nearly enough to be properly so described. 
The dictionaries which give the mark a (am) in open 
syllables, as above stated (§67), use the same also in this 
case, and with the same inexactness. 

§ 69. Some authorities note a difference between the 
two cases of the a when the syllable is open (§ 66) and 
when it is closed by n, 1, etc. (§ 68). Because of such 
diversity of opinion, an Italic a is used, in the spelling 
for pronunciation in this dictionary, for the latter of 
these cases ; as in in'f ant, f a'tal-ly, etc. — See § 42. 

§ 70. (7.) A, $: as in $11, talk, swarm, wa/ter, 
ap-paP, bal'sam, etc. ; and otherwise represented 
in haul, draw, awe ; also in orb, b6rn, bought, etc. 
(§ 113), as often if not more commonly pronounced. The 
diagraphs au and aw are the special representatives of 
this sound in English; though, in some words, such 
as aunt, daunt, etc., the au has passed over to the 
Italian a sound. 

§ 71. This is the low-back-narrow-round vowel (§ 11), 
— made with the place of constriction (§ 6) between the 
back tongue and the lower border of the soft palate. — 
See Fig. 4. 

§ 72. There are words, such as salt, malt, quar- 
rel (§ 74), etc., in which the sound falls between a ($11) 
and o (&bey) ; or in which there is, at least in some 
cases, an allowable latitude of variation. — See § 115. 

§ 73. In UNACCENTED SYLLABLES, initial, the sound 
sometimes occurs, somewhat modified by being less nar- 
row and less rounded ; as in al-might'y, au-thor'i-ty, 
aus-tere', au-dac'i-ty, al-though'. 



B 



G 



H 



K 



M 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



\ , v ( ivMliil.wiiH'der.Wiil'- 

. ..i ,i i i\ On »ound is identical, or at 

k*»t Dearly so. » it h that of 6 (Md, ndt), and ow in 

. ,i. .. - Ding l'<->r prouuucia- 

i =euted by 6. — See §§ 72, 118. 



:wr e baa seven variations of sound: e; 

:ited : and e, the wide variant, uu- 

acvenU - use as a silent letter and its use 

with consonant value j aud besides the sound of obscure 

quality Indicated by < (italic) ; as see in § 94. For e as 

sS< 44. 49, 57, 70, 70, 80, 82, 84, 86, 

}, 118, 126, 131, 141, 143. 

5 7f. i as in eve, mete, con'crete', 

pidc . ate. ; with the name sound of the letter ; 

and having equivalents as in feet, beam, deceive', peo'- 

ple, key, Cae'sar, ma-chine', field, quay, Phoe/bus, 

Port u-gue6e, etc. The vowel is commonly called the 

This is the high-front-narrow vowel (§ 10). As 
actually uttered, especially when preceded by a conso- 
nant, it is not usually this absolutely simple element : it 
commonly starts at a slightly wider degree, somewhat 
towards I i ill), and moves to a position the closest pos- 
sible to a consonant y. — See § 127 ; also Fig. 2. 

§ 78. (2. ) E, fj : in unaccented syllables, as event', 
I plt'o-me. cre-ate', de-lin'e-ate', so-ci'e-ty; 
shorter usually thau accented e (eve), and somewhat 
less narrow, verging towards, or sometimes even reach- 
ing, the wide I (ill). See § 37. 

I ghreti up) in place of e (as so-ci'u-ty), or 
to give the quite narrow form e (as so-ci'e-ty), is, in 
either case, offensive to the ear of a correct speaker. 

§80. (3.) E, e. This, in genuine English words, 
occurs only with i or y added, so as to make a di- 
graph; as in Sight, prey, vein, etc. The sound is 
rtth I .He, § 44) and will be indicated by a 
respelling. 
In naturalized and half - naturalized foreign 
forte. Wallet, cmwmime, auto-da-fe, 
Joae, and in the interjection eh and in a few other 
instances, we have tins sound of e accented, but without 
i ill In such cases, it may, in the 
Og, be well enough indicated by & (§ 48). 

I I aa in lad, pCt, t6n, er'ror, etc. ; 

- i :/.-r, heifer, leop'ard, friend, di- 

wr'e-sm, sVa-fcefi-da, bur'y, guess, a'ny, said, etc. ; 

-liort e; " — mid-front- wide ; correlative 

of the i. i \ • , | U< ;_ 8 ee §§ 45, 47. The 

' kMed by a consonant sound. 

rBB it occurs, as in excuse', €n- 

Bfl I ;«l.-', trro'ne-ous, lev'ei, 

H i" i ..-times it verges to or 

towards 1, as i r ., - fair'Cst, wi>V-t, 

I v\ iek'ed, xvool'Cn, kitch'en, 

— see § 38. 



6 : as in there, where ; also in 
r —identical in sound with & 
- heard also unaccented in where-bv', 
rtc. 

m. err. hSr, Sr'mine, 

— otherwise as in sir, bird, 
6tc. It occurs before 

r mi ill v.-;.-.-! ,y]la<,>,; >,wt Il0t ,,).,.,, t ) |( . r pr( .. 

following syllable of 

Jr, - "" Z? T ^ M j " i ' mer'ry. er'ror, 

"*' rbi having this 

M«Bd of the letter almost always retain it when inflected 



or suffixed ; as in con-f er'ring, de-t&r'ring, con- 
fer'rer, re-f Sr'ri-ble, etc. ; — compare § 49. In Eng- 
land, the word clerk is still commonly pronounced with 
the a (arm) sound (§ 57), as Berkeley and Derby 
were till of late. And, in New England, an a (arm) or & 
(care) sound was once usual in such words as serve, 
earth, earn, term, etc. For ser'geant, see § 57. 

§ 80. This is the mid-front-mixed-narrow vowel (§ 16), 
— distinguished as front from the back xl (urn), and as 
narrow from the wide unaccented e (ev'er, § 90). 

§ 87. The distinction of sounds here noted, as between 
e (fern) and u (urn) is quite clear ; and the majority 
of orthoepists at the present time are in favor of observ- 
ing it. By the majority of English-speaking people, how- 
ever, it is not actually observed ; some habitually use 
the distinctive e (fern) sound ; while others use the u 
(urn) sound, and the unsettled usage makes such di- 
versity allowable ; — see § 3. 

§ 88. By Walker, the e in this case is marked e, as 
in b6d, find, etc. ; and the i is marked in some words e, 
and in others u (up). Yet he says: "This sound [of 
e] before r is apt to slide into short w, and we some- 
times hear mercy sounded as if written murcy ; but this, 
though very near, is not the exact sound. " Smart speaks 
of er and ir, when distinguished from ur, as " delicacies 
of pronunciation that prevail only in the more refined 
classes of society ; " describing the sound as one that 
lies between a (ale) and u (up). The New English Dic- 
tionary, by Dr. Murray, employs two different symbols, 
one for the sound in fern, fir, etc., and another for that 
in urn, fur, etc., the vowels being, he says, " discrimi- 
nated by the majority of orthoepists, though commonly 
identified by the natives of the south of England." 

§ 89. The e (fern) — the sound as here intended to 
be understood — is quite near to the French eu, as in 
jeu, jeune, leur, amateur, etc., and to the German 
d, oe, as in schon, Goethe, etc. ; the difference being 
that the French and German words take more of a labial 
modification.— See §§ 16, 86. 

§90. (7.) Unaccented § (before r), — as in ev'er, 
read'er, sev'er-al, per-form', rev'er-ent, cav'- 

§rn, etc., with equivalents in e-lix'lr, zeph'yr, ac'tor, 
etc., — is the wide variant of the accented e (fern, 
§§ 85, 14, 16 b). Its quality as such is plain in deliberate 
utterance, though somewhat obscured in rapid speech. 
The closing element of the eu in grandeur has this 
sound, and that of the u in nature, pleasure, etc., 
takes it or inclines to it ; — see §§ 19 6, 135. Closely 
related to this is the sound explained below (§§ 91-94) ; 
as also the voice-glide (§ 95). — See §§ 105, 124, 135, 145. 
§91. The e before n in unaccented syllables, — as 
in pru'dent, sev'en-ty, rai'ment, con-ven'ient, 
cre'dence, de'cen-cy, etc., — takes a sound of 
obscure quality in rapid speech. In such words as dif'- 
fer-ence, in'fer-ence, rev'er-ent, where the n is 
followed by another consonant, there is a plain simi- 
larity between the vowel of the middle and that of the 
final syllable, if the words are pronounced as they usually 
and naturally are by the majority of well-educated people. 
The n may make the e a little higher than it is before 
r, but should not change it to e (end) ; — though, 
indeed, this form is inculcated by some orthoepists. The 
e before n in wool'en, kitch'en, etc., takes properly 
the 6 (6nd) sound, which in rapid speech tends toward 
i fill) ; — see § 83. To aUow a sound like e (end) in 
de'cent, pen'i-tent, sev'en-ty, etc., would bring 
in a tendency in these cases to let the sound fall to I (ill), 
which certainly should be avoided. Another fault, not 
less to be avoided, is that of suppressing the e in pru'- 
dent, de'cent, etc., giving only the voice-glide (§ 95), 
as if to be pronounced pru/d'nt, etc. In words like 
com'ment, con'vent, — correct with e (find), not 
e (ev'er),— we have the final syllable actually under a 
secondary accent. 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



xvn 



§ 92. Before 1 the unaccented e is, in some cases, 
like that above before n ; as in nov'el, in'n-del ; 
while in shriv'el and some others it takes the form ex- 
plained below' (§ 95) ; — but, in many cases, it is com- 
monly and properly given as 6 (6nd) ; thus in jew'61, 
cru'el, cam'61, gos'pel, f un'nel, an'gel, chan'- 
nel. In some of these, and in other words of the kind, 
there is considerable diversity of usage as between these 
sounds. 

§ 93. Authorities differ as to the true character of the 
obscure unaccented sound of e before n, 1, r (§§ 90-92), 
or hesitate to decide upon it. 

§ 94. In the case of words like pru'dcnt, nov'el, 
etc. (§§ 91, 92), because of the difference of opinion as to 
what the clear sound of the e before n or 1 should be 
when prolonged (§ 42), the vowel will be indicated by a 
bare Italic e in the spelling for pronunciation. 

§ 95. The unaccented vowel of obscure quality before 
n or 1, as above (§§ 91-94), is sometimes reduced to the 
attenuated form called the voice-glide (§ 17) ; expressed 
not only by an e, but by an i or an o, — e being most 
frequently written after 1, — as in eat 'en, o'pen, 
shriv'el, a'ble, ba'sin, par'don, etc. In some 
cases, the articulative position for the n or 1 is so 
nearly the same as it is for the preceding consonant that 
no sound need come between, and the n or 1 may serve 
in place of a vowel for the formation of a separate sylla- 
ble ; as in eat'en, gold'en, swol/len, can'dle, cat'- 
tle, etc. But, even in these cases, it is allowable to 
interpose the voice-glide. When the articulative positions 
are quite different, the voice-glide naturally intervenes 
in making a separate syllable with the 1 or n. Thus a 
sound comes between b and 1 in a'ble, as not in a'bler, 
blow ; and between p and 1 in ap'ple, as not in ap- 
ply'; and between k and 1 in tae'kle, as not between 
the same sounds in cloud ; and in e'ven a sound comes 
between v and n, as not in eve'ning. 

Syllables are also made by m with the voice-glide, 
which in that case is more nearly allied to u (iip) than 
to e (ev'er) ; as in schism (siz'm), chasm (kaz'm), 
mi'cro-cosm (-k5z'm), etc. 

Syllables thus made with n, 1, or m, may be closed by 
an added consonant ; as in strength' ened, chasms. 

The voice-glide (§ 17) differs from other cases of the 
neutral vowel by its extreme brevity only — ordinarily 
the extremest possible; — and, when followed by n or 
1, is more nearly related to e (ev'er) than to any other 
clear vowel sound. 

In this Dictionary, an APOSTROPHE (') is used in the 
respelling for pronunciation to indicate the vowel elision 
or the voice-glide ; as, par'd'n, a'b'l, etc. 

§ 96. (8. ) The letter e silent. As annexed to a con- 
sonant at the end of a syllable, this letter has no sound 
of its own ; but serves, in accented syllables, to indicate 
the preceding vowel as long ; as in came, tone. But 
in some instances the preceding vowel has become 
short ; as in give, have, bade, done, hyp'o-crite, 
etc. ; it is short also in ol'ive, prom'Ise, ex-am'- 
ine, etc. The e also marks a preceding c or g as soft ; 
as in ser'vice, rav'age, vice, o-blige'. In .the end- 
ings -ed, -en, of past tense and participle of verbs, 
the e, except in the solemn style, is for the most part 
elided, — unless the verb stem ends in d or t, as in 
add'ed, o-mit'ted, thus requiring the -ed to be fully 
pronounced. 

§ 97. (9.) The letter e, with consonant value. Like the 
short I (§ 106), when e unaccented is closely followed by 
another vowel, it naturally takes on, or falls into, more 
or less of a consonantal y sound, and the e thus makes, or 
may make, with the following vowel an impure, or semi- 
consonantal, diphthong (§ 19 6). In Shakespeare and 
Milton the words hideous and lineal make but two 
syllables; and lineament, three. The pronunciation 
b 



as above described is upheld by Cooley, Smart (Princi- 
ples, 146-7), and Walker. After t, or d, or c, or s, this y 
sound often coalesces with the consonant and changes its 
sound ; as in right 'eous (ri'chus ; by some pronounced 
rif yus, rl'che-us, etc.), gran'deur (gran'dfir ; by some, 
grand'yer ; by others, gran'jer ; § 135), mi-ca'ceous 
(-shus), o'cean (o'shan), and nau'seous (na/shus). 
Even after the sound of the e has changed the preced- 
ing consonant, it may still appear, especially when the 
accent falls upon the following vowel ; as in o'ce-an'ic 
(o'she-Xn'ik), nau'se-a'tion (na/she-a'shun), etc. Or- 
thoepists are now more generally in favor of not allowing 
the vowel to take consonant value at all in cu-ta'ne- 
ous (-ne-us), hid'e-ous (-e-us), lin'e-al (-e-al), mal'- 
le-a-ble (-le-a-b'l), and the like. See §§ 106, 134, 135. 



§ 98. This letter has five variations of sound : I ; i ; i ; 
I ; i ; besides its use with consonant value ; and besides 
its significance as a voice-glide (§ 95). 

For i as part of a digraph or trigraph, or of a diphthong, 
see §§ 44, 48, 49, 54, 76, 82, 84, 90, 99, 103, 104, 106, 126, 
129, 131, 141. 

§ 99. (1.) I, I : as in Ice, time, sight, child, bind, 
gi'ant, mlght'y, jus'ti-f 1'a-ble ; with the name sound 
of the letter. It is commonly called " long i." Equiv- 
alents are vie, guile, height, aisle, thy, buy, choir, 
r ye, eye, ay or aye (yes) as sometimes heard. 

§ 100. The sound is diphthongal. The main part is the 
glide between the initial element and the terminal i (ill) j 

— see § 19. The initial varies, ranging all the way from 
a (arm) to e (end). It falls more commonly between 
a (ask) and u (up). 

§ 101. (2.) I, l : unaccented ; as in l-de'a, bi-ol'o-gy, 
tri-bu'nal, bi-car'bo-nate, di-am'e-ter. The qual- 
ity of the sound is subject to variation ; the diphthong 
being more curtailed as the syllable takes less stress and 
shorter quantity. 

§ 102. (3.) I, i : as in pique, ma-chine', in-trigue', 

etc., — words from other languages, with the foreign and 
original sound of the letter retained. The sound is the 
same as that of e (eve, § 76), by which it is represented 
in the respelling for pronunciation. 

§ 103. (4.) I, i : as in ill, pit, pit'y, is'sue, admit', 

un-til', etc. Equivalents are hymn, guin'ea, sieve, 
breech'es, been, English ; others, as solitary instances, 
are bus'y, wom'en. It is the high-front-wide vowel, 
corresponding to the high-front-narrow e (eve), i 
(pique) ; and is the so-called " short i ; " — see §§ 10, 
22, 24. Those to whom the English is not native rarely 
learn to give the proper wide sound of this vowel, but 
follow their own vernacular in a form between i (pit) 
and i (pique) ; — see §§ 15, 23. 

§ 104. Unaccented syllables with this vowel 
are, in the greater number of cases, closed by a consonant, 
as in cab'in, il-lume', in-hab'it. When silent e is 
annexed to the consonant, the vowel sometimes has the 
sound of i (ill), and sometimes of t (idea, § 101), or of 
i (ice) : as, doc'ile, gen'tile ; mar'i-time, pan'to- 
mime ; office, sac'ri-f ice ; er'mine, car'bine, etc. 
Open unaccented syllables also are made with this vowel, 
but with the sound modified to a slightly less wide form, 
as in pac'i-f y, di-vide', f i-nance', o'ri-ent, etc. ; — 
see § 38. An obscure sound between i (ill) and u (up) 

— really the neutral- vowel sound — is quite commonly 
given in pac'i-f y, di-vide 7 , vis'i-ble, hor'ri-ble, 
ca-pac'i-ty, e-ter'ni-ty, vis'i-bil'i-ty, etc. 

The pronunciation of the i of the endings -ine, -ide, 
in the terminology of chemistry, is unsettled as be- 
tween i (ice) and i (ill) and i (pique). The Chemical 
Section of the American Association for the Advance- 



G 



H 



K 



M 



meat of Science in MM, after four years' discussion, 
inirl » rot* recoinuu ndini; the dropping ol the «> fan 
ul«- .uul the sufhi tn»« > Ettspt in the case of 
reoonunending that 
ten b* uniformly pronounced -Id. -in, 
and -In«*. a*. In h'iiuii. « hlo'iin. ililo'rid. bro'- 
,,.,,1 kManalVnf oflered by Dr. Webster in 1828. 

The f- .: . i ill Msnanted, ia represented by: ei 

i forfeit-are, etc ; ai in cir'- 

iu.-.JiuI ia in par'lia-ment, 

i oi*«'. etc. ; and is couiinou- 

\j br*nl in the final syllables of sur'l'are, vil'lage. etc., 

and of i , . and of cnd'ed, vviek'ed, etc. 

§ 105. (."O 1, I. before r, as in fir, bird, vir'tue, 
Irk some, etc., is the precise equivalent of e 
Ida variant of the same, the equiv- 
alent <>' curs in unaccented syllables in a 
few instances; as in ta'pir, na'dir, e-lix'ir. Both 
will be represented by £ in the respelling for pronuncia- 
tion. But in some words the sound, before 1 or n, is 
reduced to the voice-glide ; as in e'vil (e'v'l), ba'sin 
(beVn), etc; -see §95. 

§ 106. (6.) The letter i, with consonant value. A short 
1, closely followed by another vowel, often and naturally 
falls into a y sound, and thus produces an impure diph- 
thong (§ 10 b), and makes one syllable out of two ; as in 
miii'ioii. gen'ius. etc. A preceding g surd, 
c soft, or so, by fusion with the y, takes an sh sound ; 
and an s sonant or a z takes a zh sound, — as in man'- 
IniMi viVious, vi'sion, gla'zier, — 
the 1 sound being wholly lost. A preceding t does the 
same, — having first taken an s sound, after the fashion 
rench, and originally in words from that language, 
— as in na'tion. par'tial, etc. ; with the exception, also 
in accord with the French usage, that, when preceded 
by a syllable ending in s or x, the ti takes a ch (tsh) 
sound; M In qiu-o'tinn. mix'tion, Chris'tian, etc. 
After g, the 1 falls out, leaving the g soft ; as in re'- 
When d precedes the I, the di in some words 
or tends to become, a j (dzh) ; as cor'dial, 
ii, etc., are sometimes, and sol'dier is always, 
pro n oun ce d. When accent, primary or actual secondary, 
falls on the following vowel (as in ex-pa'ti-ate, par'ti- 
< or <li -al'i-ty. as m> ■'ci-a'tion, fa-mil'i-ar'- 
i i an'i-ty;. there is a diversity of usage; 
•one not sounding the 1 as a vowel at all ; as e"ks-pa'shat, 
p*r-ebJUf-ty, k3r-jal'T-ty or k8rd-yai'-, as'sfc-sba'shun [as 
pronounce], fA-tnll'ySrl-ty, krls-chanf-ty ; others 
it in aft«-r the -hanged consonant, or after the 
y sound ; as gks-pa'shl-at, paVshT-Xn-ty\ Ss-so'shT-a'- 
■hOn, koVji-an-ty or k6rd'yT-ai'-, fi-mTl'yl-ar'T-ty [so 
•one] ; and others retaining the i unchanged and with- 
out consonantal effect except tii<; conversion of a preced- 
ing; t into an sh or a ch sound ; as in Ss-so'sT-a'shun, 
' /T-ty , la-mTl'T-arl-ty, par'shT-aiT-ty, krls/chT- 
■oT-ty ; ai*l this may be regarded as in most cases the 
leading manner of pronouncing such words. — See § 97. 

O. 

f 107. This letter lias seven sounds : 5, ft, ft, 5, o, o, 

A ; besides representing merely the voice-glide (§ 95), and 

besides the exceptional sound in wom'en f§ MB). For 

t of a digraph, see << 44, 70, 74, 70, 82, 97, 99, 10C, 

131. 

f 108. (1.) ©, ft: as in old, note, bone, o'ver, 
Pro-pone', BcVeo-meVttre, etc. ; with equivalents as 

■ roam, foe. 9Wi owe 8ew yeo f m&n ^ 

beam, hnut'boy, door : with the " regular long " name 
Bennief (fee letter (} 22). ^ 

This vowel takes as a vanish a distinctly per- 

i mHiuin do (food), and is 

I (f 19). The radical part is the mid-back- 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



narrow-round vowel (§ 11). The lips are contracted to a 
circular opening ; aud the Jaw is less depressed than for 
a. (all, § 71), and more than for do (food). The van- 
ish is not universal, yielding more or less to counteracting 
influences. In the Scottish dialect it is not heard. 

§ 110. There has prevailed in New England a pronun- 
ciation of o in certain words, — home, whole, coat, 
stone, only, and many others — which does not give 
the vanish, and takes a wider form than o (old), and the 
same as ft (ft-bey') brought under the accent. The sym- 
bol ft (§ 112) would serve to indicate this pronunciation 
with sufficient exactness. 

§ 111. Before r in accented syllables, the long o nat- 
urally and more properly takes a vanish in u (Urn), in- 
stead of do (§ 109) ; as in glo'ry, ore, door, four, 
floor. This has led to a change, that has prevailed in 
England to an increasing extent of late years, so as to 
have there become the rule, — replacing the regular 
long sound by one akin to that in orb, lord, or'der, 
etc. (113) ; so that mourn'ing will rhyme fairly well 
with morn'ing, pork with fork, and o'ral is not 
clearly distinguished from au'ral. No such peculiarity 
was noticed by Walker, and it must have arisen since 
his time. It is recognized in the present work only by 
an occasional reference to this paragraph. 

§ 112. (2.) O, 6. In unaccented and usually open syl- 
lables, in English ; as in o-bey', to-bac'co, bil'lows, 
So-crat'ic, po-et'ic, eu'lo-gy, a-nat'o-my. It 
differs from the o (old), not only by absence of the van- 
ish, but by taking a wider form, which varies, inversely, 
according to degree of stress and prolongation. The 
symbol will serve well for the more common o, accented 
as well as unaccented, in most other languages. See § 110. 

§ 113. (3.) 6, 6: only before r; as in orb, lord, 
or'der, ah-hor 7 , ex-hftrt', etc. ; with equivalents, as 
in extraordinary, georgic, etc. 

The most generally approved pronunciation here repre- 
sented by this symbol is essentially identical with that of 
a (all> § "0) ; but deviations from this are so frequent, 
either on the one side toward o (old) or on the other to- 
ward 5 (odd), as to render the symbol somewhat inde- 
terminate as an indication of the actual usage. See § 115. 

§ 114. The 6 is limited to accented syllables with the 
r not followed by a vowel or another r in the same word ; 
the case of inflected verbs (as ab-hftr'ring) and the 
cognate nouns in er (as ab-hftr'rer) excepted ; while 
otherwise the vowel is 5, as in f or'eign, ftr'ange, 
tftr'rid, or o, as in more, o'ral, sto'ry. Compare 
§§ 49, 85. But in many cases which come under this 
limitation, the o before r takes a different sound ; as in 
ford, af-f ord', port, por'ter, im-port', etc. 

§ 115. There are some words in which o before con- 
sonants other than r takes usually and properly a medial 
sound, as between a. (all) and o (old), 6 (obey), or o 
< odd ; as song, long, soft, dog, cross, gone, off, 
trough, oft, often, cost, broth, cloth, god, etc. 
The range in this case — and also in the preceding (§ 113) 
— is rather between a (all) and o (o-bey', § 112), or 
o (old, § 108) without the vanish, than between a (all) 
and 5 (5dd, § 118). Which of these places it is into 
which the pronunciation actually falls can in any in- 
stance be ascertained by observing the degree of the 
lip rounding: if this be greater, i. e., closer, than for 
a (all), the variation is towards 6 (o-bey') or o (old) ; 
if not so great, it is towards 6 (5dd). In the respelling 
for pronunciation in the Dictionary, this medial sound is 
usually indicated by 5 (5dd), with a reference to this 
paragraph. 

§ 116. In unaccented syllables, we sometimes have the 
ft (ftrb); as in mftr-tal'i-ty, for-get', ftr-dain', 
etc., and in for, nftr, ftr, unaccented as well as ac- 
cented; but in such oase hardly needing to be distin- 
guished from d (nftt). 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



§ 117- The organic position for a (an) lies between 
that for a (arm) and that for o (old). The sound is 
developed, historically, sometimes from one side and 
sometimes from the other. Hence it is that, in the nor- 
mal spelling, we have the a (all) sound represented both 
by a and by o. 

§ 118. (4.) 6, 5 : as in not, odd, etc. ; the so-called 
" short o ; " having a (in was, etc.) as an equivalent, and 
also ow in knowledge and on in hough, lough. 
This is the low-back-wide-round vowel, — so placed, that 
is, in our scheme, though, in fact, as ordinarily spoken, 
it is not precisely the wide form of the narrow a. (all, 
§ 70), but of a sound that would fall between this and o 
(old, § 108) ; — see § 115. That is to say, the 5 is higher 
in position than would be the exact wide form of g, ($11). 
The lips are much less contracted than for j& (all), but 
more than they would be for the exact wide of that vowel. 

§ 119. For a certain faulty pronunciation of this vowel, 
changing it to a (ask), see § 62. 

§ 120. Unaccented syllables with 6 are naturally 
closed by a consonant ; as in cdn-clude', 5c-cur', dp- 
press', dis'cdn-tent', rec'61-lect', re'cdm-mit' ; 
falling into the neutral sound in very rapid speech. They 
are rarely final syllables, the 6 (son) sound (§ 124) be- 
ing commonly given in final syllables. — See § 39. 

§ 121. (5.) O, o: as in do, prove, tomb, etc.; 
with sound the same as do (§ 126) ; and represented by 
oo in the respelling for pronunciation. 

§122. (6.) O, o: as in wolf, wo'man, bo'som, 

etc. ; with sound the same as do (§ 128) ; and represented 
by db in the respelling for pronunciation. 

§ 123. (7.) 6, 6 : as in son, done, oth'er, worm, 

etc. ; doubled in flood, blood, etc. ; — with sound the 
same as u. (tip, § 141), or before r as u (urn, § 139) ; 
and, in the respelling for pronunciation, represented by 
these symbols in accented syllables. 

§ 124. In UNACCENTED SYLLABLES the 6 occurs fre- 
quently ; as in ac'tor, at'om, wel'come, fel'on, 
bish'dp, big'dt, etc., with sound either as u (up) or 
as e (ev'er), or between the two, mainly as influenced 
by the succeeding and somewhat by the preceding con- 
sonant. In the respelling for pronunciation, it will appear 
before r as e (§ 90), and in most other cases as u. (§ 142) ; 
but sometimes before n it represents merely a voice-glide ; 
asbeck'on (beV'n), rea'son (re'z'n). — See §§ 39, 95. 

Oo. 

§ 125. The double letter oo has two sounds, marked 
db and ob ; besides the oo in door, and in flood, 
etc. (§§ 108, 123). 

§ 126. (1.) Oo, ob: as in moon, food, fool, 
boot, etc. ; with equivalents in do, canoe, group, 
rude, rue, recruit, rheum, drew, manoeuvre; the 
double letter oo is the special representative of the 
sound in English. 

§ 127. The sound is that of the high-back-narrow-round 
vowel (§ 11), and is made with the labial opening still 
more contracted than for o (old, § 108). As ordinarily 
spoken, especially when joined to a preceding consonant, 
it is not this absolutely simple element, but begins with 
a very brief sound of <tb, or one intermediate, gliding 
quickly from this to the narrow position on which it 
dwells and rests, and which brings it near to a consonant 
w sound ; — compare § 77. — See Fig. 4. 

§ 128. (2.) do, db : as in f dbt, wdbl, good, 
crdbk'ed, etc. Equivalents are o (wolf) and u 
(full). It is the wide correspondent *of the narrow do 
(§ 126). Orthoepists do not always agree as to what 
words shall be marked &b and what do. Thus, in Stor- 



month's, the Encyclopaedic, and Smart's Dictionaries we 
have hdbk, soot, and in the Imperial Dictionary of 
Ogilvie, hdbk, sdbt ; and Walker limits the " shorter " 
sound of oo to the eight words, wool, wood, good, 
hood, foot, stood, understood, withstood. There 
are local diversities as between these sounds. The bb 
sound is heard in England before r, instead of the ob 
(food) common in America ; as in poor, sure, etc. — 
See Fig. 5. 

Ou, Ow ; and Oi, Oy. 

§ 129. For the analysis of these two diphthongs, see 
§ 19. Examples are out, owl, etc., and oil, boy, etc. 
The ou is often mispronounced by giving the initial as 
a (am) instead of a (ask). Unaccented, or only sec- 
ondarily accented, we have ou in out-ra'geous, out- 
live', out-run', etc. 

As digraphs, these combinations of letters take several 
other sounds ; as in soup, route, Zouave (zwav or 
zdo-av'), soul, cou'ple, griev'ous, know, bil'low, 
knowledge, cham'ois, av'oir-du-pois', choir, 
tor'toise, etc. 



§ 130. This letter has six variations of sound, viz. : 
u;u;u;u;u;u; — besides its use as a silent letter 
and its use with consonant value ; — and besides the 
exceptional sound, like I (111), in bus'y, let'tuce, f er'- 
ule. 

For u as part of a digraph, or trigraph, or diphthong, 
see §§ 44, 54, 57, 70, 76, 82, 99, 103, 108, 118, 126, 129, 131, 
139, 141-144. 

§ 131. (1.) U, u : as in use, fu'sion, pure, cube, 
tune, du'ty, lute, ju'ry, hu'iuan, nu'ruer-ous, 

etc. ; the so-called " long u ; " having equivalents as in 
beauty, feodal, feud, pew, ewe, lieu, view, cue, 
suit, yule, yew, you. 

§ 132. The general type of the sound is that of a diph- 
thong, which has ob (food) for the terminal and main 
part, and for the initial a very brief and evanescent ele- 
ment, which is the high-mixed vowel (§ 16) nearly related 
to i (ill) or to e (eve), and bearing a close resemblance 
to French u and German u ; and in the greater number 
of cases there comes in, as a connecting glide, a more 
or less full sound of consonant y, which in many cases 
encroaches upon, and either almost or even quite displaces, 
the initial vowel element. When preceded by certain 
consonants, the y glide has a tendency to be fused with 
the consonant, thus taking the shape of a sibilant (sh or 
zh) glide, — the whole process issuing in what is called 
the palatalization of the consonant. This tendency, in 
accented syllables, — to which the u is limited, — should 
be severely restricted. Also, in no case whatever should 
the y sound be forced in when it will not come in 
smoothly as a glide. See §§ 134, 135. 

§ 133. There is a lip-rounding, not only on the final 
element ob, but in some degree on the initial element, 
becoming gradually closer all the way through. This 
labialization of the entire diphthong is a point of impor- 
tance to be kept in mind. It comes, indeed, naturally 
with b, p, m, v ; as in beau'ty, pure, mute, view. 

§ 134. At the beginning of a syllable, as in use, 
u'nit, etc., the (labialized) initial vowel element is 
nearly displaced by the (likewise labialized) y glide, — 
the u here sounding the same as you in the words you, 
youth, etc. Next to this, the y sound comes in most 
clearly after p, b, m, v, f , c hard and g hard ; as in 
pure, bu'reau, beau'ty, mute, view, fu'tile, 
cube, gule. After n, it is less prominent ; as in new, 
nu'mer-ous. After s, 1, j, th, the y sound comes 
in with difficulty, and need not be attempted; as in 
suit, as-sume', lute, ju'ry, thew, en-thu'si- 
asm ; and after t or d, the u may better be given with- 
out the y ; as in tune, tu'tor, due, duke, du'ty. 



B 



H 



K 



M 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



la all theee cue* of y omitted, the Initial vowel ala- 

■Mat u retained, it «oul>l ba quite wrong to £i\e an 
ordinary ft i.».».i forth* anttra sound In anon words. 

The y. utt-r l or d. ■ apt to degenerate 

. Aiid Ptod n eai with the consonant, a de- 
-h I «l/li - und, thus making due the same 
ujrw. It is better not to allow more prominence to 
tbe wUlAut sound Alter t or il than the slight degree 
that goes with p. as in pur«>. C, as in cube, and even 
liic v sound after d or 11 is com- 
mon iii i::.^'..v'.i i. a~ in clu«>. new. etc.. but not in 
America. As axoaptioual, the s in sure, sug'ar, and 
their deri\ stives, is entirely displaced by the sh, and 
the vowel is reduced to <fo (food) or ob (foot) ; — see 

l". fl : representing a modification of the 

il |M : $ 131), in unaccented syllables; as in 

jirad'CI-ate, ae'tfl-ate. em'ti-late, ju-di'- 

I ir. lii-rid'i-ty, val'n-a-ble, vir'tiie, 

i tin re. tt'u'sure, sen'sfl-al, etc. The 

sound differs from that of ii i§ 132) by taking for 

the final element the wide ob (foot) instead of the 

■ «n> io~o«l): and, after t, by a partial or entire 

change of the y into a more or less clear sh, and 

usually after d iuto a zh glide ; as in na'ture, ver'- 

dftre. etc. A preceding s, in a syllable not initial (as 

. t n -fire. »en'>ri-al, etc.), takes more commonly 

-h Had, and a z or an g sonant (as in az'tire, 

re, h-i'-rire. cas'il-al, etc.) takes a zh sound, 

and the vowel becomes nearly, if not quite, the same in 

ii ioy'ful, § 138). But the preceding s 

remains unchanged in initial, and sometimes also in 

medial syllables; as in sa-preme', con'sfi-lar, in'- 

tc. After j or 1 in the same syllable, the vowel 

has nearly or exactly the sound of u (joy'ful) ; as in 

jn-dl'< I I nit, lti-cid'i-ty, iii-dis'so-lfl- 

ble, etc. ; — see § 13.^. Before r, in rapid speech, the 

sound often inclines towards 6 i ev'Sr) ; as in na'ture, 

- § 90. 

I u : only after r ; as in rude, ru'mor, 

I ' ' | I < I i'jes not differ essentially from that 

It may, however, with propriety, 
take a brief initial in o"b | fo"ot), or nearly this, somewhat 
ininently than does the oo after other conso- 
nants (§ 127). The sound occurs after g, as exceptional, 
in dure and its derivatives, the g heard as sh (§ 134). 

I f a* in bull, full, put, push, 

nd the same as oTo (fbbt, § 128) ; 

ii sh (§ 134). 

• the u occurs in the syllable ful ; 

'ful. Joyful-anas, ful fill', etc. ; also, after 

1 a few other words (see § 3C). 

The u after. » with an nb sound, and after s or z with a 

rednoed nearly or quite to the equivalent 

element; as in cen'aure, sen'su-al, 

; and also aft^-r s with its proper 

•"*"**• 1 j. as in sQ-preme', con'su- 

' - t nit • .—See§ 135. 

la urn. uree. burn, hurl, 
rorm, journal, etc., before 



r only. The sound, as more commonly heard, is the nar- 
row form of the mid-back-mixed vowel (§ 16), correspond- 
ing to the wide u (up, § 141). But the pronunciation 
varies considerably, — the vowel taking sometimes an 
extreme low-back position like that in sir or work, as 
these words are commonly spoken by the Irish, but often 
taking the mid-front position of e (fern). — See § 87. 

§ 140. The vowels of the mixed kind (§ 16) are closely 
allied to the consonant r, — those of the back posi- 
tion, u (up), u (urn), to the r near the back palate ; 
and the front, e (fern), e (ever), to an r further for- 
ward. These vowels glide on to the r in such a way that 
the point of transition from vowel to consonant is not 
clearly discernible, — or, when the r loses all consonant 
quality, is absolutely indiscernible. — See §§ 250-252. 

§ 111. (6.) tt, u: as in up, bud, tub, iis, iish'er, 

iin'der, etc. ; the "short u;" with equivalents as in 
son, does, blood, touch, etc. The vowel is the mid- 
back-mixed-wide (§ 16) in our scheme. 

§ 142. In unaccented SYLLABLES the vowel oc- 
curs in cir'cus, sub-mit', vol'un-ta-ry, cir'cum- 
stance, etc., and falls readily into the " neutral vowel." 
The ou in pi'ous, etc., oi in por'poise, eo in dun'- 
geon, etc., usually the ow in bel'lows, etc., and the 
final element of the eou in right'eous, etc. , and of iou 
in gra'cious, etc., and the o in at'om, irk'some, 
na'tion, etc. (§ 124), have essentially the same sound. 

§ 143. (7.) U silent: as part of the silent digraph ue 
in plague, rogue, tongue, cat'a-logue, an- 
tique', etc., and of others in gauge, guard, guess, 
co-quette 7 , guide, build, pla'guy, etc. See ref- 
erences in § 130. 

§ 144. (8.) U, with consonant value, and the sound, 
of w, before another vowel : after q or g ; as in qual'- 
i-ty, quite, ques'tion, gua'no, lan'guage, etc. ; 
also after s, as in per-suade', suite, etc. ; — forming 
in these cases the initial element and the consonantal 
glide of an impure diphthong (§ 19 b). The kw part of 
the sound in quality, etc., may otherwise be regarded, 
as a compound, or diphthongal, consonant ; — see § 213, 
Note. The w sound is derived, of course, from the 
original sound of u as the equivalent of ob (food), or 
bb (fbbt). So far as u gives up a part of its leading 
modern sound by fusion with a preceding t or d or s, — 
as in nature, verdure, sure, etc., — it has conso- 
nantal value. 

Y. 

§ 145. This letter, as a vowel, has four sounds ; that is, 
all the sounds of i except i (pique), viz. : (1) y = i ; as in. 
defy', style, fly ; (2) y, the equivalent of i (idea) ; 
as in hy-e'na, my-ol'o-gy ; (3) y = i ; as in nymph, 
lyr'ic, and (unaccented) pit'y, hap'py ; ey final serv- 
ing thus instead of y ; as in hon'ey, monTcey, ab'- 
bey, etc. ; (4) y = e or I; as in myrrh, myr'tle and 
(unaccented) zeph'yr. 

The unaccented y final does not fall to quite the 
least accent such as is taken by i in a medial syllable ; as 
in van'i-ty, etc. 

For y as part of a digraph, or trigraph, or diphthong, 
see §§ 44, 48, 49, 76, 80, 99, 129. For y as consonant, 
see §272. 



ANALYTICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH CONSONANT SOUNDS. 



0WEL AND CONSO- 
-T. 

TRi-CTJVE ACTION. 
unoUtni'.tive oral parage is the 

ud obstructive 



kind and manner of the obstruction is what mainly dis- 
tinguishes one consonant from another. 

§ 147. Obstruction is, indeed, not absent from the 
vowels. The vocal cords are set in vibration only as 
they obstruct the outgoing stream of breath. But this 
action does not go to differentiate the vowel qualities. 



, ... .. . ,, /..'.,' '■• '>w->'*™ Mtooa toe* not go U differentiate the vowel qualities. 

tne leading feature „ DtH . ^ the | There ^ too> for tfae ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ fae 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



called an obstruction in the oral passage ; but only, or 
mainly, as involved in the formation of a vowel cham- 
ber (§ 7), and thus as r*eenforcing instead of obstructing 
the sound, and as subservient to the resonance that im- 
parts the vowel quality. So far as it acts otherwise, it 
gives to the vowel more or less of a consonantal charac- 
ter. 

§ 148. Resonance, on the other hand, is not absent 
from the consonants. The nasals, n, m, ng (§ 207), are 
each marked by their peculiar resonance. The same is 
true of the sonant mutes, b, d, g (§ 195). But all these 
are ruled out from the vowel category by the absolute 
closure of the oral passage. Except in the nasals and 
the sonant mutes, resonance has no share in forming the 
characteristic quality of the consonant. 

§ 149. In the word woo, we have the consonant and 
the vowel made by nearly similar organic positions, and 
thus both coming close to the border line of separation : 
but, for the consonant, the organs are relaxed so as to 
act mainly by obstructive friction ; while, for the vowel, 
they are in the tense condition fitted for resonance in 
the vowel chamber. For the word ye, the case is essen- 
tially the same. 

§ 150. Relation to the Syllable. The respec- 
tive relations of vowel and consonant to the syllable are 
a natural consequence of their different characteristics 
as above stated. It is thus that vowel and consonant 
readily combine into one continuous sound without re- 
mission of stress, in passing either way, from vowel to 
consonant or from consonant to vowel, — close junction 
being made by the glide (§ 161) from the one to the 
other ; while it is only in certain cases that consonants 
can flow into consonants with no break or no sound 
interposed. 

§ 151. The open, resonant character of the vowels fits 
them for stress ; and this, together with their ready junc- 
tion to any consonant, makes their occurrence natural 
when stress is employed. Hence, no fully accented syl- 
lable is without a vowel ; and a vowel is ordinarily essen- 
tial under the weak stress of a slightly accented or an 
unaccented syllable. The only exceptions are made by 
the consonants 1, m, n, which sometimes, either with or 
without a voice-glide, discharge the vowel function ; as 
in par'don, cous'in, peo'ple, peo'pled, chasm 
(kSz'm), etc. — See §§ 95, 158, 194. 

II. THE FORMATIVE ELEMENTS OF THE CON- 
SONANTS. 

§ 152. What we call the elementary sounds of speech, 
— and indicate for the most part by separate alphabetic 
characters, — are more or less composite in their nature 
and mode of formation. This is especially true of the 
consonants ; so that it becomes necessary to inquire into 
what we may call their Formative Elements, or the sev- 
eral modes of action which go to their making. 

There are eight such modes of action, as follows : — 

§ 153. (1.) Breath Sound. This is produced by 
forcible action of the breath impinging upon the organs 
at the place of obstruction. Thus we have f, s (in so), 
sh, and tli (in thin), and the aspirate h. ; — see §§ 181, 
198. Of this general kind is the explosive action (§ 157) 
of the surd mutes, p, t, k, and of the consonantal diph- 
thong ch, as in chin. 

§ 154. In whispered speech, we have breath sound 
only. The breath-sound consonants are precisely the 
same in loud speaking as in whispering. The whispered 
vowels are breath sounds, made by friction of the breath 
upon the vocal cords set too wide apart for tone vibra- 
tion, and modified by resonance so that the vowels are 
individually recognized. The same kind of action upon 
the vocal cords may also be substituted for tone in whis- 
pering such consonants (b, z, 1, etc., § 155) as have tone 
in loud speaking. — See § 5. 



§ 155. (2.) Obstructed Tone. By this is meant 
tone proceeding from the larynx, and either partially 
suppressed or blunted and weakened, or otherwise ob- 
structively modified. 

Thus it is, in one or the other of these ways, in the 
nasal consonants, m, n, ng ; in the sonant mutes, b, d, 
hard g (§ 1%), and in the consonantal diphthong j (§ 211 ), 
otherwise written dg or simply g (soft) ; thus also in w, 
v, th (in thy), z, zh (the z in azure) ; and thus in y, 
1, r. — See §§199, 200, 201. 

§ 15G. (3.) Mute Action. In certain cases, all 
sound is shut off, leaving an interval of silence, during 
which the oral passage is closed at some place, — certain 
audible effects being produced in connection with the 
opening or closing, or both the closing and the opening, 
of the passage, before and after the interval. 

This occurs in the case of the surd mutes, p, t, k ; and 
of the consonantal diphthong ch, as in church, hatch, 
etc. —See §§185, 210. 

§ 157. (4.) Explosive Action. The mutes (§ 184), 
both surd and sonant, are characterized by an explosion, 
occasioned by pressure of the breath confined within the 
closed oral passage followed by sudden release of the clo- 
sure ; as in pea, bee, too, cow, etc. —See §§ 186, 191. 

§ 158. When t or d is followed by 1, as in bat'tle, 
i'dle, hur'tle, bus'tle, the release of the closure will 
be only partial, that is, at the sides of the back tongue, 
as required for the 1 ; — see § 241. When t or d is fol- 
lowed by n, as in eat'en, often, wid'en, etc., there 
will be no release of the oral closure, and the explosion 
will be nasal, made by breaking the contact between 
the soft palate and the pharyngeal wall, — the tone of 
the nasal consonant thus opening abruptly ; thus often 
differs from or'phan with r suppressed, though not, 
like eat'en, sounding the initial of the t ; — see § 243. 
When a p or a k is followed closely by 1 or n, as in 
open, people, ply, plea, clay, buckle, sicken, 
etc., the breaking of contact will be in two places at 
nearly the same instant. 

§159. (5.) Occlusion; Implosion. By occlusion, 
the sudden closing of the oral passage by the lips or 
otherwise, and by implosion, the sudden compression of 
the air, in the oral passage, behind and against such a 
barrier, a peculiar resonance will be imparted to the 
sound that accompanies or immediately follows the 
movement. These modes of action are, of course, 
limited to the stopped, or mute, consonants. — See § 189. 

§ 160. (6.) Glides. Consonants, and classes of con- 
sonants, are characterized by certain effects, as the 
voice passes from consonant to vowel or vowel to con- 
sonant, which, though appertaining really to the vowel, 
sometimes contribute essentially to the character we 
ascribe to the consonant. They are special cases of 
what are called glides (§ 162). 

§ 161. When a consonant is followed by a vowel in the 
same syllable, as in say, saw, toe, beau, go, etc., 
there is of necessity an interval during which the action 
passes from the organic position for the consonant to 
that for the vowel, and during which the sound will not 
be at any time the sound proper to the consonant or to 
the vowel. In passing from vowel to consonant, as in 
ass, ought, ash, on, ebb, etc., we have this action 
reversed. Thus, in the glide to or from a nasal conso- 
nant, — as in on, no, — there will be a gradual taking 
on or putting off of the nasal quality. 

§ 162. The term "glide " — meaning an intermediate 
sound connecting two successive elements — is properly 
applicable, not only with reference to quality of sound, 
as above explained, but also with reference to stress as 
gradual or abrupt, in the transition from one element 
to the other. The meaning with this application is of 



B 



G 



H 



K 



M 



\XH 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



the greater importance in the discrimination of 
quality. The dilh nut FOK.MS OF ABRUPT- 
NESS with which an element may be begun or ended 
in S$ 168, 184. 



§ 1(3. One form of abruptness is produced, as initial, 
bj forcing a passage through between the vocal cords 
ntuwirl tightly and resisting!}- together, thus striking 
the tone more or less abruptly, — or, as terminal, by 
e tone more or less abruptly through the 
process. Such action is called the " catch of 
the glottis," or the "check of the glottis; ' : the former 
n pvr|y lltl ifUilg the action as initial; and the 
.hist rated by a hiccough), as terminal. The mat- 
ter here set forth is important for the characterization 
of the surd mutes, p, t, k ($§ 18G, 189). 

Another form of abruptness, initial or terminal, 
occurs when the breath part of an h sound, or any other 
breath sound, precedes or follows. In the case of li 
initial, as in the exclamation ha, a momentum is given 
r.ath organs and the breath current, while the 
vocal cords are wide apart, and thus they are struck 
uid suddenly the instant they are brought to- 
gether for tone vibration ; while in the case of terminal 
li, as in ah, the tone ceases abruptly the instant the 
cords are relaxed and separated for the passage of the 
toneless breath; — see §1S1. For the surd fricatives, 
I. -. ah,1 he effect is similar, with the only 

difference that arises from the less force employed ; — 
■bow, thin. off. ass, ash, bath, etc., 
as such syllables are commonly uttered. 

'LICKING. This is altogether different 

from breath sound and from laryngeal tone. The sound 

K-ed by the sudden and forcible impact of one 

pon another, or by the sudden and forcible 

two adherent surfaces. Action of this 

I'tion bears an important part in the ar- 

ii of the mute consonants (§§ 186, 189). 

Trill. This, in speech, consists in a 
I rapidly recurring partial, or perhaps some- 
times entire, interruptions of a prolonged sound, as the 
effect of a current of breath, sonant or toneless, driving 
some one of the organs away from a position of contact 
or of proximity with another, to which it constantly 
return* by elastic or muscular force ; — as in the case 
of the trilled r. Such action is possible, not only with 
| ie, but with the lips, with the uvula, with the 
epiglottis, and with the vocal cords. The general pro- 
cess is essentially the same as that by which tone is 
itself produced a trill sufficiently rapid would be heard 
as an uotrilled and smooth tone. 

* 0TE - — This is distinct from the trill in music, which 
•*! by alternating between two tones of slightly 
tch, — in singing effected, of course, 
by action of the vocal 

IIL 7; liAL CLASSES OF THE 

The consonants may be classified in a general way 
icada ; a* they are also exhibited in 
the Table given in | 

For the oral conso- 
nants, the parage fa ,. , through the nose is, 

r a to«»t : •> .,\ „ . ,,..,,.;, , , t , /( , hy ^^ ^ ^ 

****** < *°* tA "' the pharynx, as a valve, 

thus >e"fng open the passage through or Into the 

• nasal consonants, m, n, ng, the pas- 

■ngh the nose ia op< . „ n ()i tne mft 

■ the stream of rocaUzed breath to 

pass, while the way through the mouth ia cut off. 



§ 1G8. The nasal consonants are made by breath sound 
in whispering ; but in speaking aloud are not normally 
so made in any case. 

While the oral consonants form a quite general class, 
the nasal consonants, as a special class, will have further 
consideration hereafter (§ 207). 

§ 1G9. (2.) Sonant and Surd. The consonants that 
are made with obstructed tone, as before described 
(§ 155), are, because of their tone quality, distinguished 
as "sonant," — the same term being applied to the 
vowels, made all with pure tone. The consonants that 
are made with breath sound only (§ 153) and those made 
by mute action (§ 156) are denominated " surd," be- 
cause of the absence of tone. The sonant elements 
are otherwise called voiced, or vocal, or intonated, 
or phthongal. The surds are otherwise styled non- 
sonant, nonvocal, voiceless, unintonated, toneless; and 
sometimes, less properly, whispered. The surds are 
sometimes distinguished as sharp; or, in the case of 
p, t, k, as hard; and the cognate sonants, as weak, 
or flat, or soft. The substitute for tone, employed in 
whispered speech for the sonants, was described above 
(§ 154). 

§ 170. All of the sonant consonants have correspond- 
ing, or cognate, surds, except r, 1, m, n, ng, w, y ; as 
shown in the Table below. — See §§ 179, 213, 214. 

§ 171. The difference between sonant elements and 
breath sounds is not the difference between tone and 
noise. The breath sounds are indeed noise, or such in 
large part ; but it is noise of a special kind. Some of 
the sonants, and indeed any of them at some times, may 
have a large admixture of noise, yet without, or apart 
from, any element of breath sound. 

§ 172. The rule that in the same syllable a surd con- 
sonant is followed only by a surd, and a sonant only by 
a sonant, —as in whipped (hwlpt), robbed (robd), 
locked (lokt), egged (egd), lashed (lasht), lodged 
(lojd), hissed (hist), advised' (-vlzd'), whips 
(hwTps), babes (babz), laughs (lafs), lives (livz, v., 
or livz, n. pi.), chintz (chints), adz, etc. —holds in 
most cases ; but does not hold for the sonants 1, r, m, 
n, ng, w, and y; as in help, art, curse, hence, 
else, smile, ply, try, fly, ink, quill, cue, — with 
bulb, hard, Mars (-z), etc.,— except in the case of 
verb and noun inflections ; as in kills (kilz), killed 
(kild), curs (kfirz), hens (henz), etc. We have an 
exception also in the dth of width and breadth. 
Compare also lymph, strength, and see § 215. 

§ 173. It is not difficult to utter the surds, — that is, 
the mere breath sounds, — corresponding to the sonants, 
1, r, m, n, ng, w, and y ; but, except in whispering, 
such sounds form no part of the English language, as 
ordinarily and properly spoken. 

§ 174. The preceding statement is subject to the quali- 
fication that the surd form of 1, r, m, n, w, or y, may 
allowably occur as a glide (§ 162), especially after a 
continuous surd ; as in flow, sly, free, smith, snow, 
swim, fume (§ 132) ; and, indeed, sometimes after a 
mute ; as m play, try, twine, etc. But this is merely 
a transitional sound, through which the sonant form of 
the same is quickly reached. 

§ 175. By some authorities, the term aspirate has been 
used as an equivalent for surd as here employed. The 
term was originally employed to distinguish the third 
variety of the mutes in Sanskrit and Greek, namely, p, 
t, lc, as followed by a rough breathing, or h sound 
t 4-h, k + h). As these sounds were finally 
replaced in the Greek and Latin by the mere breath 
■ootids, like f. th as in thin, and ch as in the German, 
the term "aspirate," or "aspirated mute," was carried 
on and applied to these. But, aside from this, the term 
"aspirate," by most grammarians and most phoneti- 
cians, is applied exclusively to the rough breathing or 
the h sound. 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



XXlll 



§ 176. (3.) Momentary and Continuous. The 
mute consonants, whether surd, p, t, k, or sonant, b, d, 
hard g, are necessarily brief in duration : they can not, 
like the continuants, be sustained as long as the breath 
will hold out. The same is the case with the compound 
consonants, ch, j, etc., of which the mutes, t, d, forma 
part ; — see §§ 210, 211. The h sound has (§ 181), — as 
have also its compounds (§§ 212, 214), — essentially an 
abrupt character, which makes it properly momentary. 

All the sonant elements outside of the mutes, and all 
the breath-sound consonants except the h, are continu- 
ous, being limited only by the duration of the breath in a 
single expiration. 

§ 177. (4.) Place of Articulation. The classi- 
fication of the consonants according to the place of ob- 
struction especially concerned in their formation, is of 
great importance. The total obstruction may include 
much more than the place here referred to, and desig- 
nated as the Place of Articulation. Thus, for t, d, n, 
and r, the whole length of the tongue is involved, but it 
is the extreme front part that is especially concerned in 
the effect. In the case of 1, the whole of the tongue is 
also involved, but it is the sides of the tongue that are 
more directly concerned in the production of the sound. 

§ 178. Labials, Dentals, Palatals, Guttur- 
als, etc. With the place of articulation at the lips, we 
have the labial consonants, p, b, rn, w ; though the w 
involves obstructive action between the back tongue and 
the soft palate, as well as at the lips. The f and v, 



though sometimes made by the lips alone, yet being 
commonly made with the upper teeth against the lower 
lip, are properly described as labio-dentals. The proper 
articulating position for t, d, n, s, z, and one variety of 
r, in the English, is taken with the point of the tongue 
on the hard palate, commonly not far from the front 
teeth, though sometimes actually on the teeth ; or again, 
the part of the tongue back of the point may be em- 
ployed, instead of the point. These consonants are 
classed together under the name of denials. The th, 
surd (as in thin) and sonant (as in thy), — made be- 
tween the point of the tongue and the teeth, — may be 
designated as lingua-dental ; though, when the teeth are 
wanting, the sound may be well produced between the 
tongue below and the gums and lip above ; it is, how- 
ever, commonly ranked among the dentals. The place 
of articulation for sh, zh, and the compounds ch and 
j, and for one variety of r, is on the upper surface or 
the point of the tongue and the back part of the hard 
palate ; and they are therefore called palatals. Also, y, 
and even 1, may be classed with them under the same 
name ; the place of articulation for these includes a part 
of the soft palate as well as of the hard palate. The 
gutturals are k, g hard, and ng, the place being on the 
soft palate and the back part of the tongue. The nasals, 
m, n, ng, may be discriminated as labio-nasal, lingua- 
nasal or dento-nasal, and gutturo-nasal. 

All these are sometimes arranged in three classes, 
namely : gutturals and labials, as above, with an inter- 
mediate class under the name of Unguals and sometimes 
with the designation palatal substituted for guttural. 



B 



§ 179. TABLE OF CONSONANT ELEMENTS IN ENGLISH. 



Place op Articulation. 


Oral. 


Nasal. 


Momentary. Continuous. 


Continuous. 


Surd. 


Sonant. 


Surd. 


Sonant. 


Sonant. 


Lips 


P 


b 


f ' 

th(in) 

8 

sh 


w 

th(y) 

z; r 
zh; r 

y;i 


m 

a 

ng 


Tongue and teeth 

Tongue and hard palate (forward) 
Tongue and hard palate (back) . . 
Tongue, hard palate, and soft palate 
Tongue and soft palate .... 
Various places 


t 
ch 

h ' 
h 


d* 
j 



§ 180. Supplement to the Table. For the sake of sim- 
plicity, none of the compound, or diphthongal, conso- 
nants, except ch and j, are included in the Table. 
Others which might have a place in it will be described 
hereafter (§§ 212-218). 

There are some who would insist on a place in the 
Table for a surd (wh) corresponding to the sonant w, 
and for a special surd corresponding to y ; — see § 183. 

IV. SPECIAL CLASSES OF THE CONSONANTS. 

§ 181. The H sound. The consonant h stands by it- 
self as an element sui generis. It differs in many respects 
from the other breath sounds. Except that the glottis al- 
ways has a share in its formation, its articulative position 
is various, being always very near to that of the vowel with 
which it is joined, and differing from it only in being 
somewhat wider. It differs from other breath sounds in 
being made with a wider opening and the emission of a 
greater volume of breath, and in being made with some 
friction all along the oral passage, but most of all in its 
abrupt character, which requires it to be classed as one 
of the momentary elements. It has been usual to de- 
scribe it as continuous ; but prolongation is not normally 
employed, and the abrupt glide to or from the vowel, as 



in ha or ah, is really the essential thing : the breath 
may be expelled with so little friction as to be quite in- 
audible, and yet the h be perfectly recognized by the 
abrupt effect in the vowel. — See § 175. 

§ 182. The articulative procedure for this element is a 
movement : — at the outset, in the case of h initial, as 
in ha, ho, hay, he, the glottis is wide open, that is, 
the vocal cords are widely apart, and the position of the 
organs in the mouth is more open than that required for 
the following vowel ; at the end of the movement, the 
vocal cords come close together for tone, and at the 
same instant the organs fall into position for the vowel. 
In the case of a final h, as in ah, oh, if the h is actually 
sounded, the foregoing process is reversed. — See § 164. 

§ 183. The h sound is capable of preceding or suc- 
ceeding any voiced consonant ; though in such case 
liable to run into the voiceless form of the consonant. 
In the ancient Greek, as the rough breathing, it often 
preceded r, as well as the vowels. In English, it pre- 
cedes and is compounded with w in -when, etc. (§ -2V2), 
and y, in hue, humid, etc. (§ 214) ; though in these 
cases a brief vowel sound actually intervenes before the 
consonant part of the w or y. There is no h sound in 
the digraphs made with h, —as sh, ch, gh, ph, th ; 
— see § 238. 



H 



K 



M 



1 These on tlu> chief portion of the 
■UUilllin rnm rnii' They eomprlae two subclasses, 
namely, the surd malts.— otherwise called pure mutes, 
p , u ftkMM the term "mute' - is strictly 

applicable, and tlic or impure mutes, b, 

d. hard p. The mute- arc sometimes called stops, or 
md by some dirisices. 

The Sikd Mites. These, with II (§181) and 

, i, . eupy the first column of the Table (§ 170). 

I division of the Momentary. The surd 
. ,, t K. ■ to be studied as they occur in three 
miely : — at the beginning of a syl- 
lable, at the end of ■ syllable, and in the middle between 
I of one and the beginning of another syllable. 
I.) When initial, and opening upon a vowel, 
a* in pea. pole, tie. toe. kill, cut, etc., — they give 
(a) an audible puff (,§ 157) made by the sudden release of 
breath . ;hin the distended walls of the oral 

cavity ; they also give (l), as co-instantaneous with this, 
an abrupt beginning of the vowel, such as, in a forcible 
utterance of the syllable, amounts to a decided degree 
of the explosive action called the "catch of the glottis" 
There may also be (c) a slight click (§ 165), by 
the sudden separation of the adherent surfaces of the 
lip* or of the tongue and palate. 

By the combined simultaneous actions above described, 
• clearly distinguished impression is made upon the ear 
and the mind, though not easily or ordinarily resolved 
into its component elements. 

The total action, as above described, is the same, 
with certain modifications, when the surd mute takes 
after it a vocal consonant instead of a vowel. With r, 
as in pray. try. crow, etc., the action is essentially 
the same as in the case of a vowel ; unless, indeed, the 
surd form of the r intervene (§ 174) as a glide. It is 
essentially the same, also, with 1 after p ; as in play, 
plow, -t . With! after the k sound, as in clay, cling, 
etc., the attempt at simultaneous action will make the 
word* aound as if written tlay, tling, etc. The glide 
from a surd mute to a y sound tends to develop more 
or leas of a sibilant quality ; as in tune, cube, pure, 
iia'tur«-. • t . ; — see § 134. 

A surd mute never takes after it in modern English a 
nasal consonant, as was done anciently in the original 
of the word know, and in the Greek, from which we 
derive the word pneumatic 

§ 188. An initial surd mute is never, in English, except 
In one instance, followed by or compounded with a non- 
sonant element. A syllable can not begin in English, as 
in some other languages, with a pg, ts, or ks, or with 
I pf. tf, or kf, or with a psh or a ksh. The com- 
t diphthongal, ch (tshj, as in chin, forms the 
i. to the general rule. — See § 210. 
} 189. t'z.) When final, and joined closely to a preced- 
ing rowel or other sonant element, as in up, hat, neck, 
httrp halt, hark, etc., there in («) a percussive 
the sudden impact of the organs, — lip against 
DOB palate, — giving a kind of click (§ 186), 
plainly ■ l> and t, and slightly so for k; (6) 

the row^l is at the same instant abruptly cut off by an 
absolute closure of the glottis, which may amount de- 
cidedly to the *o-< ailed "glottal check" (§ 1G3) ; and (c) 
of vocalized breath is at the Bame instant 
•• -d by the mode of action 
that was explained (§ 159) as occlusion with implosion. 

the preceding element 
■**_ clv eaeee than in others; and thus 

brioga out nor. , Xh m above described. 

rhey come oat fully and strongly when, in an accented 
syllable, a wid< precede*,— ai in up, 

hmt ' ! *' , - and lesH «o with a nar- 

w Jong rowel or a diphthong, - u in bope, late, seat, 
""««" " ''»: " r ' : •. -or with an unaccented 

rowel, ae in tulip, ex'It, ru'nic. - Bee § 23. 



(HIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



§ 191. When the effects above described are distinctly 
brought out, no further action is needed to make the 
consonant clearly recognizable. But, even in such case, 
it commonly ends with (d) an added slight puff of breath 
(§ 157). In the case of a long vowel (as in hope, etc.), 
this explosive action becomes important or absolutely 
essential. When the surd mute is followed by a sonant 
of the same articulating place and beginning another 
syllable, the breath explosion is suppressed ; as in Et'na, 
ship'mate' (see § 158), cup'bear'er, background', 
etc. ; as it is also when a surd continuant follows in like 
manner ; as in cap'tion (-shun), out'side', stop'- 
thief 7 , etc. For the case of s following at the end of a 
syllable, as in cats, lacks, wax, hops, etc., see § 217. 

§ 192. With another surd mute preceding, as in apt, 
act, — a situation taken only by t, — the breath puff is 
the only means of indication. With a continuous breath 
sound preceding, there will be, besides the terminal puff 
of the mute, nothing more than a very abrupt ending of 
the breath sound; as in cast, mask, hasp, left, 
washed (w5sht), hushed (husht). Cases like camp, 
sent, sink, with a nasal preceding, will be found ex- 
plained below (§ 215). 

§ 193. (3.) When in a middle position, ending one 
syllable and beginning another, as in sup'per, ut'ter, 
ac-cuse', up-on', cit'y, bak'er, etc., we have all that 
has been described above as in the two situations. The 
consonant, though often written double, is itself really 
divided, one part going to one syllable and the other to 
the other, with, of course, an interval of silence between. 
In this situation only we may have all the constituents 
above descto>e<L- j * 

§ 194. W£en,\6f i)wo syllables thus connected by a" ' 
surd mute, the first being accented," the second isj unac- 
cented and has an 1, m, or n, serving instead of avowel, 
— as in eat'en, o'pen, sick'en, lit'tle, etc., the ex- 
plosive action of the mute is modified in the manner 
already described (§ 158). 

§ 195. The Sonant MiyrES. In these "consonants, 
namely, b, d, hard g, we have, instead of the interval 
of silence that occurs in the case of the surds, a muffled 
tone, made by a current of vocal breath injected into the 
closed cavity, and taking the place of the voiceless breath 
that is injected in the other case (§ 186). 

§196. When the sonant mute begins a syllable, — as 
in buy, day, go, blow, bray, dry, glow, grow, — 
it opens explosively but without the "glottal catch" 
upon the following element ; but the vocal current that 
issues through the glottis is slender in volume, and hence 
the pressure and the consequent explosive effect will be 
comparatively slight. 

In the sonant mutes, at the end of a syllable, the per- 
cussive action which we have in the case of the surds is 
usually and naturally absent ; and the terminal explosion 
is feeble when given at all ; — see § 189. 

The whole action, in the sonants, is marked by less 
abruptness than in the surds. Hence the sonant mutes 
are sometimes described as "weak" or "soft," in con- 
trast with the surds as " sharp " or " hard." 

When occurring in the middle between two syllables, — 
as in rob'ber, ad'der, bod'y, rid'er, beg'ging, 
be-gin', ea'ger, — the sonant mute, like the surd 
(§ 193), is divided between the syUables. — See §§ 95, 
158, 194. 

§ 197. Fricatives. This term might be applied to 
all the continuous consonants (§ 176), even the nasals 
and the h sound included ; since friction plays some 
part in all of them. But it has been commonly limited 
to a portion, — variously by different authorities. It will 
be here used for all of the continuants except the nasals. 

§198. Surd Frk atives. These are f, th (in thin), 
8, sh (§§ 230, 255, 261, 263). They all require consider- 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



able force of breath, and a greater volume of breath than 
the cognate sonants. The glide to or from a vowel is 
characterized by more or less abruptness ; — see § 164. 

§ 199. Sonant Fricatives. These are v, th (in 
thy), z, zh (the z in azure), besides 1 and r, and w 
and y. The organic positions for four of these corre- 
spond respectively to those for the above-mentioned 
surds; — see §§ 169, 179. 

§ 200. The sonant fricatives are sometimes described 
as buzzing sounds ; but the kind of sound so described 
has never been fully investigated and explained. Besides 
the dulling of the tone, the sound is otherwise affected 
in a peculiar way. There is, at the place of articulation, 
a vibration of the elastic tissue, varying in rapidity as 
the pitch of the tone from the larynx is higher or lower. 
This responsive and secondary vibration, — not improp- 
erly called frictional resonance, — modifies the primary 
tone, with differences characteristic of the individual 
consonants of this class. 

§ 201. There are, in this case, three kinds of effects 
supposable, and all of them perhaps may be actually 
combined, namely : — (a) a simple tremolo effect ; (6) 
the conversion of a part of the tone into noise, by the 
reaction of the obstructive organs ; besides (c) the modi- 
fication of the tone without disturbance of the proper 
musical quality due to the regularity of the vibration. 

§ 202. A vocal current from the larynx has not suffi- 
cient volume and force to produce breath-sound effects ; 

— the force of the air current is to be distinguished from 
the force of the vocal sound as such. And so the sonant 
fricatives are not to be regarded as characterized by an 
intermingling of breath sound with tone. If, in the case 
of z, or of the zh. sound as in azure, anything of an 
actually sibilant quality (§ 203) be perceptible, it proba- 
bly is to be attributed to the initial or the vanishing part, 
and not to the body, of the consonant. 

§ 203. SIBILANTS. This term is applicable to such 
of the surd fricatives as have a hissing sound, especially 
s and sh ; and is also applied to the cognate sonants, z 
and zh ; — § 202. 

We have the sh sound not only represented by sh, 
but also resulting and developed from s or soft c and a 
following y sound, — as in sure, Asia, ocean, etc., 

— and from a t first changed to an s as in the French 
original and followed in like manner, — as in nation, 
partial, etc. We have the zh sound developed from 
z or sonant s and a following y sound, — as in azure, 
pleasure, etc. We have the sh sound as part of the 
ch in church, etc., and of the ch sound developed from 
a t and a following y sound, — as in nature, question, 
etc. And we have zh as part of the compound j, or dg, 

— as in judge, etc., — and of the same sound as devel- 
oped from d and a y sound, — as in verdure, etc. — 
See §§ 97, 106, 134, 135, 210. 

The breath sounds — such as f , etc. — other than sibi- 
lants may be distinguished as simple breath sounds. 

§ 204. SPIRANTS. This term has been variously ap- 
plied : — by some as meaning all the fricatives, surd and 
sonant, with inclusion of w and y. It is limited by Prof. 
Whitney to f and v, th in thin and th in thy, and the 
German ch with the cognate sonant. 

§ 205. Semivowels. The vowel e (eve, § 76), or 
I (ill, § 103), or the nearly related high-mixed vowel 
(§ 16), and the vowel db (food, § 126), or do (foot, 
§ 128), in certain cases pass readily over, the one into 
the consonant y (§ 272), and the other into w (§ 267) ; — 
see § 19 6. Hence these consonants are called " semi- 
vowels." The term is also sometimes extended to 1, n, 
r, m, as these in certain cases fulfill the office of vowels. 

§ 206. Liquids. The consonants 1, n, r, m, are called 



" liquids," because they flow into other consonants and 
others into them. 

§ 207. Nasal Consonants. The general mode of 
formation for these has been already described (§ 167). 
The sound consists of tone from the larynx modified 
mainly by resonance and partly by friction. For m and 
n (§§ 242, 243), communication with the oral passage is 
open, but exit by that channel is cut off by closure of 
the lips, and by closure of the tongue against the hard 
palate. We thus have resonance in an oral chamber and 
in the nasal passage at the same time ; and together with 
some friction in the latter. For ng (§ 246), only the 
pharynx and the nasal passage are concerned ; the soft 
palate closing down upon the back tongue so as to cut off 
the oral cavity forward of this point. Too much friction 
will produce a disagreeable nasal twang. 

The ng can not in English begin a syllable. An n or 
m, — but not an ng, — may be preceded by s sharp at 
the beginning of a syllable ; as in snow, smile, etc. ; 
an n, but not an m or ng, may take the s sound after 
it at the close of a syllable ; as in hence ; all three may 
take a z sound after them ; as in hams, wins, 
hangs, etc. 

During the glide (§ 161) from a nasal consonant to a 
vowel, as in my, no, etc., or to an s or z as above, some- 
what of the quality of the nasal consonant will be car- 
ried on into the following element during the necessary 
change in position of the articulating organs. A similar 
effect will ensue in the glide from a vowel or an s to a 
nasal consonant ; as in an, am, snow, etc. In the 
case of a vowel between two nasal consonants, as in 
man, name, etc., there will be a twofold effect of the 
kind. But, in this as in all cases, the nasal quality, in 
well-spoken English, will be limited to the brief gliding 
portions of the vowel. — See § 161. 

§ 208. For the way in which the nasals are joined to a 
preceding explosive consonant, as in eat'en, o'pen, 
hack'man, etc., see above (§§ 95, 158, 191); and for 
the peculiar form which they take in the compound con- 
sonants mp, nt, nk, etc., as in jump, sent, ink, etc., 
see below (§ 215). For n or m as filling the place of a 
vowel, see § 95. 

§209. Compound, or Diphthongal, Consonants. 
Certain consonant sounds are composed of more simple 
consonant elements so blended that the product is prop- 
erly described as diphthongal. Only two of this kind 
were presented in the Table given above (§ 179). These 
and others will here be explained. 

§ 210. (1.) The ch, or tsh, as in church, watch, 
has for the initial element what is essentially a t, though 
a t made somewhat further back on the tongue than an 
ordinary t, — or rather, the contact, while inclusive of 
the point, covers a part of the tongue back of the point. 
With this is combined an abrupt sh sound, made by a 
position somewhat further forward and more open than 
an ordinary sh, and replacing the puff of simple breath 
that is characteristic of t (§ 1S6). While sh by itself is 
a continuous consonant, the compound (tsh) is to be 
classed as momentary (§ 176). 

The ch sound is followed in the same syllable by no 
consonant sound except only by t ; as in watched 
(wocht), etc. - See §§ 172, 229. 

In most cases the ch sound has been developed from 
an original Anglo - Saxon or Latin k sound ; as in 
church, chin, hatch, charity, etc. It is also made 
by the fusion of a t with a following y sound ; as in 
question , righteous, picture, nature, etc. — See 
§§ 97, 106, 134, 135, 187, 203. 

§ 211. (2.) The j, or dg, or g soft, — as in jar, edge, 
gem, — is compounded of a d and a zh (the z in azure) 
sound, with the same conditions and qualifications as 
those above stated for ch. It is throughout the sonant 
correlative, or cognate, of the surd ch. 



B 



H 



K 



M 



Dm 



(HIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



(S.) Concerning the wh M in when, what, 
why, etc, there ha* been a ditioreiue ol opinion, espe- 
cially M b e t wee n American ami English authorities ; 
contending th.it it is an h sound preceding 
Mi ln-ll. Kllis, Sweet, and others 
»t the wh represents aimply the surd correlative 
of the ordinary sonant w. Kit her way, the sound is 
clearly abrupt and momentary (§ 170), instead of being 
continuous like the sonaut \v. 

Aa a matter of fact, this wh, by the greater part of 
• 1 j>eople in England, is spoken pre- 
■ the word when not differing at all from 
■ . ii N v . t iie customary w of the English language 
begins with a brief soimd of do (foot). A proper h 
sound prefixed to this produces the sound represented 
bj \\ li ■ w hen. i to., as commonly heard in America, 
and as pronounced by some, if not by most, of the well- 
educated people in England, when they speak in what 
they themselves regard as the correct way. The word 
w « n. witli an h sound prefixed, gives us ■when. 

The word when pronounced with the correlative of 
the sonant w prefixed to the vowel will give to the vowel 
the same abrupt beginning it has in hen. In this way, 
the Tocality comes in not till the vowel is struck. The 
other theory brings in the vocality, or sonant quality, 
before the vowel is reached. This is the essential point 
of difference between the two conflicting views. 

§ 2UI The kw sound in quite, quality, etc., and the 
t w t w inc. .to., are compound and momentary sounds, 
analogous to the wh as above ; the case is the same even 
with the gw sound in guano. 

Note. All the instances here adduced were referred to, 
in a previous paragraph (19 b), as containing an impure 
Towel diphthong made by the w sound as a connecting 
glide. This view may be taken with some advantage. 
Yet, since the preceding mute, t or k, as in twine, quite, 
or the aspirate h, as in when, can not be prolonged, as 
can the s in swim, but combines with the w in an abrupt 
momentary sound, it is more exact to treat the w in these 
cases as part of a compound consonant. 

in regard to the initial sound in hue, 
)i ii in i<l, huge, etc., there is the same difference of 
opinion as in the case above noted of the wh ; some 
regarding it as the surd correlative of the sonant y ; 
and others, as an h sound preceding the y part of the 



The consonant y always begins with a brief vowel sound 
(M205, 212), — which, in the y part of the vowel u (use), 

ifli-mixed (1C b) vowel element nearly related to 
i ill An h sound preceding and combined with this 
y makes the compound and momentary consonant which, 

<tc., U followed by the vowel do (food) or do 

What would otherwise be regarded as part of the im- 
pure diphthong u fuse, § 19 b) is here viewed as detached 



from the vowel and combined with the preceding h in a 
compound consonant : just as was done in the case of wh 
(,§ 212) ; as explained in the Note after § 213. 

§ 215. (5.) The mp in jump, presumption, etc., 
with the mpt in exempt, etc., the nt in sent, the 
nd in hand, etc., the nk in ink, etc., the ng in sing, 
etc., and the nch in bench, inch, lunch, etc., are 
peculiar compounds. 

In the mp in jump, etc., the nasality sets in, — by 
depression of the soft palate, — while the lips are ap- 
proaching for closure, and continues till they close ; and 
thus gives the impression of an m. The lip closure is 
abrupt and forcible, and made with the percussive, occlu- 
sive, and implosive action before described (§ 189) ; and 
thus gives the effect of a p, even without the help of the 
breath explosion (§ 191), which will ordinarily be added 
at the close. In a word like exempt, we have the first 
part of a p, given as above described, and the last part 
of a t ; thus the total combination mpt will not be sim- 
ply m followed by t. These compounds are momentary 
consonant sounds, and in such cases, represent merely 
the glide (§ 161) from the vowel to the position for an m, 
and can not properly be prolonged. 

§ 216. The compounds nt in sent, etc., and nk in ink, 
etc., are to be explained in a similar manner. So also 
is the nch (ntsh, § 210), in bench, etc. Somewhat 
of a similar character appertains to the nd in hand, 
etc. ; also to the ng at the end of a word, as in sing, etc. 
(§ 246). The pronunciation of bench, Inch, etc., is not 
properly represented in the way in which it is done by 
Walker and others, as bensh, insh, etc. 

§ 217. (6.) In x (ks), as in box, etc., an abrupt s sound 
trenches upon the simple breath explosion of the surd 
mute k ; and the compound is momentary. The same is 
true of ps and ts, as in cups, its, etc., and of nx in 
anxious, etc. In mps, nts (jumps, cents), the s 
is in the same way combined with the compounds ex- 
plained above in §§ 215, 216. 

§ 218. There is a difference between cents and sense ; 
although in the abrupt transition from the n to the breath 
sound of the s, it is not easy to avoid entirely an explosive 
sound like the vanish of a t. But in cents the t is dis- 
tinctly given, while the n is more fully brought out in 
sense, and the s is not so abrupt. Also, handsome 
may be made to differ slightly from hansom. 

§ 219. Double Consonants. All of the diphthongal 
consonants,as above,have two or more components closely 
blended, of which one, as a separate element, would be 
momentary, and at least one other would be continuous ; 
and the compound product becomes a momentary sound. 
The case thus differs from that of a mere junction of two 
or more consonants under one stress impulse, as simply 
successive one to the other, — such as we have in play, 
sky, hold, harm, glow, strive, cast, canst, etc. ; 
all which are double, or triple, but not diphthongal. 



CONSONANTS OF THE ALPHABET (WITH THE CONSONANT 
DIGRAPHS) IN DETAIL. 



§ 220. This is a labial sonant mute (§§ 178, 195), as in 

■> robber, bring, blow, aT>le, herb, 

rot,, rup'bear'er.etc. It is usually 

reliable; as in bomb, climb, 

a h in debt, doubt, subtle; 

also In bdclMiurn. 

<J. 

r. two kinds of sound :- 
* BL 11.) The so-called " soft c » has a sibilant sound 



(§ 203) of three varieties : — (a) One like s sharp (§ 256), 
marked 9, c, and represented by s in the respelling for 
pronunciation ; this sound is taken before e, i, or y ; as 
in cede, civil, cypress, acid, glance, force, vice, 
etc. — (b) In a few words the letter has the z sound ; as 
m sacrifice, suffice, discern, — (c) When ce or ci is 
followed by another vowel in the same syllable, the sh 
sound is taken, either by the c alone, — as in oceanic, 
viclosity, — or by the ce or ci together, — as in ocean, 
vicious, etc. (§§ 97, 106, 261). 

§ 222. (2.) The so-called "hard c," marked €, «, has 
the sound of k, and is represented by k in the respelling. 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



XXVll 



This sound is taken before a, o, or u, or a consonant, and 
at the end of a syllable if not followed by i or e ; as in 
call, cave, cold, picture, act, ethics, ac'rid, 
cry, clay, arc, talc, scan ; and before e in sceptic, 
and before i in scirrous, etc. — See § 232. 

§ 223. C is silent in czar, -victuals, indict, and in 
muscle, corpuscle, etc. 

CH. 

This digraph has three sounds, as follows : — 
§ 224. (1.) The more frequent sound is diphthongal, 
and is approximately described as tsli (§ 210) ; as in 
chin, child, church, etc. ; the digraph with this 
sound has sometimes for an equivalent the trigraph tch 
at the end of a syllable ; as in hatch, watch, fetch. 
It takes a j sound in spinach. 

§ 225. The sound is otherwise represented by ti in 
bastion, question, Christian, digestion, etc., 
by te in righteous, and by t with a part of u in tex r - 
ture, na'ture, etc. — See §§ 97, 106, 135. 

§226. (2.) Marked Ch, ch, and with sound like sh, 
which is used to represent it in the respelling, in words 
from the French which have retained this sound ; — 
usually initial; as in chaise, chivalry, chagrin, 
machine ; final in mustache, barouche. — See 
§261. 

§ 227. (3.) Ch hard, marked Ch, eh ; with sound 
like k, which is used to represent it in the respelling. 
It has this sound in words derived from the Greek, and 
through the Latin in all but quite modern words ; as in 
chorus, epoch, echo, chlorine, chrism, char- 
acter ; in those from the Hebrew ; as in Nebuchad- 
nezzar, Enoch, etc. ; exceptions are church, chart, 
Rachel, cherub, and the prefix arch- in arch- 
bishop, archdeacon, archduke, etc. ; but the k 
sound remains in archangel, and in architect, 
architrave, etc. 

§ 228. Ch is silent in drachm, schism, yacht ; 
also in fuchsia. 



§ 229. This is the dental, or hard-palatal, sonant mute 
(§§ 178, 195) ; as in day, dwell, bed, hard, aimed, 
end, idle, hugged, enraged, lived, amazed, 
rugged. It sounds as t when preceded by a surd in the 
same syllable ; as in hissed, looked, arched (hist, 
Idokt, archt) ; — see § 172. It is silent in the first sylla- 
ble of "Wednesday and in handkerchief, hand- 
some, and windrow ; but see §§ 216, 218. 



§ 230. This is a labiodental, and sometimes a purely 
labial, consonant (§ 178) ; a surd fricative (§ 198), giving 
a simple breath sound (§ 153) ; as in fame, free, few, 
staff, oft, etc. It has gh and ph for equivalents ; as 
in laugh, photograph, etc. (§§ 236, 248). It takes 
the sound of v in the word of, and usually in the com- 
pounds, hereof, thereof, whereof. 



G. 

This letter has three sounds, as follows : — 
§ 231. The hard g, marked G, g, but in the respelling 
for pronunciation represented by g unmarked ; the gut- 
tural sonant mute (§§ 178, 195) ; made by injecting vocal- 
ized breath into the pharyngeal cavity, closed by the soft 
palate, which is so arched as to bring the lower border 
into contact with the tongue, while on the curve it is 
pressed back against the wall of the pharynx ; — used be- 
fore a, o, u, or 1, r, s, in the same syllable ; as in gay, 



go, gun, glad, grow, lingual, gewgaw, argue, 
bags, haggle ; — sometimes, though not usually, be- 
fore e, i, or y ; as in get, give, gig, muggy ; —the 
g is always hard at the end of a word ; as in hug, 
berg ; also in the derivatives of such words, even when 
the doubled g is followed by e, i, or y ; as in cragged, 
druggist, foggy ; — usually hard at the end of a syl- 
lable ; exceptions such as mag'ic, reg'is-ter, log'ic, 
ex-ag'ger-ate, are due to the e or i in the following 
syllable. The letter occurs in the digraph ng (§ 246) at 
the end of syllables. The sound is heard in x when that 
is equivalent to gz ; as in exist, example, etc. (§ 271). 
It is represented by gu, as in guard, guest, etc. ; by 
gh, as in ghost, ghastly, etc. ; and by gue, as in 
plague, catalogue, etc. 

§ 232. The interposition of a slight sound of e (eve) 
or i (ill) between g hard and a following a, or I sound, 
in garden, guard, guide, guile, etc., and in like 
manner after a k or hard c, in card, kind, etc., — 
upheld by the authority of Walker, — is not generally 
approved, though customary in some localities in the 
United States. 

§ 233. (2.) The soft g, marked G, g, with sound like j 
(§ 239), and represented by j in the respelling for pronun- 
ciation ; a compound, or diphthongal, consonant (§ 211) ; 
as in gem, engine, rage, large, exaggerate, 
magic, change, gin'ger, etc. ; usually before e, i, or 
y, but before a in gaol. It has dg or dge for an equiv- 
alent, at the end of a syllable only ; as in badg'er, 
badge, edge, judge, midg'et, etc. 

§ 234. (3.) In a few words from the French, g retains 
the sound like that of z in azure (§ 199) ; as in rouge, 
mirage, cortege, etc. 

§ 235. The g is silent before m or n final, and when 
initial before n ; as in phlegm, sign, gnat, gnos- 
tic, etc. No g sound is heard in the digraph ng ; as in 
sing, long, etc. (§ 246) ; nor in seraglio, nor in 
bagnio. 

GH. 

§ 236. At the beginning of a word, this digraph is 
sounded like hard g ; as in ghastly, ghost, etc. It 
is silent after i ; as in high, weigh, straight, etc. ; 
also before t in the same or a following syllable ; as in 
bought, wrought, caught, taught, daughter, 
drought, etc. ; but has the sound of f in the word 
draught ; the sound of f also commonly after au or 
ou at the end of a syllable; as in laugh, cough, 
rough, enough ; but that of k in hough, lough ; 
and is often silent in syllables after au or ou ; as in us- 
quebaugh, dough, bough, plough, through. 

H. 

§ 237. This is essentially a momentary sound ; its nature 
and mode of formation have been already described 
(§§ 181-183) ; often called the aspirate. It occurs at the 
beginning of words, as in hate, here, hire, home, 
etc. ; and is heard at the end in ah and oh, as they are 
sometimes uttered. It is represented by wh in who, 
whose, whom, and in whole, whore, whoop, and 
is a component of the diphthongal wh in when, which, 
etc., and in whale, white, etc. (§ 212), and of the diph- 
thongal consonant in hue, etc. (§ 214). 

§ 238. The letter is silent in heir, herb (usually), 
honest, honor, hour, and their derivatives ; silent, 
more or less frequently, in hostler, humor, hum- 
ble, and their derivatives, with some others, also silent, 
or else not sounded as h, in the trigraph tch and the 
digraphs ch (§§ 224-228), gh (§ 236), ph (§ 248), rh 
(§ 251), sh (§ 261), th (§§ 263, 264), and in phthisic, 
and in khan, and in John. 



B 



H 



K 



M 






GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



$239. Thil, with the equivalents S ^o ft aiui «R< has 

already been * •• diphthongal OOOBO- 

,! | /h. We have it ill jar. 

i jur>. join, etc. The sound is usually 

_«• or dg at the end of a sylla- 

prej'udice, project, maj'es-ty, 

I ions. In some proper names of 

foreign otipn. however, ;uid in other foreign words, j 

:.d of ■ syllable; as in Aj'a-lon, 

»y be, represented by ge in sur- 

■eem, ouirm. .mi«. •:■•: by gi in region, reli- 

di la soldier, etc. ; by cle in gran- 

.1 by cl with a part of u in verdure, 

-See §§ 97, 10(3, 135, 



This is the guttural surd mute (§§ 178, 185) ; 

i. -Kill. :i-k. ark. elk, ink, etc. It agrees 

and the nasal ng (§ 246), 

ing closure of the soft palate upon the back 

tongue at the same place ; — see § 179. It has hard c, 

hard ch. gh. cu. qu, que, eque, and q for equiva- 

e&ll, hough, biscuit (-kit), choir, 

«...,u.t antique. Mcqae, queen. The sound is 

mat of the ordinary x ; as in box, etc. 

At the beginning of a syllable before n, k is silent; as 

in knot. knee. < -to. ; ck lias the sound of k alone ; 

I i U H does Ik after a (all) or o (old) ; as in 

walk, folk 

For an objectionable pronunciation, as in sky, kind, 



This is a palatal sonant fricative consonant 

. made by contact of the point of the 

tongue with the palate, as for t. d, n ; but with the 

■ides of the tongue in this case left free for the pas- 

thfl breath. It is one of the liquids ($206). 

it ba lie, low, ill. all, clay, alb, hold, 

«ll aHl ill. etc. For the explosive 1 in 

i>u»tl<-. bridle, couple, pickle, etc., see 

194. In ther><-. and in tome other cases, as in 

• vil « ;■-« I. <-tc, the 1 in an unaccented following 

| liable fulfills the office of a vowel ; — see 

-. sib-nt in would, could, should, 

balm, Malmsey, calm, palm, palmer, 

- iIjiwhj almond, half, behalf, calf, 

<;iJ\«--. balk, chalk, calk, talk, 

-t.iiu. walk : folk, yolk (oftenj, with like words 



Thi» is the labionasal consonant (§§ 178, 207) ; 

tame, him. tlmei (timz, §172;, 

I imp 215), lam,.- 217), smile, palm, 

1,1 paradigm, etc. At the beginning of a syl- 
'" n I Dent : aw in mnemonics 

M lii-m. et< 5 I'Ji). 



-a], or linguanasal, conso- 
- being cloeed by con- 
Hie tongue with the 
folate, ju*t M it k for t and cl ; the n ii continuous and 

'"'•"■It*' I 4 am momentary and oraL We have 
" ten (era, -now, change eon- 
eaten, maiden, etc., it 
aerres a* a vowel ; — t>, 



§ 244. When n is final after m it is always silent ; as 
in hymn, condemn, solemn, etc. ; but when to such 
words is added a suffix or an inflection beginning with a 
vowel, the n is generally sounded (see exception below) ; 
as in condemnation, condemnatory, solem- 
nize, solemnity, limner, autumnal, etc. So n 
is silent in kiln, limekiln, etc. In the participles 
damned, damning, condemning, contemn- 
ing, hymning, limning, etc., and also in the cog- 
nate nouns condemner and contemner, usage is 
divided. Initial kn, pn, mn, are sounded as n; as 
in know, pneumatics, mnemonics, etc. 

§ 245. Neither the sound of n nor of g is heard in the 
digraph ng (§ 246). But the n at the close of an ac- 
cented syllable, with a g, c, or ch, hard, or a k or qu, 
commencing a following syllable, commonly takes the 
ng sound, and is marked n ; as in an'ger, un'cle, 
an'chor, con'gress, can'ker, con/quest, etc. ; 
but not generally (see below) if the accent falls on the 
syllable following the n ; as in con-gres'sive, con- 
cor'dant, etc. ; not in the prefixes in-, en-, on-, un-, 
non- ; as, in'come, un'con-cern', non'com-mit'- 
tal ; not in quin'cunx, aud the derivatives and com- 
pounds of quin'que ; and not in pen'guin and a few 
other words. In e'lon-ga'tion, pro'lon-ga'tion, 
san-guif'er-ous, etc., and often in con-gres'sion- 
al, con-gru'i-ty, and like words, the n, though un- 
accented, retains the sound of ng, which is given it by 
rule in the words from which these are derived, as 
e-lon'gate, etc. It takes the ng sound also, before 
k, or ch hard, or x, at the end of a syllable ; as in 
ink, think, thank, monk, conch, anx'ious, 
etc. , making with it a diphthongal and momentary con- 
sonant (§ 216). 

NG. 

§ 246. This digraph represents a simple sound, namely, 
that of the gutturonasal consonant, which is made, like 
the surd k and the oral sonant hard g, by contact be- 
tween the soft palate and the back tongue, but, unlike 
them, with a free passage between the soft palate and 
the pharyngeal wall ; — see §§ 167, 207. It occurs only 
at the end of syllables; as in long, wing, hang, 
sing, song'stress : or with ue added at the end ; as 
in tongue. An added inflection causes no change ; as 
in sing'er, wing'ed, etc. ; except that in the com- 
paratives and superlatives of long, young, etc., the 
g goes with a proper hard g sound to the inflection, 
while the n takes to itself the ng sound ; as, lon'ger, 
lon'gest. 



§247. This is the labial surd mute (§ 185); as in 
pea, pay, cup, pray, harp, help, spy, oppress, 
happy, etc. It is silent as initial before n, s, sh, and 
t; as in pneumatics, psalm, pshaw, ptarmi- 
gan ; also in raspberry, receipt, sempstress, 
accompt, corps, and their derivatives. For the diph- 
thongal mp in lamp, etc., mpt and rnpts in tempt, 
tempts, etc., see §§ 215, 217. 



PH. 

§ 248. This digraph occurs chiefly in words of Greek 
derivation, and has usually the sound of f ; as in phan- 
tom, sylph, philosophy, etc. It has the sound of 
v in Stephen ; and, according to most orthoepists, in 
nephew, though in America it has commonly its regu- 
lar sound of f in the latter word. In diphthong, 
triphthong, ophthalmy, naphtha, and other 
allied words, and their derivatives, the ph is sometimes 
sounded as \t. 



§ 240. Q is in all English words followed by u, and 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



XXIX 



the two together have commonly the sound of kw 
(§ 213) ; as in queen, conquest, etc. ; but have that 
of kiua few words from the French, as in coquette, 
etc. ; as has also the ending que in antique, bur- 
lesque, etc. 

R. 

§ 250. The r, when pronounced as an actual consonant, 
is a sonant fricative element, and belongs to the palatal, 
or else to what is called the dental, class of consonants 
(§ 178). Its several varieties all bear a close relation to 
vowels of the mixed order (§ 16), namely, u (up), u 
(urn), e (fern, ever); and a glide of this kind nat- 
urally intervenes between a vowel not of this class and 
a following r. These vowels are made with an approxi- 
mately cylindrical passage between tongue and palate : 
taking this position, and simply raising the point of the 
tongue, for friction of the breath against the edge, gives 
by this means the r sound ; while raising the point of 
the tongue still higher and into contact with the palate 
gives the position for the nasal n, and for the surd and 
sonant mutes, t and d. In the words urn, fern, burn, 
hurt, bird, etc., we have actually these three positions 
in succession, in just this order. — See § 140. 

There are two leading varieties of the consonant r to 
be noticed, — besides also the vowelized r, as a third 
variety, which is not really a consonant, and besides a 
substitute that is sometimes used, made by a trill (§ 166) 
of the uvula, or of the epiglottis. Reference will here 
be had, when not otherwise stated, to the pronunciation 
of those who speak the r always as a consonant. 

§ 251. (1.) The so-called dental (§ 178) r, having the 
same place of articulation as s, z, t, d, and n, — that is, 
between the point of the tongue and the hard palate not 
far back from the front teeth, — is employed before a 
vowel ; as in rise, try, oral, array. It is so used 
by those who do, and by those who do not, employ the 
vowelized r in other situations. The dental variety is 
also favored, rather than the palatal, by conjunction with 
front vowels (§ 10), and with labial or dental consonants 
(§ 178) ; as in fear, fern, preach, trace, bring, 
barp, hurt, etc. It is usually trilled (§ 166) some- 
what, but not strongly so. 

The rh in rhetoric, rheum, myrrh, etc., is 
sounded simply as r. 

§ 252. (2.) The palatal r, made between the point of 
the tongue and the palate at a place near the junction of 
the hard palate with the soft palate, is the r that nat- 
urally goes before or after the vowel a (arm), or any 
of the back vowels (§ 11), and before or after a guttural 
consonant ; as in arm, urn, war, r$w, roar, cry, 
grow, etc. In some parts of the United States, the 
point of the tongue is curled back, in such a way as to 
bring the r under the class of elements sometimes 
called "cerebrals." The palatal r is less apt to be 
trilled than the dental r. 

§ 253. (3.) The vowel-like, or vowelized, r, which pre- 
vails at present in London and the South of England, is 
employed in all situations, except when a vowel sound 
immediately succeeds either in the same or in a follow- 
ing word, — in which case some form of the r as an ac- 
tual consonant sound is given. The vowelized r is heard 
either as a vowel of the mixed order (§ 16), e (fern, 
ever), u (urn), H (up), or as a mere prolongation of 
the vowel preceding ; as in war, far, more, here, 
where, care, carve, cart, heard, harp, hard, 
worm, warn, worn, farm, farther, turn, fern, 
•western, etc. 

§ 254. In the case of words in which r occurs be- 
tween two vowels of which the first is long and accented, 
auch as he'ro, se'ri-ous, wir^y, de-sir'ous, there is 
a style of pronunciation prevalent m England, but not 



much in vogue in America, which doubles the r, making 
it smooth or else merely vowelized at the end of the 
first syllable, and rough and trilled at the beginning of 
the second ; as he(r)'ro, se(r)'ri-ous, etc. In America, 
this is more frequently done in words formed with an 
inflection or suffix after the r than in other cases ; as in 
se-cur'(r)ing, poor'(r)er, etc. 



§ 255. This letter has four different sounds, all of 
them sibilant (§ 203), two surd and two sonant (§§ 169, 
179), as follows : — 

§ 256. (1.) The proper sound of s as a 6urd sibilant 
(§ 203), is made by breath forced through a contracted 
channel between the tongue and the hard palate near the 
front teeth, and impinging upon the edges of the upper 
or the lower teeth ; as in see, so, hiss, yes, scorn, 
sly, smile, snow, spy, square, stay, swim, 
cuffs, sense, curse, best, lisp, absurd, basis, 
practise, etc. The point of the tongue may be raised 
to the upper gums, or it may be depressed behind the 
lower teeth, making the contracted channel not so near 
the point of the tongue. Equivalents are : — c soft, as in 
cell, civil, vice ; sc, as in scene, science, etc. ; 
sch as in schism, schedule (as some in England pro- 
nounce) ; ps, as in psalm, psychology, etc. 

§ 257. (2.) The sonant s (§§ 199, 202), —marked §,— 
corresponding to the surd, as above, is made by the same 
articulative position, except that the tongue is pressed 
somewhat closer to the palate. The sound is precisely 
like that of z ; as in ig, hag, ribs. rideg, eggg, illg, 
aims, rung, lives, pleasant, position, disease, 
grisly, etc. The s is sonant as the final sound of some 
verbs and surd as the final sound of the cognate nouns 
or adjectives ; as use, abuse, diffuse, rise [n. & v. 
often alike sonant], house, etc. Notice close, with s 
as z in verb and noun, and s sharp in the adjective. 
Compare advise {v.), advice (?i.), etc. 

§ 258. There is a diversity of opinion among orthoe- 
pists as to whether the z or the sharp s sound 6hould 
be used in some of the words formed with the prefix 
dis- (Walker, etc., favoring diz- ; late orthoepists, 
dls-) ; as disarm, disburse, etc.; also in case of 
the suffix -ese of gentile nouns ; as in Chinese, Jap- 
anese, etc. 

§ 259. (3.) S takes sometimes the sound of sh (§ 203) by 
fusion with a following y sound (§ 272), with consequent 
vowel change ; as in version, convulsion, censure, 
sure, sugar, etc. ; in the case of s doubled, the first 
is assimilated to the second ; as in passion (pash'un), 
issue (Ish'u). In a few words s takes the sh sound 
while leaving the following vowel unchanged ; as in Asi- 
atic, nausea, etc. —See §§ 97, 106, 135, 221. 

§ 260. (4.) S takes the sound (zh) of z in azure 
(§ 274) by fusion with a following y sound, when it is 
preceded by a vowel in an accented syllable ; as in vi'- 
sion. de-ci'gion, ad-he'gion, sua'sion. ex-plo'- 
gion, confusion, pleag'ure, lei'gure, vig'u-al, 
u'gu-ry, etc. ; also in scig'gion, re-scig'gion. 

SH. 

§ 261. This digraph, — as in sharp, shine, rash, 

usher, —represents a surd sibilant (§ 203) made between 
tongue and palate at a place farther back than the s. It 
is commonly reckoned as a simple element. But the de- 
scription by Briicke seems more accurate, which makes it 
to be a composite element, consisting of an open s sound 
made at the point or front edge of the tongue and, as 
simultaneous therewith, a breath sound made farther 



B 



H 



K 



M 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION, 



d like> the German ch in ich. The sh in Eng- 
lish takes more commonly ;» slightly diphthongal char- 
acter, with the s constituent more prominent in the in- 
itial portion and the simple breath sound in the terminal 

[H'rt ion. 

The sound is otherwise represented by c or s with or 
before e or i, and by t or sc with or before I (ft 07, 
106) ; by s, sometimes, before u(§§ 134, 135, 259) ; as in- 
D the x in anxious, luxury, etc. ; by ch in 
■jMtee, by chs in fuchsia; and by sch in 

-i hurl. -< hotti>che, from the German. 



This is the dental surd mute (§§ 178, 185) ; as 

it, note, try, tune, twine, stay, last, 

ipt «cnt, act, salt, etc. For the sound of t in 

different situations, see §§ 185-194. For ti sounded 

nation, etc., and as ch in question, see 

I ! '■'■ 

The sound is represented by bt, ct, th, cht, ght, 
phth | H iu doubt, indict, thyme, yacht, night, 
phthisic, B*C. : al>o by the verb inflection -ed alter 
>urd elements other than t (§§ 96, 229). The t is silent 
Matthew, mortgage, hautboy, chasten, 
ln.i.-ii. often, listen, etc. ; but in chasten, etc., it 
an abrupt beginning of the n (§ 158). 



TH. 

§ 263. This digraph is used to represent two lingua- 
dental fricative sounds (§§ 178, 179, 198, 199) : a surd 
and a sonant ; both made with the same articulative posi- 
tlie surd, as in thin, enthusiasm, breath, 
l.ii th • the sonant, marked Th, th, as in the, 
rhi- tii i- ii. wirh, breathe, bathe, etc. 

In the following nouns, as exceptional cases, 

Hi M surd in the singular and sonant in the 

plural : - hath, cloth, lath, mouth, oath, path, 

1 1 moth : pi. bathg, clothg, etc. Verb and 

UEer : — the verb sonant, the noun surd ; as, 

rnatn ; wreathe, wreath; bathe, 

Lit h moutii mouth. 

I 1 1 mm the sound of t in thyme, Thomas, 
I I. iim-s, Esther, and, with ph, in phthisic; it is 
commonly silent in isthmus and asthma. 



§ 265. This is a labio-dental fricative element (§§ 178, 

i»oriaut correlative of the surd f ; as in vain, 

live, lived, move, moveg, calveg, 

\\<.lvi- 5 , etc. The sound is taken by f in of (§230); 

renouncing its compounds, hereof, etc., usage 

• i eea v md f. 

A softened v sound can be produced by the lips alone, 

and is <[\i\i<- ' ornmonly given in this way by Germans, as 

it is so in their language, represented by w. 



§286. This is a labial sonant fricative (§§ 178, 199) ; 
re, R <>r-«-, Inward, twelve, swan, etc. 
When not silent, w is always followed by a vowel in the 
•une syllable. It is lomethaM represented by u before 
another vowel: as in quail, language, persuade, 
seeded by h, the \v may be regarded as form- 
ing, in < following vowel, an impure 
i in pervnde; but, pre- 
ceded by a t, <l ^ or an h sound, it forms, 
in conjunction with the consonant, a compound, or diph- 
thongal, element (§§ 212, 2 

| 267. W U called a semivowel (| 205) from its close 

relation to the vowel do (ftfed, § 126) or ob (fdbt, 

It always actually begins with a brief do or (fb 



sound. The position of the organs is the same for both 
the vowel and the consonant; the tense condition for 
the vowel making the chief difference, — as may be tested 
in the words woo, woe, war. As for do, do, so for 
w, there is not only a contraction of the lips, but there 
is also a constriction between the back tongue and the 
soft palate, which is as essential for the consonant as it 
is for the vowel. So that w is a guttural as well as a 
labial consonant. 

§ 268. After a vowel in the same syllable, the w as 
a consonant is silent ; but, after long o as in glow, 
thrown, it may be regarded as in some sort represen- 
tative of the vanish of that vowel (§ 109). In some cases 
it has more significance ; as in awe, law (§ 70) ; the 
digraph ew is the equivalent of long u (§ 131) ; as in 
dew, few, etc. ; and ow, of ou ; as in cow, town 
(§ 1_9). W is silent before r in the same syllable ; as 
in wring, wrote, etc. ; also in answer, sword, 
toward, two, and in who, whoop, etc. For the 
diphthongal consonant wh in when, etc., see § 212. 



§ 269. This letter has two sounds : a surd (Its) and a 
sonant (gz). 

§270. (1.) The surd, — as in box, wax, execute, 
exodus, extreme, excellent, exhortation, etc., 
— is to be regarded as a diphthongal consonant ; — see 
§ 217. X, as preceding an accented syllable (§ 271), is 
exceptionally surd (hs) in ax-il'la, ex-ar^chate, ex- 
ude', hex-am'e-ter, ox-al'ic, and a few other words. 
In words such as anxious, noxious, luxury, the s 
component of the x becomes sh by fusion with a follow- 
ing y sound. — See §§ 106, 135, 259. 

§ 271. (2.) X is, with few exceptions (§ 270), sonant 
(gz) when followed by an accented syllable that begins 
with a vowel, or by a silent h and an accented vowel ; 
as in exist, exalt, example, exert, exotic, ex- 
haust, exhibit, exhilarate, etc. ; and the deriva- 
tives of such words often retain the sound with the X 
falling under the accent ; as in ex'em-pla-ry, ex'- 
emp-ti'tious, etc. 

At the beginning of words, x has the sound of z ; as 
in xanthic, xebec, xylography, and retains this 
sound in some compounds. 



Y. 

§ 272. T, as a consonant, is a palatal sonant fricative 
element (§§ 179, 199) ; as in year, you, young, 
beyond, vineyard, etc. It is classed with w as a 
semivowel (§ 205). The letter y originally represented 
a vowel sound of the mixed order, and nearly related to 
e (eve) or I (ill) ; it had this sound in the Anglo-Saxon. 
As commonly and properly pronounced in modern Eng- 
lish, it begins with a brief sound of one or the other of 
these vowels. It is an uncouth style of utterance that 
omits this initial sound. In many words this consonant 
is descended from an Anglo-Saxon g hard ; in others, 
from a vowel. In certain cases the sound is represented 
by an i from which it has been developed ; as in pon- 
iard, onion, genial, familiar, etc. (§ 106) ; and in 
like manner by e (§ 97) ; and it forms a part of the vowel 
u (use) ; — see § 19 b. The place of articulation for this 
consonant extends further back than does the place of 
constriction for the vowel e (eve), involving the soft 
palate, as the place for e does not. 

Y, as a consonant, occurs only at the beginning of a 
syllable : at the end or in the middle, it is a vowel ; 
as in my, happy, eye. It is used in this Dictionary 
in giving the pronunciation of some foreign words, as 
flord, lorgnette, camarilla, etc. ; and, in such case, 
is not restricted to the beginning of a syllable. 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



XXXI 



§273. The ordinary z is a sonant fricative (§ 199) 
and is ranked as a sibilant (§§ 202, 203) ; as in zeal, zone, 
maze, size, frozen, dizzy, buzz, etc. ; the sound 
is often represented by s ; as in easy, his, ears, etc. 
(§ 257) ; sometimes by c ; as in suffice, etc. (§ 221). It 
is the sonant correlative of the surd s (§ 256). 



§ 274. In some words, z takes a sound (zh) which is 
the sonant correlative of the surd sh ; as in azure, 
seizure, grazier ; developed by fusion of a proper z 
with a following y sound (§§ 106, 135 ; cf. § 260). The 
sound is otherwise represented by si in fusion, etc. ; 
by ti, exceptionally, in transition ; and by g in 
rouge, manege, mirage, and other words from the 
French. 



B 



§275. SYLLABICATION. 



(A.) A Syllable consists usually of two or more 
speech elements following in succession and combined 
together into a unity made by the singleness of the im- 
pulse exerted in their utterance. The singleness of the 
impulse being the essential thing, one element alone, 
such as can be sounded by itself, will suffice ; as, I, eye, 
ah, oh, i-o-ta, or continuity of the sound may even be 
broken by a brief interval of silence ; as it is in spry, 
stay, sky, apse, apt, its, ax, act. 

Two consecutive syllables in a word or phrase are 
made with two separate impulses. They are not, how- 
ever, ordinarily separated by a "rest" consisting of an 
absolute pause. Instead of this, we commonly have sim- 
ply a remission, or weakening, a relaxation, of the stress 
at the end of the first syllable, succeeded by a fresh im- 
pulse for the one that follows. The difference between 
the a-'i in na-ive, or mi -if, and the i in knife, con- 
sists wholly in the different distribution of stress, and of 
quantity, among the different parts of the sound. 

Every one of what we call unaccented syllables receives 
a separate though comparatively weak impulse ; and this 
even when two or more such syllables occur in succes- 
sion ; as in trav'el-er, va'ri-a-ble, va'ri-a-ble-ness. 

Partition of Elements. It is to be premised 
that every speech element of the kind commonly repre- 
sented by single characters, — sometimes by digraphs, — 
has a beginning, a middle, and an end ; the three parts 
differing from each other more or less in quality, — 
though the difference is more clearly marked in some 
cases than in others. "When one of the mutes, p, t, k, 
or b, d, hard g, comes after another element, the organs 
close upon each other, remain closed for an instant, usu- 
ally open again, and do so of necessity if another sound 
immediately follows ; and each of these stages makes its 
particular impression on the hearer ; — see § 185. Every 
speech element takes on a glide to or from others with 
which it is associated in a syllable, word, or phrase ; and 
may thus present a beginning, middle, and end. 

The syllabic division may sometimes fall, by remission 
of stress, between such portions of an element (making 
loose junction in the case of equally accented syllables, 
and weak junction in the case of unequally accented 
syllables) ; or on the middle part of a consonant, or 
somewhere within it making, whether orthographically 
doubled or represented by a single letter, close junction 
with vowels or other elements on each side. 

One or another of the parts of the consonant will be 
brought out more or less prominently according to the 
situation it has in the syllable or word. A scrupulous 
discrimination between weak junction and loose junction 
is not in all cases practically necessary. 

In the case of consecutive unaccented syllables with a 
consonant between the vowels, it is often almost a mat- 
ter of indifference, so far as concerns the pronunciation 
in ordinary speech, whether the consonant sound be re- 
garded as attached more closely or prominently to the 
preceding or to the following syllable. 

The ORTHOGRAPHIC DOUBLING of a consonant that 
makes a part of two adjoining syllables is apt to have an 
effect upon the pronunciation in quite deliberate speech, 
even when, in the ordinary manner of utterance, no dif- 
ference will be made from cases in which the consonant 
is written single ; as in ditty, scatter, compared with 



city, atom. The consonant is therefore in such case 
repeated in the respelling for pronunciation. 

(B.) The Nature and Kind of the Vowels 
which form the core of the syllables composing a word 
is the leading factor in determining the syllabic division 
of the word. It is this on which depends the kind of 
junction a vowel makes with the consonant that imme- 
diately follows between it and the vowel of the next 
following syllable ; and it is this which, in so doing, 
goes far to determine the main questions that arise con- 
cerning syllabic division made on the basis of pronuncia- 
tion. 

Long Vowels. Any one of the "regular long" 
(§ 22) vowels, a, e, i, o, u, besides a (arm) and a (%H) 
and the diphthongs oi, ou, — when followed by one or 
more consonants between it and the vowel of the next 
following syllable, — makes naturally a loose junction 
with the adjoining consonant ; as in ta-per, drama, 
He-brew, wa/ber, omen, tu-nior, etc. But this is 
impossible when we have two or more consonants not 
capable of beginning the following syllable ; as in an- 
gel, cam-bric, in the case of n, 1, or v, followed by 
i with a y sound (§ 106) ; as in al-ien, gen-ius, un- 
ion, etc., and in case of st ; as in has-ty, Eas-ter. 

Short Vowels. All the " regular short " (§ 23) 
vowels, a, e, i, o, u, besides a (ask) and u (full), 
or do (fdbt), when accented, make the division come 
after a following consonant ; as, hab'it, ha-bit'u-al, 
proph'et, pro-phet'ic, Hv'id, sac'rament, Hs'- 
ten, etc. Also, — except i, u, or do, and a, as ex- 
plained below, — they all do the same when unaccented ; 
as, at-tack', ex-act', sys'tem-atlc, rec'51-lect', 
etc. But a different division is to be made when the 
consonant with the following vowel has the sound of sli 
or zh or j ; as ra'tion-al, spe'cial, of-fi'cial, xV- 
sion, re-H'gion, etc. 

Unaccented vowels which may make loose junction 
with a following consonant are the i and u, or do, or 
u as including the do sound, and a ; as in am'i-ty, 
vis'i-ble, ru-gose', sii-pe'ri-or, niu-nif'i-cent, di'- 
a-dem, a-board', etc. The neutral vowel, also, makes 
loose junction, when in rapid speech the others fall into 
it (§ 17). They all usually make the loose junction when 
the consonant or consonants are capable of beginning the 
following syllable. But sometimes, in initial syllables, 
the I takes so much stress as to throw the division over 
to the other side ; as in lm-ag'ine, dls-ease'. Also, 
I attracts and detaches s from a following consonant ; as 
in min'is-ter, con'sis-to'ri-al, mag'is-trate, etc. 
The obscure e (§§ 90, 91) and a (§ 69) take with them 
the following 1, m, or n, etc. ; as in nov'el-ist, mac- 
ad'am-ize, al'ien-ate, rav'en-ous, etc. The a, e, 
t, 6, u, are noticed above in the paragraph under the 
head of Long Vowels. 

The vowels always followed by r, namely, a (care), 
e (fern), or I (sir), e (ever), 6 (6rb), and u (urn), 
are always in close junction with that consonant, whether 
accented or unaccented ; as in par'ent, ser'vant, 
seVer-al, vir'tue, or'der, mur'mur, etc. 

Two or more Consonants together. Cer- 
tain successions of elements can not, in English speech 
at least, be employed without intervening remission of 



H 



K 



M 



xxxn 



GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 



■treat. When two or more consonants come between 
-, tour different cases arise : — 

1. The oaaaOOSBfti may be capable of combining with 
a follow iug but not with a preceding vowel. In this case, 
g worn el is of a kind that favors loose junc- 
tion, the division will come upon the vowel; as in 
A'pril. ha'tred, sii'cred. pre-scribe', Mal'i- 
i . i in t broad*, sil-preme', etc. If the vowel 
requires close junction, the division can come only be- 
tween . M in Cap'ri-corn. pet'ri-fy, 
mad'ri-ual. mln'is-try, etc.; since the two conso- 
nants c.ni not end a syllable. 

•J. The consonants may be capable of combining with 
a preceding but not with a following vowel ; and thus of 
ending but not of beginning a syllable. The division 
cannot thus come on the preceding vowel, and comes 
more naturally between consonants; as in ver'dure, 
sur-ren'der, an'gel, en-dure', etc. ; but, out of 
regard to etymological structure, may be allowed to 
coiue on the following vowel ; as in holding, 
lmild-er, etc. 

3. The consonants may be capable of either beginning 
or ending a syllable ; and thus the division may take 
now one, and now another, of the three possible posi- 
tions ; as in be-stow, de-spair, master, dis- 
pense, rasp-lug, asking, hasty, hasting. 
boasting. 

4. The consonants may not together combine with a 
vowel so as to be able either to begin or to end a sylla- 
ble ; and the division must of necessity come somewhere 
between consonants ; as in biit-ler, first-ling, con- 
strain, hol-ster, Cam'bridge, etc. 

Etymological Ground of Division. The pro- 
nunciation of words is often influenced by a regard to 
the etymological structure ; and thus the syllabic divi- 
sion will to a certain extent be determined by etymol- 
ogy, though based upon pronunciation, — the principles 
above explained allowing a certain liberty of variation. 



Thus, what would more naturally be maker, kee- 
ping, swee-ter, wan-ting, melting, triis-ty, 
is readily and properly pronounced mak-er, keep- 
ing, sweet-er, waut-ing, melting, trust-y, etc. 
Thus, instead of tran-smit, tran-sact, we have 
trans-mit, trans-act. Vowel sound itself will some- 
times be modified with reference to the etymology. 

Prefixes and suffixes which are universally and ob- 
viously recognizable as such, may properly be kept 
separate and entire. But this principle may better be 
restricted to derivatives in which the spelling and the 
pronunciation (with the accentuation) remain as they 
were in the original words ; as is not the case in ab'- 
sti-uence, from abstain' ; pres'i-dent, from pre- 
side' ; In'ci-den'tal, from In'ci-dent, etc. ; and 
further, to those cases in which the meaning of the 
original is carried fully and plainly into the derivative, 
without deviation by specialization or otherwise ; as is 
not the case in trus-tee, from trust ; even-tual, 
from event ; trea-tise, from treat, etc. In the 
cases in w r hich a suffix is preceded by a long vowel under 
merely secondary stress, the more natural way of pro- 
nunciation is followed, in this Dictionary, in disregard 
of the etymology ; as in e-man'ci-pa'tor, or'gan-i'- 
zer, a-cid'u-la'ted, an'te-da'ted ; while the ety- 
mology is followed in the case of a long vowel, so situated 
and under a primary' accent ; as in liat'er, bap-tiz'er, 
dat'ed, con'tra-ven'ing, etc. 

Since the intent and purpose of written words is to 
represent speech, there is really no good reason for 
allowing etymology to control syllabic division, in ordi- 
nary writing and print, in any other way than indirectly 
through its influence on the customary pronunciation. 
There are those, in England more than in this country, 
who divide according to etymology, in despite of pro- 
nunciation ; but the prevailing custom is to follow the 
etymological division only so far as it may not absolutely 
conflict with that which fairly represents pronunciation. 



ORTHOGRAPHY, 



OBSERVATIONS. 



B 



The English language, being chiefly the offspring of 
two parent languages very different in form and spirit, 
and having been considerably modified in its growth by 
various other tongues, contains very many anomalies ; 
and in no particular are these anomalies more numerous 
and striking than in its orthography and its orthoepy. 
The spelling of Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French was 
largely phonetic ; but by reason of the numerous local 
or dialectic variations in pronunciation neither of these 
languages showed any great regularity in orthography. 
When, therefore, the vocabularies of these two languages, 
widely different both in their orthographical structure 
and their phonological character, were combined, the 
result was a language in which the orthography shows 
extreme irregularity. The signs representing sounds 
have been so multiplied, that many of the letters are 
pronounced in several different ways, and the letters, or 
combinations of letters, for a single sound in some cases 
amount to scores. Indeed, it is computed that many 
words of two syllables may be spelled in several thousand 
different ways, by the use of combinations employed in 
other words in the language with the same sound value. 
The word scissors, for instance, may be thus written, as 
is computed by Ellis, in nearly six thousand different 
ways. Of course, comparatively very few of these pos- 
sible forms of spelling are ever employed in the case of 
any one word ; yet the words in respect to which even 
the most careful writers are at variance are thousands in 
number, and those in which an orthography contrary to 
analogy has been universally adopted are equally nu- 
merous. 

Unsettled and variable as is the orthography of the 
present day, however, it is order itself compared with 
that of a few centuries ago. It would, of course, be un- 
reasonable to expect that there should be any general 
correspondence of orthographical forms in the works of 
different authors before the types of the printer gave 
prominence to certain forms, which finally became rec- 
ognized as standards ; and manuscripts prove that the 
utmost license prevailed in spelling words. Even proper 
names, which would naturally receive more attention, 
and be written with more care than any other class of 
words, are found in multitudes of forms, several varia- 
tions being sometimes found in the same manuscript or 
work. Lower states that the family of Mainwaring has 
the extraordinary number of one hundred and thirty-one 
variations of that single name, all drawn from authorized 
documents ; but this is an extreme case. There were, 
however, some writers who were attentive to the matter 
of spelling. For instance, the spelling of the Ormulum, 
which was written in the thirteenth century, though 
strange and cumbrous, is very remarkable for its regu- 
larity ; and the author strenuously urges his copyists to 
follow his orthography with the utmost exactness. 

The invention of printing commenced a new era, though 
for a long time even this had little effect to fix the exte- 
rior form of the language. Indeed, much of the perverse 
orthography of books printed two or three centuries ago 
is to be attributed to the printer, who often inserted or 
expunged letters as the length of the lines or convenience 
of spacing required. It is no uncommon thing to find, 
in the works of Chaucer, Spenser, and other early writers, 
C 



or in books printed two or three centuries ago, the same 
words occurring in several different forms upon the 
same page. Even as late as the time of Shakespeare, 
orthography was very unsettled ; and his name was writ- 
ten in more than thirty different ways. In the writings 
of Wyclif, Chaucer, and other early authors, the forms 
of words were frequently varied by the remnants of the 
Semi-Saxon inflection, which have since entirely disap- 
peared. 

The irregularities found in early books, though con- 
tinuing for so long a time, were neither unnoticed nor 
looked upon with indifference. Not only have various 
scholars advocated changes in a great number of particu- 
lar points, but numerous complete systems for the refor- 
mation of orthography have been proposed. Sir Thomas 
Smith, Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, William 
Bullokar, Dr. Gill, Master of St. Paul's School, in Lou- 
don, and Charles Butler all devised schemes of reformed 
orthography, aiming essentially to reduce the spelling 
of words to uniform principles so as to make it practi- 
cally phonetic. 

In the time of Charles I., many changes were intro- 
duced; and it was very common, even among eminent 
scholars, to spell words according to their pronunciation, 
omitting such letters as were deemed superfluous. These 
attempts at improvement were made upon no settled or 
uniform principles, and had little or no permanent effect 
upon the language. Another elaborate plan was proposed, 
in the seventeenth century, by Bishop Wilkins, similar 
in its general character to those of Smith, Bullokar, etc. 

The celebrated Dictionary of Dr. Samuel Johnson, first 
published in 1755, has contributed more than any work 
written, either before or since, to fix the external form 
of the language and to diminish the number of irregu- 
larities ; for though numerous inconsistencies and many 
oversights are to be found in it, the learning of the 
author, and the sound judgment and practical wisdom 
which he displayed, gave it at once an authority which 
it has not yet entirely lost ; and the orthography of the 
present day, though it has received some important modi- 
fications since his time, is substantially the same as that 
of his dictionary. The changes in the spelling of words, 
introduced by Dr. Johnson, were generally made in order 
to restore the ancient orthography, or to remove some 
anomaly. Perhaps the most important office performed 
by his work was that it settled usage definitely in favor 
of some one of the numerous forms in which many words 
were written, thus removing the cause of much confu- 
sion. Among the most prominent alterations made by 
him were the restoration of k to many words which had 
long been written without it, as in musick, rhetorick, and 
the like, and the insertion of u in the termination of 
many words which previously ended in or, as in ancestour, 
authour, errour, and others. The former of these changes 
was not followed by subsequent writers ; the latter, as it 
was thought to be justified by the analogy of the corre- 
sponding termination eur in the French (through which 
language were derived from Latin many, perhaps a ma- 
jority, of the words affected by the change), was generally 
followed. Johnson's practice in this respect, however, 
was not in harmony with his theory ; for he wrote otUy 
about half the words of this class with the ending our, 



G 



H 



K 



M 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 



XXXIV 

leaving the rest in or, though for no reason that would 
not equally »|>ply to thorn all. Yet this notable iucon- 

ra- Ul . ; ted, inn \\.us perpetuated, 

txists iu the orthography Of English writers. In 
•tee a differeat practice prevails, as will 
presently be mentioned. 

The acheme of Piukerton, who. iu 17S5, under the name 
of Robert Heron, proposed to render the lauguage more 
euphonious by adding vowels to words eudiug iu conso- 
nants, and by pronouncing the sileut final vowels of 
others, in a manner perfectly arbitrary, is too ridiculous 
to deserve further mention. About twenty years later 
another absurd plan was published by Elphiustone, who 
printed a book in order to introduce it, but without suc- 
cess. During the eighteenth ceutury, several English 
divines, as Lardner, Benson, and others, employed iu 

rds methods of spelling peculiar to themselves, 
chiefly such as had long been abandoned, as the writing 
of ie for final y ; the adding of e to words ending in 5* ; 
end the use of such forms as praeface, persue, procede, 
sou (for says), and the like. So also Mitford used many 
singular forms, such as Hand, intire, endevor, meer (for 
inert), Ike (for though), spred, etc. It is proper to men- 
tion here also the innovations of Archdeacon Hare, in 
the nineteenth century, who, on the ground of pronun- 
ciation, etymology, and analogy, employed in his work, 
such forms as atchieve, compel!, enure, firy (for fiery), 
forein, invey (for inveigh), highth, plouhman, smugler, 
and the like. He not only omitted the hyphen in many 
compound words where it has been usually inserted, but 
also advocated the omission of the apostrophe in the 
possessive case, and the substitution of t for ed in those 
preterits in which the latter termination is pronounced 
like t; as in exprest, fixt, publishl, etc., for expressed, 
fixed, published, etc. This substitution of t for ed, how- 
ever, is not peculiar to Hare, since it accords with the 
of the early writers and of many, both poets and 
writers, in later times. The use of the hyphen, 
also, in compound words, has not even yet been settled. 
Besides the imperfect attempts mentioned above, many 
plans have been devised, at different times, for reducing 
the spelling of words to uniformity and simplicity, by a 
complete reform in the method of representing the sounds 
of words by written characters ; that is, by employing a 
new alphabet in which each sign stands for one, and only 
one, definite sound, and each sound is represented by one, 
and only one, character. Such a method of spelling was 
invented by Dr. Franklin, in the eighteenth century , though 
he never brought it to perfection, and scarcely used it, 

n a brief correspondence with a friend. The mo6t 
recent, and in every respect the most comprehensive and 
philosophical, scheme of this kind, is that of which Mr. 
A. J. Ellis, of Cambridge, England, has been the most 
prominent advocate and representative, and to a large 



extent the inventor. The alphabet in this system con- 
tains about forty characters, each of which represents 
but a single sound, so that a word written according to 
this method could properly be pronounced in only one 
way. Although this system has received great publicity, 
aud has had many earnest supporters, it has been found 
too nice in its distinctions to gain ground in the public 
favor, and has finally been abandoned by its author as a 
means of reforming orthography. The schemes of Lep- 
sius, Muller, and others who have endeavored to form 
philosophical alphabets of universal application, are 
hardly to be mentioned here, as they are but indirectly 
related to English orthography. 

In 1828, Dr. Webster published his Dictionary of the 
English Language, and the changes in spelling advocated 
by him have had much influence upon orthography, es- 
pecially in the United States. These changes were advo- 
cated by him chiefly on the ground of etymology and of 
analogy, from a desire to make the words correspond, as 
far as practicable, with their primitive forms, so as to 
reveal more clearly their etymological affinities, and also 
to reduce as much as possible the number of anomalies 
and exceptional cases. Of the words whose orthography 
had been changed for the former reason, many were 
restored to their ordinary forms by Dr. Webster himself 
in the second edition of his work, published in 1841, and 
others still were restored in subsequent editions. The 
alterations of the second class have been received with 
favor and adopted by a large portion of the writers in 
the United States, and by some authors also in England. 
Many of Dr. Webster's deviations from the usage of 
his time were not innovations, but restorations of older 
forms which were once very generally used. The most 
important points in which his orthography differs from 
that of most other modern lexicographers, and in refer- 
ence to which there is still difference of usage among 
scholars, are stated in the following list, in which the 
numbers refer to the sections of the Rules for Spelling 
Certain Classes of Words (see below), where the cases 
are mentioned particularly. These are, the not doubling 
the final consonant in derivatives of words like travel, 
worship, etc. (§ 8) ; doubling the I in installment, enroll- 
ment, etc. (§ 9) ; doubling the final letter in such words as 
fulfill, instill, etc. (§ 16) ; retaining the i in derivatives 
of villain (§ 27); writing defense, offense, etc., for de- 
fence, offence, etc., and practice for practise (§ 27) ; 
writing the termination -er for -re in words like center, 
meter, etc. (§ 31); writing mold and molt without u 
(§ 34). With regard to words often written with the 
termination -re, which in this book are spelled with two 
endings, -er and -re, it may be further remarked that 
the use of -er, as in meter, etc., is a restoration of the 
older spelling ; and the same is true of the substitution 
of the termination -or for -our. 



RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS, 

*Oi THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER, AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME. 



§ L Tn» letters / and /, at the end of monosyllables, 
and standing immediately after single vowel*, are gen- 
erally doubled : as In staff, cliff, puff; all, bell, hill, toll. 
**»• word * c! ' Md sol, are exceptions. 

end of a monosyllable, and 
■tending immediately after a single vowel, is generally 
doubted, exotj-- ... ,,■•... node'*, tones, loves, 

2i !*!!!f ' etC ' ~ Jt ** "*** t0 iorm ttxe possessive case 
•r plural of a noun, or the third person singular of a verb ; 
tin grass, prest, hiss, rruju, truss. The only important 



as, gas, yet, gris, his, this, thus, plus, bus 
(for omnibus), thus, and us. 



§ *• *""4** J' h "^ *' the ^y consonants that are 
met doubled at the end of a word are b, d, g, m, n, p, 



r, t, and z. Most of the words in which these letters are 
doubled, including some spelled more or less with a single 
consonant, are : abb, ebb ; add, odd, uadd (Min.), rudd ; 
e ffff, bigg, mumm (to mask) ; Ann, inn, Finn, u-ynn, sunn 
(Bot.) ; Lapp, wapp ; parr, err, birr, shirr, dorr, burr, 
purr; brett, frett, bitt (Naut), mitt, smitt, butt; fizz, 
frizz, buzz, fuzz. 

Note. — The words let, net, and set are sometimes in- 
correctly spelled lett, nett, and sett ; and some other words 
which should have the final letter single are spelled, by 
some writers, with it doubled. 

§ 4. A consonant at the end of a woTd immediately 
after a diphthong or double vowel is rarely doubled. The 
words ail, peat, haul, door, and maim, are examples. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 



The words feoff, enfeoff, gneiss, speiss are exceptions. 
The word guess is only an apparent exception, as the u 
does not strictly form a diphthong with the e, but serves 
merely to render the g hard. 

§ 5. Monosyllables which are pronounced with a final 
k sound, and have c following the final vowel, have usu- 
ally k added after the c ; as in black, fleck, click, knock, 
and buck. Exceptions are bac, lac, sac, tac, talc, zinc, 
ploc, roc, soc, arc, marc, ore, tore, disc, andfisc. 

Words of more than one syllable, ending in -ic or -iac, 
which formerly ended in ck, also words derived from 
the Latin or Greek, or from other sources, and similar 
to these, or formed in an analogous manner, are now 
written without the k ; as, maniac, elegiac, zodiac, 
cubic, music, public. The word derrick is an exception. 
Words of more than one syllable, in which c is preceded 
by other vowels than i or ia, commonly end in ck; as 
arrack, barrack, hammock, hillock, wedlock. The words 
almanac, carac, sandarac, rebec, xebec, manioc, havoc, 
are exceptions. Almanac, rebec, and havoc, however, 
are sometimes written with k after the c, especially in 
England ; and carac is oftener written earaek or carrack. 

§ 6. In derivatives formed from words ending in c, 
by adding a termination beginning with e, i, or y, the 
letter k is inserted after the c, in order that the latter 
may not be inaccurately pronounced like 5 before the 
following vowel : as, colic, colicky ; traffic, trafficked, 
trafficking, trafficker ; physic, physicked ; zinc, zincked, 
zincking, zincky. We find also zinc'ing, zinc'ite, zink'y 
(as from zink) etc. , not conformed to this rule. 

§ 7. In derivatives formed by adding a termination 
beginning with a vowel to monosyllables and words ac- 
cented on the last syllable, when these words end in a 
single consonant (except h and a;) preceded by a single 
vowel, that consonant is doubled : as, clan, clan'nish; 
plan, planned, plan'ning, plan'ner ; bag, bag' gage ; hot, 
hot'ter, hot'test ; wit, wit'ty ; cabal', cabal'ler ; begin 1 , be- 
ginning, begin' ner ; inf er',inf erred', inf er'ring ; squab, 
squab'bish, squab'by ; squaf, squat'ting, squat'ter ; quit,' 
quit'led, quit'ting. The consonant is doubled in these 
words in order to preserve the short sound of the vowel, 
as otherwise the vowel would be likely to be pronounced 
long. 

The derivatives of the word gas (except gas'sing and 
gas'sy) are written with but one s ; as, gas'eous, gas'- 
ify. Excellence, as being from the Latin excellens, 
retains the double I, though one I has been dropped from 
the termination of excel'. Besides these, the chief ex- 
ceptions to the rule are those derivatives in which the 
accent of the primitive is thrown back upon another syl- 
lable : as, cabal', cab'alism, cab'alist ; prefer', prefer- 
ence ; refer', reference ; defer', deference. But infer' - 
able, transferable are common exceptions. It is no 
exception to this rule that chancellor, and the derivatives 
of metal and crystal, as metalloid, metallurgy, crystalline, 
crystallize, and the like, are written with the I doubled, 
since they are derived respectively from the Latin can- 
cellarius (through the French), and metallum, and the 
Greek Kpv(rraAAos. So also the word tranquillity retains 
the double I, as being from the Latin tranquillitas, while 
the English derivatives of tranquil, though often written 
with two Ps, are more properly written with only one, 
as tranquilize, tranquilizer, and the like. 

§ 8. When a diphthong, or a digraph representing a 
vowel sound, precedes the final consonant of a word, or 
when the accent of a word ending in a single consonant 
falls on any other syllable than the last, or when the word 
ends in two different consonants, the final consonant is 
not doubled in derivatives formed by the addition of a 
termination beginning with a vowel : as, daub, daubed, 
daub'er; need, need'y; brief, briefer, briefest; trav'- 
ail, trav' ailed, tr av' ailing ; rev' el, rev'eled, rev'eling ; 
trav'el, trav'eling, trav'eler ; profit, profited ; act, act'- 
ed, ac'tor ; perform', perform' er ; stand, stand'ing. 

The final consonant is doubled in the derivatives of a 
few words ending in g, in order to diminish the liability 
to its being pronounced like j, before e or i: as, hum'- 
bugi, hum'bugged', hum'bug'ging ; per'iwig, per'iwigged. 
The derivatives of kid'nap', which properly has a second- 
ary accent on the final syllable, are spelled with or with- 
out the p doubled ; as, kid'naped' or kid'napped', kid'- 
nap'ing or kid'nap'ping, kid'nap'er or kid'nap'per. The 
word woolen is more generally thus written, in the 
United States, with one I; but in England it is written 
wool'len. 

Note. — There is a large class of words ending in a sin- 
gle consonant, and accented on some other syllable than 
the last, the final consonants of which are, by very many 
writers and lexicographers, doubled in their derivatives, 
unnecessarily and contrarily to analogy. These words 



are chiefly those ending in I, with also a few of other ter- 
minations. The following list, the words in which are 
chiefly verbs, includes the most important of those in re- 

fard to which usage varies : namely, apparel, barrel, 
evel, bias, bowel and its compounds, cancel, carburet and 
all similar words ending in -urel, cavil, carol, channel, 
chisel, counsel, cudgel, dial, dishevel, dowel, drivel, duel, 



B 



model, panel, parallel, parcel, pencil, peril, pistol, pom- 
mel, quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, rowel, shovel, shrivel, 
snivel, tassel, tinsel, trammel, travel, tunnel, unravel, 
vial, victual, worship. Worcester doubles the final let- 
ters of all these words, except parallel, in forming deriv- 
atives by the addition of terminations beginning with 
vowels, though he remarks, with respect to those ending 
in I, that " it better accords with the analogy of the lan- 
guage " to spell their derivatives with but one I. Smart 
retains the double consonant in this class of words solely 
on the ground that usage favors it, but remarks that 
"the double p in worshipped, worshipper, etc., the sec- 
ond I in travelling, traveller, etc., are quite unnecessary 
on any other score than to satisfy the prejudices of the 
eye." Stormonth doubles the final consonant in this 
class, except in the derivatives of channel, dial, parallel, 
pistol, and in some of those from equal, peril, quarrel, 
victual, worship. The Imperial agrees with Stormonth 
in respect to derivatives of dial, equal, parallel, peril, 
pistol, victual, and most derivatives of worship ; doubles 
the I in derivatives of channel ; gives caroling or carol- 
ling as a noun, duellist and duelist, enamelar and enamel- 
lar, and so -er and -ist ; has quarrellous and quarrelous — 
Stormonth giving only the latter, but both agreeing in 
quarrelled, quarrelling, quarreller, — while the Imperial 
increases the breach with trammeler and trammeller, 
worshipper and worshiper, gamboled or gambolled, gam- 
boling or gambolling, etc. The Encyclopedic Dictionary 
gives both ways for derivatives of bias, channel (except 
channelize), drivel, ravel x etc. ; but marks beveled and bev- 
eling as rare, and worshiper as obsolete ; generally omits 
the participles, except in citations ; and appears to favor 
the use of the double /, etc., in most of these derivatives. 
Perry wrote the derivatives of these words with but one 
I, according to the rule, and the same practice was ad- 
vocated by Walker. Conformity to the regular rule has 
been advocated also by other eminent scholars ; but, for 
the accommodation of the whole English-speaking public, 
both of the prevalent spellings are usually given m this 
Dictionary, that with the single consonant having the 
first place. See " A List of Words," after § 36. 

§ 9. Derivatives formed from words ending in a dou- 
ble consonant, by adding one or more syllables, com- 
monly retain both consonants : as, ebb, ebbing ; odd, 
oddly ; stiff, stiffness ; fell, fellable ; skill, skillful, skill- 
fulness ; will, willful, willfulness ; dull, dullness ; full, 
fullness. So also the double I is retained in the words 
installment, inthrallment, thralldom, and enrollment 
(from install, inthrall, thrall, and enroll), in order to 
prevent a false pronunciation if spelled with one I. 
Many writers and lexicographers, especially in England, 
omit one I in these words, as also in the derivatives of 
skill, will, dull, and full, formed by adding the syllables 
-ly and -ness. See §§ 16, 17. 

The derivatives of pontiff are exceptions to the rule, 
being written with only one// as, pontific, pontifical, 
pontificial, and the like. One I is also dropped in a few 
words formed by adding the termination -ly to words 
ending in 11, in order to prevent the concurrence of three 
Ps: as, ill, illy; dull, dully ; full, fully. Words simi- 
larly formed by adding the termination -less, however, 
are written either with the three Ps, a hyphen being in- 
serted before the termination, or with two Ps, and with- 
out the hyphen ; as, skill-less or skilless, smell-less or 
smelless. 

§ 10. In derivatives formed from words ending with 
silent e, the e is generally retained when the termination 
begins with a consonant: as, pale, paleness ; hate, hate- 
ful; incite, incitement; chaste, chastely, chasteness ; 
move, movement. When, however, the e is immediately 
preceded by another vowel (except e), it is often dropped 
from the derivative : as, woe (sometimes wo), woful or 
woeful ; due, duly ; argue, argument ; true, truly ; aive, 
awful ; and derivatives and compounds of these words. 

The words wholly, nursling, wisdom, abridgment, ac- 
knowledgment, lodgment, judgment, and the compounds 
of some of these, are exceptions. The last four, how- 
ever, are written, by many authors, abridgement, ac- 
knowledgement, lodgement, judgement. 

§ 11. In derivatives formed from words ending with 
silent e, when the termination begins with a vowel, the 
e is generally omitted, except in the cases mentioned in 
the next paragraph : as, bride, bridal; plume, plumage ; 
grieve, grievance ; come, coming ; move, movable ; sale, 
salable ; fleece, fleecy ; force, forcible ; true, truism. 

The e is retained in the words hoeing, shoeing, and 



H 



K 



M 






ORTHOGRAPHY 



(from hoe, thoe, and toe), in order to guard against 
. for a like 

- 
m»c. ft*. 

ill- - .:: . • V ■ '■- '■: ■:.. , '■.••'• •:'■"•.'• '■/'"'':•'' ( ' ; " SU'tttff- 

. i. The 
„ - not omit the c, 

■ 

. though 

I ic.illy such, since they are 

. but from the 

r:\.iti\i-. tabm a termination be- 

.uid immediately aftt-r c or g. is 

t-veut the pronunciation of these 

...ird sound: a*, peace, ]>eaceable ; 

' ' change, change- 

. 

The last word is sometimes 
:.d pronounced vwr ga- 
ble ; Worcester 
notable, salable, and UtabU : Smart and Stor- 
— which the Im- 
:<-r ; the Imperial and 
1\ : while the Encyclopedic 
He, utal ■■ as obsolete. 

ad f-roni words ending in ie, 

t -e is usually dropped, 

langed to y. in order to prevent two C$ from 

ing — but Ash, 

and the Imperial write hieing ; Ik. lying; 

of words ending in y preceded 

med by appending any terrnina- 

■ with t. the y is usually changed 

tidy, tidi- 

: one syllable ending in 
ant. are exceptions, and usually 
\yntss ; sly. slyest ; dry. dryly"; 
Ty, vryness. But the adjectives 
oin m only written with 
forme drily, shily. slily, are not 
s formed by adding the termina- 
p, and the 
> authors write them 
with i. according to the rule. Derivatives in -like, as 
citylike, eountryliJ:*. and those formed from baby and 
lady, keep the y. The y is also retained in the possessive 
case of nouns, when formed by adding * with the apos- 
tr ! :,.- m% eomMfry**, everybody's. 
5 14- Derivatives formed by affixing a termination 
seeded by a vowel, generally re- 
gayefy. gayly ; play, 
joy, Joy- 
iing. 

■id, saith, slain, and 
;. slay, and stay), with their 
are exceptions. Staid, however, is some- 
written stayed. Gaiety and gaily also occur 
is regular in form, but not in pronunciation. Dewiness 
is a recognized exception. Derivatives from words end- 
ing in uy, mm colloquies, from colloquy, are not excep- 
tions to the rule, a> ^s. is not strictlv a 
vowel, but stands for the consonai.- 

15 Derivatives formed by appending a syllable 
with a vowel to words ending with a vowel 
general];. ■ l<-tter- rf-]'i 

• 
- 

We some- 
froui the vei ; but it 

• 

■<-d and wooed 
a-ed. 
- < la<-h Hiding in silent e, as 
• . u 
fag a termination beg drop the finale; as, 

freest ; 
agreer. The 
tfons. 
iy prefixing one or more 




to 

tain the y uncha 
player, plays , 
Jul; ei 

staid (from da\ 



earn ummtkamtA u. r II 

16 !••:.'. 



W.tii 



ion, being always written 
this class which end in 



; U are written by some authors, especially in England, 
with one / ; as. recaL, bcfal, inthral, foretel, fulfil, enrol. 
The « aid instill should be written with the 

/ doubled, though they are often written distil and instil. 
! 17. Compounds of two or more words commonly 
retain all the letters of the simple words : as, stiff-necked, 
well-bred, dull-eyed, save-all. wide-mouthed. 

There are numerous exceptions to this rule, many of 
them compounds which by long use have acquired the 
force of single words. They are the following : namely, 
some compounds of all and well ; as, almighty, almost, 
. already, also, although, altogether, always, withal, 
ithal, welcome, wherewithal, welfare; — com- 
pounds of mass; as. Candlemas, Christmas, Lammas, 
Michaelmas, etc. : — words of which the second part is 
the adjective full; as. artful, hateful, rueful, woeful or 
I woful ; — also, the words chilblain, dumfound. expire 
and its derivatives (cf. inspire), fulfill {gee § 16), name- 
sake, neckerchief, numskull, pastime, standish. where'er, 
and wherever. 

§ 18. The plural of nouns regularly ends in *, or, in 
certain classes of words, in es. 
When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound 
| that the sound of s can unite with it, and be pronounced 
I without forming a separate syllable, s only is added in 
\ forming the plural : as, bay, bays ; shah, shahs; sea, seas; 
i pie, pies; woe, woes; canto, cantos; virtue, virtues; 
purlieu, purlieus ; claw, claws; panic, panics; bead, 
j beads ; chief. chiefs ; bag, bags : path, paths ; lock, locks; 
j bell, bells ; cup,' cups; acf, acts. A few plurals from 
nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant, end in es: 
as. echo, echoes; cargo, cargoes; embargo, embargoes; 
i motto, mottoes; potato, potatoes. Other nouns of this 
class generally form their plurals regularly, though usage 
differs with regard to some of them. Those in which 
final o is preceded by a vowel form their plurals regu- 
larly : as. cameo, cameos; punctilio, punctilio s. Ehe 
plural of alkali is written alkalis or alkalies; that of 
rabbi, either rabbis or rabbies. With regard to other 
, nouns ending in i usage differs, though they are more 
properly written with the termination is. 

When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound 
(as that of eh in much. sh. j. s. z, or z) that the sound of s 
can not unite with it in pronunciation, but must form a 
separate syllable, e is inserted before s in forming the 
plural, unless the word ends with silent e. in which case 
the latter serves to form a separate syllable with t : as, 
church, churches ; rush, rushes ; age. ages ; edge, edges ; 
lure, laces; gas. gases; marquis, marquises; east 
loss, losses; box, boxes; maze, mazes. For classis, cri- 
sis, and like words, see § 25. 

To express the plural of a letter, figure, or any char- 
acter or sign, or of a word mentioned without regard to 
its meaning, the letter s, generally preceded by the 
apostrophe, is appended, as in the phrases. '• The two Vs 
in all ; " M The two O's in 400 ; " " Two ~'i in Orion ; " 
" He uses too many it's." Some writers, however, omit 
the apostrophe in such cases, joining the s immediately 
to the letter, character, or word, as in the phrases " The 
two Is in all ; ■' " Two *s in Orion ; " " His whys are well 
put.'' Still others write the names of the letters with 
their proper plural endings, instead of the letters them- 
selves : as. the two eet m, and the like. The 
I plurals of letters are also rarely expressed by simply 
doubling them : as. '• The two ee'in bee ; " The two 11 in 
att; n but this practice is not to be commended, as ee, 
II. etc., are properly read double e, double I, etc. 

§ 19. Nouns, including proper names, ending in y 
preceded by a consonant form their plural by adding es 
and changing y into i : as. mercy, mercies j lad\ . 

t; army, armies ; Mary. 3faries. This rule in- 

: eludes words ending in quy, in which u. being pronounced 

! like w, is strictly a consonant : as. colloquy, colloquies. 

In the case of proper names, however, manygood writers 

I form the plural by simply adding s : as. ' ' The three 

When the singular of a noun ends in y preceded by a 
vowel (except u having the power of w), the plural is 
j regularly formed by adding * only : as, day, days ; key, 
oney, moneys; monkey, monkeys; attorney, at- 
i torneys ; • guy, guvs. Some plurals of this 

class are often, but les* properly, written with the termi- 
nation ies ; as, monies, utiornies, and the like. 

Note. — Noons now ending in y formerly ended in ie, 
and formed their plurals regularlv bv adding I I 

}"'was substituted for 
" in tiie singular, but the plural retains its old form. 
20 Tbt plm - ■ : a few nouns ending in/or/e are 
, irregularly formed by changing / or fe into 
following words, with'their compounds", are the principal 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 



XXXVll 



examples : namely, life, lives ; knife, knives ; wife, 
wives; leaf, leaves; sheaf, sheaves; loaf, loaves; beef, 
beeves; thief, thieves; calf, calves; half, halves; elf, 
elves; shelf, shelves; self, selves; wolf, wolves. The 
plural of staff is sometimes written staffs, but more com- 
monly slaves, except when it means a corps of officers, 
either military or civil, in which sense it is always writ- 
ten staffs. The plural of wharf is generally written 
wharfs in England ; in the United States it is more 
commonly written wharves, as it is also by some recent 
English writers. The plural of scarf is scarfs, rarely 
scarves. The plurals of hoof and turf, formerly written 
hooves and turves, are now written hoofs and turfs. The 
plurals of other nouns ending in /, fe, or ff, are f oitmed 
regularly by the addition of 5 only. 

§ 21. In the following nouns, the singular and the 
plural differ in their vowels or vowel sounds : namely, 
man, men ; woman, women ; goose, geese ; foot, feet ; 
tooth, teeth ; brother, brethren (see §§ 22, 23) ; louse, 
lice ; mouse, mice. Compounds ending with these words 
form their plurals in the same manner : as, xvorkman, 
workmen ; dormouse, dormice. Words which end in the 
syllable -man, and are not compounds, form their plurals 
regularly, by adding s only : as, cayman, caymans ; 
desman, desmans; firman, firmans; talisman, talis- 
mans; German, Germans; Mussulman, Mussulmans; 
Ottoman, Ottomans ; Turcoman, Turcomans. The plu- 
rals of talisman and Mussulman are sometimes incor- 
rectly written taiismen and Mussulmen. 

§ 22. A few plurals end in -en : namely, brother, 
brethren (see §§ 21, 23) ; child, children ; ox, oxen. To 
these may be added the obsolete forms, eyen or eyne, kine, 
shoon, hosen, housen, sistren (from eye, cow, shoe, hose, 
house, sister), all of which end, as pronounced, with the 
sound of n. 

§ 23. The words brother, die, pea, and penny, have 
each two plurals of different forms and with different 
significations; as, brothers, male children of the same 
parent, also members of the same society, association, 
class, or profession ; brethren, members of the same 
religious or ecclesiastical body, the word in this form 
being rarely used except in connection with religion, or 
in scriptural language, where it also has the same mean- 
ing that brother has in ordinary language ; dies, imple- 
ments for making impressions by stamping, or for mak- 
ing screws, also the cubical parts of pedestals ; dice, the 
cubical blocks used in games of chance ; peas, seeds of 
the pea-plant, when a definite number is mentioned; 
pease, the same in bulk, or spoken of collectively ; pen- 
nies, the coins, especially when a definite number is 
mentioned ; pence, the amount reckoned by these coins. 
See also these words in the Dictionary. 

§ 24. Some words, mostly names of animals, have the 
same form in the plural as in the singular ; as, deer, 
sheep, swine, grouse, trout, and the like. This is true 
also of gentile nouns in -ese ; as, Chinese, Portuguese, 
Tyrolese, Japanese. Fish, fowl, and some other words, 
may be used for an indefinite number ; or the individ- 
uals may be designated as fishes, etc. 

§ 25. Many words adopted from foreign languages 
retain their original plurals : as, datum, data ; criterion, 
criteria ; genus, genera ; larva, larvse ; classis, classes 
(see class, pi. classes, in §18); crisis, crises; matrix, 
matrices ; focus, foci ; monsieur, messieurs. 

Many words of this class, while retaining the original 
plurals, have also a second, formed after the analogy of 
English words of similar termination : as, formula, for- 
mulae or formulas ; beau, beaux or beans ; focus, foci or 
focuses; index, indices or indexes ; stratum, strata or 
stratums ; bandit, banditti or bandits ; cherub, cherubim 
or cherubs; seraph, seraphim or seraphs. The plurals 
of the last two words are sometimes incorrectly written 
cherubims and seraphims, with double plural termina- 
tions, since -im in Hebrew words is a plural ending. 

§ 26. In certain loose compounds consisting of a noun 
followed by an adjective or other qualifying expression, 
the plural is commonly formed by making the same 
change in the noun as when it stands alone : as, court- 
martial, courts-martial ; cousin-german, cousins-german; 
son-in-law, sons-in-law. When, however, the adjective 
is so closely joined to the noun that the compound has 
the force of a simple word, the plural of the compound 
is commonly formed like that of any other word of the 
same termination: as, cupful, cupfuls ; handful, hand- 
fuls. 

§ 27. There are many words, besides those mentioned 
in the preceding paragraphs, in respect to which usage, 
even that of the best authors, is variable. The most 
important of these words are mentioned in this and the 
succeeding sections. 



The derivatives of the word villain, as villainous, vil- 
lainy, etc., though often written villanous, villany, etc., 
properly retain the i, according to the practice of many 
writers, like those of other words similarly ending in 
-ain : as, mountainous, from mountain ; captaincy, from 
captain ; and the like. 

The words connection, deflection, inflection, and reflec- 
tion generally follow the spelling of the words connect, 
deflect, inflect, and reflect, though often written, esp. in 
England, connexion, deflexion, inflexion, and reflexion. 

The word woe, though often written without the final 
e, should retain it, like most other nouns of one syllable 
and of similar form : as, doe, floe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, and 
the like. Monosyllables other than nouns, and words of 
more than one syllable, having a similar termination, 
omit the e : as, do, go, no, so, canto, motto, potato. 

The words defense, expense, offense, and pretense are 
properly written thus, though often spelled with c in- 
stead of s, for the s belongs to the words from which 
they are derived, and is used in all their derivatives. 

The words drought and height were formerly writ- 
ten drouth and hight, and are still often so written in 
America. 

The verb practice is written like the noun, in prefer- 
ence to the form practise, though the latter spelling is 
used by many writers, especially in England. The anal- 
ogy of the language requires that the noun and verb 
which are pronounced alike should agree in spelling; 
and, therefore, the difference in spelling between the 
noun and the verb is properly observed, in words of this 
kind, only in such as are accented on the last syllable, 
as device, devise. 

Derivatives of the Greek eSpa (seat, base, side ; pro- 
nounced hed'rd), as polyhedron, tetrahedron, octahedral, 
and the like, are properly thus written with h before the 
e of the termination, but are sometimes written poly- 
edron, tetraedron, octaedral, etc., without the h. 

§ 28. There is a class of adjectives ending either in 
-able or in -ible, of which a large majority have the ter- 
mination -able ; as, blamable, laudable, legible, mutable, 
navigable, vendible. Many of them are from Latin 
words ending in -abilis or -ibilis ; some are from the 
French ; and not a few are formed by adding the termi- 
nation to English words. Those from Latin words end 
respectively in -able or -ible, according as they are de- 
rived from words ending in -abilis or -ibilis : as, mutable 
(L. mutabilis) ; potable (L. potabilis) ; credible (L. credi- 
bilis); vendible (L. vendibilis). Those formed from 
English words generally end in -able : as, avoidable, eat- 
able, fordable, laughable, liable, salable, serviceable. 
There are a few words respecting which usage is vari- 
able : as, addible or addable ; conversable or conversible ; 
inferable or inferrible ; referable or referrible. 

§ 29. There is a class of words beginning with en- or 
in-, as enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, ensure or 
insure, and the like, many of which take either form of 
the prefix indifferently. They are chiefly derived from 
the Latin, either directly or through the French, the 
prefix in- belonging to the former language, and en- to 
the latter. In some of these words, en- is to be preferred ; 
in others, in- ; in many of them, either may be used in- 
differently. See the List of Words Spelled in Two or 
More Ways, and the different words of this class in the 
Dictionary. 

§ 30. There was formerly considerable diversity of 
usage in respect to the terminations -ant and -ent, both 
of which were, in certain cases, used almost indiffer- 
ently ; as in the words confidant or confident, dependant 
or dependent, and the like. Present usage, however, is 
definitely settled in favor of one or the other form, in 
nearly or quite every word of this class, though not 
always upon uniform principles. Thus, the abstract 
noun confidence and the adjective confident are univer- 
sal, while the common noun is sometimes the English 
confident, but often the French confidant. The abstract 
noun dependence and the adjective dependent have al- 
most entirely superseded dependance and dependant. 
The noun dependant, which was at least as commonly 
seen in Walker's time as the noun dependent, has now 
yielded its place in great measure to dependent. On the 
other hand, we now have both the adjectives and the 
common nouns attendant and repentant ; and the abstract 
nouns attendance and repentance. The terminations 
-ant and -ance belong properly to words derived from 
the French or from Latin verbs of the first conjugation ; 
-ent and -ence to words derived from Latin verbs of the 
other three conjugations, -ence and -ance were also for- 
merly confounded in some words, the one or the other 
being used indifferently. 

§ 31. There is a class of words ending in -er, some of 



B 



H 



K 



M 






ORTHOGRAPHY. 



which are written by many authors with the termination 

, . • .■.-..' . .- . ■:, •. , u.. which are often writ- 
ten .-'-."-. • ctre, (\r-::r r . ete. -4ctc. chancre, liters, 
H»)crr, •....«.-.:;■•». and < ;;r, retain the termination -/r, in 
order to preaerve the h.ird .sound of the e and g. Still, 
noun tuprc or eager, 
siOoo irwworr or maugre. 
. here are two classes of chemical words ending 
respectively in -id or -ide and in -in or -foe, in regard to 
which unfit has varied, Most of them were formerly 
written without the final e ; but in present usage -ide La 
many make a technical distinction 
between -in an 



. ritt* 



an 

4m 



ine in the Dictionary (cf 

o Pronunciation). The word tannin is al- 

rritten without the final f . Oride is now generally 

i. iuatiou -ide. 
| la a class of words ending, as pronounced, 

i of long i, followed by z, some of which 
■ rittem by different authors, with either 
this sound : as, criticise or cri/i- 
r civilise; naturalize or naturalise ; pat- 
r patronise. These words are mostly verbs, and 
fly derived from Greek words ending in -i£t iv (see 
-ize, in the Dictionary), or from French words ending in 
There are a few from other sources, but 
formed in analogy with those derived from these lan- 
guages. Those formed from Greek words properly have 
the termination -ize: as, anathematize, baptize, character- 
ize, dramatize, tantalize. The spellings catechise, criticise, 
exorcise, are, however, in common use ; but catechize 
and criticize are also allowed. Those formed in an anal- 
ogous manner from English words are likewise written 
with -ize i as, albumenize, bastardize, memorize, sensi- 
tize. But those derived from the French verb prendre 
(.participle pris or prise) end in -we : as, apprise, com- 



i prill, emprise, enterprise, surprise. The following are 
the principal English verbs ending in -ise : namely, adver- 
tise, advise, affranchise, apprise, arise, catechise, chastise, 
circumcise, comprise, compromise, criticise, demise, de- 

, spise, devise, disenfranchise, disfranchise, disguise, em- 

1 prise, enfranchise, exercise, exorcise, franchise, mer- 
chandist. premise, revise, supervise, surmise, surprise. 

' It may be remarked that most of those in respect to 
which usage varies are more frequently written in Eng- 

' land with the termination -ise, and in the United States 
with the termination -ize. 

§ 34. The words mold and moll, and their compounds 
and derivatives, are written in this Dictionary with o 
instead of ou, in analogy with the words bold, bolt, coll, 

j gold, etc., from which the u has been dropped. Most 
authors, however, write these words mould and moult, 

! and their derivatives in like manner ; and this spelling 
is also given in this Dictionary as alternative. 

§ 35. There is a numerous class of words almost uni- 
versally written in the United States, with the termi- 
nation -or, many of which are written in England with 
the termination -our : as, candor, favor, honor, labor, 
rumor, vigor. English usage, however, is not uniform 
with respect to these words, many of them being written 

! with -or in English books. See the Observations on Or- 

j thography, prefixed to these rules. 

§ 36. There is a small class of words ending with the 

! syllable -ped (from Lat. pes, pedis, foot), the termination 

of some of which was formerly, and is still frequently, 

■ written -pede : as, biped, centiped, milliped, palmiped, 

quadruped, soliped, and the like. The words biped and 

! quadruped are universally written without the final e ; 

and most of the others, according to the best usage, 

should be so written. Centipede, however, is frequent ; 

I and velocipede is practically the only form in use. 



A LIST OF WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OR MORE WAYS. 



The design of the following List is, in the first place, 
to present those words in reference to which present 
ujiatre. in the United States or in England, sanctions more 
than one method of spelling the same word ; and, sec- 
i considerable number of words, which, though 
not differently spelled by living reputable writers, yet 
axe to be found in the orthography of the second column 
in the works of respectable authors of the last century, 
irly part of the present century, and are, there- 
fore, often presented to the eye of the modern reader. 
Bucb a list, it ie thought, will be found very convenient 
for consultation. For anything more full, a Glossary 
would be the appropriate resort. The first column, 
in the following List, presents the orthography recog- 
nized in the body of this Dictionary as the preferable 
• hat in general use ; the second column, one less 
desirable, or the usage of former times. Those forms in 
the second column which a good writer at the present 
day would not probably employ, but which are found only 
in writings of the past, have a dagger [t] prefixed. One 
daaa of words which might properly have been added, 



is, from their great number, omitted. It is that of words 
of more than one syllable ending in -ic or -ick ; as, music, 
musick, public, publick, etc. It is deemed sufficient to 
mention the class, and to state that the termination in 
-ick is wholly disused. A similar remark is applicable to 
a portion of the words terminating formerly in -our, now 
in -or. Those of this class in the following List, in which 
both forms are given, are still sometimes used in both 
forms, the termination in -or being that most favored 
in the United States, while -our is the form generally 
preferred in England. Words of this class not given in 
the List are used only in -or by living writers. Subject 
to a like remark is a class of words terminating in -ize 
or -ise: as, systematize or systematise, etc., — the for- 
mer mode, according to which such words are spelled 
in America, being in accordance with their etymology, 
and the latter that affected by English printers. When 
in this List the word in the first column is followed 
by or, as, "Abatis, or Abattis," it is thereby implied 
that the second form is in nearly, often quite, as good 
use as the first form. 



A. 



Abstbi. or 

Afcettor, 

Abridgment, 

Accessory, 
Account, -ant. I ( 






Adopter (Chin.). 

Mm i, 



Abattis. 
Abetter. 
Abridgement. 
Accessary. 
■Acoompt, -ant, 

Aoeoutra, ^tc. 

Ac^tometer. 

Ake. 

<:ve. 

fAoknowledge- 
ment. 
AddaMe. 
Adipocire. 
AdmittfbM. 
Adapter. 
tAdultrer, -ess. 
Adze. 



^Esthetic, -s, or 

Aghast, 

Agriculturist, 

Aid-de-carnp, or 

Ajutage, or 

Alcaid, or Alcayde, 

Alchemy, 

Alkahest, or 

Allege, 

Alloy, 

Almanac, 

Alum, 

Ambassador, or ) 

Embassador, J 

Ambergris, 

Ambs-ace, 

Amice, 

Amortize, -ment, 
Amphitheater, 
Anapest, 
Ancient, -ly, 
Andiron, 



Esthetic, -s. 
tAgast. 

Agriculturalist. 

Aide-de-camp. 

Adjutage. 

Alcade. 
tAlchymy. 

Alcahest. 
tAlledge. 
t Allay. 

Almanack. 

Allum. 
f Ambassadour, 
I Emba8sadour. 

(tAmbergrease, 
Ambergrise. 
!Ambes-as, 
Ames- ace. 

Amortise, -ment. 

Amphitheatre. 

Anapeeat. 

tAntient, -ly. 
tHandiron. 



Angiotomy, 
Ankle, 

Annotto, 

Antechamber, 
Anterior, 
Antihypnotic, 
Apostasy, 
Aposteme, or 
Apothegm, or 
Appall, 
Appallment. 
Appareled, -inf., 
Appraise, -ed, ) 
etc., or { 
Apprise, to notify, 
Apricot, 
Arbitrament, 
Arbor, 
Archaeology, 
Ardor, 
Argol, or 
Armor, -er, etc., 



Angeiotomy. 
Ancle. 

Anotta, Annatto, 
Anota, Annotta, 
Arnotta, Arnotto. 
tAntichamber. 
Anteriour. 
Anthypnotic. 
Apostacy. 
Imposthume. 
Apophthegm. 
Appal. 
Appalment. 
Apparelled,-liug. 

Apprize, -ed, etc. 

Apprize. 
tApricock. 
tArbitrement. 

Arbour. 

Archaiology. 

Ardour. 

Argal. 

Armour, -er. etc. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 



Arquebus, 

Arrack, 

Artisan, 

Asafetida, ) 

Asafcetida, J 

Asbestus, or 

Ascendant, 

Ascendency, 

Askance, 

Askant, 

Assuage, 

Atheneum, or 

Attar, or 

Aught, 

Author, etc., 

Autocracy, 

Awkward, 

Ax, or 

Aye, or 



Bade, v., 

Baldric, 

Balk, 
Baluster, 
Bandanna, or 

Banderole, 

Bandoleer, or 

Bandore, or 

Banns, 

Banyan (Bot.), 

Barbican, 

Barbecue, 

Barberry, 

Bark, or 

Barouche, 

Barreled, etc., 

Barytone, 

Basin, 

Bas-relief, 

Bastinado, or 



Battledoor, or 

Bauble, 

Bazaar, or 

Befall, 

Behavior, 

Behoove, 

Beldam, or 

Belligerent, 

Benedict, or 

Benumb, 

Bequeath, 

Bergamot, 

Berth (Nav.), 

Betel, 

Beveled, -ing, 

Bezant, 

Biasing, -ed, -es, 

etc., 
Bigoted, 
Bilge, 

Billiards, 

Billingsgate, 
Bin, 

Binnacle, 
Bister, or 
Blende (Min.), 
Blessed, a., or 
Blithesome, -ly, 
Bloomery, 

Blouse, or 
Bodice, 
Boil, n., 
Bombazet, or 
Bombazine, or 
Bonnyclabber, 
Booze, 
Boozy, 

Bourgeois, or 
Bourse, 

Boweled, -ing, ] 
etc., J 

Bowlder, 
Bowsprit, 



Arquebuse,Har- 
tArack. 
Artizan. 

Assafoetida. 

Asbestos. 
Ascendent. 
Ascendancy. 
Askaunce. 
Askaunt. 
Asswage. 
Athenaeum. 
Otto, or Ottar. 
Ought. 
Authour, etc. 
Autocrasy. 
fAukward. 
Axe. 
Ay. 



tBad. 

f Baldrick, 

( Bawdrick. 

Baulk. 

Banister. 



Bannerol, 
Bandrol. 
Bandolier. 
Pandore. 



Barbacan. 

Barbacue. 

Berberry. 

Barque. 

Barouch. 

Barrelled, etc. 

Baritone. 



Bass-relief. 

Bastinade. 

Batteau. 

Battledore. 

Bawble. 

Bazar. 

Befal. 

Behaviour. 

Behove. 

Beldame. 

Belligerant. 

Benedick. 
tBenum. 

Bequeathe. 

Burgamot. 

Birth. 
tBetle. 

Bevelled, -ling. 

Byzant. 
) ( Biassing, -sed, 
] \ -ses, etc. 

Bigotted. 

Bulge. 
( tBalyards. 
| Balliards. 

Bilingsgate. 

Binn. [cle. 

tBinacle, Bitta- 

Bistre. 

Blend, Blinde. 

Blest. [etc. 

etc. Blithsome, -ly, 

{Blomary, 
Bloomary. 

Blowse. 

Boddice. 

Bile. 

Bombazette. 

Bombasine. 

Bonnyclapper. 

Bouse, Boose. 

Bousy, Boosy. 

Burgeois. 

Burse. 

( Bowelled, -ling, 

\ etc. 

Boulder. 
tBoltsprit. 



Brahman, \ 
Brahmin, | 
Brake {Railways), 
Brasier, 
Brazen, 
Brier, 
Bryony, 
Buccaneer, or 
Buddhism, or 
Buffet, or 
Buhr stone, 
Bun, or 
Buncombe, 
Bur, or 

Burden, -some, 
Burgonet, or 
Burin, 

Burned, imp. 
Butt, or 
Byzantine, 



Caboose, - 

Caddice, or 

Caesura, 

Caique, or 

Caisson, 

Calash, 

Caldron, 

Calendar, 

Calends, 

Caliber, or 

Calipash, 

Calipee, 

Calipers, 

Caliph, 

Calk, 

Calligraphy, 

Caloyer, or 

Caltrop, or 

Calyx, 

Camlet, 

Camomile, or 

Camphor, 

Canceled, -ing, etc. 

Candor, 

Cannel coal, 

Cannoneer, or 

Canny, 

Canon (Sp.), 

Cantalever, or 

Cantaloupe, or 

Carapace, 

Carat, 

Caravansary, or 

Carbine, 

Carbineer, 1 

Carbureted, or 
Carcass, 
Carnelian, 
Caroled, -ing, etc., 
Cartography, 
Cask, a vessel, 
Casque, helmet, 
Cassava, 
Cassimere, or 
Caster, a roller, etc 
Catchup, or ) 
Catsup, J 
Catechise, -er, or 
Cauliflower, 
Causeway, or 
Caviare, or 
Caviler, -ed, etc., 
Cayman, 
Cazique, 
Ceil, -ing, -ed, 
Celtic, 
Center, or 
Centiped, 
Ceroon, or 
Cesspool, or 
Chalcedony, 
Chameleon, 
Chamois, or 
Champagne, 
Champaign, 



Brachman. 

Bramin. 

Break. 

Brazier. 

Brasen. 

Briar. 

Briony. 

Bucanier. 

Boodhism. 

Beaufet. 

Burrstone. 

Bunn. 

Bunkum. 

Burr. 

Burthen, -some. 

Burganet. 

Burine. 

Burnt. 

But. 

Bizantine. 



\ Camboose. 
[ Coboose. 

Caddis. 

Cesura. 

Caic. 

Caissoon. 

Caleche. 

Cauldron. 

Kalendar. 

Kalends. 

Calibre. 

Callipash. 

Callipee. 

Callipers. 

Calif, Kalif. 

Caulk, Caique. 

CaKgraphy. 

Kaloyer. 

Caltrap. 

Calix. [let. 

Camblet,tCham- 

Chamomile. 

Camphire. [etc. 

Cancelled, -ling, 

Candour. 

Canal coal. 

Cannonier. 

Cannie. 

Canyon. 

Cantilever. 

Cantaleup. 

Carapax. 
tCaract, Carrat. 

Caravanserai. 

Carabine. 
\ Carabinier, 
[ Carabineer. 

Carburetted. 

Carcase. 

Cornelian, [etc. 

Carolled, -ling, 

Chartography. 

Casque. 

Cask. [sado. 

Cassada, Cas- 

Kerseymere. 
., Castor. 

Ketchup. [etc 

Catechize, -er, 

Colliflower. 

Causey. 

Caviar. 

Caviller, 

Caiman. 

Cacique. 
tCiel, -ing, -ed. 

Keltic. 

Centre. 

Centipede. 

Seroon. 

Sesspool. 

Calcedony. 
tCameleon. [my. 

Shamois, Sham- 
tChampane. 

Champain. 



[etc. 
-led, 



Channeled 

etc., 
Chant, -ed, etc., 
Chap, or 
Chase, 
Check, n., 
Checker, -ed, etc., 

Chemist, 

Chemistry, 

Chestnut, 

Chevron, or 

Chine, 

Chintz, 

Chiseled, -ing, 

Choir, 

Choke, 

Choke-full, or \ 

Chock-full, J 

Choose, 

Chore, 

Chorister, 

Cigar, 

Cipher, 

Clamor, -ous, etc., 

Clangor, 

Clarinet, or 

Clew, or 

Clinch, 

Clinic, 

Clinometer, 

Cloak, 

ClodpoU, 

Cloff, 

Clothe, -ed, etc., 

Clyster, 

Cockswain, or 

Coeliac, or 

Cognizor, -zee, 

Coif, 

Coiffure, 

Colander, 

Color, 

Comb, Combe, or 

Comfrey, 

Complete, 

Complexion, 

Confectionery, 

Connection, 

Contemporary, or 

Contradance, 

Control, 

Cony, 

Cooly, or Coolie, 

Coomb, or 

Copaiba, or 

Copier, 

Coquette, n., 

Coranach, 

Corbel, 

Cot, or 

Cot, or 

Cotillon, or 

Councilor, or 

Counselor, or 

Count, 

Courtesan, 

Courtesy, 

Cozen, -age, 

Cozy, 

Craunch, 

Crawfish, or 

Creak, v., 

Creosote, or 

Critique, 
Crosslet, 
Croup, buttocks, 
Cruet, 
Crupper, 
Cruse, bottle, 
Cucurbit, or 
Cudgeled, -er, ) 
-ing, J 

Cue, def. 1, 
Cuneiform, or 
Curb, n., def. 2, 
Cursed, imp., 



ing, ) ( Channelled, 



[etc. 
-ous, 



ling, etc. [etc. 
Chaunted, -ed, 
Chop. 
Chace. 
Cheque. 
Chequer,-ed,etc. 

itChymist, 
Chimist. 
( Chymistry, 
( Chimistry. 

Chesnut. 

Cheveron. 

Chime, Chimb. 

Chints. 

Chiselled, -ling. 
tQuire. 
tChoak. 

Chuck-full. 

tChuse. 

Char. 
tQuirister. 

Segar. 

Cypher. 

Clamour, 

Clangour. 

Clarionet. 

Clue. 

Clench. 

Clinique. 

Klinometer. 
tCloke. 

Clodpole. 

Clough. 
tCloathe, -ed, etc. 

Glyster. 

Coxswain. 

Celiac. 

Cognisor, -see. 

Quoif. 
tQuoiffure. 

Cullender. 

Colour. 

Coombe. [frey. 

Comfry, Cum- 
tCompleat. 
tComplection. 

Confectionary. 

Connexion. 

Cotemporary. 

Country-dance. 
( Comptrol, 
{ Controul. 

Coney. 

Coolee. 

Comb. 

Copaiva. 

Copyer. 

Coquet. 

Coronach. 
tCorbeil. 

Cote, a hut. 

Cott, a bed. 

Cotillion. 

Councillor. 

Counsellor. 
tCompt. 

Courtezan. 

Curtsy. 

Cosen, -age. 

Cosey, Cosy. 

C ranch. 

Crayfish. 

Creek. 

{Creasote, 
Kreosote. [cism. 

Critic, a criti- 

Croslet. 

Crup. 

Crewet. 

Crouper. 

Cruise. 

Cucurbite. 
f Cudgelled, 
( -ling. 

Queue. 

Cuniform. 
tKerb, Kirb. 

Curst. 



B 



G 



H 



K 



-ler, 



M 



ORTHOGRAPHY 



Cyanitr. 

: 

Ctar, -ina, 



< Cutlfts, Cnr-te- 
\ teas. 

:te. 
Tsar, -iiia. 



D. 



Dactyl. 



P.ntyle. 
Damaaken. 
D*ros<ui. Damascene. 

Dandruff. Dandrilf. 

Debaroation. 
Debonair, -ly, \ i Debonnaire, -ly, 
-neas, ( \ «*0. 

Decrepit!, 
-less, ( | Defence, -less, 

I ( 6*0. 

Deflexion. 
D eflo wer . 

Delphine. 
Demeanour. 
Demesne {/site), Demain. 

Dependance. 
leut, Dependant. 

tDesart. 
Deahabilli . Dishabille. 

tDesert. 
Detecter, or Detector. 

Detortion, Detorsion. 

Deuce, Deuse, Duse. 

Develop, -ment, Develope, -ment. 
Dexterous, Dextrous. 

is, or Dieresis. 

Dialed, -ing, Dialled, -ling. 

Diarrhea, or Diarrhoea. 

Dike, Dyke. 

Dioeeee. Diocess. 

Disheveled, ) ( Dishevelled, 

-ing, etc., f ( -ling, etc. 

Disk, or Disc. [-ing. 

Dispatch, -ed, -ing, Despatch, -ed, 
Disseize, -in, -or, Disseise, -in, -or. 
Distention, or Distension. 

Distil. 
Distrainor, Distrainer, 

^ly, rsly. 

-ed, etc., Devest, -ed. 
Docket (J^avr), tDoquet. 
Doctress, or Doctoress. 

Dodecahedron, Dodecaedron. 

-ous, Dolour, -ous. 

Domesday book, Doomsday book. 
ile, DomfelL 

I window, Dormar window. 
tDoatage. 
Dote, Doat. 

ioon, tDoublon. 

1, -ing, Dowelled, -ling. 

tall, tDownfal. 

High. 

Draught. 

-. !!;;::="• 

or Drachm. 

Driblet. 

Dryer. [etc. 
1 .'. etc., Driveller, -ling, 

Drouth. 

Drily, 

Dutchess. 

Dotcby. [-list. 
1st, Dueller, -ling. 

Dolni 
Bghfl. 
DoreHL 

., - e tc. 



leeentrk, -al, i f tExcentric, -al, 

\ i 
i. pooasy, 
Py.-rtaay. 

1 

I 



Embargo, tlmbargo. 

Embark, -ed, etc., tlmbark. -ed, etc. 
Embarkation, Embarcation. 

EEmbaasage, Ambassage. 

Embassy, Ambassy. 

Embezzle, etc., tlmbezzle, etc. 
Bmblaae, tlmblaze. 

Emblazon, -ed, ) ( tlmblazon, -ed, 

etc., ) \ etc. 

Embody, -ied, etc., Imbody,-ied, etc. 
Embolden, -ed, \ \ Imbolden, -ed, 

Bto., J \ etc. 

Em border, etc., Imborder, etc. 
Embosom, ami Imbosom. 
Emboss, -ed, etc., Imboss, -ed, etc. 
_, , , , , ( Embowell, -ed, 
Embowel, -ed, ) \ etc ' 

.ing, etc., ] j lmbowel,-ed,etc. 
Embower, -ed, ) ( Imbower, -ed, 

etc., j* ( etc. 

Embrace, -ed, ) ( tlmbrace, -ed, 

etc., ] ( etc. 

Embrasure, tEmbrazure. 

Embrocation, Imbrocation. 

Embroil, -ed, etc., tlmbroil, -ed, etc. 
Emir, or Emeer. 

Empale, -ed, etc., or Impale, -ed, etc. 
Emperor, Emperour. [etc. 

Empower, -ed, etc., Impower, -ed, 
Emprise, Emprize. 

Empurple, or Impurple. 

Emu, Emeu. 

Enameled, -ing, ) j Enamelled,-ling, 

etc., J ( etc. [-ing. 

Enamor, -ed, -ing, Enamour, -ed, 
Encamp, -ed, etc., tlncamp, -ed, etc. 
Enchant, tlnchant. 

Encounter, etc., ilncounter, etc. 
Encroach, etc., tlncroach, etc. 
Encumber, -ed, ) ( Incumber, -ed, 

etc., j ( etc. 

Encyclopedia, or Encyclopaedia. 
Endear, Indear. 

Endeavor, -ed, ) ( Endeavour, -ed, 

etc., J ( etc. 

Endow, etc., tlndow, etc. 

Endure, -ance, Indure, -ance. 

Enforce, -ed, etc., tlnforce, -ed, etc. 
Engage, -ed, etc., ITngage, -ed, etc. 
Engender, Ingender. 

Engorge, -ed, etc., Ingorge, -ed, etc. 
Engross, Ingross. 

Enhance, Inhance. 

Enjoin, etc., tlnjoin, etc. 

Enkindle, -ed, ) ( tlnkindle, -ed, 

etc., j { etc. 

Enlarge, etc., tlnlarge, etc. 

Enlist, Inlist. 

Enroll, Enrol, Inroll. 

Enshrine, Inshrine. 

Enshroud, Inshroud. 

Ensphere, or Insphere. 

Entail (A reft.), Entaile. 

Entangle, etc., Intangle, etc. 
Enterprise, Enterprize. 

Enthrall, -ment, Enthral, -ment. 
Enthrone, -ed, ) ( Inthrone, -ed, 

etc., I \ etc. 

Entire, -ly, etc., Intire, -ly, etc. 
Entitle, -ed, etc., Intitle, -ed, etc. 
Entrance, -ed, ) ( tlntrance, -ed, 

etc., ) \ etc. 

Entrap, -ped, etc., Intrap, -ped, etc. 
Entreat, -ed, etc., Intreat, -ed, etc. 
Entreaty, Intreaty. 

esol, Entersole. 

Entwine, -ed, etc., Intwine, -ed, etc. 
Envelop, v., Envelope. 

Envelope, n., or Envelop. 
Envelopment, Envelopement. 

Envenom, Invenom. 

Epaulet, or Epaulette (Fr.). 

Epl.ah, Epha. 

Equaled, -ing, Equalled, -ling. 

Equiangular, Equanfrular. 

Equivoque, or Equivoke. 

Bra, JEth. 

Error, etc., Errour, etc. 

Escalade, Bcalade. 

Escapement, or Scapement. 



Escarp (Fort.), 
Escritoire, 

Escutcheon, 

Esophagus, -gal 
Estafet, or 

Estoppel, 

Exactor, 
Expense, 



Exsiccate 

-ing, etc., 
Exsiccation, 
Exudation, 
Exude, etc., 



ed, 



or Scarp. 
i Escritoir, 
( Scrutoir. 
1 tEscocheon, 
( Scutcheon. 
, or (Esophagus, -gaL 
Estafette. 

{tEstopel, 
Estopple. 
Exacter. 
tExpence. 

{tExiccate, -ed, 
-ing, etc. 
fExiccation. 
Exsudation. 
tExsude, etc. 



Feces, [-ting. 

Fagot, -ed, -ing, Faggot, -ted, 

Fairy, jFaerie, Faery. 

Fakir, or Faquir. 

Falchion, fFauchion. 

Falcon, -er, -ry, Faulcon, -er, -ry. 

Fantastic, Phantastic. 

Fantasy, Phantasy. 

Farthingale, Fardingale. 

Fattener, fFatner. [etc. 

Favor, -er, -ed, etc., Favour, -er, -ed,, 

Fecal, Faecal. 

Fecula, Faecula. 

Feldspar, ) ( Felspar, 

Feldspath, j* ( Felspath. 

Felly, Felloe. 

Feoffor, or Feoffer. 

Fervor, Fervour. 

Fetal, Foetal. 

Feticide, Foeticide. 

Fetor, Fcetor. 

Fetus, Foetus. 

Feud, -al, -atory, Feod, -al, -atory. 

Feudalize, -ism, Feodalize, -ism. 

Fie, or Fy. 

Filbert, Filberd. 

(Fillibeg, Phili- 
( beg, Phillibeg. 

Finery, a forge, Finary. 
Firman, Fir maun. 

Fishgig, tFizgig. 
Flageolet, Flagelet. 

Flavor, -ed, etc., Flavour, -ed, etc. 
Flier, Flyer. 

■saBr* }•■■»—••• 

Flotsam, or Flotson. 

Flour, fFlower. 
Flower, a blossom, IFlour. 

Flower-de-luce ) ( Fleur-de-lis, 

(Bot.), J ( Flower-de-lis. 

Fluke (Naut.), Flook. 

Fluke (Zool.), Flowk, Flooc. 

Fogy, Fogie, Fogey. 

Font (Typog.), Fount. 

Foray, or Forray. 

Forbade, tForbad. 
Foretell, Foretel. 

Fosse, Foss. 

Foundry, or Foundery. 

Franc, coin, Frank. 

Frieze (Arch.), Frize, fFreese. 
Frouzy, Frowzy. 

*™~*. C5M* 
Frustum, Frustrum. 

Fueled, -ing, Fuelled, -ling. 

Fulfill, -ment, Fulfil, -ment. 

Fullness, Fulness. 

Further, or Farther. 

furtherance, Fartherance. 

Furthermore, Farthermore. 

Furthest, or Farthest. 



Filibeg, or 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 



xli 



Fuse, n., 


Fuze. 


Hake, 


Haak. 


Hying, 


Hieing. 


Fusil, a gun. 


Fusee. 


Halberd, 


Halbert. 


Hypotenuse, or 


Hypothenuse. 


Fusileer, or 


Fusilier. 


Halibut, 
Halidom, 


Holibut. 
Hallidome. 


Hyssop, 


Hysop. 




G. 


Hallelujah, 


| Halleluiah, -luia, 
\ Alleluia, -luiah. 




I. 


Gabardine, or 


Garberdine, 




( Hallo, Halloa, 


Icicle, 


tlsicle. 


Galiot, 


Galliot. 


Halloo, or 


\ Hollo, Holloa, 


Illness, 


Illness. 




( Galeas, Galliass, 
\ etc. 




( etc. 


Imbibe, 


fEmbibe. 


Galleass, 


Halyard, 


Halliard. 


Imbitter, 


Embitter. 


Gamboled, -ing, 


Gambolled, -ling. 


Handicraft, 


Handcraft. 


Imbosom, 


Embosom. 


Gang (Mining), 


or Gangue. 


Handiwork, 


tHandwork. 


Imbrue, 


fEmbrue. 


Gantlet (Mil), 


( Gauntlet, 
\ tGantlope. 


Handsel, 


Hansel. 


Imbue, -ed, -ing, 


Embue, -ed, -ing. 


Handseled, 


Handselled. 




flmpannel, -led, 


Gargoyle, 
Garish, or 


i Gargle, Gargyle, 
I Gargoil. 
Gairish. 


Handsome, 
Harbor, -ed, etc. 


tHandsom. 
) Harbour, -ed, 
' \ etc. 


etc 
Impanel, -ed, -ing,<{ Emp ^ nel> _ led) 

[ etc. 


Gastropod, or 


Gasteropod. 


Harebell, 


Hairbell. 


Imparlance, 


tEmparlance. 


Gauge, 


Gage. 


Harebrained, 


Hairbrained. 


Impassion, 


fEmpassion. 


Gault, or 


Gait. 


Harem, 


Haram. 


Impeach, 


fEmpeach. 


Gauntlet, glove, 


| Gauntlet. 


Haricot, 


Harricot. 


Imperiled, -ing, 


Imperilled, -ling. 


etc., ( 


Harl, 


Herl, HurL 


Implead, 


Emplead. 


Gayety, 


Gaiety. 


Harrier, 


Harier. 


Imposthume, 


Impostume. 


Gajdy» 


Gaily. 


Harry, v., 


Harrow. 


Impoverish, 


Empoverish. 


Gazelle, 


Gazel. 


Hasheesh, or 


Hashish. 


Imprint, 


tEmprint. 


Genet, horse, or 


Jennet. 


Haslet, 


Harslet. 


Impurple, or 


Empurple. 


Germ, 


Germe. [man. 


Hatcheled, -ing, 


| Hatchelled, 
I -ling. 


Incase, 


Encase. 


Germane, 


tGermain, Ger- 


Inclasp, 


Enclasp. 


Gibe, 


tJibe. 


Haul, 


tHale. 


Incloister, or 


Encloister. 


Gillyflower, 


Gilliflower. 


Haulm, Halm, 


Haum, Hawm. 


Inclose, -ure, I 
etc., J 


f Enclose, -ure, 
( etc. 


Gimbal3, 


Gimbols. 


Hautboy, 


tHoboy, Oboe. 


Gimlet, 


Gimblet. 


Hawser, 


Halser. 


Increase, 


tEncrease. 


Girasole, or 


Girasol. 


Hearken, 


Harken. 


Incrust, 


Encrust. 


Girth, or 


Girt. 


Hearse, 


Herse. 


Incumbrance, 


Encumbrance. 


Glair, 


Glare. 


Hectare, 


Hektare. 


Indefeasible, 


tlndefeisible. 


Glaive, 


Glave. 


Hectoliter, etc., 


Hectolitre, etc. 


Indelible, 


Indeleble. 


Glamour, 


Glamer, Glamor. 


Hegira, 
Height, -en, ) 
etc., J or 


Hejira. 


Indict (Law), 


Endict. 


Gloze, 


Glose. 


( tHighth, Hight, 
( -en, etc. 


Indictment, 


Endictment. 


Glycogen, 


Glucogen. 


Indite, -er, 


tEndite, -er. 




( Knar led, 
( Knurled. 


Heinous, -ly, ) 
-ness, J 


( tHainous, -ly, 
( -ness. 


Indocile, 


tlndocil. 


Gnarled, 


Indoctrinate, 


fEndoctrinate. 


Good-by, or 


Good-bye. 


Hematin, 


Haematin. 


Indorse, -ed, ) 
-ing, J 


( Endorse, -ed, 
I -ing- 


Gore, dirt, blood 


, Goar. 


Hematite, 


Haematite. 


Gormand, or 


Gourmand. 


Hemistich, 


fHemistick. 


Indorser, -ment, 


Endorser, -ment. 


Governor, 


Governour. 


Hemorrhage, 


Haemorrhage. 


Induce, -ment, 


tEnduce, -ment. 


Graft, -ed, -ing, 
Gram, or 


Graff, -ed, -ing. 
Gramme. 


Hemorrhoids, 


( tEmerods, 
{ Emeroids. 


Inferable, or 
Inferior, 


Inferrible. 
Inferiour. 


Grandam, 


Grandame. 


Hermit, -age, 


tEremite, -age. 


Inflection, 


Inflexion. 


Granddaughter, 


tGrandaughter. 


Herpetology, 


Erpetology. 


Infold, 


Enfold. 


Granite, 


tGranit. 


Hexahedron, 


tHexae'dron. 


Ingraft, -er, ) 
-ment, ) 


( Engraft, -er, 
\ -ment. 


Graveled, -ling, 


Gravelled, -ling. 


Hibernate, 


Hybernate. 


Gray, -ish, etc., 


Grey, -ish, etc. 


Hiccough, 


Hiccup, Hickup. 


Ingrain, 


Engrain. 




( Grenado, 


Hindoo, -ism, or 


Hindu, -ism. 


Ingulf, 


Engulf. 
Incle. 


Grenade, 


< Granade, 


Hindrance, or 


Hinderance. 


Inkle, 




( Granado. 


Hip (Bot.), or 


Hep, Hop. 


Innuendo, 


Inuendo. 


Grenadier, 


tGranadier. 


Hippocras, 


Hippocrass. 


Inquire, -er, -y, 1 
etc., 1 


( Enquire, -er, -y, 
( etc. 


Grewsome, or 


Gruesome. 


Hippogriff, 


Hippogryph. 


Greyhound, 


Grayhound. 


Ho, or 


Hoa. 


Inscribe, 


fEnscribe. 


Griffin, or 


Griffon. 


Hock, or 


Hough. [ey. 


Inscroll, 


( Inscrol, 
( Enscroll. 


Grizzly, 


t Grisly. 


Hockey, 


Hookey, Hawk- 


Grogram, or 


Grogran. 


Hoiden, -ish, or 


Hoyden, -ish. 


Insnare, 


Ensnare. 


Grommet, or 


Gromet. 


Holiday, or 


Holyday. 


Install, 


Inst.il. 


Groundsel ) 
(Arch.), or) 


Groundsill. 


Hollo, Holloa, 


Hollow. 


Installment, 


Instalment. 


Holster, 


Holdster. 


Instate, 


Enstate. 


Group, v., 


fGroupe. 


Homeopathy, 


Homoeopathy. 


Instill, 


Instil. 


Groveler, -ing, 


Groveller, -ling. 


Homer, measure 


Chomer, Gomer. 


Instructor, 


Instructer. 


Guaranty, or 


Guarantee. 


Hominy, 


( Homony, 
( Hommony. 


Insure, -ed, -ing, 


Ensure, -ed, -ing. 


Guelder-rose, or 


Gelder-rose. 


Insurer, -ance, 


Ensurer, -ance. 


Guelf, or 


Guelph. 


Homonym, 


Homonyme. 


Interior, 


tlnteriour. 


Guerrilla, 


Guerilla. 


Honeyed, 


Honied. 


Inthrall, -ment, 


( Inthral, Enthral, 
( -ment. 


Guilder, coin, 


Gilder. 


Honor, -ed, etc. 


Honour, -ed, etc. 


Guillotine, 


Guillotin. 


Hoop, v., or 


Whoop. 


Intrench, 


Entrench. 


Gulf, 


tGulph. 


Hoopoe, or 


Hoopoo. 


Intrust, 


Entrust. 


Gunwale, or 


Gunnel. 


Horehound, 


Hoarhound. 


Inure, -ment, 


Enure, -ment. 


Gurnard, or ) 
Gurnet, J 


Gournet. 


Hornblende, 


Hornblend. 


Inveigle, 


Enveigle. 


Horror, 


Horrour. 


Inventor, 


Inventer. 


Gypsy, 


Gipsy, Gypsey. 


Hostelry, 


Ostelry. 


In wrap, 


Enwrap. 


Gyrfalcon, 


Gerfalcon. 


Hostler, 


( Ostler, 
( t Hosteler. 


Inwreathe, 


Enwreathe. 


Gyve, 


Give. 










Hotch-potch, or 


Hodge-podge. 




J. 




H. 


Housewife, 


tHuswife. 










Howdah, 


Houdali. 


Jacobin, ant.' 


Jacobine. 


Hackle, Hatchel, 


or Heckle, Hetchel. 


Howlet, 


Houlet. 


Jaconet, 


Jacconet. 


Haematic, a., or 


Hematic. 


Huckleberry, or 


( Whortleberry, 
( Hurtleberry. 


Jail, -er, etc., 


Gaol, -er, etc. 


Hematoxylin, or 


Hematoxylin. 


Jalap, 


Jalop. 


Hagbut, 


| Haguebut, Hack- 
( buss, Hackbut. 


Hummock, or 


| Hommock, 
( Hommoc. 


Janizary, 
Jasmine, 


Janissary. 
( Jasmin, Jessa- 
{ mine. 


Haggard, 


tHagard. [giss. 


Humor, 


Humour. 


Haggis, 


Haggess, Hag- 


Hurrah, or 


Hurra. 


Jaunt, -y, -ily, 


Jant, -y, -ily. 


Ha-ha, 


Haw-haw. 


Hydrangea, 


Hydrangia. 


Jean, 


Jane. 



B 



G 



H 



K 



M 



xlii 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 






Jpwelry, 

Joint r.-ss. 
Jonquil, or 

footle, w 

Judgment, 
Jupon. or 
J u^. 



Kale (Bot.), 
Kaylea, 



inc. 



■mImo 

Keg, or 
Kenneled 
Khan, 
Kidnaped, -er, 



Kiln, 

Kilogram, -liter, 1 
etc. J 

Koran, or Alcoran, 



i JnneMing, 

J lifllllUlg. 

( Uunetini;. 
.ude. 

Jotttoon. 
Jettee, .lutty. 

{Jewelled, -er, 
ado. 
Jewelkty. 

Jointuress. 
Joiuiuille. 

Jnetae. 

Jole, tChoule. 
Judgement. 
Juppon. 
Joust. 



) Kail, Kayle, 
jCale. 

Keels, Keils. 

Keelhale. 

Kelson. 
-tCag. 

Kennelled, -ling. 

Kaun, Kan. 
( Kidnapped, 
\ -per, -ping. 
tKill. 

( Chilogram, 
( -liter, etc. 
i Kuran, Quran, 
' Alkoran. 



Labeled, -ing. 
Labor, -ed, -ing, ) 



Labelled, -ling. 
I Labour, -ed, 
| -ing, etc. 

Lakh, Lack. 

Lacrymal. 

Lacquey. 

Lacker. 

Lagune. 

Landaw. 
tLantborn. 

Laniard. 

Lanch. 

Laurelled. 
tLeven. 
t Letcher, -y, -ous. 

{Lectern, 
Lettern. 
Leger. 
( Ledgement, 
I Legement, 
( Ligement. 

Leggin. 
Leming. 
Lettfoe. 

(Levelled, -ling, 
-ler. 

, ratory. 
• atory. 
J Libelled, -ling, 
| etc. 
Licence. 
Liquorice. 

Lilach. 

Linguaform. 

Lkmem 

Linthftf-.']. 

Lintstoek. 

Lichi, Lychee. 

Litre. 

Lama. 

r, -stone. 
'li.-ly.-some. 



etc., J 

Lac, i 

Lachrymal, 
Lackey, 
Lacquer, 
Lagoon, 
Landau, 
Lantern, 
: 

Launch, 
Laureled, 

Lecher, -y, -ous, 
Lectum, 

Lf-'lper, 

Ledgment, 

Legging 
Lemnl 

Leveled, -ing, I 

s 

L^vo^yratory, or 

■ 

-ing, etc., 



I 
J 
I 
Linguiform, 

Limi:i •nil. or 

i. 

I 



NfMia, 

Louver, <rr 



rnr-nt. 

!ded, 
'\<-A. 

r. etc. 

Loot 

Lunette. 



Lunge, 
Lutestring, or 



Macaw, 
Maccaboy, 
Maggoty, 
Maim, and 
Mai-, 

Malcontent,-fea- ) 
sance, etc. J 
Mai kin. 
Mall, or 
Mameluke, or 
Mamma, 
Mandatary, 
Maneuver, or 
Mangel-wurzel, 
Manikin, 
Mantel (Arch.), 
Mantelpiece, 
Marc, coin, or 
Maroon, v., 
Maroon, a. & n. , 
Marque, letter of, 
Marquee, 
Marquis, or 

Marshal, 

Marshaled, -ing, 

Martin (Zo'ol.), 
Martingale, 
Marveled, -ing, ) 
etc., J 

Maslin, 

Mastic, 
Matrix, or 
Mattress, < 
Mauger, or 
Mayhem, or 



Longe. 
Lustring. 



Macao. 

Maccoboy. 

Maggotty. 

Mayhem. 

Male-. 

{Malecontent, 
-feasance, etc. 

Maukin. 

Maul. 

Mamaluke. 

Mama. 

Mandatory. 

Manoeuvre. 

Mangold-wurzel. 

Mannikin. 

Mantle. 

Mantlepiece. 

Mark. 

Marroon. 

Marone. 

Mark. 

Markee. 

Marquess. 
■ tMarischal, 
tMareschal. 
( Marshalled, 
( -ling. 

Marten. 

Martingal. 
( Marvelled, -ling, 
t etc. 

I Meslin, Mislin, 
} Maselyn, 
( Mastlin. 

Mastich. 

Matrice. 

Matress. 

Maugre. 

Maim. 



Meager, -ly, etc., or Meagre, -ly, etc. 



Medaled, -ing, I 
-ist, etc., J 

Merchandise, 

Metaled, -ing, ) 
etc., j 

Meter, and 

Mileage, or 

Milleped, 

Milliliter, or 

Milreis, 

Misbehavior, 

Misdemeanor, 

Misspell, 

Misspend, 

Misspent, 

Misstate, 

Mistletoe, 

Miter, -ed, or 

Mizzen, 

Mizzle, 

Moccasin, 

Modeled, -ing, 

Mohammedan, 

Mohawk, or 

Molasses, 

Mold, or 
Molt, or 
Moneyed, 
Moneys, pi. 
Mongrel, 
Monkeys, 
Mood (Gram.), 
Morris, 

Mortgageor, or i 
Mortgager, ] 
Moslem, 
Mosque, 

Mosquito, 

Movable, 
Mullein, 



-ling, 



| Medalled, 
( etc. 
tMerchandize. 
| Metalled, -ling, 
1 etc. 

Metre. 

Milage. 

Milliped, -pede. 

Millilitre. [-reis. 

Millrea, -ree, 

Misbehaviour. 

Misdemeanour. 
tMisspel, fMispel. 

Mispend. 

Mispent. 
tMistate. [toe. 

Misseltoe, Misle- 

Mitre, -d. 

Mizen. 

Misle, Mistle. 

{Moccaaon, 
Moggason. 
Modelled, -ling. 
( Mahomedan, 
( Mahometan, etc. 
Mohock. 

{Melasses, 
tMolosses. 
Mould. 
Moult. 
Monied. 
Monies. 
Mungrel. 
Monkies. 
Mode. 
Morrice. 

Mortgagor. 

Muslim. 

Mosk. 
( Musquito, 
< Musketo, 
( Musketoe, etc. 

Moveable. 

Mullen. 



Multiped, 
Mummery, 
Murder, etc., 
Murky, 
Murrhine, 

Muscatel, 

Musket, 
Musrole, or 
Mustache, 



Multipede. 
Mommery. 
Murther, etc. 
Mirky. 
Myrrhine. 

{Muscadel, 
Moscatel, etc. 
tMusquet. 
Musrol. 
Moustache. 



N. 



Narwhal, or 

Narwal, 
Naught, 
Neb (Zool.), or 
Negotiate, -or, ) 

etc. , ) 

Neighbor, -ing, ) 

etc., J 

Net, a., 
Niter, or 
Nobless, or 
Nomads, or 
Nombles, 
Nonesuch, 
Novitiate, 

Nylghau, 



■»ng, 



Nankin. 

Narwhale. 

Nought. 

Nib. 

Negociate, 

etc. 
Neighbour, 

etc. 
Nett, Neat. 
Nitre. 
Noblesse. 
Nomades. 
Numbles. 
Nonsuch. 
Noviciate. 
[ Nylgau, Neel- 

ghau. 



o. 



Oaf, 

Ocher, or Ochre, 

Octahedron, 

Octostyle, 

Odalisque, 

Odor, 

(Edematous, 

Offense, or 

Oho, 

Omber, or 

Oolong, 

Opaque, 

Orach, or 

Orang-outang, 

Orchestra, 

Oriel, 

Oriflamb, or 

Orison, 

Osier, 

Osprey, or 

Otolith, or Otolite 

Oxide, 

Oyez, 



tAuf, fOuphe. 

Oker. 

Octaedron. 

Octastyle. 

Odalisk. 

Odour. 

Edematous. 

Offence. 

Oglio. 

Ombre. 

Oulong. 

Opake. 

Orache. 
( Orang-utan, 
( Ourang-outang. 

Orchestre. 

Oriol. 

Oriflamme. 
fOraison. 

Ozier. 

Ospray. 
, Otolitte. 
i Oxid, Oxyd, Ox- 
1 yde. 

Oyes. 



Packet, 



Painim, 
Palanquin, or 
Palestra, 
Palette, 
Palmiped, 
Panada, Panade, 
Pander, 
Panel (Law), 
Paneled, -ing, 

Pantograph, 

Papoose, or 
Paralleled, -ing, 
Paralyze, 
Parceled, -ing, 
Parcenary, 
Parlor, 
Parol, a., or 
Parquet, or 

Parrakeet, 
Parsnip, or 
Partible, 
Partisan, 
Pasch, 
Pasha, Pacha, 



tPacquet. 
Pean. 
Paynim. 
Palankeen. 
Palaestra. 
Pallet. 
Palmipede. 
Panado. 
Pandar. 
Pannel. 
Pannelled, -ling. 

{Pantagraph, 
Pentagraph. 
Pappoose. 
Parallelled, -ling. 
Paralyse. 
Parcelled, -ling. 
Parcenery. 
Parlour. 
Parole. 
Parquette. 

{Paraquet, 
Paraquito. 
Parsnep. 
Partable. 
Partizan. 
Pask, Pasque. 
Pashaw. Bashaw. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 



xliii 



Pashalic, 

Patrol, n. 

Paver, Pavior, 

Pawl, 

Peart, 

Peddler, 

Pedicel, 

Pedobaptist, 

Pemmican, 

Penciled, -ing, 

Pennant, 

Pentahedral, 

Peony, 

Periled, -ing, 

Peroxide, 

Persimmon, 
Persistence, 
Pewit (Zodl.), 
Phantasm, 
Phantom, 
Phenix, 
Phenomenon, 
Philter, -ed, or 
Phthisic, 
Piaster, or 
Picked, or 
Picket, 
Pie, 

Piebald, 
Piepoudre, or 
Pimenta, 
Pimpernel, 
Pinchers, or 
Pistoled, -ing, 
Plaice (Zodl.), 

Plain, 

Plait, v., 
Plat, n., or 
Pliers, 
Plow, or 
Plumber, 
Plumiped, 
Pluviometer, 
Point-device, or 



Polacca, 
Poleax, or 
Poltroon, 
Polyglot, n., 
Polyhedron, ) 
-drous, J 
Polyp, 
Pommel, 
Pommeled, -ing, 
Poniard, 
Pontoon, or 
Pony, 

Porgy, -gee (Zodl, 
Porpoise, 
Portray 



Postilion, 
Potato, 

Potsherd, 

Pouter (Zodl.), 

Practice, v., or 

Praemunire, 

Praenomen, 

Predial, 

Premise, 

Pretense, or 

Pretermit, or 

Pretor, 

Profane, 

Programme, 

Protector, 

Protoxide, 

Prunella, or 

Pumpkin, 

Puppet, 

Pur, 

Purblind, or 

Purslane, 

Putrefy, 

Pygmy, 

Pyx, 



Pachalic. 
Patrole. 
Paviour, Pavier. 

Paul. 
Peert. 

Pedler, Pedlar. 

Pedicle. 

Paedobaptist. 

Pemican. 

Pencilled, -ling. 

Pennon. 

Pentaedral. 

Paeony, Piony. 

Perilled, -ling. 
( Peroxid, -yd, 
I -yde. 

Persimon. 

Persistance. 

Pewet. 

Fantasm. 

Fantom. 

Phoenix. 

Phaenomenon. 

Philtre, -d. 

Tisic. 

Piastre. 

Peaked, Piked. 

Piquet. 

Pye. 

Pyebald. 

Piepowder. 

Pimento. 

Pimpinel. 

Pincers. 

Pistolled, -ling. 

Plaise. 
( Plane, 
( in some senses. 

Plat. 

Plot. 

Plyers. 

Plough. 
tPlummer. 

Plumipede. 

Pluviameter. 

Point-devise. 
fPoize. 

Polacre. 

Poleaxe. 
tPoltron. 

Polyglott. 
( Polyedron, 
( -drous. 

Polype. 

Pummel. 

Pomelled, -ling. 

Poignard. 

Ponton. 

Poney. 
), Paugie. [pesse. 
fPorpus, Por- 

Pourtray. 
tPossessour. 

Postillion. 
tPotatoe. 
( tPotshard, 
| tPotshare. 

Powter. 



Q. 



Premunire. 
Prenomen. 
Praedial. 
Premiss. 
Pretence. 
Praetermit. 
Praetor. 
tProphane. 
Program. 
Protecter. [-yde. 
Protoxid, -yd, 
Prunello. 

{Pompion, 
Pumpion. 
Poppet. 
Purr. 
Poreblind. 
Purslain. 
Putrify. 
Pigmy. 
Pix. 



Quadroon, 

Quarantine 

Quarrel, 

an arrow, 
Quarreled, -ing, 

Quarterfoil, ] 

Quartet, Quartette, 

Quay, -age, 

Questor, 

Quinsy, 

Quintain, 

Quintet, ) ( 

Quintette, J ( 

Quoin, 



Quateron. 

Quarantain, 

Quarantaine. 



or Carrel. 



Quarrelled, -ling. 

Quatrefeuille, 

Quafcrefoil. 

Quartett. 

Key, -age. 

Quaestor. 

Quinzy, Quinsey. 

Quintin. 

Quintett, 

Quintetto. 

Coin. 



Rabbet (Carp.), or Rebate, etc. 
Rabbi, Rabbin. 

Rabbis, or Rabbies. 

Racoon? ^ * I Rackoon. 

Ramadan, 



Rancor, -ous, -ly, 

Ransom, 

Rare, adj., 

Rarefy, 

Raspberry, 

Rasure, 

Rattan, 

Raveled, -ing, 

Raven (plunder), 

Raze, -ed, -ing, 

Real (coin), 

Recall, 

Recompense, 

Reconnoiter, or 

Redoubt, 

Reenforce, 

Referable, or 

Reflection, 

Reglet, or 

Reindeer, 

Reinstall, -ment, 
Relic, 
Remiped, 
Renard, or 
Rencounter, or 
Rennet, or 
Replier, 
Reposit, 
Resin, and 
Resistance, etc., 



( Rhamadan. [-ly. 

Rancour, -ous, 
tRansome. 
tRear. 

Rarify. 
fRasberry. 

Razure. 

Ratan. 

Ravelled, -ling. 

Ravin. 

Rase, -ed, -ing. 

Rial, Ryal. 

Recal. 

Recompence. 

Reconnoitre. 

Redout. 

Reinforce. 

Referrible. 

Reflexion. 

Riglet. 
( fRaindeer, 
( fRanedeer. 

Reinstal, -ment. 

Relique. 

Remipede. 

Reynard. 

Rencontre. 

Runnet. 

Replyer. 

Reposite. 

Rosin. 
tResistence. [etc. 



Restive, -ly, -ness, tRestiff, fResty, 
Retch, to vomit, Reach. [-ler. 



Reveled, -ing. 
Reverie, or 
Reversible, 
Ribbon, 

Rigor, -ous, etc., 
Risk, 

Rivaled, -ing, 
Riveted, -ing, 
Rodomontade, 
Rondeau (Poe- \ 
try), or } 

Ronion, or Ronyon, Runnion 



-ling, 



Revelled, 
Revery. 
Reversable. 
Riband, Ribband. 
Rigour, -ous, etc. 
t Risque. 
Rivalled, -ling. 
Rivetted, -ting. 
Rhodomontade. 

Rondo (3fus.). 



Rotunda, 
Route, 

Roweled, -ing, 
Ruble, coin, or 
Ruche, or 
Ruddock (Zodl.), 

or 
Rummage, 
Rumor, etc., 



Rotundo. 
Rout. 

Rowelled, -ling. 
Rouble. 
Rouche. 

> Raddock. 

tRomage. 
Rumour, etc. 



s. 

Saber, -ed, etc., or Sabre, -d, etc. 

Sabian, Sabean, Sabaean. 

Sackbut, Sagbut. 

Sainfoin, Saintfoin. 

Salable, Saleable. 



Salam, 
Salep, Saleb, 
Salic, 

Saltpeter, or 
Sandarach, or 
Sandiver, or 
Sanskrit, or 

Sapodilla, 

Sarcenet, or 
Sat, 

Satchel, 
Satinet, 

Sauerkraut, or 



Savior, or 

Savor, 

Scallop, -ed, -ing, 

Scath, or 

Scepter, -ed, or 

Schist, 

Schorl, or 

Sciagraphy, or 

Scion, or 

Scirrhosity, 

Scirrhus, 

Scissors, 

Sconce, 

Scow, 

Scrawny, 

Scythe, 



Sear, 

Secretaryship, 

Seidlitz, 

Seignior, 

Seigniorage, -ory, 

Seine, 

Seizin, 

Sellander, 

Selvage, or 

Sentinel, 

Sentry, 

Sepulcher, or 

Sequin, 

Sergeant, or 

Set, n., 

Sevennight, or 

Shad, 

Shah, 

Shampoo, 

Shard (def. 1), 

Shawm, or 

Sheathe, v., 

Sheik, 

Sherbet, 

Sherif, 

Sherry, 

Shill-I-Shall-I, or 
Shore, n., 
Shoveled, -er, ) 
-ing, J 

Show, 
Shrillness, 
Shriveled, -ing, 
Shyly, -ness, 
Sibyl, 
Sidewise, 
Siliceous, or 
Sillabub, or 
Silvan, 

Simar, 

Simoom, or 
Singeing ) 
(fr. singe), ) 
Siphon, 
Siren, 
Sirloin, or 
Sirup, or Syrup, 
Sizar, 
Skein, 
Skeptic, 

Skillful, -ly, -ness, 
Skull, cranium, 
Slabber, 



Salop, Saloop. 

Salique. 

Saltpetre. 

Sandarac. 

Sandever. 

Sanscrit. 
( Sapadillo, 
\ Sappodilla. 

Sarsenet. 

Sate. 

Sachel. 

Satinett. 
i Sourcrout, 
( Sourkrout. 

Savannah. 

Saviour. 

Savour. 

Scollop, -ed, -ing. 

Scathe. 

Sceptre, -tred. 

Shist. 

Shorl. 

Sciography. 

Cion. 

Skirrosity. 

Skirrhus. 
tScissars. 

Skonce. 

Skow. 

Scrauny. [Scyth. 
tSithe, Sythe, 
tSemstress. 

Sempstress. 

Sere. 

Secretariship. 

Sedlitz. 

Signior, Signor. 

Seignorage, -ory. 
tSean. 

Seisin. 

Sellender. 

Selvedge. 
tCentinel. 
tCentry, tSentery. 

Sepulchre. 

Chequin, Zechin. 

Serjeant. 

Sett. 

Se'nnight. 

Chad. 

Schah. 

Champoo. 

Sherd. 
tShalm. 

Sheath. 
( Shaik, Scheik, 
( Sheikh. 

Scherbet, Sarbot 
j Scherif , Shereef , 
] Cherif. 
tSherris. 

Shilly-shally. 

Shoar. 
( ShoveUed, 
\ -ling. 

Shew. 
tShrilness. 

Shrivelled, 

Shily, -ness. 

Sybil. 

Sideways. 

Silicious. 

Syllabub. 

Sylvan. 
( Cimare, Cymar, 
\ Simare. 

Simoon. 

tSinging. 

Syphon. 

Syren. 

Surloin. 

Sirop. 

Sizer. 
tSkain, Skean. 

Sceptic. 

Skilful, -ly, -ness. 
tScull. 

Slobber. 



B 



H 



-ler, 



-ling. 



K 



M 



xliv 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 



Sll..iUlH'.V-, 



Sniveler, -mg. 

So, If*, 

Bod* 
Balsa |oom, 

B 

Somber, or 
Somersault, \ 

Sonneteer, 
Soothe, t ., 
- 
Souchong, 

Siu. 
Specter, or 

Spelt, 

Bpaw, 

h, or 
Spinel, 

Spirituous, or 
Splendor, 
Sponge, 
Sprite, 
Spunk, 
Spurt, or 
Staddle, 
Staid, a., -ly, \ 



Stanch, or 
Stationery, 
Steadfast, 
Steelyard, 

ntniiw. 

Stockade, 

Story, a floor, 

Strait, n., def. 2, 

Btrengthener, 

Strew, 

8trop, n., 

Stupefy, 

Sty, 

Style, 

Styptic, 

BabpoenflL 

Subtile, thin, 

Subtle, artful, 

Baeeor, 

Suite, 

Sulphureted, 

Sumac, or Sumach, Shumac 

Supawn, or Sepawn, Sepon, 



Slight. 
Shly. -neas. 
tSin.ilueaa. 
ier. 

Sniveller, -ling. 

Bode. 

{Solum! goose arid 
Solum! goose. 

Boder, wo. 

Solipede. 
Solvible. 

Sombre. 
I Summersault, 
\ Summerset. 
Soimetteer. 
t Sooth. 
Sorel. 
Soochong. 
Spaw, tSpaa. 
Spectre. 
Spalt. 
Spue. 
Spinage. 
Spinelle. 
Spiritous. 
Splendour. 
tSpunge. 
Spright. 
Sponk. 
Spirt. 
Stadle. 
( Stayed, a., -ly, 
( -ness. 
Staunch. 
tStationary. 
tStedfast. 
tStilyard. 
tStilness. 

Stoccade. 

Storey. 

Straight. 

Strengthner. 
tStraw. 

Strap. 

Stupify. 

Stye. 

Stile. 

Stiptic. 

Subpena. 

Subtle. 

Subtile. 

Succour. 

Suit, n. 

Sulphuretted. 



Tarpaulin, 

Tasse, Tasset, 
Tasseled, -ing, 
Taut {NOV.), 
Tawny, 



Superior, 
Suretyship, 
Surname, 
Surprihe, etc., 

r, -ship, 
Swab, -ber, etc., 
Swap, 
Bwart. adj. 



jSuperiour. 
Suretiship. 
Sirname. 
Surprize, etc. 
Surviver, -ship. 
Swob, -ber, etc. 
Swop. 
Swarth. 



Swathe, bandage, or Rwath. 



Bw*»). 

eing (fr. 

Bwiple, 
Synonym, 



Tabor. • 
Taffeta, or 
Tall rail, 

Tallage, Talliage 

,jr » 

Tambourine, 

Tarantula, 



Swale. 

(Swinging (cf. 
: ■"<.!)■ 
Swipel, Swipple. 
Bwolo. 
Bienfte. 
Synonyme. 
Siphilis. 



Tabert, Taberd. 

Tabinet. 

Tabour, etc. 

Taffety. 
TafTerel. 
Talk, Talek. 
Tallage, Taillage. 

r. 

ourin, 
jTatnborfne, 

■ rine. 
Tarentula. 



Teasel, 
Teetotal, 
Tenable, 
Tenor, 
Terror, 
Tetrahedron, 
Tetrastich, 
Theater, or 
Thole, 
Thorp, or 
Thraldom, 
Thrash, or 
Threshold, 
Throe, n., 
Ticking, n., 
Tidbit, 
Tie, n. & v., 
Tier, 
Tierce, 
Tincal, 

Tingeing (fr. ) 
tinge), ] 
Tinseled, or -ling, 
Tithe, 

Tole, to draw, 
Tollbooth, 
Ton, 
Tonnage, 
Tormentor, 

Tourmaline, 

Trammeled, -ing, 

Tranquilize, or 
Transferable, 
Transference, 
Transship, -ment, 
Trapan, a snare, 
Traveler, -ed, ) 

-ing, J 

Traverse, 
Travesty, 
Treadle, 
Trebuchet, or 
Treenail, 
Trestle, Tressel, 
Tricolor, 
Trigger, 
Trihedral, 
Trivet, 
Trod, 

Trousers, or 
Troweled, 
Tryst, 
Tumbrel, 
Tumor, 
Tunneled, 
Turnip, 
Turnsole, 
Turquois, 
Tutenag, 
Tweedle, 
Twibil, 
Twingeing (fr, 

twinge), 
Tymbal, 
Tyro, 



-mg. 



| Tar pau ling, 
{ Tarpawling. 

Tasce. 

Tasselled, -ling. 

Taught. 

Tawuey. 

Teaze. 

Teasle, Teazle. 

Teatotal. 

Tenible. 

Teuour. 
tTerrour. 

Tetraedron. 

Tetrastic. 

Theatre. 

Thowl, Thowle. 

Thorpe. 

Thralldom. 

Thresh. 

Threshhold. 

Throw. 

Ticken. 

Titbit. 

Tye. 

Tire. 

Terce. 

Tinkal. 
( Tinging (cf. 
X singing). 

Tinselled, -ling. 

Tythe. 

Toll. 

Tolbooth. 

Tun. 

Tunnage. 

Tormenter. 

{Tourmalin, 
Turmaline. 
( Trammelled, 
X -ling. 

Tranquillize. 

Transferable. 

Transferrence. 

Tranship, -ment. 

Trepan. 
( Traveller, -led, 
\ -ling. 

Travers. 

Travestie. 

Treddle. 

Trebucket. 

Trenail, Trennel. 

Trussel. 

Tricolour. 

Tricker. 

Triedral. 

Trevet. 

Trode. 

Trowsers. 

Trowelled. 

Trist. 

Tumbril. 

Tumour. 

Tunnelled, -ling. 
tTurnep. 

Turnsol. [cois. 

Turkois, Tur- 

Tutenague. 

Twiddle. 

Twibill. 

{Twinging (cf. 
singing). 
Timbal. 
Tiro. 



Umber, Umbre. 

Unbiased, Unbiassed. 

Unboweled, Unbowelled, 

and others of the same class. 
Unroll, Unrol. 

Until, Untill. 



Valise, Vallise. [-ously. 

Valor, -ous, -ously, Valour, -ous, 
Vapor, Vapour. 

Vat, tFat. 



Vedette, 


Vidette. 


Veil, 


Vail. 


Vender, or 


Vendor. 


Venomous, 


tVenemous. 


Veranda, 


Verandah. 


Verderer, or 


Verderor. 


Verdigris, 


Verdegris. 


Vermin, 


tVermine. 


Verst, 


Werst. 


Vertebra, Verteber, Vertebre. 


Vervain, 


Vervine. 


Vial, 


Phial. 


Vialed, -ing, 


Vialled, -ling. 


Vicious, -ly, -ness, {^J- 1 ^" 


Victualed, -er, ) 
-ing, ) 


, ( Victualled, -ler, 
( -ling. [etc. 


Vigor, -ous, etc. 


, Vigour, -ous, 


Villain, def. 1, 


Villan, Villein. 


Villainy, -ous, 1 
etc., J 


( Villany, -ous, 
\ etc. 


Vise, 


Vice. 


Visitor, 


Visiter. 


Visor, 


Vizor. 


Vitiate, 


Viciate. 


Vives, 


Fives. [zer. 


Vizier, 


Visier, Vizir, Vi- 


Volcano, 


tVulcano. 




w. 


Wagon, 


Waggon. 


Waive, v. t, 


Wave. 


Wale, n., def. 1, 


Weal. 


Walrus, 


Walruss. 


Warranter (Law), Warrantor. 


Warrior, 


fWarriour. 


Waul, 


Wawl. 




( Vaivode, Voi- 


Waywode, 


< vode, Waiwode, 




( Woiwode. 


Wear, v. t. (NauL), Ware, Veer. 


Weasand, 


( tWesand, 
( tWezand. 


Weir, 


Wear, Wier. 


Welsh, 


Welch. 


Whelk, 


Welk. 


Whippletree, 


Whiffletree. 


Whippoorwill, 


WhippowilL 


Whisky, or 


Whiskey. 


Whoop, 


Hoop. 


Whortleberry, 


Hurtleberry. 


Widgeon, 


Wigeon. [-ness. 


Willful, -ly, -ness, 


Windlass, 


( tWindlace, 
( tWindlas. 


Wintry, 


Wintery. 


Wiry, 


tWiery. 


Witch-hazel, and Wych-hazel. 


Withe, ». , 


With. 


Wivern, 


Wyvern. 


Wizard, 


Wisard. [zen. 


Wizen, 


Wizzen, Wea- 


Woe, 


Wo. 


Woeful, 


Woful. 


Wondrous, 


Wonderous. 


Woodbine, 


Woodbind. 


Woolen, -et, 


| Woollen, -et, 
( -ette. 


Worshiper, -ed, 
etc., 


) ( Worshipper, 
] \ -ped. 


Wreck, 


Wrack. 


Wych-elm, 


Witch-elm. 




Y. 


Yataghan, 


( Ataghan, 
I Attaghan. 


Taup, 


Yaulp, Yawp. 


Yawl, n., 


Yaul. 


Yolk, 


Yelk. 


Yttria, -urn, 


Ittria, -urn. 




z. 


Zaffer, 


f Zaffre, 

\ tZaffir, fZaffar. 


Zinc, 


tZink. 


Zinciferous, 


Zinkiferous. 


Zymic, 


Zumic. 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 



PREFIXES. 



B 



A-. 1. [AS. on.] On ; in ; — forming adjectives denoting 
a state, and adverbs denoting a state or manner ; as, 
afoot, asleep, aground. 2. [AS. of.] Off; from; as, 
adown. 3. [AS. a-/ akin to Goth, us-, ur-, G. er-.] 
Away ; on ; back ; — usually intensive ; aa, arise, ago, 
abide. 4. [OE. y- or i-, AS. ge-; akin to OHG. ga-, 
gi-.] A prefix now making little change in the mean- 
ing, as in aware. 5. [F„ a, fr. L. ad to.] A form of 
Ad- ; as, abase, achieve. 6. [L. a, ab, abs.~] From ; 
as, avert. 7. [Gr. a, privative ; akin to E. un- not.] 
Without ; not ; as, abyss, atheist. 

Ab-. [L. ab); same as E. of, off.] From ; away ; 
separation ; departure ; as, abstract, abduct, abscond. 
See A-, 6. 

Abs-. A form of Ab-. 

Ac-. A form of Ad-. 

Ad-. [L». ad, prep., to; akin to E. at.] To; towards; 
at ; near ; — written ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, 
at-, the d being assimilated to the first letter of the word 
to which it is prefixed, but remaining unchanged before 
vowels, and before d, h, m, v; as, adduce, accord, 
a/fect, aggregate, aflude, annex, appear, etc. It be- 
comes ac- before qu, and a- in many words from OF. ; 
as, acquiesce, avow. 

Adeno-, Aden-. [Gr. aSrjv, aSei/o?, gland.] Combining 
forms of the Greek word for gland; as, adenology. 

Aero-. [Gr. dijp, de'pos, air.] Combining form of the 
Greek word for air ; as, aerolite, aerophyte. 

Afore-, [a- -{-fore ; AS. onforan or setforan.] Before ; 
previously ; as, a/oresaid. 

Af-, Ag-. Forms of Ad-. 

A1-. 1. [AS. eal, E. all.] All ; wholly ; completely ; as, 
almighty, a/most. 2. A form of Ad-. 3. The Arabic 
definite article, equivalent in meaning to E. the; as, 
alchemy, atooran. 

Ambl-, Arab-. [L., akin to Gr. Ajuupi, AS. embe, G. urn, 
also to L. ambo both.] About ; around ; on both sides ; 
as, ambidexter, ambient, ambiguous. 

Ampbi-, Amph-. [Gr. ifitpC] Both ; of both kinds ; 
on both sides ; about ; around ; as, amphibious. 

An-. [Gr. kv-, a, privative ; akin to E. un- not.] With- 
out ; not ; as, anaesthesia. 

Ana-. [Gr. avd on; in comp., on, up, upwards.] Up; 
upward ; throughout ; backward ; back ; again ; anew ; 
as, anapest, anachronism, anabaptist. 

Anglo-. [Gr. ayyetoi/ vessel, receptacle.] Combining 
form indicating relation to seed or vessels of plants, or to 
blood vessels, lymph vessels, etc., in animals ; as, angio- 
sperm. 

Anglo-. [NL. Anglus English.] English ; English and ; 
English conjoined with ; as, Afiato-Saxon. 

Ant-. A form of Asm-. 

Ante-, Anti-. [L. ante ; akin to Gr. avri, AS. and-, 
ond-, G. ant-, ent-.] Before ; fore ; in front ; as, ante- 
cedent, anticipate. 

Anti-, Ant-. [Gr. avrC against.] Against ; opposite ; op- 
posed to ; contrary ; in place of ; as, anftslavery, anti- 
thesis, antarctic. 

Apo-. [Gr. ano.] From ; away from ; off ; asunder ; 
separate ; as, apocope, apostle, apothegm. 

Arch-, Archl-. [L. arch-, archi-, Gr. apxt.- ; fr. root of 
apxetv to be first, begin, ap^ij the first place, begin- 
ning.] Chief ; head ; primitive ; original ; as, arch- 
deacon, architect. 

As-. A form of Ad-. 

Astro-. [Gr. ao-rpov star.] Combining form from the 
Greek word for star ; as, agronomy, astrology. 

At-. A form of Ad-. 

AntO-. [Gr. auTo? self.] Self ; one's self ; one's own ; 
itself ; its own ; as, apograph, awtomatic, autonomous. 

AZO-. [Abbr. of azote.] Containing nitrogen variously 
combined, esp. a two-atom nitrogen group uniting two 
hydrocarbon groups ; — a chemical term ; as, azobenzene 
(a substance furnishing a dye). 



Basl-. [Gr. /3ao-ts step, base.] Combining form indi- 
cating the base, or position at or near the base, or form- 
ing a base, — used esp. in botanical and anatomical 
words; as, basicranial (situated at the base of the 
cranium), basiiugal (tending or proceeding away from 
the base). 

Be-. [AS. be-, orig. same as bi by ; akin to G. be-, bei, and 
perh. Gr. afupC about.] Orig. same as by. Joined with 
verbs, it serves: (a) To intensify the meaning; as, 
bespatter, bestir. (6) To render an intransitive verb 
transitive ; as, befall, bespeak, (c) To make the action 
of a verb particular or definite ; as, beget (to get an 
offspring), to beset (to set around). 

It is joined with some substantives, and a few adjec- 
tives, to form verbs ; as, bedew, befriend, belate. It 
occurs with certain nouns, adverbs, and prepositions, 
with the force of by or about ; as, belief, behalf, beneath, 
beside. In some words the original force of be- is ob- 
scured or lost ; as, become, begin, behave. 

B1-. [L. bi-, bis, twice ; akin to E. two ; cf. Di-, Dis-.] 
1. Two ; twice ; doubly ; — esp. common in scientific 
words; as, bicycle, bilateral. 2. In chemical names, 
bi- denotes two atoms, parts, or equivalents of the con- 
stituent to whose name it is prefixed, to one of the 
other compound ; or that such constituent is present in 
double the ordinary proportion ; as, bichromate (a salt 
containing two equivalents of chromic acid). Bi- and 
Di- are often used interchangeably. 

Bin-. [L. bini two at a time.] Two ; twice ; bi- ; as, 
binaural (relating to both ears). 

Bis-. [L.] Same as Bi-. 

Gata-, Cat-, Cath-. [Gr. Kara..] Down; downward; 
under ; against ; contrary to ; opposed to ; wholly ; 
completely; as, catarrh, catoptrics, catalogue, catholic. 

Cephalo-, or Cephal-. [Gr. ice<pa\rj head.] Head ; per- 
taining to, or connected with, the head ; as, cephalopoda, 
cephalgia. 

Chloro-, Chlor-. Containing chlorine as an ingredient ; 
as, chloroform. 

Chondro-, Chondr-. [Gr. x°" s P°s S* 3 * 31 of wheat > 
cartilage.] Like a grain; granular; cartilaginous; as, 
c^ondrostei. 

Circum-. [L. circum ; akin to circus circle.] Around ; 
about ; surrounding ; as, circumnavigate. 

CIS-. [L. cis.] On this side of ; as, cisalpine. 

Co-, Col-. Forms of Com-. 

Com-. [L., same as cum with.] With; together; in 
conjunction ; against ; very. It is written com- before 
b, m, p, and sometimes/; col- usually before I; cor- 
bef ore r ; co- usually before a vowel or h or w ; and 
con- usually in other cases; as, combine, comminute, 
compare, comfort, coflect, corrupt, coact, cohabit, co- 
worker, confer. 

Con-. Form of Com-. 

Contra-. [L. contra.] Against ; in opposition ; counter 
to ; across ; as, contradict. 

Cor-. A form of Com-. 

Counter-. [F. contre; fr. L. contra.] Against ; op- 
posite ; answering to ; contrary ; as, cotrntormand, coun- 
terfeit. 

Crypto-. [Gr. /epvn-Tos hidden.] Secret ; invisible to 
the naked eye ; indistinctly ; as, cryptogram, eryptocrys- 
talline (indistinctly crystalline). 

Cyclo-. [Gr. kvkKos circle, wheel.] Circular ; of a 
circle or wheel ; as, cyctometer. 

De-. [L. de, prep., from, away.] Down ; from ; away ; 
— often with negative force, sometimes intensive ; as, 
defer, deprave. In words from the French it is often 
equivalent to L. Dis- ; as, derange, detach. 

Deca-, Deka-. [Gr. Sena ten.] Ten ; as, decalogue ; in 
the Metric System, designating a weight or measure ten 
times the principal unit ; as, decameter. 



D 



H 



K 



M 






PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



Dec! . Docim . DoclmO- [P. diei- tenth; fr. L. defl- 
ate ; iii the Met- 
i ■ weight or measure one 

.-.liter. 
ualf.] Half ; as, demimonde. 
:■:. L. dis-.] Apart ; away; not;— a form 
ibille. 
Deuto Dent-- [6r. tatft y ot second.] 1. Second; as, 
rf— frplirm (the second, i. e. albuminous, portion of 
maturing both a yolk and albumen ). 2. In chemistry, 
— formerly, second in a regular series of chemical com- 
pound.- -iy equivalent to Bi-, Di-, although 
tale a 

Dextro-. [L- dexter right.] Pertaining to, or toward, 
t ; in chemistry and optics, turning the plane of 
polarized light to the right ; as, dex/rorotary, dextrose. 
Di-. [Or. It-, Sit, twice; akin to 6vo two, L. bis twice.] 
Twofold; double; twice; in chemistry, denoting two 
atoms, radicals, or equivalents; as, dichroisni, dibasic. 
Dia . Di-. [Gr. <5ia through.] Through; between; 
apart : asunder : across ; as, diameter, diorama. 
DU-. A form of Dis-. 

Dia-- 1. [L. ; fr. same root as bis twice, duo two, E. 
Apart ; asunder ; in two ; undoing ; — often used 
as a privative and a negative, also as an intensive ; 
as, disrupt, disconnect, disarm. 2. [Gr. Si's.] Same as 
Di-. twofold. 
Dys- [Gr. 6Vs- hard, ilL] 111; bad; difficult; as, 
dysentery, dyspepsia. 

E-. [L. e.] A form of Ex-. 

Ec-. [Gr. ««.] A form equivalent to Ex-. 

Ect-, EctO-. [Gr. iicTos outside.] Without ; outside ; 
external ; as, ecforganism (external parasitic organism). 

Ef-. A form of Ex-. 

Electro-. [L. elect rum amber (electricity having been 
produced by rubbing amber), Gr. TJAeKTpov.] Pertaining 
to electricity; produced by, producing, or employing 
electricity ; as, e/ecrrolysis, e/ec/ro-magnet. 

Em-. A form of En-. 

En-. 1. [F. ; fr. L. in.] In ; into ; on ; —sometimes also 
having a causal force, sometimes intensive ; as, en amor. 
En- commonly becomes em- before p, b, and m ; as, em- 
ploy, embody, emmew. 2. [Gr. iv, prep.] In; into; 
upon ; as, encaustic. 

Endo-. End-. [Gr. ivhov within, fr. iv in.] Within. 

Ent-. Within ; — a form of Ento- ; as, enfoptic (within 
the eye). 

Enter-. [F. entre between ; fr. L. infer.] Between ; 
among ; part ; as, enterprise. [zoa. I 

EntO-. [Gr. ivTos within, fr. iv in.] Within ; as, ento-\ 

Epi Ep-. Eph- [Gr. iiri on, upon, to.] Upon; beside; 
among ; on the outside ; above ; over ; after ; as, epi- 
taph, epode, epAemera. [lateral. I 

Equl [L. aequus even, equal.] Equally; as equi-\ 

Em- [OF. ; fr. L. ex.] See Ex- 

Eu-. [Gr. cv well.] Well ; good ; advantageous ; — 
opposite of L>ys- ; as, eulogy, euphony. 

Ex-, E-. [L. ex, e, or the kindred Gr. i£, i<, out of, 
out, proceeding from.] 1. Out of ; off ; from ; be- 
yond ; without ; — sometimes also having a privative 
force, sometimes intensive ; as, exclude, excel, exacer- 
bate, emanate. Ez- becomes ef- before /; as, e/ferrent, 
e/fulgent. In words derived through the French it 
sometimes has the form of es-, s-, or e- ; as, escape, scape, 
e'lite. 2. Formerly, — referring to office, station, or 
condition ; as, exgovernor, exconvict. 

EXO-. [Gr. ifa out of, outside, fr. i( out.] Out of ; out- 

--. exotic, exorhiza. 
Extra-. [L. ; fr. exter, compar. fr. ex out.] Beyond; 
outride of ; besides ; in addition to ; as, extra ordinary. 

Perrl-. [L. ferrum iron.] Pertaining to, derived from, 
raining ferric iron as an ingredient ; as, /erricya- 

Potto-, Porroao-. Pertaining to iron ; in chemistry, 
co nt a ining ferrous iron as an ingredient ; as, ferrotype, 
ferr ocyanide. 

Pino-. Containing fluorine as an ingredient ; — a chem- 
ical combining form ; as, Jfuophosphate. 

POT-. [AB.] A negative or privative prefix to verbs, 
often implying loss, detriment, or destruction; also 
need aa an intensive prefix, meaning utterly; quite; 
thoroughly ; as, /orget, /orbear, forlorn. 

Fore-. [AS.] BofoMlMad ; in advance ; before in time 
or place ; a>. forettO, forefather, forehead. 

«J^»-- H- '-head.] Relating to 

Jrf r >f *" e * '' ; ~ an anatomical combin- 

ing form ; as. /ronto-parietaL, relating to the frontal and 
til-. pariotal boaei ; f-r-tr immI 



Galvano-. Relating to, employing, or producing, gal- 
vanio electricity ; — an electrical combining form; as, 
</<i/r«vio-cautery, cautery by heat produced by a galvanic 
current. 

OastTO-, Gastr-. [Gr. yaaTrjp, ycurrpos, belly.] Re- 
lating to the stomach or digestive tract ; as, gastronome. 

Geo-, Go-. [Gr. yea, yrj, the earth.] Relating to the 
earth ; as, Geography. 

Haema-. Haemato-, Haemo-, or Hema-, Hemato-, 
Hemo-. [Gr. aT/xa, at/u.aros, blood.] Relating to, pro- 
duced from, or resembling, blood ; associated with blood ; 
as, hematoid. 

Hello-. [Gr. ijAios the sun.] Relating to the sun ; as, 
heliotype, heliotrope. 

Hemi-. [Gr. i^i- ; akin to L. semi-.] Half ; semi- ; as, 
hemisphere. 

Hepta-. [Gr. in-rd seven.] Seven; sevenfold; as, 
heptachord, heptagon. 

Hetero-. [Gr. eVepo9 other.] Other ; other than usual ; 
different ; as, heterodox. 

Hex-, Hexa-. [Gr. e| six.] Six ; sixfold ; as, Aexcpod, 
Aexaugular. 

Holo-. [Gr. o\oi whole.] Whole ; complete ; entire ; as, 
AoJograph, holoblast. 

Homo-. [Gr. -ojaos the same.] One and the same ; 
common ; joint ; similar ; like ; as, homogeneous. 

Hydro-, Hydr-. [Gr. v&uip water; whence E. hydro- 
in hydrogen.'] 1. Relating to water ; as, hydrogen, 
Aydrography. 2. Obtained by hydrogen ; having hydro- 
gen as an ingredient ; — a chemical combining form ; as, 
hydrocarbon. 

Hydroxy-. Having hydroxyl as an ingredient : — a 
chemical combining form, also sometimes used adjec- 
tively ; as, hydroxy compounds. 

Hyo-. Relating to the hyoid bone or arch ; — an ana- 
tomical prefix ; as, Ayomandibular. 

Hyper-. [Gr. ivip above ; akin to L. super, E. over.} 
1. Over ; above ; too ; abnormally great ; excessive ; as, 
hypercritical. 2. A chemical prefix equivalent to super- 
or per-. [06s.] See Pee-. 

Hypo-. [Gr. vno under ; akin to L. sub.] 1. In a lower 
or inferior position, state, or degree; as, hypotenuse, 
hypothesis. 2. Having a low chemical valence ; in a low 
state of oxidation ; as, Aypophosphite, a phosphite con- 
taining phosphorus in a low state of oxidation. 

I-. SeeY. 

Ideo-. [Gr. tfie'a idea.] Relating to ideas, conceptions, 
representations, etc. ; as, ideograph. 

Idio-. [Gr. iSios proper, peculiar.] Private ; personal ; 
peculiar ; distinct ; as, idiosyncrasy. 

H-. A form of In-. 

DiO-. Relating to, or connected with, the ilium ; — an 
anatomical combining form ; as, iZio-lumbar, pertaining 
to the iliac and the lumbar regions. 

Im-. A form of In-. 

In-. 1. [E. in, prep, and adv., or li.in; both akin to Gr. 
iv in.] In ; within ; into ; on ; among ; — sometimes used 
with simple intensive force. In words of Latin origin 
it regularly becomes il- before I, ir- before r, and im- 
before a labial, as b, m, p ; as, inbred, intrude, iilude, 
irruption, imbue, immigrate, impart, incriminate. 2. 
[L. i7i- ; akin to E. un-.] Not ; contrary to ; without ; 
non- ; un- ; as, inadequate, illogical, irresponsible, im- 
measurable, improvident ; — this suffix changing like 
the preceding. 

Dido-. Pertaining to East India ; Indian ; as, Jndo-Euro- 
pean. 

Dlfra-. [L. ; akin to E. under."] Below ; beneath ; un- 
der ; after ; as, iw/ramaxillary, under the lower jaw, 
also of or pertaining to the lower jaw. 

Inter-. [L. inter ; compar. of in in.] Among ; between ; 
amid ; as, interfere, interpolate. 

Intra-. [L. intra ; akin to inter.] Within ; on the in- 
side of ; interior ; as, infr-amarginal, within the margin. 

Intro-. [L. intra ; akin to inter.] Within ; into ; in ; 
inward ; as, introduce, introspection. 

Iodo-, Iod-. Having iodine as an ingredient ; — a chem- 
ical combining form ; as, iodide. 

II-. A form of In-. 

Ibo-, Di-. [Gr. co-os equal.] Identical ; equal ; of the 
same numerical value ; as, isometric. 

Jnxta-. [L.] Near; nigh; close; as, juxtaposition. 

Laevo-. Same as Levo-. 

Leuco-. Lenc-. ['Jr. \cuk6s white.] White ; colorless ; 
as, ieucophyllous (white-leaved). 
Levo-, L.83V0-. [L. Isevus left.] Toward the left; in 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



xlvii 



chemistry, referring to the plane of polarized light ; as, 

levoiotary (turning this plane to the left). 
Litho-. [Gr. \i8os stone.] Pertaining to stone; made 

of, or on, stone; stony; as, lithograph, lithology. 
Luteo-. [L. luteus.} Orange yellow ; brownish yellow ; 

buff ; — a chemical combining form. 

Macro-, Macr-. [Gr. p.a>cp6s.] Long ; large ; great ; 
as, macrocosm. 

Magneto-. Pertaining to, produced by, or connected 
with, magnetism ; as, ?naaneto-electricity. 

Mai-, Male-. [F. rnal, or L. male, adv., fr. malus ill, 
bad.] Ill; evil; bad; badly; as, ma/ediction, malcon- 
tent, ma/administration. 

Mega-, MegalO-, Meg-. [Gr. /xe'yaj, gen. /ueyaAov, 
great.] 1. Great ; extended ; powerful ; as megatherium. 
2. A million times ; a million of ; — combining forms in 
the Metric System, electric science, mechanics, etc. ; as, 
meaavolt (a million volts). 

Meso-, Mes-. [Gr. /ueVos in the middle.] In the mid- 
dle ; intermediate ; as, mesocarp, mesentery. 

Meta-, Met-. [Gr. p-erd between, with, after.] 1. Be- 
tween ; with ; after ; behind ; over ; about ; reversely ; 
as, metameric, metathesis, metempsychosis. 2. Other ; 
duplicate ; corresponding to ; resembling ; hence, meta- 
meric ; — chemical prefix ; as, metaldehyda (substance 
metameric with aldehyde). 

Micro-, Mlcr-. [Gr. /ui/epd? small.] 1. Small ; little ; 
trivial ; slight ; as, microscope. 2. A millionth part 
of ; — combining forms in the Metric System, electric 
science, mechanics, etc. ; as, microfarad (one millionth 
of a farad). 

M1111-. [F. ; fr. L. mille a thousand.] A thousandth 
part of ; — combining form in the Metric System, etc. ; 
as, millimeter. 

Mis-. [AS. mis-; akin to G. miss-, and fr. same root 
as G. meiden to shun. Also OF. mes-, fr. L. minus 
less. The prefix from the French has been supplanted 
by the AS. form, which is now the one in use.] Amiss ; 
wrong ; ill ; unsuitable ; unlike ; as, mistake, mislead, 
7/iischief , miscreant. 

Mono-, Mon-. [Gr. p.6vo<;.} One ; single ; alone ; sole ; 
only ; as, monotony, monoxide. 

Mttltl-, Mult-. [E. multus much.] Much ; many ; 
several ; more than one ; as, multiform, mn/tangular. 

Myo-. [Gr. /mvs, p.vos, a muscle.] Relating to mus- 
cles ; — an anatomical combining form ; as, myography. 

Myria-. [Gr. p.vpia.9 myriad.] Ten thousand; ten 
thousand times ; as, myriapod. 

Naso-. [L. nasus nose.] Pertaining to, or connected 
with, the nose ; — anatomical combining form ; as, naso- 
lachrymal. 

Neo-. [Gr. ve'os youthful ; akin to E. new.} New ; re- 
cent ; late ; as, neophyte. 

Neuro-. Neur-. [Gr. vevpov nerve.] Pertaining to a 
nerve or to the nervous system ; as, newroptera. 

NltTO-. Containing niter or compounds of nitrogen ; as, 
nitrobenzene. 

Non-. [L., fr. OL. neoenum not one.] Not ; un- ; in- ; 
as, nonessential, nonconformity. 

NotO-. Of, or pertaining to, the back ; — a combining 
form in anatomy, zoology, botany, etc. ; as, notochord. 

Ob-. [L. oft.] To ; toward ; before ; against ; reversely ; 
— also used intensively. Ob- is commonly assimilated 
before c, /, g, and p to oe-, of-, og-, and op- respective- 
ly ; as, ootrude, occur, offer, oppose, ooverse, oosecrate. 

Oc-. A form of Ob-. 

OctO-, Octa-. [L. octo eight, or the kindred Gr. oktu>, 
with combining form oxra- ; akin to E. eight.} Eight ; 
eighth ; as, octopod, octagon. 

OdontO-, Odont-. [Gr. oSov's, ofioi/ro?, a tooth.] Per- 
taining to a tooth or teeth ; as, odontology, odontalgia. 

Of-, Og-. Forms of Ob-. 

OligO-, Olig-. [Gr. oAiyos.] Few ; little ; as, oitaosper- 
mous (few-seeded), oligarchy. 

Omni-. [L. omnis.} All ; every ; everywhere ; as, omni- 
present, omnipotent. 

Op-. A form of Ob-. 

Organo-. [Gr. opyavov organ.] Relating to, or con- 
nected with, an^organ or organs ; as, organography. 

Ornltno-. [Gr. opvi?, opvtdo?, a bird.] Of, or pertaining 
to, birds ; as, ornithology. 

Ortho-. [Gr. 6p0os straight.] 1. Straight; right; up- 
right; correct; regular; as, orthography. 2. (Chem.) 
A combining form, also used adjectively, designating (a) 
(Inorganic Chem.) The one of several acids of the same I 
element which actually occurs with the greatest num- 
her of hydroxyl groups. (6) (Organic Chem.) A con- I 



nection with, or affinity to, isomerism, such as that 
characteristic of the benzene compounds. 

Osteo-. [Gr. bariov a bone.] Pertaining to, or con- 
nected with, bones ; as, osteology. 

OtO-, Ot-. [Gr. ows, wtos, the ear.] Pertaining to the 
ear ; in or near the ear ; as, o/algia. 

Out-. [E. out, adv. ; fr. AS. ut.} From ; beyond ; more ; 
not within ; as, outdo, outside. 

Over-. [E. oier, adv. ; fr. AS. o/er ; akin to L. super, 
Gr. V7rep.] Above; beyond ; in excess ; too great ; un- 
due ; needless ; superfluous ; as, orerdue, overlap. 

Oxy-. Containing oxygen ; hydroxy- ; — a chemical 
combining form ; as, oxi/hydrogen (having or using oxy- 
gen and hydrogen). 

Pachy-. [Gr. -rraxvs thick.] Thick ; as, pachydermata. 

Pan-, Panta-, Panto-. [Gr. 7ras, m., nav, neut., gen. 
7rai/Tos, all.] All; every; as, pantheism, pantograph, 
pantomime. 

Par-. [F. ; fr. L. per.} By; with; through; as, par- 
don, parterre, paramount. 

Para-. [Gr. napd beside.] Alongside of ; beside ; be- 
yond ; against ; amiss ; as, paradox, parasite. 

Pari-. [L. par, paris, equal.] Equal ; even ; as, pari- 
pinnate. 

ParletO-. Connected with, or related to, the parietal 
bones or parietal segment of the skull ; — an anatomical 
combining form ; as, parieto-mastoid. 

Pedl-, PedO-. [L. pes, pedis, foot ; akin to E. foot.} 
Pertaining to the foot ; pedal ; as, pediment, pedometer. 

Penta-, Pent-. [Gr. wevra-, combining form of nevre 
five ; akin to E. five.} Five ; fivefold ; as, pentagon. 

Per-. [L. per, prep. ; sometimes through F. par-.} 1. 
Through ; throughout ; by ; for ; often used also inten- 
sively; as, perforate, perhaps, perforce, perspicuous, 
perform. 2. In chemistry, formerly, having the highest 
valence ; now, having a higher valence than in some 
other compound ; as, peroxide (an oxide in which oxy- 
gen has a valence higher than in some other). 

Perl-. [Gr. 7rept.] Around ; by ; near ; over ; beyond ; — 
also used intensively ; as, perimeter, perispherical (quite 
spherical). 

Petro-, Petr-. [Gr. ttirpa. a rock, irerpos stone.] Per- 
taining to rocks, stone, etc. ; as, petroleum. 

Philo-, Phil-. [Gr. <£i'Ao? loving.] Fond of ; attached 
to ; as, philology, philanthropy. 

Phono-. [Gr. ^wi^ sound, tone.] Relating to sounds 
and speech ; as, pAonography. 

Photo-. [Gr. <pws, (pwrds, light.] Relating to, or pro- 
duced by, light ; as, photography. 

Physlco-. [Gr. ^vo-wco? natural, fr. <pv<ris nature.] Re- 
lating to, or depending upon, natural causes or the 
science of physics ; as, prtysico-theology. [pAytology. I 

PhytO-. [Gr. <pvr6v a plant.] Relating to plants ; as, | 

Planl-, Piano-. [L. planus level.] Flat ; level ; plane ; 
as, pZanimeter, ptano-concave. 

Platy-. [Gr. 7tA(xtus broad.] Broad ; wide ; flat ; as, 
ptatocephalous (wide-headed). 

PleUTO-. [Gr. Tr\evpa a rib, the side.] Relating to a 
side ; connected with the pleura ; as, piewropneumonia. 

Pluri-. [L. plus, pluris, more.] More ; many. 

PneumatO-. [Gr.-irvevp.a,irvevp.aro<;, air, breath.] Per- 
taining to the properties of air and other elastic fluids, 
or to breath or respiration ; as, pneumatology. 

Pneumo-. [Gr. m/evp.u>v, m>evp.ovos, a lung.] Relating 
to the lungs ; as, pneumogastric (relating to the lungs 
and stomach). 

Podo-. [Gr. u-ov's, ttoSos, a foot; akin to JZ.foot.} Re- 
lating to a foot, or the feet ; as, podophyllous (having 
leaflike organs of locomotion). 

Poly-. [Gr. ttoAvs much ; akin to E. fidl.} Many ; re- 
peated ; as, polygon. [posrfix, postobit. I 

Post-. [L. post after.] Behind ; back ; after ; later ; as, | 

Postero-. [L. posterns coming after ; fr. post after!] 
Posterior; back; later; hinder; as, poste ro-inferior. 

Pne-, Prater-. Forms of Pre-, Preteb-. 

Pre-. [L. prae before ; akin to L. pro and E. for, prep.] 
Before ; forward ; forth ; prior in time, place, or rank ; 
used also intensively ; as, prefix, precede, preeminent. 

Preter-. [L. praeter past, beyond, a compar. of prae be- 
fore.] Past; by; beyond; more than; as, preternat- 
ural. 

Pro-. [L. pro, or the kindred Gr. npo : akin to E. for, 
prep.] Before ; in front ; forth ; in behalf of ; in place of ; 
according to ; as, project, prologue, provide, pronoun. 

Pros-. [Gr. irpo?.] Towards; at; by; beside; forth; 
as, prosody. 

Proto-, Prot-. [Gr. irpwTos first, superl. of npo before.] 
1. First ; primary ; primordial ; as, protoplasm. 2. As 
a chemical combining form: (a) First or lowest in a 



3 



H 



K 



M 



xlviii 



FKEFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



having the smallest amount of the elenu at 
'; aa, j»rw/iMilic*to (silicate with least silicic acid). 
at Murfalent to Mono-. 
Paeuda. Pseud- |iir. 0«vfcfc lying, false.] False; 

purious; a*, pseudonym. ; — 
cligiou. 
Psycho [Or. Ci \ v U* soul.] Relating to the soul, 

uding ; as, psychology. 
PV.. fr. L. pro.] Forward ; be- 

!'i;o-. 
PyTO-. Pyr- [Gr. rrip. m>pos, fire.] Causing, or 
caused by, fire or beat j its, pyrology. 

Quadrt . [L., fr - ouattuor four.] Four ; four times ; 
..jc/nlateral. 

Suinque-. [L. quinque five.] Five; five times; five- 
. .is, quinquefoliate. 

R©-, Red-- [L. ; sometimes tbrough F.] Back ; against ; 
again ; anew ; as, recline, recall, rejoin, reiterate, reas- 
sure, [lineal. I 
Recti-- [L. m /us straight.] Straight ; right ; as, recti-] 
Retro-. Lh- rttro backward.] Back; backward; as, 

Rhino-. [Gr. pi's, pivot, the nose.] Relating to the 
nose ; nasal ; as, rhinoplasty. 



[Gr. <rx^ eiV to s Pht, cleave.] Dividing ; cleav- 
ing ; as, schizoc&rp (a dry fruit that splits at maturity). 

Semi-. [L. ; akin to Gr. ^u-half.] Half ; hemi- ; partly ; 
imperfectly ; as, semicircle, semifluid. 

Septl-. Sept-- t L - septem seven ; akin to E. seven.] 
seven times ; sevenfold ; as, septangle, septi- 
f olious (seven-leaved). 

Seaqui-. [L., oue half more, one and a half.] 1. One 

and a half ; as, sesouipedal. 2. Containing three atoms 

(of the substance named) combined with two atoms (of 

another element) ; — chemical combining form ; as, ses- 

ride. [nial. I 

Sex-. [L. sex six.] Six ; six times ; sixfold ; as, sezen- ] 

Stanno-. [L. stannurn tin.] Pertaining to, or contain- 
ing, tin ; as, stanno fluoride ; — also used adjectively ; 
as, stanno compounds. 

Step-. [AS. steOp- ; akin to G. stief-, and to AS. astedpan 
to deprive, bereave (children of parents).] Having (a 
specified relationship) through a parent's marriage ; as, 
stepson, stepfather. [stereography. I 

8tereo-. [Gr. arepeos solid.] Solid; hard; firm; as,] 

Sab-. [L. sub under ; akin to Gr. ino.] 1. Under ; be- 
neath ; below ; in an inferior position or degree ; in an 
imperfect or partial state ; as, suoscribe, sufcserve, sub- 
orn, subacid. In words from Latin it is regularly suc- 
before c, suf- before/, sug- before g, and sup- before p ; 
sum- before m , and sur- before r occur in a few instances ; 
as, success, suffer, suggest, summon, surrender. See 
alio Sus-. 2. Containing a small proportion or less than 
nnal amount of (the substance to the name of 
which it is prefixed); — an obsolescent chemical use; 
as, suboxide (an oxide with less than the normal amount 

Subter-. \L. svbter, a comparative form of sub under.] 
Uader ; beneath ; as, subterfuge. 
Sac-, Sal-, Sag-, Sam-, Sap-. Forms of Sub-. 
Super-. [L. super over, above ; akin to Gr. vnep, E. 
Above; over; more than; in a superior posi- 
I addition ; in excess; exceedingly; as, super- 
• -. itmervede, supernatural, superabundant. 
Bupra-. [L. supra ; akin to super over.] Over ; above ; 

beyond ; besides ; as, sw//r«mundane. 

Bar-. 1. [F., over, above; fr. L. super, supra."] Over; 

above ; beyond ; upon ; as, surbase, surcharge. 2. A 

Sub-. 
Sua- [L., for tubs, fr. sub under ; sometimes through 



Forms of Syn-. 
avv with.] With; 



OF. fr. L. sublus below, fr. sub.] Equivalent to 
Sub-. 

Syl-, Sym-. 

Syn-. [Gr. o~uv with.] With; along with; together; 
at the same time ; as, synonym. Syn- becomes syl- be- 
fore I, and sym- before p, b t and m ; as, syllable, symbol. 

Temporo-. Connected with the temple or temporal 
bone ; — an anatomical term ; as, temporo-auricular 
(pertaining to the temple and the ear). 

Ter-. [L. ter thrice.] Three ; thrice ; tri- ; as, tercen- 
tenary (relating to an interval of 300 years). 

Tetra-, Tetr-. [Gr. reVpa-, fr. TeVcrapes, TeTrapes, four.] 
Four ; fourfold ; as, tetrahedron. 

Thermo-. [Gr. 0e'p/uij heat, 0ep/i6s hot, warm.] Relat- 
ing to, causing, or caused by, heat ; as, thermometer. 

Trans-. [L. trans across.] Over ; beyond ; through ; 
through and through ; on the other side ; as, transal- 
pine, transform, transmigrate. 

Trl-. [Gr. rpi-, or L. tri- ; akin to L. Ires, E. three.] 

1. Three ; thrice ; threefold ; as, triangle, tricolored. 

2. Containing three proportional or combining parts of 
the substance named, or being of its third degree; — a 
chemical combining form ; as, trisulphide (a sulphide 
containing three atoms of sulphur). 

Ultra-. [L. ultra beyond.] Beyond ; on the other side ; 
excessively ; inordinately ; as, uZtramarine, ultramon- 
tane, ultramundane. 

Un-. [AS. un-, on-; akin to G. ent-, Goth, and-, L. ante 
before, Gr. avri against.] Undoing ; reversing ; — pre- 
fixed : (a) to verbs to express the contrary, not the sim- 
ple negative, of the action of the verb modified; as, 
unbend, undo, unfold ; (6) to nouns, forming verbs ex- 
pressing privation of the quality expressed by the noun, 
or separation from it ; as, unchurch, unsex. It is some- 
times used merely as an intensive ; as, unloose. 

Un-. [AS. un-; akin to L. in-, Gr. av-, a-, not, with- 
out.] Not ; in- ; non- ; — prefixed to adjectives, parti- 
ciples, and adverbs, sometimes to nouns, forming words 
expressing the negative of the meaning of the original 
word ; as, unable. 

Under-. [E. under, prep, and adv. ; f r. AS. under ; akin 
to G. unter, L. infra below, inferior lower.] Below ; 
beneath ; inferior ; as, undermine. 

Uni-. [L. unus one.] One ; single ; once. 

Up-. [E. up, prep, and adv. ; fr. AS. up, upp, up ; akin 
to G. auf, and to E. over.] Upwards; over; above; 
as, uphold. [ing form. I 

Uranoso-. C ontaining uranium ; — a chemical combin- 1 

Vice-. [L. vice, abl. of vicis change, turn.] In the place^ 
of ; instead of ; representing ; next in rank to, and (on 
occasion) assuming the duties of, a superior in office ; as, 
vicegerent, viceroy ; — also used adjectively ; as, vice ad- 
miral. 

With-. [E. with, in its old sense of against ; fr. AS. 
wi8 ; akin to G. wider.] Against ; back ; in opposition ; 
from ; away ; by ; as, withstand, un'tAdraw. 

Xylo-, Xyl-. [Gr. %vkov wood.] Derived from wood ; 
as, xylophone, xylogen. 

Y-, or I-. [OE. y-, i-, AS. ge- ; akin to G. ge-.] A pre- 
fix, of obscure meaning, originally used with verbs, ad- 
verbs, adjectives, nouns, and pronouns. In the Middle 
English period it was little used except with past parti- 
ciples of verbs. Ycleped, or yclept (called), is perhaps 
the only word not entirely obsolete which shows this use. 

Zott-. [Gr. ^<Zov an animal.] Relating to animals ; as, 
zoology, zootomy. 



SUFFIXES 



*°J*- owing list of suffixes there are included many which are now used and considered as such in 

torieally are the result of older endings not always strictly suffixes, but often containing a 



always strictly suffixes, 



word, and also, sometimes, more than one original suffix. 
*▼«? rare or much altered huffixes and a number of compound suffixes, the meanings of which are readily 
gatnerea iron, the elements oi which they are made up, are omitted. 

and to all nouns whatsoever their source ; in other cases 
-ible is used. 

-ably, -ibly. Adverbial forms corresponding to -able, 
-ible. 

-ac [Gr. -oKoj ; oiten through F. -aque, or L. -acus.] 
Of or pertaining to ; partaking of ; one who ; as, cardi- 
ac, demoniac, elegiac, zodiac. 



Die. ' V. -nble, or L. -abilis ; F. -ible, or L. -ibUis.] 
Capable fit to be; causing; — usually 

to a passive ttu*; ; at-., capaote, passage, anuenaote, suit- 

■ar^OeneraUy thefomj •able, i H affixed to uncorrupted 
tamtfttral st<-< erbs of the first conjugation 

(verbs ending in -are), to verb-, from the Anglo-Saxon, 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



xlix 



[L. -aceus.] Having ; pertaining to ; resem- 
bling ; full of ; as, cetaceous, herbaceous, saponaceous, 
rosaceous. 

-acious. [L. -ax, gen. -acis.] Characterized by ; show- 
ing ; indicating ; as, mendacious, audacious, capacious. 

-aclty. [L. -acitas ; sometimes through F. -acite.] A 
suffix corresponding to -acious, and forming abstract 
nouns ; as, audacity. 

-acy. [OF. -acie, or LL. -atia.~\ State or quality of 
being ; office of ; -cy ; as, abbacy, primacy, diplomacy, 
advocacy. 

-ad. [Gr. -dS- (nom. -as).] 1. Thing that is (single, 
double, etc. ) ; monad, dyad. 2. Patronymic form equiv- 
alent to -id ; as, dryad, Iliad, dunciad. 

-age. [F. ; fr. L. -aticum.~\ Collection of ; state of 
being ; act of ; allowance for ; as, savaye, umbraye, 
foliaae, homage, damage, breakage. 

-al. [F. -al, -el, or L. -alls ; sometimes (forming nouns) 
fr. F. -aille, fr. L. neut. pi. -alia.'] Of ; pertaining to ; 
befitting ; becoming ; act of ; as, mortal, basa£, cordial, 
annua?, eternal, riva*, anima*, anna*. 

-an, -ian. [F. -an, -ain, -ien, or L. -anus, -ianus.] Per- 
taining to (office, profession, character, etc.) ; one who ; 
as, urban, Lutheran, mammalian, Christian. 

-ana. [Neuter pi. ending of L. adjectives in -anus.] 
Things pertaining to (persons or places named) ; — used 
of collections of anecdotes, sayings, etc. ; as, Virgiliana, 
Shakespeareana. 

-ance, -ancy. [F. -ance, or L. -antia, -entia.] Condition ; 
quality ; state ; act of ; as, assistance, complaisance, 
complaisancy, relevancy, elegance. 

-androus. [Gr. amjp, di/Spds, a man.] Having stamens ; 
staminate ; as, anandrows, polyandrons (with many sta- 
mens), gynandrous (with stamens inserted on the pistil). 

-aneous. [L. -aneus.] Being; existing; as, contem- 
poraneous, simultaneous. 

-ant. [F. -ant, or L. -ans, -antis, -ens, -entis.] One 
who ; that which ; doing ; -ent ; as, ascendan*, depend- 
ant, pliant, servant 

-ar. 1. [L. -aris.] Of; pertaining to; -al; as, lunar, 
stellar, regular. 2. [L. -arius; sometimes through 
French.] One who ; that which ; -er ; as, vicar, pillar. 

-arch. [Gr. dpxos chief, commander.] Ruler ; leader ; 
as, monarca, symposiarcA. 

archy. [Gr. -ap^ia, fr. ap^ds chief.] A rule ; ruling ; 
authority ; as, monarchy, oligarchy. 

-ard, -art. [F. ; of G. origin.] Of (such a) disposi- 
tion or character; one who; liable or addicted to; — 
an intensive form ; as, bastard, wizard, drunkard, brag- 
gar*. 

-ary. [L. -arius.] Of or pertaining to; doer of 
(something specified) ; place where ; as, arbitrary, vol- 
untary, adversary, granary, diary. 

-ate. [L. -atus, terrain, of past participles.] 1. -ed ; — 
participial and adj. suffix ; as, situate, desolate, caudate, 
oblate. 2. To make, cause, or act;— verbal suffix; 
as, separate, aggravate, fascinate. 3. Denoting salts 
formed from acids whose names end in -ic ; — chemical 
suffix; as, chlorate, nitrate, sulphate. 4. [L. -atus.] 
Agent ; office ; — a noun suffix ; as, curate, senate, 
mandate. 

-blast. [Gr. jSAaord? sprout, shoot.] Growth ; forma- 
tion ; — suffix used chiefly in biological terms ; as, mero- 
blast, holoblast. 

-ble. [L. -bilis.] See -able, -iele. 

-cal. [L. -calis.] See -ical, -ic. 

-carpous. [Gr. Kapnos fruit.] Bearing fruit (of a kind, 
or in a manner, indicated) ; as, monocarpous (bearing 
fruit but once) ; anthrocarpons (having some part of the 
floral envelope developed into fruit). 

-cephalous. [Gr. »ce$aAi} head.] Having a head or 
heads ; as, hydrocephalus, hrachycephalous (having a 
short head). 

-cle, -cule, -cuius, -cnlum. [L. -cuius, -cula, -culum.] 
A small, diminutive, or little thing (of a kind indicated) ; 
as, follicte, auricte, corpuscte, animaleute, calcidns, cur- 
riculum. 

-cracy. [Gr. -KparCa, fr. Kparelv to be strong, to rule, 
KpaTos strength.] Government ; rule ; ruling or govern- 
ing power or authority; as, democracy, bureaucracy, 
monocracy. 

-craft. [E. craft, n.] Art; skill; trade; as, witch- 
era/*, woodcraft. 

-cy. [F. -ce, -lie, or L. -tia.] Condition ; state of being ; 
as, infancy, agency, captaincy, bankruptcy. 

-d. A form of -ed ; as, laid, paid, read. 
-derm. [Gr. Sep/xa skin.] Skin; integument; cover- 
ed 



ing ; — an anatomical and biological suffix ; as, pachy- 
derm, endoderm. 
-dom. [AS. dom authority, judgment ; same as E. doom.] 
Jurisdiction ; dominion ; state or quality of being ; -ric ; 
as, kingdom, Christendom, earldom, freedom, wisdom. 

-ed. 1. [AS. -ed, -od.] Having ; having been ; — termi- 
nation of the past participles of regular verbs ; also of 
analogous adjectives formed from nouns; as, heated, 
worked, talented, minded. 2. [AS. -e.de, -de, -ode.] 
Termination of the past tense, — as of any regular verb. 
-ee. [F. -e, past participle ending.] Recipient of; one 
on, or to whom, something is done ; — correlative to -ob, 
the agent or doer ; as, donee, grantee. 

-eer, -ier. [F. -ier, or -aire, L. -arius.] Engaged in ; 
employed at ; residing in ; one who ; as, cannoneer, can- 
noneer, musketeer, volunteer, engineer, brigadier, gren- 
adier, cavalier. 

-en. 1. [AS. -an, plural ending.] Two or more ; as, 
oxen, children, brethren. 2. [Of AS. origin.] To make, 
render, or cause ; — a suffix forming verbs from nouns 
and adjectives ; as, strengthen, quicken, frighten. 3. [AS. 
-en / akin to L. -inus, Gr. -ii/o?.] Made of ; pertaining 
to; — adjective suffix; as, golden, leaden, wooden. 4. 
[AS. -en.] Termination of the past participle of many 
strong verbs ; as, broken, beholden, gotten, spoken. 

-ence, -ency. [F. -ence, or L. -entia.] Action ; state ; 
quality ; also that which relates to the action or state ; 
-ance ; -ancy ; as, emergence, emergency, diffidence, dili- 
gence, influence, difference, excellence, excellency, ef- 
ficiency. 

-ent. [F. -ent, or L. -ens, -entis.] A suffix signifying (as 
forming adjectives) action or being ; and (as forming 
nouns) one who or that which is or does ; -ant ; as, cor- 
rodent, excellent, emergen*, continent, quiescen*. 

-er. [AS. -ere; akin to L. -arius.] 1. One who does; 
agent ; inhabitant of a (specified) place ; as, hater, 
farmer, grater, Londoner. 2. [AS. -ra (for adverbs 
-or) ; akin to G. -er, L. -ior, Gr. -iW.] More ; — com- 
parative suffix of adjectives ; as, warmer, lat(e)er, 
thicker, earlier (i = y). 

-era. [L. -emus.] In ; belonging to ; as, northern, 
subaltern, western. 

-ery. [F. -erie, LL. -eria, -aria.] Act ; behavior ; occu- 
pation ; art ; place where something is done or kept ; col- 
lection ; as, robbery, foolery, joinery, surgery, foundery, 
refinery, grocery, finery, nunnery. 

-es. Plural termination. See -s. 

-esce. [L. -eseere.] To begin to ; to be in a (specified) 
condition ; as, acquiesce, coalesce, effervesce. 

-escent. [L. -escens, -escentis, ending of present parti- 
ciple of inchoative verbs.] Beginning ; as, adolescent, 
obsolescent, senescen*, incandescent 

-ese. [OF. -eis, or It. -ese, or Sp. -es, or Pg. -ez ; all 
fr. L. -ensis.] 1. Belonging to a (specified) place or 
country ; as, Chinese, Maltese, Portuguese. 2. The lan- 
guage of a (specified) place or people ; as, Chinese, Jap- 
anese, etc. 

-esque. [F. -esque, or It. -esco.] In the manner or 
style of ; like ; -ish ; as burlesque, moresgue, pictur- 
esque. 

-ess. [OF. -esse, LL. -issa, Gr. -itnra.] Suffix forming 
feminine nouns ; -ix ; as, authoress, lioness, negress, 
shepherdess, sorceress, giantess, huntress, countess, 
priestess, hostess, poetess, tailoress. 

-est. [AS. -ost, -est; akin to G. -est.] Most; — super- 
lative suffix of adverbs and adjectives ; as, highest, no- 
bles*, lat(e)es*, thickes*, earlies* (i = y). 

-et, -ette. [F. -et, masc, -ette, fern.] Diminutive suffix 
of nouns ; -let ; as, quarte*, quartette, minue*, barone*, 
pocke*, face*, flowere*, latche*, brunette. 

-eth. [AS. -e<S,- aS, -&.] Obsolete termination of the 
3d person sing, of the pres. iudic. of verbs : as, wille*^, 
hope*a. 

-fold. [AS. -feald; akin to fealdan to fold.] Repeated 
(so many) times ; -pie ; as, fourfold, manifold, seven- 
fold. 

-form. [L. forma form.] In the form or shape of ; like ; 
resembling ; having (such) a form or (so many) forms ; 
as, fili/orm, calci/orm, dei/orm, multiform. 

-fill. [AS. fid full; akin to L. plenus, Gr. jrA^pr/s-] 
Full of ; abounding with ; causing ; as, hopeful, cheerful, 
awful, careful, peaceful, powerful, fanciful, doubtful. 

-fy. [F. -fler, L. -ficare ; akin to facere to do.] To make, 
render, or become ; as, glorify, pacify, amplify, lique/y, 
ratify, purify, testify, signi/y, acetify, quali/y, rectify. 

-gen. [Gr. -yei/rfc born; sometimes through F. -gene.] 
Thing growing or increasing (in a way indicated) ; thing 



B 



G 



H 



K 



M 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



iug or general dropen, oyano- 

pen, eudoyro. vxogrn. 

gf tnni genous [-#•« (or cir. -ymff born) -f- -ous ; 
wnMtiini fr kindn ■.. Producing : yielding; 

. \o(/t'iious, eiido- 
', . . . .. .,; N ...._. . ..* i I'lvaii, iul; alkalis), indigenous. 

-gerous lu-ar, carry) -f- -ous.] 

.i>. dcuti</< rous (bearing or having 
-ous (containing lime). 
-glyph * to engrave.] Thing engraved ; as, 

-glyphy. [See -glyph.] Art of engraving ; as, galvan- 

-gram [Gr. ypa^^a thing drawn or written, fr. yptfyeiv 
>.] Thing drawn or written; as, monogram, 
m, cryptogram. 
-graph. [Gr. -ypa<j>o<; describing ; akin to Gr. ypa<f>eiv to 
Thing drawn or written ; also, a writer ; as, 
ph , crypt ograph , telegraph , phonograph, chrono- 
aph. 
-graphy. [Gr. -ypaifria, fr. ypaxpciv to write.] Art of 
ription ; a treatise ; as, stereography, bi- 
ography, geography, myography, phonography. 
-grave. [G. graf earl, count.] A ruler ; — termination 
- ; as, margrave, landorare. 

-hood. -head. [AS. had.l State; condition; quality; 
totality; -ship; as, manhood, childAood, knighthood, 
brotherhood, priest/Wd, neighborhood, widowAood, god- 
head. 

-lhle. A form equivalent in meaning to -able. 
-Ic. -leal. [L. -icus, or Gr. -t/co? ; sometimes through 
F. -iqu?.~\ 1. Relating to ; characteristic of, or charac- 
terized by ; as, historic, historical, hygienic, telegraphic, 
Bodt'c, politic, politico/, calcic, magnetic, cubic, cubical, 
periodic, periodical. 2. Pertaining to ; having its high- 
est, or a relatively higher, valence in a compound ; — a 
chemical use of -ic ; as, nitric (acid), sulphuric (acid). 
-Ice. [F. -ice, or (its commonest source) L. -itia, or (less 
commonly) -iriu.*.] Act ; quality ; condition ; as, mal- 
ice, pumice, novice, notice, justice. 

-lea. [-ic + -*, pi. sign.] Science or art of (the subject 
specified in the stem word) ; theory or study of ; as, 
mathematics, statics, optics, ethics, dynamics, rubrics. 
Hf" Words ending in -ics are plural in form, and 
previous to the nineteenth century were construed as 
plural ; but they are now generally treated as singular. 
-Id. [F. -ide, or L. -idws.] Having a (specified) quality ; 

as, rabid, morbid, acid, liquid, rigid, humid, timid. 

-Ide. [L. -idus. Gr. -ifins.] Usually, the nonmetallic, or 

negative, element in a binary compound ; — a chemical 

suffix ; as, oxide, sulphide, chloride. [brownie. I 

-le. Little ; -y ; -kin ; — a diminutive suffix ; as, lassie, | 

-ler. See -fee. 

-lie. [L. -ili.s.~\ Of; pertaining to; like; as, mobile, 
affile, docile, mercantile, versatile, pueriZe, volatile. 
-in. See -iNi.. 

-lne. [L. inux, -ina, or Gr. -iw>s.] 1. Like ; of ; per- 
taining to ; as, masculine, feminine, canine, adaman- 
. equine, genuine, aquiline. 2. (a) A 
suffix forming names of substances ; as, vaseline, glycer- 
mmerofal usage), iodine, bromine. (0) Basic 
and alkaloidal substance; — a chemical suffix used in 
forming names of organic bases and basic substances, 
trogenOfU substances ; as, quinine, morphine. In 
•1 terminology -in is now generally distinguished 
ie, although the distinction to be made between 
• entirely settled. Generally speaking, in- is 
naming indifferent and neutral substances; as, 
3. [F. ; f r. L. -inn, Gr. -lvr\ ; sometimes 
Suffix forming feminine nouns ; as, heroine, 
laadgrerfne, m arg n wfe e. 

-ing. 1 ted for AS. -ende, akin to L. -ant-, 

r-.] Ending of present participles; as, 

<ng, toothing, etc. 2. [AS. -ing, -ung.] 

-ndary sense) collection; the 

Tiding, dying, ie.eMng, -winning, 

<-.\<, thing ; — a suffix for forming 

erba, 

-Ion. [Y. -",„, or L. .,>,. -,> /r/ ,.,.] Act; process; result 

condition; -tion ; as, dominion, 

See -no*. 

to K -ic.] Having'; in vol v- 






tuuque, antique, critique, pratAque. 



A form of -v/.F.. 

iMh 1 !dn to O. 4sch, Gr. -tV*os.] Per- 

ome degree ; as, lav- 

*•*»■«■" <rutOih, dandyi*A. 2. [F. -is-, LL. 

■He-, inchoative.] A verb suffix of French origin, usu- 



ally having a causative sense ; as, abolish, cherish, fin- 
ish, iurnish, garnish, impoveris/i. 

-Ism- [F. -isme, or L. -ismus, or (their source), Gr. 
-toyxos.] Act, process, or result ; characteristic ; doc- 
trine ; as, baptism, galvanism, organism, hypnotism, 
socialise, sensual?'*'?/*, Anglicanism, Mohammedanism. 

-1st. [F. -isle, or Gr. -Km??.] Agent ; doer ; practicer 
of ; believer in ; as, theorist, socialist, druggist, op- 
tinu'sZ, anarchist. 

-lte. [Gr. -i'tjjs, or -iris.] 1. One of ; a follower of, or 
believer in ; as, preadarniZe, Jacobite, bedlamite. 2. A 
suffix used in naming minerals ; as, barite, meteorite, 
graphite, pyrite. 3. Ending of names of salts formed 
from acids terminating in -ous ; — a chemical suffix ; as, 
nitrite, phosphite. 

-ltls. [Gr. -it «.] Inflammation of (the part specified) ; 

— a medical suffix ; as, adenitis, bronchitis, arthritis. 
-lty. [F. -ite, or L. -itas.~\ A suffix equivalent to -ty ; as, 

equity, veracity, spontaneity. 

-lve. [L. -ivus.J Relating or belonging to; of the 
nature of ; tending to ; as, affirmative, active, conclu- 
sive, diminutive, derisive, conducive, irritative. 

-ize, -ise. [F. -iser, L. -izare, or (their source), Gr. 
-t£eu>.] To make ; to do ; to practice ; to become ; as, 
memorize, economise, equalize, criticise, exercise. 

-izm. A form of -ism. 

-kin. [Akin to LG. -ken, G. -chen.~\ Small; pretty; 
-y ; -ie ; -let ; -ling ; as, cat/cin, lamMin, bodftin, nap- 
kin, pipkin. 

-Ie. 1. [AS. -ol, -id, -el; or F. -el, fr. L. -ellus.~] Used 
for ; — often a diminutive suffix of nouns and adjectives ; 
as, bund/e, girdZe, throttZe, brid/e. 2. A diminutive 
and frequentative suffix of verbs ; as, sparkZe, speckZe, 
joggZe, darkZe, crumbZe. 

-less- [AS. leas loose, false ; akin to G. -los.~] With- 
out ; free from ; lacking ; destitute of ; as, child/ess, 
witness, home/ess, breathless, senseZess. 

-let. [F. -el (= L. -ellus) + -eZ.] Used for ; little ; 
small ; -le ; -kin ; as, rivuZeZ, streamZeZ, armZeZ, braceZeZ. 

-like. [E. like, adj. ; fr. AS. gelic like, f r. pref. ge- + lie 
body, shape.] Resembling ; -ly ; as, homeZi&e, child- 
like, warlike. 

-ling. 1. [AS.] Small thing; — a diminutive or depre- 
ciatory suffix forming nouns ; as, foundZingr, duckZiny, 
gosling, hireling, underling, stripling. 2. [AS. -linga, 
-lunga.) In a (specified) condition or direction ; -long ; 

— adverbial suffix ; as, darkZiny, flatZiny (flatwise), 
-lith, -lite. [Gr. A.i'0os a stone.] Pertaining to stone ; 

— endings of names of minerals ; as, monoZiZA, aeroZiZA, 
aeroZiZe, meteoroZiZe. 

-logy. [Gr. -Aoyta, fr. A.6yos discourse, fr. Ae'yeiv to 
speak.] A discourse, treatise, doctrine, theory, science, 
etc., concerning; as, biology, etymology, entomology, 
morphology, histology. 

-long. [AS. -lunga."] In a (specified) condition or direc- 
tion ; -ling ; — adverbial suffix ; as, headZony, sideZony. 

-ly. [AS. -lie, orig. same as E. like; or sometimes from 
a kindred Icel. ending.] Like ; resembling ; — a suffix 
forming adjectives and adverbs ; as, homeZy, ugly, fear- 
fulZy, plainZy, nobly, costly. 

-mancy. [Gr. |u.ai>Teia divination.] Divination (by a spec- 
ified means or method) ; as, necromancy, chiromancy. 

-ment. [F. -ment, or (its source) L. -mentum.~\ Act, 
state, or condition of being ; process ; result of ; that 
which ; as, contentmenZ, managemenZ, impedimenZ, in- 
fringemenZ, complimenZ. 

-mere. [Gr. /xe'pos part.] Part; portion; — a combin- 
ing form in biology, etc. ; as, blastomere. 

-meter. [L. metrum, or Gr. fierpov, measure.] A thing 
used for measuring; as, hydromeZer, barometer, chro- 
nometer, dynamometer. 

-metry. Art, process, or science of measuring ; as, chro- 
nometry, geometry. 

-mony. [F. -monie, or (its source) L. -monia, or -moni- 
v/m.~\ Action ; result of an action ; faculty ; state of 
being ; abstract condition ; as, matrimony, testimony, 
a limon y, parsimony, sanctimony, ceremony, patrimony. 

-morphous. [Gr. fxop<f>ri form.] Having (a specified) 
form, shape, or condition ; as, amorphous, isomorphous. 

-most. [AS. -rnest.; confused with E. most, fr. AS. 
mtxist.] In the highest degree ; -est ; — superlative suf- 
fix ; as, topmosZ, lowermosZ, uppermosZ. 

-n. A form of -en. 

-ness. [AS. ; akin \o G. ^nAs, -niss.~\ Quality or state 

of being ; condition ; — suffix forming abstract nouns ; 

as, goodness, likeness, holiness, emptiness. 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



li 



-ock. [AS. -uc] Small; young; — a diminutive suffix ; 
as, hillock, bullocA, mattock. 

-Old, -Oidal. [Gr. -o-ei&js, fr. elSos form, l£elv to see.] 
Like ; resembling ; in the form of ; as, alkaloid , alka- 
loidal, botryoid, botryoidal, asteroid, spheroid. 

-oma. [Gr. -wjixa, -w/aaTos.] Morbid condition ; tumor ; 
— a medical suffix ; as, glaucoma, fibroma (tumor 
mainly of fibrous tissue). 

-one. [Gr. -u>vr), signifying, female descendant.] A 
chemical suffix indicating that the substance in the 
name of which it appears is a ketone ; as, acetone. 

-Or. [L. ; sometimes through F. -or, -our.'] 1. Act, 
state, or quality ; as ardor, fervor, demeanor, behavior. 
2. Agent or doer ; -er ; — correlative to -ee ; as, donor, 
actor, author, assessor. See -toe (the true Latin form 
of the suffix in this sense). 

-ory. 1. [L. -orius; sometimes through F. -aire.'] Per- 
taining to ; for the purpose of ; serving for ; as, auditory, 
peremptory, valedictory, promissory. 2. [L. -orium ; 
sometimes through F. -oire.] That which pertains to, 
or serves for ; place where ; as, consistory, factory, con- 
ditory. 

-0S6. [L. -osus.] 1. Full of ; containing ; like ; as, glo- 
bose, comatose, morose, verbose. 2. Belonging to the 
group which includes the sugars, starches, and gums ; — 
a chemical suffix ; as, dextrose, cellulose, glucose. 

-OUT. [OF.] A form of -oe. 

-OUS. [OF., fr. L. -osus, or -us.] 1. Full of ; abounding 
in ; having ; addicted to ; possessing the qualities of ; 
like ; as, valorous, generous, globoids, onerous. 2. Hav- 
ing a lower valence than that denoted by -ic ; — a chem- 
ical suffix ; as, nitrous, sulphurous. 

-phagOUS. [Gr. <j>ayelv to eat.] Eating ; feeding on ; 

-vorous ; as, -phytophagous. 
-phyte. [Gr. <j>vtov a plant.] Plant ; vegetable growth ; 

as, dermatophyte. 
•plasm. [L. plasma thing formed or molded, Gr. 

irA.ao-ju.0, fr. Gr. w\d<rcreiv to mold.] Thing formed or 

molded ; as, bioplasm, protoplasm, 
-plast. [Gr. 7rA.ao-Tos formed, fr. TrXacraecv to form, 

mold.] Thing formed ; individual growth. 
-plastic [Gr. TrXao-TiKos fit for molding, fr. TrXda-creiv 

to form.] Developing ; forming ; growing ; as, mono- 

plastic (that has one form) ; heteroplastic (producing a 

different type of organism). 
-plasty. [See -plastic] A forming ; development ; 

growth ; as, perineoplasty (the process of restoring an 

injured perineum by growth). 
-pie. [L. -plus.] Repeated (so many) times ; -fold ; as, 

quadruple, tripte, sextuple. 
•pod. [Gr. 7Tous, iroSos, foot.] Having (such, or so 

many) feet ; footed ; as, decapod, amphipod, myriapod. 
-poda. [See -pod.] Suffix used in naming classes, 

orders, etc., of insects, crustaceans, etc., referring to 

the number, kind, etc., of their feet ; as, amphipoda, 

hexapoda. 

-red. [AS. rseden.] Condition; state; -hood; -head; 
as, kindred, hat(e)red. 

-Tic [AS. rice kingdom, dominion.] Dominion ; juris- 
diction ; district ; office ; -dom ; as, bishopric. 

-ry. [A form of -eet.] Method ; place ; region ; collec- 
tion ; art of ; as, yeomanry, revelry, imagery, enginery. 

-S. [AS. -es.] 1. Suffix forming the possessive singular, 
and sometimes the possessive plural, of nouns (written 
's) ; as, man's, men's, virtue's, success's, woman's, 
women's. 2. In a secondary use, a suffix forming 
adverbs ; as, towards, always, noways, betimes, un- 
awares. 

-S, -es. 1. [AS. -as; perhaps in part also F. -s.] Plural 
suffix for nouns ; as, hopes, goods, chattels, meanings. 
2. In verbs the ending of the 3d pers. sing., — substi- 
tuted for the earlier -th. 

•"SCOpe. [Gr. oxon-ds a watcher, fr. <r<oneZv to view.] 
An instrument for observing ; as, microscope, horoscope, 
spectroscope, gyroscope. 

-SCOpy. [See -scope.] Observation ; examination ; sur- 
vey ; as, microscopy. 



-Ship. [AS. -scipe.] State ; office ; dignity ; profes- 
sion ; art ; -head ; -hood ; -red ; as, authorship, king- 
ship, comradesAip, worship, horsemanship. 

-sion. Equivalent to -tion. 

-some. 1. [Gr. <7tt>ju,a the body.] Thing pertaining to, 
or forming part of, the body ; — suffix of biological 
terms ; as, cephalosome (anterior region of head of in- 
sects). 2. [AS. -sum ; akin to E. same.] A suffix hav- 
ing primarily the idea of sameness or likeness, and de- 
noting a considerable degree or quantity of the thing or 
quality indicated by the first part of the compound ; as, 
mettlesome, gladsome, winsome, blithesome, fulsome, 
gruesome. 

-Ster. [AS. -estre, -istre.] Agent or doer (originally a 
woman) ; esp., one who does something with skill, as an 
occupation, or habitually ; as, spinster, songster, baxter 
(= bakester), youngster, dabster, punster. 

-Stress, [-ster -f -ess.] Feminine agent ; as, song- 
stress, seamstress. 

-t- [AS. -t, -3, -Se, -Su.] Act ; deed ; -th ; — a termina- 
tion of abstract nouns ; as, flight, migh*. 

-teen. [AS. -tene, -tyne; akin to E. ten.] Increased 
by ten ; — termination of numerals ; as, fourteen, nine- 
teen. 

-th. 1. [AS. -&, -Su, -are.] State ; quality ; result of 
an act; thing existing in a condition indicated; as, 
wid^A, health, truth, spU7A (that which is spilled), 
green^A (green foliage). 2. [AS. -8a; akin to L. -tus, 
Gr. -tos.] Having (such a) place or order; — termina- 
tion of ordinal numbers ; as, fourth, tilth, math. 3. A 
form of -eth. 

-tion. [L. -tio, -tionis; sometimes through F. -Hon.] 
State ; action ; result of an act ; — termination of ab- 
stract nouns ; as, condition, deception, induction, emo- 
tion. Sometimes -tion has as its equivalent -sion ; as, 
extension, dimension. The suffix often seems to be 
-ion added to an English word ending in t, or its equiva- 
lent ; as, action, construction, subjection. 

-tor. [L. ; sometimes through French.] Agent or doer; 
-or ; -er ; as, operator, inspector, regulator. 

-triz. [L.] Feminine suffix corresponding to -toe ; as, 
executrix, administraMz. 

-ty. 1. [AS. -tig.] Ten times; multiplied by ten ; — 
termination of numerals ; as, forty, fifty, sixiy. 2. [F. 
-te, or (its source) L. -tas, -tatis.] The being or having a 
(specified) property or quality; — termination of ab- 
stract nouns ; as, equity, bounty, beauty, entity. 

-Ule. [F., or (its source) L. -ulus.] Little; pretty; 
-cule ; -cle ; — diminutive termination of nouns ; as, 
globule, spherute. 

-ure. [F., or (its source) L. -ura.] Action; being; 
thing produced ; abstract condition ; a6, censure, ex- 
posure, torture, cincture, rupture. 

-vorous. [L. vorare to devour.] Devouring; eating; 
feeding on ; as, omnivorous, phyth'orows, carnivorous. 

-Ward, -wards. [AS. -weard, -weardes ; akin to L. 
versus toward. The s of -wards is the adverbial -s.] 
In a (specified) direction ; having a (specified) motion or 
tendency ; as, homeward, leeward, outward, outwards, 
upwards. 

-way, -ways. [E. way, n.,fr. AS. weg; akin to L. via 
way. The s of -ways is the adverbial -s.] In a (speci- 
fied) manner or direction ; -wise ; as, noway, noways, 
crossway, anyway, endways. 

-Wise. [E. wise manner, fr. AS. wise.] In a (specified) 
manner, fashion, mode, or direction ; -way ; -ways ; as, 
edgewise, nowise, lengthwise. 

-y. 1. [AS. -ig ; akin to G. -ig, L. -icus, Gr. -iko?.] Be- 
ing in a condition characterized by ; having ; full of ; — 
suffix forming adjectives from nouns and verbs ; as in 
heavy, guilty, busy. 2. Little ; -ie ; -kin ; — most used 
as a familiar ending of Christian names. 3. [F. -ie, 
or (its source) L. -ia, or Gr. -ta.] A having; resem- 
blance ; somewhat ; -cy ; -ence ; -ency ; — orig. a termi- 
nation of abstract nouns ; as, prophecy, envy, treasury. 



B 



H 



K 



Note. — A study of the foregoing list of Prefixes and Suffixes in connection with the etymologies in the body of 
the work will contribute to an understanding of the proper mode of forming words, and of the signification of their 
constituent parts. 



M 



RELATIONS OF ENGLISH TO OTHER 
LANGUAGES. 






1 vtive UD Foreign Elements. English, as 
now spoken and written, is,.as regards its vocabulary, a 
composite language. Words Lave been adopted from a 
Urge number of languages spoken in various parts of the 
aid in such numbers that of our whole stock of 
words, as found in the largest and most complete diction- 
laefa more than half are of foreign origin. These 
borrowed words have come in the greatest numbers from 
French, Latin, and Greek, which are languages kindred 
to English. But a very large proportion of these words 
is of comparatively infrequent or of technical use, and, if 
we omit such words from consideration, we find that 
there is only one group of originally foreign or non-Teu- 
tonic words which has contributed in a very marked de- 
cree to the familiar vocabulary of daily life ; namely, 
the French words, — for the most part, of Latin descent, 
— which were adopted after the Norman Conquest, dur- 
ing the period when French was much spoken in Eng- 
land. As the vernacular of the ruling classes, French 
even seemed for a time to threaten to supplant the na- 
tive English and become in its stead the national lan- 
guage of England, just as the vulgar, or common, Latin 
from which it descended had established itself in what is 
now France, displacing the earlier Celtic speech of that 
country, or as the native English (or Anglo-Saxon) had 
itself displaced, to a great extent, the Celtic formerly 
spoken in Britain. Such familiar words as uncle, aunt, 
cousin, xecond, quart, quarter, very (adj. and adv.), catch, 
etc., and a few suffixes are from French. 

§ 2. Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Indo-European. The 
native English is the descendant and representative of 
the Anglo-Saxon, the speech of Teutonic tribes which 
came into England in the fifth century as conquerors, 
and subdued the Celtic inhabitants. The language of 
the latter still survives in Wales as Welsh, a tongue al- 
lied to the now extinct Cornish, and to Irish and Gaelic. 
has lost most of the inflection, and many of the 
words, which belonged to the parent language ; and, as 
has been said above, it has borrowed words very largely 
^nages. Yet the inflections it still pos- 
sesses, mo«t of its formative endings, its pronouns, and 
most of its particles, as conjunctions and prepositions, 
<: than half of the words which are in most fre- 
i familiar use are from the Anglo-Saxon. With 
store of foreign elements it is still essentially a 
language, like Dutch, German, Danish, Swe- 
dish, and soma others. These again make one branch, 
t Germanic, of that great family of lan- 
as it extends from India westward, and 
tire area of Europe, is called Indo- 
.'. Indo-Germanic). Among all 
<*uages, the Indo-European (sometimes 
Japhetic) is remarkable for its 
tructure, and is preeminent 
iterary monuments. The parent 
>f the whole family, the primitive Indo-European lan- 
monument of itself, but its 
lormM " be made out., to a great extent, by 

***•**"' fiMn of the languages which are 

d * ,Mod ' i h, true, have suffered 

various and m -reaching modifications and 

alters*)',.- ifna] jmcteae, and this is true in 

a high degree c , :Ven in the ear . 



liest forms in which we know them. The main branches 
of the Indo-European family are the following : — 

§ 3. I. The Indian. The Sanskrit of the four Vedas, 
the sacred books of the Brahman religion, is more an- 
cient than the common or classical Sanskrit. Even the 
latter had ceased to be the language of common life as 
early as the third century before Christ. It was suc- 
ceeded by the Prakrit dialects, one of which, the Pali, 
is the sacred language of the Buddhists in Ceylon and 
Farther India. These, in their turn, were succeeded by 
the modern idioms of Northern Hindustan, the Bengali, 
Marathi, Guzerathi, and others. The Hindustani (or 
Urdu), formed in the camps and courts of the Moham- 
medan conquerors of India, is largely intermixed with 
Persian and Arabic. The widely-scattered Gypsies speak, 
with great diversity of dialect, a language which is clearly 
of Indian stock. 

§ 4. II. The Iranian. To this branch belong, 1. The 
Zend (better called Avestan), preserved in the Avesta, 
or sacred writings of the Parsis. 2. The Old Persian, 
which is seen in the cuneiform (or arrow-headed) in- 
scriptions of Darius and Xerxes. The modern Persian 
has lost nearly all the ancient inflection, and with the 
Mohammedan religion has adopted a multitude of words 
from the Arabic. Other languages belonging to this 
branch are those of the Kurds, the Afghans, the Ossetes 
(in the Caucasus), and the Baluchi, spoken in Baluchi- 
stan. The Indian and Iranian are often classed together 
as forming the Indo-Persian or Aryan branch of our 
family. 

§ 5. III. The Armenian. This language forms a sort 
of connecting link between the preceding branches and 
the European branches of the family. 

§ 6. IV. The Greek. Of its numerous dialects, the 
first to receive literary culture was the Old Ionic or 
Epic, followed by the JEolic, the Boric, the New Ionic, 
and finally the Attic, which became at length, though 
with some change of form, the common language of lite- 
rature and society. It is represented now by the Romaic 
or Modern Greek. 

§ 7. V. The Italic. This is sometimes joined with 
the preceding, as the Graeco-Latin, or Classical branch. 
Closely allied to Latin, the most important and the best 
known language of this branch, were the Oscan and the 
Umbrian, in central Italy, and some other dialects. The 
modern descendants of the Latin are called the Romance 
or Romanic languages. They are the Italian, the Span- 
ish, the Portuguese, the Provencal (of southern France, 
important as a literary language in the Middle Ages), 
the Catalan (in Catalonia and Valencia in Spain, hardly 
more than a dialect of Provencal), the French, the Rhce- 
to-Romance dialects (in parts of Switzerland, Tyrol, and 
Italy), and the Roumanian. All of these, except the 
Roumanian, contain a certain proportion of Teutonic 
words, brought in by the Teutonic tribes which estab- 
lished themselves in the territory of the Western Roman 
Empire. The Roumanian contains many foreign words, 
especially from the Slavonic. 

§ 8. VI. The Celtic. The living languages of this 
branch are divided by strongly marked differences into 
two sections : the one comprising the Irish, the Gaelic 
(or Erse or Highland Scotch), and the Manx spoken on 
the Isle of Man (the last two are little more than dialects 



EELATIONS OF ENGLISH TO OTHER LANGUAGES. 



liii 



Of Irish) ; the other, the Welsh and the Breton or Armo- 
riean (spoken in the French province of Brittany, where 
it was brought by immigrants from England in the fifth 
and sixth centuries of our era). The Cornish, formerly 
spoken in Cornwall, died out in the last century ; it was 
closely allied to Breton and Welsh. Not much is known 
of the Celtic dialects formerly spoken on the continent 
of Europe, notably in Gaul. The oldest Irish manu- 
scripts date from the eighth century ; the oldest Welsh 
ones of any considerable extent belong to the twelfth. 

§9. VII. The Albanian. This language, spoken in 
Albania in the southwestern part of European Turkey 
and a part of Greece, has now been recognized as a sepa- 
rate branch of the family. It is probably the descendant 
of the ancient Blyrian, but has become much altered, 
and has suffered from the influences of other languages, 
especially Latin. 

§ 10. VIII. The Slavonic or Slavic. The oldest monu- 
ment is the version of the Bible made in the ninth cen- 
tury by the Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius into 
the Old Slavonic or Church Slavonic, an idiom closely 
related to the Bulgarian. The most important of the 
other Slavonic languages are, in the east and south, 
the Russian (including the Little Russian or Ruthenian, 
and other dialects), the Bulgarian, the Servo-Croatian, 
the Slovenic, and, in the west, the Polish, the Bohe- 
mian (with the Moravian and Slovack dialects), the 
Lusatian or Wendish, the Casubian, and the extinct 
Polabian. 

§ 11. IX. The Baltic or Lettish. The language of 
Lithuania, the Lithuanian, has no monuments older than 
the middle of the sixteenth century \ but it has preserved 
in a surprising degree the ancient inflection and struc- 
ture. To the same stock belong the Lettish of Courland 
and Livonia, which is much less ancient in its form, and 
the Old Prussian, which was once spoken on the coast 
of the Baltic east of the Vistula, but became extinct in 
the seventeenth century. The connection between this 
and the preceding branch is such that they are often 
classed together as the Letto-Slavic or Balto-Slavic lan- 
guages. 

§ 12. The Teutonic or Germanic Here again the 
earliest monument is a version of the Bible, made by 
Ulfilas, an Arian bishop of the fourth century, into his 
native Gothic (or Mseso-Gothic), the language spoken at 
that time by the Goths on the Lower Danube. This 
work is preserved only in fragments, but these are of 
considerable extent, and are of inestimable value to the 
philologist. Among the Teutonic languages we distin- 
guish, besides the Gothic, already mentioned : — 

§ 13. 1. The Norse, or Scandinavian. The Old Norse 
is also called Old Icelandic, as most of its abundant 
literature (Eddas, Sagas, etc.) was composed in Iceland. 
The oldest manuscripts in which it is preserved are of 
the end of the twelfth century ; but many of its produc- 
tions are of earlier origin, going back even to the heathen 
times of Scandinavia. The modern Icelandic has adhered 
with considerable fidelity to the forms of the ancient 
language. But the modern idioms of the Scandinavian 
mainland, the Siuedish, and, still more, the Danish (in- 
cluding the Dano-Norwegian, or literary language of 
Norway), and the Norwegian dialects, have undergone 
extensive changes. 

§ 14. 2. The West-Teutonic or West-Germanic group. 
It includes the following languages : (a) High German, 
in upper or southern Germany. The Old High German 
is seen in Otfrid's Krist, Notker's Translation of the 
Psalms, and other monuments, most of them in verse, 
from the eighth century to the end of the eleventh. The 
Middle High German, from the twelfth to the fifteenth 
century, has a rich poetical literature, including national 
poetry like the Nibelungenlied, courtly epics, and the 
lyric poetry of the Minnesinger. Modern German, some- 



times called New High German, is the language of Lu- 
ther's version of the Bible and of German literature since 
the Reformation. (6) Low German, in northern Germany 
and the Netherlands, which properly includes not only 
the so-called Plattdeutsch, but also the parent of these 
dialects, the Old Saxon, seen in the Heliand (i. e., Sa- 
viour), a metrical narration of the gospel history, pre- 
served in manuscripts, one of which is of the ninth 
century, likewise the Dutch and the Flemish (almost 
identical with Dutch). Under Low German is also in- 
cluded the Friesic or Frisian, once spoken along almost 
all the northern coast of Germany and the Netherlands, 
west of the Elbe. Its early monuments consist almost 
wholly of laws, beginning as early as the thirteenth cen- 
tury. For a long time it has existed only as a popular 
idiom, and is now confined to a few small and scattered 
localities. And, lastly, from a region not far from the 
mouth of the Eider or the Elbe, in Schleswig, seems to 
have come at least one of the Teutonic tribes (the An- 
gles), who brought their language into Britain. From 
the language of these invading West Teutonic tribes 
comes the language which after their establishment in 
England was called English (englisc), and which is now 
called Anglo-Saxon, or, by many scholars, Old English. 
English is therefore most closely related to Frisian and 
the other Low German tongues spoken on the continent 
of Europe. 

§ 15. Languages not kindred to the English. The 
Indo-European family has no isolated domain, but comes 
in contact with various other families of languages. It is 
bounded along much of its northern frontier by the Tar- 
taric (or Tataric) family (called also the Turanian, or 
the Altaic, or Ural-Altaic), which includes the numerous 
and widely-different languages of the Manchus, the 
Mongols, the Turks (in Asia and Europe), the Magyars 
(in Hungary), the Finns, and a multitude of other tribes. 
To the southeast it touches on the so-called Dravidian 
family, the Tamil and its sister idioms in Ceylon and 
Southern India. In Southwestern Asia it is in contact 
with a more remarkable family, — the Semitic, — includ- 
ing the Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Ethiopic, with their 
ancient and important literatures. Even in Southwestern 
Europe, it is doubtful whether the ancient Etruscan be- 
longed to our family. It is perfectly clear that the 
ancient Iberian did not belong to it, which was once the 
prevailing language of the Spanish peninsula, and which 
still lives, on the two sides of the Pyrenees, in the strange 
language called Basque (Biscayan, or Euscarra). Wheth- 
er the Indo-European has a primitive connection with 
any of the adjacent families, is a question which has not 
been, and perhaps never will be, decided by philological 
evidence. At all events, it is certain that between 
Welsh and Sanskrit, distant as they are in space and 
time, there is a much closer connection than between the 
neighboring pairs of Russian and Finnish, German and 
Hungarian, or Greek and Hebrew. It is true that some 
languages of our family have borrowed particular words 
from languages of other families. The English, for ex- 
ample, has taken from the Hebrew such words as shekel, 
cherub, seraph, jubilee, pharisee, cabala, etc. ; and from 
some of them has formed derivatives, such as seraphic, 
jubilant, pharisaical, pharisaism, cabalist, cabalistical, 
etc. But this borrowing can only occur where there are 
historical conditions that favor it : even then it has its 
limits and its distinctive mark, and must not be con- 
founded with a radical affinity between two languages. 
All etymologizing which assumes or implies a radical, 
or root, affinity between English and Hebrew, English 
and Finnish, or the like, is, in the present state of 
philology, unscientific and illusory. 

§ 16. The relations of the various languages consid- 
ered above are exhibited approximately in the following 
classification. 



B 



H 



K 



M 



Hv RELATIONS OF ENGLISH TO OTHER LANGUAGES. 

Classification of Languages. 



INDO-EUROrE AN 1 LANGUAGES, 
(divided iuto \'(dic SmukrU and the Classical or more 
S M*rtf)i Prakrit. Pali ; Bengali, Marathi, Guzerathi, 

(or Urdu); Gypsy 

r OU! Bactrian), Old Persian, Pehlevi (in- 

flhrli. .»ud /'<;«i or Pazend), Modern Persian, Kurd- 

..>':ito). Baluchi, Ossetic, etc 



SUB-BRANCHES. 



Gadhelic 
.Cymric 



Eastern 

and 
Southern 

Western 



Qf d /„. Xew Ionic, Attic, ^Eolic, Doric ; Romaic (or 

■/•' 

Otctm (or Opican), Fmbrian, Latin; the Romance (or Romanic) 

language* ^descendants of the Latin), viz., Italian, Portuguese, 

Spanish, Provencal, Catalan, French, Rhaeto-Romanic, Roumanian 

Erie (or Gaelic of the Scottish Highlands, called also Highland 

a). Manx 

. Welsh, Armorican (or Breton) 

Albanian 

Old Bulgarian (or Old Slavonic, or Church Slavic), Bulgarian, 
Russian (or Russ ; — including the Russian proper, and the Little- 
Russian, or Ruthenian), Servo-Croatian, and Slovenic 

Polabian, Polish, Casubian, Bohemian, Moravian, Slovak (or Slova- 

kian), Lusatian (or Wendish) 

Old Prussian, Lettish (or Livonian), Lithuanian 

' ■ so-Gothic) 

Old Xorst (or Old Icelandic), Modern Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, 

Norwegian 

Old High German (with its dialects, Frankish — except Low Frank- 
ish. — Alemannic, and Bavarian), Middle High German, German 
Old Saxon, Old Low Frankish, Anglo-Saxon (or Saxon), Low Ger- 
man (or Plattdeutsch), Dutch, Flemish, Friesic (or Frisian), 

English s 

SEMITIC LANGUAGES. 
Himyaritic, Ethiopic (or Geez) ; Arabic ; Maltese ; Amharic, and 

Abyssinian dialects 

Hebrrw, Samaritan, Phenician, Punic Hebraic, or Middle 7 

i'or Armn;ian, or Chaldaic, or Chuldee), Assyrian (or 
Babylonian), Syriac, Neo-Syriac 



BRANCHES, 
Indian, or Indie 2 

Iranian, 2 or Iranic, 
or Persian 

Armenian 

Greek, or Hellenic 3 

Latin, 3 or Italic 



Celtic 
Albanian 

Slavonic, 4 or Slavic 

Lettish, 4 or Baltic 



. . East Teutonic 
Scandinavian 

High German 
Low German 

BRANCHES. 

Arabic, or Southern 



Aramaic, or Northern 



Teutonic, or Ger- 
manic 



Semitic Family 6 



Note. — The names of dead languages are printed in Italic. 

■ me* called Indo-Germanic or Japhetic. 2 The Indian and Iranian branches are often classed together as forming the Indo- 

Pertian or Aryan branch of the family. I The Greek and Latin are often joined together as the Gra°co-Latin, or classical branch. 

ih (or Baltic ) branches are often classed together as the Letto-Slavic or Balto-Slavic languages. 5 Variously 

At, — frequently four, viz., Semi-Saxon (a. d. 1150-1250), Old English (a. d. 1250-1350), Middle English (a. d. 

-n English (a. d. I5S0 to the present day), e Called also Shemitic and Syro-Arabian. 7 Called also Canaanitic. 

I r, do- European and Semitic families, philologists distinguish others, which may be classed as follows : — 

I n i Bjrle) Family (called also Turanian, Scythian, Altaic, Ural-Altaic, and Mongolian), including 

■TOM and widely different languages of the Manchus, the Mongols, the Turks (in Asia and Europe), the 

Magyars (in Hungary), the Finn*-, the Laplanders, the Samoyeds, and a multitude of other tribes. Whether the Tamil 

and its sister Idioms in Ceylon and southern India (grouped under the name of the Dravidian Family) belong 

to this fan iy o* not b uncertain. The Japanese, the Corean, and other tongues of the peninsulas and islands of 

ire claimed by some as belonging to the Tartaric Family ; but this is very doubtful. 

I fttattc or Monosyllabic Family in China, and Farther India, and countries adjacent to 

e, Siamese, Burmese, Annamese, etc.). 

uii<- Family, including the languages and dialects spoken in nearly all the 
idian oceans ; but the Australian in Australia and Tasmania, and the Papuan or Negrito 
[.art of Borneo and some other islands, have not been shown to belong to this family. 

toaed of the Egyptian, and its congeners, the Coptic, Galla, Berber, Hottentot (?), etc. 
*° u ' '" * "' Zlnglan) Family, filling Africa about the equator and south of it. 

g with its many and greatly varying dialects the whole continent of North and 
do belong to the same family. 
Bietd' re remain aa yet unclassified the Caucasian group of languages (including the 

Georgian, Circassian | Mitf.jeghian idioms) in the mountain range of the Caucasus : the Etruscan in 

race the prevailing language of the Spanish peninsula, and still spoken in 
htt language called Basque (Biscayan or Euscarra), 



LIST OF THE ABBREVIATIONS 

USED IN THIS WOEK. 



B 



a., adj. adjective. 

abbrev abbreviated. 

abl ablative. 

ace accusative. 

Acous Acoustics. 

act active. 

adv adverb. 

Agric Agriculture. 

Alban Albanian. 

Alg Algebra. 

Am., Amer America, American. 

Anal. Geom. . . Analytic Geometry. 

Anat Anatomy. 

Anc Ancient, Anciently. 

Angl. Ch Anglican Church. 

Antiq Antiquities. 

aor aorist. 

A r Arabic. 

Arch Architecture. 

Arith Arithmetic. 

Arm., -drmor.Armorican. 

AS Anglo-Saxon. 

Astrol Astrology. 

Astron Astronomy. 

aug augmentative. 

Bank Banking. 

Bib Biblical. 

Bibliog Bibliography. 

Biol Biology. 

Bisc Biscayan. 

Bohem Bohemian. 

Bot Botany. 

Braz. ., Brazilian. 

Burl Burlesque. 

C Centigrade. 

Carp Carpentry. 

Catal Catalan. 

Celt Celtic. 

Cf. Confer (compare). 

Ch Church. 

Chald Chaldee. 

Chem Chemistry. 

Ch. Hist Church History. 

Chin Chinese. 

Chron Chronology. 

Civ Civil. 

Class Classical. 

Class. Myth. . . Classical Mythology. 

Colloq., Coll. . Colloquial,coUoquially. 

Com Commerce, Common. 

Comp Compound, Compound- 
ed, Composition. 

Compar Comparative. 

Conj Conjunction. 

Con. Sect Conic Sections. 

Contr Contracted, Contrac- 
tion. 

Copt Coptic. 

Corn Cornish. 

Corrupt Corrupted, Corruption. 

Crim. Law . . . Criminal Law. 

Crystallog Crystallography. 

B Dutch. 

Ban Danish. 

dat dative. 

def. definition. 

Deut Deuteronomy. 

Dial Dialectic. 

dim diminutive. 

Bisus Disused. 

Bom. Econ.... Domestic Economy. 
Byn Dynamics. 



E English. 

Eccl Ecclesiastical, Ecclesi- 

astes. 

Eccl. Hist. . . . Ecclesiastical History. 

e. g Exempli gratia (for 

example). 

Egypt Egyptian. 

Elec Electricity, Electrical. 

emph emphatic. 

Eng England, English, En- 
graving. 

Engin Engineering. 

Eol Eolic. 

equiv equivalent. 

esp especially. 

Etch. & Eng. . Etching & Engraving. 

Ethnol Ethnology. 

etym., etymol. . etymology. 

Ex., Exod Exodus. 

F. French. 

/., fern feminine. 

Fahr Fahrenheit. 

Far Farriery. 

Feud Feudal. 

Fig Figurative, figurative- 
ly- 

Finn Finnish. 

Fort Fortification. 

fr from. 

Ft From, French. 

freq frequentative. 

Fries Friesic. 

fut future. 

G German. 

Gael Gaelic. 

Galv Galvanism. 

gen generally, genitive. 

Geneal Genealogy. 

Geog Geography. 

Geol Geology. 

Geom Geometry. 

Ger German. 

Goth Gothic. 

Gr Greek. 

Gram Grammar. 

Gun Gunnery. 

H. High. 

Heb Hebrew, Hebrews. 

Her Heraldry. 

Hind Hindoostanee. 

Hist History. 

j Horol Horology. 

] Hort Horticulture. 

Hung Hungarian. 

! Hydratd Hydraulics. 

Hydros Hydrostatics. 

hypoth hypothetical. 

Icel Icelandic. 

i.e id est (that is). 

Illust Illustration, Illustra- 
ted. 

imp imperfect. 

incho inchoative. 

ind indicative. 

indef. indefinite. 

inf. infinitive. 

intens intensive. 

inter j interjection. 

Ion Ionic. 

i. q idem quod (the same 

as). 



Ir Irish. 

It Italian. 

Jap Japanese. 

Jav Javanese. 

Join Joinery. 

L Latin. 

L Low. 

Lapp Lappish. 

Lat Latin. 

LD Low Dutch. 

LG Low German. 

LGr Low Greek. 

Lit., lit Literally, literally. 

Lit Literature. 

Lith Lithuanian. 

LL Low Latin. 

M. Middle. 

m., masc masculine. 

Mach Machinery. 

Malay Malayan. 

Man Manege. 

Manuf. Manufacturing. 

Mar Maritime. 

Math Mathematics, Mathe- 
matical. 

Matt Matthew. 

Mech Mechanics. 

Med Medicine. 

Metal Metallurgy. 

Meiaph Metaphysics. 

Meteor Meteorology. 

mgr milligrams. 

MHG Middle High German. 

Micros Microscopy. 

Mil Military. 

Min Mineralogy. 

MLG Middle Low German. 

Moham Mohammedan. 

Mus Music. 

Myst Mysteries. 

Myth Mythology. 

N New. 

n noun. 

Nat. Hist Natural History. 

Nat. ord Natural order. 

Naut Nautical. 

Nav Navy. 

Navig Navigation. 

neut neuter. 

NF. New French. 

NGr New Greek. 

NHeb New Hebrew. 

XL New Latin. 

nom nominative. 

Norm . F. Norman French. 

Norw Norwegian. 

Numis Numismatics. 

Old. 

Obs Obsolete. 

Obsoles Obsolescent. 

OCelt Old Celtic. 

OD Old Dutch. 

ODan Old Danish. 

OE Old English. 

OF. Old French. 

OFlem Old Flemish. 

OFries Old Friesic. 

OGael Old Gaelic. 

OGr Old Greek. 

OHG Old High German. 

lv 



D 



H 



K 



M 



lvi 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. 



laudic. 

I 

Old Low German. 

• 

.Old Portuguese. 

OPoJ Old Polish. 

Optics. 

orig original, originally. 

Omiik. Ornithology. 

Old Saxon. 

Slavic. 
Old Spanish. 



participle, page, 
participial adjective. 
Painting. 
Paleontology, 
ve. 
athology. 
Persian, 
perhaps. 



r-.u.t.. 



txjju* passr 

Pathol Path. 



Per. 



?t* person. 
ersp Perspective. 

Perl., pert. . . .Pertaining. 

Perui Peruvian. 

Pg Portuguese. [poeia. 

Pharm. Pharmacy, Phannaco- 

Philol PhUology. 

Philos Philosophy. 

Phon Phonetics. 

Photog Photography. 

Photom Photometry. 

Phren Phrenology. 

Phys Physics. 

Phys. Sri Physical Science. 

Physiol Physiology. 

pi plural. 

Poet Poetical, Poetry. 

Pol Polish. 



pp p«s« 8 - 

participle past. 

;>. pr participle present. 

p. pie present participle. 

Pr Provencal. 

Pref. Preface. 

pre)'. prefix. 

prep preposition. 

prtt preterite. 

prin principally. 

Print Printing. 

prim privative. 

prob probably. 

pron Pronunciation, pro- 
nounced, pronoun. 

prop properly. 

Pros Prosody. 

Prov Provincial. 

Pyro-elect Pyro-electricity. 

q. v quod vide (which see). 

E Rare. 

E. C Roman Catholic. 

E. C. Ch Roman Catholic 

Church. 

rel relating. 

Rev Review. 

Ehet Rhetoric. 

Eom Roman, Romans. 

Eom. Cath Roman Catholic. 

Epts Reports. 

Eu-ss Russian. 

Saz Saxon. 

sc scilicet (being under- 
stood). 

Scand Scandinavian. 

Sci Science. 

Scot Scotland, Scottish. 

Script Scripture, Scriptural. 

Sculp Sculpture. 

Serb Serbian. 

Sin- Servian. 



sijia singular. 

Sanskrit. 

Slav Slavonic. 

Sp Spanish. 

Specif. Specifically. 

Stat Statuary. 

subj subjunctive. 

superl superlative. 

Surg Surgery. 

Sun Surveying. 

Sw Swedish. 

Si/n Synonyms. 

Synop Synopsis. 

Syr Syriac. 

Tart Tartaric. 

Teleg Telegraphy. 

term termination. 

Test Testament. 

Teut Teutonic. 

Theol Theology. 

Trans Translation. 

Treas Treasury. 

Trig Trigonometry, Trigo- 

f nometrical. 

Turk Turkish. 

Typog Typography. 

Unit University. 

Up Upper. 

U.S United States. 

usu usually. 

v verb. 

tar variety, variant. 

vb. n verbal noun. 

Veter Veterinary. 

v. i verb intransitive. 

v. t verb transitive. 

W Welsh. 

Wall Wallachian. 

Zool Zoology. 



EXPLANATORY NOTES. 



Foreign words inserted in the vocabulary, but not yet ; 
anglicized, are printed with two bars before them ; as, 
A-dCbe. Bag a-telle'. Sol. 

The hyphen in words which should be written or 
printed with a hyphen is indicated by a longer, heavier | 
mark than that used in indicating syllabic division ; as, 
Edec'tro-mag-net'ic 

The figures following the respelling for pronunciation 
-'.ctions of the Guide to Pronunciation, pp. vi.- 
xxxii. In the respelling for pronunciation, when suc- 
cessive word* in the same column begin with one or 

iables which are pronounced alike, the common j 
part is usually omitted after the first word. Words end- 
Dtpte suffixes, such as -bly, -ed (when not con- 
tracted), -ess, -est. -ing, -ish, -ive, -less, -ly, -ment. 
-B8S8. eU-., are not usually respelt when the pronuncia- 
tion of all bat the suffix can be supplied from a preceding 
■v are respelt; as in the cases of 
Oon'di-ment, Gladly, Gl-ron'dist. Spon'gl-ness, etc. 

ML see the Rules for Spelling, §§ 

: . xxxvi., xxxvii. For etymologies of prefixes 

a&d p .*:*< • i. .- j without explanation in etymologies, see 

■■• J**™ - • nd »uffixeh in the vocabulary, and alno the 

list of Prefixes and Suffixes, pp. xlv.-li. For meanings of 

;' derivatives run on without definition 



see the same list, and also the suffixes in the vocabu- 
lary. 

When instead of, or in addition to, a definition, there 
is a reference, introduced by See, to another word of the 
same meaning, the word referred to is the one usually 
preferred. 

The use of deriv. of (= derivative of) in the etymolo- 
gies implies the omission of one or more intermediate 
forms in the derivation. 

In this edition the hyphen is less frequently used than 
in former editions. The practice of lexicographers, au- 
thors, and printers is so various in this matter, either as 
a matter of taste, or as a matter of convenience arising 
from the varying nature of the subject-matter, that in a 
multitude of instances it is hypercritical or whimsical to 
pronounce dogmatically that either the use or the omis- 
sion of the hyphen is the only correct usage. The general 
principle followed in this work is to refrain from using 
the hyphen, (I) when the words have the same mean- 
ing in unconnected succession as when joined, and (2) 
when the compound may have the form of a continuous 
word without confusion or awkwardness to the eye. But 
this principle cannot be rigidly applied, because good 
usage, which must be respected", does not invariably con- 
form to it. 



DICTIONARY 



B 



ENGLISH LANGUAGE 



A {named a in English). 1. The first letter of the 
English and of many other alphabets ; the different 
forms are descended from the old Latin A, which was 
borrowed from the Greek Alpha, of the same form, of 
Egyptian origin. This letter, in English, is used for 
several different vowel sounds. See Guide to Pronunci- 
ation, §§ 43-74. 2. (Mus.) The sixth tone in the model 
major scale (that in C), or the first tone in the min or 
scale, which is named after it the scale in A minor. 

A (a, emph. a). 1. [AS. an one. See One.] An ad- 
jective, commonly called the indefinite article, and 
equivalent to one or any, but less emphatic. It is 
placed before nouns of the singular number denoting an 
individual object, or a quality individualized, before col- 
lective nouns, and also before plural nouns when the 
adjective few or the phrase great many or good many is 
interposed. It is used for an, for the sake of euphony, 
before words beginning with a consonant sound [for ex- 
ception of certain words beginning with h, see An]. 2. 
[Originally the preposition a (an, on). ] In each ; to or 
for each ; as, twenty leagues a day. 

A (a), prep. [See On.] 1. In; on; at; by. [O&s.] 
2. In process of ; in the act of ; into ; to ; — used (sepa- 
rately or joined by a hyphen) with verbal substantives in 
-ing. [Obsoles.] 3. [AS. of. See Of.] Of. [Obs.~\ 

A-. A, as a prefix to English words, is derived from 
various sources. (1) It frequently signifies on or in 
(from an, a, forms of AS. on), denoting a state, as in 
afoot, on foot, abed, amiss, asleep. (2) AS. of off, from, 
as in adown. (3) AS. a- (Goth, us-, ur-, Ger. er-), usu- 
ally giving an intensive force, and sometimes the sense 
of away, on, back, as in arise, abide, ago. (4) Old Eng- 
lish y- or i- (corrupted from the AS. inseparable particle 
ge-), which, as a prefix, made no essential addition to the 
meaning, as in aware. (5) French a (L. ad to), as in 
abase, achieve. (6) L. a, ab, abs, from, as in avert. (7) 
Greek insep. prefix a without, or privative, not, as in 
abyss, atheist ; akin to E. un-. 

A 1 (a wun). A registry mark given by underwriters 
(as at Lloyd's) to ships in first-class condition. Inferior 
grades are indicated by A 2 and A 3. 

II Aard'-vark' 
('ard ' v'ark ' ), n. 
[D., earth -pig.] 
(Zool.) A bur- 
rowing, eden- 
tate mammal, 
of Southern Af- 
rica. It feeds on 
ants. 

II Aard'-wolf/ 
(ard r wdolf '), n. 
[D., earth-wolf.] 

like° carnivorous Aard-vark ( Ch-ycteropus Capensis). 
quadruped of South Africa. 

Aa-ron'ic (a-ron'Tk), ) a. Pertaining to Aaron, the 

Aa-ron'ic-al (-T-kal), j first high priest of the Jews. 

Aar'on's rod' (aViinz rod'). [See Exodus vii. 9 and 
Numbers xvii. 8.] 1. (Arch.) A rod with one serpent 
twined around it. Cf. Caduceus. 2. (Bot.) The great 
mullein ; also, the golden-rod. 

Ab- (ab). [Latin prep., etymologically the same as 
E. of, off. See Of.] A prefix in many words of Latin 
origin. It signifies from, away, separating, or depar- 
ture, as in a&duct, aostract, a&scond. See A- (6). 

|| Ab (ab), n. [Of Syriac origin.] The fifth month of 
the Jewish ecclesiastical year ; — nearly same as August. 





Abacus, 1. 




A Doric Abacus, from the 
Parthenon. 



ABASE 

A-back' (a-bak'), adv. Toward the back or rear. 

Taken aback. Suddenly 
checked, baffled, or thwarted. 

Ab'a-CUS (ab'a-kus), n. ; E. 
pi. Abacuses; L. pi. Abaci 
(-si). [L. abacus, abax, Gr. 
aj8a£.] 1. An instrument for 
performing arithmetical calculations by sliding balls or 
counters. 2. (Arch.) The 
uppermost member of the 
capital of a column, im- 
mediately under the archi- 
trave. 3. A board, tray, or 
table, perforated, for hold- 
ing cups, bottles, etc. 

A-bad'don (a-bad'dun), 
n. [Heb. dbaddon.~\ 1. 
The angel of the bottomless 
pit. 2. Hell. 

A-baft' (a-baff), prep. 
and adv. [Pref. a- on -j- OE. baft behind.] (Naut.) 
Behind ; toward the stern. 

Ab-al'ien-ate (£b-al'yen-at ; 94, 106), v. t. [L. abalie- 
nare. See Alienate.] To transfer the title of ; to alienate. 

II Ab a-lo'ne (ab'a-lo'ne), n. (Zool.) A univalve shell 
lined with mother-of-pearl ; the sea-ear. 

A-ban'don (a-ban'dun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aban- 
doned (-dund) ; p. pr. &,vb. n. Abandoning.] [OF. 
abandoner ; a (L. ad) -f- bandon permission, authority, 
LL. bandum, bannum, interdiction, fr. bannire to pro- 
claim.] 1. To banish. \_Obs.~\ 2. To give up absolutely ; 
to relinquish all connection with or concern in. 3. To 
yield (one's self) unrestrainedly ; — often in a bad sense. 

Syn. — To give up; yield; forego; cede ; surrender; 
resign ; abdicate ; quit ; relinquish ; renounce ; desert ; 
forsake; leave; retire; withdraw from. — Abandon, de- 
sert, forsake, agree in representing a person as giving up 
or leaving some object, but differ as to the mode of doing 
it. The distinctive sense of abandon is that of giving up 
a thing absolutely and finally. Abandon is more widely 
applicable than forsake or desert. Desert as applied to 
persons usually implies some breach of fidelity, honor, 
etc. Forsake implies a previous habit, association, per- 
sonal connection, or that the thing left had been familiar 
or frequented. 

II A'ban'don' (a/baN/dSN'), n. [F.] A complete giv- 
ing up to natural impulses ; careless freedom or ease. 

A-ban'doned (a-ban'diind), a. 1. Forsaken. 2. 
Self-forsaken ; given up to vice ; irreclaimably wicked. 

Syn. — Profligate ; dissolute; corrupt ; vicious ; de- 
praved ; reprobate ; wicked ; unprincipled ; graceless ; 
vile. — Abandoned, profligate, reprobate, agree in express- 
ing the idea of great personal depravity. Projtigaie has 
reference to open and shameless indulgence in vice. 
Abandoned refers to the yielding of one's self to iniquity 
without attempt at restraint. Reprobate describes the 
condition of one morally lost beyond hope of recovery. 

A-ban'don-ment (-ment), n. Act of abandoning, or 
state of being abandoned ; total desertion ; relinquish- 
ment ; renunciation. 

Abase' (a-bas'), v. 1. limp. & p. p. Abased (a-basf ) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Abasing.] [F. abaisser, LL. abassai-e, 
abbassare ; ad + bassare, fr. bassus low. See Base, a.] 
To throw or cast down ; to depress ; hence, to degrade ; 
to humble, as in condition or esteem. 

Syn. — To debase ; degrade. — These words agree in 
the idea of bringing down from a higher to a lower state. 
Abase has reference to a bringing down in condition or 
feelings. Debase has reference to the bringing down of a 
thing in purity, or making it base. Degrade has refer- 



H 



K 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, e, I, o, u, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final, 
fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
*1 



M 



> 











A 1 





ABASEMENT 

from some higher (Trade or from 
uaed in .1 moral sense, it denotes 
and iust estimation. 
Abasement [*■ is'mrnn. . The act of abasing; 
the stat. being abased; humiliation. 

A bas) v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abashed 

• V ». Auashing.] [OE. abaissen, 

abashen. OF. QtbaMr to astonish, fr. L. ex + bah, interj.] 

a of ; to confuse, as by sud- 

ricting of vruilt, mistake, or inferiority. 

To confoae : eonfound ; disconcert ; shame. — 

n.cer word than confuse or disconcert, but 

A bash'ment (,-mcun. >i. State of being abashed. 

A-bat'a-ble t,a-t>aVa-b'l), a. Capable of being abated. 

A-batt t. limp. & p. p. Abated; p. pr. 

Abating.] [OF. abatre to beat down; LL. 

abatere : ab or ad -\- batere, L. batuere to beat.] 1. To 

beat down. [Obs.~\ 2. To reduce from a higher to a 

lower state, number, or degree; to lessen. 3. To de- 

l omit. 4. To deprive. [06s.] 6. (Laic) (a) 

To put an end to ; to do away with, as a nuisance, or a 

writ, (b) (Eng. Laic) To diminish. 

A bate'. P. L 1. To decrease, or become less in strength 

toe. 2. To be defeated ; to fail. 
Syn. — To subside ; decrease ; decline ; diminish. 
A bate'ment (-inmt), n. 1. Act of abating, or state 
of being abated. 2. Amount abated ; deduction. 3. 
(Laic) Entry of a stranger, without right, into a freehold 
after the death of the last possessor, before the heir or 
devisee. 
Ab'a tis ) (aVa-tis; French a'ba/teO, n. [F. abatis, 
Ab'at-tifl J abattis, fr. abattre to cut down.] (Fort.) 
A means of defense formed by felled trees having the 
branches sharpened and directed towards the enemy. 

A-ba'tor (a-ba'ter), n. (Laic) One who effects an 
abatement. 

A bat toir' (a'bat'twar'V n. [F.] A slaughterhouse. 
Abb (Xb), n. [AS. aueb, ab ; pref. a- + web. See 
Web.] Among weavers, yarn for the warp. 

Ab'ba (aVba), n. [Syriac abba.'] Father ; religious 
superior. 

AbT>a-cy (St/ha-s^), n. [L. abbatia. See Abbey.] 
Dignity, estate, or jurisdiction of an abbot. 

Ab ba'tial (Xb-ba'shal), a. Belonging to an abbey. 
AbTae 7 (ab'ba'), n. [F.] An abbot; in France, 
commonly a title of respect given to any ecclesiastic. 
AbTieBS (Sh/bes), n. A governess of a nunnery. 
Ab'bey (a/by), n.; pi. Abbeys (-biz). [Through F. 
fr. L. abbatia, fr. abbas abbot.] 1. A monastery or con- 
vent ; a monastic building. 2. Church of a monastery. 
Syn. — Convent ; nunnery; priory; cloister. 
AbOMt (aVbfit), n. [L. abbas, Gr. a/3/3a?, fr. Syriac 
abba fathf-r.] The superior or head of an abbey. 
AVbOt-shlp. ". The state or office of an abbot. 
Ab-bre'vi-ate (5b-bre / vY-at), v. t. [ imp. &p. p. Ab- 
breviated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abbreviating.] [L. abbre- 
p. p. of abbreriare; ad -+- breviare to shorten. 
KiDGE.] To make briefer; to reduce by contrac- 
tion or omission ; to (shorten ; to abridge. 

Ab-bre'vl-a'tlon (-a'shiin), n. 1. Act or result of 
abbreviating. 2. The form to which a word or phrase is 
reduced by contraction and omission. 3. (Mus.) One 
dash, or more, through the stem of a note, dividing f 
ti vely into quavers, semiquavers, or demisemi- 5 
quavers. 5* 

Ab-bre'vi-a'torf-ter),?!. 1. One who abbreviates. ' 
2. On<; of a class of secretaries of the papal court. 

Ab-bre'vl-a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry ;, a. Serving or tending to 
abbr< ; . [pendium.l 

Ab-bre'vi-a-ture (-a-tur ; 135), n. Abridgment; com-| 
A B C <* he Or\ The first three letters of thealpha- 
1 for the whole alphabet. [cated. I 

Ab'di-ca-ble (aVdf-ka-b'l), a. That may be abdi-| 
Ab'dl cant faVdT-kcmt), n. One who abdicates. 
Ab'di-cate ('kit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abdicated; 
; Abdicating.] [L. abdicatus, p. p. of ab- 

- to proclaim.] To surrender or 
Iraw from ; to renounce. 
'■ up; C4uit ; vacate; relinquish; for- 
•■** i^.u ; renounce; desert. 

Ab'dl j >, relinquish or renounce a throne, 

or dignity. 
Ab dl ca't 1 \ ct of abdicating. 

Ab'dl-ca tor aVdT-ka'ter), n. Oik- who abdicates. 
Ab'dl tlvo l . abd it. i% -uk, tr. abdere to 

bide. J Han ling. 



I ABHOR 

AVdl-tO-ry (5b'dT-to-r^), n. A place for hiding things. 

Ab-do'men (Sb-do^mgn), n. [L.] 1. (Anat.) The 
belly, or that part of the body between the thorax and 
the pelvis. Also, the cavity of the belly, containing the 
stomach, bowels, etc. In man, often restricted to the 
part between the diaphragm and the beginning of the 
pelvis. 2. (Zo'ol.) The posterior section of the body, 
behind the thorax, in insects, crustaceans, etc. 

Ab-dom'i-nal (5b-d5m'i-nal), a. 1. Of or pertaining 
to the abdomen ; ventral. 2. (Zool.) Having abdominal 
fins. — n. (Zool.) One of a group of fishes having the 
ventral fins under the abdomen behind the pectorals. 

Ab-dom/i-nous (-nus), a. Having a protuberant belly. 

Ab-duce' (ah-dus'), v . t. [ imp. & p. p. Abduced 
(-dust') ; p. pr. &vb. n. Abddcing.] [L. abducere; ab 
-\- ducere to lead.] To draw away ; to withdraw. 

Ab-du/cent (Sb-du'sent), a. [L. abducens, p. pr.] 
(Physiol.) Drawing away from a common center, or out 
of the median line ; — applied to certain muscles. 

Ab-duct' (Xb-dukf), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Abducted ; 
p. p. & vb. n. Abducting.] [L. abductus, p. p. of abdu- 
cere.] 1. To take away wrongfully by stealth or force ; 
to kidnap. 2. To draw away, as a limb from its ordi- 
nary position. 

Ab-duc'tion (-duk'shun), n. The act of abducting. 

Ab-duc'tor (-ter), n. 1. One who abducts. 2. (Anat.) 
A muscle which serves to draw a part out, or from the 
median line of the body. 

Abeam' (a-bem'), adv. (Naut.) On the beam, that 
is, in line with the direction of the ship's main beam ; 
opposite to the center of the ship's side. 

A-bear' (a-ba"r'), v. t. [AS. aberan ; pref. 5- + beran 
to bear.] 1. To behave ; also, to endure. [Obs.] 

A-bear'ance (-ans), n. Behavior. [065.] 

A be-ce-da'ri-an (a'be-se-da'rT-an), n. One who is 
learning the A B C or alphabet ; a tyro ; also, one who 
is teaching the alphabet. [childbed. I 

A-bed'(a-bed'),cr<ft>. 1. In bed, or on the bed. 2. To| 

A-bele' (a-bel'), n. [D. abeel (abeel-boom), deriv. of 
L. albus white.] The white poplar. 

A'bel-mosk 7 (a'bel-mSsk'), n. [Ar. abu-l-misk father 
of musk, i. e., producing musk.] (Bot.) An evergreen 
shrub bearing musky seeds ; musk mallow. 

Ab-er'rance (ab-er'rans), ) n. State of being aber- 

Ab-er'ran-cy (-er'ran-s^), ) rant ; deviation. 

Ab-er'rant (ab-gr'rant), a. "Wandering ; straying from 
the right way ; exhibiting aberration. 

Ab'er-rate (ab^er-rat), v. i. [L. aberratus, p. p. of 
aberrare; ab -\- errare to wander.] To go astray, [i?.] 

Ab'er-ra'tion (aVer-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of wandering ; 
deviation, especially from truth or rectitude, from the 
natural state, or from a type. 2. A partial alienation of 
reason. 3. (Astron.) A small periodical change of posi- 
tion in the stars and other heavenly bodies. 4. (Opt.) 
The convergence to different foci, by a lens or mirror, of 
rays of light emanating from one point, or the deviation 
of such rays from a single focus. 

A-bet' (a-bSf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abetted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Abetting.] [OF. abeter ; a (L. ad) + beter to 
bait (as a bear), fr. Icel. beita, originally, to cause to 
bite.] To instigate or encourage by aid or countenance ; 
— used now in a bad sense. 

Syn. — To incite; instigate; set on; egg on; foment; 
advocate ; countenance ; encourage ; second ; uphold ; 
aid ; assist ; support ; sustain ; back ; connive at. 

A-bet'ment (-ment), n. The act of abetting. 

A- Defter ) (-ter), n. One who abets ; an instigator of 

A-bet'tor } an offense or an offender. 

Syn. — Accessory ; accomplice. — An abettor incites or 
encourages to the act, without sharing in its perform- 
ance. An accessory accedes to it, or becomes involved in 
its guilt. An accomplice participates in the commission 
of an offense, as principal or accessory. 

A-bey'ance (a-ba'ans), n. [OF. abeance expectation, 
longing ; a (L. ad) + baer, beer, to gape, to expect, F. 
bayer, LL. badare to gape.] 1. (Law) Expectancy ; con- 
dition of being undetermined. 

CEIF^ When no one is in existence in whom an inherit- 
ance can vest, it is said to be in abeyance, that is, in ex- 
pectation, or ready to vest when a proper owner appears. 

2. Suspension ; temporary suppression. 

A-bey'an-cy (-an-s^), n. Abeyance. 

A-bey'ant (-ant), a. Being in a state of abeyance. 

Ab-hor' (Sb-h6r'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abhorred 
(-h8rd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abhorring.] LL. abhorrere ; 
ab -f horrere to bristle, shiver.] To shrink back with 
shuddering from ; to regard with horror or detestation. 

Syn. — To hate ; detest ; loathe ; abominate. See Hate. 



o, u, long ; a, (-, j, 5, a ( j t 8UOrt . senate, Svent, Idea, &bey, finite, cAre, arm, ask, all, final. 



ABHORRENCE 



3 



ABORIGINALLY 



Ab-hor'rence (Sb-hor'rens), n. Hatred ; detestation. 

Ab -hor'rent (-rent), a. 1. Having or showing abhor- 
rence. 2. Contrary or repugnant ; detestable; hateful; 
—used with to. — Ab-hor'rent-ly, adv. 

Ab-hor'rer (5b-h6r'rer), n. One who abhors. 

II A'bib (a'blb), n. [Heb.] The first month of the 
Jewish ecclesiastical year, nearly corresponding to April. 

A-bid'ance (a-bid'ans), n. The state of abiding. 

Abide' (a-bid'), v. i. limp. & p. p. Abode (a-bod'), 
formerly Abid (a-bTd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abiding.] [AS. 
abidan.] 1. To continue in a place; to dwell; to so- 
journ. 2. To continue ; to persist. 

To abide by. (a) To adhere to. (6) To conform to. 

A-bide', v. t. 1. To wait for; to await. 2. To en- 
dure ; to submit to. 3. To bear patiently ; to tolerate. 

A-bid 'er (-er), n. One who abides ; a dweller. 

I! AT)i-6S (a'bT-ez), n. [L., fir tree.] (Bot.) A genus 
of coniferous trees, popularly called Fir. 

Ab'i-e-tene (aVT-e-ten), n. (Chem.) A volatile oil 
distilled from the resin of the nut pine of California. 

Ab'i-e-tin \ (aVi-e-tm), n. {Chem.) A resinous sub- 

Ab'i-e-tine J stance obtained from Strasburg turpen- 
tine or Canada balsam. 

A-bil'1-ty (a-bil'i-ty), n. [F. habileti, L. habilitas, fr. 
habilis apt.] The quality or state of being able ; power 
to perform ; skill or competence in doing ; — in the plu- 
ral, mental endowments. 

Syn. — Capacity ; talent ; cleverness ; faculty ; capabil- 
ity ; efficiency ; aptitude ; aptness ; address ; dexterity ; 
skill. — Ability has reference to the active exercise of our 
faculties. It always supposes something to be done, and 
the power of doing it. Capacity has reference to the 
receptive powers. Hence it carries with it the idea of 
resources and undeveloped power. 

Ah i-o-gen'e-sis (aT/T-o-jen'e-sis), n. [Gr. a, priv. -f- 
/3tos life -f- yeveo-t? origin, birth.] (Biol.) The supposed 
origination of living organisms from lifeless matter ; 
spontaneous generation. 

Ab'i-O-ge-net'ic (-je-ngt'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to 
abiogenesis. — Ab i-o-ge-net'ic-al-ly (-al-ly), adv. 

Abl-Og'e-nlSt (-Sj'e-nist), n. One who believes in 
abiogenesis. 

Ab i-Og'e-nous (-nus), a. Produced by abiogenesis. 

Ab'1-Og'e-ny (-e-ny), n. (Biol.) Abiogenesis. 

Ab-ir'ri-tate (ab-Tr'rT-tat), v. t. [Pref. ab- + irritate.'] 
(Med.) To diminish the sensibility of; to debilitate. 

Ab-lr ri-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. (Med.) Want of irri- 
tation, or vigor ; debility ; asthenia. 

Abject (aVjgkt), a. [L. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere to 
throw away ; ab -\-jacere to throw.] 1. Thrown down. 
[06s.] 2. Sunk to a low condition ; hence, degraded j 
despicable. — Ab'ject-ly, adv. — Ab'Ject-ness, n. 

Syn. — Mean ; groveling ; cringing ; slavish ; ignoble ; 
vile; contemptible; degraded, 

Ab-Jec'tion (ab-jek'shun), n. Act of making abject, 
or the state of being abject ; abasement ; degradation. 

Ab ju-ra'tion (aVju-ra'shun), n. Act of abjuring. 

Ab-ju'ra-tO-ry (Sb-ju'ra-to-r^), a. Of or pertaining 
to abjuration. 

Ab-jure' (5b-jur'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Abjured (-jurd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Abjuring.] [L. abjurare to deny upon 
oath; ab-\-jurare to swear.] To renounce upon oath, 
or with great solemnity; to abandon or give up abso- 
lutely ; to forswear ; to repudiate ; to recant. 

Syn. — See Renounce. 

Ab-Jur'er (-er), n. One who abjures. 

Ab lac-ta'tion (aVlak-ta'shun), n. 1. [L. ab + lac- 
tare to suckle.] The weaning of a child from the breast. 
2. (Hort.) A process of grafting ; inarching. 

Ablative (aVla-tiv), a. [L. ablativus, fr. ablatus 
borne away ; ab + latus, used as p. p. of ferre to carry. 
See Tolerate.] (Gram.) Applied to one of the cases 
of the noun in Latin and some other languages, — the 
fundamental meaning of the case being removal or tak- 
ing away. — ». The ablative case, or a word in that case. 

II Ablaut (aVlout), n. [Ger., off-sound.] (Philol.) 
The substitution of one root vowel for another, indica- 
tive of a modification of use or meaning ; as, get, gat, got. 

Ablaze' (a-blaz'), adv. & a. On fire ; in a blaze ; 
hence, ardent ; glowing. 

A'ble (a'b'l), a. [Comp. Abler (a'bler); superl. 
Ablest (a'blest).] [L. habilis apt, skillful, fr. habere 
to have, hold.] 1. Fit. [Obs.] 2. Having sufficient 
power, strength, skill, or resources of any kind to accom- 
plish the object ; esp., exhibiting intellectual power. 

Syn. — Competent ; qualified ; fitted ; efficient ; effect- 
ive ; capable ; skillful ; clever ; vigorous ; powerful. 



-a-ble (-a-b'l) or -i-ble (-T-b'l). [F. -able, -ible, L. -abilis, 
-ibilis.] An adjective suffix now generally used in a 
passive sense ; able to be ; fit to be ; expressing capacity 
or worthiness to be ; as, movable, able to be moved, 
amendable, able to be amended ; blamaWe ; salaWe. 

ffi^^ In general, the form -able is used before all verbs 
from the Anglo-Saxon, all based on the uncorrupted in- 
finitival stems of Latin verbs of the first conjugation, 
and all substantives. 

A ble-bod'ied (a'b'l-bSd'Td), a. Having a sound, 
strong body ; physically able. — A ble-bod'ied-ness. n. 

Able-gate (Sble-gat), n. [L. ablegatus sent abroad. 
See Ab- and Legate.] (R. C. Ch.) A representative of 
the pope charged with important commissions abroad. 

Ab'lu-ent (aVlu-ent), a. [L. abluere to wash away.] 
"Washing away; cleansing. — n. (3fed.) A cleansing 
medicine ; a detergent. 

Ab-lu'tion (ab-lu'shun), n. 1. The act of washing or 
cleansing. 2. Washing, as a religious rite. 3. Water or 
other liquid used in cleansing. 

A'bly (a'bly), adv. In an able manner. 

-a-bly (-a-bly). A suffix composed of -able and the ad- 
verbial suffix -ly ; as, favorably. 

Ab'ne-gate (at/ne-gat), v. t. [Deriv. of L. ab -)- ne- 
gare to deny.] To deny and reject ; to abjure. 

Ab'ne-ga'tlon (-ga'shun), n. Denial; renunciation. 

Ab-nor'mal (ab-nSr'mcd), a. [OE. anormal, LL. 
anormalus for anomalus. Confused with L. abnormis. 
See Anomalous.] Not conformed to rule or system; 
anomalous ; irregular. — Ab-nor'mal-ly, adv. 

Ab-nor-mari-ty (-mSl'T-ty), n. 1. State or quality 
of being abnormal. 2. Something abnormal. 

Ab-nor'mi-ty (-mi-ty), n. State or quality of being 
abnormous ; something abnormous. 

Ab-nor'mous (-mus), a. [L. abnormis; ab + norma 
rule.] Abnormal; irregular. 

A-board' (a-bord'), adv. 1. On board ; in or into a ship 
or boat ; hence, in or into a railway car. 2. Alongside. 

Aboard', prep. On board of. 

A-bOdV (a-bod'), imp. & p. p. of Abide. 

A-bode', n. [OE. abood, fr. abiden to abide.] 1. 
Stay ; sojourn. 2. Abiding place ; residence ; a dwelling. 

A-bOde', v. t. & i. To forbode; to omen. [O&s.] 

A-bode'ment (-ment), n. An omen. [06s.] 

A-bol'ish (a-bol'ish), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Abolished 
(-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abolishing.] [F. abolir, L. 
abolere ; ab + olere to grow.] To do away with wholly ; 
to make an end of ; to annul ; to destroy. 

Syn. — To repeal; abrogate; revoke; annul; nullify; 
cancel. — These words have in common the idea of set- 
ting aside by some overruling act. Abolish has a wide 
application, and often applies to things established by 
usage, custom, or the like. Repeal, abrogate, and revoke, 
denote the act of recalling some previous law, act, grant, 
or decree. Annul is used in a more general sense, de- 
noting simply to make void. Nullify applies to the set- 
ting of things aside either by force or by total disregard. 
Cancel is to strike out or annul, by a deliberate exercise 
of power, something which has been declared or estab- 
lished and has operative force. 

A-bOl'ish-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be abolished. 

A-bol'ish-er (-er), n. One who abolishes. 

A-bol'ish-ment (-ment), n. The act of abolishing. 

Ab'O-li'tlon (ab'6-llsh'un), n. The act of abolishing, 
or the state of being abolished. 

Ab'O-ll'tion-ism (-lish'un-iz'm), n. The principles 
or measures of abolitionists. 

Ab'O-li'tion-lst, n. A person who favors the abolition 
of any institution, especially negro slavery. 

II Ab'o-ma'sum (ab'o-ma'sum), ) n. [NL., fr. L. ab -f- 

II Ab'O-ma'SUS (ab'o-ma'sus), | omasum.'] (Anat.) 
The fourth or digestive stomach of a ruminant. 

A-bom'i-na-ble (a-bomT-na-b'l), a. Worthy of, or 
causing, abhorrence, as a thing of evil omen. — A-bom'i- 
na-ble-ness, n. — A-bom'i-na-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Odious ; hateful ; loathsome ; execrable ; abhor- 
rent; detestable. 

A-bom'i-nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Abominated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Abominating.] [L. abominalus, p. p. of 
abominari to abominate ; ab + omen a foreboding, omen.] 
To turn from as ill-omened ; to hate in the highest de- 
gree ; to abhor ; to loathe. 

A-bom i-na'tion (a-boni'T-na'shun), n. 1. The act 
or feeling of one who abominates ; extreme aversion. 2. 
That which is abominable ; a hateful or shameful thing. 

Ab o-rig'i-nal (ab/6-rtj'T-nal), a. 1. Original ; in- 
digenous ; primitive ; native. 2. Of or pertaining to 
aborigines. — • n. One of the aborigines. — Ab'O-rig'i- 
nal-ly, adv. 



B 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, fudl, firn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ABORIGINES 

Ab O-rig'i m ■ pfc [ L - Aborigines : 

oft -f en?r>: — primarily. tbOM who originally (ai wi- 

C*ne) inhabited Latium or Italy.] 1. The earliest known 
ntry; native races. 2. The original 
■ ideographical area. 
A-bor i. [L. abortare, deriv. of ab -f 

1 To miscarry. 2. (.fii'fl/.) To fail 
■vm.illv : also, to ln-come sterile. 
A bor'ti cide (.a-"i>or't i-sidb n. [L. abortus -f caedere 
to kill. Destruction of a fetus in the womb ; feticide. 
A bor'tion (a-bOr'shun), »■ 1. The act of giving 
prvinatun' birth; particularly, the expulsion of the hu- 
fore it is capable of sustaining life: mis- 
carr...^. 2 A .laid born prematurely; by extension, 
■nrthiug which fails to come to maturity. 
A bor'tion-ist. ;;• One who procures an abortion. 
A bor'tlve la-bor'tlv), a. Immature; imperfectly 
developed; failing to mature: unsuccessful. — n. A 
ne producing abortion. — A-bor'tiVO-ly, adv. 
Abound' la-honnd'b v. i. [imp. & p. p. ABOUNDED ; 
p.pr.& .Abounding.] [L. abundare to overflow ; 

wave.] 1. To be in great plenty ; to be prev- 
alent. 2. To be copiously supplied. 
A bout' la-bout'), prep. [AS. abut an, onbutan ; on 
'.fan, fr. be by 4" ■*"• outward, fr. ut out. See Out.] 
1. Around; on every side of. 2. In contiguity or prox- 
imity to ; near, as to place ; by or on (one's person). 3. 
Over or upon different parts of; here and there in; 
throughout. 4. Near ; not far from ; — determining ap- 
\:mately time, size, quantity. 5. Engaged in. 6. 
■ rbal noun or an infinitive : On the point or 
verge of. 7. Concerning ; with regard to. 

A-bOUt', adv. 1. On all sides ; around. 2. In cir- 
cuit; around the outside. 3. Here and there; in one 
place and another. 4. Nearly ; approximately, in qual- 
ity, manner, degree, etc., also of quantity, number, time. 
6" Half round ; in the opposite direction. 

To bring about, to accomplish. — To come about, to come 

to pass ; to occur. — To go about, To set about, to undertake. 

A-bove 7 (a-bQv'), prep. [AS. abufon; an (or on) on 

- u/an upward.] 1. In or to a higher place 

than j "higher than ; on or over the upper surface of. 2. 

ratively, superior to in any respect; surpassing. 

3 More than ; in excess of. 

A-bov© 7 , adv. 1. In a higher place ; overhead ; into 
or from heaven. 2. Earlier in order ; before. 3. Of a 
higher rank or power. 
f3p F= * In elliptical phrases, above is often used adjec- 

. and sometimes substantively. 
A-boveTjoard C-bord'), a dv. Above the board or ta- 
ble. Hence : without concealment or deception. 

Ab ra ca-dab'ra (XVra-ka-daVra), n. [L. Of unknown 
origin J A .mystical word abracadabra 
or collocation of letters abracadabr 
(as in the figure), which, A bra cad a b 

worn on an amulet, A A B B R R A A c c A A D D A 

was supposed to ward off a b r a c a 

hence, something A a B b R r A a° 

without meaning ; Jargon. abb 

Ab-ra'dant (5b-ra'- a b 

d^iit). n. Any material 

used for abrading, as emery, sand, powdered glass, etc. 
Abrade' 'Sb-rad'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abraded ; p. 
n. Abrading.] [L. abradere, abratum; ab 
''ire to scrape.] To rub or wear off. 
Ab ra'sion fao-rs/zhun), n. 1. The act, process, or 

bradmg. 2. The substance rubbed off. 
Ab-ra'Bive '- It), a, Producing abrasion. 
A brax'as < a-braks'as), n. [From the Greek letters 
which, as numerals, amounted to the 
".] A mystical word engraved as a 
he ancients. 
A bro Side by side, with breasts 

tally advanced ; even in position. 

A -bridge' (a-bnj'), v. t. [imp. A p. p. Abridged 

or. Sc vb. n. Abkidging.] [OF. abregier, 

» • brevU short.] 1. To make 

in duration, length, etc. ; hence, to 

work, by omissions and condensa- 

1 : - followed by of. 

contract ; abbreviate ; condense ; 
- '■ ; diminish. 

1. Act of abridging, 
2. I-! 'i abridging. 

abstract; synopsis. 
A **g 1 In a broached condi- 



4 



ABSOLUTE 



Abroad' (a-brad'), adv. 1. Broadly; widely; over a 
wide space. 2. "Beyond or without a certain confine ; 
away, as from one's house, estate, or country. 3. Be- 
fore the public ; through the world. 

To be all abroad, (a) To be wide of the mark, or the fact. 
(6) To be at a loss or nonplused. 

Ab'ro-gate (Xb'ro-gat), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Abrogated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Abrogating.] [L. abrogatus, p. p. of 
abrogate; ab + rogare to ask.] 1. To revoke, annul, or 
repeal by authoritative act of the maker or his successor, 
— applied to laws, decrees, etc. 2. To put an end to. 

Syn. — See Abolish. 

AbTO-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. The act of abrogating. 

Ab'ro-ga-tive (-ga-tiv), a. That abrogates. 

Ab'ro-ga'tor (-ga'ter), n. One who abrogates. 

Ab-rupt' (ab-rupf), a. [L. abruptus, p. p. of abrum- 
pere to break off ; ab + rumpere to break.] 1. Broken 
off; very steep, or craggy; precipitous. 2. Without 
notice ; sudden. 3. Having sudden transitions ; uncon- 
nected. — Ab-nipt'ly, adv. — Ab-rupt'ness, n. 

Syn. — Sudden; unexpected; hasty; rough; curt; 
unceremonious ; rugged ; blunt ; disconnected ; broken. 

Ab-rup'tion (-rup'shun), n. Violent separation. 

Ab'scess (ab'ses), n. [L. abscessus, fr. abscedere to 
go away.] {Med.) A collection of pus or purulent matter, 
the result of a morbid process. Cf. Ulcer. 

Ab'sciss (Xb'sTs), n.; pi. Abscisses (-ez). See Abscissa. 

Ab-SCis'sa (ab-sis'sa), n. ; pi. E. Abscissas (-saz), L. 
Abscissa (se). [L., fern, of abscissus, p. p. of abscindere 
to cut off.] (Geom.) One of the elements of reference 
by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system 
of fixed rectilineal coordinate axes. 

In the diagram, OX or PY is the abscissa . 
of the point P of the curve, OY or PX its 
ordinate, the intersecting lines OX and OY 
being the axes of abscissas and ordinates re- 
spectively, and the point O their origin. ° 

Ab-scis'sion (Sb-sTzh'iin), n. 1. Act or process of 
cutting off. 2. State of being cut off. 3. (Bhet.) A 
figure of speech consisting in abruptly stopping in the 
midst of a sentence, leaving the rest to be inferred. 

Abscond' (-skond'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Absconded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Absconding.] [L. abscondere to hide, 
abs -j- condere to lay up ; eon -j- dare (only in comp.) 
to put.] To hide one's self ; to escape clandestinely, 
especially to avoid a legal process. 

Ab-SCOnd'er (-er), n. One who absconds. 

Ab'sence (ab'sens), n. A state of being absent. 

Ab'sent (ab'sent), a. [F., fr. L. absens, p. pr. of 
abesse to be absent ; ab -f- esse to be.] 1. Being away 
from a place ; withdrawn from a place ; not present. 2. 
Not existing ; lacking ; wanting. 3. Inattentive to what 
is passing ; wandering in thoughts ; preoccupied. 

Ab-sent' (ab-senf), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Absented ;p. 
pr. & vb. n. Absenting.] To cause (one's self) to be ab- 
sent ; — used reflexively. [one's self. [ 

Ab'sen-ta'tion (aW sen-ta'shun), n. Act of absenting | 

Ab'sen-tee' (-te'), n. One who absents himself from 
his country, estate, office, post, or duty. 

Absen-tee'ism (-Tz'm), n. The state or practice of 
an absentee. 

Ab-sent'er (Sb-sgnfer), n. One who absents one's self. 

Ab'sent-ly (£Vsent-ly), adv. In an absent manner. 

Ab sent-mind'ed (-mlnd'ed), a. Absent in mind; 
inattentive ; abstracted ; preoccupied. 

Ab'sinth' ) (aVsinth'), n. [F. absinthe, fr. L. ab- 

Ab'sinthe' ) sinthium.] 1. See Absinthium. 2. A 
liqueur made from wormwood and brandy or alcohol. 

Ab-Sin'thate (3b-sTn'that), n. (Chem.) A combina- 
tion of absinthic acid with a base or positive radical. 

Ab-sin'thi-an (-thi-an), a. Of or like wormwood. 

Ab-sin'thi-ate (-thl-at), v. t. To impregnate with 
wormwood. 

Ab-sin'thic (Sb-sTn'thik), a. {Chem.) Relating to 
wormwood or to an acid obtained from it. 

Ab'sin-thism (Sb'.sTn-thTz'm), n. The condition of 
being poisoned by the excessive use of absinth. 
_ Ab-sln'thi-um (Sb-sin'thi-um), n. [L., from Gr. 
diiaVflioi/.] (Boi.) The common wormwood {Artemisia 
abrtnihlum), an intensely bitter plant, used as a tonic. 

Ab'so-lute (Sb'so-lut), a. [L. absolutus, p. p. of ab- 
solvere. See Absolve.] 1. Loosed from any limitation or 
condition ; uncontrolled ; unrestricted ; unconditional. 
2. Complete in itself; perfect. 3. Viewed apart from 
modifying influences or without comparisons ; actual : 
real ; — opposed to relative and comparative. 4. Free 
from dependence on any other being ; self-existent ; self- 



i- ft, tt, y, short ; sen&te, 6 vent, tdea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



ABSOLUTELY 



ABUSE 



sufficing. The Absolute is applied to God by the Theist, 
and to the universe by the Pantheist. 5. (Philos.) Ca- 
pable of being thought or conceived by itself alone ; un- 
conditioned. 6. Positive; certain. 7. Authoritative. 
[72.] 8. (Chem.) Pure; unmixed. 9. (Gram.) Not im- 
mediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence 
in government. — Ab'SO-lute-ly (aVso-lut-ty), adv. — 
Ab'so-lute-ness, n. 

Syn. — Positive ; peremptory ; certain ; unconditional ; 
unlimited; unrestricted; unqualified; arbitrary; des- 
potic ; autocratic. 

Abso-lu'tion (Sb'so-lu'shun), n. 1. A freeing from 
guilt, sin, or penalty; forgiveness. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The 
exercise of priestly jurisdiction in the sacrament of pen- 
ance, by which Catholics believe the sins of the truly 
penitent are forgiven. 3. (Eccl.) An absolving from 
ecclesiastical penalties. 4. The form of words by 
which one is absolved. 

Absolution day (R. C. Ch.), Tuesday before Easter. 

Ab'so-lu'tism (aVso-lu'tiz'm), n. The state of be- 
ing absolute ; the system or doctrine of the absolute ; 
the principles or practice of absolute government. 

Ab'so-lu tist. n. One who favors absolutism. 

AWso-lu-tis'tic (5b's6-lu-tTs'tTk), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to absolutism. 

Ab-SOl/U-tO-ry (£b-sol'u-to-ry), a. Serving to absolve. 

Ab-SOlv'a-ble (-solv'a-b'l), a. That may be absolved. 

Ab-SOlV'a-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Conferring absolution. 

Ab-SOlve' (ab-solv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absolved 
(-solvd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Absolving.] [L. absolvere to 
set free ; ab -\- solvere to loose.] 1. To set free, or re- 
lease, as from some obligation, debt, binding tie, or re- 
sponsibility, or from the consequences of guilt. 

Syn. — To exonerate ; acquit. — We speak of a man as 
absolved from something that binds his conscience, or 
involves the charge of wrongdoing ; as exonerated, when 
he is released from some burden which had rested upon 
him ; as acquitted, when a decision has been made in his 
favor with reference to a specific charge. 

Ab-SOlv'er (-er), n. One who absolves. 

Ab-sorb' (5b-s6rb'), v. t. ^imp. & p. p. Absorbed 
(-s6rbd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Absorbing.] [L. absorber e ; 
ab -f- sorbere to suck in.] 1. To swallow up ; to engulf. 
2. To suck up ; to draw or drink in, as a sponge does, or 
as the lacteal vessels of the body do. 3. To take up by 
cohesive, chemical or molecular action. 4. To engross or 
engage wholly. 

Ab-sorb'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being absorbed 
or swallowed up. — Ab-sorb'a-bil'i-ty, n. 

Ab-sorb'ent (-«nt), a. Capable of absorbing. — n. An 
absorbent substance or organ; esp. (Med.) a substance 
which absorbs and neutralizes acid fluids in the stomach, 
or one which stimulates any of the absorbent vessels. 

Ab-sorp'tion (-sSrp'shiin), n. The act or process of 
absorbing, or of being absorbed, in any sense of the verb. 

Ab-SOrp'tive (-sSrp'tiv), a. Absorbing, or tending to 
absorb.— Ab-sorp'tive-ness, Ab / sorp-tiv'i-ty (-T-tjf ), n. 

Abstain' (ab-stan'), v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Abstained 
(-stand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abstaining.] [Through F. 
from L. abstinere, abstentum, to keep from ; ab, abs -\- 
tenere to hold.] To hold aloof; to forbear or refrain 
voluntarily, esp. from indulgence of the appetites. 

Syn. — To withhold ; deny one's self ; give up ; relin- 
quish. 

Ab-stain'. v. t. To cause to abstain. [22.] 

Ab-Stain'er (-er), n. One who abstains. 

Ab-Ste'ml-OUS (5b-ste'ml-us), a. [L. abstemius; ab, 
abs + root of temetum intoxicating drink.] 1. Abstain- 
ing from wine. 2. Sparing in diet, or in the indulgence 
of any appetite or passion. 3. Of or pertaining to ab- 
stinence, or to sparing indulgence. — Ab-Ste'mi-OUS-ly , 
adv. — Ab-ste'mi-ous-ness, n. 

Ab-sten'tion (-stgn'shiin), n. The act of abstaining. 

Ab-sterge' (£b-sterj'), v. t. [L. abstergere, abstersum ; 
ab, abs -J- tergere to wipe.] To wipe away, or off ; hence, 
to purge. 

Ab-Ster'gent (2b-ster'jent), a. Serving to cleanse ; 
purging ; detergent. — n. An abstergent substance. 

Ab-Ster'sion (-ster'shun), n. Act of absterging. 

Ab-Ster'slve (-siv), a. Cleansing; purging. — n. 
Something cleansing. — Ab-Ster'sive-ness, n. 

Ab'Stl-nence (aVstT-nens), n. [See Abstain.] The 
act or practice of abstaining, as from indulgence of ap- 
petite or passions ; specifically, the practice of abstaining 
from intoxicating beverages, — called also total abstinence. 

Ab'sti-nent (-nent), a. Practicing abstinence; ab- 
stemious ; continent ; temperate. — Ab'Sti-nent-ly . adv. 



Ab'stract (aVstrSkt'), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of 
abstruhere to draw from, separate ; ab, abs -f- trahere to 
draw.] 1. Considered apart from any application to a 
particular object; existing in the mind only. Hence: 
Ideal ; abstruse ; difficult. 2. (Logic) (a) Expressing 
a particular property of an object viewed apart from the 
other properties which constitute it ; — opposed to con- 
crete, (b) Resulting from the mental faculty of ab- 
straction ; general as opposed to particular. 3. Having 
the mind drawn away ; abstracted. 

Abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a com- 
plex object, or from other ideas which naturally accom- 
pany it. — Abstract terms, those which express abstract 
ideas, as beauty, whiteness, roundness. —Abstract numbers 
(Math.), numbers used without application to things. 

Ab'stract 7 (aVstrSktf), n. 1. That which comprises 
or concentrates in itself the essential qualities of a larger 
thing or of several things; specifically, a summary or 
an epitome, as of a book. 2. A state of separation from 
other things. 3. An abstract term. 4. (Med.) A 
powdered extract of a vegetable substance digested with 
a solvent and then dried so as to be twice as strong as 
the original substance. 

Syn. — See Abridgment. 

Abstract' (ab-strakf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ab- 
stracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Abstracting.] 1. To with- 
draw ; to separate ; to take away. 2. To draw off in 
respect to interest or attention. 3. To separate, as 
ideas, by the operation of the mind; to contemplate 
separately, as a quality or attribute. 4. To epitomize , 
to abridge. 6. To remove secretly ; hence, to purloin. 
6. ( Chem. ) To separate, by distillation or other chemical 
process ; to extract. 

Ab-Stract'ed (-strakfed), a. Separated ; withdrawn ; 
removed ; hence, absent or absorbed in mind. — Ab- 
Stract'ed-ly , adv. — Ab-stract'ed-ness. n. [abstract. I 

Ab-Stract'er (-er), n. One who abstracts, or makes an | 

Ab-strac'tion ( 2b-strak'shun ), n. 1. The act of 
abstracting, or the state of being abstracted ; withdrawal. 
2. (Metaph.) The act or process of leaving out of con- 
sideration one or more properties of a complex object so 
as to attend to others ; analysis. 3. An idea or notion 
of a theoretical nature. 4. A recluse life. 5. Purloin- 
ing. [Modern] 6. (Chem.) Separation by distillation, 
etc. See Abstract, v. t., 6. 

Ab-strac'tion-ist, n. An idealist. 

Ab-strac'tive (-tiv), a. Having power to abstract. 

Abstractly (aVstrakt/ly), adv. In an abstract state 
or manner ; separately ; absolutely ; by itself. 

Ab'stractness, n. The quality of being abstract. 

Ab-Struse' (ab-strus'), a. [L. abstrusus, p. p. of ab- 
strudere to thrust away, conceal ; ab, abs -j- trudere to 
thrust.] Remote from apprehension; difficult to be 
comprehended or understood ; recondite. — Ab-Struse'- 
ly, adv. — Ab-struse'ness, n. 

Ab-surd' (-sfird'), a. [L. absurdus harsh-sounding ; 
ab -\- (prob.) a derivative fr. a root svar to sound. Not 
connected with E. surd.] Contrary to reason or propri- 
ety ; obviously opposed to manifest truth ; inconsistent 
with the plain dictates of common sense ; logically con- 
tradictory. — Ab-surdly, adv. — Ab-surd'ness, n. 

Syn. —Foolish; irrational; ridiculous; preposterous; 
inconsistent ; incongruous. — Absurd is a stronger word 
than any of these except preposterous. 

Ab-Surd'i-ty (-T-ty), n. 1. The quality of being ab- 
surd. 2. That which is absurd. 

A-bun'dance (a-bun'dans), n. [Through F., from L. 
abundantia, fr. abundare. See Abound.] An overflow- 
ing fullness ; ample sufficiency ; profusion : — strictly ap- 
plicable to quantity only, but sometimes used of number. 

Syn. — Exuberance ; plenteousness ; plenty ; copious- 
ness ; overflow ; riches ; affluence ; wealth ; superfluity.— 
Plenty is fullness, sufficiency. Abundance is plenty and 
something to spare. Exuberance is excessive abundance. 

A-bun'dant (-dant), a. Fully sufficient; plentiful; 
in copious supply. — A-bun'dant-ly . adv. 

Syn. — Ample ; plentiful ; copious ; plenteous ; exuber- 
ant ; overflowing ; rich ; teeming ; bountiful ; liberal. 

A-bUSC (a-buz'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Abused (a-buzd r ) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Abusing.] [F. abuser; L. abusus, p. p. 
of abuti to abuse, misuse ; ab + vdi to use.] 1. To put 
to a wrong use ; to misapply ; to misuse ; to put to a bad 
use ; to use for a wrong purpose or end ; to pervert. 2. 
To use ill ; to maltreat ; to punish excessively. 3. To 
revile ; to disparage. 4. To dishonor. 5. To violate ; 
to ravish. 

Syn. — To maltreat ; injure ; revile ; reproach ; vilify ; 
vituperate ; asperse ; traduce ; malign. 



B 



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f Srn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



A BUSK 



6 



ACCENTUAL 



A bU**' (A-bus'). n. 1. Improper treatment or use ; 
; or bad purpose : misuse. 2. Physi- 
cal ill treatment ; injurv. 3. A corrupt practice or cus- 
KHi,; t» 4. Unjust disparagement; harsh 

and xi if 5- Ravishment. 

Misuse ; maltreatment : contumely ; scurrility ; 
num ; invective. — Abuse is generally 
.nd vented in harsh and unseemly 
r>onal and coarse than iiivtctive. 

A-bns'er (A-boa'Sr). n. One who abuses. 

A-bu'sive^a-bu'sIv). a. 1. Wrongly used ; misapplied. 
2- Practicing abuse ; prone to ill treat. 3. Containing 
abuse, or the instrument of abuse. — A-bu'- 

Blve-ly. . — A-bu'sive-ness, 7i. 

Syn.— Reproachful : scurrilous; opprobrious; inso- 
lent ; insulting ; injurious ; offensive ; reviling. 

A-but' (,a-buf), i • '. limp. & p. p. Abutted ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Abutting.] [OF. abouter, aboier ; a (L. ad) -j- 
boter, buttr, to push.] To project ; to end or border. 

A-bu'tl-lon (,a-bu'tl-15n), ?t. [Ar. aubutllun.] (Bot.) 
A genus of malvaceous plants of many species. 

A but'ment (.-but'nifut), n. That on or against which 
a body abuts or presses, as the solid part of a pier or 
wall which receives the lateral pressure of an arch, the 
fulcrum of a lever, etc. 

A but'tal {-tal), n. The butting or boundary of land. 

A-buttei (-ter), n. One who, or that which, abuts ; 
specif., the owner of an abutting estate. 

A-by' I (a-bi'), r. /. & i. limp. & p. p. Abought 

A-bye* ( (a-bat')-] [AS. abyegan ; pref. a- + bycgan 
to buy.] To pay for ; to atone for. [065.] [abyss. I 

Abysm' (a-bTz'm'),n. [OT.abume. See Abyss.] An| 

A-bys'mal (a-bTz'mal), a. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bhng, an abyss ; immeasurable. — A-bys'mal-ly , adv. 

A-byss' (a-bl& / ), n. [L. abyssus. fr. Gr. a/3vcro-o$ bot- 
tomless ; a, priv. + Pvtrcros depth, bottom.] A bottom- 
less depth, gulf, or chasm ; any deep, immeasurable space ; 
specifically, hell, or the bottomless pit. 

A-byss'al. a. Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss. 

A-ca'cla (a-ka'sha or a-ka'shT-a), n. ; pi. E. Acacias 

(-shaz), L. Acaclk (-shT-e).] [L., from Gr. ataxia.] 1. 

A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs, mostly tropical. 

.jThe inspissated juice of several species of 

acacia ; gum arabic. 

Ac'a-cin. Ac'a-clne (ak'a-sln), n. Gum arabic. 

Ac a-de'ml-an (-de/ml-an), n. One who is a member 
of an academy. 

Ac a-dem'ic (-dgmTk), \ a. 1. Belonging to the 

Ac a-dem'ic-al (-T-kal), J Academy, or the school or 
philosophy of Plato. 2. Belonging to an academy or 
other higher institution of learning ; scholarly ; literary, 
in distinction from scientific. — Ac / a-<lein'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Ac a-dem'ic n. 1. A Platonist. 2. An academician. 

Ac a-de-mi'clan (ak'a-de-mlsh'an), n. A member of 
an academy, or society for promoting science, art, or 
literature. 

A-cad'e-my (a-k£d'e-mjr), n. [F. academie, L. aca- 

1. A garden or grove near Athens (so named 

from the hero Academus), where Plato and his followers 

Mix philosophical conferences; hence, the school 

of philosophy of which Plato was head. 2. A college or 

f -opularly, a school holding a rank between a 

i ommon school. 3- A place of training ; a 

school. 4. A society of learned 

the advancement of 

or literature. 

Ac'a-lepb. (ak'a-16f), 1 

Ac a-le'phan (ak'a-le'fan), J 

1 oxoAjj^tj a net- 

- of a group of Coe- 

tenterati--. including the jelly- 

" hydroids ; — so called 

the stinging power they J j A/J^p?M "i^ i 



r Acan'tna (a-kan'thaj, n. 
>.*)a. thorn, fr. cucn 



tu. 
'.'A- 



-■•A 



Ac an tba'ceous (Xk'an- 
tb*7shfta>/;. 1. Having 
i resembling, the 



o-ceph'ala 
■Sf'fc-IA), n. 





Acanthus (Arch.). 
[It.] (Mus.) (a) In 



pi. [Nib, fr. Gr. aKavOa a spine, thorn + »ce<f>aA>j head.] 
(Zo'ol.) A group of intestinal worms, having the probos- 
cis armed with recurved spines. 

I ACan-tnop ter-yg'i-1 (Sk'ah-thop'ter-TjI-i), n pi. 
[NL.. from Gr. axavOa + nrepvyiov fin.] {Zo'ol.) An 
order of fishes having some of the rays of the dorsal, 
ventral, and anal fins unarticulated and spinelike, as the 
perch. 

A-can'thus (a-kSn'thus), n.; pi. E. Acanthuses (-ez), 
L. Acanthi (-thi). [L., fr. Gr. 
iKavSos.] 1- (Bot.) A genus 
of herbaceous prickly plants, 
found in the south of Europe, 
Asia Minor, and India ; bear's- 
breech. 2. (Arch.) An orna- 
ment resembling the foliage of 
the acanthus ; — used in the 
capitals of the Corinthian and 
Composite orders. 

I! A cap-pella (a kap-pella). 
church or chapel style, that is, without instrumental 
accompaniment, (b) As a time indication, alia breve. 

A-car'i-dan (a-kar'T-dan), n. (Zo'ol.) One of the 
Acarina. 

II Ac a-ri'na (ak'a-ri'na), n. pi. [NL., from Gr. aicapi 
a mite.] (Zo'ol.) The group of Arachnida which in- 
cludes the mites and ticks. Many species are parasitic 
and cause diseases like the itch and mange. 

A-car'pOUS (a-kar'pus), a. [Gr. axapn-os ; a, priv. -f- 
Kaptros fruit.] (Bot.) Not producing fruit: unfruitful. 

A-cat'a-lec'tic (a-kat/a-lek'tlk), a. [Gr. d/caTt£Aij<Tos.] 
(Pros.) Not defective or catalectic ; complete. 

A-cat'a-lep'sy (a-kat'a-ler/sy^), n. [Gr. ajiarakri^ia ; 
a, priv. + Ka.7akais.fi6.veiv to seize, comprehend.] The 
doctrine that knowledge never amounts to certainty. 

A-cat'a-lep / tic (-lep'tik), a. Unknowable; incom- 
prehensible. 

Ac au-les'cent (ak'a-leVsent), a. Same as Acaulose. 

A-canlOSe (a-ka/lo's), \ a. [Gr. Sjca.vX.os ; a, priv. -f- 

A-caulOUS (-lus), } Kav\6s stalk.] (Bot.) With- 
out an apparent stem. 

Ac-cede/ (ak-sed'), v. i. limp. & p. p. Acceded ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Acceding.] [L. accedere to approach, ad -J- 
cedere to move, yield.] 1. Literally, to approach ; hence, 
to come ; to attain. 2. To become a party by associa- 
ting one's self with others ; to give one's adhesion. 

Syn. — To agree; assent; consent; comply; acqui- 
esce; concur. 

II Ac-cel'er-an'dO (ak-sel'er-an'do wat-cha-la-ran'd6), 
a. [It.] (Mus.) Gradually accelerating the movement. 
Ac-cel'er-ate (ak-seTer-at), 



. limp. & p. p 
1 L L - 



(4-kS. 



Acaleph. 



p. Ac- 
celerated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accelerating.] [L. acce- 
lerate ; ad -f- celerare to hasten ; celer quick.] 1. To 
cause to move faster ; to quicken the motion, progress, 
or ordinary process of. 2. To hasten, as the occurrence 
of an event ; — opposed to retard. 

Syn. — To hasten ; expedite ; quicken ; dispatch ; for- 
ward; advance; further. 

Ac-cel er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of accelerating, or 
6tate of being accelerated ; increase of action. 

Ac-cel'er-a-tive (ak-seTer-a-tiv), a. Quickening. 

Ac-cel'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, 
accelerates. 

Ac-cel'er-a-tO-ry (-a-to-rf ), a. Accelerative. 

Ac'cent' (Sk'sent/), n. [F., fr. L. accentus ; ad -f 
cantus a singing.] 1. A superior force of voice or of 
articulative effort upon some particular syllable of a 
word or a phrase, distinguishing it from the others. See 
Guide to Pron., §§ 30-46. 2. A mark or character used 
in writing, and serving to indicate the pronunciation. 3. 
Modulation of the voice in speaking ; manner of speaking 
or pronouncing. 4. A word; atone; (pi.) speech. 5. 
(Pros.) Stress laid on certain syllables of a verse. 6. 
( Mus. ) A stress upon a tone or phrase, as that used to 
mark the beginning, and, more feebly, the third part of 
the measure, or that used to give expression to a passage. 
7. (Math.) A mark placed at the right hand of a letter, 
and a little above it, to distinguish magnitudes of a simi- 
lar kind, but differing in value ; as y', y". 

Ac-cent' (5k-senf). v. t. limp. & p. p. Accented ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Accenting.] 1. To express the accent of ; 
to utter or to mark with accent. 2. To emphasize. 

Ac-cen'tor(-sSn't5r),H. 1. (Mus. ) The leader. (Obs.) 
2. (Zo'ol.) A genus of European birds (so named from 
their sweet notes), including the hedge warbler. In 
America sometimes applied to the water thrushes. 

Ac-cen'tU-al (-ta-#l), a. Of or pertaining to accent. 



a I I u u .ong ; a, £, I, d, tt, y, short; san&te, gvent, Idea, 6bey,nnite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ACCENTUATE 



ACCOMPANIMENT 



[imp. & p. p. Ac 



o pro- 
2. To 



Ac-cen'tu-ate (Sc-cen'tfi-at), v. t 

OENTUATED ; p. pr. & vb. 71. ACCENTUATING.] 1 

nounce or mark with an accent or with accents, 
emphasize. 

Ao-cen'ttl-a'tion (-a'shfin), n. Act of accentuating. 

Ac-cept' (ak-s§pt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accepted ; p. 
pr. &vb. n. Accepting.] [F. accepter, L. acceptare, freq. 
of accipere; ad + capere to take.] 1. To receive with a 
consenting mind (something offered). 2. To receive or 
admit and agree to ; to assent to, as a proposal, amend- 
ment, etc. 3. To receive by the mind ; to understand. 
4. (Com.) To receive as obligatory and promise to pay. 
6. In a deliberative body, to receive in acquittance of a 
duty imposed ; as, to accept the report of a committee. 
[The question is then on its adoption.] 

Syn. — To receive ; take ; admit. 

/tc-cept'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable, worthy, or sure of 
being accepted or received with pleasure ; pleasing to a 
receiver. — Accept a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'I-ty), Ac-cept'a-ble- 
ness, n. — Ac-cept'a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Agreeable ; gratifying ; welcome. 

Ac-cept'ance (-ans), n. 1. The act of accepting or 
the state of being accepted in any sense of the verb. 2. 
(Com.) (a) An assent and engagement by the person 
on whom a bill of exchange or order is drawn, to pay it 
when due according to the terms of the acceptance, (b) 
The bill itself when accepted. 3. An agreeing to terms 
or proposals by which a bargain is made binding ; the 
reception or taking of a thing bought as that for which 
it was bought, or as that agreed to be delivered, or the 
taking possession as owner. 

Ac-cept'ant (-ant), a. Accepting. — n. An accepter. 

Ac cep-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. 1. Acceptance. 2. Re- 
ceived meaning. * 

Ac-cept'er (-er), Ac-cept'or (-er or -or), n. 1. A 
person who accepts; a taker. 2. (Com.) One who ac- 
cepts an order or a bill of exchange ; — commonly in the 
second spelling. 

Ac-cess' (ak-ses' or ak'ses), n. [See Accede.] 1. 
A coming to, or near approach ; admittance ; admission. 
2. The means, place, or way by which a thing may be 
approached. 3. Increase ; addition ; accession. 

Ac-ces'sa-ry (Sk-ses'sa-r^), a. Accompanying, as a 
subordinate ; additional ; accessory ; being an accessory. 

Ac-ces'sa-ry, n. (Law) One who, not being present, 
contributes as an assistant or instigator to the commis- 
sion of an offense, or aids in preventing its punishment. 

Syn. — See Abettoe. 

Ac-cess'i-ble (-i-b'l), a. 1. Easy of access ; approach- 
able. 2. That may be reached or obtained. — Access- 
ibility (bil'T-ty), n. — Ac-Cess'i-bly , adv. 

Ac-ces'sion (5k-sSsh'un), n. 1. The act of acceding 
and becoming joined. 2. Increase by something added ; 
that which is added. 3. (Laiu) A mode of acquiring 
property by means of the additions by growth or by 
labor to the corporeal substance already owned. 4. The 
act of coming to a throne, an office, etc. 5. (Med.) The 
commencement of a disease ; a fit or paroxysm. 

Syn. — Increase ; addition ; augmentation. 

Acces-so'ri-al (5k'sgs-so'rT-al), a. Of or pertaining 
to an accessory. 

Ac-ces'so-ry (5k-seVs6-r^), a. Accompanying as a 
subordinate ; aiding in a secondary way ; connected as 
an incident or subordinate to a principal ; contributory ; 
— usually in a bad sense, when used of persons. — Ac- 
ces'so-ri-ly, adv. — Ac-ces'so-ri-ness, n. 

Syn. — Accompanying ; contributory ; auxiliary ; sub- 
sidiary ; subservient ; additional ; acceding. 

Ac-ces'so-ry, n. 1. That which belongs to some- 
thing else deemed the principal ; something additional 
and subordinate. 2. (Law) Same as Accessary. 

II Ac-clac / ca-tU'ra(at-chak'ka-tob'ra), n. [It.] (Mus.) 
A short grace note, a semitone below the note to which 
it is prefixed. 

Ac'ci-dence (ak'sT-dens), n. [A corruption of acci- 
dents.'] 1. The accidents, or inflections of words ; the ru- 
diments of grammar. 2. The rudiments of any subject. 

Ac'cl-dent (-dent), n. [F., fr. L. accidens, p. pr. of 
accidere to happen ; ad + cadere to fall.] 1. Literally, 
a befalling ; an event that takes place without one's fore- 
sight or expectation ; chance; contingency; esp., amis- 
chance; a casualty. 2. (Gram.) A property attached 
to a word, but not essential to it, as gender, number, 
case. 3. (Log.) A property or quality of a thing which 
is not essential to it ; an attribute. 

ACcl-den'tal (Sk'si-den'tal), a. 1. Happening unex- 




Beak and Talons of one of the 
Accipitres (Gyrfalcon). 



pectedly or by chance ; casual. 2. Nonessential ; inciden- 
tal. — ACci-den'tal-ly (Sk'sT-den'tal-ly), adv. — Ac'cl- 
den'tal-ness, n. 

Syn. — Fortuitous ; contingent ; occasional ; chance ; 
adventitious. 

Ac'ci-den'tal, n. 1. Anything happening acciden- 
tally ; an incidental property. 2. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, 
or natural, occurring before a particular note. 3. pi. 
(Paint.) Fortuitous effects produced by luminous rays 
falling on certain objects. 

II Ac-cip'i-ter (-sip'T-ter), n. ; pi. E. Accipiters (-terz), 
L. Accipitres (-trez). 
[L., hawk.] (Zool.) 
Any one of the Accip- 
itres or Raptores, the 
order that includes 
the vultures, the fal- 
cons or hawks, and 
the owls. 

Ac-cip'i-tral(T- 
trol), a. Hawklike. 

Ac-clp'i-trine 
(-trin), a. (Zool.) 
Like or belonging to 
the Accipitres ; raptorial ; hawklike. 

Ac-claim' (ak-klam'), v. t. [L. acclamare ; ad-\- cla- 
mare to cry out.] 1. To applaud. [R.] 2. To declare 
or proclaim by acclamations. 

Ac-claim', n. Acclamation. [Poetic] 

ACcla-ma'tion (ak'kla-ma'shun), n. A shout of ap- 
probation, favor, or assent ; loud applause. 

Ac-clam'a-tO-ry (ak-klam'a-to-rjf), a. Pertaining to, 
or expressing approval by, acclamation. [tion. I 

Ac-cli ma-ta'tion (-kli'ma-ta'shun), n. Acclimatiza- 1 

Ac-Cli'mate (-kli'mat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accxi- 
mated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimating.] [F. acclimater ; 
a (L. ad) + climat climate.] To habituate to a climate 
not native ; to acclimatize. 

Ac'cli-ma'tlon (ak'klT-ma'shun), n. Process of be- 
coming, or state of being, acclimated ; acclimatization. 

Ac-cli ma-ti-za'tion (Sk-kli'ma-ti-za'shun), n. State 
of being acclimatized ; acclimation. 

Ac-Cli'ma-tlze (-kli'nia-tiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Acclimatized (-tizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimatizing 
(-ti'zTng).] To acclimate. 

Ac-Cliv'i-ty (ak-kliv'I-ty), n. [L. acclivitas, fr. ac- 
clivis ascending ; ad-\-clivus a hill, slope, fr. root Mi to 
lean.] A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of 
a hill, viewed as ascending ; ascent ; —opposed to declivity. 

Ac-cli'VOUS (-kli'vus), a. Sloping upward. 

Ac co-lade' (Sk'kS-lad' or -lad'), n. [F., fr. It. accol- 
lare to embrace ; L. ad -f- collum neck.] 1. A cere- 
mony formerly used in conferring knighthood, consist- 
ing of an embrace, and a stroke with the flat of a sword. 
2. (Mus.) A brace used to join two or more staves. 

Ac-com'mo-date (ak-kom'mo-dat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Accommodated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accommodating.] [L. 
accommodare; ad + commodare to make fit. See 
Commodate.] 1. To render fit, suitable, or corre- 
spondent; to adapt; to conform. 2. To bring into 
agreement or harmony; to reconcile. 3. To furnish 
with something desired or needed ; to favor ; to oblige. 
4. To apply or make suit by analogy. 

Syn. — To suit; adapt; conform; adjust; arrange. 

Ac-com'mo-da'tlng, a. Affording, or disposed to 
afford, accommodation ; obliging. 

Ac-COm'mo-da'tion (Sk-kom'mo-da'shun), n. 1. The 
act of fitting or adapting, or the state of being fitted or 
adapted; adaptation; adjustment. 2. Willingness to 
accommodate ; obligingness. 3. Whatever supplies a 
want or affords ease, refreshment, or convenience ; — 
often in the plural. 4. Adjustment of differences ; rec- 
onciliation ; settlement. 5. Application by analogy. 6. 
(Com.) A loan of money ; an accommodation bill or note. 

Accommodation bill or note (Com.), a bill of exchange 
accepted, or a note made, or indorsed, and delivered not 
upon a consideration, but for the accommodation of an- 
other. — Accommodation coach or train, one stopping at 
all or nearly all stations. —Accommodation ladder (Naut.), 
a ladder hung over the side of a ship at the gangway. 

Ac-com'mo-da'tor (-da'fer), n. He who, or that 
which, accommodates. 

Ac-com'pa-ni-ment (5k-kum'pa-nT-ment), n. That 
which accompanies ; something that attends as a circum- 
stance, or which is added for completeness, ornament, 
or symmetry. Specifically : (Mus.) A part performed 
by instruments, accompanying another part or pai*ts per- 



B 



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f Srn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



Ac COMPANIST 



8 



ACCUMULATIVE 



Ac^tfim'pa 



trdinate put. or parts, accom- 

iiK-ip.il instrument; also, the 



iii'pa-nistl, u. 
\mip.umuent. 



The performer 



Ac-com'pa-ny (tt-kttm'pA-n*), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 

a- vb. n. Accompanying (,-uT- 

gnier, fr. campaign companion. 

1 u itli or attend as a compan- 

ompany with. 2. To play the accouipa- 

. tor. 

>> n. I. Maad ; escort. 

Ac com'plice v&k-kSm'plTs), n. [4c- (perh. for ar- 
for L. ad) + complice.'] 1. A cooperator. [E.] 
2 ie in the couiniission of a crime. 

Bj ii. Abettor; accessory; assistant; associate, con- 

Ijutor; ally; promoter. See Abettoe. 
Ac com'plish (.ak-k5m'plish), v. t. [imp. St p. p. Ac- 
complished (-pliant), p. pr. St vb. n. Accomplishing.] 
iplir ; L. ad -p complere to fill up, complete.] 
1. lv complete, as time or distance. 2. To complete, as 
a purpose or intention ; to bring to an issue of full suc- 
i -xecute fully. 3. To equip thoroughly. Heuce, 
to render accomplished. 

To do ; perform ; fulfill ; realize ; effect ; effec- 
oiuplete ; consummate ; execute ; achieve ; per- 
fect ; equip ; furnish. — Accomplish, effect, execute, 
a, agree m the general idea of carrying- 
out to some end proposed. 

Ac com'plished (-plisht), a. 1. Completed ; effected ; 
established. 2. Complete in acquirements, usually as 
the result of training : — commonly in a good sense. 

Ac-COm'plish-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of accomplish- 
ing ; completion j fulfillment. 2. That which equips 
thoroughly ; that which constitutes excellence of mind, 
or elegance of manners, acquired by education or training. 
Ac-compt'ant (ak-kount'«ut), n. See Accountant. 
Ac-COrd' (5k-k6rd'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accoeded ; p. 
pr. & tb. n. Accoeding.] [OF. acorder, LL. accordare; 
L. ad -f- cor, cordis, heart.] 1. To make to agree or cor- 
respond. [E.] 2. To bring to an agreement, as per- 
sons ; to reconcile ; to settle, adjust, or compose, as 
3. To grant as suitable or proper ; to concede. 
Ac-cord', V. i. To agree, correspond, or harmonize. 
Ac-cord', /<• 1. Agreement or concurrence of opin- 
ion, will, or action ; assent. 2. Harmony of sounds ; 
agreement in pitch and tone ; concord. 3. Agreement, 
or just correspondence of things. 4. Voluntary or spon- 
motion or impulse to act ; — preceded by own. 
6. (Law) An agreement between parties in controversy, 
by which satisfaction for an injury is stipulated, and 
which, when executed, bars a suit. 
Ac-cord'ance C-«ns), n. Agreement ; harmony. 
Ac-cord'ant (-ant), a. Agreeing ; harmonious ; corre- 
sponding ; conformable. — Ac-cord'ant-ly, adv. 

Ac-cord'lng, i>- <>■ Agreeing ; being in agreement or 
harmony ; harmonious. 

Ac-cord'lng-ly, adv. 1. Agreeably ; in a manner con- 
formable. 2. In natural sequence; consequently; so. 
Ac-cor'dl-on(Sk-k6r'dI-un),n. (Mus.) A small, porta- 
jistrument, whose 
e generated by play of 
wind upon free metallic reeds. 
Ac-COSt' r3k-k5sf; 115), 
I . t. [imp. Hi p. p. Accosted ; 

fv vb. n. Accosting.] 
otter, LL. accoslare to 
• by side ; L. ad + 
-. side.] 1. To adjoin. [Obs.~\ 2. To approach. 
3 To speak to first ; to address ; to greet. 
Ac couche'ment (ak-kaoab/ndbi), n. [F., lit., a put- 

DeUrery in childbed. 
Ac-cou cheur' rak-koo-sher';, n. [F.] A man mid- 
• i i';i;m. — Ac-cou-cheuse' (-shez'), n.f. 
Ac-count' <Sk-kount'), n. [OF. acount, account, ac- 
■i .] 1. A reckoning ; 
d ol some reckoning. 2. A registry 
a written or printed statement 
'jt debts and credits, or of otlier 
niug or review. 3. A state- 
. grounds, etc., explan- 
atory of tome event. Hence, tli<- word is often used 
i'/eration, motive, etc.; 
4- A statement of 
r narrative; a report ; 
nd explanation or vin- 
dication with reference to judgment 




Accordion. 



thereon. 6. An estimate or estimation ; valuation ; judg- 
ment. 7. Importance ; worth ; value ; advantage ; profit. 

Syn. —Narrative; narration; relation; recital; de- 
scription ; explanation ; rehearsal. — Account is the more 
general word. A narrative or narration is an account 
given in conversational or literary form. A recital implies 
an orderly and formal rehearsal of particulars. Descrip- 
tion imports explanatory aud picturesque features. 

Ac-count' (Sk-kounf), v. t. limp. &p. p. Accounted ; 
j>. pr. S: rb. n. Accounting.] [OE. acounten, accompten, 
OF. aeonter; a (L. ad) -j- conter to count, L. computare. 
See Count, v. I.] 1. To reckou; also, to relate. 2. To 
value, estimate, or hold in opinion ; to judge or consider. 

Ac-count', v. i. 1. To render or receive an account 
or relation of particulars. 2. To answer in judgment. 
3. To give a satisfactory reason or explanation. 

Ac-COUnt'a-ble (ak-kount'a-b'l), a. Liable to be 
called on to render an account ; answerable. — Ac- 
count'a-bil'i-ty (-bll'i-ty), Ac-count'a-ble-ness, n. — 
Ac-count'a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Amenable ; responsible ; liable ; answerable. 

Ac-count'an-cy (-an-sy), n. Art of an accountant. 

Ac-count 'ant (-ant), n. A reckoner. Specifically : 
One who is skilled in accounts ; an officer who has charge 
of public accounts. 

Ac-COU'ter I (ak-koo'ter), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Accou- 

Ac-COU'tre ) teeed or Accouteed (-terd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Accouteeing or Accoutbtng.] [F. accoutrer ; — of 
uncertain origin.] To furnish with dress, or equipments, 
esp. those for military service. 

Ac-cou'ter-ments I (-ments), n. pi. Dress ; trap- 

Ac-COU'tre-mentS j pings ; equipment ; specifically, 
military equipments. 

Ac-cred'it (Sk-kredTt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acceed- 
ited ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acceediting.] [F. accrediter ; a 
(L. ad) -j- credit credit.] 1. To put or bring into credit ; 
to invest with authority ; to sanction. 2. To send with 
letters credential ; to authorize. 3. To believe ; to 
credit ; to put trust in. 

To accredit (one) with (something), to attribute some- 
thing to him . 

Ac cre-men-ti'tlon (ak'kre-men-tTsh'un), n. [See Ac- 
ceescent.] (Physiol.) The process of generation by 
development of blastema, or by fission of cells. 

Ac-cres'cent (-kreVsent), a. [L. accrescens, p. pr. of 
accrescere; ad -j- crescere to grow.] 1. Growing; in- 
creasing. 2. (Bol.) Growing larger after flowering. 

Ac-cre'tion (Sk-kre'shun), n. 1. The act of increas- 
ing by natural growth; esp., the increase of organic bod- 
ies by the internal accession of parts ; organic growth. 
2. The act of increasing, or the matter added, by an ac- 
cession of parts externally. 3. Concretion; coherence 
of separate particles. 4. A growing together of parts 
naturally separate, as of the fingers or toes. 5. (Law) 
(a) The adhering of property to something else, by 
which the owner of one thing becomes possessed of a 
right to another, (b) Gain to an heir or legatee, by 
failure of a coheir or colegatee. 

Accroach' (-kroch'), v. t. [OF. acrochier ; a (L. ad) 
+ croc hook (E. crook).] 1. To hook, or draw to one's 
self as with a hook. [Obs.] 2. To usurp. 

Ac-crue 7 (Sk-kru/), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Accbced 
(-krud') ; p. jpr. & vb. n. Acceuing.] [From F. accru, 
p. p. of accroitre to accrue, fr. L. accrescere to grow.] 1. 
To increase ; to augment. 2. To come to by way of in- 
crease ; to be added as increase, profit or damage. 

Ac-cru'ment (-ment), n. The process of accruing, or 
that which has accrued. 

Ac'CU-ba'tlon (Sk'ku-ba'shun), n. [L. accubatio, fr. 
accubare to reclme ; ad-\-cubare to lie down.] The act 
or posture of reclining on a couch, as practiced by the 
ancients at meals. 

Ac-cum'bent (Sk-kum'bent), a. [L. accumbens, p. 
pr. of accumbere; ad -\- cumber to lie down.] Leaning 
or reclining ; lying or resting against something else. 

Ac-cu'mu-late (5k-ku'mu-lat), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. 
Accumulated (-la'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accumulating.] 
[L. accumulare ; ad -j- cumulare to heap.] To heap up 
in a mass ; to collect or bring together. 

Syn. — To collect ; pile up ; store up; amass ; gather ; 
aggregate ; heap together ; hoard. 

Ac-CU'mu-late, V. i. To grow or increase in quantity 
or number. 

Ac-cu mu-la'tion (-ku'mu-la'shun), n. The act of 
accumulating, the state of being accumulated, or that 
whicli is accumulated. 

Ac-CU'mu-la-tive (-la-tiv), a. Causing, or character- 



I «>, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, fivent, Idea, 6bey, Unite, ca\re, arm, ask, all, final. 



ACCUMULATIVELY 



ACHROMATIZE 



zed by, accumulation ; cumulative ; additional. — Ac- 
cu'mu-la-tive-ly (&k-ku'nm-la-tTv-ly), adv. — Ac-cu'- 
mu-la-tive-ness, n. 

Ac-CU'mu-la'tor (-la'ter), n. [L.] 1. One who, or 
that which, accumulates. 2. {Mech.) An apparatus by 
means of which energy or power can be stored. 

Ac'cu-ra-cy (£k'ku-ra-sy), n. The state of being accu- 
rate ; the freedom from mistakes, that results from care- 
fulness ; exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model. 

Ac'cu-rate (-rat), a. [L. accuratus, p. p. of accurate 
to take care of; ad -\- curare to take care, cur a care.] 
Being in exact or careful conformity to truth, or to 
some standard of requirement, as the result of care or 
pains ; free from failure, error, or defect ; exact. — 
Ac'cu-rate-ly, adv.— Ac'cu-rate-ness, n. 

Syn. — Correct; exact; precise; just; nice; particu- 
lar. — Accurate and correct agree in implying freedom 
from faults or mistakes ; exact and precise denote close 
conformity to something else, or attention to minute de- 
tails. A man might give very precise instructions which, 
nevertheless, might not be correct. 

Ac-curse' (3k-kfirs'), v. t. [OE. acursien ; pref. a- + 
cursien to curse.] To devote to destruction ; to impre- 
cate misery or evil upon ; to curse ; to execrate ; to 
anathematize. 

Ac-cursed' {p.p. -kflrst', a. -kfirs'ed), I p. p. & a. 

Ac-curst' (p. p. & a. ak-kGrst'), j Doomed to 

destruction or misery ; cursed ; hence, bad enough to be 
under the curse; execrable. — Ac-curs'ed-ly, adv. — 
Ac-curs'ed-ness, n. 

Ac cu-sa'tion (Sk'ku-za'shun), n. Act of accusing of 
a crime or other offense ; that of which one is accused ; 
also, the charge, or the declaration containing the charge. 

Syn. — Impeachment ; crimination ; censure ; charge. 

Ac-CU'sa-tlve (ak-ku'za-tTv), a. 1. Producing accusa- 
tions ; accusatory. 2. {Gram.) Applied to the case which 
expresses the immediate object on which the action or 
influence of a transitive verb or preposition terminates. 
It corresponds to the objective case in English. — n. 
{Gram.) The accusative case, or a word in that case. — 
Ac-cu'sa-tive-ly, adv. 

Ac-CU'sa-tO'ri-al (-to'rT-al), a. Accusatory ; censo- 
rious. — Ac-cusa-to'ri-al-ly, adv. 

Ac-CU'sa-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Pertaining to, or contain- 
ing, an accusation. 

Ac-cuse' (-kuz'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Accused (-kuzd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Accusing.] [OF. acuser, L. accusare, to 
call to account, accuse ; ad + causa cause, lawsuit.] 1. 
To charge with, or declare to have committed, a crime 
or offense ; {Law) to charge with an offense, judicially 
or by a public process ; — with of. 2. To blame. 

Syn. — To charge; blame; censure; reproach; crimi- 
nate ; indict ; impeach ; arraign. 

Ac-CUS'er (-er), n. One who accuses. 

Ac-cus'tom (ak-kus'tum), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accus- 
tomed (-turnd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accustoming.] [OF. 
acostumer; a (L. ad) -f- costume custom.] To make 
familiar by use ; to habituate, or inure ; — with to. 

Ac-CUS'tom-a-ry (-a-ry), a. Usual; customary. 

Ac-CUS'tomed (-tumd), a. Usual ; customary. 

Ace (as), n. [OE. as, F. as, fr. L. as, assis, unity, 
copper coin, the unit of coinage.] 1. A unit ; a single 
point or spot on a card or die ; a card or die so marked. 
2. Hence : a particle ; an atom ; a jot. 

A-cel'da-ma • (a-sel'da-ma), n. [Gr. 'AKeA.8a/xd, fr. 
Syr. okel damo the field of blood.] The potter's field, 
said to have lain south of Jerusalem, purchased with the 
bribe which Judas took, and therefore called the field of 
blood; fig., a field of bloodshed. 

Ac'e-phal (as'e-fal), n. {Zool.) One of the Acephala. 

II A-ceph'a-la (a-sef'a-la), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. a/ce- 
<£aA.os headless ; d, priv. -f- /ce^oAij head.] {Zo'ol.) That 
division of the Mollusca which includes the bivalves, like 
the clams and oysters. They have no evident head. 

A-ceph'a-lan, a. {Zool.) Belonging to the Acephala. 

I A-ceph/a-li (a-sef'a-li), n. pi. [LL.] A fabulous 
people reported by ancient writers to have no heads ; — 
hence, a class having or acknowledging no head or leader. 

A-ceph'a-l0US (-lus), a. 1. Headless. 2. {Zool.) 
Without a distinct head. 3. {Bot.) Having the style 
spring from the base, instead of from the apex, as in cer- 
tain ovaries. 4. Without a leader or chief. 5. {Pros. ) 
Deficient at the beginning, as a verse. 

A-cerb' (a-serb'), a. [L. acerbus, fr. acer sharp.] 
Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste ; sharp and harsh. 

A-cerb'ate (-at), v. t. To make sour ; to imbitter. 

A-cerb'i-ty (a-ser'bi-ty), n. Sourness of taste, with 




bitterness and astringency, like that of unripe fruit ; 
— used also figuratively. 

Ac'er-ose' (aVer-oV), a. [{a) L. acerosus chaffy, fr. 
acus chaff; {b) as if fr. L. acus needle.] 
{Bot.) {a) Chaffy, {b) Needle-shaped, 
with a sharp, rigid point. 

Ac'er-ous (-us), a. Same as Aceeose. 

Ac'er-OUS, a. [Gr. a, priv. -f- Kepas a 
horn.] {Zool.) {a) Destitute of tenta- 
cles, {b) Without antennae. 

A-ces'cence (a-ses'sens), ) n. Quality 

A-ces'cen-cy (-sen-sy), ) of being 
acescent ; the process of acetous fermen- 
tation ; moderate sourness. 

A-ces'cent (-sent), a. [L. acescens, p. 
pr. of acescere to turn sour, fr. acere to 
be sour.] Turning sour; readily becom- 
ing tart or acid ; slightly sour. 

Ac'e-tab'U-lar(as'e-tab'u-ler),a. Cup- Acerose Leaves . 
shaped ; saucer-shaped. 

II Ace-tab'u-lum (-u-lum), n. [L., a little saucer for 
vinegar, fr. acetum vinegar.] {Anat.) A cup-shaped or 
saucer-shaped process or part, as a sucker of a cuttlefish. 

Ac'e-tate (5s'e-tat), n. [L. acetum vinegar.] {Chem.) 
A salt formed by acetic acid and a base or positive radical. 

A-ce'tic (a-se'tik or a-sef lk), a. {Chem.) {a) Of or 
pertaining to vinegar ; producing vinegar, (b) Pertain- 
ing to, containing, or derived from, acetyl. 

A-ceH-fl-ca'tion (a-set'i-fi-ka'shiin), n. Act of mak- 
ing acetous or sour ; process of changing into vinegar. 

A-cet'I-fy (a-set'i-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acetified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acetifying (-fi'Ing).] [L. acetum 
vinegar -f- -fy.~\ To convert into acid or vinegar. 

Ac'e-tim'e-ter (aVe-tTna'e-ter), n. [L. acetum vine- 
gar -f- -meter, ,] An instrument for estimating the amount 
of acetic acid in vinegar or in any liquid. 

Ac'e-tim'e-try (-try), n. The act or method of ascer- 
taining the proportion of acetic acid in any liquid. 

A-ce / tOUS (a-se'tus), a. 1. Sour ; acid. 2. Causing, 
or connected with, acetification. 

Ac'e-tyl (as'e-til), n. [L. acetum vinegar + -yl.~\ 
{Chem.) A complex, hypothetical radical, having two 
parts carbon, three hydrogen and one oxygen. 

Ache (ak), n. [See Ache, v. £.] Continued pain, as 
distinguished from sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain. 

Ache (ak), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Ached (akt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Aching (ak'Tng).] [OE. aken, AS. acan.'] To 
suffer pain ; to have, or be in, pain, or continued pain ; to 
be distressed. 

A-chene' (a-ken'), ) n. [Gr. a, priv. + x at '" 

A-che'ni-um (a-ke'ni-um), j veil/ to gape.] {Bot.) 
A small, dry, indehiscent fruit, containing a single seed. 

Ach'e-ron (ak'e-ron), n. [L. , f r. Gr. 'Axepov. ] ( Class. 
) A river in the Nether World or infernal regions ; 
also, the infernal regions. By some English poets repre- 
sented to be a flaming lake or gulf. 

A-chiev'a-ble (a-cheVa-b'l), a. Capable of being 
achieved. 

A-chieve' (a-chev'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achieved 
(-chevd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Achieving.] [OF. achever, 
achiever, to finish ; a (L. ad) -\- chief end, head. See 
Chief.] 1. To carry on to successful completion; to 
bring out into a perfected state ; to accomplish ; to 
perform. 2. To obtain by exertion ; to succeed in gain- 
ing ; to win. [Obs., with a material thing as the aim. ] 

Syn. — See Accomplish. 

A-chieve'ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of achieving. 
2. A great or heroic deed ; something accomplished by 
valor, boldness, or praiseworthy exertion; a feat. 3. 
{Her.) An escutcheon ; esp., a hatchment. 

A-chiev'er (-er), n. One who achieves ; a winner. 

A-chil'les' ten'don (a-kil'lez ten' dun), n. {Anat.) 
The strong tendon joining the large muscles in the calf 
of the leg to the heel bone ; — so called from Achilles' 
being held by the heel when dipped in the Styx. 

A-chlam'y-date (a-kiam'T-dat), a. [Gr. d, 
xAajuvs a short cloak.] {Zool.) Not 
mantle ; — said of certain gastropods. 

Ach/la-myd'e-ous (ak'la-mTd'e-us), a. {Bot.) Hav- 
ing no floral envelope, neither calyx nor corolla. 

AchTO-mat'ic (Sk'ro-mat'Tk), a. [Gr. d^pw^aTOs col- 
orless; d, priv. -f-xpai/u* color.] 1. {Opt.) Free from 
color ; transmitting light without decomposing it into 
its primary colors. 2. {Biol.) Uncolored; not absorb- 
ing color from a fluid. — Ach/ro-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Acb/ro-ma-tic'i-ty (-ma-tis'i-t^), ) n. Quality of be- 

A-chro'ma-tism (a-kro'ma-tiz'm), ) ing achromatic. 

A-chro'ma-tize (a-kro'ma-tlz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 



B 



priv. -f- 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, slug, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ACHROMATOPSY 



10 



ACQUISITION 



AcmoMATirxn (4U)j ;>. pr. & •*. »• Achromatizing 

deprive of color : to make achromatic. 

A chxo 'ma-top sy (,a-kro'ma-to|> 'aj ■), »• [C-r. a, priv. 

_i_ \oit- sight.] Color bliudness ; Daltonism. 

MtatCn-U (a-«Tk'u-la), n. ; «/. Aciculje (-15). [L., 

ueedle.] {XaL Hist.) A ueedlelike spine, 

A-cic'U-lar (,-lerl. (7. Needle-shaped. 

A cic'u late v.'»->ik'u-htt), ( o. (Aat //Yd.) (a) Fur- 

A cic'u la ted (,-u-la ted), i nished with aciculse. (6) 
ted with hue irregular streaks. 

Acid (aVId), <?. [L. acidus sour, fr. the root ak to 
be sharp.] 1. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste ; tart ; 
ate of vinegar; also, fig., sour-tempered. 
Of or pertaining to an acid. 

Acid. ... 1. A sour substance. 2. {Chem.) One of 
a class of compo un ds, generally sour to the taste, soluble 
in water, and reddening vegetable blue or violet colors. 
the distinctive properties of alkalies or 
bases, combining with them to form salts. They all 
contain hy d r o gen , united with a more negative element 
or radical," either alone, or more generally with oxygen. 

K^*In the old chemistry the name acid was applied 
to the oxides of the negative or nonmetallic elements, 
now sometimes called aiihydrides. 

Ac id-ii'er-OUS (as'Id-Tfer-us), a. Yielding an acid. 

Ac id-ii'ic (-Tf'Tk), a. Producing acidity, or an acid. 

Acid i-fi-ca'tion (a-sid'i-f I-ka'shun), n. The act or 
process of acidifying. 

A-cid'1-fi er (a-sld'i-fi'er), n. {Chem.) A simple or 
compound principle, the presence of which is necessary 
to produce acidity. 

A-cid'i-fy (-fi), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidified (-fid) ; 
S vb. n. Aciddtying (-fi'Tng).] [Acid sour + 
-/j/.] 1. To make acid ; to convert into an acid. 2. 
sour ; to imbitter. 

Ac id-im'e-ter (as'id-Trn'e-ter), n. [Acid + •meter.'] 
An instrument for ascertaining the strength of acids. 

Ac id-im'e-try (-Tm'e-try), n. {Chem.) The measure- 
ment of the strength of acids. [sour ; sourness. I 

A-cid'i-ty (a-sldl-tjr), 7i. Quality or state of being| 

Ac'id-ly (as'Td-ly), adv. Sourly; tartly. 

Ac'id-ness (asld-ngs), n. Acidity ; sourness. 

A-cid'u-late (a-sTd'u-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidu- 
lated; p. pr. & vb. n. Acidulating.] To make sour 
1 in a moderate degree. 

A-cid'u-lous (-lus), a. Slightly sour ; subacid. 

Ac'i-er-age (SsT-er-aj), n. [F. acierage, fr. acier 
steel.] The process of coating the surface of a metal 
plate with steellike iron by electrolysis ; steeling. 

Acl-form (-f8rm), a. [L. acus needle.] Acicular. 

Ac i nac'i-form (aVT-nSsf-fSrai), a. [L. acinaces a 
short sword + -form.] {Bol.) 
Soimeter-ohaped. 

A-cin'i-form (a-sTnT-fQrm), a. 
[L. acinus a grape + -form.] AciI 

1. Having the form of a cluster 

of grapes. 2. Full of small kernels, like a grape. 

Ac'i-nose' (isT-nos 7 ), ) a. Consisting of acini, or 

Ac'1-nous (aVY-nfis), \ minute granular concretions. 

Ac'i-nua (aVI-nusK n. ; pi. Acini (-ni). [L., grape, 

papeotone.] (Hot.) {a) One of the drupelets of the 

blackberry, raspberry, etc. (b) A grapestone. 

Ac knowledge (aK-nol'Sj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ac- 

,ed (-e"jd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acknowledging.] 

h*. pref. a- -f- the verb knowledge.] 1. To own 

or admit the knowledge of ; to recognize as a fact or truth. 

2. To admit the claims or authority of ; to give recogni- 

3. To own with gratitude or obligation. 4. To 
own as genuine ; to avow or admit in legal form. 

To avow ; proclaim ; recognize ; own ; admit ; 
allow ; concede ; confess. 

Ac knowl'edg-ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of ac- 
u any sense of the verb. 2. Something 
'uni for a favor, message, etc. 
A-«liu . a. [Gr. a, priv. -\- Kklveiv to in- 

Vithout inclination or dipping; — 
. line (magnetic equator) near the 
earth r. equator on which the magnetic needle balances 
ving no dip. 
Ac'D-i': a</uLT7 point, top.] 1. Top or 

2. < Med. > Crisis of a disease. 
■'.) A pustular affection 
in the sebaceous glands. 
Ac node jTk'nod), n. \L. acus needle + E. node.] 
olated point not upon a curve, but consid- 
irve. 




Acorn. 



Ac'O-lyte (Sk'6-lit), n. [LL. acolythus, Gr. ok6\ovGos 
following, attending.] 1. {Eccl.) One who has received 
the highest of the four minor orders in the Catholic 
church, being ordained to carry the wine and water and 
the lights at Mass. 2. One who attends ; an assistant. 

Ac'o-lyth (-lTth), n. Same as Acolyte. 

A-con'dy-lose' (a-kSn'di-los'), I a. [Gr. d, priv. -f 

A-con'dy-lous (a-kon'di-liis), j kovSv\os joint.] 
{Xat. Hist.) Being without joints ; jointless. 

Ac'o-nite (aK'6-nit), n. [L. aconitum, Gr. okovltov.] 
1. {Bot.) The herb wolfsbane, or monkshood ;— applied 
to any plant of the genus Aconitum (tribe Hellebore), all 
the species of which are poisonous. 2. An extract or 
tincture obtained from Aconitum napellus, used as a 
poison and medicinally. — Ac'O-ni'tal, a. 

Ac o-nit'ic (-ntt'ik), a. Of or pertaining to aconite. 

A'corn (a'kurn), n. [AS. secern, fr. secer, E. acre ; 
akin to D. aker, Ger. ecker ; — orig., fruit 
of the field.] The fruit of the oak, being 
a nut growing in a woody cup. 

A'corn-shell (aTsurn-sheT/), n. {Zo- 
ol.) A barnacle of the genus Balanus. 
See Barnacle. 

A-COS'mism (a-koz'miz'm), n. [Gr. 
o, priv. -\- Koovzos world.] A denial of the 
existence of the universe as distinct from 
God. 

A-COt'y-le'don ( a-kot'i-le'dun ), n. 
[Gr. a, priv. -f- KQTvkqBiiiv anything cup- 
shaped.] {Bot.) A plant which has no 
cotyledons, or seed lobes. 

A-cot y-led'on-ous (-led'un-iis), a. Having no seed 
lobes ; also, having no true seeds. 

A-cou'me-ter (a-kou'me-ter or -kob'-), n. [Gr. anoveiv 
to hear + -meter.] {Physics) An instrument for measur- 
ing the acuteness of the sense of hearing. 

A-COUS'tlc (a-kous'tik or a-koos'-), a. [Gr. clkov- 
OTucos relating to hearing, fr. d/coueiv to hear.] Pertain- 
ing to the sense of hearing, the organs of hearing, or 
the science of sounds ; auditory. 

A-cous'tic-al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to acoustics. 
— A-COUS'tic-al-ly, adv. [versed in acoustics. I 

Ac ous-ti'cian (ak/ous-tish'anjw -60s-), n. One| 

A-cous'tics (a-kous'tiks or a-koos'-), n. The science 
of sounds, teaching their nature, phenomena and laws. 

Ac-quaint' (ak-kwanf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ac- 
quainted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquainting.] [OF. acointier, 
LL. adcognitare, fr. L. ad + cognitus, p. p. of cognoscere 
to know ; con- -j- noscere to know. See Know.] 1. To 
make (one) to know ; to make familiar. 2. To com- 
municate notice to ; to inform. 

To be acquainted with, to have personal knowledge of ; 
to be on terms of social intercourse with. 

Syn. — To inform ; apprise ; communicate ; advise. 

Ac-quaint'ance (-ans), n. 1. A state of being ac- 
quainted, or of having intimate, or more than slight or 
superficial, knowledge ; personal knowledge gained by 
intercourse short of that of friendship or intimacy. 2. 
A person or persons with whom one is acquainted. 

Syn. —Familiarity ; intimacy ; fellowship ; knowledge. 

Ac / qui-esce / (ak'kwT-gs'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ac- 
QurEscED (-Ssf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiescing (-es'sing).] 
[L. acquiescere ; ad -\- quiescere to be quiet, fr. quies 
rest. See Qutet.] 1. To rest satisfied, or apparently 
satisfied, or to rest without opposition (usually implying 
previous opposition or discontent) ; to consent by silence 
or by omitting to object. 2. To concur upon conviction. 

Syn. — To submit; comply; yield; assent; agree; 
consent ; accede ; concur ; conform ; accept tacitly. 

Ac'qui-es'cence (-eVsens), n. The act of acquiescing, 
or the state of being acquiescent. 

Ac'qui-es'cen-cy (-es's«n-s^), n. Acquiescence. 

Acqui-es'cent (-sent), a. Resting satisfied or submis- 
sive ; assentive. — Ac'qui-es'cent-ly , adv. [quired. I 

Ac-quir'a-ble (ak-kwlr'a-b'l), a. That may be ac-| 

Ac-quire' (5k-kwir'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquired 
(-kwird') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiring (-kwlr'ing).j [L. 
acauirere, acquisitum; ad + quaerere to seek for.] To 
gain, usually by one's own exertions ; to get as one's own. 

Syn. —To obtain ; gain ; attain ; procure ; win ; earn ; 
secure. See Obtain. 

Ac-quire'ment (-ment), n. The act of acquiring, or 
that which is acquired ; attainment ; something gained ; 
— specifically used of personal accomplishments. 

Ac/qui : si'tion (SkTswi-zTsh'un), n. 1. Act or process 
of acquiring. 2. Thing acquired ; an acquirement ; a 
gain ; — specifically used of material or external things. 



a, e, I, o, Q, long ; &, 6, 1, 6, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



ACQUISITIVE 



11 



ACTION 



Ac-quiS'i-tive (Sk-kwTz'T-tiv), a. Able or disposed 
to make acquisitions. — Ac-quis'i-tive-ly, adv. 

Ac-quis'i-tive-ness, n. 1. Quality of being acquisi- 
tive. 2. {Phren.) The faculty to whicb the phrenologists 
attribute the desire of acquiring and possessing. 

Ac-quit' (ak-kwTf), v. t. limp. & p. p. Acquitted 
(formerly also Acquit) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquitting.] 
[OF. aquiter ; a (L. ad) 4- quiter to quit. See Quit.] 1. 
To discharge, as a claim or debt ; to clear off ; to pay off ; 
to requite. 2. To set free, release or discharge from an 
obligation, duty, liability, burden, or from an accusation 
or charge ; — now followed by of before the charge, for- 
merly by from. 3. Reflexively : (a) To clear (one's 
self). (6) To bear or conduct (one's self). 

Syn. — To clear ; exonerate ; exculpate. See Absolve. 

Ac-quit'tal (-tal), n. The act of acquitting ; specific- 
ally, {Law) a deliverance from the charge of an offense, 
by verdict of a jury or sentence of a court. 

Ac-quit'tance (-tans), n. 1. The clearing off of debt 
or obligation ; a release or discharge from liability. 2. 
A writing or receipt which is evidence of a discharge. 

Ac-quit'ter (-ter), n. One who acquits or releases. 

A-cra'ni-al (a-kra'ni-al), a. [Pref . a- not + cranial. ] 
Having no cranium or skull. 

II A-cra'si-a (a-kra'si-a), ) n. [Gr. d/epao-ia.] {Med.) 

Ac'ra-sy (ak'ra-sy), J Excess ; intemperance. 

A-cre (a'ker), n. [OE. aker, AS. seeer ; akin to G. 
acker, L. ager, Gr. dypos.] 1. A field of arable or 
pasture land. [Obs.] 2. A piece of land, containing 160 
square rods, or 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. 

God's acre, God's field ; the churchyard. 

A'cre-age (a'ker-aj), n. Acres collectively. 

Ac'rid (ak'rid), a. [L. acer sharp.] 1. Sharp and 
harsh, or bitter and hot, to the taste ; pungent. 2. Caus- 
ing heat and irritation ; burning ; corrosive. 3. Fig. : 
Caustic ; bitter, as in temper. — Ac'rid-ly, adv. — Ac'- 
ild-ness, A-crid'i-ty (a-krid'i-ty), n. 

Acri-mo'ni-ous (ak'rT-mo'ni-us), a. Being of the 
nature or quality of acrimony. — Ac ri-mo'ni-OUS-ly, 
adv. — Ac ri-mo'ni-ous-ness, n. 

Ac'ri-mo-ny (ak'rT-mo-ny), n. [L. acrimonia, fr. acer 
sharp.] 1. A quality of bodies which corrodes or destroys 
others ; also, a harsh or biting sharpness. [Archaic] 2. 
Sharpness or severity, as of language or temper; irri- 
tating bitterness of disposition or manners. 

Syn.— Acrimony ; asperity ; harshness ; tartness. — As- 
perity and harshness, arise from anger, connected with a 
disregard for the feelings of others. Harshness usually 
denotes undue severity. Acrimony is a biting sharpness 
produced by an imbittered spirit. Tartness denotes slight 
asperity, and implies some intellectual readiness. 

Ac'ri-ta (ak'ri-ta), n. pi. [NL., from Gr. dfcpiTo? in- 
discernible ; d, priv. -4- icpiveLv to distinguish.] {Zo'ol.) 
The lowest groups of animals, in which no nervous sys- 
tem has been observed. 

Ac'ri-tude (ak'ri-tud), n. [L. acritudo, from acer 
sharp.] Acridity ; pungency joined with heat. 

Ac'ro-a-mat'ic (ak'ro-a-mat'ik), ) a. [Gr. aKpoafxa- 

Ac'ro-a-mat'ic-art-maVi-kal), j tikos, fr. aKpoa- 
<T0at to hear.] Communicated orally ; oral ; — applied 
to the esoteric teachings of Aristotle, intended for his 
genuine disciples, in distinction from his exoteric doc- 
trines. Hence : Abstruse ; profound. 

Ac'ro-bat (ak/ro-bat), n. [Gr. d/cp6j8ai-os climbing 
aloft ; a/cpos high -4- /3atveiv to go.] One who practices 
rope dancing, high vaulting, or other gymnastic feats. 

Ac ro-bat/ic (ak'ro-bat'ik), a. Pertaining to an ac- 
robat. — Ac'ro-bat'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Ac ro-car'pous (ak'ro-kar'pus), a. [Gr. d*pos ex- 
treme 4- -carpous.~\ {Bot.) Having the fruit at the end 
of the stalk, or the fruit stalks at the end of a leafy stem. 

Ac ro-ce-phal'lc (ak/ro-se-fal'Tk), a. [Gr. d/cpo? high- 
est + Ke<£aAiKos.] Characterized by a high skull. 

Ac'ro-gen (-jen), n. [Gr. a/cpos -{--gen.'] {Bot.) A plant 
of the highest class of cryptogams, including the ferns. 

Ac-rog'e-nous (ak-roj'e-niis), a. {Bot.) Increasing 
by growth from the extremity. 

A-cron'yc (a-kron'ik), ) a. [Gr. dxpovvx ? a * night- 

A-cron'yc-al (-i-kal), J fall ; d*pos -4- vv£ night.] 

A-cron'ych-al (-T-kal), ) {Astron.) Rising at sunset 
and setting at sunrise, as a star ; — opposed to cosmical. 

A-crop'e-tal (a-krop'e-tal), a. [Gr. d/cpos summit 4- 
L. petere to seek.] {Bot.) Developing from below 
towards the apex, or from the circumference towards the 
center ; centripetal ; — said of certain inflorescence. 

A-crop'O-lis (a-krop'6-lis), n. [Gr. aKpoVoAis ; d«pos + 
iroAi? city.] The upper part, or citadel, of a Grecian city, 
eep. of Athens. — Ac ro-pol'i-taii (Sk'ro-pol'i-tan), a. 



Ac'ro-spire (5k'r6-spir), n. [Gr. d<cpo? -4- trnelpa any- 
thing twisted.] {Bot.) The sprout at the end of a seed. 

Ac'ro-spore (ak'ro-spor), n. [Gr. dxpos extreme, sum- 
mit -f- o-7ropos fruit.] (i?o*.) A spore borne at the ex- 
tremity of the cells of fructification in fungi. 

Across' (a-krSs' ; 115), prep. From side to side of ; 
athwart ; crosswise of. 

A-cross', adv. From side to side ; crosswise. 

A-cros'tic (a-kros'tik), n. [Gr. aicpoo-Tixos ; d«po? 
extreme 4- <tti\o<; order, verse.] A composition, usually 
in verse, in which certain letters, taken in order, form a 
name, word, phrase, or motto. 

A-cros'tic (a-kros'tik), ) a. Pertaining to acrostics. 

A-cros'tic-al (-tT-koi), { — A-cros'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Ac'ro-tism (ak'ro-tiz'm), n. [Gr. d, priv. -f- /cporo? a 
beating.] {Med.) Lack or defect of pulsation. 

Act (akt), n. [L. actus, fr. agere to drive, do.] 1. 
That which is done or doing ; the exercise of power, or 
the effect, of which power exerted is the cause. Hence, 
in specific uses : {a) The result of public deliberation ; 
the decision of a legislative body, etc.; a decree, edict, 
law, judgment, resolve, award, {b) A formal solemn 
writing, expressing that something has been done, (c) 
One of the principal divisions of a drama, (d) In some 
English Universities, a thesis maintained in public. 2. 
A state of reality as opposed to a possibility. [Obs.] 3. 
Process of doing ; action. 

Act of faith. (Ch. Hist.) See Auto-da-Fe. 

Syn. — See Action. 

Act, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Acted ; p. pr. &vb. n. Act- 
ing.] [L. actus, p. p. of agere to drive, lead, do ; but 
influenced by E. act, n.] 1. To move to action. [Obs.] 
2. To perform ; to do. [A rchaic] 3. To assume the 
office or character of ; to play ; to personate ; esp., to 
perform on the stage. 4. To feign ; to simulate. 

Act, v. i. 1. To be in action or motion; to exert 
power ; to fulfill functions or intentions. 2. To behave, 
as in morals, private duties, or public offices ; to bear or 
deport one's self. 3. To perform parts on the stage. 

II Ac'ti-na'ri-a (ak'tT-na/rT-a), n. pi. [NL., from Gr. 
dfcTts, d/cTivos, ray.] {Zo'ol.) A large division of Anthozoa, 
including those whi«h have simple tentacles and do not 
form stony corals. 

II Ac-tin'i-a (ak-tin'T-a), n. ; pi. L. Actinle (-e), E. 
Actinias (-az). [NL., fr. Gr. 
d/cTts, dKTtvos, ray.] {Zo'ol.) 
{a) An animal of the class An- 
thozoa, and family Actinidse. 
From a resemblance to flowers 
in form and color, they are often 
called animal flowers, and sea 
anemones. 

Ac-tin'ic (-Tk), a. Of or per- 
taining to actinism. «!«u». 

Ac'tin-ism (ak'tin-Tz'm), n. The property of radiant 
energy (found chiefly in solar or electric light) by which 
chemical changes are produced, as in photography. 

Ac'tin-Oid (ak'tin-oid), a. [Gr. d*™?, d/crtvos, ray + 
-oid.] Having the form of rays ; radiated, as an actinia. 

Ac'ti-nom'e-ter (ak'tT-nom'e-ter), n. [Gr. d*™'?, olktI- 
vog, ray -4- -meter.] {a) An instrument for measuring 
the direct heating power of the sun's rays. (6) An 
instrument for measuring the actinic effect of rays of 
light. — Ac'ti-no-met'ric (ak'tT-no-meVrik), a. 

II Ac'ti-no-ZO'a (-no-zo'a), n. pi. ; sing, -zoon (-on). 
[Gr. d/crts, aKTivos, ray -4- £coov animal.] {Zo'ol.) A 
group of Ccelenterata, comprising the Anthozoa and 
Ctenophora. The actinia is a familiar example. 

Ac'tion (ak'shun), n. [L. actio, fr. agere to do.] 

1. A process or condition of acting or moving, as 
opposed to rest ; exertion of power or force, as when 
one body acts on another ; the effect of power exerted 
on one body by another; agency; activity; operation. 

2. A thing done ; an act ; a deed ; an enterprise, {pi.) : 
Habitual deeds ; hence, conduct ; behavior ; demeanor. 

3. The event or series of events, forming the subject of 
a play, poem, etc. ; the unfolding of the drama of events. 

4. Style of movement, as of a horse. 5. {Mech.) Ef- 
fective motion; also, mechanism. 6. {Physiol.) The 
performance of a function. 7. {Orat.) Gesticulation; 
broadly, the whole manner of physical expression in 
oratory. 8. {Paint. & Scidp.) The expressive attitude 
or position of the several parts of the body. 9. {Laic) 
A judicial proceeding for the enforcement or protection 
of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the 
punishment of a public offense. 10. A battle ; a fight. 
11. {Music) The mechanical contrivance by means of 




B 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil f chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



Ac nONABLE 



12 



ADDIBLE 



ulse of the flavor's finger is transmitted 
[ a pianot>>rte or to tho valves of ;iu orgau. 
lives the mode or process 
reuee to the effect, or the 



That may be the 



H W s:r.i;^,>: .1 DM 

Brm. i 

oivT.k:u>ji MeoBpnm 

Action able ^.\k'shun-a-b'l), 
■abject of an action at law . 

Xc'Uvl L- aetivtu, fr. o^e;-e to 

1 Baring the power or quality of acting; coui- 
muincAtuig action or motion ; acting ; — opposed to pas- 
tire, 2. Quick in movement or progress ; vigorous in 
ri>k ; lively: rapid. 3. Being in action ; 
v.-k.i,;. 4. Cum n to action ; constantly acting ; euer- 
5. Requiring or implying action ; 
.) (</) Applied to a form of the 
ted to passive. See Active voice, under 
[lied to verbs which assert that the sub- 
ject acts upon or affects something else ; transitive. — 
Actively. — Ac'tive-ness, n. 
Ac-tlv'i-ty (.Jk-tTvl-ty) n. State or quality of being 

- action or operation; energy ; agility. 
Ac'tor v-lk'ter), n. [L. actor, fr. agere to act.] 1. 
One who acts; a doer. 2. A theatrical performer. 
Ac tress 1,-tres), n. A female stageplayer. 
Ac'tu-al (-tu-//l; 135), a. [F. actuel,li. actualis, fr. 
io.] 1. Involving or comprising action ; active. 
.ng in act or reality ; really acted or acting ; be- 
< t ; real ; genuine ; true ; — opposed to potential, 
irtual, theoretical, nominal, etc. 
Ac'tU-al-lst, i>. One who deals with or considers actu- 
al: facta and conditions; — opposed to idealist. 
Ac tu-al'i-ty (-aTT-ty), n. State of being actual. 
Ac'tu-al-ize (Sk'tu-al-Iz), v. t. To make actual. 
Ac'tU-al-ly, adv. In act or in fact ; really ; in truth. 
Ac'tU-al-ness. n. Quality of being actual ; actuality. 
Ac'tU-a-ry (Sk'tu-a-ry), it. [L. actuarius clerk, fr. 
. p. of agere.'] 1. {Law) A registrar or clerk. 
2- One whose profession it is to calculate risks and pre- 
miums for insurance companies. 
Ac'tu-ate (Xk'tu-at), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Actuated; 
Actuating.] To put into action or mo- 
tion ; to move or incite to action. 
Syn. — To move ; impel ; incite ; rouse ; instigate. 
Ac tu-a'tion (Sk'tu-a'shun), n. A bringing into action. 
Ac'u-ate ( 5k'u-at;. «. [L. acus 
needle.] Sharp-pointed. 
A-cule-ate(a-ku1e-at),a. [L. 
,?, dim. of acus needle.] 
"Having a sting ; covered or beset 
■with pr, 

A-cu'men (a-ku'men), n. [L. acumen 
sharpen.] Quickness of perception or 
discernment ; penetration of mind ; the 
faculty of nice discrimination. 

. — Sharpness ; sagacity ; keenness ; 
shrewdness; acuteness. 

A-CU'ml-nate (a-ku'iiiT-nat), a. Ta- 
i a point ; pointed. 

A -en mi-na'tion (-na'ahttn), n. A 

nnination in a .sharp point. 

Ac u pres'sure (5k' u - prS.sh ' ur), n. 

■ re, pressuui, to 

i 'i.) A mode of arresting 

hemorrhage by passing under the blood 

vessel a needle, the projecting ends of 

n the hkin. 

Ac u-punc'ture (-punk'tuT; 135), n. 

■ ra a pricking, 

Med.) The inser- 

fiif; living tissues for 

ahart 
Shar 



Aculeate Stem. 

fr. acuere to 



A-cute' (a-kuf), a. [L. acutus, p. 
• 'i I. to )m sharp.] 1. 






pointed ; — opposed 

. 2. Having nice die- j 

nicedis- ! 

brewd ; — op- 

3 Having nice 
jceptible to 

• ■-'•■'- •'••'I-'' a.-. ■ hharp ; k«;(-n ; in- 
3 in tone; — 

•"■tog ¥.[,' ... ; _ oppoeed to chronic. 

Acvu inftlt ( Oeom.), an angle less tlian a right angle. 

-iiarp ; keen ; penetrating : 
; shrewd ; discerning ; discriminating. 



■Mtfoi 

posedt 




A-CUtely (a-kut'ly), adv. In an acute manner. 
A-cute'ness. n. The quality of being acute. 
H Ad- (3d). A prefix occurring in many words, and 
derived from L. ad, prep., meaning to, at. (See At.) By 
assimilation with a following letter it assumes the forms 
ac-, a/-, <tg-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-. Examples : ad- 
duce, adhere, adjacent, admit, advent, accord, acqui- 
esce, affect, aggregate, allude, annex, appear, etc. 
A-dac'tyl (a-da"k'tTl), ) a. [Gr. a, priv. + Sd- 

A-dac'tyl-OUS (a-dak'tTl-us), J ktvAos finger.] (Zo'ol.) 
(a) Without fingers or without toes. (b) Without claws 
on the feet (of crustaceous animals). 

Ad'age (Sd'aj), n. [F., fr. L. adagium ; ad -f the 
root of aio I say.] An old saying, which has obtained 
credit by long use ; a proverb. 

Syn. — Axiom ; maxim ; aphorism ; proverb ; saying ; 
saw ; apothegm. See Axiom. 

II A-da'gio (a-da'j6), a. & adv. [It. adagio ; ad (L. 
ad) at -J- agio leisure.] (Mus.) Slow ; slowly, leisurely, 
and gracefully. When repeated, very slow. — n. A piece 
or part of music in adagio time. 

Ad'am (Sd'ani), n. 1. The Bible name of the first 
man. 2. (As a symbol) " Original sin ; " human frailty. 
Adam's apple. 1. (Bot.) (a) A species of banana, (6) A 
species of lime. 2. The projection formed by the thyroid 
cartilage hi the neck ; — so called from a notion that it 
was caused by the forbidden fruit [an apple] sticking in 
the throat of our first parent. 

Ad'a-mant (ad'a-niant), n. [OF. adamant, L. adoemas, 
the hardest metal, fr. Gr. aSdjuas, -avros ; a, priv. -j- 8a- 
l±o,v to tame, subdue. In OE., from confusion with L. 
adamare to love, the word meant also magnet.] A name 
formerly given to the diamond and other substances of 
extreme hardness. It is now a rhetorical or poetical 
name for anything exceedingly hard. 
Ad a-man-te'an (-te'an), a. Hard as adamant. 
Ad a-man'tine (-man'tm), a. Made of adamant, or 
having the qualities of adamant. 

II Ad an-so'ni-a (ad'an-so'm-a), n. [From Adanson, a 
French botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of great trees includ- 
ing the baobab, or monkey-bread, of Africa and India, 
and the sour gourd of Australia. 

A-dapt' (a-dapf), v. t. [iinp. & p. p. Adapted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Adapting.] [L. adaptare; ad-\-aptare to fit.] 
To make suitable ; to fit, or suit ; to adjust. 

A-dapt'a-ble (-b'l), a. That may be adapted. — 
A-dapt'a-ble-ness, Adapt a-bil'i-ty (-bYl'T-ty), n. 

Ad'ap-ta'tion (ad'ap-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of adapting, 
or state of being adapted. 2. The adapted form. 

A-dapt'er (a-dapfer), n. 1. One who adapts. 2. 
(Chem.) A connecting tube ; an adopter. 

A-dapt'ive (-Iv), a. Suited to adaptation ; capable of 
adapting. — A-dapt'ive-ly, adv. — A-dapt'ive-ness. n. 
Add (ad), v. t. [imp. &jj. p. Added ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Adding.] [L. addere; ad + dare to give, put.] 1. To 
give by way of increased possession ; to bestow. 2. To 
join or unite, as one thing to another, or as several par- 
ticulars, so as to increase the number, quantity, or mag- 
nitude, or to form an aggregate. Hence : To sum up ; to 
put together mentally. 3. To append, as a statement. 

Syn. — To join ; annex ; unite ; coalesce. —We add by 
bringing things together so as to form a whole. We join 
by putting one thing to another in close or continuous 
connection. We annex by attaching some adjunct to a 
larger body. We unite by bringing things together so that 
they adhere or intermingle. Things coalesce by coming 
together or mingling so as to form one organization. 

Add (M), v. i. 1. To make an addition. 2. To per- 
form the arithmetical operation of addition. 
Add'a-ble (Sd'a-b'l), a. Addible. 
Ad'dax (Sd'dSks), n. [Native name.] (Zo'ol.) One 
of the largest of African antelopes. 

Ad-den'dum (-den'dum), n. ; pi. Addenda (-da). 
[L., fr. addere.] A thing to be added ; an addition. 

Add'er (Sd'der), n. [See Add.] One who, or that 
which, adds ; esp., a machine for adding numbers. 

Ad'der, n. [AS. nsedre adder, snake ; akin to G. 
natter, L. natrix water snake. An adder is for a nad- 
der.] 1. A serpent. [Obs.] 2. (Zo'ol.) (a) A small 
venomous serpent of the genus Vipera. The puff adders 
of Africa are species of Clotho. (b) In America, the term 
is commonly applied to several harmless snakes. 

Ad'der's-tongue 7 (Sd'derz-tung'), n. (Bot.) (a) A 
fern whose seeds are produced on a spike, (b) The yel- 
low dogtooth violet. 
Ad'der- wort' (-wfirt/), n. (Bot.) Common bistort, 
Add'i-ble (ad'dl-b'l), a. Capable of being added.— 
Add'i-bil'i-ty (-bnT-ty), n. 



'fg ; &, 6, 1, 6, tt, y, short ; BenAte, event, Idea, &bey, Unite, c&xe, arm, ask, all, final. 



ADDICT 



13 



ADIT 



Ad-dict' (5d-dTkt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addicted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Addicting.] [L. addiclus, p. p. of addi- 
cere to adjudge, devote ; ad + dicere to say.] To apply 
habitually ; to devote ; to habituate ; — with to. 

Syn. — To devote ; consecrate ; dedicate. — Addict is 
now mostly employed in a bad sense or an indifferent one. 
Derate implies a good intention or a worthy object of pur- 
suit. Consecrate and dedicate express devotion of a higher 
kind, usually involving religious sentiment. 

Ad-dic'tion (-dik'shun), n. The state of being ad- 
dicted ; devotion ; inclination. 

Ad-di'tion (Sd-dTsh'un), n. 1. The act of adding ; — 
opposed to subtraction or diminution. 2. Anything 
added; increase; augmentation. 3. {Math.) That part 
of arithmetic which treats of adding numbers. 4. ( Mus. ) 
A dot at the right of a note to indicate that its sound is to 
be lengthened one half. [22.] 5. {Law) A distinctive 
designation annexed to a man's name, to identify him 
more precisely. 6. {Her.) Something added to a coat of 
arms, as a mark of honor ; — opposed to abatement. 

Syn. — Increase ; accession ; augmentation ; append- 
age; adjunct. 

Ad-dl'tion-al (-al), a. Added ; supplemental ; being 
in the nature of an addition. — Ad-di'tion-al-ly, adv. 

Ad'di-tive (ad'dT-tiv), a. {Math.) Proper to be added ; 
positive. 

Ad'dle (Sd'd'1), a. [AS. adela mud.] Having lost the 
power of development, and become rotten, as eggs ; pu- 
trid. Hence : Unfruitful or confused, as brains ; mud- 
dled. — Often in compounds ; as, addle-brained. 

Ad'dle, v. t. & i. (imp. &p. p. Addled (-d'ld) ; p. pr. 
&vb.n. Addling (-dling).] To make or become addle. 

Ad-dress' (Xd-dres 7 ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addressed 
(-dresf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Addressing.] [OF- adrecier 
to straighten, address ; a (L. ad) -f drecier to straighten, 
arrange. See Dress, v.~\ 1. To aim ; to direct ; to ar- 
range ; — now commonly used reflexively in the sense of 
to apply ; as one's self, one's skill, energy, etc., to some 
end or work. 2. To direct, as words, a speech, petition, 
etc. {to any one, an audience). 3. To direct a communi- 
cation to, whether spoken or written ; to speak to ; to 
accost. 4. To direct by superscription, as a letter, par- 
cel, etc. ; to superscribe and forward. 5. To make suit 
to ; to court ; to woo. 6. {Com.) To consign or intrust 
to the care of another, as agent or factor. 

Ad-dress', n. 1. A formal communication, either 
written or spoken ; a discourse, speech, petition, state- 
ment, or the like, made to any person or body. 2. The 
name, title, and place of residence of a person, necessary 
for the direction of a communication to him. 3. Manner 
of speaking to another. 4. Attention in the way of court- 
ship; — usually in the plural. 5. Skill; tact. 

Syn. — Speech; discourse; harangue; oration; peti- 
tion ; lecture ; readiness ; ingenuity ; tact ; adroitness. 

Ad-duce' (ad-dus'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adduced 
(-dust') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adducing (-du'sing).] [L. ad- 
ducere, adductum, to lead or bring to ; ad -f- ducere to 
lead.] To bring forward or offer, as for consideration, 
or by way of argument ; to cite ; to allege. 

Syn. — To present ; allege ; advance ; cite ; quote ; as- 
sign ; urge ; name ; mention. 

Ad-du'cent (ad-du'sent), a. {Physiol.) Bringing to- 
gether or towards a given point ; — applied to certain 
muscles. Opposed to abducent. 

Ad-du'ci-ble (-sT-b'l), a. Capable of being adduced. 

Ad-duct' (-dukt'), v. t. To draw towards a common 
center or a middle line. [adducting. I 

Ad-dUC'tion (-duk'shun), n. The act of adducing or| 

Ad-dUC'tor (-ter), n. {Anat.) A muscle which adducts 
a limb or part of the body. 

Adeem' (a-dem'), v. t. [See Ademption.] {Law) To 
revoke, as a legacy, or to satisfy it by some other gift. 

A-del'O-pod (a-del'o-pod), n. [Gr. dSrjAos invisible + 
irous foot.] {Zo'ol.) An animal without apparent feet. 

A-demp'tion (a-demp'shun), n. [L. ademptio, fr. 
adimere, ademptum, to take away.] {Law) The revo- 
cation of grant, donation, legacy, or the like. 

Aden- or Adeno-. A prefix or combining form from 
Gr. aSrjv, aSeVos, gland ; as in adenitis. 

II Ad'e-ni'tis (Xd'e-m'tTs), n. [Aden- + -itis.'] {Med.) 
Glandular inflammation. 

Ad'e-noid (ad'e-noid), ) a. Glandlike ; glandu- 

Ad e-noid'al (ad'e-noid'al), j lar. 

Ad'e-nol'O-gy (-nol'6-jy), n. \_Adeno- + -logy.'] The 
part of physiology that treats of the glands. 

Ad'e-nose' (Sd'e-nos'), a. Like a gland ; full of glands ; 
glandulous. 



Ad e-not'O-my (Xd'e-nSt'o-m^), n. [Adeno- + -tomy.~\ 
{Anat.) Dissection of, or incision into, a gland or glands. 

A-dept' (a-dgpf), n. [L. adeptus obtained (sc. artem) 
he who has obtained an art ; p. p. of adipisci to arrive 
at, to obtain.] One fully skilled or well versed in any- 
thing ; a proficient. 

A-dept', a. Well skilled ; completely versed or pro- 
ficient. — A-dept'ness, n. 

Ad'e-qua-cy (Sd'e-kwa-sy), n. The state or quality 
of being adequate, proportionate, or sufficient. 

Ad'e-quate (-kwat), a. [L. adaequatus, p. p. of adae- 
quare to make equal to; ad -\- aequare to make equal.] 
Equal to some requirement ; proportionate, or corre- 
spondent ; fully sufficient. — Ad'e-quate-ly, adv. — 
Ad'e-quate-ness, n. 

Syn. — Proportionate ; commensurate ; sufficient ; suit- 
able ; competent ; capable. 

A-des'my (a-des'my), n. [Gr. d, priv. -f Secr/uds a 
fetter.] {Bot.) Defective coherence of an organ that is 
usually entire. 

Ad-ha'mant (-ha'mant), a. [L. adhamare to catch ; 
ad + hamus hook.] Clinging, as by hooks. 

Ad-here' (Xd-her'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adhered 
(-herd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adhering (-her'ing).] [L. ad- 
haerere, adhaesum ; ad -f- haerere to stick.] To stick fast 
or cleave, as a glutinous substance does. Hence, fig. : 
(a) To hold fast ; to remain attached or devoted. (6) 
To be in accord ; to agree. 

Syn. — To attach; stick; cleave; cling; hold. 

Ad-her'ence (-ens), n. The quality or state of adher- 
ing ; fidelity. 

Syn. — Adhesion. — Adherence is no longer used to de- 
note physical union, but is applied to mental states or 
habits. Adhesion is now confined chiefly to the physical 
sense, except in the phrase " adhesion to a cause." 

Ad-her'ent (-ent), a. Adhering ; united to ; joined. 

Ad-her'ent, n. One who, or that which, adheres; 
esp., one devoted to a leader, party, faith, etc. 

Syn. — Follower ; partisan ; upholder ; disciple ; sup- 
porter ; dependent ; ally ; backer. 

Ad-her'ent-ly, adv. In an adherent manner. 

Ad-he-sion (ad-he'zhiin), n. 1. The act of sticking 
or adhering together; the state of being attached or 
united ; tenacious union. 2. Adherence ; faithful at- 
tachment. 3. Agreement to adhere ; assent. 4. {Phys- 
ics) The molecular attraction exerted between bodies in 
contact. See Cohesion. 

Syn. — See Adherence. 

Ad-he'sive (ad-he'sTv), a. Sticky ; tenacious ; cling- 
ing. — Ad-he'sive-ly, adv. 

Ad-he'sive-ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being 
adhesive. 2. {Phren. ) Propensity to form and maintain 
attachments to persons. 

Ad-hib'it (Xd-hib'it), v. t. [L. adhibitus, p. p. of ad- 
hibere to hold to ; ad -f- habere to have.] To admit ; to 
take in ; also, to apply. 

Ad-hort' (Xd-h6rf), v. t. [L. adhortari; ad -f hor- 
tari to exhort.] To exhort ; to advise. 

Ad'i-a-bat'ic (Sd'T-a-bat'ik), a. [Gr. aSta/Saro? not 
passable.] {Physics) Not giving out or receiving heat.— 
Ad'i-a-bat'ic-al-ly, adv. 

II Adl-an'tum (Sd'i-an'tum), n. [L., fr. Gr. aSiavrov 
maidenhair; d, priv. ^-StaCveiv to wet.] (i?0i. ) A genus 
of ferns, the leaves of which shed water ; maidenhair. 
Also, the black maidenhair, a species of spleenwort. 

Ad'i-a-ther'mic (Sd'I-a-ther'mTk), a. [Gr. d, priv. + 
Sid through + OepfjLr) heat.] Not pervious to heat. 

A-dieu' (a-du'), interj. & adv. [F. a dieu, fr. L. ad 
to -f deus God.] Good-by ; farewell ; an expression of 
kind wishes at parting. 

A-dieu', n. A farewell ; commendation to the care of 
God at parting. 

Ad'i-po-cere / (ad'T-po-seV), n. [L. adeps, adipis, fat 
+ cera wax.] A waxy substance, into which fat and 
muscle tissue are sometimes converted by long immer- 
sion in water or by burial in moist places. 

Ad'i-pose' (ad'T-posO, a. [L. adeps fat, grease.] Of 
or pertaining to animal fat ; fatty. — Ad'i-pose ness. n. 
— Ad'i-pos'i-ty (-p5s'T-ty), n. 

A-dlp'SOUS (a-dip'sus), a. [Gr. dfit^os ; a, priv. + 
SCxf/a thirst.] Quenching thirst, as certain fruits. 

Ad'ip-sy (Xd'Tp-s^), n. {Med.) Absence of thirst. 

Ad'it (ad'it), n. [L. aditus, fr. adire to go to ; ad + 
ire to go.] 1. An entrance or passage. Specifically : 
The nearly horizontal opening by which a mine is entered, 
or by which water and ores are carried away ; — called 
also drift and tunnel. 2. Admission ; access, [i?.] 



B 



G 



H 



K 



f@rn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ADJACENCE 



14 



ADMISSIBLY 



Ad-la'cencc te of being ad- 

Ad Ja'cen m '' ,lt - . „ 

Ad jacent (-* nl }, ..-. l 1 - I r r - of adjacere 

lie. ] Lying near, close, or 
ues, but not necessarily, being in 
•tact; contiguous. —Ad-Ja'cent-ly, «to. 

.ling: contiguous: near. — Adjacent t im- 

.v.ly actual contact ; a*o»n- 

. .,t some line or point ot junction ; 

touching with some extent of one 

lie whole of it. 

Ad Jec-ti'val (U j?k-ti'v<d or ad'jgk-tTv-cl), a. Of, 

l ,.r reaembling, the adjective. 
Ad'jec-tlve (ioVJtt-tlT), a. 1. Added to a substan- 
tive as an attribute ; being of the nature of an adjunct. 
ndent ; relative. — Ad'Jec-tive-ly, adv. 
Ad'jec-tlve. a. [L. adjectivum, fr. adjicere to add to ; 
to throw.] 1. (G rum.) A word used with 
-tantive, to express a quality or attribute 
thing named, or to limit, define, specify or de- 
scribe it. 2. A dependent ; an accessory. 
Ad-Join' (.a\l-join'), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjoined 
p. pr. & rb. n. Adjoining.] [OF. ajoindre, fr. 
•/ -\-jungere to join.] 1. To be joined to ; 
to border on. 2. To attach; to append. 
Ad-Join', > ■ »■ To lie or be next, or in contact. 
Ad joining. < T . Joining to; contiguous; next. 
*>>n. Adjacent; contiguous; near; neighboring; 
abutting ; bordering. See Adjacent. 

Adjourn' (Sd-jfiru'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjourned 

(-jGrnd') ; p. pr, & vb. n. Adjourning (-jfirn'ing).] [OF. 

. a (L. ad) -\-jor day, fr. L. diurnus belonging 

to the day, fr. dies day.] To put off or defer to another 

day, or indefinitely ; to close or suspend for the day. 

B > i . . To delay ; defer ; postpone ; put off ; suspend ; 
adjourn ; prorogue. 

Adjourn', i. *. To suspend business until another 
day, or indefinitely ; — said of deliberative bodies. 

To adjourn without day (L. sine die), to adjourn finally ; 
to dissolve. 
Ad-Journ'ment (-ineut), n. 1 . The act of adjourning. 

2. The interval between sessions of a public body. 
Adjudge' (Xd-juj'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudged 

p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudging (-juj'Tng).] [OF. 
ajugier, fr. L. adjudienre ; ad -\-jndicare to judge.] 1. 
rmine in the exercise of judicial power ; to de- 
cide or award judicially. 2. To sentence ; to condemn. 

3. To decide in the exercise of reason ; to judge. 

Syn. — To decree ; award ; determine ; adjudicate ; or- 
dain ; assign. 

Ad ju'di-cate (Xd-ju'dT-kat). r. t. [imp. & p. p. Ad- 
judicated (-ka'te'd) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Adjudicating (-ka'- 
To try and determine, as a court ; to adjudge. 
Ad-JU'dl-cate, V. i. To render judgment. 
Ad-Ju di-ca'tion (-ju'dl-ka'shun), n. 1. The act of 
adjudicating. 2. A judicial decision or sentence. 
Ad'Junct' fSd'junkt'), a. [L. adjunefus, p. p. of ad- 
See Adjoin.] Conjoined ; added ; attending. 
Ad'Junct', n. 1. Something joined or added to an- 
it not essentially a part of it. 2. A col- 
an associate. 3. {Gram.) A word or words 
qualify or amplify the force of other words. 4. 
■ .) A quality or property of the body or the 
< r natural or acquired. 
Ad June live (Sd-jurik'tTv), a. Having the quality of 
— ■it. One who, or that which, is joined. — Ad- 
junc'tive-ly, adv. 

Adjunctly (aVI-jtirikt'l.v). adv. Byway of adjunct. 
Ad ju-ra'tlon Wju-ra'shun), n. 1. The act of ad- 

2. A form of oath or appeal. 

Ad-Jure / (&']-}T i r f ), r. t. [imp. A" /v. p. Adjured (-jurd'j ; 

A i .juris© (-jurf ngj.] [L. adjurare, ad- 

'■ to take an oath.] To charge, 

olemnly, as under oath, or the pen- 

Ad-Ju ,. A: p. p. Adjusted; p. 

pr. & . LL. adjuxtare 

Deai : confuaed later with L. 
1. To make exact or con- 
• ' 2 in. 3. To settle satis- 

proper place or relation, 
■■nit; arrange; regulate; accommo- 
ttle. 
Ad jujit'a h. Capable of being adjusted. 

Ad Just'er r tliat which, adjusts. 

Ad twmrmtm e act of adjusting, or 




Adjutant. 
[imp. & p. p. 



Ad']U-tage (Xd'ju-taj), 7). Same as Ajutage. 

Ad'ju-tan-cy (-tan-sy), n. 1. The office of an adju- 
tant. 2. Assistance; helpfulness. 

Ad'ju-tant (-taut), n. [L. adjutans, p. pr. of adju- 
tare to help. See Aid.] 1. A helper ; an assistant. 2. 
{Mil.) A regimental staff officer, who assists the colonel, 
or the commanding officer of a garrison, in the details of 
duty. 3. {Zool.) A species of very large stork {Cico?iia 
argala), a native of India. 

Ad'Ju-ta tor (-ta'ter), n. {Eng. 
Hist.) A corruption of Agitator. 

Ad'ju-vant (ad'ju-vont), a. [L. 
adjuvare to aid. See Aid.] Help- 
ing ; assisting. — n. {Med.) A sub- 
sidiary ingredient, in a prescription. 
| Ad-meas'ure (Sd-mezh'fir ; 135), 
'. v. t. [See Ad- and Measure.] 1. 
To measure. 2. {Law) To deter- 
I mine the proper apportionment or 
i share of — Ad-meas'ure-ment 
(-ment), n. — Ad-meas'ur-er, n. 

Ad-min'i-cle (ad-niTn'i-k'l), n. 
[L. adminiculum support, dim., fr. 
ad -)- manus hand.] 1. Support. ? 
2. {Laic) Corroborative or explan 
atory proof. 

Ad'mi-nic'U-lar (ad'mT-nlk'u- 
ler), a. Corroborative. 

Administer (ad-mtn'Ts-ter), v. I 
Administered (-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Administering.] 
[OF. aministrer, fr. L. administrate; ad -j- ministrare 
to serve. See Minister.] 1. To manage or conduct, as 
public affairs. 2. To dispense ; to serve out. 3. To ap- 
ply ; to give. 4. {Laic) To settle, as a decedent's estate. 

Ad-min'is-ter, v. i. 1. To contribute; to ruinister. 
2. {Laic) To perform the office of administrator. 

Admin is-te'ri-al (-te'rT-al), a. Pertaining to ad- 
ministration, or to the executive part of government. 

Ad-min'is-trant (-tront), a. Executive ; acting ; man- 
aging affairs, — n. One who administers. 

Ad-min'is-tra'tion (-tra'shun), n. 1. The act of ad- 
ministering, in any sense of the verb. 2. The executive 
part of government; the persons collectively who are 
intrusted with the execution of laws and the superin- 
tendence of public affairs. 3. {Law) (a) The manage- 
ment and disposal, under legal authority, of a decedent's 
estate, whether as administrator or as executor. 

Ad-minls-tra tive (-mm'is-tra'tTv), a. Administer- 
ing; executive. — Ad-min'is-tra'tive-ly, adv. 

Ad-min'is-tra'tor (-tra'ter), n. [L.] 1. One who 
administers affairs; a manager. 2. {Law) A man ap- 
pointed by competent authority to administer the estate 
of an intestate, or of a testator when the appointed ex- 
ecutor has not qualified, or when none was appointed. 

Ad-minls-tra'tor-sblp, n . Office of an administrator. 

Ad-min'is-tra'trix (-triks), n. [NX.] A woman who 
administers; esp., {Law) one who administers an estate 
similarly to an administrator. 

Ad'mi-ra-ble (ad'mi-ra-b'l), a. That may be ad- 
mired; deserving admiration. — Ad'mi-ra-ble-ness, n. 
— Ad'mi-ra-bly, adv. 

Ad'ml-ral (-ral), n. [OE. & OF. amiral, ultimately fr. 
Ar. amir-al-bahr commander of the sea.] 1. A naval 
officer of the highest rank. 2. The admiral's vessel. 

Ad'mi-ral-ship. n. The office of an admiral. 

Ad'mi-ral-ty (-ty), n. 1. The office or jurisdiction 
of an admiral. 2. The department of state, or the 
officers, having authority over naval affairs. 3. The 
branch of jurisprudence relating to maritime law. 4- 
The court having jurisdiction of maritime cases. 6. 
Tlie building in which the lords of the admiralty, in 
England, transact business. 

Admi-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. 1. Wonder. [Obs.~\ 2. 
Wonder mingled with approbation or delight. 

Ad-mire' (Sd-mlr'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admired 
(-mird') ; p. pr. A: vb. n. Admiring.] [L. admirari; ad 
-i- mirari to wonder, for smirari, akin to Gr. /xeifiai/ to 
smile.] 1. To wonder at, to marvel at. [Archaic] 2. 
To regard with wonder and delight ; to look upon with 
an elevated feeling of pleasure, as something which calls 
out approbation, esteem, love, or reverence. 

Ad-mire', V. i. To wonder ; to marvel. 

Ad-mir'er CSd-mlr'er). 72. One who admires. 

Ad-mis'si-bill-ty (Sd-mTs'sT-bTinr-ty), 7i. The qual- 
ity of being admissible ; admissibleuess. 

Ad-mis'si-ble (-sT-b'l), a. [See Admit.] That may 
be admitted or received; that may be allowed or con- 
ceded. — Ad-mis'si-ble-ness, n. — Ad-mls'si-bly, adv. 



a, e, I, <i, G, long ; &, £, I, 5, ft, y, B h rt ; senate, $vent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ADMISSION 



15 



ADUNCOUS 



Ad-mis'sion (Sd-mTsh'un), n. 1. The act or prac- 
tice of admitting. 2. Power or permission to enter. 3. 
The granting of an argument or position not fully 
proved. 4. {Law) Acquiescence or concurrence in a 
statement made by another. 5. A fact, point, or state- 
ment admitted. 

Syn. — Admittance ; concession ; acknowledgment ; 
concurrence ; allowance. See Admittance. 

Admit' (Sd-mif), v. t. limp. &p. p. Admitted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Admitting. ] [L. admittere, admissum ; ad 
+ mittere to send.] 1. To suffer to enter ; to grant en- 
trance, as into a place, the mind, etc. 2. To give a power 
or right of entrance. 3. To allow (one) to enter on an 
office or to enjoy a privilege. 4. To concede as true ; to 
acknowledge or assent to. 5. To allow ; to permit. 

Ad-mit', v. i. To be capable ; to allow ; — with of. 

Ad-mit'tance (-tans), n. 1. The act of admitting. 2. 
Permission to enter ; also, actual entrance ; reception. 

Syn. — Admission ; access ; entrance ; initiation. — 
Admittance is now chiefly confined to its primary sense 
of access into some locality or building. Admissioii has 
taken to itself the secondary or figurative senses ; as, 
admission to the church ; the admission of guilt, etc. 

Ad-mit'ted (-ted), a. Acquiesced in ; undisputed; ac- 
knowledged.— Ad-mit'ted-ly, adv. 

Ad-mix' (-miks'), v. t. [Pref. ad- -f mix.] To mix. 

Ad-mix'tion (ad-imks'chun ; 106), n. Admixture. 

Ad-mix'ture (ad-miks'tur ; 135), n. [L. admiscere, 
admixtum, to admix; ad -\- miscere to mix. See Mrx.] 

1. The act or result of mixing things together ; mixture. 

2. That which is mixed with anything. 
Ad-mon'ish (ad-monlsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admon- 
ished (-isht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Admonishing.] [OF. amones- 
ter, fr. L. admonere to remind, warn ; ad + monere to 
warn.] 1. To warn or notify of a fault ; to reprove 
gently. 2. To counsel ; to caution, as against error or 
danger. 3. To instruct or direct. 

Ad-mon'ish-er (-er), n. One who admonishes. 

Ad'niO-ni'tlon (ad'mo-nish'iln), n. The act of ad- 
monishing ; a friendly warning ; advice. 

Syn. — Reprehension ; reproof. — Admonition is now 
usually prospective, and relates to moral delinquencies. 
Reprehension and reproof are retrospective, the former 
bemg milder than the latter. 

Ad-mon'i-tive (Sd-mon'Y-tTv), a. Admonitory ; warn- 
ing, [i?.] — Ad-mon'i-tive-ly, adv. 

Ad-mon/i-tor (-ter), n. [L.] Admonisher ; monitor. 

Ad-mon'i-tO-ry (-T-to-ry), a. That conveys admoni- 
tion ; warning or reproving. — Ad-mon'i-tO-li-ly, adv. 

Ad-nas'cent (ad-nas'sent), a. [L. adnascens, p. pr. 
of adnasci, p. p. adnatus, to grow to ; ad + nasci to 
grow.] Growing to or on something else. 

Ad'nate (ad'nat), a. (Biol.) Grown to something else. 

Ad-na'tion (5d-na'shun), n. Quality of being adnate. 

A-do' (a-doc/), n. [OE. at do, northern form for to do.~\ 
Doing ; trouble ; difficulty : fuss ; bustle. [in the sun. j 

il A-d</be (a-do'ba), n. [Sp.~\ An unburnt brick dried ! 

Ad'O-les'cence (ad'o-leVsens), n. Youth ; the period 
of life between puberty and maturity, generally, in the 
male sex, from fourteen to twenty-five years of age, 
and, in the female sex, from twelve to twenty-one. 

Ad'O-les'cen-Cy" (-seu-sy), n. Youthfulness. 

Ad o-les'cent (ad'o-les'sent), a. [L. adolescens, p. pr. 
oi'adolescere to grow up to; ad -j- olescere to grow.] 
Growing ; advancing from childhood to maturity. 

A-dopt' (a-dSpf), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Adopted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Adopting.] [L. adoptare ; ad -f- optare to choose, 
desire.] 1. To take by choice into a relationship, as that 
of child, heir, friend, citizen, etc. 2. To accept or re- 
ceive as one's own what is not so naturally. 

A-dopt'er (a-dopt'er), n. 1. One who adopts. 2. 
(Chem.) A two-necked receiver used in distillations. 

A-dop'tion (a-dop'shun), n. The act of adopting, or 
state of being adopted. 

A-dopt'ive (a-dopt'Tv), a. Pertaining to adoption; 
made by adoption ; fitted to adopt. — A-dopt'ive-ly, adv. 

A-dor'a-ble (a-dor'a-b'l), a. Deserving to be adored. 
— A-dor'a-ble-ness, n. — A-dor'a-bly, adv. 

Ad O-ra'tion (ad'o-ra'shun), n. 1. The act of paying 
honor to, or as to, a divine being ; worship. 2. Homage ; 
profound veneration ; fervent devotion. 

A-dore' (a-dor'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Adored (a-dord') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Adoring (a-dor'ing).] [OF. aorer, adorer, 
fr. L. adorare; ad + orare to speak, pray, os, oris, 
mouth.] 1. To worship with profound reverence. 2. 
To love in the highest degree ; to idolize. 

A-dor'er (-er), n. A worshiper ; a devoted admirer. 

A-dorn' (a-d6rn / ), v. t. limp. & p. p. Adorned 



(a-dornd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adorning.] [OF. aorner, fr. 
L. adornare ; ad -j- ornare to furnish, embellish.] To 
deck or enrich with ornaments ; to embellish ; to beautify. 

Syn. — To deck ; decorate ; embellish ; ornament ; 
beautify ; grace ; garnish ; dignify ; exalt ; honor. — We 
decorate and ornament by putting on some adjunct 
which is attractive or beautiful, and which serves to 
heighten the general effect. Ornament is used in a 
wider sense than decorate. To embellish is to beautify 
or ornament richly, not so much by mere additions or 
details as by modifying the thing itself as a whole. It 
sometimes means gaudy and artificial decoration. Adorn 
is sometimes identical with decorate ; in other cases, it is 
used to imply a value beyond that of mere show and orna- 
ment. Adorn may be used of what is purely moral. 

Ad'or-na'tion (ad'Sr-na'shun), n. Adornment. 

A-dorn'er (a-d6rn'er), n. One who, or that which, 
adorns. — A-dorn'ing-ly , adv. [oration. I 

A-dorn'ment, n. An adorning ; an ornament ; a dec-| 

Ad-OS cu-la'tion (5d-5s'ku-la'shun), n. [L. adoscu- 
lari, adosculatum, to kiss. See Osculate.] (Biol.) Im- 
pregnation by external contact, without intromission. 

A-down' (a-doun'), prep. & adv. [OE. adun, adoun, 
AS. of dune off the hill.] Down ; downward. [Archaic] 

A-drift' (a-driff), adv. & a. In a drifting condition ; 
floating at random. [ping. I 

A-dlip 7 (a-drip'), adv. &a. In a dripping state ; drip- 1 

A-droit' (a-droit/), a. [F., fr. a (L. ad-) — droit 
straight, right, fr. L. directus. See Dkect.] Dexterous; 
exhibiting skill and readiness ; ready in invention or exe- 
cution. — A-droit'ly, adv. — A-droit'ness, n. 

Syn. — Dexterous ; skillful ; expert ; ready ; clever ; 
deft ; ingenious ; cunning ; ready-witted. 

A-dry' (a-drl'), a. [Pref. a- (for on) -f- dry.] Thirsty. 

Ad sci-ti'tious (ad'sT-tish'us), a. [L. adscitus, p. p. 
of adsciscere to take knowingly.] Supplemental ; ad- 
ventitious. — Ad^ci-ti'tious-ly, adv. 

Ad U-la'ri-a (ad'u-la'rT-a), n. [From Adula, a 
mountain peak in Switzerland.] (Min.) A kind of feld- 
spar, which often shows pearly opalescence ; moonstone. 

Ad U-la tion (ad/u-la'shun), n. [F., fr. L. adulatio, fr. 
adulari, adulatum, to flatter.] Servile flattery ; excess- 
ive or hypocritical praise having a sordid motive. 

Syn. — Sycophancy ; cringing; fawning; obsequious- 
ness; blandishment. — Men deal in compliments from a 
desire to please ; they use flattery either from undue 
admiration, or a wish to gratify vanity ; they practice 
adulation from sordid motives, and with a mingled spirit 
of falsehood and hypocrisy. 

Ad'U-la'tor (-ter), n. One who practices adulation. 

Ad'U-la-tO-ry (-la-to-ry), a. Having the quality of, 
or practicing, adulation. 

A-dult r (a-dulf), a. [L. adultus, p. p. of ado'escere 
to grow up to ; akin to alere to nourish.] Having arrived 
at full size and strength ; matured. 

A-dult', n. An adult person, animal, or plant. 

A-dul'ter-ant (a-dul'ter-ant), n. That which is used 
to adulterate anything. — a. Adulterating. 

A-dul'ter-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adulterated 
(-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adulterating.] [L. odul- 
teratus, p. p. of adulterare, fr. adulter adulterer, prob. 
fr. ad -j- alter other.] To corrupt, debase, or make im- 
pure by an admixture of a foreign or a baser substance. 

Syn. — To defile; contaminate; vitiate; sophisticate. 

A-dul'ter-ate (-at), a. 1. Tainted with adultery. 2. 
Debased by an admixture ; adulterated ; spurious. — 
A-dul'ter-ate-ly, adv.— A-dul'ter-ate-ness, «. 

A-duTter-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. The act of adul- 
terating. 2. An adulterated state or product. 

A-dul'ter-a'tor (-ter), n. One who adulterates. 

A-dul'ter-er (-er), ». A man who commits adultery. 

A-dul'ter-esS (-es), n. A woman guilty of adultery. 

A-dul'ter-ine (-in or -In), a. Proceeding from adul- 
tery ; hence, spurious. — n. An illegitimate child. 

A-dul'ter-OUS (-us), a. Guilty of, or pertaining to, 
adultery ; illicit. — A-dul'ter-OUS-ly, adv. 

A-dul'ter-y (a-dul'ter-y), n. 1. Sexual intercourse 
by a married man with another than his wife, or volun- 
tary sexual intercourse by a married woman with an- 
other than her husband. 2. (Script.) Unfaithfuluess in 
religion. [or image. I 

Ad-um'brant(a'd-um'brant),a. Giving a faint shadow, | 

Ad-um'brate (-brat), v. t. [L. adumbratus, p. p. of 
adumbrare ; ad -f- umbrare to shade; umbra shadow.] 
1. To give a faint shadow or image of. 2. To shade. 

Ad um-bra'tion (-bra'shun), n. 1. The act of adum- 
brating. 2. A faint image. 

A-dun'cous (a-diin/kus), a. [L. aduncus ; ad -\- uncus 
hook.] Hook-shaped. — A-dun'ci-ty (-dun'sT-ty), n. 



8 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, tkxn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ADivr 



16 



ADVOCATE 



A-duaf (A-dHst'l. a. [L. adustus. p. T- of adurerc ; 

burn.] 1. Inflamed or scorched; fiery. 

2. ijHHMI lllll M U burnt. 

Ad-vance' (Id-vaW), ». '• ['"'/'• &J»- 7>- Advanced 

. Advancing (-vftn'sTng).] [F. 

. :r. a supposed LL. abantiurc : ab-\-ante before.] 

1. To bftngi or cause to move, forward or to the front. 

I ■-H.. to raise to a higher rank. 3. To 

te the growth or progress of. 4. To bring to 

p r opoaa for consideration. 6. To furnish, as 

before it becomes due ; to supply beforehand. 

«■« \ n . To raise : elevate : exalt ; aggrandize ; improve ; 

I lerate : allege ; adduce ; assign. 
Ad-vance'. »'• i- To move or go forward or upward ; 
to make prOfi 

Advance', n. 1. The act of advancing or moving 
forward or upward ; progress. 2. Improvement in any 
3. An addition to the price. 4. A first step 
towards meeting or agreement ; overture ; tender ; offer ; 
— usually in the plural. 5. A furnishing of something 
towards a capital or stock, or on loan before an equiva- 
lent is received ; money or goods thus furnished. 

Ad-vance', a. Being before in place or time; for- 
ward ; — used for advanced. 

Ad-vanced' (Xd-vansf), a. 1. Situated in the van or 
front. 2. Being in front or before others in progress of 
thought or ideas. 3. Being far on in life or time. 

Ad-vance'ment (Xd-vans'ment), n. 1. Act of advan- 
cing, or state of being advanced ; progression ; improve- 
ment ; furtherance ; promotion. 2. Something paid or 
i before it is due, or an equivalent is received. 
Ad-van'c©r (-van'ser),n. One who advances ; promoter. 
Ad-van'tage (-taj ; 61, 48), n. [F. avantage, from 
avant before. See Advance.] 1. Any condition, cir- 
cumstance, opportunity, or means, particularly favorable 
to success, or to further progress. 2. Superiority of 
state, or that which gives it ; benefit ; gain ; profit ; 
specifically, mastery. 

S yn . — Benefit. — We speak of a thing as a benefit when 
it simply produces good. We speak of a thing as an ad- 
vantage when it affords us the means of getting forward. 
Ad-van'tage, v. t. limp. &p. p. Advantaged (-tajd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Advantaging.] To give an advantage 
to ; to further ; to promote ; to benefit ; to profit. 
Ad'van-ta'geoua (Sd'von-ta'jiis), a. Being of advan- 
mferring advantage ; helpful in progress ; profit- 
neficiai. — Ad'van-ta'geous-ly, adv. — Ad'- 
van-ta'geons-ness, n. 
Advene' (Xd-ven'), v. i. [L. advenire ; ad + venire 
See Come.] To accede, or come ; to be added. 
Ad'vent (Sd'vgnt), n. 1. (Eccl.) The period includ- 
ing the four Sundays before Christmas. 2. The first or 
the expected second coming of Christ. 3. Coming ; ar- 
rival ; approach. 

Advent Sunday, the first Sunday in the season of Advent, 
being the Sunday nearest to Nov. 30. 

Ad'vent-ist (-Tst), n. One who looks for the proxi- 
mate personal coming of Christ ; — called also Second 
A'lierifi':/. 

Ad ven-ti'tious (-ttsh'us), a. Added extrinsically ; 
not essentially inherent ; accidental or casual ; addi- 
tional; supervenient; foreign. — Ad'ven-tl'tlOUS-ly, 

adv. — Ad ven-ti'tious-ness, n. 

Ad-ven'tlve (-vSn'tTv), «. Accidental. [Advent. I 

Ad-ven'tn-al (-tu^/l), a. Relating to the season of] 

Ad-ven'tnre (Sd-vSn'tur ; 135), n. [OE. & F. aventure, 

fr. LL. mil n, turn . fr. L. advenire to arrive.] 1. That 

happen! without design; chance; hazard; hap. 

perUOtU Chance. 2. The encountering of risks; 

h enterprise. 3. A remarkable occurrence; a 

Ktriking event. 4. (Com.) A speculative enterprise; a 

• by ;t merchant on his own account. 

rtaking; enterprise; venture; event. 
Ad-ven'tnre, v. I. [imp. & p. p. Adventured (-turd) ; 
Adventuring.] 1. To risk, or hazard ; to 
nture. 2. To run the risk of ; to dare. 
Ad ven'ture, < I. To try the chance ; to take risk. 
Ad-ven'tur-er. n. 1. One who adventures ; one who 
enterprises. 2. A social pretender. 
Ad-ven'tnre-some (-sum), a. Adventurous. 
Ad ven'tur-esB (-t«r-ee), n. A female adventurer. 
Ad ven'tur oua (-&•). a. 1. Inclined to adventure; 
tnbark in hazardous enterprises; 
2. Full of hazard ; requiring courage. — Ad- 
ven'tur oub ly : adv. Ad ven'tnr-ous ness, n. 

ring; hazardous; venture- 
some; raah ; foolhardy; presumptuous. 



Ad'verb (Sd'verb), n. [L. adverbium; ad -f- verbum 
word, verb.] (Gram.) A word used to modify the sense 
of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and usu- 
ally placed near it. 

Ad-ver'bi-al (&d-ver'bT-fll), a. Of or pertaining to an 
adverb ; having the use or nature of an adverb. — Ad- 
ver bi-al'i-ty (-Slf-tyj, n. — Ad-ver'bi-al-ly, adv. 

Ad'ver-sa-ry (Xd'ver-sa-ry), n. [L. adversarius. See 
Adverse.] One who is turned against another with 
opposing or hostile intent; a member of an opposing 
party. — a. Adverse ; opposed. 

The Adversary, Satan, or the Devil. 

Syn. — Enemy; opponent; antagonist; foe. —Enemy 
and foe imply a state of personal hostility. Men may be 
adversaries, antagonists, or opponents in certain respects, 
and yet have no feelings of general animosity. 

Ad-ver'sa-tive (ad-ver'sa-tiv), a. Expressing con- 
trariety, opposition, or antithesis.— ». An adversative 
word. — Ad-ver/sa-tive-ly, adv. 

Ad'verse (Sd'vers), a. [OF. avers, advers, fr. L. ad- 
versus, p. p. of advertere. See Advert.] 1. Acting 
against, or in a contrary direction. 2. Situated oppo- 
site. 3. Being in hostility ; contrary to one's wishes or 
welfare. — Ad'verse-ly, adv. — Ad'verse-ness, n. 

Syn. — Opposed ; opposing ; contrary ; conflicting ; 
averse ; unfavorable ; unpropitious ; unfortunate ; calam- 
itous; injurious. 

Ad-ver'si-ty (ad-ver'sT-tJr), n. 1. Opposition. [Obs.] 
2. A state of adverse fortune ; misfortune ; affliction. 

Syn. — Affliction ; distress; misery; disaster; calam- 
ity ; trouble ; suffering ; trial. 

Ad- vert' (Sd-verf), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Adverted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Adverting.] [L. advertere, v. t., to turn to ; 
ad -f- verier e to turn.] To turn the mind or attention ; to 
refer ; to give heed or notice ; — with to. 

Syn. — To refer ; allude ; regard. See Refer. 

Ad-veit'ence (-ens), \ n. The act of adverting, or 

Ad-vert'on-cy (-en-sjf), ) the quality of being advert- 
ent; attention; notice. 

Ad-vert'ent (-ent), a. Attentive ; heedful ; regard- 
ful. — Ad-vert'ent-ly, adv. 

Ad'ver-tise' (ad'ver-tlz' or ad'ver-tlz/), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Advertised (-tizd' or -tizdQ ; p. pr. & vb. ». 
Advertising (-tiz'ing or -ti-'zing).] [Through F., fr. L. 
advertere. See Advert.] 1. To inform, apprise, or 
notify; hence, to warn. [Archaic] 2. To give public 
notice of ; to announce publicly, esp. by a printed notice. 

Syn.— To announce; proclaim; promulgate; publish. 

Ad'ver-tise', v. i. To publish advertisements. 

Ad-ver/tise-ment (ad-ver'tiz-ment or Sd'ver-tiz'- 
ment), n. 1. Notification. 2. A public notice, especially 
a notice inserted for a price in some public print. 

Ad'ver-tis'er (Sd'ver-tiz'er or ad'ver-tl'zer), n. One 
who, or that which, advertises. 

Ad-vice' (5d-vis'), n. [OF. avis; a (L. ad) + vis 
seemed, seen. See Advise.] 1. An opinion recom- 
mended or offered, as worthy to be followed. 2. Infor- 
mation or notice given ; — commonly in the plural. 

Advice boat, a vessel employed to carry dispatches. 

Syn. — Counsel ; suggestion ; recommendation ; admo- 
nition ; exhortation ; information ; notice ; intelligence. 

Ad-vis'a-ble (Sd-viz'a-b'l), a. That may properly be 
advised or be done ; seeming wise ; expedient ; prudent. 
— Ad-vls'a-ble-ness, n. — Ad-vis'a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Expedient ; proper ; desirable ; befitting. 

Ad-vise' (Sd-vlz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advised 
(-vizd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advising.] [OE. avisen, F. 
avi.ier, fr. LL. advisare; ad + visare, fr. L. videre, 
visum, to see.] 1. To give advice to ; to counsel ; to 
warn. 2. To apprise ; to inform ; to acquaint. 

Ad-vise', v. i. 1. To consider. [O&s.] 2. To take 
counsel ; to consult ; — followed by with. 

Ad-vis'ed-ly (5d-viz'ed-l^), adv. With advice or in- 
formation ; hence, with deliberate purpose. 

Ad-vis'ed-ness, n. The state of being advised. 

Ad-Vise'ment (Sd-viz'ment), n. 1. Counsel. 2. 
Consideration ; deliberation ; consultation. 

Ad-vis'er (-er), n. One who advises. [advice. | 

Ad-vi'so-ry (-zo-ry), a. Intended for, or containing, | 

Ad'VO-ca-cy (5d'v6-ka-sy), n. The act of advocat- 
ing ; support by arguments or appeal. 

Ad'vo-cate (-kat), n. [OE. & OF. avocat, fr. L. ad- 
vocatus, properly p. p. of advocare to call to, call to 
one's aid ; ad + vocare to call.] 1. One who pleads 
the cause of another. Specifically : One who pleads the 
cause of another before a tribunal or court. 2. One 
who supports any oause by argument. 



I «>, u, long ; ft, 6, 1, ft, it, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, finite, cftre, arm, ask, all, final. 



/ 



ADVOCATE 



17 



AFFECT 




Adz. 



Ad'VO-cate (Sd'vo-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advo- 
cated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advocating (-ka'tlng).] 
To plead in favor of ; to support by argument. 

Ad'vo-ca'tion (Sd'vo-ka/shQn), n. Advocacy. 

Ad-VOW-ee' (Sd-vou-e r ), n. One who tfls an advowson. 

Ad-VOW'SOn (-vou'zQn or -siin), n. [OE. avoweisoun, 
OF. avoeson, fr. L. advocatio.] {Eng. Law) The right 
Of presenting to a vacant benefice or church living. 

II Ad'y-na'mi-a (ad'T-na'niT-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. d, 
priv. + SvVa/uus strength.] {Med.) Considerable debility 
of the vital powers. — Ad'y-nam'ic (ad'T-nam'ik), a. 

II Ad'y-tum (5dT-tum), n. ; pi. Adyta (-ta). [L., fr. 
Gr. olSvtov ; a, priv. -f- Sveiv to enter.] The innermost 
sanctuary or shrine in ancient temples, whence oracles 
were given. Hence : A private chamber ; a sanctum. 

Adz ) (adz), n. [AS. adesa ax, hatchet.] A carpen- 

Adze j t e r ' s or cooper's 
tool, having a thin arching 
blade set with its edge at right 
angles to the handle. 

JE or Ae. A diphthong or 
digraph used in various lan- 
guages. Its principal use in 
English is to represent the Latin 
ae or Greek at.. In the case of 
words derived from Latin with 
se, it has been mostly superseded by e. 

JE'dile (e'dil), n. [L. aedilis, fr. aedes temple.] A 
magistrate in ancient Rome, who had the superintend- 
ence of public buildings, highways, shows, etc. ; hence, 
a municipal officer. 

iEg'i-lops (ej'T-lops or e'jT-), n. [L., fr. Gr. alyCKtaxj/ ; 
«u£ goat -j- tail/ eye.] {Med.) An ulcer or fistula in the 
inner corner of the eye. 

II JF/gis (e'jis), n. [L., fr. Gr. aiyt? a goat skin, a 
shield.] A shield ; a protection. [ored like bronze. I 

A-e'ne-OUS (a-e'ne-us), a. [L. aeneus.] {Zo'ol.) Col-| 

.ffi-O'li-an (e-o'lT-an), a. 1. Of or pertaining to iEolis 
in Asia Minor. 2. Pertaining to JEolus, the mythic god 
Of the winds ; hence, of or pertaining to the wind. 

^Eolian harp, .Solian lyre, a musical instrument consist- 
ing of a box, on or in which are stretched strings, on 
which the wind acts to produce the notes. 

iE-0l'ic (e-ol'Tk), a. See ^olian. 

iE-ol'i-pile } (e-ol'i-pfl), n. [L. aeolipilae; Aeolus 

2E-Ol'i-pyle } god of the winds 
-f- pila a ball, or Gr. wvAij gate {i. e., 
doorway of iEolus).] A kind of ap- 
paratus in which a hollow vessel (as 
a globe) is made to revolve by the 
force of steam escaping into the air. 

JE'on (e'on), n. See Eon. 

iE-O'ni-an (e-o'nT-an), a. [Gr. 
atwvios.] Eternal. 

5 ||5S / py-or'nis(e / pi-Qr , nTs),n. [Gr. 
ai7nJs high -f- opvts bird.] A gigantic 
bird found fossil in Madagascar. 

A'er-ate (a'er-at), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Aerated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Aerating (-a/ting).] [See Air, v. 
t.] 1. To combine or charge with 
carbonic acid gas, or with common air ; to supply air to. 
2. {Physiol.) To expose to the chemical action of air; 
to oxygenate (the blood) by respiration ; to arterialize. 

A'er-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act or process of aerating. 

A'er-a'tor (a'er-a'ter), n. That which aerates ; esp., an 
apparatus for charging water with carbonic acid gas. 

A-e / ri-al (a-e'ri-al), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the air, 
or atmosphere ; produced by or found in the air. 2. Con- 
sisting of air ; resembling air. Hence : Ethereal ; unsub- 
stantial ; unreal. 3. Rising aloft in air ; lofty. 4. Grow- 
ing, forming, or existing in the air. — A-e 7 rt-al-ly, adv. 

Ae'rie (e'ry), n. [OE. & OF. aire, LL. area, LL. 
aera, nest of a bird of prey; — origin uncertain.] The 
nest of a bird of prey, usually on a high rock or cliff ; 
also a brood of such birds ; eyrie. 

A'e'r-I-fi-ca'tion (a'er-T-fi-ka'shun), n. The act or 
process of aerifying, or the state of being aerified. 

A'er-i-form (a'er-i-fdrm), a. Having the form or 
nature of air; gaseous; hence, fig., unreal. 

A'Sr-i-fy (-fi), v. t. [L. aer air -+- -fy.) 1. To infuse 
air into ; to combine air with. 2. To change from a 
solid or liquid to a gaseous state. 

A'er-O-. [Gr. arip, de'pos, air.] The combining form 
of the Greek word meaning air. 

A'er-O-bies (a'er-o-biz), n. pi. [A'ero- -j- Gr. 0i'os life.] 
(Biol.) Microorganisms which live in contact with the 
air and need oxygen for their growth 




Hero's .cEolipile. 



Aer-O-dy-nam'ics (a'er-o-dt-namTks or -dt-), n. 
[Aero- + dynamics.'] The science which treats of the 
dynamics of air and other gases. 

A'er-Og'ra-phy (a'er-Sg'ra-fy), n. [Aero- + -graphy.] 
A description of the air or atmosphere ; aerology. 

A'er-0-lite (a'Sr-S-lIt), ) n. [A ero- + -lite, -lith. ] {Me- 

A'er-O-lith (-lith), ) teorol.) A stone, or metallic 
mass, fallen to the earth from distant space ; meteorite. 

A'er-O-lit'ic (-lit'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to aerolites. 

A^er-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-jy), n. [Aero- + -logy.] That de- 
partment of physics which treats of the atmosphere. 

A'er-O-man'cy (a'er-o-mSn'sjr), n. [Aero- -f- -mancy.] 
Divination from the state of the air or from atmospheric 
substances ; also, the act of forecasting the weather. 

A'er-om'e-ter (-ona'e-ter), n. [Aero- -\- -meter.] An 
instrument for finding the weight or density of gases. 

A'er-om'e-try (-om'e-try), n. [Aero- -f- -metry.] 
Pneumatics. — A'e'r-O-met'ric (-o-met'rlk), a. 
t A r Sr-0-naut (a'er-o-nat), n. [F. aeronaute, fr. Gr. 
arip -f- i/awTTj? sailor.] An aerial navigator ; a balloonist. 

A'er-o-naut'ic (a'er-o-nat'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining 

A'er-O-naut'ic-al (-i-kal), } to aeronautics. 

A'e'r-O-naut'ics (-iki.), n. The science or art of navi- 
gating the air ; aerial navigation ; ballooning. 

A'gr-O-phyte (a'er-o-fit), n. [Aero- -j- Gr. $vtov 
plant.] {Bot.) A plant growing entirely in the air, and 
nourished from it ; an air plant or epiphyte. 

A'e'r-OS'CO-py (-os'ko-py), n. [Aero- + -scopy.] Ob- 
servation of the state and variations of the atmosphere. 

A'er-O-Stat (a'er-S-stSt), n. [F. berostat, fr. Gr. dr;p 
air -f- o-raTo? placed.] 1. A balloon. 2. An aeronaut. 

A'er-O-Statlc (a/er-o-stat'Ik), ) a. 1. Of or pertain- 

A'er-O-Stat'ic-al (-stat'T-kal), ) ing to aerostatics ; 
pneumatic. 2. Aeronautic. 

A'er-O-Stat'ics (-iks), n. The science that treats of 
the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sus- 
tained in them. Hence it includes aeronautics. 

A'er-OS-ta'tion (-os-ta/shtin), n. Aerial navigation. 

£j-ru'gi-nous (e-ru/jt-nus), a. [L. aerugo rust of 
copper, fr. aes copper.] Of the nature or color of ver- 
digris, or the rust of copper. 

Ae'ry (e'ry), n. An aerie. [visionary. I 

A'er-y (a'er-y), a. [See Am.] Aerial ; ethereal ; | 

II iEs-the'si-a (es-the'si-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. atcr^o-t? 
sensation.] {Physiol.) Perception by the senses ; feeling. 

.Sls'thete (es'thet or es f -), n. One who makes much 
or overmuch of aesthetics. [Recent] 

iEs-thet'ic (es-thet'ik), la. Of or pertaining to 

^Js-thet'ic-al (es-thet'i-k«l), ) aesthetics ; versed in 
eesthetics. — iEs-thet'ic-al-ly, adv. 

^S-thet'i-cism (-T-siz'm), n. The doctrine of aes- 
thetics ; aesthetic principles ; devotion to the beautiful. 

JEs-thet'iCS, Es-thet'iCS (-iks), n. [Gr. alaevTL^ 
perceptive, fr. aiadavevBai to perceive, feel.] The the- 
ory or philosophy of taste ; the science of the beautiful 
in nature and more especially in art. 

■EiS'ti-val (es'ti-vcrl or es-ti'vol), a. [L. aestivalis, 
fr. aestas summer.] Of or belonging to the summer. 

.ffis'ti-va'tion (es'ti-va'shun), n. 1. {Zoo!.) Torpid- 
ity induced by the heat and dryness of summer. 2. {Bot.) 
The arrangement of petals in a flower bud ; prefloration. 

.ffis'tu-a-ry (es'tu-a-ry ; 135), n. & a. See Estuary. 

Ai'ther (e'ther), n. See Ether. > . 

■STti-Ol'O-gy (e'ti-ol'6-jy), n. [Gr. alrtoAoyta ; atria 
cause -f- Ao-yo? description.] The science, doctrine, or 
demonstration of the causes of phenomena, as of disease 

A-far' (a-farO, adv. [Pref. a- (for on or of) -{-far.' 
At, to, or from a great distance ; far away. [fable. 

Af-'fa-bil'i-ty (af'fa-bil'i-ty), n. Quality of being af- 

Af'fa-ble (af'fa-b'l), a. [L. affabilis, fr. affari to 
speak to ; ad -\-fari to speak.] 1. Easy to be spoken to 
or addressed ; courteous ; sociable. 2. Gracious and be- 
nign in aspect. — Af' f a-ble-ness, n. — Af'fa-bly, adv. 

Af-fair' (Sf-fSr'), »• [OF. afaire, fr. a /aire to do ; 
L. ad -j- facere to do.] 1. That which is done or is to be 
done ; matter ; concern. 2. Anything, esp. an action, 
which it is wished to designate vaguely. 3. {Mil.) A 
minor engagement of troops. 

Af-fect' (Sf-f ekt'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Affected ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Affecting.] [L. affectus, p. p. of afficere to 
affect by active agency ; ad + facere to make.] 1. To 
act upon; to produce an effect or change upon. 2. To 
influence or move, as passions ; to touch. 3. To have or 
show a fondness for ; to choose ; hence, to frequent. 4. 
To dispose or incline. 5. To tend to by affinity or dispo- 
sition. 6. To make a show of ; to attempt to assume. 

Syn. — To influence ; operate ; act on ; concern ; melt ; 
soften ; subdue ; overcome ; pretend ; assume ; feign. 



B 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

2 



M 



A1TK( TATIOX 



18 



AFFOREST 



Af foc-talion (if ffk-ta'shaiO. n. An attempt to as- 

mir.il or real ; false display. 

Ajt«c' 1- Inclined; dis- 

■ Jae ahon ; exhibiting affectation. 

3 v . illy: not natural. 4. {Alg.) Made 

different powers oi the unknown 
Al fecfed ly. «</»•. — Af-fect'ed-ness, n. 
Al footer (•&)■ n. One who practices affectation. 
Ai-iect'ing. • Moving, or fitte d to excite, the emo- 

.i him:. — Ai-lect'ing-ly. adv. 
Af fec'tion -fgk'shuh), n. 1. The act of affecting or 
e state of being affected. 2. An 
..ditv or property: a condition; a bodily 
ling or natural impulse acting upon and 
..uy emotion ; inclination : disposi- 
\ : tendency. 4. A settled good will; 
fondue.-- OS or tender attachment ; — often 

5 Disease ; morbid symptom ; malady. 

H,s.~\ [tions. I 

Al fec'tion-al (,-"1), a. Of or pertaining to the affec-| 
Af-fec'tion-ate (-at), a. 1. Having affection or warm 
..'vim; ; fond. 2. Proceeding from affection; 
t> love; tender. —AJ-fec'tion-ate-ly, adv. — 
Af iec'tion-ate-ness. n. 
B] n. Attached ; devoted ; warm ; earnest ; ardent. 
Af-fec'tioned (-shund), a. Disposed. [Archaic] 
Af-fec'tive i-tlv). n. Exciting emotion ; affectional. 
Af-feer' (If-fSrO, p. /. [OF. afeurer to assess, fr. L. 
mm court, LL. also price.'] 1. {Old Law) To 
assess. 2. To confirm ; to assure. [Obs.~\ 

Af'fer-ent (Xf'feWnt), a. [L. affere7is, p. pr. of af- 
Jtrre ; ad ~ ferre to bear.] {Physiol.) Bearing or con- 
ducting inwards to a part or organ ; — opposed to efferent. 
Af-fet tUO'SO (af-feVtd6-6'so), adv. [It.] (Mas.) 
With feeling. 
Af-ti'ance (Xf-fi'^ns), n. [OF. aflance, fr. afier to 
LL. ml — fidare to trust, fr. L. /ftfes faith.] 1. 
nfidence. 2. Plighted faith ; marriage contract. 
Af-fl'ance. r. t. [imp. & p. p. Affianced (-onst) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Affiancing (-sing).] To betroth; to 
pledge or solemnly promise for or in marriage. 
Af-tl'an-cer (-"n-ser), n. One who makes a contract 
two persons. [vit. I 

Affiant (-<vnt), n. {Law) One who makes an affida- 1 
Af fl-da'vitiaf fT-da'\Tt), w. [LL., he has made oath.] 
A declaration in writing, signed and made upon 
oath or affirmation before an authorized magistrate or 
officer. 

HT*It is alwayB made er jmrie, and without cross- 
examination, and in this differs from a deposition. 

Af -fll'l ate 'Xf-fTlT-at), v. 1. [imp. &p.p. Affiliated 

'■■. n. Affiliating (-a'ting).] [LL. 

adflliare. riff I in re, to adopt as son; ad+jUius son.] 

1. To adopt ; to receive into a family as a son ; hence, 

to bring or receive into close connection ; to ally. 2. 

ne paternity of ; — said of an illegitimate child ; 

■ co nn ect by way of origin or descent ; — with on 

3. 1 1 receive into a society as a member, and 

its mysteries, plans, etc. 

Af-fil'1-ate. meet or associate one's self. 

Af-fil 1-a'tion 'Sf-fTl'T-a'shfin), n. The act of affilia- 

• of being affiliated. 
Af fined' (-find'j, n. [OF. njine, p. p., deriv. of L. 
ring, related to; ad -f- finis boundary, 
Joined in affinity or by any tie. [Obs.~\ 
Af-fin'i-ta-tlve (5f-fTnf-ta-tTv), n. Of the nature of 

Af-ttn'i-ta-tive-ly, adx . 
Af fln'l-tlvfc connected, as by affinity. 

Af tln'l-ty fif-fTn'T-tJ-j, n. 1. Relationship by mar- 
: tradihtinction to contanguimtty. 2. Close 
on; relation, esp. such as is indica- 
lityof origin. 3 (Chem.) That att rac ti on 
ible distance, between 
.- heti-rog'-iK-f ; purticles of bodies, and unites them 
mpounds. 4. ( Spirit ii nlism) A 
" ' ^'r.i'tion between persons. 

np. &■ p. p. Affirmed 

b. n. Affirming.] [OF. nfermer, 

< to make firm.// minis firm.] 

rrn or ratify. 2. To assert 

i deny. 3. {Law) To 

'**" • '•" '• '■'■■ ''■ ' ■' T ■ ' ' ■■■■ '■>■_. . ',1,'if-r judicial sanction. 

"'•"• *' ; ' ' r " : '"■' : declare; aateverate: assure: 

tii : establish ; ratify. 

i or the positive state- 

■'■ anything is to 

anirn ' : 'inphasis. To 



aver a thing is to affirm it of our own knowledge ; to 
protest a thing is to affirm it m spite of denial or contrary 
opinion. 

Af-finn' (Xf-ferm'), v. i. 1. To make positive asser- 
tion. 2. {Law) To make a statement by affirmation. 
See Affirmation, 4. 

Af-flrm'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being affirmed. 

Af firm'ance {-ans), n. Affirmation. 

Af finn'ant {-ant), n. One who affirms. 

Al Lir-ma'tion (-fer-ma'shun), n. 1. The act of af- 
firming; also, that which is affirmed. 2. {Law) A 
solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury, 
by a person who conscientiously declines taking an oath, 
which declaration is in law equivalent to an oath. 

Af-firm'a-tive (5f-ferm'a-tTv), a. 1. Confirmative ; 
ratifying. 2. That affirms something as existing, or as 
true ; — opposed to negative. — Af-firm'a-tlve-ly, adv. 

Af-finn'a-tive, n. That which affirms ; specifically, 
that which asserts or confirms something as opposed to 
that which denies it ; that side of a question which 
maintains the proposition stated ; — opposed to negative. 

Af-firm'a-to-ry (-a-to-ry), a. Affirmative. 

Af-ffrm'er (-er), n. One who affirms. 

Affix' (Xf-fTks'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Affixed (-fikstf) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Affixing.] [LL. affizare, L. affizus, p. p. 
of affigere to fasten to ; ad -f- figere to fasten.] To add 
at the close or end ; to subjoin ; to annex ; to append ; 
to fix to any part ; to attach, physically or figuratively. 

Affix (Xf'fTks), n. That which is affixed ; an ap- 
pendage ; esp., an addition at the end of a word ; a suffix ; 
a postfix. 

Af fix'ion (af-fik'shfin). n. Affixture. 

Af-fix'ture (Sf-fTks'tur'; 135), n. The act of affix- 
ing, or the state of being affixed ; attachment. 

Af-fla'tion (Sf-fla'shun), n. [L. afflatus, p. p. of af- 
flare to blow or breathe on ; ad -f- flare to blow.] A 
blowing or breathing on ; inspiration. 

Af-fla'tUS (-fla'tus), n. 1. A breath or blast of wind. 
2. A divine impartation of knowledge ; inspiration. 

Af-flict' (Sf-flikf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afflicted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Afflicting.] [L. afflictus, p. p. of af- 
fligere to cast down, deject; ad -f- fligere to strike.] 
1. To strike or cast down. 2. To inflict great injury or 
hurt upon ; to torment. 

Syn. — To trouble; grieve; pain; distress; harass; 
torment; wound; hurt. 

Af-flict'er (-er), n. One who afflicts. 

Af-flict 'ing, a. Afflictive. — Af-flict'ing-ly, adv. 

Af-flic'tion (af-flik'shun), n. 1. The cause of dis- 
tress, usually of protracted distress, of body or mind, as 
sickness, losses, etc. 2. The state of being afflicted. 

Syn. — Calamity ; sorrow ; distress ; grief ; pain ; an- 
guish ; adversity ; misery ; wretchedness ; misfortune ; 
trouble ; hardship. — Affliction and sorroic are terms of 
wide and general application : grief and distress have ref- 
erence to particular cases. Affliction is the stronger 
term. Sorrow- and grief are much alike in meaning, but 
gnej is the stronger term of the two, usually denoting 
poignant mental suffering for some definite cause. Chief 
is often violent and demonstrative ; sorrow deep and 
brooding. Distress usually, and anguish always, implies 
extreme suffering, either bodily or mental. 

Af-flic/tive (-tiv), a. Causing deep or protracted suf- 
fering ; distressing ; afflicting. — Af-flic'tive-ly, adv. 

Affluence (5f'flu-ens), n. [L. affluentia, fr. affluere, 
affluxum, to flow to ; ad -j-fluere to flow.] 1. A flowing 
to or towards ; an influx. 2. A profusion or abundant 
supply, esp. of wealth. 

Syn. — Abundance; riches; profusion; exuberance; 
plenty ; wealth ; opulence. 

Af'flu-ent (-ent), a. 1. Flowing to; inflowing. 2. 
Abundant; copious; hence, wealthy, —n. A tributary 
stream. — Affluently, ad v. — Af flu-ent-ness, n. 

Afflux 7 (Sffluks/), ) n. A flowing towards ; 

Af-flux'ion (Sf-fluk'shun), ) an increased flow. 
Af-force' (Sf-fors'), r. t. [LL. affortiare ; ad-\-for- 
tiare, f r. L. fortis strong.] To reenf orce ; to strengthen. 
Af-ford' (Sf-ford'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afforded ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Affording.] [OE. aforthen, AS. geforS- 
ian, forSinn, to further, accomplish, afford, fr. forS 
forth, forward.] 1. To give forth ; to supply or yield as 
the natural result or product. 2. To give, grant, or 
confer, with a remoter reference to its being the natural 
result ; to provide ; to furnish. 3. To give or sell with 
profit, or without loss or too great injury. 4. To incur, 
stand, or bear without serious detriment. 
Af-ford'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be afforded. 
Af-for'est (5f-f8 'est), v. t. [LL. afforestare; ad -+ 
forestare. See Forest.] To convert into a forest. 



< . B y . abort ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, finite, ckre, arm, ask, all, final. 



AFFRANCHISE 



19 



AGAPE 



At-fran'chise (af-frSn'chiz or -chiz), v. t. [F. affran- 
chir ; a (L. ad) -j- franc free.] To enfranchise. 

Affray' (Sf-fra'), V. t. [p. p. Affrayed (-frad').] 
[OE. afraien, affraien, OF. esfreer, orig.,to disquiet, fr. 
L. ex + OHG. fridu peace (akin to E. free).'] To 
startle from quiet ; to alarm ; to frighten. [Archaic] 

Affray', n. 1. A disturbance ; hence, a tumultuous 
assault or quarrel ; a brawl. 2. (Law) The fighting of two 
or more persons in a public place, to the terror of others. 

Syn. — Quarrel ; brawl ; scuffle ; encounter ; fight ; 
contest ; feud ; tumult ; disturbance. 

Affreight' (Sf-fraf), v. t. [Pref. ad- + freight.] To 
hire, as a ship, for the transportation of freight. 

Affright' (af-frif), v. t. limp. & p. p. Affrighted ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Affrighting.] [Orig. p. p. ; OE. af right, 
AS. afyrhtan to terrify ; a- -f- fyrhto fright.] To im- 
press with sudden fear ; to frighten. 

Syn. — To terrify; frighten; alarm; dismay; appall; 
scare ; startle ; daunt ; intimidate. 

Af-fright', re. 1. Sudden and great fear. 2. The act 
of frightening ; also, a cause of fright. 

Af -front' (Sf-friint'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Affronted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Affronting.] [OF. afronter, LL. af- 
frontare to strike against, fr. L. ad -f frons forehead, 
front.] 1. To front ; to face. [Obs.] 2. To offend by 
some manifestation of disrespect in one's presence; to 
treat with marked incivility. 

Syn. — To insult ; abuse ; outrage ; wound ; illtreat ; 
slight ; defy ; offend ; provoke ; pique ; nettle. 

Af-front', n. 1. An encounter. [06s.] 2. Con- 
temptuous or rude treatment ; a purposed indignity. 

Af-front'er (-er), n. One who affronts. 

Af-front'ive (-iv), a. Tending to affront or offend. 

Af-fuse' (af-fuz'), v. t. [L. affusus, p. p. of affundere 
to pour to ; ad + f under e.] To pour out. [R.] 

Af-fu'sion (af-fu'zhun), n. The act of pouring upon, 
or sprinkling ; specifically, (Med.) the act of pouring 
water or other fluid on the body, as a remedy. 

Ai-f y' (af-f I'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Affied (af-fid') ; 
p. pr. Affytng.] [OF. afier. See Affiance.] To con- 
fide ; to trust ; also, to affiance. [Obs.] 

Afield' (a-feld'), adv. 1. To, in, or on the field. 2. 
Out of the way ; astray. 

A-fire' (a-fir'), adv. & a. On fire ; being on fire. 

A-f lame' (a-flain'), adv. & a. In flames ; ablaze. 

A-float' (a-flof), adv. & a. 1. In a floating condi- 
tion ; hence, on board ship. 2. Borne from place to 
place ; moving on. 3. Moving without control ; adrift. 

A-flush' (a-flfish'), adv. &a. 1. In a flushed or blush- 
ing state. 2. On a level. 

A-f lut'ter (a-flut'ter), adv. & a. In a flutter ; agitated. 

A-foot' (a-fdW), adv. 1. On foot. 2. Fig. : In mo- 
tion ; astir ; in progress. 

A-fore' (a-for'), adv. 1. Before. [Archaic] 2. (Naut.) 
In the fore part of a vessel. 

A-f ore', prep. Before (in all its senses). [Archaic] 

A-fore'cit'ed (-slt'ed), a. Named or quoted before. 

A-fore'go ing (-go'Tng), a. Going before ; foregoing. 

A-fore'hand' (-hand'), adv. & a. Beforehand ; in an- 
ticipation ; prepared in advance ; — opposed to behind- 
hand. [Archaic or Dial.] [tioned. I 

A-fore'men tioned (-men'shund), a. Bef ore-nien- 1 

A-fore'named' (-namd'), a. Named before. 

A-fore'said (-sed'), a. Said before ; already described. 

A-fore'thoUghf (-that'), a. Premeditated ; prepense. 

A-fore'time' (-tim'), adv. In time past ; formerly. 

II A for/ti-oTi (a f&VshT-o'ri). [L.] (Logic & Math.) 
With stronger reason. 

A-foul' (a-foul'), adv. & a. In collision ; entangled. 

A-fraid' (-f rad'), p. a. [Orig. p. p. See Affray.] Im- 
pressed with fear or apprehension ; being in fear. 

Syn. — Fearful ; timid ; timorous ; alarmed ; anxious ; 
apprehensive ; terrified ; frightened. — Afraid is a more 
general term than terrified or frightened, and does not 
alone imply a great degree of fear ; but with some limit- 
ing word may do so. 

A-fresh' (a-fresh'), adv. Anew ; once more ; newly. 

At ri-can'der (af'rT-kan'der), n. One born in Africa, 
the offspring of a white father and a " colored " mother ; 
also, a native of Africa born of European settlers. 

Af'rlt (afrit), Af'rite (-ret), Afreet (-ret), n. [Arab 
Hfrit.] (Moham. Myth.) A powerful evil jinnee. 

A-front' (a-frunf), adv. In front ; face to face. — 
prep. In front of. 

Aft (aft), adv. & a. [AS. seftan behind ; orig. superl. 
of of, off.] (Naut.) Near or towards, or being near or 
towards, the stern of a vessel ; astern ; abaft. 



Aft'er (aft'er), a. [AS. xfter after, behind, compar. 
of of, off; akin to Icel. aptr, OHG. aftar, D. and LG. 
achter, Gr. antorepu} further off.] 1. Next ; later in 
time ; subsequent ; succeeding. 2. Hinder ; nearer the 
rear. 3. (Naut.) Being toward the stern of a vessel. 

Aft'er, prep. 1. Behind in place. 2. Below in rank ; 
next to in order. 3. Later than in time ; subsequent to. 
4. Subsequent to and in consequence of. 5. Subsequent 
to and notwithstanding. 6. Moving toward from behind ; 
following ; in search or pursuit of. 7. Concerning ; in 
relation to. 8. In imitation of ; after the manner of ; I 
in conformity with. [afterward. | 

Aft'er, adv. Subsequently in time or place ; behind ; 

d^p* After, when used as a prefix, may be adverbial, 
prepositional, or adjectival. 

Aft'er-birth' (-berth'), n. (Med.) The placenta and 
membranes connected with the fetus, and coming away 
after delivery. [longata. I 

Aft'er-brain' (-bran'), n. (Anat.) The medulla ob-| 

Ait'er-clap' (-klap'), n. A second and unexpected 
clap ; hence, an unexpected subsequent event. 

Aft'er-crop' (-krop'), n. A second crop or harvest. 

Aft'er damp' (damp'). An irrespirable gas, remaining 
after an explosion of fire damp in mines ; choke damp. 

Af t'er-din ner (-din'ner), a. Following dinner ; post- 
prandial, [after sunset. I 

Aft'er-glow' (-glo'), n. A refulgence in the west| 

Aft'er-math (-math), ?i. [After + math.] A second 
mowing ; grass grown after mowing ; rowen. 

Aft'er-most (-most), a. superl. [AS. xftemest.] 1. 
Hindmost. 2. (Naut.) Nearest the stern. 

Aft'er-noon' (-noon'), n. The part of the day which 
follows noon, between noon and evening. 

Aft'er-rtOte' (-not'), n. (Mus.) A small unaccented 
note taking its time from the preceding note. 

Aft'er-piece' (-pes'), n. 1. A minor piece performed 
after a play. 2. (Naut.) The heel of a rudder. 

Aft'er-Shaft' (after-shaft'), n. (Zodl.) An accessory 
plume of some contour feathers. See Must, of Feather. 

Aft'er-thOUghf (-that'), n. Reflection after an act ; 
later or subsequent thought or expedient. 

Aft'er-wards (-werdz), ) adv. [AS. sefteweard,a.,\)e- 

Aft'er-ward (-werd), J hind. See -ward, and -s, 
adv. suffix.] At a later or succeeding time. 

|| A-ga' or || A-gha' (a-ga' or a'ga), n. [Turk, agha a 
chief.] In Turkey, a chief officer. Also, a title of respect. 

A-gain' (a-gen'), adv. [OE. agein, agayn, AS, ongegn, 
ongean, against, again; on + gean, akin to G. gegen 
against.] 1. In return ; back. 2. Another time ; once 
more ; anew. 3. Once repeated ; — of quantity. 4. On 
the other hand. 5. Moreover ; besides ; further. 

Again and again, more than once ; often ; repeatedly. — 
Now and again, now and then ; occasionally. 

A-gainst' (a-gensf), prep. [AS. ongegn. See -ST.] 
1. Abreast of ; opposite to ; facing. 2. In contact with ; 
upon. 3. In opposition to ; counter to ; adverse to. 4. 
In preparation for. [Archaic or Colloq.] 

II Ag'a-lac'ti-a (ag'a-lak'tT-a), ) n. [Gr. ayakaxTta ; o, 

Ag'a-lax y (ag'a-lak'sy), j priv. + yaAa milk.] 

(Med.) Imperfect secretion of milk after childbirth. 

Ag'al-lOCh (ag'al-lok), } n. [Gr. ayaXXoxov.] 

II Agal'lo-Chum (a-gal'lo-kum), ( A soft, resinous, 
aromatic wood, burnt as a perfume ; aloes wood. 

Ag'al-mat'O-llte (ag'al-mat'o-lit), n. [Gr. ayakpa 
image + -lite.] (Min.) A soft stone used by the Chinese 
for carving images ; pagodite. 

II Ag'a-ma (ag'a-ma), n. [Of 
Caribbean origin.] (Zodl.) A 
genus of lizards, one of the few 
which feed upon vegetables; 
also, one of these lizards. 

II Ag'a-mi (-me), n. [Native 
name.] (Zodl.) A South Ameri- 
can bird, allied to the cranes, i 
and easily domesticated. safck 

A-gam'ic (a-gani'ik), a. 
[See Agamous.] (a) (Biol.) 
Produced without sexual union. 
(b) Agamous. 

II Ag'a-mO-gen'e-SiS JSg'a- Agama (A. aculeata). 
mo-jen'e-sis), n. [Gr. aya/uos 

unmarried -j- yei/eo-ts reproduction.] (Biol.) Reproduc- 
tion without the union of parents of distinct sexes. 

Ag'a-moUS (ag'a-miis), a. [Gr. aya/xos unmarried ; a, 
priv. + ya/nos marriage.] (Biol.) Having no visible sex- 
ual organs; asexual; (Bot.) cryptogamous. 

A-gape' (a-gap' or -gap'), adv. & a. Gaping, as with 
wonder, expectation, or eager attention. 



B 




G 



H 



K 



fSm, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tnen, thin. 



M 



Al'K 



20 



AGIST 



Aj 
A lu 

ro. 11 



Ag'a M 




Agave (A. Americana). 



I (,-pe). [Gr. ayairrj 
• the primitive Christians, par- 
th the communion. 
... [Gr. ayopiKoi'.] 1. (Bot.) 
The common niush- 
| An old name for several species 
rk\ fungi growing on decaying wood, — 
ichwood, also in medicine. 
Apric mineral, a chalky deposit of carbonate of lime. 
Agate ffftt), »• [F., fr- L. achates, fr. Gr. a^aTJjs.] 
BemipeUucid, nncrystallized variety of 
ting varioiis colors in the same specimen. 
f \ kind of typo, larger than pearl and smaller 

apanfl ; in England called ruby. 
§y This lino is printed in the type called agate. 
Ag'a-tine (.Sir'a-tlii), a. Pertaining to, or like, agate. 
Ag'a-tlze (-til), i : t. [Usually p. p. Agatized (-tlzd).] 

: to make resemble agate. 
Ag'a-ty i-ty). a. Like, or containing, agate. 
A-ga'\ .'• [L. Agave, prop, name, fr. Gr. 

ayavos illustrious.] (Bot.) A 
genus of plants of which the 
chief apeefaa is the maguey or 
century plant (A. Americana). 
.. ten to seventy years, 
according to chmate, in attain- 
ity. when it produces 
flower stem, some- 
times forty feet in height, and 
then perishes. 

Age(aj), n. [OF. aage,eagc, 
fr. L. aeias, contracted fr. ae vi- 
tas. It. aevum lifetime, age ; 
akin to E. aye ever.] 1. The 
whole duration of a being, 
whether animal, vegetable, or 
other kind. 2. That part of 
the duration of a being or a 
thing which is between its be- 
ginning and any given time. 3. The latter part of life ; 
state of being old. 4. A particular time or stage of 
life (specially designated or referred to). 6. Mature 
age ; especially, the time of life at which one attains 
full personal rights and capacities. 6. A particular 
period of time in history, as distinguished from others. 
7. A great period in the history of the Earth. 8. A 
century. 9. The people who live at a particular period. 
10. A long time, [Co/loo."] 

Time ; period ; generation ; date ; era ; epoch. 
Age. P. i. [imp. &- p. p. Aged (ajd) ; p. pr. & vb. v. 
Aging (a'jTng).] To grow aged ; to show marks of age. 
Age, »•. t. To cause to grow, or to appear, old. 
A'ged (a?j5d), a. 1. Old; having lived long. 2. Be- 
to old age. 3. (a'jSd or ajd) Having a certain 
age. — A'gedly. adv. — A'ged-ness, n. 
Ageless (a/lfe*), a. Without old age or limit of age. 
A'gen-cy (a'jen-sj-), n. [LL. agenda, fr L. agent. 
••t.] 1. The faculty of acting or of exerting 

rtba state of being in action; instrumentality, 
rfice or business of an agent, or factor. 3- The 

; an agent. 
Action ; operation ; efficiency ; management. 
A-gen'dum (a-jen'dum), n. ; pi. Agenda (-da). [L.] 
hing to be done; in the pi., a memorandum 
2. A ritual or liturgy ; — usually in the plural. 
A'gent fa'jent), a. [L. agens, p. pr. of agere to act ; 
akin to Or. Zytw to lead, 8kr. aj.} Acting. 

A'gent- n, 1. One who exerts power, or has the 
power to act ; an actor. 2. One who acts for, or in the 
.'T, by authority from him ; a deputy ; a 
e power or cause. 
Ag glom'er-ate (ig-gl9m / 8r-St), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. 
T •'••'' ' " ; '.i..v. p. pr. X: rb. n. Agglomerating.] 
ornerare to form into a ball.] 
. to gather into a mass. 
Ag-glom'er-ate (4*), [a. Collected into a ball, 

Ag-glom'er-ated ''-u't^d), \ heap, or mass. 
Ag glom'er-ate -1; ; . n. 1. A collection or mass. 
r volcanic fragments united 
l '- . ' ''/'.glomerate. 

Ag-glom er-a'tior. jPahfia), n. The act 

* heaping together ; 
"'.' ' /'■'' '" _ : - •' ■■■'■ : a inns-. ; duster. 

JM^glU U-nant < S^-glu'tT-nant), a. Uniting, as glue ; 
earning wlhenori. — n. Any adhesive substance. 
Ag-glu'tl-nate (-nit), ■> t. [imp. &p. p . Aggluti- 



nated (-na'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agglutinating.] To 
unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue. 

Ag-glu'tl-nate (Sg-glu'tl-iiat), a. 1. United with, or 
as with, glue. 2. 0'h Hoi.) Formed by agglutination. 

Ag-glu tl-na'tion (-ua'shun), ii. 1. Act of uniting 
by glue or other tenacious substance ; state of being so 
united. 2. (Philol.) Combination in which root words 
are united with little or no change of form or loss of 
meaning. 

Ag-glu' ti-na-tive (ag-glu'tT-na-tT v), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to agglutination, or characterized by agglutination. 

Ag'gran-dize (Sg'gran-diz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ag- 
grandized (-dizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrandizing (-di'- 
zing).] [F. agrandir; a (L. ad) -f- grandir to increase, 
fr. L. grandis great]. 1. To make great ; to enlarge. 

2. To make great or greater in power, rank, honor, or 
wealth ; — applied to persons, countries, etc. 

Syn. — To augment ; exalt ; promote ; advance ; prefer. 

Ag-gran'dize-ment (ag-gran'dTz-ment or ag'grau- 
diz'-), n. Act of aggrandizing, or state of being aggran- 
dized ; increase of honor, rank, etc. 

Ag'gran-di zer (-dl'zer), n. One who aggrandizes. 

Ag'gra-vate (ag'gra-vat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggra- 
vated (-va'ted) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Aggravating.] [L. 
aggravare. See Aggrdsve.] 1. To make heavy or 
heavier ; hence, to make worse, or more severe ; to ren- 
der less tolerable or less excusable. 2. To exaggerate. 

3. To exasperate ; to irritate ; to provoke. [Colloq.J 
Syn. — To heighten; intensify; increase; magnify. 
Ag'gra-va ting (-va'ting), a. That aggravates ; irri- 
tating. — Ag'gra-va'ting-ly, adv. 

Ag gra-va'tiou (-va'shiin), n. Act of aggravating ; 
also, that which aggravates; specif., something addi- 
tional to a crime or WTong, enhancing its guilt or injury. 

Ag'gre-gate (5g'gre-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggre- 
gated (-ga'ted) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Aggregating.] [L. 
aggregare to lead to a flock ; ad -f- gregare to collect into 
a flock, grex flock.] 1. To collect into a mass or sum. 
2. To add (to). 3. To amount to. [Colloq.~] 

Syn. — To heap up ; accumulate ; pile ; collect ; gather. 

Ag'gre-gate (-gat), a. Formed by a collection of par- 
ticulars, individuals, or parts, into a whole mass or sum. 

Ag'gre-gate, ». A mass, assemblage, or sum of par- 
ticulars or parts collected together. 

In the aggregate, collectively ; together. 

Ag'gre-ga'tion (ag'gre-ga'shiin), n. The act of ag- 
gregating, or the state of being aggregated ; also, that 
which is aggregated. 

Ag'gre-ga-tive (-ga-tlv), a. 1. Taken together ; col- 
lective. 2. Gregarious; social. [jR.] 

Ag'gre-ga'tor (-ga'ter), n. One who aggregates. 

Ag-gress' (ag-gres'), r. i. [imp. & p. p. Aggressed 
(-gresf) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Aggressing.] [L. aggressus, 
p. p. of aggredi to approach ; ad + gradi to step.] To 
act first in hostility or offense ; to make an attack. 

Ag-gres'sion (ag-gresh'Qu), n. The first attack, or 
act of hostility. 

Syn. — Attack ; invasion ; assault ; encroachment ; in- 
jury ; offense ; intrusion ; provocation. 

Ag-gres'sive (-gres'slv), a. Tending or disposed to ag- 
gress ; characterized by aggression. — Ag-gres'sive-ly, 
adv.— Ag-gres'sive-ness, n. 

Ag-gres'sor (-ser), n. One who makes an aggression. 

Ag-grieve' (5g-grev'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Aggrd3ved 
(-grevd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrieving (-grev'ing). ] [OE. 
agreven, OF. agrever ; a (L. ad) -f- grever to burden, 
L. gravare, fr. gravis heavj\] To give pain or sorrow 
to ; to afflict ; hence, to oppress or injure. 

A-ghast' (a-gasf), a. & p. p. [OE. agast, agasted, 
p. p. of agasten to terrify, fr. AS. pref. a- -f- gsuslan to 
terrify, torment.] Terrified ; struck with amazement. 

Ag'ile (Sj'il), a. [L. agilis, fr. a^eretomove.] Hav- 
ing the faculty of quick motion in the limbs ; apt or 
ready to move. — Ag'ile-ly , adv. — Ag'ile-ness, n. 

Syn. — Active ; alert ; nimble ; brisk ; lively ; quick. 

A-gil'i-ty (a-jTl'i-ty), n. The quality of being agile ; 
the power of moving the limbs quickly and easily. 

Ag'l-o (Sj'T-o or a'jT-6), n. ; pi. Agios (-oz). [It. aggio, 
variant of agio ease. See Ease.] (Com.) Premium or 
discount on the face value, as on one sort of money 
when given in exchange for an inferior sort. 

Ag'i-o-tage (Sj'I-o-tuj), n. Exchange business ; also, 
the maneuvers of speculators in stocks and bonds. 

A-glBt' (a-jisf), v. t. [OF. agister; a (L. ad) + gister 
to lodge, fr. giste lodging, deriv. of L. jacere to lie.] 
(Law) To pasture, at a certain price; — used originally 



a, £, I, o, Q, long ; 4, 6, 1, ft, ft, f, ahort ; eenAte, Svent, tdea, 6bey, Unite, cAre, arm, aak, all, finaL 



AGISTMENT 



21 



AGRONOMY 



of the feeding of cattle in the king's forests, and collect- 
ing the money for the same. 

A-gist'ment (a-jist'ment), n. (Law) (a) Act of agist- 
ing, or pasturing other men's cattle at a certain rate. (b) 
Price paid for such feeding, (c) A charge against lands. 

Ag'1-tate (ayt-tat), v. t. (imp. & p. p. Agitated 
(-ta'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agitating (-taking).] [L. agi- 
tare to put in motion, fr. agere to move.] 1. To move 
with a violent, irregular action. 2. To stir up ; to ex- 
cite or disturb. 3. To discuss earnestly; to debate. 
4. To revolve in the mind, or view in all its aspects ; to 
contrive busily ; to plot. 

Syn. — To move ; shake ; excite ; rouse ; disturb ; per- 
turb ; distract ; revolve ; discuss ; debate ; canvass. 

Ag i-ta'tion (aj'i-ta'shun), n. The act of agitating, 
or the state of being agitated (in any sense of the verb). 

Syn. — Emotion ; excitement ; perturbation. 

Ag'i-ta-tive (aj'T-tS-tiv), a. Tending to agitate. 

Ag'i-ta'tor (aj'i-ta'ter), n. [L.] One who or that 
which agitates. Specifically: (Eng. Hist.) One of a 
body of men appointed by the army, in Cromwell's time, 
to look after their interests. 

A-gleani' (a-glem'), adv. & a. Gleaming. 

Ag'let (ag'let), Aig'let (aglet), n. [F. aiguillette 
point, deriv. of L. acus needle.] A tag of a lace or of 
the points, braids, or cords formerly used in dress. 

A-glOS'sal (a-glos'sal), a. (Zo'ol.) Tongueless. 

A-glOW' (a-glo'), adv. &a. In a glow ; glowing. 

Ag lu-ti'tion (ag'lu-tTsh'un), n. [Pref. a- not + L. 
glutire to swallow.] (Med.) Inability to swallow. 

Ag'mi-nate (ag'mT-nat), ) a. [L. agmen crowd.] 

Ag'mi-na'ted (-na'ted), J Grouped together. 

Ag'nail (ag'nal), n. [AS. angnsegl ; ange vexation, 
trouble + nsegel nail.] An inflammation or sore under 
or around the nail ; also, a hangnail. 

Ag'nate (ag'nat), a. [L. agnasci; ad + nasci (for 
gnasci) to be born.] 1. Related by the father's side ; 
also, sprung from the same male ancestor. 2. Akin. 

Ag'nate, n. (Civil Law) A relative whose relation- 
ship can be traced exclusively through males. 

Ag-na'tion (ag-na'shiin), n. 1. (Civil Law) Con- 
sanguinity by a line of males only, as distinguished from 
cognation. 2. Relationship ; kinship by descent. 

II Ag-no'men (ag-no'men), n. [L. ; ad -f- nomen name.] 
1. An additional or fourth name given by the Romans, 
to commemorate some event; as, Publius Caius Scipio 
Africanus. 2. An epithet appended to a name. 

Ag-nos'tic(ag-nos'tik), a. [Gr. d, priv. -j- yvcooTi/co? 
know.ing.] Prof essing ignorance ; involving no dogmatic 
assertion ; pertaining to or involving agnosticism. — 
Ag-nos'tic-al-ly (-tT-kal-ly), adv. 

Ag-nos'tic, n. One who professes ignorance, or 
denies that we have any knowledge, save of phenomena ; 
one who supports agnosticism. 

Ag-nos'ti-cism (-ti-siz'm), n. That doctrine which, 
professing ignorance, neither asserts nor denies. Spe- 
cifically : (Theol.) The doctrine that the existence of a 
personal Deity, an unseen world, etc., can be neither 
proved nor disproved. 

HAg'nus cas'tUS (ag'nus kas'tus). .[Gr. ayvos a 
willow-like tree, used at a religious festival; confused 
with ayi/d? holy, chaste.] (Bot.) A species of Vitex ( V. 
agnus castus) ; the chaste tree. 

II Ag'nus De 7 ! (de'I). [L., lamb of God.] (R. C. Ch.) 
(a) A figure of a lamb bearing a cross or flag, (b) A cake 
of wax stamped with such a figure, (c) A triple prayer 
of the Mass, beginning with the words "Agnus Dei.'''' 

A-go' (a-go'), a. & adv. [OE. ago, agon, p. p. of 
agon to go away.] Past ; gone by ; since. 

Agog' (a-gog'), «• & adv. [Cf. F. gogue fun, per- 
haps of Celtic origin.] In eager desire ; eager ; astir. 

A'gO'ing (a-go'ing), adv. In motion ; in action. 

II Ag'on (ag'on), n. ; pi. Agones (a-go'nez). [Gr. dycov, 
fr. ayeiv to lead.] (Gr. Antiq.) A prize contest. 

A-gone' (a-g6n'), a. &. adv. Ago. [Archaic & Poet.~\ 

A'gone (a'gon), n. [See Agonic] Agonic line. 

A-gon'ic (a-gon'Tk)", a. [Gr. dycoi/os without angles ; 
d, priv. + yoivia an angle.] Not forming an angle. 

Agonic line (Physics), an imaginary line on the earth, 
on which the magnetic needle points to the true north. 

Ag'O-nist (ag'o-mst), n. A contestant in the agones. 

Ag'O-nis'tic (ag'o-nis'tik), ) a. [Gr. dywvio-TtKog.] 

Ag'O-nis'tic-al (-tT-kal), j Pertaining to violent 
contests, bodily or mental ; pertaining to athletic or po- 
lemic feats ; hence, strained ; unnatural. 

Ag'o-nize (Sg'o-niz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Agonized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Agonizing.] [Gr. d-yo)vi'£eo-0ai, lit., to 



strive for a prize.] 1. To struggle; to strive desperately. 
2. To writhe with agony ; to be in anguish. [torture. I 
Ag'o-nize (ag'6-niz), v. I. To cause to suffer agony ; to | 
Ag'o-ny (Sg'o-ny), n. [L. agonia, Gr. ayutvia, orig., 
a contest, fr. ayaiv. See Agon.] 1. Violent contest or 
striving ; desperate struggle. 2. Pain so extreme as to 
cause contortions, similar to those made in athletic con- 
tests ; extreme pain of mind or body. 

Syn. — Anguish ; torment ; throe ; distress ; pang ; 
suffering. — Agony, anguish, pang agree in expressing 
id. 



B 



Agony and anguish de- 




age r 



extreme pain of body or mine 

note acute and permanent pain. A pang is a paroxysm 

of excruciating pain. It is severe and transient. 

II Ag'o-ra (ag'o-ra), n. [Gr. dyopd.] Place of assem- 
bly, esp. the market place, in an ancient Greek city. 

A-gOU'ti ) (a-goo'tT), n. [Native name.] (Zool.) A 

A-gou'ty I rodent of the genus Dasyprocta, about 
the size of a rabbit, peculiar 
to South America and the -j^ 
West Indies. 

A-graffe' (a-grSf), n. 
[F. agrafe, formerly 
agraffe.] 1. A hook or \ 
clasp. 2. A device for 
holding a piano wire so as 
to limit the vibration. 

A-gra'ri-an (a-gra'rT-an), 
field.] 1. Pertaining to fields, or lands'or their tenure ; 
esp., relating to an equal or equitable division of lands. 
2. (Bot. ) Wild ; — said of plants growing in the fields. 

A-gra'ri-an, n. One who favors agrarianism. 

A-gra'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. An equal or equitable 
division of landed property. 2. The principles or acts 
of those who favor a redistribution oi land. 

A-gree (a-gre'), v. i. [imp.&p. p. Agreed (a-gred') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Agreeing.] [F. agreer to accept or 
receive kindly, fr. a gre liking, fr. L. gratus pleasing.] 
1. To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action ; to be 
in unison or concord. 2. To yield assent. 3. To come 
to terms. 4. To be conformable ; to correspond. 5. To 
suit or be adapted in its effects. 6. (Gram.) To corre- 
spond in gender, number, oase, or person. 

Syn. — To assent; concur; consent; acquiesce ; ac- 
cede ; engage ; promise ; stipulate ; contract ; bargain ; 
correspond ; harmonize ; fit ; tally ; coincide ; comport. 

A-gree'a-bil/i-ty (-a-bil'T-ty), n. Agreeableness. 

A-gree'a-ble (a-gre'a-b'l), a. 1. Pleasing, either to 
the mind or senses. 2. Willing ; ready to agree or con- 
sent. \_Colloq.~\ 3. Agreeing or suitable ; conformable ; 
according ; — followed by to, rarely by with. [In this 
sense sometimes used adverbially for agreeably.'] 

Syn. — Pleasing; pleasant ; welcome; charming; ac- 
ceptable ; amiable ; grateful. See Pleasant. 

A-gree'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being agree- 
able, or of agreeing. 

A-gree'a-bly, adv. 1. In an agreeable manner ; pleas- 
ingly. 2. In accordance ; conformably. 

A-gree'ment (a-gre'ment), n. 1. State of agreeing ; 
harmony of opinion, statement, action, or character ; 
concurrence ; conformity. 2. (Gram.) Concord or cor- 
respondence of one word with another in gender, num- 
ber, case, or person. 3. (Law) (a) A concurrence in an 
engagement that something shall be done or omitted ; 
mutual understanding or stipulation, (b) The language 
expressing such a concurrence. 

Syn. — Bargain; contract; compact; stipulation. 

A-gres'tic (a-gres'tik), a. [L. agrestis, fr. ager field.] 
Pertaining to fields or the country ; rural ; rustic. 

Ag'ri-CUPtUT-al (ag/rT-kul'tur-al), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to agriculture. — Ag'ri-cul'tur-al-ly, adv. 

Ag'ri-cul'tur-al-ist, n. See Agriculturist. 

Ag'ri-CUFture (ag'rT-kul'tur ; 135), n. [L. agricul- 
tura ; ager field + cultura cultivation.] The art or sci- 
ence of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting 
of crops, and the rearing of live stock ; ttllage ; hus- 
bandry ; farming. 

Ag'ri-CUl'tUT-ist, n. One engaged or skilled in agri- 
culture ; a husbandman. 

Ag'ri-mo-ny (Sg'rT-mo-n^), n. [Through F. fr. L. 
agrimonia, fr. Gr. dpye/xcii^.] (Bot.) A genus of plants 
of the Rose family. Also, any one of various other 
plants ; as, hemp agrimony ; water agrimony, etc. 

Ag'ri-Ol'O-gy (ag'rT-ol'o-jy), n. [Gr. dypt'o? savage + 
-logy.] Description or comparative study of the customs 
of uncivilized tribes. 

A-gron'O-my (a-gron'o-m^), n. [Gr. dypov6>o? rural ; 
dvpds field -f- i/d/Lio? usage, vifxeiv to manage.] The man- 
agement of land ; agriculture. 



D 



G 



H 



K 



f6rn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing:, ink, then, thin. 



M 



AGROSTIS 



*>*> 



AJUTAGE 



A gJOStis (4-groVtTs), n. [L,. fr. Gr. aypwcms.] 
A irenu* of grasses, including beut grass, aud soine valu- 

Ag ros-tOl'O-gy (,Xc rft»-toV*-iy), n. [Gr. aypuxrris 
j.j,^ ; Thai uy which treats of the 

Aground' x a. [NamL] On the 

ground ; strasnra : — said of vessels. 

Ag ryp not'ic (ag rlp-notlk), n. [Gr. a-ypurrvos sleep- 
leas; eypctr to chase + kw sleep.] Anything which 
. or produces wakefulness. 
Ague \.i*\'u), ». [OF. agu, fr. L. acutus sharp.] 1. 
\n intermittent fever, attended by alternate cold 
2. The cold lit or rigor of intermittent 
3. A chill, or state of shaking, as with cold. 
A'gu ish (jPiru-Tsln. a. 1. Having the qualities of an 

.ill v. 2. Productive of, or affected by, ague. 
' Ag'y-nous ' aj'T-niis). a. [Gr. a, priv. -j- ywjj woman.] 

Without female organs ; male. 
Ah M ■ < Uerj. [OE. </.] An exclamation, expressive 
of surprise, pity, entreaty, contempt, delight, triumph, 
up "to the manner of utterance. 
Aha' (4-hiT), interj. An exclamation expressing, by- 
different intonations, triumph, mixed with derision or 
irony, or simple surprise. 
A-head' (4-hSdf), adv. In or to the front ; in advance. 
Ahem' (a-hSui'), interj. An exclamation to call one's 
attention : hem. 
A-hey' (a-ha'), interj. Hey; ho. [ing. I 

A-hoy' (a-hoi'), interj. (Xaut.) A term used in hail-| 
Ahull' (a-hul'), adv. {Xaut.) With the sails furled, 
and the helm lashed alee. 

Aid (Id), r. t. [imp. &p.p. Aided (ad'ed) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Aiding.] [F. aider, fr. L. adjutare to help, freq. 
of adjutare to help ; ad -\-jzivare to help.] To support, 
by furnishing strength or means in cooperation either to 
effect a purpose, or to prevent or to remove evil. 

Syn. —To help : assist ; support ; sustain ; succor ; re- 
lieve ; befriend ; cooperate ; promote. 

Aid, ». 1. Help; assistance; relief. 2. The person 
or thing that promotes or helps. 3. An aid-de-camp. 
Aid'ance (Id'«ns), n. Aid. [i?.] 
Aid'-de— camp 7 (ad'de-kiiN'), n. ; pi. Axds-de-camp 
(adz'-). [F. aide de camp (literally) camp assistant.] 
(Mil.) An officer selected by a general as an assistant. 
Aiglet, a. See Aglet. 

Ai'gTet I u'trret). i n. [F. ; a dim. of the same word 
Ai-grette'ia-trret'), j as E. heron.-] 1. (Zool.) The 
small white European heron. 2. A plume or tuft of 
feathers or of gems. 3. (Bot.) A feathery crown of seed. 
Ai guille' < i L'wel'), 72. [F. See Aglet.] 1. A needle- 
shaped peak. 2. A tool for boring holes for blasting. 
Ai guil-lette 7 (a'gwTl-lef ), n. [F.]_ A point or tag. 
Ail (al), r. t. [imp. &p. p. Ailed (aid) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Ailing.] [AS. eglan to trouble, pain ; akin to Goth. 
ua-agljan to distress.] To affect with pain or uneasiness, 
either physical or mental ; to be the matter with. 
Ail, v. i. To be ill or indisposed or in trouble. 
All, n. Indisposition or morbid affection. 
Ai lan'thus < a-lah'thusj, n. Same as Ailantus. 
Ai lan'tus (-t&s), n. [From aylanto, i. e., tree of 
— the name in the Moluccas.] (Bot.) A genus 
of beautiful trees, natives of the East Indies. The male 
plant is very- offensive when in blossom. 

Ail'ment ' al'ment), n. Indisposition ; bodily affection. 

Aim (an,), i. i. [u/i/j. &. p. p. Aimed (ixmd) ; p. pr. 

. Aiming.] [OE. amen, aimen, OF. e.smer, as- 

>b. fr. L. aestimnre to estimate.] 1. To guess. 

2. To jKjint or direct a weapon or a missile 

toward*) an object or spot with the intent of hitting it. 

.'■ intention or purpose; to endeavor. 

Aim | or point, as a weapon, at a partic- 

lirect, as an act, to a particular object. 

Aim. 1 j be pointing of a weapon in the line or 

. :ct intended to be struck; the di- 

s spear, a blow, a remark, towards 

bject, with a view to strike or affect 

-led to be hit, or object intended 

atained or affected. 3. Intention ; purpose. 

pe ; drift ; design ; purpose ; 
■"•mton; ■» miration. 

Aimless. ' in or purpose. — Aimless 

— Aimless ness. n. 

Ah , ■■'■r, fr. Gr. arjp air, mist, fr. 

low, breathe, j 1. Formerly, any aeriform 

the fluid which we breathe, and 

uth ; the atmosphere. 2. A par- 

phera, 3. Air in motion ; a 



Heads* htate of the 



gentle wind 4. That which surrounds and influences. 
5. Utterance abroad; publicity. 6. (Mus.) A musical 
idea, or motive, rhythmically developed in consecutive 
single tones, so as to form a symmetrical and balanced 
whole ; a melody ; a tune ; an aria. 7. The peculiar 
look, appearance, and bearing of a person ; mien. 8. 
Peculiar appearance ; apparent character ; maimer. 9. 
pi. An artificial or affected manner ; show of pride. 

Air (ar), r. t. [imp. &p. p. Aired (ard) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Airing.] 1. To expose to the air for the purpose of 
cooling, refreshing, purifying, drying, or warming; to 
ventilate. 2. To expose publicly ; to display. 

Air' bed' (bed'). A bed made of a sack inflated with air. 

Air' blad'der (blSd'der). A sac or bladder full of air ; 
specif., such a sac in the visceral cavity of many fishes. 

Air' brake' (brak'). {Mach.) A railway brake oper- 
ated by compressed air. [ceptacle of air. I 

Air' cell' (seP). A cell or cavity containing air ; a re-| 

Air' Chamber (cham'ber). A chamber or cavity filled 
with or containing air, 

Air' gun' (gun')- ■*- kmd o f gun in which the elastic 
force of compressed air is used to discharge the ball. 

Air' hole 7 (hoi'). A hole through which air is admitted 
or discharged ; specif., a spot in the ice not frozen over. 

Air'i-ly (arT-l^), adv. In an airy manner. 

Air'i-ness, n. The state or quality of being airy. 

Airing (ar'ing), n. 1. An exposure to air, for puri- 
fying, drying, etc. 2. A walk or a ride in the open air. 

Air' jack et (jak'et). A jacket having air-tight cavi- 
ties, to render persons buoyant in swimming. 

Airless (arles), a. Wanting fresh air, or communi- 
cation with the open air. 

Air-om'e-ter (ar-om'e-ter), n. [Air 4- -meter.'] 1. A 
hollow cylinder to contain air. 2. An apparatus for 
measuring the flow of currents of air. 

Air' pipe 7 (pip')- A pipe for the passage of air ; esp., 
a ventilating pipe. 

Air' plant 7 (plant'). {Bot.) A plant deriving its sus- 
tenance from the air alone ; an aerophyte. 

Air' poise' (poiz'). [See Poise.] An instrument to 
measure the weight of air. 

Air' pump' (pump 7 ). 1. {Physics) 
A kind of pump for exhausting air from, 
or forcing it into, a vessel or closed 
space. 2. {Steam Engines) A pump 
used to exhaust the water and air from 
a condenser. 

Air' sac' 
(sak'). {Anat.) 
One of the air 
cavities in the 
bodies of birds, 
connected with 
the lungs. 

Air' shaft' 

(shaft/). A pas- -^ — *gr" 

sage, usually ver- n , . .. _ 

tical, for admit- 0ne form of ** Pump - 

ting fresh air as a Cylinder ; 6 Piston rod : c Manometer : 

• . . ' rl TJpppivpr nr Rpll filnss. 

into a mine. 

Air'-slacked' (-slakt'), a. 
exposure to the air. 

Air' stove' (stov'). A stove for heating a current of 
air which is directed against its surface by means of 
pipes, and then distributed through a building. [air. I 

Air'-tight' (-tit'), a. So tight as to be impervious to| 

Air' ves'sel (veVsel). A vessel, cell, duct, or tube 
containing or conducting air. 

Air'y (ar'y), a. 1. Consisting of air. 2. Relating 
or belonging to air ; high in air ; aerial. 3. Open to 
a free current of air. 4. Resembling air ; thin ; unsub- 
stantial. 5. Relating to the spirit or soul ; delicate. 6. 
Without reality ; having no solid foundation. 7. Light 
of heart ; without seriousness ; sprightly ; flippant. 8. 
Having a haughty or affected manner. [Colloq.] 

Aisle (il), ?i. [OF. ele, L. ala, contr. fr. axilla.] 
(Arch.) (a) A lateral division of a building, separated 
from the middle part, called the nave, by a row of col- 
umns or piers, (b) Improperly, the nave ; also, a passage 
into which the pews of a church open. 

Ait (at), 72. [AS. \gga<5,xgeocS. Cf. Eyot.] An islet. 

Aitclfbone' (ach'bon'), n. [For nachebone.] The 
bone of the rump ; also, the surrounding cut of beef. 

A-Jar' (4-jar'), adv. [OE. on char on the turn ; AS. 
eerr, cyrr, turn.] Slightly turned or opened. 

A-Jar', adv. [Pref. a--\-jar.] In a state of discord. 

Aj'u-tage (5j'u-tSj). n. [F., fr. ajouter to add; L. 
ad — jus.ln nigh.] A lube for discharging water. 




d Receiver or Bell Glass. 

Slacked, or pulverized, by 



a, e, I, o, u, \',ua ; a, £, I, 6, u, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



AKENE 



23 



ALCOHOLIZE 



A-kene 7 (a-ken')» n. {Bot. ) Same as Achene. 

A-kim'bO (a-kim'bo), a. [Etymology unknown.] 
Being bent ; placed with the hand on the hip and the 
elbow turned outward. 

A-kin' (a-kin'), a. [Pref. a- (for of) -f- kin.] 1. Of 
the same kin ; related by blood ; — used of persons or 
brutes. 2. Allied by nature ; of the same kind. 

II Ak'i-ne'si-a (ak'I-ne'si-a), n. [Gr. d, priv. -)- kiVjjo-is 
motion.] {Med.) Paralysis of the motor nerves. 

A1-. A prefix, (a) [AS. eal.] All; wholly; com- 
pletely ; as, aZmigkty, almost. (6) [L. ad.] To ; at ; on. 
See Ad-, (c) The Arabic definite article answering to 
the English the. 

II Ala (a'la), n. ; pi. Ale (a'le). [L., a wing.] {Biol.) 
A winglike organ, process, or part. 

Al'a-bas'ter (al'a-bas'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. a\a- 
/3acrrpo9.] {Min.) (a) A compact variety of sulphate 
of lime, or gypsum, usually white and translucent. (6) 
A hard, compact variety of carbonate of lime, somewhat 
translucent, or of banded shades of color ; stalagmite. 

Alack' (a-lak'), inter j. [Prob. from ah! lack! OE. 
lak loss.] An exclamation expressing sorrow. [Archaic] 

A-lack'a-day' (-a-da 7 ), interj. [For alack the day.] 
An exclamation expressing sorrow. 

A-lac'ri-ty (-ri-ty), n. [L. alacritas, fr. alacer lively, 
eager.] A cheerful readiness, willingness, or prompti- 
tude ; joyous activity ; briskness ; sprightliness. 
v APa-modC (al'a-mod' ; F. a'la-mSd'), adv. & a. [F. 
a la mode.] According to the fashion or prevailing mode. 

Al'a-mode ■', n. A thin, glossy, black silk for hoods, 
scarfs, etc. ; — often called simply mode. 

Al'a-nine (al'a-nin or -nen), n. [^Zdehyde -4- -««- 
(euphonic) + -ine.] {Chem.) A base derived from 
aldehyde ammonia. 

A'lar (a'ler), a. [L. alaris, fr. ala wing.] 1. Per- 
taining to, or having, wings. 2. {Bot. ) Axillary. 

A-lann' (a-larni'), n. [F. alarme, It. alV arme to 
arms, fr. L. arma, pi., arms.] 1. A summons to arms. 
2. Any sound or information intended to give notice of 
approaching danger. 3. Sudden surprise or excitement 
with fear or terror excited by apprehension of danger. 
4. A mechanical contrivance for awaking persons from 
sleep, or rousing their attention ; an alarum. 

Syn.— Fright; affright ; terror ; trepidation; appre- 
hension ; consternation ; dismay ; agitation ; disquiet. 

Alarm', v. t. [imp. &p. p. Alarmed (a-l'armd') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Alarming.] 1. To call to arms for defense ; 
to notify of approaching danger. 2. To surprise or ex- 
cite with apprehension of danger. 

A-larm'ing, a. Exciting, or calculated to excite, 
alarm. — A-larm'ing-ly, adv. 

Alarmist, n. One prone to sound or excite alarms. 

A-lar'um (a-lar'iim), n. An alarm. [Now Poetic, 
except in sense 4 of Alarm, n.] 

APa-ry (al'a-ry or a'la-ry), a. [L. alarius, fr. ala 
wing.] Of or pertaining to wings ; also, wing-shaped. 

A-las' (a-las'), interj. [OF. alas ; a interj. (L. ah) -f 
las wretched, L. lassus weary, akin to E. late.] An excla- 
mation expressive of sorrow, pity, or apprehension of evil. 

A'late (a'lat), ^ ) a. [L. alatus, fr. ala wing.] 

A'la-ted (a'la-ted), J Having wings, or winglike ap- 
pendages. 

Alb (51b), n. [FromL. albus 
white.] An ecclesiastical vest- 
ment of white linen. 

Al'ba-tross (al'ba-tros), n. 
[Corrupt, fr. Pg. alcatraz an 
albatross, or Sp. alcatraz a 
pelican.] {Zool.) A web-footed 
bird, of the genus Diomedea. 
It is the largest of sea birds, 
and is found chiefly in the 
southern hemisphere. 

Al'be'it (al'be'it), conj. 
[OE. al be although it be.] 
Even though; although; not- 
withstanding. 

APbert-ite (al'bert-it), n. 
{Min.) A bituminous mineral, 
found in the county of Albert, 
New Brunswick. &i °- 

APber-type (-ber-tip), n. [From the inventor, Albert, 
of Munich.] A print from a kind of gelatine plate pro- 
duced by means of a photographic negative. [cent. I 

Al-bes'cence (al-bes'sens), n. Quality of being albes- 1 

Al-bes'cent (al-beVsent), a. [L. albescere to grow 
white.] Becoming white or whitish ; moderately white. 




Al'bi-cant (al'bT-kant), a. [L. albicare to be white.] 
Growing or becoming white. 

Al'bi-core (51'bY-kor), n. [F., fr. Ar. al the 4- bakr, 
bekr, heifer.] {Zool.) Any one of several large fishes of 
the Mackerel family. 

Al'bi-nism (-niz'm), n. Condition of being an albino. 

Al-bi'no (Sl-bi'no), n. ; pi. Albinos (-noz). [Sp. or 
Pg. ulbino, fr. L. albus white.] A person who by some 
defect of organization has a skin of a milky hue, with 
white hair, and eyes with deep red pupil and pink or blue 
iris. Applied also to the lower animals and to plants. 

Al-bi'no-ism (-Tz'm), n. Condition of being an albino. 

Al'bite (al'bit), n. [L. albus white.] {Min.) A min- 
eral of the feldspar family, common in granite and vari- 
ous igneous rocks. 

APbu-gin'e-OUS (al'bu-jTn'e-iis), a. [From L. albugo 
whiteness.] Of the nature of, or resembling in color, 
the white of the eye, or of an egg ; albuminous. 

Al'bum (al'bum), n. [L., neut. of albus white.] 1. 
{Rom. Antiq.) A white writing tablet. 2. A register 
for visitors' names. 3. A blank book, in which to insert 
autographs, photographs, etc. 

Al-bU'men (21-bu'men), n. [L.] 1. The white of 
an egg. 2. {Bot.) Nourishing matter stored up within 
the integuments of a seed, but not incorporated in the 
embryo. 3. {Chem.) Same as Albumin. 

Al-bu'men-ize (-Iz), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Albumenized 
(-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Albumenizing.] To cover or sat- 
urate with albumen. 

Al-bU'min (-min), n. {Chem.) A viscous nitrogenous 
substance, which is the chief constituent of white of 
eggs and blood serum, and is found in other substances. 

Al-bu'mi-nate (-mT-nat), n. {Chem.) A. compound 
formed by the union of_albumin with another substance. 

Al-bu'mi-noid (51-bu'mi-noid), a. [L. albumen -\- 
-oid.] {Chem.) Resembling albumin, —n. One of a 
class of organic principles (called also proteids) which 
form the main part of organized tissues. 

Al-bu'mi-nose 7 (-nos'), n. {Chem.) A diffusible sub- 
stance formed from albumin by the action of gastric juice. 

Al-bu'mi-nous (-nus), ) a. Pertaining to, or con- 

Al-bU'mi-nose 7 (-nos'), J taining, albumen ; like al- 
bumen or albumin. — Al-bu'mi-nous-ness. n. 

Al-bur'num (al-bfir'niim), n. [L., fr. albus white.] 
{Bot.) The white and softer part of wood, between the 
inner bark and the hard wood or duramen ; sap wood. 

Al-cade 7 , Al-caid', Al-cayde' (al-kad' ; Sp. al-ka- 
e'_da), n. [Sp. alcaide, fr. Ar. al-qald governor, fr. 
qada to lead.] 1. A commander of a castle or fortress 
among the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Moors. 2. The 
warden, or keeper of a jail. 

Al'ca-hest (al'ka-hest), n. Same as Alkahest. 

II Al-cal'de (al-kal'da), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al-qadl judge, 
fr. qada to judge.] A magistrate or judge ; — a term 
used in Spanish countries. 

APca-lim'e-ter, n. See Alkallmeter. 

HAl-can'na (al-kan'na), n. [Sp. alcana, alhena, fr. 
Ar. al-hinna. See Henna.] {Bot.) An Oriental shrub 
{Lawsonia inermis) from which henna is obtained. 

Al-chem'ic (al-kem'Tk), ) a. Pertaining to alchemy. 

Al-chem'ic-al (i-kai), ) — Al-chem'ic-al-ly , adv. 

Al'che-mist (al'ke-nnst), n. One who practices 
alchemy. 

APche-mis'tic (-niTs'tik), ) a. Relating to, or prac- 

AJ/che-mis'tic-al (-tl-kal), j ticing, alchemy. 

APche-my (al'ke-my), n. [OF. alkemie, Ar. al- 
kimla, fr. late Gr. x^eta, for xvfj.eta a mingling, \vn6s 
juice, especially as exti-acted from plants. See Chem- 
istry.] 1. An imaginary art which aimed to transmute 
the baser metals into gold, to find the pamacea, or uni- 
versal remedy for diseases, etc. 2. Mira*uk>us power of 
transmuting something common into somethjfcg precious. 

Al'co-hol (al'ko-hol), n. [Ar. al-kohll& powder of 
antimony or galena, to paint the eyebrows with. Out of 
Arabia the name was afterwards applied, on account of 
the fineness of this powder, to highly rectified spirits.] 
1. Pure spirit of wine ; pure or highly rectified spirit 
(called also ethyl alcohol) ; the spirituous or intoxicating 
element of fermented or distilled liquors, or more loosely, 
a liquid containing it in considerable quantity. 2. {Or- 
ganic Chem.) Any one of a class of compounds analogous 
to vinic alcohol in constitution. 

Al co-hoPic (-hollk), a. Of or pertaining to alcohol. 

Al'co-hol-ism (al'ko-hSl-Tz'ni), n. {Med.) A diseased 
state caused by the continued use of alcoholic liquors. 

Al'co-hol-ize (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alcoholized 
(-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alcoholizing.] To convert into 
alcohol ; to rectify ; also, to saturate with alcohol. 



B 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



AU'OUOLMETER 



24 



ALIEN 



Al co-hol-om'e ter (II kft-hBWmt-tSr), \ n. [Alcohol 

Al CO hol'me-ter (,-hM'ino-tt-r^ J + -meter.] 

An instrument u«r finding the amount of alcohol 

Al 'CO-ran (M'kS-rah or Sl'ko-r;iu'), ft. [F., fr. Ar. al~ 

: he reading, the book.] The Koran. 
APcove v^'kov or al-kov'), n. [F. alcove, Sp. or 
r. al-quobbah arch, tent.] 1. (Jrc/i.) A 
recessed portion of I room, or a small room opening into 
a larger one ; hence, any recess. 2. A small orna- 
>uilding with seats. 
Al'cy-on (Wal-fa). ft. See Halcyon. 
Al cy-o-na'ri-a (,Jil sT-o"-na7rI-a), n.pl. [NL.] (Zo'ol.) 

the orders of Anthozoa. 
Al-cy'o-nes (U-ai'4-n5«), n.pl. [L., pi. of Alcyon.] 
The kingfishers. 
Al'cy-o-noid (fl'sl-fc-noid), a. [Alcyonavia. -J- -old.] 

Like or pertaining to the Alcyonaria. 
Al deb 'a ran (,51-deb'a-rSu), n. [Ar. al-debaran.] 

. ) The bright red star of the group Hyades. 
Al'de-hyde (al'dfc-hid), ft. [Abbrev. fr. alcohol de- 
uatuin, alcohol deprived of its hydrogen.] (Chem.) 
le liquid obtained from alcohol by oxidation. 
Al'der (al'der), n. [AS. air, aler, akin to G. erle, L. 
ml E. em,] {Bot.) A shrub or tree belonging 
to the geuus Ahius, and usually growing in moist land. 

Al'der-man (ai'der-inan), ft. [AS. aldormon, ealdor- 
man : ealdor an elder -J- man.'] £ A senior or superior. 
[Obs.] 2. One of a board or body of municipal officers 
next in order to the mayor, having legislative and often 
administrative functions. 
Al'der-man-cy (-sy), n. The office of an alderman. 
Al der-man'ic (al'der-niSn'ik), a. Of or pertaining 
to a u alderman or to aldermen. 

Al'der-ney (al'der-ny), n. One of a breed of dun or 
tawny -colored cattle, often called Jersey cattle; — orig- 
inally bred in the island of Alderney. 

Ale (al), n. [AS. ealu.] 1. An intoxicating liquor 
made from malt by fermentation, with the addition of a 
bitter, usually hops. 2. A festival where ale is the chief 
drink. [Eng.] 

Ale-a-tO-ry (ale-a-to-ry), a. [L. aleatorios, fr. alea 
chance.] {Law) Depending on some uncertain contin- 
gency. 

A-lec'i-thal (a-lesT-thal), a. [Gr. a, priv. + AeKiflo? 
yolk.] (Biol.) Having uniform segmentation and little 
or no food yolk. 

Ale'con ner (aPkSn'ner), n. [Ale + con, AS. cunnian 
to test.] A tester of ale and beer ; also, an officer chosen 
to inspect the measures used in public houses. [Eng.] 

A-lec'try-O-man'cy (a-leVtrl-o-man'sy), n. [Gr. 
aXtKrpvdjv cock -j- -/nancy.] Divination by noting the 
order iu which a cock eats grains of corn placed on the 
letters of the alphabet. 
A-lee' (a-le'), adv. (Naut.) On or toward the lee. 
ATe-garfXl't-jfer), n. [Ale -f- eager sour.] Sour ale. 
Ale'hooP (SPhSdf ), n - [AS. ko/e.] Ground ivy. 
AleTloUSe 7 (aPhous'), n. A house where ale is re- 
tailed ; hence, a tippling house. 

A-lenPblc (a-lemljlk), n. [F. alambic, Ar. al-anbiq, 
ir. Gr. dp./3i£ cup, cap of a still.] An 
apparatus formerly used in distillatiou, 
umially made of glass or metal. 

A-lep'1-dote (-lSpT-dot), a. [Gr. d, 
priv. -— \enls, Aewtfios, a scale.] (Zo'ol.) 
■ales. 
Alert' (a-lert'), a. [Through F. fr. 
It. aWerta on the watch, prop, (stand- 
beight ; erta a declivity, fr. L. 
BSBOZ.1 1. Watchful; 
vigilance. 2. Moving with 
upt; quick. — Alertly, 
- A-lert'ness, ft. Alembic. 

Sy ■ . — Active ; agile ; lively ; brisk, a Head ; h Cucur- 
A-lert', ft. (Mil. , An alarm ; a sud- Wj*****™ ; 
den attack ; aUo, a bugle warning. r 

On the alert, on the lookout ; vigilant ; ready to act. 
A-le'thl-OPo-gy fa-le'thT-51'S-ji), n. [Gr. dA^eia 
e which treats of the nature 
of truth 

A leth'o-s^ k3p), n. [Gr. dArjflfc true + 

lent for viewing pictures by a lens, 

natural proportions and relations. 

Ale / wlfe / 'al'wif i, n. A woman who keeps an alehouse. 

Ale 7 wife', n. ; pi. Alewives. [Corrupt, of aloof, the 

Amer. Indian name of a fish.] (Zo'ol.) A North Amer- 

ic * a f - , Ol the Herring family. 




APex-an'drine (aPSgz-an'drln), n. A kind of verse 
consisting in English of twelve syllables. 

A-lex'i-phar'mic (a-lSks'T-fiir'niTk), ) a. [Gr. dAe£t- 

A-lexi-phar'miC-al (-niT-kal), J <pap^a/cos;aAe- 

£ew to keep off + </>dp/xaKo«/ poison.] (Med.) Expelling 
or counteracting poison ; antidotal. 

Alex i-phar'mic, n. (3fed.) An antidote for poison. 

A-lexl-py-ret'ic (-pi-rgt'ik^, a. [Gr. dAe£eiv to keep 
off -f- Trvperos fever.] (Med.) Driving off fever ; anti- 
febrile. — n. A febrifuge. 

A-lex'i-ter'ic (-ter'ik), ) a. [Gr. aAe^-njptos fit to 

A-lex'1-ter'ic-al (-i-kal), J- keep off; dAe'£eu> to keep 
off.] (Med.) Resisting poison ; alexipharmic. 

Alex i-ter'ic, n. (Med.) A preservative against con- 
tagious and infectious diseases, and poison in general. 

Al-fal'fa (al-fal'fa), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) The lucern (Med- 
icago saliva) ; — so called in California, Texas, etc. 

Al-fiPa-n'a (al-fil'a-re'a), n. (Bot.) The pin grass 
(Erodium cicutarium), a weed in California. 

II Al'ga (al'ga), n. ; pi. 4lLgm (al'je). [L., seaweed.] 
(Bot.) A kind of seaweed ; pi. the class of cellular cryp- 
togamic plants which includes the black, red, and green 
seaweeds, also marine and fresh-water conferva?, etc. 

Al'gal (iSl'gal), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or like, algae. 

II Al ga-ro'ba (al'ga-ro'ba), n. [Sp. algarroba, fr. Ar. 
al-kharrubah.] (Bot.) (a) The carob or its fruit, (b) 
The honey mesquite ; also, its sweet, pulpy pods. 

II Al'ga-ro-vil'la (aFga-ro-vel'ya), n. The agglutinated" 
seeds and husks of the legumes of a South American tree, 
used in tanning and dyeing. 

Al'gate (al'gat), ) adv. [All -f- gale way. See -s, 

APgates "(al'gats), ) adv. suff.] Always ; every where ; 
at all events. ' [Obs. or Dial.] 

Al'ge-bra (al'je-bra), n. [LL., fr. Ar. al-jebr reduc- 
tion of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, 
fr. jabara to bind together, consolidate.] 1. (Math.) 
That branch of mathematics which treats of the rela- 
tions and properties of quantity by means of letters and 
other symbols. 2. A treatise on this science. 

AFge-Dra'ic (al'je-bra'Ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to al- 

Al'ge-bra'ic-al (-bra'i-kal), j gebra ; deduced from 
an operation of algebra. — Al'ge-Dra'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Al'ge-bra'ist (al'je-bra/ist), n. One versed in algebra. 

Al'gid (al'jid), a. [L. algidus cold, fr. algere to be 
cold.] Cold ; chilly. — Al-gid'i-ty (al-jTd'I-ty), n. 

Al'goid (al'goid), a. [L. alga -j- -old.] Of the nature 
of, or resembling, an alga. 

Al'gol (Sl'gol), n. [Ar. al-ghul destruction.] (Astron.) 
A fixed star, in the constellation Perseus, remarkable for 
its periodic variation in brightness. 

II APgor (Sl'gor), n. [L.] (Med.) Cold; chilliness. 

APgo-rism (al'go-riz'm), ) n. [Through F. fr. Ar. al- 

APgo-rithm (-rith'm), ) Khowdrezml of Khowa- 
rezm (the modern Khiwa), surname of Abu Ja'far Mo- 
hammed ben Musa, author of a work on arithmetic early 
in the 9th century. The spelling with th is due to a sup- 
posed connection with Gr. apiO/xos numb.er.1 1. The art 
of calculating by nine figures and zero. 2. The art of 
calculating with any species' of notation. 

APgous (al'gus), a. [See Alga.] Of, pertaining to, 
or abounding with, algae or seaweeds. 

APham-bra'ic (aiaiSm-bra'ik), ) a. Made or deco- 

APham-bresque' (-bresk'), ) rated after the fan- 
ciful style of the ornamentation in the Alhambra, the 
palace of the Moorish kings at Granada ; Saracenic ; 
Arabesque. 

A'li-as (a/l!-as), adv. [L., fr. alius another. See Else.] 
(Law) Otherwise ; otherwise called ; — a term used in 
legal proceedings in giving the different names by which 
a person is known. 

Ail-as, n. (Law) (a) A second writ issued after a first 
writ has expired without effect, (b) An assumed name. 

APi-bl (31'T-bI), n. [L., elsewhere.] (Law) The plea 
or mode of defense under which a person on trial for a 
crime sets up that he was in another place when the al- 
leged act was committed. [tive ; nourishing. I 

APl-ble (-b'l), a. [L. alibilis, fr. alere, v.] Nutri-| 

APl-dade (-dad), n. [LL. alidada, fr. Ar. al-Hdada a 
sort of rule.] The part of a graduated instrument car- 
rying the sights or telescope, and showing the degrees 
cut off. See Illust. of Sextant. 

APien (al'yen), a. [OF. alien, L. alienus, f r. alius an- 
other. See Else.] 1. Not belonging to the same country, 
land, or government, or to the citizens or subjects thereof ; 
foreign. 2. Wholly different in nature. 

APien, n. 1. A foreigner ; a foreign-born resident of 
a country in which he does not possess the privileges of a 
citizen. 2. One alienated or estranged. 






a, e, I, o, Q, long ; a, c, I, 6, fi., y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



ALIEN 



25 



ALLAY 



Al'ien (al'yen), v. t. To alienate. [alienated. I 

Al'ien-a bil'i-ty (-a-bTl'i-ty), n. Capability of being) 

Al'ien-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being alienated. 

Al'ien-age (-aj), n. The condition of being an alien 
or alienated. 

Allen-ate (-at), a. [L. alienatus, p. p. of alienare, fr. 
alienus.] Estranged ; made foreign ; — with from. 

Al'ien-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alienated (-a 7 - 
tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alienating.] 1. To convey or 
transfer to another, as title, property, or right. 2. To 
withdraw, as the affections ; to make (a person) indiffer- 
ent or averse ; to estrange ; — with from. 

Al ien-a'tion (al'yen-a'shiin), n. 1. The act of alien- 
ating, or the state of being alienated. 2. Mental aber- 
ration; insanity. 

Syn. — See Insanity. 

Al'ien-a tor (-a'ter), n. One who alienates. 

Al-iene' (al-yen'), v. t. To alienate ; to transfer. 

Alienee' (al'yen-e'), n. {Law) One to whom the 
title of property is transferred ; — opposed to alienor. 

Al'ien-ism (al'yen-Tz'm), n. 1. Alienage. 2. The 
study or treatment of diseases of the mind. 

Al'ien-ist (-1st), n. One skilled in alienism. 

AMen-or' (al'yen-oV), n. {Law) One who alienates 
his property. 

Al'i-f orm (al'T-f6rm), a. [L. ala wing + -form.] Re- 
sembling a wing ; wing-shaped ; winglike. 

A-light' (a-lif), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alighted, some- 
times Alit (a-lif) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alighting.] [AS. 
allhtan ; pref. a- -f- lihtan to alight, orig. , to render light. ] 

1. To spring down ; to dismount. 2. To descend and 
settle or lodge. 

A-light', a. [Pref. a- + light. ] Lighted. 

A-lign' (a-lin'), v. t. & i. [F. aligner; a (L. ad) -f 
ligne (L. linea) line.] To adjust or form in a line. 

A-lign'ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of aligning, or the 
state of being aligned ; also, the line of adjustment. 2. 
{Engin.) The ground plan of a railway or other road, in 
distinction from the grades or profile. 

Alike' (a-lik'), a. [AS. onlic, gelie; pref. a- + like.'] 
Having resemblance or similitude ; similar ; without dif- 
ference. [Now used only predicatively.] 

A-like', adv. In the same manner, form, or degree. 

Ailment (al'T-ment), n. [L. alimentum, fr. alere to 
nourish. See Old.] That which nourishes ; food ; nutri- 
ment. Hence : The necessaries of life generally. 

AM-men'tal (al'i-inen'tal), a. Supplying food or ma- 
terials for growth ; having the quality of nourishing. 

Ai i-men'ta-ry (-ta-ry), a. Pertaining to aliment or 
food, or to the function of nutrition. 

Alimentary canal, the entire channel by which aliments 
are conveyed through the body. 

Al i-men-ta'tion (al'i-men-ta'shun), n. The act or 
process of nourishing or being nourished. 

Al i-men'tive-ness (-men'tlv-nes), n. The instinct 
or faculty of appetite for food. [Chiefly in Phrenol.] 

Al'i-mo-ny (al'i-mo-ny), n. [L. alimmia, -nium, fr. 
alere to nourish.] 1. Maintenance ; means of living. 2. 
{Law) An allowance made to a wife out of her husband's 
estate or income for her support, upon her divorce or 
legal separation from him, or during a suit for the same. 

A-line'ment (a-lin'rnent), n. Same as Alignment. 

The Eng. form alinement is preferable to alignment, a bad 
spelling of the Fr[ench]. New Eng. Diet. {Murray). 

A-lin'er (a-lin'er), n. One who adjusts things to a line. 

Al'i-Oth (al'I-oth), n. [Ar. alyat the tail of a fat 
sheep.] {Astron.) A star in the tail of the Great Bear. 

Al'i-ped (al'i-ped), a. [L. alipes ; ala wing + pes, 
pedis, foot.] {Zool.) Wing-footed, as the bat. — n. An 
animal whose toes are connected by a membrane, serv- 
ing for a wing. 

Al'i-quant (-kwant), a. [L. aliquantus some, moder- 
ate ; alius other -f- quantus how great.] {Math.) Desig- 
nating a part of a number or quantity which does not 
divide it without a remainder. 

Al'i-quot (-kwot), a. [L. aliquot some ; alius other + 
quot how many.] {Math.) Designating a part of a num- 
ber or quantity which divides it without a remainder. 

Al'i-sphe'noid (al'T-sf e'noid), ) a. [L. ala wing + E. 

All-sphe-noid'al (-noid'ol), ) sphenoid.] {Anat.) 
Pertaining to, or forming, the wing of the sphenoid bone. 

II Ali-un'de (aaT-un'de), adv. & a. [L.] {Law) From 
another source ; obtained from elsewhere. 

A-live' (a-llv'), a. [AS. on life in life ; life being dat. 
of lif life.] 1. Having life ; not dead ; living ; existent. 

2. Exhibiting the activity of many living beings ; swarm- 
ing. 3. Having susceptibility ; sensitive. 



ilAli-Za'ri (a'lT-za'n), n. [Etymology uncertain.] 
{Com.) The madder of the Levant. 

A liz'a-rln (a-liz'a-rln), n. {Chem.) A coloring prin- 
ciple, found in madder, and also produced from anthra- 
cine. It produces the Turkish reds. 

Allta-hest (ayka-h6st), n. [LL. alchahest; — prob- 
ably arbitrarily formed by Paracelsus.] The fabled 
"universal solvent " of the alchemists. 

Al ka-les'cent (-ISs'sent), a. [See Alkali.] Tending 
to the properties of an alkali ; slightly alkaline. 

Al'ka-li (al'ka-11 or -IT), n. ; pi. Alkalis or Alkalies 
(-liz or -Hz). [F. alcali, ultimately fr. Ar. alqali ashes 
of the plant saltwort, fr. qalay to roast.] 1. Soda ash ; 
caustic soda, caustic potash, etc. 2. {Chem.) One of a 
class of caustic bases, such as soda and potash, which 
unite with oils and fats to form soap, neutralize acids, 
and change reddened litmus to blue. 

AlTca-li-fy (al'ka-li-fi), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Al- 
kalifled (-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalieying.] [Alkali 
+ -fy-1 To change into an alkali ; to make alkaline. 

AFka-lig'e-nous (ai'ka-lij'e-nus), a. [Alkali -j- -ge- 
nous.~\ Generating alkali. 

Al'ka-lim'e-ter (-lim'e-ter), n. [Alkali + -meter.'] 
An instrument to ascertain the strength of alkalies, or 
the quantity of alkali in a mixture. 

Al'ka-lim'e-try (-lim'e-try), n. {Chem.) The art or 
process of ascertaining the strength of alkalies, or the 
quantity of alkali present in a mixture. 

Al'ka-llne (al'ka-lin or -lin), a. Of or pertaining to 
an alkali or to alkalies ; having the properties of an al- 
kali. — ATka-lin'i-ty (al_/ka-lin'i-ty), n. 

AFka-li-za'tion (-lT-za'shun), n. Act of alkalizing. 

AFka-lize (al^ka-liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalized 
(-lizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alkallzing (-li'zing).] To ren- 
der alkaline ; to impregnate with an alkali. 

Al'ka-loid (ai'ka-loid), \ a. [Alkali + -oid.] 

Al'ka-loid'al (al'ka-loid'cl), ) Pertaining to, resem- 
bling, or containing, alkali. 

Al'ka-loid (aFka-loid), n. {Chem.) An organic base, 
especially one of a class of substances occurring ready 
formed in the tissues of plants and the bodies of animals. 

Al/ka-net (-net), n. [See Alcanna.] 1. A dye ex- 
tracted from the roots of Alkanna tincioria, which gives 
a fine deep red color. 2. {Bot.) {a) The plant which 
yields the dye. (6) Bugloss. 

Al-kar'sin (al-kar'sin), n. [^Z&ali + arsenic] 
{Chem.) A spontaneously inflammable liquid, having a 
repulsive odor, and containing cacodyl. 

Al'ko-ran (al'ko-ran ; al'ko-ran'), n. See Alcoean. 

All (al), a. [OE. al, pi. alle, AS. eal, pi. ealle ; akin 
to D. al, Ger. all, Icel. allr.] Being the whole quantity, 
extent, duration, number, amount, quality, or degree ; 
the whole ; any whatever ; every. 

IHr^'When the definite article "the," or a possessive 
or a demonstrative pronoun, is joined to the noun that all 
qualifies, all precedes the article or the pronoun. 

This word, not only in popular language, but in the 
Scriptures, often implies, indefinitely, a large portion or 
number, or a great part. 

All, adv. 1. Wholly ; completely ; altogether ; en- 
tirely ; quite ; very. 2. Even ; just. [Obs. or Poet.] 

All the same, nevertheless. 

All, n. The whole number, quantity, or amount; 
everything or every person ; the whole ; the aggregate. 

All in all, a phrase which signifies all things to a person, 
or everything desired ; (also adverbially) wholly ; alto- 
gether. —All in the wind (Naut.), a phrase denoting that 
the sails are parallel with the course of the wind, so as to 
shake. — At all, in any way or respect ; in the least degree 
or to the least extent ; in the least ; under any circum- 
stances ; — usually in negative or interrogative sentences. 

II Al'lah (al'la), n. [Ar., contr. fr. the article al the 
-\-ilah God.] The name of the Supreme Being, in use 
among the Arabs and the Mohammedans generally. 

Al'lan-to'ic (aT/lan-to'ik), a. Pertaining to, or con- 
tained iu, the allantois. 

Al-lan'toid (al-lSn'toid), | a. [Gr. dAAavroeiSTjs 

Arian-toid'al (al'lan-toid'al), J sausage-shaped ; dA- 
Aas sausage -)- etSos form.] (.-i7ta*.) Of or pertaining to 
the allantois. 

Al-lan'tois (Sl-lan'tois or -to-Ts), ) n. {Anal.) Amem- 

Al-lan'toid (al-lXn'toid), ) branous append- 

age of the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, — in 
mammals connecting the fetus with the parent ; the uri- 
nary vesicle. 

Al-lay' (al-la'), v. 1. [imp. &p. p. Allayed (-lad') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Allaying.] [OE. alaien, aleggen, to lay 
down, put an end to, AS. alecgan; a- -\- lecgan to lay. 



B 



H 



K 



i Srn, recent, orb, rude, full, fkrn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ALLAY 



26 



ALLOCATUR 




See Lat.] 1. To nuke quiet or put at rest , to pacify or 
appease; to .null. 2. To alleviate ; to mitigate, 

lage : abate; subdue; 
CTPp,^ . ; quiet See Alleviate. 

ai.lay become quiet ; to subside. 

Allay'. :■■ A i . t Alloy. [06*.] 
Al lay'er (-er)i "• *- )lu * who, or tliat which, allays. 
Al-lay'ment. >t. An allaying ; mitigation. [Obs.] 
AlTe-cret faVBMnrBt), n. [OF. alecret, hulecret, 
ml of light armor used in 
i eutury, esp. by the Swiss. 

Al le-ga'tion (M B-gaVshuh), n. [L. 
. allegatum, to cite; 
l i send, commission.] 1. 
t of alleging or positively asserting. 
2. That which is alleged or declared ; for- 
mal averment. 

Al-lege' (al-lejO, r. t. [imp. & p. p. 
. pr. & ub. n. Alleg- 
ing.] < to bring forward as 
evidence, through F. fr. L. ex + htigare 
ko quarrel, sue (see Litigate). The word ^^jV^ 10 * 1 
was influenced by its supposed connection 
with L. allegare (see Allegation).] 1. To state with 
uu e iti f une ea ; to assert; to aver. 2. To cite or quote. 
[Archaic] 3. To produce or urge, as a reason or excuse. 
S > 1 1 . - To bring forward ; adduce ; advance ; assign ; 
produce ; declare ; affirm ; assert ; aver ; predicate. 
Al-lege'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being alleged. 
Al-leg'er (-er). n. One who affirms or declares. 
Al le'giancc (21-le'j«ns or 51-le'jT-ans), n. [OE. ale- 
: pref. a- -f- OF. lige, liege. The meaning was 
intiuencedby L. /<<7«retobind.] 1. The tie or obligation, 
implied or expressed, which a subject owes to his sover- 
eign or government ; the duty of fidelity to one's king, 
government, or state. 2. Devotion ; loyalty. 

Loyalty ; fealty. — Allegiance is an obligation 
to a ruling power. Loyalty is a feeling or sentiment of 
fidelity towards such power. Allegiance may exist under 
any form of government. Loyalty is primarily a warm- 
hearted feeling of fidelity and obedience to a king ; it is 
personal in its nature, and hence we speak of the loyalty 
of a wife to her husband, not of her allegiance. 

Al le-gor'ic (al'le-gSr'Tk), ) a. [Gr. aAAijyoptKos.] 
Al le-gor'ic-al (-g5r1-kal), ( Belonging to, or eon- 
gory ; of the nature of an allegory. — AT- 
le-gorlc-al-ly, adv. — ATle-gor'ic-al-ness, n. 

Allc-gO-rist (Sl'le-go-rTst), n. A writer of allegory. 
Alle-go-rize (511e-go-riz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alle- 
gorized 7-rizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Allegorizing.] To form 
or turn into allegory ; to treat as allegorical. 
A14e-go-rize, V. i. To use allegory. 
Alle-gO-ry (-go-rjr ), n. [L. allegoria, Gr. aAArjyopia, 
description of one thing under the image of another ; aAAos 
other -f- ayopeweti/ to speak in the assembly (d-yopa).] 1. 
A figurative sentence or discourse, in which the principal 
■Object is described by another subject resembling it in 
it- pro[>ertIes and circumstances. The real subject is 
thus kept out of view, and we are left to collect the in- 
of the writer or speaker by the resemblance of 
the secondary to the primary subject. " I am the Vine, 
ye are the branches " [John xv. 1-6] is a spoken allegory. 
2. Anything which represents by suggestion. 
Syn. — Metaphor; fable; parable. 
Al le-gTet'tO (aVle-grSt't6 ; It. al'la-grat'tS), a. [It., 
dim. of allegro.'] (Mux.) Quicker than andante, but not 
so quick ai allegro. — n. A movement in this time. 

Al le'gro (51-le'gro; It. al-la'gro), a. [It., merry, 

gay, fr. L. ulncer lively.] (Mus.) Brisk; lively, —n. 

'i movement ; a quick, sprightly strain or piece. 

Al le-lu'ia i (ai'le-lu'ya), n. [L. alleluia, Gr. k*Xn- 

Al le-lulah ( Aouta. ] See Hallelujah. 

Al le-mande' (Sl'lc-mand'), n. [F., fr. allemand 

(f ' 1 .'// j A dance in moderate twofold time, 

h. 2. A certain figure in dancing. 

Al le'vi-ate 'Sl-le'vl-at), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Allk- 

n. Alleviating.] [LL. alleviare, 

" rts light/] 1. To lighten or lessen the 

force or weight of. [Obs. in a literal sense.] 2. To 

lighten or lebw-n 'physical or mental troubles); to make 

eaaier to be endured ; — opposed to aggravate. 

diminish; soften; mitigate; as- 

■: nullify; allay. — Alternate, miti- 

'.''■'■ ' '-"•'■ " " • i. ■■■■<: ii. common the idea of relief 

Ir ',' ( '- "''"■" ; '-' :i *" ; '•"''< being all figurative, they 

according to the image under 

Alleviate supposes a load 

1 or taken off. Mitigate sup- 



OT bur 



poses something fierce which is made mild. Assuage sup- 
poses something violent which is quieted. Allay supposes 
something previously excited, but now brought down. 

Al-le vi-a'tion (Sl-leVvi-a'shun), n. The act of alle- 
viating ; also, that which alleviates. 

Al-le'vi-a-tive (31-le'vi-a-tlv), a. Tending to allevi- 
ate : palliative. — n. That which alleviates. 

Al-le'vi-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, 
alleviates. 

Al-le'vi-a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry), a. Alleviative. 

Alley (al'tf ), n. ; pi. Alleys (-ITz). [OF. alee, fr. 
aler to go ; of uncertain origin.] 1. A narrow passage, 
esp. a walk, bordered by trees or bushes. 2. A narrow 
street. 3. A passageway between rows of pews in a church. 

Alley, n. ; pi. Alleys (allTz). [A contraction of 
alabaster.] A choice taw or marble, as one of alabaster. 

AlKfours' (al' forz'). [All -f- four (cards).] A game 
at cards ; — also called " High, Low, Jack, and the Game." 

All' fours' [formerly, All 7 four']. All four legs of 
a quadruped ; or the two legs and two arms of a person. 

To be, go, or run, on all fours (Fig.), to correspond exactly. 

All' hail' (al' hal'). All health ; — used in salutation. 

All hallow (aPMllo), ) 7i. 1. All the saints (in 

AU'hal'lows'(-loz), ] heaven). [Obs.] 2. All 
Saints' Day, November 1st. [Archaic] 

All hallow-mas (-mas), n. The feast of All Saints. 

Allhallow-tide' (-16-tid'), n. [AS. tid time.] The 
time at or near All Saints, or November 1st. 

Al li-a'ceous (alli-a'shus), a. Of or pertaining to the 
genus Allium, or garlic, onions-, leeks, etc. 

Al-li'ance (al-li'ans), n. [OF. aliance, fr. alier. See 
Ally.] 1. State of being allied ; act of allying ; a union 
of interests, esp. between families by marriage, or states 
by compact, treaty, or league. 2. Union by relationship 
in qualities ; affinity. 3. The persons or parties allied. 

Syn. — Connection ; affinity ; union ; confederacy ; 
confederation ; league ; coalition. 

Al-lied' (al-lid'), a. United ; leagued ; akin ; related. 

Al'li-gate (al'll-gat), v. t. [L. alligare. See Ally, 
v.t.] To tie ; to unite by some tie. 

Alll-ga'tion (allT-ga'shiin), n. (Arith.) A rule re- 
lating to the solution of questions concerning the com- 
pounding or mixing of different ingredients, or ingredi- 
ents of different qualities or values. 

^T* The rule is named from the method of connecting 
together the terms by certain ligature-like signs. 

Alli-galor (allT-ga'ter) , n. [Sp. el lagarto the lizard, 
fr. L. lacertus, lacerta, lizard.] (Zobl.)A large carnivorous 
reptile of the Crocodile family, peculiar to America. 




Common Alligator (A. Sfississippioisis). 

Alligator gar (Zo'ol.), one of the gar pikes (Lepidosteus 
spatula) found in the southern rivers of the United States. 
— Alligator pear (Bol.), a corruption of Avocado peak. 

Al-lign'ment (Sl-lin'ment), n. See Alignment. 

Al-lin'e-a'tion (al-lin'S-a'shun), n. Alignment. 

Al-li'sion (al-llzh'iin), n. [L. allisio, deriv. of ad -f 
laedere to dash againstj A dashing against. 

Al-lit'er-ate (al-lifer-at), v. t. To employ or place 
so as to make alliteration. 

Al-lit'er-a'tion (SHTt/Sr-a'shun), n. [L. ad -f lilera 
letter.] The repetition of the same letter at the begin- 
ning of two or more words succeeding each other imme- 
diately, or at short intervals. 

Al-lit'er-a-tive (-llfer-a-tTv), a. Pertaining to, or 
containing, alliteration. — Al-lit'er-a-tive-ly, adv. 

II Allium (SlIT-urn), n. [L., garlic] (Bol.) A genus 
of plants, including the onion, garlic, leek, chive, etc. 

Allo-cate (51'16-kat), v. t. [LL. allocare, fr. L. ad -f 
locare to place.] To distribute or assign ; to allot. 

Allo-ca'tion (ad'lo-ka'shun), n. The act of allotting ; 
also, a part or share allotted. 

II Allo-ca'tur (-tur), n. [LL., it is allowed.] (Law) 
"Allowed;" — used to express the allowance of a pro- 
ceeding, writ, order, etc., by a court, or judicial officer. 



a, «;, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ALLOCHROOUS 



27 



ALMS 



Al-loch'ro-OUS (51-15k'r6-us), a. [Gr. dAAoxpoos 
changed in color, fr. dAAos other -\- \pod color.] Chan- 
ging color. 

Allo-cu'tion (51'lo-ku'shun), n. [L. allocutio, fr. al- 
loqui to speak to ; ad -\- loqui to speak.] An address ; a 
hortatory or authoritative address. 

Al-lo'di-al (51-lo'di-al), a. {Law) Pertaining to allo- 
dium ; free of rent or service. 

Al lo'di-um (-um), n. [LL. ; of Ger. origin ; cf. OHG. 
al all, and ot (AS. ead) property.] {Law) Freehold estate ; 
land which is the absolute property of the owner. 

Al-lOg'a-my (al-log'a-my), n. [Gr. aAAos other -f- 
•yd^os marriage.] (Bot.) Fertilization of the pistil of a 
plant by pollen from another of the same species. 

Al-lom'er-ism (51-lorn'er-Tz'm), n. [Gr. aAAos other 
-f- /ue'pos part.] (Chem.) Variability in chemical consti- 
tution without variation in crystalline form. 

Al'lo-morph (51'16-m6rf), n. [Gr. aAAos + -morph.} 
(Min.) 1. Any of two or more distinct crystalline forms 
of a substance. 2. The substance having such forms. 

Al-longe' (51-lunj'), n. [F., a lengthening.] {Fen- 
cing) A thrust or pass ; a lunge. 

Al'lo-nym (al'16-mni), n. [Gr. aAAos other + ovofia 
name.] The name of another assumed by an author. 

AMo-path'ic (-path'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to allop- 
athy. 

Al-lop'a-thist (51-lop'a-thTst), n. One who practices 
allopathy ; one who professes allopathy. 

Al-lop'a-thy (51-lop'a-thy), n. [Gr. dAAos other -f- 
^rdflos suffering. See Pathos.] That system of medicine 
which aims to use remedies which produce effects differ- 
ent from those produced by the special disease treated ; 
— a term invented by Hahnemann to designate the ordi- 
nary practice, as opposed to homeopathy. 

Al-lot' (51-lof), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Allotted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Allotting.] [OF. aloter ; a (L. ad) -f- lot lot.] 
1. To distribute by lot. 2. To distribute, or parcel out 
in parts or portions ; to assign as a share or lot ; to be- 
stow ; to grant ; to appoint. [is allotted I 

Al-lot'ment, n. 1. Act of allotting. 2. That which | 

Al'lO-tri-oph'a-gy (5Fl6-tri-of'a-J5r), n. [Gr. dAAo- 
rpios strange + <payeH> to eat.] (3Ied.) A desire for im- 
proper food. 

AHo-trop'ic (51'16-trop'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

APlO-trop'ic-al (-i-kal), J allotropism. 

Al-lot'ro-pism (51-lot'ro-pTz'm), ) n. [Gr. dAAos other 

Al-lOt'ro-py (51-lot'r6-py), ) + rpoTros direc- 

tion, rpineiv to turn.] (Chem.) The property of exist- 
ing in two or more conditions which are distinct in their 
physical or chemical relations. 

Al-low' (51-lou'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowed 
(-loud') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Allowing.] [OF. aloiter, fr. 
LL. allocare to admit as proved, to place ; confused with 
OF. aloer, fr. L. allaudare to extol ; ad -j- laudare to 
praise.] 1. To praise ; to approve of ; hence, to sanc- 
tion. [065. or Archaic] 2. To grant, give, afford, or 
yield. 3. To own or acknowledge ; to concede. 4. To 
grant (something) as a deduction or an addition. 5. To 
grant license to ; to permit. 

Syn. — To allot; assign; bestow; concede; admit; 
permit; suffer; tolerate. See Permit. 

Al-low', v. i. To make allowance ; to make abatement. 

Al-lOW'a-ble (51-lou'a-b'l), a. Proper to be, or 
capable of being, allowed ; not forbidden or improper. — 
Al-low'a-ble-ness, n. — Al-low'a-bly, adv. 

Al-low'ance (-ans), n. 1. Act of allowing, granting, 
conceding, or admitting; permission; tolerance. 2. 
That which is allowed ; a sum granted as appropriate for 
any purpose ; a stated or limited quantity, as of food or 
drink. 3. Abatement ; deduction. 4. ( Com. ) A cus- 
tomary deduction from the gross weight of goods. 

Al-low'ance, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Allowanced (-anst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Allowancing (-sing).] To put upon a 
fixed allowance (esp. of provisions and drink). 

Al-lox'an (51-loks'5n), n. [ ^Mantoin -f- oxalic. ] 
(Chem.) An oxidation product of uric acid. 

Alloy' (-loi'), n. [OE. alai, OF. alei, fr. alier to alloy, 
oilier to ally, fr. L. alligare.'] 1. Any combination of met- 
als fused together ; a mixture of metals. 2. The compar- 
ative purity of gold or silver ; fineness. 3. A baser metal 
mixed with a finer. 4. Any deteriorating admixture. 

Al-loy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alloyed (-loid') ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Alloying.] 1. To reduce the purity of by 
mixing with a less valuable substance. 2. To mix, as 
metals, so as to form a compound. 3. To abate, impair, 
or debase by mixture. 

Al-loy'age (-aj), n. The act or art of alloying metals ; 
-also, the combination or alloy. 



All' Saints' (al' sants'), \ The first day of November ; 

All' Saints' Day' (da'), \ a feast day kept in honor 
of all the saints ; All Hallows. 

All' Souls' Day (solz). The second day of Novem- 
ber ; a feast day of the Roman Catholic church, on which 
supplications are made for the souls of the faithful dead. 

All'spice' (al'spis'), n. The aromatic berry of the 
pimento, a tree of the West Indies. It has been sup- 
posed to combine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and 
cloves ; — hence the name. 

Allude' (51-lud'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alluded ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Alluding.] [L. alludere to play with, to 
allude ; ad + ludere to play.] To refer indirectly or 
by suggestion to something which is not specifically and 
plainly mentioned. 

Syn. — To refer; point; indicate; hint; suggest; in- 
timate ; signify ; insinuate ; advert. See Refer. 

Al-lure' (-lur'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allured (-lurd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Alluring.] [OF. aleurrer, alurer, fr. a 
(L. ad) + leurre lure. See Lure.] To attempt to draw ; 
to tempt by a lure or bait, that is, by the offer of some 
good, real or apparent ; to invite by something flattering 
or acceptable. 

Syn. — To attract ; entice ; tempt ; decoy ; seduce. 

Al-lure'ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of alluring. 2. 
That which allures. 

Al-lur'ing, a. Attracting ; charming ; tempting. — 
Al-lur'ing-ly, adv. — Al-lur'ing-ness, n. 

Al-lu'sion (al-lu'zhun), n. [L. allusio. See Allude.] 
A reference to something supposed to be known, but not 
explicitly mentioned ; indirect reference ; hint. 

Al-lu'sive (-sTv), a. Containing an allusion. — Al-lu'- 
sive-ly, adv. — AUu'sive-ness, n. 

Al-lu'vi-al (51-lu'vi-al), a. Of or pertaining to, con- 
tained in, or composed of, alluvium. 

Al-lu'vi-on (-iin), n. [F., fr. L. alluvio, fr. alluere to 
wash against ; ad -(- luere to wash.] 1. Wash of water 
against the shore. 2. An overflowing. 3. Alluvium. 

Al-lu'vi-um (-um), n. ; pi. E. Alluviums, L. Allu- 
via (-a). (Geol.) Deposits of earth, sand, gravel, and 
other transported matter, made by rivers, floods, or other 
causes, upon land not permanently submerged beneath 
the waters of lakes or seas. 

All'WOrk' (al'wfirkO, n. Work of all kinds. 

Al-ly' (al-li'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alldjd (-lid') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Allying.] [OE. alien, OF. alier, fr. L. 
alligare to bind to ; ad -\- ligare to bind.] 1. To unite, 
or to form a connection between, by some bond, as be- 
tween families by marriage, or between princes and states 
by treaty, league, or confederacy. 2. To join, or form a 
relation between, by similitude, friendship, or love. 

Sgp^ Chiefly used in the passive form or reflexively. 

Al-ly' (51-11'), n. 1. One united to another by treaty 
or league ; — usually applied to sovereigns or states ; a 
confederate. 2. A person or thing related to another by 
any tie, as by love or interest. 3. An associate ; a helper. 

A11yl (51'lTl), n. [L. allium, garlic + -yl.~] (Chem.) 
An organic radical, C 3 H 5 , existing especially in oils of 
garlic and mustard. 

HAl'ma Ma'ter (51'ma ma'ter). [L., fostering 
mother.] A college or seminary where one is educated. 

Al'ma-nac (al'ma-n5k), n. [LL. almanac, of uncer- 
tain origin.] A book or table, containing a calendar of 
days, weeks, and months, to which astronomical data and 
various statistics are often added. 

Al'man-dine (51'man-dm), n. [L. alabandina, named 
after Alabanda, a town in Caria, where it was chiefly 
found.] (Mm.) The common red variety of garnet. 

Al-might'y (al-mit'y), a. [AS. ealmihtig; eal all -f- 
mihtig mighty.] Unlimited in might ; omnipotent. — 
Al-mightl-ly, adv. — Al-might'i-ness, n. 

The Almighty, the omnipotent God. 

Alm'ond (a'mund), n. [OE. ahnande, F. amande, L. 
amygdala, fr. Gr. d/u.uySdAij.] 1. A kind of nut, the 
fruit of the almond tree (Amygdalus communis) ; also, 
the tree. 2. Anything shaped like an almond. Specific- 
ally : (Anat.) One of the tonsils. 

Al'mon-er (51'mun-er), n. [See Alms.] One who dis- 
tributes alms ; also, one who dispenses alms for another. 

Al'mon-ry (51'niQn-ry ), n. The place where an almoner 
resides, or where alms are distributed. 

Al'most (al'most)^ adv. [AS. ealmsest, almost all; 
eal (OE. al) all -f- msest most.] Nearly ; well nigh ; all 
but ; for the greatest part. 

Alms (iiniz), n. sing. & pi. fOE. a i mes ( u . sing.), 
AS. selmysse, fr. L. eleemosyna, Gr. eAeij/aoo-virj mercy, 
charity, alms, fr. cAeeif to pity.] Anything given gratui- 



B 



H 



K 



fgm, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



> 



ALMSHOUSE 



'28 



ALTERNATE 



toufily la •••- mom -v. food, or clothing ; 

j£J How commonly used as a collective or plural noun. 

Almshouse (Inu'hOQfl ), w. A house appropriated 
the_poor; a poorhouse. 

Al'muce (aYmus), h. Same u Amice, a hood or cape. 

Al'mug (IPmfig), Al'gum (al'guin), «. [Heb.] A 
>.<h1 of the Bible, — perhaps red sandalwood. 

Al'nage tal'nij'*, n. [OF. alnage, fr. a/«e ell, of 

Ger. origin. See Kll.] (,0. Eng. Law) Measurement 

■ by the ell ; also, a duty for such measurement. 

Al'oe (Brft), n. ; pi. Aloes (-oz). [L. aloe, Gr. oAotj, 

1. (Bot. ) A geuus of succulent plants, the greater 

nuinl>er having the habit aud appearance of evergreen 

herbaceous plants. 2. pi. {Med.) The inspissated juice 

1] species of aloe, used as a purgative. [Plural 

in form but syntactically singular.] 

American aloe. Century aloe, the agave. 

Al O-et'ic (,51 o-eVIk), a. Consisting chiefly of aloes; 
of the nature of aloes. 

Aloft' (a-loff; 115), adv. [Pref. a- + loft, which 
prop, meant a <>.] 1. In the air ; on high. 2. (Xaut.) In 
: at the mast head, or in the higher rigging. 

Alone' (a-lon'), a. [See All and One.] 1. Quite by 

It; apart from, or exclusive of, others; single; 

solitary; — applied to a person or thing. 2. Of or by 

itself ; by themselves ; without a sharer ; only. 3. Sole ; 

only, [if.] 

A-lone 7 , adv. Solely ; simply ; exclusively. 

Along' (a-long' ; 115), adv. [AS. andlang, along ; 
pref. and- (akin to E. pref. anti- -f- lang long.] 1. By 
the length ; in a line with the length ; lengthwise. 2. In 
a hue, or with a progressive motion ; onward ; forward. 
3. In company ; together. 

All along, all through the course of anything. 

Along', prep. By the length of, — opposed to across. 

A-long'. [AS. gelang owing to.] A word now obso- 
lete, except in the dialectic phrase along of, that is, 
owing to ; on account of. 

A-long'shore 7 (-shor'), adv. Along the shore or coast. 

A-long 'side 7 (-sid'), adv. Along or by the side. 

Aloof (-loaf), adv. [Pref. a-+loof, fr. D. loef luff, 
and so meaning, as a nautical word, to the windward.] 

1. At or from a distance, but within view ; apart ; away. 

2. Fig. : Without sympathy ; unfavorably. 
Aloofness, ft. State of being aloof. 

Alose (a'los), n. [F., fr. L. alosa or alausa.~\ (Zobl.) 
The European shad ; also, sometimes, the American shad. 
Aloud' (a-loud'), adv. With a loud voice, or great 
noise ; loudly ; audibly. 

Alp (Sip), ft. [L. Alpes the Alps ; said to be of Celtic 
origin.] 1. A very high mountain; specifically, (pi.) 
the highest chain of mountains in Europe. 2. Fig. : 
Something lofty, or massive. 

Al-pac'a (51-pa'k'a), n. [Sp., fr. the Peruvian name.] 
1. (Zo'i'A.) An animal of 
Peru (Lama paco), having 
long, fine, woolly hair, and 
led by some to be a 
domesticated variety of the 
llama. 2. Wool of the al- 
3. A thin kind of 
cloth made of the woolly 
hair of the alpaca, often 
mixed with silk or with 
cotton. 

Al'pen-stock' 'Sl'pen- 

n. [G., lit., AJps- 

A long staff , pointed 

with iron, u.v-d in climbing 

Al'pha fal'faj, n. [L. ulpha, Gr. a\<f,a, fr. Heb. 
The first letter (A, a> in the Greek alphabet ; 
■: : also, sometimes, the chief. 
_ Al'pha-bet rsi'fa-bStj, n. [L. alptobetum, fr. Gr. 
the first two Greek letters; Heb. aleph 
tters of a language arranged in the 
elementary sijfns of written lan- 
idiments; elements. 
Al'pha bet, v. t. To designate by the letters of the 
alphabet; to arrange alphabetically. \Ii.~] 
Al pna bet a'ri-an fSl'fa-b5t>a'rT-an), n. A learner 

Iphabet; a/, abecedarian. 
Al'pha-bet'ic'-Wt'rk,. \„. Pertaining to, furnished 
Al pha bet'lc-al (-T-kal), f with, expressed by, or in 
the alphabet. — Al'nha-bet'- 
lo-al-ly 




Alpaca. 




Ancient Heathen Altar, in 
Museum at Aries. 



Al pha-bet'ics (31'fa-beVIks), n. The science of rep- 
resenting spoken sounds by letters. 

Al'pha-bet-ize (SFfa-bSt-Iz), v. t. 1. To arrange al- 
phabetically. 2. To furnish with an alphabet. 

Al-phlt'0-man'cy (al-flt'6-man's^), ft. [Gr. a\$nov 
barley meal + ■money.'] Divination from barley meal. 

Al'pine (51'pin <:;/• -pin), a. [L. Alpinus.'] 1. Of or 
pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty mountain. 2. Like 
the Alps ; lofty. 

Al'plst (-pist), ) ft. [F.] The seed of canary grass, 

Al'pl-a (-pT-a), ) used for feeding cage birds. 

Al-read'y (al-r5d'y), adv. [All (OE. al) + ready.] 
Prior to some specified time, either past, present, or fu- 
ture ; by this time ; previously. 

II Al' se'gno (al' san'yo). [It., to the mark or sign.] 
(Mus.) A direction for the ._ performer to return and 
recommence from the sign ^fs, 

Al'sike (al'sik), «. [From Alsike, in Sweden.] A 
species of clover with pinkish or white flowers. 

Al'SO (al'so), adv. & conj. [OE. also, AS. ealsiva; 
eal all -f- sica so. See All, So, As.] 1. Likewise. 
[Obs.~\ 2. In addition; besides; as well ; further; too. 

Syn. — Likewise: too. 

Alt (Sit), a. & ft. [See Alto.] (Mus.) The higher 
part of the scale. 

Al'tar (al'ter), n. [L. altare, pi. altaria, altar, prob. 
fr. alius high.] 1. A raised 
structure on which sacrifices 
are offered or incense burned 
to a deity. 2. In the Christian 
church, the communion table. 

Al'tar-age (-Sj), n. The 
offerings made upon the altar, 
or to a church. 

Al'tar-piece' (-pes'), n. The 
painting or piece of sculpture 
above and behind the altar ; 
reredos. 

Alt-az'i-muth ( a 1 1 - a z / T - 
muth), ft. [J.«itude -j- azi- 
muth.] (Astron.) An instru- 
ment for taking azimuths and 
altitudes simultaneously. 

Al'ter (al'ter), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Altered (-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. ft. Altering.] 
[F. alterer, LL. alterare, fr. L. alter other, alius other.] 
To make otherwise; to change in some respect, either 
partially or wholly ; to vary ; to modify. 

Syn. — Change. — Change is generic and the stronger 
term. It may express substitution or a loss of identity ; 
alter commonly expresses change without loss of identity. 

Al'ter, v. i. To become different ; to vary ; to change. 

Al'ter-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being altered. — 
Al'ter-a-bil'1-ty (bil'T-ty), Al'ter-a-ble-ness, n.— 
Al'ter-a-bly, adv. 

Al'ter-ant (-«nt), a. Altering ; gradually changing. 

Al'ter-a'tion (al'ter-a'shun), ft. 1. The act of alter- 
ing. 2. The state of being altered ; a change made. 

Al'ter-a-tive (al'ter-a-tiv), a. Causing alteration. 
Specifically: (Med.) Gradually changing, or tending to 
change, a morbid state of the functions into one of 
health, —ft. An alterative medicine. 

Al'ter-cate (Sl'ter-kat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alter- 
cated ; p. pr. & vb. w. Altercating.] [L. altereare, 
allercari, fr. alter. See Alter.] To contend in words ; 
to dispute with heat or anger ; to wrangle. 

ATter-ca'tlon (21'ter-ka'shun), ft. Warm contention 
in words ; angry controversy ; dispute ; wrangle. 

Al'tern (51'tern), a. [L. alternus, fr. alter another.] 
Acting by turns ; alternate. 

Al-ter'nant (51-ter'nant), a. (Geol.) Com/osed of 
alternate layers. 

Al-ter'nate (51-ter'nat), a. [L. allernatus, p. p. of 
aUernare, fr. alternus. See Axtern.] 

1. Being or succeeding by turns ; one 
following the other in succession of 
time or place; hence, reciprocal. 2. 
Being one of a series which regularly 
intervene between the members of an- 
other series ; every other ; every second. 
3. (Bot.) Distributed singly at different 
heights of the stem, and at equal angles 
of divergence.— Al-ter'nate-ly, adv. — 
Al-ter'nate-ness, n. 

Al-ter'nate (Xl-teVnat), n. 1. That 
which alternates with something else. Alternate Leaves. 

2. A substitute. 
Al'ter-nate (SJ'ter-nat or al-ter'nat), v. t. [imp. & 




a, e, I, o, Q, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, tt, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



ALTERNATE 



29 



AMASS 



p. p. Alternated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alternating.] To 
perform by turns ; to cause to succeed by turns ; to in- 
terchange regularly. 

Al'ter-nate (al'ter-nat or 31-ter'nat), v. i. 1. To hap- 
pen, succeed, or act by turns; to follow reciprocally. 

2. To vary by turns. 

Al ter-na'tion (al'ter-na'shiin), n. 1. The act of al- 
ternating ; alternate succession, performance, or occur- 
rence. 2. {Math.) Permutation. 3. {Ch. Ritual) The 
response of the congregation. 

Al-ter'na-tive (al-ter'na-tiv), n. 1. An offer or a 
choice of two things, one of which may be chosen, but 
not both. 2. Either of two things offered to one's choice. 

3. A choice between more than two things ; one of sev- 
eral things offered to choose among. 

Al-ter'na-tive, a. 1. Offering a choice of two things. 
2. {Gram.) Disjunctive. — Al-ter'na-tive-ly, adv. — Al- 
ter'na-tive-ness, n. 

II Al-thSB'a I (al-the'a), n. [L. althaea, Gr. dA0at<z.] 

II Al-the'a j {Bot.) {a) A genus of plants including 
the officinal marsh mallow, and the garden hollyhocks. 
(6) An ornamental shrub of the Mallow family. 

Al-the'ine (-in), n. {Chem.) Asparagine. 

Alt'horn' (alt'hSrn'), n. [Alt + horn.} {Mus.) An in- 
strument of the saxhorn family, used in military music. 

Although' (al-tho'), conj. [All -\- though.'] Grant all 
this; be it that;' supposing that; notwithstanding. 

Syn. — Though. — Although, which originally was per- 
haps more emphatic than though, is now interchangeable 
with it in the sense given above. 

Al-til'O-quence (al-til'6-kwens), n. [L. alius high -f- 
loqui to speak.] Lofty speech ; pompous language. 

Al-tim'e-ter (al-tim'e-ter), n. [L. altus high -f- me- 
trum, Gr. fj-erpov measure.] An instrument for taking 
altitudes, as a quadrant, sextant, etc. 

Al-tim'e-try (-try), n. The art of measuring altitudes. 

Al-tis'O-nant (51-tTs'6-nant), a. [L. altus high -f- 
sonare to sound.] High-sounding ; lofty or pompous. 

Al-tlS'0-noilS (-nus), a. [L. altisonus.~\ Altisonant. 

II Al-tis'si-mo (al-tes'se-m6), n. [It. ; superl. of alto.] 
{Mus.) The part or notes situated above Fin alt. 

Al'ti-tUde (al'tT-tud), n. [L. altitudo, fr. altus high.] 
1. Space extended upward ; height ; the perpendicular 
elevation of an object above the ground, or above a given 
level. 2. {Astron.) The elevation of a point, or star, or 
other celestial object, above the horizon, measured by 
the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between such 
point and the horizon. 3. {Geom.) The perpendicular 
distance from the base of a figure to the summit, or to 
the side parallel to the base. 4. Height of degree; 
highest point or degree. 

Al'tO (51'tS or al'tS), n. ; pi. Altos (-toz). [It. alto 
high, fr. L. altus.] 1. {Mus.) Formerly, the part sung 
by the highest male, or counter-tenor, voices ; now, the 
part sung by the lowest female, or contralto, voices, be- 
tween the tenor and soprano. In instrumental music it 
now signifies the tenor. 2. An alto singer. 

Al to-geth'er (al'to^-geth'er), adv. [See All and 
Together.] 1. Conjointly. [Obs.] 2. Without excep- 
tion; wholly; completely. 

Al'tO-re-lie'VO (al'to-re-le'v6), n. Alto-rilievo. 

II Al'tO-ri-lie'VO (al'to-re-lya'vo), n. ; pi. Alto-rilie- 
Vos (-voz). [It.] {Sculp.) High relief; sculpture in 
which the figures project more than half their thickness. 

Al'tru-ism (al'trd6-Tz'ni), n. [F. altruisme, It. altrui 
of others, fr. L. alter another.] Regard for others ; de- 
votion to the interests of others ; brotherly kindness ; — 
opposed to egoism. 

Al'tru-ist, n. One imbued with altruism. 

Al'tru-is'tlc (al'trdS-is'tik), a. Regardful of others ; 
beneficent ; unselfish. — APtru-is'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Al'U-del (51'u-del), n. [F. & Sp., fr. Ar. alulhal.] 
{Chem.) One of a set of connecting pear-shaped pots 
used in the process of sublimation. 

Al'um (al'iim), n. [OF.,fr. L. alumen alum.] {Chem.) 
A double sulphate formed of aluminium and some other 
element or of aluminium and ammonium. 

Ifi^r* Common alum is the double sulphate of aluminium 
and potassium. 

A-lu'mi-na (a-lu'mT-na), n. {Chem.) One of the 
earths, consisting of two parts of aluminium and three 
of oxygen. It is the oxide of the metal aluminium, and 
the characteristic ingredient of common clay. 

A-lu mi-nif'er-ous (a-lu'inT-nlfer -us), a. [L. alumen 
alum -f- -ferous.] Containing alum. 

AFu-mln'i-um (aFu-min'T-um), w. [~NL. See Alum.] 
{Chem.) A white metal, with a bluish tinge, remarkable 



for its resistance to oxidation, for its lightness, and its 
malleability. Sp. gr. about 2.6. Atomic weight 27.08. 

A-lu'mi-nous (a-lu'mi-ntis), a. Pertaining to or con- 
taining alum, or alumina. 

A-lu'mi-num (a-lu'mT-num), n. Aluminium. 

II A-lum'na (a-lum'na), n. fern. ; pi. Alumnje (-ne). 
[L. See Alumnus.] A female pupil ; especially, a grad- 
uate of a school or college. 

II A-lum'nus (a-lum'niis), n. ; pi. Alumni (-ni). [L., 
fr alere to nourish.] A pupil ; especially, a graduate 
of a college or other seminary of learning. 

Al've-a-ry (al've-a-ry), n. [L. alvus belly, beehive.] 
1. A beehive, or something resembling a beehive. 2. 
{Anat.) The hollow of the external ear. 

Al've-O-lar (al've-6-ler or 51-ve'o-ler), a. [L. alveolus 
a small hollow.] {Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, alveoli or little cells, sacs, or sockets. 

Al've-O-late (-lat), a. {Bot.) Pitted, like honey-comb. 

II Al-ve'O-lUS (al-ve'6-lus), n. ; pi. Alveoli (-11). [L., 
a small hollow, dim. of alveus.] 1. A cell in a honey- 
comb. 2. {Zo'ol.) A small cavity in a coral, shell, or 
fossil. 3. {Anat. ) A small depression, sac, or vesicle. 

Al'vine (al'vin or -vin), a. [L. alvus belly.] Of, 
from, in, or pertaining to, the belly or the intestines. 

Al'way (al'wa), adv. Always. [Archaic or Poetic] 

Al'ways (-waz), adv. [All -f- way + -■$, adverbial.] 1. 
At all times ; continually. 2. Constantly during a cer- 
tain period, or regularly at stated intervals ; invariably. 

HA-lys'SUm (a-lis'sum), n. [NL., fr. Gr. aKvavov, 
name of a plant.] {Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants ; 
madwort. Sweet alyssum {A. marilimum), cultivated for 
bouquets, bears small, white, sweet-scented flowers. 

Am (am). [AS. am, eom ; akin to L. sum, Gr. et/u, 
Skr. asmi, from a root as to be.] The first person sing, 
of the verb be, in the ind. mode, present tense. See Be. 

II Am'a-da-vat' (am'a-da-vSt'), n. [Indian name.] 
{Zo'ol.) The 6trawberry finch, a small Indian song bird, 
commonly caged and kept for fighting. 

Am'a-dOU (am'a-doo), n. [F. amadou, fr. amadouer to 
allure.] A spongy, combustible substance, prepared from 
fungus which grows on old trees ; German tinder ; punk. 

A-main' (a-man'), adv. 1. With might; with full 
force ; violently. 2. At full speed ; also, at once. 

A-main', v. t. [F. amener. See Amenable.] {Nant.) 
To lower, as a sail, a yard, etc. 

A-mal'gam (a-mal'gom), n. [F. amalgame, prob. fr. 
L. malagma, Gr. fj.d\a.yixa, plaster, poultice, fr. fxa\ajc6? 
soft.] 1. An alloy of mercury with another metal or 
metals. 2. A mixture or compound of different things. 

A-mal'ga-mate (a-mal'ga-mat), v. t. & i. [imp. &]>. 
p. Amalgamated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amalgamating.] 1. 
To compound or mix, as quicksilver, with another metal ; 
to unite, combine, or alloy with mercury. 2. To mix or 
blend so as to make a uniform compound. 

A-mal'ga-ma'tion (a-mal'ga-ma'shun), n. The act or 
process or result of amalgamating ; particularly, the 
process of separating gold and silver from their ores by 
mixing them with mercury. 

A-mal'ga-ma'tor (-ma'ter), n. One who, or that 
which, amalgamates. 

A-man / u-en'sis(a-man / u-en'sTs),n. / pi. Amanuenses 
(-sez). [L., fr. a, ab + manus hand.] A person whose 
employment is to write what another dictates, or to copy 
what another has written. 

Am'a-ranth (a'rn'a-ra'nth), n. [L. amarantvs, Gr. 
d/u.apavT05, unfading, amaranth ; d, priv. + fiapaivecv to 
quench, cause to wither.] 1. An imaginary flower sup- 
posed never to fade. {Poetic) 2. {Bot.) A genus of or- 
namental annual plants of many species, with green, pur- 
plish, or crimson flowers. 3. A color inclining to purple. 

Am'a-ran'thine (aWa-ran'thin), a. Of or pertaining 
to amaranth ; like amaranth, or like the imaginary ama- 
ranth ; unfading. 

Am / a-ryl / li-da'ceons(Sm / a-rTl / lT-da'shus), ) a. {Bot.) 

Am'a-ryl-lid'e-OUS (ani'a-ril-lTd'e-us), ) Pertain- 

ing to or designating an order of plants, including the 
Amaryllis, differing from the Lily family chiefly in having 
the ovary below the petals. 

II Am a-ryl'lis (3m'a-ril'lTs),n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AjuopvAAt?, 
-iSos, the name of a country girl in Theocritus and Vir- 
gil.] 1. A pastoral sweetheart. 2. {Bot.) A family of 
plants much esteemed for their beauty, mcludiug the 
narcissus, jonquil, daffodil, and agave. 

A-mass' (a-mas'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amassed (a- 
mast'); p. pr. & vb. n. Amassing.] [F. amasser, LL. 
amassare; L. ad + massa mass.] To collect into a mass 
or heap ; to gather a great quantity of ; to accumulate ; 
to heap ; to pile. 



B 



D 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, cnair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



AMASSMENT 



30 



AMBUSCADE 



,,,r 
mm 



Inent ^-nu'i-'ii;-iit\ n. An amassing ; a heap ; ; 

' r -Im'a-tiir), n. [F., fr. L. | 
> love.] A person attached to a 
v nee, as to music or paint- 
my study or art, from taste 
pr .at , in, tit. without pursuing it professionally. 
Am a teur'tsh. u. In the style of an amateur ; super- 
e like the work of an amateur. — Am a 
teurlsh ly — Am a-teur'ish-ness, n. 

Am'a-tive fJfartfc-tXT), a. Full of love; amatory. 
Am'a-tive-ness. ". {Pkrm.) The faculty supposed 

not sexual desire ; propensity to love. 
Am a-tO'rl-al v-to'ri-<;l). </. Of or pertaining to a lover 
or to love making ; amatory. — Am a-to'ri-al-ly, adv. 
Am'a-to-ry ^m'a-tu-ry), a. Pertaining to, producing, 
Bexual love. 
Am au-ro'sis lam'a-ro'sls), n. [Gr. a/ioupoxri?, fr. 
a^ai-po? dark, dim.] {Med.) A loss or decay of sight, 
ver in the optic nerve, without any per- 
le external change in the eye. 
Am au-rot'ic (,-rotlk), a. Affected with amaurosis ; 

; he characteristic of amaurosis. 
Amaze' (a-maz'), r. t. [imp. &p.p. Amazed (-mazd') ; 
b. n. Amazing.] [Pref. a- -f- maze.} 1. Lit., 
to bewilder ; to cause to be as in a maze. (Obs.) 2. To 
confound as by fear, wonder, extreme surprise ; to over- 
whelm with wonder ; to astound. 
>yn. — To astonish; bewilder; perplex; surprise. 
Amaze', a. Amazement. [Chiefly poetic'] 
A-maz'ed-ly (a-niaz'ed-ly), adv. In amazement. 
A-maz'ed-ness. n. The state of being amazed. 
A -maze'ment. n. State of being amazed ; overwhelm- 
ing wonder, as from surprise, fear, or admiration. 

A-maz'ing (a-mazTng), a. Causing amazement ; very 
wonderful ; astonishing. — A-maz'ing-ly , adv. 

Am'a-zon (3m'a-zon), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Ap.a£uji>.] 1. 
One of a fabulous race of female warriors in Scythia ; 
hence, a female warrior. 2. A tall, strong, masculine 
woman ; a virago. 

Am a-zo'ni-an (Sm / a-z6 7 nT-<m), a. 1. Pertaining to 

or resembling an Amazon ; masculine ; warlike. 2. Of 

or pertaining to the river Amazon in South America. 

Am'a-zon ite (aru'a-z5n-it), 1 n. [Named from the 

Am'a-zon stone (ston'), J river Amazon.] {Min.) 

A variety of feldspar, having a verdigris-green color. 

Amb-. Am-bl-. [L. ; akin to Gr. an4>L, Skr. abki, AS. 
embe, emb, G. um.] A prefix meaning about, around; 
— used in words derived from the Latin. 

Am-bas'sa-dor (5in-bSs'sa-der), Em-bas'sa-dor (8m-), 
n. [See Embassadoe.] 1. A minister of the highest 
rank representing his sovereign or country at a foreign 
court. 2. An official messenger and representative. 

Am-bas sa-do'ri-al (am-baVsa-do'rT-al), a.- Of or 
pertaining to an ambassador. 

Am-bas 'sa -dress (-dre"s). n. A female ambassador; 
also, the wife of an ambassador. 
Am'bas-sage (an/bas-saj), n. Embassage, [E.] 
AmTjas-sy [Mxofbas-ef), n. Embassy. 
Am'ber fa'm'ber), n. [F. ambre, Sp. ambar, fr. Ar. 
_rii-;.] 1. {Min.) A yellowish translucent 
resin resembling copal, found as a fossil in alluvial soils, 
or on the seashore in many places. By friction, it be- 
comes strongly electric. 2. Amber color. 
Am'ber. S. Consisting of amber ; amber-colored. 
AmToer-grease (-gres), n. Ambergris. 
Am'ber-gris (-gres), n. [F. ambre grit, i. e., gray 
amber.] A substance found floating in the Indian Ocean 
'. and also as a morbid secretion of the in- 
tf stilus of the sperm whale, which is thought to be the 
rill of it, — used in making perfumery. 
Am bi-dex'ter (am'bT-deks'ter), n. [LL., fr. ambo 
right, ilf-xtm (sc. manus) the right hand.] 
osm both hands with equal facility. 
•:iler. 
Am bldez-ter'i ty (-tfrT-tj;'), n 1. Quality of being 
faculty of using both hands equally 
..ty /readiness. 2. Double-dealing. 
Am bi-dex'tral (-tral), a. Pertaining equally to the 

lea. 
Am bidez'trous [-trtts), a. 1. Having the faculty of 
asfac both hande with equal ease. 2. Siding with both 
J****** Am bi-dez'trous-ly, adv. — AmTri-dez'- 



i», p. pr. of am- 
ri> to go.] Encompassing on 
rom f m ed ; investing; surrounding. 
Amm-gu'1-ty '. . /bY-goT-tJ •,, n. The quality or 






stat* of being ambiguous ; doubtfulness or uncertainty, 
particularly of language. 

Am-blg'UOUS (am-big'u-Qs), a. [L. ambiguus, fr. am- 
bigere to wander about ; amb- -j- agere to drive.] Doubt- 
ful or uncertain, particularly in respect to signification. 
— Am-blg'u-ous ly, adv. — Am-big'u-ous-ness, n. 

Svn. — Doubtful: dubious; uncertain; unsettled; in- 
distinct ; indeterminate ; indefinite. See Equivocal. 

A m -hi 't inn (Sni-bTsh'un), n. [F., fr. L. ambitio a go- 
ing around, especially of candidates for office in Rome, 
to solicit votes (hence, desire for office or honor), fr. am- 
bire. See Ambient.] An eager, and sometimes an in- 
ordinate, desire for preferment, honor, superiority, 
power, or the attainment of something. 

Am-bi'tious (am-bTsh'us), a. 1. Possessing, or con- 
trolled by, ambition. 2. Strongly desirous ; — followed 
by of or the infinitive. 3. Springing from or indicating 
ambition ; showy. — Am-bi'tiOUS-ly, adv. — Am-bi'- 
tious-ness, n. 

Am'ble (an/Vl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ambled (-bid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Amblin-g (-bling).] [F. ambler, fr. L. 
ambulare to walk, in LL., to amble.] 1. To go at the 
easy gait called an amble. 2. To move somewhat like 
an ambling horse. 

Am'ble, n. A certain gait, as of a horse, in which 
both legs on the same side are moved at the same time. 

I AnVbly-O'pi-a (am/blT-o'pT-a), 1 n. [Gr. a/u/3Av«irn-ia ; 
AmTlly-O'py (am'blT-5 v py), j dp./3Avs blunt, dim 

-\-u>ty eye.] {Med.) Weakness of sight, without any 
opacity of the cornea, or of the interior of the eye. 

Am/bre-in (-bre-Tn), n. [See Ambeb.] {Chem.) A fra- 
grant substance constituting the chief part of ambergris. 

Am-bro'sia (am-bro'zha or -zhT-a), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
d/i/3po(ria, properly fern, of dp./3p6(rtos, fr. ap./3poTos im- 
mortal, divine ; a, priv. + /Spords mortal (because it was 
I supposed to confer immortality on those who partook 
of it).] 1. {Myth.) {a) The fabled food of the gods 
(as nectar was their drink), which conferred immortality 
upon those who partook of it. {b) An unguent of the 
1 gods. 2. A perfumed unguent, salve, or draught. 3. 
Formerly, a kind of fragrant plant ; now {Bot.), a genus 
of plants, including ragweed, hogweed, etc. 

Am-bro'slal (-zhal or -zhl-al), a. 1. Consisting of or 
resembling ambrosia ; delighting the taste or smell. 2. 
Divinely excellent or beautiful. — Am-bro'sial-ly . adv. 

Am-bro'sian (-zhon), a. Pertaining to St. Ambrose. 

Am'bro-type (-tip), n. [Gr. <x/x/?poTO? immortal + 
i -tyP e -] {Photog.) A picture on glass with the lights rep- 
resented in silver and the shades by a dark background. 

AmTSry (am'bry), n. [OE. aumbry, almery, OF. 
almarie, aumaire, LL. armarium, orig.. a repository for 
arms (L. arma).] 1. In churches, a kind of closet or 
locker for utensils, vestments, etc. 2. A store closet, as 
a pantry, cupboard, etc. 3. Almonry. [Improper use] 

Ambs'-ace (amz'as), n. [OF. ambesas; ambes both 
+ as ace.] Double aces, the lowest throw at dice. 
Hence : Bad luck. 

AnVbu-la'cral (am'bu-la'kral), a. {Zool.) Of, per- 
taining to, or resembling, ambulacra. 

II Am bu-la'crum (-kriim), n. ; pi. Ambulacra (-kra). 
[L., an alley.] {Zo'ol.) One of the radial zones of 
echinoderms, along which run the principal nerves, blood 
vessels, and water tubes. 

Am'bu-lance (an/bu-krns), n. [F., fr. L. ambulare 
to walk. See Amble.] {Mil.) {a) A field hospital, so 
: organized as to follow and minister to an army in its 
movements, {b) An ambulance wagon or cart for con- 
i veying the wounded from the field, or to a hospital. 
AmTm-lant (-lant), a. Walking ; moving from place 
to place. 
Ambulate (-lit), r. f. To walk ; to move about. 
Am'bu-la'tlon (-la'shun). n. The act of walking. 
AmTau-la-tO-ry (Sm'bu-la-to-ry), o. 1. Of or pertain- 
ing to walking ; having the faculty of walking. 2. Ac- 
' customed to move from place to place ; not stationary. 
3. Law i Not fixed legally, or settled past alteration. " 

AmTm-la-tO-ry, n. {Arch.) A place to walk in, 
whether in the open air. or within a building. 
AmTiur-y (a'm'ber-J-). n. Same as Anbury. 
Am'bus-cade' (Sm'bus-kad'), n. [F. embuscade, fr. 
LL. itnboscare. See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A lying con- 
cealed, as in a wood, for the purpose of attacking an 
i enemy by surprise. 2. A place in which troops lie hid, 
, to attack an enemy unexpectedly. 3. {Mil.) The body 
of troops lying in ambush. 
Am'bus-cade'. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambuscaded; 
I p. pr. & vb. n. Ambuscading.] 1. To post or conceal in 
lie in 



ambush ; to ambush. 2. To 



wait for ; to waylay. 



«, u. long ; a, 6, j, 5, ^ y ( g^rt ; sen&te, fcvent, tdea, 6bey, finite, cAre, arm, aak, all, final. 



AMBUSH 



31 



AMMA 



Am'bush (Sm'b^sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambushed 
(-bo6sht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ambushing.] [LL. imboscare ; 
in + IaL- boscus, buscus, a wood.] I. To station in am- 
bush with a view to surprise an enemy. 2. To attack 
by ambush ; to waylay. 

Am'bush, n. 1. A disposition of troops for attack- 
ing an enemy unexpectedly from a concealed station ; 
hence, unseen peril. 2. A concealed station where troops 
or enemies lie in wait to attack by surprise. 3. The 
troops posted in a concealed place. 

Ameer', Amir' (a-ineV), n. [See Emir.] One of 
the Mohammedan nobility of Afghanistan and Scinde. 

Am'el (am'el), n. & v. [OF. esmail. See Smelt, 
v. /.] Enamel. [Obs.'] 

Am'el-com' (-k6m'), n. [Ger. amelkorn."] A variety 
of wheat from which starch is produced. 

A-mel'io rate (a-mel'yo-rat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Ameliorated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ameliorating.] [L. ad 
+ meliorare to make better.] To make better ; to im- 
prove ; to meliorate. 

A-mel io-ra'tion (-ra/shun), n. Act of ameliorating, 
or state of being ameliorated. 

A-merio-ra-tive (-ra-tTv), a. Tending to ameliorate ; 
producing amelioration or improvement. 

Amen' (a'men'; in singing, a'men';), inter j., adv., 
& n. [L. amen, Gr. afjirjv, Heb. amen certainly, truly.] 
An expression used at the end of prayers, and meaning, 
So be it. At the end of a creed, it is a solemn assevera- 
tion of belief. When it introduces a declaration, it is 
equivalent to truly, verily. It is used as a noun, to de- 
note : (a) concurrence or assent ; {b) the final word or 
act ; (c) Christ as being one who is true and faithful. 

A me'na-ble (a-me'na-b'l), a. [F. amener to lead ; a 
(L. ad) + mener to lead, fr. LL. minare to lead, L. to 
drive animals (properly by threatening cries — L. minae).] 
1. Liable to be brought to account or punishment ; an- 
swerable ; responsible ; accountable. 2. Willing to yield 
or submit ; tractable. — A-me'na-bil'i-ty (-bTl'I-ty), 
A-me'na-ble-ness, n. — A-me'na-bly, adv. 

Amend' (a-mend'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Amended ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Amending.] [F. amender, L. emendare; e {ex) 
+ menda fault, akin to Skr. minda personal defect.] 
To change or modify in any way for the better ; as, (a) 
by simply removing what is erroneous, corrupt, super- 
fluous, faulty, or the like ; (6) by supplying deficiencies ; 
(c) by removing and substituting something ; to rectify. 

Syn. — To amend ; emend ; correct ; reform ; rectify. 

A-mend', v. i. To grow or become better. 

A-mend'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being amended. 

A-mend'a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry), a. Supplying amendment ; 
corrective ; emendatory. 

II Amende' (a/maNd'), n. [F. See Amend.] A pecun- 
iary punishment or fine ; a reparation or recantation. 

Amende honorable (o'nS'ra'bl), formerly, in France, a 
species of infamous punishment ; now, in popular lan- 
guage, a public apology or recantation. 

A-mend'er (a-mend'er), n. One who amends. 

A-mend'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of amending ; an 
alteration or change for the better ; correction of a fault 
or of faults. 2. {Parliamentary Laiv) Any alteration 
made or proposed to be made in a bill or motion. 

A-mendS' (a-mgndz'), n. sing. & pi. Compensation 
for a loss or injury ; recompense ; reparation. [Now 
syntactically a sing.~\ 

A-men'i-ty (a-men'i-ty), n. [F. amenite, L. amoeni- 
tas, fr. amoenus pleasant.] Quality of being pleasant or 
agreeable, whether in respect to situation, climate, man- 
ners, or disposition ; pleasantness ; civility ; suavity ; 



II A-inen or-rhoe'a (-or-re'a), n. [Gr. a priv. -f- firjv 
month -j- pelv to flow.] {Med.) Suppression of the menses. 

Am'ent (am'gnt), n. [L. amentum thong or strap.] 
{Bot.) A species of inflores- 
cence ; a catkin. 

Am en-ta'ceous ( am ' en- 
ta'shus), a. {Bot.) {a) Re- 
sembling, or consisting of, an 
ament or aments. (6) Bear- 
ing aments. 

II A-men'ti-a (a-men'shT-a), 
n. [L.] {Med.) Imbecility; 
total want of understanding. 

Amerce' (a-mers'), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Amerced (a- 
merst' ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Amercing.] [OF. amercier, 
fr. a merci at the mercy of, 
liable to a punishment.] 1. To punish by a pecuniary 




Aments or Catkins. 

a Male Aments ; 6 Female 

Ament. 



penalty, the amount of which is discretionary with the 
court. 2. To punish, in general ; to mulct. 
A-merce'a-ble (a-mers'a-b'l), a. Liable to be amerced. 
A-merce'ment (-ment), n. The infliction of a penalty D 

at the discretion of the court ; also, the penalty imposed. 
A-mer'cer (a-meVser), n. One who amerces. 
A-mer'i-can (a-mer'i-kan), a. [From Americus Ves- 
pucius.] 1. Of or pertaining to America. 2. Of or 
pertaining to the United States. 

American ivy, the Virginia creeper. 
A-mer'i-can, n. A native of America;— originally 
applied to the aboriginal inhabitants, but now applied to f\ 

the descendants of Europeans born in America, and w 

especially to the citizens of the United States. 

A-mer'i-can-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Attachment to the 
United States. 2. A word, phrase, or custom peculiar 
to the United States or to America. 

A-mer'i-can-ize (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. American- 
ized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. -ising.] To render American. 
A-met a-bol'ic (a-met'a-bol'ik), ) a. [Gr. a^rifa- ^ 

Am e-tab'o-lous (5m'e-tah'6-lus), j Aos unchange- \J 

able.] {Zool.) Not undergoing any metamorphosis. 

Am'e-thyst (am'e-thist), n. [Through F. and L., 
fr. Gr. a/jieOva-Tog, prop., not drunken ; n., the amethyst, 
supposed to be a remedy for drunkenness ; a priv. + 
fji€0veiv to be drunken.] {Min.) A variety of crystallized 
quartz, of different shades of purple or bluish violet. 

Am e-thys'tine (-this'tin), a. 1. Like amethyst; 
bluish violet. 2. Composed of, or containing, amethyst. 

A'mi-a-ble (a'mi-a-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. amicabilis 
friendly, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love.] 1. 
Friendly ; kindly ; sweet ; gracious. 2. Having sweet- 
ness of temper, kind-heartedness, etc. , which causes one 
to be liked. -A'mi-a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), A'mi-a-ble- 
ness, n. — A'mi-a-bly, adv. 

Am i-an'thus (am/i-an'thus), n. [Gr. a/AiWos At0os 
(lit., unsoiled stone); a priv. -f- jouaiVeu/ to stain; — so C" 

called from its incombustibility.] {Min.) Earth flax, or 
mountain flax, — a soft silky variety of asbestus. 

Am'i-ca-ble (am'T-ka-b'l), a. [L. amicabilis. See 
Amiable.] Friendly ; being or done after the manner 
of friends ; peaceable. — Am'i-ca-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), 
Am'i-ca-ble-ness, n. — Am'i-ca-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Friendly : peaceable ; kind ; harmonious. — Am- 
icable, friendly. Neither of these words denotes any 
great warmth of affection, since friendly has by no means 
the same strength as its noun friendship. It does, how- 
ever, imply something of real cordiality ; while amicable 
implies very little more than the absence of a disposition 
to quarrel. 

Am'ice (am'is), n. [OE. amyse, prob. for amyt, OF. 
amit, f r. L. amictus cloak, — the word being confused 
with E. amice a hood.] A square of white linen worn at 
first on the head, but now about the neck and shoulders, 
by priests of the Roman Catholic Church while at Mass. 

Am'ice, n. [OE. amuce, amisse, OF. almuce, LL. al- 
mucium ; of unknown origin.] {Eccl.) A hood, or cape 
with a hood, made of or lined with gray fur, formerly 
worn by the clergy. 

Amid' (a-mid'), prep. See Amidst. 

Am'ide (Sm'Td or amid), n. [-47wmonia -f- -?'<7e.] 
{Chem.) A compound formed by the union of amidogen 
with an acid element or radical. 

A-mld'Shlps (a-mid'ships), adv. {Xaut.) In the mid- 
dle of a ship, with regard to her length. 

Amidst' (a-midsf), ) prep. [OE. amidde, amiddes, 

A-mid' (a-mid'), ) on midden, AS. 07imiddan. in 
the middle, ir.midde the middle. See -s, adv.] In the 
midst or middle of ; encompassed by ; among. 

Syn. — Amidst ; among.— Amidst denotes in the midst ■ 

or middle of, and hence surrounded by, and is commonly J 

used when the idea of separate objects is not prominent. 
Among denotes a mingling or intermixing with distinct 
or separable objects. 

Am'ine (am'in or Sm'en), n. [Ammonia -f--?'»e.] 
{Chem.) One of a class of strongly basic substances 
derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more 
hydrogen atoms by a basic atom or radical. 

|| A-mir' (a-mer'), n. Same as Ameer. 1/ 

A-miss' (a-mis'), adv. Astray ; faultily ; improperly ; 
wrongly; ill. 

Amiss'. <7. Wrong; faulty; astray; improper. 

Am'i-ty (Sm'I-ty), n. [Through F. fr. L. amicus 
friendly, from amare to love.] Friendship, in a general 
sense, between individuals, societies, or nations ; friendly 
relations ; good understanding ; friendliness ; good will. 

Syn. — Harmony ; friendship; affection; peace. 

HAm'ma (Sni'ma), ». [LL. amma.~] An abbess or ^~ 

spiritual mother. 



G 



H 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



AMMETER 



32 



AMPHIGORY 




Am'me-ter (ftntatter), n. Contr. of Ampere meter. 

Am mo'ni a (Im-mWal-*), n. [From sal ammoniac, 

which was first obtained near the temple of Jupiter ,4 m- 

mon, bv burning oaaaato' dang.] (Chem.) A gaseous 

[ml of hydrogen and nitrogen. NH S , with a pun- 

and a great avidity for water ; spir- 

trtahora. 

Am-mo'ni-ac (Xm-mo'nT-ak , l, \a. Oforpertain- 

Am mo-ni'a-cal fjhn'mft-ni'a-kal), I ing to ammonia. 

Am-mo'ni-ac (or Gum am-mo'nl-ac), n. [L. Am- 

. anfjuoviajcor a resinous gum, said to distill 

f the temple of Jupiter Amnion.] {Med.) 

The c on c r ete juice (gam resin) of an umbelliferous plant, 

brought chiefly from Persia. 

Am-mo'ni-a ted (-i ted), a. (Chem.) Combined or ini- 

ted with ammonia. 
Am mo'ni c ^am-mo'nTk or am-mon'Tk), a. Ammoniac. 
Am'mon ite (Im'mun-it), n. [L. cornu Ammonis born 
of Amnion, an appellation of Jupiter, as 
represented with the horns of a ram.] 
.) A fossil cepbalopod shell re- 
lated to the nautilus. 

Am mu-ni'tion (am'mu-nlsh'un), n. 
[F. amunition,for munition,j>Tob. by tak- 
ing la munition as I'aminiition.] 1. Mil- 
itary stores, or provisions of all kinds. 
2. Articles used in charging firearms and Ammonite (Am _ 
ordnance, — as powder, balls, shot, etc. monites Jason), 

Am mu-ni'tion, v. t. To provide with front view, 
ammunition. 

Am-ne'si-a (am-ne'sT-a or -zi-a), n. [NL. See Am- 
nesty.] (Med.) Forgetfulness ; also, a defect of speech, 
from cerebral disease, in which wrong words are used in 
place of those intended. 

Am'nes-ty (am'nes-ty), n. [L. amneslia, Gr. djuvij- 
a-Tia ; a priv. -f- fx.va.adai to remember.] 1. Forgetful- 
ness ; oblivion. 2. An act of the sovereign power grant- 
ing oblivion, or a general pardon, for a past offense. 

Am'ni-on (ani'nT-on), n. [NL. fr. Gr. d/u.vioi', dim. of 
a/ni'd? lamb.] (Anat. ) A thin membrane surrounding the 
embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles. 

A-mce'ba (a-me'ba), n. ; pi. L. Amceb/E (-be) ; E. Amcs- 
bas (-baz). [XL., fr. Gr. dp.ot/3?7 change.] (Zool.) A 
rhizopod common in fresh water, capable of undergoing 
many changes of form at will. 

Am oe-be'an (5m'e-be'an), a, [Gr. d/u.oi/3aios alter- 
nate, fr. ajioi/37) change.] Alternately answering. 
A-moelji-form (a-me'bi-form), ) a. [Amoeba -j- -form, 
A-mOB'DOid (a-nie'boid), J or -oid.] (Biol.) 

Of or pertaining to an amoeba ; like an amoeba. 

Amoeboid movement, movement produced, as in the amoe- 
ba, by successive processes of prolongation and retraction. 
Among' fa-mung'), ) prep. [AS. onmang, onge- 
A-mongst' (a-mungst/), \ mang, gemang, ina crowd 
or mixture. See Mingle.] 1. Mixed or mingled with. 
2. Conjoined, or associated with, or making part of the 
number of. 3. Expressing a relation of dispersion, dis- 
tribution, etc. ; also, a relation of reciprocal action. 
Syn. — Amidst; between. See Amidst, Between. 
Am O-ro'so (aWo-ro'so), adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a 
soft, tender, amatory style. 

Am'O-rous (am'6-rus), a. [OF. amoros, LL. amoro- 
siis, fr. L. amor love.] 1. Inclined to love; having a 
propensity to love, or to sexual enjoyment. 2. Affected 
with love ; enamored. 3. Of or relating to, or produced 
— Am'o-rouB-ly, adv.— Am'o-rous-ness, n. 
Loving ; fond ; tender ; passionate ; affection- 
Oted ; ardent. [phous. I 

A-mor'phism fa-mor'fTz'm), n. State of being amor- 1 
A-mor'phous (-foe), a. [Gr. dfiop(f>os ; a priv. -f- 
;-... \ 1. J laving no determinate f orm ; of irreg- 
2. Without crystallization in the ultimate 
texture ; — said of certain solid substances, as glass, opal, 
ete. 3. Of no particular kind or character ; anomalous. 
— A-mor'phous-ly , adv. — A-mor'phous ness, n. 
A-mort' ( a-mdtv), a. [Pref . a- + F. mort death, dead ; 
or alamort.] As if dead; lifeless; spirit- 
leas ; dejected ; depi 
A-mor'ti za'tion fa-mor'tT-za'shun), n. (Law) Act 

tate of being amortized. 

A-mor'tize (4-moVtTz), v. t. [OE. amortisen, LL. 

death.] 1. (Law) To alien- 

tnain, tliat is, to convey to a corpo- 

2. To extinguish, aa a debt, usually by means 

in). [tion I 

A-mor'tize-ment (-tYz-ment), n. Same as Amortiza-| 

A-mo'tlon a-m Vth Kn), n. f L. amoUo. See Amove.] 

:■■ of a corporate officer from office. 



Amount' (a-niounf), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Amounted ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Amounting.] [OF. amonter to increase, 
ascend, fr. amont (equiv. to L. ad montem to the moun- 
tain) upward. See Mount.] 1. To ascend. [Obs.] 2. To 
reach by an accumulation of particulars ; to come in the 
aggregate. 3. To reach or extend in effect, substance, or 
influence ; to be equivalent. 

Amount', n. 1. The sum total; the aggregate. 2. 
The effect, substance, value, significance, or result. 

A-mour' (a-moor'), n. [F., fr. L. amor love.] A love 
affair ; an illicit intrigue. 

A-move' (a-mobv'), v. t. [L. amovere ; a- (ab) -f- 
movere to move.] To dismiss from office or station. 

II Am pere' (aN'paT'), ) n. [From the name of a French 

Ampere' (am-par'), f electrician.] (Physics) The 
standard unit in the measurement of electrical currents. 
It is the current produced by an electro-motive force of 
one volt acting in a circuit having a resistance of one ohm. 

Am'pere' me'ter (aN'paV nie'ter), 1 n. [Ampere -f- 

Am'pe-rom'e-ter (am'pa-rom'e-ter), ) meter.] (Phys- 
ics) An instrument for measuring the strength of an 
electrical current. 

Am-phi-. [Gr. djoioSt around.] A prefix signifying both, 
of both, kinds, on both sides, about, around. 

Am'phi-ar-thro'sis (am'fi-ar-thro'sis), n. [NL., fr. 
Gr. a.fx^>i-\- apOpuiav; a jointing, apOpov a joint.] (Anat.) 
A form of articulation in which the bones are connected 
by intervening substance admitting slight motion. 

II Am phib'i-a (Sm-fib'i-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. d/xobi- 
/Sioj' (sc. fajov an animal). See Amphibious.] (Zool.) A 
class of vertebrates (including the frogs, salamanders, 
etc.) characterized by having usually no scales, by having 
eggs and embryos similar to those of fishes, and by un- 
dergoing a complete metamorphosis, the young having 
gills. Also, reptiles and amphibians collectively. 

Am-phib'i-an (-an), a. (Zool. ) Of or pertaining to the 
Amphibia. — n. One of the Amphibia. 

Am-phib'i-OUS (am-f Tb'i-us), a. [Gr. d/noStj3ios living 
a double life, i. e., both on land and in water; d/x(f>i -j- 
/3to5 life.] 1. Having the ability to live both on land and 
in water, as frogs, and some plants. 2. Pertaining to 
both land and water. 3. Partaking of two natures. — 
Am-phib'i-ous-ly, adv. — Am-phib'i-ous-ness, n. 

Am'phi-blas'tic (am'fT-blas'tik), a. [Gr. a^i -f 
/3Aao-TiKos tending to sprout.] (Biol.) Intermediate be- 
tween the meroblastic and holoblastic ova. 

Am'phi-bOle (am'fl-bol), n. [Gr. d/x</u'/3oAos doubtful, 
fr. d/u.<£i/3dAAeii> to doubt; — so named from its great va- 
riety of color and composition.] (Min.) A common min- 
eral embracing many varieties varying in color and in 
composition, as asbestus, hornblende, edenite, etc. 

Am-phib'0-lOg'ic-al (am-f ib'o-15j'i-kal), a. Of doubt- 
ful meaning ; ambiguous. — Am-phib'O-log'iC-al-ly, adv. 

Am'phi-bOl'0-gy (am'f i-bol'6-jy), n. [L. amphibolo- 
gia, for amphibolia, fr. Gr. d/u.<fu/3oAi'a, as if fr. Gr. 
d/oioSi/3oAos ambiguous -j- Aoyos speech.] A phrase, dis- 
course, or proposition, capable of two interpretations, 
and hence, of uncertain meaning. [two meanings. | 

Am-phib'o-Ious (am-f Tb'6-lus), a. (Logic) Capable of | 

Am-phib'0-ly (-o-ly), n. Amphibology. 

Am'phi-brach (am'1'T-brSk), n. [Gr. d/i^i/Spaxu? short 
at both ends ; a^L + /3paxvs short.] (Pros.) A foot of 
three syllables, the middle one long, the others short. 

Am'phi-Chro'ic (-kro'ik), a. [Gr. ay.<pi + xpoa. color.] 
(Chem. ) Exhibiting or producing two colors, as substances 
which may change red litmus to blue and blue to red. 

Am'phi-CCe'li-an (-se'lT-an), ) a. [Gr. d^cSiKotAos hol- 

Am'phi-coe'lous (-se'liis), ) lowed all round ; d/x$t 
+ koiAo? hollow.] (Zool.) Having both ends concave ; 
— said of vertebrae. 

Am-phic'ty-on'ic (Sm-f Yk'ti-on'Tk), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to the Amphictyons or the Amphictyonic Council. 

Am-phic'ty-ons (Xm-fTk'tT-onz), n. pi. [L. Amphic- 
lyones, Gr. 'A/x^i/crvore?.] (Grecian Hist.) Deputies to 
an amphictyony. 

Am-phic'ty-0-ny (-6-ny), n. (Grecian Hist.) A league 
of states of ancient Greece, esp. that known as the Am- 
phictyonic Council. 

Am phi-ge'an (am'f T-je'an), a. [Gr. a[/.<f>l + yfj, yala, 
the earth.] Extending over all the zones. 

Am'phi-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. [Amphi- + genesis.] 
(Biol.) Sexual generation. 

Am-phig'e-nous (Sm-f Tj'e-nus), a. (Bot.) Increasing 
in size by growth on all sides, as the lichens. 

Am'phi-gor'ic (5m'fT-g5r'Tk), a. Nonsensical. 

Am'phl-go-ry (5m'fT-go-r^), n. [F. amphigouri ; of 
uncertain derivation.] A nonsense verse ; a meaningless 
rigmarole, which at hrst appears to have meaning. 



a, e, L, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 6, fi, y, short ; senate, $vent, idea, obey, iinite, care, arm, aak, aU, final. 



AMPHIMACER 



33 



-ANA 




Am-phinr'a-cer (Xm-fTm'a-ser), n. [Gr. a.fi(f)[fiaxp<K ; 
an<j>i -f- M a *P°s long-] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three 
syllables, the middle one short and the others long. 

II Am phi-ox'us (am'l'T-oks'us), n. [NL., fr. Gr. d/u<£i 
-j-6£v9 sharp.] (Zo'61.) A fishlike sea animal, two or three 
inches long, having neither brain, skull, vertebrae, nor 
red blood. [Amphipoda. I 

Am'phi-pod (am'fT-pod), n. (Zo'61.) One of the| 

I! Am-phip'O-da (am-fip'o-da), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
afifc -f- wov's, 7roS6? foot.] (Zo'61.) A numerous group of 
fourteen-footed Crustacea, inhabiting both fresh and 
salt water. The beach flea is an example. > 

Am-phip / ro-Style (-ro-stfl), a. [Gr. a/ucf>nrp6(rn/Aos 
having a double prostyle.] 
(Arch.) Having columns 
at each end, but not at 
the sides. — n. An am- 
phiprostyle edifice. 

Am' phis-bae'na 
(am'fls-be'na), n. [L., 
fr. Gr i^Capaiva ; a^« Amphiprostyle. 

on both ends -f- paiveiv 

to go.] 1. A fabled serpent with a head at each end. 
2. (Zo'61.) A genus of harmless, serpentlike lizards, with 
both ends much alike. 

II Am-phis'ci-i (am-fTsh'T-i), ) n. pi. [Gr. ap.<£io-Kios 

Am-phis'cians (2m-fTsh'anz), J throwing a shadow 
both ways ; a^C -f- ovcid shadow.] The inhabitants of 
the tropics, whose shadows fall to the north or south, 
according as the sun is south or north of their zenith. 

Am phi-the'a-ter ) (am / fT-the , a-ter), n. [L. amphi- 

Am phi-the'a-tre \ theatrum, fr. Gr. a^iOiarpov, 
a/L<l>l + Qearpov theater.] An oval or circular building 
with rising tiers of seats about an open space called the 
arena. Used also figuratively. 

Am phi-the-at'ric (-the-at'rTk), 1 a. Of, pertaining 

Am'phi-the-at'ric-al (-rT-kerl), J to, or resembling, 
an amphitheater. — Am'phi-the-at'ric-al-ly, adv. 

II Am'pho-ra (am'fo-ra), n. ; pi. Amphora 
(-re). [L., fr. Gr. a/A$opevs a jar with two 
handles ; d/u.<pc + <£opev? bearer.] A two- 
handled vessel, used for holding wine, oil, etc. 

Am'ple (am'p'l), a. [F., fr. L. amplus ; of 
doubtful origin.] 1. Large ; great in size, 
extent, capacity, or bulk ; widely extended. 
2. Fully sufficient ; equal to all needs. 3. Not 
contracted or brief ; complete in details or 
particulars ; extended. — Am'ple-ness, n. 

Syn. — Full ; spacious ; extensive ; wide ; 
capacious ; abundant ; plentiful ; plenteous ; 
copious ; bountiful ; rich ; liberal ; munificent. 

Am-plex'i-caul (Sm-pleks'i-kal), a. [L. Amphora . 
amplexus, p. p. of amplecti to encircle, to em- 
brace + canlis stem.] (Bot.) Clasping or embracing a 
stem, as the base of some leaves. 

Am'pli-fl-ca'tion (am / pil - f T - ka ' - 
shun), n. 1. Act of amplifying ; en- 
largement ; extension. 2. The matter 
by which a statement is amplified. 

Am-plif'i-ca-tive (-plTf'I-ka-tiv), 

Am-plif/i-ca-to-ry (-ka-to-ry), 
a. Serving to amplify or enlarge. 

Am'pli-fier (am'pll-fi'er), n. One 

W A°mS eS -(am'p.r. fi ), ,.. ,. & ,^Pl«i-U.«.. 
{imp. &p. p. Amplified (-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amplify- 
ing.] [F. amplifier, L. amplificare. See Ample, -ft.] 
To render larger, or more extended ; (Rhet.) to enlarge by 
addition or discussion ; to expand by adding particulars, 
illustrations, etc. 

Am'pli-tude (am'pli-tud), n. [L. amplitudo, fr. am- 
plus. ] 1. State of being ample ; largeness of dimensions ; 
size. 2. Fig. : (a) Extent of capacity or intellectual 
powers, (b) Extent of means or resources. 3. (Astron.) 
The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point 
and the center of the sun, or a star, at its rising or set- 
ting, or the foot of the vertical circle passing through 
any star or object. 4. (Gun.) The horizontal line which 
measures the distance to which a projectile is thrown ; 
the range. 5. (Physics) The extent of a 
movement measured from the starting 
point or position of equilibrium ; — applied 
esp. to vibratory movements. 

Am'ply (am'ply), adv. In an ample 
manner. 

II Am-pul'la (am-pulla), n. ; pi. Ampul- 
LiE(-le). [L.] 1. (Pom. Antiq.) Anar- Ampulla 
row-necked vessel having two handles and 






bellying out like a jug. 2. (Eccl.) (a) A cruet for the 
wine and water at Mass. (b) The vase in which the holy 
oil is kept. 3. (Biol.) Any membranous bag shaped like 
a leathern bottle. 

Am'pu-tate (Sm'pu-tat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ampu- 
tated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amputating.] [L. amputare, p. 
p. -atus; a?nb--\- putare to prune, putus clean, akin to E. 
pure.'] 1. To prune or lop off. 2. (Surg.) To cut off. 

Am pu-ta'tion (am'pu-ta'shun), n. Act of amputating. 

Am'pu-ta tor (-ta'ter), n. One who amputates. 

A-muck' (a-niQk'), a. & adv. [Malay amoq furious.] 
Being frenzied ; in a frenzied and reckless manner. 

To run amuck, to rush out in a state of frenzy, and 
attack every one that comes in the way. 

Am'U-let (am'u-let), n. [L. amuletum.] Anything, 
as a gem or scroll, worn as a charm against evils, such 
as diseases and witchcraft, and generally inscribed with 
mystic characters. [amused. I 

A-mus'a-ble (a-muz'a-b'l), a. Capable of beingj 

A-muse' (a-muz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amused (a- 
rnuzd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amusing.] [F. amuser to make 
stay, to detain, to amuse, a (L. ad) -f- OF. muser.] 

1. To occupy the attention of ; also, to distract. [0bsj\ 

2. To occupy in a pleasant manner ; to stir with pleas- 
ing or mirthful emotions. 3. To keep in expectation. 

Syn. — To entertain ; gratify ; please ; divert ; be- 
guile; deceive; occupy. 

Amused' (a-muzd'), a. 1. Diverted. 2. Express- 
ing amusement. 

A-muse'ment (a-muz'ment), n. 1. Muse. [Obs.] 
2. State of being amused ; also, that which amuses. 

Syn. — Diversion ; entertainment ; recreation ; relax- 
ation ; pastime ; sport. 

A-mus'er (-er), n. One who amuses. [adv. I 

A-mus'ing, a. Giving amusement.— A-mus'ing-ly . | 

A-mu'sive (-mu'zlv or -siv), a. Having power to 
amuse. — A-mn'sive-ly, adv. — A-mu'sive-ness, n. 

A-myg'da-late ( a-mig'da-lat ), a. [Gr. ap-vySaXov 
almond. See Almond.] Pertaining to, resembling, or 
made of, almonds. 

A-myg'da-late, n. 1. (Med.) An emulsion made of 
almonds. 2. (Chem.) A salt of amygdalic acid. 

Am / yg-dal'ic (Sm'ig-dal'ik), a. (Chem.) Of or per- 
taining to almonds ; derived from amygdalin. 

A-myg'da-lin (a-mig'da-lTn), n. (Chem.) A gluco- 
side extracted from bitter almonds. 

A-myg'da-line (-lin), a. Amygdalate. 

A-myg'da-loid (-loid), n. [Gr. ayjiySaXov almond -f- 
-oid.~] (3Iin.) A variety of trap or basaltic rock, hav- 
ing small cavities containing nodules or geodes. 

A-myg'da-loid (-da-loid), ) a. 1. Almondlike. 2. 

A-myg'da-loid'al (-loid'al), j (Min.) Pertaining to, 
or having the nature of, the rock amygdaloid. 

Am'yl (5m/il), n. [L. cmylum starch -f- -yl.~\ ( Chem.) 
A hydrocarbon radical of the paraffine series. 

Am'y-la'ceous (Sm'T-la'shus), a. [L. amylum starch, 
Gr. a.fivKov.'] Of or pertaining to starch ; starchy. 

Am'y-lene (5m'i-len), n. (Chem.) One of a group of 
metameric hydrocarbons of the ethylene series. 

A-myl'ic (a-mil'Tk), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or 
derived from, amyl. 

Am'y-loid (am'T-loid), 1 a. [L. amylum starch + 

Am'y-loid'al (-loid'al), j -oid.~\ Resembling or con- 
taining amyl ; starchlike. 

Am'y-loid, n. A starchlike substance. 

Am'y-lO-lyt'iC (am'T-lo-lit'ik), a. [Gr. a/ivXov starch 
+ Aim/eo? solvent.] (Physiol.) Converting starch into 
soluble dextrin and sugar. 

Am'yss (am'Ts), n. Same as Amice, a hood or cape. 

An - A form of the prefix A- from Gr. d, av, priv. 

An (an). [AS. an one, the same word as the numeral. 
See One.] This word is properly an adjective, but is com- 
monly called the indefinite article. It is used before 
nouns of the singular number only, and is equivalent to 
one, or any, but somewhat less emphatic. In such ex- 
pressions as "twice an hour," (see 2d A, 2), it has a dis- 
tributive force, and is equivalent to each, every. 

Jgp^ An is used before a word beginning with a vowel 
sound, and also often before h sounded, when the accent 
of the word falls on the second syllable. See 2d A. 

An, conj. [Shortened fr. and, and if, formerly used 
to introduce conditional clauses.] If. [Obs.~\ 

An'a-. [Gr. ava on ; in comp., on, up, upwards.] A 
prefix in words from the Greek, denoting up, upward, 
throughout, backicard, back, again, anew. 

A'na (a'na), adv. [Gr. ava (used distributively).] 
(Med.) Of each ; in equal quantity ; — in prescriptions. 

-a'na (-a'na). [The neut. pi. ending of Latin adjectives 
in -anus.] A suffix to names of persons or places, used 



B 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



> 



ANARAPTISM 



34 



ANALYST 




Anal/as scaitdt i.t 



to denote a collection of notable sayings, anecdotes, etc. 

U.vvi .ilso M .1 rabitantiTft [Anabaptists. I 

An a bap'tism I in a-b*ytla*m), w. Doctrine of the I 

Anabaptist t^t . .' One of any sect holding that 

~mu neceeaary tor those baptized in infancy. 
An a bap-tlze' (-bto-tilOi '• '• [G r - dvafiairTi£eiv. 
and Biirm.] To rebaptize ; also, to rename. 
Ana bas (an'a-bas), ». [Gr. dva/Sd?, p. p. of ava- 
, d vance.J 
A. genus of fishes, 
, ie for t h e i r 
I making their 
m on land for eonsid- 
.. stances, and for 
climbing trees; the 
climbiiiL 

A nab'o lism (a-nab'6-lTz'in), h. [Gr. dvaPoXij some- 
thing heaped up.] (Physiol.) The constructive metab- 
olism of the body, as distinguished from katabolism. 

An a-car di-a'ceous (aVa-kiir'dT-a'shus), a. [Gr. dvd 
like — icap&ia. heart.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resem- 
bling, a family, or order, of plants, including the cashew 
tree [Anaearikan) and the sumac. 

An a-ca-thar'tic (-ka-thaVtik), a. [Gr. dvaKadapTi- 
wk. See Ana-, Cathartic] (Med.) Producing vomit- 
ing or expectoration. — n. An expectorant or an emetic. 
Afl-ach'a-ris (an-ak'a-rls), n. [NL., fr. Gr. dvd -f 
A apis grace.] (Bot.) A fresh-water weed of the frogbit 
family, native to America, and naturalized in England. 

An ach'ro-nism (an-ak'ro-niz'm), n. [Gr. avaxpo- 
ncr/xo?, fr. avaxpovi^ecv to refer to a wrong time ; avd -f- 
Xpoi'o? time.] An error in chronology, esp. one by which 
an event is placed too early. 
An-ach ro-nis'tic (-ms'tik), a. Erroneous in date. 
An-ach'ro-nous (-uus), a. Anachronistic. 
An a-clas'tic (au'a-klaVttk), a. [Gr. dvaK\av to bend 
back and break ; to reflect (light) ; avd -f- K\dv to break.] 
1. (Opt.) Produced by the refraction of light, as in 
passing through water ; dioptric. 2. Springing back. 
An a-clas'tics (-tiks), n. (Opt.) Dioptrics. 
An a-co-lu'thon (au'a-ko-lu'thon), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
di>a*6Aov&>s not following ; dv priv. -)- dxdAovtfos follow- 
ing.] (Gra?n.) A want, or an instance of a want, of 
grammatical sequence or coherence in a sentence. 

An a-con'da (an'a-k5n'da), n. [Of Ceylonese origin ?] 
(Zool. ) A large South American snake of the Boa family, 
which preys on birds and small mammals. Also, a sim- 
ilar serpent of Ceylon. 

A-nac re-on'tic (a-nSk're-Sn'tlk), a. Pertaining to, 
after the manner of, or in the meter of, the Greek poet 
Anacreon ; hence, amatory and convivial. 

An a-CTU'sis (aVa-kru'sTs), n. [Gr. dj/d/cpcwis ; 
dvd — tcpoveiv to strike.] (Pros.) A prefix of one or 
two unaccented syllables to a verse properly beginning 
with an accented syllable. 

An'a-dem (an'a-deni), n. [Gr. d^dS^o. ; dvd -f- Selv 
to bind.] A garland or fillet ; a chaplet or wreath. 

An'a-<U-plO'sis(au'a-di-plo'sTs),w. [L., fr. Gr. dva- 
cl-acuo-i? ; dvd -j- 6tir\oiiv to double.] (lihet.) A repeti- 
the last word or any prominent word in a sen- 
r clause, at the beginning of the next, with an 
adjunct idea. [ascends rivers. I 

An'a-drom (5n'a-dr3m), n. (Zool.) A sea fish that| 
A nad'ro-mous (a-nSd^rS-mna), a. [Gr. dvd8pop.o<; 
upward; d«/d + 6pdp;o? a running.] (Zool.) As- 
cending rivers from the sea for breeding. 

A nae'mi-a (a-ne'ml-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. dvaip.Ca; 
iv priv. + alp.a blood.] {Med.) A morbid state in which 
'1 !k deficient either in quality or in quantity. 
A naem'ic fa-nSm'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to anaemia ; 
lied with blood. 
An as the'Bi-a (an'gs-the'sT-a or -zhT-a), n. [NL., 
oj.rjQr\<jLa ; dv priv. -j- aur0rj<ris feeling.] (Med.) 
oi partial loss or absence of feeling or sensation ; a 
I or local insensibility produced by disease 
ilation or application of an anesthetic. 
An aes-the'sls (-sis), n. [NL.] See Anaesthesia. 
An aea thet'ic (-theVTk), a. (Med.) (a) Capable of 
xfiA'xw.-i ,i. .; li.jf., djj Characterized by, or connected 
,. — ?(. That which produces insensi- 

An'a-glyph (ah'a-gJTf), n. [Gr. dvdykvjxx, dvd- 

low relief ; dvd up -+- yAv<Petv to 

?t? v ' v chased, or embossed orna- 

;uneo. 

An a glyph'ic In'a-glttTk), ( a. Pertaining to the 

An a glyph'ic-al M-k«l;, (. art of, or made by, 

chasing or emboaaing in relief; anaglyptic. 



An'a-glypb/ic (5n'a-glTf'Ik), n. Work chased or em- 
bossed in relief. 

An'a-glyp'tic (-gllp'tlk), a. Same as Anaglyphic 

An'a-glyp'tiCS (-tiks), ?i. The art of carving in low 
relief, embossing, etc. 

An a-go'ge (aii'a-go'je), n. [NL., fr. Gr. dvayuyri a 
leading up ; dvd -f- ecycuyi; a leading, dyeiv to lead.] 
1. An elevation of mind to things celestial. 2. The 
spiritual meaning or application of words or language. 

An a-gog'ic (-g5j'Tk), ) a. Mystical ; having a sec- 

An'a-gog'ic-al (-T-k«l), } ondary spiritual meaning. 

An a-gog'ics (-iks), n. pi. Mystical interpretations or 
studies, esp. of the Scriptures. 

An'a-gram (Sn'a-gram), n. [Through F. and LL. fr. 
Gr. dvd back -f- ypdcfciv to write.] The change of one 
word or phrase into another by transposition of letters. 

An a-gram-mat'ic (an'a-gram-mat'Tk), ) a. Pertain- 

An a-gram-mat'ic-al (-mat'T-kol), j ing to, con- 
taining, or making, an anagram. — An/a-gram-mat'ic- 
al-ly, adv. [or practice of making anagrams. I 

An a-gram'ma-tism (-gram'ma-tiz'm), n. The act| 

An a-gram'ma-tist (-tist), n. A maker of anagrams. 

An a-gram'ma-tize (-tlz), v. t. To transpose, as the 
letters of a word, so as to form an anagram. 

A'nal (a'nal), a. [From Anus.] (Anat.) Pertaining 
to, or situated near, the anus. 

An a-lec'tic (an'a-lek'ttk), a. Relating to analects ; 
made up of selections. 

An'a-lectS (an'a-lekts), ) n. pi. [Gr. avdkeKra, fr. 

II Ana-lec'ta (an'a-lek'ta), ) ava\£yet.v to collect ; dvd 
-\- \eyeiv to gather.] A collection of literary fragments. 

II An/a-lem'ma (-lem'ma), n. [L. analemma a kind 
of sun dial on a pedestal, Gr. dvd\y)p.p.a, fr. dva\ap.pdveiv 
to take up, support.] 1. (Geom.) An orthographic pro- 
jection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, the 
eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the 
east or west point of the horizon. 2. An instrument on 
which this projection of the sphere is made, having 
a movable horizon or cursor. 3. A scale of the sun's 
declination for each day of the year, drawn across the 
torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial globe. 

II An a-lep'sis (an'a-lep'sls), ) n. [Gr. avaArji//is a 

An/a-lep'sy (an'a-lep'sy), ) taking up, recovery.] 
(Med.) (a) Recovery of strength after sickness, (b) A 
species of epileptic attack. 

An/a-lep'tic (-lep/tik), a. (Med.) Restorative; giv- 
ing strength after disease. — ?i. A restorative. 

II An'al-ge'si-a (-al-je'sT-a), n. [NL. ; Gr. avaAy»7<7ta ; 
dv priv. -}- dAyos pain.] (Med.) Insensibility to pain. 

Anal-lag-mat'ic (an'al-lag-mat'ik), a. [Gr. dv priv. 
-f dAAay/xa a change.] (Math.) Not changed in form by 
inversion. [ogy. I 

An a-log'ic (an'a-lojtk), a. Of or belonging to anal- 1 

An a-log'ic-al (-loj'i-kal), a. 1. Founded on, or of 
the nature of, analogy. 2. Having analogy ; analogous. 
— An/a-log'ic-al-ly, adv.— An/a-log'ic-al-ness, n. 

A-nal'o-gism (a-nal'6-jiz'm), n. 1. (Logic) An ar- 
gument from the cause to the effect. 2. Investigation 
of things by analogy. [analogy. I 

A-nal'O-gize (-jiz), v. t. To explain, or represent, by | 

A-nal'o-gous (a-nSl'o-gus), a. [L. analogus, Gr. 
dvdAoyos according to a due ratio, proportionate ; dvd -j- 
Adyo? ratio.] Having analogy ; corresponding ; similar ; 
like. — A-nal'o-gous-ly, adv. — A-naPo-gous-ness, n. 

An'a-logue (an'a-log ; 115), n. That which is analogous 
or equivalent to, or corresponds with, some other thing. 

A-nal'0-gy (a-nSl'6-jy), n. A resemblance of rela- 
tions ; an agreement or likeness between things in some 
circumstances or effects, when the things are otherwise 
entirely different. 

A-nal'y-sis (-i-sis), n. ; pi. Analyses (-sez). [Gr. 
dv dAvo-i?, fr. dvakveiv to unloose, to resolve ; dvd up -f- 
Aveiv to loose.] 1. A resolution of anything, whether an 
object of the senses or of the intellect, into its constitu- 
ent or original elements ; an examination of the com- 
ponent parts ; — opposed to synthesis. 2. (Chem.) The 
separation of a compound, by chemical processes, into 
j its constituents. 3. (Logic) The tracing of things to 
their source, and the resolving of knowledge into its 
original principles. 4. (Math.) The resolving of prob- 
lems by reducing their conditions to equations. 6. (a) 
A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a discourse, 
disposed in their natural order, (b) A brief, methodical 
illustration of the principles of a science. 6. (Xal. Hist. ) 
The process of ascertaining the name of a species, or its 
place in a system of classification, by means of an analyt- 
ical table or key. 

An'a-lyst (Sn'a-lTst), n. One who analyzes. 



a, e, 1, o, a, long ; ft, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senAte, Svent, idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 






ANALYTIC 



ANCHYLOSIS 





/#y 




^ lf§ 




s 


11 




i-r 


m 




Anamorphosis. 



An'a-lyt'ic (an'a-lit'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to anal- 

An'a-lyt'ic-al (-T-kal), ) ysi8 ; resolving into ele- 
ments or constituent parts. — An'a-lyt'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Analytic language, a noninflectional language or one not 
characterized by grammatical endings. 

An'a-lyt'ics (-Tks), n. The science of analysis. 

An'a-ly'za-ble (-ll'za-b'l), a. That may be analyzed. 

An'a-lyze (Sn'a-liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Analyzed 
(-lizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Analyzing.] To subject to anal- 
ysis ; to resolve into its elements or first principles. 

An'a-ly'zer (-li'zer), n. One that analyzes. 

An a-mor'phism (ah'a-m6r'f Tz'm), n. [Gr. dvd again 
-\- fiopfyrj form.] 1. A distorted image. 2. (Biol.) A 
gradual progression from one type to another. 

An'a-mor'pho-sis (an'a-mSr'fo-sis or -mSr-fo'sis), n. 
[Gr. dva/udp^wais, fr. ava/j.op4>ovv to 
form anew.] 1. (Persp.) A dis- 
torted projection or representation 
of an image, which, when viewed in 
a certain way, as from a given point, 
or as reflected from a curved mirror, 
appears regular and in proportion. 

2. (Biol.) Same as Anamorphism, 2. 

3. (Bot.) A morbid or monstrous 
development, or change of form, or 
degeneration. 

An a-mor'pho-sy (-sy), n. Same 
as Anamobphosis. 

An-an'drous ( an - an ' drus ), a. 
[An- -\- -androus.] (Bot.) Desti- 
tute of stamens. 

An-an'thous (-thus), a. [Gr. dv 
priv. + dV0o? a flower.] (Bot.) Des- 
titute of flowers ; flowerless. 

An'a-paest, An a-paes'tic. Same 
as Anapest, Anapestic. 

An'a-pest (an'a-pest), n. [Gr. dvd- 
Trato-Tos, lit., struck back ; dvd back -f- iraieiv to strike.] 

1. (Pros.) A metrical foot of three syllables, the first 
two short, or unaccented, the last long, or accented. 

2. A verse composed of such feet. 

An a-pes'tic (an'a-pes'tik), a. Pertaining to an ana- 
pest ; consisting of an anapest or of ahapests. 

II An-aph/ro-dis'i-a (an-af'ro-dTz'T-a), n. [NL., fr. 
Gr. di> priv. -j- d<j)po8l(na sexual pleasure, , A(ppoSirr) the 
goddess of love.] (3fed.) Absence of sexual appetite. 

An-aph'ro-dit'ic (-dTt'ik), a. [Gr. di/a^pofitros with- 
out love.] (Biol.) Produced without concourse of sexes. 

An/a-plas'tic (-a-plas'tik), a. Of or pert, to anaplasty. 

An'a-plas'ty (an'a-plas'ty), n. [Ana- -f- -plasty.] 
(Surg.) The art or operation of restoring lost parts or 
the normal shape by the use of healthy tissue. 

An-ap'O-deic'tic (an-ap'o-dik'tTk), a. [Gr. dvewrdSei- 
ktos.] Not apodeictic ; undemonstrable. 

II Ana-poph'y-sis (an/a-pof'T-sis), n. [Gr. dvd back 
-(- dir6<j>v<ris offshoot.] (Anat.) An accessory process in 
many lumbar vertebrae. 

An'arch (an'ark}, n. [Gr. dvapxos without head or 
chief ; av priv. -{- o.pxn beginning, the first place, gov- 
ernment.] The author of anarchy; one who excites 
revolt. 

A-nar'chic (a-nar'ktk), ) a. Of, pertaining to, or 

A-nar'chic-al (-kT-kal), j characterized by, anarchy. 

An/arch-ism (an'ark-iz'm), n. The doctrine or prac- 
tice of anarchists. [anarchy. I 

An'arch-ist (-Tst), n. An anarch ; one who advocates | 

An'arch-y (-y), n. Absence of government ; state 
of society where there is no law or supreme power. 

An-ar'throus (an-ar'thrus), a. [Gr. dvapdpos; av 
priv. + apOpov joint, the article.] 1. (Gr. Gram.) 
Used without the article. 2. (Zobl.) Jointless, or hav- 
ing indistinct joints. 

A-nas'tO-mose (a-nSs'to-inoz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Anastomosed (-mozd); p. pr. & vb. n. Anastomosing.] 
(Anat. & Bot.) To inosculate ; to intercommunicate by 
anastomosis. 

II Anas to-mo'sis (a-naVto-mo'sis), n. ; pi. Anasto- 
moses (-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. di/ao-Td|U,o>o"is opening; dvd 
-f- <7T6>a mouth.] (Anat. & Bot.) The inosculation of 
vessels, or intercommunication between vessels or nerves. 

II A-nas'trO-phe (-tro-f e), n. [Gr. dvao-Tpo<J>»j, f r. ava- 
<TTpe(f>eLv to turn back ; dvd -\- o-Tpe<£eiv to turn.] (Rhet. 
& Gram.) An inversion of the natural order of words. 

A-nath'e-ma (a-n&th'e-rna), n.;pl. Anathemas (-inaz). 
[Through L. fr. Gr. dvd6efia anything devoted, esp. to 
evil, a curse ; also, avdOtifxa a votive offering ; all f r. dva- 
riOevai to set up as a votive gift, dedicate ; dvd up + 
TtOevai to set.] 1. A ban or curse pronounced with re- 



ligious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accom- 
panied by excommunication ; imprecation ; malediction. 
2. Any person or thing anathematized. [ematizing. I 

A nath e ma-ti za'tion (-tT-za'shun),n. Act of anath- 1 
A nath'e ma-tize (a-n5th'e-ma-tiz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. 
Anathematized (-tlzd); p.pr.&vb.n. Anathematizing.] 
To pronounce an anathema against ; to curse. 

II A-natl fa (a-n5t'I-fa), n. ; pi. Anatif^; (-fe). [NL., 
contr. fr. anatifera; L. anas duck + -ferous.] (Zo'ol.) 
A kind of barnacle having a fleshy stem ; a goose barnacle. 
See Cerrd?edia. 

An'a-tine (an'a-tin), a. (Zo'ol.) Of or pertaining to 

the ducks ; ducklike. 

An'a-tom'ic (an'a-tom'Tk), \ a. Of or relating to anat- 

An a-tom'ic-al (-T-kal), J omy or dissection. — 

An a-tom'ic-al-ly, adv. [omy. I 

A nat'o mist (a-nat'o-mist), n. One skilled in anat-| 

Anat o-mi-za'tion (a-nSt'o-mT-za'shun), n. Act of 

anatomizing. 

A-nat'o-mize (a-nat'6-mlz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anat- 
omized (-mizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anatomizing.] 1. To 
dissect ; to cut up, as an animal, for the purpose of dis- 
playing or examining the several parts. 2. To analyze. 
) A-nat'0-my (-6-my), n. [Gr. avarofj-rj dissection, fr. 
avarepweLV to cut up ; dvd -f- rift-v^iv to cut.] 1. Art of 
dissecting, or artificially separating the different parts of 
any organized body, to discover their situation, structure, 
and economy ; dissection. 2. The science which treats 
of the structure of organic bodies; anatomical struc- 
ture or organization. 3. A treatise or book on anatomy. 

4. Act of dividing anything to examine its parts ; analysis. 

5. A skeleton ; anything anatomized. 

AnHaur-y (an'ber-y), Amlmr-y (Sm'ber-y), n. [AS. 
ampre, ompre, a crooked swelling vein.] 1. (Far.) A 
soft tumor or bloody wart on horses or oxen. 2. A dis- 
ease of the roots of turnips, etc. 

-ance. [F. -ance, fr. L; -antia and also fr. -entia.~\ A 
suffix signifying action ; also, quality or state ; as, assist- 
ance, resistance, appearance, elegance. Cf. -ence. 

An'ces-tor (an'ses-ter), n. [Through OF. fr. L. ante- 
cessor one who goes before, fr. antecedere to go before ; 
ante before + cedere to go.] 1. One from whom a per- 
son is descended, on either father's or mother's side, at 
any distance of time ; a progenitor ; a forefather. 2. 
(Biol.) An earlier type; a progenitor. 3. (Law) One 
from whom an estate has descended. 

An-ces'tral (an-ses'tral) , a. Of, pertaining to, derived 
from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors. 

An'ces-try (an'ses-try), n. 1. Condition as to ances- 
tors ; hence, birth or honorable descent. 2. A series of 
ancestors or progenitors ; lineage. 

An'chor (an'ker), n. [OE. anker, AS. ancoi', L. an- 
cora, anchora, fr. Gr. dyicvpa, akin 
to E. angle.] 1. A kind of iron 
instrument used to hold a ship or 
vessel in a particular station. 2. 
Anything resembling a ship's an- 
chor in shape, or serving a similar 
purpose. 3. Fig., that which 



8 




Anchor, aa Stock ; b 
Shank ; c c Flukes ; 
d d Arms. 



gives stability or security. 

An'chor (an'ker), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Anchored (-kerd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Anchoring.] 1. To se- 
cure by an anchor. 2. To fix or fasten. 

An'chor, v. i. 1. To cast anchor ; to come to anchor. 
2. To stop ; to fix or rest. 

An'chor, n. [AS. ancra.] An anchoret. [Obs.~\ 

An'chor-age (an'ker-aj), n. 1. Act of anchoring, or 
state of lying at anchor. 2. A place suitable for anchor- 
ing. 3. A vessel's set of anchors. 4. A toll for anchor- 
ing. Also used fig. 

An'chO-rage (an'ko-raj), n. Abode of an anchoret. 

An'cho-ress (an'ko-res), n. A female anchoret. 

An'cho-ret (-ret), An'chO-rite (-rlt), n. [Through F. 
& L. fr. Gr. dvaYwpijTT??, fr. dvax^p^-v to retire ; avd -\- 
Xopelv to give place, x<*>p°s place.] A hermit ; a recluse. 

An-cho'vy (an- ch o'vy)» n. [Sp. anchoa, or Pg. an- 
chova.] (Zo'ol.) A small fish, of the Herring family, 
caught in the Mediterranean, and pickled for exportation. 

An-chO'vy pear' (paV)- (Bot.) A West Indian fruit 
like the mango in taste, sometimes pickled. 

An'chy-lose (an'kT-los), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. An- 
chylosed (-lost) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anchylosing.] To affect 
or be affected with anchylosis. 

II An'chy-lo'sis, An'ky-lo'sis (an/kT-lo / sTs), n. [NL., 
fr. Gr. a-y/cuAwo-t?, fr. a-yxuAo? crooked.] 1. (Med.) 
Stiffness of a joint ; formation of a stiff joint. 2- (Anat.) 
The close union of bones or other structures. 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



> 



ANCIENT 



36 



rhat is ancient. 



An'cient fto^mt), a. [OE. auncicn, F. ancien. LL. 

before.] 1. Old; that happened 

,1 in former times, usually at a great distance of 

time; ■peoitically applied to the times before the fall of 

.ire : — opposed to modern. 2. That has 

duration; of great age. — An'cient-ly, 

An'cient ness. n. 

*.\\\. Old; primitive; pristine; antique; antiqua- 

I fashioned : obsolete.— Ancient implies antiquity 

i remote past time. Antiquated describes 

out of use or fashion. Obsolete is 

sed. instead of antiquated, in reference to dis- 

: language, customs, etc. Antique is now 

» ither to that which has come down from the 

s, or to that which is made to imitate some ancient 

work of art. Old generally implies gradual decay or a 

rigor or activity with the lapse of time. 

An'cient. ft. 1- jd. Those who lived in remote ages. 

2. An aged man ; a patriarch ; hence, a governor. 

An'cient-ry (r>), n. 1. Antiquity; what is a: 

2. Ancient lineage; dignity of birth. 

An'cil-la-ry (Xii'sTl-la-r^), a. [L. ancillaris, fr. an- 
cilla a female servant.] Subservient or subordinate ; aux- 
iliary. 
Ail-cip'i-tal (-sTpT-tal), ) a. [L.a7iceps,-cipitis,t-wo- 
An-cip'i-tous (-sip'T-tus), j headed ; amb- on both 
sides -f- caput head.] (Bot.) Two-edged instead of round. 
An-cis'troid (5n-sTs'troid), a. [Gr. ayKio-rpoeiSifc ; 
ayKivrpov a hook -|- e!6o? shape.] Hook-shaped. 

An'con (Sn'kSn), n. ; L. pi. Ancones (5n-ko'nez). 
[L.. fr. Gr. ayicuiv elbow, a bend.] (Anat.) The olecranon, 
or the elbow. 

Ancon sheep (Zo'ol.), a breed of sheep with short crooked 
legs and long back. It originated in Massachusetts. 
An'con (5i/k5n), )n. [See Ancon, above.] (Arch.) 
An'cone (-kon), j A bracket supporting a cornice ; 
a console. 

An'co-ny (Si/ko-ny), n. [Origin unknown.] (Iron 
Work) A piece of iron wrought into a bar in the middle, 
but unwrought at the ends. 

-an-cy. [L. -aniia.] A suffix expressing more strongly 
than -ance the idea of quality or slate. 

And (Snd), conj. [AS. and; akin to Icel. enda, G. 
und.] 1. A particle which expresses the relation of con- 
nection or addition. It is used to conjoin a word with a 
word, a clause with a clause, or a sentence with a sentence. 
2. In order to ; — used instead of the infinitival to. 3. 
If; though; an. [06fc] 
And bo forth, and others ; and similar things. 
Afl-dan'te (an-dan'ta or 5n-d5n'te), «. [It.] (31us.) 
Moving moderately slow, but distinct and flowing. 

An dan ti'no (an'diin-te'no), a. [It., dim. of an- 
dante.! (Mus.) Rather quicker than andante. 

AndTron (andl'firn), n. [OE. anderne, OF. andier, 
f r. LL. andena ; of unknown origin.] 
A utensil for supporting burning 
wood in a fireplace ; a fired og. 
An-drog'y-nal (an-dr5j'i-nal), ) 
An drog'y-nous (-droj'I-nus), j 
a. [Gr. av&poyvvo^ ; a.vf)p, avhpos, 
man -\-yvwrj woman.] l.Unitingboth 
sexes in one, or having the charac- 
of both ; hermaphroditic. 
2. diol.) Bearing both staminifer- 
ouh and pistilliferous flowers in the 
cluster. Andiron. 

An-drog'y-ny (-n$), \ n. Quality of being an- 

An-drog'y-nlsm (-nTz'm), J drogynous. 
An'drold Can'droid), In. [Gr. ai/SpoeiSjfr of 

An-drol'dOB (Xn-droiMez), J man's form ; avr\p man 
snnj A machine or automaton in human form. 
An'dro-sphinz (Xn'dro-sf i nks), n. [Gr. avrjp, avSpos, 
man ~ a$iy( sphinx.] (Egypt. Art) A sphinx having the 
head of a man and the body of a lion. 

-an'drous''-5ri'druK). [Gr. airqp, ai/6po?, a man.] (Bot.) 
"ining form or suffix signifying, having a stamen 

An'ec-flrytage (an'Sk-dcVtaj), n. Anecdotes collect- 
ion of anecdotes. [with, anecdotes. I 

An'oc-do'tal (-tal), a. Pertaining to, or abounding! 
An'ec-dote (an/Sk-dd*). n. [F., fr. Gr. di/e»c5oT09 not 
■'■■) ; o.v pri\ . { t(c5oro? given out, deriv. of etc out 
1. pi. Unpublished narratives. 2. 
cular or Cached incident or fact of an interest- 
ing nature- ; a biographical incident. 
An ec-dot'ic (fo'efc-dSt'Ik), I a. Pertaining to, con- 
Anecdot'ic-al^-r-k^i;, 

An'e-lace (toft-lit ), n . Same as Anlace. 




sisting of, or addicted 



a. Of or pertaining 

to anemometry. 

The act or process 



ANGER 

An'e-leCtrlc (5n'e-lSk'trTk), a. [An- + electric.'] 
(P/ii/sies) Not becoming electrified by friction. 

An e-lec'trode (-lSk'trod), n. [Gr. avd up -f- E. elec- 
trode.] (Elec.) The positive pole of a voltaic battery. 

A-nem'0-graph(a-nem'o-graf),?2. [Gr. ave/uos wind -f- 
-graph.] An instrument for measuring and recording 
the direction and force of the wind. — A-nem'O-graph'ic 
(-grXf'ik), a. 

An'e-mog'ra-phy (an'e-mog'ra-ty), n. 1. A descrip- 
tion of the winds. 2. The art of recording the direction 
and force of the wind. 

An'e-mol'O-gy (-rnol'o-jy), n. [Gr. dve/xoi wind -f- 
-logy.] The science of the wind. 

An e-mom'e-ter (-mom'e-ter), n. [Gr. <xi/e/u.os wind + 
-meter.] A wind gauge. 

An e-mo-met'ric (-m6-met'rTk), ] 

An e-nio-met'ric-al (-rT-kal), J 

An'e-mom'e-try (-mom'e-try), n. 
of ascertaining the force or velocity of the wind. 

A-nem'O-ne (a-nem'o-ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. i.vep.utvv, fr. 
ai/e/aos wind.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Ranunculus 
or Crowfoot family ; windflower. 

An e-moph'i-lous (an'e-mof'i-lus), a. [Gr. ave/xos + 
<J>tAo? lover.] (Bot.) Fertilized by agency of the wind. 

A-nem'O-SCOpe (a-nem'6-skop), n. [Gr. avep.os wind 
-j- -scope.] An instrument which shows the direction of 
the wind, — usually consisting of a vane above, connected 
in the building with a dial or index with pointers. 

A-nenst' (a-nenst/), \prep. [Corrupted fr. AS. on- 

A-nent' (a-nenf), j efen ; an, on, on -j- efen even, 
equal.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 1. Over against. 2. 
About ; concerning. 

An'e-roid (an'e-roid), a. [Gr. a priv. -f- t/ijpo? wet -f- 
-oid.] Containing no liquid ; — said of barometers, and 
usually of one operated by the atmospheric pressure on 
the elastic top of a metallic case exhausted of air. 

i An es-the'si-a (aVes-the'sT-a or -zhT-a), n., An'es- 
thet'ic (-thet'Tk), a. Same as Anesthesia, Anesthetic. 

An'eu-rism (an'u-rlz'm), n. [Gr. avevpva-fjLa a widen- 
ing ; ira up 4: evpvs wide.] (Med.) A soft, pulsating 
tumor, containing blood, arising from the dilatation or 
rupture of an artery. 

A-new' (a-nu'), adv. Over again ; afresh. 

An-frac'tu-os'i-ty (an-frSk'tu-os'I-ty), n. A state of 
being anfractuous. 

An-frac'tu-ous (5n-frak'tu-us), a. [L. anfractuosus, 
fr. anfr actus a turning, deriv. of an-, for amb- -\-fractus, 
p. p. of frangere to break.] "Winding ; full of turnings ; 
sinuous ; tortuous. — An-f rac'tu-ous-ness, n. 

An'gel (an'jel), n. [AS. sengel, engel, fr. L. angelus, 
Gr. oyyeAo? messenger, a messenger of God.] 1. A 
messenger. [i2.] 2. A spiritual, celestial being, su- 
perior to man in power and intelligence. In the Scrip- 
tures the angels appear as God's messengers. 3. An evil 
spirit. 4. (Numis.) An ancient gold coin of England, 
bearing the figure of the archangel Michael. It varied in 
value from 65. 8d. to 10s. 

Angel fish (Zo'ol.), a species of shark from 6 to 8 feet 
long, found on the coasts of Europe and North America ; 

— named from its shape. 
An'gel-et (-et), n. (Nu- 
mis. ) A small gold coin ; a 
half angel. 

An-gel'ic (an-jgl'Tk), ) _ 

An-gel'ic-al (-i-kal), ( °' 
Of or pertaining to angels; 
like or characteristic of an 
angel ; heavenly ; divine. — 
An-gel'ic-al-ly, adv. — An- 
gel'ic-al-ness. n. 

An-gel'ic,'/. (C hem.) Of ^ HFJP 7 
or derived from angelica. ^i JB k ME 

An-gel'i-ca (-T-ka), n. 
[NL. See Angelic] (Bot.) *■" Angel Fish 
An aromatic umbelliferous (Squatxna angelus). 

plant the leaf stalks of which are sometimes candied. 

An'gel-ol'a-try (an'jgl-ol'a-tr^), n. [Angel + -latry.] 
Worship paid to angels. 

An'gel-ol'o-gy (-ol'6--jy), n. [Angel + -logy.] A dis- 
course on angels,or a body of doctrines in regard to angels. 

II An'ge-lus (an'jS-lSs), n. [L.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A 
form of devotion in which three Ave Marias are repeated, 

— at morning, noon, and evening, (b) The Angelus bell. 
An'ger (Sn'ger), n. [Icel. angr affiction, sorrow ; akin 

to AS. ange oppressed, L. angor a strangling, anguish, 
Gr. ayxeii/ to strangle, Skr. ar'nhas pain, and to E. an- 

fuish, anxious, quinsy.] 1. Trouble ; also, a physical ill. 
06.?.] 2. A strong passion or emotion of displeasure, 




a, fc, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 6, tt, y, short ; BenAte, Svent, Idea, ftbey, tlnite, cAxe, arm, ask, all, final. 



ANGER 



37 



ANGUISH 



usually involving antagonism and the desire to punish, 
excited by a real or supposed injury or insult to one's 
self or others, or' by the intent to do such injury. 

Syn. — Resentment ; wrath ; rage ; fury ; passion ; 
ire ; gall ; choler ; indignation ; displeasure ; vexation ; 
grudge ; spleen. — Anger is a feeling of keen displeasure 
(usually with a desire to punish) for what we regard as 
wrong toward ourselves or others. Indignation is a gen- 
erous outburst of anger in view of things which are un- 
worthy to be done. Resentment is often a moody feeling, 
leading to a deep and lasting anger. See Resentment. 
Wrath and ire (the last poetical ) express the feelings of 
one who is bitterly provoked. Rage is a vehement ebulli- 
tion of anger ; and fury, of rage amounting almost to 
madness. 

An'ger (an'ger), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Angebed (-gerd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Angering.] 1. To make painful. [Obs.] 
2. To excite to anger ; to enrage ; to provoke. 

II An-gi'na (an-jl'na or an'jl-na), n. [L. , f r. angere to 
choke.] (3Ied. ) Any inflammatory affection of the throat 
or fauces, especially such as tends to produce choking or 
shortness of breathy 

Angina pectoris (pek'to-rfs), a painful disease causing a 
sense of suffocating contraction of the chest. 

An'gi-nous (an'jT-nus), ) a. {Med.) Pert, to angina 

An'gi-nose' (an'jl-nos'), J or angina pectoris. 

An'gi-O- (an'jT-6-). [Gr. dyyeioi/ vessel or receptacle.] 
A prefix, or combining form, in numerous compounds, 
usually relating to seed or blood vessels, or to something 
contained in, or covered by, a vessel. 

An gi-o-car'pons (an'ji-o-kar'pus), a. [Angio- + 
-carpous.] (Bot.) (a) Having fruit inclosed within a 
covering that does not form a part of itself. (b) Hav- 
ing the seeds or spores covered. 

An'gi-Og'ra-phy (-og'ra-iy), n. [Angio- -f- -graphy.] 
(Anat.) A description of blood vessels and lymphatics. 

An'gi-Ol'O-gy (-ol'6-jy), n. [Angio- -f -logy.) (Anat.) 
The anatomy of the blood vessels and lymphatics. 

An'gi-O-sperm (-6-sperrn), n. [Angio- -f- Gr. <nrepfj.a, 
o-7repju.aT0s, seed.] (Bot.) Any plant belonging to the 
grand division of the exogens, the members of which have 
the seeds inclosed in a pericarp. 

An'gi-o-sper'ma-tous (an'ji-o-sper'ina-tus), An'gi- 
O-sper'mous (-mils), a. (Bot.) Having seeds inclosed 
in a pod or other pericarp. 

An'gi-ot'O-my (-ot'6-iny), n. [Angio- -f- -tomy.~\ 
(Anat.) Dissection of the blood vessels and lymphatics. 

An'gle (an'g'l), n. [F., fr. L. angulus ; akin to uncus 
hook, Gr. dy/cv'Aos bent, angular, AS. angel hook, G. 
angel, E. anchor.'] 1. The inclosed space near the point 
where two lines meet; a corner ; a nook. 2. (Geom.) 
(a) The figure made by two lines which 
meet, (b) The difference of direction 
of two lines. 3. A projecting or sharp 
corner. 4. [AS. angel. J A fishhook; 
tackle for catching fish. 

Acute angle, one less than a right angle, An°le. 

or less than 90°. — Adjacent or Contiguous 
angles, such as have one leg common to both angles. — 
Curvilineal angle, one formed by two curved lines. — Ex- 
ternal angles, angles formed by the sides of any right-lined 
figure, when the sides are produced or lengthened. — In- 
ternal angles, those which are within any right-lined 
figure. — Mixtilineal angle, one formed by a right line 
with a curved line. — Oblique angle, one acute or obtuse, 
in opposition to a right angle. — Obtuse angle, one greater 
than a right angle, or more than 90°. — Rectilineal or Right- 
lined angle, one formed by two right lines. — Right angle, 
one formed by a right line falling on another perpendicu- 
larly, or an angle of 90° (measured by a quarter circle).— 
Solid angle, the figure formed by the meeting of three or 
more plane angles at one point. — Spherical angle, one 
made by the meeting of two arcs of great circles which 
mutually cut one another on the surface of a globe or 
sphere. — Visual angle, the angle formed by two rays of 
light, or two straight lines drawn from the extreme 
pomts of an object to the center of the eye. 

An'gle (an'g'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Angled (an'g'ld) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Angling (-gling).] 1. To fish with an 
angle (fishhook), or with hook and line. 2. To use some 
bait or artifice ; to intrigue ; to scheme. 

An'gle-me'ter (-me'ter), n. [Angle + -meter.] An 
instrument to measure angles. 

An'gler (an'gler), n. 1. One who angles. 2. (Zobl.) 
A fish of Europe and America, having a large, flattened 
head, and very large mouth. Peculiar appendages on 
the head are said to be used to entice fishes within reach. 

An'gles (an'g'LO, n. pi. [L. Angli.] (Ethnol.) An 
ancient Low German tribe, that settled in Britain. 

An'gle- worm' (-g'1-wfirm'), n. (Zobl.) An earthworm 
of the genus LumbHcus, often used by anglers for bait. 

An'gli-an (an'glT-an), a. Of or pert, to the Angles. 




An'gll-can (Sn/glT-kan), a. 1. English ; of or per- 
taining to England or the English nation. 2. Pertaining 
to or connected with, the established Church of England ; 
esp., of or pert, to the high-church party, so called.— n. 
A member of the Church of England ; specif., a member 
of the high-church party, or advanced ritualists. 

An'gli-can-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. The principles and 
rites of the established church of England or of the high- 
church party ; attachment to these principles and rites. 
2. Attachment to England or English institutions. 

An'gli-cism (5n'glT-sTz'ui), n. 1. An English idiom. 
2. An English characteristic, custom, or method. 

An'gli-cize (-slz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglicized 
(-sizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anglicizing.] To render con- 
formable to the English idiom, or to English analogies. 

An'gli-fy (-fi), v. t. [L. Angli Angles + -fy.] To 
convert into English ; to anglicize. 

An'glo- (an'glo-). [NL. Anglus English. See An- 
gles.] A combining form denoting relation to, or con- 
nection with, the English. 

An'glo- A-mer'i-can (-a-nierl-kan), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to the English and Americans, or to the descendants 
of Englishmen in America. — n. A descendant from Eng- 
lish ancestors born in America, or in the United States. 

An'glo-Cath'O-lic (-kath'6-lTk), a. Of or pertaining 
to a church modeled on the English Reformation ; Angli- 
can; — sometimes restricted to the ritualistic or high- 
church section of the Church of England. — n . A member 
of the Church of England who contends for its catholic 
character ; more specifically, a high-churchman. 

An'glo— In'di-an (-in'dT-an), a. Of or pertaining to 
the English in India, or to the English and East Indian 
peoples or languages. — n. One of the English race born 
or resident in the East Indies. 

An'glo— Nor'man (-n8r'inan), a. Of or pertaining to 
the English and Normans, or to the Normans who settled 
in England. 

An glo-ma'ni-a (-ma'nT-a), n. [Anglo- -f- mania.] In- 
ordinate attachment to English customs, institutions, etc. 

An glo-ma'ni-ac, n. One affected with Anglomania. 

An / glO-pho'Di-a (-fo'bi-a), n. [Anglo- -f- Gr. <£6/3o<r 
fear.] Intense dread of, or aversion to, England, or the 
English. [glophobia. I 

An'glO-phobe (an'glo-fob), n. One actuated by an-| 

An'glo-Sax'on (an'glo-saks'un or -s2ks"n), n. [L. 
Angli-Saxones English Saxons.] 1. A Saxon of Britain, 
that is, an English Saxon, or one of the Saxons who set- 
tled in England, as distinguished from a continental (or 
" Old ") Saxon. 2. pi. The Teutonic people (Angles, 
Saxons, Jutes) of England, or the English people, col- 
lectively, before the Norman Conquest. 3. The lan- 
guage of the English people before the Conquest (also 
called Old English). 4. One of the race or people who 
claim descent from the Saxons, Angles, or other Teutonic 
tribes who settled in England ; a person of English de- 
scent in its broadest sense. [or their language. I 

An'glo-Sax'on, a. Of or pert, to the Anglo-Saxons | 

An-gO'la (an-go'la), n. [A corruption of Angora.] 
A fabric made from the wool of the Angora goat. 

II An'gor (an'gor), n. [L.] (Med.) Great anxiety 
accompanied by painful constriction at the upper part of 
the belly. 

An-gO'ra (an-go'ra), n. A city of Asia Mi n or (or Ana- 
tolia) which has given its name to a variety of the domes- 
tic cat with very long and silky hair, and to a variety of 
the goat, reared for its long silky hair. 

An'gOS-tU'ra bark' (an'gos-too'ra bark'). [From 
Angostura, in Venezuela.] An aromatic bark used as a 
tonic, obtained from a South American tree. 

An'gry (an'gry), a. [Compar. Angrdsr (an'grT-er) ; 
superl. Angriest.] [See Anger.] 1. Troublesome. 
[Obs.] 2. Inflamed and painful. 3. Touched with an- 
ger ; feeling resentment ; enraged ; — followed generally 
by with before a person, and at before a thing. 4. Show- 
ing anger ; appearing or acting as if moved by anger. — 
An'gri-ly, adv. — An'gri-ness, n. 

Syn. — Passionate ; resentful ; irritated ; irascible ; in- 
dignant ; provoked ; incensed ; exasperated ; irate ; hot ; 
raging ; furious ; wrathful ; wroth ; choleric ; infuriated. 

An-guil'li-form (an-gwil'li-fSrin), a. [L. anguilla 
eel (dim. of anguis snake) -f- -form.] Eel-shaped. 

An'guine (Sn'gwTn), a. [L. angui7ius, fr. anguis 
snake.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a snake. 

An'guish (an'gwTsh), n. [F. angoisse, fr. L. angustia 
difficulty, fr. augustus narrow, fr. angere to press to- 
gether. See Angee.] Extreme pain, either of body or 
mind ; excruciating distress ; agony ; torture. 

Syn. — See Affliction; Agony. 



B 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ANGULAR 



38 



ANNATS 



c 



An'gn lax Mrttlfc)i ■. 1- Betating to an angle or 
to angles ; having or forming an angle or angles; sharp- 
eoniered ; pointed. 2. Measured by an angle. 3. Fig., 
lean; ungraceful: sharp and stiff in character. — An'- 
lar'lty ^-lar't-tv), An'gu-lar-ness, w. — An'gu- 

ly (-HNj), Oof*. 

An'gu-late (,-lat). v. t. To make angular. 

An'gu-late (gn'gu-ltt), { a. Having angles or cor- 

An'gu la ted (,-la ted), ) uers. 

An gus'tate (.an-giis'tat), a. [L. angustatus, p. p. of 
anaustait to make narrow.] Narrowed. 

An he la'tion (Xn'he-kVshun), n. [L. anhelatio, fr. 
to pant.] Short and rapid breathing; a pant- 
• una. 

An he'lous (.Xn-he'lus), a. Short of breath ; panting. 

An his'tous (an-hlstfis), a. [Gr. av priv. + ujtos 
web. tissue.] (J>io!.) Being without definite structure. 

An-hy'dride (-hi'drld or -drid), n. (Chem.) An oxide 

of a noumetallic body or an organic radical, capable of 

forming an acid by uniting with the elements of water ; 

lied because it may be formed from an acid by 

the abstraction of water. 

An-hy'drite (ah-hMrit), n. (3fin.) Asulphate of lime, 
differing from gypsuni in being anhydrous. 

An-hy'drous (-hi'drus), a. [Gr. avvSpo? wanting wa- 
ter ; av priv. + vS<op water.] Destitute of water. 

An'il (antl), n . [ Ar. an-nll, for al-riil the indigo plant, 
fr. Skr. riila dark blue, mil indigo plant.] (Bot. ) A West 
Indian plant, one of the original sources of indigo ; also, 
the indigo dye. 

An'ile (anil), a. [L. anilis, fr. anus an old woman.] 
Old-womanish ; imbecile. — An'ile-ness, A-nil'i-ty, n. 

An'i-line (ahl-lin or -len), n. [See Anll.] A color- 
less, oily liquid, originally obtained from indigo, but now 
largely manufactured from coal tar as a base, from 
which many brilliant dyes are made. 

An'i-line, a. Made from, or of the nature of, aniline. 

An i-mad-ver'sion (ah'T-mad-ver'shiin), n. 1. The 
act of animadverting. 2. Remarks by way of criticism ; 
specifically, adverse criticism. 

Syn.— Stricture ; censure ; reproof ; blame ; comment. 

An 1-mad-ver'sive (-siv), a. Observing ; percipient. 
[A rch'i fc] 

An i-mad-vert' (aii'I-mSd-vert'), v. i. limp. &p. p. 
Ammadvebted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Animadvebting.] [L. 
vertere; a nimus mind -\- advertere to turn to; ad 
to + vertere to turn.] 1. To take notice ; to observe. 
2. To consider or remark by way of criticism or censure ; 
to express censure ; to comment ; to criticise. 

An'i-mal (anT-mal), n. [L., fr. anima breath, soul ; 
akin to animus mind, Gr. ave/ao? wind, Skr. an to breathe.] 
1. An organized living being endowed with sensation and 
the power of voluntary motion, and also characterized by 
taking its food into an internal cavity or stomach for di- 
2. A brute or beast, as distinguished from man. 

Animal, a. 1. Of, relating to, or derived from, an- 
imals. 2. Pertaining to the merely sentient part of a 
creature, as distinguished from the intellectual, rational, 
or spiritual part. 

Animal flower (Zoo!.), any one of certain marine animals 
resembling a flower, as the sea anemone. 

Ani mal'cu-lar (aVT-mXl'ku-ler), ) a. Of, pertain- 

An i maTcu-line (an'i-ina'l'ku-irn), f ing.to, or re- 
sembling, animalcules. 

An 1-mal'cule (-ku"l), n. Lit. , a small animal ; hence, 
■ ii animal, invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. 

B^Many of the so-called animalcules have been shown 
lantc having locomotive powers. 

An l-mal'CU-liam (-ku-liz'm), n. (Biol.) The theory 
which seeks to explain certain physiological and patho- 
ilj^nornena by means of animalcules. 

An 1-mal'cu-list (-list), n. 1. One versed in the 
"-. of animalcules. 2. A believer in the theory 
of auiirialculism. 

An 1 mal'cu-lum (-lQm), n. ; pi. Animalcula (-la). 
[HLJ An animalcule. 

>tl:r., as if from a Latin singular animal- 
barbariam. 

An'imal-lam •'S'ri'T-rnal-Tz'm), n. Mere animal life 
'.r moral qualities; sensuality. 

An i mal'l-ty (^n'T-maYr-ty), n. Animal existence or 

An i mal-1-za'Uon fSn'T-mal-T-za'shun), n. Act of 

iing amrnalized. 
An'1-mal-lze (SnT-maMzj, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Ani- 



U : /'■ pr. 



j'/I-jz;, v. 
& vb. n, 



... Ammalizing.] 1. To 
give the <:)mr^x<:r or form of an animal to. 2. To con- 
vert into animal matter. 3. To sensualize. 



An'i mate (Sn'I-mat), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Animated ; 
p. pr. & vb. 71. Animating.] [L. animare, fr. anima 
breath, soul.] 1. To give natural life to ; to make alive ; 
to quicken. 2. To heighten the powers or effect of. 3. 
To give spirit or vigor to. 

Syn. — To enliven ; inspirit ; stimulate ; exhilarate ; in- 
spire ; instigate ; rouse ; urge ; cheer ; prompt ; incite. 

An'i-mate (-mat), a. Endowed with life ; animated. 

An'i-ma ted (-ma'tSd), a. Endowed with life ; full of 
life or spirit ; lively ; vigorous. — An'i-ma'ted-ly, adv. 

An'i-ma ter (-ter), n. One who animates. 

An i ma'tion (ah/T-ma/shQn), n. 1. Act of animating. 
2. State of being animate or animated ; liveliness. 

Syn. — Liveliness ; vivacity ; spirit ; buoyancy ; airi- 
ness ; sprightliness ; promptitude ; enthusiasm ; ardor ; 
earnestness ; energy. See Liveliness. 

An'i-mism (ah'i-nriz'm), n. 1. The doctrine that the 
soul is the proper principle of life and development in the 
body. 2. The belief that inanimate objects are endowed 
with a soul ; also, the belief in the existence of soul or 
spirit apart from matter. [of animism. I 

An'i-mist (-mist), n. One who maintains the doctrine | 

An'i-mis'tic (-mis'tik), a. Of or pertaining to animism. 

An'i-mos'i-ty (-mos'i-ty), n. 1. Spirit; courage. 
[Obs.] 2. Violent hatred leading to active opposition ; 
active enmity ; energetic dislike. 

An'i-mus (ah'i-mus) , n. ; pi. Animi (-mi). [L. , mind. ] 
Animating spirit ; intention ; temper. 

An'i-on (an'i-on), n. [Gr. avd up + '«/ai to go.] 
(Chem.) An electro-negative element, — the one which, in 
electro-chemical decomposition, is evolved at the anode. 

An'ise (an'is), n. [OE. anys, F. anis, L. anisum, fr. 
Gr. ai/«roi/.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant bearing car- 
minative and aromatic seeds ; also, its seeds. [anise. 1 

II An i-sett e' (-aStf), n. [F. ] A cordial flavored with | 

II An'i-so-dac'ty-la (an't-so-dak'ti-la), ) n. pi. [NL. 

An i-so-dac'tyls (an'1-so-dak'tilz), ^ ) anisodacty- 
la, fr. Gr. avuros unequal (av priv. + uros equal) -J- S<£- 
ktvAos finger.] (Z'ool.) (a) A group of herbivorous mam- 
mals having the hoofs in a single series around the foot, 
as the elephant, (b) A group of perching birds which 
are anisodactylous. 

An i-so-dac/ty-lous (-ti-lus), a. (Zobl.) Having un- 
equal toes, three turned forward and one backward. 

Anl-SO-mer/ic (an'i-so-mer'ik), a. [Gr. oi/tcros un- 
equal -f juepos part.] (Chem.) Not isomeric. 

An'1-SOm'er-OUS (an/f-soin'er-us), a. (Bot.) Having 
the number of floral organs unequal, as four petals and 
six stamens. 

An 1-so-met'ric (3n't-s6-met'rik), a. [Gr. iv priv. 
-(- E. isometric.'] Not isometric. 

An i-so-pet'al-ous (an't-so-pet'al-us), a. [Gr. apuros 
unequal -f 7reVaAov leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal petals. 
u An i-soph'yl-lous (-sof 'Il-liis or -so-f Il'lus), a. [Gr. 
avta-os + <\>vkkov leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal leaves. 

An'i-SO-trope' (ah'1-so-tropO, \ a. [Gr. avicros un- 

An'i-SO-trop'ic (-trop'ik), ) equal + t/dottj? a 
turning.] (Physics) Not isotropic ; having different 
properties in different directions. 

An'ker (an'ker), n. [D.] A liquid measure in vari- 
ous countries of Europe. The Dutch anker contained 
about 10 wine gallons, or 81 imperial gallons. 

An'kle (an'k'l), n. [AS", ancleoiv ; akin to G. enkel.~\ 
The joint which connects the foot with the leg ; tarsus. 

An'klet (Sn'klgt), n. An ankle ring. 

An'ky-lose (Xn'kT-los), v. t. & i. Same as Anchyxose. 

II An ky-lo'sis (-lo'sis), n. Same as Anchylosis. , 

An'lace (Sn'las), n. [Origin unknown.] A broad 
dagger formerly 
worn at the 
girdle. 

II An'na (5V- 
na)_, n. [Hindi 
ana.~\ An East 
Indian money of account, the sixteenth of a rupee, or 
about 2£ cents. 

An'nal-lst (an'nal-Tst), n. A writer of annals. 

An'nals (Sn'nalz), n. pi. ; sing. Annal. [L. annates 
(sc. libri) chronicles, fr. annus year.] 1. A relation of 
events in chronological order, each event being recorded 
under the year in which it happened. 2. Historical rec- 
ords ; chronicles ; history. 3. sing. The record of a 
single event. 4. A periodic publication, containing rec- 
ords of discoveries, transactions of societies, etc. 

An'nats (Sn'nats), ) n. pi. [LL. annala income of a 

An'nates (-natz), j year.] (Eccl. Law) The first 
year's profits of a spiritual preferment, anciently paid 
by the clergy to tne pope. 




Anlace of time of Edward IV. 



*, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ft, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, caxe, arm, ask, all, final. 



ANNEAL 



39 



ANONYMOUS 



An neaT (Sn-nel'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Annealed 

(-neld') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annealing.] [OE. anelen to 

burn, AS. anselan ; an on -f- selan to burn ; also OE. 

anelen to enamel.] 1. To subject to great heat, and 

then cool slowly, in order to make less brittle. 2. To 

beat in order to fix colors laid on. 

An-neal'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, anneals. 

An'ne-lid (3n'ne-lid), ) a. [Through F. from 

An-nel'i-dan (an-n81'T-dan), j L. anellus a ring, dim. 

of annulus a ring.] (Zo'61.) Of or pertaining to the 

Annelida. — n. One of the Annelida. 

II An-nel'i-da (an-nSl'i-da), n . pi. [NL.] (Zool.) A 
division of the Articulata, having the body formed of 
numerous annular segments, and without jointed legs. 
It comprises the earthworms, marine worms, and leeches. 
An-nex' (an-nSks'), v. t. limp. &p.p. Annexed (5n- 
nekst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annexing.] [F. annexer, fr. L. 
annexus, p. p. of annectere to tie or bind to ; ad -\- nec- 
tere to tie.] 1. To join or attach ; usually, to subjoin ; to 
affix ; to append. 2. To join or add, as a smaller thing 
to a greater. 3. To attach or connect, as a consequence, 
condition, etc. [nexed or appended. I 

An-nex' (an-neks' or an'neks), n. Something an-| 
An nex-a'tion (Sn'neks-a/shun), n. 1. Act of annex- 
ing ; addition ; union. 2. (Law) The union of property 
with a freehold so as to become a fixture. [nihilated. I 
An-ni'hi-la-ble (an-niliT-la-b'l), a. That may be an- 1 
An-ni'hi-late (-lat), v. t. limp. &p.p. Annihilated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Annihilating.] [L. annihilare; ad -j- 
nihilum, nihil, nothing, ne hilum (fllum) not a thread, 
nothing at all.] 1. To reduce to nothing or nonexist- 
ence ; to cause to cease to be. 2. To destroy the form, 
force, or peculiar distinctive properties of. 

An-ni hi-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act of annihilating ; 
state of being annihilated. [hilate. I 

An-ni'hi la-tive (an-nl'hi-la-tT v), a. Serving to anni- 1 
An-nilii-la tor (-la'ter), n. One that annihilates. 
An'ni-ver'sa-ry (an'm-ver'sa-ry), a. [L. anniversa- 
rius ; annus year -f- vertere, versum, to turn.] Return- 
ing with the year, at a stated time ; annual ; yearly. 

An'ni-ver'sa-ry, n. The return of the day of the year 
on which any notable event took place ; a celebration on 
that day. 

II An'no Dom'i-nl (5n'no dom'i-ni). [L.] In the year 
of [our] Lord ; year of the Christian era ; as, A. D. 1887. 
An'no-tate (an'no-tat), v. t. limp. & p. p. Anno- 
tated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annotating.] [L. annotare to 
annotate ; ad -f- notare to mark, nota mark.] To explain 
or criticise by notes. 
An'no-tate, v. i. To make notes ; — with on or upon. 
An no-ta'tion (an'no-ta'shun), n. A note, added by 
way of comment, or explanation ; — usually in pi. 
An'no-ta tor (an'no-ta/ter), n. A commentator. 
An not'to (an-nSt'to" ), Ar-not 'to (ar-not'to ) , n. [Ori- 
gin uncertain.] A red or yellowish-red dyeing material, 
prepared from the fruit of a tree of tropical America. 

Announce' (an-nouns'), v. t. limp. & p. p. An- 
nounced (an-nounst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Announcing (an- 
noun'sing).] [OF. anoncier, fr. L. annuntiare ; ad -f- 
nuntiare to report, relate, nuntius messenger.] 1. To 
give public notice, or first notice, of ; to make known. 
2. To pronounce ; to declare by judicial sentence. 

Syn. — To proclaim ; publish ; make known ; herald ; 
declare ; promulgate. — We publish what we in any way 
give openly to the world ; we announce what we declare 
for the first time ; we proclaim that to which we give the 
widest publicity ; we promulgate when we proclaim more 
widely what has before been known by some. 

An-nounce'ment (-ment), n. Act of announcing; 

that which announces ; proclamation ; publication. 

An-noun'cer (an-noun'ser), n. One who announces. 

An-noy' (an-noi'), n. [OF. anoi, enui, fr. L. in odio in 

hatred.] A feeling of discomfort or vexation caused by 

what one dislikes ; annoyance. 

An-noy', v. t. limp. &p. p. Annoyed (an-noid') ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Annoying.] [OF. anoier, anuier, enuier.~\ 1. To 
disturb or irritate, esp. by continued or repeated acts ; to 
tease ; to ruffle in mind. 2. To molest or incommode. 
Syn. — To vex ; trouble ; pester ; embarrass ; perplex. 
An-noy 'ance (5n-noi'ans), n. 1. Act of annoying, or 
state of being annoyed. 2. That which annoys. 
An-noy'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, annoys. 
An-noy'ing, a. That annoys. — An-noy'ing-ly, adv. 
An'nu-al (an'u-al ; 135), a. [OE. annuel, F. annuel, 
fr. L. annualis, fr. annus year.] 1. Of or pertaining to 
a year ; returning every year ; yearly. 2. Performed 
or done in a year ; reckoned by the year. 3. Lasting or 
continuing only one year or one growing season. 



An'nu-al (Xn'u-al), n. 1. A thing happening or return- 
ing yearly ; esp. , a literary work published once a year. 2. 
Anything, esp. a plant, that lasts but one year or season. 

An'nu-al-ly, adv. Yearly ; year by year. 

An-nu'i-tant (5n-nu'i-tant), n. One who receives, or 
is entitled to receive, an annuity. 

An-nu'1-ty (£n-nu'i-ty), n. [LL. annuitas, f r. L. annus 
year.] A sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for 
a given number of years, for life, or forever. 

An-nul' (an-niil'), v. t. limp. &p. p. Annulled (5n- 
nuld') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annulling.] [F. annuler, LL. 
annullare, fr. L. ad to -f nullum nothing. See Null, a.] 
1. To reduce to nothing ; to obliterate. 2. To make 
void or of no effect ; to do away with ; — used particu- 
larly of laws, decrees, decisions of courts, etc. , which are 
made void by competent authority. 

Syn. — To abolish ; abrogate ; repeal ; cancel ; reverse ; 
rescind ; revoke ; nullify ; destroy. See Abolish. 

An'nu-lar (an'u-ler), a. 1. Pertaining to, or having 
the form of, an annulus, or ring. 2. Banded or marked 
with circles. 

An'nu-late (5n'u-lat), ) a. 1. Furnished with, or 

An'nu-la'ted (-la'ted), j composed of, rings. 

Annu-la'tion (an'S-la'shun), n. A ringlike forma- 
tion ; a ring or belt. 

An'nu-let (an'u-let), n. [Dim. of Annulus.] 1. A 
little ring. 2. (Arch.) A small, flat fillet, encircling a 
column. [abolition. | 

An-nul'ment (an-nul'ment), n. Act of annulling;! 

An'nu-lose 7 (an'u-los'), a. [L. annulus ring.] Fur- 
nished with, or composed of, rings or ringlike segments ; 
ringed. [ringlike part or space. I 

II An'nu-lus (-lus), n. ; pi. -li (-li). [L.] Aring;a| 

An-nu'mer-ate (an-nu'mer-at), v. t. [L. annumerare, 
p. p. -atus. See Numerate.] To add on ; to count in. 

An-nun'ci-ate (an-nun'shl-at), v. t. limp. & p. p. An- 
nunciated ; p. pr. &vb.n. Annunciating.] [L. annun- 
tiare. See Announce.] To announce. 

An-nun Ci-a'tion (-si-a'shim or shT-a'shun), n. 1. Act 
of announcing ; announcement ; proclamation. 2. (Eccl.) 
(a) The announcement of the incarnation, made by the 
angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, (b) The festival cele- 
brated (March 25th) in memory of this announcement. 

An-nun'ci-a tor (an-nun'shT-a'ter), n. 1. One that 
announces. 2. A machine for indicating signals. 

An'Ode (an'od), n. [Gr. avd up + oSos way.] (Elec.) 
The positive pole of an electric battery, or, more strictly, 
the electrode by which the current enters the electrolyte 
on its way to the other pole ; — opposed to cathode. 

An'O-dyne (Sn'o-din), a. [L. anodynus, Gr. avu>8vvos 
stilling pain ; av priv. -\- bSvvq pain.] Serving to assuage 
pain ; soothing, —n. A medicine which allays pain. 

A-noint' (a-noint / ), v. t. limp. &p. p. Anointed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Anointing.] [OF. enoint, p. p. of enoindre, 
fr. L. inungere ; in -\- ungere, unguere, to smear, anoint.] 
1. To smear or rub over, esp. with oil or an unctuous 
substance ; also, to spread over. 2. To apply oil to or to 
pour oil upon, as a sacred rite, especially for consecration. 
The Lord's Anointed, Christ or the Messiah ; also, a king 
by " divine right." 

A-noint'er (-er), n. One who anoints. 

A-noint'ment (-ment), n. Act of anointing ; state of 
being anointed ; also, ointment. 

A-nom'a-lism (a-nom'a-liz'm), n. An anomaly ; a 
deviation from rule. 

A-noma-lis'tic (-a-lis'tik), ) a. 1. Characterized by 

A-nom'a-lis'tic-al (-tl-kal), ) anomaly ; anomalous ; 
irregular. 2. (Astron.) Pertaining to the anomaly. 

A-nom'a-loUS (a-nom'a-lus), a. [L. anomalus, Gr. 
avoi/xaAos uneven, irregular ; av priv. + 6/aaAd? even, 6/xds 
same.] Deviating from a general rule, method, or anal- 
ogy ; abnormal; irregular. — A-nom'a-lous-ly, adv. — 
A-nom'a-lous-ness, n. 

A-nom'a-ly (a-nom'a-ly), n. 1. Deviation from the 
common rule ; an irregularity ; anything anomalous. 2. 
(Astron.) (a) The angular distance of a planet from its 
perihelion, as seen from the sun. (b) The angle meas- 
uring apparent irregularities in the motion of a planet. 

A-non' (a-non'), adv. [OE. anoon, anon, anan. lit., 
in one (moment), fr. AS. on in + an one.] 1. Straight- 
way ; at once. I0bs.~\ 2. Soon ; in a little while. 3. 
At another time ; then ; again. 
Ever and anon, now and then ; frequently ; often. 
An'O-nym (an'o-nim), n. One who is anonymous ; 
also sometimes, a pseudonym. 

A-non'y-mous (a-nSn'T-mQs), a. [Gr. avu>wixo<; with- 
out name ; av priv. -f- owfia, Eol. for ovofxa name.] 
Nameless ; of unknown name ; also, of unknown or 



B 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, r^ide, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, cnair, go, sing, ink, then, tnin. 



M 



> 



ANONYMOUSLY 



40 



ANTELOPE 



mummed MlliwMp A non'y-mous-ly (a-uonl-nius- 

A-non'y mous-ness. n. 
" A nor'tnlc (n-uoVthlk), a. [See Anobthite.] (Mm.) 

A nor'thite (-thB ). n. [Gr. il ' P riv - + °P^ ( sc - Y ul " a ) 
sle.] A mineral of the feldspar family, com- 
monly occurring in small glassy crystals. 

A-nor'tho-scope (A-ndrthft-ekBp), n. [Gr. av priv. 
straight + -scope.] {Physics) An optical toy 
for pctxtodng amusing pictures by means of two revolv- 
. on one of which distorted figures are painted. 

An oth'er (In-uWer), pron. A a. [An a, one -f other.] 
1. One more, in addition to a former number. 2. Not 
the same ; different. 3. Any different person, indefi- 
nitely ; anv one else ; some one else. 

W*As;i pronoun another may have a possessive an- 
s, poss. pi. others'. It is also used with 
i reciprocal sense. 

A not'ta (,a-not'ta), n. Aunotto. 
An'se-res t^n'se-rez), n. pi. [L., geese.] (Zool.) 
A Limui an order of aquatic birds swimming by means of 
webbed feet, as the duck, or of lobed feet, as the grebe. 

An'ser-ine (.Xu'ser-In), a. Of or pertaining to a goose, 
or to the Auseres. [simple. I 

An'ser-ous (Xn'ser-us), cr. Resembling a goose ; silly ; | 

An'swer t^an'ser), n. [OE. undsware, AS. andswaru ; 
nst -f- suerian to swear.] 1. A reply to a charge ; 
a defense. 2. Something said or written in reply to a 
question, an argument, etc. ; a reply ; rejoinder ; re- 
sponse. 3. Something done in return for, or in conse- 
quence of, something else; a responsive action. 4. A 
solution, the result of a mathematical operation. 

An'swer (Sn'ser), r. t. \_imp. & p. p. Answered 
(-serd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Answering.] 1. To speak in de- 
fense against. 2. To speak or write in return to, as in 
return to a call, question, argument, etc. ; to respond to. 
3. To respond to satisfactorily or conclusively; to re- 
fute. 4. To be or act in return or response to. Hence : 
(a) To be or act in compliance with, or in satisfaction of, 
as an order or obligation. (6) To render account to. (c) 
To atone for. (d) To be opposite to ; to face, (e) To be 
or act in accommodation, conformity, relation, or pro- 
portion to ; to correspond to ; to suit. 

An'swer, V. i. 1. To speak or write by way of return 
(originally, to a charge), or in reply. 2. To make a sat- 
isfactory response or return ; hence, to render account ; 
to make amends. 3. To be or act in return. Hence : 
(a) To be or act by way of compliance, reciprocation, or 
satisfaction, (b) To be opposite, or to act iu opposition, 
(c) To be or act in conformity, or by way of accommoda- 
tion, relation, or proportion ; to correspond ; to suit. 

An'swer-a-ble (3n'ser-a-b*l), a. 1. Obliged to an- 
swer ; liable to pay or indemnify ; accountable ; amenable ; 
l-le. 2. Capable of being answered or refuted. 

3. Correspondent ; conformable ; hence, comparable. 

4. Proportionate ; commensurate ; suitable ; adequate. 
— An'swer-a-ble-ness, n. — An'swer-a-bly, adv. 

An'swer-er (aVser-er), n. One who answers. 
Ant-. See Anti-, prr.jix. 

-ant [F. -tint, fr. L. -(intern or -entem, the pr. p. end- 
ing ; also sometimes directly fr. L. -anlem.] A suffix 
hoinetimes marking the agent for action ; as, merchant, 
/<t, WBTwamtf \>\a&wnt, etc. Cf. -ent. 
Ant (Ant), it. [OE. ante, amete, emete, AS. iemele, 
akin to G. amti.<<e. Cf. Emmet.] (Zool.) A hymenop- 
terous insect of the Linmean genus Formica, which is 
<: a family of several genera ; emmet; pismire. 
An'ta (an'ta,, n. ; pi. Ant.*; (-te). [L.] (Arch.) A 
f pier produced by thickening a wall at its end. 
Ant-ac/ldfant-aVId), n. [Pref. anti- -f acid.] (Med.) 

■dy for acidity of the stomach. 
An tae'an (an-te'an), a. [Gr. 'Ai/raios.] Pertaining 
to or resembling Anbeus, a giant slain by Hercules. 
An tag'O-nlsm (im-tag'6-nTz'm), n. [Gr. avrayuivi- 
.u '7aL-/(uj/i£eer0ai to struggle against ; avrC -j- ayuvi- 
■/i'i. ayu'jv contest.] Opposition of action ; 
or contrariety of things or principles, 
k of antagonism between two things, to or 
■ometimea u ith a thing. 
An-tag'o-nist 'Sn-tSg'o-nYst), n. One who contends 
ally in combat; an adversary; an 
Opponent ; hence, that which acts in opposition to some- 

Adreraary; enemy; foe; competitor. 

An tag O-nia'tlc rSri-tag'S-iilK'tlk;, I a. Opposing in 

An tag o nla'tlc-al (-tl-kal), f combat; com- 

t. - An tag'o-nis'tic-al-ly, adv. 

An-tag'O-nize (Sn-tSg'S-nlz), v. t. limp. & p. p. 




Antagonized (-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Antagonizing.] 
To contend with ; to oppose actively ; to counteract. 

An-tal'glc (an-t31'jTk), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. oAyos 
pain.] (Med.) Alleviating pain. — ?t. Anauodyne. [jfe.] 

Ant-am bu-la'cral (aut-aui'bu-la'kral), a. (Zool.) 
Away from the ambulacral region. 

II Ant an-a-cla'sis (Xnt'an-a-kla'sTs), n. [Gr. avrava- 
»cAao-i?; avri + ayaxAacris. See ANACLASTIC.] (Rhet.) 

(a) The repeating of the same word in a different sense. 

(b) A repetition of words, after a long parenthesis. 

II Ant an-a-go'ge (-go'je), n. [Pref. anti- -f- anagoge.] 
(Jihet.) The answering of the charge of an adversary 
by a counter charge. 

Ant'aph-ro-dis'i-ac (ant'Sf-rS-dYzt-Sk). a. [Pref. 
anti- -j- aphrodisiac] (3Ied.) Capable of blunting the 
venereal appetite. — n. An antaphrodisiac medicine. 

Ant aph-ro-dit'ic (-dift'ik), a. [Pref. anti- -f Gr. 
'A<£poSinj Aphrodite.] (Med.) Antaphrodisiac. 

Ant-arc'tic (ant-ark'tTk), a. [Through F. & Lat. fr. 
Gr. di/TapKTi/cds ; o-vtL + apxros bear.] Opposite to the 
northern or arctic pole ; relating to the southern pole or 
to the region near it, and applied especially to a circle 
distant from the pole 23° 28'. 

Ant ar-thrit'ic (-ar-thrlt'Ik), a. \_Anti- -f- arthritic.] 
(Med.) Counteracting gout. — n. A remedy for gout. 

Ant asth-mat'ic (-as-uiat'Ik or -az-), a. [Pref. anti- 
-\- asthmatic] (Bled.) Counteracting asthma. 

Ant'-bear' (ant'baV), n. (Zool.) An edentate animal 
of tropical America 
(the Tamanoir), liv- 
ing on auts. 

An'te- (Sn'ts-)- mam *Wm 

A Latin preposition % '///fiiSllPSnw'^WIIBHSi "^ 

and prefix (akin to 

Gr. avri, Skr. anti, 

AS. and-, ond-, G. 

ant-, ent-), generally 

used in the sense of 

before, in regard to 

position, order, or Ant-bear (Jlyrmecophagajubata). 

time. 

An'te, n. (Poker Playing) Each player's stake, which 
is put into the pool before (ante) the game begins. 

An'te, v . t. & i. To put up (an ante). 

Ant'-eat'er (ant'et'er), n. (Zool.) One of several 
species of edentates and monotremes that feed upon ants. 

An te-cede' (an'te-sed'), v. t. & i. [L. antecedere; 
ante + cedere to go.] To go before in time or place. 

An te-ced'ence (-sed'ens), n. 1. Act or state of going 
before in time ; precedence; priority. 2. (Astron.) Ap- 
parent motion of a planet toward the west; retrogradation. 

An'te-ced'en-cy (-en-sy), n. State of being antecedent. 

An te-ced'ent (-ent), a. Going before in time ; prior ; 
anterior ; preceding ; previous ; foregoing. — An te- 
ced'ent-ly, adv. 

An te-ced'ent, n. 1. That which goes before in time ; 
that which precedes. 2. pi. The earlier events of one's 
life ; previous principles, conduct, course, or history. 3. 
(Gram.) The noun to which a relative refers. 4. (Logic) 

(a) The conditional part of a hypothetical proposition. 

(b) The first of the two propositions of an enthymeme. 
5. (Math.) The first of the two terms of a ratio. 

An'te-ces'SOr (-ses'ser), n. [L.] One who antecedes. 

An'te-chara ber (an'te-cham'ber), n. A chamber 
before the chief apartment and leading into it. 

An'te-chap el (-chSp/gl), n. The outer part of the 
west end of a collegiate or other chapel. 

An-te'cians (Xn-te'shanz), n. pi. See Anto:cians. 

An te-com-mun'ion (Sn'te-k5m-mun'yun), n. A name 
given to that part of the Anglican liturgy for the com- 
munion, which precedes the consecration of the elements. 

An'te-date' (an'te-daf), n. A date antecedent to an- 
other which is the actual date ; prior date. 

An'te-date' (-datf), v. t. 1. To date before the true 
time; to assign to an earlier date. 2. To precede in 
time. 3. To anticipate. 

An'te-di-lu'vi-al (aVte-dl-lu'vT-al), a. Antediluvian. 

An'te-di-ln'vi-an (-an), a. Of or relating to the pe- 
riod before the Deluge in Noah's time ; hence, antiquated. 
— n. One who lived before the Deluge. 

An'te-flx' (-f Iks'), n. ; pi. E. Antefixes (-€z) ; L. An- 
tefixa (-flks'a). [L.ante+fizus fixed.] (Arch.) (a) An 
ornament fixed upon a frieze, (b) An ornament at the 
eaves, concealing the ends of the joint tiles of the roof. 

(c) An ornament of the top molding of a classic cornice. 
An'te-lope (2n'te-lop), n. [OF. antelop, fr. Gr. dy- 

66ko\\j, -ottos ; of unknown origin. ] (Zool. ) One of a 
group of ruminant quadrupeds, intermediate between the 



», e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ft, y f short ; senate, gvent, Idea, 6bey, Unite, cAre, arm, ask, all, final. 



ANTELUCAN 



41 



ANTHROPOTOMY 



deer and the goat. The horns are usually annulated, or 
ringed. See JJlusts. of Gazelle and Gemsbok. 

An te-lu'can (an'te-lu'kan), a. [L. antelucanus ; ante 
-\- lux light. ] Pertaining to or designating the assemblies 
of Christians held before daylight, in ancient times of 
persecution. [noon. ( Abbrev. A. m. ) I 

An'te-me-rid'i-an (-me-rid'i-an), a. Being before | 

An'te-mun'dane (-mun'dan), a. Being or occurring 
before the creation of the world. 

An te-mu'ral (-rnu'ral), n. [L. antemurale; ante + 
mums wall.] A strong, turreted outwork for defending 
a gateway. 

An'te-na'tal (-na/tal), a. Occurring before birth. 

An-ten'na (an-ten'na), n. ; pi. Antenn.se (-ne). [NL., 
fr. L. antenna sail yard.] (Zool.) A movable, articulated 
organ of touch, attached to the heads of insects and 
Crustacea, — in insects, popularly called horns ox feelers. 

An-ten'nule (-51), n. (Zool.) A small antenna. 

An'te-nup'tial (-te-niip'shal), a. Preceding marriage. 

An'te-pas'chal (-pas'kal), a. Pertaining to the time 
before the Passover, or before Easter. 

An'te-past (5n'te-past), n. [Pref. ante- -f- L. pastus 
pasture, food.] A foretaste. 

An / te-pe / nult(an / te-pe 7 nult), ) n. [L. antepaenultima. 

II An'te-pe-nult'i-ma (-I-ma), J See Ante, and Pe- 
nult.] (Pros.) The last syllable of a word except two. 

An'te-pe-nult'i-mate (-mat), a. Of or pertaining to 
the last syllable but two. — -n. The antepenult. 

An'te-pran'di-al (-pranMi-al), a. Preceding dinner. 

An-te'ri-or (Sn-te'ri-er), a. [L. anterior, comp. of 
ante before.] 1. Before in time ; prior. 2. Before, or to- 
ward the front, in place. — An-te'ri-or'i-ty (-or'T-ty), n. 

Syn. — Antecedent; previous; precedent; preceding; 
former ; foregoing. 

An'te-room (an'te-room), n. A room before, or form- 
ing an entrance to, another ; a waiting room. 

An'te-ro— (an'te-ro-). A combining form meaning 
anterior, front; as, antero-posterior, front and back; 
antero-lateral, anterior and at the side. 

An'tes (an'tez), n. pi. Antse. See Anta. 

An'te-ver'Sion (an'te-ver'shun), n. [Pref. ante- + L. 
vert ere, version, to turn.] (3fed.) Displacement so that 
the axis is directed further forward than usual. 

An'te-veit' (-vert'), v. t. To displace by anteversion. 

Ant-hel'ion (£nt-hel'yun or -he'll-on ; 106), n.; pi. 
Anthelia (-ya or -li-a). [Pref. anti- -f- Gr. rjAios sun.] 
(Meteor.) A halo around the shadow of the spectator's 
own head projected by the sun on a cloud or fog bank. 

An thel-min'tic (an'thel-mTn'tik), a. [Pref. anti- -f 
Gr. e'A/iiv?, -ivOos, worm, esp. a tapeworm.] (3fed.) Good 
against intestinal worms. — n. An anthelmintic remedy. 

An'them (an'thern), n. [Through AS. and LL. from 
Gr. avrCtfMovov antiphon, or anthem, n. neut., from dv- 
ti<|>wi/os returning a sound ; avrl over against -f- (fxavrj 
sound, voice.] 1. Formerly, a hymn sung in alternate 
parts, but in present usage, a selection from the Psalms, 
or other parts of the Scriptures or the liturgy, set to sa- 
cred music. 2. A song or hymn of praise. 

An'ther (another), n. [Through F. and L. from Gr. 
avdripos flowery, deriv. of avOos flower.] 
(Bot. ) That part of the stamen contain- 
ing the pollen, or fertilizing dust. 

An'ther-al (-al), a. Pertaining to 
anthers. 

II An'ther-id'i-um (an'ther-Td'T-um), 
n. ; pi. Antheeidia (-a). [Anther -f- 
-i'6W, a Greek dim. suffix.] (Bot.) The 
organ in mosses, etc., which answers to 
the anther of flowering plants. Apetalous Flower, 

An'ther-if'er-OUS (-Tf'er-us), a. [An- a 8 Anthers. 
ther -f- -ferous.~\ (Bot.) Producing or 6 6 Filaments, 
bearing anthers. 

An ther-og/e-nous (an'ther-oj'e-nus), a. [Anther + 
-genous.] (Bot.) Transformed from anthers, as petals. 

An'ther-Oid (an'ther-oid), a. [Anther -\- -oid.} Re- 
sembling an anther. 

An ther-o-zo'id (-o-zoTd), \ n. [See Anthek, and 

An ther-o-zo'oid (-oid), j Zoom.] (Bot.) Mobile 
male reproductive body in the antheridia of cryptogams. 

II An-the'sis(-the'sTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. avGyo-is bloom.] 
(Bot.) The period or state of full expansion in a flower. 

An-tho'bi-an (an-tho'bi-an), n. [Gr. dv6oq flower -f 
/3tos life.] (Zool.) A beetle which feeds on flowers. 

An'tho-car'pous (-kar'pus),a. [Gr. S.v 0os + -carpous.~\ 
(Bot.) Having a part of the floral envelopes attached to 
the pericarp to form the fruit, as in the pineapple. 

An-thog'ra-phy (an-thog'ra-f^), n. [Gr. avfos flower 
-f- -graphy.~\ A description of flowers. 





One of the An- 
thozoa. 



An'thoid (an'thoid), a. [Gr. av9o<; flower -|- -oid."] 
Resembling a flower ; flowerlike. [anthology. I 

An'tho-log'ic-al (Xn/tho-lSj'i-kal), a. Pertaining to | 

An-thol'O-gy (au-thSl'6-jy), n. [Gr. dv6o\oyia, fr. av- 
0oAoyos flower gathering; avQos flower + Ae'yeii/ to gather.] 
1. A discourse on flowers. [R.~\ 2. A garland. [R.~\ 3. A 
collection of flowers (beautiful passages) of literature. 

An'tho-ny's Fire' (an'to-nTz fa>). See Saint An- 
thony's Fire, under Saint. 

II An'tho-zo'a (an'tho-zo'a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. dv6o<; 
flower 4- fcjioi> animal.] (Zool.) The 
class of the Coelenterata which in- 
cludes the corals and sea anemones. 
y An'thra-cene (an'thra-sen),n. [Gr. 
av&pag coal. ] (Chem.) A solid h ydro- 
carbon, C 6 H 4 .C 2 H 2 .C,,H 4 , which accom- 
panies naphthalene in the last stages 
of the distillation of coal tar. 

An'thra-cite (an'thra-sit), n. [L. 
anthracites a kind of bloodstone, fr. 
Gr. di/0pa/ctrrjs like coals, fr. av6aa%, 
-a/co?, coal or charcoal.] A hard, com- 
pact variety of mineral coal, contain- 
ing little or no bitumen. 

An/thra-cit'ic (-sit'Ik), a. Of, per- 
taining to, or like, anthracite. 

An'thra-COid (an'thra-k&id), a. 
[Anthrax -) — oid.~\ (Biol.) Resem- 
bling, or of the nature of, anthrax. 

An/thrax (an'thraks), n. [L., fr. 
Gr. av6pa£ coal, carbuncle.] 1. (Med.) 
(a) A carbuncle, (b) A malignant pustule. 2. (Biol.) 
A microscopic, bacterial organism. 3. An infectious 
disease of cattle and sheep. 

u An'thro-po-cen'tlic (an'thro-po-sen'trlk), a. [Gr. 
apOpanros man -f- nivrpov center.] Assuming man as the 
center or ultimate end ; — applied to theories of the uni- 
verse or of any part of it. 

AnythTO-pog'e-ny (-poj'e-ny), n. [Gr. <zi/0pw7ros man 
-f- yeVos birth.] The science or study of human genera- 
tion, or the origin and development of man. 

An'thro-pog'ra-phy (-pog'ra-f^), n. [Gr. ai>0pw7ro? 
man -f- -graphy.~\ That branch of anthropology which 
treats of the distribution of the human race, as distin- 
guished by physical character, language, institutions, 
and customs, in contradistinction to ethnography. 

An'thro-poid (an'thro-poid), a. [Gr. av9pu>iros -{--oid.} 
Resembling man ; manlike. — n. Anthropoid ape. 

An'thro-pol'a-try (-pol'a-try), n. [Gr. ai>6pujTros man 
-f- KoiTpeia worship.] Man worship. 

An thro-po-log'ic (-po-loj'ik), ) a. Pertaining to 

An'thro-po-log'ic-al (-loj'i-kal), j anthropology; of 
the nature of man.— An'thro-po-log'ic-al-ly, adv. 

An'thro-pol'O-gy (-pol'o-jy), n. [Gr. a^pajTros man 
-f- -logy.} The science of man ; in a limited sense, the 
study of man as an animal. 

An'thro-po-man cy (an'thro-po-man'sy), n. [Gr. av- 
0pco7ro? man -f- -mancy.~\ Divination from human entrails. 

An'thro-pom'e-try (-pom'e-try), n. [Gr. avdpttiTros 
man + -metry.~\ Measurement of human beings. 

An/thro-po-mor'phic (-po-mSr'fik), a. Of or per- 
taining to anthropomorphism. 

An/thro-po-mor'phism (-f tz'm), n. [Gr. ai>0pa>7r6/u.op- 
<f)os of human form ; ai^rton-os man -f MOp<#>^ form.] 
1. Representation of the Deity, or of a polytheistic deity, 
under human form, or with human attributes. 2. Ascrip- 
tion of human characteristics to things not human. 

An'thro-po-mor'phist (-fist), { n. One who ascribes 

An'thro-po-mor'phite (-fit), ) a human form or hu- 
man attributes to the Deity or to a polytheistic deity. 

An'thro-po-mor'pho-sis (-mSr'fo-sTs or -niSr-fo^sTs), 
n. Transformation into the form of a human being. 

An/thro-po-mor'phOUS (-in6r'fus), a. Having the fig- 
ure of, or resemblance to, a man. 

An / thro-pop'a-thism(-pop'a-thTz'm), \n. [Gr.av0p<o- 

An/thro-pop'a-thy (-pop'a-thy), j Troirdeeia. ; 

av0pw7ros man -f- iraQos suffering, passion.] Ascription 
of human feelings or passions to God, or to any deity. 

II An'thro-poph'a-gi (-p5f'a-ji), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. av- 
9p(OTro<f>dyos eating men ; avOpuiiros man -j- (jxiyelv to eat.] 
Man-eaters ; cannibals. 

An/thro-po-phag'ic (-po-fXj'Tk), ) a. Relating to 

An/thro-po-phag'iC-al (-faj'T-kal), ) anthropophagy. 

An'thro-poph'a-gy (-pof'a-jy), n. Cannibahsm. 

An'thro-pot'o-mist (-pot'o-mTst), n. One who is versed 
in anthropotomy, or human anatomy. 

An'thro-pot'O-my (-my), n. [Gr. av9pa>nos man + 
roftri a cutting.] The anatomy of the human body. 



B 



H 



K 



f grn, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, tliin. 



M 



> 



ANTHYPXOTIC 



42 



ANTIPHON 



Ant hyp-notlC (int hTp-n5tTk). a. Antihypnotic. 

An'tl '. ■'■'■ Ant lot-). [Gr. irn' against. See 

Ante, "i • fying "i/« '« j/ i opposite or opposed 

I MMMry,orii lei •'. m in curtbflioofc qah-Amai 1 - 

[Albcmose. I 
An ti-alTm mose (,-al'bu-mos ), n. (Physiol.) See| 
An tl-A-mer'i-can (-a-iuSrl-kan), a. Opposed to the 

1— linn or to the genius of their institutions. 
An'rl-ar *an'tl-ar). h. [Jav. antjar.'] A virulent poi- 
son prepared in Java from the gum resin of the upas tree. 

An tl-brach'1-um (-br5k1-iim), H. [NL.] (Anat.) 
The fore Umb between tbe brachium and carpus ; forearm. 

An tl-bro'mic i-bro'inik), n. [Pref. and- + Gr. /3pd>/xos 
stink.] A deodorizer. 

An'tic ■ .ln'iTk ■. '. [A variant of antique.] 1. Old; 
antique. [06*.] 2. Odd ; fantastic ; grotesque; ludicrous. 

An'tic ?•• 1- A buffoon or merry-andrew ; one that 
practices odd gesticulations ; the Fool of the old play. 

2- An odd or fantastic figure. 3. Grotesque trick ; caper. 
An tl-cau-SOt'ic (an'tT-ka-s5t'Tk),cr. [Pref. and- — Gr. 

«av<ro? fever.] (Med.) Good against inflammatory fever. 

An'ti-christ (aii'ti-krist), n. [Gr. 'Avrixpurros ; avri 
against + Xptoro?.] A denier or opponent of Christ. 
Specif., a great antagonist, person or power, expected 
to precede Christ's second coming. 

An ti-chris'tian (-kris'chan ; 106), a. Opposed to the 
Christian religion. — n. An opposer of Christianity. 

An-tic'i-pate (an-tTsl-pat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. An- 
ticipated (-pa'tea) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anticipating (-pa 7 - 
tTng).] [L. anticipare to anticipate ; ante -}- capere to 
take. See Capable.] 1. To be, do, or take before an- 
other; to preclude or prevent by prior action. 2. To 
have or introduce beforehand, or before the proper time. 

3. To foretaste or foresee. 

Syn. — To prevent : obviate; preclude; forestall; ex- 
pect. — Anticipate expect, as here compared, agree in 
implying a present conception that a certain event may 
take place in the future, but expect is the stronger word 
and implies that it probably will happen. 

Antic 1-pa'tion an-tls'I-pa'shun), n. 1. The act of 
anticipating. 2. Previous view or impression of what is 
to happen. 3. Hasty notion ; intuitive preconception. 

4. (Mus.) The commencing of one or more tones of a 
chord with or during the chord preceding, forming a 
momentary discord. 

Syn. — Preoccupation ; preclusion ; foretaste ; preliba- 
tion : antepast ; pregustation ; preconception ; expecta- 
tion : foresight ; forethought. 

An-tic'1-pa-tive (an-tisT-pa-tiv), a. Anticipating, or 
containing anticipation. — An-tic'i-pa-tive-ly, adv. 
An-tic'1-pa tor (-pa'ter), n. One who anticipates. 
An-tic'i-pa-tO-ry (-pa-to-ry), a. Forecasting ; of the 
nature of anticipation. 
An'ti-civ'ic f an'ti -sTvTk), n. Opposed to citizenship. 
An ti-Clas'tic (-klaVttk), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. k\3.v 
to break.] Having opposite curvatures longitudinally 
and transversely, as the surface of a saddle. 

An ti-cli'mak (-kli'maKs), n. (Rhet.) A sentence in 
which the ideas fall, or become less important and strik- 
ing, at the close ; — the opposite of climax. 

An ti-cli'nal (-kli'nal), a. [Pref. anti- -j- Gr. »tAtVeiv 
to incline.] Inclining or dipping in opposite directions. 
iedL ) The crest made by opposite inclinations. 
Antlc-ly (an'tTk-ljf-), adv. Oddly ; grotesquely. 
An'tic- ness, n. Quality of being antic, [contagion. I 
An tl-con ta'glous (an'tT-kon-ta'jus), a. Opposing! 
An'ti-cy clone fan'tT-si'klon), n. (Meteorol.) A move- 
• lie atmosphere opposite to that of a cyclone, as 
regards direction of the wind and distribution of baro- 
ref-.sure. — An tl-cy-clon'lc f-st-kl5n'Tk), a. 
An'ti-do'tal (Sn'tt-do'tel), a. Having the quality of 
an antidote. — An'tl-do'tal-ly, adv. 

An'tl-dOte fan'tT-dot), n. [Gr. avriiorov (sc. <£ap/ua- 
■lvriioTos given against; avri against -f- StAovau 
A remedy to counteract the effects of poison, 
/ noxious taken into the stomach ; — used 
to. Used also figuratively, 
/'interaction ; preventive. 
An tid'ro-moua fan-tld'ro-mus), a. [Pref. anti- ~ 
Gr. opd^©? a running.] C Bot.) Changing the direction in 
'•'-•-■ "-'.: ;••,•.'<-- on a stem. 

An tite'taile (an'tr-fe'brTl), a. Destructive of fever. 
An ti-led'er-al-ist f-feVPer-al-Tst;, n. One of a party 
opposed to a federative government ; particularly, one 
of the party which opposed the adoption of the constitu- 
tion. I 
An ti-tric'tr. : . a . Tending to lessen fric-| 

Anti-helix .."'.:,- . [Anat.) Curved elevation 

of the cartilage of the ear, within or in front of the helix. 



An'ti-hyp-not'ic (an'tT-hTp-n5t'Ik), a. (Med.) Tend- 
ing to prevent sleep. 

I An'ti-le-gom'e-na (-le-g5in'e-na), n.pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 
avri against + Aeyeii/ to speak ; part. pass. Acyo/nevo?.] 
(Eccl.) Certain books of the New Testament which for a 
time were not considered canonical. 

An ti-lith'ic (-llth'ik), a. (Med.) Tending to prevent 
the formation of. or to destroy, urinary calculi. 

An ti-log'a-rithm (-log'a-rTth'm), n. (Math.) The 
number corresponding to a logarithm. 

An-til'o-gous (Sn-tTl'o-gtis), a. Of the contrary name 
or character ; — opposed to analogous. 

Antilogous pole {Elec), that pole of a crystal which be- 
comes negatively electrified when heated. 

An-tii'0-gy (an-til'6-jy), n. [Gr. avTikoyCa, deriv. of 
avri against -f- Xeyuv to speak. ] A contradiction between 
any words or statements. 

An ti-ma-cas'sar (aVti-ina-kaVser), n. A cover for 
the back or arms of a chair or sofa, etc., to prevent them 
from being soiled by macassar or other oil from the hair. 

An'ti-ma-la'ri-al (-la'rT-al), a. Good against malaria. 

An'tl-mask (-mask'), n. A secondary mask, or gro- 
tesque interlude, between the parts of a serious mask. 

An ti-ma'son (-ma's'n), n. One opposed to Freema- 
sonry. — An ti-ma-son'ic (-ma-son'Tk), a. [masonry. I 

An ti-ma'son-ry (-ma's'n-rjf), n. Opposition to Free- 1 

An'ti-mere (an'tT-mer), n. [Pref. anti- -f- -mere.] 
(Biol.) Any opposite symmetrical or homotypic parts. 

An'ti-mo-nar'chic (-mo-nar'kTk), ) a. "Opposed to 

An ti-mo-nar'chic-al (-ki-kal), j monarchy. 

An ti-mo'ni-al (-mo'ni-al), a. Of or pertaining to anti- 
mony. — a. (Med. ) A preparation containing antimony. 

An ti-mon'ic (-monlk), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, 
or derived from, antimony. See -ic. 

An ti-mo'ni-ous (-mo'nT-us), a. (Chem.) Pertaining 
to, or derived from, antimony. See -ous. 

An'ti-mo-ny (5n'ti-mo-ny ; 112), n. [IX. antimo- 
nium, of unknown origin.] (Chem.) A tin-white, brittle 
element, resembling a metal in its appearance and phys- 
ical properties, but in its chemical relations belonging 
to the nonmetals. Atomic weight, 120. Symbol, Sb. 

An ti-no'mi-an (Sn'ti-no'mT-an), a. Of or pertaining 
to Antinomians or their doctrine. 

An / ti-no / mi-an, n. [See Antinomy.] (Eccl. Hist.) 
One who maintains that, under the gospel dispensation, 
the moral law is of no use or obligation, but that faith 
alone is necessary to salvation . The sect originated about 
the year 1535. — An'tl-no'mi-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. 

An-tin'O-my (an-tin'6-my), n. [Gr. avTi.voy.La ; avri 
against -f- vo/ios law.] 1. Opposition of one law or rule 
to another law or rule. 2. An opposing law or rule of 
any kind. 3. (Metaph.) A contradiction or incompati- 
bility of thought or language ; — in the Kantian philoso- 
phy, such a contradiction as arises from the attempt to 
apply to the ideas of the reason, relations or attributes 
which are appropriate only to the facts or the concepts 
of experience. [or to popery. I 

An ti-pa'pal (aVtT-pa'petl), a. Opposed to the pope| 

An'ti-par'a-lyt'iC (-par'a-litlk), a. (Med.) Good 
against paralysis, —n. A medicine for paralysis. 

An'ti-par'a-lyt'ic-al (-lit'T-kal), a. Antiparalytic. 

An'ti-pa-thet'ic (-pa-thgt'Tk), I a. Having, or char- 

An ti-pa-thet'ic-al (-T-kal), ] acterized by. antip- 
athy, [antipathy ; opposite ; allopathic. I 

An'ti-path'ic (-pSth'Tk), a. (Med.) Belonging to| 

An-tip'a-thy (5n-tip / a-thy), n. [L. antipathia, Gr. 
avTiiradeta ; ivrC against -f- iraBeiv to suffer.] 1. Con- 
trariety in feeling ; settled aversion ; — opposed to sym- 
pathy. 2. Natural contrariety ; repugnancy of qualities ; 
incompatibility. 

Syn. — Hatred ; aversion ; dislike ; disgust ; distaste ; 
enmity ; ill will ; repugnance ; opposition. See Dislike. 

An'tl-peTi-od'ic (an'tT-pe'ri-5dTk), n. (Med.) A 
remedy good to prevent the return of periodic paroxysms, 
or exacerbations, of disease. 

An'ti-per'i-stal'tic (-pSr'T-stal'tTk),a. (Med.) Opposed 
to, or checking, peristaltic motion ; acting upward. 

An'ti-pet'al-ous (-pet'al-us), a. [Pref. anti- -f petal.] 
(Bot.) Standing before a petal, as a stamen. 

An'ti-phar'mic (-far'mlk), a. [Pref. and- -f Gr. 
^dpfjiOKov poison.] (Med.) Antidotal; alexipharmic. 

An'ti-phlo-gls'tic (-fl6-jTs'tIk),a. 1. (Chem.) Opposed 
to the doctrine of phlogiston. 2. (Med.) Counteracting 
inflammation. — n. An antiphlogistic medicine. 
> An'ti-phon (an'tT-fon), n. [LL. antiphona, fr. Gr. 
avrLtyjiva. SeeANTHEM.] 1. A musical response ; alter- 
nate singing or chanting. 2. A verse said before and 
after the psalms. 



i, e, I, o, u, long ; a, C, I, 5, &, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, Idea, 6bey, tmite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



ANTTPHONAL 



43 



ANTRAL 



An-tiph'o-nal (an-tTf'o-nerl), a. Of or pertaining to 
antiphouy ; sung alternately by a divided choir or oppo- 
site choirs. — An-tiph'o-nal-ly, adv. 

An-tiph'O-nal, n. A book of antiphona or anthems. 

An-tlph'O-na-ry (-na-ry), n. A collection of anti- 
phona ; the book in which the antiphona of the breviary, 
with their muaical notes, are contained. [phon, 1. 1 

An'ti-phone (3n'tT-fon), n. (Mus.) Same as Anti-| 

An-tiph'O-ny (2n-tif'o-n^), n. 1. Same as Anttphon, 1. 
2. An anthem or psalm sung alternately by a choir or 
congregation divided into two parts. 

An-tiph'ra-sis (an-tif'ra-sTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. avri- 
4>pa«rts expression by antithesis.] (Rhet.) The use of 
words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning. 

An ti-phras'tic (an'tl-fras'tlk), ) a. Pertaining to 

An ti-phras'tic-al (-tT-kccl), J antiphrasia. 

An tl-phthls'ic (an'tT-tlz'ik), a. (Med.) Relieving 
or curing phthisis, or consumption. — n. A medicine 
for phthisis. 

An ti-phys'ic-al (-flz'T-kal), a. [Pref. anti- -f phys- 
ical.'] Contrary to nature ; unnatural. 

An'ti-phys'ic-al, a. [Pref. anti- -4- Gr. <j>vo-av to in- 
flate.] (Med.) Relieving flatulence ; carminative. 

An ti-plas'tic (-plas'tik), a. 1. Diminishing plasticity. 
2. (Med. ) Checking the process of healing, or granulation. 

An-tip'O-dal (an-tTp'o-dal), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
Bituated at, the antipodes. 2. Diametrically opposite. 

An'ti-pode (an'tT-pod), n. One of the antipodes ; any- 
thing exactly opposite. 

An-tip'O-des (an-tTp'o-dez), n. pi. [L., pi., fr. Gr. 
dvTiVovs with the feet opposite, pi. oi avrinoSes ; avri 
against -f- ttovs foot.] 1. Those who live on the side, or 
on sides, of the globe diametrically opposite ; also, their 
countries. 2. Things exactly oppoaite or contrary ; alao 
(used as sing.), one of such things. 

An'ti-pope (5n'ti-pop),n. One who is elected, or claims 
to be, pope in oppoaition to the pope canonically choaen. 

An'ti-py'ic (-pi'Tk), a. [Pref. anti--\- Gr. irvov, irvo?, 
pus.] (died.) Checking or preventing auppuration. 

II An'ti-py-re'sis (-pl-re'sis), n. [NL. ;Gr. avri -4- 
irvpecrcreiv to be feverish.] (Med.) Freedom from fever. 

An'ti-py-ret'ic (-pt-rSt'Tk), a. (Med.) Efficacious in 
preventing or allaying fever. — n. A febrifuge. 

An'ti-py'rine (-pi'rin), n. (Med.) An artificial alka- 
loid used to abate fever. 

An ti-qua'ri-an (-kwa'ri-an), a. Pertaining to anti- 
quaries, or to antiquity.— n. An antiquary. 

An'ti-qua-ry (Sn'tT-kwa-r^), a. [L. antiquarius, fr. 
antiquas antique.] Pertaining to antiquity. 

An'ti-qua-ry, n. One devoted to the study of ancient 
times through their relics. [or obsolete. I 

An'ti-quate (an'ti-kwat), v. t. To make old, antique, | 

An'ti-qua ted (an'tT-kwa'ted), a. Grown old ; hence, 
bygone ; out of use ; old-fashioned. 

Syn.— Ancient ; old ; antique ; obsolete. See Ancient. 

An-tique' (an-tek'), a. [F., fr. L. antiquus old, an- 
cient, equiv. to anlicus, from ante before. Cf. Antic] 
1. Old ; ancient ; of genuine antiquity. 2. Of a former 
fashion or style ; not modern in character. 3. Odd ; 
antic. — Antiquely, adv. -— An-tique'ness. n. 

Syn. — Ancient ; antiquated ; obaolete ; antic ; old- 
faahioned ; old. See Ancient. 

An-tique 7 , n. Anything very old ; apecifically, a relic 
or object of ancient art. 

An-tiq'ui-ty (an-tik'wT-ty), n. 1. Quality of being an- 
cient ; ancientnesa ; great age. 2. Ancient times ; former 
ages. 3. The ancients. 4. [Usually in plural.] A relic 
or monument of ancient times. 

Anti-ra-chit'ic (an'ti-ra-klt'Ik), a. (Med.) Good 
againat the ricketa. 

An'ti-rent'er (-renfer), n. One opposed to the pay- 
ment of rent ; esp., one of those who in 1840-47 resisted 
the collection of rents by the patroons from the settlers 
on manorial lands in the State of New York. 

An-tis'cians (ah-tTsh'«nz), ) n. pi. [L. antiscii, Gr. 

II An-tis'ci-i (Sn-tish'i-i), J airtoxiot, pi. ; avri 
against -f- oxia shadow.] The inhabitants of the earth, 
living on different aides of the equator, whose shadows 
at noon are cast in opposite directions. 

An ti-SCO-let'ic (an'tY-skS-let'ik), ) a. [Pref. anti- + 

An'ti-SCOl'ic (antT-skol'Tk), J Gr. o7«oAtj£ a 

worm.] (Med.) Anthelmintic. 

An ti-scor-bu'tic (-skSr-hC'tTk), a. (3Ied.) Counter- 
acting acurvy. —n. A remedy for acurvy. 

An ti-scrip'tur-al (-skrip'tur-ffl), a. Opposed to, or 
not in accordance with, the Holy Scriptures. 

An ti-sep'al-OUS (-sep'al-us), a. [Pref. anti- -4- sepal.'] 
(Bot.) Standing before a sepal, or calyx leaf. 



An ti-sep'tic (an'tl-agp'tik), ) a. Counteracting orpre- 

An ti-sep'tic-al (-tl-kal), J venting putreiactiou. 

An ti-sep'tic, n. A substance which prevents or re- 
tards putrefaction, or destroys putrefactive organisms. 

An / ti-sep / tlc-al-ly, adv. By meana of antiseptics. 

Anti-slav'er-y (-alaVer-J), a. Opposed to slavery. 
— n. Opposition to slavery. [tile to its existence. I 

An ti-so'cial (-so'shal), a. Averse to society, or hos- 1 

An ti-so'cial-ist, n. One opposed to the doctrines 
and practices of socialists or socialism. 

An tl-spas-mod'ic (-apaz-mM'Ik), a. (Med.) Good 
againat apasms. — n. An antispasmodic medicine. 

An'ti-spas'tic (-spaVtik), a. & n. [Gr. avrunracrriws, 
deriv. of avri -4- <rnav to draw.] (Med.) Antispasmodic. 

An'ti-splen'e-tic (-splgn'e-tik or-sple-nSt'Tk), a. Good 
against disease of the spleen. 

II An-tis'tro-phe (5n-tTs'tro-fe), n. [L., fr. Gr. kvn- 
crrpoQrj, fr. avrurrpefyeiv to turn to the opposite side ; 
avri against -4- vrpefaiv to turn.] 1. In Greek choruses 
and dancea, the returning of the chorus, exactly answer- 
ing to a previous strophe or movement from right to left ; 
hence, the lines of this part of the choral song. 2. (Rhet. ) 
(a) Repetition of words in an inverse order, (b) The turn- 
ing of an adversary's plea against him. — An'ti-StrODh'- 
lC (an'ti-strof'ik), a. 

An-tith'e-sis (Sn-tith'e-sTs), ft. ; pi. Antitheses (-sez). 
[L., fr. Gr. avrideo-is, fr. avririOevat to set against, to 
oppose ; avri against -4- ridevat to set.] 1. (Rhet.) An 
opposition or contrast of words or sentiments occurring 
in the same sentence. 2. Opposition ; contrast. 

An ti-thet'ic (an'tT-thet'ik), \ a. Of or pert, to an- 

An ti-thet'ic-al (-i-kal), j tithesis ; containing 
antithesis ; contrasted. — An'ti-thet'ic-al-ly, adv. 

An'ti-trade' (-trad'), n. A tropical wind blowing 
steadily in a direction opposite to the trade wind. 

An-tit'ra-gus (an-tit'ra-gus), n. [NL.] (Anat.) A 
prominence of the external ear. See Illust. of Ear. 

An-tit'ro-pal (an-tlt'ro-pal), ) a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. 

An-tit'ro-pous (-pus), ) Tpon-os turn.] (Bot.) 

Situated at the end farthest from the hilum, as the em- 
bryo ; or inverted with respect to the seed, as the radicle. 

An'ti-type (an^ti-tip), n. [Gr. avrirviros of corre- 
sponding form ; avri -j- twos type, figure.] Counter- 
part to a type ; thing represented by the type or symbol. 

An'ti-typ'ic-al (-tTp'I-kal), a. Of or pertaining to an 
antitype. — An ti-typ^i-cal-ly, adv. 

An'ti-zym'ic (-zim'ik), )a. (3Ied.) Preventing 

An ti-zy-mot'ic (-zt-mot'Tk), J decomposition. 

Ant'ler (Sntler), n. [OE. aunielere, OF. antoillier, 
fr. F. andouiller, fr. 
L. ante before -f- ocu- 
lus eye.] (Zo'61.) The 
entire horn, or any 
branch of the horn, of 
a cervine animal, as 
of a stag. 



B 



S^* Antlers are de- 
iauou 



s bony (not 
horny) growths. 

llAnt / li-a(SntqY-a), 

n. ; pi. ANTixas (-e). 
[L., a pump, Gr. av- 





Pitfall of Ant-lion, with 
the Larva concealed in 
the bottom. 



Antlers of Fossil Irish Elk ( Cervus 
giganteus). 

r\ia hold ofa ship. ] (Zo'61. ) The spiral tubular proboscis 
of lepidopterous insects. 

Ant'-lion (ant1I'un),rc. (Zo- ^ 
ol.) A neuropterous insect, the g^ 
larva of which makes in the sand 
a pitfall to capture ants, etc. 

II An-tce'ci (Sn-te'si). An-tce'- 
Cians (-sh(7nz), n. pi. [NL. an- 
toeci, fr. Gr. pi. avroticot. ; avri 
opposite -f- oliceiv to live.] Those 
who live under the same meridi- 
an, but on opposite north and south parallels of latitude. 

II An'tO-no-ma'si-a (an'to-no-ma'zhl-a), n. [L., fr. 
Gr. avrovofiaaia. deriv. of avri instead 4- bvo/xd^eiv to 
name.] (Rhet.) The use of some epithet, title, or the like, 
instead of the proper name of the person ; also, converse- 
ly, the use of a proper name instead of an appellative, as 
when a wise man is called a Solomon. [nomasia. I 

An'tO-no-mas'tic (-mas'ttk), a. Of or pert, to anto- 1 

An'tO-nym (an'to-mm), n. [Deriv. of Gr. avri -\- 
ovofjia, owfia, a word.] A word of opposite meaning ; — 
a correlative of synonym. 

Ant-O'zone (aht-o'zon), n. [Pref. anti- + ozone.] 
(Chem.) Hydrogen dioxide ; — so called because it con- 
verts ozone into ordinary oxygen. 

Antral (an'trol), a. (A?iat.) Relating to an antrum. 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, r^ide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing:, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ANTRE 



44 



APHERESIS 




Anvil. 



An'tre r. a cavern. {Obs.] 

An-trorse' [Apparently from L. ante 

Forward or upward in direction. 
An tram (intrtti lmtea (,-tra). [L., fr. 

an anatomical cavity or sinus. 
An trustion ^Vu-trus'chiin). ». [F., fr. LL. antrus- 
: of Frankiah princes in their enterprises. 
Ant' thrash (4ntf thrush ). (Zodl.) Thrushlike trop- 
I, of the OM World, feeding chiefly on ants. 
A-nuT>is (a-nu'bls), n. [L.] (Myth.) An Egyptian 
e conductor of departed spirits. 
A nu'rous (aHuVrtts), a. [Gr. w priv. + ovpd a tail.] 

uite of a tail, as the frogs and toads. 
An'U-ry (^n'u-ryl. ?i. [Gr. av priv. -f- ovpoi' urine.] 
ret ion or defective secretion of uriue. 
A'nus la'nu.-i. n. [L.] ( A nat.) The posterior open- 
.e alimentary caual, through which the excre- 
re expelled. 
An'vil iSn'vTl), n. [OE. anvelt, AS. aw/W, onfilt ; of 
.in origin.] 1. Au 
iron block, usually with a 
a, upou which 
r e hammered 
and shai>ed. 2. Anything 
resembling an anvil ; spe- 
cifically (Anat.), the in- 
cus. 

Anx-i'e-tude (Xn-zi'e- 
tud), n. State of being 
anxious ; auxiety. 
Anx-i'e-ty (Sn - zi ' e- 

pLi <™.nWas.] State of being anxious ; concern 
or solicitude respecting a future event ; anxiousness. 

>y 11 . — Care : solicitude : foreboding ; uneasiness ; per- 
plexity ; disquietude ; disquiet ; trouble ; apprehension. 
Anx'ious (ank'shus), a. [L. anxius, fr. angere to 
cause pain, choke ; akin to E. anger.~\ 1. Greatly con- 
cerned or solicitous, esp. respecting something future or 
unknown ; being in painful suspense. 2. Accompanied 
with, or causing, anxiety. — Anx'ious-ly , adv. — Anx'- 
ious ness ■ 

> y n . — Solicitous ; careful ; uneasy ; unquiet ; restless ; 
concerned ; disturbed ; watchful. 

A'ny (en'y), a. & pron. [OE. a?w?>, seni, eni, ani, AS. 
Snig, fr. an one ; akin to G. einig. See One.] 1. One 
indifferently, out of an indefinite number ; one indefinite- 
ly. 2. Some, of whatever kind, quantity, or number. 

. ; » y is often used ae a pronoun, the person or thing 
being understood. 
A'ny. adv. To any extent ; in any degree ; at all. 
A'ny-bod-y (-bod-JO, n. 1. Any one out of an indefi- 
nite number of persons ; anyone ; any person. 2. A per- 
son of consideration or standing. \_Colloq.] 
A'ny-hOW' (-hoa')i adv. In any way or manner what- 

t any rate ; in any event. 
A'ny-one (-wun), n. Any person of all, taken at ran- 
dom : anybody. [Commonly written as two words.] 

A'ny-thlng (-thing), n. Any object, act, state, event, 
or fact whatever ; thing of any kind ; aught. 
A'ny-thlng', adv. In any measure ; anywise ; at all. 
A'ny-way (-wa), or A'ny-ways (-waz), adv. Any- 

I all. 
A'ny-where (-hwSr), adv. In any place. 
A'ny-Wlse (-wis), adv. In any wise or way; at all. 
A'0-rlst (a'o-rTht), n. [Gr. dopicro? indefinite ; a priv. 
t- bpiCtw to define, opos limit.] (Gra/n.) A tense in 
ad some other languages, which expresses an ac- 
iiipletfd at an indefinite past time. [aorist. I 
A'O-ris'tlc (a'o-rls'tTk), a. Of or pertaining to the] 
A-Ol'ta fa-Gr'ta), n. [NL., fr. Gr. aoprr,, fr. aeipeiv to 
) The great artery which carries the blood 
heart to all parts of the body except the lungs. 
A-or'tal (-tall a. Aortic ; resembling the aorta. 
A-or'tlc (-lik), a. Of or pertaining to the aorta. 
A'ou-dad r a'oo-d5d;, jv. [The Moorish name.] (Zodl.) 
An African •heeplike quadruped. 

A pace' (i-piV), adv. [Pref. a- -f pace.] With a 

eedily. 

Ap a-fO^gl //. [NL., fr. Gr. anayuyr) a 

'; An indirect argument which 

wing the impossibility or absurdity 



Apagoe 

Apa gog'lcal (-T-kal), j 

Ap'an -&*/. 

with hay. moss, or the like, 

A-part' I fc-pirtf] . ad\ . [p. h par/ ; h (L. ad) + 



a. Proving by an apagoge. 

Same as Appanage. 

[Sp.] A kind of pack 
like. 
pnrt 




Barbary Ape (Macacus 
innuus). 



part.] 1. Separately, in regard to space or company; 
aside. 2. In a state of separation, exclusion, or distinc- 
tion, as to purpose, use, or character, or as a matter of 
thought. 3. Iu two or more parts ; asunder. 

A-part'ment (a-part/ment), n. [F. appartement, fr. 
L. ad + pars, part-is, part.] 1. A room in a house or 
other building. 2. A set or suite of rooms. 

Ap a-thet'ic (ap'a-thet'ik), ) a. Void of feeling ; pas- 

Ap a-thet'ic-al (-l-kcrl), ) sionless; indiffereut. 

Ap a-thet'ic-al-ly, adv. In an apathetic manner. 

Ap'a-thist (Xp'a-thTst), n. One who is apathetic. 

Ap'a-thy (Sp'a-thy)> »• [E. apathia, Gr. dird6eia. ; a 
priv. 4- ndOos suffering, passion. See Pathos.] Want 
of feeling, either of body or mind ; privation of passion, 
emotion, or excitement. 

Syn. — Insensibility ; unfeelingness ; indifference ; un- 
concern ; stoicism ; supineness ; sluggishness. 

Ap'a-tite (ap'a-tit), n. [From Gr. and-H) deceit, — it 
having been often mistaken for other minerals.] (Min.) 
Native phosphate of lime, occurring usually in prisms, 
color often pale green, transparent or translucent. 

Ape (ap), n. [AS. apa ; akin to D. aap, G. affe.] 
1. {Zodl. ) A quadrumanous mammal, having teeth of the 
same number and form as in man, and possessing neither 
a tail nor cheek pouches, as the gorilla and chimpanzee ; 
sometimes, any one of the 
Quadrumana. 2. One who 
imitates servilely (in allu- 
sion to the manners of the 
ape). 

Ape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Aped (apt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Aping.] To imitate servile- 
ly or irrationally ; to mimic. 

Apeak' (a-pek'), adv. & a. 
[Pref. a- -{-peak: cf. F. a pic 
vertically.] (Naut.) In a ver- 
tical line ; nearly upright. 

A-pep'sy (a-pep'sy), n. [NL. apepsia, fr. Gr. a7re^ia, 
deriv. of a priv. + ire-xros cooked.] (Med.) Indigestion. 

Ap'er (ap'er), n. One who apes. 

A-pe'ri-ent (a-pe'rT-ent), a. [L. aperiens, p. pr. of 
aperire to open; ab -f- parire to bring forth.] (Med.) 
Gently opening the bowels; laxative, —n. An aperient 
medicine or food. 

A-per'i-tive (a-perT-tlv), a. Aperient. 

A-pert' (a-perf), a. [OF. apert, L. apertus, p. p. of 
aperire."] Open ; evident ; undisguised. \_Archaic] 

Ap'er-ture (ap^er-tur ; 135), n. [L. apertura, fr. ape- 
rire.] An opening ; a passage perforated ; a hole. 

Ap'er-y (ap'er-y), n. 1. A place where apes are kept. 
IB.] 2. An apish action ; mimicry. 

A-pet'al-OUS (a-pet'al-iis), a. [Pref. a- not + petal.] 
(Bot.) Having no petals, or flower leaves. 

A'pex (a'peks), n. ; pi. E. Apexes (-ez) ; L. Apices 
(ap'T-sez). [L.] The tip, top, point, or angular summit 
of anything. [esis. j 

II A-phaer'e-sis (a-fer'e-sis), n. [L.] Same as Apher- | 

II A-pha'ki-a (a-fa'kT-a), n. [NL. ; Gr. d priv. -f- <f>a/cos 
seed of a lentil.] (Med.) An anomalous state of refrac- 
tion caused by the absence of the crystalline lens. 

I! Aph'a-nip'te-ra (af'a-nip'te-ra), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
a^avijs invisible -f nrepov wing.] (Zo'ol.) A group of 
wingless insects, of which the flea is the type. See Flea. 

Aph / a-nip / ter-OUS (-ter-iis), a. (Zodl.) Of or per- 
taining to the Aphauiptera. 

Aph'a-nite (Sf'a-nit), n. [Gr. a^ai^? invisible; a 
priv. -|- <j>aLve<r6ai to appear.] (Min.) A very compact, 
dark-colored rock, consisting of hornblende, or pyroxene, 
and feldspar, but neither of them in perceptible grains. 

II A-pha'si-a (a-fa'zhi-a), ) n. [NL. aphasia, Gr. d<f>a- 

Aph'a-sy (Xf'a-sy), ) ma, deriv. of d priv. 4- 

(pdvat. to speak.] (Med.) Loss of the power of speech, 
or of the appropriate use of words, owing to injury or 
disease of the brain. 

A-phel'ion (a-f el'yfin or -f e'lT-on), n. ; pi. Aphelia (-ya 
or -lt-a). [NL., fr Gr. dn-6 -f- rjAios sun.] (Astron.) 
That point of a planet's or comet's orbit most distant 
from the sun, the opposite point being the perihelion. 
_ A-phe'li-o-trop'ic (a-fe'lT-6-trop'Tk), a. [Gr. d-6 + 
TJAtos sun -f- TpoiriKos of a turning.] Turning away from 
the sun — said of leaves, etc. 

I' A-phe / ml-a (a-fe'mT-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. d priv. + 
<£»7P.T) voice.] (Med.) Loss of speech, while retaining the 
power of writing ; — a disorder of cerebral origin. 

A-pher'e-sls (a-fgr'e-sTs), n. [Gr. dtpcu'peem, lit., a 
taking away.] (Gram.) The dropping of a letter or let- 
ters from the beginning of a word ; e. g., cute for acute. 



<>, a, long ; a, C, I, 6, ti, y, short ; eenAte, gvent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



APHESIS 



45 



APOLOGY 



II Aph'e-Sis (Xf'e-sTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ctyeo-is a let- 
ting go.] {Phon.) The dropping of an initial unaccented 
short vowel. 

A-phet'ic (a-fet'Tc), a. Shortened by dropping an 
initial letter or a syllable. — A-phet'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Aph'e-tize (af'e-tiz), v. t. To shorten by aphesis. 

A'phid (a'fid), n. {Zo'dl.) Insect of the genus Aphis. 

Aph'i-des (af'i-dez), n. pi. {Zo'dl.) See Aphis. 

HA'phis (a'fis), n.; pi. Aphides (af'i-dez). [NL.] 
{Zo'dl.) A genus of hemipterous insects, including numer- 
ous species known as plant lice and green flies ; also, any 
species of the genus. 

A'phis li'on (a'fis li'un). {Zo'dl.) The larva of the 
lace-winged flies, which feeds voraciously upon aphids ; 
also, the larva of the ladybugs. 

Aph'lo-gis'tic (af'16-jTs'tTk), a. [Gr. d$A6yio-ros not 
inflammable ; a priv. + <J>Aoyiotos set on fire. ] Flameless. 

II A-phO'ni-a (a-fo'nl-a), ) n. [NL. aphonia, Gr. d$w- 

Aph'O-ny (af'o-ny), \ via, fr. a priv. -f <pa>vrj 

voice.] {Med.) Loss of voice or vocal utterance. 

Aph'o-rism (af'o-rTz'ni), n. [F. aphorisme, fr. Gr. 
a^optcr/oio?, fr. d(popi£eii> to define ; <x7r6 from -j- 6pi£eiv to 
separate.] -A comprehensive maxim or principle ex- 
pressed in a few words. 

Syn. — Axiom ; maxim ; adage ; proverb ; apothegm ; 
saying ; saw ; truism ; dictum. See Axiom. 

Aph'O-rist, n. A writer or utterer of aphorisms. 

Aph'o-ris'tic (-ris'tik), ) a. In the form of, or of 

Aph o-ris'tic-al (-ti-kal), J the nature of, an apho- 
rism or of aphorisms. — Aph O-ris'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Aph'rite (afrit), n. {Min.) See under Calcite. 

Aph ro-dis'i-ac (Sf/ro-dTz'i-ak), ) a. [Gr. d^poSio-ia- 

AphrO-di-Si'a-Cal (-di-zl'a-kal), j kos, fr. 'A^poStTV, 
Aphrodite, goddess of love.] Exciting venereal desire. 

Aph'ro-dit'Ic (-dTt'Tk), a. Venereal. 

II Aph'tha (Sf'tha), n. {Med.) One of the specks char- 
acteristic of the disease called thrush ; also, the disease. 

II Aph'thae (-the), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. tyOat.. thrush, fr. 
aVreiv to inflame.] {Med.) Pearl-colored specks termi- 
nating in white sloughs, commonly characteristic of 
thrush. 

Aph'thoid (Sf'thoid), a. [Aphtha + -oid.~\ Of the 
nature of aphthae ; resembling thrush. 

Aph'thong (af thong), n. [Gr. a$6oyyo<s silent ; d 
priv. + #0oyvos voice.] One or more unpronounced let- 
ters in a word. — Aph-thon'gal (-thon'gal), a. 

Aph'yl-loUS (af'il-lus or a-f Tl'lus), a. [Gr. dc/wAAos ; 
a priv. -f- <f>v\\ov leaf.] {Bot.) Destitute of leaves, as 
broom rape. 

A'pi-a'ceous (a/pi-a'shus), a. {Bot.) Umbelliferous. 

A'pi-an (-an), a. Belonging to bees. 

A'pi-a'ri-an (-a'rT-an), a. Of or relating to bees. 

A'pi-a-rist (a'pT-a-rist), n. One who keeps an apiary. 

A'pi-a-ry (-a-ry), n. [L. apiarium, fr. apis bee.] A 
place where bees are kept ; a beehouse. 

Ap'ic-al (ap'i-kal), a. [L. apex, apicis, tip or sum- 
mit.] At or belonging to an apex, tip, or summit. 

II Ap'i-ces (ap'i-sez), n. pi. See Apex. 

A-pic'u-late (a-pik'u-lat), ) a. {Bot.) Terminated 

A-pic'u-la'ted (-la'ted), j abruptly by a small, 
distinct point, as a leaf. 

Ap'i-curture (Sp'T-kQl'tiir ; 135), n. [L. apis bee -f- 
E. culture.] Rearing of bees for their honey and wax. 

A-piece' (a-pes'), adv. Each by itself ; by the single 
one ; to each. 

II A'pis (a'pis), n. [L., bee.] {Zo'dl.) A genus of hy- 
menopterous insects, including the common honeybee. 

Ap'ish (ap'Tsh), a. Having the qualities of an ape ; 
prone to senseless imitation ; hence, foppish ; affected. 
— Ap'ish-ly, adv. — Ap'ish-ness, n. 

II Apla-cen-ta'ta (ap'la-sen-ta'ta), n. pi. [Pref . a- not 
-j- placenta.'] {Zo'dl.) Mammals which have no placenta. 

Apla-nat'ic (ap/la-nat'Tk), a. [Gr. d priv. + nXavan- 
kos wandering.] {Opt.) Having two or more parts of 
different curvatures, so combined as to remove spherical 
aberration ; — said of a lens. 

A-plas'tic (a-plas'tTk), a. [Pref. a- not -f- plastic.'] 
Not plastic or easily molded. 

II A plomb' (a/pl6N'), n. [F., lit., perpendicularity ; a 
to + plomb lead.] Self-assurance; self-possession. 

II Ap-n(B'a (ap-ne'a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a priv. + irvoiri 
breath.] {3fed.) Partial privation of breath ; suffocation. 

Ap'O- (ap'6-). [Gr. and from, away from, back again. 
See Ab-.] A prefix usually signifying from, away from, 
off, or asunder, separate ; as, in apocope (a cutting off), 
apostate, apostle, apocarpous. 

A-poc'a-lypse (a-pok'a-lTps), n. [L. apocalypsis, Gr. 
djroKaAvi|us, fr. anoKaXvnTeiv to disclose.] 1. The revela- 



tion delivered to St. John, as told in the last book of the 
New Testament. 2. Anything viewed as a revelation. 

A-poCa-lyp'tiC (a-poVa-lTp'tTk), ) a. Of or pertain- 

A-poc'a-lyp'tic-al (-lTp'tT-kal), J ing to a revela- 
tion, specifically, to the Revelation of St. John. 

Ap o-car'poiis (ap'o-kiir'pus), a. \_Apo- + -carpous.] 
{Bot.) Entirely or partially separate, as the carpels of a 
compound pistil. 

A-poc'O-pate (a-pok'o-pat), v. t. {Gram.) To cut off 
or drop, as a letter or syllable. 

A-poc o-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. Shortening by apoc- 
ope : the state of being apocopated. 

l!A-po<yo-pe (a-pok'o-pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. airoKonrj, 
deriv. of and -j- kowtsiv to cut.] 1. The dropping of a 
letter or letters at the end of a word. 2. {Med.) A. cut- 
ting off ; abscission. 

A-poc'ry-pha (a-pok'rT-fa), n. p£.,but often used as 
sing, with pi. Apocryphas (-faz). [L. apocryphus apoc- 
ryphal, Gr. anoKpvcfros hidden, spurious, deriv. of and -j- 
Kpvirreiv to hide.] 1. Something, as a writing, that is of 
doubtful authorship or authority. 2. Specif., certain 
writings received by some as an authentic part of the 
Holy Scriptures, but rejected by others. 

A-poc'ry-phal (a-pok'rl-fal), a. 1. Of or pertaining 
to the Apocrypha. 2. Not canonical ; hence, of doubtful 
authority ; mythic ; fictitious. — A-poc'ry-phal-ly, adv. 
— A-poc'ry-phal-ness, n. 

A-poc y-na'ceous (a-pSs'T-na'shus), Ap'o-cyn'e-ous 
(Sp'o-sTn'e-us), a. [Gr. olttokwov dogbane ; and from -\- 
Kvmv dog.] {Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family 
of plants, of which the dogbane {Apocynum) is the type. 

Ap'od (Sp'od), )a. 1. Footless. 2. {Zo'dl.) Des- 

Ap'o-dal (Sp'o-dal), ) titute of the ventral fin. 

Ap'od (ap'od), ) n. ;pl. Apods (-odz) or Apodes (-odz). 

Ap'ode (Sp'od), ( [Gr. a7rov?, anoSog, footless ; d priv. 
+ tous foot.] (^ob7.) One of certain animals that have 
no feet or footlike organs. 

Ap'o-deic'tic (ap'6-dik'tTk), Ap'o-dic'tic (-dTk'-), ) 

Ap'o-deic'tic-al (ti-kal), Ap'o-dic'tic^ (ti-kal),r' 

[L. apodicticus, Gr. awoSeiicrtKos, fr. aTroSeacvvvai. to 
point out ; and from -j- Sewuvat. to show.] Self-evident ; 
intuitively true ; evident beyond contradiction. 

II A-pod'o-sis (a-pod'o-sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. anrdSoais, 
deriv. of and -\- SiSdvat to give.] {Gram.) The conse- 
quent clause or conclusion in a conditional sentence, ex- 
pressing the resxdt ; — distinguished from the protasis. 

Ap'O-ge'an (ap'o-je'an), a. Pertaining to the apogee. 

Ap'O-gee (ap'6-je), n. [Gr. andyaios from the earth ; 
0.776 from -)- yata, yrj, earth.] 1. {Astron.) That point in 
the orbit of the moon which is at the greatest distance 
from the earth. 2. Fig., utmost point ; culmination. 

Ap'0-ge'O-trop'IC (ap'o-je'o-trop'Ik), a. [Apo- + Gr. 
yt) earth -+- tpottikos turning.] {Bot.) Bending away 
from the ground ; — said of leaves, etc. 

A-pO'lar (a-po'ler), a. [Pref. a- not + polar.] {Biol. ) 
Having no radiating processes, — as certain nerve cells. 

A-pol'lO (a-pol'lo), n. [L. Apollo, -linis, Gr. 'AndWmv.] 
{Classic 3Iyth.) Among the Greeks and Romans, the 
god of light and day (the " sun god "), of archery, proph- 
ecy, medicine, poetry, music, etc., — represented as the 
model of manly grace and beauty ; Phoebus. 

A-pol'O-get'iC (a-poF6-jet'Tk), | a. [Gr. aTroAoyrjTiKo?, 

A-pol'O-get'ic-al (-T-kal), j fr. ano\oyet.cr9ai to 

speak in defense of ; ctTro from + Aoyos speech.] Of the 
nature of apology ; defensive ; excusing. 

A-po^O-gefics (-Iks), n. That branch of theology 
which defends divine authority of the Holy Scriptures. 

A-pol'O-gist (-jist), n. One who makes an apology. 

A-pol'o-gize (-jiz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apologized 
(-jlzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apologizing.] 1. To make an 
apology or defense. 2. To make acknowledgment of 
some fault or offense, with expression of regret for it. 

Ap'0-lOgue (ap'o-log), v. [L. apologus, Gr. drroAo- 
■yos ; dn-d from + Ao-yos speech.] A moral fable. 

Syn. — Parable. — A jiarnble is a narrative of probable 
events supposed to take place among mankind ; an apo- 
logue is founded on supposed actions (probable or im- 
probable) of brutes or inanimate tilings. 

A-pol'O-gy (a-pol'6-jy), n. [L. apologia, Gr. a7roAoyia.] 
1. Something said or written in defense or justification of 
what appears" to others wrong, or of what may be liable to 
disapprobation ; justification. 2. An acknowledgment 
intended as an atonement for some improper or injurious 
remark or act. 3. A substitute ; a makeshift. [Colloq.] 

Syn. — Excuse. — Apology, in its first sense, implies 
that there is no actual wrong where one is imputed, and 
therefore amounts to a vindication. In its second sense 
it admits a wrong and implies or expresses regret for it. 
An excuse admits a breach or neglect of duty and by way 



B 



G 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



APONEUROSIS 



46 



APPARITION 



of extenuation or justification brings forward extenuating 
or SESm - r.-iiin-t.uu-es. When wi«ftt« has been 
m.»> still, in some cases, be neces- 
,v.i:> at appropriate. 

Ap o-neu ro'sls *,i*p ^-nu-ro'sTs), n. / pi. APONEURO- 
SES (-tfiV I NL. . tr. Or. O7rorevpa)(7-is, deriv. of airo from 
+ «i"v>c» tendon.] (Anat.) Any one of the denser of 
tenia which cover, ami form the terminations 
es. They often differ from tendons only 
in being flat and thin. — * Ap o-neu-rot'ic (-rBt'Ik), a. 

Ap o phleg mat'ic (ayu-fleg-mSt'Ik), a. [See Apo-, 
and Phlegmatic] {Med.) Designed to facilitate dis- 
charges of phlegm or mucus from the mouth or nostrils. 

Ap'oph-thegm (5p / o-th5m), n. See Apothegm. 
A-poph'y-ge (a-p5ff-je), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a7ro<puyjj 
.1 arch, the curve with which the shaft merges 
into its base or capital ; deriv. of ano from -j- <f>evyeiv to 
flee.] (Arch.) The small hollow curvature of the shaft 
of a column where it expands to meet the edge of the 
fillet ; the scape. 

A-poph'yl-lite (a-poill-lit or ayS-fil'lit), n. [Pref. 
apo- -)- Gr. <*>vWov leaf ; so called from its foliated struc- 
ture.] {Min.) A mineral usually occurring in square 
prisms or octahedrons with pearly luster on the cleavage 
surface. It is a silicate of calcium and potassium. 

A-poph'y-sis (a-p5f'T-sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., 
fr. Gr. ajr6<£va-4s offshoot, deriv. of dno from -f- <j>veiv to 
grow.] 1. {Anat.) A marked prominence or process on 
a bone. 2. {Bot.) An enlargement at the top of a pedicel 
or stem, as in certain mosses. 

Ap o-plec'tlc (Sp/o-plek'tTk), ) a. [L. apoplecticus, 

Ap O-plec'tlC-al (-tl-kol), j Gr. a7T07rAr7<eTiKds.] 
Of or pert, to apoplexy ; having, or inclined to, apoplexy. 

Ap o-plec'tlc. n. An apoplectic person. 

Ap'O-plexy (ayo-plSks'y), n. [Through LL. fr. Gr. 
aronXrj^ia, fr. airoirkritTO-eiv to cripple by a stroke ; ano 
from + n-Ajjao-eii/ to strike.] {Med.) Sudden diminution 
or loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion, 
usually caused by pressure on the brain. 

A-port' (a-porf), adv. (Xaul.) On or towards the 
port or left side ; — said of the helm. 

Ap 0-8i O-pe/sls (a'p / 6 ; si'6-pe / sTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
airorui7T7jo-is, fr. anoauDnav to be quite silent.] (JRhet.) 
A figure of speech in which one breaks off suddenly, as 
if unwilling or unable to state what was in the mind. 

A-pos'ta-sy (a-poVta-sjf), n. [Through F. and L. fr. 
Gr. ajrooTfluria defection, deriv. of ano from -j- o-rijvai to 
stand.] Abandonment of what one has voluntarily pro- 
fessed ; total desertion from faith, principles, or party. 

A-pos'tate (a-pSs'tat), n. One who has committed 
apostasy ; a pervert ; a renegade. 

A-pos'tate, a. Characterized by apostasy ; renegade. 

A-pos'ta-tize (a-p5s'ta-tlz), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Apos- 
tatized (-tizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apostatizing.] To com- 
mit apostasy; to forsake one's church, faith, or principles. 

A-pos'te-mate (-te-mat), v. i. To form an aposteme. 

A-pos te-ma'tion (a-poVte-ma'shun), n. {Med.) The 
formation of an aposteme ; process of suppuration. 

Ap os-tem'a-tous (Xp'os-te'm'a-tus), a. Pertaining to, 
or partaking of the nature of, an aposteme. 

Ap'os-teme (a'p'Ss-tem), n. [L. apostema, G. ano- 
o-nj/ia ulceration, fr. dTroa-TTJvat. See Apostasy.] {Med.) 
An abscess ; a swelling filled with purulent matter. 

I A' pOB-te'rl-0'ri (a' pSs-te'rT-o'rt). [L. a (ab) -f 
potterior latter.] 1. (Logic) Characterizing that kind 
of reasoning which derives propositions from the obser- 
vation of facts, or by generalizations from facts arrives 
at principles and definitions, or infers causes from effects; 
— the reverse of a priori. 2. (Philos. ) Applied to knowl- 
edge which is based upon or derived from facts through 
induction or experiment ; inductive or empirical. 
t A pos'tle (a-pos's'l), 7i. [Through AS. and L. fr. Gr. 
dxooroAo? messenger, deriv. of ano from + o-rikKeiv to 
•end; akin to E. stall.] 1. Literally, one sent forth ; 
uncwc iifT : t-.peoifkally, one of the twelve disciples of 
Christ, aent forth to preach the gospel. 2. The first mis- 
Motmry to preach Christianity in any region ; also, the first 
any great moral or intellectual move- 
; >//,, ; rally Lav:) A paper sent up or 
appealed from a lower to a superior court, stating the case. 

ApottUrf' cro*d % creed of unknown origin, which was 
the apostles. It certainly dates 
back to the beginning of the sixth century. 

A-pos'tle ship. n. Office or dignity of an apostle. 
A-pos'to-late ' -t$-ltt), n. 1. The office or mission of 
Mapoatle. 2. 1 be dignity or office of the pope. 
Ap'os-tol'k I a. 1. Of or pertaining to 

Apos tol'lc al -t-kol), \ an apostle, or to the 



apostles, or to their times, faith, doctrines, or spirit. 
2. Of or pertaining to the pope or the papacy. 

Apostolic see, the see of the Church of Rome. 

Ap os-tol'i-cism (Sp^s-tSl'T-sTz'm), ) n. The state or 

A-pos to-lic'i-ty (a-pSs'to-lis'i-ty), J quality of be- 
ing apostolical. 

A-pos'tro-phe (a-pSs'tr6-fe), n. _ [(1) L., fr. Gr. aTro- 
o-rpofy-q a turning away, deriv. of and from -+- crrpe^eiv 
to turn. (2) F., fr. L. apostrophus, Gr. O7r6o-Tpo<pos.] 
1. {Ehet.) A figure of speech in which one suddenly 
breaks off from the previous method of his discourse, 
and addresses, in the second person, some person or 
thing. 2. {Gram.) The contraction of a word by the 
omission of a letter or letters, which omission is marked 
by the character ['] ; as, calPd for called. 3. The mark 
['] used to denote that a word is contracted, and as a 
sign of the possessive, singular and plural. 

Ap os-troph'ic (ayos-troflk), a. Pertaining to an 
apostrophe, grammatical or rhetorical. 

A-pos'tro-phize (a-pos'tr6-fiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Apostrophized (-flzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apostbophizing.] 

1. To address by apostrophe. 2. To contract by omit- 
ting a letter or letters ; also, to mark with an apostro- 
phe ['] or apostrophes. 

A-poth'e-ca-ry (a-pSth'e-ka-ry), n. [LL. apothecarius, 
fr. L. apotheca storehouse, Gr. ano&rjKr), deriv. of arro 
away + ndivai to put.] One who prepares and sells 
drugs or compounds for medicinal purposes ; a druggist. 

CgiP' In England an apothecary is one of a privileged 
class of practitioners — a kind of sub-physician. 

Ap'0-thegm ) (Sj/o-them), n. [Gr. an64>6eyfj.a thing 

Ap'oph-thegm ) uttered, deriv. of ano from, out -f- 
<}>0eyyea0ai to speak.] A short, pithy, and instructive 
saying ; a sententious precept or maxim. [Apothegm is 
now the prevalent spelling in the United States.] 

Ap o-theg-mat'ic (-theg-mSt'Tk), \ a. Made in the 

Ap o-theg-mat'ic-al (-T-kal), ) manner of an 
apothegm. [maker of apothegms. I 

Ap o-theg'ma-tist (-theg'ma-tist), n. A collector or | 

Ap'o-them (Sp'o-them), n. [Gr. airo -)- Oefia that 
which is placed.] {Math.) The perpendicular from the 
center to one of the sides of a regular polygon. 

Ap o-the'o-sis (Sp/6-the'o-sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). 
[L., fr. Gr. dn-ofleWi?, deriv. of arro from -f- 0e6s a god.] 
Act of elevating a mortal to the rank of, and placing him 
among, "the gods ; " deification ; hence, glorification. 

Ap o-the'o-size (-siz), v. t. To deify ; to glorify. 

Appall' (ap-pal/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appalled 
(-paid') ; p. pr. & vbj. n. Appalling.] [OF. appalir to 
pale ; a (L. ad) -(- palir to grow pale, pale pale. See 
Pale, a.] 1. To pale ; to weaken. [Obs.] 2. To depress 
or discourage with fear ; to overcome with sudden fear. 

Syn. — To dismay ; terrify ; daunt ; frighten ; affright ; 
scare ; depress. See Dismay. 

Ap'pa-nage (ap'pa-naj), n. [F. apanage, fr. OF. apa- 
ner to nourish, fr. LL. apanare to provision ; L. ad + 
panis bread.] 1. The portion of land assigned by a 
sovereign prince for the subsistence of his younger sons. 

2. A dependent territory. 3. A natural adjunct. 

Ap pa-ra'tus (Sp/pa-ra'tus), n. ; pi. Apparatus, also 
rarely Apparatuses (-tus-Sz). [L., fr. apparare, ap- 
paratum, to prepare ; ad -f- parare to make ready.] 

1. Things provided as means to some end. 2. Hence, 
a full collection or set of implements, or utensils, for a 
given duty ; any complex appliance for a specific action. 

Ap-par'el (Sp-par'gl), n. [OF. appareil provision, fur- 
niture, fr. opareiller to match, prepare ; a (L. ad) -\-pareil 
similar, deriv. of L. par equal.] 1. Covering for the body ; 
external clothing. 2. {Naut.) Furnishings of a ship. 

Syn. — Dress ; clothing ; vesture ; garments ; raiment ; 
garb ; costume ; attire ; habiliments. 

Ap-par'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appareled, or Appar- 
elled (-Sid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appareling, or Apparel- 
ling.] 1. To prepare. [Obs.~] 2. To fit out ; to equip. 

3. To dress or clothe ; to attire. 4. To deck ; to embellish. 
Ap-par'en-cy (-en-sjr), n. 1. Appearance. [Obs.] 

2. Apparentness ; state of being apparent. 3. The 
position of being heir apparent. 

Ap-par'ent (ap-pSr'ent), a. [F., fr. L. apparens, L. 
p. pr. See Appear.] 1. Capable of being seen, or 
easily seen. 2. Clear or manifest to the understanding. 

3. Appearing to the eye or mind (distinguished from, 
but not necessarily opposed to, true or real) ; seeming. 
— Ap-par'ent-ly, adv. — Ap-par'ent-ness, n. 

Heir apparent (Law), one whose right to an estate is in- 
defeasible if he survives the ancestor. 

Syn. — Visible; distinct; plain; obvious; clear; cer- 
tain ; evident ; manifest ; indubitable ; notorious. 

Ap'pa-ri/tion fSp pa-rTsh'un), n. 1. Act of appear- 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; &, 6, 1, ft, ft, j^, 8hort . aenite, gvent, Idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



APPARITOR 



47 



APPLY 



ing; appearance. 2. Thing appearing ; form; specif., a 
preternatural appearance ; ghost ; specter ; phantom. 

Ap-par'i-tor (ap-pSr'T-ter), n. 1. Formerly, an ex- 
ecutive officer who attended magistrates. 2. An officer 
who serves the process of an ecclesiastical court. 

Ap-peal' (ap-pel'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appealed 
(-peld') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appealing.] [OF. apeler, fr. 
L. appellate to approach, address, summon, call ; ad -f- 
pellere to drive. See Pulse.] 1. {Law) (a) To make 
application for the removal of (a cause) from an inferior 
to a superior judge or court for a rehearing or review. 
(b) To charge with a crime ; to accuse. 2. To sum- 
mon. [Archaic'] 

Ap-peal', v. i. 1. (Laiv) To apply for the removal of 
a cause from an inferior to a superior judge or court for 
reexamination or for decision. 2. To refer for the deci- 
sion of a question controverted, the vindication of one's 
rights, etc. ; hence, to call for aid or support. 

Ap-peal', n. 1. (Law) (a) An application for the 
removal of a cause or suit from an inferior to a superior 
judge or court for reexamination or review. (b) The 
mode of such proceeding, (c) The right of appeal, (d) 
An accusation. 2. A summons to answer to a charge. 
3. A call upon a person or an authority for proof or de- 
cision ; a call for help or a favor. 4. Resort ; recourse. 

Ap-peal'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being appealed. 

Ap-peal 'ing, a. That appeals ; imploring. 

Ap pear' (ap-per'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appeared 
(-perd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appearing.] [OF. apparoir, 
fr. L. apparere to appear ; ad -\- par ere to come forth.] 

1. To come or be in sight. 2. To stand in presence of, 
or come before, some authority, tribunal, or superior. 
3. To become visible to the apprehension of the mind ; 
to be obvious or manifest. 4. To seem ; to look. 

Syn. — To seem ; look. See Seem. 

Ap-pear'ance (-ans), n. 1. Act of appearing or com- 
ing into sight. 2. Thing seen ; phenomenon ; apparition. 
3. Personal presence ; look ; aspect ; mien. 4. Sem- 
blance, or apparent likeness. 5. pi. Outward signs or 
circumstances. 6. A coming before the public in a par- 
ticular character. 7. {Law) The formal coming into 
court of a party to a case, or of a person summoned. 

Syn. — Coming ; arrival ; presence ; semblance ; pre- 
tense ; air ; look ; manner ; mien ; figure ; aspect. 

Ap-pear'er (-er), n. One who appears. 

Ap-peas'a-ble (ap-pez'a-b'l), a. Capable of being ap- 
peased or pacified ; placable. — Ap-peas'a-ble-ness. n. 

Appease' (Sp-pez'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appeased 
(-pezd') ; p. pr. & vb. .n. Appeasing.] [OF. apaisier, 
apaissier; a (L. ad) -{- pais peace, fr. L. pax. See 
Peace.] To make quiet ; to reduce to a state of peace. 

Syn. — To pacify; quiet; conciliate; propitiate; as- 
suage ; compose ; calm ; allay ; hush ; soothe ; tranquilize. 

Ap-pease'ment (-ment), n. Act of appeasing, or the 
state of being appeased ; pacification. 

Ap-peas'er (-er), n. One who appeases ; a pacifier. 

Ap-pea'sive (5p-pe'sTv), a. Tending to appease. 

Ap-pel'lant (ap-pS11ant), a. [L. appellans. See 
Appeal.] Relating to an appeal ; appellate. — n. One 
who appeals. [cognizance of, appeals. I 

Ap-pel'late (£p-pel'lat), a. Pertaining to, or taking | 

Ap pel-la'tion (ap'pel-la'shun), n. 1. Appeal. [Obs.] 

2. Act of calling by a name. 3. Name by which a person 
or thing is called and known ; title ; designation. 

Ap-pel'la-tlve (Sp-pel'la-tiv), a. Of or pertaining to 
a common name. 

Ap-pel'la-tive, n. 1. A common name, in distinction 
from a proper name. 2. Appellation ; descriptive name. 

Ap-pel'la-tO-ry (-to-rjf), a. Containing an appeal. 

Ap'pel-lee' (Sp'pel-le'), n. (Law) (a) The defendant 
in an appeal ; — opposed to appellant, (b) One who is 
appealed, or accused of crime ; — opposed to appellor. 

Ap'pel-lor' (-ISr'), n. (Laiv) The person who insti- 
tutes an appeal, or prosecutes another for a crime. 

Ap-pend' (ap-pend'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Appended; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Appending.] [From L. appendere, v. i., 
to hang to, or appendere, v. t., to hang to ; ad -\-pen- 
dere, v. i., to hang, pendere, v. t., to hang. See Pen- 
dant.] 1. To hang or attach to, as by a string, so that 
the thing is suspended. 2. To add, as an accessory to 
the principal thing ; to annex. 

Ap-pend'age (ap-pend'aj), n. Something appended 
to, or accompanying, a principal or greater thing. 

Ap-pend'ant (-ant), a. 1. Hanging ; annexed ; ad- 
junct ; concomitant. 2. (Law) Appended by prescrip- 
tion ; — said of a thing of inheritance belonging to an- 
other inheritance which is superior or more worthy. — 
n. Anything that is appendant. 



Append i-ci'tls (Xp-peVdT-sI'tTs), n. (Med.) In- 
flammation ot the vermiform appendix. 

Ap-pend'i-cle (Sp-pSnd'i-k'l), n. A small appendage. 

Appen-dlc'U-late (Sp/pen-dik'u-lat), a. Having small 
appendages ; forming an appendage. 

Ap-pen'dix (5p-pen'dTks), n. ; pi. E. Appendixes (-Sz), 
L. Appendices (-dT-sez). [L. appendix, -dicis, fr. appen- 
dere. See Append.] 1. Something appended; an ap- 
pendage. 2. Any literary matter added to a book, but 
not necessary to its completeness. Cf . Supplement. 

Vermiform appendix. See under Vermiform. 

Ap'per-cep'tion (Sp'per-sgp'shiin), n. [Pref. ad- + 
perception.'] (Metaph.) The mind's perception of itself 
as the subject or actor in its own state. 

Ap'per-tain' (Sp'per-tan'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apper- 
tained (-tand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appertaining.] [OF. 
apartenir, fr. L. appertinere; ad -\- pertinere. See Per- 
tain.] To belong or pertain, whether by right, nature, 
appointment, or custom ; to relate. [nance. I 

Ap-per'ti-nance (ap-per'tT-nans), n. See Appurte-| 

Ap-per'ti-nent (-ti-nent), a. & n. See Appurtenant. 

Ap'pe-tence (Xp'pe-tens), n. Appetency. 

Ap'pe-ten-cy (-ten-sy), n. [L. appetentia, fr. appelere. 
See Appetite.] 1. Fixed and strong desire ; esp., natural 
desire. 2. Specifically, an instinctive inclination or pro- 
pensity to perform certain actions, as in the young to 
suckle. 3. Natural tendency ; affinity ; attraction. 

Ap'pe-tite (ap'pe-tlt), n. [F. appelit, fr. L. appetitus, 
fr. appetere to strive after, long for ; ad -j- petere to seek. 
See Petition. ] Desire for personal gratification , either of 
body or of mind ; specif., desire for food or drink ; hunger. 

Syn. — Craving ; longing ; desire ; appetency ; passion. 

Ap'pe-tize (-tlz) 2 v. t. To make hungry, [appetite. I 

Ap'pe-ti'zer (-ti'zer), n. Something which excites | 

Ap'pe-tizing (-zing), a. Exciting appetite. 

Ap-plaud' (ap-plad'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Applauded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Applauding.] [L. applaudere ; ad -\- 
plaudere to clash, to clap the hands.] 1. To show ap- 
proval of by clapping the hands, acclamation, or other 
significant sign. 2. To praise by words ; to commend. 

Syn. — To praise ; extol ; commend ; approve. 

Ap-plaud', v. i. To express approbation. 

Ap-plaud'er (-er), n. One who applauds. 

Ap-plause' (Sp-plaz'), n. Act of applauding ; approba- 
tion publicly expressed by clapping the hands, huzzas, etc. 

Syn. — Acclaim ; acclamation ; plaudit ; commenda- 
tion ; approval. 

Ap-plau'sive (ap-pla'sTv), a. Expressing applause; 
approbative. — Ap-plau'sive-ly, adv. 

Ap'ple (ap'p'l), n. [OE. appel, eppel, AS. seppel, sepl; 
akin to D. appel, G. apfel, Icel. epli ; of unknown origin.] 
1. The fleshy pome or fruit of a tree commonly cultivated 
in the temperate zones. 2. (Bot.) Any tree of the genus 
Pyrus which has the stalk sunken into the base of the 
fruit ; an apple tree. 3. Any vegetable production 
likened to the apple. 

Ap'ple-Jack' (-jSk'), n. Applebrandy. [U.S.] 

Ap-pli'ance (Sp-pli'ans), n. 1. Act of applying ; ap- 
plication ; ( 06s. ) subservience. 2. Thing applied or used 
as a means to an end ; an apparatus or device. 

Ap'pli-ca-ble (ap'plT-ka-b'l), a. Capable of being ap- 
plied ; having relevance. — Ap pli-ca-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-t^), 
Ap'pli-ca-ble-ness, n. — Ap'pli-ca-bly, adv. 

Ap'pli-cant (-kont), n. One who applies ; a petitioner. 

Ap'pli-cate (-kat), a. Applied or put to some use. 

Ap'pli-cate, n. (Math.) An ordinate. 

Ap pli-ca'tion (Sp/plT-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of apply- 
ing ; — used in most senses of both the transitive and 
the intransitive verb. 2. Thing applied. 3. Relevancy ; 
appropriateness. 4. A document containing a request. 

Ap'pli-ca-tlve (ap'plT-ka-tiv), a. Applicatory. 

Ap'pli-ca-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Having the property of 
applying ; applicative ; practical. — n. That which ap- 
plies. — Ap'pli-ca-to-ri-ly, adv. 

II Ap'pli^ue'' (a/ple'ka'), a. [F., lit., put on.] Orna- 
mented with a pattern applied or transferred. 

Ap-ply' (ap-pll'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Appld3D (-plld') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Applying.] [OF. aplier, fr. L. applicare 
to join, fix, or attach to ; ad -j- plicare to fold, to twist 
together. See Ply.] 1. To lay or place ; to put or ad- 
just. 2. To use or employ for a particular purpose, or 
in a particular case. 3. To make use of, declare, or pro- 
nounce, as suitable, fitting, or relative. 4. To fix closely ; 
to engage and employ diligently, or with attention. 5. 
To betake ; to address ; to refer ; — used reflexively. 

Ap-ply', v. i. 1. To suit ; to agree. 2. To make re- 
quest ; to have recourse with a view to gain something. 
3. To apply or address one's self ; to attend closely. 



B 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



AFPOGGIATURA 



48 



APPROVE 



Ap-pof fia-ru'ra [It., fr. ap 

IUSS- j J 

il i one. and ■ * y < i d 



MM 

big tone prooeainf an e mm iai mw, ana ^_g I v-f T 

borrowing the time it occupies from that ; - ^g } "ff 11 ; 
— gaoeraJU indicated by a note of smaller p~ ' - p — *- 

; , : : ,u - , r . = AppoBgiatura, 
Ap point' (Ip-pointf), «• '• ["»/'• * P- ™ 

Appointing.] [OF. apoint- 

, . place, fr. LL. appttnctare to bring 

,ut. restore, to fix the points in an agreo- 

point.] 1. To rix ; to mark 

out. 2. To rix hv order, command, decision, or mutual 

agreenit ite ; to ordain ; to prescribe. 3. To 

Maign or designate. 4. To provide completely; to equip. 

Ap-point'a-ble (-4-bl), a. Capable of being appointed. 

Ap-point-ee' (Ip-point-50, »• 1- A person appointed. 

2 \ jh rson to whom anything is given under a 

appointment. 

Ap-point'er ^p-poiufer), n. One who appoints. 

Ap- point 'ment (,-intnt). ». 1. Act of appointing. 2. 

being appointed ; office ; station ; position. 

3. Stipulation: agreement; arrangement; engagement. 

| b : direction. 6. Equipment ; furniture ; what- 

appointed for use and management; outfit. 

' Designation ; command ; order ; establishment. 

Ap-point-or' (-oV), n. {Law) A person to whom is 

a power of appointment. 
Ap-por'tion (Xp-por'shiin), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Ap- 
portioned (,-shund) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apportioning.] 
[Through OF. & LL. fr. L. ad + portio. See Portion.] 
To divide and assign in just proportion ; to divide and 
portion out ; to allot. 
Ap-por'tion-er (-er), n. One who apportions. 
Ap-por'tion-ment (-inent), n. Act of apportioning, or 
one Of the parts apportioned. 

Ap-pose' (,5p-poz'), v. t. [F. apposer to set to ; a (L. 
ad) — poser to place. See Pose.] 1. To place opposite 
or before. 2. To place in juxtaposition or proximity. 
Ap-pose', r. t. [For oppose.'] To question. [06s.] 
Ap-posed' (Sp-pozd'), a. Placed in apposition ; mutu- 
ally fitting, as the mandibles of a bird's beak. 

Ap-pos'er (-poz'er), n. A questioner ; an examiner ; 
formerly, an auditor in the English Court of Exchequer. 
Ap'po-site (aj/po-zit), a. [L. appositus, p. p. of ap- 
ponere to set or put to ; ad+ponere to put, place.] Ap- 
plicable ; suitable or fit ; relevant ; pat ; — followed by 
to. — Ap / po-site-ly, adv. — Ap'po-site-ness, ». 

Ap po-si'tion (ap'po-zTsh'un), n. 1. Act of adding; 
accretion. 2. Juxtaposition. 3. {Gram.) Relation of a 
noun or pronoun put in the same case as another noun or 
pronoun which it explains or characterizes, without a con- 
necting word ; also, their relation to each other. 

Ap-pOB'i-tive (ap-poz'T-tlv), a. Being in apposition. 

noun in apposition. — Ap-pos'i-tive-ly, adv. 
Ap-prals'al (-prazV/1), n. Appraisement. 
Appraise' (5p-praz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appraised 
(-prazd'); p- pr. & vb. n. Appraising.] [Pref. ad- -f- 
praise.] 1. To set a value on ; to estimate the worth 
of : — said particularly of persons appointed for that pur- 
pose. 2. To estimate. 3. To praise ; to commend. 
Ap-praise'ment (-ment), n. Act of appraising. 
Ap-prais'er (-er), n. One who appraises; esp., a 
person appointed and sworn to fix the value of property. 
Ap-pre'ci-a-ble (Sp-pre'shT-a-b'l), a. Capable of be- 

redated or estimated ; perceptible. 
Ap-pre'ci-ate (Sp-pre'shT-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ap- 
preciated : p.pr. & vb. n. Appreciating.] [L. appretia- 
: . of appretiare to appraise; ad + pretiare to 
price.] 1. To set a price or value on ; 
ite justly; to value. 2. To raise the value of; 
■••1 to depredate. [U.S.] 3. To be sensible of ; 
distinguish. 
Ap-pre'cl-ate. v. i. To rise in value. [U. S.] 
Ap-pre ci-a'tlon (-a'shun), n. Act of appreciating. 
Ap-pre'cl-a-tlve (Sp-pre'shT-a-tTv), a. Having or show- 
specially of excellence or merit. — 
Ap-pre'ci -a -tive-ly, adv. — Ap-pre'ci-a-tive-ness, n. 
Ap pre'ei-a'tor '-a'ter), n. One who appreciates. 
Ap-pre'cl-a-tO-ry '-a-to-rf). a. Showing appreciation. 
Ap pre hen; \.,\'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ap- 

**■■*'' i h. n. Apprehending.] [L. appre- 

to lay hold of ; prae before 
kin to E. (iet.] 1. To take or seize ; 
arrest. 2. To become 
to understand. 3. To anticipate with 
anxiety, dread, or fear. 

eize : arrest : detain ; capture ; con- 
tand; imagine; believe; fear; dread. 



Ap'pre-hend' (Xp/pre-hend'), v. i. 1. To suppose. 
2. To fear. 

Ap'pre-hend'er (-er), n. One who apprehends. 

Ap pre hen'si-ble (-hen'sT-bT), a. Capable of being 
apprehended. — Ap pre-hen'si-bly, adv. 

Ap'pre-hen'Sion (Sp/pre-hen'shun), n. 1. Act of ap- 
prehending, in any sense of the verb. 2. Opinion ; con- 
ception ; sentiment ; idea. 3. Faculty by which ideas 
are conceived ; understanding. 4. Distrust ; fear ; dread. 

Appre-hen'sive(-sYv), a. 1. Capable of apprehending, 
or quick to do so ; apt ; discerning ; hence, cognizant ; con- 
scious ; — with of. 2. Of or pertaining to mental appre- 
hension. 3. Anxious or fearful regarding the future. — 
Ap pre-hen'sive-ly, adv. — Ap'pre-hen'sive-ness, n. 

Ap-pren'tice (ap-pren'tis), n. [OF. aprentis, fr. ap- 
prendre to learn, L. apprendere, equiv. to apprehendere. 
See Apprehend.] 1. One bound by indentures to a mas- 
ter, to learn an art or trade. 2. A tyro in any business. 

Ap-pren'tice (ap-prSn'tis), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ap- 
prenticed (-tist) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprenticing.] To 
bind as an apprentice. 

Ap-pren'tice-ship, n. 1. Service or condition of an 
apprentice. 2. Time of service as an apprentice. 

Ap-presserT (Sp-presf ), a. [Formed from L. appres- 
sus, p. p. of apprimere. See Ad- ; Press.] Pressed close 
to, or lying against, something for its whole length, as 
an anther against its stem. 

Ap-prise r (ap-priz')> v. I. [imp. & p. p. Apprised 
(-pnzd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprising.] [F. appris, fern. 
apprise, p. p. of apprendre to learn, to inform. See Ap- 
prentice.] To give notice, verbal or written ; to inform. 

Apprize'" (ap-prlz'), v. t. Variant of Appraise. 

Approach' (ap-proch'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ap- 
proached (-prochf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Approaching.] 
[OF. aprochier, LL. appropiare, fr. L. ad -J- propiare 
to draw near, prope near.] 1. To come or go near, in 
place or time. 2. Fig., to draw near ; to approximate. 

Ap-proach', V. t. 1. To bring near ; to advance. 
2. To come near to in place, time, or character ; to draw 
nearer to. 

Ap-proach', n. 1. Act of drawing near. 2. "Way, 
avenue, or opportunity of drawing near ; access. 3. pi. 
Movements to gain favor. 4. pi. {Fort.) The works, 
trenches, or covered roads made by besiegers in advancing. 

Ap-proach'a-ble (-a-bT), a. Capable of being ap- 
proached; accessible. 

Ap-proach'ing, n. {Hort.) Act of ingrafting a sprig 
or shoot of one tree into another, without cutting it 
from the parent stock. 

Ap'pro-bate (ap'pro-bat), v. t. To sanction officially. 

Ap'pro-ha'tion (ap/pro-ba'shun), n. 1. Proof. [Obs.] 
2. Act of approving ; approval ; commendation. 

Syn. — Approval ; liking; sanction; consent; concur- 
rence. — Approbation and approval have the same general 
meaning, assenting to or declaring as good, sanction, com- 
mendation; but approbation is stronger and more positive. 

Ap'pro-ba-tive (Sp'pr6-ba-tiv), a. Approving, or im- 
plying approbation. 

Ap'pro-ba-tive-ness, n. 1. Quality of being appro- 
bative. 2. {Phren.) Love of approbation. 

Ap'pro-ba'tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Approbative. 

Ap-pro'pri-a-ble (-pro'prT-a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
appropriated. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate (ap-pro'prT-at), a. [L. appropriatus, p. 
p. of appropriare; ad -j- propriare to appropriate, fr. 
proprius one's own. See Proper.] Set apart for a par- 
ticular use or person. Hence : Belonging peculiarly ; pe- 
culiar ; suitable ; fit ; proper. — Ap-pro'pri-ate-ly, adv. 
— Ap-pro'pri-ate-ness, n. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Appropriated 
(-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appropriating (-a'ting).] 1. 
To take to one's self, or to claim, in exclusion of others. 
2. To set apart for, or assign to, a particular person or 
use, in exclusion of all others. 3. To make suitable ; to 
suit. 4. {Eng. Eccl. Law) To annex, as a benefice, to a 
spiritual corporation as its property. 

Ap-pro'pri-a'tion (ap-pro'prT-a'shun), n. 1. Act of 
appropriating. 2. Anything, especially money, set apart 
to a particular use. 

Ap-pro'pri-a'tor (-a'ter), n. 1. One who appropriates. 
2. (Law) The possessor of an appropriated benefice. 

Ap-prov'a-ble (ap-proov'a-b'l), a. Worthy of being 
approved ; meritorious. — Ap-prov'a-ble-ness, n. 

Ap-prov'al (-rd), n. Approbation ; sanction. 

Sy n . — Approbation. 

Ap-prove' (ap-proov'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approved 
(-proovd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Approving.] [OF. aprover, 
L. approbare ; ad + probare to esteem as good, approve, 



a, e, 1, o, u, long ; a, C, I, 5, H., y, short ; senate, fcvent, idea, ftbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



APPROVE 



49 



ARBALIST 



prove. See Prove.] 1. To prove ; to make proof of. 2. 
To sanction officially ; to ratify. 3. To regard as good ; to 
commend ; to think well of ; to be pleased with 4. To 
make or show to be worthy of approbation or acceptance. 

Ap-prove' (Xp-pr6ov'), v. i. To think well (of). 

Ap-prov'er (-er), n. 1. One who approves. 2. (Eng. 
Law) One who confesses and accuses an accomplice. 

Ap-prox'i-mate (ap-pr5ks'T-mat), a. [L. approxima- 
tes, p. p. of approximate to approach ; ad + proximare 
to come near. See Proximate.] 1. Approaching ; near- 
ly resembling. 2. Near to correctness. — Ap-prox'i- 
mate-ly, adv. 

Ap-prox'i-mate (-mat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approxi- 
mated ; p. pr. &vb. n. Approximating.] 1. To carry near ; 
to cause to approach. 2. To come near to ; to approach. 

Ap-prox'i-mate, v. i. To draw near ; to approach. 

Ap-prox i-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. Act of approxima- 
ting ; also, the result of approximating ; nearness. 

Ap'pulse (Xp'puls or Sp-puls'), n. [L. appulsus, fr. 
appellere to drive to ; ad + pellere to drive.] A driving 
or running towards ; a near approach ; also, the act of 
striking against. 

Ap-pul'sion (ap-piil'shun), n. An appulse. 

Ap-pur'te-nance (ap-pfir'te-nans), n. [OF. apurte- 
naunse, apartenance, LL. appartenentia, fr. L. apperti- 
nere. See Appertain.] That which belongs to something 
else ; an adjunct ; an appendage. 

Ap-pur'te-nant (-nant), a. Belonging to some more 
important thing ; accessory ; incident. — n. An appurte- 
nance. 

A'pri-COt (a'pri-k5t), n. [Fr. Sp. albaricoque, fr. Ar. 
albirquq, al-burquq, fr. Gr. irpaiKOKia, fr. Jj.praecoquus.'] 
(Bot.) A fruit allied to the plum. [of the year. I 

A'pril (a'pril), n. [L. Aprilis.'] The fourth month | 

April fool, one who is sportively imposed upon by others 
on the first day of April. 

II A' pri-O'ri (a 7 prT-o'ri). [L. a (ab) + prior former.] 
1. (Logic) Characterizing that kind of reasoning which 
deduces consequences from definitions formed, or prin- 
ciples assumed, or which infers effects from causes previ- 
ously known ; deductive or deductively. The reverse of 
a posteriori. 2. Presumptive ; presumptively. 3. (Phi- 
los.) Applied to knowledge and conceptions assumed, or 
presupposed, as prior to experience, in order to make 
experience rational or possible. 

A'pri-O'rism (a/prT-o'riz'm), n. An a priori principle. 

A'prOR (a'purn or a'prun), n. [OE. napron, OF. na- 
peron, dim. of nape tablecloth, LL. napa, fr. L. mappa 
napkin.] 1. An article of dress, of cloth, leather, or 
other stuff, worn on the fore part of the body, to keep 
the clothes clean, to defend them from injury, or as a 
covering. 2. Something which by its shape or use sug- 
gests an apron ; as, the boot of a carriage. 

Ap'ro-pos' (ap'ro-poO, a. & adv. [F. a propos ; a (L. 
ad) -f- propos purpose, L. propositum purpose.] 1. Op- 
portune or opportunely. 2. By the way ; to the purpose. 

Apse (aps), n. ; pi. Apses (-sez). [See Apsis.] (Arch.) 
A projecting part of a building, esp. of a church, having 
in the plan a polygonal or semicircular termination. 

Ap'si-dal (ap'si-dal), a. Of or pertaining to an apse 
or apsides. 

II Ap'sis (ap'sis), n. ; pi. Apsides (-sT-dez). [L. apsis, 
absis, Gr. axj/k, di/aSoj, 
a tying, a bow, arch, 
fr. airTecv to fasten.] 
1. (Astron.) One of 
the two points of an 
orbit, as of a planet or 
satellite, which are at 
the greatest and least 
distance from the cen- 
tral body. 2. (Arch.) 
Same as Apse. 

Apt (Spt), a. [F. apte 
fasten, to fit.] 1. Fit or fitted ; 'suitable. 2. Having 
an habitual tendency ; inclined ; disposed. 3. Ready ; 
prompt. 

II Ap'te-ra (ap'te-ra), n.pl. [NL., fr. Gr. an-repo? with- 
out wings; a priv. -f- nrepov wing.] (Zool.) Insects 
without wings ; — an artificial group, now placed in sev- 
eral distinct classes and orders. 

Ap'ter-al (ap'ter-al), a. 1. (Zool.) Apterous. 2. 
(Arch.) Without columns at the sides. 

Ap'ter-ous (Sp'ter-us), a. 1. (Zool.) Destitute of 
wings. 2. (Bot.) Destitute of winglike expansions. 

II Ap'te-ryx (ap'te-riks), n. [NL., fr. Gr. d priv. + 
n-Te'pui wing.] (Zool.) A genus of New Zealand birds 
about the size of a hen. [See Lllust. of Moa.] 




a a Apsides. 
aptus, fr. obsolete apere to 



Apt'i-tude (5p'tT-tud), n. 1. A natural or acquired 
disposition, capacity, or tendency ; the quality of being 
apt; aptness. 

Apt'ly (apt'ty), adv. In an apt manner. 

Apt'ness, n. The quality of being apt. 

Ap'tOte (Sp'tot), n. [Gr. dn-Twros indeclinable ; a priv. 
+ 7rTWTds fallen, nCmeiv to fall.] (Gram.) An indeclin- 
able noun. 

II A'qua (a'kwa), n. [L.] Water ; —a word applied 
to various liquids in pharmacy and the old chemistry. 

Aqua fortlB (a'kwa fSr'tis) [L.. strong water] (Chem.), 
nitric acid. —Aqua regia (re'jl-a) [L., royal water] ( Chem.), 
a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, having the 
Power of dissolving gold. — Aqua vitas (vl'te; [L., water 
of life], ardent spirits, esp. brandy. 

A qua-marine' (-ma-ren'), n. (Min. ) A transparent, 
pale green variety of beryl, used as a gem. 

II Aq'ua-relle' (5k'wa-rgl'), n. [F.] A painting in thin 
transparent water colors ; also, that mode of painting. 

A-qua'ri-um (a-kwa'rT-um), n. ; pi. E. -riums (-umz), 
L. -ria (-a). [L.] An artificial pond, or a globe or tank, 
in which living aquatic animals or plants are kept. 

II A-qua'ri-us (-us), n. [L.] (Astron.) The Water- 
bearer, — the eleventh sign in the zodiac. See Zodiac. 

A-quat'iC (a-kwat'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to water. 

— ». 1. An aquatic animal or plant. 2. pi. Sports or 
exercises practiced in or on the water. 

A'qua-tint (a'kwa-tint or Sk'wa-), ) n. [It. acqua 

A qua-tin'ta (a/kwa-tin'ta), f tinta dyed wa- 

ter.] A kind of etching by the use of aqua fortis. 

Aq'ue-duct (ak'we-dukt), n. [Through F. fr. L. aquae- 
ductus ; aqua water + ductus a leading, ducere to lead.] 
A conduit, or artificial channel for conveying water. 

A'que-OUS (a'kwe-us), a. 1. Of the nature of water, 
or abounding with it ; watery. 2. Made from water. 

Aqueous humor (Anat.), the humor of the eye, occupying 
the space between the crystalline lens and the cornea. — 
Aqueous rocks (Geol.), those deposited from water. 

Aq'ui-line (Sk'wT-lTn or -lin), a. [L. aquilinus, fr. 
aquila eagle.] 1. Belonging to or like an eagle. 2. 
Curving ; hooked ; prominent, like an eagle's beak. 

Ar'ab (Sr'ab), n. One of a swarthy race occupying 
Arabia, and numerous in Northern Africa, etc. 

Street Arab, a homeless vagabond in the streets of a 
city, particularly an outcast boy or girl. 

Ar a-besque' (ar'a-bSsk'), n. [F., fr. It. arabesco, fr. 
Arabo Arab.] A style of ornamentation consisting of a 
pattern in which plants, fruits, foliage, etc., as well as 
figures of men and. animals, real or imaginary, are fan- 
tastically combined. — Also used adjectively. 

A-ra'bi-an (a-ra'bi-an), a. Of or pertaining to Ara- 
bia or its inhabitants, —n. An Arab. 

Ar'a-bic (ar'a-bik), a. Of or pertaining to Arabia or 
the Arabians. — n. The language of the Arabians. 

Arabic numerals or figures, the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc., 
and the cipher 0. 

Ar'a-bist (-bist), n. One versed in Arabic. 

Ar'a-ble (ar'a-b'l), a. [L. arabilis, fr. arare to plow.] 
Fit for plowing or tillage ; also, having been plowed. 

A-ra'ce0US (a-ra'shus), a. [L. arum a genus of 
plants, fr. Gr. apov.~\ (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an 
order of plants, of which the genus Arum is the type. 

A-rach'nid (a-rak'nid), n. An arachnidan. 

II A-rach'ni-da (a-rak'ni-da), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
apaxvy spider.] (Zool.) One of the classes of Arthrop- 
oda, including spiders, scorpions and mites. [nida. I 

A-rach'ni-dan (-d«n), n. (Zool.) One of the Arach-| 

A-rach'noid (a-rSk'noid), a. [Gr. dpax^oeiSr;? like 
a cobweb ; apaxvy) spider, spider's web -j- elSos form.] 
1. Resembling a spider's web ; cobweblike. 2. (Anat.) 
Designating, or pert, to, a thin membrane of the brain 
and spinal cord, between the dura mater and pia mater. 

Ar'ach-nol'O-gy (ar/ak-nol'o-jy),?i. [Gr. apdxvr} spider 
+ -logy.~\ The branch of zoology treating of Arachnida. 

Ar'a-mae'an 1 ( aVa-uie'an), a. [Gr. 'Apa/ucuos, fr. 

Ar a-me'an j Heb. Aram, i. e., Highland, a name 
given to Syria and Mesopotamia.] Of or pertaining to 
the Syrians and Chaldeans, or their language ; Aramaic. 

— n. A native of Aram. 

Ar a-ma'ic (ar'a-ma'Tk), a. [See Aramean, or.] Per- 
taining to Syria and Mesopotamia ; Aramaean ; — specif- 
ically applied to the Syriac and Chaldee languages. 

II A-ra'ne-i'na (a-ra'ne-i'na), n. pi. [NL., fr. L. aranea 
spider.] (Zool.) The order of Arachnida that includes 
the spiders. 

A-ra'ne-OSe' (a-ra'ne-os'), ) a. Of the aspect of a 

A-ra'ne-OUS (a-ra'ne-us), j spider's web ; arachnoid. 

Ar'ba-lest (ar'ba-lest), ) n. [Through F. and LL. fr. 
list), < I 



8 



H 



K 



ArT>a list (ar'ba-li 



L. arcubalista ; arcus bow 



f Srn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

*4 



M 



ARBITER 



50 



ARCHETYPE 



(Ant if.) A crossbow, with a 



± MM* a MM* 
steel bow set iu 

■ 
Ar^bi : 

.. [L., 

go.] 1. A person appointed, or chosen, by parties to 
determine i controversy between them. [In modern 
nm^*, arbitral or is the technical word.] 2. Any person 
the power of judging and determining, or or- 
daining, without control. 

Arbitrator : umpire ; director ; referee ; con- 
troller ; ruler : governor. 

Arbitrage (.ar'bi-traj; ('« 2d sense, usually aVbT- 
trlzh'), n. [F., fr. L. arbitrari.] 1. Judgment by an 
arbiter. [Jtj 2. (Com.) A traffic in bills of exchange ; 
also, a traffic in stocks which have differing values at 
the same time in different markets. 

Ar-blt'ra-ment (ar-blt'ra-ment), n. Determination ; 
arbitration. 

ArT)i-tra-ry i.ar'bT-tra-rJ'), a. [Fr. L. arbiter.'] 1. De- 
pending on will or discretion. 2. Exercised according to 
one's own will or caprice. 3. Despotic ; absolute in 
power. — Ar/bi-tra-ri-ly, adv. — ArTri-tra-rl-ness. n. 

Ar TjI trate (ar'bT-trat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arbitra- 
OD (,-tra te\I); p. pr. & rb. n. Arbitrating (-tra'tlng).] 
[L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to arbitrate.] 1. To 
hear and decide, as arbitrators. 2. To decide or deter- 
mine generally. [To act as arbitrator. I 

ArT>i-trate, v. i. 1. To decide ; to determine. 2. | 

Ar bi-tra'tion (-tra'shiin), n. Act of arbitrating. 

ArTSi-tra'tor (-ter), n. 1. A person, or one of two or 
more persons, chosen by parties who have a controversy, 
to determine their differences. 2. One who has the 
power of deciding or prescribing without control. 

Syn. — Judge; umpire; referee; arbiter. 

ArT)i-tra'trlx (-trlks), n. A female who arbitrates. 

ArT)l-tress (-Ire's), n. A female arbiter. 

Ar'blast (ar^blast), n. An arbalest. 

Ar'bor ("ar'ber), n. [OE. herber, herbere, prop., a gar- 
den of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. herbarium.] A shelter of 
vines or branches made for shade ; a bower. 

At'dot, n. [L., tree, beam.] 1. (Bot.) A tree, as dis- 
ting. from a shrub. 2. (Mech.) (a) An axle or spindle 
of a wheel or pinion, (b) A mandrel in lathe turning. 

Ar-bo're-al (ar-bo^re-al), \ a. Of or pertaining to a 

Ar-bo're-OUS (ar-bo're-us), ] tree, or to trees ; be- 
longing to the woods. [arborescent. I 

At bo-res'cence (ar/bo-reVsens), n. State of being | 

Ar bo-res'cent (-sent), a. Resembling a tree. 

Ar'bO-ret (-r6t), n. A small tree or shrub. [Obs.] 
Ar bo-re'tum(-re'tum),n. ; pZ. Arboreta (-ta). [L.] 
A place for the cultivation of rare trees and shrubs. 

Ar-bor'i-COle (ar-borf-kol), a. [L. arbor + colere to 
inhabit.] (Zo'ol.) Tree-inhabiting ; — said of certain birds. 

Ar bor 1-cul'ture (ar'b5r-T-kul'tur ; 135), n. [See Ar- 
bor, and Culture.] The cultivation of trees and shrubs. 

ArTSor-lst (ar'ber-Tst), n. One who is versed in the 
knowledge of trees. 

Ar bor-i-za'tion (ar'bor-T-za'shSn), n. The appear- 
ance or figure of a tree or plant, as in minerals. 

ArT)or-OUB (-us), a. Formed by trees. 

Ar'bor vine 7 (ar'ber vin'). A species of bindweed. 
Ar'bor vl'taB ('ar'ber vi'te). [L., tree of life.] 1. 
(Rot.) An evergreen tree of the cypress tribe, genus 
Thuja. 2. (Anat.) The treelike disposition of the gray 
and white nerve tissues in the cerebellum, as seen in a 
vertical section. 

ArTras-cle (ar'bus-B'l), n. [L. arbuscula, dim. of arbor 
A dwarf tree ; a treelike shrub. 

ArTju-tUB f-bu-tus), | n. [L. ; akin to arbor tree.] 

ArTrate (arlmt), \ The strawberry tree, a genus 
reea shrubs, of the Heath family. It has a berry 
externally reeembHng the strawberry. 

Trailing arbutus (Hot.), a creeping or trailing plant of 
ath family (Epigsea repent), bearing fragrant 
usually rose-colored flowers, in early spring. 

Arc ( P. arc. L. arms bow, arc. See 

"■) A portion of a curved line. 
2. An arch. [06*.J 

Ar-cade' (fa-kid'), n. 1. (Arch.) (a) A series of 
arched building or gallery. 2. An 

Ar-ca'num (ar-ka7nttm),n. ; pi. Arcana (-na). [L. ; 
V.. ark.] A secret ; a mystery. 
, Arch , I r. LL. area, for arcus. See 

y part of a curved line. 2. (Arch.) 




(a) A curved supporting structure over an opening. 
3. A place covered 
by such a structure. 

Arch (arch), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. 
Arched (archt) ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Arch- 
ing.] 1. To cover 
with an arch. 2. To 
form into an arch. 
— v. i. To take the 
form of an arch ; to 
curve. 

Arch- (arch-, ex- C| 
cept in archangel 
and one or two other words). [L. arch-, Gr. dpx- = dpxi-. 
See Archi-.] A prefix signifying chief, as in archbuilder, 
arcAfiend. 

Arch (arch), a. 1. Chief ; principal. 2. Cunning ; 
roguish ; exhibiting sly humor. 

-arch (-ark). [Gr. dpxos chief, apxeiv to rule. See 
Archi-.] Suffix meaning ruler, as in monarch (sole ruler). 

Ar-chao'an (ar-ke'an), a. [Gr. dpxaios ancient, fr. 
a-PX*l beginning.] Ancient ; pertaining to the earliest 
period in geological history. — k. (Geol.) The earliest 
period in geological history. 

Ar chae-og'ra-phy (ar'ke-og'ra-fy), n. [Gr. dpxatos 
-J- -graphy.] A description of antiquity or antiquities. 

Ar chae-o-log'ic (-ke-6-loj'Tk), ) a. Relating to archse- 

Ar Chae-O-Iog'ical (T-kol), j ology, or antiquities. 

Ar chae-oro-gist (-51'6-jTst), n. One versed in archae- 
ology ; an antiquary. 

Ar ChZB-Ol'O-gy (-51'o-$), n - C Gr - apxaioXor^ia; dp- 
Xeuo? ancient -f- Aoyos discourse.] The science or study 
of antiquities, esp. prehistoric antiquities. 

Ar chae-op'te-ryx (-op'te-riks), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
dp^atof ancient -J- nrepv£ wing.] (Paleon.) A fossil 
bird, of the Jurassic period, remarkable for having a 
long vertebrated tail, and jaws armed with teeth. 

Archae-o-zo'ic (-o-zo'Tk), a. [Gr. dpxato? ancient -+- 
£<Sov animal.] (Zo'ol.) Like or belonging to the earliest 
forms of animal life. 

Ar-cha'ic (ar-ka'ik), a. [Gr. apxaXitos, fr. apxaiios 
ancient.] Of or characterized by archaism ; antiquated ; 
obsolescent. 

Ar'cha-ism (ar'ka-Tz'm), n. 1. An ancient, anti- 
quated, or old-fashioned, word, expression, or idiom. 
2. Antiquity of style or use. 

Ar'cha-iie (-iz), v. t. To make appear archaic. 

Arch'an'gel (ark/an'jel), n. [L. archangelus, Gr. 

[angels. I 
Pertaining to arch-| 

Arch bish'op (arch/bish'Sp), n. A chief bishop; a 
metropolitan or primate. [of an archbishop. I 

Arch bish'op-ric (-rik), n. Jurisdiction, office, or see | 

Arch dea'con (-de'k'n), n. An ecclesiastical digni- 
tary, next in rank below a bishop. 

Arch / dea'COn-ry, n. The district, office, or residence 
of an archdeacon. 

Arch'dea'con-ship, n. The office of an archdeacon. 

Arch di'O-cese (-di'6-ses), n. Archbishop's diocese. 

Arch duch'ess (-duch'es), n. The consort of an arch- 
duke ; also, a daughter of the emperor of Austria. 

Arch'duch'y, n. The territory of an archduke or 
archduchess. 

Arch duke' (-duk'), n. A prince of the imperial 
family of Austria ; formerly, the title was assumed by 
the rulers of Lorraine, Brabant, Austria, etc. 

Arch duke'dom (-dum), n. An archduchy. 

Arch'en'e-my (arch'en'e-m^), n. A principal enemy ; 
specifically, Satan, the grand adversary of mankind. 

Arch'er (arch'er), n. [OF. archier, LL. arcarius, fr. 
L. arcus bow. See Arch.] A bowman. 

Arch'er Ash' (fish'). (Zo'ol.) A small fish of the 
East Indies ; — so called 
from its ejecting drops of 
water from its mouth at 
its prey. 

Arch'er-y (-er-£), n. 
1. Art, practice, or skill 
of shooting with a bow 
and arrows. 2. Archers, 
collectively. Archer Fish ( Toorotesjaculator). 

Ar'che-ty'pal (ar'ke-tl'pal), a. Of or pertaining to 
an archetype ; constituting a model ; original. 
> Ar'che-type (ar'ke-tip), n. [L. archetypura, Gr. 
apxervnov ; apx*- = dp^i- 4- nmos stamp, pattern.] Orig- 
inal pattern or model ; model from which a thing is made. 



dpxayyeAos.] A chief angel. 
Arch an-gel'ic (-Sn-jgl'ik), 




a, e, I ; <;, u. long ; a, g, I, ft, tl, y, short ; sen&te, gvent, tdea, 6bey, tlnite, cAre, arm, ask, all, finoL 



ARCHI- 



51 



AREOPAGUS 




Ar'chi- (ar'kl-). [L. archi-, Gr. apxt-, from the same 
root as apveiv to be first, to begin ; apxv the first place, be- 
ginning ; apxos chief.] A prefix signifying chief, arch; 
as, architect, arcAiepiscopal. In Biol, and Anat. it usu- 
ally means primitive, original, ancestral ; as, archvptz- 
rygiuni, the primitive fin (archi- + Gr. 7JTepvyioi/ fin). 

Ar'chi-di-ac'O-nal (ar'ki-di-Sk'o-nal), a. Of or per- 
taining to an archdeacon. 

Ar'chi-e-pis'CO-pa-cy (-e-pis'ko-pa-sy), n. 1. That 
form of episcopacy in which the chief power is in the 
hands of archbishops. 2. The state or dignity of an 
archbishop. [archbishop, j 

Ar'chi-e-pis'CO-pal (-pal), o. Of or pertaining to an| 

Ar'chil (aVkil), n. [OF. orchel.] A violet dye ob- 
tained from several species of lichen. 

Ar'chi-lO'Chi-an (ar'kl-lo'kT-ttn), a. Of or pertaining 
to the satiric Greek poet Archilochus. 

II Ar chi-ma'gus (-ma'gus), n. [NX. ; pref. archi- + 
L. magus, Gr. ndyos, a Magian.] 1. The high priest of 
the Persian Magi. 2. A great magician. 

Ar chi-me-de'an (-me-de'an), a. Of or pertaining to 
Archimedes, a Greek philosopher. 

Archimedean screw, or Archimedes' screw, an instrument 
for raising water, formed by 
winding a flexible tube spirally 
round a cylinder. 

Ar chi-pel'a-go (-pel'a-go), 
n. ; pi. -goes or -oos (-goz). 
[It. arcipelago ; Gr. pref. 
apx 1 - + ireAoyos sea.] 1. The 
Grecian Archipelago, or 
JDgean Sea. 2. Hence, any Archimedes' Screw, 
large body of water interspersed with many islands. 

Ar'chi-tect (aVkT-tekt), n. [L. architectus, Gr. ap- 
XiTe'/cTwv chief artificer ; pref. apx'- (E. archi-) -j- rinruiv 
workman, akin to tc'xvtj art. See Technical.] 1. A 
person skilled in the art of building ; one who makes it 
his occupation to design and construct buildings. 2. A 
contriver, or maker. 

Ar'chi-tec'tive (-tek'tlv), a. Used in building. 

Ar chi-tec-ton'ic (-ton'Tk), ) a. Pert, to architecture 

Ar'chi-tec-ton'ic-al (-T-korl), J or an architect. 

Ar'chi-tec'tur-al (-tek'tur-al), a. Of or pertaining to 
architecture . — Ar'chi-tec'tur-al-ly , adv. 

Ar 'chi-tec ture (ar'kT-tek'tu'r ; 135), n. 1. Art or sci- 
ence of building ; esp., art of building houses, churches, 
bridges, etc. 2. Construction ; frame or structure. 

Ar'chi-trave (ar^kl-trav), n. [F., fr. It. architrave ; 
pref. archi- -\- trove beam, L. trabs.] (Arch.) (a) The 
lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests 
immediately on the column. (b) The group of moldings, 
or other architectural member, above and on both sides 
of a door or other opening. 

Ar'chive (aVkiv), n. ; pi. Archives (-kivz). [F. ar- 
chives, pi. L. archivum, fr. Gr. apxelov government house, 
fr. apxn government.] 1. pi. The place in which public 
records are kept. 2. pi. Public records or documents 
preserved as evidence of facts. [Rarely used in sing.'] 

Syn. — Registers; records; chronicles. 

Ar'chi-vist (-kl-vTst), n. A keeper of archives. 

Ar'chi- VOlt (iir'kT-volt), n. [F. archivolte, fr. It. ar- 
chil -olto ; pref. archi- + volto vault, arch.] (Arch.) (a) 
The architectural member surrounding the curved open- 
ing of an arch, (b) More commonly, the molding or 
other ornaments on the wedgelike stones of an arch. 

Archly (archly), adv. In an arch manner ; slyly ; 
waggishly. 

Arch'ness, n. The quality of being arch ; cleverness ; 
sly humor free from malice ; waggishness. 

Ar'chon (ar^kon), n. [L., fr. Gr. apxav ruler, p. pr. 
of apxetv to rule.] A chief magistrate in ancient Athens. 

Arch'way (arch'wa), n. Way or passage under an arch. 

-ar-Chy (-ar-ky). [Gr. -ap X Ca, fr. dpxos chief.] A suf- 
fix properly meaning a rule, ruling. Cf. -arch. 

Ar'ci-form (ar'sT-f6nn), a. Having the form of an arc. 

Arc'o-graph (ark'6-graf ), n. An instrument for draw- 
ing an arc without the use of a central 
point ; a cyclograph. 

Arc'tic (-tik), a. ^ [OF. artique, L. arc- 
ticus, fr. Gr. dp^n/cd?, fr. apxro? a bear.] 
Pertaining to, or situated under, the 
northern constellation called the Bear ; 
northern; frigid. Arcograph. 

Arc'tic, n. 1. The arctic circle. 2. A warm water- 
proof overshoe. [Z7. S.] 

Arc-tU'niS (-tu'rus), n. [L. ; Gr. 'Ap<roupo? : apx-ros 
bear -f- ovpos ward, guard.] (Astron.) A fixed star of 
the first magnitude in the constellation Bootes. 




Arc'U-al (ark'u-fll), a. Of or pertaining to an arc. 

Arc'u-ate (ark'u-at), ) a. [L. arcuare to shape like a 

Arc'u-a ted (-a'tgd), ) bow. See Arc] Bent or 
curved in the form of a bow. — Arc'U-ate-ly, adv. 

Arc u-a'tlon (ark'u-a'shun), n. The act of bending ; 
incurvation ; the state of being bent ; crookedness. 

Ar'cu-ba-list (ar'ku-ba-list), n. An arbalist. 

-ard, -art. The termination of many English words ; 
as, coward, reyncrrf, drunkard, braggart, etc., mostly 
from the French, in which language this ending is of 
German origin, being orig. the same as English hard. It 
usually has the sense of one who has to a high or excess- 
ive degree the quality expressed by the root word. 

Ar'den-cy (arMen-sy), n. Quality of being ardent. 

Ar'dent (ar'dent), a. [F. ardant, p. pr. of order to 
burn, fr. L. ardere.] 1. Hot or burning. 2. Having the 
appearance or quality of fire. 3. Passionate ; fervent ; 
zealous. — Ar'dent-ly, adv. — Ar'dent ness, n. 

Syn. — Burning ; hot ; fiery ; glowing ; intense ; fierce ; 
vehement; eager; keen; fervid; fervent; affectionate. 

Ar'dor (iir'der), n. [L., fr. ardere to burn.] 1. Heat. 
2. Warmth of passion or affection ; fervor ; eagerness. 

Ar'dour. Same as Ardor. 

Ar'dU-OUS (ar'du-us ; 135), a. [L. arduus steep, high.] 
1. Steep and lofty, in a literal sense ; hard to climb. 2. 
Requiring great exertion, like the ascending of acclivi- 
ties. — Ar'du-ous-ly , adv. — Ar'du-ous-ness, ». 

Syn. — Difficult ; trying ; laborious ; painful ; exhaust- 
ing. —Hard is simpler, blunter, and more general in sense 
than difficult, difficult commonly implies necessity for 
skill and sagacity more than hard. A work may be hard 
but not difficult. We call a thing arduous when it requires 
strenuous and persevering exertion. 

Are (ar). [AS. aron, akin to L. sumus, Gr. ec/neV, 
Skr. smas (all 1st person pi.) ; from a root as.] The 
present indicative plural of the substantive verb to be ; 
but etymologically a different word. 

Are (£r), n. [F., fr. L. area.] (Metric system) The 
unit of superficial measure, being 100 square meters, or 
about 119.6 square yards. 

A're-a (a're-a), n.'; pi. Areas (-az). [L., a broad piece 
of level ground.] 1. Any plane surface, as of a floor, 
or of the ground within an inclosure. 2. An inclosed 
space on which a building stands. 3. A sunken space 
or court about a building. 4. A tract of the earth's sur- 
face ; a region ; hence, a space, in general. 5. (Geom.) 
Superficial contents ; surface included within any given 
lines. 6. Extent ; scope ; range. 

A-read' ) (a-red'), v. t. [OE. areden, AS. arsedan to 

A-reed'j interpret. See Read.] 1. To tell or explain ; 
to read. \_Obs.] 2. To decree ; to adjudge. [Archaic] 

A-re'al (a're-ol), a. Of or pertaining to an area. 

II A-re'ca (a-re'ka), n. [Canarese adiki.] (Bot.) A 
genus of palms, one species of which produces the areca 
nut, or betel nut. 

Ar^-iac'tion (ar'e-fXk'shun), n. [L. arefacere to 
dry.] The act of drying, or state of growing dry. 

A-re'na (a-re'na), n. ; pi. E. Arenas (-naz) ; L. Arenb 
(-ne). [L., sand, a sandy place.] 1. (Bom. Antiq.) 
The sanded area in an amphitheater, where the shows 
were exhibited. 2. Place of public contest or exertion. 

Ar'e-na'ceous (ar'e-na'shus), a. Sandy ; friable. 

II Ar en-da'tor (aVen-da'tor), n. [LL., deriv. of ad -|- 
renda, E. rent.] In some provinces of Russia, one who 
farms the rents or revenues. 

Ar'e-nose' (ar^-nosO, a. [L. arenosus, fr. arena.] 
Sandy ; friable ; arenaceous. 

A-re'O-la (a-re'o-la), n. ; pi. Areola (-le). [L., dim. 
of area.] 1. An interstice or small space. 2. (A?iat. & 
Med.) A colored ring, as around the nipple. 

A-re'O-lar (-ler), a. Of or pertaining to an areola or 
areolae ; filled with interstices or areola?. 

A-re / 0-late (-lat), ) a. Divided into small spaces 

A-re'O-la-ted (-la-ted), I or areolations. 

A^e-O-la'tion (a're-o-la'shiin), n. 1. Division into 
areolae. 2. Any small space, bounded by some part dif- 
fering in color or structure. 

A/re-Ole (-51), n. Same as Areola. 

A-re'O-let (a-re'o-let), n. (Zool.) A small inclosed 
area, as between the veins of the wings of insects. 

A/re-om'e-ter (a're-om'e-ter), n. [Gr. apaicK thin, 
rare + -meter.] (Physics) A kind of hydrometer for 
measuring the specific gravity of fluids. 

A're-om'e-try (-5ni'e-try), n. The art or process of 
measuring the specific gravity of fluids. [eopagus. I 

ATe-op'a-gite (aVe-Sr/a-jIt), n . A member of the Ar- 1 

Ar'e-Op'a-gUS (-gus), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Apeton-ayos hill 
of Ares (Mars' Hill).] The highest judicial court at 
Athens. Its sessions were held on Mars' Hill. 



B 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



AJtETOLOGY 



52 



ARM 



Ar gal 

Ar pJ 

Argi 

Argt 



Gr. iperrj virtue -f- 
phy treating of virtue, 
argol. 

1 A spe- 

ld sheep of Siberia 

..irkable for its large horns. Also, tbe 




Argali of Siberia. 



Ar gaud lamp (aVgind 
led from tbe 
I 
Genera.] A lamp with a cir- 
allowing 
air both inside 
: tbe tiauie. 
Ar'gent irfjent),*. [F., 
r ; akin 
r, apyos 
1 -her. or money. 
i a Poet.) 

g white. 3. (If<r.) The white color in coats of 
uting silver, or, figuratively, purity. 
Ar'gent. a. Silvery; white; shining. 
Ar gen'tal (Er-jSnOill), a. Of or pertaining to silver ; 

g, containing, or combined with, silver. 
Ar'gen-tate (ar'je'n-tat), a. (Bot.) Silvery white. 
Ar-gen'tic (.ar-jen'tTk), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, 
iiing, silver in its highest equivalence. See -ic. 
Ar'gen-tine i/ar'jeu-tin ; 2), a. Pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, silver ; silvery. 
Ar'gen-tine. n. 1. {Mi*.) A siliceous variety of 
2. White metal coated with silver. 3. (Zool.) 
of Europe with silvery scales. 
Ar 'gen -tit e (-tit), n. (Mm.) Sulphide of silver. 
Ar-gen'tOUS (ar-jeVtus), a. (Chem.) Of, pert, to, or 
containing, silver in its lowest equivalence. See -ous. 

Ar'gent-ry < aVjeut-ry ). n. [F. argenterie, fr. argent 
silver, L. argentum.] Silver plate or vessels. [Obs.] 

Ar'gil (ar'jilj, ?i. [L. argilla white clay, akin to Gr. 
ap-yo? white.] (Min.) Clay, or potter's earth ; sometimes, 
pure clay, or alumina. See Clay. 
Ar gii-la'ceons (-la'shus), a. Clayey. 
Ar gil-lii'er-ons (-llfer-us), a. [L. argilla white 
. ] Producing clay. [slate. I 

Ar'gii-llte (-Ut), n. [Argil + -lite.] (Min.) Clay| 
Ar-gillous (ar-jTPlus), a. Argillaceous ; clayey. 
Ar'glve (aVjiv), a. [L. Argivus, fr. Argos.] Of or 
pertaining to Argos in Greece. — n. A native of Argos. 
Often equivalent to Grecian or Greek. [tartar. I 

Ar'gol (ar'gBl), n. [Of unknown origin.] Crude | 
Ar'go-nant (ar'go-nat), n. [L. Argonauta, Gr. 'Ap- 
: 'Apyui — lav-njs sailor, vavs ship.] 1. Anj"one 
of the legendary Greek heroes who sailed to Colchis with 
Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the Golden Fleece. 2. 
A cephalopod of the genus Argonauta. 
Ar go-nau'ta (ar'go-na'ta), n. (Zool.) A genus of 
Cephalopoda, the members of which much resemble an 
octopus ; — so called from the mistaken notion that the 
animal elevates its arms in the air for sails. The shell is 
often called paper nautilus or paper sailor. 

Ar go-nan'tic (-na/tTk), a. Of or pertaining to the 
Argonauts, or to their voyage to Colchis. 

Ar'go-sy faVgo-sy). n. [Earlier ragusy, lit., a vessel 
of Ragusa.] A large ship, esp. a merchant vessel. 

Ar got' i"ar / g& v or ar'g5tj, n. [F. Of unknown origin.] 
conventional slang, as of thieves, tramps, etc. 
Ar'gne faVpu ), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aegced (-gud) ; p. 
.i. Aegcing.] [F. arguer, fr. L. argulare. freq. 
ere to make clear ; akin to E. argent. ] 1. To in- 
vent and offer reasons ; to use arguments. 2. To contend 
.iient ; to dispute ; to reason. 
Ar'gne, r. t. 1. To debate or discuss ; to reason about. 
I rove or evince ; to manifest or exhibit by logical 

mean*. 3. To persuade by reasons. 

— To expostulate; remonstrate; controvert. 
Ar'gn-«r far't'u-er,), n. One who argues. 
Ar'gn-ment (-mentV, n. 1. Proof. [06.?.] 2. A rea- 
•on or reasons offered in proof, to induce belief, or con- 
vince the mind ; reasoning expressed in words. 3. A 
proces* of reasoning, or a controversy made up of rational 
proof*. 4. The theme or topic of a discourse, writing, 
• ion : alxo, an abstract or summary. 
AT gn men ta'tion ^rzu-men-ta'shun), n. 1. Act 

>ing. 2. Debate; discussion. 
JU'cn-men'ta-tive | -me'r/ta-tiv ), a. 1. Consisting of, 
y. argument. 2. Given to argument ; 
tiow. 



Ar'gns-eyed' (ar'giis-ul ), a. [From Gr. "Apyos a 
niytbical being said to have had a hundred eyes.] Ex- 
tremelv observant ; watchful; sharp-sighted. 

A'ri-ai'a'rT-;'i(/ra'ii-a).?2. [It., fr. L. a'er. See Am.] 
\ ii air or song ; — now mostly used for elaborate, 
accompanied solo parts in operas, oratorios, etc. 

Ar'iar (Sr'yanor8r'I-«n),o. &n. (Ethnol.) See Aryan. 

A'ri-an (,u'rl-an),a. [L. Arianus.] Of or pertaining 
to Alius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the 
fourth century, who held that Christ is inferior to God 
the Father. — ?;. An adherent of the doctrines of Alius. 

A'rl-an-ism (-Tz : m), n. The doctrines of the Arians. 

Ar'id (,ax'Id), a. [L. aridus, fr. arere to be dry.] Ex- 
hausted of moisture ; dry; barren. — Ar'id-ness, n. 

A-rid'i-ty (a-iid'T-ty ),n, 1. State or quality of being 
arid. 2. Fig., want of interest or feeling. 

A'ri-es (a'rT-ez), 7*. [L., a rain.] (Astron.) The Ram; 
the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun 
enters at the vernal equinox, about the 21st of March. 

I A'ri-et'ta (a'rT-et'ta). 1 n. [It. arietta, dim. of aria.] 

Ar'i-ette' (ar'T-ef), J (Mus.) A short aria. 

A-right' (a-rit'), adv. Rightly ; correctly. 

Ar'il (Sr'il). n. [Fr. LL. arilli dry grapes.] (Bot.) A 
covering forming a false coat or appendage to a seed. 

Ar'il-late (ai-'li-iat), Ar'il-la ted (-lasted), Ar'iled 
(-ild), c. Having an aril. 

Ar'i-OSe (arl-os), a. [It. arioso, fr. aria.~\ Charac- 
terized by melody, as distinguished from harmony. 

A-rise 7 (a-riz'), v. i. [imp. Abose (-roz') ; _p~. pr. & 
vb. v. Arising; p.p. Arise* (-riz r n).] [AS. arisan ; a, 
-f rlsan to rise. See Rise.] To rise : (a) To come up 
from a lower to a higher position ; to mount ; to ascend. 
(b) To come into action, being, or notice, (c) To pro- 
ceed ; to issue. 

, A-ris'ta (a-rTs'ta), n. [L.] (Bot.) An awn. 

A-ris'tate (-tat), a. 1. (Bot. ) Having a pointed, beard- 
like process; awned. 2. (Zool.) Having a slender tip. 

Ar'is-tOC'ra-cy (ar'Ts-tok'ra-sy), n. [Gr. aptcrroKpa- 
Tia ; aptcrro? best -f Kparelv to rule. See Cbeate.] 1. 
Government by the best citizens. 2. A form of govern- 
ment, in which the supreme power is vested in the prin- 
cipal persons of a state, or in a privileged order. 3. The 
nobles or chief persons in a state ; a superior or privileged 
class. 

A-ris'tO-crat (a-ris't6-krat or arTs-to-krat), n. 1. One 
of the aristocracy ; also, one who favors aristocracy. 
2. A proud or haughty person. 

Ar'is-tO-crat'ic (aVis-to-krafTk), ) a. Of or pertain- 

Ar'is-tO-crat'ic-al (-kratl-kal), ) ing to an aristoc- 
racy or to aristocrats. —Ar'is-tO-crat'ic-al-ly, adv.— 
Ar is-to-crat'ic-al-ness. n. 

Ar'is-tO-teli-an (-te'lT-an or -tel'yan), a. Of or per- 
taining to Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher (384- 
322 b. c.). — n. A follower of Aristotle ; a Peripatetic. 

A-ris'tn-late (a-rTs'tu-lat ; 135), a. [Dim. fr. arista.'] 
(Bot.) Having a short beard or awn. 

Ar'ith-man'cy (Srlth-rnan'sy' or a-rTth'man-s^), n. 
[Gr. apiO/xos number + -mancy.~\ Divination by numbers. 

A-rith'me-tic (a-rtth'me-tik), ??. [OE. arsmeWx, 
OF. arismetique, L. arithmetica, fr. Gr. apifyujriKos ar- 
ithmetical, 'deriv. of dpifyxoj number.] The science of 
numbers ; the art of computation by figures. 

Ar ith-met'ic-al (ar'ith-mSt/T-kal), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to arithmetic ; according to the method of arithme- 
tic. — Ar'ith-met'ic-al-ly, adv. [in arithmetic. I 

A-rith me-ti'cian (a-rtth'me-tTsh'an), n. One skilled! 

Ark (ark), n. [AS. arc, earc, L,.arca, fr. arcere to 
inclose, keep off ; akin to Gr. apicelv to keep off.] 1. 
A chest, or coffer. [Obs.] 2. (Jeic. Hist.) The oblong 
chest of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, which occupied 
the most sacred place in the sanctuary. 3. The vessel 
in which Noah and his family were preserved. 4. A large 
river flatboat used to transport produce. [U. S.~\ 

Aries (arlz), 72. pi. Earnest money. [Scot.] 

Arm (iirm),n. [AS. arm, earm ; akin to G., D., Dan., 
& Sw. arm, L. armus arm.] 1. The limb of the human 
body which extends from the shoulder to the hand : also, 
the corresponding limb of a monkey. 2. Anything re- 
sembling an arm ; as, (a) The fore limb of an animal 
(6) A branch of a tree, (c) A slender part of an instru- 
ment or machine, projecting from a trunk, axis, or ful- 
crum, (d) (Xaut.) The end of a yard ; also, the part of 
an anchor which ends in the fluke, (e) An inlet of water 
from the sea. {/) A support for the elbow, as on a 
chair, etc. 3. Fig., power; strength; support. 

Arm. n. [See Arms.] (Mil.) (a) A branch of the 
military service, (b) A weapon of offense or defense ; 
— commonly in the pi. 



a, e, I, o, u, long \ a, C. I, 6, ii, y. short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ARM 



53 



ARRAY 




Mule Armadillo (Tatiusia hybrida). 



Arm (arm), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Armed (armd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Arming.] 1. To take by the arm, or with the arms. 
[065.] 2. To furnish with weapons of offense or de- 
f euse ; _ lit. and fig. 3. To cover or furnish with a plate, 
or with what will add strength, security, or efficiency. 

Arm, v. i. To provide one's self with weapons. 

Ar-ma'da (ar-ma'da or ar-ma'da), n. [Sp., fr. L. ar- 
mare.~\ A fleet of armed ships ; squadron; specif., the 
Spanish fleet which was sent to assail England, a.d. 1588. 

Ar'ma-dil'lO (ar'ma-dil'lo), n. ; pi. Armadillos (-loz). 
[Sp., dim. of ar- 
mado armed.] 
{Zo'ol.) Any one 
of a family of 
edentate burrow- 
ing animals pecul- 
iar to America, 
having the body 
and head incased 
in an armor of 
small bony plates. 

Ar'ma-ment (ar'ma-ment), n. [L. armamenla, pi., 
utensils, fr. armare to arm.] 1. A body of land or na- 
val forces equipped for war. 2. {Mil. & Nov.) All the 
cannon and small arms collectively, with their equip- 
ments, belonging to a ship or a fortification. 3. Any 
equipment for resistance. 

Ar'ma-ture (-tfir), n. [L. armatura, fr. armare.] 1. 
Armor. 2. {Magnetism) A piece of soft iron used to 
connect the two poles of a magnet, or electro-magnet, in 
order to complete the circuit, or to receive and apply 
the magnetic force. [port the elbows. I 

Arm'chalr (arm'chaV), n. A chair with arms to sup- 1 

Armed (armd), a. Furnished with arms. 

Arm'ful (arin'ful), n. ; pi. Armfuls (-fulz). As much 
as the arm can hold. [arm in a garment. I 

Arm'hole' (-hoi'), n. 1. Armpit. 2. Hole for the| 

Ar'mil-la-ry (ar'niil-la-ry). a. [LL. armillarius, fr. 
L. armilla bracelet, from annus arm.] 
Of, or pertaining to, a bracelet or ring ; 
resembling a ring ; consisting of rings 
or circles. 

Armillary sphere, an ancient astro- 
nomical machine composed of an as- 
semblage of rings, all circles of the 
same sphere, designed to represent the 
positions of the important circles of 
the celestial sphere. 

Ar-min'i-an (ar-mTn'T-«n or -yon), 
a. Of or pertaining to Arminius, a Armillqrv c nllM .p 
Dutch divine (b. 1560, d. 1609), or to Arnnllar y s P here - 
Arminianism. — n. A follower of Arminius. 

Ar-min'1-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. The religious tenets of 
the Arminians, — conditional election and reprobation ; 
universal redemption for all believers ; necessity for re- 
generation ; man's ability to resist divine grace. 

Ar-mlp'O-tent (-mTp'o-tent), a. [L. armipotens ; arma 
arms -f- potens, p. pr., powerful.] Powerful in arms. 

Ar'mis-tice (ar'mTs-tls), n. [F., deriv. of L. arma 
arms -f- stare, statum, to stand still.] A temporary sus- 
pension of hostilities by agreement ; a truce. 

Armless (arm'les), a. "Without an arm or arms. 

Armlet (-let), n. 1. A small arm. 2. A bracelet 
for the upper arm. 

Ar'mor (ar'mer), n. [OE. armure, fr. F. armure, L. 
armatura. See Armature.] 1. Defensive arms for the 
body. 2. Steel or iron covering of ships or forts. 

Ar'mor-bear'er (-bar/er), n. One who carries the 
armor or arms of another. 

Ar'mored (ar'merd), a. Clad with armor. 

Ar'mor-er (ar'rner-er), n. 1. One who makes or re- 
pairs armor or arms. 2. One who has the care of arms. 

Ar-mo'ri-al (ar-mo'ri-al), a. Belonging to armor, or 
to the heraldic arms or escutcheon of a family. 

Ar'mo-ry (iir'mo-ry), n. 1. A place where arms and 
instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping. 2. 
Armor ; defensive and offensive arms. 3. A manufactory 
of soldiers' weapons. [U. S.] 4. That branch of her- 
aldry which relates to coat armor. 

Arm'pit' (arm'pTf), n. The hollow beneath the junc- 
tion of the arm and shoulder ; the axilla. 

Arms (armz), n. pi. [Through F. fr. L. arma, pi., 
arms, orig., fittings, akin to armas shoulder.] 1. Instru- 
ments or weapons of offense or defense. 2. The deeds 
of war ; military service or science. 3. {Laiv) Anything 
which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or as- 
sault another with. 4. {Her.) The hereditary ensigns 
armorial of a family, borne in shields, banners, etc. 




Ar'mure (ar'niur), n. [F.] 1. Armor. [Obs.] 2. A 
variety of twilled fabric ribbed on the surface. 

Ar'my (ar'mjr), 7i. [F. armee, fr. L. armata, fern, of 
armatus, p. p. of armare to arm.] A collection or body 
of men armed and organized for war. Also used fig. 

Ar'my worm' (wurin'). {Zo'ol.) The destructive lar- 
va of a lepidopterous insect which travels in multitudes. 

Ar'ni-ca (ar'nT-ka), n. [NL. ; origin uncertain.] {Bot.) 
A genus of plants, one species of which is used in medi- 
cine as a narcotic and stimulant. 

Ar-not'tO (iir-not'to), n. Same as Annotto. 

A'roid (a'roid), A-roid'e-OUS (a-roid'e-us), a. [irum 
-f- -oid.'] {Bot.) Of or like the Arum family of plants. 

A-roint' ( a-roint'), inter j. Stand off, or begone. \_Obs.~\ 

A-ro'ma (a-ro'ma), n. [L., fr. Gr. apu>/j.a.] Fragrant 
principle of plants or other substances ; agreeable odor. 

Ar'O-mat'ic (aVo-mSt'Tk), I a. Of or pertaining to 

Ar o-mat'ic-al (-I-kol), ] aroma ; fragrant ; spicy. 

Ar o-mat'ic (ar'6-inat'ik), n. A plant or drug having 
a fragrant smell, and usually a warm, pungent taste. 

A-ro'ma-tize (a-ro'ma-tiz or Sr'6-ma-tiz), v. t. To 
impregnate with aroma ; to make spicy. 

A-rose' (a-roz'). The past or preterit tense of Arise. 

A-round' (a-round'), adv. 1. In a circle ; on every 
side; round. 2. Here and there within the surrounding 
space ; all about. 3. Near ; in the neighborhood. [Col- 
log. U. S.] 

A-round', prep. 1. On all sides of ; so as to make the 
circuit of ; about. 2. From one side or part to another 
of ; on another side of. [Collog. U. S.~\ [being aroused. I 

A-rous'al (a-rouz'al), n. Act of arousing; state of | 

A-rouse' (a-rouz'), v. t. [Pref. a- -|- rouse.] To rouse. 

A-roynt' (a-roint'), interj. See Aroint. 

II Ar-peg'gio (ar-ped'jo), n. [It., fr. arpeggiare to play 
on the harp, fr. arpa harp.] {Mus.) The production of 
the tones of a chord in rapid succession, and not simul- 
taneously. 

Ar'pent (ar'pent), ) n. [F., fr. L. arepennis, arapen- 

Ar'pen (ar'pen), ) nis.] A former land measure in 
France, — in some parts more, in some less, than an acre. 

Ar'pen-ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. A land surveyor, [i?.] 

Ar'que-DUS \ (ar'kwe-bus), n. [Through F. fr. D. 

Ar'que-buse j haak-bus. See Hagbut.] A sort of 
hand gun having a contrivance by which a burning match 
was applied to the powder. [arquebus. I 

Ar'que-DUS-ier' (-er'), n. A soldier armed with an| 

Ar'rach (ar'rach), n. See Orach. 

Ar'rack (ar'rak), n. [Ar. araq, fr. araqa to sweat.] 
Any ardent spirits ; specifically, a fermented mixture of 
rice, molasses, and palm wine. [East Indies] 

Ar-raign' (ar-ran'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arraigned 
(-rand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraigning.] [Through F. fr. 
LL. arrationare ; L. ad + ratio reason, LL. judgment.] 
1. {Law) To call or set as a prisoner at the bar of a court 
to answer to the matter charged in an indictment or com- 
plaint. 2. To call to account, or accuse. 

Syn. — To accuse ; impeach ; charge ; censure ; crimi- 
nate ; indict ; denounce. 

Ar-raign'ment (-ment), n. Act of arraigning. 

Ar-range' (ar-ranj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arranged 
(-ranjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arranging (-jing).] [OF. aren- 
gier; a (L. ad) + ranger. See Range, v. t.] 1. To put 
in proper order ; to place or dispose (persons or things) 
in a certain way. 2. To adjust or settle, as differences. 

Syn. — Adjust ; adapt ; range ; dispose ; classify. 

Ar-range'ment (ar-ranj'ment), ». 1. Act of arranging 
or state of being arranged. 2. Manner or result of 
arranging ; regular and systematic classification. 3. 
Preparatory measure ; preparation ; — usually in pi. 
4. Settlement; adjustment by agreement. 5. {Mus.) 
Adaptation of a composition to voices or instruments for 
which it was not originally written ; a piece so adapted. 

Ar'rant (ar'rant), a. [Variant of F. errand wandering, 
first applied to vagabonds, as an errant rogue, an errant 
thief.] Notoriously or preeminently bad; shameless; 
unmitigated. — Ar'rant-ly, adv. 

Ar'ras (ar'ras), n. [Fr. Arras in the Netherlands.] 
Tapestry; esp., heavy cloth hangings with woven figures. 

Ar'ras-ene' (ar'ras-en'), n. A material of wool or silk 
used for working the figures in embroidery. 

II Ar-ras'tre (ar-ras'tra), n. [Sp.] A rude apparatus 
for pulverizing ores, esp. those containing free gold. 

Ar'ras-wise' (ar'ras-wiz'), Ar'ras-ways'(-waz'), adv. 
In such a way as to exhibit the top and two sides, the 
corner being in front. 

Ar-ray' (ar-ra'), n. [OF. arrai order, dress ; a (L. 
ad) -f- rai order, arrangement, fr. G. or Scand.] 1. Or- 
der ; disposition in regular lines ; hence, order of battle. 



B 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, ru.de, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



AKUAY 



54 



ARTERIOTOMY 



1. An orderly ooIKh: 3. Arrangement of 

r.i . ut . ::-".. - ■■ v.iu i)>iv.tI. 4. (I. in K<i) A rank- 
:. rth in order. by the proper officer, of a 
The panel itself, (c) 
jurors summoned. 
Ax-ray' Mr-rlO, r. f. i top. A p. p. Arrayed (,-rad') ; 
a l^. fi. Arraying.] 1. To place or dispose in 
to marshal. 2. To dress; esp., to 
dress elegantly. 3. {Lam) To set, or call the roll of, 
m bv man in order. 
Ar-rear' t,ar-rer'). adv. [OF. were, aj-iere, F. ar- 
> backward.] To the rear. [06*.] 
Ar rear', n. That which is behind in payment, or 
which remains unpaid, though due ; — commonly in pi. 
In srrMr or In *rr**r», behind ; behindhand ; in debt. 
Ar rear 'age ^r-reVuj), n. Unpaid debt ; arrears. 
Ar-rect' i.ar-re'kt'), ( <'• [L. a r rectus, p. p. of arrigere 
Ar -reefed. I to raise ; ad ~r rege re to direct.] 

1. lifted Dp : erect 2. Attentive. [06*.] 
Ar-resf (ir-reW)i '• '• [imp- & p- p- Arrested ; 

£ Arresting.] [Through OF. St LL. fr. 

- refers to remain, stop. See Rest.] 1. To 
check or hinder the motion or action of. 2. 
i o take, seize, or apprehend by authority of law. 
.ze on and fix ; to engage. 
Bysu To obstruct ; delay ; detain ; check ; hinder ; 
stop ; stay ; apprehend ; seize ; lay hold of. 
Ar-resf. n. The act of arresting in any sense. 
Ar res-ta'tion (aVrea-ta'shun), n. Arrest. [B.] 
Ar-resf ive (-rfatTv), a. Tending to arrest. 
Ar-resf ment (-ment), n. Act of arresting ; check. 
Ar-rhi'zal (a-ri'zal), ) a. [Gr. dppi£os not rooted ; 
Ar-rhi'zous (a-ri'zus), J a priv. + pi'^o root.] (Bot.) 
De.-titute of a true root, as a parasitical plant. 
Ar-riere' (Xr-rer'), n. [See Arrear.] Lit., the rear ; 

— chiefly used as an adj. in the sense of subordinate. 
Ar-riere'-ban' (-ban'), n. [F. arriere-ban, deriv. of 

OHG. fieri an army -f- ban a public call ; — influenced by 
the unconnected word arriere.] A proclamation of a 
feudal sovereign calling feudatories and their vassals to 
take the field for war ; also, the body of such vassals. 

Ar'ris (aVrTs), n. [OF. aresle, fr. L. arista the 
beard of grain, fish bone.] (Arch.) The sharp edge or 
salient angle formed by two surfaces meeting each other. 

Ar'rlfih (Sr'rlsh), n. [See Eddish.] The stubble of 
wheat or grass ; also, a stubble field. [Eng.] 

Ar-riv'al (5r-riv'«l), n. Act of arriving, in any sense 
of the verb ; also, that which has arrived. 

Ar-rive' (ar-riv'), p. i. [imp. &p. p. Arrived (-rivd') ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Arriving.] [OF. ariver, fr. LL. arripare, 
to come to shore ; L. ad -+- ripa shore.] 1. To come to 
the shore or bank. In present usage, to come in prog- 
ress by water, or by traveling on land. 2. To reach, 
gain, or compass an object or result by effort, practice, 
study, inquiry, reasoning, or experiment. 3. To come ; 

— said of time. 

Ar -rive', v. t. To reach ; to come to. [Archaic] 
Ar-rtv'er (Sr-rivfer), n. One who arrives. 
Ar'ro-gance (aVro-gans), n. Act or habit of arroga- 
ting ; undue assumption of dignity or authority. 

Syn.— Hauteur; assumption; lordliness; presumption; 
pride ; disdain ; insolence ; conceit. See Haughty. 

Ax'ro-gant (ar'ro-gint), a. 1. Making, or having the 
disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or esti- 
mation ; — of persons. 2. Proceeding from undue claims 
or self-importance ; — of things. — Ar'ro-gant-ly , adv. 
Ar'ro-gate (aVro-gat), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Arrogated 
p. pr. & vb. n. Abrogating (-ga'ting).] [L. 
: . of adrognre, arrogare, to ask, appropri- 
ne's self; ad -J- rogare to ask.] To assume, or 
claim as one's own, unduly, proudly, or presumptuously ; 
to make baseless pretensions to right or merit. 

Ar ro-ga'tion (aVro-ga'shun), n. Act of arrogating. 
Ar'ro-ga-tlve f-ga-tlv), a. Prone to arrogance. 
Ar ron disse menf (a'roN'des'maN'), n. [F., fr. 
to make round.] A subdivision of a depart- 

w Ur'ro), n. [AS. arewe, earh ; akin to Icel. 

A missile weapon of offense, slender, pointed, 

end usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow. 

Bra«l »rrow. (a) An arrow with a broad head, (b) A 

mark placed on British ordnance and government stores. 

Ar'row head ed, a. Shaped like the head of an arrow ; 

MMDOI 



I Sot ')./-. ( Bot. ) A plant native of the 
Weet Indies ; abso, a nutritious starch food obtained from 
^'77*° f:alle ' 1 from its reputed use by the natives for 
nealuig wound* made by poisoned arrows. 



Ar'row-y ($r'r6"-J), a. 1. Consisting of arrows. 
2. Resembling an arrow in form or action. 

Ar-roy'O (a-roi'6), n. ; pi. Arroyos (-oz). [Sp., fr. 
LL. arrogium.~\ 1. A rivulet. 2. The dry bed of a 
small stream. [U. S.~\ 

Ar'se-nal (ar'se-nul), n. [Through Sp. & F. or It. fr. 
Ar. dar<,ina\i house of industry or fabrication ; dar house 
-f- viiui'a art, industry.] A public establishment for the 
storage, or for the manufacture and storage, of arms and 
military equipments. 

Ar'se-nic (ar'se-nlk), n. [L. arsenicum, Gr. apaeviKov, 
deriv. of appriv male, on account of its strength.] 1. 
(Chem.) An element resembling a metal in its physical 
properties, but in its chemical relations ranking with the 
nonmetals. The element and its compounds are active 
poisons. Specific gravity from 5.7 to 5. 9. Atomic weight 
75. Symbol As. 2. (Com.) Arsenious oxide or arsenious 
anhydride ; ratsbane. 

Ar-senlc (ar-sen'Ik), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to 
arsenic in its highest equivalence. See -ic. 

Ar-sen'ic-al (-i-kcrl), a. Of or pertaining to arsenic. 

Ar-se'nl-ous (ar-se'nT-us), a. Of or pertaining to ar- 
senic ; containing arsenic, esp. in an equivalence next 
lower than the highest. See -ous. 

! Ar'sis (ar'sls), n. [L., fr. Gr. apcri? a raising, fr. 
alpeiv to raise. Its ordinary use is the result of an early 
misapprehension ; originally it denoted the lifting of the 
hand in beating time, and hence the unaccented part of 
the rhythm.] (Pros.) That part of a foot which is dis- 
tinguished from the rest by a greater stress of voice. 
Also, the stress of voice ; metrical accentuation. 

Af son (aVs'n), n. [OF., fr. L. ardere, arsum, to burn.] 
(Law) The malicious burning of the dwelling house or 
ship of another. By statute arson is made to include other 
acts of burning. 

Art (art). The second person sing., indie, mode, present 
tense, of the substantive verb Be ; but formed after the 
analogy of the plural are, with the ending -t, as in shalr, 
wiU, orig. an ending of the second person sing. pret. Cf . 
Be. Now used only in solemn or poetical style. 

Art, n. [F., fr. L. ars, ariis, orig., skill in joining or 
fitting.] 1. The employment of means to accomplish 
some desired end. 2. A system of principles and rules 
for attaining a desired end ; method of doing well some 
special work; — distinguished from science. 3. System- 
atic application of knowledge or skill in effecting a de- 
sired result, esp. in the production of the beautiful by 
imitation or design. Also, an occupation or business re- 
quiring such knowledge or skill. 4. pi. Those branches 
of learning which are taught in the academical course 
of colleges. 5. Learning; study; applied knowledge. 
[Archaic] 6. Acquired skill, dexterity, or faculty. 7. 
Skillful plan ; device. 8. Cunning ; artifice ; craft. 

ffi^T" The useful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those 
in which the hands and body are more concerned than 
the mind, — as in making clothes and utensils. These are 
called trades. The fine arts are those which have prima- 
rily to do with imagination and taste, and are applied to 
the production of what is beautiful. They include poe- 
try, music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architec- 
ture ; but the term is often confined to painting, sculp- 
ture, and architecture. The liberal arts (arfes liberates. 
which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted 
to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, grammar, logic, 
rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. 
In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, 
philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of 
academical or collegiate education. Hence, degrees in 
the arts; master and bachelor of arts. 

Syn. — Science ; literature ; aptitude ; readiness ; skill ; 
dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; 
trade; calling ; cunning ; artifice ; duplicity. See Science. 

Ar te-mi'si-a (ar'te-mTzhT-a or aVte-mishl-a), n. 
[L. Artemisia, Gr. 'Aprefjua-ia.] (Bot.) A genus of 
plants, one species of which is wormwood. 

Ar-te'ri-ac (ar-te'rT-Sk), a. [See Artery.] Of or 
pertaining to the windpipe. 

Ar-te'ri-al (ar-te'rT-al), a. 1. Of or pertaini n g to an 
artery, or the arteries. 2. Fig., of or pertaining to a 
main channel, as a river or railroad. 

Ar-teTi-al-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. Process of arteri- 
alizing. 

Ar-te'ri-al-ize (ar-te'rT-al-Iz), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Ar- 
terializld (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arteriaxiztng.] To 
transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by 
exposure to oxygen in the lungs. 

Ar-te / ri-0l'0-gy (ar-te'rT-51'o-j?), n. [Gr. aprripCa + 
-logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of arteries. 

Ar-te/rl-Of O-my (-5t'6-my), n. [Deriv. of Gr. ap-rrjpCa 
-f Top.ri a cutting.] 1. (Med.) The opening of an artery, 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; A, 



€, I, 6, tt, y, short ; senAte, event, idea, Sbey, tinite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ARTERY 



55 



AS 



esp. for bloodletting. 2. That part of anatomy which 
treats of the dissection of the arteries. 

Ar'ter-y (ar'ter-^), n. [L. arleria windpipe, artery, 
Gr. apmpCa.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The windpipe. [06s.] (b) 
One of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or 
arterial blood from the heart. 2. Hence, any continuous 
or ramified channel of communication. 

Ar-te'sian (ar-te'zhan), a. Of or pertaining to Artois 
(anciently called Arlesium), in France ; — applied to a 
kind of well (long used there) made by boring into the 
earth till water is reached which flows spontaneously. 

Art'ful (art'ful), a. 1. Performed with, or charac- 
terized by, art or skill. [Archaic} 2. Using or exhibit- 
ing much art, skill, or contrivance ; dexterous ; skillful ; 
adroit. 3. Cunning; crafty; designing; tricky. [The 
usual sense.]— Art'ful-ly, adv. — Art'ful-ness, n. 

Arthritic (ar-thrit'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to ar- 

Ar-thrit'ic-al (-i-kal), J thritis; gouty. 

II Ar-thri'tis (ar-thri'tTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. aptfpiTis, fr. 
apOpov a joint.] {Med.) Inflammation of the joints; 
particularly, the gout. 

II Ar-thro'di-a (ar-thro'dl-a), n. [NL., deriv. of Gr. 
apOpov a joint + elSos shape.] (Anat.) A form of artic- 
ulation in which the articular surfaces are nearly flat. 

Ar'thro-pOd (ar'thro-pod), n. One of the Arthropoda. 

II Ar-throp'O-da (ar-throp'o-da), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
apOpov joint -\- -poda.} (Z'dol.) A large division of Ar- 
ticulata, embracing all that have jointed legs. It includes 
Insects, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, and Crustacea. 

II Ar-thTO'sis (ar-thro'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. apOpuxris, 
fr. apOpov joint.] (Anat.) Articulation. 

Ar'ti-ad (ar'shT-a'd or ar'tT-a"d), a. [Gr. aprios even, 
f r. apn exactly. ] ( Chem. ) Even ; — said of elements and 
radicals having a valence exactly divisible by two. 

Ar'ti-choke (ar'ti-chok), n. [It. articiocco, prob. fr. 
Ar. al-harshaf, al-khar- 
shuf.} (Bot.) A plant 
somewhat resembling a 
thistle, a part of the head 
of the flower of which i3 
edible. 

Jerusalem artichoke. 
[Perh. a corruption of It. 
girasole sunflower.] A 

Elant of the sunflower kind 
aving edible tubers ; also, 
one of the tubers. 

Ar'ti-cle (ar'tT-k'l), n. 
[F., fr. L. articulus, dim. 
of artus joint, akin to Gr. 
apOpov, fr. a root ar to join, 
fit.] 1. A distinct por- 
tion of any writing, con- Artichoke (.Cynarascolymus). 
sistmg of two or more par- 
ticulars, or treating of various topics ; hence, a clause 
in a contract, treaty, or the like ; a condition, or stipu- 
lation ; a concise statement. 2. A literary composition, 
one of several published together. 3. A distinct part. 
4. A particular commodity or substance. 5. (Gram.) 
One of the three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to 
limit or define their application. 

Ar'ti-cle, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Articled (-k'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Articling (-kllng).] 1. To formulate in arti- 
cles ; to set forth in distinct particulars. 2. To accuse 
or charge by an exhibition of articles. 3. To bind by 
articles of covenant or stipulation. [joints. I 

Ar-tic/U-lar (ar-tik'u-ler), a. Of or pertaining to the 

II Ar-tic'U-la'ta (-la'ta), n. pi. [Neut. pi. from L. 
articulatus jointed.] (Zodl.) (a) One of the four sub- 
kingdoms in the classification of Cuvier, — including in- 
vertebrates whose body consists of ringlike segments. 
(b) Marine animals having shells united by a hinge. 

Ar-tic'u late (ar-tTk'ii-lat), a. 1. Expressed in arti- 
cles or in separate items or particulars. 2. Jointed; 
formed with joints. 3. Characterized by division into 
words and syllables ; distinctly uttered ; intelligible. — 
Ar-tic'u-late-ly, adv. — Ar-tic'u-late-ness, n. 

Ar-tic/u-late, n. (Zodl.) One of the Articulata. 

Ar-tic'u-late (-lat), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Articulated 
(-la'ted); p.pr. & vb. n. Articulating (-la/ting).] 1. 
To utter the elementary sounds of a language or articu- 
late speech. 2. To join or be connected by articulation. 

Ar-tic'u-late, v. t. 1. To joint ; to put together by 
joints. 2. To form, as the elementary sounds ; to utter 
in distinct syllables or words. 3. To express distinctly. 

Artie u-la'tion (ar-tlk/fi-la'shun), n. 1. (Anat.) A 
joint or juncture between bones in the skeleton. 2. (Bot. ) 
(a) A node or joint. (6) One of the parts intercepted 




between the joints ; also, a subdivision into parts at regu- 
lar or irregular intervals. 3. The act of putting together 
with a joint or joints ; any meeting of parts in a joint. 
4. The state of being jointed ; connection of parts. 5. 
Act or power of articulating sounds. 6. A sound made 
by the vocal organs ; esp., a consonant, [articulation. I 

Ar-tic'u-la-tive (ar-tlk'u-la-tiv), a. Of or pert. to| 

Ar-tic'u-lator (-la'ter), n. One that articulates. 

Ar'tl-fice (ar'tl-fis), n. [L. artificium, fr. artifez 
artificer; ars, artis, art -\- facer e to make.] 1. Work- 
manship ; a skillfully contrived work. 2. Artful or skill- 
ful contrivance. 3. Crafty device ; an ingenious trick. 
[Now the usual meaning.] 

Ar-tif'i-cer (ar-tYf'I-ser), n. 1. A skillful worker in 
some art or trade. 2. One who designs and constructs. 

Syn. — Artisan ; artist. 

Ar ti-tl'cial (ar'tl-f ish'al), a. 1. Made or contrived 
by art ; not natural. 2. Feigned ; fictitious ; affected ; 
not genuine.— Ar'ti-fi'ci-al'i-ty (-fTsh'I-al'I-ty), n. — 
Ar'ti fi'cial-ly, adv. — Ar'ti-fi'cial-ness, n. 

Ar-til'ler-ist (ar-tfl'ler-Ist), n. A person skilled in 
artillery or gunnery ; a gunner ; an artilleryman. 

Ar-til'ler-y (ar-til'ler-y), n. [OF. artillerie, fr. LL. 
artilleria, implements of war, prob. from L. ars, artis, 
skill in j oining something. ] 1. Munitions of war. [ Obs. ] 
2. Cannon ; great guns ; ordnance, including guns, mor- 
tars, howitzers, etc. , with their equipment of carriages, 
balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds. 3. The branch of the 
army to which the care and service of ordnance is in- 
trusted. 4. The science of artillery or gunnery. 

Ar-tiller-y-man (-man), n. A soldier who manages, 
or assists in managing, a large gun ; a gunner. 

Ar'ti-san (ar'tT-z5n), n. [F., fr. L. artitus skilled in 
arts, f r. L. ars.~\ One trained to manual dexterity in some 
mechanic art or trade ; handicraftsman ; mechanic. 

Artist (art'ist), n. [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars.} 
One who professes and practices an art in which science 
and taste preside over the manual execution ; specif., a 
painter, sculptor, musician, engraver, or architect. 

II Ar-tistC (ar-test'), n. [F.] One peculiarly dexter- 
ous and tasteful in almost any employment. 

Ar-tis'tic (ar-tTs'tik), ) a. Of or pertaining to art or 

Ar-tis'tiC-al (-tT-kal), J to artists ; conformable to 
art ; showing taste or skill. — Ar-tis'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Art'less (artles), a. 1. Wanting art ; ignorant ; un- 
skillful. 2. Free from guile, craft, or stratagem ; ingen- 
uous. — Art'less-ly, adv. — Art'less-ness, n. 

Syn.— Simple ; unaffected ; sincere ; honest ; undesign- 
ing ; guileless ; unsophisticated ; open ; frank ; candid. 

Ar to-car'pe-ous (ar/to-kar'pe-us), ) a. [Gr. a pros 

Ar to-car'pous (kVto-kar'pus), J bread -f- xapTrds 
fruit.] (Bot. ) Of or pertaining to the breadfruit, or to 
the genus Artocarpus. 

II A'rum (a'rum), n. [L. arum, Gr. apov.~\ A genus 
of plants found in central Europe and about the Mediter- 
ranean, having flowers on a spadix inclosed in a spathe. 
The cuckoopint of the English is an example. , 

A-run/di-na'ceous (a-run'di-na'shus), a. [L? arun- 
dinaceus, fr. arundo reed.] Of or pertaining to a reed ; 
resembling the reed or cane. 

Ar'un-din'e-OUS (Sr'un-dTn'e-us), a. Full of reeds. 

II A-rus'pex (a-rfis'peks), n. ; pi. Aruspices (-pT-sez). 
[L.] One of the class of diviners among the Etruscans 
and Romans, who foretold events by inspection of the 
entrails of victims offered on the altars of the gods. 

A-rus'pice (-pis), n. Same as Aruspex. 

A-rus'pi-cy (-pi-s^), n. Prognostication by inspection 
of the entrails of victims slain in sacrifice. 

Ar'vi-cole (ar'vi-kol), n. [L. arvum field -f- colere to 
inhabit.] (Zodl.) A mouse of the genus A rvicola ; the 
meadow mouse. There are many species. 

Ar'yan (ar'yan or Sr'i-an), n. [Skr. arya excellent, 
honorable ; akin to the name of the country Iran.} 1. 
One of a primitive people supposed to have lived, in pre- 
historic times,in Central Asia,and to have been the source 
of the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, 
Slavonic, and other races ; one of that ethnological divi- 
sion of mankind called also Indo-European or Indo-Ger- 
manic. 2. The language of the original Aryans. 

Ar'yan (ar'yan or SrT-an), a. Of or pertaining to the 
people called Aryans ; Indo-European ; Indo-Germanic. 

A-ryt'e-noid (a-rife-noid), a. [Gr. apvTaivoeiSrjs.} 
(Anat.) Ladle-shaped;— applied to two small cartilages 
of the larynx, and to the connected glands, muscles, etc. 

As (5z), adv. & conj. [OE. as, als, alse, also, AS. eal 
swd, lit. all so; hence, quite so, quite as. See Also.] 
1. Denoting equality or likeness in kind, degree, or man- 
ner ; like ; similar to ; no less than. 2. In the idea, 



B 



H 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



AS 



56 



ASH WEDNESDAY 



n of, — limiting the view to certain 

3. TV Ink- : during or at the same 

time th.- uce. 6 Kxprnwilng canoes- 

•ion. (Often b i" meaning.) 6- As 

For instance : lor example; thus. 

As tor. t r As to, in regard to : with respect to. —As if, or 

. or in the same condition or 

. l>e if. — A* it were (as if it were', a 

I to apologize for or to relieve some 

WiprWHiiri) -tn ■)) might be deemed inappropriate; in a 

A« well, also ; too; besides. — Aswellas, equally 

"than. —As yet, until now ; at present. 

| As [L- «*• See Ace.] 

A weight equal to nearly eleven ounces 

I Dpper coin, originally of a pound weight, 

reduced to half an ounce. 

An a-let'i^da ( (X* a-fe"t1-da), n. [NL., fr. asa a gum 

As a-fcet'1-da t (of oriental origin) -f- L. foetidus 

fetid.] The fetid gum resin or inspissated juice of a 

plant of Persia and the East Indies. 

As-bes'tic ^Is-bes'tTk or $z-), \a. Of, pertaining to, 

As-bes'tine (-tin), j or resembling, asbes- 

. ■ombu&tible ; asbestine. 
As-bes'tOUS (-tus), a. Asbestic. 
As-bes'tus (,-beVtus), )n. [L. asbestos, fr. Gr. dcr- 
As-bes'tOS (-t5s), ) 0eoro? (prop, an adj.) inex- 

tinguishable ; d priv. -f aj3evvvi/ai to extinguish.] (Min.) 
A variety of amphibole or of pyroxene, occurring in deli- 
cate fibers, or in fibrous masses or seams, usually of a 
white or gray color. Also, a similar variety of serpentine. 
As-cend'\5s-send'). v. i. [inip. &p.p. Ascended ; p. 
pr. ft vb, n. Ascending.] [L. ascendere ; ad + scandere 
to climb, mount. See Scan.] To move upward; to 
mount ; to go up ; to rise. Also used figuratively. 
Syn. — To rise; mount; climb; scale; soar; tower. 
Ascend', V. t. To go or move upward upon or along ; 
to climb ; to mount ; to go up to the top of. 
As-cend'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being ascended. 

ai"^S'«^it«; 8y) ' I "• Sa °* ™ Ascendency. 
Ascend ance (-ans), j 

As-cend'ant (Ss-send'ant), n. 1. Height ; elevation. 

2. (Astrol.) The horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic 
which rises above the horizon at the moment of one's 
birth, — supposed to have a commanding influence on a 
person's life and fortune. 3. Controlling influence ; as- 
cendency. 4. An ancestor. 

As-cend'ant (-ant), 1 a. 1. Rising toward the zenith ; 

As-cend'ent (-ent), j above the horizon. 2. Rising; 
ascending. 3. Superior; predominant. 

As-cend'en-cy (2s-send'en-sy), n. Governing or con- 
trolling influence ; control ; sway ; domination. 

Syn. — Authority ; influence ; dominion; prevalence. 

As-cend'i-ble M-b'l), a. Capable of being ascended. 

As-cen'sion (as-sen'6hun), n. 1. Act of ascending ; 
ascent. 2. Specif., the visible ascent of our Savior. 
(Acts i. 9.) Also, Ascension Day. 3. That which rises. 

Right ascension (Astron.), that degTee of the equinoctial, 
counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with a 
star, or other celestial body, in a right sphere ; or the arc 
of the equator between the first point of Aries and that 
point of the equator tliat comes to the meridian with the 
star ; — expressed either in degrees or in time. 

As-cen'sion-al (-shun-al), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

AB-cen'sive (Ss-sen'sTv), ) ascension ; tending or 
causing to rise ; tending upward. 

As-cent' (5s-sent'), n. [Formed fr. L. ascendere, 
after analogy of descent.'] 1. The act of rising ; rise ; a 
mounting upward. 2. The way by which one ascends. 

3. An eminence, hill, or high place. 4. DegTee of ele- 
vation, or the angle made by an inclined line with a hori- 



zontal line ; inclination ; slope. 
As'cer-tain' (aVser-tan'), v. t. 



[imp. & p. p. Ascer- 
tained (-tand') j p. pr. & vb. n. Ascertaining.] [OP. 
' a CL. ad) — certain.'] 1. To render (another) 
J 2. To cause (a thing) to be certain ; to 
. obscurity, doubt, or change ; to make sure of ; 
to fix; to determine. [Archaic] 3. To make one's 
self certain of ; to find out or learn surely. 

As cer-tain'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be ascertained. 
— As cer-tain'a-ble-ness, n. 
As cer-tain'ment C-rnent), n. Act of ascertaining. 
As-Ct : .. u . [Gr. ao-*ojTiK(>?, fr. ao-nelvto 

J"****** -lf-denial and devotions ; austere ; 

— n. Hermit; recluse; one who practices ex- 
trfe ' L '' ' h ; nial in religious things. 

As-cet'i-clsm (-T-eYz*m), n. The condition or prac- 
1 self-denial; austerity. 
As'cl 5 ' i j, r>. pi. See Ascus. 
As'clan [Uk/jaa), n. One of the Ascii. 



As cid'ian (Xs-sTd'Y-rm), n. [Gr. doxos bladder, 
pouch.] (Zo'ul.) One of the Ascidioidea, or in a more 
general sense, one of the Tunicata. Also as an adj. 

I As-cid i-oid'e-a (Xs-sid T-oid'e-a), n. pi. [XL., fr. 
ascidium + -oid. See Ascidicm.] (Zool.) A group of 
Tunicata, usually having a leathery integument. 

As-cid'i-urn (Ss-sTd'i-um), n. ; pi. Ascidia (-a). 
[XL., f r. ascus. See Ascus.] 1. (Bot.) A pitcher-shaped, 
or flask-shaped, organ or appendage of a plant, as the 
leaves of the pitcher plant. 2. pi. (Zool.) A genus of 
simple ascidians, which formerly included most of the 
known species. [(Bot.) Having asci. I 

As-cig'er-OUS (Ss-sTj'er-us), a. [Ascus -f- -gerous.] \ 

I As'ci-i (i&sh'i-i), n. pi. [L., deriv. of Gr. d priv. -f- 
<tki6. shadow.] Persons who cast no shadow at noon; 
— applied to inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, 
twice a year, a vertical sun. 

i As-Ci'tes (Ss-si'tez), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. octkoj 
bladder, belly.] (Med.) Dropsy of the peritoneum.— 
As-Cit'ic (as-sif Ik), As-cit'ic-al (-T-kal), a. 

As ci-ti'tious (as'sT-tish'us), a. [See ADScrrrnors.] 
Supplemental ; not inherent or original ; adscititious. 

As-cle'pl-ad (as-kle'pT-5d), n. (Gr. & L. Pros.) A 
choriambic verse, first used by the Greek poet Asclepias, 
consisting of a spondee, two choriambi, and an iambus. 

As-cle pi-a-da'ceous (as-kle'pT-a-da'shus), a. [Named 
after Asclepias, ox Aesculapius, the mythological Greek 
physician.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the 
family of plants including the genus Asclepias (milk- 
weed, swallowwort, etc.). 

As'co-spore (as'ko-spor), n. [Ascus -\- spore.] (Bot.) 
One of the spores in the asci of lichens and fungi. 

As-crib'a-ble (as-kriVa-b'l), a. That may be ascribed. 

Ascribe' (as-krib'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascribed 
(-kribd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascribing.] [L. ascribere; 
ad + scribere to write. See Scribe.] 1. To attribute, 
impute, or refer, as to a cause or source. 2. To attrib- 
ute, as a quality or an appurtenance, to its possessor ; to 
allege to belong. 

Syn. — To attribute; impute. — Ascribe, attribute, im- 
pute, agree in implying a reference of something to a per- 
son or thing as its cause or source ; but impute (except in 
its theological sense) usually implies something doubtful 
or wrong m the thing imputed. 

Ascrip'tion (as-krip'shun), n. [L. ascriplio, fr. as- 
cribere.] Art of ascribing ; also, that which is ascribed. 

As'cus (as'kus), n. ; pi. Asci (as'si). [NX., fr. Gr. 
do-zcos a bladder.] (Bot.) A small membranous bladder 
or tube in which are inclosed the seedlike reproductive 
particles or sporules of lichens and certain fungi. 

A-sep'tic (a-sep'tlk), a. [Pref. a- not -)- septic] Not 
liable to putrefaction. — n. An aseptic substance. 

A-sex'U-al (a-seks'u-al ; 135), a. [Pref. a- not -f- sex- 
ual.] (Biol.) Having no distinct sex; being or produced 
without sexual action. — A-sex'u-al-ly, adv. 

Ash (ash), n. [OE. asch, AS. sesc ; akin to D. esch, G. 
esche.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of trees of the Olive family, 
having opposite pinnate leaves, many of the species fur- 
nishing valuable timber. 2. The wood of the ash tree. 

Ash, «., sing, of Ashes. 

Ashamed' (a-shamd'), a. [Orig. p. p. of obs. ashame, 
v. t.] Affected by shame ; abashed or confused by con- 
viction or consciousness of a wrong action or impropriety. 

Ash'en (Ssh'en), a. Of or pertaining to the ash tree. 

Ash'en, a. Consisting of, or resembling, ashes; of a 
color between brown and gray, or white and gray. 

Ash'er-y (a'sh'er-y), n. 1. A depository for ashes. 

2. A place where potash is made. 

Ash'es (Ssh'gz), n. pi. [OE. asche, AS. asce, sesce, 
axe; akin to G. asche, D. asch, Icel. aska.] 1. The 
earthy or mineral particles of combustible substances 
remaining after combustion, as of wood or coal. 2. 
Specifically, the remains of the human body when burnt, 
or when " returned to dust " by natural decay. 

Ashlar \ (Sshler), n. [OE. ascheler, OF. aiseler, 

Ashler | fr. aiselle, dim. of aw plank, fr. L. axis, 
assis, plank, axle.] 1. (Masonry) (a) Hewn or squared 
stone ; also, masonry made of squared or hewn stone. 
(b) Specif., a thin facing of dressed stone upon a wall of 
rubble or brick. [U. S.] 2. (Carp.) One of the short 
studs between the floor beams and the rafters of a garret. 

Ash1ar-ing, ) n. 1. Act of bedding ashlar in mortar. 

Ash'ler-ing, ) 2. Ashlar in thin slabs for facing. 

3. (Carp.) Ashlars collectively. [shore; aground. I 
A-Shore' (a-shor'), adv. On shore or on land ; to the | 
Ash' Wednesday (aW wenz'da). The first day of 

Lent ; — from the Roman Catholic custom of putting 
ashes, on that day, upon the foreheads of penitents. 



a, 5, 1, o, a, long ; &, £, I, 5, ti, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, <5bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ASHY 



57 



ASSART 



Ash'y (Ssh'jf), a. Of or pertaining to ashes ; ashen. 
Aside' (a-sid'), adv. On, or to, one side ; out of the 
way ; apart. — n. Something spoken aside. 

As'i-nine (Xs'T-nin), a. [L. asininus, fr. asinus ass.] 
Of or pertaining to the ass or his qualities ; stupid ; ob- 
stinate. — As'i-nin'i-ty (-nln'I-ty), n. 

A-si'phon-ate (a-sl'f5n-at), a. (Zool.) Destitute of a 
siphon or breathing tube ; — said of many bivalve shells. 
Ask (ask), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asked (askt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Asking.] [OE. asken, axien, AS. ascian, acsian ; 
akin to D. eischen, G. heischen, Skr. ish to desire.] 1. 
To request ; to seek to obtain by words ; to petition. 
2. To require, demand, claim, or expect. 3. To interro- 
gate or inquire of or concerning. 4. To invite. 5. To 
publish in church for marriage. 

Syn. — To beg; request; seek; petition; solicit; en- 
treat ; beseech ; implore ; crave ; require ; demand ; claim ; 
exhibit ; inquire ; interrogate. See Beg. 
Ask, v. i. To make request, petition, or inquiry. 
Askance' (a-skans'), \ adv. [Cf. D. schuin, schuins, 
Askant' (a-skanf), j sideways, schuiven to shove, 
schuinte slope.] Sideways ; obliquely ; with a side glance. 
Ask'er (ask'er), n. One who asks ; a petitioner. 
A-skew' (a-sku 7 ), adv. & a. Awry ; askance ; asquint. 
Aslant' (a-slanf), adv., a. &prep. In a slant man- 
ner ; slant ; in a slant manner across or over. 

A-sleep' (a-slep'), a. & adv. 1. In a state of sleep ; 
dormant. 2. Fig., dead. 
Aslope' (a-slop'), adv. & a. Slopingly ; sloping. 
A-SO'ma-tOUS (a-so'ma-tus), a. [Gr. d priv. -f- troika 
body.] Without a material body ; incorporeal. 
Asp (asp), n. [L. aspis, fr. Gr. a<nrts.~\ {Zool.) A 
small, hooded, poisonous serpent of Egypt 
and adjacent countries, whose bite is often 
fatal. The name is applied to other poison- 
ous serpents. [See Must, of Haje.] 

As-par'a-gus (as-par'a-gus), n. [L., fr. 
Gr. dcnrdpayo?.] (Bot.) A genus of peren- 
nial plants of tne Lily family, having much 
branched stems. The young 
shoots of one species are 
prized for food. 

As'pect (aVpekt), n. [L. 
aspectus, fr. aspicere, as- 
pectum, to look at ; ad + 
spieere, specere, to look, 
akin to E. spy.} 1. The 
act of looking; gaze. 2. 
Look ; c o u n t e nance ; ap- 
. . pearance ; mien ; air. 3. 
European Asp (Vipera aspis). £ osition ' or situ ation with 

regard to seeing ; position in relation to the points of the 
compass. 4. {Astrol.) (a) Relative situation of planets 
or stars, (b) Good or evil influence of the stars. 

Asp'en (as'pen), ) n. [AS. sesp, asps; akin to D. esp, 

Asp (asp), J G. aspe.~] (Bot.) Any one of sev- 

eral species of poplar, esp. Populus tremula, the leaves 
of which tremble with the slightest impulse of the air. 

Asp'en (as'pgn), a. Of or pertaining to the aspen. 

II As'per (as'per), n. [L. spiritus asper rough breath- 
ing.] (Greek Gram.) The rough breathing ; a mark (') 
placed over an initial vowel sound or over p to show that 
it is aspirated, that is, pronounced with h before it. 

As'per-ate (as'per-at),ji>. t. To make rough or uneven. 

As'per-a'tion (aVper-a'shfin), n. Act of asperating. 

As'per-gill (aVper-jil), ) n. [LL. aspergillum, fr. 

II As per gil'lum (-jil'lum), J L. aspergere. See As- 
perse, v. t.~\ The brush used in the Roman Catholic 
church for sprinkling holy water on the people. 

As'per-i-fo'li-ate (-T-fo'lT-at), ) a. [L. asper rough + 

As'per-i-fo'li-ous (-T-fo'li-fis), [ /otam leaf.] (Bot.) 
Having rough leaves, as the borageworts. 

As-per'i-ty (as-per'I-ty), n. 1. Roughness of surface ; 
unevenness. 2. Harshness of sound, or raucity. 3. 
Roughness to the taste ; sourness. 4. Moral roughness ; 
roughness of manner ; severity ; crabbedness ; harshness. 

Syn. — Acrimony ; moroseness; sourness; tartness. 

A-sper'm0US (a-sper'mus), a. [Gr. aa-rrep[x.os ; d priv. 
-f- <Tirep[j.ct. seed.] (Bot.) Destitute of seeds. 

As-perse' (as-pers'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspersed 
(-persf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspersing.] [L. aspersus, p. p. 
of aspergere to sprinkle ; ad + spargere to strew. See 
Sparse.] 1. To sprinkle. 2. To bespatter with foul 
reports or false and injurious charges ; to tarnish or soil 
the fame of ; to detract from. 

Syn. — To slander ; defame ; calumniate ; vilify. 

As-per'sion (as-per'shun), n. 1. Act of aspersing. 
2. Defamatory charge or report. 




As-pers'ive (5s-pers'Iv), a. Tending to asperse ; de- 
famatory. 

II As per-so'ri-um (aVper-so'ri-ihn), n. ; pi. Asperso- 
ria (-a). [LL. See Asperse.] 1. The vessel for holy 
water in Roman Catholic churches. 2. An aspergill. 

As'phalt (aVfSlt or Ss-fSlt'), \ n. [Gr. do^aAros ; of 

As-phal'tum (Ss-fSl'tQm), J eastern origin.] 1. 
Mineral pitch, Jews' pitch, or compact native bitumen. 
2. A composition of bitumen, pitch, lime, and gravel, 
variously used, as for pavements. 

As-phal'tic (Ss-fal'tik), a. Of or pertaining to as- 
phalt ; of the nature of asphalt ; bituminous. 

As'phO-del (Xs'f6-dSl), n. [L. asphodelus, Gr. dcr$6- 
6eAos. See Daffodil.] (Bot.) Any plant of several 
species of hardy perennials bearing beautiful flowers. 

II As-phyx'i-a (Ss-f iks'I-a), ) n. [NL. asphyxia, fr. 

As-phyx'y (as-fiks'y), ) Gr. do-^u^'a; d priv. 

+ <t$v&lv to beat.] (Med.) Apparent death ; suspended 
animation resulting from interruption of respiration. 

As-phyx'i-ate (-T-at), v. t. To cause to be asphyxiated. 

As-phyx'i-a'ted (-l-a'ted), As-phyx'ied (id), p. p. 
In a state of asphyxia ; suffocated. 

As-phyx i-a'tion (-i-a'shun), n. The act of causing 
asphyxia ; a state of asphyxia. 

As'pic (as'pik), n. [F. See Asp.] The asp. 

As'pic, n. [F., a corrupt, of spic. See Spike.] A 
European species of lavender, yielding a volatile oil. 

As'pic, n. [F.] A savory meat jelly containing portions 
of fowl, game, fish, hard boiled eggs, etc. [aspires. I 

As-pir'ant (as-pir'ant), a. Aspiring. — n. One who | 

As'pi-rate (as'pT-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspirated 
(-ra'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspirating (-ra'ttng).] [L. 
aspiratus, p. p. of aspirare to add the breathing h ; ad 
-j- spirare to breathe.] To pronounce with a breathing, 
an aspirate, or an h sound. 

As'pi-rate (as'pT-rat), n. 1. A sound consisting of, 
or characterized by, a breath like the sound of h ; the 
breathing h or the character (') representing such a 
sound. 2. An elementary sound produced by the 
breath alone ; a word or nonvocal consonant. 

As'pi-rate (-rat), ) a. Pronounced with the h 

As'pi-ra'ted (-ra'ted), ) sound or with audible breath. 

As'pi-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. 1. Pronunciation of a 
letter with a full or strong emission of breath ; an aspi- 
rated sound. 2. The act of breathing ; a breath. 3. The 
act of aspiring ; strong and high desire. 

As'pi-ra'tor (as'pT-ra/ter), n. 1. (Chem.) An appara- 
tus for drawing air or gases through or from a vessel by 
means of suction. 2. (Med.) An instrument for evac- 
uating the fluid contents of tumors. [breathing. I 

As-pir'a-tO-ry (Ss-pir'a-to-ry), a. Of or pertaining to | 

As-pire' (as-pir'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Aspired (-pird') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Aspiring.] [F. aspirer, L. aspirare.'] 
1. To desire with eagerness ; to seek to attain something 
high or great ; to pant ; to long. 2. To rise ; to tower. 

As-pir'er (as-pir'er), n. One who aspires. 

As'por-ta'tion (aVpor-ta'shun), n. [L. asportatio, 
deriv. of ab -f- portare to carry.] (Laic) The felonious 
removal of goods from where they were deposited. 

A-squat' (a-skwof), adv. & a. Squatting. 

Asquint' (a-skwinf), adv. & a. With the eye 
directed to one side ; obliquely ; awry. 

Ass (as), n. [OE. asse, AS. assa ; akin to Icel. ami, 
L. asinus, Gr. ovos ; also to AS. esol, G. esel.~\ 1. (Zool.) 
A quadruped of the Horse family having a peculiarly harsh 
bray and long ears. The domestic ass is patient, slow, 
and sure-footed, and has become the type of obstinacy 
and stupidity. 2. Dull, heavy, stupid fellow ; dolt. 

As'sa-f oet'i-da (Ss'sa-f et'i-da), n. Same as Asafetida. 

As'sa-gai (as'sa-ga), As'se-gai (aVse-ga), n. [Pg. 
azagaia, fr. a Berber word.] A spear or javelin used by 
tribes in South Africa. [lent to very. I 

II As-sa'i (as-sa'e). [It/) (dins.) A direction equiva-| 

As-sail' (as-sal'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Assailed (-said') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Assailing.] [OF. assailir, assailler; a 
(L. ad) + saillir to burst out, fr. L. salire to leap. See 
Sally.] 1. To attack with violence, or in a vehement 
and hostile manner. 2. To attack morally, or with a 
view to produce changes in character, conduct, etc. 

Syn. — To assault ; invade ; encounter ; fall upon. 

As-sail'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being assailed. 

As-sail'ant (-ant), a. Assailing ; attacking. — n. 
One who, or that which, assails. 

As-sail'er (-er) , n. One who assails. 

As'sa-pan' (Ss'sa-pan'), As sa-pan'ic (-Tk), n. [Prob. 
Indian name.] (Zool.) The American flying squirrel. 

Assart' (as-saW), n. [OF. essarl, fr. essarter to 
clear of bushes, deriv. of L. ex-\-sarire to weed.] 1. 



B 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ASSASSIN 



58 



ASSIMILATE 



(0M Z^nri The grabbing »r !Uul destroying of the thick- 
2 v piece of cleared land. 

As sas sin fit irKV '■"• At. 'hashish in one 

who has drunk = MvsiusH.] One who 

is to kill. by Borpriae or secret assault. 

As-sas 'sin-ate flb-e»VsI-nK), r. /. [«mp. A p- p- 
»a ted) ; ;>. ;)/'. A: to. ?j. Assassinating 
. J To kill by surprise or secret assault ; to 
murder "by "treacherous violence. 

As-sas si-na'tion f-nE'ahfln), n. Act of assassinating. 

As-sas'si na tor ^as-saVsi-na'ter), n. An assassin. 

Assault' tXs-salt'). >i. [OF. assaut, asalt, LL. as- 
L. ad -f- s'altus a leaping, salire to leap.] 1. A 
kttaek with physical means. 2. A violent attack 
with moral weapons, as words, arguments, appeals, etc. 
3 | An attempt or offer to beat another, accom- 

panied by a degree of violence, but without touching his 
It the blow takes effect, it is a battery. 

Srn. Attack: invasion; incursion; descent; onset; 
onslaught ; charge ; storm. 

Assault'. ' . /. [imp. & p. p. Assaulted ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Assaulting.] To make an assault upon ; to assail 
with physical, moral, or intellectual forces or weapons. 

Syn.— To attack ; assail; invade; encounter; storm; 
charge. See Attack. 

As sault'a ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being assaulted. 

As-sault'er (-er), n. One who assaults. 

As-say' (Xs-sa'), «• [OF. asai, essai, trial, F. essai. 
at, n.] 1. Trial; attempt; essay; also, test. 
[O&s.] 2. {Metallurgy) The act or process of ascertain- 
ing the proportion of a particular metal, esp. gold or 
silver, in an ore or alloy. 3. The ore, alloy, or metal to 
be assayed. 

[Assay and essay are radically the same word ; but are 
differentiated in modern usage.] 

As-say', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assayed (-sad') ; p. pr. 
& vb. n . Assaying.] 1. To try ; to test ; to essay. [Obs. 
or A rchaic~\ 2. To subject, as alloy, to chemical or metal- 
lurgical examination, to determine the amount of a partic- 
ular metal contained in it, or to ascertain its composition. 

As-say', V. i. To attempt ; to essay. [Archaic'] 

As-say'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be assayed. 

As-say'er (-er), n. One who assays. 

As'se-gal (as'se-ga), n. Same as Assagai. 

As-sem'blage (as-sem'blaj), n. 1. Act of assembling ; 
state of being assembled. 2. A collection of individuals. 

Syn.— Company ; group ; collection ; concourse ; gath- 
ering; meeting; convention. 

As sem'ble (as-sgm'b'l), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. As- 
sembled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assembling (-bling).] 
[F. assembler, fr. LL. assimulare to bring together, L. 
ad + simul together.] To bring, call, or come together ; 
to convene ; to congregate. 

As-sem'bly (Ss-se'm'biy), n. [F. assemblee.'] A com- 
pany of persons collected together in one place, and 
usually for some common purpose ; assemblage. 

As-sent' (as-sSnf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Assented ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Assenting.] [F. assenlir, L. assentire, axsen- 
tiri; ad + sentire to feel, think.] To admit a thing as 
true ; to express one's agreement,concurrence, or conces- 
sion ; to acquiesce. 

Syn. — To yield; agree; concede; concur; accede. 

As-sent', n. Act of assenting ; act of the mind in ad- 
mitting or agreeing to anything ; consent. 

Syn. — Concurrence : acquiescence ; approval ; accord. 
— Assent is an act of the understanding, consent of the 
will or feelings. Assent carries the idea of agreeing that 
something is true, right, or admissible, or of simple ac- 
quiescence in something involving but little interest or 
feeling- Consent implies such a concurrence of one's will 
with the desires and wishes of another. 

As sen-ta'tlon (aVsgn-ta'shun), n. Insincere or ob- 
sequious assent ; hypocritical concurrence. 

As-sent'er (-er), n. One who assents. 

As-Ben'tlent (Ss-sen'shent), a. Assenting. 

As-sent'ive (Ss-sSutlv), a. Giving assent ; complying. 

Assert' (Ss-sert'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asseeted ; 
p. pr. & ib. n. Asserting.] [L. asserlus, p. p. of asserere 
to fasten to one's self, maintain ; ad -\- serere to join to- 
gether. 8ee Beedzs.] 1. To affirm; to state positively ; 
to aver. 2. To maintain or defend (something claimed) 
by words or measures ; to vindicate. 

Syn. — To ac-^verate ; protest ; pronounce ; declare. 

As-sert'er (4»r), '/'. One who asserts; an assertor. 

As-ser'tlon fiiB-her'shun), n. 1. Act of asserting ; 
tiling a--.<-rt<-.'i ; affirmation. 2. Maintenance ; vindication. 
As-sert'ive (iH-sgrt'Tv), n. Positive ; peremptory. 
A»-Bert'or (-er), n. One who asserts or vindicates. 
As-sert'o-ry f-o-ry^, a. Affirming ; maintaining. 
As-sess' (b-flbO, '-• t. [%mp.& p .p. Assessed (-seW ) ; 



p. pr. & vb. n. Assessing.] [OF. assesser to regulate, LL. 
CKMMOna to value for taxation, fr. L. assidere to sit by, 
esp. of judges in a court. Cf. Assize, v.~\ 1. To value 
for the purpose of taxation. 2. To apportion or impose 
a tax or sum to be paid upon (a person, an estate, or an 
income). 3. To impose a tax or fine upon ; to tax. 4. To 
fix or determine the rate or amount of. 

As-sess'a-ble (Ss-sSs' a-b'l), a. Liable to be assessed. 

As-sess'ment (Ss-sSs'ment), n. 1. Act of assessing ; 
specif., valuation of property or profits of business, for 
taxation. 2. Specific sum levied or assessed. 

As-sess'or (-ser), n. 1. One who sits by another, as 
next in dignity, or as an assistant and adviser. 2. One 
appointed to assess persons or property for taxation. 

As ses so'ri-al (aVsSs-so'rT-al), a. Of or pertaining to 
an assessor, or to a court of assessors. [one's assets. I 

As 'set (Ss'sSt), n. Any article or separable part of | 

As'setS (Ss'sgts), n. pi. [OF. asez enough, fr. L. ad 
-+- satis enough. Cf. Satisfy.] (Law) (a) Property of 
a deceased person, subject by law to the payment of his 
debts and legacies. (b) Effects of an insolvent debtor or 
bankrupt, applicable to the payment of debts, (c) The 
entire available property of all sorts, belonging to a per- 
son, a corporation, or an estate ; — opposed to liabilities. 

As-sev'er-ate (5s-sev'er-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. As- 
severated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Asseverating (-&'• 
tTng).] [L. asseverare, p. p. -atus, to assert solemnly ; 
ad -f- severus. See Severe.] To affirm or aver positively, 
or with solemnity. 

Syn. —To affirm; aver; protest; declare. 

As-sev'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of asseverating, or 
thing asseverated ; solemn declaration. [eration. I 

As-se V'er-a-tive (-a-tiv), a. Characterized by assev- 1 

As-sib'i-late (5s-sTb'i-lat), v. t. [L. assibilare to hiss 
out ; ad -\- sibilare to hiss.] To make sibilant. 

As'si-du'i-ty (aVsi-du'i-t^), n. Constant or close ap- 
plication or attention, esp. to some business or enterprise. 

As-sid'U-OUS (as-sid'u-iis), a. [L. assiduus, fr. as- 
sidere to sit near or close ; ad + sedere. See Sit.] 
1. Constant or close in application or attention. 2. Per- 
formed with constant diligence or attention. — As-sid'u- 
ous-ly, adv. — As-sid'u-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Diligent ; attentive ; sedulous ; unwearied ; un- 
intermitted; persevering; laborious; indefatigable. 

II As si-en'to (aVst-en'to), n. [Sp. asiento, fr. L. ad -}- 
sedere to sit.] A contract between Spain and other powers 
for furnishing negro slaves for the Spanish dominions in 
America, esp. that made with Great Britain in 1713. 

Assign' (Ss-sm'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Assigned (-sind'); 
p. pr. &vb.n. Assigning.] [F. assigner, fr. L. assignare ; 
ad -\- signare to mark, designate, signum mark, sign. See 
Sign.] 1. To appoint ; to allot ; to make over. 2. To 
fix, specify, select, or designate ; to point out authorita- 
tively or exactly. 3. (Law) To transfer, or make over 
to another ; specifically, to transfer to, and vest in, cer- 
tain persons, called assignees, for the benefit of creditors. 

Assign', n. (Law) A person to whom anything is 



As-sign'a-ble (Ss-sin'a-b'l), a. Capable of being as- 
signed or designated.— Assign a-bil'i-ty (-bil'T-t^), n. 

II As'signat' (a'se'nya' or Ss'ig-nSt), n. [F.] One 
of the notes, bills, or bonds, issued as currency by the 
revolutionary government of France (1790-1796), and se- 
cured by confiscated lands of the church and of nobles. 

As'sig-na'tion (as'sTg-na'shun), n. 1. Act of assign- 
ing or allotting ; assignment. 2. An appointment of time 
and place for meeting ; — used chiefly of lovers' meet- 
ings, and now commonly in a bad sense. 

Assignee' (aVsT-ne'), n. [F. assigne, p. p.] (Laiu) 
A person to whom an assignment is made. 

As-sign'er (Ss-sln'er), n. One who assigns. 

As-Sign'ment (Ss-sin'ment), n. 1. An allotting or an 
appointment to a particular person or use, or for a par- 
ticular time. 2. (Law) (a) A transfer of title or inter- 
est by writing ; a transfer of the whole of some partic- 
ular estate or interest in lands, (b) Specif., the transfer 
of the property of a bankrupt or insolvent to one or more 
persons (assignees), for the benefit of creditors, (c) The 
writing by which an interest is transferred. 

As sign-or' (aVsT-n6r'), n. (Law) Assigner. 

As-sim'i-la-ble (Ss-sImT-la-b'!), a. That may be as- 
similated. 

As-sim'i-late (as-sim'T-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. As- 
similated (-la'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assimilating (-la'- 
tTng).] [Li. assimilare, p. p. -atus; ad -j-similare to 
make like, similis like.] 1. To bring to a likeness or to 
conformity. 2. To appropriate and transform or incor- 
porate into the substance of the assimilating body. 



a, e, I, 3, u, long ; a, 6, 1, d, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ASSIMILATE 



59 



ASTERISK 



As-sim'1-late (Xs-sTm'T-lat), v. i. 1. To become simi- 
lar (to something). 2. To be converted into the sub- 
stance of the assimilating body ; to become incorporated. 

As-sim i-la'tion (as-sTm'T-la'shun), n. 1. The act or 
process of assimilating ; also, the state of being assimi- 
lated. 2. Specifically, {Physiol.) the conversion of nutri- 
ment into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the 
processes of digestion and absorption. 

As-sim'i-la-tive (-la-tlv), a. Tending to, or charac- 
terized by, assimilation ; that assimilates. 

As-sim'i-la-tO-ry (-la-to-rjf ), a. Tending to assimilate. 

Assist' (5s-sTst'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assisted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Assisting.] [L. assistere ; ad -j- sislere to cause 
to stand, fr. stare to stand. See Stand.] To give sup- 
port to, in an undertaking or effort, or in time of distress. 

Syn. — To help ; aid ; second ; back ; support ; re- 
lieve ; succor ; befriend ; sustain ; favor. 

As sist', v. i. 1. To lend aid ; to help. 2. To be 
present as a spectator. [A Gallicism'] 

As-slst'ance (-cms), n. Act of assisting ; help ; aid ; 
furtherance ; succor ; support. [port ; auxiliary. I 

As-sist'ant (-ant), a. Helping; lending aid or sup-| 

As-sist'ant (5s-sTst'ant), n. One that assists. 

As-size' (Ss-siz'), n. [OF. assise assembly of judges, 
decree, tax, impost, deriv. of L. assidere to sit by ; ad -\- 
sedere to sit.] {Law) (a) A special kind of jury or in- 
quest. (6) A verdict or finding of a jury upon such writ, 
(c) A statute or ordinance. Specifically : (1) A statute 
regulating the weight, measure, and proportions of in- 
gredients and the price of articles sold in the market. 
>(2) A statute fixing the standard of weights and meas- 
ures, (d) The session of a court, for the trial of proc- 
esses, by a judge and jury, (e) The periodical sessions 
of the judges of the superior courts in every county of 
England ; — usually in the plural. (/) The time or place 
of holding the court of assize ; — generally in the plural. 

As-siz'er (-er), n. Inspector of weights, measures, etc. 

As-so'cia-ble (Ss-so'sha-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being 
associated or joined. 2. {Med.) Liable to be affected by 
sympathy with other parts ; — said of organs, nerves, etc. 
— As-so'cia-toil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), As so'cia-ble-ness, ?i. 

As-so'ci-ate (ils-so'shi-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asso- 
ciated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Associating (-a/ ting).] 
[L. associare, p. p. -atus; ad -f- sociare to join or unite, 
jocius companion. See Social.] 1. To join with one, 
as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate. 2. To 
join or connect ; to combine. [timate relations. I 

As-SO'ci-ate, v. i. To unite in company ; to have in- 1 

As-SO'ci-ate (Ss-so'shT-at), a. 1. Closely joined with 
some other, as in interest, purpose, employment, or office. 
2. {Physiol.) Connected by habit or sympathy. 

As-so'ci-ate, n. 1. A companion ; a mate ; a fellow. 
'2. A partner in interest, as in business. 3. One con- 
nected with an association or institution without the full 
rights or privileges of a regular member. 4. Anything 
closely connected with another. 

As-soci-a'tion (Ss-so'sT-a'shun or -shT-a'shun), n. 1. 
Act of associating ; state of being associated ; union ; con- 
nection, whether of persons, things, or ideas. 2. Union 
of persons, as in a society, for some particular purpose. 

As-SO'cl-a'tion-al {-al), a. Of or pertaining to asso- 
ciation, or to an association. 

As-SO/cI-a'tion-ist, n. {Philos. ) One who explains the 
higher functions of the soul by the association of ideas. 

As-SO'ci-a'tor (-shT-a'ter), n. An associate. 

As-soil' (a"s-soil'), v. t. [Through OF. fr. L. absolvere. 
See Absolve.] To free ; to absolve ; to solve. [Archaic] 

As-soil', v. t. [Pref. ad- -\- soil.] To soil. [Poet.] 

As'so-nauce (5s's6-nans), n. 1. Resemblance of sound. 
2. {Pros.) A peculiar species of rhyme, in which the 
vowels of the last accented vowel and those which follow 
it in one word correspond in sound with the vowels of 
another word, while the consonants are unlike. 3. In- 
complete correspondence. 

As'so-nant (-nant), a. [L. assonans, p. pr. of asso- 
nare to sound to, to correspond to in sound ; ad -f- sonare 
to sound. See Sound.] Having the quality of assonance. 

As-sort' (5s-soW), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assorted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Assorting.] [F. assortir ; a (L. ad) -{-sor- 
tir to cast lots, L. sortiri, fr. sors lot. See Sort.] 1. To 
separate and distribute into classes, as alike in kind, na- 
ture, or quality, or suited to a like purpose ; to classify. 
2. To furnish with various sorts. 

As-SOtt', v . i. To agree ; to fall into a class or place. 

As-SOrt'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of assorting. 2. A 
collection of things assorted. 

Assuage' (as-swaj')j v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assuaged 
{-swajd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuaging (-swa'jtng).] [OF. 



asoagier, asuagier, fr. assouagier, fr. L. ad + suavts 
sweet. See Sweet.] To soften, in a figurative sense ; to 
mitigate or ease ; hence, to appease or pacify ; to satisfy. 

Syn. — To alleviate ; mitigate ; appease ; soothe ; calm ; 
tranquilize ; pacify ; relieve. See Alleviate. 

As-suage'ment (Ss-swaj'nient), n. Act of assuaging ; 
mitigation ; abatement. 

As-sua'ger (as-swa'jer), n. One that assuages. 

As-sua'sive (-sTv), a. [From assuage ; or f r. pref. ad- 
-f- -suasive as in persuasive.] Mitigating ; soothing. [E.] 

As-sum'a-ble (Ss-sum'a-b'l), a. That may be assumed. 

Assume' (Ss-sum'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assumed 
(-sumd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuming.] [L. assumere ; ad 
-j- sumere to take ; sub -+- emere to take. See Redeem.] 
1. To take to or upon one's self. 2. To take for granted, 
or without proof ; to suppose. 3. To pretend to possess. 

Syn. — To arrogate ; usurp ; appropriate. 

Assume', v. i. To be arrogant or pretentious. 

As-sum'er (-er), n. One who assumes or supposes. 

As-sum'ing, a. Pretentious ; presumptuous. 

II As-sump'sit (Ss-sump'sit ; 215), n. [L., he under- 
took, pret. of L. assumere. See Assume.] {Law) (a) A 
promise or undertaking, founded on a consideration. (6) 
A common law action to recover damages for a breach or 
nonperformance of a contract or promise. 

As-sump'tion (-shun ; 215), n. 1. Act of assuming, in 
any sense of the verb. 2. Thing assumed ; supposition ; 
postulate. 3. The minor proposition in a categorical syl- 
logism. 4. The taking of a person up into heaven ; hence, 
the festival of the assumption of the Virgin Mary. 

As-sump'tive (-tiv), a. That is or may be assumed ; 
exercising, or characterized by, assumption. 

As-sur'ance (a-shur'ans), n. 1. The act of assuring ; 
a declaration or a fact designed or tending to inspire 
confidence. 2. The state of being assured ; freedom 
from doubt. 3. Firmness of mind ; intrepidity ; courage. 
4. Excess of boldness ; impudence ; audacity. 6. In- 
surance ; a contract for the payment of a sum on occa- 
sion of a certain event, as loss or death. [Recently, 
assurance has been used, in England, in relation to life 
contingencies, and insurance in relation to other con- 
tingencies.] 6. {Law) Any written or other legal evi- 
dence of the conveyance of property ; conveyance ; deed. 

As-sure' (a-shur'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assured 
(a-shurd') ; jp. pr.' & vb. n. Assuring.] [OF. aseiirer, 
LL. assecurare; L. ad -}- securus secure. See Secure.] 
1. To make sure or certain ; to render confident. 2. To 
declare to, with the design of inspiring confidence. 3. To 
confirm. 4. {Law) To insure. See Insure. 

Syn. — To declare ; aver ; avouch ; vouch ; assert ; as- 
severate ; protest ; persuade ; convince. 

Assured' (a-shurd'), a. Made sure ; certain ; safe ; bold 
to excess. — As-sur'ed-ly, adv. — As-sur'ed-ness, n. 

Assured', n. One whose life or property is insured. 

As-sur'er (-shur'er), n. One who assures. 

As-sur'gent (Ss-sfir'jent), a. [L. assurgens, p. pr. of 
assurgere; ad -f- surgere to rise.] Ascending; {Bot.) 
rising obliquely ; curving upward. 

As-syr'i-ol'O-gy (as-sir'T-ol'o-j^), n. [Assyria + 
-logy.] The study of Assyrian antiquities, language, etc. 

A-stat'ie (a-stSt'ik), a. [Pref. a- not -f- static] 
{Magnetism) Having little or no tendency to take a defi- 
nite position or direction ; without polarity. 

As'tel (Ss'tgl), n. [OE. aslelle piece of wood, OF. al- 
lele splinter.] An arch, or ceiling, of boards in a mine. 

As'ter (as'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. aarrjp star.] 1. {Bot.) 
A genus of herbs with compound white or bluish 
flowers ; starwort ; Michaelmas daisy. 2. {Floriculture) 
A plant of the genus Callistephus. Many varieties (called 
China asters, German asters, etc.) are cultivated for their 
handsome compound flowers. [ing diverging rays. I 

As-te'ri-ated (5s-te'rT-a'tSd), a. [See Aster.] Hav-| 

Aster-id'i an (aVter-Td'i-an), a. {Zo'ol.) Of or per- 
taining to the Asterioidea. — n. One of the Asterioidea. 

II As-te'rl-oid'e-a (as-te'rT-oid'e-a), )n. pi. [NL., fr. 

II As'ter-ld'e-a (aVter-Td'e-a), ) Gr. ao-repCas 

starred -f -oid.] {Zo'ol.) A class of Echinodermata in- 
cluding the true starfishes. 

As'ter-Isk (as'ter-Tsk), n. [L. asteriscus, Gr. a<rre- 
ptcrxos, dim. of ao-rrip star.] The figure of a star, thus, *, 
used in printing and writing as a mark of reference or to 
supply the omission of letters or words. 

As'ter-ism (-Tz'm), n. [Gr. a<rrepi<7>id?, fr. a<rrr)p 
star.] 1. {Astron.) (a) A constellation. [Obs.] {b) A 
small cluster of stars. 2. {Printing) (a) An asterisk. 
[R.] (o) Three asterisks placed in this manner, ***. 
3. {Crystallog.) A property of some crystals which show 
a star-shaped figure by reflected or transmitted light. 



B 



G 



H 



K 



f grn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ASTERN 



60 



ATAVISM 



A-Stcr I.) 1. In, at, or to- 

ward, i 2. Behind a ship 

A ster n.il [Pref. a. not - sterna!.] 

ioh do not join the sternum. 
[Gr. dcrrepoetojjs starlike ; 
«<mrp •- '1 A st.ulike body ; esp., one of 

the numerous small phnfttn whose orbits lie between 
and Jupiter. — As ter-oid'al (-al), o. 
As the-ni'a<As thf-iu'al, ( n. [Gr. dotfeVeia; <i priv. 
As the ny (Isthi-ny), I 4- otfeVo? strength.] 

Want or loss of strength ; debility. 
Asthenic (Is-thBl/Yk), <u [Gr. dotfei'iKos ; a priv. + 
reugth.] (ATed.) Of or pertaining to debility. 
As the-no'pi-a (la the-uo'pT-a). /». [Gr. a priv. 4- 
reugth — unj/ eye.] Weakness of sight. 
Asthma (II tr ifst'iua). ??. [NL., fr. Gr. 

.?rX breath, fr. aeiv to blow, for apeiv.] (Jled.) 
r.ieterized by difficulty of breathing, with 
ind, a cough, and expectoration. 
Asth-mat'ic (.-maVik). | a. Of or pert, to asthma. 
Asth mat'ic-al (-i-k./i), \ — Asth-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. 
As tig-mat'ic (tt tlg-mSt'Ik). a. (Med. & Opt.) Af- 
fected with, or pertaining to, astigmatism. 
A-8tlg'ma-tism wi-stig'ma-tlz'm), n. [Gr. d priv. -f- 
Bpot.] {Med, & Opt.) A defect of the eye or of 
a lens, in consequence of which the rays derived from 
one point are not brought to a single focal point. 
A-Stir' (a-ster'), adv. & a. Stirring ; in activity or 

. out of bed. 
A-Stom'a-tOUS (,a-st5m'a-t\is), ) a. [Gr. a priv. -f 
As'tO-mouS (.aVto-nifis), J o-rdp.a, o-rd/aaro?, 

mouth.] Not possessing a mouth. 

As-ton'ied (Xs-ton'Id), p. p. of Astony. [Archaic'] 
As ton'ish (Xs-toulsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aston- 
ished f-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Astonishing.] [OE. asto- 
■onen. OF. estoner, fr. L. ez out + tonare to 
thunder. See Thunder.] 1. To stun. [Obs.] 2. To 
strike with 6udden fear, terror, or wonder ; to astound. 
Syn. — To amaze ; overwhelm ; surprise. See Amaze. 
As-ton'ish-ment (-inent), n. The condition of being 
astonished ; an intense degree of surprise ; amazement ; 
dismay ; consternation. 

As-ton'y (£s-t5n'y), r. t. [See Astonish.] To stun ; 
to bewilder ; to astonish; to dismay. [Archaic] 
Astound' (-tound'), a. [OE. astound, astoned, p. p. of 
See Astonish.] Stunned ; astonished. [Archaic] 
As-tound'. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astounded, Obs. As- 
tound ; p. pr. & vb. n. Astounding.] 1. To stun. 2. To 
astonish ; to confound with sudden wonder or fear. 

A-Strad'dle (a-str5d'd'l), adv. In a straddling posi- 
tion : astride ; bestriding. 

As'tra-gal (aVtra-gSl), n. [L. astragalus, Gr. dcrrpa- 
yaAo? the ankle bone.] (Arch.) A convex molding of 
rounded surface, as in the capital of a column. 

As-tiag'a-loid (£s-trag'a-loid), a. [Astragalus -f 
-oid.] (Anal.) Resembling the astragalus in form. 
As-trag'a-lus (-lus), n. [L.] 1. (Anat.) The ankle 
hock bone. 2. (Arch.) See Astragal. 
As'tra-khan' (5s'tra-kan'), a. Of or pertaining to 
Astrakhan in Russia. — n. The skin of stillborn or young 
lambs of that region, the curly wool of which is like fur. 
As'tral CaVtral), a. [L. astralis, fr. astrum star, Gr. 
avrpov.] Of or pertaining to the stars ; starry; starlike. 
Astral lamp, an Argand lamp so constructed that no 
shadow is cast upon the table by the ring-shaped reservoir. 
Astray' Ca-stra'), adv. & a. Out of the right way. 
As-trict' (Ss-trTkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astricted ; 
p. ]jr. & vb. n. AsTRiCTTNG.] [L. astrictus, p. p. of as- 
See Astringe.] To bind up or draw together ; 
One; to constrict ; to contract; to restrict. 
As-trlc'tlon (Ss-trik'shun), n. The act of astricting ; 

.ii ; restriction; also, obligation. 
As-tric'tive f-tTv), a. Binding ; stringent. 
Astride' fa-htrld'), adv. With one leg on each side ; 

apart ; astraddle. 

As-tringe' fSs-trinj'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Astringed 

; p. pr. & vb. n. Astringing (-jing).] [L. as- 

— stringere to draw tight. See Strain.] 

trict; to contract; to compress. 

As-trln'gen-cy (-trln'jen-sy), n. Quality of being as- 

As-trin'gent r -j"nt), a. 1. Drawing together the tis- 

contracting; — opposed to laxative. 2. 

Stem : ; —An astringent medicine or agent. 

As-trtn'ger (-jer), n. [OF. oslrucier, fr. ostor hawk.] 

j/oshawk. [Obs." 



'.oinbiningform 
tro-lell (-fH). n. Aster: star* 



Aster; starwort 



>bs.] 

fr. Gr. ao-Tpoi/,star. 



As-trog'e-ny (a"s-tri5j'e-ny), n. [Astro- -f- Gr. yeVos 
birth.] The formation of the stars or the heavens. 

As-trog'no-sy (Xs-trSg'no-sy ),??. [Astro- + Gr. yiwis 
knowledge.] The science or knowledge of the stars. 

As-trog'o-ny (-0-115*), n. Same as Astrogeny. 

As-trog'ra-phy (-ra-fy),??. [Astro- -\- -graphy.] The 
description or delineation of the stars. 

As'tro-labe (aVtro-lab), n. [Through OF. & LL. fr. 
Gr. aa-TpoXafiov ; acrTpoi'- r -Aa/3eti'totake.] 1. (Astron.) 
A (disused) instrument for observing or showing the po- 
sitions of the stars. 2. A planisphere. [worship. I 

As-trol'a-try(3s-trol'a-try),?i. [Astro- -\- -I a try.] Star| 

As-trol'O-ger (as-trol'o-jer), n. 1. An astronomer. 
[CMs.] 2. One who practices astrology. 

As tro-log'ic (aVtro-loj'Ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

As'tro-lOg'ic-al (-T-kal), ) astrology. 

As-trol'O-gy (as-trol'o-jy), n. [Through F. & L. fr. 
Gr. dorpoAo-yia, fr. aorpoAo-yos astronomer, astrologer ; 
aarpov star -j- Aoyos discourse.] 1. Astronomy. [Obs.] 
2. Divination by the position and aspects of the stars. 

As-tron'O-mer (2s-tron'o-mer), n. 1. An astrologer. 
[Obs.] 2. One who is versed in astronomy. 

As tro-nom'ic (aVtro-norn'ik), a. Astronomical. 

As'tro-nom'ic-al (-T-kol), a. Of or pertaining to as- 
tronomy. — As tro-nom'ic-al-ly, adv. 

As-tfon'o-my (Ss-tron'6-my), n. [Through F. & L. 
fr. Gr. aorpovojuia, fr. aarpovop-os astronomer ; acrrpov 
star -f- ve/xeiv to distribute, regulate.] 1. Astrology or 
divination by the stars. [Obs.] 2. The science which 
treats of the celestial bodies. 

As'tro-pho-tOg'ra-phy (Ss'tro-fo-tog'ra-f^), n. [As- 
tro- -j- photography.] Photography of celestial bodies. 

As tro-phys'ic-al (-fiz'T-kcrl), a. Pertaining to the 
physics oi astronomical science. 

As-tU'cious (as-tu'shiis), a. [F. astucieux. See As- 
tute.] Subtle ; cunning ; astute. 

As-tu'ci-ty (-sT-ty),?*- Craftiness ; astuteness. [E.] 

As-tUte'(-tut'),o. [L. astutus, fr. astus craft, cunning.] 
Critically discerning ; knowing ; sagacious ; shrewd ; 
subtle ; crafty. — As-tUtely, adv. — As-tute'ness, n. 

A-stylar (a-stl'ler), a. [Gr. d priv. -f o-ruAos pillar.] 
(Arch.) Without columns or pilasters. 

A-SUn'der (a-sun'der), adv. Apart; separate from 
each other ; in two parts. 

A-syium (a-siaum), n. ; pi. E. Asylums (-lumz), L. 
Asyla (-la). [L. asylum , Gr. ao~v\ov, f r. dcruAos inviola- 
ble ; d priv. -f- o~v \ov right of seizure.] 1. A sanctuary 
or place of refuge for criminals and debtors, from which 
they could not be forcibly taken without sacrilege. 2. 
Any place of retreat and security. 3. An institution for 
the protection or relief of some class of destitute or 
unfortunate persons. 

A-sym'me-try (a-slrn'me-tiy), n. [Gr. ao-vp-fierpia ; 
d priv. 4- a-uv/jLerpia symmetry.] Want of symmetry. 

As'ymp-tOte (as'Tm-tot, sometimes pron. a-simp'tot ; 
215), n. [Gr. dcrvp.7rTWTOs not falling together ; d priv. 
-f o-vfjLTriTTTeiv to fall together.] (Math.) A line which ap- 
proaches nearer to a curve than any assignable distance, 
but, though infinitely extended, would never meet it. 

As'ymp-tOt'fc (Ss'im-tot'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining 

As'ymp-tOt'ic-al (-T-kerl), j to an asymptote. 

A-syn'de-ton (a-sTn'de-ton), n. [L., fr. Gr. dcrvi'Se- 
to? unconnected ; d priv. + avvSeros bound together.] 
(Rhet.) A figure which omits the connective ; as, I came, 
I saw, I conquered. 

A-sys'to-le (a-sis't6-le), n. [Pref. a- not + systole.] 
(Physiol. ) A failure of the contractile power of the heart. 

At (at), prep. [AS. set; akin to OHG. as, Icel. at, L. 
ad.] Primarily, this word expresses the relations of 
presence, nearness in place or time, or direction toward. 
In present use it expresses : 1. A relation of proximity 
to, or of presence in or on, something. 2. The relation 
of some state or condition. 3. The relation of some em- 
ployment or action ; occupied with. 4. The relation of 
a point or position in a series, or of degree, rate, or value. 
6. The relations of time, age, or order. 6. The relations 
of source, occasion, reason, consequence, or effect. 7. 
Relation of direction toward an object or end. 

At'a-hal (at'a-b51), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. at-tabl the drum.] 
A kettledrum ; a kind of tabor, used by the Moors. 

At'a-ghan (St'a-gSn), n. See Yataghan. 

At'a-man (St'a-mSn), n. [Russ. ataman\] A het- 
man, or chief of the Cossacks. 

A-taunt' (a-tanf), ) adv. [Y.autant as much (as pos- 

A-taunt'0 (a-tant'6), ) sible).] (Naut.) Fully rigged, 
as a vessel ; with all sails set ; set on end or set right. 

At'a-vism (5t'a-vTz'm), n. [L. atavus an ancestor, 
fr. avus a grandfather.] (Biol.) The recurrence of any 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ATAXIA 



61 



ATRABILIARY 



peculiarity or disease of an ancestor in a subsequent gen- 
eration, after an intermission for one generation or more. 

II A-tax'i-a (a-tSks'i-a), ) n. [NL. ataxia, Gr. dra^ia, 

At'ax-y (aVSks-jr), j d priv. + to.kt6s ordered.] 

(Med.) (a) Irregularity in disease, or in the functions. 
(6) The state of disorder that characterizes nervous fevers 
and the nervous condition. — A-tax'ic (a-t2ks'Tk), a. 

Locomotor ataxia, a disease of the spinal cord character- 
ized by peculiar disturbances of gait, and difficulty in 
coordinating voluntary movements. 

Ate (at), the preterit of Eat. 

-ate (-at or -at). [From L. -atus, the past participle 
ending of verbs of the 1st conj.] A suffix used : (a) As 
the equivalent of -ed to form participial adjectives ; as, 
situate, animate, (6) To form verbs meaning to make, to 
cause, to act, etc. ; as, to propitiate (to make propitious). 
(c) To form nouns denoting an agent; as, curate, del- 
egate ; or an office or dignity ; as, tribunate, pastorate, (d) 
In chemistry, to form the names of salts, derived from 
those acids whose names end in -ic (excepting binary or 
halogen acids) ; as, nitrate from nitric acid ; and also of 
certain basic salts. 

II A'te-lier' (a/te-lya/), n. [F.] A workshop ; a studio. 

Ath a-na'sian (ath/a-na'zhan), a. Of or pertaining 
to Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria in the 4th century ; 
— said of a creed (falsely ascribed to him) which is a 
summary of what was called the orthodox faith. 

A'the-ism (a'the-iz'm), n. The disbelief or denial of 
the existence of a God. 

A'the-ist, n. [Gr. aOeos without god ; d priv. -f- 0eds 
god.] One who disbelieves or denies the existence of a 
God, or supreme intelligent Being. 

Syn. — Infidel ; unbeliever. See Infidel. 

A'the-ist'ic (a'the-Ts'tik), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

A the-ist'ic-al (-tT-kal), j atheism ; disbelieving or 
denying the existence of a God ; impious. — A the-ist'ic- 
al-ly, adv. — A'the-ist lc-al-ness. n. 

Ath e-ne'um ) (ath'e-ne'um), n. ; pi. E. Atheneums 

Ath e-nae'um J (-umz), L. Athen^a (-a). [L. Athe- 
naeum, Gr. 'A.6rjvaiov temple of Athene, (Gr. 'A6r\va, 
'AOrjvaCa), the tutelary goddess of Athens.] 1. (Gr. 
Antiq.) A temple of Athene, at Athens, in which schol- 
ars and poets read their works and instructed students. 
2. A literary or scientific club. 3. A building where a 
library, periodicals, and newspapers are kept for use. 

A'the-OUS (a'the-us), a. 1. Atheistic. [06*.] 2. 
Without God, neither accepting nor denying him. 

Ath'er-ine (ath'er-Tn or -in), n. [Gr. adepLvr) a kind 
of smelt.] (Zool.) Any one of several species of small 
marine fishes having a silvery stripe along the sides. 

A-ther'man-cy (a-ther'man-sy), n. [See Atherma- 
NOtrs.] Inability to transmit radiant heat. 

A-ther'ma-n0US (a-ther'nia-nus), a. [Gr. d priv. + 
6epfj.aiv€Lv to heat.] (Chem.) Not transmitting heat. 

Ath'er-Oid (Sth'er-oid), a. [Gr. aOr)p, aOepos, a beard 
of an ear of grain -f- oid.] Shaped like an ear of grain. 

A-thirst' (a-thersf), a. [From AS. ojpyrstan ; pref. 
of-, intensive -\-pyrstan to thirst.] Thirsty. 

Ath'lete (aWlet), n. [L. athleta, Gr. dflArjr/js prize- 
fighter, fr. aGkelv to contend for a prize, al&kov prize.] 
One trained or fit to contend in exercises requiring great 
agility and strength. 

Ath-let'ic (Sth-let'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to athletes 
or their contests. 2. Strong ; muscular ; vigorous. 

Ath-let'ics (Sth-lSt'iks), n. Art of training by athletic 
exercises ; games and sports of athletes. [side of. I 

A-thwart' (a-thwart'), prep. Across; from side to | 

A-thwart', adv. 1. Across ; sidewise ; obliquely. 
2. So as to thwart ; perversely. 

A-tilt' (a-tTlf), adv. 1. In the manner of one making 
a thrust. 2. In the position of a cask tilted. 

•a'tlon (-a'shun). See -tion. 

At lan-te'an (aVlan-te'an), a. [L. Atlanteus.] 1. Of 
or pertaining to the isle Atlantis, fabled to have been over- 
whelmed by the ocean. 2. Pertaining to, or resembling, 
Atlas; strong. 

II At-lan'tes (St-lan'tez), n. pi. [L. , f r. Gr. 'ArAai/Tes, 
pi. of *AtA<xs.] (Ai-ch.) Figures of men, used as columns 
to support an entablature. 

At-lan'tic (-tlk), a. [L. Atlanticus, fr. Atlas.] 1. Of 
or pertaining to Mt. Atlas in Libya, and hence applied to 
the ocean which lies between Europe and Africa on the 
east and America on the west. 2. Of or pertaining to 
the Atlantic ocean. 3. Of or pertaining to the isle of 
Atlantis. 4. Descended from Atlas. 

At'las (St'las), ».; pi. Atlases (-ez). [L., fr. Gr. 
*AtA<i?, -avros, the god who bears up the pillars of heaven ; 
also Mt. Atlas, in Africa, regarded as the pillar of 



It is from the root of TArji/at to bear.] 1. One 
who sustains a great burden. 2. (Anat.) The first ver- 
tebra of the neck, which sustains the head ; — whence the 
name. 3. A collection of maps in a volume ; — supposed 
to be so called from a picture of Atlas supporting the 
world, prefixed to some collections. 4. A volume of 
plates illustrating any subject. 6. A work exhibiting sub- 
jects in tabular form. 6. A large, square folio, resem- 
bling a volume of maps. 7. A drawing paper of large size. 

At'mo (aVmo), n. [Abbrev.fr. atmosphere.'] (Physics) 
A standard of atmospheric pressure ; conventionally, 
that pressure under which the barometer stands at 7G0 
millimeters, at a temperature of 0° Centigrade, at the 
level of the sea, and in the latitude of Paris. 

At-mol'0-gy (a"t-m51'6-jy). n. [Gr. dr/uds vapor + 
-logy.] (Physics) That branch of science which treats 
of the laws and phenomena of aqueous vapor. 

At-mol'y-sis (-T-sTs), n. [Gr. dr/ios vapor -f- Av'o-i? a 
loosing.] (Chem.) The separation of gases of unequal 
diffusibility by transmission through porous substances. 

At-mom'e-ter (3t-m5m'e-ter), n. [Gr. di-/ixds vapor 
-j- -meter.] An instrument for measuring evaporation. 

At'mos-phere (£t'rn5s-fer), n. [Gr. dr/uds vapor (akin 
to G. athem breath) -f- o-<f>aipa sphere. See Sphere.] 1. 
(Physics) (a) The whole mass of aeriform fluid sur- 
rounding the earth, or the gaseous fluid surrounding any 
celestial body, (6) Any gaseous envelope or medium. 
2. A supposed medium around any body. 3. The pres- 
sure or weight of the air at the sea level on a unit of sur- 
face (about 14.7 lbs. to the sq. inch). 

At mos-pher'ic (at'inos-fer'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining 

At mos-pher'ic-al (-fer'T-kal), J to the atmosphere; 
of the nature of, or resembling, the atmosphere. 2. Ex- 
isting in the atmosphere. — At'mos-pher'ic-al-ly, adv. 

At'0-k0US (at'6-kus), a. [Gr. d priv. -f- toko? off- 
spring.] (Zool.) Producing only asexual individuals. 

A-toll' (a-tol'), n. [The native name in the Indian 
Ocean.] A coral island or islands, consisting of a belt of 
coral reef, surrounding a central lagoon. 

At'Om (at'um), n. [L. atomus, Gr. dro/mos indivisible ; 
d priv. -f- Toju.6s cut. See. Tome.] 1. (Physics) (a) An 
ultimate indivisible particle of matter. (6) An ultimate 
particle of matter not necessarily indivisible ; a molecule. 
(c) A constituent particle of matter, or a molecule sup- 
posed to be made up of subordinate particles. 2. (Chem.) 
The smallest particle of matter that can enter into com- 
bination. 3. Anything extremely small. 

A-tom'ic (a-tom'ik), ) a. 1. Of or pertaining to atoms. 

A-tom/ic-al (-T-kal), ) 2. Extremely minute ; tiny. 

Atomic philosophy, or Doctrine of atoms, a system which, 
assuming that atoms are endued with gravity and motion, 
accounted thus for the origin and formation of all tilings. 

At'O-mic'i-ty (afo-mis'T-ty), n. (Chem.) Degree of 
atomic attraction ; equivalence ; valence ; also, the num- 
ber of atoms in an elementary molecule. 

At'om-ism (Xt'um-Tz'm), n. The doctrine of atoms. 

At'om-ist, n. One who holds to the atomic philosophy. 

At'om-ize (-iz), v . t. To reduce to atoms. 

At'om-i'zer, n. One who, or that which, atomizes. 

At'om-y (at'iim-y), n. An atom ; a mite ; a pigmy. 

At'O-my (at'6-my), n. [For anatomy.] A skeleton. 

A-ton'a-ble (a-ton'a-b'l), a. That may be atoned. 

A-tone' (a-ton'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Atoned (-tond') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Atoning.] [From at one, i. e., to be, or 
cause to be, at one, or in accord.] 1. To agree ; to ac- 
cord. [065.] 2. To stand as an equivalent; to make 
reparation, compensation, or amends, as for an offense. 

A-tone 7 , v. t. 1. To reconcile ; to appease. [065.] 
2. To make satisfaction for ; to expiate. 

A-tone'ment (a-ton'nient), n. 1. Reconciliation ; 
concord. [Archaic] 2. Satisfaction or reparation 
made by giving an equivalent for an injury ; expiation ; 
amends ; specifically, the expiation of sin made by Christ. 

A-ton r er (a-ton'er), n. One who makes atonement. 

A-ton'ic (a-ton'ik), a. [See Atony.] 1. (3Ied.) 
Characterized by atony. 2. (Phon.) (a) Unaccented. 
(6) Destitute of tone or vocality ; surd. 

A-ton'ic, n. 1. (Phon.) An atonic word, syllable, etc. 
2. (Med.) Remedy for organic excitement or irritation. 

At'O-ny (at'6-ny), n. [Gr. arovia. slackness ; d priv. 
+ tovos tone, strength. See Tonic] (Med.) "Want of 
tone ; weakness ; esp., weakness of any contractile organ. 

A-top' (a-top'), adv. On or at the top. 

At'ra-bi-la'ri-an (aVra-bT-la'rl-an), ) a. [LL. atrabi- 

At'ra-bi-la'ri-OUS (-la'ri-iis), | larius, fr. L. 

atra bilis black bile.] Same as Atrabilious. 

Atra-bil'ia-ry (-bil'ya-r^), a. Of or pertaining to 
atra bilis or black bile, a fluid formerly supposed to be 



B 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ATRABILIOUS 



62 



ATTEST 



■mAmm kg 

hvpoohondr 
Atrabil 



blob the ancients attributed 
and mania. 2. Atrabilious. 
Affected with excess 
or hypochondriac 
At ra men'tal (-mental), ( <:. Of or pertaining to 
At ra men 'tons (-meatus), I ink ; inky; black. 
Atrium (itrl-Om), ?>. : pi. Atria (-a). [L., fore 
1 v square hall or court lighted 

to which rooms open. 2. (A nat.) The main 
part of cither auricle of the heart ; also, the whole auric- 
nion. 3. (ZodL) A body cavity in ascidians. 
A tro clous ^a-tro'>hus), a. [L. atrox. atrocis, cruel, 
Fiercely or cruelly wicked ; extremely heinous. 
— A tro'cious ly. — A-tro'cious ness. n. 
Bj ii. t ". tgioous; flagrant. 

A-troc'i-ty ^a-tros'i-ty). ». 1. Enormous wickedness ; 
extreme heinousness or cruelty. 2. An atrocious or ex- 
tremely cruel deed. 
At'ro-phled (Itfrft-lTd), a. Affected with atrophy, 

ra or organ ; arrested early in its development. 
At'ro-phy (5t'ro-fy), n. [L. atrophia, Gr. arpo^Ca ; 
a j«riv. — Tpt&ar to nourish.] A wasting away from 
want of nourishment. [starve or weaken. I 

At'ro-phy. V. (. A i. To waste aw*ay ; to abort; to I 
A tro'pi-a ^a-tro'pT-a), 72. Same as Atropine. 
At'ro-pine (5t'r6-pTu), ft. [Gr. arpon-os inflexible; 
hence 17 "ATporro?, one of the three Parcae ; a priv. -j- rpe- 
tfii' to turn.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid, remarkable 
for its power of dilating the pupil of the eye. 

At'ro-pism (-pTz'm). n. {Med.) A condition of the 
system produced by long use of belladonna. 

At'ro-pOUS (5t'r6-pus), a. [Gr. arpoTros ; a priv. -f- 
Tpfrreu' to turn.] (Bot.) Not inverted ; orthotropous. 
A'trous (a'triis), a. [L. ater.~\ Coal-black ; very black. 
At-tac'ca (at-tjik'ka). [It., fr. attaccare to tie.] 
(Mus. ) Join on ; — a direction to play without pause. 

Attach' (St-t5ch'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Attached 
(-tachf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attaching.] [OF. atachier, 
F. attaeher, to tie or fasten.] 1. To bind, fasten, tie, or 
connect; to join. 2. To connect by appointment; to 
assign. 3. To connect by ties of love or self-interest ; to 
fasten by moral influence. 4. To ascribe or attribute. 
5. To take by legal authority. 
Syn. — To affix; conjoin; subjoin; annex; append. 
At-tach/ (St-tach'). v. i. 1. To adhere ; to be attached. 
2. To come into legal operation in connection with any- 
thing : to vest. 
At tach'a ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being attached. 
At ta cW (at'ta/sha'), n. [F.] One officially at- 
tached to a person or station, esp. to an embassy. 

At-tach'ment (5t-t5ch'm«? nt), ft. 1. The act of attach- 
ing, or state of being attached ; any passion or affection 
that binds a person. 2. That by which one thing is at- 
tached to another ; connection. 3. Something attached ; 
some adjunct attached to an instrument, machine, or 
other object. 4. (Larc) A seizure or taking into custody 
under legal process ; the writ commanding such seizure. 
Attack' (Xt-t2k'), r. /. [imp. & p. p. Attacked 
(-ta"kt') ; p.pr. & vb. n. Attacking.] [F. atlaquer, orig. 
another form of attaeher to attack.] 1. To fall upon 
with force ; to assault. 2. To assail with unfriendly speech 
or writing ; to begin a controversy with ; to censure. 3. 
To set to work upon, as a task or problem. 4. To affect 
injuriously or destructively ; to decompose or waste. 

To assail : assault ; invade.— These words all de- 
iolent onset ; attack being the generic term, and 
ra specific forms of attack. To attack is to com- 
e onset : to assail is to make a sudden and vio- 
lent attack ; to assault is to attack physically by a hand- 
to-hand approach or by unlawful and insulting violence ; 
is to enter by force on what belongs to another. 
Attack', ri. Act of attacking, in any 6ense of the verb. 
Attain' (5t-tan'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Attained 
pr. & vb. ft. Attaining.] [OF. ateindre, 
■ . ir. L. allingere; ad -\- tangere to touch, reach. 
knt.] 1. To achieve or accomplish, — that is, 
by efforts ; to gain ; to compass ; to arrive at. 
• nee or degree ; to equal. 
procure. — Attain implies aw effort 
Hence it is not synonymous 
' . which do not necessarily imply 
We may procure or obtain a thing 
:md we may obtain by inheritance, 
our we no not attain it by such means. 
At tain' 1 me or arrive, by motion, growth, 

al exertion, or effort:, toward a place, ob- 
[tained.l 
tXP? ,a ble * S t t5n ' a -6l), «• Capable of being at- 
At taln'der (tt-OnMer), n. [OF. htaindre. ateindre. 



to accuse, convict. Attainder is often wTongly referred 
to P. tdndre to stain.] 1. Act of attainting ; state of be- 
ing attainted. 2. A stain or staining ; dishonor. [Obs.~\ 
At-taln'ment (St-tan'ment), n. 1. Act of attaining. 2. 
Thing attained to, or obtained, by exertion ; acquirement ; 
acquisition ; (pi.) mental acquirements ; knowledge. 

Attaint' (St-tanf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attainted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Attainting.] [OF. ateint, p. p. of 
ateindre, ataindre. The meanings 3, 4, and 5 were in- 
fluenced by a supposed connection with E. taint. See 
Attain.] 1. (Old Law) To find guilty; to convict. 
[06s.] 2. (Lau) To subject to the extinction of civil 
rights, forfeiture of property, and corruption of blood 
formerly resulting from a sentence of death or outlawry, 
pronounced in respect of treason or felony. 3. To ac- 
cuse of a crime or a dishonorable act. [Archaic] 4. To 
taint or corrupt. 5. To stain ; to sully ; to disgrace. 

At-taint', «. 1. (Far.) A blow or wound on the leg 
of a horse, made in overreaching. 2. (Law) A writ 
which lies after judgment to inquire whether the jury 
has given a false verdict. 3. A stain or taint ; disgrace. 

At-taint'ment (-ment), n. Attainder ; conviction. 

At'tar (after), n. [Per. ''atar perfume, essence, Ar. 
Htr, fr. 'atar a to smell sweet.] A fragrant essential oil, 
esp. that obtained from the petals of roses. 

At-lem'per (St-tem'per), v. t. limp. & p. p. Attem- 
pered (-perd); p. pr. & vb. n. Attempering.] [OF. 
atemprer, fr. L. attemperare ; ad -\- temper are to soften, 
temper.] 1. To reduce, modify, or moderate, by mix- 
ture. 2. To soften, mollify, or moderate. 3. To mix 
in just proportion. 4. To accommodate ; to adapt. 

At-tempt' (St-temtf ; 215), v. t. limp. & p. p. At- 
tempted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attempting.] [OF. atenter, 
atempter, f r. L. attentare ; ad + tentare, temptare, to 
try. See Tempt.] 1. To make trial or experiment of ; 
to try. 2. To try to move, subdue, or overcome, as by 
entreaty. 3. To attack ; to make an effort or attack upon. 

Syn. — See Try. 

At-tempt'. n. An essay, trial, or endeavor ; an under- 
taking ; an attack, or an effort to gain a point. 

Syn. —Attempt; endeavor; effort ; exertion; trial. 

At-tempt'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being attempted. 

At-tend' (at-tend'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Attended ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Attending.] [OF. atendre to wait, fr. 
L. aitendere to stretch, (sc. animum) to apply the mind 
to ; ad -f tendere to stretch.] 1. To heed. [Obs.] 2. 
To care for ; to take charge of. 3- To go or stay with, 
as a companion, nurse, or servant ; to escort ; to wait on ; 
to serve. 4. To be present with ; to accompany ; to be 
consequent to. 5. To be present at. 6. To await. [06$.] 

Syn. — To mind ; regard ; heed ; notice. 

At-tend' (2t-tend'), v. i. 1. To apply the mind, or 
give heed, with a view to perceive, understand, or com- 
ply. 2. To accompany or be at hand, in pursuance of 
duty. 3. To give thought or care (to). 

Syn. — To listen ; hearken. 

At-tend'ance (at-ten'dans), n. 1. Attention ; regard. 
lArchaic] 2. Act of attending ; state of being in wait- 
ing. 3. The persons attending ; a retinue ; attendants. 

At-tend'ant (St-tgn'dant), a. 1. Being present, or in 
the train. 2. Connected with, or immediately following, 
as consequential. 3. (Law) Depending on, or owing duty 
or service to. 

At-tend'ant, n. An attendant person or thing ; com- 
panion ; servant ; dependant ; concomitant. 

At-tent' (-tent'), a. Attentive ; heedful. 

At-ten'tion (-ten'shun), n. 1. Act or state of attend- 
ing or heeding ; application of the mind to any object of 
sense, representation, or thought; the supposed power 
or faculty of attending. 2. Act of civility or courtesy. 

Syn. — Care; heed; study; consideration; applica- 
tion ; advertence ; respect ; regard. 

At-ten'tive (-tSn'tlv), a. Heedful ; observant ; cour- 
teous. — At-ten'tive-ly, adv.— At-ten'tive-ness, n. 

Syn. — Heedful : intent ; observant ; mindful ; regard- 
ful ; circumspect ; watchful. 

At-ten'U-ant (-u-ant), a. Making thinner; attenua- 
ting. — n. (Med.) An agent that thins the fluids ; diluent. 

At-ten^u-ate (at-ten'u-at), v. t. limp. & p. p. Atten- 
uated (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attenuating (-a'ting).] 
[L. aitenuare, p. p. -alus; ad + tenuare to make thin, 
tenuis thin.] 1. To make thin, or slender. 2. To render 
less viscid or dense ; specif., to subtilize, as the humors 
of the body, or to break them into finer parts. 3. To 
weaken. 

At-ten'u-ate, v. ?'. To become thin, slender, or fine j 
to grow less ; to become less viscid. [of attenuating. I 

At-ten'U-a'tion (St-ten'S-a'shun), n. Act or process | 

At-test' (5t-tesf), v. t. limp. & p. p. Attested ; p. 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, fi, y, short ; sen&te, gvent, Idea, fcbey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



ATTESTATION 



63 



AUGURAL 



pr. & vb. n. Attesting.] [L. attestari ; ad -f testari to 
bear witness, testis witness.] 1. To bear witness to ; to 
affirm to be true or genuine. 2. To give proof of. 
At tes-ta'tion (St'tes-ta'shun), n. Act of attesting. 

H\ QS }',Zl S-flslS' I «• °ne who attests. 
At-test'or (at-tSst'Or), ) 

At'tic (St'tik), a. [L. Atticus, Gr. 'Attiko?.] Of or 
pertaining to Attica, in Greece, or to Athens, its principal 
city ; marked by Athenian qualities ; classical ; refined. 

Attic faith, inviolable faith. — Attic salt, Attic wit, a 
poignant, delicate wit. 

At'tic, n. [In sense (a) from F. attique, orig., Attic] 
(Arch.) (a) A low story above the main order or orders 
of a facade. (b) A room or rooms in that story ; garret. 

At'ti-cism (St/tT-sTz'm), n. The style of the Atheni- 
ans ; a concise and elegant expression. 

At-tire' (5t-tir'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Attired (-tird') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Attiring.] [OF. atirier ; a (L. ad) -\- 
tire rank, order, row, of Ger. origin.] To dress ; to ar- 
ray ; to adorn ; esp., to clothe with elegant garments. 

At-tire', n. 1. Dress ; clothes ; esp., ornamental 
clothing. 2. The antlers, or antlers and scalp, of a stag 
or buck. 

At'ti-tude (at'tT-tud), n. [It. attitudine, LL. aptitudo, 
fr. L. aptus suited, fitted.] The posture, action, or dis- 
position of parts of a person, animal, or figure, with re- 
spect to indication of purpose or feeling. Used also fig. 

At ti-tu'di-nize (-tu'dT-nlz), v. i. To assume attitudes. 

At- torn' (St-tfirn'), v. i. [OF. atorner; a (L. ad) -f 
torner to turn. See Turn, v. i.~\ 1. (Feudal Law) To 
transfer homage and service from one lord to another 
upon the alienation of the estate ; — said of the feudatory 
vassal, or tenant. 2. (Modern Law) To agree to become 
tenant to one to whom reversion has been granted. 

At-tor'ney (St-tfir'n^), n. ; pi. Attorneys (-niz). 
[OF. aiorne, p. p. of atorner.] (Law) (a) One legally 
appointed by another to transact business for him, — an 
attorney in fact, (b) A legal agent qualified to act for 
parties in legal proceedings, — an attorney at law. 

At-tor'ney-Ship, n. Office or profession of attorney. 

At-tOTn'ment (St-tfirn'ment), n. Act of attorning. 

At-tract' (at-trakf), v. t. (imp. & p. p. Attracted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Attracting.] [L. atiractus, p. p. of at- 
trahere ; ad -f- trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t.~\ 1. To 
draw, or cause to tend ; esp., to cause to approach, ad- 
here, or combine. 2. To draw by the mind or emotions. 

Syn.— To draw; allure; invite; entice; influence. 

At-tract'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being attracted. 
— Attract a-bil'i-ty (-bll'i-ty), At-tract'a-ble-ness, n. 

At-tract'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, attracts. 

At-tract'ile (-T1), a. Having power to attract. 

At-trac'tion (£t-trak'shun), n. 1. (Physics) An invis- 
ible power in a body by which it draws anything to itself ; 
the power in nature acting mutually between bodies or 
ultimate particles, tending to draw them together, or to 
produce their cohesion or combination, and conversely 
resisting separation. 2. Act or property of attracting ; 
effect of being attracted. 3. That which attracts. 

Syn. — Allurement ; enticement ; charm. 

At-tract'ive (-trakt'Tv), a. Having the power of at- 
tracting.— At-tract'ive-ly, adv.— At-tract'ive-ness, n. 

At-tract'or (-er), n. One who attracts. 

At'tra-hent (St'tra-hent), n. That which attracts. 

At-trib'u-ta-ble (2t-trTb'u-ta-b'l), a. Capable of being 
attributed. 

At-trib'ute (Xt-trib'ut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attrib- 
uted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attributing.] [L. atlribuere, p. p. 
-utus; ad -f- tribuere to bestow.] To consider (something) 
as belonging (to) ; to ascribe, as an effect to a cause. 

Syn. — To impute ; refer ; charge. See Ascribe. 

At'tri-bUte (at'trT-but), n. 1. A thing that is attrib- 
uted ; inherent quality ; characteristic disposition ; es- 
sential property. 2. (Gram.) A quality or state of a 
noun denoted by an attributive ; also, an attributive. 

At tri-bu'tion (-bu'shun), n. 1. Act of attributing. 
2. Quality attributed. 

At-trib'u-tive (5t-trTb'u-tTv), a. Relating to, or ex- 
pressing, an attribute ; attributing. — n. A word or 
phrase which denotes an attribute or quality. 

At-trite' (at-trif), a. [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere ; 
ad -f- terere to rub.] Worn by rubbing. 

At-tri'tion (-trish'un), n. 1. Act of wearing by fric- 
tion ; abrasion^ 2. State of being worn. 

At-tune' (-tun'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Attuned ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Attuning.] [Pref. ad -f tune.] 1. To tune or 
put in tune. 2. To arrange fitly ; to make accordant. 

A-typ'ic (a-tip'ik), ) a. That has no typical charac- 

A-typ'ic-al (-Tk-al), ) ter ; irregular ; unlike the type. 



II Au'bade' (c^bad'), n. [F.] An open-air morning 
concert. 

Au'burn (a/burn), a. [OF. auborne, LL. alburnus 
whitish, fr. L. albus white.] 1. Flaxen in color. [Obs.] 

2. Reddish brown. 

Auc'tion (ak'shfin), n. [L. audio, fr. L. augere, 
auctum, to increase.] 1. A public sale of property to 
the highest bidder, esp. by a person licensed for the 
purpose ; a vendue. 2. The things so sold or offered. 

ffgp^ The English say, to sell by auction (auctione, by in- 
crease in bids). In the U. S., people also say, to sell at 
auction. 

Auction, v. t. To sell at auction. [tion. I 

Auc tion-eer' (-er'), n. The person who sells at auc-| 

Auc tion-eer', v. t. To sell at auction. 

Au-da'clous (a-da'shus), a. [L. audacia, fr. audax 
bold, fr. audere to dare.] 1. Daring ; bold. 2. Con- 
temning the restraints of law, religion, or decorum ; bold 
in wickedness. 3. Committed with, or proceeding from, 
daring effrontery or contempt of law. — Au-da'ciOUS- 
ly, adv.— Au-da'cious-ness.'Au-dac'i-ty (-daVi-ty), n. 

Syn.— Adventurous ; presumptuous ; impudent ; inso- 
lent. 

Au'di-ble (a'di-b'l), a. [LL. audibilis, fr. L. audire 
to hear.] Capable of being heard ; actually heard. — 
Au'di-ble-ness, n. — Au'dl-bly, adv. 

Au'di-ence (a'dT-ens), n. 1. The act of hearing. 2. 
Admittance to a hearing ; reception for conference. 

3. An auditory, or assembly of hearers. 
Au'di-phone (a'di-fon), n. [L. audire to hear + Gr. 

(JHovrj sound.] An instrument for conveying sound 
through the teeth ; — thus assisting the deaf to hear. 

Au'dit (-dit), n. [L. auditus, fr. audire to hear.] An 
examination; specif., an official examination of an ac- 
count, with the hearing of the parties concerned ; also, 
the result ; final account. 

Au'dit, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Audited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Auditing.] To examine and adjust, as accounts. 

Au'dit-or (-di-ter), n. 1. A hearer or listener. 2. A 
person authorized to examine and adjust accounts. 

Au di-to'ri-um (-to'rT-um), n. The part of a public 
building assigned to the audience. 

Au'dit-O-ry (-to-ry), a. Of or pertaining to hearing. 

Au'dit-O-ry, ». An assembly of hearers ; an audience. 

Au'dit-ress (-trgs), n. A female hearer. 

Au-ge'an (a-je'an), a. Of or pertaining to Augeas, 
whose stable contained 3000 oxen and was not cleaned 
for thirty years ; hence, filthy ; dirty. 

Au'ger (a'ger), n. [AS. nafegdr, fr. nafu, nafa, nave 
of a wheel -f- gar spear ; hence 
orig., a nave-borer.] 1. A carpen- 
ter's tool to bore holes with. 2. 
An instrument for boring or per- 
forating soils or rocks. 

Aught (at), n. [AS. dwiht; 
a ever + wiht a thing.] Any 
thing ; any part. 

Au'glte (a'jit), n. [Gr. avyCrrj?, 
from avyq brightness.] A green- 
ish mineral, a variety of pyroxene, 
occurring chiefly in igneous rocks. 
Also used in a general sense for 
pyroxene. 

Augment' (ag-ment').r. t. & i. Auger. 

[imp. & p. p. AUGAD3NTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. Augmenting.] 
[L. augmentare, f r. augere to increase ; perh. akin to 
E. wax.] To enlarge or increase in size, extent, amount, 
or degree ; to swell ; to make or become bigger. 

Aug'ment (ag'mgnt), n. 1. Enlargement by addition ; 
increase. 2. (Gram.) A vowel prefixed, or a lengthen- 
ing of the initial vowel, to mark past time, as in Greek 
and Sanskrit verbs. 

Aug-ment'a-ble, a. Capable of augmentation. 

Aug'men-ta'tion (-men-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of aug- 
menting, or the state of being augmented. 2. The thing 
added by way of enlargement. 3. (Mus.) In counter- 
point and fugue, a repetition of the subject in tones of 
twice their original length. [ity of augmenting. I 

Aug-ment'a-tive (-mgnt'a-tiv), a. Having the qual- 1 

Au'gur (a'giir), n. [L. ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
(Rom. Antiq") An official diviner who foretold events, as 
by the singing, flight, and feeding of birds. 2. One who 
pretends to foretell events by omens ; a soothsayer. 

Au'gur, v. i. [imp. &p.p. Augured ; p. pr. &vb. ?i. 
Auguring.] To conjecture by signs or omens : to prog- 
nosticate ; to guess ; to predict good or bad fortune. 

Au'gur, v. t. To predict or foretell ; to betoken. 

Au'gU-ral (-gu-ral), a. Pertaining to augurs or augury. 



B 




G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, fc>bt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 






An ;r nation 



64 



AUTOCARPOUS 



An *u ra'tion 



Au 




or practice of 
cury. 

Of or relating to augury. 
1. Art OP practice of angora. 
ion ; prognostication. 

thu, cf. augere to 

s.1 Creating extraordinary 

jod with reTerenoe ; having 

: majestic ; solemn ; awful ; 

Au'gust. ■ [L. Augustus.] The eighth month of the 

[tus Civsar or to his times. 

Augustan Of or pertaining to Augus- 

my national literature is the 

of purity and refinement. 

Au gust'ine (-gBatln), n. {Bed. Hist.) A member 

rder called after St. Augustine ; — popu- 

friar. 

Au gus tin'i-an (-tlu'wni), n. 1. An Augustine. 

2. One oi a class of divines, who, following St. Augustine, 

that grace is effectual absolutely and creatively. 

Au-gust'ness^a-gust 'lie's), n. Quality of being august. 

Ank (ak)i n. [Prov. E. alk ; akin to Dan. alke, Icel. 

■'.<;.] (Zo'dl.) Any 

one of various species of 

Arctic birds of the family 

The great auk is 

now extinct. 

Aulic (a'lik), a. [Gr. 
avAucos, from auAij hall, 
court.] Of or pertaining to 
a royal court. 

Aulic. n. In some Eu- 
ropean universities, the cere- 
mony observed in conferring 
the degree of doctor of 
diviuity. 

Aunt (ant). 7i. [OF. ante, 
L. amita father's sister.] — 
The sister of one's father or N -^?- \ - 
mother ; — also applied to * ^^ -■^vJj^F 'ft^t, 
an uncle's wife. Auks, a Great Auk ; b Razor- 

Au'ra (a'ra), n. ; pi. bill. 

AcrjE. [L., air.] Any subtile, invisible emanation or 
exhalation. 2. (Med.) A sensation as of a vapor or cold 
air rising from the trunk or limbs. — Au'ral (-ral), a. 
Au'ral. n. [Fr. L. auris ear.] Belonging to the ear. 
Au-ran ti-a'ceous (a-rau'tT-a'shus), a. Of or per- 
taining to the Orange family of plants (Aurantiacese). 
Au'ra-ted (-ra-te"d), a. Resembling gold. 
Au're-ate (-re-at), a. [L. aureatus, fr. aureus golden, 
m gold.] Golden ; gilded. 
Au-re'O-la (-re'o-la), ) n. [L. aureolus, dim. of 
An're-Ole (a're-ol), J aureus golden.] 1. (E. C. 
Ch. ) A special added glory of martyrs, virgins, saints, etc. 
2. The circle of rays with which painters surround the 
body of Christ, saints, and others held in special reverence. 
Au'ric (a'rTk), a. Designating compounds of gold in 
its higher valence. See -ic. 

Au'ri-cle f-rl-k'l), n. [L. auricula, dim. of auris 
ear.] 1. (Aruit.) (a) The external ear. (b) One of two 
muscular sacs situated at the base of the heart into 
which the blood is received and transmitted to the ven- 
tricles; — so called from their resemblance to the external 
ear of some quadrupeds. 2. A kind of ear trumpet. 

Au-ric'U-lar (-rTk'u-ler), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 

the ear, or to the sense of hearing. 2. Told in the ear. 

I by the ear. 4. Received by the ear ; 

traditional. 5. (Med.) Pert, to the auricles of the heart. 

Au-ric'u-late (-lat), Au-ric'u-la'ted (-la'ted), a. 

trs or earlike appendages. 
Au-ril'er-OUS (-rTfer-us), a. [L. aurifer ; aurum 
gold -jr/erre to bear.] Yielding or producing gold. 

Au'ri-form fa/rT-form), a. [L. auris ear -j- -form.'] 

Bhaped like the human ear. [the ear.! 

An'rlat (-rTit), n. One skilled in curing disorders of | 

Au'rocb.8 (-r<5ks), n. [G. auerochs, OHG. urohso ; ur 

■■■] The European bison. 
Au-ro'ra (a-roVa), n . [l. aurora, for ausosa, akin to 
ur. t^*, iwf, dawn, Skr. ushas, and E. east.] 1. The 
dawn of day : the redness of the sky just before the sun 
rue*. 2. UUA.) A Kpecies of crowfoot. 3. The aurora 
boreah - . ra ]j B . 

Aurora borealu uo'r'-JZ'Hs), a luminous meteoric phe- 

wmeoon < t tde northern hemisphere, visible only at 

--'■] to be of electrical origin ; the north- 

'■-..— Aurora australia (a*-tra'lls;, a corresponding 

PB»obj<-; iuphere. 



Au-ro'ral (a-ro'rol), a. Belonging to, or resembling, 
the aurora (the dawn or the northern lights) ; rosy. 

Au'rous (a'rus), a. [From L. aurum gold.] Con- 
taining, or derived from, gold ; designating compounds 
of gold in its lower valence. See -ous. 

Aus cul ta'tion (askul-ta'shfin), n. [L. auscultatio, 
fr. auscuUart to listen, fr. a dim. of auris, orig. ausis, 
ear.] 1. Act of listening. 2. (Med.) Examination by lis- 
tening, to distinguish sounds indicating health or disease. 

Aus'pl-cate (as'pT-kat), v. t. [L. auspicatus, p. p. of 
auspicari to take auspices, f r. auspex a bird seer, an au- 
gur, a contr. of avispex ; avis bird + specere, spicere, to 
view.] To give a favorable turn to in commencing. 

Aus 'pice (as'pis), n. ; pi. Auspices (-pT-sSz). 1. A 
divining by observing birds ; au augury. 2. Protection ; 
patronage and care ; guidance. [Chiefly in the plural.] 

Aus-pi'cial (as-pTsh'al),a. Of or pertaining to auspices. 

Aus-pi'ciOUS (as-pish'us), a. 1. Having omens or 
tokens of a favorable issue ; giving promise of success or 
prosperity. 2. Prosperous ; fortunate. 3. Favoring ; 
propitious. — Aus-pi'cious-ly, adv. 

Aus-tere 7 (as-ter'), a. [F. austere, L. austeru-s, fr. Gr. 
auoTTjpo?, fr. aveiv to parch, dry.] 1. Sour and astrin- 
gent ; having acerbity. 2. Severe in modes of judging, 
living, or acting. 3. Unadorned ; severely simple ; 
plain. — Austerely, adv.— Aus-tere'ness, n. 

Syn. — Harsh ; rough ; rigid ; stern ; rigorous ; strict. 

Aus-ter'i-ty ( as-ter' T-ty), n. Quality of being austere, 

Aus'tral (as'tral), a. [L. australis, fr. auster the 
south wind.] Southern ; lying or being in the south. 

Au-then'tic (a-thSn'tTk), a. [OF. autentique, L. au- 
thenticus coming' from the real author, fr. Gr. avdevriKos, 
fr. avOevTqs suicide, real author of any act ; clvtos self -f- 
a form evnjs (not found), akin to L. sons.] 1. Having a 
genuine original or authority ; not of doubtful origin ; 
genuine ; real. 2. Of approved authority ; trustworthy ; 
credible. 3. (Laic) Legally attested. 4. (Mus.) Hav- 
ing an immediate relation to the tonic, in distinction 
from plagal, which has a correspondent relation to the 
dominant in the octave below the tonic. — Au-then'tic- 
al-ly, adv. — Au-then'tic-al-ness. n. 

Au-then'ti-cate (-tT-kat), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Authen- 
ticated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Authenticating.] 1. To ren- 
der authentic ; to give authority to, by legal attestation. 
2. To prove to be real and true. [eating. I 

Au-then'ti-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of authenti-| 

Au'then-tic'i-ty (-tis'i-ty), n. 1. Quality of being 
authentic or of established authority. 2. Genuineness. 

Au-then'tic-ly (a-then'tik-ly), adv. Authentically. 

Au-then'tic-ness. n. Authenticity. 

Au'thor (a'ther), n. [OF. autor, fr. L. auctor, erro- 
neously, aut'or or author, fr. augere to increase, to pro- 
duce. See Auction, n.] 1. The beginner, former, or 
first mover, of anything; creator; originator. 2. One 
who composes or writes a book. 

Au'thor-ess. n. A female author. 

Au-thor/i-ta-tive (a-thor'i-ta-tTv), a. 1. Having due 
authority. 2. Having an air of authority ; positive. — 
Au-thor'i-ta-tive-ly, adv. — Au-thor'i-ta-tive-ness n. 

Au-thor'i-ty (a-thor'T-ty), n. 1. Legal or rightful 
power ; right to command or to act ; dominion ; jurisdic- 
tion. 2. The persons or the body exercising power or com- 
mand. [Chiefly pi.] 3. The power derived from charac- 
ter, office, or station, or mental or moral superiority, etc. 
4. That which, or one who, is claimed, or appealed to, in 
support of opinions, actions, etc. Hence : (a) Testimony ; 
witness, (b) A precedent ; previous decision of a court, 
(c) A book, or its author. [thorizing. [ 

Au thor-i-za'tion (a/thor-T-za'shiin), n. Act of au-| 

Au'thor-ize (a'thor-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Author- 
ized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Authorizing.] 1. To clothe 
with authority, warrant, or legal power ; to empower. 
2. To legalize" 3. To establish by authority, as by usage 
or public opinion. 4. To sanction or confirm by the au- 
thority of some one. 

Au'thor-ship, n. "L The quality or state of being an 
author. 2. Source ; origin ; origination. 

Au'tO- (a/to-). [Gr. avros self.] A combining form, with 
the meaning of self, one's self, one's own, itself, its own. 

Au'to-bi-og'ra-pher (-bt-og'ra-fer), n. [Auto- + biog- 
rapher.] One who writes his own life or biography. 

Au'to-bi'o-graph'ic (-bI'6-grSflk), ) a. Of or pert, to 

Aulo-bi'o-graph'ic-al (-T-kerl). ) autobiography. 

Au'tO-bi-Og'ra-phy (-bt-5g'ra-fy), n. [Auto- + biog- 
raphy.] A biography written by the«subject of it. 

Au'tO-car'pous (a/to-kaVpus), a. [Auto- -f- Gr. Kapn-os 
fruit.] (Bot.) Consisting of the ripened pericarp with 
no other parts adnate to it, as a peach. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, <•, I, 5, il, y, short ; aenAte, $ vent, tdea, &bey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, allj final. 



AUTOCEPHALOUS 



65 



AVER 



Au'tO-ceph'a-lOUS (a/to-sef'a-liis), a. [Gr. avTOKe(j>a- 
Aos ; av76<; self + iceQaXr} head.] (Eccl. Hist.) Independ- 
ent of episcopal or patriarchal jurisdiction. 

Au-toch'thon(a-tok'thon), n. ; pi. E. -thons (-thonz), 
L. -thones (-tho-iiez). [L., fr. Gr. avroxOoiv from the 
land itself ; auras self + X^ v earth, land.] 1. One sup- 
posed to spring from the ground or the soil he inhabits ; 
one of the aborigines ; a native ; — commonly in pi. 2. 
That which is original to a particular country. 

Au toch-thon'ic (-thon'ik), ) a. Aboriginal ; indig- 

Au-tOCh'tho-nous (-tho-nus), j enous ; native. 

Au-tOCb/thO-ny, n. Autochthonous condition. 

Au-tOC'ra-cy (a-tok'ra-sy ), n. 1. Independent or self- 
derived power. 2. Supreme, unlimited authority, or 
right of governing in a single person, as of an autocrat. 
3. Political independence (of a state) ; autonomy. 

Au'tO-crat (a'to-krat), n. [Gr. avroKpan?? ; avrds self 
•j- /cpaTo? strength.] An absolute sovereign ; a monarch 
who holds and exercises the powers of government by 
claim of absolute right, not subject to restriction. 

Au'tO-crat'ic (a'to-krat'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Au'tO-crat'ic-al (-krat'T-kfll), j autocracy or to an 
autocrat ; absolute. — Au'tO-crat'ic-al-ly, adv. 

|| Au't0-da-fe7 (a'to-da-fa/), n. ; pi. Autos-da-fe 
(a'toz-). [Pg., act of the faith.] 1. A judgment of the 
Inquisition in Spain and Portugal condemning or acquit- 
ting persons accused of religious offenses. 2. An ex- 
ecution of such a sentence of conviction, by the civil 
power, esp. the burning of a heretic. [tilized. I 

Au-tOg'a-mous (a-tog'a-mQs), a. (Sot.) Self-fer-| 

Au-tOg'a-my (-my), n. [Auto- -f- Gr. ya/uos marriage.] 
(Bot.) Self-fertilization, the fertilizing pollen being de- 
rived from the same blossom as the pistil acted upon. 

II Au'to-gen'e-sis (a/to-jen'e-sTs), n. [Auto- -f gene- 
sis.'] {Biol.) Spontaneous generation. 

Au-tOg'e-nOUS (a-toj'e-niis), a. [Gr. avroyevris ; av- 
tos self -f- root of yiyveo-Qai to be born.] (Biol.) Self- 
generated ; produced independently. 

Au'tO-graph (a/to-graf), n. [F. autographe, fr. Gr. 
avToypa(j>os autographic ; aurds self -f- ypa^eiv to write.] 
That which is written with one's own hand ; a person's 
own signature or handwriting. 

Au'tO-graph'ic (a/to-graf'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Au'tO-grapb/ic-al (-graf'i-kal), j to an autograph, 
or to the process of autography. 

Au-tOg'ra-phy (a-tog'ra-fy), n. 1. Science of auto- 
graphs; autograph. 2. A process in lithography by which 
a writing or drawing is transferred from paper to stone. 

Au to-mat'ic (a/to-maVik), ) a. 1. Having an in- 

Au tO-mat'ic-ai (-T-k«l), j herent power of action 
or motion. 2. Pertaining to, or produced by, an autom- 
aton; self-acting or self -regulating under fixed condi- 
tions ; — esp. applied to machinery or devices in which 
certain things formerly or usually done by hand are done 
by the machine or device itself. 3. Not voluntary ; me- 
chanical. — An'to-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Au-tom'a-tism (a-tom'a-tiz'ni), n. State or quality 
of being automatic ; mechanical or involuntary action. 

Au-tom'a-ton (-ton), n. ; pi. L. Automata (-ta), E. 
Automatons (-touz). [L., fr. Gr. avro/xaTov, neut. of 
avTOfjMTOs self-moving ; clvtos self -j- a root ma, man, to 
strive, think.] 1. Any thing or being regarded as hav- 
ing the power of spontaneous motion or action. 2. A 
self -moving machine, or one having its motive power with- 
in itself ; — applied chiefly to machines which appear to 
imitate spontaneously the motions of living beings. 

Au to-nom'a-sy (-noni'a-sy), n. [Auto- + Gr. bvofia- 
<rCa a name, fr. ovo/xa a name ; or for E. antonomasia.~\ 
(Bhet.) The use of a word of general signification for 
the name of a particular thing. 

Au to-nom'ic (-nom'Tk), a. Autonomous, [tonomy. I 

Au-ton'O-mist (a-ton'6-ruTst), n. An advocate of au- 1 

Au-ton'O-mous (-mils), a. [Gr. avTovofjLOS ; aurds self 
+ veneLv to sway.] 1. Having autonomy. 2. (Biol.) 
Having independent existence or laws. 

Au-ton'O-my (-my), n. 1. The power or right of self- 
government ; political independence. 2. (Metaph.) The 
sovereignty of reason in the sphere of morals ; or man's 
power, as possessed of reason, to give law to himself. 

Au'tO-plas'ty (a/to-plaVty), n. [Auto- -j- -plasty.'] 
(Surg.) The process of repairing lesions by taking a piece 
of healthy tissue, as from a near part, to supply the de- 
ficiency caused by disease or wounds. — Au'tO-plas'tic, a. 

Au'tOp-sy (a/top-sy), n. [Gr. avroxpia, fr. avTomos 
seen by one's self; avrds self -j- otttos seen.] 1. Per- 
sonal observation or examination ; ocular view. 2. (Med.) 
Post-mortem examination. 

Au'tO-type (a'to-tip), n. [Auto- + -type.] 1. A fac- 



simile. 2. A photographic picture produced in sensi- 
tized pigmented gelatin ; a kind of picture printed in 
ink from a gelatin plate. 

Au'tO-ty-pog'ra-phy (a/t6-tt-p5g'ra-f^), n. [Auto- -f 
typography.] A process by winch drawings executed on 
gelatin are impressed into a soft metal plate, for printing. 

Au-tOt'y-py (a-t5f T-py^ or a'to-ti'p^), n. The art or 
process of making autotypes. 

Au'tumn (a/tum), n. [L. auctumnus, autumnus ; 
origin uncertain.] 1. The third season of the year, or 
the season between summer and winter, often called 
"thefall." 2. The time of maturity or decline, [tumn. I 

Au-tum'nal (a-tum'nal), a. Of or pertaining to au-| 

II Aux-e'siS (aks-e'sis), n. [NL., deriv. of Gr. av£eiv 
to increase.] (Bhet.) A figure by which a grave aud 
magnificent word is put for the proper word ; hyperbole. 

Aux-Mar (agz-il'yer ; 10G), a. Auxiliary. 

Aux-iTiar-ly, adv. By way of help. 

Aux-iFia-ry (agz-Tl'ya-ry^ ; 106), a. [L. auziliarius, 
fr. auzilmm help, fr. augere to increase.] Conferring 
aid or help ; helping ; aiding ; assisting ; subsidiary. 

Aux-illa-ry, n. 1. A helper ; assistant ; confederate. 
2. (Mil.) pi. Foreign troops in the service of a nation at 
war. 3. (Gram.) A verb which helps to form the voices, 
modes, and tenses of other verbs ; as, have, be, may, can, 
do, must, shall, and will. 4. (Math.) A quantity intro- 
duced to simplify or facilitate an operation. 

A-vail' (a-vaF), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Availed (a-vald') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Availing.] [OE. availen, f r. F. a (L. ad) 
-f- valoir to be worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, to be 
worth.] To turn to the advantage of ; to be of service 
to ; to profit ; to benefit. 

A-vail', v. i. To be of use or advantage ; to answer 
the purpose ; to be adequate or sufficient. [ceeds. I 

A-vail', n. 1. Advantage ; use. 2. pi. Profits ; pro- 1 

A-vail'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being used to 
advantage ; profitable ; able to effect the object. 2. 
Having sufficient power or efficacy for the object ; valid. 
— A-vail'a-bly, adv. — A-vaiFa-bil'i-ty (bll'T-ty), 
A-vail'a-ble-ness, n. 

Av'a-lanche' (av'a-lanch'), n. [F., fr. avaler to de- 
scend, fr. aval down, downward ; a (L. ad) + val, L. 
vallis, valley.] A snow-slip ; vast body of snow, ice, or 
earth sliding down a mountain. Also used figuratively. 

II A-vant'-COU'ri-er (a-vant'koc/ri-er or a-vaN'kob'rT- 
er), n. [F., fr. avant before + courrier.] A person dis- 
patched before, to announce the approach of another or 
others. 

A-vant'-guard 7 (a-vant'gardO, n. [F. avant before 
+ E. guard.] The advanced body of an army ; vanguard. 

Av'a-rlce (Sv'a-ris), n. [F., fr. L. avaritia, ,fr. avarus 
avaricious, prob. fr. avere to covet.] Excessive love of 
money or gain ; greed after wealth for hoarding. 

Av a-ri'cious (-rlsh'us), a. Actuated by avarice; 
greedy after wealth or gain for hoarding. — Av'a-ri'- 
cious-ly, adv. — Av'a-ri'cious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Covetous ; parsimonious ; penurious ; miserly ; 
niggardly; rapacious; grasping. 

A-vast' (a-vast'), interj. [Corrupted from D. houd 
fast, hold fast.] (Xaut.) Cease; hold; stop; stay. 

Av'a-tar' (av'a-tar'), n. [Skr. avatar a descent ; ava 
from -j- root tr to cross, pass over.] (Hind. Myth.) The 
descent of a deity to earth, and his incarnation. 

A-vaunt r (a-vanf or a-vant'), interj. Begone. 

A've Ma-ri'a (a'va ma-re'a), ) n. A prayer to the Vir- 

A've-Ma'ry (a've-ma'ry), I gin Mary, beginning 
in Latin Ave Maria = Hail, Mary. 

Av'e-na'ceous (av/e-na'shus), a. [From L. arena 
oats.] Of or pertaining to oats, or the oat grasses. 

A-venge' (a-venj'), v. t. [imp., p. p., & p. a. Avenged ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Avenging.] [OF. avengier ; L. ad + 
vindicare to lay claim to ; to avenge ; to revenge.] To 
vindicate (the injured) by inflicting pain or evil on the 
wrong-doer. 

Syn. — Revenge. 

A-veng'er (-ven'jer), n. One who avenges, or takes 
vengeance. 

A-ven'tU-rlne (a-ven'tu-rin), «. [F.] 1. A kind of 
glass containing gold-colored spangles. 2. (Mitt.) A kind 
of translucent quartz spangled with yellow mica. 

Av'e-nue (aVe-nu), n. [F., fr. L. advenire to come 
to.] 1. A way of entrance to any place ; way ; passage. 
2. The principal walk or approach to a house from the 
road, esp. if bordered with trees. 3. A wide street. 

A-ver' (a-ver'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averred ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Averring.] [F. averer, LL. averare; L. ad -f- 
rm/strue.] 1. (Laic) To avouch or verify ; to offer to 
verify. 2. To declare positively ; to affirm. 



B 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

'5 



M 



AVERAGE 



66 



AWSOME 



AVer-age (Xv'er- I • tr. LL. averagium. 

party, cattle. ] 1. (Old Eng. Laic) 

, wad bv a tenant to his lord to be done with 

Imaeti 2. A contribution to I general loss. 3. A mean 

proportion ; medial sum or quantity. 4. A generalized 

statement derived from ■ comparison of diverse specific 

caaea. 6. Ehaall duty payable to shipmasters on goods. 

Aver age. a. 1. Medial ; containing a mean propor- 

2. According to the laws Of average. 

AVer-age. 9. t. [imp. & p. p. Averaged; p. pr. & 
\ eraoino.] 1. To reduce to a mean ; to propor- 
tion. 2- To do, get, etc., on an average. 

Av'er age. > . t To be on an average. [averred. I 

A-ver'ment t.-'i-ver'mnit), n. Act of averring ; thing | 

A-verse' (a-vara*}, </. [L. iwwr w tt, p. p.] 1. Turned 
a«av. [06a.] 2. Having a repugnance or opposition of 
mind. — Aversely, adv. — A-verse'ness. n. 

>>ii. Disinclined; backward; reluctant. 

A-ver'slon (,-ver'shuu), n. 1. Opposition or turning 
away of mind ; dislike ; moderate hatred. 2. That to 
which one is averse. 

Syn. — Dislike ; repugnance ; antipathy. See Disliee. 

A-vert' ( a-vert'). v. '• [>»W-,P- P-> & P- a. Avebted ; 
v r6. n. Avebtino.] [L. avertere; a, ab + ver- 
tere to turn.] To turn off, aside, or away. 

A-vert'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, averts. 

A-vert' i-ble (a-ver'tT-b'l), a. That may be averted. 
A'ves (a'vez), n. pi. [L., pi. of avis bird.] (Zool.) 
The class of Vertebrata that includes the birds. 

A'vl-a-ry (a'vT-a-ry), n. [L. aviarium, fr. avis bird.] 
A house or inclosure for keeping birds confined. 

Av'id (aVTd), a. [L. avidus, fr. avere to long.] 
Having an eager longing ; intensely desirous ; greedy. — 
A-vld'i-ty (a-vid'T-ty), n. 

AVO-ca'do (aV6-ka'do), n. [From Mex. ahuacatl.~\ 
(Bot.) The pear-shaped pulpy fruit of Per sea gratis- 
sima, a tree of tropical America. 

Av O-ca'tlon (aV6-ka'shun), n. [L. avocado, fr. avo- 
care ; a, ab -f- vocare to call.] 1. A calling aside. [06*.] 

2. That which calls one from a regular business or voca- 
tion. 3. pi. Pursuits ; duties ; usual employment. 

AVo-cet, Av'o-set (aV6-sgt), «. [F. avoceite.] {Zool.) 
A grallatorial bird, with a long bill curved upward. 

A-VOid' (a- void'), v. t. [imp., p. p., & p. a. Avoided ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Avoiding.] [OF. esouidier; es (L. ex) 
-j- vuidier, voidier, to empty.] 1. To make void ; to an- 
nul or vacate. 2. To keep at a distance from ; to shun. 

3. (Pleading) To defeat or evade, as a plea. 
A-void'a-bie (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being avoided. 
A-void'ance (-<ms), n. 1. The act of avoiding or 

shunning. 2. The act of annulling. 3. The act of be- 
coming vacant, or the state of being vacant, as a benefice. 

A-VOid'er, n. 1. One who removes a thing ; that in 
which things are removed. 2. One who avoids or shuns. 

A-voldless, a. Incapable of being avoided. 

Av oir-du-pois' (aVer-du-poiz'), n. or a. [OE. aver 
de peis goods of weight ; OF. aver property (fr. L. habere 
to have) -f- peis weight, F. poids, L. pensurn. See Poise, 
n.] Avoirdupois weight; a system of weights for the 
coarser commodities in which a pound is 16 oz. or 7000 gr. 

A- vouch' (a- vouch'), v. t. [imp., p. p., & p. a. 
Avouched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Avouching.] [L. advocare 
to call to ; ad -+- vocare to call.] 1. To vouch for. 
2. To declare positively ; to maintain as true. 3. To ac- 
knowledge and justify. 

A-VOUCh'er (-er), n. One who avouches or affirms. 

A-vow' fa-vou'), V. I. [imp. & p.p. Avowed; p. pr. 
Avowing.] [F. avouer, fr. L. advocare.] 1. 
To declare openly ; to own ; to acknowledge frankly. 
2. | Lou) To acknowledge and justify, as an act done. 

A-vow'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being avowed. 

A-VOW'al (-a\), n. A frank declaration. [openly. I 

A-vow'ed-ly (-e"d-ty), adv. In an avowed manner ; | 

A-vow-ee 7 (-&), n. See Advowee. 

A-vow'er f'-er), n. One who avows. 

A-vow'ry (-rjf), n. (Law) Act of one who, in replevy- 
-, avows and justifies the taking in his own right. 

A-vulee' (a-vBls'). v. t. [L. avulsus, p. p. of avellere 
to tear off : a (ab) — rellere to pluck.] To pluck off. 

A-vul'Blon fa-vul'shun), n. 1. A tearing asunder. 
2. A fragment torn off. 3. (Law) Sudden removal of 
land from the ebtate of one man to that of another by an 
inundation, change of course of a stream, or the like. 

A-vun'cu-lar Ca-vui i 'ku-ler), a. [L. avunculus unc\e.~\ 
talning to an uncle. 

A-wait' 'a-w';, v . t. [OF. awaitier; a (L. ad) + 
eh.] 1. To wait or look out for ; to expect. 
Z. Bo M in htore for ; to be ready for. 



A wake' (a-wak'), v. t. A i. [imp. Awoee, Awaked ; 
p. p. Awaeed ; p. pr. S: vb. n. Awaking.] [AS. awsecnan, 
v. i. (imp. awoc), and aivacian, v. i. (imp. awacode). See 
Awaeen.] 1. To rouse from sleep. 2. To arouse from 
a state resembling sleep, as from death or inaction. 

Awake', a. [From awaken, old p. p. of awake.] 
Not sleeping ; in a state of wakefulness. 

A-wak'en (a-wak''n), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Awak- 
ened (-'ud) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Awakening.] [AS. awsec- 
nan, v. i. ; pref. on- -f- wsecnan.~\ To rouse from sleep 
or torpor ; to awake ; to wake. 

Syn. — To arouse; excite; stir up; call forth. 

A-wak'en-er (-'n-er), n. One that awakens. 

A- ward' (a-ward'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Awaeded ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Awarding.] [OF. eswarder consider, judge ; 
es (L. ex) -f- warder, garder, to observe. See Ward.] 
To give by sentence or judicial determination ; to assign 
deliberately ; to adjudge. 

Award', v . i. To determine ; to make an award. 

A- ward', n. 1. A judgment, sentence, or final deci- 
sion ; specifically, the decision of an arbitrator. 2. The 
paper containing the decision ; that which is awarded. 

A-ward'er (-er), n. One who awards ; a judge. 

A-ware 7 (a-wSr'), a. [OE. hear, AS. gewser, fr. wser 
wary.] 1. Watchful ; vigilant ; on one's guard. 2. Ap- 
prised ; informed ; cognizant. 

Awash' (a-wosh'), a. Washed by the waves or tide. 

A- way' (a-wa'), adv. [AS. aweg ; on on + u-eg way.] 
1. From a place ; hence. 2. Absent ; gone. 3. Aside ; 
off; in another direction. 4. By ellipsis of the verb, 
equivalent to an imperative : Go or come away ; begone. 
5. On ; without intermission or delay. [Colloq.~\ 

Away with, bear, abide. [Archaic] — To make away with. 
(a) To kill or destroy. (6) To carry off. 

Awe (a), n. [OE. a$e, aghe, fr. Icel. agi ; akin to Gr. 
ax°? pain'j from same root as E. ail.] 1. Dread. [Obc. 
or Obsolescent] 2. The emotion inspired by something 
dreadful and sublime ; reverential fear, or solemn wonder. 

Syn. — See Reverence. 

Awe (a), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awed (ad) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Awing.] To inspire with awe ; to control by inspiring 
dread ; to excite fearful reverence in. 

A-wea'ry (a-we'ry), a. Weary. 

A-weath'er (a-wetb/er), adv. (Naut. ) On the weather 
side, or toward the wind ; — opposed to alee. 

A- weigh' (a-wa'), adv. (Naut.) Just drawn clear of 
the ground ; atrip ; — said of the anchor. 

Awe'less (ales), a. See Awless. 

Awe'some (a/sum), a. 1. Causing awe; awful. 2. 
Expressive of awe or terror. — Awe'some-ness, n. 

Aw'ful (a/f ul), a. 1. Oppressing with fear or horror ; 
appalling ; terrible. 2. Inspiring awe ; filling with rev- 
erential fear. — Aw'ful-ly, adv. — Aw'flll-ness, n. 

Syn. — See Frightful. 

A-whlle 7 (a-hwil'), adv. [Adj. a -j- while time, inter- 
val.] For some time ; for a short time. [tering. I 

A-Wing' (a-wlng'), adv. On the wing ; flying ; flut-| 

Awk (ak), a. [From Icel. ofigr, ofugr, afigr, turning 
the wrong way, f r. af off, away. ] 1. Odd ; out of order. 
[Obs.] 2. Wrong; clumsy. [Obs.] 

Awk'ward (ak'werd), a. [Awk + -ward.] 1. Want- 
ing dexterity or grace in movement ; without skill ; clum- 
sy ; ungraceful. 2. Not easily managed or effected ; 
embarrassing. 3. Perverse ; untoward. [Obs.] — Awk'- 
ward-ly, adv. — Awk'ward-ness, n. 

Syn. — Ungainly ; unhandy ; clownish ; lubberly ; 
gawky ; maladroit ; bungling ; inelegant ; unbecoming. 

Awl (al), n. [OE. aul, awel, al, AS. sel, aicel ; akin 
to Icel. dlr, G. ahle.] A 
pointed instrument for f 
making small holes. 

AwleSS (a'les), a. Be- Shoemaker's Awl. 

ing without awe. 

Awn (an), n. [OE. awn, agune, from Icel. dgn, pi. 
agnir ; akin to G. agen, ahne, Gr. a.\vr\.] (Bot.) The 
bristle or beard of barley, oats, grasses, etc. 

Awned (and), a. (Bot.) Having an awn ; bearded. 

Awn'lng(an'Tng), n. [Origin uncertain.] 1. A roof- 
like cover, usually of canvas, extended as a shelter from 
the sun, rain, or wind. 2. (Naut.) That part of the poop 
deck continued forward beyond the cabin bulkhead. 

Awnless, a. Without an awn or beard. 

A-woke' (a-wok'), imp. of Awake. 

A-WOrk' (a-wfirk'), adv. At work ; in action. 

A-wry' (a-ri'), adv. & a. 1. Turned or twisted to- 
ward one side ; out of the right course ; oblique or ob- 
liquely. 2. Aside from the line of truth, or right reason. 

Aw'some (a/sum), a. Same as Awesome. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, e"vent, Idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



AX 



67 



BABOON 



Ax \ (5ks), n. [AS. eax, sex, acas ; akin to G. axt, 

Axe ) Gr. d|iVr;, L. ascia.] A tool or instrument of 
steel, or of iron with a steel edge or blade, for felling 
trees, chopping and splitting wood, etc. 

" The spelling ax is "better on every ground, of etymol- 
ogy, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which has of late 
become prevalent." JVew English Diet. (Murray). 

Ax'i-al (aWT-al), a. Of, pert, to, or like, an axis. 

Ax'il (SksTl), «. [L. axilla.'] (Bot.) The point of 
divergence between the upper side of a branch, leaf, or 
petiole, and the stem or branch from which it springs. 

II Axilla (Sks-Il'la), n. pi. ; Axilla (-le). [L.] 1. 
(Anat.) The armpit. 2. {Bot.) An axil. 

Ax'11-lar (Sks'Tl-ler), a. Axillary. 

Ax'il-la-ries (aks'Tl-la-rTz), ) n. pi. (Zodl.) The 

Ax'il-laxs (Sks'il-lerz), ) feathers under the wing 
connecting the under surface of the wing and the body. 

Ax'11-la-ry (-la-ry), a. Of or pert, to an 
axil or axilla. 

Ax'l-om (5ks'T-fim), n. [L. axioma, 
Gr. a^iuifia, that which is thought worthy, 
that which is assumed, a principle, fr. 
a^tovv to think worthy, fr. a£ios worthy.] 
1. (Logic & 3Iath.) A self-evident and 
necessary truth ; a proposition which it is 
necessary to take for granted. 2. An es- 
tablished principle in some art or science. 

Syn. — Maxim ; aphorism ; adage. — An 
axiom is a self-evident truth as the basis of 
reasoning. A maxim is a guiding principle 
sanctioned by experience. An aphorism is 
a terse expression of a general truth or sen- a ( marr 

timent. An adage is a saying of long-estab- Buds, 
lished authority. 66 Leaf Scars. 

Ax'1-O-mat'ic (Sks'T-o-mSt'Tk), \a. OfcTerminal 

AX'i-0-mat'ic-al (-T-kal), ) or pert. Bud. 

to an axiom ; having the nature of an axiom ; character- 
ized by axioms. — Ax i-o-mat'ic-al-ly , adv. [India. I 

|| Axis (Sks'is), n. [L.] (Zool. ) The spotted deer of | 

Ax'is (Sks'Ts), n.; pi. Axes (-ez). [L. See Axle.] 

1. A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a 
body,jwhich revolves, or may be supposed to revolve, upon 
it. 2. (Math.) A straight line with respect to which the 
different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically ar- 
ranged. 3. (Bot.) The stem ; longitudinal support, on 
which organs or parts are arranged. 4. (Anat.) The sec- 
ond vertebra of the neck ; also, the prolonged part of this 
vertebra, which serves as a pivot for the head. 

Axle (2ks''l), n. [AS. eaxl shoulder ; akin to AS. eax 
axle, L. axis axle, Gr. a^oiv, Skr. aksha, L. axilla shoulder 
joint.] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, 
or which revolves with a wheel. 2. A transverse bar or 
shaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or carriage ; 
an axletree. 3. An axis. 

Axle box' (b5ks'). 1. A 
bushing in the hub of a wheel, 
through which the axle passes. 

2. Journal box of a rotating 
axle, esp. a railway axle. 

Axle-tree 7 (-tre 7 ), n. The „ 
bar on the ends of which the Section of TVagon Hub, show- 
wheels of a carriage revolve. m « Axle Box and Axle " 

Ax'min'Ster (5ks'mTn'ster), n. An Axminster car- 
pet, an imitation Turkey carpet with thick, soft pile ; — 
named from Axminster, Eng. 





II Ax'o-lotl (Sks'S-lot'l), n. [Native name.] (Zodl.) 
An amphibian of | 
the salamander 
tribe found in the 
elevated lakes of 
Mexico; the sire- 
don. 

Ax'unge (5ks'- 
unj), n. [F. ax- 
onge, L. axungia ; 
axis wheel 4- un Axolotl. Larva of Amblyztomn Mexica- 
gere to grease.] num - About * nat. diameter. 

Fat ; grease ; usually (Pharm.), lard prepared for medi- 
cal use. 

Ay (at), interj. Ah ! alas ! 

Aye ) (aT), adv. [Origin uncertain.] Yes ; yea ; — 

Ay J expressing assent, or an affirmative answer. 

Aye (aT), n. An affirmative vote or voter. 

Aye I (a), adv. [Icel. ei, ey ; akin to AS. a, awa, al- 

Ay ) ways, L. aevum, Gr. al<Lv an age.] Always; 
ever ; continually ; for an indefinite time. 

Aye / -aye / (aT'ai/),n. [Fr. native name.] (Zool.) A 
nocturnal quadruped of Madagascar, allied to the lemurs. 

Ayrshire (Sr'shTr), n. (Agric.) One of a superior 
breed of cattle from Ayrshire, Scotland. 

Azalea (a-za'le-a ; 97), n. ; pi. Azaleas (-az). [NL., 
f r. Gr. i^oAeos dry, — because supposed to grow best in 
dry ground. ] (Bot. ) A genus of showy flowering shrubs. 

Az'a-role (aVa-rol), n. [F., fr. Ar. az-zo'rur.] (Bot.) 
The Neapolitan medlar, a shrub of southern Europe; 
also, its fruit. 

A-zed'a-rach (a-zgd'a-r2k), n. [From Pers. azaddi- 
rakht noble tree.] (Bot.) A handsome Asiatic tree, com- 
mon in the southern United States. 

Az'i-muth (Sz'T-muth), n. [F. azimut, fr. Ar. as- 
sumut, pi. of as-samt a way.] (Astron. & Geodesy) (a) 
The quadrant of an azimuth circle, (b) The arc of the 
horizon between the meridian of the place and a vertical 
circle passing through the center of a given object. 

Az'i-muth al (az'T-muth'al or -mu'thal), or. Of or per- 
taining to the azimuth ; being in a horizontal circle. 

Az'o- (2z'6-). [See Azote.] (Chem.) A combining 
form of azote, applied : (a) Loosely to various compounds 
of nitrogen, (b) Especially to compounds containing a 
two atom nitrogen group uniting two hydrocarbon radi- 
cals. These compounds furnish many artificial dyes. 

A-ZO'ic (a-zo'Tk), a. [Gr. a priv. -f- £a»j life.] Show- 
ing no vestige of organic life, or at least of animal life. 

Az'Ote (az'ot or a-zof), n. [F., fr. Gr. a priv. -f- £wij 
life ; — because not supporting life.] Nitrogen. [2?.] 

A-ZOt'ic (a-zot'Tk), a. (Chem.) Nitric. 

Az'o-tize (az'o-tiz), v. t. To nitrogenize. 

Az'ure (azh'ur or a'zhur), a. [F. & OSp. azar, 
through Ar. from Per. lajaward, or lajuward, lapis lazuli, 
lajawardi, lajuwardi, azure, cerulean, the initial I having 
been dropped.] Sky-blue ; cerulean ; also, cloudless. 

Az'ure, n. The clear blue color or vault of the sky. 

Az'U-rlne (Szh'u-rTn), a. Azure. 

Az'u-rite (azh'u-rlt), n. (Min.) Blue malachite. 

Az'y-gOUS (az'T-giis), a. [Gr. afvyos ; a priv. -f- ^vyou 
yoke.] (Anat.) Having no fellow ; not paired ; single. 

Az'ym, Az'yme (Sz'im), n. [Gr. ac^os unleavened ; 
a priv. -f- £vfj.ri leaven.] Unleavened bread. 

Az'y-mous (aVT-mus), a. Unleavened ; unfermented. 



H 



B. 



B (be) is the second letter of the English alphabet. 
(See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 196, 220.) It is etymo- 
logically related to p, v, f, iv, and m, letters representing 
sounds having a close organic affinity to its own sound. 

In Music, B is the nominal of the seventh tone in the 
model major scale (the scale of C major), or of the second 
tone in its relative min or scale (that of A minor). Bb 
stands for B flat, the tone a half step, or semitone, lower 
than B. In German, B stands for Bb, while our B nat- 
ural is called H (pronounced ha). 

Baa (ba), n. [Cf. G. ba.] The bleat of a sheep. 

BabT)ltt met'al (baVbit mgfal). [Named from the 
inventor.] A soft white alloy of tin and (usually) copper. 

Bab'ble (b5Vb'l), v. i. limp. &p. p. Babbled (-b'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Babbling.] [Cf . D. babbelen, G. bappeln ; 
prob. an imitative word.] 1. To utter words indistinctly 
or unintelligibly. 2. To talk much ; to chatter ; to prate ; 
to gossip. 3. To make a continuous murmuring noise. 



Bab'ble (baVb'l), v. t. 1. To utter incoherently or 
childishly ; to reveal thoughtlessly. 2. To disclose, as a 
secret. [Idle or thoughtless utterance. I 

Bab'ble, n. 1. Inarticulate noise ; murmuring. 2. [ 

Bab'ble-ment (bab'b'1-ment), n. Babble. 

Bab / bler(bab'bler),w. 1. One who babbles. 2. (Zool.) 
Any one of a family of thrushlike chattering birds. 

Babe (bab), n. [Cf. Ir. bab, baban, W. baban, mabaji.] 
1. An infant ; young child of either sex ; baby. 2. A doll. 

Ba'bel (ba'be'l), n. [Heb. Babel, the name of the cap- 
ital of Babylonia ; in Genesis associated with the idea of 
" confusion."] A scene of noise and confusion ; a con- 
fused mixture of sounds. 

|! Bab i-rous'sa, II Bab i-rus'sa (bab'T-robs'sa), n. 
[Malay babl hog -j- rusa deer.] (Zool.) A large hoglike 
quadruped of the East Indies, sometimes domesticated. 

Bab-OOn' (bSb-oon'), n. [OE. babewin, baboin, fr. 
F. babouin, or LL. babewynus; of unknown origin.] 



K 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sins, in^> tnen, thin. 



M 



) 



BABY 



68 



BACKSLIDE 



> 




Baboon 

(Cynocephalits jiorcarius). 



(JfoW.) One of the OKI World Quftdnunana. Baboons 
- and 
:h. cheek 
i short tail, and 

ire mostly 
I 

Ba'by iba'b.vVri. [Dim. 
1. An infant ; ft 
2. A dolL 
Ba'by. <•'. Of or per- 
taining to a baby ; iufan- 
ungj small. 
Ba'by- '• '• l"»P- & 

, BED ' -bid) ; p. 
•;. Babying.] 
To treat like a baby. 

Ba'by farm' (farm'). A place where the nourishment 
and care of babies are offered for hire. 
Ba'by-house' (- nous/ )> "• A doll's house. [pie. I 

Ba'by-ish, a. Like a baby ; childish ; puerile ; sim-| 
Bab y-lO'nl-an (bSb'T-lo'nT-an), a. Of or pertaining 
to the real or to the mystical Babylon, or to the ancient 
kingdom of Babylonia ; Chaldean. — n. 1. An inhabitant 
of Babylonia : a Chaldean. 2. An astrologer. 
Bab y-lCnish (b5b'T-lo'nTsh), a. Babylonian. 
Bac (btt), n. [F. See Back a vat.] 1. A broad, flat- 
bottomed ferryboat, usually worked by a rope. 2. A vat. 
Bac ca-lau're-ate (bSk'ka-la're-at), n. [NL., bacca- 
lattreatus, fr. LL. baccalaureus abachelor of arts, fr. bac- 
calaruu (see Bachelor), but as if fr. L. bacca lauri bay- 
berry, from the bachelor's practice of wearing a garland 
of barberries.] The degree of bachelor of arts (B. A. or 
A. B.*). 
Bac ca-lau're-ate, a. Pertaining to a bachelor of arts. 
Baccalaureate sermon, in some American colleges, a spe- 
cial farewell sermon delivered to a graduating class. 

Bac ca-ra', Bac'ca-rat' (bSk'ka-rii'), n. [F.] A 
French game of cards, played by a banker and punters. 
Bac'cate (bSk'kat), a. [L. baccatus, fr. bacca berry.] 
(Bot. ) Pulpy throughout, like a berry ; — said of fruits. 

Bac'cha-nal (bXk'ka-nal), a. [L. Bacchanalis, fr. 
Bacchus, Gr. Ba*xos.] 1. Relating to Bacchus, the god 
of wine. 2. Bacchanalian. 

Bac'cha-nal, n. 1. A devotee of Bacchus ; one who 

indulges in drunken revels. 2. Drunken revelry ; pi. 

bacchanalia. 3. A song or a dance in honor of Bacchus. 

Bac cha-na'11-a (-na/lT-a), n. pi. [L.] 1. A feast 

or orgy in honor of Bacchus. 2. Drunken revels ; orgy. 

Bac cha-na'li-an (-nalT-an ; 106), a. Of or pert, to 

the bacchanalia or to drunken revelry, —n. A bacchanal. 

Bac'chant (ba'k'kant), n. [L. bacchans, p. pr. of bac- 

chari to celebrate the festival of Bacchus.] 1. A priest 

of Bacchus. 2. A bacchanal ; a reveler. 

Bac'Chailt, a. Bacchanalian. 

Bac'chante (ba'k'kant or ba-kant'), n. 1. A priestess 
of Bacchus. 2. A female bacchanal. 

Bac-chan'tes (b5k-k5n'tes), n., L. pi. of Bacchant 
and Bacchante. 
Bac'chic (bSk'kTk), 1 a. Of or relating to Bacchus ; 
Bac'chlc-al (-ki-kr/1), j hence, drunken or riotous. 
Bac-cif'er-OUS (bSk-sTfer-us), a. [L. baccifer ; bacca 
berry — ferre to bear.] Producing berries. 

Bac'ci-form (bSk'sI-form), a. [L. bacca berry -f 
-form.'] Having the form of a berry. 

Bac-civ'o-rous (bSk-sTv'o-rQs), a. [L. bacca berry + 
xo i lire to devour.] Eating, or subsisting on, berries. 

Bach'e-lor (bSch'e-ler), n. [OF. bacheler young man, 
fr. LL. ijiiccalarius the tenant of a kind of farm called 
bncniiarin, a soldier not old or rich enough to lead his 
retainers into battle with a banner ; a person aspiring to 
a doctorate (in this sense changed to baccalaureus). See 
Baccalaureate, n.] 1. A man of any age who has not 
been married. 2. A person who has taken the first or 
lowest degree in the liberal arts at a college or university. 
3. A young knight. 4. (Zobl.) A kind of bass. 
Bachelor's button, a plant with flowers shaped like but- 
reral species of Ranunculus, and the corn- 
ad globe amaranth. 
Bach'e-lor-hood (-hdSd), ) n. The state or condition 
Bach'e-lor-Bhip (-ship), J of being a bachelor. 
Ba-cillar (ba-iTller), or. [L. bacillum little staff.] 
{Biol.) Shape.'] like a rod or staff. 

Bac'il la-ry fhaVTl-lfi-ry), a. [L. bacillum rod, dim. 
<>1 bacu Of or pert, to little rods ; rod-shaped. 

Ba-cil1l-form 0,a-HTl'lT-fGrm), a. Rod-shaped. 
Ba cil'luB Cba-eTiana), n. ; pi. Bacilli (-IS). [NL.] 
\Biol.) A variety of bacterium. 



Back(bSk), n. [F. bac: cf. Arm. bag, bak, a bark, 
D. bak bowl.] 1. A large shallow vat ; a cistern, tub, or 
trough, used by brewers, dyers, etc. 2. A ferryboat ; bac. 
Back (bilk), n. [AS. biec, bac; akin to Icel., Sw., & 
LG. bak, Dan. bag.} 1. In human beings, the hinder 
part of the body, extending from the neck to the end of 
the spine ; in other animals, that part of the body which 
corresponds most nearly to such part of a human being. 
2. The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to 
the inner or lower part. 3. The part opposed to the 
front or foremost part ; the hinder or rear part of a thing. 
4. The part opposite to, or most remote from, that which 
fronts the speaker or actor ; or the part out of sight, or 
not generally seen. 5. A support or resource ; backing. 
Back, a. 1. Being at the back or in the rear; dis- 
tant ; remote ; past. 2. Being in arrear ; overdue. 3. 
Moving or operating backward. 

Back (bXk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Backed (b5kt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Backing.] 1. To get upon the back of ; to 
mount. 2. To drive or force backward. 3. To furnish 
with a back. 4. To adjoin behind. 5. To write upon 
the back of ; to indorse. 6. To support ; to second or 
strengthen. 7. To bet on the success of. 

To back an anchor (Naut.), to lay down a small anchor 
ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being fas- 
tened to the crown of the large one. — To back the oars, to 
row backward with the oars. — To back the sails, to arrange 
them so as to cause the ship to move astern. — To back up, 
to support ; to sustain. — To back water (Naut.), to row or 
propel the boat or ship backward. 

Back, v. i. 1. To move or go backward. 2. (Naut.) 
To change from one quarter to another by a course op- 
posite to that of the sun ; — used of the wind. 

To back and fill, to manage the sails of a ship so that 
the wind strikes them alternately in front and behind ; 
hence, (Fig.) to take opposite positions alternately. [Col- 
loq.] — To back out, To back down, to retreat or withdraw 
from a promise, engagement, or contest. [Colloq.] 

Back, adv. [Shortened f r. aback."] 1. In, to, or toward, 
the rear. 2. To or toward a former place, state, or sta- 
tion. 3. In times past ; ago. 4. In concealment or re- 
serve ; in one's own possession ; in a state of restraint or 
hindrance. 5. In return or requital. [cretly. I 

Back'bite' (-bit'), v.t &i. To traduce or slander se-| 
Back'biter (-bit'er), n. One who backbites. 
Back/board' (-bord 7 ), n. 1. A support for the back. 
2. A board forming or protecting the rear part. 

Back'bone' (-bon'), n. 1. The spine ; the spinal col- 
umn. 2. Firmness ; moral principle. 

Back'er (bak'er), n. One that backs; esp., one who 
backs a person or thing in a contest or undertaking. 

Back'gam mon (bak'gSm'iin), n. [Origin unknown.] 

A game played by two persons on a " board " with pieces, 

the movements of which are determined by throwing dice. 

Back gam'mon, v. t. In backgammon, to beat while 

the loser has one or more pieces in his first " table." 

Background' (-ground'), n. 1. Ground in the rear 

or behind, or in the distance. 2. Anything behind, 

serving as a foil. 3. A place in obscurity or retirement. 

Back'hand (-hand'), n. Handwriting in which the 

downward slope of the letters is from left to right. 

Back'hand ed. a. 1. With the hand turned back- 
ward. 2. Awkward ; insincere ; sarcastic. 3. (Hand' 
writing) Sloping downward from left to right. 

Back'house' (bSk'hous'), n. A building behind the 
main building ; specifically, a privy ; a necessary. 

Back'lng, n. The act of moving anything backward ; 
backing ; also, that which forms the back of anything. 

Back'lash' (-laW), n. (3fech.) The distance through 
which one part of connected machinery can be moved 
without moving the connected parts ; also, the jarring or 
reflex motion caused in badly fitting machinery by irreg- 
ularities in velocity or a reverse of motion. 

Back'log' (-log' ; 115), n. A large stick of wood, 
forming the back of a fire on the hearth. \_U. S.~] 
Back'piece' (-pes'), ) n. A piece, or plate, which 
Back'plate' (-plat'), ) forms or covers the back. 
Back'set' (-set'), n. A relapse ; a setback. 
li Backsheesh' i (-shesh'), n. [Pers. bakhshish, fr. 
II Back'shish' ) bakhshidan to give.] In Egypt 
and the Turkish empire, a gratuity ; a " tip." 

Back'side' (-sid'), n. The posteriors, or rump, of a 
person or animal. 

Back/sight' (-sit'), n. (Surv.) A sight directed back- 
wards to a station previously occupied. 

Back'sllde' (bSk'slid'), v. i. [imp. Backslid (-slid') ; 
p. p. Backslidden (-slid'd'n), Backslid ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
Backsliding.] To slide back ; to fall away ; esp., to 
give up one's religious faith by degrees. 



a, e, L, o, u, long ; a, g, 1, 5, ft, y, short ; Ben&te, £vent, idea, Sbey, tlnite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



BACKSLIDER 



69 



BAILIFF 



Back'slid'er (bSk'slid'er), n. One who backslides. 

Back'staff (-staf), n. A kind of disused altitude in- 
strument. The observer's back was to the body observed. 

Back/Stay' (-sta'), n. 1. (Naict.) A rope or stay ex- 
tending from the masthead to the side of a ship, slanting 
a little aft. 2. A stay used to check forward motion. 

Back'stitch/ (-stlch'), n. A stitch made by inserting 
the needle back and bringing it out in front of the end 
of the last stitch. I 

Back'ward (bXk'werd), ) adv. [Back, adv. -f -ward, 

Back'wards (bSk'werdz), ) -wards.'] 1. With the 
back in advance. 2. Toward the back or rear. 3. With 
the back downward. 4. Toward, or in, past time. 5. By 
way of reflection. 6. From a better to a worse state. 
7. In a reverse manner ; in a returning way, or direction. 

Back'ward, a. 1. Directed to the back or rear. 

2. Unwilling ; averse ; reluctant. 3. Not quick of ap- 
prehension ; dull ; inapt. 4. Late or behindhand. 5. By- 
gone. — Back'ward-ly, adv. — Back'ward-ness, n. 

Back war-da'tion (bak'wer-da'shun), n. {Stock Ex- 
change) The seller's postponement of delivery upon pay- 
ment of a premium to the buyer ; also, such premium. 

Back'water (-wa'ter), n. 1. Water turned back or 
stopped in its course by an obstruction, an opposing 
current, etc. 2. Water thrown back, as by a water wheel. 

Back'woods' (-wdMz'), n. pi. Forests or partly 
cleared regions remote from populous settlements. 

Back'woods'man (-man), n. A man living in the 
backwoods. 

Ba'con (ba'k'n), n. [OF., fr. OHG. bacho, bahho ; 
akin to E. back.] The back and sides of a pig salted and 
smoked ; formerly, the flesh of a pig salted or fresh. 

Ba-co'ni-an (ba-ko'nl-an), a. Of or pertaining to 
Lord Bacon, or to his (inductive) system of philosophy. 

Bac-te'li-a (bSk-te'rT-a), n., pi. of Bacterium. 

Bac-te'ri-al(-al),a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to bacteria. 

Bac-te'ri-cide (bSk-te'ri-sid), n. [Bacterium -\- L. 
caedere to kill.] (Biol.) Same as Germicide. 

Bac-te'ri-Ol'o-gy (-51'6-jy), n. {Bacterium + -logy.] 
(Biol. ) The science relating to bacteria. 

Bac-te'ri-OS'CO-py (-os'ko-py), n. {Bacterium -f 
•scopy.] (Biol.) The observation of bacteria. 

Bac-te'ri-um (bSk-te'rT-uni), n. ; pi. Bacteria (-a). 
[NL., fr. Gr. /3a/cr^pioi/ a staff.] (Biol.) A microscopic 
alga, usually in the form of a jointed filament, found in 
putrefying organic infusions. Certain species are active 
agents in fermentation, while others appear to be the 
cause of certain infectious diseases. 

Bac'te-roid (bak'te-roid), ) a. {Bacterium + -oid.] 

Bac'te-roid'al (-roid'al), ) Resembling bacteria. 

Bad (bad), a. {Compar. Worse (wfirs) ; superl. Worst 
(wfirst).] [Probably fr. AS. bseddel hermaphrodite.] 
1. Wanting good qualities, whether physical or moral ; 
defective ; imperfect ; offensive. 2. Evil ; wicked. 

Syn. — Pernicious ; deleterious ; noxious ; baneful ; 
injurious ; hurtful ; vile ; wretched ; corrupt ; vicious. 

Bade (bSd). A form of the past tense of Bid. 

Badge (bSj), n. [LL. bagea, bagia, sign, prob. of G. 
origin.] 1. A distinctive mark, token, or sign, worn 
on the person. 2. Something characteristic ; a mark. 

3. (Kaut.) A carved ornament on the stern of a vessel, 
containing a window or the representation of one. 

Badge, v. t. To mark or distinguish with a badge. 

Badg'er (baj'er), n. [Of uncertain origin.] An 
itinerant licensed dealer in food ; a huckster; esp., one 
who bought grain in one place and sold it in another. 

Badg'er, n. [Prob. fr. badge -f- -ard, in reference to 
the white mark on 
its forehead.] A 
kind of carnivo- 
rous, burrowing 
animal. 

Badg'er, v. t. 
{imp. & p. p. 
Badgered (-erd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. 
Badgering.] 1. 
To annoy as a American Badger (Taxidea Americana). 
badger when baited ; to worry persistently. 2. To beat 
down, as a huckster ; to barter. 

Ba-di'geon (ba-dT j'iin) , n. [F. ] Cement or paste used 
to fill holes, cover defects, or finish a surface. 

II Ba'di nage' (ba'de'nazh' or bSd'i-naj), n. [F., fr. 
badiner to joke.] Playful raillery ; banter. 

Bad'ly, adv. In a bad manner ; poorly ; not well. 

Bad'ness, n. The state or quality of being bad. 

Baffle (baf'f '1), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Baffled (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Baffling (-fling).] [Cf. Lowland Scotch 




bauchle to treat contemptuously, OF. beffler, beffer, to 
mock, deceive/] 1. To cause to undergo disgraceful 
punishment. {Obs.] 2. To check by shifts and turns ; 
to elude. 3. To check by perplexing ; to thwart. 

Syn. —To balk; thwart; foil; frustrate; defeat. 

Bafflement (bSf'f'1-ment), n. The process or act of 
baffling, or of being baffled ; frustration ; check. 

Baffler (baffler), n. One who, or that which, baffles. 

Bag (bag), n. [Cf. Icel. baggi, and also OF. bague, 
bundle, LL. baga.] 1. A sack or pouch. 2. A sac, or 
dependent gland, in animal bodies. 3. (Cora.) A quan- 
tity sufficient to fill a bag of a given size. 

Bag, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Bagged (bSgd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Bagging.] 1. To put into a bag or bags. 2. To 
seize, capture, or entrap. 

Bag, v. i. To swell or hang down like a full bag. 

II Bagasse' (ba-gaV), n. [F.] Sugar cane, crushed 
in the mill. Also, the refuse of beetroot sugar. 

II Bag'a-telle' (bag'a-tel'), n. [F., fr. It. bagatella; 
cf. Prov. It. bagata trifle.] 1. A trifle ; a thing of no 
importance. 2. A game played on a board having cups 
or arches into or through which balls are driven. 

Bag'gage (bag'gaj), n. [F. bagage, from OF. bague 
bundle. In senses 3 and 4 cf. F. bagasse a prostitute.] 
1. The clothes, tents, utensils, and provisions of an 
army; esp., personal effects. 2. The trunks, satchels, 
etc., of a traveler ; luggage. 3. A prostitute. 4. A 
romping, saucy girl. 

Bag'ging, n. Cloth or other material for bags. 

Bag'gy (bag'gy), a. Resembling a bag ; flabby. 

Bag'man (-man), n. A commercial traveler. 

Bagn/io (ban'yo), n. [It. bagno, fr. L. balneum bath.] 
1. A bathing house. {Obs.] 2. A brothel. 

Bag'pipe (bag'plp), n. A musical wind instrument, 
now used chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland. 

WlT* The air is received 
through a tube by a leather bag 
(see Illust.) and pressed from it 
into the sounding pipes, two of 
which produce fixed tones (the 
drone), — the third, or chanter, 
giving the melody. 

Bag'piper (-pip'er), n. One | 
who plays on a bagpipe. 

II Bague (bag), n. [F.] (Arch.) 
The annular molding or group 
of moldings dividing a long 
shaft or column. & Bagpipe. 

Ba-guef { (ba-ggf), n. [F. baguette.] (Arch.) A 

Baguette' j bead molding. 

Bah (ba), interj. An exclamation of contempt. 

Bail (bal), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Badled (bald) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Bailing.] 1. To lade; to dip and throw. 2. 
To dip or lade water, or other liquid, from. 

Bail, v. t. [OF. bailler to deliver, fr. L. bajulare to 
bear a burden, keep in custody, fr. bajulus he who bears 
burdens.] 1. To deliver. {Obs.] 2. (Laic) (a) To set 
free, or deliver from arrest, or out of custody, on the un- 
dertaking of some other person or persons to be responsi- 
ble for the appearance, at a certain day and place, of the 
person bailed, (b) To deliver, as goods in trust, for some 
special object or purpose, upon a contract, expressed or 
implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed. 

Bail,n. 1. Custody. {Obs.] 2. (Laic) (a) The per- 
son or persons on whose undertaking a person is bailed. 
(b) The security so given. 

Bail, n. [OE. beyl ; cf . Dan. boile a bending, hoop, 
Icel. beyla hump, akin to E. boiv to bend.] 1. The arched 
handle of a kettle, pail, or similar vessel, usually mova- 
ble. 2. A half hoop supporting the cover of a wagon, etc. 

Bail, n. [OF. bail, bailie, a palisade, baillier to inclose.] 
1. The outer wall or the court of a feudal castle. 2. A 
certain limit within a forest. {Eng.] 3. A division for 
the stalls of an open stable. 4. (Cricket) The top or a 
cross piece of the wicket. [mitting of bail. I 

Bail'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. That may be bailed. 2. Ad- 1 

Bail' bond' (bond 7 ). (Law) (a) A bond or obligation 
given to insure the appearance of a person bailed, (b) 
Special bail in court to abide the judgment. [bailed, j 

BaiPee' (bal'e'), n. (Law) One to whom goods are) 

Bail'er (bal'er), n. (Law) See Bailor. 

Bail'er, n. 1. One who bails or lades. 2. A utensil 
or machine used in bailing. 

Bai'ley (ba'ly), n. [Same word as 5th Bail.] 1. The 
bail of a castle. 2. A prison or court of justice. {Eng.] 

Bail'ie (bal'T), n. [See Bailiff.] Formerly, a sheriff ; 
now, an officer like an English alderman. {Scot.] 

Bail'iff (bal'Tf), n. [OF. baillif custodian. See 2d 
Bail.] 1. Originally, one to whom powers of custody or 




H 



K 



f Srn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BAILIWICK 



70 



BALLAD 



e»re are intrusted. 2. {Bng. Law) A sheriff's deputy. 

3. An under steward ot an estate. [ /v'ho.] 

Bail'i-wick (hOT-wTk), n. [Baaie + wiek village.] 

Tlio precincts Within which a bailiff has jurisdiction. 

BaiTment i-nit-nt\ n. {Lair) The act of hailing a per- 
son or goods. Bm 3d Bah , 

Bail or' (.bill or'), v. {Lam) One who delivers goods 
or money to another in trust. 

Bain -marie' (bXN'ina'rS'), n. [F.] A vessel for 
holding hot water in which another vessel may be heated. 

Bairn (bfcrn), m. [Scot., fr. AS. beam, a. beran to 
bear.] A child. [Scot. & Pro v. Eng.] 

Bait (hEt), ;i. [Icel. beita food, beil pasture, akin to 
AS. bat food.] 1. Any substance, esp. food, used as a 
lure in catching fish, or other animals. 2. Anything 
which allures ; a lure : enticement. 3. A light luncheon. 

Bait. V, t. [imp. & p. p. Baited; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Baiting.] [Icel. beita, orig., to cause to bite.] 1. To 
provoke and harass; esp., to torment for sport. 2. To 
give a portion of food and drink to. 3. To furnish or 
cover with bait. 

Bait, r. i. To stop for food and drink on a journey. 

Bait, V. i. [F. battre de Vaile (or des ailes). See Bat- 
tek, j . /.] To flap the wings ; to flutter as if to fly ; or 
to hover, as a hawk when she stoops to her prey. 

Bait'er (bat'er), n. One who baits; a tormentor. 

Baize (baz), n. [For bai/es, pi. fr. OF. bate; cf. F. 
ba i bay-colored.] A coarse woolen stuff with a long nap. 

Bake (bak), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Baked (bakt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Baking.] [AS. bacan; akin to G. backen, Gr. 
#i6yeiv to roast.] 1. To prepare by cooking in a dry heat, 
as an oven or under coals. 2. To dry or harden (anything) 
by subjecting to heat. [2. To be baked. 1 

Bake, v. i. 1. To do the work of baking something. | 

Bake, n. The process, or result, of baking. 

Bake'house 7 (-hous'), n. A house for baking anything. 

Bak'er, n. [AS. bxcere.] 1. One whose business it 
is to bake bread, etc. 2. A portable oven. [U. S.] 

Bak'er-y (bak'er-^), n. 1. The trade of a baker. 2. 
A place for baking bread ; a bakehouse. 

Bak'ing. n. 1. The act of cooking in dry heat. 2. 
The quantity baked at once ; a batch. 

Baking powder, a kind of substitute for yeast. 

I! Bak'sheesh . Bak'shishV, n. Same as Backsheesh. 
Bal avnoi'de-a (bal'e-noi'de-a), n. [NL., from L. 
balaena whale + -oid.] {Zo'dl.) A division of the Ceta- 
cea, including the right whale and all other whales hav- 
ing the mouth fringed with baleen. 

Bal'ance (bXl'ans), «. [F., fr. L. bilanx, bilancis, hav- 
ing two scales ; bis twice (akin to E. tiuo) -f- lanx scale.] 
1. An apparatus for weighing things. 2. Act of weighing 
mentally ; comparison ; estimate. 3. Equality in weight ; 
equipoise ; equilibrium. 4. An equality beween the 
sums total of the two sides of an account ; also, the excess 
on either side. 5. {Horol.) A balance wheel. 6. {Astron.) 
(a) The constellation Libra, {b) The seventh sign in the 
Zodiac, called Libra. 7. A movement in dancing. 

Bal'ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Balanced (bal'anst) ; 
pr. & vb. n. Balancing (bal'an-sing).] 1. To bring to 
or keep in an equipoise or equilibrium. 2. To weigh 
in a balance. 3. To equal in number, weight, force, 
proportion, etc. 4. To compare in relative force, impor- 
tance, value, etc. ; to estimate. 5. To adjust, as an ac- 
count, by causing both sides to be equal. 6. {Dancing) 
To move toward, and then back from, reciprocally. 

Syn. — To poise ; weigh ; adjust ; counteract ; counter- 
balance; counterpoise; neutralize; equalize. 

Bal'ance, v. i. 1. To have equal weight on each side ; 
to be in equipoise. 2. To waver or hesitate, [a balance. I 

Bal'an-cer (bXl'an-ser), n. One who balances, or uses | 

Bal'ance-reef/ (bXl'ans-ref), n. {Naut.) The last 
reef in a fore-and-aft sail, taken to steady the ship. 

Bal'ance Sheet' (shet/). A paper giving a summa- 
tion and balance of accounts. 

Bal'ance wheel' (hwel'). 1. {Horol.) {a) A wheel 
which regulates the beats or pulses of a watch or chro- 
nometer. (6) A ratchet-shaped scape wheel, which in 
some watches is acted upon by the axis of the balance 
wheel proper (in those watches called a balance). 2. 
{Maeh.) A wheel which imparts regularity to the move- 
ments of any engine or machine ; a fly wheel. 

Bal'a-noid (bXl'a-noid), a. [Gr. fia\a.vos acorn + 
-oid.~\ {Zo'dl.) Resembling an acorn; — applied to a 
group of ba-nacles having shells shaped like acorns. 

Bal'co-ny (bXKko-ny), n. [It. balcone ; cf. It. balco, 
scaffold, fr. OHG. bale/to beam.] {Arch.) A platform 
projecting from the wall of a building, inside or outside. 

Bald (bald), a. [OE. balled, ballid, perh. the p. p. of 



ball to make like a ball, by removing hair.] 1. Destitute 
of the natural or common covering on the head or top. 
2. Unadorned; bare; literal. 3. {Zo'dl.) {a) Destitute 
of the natural covering. (6) Marked with a white spot 
on the head or face. 

Bal 'da-chin (bXl'da-kin), n. [LL. baldachinus a 
canopy of rich silk carried over the host ; fr. Bagdad, 
It. Baldacco, a city in Asia from whence these rich silks 
came.] 1. Baudekin. [06s.] 2. (^4 rch.) A structure in 
form of a canopy, generally placed over an altar. 3. A 
portable canopy borne over shrines, etc., in procession. 

Bald' ea'gle (bald' e'g'l). {Zo'dl.) The white-headed 
eagle of America. The young, until several years old, 
lack the white feathers on the head. 

Bal'der-dash (bal'der-dXsh), n. [Of uncertain ori- 
gin.] 1. A worthless mixture, especially of liquors. 

2. Senseless jargon ; nonsense. 

Baldly (bald'ly), adv. In a bald manner ; nakedly. 

Bald'ness, n. The state or quality of being bald. 

Bald'pate' (-pat'), n. 1. A baldheaded person. 2. 
{Zo'dl.) The American widgeon. 

Bal'dric (bal'drik), n. [OE. baudric, bawdrik, 
through OF. from OHG. balderich.] A broad belt, worn 
over one shoulder, across the breast, and under the oppo- 
site arm ; less properly, any belt. 

Bale (bal), n. [OF., fr. LL. bala, fr. OHG. balla; 
akin to E. ball.'] A bundle or package corded for storage 
or transportation. 

Bale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baled (bald) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Baling.] To make up in a bale. 

Bale, n. [AS. bealo, bealu, balu; akin to OHG. balo, 
Goth. balweins.] 1. Misery ; calamity ; misfortune ; 
sorrow. 2. Evil ; an evil or pernicious influence. 

Ba-leen' (ba-len'), n. [F. baleine whale and whale- 
bone, L. balaena a whale.] Plates or blades of " whale- 
bone," fringing the mouth of certain whales. 

Bale'flre' (bal'fir'), n. [AS. bselfyr the Are of the 
funeral pile.] A signal fire ; an alarm fire. 

Bale'ful (bal'ful), a. 1. Full of bale or misery ; 
deadly; destructive. 2. Woeful; sad. [Archaic'] 

I Ba-lize' (ba-lez'), n. [F. balise.] A pole or a 
frame raised as a sea beacon or a landmark. 

Balk (bak), n. [AS. balca beam, ridge ; akin to G. 
balken.] 1. A ridge or strip of land left unplowed, as 
between furrows. 2. A great beam, rafter, or timber. 

3. {Mil.) One of the beams connecting the supports of 
a trestle bridge or bateau bridge. 4. A hindrance or 
disappointment ; a check. 5. A sudden stop ; a failure. 
6. {Baseball) A deceptive gesture of the pitcher. 

Balk line (Billiards), a line across or around a billiard 
table marking a limit for the position of the balls. 

Balk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Balked (bakt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Balking.] [From balk a beam; brig., to put a 
balk, or beam, in one's way, in order to stop or hinder.] 
1. To leave or make balks in. [Obs.] 2. To heap up. 
[Obs.] 3. To avoid ; to shun ; to refuse. [Obsolescent] 

4. To disappoint ; to frustrate ; to thwart. 

Balk, v. i. To stand still obstinately ; to jib ; to swerve. 

Balk, v. i. [Prob. from D. balken to bray, bawl.] To 
indicate to fishermen, by shouts or signals from shore, 
the direction taken by the shoals of herring. 

Balk'er (bak'er), n. One who, or that which, balks. 

Balk'y (ba'k'y), a. Apt to balk ; as, a balky horse. 

Ball (bal)",' n. [OE. 6a?, balle ; akin to OHG. balla, 
palla, G. ball, Icel. bbllr.] 1. Any round or roundish 
body or mass. 2. A general name for games in which a 
ball is thrown, kicked, or knocked. 3. {Print. ) A leather- 
covered cushion, formerly used by printers for inking the 
form. 4. A roundish protuberant portion of the body. 

Ball and socket joint, a joint in which a ball moves within 
a socket, so as to admit of motion in every direction with- 
in certain limits. — Ball bearings, a mechanical device for 
lessening the friction of axle bearings by means of small 
loose metal balls. — Ball cock, a faucet or valve which is 
opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating in 
water at the end of a lever. —Ball valve (Mach.), a con- 
trivance by which a ball, placed in a circular cup with a 
hole in its bottom, operates as a valve. 

Ball, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Balled (bald) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Balling.] To gather balls which cling to the feet, as 
of damp snow or clay ; to gather into balls. 

Ball, v. t. 1. {Metal.) To heat and form into balls 
for rolling. 2. To form or wind into a ball. 

Ball, n. [F. bal, fr. OF. baler to dance, fr. LL. bal- 
lare ; origin uncertain.] A social assembly for dancing. 

Bal'lad (bSl'lad), n. [OF. balade, Pr. ballada a dan- 
cing song, fr. ballare to dance.] A popular kind of nar- 
rative poem, adapted for recitation or singing ; esp., a 
sentimental or romantic poem in short stanzas. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, $vent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



BALLAST 



71 



BANE 




One form of Ballista. 
ballon, aug. of balle 




Balloon. 



Ballast (ballast), n. [D. ballast. Bal- is of uncer- 
tain origin; -last is same as last a burden.] 1. (Naut.) 
Any heavy substance, as stone, iron, etc., put into the 
hold to steady a vessel.. 2. Anything heavy used to 
steady the car of a balloon. 3. Gravel, broken stone, 
etc. , laid in the bed of a railroad to make it firm and solid. 

Ballast, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Ballasted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Ballasting.] To furnish with ballast. 

II Bal'let' (b51'la'o>-bSl'lgt),tt. [F.,adim.of oai dance.] 
1. An artistic dance performed as a theatrical entertain- 
ment, usually by women. 2. The company of dancers. 

I! Bal-lls'ta (b£l-lTs'ta), n. ; pi. Ballistic (-te). [L. 
ballista, balista, fr. Gr. SdAAeii/ 
to throw.] An ancient kind of 
crossbow, used for hurling large 
missiles. 

Bal-lis'tlc (bal-lTs'tlk), a. 
Of or pertaining to the ballista, 
or to projection, or to projectiles. 

Bal-lis'tiCS (-tTks), n. The 
science or art of hurling missile 
weapons by the use of an engine. 

Bal-loon' (bSl-loon'), n. [F, 
ball.] 1. A bag made of silk or other 
light material, and filled with hydro- 
gen gas or heated air, so as to rise and 
float in the atmosphere. 2. (Arch.) 
A ball or globe on the top of a pillar, 
church, etc. 3. (Chem.) A glass ves- 
sel of a spherical form. 

Balloon frame (Carp.) a house frame 
constructed of small timber. 

Bal-loon', v. i. [imp. &p. p. Bal- 
looned (-loond'); p. pr. & vb. n. 
Ballooning.] 1. To go up in a bal- 
loon. 2. To puff out. 

Bal-loon'ist, n. An aeronaut. 

Ballot (bSl'lut), n. [F. ballotte, fr. 
It. ballotta.] 1. Originally, a ball used 
for secret voting; hence, any printed or written ticket used 
in voting. 2. Act of voting. 3. The aggregate of votes. 

Ballot box, a box for receiving ballots. 

Ballot (bailut), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Balloted ; p. pr. 
&vb.n. Balloting. ] To vote or decide by casting ballots. 

Balm (bam), n. [OE. baume, OF. bausme, basme, L. 
balsamum balsam, from Gr. /3dAo-aju.ov.] 1. (Bot.) A 
kind of aromatic plant. 2. The resinous aromatic exuda- 
tion of certain trees or shrubs. 3. Any fragrant oint- 
ment. 4. Anything that heals or that mitigates pain. 

Bal-mor'al (bal-mor'al), n. [From Balmoral Castle, 
in Scotland.] 1. A long woolen petticoat. 2. A kind 
of stout walking shoe. 

Balm'y (bam'y), a. 1. Having the qualities of balm ; 
aromatic ; soothing. 2. Producing balm. 

BaFne-Ol'O-gy^baFne-ol'o-jy), n. [L. balneum bath 
-f- -logy.'] A treatise on baths ; the science of bathing. 

Bal'sam (bal'sam), n. [L. balsamum. See Balm, rc.] 
1. A resin containing more or less of an essential or vol- 
atile oil. 2. (Bot. ) (a) A species of fir tree, (b) An an- 
nual garden plant with beautiful flowers ; balsamine. 3. 
Anything that heals, soothes, or restores ; a balm. 

Bal-samlc (bal-sam'ik or bal-), )a. Having the 

Bal-sam'iC-al (-sam'i-kal), J qualities of bal- 

sam ; containing balsam ; soft ; mitigative ; soothing. 

Bal'sam-ine (bal'sam-in), n. (Bot.) Garden balsam. 

Bal'sam-OUS (-us), a. Balsamic. 

Bal'us-ter (bai'us-ter), n. [L. balaustium the flower 
of the wild pomegranate, f r. Gr. SaAavo-riov ; — so 
named from the similarity of form.] (Arch.) A small 
column or pilaster, used as a support to the rail of a 
staircase, of the front of a gallery, etc. 

Bal'us-trade' (-trad'), n. (Arch.) A row of balus- 
ters topped by a rail. [sition ; cheat. I 

Bam (bam), n. [Prob. contr. of bamboozle.'] Impo-| 

II Bam-bi'no (bam-be'no), n. [It., a little boy, fr. 
bambo silly.] A babyj esp., in art, the infant Christ. 

Bam-DOO' (bSm-boo'), n. [Malay bambu, mambu.] 
(Bot.) A tropical plant of the family of grasses. 

Bam-boo'zle (-z'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bamboozled 
(-z'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bamboozling (-zling).] [Perh. of 
Gipsy origin.] To deceive by trickery; to cajole. [Colloq.] 

Ban (ban), n. [AS. bann command, edict ; akin to 
OHG. ban, G. bann, a public proclamation, as of inter- 
diction or excommunication, Gr. <j>dvai to say, L.fari to 
speak, Skr. bhan to speak.] 1. A public proclamation 
or edict. 2. (Mil.) In France and Prussia, the most 
effective part of the population liable to be summoned to 
military duty but not belonging in the standing army. 



3. pi. Notice of a proposed marriage. See Banns (the 
common spelling in this sense). 4. An interdiction, 
prohibition, or proscription. 5. A curse or anathema. 
6. A pecuniary penalty for offending against a ban. 

Ban (ban), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banned (bind) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Banning.] [AS. bannan to summon.] 1. To 
curse ; to invoke evil upon. 2. To forbid ; to interdict. 

Ban, n. [Serv. ban ; cf. Russ. & Pol. pan a master, 
lord.] A title of the viceroy of Croatia and Slavonia. 

Ba-nall-ty (ba-nal'T-ty), n. [F. banalite.] Something 
commonplace or trivial. 

Ba-na'na (ba-na'na), n. [Sp. banana, name of the 
fruit.] (Bot.) A perennial herbaceous tropical plant of 
almost treelike size ; also, its edible fruit. [court. I 

Banc (bank), n. [OF. See Bank, n.] Abench;a| 

In banc, in full court, or with full judicial authority. 

Band (b5nd), n. [Icel. band; akin to G., Sw., & D. 
band, Goth, bandi, Skr. bandha a binding.] 1. A fillet 
or ligament with which a thing is encircled, or fastened, 
or by which a number of things are bound together ; a 
fetter. 2. (Arch.) (a) A continuous tablet, stripe, or 
series of ornaments, (b) In Gothic architecture, the 
molding, or suite of moldings, which encircles the pillars 
and small shafts. 3. The means of union or connection 
between persons ; a tie. 4. pi. Two strips of linen hang- 
ing from the neck in front as part of a clerical, legal, or 
academic dress. 5. A narrow strip of cloth or other 
material on any article of dress. 6. A company of per- 
sons acting together; esp., a body of soldiers, or of 
musicians. 7. A stripe or streak resembling a fillet or 
encircling ligament. 8. (Mech.) A belt or strap. 

Band, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Banded ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
Banding.] 1. To bind, tie, mark, or unite with, or as 
with, a band. 2. To form or unite into a band. 

Band'age (-aj), n. 1. A fillet or strip, as of cloth, 
used in binding up wounds, etc. 2. Something resem- 
bling such a fillet ; a ligature. 

Band'age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandaged (-ajd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Bandaging.] To apply a bandage to. 

Ban-dan'na ) (ban-dan'a), n. [Hind, bandhnu a mode 

Ban-dan'a J of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in 
different places.] A kind of handkerchief having sim- 
ple figures on a uniformly dyed ground. 

Bahd'box (bSnd'boks'), n. A light box, usually 
cylindrical, for holding bands, collars, caps, bonnets, etc. 

II Ban'deau (ban'do), n. ; pi. Bandeaux (ban'doz). 
[F.] A band or fillet. 

Band'e-role (-e-rol), Band'rol (-rol), n. [F. banderole, 
dim. of bandiere banner.] A little banner or streamer. 

Ban'di-COOt (ban'dT-koot), n. [From native name.] 
(Zo'ol.) (a) A very large 
rat of India and Ceylon. 
It is a pest in rice fields 
and gardens. (6) A rat- 
like marsupial of Austra- 
lia and Tasmania. 

Ban'dit (-dlt), n. ; pi. 
Bandits (-dits), or Ban- 
ditti (-dit'tT). [It. ban- _ 
dilo outlaw, p. p. of ban- Bandicoot (b) (Perameles nasuta). 
dire to banish. See 1st Ban.] An outlaw ; a brigand. 

Bandlet (band'let), n. Same as Bandelet. 

Ban'dOg' (ban'dog' ; 115), n. [Band -f dog, i. e., 
bound dog.] A large, fierce dog, usually kept chained. 

Bando-leer', Ban do-lier' (-do-ler'), n. [F. bandou- 
liere, fr. bande band.] A broad leather belt formerly 
worn by soldiers over the shoulder ; — originally used 
for carrying the musket and ammunition. 

Ban'do-line (ban'do-lTn), n. A glutinous pomatum. 

Ban'dore (ban'dor or ban-dor'), n. [Through Sp. & 
L. from Gr. 7rav5o0pa.] A musical stringed instrument, 
similar in form to a guitar ; a pandore. 

Band'rol (band'rol), n. Same as Banderole. 

Ban'dy (ban'd?), n. [Cf. F. bande, p. p., bent.] 1. A 
club bent at the lower part for striking a ball at play. 
2. The game so played ; hockey : shinney. 

Ban'dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banddsd (-did) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bandying.] 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball in 
playing at bandy. Used also Fig. 2. To give and re- 
ceive reciprocally ; to exchange. — v. i. To contend. 

Ban'dy, a. Bent ; curved laterally. 

Ban'dy-legged' (-legd'), a. Having crooked legs. 

Bane (ban), n. [AS. bona murderer : akin to OHG. 
bana murder, Gr. 06i/o? murder.] 1. That which de- 
stroys life, esp. poison of a deadly quality. [Obs. ex- 
cept in combination.] 2. Any cause of ruin, or lasting 
injury. 3. A disease in sheep ; the rot. 

Syn. — Poison ; ruin ; destruction ; injury ; pest. 




G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, r^jde, full, fim, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BANEBERRY 



72 



BAR 



v 

4 



BanCber ry ' hauler r 
Bano'lulv-iui'. •■• Hav 



A plant of the 
■ries. 
Uy qualities ; noxious. 
vNGED (blngd) ; 
[IosL bamga to hammwr ; 
I To beat ; to strike or cause to 
resounding blow . 
Bang. t>- A Mow as w it h a club ; I sound as of a blow. 
Bang. I . /■ To cut squarely across, as the forelock. 
Bang, n. The short, front hair combed down over 

i >]>. « hen cut squarely across. 
Bang. Bangue (bing), n. See Bhang. 
Bangle (bfa'g'l), n. [Hind, bt rng rt."] An ornamental 
rn upon the wrist or ankle ; a ring bracelet. 

Ban'lan (baVyan or ban-yaii'), /*. [Skr. &</«// mer- 
. bfl tree was so named by the English, because 
used as a market place.] 1. A Hindoo trader, or money 
2. A man's loose sown, like that worn by the 
3 The Indian rig. See Banyan. 

Banish (.ban'isM, i. t. [imp. & p. p. Banished 
h. Banishing.] [OF. banir, LL. 
;r. OHG. batman to summon, fr. ban ban. See 
1>; Ban.] 1. To condemn to exile, or compel to leave a 
country, by authority of the ruling power. 2. To drive 
away : to expel. 
>yn. — Exile.— A man is banished when he is forced to 
leave a country, by its ruling power: he is exiled when 
he is banished from his native country and home. 
Ban'ish-er (-er), ?i. One who banishes. 
Banish ment (-meat), n. Act of banishing, or state 
of being banished : exile ; expatriation. 
>yn. - I '-traeism ; expulsion ; outlawry. 
Banister ibXu'Ts-ter), ?*. [A corruption of baluster.'] 
A baluster ; {pi.) the balustrade of a staircase. 
Ban 'jo (-#),«. [Corrupted from bandore.'] A stringed 
instrument having a head and neck like the 
guitar, and its body like a tambourine. 

Bank (bank), n. [OE. bunke ; akin to E. bench, and 
prob. of Scand. origin.] 1. A mound, pile, or ridge of 
earth : hence, anything of similar shape. 2. A steep ac- 
clivity. 3. The margin of a watercourse ; a shore. 4. 
An elevation, under the sea ; a shoal, shelf, or shallow. 

Bank. r. t. [imp. S: p. p. Banked (bSnkt) : p. pr. & 
rfc. n. Banking.] 1. To raise a mound or dike about. 
2. To heap or pile up. 

Bank, >*. [Prob. fr. F. bane. Of German origin, and 
akin to E. bench.] 1. A bench, as for rowers; also, a 
tier of oars. 2. A row of keys, as in an organ. 

Bank. n. [F. bangue, It. banco, orig.. bench, table, 
counter ; of German origin, and akin to E. bench.] 1. An 
establishment or a company of persons united for the 
custody, loan, exchange, or issue, of money, and for 
traffic in drafts or bills of exchange ; also, the building or 
office where such business is done. 2. {Gaming) The 
capital of the dealer or banker. 
Bank. v. t. To deposit in a bank. 
Bank. V. i. 1. To carry on the business of a banker. 
2. To deposit money in a Dank. 

Bank'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Receivable at a bank. 
Bank' bill'. 1. In America (and formerly in Eng- 
land), a promissory note of a bank payable to the bearer 
on demand, and used as currency ; a bank note. 2. In 
England, a note, or a bill of exchange, of a bank, payable 
to order, and usually at some future specified time. 

Bank' book'. A book kept by a depositor, in which 

his account is entered by an officer of a bank. 

Bank'er (-er), n. 1. One who conducts or keeps a 

2 A ;. -hing vessel on the banks of Newfoundland. 

Banking, n. The business of a bank or of a banker. 

Bank' note' (not'). 1. A promissory note issued by a 

bank or banking company, payable to bearer on demand. 

2. A promissory note payable at a bank. 

Bank'rnpt f-rupt), n. [F. banqueroute, fr. It. banco- 

okraptcy; banca bank (fr. OHG. bunch bench) 

-j- rotta broken, fr. L. nipt us. At Florence, it is said, 

the bankrupt had his bench (i. e., money table) broken.] 

1- A trader who becomes unable to pay his debts ; an 

it trader; popularly, any person who is unable to 

pay his debts. 2. (Lao) A person who has been judi- 

i to be unable to meet his liabilities. 

Bank'rupt. ". 1. Being a bankrupt. 2. Depleted of 

_' to bankrupts and bankruptcy. 
Bank'rnpt, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Bankrupted ; p. pr. 

ro.] To make bankrupt. 
Bank'rnpt-cy (-•¥), n. 1. State of being bankrupt. 

ceaa of becoming a bankrupt. 
Ban'ner (banner), n. [OF. ban iere, fr. LL. baneria, 
banner, fr. OHG. bant band. See 



Band, n.] 1. A kind of flag attached to a spear or pike 

-piece. 2. Any flag or standard. 

"Ban'ner-et (biWner-et). //. [OF. baneret.] 1. Orig., 

a knight who led his vassals into the field under his own 

banner. 2. A rank of knighthood. 3. A small banner. 

Ban'ner-0l (-bl)i »■ A banderole. 

Ban'nock (bXn'nuk), h. [Gael, bonnach.] A kind of 
cake or bread, made of oatmeal or barley meal. 

Banns (bans), n. pi. [See Ban.] Notice of a proposed 
marriage, proclaimed in a church, or according to law. 

Ban'quet (bSn'kwe't), n. [F., a feast, prop, a dim. of 
banc bench.] A feast ; often, a complimentary or cere- 
monious feast, followed by speeches. 

Ban'quet. V. t. [imp. & p. p. Banqueted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Banqueting.] To give a banquet or feast to. 

Ban'quet. v. i. To regale one's self ; to feast. 

Ban'quet-er (-er), n. One who banquets. 

Ban-quette' (ban-kef), n. [F. See Banquet, n.] 
1. (Fort.) A raised way or bank, inside of a parapet, for 
musketeers. 2. (Arch.) A narrow seat or shelf . 

Ban'shee, Ban'shie (bau'she), n. [Gael, bean-shith 
fairy ; bean woman — sith fairy.] A supernatural being 
supposed to foretell death by wailing under windows. 

Ban'tam (ban'taui), n. A variety of small barnyard 
fowl, with feathered legs, probably from Bantam in Java. 

Ban'ter (ban'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bantered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. d: vb. n. Bantering.] [Prob. corrupted 
fr. F. badiner to joke.] To address good-natured per- 
sonal jests to ; to jest ; to rally pleasantly. 

Ban'ter, n. The act of bantering ; pleasant jesting. 

Ban'ter-er (-er), n. One who banters or rallies. 

Ban'ting-ism (bau'tTng-Tz'ni), n. A method of re- 
ducing corpulence by dieting ; — so called from "William 
Banting of London. 

Bantling (bantling), n. [Origin uncertain.] A 
young or small child ; an infant. 

Ban'yan (ban'yan or ban-yan'), n. [See Banian.] 
(Bot. ) A tree of the same 
genus as the common fig, 
aud called the Indian 




jig. Its branches send 
shoots to the ground, 
which take root and be- 
come additional trunks. 
Thus one tree may cover 
some acres of ground. 

Ba'0-bab (ba'6-bab or 
ba'o-bab), n. [The na- 
tive name.] (Bot.) A 
gigantic African tree, 
also naturalized in In- 
dia : a species of Adan- 
-~. :„ Banvan Tree, 

soma. 

Bap'tism (bap'tTz'ni), n. [Through OF. and L. from 
Gr. Pa.iTTicriJ.oi, fr. /3a77Tt'^eiv to baptize, fr. fidiTTeiv to dip 
in water.] The act of baptizing ; the application of water 
to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony, by 
which he is initiated into the visible church of Christ. 
Bap-tis'mal (-tiz'mal), a. Of or pertaining to baptism. 
Bap'tist (bap'tist), n. 1. One who administers bap- 
tism ; — specifically applied to John, the forerunner of 
Christ. 2. One of a denomination of Christians who deny 
the validity of infant baptism and of sprinkling, and 
baptize believers only, and by immersion. 
Bap'tis-ter-y (bap'tls-ter-y). Bap'tis-try (-try), n. 

j (Arch.) A separate building or a part of a church used 

i for baptismal services. 

Bap-tis'tic (-ti s'tik), a. Of or for baptism ; baptismal. 
Bap-tize 7 (bap-tiz'). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baptized 

' (-tizd') ; p. pr. & ib. n. Baptizing. J 1. To administer 
baptism to : to consecrate as by baptism. 2. To christen. 

! Bap-tiz'er (-er). n. One who baptizes. 

Bar (bar), n. [OE. barre, F. bar re. fr. LL. barra. of 
unknown origin.] 1. A piece of wood, metal, or other 
material, long in proportion to its breadth or thickness. 
especially one used for a hindrance, obstruction, or fas- 
tening. 2. Anything which obstructs, hinders,or prevents: 
a barrier. 3." A bank of sand, gravel, etc., obstructing 
navigation. 4. Any railing that divides a room, in order 
to reserve a space for those having special privileges. 
5. {Law) (a) The railing that incloses the place which 
counsel occupy in courts of justice, (b) The place in 
court where prisoners are stationed, (c) The legal 
profession, (d) A special plea constituting a sufficient 
answer to plaintiff's action. 6. Any tribunal. 7. A 
barrier or counter, over which liquors and food are passed 
to customers ; also, the inclosed space where liquors are 
kept for sale. 8. (Her.) An ordinary, 1:1 



like a fess but 



a, e, I, o, Q, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, $vent, Idea, Sbey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



BAR 



73 



BARGEMAN 



narrower. 9. A broad shaft, band, or stripe. 10. (Mus. ) 
A vertical line across the staff ; Measure. Measure, 
also, loosely, a measure. 



JE^" A double bar marks the 
ndof a strain or main division 



Bar. Double bar. 



of a movement, or of a whole Bar. 
piece of music. 

Bar shot, a double headed shot, consisting of a bar, with 
a ball or half ball at each end. 

Bar (bar), v. t. limp. & p. p. 
Barred (bard) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bar- 
bing.] 1. To fasten with a bar. 2. Bar Shot - 
To restrict or confine, as if by a bar ; to hinder ; to ob- 
struct ; to prevent; to prohibit. 3. To exclude by 
exception. 4. To cross with one or more stripes or lines. 

Barb (barb), n. [F. barbe, fr. L. barba beard.] 1. 
Beard, or that which resembles it. 2. pi. Paps, or little 
projections, of the mucous membrane, under the tongue 
in horses and cattle. 3. The point that stands backward 
in an arrow, fishhook, etc. 4. (Zo'dl.) One of the side 
branches of a feather. See Illust. of Featheb. 

Barb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Babbed (barbd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Babbing.] To furnish with barbs. 

Barb, n. [F. barbe, fr. Barbaric] 1. The Barbary 
horse, introduced into Spain by the Moors. 2. (Zo'dl.) 
A blackish or dun variety of the pigeon. 

Barb, n. [Corrupted fr. bard.~\ Armor for a horse. 

Bar'ba-can (bar'ba-kan), n. See Barbican. 

Bar-ba'does (bar-ba'doz), n. A West Indian island. 

Barbadoes cherry (Bot.), a genus of trees of the West In- 
dies with a cherrylike acid fruit. —Barbadoes leg (Med.), 
a species of elephantiasis incident to hot climates. 

Bar-ba'ri-an (bar-ba'rl-an), ii. [See Babbabous.] 1. A 
foreigner. [Historical'] 2. A man in a savage or unciv- 
ilized state. 3. A cruel, savage, brutal man. 

Bar-ba'ri-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, or resembling, 
barbarians ; rude ; uncivilized ; barbarous. 

Bar-bar'ic (bar-baVik), a. 1. Foreign. 2. Of or 
pertaining to barbarism ; barbarian. 

BarTia-rism (bar'ba-riz'ni), n. 1. An uncivilized 
state ; rudeness of manners ; ignorance of arts, learning, 
and literature. 2. A barbarous action. 3. Any word or 
term foreign to the pure idioms of a particular language. 
See Solecism. 

Bar-bar'i-ty (bar-baVT-ty), n. 1. State, manner, or act, 
of a barbarian. 2. Cruelty; ferociousness; inhumanity. 

Bar'ba-rize (bar'ba-riz), v. i. & t. 1. To become or 
make barbarous. 2. To adopt a barbarous mode of speech. 

Bar'ba-rous (bar'ba-rus), a. [L. barbarus, Gr. j8ap/3a- 
pos, strange, foreign ; later, slavish, rude, ignorant ; akin 
to L. balbus stammering.] 1. Being in the state of a bar- 
barian ; uncivilized ; rude ; peopled with barbarians. 2. 
Cruel ; inhuman. 3. Contrary to the pure idioms of a lan- 
guage. — Bar'ba-rous-ly , adv. — Bar'ba-rous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Uncivilized ; unlettered ; uncultivated ; untu- 
tored ; ignorant ; merciless ; brutal ; ferocious. 

BarTmte (bar'bat), a. [L. barbatus, fr. barba beard.] 
(Bot. ) Bearded ; beset with long and weak hairs. 

Bar'ba-ted (bar'ba-ted), a. Having barbed points. 

Bar'be-cue (bar'be-ku), n. [In the language of Indi- 
ans of Guiana, a frame on which flesh is roasted or smoke- 
dried.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted or 
broiled whole for a feast. 2. A feast or entertainment 
for which large animals are cooked whole. 

Bar'bejcue (bar'be-ku), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Babbe- 
cued (-kud) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Babbecuing.] 1. To cure 
by exposure on a frame. 2. To roast or broil whole. 

Barbed (barbd), a. Furnished with a barb or barbs. 

Barbed (barbd or baWSd), a. See Babded. 

Barrel (baVbel), n. [OF. barbel, dim. of L. barbus 
barbel, fr. barba 
beard, barb.] 1. 
(Zo'dl.) A slen- 
der tactile organ 
on the lips of cer- 
tain fishes. 2. 
(Zo'dl.) A large 
European fresh- 
water fish having 
four such organs. 

Barker (-ber), 
One whose occupation is to barber peoples' beard or hair^ 

Bar'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Babbebed (-berd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Babbebing.] To shave or dress the beard or 
hair of. 

BarTjer-ry (-ber-ry), n. [OF. berbere.~\ (Bot.) A 
shrub bearing edible oblong, red, sour berries. 

BarT>et (-bet), n. [F., fr. barbe beard.] (Zo'dl.) (a) 
A variety of small dog, having long curly hair, (b) A 




3. 



f)l. Barbs of horses or cattle. 
OF. barbeor, fr. L. barba beard.] 



bird allied to the Cuckoos, having a large bearded beak. 
(c) A larva that feeds on aphides. 

Bar bette' (bar-beV), n. [V. Cf. Babbet.] (Fort.) 
A mound of earth or a platform on which guns are 
mounted to fire over a parapet. 

En barbette, In barbette, elevated so as to fire over the 
top of a parapet, and not through embrasures. 

Bar'bi-can (bar'bl-kan), Bar'ba-can (-ba-kSn), n. 
[F. barbacane, LL. barbacana, barbicana, of uncertain 
origin.] (Fort.) (a) A tower or advanced work defend- 
ing the entrance to a castle or city, (b) An opening in 
the wall of a fortress, for the discharge of missiles. 

Bar'bi-cel (bar'bi-sSl), n. [Dim. of barb.] (Zo'dl.) 
Small hooklike process of the barbules of feathers. 

Bar-big'er-OUS (bar-blj'er-us), a. [L. barba a beard 
-f- -gerous.] Having a beard ; bearded ; hairy. 

Bar'bo-tine (-bo-tin), n. [F.] A paste of clay used 
in decorating coarse pottery in relief. 

Bar'bule (-bill), n. [L. barbula, fr. barba beard.] 
1. A minute barb or beard. 2. (Zo'dl.) One of the 
processes along the edges of the barbs of a feather, by 
which adjacent barbs interlock. See Featheb. 

Bar'ca-rolle (-ka-rol), n. [F., fr. It. barcaruola, fr. 
barca barge.] (Mus.) (a) A song or melody sung by 
Venetian gondoliers, (b) Music imitating such a song. 

Bard (bard), n. [Of Celtic origin ; cf. W. bardd, Ir. 
& Gael, bard.] 1. Among the ancient Celts, one whose 
occupation it was to compose and sing verses in honor of 
heroic men and deeds. 2. Hence, a poet. 

Bard, Barde (bard), n. [F. barde, of doubtful origin. ] 
1. A piece of (usually) defensive armor. 2. (Cookery) 
A thin covering slice of fat bacon. 

Bard, v. t. (Cookery) To cover with a bard. 

Bard'ic, a. Of or pertaining to bards, or their poetry. 

Bare (b£r), a. [AS. bser; akin to D. & G. baar, Icel. 
berr.] 1. Being without covering; naked. 2. Having 
the head uncovered. 3. Plain ; simple ; unadorned ; 
mere. 4. Destitute ; empty ; unfurnished or scantily 
furnished. 5- Threadbare. 6. Mere ; unaccompanied 
by anything else. 

Bare, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Babed (ba"rd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Baring.] To strip off the covering of ; to make bare. 

Bare. Bore ; the old preterit of Bear, v. 

Bare'back' (baVbak'), adv. Without using a saddle. 

Bare'f aced' (baVfast'), a. 1. With the face uncov- 
ered. 2. Without concealment ; hence, shameless ; au- 
dacious. — Bare'f aced ly, adv. — Bare'faced'ness, n. 

Bare'foot (bSr'fdSt), a. & adv. Having the feet bare. 

Bare'f oot/ed, a. Having the feet bare. 

II Barege' (ba-razh'), n. [F., from Bareges, a French 
town.] A gauzelike fabric for ladies' dresses, veils, etc. 

Bare'hand'ed (baVhand'ed), a. 1. Having the hands 
uncovered. 2. Having empty hands ; destitute. 

Bare'head (-hed), a. & adv. Having the head un- 
covered ; in a bareheaded style. 

Bare'head 7 ed, a. Having the head uncovered. 

Bare'legged' (bSr'legdO, a. Having the legs bare. 

Bare'ly, adv. 1. Without covering; nakedly. 2. 
Without concealment or disguise. 3. Merely ; only. 
4. But just; without any excess; hence, scarcely; hardly. 

Bare'necked' (-nekt'), «• Having the neck bare. 

Bare'ness, n. State or quality of being bare. 

Bar'gain (bar'gen), n. [OF. bargaigne, bargagne, 
prob. deriv. of LL. barca a boat which carries merchan- 
dise to the shore ; hence, traffic to and fro.] 1. An 
agreement or contract between parties concerning the 
sale of property. 2. An agreement or stipulation ; 
mutual pledge. 3. A purchase ; also (when not quali- 
fied), a gainful or advantageous purchase. 4. The thing 
purchased ; anything bought cheap. 

Into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated ; 
besides. — To strike a bargain, to come to an agreement. 

Syn. — Contract ; stipulation ; purchase ; engagement. 

Bar'gain, v. i. To make a bargain or bargains. 

Bar'gain, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bargained (-gend) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bargaining.] To transfer for a consideration. 

Bar'gain-ee' (bar'ggn-e'), n. (Law) The party to a 
contract who receives the property sold. 

Bar'gain-er (-er), n. One who makes a bargain. 

Bar'gain-or' (-6r'), n. (Law) One who makes a bar- 
gain or contracts ; esp., one who sells property. 

Barge (barj), n. [OF., fr. LL. barca, prob. fr. L. 
baris an Egyptian rowboat, fr. Gr. /3apis.] 1. A pleasure 
boat; an elegant vessel or boat of state. 2. A large 
boat for the conveyance of passengers or goods. 

BargeO)oard (-bord'), n. See Vebgeboabd. 

Barge'man (barj'man), n. The man who manages a 
barge, or one of the crew of a barge. 



D 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cuair, go, sins, ink, then, tnin. 



M 



BARGEMASTER 



Barrelnas tar (MtafMi '•" 

[Origin uncertain.] 



V 



An 



<£ 3* 




Bnk. 



Proprietor or man- 
Jest vbaVgesf), 
m amnur A tr"" in the shape of a large dog. 

Bart a J'rl-i\n. [Cf. BARrra.] (Chem.) Barytx 

Bar lc (,Mr-"i k Of or pertaining to barium. 

Baric -•*>* weight.] (Physics) Pert, to 

weight, asp. to the barometric pressure of the atmosphere. 

Ba-xilla ^bA-rlllal. n. [Sp. barrilla.] 1. (Bot.) Any 
one of certain seashore plants from the ashes of which 
soda U made. 2. (Corn.) (a) The alkali so made, (b) 
Impure soda obtained from any seashore plant, or kelp. 

Ba'rite (ba'rltl. n. (ATm.) Native sulphate of barium, 
.1 of high specific gravity ; heavy spar. 

Baritone (ba>T-ton\ a. A n. Barytone. 

Ba'ri-um \ba'rT-uni), n. [XL., fr. Gr. &apv<; heavy.] 
A metal of the alkaline earth group, having a 
hit* color. Atomic weight. 137. Symbol. Ba. 

Bark (bark), n. [Akin to Dan. & Sw. bark. Icel. 

L The exterior covering of the trunk and 

branches of a tree : the rind. 2. Specif.. Peruvian bark. 

Bark. r. /. [imp. & p. p. Barked (barkt) ; p. pr. & 
vrking.] 1. To strip the bark from; to peel. 
2- To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark. 

Bark, 9. i. [OE. berken, AS. beorcan ; akin to Icel. 
1. To utter a short, explosive cry, as dogs do. 
2. To make a clamor. 

Bark. n. The short, explosive sound uttered by a dog. 

Bark. Barque (bark), n. [F. barque, fr. LL. barca. 
See Barge.] 1. Formerly, 
any small sailing vessel ; 
also, a rowboat ; a barge. 
Now, poetically, any sailing 
vessel or boat. 2. (Faut.) 
A three-masted vessel, with 
her foremast and mainmast 
square-rigged, and mizzen- 
mast schooner-rigged. 

Bark'an-tine (-an-ten), 
n. Same as B*RKE>rns~E. 

Barkljound (-bound').*-. 
Having the bark too tight. 

Bar'keep er (,baVkep'er),n. One who keeps a barroom. 

Baik'en-tine (bark'gn-ten). n. [See Bark, n., a ves- 
sel.] (Xaut.) A three-masted vessel, having the fore- 
mast square-rigged, and the others schooner-rigged. 

Bark'er -er). n. An animal or person that barks. 

Bark'y (bark'J). a. Covered with, or containing, bark. 

Barley (bar-iy), n. [AS. bcerlic ; bere barley (akin 
to L. far spelt) -f lie (prob. the same as Z. like, adj.).] 
(Bot.) A valuable grain, of the family of grasses, used 
for food, and for making malt. 

Barley-brake 7 ) (-brak), n. An old game, often 

Barley-break 7 ( played round stacks of barley. 

Barley-corn' (-kQrn'), n. 1. A grain or " corn" of 
barley. 2. An old measure of length ; third of an inch. 

Barm (barm), n. [AS. beorma.'] Foam rising upon 
fermenting malt liquors, and used as leaven ; yeast. 

Bann'y (baring), a. Full of barm or froth. 

Barn (b'arn), n. [OE. bern, AS. berern, bern ; bere 
barley + w» afrn > c ^ OB ^ place.] A building for storing 
grain, hay, etc., and. in the U. S., often also for stables. 

Bar'na-Cle (bar'na-k'l), n. [Prob. from E. barnacle 
the goose popularly supposed to grow from this shellfish.] 
Any one of several kinds of crustaceans adhering 
to rocks, floating timber, ships, etc. 

Bar'na-Cle. n. [See Bersicle.] A bernicle goose. 

Bar'na-Cle, n. [OE. bernak, bernacle ; cf. OF. ber- 
nac spectacles. j 1.. pi. (Jar.) An instrument for pinch- 
ing a horse's nose, and thus restraining him. 2. pi. 
Spectacles. [Cant. Eng.~\ 

Ba-roc / CO(ba-r3k'ko).flr. [It.] (A rch.) See Baroque. 

Ba-rom'e-ter (ba-rSmt-ter), n. [Gr. 0apo? weight — 
-meter.'] An instrument for determining the weight or 
pressure of the atmosphere, and hence the probable 
changes of weather, or the height of anv ascent. 

Bar o-met'ric 'bar o-met'rik). I a. Of.pert.to.or made 

Bar o-met'ric- al f-mgt'rl-kal), ( by, the barometer. 

Ba-rom'e-try (ba-rcm'e-trjr), n. The art or process 
01 "t a kin g baron. etrical measurements. 
# ^Bar*0-IlietafbaV4-m?ts),n. [Origin uncertain.] (Bot.) 
Tne wooOy-skiimed rootstock of a kind of fern. 

Bar 'on '■''.•. .,. "r>F. boron, accus. of ber, prob. 
port.] A title or degree of nobil- 
ity ; in France and Germany, a nobleman next in rank 
below a count; in England, a nobleman of the lowest 
grade in the House of Lords, being next below a viscount, 
i of beet two sirloins not cut asunder. 



[ BARROW 

Bar'on-age (baVun-aj), n. 1. The whole body of 
barons or peers. 2. The dignity or rank of a baron. 

Bar'on-ess (4b), K. A baron's wife ; also, a lady who 
holds the baronial title in her own right. 

Bar'on-et (-iin-et), n. A dignity- or rank next below 
a baron and above a knight. Baronets are commoners. 

Bar'on-et-age (-aj). n. 1. The collective body of 
baronets. 2. State or rank of a baronet. 

Bar'on-et-cy (-sj). n. Rank or patent of a baronet. 

Ba-ro'nl-al (ba-ro'nT-al), a. Pertaining to a baron or 
a barony. 

Bar'O-ny (baVo-nJ). n. 1. Domain of a baron ; rank 
of a baron. 2. In Ireland, a territorial division ; in Scot- 
land, an extensive freehold. [grotesque. I 

Baroque 7 (ba-rok'). a. [F.] (Arch.) In bad taste ; | 

Bar'O-SCOpe (b5r'6-skop), n. [Gr. Papos weight -f 
-scope.~\ Any instrument snowing the changes in at- 
mospheric pressure. 

Bar 0-SCOp'ic (-skopTk), ) a. Pertaining to. or deter- 

Bar O-SCOp'ic-al (-T-kal), J mined by, the baroscope. 

Ba-rouche' (ba-roosh'), n. [Through G. & It. from 
LL. barrotium, fr. L, birotus two-wheeled ; bi- = bis — 
rota wheel.] A four-wheeled carriage, with a falling top, 
a seat outside for the driver, and two double seats inside. 

Barque (bark), n. Same as Bark, a vessel. 

Bar'ra-can (bar'ra-kan), 72. [F. baracan, fr. Ar. bar- 
rakan a kind of black gown.] A thick, strong stuff, some- 
what like camlet. 

Barrack (bSr'rak), n. [F. baroque, fr. It. baracca, fr. 
LL. barra bar.] (JUL) A building for soldiers, esp. in 
garrison. Usually inpl., orig. meaning temporary huts. 

Barra-COOn' (bar'ra-koon'). n. [Sp. or Pg. barraca.] 
A slave warehouse, or temporary quarters for slaves. 

Bar ra-CU'da (-koc/da). ( n. (Zool.) A voracious, pike- 
Bar ra-COU'ta (-koo'ta), J like, marine fish. 

Barrage (bar'raj> n. [F., fr. barrer to bar.] An 
artificial bar placed in a water course to increase its depth. 

BarTa-tor (Mr'ra-ter), 71, [OF. barateor, fr. barater 
to deceive, barter.] One guilty of barratry. 

Bar'ra-tTOUS (-trus), a. (Laic) Tainted with, or con- 
stituting, barratry. — Bar'ra-trous-ly, adv. 

Bar'ra-try (-try), n. 1. (Laic) Practice of encoura- 
ging lawsuits. 2. (Mar. Law) A fraudulent breach of 
duty bv the master of a ship, or the mariners. 

Bar'rel (bar'rel), n. [OE. barel, F. baril, prob. fr. 
barre bar.] 1. A kind of round vessel having flat ends 
or heads. " 2. The (varying) quantity which constitutes 
a full barrel. A barrel of wine is 31h gallons ; a barrel 
of flour is 196 pounds. 3. A solid drum, or a hollow cyl- 
inder, case, or tube. 

Barrel organ, an instrument for producing music by the 
action of a revolving cylinder. 

Bar'rel (bar'rel), r. t. [imp. &p.p. Barreled (-reld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Bap.ret.tn~g.! To put in a barrel or barrels. 

Bar'ren (bar'ren). a. [OE. barein, OF. brehaing ; of 
uncertain origin.] 1. Incapable of producing offspring ; 
sterile ; not fertile. 2. Unproductive : hence, unprofita- 
ble : empty. — Bar'ren-ly. adv.— Bar'ren-ness. n. 

Syn. — Unfruitful : fruitless : dull ; uninventive. 

Bar'ren. n. 1. A tract of barren land. 2. pi. Elevated 
lands producing small trees, but no timber. [.dTTier.] 

Barren-wort ('-wUrt . n. (Bot.) An herb of the Bar- 
berry family, having bitter leaves. 

Bar'ret (bar'r6t), n. [F. barrette. See Beretta.] A 
kind of soldiers' cap, now disused. Also, a berrettaT 

Bar'ri-cade' (bar'rl-kad'). n. [F., fr. Sp. ba 
ori g. , a barring up with casks, ir.ba rrica cask. ] 1 . MU. 
A fortification or barrier made in haste of anything that 
will obstruct the progress or attack of an enemy. 2. Any 
bar or obstruction. 

Bar ri-cade'. r. t. [imp. & p. p. Barricaded : p. pr. 
. Barricadccc] To fortify with a barricade. 

Bar'ri-er <'bar'ri-er), n. [F. bdrrierc, fr. barre bar.] 
A carpentry obstruction, stockade, or other ob- 
stacle made in a passage in order to stop an enemy. 2. 
A fortress or fortified town, on the frontier of a country. 
3. Any obstruction. 4. Anylimit or boundary. 

Barris-ter (bar'rTs-ter), n. A lawyer admitted to plead 
at the bar, as distinguished from a solicitor. [Eng.~] 

Bar'room (baVroom/), n. A room containing a bar 
or counter at which liquors are sold. 

Barrow (Utrtro"), *. [OE. barow. fr. AS. beran to 
bear.] A vehicle having handles, and with or without a 
wheel, for transporting things by hand. 

Bar'row. n. [OE. barow. ba'rgh. AS. bearg ; akin to 
.] A hog : esp.. a male hog castrated- 

Bar'row. n. [OK. bergk, AS. beorg; akin to G. berg 
mountain.] A large mound over the dead ; a tumulus. 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u . y, short ; senate, e" vent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



BARTENDER 



75 



BASIN 



Bar'tend'er (baVtend'er), n. A barkeeper or barmaid. 

Bar'ter (bar'ter), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Bartered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bartering.] [OE. bartren, OF. 
barater, bareter, to cheat, exchange ; origin uncertain.] 
To traffic or trade by exchanging one commodity for 
another. 

Bar'ter, n. 1. Act or practice of trafficking by ex- 
change of commodities. 2. The thing given in exchange. 

Syn. — Exchange ; dealing ; traffic ; trade ; truck. 

Bar'ter-er (-er), n. One who barters. 

Bar'ti-zan/ (bar'ti-zan'), n. [Cf. Brettice.] (Arch.) 
A small, overhanging structure for lookout or defense. 

Bar 'tram (-tram), n. (Bot.) See Bertram. 

Bar'WOOd' (-wdod'), n. A red wood of an African 
leguminous tree, used as a dye wood, for ramrods, etc. 

Bar'y-cen'tric (baVi-sen'trTk), a. [Gr. /3apv? heavy 
-f Kevrpov center.] Pertaining to the center of gravity. 

Ba-ry'ta (ba-rl'ta), n. [Gr. jSapu? heavy.] (Chem.) 
A native oxide of barium with a specific gravity above 4. 

Ba-ry'tes (-tez), n. (Min.) Barite. 

Ba-ryt'lc (ba-rit'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to baryta. 

Bar'y-tone, Bar'i-tone (bar'T-ton), a. [Gr. /SapuVoi/os ; 
0apvs heavy -f toVos tone.] 1. (Mus.) Grave and deep, 
as a kind of male voice. 2. (Greek Gram.) Not marked 
with an accent on the last syllable, the grave accent be- 
ing understood. 

Bar'y-tone, Bar'i-tone, n. 1. (Mus.) (a) A male voice 
the compass of which partakes of the common bass and 
the tenor, (b) A person having a voice of such range. 
2. (Greek Gram.) A barytone word. 

Ba-ry'tum (ba-ri'tiim), n. [NL.] (Chem.) Barium. [i?.] 

Ba'sal (ba'sal), a. Relating to, or forming, the base. 

Basalt' (ba-salf), n. [L. basaltes (an African word), 
an Ethiopian species of marble.] 1. (Geol.) A blackish 
or dark brown igneous rock, consisting chiefly of augite 
and triclinic feldspar. 2. A kind of black porcelain. 

Ba-salt'ic (-ik), a. Of or pertaining to basalt. 

Ba-salt'oid (-oid), a. [Baialt -f- -oid.~\ Like basalt. 

Bas'an (baz'an), n. Same as Basil, a sheepskin. 

Bas'a-nlte (baz'a-mt), n. [L. basanites lapis, Gr. /3<£- 
troi/cs touchstone.] (Min.) Lydian stone, or black jas- 
per, a variety of siliceous slate, used as a touchstone. 

II Bas' bleu' (ba/ ble'), n. [F., fr. bas stocking -f bleu 
blue.] A bluestocking ; a literary woman. 

Bas'cule (baVkul), n. [F. , a seesaw.] In mechanics, 
an apparatus on the principle of the seesaw, as in a bas- 
cule bridge, which has a swinging counterpoise. 

Base (bas), a. [OE. bass, F. bas, low, fr. LL. bassus 
thick, fat, short, humble.] 1. Formerly, being of little 
height ; low in place ; hence, of humble or illegitimate 
birth. 2. Having little comparative value; inferior; 
alloyed ; debased. 3. Morally low ; hence, without dig- 
nity of sentiment ; ignoble ; mean. 4. Not classical or 
correct. 5. Deep or grave in sound. [Commonly writ- 
ten bass.~\ 6. (Laio) Held by villenage. 

Syn. — Dishonorable ; worthless ; ignoble ; low-minded ; 
infamous ; sordid ; degraded ; mean ; vile. 

Base, n. [F., fr. L. basis, fr. Gr. /3acris a stepping, 
step, a base, pedestal, f r. Palveiv to go, step ; akin to E. 
come.~\ 1. The bottom of anything, considered as its 
support, or that on which something rests for support ; 
the foundation ; hence, in figurative senses, the funda- 
mental, principal, substantial, or essential part of a 
thing. 2. (Arch.) (a) The lower part of a wall, pier, or 
column, when treated as a 



i 



b. 



separate feature. (6) The 
lower part of a complete 
architectural design. 3. 
(Biol.) That extremity of 
a leaf, fruit, organ, or part 
at which it is attached to its r 
support. 4. (Chem.) The [ 
positive or nonacid compo- B ase, called 
nent of a salt ; a substance A r 
which, combined with an acid, 
neutralizes the latter and 
forms a salt; also, a hy- 
droxide of a positive element 
or radical. 5. (Dyeing) A substance used as a mordant. 
6. (Fort.) The exterior side of the polygon, or that im- 
aginary line which connects salient angles. 7. (Geom.) 
The line or surface constituting that part of a figure on 
which it is supposed to stand. 8. (Math.) The number 
from which a mathematical table is constructed. 9. [See 
Base, low.] A low, or deep, sound. (Mus.) (a) The 
lowest part ; the deepest male voice, (b) One who sings, 
or the instrument which plays, base. [Commonly writ- 
ten bass.} 10. (Mil.) A place or tract of country, 



N 



Attic base." 
If Plinth ; a Lower torus ; 
6 Upper torus ; c Scotia ; 
/// Fillets; If Shaft, 
fluted, with fillets between 
flutings. 



from which the operations of an army proceed. 11. A 
starting place or a goal in various games. 12. (Swv. ) 
A line in a survey which serves as the origin from which 
to compute. 13. A rustic play, — prisoner's base. 14. 
(Baseball) Any one of the four bounds which mark the 
corners of the infield. 

Base (bas), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Based (bast) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Basing.] To put on a base or basis ; to found. 

Base, v. t. 1. Toabase. [06s.] 2. To debase. [Obs.] 

Base'ball' (-baF), n. 1. A game of ball, so called 
from the four bases marking the corners of the circuit to 
be made to count a run. 2. The ball used in this game. 

Base'board' (-bord'), n. (Arch.) A board, or other 
woodwork, carried round the walls of a room and touch- 
ing the floor, to form a base and protect the plastering. 

Base'born/ (-bSrn'), a. 1. Born out of wedlock. 
2. Born of low parentage. 3. Vile ; mean. 

Base'-burn'er (-bfirn'er), n. A furnace or stove in 
which the fuel is fed from a hopper or chamber. 

Ba'se-dow's disease' (ba'se-doz dTz-ez'). [Named 
after a German physician.] (3Ied.) A disease charac- 
terized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, prominence 
of the eyeballs, and inordinate action of the heart. 

Base'less. a. Without a base ; having no support. 

Base'ly, adv. In a base manner. 

Base'ment (bas'ment), n. [F. soubassement. Of 
uncertain origin.] (Arch.) The outer wall or the in- 
closed space of the ground story of a building. [base. I 

Base'ness (-nes), n. Quality or condition of being | 

Base' vi'ol (vi'ul). See Bass viol. 

Bash (bSsh), v. t. & i. Aphetic form of Abash. 

Bashaw' (ba-sha'), n. See Pasha. 

Bash'ful (bash'ful), a. [See Bash.] 1. Abashed. 
[Obs.] 2. Very modest, or modest to excess ; shrinking 
from notice. — Bash'ful-ly, adv. — Bash'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Diffident ; shy ; timid ; retiring ; reserved ; 
shamefaced ; sheepish. 

II Bash'i-ba-zouk' (-i-ba-zobk') ,n. [Turk., foolish.] 
A soldier of the irregular troops of the Turkish army. 

Ba'si- (ba'sT-). A combining form, especially in ana- 
tomical and botanical words, to indicate the base or po- 
sition at or near a base; forming a base; as, 6<mcranial, 
situated at the base of the cranium ; &<m'facial, etc. 

Ba'sic (ba'slk), a. 1. (Chem.) (a) Relating to a 
base ; acting as a base in a salt, (b) Having the base in 
excess, (c) Apparently alkaline. 2. (3fin.) Said of crys- 
talline rocks containing relatively little silica. 

Ba-sic'i-ty (ba-sTs'i-ty), n. (Chem.) (a) Quality of 
being a base, (b) Power of an acid to unite with a base. 

Ba-siFu-gal (-sif'u-gal), a. [Base + L. fugere to 
flee.] (Bot.) Tending or proceeding away from the base. 

Ba'si-fy (ba'si-fi), v. t. [Base + -/?/.] (Chem.) To 
convert into a salifiable base. 

Ba si-hy'al (ba'si-hl'al), a. [Basi- + Gr. Y (the let- 
ter " upsilon ") ; from the shape.] (Anat.) Noting two 
small bones, forming the body of the inverted hyoid arch. 

Bas'il (baz'Tl), n. [Cf. F. basile and E. Bezel.] The 
angle to which the cutting edge of a tool is ground. 

Bas'il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Basiled (-Tld) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Basiling.] To grind or form the edge of to an angle. 

Bas'il, n. [Through F. and L. fr. Gr. /3a<nAi>c6s royal, 
fr. /3a<riAevs king.] (Bot.) Any one of several aromatic 
herbs of the Mint family, esp. the one used in cookery. 

Bas'il, n. [Corrupt, from E. basan, deriv. of Ar. 
bithana, prop., lining.] The tanned skin of a sheep. 

Bas'i-lar (baz'T-ler), ) a. Relating to, or situated at, 

Bas'i-la-ry (-la-ry), ) the base. 

Ba-sil'ic (ba-zTl'Tk), } a. [See Basilica.] 1. Royal ; 

Ba-sil'ic-al (-T-kal), ) kingly ; also, basilican. 2. 
(Anat.) Pertaining to certain parts, anciently supposed 
important, as the middle vein of the right arm. 

Ba-sil'i-ca (-T-ka), n. ; pi. Basilicas (-kaz) ; sometimes 
Basilica (-se). [L. basilica, Gr. f}acn.\iKrj (sc. oikux, or 
ottoix), fr. jSao-tAiKo's royal, fr. jSaa-iAeus king.] 1. Orig., 
the palace of a king ; later, any apartment or building 
for public dispensation of justice. 2. A church. 

Ba-sil'i-can (-T-kan), a. Of or pertaining to a basilica. 

II Ba-sil'i-con (-kon), ra. [L.,fr. Gr.] (Med. ) An oint- 
ment composed of wax, pitch, resin, and fat. 

Bas'i-lisk (baz'T-lisk), n. [L. basiliscus, Gr. /3<xo-i- 
Aio-kos kind of serpent, dim. of 8ao-tAev? king ; — so named 
from some prominences on the head resembling a crown.] 
1. A fabulous serpent, or dragon, the breath or look of 
which was said to be fatal. 2. (Zo'ol.) A kind of lizard 
remarkable for a membranous bag on the head, which 
can be filled with air at pleasure, and for a crest along 
the back, that can be raised or depressed at will. 

Ba'sin (ba's'n), n. [OF. bacin, LL. bacchi7ius, fr. 



G 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BASINED 



76 



BATHOS 






haecc a water Teasel. ■■' origin.] 1. A hol- 

hold water for washing, and for 

Tar j OU!l 2. A hollow vessel, of various 

forms, materials, and uses. 3. A hollow place oon- 

•»i»ter. 4. {Physical Gtog.) (a) A circular or 

oval v"a. nituv tract of country drained by 

sa sea or lake. 5. (Geol.) Au 

r circuinscribed formation, esp. where the strata 

ird, on all sides, toward a center. 

Ba sined (bEVnd), <i. Inclosed in a basin. 

Ba sis Eases (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. 

£. 1<m . S 1. The foundation of anything ; 

which a thing rests. 2. Fig., the groundwork; 

lamental principle or condition. 3. The princi- 

jui component part. 

Ba sis'o lute (ba-sis'o-lut), a. [Basi- -f- solute, a.] 
rolonged at the base, as certain leaves. 

Bask (Mak), v. i. [imp. ft p. p. Basked (baskt) ; p. pr. 
Tasking.] [Prob. OScand. baSask to bathe one's 
self.] To lie in warmth ; to be exposed to genial heat. 

Bask. r. /• To warm in genial heat. 

Basket (bas'kgt), w. [Of unknown origin.] 1. A 
ide of osiers, cane, rushes, splints, or other flex- 
ible material, interwoven. 2. The contents of a basket. 
3. Two back seats facing each other on a stagecoach, 
[baskets, collectively. I 

Bas'ket-ry (-!•$■), n. Art of making baskets; also, | 

Basque (bask), ?j. [F.] 1. One of a race of unknown 
origin, inhabiting a region on the Bay of Biscay ; also, 
their language. 2. A part of a lady's dress, resembling 
a jacket with a short skirt ; — probably so called because 
this fashion of dress came from the Basques. 

Bas -re-lief (ba're-lef), n. [F. bas-relief; bas low 
-}- relief relief.] Low relief ; sculpture the figures of 
which project less than half of their true proportions. 

Bass (bas), n. ; pi. Bass, and sometimes Basses (-ez). 
[A corruption of barse, fr. AS. bears, bsers; akin to G. 
barsch.] (Zodl.) Any one of various fishes of different 
6pecies and genera, many of which are esteemed for food. 

Bass, n. [Corrupt, of bast.] 1. {Bot.) The linden tree, 
sometimes wrongly called uhiteuood ; also, its bark used 
in mats. 2. (Pron. bSs) A hassock or thick mat. 

Bass (bas), n. [F. basse, fr. bas low. See Base, a.] 
1. A deep sound or tone. 2. {Mas.) (a) The lowest part 
in a musical composition. (b) One who sings, or the in- 
strument which plays, bass. 

Bass, a. Deep or grave in tone. 

Bass drum (Mus.), the largest of the different kinds of 
drums, emitting a deep, grave sound. —Bass horn (Mus.), 
a modification of the bassoon, much deeper in tone. — 
Bass viol (Mus.), a stringed instrument of the viol fam- 
ily, used for playing bass. 

Bas'set (bas'sgt or b5s-sSf ), n. [F. bassette, fr. It. 
bassetta.] A game at cards, resembling faro. 

Bas'set (baVsSt), a. [Cf. OF. basset somewhat low.] 
(Geol.) Inclined upward. — n. Outcropping edge of a 
stratum. 

Bas'set, '•. i. [imp. & p. p. Basseted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Basseting.] (Geol.) To incline upward ; to crop out. 

Bas'set horn' (h6rn'). [See Basset, a.] (Mus.) A 
reed instrument like a clarinet, but of greater compass. 

Bas'set hound' (hound'). [F. basset. ] (Zodl.) A 
email kind of hound with a long body and short legs. 

Bas'si-net (baVBT-nSt), n. [Cf. Bascinet.] 1. Abas- 
cinet. 2. A kind of wicker cradle. 

Bas'SO (bas'so"), n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) Bass. (6) The 
double bass, or contrabasso. 

Bassoon' (b5s-sodn'), n. [F. basson, f r. basse bass ; 
or peril, fr. las son low sound.] (Mils.) A wind instru- 
ment of the double reed kind, fingered like a flute. 

Bas-soon'ist. n. A performer on the bassoon. 
Bas'so-ri-lie'vo(bas's6-re-lya'vo) [it.], Bas'so-re- 
lle'VO fbaV^-re-le'vo), or Bass'-re-lief (baVre-lef), 

lUS-KELIEF. 

Bast 0>ast;, n. [AS. bsest ; akin to G. bast ; of unknown 
origin.] 1. The inner fibrous bark of various plants, 
the. linden tree; hence, matting, cordage, etc., 
' refroru. 2. A thick mat or hassock. 
Bas'tard fbaVterd), n. [OF., prob. fr. OF. bast a 
packsaddle used as a bed by the muleteers (fr. LL. bas- 
-'nd.~\ 1. An illegitimate child. 2. (Sugar Re- 
fa) An inferior quality of soft brown sugar, (b) 
A Uw> : ii, old in which Bugar is drained. 3. A kind of 
Spanish wine. 

Bas'tard ( baVtSrd), a. 1. Begotten and bora out of 
lawful matrimony ; illegitimate. 2. Lacking in genu- 
ineness; fcpurioiih; falbe; adulterate. [bastard. I 
Baa'tard ize '-./,. r. t. To make or prove to be a | 



Bas'tar dy (bSs'ter-dj), n. 1. State of being a bas- 
tard ; illegitimacy. 2. The procreation of a bastard child. 

Baste (bast), v. 1. [imp. & p. p- Basted ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Basting.] [Perh. akin to E. beat.'] 1. To beat 
with a stick ; to cudgel. 2. (Cookery) To sprinkle flour 
and salt and drip butter or fat on. 

Baste, v. t. [OF. basdr, prob. fr. OHG. bestan to sew, 
fr. bast. See Bast.] To sew loosely, or with long stitches. 

Bas-tile' ) (bas-tel' or bas'tel), n. [F. bastille for- 

Bas-tilleM tress, OF. bastir to build.] 1. (Feud. 
Fori.) A tower or an elevated work. 2. " The Bastille," 
formerly a castle or fortress in Paris, used as a prison. 

Bas ti-nade' (baVtT-nad'), v. & n. See Bastinado. 

Bas ti-na'do (-na'do), n. [Sp. bastonada, fr. baston 
stick.] 1. A blow or beating with a stick or cudgel. 
2. Specif. , punishment by beating on the soles of the feet. 

Bas ti-na'do- v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bastinadoed (-dod) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Bastinadoing.] To beat with a stick or 
cudgel, especially on the soles of the feet. 

Bas'tion (baVchun ; 106), n. [F., fr. LL. bastire to 
build, of uncertain origin.] (Fort.) A part of a forti- 
fication projecting outward from the main inclosure, and 
consisting of two faces and two flanks, and so constructed 
that it is able to defend by a flanking fire the adjacent 
curtain, or wall which extends from bastion to bastion. 

Bas'yle (b2sTl or bas'il), n. [Base -j- -yle.~\ (Chem.) 
A positive or nonacid constituent of a compound. 

Bas'y-lOUS (-T-lus), a. Of or pertaining to a basyle. 

Bat (bat), n. [AS. batt.] 1. A large stick ; a club ; 
specifically, one used in playing baseball, cricket, etc. 
2. A sheet of cotton used for filling quilts or comfort- 
ables ; batting. 3. A part of a brick with one whole end. 

Bat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Batted (bSt'ted) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Batting.] To strike or hit with a bat ; to beat. 

Bat, v. i. To use a bat, as in a game of baseball. 

Bat, n. [Corrupt, from OE. back, backe, balke ; cf. 
Dan. aiten-bakke (aften evening), Icel. blaka to flutter.] 
(Zodl.) One of an order of flying mammals, in which the 
wings are formed by a membrane stretched between the 
elongated fingers, legs, and tail. See Illusl. of Vampfbe. 

Batch (bSch), n. [OE. bache, fr. AS. bacan to bake.] 

1. The quantity of bread baked at one time. 2. A quan- 
tity of anything produced at one operation ; a group or 
collection of persons or things of the same kind. 

Bate (bat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Bating.] [From abate.] 1. To lessen ; to abate. 2. To 
allow by way of abatement or deduction. 

Bate, v. i. To remit or retrench a part ; — with of. 

Bate, n. [Origin uncertain.] An alkaline solution 
consisting of dung, — used in tanning hides ; grainer. 

Bate, v. t. To steep in bate, as hides. 

I! Ba-teau' (ba-to'), «• / pf- Bateaux (ba-toz'). [F., 
fr. LL. batellus, fr. battus, batus, boat, which agrees with 
AS. bat boat.] A boat; esp., a flat-bottomed, clumsy 
boat used on the Canadian lakes and rivers. 

Bate'ment (bat'ment), ?2. For Abatement. 

Bat'fish' (bSt'flsh'), n. (Zodl.) Any one of several 
fishes, as the flying gurnard and the California sting ray. 

Bat'fowl'ing (-foul'ing), n. [From Bat a stick.] A 
mode of catching birds at night, by holding a torch or 
other light, and beating the place where they roost. 

Bath (bath ; 61), n. ; pi. Baths (bathz). [AS. bse$ ; 
akin to G. bad.] 1. The act of exposing the body, or part 
of it, for purposes of cleanliness, comfort, etc., to water, 
vapor, hot air, or the like. 2. Water or other liquid for 
bathing. 3. A place to bathe in. 4. (Chem.) Amedlum, 
as heated sand, steam, etc., through which heat is applied 
to a body. 5. (Photog.) A solution in which plates or 
prints are immersed ; also, the receptacle for it. 

Bath (bath ; 61), n. A city in England, noted for its 
hot springs, which has given its name to various objects. 

Bath brick, a preparation of calcareous earth, in the 
form of a brick, used for cleaning metal, etc. — Bath chair, 
a kind of chair on wheels, as used by Invalids at Bath. 

Bathe (bath), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bathed (bathd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Bathing.] 1. To wash by immersion. 

2. To lave ; to wet : to suffuse with, or as with, a liquid. 
Bathe, v. i. To bathe one's self ; to be immersed. 
Bathe, n. The immersion of the body in water. 
Bath'er (bath'er), n. One who bathes. 
Ba-thom'e-ter (ba-thom'e-ter), n. [Gr. /3a0os depth 

+ -meter.] An instrument for measuring depths, esp. 
one for taking soundings without a sounding line. 

Bat'horse / (ba/h6rs'), n. [F. bat packsaddle -f E. 
horse.] A horse which carries an officer's baggage. 

Ba'thos (ba'thSs), n. [Gr. /3a0o? depth.] (Rhet.) A 
ludicrous descent from the elevated to the low, in speech 
or writing ; anti-climax. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, », &, y , short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, cAre, arm, ask, all, finaL 



BATHYMETRIC 



77 



BAY 



Bath'y-met'ric (bXth'T-mgt'rTk), ) a. Pertaining to 

Bath'y-met'ric-al (-mSt'rT-kffll), J bathymetry. 

Ba-thym'e-try (ba-thlm'e-tr^), n. [Gr. /3<£0os depth 
-j- -metry.] Science of measuring depths in the sea. 

Bat'ing (bat'ing), prep. [Strictly, p. pr. of Bate to 
abate.] With the exception of ; excepting. 

Ba-tiste' (ba-test'), n. [F., fr. name of alleged first 
maker. ] Cambric or lawn, — originally of fine linen, now 
also of cotton. [in washing them. I 

Bat 'let (bSt'lSt), n. A short bat for beating clothes | 

Bat'man (ba/nian or bSt'man), n. A man who has 
charge of a bathorse and his load. 

Bat'on (bSt'un, F. ba'tQN'), n. [F. baton. See Bas- 
tion.] A staff or truncheon, used for various purposes. 

II Ba-tra'chi-a (ha-tra^i-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. /3a- 
Tpaxeto? belonging to a frog, fr. /3d>paxos frog.] (Zo'61.) 
The order of amphibians including the frogs and toads. 

Ba-tra'chi-an (-an), a. (Zo'61.) Of or pertaining to 
the Batrachia. — n. One of the Batrachia. 

Bat'ra-choid (b5t'ra-koid), a. [Batrachia + -oid.] 
(Zo'61.) Froglike ; specifically, of or pert, to the family of 
marine fishes including the toadfish. [ball, etc. I 

Bats'man (bSts'man), n. The batter in cricket, base- 1 

Bat-tal'ia (b5t-tal'ya ; 106), n. [LL. battalia battle, 
a body of troops.] Order of battle ; battle array. 

Bat-tal'ion (-tSl'yun ; 106), n. [F. bataillon, fr. It. bat- 
taglione.] 1. A body of troops ; esp., an army in battle 
array. 2. (Mil.) A regiment, or two or more companies 
of a regiment, esp. when assembled for drill or battle. 

Bat'tel (bSt't'l), n. [Obs. form of Battle.] (Old 
Eng. Law) A single combat ; a kind of trial or ordeal. 

Bat'tel, n. [Origin uncertain.] Provisions from the 
buttery ; also, the charges for them ; — only in the pi., 
except when used adjectively. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.'] 

Bat'tel, v. i. To be supplied with provisions from the 
buttery. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.] 

Bat'tel-er (-t'l-er), Bat'tle* (-tier), n. A student at 
Oxford who is supplied with provisions from the buttery ; 
formerly, one who paid only for what he called for. 

Bat'ten (baVt'n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Battened 
(-t'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Battening.] [Iecl. bati amelio- 
ration, batna to grow better ; akin to AS. bet better.] 

1. To make or grow fat by plenteous feeding ; to fatten ; 
to glut. 2. To fertilize or enrich, as land. 

Bat'ten, n. [F. baton stick. See Baton.] A strip of 
sawed stuff ; scantling ; as, (a) pi. (Arch.) Sawed timbers 
about 7 by 2J inches and not less than 6 feet long, (b) A 
thin strip used to strengthen a part, to cover a crack, etc. 

Bat'ten, v. t. To furnish or fasten with battens. 

Bat'ten, n. [F. battant. See Battee, v. t.~\ The bar 
of a loom, which strikes home the threads of a woof. 

Bat'ten-lng (bat't'n-Tng), n. (Arch.) Furring done 
with small pieces nailed directly upon the wall. 

Bat'ter (bSt'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Battering.] [OF. batre, fr. LL. 
batlere, for L. batuere to beat ; of unknown origin.] 1. To 
beat with successive blows ; to beat with violence, so as 
to bruise, shatter, or demolish. 2. To wear or impair as 
by hard usage. 3. (Metal.) To flatten by hammering. 

Bat'ter, n. 1. (Cookery) A semiliquid mixture of 
several ingredients beaten together. 2. Paste of clay or 
loam. 3. A battered place, as in a piece of metal. 

Bat'ter^ n. A backward slope, as in the face of a wall. 

Bat'ter, v. i. (Arch.) To slope gently backward. 

Bat'ter, n. One who wields a bat ; a batsman. 

Bat'ter-er, n. One who, or that which, batters or beats. 

Bat'ter-ing-ram' (-ram'), n. 1. (Mil.) An engine 
anciently used to beat down 
the walls of besieged places. 

2. A blacksmith's hammer 
suspended and worked hori- 
zontally. 

Bat'ter-y (-y), n. 1. The 
act of battering or beating. 

2. (Law) The unlawful beat- 
ing or touching of another. 

3. (Mil.) (a) Any place where 
cannon or mortars are Battermg-ram. 
mounted, for attack or defense. (6) Two or more pieces 
of artillery in the field, (c) A company or division of 
artillery. 4. (Elec.) (a) A number of coated jars (Ley- 
den jars) so connected that they may be charged and dis- 
charged simultaneously. (6) An apparatus for generating 
voltaic electricity. 5. A number of similar machines, 
devices, or parts in position. 6. (Baseball) The pitcher 
and catcher together. 

Bat'tlng (bat'tTng), n. 1. The act of one who bats. 
2. Cotton prepared in sheets as for making quilts, etc. 




Bat'tle (bSt't'1), n. [OF. balaille, fr. L. battalia 
fighting and fencing exercises of soldiers, fr. batuere to 
beat.] 1. A general action, fight, or encounter, in which 
all the divisions of an army are or may be engaged. 
2. A struggle ; a contest. 3. A battalion. [Obs.] 

Syn.— Conflict ; encounter ; contest ; action ; combat ; 
fight ; engagement. — Fight is a word of less dignity than 
combat or engagement, and is commonly applied to an 
encounter between a few individuals. A combat is a close 
encounter, whether between few or many. A battle is 
commonly more general and prolonged. An engagement 
supposes large numbers on each side, engaged or inter- 
mingled in the conflict. 

Bat'tle (bat't'l), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Battled (-t'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Battling.] To 
contend in fight. 

Bat'tle, v. t. To assail in 
battle; to 
fight. 
Bat'tle-ax' 
Bat'tle-axe' 




Battle-ax. 



Battledoors. 



(-SksO, n. (Mil.) A 
kind of broadax for- 
merly used as an offensive weapon. 

Bat'tle-dOOr' (b5t't'l-dor>), n. [OE. 
batyldour ; of uncertain origin.] An 
instrument used to strike a shuttlecock 
in play ; also, the play of battledoor and 
shuttlecock. 

Bat'tle-ment (-ment), n. [OE. batel- 
ment ; cf. OF. bataillement combat, 
also bateillier to fortify.] (Arch.) (a) 
One of the solid upright parts of a para- 
* A whole parapet, 




pet in ancient fortifications, 
consisting of alternate 
solid and open parts. 

Bat-tol'o-gy (bSt-t5l'- , 
o-Jy)> n - [Gr. /3<xttoAo- gp 
yia ; /SdVros a stammerer J 
-f- Aoyos speech.] Need- a 
less repetition of words. 

Bat'ton (baVton), n. . 
See Batten, and Baton. » 

II Bat'tue' (-tu/), n. 

[F., fr. battre to beat.] Battlements, from the walls of Avi- 
(rr?mfinn\ (n\ \ot nf Snon. A A Merlons ; B B Cre- 
(Muntmg) (a) Act ot nelles D D Machicolations, 
beating the woods, 

bushes, etc., for game. (6) The game itself, (c) Wanton 
slaughter of game. 

Bat'ty (bat'ty), a. Belonging to, or like, a bat. 

Bat'ule (bat'ul or ba-tobl'), n. A springboard in a cir- 
cus or gymnasium ; — called also batule board. 

Bauble (ba'b'l), n. [Cf. OF. baubel a child's play- 
thing, LL. baubellum jewel, L. babulus foolish.] A 
trifling piece of finery ; a gewgaw. 

([gg^ AfooPs bauble was a short stick with a head hav- 
ing an ass's ears fantastically carved upon it. 

Bau'de-kin (ba/de-kin), n. [OF. baudequin. See 
Baldachin.] A rich stuff used in garments in the Mid- 
dle Ages, with a gold web and silk woof. 

Bau'dric (ba/drik), n. A belt. See Baldric. 

Bauk, Baulk (bak), n. & v. See Balk. 

Baux'ite, Beaux'ite (bokslt), n. [F., fr. Baux or 
Beaux, near Aries.] (Min.) A hydrate of alumina, used 
as a source of aluminium, and for furnace linings. 

Baw'COCk (ba'kok), n. [Prob. fr. OF. baud bold, gay 
-f E. cock.] A 'fine fellow. [Obs.] 

Bawd (bad), n. [OE. baude, OF. bait, baud, bold, 
merry; of uncertain origin.] One (esp. a woman) who 
keeps a brothel, or procures women for prostitution. 

Bawd, v. i. To procure women for lewd purposes. 

Bawd'ry (bad'ry), n. 1. The practices of a bawd. 
2. Fornication." 3. Obscenity. [— Bawd'i-ness, n. I 

Bawd'y, a. Obscene ; unchaste. — Bawd'i-ly, adv. \ 

Bawd'y-hOUSe' (-hous'), n. A house of pi'ostitution. 

Bawl (bal), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Bawled (bald) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n". Bawling.] [Icel. baula to low.] To cry or 
proclaim vehemently, as in calling, or as a child in pain. 

Bawl, n. A loud, prolonged cry ; an outcry. 

Bawl'er (-er), n. One who bawls. 

Bay (ba), a. [F. bai, fr. L. badius brown, bay.] Red- 
dish brown ; chestnut-colored ; — applied to horses. 

Bay, n. [F. baie, fr. LL. baia ; of uncertain origin.] 
1. (Geog.) An inlet of the sea, usually like, but smaller 
than, a gulf. 2. A recess or indentation shaped like or 
resembling a bay. 3. (Arch.) A structural compartment 
or division of a building, or of any main part of it. 4. A 
compartment in a barn, for storing hay, etc. 5. A bank 
or dam to keep back water. 

Sick bay, in vessels of war, the space used as a hospital. 

Bay, v. t. To dam, as water ; — with up or back. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HAY 



78 



BEAR 



V 

» 



Bay 1 3 . fr. L. baco. bacca, small 

laurel tree. 2. pi. An hon- 
ii. anciently of branches of laurel. 

Bay. (bid) ; p. pr. & rb. n. 

ibaier, to banc; of onoer- 
1 o lurk with a deep voice, as a hound pur- 
ging to bay. 

Bay. ■ '• To bark at; to follow with barking ; to| 

Bay. -■■ 1- IVep-toned. prolonged barking. 2. [Prop., 
mity to which the stag is reduced when sur- 
by t be dogs, barking.] A state of being obliged 
"antagonist or a difficulty. 

Ba ya-dere' \bli ya-der'). n. [F., deriv. of Pg. bailor 
A female dancer in the East Indies. 

Bay ard (ba'erd). i). [OF. bayard bay horse ; boi bay 
Properlv. a bay horse, but often any horse. 

BayT>er-ry ^ba'ber-ry). 7i. (BoL) (a) The fruit of 
the bay tree. (6) A tree of the West Indies (Myrcia acris) 
related to the myrtle, (c) The fruit of the wax myrtle ; 
also, the shrub itself; the candleberry tree. 

Bay'O-net (ba'o-net), n. [So called, it is said, because 
the first bayonets were r 
niadeatBayonne.] (Mil.) r-rr/f „ _ 

A pointed instrument fit- l * B *- 1 Common Bayonet, 
ting on the muzzle of a musket or rifle. 

Bay'o-net. r. /. [<m«>. & p. p. Bayoneted ; p. pr. & 
lb. it. Bayoneting.] To stab or force with a bayonet. 

Bay 'OU (bi'ob), n. [F. boyau gut.] An inlet, as from 
a gulf, a lake, or a large river. [Southern U. S.~\ 

Bay' mill' (ba' rum'). A fragrant liquid, used me- 
dicinally and as a cosmetic ; — prob. orig. prepared by dis- 
tillation from the leaves of the bayberry tree (Myrcia 
acris), now officinally compounded of essential oils, 
alcohol, and water. 

Bay' salt' (ba' salt'). Salt obtained from sea water, 
by evaporation in shallow basins. 
* Bay' tree 7 (tre')- A species of laurel (Laurus nobilis). 

Bay win'dow (wTn'do). (Arch.) A window forming 
a bay or recess in a room, and projecting outward. 

Bazaar' ) (ba-zar'), n. [Per. bazar market.] 1. In 

Bazar' ) the East, an exchange, or marketplace. 
2. A hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods. 3. A 
fair, commonly one for a charitable object. 

Bdellium (del'yuni), n. [L., fr. Gr. /SSe'AAiov ; cf. 
Heb. Vdolakh bdellium (in sense 1).] 1. An unidenti- 
fied substance mentioned in the Bible. 2. A reddish 
brown gum resin, brought from India, Persia, and Africa. 

Be (be), r. i. [imp. Was (woz) ; p. p. Been (bin) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Being.] [AS. beon to be, beom I am ; akin 
to G. bin I am, L. fu-i I have been, Gr. <f>waL to be born, 
to be, Skr. bhu to be. This verb is defective, and the 
parts lacking are supplied by verbs from other roots, is, 
teas, which have no radical connection with 6e.] 1. To 
exist actually, or in the world of fact. 2. To exist in a 
certain manner or relation, — whether as a reality or as 
a product of thought ; to exist as the subject of a certain 
predicate. 3. To include or to involve a (particular) re- 
sult, effect, etc. ; to cause something (referred to). 

1^7* The verb be (including the forms is, was, etc.) is 
used in forming the passive voice of other verbs. The 
present and imperfect tenses form, with the infinitive, a 
particular future tense, which expresses necessity, duty, 
or purpose ; as, he is to see the king. 

To let be, to omit, or leave untouched ; to let alone. 

Be-. [AS. be-, orig. same as bl by ; akin to OS. be 
and bi, G. be, bei. Cf. By.] A prefix, originally the 
same word as by. Joined with verbs, it serves : (a) To 
intensify the meaning ; as, bespatter, iestir. (b) To ren- 
der an intransitive verb transitive ; as, ftefall (to fall 
upon) ; fcespeak (to speak for), (c) To make the action 
of a verb particular or definite ; as, fceget (to get as off- 
spring) ; beset (to set around). 

It is joined with certain substantives, and a few adjec- 

form verbs ; as, bedew, befriend, benight, 6<?sot ; 

Mate (to make late) ; belittle (to make little). It also 

n certain nouns, adverbs, and prepositions, often 

with something of the force of the preposition by, or 

■-. belief, ^half, before, because, etc. In some 

word* the force of be- has become obscured or lost. 

Beach <h<-.< ■), ), -„. ,• Jt i. Beaches (-Sz). [Cf. Sw. backe 
hill, Dan. baJcke, IceL bakki hill, bank.] 1. Pebbles, col- 
agle. 2. A shore washed by the waves ; 
-ly shore; strand. 

Beach flea (Zpol. . any one of many species of amphipod 
(- leaping like fleas. 

Beach. -' . t. .v t. [ ,,„;,. <t p. p. Beached (becht) ; p. pr. 
To drive upon a beach ; to strand. 

Bea con Wn), n. [AS. bedeen, becen ; of unknown 
origin.] 1. A hignal fire to notify of the approach of an 



enemy. 2. (Navt.) A signal mark erected nearthe shore, 
or moored in shoal water, as a guide to mariners. 

Beacon (be'k'n), v. /. [imp. & p. p. Beaconed 
(-k'nd)j /). pr. Si vb. n. Beaconing.] 1. To light up; 
to illumine. 2. To furnish with a beacon or beacons. 

Bea'con-age (,-aj), n. Money paid for the maintenance 
of a beacon ; also, beacons, collectively. 

Bead (bed), n. [OE. bede prayer, prayer bead, AS. 
bed, gebed, prayer ; akin to biddan to ask, bid, G. bitten 
to ask.] 1. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a 
thread, — variously used, as for ornament, in a rosary for 
counting prayers, etc. 2. Any small globular body. 3. 
(Arch.) A small molding of rounded surface. 

Bead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Beading.] To ornament with beads or beading. 

Bead, v. i. To form beadlike bubbles. 

Bead'house . Bede'house' (bed'hous'), n. An alms- 
house for poor people who pray daily for their benefactors. 

Bead'ing. n. (Arch.) Molding in imitation of beads. 

Bea'dle (be'd'l), n. [OF. bedel, fr. OHG. butil, fr. 
biotan, G. bieten, to bid, confused with AS. bydel. See 
Bid, ?'.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court. 2. An of- 
ficer in a university, who precedes processions. [Eng.~\ 
3. An inferior parish officer in the Church of England. 

Bea'dle-ship, n. Office or personality of a beadle. 

Bead' proof (bed' proof). 1. Among distillers, a 
certain degree of strength in alcoholic liquor, as formerly 
ascertained by the floating or sinking of glass globules. 
2. A degree of strength in alcoholic liquor as shown by 
beads or small bubbles when shaken. 

Bead'roll' (-rol'), n. (R. C. Ch.) A catalogue of per- 
sons, for the rest of whose souls prayers are to be counted 
off on the beads of a chaplet ; hence, any catalogue. 

Beads'man. Bedes'man (bedz'man), n. A poor man 
supported in a beadhouse. 

Bead'y (bed'jf), a. 1. Resembling beads. 2. Covered, 
characterized by, or ornamented with, or as with, beads. 

Bea'gle (be'g'l), n. [OE. begele; origin uncertain.] 
1. A small kind of hound, used in hunting hares and 
other small game. 2. Fig., a spy ; a constable. 

Beak (bek), n. [OE. bek, F. bee, fr. Celtic] 1. 
(Zool.) The bill or nib of a bird ; also, the bill or mouth 
of some other animals. 2. Anything resembling the bill 
of a bird in form or use. [or process. I 

Beaked (bekt), a. Having a beak or a beaklike point | 

Beak'er (bek'er), n. [OE. biker; akin to G. becher ; 
fr. LL. bicarium, of uncertain origin.] 1. A large 
drinking cup, with a wide mouth, supported on a foot or 
standard. 2. A kind of open-mouthed glass vessel. 

Beam (bem), n. [AS. beam beam, post, tree, ray of 
light ; akin to G. baum tree.] 1. Any large piece of tim- 
ber or iron long in proportion to its thickness, and pre- 
pared for use. 2. One of the principal horizontal timbers 
of a building or ship. 3. The width of a vessel. 4. The 
bar of a balance. 5. The principal stem or horn of an 
antler. 6. A cylinder of wood in a loom, on which the 
warp is wound ; also, the cylinder on which the cloth is 
rolled. 7. The straight part or shank of an anchor. 8. 
The main part of a plow. 9. (Steam Engine) A heavy 
iron lever oscillating on a central axis, and connected at 
one end with the piston rod, and at the other with the 
crank of the wheel shaft. 10. A ray or collection of par- 
allel rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body. 

Beam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beamed (bemd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Beaming.] To send forth ; to emit. 

Beam, V. i. To emit beams of light. 

Beam'y (-y), a. 1. Emitting beams of light ; radiant ; 
shining. 2. Resembling a beam ; massive. 

Bean (ben), n. [OE. bene, AS. bean ; akin to D. boon, 
G. bohne.] 1. (Bot.) The seed of certain leguminous 
herbs ; also, any one of the herbs. 2. Pop., any one of 
other vegetable seeds or fruits, resembling true beans. 

Bear (bSr), v. t. [imp. Bore (bor) (formerly Bare 
(bar) ) ; p. p. Born (born), Borne (born) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Bearing.] [OE. beren, AS. beran, beoran, to bear, 
carry, produce ; akin to G. gebaren, L. ferre to bear. Gr. 
<J>e'peu/.] 1. To support or sustain ; to hold up. 2. To 
support and remove ; to convey. 3. To possess and use ; 
to exercise. 4. To have (written or inscribed) on itself. 
5. To possess or carry ; to wear. 6. To carry in the 
mind. 7. To endure ; to tolerate ; to suffer. 8. To carry 
the blame or responsibility of. 9. To render or give. 
10. To carry on, or maintain. 11. To admit or be ca- 
pable of without perversion. 12. To manage, wield, or 
direct. 13. To afford ; to supply with. 14. To bring 
forth or produce ; to yield. 15. To press, crowd, or force 
in some direction. 

E^^ In the passive form of this verb, the best modern 



a, e, I, o, u, long ■ a, 6, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 






BEAR 



79 



BEAVER 




usage restricts the past participle born to the sense of 
brought forth, while borne is used in the other senses. In 
the active, borne alone is used as the past participle. 

Bear (bar), v. i. 1. To be fruitful or productive. 
2. To sustain burdens. 3. To endure anything with pa- 
tience. 4. To press. 5. To have influence or force or 
effect. 6. To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect. 

7. To be relatively situated, as to the point of compass. 

8. To carry or move one's self ; to move ; to go. 

Bear (bar), n. [OE. bere, AS. bera ; akin to G. bar.} 

1. (Zool.) Any species 
of the genus Ursus, and 
of the closely allied 
genera. Bears walk 
on the soles of their "% 
feet. They are carniv- .. 
orous, but live largely jfaM- , •' > 
on fruit and insects. j_ 
Some animals which 50 
resemble the true bear 
in form or habit are 
also called bears. 2. „ . ■ D _ 1 „^ ; „„ 
(Astron.) One of two Bear of Palestine, 
constellations in the northern hemisphere, called re- 
spectively the Great Bear and the Lesser Bear, or Ursa 
Major and Ursa Minor. 3. Fig. : (a) A brutal, coarse, 
or morose person, (b) (Slock Exchange) One who sells 
for future delivery in expectation of a fall in prices. 

Bear garden, (a) A place where bears are kept for diver- 
sion, (b) Any place of riotous conduct. 

Bear, v. t. {Stock Exchange) To endeavor to depress 
the price of (a stock) or the prices in (the market). 

Bear'a-ble (baT'a-b'l), a. Capable of being borne. 

Beard (berd), n. [OE. berd, AS. beard; akin to G-. 
bart, L. barba.} 1. The hair that usually grows on the 
human face, chiefly of male adults. 2. (Zool. & Bot.) 
Any growth likened to the human beard. 3. A barb of 
an arrow. » 

Beard, v. t. [imp. &p. p* Bearded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Bearding.] 1. To seize, pluck, or pull the beard of. 

2. To set at defiance. 

Beard'ed, a. Having a beard. [ture. I 

Beardless, a. Being without a beard ; hence, imma-| 

Bear'er (ba*r'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bears, 

sustains, or carries. 2. Specif. : (a) A pallbearer, (b) A 

plant yielding fruit, (c) {Com.) One who holds a check, 

note, draft, or other order for the payment of money. 

Bearing (ba"r'Tng), n. 1. The manner in which one 
bears or conducts one's self; mien; behavior; carriage. 
2. The situation of one object, with respect to another ; 
hence, relation ; connection. 3. Purport ; meaning ; as- 
pect. 4. The act of producing, or giving birth. 5. That 
part of anything, as of a journal, or of a member of a 
building, which rests upon its supports ; also, the portion 
of a support on which anything rests. 6. (Arch.) Im- 
properly, the unsupported span of a beam, rafter, etc. 
7. (Her.) Any single emblem or charge. 8. (Naut.) pi. 

(a) The widest part of a vessel below the plank-sheer. 

(b) Line of flotation of a vessel when properly trimmed. 
Syn. — Deportment ; gesture ; manner ; demeanor ; 

port ; conduct ; direction ; relation ; tendency ; influence. 

Bearing rein' (ran'). A rein looped over the check 
hook or hames to keep the horse's head up. [surly. I 

Bearish, a. Partaking of the qualities of a bear ; rude ; | 

Bear'S'-breecb/ (barz'brecb/), n. (Bot.) (a) See Acan- 
thus, n., 1. (b) The English cow parsnip. 

Bear's'-ear' (-eV), n. (Bot.) A kind of primrose. 

Bear' s'-f OOt' (-foot'), n. (Bot.) A kind of hellebore. 

Beast (best), n. [OE. best, OF. besle, fr. L. bestia.} 
1. Any animal. I0bs.~\ 2. Any four-footed animal, 
that may be used for labor, food, or sport. 3. As op- 
posed to man, any irrational animal. 4. Fig., a coarse 
or degraded man. 

Syn.— Brute. — Human beings are called beasts as being 
mere animals governed by animal appetite ; and brutes as 
being destitute of reason or moral feeling, and governed 
by unrestrained passion ; — hence beastly appetites and 
brutal manners ; beastly indulgence and brutal ferocity. 

Boastings (-Tngz), n.pl. See Bibs-tings. 

Beastly (best'ly), a. Of or pertaining to the form, 
nature, or habits of, a beast. — Beastli-ness, n. 

Syn.— Bestial ; brutish; irrational ; sensual ; degrading. 

Beat (bet), v. t. [imp. Beats p. p. Beat, Beaten 
(bef'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beating.] [OE. beaten, bet en, 
AS.bedtan.} 1. To strike repeatedly ; to pound. 2. To 
punish by blows. 3. To strike, as bushes, in order to 
rouse game ; to rouse, as game, by striking the bushes ; 
hence, to range over in hunting. 4. To form by beat- 
ing, treading, etc. 5. To overcome in a battle or con- 



test ; to surpass. 6. To cheat; to swindle. [Colloq.} 
7- (Mil.) To give the signal for, by blows on a drum. 

Syn. — To strike ; pound ; bang ; buffet ; maul ; drub : 
thump ; baste ; thwack ; thrash ; pommel ; cudgel ; bela- 
bor ; conquer ; defeat ; vanquish ; overcome. 

Beat (bet), v. i. 1. To strike repeated blows ; also used 
fig. 2. To move with pulsation or throbbing. 3. (Naut.) 
To make progress against the wind by repeated tacks. 4. 
To signal by repeated blows on a drum. 6. To give forth 
the sound of repeated blows, or of throbs or vibrations. 

Beat, n. 1. A stroke ; a blow. 2. A recurring 
stroke; a throb; a pulsation. 3. (Mus.) (a) The rise 
or fall of the hand or foot, marking the divisions of time ; 
also, one of the divisions of the measure so marked, (b) 
A transient grace note, struck immediately before the 
one it is intended to ornament. 4. (Acoustics & Mus.) 
A sudden swelling or reinforcement of a sound, recur- 
ring at regular intervals, and produced by the interfer- 
ence of sound waves. 5. A round or course frequently 
traversed. 6. An habitual cheat or swindler. [Colloq.} 

Beat, a. Weary ; tired ; fatigued ; exhausted. [Colloq.] 

Beat'en (bet"n ; 95), a. 1. Made smooth by beating 
or treading. 2. Vanquished; baffled; exhausted. 

Beat'er (bet'er), n. One who, or that which, beats. 

Be a-tiflc (be'a-tif'Tk), ) a. Causing blissful emotion ; 

Be a-tiflc-al (-i-kal), J blissful. 

Beat ih-calion (be-aVT-fT-ka'shun), n. Act of be- 
atifying, or state of being beatified. 

Be-atl-fy (be-St'T-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beatified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beatifying.] [L. beatificare ; 
beatus happy (fr. beare to bless, akin to bonus good) -f- 
facere to make.] 1. To make happy or blessed; to 
pronounce happy, or supremely blessed. 2. (R. C. Ch.) 
To ascertain, and declare by a public decree, that a 
deceased person is one of " the blessed," and is to be 
reverenced as such, though not yet canonized. 

Beatitude (be-aVi-tud), n. 1. Felicity of the high- 
est kind ; bliss. 2. Any one of the nine declarations 
beginning with the word blessed (called the Beatitudes), 
made in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v. 3-12). 
3. (R. C. Ch.) Beatification. 

Beau (bo), n. ; pi. F. Beaux (E. pron. boz), E. Beaus 
(boz). [F., fr. beau beautiful, L. bellus pretty, dim. of 
bonus good.] 1. A man of fashion ; a dandy. 2. A 
man attentive to ladies ; an escort ; a lover. 

Beau' i-de'al (bo' i-de'al). [F. beau beautiful -f- 
ideal an ideal.] A conception of consummate beauty. 

Beaulsh (bo'Tsh), a. Like a beau ; foppish ; fine. 

II Beau' monde' (bo' moNd'). [F. beau fine -j- monde 
world.] The fashionable world ; people of fashion. 

Beaule-OUS (bu'te-us), a, Beautiful. [Mostly po- 
etic} — Beau'te-ous-ly, adv. — Beaule-ous-ness, n. 

Beau'ti-fi'er (-tl-fl'er), n. One that beautifies. 

Beauli-ful (bu'tT-ful), a. Having the qualities which 
constitute beauty ; pleasing to the sight or the mind. — 
Beau'ti-ful-ly, adv. — Beauli-ful ness, n. 

Syn. — Handsome ; elegant; lovely; fair; charming; 
graceful; pretty; delightful. See Fine. 

Beauli-f y (bu'ti-f 1), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Beauti- 
fied (-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beautifying.] [Beauty -f- 
-fy.} To make, render, or become beautiful ; to adorn ; 
to embellish. 

Syn. — To adorn ; grace ; ornament ; deck ; decorate. 

Beauly (bu'ty), n. [OE. beaute, OF. beaute, fr. L. 
bellies pretty.] 1. An assemblage of graces or properties 
pleasing to the sight, or any of the senses of the mind. 
2. A particular grace, comely feature, ornament, or ex- 
cellence. 3. A beautiful person ; esp. , a beautiful woman. 

Beauty spot, a patch or spot placed on the face with 
intent to heighten beauty by contrast. 

Beaux (boz), n., pi. of Beau. 

Bea'ver (be'ver), n. [OE. bever, AS. beofer, befer ; 
akin to G. 
biber, Skr. 
b ab h r u s 
large ich- 
n e u m o n; 
also 

adj., brown 
the animal 
being prob 



ing palmated hind feet, and a broad, flat tail. It is re- 
markable for its ingenuity in constructing its lodges or 




H 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BEAVEB 



80 



BEEFEATER 







,'' and dtmF I - 2. The fur of the 

baa^r ■ -miu ■!•!> luuilo of betrar 1 ! fur, but 

1. A heavy felted woolen cloth. 
[F. bavicre, fr. 6a«e slaver, driv- 
el -i j; , see of armor which protected the 
. jointed either to 
to the breastplate. 

EMmO, '•• «• 1- To 
or quiet. 2. To stop the 
Of, bv .i calm. 

1 J.c-kamM, ""/'• of Become. 

Because' (bt-kftr), co»j- LOK. 

bfeamse : by + cause.] 1. By or for 

ion tiiat ; on this account that; 

for the reason that. 2. In order that; 

that. [Oat.] 

>\ n. For; since: as: inasmuch as. — Because (by cause) 
is the strongest and most emphatic. For is 'not quite so 
strong. Since is less formal and more incidental than 
It more commonly begins a sentence. As is 
still more incidental than since, and points to some ex- 
ist inp fact by way of assigning a reason. Inasmuch as 
seems to carry with it a kind of qualification or condition 
which does not belong to the rest. 
Be-chance' (,-chans'). v. t. & i. To befall ; to happen to. 
Be charm' (be-charm'), v. t. To charm ; to captivate. 
Beck (bgk), n. [AS. becc] A small brook. 
Beck, v. i. & t. Contr. of Beckon. [Archaic'] 
Beck. n. A significant motion of the head or hand. 
Beck'et (bSk'gt), n. [Cf. D. bek beak, and E. beak.] 
(Xaut.) A small grommet, or a ring, loop, or pocket for 
holding things in position. 

Beck'on (bgk'k'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Beckoned 
(k'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beckoning.] [OE. bekenen, 
AS. bedcnian, fr. beacen a sign. See Beacon.] To make 
a sign or signal to another by a motion, as of the hand. 
Beck'on, v. t. To signal to ; to summon by a motion. 
Beck'on, n. A sign made without words ; a beck. 
Becloud' (be-kloud'), v. I. To cloud ; to obscure. 
Be-come' (be-kum'), r . i. [imp. Became (-kam') ; 
p. p. Become ; p.pr. & vb. n. Becoming.] [OE. becumen, 
AS. becuman to come to, to happen ; akin to G. bekom- 
vien to get, suit. See Be- ; Come.] To pass from one state 
to another ; to enter into some new state or condition. 
To become of, to be the fate of ; to be the end of. 
Be-come', V. (. To be suitable to ; to suit or befit. 
Be-com'ing, a. Appropriate or fit ; congruous ; suit- 
able ; befitting. — Be-com'ing-ly, adv. 
Syn . — Seemly ; comely; decorous; decent; proper. 
Bed (he'd), n. [AS. bed, bedd ; akin to G. bed.] 1. An 
article of furniture to sleep or take rest in or on ; a couch. 
Specifically, a sack or mattress, filled with soft material, 
in distinction from the bedstead. 2. Marriage. 3. A 
plat of ground in a garden. 4. The bottom of a water- 
course. 5. (Geo!.) A layer or seam, or a horizontal 
stratum between layers. 6. Anything resembling a bed ; 
that upon which, or the place in which, anything rests. 

To be brought to bed, to be delivered of a child. — Divorce 
from bed and board (Lair), partial divorce separating man 
and wife, without dissolving the bonds of matrimony. 

Bed, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Bedding.] 1. To place in, furnish with, or make in the 
form of, a bed, in any sense. 2. To supply with a bed. 
Bed, v. i. To go to bed ; to cohabit. 
Be-dab'ble (be-dSb'b'l), v. t. To dabble, [spatter. I 
Bedash' (-dXsli'), v. t. To dash with liquid ; to be- 1 
Be-daub' (be-dal/), v. t. To daub over ; to besmear. 
Be-daz'zle (be-daz'z'l), v. t. To dazzle. 
BedTrag' (bgd'bug'), n. (Zo'dl.) A wingless, blood- 

t, infesting houses and especially beds. 
Bed'chamber (-cham'ber), n. A chamber for a bed. 
Bed'clothes' (-klothz' or -kloz'), n. pi. Blankets, 

coverlets, etc., for a bed. 
Bed'dlng (-ding), n. Materials for a bed, whether 
for man or beast ; bedclothes ; litter. 
Bede (bed), n. (Mining) A kind of pickax. 
Bedeck' fb*-deV), v. t. To deck or adorn. 
Be-dev'il (-dftVl), v. t. To throw into utter confusion, 

he agency of evil spirits ; to vex diabolically. 
Be dew' Mu' ), v. t. To moisten with, or as with, dew. 
Bed'fellow (WSd'fgl'lS), n. One who lies with an- 
other In the same bed. 

Be-dight' (bfrdiP), v. t. [p. p. Bedight, Bedighted.] 
1 » bedeck ; to array or equip ; to adorn. [Archaic] 
» "iT™' lht -' Vun 'i- < •• t. To make dim ; to obscure. 
Be-dlz'en (bfcdYz'z'n or b&di'z'n), v. t. To dress or 
adorn tawdrily or with false taste. 
Be-dlz'en-ment (-ment), o. That which bedizens ; the 
dressing, or the state of being dressed, tawdrily. 



Bedlam (bSdlam), n. [See Bethlehem.] 1. A place 
for the restraint and care of the insane; a madhouse. 
2. Any place of uproar and confusion. 

Bed'lam-lte (-it), n. A madman. 

Bed'ou-ln (b6d'o6-en or bSd'o6-in), n. [Ar. bedawl 
living in the desert, fr. badw desert, fr. bada to lead a 
nomadic life.] One of the nomadic Arabs who live in 
tents, in Arabia, Syria, and northern Africa. 

Bed'pan' (-p$n'), «• 1. A pan for warming beds. 
2. A shallow chamber vessel adapted for use in bed. 

Bed'piece' (-pes'), )». (Mach.) The foundation fram- 

Bed'plate (-plat'), ) ing or piece ; the bed. 

Be-drabTrie (be-drah'b'l), v. t. To drabble. 

Be-drag'gle (be-dr5g'g'l), v. t. To draggle ; to soil, 
as garments which drag in dust, mud, etc. 

Be-drench' (-drench'), v. t. To drench ; to saturate. 

Bed'rid' (b6d'rid'), ) a. [AS. bedreda, bedrida ; 

Bed'rid'den (-rid'd'n), J bed, bedd, bed + ridda 
rider.] Confined to the bed by sickness or infirmity. 

Bed' rock' (r5k'). (Mining) The solid rock under- 
lying superficial formations. 

Bed'room (-room), n. A room for a bed. 

Be-drug' (be-drug'), v. t. To drug excessively. 

Bed'side (bed'sid'), n. The side of a bed. 

Bed'sore' (-sor'), n. (Med.) A sore on the back or 
hips caused by lying for a long time in bed. 

Bed'Stead (bgd'stSd), n. A framework for support- 
ing a bed. 

Bed'straw' (-stra'), n. (Bot.) A genus of slender 
herbs, with square stems, and whorled leaves. 

Bed'tick' (-t?k'), n. A tick or bag made of cloth, used 
for inclosing the materials of a bed, as feathers, hair, etc. 

Bed'tlme' (-tim'), n. The time to go to bed. 

Be-duck' (be-duk'), v. t. To duck ; to immerse. 

Bed'uln (bed'win), n. See Bedouin. [defile. I 

Be-dung' (be-dung'), v. t. To cover with dung; to| 

Be-dust' (be-diist'), v. t. To soil or cover with dust. 

Be-dwarf' (be-dwarf'), v. t. To dwarf ; to stunt. 

Be-dye' (be-dl'), v" t. To dye or stain. 

Bee (be), n. [AS. bed; akin to D. bij, G. biene.] 1. 
(Zo'dl.) A common hymenopterous insect of many gen- 
era and species, including the honeybees and the sol- 
itary bees. 2. A neighborly gathering of people who 
unite to labor for the benefit of an individual or family. 
[ U. S.] 3. pi. (Naut.) Pieces of wood bolted to the bow- 
sprit, through which the fore-topmast stays are reeved. 

Bee'bread' (be'brgd'), n. A brown, bitter substance 
made chiefly from the pollen of flowers, 
collected by bees as food for their 
young. 

Beech (bech), n. [AS. bece; akin 
to L. fagus, Gr. <£i)yo? oak, fyayelv to 
eat, Skr. bhaksh ; the tree being named 
originally from the esculent fruit.] 
(Bot.) A large tree, having a smooth 
bark and thick f oliage, and bearing an 
edible triangular nut. 

Beech'en (bech"n), a. Of, or per- 
taining to, the beech ; made of tho 
wood or bark of the beech. 

Beech'nut/ (-nut'), n. The nut of 
the beech tree. [beeches. I 

Beech'y (-y), a. Of or relating to| 

Bee'-eat'er (be'et'er), n. (Zo'dl.) 
A bird that feeds on bees. 

Beef (bef), n. [OF. boef, buef, L. 
bos, bovis, ox ; akin to Gr. /3ov?, Skr. 
go cow, and E. cow.] 1. An animal of 
the genus Bos, esp. the common species 
including the bull, cow, and ox, in their 
full grown state ; esp. , an ox or cow fattened for food. 
[In this sense, 
the word has a 
plural, beeves 
(bevz).] 2. The 
flesh of an ox, or 
cow, or of any 
adult bovine ani- 
mal,wbenslaugh- 
tered for food. 

Beef (bef), a. 
Of, pertaining 
to, or resembling, 
beef. Diagram showing how butchers in some 

Beef ' eat ' er places divide a beef creature : ] Xcck ; 
C-et'er) n [Jippf 2 Shaking piece ; 3 Chine ; 4 Ribs ; 5 
Center r, ro h Clod I <> « ris ket ; 7 Flank ; 8 Loin, Sir- 
-h eater, prob. loin . 9 R . ]n Round; 11 Leg; 12 

one who eats an- Foot ; ]?, Udder ; 14 Shin ; 15 Cheek. 




Beech Twig, — 
Leaf and Bur. 
Beechnut, entire 
and in section. 




>>, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



BEEFSTEAK 



81 



BEHEMOTH 




Carpet Beetle, a Adult; 
6 Pupa ; c Larva x 3. 



other's beef as his servant.] 1. One who eats beef ; 
hence, a large, fleshy person. 2. A yeoman of the guard, 
in England. 3. (Zo'dl.) An African bird which feeds on 
larvae hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, etc. 

Beefsteak' (bef'stak')* n. A steak of beef. 

Beefy, a. Having much beef ; like beef ; fleshy. 

Bee'hive' (be'hiv'), n. A hive for a swarm of bees. 

Bee' line 7 (be' lin'). The shortest line from one place 
to another, like that of a bee returning to its hive. 

Be-el'ze-DUD (be-el'ze-bub), n. A heathen deity to 
whom the Jews ascribed the sovereignty of the evil 
spirits ; hence, the Devil or a devil. 

Been (bin). The past participle of Be. 

Beer (ber), n. [AS. beor ; akin to D. & G. bier.~\ 1. 
A fermented liquor made from any malted grain, with 
hops or some other bitter. 2. A fermented extract of 
parts of various plants, as spruce, ginger, sassafras, etc. 

Beer'y (-y), a. Of or resembling beer ; affected by beer. 

Bees'wax' (bez'waks'), »• The wax secreted by bees. 

Bees'wing' (-wing'), ». The second crust formed in 
port and some other wines after long keeping. 

Beet (bet), n. [AS. bete, fr. L. beta.'] (Bot.) A bien- 
nial plant producing a root much used for food, and also 
for making sugar ; also, the root itself. 

Bee / tle (be't'l), n. [OE. betel, AS. bitl, bptl, mallet, 
fr. beatan to beat.] 1. A heavy mallet. 2. A machine 
in which fabrics are subjected to a hammering process. 

Bee'tle (be't'l), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Beetled (-t'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Beetling.] To beat with a beetle. 

Bee'tle, n. [OE. bityl, AS. bitel, fr. bitan to bite.] 
Any insect of the order Cole- 
optera, having four wings, the 
outer pair being stiff cases for 
covering the others when they 
are folded up. 

Bee'tle, v. i. [See Beetle- 
browed.] To extend out ; to jut. 

Bee'tle-browed' (-broud't 
a. [OE. bitelbroived ; cf. OE. 
bitel, adj., sharp, projecting, n., 
a beetle. See 3d Beetle.] Having prominent brows ; 
hence, lowering. 

Bee'tle-head' (-hed'), n. [1st beetle -f- head.] A stu- 
pid fellow ; a blockhead. — Bee'tle-head ed (-hgd'ed), a. 

Beeve (bev), n. [Formed from beeves, pi. of beef.] 
A beef ; a beef creature. 

Be-fall' (be-fal'), v. t. & i. [imp. Befell (-fel') ; p. p. 
Befallen (-f al' v n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befalling.] To hap- 
pen, or to happen to ; to come to pass. 

Be-fit' (be-f if ), v. t. To be suitable to ; to become. 

Be-fOg' (be-f5g'), v. I. 1. To involve in a fog; — 
mostly as a part, or part. adj. 2. Hence, to mystify. 

Be-fool' (be-fobl'), v. t. To fool ; to make foolish. 

Be-fore' (be-for'), prep. [AS. beforan. See Be-, and 
Foee.] 1. In front of ; preceding in space. 2. Pre- 
ceding in time. 3. Preceding in dignity, order, rank, 
right, or worth. 4. In presence or sight of; facing. 
6. Under the cognizance or jurisdiction of. 

Be-fore', adv. 1. On the fore part ; in or towards the 
front. 2. In advance. 3. Previously ; already. 

Be-fore'hand' (be-for'hand'), adv. 1. In a state of 
anticipation. 2. By way of preparation ; previously. 

Be-fore'hand'. a. Being in advance of present needs 
as to property ; forehanded. 

Be-fore'ttme' (-tim'), adv. Formerly ; aforetime. 

Be-f0Ul' (be-foul'), v. t. To make foul ; to soil. 

Befriend'' (be-frend'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befrtend- 
ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befriending.] To act as a friend to ; 
to favor ; to aid, benefit, or countenance. 

Befringe' (be-frinj'), v. t. To furnish with a fringe. 

Be-fnd'dle (be-fud'd'l), v. t. To confuse, as with liquor. 

Beg (beg or ba), n. See Bey. 

Beg (beg), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Begged (begd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Begging.] [OE. beggen, perh. fr. AS. bedecian 
(akin to Goth, bidagwa beggar), biddan to ask.] 1. To 
ask earnestly for ; to entreat or supplicate for. 2. To 
ask for as a charity. 3. To make petition to ; to entreat. 
4. To take for granted ; to assume without proof. 

Syn. — To ask ; request ; solicit ; implore ; beseech. — 
To ask (not in the sense of inquiring) is the generic term. 
To request is a polite mode of asking. To beg is to ask 
with earnestness, and implied submission, or at least def- 
erence ; but now, beg is also much used instead of both 
ask and request, as expressing more deference and respect. 

Beg, v. i. To ask alms ; to practice begging. 

Be-gem' (be-jem'), v. t. To adorn with gems. 

Be-gef (be-geV), v. t. [imp. Begot (-got'), (Archaic) 
Begat (-gat') ; p. p. Begot, Begotten (-got't'n) ; p. pr. 



& vb. n. Begetting.] [AS. begitan. See Be-, and Get.] 
To procreate, as a father or sire ; to generate ; to produce. 

Be-get'ter (be-ggt'ter), n. One who begets ; a father. 

Beg'gar (bgg'ger), n. [OE. beggere, fr. beg.) 1. One 
who begs ; a petitioner. 2. One who lives by begging. 

Beggar's lice (Bot.), the prickly, clinging seed of certain 
plants. —Beggar's ticks ( hot.), the bur marigold and its 
achenes, which are armed with barbed awns. 

Beg'gar, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Beggared (-gerd) ; p.pr. 
&yb. n. Beggaring.] To reduce to beggary; to impov- 
erish ; to exhaust the resources of. 

Beg'gar-ly (-ly), a. Being in the condition of a beg- 
gar ; appropriate to a beggar ; indigent ; mean ; poor ; 
contemptible. — adv. In a beggarly manner. 

Beg'gar-y (bgg'ger-y), n. Act of begging ; state of 
being beggarly ; mendicancy ; indigence. 

Be-ghard' I (be-gard'), n. [F. begard, beguard ; prob. 

Be-gnard' I from the root of E. beguine -\- -ard or 
-hard.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of an association of religious 
laymen living in imitation of the Beguines ; a beguin. 

Be-gild' (be-gild'), r. t. To gild. 

Be-giJf (be-gtn'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Began (be-g5n') t 
Begun (be-gun') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beginning (-ning).] 
[AS. begimian, pref. be- -f- an assumed ginnan. See Gin, 
to begin.] 1. To have or commence an independent or 
first existence ; to take rise. 2. To do the first act ; to 
commence ; to start. 

Be-gin', V. t. 1. To enter on ; to commence. 2. To 
trace or lay the foundation of ; to make a beginning of. 

Be-gin 'ner, n. One who begins; specif., a tyro. 

Be-gin'ning, n. 1. Act that begins anything ; com- 
mencement ; start. 2. That which begins or originates 
something ; that which is effected by beginning ; the 
rise ; origin ; source. 

Syn. —Inception; opening; threshold; outset. 

Be-gird' (be-gerd'), v. t. To bind with, or as with, a 
girdle ; to gird ; to encompass. 

Be-gnaw' (be-na'), v. t. To gnaw ; to con-ode. 

Begone' (be-gon'; 115), interj. Be (you) gone; go 
away; depart. 

Be-gO'nl-a (be-go'nT-a), n. [From Michel Begon, a 
promoter of botany.] (Bot.) A genus of plants much 
cultivated for their curious and showy foliage. 

Be-gOf (be-gof), imp. & p. p. of Beget. 

Be-gOt'ten (be-got't'n), p. p. of Beget. 

Be-grease' (be-grez' or be-gres'), v. t. To grease. 

Be-grime 7 (be-grim'), v. t. To soil with grime. 

Be-grndge' (be-gruj'), v. t. To grudge. 

Beguile' (be-gfl'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beguiled 
(-gild'); p. pr. & vb. n. Beguiling.] 1. To delude by 
guile, artifice, or craft ; to delude. 2. To cause the time 
of to pass without notice ; to while away ; to divert. 

Syn. — To deceive ; cheat ; mislead ; amuse ; entertain. 

Be-guile'ment (-rnent), n. Act of beguiling. 

Be-gUil'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, beguiles. 

Be-guil'ing, a. Alluring by guile ; that beguiles. 

!!Be / guin'(ba / gaN'o7'bgg'wTn), n. [F.] A beghard. 

!! Be'gulne' (ba'gen'), n. [F. beguine; fr. Lambert 
le Begue the founder of the order.] A woman belonging 
to one of certain religious and charitable associations or 
communities in the Netherlands, and elsewhere. 

]! Be'gum (ba'guni ; E. be'gum), n. [Per., fr. Turk.] 
In the East Indies, a princess or lady of high rank. 

Be-gun' (be-giin'), p. p. of Begin. 

Be-half (be-haf), n. [OE. on-behalve in the name of, 
bihalven by the side of. See Be-, and Half, n.] Ad- 
vantage ; favor ; stead ; benefit ; interest ; profit ; sup- 
port ; defense ; vindication. 

Be-have' (be-hav'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behaved 
(-havd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Behaving.] [AS. behabban to 
surround, restrain. See Be-, and Have.] To manage or 
govern in point of conduct or deportment ; to conduct ; 
to comport ; — now used only reflexively. 

Be-have', v. i. To manage or carry one's self ; to act ; 
— often colloquially, to conduct one's self (or itself) well. 

Be-hav'lor (be-hav'yer), «. Manner of behaving or 
acting, whether good or bad : conduct ; deportment. 

Syn. — Bearing ; demeanor ; manner ; conduct ; car- 
riage. — Behavior is the mode in which we have or bear 
ourselves in the presence of others or toward them ; con- 
duct is the mode of our carrying ourselves forward in the 
concerns of life. Behavior respects action in particular 
cases ; conduct refers to the general tenor of our actions. 

Behead' (be-hed'), v. t. To sever the head from ; to 
decapitate. 

Be-held' (be-held'), imp. & p. p. of Behold. 

Be'he-moth (be'he-m5th), n. [Heb. behemoth, fr. 
Eg}ptian P-ehe-maut hippopotamus.] An animal, prob- 
ably the hippopotamus, described in Job xl. 15-24. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



6 



M 



BEHEST 82 



BELLOW 






Be best' fbthBtf*). "• [ AS - &«*** promise. Sec Be- 
; ] That which la willed or ordered ; command. 

Be-hight' (b*-hlf)i P. 1- [AS. bchatan.] To vow; 
_n ; command; call. [Obs.] 

Be-hind' fbt-hlnd'Ji prep- [AS, bchindaii. See Ba- 
nd Hiiro, a. ] 1. On the Bide opposite the front omear- 
of; on the back side of j on the other side of. 
2. Remaining after the departure of. 3. Making less 
. in improvement ; hence, inferior to. 

Be-hind'. adv. 1. At the back part; in the rear. 
2 Toward the back part or rear; backward. 3. Not 
yet brought forward, produced, or exhibited to view. 
4. In a puce, condition, or time passed by. 5. In aplace 
from which someone or something has moved on. 

Be hind'hand (-hand'), adv. & a. 1. In arrears 
financially. 2. In a state of backwardness in respect to 
Aeneas or appropriateness. 

Behold' (.be-hold'), »■ <• [imp. & p. p. Beheld 
(-h?ld'1 (p. p. formerly Beholden (-hold''n), now used 
only as a p. a.) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Beholding.] [AS. be- 
JWrnitfan to hold, have in sight ; pref. be- + healdan to 
hold.] To have in sight ; to see clearly ; to look at. 

Syn. — To scan ; gaze ; regard ; descry ; view ; discern. 

Behold'. V. i. To direct the eyes to an object ; to look. 

Be hold'en (be-hold''n), p. a. Obliged ; bound in 
gratitude; indebted. 

Be-hold'er (-er), n. One who beholds ; a spectator. 

Be hoof ' (be-hobf), n. [AS. behof, a word implied in 
hehoflic necessary ; akin to E. heave, the root meaning 
to seize.] Advantage ; profit ; benefit ; interest ; use. 

Behoove' (be-hoov'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behooved 
(-hobvd') ; p. pr. & rb. n. Behooving.] [AS. behofian to 
have need of, fr. behof. See Behoof.] To be necessary 
for : to be fit for ; to be meet for ; — mostly impersonal. 

Behove' (-hoov'), v. t. See Behoove. 

Being (being), p. pr. from Be. Existing. 

C^° Is, are, was, or were being r with a past participle 
following (as built), is now used to indicate process toward 
the completed result expressed by the participle. 

Being, n. 1. Existence, as opposed to nonexistence ; 
sphere of existence. 2. That which exists in any form. 

Be-Jew'el (be-jii'gl), v. t. To jewel. 

Be-la'DOr (be-la'ber), v. t. 1. To ply diligently; to 
work carefully upon. 2. To beat soundly ; to cudgel. 

Be-late' (be-laf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Belating.] To make too late ; to benight. 

Be-lay' (be-la 7 ), v. I. [imp. &p. p. Belaid, Belayed 
(-lad') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belaying.] [For sense 1, D. be- 
leggen to cover ; for sense 2, AS. belecgan. See Be-, and 
Lay to place.] 1. (Kaut.) To make fast, as a rope, by 
taking several turns with it round a pin, cleat, or kevel. 
2. To lie in wait for, to assault ; hence, to obstruct. 

Be-lay 'ing pin' (-Tng pin'). (Naut.) A strong pin 
round which ropes are wound when they are belayed. 

Belch (bSlch ; 224), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Belched 
(bSlcht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belching.] [OE. belken, AS. 
bealcan, akin to E. bellow. ,] 1. To eject from the stomach 
with violence; to eruct. 2. To eject violently from 
within ; to emit ; to vent. 

Belch, v. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach by 
the mouth ; to eructate. 2. To issue spasmodically. 

Belch, n. Act of belching ; also, that which is belched. 

Bel'dam ) (bgl'dam), n. [Pref. bel-, denoting rela- 

Bel'dame j tionship -f- dame mother.] 1. Grand- 
mother. 2. Any old woman, esp. an ugly one ; a hag. 

Be-lea'guer (be-le'ger), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belea- 
guered (-gerd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beleaguering.] [D. be- 
legeren ; pref. be- = E. be- -f- leger bed, camp, army, akin 
i < E. loir.] To surround with an army so as to preclude 
escape; to besiege ; to blockade ; to invest ; to encompass. 

Be-lee' (be-le'), v. t. To place under the lee. 

Be-lem'nite (be-lgm'nit), n. [Gr. /Se'Ae^i/oi/ dart, fr. 
PiXos dart, fr. pd.Weiv to throw.] (Paleon.) A kind of 
calcareous fossil ; the thunderstone. 
Bel'-es-prit' (bgl'gs-pre'), n. ; pi. Beaux-esprits 
fboz'Sft-pre' ). [F., fine wit.] A genius, or man of wit. 

Bel'fry <\><-Vir$), n. [OE. berfray movable tower used 
through OF. fr. MHG. bervrit ; bergen to pro- 
ide peace, protection.] 1. (Mil. Anli'y.) A mova- 
ble tower erected by besiegers. 2. A bell tower. 3. A 
cupola or turret, or a room in a tower, for a bell. 

Be'll-al (bSai-cl or oSVyal ; 106), n. [Heb. beli ya'al; 
bout ya'al profit.] An evil spirit. 

Be-lie' (bMlO, v. t. \; mp . & p . p. Belied (be-Hd') ; 
p. pr. K- vb. n. BzLYnro l-U^ng).] [AS. bele6gan; pref. 
fco lie.] 1. To show to be false ; to Con- 
or charge with, falsehood. 2. To give a false 
otation or account of. 3. To lie about ; to slander. 




Clapper or tongue ; 
C Canon or ear ; D 
Yoke ; M Mouth ; 
P Sound Bow ; S 
Shoulder ; T Bar- 
rel. 

[It., lit., fine lady.] 



Be-lief (be-lef), n. [See Believe.] 1. Assent to a 
proposition or affirmation, or the acceptance of a fact, 
opinion, or assertion as real or true, without immediate 
personal knowledge. 2. (Theol.) A persuasion of the 
truths of religion; faith. 3. The thing believed; a 
tenet, or the body of tenets. 

Syn. — Credence ; trust ; reliance ; assurance ; opinion. 

Be-liev'a-ble (be-lev'a-b'l), a. That may be believed. 

Be-lieve' (be-lev'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Believed 
(-levd') ; p. pr. & rb. n. Believing.] [OE. bileven (with 
pref. be- for AS. ge-), fr. AS. gelefan, ge.lyfan. See Lief, 
a.] To exercise belief in ; to credit upon the authority 
or testimony of another ; to be persuaded of the truth of. 

Be-lieve 7 , v. i. 1. To have a firm persuasion ; to ex- 
ercise belief or faith. 2. To think ; to suppose. 

Be-liev'er (be-lev'er), n. One who believes ; esp. , one 
who believes in the tenets of a particular religion. 

Be-like' (be-lik'), adv. [Pref. be- (for by) -f- like.'] It 
is likely or probable ; perhaps. [Archaic] 

Be-lit'tle (be-lit'tl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belittled 
(-t'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belittling.] To make little or 
less in a moral sense ; to depreciate. 

Bell (bgl), n. [AS. belle, fr. bellan to bellow. See 
Bellow.] 1. A hollow metallic 
vessel, usually shaped somewhat 
like a cup with a flaring mouth, and 
giving forth a ringing sound on 
being struck. 2. Anything in the 
form of a bell or giving forth the 
sound of a bell. 3. The stroke or 
sound of a bell. 

Bell (bgl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Belled (beld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Belling.] To furnish with, or make Section of Bell. B 
like, a bell. 

Bell, v. i. To develop bells or 
corollas ; to blossom. 

Bell, v. t. & i. [AS. bellan.] To 
call or bellow. 

Bel / la-don'na(bel / la-don'na), n. 
(Bot.) (a) A poisonous European herb, bearing shining 
black berries ; deadly nightshade. (6) A species of 
Amaryllis ; the belladonna lily. 

Bell'bird' (bel'berdO, n. [So called from their notes.] 
(Zobl.) (a) A South American bird of 
the genus Casmarhincos, and family 
Cotingidse, of several species ; the 
campanero. (b) The Muzantha mel- 
anophrys of Australia. 

Bell' crank' (krank'). A lever 
whose two arms form a right angle, 
or nearly a right angle, having its ful- 
crum at the apex of the angle. 

Belle (bSl), n. [F. belle, fern, of 
bel, beau, beautiful. See Beau.] A 
young lady of superior beauty and 
attractions. 

II Belles-let'tres (bel-let'ter), n. 
pi. [F.] Polite or elegant literature ; 
the humanities ; — used somewhat vaguely for literary 
works in which imagination and taste are predominant. 

Bell'f low'er (-flou'er), n. (Bot. ) A plant of the genus 
Campanula ; — so named from its bell-shaped flowers. 

Bell'f low'er, n. [F. bellefleur, lit., beautiful flower.] 
A kind of apple. 

Belli-cose' (-lT-kos'), a. [L. bellicosus, deriv. of 
bellum war.] Inclined to war ; warlike ; pugnacious. 

Bel-lig'er-ence (bel-lij'er-ens), ) n. Quality of be- 

Bel-lig'er-en-cy (bSl-lT j'er-eft-sy), ) ing belligerent. 

Bel-lig'er-ent (-ent), a. [L. bellum war + gerens, p. 
pr. of gerere to wage.] 1. Waging war ; carrying on 
war. 2. Pertaining, or tending, to war ; of or relating 
to belligerents. — Bel-lig'er-ent-ly , adv. 

Bel-lig'er-ent, n. A nation or state recognized as car- 
rying on war ; a person engaged in warfare. 

Bell' Jar' (bel' jar'). A glass vessel, open at the bot- 
tom like a bell, and having a knob or handle at the top. 

Bell'man (-man), n. A man who rings a bell; esp., 
one who rings a bell to give notice of anything ; for- 
merly, also, a night watchman who called the hours. 

Bell' met'al (mgt'al or mgf'l). A hard alloy of cop- 
per and tin, used for making bells. 

Bel'low (bgl'16), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bellowed (-I6d) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Bellowing.] [AS. bylgean, fr. bellan ; 
akin to G. bellen.] 1. To make a hollow, loud noise, as 
an enraged bull. 2. To roar or bawl ; to clamor. 

Bellow, v. t. To emit with a loud voice ; to shout. 

Bellow, n. A loud outcry or noise ; a roar. 




Head of Bellbird 

{Casmarhincos 

niveus). 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, fcvent, idea, 6bey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



BELLOWER 



83 



BENEFIT 




BellOW-er (bel'16-er), n. One that bellows. 

Bel'lows (bel'liis), n. sing. & pi. [OE. bely, below, 
belly, bellows, AS. belg, bselg, bxlig, bag, bellows, belly ; 
akin to G. balg. Bellows is prop, a pi.] A machine which 
draws in air through a valve and expels it through a tube. 

Bel'lOWS fish' (fish'). (Zodl.) A European fish hav- 
ing a long tubular snout, 
like the pipe of a bellows. 

Bell' peeper (bSi' 
pgp'per). (Bot.) The red 
pepper of the gardens, — 
a species of Capsicum. 

Bell'weth'er (bel'- 
w5tb/er),». A wether, or Bellows Fish. (&) 

sheep, which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck. 

Bel'ly (bel'ly), n. [OE. bali, bely. See Bellows.] 
1. That part of the human body which extends down- 
ward from the breast to the thighs ; the abdomen. 2. 
The corresponding under part of the body of animals. 
3. The womb. [06s.] 4. Anything which resembles 
the human belly in protuberance or in cavity. 

Belly, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Bellied (-lid) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Bellying.] To swell or bulge out ; to fill. 

Bel'ly-band' (-band'), ft. A band about the belly ; spe- 
cif., a band to hold the saddle or harness in place ; a girth. 

Be-long' (be-long' ; 115), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Belonged 
(-longd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Belonging.] [OE. belongen ; 
pref. be- + longen to desire. See Long, v. u] [Usually 
construed with to.] 1. To be the property of. 2. To be 
a part of, or connected with ; to be appendant or related ; 
to owe allegiance or service. 3. To be the concern or 
proper business or function of. 4. To be suitable for ; 
to be due to. 5. To be native to, or an inhabitant of; 
esp. , to have a legal residence in. 

Be-long'ing, n. [Commonly in the pi.] That which 
belongs or pertains to one ; hence, goods or effects ; an 
appendage ; an appurtenance. * 

Be-loved' (be-liivd'as p. p., b%-luv'ed as a.), p.p. & a. 
[From obs. belove, v. t.] Greatly loved ; dear to the heart. 

Be-low' (be-lo'), prep. [Pref. be- by + low.~\ 1. Un- 
der, or lower in place than ; beneath ; not so high as. 2. 
Inferior to in any respect ; hence, unworthy of. 

Syn.~ Underneath; under; beneath. 

Be-low', adv. 1. In a lower place ; on a lower level 
or story. 2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens. 
3. In hell, or the regions of the dead. 4. In a court of 
inferior jurisdiction. 5. In some part or pasje following. 

Belt (belt), n. [AS. belt; akin to L. balleus, Ir. & 
Gael, bait.'] 1. That which engirdles a person or thing ; 
a band or girdle. 2. That which restrains or confines as 
a girdle. 3. Anything that resembles a belt, or that en- 
circles or crosses like a belt ; a strip or stripe. 

Belt, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Belted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belt- 
ing.] To encircle with, or as with, a belt ; to encompass. 

Belting (belt'Tng), n. The material of which belts 
for machinery are made ; also, belts, taken collectively. 

Bel ve-dere' (bel've-der'), n. [It., fr. bello, bel, beau- 
tiful + vedere to see.] (Arch.) A small open building, 
or a part of a building, commanding a fine prospect. 

Be-maze' (be-maz'), v. i. To bewilder. 

Be-mean' (-men'), v. t. To make mean ; to lower. 

Be-mire' (be-mir'), v. t. To mire ; to soil with mire. 

Be-moan' (be-inou'), v. t. To moan for ; to lament. 

Be-mock' (be-mok' ; 115), v. t. To mock ; to ridicule. 

Be-moil' (be-moil'),_r. t. [Pref. be- + moil; but cf. 
OE. bimolen, fr. AS. mal spot.] To soil with mire. [06s.] 

Be-mud'dle (be-mud'd'l), v. t. To muddle. 

Bench (bench), n. ; pi. Benches (-ez). [AS. benc.~\ 

1. A long seat. 2. A long table at which mechanics 
and others work. 3. The seat of the judges in court ; 
also, the judges ; the court. 4. A collection or group of 
dogs exhibited (usually on benches) to the public. 5. A 
kind of natural terrace, as near a lake or river. 

Bench mark (Leveling), one of the marks along a line of 
survey showing where the leveling staffs were placed. 

Bench (bench), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Benched (bencht); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Benching.] 1. To furnish with benches. 

2. To place on a bench or seat of honor. 

Bench'er (-er), n. 1. (Eng. Law) One of the senior 
and governing members of an Inn of Court. 2. An 
alderman. [Eng.] 3. A member of a court. [Obs.] 

Bench' warrant (wor'rant). (Laic) A process issued 
by a presiding judge or by a court against a person guilty 
of some contempt, or indicted for some crime. 

Bend (bend), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bended or Bent 
(bent) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bending.] [AS. bendan tohend, 
fr. bend a band, bond, fr. bindan to bind.] 1. To strain 
or move out of a straight line ; to make crooked ; to 



curve; to deflect. 2. To turn toward some certain 
point or end ; to direct. 3. To cause to yield ; to sub- 
due. 4. (Naut.) To fasten, as a sail to its yard or stay. 

To bend the brow, to knit the brow ; to scowl ; to frown. 

Bend (bend), v. /. 1. To be moved or strained out of 
a straight line ; to crook ; to bow. 2. To be inclined ; to 
be directed. 3. To bow in prayer, or in submission. 

Bend, n. 1. A turn or deflection from a straight line 
or from the proper or normal direction or position ; a 
curve ; a crook. 2. (Naut.) A knot by which one rope 
is fastened to another or to an anchor, spar, or post. 
3. (Leather Trade) A butt. 4. (Mining) Indurated clay. 

Bends of a ship, the thickest planks in her sides ; wales. 

Bend, n. 1. A band. [06s.] 2. [OF. bende, bande. 
See Band.] One of the honorable ordinaries, crossing the 
field diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base. 

Bend sinister (Her.), an honorable ordinary drawn from 
the sinister chief to the dexter base. 

Bend'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being bent. 

Bend'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, bends. 

Be-neath' (be-neth' or -neth'), prep. [AS. beneoSan, 
benySan ; pref. be~\-neo$an, nySan, downward, beneath, 
akin to E. nether.] 1. Lower in place than (something 
directly over or on) ; under ; underneath ; hence, at the 
foot of. 2. Under, in relation to something that is 
superior, or that oppresses or burdens. 3. Inferior to in 
respect of rank, excellence, etc. ; hence, unworthy of. 

Be-neath', adv. 1. In a lower place ; underneath. 
2. Below, as opposed to any superior region or position. 

II Ben e-dic'i-te (ben'e-dis'I-te), n. [L., praise ye.] 
(Ch. of Eng.) A canticle the Latin version of which 
begins with this word. 

Ben'e-dict (ben'e-dTkt), ) n. [From Benedick, a char- 

Ben'e-dick (ben'e-dTk), ) acter in Shakespeare's 
play : " Much Ado about Nothing."] A married man, 
or a man newly married. 

Ben e-dic'tine (ben'e-dTk'tin), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One 
of a famous order of monks, established by St. Benedict 
of Nursia in the sixth century. 

Ben e-dic'tion (ben'e-dik'shun), n. [See Benison.] 
1. Act of blessing. 2. A blessing ; a solemn or affec- 
tionate invocation of happiness ; specif., the short prayer 
which closes public worship. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A solemn rite 
dedicating to God bells, banners, candles, etc. 

Ben'e-dic'tO-ry (-dik'to-ry), a. Wishing well. 

II Ben'e-dic'tUS (-dik'tus), n. [L. , blessed.] The song 
of Zacharias at the birth of John the Baptist (Lake i. 68) ; 

— so named from the first word of the Latin version. 
Ben'e-fac'tion (-fak'shun), n. [L. benef actio, fr. bene- 

facer e to do good to one ; bene well -f- face re to do.] 
1. The act of conferring a benefit. 2. A benefit con- 
ferred; esp., a charitable donation ; gift ; gratuity ; alms. 

Ben e-fac'tor (-ter), n. One who confers a benefit. 

Ben'e-fac'tress, n. A woman who confers a benefit. 

Ben'e-fice (ben'e-fis), n. [L. benejicium a kindness, 
in LL., a grant of an estate, fr. L. benejicus beneficent ; 
bene well -f- fa cere to do.] 1. (Feudal Law) An estate 
in lands ; a fief. 2. An ecclesiastical living and church 
preferment, as in the Church of England ; — ordinarily 
applied to parsonages, vicarages, and donatives. 

Ben'e-fice, v. t. limp. & p. p. Beneficed.] To en- 
dow with a benefice. [Commonly in the past participle.] 

Be-nef'i-cence (be-nef'T-sens), n. The practice of 
doing good ; active goodness, kindness, or charity. 

Syn.— See Benevolence. 

Be-nef'i-cent (-sent), a. Doing or producing good ; 
characterized by beneficence. — Be-nef'1-cent-ly, adv. 

Ben e-fi'cial (ben'e-fish'al), a. 1. Conferring bene- 
fits ; useful; advantageous; serviceable. 2. (Law) Re- 
ceiving, or entitled to receive, advantage, use, or benefit. 

— Ben e-fi'cial-ly, adv. — Ben e-fi'cial-ness, n. 
Ben'e-fi'ci-a-ry (-flsh'i-a-ry or -fTsh'a-ry ; 106), a. 

1. Holding some office or valuable possession, in subor- 
dination to another. 2. Bestowed as a gratuity. 

Ben'e-fi'ci-a-ry, n. 1. A feudatory or vassal ; hence, 
one who holds a benefice. 2. One who receives a gift, a 
benefit, or advantage, esp. from a trust fund or estate. 

Ben'e-fit (ben'e-fit), n. [F. bienfait, fr. L. benefac- 
tum ; bene well -{-factum, p. p. of facereto do.] 1. An 
act of kindness ; a favor conferred. 2. Whatever pro- 
motes prosperity and personal happiness, or adds value 
to property. 3. A play, a concert, or the like, the pro- 
ceeds of which are given to some individual or charity. 

Benefit of clergy. (Law) See under Clergy. 

Syn. — Profit; service ; use; avail. See Advantage. 

Ben'e-fit. v. t. [imp. S: p. p. Benefited ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Benefiting.] To be beneficial to; to do good to ; 
to advantage ; to be useful to ; to profit. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



RKXEFIT 



84 



BERRY 






Ben'e-fit (Wnf-fTtt. v. i. To gain advantage : to profit. 
Bene plac'i-to vl^ no plils'I-to ; It. ba'nu pla'che- 
or during pleasure ; ad Libitum. 
Be-nev'o-lence (bt-n»V&-lens)^ n. 1. Quality of 

being benevolent ; goodwill; charitableness. 2. An act 
Of kindness. 3. A Beeiea 04 'contribution or tax, some- 
times illegally exacted by former kings of England. 

>\n. IVnericemv ; munificence.' Hawrolaice im- 
isposition and desire to promote the happiness 
of other- implies the working of this dispo- 

sition in dispensing good on a somewhat broad scale. 
-ii.ms the same disposition, acting liberally, 
iu conferring gifts and favors. 

Be-nev'O-lent (-lent), a. [L. benevolens ; bene well 
-j- rolens. p. pr. of volo I will, I wish.] Having a dispo- 
sition to do good ; possessing or manifesting love to man- 
kind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and 
happiness. — Be-nev'o-lent-ly. adv. 

Ben-gal' (ben-gal')i *• [From Bengal, in India.] 
1. A thin stuff of silk and hair. 2. Striped gingham. 

Bengal light, a firework producing a vivid blue light. 

Ben-gal'ee, Ben-gal'i (bgu-gal'e or bgn'gal-e'), n. 
The language spoken in Bengal. 

Ben gal-ese' (-gal-ez' or -gal'ez), a. Pertaining to 
Bengal. — n. sing. & pi. A native or natives of Bengal. 

Ben-go'la (bgn-gola), n. A Bengal light. 

Benight' (be-nlf), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Benighted ; 
p. pr. St vb. 7i. Beniohting.] 1. To involve in night or 
darkness; to obscure. 2. To overtake with night or 
darkness. 3. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance. 

Be-nign' (be-niu'), a. [L. benignus, contr. from be- 
nigenus; bonus good + root of genus kind.] 1. Of a 
kind or gentle disposition. 2. Exhibiting or manifest- 
ing kindness, gentleness, favor, etc. 3. Of a mild type ; 
— said of a disease. — Be-nign'ly , adv. 

Syn. — Kind ; generous ; propitious ; bland ; genial ; 
salubrious ; favorable ; salutary ; gracious ; liberal. 

Be nig 'nan t (-nig'nant), a. Kind ; gracious ; favor- 
able. — Be nig'nant-ly, adv. — Be-nig'nan-cy, n. 

Be-nig'ni-ty (-ni-ty), n. The quality of being be- 
nign ; goodness ; graciousness ; mildness ; salubrity. 

Ben'i-son (ben'T-z'n), n. [OF. beneican, beneison, fr. 
L. benedictio, fr. benedicere to bless ; bene well -f- dicere 
to say.] Blessing ; beatitude ; benediction. 

Ben'ja-min (-ja-mTn), n. Corrupted from Benzoin. 

Ben'ne (beu'ne), w. [Malay bijen.'] (Bot.) Either of 
two species of Sesamum the seeds of which yield an oil. 

Ben'net (-ngt), n. [F. benoite, fr. L. benedicta blessed.] 
{Bot.) Any one of several plants, as hemlock, valerian, 
and esp. a common yellow-flowered herb of Europe. 

Bent (bent), imp. &p. p. of Bend. 

Bent, n. [See Bend, n. & v.~] 1. State or quality of 
being crooked or inclined. 2. A leaning or bias ; tend- 
ency of mind ; disposition ; purpose ; aim. 3. Particu- 
lar direction or tendency of anything. 

Bent (bgnt), n. [AS. beonet; akin to G. binse; of 
unknown origin.] 1. A reedlike grass ; a stalk of stiff, 
coarse grass. 2. (Bot.) A grass of the genus Agrostis, 
esp. redtop ; — also applied to many other grasses. 

Ben'thal (bSn'thal), a. [Gr. /3eV0os depth of the sea.] 
Relating to the deepest zone or region of the ocean. 

Ben'tham-lsm (bgn'tham-Tz'm), n. That phase of 
the doctrine of utilitarianism taught by Jeremy Bentham. 

Ben'tham-ite (-it), n. One who accepts Benthamism. 

Be-numb' (be-nuin'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benumbed 
(-numd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Benumbing.] [OE. binomen, 
p. p. of binimen to take away, AS. beniman; pref. be- 
•j- niman to take.] To make torpid ; to deprive of sen- 
sation or sensibility ; to stupefy. 

Ben-zam'ide (bSn-za'm'id or bgn'za-mid), n. [Benzoin 
' ■. ] ( Chem.) A transparent crystalline substance, 
obtained by several reactions with benzoyl compounds. 

Ben'zene (bgn'zen or bSn-zen'), n. [From Benzoin.] 
A volatile, very inflammable liquid, C C H 6 , dis- 
tilled from naphtha ; also, sometimes, benzole. 

Ben'zlne (beVzTn or bgn-zen'), n. [From Benzoin.] 

1. A liquid consisting mainly of the more vola- 

tocarbons of petroleum, used as a solvent and 

for cleansing soiled fabrics. 2. Same as Benzene. [i2.] 

Ben zo'ic (bSn-zOTk), a. Of or pert, to benzoin. 

Benzoic acid, a peculiar vegetable acid, crystallizing in 
wmte nakea, obtained from benzoin and other balsams. 

Ben zoin' (bfen-zoin'), »■ [From Ar. Ivban-jawi in- 

matra (named Java in Arabic), the first 

syllable being lost.] 1. A fragrant resin obtained from 

f Sumatra, Java, etc. 2. A white crystalline 

■OManoe obtained from benzoic aldehyde and some 

Other HUees. 3. (Bot.) The upicebush. 

Flowen of benzoin, benzoic acid. See under Benzoic. 



Ben'ZOle I (bSn'zol or bSn-zoF), n. [Benzoin -f- L. 

Ben'zol S oleum oil.] (Chem.) An impure benzene. 

Ben'zo-line (-z6-lln), n. (Chem.) Same as Benzole. 

Ben'zoyl (bgn'zoil or bSn-zoil'), n. [Benzoic -f- Gr. 
v\r) wood. See -tl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, 
C,Hr,.CO— the base of an extensive series of compounds. 

Ben'zyl (ben'zTl), n. [Benzoic -f- -yl.~] (Chem.) A 
compound radical, related to toluene and benzoic acid. 

Be-paint' (be-panf), v. t. To paint. [bedaub. I 

Be-plas'ter (be-plas'ter), v. t. To plaster over; to| 

Be-pow'der (be-pou'der), v. t. To powder freely. 

Be-praise' (be-praz'), v. t. To praise extravagantly. 

Bequeath' (be-kweth'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Be- 
queathed (be-kwethd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bequeathing.] 
[OE. biquethen, AS. becwetSan to say, bequeath ; pref. 
be- + cweSan to say. See Quoth.] 1. To give or leave 
by will ; — said especially of personal property. 2. To 
hand down ; to transmit. 

Syn. — To devise. — Devise properly denotes a gift by 
will of real property, and bequeath, of personal property. 

Be-queath'al (-al), n. Act of bequeathing ; bequest. 

Be-queath'er (-er), n. One who bequeathes. 

Be-quest' (be-kwesf), n. [OE. biquest, corrupted fr. 
biquide ; pref. be- -}- AS. cwide a saying.] 1. The act 
of bequeathing or leaving by will. 2. That which is left 
by will, esp. personal property ; a legacy ; also, a gift. 

Berate' (be-raf), v. t. To rate vehemently ; to scold. 

Ber'ber-ry (ber'ber-r^), n. See Barberry. 

Be-reave' (be-reV), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bereaved 
(be-revd') (not used with immaterial objects), Bereft 
(be-rSft/) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bereaving.] [AS. bereafian. 
See Be-, and Reave.] To make destitute ; to deprive ; 
to dispossess ; to divest ; to strip. [vation. I 

Be-reave'ment, n. State of being bereaved; depri-| 

Be-reav'er (-er), n. One who bereaves. 

Be-reft' (be-reff), imp. &p. p. of Bereave. 

Be-ret'ta (be-ret'ta), n. Same as Berretta. 

Berg (berg), n. [See Barrow hill.] A large mass or 
hill, as of ice. 

Ber'ga-mot (ber'ga-mot), n. [F. bergamote,iv. It. ber- 
gamotta ; prob. a corruption of Turk, beg armudi a lord's 
pear.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A tree of the Orange family, having 
a pear-shaped fruit, from the rind of which an essential 
oil of delicious odor is extracted ; also, the fruit, (b) A 
variety of mint. 2. The essence or perfume made from 
the fruit. 3. A variety of pear. 4. A variety of snuff 
perfumed with bergamot. 5. A coarse tapestry, — said 
to have been invented at Bergamo, Italy. 

Ber'gan-der (ber'gan-der), n. [Origin uncertain.] 
(Zo'ol.) A species of sheldrake. 

Berg'meal (berg'mel), n. [G. berg mountain -f- mehl 
meal.] (Min.) A floury substance composed of infusoria. 

Be-rhyme 7 (be-rim'), v. t. To mention in rhyme. 

Berime' (be-rim'), v. t. To berhyme. 

Ber'lin (beVltn or ber-lin'), n. [The capital of 
Prussia.] 1. A four-wheeled carriage, having a separate 
seat behind the body. 2. Zephyr worsted ; Berlin wool. 

Berm ) (berm), n. [F. berme, of German origin.] 

Berme ) (Engineering) A narrow shelf or ledge, as 
at the bottom of a parapet, or of a bank. 

Ber'na-cle (ber'na-k'l), n. See Barnacle. 

Ber'nar-dine (ber'nar-din), a. Of or pertaining to St. 
Bernard of Clairvaux, or to the Cistercian monks. — n. 
A Cistercian monk. 

Ber'ni-cle (ber'nl-k'l), n. [OE. bernak, bernacle; 
prob. fr. LL. bernacula for hibernicula, bernicula, fr. 
Hibernia; the birds coming from Hibernia or Ireland.] 
A bernicle goose. 

Bemicle goose (Zo'ol.), a 
goose of Arctic Europe and 
America. It was formerly 
believed that it hatched 
from the cirripeds of the 
sea, which were, therefore, 
called barnacles, or goose 
barnacles. The name is also 
applied to other related spe- 
cies. 

Ber-ret'ta (bgr-rgt'ta), n. 
[It., dim. derived fr. L. bir- 
rus a cloak.] A square cap 
worn by ecclesiastics of the 
Roman Catholic Church. 

Ber'ry (ber'ry), n. [OE. berie, AS. berie, berige; akin 
to G. beere.] 1. Any small fleshy fruit. 2. (Bot.) A 
small pulpy fruit, having seeds loosely imbedded in it, as 
the grape. 3. The coffee bean. 4. An egg of a fish. 

Ber'ry, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Berried (-rid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Berrying.] To bear, produce, or gather, berries. 




Bernicle Goose (Branta 
leucopsis). 



a, e, I, 9, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, fc, y, short ; senate, 3vent, idea, Sbey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



BERSERKER 



85 



BETHEL 



Ber'serk-er (ber'serk-er), rc. [Icel. berserkr.] (Scand. 
Myth.) One of a class of heroes who fought naked. 

Berth (berth), n. [From the root of bear to produce, 
like birth.] 1. (Naut.) (a) Convenient sea room. (b) A 
room in which a number of the officers or ship's company 
mess and reside, (c) The place where a ship lies at an- 
chor, or at a wharf. 2. An allotted place or employment. 
3. A box or shelf on the side of a cabin or stateroom, or 
of a railway car, used as a bed. 

To give a wide berth, to keep at a distance from. 

Berth, v. t. To give a berth or berths to. 

Ber'tha (ber'tha), n. [F. berthe, fr. Berthe, a woman's 
name.] A kind of collar or cape worn by ladies. 

Ber'tram (ber'tram), n. [Corrupted fr. L. pyrethrum. 
See Pellitory.] (Bot.) Pellitory of Spain. 

Ber'y-COid (bSr'I-koid), a. [NL. Beryx, the typical 
genus -f -oid. ] (Zo'61. ) Of or pertaining to the Berycidse, 
a family of marine fishes. 

Ber'yl (ber'il), n. [OF. beril, L. beryllus, Gr. /3»j- 
pvAAos, prob. fr. Skr. vaidurya.] (Min.) A mineral of 
great hardness, and, when transparent, of much beauty. 
The gems aquamarine and emerald are varieties. 

Ber'y 1-line (-lin), a. Like a beryl ; light green. 

Be-ryl'li-um (be-rillT-um), re. [NL.] See Glucintjm. 

Bes-antler (bez-ant'ler), n. Same as Bez-antler. 

Be seech/ (be-sech'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besought 
(-sat') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeching.] [OE. bisechen, bi- 
seken; pref. be- + sechen, seken, to seek.] 1. To ask or 
entreat with urgency ; to supplicate ; to implore. 2. To 
ask earnestly for ; to solicit ; to beg ; to crave. 

Syn. — To entreat ; implore ; supplicate. 

Beseech'er (-er), n. One who beseeches. 

Be-seech'ing, a. Entreating urgently. — Be-seech'- 



ing-ly, adv. 



3e-seem' (be-sem'), v. t. Lit., to seem (tcell, ill, etc.) 
for ; hence, to be proper for, or worthy of ; to befit. 

Beset' (be-sef), v. t. limp. & p. p. Beset ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Besetting.] [AS. besettari See Be-, Set.] 1. To 
set or stud, as with ornaments. 2. To hem in ; to way- 
lay ; to besiege. 3. To set upon on all sides ; to harass. 

Syn. — To surround ; inclose ; environ ; encircle ; en- 
compass ; embarrass ; urge ; press. 

Be-set'ment (-ment), n. Act of besetting, or state of 
being beset. 

Be-shrew' (be-shru/), v. t. To curse ; to execrate ; — 
often used without serious meaning. 

Be-side' (be-sid'), prep. [OE. biside, bisides. See 
Be- by, Side, and -s, adv. stiff.] 1. At the side of. 2. 
Aside from ; out of. 3. Over and above ; distinct from ; 
in addition to. [In this use besides is now commoner.] 

To be beside one's self, to be out of one's wits or senses. 

Syn. — Besides. — There is now (as is shown by the 
definitions) a tendency to differentiate beside and besides, 
which were originally synonymous. 

Besides' (be-sldz'), \adv. 1. On one side. [Obs.] 

Be-side 7 (be-sid'), } 2. More than that ; over and 
above ; moreover ; in addition. 

Be-sides' (be-sidz'), prep. See Beside, prep., 3. 

Be-siege' (be-sej'), v. t. To beset or surround with 
armed forces, for the purpose of compelling to surren- 
der ; to beleaguer ; to beset ; to invest. 

Be-sie'ger (be-se'jer), n. One who besieges. 

Be-slab'ber (be-slab'ber), v. t. To beslobber. 

Be-slav'er (be-slav'er), v. t. To defile with slaver. 

Be-slob'ber (be-slob'ber), v. t. To slobber on. 

Be-smear' (be-smer'), v. t. To smear. 

Be-smirch' (be-smerch'), v. t. To smirch ; to sully. 

Be-smoke' (be-smok'), v. t. To smoke. [smut. I 

Be-smut' (be-smuf), v. t. To blacken or foul with | 

Be'som (be'zum), n. [OE. besme, besum, AS. besma; 
akin to G-. besen ; origin uncert.] 1. A brush of twigs ; 
broom. 2. Fig. , anything which sweeps away or destroys. 

Be-SOrt' (be-s6rf), v. t. To befit or become. [Obs.] 

Be-SOrt', n. Befitting associates or attendants. [Obs.] 

Be-SOt' (be-sof), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Besotted (-ted) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Besotting.] To make sottish ; to make 
dull or stupid ; to infatuate. 

Be-SOt'ted, a. Being sottish, senseless, or infatuated. 

Besought' (be-saf), p. p. of Beseech. 

Be-span'gle (be-spSn'g'l), v. t. To spangle. 

Be-spat'ter (be-spSt'ter), v. t. 1. To soil or sully by 
spattering. 2. To asperse. 

Be-speak' (be-spek'), v. t. [imp. Bespoke (-spok'), 
Bespake {Archaic) ; p. p. Bespoke, Bespoken (-spo'k'n) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeaking.] [OE. bispeken, AS. bespre- 
can, to speak to, accuse. See Be-, and Speak.] 1. To 
speak or arrange for beforehand. 2. To show before- 
hand; to foretell. 3. To betoken; to show. 4. To 
speak to ; to address. [Poetic] 



Be-speak' (be-spek'), n. A bespeaking. Among actors, 
a benefit (when a particular play is bespoken). 

Be-spew' (be-spu'), v. t. To soil or daub with spew. 

Be-spit' (be-sptf), v. t. To soil with spittle. 

Be-spoke' (be-spok'), imp. & p. p. of Bespeak. 

Be-spot' (be-sp5f), v. I. To mark with spots. 

Bespread' (be-sprSd'), v. t. To spread or cover over. 

Besprent' (-sprgnf), p. p. [Fr. OE. besprengen to be- 
sprinkle. See Be-, Sprinkle.] Sprinkled over ; strewed. 

Be-sprin'kle (-sprTn'k'l), v. t. To sprinkle over. 

Bes'se-mer steel' (bes'se-mer stel'). Steel made 
from cast iron by burning out part of its carbon and 
other impurities, — invented by Sir Henry Bessemer. 

Best (bSst), a. ; superl. of Good. [AS. besta, best, 
contr. fr. betest, betsla. See Better.] 1. Having good 
qualities in the highest degree ; most excellent. 2. Most 
advanced, correct, or complete. 3. Most ; largest. 

Best man, the only or principal groomsman at a wedding. 

Best, n. Utmost ; highest endeavor or state ; most 
nearly perfect thing, or being, or action. 

Best, adv. ; superl. of Well. 1. In the highest de- 
gree ; beyond all others. 2. To the most advantage ; 
with the most success, ease, profit, benefit, or propriety. 
3. Most intimately ; most thoroughly or correctly. 

Best, v. t. To get the better of. [Colloq.] 

Be-Stain' (be-stan'), v. t. To stain. [stars. I 

Be-Star' (be-star'), v. t. To sprinkle with, or as with, | 

Bestead' (be-stgd'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestead 
or Bested. In sense 3 imp. also Besteaded.] 1. To 
put in a certain situation or condition ; to place. [Only 
in p. p.] 2. To put in peril ; to beset. [Only in p. p.] 
3. To serve ; to assist ; to avail. 

Bes'tial (bes'chal; 106), a. [¥., fr. L. besiialis, fr. 
bestia beast.] 1. Belonging to a beast, or to the class of 
beasts. 2. Having the qualities of a beast ; below the dig- 
nity of reason or humanity ; irrational. — Bes'tial-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Brutish; beastly; brutal; depraved; sensual. 

Bes-tial'i-ty (-chal'T-ty or bes'chl-Sl'I-ty), n. 1. Qual- 
ity of being bestial. 2. Unnatural connection with a beast. 

Bes'tial-ize (bes'chal-iz), v. t. To make bestial. 

Be-Stick' (be-stlk'), v. t. To stick over, as with sharp 
points ; to pierce in many places. [action. I 

Be-Stir' (be-ster'), v. t. To put into brisk or vigorous | 

Be-stow' (be-sto 7 ), v. t. [OE. bestoxcen. See Be-, and 
Stow a place.] 1. To lay up in store; to deposit for 
safe keeping ; to stow. 2. To use ; to apply. 3. To 
give or confer ; to impart. 4. To behave. [Obs.] 

Be-StOW'al (-al), n. Act of bestowing ; disposal. 

Be-stOW'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of bestowing ; be- 
stowal. 2. That which is bestowed. 

Be-strad'dle (be-strad'd'l), v. t. To bestride. 

Be-Stranght' (be-straf ), a. [Prob. for distraught.] 
Out of one's senses ; distracted ; mad. [Obs.] 

Be-strew' (be-stru' or be-stro'), v. I. [imp. Bestrewed 
(-strud' or -strod') ; p. p. Bestrewed, Bestrown (-stron') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Bestrewing.] To strew or scatter over. 

Be-Stride' (be-strld'), v. t. [imp. Bestrode (-strod'), 
(Obs. or B.) Bestrid (-strid') ; p.p. Bestridden (-strid'- 
d'n), Bestrid, Bestrode ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestriding.] 
[AS. bestrldan. See Be-, Stride.] 1. To stand or sit 
astride of ; to stand over. 2. To stride over or across. 

Bestrode' (be-strod'), imp. & p. p. of Bestride. 

Be-Strown' (be-stron'), p. p. of Bestrew. 

Be-stuck' (be-stuk'), imp. &p. p. of Bestick. 

Be-Stud' (be-stud'), v. t. To set with, or as with, studs. 

Bet (bet), n. [Prob. from OE. abet abetting, OF. 
abet, it. abeter. See Abet.] That which is laid, staked, 
or pledged upon the event of a contest or any contingent 
issue ; the act of giving such a pledge ; a wager. 

Bet, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Bet, Betted (-ted) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Betting.] To stake or pledge upon the event 
of a contingent issue ; to lay a bet ; to wager. 

Betake 7 (be-tak'), v. t. [imp. Betook (-t56k') ; p. p. 
Betaken (-ta'k'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betaking.] To take 
(one's self), as to some person, recourse, occupation, or 
destination ; to apply (one's self). 

Be-teem' (be-tem'), v. t. [Pref. be- -f an old verb teem 
to be fitting.] To bestow ; to grant ; to allow. [Obs.] 

Be'tel (be't'l), n. [Pg., fr. Tamil ve/lilei, prop., a 
mere leaf.] (Bot.) A species of pepper, the leaves of 
which are chewed with the betel nut, in the East Indies. 

Be'tel nut' (be't'l nut'). The nutlike seed of the 
areca palm, chewed in the East with betel leaves. 

II Bete 7 noire' (bat' nwar'). [F., lit., black beast.] 
Something especially hated or dreaded ; a bugbear. 

Beth'el (bSth'gl), n. [Heb. beth-el house of God.] 
1. A place of worship ; a hallowed spot. 2. A chapel for 
dissenters. [Eng.] 3. A house of worship for seamen. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sins, i&fc> then, thin. 



M 



BETHINK 



86 



BIAS 



> 



Be think' fb*4nTnk»), r. t. limp. & p. />. Bethocght 
BBXHOnnm.] To call to mind ; 
to recall Vr bring to recollection, reflection, or considera- 
«mnrallj with a reflexive pronoun, 
Bethink'. , 3Po think ; to recollect ; to consider. 
Beth'le-hem fb8thflt-hin>), n. [Heb. bith-lekhem 
-.oixi. Formerly the name of a hospital for the 
insane, in Loudon, which had been the priory of St. 
? Bethlehem. Cf. Bedlam.] A hospital for hma- 
oorrupted into bedlam. 
Bethought' (be-that'), imp. & p. p. of Bethink. 
Be-tide' (.bc-tid'). r. t. & i. [OE. bitiden ; pref. bi-, 
to happen. See Tide.] To happen to ; to 
befall ; to come to. — v. i. To happen ; to occur. 
Be-time' CbMfmQ, ( ocf». [Pref. be- (for by) -f time. 
Betimes' (-tinnO, \ See -s, adv.] 1. In good season 
or time: seasonably: early. 2. Speedily; forthwith. 

Be-to'ken (.be-to'k'n). v. /. [imp. & p. p. Betokened 
(-k*ndi : p. pr. 8t vb. n. Betokening.] 1. To signify by 
some visible object. 2. To foreshow by present signs. 
Syn. — To presage ; portend ; indicate ; mark ; note, 
i Be" ton' (ba r6N'), n. [F.] (Masonry) Concrete. 
Bet'O-ny (bet'6-ny), n. [F. betoine, fr. L. betonica.] 

common European plant. 
Be took' (be-took'), i?np. of Betake. 
Be-tray' (be-tra'), r. f. {imp. & p. p. Betbayed 
(-trad') : p. pr. & vb. n. Betraying.] [OE. betraien, 
bitraien : pref. be- -j- OF. tra'ir to betray. See Traitor.] 

1. To deliver over or give up treacherously or f aithlessly. 

2. To prove faithless or treacherous to. 3. To violate 
the confidence of, by disclosing what one is bound in 
honor to keep secret. 4. To disclose or discover, as what 
prudence would conceal ; to reveal. 5. To mislead ; to 
lead into error or sin. 6. To seduce (as under promise 
of marriage) and then abandon. 7. To show or indicate, 
as what is not otherwise obvious. 

Be-tray'al (-a\), n. Act or result of betraying. 

Be-tray'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, betrays. 

Be-troth' (be-troth' : 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Be- 
trothed (-trSthf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrothing.] [Pref. 
be- — troth, i. e., truth.'] 1. To contract, promise, or 
engage to any one for a future marriage ; to affiance ; — 
used esp. of a woman. 2. To promise to take (as a spouse). 

3. To nominate for consecration to a bishopric. 
Be-troth'al (-al), n. Act or result of betrothing. 
Be-troth'ment (-ment), n. Betrothal. 

Bet'ter l^bet'ter), a. ; compar. of Good. [OE. betere, 
bettre, and as adv. bet, AS. betera, adj., bet, adv. ; akin 
to G. besser; not akin to E. good.] 1. Having good 
qualities in a greater degree than another. 2. Preferable 
or greater in regard to rank, value, fitness, completeness, 
or in any other respect. 3. Improved in health. 

To be better off, to be in a better condition. — Had better. 
(See under Had.) The phrase had better, followed by an 
infinitive without to, is idiomatic. The earliest form of 
construction was " were better " with a dative ; as, " Him 
were better go beside " (Goicer), i. e., It would be better 
for him, etc. At length the nominative (I, he, they, etc.) 
supplanted the dative and had took the place of were. 

Bet'ter, n. 1. Advantage, superiority, or victory. 
2. One who has a claim to precedence ; a superior. 

Bet'ter, adv. ; compar. of Well. 1. In a better man- 
ner ; in a superior or more excellent manner. 2. In a 
better, higher or greater degree ; more. 

Bet'ter, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Bettered (-terd) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Bettering.] To make or become better; to improve. 

Syn. — To improve; meliorate; ameliorate ; mend; 
amend ; correct ; emend ; reform ; advance ; promote. 

Bet'ter, n. One who bets or lays a wager. 

Bet'ter-ment (-ment), n. 1. A making better; im- 
provement. 2. (Law) An improvement (not mere repair- 
ing of an estate ; — generally in the pi. [ U. S.] 

Bet'ter-ness, n. 1. Quality of being better. [R.~\ 2. 
in fineness of gold or silver over the standard. 

Bet'tor f-ter), n. One who bets ; a better. 

Bet'ty fbSt'ty), n. [Prob. cant for Betty, for Eliza- 
beth.] A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open. 

Be-tween' (be-twen'), prep. [AS. betwednan, be- 
tuttnum ; prefix be- by + a form f r. AS. two, two.] 1. In 
the apace which separates; betwixt. 2. From one to 
another of. 3. Belonging in common to. 4. Involving 
reciprocal action by, or affecting the mutual relations of 
(any two). 6. "With relation to (any two) as involved in 
an act or attribute of which another is the agent or sub- 
6. In intermediate relation to, in respect to time, 
quantity, or degree. 

Syn. — Among. — between etymologically indicates 
only two, but is extended to more than two in expressing 
relation. A iwm'j always supposes more than two. 




Be-twixt' vbe-twtkst'), prep. [AS. betweox, betweoh, 
betwih ; pref. be- by + a form fr. AS. two, two.] 1. In 
the space which separates ; between. 2. From one to 
another of ; mutually affecting. 

Bev'el (beVeT), n. [Cf. F. biveau, earlier bureau, Sp. 
baivel ; of unknown origin.] 1. Any angle, other than 
a right angle, which one surface makes with another ; 
the slant of such surface. 2. A jointed instrument, for 
adjusting surfaces to a given inclination ; 

— called also a bevel square, [slanting. I 
Bev'el, a. Having the slant of a bevel ; | 
Bev'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beveled 

(-eld) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Beveling.] To C 
cut to a bevel ; to slope. [slant, j • 

Bev'el, r. i. To incline to a bevel ; to | Bevel square. 

Bev'er-age (-er-aj), n. [OF. bevrage, fr. beivre to 
drink, fr. L. bibere.] Liquid for drinking ; esp., a pre- 
pared drink. 

Bev'y (b§v'y), n. [Perhaps orig., a drinking company, 
fr. OF. bevee beverage.] 1. A company; an assembly, 
esp. of ladies. 2._A flock of birds ; also, a herd of roes. 

Be- wail' (be-wal'), v. t. & i. To express deep sorrow 
for, as by wailing ; to lament for ; to wail ; to bemoan. 

Be- ware 7 (be-waV), v. i. [Be, imperat. -+- ware.] To 
be on one's guard ; to be cautious ; to take heed or care ; 

— commonly used in the imperative or infinitive modes. 

Be-ware / , v. t. To avoid ; to have a care for. 

Be-wil'der (be-wil'der), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewil- 
dered (-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewildering.] [Pref. be- 
-f- wilder.] To lead into perplexity or confusion, as for 
want of a plain path ; hence, to perplex or confuse greatly. 

Syn. — To puzzle ; entangle ; confound ; mystSy. 

Be-wil'der-ment (-ment), n. 1. State of being be- 
wildered. 2. A bewildering tangle or confusion. 

Bew'it (butt), n. [Cf. OF. buie bond, fr. L. boja fet- 
ter.] A leather slip for fastening bells to a hawk's legs. 

Be- witch' (be-wlcb/; 224), v. t. \_imp. & p. p. Be- 
witched (-wTchf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewitching.] 1. To 
gain an ascendency over by charms or incantations ; to 
affect (esp. to injure) by witchcraft or sorcery. 2. To 
charm ; to fascinate so as to make resistance impossible. 

Syn. — To enchant; captivate; charm; entrance. 

Be-witch'er-y (-er-y), n. The power of bewitching. 

Be-Wltch'ing, a. Having power to bewitch. 

Be-Witch'ment, n. Act or power of bewitching. 

Be-WTay' (-ra'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrayed (-rad') ; 
p.pr.&vb. n. Bewraying.] [OE. bewraien; be- + AS. 
wregan to accuse.] To expose ; to betray. [Archaic] 

Bey (ba), n. [Turk, beg, pronounced ba.] A gov- 
ernor of a province or district in the Turkish dominions ; 
also, in some places, a prince or nobleman ; a beg. 

Bey lie (-lik) , n, [Turk. ] The territory ruled by a bey. 

Be-yond' (be-yond'), prep. [OE. biyonde, bqeonde, 
AS. begeondan, prep, and adv. See Be-, and Tond.] 
1. On the further side of. 2. Before in place or time. 
3. Past ; out of the reach or sphere of ; further than ; 
greater than. 4. In a degree exceeding or surpassing ; 
above, as in dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind. 

Be-yond', adv. Further away ; at a distance ; yonder. 

Bezant' (be-zgnf), n. 1. A gold, and also a silver, 
coin of Byzantium or Constantinople. 2. A decoration 
of a fiat surface representing overlapping disks. 

Bez -antler (beVantler), n. [L. bis twice (OF. bes) 
-f- E. antler.] The second branch of a stag's horn. 

Bez'el (bez'el), n. [From an old form of F. biseau 
sloping edge.] The rim which encompasses and fastens 
a jewel or other object in its cavity. 

Be'-zique' (ba-zek'), n. [F. besigue.] A game at cards. 

Be'zoar (be'zor), n. [Through F. & Ar. fr. Per. pad- 
zahr bezoar ; pad protecting + zahr poison.] A calculous 
concretion found in the intestines of certain ruminants, 
once regarded as a remedy for poison, and for diseases. 

Bhang (bang), n. [Per. bang ; cf . Skr. bhanga hemp.] 
A drug made from the wild hemp, and chewed or smoked 
in the East as a means of intoxication. 

Bl- (bi-). [L. bis twice, which in composition drops 
the -s; akin to E. two.] A prefix denoting : (a) In gen- 
eral, two, twice, or doubly, as, fcz'dentate, doubly toothed ; 
Alternate, doubly ternate. (b) In chemistry, the pres- 
ence of two atoms, parts, or equivalents of that constit- 
uent to the name of which it is prefixed, to one of the 
other component, or its presence in double the ordinary 
proportion. Bi- and di- are often used interchangeably. 

Bi-ac'id (bt-a-sTd), a. [Pref. bi- + acid.] (Chem.) 
Having two hydrogen atoms replaceable by negative 
atoms or radicals to form salts ; — said of bases. 

Bi'as (bi'as), n. [F. biais ; origin uncertain.] 1. A 
weight on the side of a ball or bowl, or a tendency im- 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, event, Idea, obey, tinite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



BIAS 



87 



BIDDERY WARE 



parted to it, which turns it from a straight line. 2. A 
leaning of the mind ; propensity ; bent ; prepossession. 
3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken out of a garment 
to diminish its circumference. 4. A slant ; a diagonal. 

Bi'as (bi'as), a. Cut slanting or diagonally, as cloth. 

Bi'as, adv. In a slanting manner ; crosswise. 

Bi'as, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Biased (bi'ast) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Biasing.] To incline to one side ; to give a particular 
direction to ; to influence ; to prejudice ; to prepossess. 

Bi-ax'al (bt-5ks'al), 1 a. [Pref. bi- + azal, axial.} 

Bi-ax'i-al (-i->al), ( (Opt.) Having two axes. 

Bib (bib), v. t. & i. [L. bibere.] To drink ; to tipple. 

Bib (bib), n. A small piece of cloth worn over the 
breast by children, to protect the clothes ; — so called be- 
cause it receives the drink slavered from the mouth. 

Bi-ba'cious (bt-ba'shus), n. Addicted to drinking. 

Bi-ba'sic (bl-ba'slk), a. [Pref. bi- + basic] (Chem.) 
Having two hydrogen atoms replaceable by positive or 
basic atoms or radicals to form salts ; — said of acids. 

Bib'ber (bTb'ber), n. One given to drinking ; a tippler. 

Bibbs (bibz), n. pi. (Xaut.) Pieces of timber bolted 
to a mast to support the trestletrees. [nozzle. I 

Bib'cock' (bTb'kok'), n. A cock with a bent down| 

Bi'ble (bi'b'l), n. [F., fr. L. biblia, pi., fr. Gr. /3i|3A t 'a, pi. 
of /3i/3Atoi>, dim. of /3i'/3Aos, 6u'/3Aos, book, prop., Egyptian 
papyrus.] 1. A book. [06s.] 2. The Book by way of 
eminence, — that is, the book containing the Scriptures 
of the Old and New Testaments. 3. A book containing 
the sacred writings of any religion. [the Bible, i 

Bib'li-cal (blb'lT-kal), a. Pert, to, or derived from, | 

Bib'li-cist (-slst), n. One versed in the Bible. 

Bib'li-o-graph/ (bTb'li-6-graf), n. Bibliographer. 

Bib li-Og'ra-pher (-og'ra-fer), n. [Gr. /3i/3Aioypd$os. 
See Bible, and -graph.] One versed in bibliography. 

Bib li-o-graph'ic (-6-graf'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining 

BiVli-O-graph'ic-al (-T-kal), j to bibliography. 

Bib'li-Og'ra-phy (-og'ra-fy), n. A history or descrip- 
tion of books or manuscripts. 

Bib/li-Ol'a-ter (-ol'a-ter), ) n. One who practices bib- 

Bib'U-Ol'a-triSt (-trTst), } liolatry. 

Bib li-ol'a-try (-try), ». [Gr. fapklov book + -latry.] 
Worship of books, esp. of the Bible ; — applied by Roman 
Catholics to the exaltation of the authority of the Bible 
over that of the church, and by Protestants to an excess- 
ive regard to the letter of the Scriptures. [ogy. I 

Bib li-o-log'ic-al (-o-loj'I-kal), a. Relating to bibliol- 1 

Bib li-ol'O-gy (-ol'6-jy), n. [Gr. SijSAiW book -f -logy.] 
1. Bibliography. 2. Bible literature or doctrine. 

Bib'li-O-mancy (bib'lT-6-man'sy), ». [Gr. /3i/3Aioi> 
book -j- -mancy.] Divination by selecting passages of 
Scripture at hazard. 

Bib li-O-ma'ni-a (-ma'ni-a), n. [Gr. /3ij3AiW book + 
mania.'] A mania for acquiring books. [books. I 

Bib li-o-ma'ni-ac (-ak), n. One having a mania for| 

Bib li-o-ma-ni'ac-al (-ma-m'a-kal), a. Pertaining to 
a passion for books ; relating to a bibliomaniac. 

Bibli-op'e-gy (-op'e-jy), n. [Gr. ^Kiov book + 
m)-yvvvai to make fast.] The art of binding books. [B.] 

Bibliophile (bib'li-6-ffl), n. [Gr. j3t/3Aibv book + 
0tAeii/ to love.] A lover of books. 

Bibli-O-pole (-6-pol), n. [Gr. 6i/3Ai07ra>A7]s ; 8i/3Aioi> 
book -j- TrwAeti/ to sell.] One who sells books. 

Bib li-op'o-list (-op'6-lTst), n. Same as Bibliopole. 

Bib'li-o-thec (-o-thek), n. A librarian. 

II Bib li-0-the'ca (bTlyli-6-the'ka), n. [L., fr. Gr. 8i/3Ai- 
odriKrr] ; SiSAtoi/ book -f- Qr)K-r] a case, box.] A library. 

Bib li-o-the'cal (-o-the'kal) , a. Belonging to a Ubrary. 

Bib'list (bit/list), n. 1. One who makes the Bible 
the sole rule of faith. 2. A biblical scholar ; a biblicist. 

Bib'U-lOUS (blb'u-lus), a. [L. bibulus, fr. bibere to 
drink.] 1. Readily imbibing fluids or moisture ; spongy. 
2. Inclined to drink ; addicted to tippling. 

Bi-cam'er-al (bt-kSm'er-al), a. [Bi- -f camera.] 
Consisting of, or including, two legislative chambers. 

Bi-cap'su-lar (bi-kap / su-ler ; 135), a. {Bi- + capsu- 
lar.] (Bot.) Having two capsules. 

Bi-car'bon-ate (-kar'bon-at), n. \_Bi- -f- carbonate.] 
(Chem.) A carbonate in which but half the hydrogen of 
the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical. 

Bi-car'i-nate (bl-kar'T-nat), a. [Bi- -f- carinate.] 
{Biol.) Having two keel-like projections. 

Bi-cau'dal (bl-ka'dal), ) a. [Bi- + caudal, caudate.] 

Bi-cau'date (-dat), ( Having two tails. 

Bic/Ched (bik'ked), a. [Of unknown origin.] Pecked; 
notched ; as, bicched bones, or dice. [Obs.] 

Bice, Bise (bis), n. [F. bis.] A pale blue pigment, 
prepared from blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt. 

Bi cen-ten'ni-al (bi'sen-ten'nT-al), a. [Bi- + centen- 



nial.] Consisting of or occurring every two hundred 
years. [Two-headed. I 

Bi ceph'a-lous (bt-sgf'a-liis), a. [Bi- -f cephalous.]\ 

II Bi'ceps (bi'sSps), n. [L., two-headed ; bis twice -f- 
caput head.] (Anat.) A muscle having two origins ; — 
applied esp. to a flexor in the arm, and to one in the thigh. 

Bi-chlO'ride (bi-klo'rTd or -rid), n. [Bi- -f chloride. ] 
(Chem.) A compound containing two parts of chlorine. 

Bi-chro'mate (bt-kro'mat), n. [Bi- -f chromate.] 
(Chem.) A salt containing two parts of chromic acid. 

Bi-cip'i-tal (bt-sipT-tal), a. [See Biceps.] 1. Having 
two heads ; dividing into two parts at the end. 2. (Anat. ) 
Pertaining to a biceps muscle. 

Bi-cip'i-tous (-tus), a. Having two heads ; bicipital. 

Bick'er (bik'er), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bickered (-erd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Bickering.] [OE. bikeren ; origin uncer- 
tain.] 1. To fight. [Obs.] 2. To altercate petulantly ; 
to wrangle. 3. To move with a babbling noise ; to quiver. 

Bick'er, n. A wrangle ; a noisy contention. 

Bick'er-er (-er), n. One who bickers. 

Bick'ern (-era), n. [F. bigorne. See Bicorn.] An 
anvil ending in a beak ; also, the beak itself. 

Bi'col or (bi'kuPer), ) a. [L. bicolor ; bis twice + co- 

Bi'col ored (-erd), ) lor color.] Of two colors. 

Bi-con'cave (bt-kon'kav), a. Concave on both sides. 

Bi-con'ju-gate (bt-kon'ju-gat), a. [Bi- -f conjugate.] 
(Bot. ) Twice paired or forked. [vex on both sides, i 

Bi-con'vex (bt-kon'veks), a. [Bi- + convex.] Con-| 

Bi'com (bi'k6rn), ~j a. [L. bicornis ; bis twice 

Bi'corned (bi'kQrnd), > -|- cornu horn.] Having 

Bi-cor'nous (bt-kSr'nus), ) two horns ; crescentlike. 

Bi-cor'po-ral (bt-k6r'po-ral), a. [Bi- -j- corporal.] 
Having two bodies. 

Bi-cor'po-rate (-rat), a. [Bi- -f corporate.] (Her.) 
Doubled-bodied, as a lion having one head and two bodies. 

Bi-cru / ral(bt-kru'ral),a. [Bi--\- crural.] Two-legged. 

Bi-cus'pid (bi-kus'pid), ) a. [See Bi-, Cuspidate.] 

Bi-CUS'pid-ate (-at), ) Having two points or prom- 
inences ; ending in two points, — as, teeth, leaves, etc. 

Bi-cus'pid, n. (Anat.) One of the two-pointed teeth 
between the canines and molars, on each side of each 
jaw. See Ittust. under Tooth. 

Bi'cy-Cle (bi'sT-k'l), n. [Bi- -f- cycle.] A two-wheeled 
velocipede, having a saddle seat for the rider. 




Bicycle. 

Bi'cy-Cler (-kler), n. The rider of a bicycle ; a wheel- 
man, [riding a bicycle. I 

Bi'cy -Cling (bl'sT-kling), n. The act or practice of | 

Bi'cy-clism (-kliz'm), n. The art of riding a bicycle. 

Bi'cy-cliSt (bi'si-klist), n. A bicycler. 

Bid (bid), v. t. [imp. Bade (bSd), Bid, (Obs.) Bad ; 
p. p. Bidden (bid'd'n), Bid ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bidding.] 
[OE. bidden, prop., to ask, beg, AS. biddan ; akin to G. 
bitten. The word now has the form of OE. bidden to ask, 
but (except in " to bid beads ") has the meaning of OE. 
beden, beoden, to command, AS. beddan, with which it 
was early confused.] 1. To make an offer of ; to propose ; 
specifically, to offer to pay or to take (a certain price). 
2. To offer in words ; to declare, as a wish, a greeting, 
defiance, etc. 3. To order ; to direct ; to enjoin ; to com- 
mand. 4. To invite ; to request to come. 

To bid beads, to pray with beads, as the Roman Catho- 
lics ; to distinguish each bead by a prayer. 

Syn. — To offer ; proffer ; tender ; propose ; order ; 
command ; direct ; charge ; enjoin. 

Bid, v. i. To state what one will pay or take. 

Bid, n. An offer of a price which one will pay or will 
take ; that which is offered. 

Bid'der (-der), n. One who bids or offers a price. 

Bid'der-y ware 7 (bid'der-^ war'). [From a town in 
India.] A kind of metallic ware inlaid or damascened 
with gold and silver, made in India. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 






BIDDING I 

Bid 'ding (bTdMTue\ ;. 1. Command ; order ; charge. 
2 Lot or process of making bids; a proposal of a price. 
Bid 'ding prayer (prta*). The prayer before the ser- 
mon. «'tii petitions for the souls of others. 
Bid'dy (bid'dy), •.. 1. [B^jmol. uncertain.] A name 
dling a hen or chicken. 2. [Tat Bridget.] An 
rving woman or girl. [Colloq.] 
Bide (bid), r. »'. limp. A ;». ;'. Bided ; ;>. /;;•. & vo. n. 
S, bbfati .' akin to Goth, beidan, Icel. fcltfa.] 
Mil ; to abide. 2. To remain ; to be permanent. 
Bide. : '. '•■ 1- 3Po endure ; to suffer. 2. To wait for. 
Bi dent (bi'drnt). ». [L. bidens two-pronged; bis -j- 
th.J A two-pronged instrument. [two teeth. I 
Bi-den'tal (bt-den'tal), Bi-den'tate (-tat), a. Having | 
Bi-det' (bl-deV or be-da'), n. [F. ; of uncertain origin.] 

1. A small horse. 2. A kind of bath tub; a sitz bath. 
Bi-digl-tate (bi-dlj'T-tat), a. [Bi--\- digitate.] Hav- 
ing two fingers or fingerlike projections. 

Bi-en'ni-al (bf-eVuT-fll), a. [L. biennalis, biennis, fr. 
bicnnium two years; bis twice + annus year.] 1. Hap- 
pening, or taking place, once in two years. 2. {Bot.) 
Continuing for two years, and then perishing, as certain 
plants. — Bi-en'ni-al-ly, adv. [ennial plant. I 

Bi-en'ni-al, n. 1. A biennial event. 2. {Bot.) Abi-| 

Bier (ber), n. [OE. bsere, beere, AS. bser, baere ; akin 
to G. bahre, L. feretrum, Gr. 4>epeTpov ; from the same 
root as E. bear to produce.] 1. A frame on which a corpse 
is placed, or borne to the grave. 2. ( Weaving) A count 
of forty threads in the warp or chain of woolen cloth. 

Biest'ings, Beest'ings (best'Iugz), n. pi. [AS. byst- 
ing. fr. byst ; akin to G. biest ; of unknown origin.] The 
first milk given by a cow after calving. 

Bi-fa'cial (bt-fa'shal), a. [Bi- + facial.] Having 
the opposite surfaces alike. 

Bi f a'ri-ous (bi-fa'rT-us), a. [L. bifarius ; bis twice 
4- fori to speak.] 1. Twofold; arranged in two rows. 

2. {Bot.) Growing in two opposite vertical rows, as leaves. 
Bii'er-ous (b!f 'er-us), a. [L. bifer ; bis twice + ferre 

to bear.] Bearing fruit twice a year. 

Biffin (-fin), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A sort of apple 
peculiar to Norfolk, Eng. 2. A pressed baked apple. 

Bi 'fid (bl'fid), a. [L. bifidus ; bis + root olfindere to 
cleave.] Cleft to the middle or slightly beyond ; cleft. 

Bif'i-date (blf'I-dat), a. Bifid. 

Bi -filar (bi-fller or blfl-ler), a. [Bi- -f filar.] Two- 
threaded ; involving the use of two threads. 

Bi-f lo'rate (bf-flo'rat), ) a. [L. bis twice -\-flos,floris, 

Bi-QOTOUS (-flo'rus), J flower.] {Bot.) Bearing two 
flowers ; two-flowered. [Two-leaved. I 

Bi-foOi-ate (bt-fo'lT-at), a. \_Bi- + foliate.] {Bot.)\ 

Bi-foTl-O-late (-6-lat), a. {Bot.) Having two leaflets. 

Bif'o-rate (bif'6-rat or bl'fo-rat), a. [L. bis twice -f- 
forare to pierce.] {Bot.) Having two perforations. 

Bif 'o-rine (bif'6-rTn), n. [See Biforous.] {Bot.) An 
oval cell with an opening at each end, found in some leaves. 

Bi'f orm (bi'f6rm), a. [L. biformis ; bis twice -{-forma 
shape.] Having two forms, bodies, or shapes. 

Bi'formed (bi'fQrmd), a. Having two forms. 

Bif 'o-rous (bTf 'o-rus), a. [L. bif oris having two doors ; 
bis twice -f- forts door.] See Biforate. [two fronts. I 

Bi-front'ed (bf-frunl/gd), a. [Bi- -f front] Having! 

Bl-fnr'cate (bt-ffir'kat), ) a. [Bi- + furcate.] Two- 

Bi-fur'ca-ted (-ka-tgd), J pronged ; forked. 

Bi -fur'cate (-kat), v. i. To divide into two branches. 

Bi fur-ca'tion (bl'ffir-ka'shun), n. A forking, or divi- 
sion into two branches. 

Big (bTg), a. [compar. Bigger; superl. Biggest.] 
[Origin uncertain.] 1. Having largeness of size ; of much 
bulk or magnitude. 2. Great with young ; pregnant ; — 
often figuratively. 3. Having greatness, fullness, im- 
portance, inflation, distention, etc. 

•Syn. — Bulky; large; great; massive; gross. 

Big, Bigg, n. [Akin to Icel. bygg, Dan. byg, Sw. 
ty" Off. ] ( Hot. ) Barley, esp. the hardy four-rowed kind. 

Blg'a-mist (big'a-uiTst), n. One guilty of bigamy. 

Big'a-mons (-mus), a. Guilty of, or involving, bigamy. 

Blg'a-my (-mf), n. [L. bigamus twice married ; bis 
twice 4- Gr. yajjios marriage.] {Law) The offense of 
marrying one person when already legally married to an- 
other ; polygamy ; also {Canon Law), the act of marry- 
ing two virgin*, one after the death of the other, or of 
Ones marrying a widow. 

Bl-gem'i-nate (bt-jgm/T-nSt), a. [Bi- + geminate.] 

(Hot.) Twice paired ; biconjugate. 

Big'gin 'biK'j/lii', ». [Y. beguin.] A child's cap ; a 
hood, or headdress. 

Big'gln, n. A kind of coffeepot ; — from the inventor. 

Big horn' <-)ihrn' h n . The Rocky Mountain sheep. 



3 BILL 

Bight (bit), n. [OE. bi$t a bending ; fr. AS. byhl, fr. 
bfigan. See Bow, v.] 1. A corner, bend, or angle; a 
hollow. 2. {Geog.) A bend in a coast forming an open 
bay. 3. {Naut.) The double part of a rope when folded. 

Big'ness (bTg'ngs), n. State or quality of being big. 

Big-no'ni-a (bTg-no'nl-a), n. [From Abb6 Bignon.] 
{Bot* A large genus of American climbing shrubs, hav- 
ing compound leaves and showy flowers. 

Big'ot (bYg'iit), n. [F. bigot a bigot or hypocrite, a 
name once given to the Normans in France. Of unknown 
origin.] One who is obstinately and blindly devoted to 
his own church, or, by extension, to his own party, be- 
lief, or opinion, and intolerant of any other. 

Big'ot-ed, a. Having the quality of being a bigot. 

Syn. — Prejudiced; intolerant; narrow-minded. 

Big'ot-ry (-ut-ry), n. State, character, practice, or 
tenets of a bigot. [rank. [Jocose] I 

Big/wig' (big'wigO, n. A person of consequence or | 

II Bi-Jou' (be-zhoo'), n. ; pi. Bijoux (be-zhooz'). [F. ; 
of uncertain origin.] A trinket ; a jewel ; anything 
small and of elegant workmanship. [as jewelry. I 

Bi-jou'try (be-zhoo'try), n. Small articles of vertu, | 

Bij'u gate (bij'fi-gat or bi'ju-gat), a. [L. bis -\-juga' 
tus, p. p., joined.] {Bot.) Having two pairs, as of leaflets. 

Bi j'u-gous (-gus) , a. [L. bijugus yoked two together ; 
bis twice -f- jugum yoke, pair.] {Bot.) Bijugate. 

Bi-la'bi-ate (bi-la'bT-at), a. [Bi- -f- labiate.] {Bot.) 
Having two lips, as a corolla. [Doubly fringed. [ 

Bi'la-cin'i-ate (bi'la-sTn'I-at), a. [Bi- -f- laciniate.] \ 

Bi lam'el late (-lam'el-lat), \ a. [Bi- -f lamellate.] 

Bi-lam'el-la'ted (-la'tgd), j {Bot.) Formed of two 
plates ; also, having two elevated ridges. 

Bi-lam 1-nar (-T-nar), | a. [Bi- + laminar, -ate.] 

Bi-lam'i-nate (-nat), J Formed of two laminae. 

Bil'an-der (bil'an-der), n. [D. bijlander, lit., by land.] 
{Naut.) A small two-masted coaster or canal boat. 

Bi-lafer-al (bi-lat'er-al), a. [Bi- + lateral.] 1. Hav- 
ing, or arranged upon, two sides; affecting two sides. 
2. {Biol.) Of or pertaining to the two sides of a central 
area, organ, or axis. — Bi-lat'er-al'i-ty (-Sl'i-ty), n. 

Bil'ber-ry(bIl'bSr-r3r),TC. [Cf. Dan. bollebser.] {Bot.) 
{a) The European whortleberry ; also, its fruit. (6) Any 
similar plant or its fruit ; esp. , species of Vaccinium. 

Bil'bo (bil'bo), n. ; pi. Bilboes (-boz). 1. A rapier ; 
a sword ; — so named from Bilbao, in Spain. 2. pi. A 
long bar of iron with sliding shackles, to confine the feet. 

Bile (bil), n. [L. Mis.] 1. {Physiol.) A yellow, or 
greenish, fluid, secreted by the liver, and aiding digestion. 

2. Bitterness of feeling ; anger. 

Bile, n. [AS. byle, byl ; akin to D. buil, G. beule.] 
A boil. [Archaic] 

Bi lec/tion (bl-lek'shun), n. {Arch.) The projecting 
part of a group of moldings ; a bolection. 

Bile'Stone' (bil'ston'), n. Gallstone. 

Bilge (bilj), n. [A variant of btdge.] 1. The pro- 
tuberant part of a cask. 2. {Naut.) That part of a ship's 
hull or bottom which is broadest and most nearly flat. 

3. Water collected in the bilge. 

Bilge (bilj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bilged (blljd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Bilging.] 1. {Naut.) To spring a leak by a 
fracture in the bilge. 2. To bulge. 

Bilge, v. t. 1. {Naut.) To fracture or stave the bilge 
of. 2. To cause to bulge. 

Bil'gy (bil'jy), a. Having the smell of bilge water. 

Bil'ia-ry (bil'ya-r^ ; 106), a. [L. bilis bile.] Of or 
pertaining to bile ; conveying bile ; as, a biliary calculus. 

II Bi-lim'bi (bi-lTm'bT), \ n. [Malay.] The berries of 

II Bi-lim'bing (-bing), \ two East Indian plants of 
the Sorrel family, used for preserves and pickles. 

BUin'e-ar (bi-lin'e-er), a. {Math.) Of, pertaining to, 
or included by, two lines. 

Bi-lin'gual (-lin'gwal), a. [L. bilinguis ; bis + lingua 
tongue.] Containing, consisting of, or expressed in, two 
languages. — Bi-lin'gual-ly, adv. — Bi-lin'gual-lsm, n. 

Bi-lin'guar (-gwer), a. See Bilingual. 

Bil'ious (bil'yus), a. [L. biliosus, f r. bilis bile.] 1. Of 
or pertaining to the bile. 2. Disordered in respect to 
the bile ; having, caused by, or dependent on, an excess 
of bile. 3. Choleric ; passionate. — Bil'ious-ness. n. 

Bi-lit'er-al (bi-Ht'er-al), a. [L. bis twice -f- litter a 
letter.] Consisting of two letters. 

Bilk (bilk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bilked (bilkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bilking.] [Origin unknown.] To disappoint ; 
to deceive or defraud, by nonfulfillment of engagement. 

Bilk, n. 1. The spoiling of an adversary's score in 
cribbage ; a balk. 2. A cheat ; a hoax. 3. Nonsense. 

Bill (bil), n. [OE. bile, Mile, AS. bile beak of a bird.] 
A beak, as of a bird, turtle, etc. 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; a., 6, i, 5, ii, y, short ; sen&te, gvent, Idea, $bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



BILL 



89 



BINE 



BUI (bll), v. i. limp. & p. p. Billed (blld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Billing.] To join bills, as doves ; to caress in 
fondness. 

BUI, ft. The bell, or boom, of the bittern. 

Bill, n. [OE. bil, AS. bill, bil ; akiu to G. bille pickax.] 
1. A cutting instrument, with hook-shaped point, and 
fitted with a handle ; — used for various purposes ; a bill- 
hook. 2. A weapon of infantry, in the 14th and 15th 
centuries ; — usually, a broad, heavy, double-edged, hook- 
shaped blade, having a short pike at the back and another 
at the top, and fixed to a loug staff. 3. A billman. 4. 
(Xaut.) The point of the fluke of an anchor. 

BUI (bll), v. t. To work upon with a bill. 

Bill, ft. [OE. bill, bille, fr. LL. billa (or OF. bille), 
for L. bulla anything rounded, LL., seal, stamp, letter, 
edict, roll.] 1. (Law) A declaration in writing, stating 
a wrong the complainant lias suffered from the defend- 
ant, or a fault committed against a law. 2. A writing 
binding the signer to pay a certain sum at a future day 
or on demand ; — called in the United States, note, note 
of hand, or promissory note. [Eng.] 3. A proposed or 
projected law. 4. A paper written or printed, and posted 
up or given away as an advertisement. 5. An account 
of goods sold or work done, with the price or charge. 
6. Any paper containing a statement of particulars. 

Bill of credit, (a) In the Constitution of the United 
States, a paper issued by a State, on the mere faith and 
credit of the State, and designed to circulate as money. 
(b) Among merchants, a letter sent by an agent or other 
person to a merchant, desiring him to give credit to the 
bearer for goods or money. — Bill of entry, a written ac- 
count of goods entered at the customhouse. — Bill of 
exchange (Com.), a written order or request from one per- 
son to another, desiring the latter to pay to some person 
designated a certain sum of money on account of the 
drawer ; — often called a draft. —Bill of lading, a written 
account of goods shipped by any person, signed by the 
agent of the owner of the vessel, or by its master. — Bill 
of pains and penalties, a legislative act inflicting a punish- 
ment less than death upon persons supposed to be guilty 
of treason or felony, without a conviction in the ordinary 
course of judicial proceedings. —Bill of rights, a summary 
of rights and privileges claimed by a people. — Bill of sale, 
a formal instrument for the transfer of goods and chat- 
tels. — Bill of sight, a form of entry at the customhouse, 
by which goods may be landed for examination. 

Bill, v. t. To charge, enter, or advertise in a bill. 

Bill beetle (-be^t'l), or Bill'bug' (-bug/), n. (Zool.) 
A weevil or curculio of various species, as the corn weevil. 

BillT)oard (-bord/), ft. 1. (Naut.) An iron-plated 
plank fixed on the bow of a vessel as a rest for the bill of 
the anchor. 2. A flat surface, as of boards, on which 
bills are posted. 

BUI' book/ (b66k/). (Com.) A book in which one 
keeps an account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange, etc. 

BUI' bro ker (bro/ker). One who negotiates the dis- 
count of bills. 

BU'let (billet), ra. [F., dim. of an OF. bille bill.] 
1. A small paper ; a note ; a short letter. 2. A ticket from 
a public officer directing soldiers at what house to lodge. 

BU'let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Billeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Billeting.] (3Iil.) To direct, by billet, where to lodge ; 
hence, to quarter, or place in lodgings. 

BUIet, n. [F. billette, bille, log ; of unknown origin.] 
1. A small stick of wood. 2. (Metal.) A short bar of 
metal. 3. (Arch.) An ornament in Norman work, re- 
sembling a billet of wood. 4. (Saddlery) (a) A strap 
which enters a buckle, (b) A loop which receives the 
end of a buckled strap. 

HjJU'let-dOUX' (bTl'la-doo'), «. ; pi. Billets-doux 
(-dooz'). [F., lit., a sweet note.] A love letter or note. 

BU'let head' (billet-hed/), «. (Naut.) A timber in a 
whaleboat, around which the harpoon line is run out. 

BUl'flsh/ (-fish/), n. (Zool.) Any one of several fishes 
having prominent beaks, as the garfish, saury, etc. 

BUlliead (-hed/), «. A printed form, used by mer- 
chants in making out bills or rendering accounts. 

BUl'hook (-h86k/), n. [Bill -f hook.] A thick, heavy 
pruning knife with a hooked j— , 
point. jflP 

BUTiard (bll'yerd), a. Of 
or pertaining to billiards. 

BUOiardS (Ml'yerdz), n. Billhook. 

[F. billard billiards, OF. billart staff, cue for playing, 
fr. bille log.] A game played with ivory balls on a cloth- 
covered, rectangular table, bounded by elastic cushions. 

BUOingS-gate/ (bTllIngz-gat/), n. 1. A fish-market 
near the Billingsgate in London, notorious for foul lan- 
guage. 2. Foul, or profane language ; vituperation. 

Billion (bTl'yun), n. [F. billion, formed fr. L. bis 



twice, in imitation of million.'] According to the French 
and American method of numeration, a thousand mil- 
lions, or 1,000,000,000 ; according to the English method, 
a million millions, or 1,000,000,000,000. [with, a bill. I 

Bill'man (bll'man), n. One who uses, or is armed | 

BUIot (bll'15t), n. [F.] Bullion in the bar or mass. 

BUlow (bil'lo), n. [Cf. Icel. bylgja billow ; akin to 
E. bulge.] A great wave or surge of the sea or other 
water, caused usually by violent wind. Also used fig. 

BU'low, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Billowed (-16d) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Billowing.] To surge ; to roll in billows. 

BUlOW-y (-lo-y), a. Pertaining to or like billows. 

BUl'post/er (bil'post/er), \n. One whose occupation 

BUl'stick/er (bll'stTk'er) J is to post bills. 

BU'ly (bil'ly), n. A club ; esp., a policeman's club. 

Bi-loT>ate (bt-lo'bat or bi'16-bat), a. [Bi- -f lobate.] 
Divided into two lobes or segments. 

Bi'lobed (bi'lobd), a. Bilobate. 

Bi-loc'u-lar (bi-lok'u-ler), a. [Bi- -f locular.] Di- 
vided into two cells or compartments. 

BU'Sted (bll'sted), ft. (Bol.) The sweet gum. 

Bim'a-nous (blm'a-nus or bi'ma-nus), a. [L. Ml twice 
-{-/nanus hand.] (Zool.) Having two hands ; two-handed. 

Bi-mas'tism (bt-mas'tlz'ni), n. [Bi- + Gr. /xoo-to? 
breast.] (Anat.) State of having two mammae or teats. 

Bi-me'di-al (bi-nieMT-al), a. [Bi- -f medial.] (Geom.) 
Applied to a line which is the sum of two fines commen- 
surable only in power (as a square's side and diagonal). 

Bi-men'sal (bi-inen'serl), a. Bimonthly. 

Bi-mes'tri-al (bi-mes'trT-al), a. [L. bimestris; bis 
twice -f- mensis month.] Continuing two months. 

Bi me-tal'lic (bi'mS-tSllIk), a. [Bi- + metallic.] 
Of or relating to, or using, a double metallic standard (as 
gold and silver) for a system of coins or currency. 

Bi-met'al-lism (bi-met'al-liz'm), n. The use of two 
metals (as gold and silver) in the currency of a country 
at a relative value fixed by law. 

Bi-met'al-list (-list), n. An advocate of bimetallism. 

Bi-month'ly (bi-munth'ly), a. [Bi- + monthly.] 
Occurring, done, or coming, once in two months. — n . A 
bimonthly publication. — adv. Once in two months. 

Bi-mus'CU-lar (bl-mus'ku-ler), a. [Bi- + muscular.] 
(Zool.) Having two adductor muscles, as a bivalve. 

Bin (bin), re. [AS. binn manger, crib; origin un- 
certain.] A box or inclosed place, used as a receptacle. 

Bin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Binned (bind) ; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. Binning.] To put into a bin. 

Bin-. A euphonic form of the prefix Bi-. 

Bi'na-ry (bi'na-ry), a. [L. binarius, fr. bini two by 
two, two at a time, fr. root of bis twice ; akin to E. tiro.] 
Compounded or consisting of two things or parts ; char- 
acterized by two (things). — ft. That which is consti- 
tuted of two figures, things, or parts. 

Binary star (Astron.), a double star whose members have 
a revolution round their common center of gravity. —Bi- 
nary theory (Chem.), the theory that all chemical com- 
pounds consist of two opposite and unlike constituents. 

Bind (bind), v. t. [imp. Bound (bound) ; p. p. Bound, 
formerly Bounden (bound''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Binding.] 
[AS. bindan, perfect tense band, bundon, p. p. bunden ; 
akin to G. binden, Skr. bandh to bind.] 1. To tie, or 
confine with a cord, band, ligature, chain, etc. ; to fet- 
ter ; to make fast. 2. To confine, restrain, or hold by 
physical force or influence of any kind. 3. To bandage 
or dress. 4. To make fast (a thing) about or upon some- 
thing, as by tying. 5. To protect or strengthen by a 
band or binding. 6. To fasten together, and inclose in a 
cover. 7. Fig., to oblige, restrain, or hold, by author- 
ity, law, duty, promise, vow, affection, or other moral tie. 
8. (Laic) To place under legal obligation, as to serve. 
To bind over, to put under bonds to do something. 
Syn. —To fetter ; tie ; fasten ; restrain ; restrict ; oblige. 

Bind (bind), v. i. 1. To tie ; to confine by any liga- 
ture. 2. To contract ; to grow hard or stiff ; to cohere. 
3. To be restrained from motion, or from customary or 
natural action. 4. To be obligatory. 

Bind, ft. 1. That which binds or ties. 2. Any twin- 
ing or climbing plant or stem, esp. a hop vine ; a bine. 
3. (Metal.) Indurated clay mixed with the oxide of iron. 

Bind'er (-er), n. One that binds. [are bound. I 

Bind'er-y (-er-.v), n. Place where things, as books, | 
Bind'ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or 
that which, binds. 2. Anything that binds. 

Bind'weed/ (-wed'), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus 
Convolvulus. Black bindweed is a species of bryony ; 
rough bindweed is a species of Smilax. 

Bine (bin), n. [See Bind ; cf. Woodbine.] The twin- 
ing stem of a hop vine or other climbing plant. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BINNACLE 



90 



BIRD'S-EYE 



v 




Binnacle. 



Bin'na-cle (bfofet-kl), w. [For Mffoefe, corrupted 

to dwell. See 
r box placed 
i-outaiuiug the coin- 
paas, and ■ light to Bhow it at night. 
Bln'o-cle ^Mn'6-k'l), ». [F. binocle ; 
time -r ocmZim 
V dioptric telescope, titted with 
ibea joining; a double-barreled 
field glass Of open g 
Bm-o<^udar(ldn-ok'u-ler0/-bt-n5k'-), 

1. Having two eyes. 2. Of or per- 
taining to DOtb eyes. 3. Adapted to the 
simultaneous use of both eyes.—;;. A 
binocular glass ; a binocle. 

Bin-oc'u-late (,-lat), a. Binocular. 

Bl-no'mi-al (bt-uo'inT-al), n. [L. bis 

uixen name.] (Alg.) Au expression consisting 
oi two terms connected by the sign plus(+) or minus ( — ). 

Bi-no'ml-al, a. 1. Consisting of two terms ; pertain- 
ing to binomials. 2. (Xat. Hist.) Having or using two 
names, — one of the genus, the other of the species. 

Bi-nu'cle-ar (-nu'kle-er), ) a. [Bi- -f- nuclear, -ate.'] 

Bi-nu'cle-ate (-kle-jit), } (Biol.) Having two nuclei. 

Bi'O-. A combining form of Gr. /3i'os life. 

Bi'o-blast (bi'o-blXst), n. {Bio- + -blast.] Bioplast. 

Bi-oc'el-late (bi-5s'gl-lat), a. [See Bi-, and Ocel- 
lated.] (Zool.) Having two ocelli (eyelike spots). 

Bl'0-gen(bi'6-j?n),7i. [Bio- -\- -gen.] (Biol.) Bioplasm. 

Bi o gen'e-sis (-jgn'e-sis), ) n. {Bio- + genesis, -ge- 

Bi-og'e-ny (bt-5j'e-ny), J ny.] (Biol.) (a) The 
doctrine that living organisms can be produced only 
by living germs or parents, (b) Life development gen- 
erally.— Bi 0-ge-net'iC (bi'o-je-net'Ik), a. 

Bi Og-no'siS (bi'5g-no'sTs), n. [Bio- + Gr. yiwi9 
investigation.] (Biol.) The investigation of life. 

Bi-og'ra-pher (bi-5g'ra-fer), n. One who writes a 
history of the life of a particular person ; a writer of lives. 

Bi d-graph'ic (bPS-gra^'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Bi 0- graph 'leal (-T-kaP), J biography ; containing 
biography. — Bi O-graph'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Bi-Og'ra-phy (bi-5g'ra-fy), n. [Gr. Ptoypafca ; /3tos 
life -j- ypdfctv to write.] 1. The written history of a 
person's life. 2. Biographical writings in general. 

Bi'0-log'ic (bi'o-15jTk), 1 a. Of or relating to biology. 

Bi o-log'ic-al (T-kal), f — Bi'o-log'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Bi-ol'o-gist (bf-51'6-jTst), n. One versed in biology. 

Bl-ol'O-gy (-jf), n. {Bio- -f -logy.] Science of life ; 
the science treating of the origin, structure, development, 
function, and distribution of animals and plants. 

Bi mag 'net ism (bi'o-mSg'ngt-iz'm), n. {Bio- + 
magnetism.] Animal magnetism. 

Bi-om'e-try (bl-Sm'e-trj?), ?i. [Bio--\--metry.] Meas- 
urement of life ; calculation of probable duration of life. 

Bi'on (bi'Sn), n. [Gr. /9«o»>, p. pr. of fiiovv to live.] 
(Biol.) The physiological individual. 

Bi'o-plasm (bi'6-pl5z'm), n. {Bio- + -plasm.] (Biol. ) 
The germinal matter supposed to be essential to the func- 
tions of all living beings ; unaltered protoplasm. 

Bi o-plas'mic (-plSz'mTk), a. Of or pert, to bioplasm. 

Bi'o-plast (-plSst), n. [Bio- + -plast.] (Biol.) A 
tiny mass of bioplasm, in itself a living, formative unit. 

Bi o plas'tic (bi'6-plSs'tTk), a. (Biol.) Bioplasmic. 

Bi-or'gan (bi-Sr'gwn), n. {Bio- -j- organ.] (Biol.) A 
physiological organ ; an organ endowed with function. 

Bi o-stat'ics ( bi'6-stStTks ), n. {Bio- -f statics.] 
(Biol.) The physical phenomena of organized bodies. 

Bi'O-tax'y (bi'o-tSks'y), n. [Gr. /Sios life -f- ra^ts ar- 
rangement.] (Biol.) The structural classification of liv- 
ing organisms ; taxonomy. [lating to life. I 

Bi-ot'ic (M-oVTk), a. [Gr. /Suotiko?.] (Biol.) Re-| 

Bi pa-ri'e-tal (bi'pa-rl'e-tal), a. {Bi- + parietal.] 
(A not.) Oi or pertaining to the diameter of the cranium, 
from one parietal fossa to the other. 

Blp'a-rous (bTp'a-rfis), a. [L. bis twice -f- parere to 
bring forth.] Bringing forth two at a birth. 

Bi part'i-ble ( bt-partl-b'l ), a. [See BrPAKTiTE.] 
Capable of being divided into two parts. 

Bi-par'tient (bt-par'shent), a. [L. bis twice + pa.r- 
]>r. of part ire to divide.] Dividing into two 
equal part*. 

Bi-par'tlle (bt-par'tYl), a. Divisible into two parts. 
Blr/ar-tlte (blr/4r-tit or bt-par'tlt), a. [L. bipar- 
i'"u £ *'•' ' A lj 'l'" rlirt ' W* twice + partire to part.] 
J g in two parts ; having two correspondent parts, 

duplicate; also, participated in by two. 2. (Bot.) Di- 
vided almost to the bate ; consisting of two parts. 



Bi par- ti'tion (bi'par-tTsh'un), n . Act of dividing into 
two parts, or state of being so divided. 

Bi'ped (bi'pgd), n. [L. bipts ; bis twice -\-pes, pedis, 
foot.] A two-footed animal, as man. 

Bi'ped, a. Having two feet ; two-footed. 

Bip'e-dal (bip'e-dal or bi'pe-dal), a. 1. Having two 
feet ; biped. 2. Pertaining to a biped. 

Bi pen'nate (bt-pgn'mtt), 1 a. [Bi- -\-pennate.] Hav- 

Bi-pen'na-ted (-na-tgd), j ing two wings. 

Bi -pet'al-ous (bl-pgt'al-us), a. [Bi- -f- petalous.] 
(Bot. ) Having two petals. 

Bi-pin'nate (-pin'nat), \a. [Bi- -\- pinnate.] Twice 

Bi-pin'na-ted (-na-tgd), J pinnate. [pinnatifid. I 

Bi'pin-nat'i-lid (bi/pTn-nat/i-fld), c. (Bot.) Doubly | 

Bip'li-cate (bip^T-kat or bi'pli-kat), a. [Bi--{- pli- 
cate.] Twice folded. 

Bi-po'lar (bt-po'ler), a. [Bi- + polar.] Doubly 
polar ; having two poles. 

Bi'pont (bl'pSnt), Bi-ponf ine (bt-p5nt'In), a. (Bii- 
liog.) Relating to books printed at Deuxponts, or Zwei- 
briicken (Bipontium), in Bavaria. 

Bi'py-ram'i-dal (bFpT-ram'i-dal), a. [Bi- -{-pyram- 
idal.] Having two pyramids placed base to base ; having 
a pyramid at each of the extremities of a prism. 

Bi-quad'rate (bt-kwod'rat), n. [Bi- -f quadrate.] 
(Math.) The fourth power, or the square of the square. 

Bi/quad-rat/ic (bl'kwBd-rStflk), a. (Math.) Of or 
pertaining to the biquadrate. — n. A biquadratic power 
or equation. 

Bi-ra'di-ate (bt-ra'dT-at), ) a. [Bi- -f radiate.] Hav- 

Bi-ra'di-a^ed (-a'tgd), j ing two rays. 

Birch (berch), n. [AS. birce, beorc ; akin to G. birke, 
Skr. bhurja.] 1. A tree of several species, constituting 
the genus Betula. 2. The wood or timber of this tree. 
3. A birch twig or birch twigs, used for flogging. 

Birch, a. Of or pertaining to the birch ; birchen. 

Birch, v. t. To whip with a birch rod ; to flog. 

Birch'en (berch"n), a. Of or relating to birch. 

Bird (berd), n. [OE. brid, bred, bird, AS. bridd young 
bird.] 1. Orig., a chicken ; the young of a fowl ; young 
eaglet ; a nestling ; and hence, a feathered flying animal. 

a Forehead ; b Crown or Vertex ; 
c Occiput ; d Auriculars (the line 
crosses the nape) ; e Cervix or Hind 
neck ; /Tertianes ; g Secondaries ; 
h Primaries ; i Under tail coverts ; 
k Tail ; I Outer or Fourth toe ; m 
Inner or Second toe ; n Tarsus ; 
o Tibia ; p Abdomen or Belly ; 
r Greater wing 
coverts ; s Me- f_ 
dian coverts 
(the line cross- 
es the breast 
or pectoral re- 
gion) ; t Lesser 
coverts; u 
Bastard wing ; 
v Jugular re- 

fion or the 
,ower throat ; 
wGular region 
or Throat ; x 
Nostril. 

2. (Zool.) A Bird (External Parts), 

warm-blooded, feathered, winged vertebrate. 3. Specif- 
ically, among sportsmen, a game bird. 

Bird (berd), v. i. To catch or shoot birds. 

Bird'bolt/ (-bolt'), n. A short blunt arrow for killing 
birds. [fining birds. I 

Bird' cage', or Bird'cage' (-kaj' ) % n. A cage for con- 1 

Bird'call' (-kal'), n. 1. A decoy sound imitating a 
bird's cry. 2. An instrument for sounding a birdcall. 

Bird' fan'ci-er (f2n'sT-er). One who collects or rears 
rare or curious birds ; one who keeps caged birds for sale. 

Birdlime' (dim'), n. [Bird 
-f- lime viscous substance.] Any 
very adhesive viscid substance, 
used for catching birds by smear- 
ing twigs on which they light. 

Bird' of par'a-dise(ovpSr'a- 
dis). (Zool.) Any one of several 
very beautiful birds inhabiting 
New Guinea and the adjacent 
islands. 

Bird'seed' (berd'sed'), n. 
Small seeds used for feeding 
caged birds. 

Bird's'-eye' (berdz1'),a. 1. 
Seen from above, as if by a flying | 
bird ; hence, general. 2. Marked 
with spots resemblingbird's eyes. 





King Bird of Paradise. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



BIRD'S-FOOT 



91 



BITTER 



Blrd's'-fOOt' (berdz'fo~&t'), ra. (Bot.) A papilionaceous 
plant bearing a curved pod with a clawlike tip. 

Bird's' nest 7 , or Blrd'S-nest (-n8st'), n. 1. The nest 
in which a bird lays eggs and hatches her young. 2. ( Cook- 
ery) The nest of a swafiow,of China and neighboring coun- 
tries, — used in making soups. It resembles isinglass. 

Bird's'-tongue 7 (-tung 7 ), n. (Bot.) The knotgrass. 

Bird'-wit'ted (berd'wit'ted), a. Flighty ; not having 
the faculty of attention. 

Bi'reme (bi'rem), n. [L. biremis ; bis twice -f- remits 
oar.] An ancient galley or vessel with two banks of oars. 

Bi-ret'ta (bT-rgt'ta), n. Same as Beeketta. 

Birr (ber), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bibbed (berd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bibbing.] [Perh. imitative.] To make, or move 
with, a whirring noise. [force. I 

Birr, n. 1. A whirring sound. 2. A rush or impetus ; I 

Bir'rus (bir'rus), n. [LL., fr. L. birrus a kind of 
cloak.] A coarse kind of thick woolen cloth, worn in 
the Middle Ages ; also, a woolen cap or hood. 

Birth (berth), n. [AS. beorS, gebyrd, fr. beran to 
bear, bring forth ; akin to G. geburt, Skr. bhrti bearing. 
See 1st Beab.] 1. The act or fact of coming into life, 
or of being born. 2. Lineage ; extraction ; descent ; 
sometimes, high birth. 3. Natural state, position, or 
disposition. 4. The act of bringing forth. 5. That 
which is born or produced, whether animal or vegetable. 
6. Origin; beginning. 

Birth'day' (berth'da 7 ), n. 1. The day in which a 
birth occurs. 2. Anniversary of one's birth. [birth. I 

Birth/mark 7 (-mark'), n. A mark on the body at| 

Birth/place 7 (-plaV), n. The place of origin or birth. 

Birth/right/ (-rit 7 ), n. Any right, privilege, or pos- 
session to which a person is entitled by birth. 

Bis (bis), adv. [L. bis twice, for duis, fr. root of duo 
two.] Twice ; — noting that a thing is, or is to be, repeated. 

Bis-, pre/. A euphonic form of Bi-. 

Bis'cuit (bis'kit), n. [F., fr. L. bis twice + coctus, 
p. p. of coquere to cook, bake.] 1. A kind of unraised 
"bread baked in flat cakes. 2. A small loaf or cake of 
raised bread. 3. Unglazed earthenware or porcelain. 
4. (Sculp.) Unglazed white porcelain. 

II Bise (bez), n. [F.] A cold north wind of Southern 
Europe, — nearly the same as the mistral. 

Bi-sect' (bi-sgkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bisected ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Bisecting.] [L. bis twice -f- secare, sectum, 
to cut.] 1. To cut or divide into two parts. 2. (Geom.) 
To divide into two equal parts. 

Bi-sec'tion (bi-sek'shiin), n. Act of bisecting. 

Bi-sec'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, bisects. 

Bi-seg'ment (bi-seg'ment), n. [Bi- -f- segment.] One 
Of two equal parts of a line, or other magnitude. 

Bise'ri-al (bi-se'ri-al), \ a. [Bi- -f- serial, -ate.~\ Di- 

Bi-se'ri-ate (-se'ri-at), j vided in two rows or series. 

Bi-ser'rate (bl-ser'rat), a. [Bi- -f- serrate.] 1. (Bot. ) 
Doubly serrate, or having the serratures serrate. 2. 
(Zool.) Serrate on both sides. 

Bi-sex'u-al (-sexs'fi-al; 135), a. [Bi- + sexual.} 
(Biol.) Being of both sexes ; hermaphrodite. 

Bish'op (bish'up), n. [AS. bisceop, L. episcopus, fr. 
Gr. €7rt<TK07ros ; htC over -f- <tkott6s inspector, fr. root of 
atcoTreiv to look to.] 1. A spiritual overseer, superintend- 
ent, or director. 2. In the Roman Catholic, Greek, and 
Anglican or Protestant Episcopal churches, one ordained 
to the highest order of the ministry. 3. In some churches, 
one of the highest church officers. 4. A piece used in 
chess. 5. A mixture of wine, oranges or lemons, and 
sugar. 6. An old name for a woman's bustle. [U. S.'j 

Bish'op, v. t. To admit into the church by confirma- 
tion ; hence, to receive formally into favor. 

Bish'op, v. t. [From the name of the scoundrel who 
first practiced it. Youatt.] (Far.) To operate on (the 
teeth) or on the teeth of (a horse) so as to make seem 
younger. 

Bish'op-ric(-rik),ra. [AS. bisceoprice. See-Bic] 1. 
A diocese ; jurisdiction of a bishop. 2. Office of a bishop. 

Bish'op' S cap 7 (bish'ups kgp 7 ). (Bot.) Miterwort. 

Bisk (bisk), n. [F. bisque.] Soup or broth made by 
boiling several sorts of flesh together. 

Bisk, n. [F. bisque.] ( Tennis) See Bisque. 

Bis'muth (biz'muth), n. [G.] (Chem.) A metal of 
a reddish-white color, somewhat harder than lead, and 
rather brittle. Specific gr. 9.8. Atomic weight 207.5. 

Bis'muth-al (biz'miith-al), a. Containing bismuth. 

Bis'muth-iC (-ik), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to bis- 
muth ; containing bismuth in its higher valence. See -ic. 

Bis'muth-OUS (-lis), a. (Chem.) Of, or containing, 
bismuth, in its lower valence. See -ous. 

Bi'son (bi'sbn), n. [L., fr. Gr. pCo-uv wild ox ; akin 



to G. wisent, AS. wesend.] (Zool.) (a) The aurochs or 
European bison, (b) The American bison or buffalo. 




American Bison, male {Bison Amcrkanus). 

II Bisque (bisk), n. [A corruption of biscuit.] Un- 
glazed white porcelain. 

Bisque, n. [F.] A point taken by the receiver of 
odds in the game of tennis ; also, an extra innings allowed 
to a weaker player in croquet. 

II Bisque, n. [F.] A white soup made of crayfish. 

Bis-sex'tile (bis-seks'til), n. [L. Mssextilis annus, 
fr. bissextus (bis -f sextus sixth, fr. sex six) the sixth of 
the calends of March, or twenty-fourth day of February, 
which was reckoned twice every fourth year by the in- 
tercalation of a day.] Leap year ; every fourth year, in 
which a day is added to the month of February. 

Bis-sex'tile, a. Pertaining to leap year. 

Bis'ter ) (-ter), to. [F. bistre.] (Paint.) A dark brown 

Bls'tre j pigment extracted from wood soot. 

Bis'tort (bis'toTt), n. [L. bis -j- tortus, p. p. of tor- 
quere to twist. ] (Bot. ) An herbaceous plant of the genus 
Polygonum, section Bistorta ; snakeweed ; adderwort. 

Bis'tOU-ry (bis'to6-ry), n. [F. bistouri.] A slender 
knife, either straight or curved, used by surgeons. 

Bl-SUl'cate (bi-sul'kat), a. [Bi- + sulcate.] 1. Hav- 
ing two grooves or furrows. 2. (Zool.) Cloven. 

Bi-sul'cous (-kus), a. [L. bisulcus.] Bisulcate. 

Bi-sul'phate (-f at), n. [Bi- + sulphate.] (Chem.) A 
sulphate containing twice the normal proportion of acid. 

Bl-sul'phide (-fid or -fid), n. (Chem.) A sulphide 
having two atoms of sulphur in the molecule. 

Bi-SUl'phU-ret (-fu-ret), n. (Chem.) Bisulphide. 

Bit (bit), n. [AS. bite bite, fr. bitan to bite.] 1. The 
mouthpiece of a bridle, to which the reins are fastened. 
2. Fig., anything which curbs or restrains. 

Bit, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bitted (-ted) ; p. pr. &vb. n. 
Bitting.] To put the bit in the mouth of ; to bridle. 

Bit, imp. & p. p. of Bite. 

Bit, n. [AS. bita, fr. bitan to bite ; akin to G. bissen.] 
1. Such a part of anything as may be bitten off ; a mor- 
sel ; a bite. Hence, a small piece ; a little ; a particle ; 
somewhat. 2. A tool for boring, of various forms and 
sizes. 3. The part of a key which en- 
ters the lock. 4. The cutting iron 
of a plane. 5. In the Southern and 
Southwestern States, a small silver 
coin formerly current; commonly, 
one worth about 12J cents. ° lia - 

Bitch (bich), n. [OE. biche, AS. bicce.] 1. The fe- 
male of the canine kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox. 2. 
An opprobrious name for a woman. 

Bite (bit), v. t. [imp. Brr (bit) ; p. p. Bitten (-t'n), 
Bit ; p. pr. & vb. n. Biting.] [AS. bitan ; akin to G. 
beissen, L. findere to cleave, Skr. bhid to cleave.] 1. To 
seize, lacerate, or wound with the teeth, or with an organ 
(as of insects) used in taking food. 2. To hurt, injure, 
or cause to smart, — in a literal or figurative sense. 3. To 
take hold of ; to catch upon. 

To bite the dust. To bite the ground, to fall fatally wound- 
ed. — To bite in (Etching), to engrave by the action of acid. 

Bite (bit), v. i. 1. To seize or wound something with 
the teeth ; to have the habit of so doing. 2. Also used 
fig. in senses corresponding to those of the v. t. 

Bite, n. 1. The act of biting. 2. A wound made by 
biting. 3. A part bitten off at once. 4. A fast hold. 

Bit'er (bit'er), n. One who, or that which, bites. 

Bi'the-ism (bi'the-Tz'm), n. [Bi- + theism.] Belief 
in the existence of two gods ; dualism. 

Bit'StOCk' (bit'stSk 7 ), n. A handle for rotating a bit. 

Bitt (bit), v. t. [See Brrrs.] (Naut.) To put round 
the bitts. 

Bit'ter (-ter), n. [See Brrrs.] (Naut.) A turn of the 
cable round the bitts. 

Bit'ter (bit'ter), a. [AS. biter; akin to G. bitter, fr. 




G 



H 



K 



f Srn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BITTER 



92 



BLACKGUARDISM 




European Bittern ( Bo- 
taurus stellaris). 



White.] 1. Having > peouliar, acrid, biting taste, 
rnwood or an infusion of hops. 2. Caus- 
ing pain bar physical or mental ; piercing; 
sever*; poignant. 3. Characterized by severity or cru- 
ruleut, 4. Full of pain, distress, or grief. 
To the bittar end, to the List extremity, however calani- 

I ; sharp : harsh ; pungent ; stinging ; cut- 
.icriuuuiious : grievous. 

Bit'ter ( blt'teil, >i. Any substance that is bitter. 

Bit ter ish. O. Somewhat bitter. 

Blt'ter-ly. adv. In a bitter manner. 

Bit'tern fblttern), n. [OE. biloure, fr. F. butor ; of 
unknown origin.] (Zool.) A wad- 
ing bird of the genua Botaanis, 
allied to the herons, of various 
-. The common European 
bittern makes, during the brood- 
ing season, a noise called by 
Dryden bumping. The name is 
applied to other related birds. 

Bit'tern, u. [From Bitter, 
a.] 1. The bitter brine which 
remains in salt works after the 
salt is concreted. 2. A com- 
pound used to adulterate beer. 

Bit'ter-ness (blt'ter-nSs), n. 
Quality or state of being bitter. 

Bit'ter-nut' (-nuf ), n. (Bot.) 
The swamp hickory. 

Bit'ter-root' (-roof), n. (Bot.) A plant (Lewisia redi- 
viva) allied to the purslain, but with fleshy, farinaceous 
roots, growing^ in the mountains of Idaho, Montana, etc. 

Bit'ters (-terz), n. pi. A liquor, generally spirituous, 
in which a bitter herb, leaf, or root is steeped. 

Bit'ter spar' (spar'). A common name of dolomite. 

Bit'ter-sweet' (-swef), a. 1. Sweet and bitter ; esp. 
sweet with a bitter aftertaste. 2. Fig., pleasant, but 
mixed with pain. 

Bit'ter-sweet', n. 1. Anything which is bittersweet. 
2. (Bot.) (a) A poisonous climbing shrub (Solatium dulca- 
mara), with oval coral-red berries. It has a taste at first 
sweetish and then bitter, (b) An American woody climb- 
er (Celaslrus scandens) with seeds covered by a red aril. 

Bit'ter- weed' (-wed'), n. (Bot.) A species of Ambrosia. 

Bit 'ter- wood' (-wd"6d'), n. A West Indian tree the 
wood of which yields the bitter drug Jamaica quassia. 

Bit'ter-wort' (-wOrt/), n. (Bot.) The yellow gentian. 

Bit'tor (-ter), n. [See Bittern.] (Zo'61.) The bittern. 

BittS (bits), n. pi. [Cf. F. bitte, Icel. biti a beam.] 
(Naut.) A timber frame on which to fasten the cables. 
Other bitts are used for various purposes. 

Bi-tU'men (bT-tu'men), n. [L. bitumen.] 1. Mineral 
pitch ; a black, tarry substance, burning with a bright 
flame ; Jew's pitch. 2. By extension, any of the natural 
hydrocarbons, as asphalt, mineral tar, and petroleum. 

Bi-tu'mi-nate (bT-tu'mT-nat), v. t. To treat or im- 
pregnate with bitumen ; to cement with bitumen. 

Bi tu'mi nize (-niz), v. t. To prepare, impregnate, or 
coat with bitumen. 

Bi-tu'mi-nous (-nus), a. Having the qualities of bitu- 
men ; compounded with bitumen ; containing bitumen. 

Biv'a-lent (bTv'a-lent), a. [See Bi-, and Valence.] 
(Chem.) Equivalent in combining or displacing power to 
two atoms of hydrogen ; dyad. — Biv'a-len-cy (-len-s^), n. 

Bi'valve (bi'vSlv), n. [F. bivalve ; bi- (L. bis) -)- valve 
valve.] 1. (Zo'61.) A mollusk having a shell consisting of 
two lateral plates or valves joined together by an elastic 
ligament at the hinge. 2. (Bot.) A pericarp in which 
the seed case opens into two parts or valves. [valves. I 

Bi'valve (bl'va"lv), a. Having two lateral shells or| 

Bi'valved (bi'vaTvd), a. Bivalve. 

Bi-val'VOUS (bt-vXl'vus), a. Bivalvular. 

Bi-val'VU-lar f-vu-ler), a. Having two valves. 

Bi-ven'tral(bt-vSn'tral), a. lBi- + ventral.] (Anat.) 
Having two bellies or protuberances. 

Biv'lous (bTvT-iis or bl'vT-us), a. [L. bivius; bis 
twice -j- via way.] Having or leading two ways. 

Biv'ouac Cbiv'wa'k or blVdo-Sk), n. [F. bivouac, bi- 
vac, prob. fr. G. bei by + wachen to watch.] (Mil.) (a) 
The watch of a whole army by night, (b) An encamp- 
ment for the night without tents or covering. 

Biv'ouac, v. i. limp. & p. p. Bivouacked (-w5kt) ; 
p. pr. ft vb. n. Bivouacking.] (Mil.) (a) To watch at 
I encamp for the night without covering. 



ug 



Bi'week ly (bPweVl?), a. [Bi- + weekly.] Occur- 
ring or appearing once every two weeks ; fortnightly. — 
n. A biweekly publication. — Bi'week'ly, adv. 



Bizarre' (be"-zaV), a. [F., fr. Sp. bizarro brave, lib- 
eral, prob. of Basque origin.] Odd in manner or appear- 
ance ; fantastic ; grotesque. 

Bizet' (be"-z8f), n. [Cf. Bezel.] The faceted portion 
of a brilliant-cut diamond, between the setting and table. 

Blab (blab), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Blabbed (blabd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Blabbing.] [Prob. imitative.] To utter, 
tell, or talk unnecessarily, or thoughtlessly ; to tattle. 

Blab, n. One who blabs. 

Blab'ber (-ber), n. A tattler ; a telltale. 

Black (blSk), a. [AS. Usee; akin to Icel. blakkr, 
OHG.blach. Not akin to bleak pallid.] 1. Destitute of 
light, or incapable of reflecting it ; of the color of soot or 
coal. 2. In a less literal sense, very dark or gloomy. 
3. Fig. : (a) Dismal or forbidding, like darkness ; des- 
titute of moral light or goodness. (6) Threatening; 
sullen ; foreboding. 

Black art, the art practiced by conjurers and witches ; 
necromancy ; conjuration ; magic. — Black book (a) Any 
one of several books, chiefly of a political or legal char- 
acter, published at different times and for different pur- 
poses ; — so called either from the color of the binding, 
or from the character of the contents. (6) A register of 
persons, students or soldiers liable to punishment, (c) 
Any book treating of the black art. — Black flag, the flag 
of a pirate, often bearing a white skull and crossbones ; 
a signal of defiance. — Black friar (Eccl.), a Dominican 
friar. — Black lead, plumbago ; graphite. — Black letter, 
the old English or Gothic letter, in which early English 
manuscripts were written, and the first English books 
were printed. See Type. — Black list, a list of persons 
deserving of censure or punishment; esp., a list of per- 
sons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy. — Black 
Maria, the close wagon in which prisoners are carried to 
or from jail. — Black pudding, a kind of sausage made of 
blood, suet, etc. , thickened with meal. — Black Rod. (a) 
The usher to the Chapter of the Garter and the House of 
Lords, so called because he carries a black rod. [Eng. 
(b) An usher in the legislature in British colonies. — Black 
vomit (Med.), a copious vomiting of dark-colored matter ; 
— one of the most fatal symptoms in yellow fever. 

Black, n. 1. That which is destitute of light or 
whiteness ; the darkest color, or rather a destitution of 
all color. 2. A black pigment or dye. 3. A negro, or 
a descendant of a negro. 4. A black garment. 

In black and white, written or printed. 

Black, v. t. limp. & p. p. Blacked (blakt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Blacking.] To make black ; to blacken ; to soil. 

Black'a-moor (-a-moor), n. IBlack -f- Moor.] A 
negro or negress. 

Black'ball' (-bap), n. A composition for blacking 
shoes ; also, one for taking impressions of engraved work. 

Black'ball', v. t. To vote against, by putting a black 
ball into a ballot box ; hence, to reject or exclude ; to 
ostracize. 

Black'band' (-band'), n. (Min.) An earthy carbonate 
of iron containing considerable carbonaceous matter. 

Black'ber-ry (blaTs/ber-ry), n. [AS. blascberie ; Usee 
black -f- berie berry.] The fruit of several species of 
bramble ; also, the plant itself. 

Black'bird (blak'berd), n. (Zo'61.) In England, a spe- 
cies of thrush with a fine 
note ; the merle. In Amer- 
ica, any one of several birds. 

Blackboard' (-bord'),n. 
A black surface upon which 
writing or drawing is done 
with chalk. 

Black'cap' (-kSp'), n. 1. 
(Zo'61.) (a) A small Euro- 
pean song bird with a black 
crown, (b) The chickadee. 
2. The black raspberry. 

Black'cock' (-kok'), n. 
European black grouse. 

Black'en (bl£k''n), v. t. limp. & p. p. 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackening.] 1. To make black. 
2. To darken ; to cloud. 3. To defame ; to make infamous. 

Black'en, v. i. To grow black or dark. 

Black'fin' (-fin'), n. (Zo'61.) See Blueftn. 

Black'fish (-fish), n. (Zo'61.) Any one of various 
fishes ; as : (a) A small kind of whale, (b) The tautog 
of New England, (c) The black sea bass, (d) A Euro- 
pean fish of the Mackerel family, (e) The female salmon 
in the spawning season. 

Black'guard (blSg'gard), n. IBlack + guard.] 1. A 
scullion. lObs.] 2. A person of low character, esp. one 
who is scurrilous or abusive ; scoundrel ; rough. 

Black'guard, v. t. To revile or abuse scurrilously. 

Black'guard-ism (blag'gard-Tz'm), n. The conduct 
or language of a blackguard ; ruffianism. 




Blackbird of Europe (Turdus 
merula). 

(Zo'61.) The male of the 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ti, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, Idea, 6bey, Unite, caxe, arm, ask, all, final. 



BLACKING 



93 



BLAST 



Blacking (blSklng), n. 1. Any preparation for mak- 
ing stoves, shoes, etc. , black. 2. Process of making black. 

Black'ish. a. Somewhat black. 

Black'-jack (-j&k')i «• !• (Min.) Zinc blende. 
2. Caramel or burnt sugar. 3. (Bot.) The barren oak. 
4. The ensign of a pirate. 

Blackleg' (-leg 7 ), n. A gambler. [Colloq.] 

Black'-let'ter (-leVter), a. 1. Written or printed in 
black letter. 2. Studious of books in black letter, or {fig.) 
antiquities. 3. Designating, or pertaining to, the days 
in the calendar not marked with red letters as being 
saints' days ; hence, unlucky ; inauspicious. 

Blacklist' (-list'), r. t. To put in a black list. 

Blackly, adv. In a black manner. 

Black'maiT (-mal'), n. [Black -f- mail a piece of 
money.] 1. A certain rate of money, corn, cattle, etc., 
anciently paid to allies of robbers, for exemption from 
pillage. 2. Extortion of money by threats, esp. by 
threats to injure one's reputation. 

Black'mail', v. t. {imp. &p. p. Blackmailed (-maid'); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Blackmailing.] To extort money from 
by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm. [U. S.] 

Black'mail er (-er), n. One who blackmails. 

Black'ness. n. Quality or state of being black. 

Black'smith' (-smith 7 ), n. [Black (in allusion to the 
color of the metal) -f- smith.] A smith who makes uten- 
sils of iron on a forge. 

Black' snake 7 (snak 7 ) or Black'snake, n. A snake 
of a black color. Two species are common in the U. S. 

Black'strap 7 (-strap 7 ), n. A mixture of spirituous 
liquor (usually rum) and molasses. 

Black'tail' (-tal 7 ), n. (Zool.) (a) A fish ; the ruff or 
pope. (6) The black-tailed deer ; also, the mule deer. 

Black'thorn 7 (-th6rn 7 ), n. (Bot.) (a) The thorny 
shrub bearing sloes. (b) A species of hawthorn. 

Blad'der (blad'der), n. [AS. btsedre, blseddre ; akin 
to D. blaar, G. blatter; fr. root of E. blow to puff.] 
1. (Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, which serves as the 
receptacle of some fluid ; esp., the urinary bladder. 2. 
Any vesicle or blister ; a membranous air sac in plants. 

Blade (blad), ». [AS. blsedleai ; akin to G. blatt ; prob. 
fr. root of E. blow to blossom.] 1. Properly, the leaf, or 
fiat part of the leaf, of any plant, esp. of gramineous 
plants. 2. The cutting part of an instrument. 3. The 
broad part of an oar ; an arm of a screw propeller. 4. 
Shoulder blade. 5. A dashing, wild, or reckless fellow. 

Blade (blad), v. t. To furnish with a blade. 

Blade'bone' (-bon 7 ), n. The scapula, or shoulder blade. 

Blad'ed (blad'Sd), a. 1. Having, or composed of, a 
blade or blades. 2. Divested of blades, [gray. [Scot.'] | 

BlaB (bla or ble), a. [See Blue.] Dark blue ; bluish | 

BlaBl)er-ry (-ber-ry). Bilberry. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 

Blaln (blan), n. [AS. blegen.] 1. An inflammatory 
swelling or sore ; a bulla, pustule, or blister. 2. (Far.) 
A bladder growing on the root of the tongue of a horse. 

Blam'a-Dle (blain 7 a-b'l), a. Deserving of blame ; cul- 
pable. — Blam'a-ble-ness, n. — Blam'a bly, adv. 

Blame (blarn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blamed (blamd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Blaming.] [F. blamer, OF. blasmer, 
through L. fr. Gr. fSXao-fivneiv to slander, to blaspheme, 
fr. /3Aao-#ij/io? evil speaking ; of uncertain origin.] To 
censure ; to express disapprobation of ; to find fault with ; 
to reproach. 

Blame, n. 1. Expression of disapprobation for some- 
thing deemed wrong ; imputation of fault ; censure. 2. 
Thing deserving of censure or disapprobation. 

Syn. — Censure ; reprehension ; condemnation ; re- 
proach ; fault ; sin ; crime ; wrongdoing. 

Blamel ul (-ful), a. Full of blame ; expressing or mer- 
iting blame. — Blame'ful-ly, adv. — Blame'ful-ness, n. 

Blameless, a. Free from blame ; irreproachable ; sin- 
less. — Blamelessly, adv.— Blameless-ness, n. 

Syn. — Unblemished ; inculpable ; innocent ; guileless. 

Blame r WOr'thy (-wfir'thy), a. Deserving blame ; 
culpable ; reprehensible. — Blame 'wor thi-ness. n. 

Blanch (blanch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanched 
(blancht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanching.] [F. blanchir, 
f r. blane white. See Blank, a.] 1. To take the color out 
of, and make white ; to bleach, — as in various processes 
of manufacturing, gardening, and cookery. 2. Fig., to 
give a favorable appearance to ; to palliate ; to excuse. 

Blanch (blanch), v. i. To grow or become white. 

Blanch, v. t. [See Blench.] 1. To avoid, as from 
fear ; to evade. [ Obs. ] 2 . To cause to turn aside or back. 

Blanch, n. (Mining) Ore, not in masses, but mixed 
with other minerals. 

Blanch/er (-er), n. One who, or that which, blanches. 

Blancmange 7 (bla-maNzh'), n. [F. blancmanger, 



lit., white food.] (Cookery) A preparation for desserts, 
etc., made from isinglass, cornstarch, etc., with milk. 

Bland (blSnd), a. [L. blandus, of unknown origin.] 
1. Mild ; soft ; gentle ; smooth and soothing in manner ; 
suave. 2. Having soft and soothing qualities. 

Blan-dil'o-quence (bl5n-dTl'*-kwens), n. [L. blan- 
diloquentia ; blandus -j- loqui to speak.] Bland talk. 

Blan'dish (blan'dish), v. t. [;imp. & p. p. Blan- 
dished (-disht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blandishing.] [OE. 
blaundisen, F. bland ir, fr. L. blandiri, fr. blandus mild, 
flattering.] 1. To flatter with kind words or affection- 
ate actions ; to caress ; to cajole. 2. To make agreeable 
and enticing. 

Blan'dish-er (-er), n. One who blandishes. 

Blan'dish-ment, n. Act of blandishing ; a flattering, 
affectionate, or alluring word or act ; artful caress. 

Blandly (blSnd'ly), adv. In a bland manner. 

Biand'ness, n. State or quality of being bland. 

Blank (blank), a. [F. blanc white, fr. OHG. blanch 
bright, white; akin to E. blink.] 1. Of a white or pale 
color ; without color. 2. Free from writing, printing, or 
marks ; also, having an empty space to be filled in with 
some special writing. 3. Utterly confounded or discom- 
fited. 4. Empty ; void, — as of result, incident, variety 
of characteristics, animation or intelligence, etc. 

Blank (blSnk), n. 1. Any void space ; a void space 
on paper, or in any written instrument ; a void interval 
of time. 2. A ticket in a lottery on which no price is 
indicated. 3. A paper unwritten ; especially, a form of 
instrument with blank spaces to be filled. 4. The cen- 
tral white point of a target. 5. (3fech. ) A piece of metal 
or other material prepared to be made into something by 
a further operation, as a com, screw, nut. 6. (Domi- 
noes) A piece or division of a piece without spots. 

Blan'ket (blan'ket), n. [F. blanchet, OF. also blan- 
ket, a woolen waistcoat or shirt ; prop. , white woolen stuff, 
dim. of blanc white.] 1. A heavy, loosely woven fabric, 
usually of wool, and having a nap, used as a protection 
from cold, esp. on beds. 2. A layer of blubber in whales. 

Blan'ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanketed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Blanketing.] 1. To cover with, or as with, a 
blanket. 2. To toss in a blanket by way of punishment. 

Blan'ket-ing, n. 1. Cloth for blankets. 2. Act of 
tossing in a blanket. 

Blankly (blankly), adv. 1. In a blank manner ; with- 
out expression. 2. Directly ; flatly ; point blank. 

Blank'ness, n. Quality or state of being blank. 

||Blan-quette'(blaN-ket'),w. [F.] (Cookery) A white 
fricassee. 

Blare (bla*r), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Blared (blSrd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Blaring.] [Prob. imitative.] To sound 
loudly, as a trumpet ; to proclaim loudly. 

Blare, n. A loud and somewhat harsh noise : a roar. 

Blar/ney (blar'ny), n. [Fr. Blarney Castle, Ireland, a 
stone in which is said to make those who kiss it proficient 
in flattery.] Smooth, wheedling talk ; flattery. [Colloq.] 

Blar'ney, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Blarneyed (-md) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Blarneying.] To influence or accomplish by 
blarney ; to wheedle with smooth talk. 

I! Bla-S6' (bla-za'), a. [F., p. p. of blaser.] Sated or 
surfeited with pleasure ; used up. 

Blas-pheme 7 (blas-fem'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blas- 
phemed (-femd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blaspheming.] [OE. 
blasfemen, L. blasphemare, fr. Gr. ^\a<T^r)^elv. See 
Blame.] 1. To speak of, or address, with impious irrev- 
erence. 2. Fig. , to calumniate ; to revile ; to abuse. 

Blas-pheme 7 , >•. i. To utter blasphemy. 

Blas-phem 7 er (blas-fem 7 er), n. One who blasphemes. 

Blas'phe-mous (blas'fe-mfis), a. Of, pertaining to, 
or containing, blasphemy. — Blas'phe-mous-ly. adv. 

Blas 7 phe-my (blas'f e-my), ». 1. An indignity offered 
to God in words, writing, or signs ; impious irreverence. 
2. Fig. , calumny ; abuse ; vilification. 

-blast (-blSst). A suffix from Gr. (SAao-ros sprout, 
shoot, signifying growth, formation ; as in bioblast. 

Blast (blast), n. [AS. blxst a puff of wind, fr. a verb 
akin to Icel. blasa to blow, and prob. from the same root 
as E. blow.] 1. A violent gust of wind. 2. A forcible 
stream of air artificially produced ; hence, the continuous 
blowing to which one charge of ore or metal is subjected 
in a furnace. 3. The exhaust steam from an engine, used 
to create an intense draught through the fire ; also, any 
draught produced by the blast. 4. The sound made by 
blowing a wind instrument. 5. A sudden, pernicious 
effect, as if by a noxious wind ; a blight. 6. The rending 
of rock, earth, etc., with gunpowder, dynamite, etc. ; 
also, the charge used. 7. A flatulent disease of sheep. 

Blast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasted; p. pr. & vb. ?». 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BLAST 



94 



BLEST 






■.-..] To affect with ■ Mast : as : (a) To wither, 

, r shrivel. (J > To visit with sudden violence, 

rain, (fi) To rend by an explosive. 

jjl a <;. e blighted or withered. 

Blast'ed. • 1- Blighted; withered, 2. Accursed; 
detestable. 3- Kent bv an explosive. 

Bias te ma (blSs-te'ma). /;. ; pi. Blastemata (-te'- 

n»a-taV [NL.. fr. Gr. p\a<mina bud.] (Biol.) The struc- 

. protoplasmic tissue of the embryo ; the primi- 

- of an organ yet unformed, from which it grows. 

Blast er (hlssror),*. One who, or that which, blasts. 

Blas'tide (blsVtld or -tid). ». [Gr. /SAcmttoj sprout.] 
\ clear spot where the nucleus forms in an ovum. 

Blas'tO-cyst (-to-sist). n. [Gr. /3Aaa-T6? sprout -f- E. 
{Biol.) The germinal vesicle. 

Blas'to-derm (-derm), n. [Gr. /SAacrrds sprout + E. 
derm.] (Biol.) The germinal membrane in an ovum. 

Bias to-gen'e-sis (-jgn'e-sTs), n. [Gr. jSAao-ros sprout 
i Biol. ) Increase by gemmation or budding. 

Blast' pipe (blast' pip'). Any pipe delivering steam 
or air so as to cause a blast. 

Blas'tU-la (blas'tu-la ; 135), n. [XL., dim. of Gr. 
/SAaoTo? a sprout.] (Biol.) That stage in the develop- 
ment of the ovum in which the outer cells of the morula 
become more defined and form the blastoderm. 

Bla'tant (bla'tant), a. [Cf. Bleat.] Bellowing, as a 
calf ; bawling ; clamorous. — Bla'tan-cy (-t«n-sy), n. 

Blat'ter (blXt'ter), v. i. [L. blaterare to babble.] To 
babble ; to make a senseless noise ; to patter. [Archaic] 

Blaze (blaz), n. [AS. blsese, blase; akin to G. Mass 
pale.] 1. A stream of gas or vapor emitting light and 
heat in burning. 2. Intense direct light accompanied 
with heat. 3. Fig., any manifestation of intense action ; 
brilliant display. 4. [Cf. D. bles.] A white spot on the 
forehead of a horse. 5. A spot made on trees by chipping 
off a piece of the bark. 

Syn. — Flame. — In blaze the idea of light is prominent, 
inflame the idea of heat. 

Blaze, V. i. [i?np. & p. p. Blazed (blazd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Blazes-g.] To shine with, or as with, flame ; to 
glow with flame ; to be resplendent. 

Blaze, v. t. 1. To mark (a tree) by chipping off bark. 
2. To designate or mark out, as by blazed trees. 

Blaze, v. t. [OE. blasen to blow; perh. confused 
with blast and blaze a flame.] To make public far and 
wide ; to make known ; to render conspicuous ; to blazon. 

Blaz'er, n. One who spreads or publishes reports. 

Bla'zon (bla'z'n), n. [OE. blason shield, fr. F. blason 
coat of arms, OF. shield, fr. root of AS. blsese blaze, i. e., 
splendor.] 1. A coat of arms, or a bearing on a coat of 
arms. 2. Art or act of describing or depicting heraldic 
bearings. 3. Ostentatious display ; publication ; show. 

Bla'zon, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Blazoned (-z'nd) ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. Blazoning (-z'n-Tng).] 1. To depict in colors ; to 
display ; to publish or make public far and wide. 2. To 
deck; to embellish ; to adorn. 3. (Her.) To explain or 
delineate (armorial bearings) ; to emblazon. 

Bla'zon-er (bla'z'n-er), n. One who blazons. 

Bla'zon-ry (bla'z'n-ry), n. 1. Same as Blazon, n., 2. 
2. An armorial bearing or bearings. 3. Artistic repre- 
sentation or display. 

Blea (ble), n. Alburnum or sapwood of a tree. 

BleaTjer-ry (-ber-rjf), n. (Bot.) See Blaeberry. 

Bleach (blech), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Bleached 

(biecht); p. pr. & vb. n. Bleaching.] [AS. bldeian, 

to grow pale ; akin to E. bleak, a.] To make or 

become white, or whiter ; to remove the color, or stains, 

from ; to blanch. — Bleach'er, n. 

Bleach'er-y (-f), n. A place where bleaching is done. 

Bleak (blek), a. [AS. blac, blxc, pale, wan ; akin to 
G. Welch; fr. root of AS. blican to shine.] 1. With- 
out color ; pale. [Obs.] 2. Desolate and exposed ; swept 
by cold winds. 3. Cold and cutting; cheerless. — 
Bleak'ish: a. — Bleakly, adv. — Bleak'ness, n. 

Bleak, n. (Zool.) A small European river fish. 

Blear (bier), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleared (blerd) ; 
p- pr. &xh. n. Blearing.] [OE. bleren ; origin uncer- 
tain.] To make somewhat sore or watery, as the eyes ; 
to dim, or blur, as the sight ; fig., to obscure ; to blind. 

Blear, a. 1. Dim or sore w jth water or rheum ; — said 
2. Causing or caused by dimness of sight. 

Blear'eye' Ojlerl'j, r«. (Med.) Chronic inflammation 
Of the marking of the eyelids, with a gummy secretion. 

Blear '-ey ed Md'), a. 1. Having bleared eyes ; dim- 
hijrhtftd. 2. Lacking in perception or discernment. 

B1 eat >.<& p . p . Bleated ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. Bleating.] [AS. blZtan ; prob. imitative.] To 
make the noi^e of a sheep ; to cry like a sheep or calf. 



Bleat (blet), n. A cry of, or like that of, a sheep. 

Bleb l, ble"b), n. [From the root of blubber.] A large 
vesicle or bulla ; a blister ; a bubble. 

Bled (bled), imp. & p. p. of Bleed. 

Bleed (bled), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Bled (blSd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bleeding.] [AS. bledan, f r. blod blood.] 1. To 
emit or lose blood, by whatever means. 2. To let blood. 
3. To die by violence. 4. To issue forth, as blood from 
a out. 5. To lose sap, gum, or juice. 

Bleeding heart. (Bot.) See Dicentba. 

Bleed, v. t. 1. To let or draw blood from. 2. To 
lose, as blood ; to emit or let drop, as sap. 

Bleed'er (-er), n. One who bleeds, or bleeds freely. 

Blem'ish (blem'ish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blemished 
(-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blemishing.] [OF. blemir, bles- 
mir, to strike, injure, soil, fr. bleme, blesme, pale, wan, 
prob. fr. Icel. blaman livid color of a wound, fr. blar 
blue ; akin to E. blue. OF. blemir properly signifies, to 
beat one (black and) blue, and to render blue or dirty.] 
1. To mark with deformity ; to injure or impair ; to mar, 
or make defective. 2. To tarnish ; to defame. 

Blem'ish, n. Any mark of deformity or injury. 

Syn. — Spot ; speck ; flaw ; deformity ; stain ; defect ; 
fault ; taint ; reproach ; dishonor : imputation ; disgrace. 

Blench (blench), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blenched 
(blencht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blenching.] [AS. blencan to 
deceive ; akin to Icel. blekkja to impose upon. Prop, a 
causative of blink.] To shrink ; to draw back, from lack 
of courage or resolution ; to flinch ; to quail. [pale. 1 

Blench, v. i. & t. [See 1st Blanch.] To grow or make I 

Blench'er (-er), n. One who blenches or shrinks back. 

Blend (blend), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Blended or 
Blent (blent) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Blending.] [AS. blandan 
to blend, mix ; akin to Icel. blanda ; of unknown origin.] 
To mix or mingle together, esp. indistinguishably ; to 
commingle ; hence, to confuse ; to confound. 

Syn. — To combine ; fuse ; merge ; amalgamate ; har- 
monize. 

Blend, n. State of being blended ; thing blended. 

Blende (blend), n. [G., fr. blenden to blind, fr. blind 
blind. So called either in allusion to its dazzling luster ; 
or (Dana) because, though often resembling galena, it 
yields no lead.] (3Iin.) (a) Zinc sulphide, a mineral of 
a resinous luster, and often containing some iron ; sphal- 
erite. (6) Any one of various minerals, chiefly metallic 
sulphides which have a non-metallic luster. 

Blend'er, n. One who, or that which, blends. 

Blen'heim span'iel (blenlm span'yel). [So called 
from Blenheim House, the 
seat of the duke of Marl- 
borough, in England.] A 
small variety of spaniel, kept 
as a pet. 

Blen'ni-oid(blgn'nr-oid), 

Blen'ni-id (blen'nT-Td), 
a. [Blenny-\--oid.~\ (Zool.) 
Of, pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, the blennies. Blenheim Spaniel. 

Blen'ny(blen'ny),». [E. 
blennius, Gr. /3Aewos, fr. fiXivvo. mucus.] (Zool.) A 
marine fish, having a 
coating of mucus. 

Blent (blent), imp. 
& p. p. of Blend to 
mingle. 

Bless (bles), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Blessed 
(blest) or Blest; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Blessing.] 
[AS. bletsian,bledsian, 
bloedsian, f r. blod 
blood ; prob. origi- Ocellated Blenny, or Butterfly Fish, of 
nally, to consecrate by Europe (Blvmius ocellans). 

sprinkling with blood.] 1. To pronounce holy ; to con- 
secrate. 2. To confer prosperity or happiness upon. 
3. To invoke a blessing upon. 4. To praise, or glorify. 
5. To account happy ; to felicitate. 

Bless'ed (blgs'ed), a. 1. Hallowed ; holy. 2. En- 
joying happiness or bliss. 3. Imparting happiness or 
bliss; fraught with happiness. 4. (R- C. Ch.) Beati- 
fied. 5. Used euphemistically, ironically, or intensively. 
— Bless'ed-ly, adv. — Bless'ed-ness, n. 

Syn. — Delight ; beatitude ; ecstasy. See Happiness. 

Bless'er (-er), n. One who blesses. 

Bless'ing, n. 1. Act of one who blesses. 2. Benedic- 
tion ; a wish of happiness pronounced. 3. A means of 
happiness ; (Bib.) a gift. 5. Grateful praise or worship. 

Blest (blSst), a. Blessed. 





a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u., y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 






BLET 



95 



BLOODINESS 




Blindfish (Amblyopsis spelsens). 



Blet (blSt), n. [F. blet, blette, a., soft from overripe- 
ness.] A form of decay in fruit which is overripe. 

Ble'ton-ism (ble't5n-Tz'm), n. The supposed faculty 
of perceiving subterraneous waters ; — so called from 
one Bleton. 

Blet'tlngJblSt'tTng), n. Same as Blet. 

Blew (blu), imp. of Blow. 

Blight (bllt), v . t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Blighted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Blighting.] [Origin uncertain.] To affect, 
or be affected, with blight ; to blast ; to ruin ; to frustrate. 

Blight, n. 1.' Mildew ; decay ; anything blasting ; — 
applied to various injuries or diseases of plants causing 
the whole or a part to wither. 2 . Act of blighting, or 
state of being blighted. 3. That which frustrates one's 
plans or withers one's hopes. 4. (Zo'ol.) A downy spe- 
cies of aphis, or plant louse, destructive to fruit trees. 

Blind (blind), a. [AS. ; akin to G. blind, Icel. blindr ; 
of uncertain origin.] 1. Destitute of the sense of see- 
ing. 2. Not having the faculty of discernment ; destitute 
of intellectual light. 3. Undiscerning ; undiscrimina- 
ting ; inconsiderate. 4. Being as a thing would appear 
to be to one who is blind ; dark ; unseen ; concealed ; 
blank; involved; difficult. 5. (Hort.) Abortive. 

Blind (blind), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Blinded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Blinding.] 1. To make blind ; to deprive of sight or 
discernment. 2. To darken ; to obscure ; to blear. 

Blind (blind), n. 1. Something to hinder sight or 
keep out light ; a screen. 2. Something to mislead the 
eye or the understanding ; a subterfuge. 

Bllnd'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, blinds. 
2. (Saddlery) One of the leather screens on a bridle, to 
hinder a horse from seeing objects at the side ; a blinker. 

Blind'fish/ (-fish'), n. A small fish destitute of eyes, 
found in caves. 

Blind'fold'(-fold'),^. 
limp. & p. p. Blind- 
folded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Blindfolding.] [AS. 

blind blind + prob. fell an, 
fyllan, to fell, strike 
down.] To cover the eyes of ; to hinder from seeing. 

Blind'fold . a. Blindfolded ; blinded. Also used fig. 

Blind'ly . adv. In a blind manner. 

Bllnd'man'S buff' (bllnd'manz buf). [See Buff a 
buffet.] A play in which one person is blindfolded and 
tries to catch some one of the company and tell who itds. 

Blind'ness (blmd'nes), n. State of being blind. 

Blind' worm' (-wftrm'), n. (Zool.) A small, burrow- 
ing, snakelike, limbless lizard, with minute eyes, popu- 
larly believed to be blind ; the slowworm. 

Blink (blink), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blinked (blinkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ~n. Blinking.] [OE. blenken ; akin to G. 
blinken to shine.] 1. To wink. 2. To see with the 
eyes half shut, or with frequent winking. 3. To twin- 
kle ; to flicker ; to glimmer. 4. To turn slightly sour. 

Blink, v. t. To shut the eyes to ; to avoid or evade. 

Blink, n. 1. A glimpse or glance. 2. Gleam ; glim- 
mer ; sparkle. 3. (Naut. ) Dazzling whiteness about the 
horizon due to reflection of light from ice fields. 

Blink'ard (blink'erd), n. [Blink + -ard.] 1. One 
who blinks. 2. That which twinkles or glances. 

Blink'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, blinks. 
2. A blinder for horses. 3. pi. A kind of goggles. 

Bliss (Wis), n. [AS. blis, bli&s, fr. blltSe blithe.] 
Orig., blithesomeness ; now, the highest degree of hap- 
piness ; exalted felicity ; heavenly joy. 

Syn. — Blessedness ; beatitude. See Happiness. 

Bliss'ful (-ful), a. Full of, characterized by, or caus- 
ing, bliss. — Bliss'ful-ly, adv. — Bliss'ful-ness. n. 

Blis'ter (-ter), n. [OE. ; akin to OD. bluyster, fr. the 
same root as E. blast.~\ 1. A vesicle of the skin, contain- 
ing watery matter or serum. 2. Any elevation made by 
the separation of the skin or a film on the surface. 3. A 
vesicatory ; a plaster applied to raise a blister. 

Blister beetle. See Cantharis. 

Blis'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blistered (-terd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Blistering.] To be affected with a blister 
or blisters. 

Blis'ter, v. t. 1. To raise a blister or blisters upon. 
2. To give pain to, as if by a blister. 

Blite (blit), n. [L. blitum, Gr. jSAtW.] (Bot.) A 
genus of herbs (Blitum) with a fleshy calyx. 

Blithe (With), a. [AS. bttSe blithe, kind.] Gay; 
merry ; sprightly ; joyous ; glad ; cheerful. — Blithe'ly, 
adv. — Blitne'ness, n. 

Blithe'some (-sum), a. Cheery ; blithe. — Blithe'- 
some-ly, adv. — Blithe'some-ness, n. 

Bliz'zard (bliz'zerd), n. [Origin uncertain.] A 



blast or pale of piercingly cold wind, usually with fine 
snow. [U. S.] 

Bloat (blot), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Bloating.] [Origin uncertain.] 1. To make, or 
become, turgid or swollen, as with water, air, etc. ; to 
puff out ; to swell. 2. To inflate ; to make vain. 

Bloat, v. t. [Cf. Sw. bldt-fi&k soaked fish, fr. biota to 
soak.] To dry (herrings) in smoke. 

Bloat'er (-er), n. The common herring, esp. when of 
large size, smoked, and half dried. 

Blob (bl5b), n. [See Bleb.] Something blunt and 
round ; a lump, drop, bubble, or blister. 

Block (bl5k), n. [OE. blok; of uncertain origin.] 
1. A solid mass of wood, stone, etc. ; hence, by extension, 
a distinct section, or a collective mass, of anything. 2. 
Specifically : (a) The piece of wood on which condemned 
persons are beheaded, (b) The wooden mold on which 
hats, bonnets, etc., are shaped, (c) A row of houses or 
shops, (d) A square, or portion of a city inclosed by 
streets, (e) A frame or shell incasing a grooved pulley 
or sheave, or a set of them. (/) 
Any obstruction ; a stop ; an obsta- 
cle. 3. A blockhead. 

Block (blok), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Blocked (blokt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Blocking.] 1. To obstruct with, 
or as if with, a block, so as to pre- 
vent passage ; to hinder ingress or 
egress. 2. To secure or support by 
means of blocks. 3. To shape by 
means of a block. 

Blockade 7 (blok- ad'), n. 1. 
(Mil.) The shutting up of a place by A Block with single 
troops or ships (now usually by sheave ; B Block 
ships) in order to prevent ingress or with double sheave, 
egress. Cf. SrEGE. 2. An obstruction to passage. 

Blockade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Blockading.] 1. To subject to a military block- 
ade. 2. To obstruct entrance to, or egress from. 

Block-ad'er, n. One who, or that which, blockades. 

Block'head' (-hed'), n. A stupid fellow ; a dolt. 




1. (Mil.) A structure of 




One form of Blockhouse. 



Block'house' (-hous'), 
heavy timbers or logs 
for military defense, 
having its sides loop- 
holed for musketry. 
2. A house of squared 
logs. [U.S.-] 

Block'ish. a. Like 
a block ; stupid ; dull. 
— Block'ish-ly, adv. - 
Block'ish-ness. n. 

Block' tin' (tin) 
See under Tin. 

Blom'a-ry (bloom'a-ry), n. See Bloomery. 

Blond, Blonde (blond), a. [F. ; of uncertain origin.] 
Of a fair color ; light-colored. — Blond'ness, n. 

Blonde (blond), n. [F.] 1. A person of very fair 
complexion, with light hair and light blue eyes. [Writ- 
ten also blond.'] 2. A kind of silk lace, originally of 
the color of raw silk. 

Blond' met'al (blond' met'ffl). A variety of clay iron- 
stone, in Staffordshire, England, used for making tools. 

Blood (blud), n. [AS. blod !; akin to G. blut, Goth. 
Nop, Icel. blocS ; prob. fr. the same root as E. blow to 
bloom.] 1. The fluid which circulates through the 
arteries and veins of men and animals. 2. Relationship 
by descent from a common ancestor ; consanguinity ; 
kinship. 3. Descent; lineage; esp., noble birth. 4. 
(Stock Breeding) Excellence or purity of breed. 5. 
The shedding of blood ; murder. 6. Temper of mind ; 
disposition ; state of the passions. 7. A man of fire or 
spirit ; a gay, showy man ; a rake. 8. The juice of any- 
thing, especially if red. 

Blood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blooded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Blooding.] 1. To bleed. 2. To stain or smear, with 
blood. 3. To give (hounds or soldiers) a first taste or 
sight of blood. 

Blood'ed, a. Of approved breed ; of the best stock. 

Blood'guilt'y (-gTlt/y), a. Guilty of murder or blood- 
shed. — Blood'guilt i-riess. n. 

Blood'hound' (-hound'), n. A breed of large and 
powerful dogs, with long, smooth, and pendulous ears, 
and remarkable for acuteness of smell. They are em- 
ployed to recover game or prey which has escaped 
wounded from a hunter, and for tracking fugitives. 

Blood'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. In a bloody manner ; cruelly. 

Blood'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being bloody. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BLOODLESS 



96 



BLUBBER 



v 



(bMMfe)i a- 1- Destitute of blood, or 
s; dead; hence, spiritless; vigor- 
SbT 2. Not attended w ith shedding of blood. — Blood'- 
less ly. .:>n. — Bloodless-ness. ». 

Bloodlet ter (,-let tftrX •)■ One who lets blood. 

Blood 'let ting, n, (M<\t.) The act or process of let- 
tine blood or blooding : — esp. applied to venesection. 

Blood' mon ey t,mun y). 1- Money paid to the next 
of kui of a panon who lias been killed by another. 
2. Money obtained for causing another's death. 

Blood'root (-f6of), >>■ {Bot.) A plant with a red 
root and red sup. and bearing a pretty, white flower. 

Blood'shed (-sWSdQt*. The shedding of blood. 

Blood'shed der (-dSr), n. One who sheds blood. 

Blood'shed ding (-ding), n. Bloodshed. 

Blood'shot (.-shot ). a. [Blood -f- shot, p. p. of shoot 
to variegate.] Red and inflamed ; having the vessels 
turgid with blood. 

BlOOd'stone (-ston'), n. {Min.) (a) A green sili- 
ceous stone spriukled with red jasper, (b) Hematite. 

Blood'stroke y (-strok'), n. Loss of sensation and mo- 
tion from hemorrhage or congestion in the brain. 

Blood 'sucker (-suk'er), ?i. 1. (Zool.) Any animal 
that sucks blood ; esp., the leech. 2. A bloodthirsty or 
extortionate persou. 

Blood'thirst y (-therst'^), a. Eager to shed blood ; 
cruel; sanguinary; murderous. — Blood'thirst i-ness.w. 

Blood' vessel (veVsel). (Anat.) Any vessel or canal 
in which blood circulates in an animal. 

Blood' wood (-wood), n. (Bot.) Any one of various 
trees having the wood or the sap of the color of blood. 

Blood' wort' (blud'wtirt'), ?i. (Bot.) Any one of various 
plants the roots of which contain a red coloring matter. 

Blood'y (blud'jr), a. 1. Containing, consisting of, or 
resembling, blood. 2. Smeared with blood. 3. Given, 
or tending, to the shedding of blood ; murderous ; cruel. 
4. Attended with, or involving, bloodshed. 

Blood'y, r. t. To stain with blood. 

Blood'y flux' (Auks'). The dysentery, — the discharge 
from the bowels having a mixture of blood. 

Blood 'y-mind'ed (-mmd'gd), a. Cruel and ferocious ; 
bloodthirsty. 

Blood'y sweat' (swet'). A sweat attended by a dis- 
charge of blood, — a disease once common in Europe. 

Bloom (bloom), n. [OE. blome, fr. Icel. blom, blomi ; 
akin to G. blume ; f r. same root as AS. blowan to blos- 
som.] 1. A blossom ; a flower of a plant ; flowers col- 
lectively. 2. The state of blossoming. 3. A state or 
time of beauty, freshness, and vigor. 4. The powdery 
coating upon certain growing or newly-gathered fruits or 
leaves ; hence, anything giving an appearance of attract- 
ive freshness. 5. (Min.) The bright-hued variety of 
some minerals. 

Bloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bloomed (blobmd) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Blooming.] To produce blossoms; to flower; 
to be in bloom, literally or figuratively ; to blossom. 

Bloom, n. [AS. Wamaalump.] (3felal.) (a) A mass 
of wrought iron from the forge or furnace, deprived of 
its dross, and shingled. (b) A large bar of steel formed 
from an ingot by hammering or rolling. 

Bloom'a-ry (bloom'a-ry), n. See Bloomeey. 

Bloom'er (-er), n. [From Mrs. Bloomer, the intro- 
ducer.] 1. A costume for women, consisting of a short 
dress, with loose trousers gathered round the ankles. 
2. A woman who wears this costume. 

Bloom'er-y (-er-J), n. (Manvf.) A furnace and forge 
in which wrought iron in the form of blooms is made. 

Bloom'ing. n. (Metal. ) The process of making blooms. 

Blooming, a. 1. Flowering. 2. Being in health, 
beauty, and vigor. 

Bloom'y (->), a. Full of bloom ; flourishing ; vigorous. 

Blos'som (bl5s'sum), n. [OE. blosme, AS. blosma ; 
akin to D. bloesem, and E. flower ; from the root of E. 
Mote to blossom.] 1. The flower of a plant, or the es- 
sential organs of reproduction, with their appendages. 
2. A period or stage of development and promise ; also, 
'• ely. 
Blos'som, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blossomed (-sumd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ■/,. Blossoming.] 1. To put forth blossoms ; 
to Moon ; to flower. 2. To flourish and prosper. 
Blos'som-y (-f) t a. Full of blossoms; flowery. 
Blot (blot), i . l. [imp. & p. p. Blotted (-teVl) ; p. 

r. [Cf. Dan. plelle. See 3d Blot.] 
n, or bespatter, as with ink. 2. To stain 
with infamy; to disgrace; to mar; to impair. 3. To 
obliterate, as writing with ink ; to cancel ; to efface. 
::guratively. 4. To dry with blotting paper. 
»yn. — To expunge ; erase ; disgrace ; blur ; sully. 



Blot (bl5t), v. i. To take a blot ; to become blotted. 

Blot, n. [Cf. Icel. bltttr, Dan. plet.] 1. A spot or 
stain ; a blur ; a blemish. 2. An obliteration, as of 
something written or printed. 

Blot, n. [Cf. Dan. blot bare, Sw. blott, D. bloot, G. 
bloss.] (Backgammoii) An exposure of a single man, or 
a man exposed, to be taken up. 

Blotch (bl5ch ; 224), n. [Cf. OE. blacche in blacche- 
pot blacking pot, akin to black.'] 1. A blot or spot ; 
esp., a large or irregular spot. Also used figuratively. 

2. (Med.) A large pustule, or a coarse eruption. 
Blotched (blocht), a. Marked or covered with blotches. 
Blotch'y (bloch'^), a. Having blotches. 

Blot'ter (blot'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
blots ; esp., a device for absorbing ink. 2. (Com.) A book 
for entering memoranda of transactions as they occur. 

Blot'ting pa per (pa'per). A kind of unsized paper, 
used to absorb superfluous ink. 

Blouse (blouz ; F. blooz), n. [F. blouse ; of unknown 
origin.] A light, loose over-garment, or frock, worn by 
workingmen in France ; also, a loose coat of any material. 

Blow (bio), v. i. [imp. Blew (blu) ; p. p. Blown 
(blon) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] [AS. blowan to blos- 
som; akin to G. bliihen, L. florere to flourish.] To 
flower ; to blossom ; to bloom. 

Blow, n. (Bot.) A blossom ; a flower ; bloom. 

Blow, n. 1. A forcible stroke ; knock. 2. A sudden 
or forcible act or effort; an assault. 3. The infliction 
of evil ; a sudden calamity ; shock ; misfortune. 

At a blow, suddenly ; by a single vigorous act. 

Blow, v. i. [imp. Blew (blu) ;_ p. p. Blown (blon) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] [AS. blawan; akin to G. bl'dhen 
to blow up, L. flare to blow, Gr. i«j>\aiv€iv to spout out, 
and to E. blast.] 1. To produce a current of air; to 
move, as air. 2. To breathe hard or quick; to pant. 

3. To sound on being blown into. 4. To spout water, 
etc., as a whale. 5. To be carried or moved by the wind. 
6. To boast ; to storm. [Colloq.] 

To blow hot and cold, to favor a thing at one time and 
treat it coldly at another ; or to appear both to favor and 
to oppose. — To blow off, to let steam escape through a 
passage provided for the purpose. — To blow over, to pass 
away without effect ; to be dissipated. — To blow np, to be 
rent by an explosion ; to burst. — To blow upon, (a) To 
blast ; to taint. (6) To inform against. [Colloq.] 

Blow, v. t. 1. To force a current of air upon. 2. To 
drive by a current of air. 3. To cause to sound, as a wind 
instrument. 4. To clear of contents by forcing air 
through. 5. To spread by report ; to publish. 6. To 
form or expand by inflation; fig., to puff up. 7. To 
cause to pant. 8. To deposit eggs or larvse upon or in. 

To blow up. (a) To inflate, (b) To excite, (e) To burst ; 
to rend by the expansive force of gas. (d) To scold vio- 
lently. [Colloq.] 

Blow, n. 1. Any act of blowing. 2. A violent blow- 
ing of the wind ; a gale. 3. An egg, or a larva, depos- 
ited by a fly on or in flesh. 

Blow'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, blows. 
2. (3fech.) A device for producing a current of air ; as : 
(a) A metal plate placed before the upper part of a grate 
or open fire, (b) A machine for producing a current of 
air by pressure. 3. The whale. 4. A braggart. [Slang] 

Blow'fly' (-fli')) n. (Zool.) Any species of fly of the 
genus Musca that deposits its eggs or young larvse upon 
meat or other animal products. 

BlOW'gun' (-gun'), n. A long tube, through which an 
arrow or other projectile may be impelled by the breath. 

Blowhole' (-hoi'), n. 1. A hole or vent through which 
a liquid or fluid is blown or ejected. 2. A hole in the 
ice to which whales, seals, etc, come to breathe. 

Blow'pipe' (-pip 7 ), n. 1. A tube for directing a jet of 
air into a fire or a flame, so as to intensify the heat. ,. 
2. A blowgun. 3. A blowtube. ^ 

Blowse (blouz), n. See Blowze. 

Blow'tUbe' (blo / tub / ), n. 1. A blowgun, or a 
toy of like form. 2. (Glassmaking) A wrought 
iron tube, used in glass blowing. 

Blow'y (blo'y), a. Windy. 

Blowze (blouz), n. [Prob. fr. same root as blush.] 
A ruddy, fat-faced woman; a wench. [Obs.] 

Blowzed (blouzd), ) a. Coarse and ruddy-faced ; 

Blowz'y (blou'z^), ) fat and ruddy ; high col- 
ored ; frowzy ; disordered. 

BluVber (blub'ber), n. [Cf. Bleb.] 1. A 
bubble. 2. The fat of whales and other large Blow, 
sea animals from which oil is obtained. 3. (Zo- pipe- 
ol. ) A large sea nettle or medusa. 

Blub'ber, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Blubbeeed (-berd) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Blubbering.] To weep noisily. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, e\ I, 5, fi, y, short ; senate, e"vent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



BLUBBER 



97 



BOARD 



Blub'ber (blub'ber), v. t. 1. To disfigure (the face) 

with weeping. 2. To give vent to or utter with weeping. 

BlUb'ber-y (blub'ber-^), a. 1. Swollen ; protuberant. 

2. Like blubber ; gelatinous and quivering. 
Blu'cher (blu'ker), n. A kind of half boot. 
Bludg'eon (blfij'un), n. [Origin uncertain.] A short 

stick, with one end thicker or heavier than the other. 

Blue (blu), a. [Compar. Bluer (-er) ; superl. Bluest.] 
[OE. Ma, Mo, Mew, fr. Icel. Mar livid ; akin to G. MauJ] 
1. Having the color of the clear sky, or a hue resembling 
it. 2. Low in spirits; melancholy; gloomy. [Colloq.] 

3. Severe or over strict in morals. 4. Literary ; — ap- 
plied to women. \_Colloq.~\ 

Blue devils, apparitions supposed to be seen by persons 
suffering with delirium tremens ; hence, very low spirits. 
— Blue gum (Bot.), a species of Eucalyptus. — Bluejacket, 
a man-of-war's man. — Blue laws, certain rigorous laws 
falsely reported to have been enacted in New Haven ; 
hence, any puritanical laws. [ U. S.] — Blue mass, the 
preparation from which is formed the blue pill. — Blue 
Peter (British Marine), a blue flag with a central white 
square, used as a signal to recall boats, etc. ; — corruption 
of Mue repealer, one of the British signal flags. — Blue pill 
(Med.), a pill of prepared mercury. — Blue ribbon, the rib- 
bon worn by members of the order of the Garter ; hence, 
a high honor ; a prize. — Blue vitriol (Ghem.), sulphate of 
copper. — True blue, genuine ; unmodified. 

Blue (blu), n. 1. One of the seven colors of the 
spectrum ; the color of the clear sky. 2. A bluestock- 
ing. [Colloq.'] 3. pi. Short for Mue devils. 

Blue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blued (blud) ; p. p. & 
vb. n. Bluing.] To cause to be blue in color. 

BlueTjack' (-bak'), n. (Zo'ol.) A species (a) of trout, 
(6) of salmon, or (c) of American river herring. 

Bluebell' (-bel')> n. (Bot.) A plant (Campanula) 
which bears blue, bell-shaped flowers ; the harebell. 

Blue'Der-ry (-bgr-ry), n. (Bot.) The berry of several 
species of Vaccinium, resembling huckleberries. 

Blue'bird 7 (blu'berd'), n. (Zo'ol.) A song bird common 
in the United States, related to the European robin. 

Blue' bon'net, or Blue'bon net (-bon'net), n. A 
broad, flat Scottish cap of blue woolen, or one wearing 
such cap ; a Scotchman. 

Blue' book 7 (book 7 ). 1. A parliamentary publication, 
so called from its blue paper covers. [Eng.~\ 2. The 
United States official " Biennial Register." 

Blue'bot tie (-bot't'l), n. 1. (Bot.) A plant (Centau- 
rea cyanus) which grows in grain fields. It bears blue 
bottle-shaped flowers. 2. (Zo'ol.) A species of blowfly 
having a steel-blue body. [warbler. I 

Blue'breast' (-brgsf), n. (Zo'ol.) The blue-throated | 

Blue'cap' (-kar/), n. 1. (Zo'ol.) (a) The bluepoll. 
(b) The blue titmouse. 2. A blue bonnet. 

Blue'-eyed' (bluld'), a. Having blue eyes. 

Blue-eyed grass (Bot.), a grasslike plant (Sisyrinchium 
anceps), with small flowers of a delicate blue color. 

Blue'fin' (-fin'), n. (Zo'ol.) A species of whitefish 
(Coregonus nigripinnis) found in Lake Michigan. 

Blue'fish' (-fish'), n. (Zo'ol.) A large voracious 
marine fish, common on the American coast and highly 
esteemed for food. Also a local name for other fishes. 

Blue' Jay' (ja/). (Zo'ol.) The common jay of the 
United States. The predominant color is bright blue. 

Blue'ly, adv. With a blue color. 

Blue'ness, n. Quality of being blue ; a blue color. 

Blue'poll' (-polO, n. (Zo'ol.) A kind of salmon. 

Blue'stock'ing (-stok'Ing), n. [Said to be so called 
from certain meetings of Dr. Samuel Johnson's time, 
held by ladies for conversation with eminent literary 
men, one of whom (a Mr. Stillingfleet) wore blue stock- 
ings.] A literary lady ; a female pedant. [Colloq.'] 

Blu'etS (-Sts), n. [F. bluet, bleuet, dim. of bleu blue.] 
(Bot.) Any one of several blue-flowered plants, as Rous- 
tonia cozrulea, and Centaurea cyanus or blue-bottle. 

Blue'wing' (-wing/), n. (Zo'ol.) The blue-winged teal. 

Bluff (blfif), a. [Of unknown origin.] 1. Having a 
broad, flattened front. 2. Rising steeply with a flat or 
rounded front. 3. Surly ; churlish. 4. Abrupt ; un- 
ceremonious; blunt; brusque. 

Bluff, n. 1. A high, steep bank ; a cliff with a broad 
face. 2. An act of bluffing; braggadocio. 3. A game 
at cards ; poker. [U. S.] 

Bluff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bluffed (bluft) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Bluffing.] (Poker) To deter from betting, by 
betting as if one's own hand were strong ; — also used, 
colloquially, in a figurative sense. [II. £.] 

Bluff, v. i. To act as in the game of bluff. 

Bluff'ness, n. Quality or state of being bluff. 

Bluffy (-y), a. 1. Having bluffs. 2. Inclined to be 
bluff; brusque. 



Blunderbuss. 



Blu'lng (bluing), n. 1. The act of rendering blue. 

2. Something which imparts a blue tint. 
Blu'ish (blu'ish), a. Somewhat blue. 

Blun/der (blQn'der), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blundered 
(-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blundering.] [OE. Munderen, 
Mondren ; perh. akin to blend to mix.] 1. To make a 
'gross error or mistake. 2. To move awkwardly. 

Blun'der, n. A gross error or mistake. 

Syn. — Error ; mistake. — Blunder differs from error 
and mistake in necessarily implying carelessness, igno- 
rance, or stupidity. 

Blun'der-buss (-bus), n. [Either fr. blunder + D. 
bus tube, or corrupted fr. D. 
donderbus (literally) thunder 
box.] 1. A short gun with a 
large bore, capable of holding 
a number of balls. 2. A 
stupid, blundering fellow. 

Blun'der-er (-er). n. One who is apt to blunder. 

Blun'der-head' (-hed'), n. A stupid, blundering fel- 
low, [gether. I 

Blunge (bliinj), v. t. [For plunge.] To beat up to- 1 

Blun'ger (blun'jer), n. A potter's mixing tool. 

Blunt (blunt), a. [Origin uncertain.] 1. Having a 
thick edge or point ; dull ; not sharp. 2. Mentally dull ; 
stupid. 3. Abrupt in address ; unceremonious ; rough in 
manners or speech. — Blunt'ly, adv. — Blunt'ness, n. 

Syn. — Obtuse ; dull ; pointless ; curt ; short ; coarse ; 
rude ; brusque ; impolite ; uncivil. 

Blunt, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Blunted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Blunting.] 1. To dull the edge or point of ; to make 
blunt. 2. To impair the force, keenness, or suscepti- 
bility, of. 

Blunt, n. A short needle with a strong point. 

Blur (blfir), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurred (blfird) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Blurring.] [Prob. of same origin as 
blear. ~] 1. To render indistinct, confused, or obscure; 
to blot ; soil. 2. To cause imperfection of vision in. 

3. To sully ; to blemish. 

Blur, n. 1. That which obscures without effacing. 
2. A dim, confused appearance. 3. A moral stain or blot. 

Blurt (blfirt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Blurting.] [Cf. Blare.] To utter suddenly and 
unadvisedly ; to divulge inconsiderately ; to ejaculate. 

Blush (blush), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blushed (blusht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Blushing.] [AS. My scan to glow; akin 
to Mysa a torch.] 1. To become suffused with red in the 
cheeks, as from a sense of shame, modesty, or confusion. 
2. To become red or rosy in color. 

Blush, v. t. 1. To cause to blush. 2. To signal by 
blushing. [R.] 

Blush, n. 1. A suffusion of the cheeks with red, as 
from shame. 2. A red or reddish color ; a rosy tint. 

At first blush, at the first appearance or view. 

Blus'ter (blus'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blustered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blustering.] [Allied to blast.] 

1. To blow fitfully with violence and noise. 2. Fig., to 
talk with noisy violence ; to swagger. 

Blus'ter, v. t. To utter, or force, with noisy violence. 

Blus'ter, n. Fitful noise and violence of wind ; — 
also used figuratively. 

Blus'ter-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, blusters. 

Blus'ter-OUS (-us), a. Characterized by bluster. 

Bo (bo), inter j. [Cf. W. biv.~\ An exclamation used 
to frighten. 

Bo'a (bo'a), n. [L. boa a kind of water serpent ; per- 
haps fr. bos an ox.] 1. (Zo'ol.) A genus of large Amer- 
ican serpents; also, a serpent of other related genera. 

2. A long, round fur tippet. 

Bo'a COn-Strlc'tor (bo'a kon-strik'ter). [See Boa, 
and Constrictor.] (Zo'ol.) A serpent of tropical Amer- 
ica, sometimes thirty feet long, which kills its prey by 
constriction ; — also loosely applied to other serpents 
which crush their prey. 

Boar (bor), n. [AS. bar; akin to G. bar boar.] (Zo'ol.) 
The uncastrated male of swine ; spe- 
cifically, the wild hog. 

Board (bord), n. [AS. bord board, 
shipboard ; akin to bred plank, Icel. 
bord board, side of a shi-p, G. brelt, 
bort.] 1. A piece of timber sawed 
thin, and of considerable length and 
breadth as compared with the thick- 
ness. 2. A table; esp., one to put 
food upon. 3. Hence, food ; stated Head of Wild Boar, 
meals ; — usually as furnished for pay. 4. A council, or 
any authorized assembly or meeting. 5. A table or frame 
for a game. 6. Paper made thick and stiff like a board. 



bar boar.] (Zo'ol.) 



G 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

*7 



M 



BOARD 



BOGLE 






7. pi. The sta^p i" a theatre. 8. [Perh. a different 
u unug border, margin. See Border.] The bor- 

ic- (Xaut.) (a) The side of a ship. 
i a ship makes in one tack. 
Board Mid board (IfauLX side by side. — By the board, 
board, or side. Hence (.Fig.). To go by the board, 
r > ompMfee destruction or overthrow. 
Board (bBkd), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Boarded; p. pr. & 
iUBOI.] 1. To cover with boards or boarding. 
| | over the side of ; to enter, as a ship. 3. To 
9 ■ railway car. [Colloq. U. S.] 4. To supply 
with meals or lodgings, usually for compensation. 6. To 
place at board for compensation. 
Board. To obtain meals, or meals and lodgings, 

Qy for compensation. 
Board, v. /. [F. aborder ; a (L. ad) -f- 00r< l r ' m > 
board.] To accost : to address ; hence, to woo. [Obs.~\ 
Board'er (-er\ n. 1. One who has food at another's 

r pay. 2. [Xaut.) One who boards a ship. 
Boar'ish\bor'Ish), a. Swinish; brutal; cruel. 
Boast (host), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boasted ; p. pr. & 
rb. ;». Boasting.] [OE. bosten, boosten, v., bost, boost, 
n.. noise, boasting; origin uncertain.] 1. To vaunt or 
exalt one's self ; to brag ; to talk egotistically. 2. To 
glory ; to exidt. 

Boast, v. t. To display in ostentatious language ; to 
speak of with pride or exultation ; also, to have pride in. 
Boast. 72. 1. Act of boasting. 2. Cause of boasting ; 
occasion of pride or exultation. 

Boast, v. t. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. (Masonry) To 
dress (stone) with a broad chisel. 2. (Sculp.) To shape 
roughly. 
Boast'er (-er), ft. One who boasts ; a braggart. 
Boast'er, ft. A stone mason's broad-faced chisel. 
Boast'ful (-ful), a. Given to, or full of, boasting. — 
Boast'ful-ly, adv. — Boast'ful-ness, ». 

Boat (bot), ». [OE. boot, bat, AS. bat; akin to Icel. 
batr, G. boot.] 1. A small open vessel, or water craft, 
usually propelled by oars or paddles, but often by a sail. 

2. Hence, any vessel ; — usually with some epithet de- 
scriptive of its use or mode of propulsion. 

Boat hook (Xaut.), an iron hook with a point on the back, 
fixed to a long pole, to pull or push a boat, raft, log, etc. 

Boat (bot), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Boated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Boating.] To transport or place in a boat. 

Boat. v. i. To go or row in a boat. 

Boat'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Portable by boat. 2. Nav- 
igable for boats. 

Boat'age (-aj), n. Conveyance, or a charge for con- 
veyance, by boat. 

BoafbilV (-bll'), ft. (Zool.) A wading bird of tropical 
South America. 

Boat' bug 7 (bug')- (Zool.) An aquatic hemipterous 
insect which swims on its back, and resembles a tiny boat. 

Boat'man (bot'man), ft. A man who manages a boat. 

Boat 'man-Ship, n. The art of managing a boat. 

Boats'man (bots'man), ft. A boatman. [Archaic] 

Boat'swain (bot'swan; colloq. boVn), ft. [Boat -f- 
suai7i.~\ 1. (Xaut.) An officer who has charge of the 
boats, rigging, colors, etc., of a ship, who summons the 
crew, and performs other duties. 2. (Zool.) (a) The 
jager gull, (b) The tropic bird. 

Boat'-tail' (bot'tal'), n. (Zool.) A large grackle or 
blackbird of the Southern United States. 

Bob(b5b), n. [An onomatopoetic word.] 1. Anything 
that hangs so as to play loosely, or with a short abrupt 
motion ; a pendant. 2. A knot of worms, or of rags, 
used in angling for eels. 3. A float attached to a fishing 
line. 4. The ball or weight at the end of a pendulum or 
a plumb line. 5. A small polishing wheel. 6. A short, 
jerking motion. 

Bob Cb5b), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bobbed (bSbd) ; p. pr. 
& t>b. n. Bobbing.] 1. To cause to move in a short, jerk- 
ing manner ; to move, strike, or snatch (a thing) with a 
bob. 2. To cheat; to gain by fraud or cheating ; to filch. 

3. To mock or delude. 4. To cut off short. 

Bob, '•. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion ; to play 
to and fro, or up and down ; to play loosely against any- 
thing. 2. To angle with a bob. 

Bob/bin C-biLi), n. [F. bobine; of uncertain origin.] 

1. A small pin, or cylinder, used in the making of pillow 

lace. 2. A -pool, or reel, used to hold yarn or thread, as 

ting machines, looms, sewing machines, etc. 3. 

A fine cord or narrow braid. 4. (Elec.) 

A cylindrical or .spool-shaped coil of insulated wire. 

Bobbl-net'fboVbi-nSt'),?*. [Bobbin + net.] A kind 
of cotton lace which is wrought by machines, and not by 
hand. [Sometimes written bobbin net.] 




Male Bobolink (Doli- 
chonyx oryzivorus). 



Bob'o-link' (boVft-lYnk'), n. (Zool.) An American 

singing bird: — called also, rice- 
bird, reedbird, and Boblincoln. 

Bob'sled' (bob'slSd'), Bob'- 
sleigh' (-sla 7 ), «• A short sled, 
mostly used as one of a connected 
pair ; also, the compound sled so 
formed. [U.S.] 

Bob'stay' (-sta'), «• [Bob -f- 
stay.] (Xaut.) A rope or chain 
to confine the bowsprit of a ship 
downward to the stem or cut- 
water ; — usually in the plural. 

Bob'tail' (-tad'), ft. [Bob + 
tail.] An animal (as a horse or 
dog) with a short or docked tail. 

Bob'tailed (-tald'), a. Having 
the tail short or docked. 

Bob'whlte' (bBb'hwif), ft. 
The common quail of North America ; — from its note. 

Bock' beer' (bSk' ber'). [G. bockbier; bock a buck -f- 
bier beer.] A strong beer, originally made in Bavaria. 

Bock'ing, n. A coarse woolen fabric, used for floor 
cloths, to cover carpets, etc.,— first made at Booking, 
in England. 

Bod'dice (b5d'dTs), n. See Bodice. 

Bode (bod), v . t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Boded ; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. Boding.] [AS. bodian to tell, fr. bod command, 
message, fr. the root of beodan to command. See Bid.] 
To indicate by signs, as future events ; to give omen ; to 
portend ; to omen ; to presage ; to foreshadow ; to augur. 

Bode, n. 1. An omen. [C%.] 2. A messenger. 

Bode, imp. & p. p. from Bide. Abode. 

Bod'ice (bod'is), ft. [Properly pi. of body.] 1. A 
corset ; stays. 2. A close-fitting outer waist or vest. 

Bod'ied (-id), a. Having a body ; — usually in comp. 

Bod'1-less (bod'T-les), a. 1. Having no body. 2. 
"Without material form ; incorporeal. 

Bod'My (-i-ly), a. 1. Having a body or material 
form ; corporeal. 2. Of or pertaining to the body. 

Bod'i-ly, adv. 1. Corporeally ; in bodily form. 2. As 
a whole ; completely. 

Bod'kin (bod'kin), n. [OE. boydekyn dagger ; of un- 
certain origin.] 1. (Needlework) A pointed instrument 
for piercing holes ; a stiletto. 2. (Print.) An awl-like 
tool for picking out types in making corrections. 3. A 
kind of needle with a large eye and a blunt point ; a tape 
needle. 4. A kind of pin used by women to fasten the hair. 

Bod'y (bod'y), n. [AS. bodig ; akin to OHG. botah.] 

1. The material organized substance of an animal, 
whether living or dead. 2. The trunk of a person or ani- 
mal ; principal part, as of a tree, army, country, etc. 
3. A person ; a human being. 4. A collective whole or 
totality ; a corporation. 5. A number or system of 
things or particulars ; a general collection. 6. Any mass 
or portion of matter. 7. (Geom.) Any solid figure. 
8. Consistency ; thickness ; substance ; strength. 

Body coat, a gentleman's dress coat.— Body color (Paint.), 
a pigment that has consistency or body, in distinction 
from a tint or wash. — Body politic, a people as politically 
organized ; also, a corporation. — Body snatching (Law), 
the unauthorized removal of a dead body from the grave. 

Bod'y (bod'y), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bodd3D (-Id) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bodying.] To furnish with, or as with, a body. 

Bod'y-guard' (-gard'), n. . 1. A guard for the person. 

2. Retinue; attendance. 

Bce-o'tian (be-o'shan), a. Of or pert, to Boeotia, or to 
its inhabitants, noted for dullness ; hence, stupid ; dull. 

II Boer (boor), n. [D., a farmer. See Boor.] A colo- 
nist or farmer in South Africa of Dutch descent. 

Bog (bog), ft. [Ir. & Gael, bog soft, moist.] 1. A 
quagmire filled with decayed moss and other vegetable 
matter ; a marsh ; a morass. 2. A little clump of earth, 
roots, and grass, in a marsh or swamp. [Local, U. S.] 

Bog ore, a variety of limonite. 

Bog, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bogged (bogd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. Bogging.] To submerge or mire in, or as in, a bog. 

BogHserTy (-bgr'ry), n. (Bot.) The small cranberry. 

Bo'gey (bo'gy), n. See Bogy. 

Bog'gle (b5g'g'l), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Boggled (-g'ld); 
p. pr. & vb. ft. Boggling (-gling).] [See Bogle, n.] 
1. To take alarm ; to exhibit hesitancy. 2. To do any- 
thing awkwardly. 3. To dissemble. 

Syn. —To doubt ; hesitate ; shrink ; stickle ; demur. 

Bog'gler (-gler), n. One who boggles. 

Bog'gy (-gy), a. Containing, or like, bogs ; swampy. 

Bo'gle (bo'g'l), n. [W. bwgwl fear, bug, bwgan, bogle. 
Cf . Bug.] A goblin ; a specter ; a bogy. 



a, e, I, o, tt, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senftte, e"vent, tdea, 5bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



BOGTROTTER 



99 



BOMBARDON 



Bog'tTOt'ter (bog'trStfter), n. One who lives in a 
boggy country ; — applied to the lowest class of Irish. 

Bogue (bog), v. i. (Naut.) To fall off from the wind. 

Bo'gUS (bo'gus), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Spurious ; 
fictitious ; sham ; — originally applied to counterfeits. 
IColloq. U. S.] 

Bog'wood' (bog'woSd'), n. Wood of trees, esp. of 
oaks, dug up from peat bogs. It is of a shiny black color. 

Bo'gy (bo'gjr), n. [See Bogle.] A specter ; hobgoblin. 

Bo-hea' (bo-he'), n. [From Wu-i, the name of the 
hills where this kind of tea is grown.] An inferior kind 
of black tea ; formerly, any kind of black tea. 

Bo-he'mi-an (bo-he'mi-an), a. 1. Of or pertaining 
to Bohemia, or to the language of its ancient inhabitants 
or their descendants. 2. Of or pertaining to a social 
gypsy or " Bohemian ; " unconventional ; free and easy. 

Bo-he'mi-an, n. 1. A native of Bohemia. 2. The 
language of the Czechs (ancient inhabitants of Bohemia). 
3. A restless vagabond ; originally, an idle stroller or 
gypsy, thought to have come from Bohemia ; hence, an 
adventurer in art or literature, or a person of irregular, 
unconventional habits, or of free morals. 

II Bo'hun u'pas (bo^him u'pas). See Upas. 

II Bo-iar' (bo-yar' or boi'ar), n. See Boyar. 

Boil (boil), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boiled (boild) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Boiling.] [OF. boillir, buillir, fr. L. bullire to 
bubble, fr. bulla bubble.] 1. To be agitated, as a liquid, 
by the action of heat. 2. To be agitated like a boiling 
liquid, by any other cause than heat ; to bubble. 3. To 
pass or go as the result of agitation by heat. 4. To be 
excited, as with passion. 5. To be subject to the action 
of boiling water. 

Boil, v. t. 1. To cause to boil. 2. To produce by 
boiling. 3. To subject to the action of a boiling liquid. 

Boil, n. Act or state of boiling. [Colloq.] 

Boil, n. [Influenced by boil, v. See Bile.] A hard, 
painful, inflamed tumor, which usually suppurates. 

Boil'er (boiPer), n. 1. One who boils. 2. Any vessel 
in which anything is boiled; specif. (Mech.), a strong 
metallic vessel, in which steam is generated for driving 
engines, or for other purposes. [as in salt making. I 

Boil'er-y (-f), n. A place and apparatus for boiling, | 

II Bois' d'arc' (bwa' dark'). [F., bow wood.] (Bot.) 
The Osage orange, — used for bows by the Amer. Indians. 

Bois'ter-ous (bois'ter-us), a. [OE. boistous ; of un- 
certain origin.] 1. Rough or rude ; strong ; powerful. 
[Obs.] 2. Exhibiting tumultuous violence ; furious. 
3. Noisy; turbulent. — Bois'ter-OUS-ly, adv. — Bois'- 
ter-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Loud ; roaring ; violent ; stormy ; turbulent ; 
furious ; tumultuous ; noisy ; impetuous ; vehement. 

Bo'lar (bo'ler), a. Of or pertaining to bole or clay. 

II Bo'las (bo'laz), n. sing. & pi. [Sp.] A kind of 
missile weapon consisting of balls, as of stone, attached 
to the ends of a cord or cords. 

Bold (bold), a. [AS. bald, beald; akin to Icel. ballr, 
D. boud, G. bald soon.] 1. Forward to meet danger. 
2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and contempt of dan- 
ger. 3. In a bad sense, too forward ; over assuming ; 
rude ; impudent. 4. Somewhat overstepping usual 
bounds, or conventional rules, as in art, literature. 
5. Very conspicuous ; prominent. — Bold'ly , adv. — 
Bold'ness, n. 

To make bold, to take liberties or the liberty ; to venture. 

Syn. — Courageous ; daring ; brave ; intrepid ; fear- 
less ; dauntless ; valiant ; audacious ; stout-hearted ; high- 
spirited ; adventurous; confident; strenuous. 

Bold'-faced' (bold'fasf), a. 1. Presuming; lacking 
modesty. 2. {Print.) Having a large or heavy face. 

(IgiF' This line is bold-faced nonpareil. 

Bole (bol), n. [From Icel. bolr ; akin to G. bohle 
thick plank.] Trunk or stem of a tree, or thing like it. 

Bole, n. [Etym. doubtful.] Aperture, with a shut- 
ter, in the wall of a house ; also, small closet. [Scot.'} 

Bole, n. A measure. See Boll, n., 2. 

Bole, n. [Gr. /SwAoj lump of earth.] 1. Any one of 
several varieties of friable earthy clay. 2. Bolus ; dose. 

Bo-lec'tion (bo-lek'shun), n. Same as Bilection. 

II Bo-le'ro (bo-la'ro), ?i. [Sp.] A lively Spanish dance. 

Bo-let'ic (bo-let'ik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or 
obtained from, the Boletus. 

Boletic acid, an acid obtained from the Boletus fomenta- 
rius, variety psuedo-igniarius. 

II Bo-le'tus (bo-le'tfis), n. [L. boletus, Gr. /3wAitt?s.] 
(Bot.) A genus of fungi of which a few are edible, and 
others very poisonous. — Bo-let'ic (-let'Tk), a. 

Bolide (bo'lid or boild), n. [F.] A bolis. 

II Bo'lis (bo'lis), n. [L., fr. Gr. /3oAi? arrow.] A 
meteor or brilliant shooting star. 




Boll (bol), n. [AS.bolla. See Bowl a vessel.] 1. The 
pod or seed vessel of a plant ; a globular pericarp. 2. 
A Scotch measure formerly in use containing two? four, 
or six bushels. 

Boll (bol), v. i. To form a boll ; to go to seed. 

Bollard (b51'Ierd), n. [Cf. Pollard.] (Naut.) An 
upright post, used in veering or fastening ropes. 

Boiling (bol'ing), n. [Cf. Poll, v. t.] A pollard. 

Boll'wornV (-wfirm'), n. (Zo'dl.) The larva of a moth 
which devours the unripe bolls of the cotton plant. 

Bo-lo'gna (bo-lo'nya or bo-lo'na), n. 1. A city of 
Italy. 2. A Bologna sausage [It. salsiccia di Bologna], 
a large sausage made of bacon or ham, veal, and pork, 
chopped fine and inclosed in a skin. 

Bo-lom'e-ter (bo-loni'e-ter), n. [Gr. /3oAtj ray -f 
-meter.] An instrument for measuring radiant heat. 

Bol'ster (bol'ster ; 110), n. [AS. bolster; akin to G. 
polster; fr. same root as E. bole stem.] 1. A long pil- 
low or cushion, — generally one laid under the pillows of 
a bed. 2. Anything resembling or performing the office 
of a cushion or a support. 

Bol'ster, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolstered (-sterd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Bolstering.] To support with a bolster or 
pillow ; — often figuratively. 

Bolt (bolt ; 110), n. [AS. bolt ; akin to G. bolz ; origin 
uncertain.] 1. A shaft or missile for a crossbow or cata- 
pult ; an arrow ; a dart. 2. Lightning ; a thunderbolt. 

3. A strong pin for holding something in place, often 
having a head at one end and a screw thread cut 
upon the other end. 4. A shackle ; a fetter. 
[O&s.] 5. A compact package or roll of cloth, 
as of silk, often containing about forty yards. 

Bolt, v. t. [imp. &p. p. 
Bolted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Bolting.] 1. To shoot ; to 
discharge. 2. To utter sud- 
denly ; to blurt out. 3. To 
swallow without chewing. 

4. To abandon, as a candi- 
date of one's party. [Polit. 
cant, U. S.] 5. To cause to 
start from cover, as game. 
6. To fasten or secure with, 
or as with, a bolt or bolts. 

Bolt, v. i. 1. To start 
forth like a bolt or arrow ; 
to dart. 2. To fall sudden- 
ly like a bolt. 3. To spring 
suddenly aside. 4. (U. S. Politics) To abandon one's 
party or its candidate. [bendingly. I 

Bolt, adv. In the manner of a bolt; suddenly; un-[ 

Bolt, n. 1. A sudden start ; a sudden spring aside. 
2. A sudden flight. 3. (U. S. Politics) A refusal to 
support one's party or its candidate. 

Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Bolting.] [OE. bolten, boidten, OF. buleler, fr. LL. 
buletare, buratare : origin uncertain.] To sift ; to sepa- 
rate, or purify by other means ; — also used figuratively. 

Bolt, n. A sieve ; a bolter, [aside, or breaks away. I 

Bolt'er (bolt'er), n. One who bolts, starts suddenly! 

Bolt'er, n. 1. One who sifts flour or meal. 2. An 
instrument or machine for sifting flour and meal. 

Bolt'er, n. A kind of fishing line. See Boulter. 

Bolt'head' (-hed'), n. (Chem.) A matrass or receiver. 

Bolt'rope' (bolt'ror/), n. (Naut.) A rope stitched to 
the edges of a sail to strengthen it. 

Bolt'sprit' (-sprit'), n. A corruption of Bowsprit. 

Bo'las (bo'lus), n. : pi. Boluses (-ez). [L. bolus bit.] 
A rounded mass of anything ; esp., a large pill. 

Bomb (bom or bum), n. [F. bombe bombshell, fr. 
L. bombus a humming, Gr. /36/u./3o?.] 1. A resounding 
sound. [Obs.~\ 2. (Mil.) A shell ; esp., a spherical shell, 
like those fired from mortars. 3. A bomb ketch. 

Bomb ketch, Bomb vessel (Naut.), a small, strong vessel, 
for carrying mortars to be used in bombardments. 

Bom'bard (bom'berd or bum'berd), n. [Through F. 
& LL., fr. L. bombus -f- -ard.~\ (Gim.) A piece of heavy 
ordnance, — the earliest kind of camion. 

Bom-bard' (bom-bard' or bum-bard'), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Bombarded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bombarding.] To at- 
tack with bombards or with any artillery. 

Bom'bar-dier' (b5m / ber-der' or bHm'-), n. (Mil.) (a) 
An artilleryman ; a gunner. [Archaic'] (b) A noncom- 
missioned officer in the British artillery. 

Bom-bard'ment (bom-bard'ment or bum-), n. An at- 
tack with shells, hot shot, rockets, etc. 

Bom-bar'don (bum-bar'd5n), n. [It. bombardo.] 
(Mus.) A brass instrument, the lowest of the saxhorns, 



Some forms of Bolts. A Tap 
bolt ; B Stove bolt ; C Ma- 
chine bolt ; D Carriage bolt. 
B, C, and D are furnished 
with nuts. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, fall, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BOMBASINE 



100 



BOOK-LEARNED 






In tone resembling the ophidoide ; — formerly applied to 

Bom ba-aine' (bunyba-aBnO, n. Same as Bombazine. 

Bom'bast (bOnVbaet or bum'basn. ». [OF. bombaee 
otton, I'omlxisiiim a doublet of cot- 
ton ; heiiiv. wadding. Bee Bombasine.] 1. Originally, 
, atufflng ; padding. [06*.] 2. Kg., high- 
g words; swelling language ; fustian. 

Bombast. Big without meaning; bombastic. 

Bom-bas'tic (bBm-baVtlk or bum-), Bom-bas'tic-al 
Characterised by bombast ; high-sounding ; 
. tumid; pompous. — Bom-bas'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Bom ba-zet' ( (buWba-aeVor b5m'-),n. [Cf. Bom- 

Bom ba-zette' ( bazine.] A sort of thin woolen cloth. 

Bom ba-zine' fbBmfba-aan' or b5ni'-), n. [F. bomba- 
sin, deriv. of L., fr. bombyx silk, silkworm, Gr. /36/x/3u£.] 
A twilled fabric with a silk warp and worsted weft. 

Bom'bic (.bSm'bik), a. Of or pert, to the silkworm. 

Bomb'proof (bSin'proof or buui'proof), a. Secure 
the explosive force of bombs. 

Bomb 'shell (-shSP). n. A bomb. 

Bom-byc'i-nous (b5m-bis'i-nus), a. [L. bombycimts. 
See Bombazine.] 1. Silken. [Obs.~\ 2. Being of the 
color of the silkworm ; transparent with a yellow tint. 

Bo-nan'za (bo-nan'za), n. [Sp., prop., calm, fair 
weather, prosperity, fr. L. bonus good.] In mining, a 
rich mine or vein of silver or gold ; also used figuratively. 

Bo'na-part ism (bo'na-part'Iz'm), n. Policy of Napo- 
leon Bonaparte or his family. [the Bonapartes. I 

Bo'na-part 1st, n. One attached to Bonapartism, or| 
Bon'bon (bBx'bfiK'), n. [F., fr. bon bon very good.] 
Sugar confectionery ; a sugarplum ; hence, any dainty. 

Bond (b5nd), n. [The same word as band.~\ 1. That 
which binds, ties, fastens, or confines ; a band ; a liga- 
ment ; a shackle. 2. pi. The state of being bound. 3. 
A binding force or influence. 4. Duty or obligation. 
6. {Laic) A writing under seal, by which a person binds 
himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, to pay 
a certain sum on or before a future day appointed. 6. 
An instrument (of the nature of the ordinary legal bond) 
made by a government or a corporation for the purpose 
of borrowing money. 7. The state of goods placed in a 
bonded warehouse till the duties are paid. 8. {Arch.) 
The union, tie, or disposition, of the stones or bricks 
forming a wall. 9. (Chem.) A unit of chemical attraction. 

Bond (b5nd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bonded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Bonding.] 1. To place under the conditions of a 
bond ; to secure payment of duties on by giving a bond. 
2. {Arch.) To dispose in building to secure solidity. 

Bond, n. [AS. bonda, bunda, husband, householder, 
from Icel. bondi husbandman, for buandi, fr. bua to 
dwell.] A vassal or serf ; a slave. [06s. or Archaic] 

Bond, a. In a state of servitude or slavery ; captive. 

Bond'age (-aj), n. 1. The state of being bound ; re- 
straint of personal liberty by compulsion ; thralldom ; 
slavery ; captivity. 2. Obligation ; tie of duty. 3. 
{Old Eng. Law) Villenage. 

Bond'ed (b5nd'Sd), a. Placed under, or covered by, a 
bond, as for the payment of duties. 

Bond'er (-er), n. 1. One who places goods under bond 
or in a bonded warehouse. 2. {Masonry) A bondstone. 

Bond'maid' (-mad'), n. A female slave. 

Bond'man (-man), n. A man in bondage ; slave. 

Bond' servant (serv'ant). A slave. 

Bond' service (-is). Service without wages ; slavery. 

Bond'slave 7 (-slav'), n. A person in a state of slavery. 

Bonds'man (bbhdz'man), n. 1. A slave ; a bondman. 
2. (Law) A surety ; one who gives security for another. 

Bond'stone' (bQnd'aton'), n. {Masonry) A stone run- 
ning crosswise through a wall to bind it together. 

Bonds'wom'an (bSndz'woom'an), n. A bondwoman. 
Bon'duc(bon'duk), n. [F.] {Bot.) The nicker tree. 

Bond'wom'an (b5nd'wd6m'«n), n. A woman slave. 

Bone (bon ; 110), n. [AS. ban; akin to G. bein leg.] 

1 (Anal.) The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of 

rertebrate animals. 2. A part or a fragment of an ani- 

Iton. 3. Anything made of bone. 4. Whalebone. 

Bone black (Cham.), the black, carbonaceous substance 

calcining bones in a close vessel. —Bone dust, 

groun d or pulverized bones, used as a fertilizer. — Bone 

earth (Chem.), the earthy residuum after the calcination 

of bone, confuting chiefly of phosphate of calcium. 

Bone ( bon), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boned (bond) ; p. pr. 
0.] 1. To take out a bone or bones from. 
2. l'i put whalebone into. 

Bone v. t. : V. bornoyer to look at with one eye, to 
Bight, fr. borgne one-eyed.] To sight along so as to level 
ighten ; to test as to being level or straight. 



Bone'set (bon'sgt'), n. {Bot.) Thoroughwort. 

Bone'set-ter (-sSt-ter), n. One who sets broken or 
dislocated bones. — Bone'set- ting, n. 

Bon'tire 7 (b5n'flr'), n. [OE. bonefire, banefire; of 
uncertain origin.] A fire built in the open air, as a token 
of joy and exultation, or for amusement. 

II Bon ho-mie' (bou'5-me'), n. [F.] Good nature. 

Bon'i-face (b5n'I-fas), n. [From the jolly landlord in 
Farquhar's " The Beaux' Stratagem."] An innkeeper. 

Bon'i-ness (bo'nT-ngs), n. Quality of being bony. 

Bo-ni'to (bo-ne'to), n. / pi. Bonitoes (-t6z). [Sp. & 
Pg. bonito, fr. Ar. bainlt and bainithA {Zool.) 1. A large 
tropical fish allied to the tunny. 2. The skipjack. 3. 
The medregal. 4. The cobia or crab eater. 

II Bon'mot' (bQN'mo'), n. ; pi. Bonsmots (-moz'). [F. 
bon good + mot word.] A witty repartee ; a jest. 

II Bonne (bon), n. [F., prop., good woman.] A female 
servant charged with the care of a young child. 

Bon'net (bbn'nSt), n. [OF. bonet, bonete, LL. bon- 
nela, bonetum ; orig. the name of a stuff; of unknown 
origin.] 1. A cap worn by men in Scotland. 2. A kind 
of covering for the head of a woman. 3. Anything re- 
sembling a bonnet in shape or use, as a small defense 
work at a salient angle of a fortification, a screen for a 
fireplace, etc. 4. An addition to a jib or foresail used 
in moderate winds. 5. Second stomach of a ruminant. 

Bon'net-ed, a. Wearing, or furnished with, a bonnet. 

Bon'ny (-ny), a. [Prob. fr. F. bon, fem. bonne, good.] 

1. Handsome ; beautiful ; pretty. 2. Gay ; merry ; 
cheerful; blithe. — Bon'ni-ly, adv. 

Bon'ny-clab'ber (-klaVber), n. [It. bainne milk + 
clabar mire.] Coagulated sour milk ; curdled milk. 

Bon'spiel (bon'spel), n. A curling match. [Scot."] 

II Bon' ton' (b6N' t6N'). [F., good tone, manner.] 
The height of the fashion ; fashionable society. 

Bo'nus (bo'nus), n.; pi. Bonuses (-ez). [L. bonus 
good.] 1. {Law) A premium for a loan, a charter, or 
other privilege. 2. Extra dividend paid out of accumu- 
lated profits. 3. Money paid above a stated compensation. 

II Bon' vi'vant' (d6n' ve'vaN') ; pi. Bons vtvants 
(-vSnz'). [F.] A jovial companion ; a free liver. 

Bon'y (bo'ny), a. 1. Consisting of, or pertaining to, 
bone, or bones ; full of bones. 2. Having prominent bones. 

Bon'ze (bon'ze), n. [Pg. bonzo, fr. Japan bozu a 
Buddhist priest.] A Buddhist priest, monk, or nun. 

Booniy (boVby), n. [Sp. bobo idiot.] 1. A dunce ; 
a stupid fellow. 2. {Zool.) {a) A swimming bird re- 
lated to the common gannet. (6) A species of penguin. 

Booby hut, a carriage body put upon sleigh runners. 
[Local, U. S.] — Booby hutch, a clumsy covered carriage 
or seat. — [Local, Eng.] 

Boodh'ism (bobd'iz'm), n. Same as Buddhism. 

Boo'dle (bob'd'l), n. [Origin uncertain.] Bribe 
money ; swag. [Polit. slang, U. S.~] 

Book (book), n. [AS. boc ; akin to Goth, boka a let- 
ter, in pi. book, writing, G. buch; and fr. AS. boc, bece, 
beech ; because the ancient Saxons and Germans in gen- 
eral wrote runes on pieces of beechen board.] 1. A col- 
lection of sheets of paper, or similar material, blank, 
written, or printed, bound together. 2. A composition, 
written or printed ; a treatise. 3. A part or subdivision 
of a literary work. 4. A register of debts and credits, 
receipts and expenditures, etc. 5. Six tricks taken by 
one side, in the game of whist ; in certain other games, 
two or more corresponding cards, forming a set. 

In one's books, in one's favor. — To bring to book, (a) To 
compel to give an account, (b) To compare with an ad- 
mitted authority. — To make a book (Horse Racing), to lay 
bets (recorded in a pocket book) against every horse, so 
as to lose only on the winning horse or horses. — Without 
book, (a) By memory, (b) Without authority. 

Book, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booked (bd"6kt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Booking.] To enter, write, or register in a book 
or list. Also used figuratively. 

Book'bind'er (-bind'er), n. One who binds books. 

Book'bind'er-y (-y), n. A bookbinder's shop. 

Book'bind'ing, n. Art or business of binding books. 

Book'case' (-kas'), n. A case with shelves for books. 

Book'ish, a. 1. Given to reading ; fond of study. 

2. Formal ; labored ; pedantic. — Book'ish-ly , adv. — 
Book'ish-ness, n. 

Book'keep'er (-kep'er), n. One who keeps accounts. 

Book'keeplng, n. The art of recording pecuniary or 
business transactions in a regular and systematic way. 

Book'land' (book'land'), Bockland' (b5k'-), n. {O. 
Eng. Law) Charter land held by deed under certain 
rents and free services. 

Book'-learned (bd6k1ernd' or -lern'Sd), a. Versed 
in books ; having knowledge derived from books. 



lytVIfSffl, long ; &, g, I, 5, a, y, short ; senate, 6vent, idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



BOOKMAKER 



101 



BOREAL 



Book'mak'er (book'mak'er), n. 1. One who writes 
books for publication; esp., a compiler. 2. (Horse 
Racing) One who "makes a book." 

Book/mail (-man), n. A studious man ; a scholar. 
Book'mark' (-mark'), n. Sometliing put in a book to 
indicate a particular page or passage ; also, a bookplate. 
Book'plate' (-plat'), n. A label, placed upon or in a 
book, showing its ownership or its position in a library. 
Book'sell'er (-sSl'er), n. One who sells books. 
Book'shelf (-shelf), n. A shelf to hold books. 
Book'shop' (-sh5p'), n. A bookseller's shop. [Eng.] 
Book'stall' (-stal'), n. A stall where books are sold. 
Book'stand' (-stand'), n. 1. A place or stand for the 
sale of books. 2. A stand to hold books for use. 

Book'store' (-stor'), n. A store where books are sold. 

Book'worm' (-wflrm/), n. 1. (Zool.) Any larva of a 
beetle or moth which is injurious to books. 2. An as- 
siduous student of books ; one who pores over books, but 
to no practical purpose. 

Boom (boom), n. [D., tree, pole, beam, bar. See 
Beam.] 1. (Naut.) A pole or spar, used to extend the 
bottom of a sail. 2. (Mech.) A long spar or beam, pro- 
jecting from the mast of a derrick. 3. (Mil. & Naval) A 
chain cable, or line of spars bound together, extended 
across a body of water, to obstruct passage. 4. (Lumber- 
ing) A line of connected floating timbers, used to keep 
saw logs, etc., from floating away. [a boom or pole. I 

Boom (boom), v. t. (Naut.) To extend, or push, with| 

Boom (boom), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boomed (boomd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Booming.] [Of imitative origin.] 1. To 
cry with a hollow note ; to make a hollow sound. 2. To 
rush with violence and noise, as a ship under a press of 
sail. 3. To have a rapid growth in market value or in 
popular favor. 

Boom, n. 1. A hollow roar, as of waves or cannon ; 
also, the hollow cry of the bittern; a booming. 2. A 
strong and extensive advance in price or favor, with more 
or less excitement. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Boom, v. t. To cause to advance rapidly in price ; to 
create a " boom " for. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Boom'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, booms. 

Boom'er-ang (boom'er-a'ng), n. A missile weapon, 
usually a curved stick of hard wood, used by the natives 
of Australia and in some parts of India. When thrown 
from the hand with a quick rotary motion, it describes 
remarkable curves, finally taking a retrograde direction, 
so as to fall_near the place from which it was thrown. 

Boon (boon), n. [OE. bone, boin, a petition, fr. Icel. 
bon ; akin to AS. ben ; but influenced by F. bon good, f r. 
L. bonus."] 1. A prayer. [Obs.] 2. That which is asked 
or granted as a benefit or favor ; a gift ; a benefaction. 

Boon, a. [F. bon. See Boon, n.] 1. Good; pros- 
perous. [06s.] 2. Kind ; bountiful ; benign. 3. Gay; 
merry; jovial; convivial. 

Boon, n. [Scot., fr. Gael. & Ir. bunack coarse tow, fr. 
bun stubble.] The woody portion of flax. 

Boor (boor), n. [D. boer ;_ akin to AS. gebur a rustic, 
G. bauer ; f r. root of AS. buan to inhabit, and akin to 
E. be.] 1. A husbandman ; a peasant ; a rustic. 2. A 
Dutch colonist in South Africa, Guiana, etc. ; a boer. 
3. A rude, ill-bred person ; a clownish fellow. 

Boor'isn, a. Like a boor; clownish; uncultured; 
unmannerly .j— Boor'Ish-ly, adv. — Boor'ish-ness, n. 

Boose (booz), v. i., Boos'er (-er), n. See Booze, 
Boozeb. 

Boost (boost), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boosted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Boosting.] [Cf. Boast, v. i.] To lift or push from 
behind ; to push up. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Boost (boost), n. An upward push from behind. 
[Colloq. U._S.] 

Boot (boot), n. [OE. bot, bote, advantage, amends, 
cure, AS. bot ; akin to Icel. bot, prop. , a making good or 
better, fr. root of E. better, adj.] 1. Remedy ; relief ; 
amends. 2. That which is given to make an exchange 
equal. 3. Profit; advantage. [Obs.] 

Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Booting.] To profit ; to advantage ; to avail ; to benefit. 

Boot, n. [OF. bote, LL. botta ; of uncertain origin.] 
1. A covering for the foot and lower part of the leg, or- 
dinarily made of leather. 2. An instrument of torture 
for the leg. 3. A place for baggage at either end of an 
old-fashioned stagecoach. 4. A protecting apron or cover 
for the driving seat of a vehicle. 

Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Booting.] 1. To put boots on. 2. To kick with a 
booted foot. 

Boot, n. Booty ; spoil. [Obs. or B.] 

Boottrtack (-blak'), n. One who blacks boots. 



Boot'ed (bobt'6d), a. 1. Wearing boots. 2. (Zool.) 
Having an undivided, horny covering, — as a bird's tarsus. 

Bootee' (boo-te'), n. A half boot or short boot. 

HBo-b'tes (bo-o'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. /Sowttjs herds- 
man, fr. /3ows ox.] (Astron.) A northern constellation, 
containing the bright star Arcturus. 

Booth (booth), n. [OE. bothe ; it. same root as E. 
boor."] A slight-built temporary house, shed, or stall. 

Boofhose' (-hoz'), n. 1. Spatterdashes, in lieu of 
Boots. 2. Hose made to be worn with boots. 

Boot'Jack' (-jSk'), n. A device for pulling off boots. 

Boot'less (-ISs), a. [From boot profit.] Unavailing ; 
unprofitable. 

Boots, n. A servant who blacks boots and shoes. 

Boot'top'ping (-tQp/ping), n. (Naut.) (a) Act of 
daubing a vessel's bottom near the water line with a 
resinous mixture to protect it against worms, (b) Sheath- 
ing a vessel with planking ova felt. [boot leg. I 

Boot'tree' (-tre'), n. An instrument for stretching a| 

Boo'ty (bob'ty), n. [Cf. Icel. byti exchange, barter, 
fr. by la, Dan. bytte, to distribute, exchange.] Spoil taken 
by violence, esp. that taken in war ; plunder ; pillage. 

Booze (bobz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boozed (bo"bzd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Boozing.] [D. buizen; akin to G. bausen; 
of uncertain origin.] To drink excessively, esp. alco- 
holic liquor ; to tipple. 

Booze, n. A carouse ; a drinking. 

Booz'er (bob'zer), n. One who boozes ; a toper. 

Booz'y (boc/zy), a. A little intoxicated. [Colloq.'] 

Bo-peep' (bo-pep / ), n. The act of looking out suddenly, 
as from behind a screen, so as to startle some one, or of 
looking out and drawing suddenly back, as if frightened. 

Bo-rac'ic (bo-ras'Tk), a. Of, or pertaining to, borax, 

Bo'ra-COUS (bo'ra-kus), a. (Chem.) Boracic. 

Bor'age (biir'aj), n. [From LL. borra hair; — so 
called from its hairy leaves.] (Bot.) A mucilaginous plant 
(Borago officinalis), used as a demulcent and diaphoretic. 

Bor'age- wort' (-wfirf), n. Plant of the Borage family. 

Bo-rag i-na'ceous (bo-raj' T-na'shQs), a. (Bot.) Of, 
pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants (Boragi- 
nacese) which includes the borage, heliotrope, beggar's 
lice, and many pestiferous plants. 

Bo'rate (bo'rat), n. (Chem.) A salt of boric acid. 

Bo'rax (bo'raks), n. [OE. boras, fr. F. borax, fr. Ar. 
buraq, fr. Pers. bur ah.] A white or gray crystalline salt 
used as a flux, in soldering metals, as a soap, etc. 

Bord (bord), n. [See Board, n.] 1. Aboard. [Obs.] 
2. (Mining) Face of coal parallel to the natural fissures. 

Bor'der (bSr'der), n. [OE. bordure, F. bordure, fr. 
border to border, fr. bord a border ; of German origin.] 
1. The outer part or edge of anything. 2. A boundary ; 
a frontier district. 3. A finishing or ornamenting stripe 
or strip along an edge. 

Syn. — Verge ; brink ; margin ; brim ; rim ; confine. 

Bor'der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boedeeed (-derd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bordering.] To touch at the edge or bound- 
ary ; to be contiguous or adjacent. 

Bor'der, v. t. 1. To make a border for ; to furnish 
with a border. 2. To touch at the boundary. 

Bor'der-er (-er), n. One who dwells on a border. 

Bor'dure (boT'dfir; 135), n. [F.] (Her.) A border 
one fifth the width of the shield, surrounding the field. 

Bore (bor), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bored (bord) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Boring.] [AS. borian; akin to G. bohren, L. 
forare, Gr. <{>apS.v to plow.] 1. To perforate or pene- 
trate, as a solid body, by turning an auger, gimlet, or 
other instrument ; to make a round hole in or through ; 
to pierce. 2. To shape or enlarge by means of a boring 
instrument or apparatus. 3. To weary by tedious itera- 
tion or by dullness. 

Bore, v. i. 1. To make a hole or perforation with, or 
as with, a boring instrument. 2. To be pierced or pen- 
etrated by a boring instrument. 3. To thrust out the 
nose or toss it upward ; — said of a horse. 

Bore (bor), n. 1. A hole made by boring. 2. The 
internal cylindrical cavity of a firearm, or of a pipe or 
tube. 3. The interior diameter of a tube, gun barrel, 
etc. ; the caliber. 4. A boring tool. 5. A person or 
thing that wearies by prolixity, iteration or dullness. 

Bore, n. [Icel. bara wave ; origin uncertain.] (Phys- 
ical Geog.) (a) A tidal flood of very abrupt front which 
regularly or occasionally rushes into certain rivers of 
peculiar configuration or location, (b) Less properly, 
a very high and rapid tidal flow, when not so abrupt. 
Bore, imp. of 1st & 2d Bear. 

Bo're-al (bo're-al), a. [L. borealis, fr. Boreas the 
north wind.] Northern; pertaining to the north, or 
the north wind. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BORECOLE 



102 



BOTTLEHOLDER 



V 



Boro'cc I [CI. I>. boercnkool (lit.) hus- 

[om ■ 1- State of being bored; en- 

Th« Tf.i >ores, collectively. 

One who or that which* bores, as 
• person, an instrument, and certain niollusks and larvae 
urrow iuto or penetrate wood or stone. 
BoTic (.bo^rlk), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to boron. 
BonubOrn), />. p. St a. [See Bear, r. /.] 1. Brought 
forth, as an animal. 2. Having from, or by reason of, 
an character ; natural: innate. 
Borne (.born 1 *, />. p. of Beak, to carry. 
Bor'ne-ol tvr'iu-or'. ;.. [.Borneo — <?/.] {Chem.) A 
ety Of camphor, prized by the Chinese, and 
vciir in the camphor tree of Borneo. 
Bo'ron (bo'rSnl, n. [See Borax.] {Chem.) A rare 
non-metallic element occurring abundantly in borax. 

Borough (.bur'o"). n. [OE. burgh, bunc, born, port, 

ti wn. burrow, AS. burh, burg ; akin to D. & G. burg, 

b. fr. root of AS. beorgan to hide, protect.] 

1. In England, an incorporated town that is not a city ; 

wn that sends members to parliament ; in Scot- 
land, a body corporate, consisting of the inhabitants of a 
certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain 
jurisdiction ; in America, an incorporated town or vil- 
lage, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. 2. The col- 
lective body of citizens or inhabitants of a borough. 

Bor'ough. n. [See Borrow.] (0. Eng. Law) {a) An 
association of men who gave sureties to the king for the 
good behavior of each other. (6) The surety thus given. 

Bor'ough-Eng'lish (-Tn'glTsh), n. {Eng. Law) A 
descent by custom of estates to the youngest son, instead 
of the eldest, or, if the owner have no issue, to the 
youngest brother. 

Bor'ough-mon'ger (-mfin/ger), n. One who buys or 
sells the parliamentary seats of boroughs. 

Bcr'rage (bor'raj),V See Borage, n. 

Bor'rel I bor'rel . n. [OF. burel a coarse woolen cloth, 
fr. F. bure drugget.] 1. Coarse woolen cloth. [Obs.] 

2. A kind of light stuff, of silk and wool. 

Bor'row (bor'ro), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Borrowed 
(-rod) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Borrowing.] [OE. borwen, AS. 
borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge: akin to D. & G. bora ; 
prob. fr. root of AS. beorgan to protect, and akin to E. 
borough.~\ 1. To receive as a loan, with the intention of 
returning or rendering an equivalent in kind. 2. To de- 
rive ; to copy after ; to imitate : to adopt. 

Bor'row. n. [Obs.] 1. A surety. 2. Act of borrowing. 

Bor'row-er (-er), n. One who borrows. 

BorsTiold er (bSrs'hold'er), n. [OE. borsolder ; prob. 
fr. AS. borg pledge -j- ealdor elder.] {Eng. Law) The 
head or chief of a -tithing, or borough (see 2a Borough). 

Bort (b6rt), n. Imperfectly crystallized or coarse dia- 
monds or fragments of diamonds. 

Bos'cage (bos^kaj), n. [OF., fr. LL. boscus. buscus. 
See 1st Bush.] A growth of trees or shrubs ; a thicket ; 
a wooded landscape. [bug ; nonsense. [Colloq.]] 

Bosh (bdshj, n. [Turk.] Empty talk ; trash ; hum-i 

Bosh, rt. [Cf. G. boschung a slope.] 1. One of the 
sloping sides of the lower part of a blast furnace ; also, 
one of the hollow sides of the bed of a puddling or boil- 
ing furnace. 2. In forging and smelting, a trough in 
which tools and ingots are cooled. 

Bosk (b5sk), n. A bosket. 

Bos'kage (bos'kaj). n. Same as Boscage. 

Bos'ket (-ke"t ,, n. [F. bosquet little wood, dim, fr. LL. 
boscus. ] {Gardening) A grove; thicket: shrubbery. 

Bosk'y (bos'ky), a. [Cf. Bushy.] Woody or bushy; 
covered with, or caused by, boscage. — Bosk'i-ness. n. 

Bos'om ('booz'um;, n. [AS. bosm ; akin to G. besen. 
and prob. to E. bough.'] 1. The breast of a human be- 
ing. 2. The breast, considered as the seat of the pas- 
sions, affections, and operations of the mind. 3. Em- 
brace. 4. Any thing or place resembling the breast : a 
supporting surface ; an inner recess. 5. The part of the 
dress worn upon the breast. 6. A depression round the 
eye of a millstone. [loved. 

Bos'om, a. Intimate; confidential; cherished; be- 

Bos'om. i . /. [imp. & p. p. Bosomed (-umd) : p. pr. 
J'-osgmlkg.] 1. To inclose or carry in the bosom ; 
2 To conceal ; to embosom. 

Bos'quet Same as Bosket. 

BOSS 'bos; 115,. n. ; pi. Bosses (-e"zj. [OE. poee, 
bote, boche, F. basse, of G. origin.] 1. Any protuberant 
part. 2. A protuberant ornament on any work ; a 
■tad ; a knob. 3. [Cf. D. bus box, Dan. basse.] A 
hanging wooden vessel for the mortar used by masons, 
t The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a 



wheel is keyed, or at the end, where it is coupled to 
another, {b) A swage or die used for shaping metals. 

Boss (b08)i !'• t. [imp. & p. p. Bossed (b5st) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bossing.] To ornament with bosses; to stud. 

Boss, n. [D. baas master.] A master workman, a 
superintendent, director, or manager. [Slang, V. S.~\ 

Boss, t . /. To direct or superintend. [Slang. V. 8.] 

Boss'y (->">, a. Ornamented with bosses : studded. 

Bos'sy i.b5s's^), 72. A cow or calf. [Colloq., V. ft] 

Bos'ton (b6s / tun ; 115), n. A game at cards, played 
by four persons, with two packs of fifty-two cards each. 
" Bo-tan'ic (bo-tan'Ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to botany, 

Bo-tan'ic-al (-T-kal), J or to plants. 

Bot'a-nist (bot'a-nist), n. One skilled in botanv. 

Bot'a-nize (-niz), v. i. [imp. Sz p. p. Botanized 
(-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Botanizing (-nlzTng).] To col- 
lect plants for botanical investigation ; to studv plants. 

Bot'a-ny >-ny1. n. [F. botanique, fr. Gr. " Potovlkos 
botanic, fr. /3o7anj plant, fr. fio&Keiv to graze.] 1. The 
science which treats of the nature, growth, andclassifica- 
tion of plants. 2. A book which treats of this science. 

Botch (boch ; 224), n. [Same as Boss a stud. For 
senses 2 £ 3 cf . D. botsen to beat, akin to E. beat.] 1. An 
ulcerous affection ; a boil. [Gbs. or Dial.] 2. A patch 
put on. 3. Patching or other work done bunglingly. 

Botch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Botched (bocht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Botchtxg.] 1. To mark with, or as with, 
botches. 2. To mend, make, or do bunglingly. 

Botch'er (-er), n. 1. One who mends or patches, esp. 
a tailor or cobbler. 2. A bungler. 

Botch'y {-y ». a. Marked with botches ; full of botches. 

Bote (bot),'?*. [Old form of 1st Boot.] {Law) {a) 
Compensation; satisfaction, (o) Payment of any kind, 
(c) A privilege or allowance of necessaries ; estovers. 

Bot'fly' (bot'fli'), "• {Zool.) A dipterous insect of 
many different species, some of which are a pest to do- 
mestic animals, on which they deposit their eggs. 

Both (both), a. or pron. [OE. bothe. bape, fr. Icel. 
badir ; akin to D. & G. beide, Gr. a,u£a>. L. cmlo.] The 
one and the other ; the two : the pair, without exception 
of either ; — generally used adjectively with nouns, but 
with pronouns, and often with nouns, used substantively, 
and frequently used alone as a pronoun. 

Both, conj. As well : not only : equally ; — used be- 
fore the first of two coordinate words, and followed by 
and before the other. 

Both'er < both'er \. v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bothered (-erd) ; 
p. pi'- & vb. n. Botherikg.] [Cf. Ir. buaidhiri trouble, 
buaidhrim I vex.] To annoy ; to worry ; to perplex. 

Both'er. r. i. To trouble one's self. 

Both'er, n. One who, or that which, bothers ; state 
of perplexity or annoyance ; worry. 

Both er-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act of bothering: state 
of being bothered ; annoyance. [Colloq.] [some. 1 

Both'er-some (-sum), a. Causing bother; trquble-| 

I Both-ren'chy-ma (both-ren'kl-ma), n. [Gr. podpos 
chyma.] {Bot.) Dotted or pitted ducts or ves- 
sels forming the pores seen in manv kinds of wood. 

Bo' tree' (bo' tre). {Bot.) The peepul tree. 

Bot'ry-oid (bot'rT-oid), ) a. [Gr. /56-pu5 a cluster of 

Bot'ry-Oid'al (-oi'dal), j grapes -f -aid.] Having 
the form of a bunch of grapes ; like a cluster of grapes. 

Bot'ry-ose 7 (-os'). a. {Bot.) {a) Botryoid. {b) Of 
the racemose or acropetal type of inflorescence. 

BotS (bots), n. pi. [Cf.'Gael. botus belly worm, boi- 
teag maggot.] {Zool.) The larvae of several species of 
botfly, esp. those larvae which infest the stomach, throat, 
or intestines of the horse. 

Bot-tine / (bot-ten'j, n. [F. See Boot (for the foot).] 
1. A small boot ; a lady's boot. 2. A bootlike surgical 
appliance for the lower extremities of children. 

Bot'tle (bot't'l), n. [OF. botel, dim. of F. botte.] A 
bundle, esp. of hav. [Obs. or Pror. Eng.] 

Bot'tle. n. [OF. botel, bouteille, fr. LL. buticula, dim. 
of butis, buttia, butta, flask.] 1. A hollow vessel for 
liquids, usually of glass or earthenware (formerly of 
leather), with a narrow neck or mouth. 2. The contents 
of a bottle. 3. Fig., intoxicating liquor. 

Bot'tle. v. :. [imp. & p. p. Bottled (-tld) : p. pr. 

vb. n. Bottl 
bottle or bottles 



vp. ( 
(-tli 



& vb. n. Bottling (-tling).] To inclose in, or as in, a 



Bot'tle green' (bot'fl gren'). A dark shade of 
green, like that of bottle glass. — Bot'tle-green , a. 

Bot'tle-head 7 (-hgd'), n. {Zool.) A cetacean allied to 
the grampus : — called also bottle-nosed whale. 

Bot'tle-hold er (-hold'er). n . One who attends a pugil- 
ist in a prize fight ; — so called from the bottle of water of 
which he has charge. 



u t i : o, u, long ; &, e, I, 5, fc. y, short ; senate, event, idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, 



BOTTLE-NOSE 



103 



BOW 



Bot'tle-nose' (bSt't'l-noz'), n. (Zool.) 1. A cetacean 
of the Dolphin family. 2. The puffin. 

Bot'tler (bot'tler), n. One who bottles liquors. 

Bottom (b5t't'in), n. [OE. botme, perh. corrupted fr. 
button.'] Ball or skein of thread ; cocoon. [Obs.] 

Bot'tom, v. t. To wind round something. [065.] 

Bot'tom (b5t'tum), n. [AS. botm ; akin to L. Junius, 
Gr. Trv9fj.r)v, Skr. budhna.] 1. The lowest part of any- 
thing. 2. The part of anything which is beneath the con- 
tents and supports them ; the under surface. 3. That 
upon which anything rests or is founded, in a literal or a 
figurative sense ; foundation ; groundwork. 4. The 
fundament ; buttocks. 5. Low land formed by alluvial 
deposits. 6. {Naut.) The part of a ship which is ordi- 
narily under water ; hence, the vessel itself. 7. Power 
of endurance. 8. Dregs or grounds ; lees ; sediment. 

Bot'tom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottomed (-tumd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Bottoming.] 1. To found or build upon ; 
to fix upon as a support. 2. To furnish with a bottom. 

Bot'tom, v. i. To rest ; to be based or grounded. 

Bot'tom-less, a. Without a bottom ; hence, baseless. 

Bot'tom-ry (-ry), n. [See Bottom, 6.] {Mar. Law) 
A contract in the nature of a mortgage, by which a ship 
is made security f orjmoney loaned for the use of the shin. 

BottS (bots), n. pi. {Zool.) See Bots. 

Bot'u-li-form' (bot'u-lT-fQnn' or bo-tu'li-f6rm) ; a. 
[L. botulus sausage + -form.] (Bot.) Sausage-shaped. 

li Bouche (boosh), n. [F.] Same as Bush, a lining. 

Bouche, v. t. Same as Bush, to hue. 

II Bou'doir' (booMwQr'), n. [F., fr. bonder to be sulky.] 
A lady's (sometimes a gentleman's) private room. 

Bough (bou), n. [AS. bog, boh, bough, shoulder ; akin 
to Icel. bogr shoulder, Gr. nijxvs forearm, Skr. bahu arm. 
Cf. Bow of a ship.] An arm or branch of a tree, esp. a 
large arm or main branch. 

Bought (bout), n. [Cf. Bout, and see Bow to bend.] 
A bend ; a twist ; a turn. [Obs.] 

Bought (bat), imp. &p. p. of Buy. 

Bought'eri (bat"n), a. Purchased. 

II Bou-gie' (boo-zhe'), n. [F., wax candle, bougie, fr. 
Bougie, a town of Africa, whence these candles were first 
imported.] 1. (Surg.) A long, flexible instrument to be 
introduced into the urethra, esophagus, etc., as to remove 
obstructions. 2. (Pharm.) A slender rod of medicated 
substance for introduction into the urethra, etc. 

II Bou'illi' (bob'ye' or bobl'ye'), n. [F., fr. bouillir to 
boil.] (Cookery) Boiled or stewed meat. 

II Bou illon' (bob'yQN' or bobl'ySN'), n. [F.] (Cookery) 

1. A clear meat soup or broth. 2. (Far.) An excrescence 
on a horse's frush or frog. 

Boul'der (bol'der), n. Same as Bowldeb. 
Boule (bool), n. Same as Buhl. 

II Boule-vard' (boo'le-var' or boole-vardO, n. [F. , fr. 
G. bollwerk. See Bulwark.] 1. Originally, a bulwark. 

2. A public way occupying the site of demolished fortifi- 
cations ; hence, a broad avenue around a city. 

Boul'tel (bol'tgl), Boul'tin (bol'ttn), n. (Arch.) (a) 
A molding, the convexity of which is one fourth of a cir- 
cle ; torus ; ovolo. (b) A shaft of a clustered column. 

Boul'ter (bol'ter), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A long, 
stout fishing line to which many hooks are attached. 

Bounce (bouns), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Bounced (bounst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Bouncing (boun'sing).] [OE. bunsen; 
prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To strike or thump with 
a rebound, or a sudden noise. 2. To leap or spring sud- 
denly ; to bound. 3. To talk big. 

Bounce, v. t. 1. To cause to bump or thump. 2. To 
cause to bound or rebound. 

Bounce, n. 1. A sudden leap or bound ; a rebound. 
2. A heavy blow or thump. 3. Audacious boasting or 
exaggeration ; an impudent lie. 

Bounce, adv. With a sudden leap ; suddenly. 

Boun'cer (boun'ser), n. 1. One who bounces. 2. 
Anything big of its kind. 3- A boaster ; a bully ; a 
liar ; also, a bold lie. [Colloq.~] 

Boun'cing (boun'sing), a. 1. That bounces. 2. Stout ; 
lusty ; buxom. — Boun'cing-ly, adv. 

Bound (bound), n. [Through OF. fr. LL. bodina, bo- 
dena, bonna; prob. of Celtic origin.] The external or 
limiting line of any object or space ; limit ; confine ; ex- 
tent ; boundary. Also used figuratively. 

Bound, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Bounding.] 1. To limit ; to terminate ; to fix the fur- 
thest point of extension of ; to inclose ; to circumscribe ; 
to restrain ; to confine. 2. To name the boundaries of. 

Bound, v. i. [F. bondir to leap, fr. L. bombitare to' 
buzz, hum, fr. bombus a buzzing.] 1. To move with a 
leap or leaps. 2. To rebound. 



Bound (bound), v. t. To make to bound. 
Bound, n. 1. A leap ; a jump. 2. A rebound. 
Bound, imp. &p. p. of Bind. 

Bound, p. p. & a. 1. Restrained by a band, rope, etc. 
2. Inclosed in a binding. 3. Under legal or moral obli- 
gation. 4. Constrained or compelled ; destined. 5. Re- 
solved ; determined. [Colloq. U. S.] 6. Constipated. 
Bound up in, entirely devoted to ; inseparable from. 
Bound, a. [Past p. of OE. bounen to prepare, fr. boun 
ready, prepared ; akin to E. boor.] Ready or intending 
to go ; on the way toward ; going. 

Bound'a-ry (bound'a-rj?), ?i. [From 1st Bound.] That 
which indicates or fixes a limit, or marks a bound. 

Syn.— Limit ; bound ; border; term ; termination ; bar- 
rier ; verge ; confines ; precinct.— Boundary, in its origi- 
nal and strictest sense, is a visible object or mark indi- 
cating a limit. Bound is the limit itself. But the two 
words are used interchangeably. 

Bound'en (bound"n), p. p. & a. [Old p. p. of bind.] 
1. Under obligation ; obliged ; beholden. 2. Made oblig- 
atory. 
Bound'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, limits. 
Bound'less, a. 1. Without bounds or confines ; un- 
limited ; unconfined. 2. Illimitable ; infinite. — Bound'- 
less-ly, adv. — Boundlessness, n. 

Boun'te-ous (boun'te-Qs), a. [OE. bountevous, fr. 
bounte, F. bonie, bounty.] Liberal in charity ; disposed 
to give freely ; generous ; munificent ; beneficent. — 
Boun'te-ous-ly, adv. — Boun'te-ous-ness, n. 
Boun'ti-ful (boun'ti-ful), a. 1. Liberal in bestowing 
1 gifts ; bounteous. 2. Plentiful ; abundant. — Boun'ti- 
i fully, adv. — Boun'ti-ful-ness, n. 
! Boun'ty, n. [F. bonte, fr. L. bonitas, fr. bonus good..] 
1. Goodness ; kindness. [Obs.] 2. Liberality ; gene- 
rosity ; munificence. 3. That which is given liberally. 
4. A premium offered or given to encourage some action. 
Bouquet' (bod-ka'), n. [F., for bousquet, bosquet, 
thicket, a little wood, dim. of LL. boscus. See Bush.] 
1. A nosegay ; a bunch of flowers. 2. Perfume ; aroma. 
Bour'DOn-ism (bobr'bun-iz'm), n. The principles of 
the adherents of the house of Bourbon, the members 
of which still claim the throne of France ; obstinate con- 
servatism. 

Bour'bon whisty. Whisky made in Bourbon 
County, Kentucky. 

Bourd (boord), n. [F. bourde fib, lie, OF. borde, bourde, 
jest, joke.] A jest. [Obs.] 

Bour'don (boor'don), n. [F„ fr. L. burdo mule, esp. 
one used for carrying litters.] A pilgrim's staff. 

II Bour'don' (bobr'doNO, n. [F. See Bubden a re- 
frain.] (3Ius.) A drone bass, as in a bagpipe. 

Bourgeois' (bur-jois'), n. [From a French type 
founder, or fr. F. bourgeois of the middle class.] (Prijit.) 
A si ze of type between long primer and brevier. 

02^~ J This line is printed in bourgeois type. 

II Bourgeois' (bobr-zhwa'), n. [F., fr. bourg town.] 

A man of middle rank in society ; a shopkeeper. [France] 

II Bour-geoi-sie' (bobr-zhwa-ze'), n. [F.] The French 

middle class, particularly the class concerned in trade. 

Bour'geon (bfir'jiin), v. i. [OE. burjounen, F. bour- 
geonner.] To sprout ; to put forth buds ; to shoot. 
Bourn ) (born), n. [AS. burna ; akin to G. born, 
Bourne ) brunnen ; prob. fr. root of burn, v., in allu- 
sion to the bubbling or boiling of the source of a stream.] 
A stream or rivulet ; a burn. 
Bourn ) (born or boom), n. [F. borne. See 1st 
Bourne j Bound.] A bound ; a limit ; hence, goal. 
II Bourse (boors), n. [F. See Puese.] An exchange ; 
esp., the Stock Exchange of Paris. 
Bouse (bobz), v. i. & n. See Booze, v. i. & n. 
Bout (bout), n. [A variant of bought bend.] 1. As 
much of an action as is performed at one time ; a turn ; 
a round. 2. A contest ; trial ; a set-to at anything. 

II Bou ton ni^re' (bob / t5n'ny3r'), n. [F., buttonhole.] 
A bouquet worn in a buttonhole. 

Bo'vid (bo'vid), a. [L. bos, bovis, ox, cow.] (Zool.) 
Relating to that tribe of ruminant mammals of which the 
genus Bos (including wild and domestic cattle) is the type. 
Bo'vine (bo'vin), a. [LL. bovinus, fr. L. bos, bovis, 
ox, cow.] 1. (Zool.) Of or pertaining to the genus Bos ; 
relating to, or resembling, the ox or cow. 2. Sluggish 
and patient like an ox ; dull. 

Bow (bou), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowed (boud) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bowing.] [AS. bugan (generally v. i.) ; akin to 
L. fugere to flee, Gr. (pevyeif, and Skr. bhuj to bend.] 
1. To cause to deviate from straightness ; to bend ; to 
inflect. 2. Fig., to turn; to incline, as the mind. 3. 
To bend or incline, as the head or body, in token of 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, -urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



now 



104 



BRABBLE 






t, homage, resignation, etc 4. To cause to 
l o subdue. 5. To express by bend- 
r body. 

Bow (bou). r. •'. To bend tbe knee or body, or iu- 
I ; to make a bow. 

Bow (bOtt), >i. An inclination of the bead, or a bend- 
, knee or body, in token of reverence, respect, 
. 'mission ; an obeisance. 

Bow (ho), n. [AS. boga, fr. AS. bugan to bend. See 

- ] Anything bent, or in the form of a curve. 

ally : (a) The weapon with which an arrow is 

propelled. (l>) A knot made with loops, (c) The u-shaped 

tuck attaches an ox to a yoke. (d) An elastic 

rod with stretched horsehairs attached for playing on 

■I I Infill instruments, (e) A rod stretching a cord used 

for rotating a drill or other purposes. (/) An old rude 

form of quadrant, (g) Sing, or pi. The pieces of wood 

forming the areh of a saddletree. (h) An arcograph. 

Bow window. See Bay window. 

Bow l, bo), r. t. limp. & p. p. Bowed (bod) ; p. pr. & 
rh. n. Bowing.] To play (music) with a bow. — v. i. To 
manage the bow. 

Bow (bou), n. [Icel. bogr shoulder, bow of a ship. 
See Bough.] 1. (Naut.) The bending or rounded for- 
ward part of a vessel or boat ; the stem or prow. 2. 
(X<iut.) One who rows in the bow. 

Bow'-com pass (bo'kiim'pas), n. 1. An arcograph. 
2. A pair of compasses having the legs connected by a 
bow-shaped spring, instead of by a joint, or having a bow- 
shaped attachment on one leg for carrying a pen or pen- 
cil, or having a bow or arched plate riveted to one of the 
legs, and passing through the other. 

Bow'el (bou'eT), n, [Through OF. & LL. fr. L. bo- 
tellus a small sausage, dim. of botulus sausage.] 1. One 
of the intestines of an animal ; an entrail, especially of 
man; — generally in the plural. 2. pi. Hence, fig., the 
interior part of anything. 3. pi. The seat of pity or 
kindness ; hence, tenderness ; compassion. 

Bow'el, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Boweled or Bowelled 
(-eld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowelikg or Bowelling.] To take 
out the bowels of ; to eviscerate ; to disembowel. 

Bow'eled (-eld), a. Having bowels ; hollow. 

Bow'er (bou'er), n. 1. One who bows or bends. 2. 
(Naut.) An anchor carried at the bow of a ship. 

Bow'er (bou'er), n. [G. bauer a peasant. So called 
from the figure sometimes used for the knave in cards. 
See Boob.] In the game of euchre, one of the two high- 
est cards in the pack, excluding the "Joker." 

Eight bower, the knave of the trump suit. — Left bower, 
the knave of the other suit of the same color as the trump. 
— Best bower, or Joker, in some games, as euchre, an ex- 
tra card sometimes used, taking precedence of all others. 

Bow'er, n. [AS. bur room, dwelling, fr. root of AS. 
buan to dwell.] 1. Anciently, a chamber ; esp., a lady's 
private apartment. 2. A rustic cottage or abode. 3. 
An arbor ; a shady recess. 

Bow'er, v. t. To embower ; to inclose. 

Bow'er-y (-y ), a. Shading, like a bower ; full of bowers. 

Bow'fln' (bo'f in'), n. (Zool.) A voracious, fresh-water, 
ganoid fish of the United States ; the mudfish. 

Bow'grace' (bou'gras'), n. (Naut.) A fender of rope 
or junk to protect a vessel from floating ice. 

Bow' hand' (bo 7 hand'). 1. (Archery) The hand that 
holds the bow, i. e., the left hand. 2. (Mus.) The hand 
that draws the bow, i. e., the right hand. 

Bow'head' (bo'he'd'), n. (Zool.) The right whale. 

Bow'ie knife' (bo'e nif). A kind of hunting knife, 
formerly also used as a weapon; — named from its in- 
ventor, a Colonel Bowie. 

Bowlmot' (bo'n5f), n. A knot in which a portion of 
tbe string is drawn through in the form of a loop or bow. 

Bowl (boi), n. [AS. bolla; akin to G. bolle.] 1. A 
concave vessel for holding liquids, etc. 2. Specifically, 
a drinking vessel. 

Bowl (boi), n. [F. boule, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud. 
Cf . Bull an edict J 1. A ball used for rolling on a level 
surface in play. 2. pi. A game, played with biased balls 
on a level plat of greensward. 3. pi. The game of ten- 
pins or of ninepins. [U. S.] 

Bowl (bo);, v. I. {imp. &p.p. Bowled (bold) ; p.pr. 
& vb, /v. Bowling.] 1. To roll, as a bowl or cricket 
balL 2. To cause to go smoothly on, or as if on, bowls or 
Wneela. 3. To Htrike with anything rolled. 

Bowl, v. i. 1. To play with or at bowls. 2. To roll 
a ball on a plane. 3. To move rapidly, Bmoothly, and 
like a ball. 

Bowl'der, Boul'der (bol'der), n. [Origin uncertain.] 
X. A large stone, worn smooth by the action of water. 



2. (Geol.) Any mass of rock that has been transported 
by natural agencies from its native bed. 

Bow'-legged' (bo'lSgd'), a. Having crooked legs, 
esp. with the knees bent outward. 

Bowl'er (bol'er), n. One who bowls. 

Bow'line (bo'lfn), n. [Prop., the line attached to the 
shoulder or side of the sail. See Bow of a ship.] (Naut.) 
A rope fastened to a square sail to keep the weather edge 
of the sail tight forward, when the ship is close-hauled. 

Bowls (bolz) L n. pi. See Bowl, a ball, a game. 

Bow'man (bo'niau), n. A man who uses a bow ; an 
archer. [bow of a boat. I 

Bow'man (bou'man), n. The man who rows in the | 

Bow' net' (bo' net'). 1. A kind of trap for lobsters, 
with a funnel-shaped entrance. 2. A kind of bird net. 

Bow' oar' (bou' or'). The oar of the bowman ; also, 
the bowman. [drawing pen. I 

Bow'-pen' (bo'pen'), n. A bow-compass carrying a I 

Bow'-pen'cil (bo'pgn'sTl), n. A bow-compass, one 
leg of which carries a pencil. [in a frame. I 

Bow'-saW (bc^sa'), n. A slender saw drawn taut) 

Bowse (bouz), v. i. [See Booze.] 1. To booze 
2. (Naut.) To pull or haul hard. 

Bow'shot' (bo'shSf ), 7i. The distance traversed by 
an arrow shot from a bow. 

Bow'sprit (bo'sprit), n. (Naut.) A large boom or 
spar projecting over the bow of a vessel, to carry sail. 

Bow'String' (bo'string'), n. 1. The string of a bow. 
2. A string used by the Turks for strangling offenders. 

Bow'String' (bo'strTng'), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Bow- 
stringed (-stringd') or Bowstrcng (-strung') ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Bowsteinging.] To strangle with a bowstring. 

Bow'WOW' (bou'wou'), n. An onomatopoetic name 
for a dog or its bark. — a. Onomatopoetic. [Jocose] 

BOX (boks), n. [AS. box, L. buxus, fr. Gr. 7rv£os.] 
(Bot.) A tree or shrub, flourishing in different parts of 
the world. Its wood is highly prized by turners, engrav- 
ers, etc. A dwarf variety is used for garden borders. 

Box, n. [AS. box a little covered case, fr. L. buxus 
the box plant, anything made of boxwood. See 1st Box.] 
1. Any receptacle or case of firm material. 2. The 
quantity that a box contains. 3. A space with a few 
seats partitioned off in a theater, or other place of pub- 
lic amusement. 4. A chest or receptacle for money. 
5. A small house ; esp., a country house. 6. (Mach.) 
(a) An axle box, journal box, journal bearing, or bush- 
ing. (6) A chamber in which a valve works. 7. The 
driver's seat on a carriage or coach. 

Box, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Boxed (b5kst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Boxtng.] 1. To inclose in a box. 2. To furnish with 
boxes, as a wheel. 

Box, n. [Cf. Dan. baske to slap, bask slap, blow.] A 
blow on the head or ear with the hand. 

BOX, v. i. To fight with the fists ; to spar. 

Box, v. t. To strike with the hand or fist. 

BOX, v. t. [Cf. Sp. boxar, now spelt bojar.~\ To boxhaul. 

To box the compass (Naut.), to name the thirty-two 
points of the compass in their order. 

Box'ber'ry (-ber'ry), n. (Bot.) Wintergreen. [U.S.] 

Box'er (boks'er), n. One who boxes. 

Box'naul' (-hal'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxhadled 
(-hald') ; p. pr. &vb. n. Boxhauling.] (Naut.) To put 
on the other tack by veering short round ; — so called 
from the circumstance of bracing the head yards abox 
(». e., sharp aback, on the wind). 

Box'wood' (-wdod'), n. The wood of the box tree. 

Boy (boi), n. [Cf. D. boef, Fries, boi, boy ; akin to G. 
bube.] A male child, from birth to the age of puberty ; 
a lad ; — often used as a term of comradeship. 

Bo-yar' (bo-yar' or boi'ar), n. [Russ. boiarin\~\ A 
member of a former Russian aristocratic order ; also, one 
of a privileged class in Roumania. 

I! Boy'au (bwa'yo or boi'6), n. ; pi. Botaux or Boyatjs 
(bwa'yo or boi'oz). [F. boyau a gut.] (Fort.) A trench 
forming a communication from one place to another. 

Boy'COtf (boi'kof), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boycotted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Boycotting.] [From Captain Boycott, a 
land agent in Mayo, Ireland, so treated in 1880.] To 
combine to abstain from or prevent social or business re- 
lations with (a landlord, tradesman, etc.). 

Boy'cott, n. The act of boycotting. 

Boy'cott'er (-er), n. A participant in boycotting. 

Boyliood (-h68d), ?i. State or time of being a boy. 

Boy'ish. a. Characteristic of a boy ; childish ; puerile. 
— Boy 'ish-ly , adv. — Boy'ish-ness. n. 

Brabble (braVb'l), v. i. [D. brabbelen to talk con- 
| fusedly.] To clamor ; to brawl. [R.~\ 
! Brab/ble, n. A broil ; a noisy contest ; a wrangle. 



a, e, 1, o, a, long ; a, e , I, 5, &, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, cAre, arm, ask, all, finaL 



BRACCATE 



105 



BRAIN 



Brac'cate (brSk'kat), a. [From L. bracatus wearing 
breeches, fr. bracae breeches.] {Zool.) Furnished wich 
feathers which conceal the feet. 

Brace (bras), n. [Through OF. fr. L. bracchia the 
arms (stretched out), pi. of bracchium arm.] 1. That 
which holds anything tightly or supports it firmly; a 
bandage or a prop. 2. A cord, ligament, or rod, for pro- 
ducing or maintaining tension. 3. The state of being 
braced or tight ; tension. 4. {Arch. & Engin. ) A piece 
of material, as either a tie or a strut, used to change the 
direction of or transmit weight or pressure. 5. {Print. ) 
A vertical curved line connecting two or more words or 
boll 



lines or staves of music ; thus, 



bowl 



6. {Naut.) A. rope 



reeved through a block at the end of a yard, by which 
the yard is moved horizontally ; also, a rudder gudgeon. 
7. {Mech.) A bitstock. 8. A pair; a couple; — now 
rarely applied to persons except derogatively. 9. pi. 
Suspenders for trousers. 10. Harness. 11. Armor for 
the arm. 

Brace (bras), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bkaced (brast) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Bracing.] 1. To furnish with braces ; 
to support ; to prop. 2. To draw tight ; to tighten ; to 
strain; to strengthen. 3. To place in a position for 
resisting pressure. 4. {Naut.) To turn by means of 
braces. 

Brace, v. i. To strengthen or rouse one's self. [Colloq.~\ 

Bracelet (-l§t), n. [F., dim. of OF. bracel, dim. fr. L. 
bracchium arm.] 1. An ornamental band or ring for 
the arm ; now commonly, one for the wrist. 2. Defen- 
sive armor for the arm. 

Bra'cer (bra'ser), n. That which braces. 

Brach (brak), n. [OF. brache a kind of hound, fr. 
OHG. braccho.] A bitch of the hound kind. 

Brach/i-al (brSk'I-al or bra/ki-al), a. [L. brachial™, 
fr. brachium arm.] 1. {Anat.) Of or pertaining to the 
arm.] 2. Of the nature of an arm ; resembling an arm. 

Brach'i-ate (-at) , a. [L. brachiatus branched.] (Bot. ) 
Having branches in pairs, decussated, all nearly horizon- 
tal, and each pair at right angles with the next. 

Brach'i-o-pod (brak'i-6-pod), n. [Gr. |8paxiW arm 
+ -pod.~\ {Zool.) Any member of a class of Molluscoi- 
dea having a symmetrical bivalve shell, within which are 
a pair of tentacled " arms " used in feeding. 

II Brach'i-um (brSk'i-iim), n. ; pi. Brachia (-a). [L., 
arm.] {Anat.) The upper arm ; the segment of the fore 
limb between the shoulder and the elbow. 

Brachy-. A combining form or prefix from Gr. /3paxu's 
short ; as in ftracfa/cephalic. 

Brach'y-cata-lec'tic (brak'i-kaVa-lek'tik), n. [De- 
riv. of Gr. /Spaxvs short -f- /caToAvjyeti/ to leave off.] {Gr. 
& Lai. Pros.) A verse wanting two syllables at its end. 

Brach'y-ce-phal'ic (-se-fal'Ik), a. [Brachy- -f ce- 
phalic.'] {Anat.) Having the skull short in proportion 
to its breadth. 

Bra-chyc'er-al (bra-kis'er-ol), a. [Brachy- -f- Gr. 
Ke'pas horn.] {Zool.) Having short antennas. 

Brachy g'ra-phy (br a-kl g'r a-f y ) , n . [Brachy- -f -gra- 
phy.~\ Stenography. 

Bra-chyl'O-gy (-kil'6-jy), n. [Gr. /SpaxvAoyi'a ; /3pa- 
XV? + Aoyo? discourse.] {Rket.) Conciseness ; brevity. 

Bra-chyp'ter-OUS (-kip'ter-us), a. [Gr. /SpaxvTrrepo? ; 
/3paxus •+- ""repov wing.] {Zool.) Having short wings. 

Bra-chys'to-chrone (bra-kis/to-kron), n. [Incorrect 
for brachistochrone, fr. Gr. /3pax«rros shortest + XP°" 0S 
time.] {Math.) The curve in which a body, descending 
solely by the force of gravity, will most quickly move 
from one given point to another. 

II Brach'y-u'ra (brak'T-u'ra), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
j3paxu's + oiipa tail.] {Zool.) A group of decapod Crus- 
tacea, including the common crabs, characterized by a 
small and short abdomen bent up beneath the large 
cephalothorax. [a flaw. I 

Brack (brSk), n. [Cf. Breach.] A crack or breach ; | 

Brack, n. [D. brak, adj., salt.] Salt water. [06s.] 

Brack'en (-'n), n. [AS. bracce.~\ A brake or fern. 

Brack'et (-St), n. [Cf . OF. braguette codpiece ; also, 
OF. bracon beam, prop, support; of unknown origin.] 

1. {Arch. & Mech.) A member, plain or ornamental, 
projecting from a wall or pier, to support weight falling 
outside of the same, or to strengthen angles; also, a 
decorative feature seeming to discharge such an office. 

2. {Naut.) A short, crooked timber, resembling a knee. 

3. {Mil.) The cheek or side of an ordnance carriage. 

4. {Print.) One of two characters [ ], used to inclose a 
reference, explanation, interpolation, etc. 5. A gas 
fixture or lamp holder projecting from the face of a wall, 
column, or the like. 



bra 



Brack'et (braVgt), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bracketed ; 
p. pr. &, vb. n. Bracketing.] To place withiu brackets ; 
to connect by brackets ; to furnish with, or support by, 
a bracket or brackets. 

Brack'et ing, n. {Arch.) A series or group of brack- 
ets ; brackets, collectively. 

Brack'ish (-Ish), a. [See Brack saltwater.] Saltish, 
or salt in a moderate degree. — Brack'ish ness, u. 

Bract (brSkt), n. [L. bractea a thin plate of metal or 
wood. ] {Bot. ) (a) A leaf from the axil of which a flower 
stalk arises, (b) Any modified leaf, or scale, on a flower 
stalk or at the base of a flower. 

Brac'te-al (br5k'te-al), a. Like a bract. 

Brac'te-ate (-te-St), a. {Bot.) Having a bract or bracts. 

Brac'te-Ole (brSk'te-ol), n. [L. bracteola, dim, of 
bractea. See Bract.] {Bot.) Same as Bractlet. 

Bract'let (brakt'lgt), n. {Bot.) A bract on the stalk 
of a single flower which is on a stalk that supports several 

Brad (bra"d), n. [Origin uncertain.] A thin nail with 
a slight projection at the top on one side instead of a head ; 
also, a small wire nail, or a small finishing nail. 

Brad' awl' (al'). An awl used to make holes for 
brads, etc. 

II Brae (bra), n. [See Bray a hill.] A hillside; a 
slope ; a bank ; a hill. [Scot.] 

Brag (brag), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bragged (brSgd) ; 
pr. & vb. n. Bragging.] [From Icel. braka to creak, 

ak noise, fr. root of E. break; properly then, to make 

noise, boast.] To talk boastfully about one's self, or 
things pertaining to one's self ; to talk big ; to boast. 

Syn. — To swagger ; vapor ; bluster ; vaunt ; flourish. 

Brag, n. 1. A boast or boasting. 2. The thing which 
is boasted of. 3. A game at cards, similar to bluff. 

Brag ga-do'cio (brag'ga-do'sho), n. [Fr. Braggadoc- 
chio a braggart in Spenser's "Faerie Queene."] 1. A 
braggart ; boaster ; swaggerer. 2. Empty boasting ; 
mere brag. 

Brag'gart (brag'gert), n. [OF. bragard flaunting, 
vain, bragging. See Brag, v. t'.] A boaster. 

Brag'gart, a. Boastful. — Brag'gart-ly , adv. 

Brag'ger (brag'ger), n. One who brags ; a boaster. 

Brah'ma (bra'ma), n. [See Brahman.] 1. {Hindoo 
Myth.) The One First Cause ; also, one of the triad of 
Hindoo gods. 2. A variety of large domestic fowl. 

Brah'man (bra/man), ) n. [Skr. Brahmana.'] A 

Brah'min (bra'rnin), J person of the highest of 
sacerdotal caste among the Hindoos. 

Brah'man-i (bra'man-e), n. Any Brahman woman. 

Brah-man'ic (bra-mSn'Ik), Brah-man'ic-al (-T-kal), 
Brah-min'ic (-mTn'Tk), Brah-min'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Of 
or pertaining to the Brahmans or to their doctrines and 
worship. 

Brah'man-ism (bra'man-Tz'm), ) n. The religion of 

Brah'mln-ism (bra'min-Tz'm), ) the Brahmans. 

Brah'man-ist, \ n. An adherent of the religion of the 

Brah'min-ist, j Brahmans. 

Brah'mo-ism (-m6-iz'm), n. The religious system of 
the Brahmo-somaj. 

Brah'mo-so-maj' (-so-maj'), n. [Bengalese, a wor- 
shiping assembly.] A modern reforming theistic sect 
among the Hindoos. 

Braid (brad), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braided ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Braiding.] [AS. bregdan to move to and fro, to 
weave.] 1. To weave, or entwine, together; to plait. 
2. To mingle, or make uniformly soft, by beating, rub- 
bing, or straining. 

Braid, n. 1. A narrow band formed by intertwining 
or weaving together different strands. 2. A narrow fab- 
ric, used for binding, trimming, etc. 

Braid, n. [Cf. Icel. bregma to move quickly.] [06s.] 
1. A quick motion ; a start. 2. A fancy ; freak ; caprice. 

Braid, a. [AS. breed, bred, deceit ; akin to AS. bredan 
to braid, knit, (hence) to knit a net, to draw into a net, 
i. e., to deceive. See Braid, v. t.~\ Deceitful. [06s.] 

Brail (bral), n. [OE. brayle furling rope, OF. braiol 
a band around the breeches, fr. L. braca, bracae, breeches, 
— a Gallic word.] 1. {Falconry) A thong of soft leather 
to bind up ahawk's wing. 2. pi. {Naut.) Ropes passing 
through pulleys, and used to haul sails in or up, prepara- 
tory to furling. 3. A stock at each end of a seine to keep 
it stretched. 

Brail, v. t. {Naut.) To haul up by the brails. 

Brain (bran), n. [AS. bragen, brsegen ; akin to LG. 
bragen.'] 1. {Anat.) The whitish mass of soft matter 
(the center of the nervous system, and the seat of con- 
sciousness and volition) which is inclosed in the cartilagi- 
nous or bony cranium of vertebrate animals. 2. {Zool.) 
The anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other 



D 



H 



K 



f 6rn, recent, drb, r^ide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BRAIN 



106 



BRASS 



3. The orpin or seat of intellect ; hence, 
U*> understanding ; — used often in the plural. 




Brain of Max. 
Fig. 1. Upper surface, showing Right and Left Cerebral Hemi- 
spheres AB. separated by the Longitudinal Fi6sure aa; b Fis- 
sure of Sylvius ; ccc c Convolutions, or Gyri, separated by 
Sulci. 

Sight half, shown by vertical section through the Longi- 
tudinal Fissure ; AA Cerebrum ; BB Cerebellum ; aa Corpus 
Callosum ; c c c Convolutions ; d Third Ventricle ; e Pitui- 
tary Body : /'Olfactory Lobe ; g Optic Nerve ; t Pons Varoli ; 
I- Medulla Oblongata, connecting the brain and spinal cord. 

Brain (bran), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brained (brand) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Braining.] 1. To dash out the brains of ; 
hence, fig., to destroy. 2. To conceive ; to understand. 

Brained (brand), p. a. Supplied with brains. 

Brainless, «. Without understanding ; witless. 

Brain'pan' (-pan'), n. The skull ; cranium. [ing. I 

Brain'sick' (-s!k/), a. Disordered in the understand- 1 

Brain'y (-y), a. Well equipped with brains. [Colloq.] 

Braise, Braize (braz), n. [F.] Charcoal powder. 

Braise, v. t. [F. braiser, fr. braise coals.] (Cookery) 
To stew or broil in a covered kettle or pan. 

Brais'er (braz'er), n. A kettle or pan for braising. 

Brake (brak), imp. of Break. [Archaic] 

Brake, n. [OE. brake fern ; origin uncertain.] 1. 
(Bot.) A kind of fern having solitary stems dividing into 
three principal branches ; less properly, any fern. 2. A 
thicket ; a place overgrown with shrubs and brambles, 
with undergrowth and ferns, or with canes. 

Brake (brak), n. [From root of E. break.] 1. An 
instrument or machine to break flax or hemp. 2. A 
handle for working a pump. 3. A frame for confining 
a refractory horse while being shod ; also, an inclosure 
to restrain cattle, horses, etc. 4. That part of a car- 
riage, as of a movable battery, or engine, which enables 
it to turn. 5. (Mil.) An ancient engine of war analo- 
gous to the ballista. 6. (Agric.) A large, heavy harrow. 
7. A piece of mechanism for applying friction to retard 
or stop motion. 8. A device for testing the power of a 
motor by measuring the friction it will overcome. 9. A 
cart or carriage without a body, used in breaking in 
horses. 10. An ancient instrument of torture. 

Brake'man (brak'man), n. A man in charge of a 
brake or brakes. 

Brak'y (-y), a. Full of brakes ; thorny. 

Bra'ma (bra'ma), n. See Brahma. 

Bram'ble (bram'b'l), n. [AS. bremel, brembel, brsem- 
bel, fr. root of E. broom.] (Bot.) Any plant of the 
genus Rubus, including the raspberry and blackberry; 
hence, any rough, prickly shrub. 

Bram'bling (-bllng), n. [OE. bramline. See Bramble.] 
(Zo'dl.) The European mountain finch (Fringilla monli- 
Jringilla). [brambles. I 

Bram'bly (-bly), a. Full of, or like, I 

Bra'min (brahmin). See Brahman. 

Bran (brSn), n. [OF. bren, from 
Celtic] The coarse, chaffy part of 
ground grain. 

Branch (branch), n. [F. branche, 
fr. LL. branca claw.] 1. (Bot.) A 
shoot or secondary stem growing from Brambling. 
a main stem. 2. Any division or arm extending like a 
branch. 3. Any member or part of a body or system. 4. 
A particular line of family descent ; any descendant in 
such a line. 5. (Naut.) A pilot's warrant or commission. 

Syn. — Bough; limb; offshoot. 

Branch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Branched (brancht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Branching.] 1. To shoot or spread in 
branches ; to ramify. 2. To divide into subdivisions. 

Branch, v. t. To divide as into, or as if into, branches. 

, Branch'er, n. 1. That which forms branches. 2. 

{Falconry) A young hawk when it takes to the branches. 

Bran'chi-a (bra'n'kr-a), n. ; pi. Branchle (-e). [L., 

lr. Or. Ppayxux, pi. of Bpdy X u>i>.] (Anal.) A gill. 




Bran'chi-al (brSn'kl-al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining 
to gills. 

Bran'chi-ate (-kl-at), a. (Anat.) Having branchiae. 

Branch'i-ness (branch'T-ngs), n. Fullness of branches. 

Bran'chi-o-pod (brXn'kT-6-pSd), n. [Gr. Bpiy^Lov 
gill + -pod.] (Zo'dl.) One of an order (Branchiopoda) 
of small crustaceans ; — so called because their feet were 
supposed to serve as gills. 

Bran chi-OS'te-gal (br5n/ki-5s'te-gal), a. [Gr. Bpdy- 
Xioi/ gill + areyeiv to cover.] (Anat.) Designating, or 
pertaining to, the membrane_covering the gills of fishes. 

II Bran chi u'ra (br£n/kT-u'ra), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
Bpdyxiov gill -f- ovpa. tail.] (Zo'dl.) A group of crusta- 
ceans, including species parasitic on fishes. [branch. I 

Branch'let (branch'let), n. [Branch -j- -let.] A little | 

Branch'y (branch'y), a. Full or consisting of branches. 

Brand (brand), n. [AS. brand, brond, fr. byrnan, 
beornan, to burn ; akin to G. brand, brandr.] 1. A 
burning piece of wood ; also, a piece partly burnt. 2. A 
sword, so called from its flashing. 3. [Poetic] A dis- 
tinctive mark made with a hot iron, as upon a criminal 
as a mark of infamy, or upon merchandise, cattle, etc. ; 
also, one made in other ways ; hence, fig., quality, kind, 
grade ; also, any mark of shame ; a stigma. 4. An in- 
strument for making such marks ; a branding iron. 5. 
(Bot.) Any fungus which produces a burnt appearance 
in plants. 

Brand (brand), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Branded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Branding.] To make, fix, or impress a brand or 
distinctive mark upon with, or as if with, a hot iron ; 
hence, to mark or impress indelibly. 

Brand' er (-er), n. One who, or that which, brands. 

Brand' goose' (goos'). (Zo'dl.) The brant, [brandy. I 

Bran'died (bran'did), a. Flavored or treated with| 

Brand' i'ron (brSnd' I'urn). 1. An iron for branding. 
2. A trivet for a pot. 3. The horizontal bar of an andiron. 

Bran'dish (brSn'dTsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bran- 
dished (-disht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brandishing.] [OE. 
brandisen, F. brandir, fr. brand a sword.] To move or 
wave, as a weapon ; to shake or flourish. 

Bran'dish, n. A flourish, as of a weapon or whip. 

Bran'dish-er (-er), n. One who brandishes. 

Brandling (brand'lTng), Brand'lin (-lin), ». (Zo'dl.) 
A branlin. [the forge. I 

Brand'-new' (-nu'), a. Quite new, as if fresh from| 

Bran'dy (bran'dy), n. [From older brandywine, 
brandwine, fr. D. brandewijn, fr. p. p. of branden to 
burn, distill -j- wijn wine.] A strong alcoholic liquor 
distilled from wine or other liquors. 

Bran'gle (brSn'g'l), n. [Prob. a variant of wrangle.] 
A wrangle ; a squabble. [R.] [cal Eng.] I 

Brank (brSnk), n. [Prob. Celtic] Buckwheat. [Lo-\ 

Brank, ) n~. [Cf. Gael, brangus, brangas, a sort of 

Branks, j pillory, lr. brancas halter, or D. pranger 
fetter.] 1. A sort of bridle. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 
2. A kind of iron bridle with a mouthpiece, applied to 
scolds as a punishment. 

Brank'ur-sine (brank'iir-sin), n. [Deriv. of LL. 
branca claw + L. ursinus of a bear.] (Bot.) Acanthus. 

Branlin (brSnlln), n. [Deriv. of brand.] (Zo'dl.) 

(a) A young salmon, when it has transverse black bands. 

(b) A small red worm or larva, used as fish bait. 
Bran'-new' (bran'nu'), a. Brand-new. 
Bran'ny (-ny), a. Containing bran ; like bran. 
Brant (brant), n. [Origin uncertain.] 

(Zo'dl.) A species of wild goose. 

Bran'tail' (brSn'tal'), n. (Zo'dl.) The 
European redstart ; — from its red tail. 

Brash (brSsh), a. [Cf. Gael, bras or 
G. barsch.] Hasty in temper ; impetuous. 

Brash, a. [Cf. Arm. bresk, brusk.] 
Fragile; brittle, as wood. [Colloq. U.S.] 

Brash, n. 1. A rash or eruption ; a 
fit of sickness. 2. Something broken 
off; fragments; refuse. Head of Brant 

Bra'Sier, Bra'zier (bra'zher), n. (Brantabernicla). 
[Deriv. of F. braise live coals. See Brass.] 1. An artif- 
icer who works in brass. 2. A pan for burning coals. 

Brass (bras), n. [OE. bras, AS. braes; akin to Icel. 
bras cement, solder, brasa to harden by fire, and to E. 
braze, brazen.] 1. An alloy (usually yellow) of copper 
and zinc. 2. (Mach.) A journal bearing, — frequently 
made of brass. 3. Impudence. [Colloq.] 4. A utensil, 
ornament, or other article of brass ; — usually in pi. 
5. (Script.) Copper or some kind of bronze. 6. (Mining) 
Lumps of pyrites. 

Brass band, a band of musicians who play on instruments 
of brass. 



ike bran. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, ftbey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



BRASSAGE 



107 



BREAK 



Bras'sage (bras'saj), n. [F.] Seigniorage on coin. 

Bras'sart (-sert), n. [F. brassard, fr. bras arm.] 
Armor for the arm. 

Brasse (bra's), n. [Origin uncertain.] (Zo'61.) A 
spotted European fish, resembling a perch. 

Bras'si-ca'ceous (braVsT-ka'shOs), a. [L. brassica 
cabbage.] (Hot.) Related to, or resembling, the cabbage, 
or plants of the Cabbage family. 

Brass'y (bras'^), a. 1. Of or pertaining to brass ; 
brazen. 2. Impudent. [ Colloq. ] — Bras'sl-ness, n. 

Brat (br5t), n. . [OE. bratt coarse garment, AS. bratt 
cloak, fr. Celtic ; prop., a child's bib or clout ; hence, a 
child.] Child; offspring; — now contemptuous. 

Brat'tlce (brSt'tis), n. [See Bbettice.] {Mining) 
(a) A wall of separation in a shaft or gallery, used for 
ventilation. (&) Planking to support a roof or wall. 

Bra-va'dO (bra-va'do), n. ; pi. Bravadoes (-doz). [Sp. 
bravada, bravata, boast, brag. See Brave.] Boastful 
and threatening behavior ; a boastful menace. 

Brave (brav), a. [F. brave, It. or Sp. bravo, (orig.) 
fierce, wild, savage, prob. fr. L. barbarus.] 1. Bold ; 
courageous ; daring. 2. Having superiority or excel- 
lence, esp. in a conspicuous degree ; — now seldom used 
of material things. 3. Making a fine show or display ; 
splendid; showy. — Bravely, adv. — Brave'ness, n. 

Syn. — Gallant ; valiant ; valorous ; heroic ; intrepid ; 
fearless; dauntless; stout-hearted. See Gallant. 

Brave, n. A brave person ; one who is daring ; espe- 
cially, an Indian warrior. 

Brave, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Braved (bravd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Braving.] 1. To encounter with courage and for- 
titude ; to defy ; to dare. 2. To adorn; to deck. [Obs.] 

Brav'er-y (braVer-jr), n. 1. Quality of being brave ; 
fearlessness ; intrepidity. 2. Splendor ; magnificence ; 
ostentation ; fine dress. 3. A beau. [Obs.] 

Bra'VO (bra'vo), n. ; pi. Bravoes (-voz). [It.] A 
daring villain ; a bandit ; a professional assassin. 

Bra'VO (bra'vo), interj. [It.] Well done ! excellent ! 

HBra-VU'ra (bra-voo'ra), n. [It.] (Mits.) A florid, 
brilliant style of music, adopted to display technic. 

Brawl (bral), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brawled (braid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Brawling.] [OE. braulen to brawl, 
brallen to cry, make a noise ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
To quarrel noisily and outrageously. 2. To complain 
loudly ; to scold. 3. To make a long confused noise. 

Brawl (bral), n. A noisy quarrel ; wrangle ; tumult. 

Brawl'er (-er), n. One who brawls ; a wrangler. 

Brawn (bran), n. [OF. braon fleshy part, muscle, fr. 
OHG. bralo flesh, G. braten roast meat ; akin to AS. 
braedan to roast.] 1. A muscle. [Obs.~] 2. Full, strong 
muscles, esp. of the arm or leg ; muscular strength ; 
sometimes, the arm . 3. The flesh of a boar, raw or cured . 

Brawn'y (-f), a. Having large, strong muscles ; mus- 
cular ; fleshy ; strong ; stalwart. — Brawn'i-ness, n. 

Bray (bra), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Brayed (brad) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Braying.] [OF. breier, fr. OHG. brehhan to 
break. See Break.] To pound, beat, rub, or grind 
small or fine. 

Bray, v. i. [F. braire, fr. LL. bragire to whinny; 
origin uncertain.] 1. To utter a loud, harsh cry, as an 
ass. 2. To make a harsh, grating, or discordant noise. 

Bray, v. t. To make or utter with a loud, discordant, 
or harsh and grating sound. [sound. | 

Bray, n. The harsh cry of an ass ; any harsh, grating | 

Bray'er (-er), n. An implement for braying and 
spreading ink in hand printing. 

Braze (braz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Brazed (brazd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Brazing.] [F. braser to solder, fr. Icel. 
brasa to harden by fire. Cf. Brass.] 1. To solder with 
hard solder, esp. with an alloy of copper and zinc. 2. 
To harden. 

Braze, v. t. [AS. brsesian, fr. brxs brass. See Brass.] 
To cover or ornament with brass. 

Bra'zen (bra'z'n), a. [AS. brsesen. See Brass.] 1. 
Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, brass. 2. Sound- 
ing harsh and loud, like resounding brass. 3. Impudent ; 
shameless. — Bra'zen-ly, adv. — Bra'zen-ness, n. 

Brazen age. (a) (Myth.) The age of war and lawlessness 
which succeeded the silver age. (6) (Archxol. ) See Bronze 
age, under Bronze. — Brazen sea (Jewish Antig.), a large 
laver of brass, placed in Solomon's temple. 

Bra'zen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brazened (-z'nd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Brazening.] To carry through impudently or 
shamelessly. 

Bra'zen-faceoV (-fast'), a. Impudent ; shameless. 

Bra'zler (bra'zher), n. Same as Braster. 

Brazil' nnt' (bra-zTl' nut'). (Bot.) An oily, three- 
sided nut, produced by a tree native in Brazil. 




Brazil' WOOd' (bra-zTl' wd6d'). [OE. brasil, LL. 
brasile ; cf. Pg. & Sp. brasil ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
The wood of the Oriental Cxsalpinia Sapan ; — so called 
before the discovery of America. 2. A very heavy red- 
dish wood, of various species, imported from Brazil and 
other tropical countries, for cabinet-work and for dyeing. 

Breach (brech), n. [AS. brice, gebrice, gebrece (in 
comp.), fr. brecan to break. See Break.] 1. The act 
of breaking, in a secondary or figurative sense. Specif- 
ically : (o) A breaking or infraction of a law, or of any 
obligation, (b) A breaking of waters, as over a vessel ; 
the waters themselves, (c) A breaking of amicable rela- 
tions, (d) A breaking out upon ; assault. 2. A gap or 
opening made by breaking or battering ; break ; rupture. 
3. A bruise; wound. 4. (Med.) A hernia ; rupture. 

Syn. — Rent ; cleft ; chasm ; rift ; gap ; break ; disrup- 
tion ; fracture ; rupture ; infraction ; infringement ; vio- 
lation ; dispute ; difference ; misunderstanding. 

Breach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breached (brecht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Breaching.] To make a breach or gap in. 

Breach'y (-f), a. Apt to break out of pasture ; un- 
ruly, as cattle. 

Bread (bred), n. [AS. brehd ; akin to G. brod ; prob. 
fr. root of E. brew.'] 1. Food made from flour or meal by 
moistening, kneading, and baking. 2. Food, in general. 

Bread, v. t. (Cookery) To cover with bread crumbs. 

Bread'frnlt' (brgd'f rut/), n. (Bot. ) The fruit of a tree 
(Artocarpus incisa) native 
in the islands of the Pacific. 
When baked, it resembles 
bread, and is eaten as food ; 
also, the tree itself. 

Bread's tuff' (-stuf'), n. 
Grain, flour, or meal. 

Breadth (bredth), n. 
[OE. brede, whence later 
bredethe, AS. braedu, fr. 
brad broad.] 1. Distance 
from side to side ; width. 
2. (Fine Arts) Quality of 
having the colors and 
shadows broad and mass- 
ive, and the objects so dis- 
posed as to give an im- 
pression of largeness and 
simple grandeur. 

Break (brak), v. t. [imp. Broke (brok), (Obs. Brake) ; 
p.p. Broken (bro'k'n), (Obs. Broke); p. pr. & vb. n. 
Breaking.] [AS. brecan; akin to OHG. brehhan, G. 
brechen, L. frangere.] 1. To strain apart ; to sever by 
fracture ; to divide with violence. 2. To lay open as by 
breaking ; to disclose, divulge, or communicate. 3. To 
infringe or violate. 4. To interrupt ; to dissolve or ter- 
minate. 5. To destroy the completeness, arrangement, 
or order of. 6. To shatter ; to rend. 7. To destroy 
the strength, firmness, or consistency of. 8- To weaken 
or impair ; to lessen the effect of. 9. To impart, as 
news or information ; to broach. 10. To tame ; to re- 
duce to subjection. 11. To destroy the credit or stand- 
ing of ; to bankrupt ; to ruin ; also, to cashier ; to dismiss. 

To break bulk, to begin to unload ; also, to transfer in 
detail, as from boats to cars. —To break a bouse (Laic), to 
separate with violence and a felonious intent any part of 
a house or of its fastenings. — To break joints, to lay or ar- 
range bricks, shingles, etc., so that the joints in one course 
shall not coincide with those in the preceding course. — 
To break a lance, to engage in a tilt or contest. — To break 
a path, road, etc., to open a way through obstacles. — To 
break of, to rid of ; to cause to abandon. — To break up. (a) 
To separate into parts ; to plow (new or fallow ground). 
(b) To dissolve ; to put an end to. — To break upon a wheel, 
to stretch upon a wheel, and break the limbs with an iron 
bar, — a former mode of punishment or torture. 

Syn. — To dispart ; rend ; tear ; shatter ; batter ; vio- 
late ; infringe ; demolish ; destroy ; burst ; dislocate. 

Break (brak), v. i. 1. To divide into pieces; to burst 
asunder. 2. To open spontaneously, or by pressure from 
within. 3. To burst forth ; to appear ; to dawn. 4. To 
burst forth violently. 5. To be scattered ; to be dissi- 
pated. 6. To lose health or strength. 7. To be crushed 
or overwhelmed with sorrow or grief. 8. To become 
bankrupt or insolvent. 9. To make an abrupt or sudden 
change or beginning ; to change the gait. 10. To fail in 
musical quality ; also, to change in tone. 11. To fall out ; 
to terminate friendship. 

To break out. (a) To burst forth ; to escape from re- 
straint ; to appear suddenly, (b) To show itself in cuta- 
neous eruptions ; — said of a disease, (c) To have a rash 
or eruption on the skin ; — said of a patient. 

Break (brak), n. 1. An opening made by fracture or 



Breadfruit. A branch with 
fruit and a spike of flowers. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BREAKABLE 



108 



BREEDING 







European Carp Bream (Abramis brama). 
t. [imp. & p. p. Breamed (bremd) ; p. pr. 



disruption. 2. Interruption of continuity ; change of di- 

3. Into i nipt ton ; pause ; blank interval or space. 

. pearinfl ; dkwn. 6. Large four-wheeled 

. having a Mruiglit body and calash top. 6. De- 

i iug motion, or for measuring friction. See 

1 i 8. 7 a oommutator. 

Break a hie (brSk / 4-b'l), a. Capable of being broken. 
Break'age ^-aj), ?;. 1. Act of breaking; articles 
2. Allowance or compensation for things broken. 
Break ^bone fe'ver (,-bon' fe'ver). {Med.) Dengue. 
Break'down 1,-douu'), *■ 1. Act or result of break- 
tnffdown; downfall. 2. A rapid, shuttling dance. 
Break 'er (,-er). n. 1. One who, or that which, breaks. 

2 Specifically, a machine for breaking rocks or coal; 
also, the building covering it. 3. (JS'auf.) A small water 
oadt 4. A wave breaking into foam against the shore, 
or upon a rock or reef. 

Break'fast (brSk'fost), n. 1. The first meal in the 
da\. or what is then eaten. 2. Auy meal after fasting. 

Break'fast. v. i. [imp. & p. p. Breakfasted ; p. pr. 
& rb. 7i. Breakfasting.] To break one's fast in the 
morning ; to eat the first meal in the day. [the neck. I 

Break'neck' (-ngk'), n. A steep place endangering! 

Break'neck 7 , a. Liable to cause a broken neck. 

Break'-up 7 (-up'),«. Disruption; dissolution. 

Break'wa ter (-wa/ter), n. Any structure or contriv- 
ance to break the force of waves, and thus afford pro- 
tection. 

Bream (breni), n. [OE. brevie, F. breme, OF. bresme, 
of German origin.] 
{Zool.) (a) A Eu- 
ropean fresh-water 
cyprinoid fish of 
several species, — 
little valued as 
food. (6) Any one 
of various species 
of American pond- 
fishes, (c) A spa- 
roid fish of various 
genera. 

Bream, r 
& rb. n. Breaming.] [Cf. Broom, and G. ein schiff 
brennen.~\ {Naut.) To clean, as a ship's bottom, by 
scraping and the application of fire. 

Breast (brgst), n. [AS. breost ; akin to G. brust.] 
1. The fore part of the body, between the neck and the 
belly ; the chest. 2. Either of the protuberant glands, 
on the front of the chest in the female of man and of some 
other mammalia, in which milk is secreted ; a mamma ; 
a teat. 3. Anything resembling the human breast, or 
bosom ; the front or forward part of anything. 4. The 
seat of consciousness ; the seat of the affections and 
passions ; the heart. 5. Voice for singing. [06s.] 

To make a clean breast, to make full confession. 

Breast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breasted ; p.pr. &vb. n. 
Breasted.] To meet, with the breast ; to oppose manfully. 

Breastbone 7 , n. The bone of the breast ; sternum. 

Breast'hook' (-hdW), n. {Naut.) A kneelike timber 
placed across the stem of a shipto strengthen thefore part. 

Breasting, n. {Mach.) The curved channel in which 
a breast wheel turns. See Breast wheel. 

Breast'knot' (-n5t'), n. A ribbon knot for the breast. 

Breast'pin' (brgst/ pin'), n. A pin worn on the breast 
for a fastening, or for ornament ; a brooch. 

Breast'plate 7 (brgst'plaf), n. 1. A piece of defensive 
armor for the breast. 2. A protection for the breast in 
certain kinds of work. 3. A strap that runs across a 
horse's breast. 4. {Jewish Anliq.) A part of the vest- 
ment of the high priest, worn upon the front of the ephod. 

Breast'plow' 1 (brgst'plou'), n. A kind of small 

Breast'plough' ) plow, pushed by the workman, 

BreaBt'raiT (-raP), n. The upper rail of a parapet. 

Breast'sum'mer (-sum'mer), n. {Arch.) A support- 
ing summer or girder fixed in a wall flush with the surface. 

Breast' wheel' (brgst' hwel'). A kind of water 
wheel on which the stream of water 
strikes at about half the height of 
tljf wheel. 
Breast'work' (brgst'wtirk'), n. 

1. < Fort. ) A defensive work of mod- 
erate height, usually of earth. 2. 
{Naut., A railing on the quarter- 
deck and forecastle. 

Breath (biSth), n. [A8. brxS 
odor, scent, breath ; origin uncer- 
tain.] 1. The air inhaled and exhaled in respiration. 

2. Act or power of breathing naturally or freely. 3. The 




Section of Breast 
Wheel. 



power of respiration, and hence, life. 4. Time or chance 
to breathe ; respite ; pause. 6. A single respiration, or 
the time of making it. 6. A slight breeze ; air in gentle 
motion. 7. Fragrance ; exhalation ; odor ; perfume. 
8. Gentle exercise. 

Breath'a-ble (breth'a-b'l), a. Such as can be breathed. 

Breathe (breth), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Breathed 
(brethd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breathing.] 1. To respire ; 
to inhale and exhale air ; hence, to live. 2. To take 
breath ; to rest from action. 3. To pass like breath, 
noiselessly or gently ; to exhale. 

Breathe, v. t. 1. To inhale and exhale in the process 
of respiration. 2. To inject by breathing ; to infuse. 
3. To emit or utter by the breath ; to utter softly. 4. To 
exhale ; to emit, as breath. 5. To express ; to give 
forth. 6. To act upon by the breath ; to sound by breath- 
ing. 7. To promote free respiration in; to exercise. 
8. To suffer to take breath ; to rest. 9. To put out of 
breath; to exhaust. 10. {Phonetics) To utter without 
vocality, as certain consonants. 

Breath'er (breth'er), n. One who breathes. 

Breathing (breth'ing), n. 1. Respiration. 2. Air- 
in gentle motion. 3. Any gentle influence or operation ; 
inspiration; aspiration. 4. Exercising; promotion of 
respiration. 5. Utterance; communication by words. 
6. Breathing place ; vent. 7. Stop ; pause ; delay. 8. 
{Phonetics) The sound caused by the outgoing breath 
when the glottis is wide open ; aspiration ; the sound of 
the letter h. 9. {Gr. Gram.) A mark to indicate aspira- 
tion or its absence. 

Breathless (brgthlgs), a. 1. Not breathing; life- 
less. 2. Unable to breathe adequately; panting. 3. 
Attended with suspension of breathing. — Breathless- 
ly, ady. — Breathless-ness, n. 

1 Brec'cia (brgt'cha), n. [It., fr. F. breche; akin to 
E. breach.] {Geol.) A rock composed of angular frag- 
ments, united by a cement. 

Brec'ci-a'ted (bret'chT-a'tgd or brek'shT-a'tgd), a. 
Formed like breccia, or resembling it in appearance. 

Bred (bred), imp. & p. p. of Breed. 

Brede (bred), n. A braid. [B.~\ 

Breech (brech or brich), n. [See Breeches.] 1. The 
lower part of the body behind ; the buttocks. 2. The 
hinder part of anything; esp., the part of a cannon, or 
other firearm, behind the chamber. 

Breech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breeched (brecht or 
bricht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breeching (brech'ing or brich'- 
Tng).] 1. To put into, or clothe with, breeches. 2. To 
fit or furnish with a breech. 3. To fasten with breeching. 

Breech'block (-blok), n. The movable piece which 
closes the breech of a breech-loading firearm. 

Breech'cloth' (brech'kloth' or brich'-; 115), n. A 
cloth worn around the breech. 

Breech'es (brlcb/ez), n. pi. [OE. brech, brek, AS. 
brec, pi. of broc breech, breeches ; akin to G. bruch ; cf . 
L. bracae, braccae, which is of Celtic origin.] 1. A gar- 
ment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs ; small- 
clothes. 2. Trousers; pantaloons. [Colloq.] 

Breeching (bricb/ing), n. 1. A whipping on the 
breech. 2. That part of a harness which passes round 
the breech of a horse. 3. {Naut.) A strong rope secur- 
ing a cannon so as to limit its recoil. 

Breechloader (brechlod'er or brich'-), n. A fire- 
arm which receives its load at the breech. 

Breech'-load ing, a. Receiving the charge at the 
breech instead of at the muzzle. 

Breech' pin' (pin'), Breech' screw' (skru/). A 
kind of breechblock. 

Breed (bred), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bred (brgd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Breeding.] [AS. bredan to nourish, cherish, 
keep warm, from brod brood ; akin to G. brulen. See 
Brood.] 1. To produce as offspring; to procreate; to 
generate ; to beget ; to hatch. 2. To bring up ; to 
nurse and foster. 3. To educate ; to train. 4. To en- 
gender ; to cause ; to promote. 5. To be productive of ; 
to be the native place of. 6. To engage in the produc- 
tion of, as cattle. 

Breed, v. i. 1. To bear and nourish young; to be 
pregnant. 2. To be begotten ; to be generated or pro- 
duced. 3. To raise a breed ; to get progeny. 

Breed, n. 1. A race or variety of men or other ani- 
mals or of plants, perpetuating its distinctive character- 
istics by reproduction. 2. Class ; sort ; kind. 

§3f* Breed is usually applied to domestic animals ; spe' 
cies or variety to wild animals and plants ; race to men. 

Breed'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, breeds. 

Breed'lng (bred'Tng), n. 1. Act or process by which 
a person or thing breeds. 2. Deportment or behavior 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



BREEZE 



109 



BRIDGING 




regarded as the result of birth, nurture, and instruction ; 
maimers. 3. Descent; pedigree; extraction. [O65.] 

Breeze (brez), n., Breeze' fly' (fh -/ ). [OE. brese, AS. 
briosa; of uncertain origin.] 
(Zool.) A fly of various spe- 
cies, noted for buzzing about 
animals, and tormenting 
them by sucking their blood. 

Breeze, n. [F. brise ; 
akin to It. brezza, Sp. briza ; _ r< ^» w~ — ^. _-_ 

of uncertain origin.] 1. A ^y 

gentle wind. 2. A flurry of Breeze F]y of Europe {Ta . 
excitement ; a disturbance ; banns bovinus). 

a quarrel. {Colloq.] 

Breeze (brez), n. [F. braise cinders, live coals. See 
Brasier.] Refuse coal, cinders, or ashes. 

Breez'y (brez'y), a. 1. Characterized by breezes ; 
airy. 2. Fresh ; brisk ; full of life. {Colloq.'] 

II Breg'ma (breg'ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fipeyfia front 
of the head.] (Anat.) The point of juncture of the cor- 
onal and sagittal sutures of the skull. — Breg-mat'ic 
(-mSt'Tk), a. [ancient Irish or Scotch judge. I 

Bre'hon (bre'hon), n. [Ir. breitheamh judge.] An| 

Breme (brem), a. [AS. breme, bryme, famous.] 1. 
Fierce; sharp; cruel. [06s.] 2. Famous. 

Bren, n. Bran. {Obs.~\ 

Brent (brent), Brant (brant), a. [AS. brant.] 1. 
Steep; high. {Obs.] 2. Smooth ; unwrinkled. [Scot.'] 

Brent, n. A brant. See Brant. 

Brest'sum mer (-sum'mer), n. See Breastsummer. 

Breth/ren (brethren), n. ; pi. of Brother ; — now 
used chiefly in solemn address, and in speaking of re- 
ligious bodies or their members. 

Bret'on (brit'iin), a. [F. breton.~\ Of or relating to 
Brittany, or Bretagne, in France.— n. A native or in- 
habitant of Brittany, or Bretagne ; also, the ancient lan- 
guage of Brittany ; Armorican. 

Brett (brSt), n. Same as Britzska. 

Bret'tice (brgt'tis), n. [OE. bretasce parapet, through 
OF. fr. LL. breteschia, bertresca, prob. fr. OHO. bret, G. 
brett, board.] The wooden boarding used in supporting 
the roofs and walls of coal mines. 

Breve (brev), n. [It. & (in sense 2) LL. breve, fr. L. 
brevis short. See Brief.] 1. (Mus.) A note or charac- 
ter of time, equivalent to two semibreves or four -h— u- 
minims. 2. (Law) Any writ or precept under +F = 14- 
seal, issued out of any court. 3. (Print.) A Breve, 
curved mark [~] used commonly to indicate the short 
quantity of a vowel. 

Bre-vet' (bre-vet'), n. [F., fr. LL. brevetum, fr. L. 
brevis short. See Brief.] 1. A warrant from the gov- 
ernment, granting a privilege, title, or dignity. {French 
usage'] 2. (Mil.) A commission giving an officer higher 
titular rank than that for which he receives pay ; an 
honorary promotion of an officer. 

Bre-vet' (bre-vgf), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Brevetted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Brevetting.] (Mil.) To confer rank 
upon by brevet. [vet. I 

Br e- vet', a. (Mil.) Taking or conferring rank by bre- 1 

Bre-vet'cy (-sy), n. Rank of a brevet officer. 

Bre'vi-a-ry (bre'vT-a-ry), n. [F. breviaire, fr. L. 
breviarius abridged, fr. brevis short.] 1. An abridg- 
ment ; an epitome ; a summary. 2. A book containing 
the daily canonical prayers of the Roman Catholic or of 
the Greek Church. [compend ; summary. I 

Bre'vi-ate (-vT-at), n. [L. breviatus, p. p.] Short| 

Bre-vier' (bre-ver'), n. [Prob. from being originally 
used in printing a breviary.] (Print.) A size of type be- 
tween bourgeois and minion. 

S^ 3 This line is printed in brevier type. 

Brev'i-ped (brev'T-ped), a. [L. brevis short -f- pes, 
pedis, foot.] (Zool.) Having short legs. 

Brev'i-pen'nate (-pen'nat), a. [L. brevis short -f F. 
pennate.] (Zool.) Short- winged ; — applied to birds un- 
able to fly, owing to their short wings, as the ostrich. 

Brev'i-ros'tral (-ros'tral), ) a. [L. brevis short -f 

Brev'i-ros'trate (-ros'trat), \ E. rostral, rostrate.] 
(Zool.) Short-billed; having a short beak. 

Brev'i-ty (breVT-t$), n. [L. brevitas, fr. brevis short.] 
1. Shortness of duration. 2. Contraction into few 
words ; conciseness ; terseness. 

Brew (bru), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Brewed (brud) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Brewing.] [AS. bredwan ; perh. akin to L. de- 
frulum must boiled down, Gr. fipdrov (for (f>pvrov ?) a 
kind of beer. The original meaning seems to have been 
to prepare by heat.] 1. To prepare, as beer or other 
liquor, from malt, hops, etc., by steeping, boiling, and 



Act or practice of bribing, 



fermentation. 2. To prepare by steeping and mingling ; 
to concoct. 3. Fig., to foment ; to contrive ; to plot. 

Brew (bru), v. i. 1. To be engaged in brewing beer ; 
to be in process of steeping or mixing. 2. Fig., to be in a 
state of preparation ; to be forming, or gathering. 

Brew (bru), n. The product of a brewing. 

Brew'age (bru'aj), n. Malt liquor ; drink brewed. 

Brew'er (bru'er), n. One who brews ; one whose oc- 
cupation is to prepare malt liquors. 

Brew'er-y (brii'er-y), n. A house or building where 
beer, ale, etc., is brewed. 

Brew'house' (bru'hous/), n. A brewery. 

Brew'ing (bru'ing), n. 1. Act or process of prepar- 
ing brewed liquors. 2. Quantity brewed at once. 3. Fig., 
a mixing together. 4. (Naut.) A gathering for a storm. 

Brew'is (bru'Is), n. [OF. brouet, -s being the OF. end- 
ing of the nom, sing, and ace. pi. ; dim. of OHG. brod.] 

1. Broth or pottage. {Obs.] 2. Bread soaked in broth, 
drippings of roast meat, milk, or water and butter. 

Bri/ar (briber), n. Same as Brier. 

Bri-a're-an (bri-a're-an), a. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, Briareus, a giant of classical mythology, fabled to 
have a hundred hands ; hence, hundred-handed or many- 
handed. 

Brib'a-ble (brlb'a-b'l), a. Capable of being bribed. 

Bribe (brib), n. [F. bribe a lump of bread, table 
scraps (often given to beggars), LL. briba scrap of 
bread; origin uncertain.] 1. A gift or reward bestowed 
or promised with a view to pervert judgment or corrupt 
conduct. 2. That which seduces ; allurement. 

Bribe, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Bribed (bribd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Bribing.] 1. To induce or influence by a bribe ; 
to give a bribe to. 2. To gain by, or as by, a bribe. 

Bribe, v. i. To give a bribe to a person ; to induce 
corrupt action by a bribe. 

Brib'er (brlb'er), n. 1. One who bribes. 2. A bribe. 

Brib'er-y (brlb'er-y), n. 
or taking bribes. 

Bric'-a-brac/ (brik'a-braV), n. [F.] Curiosities 
and works of decorative art, considered collectively. 

Brick (brik), n. [OE. brik, F. brique ; of Ger. origin ; 
cf . AS. brice fragment, fr. root of E. break.] 1. A block 
of clay tempered with water, sand, etc., molded into a 
regular form and sun-dried or burnt. 2. Bricks, col- 
lectively. 3. A good fellow ; a merry person. {Slang] 

Brick, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Bricked (brikt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Bricking.] To lay, pave, surround, line, or con- 
struct, with bricks. 

Brick-bat' (brik'baV), n. A fragment of a brick. 

Brick'kiln' (brTk'kTl'), n. A kiln for burning bricks. 

Bricklayer (brik'la'er),n. One who builds by lay- 
ing bricks. 

Bricklay ing, n. The art of building with bricks. 

Brick'WOrk' (-wfirk 7 ), n. 1. Anything made of bricka. 

2. The act of building with or laying bricks. 

Brid'al (brid'al), a. [From Bride, n.] Of or per- 
taining to a bride, or to a wedding ; nuptial. 

Brid'al, n. [Deriv. of bride and ale.] A nuptial fes- 
tival or ceremony ; a marriage. 

Bride (brld), n. [AS. bryd ; akin to G. braut.] A 
woman newly married, or about to be married. 

Bride/cake' (-kab/), n. Rich or highly ornamented 
cake, prepared for a wedding feast. 

Bride'groom/ (-groom'), n. [AS. brydguma ; AS. 
bryd bride + guma man, akin to L. homo; the insertion 
of r being caused by confusion with groom.] A man 
newly married, or about to be married. 

Bride'maid' (-mad'), n., Bride'man (-man), ?i. See 
Bridesmaid, Bridesman. 

Brides'mald / (brldz'mad'), n. A female friend who 
attends on a bride at her wedding. 

Brides'man (-man), ». A male friend who attends 
upon a bridegroom and bride at their marriage. 

Bride'well (brid'wel), n. A house of correction ; — 
so called from a hospital built in 1553 near St. Bride's 
well, in London, which was later a penal workhouse. 

Bridge (brij), n. [AS. brycg, bricg.] 1. A structure 
over a water course, chasm, railroad, etc., to make a 
passageway from one side to the other. 2. Anything 
supported at the ends, and serving as a support ; any- 
thing resembling a bridge in form or use. 

Bridge, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Bridged (brljd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bridging.] To build a bridge or bridges on or 
over. Also used figuratively. 

Bridge'board' (brij'bord'), n. (Arch.) A board to 
which the treads and risers of stairs are fastened. 

Bridg'lng (brij'Tng), n. (Arch.) A system of bracing, 
as between floor timbers, to distribute the weight. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, Bing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BRIDLE 



110 



BRITANNIA 



> 



Bri'dle (bri'd'l). n. [AS. bride! ; akin to OHG. britil, 

p ,-/.] l. The head gear with which a hone us 

governed and restrained. 2. A restraint ; a curb ; a 

pan of rope or chain made 

fast at both ends, so that another rope or chain may be 

> middle. (6) A mooring hawser. 

Bridle path, road, or way. a path or way for saddle horses 

^Bri'dle, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Bridled (-d'ld) ; p. pi: & 
rb. n. Bridling (-dung£j 1. To put a bridle upon. 
2. ' To restrain or govern with, or as with, a bridle ; to 
check, curb, or control. 

Bri'dle, • . i. To hold up the head, and draw in the 
chin, as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment. 

Bri'dler (bri'dler), n. One who bridles. 

Bri-doon' (brl-doonOi "• [ F - bridon, fr. bride; akin 
to E. bridle.'] (Mil.) The snaffle and rein of a military 
bridle, which acts independently of the bit. 

Brief (href), a. [F., fr. L. brevis ; akin to Gr. Ppaxv's 
short.] 1. Short in duration. 2- Concise; terse. 

Syn. — Short ; concise ; succinct ; summary ; compen- 
dious ; condensed ; terse ; curt ; transitory ; short-lived. 

Brief, n. 1. A concise written statement ; an epitome. 
2. (Law) (a) A concise statement of a client's case. (b) 
A .-nteuieut of the points of a law argument, (c) A 
writ : a breve. 

Apostolical brief, a letter of the pope written on fine 
parchment in modern characters, subscribed by the sec- 
retary of briefs, dated "a die Nativitatis," i. e., "from 
the day of the Nativity," and sealed with the ring of the 
fisherman. See 3d Bull, 2. 

Brief, r. t. To make an abstract or abridgment of. 

Briefless (-les), a. Having no brief ; without clients. 

Briefly, adv. In a brief manner. 

Briefness, n. Quality of being brief. 

Bri'er, Bri'ar (briber), n. [AS. brer, brser ; origin 
uncertain.] A plant with a slender woody stem bearing 
stout prickles, as the rose, blackberry, etc. 

Brier root, the root of the Southern Smilax lauri folia 
and S. Walteri, —used for tobacco pipes. 

Bri'er-y (bri'er-y), a. Full of briers ; thorny. 

Brig, n. [Shortened from Brigantine.] (Naut.) 
A two-masted, square- 
rigged vessel. 

Hermaphrodite brig, a 
two-masted vessel square- 
rigged forward and 
schooner-rigged aft. 

Bri-gade / (brl-gad'), «. 
[F. brigade, fr. It. brigata 
troop, brigade, orig., a 
contending troop, f r. briga 
quarrel. See Brigand.] 
(Mil.) Any body of troops 
consisting of two or more 
regiments, under the com- 




mand of a brigadier general. 
Brigade', v. t. [imp. & 



Brig. 
Also used figuratively. 
p. p. Brigaded ; p. pr. 



vb. n. Brigading.] (Mil.) To form into a brigade, or 
into brigades. 

Brig a-dier' gen'er-al (brTg'a-der' jeVer-al). [F. 
brigadier, fr. brigade.] (Mil.) An officer in rank next 
above a colonel, and below a major general. He com- 
mands a brigade ; — sometimes called simply brigadier. 

Brig'and (brig'and), n. [Through F. fr. LL. brigans 
light-armed soldier, fr. brigare to contend, fr. briga 
quarrel ; prob. akin to E. break.] A lawless fellow who 
lives by plunder ; a highwayman ; a freebooter. 

Brig'and-age (-aj), n. Life and practices of brigands. 
Brig 'an -dine (-5n-dln), n. [F. See Brigand.] A coat 
of armor for the body, consisting of scales or plates. 

Brig'an-tine (-Sn-tin), n. [F. briganlin, fr. It. bri- 
gnntino, orig., a piratical vessel.] A vessel differing 
from a brig in not having a square mainsail. 
Bright (brit), a. [AS. beorht, briht ; akin to Goth. 
1. Radiating or reflecting light ; shining ; lu- 
minous. 2. Transmitting light. 3. Having qualities that 
render conspicuous or attractive, or that affect the mind 
** light does the eye. 4. Having a clear, quick intellect ; 
witty ; keen ; shedding cheerfulness or joy around ; 
cheery. 5. Manifest to the mind ; clear ; evident ; plain. 
- Brightly, adv. - Brightness, n. 

>*yn. — Splendid ; lustrous; brilliant; resplendent; 

effulgent ; refulgent ; radiant ; sparkling ; glittering ; 

transparent ; illustrious ; clever ; vivacious ; sunny. 

Bright'en (brifn), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Bright- 

■f'nd) : p. pr. & vb. n. Brightening.] To make 

ne bright or brighter, literally or figuratively. 

Bright' s' disease' (brit*' dtz-ez'). [From a Dr. 

Jtngfd of London, who first described it.] (Med.) An 



affection of the kidneys, usually inflammatory in char- 
acter. 

Brill (brll), n. [Cf. Corn, bhlli mackerel, fr. briih 
streaked.] (Zodl.) A food fish allied to the turbot. 

Brilliance (brll'yans), n. Brilliancy. 

Brillian-cy (bril'ycm-sy), n. Quality of being brilliant. 

Brilliant (bril'yant), a. [F. brUlant, p. pr. of briller 
to shine or sparkle, fr. L. beryllus a seagreen gem. See 
Beryl.] 1. Sparkling with luster ; glittering. 2. Dis- 
tinguished for admirable qualities ; splendid ; shining. — 
Brilliantly, ad v. — Brilliant-ness, n. 

Syn. — See Shining. 

Brilliant, n . 1. A diamond or other gem of the finest 
cut, formed into faces and facets, so as to reflect and re- 
fract the bight. 2. A kind of cotton goods, figured in the 
weaving. 3. (Print.) The smallest size of type used in 
English printing. 

|^- This line is printed in Ine tTpe railed Brilliant 

Brim (brim), n. [AS. brymme edge, border ; akin to 
G. brame ; origin uncertain.] The rim, border, or upper 
edge of a thing ; the margin or brink. 

Brim, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brimmed (brimd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Brimming.] To be full to the brim. 

Brim, v. t. To fill to the brim, upper edge, or top. 

Brim'fof (brTm'ful'), a. Full to the brim. 

Brim'mer (-mer), 'n. A brimful bowl ; a bumper. 

Brinf Stone (brim'ston; 110), n. [OE. brimstone, 
brenstone. See Burn, v. t., and Stone.] Sulphur. 

Brin (brln), n. [F.] One of the rays of a fan. 

Brin'ded (brin'ded), a. [Cf . Icel. brondottr brindled, 
fr. brandr brand; and OE. bernen, brinnen, to burn.] 
Gray or tawny with dark streaks ; streaked ; brindled. 

Brin'dle (brin'd'l), n. 1. State of being brindled. 
2. A brindled color ; also, that which is brindled. 

Brin'dled (brin'd'ld), a. A dim. form of Brtnded. 

Brine (brin), n. [AS. bryne a burning, brine, fr. brin- 
nan to burn.] 1. "Water impregnated with salt ; pickle. 

2. The ocean or sea. 3. Tears. 

Bring (bring), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brought (brat) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Bringing.] [AS. bringan; akin to G. 
bringen.] 1. To convey or bear to a nearer place ; to 
fetch. 2. To make to come ; to produce ; to draw to. 

3. To convey ; to carry. 4. To induce ; to lead ; to guide. 
5. To procure in exchange ; to fetch as compensation. 

Syn. — To fetch; bear; carry; convey; transport; 
import ; procure ; produce ; cause ; adduce ; induce. 

Bring'er (brmg'er), n. One who brings. 

Brin'i-ness (brinl-nes), n. Quality of being briny. 

Brinish (brinish), a. Like brine; somewhat salt. 

Brinlsh-ness, n. State or quality of being brinish. 

Brink (brink), n. [Dan. ; akin to Sw. brink declivity, 
Icel. brekha.] The edge, margin, or border of a steep 
place ; a verge. Also used figuratively. [sea. I 

Brin'y (brin'y ), a. Of or pertaining to brine, or to the | 

Bri'O-ny (bri r 6-ny), n. See Bryony. 

Brisk (brisk), a. [Cf. W. brysg, fr. brys haste, Gael. 
briosg quick, lively.] 1. Full of liveliness and activity ; 
lively ; spirited ; quick. 2. Effervescing ; sparkling. 

Syn. — Active ; lively ; agile ; alert ; nimble ; quick ; 
sprightly ; vivacious ; gay ; spirited ; animated. 

Brisk (brisk), v. t. & i. To make or become lively. 

Bris'ket (brts'ket), n. [OF. bruschet ; prob. of Celtic 
origin.] The breast of an animal from the fore legs back 
beneath the ribs ; also, the breast of a horse. [See Tllusts. 
of Beef and Horse.] 

Briskly (briskly), adv. In a brisk manner ; nimbly. 

Brisk'ness, n. Liveliness ; quickness ; effervescence. 

Bris'tle (bris's'l), n. [AS. bristl, byrst ; akin to Skr. 
bhrshti edge, point.] A short, stiff, coarse hair, as on 
swine and some plants. 

Bris'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bristled (-s'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bristling (-sling).] 1. To erect the bristles of ; 
to cause the bristles of to stand up. 2. To fix a bristle to. 

Bris'tle, v. i. 1. To rise or stand erect, like bristles. 
2. To be studded as with bristles. 3. To show defiance 
or indignation. 

Bris'tly (bris'sly), a. Thick set with bristles ; rough. 

Bris'tOl (bris'tul), n. A seaport city of England. 

Bristol board, a kind of fine pasteboard. — Bristol brick, 
a silicious brick used for polishing cutlery. — Bristol stone, 
rock crystal, or brilliant crystals of quartz, found near 
Bristol. Polished pieces are called Bristol diamonds. 

Bri-sure' (bre-zur'), n. [F.] (Fort.) Any part of a 
rampart or parapet deviating from the general direction. 

Brit, Britt (brit), n. (Zodl.) (a) A young herring ; 
also, a small species of herring ; the sprat, (b) The mi- 
nute marine animals upon which the right whales feed. 

Bri-tan'ni-a (brT-tXn'n!-a), n. [From L. Britannia 
Great Britain.] A white alloy of tin, antimony, copper, etc. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, €, I, 6, ix, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, 6bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



BRITANNIC 



111 



BRONZE 



Bri tan'nic (brT-ta~n'nTk), a. British. 

British (brit'ish), a. Of or pertaining to Great Brit- 
ain or to its inhabitants (present or aboriginal). 

Brit'on (brlt'un), n. A native of Great Britain. 

Brit'tle (brTft'l), a. [AS. bryttian to dispense, fr. 
breotan to break.] Easily broken ; apt to break ; frag- 
ile ; not tough or tenacious. — Brit'tle-ness, n. 

Brltz'ska (brlslia), n. [Russ. britshka.] A long car- 
riage, with a calash top, fitted for reclining at night. 

Broach (broch), n. [F. broche, f r. LL. brocca ; prob. 
of Celtic origin.] . 1. A spit. [06s.] 2. An awl. [Prov. 
Eng.~\ 3. {Mech.) A steel tool, generally tapering and 
polygonal, for smoothing or enlarging holes in metal. 4. 
{Masonry) A broad chisel for stonecutting. 5. A brooch. 

Broach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broached (brocht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Broaching.] 1. To spit; to pierce as with a 
spit. 2. To tap ; to pierce, as a cask. Hence : To let 
out ; to shed, as blood. 3. To open for the first time. 
4. To make pubUc ; to publish first ; to suggest. 5. To 
enlarge or dress by using a broach. 

Broach'er (broch'er), n. 1. A spit ; abroach. 2. One 
who broaches, opens, or utters. 

Broad (brad), a. [AS. brad; akin to G. breit.] 1. 
Wide ; extended in breadth. 2. Extended in every di- 
rection. 3. Extended in the sense of diffused. 4. Fig., 
having a large measure of any thing or quality ; — applied 
to any subject, the precise meaning depending largely on 
the substantive. Hence : (a) Comprehensive ; liberal. 
(6) Plain ; evident, (c) Free ; unrestricted, (d ) Gross ; 
indelicate. 

Syn. — Wide ; large ; ample ; expanded ; spacious ; 
roomy ; extensive ; vast ; comprehensive ; liberal. 

Broad, n. The broad part of anything. 

Broad'ax' ) (brad'Sks'), n. 1. A battle-ax. 2. An 

Broad'axe' j ax'with a broad edge, for hewing timber. 

Broad'bill' (-bil 7 ), n. {Zool.) (a) The greater scaup 
duck. (o) The shoveler. 

Broad-brim 7 (-brini'), n. 1. A hat like those worn 
by the Friends or Quakers. 2. A Quaker. [Sportive] 

Broad'cast/, a. Cast or dispersed in all directions. 

Broad'cast', adv. In a broadcast manner. 

Broad' Church' (church')- {Eccl.) A portion of the 
Church of England, claiming to hold views intermediate 
between those of the High Church party and the Low 
Church party. 

Broad'cloth (brad'kloth ; 115), n. A fine smooth- 
faced woolen cloth,' usually of double width. 

Broad'en (-'n), v. i. To grow broad or broader. 

Broad'en. v. t. To make broad or broader. 

Broad'ish, a. Rather broad ; moderately broad. 

Broadly, adv. In a broad manner. 

Broad'ness, n. State or quality of being broad. 

Broad'plece (-pes'), n. An old English gold coin, 
broader than a guinea. 

Broad' seal' (sel')- The public seal of a state. 

Broad'sidC (brad'sid'), n. 1. {Naut.) The side of a 
ship above the water line, from the bow to the quarter. 
2. A discharge of or from all the guns on one side of a 
ship, at the same time. 3. {Print.) A sheet of paper 
containing one large page, or printed on one side only. 

Broad's word 7 (brad'sord 7 ), n. A sword with a broad 
blade and a cutting edge ; a claymore. 

Brob (brob), n. [Cf. Bros, n.] {Carp.) A peculiar 
brad-shaped spike. 

Brob ding-nag'i-an (broVding-nag'T-an), a. [From 
Brobdingnag, a country of giants in " Gulliver's Trav- 
els."] Colossal; of extraordinary height ; gigantic. 

Bro-cade' (bro-kad'), n. [Sp. brocado, fr. LL. bro- 
eare to prick, to emboss, to stitch. See Broach.] Silk 
or other stuff woven with gold and silver threads, or or- 
namented with raised flowers, foliage, etc. 

Bro-cad'ed (-kad'ed), a. 1. Woven or worked, as 
brocade. 2. Dressed in brocade. 

Bro'cage (bro'kaj), n. Brokerage. 

Broc'ard (brok'erd), n. [Perh. fr. F. & It. Brocard, 
a collection of ecclesiastical canons by Burkhard, Bishop 
of Worms.] An elementary principle or maxim ; a canon. 

Bro'ca-tel (bro-ka-tel), n. [F. brocatelle, fr. It. broc- 
catello.] 1. A kind of coarse brocade, or figured fabric. 
2. A marble clouded and veined with white, gray, yellow, 
and red. 

Bro ca-tel'lo (-tel'16), n. Same as Brocatel. 

Broc'CO-li (brok'ko-lT), n. [It., pi. of broccolo sprout, 
dim. of brocco splinter.] {Bot.) A plant of the Cabbage 
species, resembling the cauliflower. 

II Bro'che'' (bro'sha'), a. [F.J Woven with a figure. 

II Bro-Chure' (bro-shur'), n. [F., fr. brocher to stitch.] 
A printed book with but few leaves ; a pamphlet. 



Brock (br5k), n. [AS. broc, fr. W. broch.] {Zool.) 
A badger. 

Brock'et (brBk'St), n. [F. broquart fallow deer a 
year old, fr. root of E. broach spit.] 1. {Zool.) A male 
red deer two years old. 2. {Zool.) A small South 
American deer of several species. [an awl. I 

Brog (br5g), n. [Gael.] A pointed instrument, as| 

Bro'gan (bro'gan), n. A stout, coarse shoe ; a brogue. 

BrOgue (brog), n. [Ir. & Gael, brog shoe, hoof.] 
1. A stout, coarse shoe. 2. A dialectic pronunciation. 

Broid'er (broid'er), v. I. [OE. broiden, F. broder, either 
the same word as border to border, or perh. of Celtic ori- 
gin ; — confused with E. braid.) To embroider. [A rchaic] 

Broil (broil), n. [F. brouiller to disorder, fr. LL. 
brogilus, broilus, brolium, thicket, wood; of uncertain 
origin.] A tumult ; a noisy quarrel ; a discord, either 
between individuals or in the state. 

Syn. — Contention; fray; affray; altercation; dissen- 
sion ; contest ; conflict ; brawl ; uproar. 

Broil, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Broiled (broild) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Broiling.] [OF. bruillir, fr. bruir to broil, 
burn; of Ger. origin.] To cook by direct exposure to 
heat over a fire. Also used figuratively. [fire. I 

Broil, v. i. To be exposed to heat, as meat over the | 

Broil 'er (-er ), n. 1. One who engages in broils. 2. One 
who cooks by broiling. 3. A utensil used in broiling. 
4. A chicken or other bird fit for broiling. [Colloq.l 

Brolcage (bro'kaj), n. Brokerage. 

Broke (brok), v. i. To act as agent or go-between. 

Broke, imp. of Break. 

Bro'ken (bro'k'n), p. p. of Break ; — used adjectively 
in any of the senses of the verb. — Bro-ken-ly, adv. -'- 
Bro'ken-ness, n. [despair. I 

BrCken-heart'ed (-h'art'gd), a. Crushed by grief or | 

Bro'ken- Wind ed (-wind'gd), a. {Far. ) Having short 
breath or disordered respiration. 

Bro'ker (bro'ker), n. [OE. brocour ; akin to AS. bru- 
can to use, enjoy.] 1. One who transacts business for 
another ; an agent ; one employed to effect bargains and 
contracts between other persons, for a compensation. 2. 
A dealer in money, notes, bills of exchange, etc. 3. A 
dealer in secondhand goods. [Eng.~\ 4. A pimp. [Obs.] 

Broker-age (-aj), n. 1. Business of a broker. 2. The 
fee or commission given to, or charged by, a broker. 

Bro'ma (bro'ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. /3p<o/oia food.] 
1. {3Ied.) Food. 2. A light form of prepared cocoa 
(or cacao). 

Bro'mate (-mat), n. {Chem.) A salt of bromic acid. 

Bro-me li-a'ceous (bro-me'lT-a'shus), a. [Named 
from the Scottish physician Bromelius.] {Bot.) Of or 
pertaining to, or designating, a family of endogenous and 
mostly epiphytic or saxicolous plants, including the Til- 
landsia. The pineapple is also of this family. 

Bro'mic (bro-mik), a. {Chem.) Of or pertaining to 
bromine ; — specifically said of compounds of bromine 
with a valence of five (the next to its highest). 

Bro'mide (bro'mid or bro'mid), n. {Chem.) A com- 
pound of bromine with a more positive radical. 

Bro'mine (bro'min or -men), n. [Gr. /3pJi/Lu>s stink.] 
{Chem.) One of the elements, related in its chemical 
qualities to chlorine and iodine. Atomic weight 79.8. 
It is a reddish brown liquid of a very disagreeable odor. 

Bro'mism (-miz'm), n. {Med.) A diseased condition 
produced by the excessive use of bromine or one of its 
compounds. 

Bro'mo-fonn (bro'mo-fQrm), n. [.Bromine -f- formyl.] 
{ Chem. ) A colorless liquid compound of bromine, some- 
what similar to chloroform in its effects. 

I! Bron'chi (bronld), n. pi. {Anat.) See Bronchus. 

II Bron'Chi-a (bron'kT-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. fipoyxui, 
pi.] {Anat.) The bronchial tubes which arise from the 
branching of the trachea. 

Bron'chi-al (bron'kT-al), a. {Anat.) Of or pertaining 
to the bronchi and their ramifications in the lungs. 

Bron'chic (bron'kik), a. {Anat.) Bronchial. 

Bron-chi'tis (bron-ki'tTs), n. [Bronchus -\- -itis.] 
{Med. ) Inflammation of the bronchial tubes. 

Bron'cho (bron'ko), n. [Sp. bronco rough, wild.] A 
native or a Mexican horse of small size. [ Western if. S.~\ 

Bron'cho-cele (bron'ko-sel), n. [Gr. Ppoyxotcnkv ; 
j3p6y\os windpipe -j- ktjAtj tumor.] {Med.) See Goiter. 

Bron-Chot'O-my (bron-k5t'6-m^), n. [Bronchus -(- 
-tomy.~\ {Surg.) Incision into the windpipe or larynx. 

Bron'chus (brSn'kus), ?;. ; pi. Bronchi (-ki). [NL., 
fr. Gr. /3p6yx°s-] {Anat.) One of the subdivisions of 
the trachea or windpipe, esp. of the two primary ones. 

Bron'CO (bron'ko), n. Same as Broncho. 

Bronze (bronz or bronz), n. [F., fr. It. bromo, prob. 



G 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BRONZE 



112 



BRUSH TURKEY 



brown.": 1. An alloy of copper and tin, to 

portions ol other metals, especially zinc, 

an sometimes added. 2. A statue, bust, BlC, cast in 

broom. 3- A yellowish or reddish brown, the color of 

bronie. 4- Bofaneai : impudence : brass. 

Brans* a*»(Arch;rol.\ t he age of the world characterized 
by the use of implements and ornaments of copper or 

Bronze (br5nz or bronz), v. /. limp, & p. p. Bronzed 
broasd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bronzing.] To give 
r or likeness of bronze to. 

Bronz'y (.bron/.'y), a. Like bronze. 

Brooch (brUch), n. [See Broach, t?.] 1. An orna- 
ment, in various forms, with a tongue, pin, or loop for 
attaching it to a garment; esp., a woman's breastpin. 
\ painting all of one color. 

Brood (.brood), n. [AS. brod ' ; akin to G. brut.~\ 
1. The young birds hatched at one time ; a hatch. 2. 
The TOOng from the same dam; offspring; progeny. 
3. Breed ; species. 4. (Mining) Heavy waste in tin 
and copper ores. 

Brood. a. 1. Sitting or inclined to sit on eggs. 2. 
Kept for breeding from ; having young. 

Brood (brood), v. i. limp. & p. p. Brooded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Brooding.] 1. To sit on and cover eggs, for 
hatching young ; to sit over and cover young ; hence, 
to sit quietly, as if brooding. 2. To dwell in thought 
continuously or moodily on a subject. 

Brood (brood), r. t. 1. To sit over, cover, and cher- 
ish. 2. To think anxiously or moodily upon. 

Brook (brdok), n. [AS. broc ; akin to G. bruch marsh ; 
prob. f r. root of E. break, as being water breaking through 
the earth.] A small natural stream of water. 

Brook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brooked (brd6kt) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Brooking.] [OE. broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, 
digest, AS. brucan; akin to G. brauchen, JL. frui to en- 
joy. Cf . Fruit.] To put up with ; to bear ; to endure ; 
to tolerate. 

Brooklet (broftklSt), n. A small brook. 

Brook lime 7 (-lim'), n. (Bot.) A plant ( Veronica Bec- 
cabunga) with racemose flowers, usually blue. 

Brook'weed' (-wed')» n. (Bot.) A small white flowered 
herb (Samolus Valerandi) ; water pimpernel. 

Broom (broom), n. [AS. brom; akin to OHG. bramo. 
Cf. Bramble,?;.] 1. (Bot.) A low shrub of Western Eu- 
rope, the twigs of which are used for making sweeping 
utensils ; also, one of certain other plants used for this 
purpose. 2. An implement for sweeping floors, etc., 
now commonly made of the panicles or tops of broom corn. 

Broom' corn' (kCrn')- (Bot.) A variety of Sorghum 
bearing panicles, of which brooms are made. 

Broom/stick' (-stik'), n. The handle of a broom. 

Broom'y (-y), a. Full of broom ; like a broom. 

Broth (br5th; 115), n. [AS. broS. Cf. Brew.] Liquid 
in which flesh (and sometimes vegetables) has been boiled. 

Broth'el (broth'el), n. [OE., a prostitute, a worthless 
fellow, fr. AS. bredSan to ruin, destroy. The term brothel 
hov.se was confused with OE. bordel brothel.] A house 
of lewdness or ill fame ; a bawdyhouse. 

Broth'er (bruth'er), n. ; pi. (commonly) Brothers 
(-erz) or (in solemn style) Brethren (brgth'ren). [AS. 
brdSor ; akin to G. bruder, L. f rater, Skr. bhratr, Gr. 
(Jjparrjp, 4>paLTu>p, a clansman.] 1. A male person who has 
the same father and mother with another, or who has one 
of them only. 2. One related or united to another by 
some common tie or interest ; hence, in a more general 
sense, fellow man. 3. One who, or that which, resem- 
bles another in distinctive qualities. 

C3P" In Scripture, brother is applied to a kinsman by 
blood more remote than a son of the same parents. 

Broth'er-hood (bruth'er-hood), n. 1. State of being 
brothers or a brother. 2. An association for any purpose ; 
a fraternity. 3. The whole body of persons engaged in 
the same business or profession. 

Syn. — Fraternity; association; fellowship; sodality. 

Broth'er-in-law' (-In-la/), n. ; pi. Brothers-in-law 
'briith'erz-). The brother of one's husband or wife; 
' husband of one's sister. 
Broth'er-ly '-er-ly), a. Of or pertaining to brothers ; 

: kind : affectionate. — Broth'er-li-ness, n. 

Brough'am (brSt/am or broom), n. A light, close car- 

' ti the fore wheels so arranged as to turn short. 

Brow (broil), n. [AS. bru ; akin to AS. brsew, bredw, 

'■, (Jr. tylpvg, Skr. bhrv..] 1. The ridge over 

be hair that covers it; sometimes, the hair 

bead. 3. Air or expression of countenance. 

4 The edge or projecting upper part of a steep place. 

To bend the brow. To knit the browB, to frown ; to scowl. 



BrowTjeaf (brou'bet'), v. t. [imp. Browbeat ; p. p. 
Browbeaten (-bet"n) ; p. pr. & vb. v. Browbeating.] To 
bear down with haughty, stern looks, or arrogant asser- 
tions. 

Brown (broun), a. [AS. brun; akin to G. braun, Skr. 
babhru.] Of a dusky color, of various shades between 
black and red or yellow. 

Brown bread, dark-colored bread ; as that made of un- 
bolted wheat flour, or that made partly of rye meal or In- 
dian meal. — Brown study, a state of mental abstraction or 
serious reverie. 

Brown, n. A brown color ; a tawny, dusky hue. 

Brown, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Browned (bround) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Browning.] To make brown or dusky. 

Brown'i-an (-T-an), a. Pertaining to Dr. Robert 
Brown, who first demonstrated (about 1827) the com- 
monness of the peculiar, rapid, vibratory movement 
(called Brownian movement) exhibited by microscopic 
particles suspended in a fluid. 

Brown'ie (broun'i), n. [So called from the supposed 
tawny or swarthy color.] A good-natured spirit, supposed 
often to perform domestic services, etc. , by night. [Scot.] 

Brownish, a. Somewhat brown. 

Brown'ness, n. Quality or state of being brown. 

Brown'stone' (-ston'), n. A dark kind of sandstone. 

Brown' thrush' (thrush'). (Zodl.) A common Amer- 
ican singing bird allied to the mocking bird. 

Browse (brouz), n. [OF. brost, broust, sprout, prob. 
fr. OHG. burst bristle.] The tender twigs of trees and 
shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and other animals. 

Browse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browsed (brouzd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Browsing.] 1. To eat or nibble off, as the ten- 
der branches of trees. 2. To pasture or graze on. 

Browse (brouz), v. i. To feed on branches, shoots, 
etc. ; to pasture. 

Brows'cr (brouz'er), n. An animal that browses. 

Bru'cine (bru'sin), n. [From a James Bruce.'] (Chem.) 
A powerful vegetable alkaloid, found in the seeds of dif- 
ferent species of Strychnos. 

Bni'in (bru'in), 7i. [D. bruin brown. In "Reynard 
the Fox " the bear is so called from his color.] A bear ; 
— so called in popular tales and fables. 

Bruise (bruz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruised (bruzd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ti. Bruising.] [From AS. brysan ; or fr. OF. 
bruiser to break ; of uncertain origin.] 1. To injure, as 
by a blow or collision, without or in addition to lacera- 
tion ; to contuse. 2. To bray ; to crush. 

Bruise, v. i. To fight with the fists ; to box. 

Bruise, n. An injury done by bruising the flesh of 
animals, or plants, fruit, etc. ; a contusion. 

Bruis'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bruises. 
2. A boxer ; a pugilist. 

Bruit (brut), Ti. [F. bruit, fr. LL. brugitus.] 1. Re- 
port; rumor; fame. 2. [French pron. brwe.] (Med.) An 
abnormal sound heard on auscultation. 

Bruit, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Bruited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BRurrmG.] To report ; to noise abroad. 

II Bru'maire' (bru'm&r'), n. [F.] The second month 
in the calendar of the first French republic. See Ven- 

DEMIAntE. 

Bru'mal (bru/mal), a. [L. brumalis, fr. bruma win- 
ter.] Of or pertaining to winter. 

Brume (brum), n. [F., winter, mist.] Mist ; fog. 

Brum'ma-gem (brum'ma-jem), a. [Birmingham (obs. 
Bromwycham), Eng., noted for gilt toys, cheap jewelry, 
etc.] Counterfeit ; gaudy but worthless ; sham. [Slang] 

Bru-nette' (bru -net'), Ti. [F., brownish, dim. of brun, 
brune, brown.] A girl or woman with a somewhat brown 
or dark complexion. 

Brunt (brunt), n. [From Icel. bruna to rush.] 1. The 
heat, or utmost violence, of an onset. 2. The force of a 
blow; shock; collision. 

Brush (brush), n. [OE. brusche, OF. broche, LL. 
brustia, bruscia, fr. OHG. brusta, burst, bristle ; akin to 
E. bristle.'] 1. An instrument composed of bristles, or 
other like material, used for various purposes. 2. The 
bushy tail of a fox. 3. Branches of trees lopped off ; 
brushwood. 4. A thicket of shrubs or small trees. 5. 
The act of brushing ; a rubbing ; a touch. 6. A skir- 
mish ; a slight encounter ; a short contest. 

Brush, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Brushed (brusht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Brushing.] 1. To apply a brush to, for a par- 
ticular purpose. 2. To touch in passing, or to pass lightly 
over. 3. To remove by, or as if by, brushing. 

Brush, v. i. To move quickly or lightly. 

Brush'er (-er), n. One that brushes. [brushy. I 

Brush'i-ness (-T-n5s), n. State or quality of being | 

Brush' turkey (tfir'ky> (Zodl.) A large, edible, 



5, it, long ; a, ii, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senite, Svent, tdea, ftbey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, flnaL 



BRUSH WHEEL 



113 



BUD 



gregarious bird of Australia of the family Megapodidce ; 
also, any one of several allied species of New Guinea. 

Brush' Wheel' (briish' hwel'). 1. A wheel without 
teeth, used to turn a similar one by the friction of a 
brush or something soft attached to the circumference. 
2. A circular revolving brush for polishing. 

Brush'WOOd (-wd6d), n. 1. Brush ; a thicket of low 
trees and shrubs. 2. Small branches of trees cut off. 

Brush'y", a. Resembling a brush ; shaggy ; rough. 

Brusque (broftsk), a. [F., fr. It. brusco ; origin un- 
certain.] Rough and prompt in manner ; blunt ; abrupt ; 
bluff. — Brusque'ness, n. 

Brussels sprouts (Sot.), a plant of the Cabbage family, 
which produces miniature cabbages in the axils of the 
upright stem. 

Bru'tal (bru'tal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a brute. 
2. Like a brute ; brutish ; inhuman ; savage ; cruel ; 
pitiless. — Bru'tal-ly, n. 

Bru-tal'i-ty (bru-t31'T-ty), n. 1. Quality of being bru- 
tal ; inhumanity. 2. An inhuman act. 

Bru'tal-ize (-tal-Iz), v. t. To make brutal. 

Brute (brut), a. [F. brat, brute, L. brutus stupid, 
irrational.] 1. Not having sensation ; senseless; uncon- 
scious. 2. Not possessing reason ; irrational. 3. Of, 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, a brute beast ; hence, 
brutal; cruel. 4. Coarse; unpolished; unintelligent. 

Brute, n. 1. Any animal not human ; esp., a quadru- 
ped ; a beast. 2. A brutal person. 

Syn. — See Beast. 

Bru'ti-fy (bm'ti-fi), v. t. [Brute + -fy.~\ To make 
like a brute ; to brutalize. 

Bru'tish (bru'tTsh), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, 
a brute or brutes ; unintelligent ; coarse ; unfeeling. — 
Bru'tish-ly, adv. — Bru'tish-ness, n. 

Syn. — Insensible ; stupid ; savage ; cruel ; brutal ; bar- 
barous ; ferocious ; gross ; carnal ; sensual ; bestial. 

Bru'tism (-tTz'm), n. The nature or characteristics 
of a brute. 

Bry-ol'O-gy (bri-ol'6-j^), n. [Gr. Ppvov moss + -logy.'] 
That part of botany which relates to mosses. 

Bry'O-ny (bri'6-ny), n. [L. bryonia, Gr. PpvuvCa, fr. 
Ppveiv to swell, esp. of plants.] (Bot.) Any one of sev- 
eral cucurbitaceous plants. 

II Bry / 0-Z0 / a (brl'6-zo'a), n.pl.j sing. Bryozoum (-urn), 
[NL., fr. Gr. Ppvov moss -(- £u>ov animal.] {Zo'dl.) A 
class of animals resembling mollusks, including those 
which by budding form compound colonies. 

Bu'ba-le (bu'ba-le), n. [See Buffalo, n.] {Zo'dl.) A 
large antelope of Egypt and the Desert of Sahara. 

Bub'ble (bub'b'l), n. [Cf. D. bobbel, Dan. boble, Sw. 
bubbla.] 1. A thin film of liquid inflated with air or gas. 

2. A small quantity of air or gas within a liquid body. 

3. Anything resembling a bubble. 4. Fig., anything 
lacking firmness or solidity ; a delusive scheme. 

Bub'ble, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Bubbled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bubbling (-bling).] 1. To rise in, or form, bub- 
bles. 2. To make a gurgling noise. 

Bub'ble, v. t. To cheat ; to deceive. 

Bub'bler (-bier), n. One who cheats. 

Bub'bly (-blj), a. Abounding in bubbles ; bubbling. 

Bub'by (bub'bjf), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A woman's 
breast. [Low'] [a small boy. I 

Bub'by, n. A corruption of brother ; — addressed to | 

Bu'bO (bu'bo), n. ; pi. Buboes (-boz). [Through LL. 
fr. Gr. /3ou/3wi>.] {Med.) An inflammation, with enlarge- 
ment, of a lymphatic gland, esp. in the groin. 

Bu-bon'O-cele (bu-bon'6-sel), n. [Gr. ^ov/Swi/ groin 
-)- k^Atj tumor.] {Med.) An inguinal hernia; esp., one 
forming a swelling in the groin like a bubo. 

Buc'cal (buk'kal), a. [L. bucca cheek.] {Anat.) Of 
or pertaining to the mouth or cheeks. 

Buc ca-neer' (buk'ka-ner'), n. [F. boucanier, fr. bou- 
caner to smoke or broil meat or fish, fr. boucan a place for 
smoking meat or fish : a word of American origin ; — first 
applied to French settlers in Hayti, whose business was 
to hunt wild cattle.] A robber upon the sea ; a pirate. 

Buc'ci-nal (buk'sT-nal) , a. [L. bucina a crooked horn 
or trumpet.] Shaped or sounding like a trumpet. 

Bu-cen'taur (bu-sen'tar), n. [Gr. j3ovj ox + KeWavpo? 
centaur.] 1. {Classic Myth.) A monster, half ox, half 
man. 2. [It. bucentoro.~\ State barge of Venice, used 
by the doge in the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. 

Bu'chu (bu'ku), n. {Bot.) A South African shrub ; 
also, its leaves, which are used in medicine. 

Buck (buk), n. [Akin to LG. Mike, Dan. byg, Sw. byk, 
G. bauche.] 1. Lye or suds in which cloth is soaked to 
be bleached, or in which clothes are washed. 2. The 
cloth or clothes soaked or washed. [Obs.] 



[imp. & p. p. Bucked (bGkt) ; p. pr. 



Buck (buk), v. t. 
& vb. v. Bucking.] 1. To soak or wash in lye or suds; 
also, to wash by beating on stones in running water. 2. 
{Mining) To break up or pulverize, as ores. 

Buck, n. [AS. bucca, buc, he-goat ; akin to G. bock, 
Skr. bukka.] 1. The male of deer, especially fallow deer 
and antelopes, or of goats, sheep, hares, and rabbits. 
2. A gay, dashing young man ; a dandy. 3. A male In- 
dian or negro. [Colloq. U. S.~\ 

Buck (biik), v . i. 1. To copulate. 2. To spring with 
a kind of quick plunging leap. 

Buck, v. t. 1. {Mil.) To punish by tying the wrists 
together, passing the arms over the bent knees, and put- 
ting a stick over the arms and back of the knees. 2. To 
throw by bucking. See Buck, v. i., 2. 

Buck, n. A sawhorse ; a sawbuck. 

Buck saw, a saw set in a frame for sawing wood. 

Buck, n. [See Beech, n.] The beech tree. [Scot.] 

Buck mast, the mast or fruit of the beech tree. 

Buck/board 7 (-bord'), n. A four-wheeled vehicle hav- 
ing a long elastic board or frame resting on the axletrees. 

Buck'et (buk'St), n. [OE. boket ; cf . AS. buc pitcher, 
or Corn, buket tub.] 1. A vessel for drawing, carrying, 
or holding water or other liquids ; hence, a tub or scoop 
used for liquid, for hoisting and conveying coal, ore, grain, 
etc. 2. {Mach. ) One of the receptacles on the rim of a 
water wheel ; also, a float of a paddle wheel. 3. The 
valved piston of a lifting pump. 

Bucket shop, a place where small sums may be bet on 
the prices of stocks, petroleum, etc. [Slang, U. S.] 

Buck'eye' (bukl'), n. {Bot.) Any one of several 
American trees and shrubs of the same genus as the 
horse chestnut. 

Buck'lsh, a. Dandified ; foppish. 

Buc'kle (buk'k'l), n. [OF. bode boss of a shield, 
ring, fr. L. buccula a little cheek or mouth, dim. of bucca 
cheek.] 1. A device of a frame and tongue, used for 
fastening together the ends of a strap, or two distinct 
straps. 2. A distortion, bulge, bend, or kink. 3. A 
curl of hair. 4. The state of being bulged, bent, or curled. 

Buc'kle (buk'k'l), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Buckled (-k'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Buckling.] 1. To fasten or confine with 
a buckle or buckles. 2. To bend ; to cause to kink ; to 
distort^ 3. To address or apply (one's self) to any work. 

Buc'kle (buk'k'l), v. i. 1. To become distorted ; to 
bow ; to kink. 2. To apply one's self ; to struggle. 

Buc'kler (buk'kler), n. [OF. bocler a shield with a 
boss, fr. OF. bode, boucle, boss.] 1. A kind of shield, 
anciently worn on one arm. 2. {Zo'dl.) One of the bony 
external plates of some fishes. 3. {Naut.) A block of 
wood or plate of iron made to fit a hawse hole, or the like. 

Buck'ra (buk'ra), ». [In the language of the Calabar 
coast, buckra means " demon, a powerful and superior 
being." J. L. Wilson.'] A white man; — a term used 
by negroes of the African coast, West Indies, etc. 

Buck'ra, a. White ; white man's ; strong ; good. 

Buck'ram (buk'ram), n. [OE. bokeram a kind of 
coarse cloth for clothing, OF. boqueran, MHG. buckeram ; 
origin uncertain.] A coarse cloth of linen or hemp, stiff- 
ened with size or glue. 

Buck'ram, a. 1. Made of buckram. 2. Stiff ; precise. 

Buck'shot' (-shot 7 ), n. A coarse kind of leaden shot. 

Buck'skin' (buk'skin'), n. 1. Skin of a buck. 2. 
Leather made of deerskin. 3. pi. Breeches of buckskin. 

Buck'stall' (buk'stal'), n. A toil or net to take deer. 

Buck'thorn' (buk'tiiSrn'), n. {Bot.) A genus {Bham- 
nus) of shrubs or trees, some of them thorny. 

Buck'wheat' (-hwef), n. [Buck a beech tree -f 
wheat.] 1. {Bot.) A plant of the Polygonum family, the 
seed of which is used for food. 2. The triangular seed, 
whole or ground into flour. 

Bu-COl'lC (bu-kol'Tk), a. [Gr. /3ovkoAiko?, fr. /SoukoAo? 
cowherd, herdsman.] Of or pertaiuiug to the life and 
occupation of a shepherd ; pastoral ; rustic. 

Bu-COl'ic, n. A bucolic or pastoral poem. 

Bu-col'ic-al (-T-k«l), a. Bucolic. 

II Bu-cra'ni-um (-kra'nT-um), n. ; pi. L. Bucrania (-a). 
[L., fr. Gr. fiovKpdviov ox head.] A sculptured ornament, 
representing an ox skull adorned with wreaths, etc. 

Bud (bud), n. [OE. budde ; origin uncertain.] 1. 
{Bot.) An undeveloped branch or flower. 2. {Biol.) A 
small protuberance on certain low forms of animals and 
vegetables which develops into a new organism. 

Bud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budded; p. pr. & vb, n. 
Budding.] 1. To put forth or produce buds. 2. To 
grow or issue in the form of or like a bud. 3. To be like 
a bud in respect to youth, freshness, growth, and promise. 

Syn. — To sprout ; germinate ; blossom. 



G 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, siug, ink, then, thin. 
*8 



M 



BUD 



114 



BULB 







Bud l>Bctt. r. t. To graft by inserting a bud from one 
plant into .in opening in the bark of another. 

Bud dha t>K«.l\l*), n. L^ kr - buddhu wise, sage, fr. 
| know.] An moarnation of 

•elf-abnegation, virtue, and wisdom, 
tied religious teacher of the 

Boddl 

Bud'dhism(bood'dTz'm), ?i. The 
of most of the inhabitants 
tral and Eastern Asia and 
the Indian Islands, based upon the 
doctrine originally taught by the 
Hindoo sage Gautama Siddartha, 
surnamed Buddha, in the sixth cen- 
tury b. c. 

Bud'dhist (bood'dlst), n. One 
who accepts Buddhism. 

Bud'dhist. a. Of or pertaining 
to Buddha or Buddhism. 

Bud-dhis'tic (bodd-dis'tlk), a. 
Same as Buddhist, a. 

Bud'dle(bud'd'l),n. [Etym. un- 
certain.] (Min i ng) An apparatus in 
which stamped ore is washed by An image of Buddha. 
the action of running water. 

Bade' light' (bud' lit/). [From Bude, in Cornwall, 
the residence of the inventor. ] An intense light obtained 
by burning coal gas or oil in a burner consisting of two 
or more concentric Argand burners. 

Budge (biij), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budged (bujd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Budging.] [F. longer to stir, move, fr. L. 
bullire. See Bon., v. i.~\ To move one's self off ; to stir ; 
to walk away. 

Budge, n. [OF. boge, bouge, fr. L. bulga a leathern 
bag or knapsack ; a Gallic word.] Lambskin dressed 
with the wool on ; — used formerly as an edging and or- 
nament, esp. of scholastic habits. 

Budge, a. 1. Lined with budge; hence, scholastic. 
2. Austere or stiff, like scholastics. 

Budg'er (buj'er), n. One who budges. 

Budg'et (buj'St), n. [F. bougette bag, wallet, dim. of 
OF. boge, bouge, leather bag. See Budge.] 1. A bag or 
sack with its contents ; hence, a stock or store , an accu- 
mulation. 2. The annual financial statement which the 
British chancellor of the exchequer makes in the House 
of Commons ; also, a similar statement in other countries. 

Bud'let (budlgt), n. A little secondary bud. 

Buff (buf), n. [OF., fr. F. buffle buffalo. See Buf- 
paix).] 1. A leather prepared from the skin of the buf- 
falo, dressed with oil, like chamois ; also, other skin 
dressed in like manner. 2. The color of this leather; a light 
yellow, shading toward pink, gray, or brown. 3. A mil- 
itary coat, made of buff. 4. {Med.) The grayish viscid 
substance of diseased blood. 5. (Mech. ) A polishing wheel 
covered with buff leather. 6. The bare skin. [Colloq.] 

Buff, c. 1. Made of buff leather. 2. Of the color of buff. 

Buff, v. t. To polish with a buff. See Buff, n., 5. 

Buff, n. [See 2d Buffet.] A blow ; — obs. except in 
" Blind man's-owjf." 

Buf'fa-lo (buf'fa-lo), n. ; pi. Buffaloes (-loz). [Sp. 
bvfalo, fr. L. bubalus, bufalus, a kind of African stag or 
gazelle ; also, the buffalo or wild ox, fr. Gr. /3ou/3aAos buf- 
falo, prob. fr. /3ot)5 ox.] 1. (Zool.) A species of the ge- 
nus Bos or Bubalus, less docile than the common ox, 
originally from India, but now widely scattered through 
Asia ; also, a very large and savage South African species 
of the same genus ; hence, any 
species of wild ox, as the bison of 
North America. 2. The skin of the 
bison of North America prepared 
with the hair on. 3. (Zool.) Any 
one of several large fishes of the [^^~ ' JL 
Mississippi valley. Wf* 25 

Buf'fel duck' (buffgl duk'). Head of Cape Buffalo. 
I f, Buffalo.] (Zool. ) A species of small duck, the 
mal<- of which has the head covered with long feathers. 

Buffer (buffer), n. [Prop., a striker. See Buffet a 
blow.] 1. (Mech.) An elastic apparatus, fender, or 
cushion, for deadening the jar caused by collision. 2. One 
who polishes with a buff. 3. A wheel for buffing ; a buff. 

Buffet' (boof-faO, n. [F., fr. LL. bufetum; of un- 
certain origin.] 1. A cupboard or set of shelves, for the 
dihplay of plate, china, etc. ; a sideboard. 2. A counter 
i0 LJ"l ' nee, a lunch room. 

, buffet ' WK'flk), n. [OF. buffet a slap in the face, fr. 
bvffe blow. prob. akin to E. puff.-] 1. A blow with the 
hand ; a slap ; a cuff. 2. Any blow ; a stroke ; hence, an 
adverse action ; an affliction; atrial. 3. A stool. 




Buffet (bHf'fe't), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Buffeted ; p. pr. 
X- vb. n. Buffeting.] 1. To strike; to box; to beat; 
to cuff ; to slap. 2. To affect as with blows ; to strive 
against. 

Buffet, v. i. 1. To give blows ; to strike ; to smite ; 
to strive. 2. To make one's way by blows or struggling. 

Buf fet-er (-er). n. One who buffets ; a boxer. 

I! Buffo (bdof'fo), n. masc. [It. ; of same ultimate origin 
as E. buffoon.] (JSIus.) The comic actor in an opera. 

Buffoon' (bQf-foon'), n. [F. bouffon, fr. bouffer to 
puff out, because the buffoons puffed out their cheeks for 
the amusement of the spectators.] A man who amuses 
others by low tricks, antic gestures, etc. ; a mimic; a har- 
lequin ; a clown ; a merry-andrew. 

Buf-foon'er-y (-er-y), n. The arts and practices of a 
buffoon, as vulgar jests and tricks, ridiculous pranks, etc. 

Buf-foon'ish, a. Like a buffoon or buffoonery. 

Buffy (buf'f^), a. (Med.) Containing or like buff. 

Bug (bug), n. [OE. bugge, fr. W. bwg, bwgan, hob- 
goblin, scarecrow, bugbear.] 1. A bugbear. [06s.] 2. 
(Zool.) Any one of various insects, as beetles, and small 
Crustacea ; esp., one of the Hemiptera, 
or of the Coleoptera ; more particular- 
ly (when without a qualifying word), a 
bedbug. 

Bugaboo' (-a-boo'), Bug'bear 
(-baV),n. [See Bug.] Something fright- 
ful, as a specter ; anything imaginary 
that causes needless fright. 

Bug'ger (bfig'ger),n. [F. bougre, 
fr. LL. Bulgarus a Bulgarian, and 
also (by way of reproach) a heretic, 
many Bulgarians being heretics. ] 1. A 
sodomite. 2. Wretch ; rascal. [Low] 

Bug'ger-y (-y), n. Sodomy. 

Bug'gi-ness (bug'gi-ngs), n. State of being buggy. 

Bug'gy (bug'gjr), a. Infested or abounding with bugs. 

Bug'gy,n. 1. A light one- 
horse two - wheeled vehicle. 
[Eng.J 2. A light, four- 
wheeled vehicle, usually with 
one seat, and with or with- 
out a calash top. [U. S.~\ 

Bu'gle (bu'g'l), n. TOF. 
bugle, fr. L. buculus a young 
bullock, steer, dim. of bos ox.] Bu ^ ™thout Top. 




Plant Bug 
(Lygns lineolwis). 




(Mus.) A 




1. A buffalo. 2. A horn used by hunters, 
copper instrument of the horn qual- 
ity of tone, shorter and more con- 
ical than the trumpet, — now super- 
seded by the cornet. 

Bu'gle, n. [LL. bugulus a wom- 
an's ornament ; origin uncertain.] 
An elongated glass bead, of various 
colors, though commonly black.— 
a. Jet black. Huntsman's Bugle. 

Bu'gle, n. [F. bugle; cf. L. bugillo.] (Bot.) A plant 
(Ajuga) of the Mint family, native of the Old World. 

Bu'gler (bu'gler^, n. One who plays on a bugle. 

Bu'gle- weed' (bu'g'1-wed'), n. (Bot. ) A narcotic and 
astringent plant (Lycopus) of the Mint family. 

Bu'glOSS (bu'glos ; 115), n. [Through F. & L. fr. 
Gr. /SovyAwcra-os, lit., ox tongue.] (Bot.) A plant of the 
genus Anchusa, esp. A. officinalis or alkanet ; oxtongue. 

Buhl (bul), Buhl'work (bul'wfirk), n. [From A. Ch. 
Boule, a French wood-carver.] Decorative woodwork 
inlaid with tortoise shell, yellow metal, white metal, etc. 

Buhr'StOne' (bfir'ston'), n. [OE. bur a whetstone for 
scythes.] A cellular, flinty rock, used for mill stones. 

Build (bild), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Built (bilt), or (Ar- 
chaic) Butlded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Building.] [AS. byldan 
to build, fr. bold house ; akin to E. be, bower, boor.] 1. 
To erect or construct, as an edifice or fabric of any kind ; 
to fabricate; to raise. 2. To raise, form, establish, or 
produce by using appropriate means. 3. To settle, or 
establish, and preserve. 

Syn. — To erect; construct; raise; found; frame. 

Build (bild), v. i. 1. To practice the art or business 
of building. 2. To construct or form anything as if on 
a foundation ; to rely. 

Build, n. Form or mode of construction ; make. 

Build'er (bild'er), n. One who builds. 

Build'ing, n. 1. The act of one who builds. 2. Art 
of constructing edifices. 3. Thing built; fabric ; edifice. 

Bulb (bQlb), n. [L. bulbus, Gr. /3oA06 s .] 1. (Bot.) 
A spheroidal growth (usually underground), strictly a 
bud, consisting of a cluster of partially developed leaves, 
and producing, as it grows, a stem above and roots below, 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; ft, g, I, 5, fc, y ? short ; senate, Svent, idea, ftbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 






BULBAR 



115 



BUMMER 



as in the onion, tulip, etc. 2. (Anat.) A bulblike part. 
3. An expansion or protuberance on a stem or tube. 

Bulb'ar (bulr/er), a. Of or pertaining to a bulb. 

Bui bii'er-ous (bul-bifer-fis), a. [Bulb + -ferous.] 
(Bot.) Producing bulbs. 

Bulblet (bulblSt), n. (Bot.) A small bulb. 

Bul-bose' (bul-bos'), a. Bulbous. 

Bulb'OUS (bull/iis), a. Having or containing bulbs, 
or a bulb ; growing from bulbs ; bulblike, as in shape. 

II Bul'bul (bul'bul), n. [Per.] The Persian nightin- 
gale ; also, any oriejof several other Asiatic singing birds. 

Bul'bule (bul'bul), n. [L. bulbulus.~\ A small bulb. 

Bulge (bulj), n. [OE., a swelling ; origin uncertain.] 
1. The bilge or protuberant part of a cask. 2. A protu- 
berance, esp. one caused by pressure. 3. (Naut.) The 
bilge of a vessel. 

Bulge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulged (bfiljd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Bulging.] 1. To swell or jut out ; to bend out- 
ward. 2. To bilge, as a ship ; to founder. 

Buli-my (bu'lT-my), n. [Gr. PovMfiCa, lit., ox-hunger.] 
(Med. ) A diseased and insatiable appetite for food. 

Bulk (bulk), n. [OE. bulke, bolke, heap ; origin un- 
certain.] 1. Magnitude of material substance; dimen- 
sions ; mass ; size. 2. A mass or body ; also, the main 
mass or body; the majority. 3. (Naut.) The cargo of a 
vessel when stowed. 

Syn. — Volume ; bigness ; largeness ; massiveness. 

Bulk, n. [Icel. balkr a beam, partition. Cf. Balk, 
n. & v.] A projecting part of a building. [Obs.] 

Bulk'er (bulk'er), n. (Naut.) A person employed to 
ascertain the bulk or size of goods, in order to fix the 
amount of freight or dues payable on them. 

Bulk'head (bulk'hed'), n. [See 2d Bulk.] 1. (Naut.) 
A vertical partition in a vessel. 2. A dividing or limit- 
ing wall or structure. 

Bulk'y (-f), a. Of great bulk or dimensions ; of great 
size ; large ; thick ; massive. — Bulk'i-ness, n. 

Bull (bul), n. [OE. bule, bul, bole; akin to G. bulle; 
prob. fr. root of AS. bellan, E. bellow.'] 1. (Zool.) The 
male of any species of bovine cattle ; hence, the male of 
any large quadruped, and of the whale. 2. (Astron. ) (a) 
Taurus, the second of the twelve signs of the zodiac. [See 
Illust. of Zodiac] (b) A constellation of the zodiac be- 
tween Aries and Gemini. 3. (Slock Exchange) One who 
operates so as to profit by a rise in the price of stocks. 

Bull, v . t. (Stock Exchange) To endeavor to raise the 
market price of ; to endeavor to raise prices in. 

Bull, n. [OE. bulle, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud, knob, 
LL., a seal or stamp.] 1. A seal. See Bulla. 2. A 
letter, edict, or rescript, of the pope, written in Gothic 
characters on rough parchment, sealed with a bulla, and 
dated " a die Incarnationis," i. e., " from the day of the 
Incarnation." Cf. Apostolical brief, under Brief. 3. A 
grotesque blunder in language ; an apparent congruity, 
but real incongruity, of ideas, in an expression ; — perhaps 
from the apparent incongruity between the dictatorial 
nature of the pope's bulls and his professions of humility. 

II Bulla (bulla), n. ; pi. Bullae (-le). [See 3d Bull.] 
1. (Med.) A bleb; a vesicle. 2. (Anat.) The ovoid 
prominence below the opening of the ear in the skulls of 
many animals. 3. A leaden seal ; esp., the round leaden 
seal attached to the papal bulls. 

Bullace (bullas), n. [OE. bolace, OF. beloce; of 
Celtic origin.] (Bot.) (a) A small European plum. (6) 
The bully tree. 

Bulla-ry (bulla-ry), n. A collection of papal bulls. 

Bul'la-ry, n. [Cf. Boilaey.] A boilery. 

Bullate (bul'lat), a. [L. bullatus, fr. bulla bubble.] 
(Biol.) Appearing as if blistered ; inflated ; puckered. 

Bull' brier 
fbul' bri'er). 
(Bot.) A species 
of Smilax grow- 
ing from New 
Jersey to the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

Bull'dog' 
(bul'dog' ; 115), 
n. (Zool.) A va- 
riety of dog, of 
remarkable fe- 
rocity, courage, 
and tenacity of 
grip; — probably 
so named from 
being formerly 
employed in 
baiting bulls. 




A bird of Europe 



Bulldog. 



Bull'dOZO 7 (bul'doz'), v. t. To restrain or coerce by 
threats or violence ; — used originally of the intimidation 
of negro voters, in Louisiana. [Slang, U. S.] 

Bullet (bui'lSt), n. [F. boulet, dim. of boule ball.] 
1. A small ball. 2. A missile, usually of lead, to be dis- 
charged from a small firearm. 3. The fetlock of a horse. 

Bul'le-tln (bul'le-tTn), n. [F., fr. It. bullettino, dim. 
of bullella, dim. of bulla. See Bull an edict.] 1. A brief 
statement of facts respecting some passing event, issued 
by authority for the information of the public. 2. Any 
public notice, especially of news. 3. A periodical publi- 
cation, esp. one containing the proceedings of a society. 

Bull'flght' (bul'flf), Bull'fight'ing, n. A barbarous 
sport, in which men torment, and fight with, a bull. 

Bull'fincb/ (bul'fTnch'), n. (Zool.) A bird of Europe 
allied to the grosbeak,having the breast, 
cheeks, and neck, red ; also, any one of 
several other birds. 

Bull'frog' (-frSg/), n. (Zool.) A large 
species of North American frog ; — so 
named from its loud bellowing in spring. 

Bull'head' (-he'd'), n. 1. (Zool.) A 
fresh-water fish of many species; esp., in 
America, a fish also called catfish, horn- 
pout, and bullpout ; also, the sculpin, Bullfinch, 
a marine fish. 2. (Zool.) The black-bellied plover ; also, 
the golden plover. 3. A stupid fellow. [Colloq.] 

Bulllieaded (bul'hed'gd), a. Having a head like that 
of a bull; fig., headstrong; obstinate; dogged. 

Bullion (bul'yun), n. [Cf . OE. bullyon a button, stud, 
LL. bullio a mass of gold or silver, fr. L. bulla boss, stud, 
bubble, or perh. fr. F. billon base coin, LL. billio bullion.] 

1. Gold or silver uncoined, or reckoned by weight. 2. 
Heavy twisted fringe, of fine gold or silver wire. 

Bullion-ist, n. An advocate of a metallic currency, 
or a paper currency always convertible into coin. 

Bullock (-liik), n. [AS. bulluc a young bull. See 
Boll.] 1. A young bull, or any male of the ox kind. 

2. An ox, steer, or stag. 

Bull'pout' (bul'pouf), 7i. (Zool.) See Bullhead, 1. 

Bull's'-eye 7 (bulzl'), n. 1. (Naut.) A small circu- 
lar or oval wooden block without sheaves, having a groove 
around it and a hole through it. 2. A small thick disk 
of glass inserted in a deck, roof, etc. 3. A circular or 
oval opening for air or light. 4. A lantern, with a thick 
glass lens on one side ; also, the lens itself. 5. (Archery 
& Ghun.) The center of a target. 

Bull' ter'ri-er (bul' ter'ri-er). (Zool.) A breed of 
dogs obtained by crossing the bulldog and the terrier. 

Bull' trout' (trout/). (Zool.) (a) In England, a large 
salmon trout of several species, (b) The Dolly Varden 
trout or red-spotted trout of California and Oregon. 

Bully (bully), n. [Origin uncertain.] A noisy, blus- 
tering fellow, more insolent than courageous. 

Bully (bul'ly), a. 1. Jovial and blustering ; dashing. 
[Slang] 2.' Fine ; excellent. [Slang, U. S.] 

Bully, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulldzd (-lid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Bullying.] To intimidate with threats. 

Syn. — To bluster ; swagger ; hector ; domineer. 

Bully, v. i. To act as a bully. 

Bully tree 7 (tre 7 ). (Bot.) Any one of several sapo- 
taceous West Indian trees yielding a substance resem- 
bling gutta-percha. 

Burnish' (-rush'), n. [OE. bulrysche, bolroysche; of 
uncertain origin.] (Bot.) Any one of several kinds of 
large rush, growing in wet land or in water. 

Bul'tow' (bul'to'), n. A trawl ; a boulter ; the mode 
of fishing with a boulter or spiller. 

Bul'wark (-wurk), n. [Akin to D. bolwerk, G. boll- 
werk; akin to G. bohle plank, and werk work, defense.] 
1. (Fort.) A rampart; a fortification ; a bastion or out- 
work. 2. Any means of defense or protection. 3. pi. 
(Naut.) The sides of a ship above the upper deck. 

Bul'wark, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Bulwarked (-wurkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Bulwarking.] To fortify with, or as 
with, a rampart or wall ; to protect. 

Bum (bum), n. [For bottom.'] The buttocks. [Low] 

Bum, v . i. [See Boom to roar.] To hum. 

Buml>le-bee / (-be 7 ), n. [OE. bumblen to hum (dim. of 
burn, v. i.) + bee. Cf. Humblebee.] (Zool.) A large bee, 
sometimes called humblebee; — named from its sound. 

Bum/boat' (-botO> n. [Origin uncertain.] (Naut.) A 
clumsy boat, for conveying provisions for sale, to vessels 
lying in port or off shore. 

Bum/kin (bftin'kTn), n. [Boom a beam + -kin. Cf. 
Bumpkin.] (Naut.) A projecting beam or boom. 

Bum'mer (bum'mer), n. An idle, worthless fellow ; 
a dissipated sponger. [Slang, 17. S.] 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



lU'MP 



116 



BUREAUCRACY 



) 



Bump I ban • 4 [imp. A p. ;>. Bumped 

mping.] [Origin uncertain.] 

; utaet, as with or against any. 

; to thump. 

Bum-, 1. A thump; heavy blow. 2. A 

m a blow ; protuberance. [Col/oq.} 

Bump BOOH to roar.] To make a loud, 

hollow noise, as the bittern ; to boom. 
Bump. •■• The DOiae made by the bittern. 
Bum'per ibum'per'b ». [A corruption of bt(7nbard, 
bombard, a large drinking vessel.] A cup or glass filled 
|0 the brim, or till the liquor runs over. [Cant} 

Bump'er (Mbng/Sr), ». 1. That which bumps or 
causes a bump. 2. A protection from bumps ; a buffer. 
BumpTdn (.bump'kTn ; 1215), n. [Same word as bum- 
kin.} An awkward, heavy fellow ; clown; blockhead. 

Bump'tious (bSmp/ahfia : '215). a. Conceited ; forward ; 

pushing. [Colloq.} — Bump'tious-ness. n. [Colloq.} 

Bun. Bunn (bun), n. [Scot, bun, bunn, OE. bunne, 

r. Celtic.] A slightly sweetened raised cake or 

with a glazing of sugar and milk on the top crust. 

Bunch (bunch : 224), n. [Akin to OSw. & Dan. bunke 

heap. leel. bmiki heap, pile, bunga tumor, protuberance.] 

1. A protuberance ; a knob or lump ; a hump. 2. A 
collection, cluster, or tuft, properly of things of the 
6ame kind, growing or fastened together. 3. {Mining) 
A small isolated mass of ore. 

Bunch, v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Bunched (buncht) ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Bunching.] To swell out, or form, into a 
bunch or bunches ; to be protuberant or round. 

Bunch'y (bunch'y), a. 1. Swelling out in bunches. 

2. Growing in bunches, or resembling a bunch. 3. 
(Mining) Varying in yield. — Bunch'i-ness, n. 

Bun'combe, Bun'kum (bun'kum), n. [Buncombe, 
a county of North Carolina.] Speech-making for the 
gratification of constituents ; flattering talk for a selfish 
purpose ; anything said for show. {Cant or Slang, U. S.} 

To speak for Buncombe, to speak, as in a representative 
body, not to influence opinion but to gratify one's con- 
stituents. The saying originated with a member of 
Congress from a district of North Carolina including 
Buncombe County, who insisted upon " making a speech 
for Buncombe " when the rest were impatient to vote. 

II Bund (boond), n. [G.] League ; confederacy ; esp., 
the confederation of German states. 

II Bun'der (bun'der), n. [Pers. bandar a landing place, 
pier.] A boat or raft used in the East Indies for landing. 

I Bun'des-rath' (bdon'des-ratO, n. [G., fr. bund 
confederacy -f- rath council.] The federal council of the 
German Empire ; also, that of Switzerland. 

Bun 'die (bun'd'l), n. [AS. byndel ; akin to G. bun- 
del; fr. root of E. bind.} A number of things bound 
together, esp. into a mass or package convenient for 
handling or conveyance. 

Bun'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bundled (-d'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bundling (-dling).] 1. To tie or bind in a bun- 
dle or roll 2. To send off unceremoniously or hastily. 

Bun'dle, v. i. 1. To prepare for departure ; to set off 
in a hurry or without ceremony. 2. To sleep on the 
same bed, as lovers, without undressing. 

Bung (bung), n. [Cf. "W. bwng orifice, bunghole, Ir. 
buinne tap, spout.] 1. The large stopper of the orifice 
in the bilge of a cask. 2. The orifice in the bilge of a 
cask through which it is filled ; bunghole. 

Bung, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bunged (bungd). ] To stop 
with a bung ; to close. 

Bun'ga-low (bun'ga-lo), n. [Bengalee bangla.} A 
house of a single story, usually with a veranda. [India} 

BungTiole' (bung'hol'), n. See Bung, n., 2. 

Bun'gle (bun'g'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bungled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bungling (-gling).] [Prob. adim., 
akin to bong.} To act or work clumsily or awkwardly. 

Bun'gle, '.'. t. To make, mend, or manage, clumsily. 

Bun'gle, n. A clumsy performance ; a botch. 

Bun'gler fbun'gler), n. One who bungles. 

Bun'go C b lin'gi ), n. (Navf. ) A kind of canoe or boat. 

Bun'ion <" bun'yun ), n. (Med.) Same as Bunyon. 

Bunk f brink), n. [Cf. OSw. bunke heap ; also, flooring.] 
oodea r.ase or box, which serves for a seat in the 
and for a bed at night. [U. S.} 2. One of a 
'A berths or bed places in tiers. 

Bunk. r. i. [imp. & p , p . Bunked (biinkt) ; p. pr. & 

V ' i£ ** K!ri - 1 To *° to bed in a bunk - IColloq. U. S.} 

Bun'ker | •, fi ijTcer), n. [Scot, bunker, bunkart, a bench, 

'■rving for a seat.] A large bin or similar 

! bunker. 

BunTio (bttn/ka), n. [Cf. 8p. banco bank, banca a 

sort of game at cards. Cf. Bank (in the commercial 




Bell Buoy. 



).] A kind of swindling game or scheme, by : 
of cards or by a sham lottery. [Written also bunco.} 

Bunko steerer. a decoy in bunko. [Slang, U. S.] 

Bun'nian (bQu'yim), n. See Bunyon. [squirrel. I 

Bun'ny (bun'ny), n. A pet name for a rabbit or a| 

Bunt (bunt), n. (Bot.) A fungus (Ustilago fcetida) 
which affects the ear of cereals, filling the grains with a 
fetid dust ; — also called pepperbrand. 

Bunt, n. [Cf. Sw. bunt bundle, G. bund, E. bundle.} 
(Naut.) The middle part, cavity, or belly of a sail. 

Bunt, V. i. (Natit.) To swell out. [head ; to butt.l 

Bunt, v. t. & i. To strike or push with the horns or| 

Bun'ting (bun/ting), n. [Scot, bvntlin, OE. bunting, 
buntyle > of unknown origin.] (Zool.) A bird of various 
species and genera, related to the finches and sparrows. 

Bun'ting, Bun'tine (-tin), n. [Prov. E. bunting 
sifting flour, OE. bonten to sift, hence, prob., the material 
used for that purpose.] A thin woolen stuff. 

Bunt'line (bunt'ltn or -lin), n. [2d bunt + line.} 
(Naut.) One of the ropes toggled to the footrope of a 
sail, used to haul up to the yard the body of the sail 
when taking it in. 

Bunyon. Bun'ion (bun'yun), n. [Cf . Prov. E. bunny 
a small swelling. See Bun.] (Med.) An enlargement 
and inflammation of a small membranous sac, usually 
occurring on the first joint of the great toe. 

Buoy (bwoi or boi), n. [D. boei buoy, fetter, fr. OF. 
bote, buie, chain, fetter, from L. boia. 
So called because chained to its place.] 
(Naut.) A float, esp. one moored to 
the bottom, to mark a channel or the 
place of something submerged. 

Buoy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buoyed 
(bwoid or boid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buoy- 
ing.] 1. To keep from sinking in a 
fluid; to keep afloat. Also used figura- 
tively. 2. To fix buoys to ; to mark by 
a buoy or by buoys. 

Buoy, v. i. To float ; to rise like a buoy. 

Buoy'age (-aj), n. Buoys, taken collectively ; a series 
of buoys ; the providing of buoys. 

Buoy'an-cy (-an-sy), n. 1. The property of floating ; 
specific lightness. 2. (Physics) The weight of a float- 
ing body, as measured by the volume of fluid displaced. 
3. Cheerfulness ; vivacity ; liveliness ; sprightliness. 

Buoy 'ant (-ant), a. 1. Having the quality of rising 
or floating in a fluid. 2. Bearing up, as a fluid. 3. Light- 
hearted ; vivacious. — Buoy'ant-ly, adv. 

Bur, Burr (bfir), n. [OE. burre burdock ; origin un- 
certain.] 1. (Bot.) Any rough or prickly envelope of 
the seeds of plants ; also, any weed bearing burs. 2. 
SameasBuEB,n.,2. 3. The lobe of the ear. 4. (Mech.) 
(a) A small circular saw. (6) A triangular chisel. 

Bur'bot (bfir'bot), n. [F. barbate, fr. barbe beard.] 
(Zool.) A fresh-water fish having on the nose two very 
small barbels, and a larger one on the chin. 

Bur'den (bfir'd'n), n. [AS. byrSen ; akin to G. burde ; 
fr. root of E. bear to support.] 1. That which is borne 
or carried ; a load. 2. That which is grievous, weari- 
some, or oppressive. 3. The carrying capacity of a vessel. 

Bur'den, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buedened (-d'nd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Burdening (-d'n-ing).] To encumber or 
oppress with a burden. 

Bur'den, n. [OE. burdoun the bass in music, F. bour- 
don ; prob. of imitative origin.] The verse repeated in 
a song ; the chorus ; refrain ; hence, that which is often 
repeated or much dwelt upon. 

Bur'den-OUS (-us), a. Burdensome. [Obs.} 

Bur'den-some (-sum), a. Grievous to be borne. — 
Bur'den-some-ly, adv. — Bur'den-some-ness, n. 

Syn. — Heavy ; weighty ; cumbersome ; onerous ; 
grievous; oppressive; troublesome. 

Bur 'dock (bfir'dok), n. [Bur + dock the plant.] 
(Bot.) A genus of coarse biennial herbs, bearing small 
tenacious burs^ 

Bu'reau (bu'ro or bu-ro'), n. ; pi. E. Bureaus (-roz), 
F. Bureaux (bu-ro'). [F. bureau a writing table, desk, 
office, OF., drugget, with which a writing table was often 
covered, fr. buire dark brown, fr. L. burrus red, fr. Gr. 
ffvppos flame-colored, prob. fr. irvp fire.] 1. Originally, 
a desk or writing table with drawers. 2. An office 
where business requiring writing is transacted. 3. 
Hence, a department of public business requiring a force 
of clerks ; the body of officials in a department. 4. A 
chest of drawers for clothes. [U. S.} 

Bu-reau'cra-cy (bu-ro'kra-sy), n. [Bureau + -cracy.} 
1. A system of carrying on the business of government 
by means of bureaus, each under the control of a chief : 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, g, I, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



BUREAUCRAT 



117 



BURSE 



also, government conducted on this system. 2. Govern- 
ment officials, collectively. 

Bu-reau'crat (bfi-ro'kr5t), n. An official of a bureau. 

Bu reau-crat'ic-al (-kr5t'T-kal), ) a. Pert, to, or like, 

Bu'reau-crat'ic (bu'ro-krXt'Ik), ) a bureaucracy. 

II Bu-rette' (bu-rSf), n. [F., cruet, dim. of buire 
flagon.] (Chem.) An apparatus (essentially a graduated 
glass tube) for measuring the quantity of liquid or gas 
received or discharged. 

Bur' fish / (bGr' fish'). (Zo'dl.) A spinose, plectognath 
fish of the Atlantic coast 
of the United States, 
able to distend its body 
so as to resemble a 
chestnut bur. 

Burg (burg), re. [AS. 
burh, burg. See 1st 
Borough.] 1. A forti- 
fied town. [065.] 2. A 
L- 




borough. 



Bur Fish 
( Chilomycterus geometricus). 



Eng.-] 

Bur'ga-mot (bfir'ga-mot), re. Bergamot. 

Bur'gee (bfir'je), re. 1. A kind of small coal. 2. 
(Naut.) A swallow-tailed flag. 

Bur-geois' (bfir-jois'), re. See Boubgeois. 

Bur'geon (bftr'jiin), v. i. To bud. See Bourgeon. 

Bur'gess (bfir'jes), re. [OF. burgeis, deriv. of LL. 
bur gits fort, city ; from the German. See 1st Borough.] 
1. An inhabitant, citizen, or freeman of a borough. 2. 
One who represents a borough in Parliament. 3. A 
magistrate of a borough. 4. A member or "delegate " 
of the popular branch of the legislature of Virginia ; — so 
called before the Revolution. 

Burg'grave (bfirg'grav), re. [G. burggraf ; burg for- 
tress -j- graf count.] (Germany) Originally, one ap- 
pointed to the command of a burg ; later, a hereditary 
title, with a domain attached. 

Burgh (bfirg ; Scot, bur'ro), re. [OE. See Burg.] A 
borough or incorporated town, esp. in Scotland. 

Burgb/er (bftrg'er), re. A freeman or an inhabitant of 
a burgh or borough. 

Bur'glar (bfir'gler), re. [OF. burg town + hre thief, 
fr. L. latro.~\ (Law) One guilty of burglary. 

Bur-gla'ri-ous (bftr-gla'rT-us), a. Pertaining to, or 
constituting, burglary. — Bur-gla'ri-OUS-ly, adv. 

Bur'gla-ry (btir'gla-ry), re. (Law) Breaking and en- 
tering the dwelling house of another, in the nighttime, 
with intent to commit a felony therein. By various stat- 
utes some other similar crimes are made burglary. 

Bur'go-master (biir'go-mas'ter), re. [D. burgemees- 
ter ; burg borough -f- meester master.] A chief magistrate 
of a municipal town in Holland, Flanders, and Germany. 

Bur 'go-net (-net), re. [F. bourguignotte.~\ A kind of 
helmet. 

Bur 'goo (bfir'goo), re. [Prov. E. burgood yeast ; origin 
uncertain.] A kind of thick gruel used by seamen. 

Bur'grave (-grav), re. [F.] See Burggrave. 

Bur'gun-dy (bfir'gun-dy), re. A richly flavored wine, 
mostly red, made in the province of Burgundy, France. 

Bur'i-al (ber'rT-al), re. [AS. byrgels, fr. byrgan to 
bury, and akin to OS. burgisli sepulcher.] 1. A grave. 
\_Obs.~] 2. The act of burying ; sepulture ; interment. 

Bur'i-er (ber'ri-er), re. One who, or that which, buries. 

Bu'rin (bu'rin), re. [F. burin; prob. fr. OHG. bora 
borer.] 1. A kind of 
cutting tool of an en- 
graver on metal; a 
graver ; also, a similar 
tool of workers in 
marble. 2. Style of Burin of Engraver on Metal. 

execution of an engraver. 

Bu'ri-on (bu'ri-on), n. (Zo'dl.) The red-breasted house 
sparrow of California. 

Burke (bfirk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burked (bfirkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Burking.] . [From one Burke of Edin- 
burgh, who committed the crime in 1829.] 1. To murder 
so as to produce few marks of violence, for the pur- 
pose of selling the body for dissection. 2. To dispose of 
quietly or indirectly. 

Burl (bfirl), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Burled (bfirld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Burling.] [OE. burle stuffing, or a knot in 
cloth ; origin uncertain.] To finish by picking off the 
knots, burs, loose threads, etc. 

Burl, n. 1. A knot or lump in thread or cloth. 2. 
An overgrown knot, or an excrescence, on a tree.. 

Burlap (bfirlap), n. A coarse fabric of jute or hemp. 

Burl'er (bftrl'er), n. One who burls or dresses cloth. 

Bur-lesque' (bfir-lSsk'), a. [F., fr. It. burlesco, fr. 
burla jest, mockery.] Tending to excite ridicule by a 



^ 




contrast between the subject and the manner of treating 
it ; jocular ; ironical. 

Bur -lesque' (bQr-lgsk'), re. 1. Ludicrous representa- 
tion. 2. An ironical or satirical composition intended to 
ridicule anything ; a caricature ; a travesty. 

Bur-lesque' (bur-16sk'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bur- 
lesqued (-ISskt') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burlesquing (-lesk'- 
Ing).] To make the subject of burlesque. [operetta. I 

II Bur-let'ta (bfir-lgt'ta), n. [It.] (Mus.) A comic| 

Bur'ly (bfir'l?), a. [OE. burlich great, strong, ex- 
cellent ; of uncertain origin.] 1. Having a large, strong, 
orgros body; stout; lusty; — now used chiefly of persons. 

2. Coarse and rough ; boisterous. — Bur'li-ness, n. 
Bur' mar'i-gold (m5r'i-gold). Beggar's ticks. 
Burn (bflrn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burned (bQrnd) or 

Burnt (bflrnt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burning.] [OE. bernen, 
brennen, AS. bsernan, bernan, v. t., birnan, v. i. ; akin 
to G. brennen.} 1. To consume with fire or heat. 2. 
To injure by fire or heat ; to change destructively some 
property or properties of by exposure to fire or heat. 

3. To perfect by heat ; to submit to the action of fire or 
heat for a special purpose. 4. To make or produce by 
applying fire or heat. 5. To affect as if with fire or heat. 
6. (Surg.) To cauterize. 7. (Chem.) To combine with 
oxygen or other active agent with evolution of heat. 

Bum, v. i. 1. To be on fire ; to flame. 2. To suffer 
from, or be scorched by, an excess of heat. 3. To have 
a condition, quality, appearance, sensation, or emotion, 
as if on fire or excessively heated. 4. (Chem.) To com- 
bine energetically, with evolution of heat. 

Burn, n. The operation or result of burning ; specif., 
a hurt or injury caused by fire or heat. 

Burn'er, n. 1. One that burns anything. 2. The part 
of a lamp, gas fixture, etc., where the flame is produced. 

Bur'net (bfir'net), n. [OE., fr. F. brunet, dim. of brun 
brown.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Poterium). 

Bur'nett-ize (bfir'net-iz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Burnett- 
ized (-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burnettiztng.] (Manuf.) 
To saturate with a solution of chloride of zinc, to prevent 
decay ; — a process invented by Sir William Burnett. 

Bur'nish (bfir'nTsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnished 
(-nlsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burnishing.] [OF. burnir, bru- 
nir, to make brown, polish, fr. brun brown, fr. OHG. 
brun. See Brown.] To cause to shine ; to polish by rub- 
bing with something hard and smooth. [glossy. I 

Bur'nish, v. i. To shine forth ; to become smooth and | 

Bur'nish, n. The effect of burnishing ; gloss ; luster. 

Bur'nish-er (-er), n. 1. One who burnishes. 2. A 

tool used in smoothing or ^ ^ 

polishing by rubbing. ^S^r™" 6 ^^ 

BUT'nOOSe, Bur'nOUS Burnisher, 

(bur'noos or bur-noos'), 

n. [At. burnus a kind of cap.] A cloaklike garment 
and hood woven in one piece, worn by Arabs. 

Burr (btir), n. [See Bur.] (Bot.) 1. A prickly seed 
vessel. See Bur, 1. 2. The thin edge or ridge left by a 
tool in cutting or shaping metal ; also, the rough neck 
left on a bullet in casting. 3. A ring or band. 4. [Prob. 
imitative.] A guttural pronunciation of the letter r. 

Burr (bGr), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Burred (bfird) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Burring.] To speak with a burr. 

Bur'rel (biir'rel), n. [Origin uncertain.] A sort of 
pear, with a smooth, delicious, soft pulp. 

Bur'rel, n. Same as Borrel. 

Bur'rel fly' (fll'). [From OF. burel reddish, in allu- 
sion to its color.] (Zool.) The gadfly of cattle. 

Bur'ro (bur'ro), re. [Sp.,anass.] A donkey. [U. 5.] 

Bur'row (bur'ro), n. [See 1st Borough.] 1. An in- 
corporated town ; a borough. 2. A shelter; esp., a hole 
in the ground made by an animal for shelter and habita- 
tion. 3. A mound. See 3d Barrow. 

Bur'row, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Burrowed (-rod) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Burrowing.] 1. To excavate a hole to lodge in. 
2. To lodge in, or as if in, a hole excavated in the earth. 

Bur'row-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, burrows. 

Burr 'stone' (bfir'ston'), n. A buhrstone. 

Burr'y (bfir'y), a. Containing burs ; resembling burs. 

H Bur'sa (bfir'sa), n. ; pi. Burs^: (bQr'se). [L. See 
Purse.] (Anat.) Any sac or saclike cavity ; esp., a syno- 
vial sac between a tendon and a bone. 

Bur'sar (bfir'ser), n. [LL. bur sarins, fr. bursa. See 
Purse.] 1. A treasurer, or cash keeper, esp. of a col- 
lege or monastery. 2. A student aided by college funds. 

Bur'sa-ry (bfir'sa-ry), n. 1. The treasury of a college 
or monastery. 2. A scholarship or charitable foundation 
in a university. 

Burse (bfirs), n. [LL. bursa, or F. bourse. See 
Bourse.] 1. A purse ; also, a vesicle. [Obs.~] 2. A 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



M'RSICULATE 



118 



BUTT 







Busby. 



fund or foundation for the maintenance of needy schol- 
ars; also, the Mini M given. [Soof.! 3. (Keel.) An orna- 
t the corporal. 4. Exchange ; bourse. 

Bur sic'u-late fbttNUkt-Itt), a. (Bot.) Bursiform. 

Bur 'si form (biir'sl-fdrm), a. [LL. bursa purse -f- 
ped like a purse. 

Burst (.burst), r. i. [imp. ft p. p. Burst; p. pr. ft 
vb. ft. DuiWUlNk] [AS. berstan ; akin to G. bersten.~\ 
1. To tiy apart or in pieces ; to break open ; to yield, 
esp. suddenly, to force or pressure from within ; to ex- 
plode. Often used tig. 2. To exert force or pressure 
causing something to give way ; to break through an ob- 
stacle I to appear or depart suddenly and unexpectedly. 

Burst (burst), >'. t- 1. To break or rend by violence 
or strain, esp. from within; to force open suddenly. 2. 
To make or produce by such violence. 

Burst,«. 1. A sudden breaking forth ; a rending; an 
explosiou. 2. Any brief, violent effort ; a spurt. 

Burst'er (bursfer), n. One that bursts. 

Bur'then (bfir'th'n), n. & v. Burden. [Archaic] 

Bur'y (ber'ry), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buried (bSr'rid) ; 

?. pr. £ vb. ft. Burying (ber'ry-Tng).] [OE. burien, 
irien, AS. byrgan; akin to beorgan to protect, G. ber- 
gen.~\ 1. To cover out of sight. 2. Specif., to cover in 
a grave, a tomb, etc. 3. To hide in oblivion ; to put away. 

Syn.— To intomb ; inter ; inhume ; inurn ; hide ; cover ; 
conceal ; overwhelm ; repress. 

Bus (bus), 7i. An abbreviation of omni&us. [Colloq.J 

Busty (buz'by), n. (Mil.) A kind of British military 
headdress or cap. 

Bush (bush), ?;. [OE. bosch, busch, buysch, 
bosk, busk; akin to G. busch, and also to LL. 
boscus, buscus. ] 1. A thicket or place abound- 
ing in trees or shrubs. 2. A shrub; esp., a 
thick shrub or cluster of shrubs. 3. A shrub 
or branch cut off. 4. A branch ; esp. , a branch 
of ivy hung out at a vintner's door or as a 
tavern sign ; hence, a tavern sign or a tavern. 
6. {Hunting) The tail of a fox. 

To beat about the bush, to approach anything 
in a roundabout manner ; — a metaphor taken 
trom hunting. — Bush cat (Zool.), a species of 
African wild-cat. — Bush chat (Zool.), a bird of the genus 
Pratincola, of the Thrush family. — Bush dog. (Zool.) See 
Potto. —Bush master (Zool.), a venomous snake of Gui- 
nea. — Bush tit (Zool.), a bird allied to the titmouse. 

Bush, v. i. To branch in the manner of a bush. 

Bush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bushed (busht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Bushing.] 1. To set bushes for. 2. To use a har- 
row of bushes on. 

Bush, n. [D. bus a box, akin to E. box ; or F. boucher 
to plug.] (Mech.) A lining, ring, or thimble inserted in 
an orifice ; a box. 

Bush, v. t. To furnish with a bush, or lining. 

Bush'el (bush'Sl), n. [OF. boissel, bussel, boistel, LL. 
bustellus, dim. deriv. fr. L. pyxis box, Gr. 7rv£is.] 1. A 
dry measure, containing four pecks, eight gallons, or 
thirty-two quarts. 2. A measuring vessel of this capac- 
ity. 3. A quantity that fills a bushel measure. 4. The 
iron lining in the nave of a wheel. [Eng.] 

Bush'el-age (bush'Sl-aj), n. A duty payable on com- 
modities by the bushel. [Eng.~\ 

Bush'el-man (-man), n. A tailor's assistant for re- 
pairing garments. [Local, U. S.~\ 

Bush'i-ness (bush'I-nes), n. Quality of being bushy. 

Bushing, n. A bush or lining. 

Bush/man (-man), n. [Cf. D. boschman, boschjes- 
man.] 1. A settler in the bush. 2. (Ethnol.) One of 
a race of South African nomads, not classified as allied 
in race or language to any other people. 

Bush'ran'ger (-ran'jer), n. One who roams, or hides, 
in the bush ; esp., in Australia, an escaped criminal. 

Bush'whack'er (-hwSk'er), n. 1. One accustomed to 
beat about, or travel through, bushes. [U. S.~\ 2. A 
guerrilla ; a marauding assassin. [U. S.~\ 

Bush'whack'lng, n. 1. Traveling, or working a way, 
through bushes. [IT. £'.] 2. The crimes or warfare of 
bushwhackers. [U. 6'.] [2. FuU of bushes. I 

Bush'y (-5), a. 1. Thick and spreading, like a bush. | 

Bus'i ly (blzf-ly), adv. In a busy manner. 

Busi'ness(Wz'ngs),«. [From Busy.] 1. That which 
engages the time, attention, or labor of any one; esp., 
one a constant employment ; regular occupation. 2. Any 
particular occupation or employment engaged in for live- 
lihood or gain. 3. Financial dealings ; traffic in general. 
4. That which one has to do or should do ; special duty. 
6. Affair ; concern ; matter. 

Syn. — Affairs ; transaction : engagement ; calling ; 
trade ; profession ; vocation ; office ; duty. 



Busk (busk), n. [F. busc ; origin uncertain.] A thin, 
elastic strip worn in the front of a corset. 

Busk, v. t. ft i. [imp. &p.p. Busked (bfiskt).] [Icel. 
buask to make ready, reflexive of bua to prepare, dwell.] 
To prepare ; to array ; to dress. [Scot. & Old Eng.] 

Bus'kin (bQs'kiu), n. [Prob. from OF. brossequin, or 
D. broosken ; dim. of broos buskin.] 1. A strong, pro- 
tecting covering for the foot, coming some distance up 
the leg. 2. A similar covering worn by tragic actors in 
ancient Greece and Rome. Used as a symbol of tragedy. 

Bus'klned (biis'kTnd), a. 1. Wearing buskins. 2. 
Trodden by buskins ; pertaining to tragedy. 

Bus'ky (bus'ky), a. See Bosky, and 1st Bush, n. 

Buss (bus), 7i. [OE. basse, fr. L. basium.] A kiss ; a 
rude or playful kiss ; a smack. 

Buss (bus), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bussed (bust) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Bussing.] To kiss ; esp., to kiss rudely. 

Buss, 72. [Cf. OF. busse, Pr. bus, LL. bussa, busa, G. 
biise, D. buis.J [Naut.) A small strong vessel with two 
masts and two cabins, — used in the herring fishery. 

Bust (bust), n. [F. buste, f r. It. busto ; cf. LL. busta, 
bustula, box, of the same origin as E. box a case ; cf., for 
the change of meaning, E. chest.~\ 1. A piece of sculpture 
representing the upper part of the human figure, includ- 
ing the head, shoulders, and breast. 2. The portion of 
the human figure included between the head and waist. 

Bus'tard (bus'terd), n. [OF. & Prov. F. bistarde, fr. 
L. avis tarda, lit. , slow bird. J (Zool. ) A bird of the genus 
Otis, of which the species O. tarda, or great bustard, is 
the largest game bird in Europe. 

Bus'tle (bus's'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bustled (-s'ld) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Bustling (-sling).] [Origin uncertain.] 
To move noisily, so as to cause agitation or disturbance. 

Bus'tle, n. Great stir ; agitation ; tumult. 

Bus'tle, n. A kind of cushion worn behind, by women, 
to give fullness to the skirts ; a bishop ; a tournure. 

Bus 'tier (bus'sler), n. An active, stirring person. 

Bus'y (biz'zy), a. [OE. busi, bisi, AS. bysig; akin to 
D. bezig, LG. besig.] 1. Engaged in some business ; hard 
at work ; not idle nor at leisure ; occupied ; diligent ; — 
of.persons. 2. Constantly at work ; active ; — of things. 
3. Crowded with business or activities. 4. Officious; 
meddling ; foolishly active. 

Syn. — Industrious ; assiduous ; active ; engaged. 

Bus'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BusrED (biz'zTd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Busying.] To keep busy ; to employ; to engage. 

Bus'y-DOU'y (-bod'y ) , n. One who officiously concerns 
himself with the affairs of others ; a meddling person. 

But (but), prep., adv., & conj. [AS. butan without, 
except, besides; pref. be- + utan outward, fr. ut out.] 

1. Except with ; without. [06s.] 2. Except ; besides ; 
save. 3. Excepting or excluding the fact that ; save 
that; unless. 4. Otherwise than that; that not. 5. 
Only ; merely. 6. On the contrary ; on the other hand ; 
only ; yet ; still ; however ; nevertheless ; more ; further ; 
— as connective of sentences or clauses of a sentence, in 
a sense more or less exceptive or adversative. 

Syn. — But ; however ; still. 

But, n. [See 1st Butt.] 1. A limit ; a boundary. 2. 
The end ; esp., the larger or thicker end, or the blunt, in 
distinction from the sharp, end. See 1st Butt. 

But end, the larger or thicker end of anything. 

Butch'er (buch'er), n. [OF. bochier, orig., slaughter- 
er of buck goats, fr. OF. boc a buck goat; of Ger. or 
Celtic origin. See Buck the animal.] 1. One who 
slaughters animals, or dresses their flesh for market. 

2. A slaughterer ; one who causes needless loss of life. 
Butcher bird (Zool. ), a species of shrike ; — so called from 

its habit of suspending its dead prey impaled upon thorns. 

Butch'er, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Butchered (-erd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Butchering.] 1. To slaughter for food, or for 
market. 2. To slay, esp. needlessly or barbarously. 

Butch'er-ly, a. In the manner of a butcher. 

Butch'er-y (-er-y), n. 1. The business of a butcher. 
[06s.] 2. Slaughter ; carnage. 3. A slaughter-house. 

But'ler (buffer), n. [LL. buticularius, fr. bulicula 
bottle.] A household officer or servant who has charge 
of the liquors, plate, etc. ; a head servant. 

Butler-ship, n. The office of a butler. 

But'ment (biit'ment), n. [Abbreviation of Abutment.] 
1. (Arch.) A buttress of an arch. 2. (Masonry) The 
mass of stone or solid work by which the end of a bridge 
is sustained or supported. See Abutment. 

Butt, But (but), n. [F. but butt, aim (cf. butte knoll), 
or bout, OF. bot, end, extremity, fr. boter, buter, to push, 
butt, strike ; of German origin.] 1. A limit ; a bound ; 
the end. 2. The thicker end of anything. See But. 3. 
A mark to be shot at ; a target. 4. A person at whom 



a, c, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



BUTT 



119 



BY 



ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed. 5. A push, thrust, 
or sudden blow, given by the head of an animal. 6. A 
thrust in fencing. 7. A piece of land left unplowed at 
the end of a field. 8. (Mech.) (a) A joint where the ends 
of two objects come squarely together without scarfing or 
chamfering. (b) The end of a connecting rod or other 
like piece, to which the boxing is attached by the strap, 
cotter, and jib. (c) The portion of a half-coupling fas- 
tened to the end of a hose. 9. {Carp.) A kind of hinge 
fastened on the edge of the door, which butts against the 
casing. 10. (Leather Trade) The thickest and stoutest 
part of tanned oxhides. 11. The hut or shelter of the 
person who attends to the targets in rifle practice. 

Butt weld (Mech.), a joint made by welding together two 
ends or edges without having them overlap. Bee Weld. 

Butt (but), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Butting.] 1. To join at the butt, end, or outward ex- 
tremity; to terminate; to abut. 2. To thrust the head 
forward ; to strike by thrusting the head forward. 

Butt, V. t. To strike by thrusting the head against. 

Butt, n. [F. botte, boute, LL. butta. Cf. 2d Bottle.] 
A wine or beer cask or vessel containing two hogsheads. 

II Butte (but or b66t), n. [F.] A detached, abruptly 
rising low mountain, or high ridge. [Western, U. S.~] 

But'ter (buffer), n. [AS. butere, fr. L. butyrum, Gr. 
fiovTvpov; origin uncertain.] 1. An oily, unctuous sub- 
stance obtained from cream or milk by churning. 2. Any 
substance resembling this, as in consistence. 

But'ter, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. Buttered (-terd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Buttering.] To cover or spread with butter. 

But'ter-cup' (-kup')> n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus 
Ranunculus, or crowfoot, with bright yellow flowers. 

But-ter-fin'gered (-fin/gerd), a. Apt to let things 
fall, or to let them slip away ; slippery ; careless. . 

But'ter-fisb/ (-fish'), n. (Zodl.) Any one of several 
different fishes having a slippery coating of mucus. 

But'ter-fly' (-fli'), n. [Perh. from the color of a yellow 
species. AS. buter-flege, buttor-fteoge.~\ (Zodl.) Any of 
the numerous species of diurnal Lepidoptera. 

Butterfly valve {Mech.), a kind of double clack valve. 

But'ter-lne (but' ter-Tn), n. An imitation of butter 
prepared from animal fat with some other ingredients. 

But'ter-is (-Is), n. [A variant of buttress.] (Far.) A 
cutting instrument, set in a 
handle which rests against 
the shoulder of the opera- 
tor, — used in paring horses' < 

hoofs. 

But'ter-man', n. A man who makes or sells butter. 

But'ter-milk' (buffer-milk'), n. The milk that re- 
mains after the butter is separated from the cream. 

But'ter-nut' (-nut'), n. (Bot.) An American tree of 
the Walnut family ; also, its edible oily fruit. 

But'ter-SCOtcn' (-skoch' ) , n. A kind of candy, mainly 
composed of sugar and butter. [Colloq.] 

But'ter- weed' (-wed'), n. (Bot.) An annual compos- 
ite plant of the Mississippi valley (Senecio lobatus). 

But'ter-y (but'ter-y), a. Having the qualities, con- 
sistence, or appearance, of butter. 

But'ter-y, n. [LL. botaria wine vessel. Not derived 
from butter.'] 1. An apartment in a house where butter, 
milk, and other provisions are kept. 2. A room in some 
English colleges where liquors, fruit, and refreshments 
are kept for sale to the students. 3. A cellar in which 
butts of wine are kept. 

Butt' hinge' (but' hinj'). See 1st Butt, 9. 

But'ting joint'. A joint between two pieces of timber 
or wood, at the end of one or both, and across the grain. 

Butt' joint' (but' joint'). A sort of butting joint in 
which the edges or ends come squarely together. 

But'tOCk (but'tuk), n. [From Butt an end.] 1. The 
part at the back of the hip ; the rump. 2. (Naut.) The 
convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. 

But'ton (bfit't'n), n. [F. bouton, prop., something 
pushing out, fr. bouter to push. See Butt an end.] 1. 
A knob; a small ball; a small, roundish mass. 2. A 
catch used to fasten together the different parts of dress. 
3. A bud. 4. A piece of wood or metal turning on a nail 
or screw, to fasten something. 5. A globule of metal re- 
maining on an assay cupel or in a crucible after fusion. 

But'ton, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Buttoned (-t'nd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Buttoning (buff n-Tng).] To fasten, or 
to be fastened, with a button or buttons. 

But'ton-ball' (-bal'), n. (Bot.) Buttonwood. 

But'ton-hole' (-h*6l'), n. The hole or loop in which a 
button is caught. 

But'ton-hole / , v. t. To hold by the button or button- 
hole ; to detain in conversation ; to bore. 





Buttress. 



But'ton mold' (bGf f n-mold'), n. A disk, as of wood, 
which is made into a button by covering it with cloth. 

But'ton- WOOd' (-w66d'), n. (Bot.) The American 
plane tree, — producing rough balls. 

But'ton-y (but't'n-jf), a. Abounding in buttons. 

But'tress (but'trgs), n. [OE. butrasse, boterace, fr. 
F. bouter to push. See Butt an end.] 

1. (Arch.) A projecting mass of mason- 
ry, used for resisting the thrust of an 
arch, or for ornament and symmetry. 

2. Fig., anything which supports and 
strengthens. 

But'tress (but'trgs), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Buttressed (-trgst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Buttressing.] To support with a 
buttress ; to prop ; to brace firmly. 

Butt'weld' (-wgld'), v. t. To join by 
a butt weld. See under Butt. 

But'ty (but'tjf), n. (Mining) One who 
mines by contract, at so much per ton 
of coal or ore. 

Bu'ty-ra'ceous (bu'tT-ra'sbus), a. 
[L. ftwtyram butter. See Butter.] Hav- 
ing the qualities of butter. 

Bu-tyr'ic (bu-tTr'ik), a. (Chem.) 
Pertaining to, or derived from, butter. 

Bu'ty-rous (bu'tT-rus), a. Butyraceous. 

Bux'om (buks'um), a. [AS. bocsum, buhsum (akin 
to G. biegsam) ; bugan to bow, bend -f- -sum, E. -some. 
See Bow to bend.] 1. Yielding ; pliant ; obedient. [Obs.] 
2. Vigorous and comely ; stout and rosy ; jolly ; frolic- 
some. — Bux'om-ly , adv. — Bux'om-ness, n. 

Buy (bi), v. t. [imp. Sip. p. Bought (bat) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Buying (bi'Tng).] [OE. buggen, big'gen, AS. byc- 
gan; akin to Goth. bugjan.~\ 1. To acquire by the pay- 
ment of a price or value ; to purchase. 2. To acquire or 
procure by something given or done in exchange, liter- 
ally or figuratively. 

To buy off. (a) To influence to compliance by some con- 
sideration. (6) To detach by a consideration given. — To 
buy out, to purchase all the proprietary interest of. — To 
buy in, to obtain a proprietary interest in by purchase. — 
To buy the refusal (of anything), to give a consideration for 
the right of purchasing, at a Axed price, at a future time. 

Buy, v. i. To be engaged in buying anything. 

Buy'er (bi'er), n. One who buys ; a purchaser. 

Buzz (buz), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Buzzed (buzd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Buzzing.] [An onomatopoeia.] To make a low, 
continuous, humming or sibilant sound, like that made 
by bees with their wings ; hence, to speak with a low, 
humming voice. 

BUZZ, v.t. 1. To sound forth by buzzing. 2. To com- 
municate in an undertone ; to spread by whispers, or 
secretly. 3. To talk to in a low humming voice. [Colloq.'] 

BUZZ, n. 1. A continuous, humming noise, as of bees. 
2. A whisper ; a report spread cautiously or secretly. 

Buz'zard (buz'zerd), n. [F. busard, fr. buse, L. buteo, 
a kind of hawk.] 1. (Zodl. ) A bird of 
prey of several genera of the Hawk 
family. 2. A blockhead ; a dunce. 

Buzz'er (buz'er), n. One that 
buzzes; whisperer; talebearer. 

BUZZ' saw'. A circular saw. 

By (bi), prep. [OE. bi, AS. bi, 
big, near to, by, of, from, after, ac- 
cording to ; akin to G. bei, and orig. 
same word as E. be-.] 1. In the 
neighborhood of; near or next to; 
not far from ; close to ; along with. 
2. On ; along ; in traversing. 3. Near 
to, while passing ; hence, from one to 
the other side of ; past. 4. Used in 
specifying adjacent dimensions. 6. <*»"» gg£?J£ 
With, as means, way, process, etc. ; garis). 
through the act or agency of. 

To the meaning of by, as denoting means or agency, be- 
long, more or less closely, most of the following uses of 
the word : (a) It points out the author or producer. (6) 
In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing 
appealed to as sanction, (c) According to; by direction, 
authority, or example of ; after, (d) At the rate of ; ac- 
cording to the ratio or proportion of ; in the measure or 
quantity of. (e) In comparison, it denotes the measure 
of excess or deficiency. (/) It expresses continuance or 
duration ; during the course of ; within the period of. (g) 
As soon as ; not later than ; near or at. 

In boxing the compass, by indicates a point nearer to, 
or towards, the next cardinal point ; as, northeast by east, 
i. e., one point nearer the east than northeast is. 

E3T* With is used instead of by before the instrument 




H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



BY 



120 



CABOB 



with which : 



is done. But there are many words 



> 



i anything 
which uiav be regarded as means or processes, or, figura- 
tively, as instruments : and whether with or by shall be 
used with them is a matter of arbitrary, and often of un- 
settled, usage. 
By all means, most assuredly ; without fail ; certainly. 

— By and by. presently: pretty soon; before long. —By 
one's self. With only one's self near; alone; solitary.— 
Day by day, One by one. Piece by piece, etc., each day, each 
one, each piece, etc., by Itself singly or separately ; each 
severally. —To come by. to get possession of; to obtain. 

— To do by. to treat : to behave toward. — To set by, to 
value ; to esteem. — To stand by, to aid ; to support. 

EEr^ The common phrase good-by is equivalent to fare- 
weUy and would be better written good-bye, as it is a cor- 
ruption of God be with you (/>' w* ye). 

By (bi), adv. 1. Near ; in the neighborhood ; present. 
2- Passing near; going past; past; beyond. 3. Aside. 

By (hi), a. Being out of ,the common path ; situated 
by the side of ; hence, incidental ; collateral ; private ; — 
used in composition. 

Bye (bi), n. 1. A thing not directly aimed at ; a sec- 
ondary object of regard; an object by the way, etc. 
[Obs. except in the phrase by the bye.] 2. {Cricket) A 
run made upon a missed ball. 

By the bye, in passing ; by way of digression ; apropos. 
'Written also by the by.] 

Bye (bi), n. [AS. by ; cf . Icel. bygS dwelling, byggja, 
bua, to dwell.] 1. A dwelling. 2. In certain games, a 
station or place of an individual player. 

By'-e-lec'tion (bi'e-lgk'shiin), n. An election held 
by itself, not at the time of a general election. 

By'-end' (bl'fend'), n. Private end; secret purpose. 

By'gone' (bi'g5n' ; 115), a. Past ; gone by. 

By 'gone', n. Something gone by or past ; a past event. 

By'-law' (bi'la/), n. [Cf. Sw. bylag, D. bylov, Icel. 



byarlog, f r. Sw. by town, Icel. beer, byr -f- the word for 
law ; hence, a law for one town, a special law.] A local 
or subordinate law ; a private law ; a minor regulation. 

By '-name' (bi'narn'), n. A nickname. 

By'path' (bi'path'), n. A private path ; an obscure way. 

By'play' (bi'pla'), n. Action carried on aside, and 
commonly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds. 

By'prooVuct (bi'prBd'Qkt), n. A secondary product. 

By'road' (bi'rod'), n. A private or obscure road. 

Bys-sa'ceous (bTs-sa'shus), a. [From Byssus.] (Bot.) 
Byssuslike ; consisting of fine fibers or threads. 

Bys sif'er-ous (-sif'er-Gs), a. [Byssus -f- -ferous.] 
Bearing a byssus or tuft. 

Bys'sine (bTs'sin), a. [L. byssinus made of byssus, 
Gr. fivao-ivos. See Byssus.] Made of silk ; silky ; flaxen. 

II Bys'SUS (bls'sQs), n.; pi. E. Bysscses (-fez) ; L. 
Byssi (-si). [L. byssus fine flax, fine linen or cotton, Gr. 
/3vo-o-os.] 1. A cloth of exceedingly fine texture, used 
by the ancients. 2. (Zool.) A tuft of long, tough fila- 
ments by which certain bivalve mollusks attach them- 
selves to rocks, etc. 3. Asbestus. [mere spectator. I 

By'stand'er (bi'stan'der), n. One who stands near ; | 

Syn. — Looker on; beholder; observer. 

By'way' (bi'wa'), n. A secluded, private, or obscure 
way ; a side path or road. 

By'word' (bi'wfird'), n. [E. by + word.'] 1. A com- 
mon saying; a proverb; a saying that has a general 
currency. 2. The object of a contemptuous saying. 

Byz'ant (biz'ant), ) n. [F. besant, fr. LL. Byzan- 

Byz'an-tine (-an-tln), ) tins, Byzantinus, fr. Byzan- 
tium.'] (Numis.) A gold coin made at Byzantium. 

By-zan'tian (bT-zan'shan), a. & n. Byzantine. 

By-zan/tine (bT-zan'tin), a. Of or pertaining to By- 
zantium, now Constantinople. 



dihcation oi the 



C (se). 1. C is the third letter of the English alphabet, 
which in Old English before the Norman Conquest always 
had the sound of k. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 221- 
228. Etymologically C is related to g, h, k, q, s (and other 
sibilant sounds). Examples of these relations are seen in 
L. acutus, E. acute, ague ; E. acrid, eager, vinegar ; L. 
cornu, E. horn ; E. cat, fatten ; E. coy, guiet ; L. circare, 
OF. cercAier, E. search. 2. (Mus.) (a) The keynote of 
the " natural " scale, which has neither flats nor sharps 
in its signature ; also, the third note of the relative minor 
scale of the same, (b) C after the clef is the mark 
of common _, time, in which each measure is a semi- 
breve (four C5 fourths or crotchets) ; for alia breve time 
it is written ^r- (c) The " C clef," a modification of the 
letter C, placed on any line of the staff, 
shows that line to be middle C. 3. As 
a numeral, C stands for Latin centum 
or 100, CC for 200, etc. 

Cab (kab), n. [Abbrev. fr. cabriolet.] 

1. A kind of close carriage. 2. The Forms of c clef . 
covered part of a locomotive. 

Cab (kab), n. [Heb. qab, fr. qabab to hollow.] A He- 
brew dry measure, containing about 2§ pints. 

Ca-bal' (ka-bal'), n. [Through F. and LL. fr. Heb. 
qobbaleh reception, tradition, mysterious doctrine, fr. 
qabal to receive.] 1. Tradition ; occult doctrine ; cabala. 

2. A secret. [Obs.] 3. A small number of persons 
united to promote their private views and interests in 
church or state by intrigue ; a junto. 4. Secret artifices 
or machinations of a few ; intrigue. 

Syn.— Junto ; intrigue ; plot ; combination ; conspiracy. 

Ca-bal', v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caballed (-bald') ; p. pr. 
& « l. n. Caealling.] To unite in intrigue ; to plot. 

Cab'a-la (kab'a-la), n. [LL. See Cabal, ».] 1. A 
kind of occult theosophy or traditional interpretation of 
the Scriptures among Jewish rabbis and certain mediaeval 
Christians. 2. Secret science in general ; mystic art. 

Cab'a-lism (-liz'm), n. The secret science of the 

canal 

Cab'a-list (-list), n. One versed in the cabala. 

Cab/a-lis'tic (kaVa-lis'tTk), | a. Of or pertaining to 

Caba-lls'tlc-al (-tT-kal), ( the cabala ; having an 
occult meaning; mystic. — Cab'a-lis'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Ca-baller (ka-baTler), n. One who cabals. 

Cab'al-llne (kaVal-lIn), a. [L. caballinus, fr. cabal- 
Ins a nag. J Of or pertaining to a horse. 

Ca-bas' (ka-ba'), ». [F.] Flat basket or frail for figs, 
etc. ; hence, a lady's workbasket, reticule, or hand bag. 



Cab'bage (kaVbaj), n. [F. cabus headed (of cab- 
bages), chou cabus cabbage head ; cf . It. cappuccio cowl, 
hood, cabbage, fr. capo head, L. caput, or fr. It. cappa 
cape. See Chief, Cape.] (Bot.) 1. An esculent vege- 
table of many varieties, derived from the wild Brassica 
oleracea of Europe. 2. The terminal bud of certain 
palm trees. 

Sea cabbage. (Bot.) (a) Sea kale. (6) The original plant 
(Brassica oleracea), from which the cabbage, cauliflower, 
broccoli, etc., have been derived by cultivation. 

Cab'bage, v. i. To form a head like a cabbage. 

Cab'bage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cabbaged (-bajd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Cabbaging (-ba-jing).] [F. cabasser, fr. 
OF. cabas theft; origin uncertain.] To purloin or em- 
bezzle, as tailor's clippings ; to pilfer. 

Cab'bage, n. Cloth or clippings purloined. 

Cab'in (kat/m), n. [W. caban, dim. of cab cot, tent ; 
or fr. F. cabane, cabine, LL. capanna; perh. from the 
Celtic] 1. A small house ; a hut. 2. A small room. 

3. A room in a ship for officers or passengers. 

Cab'in, v. i. To live in, or as in, a cabin ; to lodge. 

Cab'in, v . t. To confine in, or as in, a cabin. 

Cab'i-net (kab'i-nfet), n. [F., dim. of cabine or ca- 
bane. See Cabin, n.] 1. A cabin. [Obs.] 2. A small 
room ; a closet. 3. A private room for consultations. 

4. The advisory council of the chief executive officer of 
a nation. 5. A set of drawers or shelves, or a cupboard 
intended to contain articles of value. 6. A building or 
room for the storing and exhibition of works of art, etc. ; 
also, the collection itself. 

Cab'i-net- work' (-wfirk'), n. Art, occupation, or work 
of one who makes furniture of nice workmanship. 

Ca'ble (ka'b'l), n. [F. cable, LL. capulum, caplum, a 
rope, fr. L. capere to take.] 1. A large, strong rope or 
chain, of considerable length, used to retain a vessel at 
anchor, and for other purposes. 2. Any rope of metallic 
wire ; esp., one insulated as a conductor of electricity. 

Ca'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cabled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Cabling (-bling).] 1. To fasten with a cable. 2. 
(Arch.) To ornament with ropelike molding. 

Ca'ble, v. t. & i. To telegraph by a submarine cable. 

Ca'ble-gram' (ka'b'l-grSm/), n. [Cable, n. -f- -gram 
as in telegram.] A message sent by a submarine tele- 
graphic cable. [A recent hybrid.] 

Ca'ble-laid' (-lad'), a. (Naut.) Composed of three 
three-stranded ropes, or hawsers, twisted together. [See 
Illust. of Cordage.] 

Ca-bob' (ka-b5b'), n. [Hindi kabab.] 1. A small 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; &., g, i, 6, ft, y, short ; senate, $vent, idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CABOCHED 



121 



C^NOZOIC 



piece of meat roasted on a skewer ; — so called in Turkey 
and Persia. 2. A leg of mutton roasted, stuffed with 
white herrings and sweet herbs. 

Ca-boched' (ka-b5shf), a. [F. caboche head.] (Her.) 
Showing the full face, but nothing of the neck. 

Ca-boose' (ka-boos'), n. [Etymol. uncertain ; the 
first part of the word seems to be allied to W. cab cabin, 
booth.] 1. (Naut.) A house on deck, where the cook- 
ing is done ; the galley. 2. (Railroad) A car for brake- 
men, workmen, etc. ; a tool car. [U. S.] 

Cab'o-tage(kaVo-taj), n. [F., fr. caboter to sail along 
the coast.] (Naut.) Coast navigation. 

liCabril'la (ka-brel'ya), n. [Sp., prawn.] (Zobl.) 
Any one of various species of edible oceanic fishes of the 
genus Serranus, and related genera. 

Cab'rl-ole' (kSb'rT-ol'), n. [F.] A leap ; a capriole. 

Cab'ri-O-let' (kab'rT-6-la'), n. [F., dim. of cabriole a 
leap; — so called from its lightness. See Capriole.] A 
one-horse carriage with two seats and a calash top. 

Ca-ca'o (ka-ka'6 or ka'ko), n. [Sp., fr. Mex. kaka- 
huatl. Cf. Cocoa, Chocolate.] (Bot.) A small evergreen 
tree of South America and the West Indies, from the 
seeds of which cocoa, chocolate, and broma are prepared. 

Cach'a-lot (k3sh'a-lot), n. [F.] The sperm whale. 

II Cache (kash), n. [¥., fr. cacher to hide.] A hiding 
place for provisions which it is inconvenient to carry. 

Ca-chec'tic (ka-kgk'tTk), ) a. [L. cachecticus, Gr. 

Ca chec'tic-al (-tT-kal), J icaxe/criKos.] Having, or 
pertaining to, cachexia. 

II Cache pot 1 ' (kash'po'), n. [F., fr. cacher to hide + 
pot a pot.] An ornamental casing for a flowerpot. 

II Cach'et (kash'a), n. [F.] A seal, as of a letter. 

Lettre de cachet [F.], a sealed letter; specif., an arbi- 
trary order of imprisonment issued by the sovereign. 

Ga-chex'y (ka-kgks'y), ) n. [L. cachexia, Gr. ko.- 

Ca-chex'i-a (ka-keks'I-a), ) x e £ tct '■> wos bad -f- e£is 
state.] Ill health due to impoverishment of blood. 

Cach'in na'tion (kak'Tn-na'shun), n. [From L. ca- 
chinnare to laugh aloud.] Loud or immoderate laughter. 

Cacll'O-long (kaW6-15ng), n. [F. ; origin uncertain.] 
(Min.) An opaque or milk-white chalcedony ; also, a 
similar variety of opal. 

Ca'chou' (ka/shoo'), n. [F. SeeCASHOo.] A silvered 
aromatic pill, used to correct the odor of the breath. 

II Cacique' (ka-sek'), n. [Sp.] See Cazique. 

Cac'kle (kSk'k'l), v. i. [imp. Scp.p. Cackled (-k'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cackling (-kling).] [OE. cakelen; of 
imitative origin.] 1. To make a sharp, broken noise or 
cry, as a hen or goose does. 2. To laugh with a broken 
noise ; to giggle. 3. To talk in a silly manner ; to prattle. 

Cac'kle (-k'l), n. 1. The noise made by a goose or by 
a hen after laying. 2. Idle talk ; silly prattle. 

Cac'kler (-kler), n. A person or fowl that cackles. 

Cac'0-chym / y (kak'6-kim'y), n. [NL. cacochymia, 
deriv. of Gr. kokos bad -f- xuju.6s juice.] (Med.) A viti- 
ated state of the fluids of the body, esp. of the blood. 

Cac'O-dyl (-dll), n. [Gr. kcucwStjs ill-smelling (icano* 
bad + o£eiv to smell) -f- -yl.] (Chem.) The chief con- 
stituent, As 2 (CH 3 ) 4 , of alkarsin. 

II Cac'O-e'thes (kak'6-e'thez), n. [L. , f r. Gr. ica.Kor)0r)s 
of ill habits ; kcucos bad + -Jjflos habit.] 1. A bad habit ; 
an insatiable desire. 2. (Med. ) A bad quality in a disease. 

Ca-COg'ra-phy (ka-kog'ra-fy), n. [Gr. ica/cos bad + 
-graphy.~\ Incorrect or bad writing or spelling. 

II Ca co-mix'le (ka/ko-mTks'la), Ca co-mix'tle (-tla), 
Ca CO-mix'l (-nnks''l), n. [Mexican name.] A North 
American carnivorous animal about the size of a cat, re- 
lated to the raccoons. 

Gac o-phon'ic (kak'6-f on'ik), Cac'o phon'ic-al (-f on'- 
T-kal), Ca-coph/o-nous (ka-kof'6-nus), Cac o-pho'ni- 
OUS (k£k'6-fo'nT-us), a. Harsh- 
sounding. 

Ca-coph'o-ny (ka-kof'6-ny), n. 
[Gr. naico($>oivia. ; /ca«6s bad -f- 
ifruivr) sound.] 1. (Rhet.) Uncouth 
or disagreeable sound of words. 
2. (Mies.) A combination of dis- 
cordant sounds. 3. (Med.) Un- 
healthy state of the voice. 

Cac-ta'ceOUS (kSk-ta'shus), a. 
(Bot.) Belonging to, or like, the 
Cactus family of plants. 

Cac'tUS (-tus), n.; pi. E. 
Cactuses (-e"z), L. Cacti (-ti). 
[L., a kind of cactus, Gr. koiktos.] 
(Bot.) Any plant of the order 
Caclacese, as the prickly pear 
and the night-blooming cereus. 




Cactus (Melon Thistle). 



Ca-cu'ml-nal (ka-ku'mT-nal), a. [L. cacumen the 
top.] (Philol.) Pertaining to the top of the palate; 
cerebral ; — applied to certain consonants. 

Cad(kSd), n. [ Abbrev. fr. cadet.] 1. One who stands 
at the door of an omnibus to open and shut it, and to 
receive fares; an idler about innyards. Iting.] 2. A 
lowbred, presuming person. \Cant Eng.~\ 

Ca-das'tral (ka-das'tml), a. [F.] Of or pertaining to 
landed property ; as, & cadastral survey, or one on a large 
scale so as to exactly represent the relative positions and 
dimensions of objects and estates. 

llCa-da'ver (ka-da'ver), n. [L., fr. cadere to fall.] 
A dead human body. — Ca-dav'er-ic (ka-daVer-ik), a. 

Ca-dav'er-OUS (-us), a. Having the appearance, color, 
or qualities of a dead human body ; pale ; ghastly. — Ca- 
dav'er-ous-ly, adv. — Ca-dav'er-ous-ness, n. 

Gad'dice \ (kSd'dTs), n. [Prov. E. caddy, cadew ; cf. 

Cad'dis j G. koder bait.] (Zool.) The larva of a 
species of trichopterous insect, called a caddice fly. 

Ca&'diS, n. [OE. caddas, Scot, caddis lint, caddes a 
kind of woolen cloth.] A kind of worsted lace or ribbon. 

Cad'dow (kad'do), n. [Prob. fr. ca chough + daw 
jackdaw.] (Zobl.) A jackdaw. [Prov. Eng.] 

Cad'dy (kSd'dy), n. [Earlier catty, fr. Malay kali a 
weight of 1| pounds.] A small box, can, or chest for tea. 

Cade (kad), a. [Cf. OE. cad, kod, lamb, also Cosset, 
Coddle.] Bred by hand ; domesticated ; petted. 

Cade, n. [L. cadus jar, Gr. /eaSos.] A barrel or cask. 

Cade, n. [F. & Pr. ; LL. cada.J A species of juniper 
of Mediterranean countries, which yields, by distillation, 
oil of cade, a thick, black, tarry liquid. 

Ca'dence (ka/dens), n. [LL. cadentia a falling, fr. L. 
cadere to fall. See Chance.] 1. Act of sinking. [Obs.] 
2. A fall in the voice in reading or speaking. 3. A rhyth- 
mical modulation of any sound. 4. Cadency. 5. (3IU.) 
A uniform time and pace in marching. 6. (3fus. ) (a) The 
close or fall of a strain ; point of rest. (6) A cadenza. 

Ca'dence, v. t. To regulate by musical measure. 

Ca'den-cy (ka'den-sy), n. Descent of related families. 

Ca'dent (ka'dent), a. [L. cadens.~] Falling, [i?.] 

Ca-den'za (ka-dgn'za ; It. ka-dant'sa), n. [It.] 
(Mus.) A parenthetic flourish or flight of ornament in the 
course of a piece, commonly just before the final cadence. 

Ca-det r (ka-def), n. [F. cadet a younger or the young- 
est son or brother, dim. fr. L. caput head ; i. e., a smaller 
head of the family, after the first or eldest.] 1. A 
younger brother or son ; the youngest son. 2. (Mil.) (a) 
A gentleman who carries arms in a regiment, as a volun- 
teer, with a view of obtaining a commission, (b) A pupil 
in a military or naval school. [caddice. I 

Ca-dew' (ka-du'), Cade'worm' (kad'wurm'), n. A| 

Cadge (k5j), v. t. & i. [Origin uncertain.] 1. To hawk 
or peddle. [Prov. or Slang] 2. To live on another 
meanly; to beg. 

Cadg r er(kaj'er),«. 1. A packman; a peddler. 2. One 
who lives by trickery or begging. [Prov. or Slang] 

Ca'di (ka'di ; Turkish ka'de), n. [Turk. See Al- 
calde.] An inferior magistrate or judge among the Mo- 
hammedans, usually the judge of a town or village. 

Cad'ie, Cad'die (kad'dT), n. A Scotch errand boy, 
porter, or messenger. 

Cad-me'an (kad-me'an), a. Of or pert, to Cadmus, a 
fabulous prince of Thebes, said to have introduced into 
Greece the letters a, /3, y, 8, e, t, k, A, /u., v, o, n, p, s, t, v. 

Cad'mi-a (kad'mT-a), n. [L. cadmia, Gr. KaSfj-eCa.] 
(Min.) Formerly, calamine; now, an oxide of zinc. 

Cad'mi-an (kad'mt-an), a. Cadmean. 

Cad'mi-um (kad'mi-uni), n. [NL.] (Chem.) A. com- 
paratively rai'e, white, ductile metal related to zinc. 

Cad'rans (kad'ranz), n. [Cf. Quadrant.] An in- 
strument with a graduated disk by means of which the 
angles of gems are measured. 

Ca-du'ca-ry (ka-du'ka-r^), a. [See Caducous.] (Law) 
Relating to escheat, forfeiture, or confiscation. 

Ca-du'ce-us (ka-dii'se-us), n. [L.] (Myth.) 
The fabled staff or wand of Hermes or Mercury. ' 

Ca-du'COUS (-kus), a. [L. caducus falling, 
fr. cadere to fall.] (Bot. & Zool.) Dropping 
off or disappearing early. 

Cae-cil'i-an (se-sil'T-an ; 106), n. [L. caecus 
blind.] (Zool.) A limbless amphibian, with 
very minute eyes and once supposed to be blind. 

|| Cae'cum (se'kiim), n. ; pi. E. Cecums, L. 
Cjeca (-ka). [L. caecus blind, concealed.] 
(Anat.) (a) A cavity open at one end. (6) The 
blind part of the large intestine beyond the en- 
trance of the small intestine. — Cae'cal (-kal), a. Caduceus. 

Cavno-zo'ic (se'no-zo'Tk), a. See Cenozoic 




H 



K 



fSrn, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CESAR 



122 



CALCINE 



) 



> 



• (eS'ier), n. [L.] A Kouian emperor. Hence, 
am emperor or powerral rater. 

6»-sa re-au. Cab sa'ri-an ^o-za'rT-<m), <*. Of or per- 
Uiuini: to Pfltwr Or the. C«BB«ra : imperial. 

C»«*reAn »»ctlon (Surg. ', the taking of a child from the 
VUBb by cutting through the walls of the abdomen and 
an operat ion said to have been performed in the 
■ I 

Cffl'si-ous (.se'zT-Gs), a. [L. caesius bluish gray.] 
{Sat, Jlist.) Of the color of lavender ; bluish gray. 

Cae'si-um (-Jim), n. [NL. ; L. caesius bluish gray.] 
{Chem.) A rare alkaline metal found in mineral water, 
having two characteristic blue lines iu its spectrum. 

CaB-su'ra (,se-zu'ra or -su'ra), n. ; pi. E. Cesuras 
(-rax), L. Cesur*: (-re). [L., fr. caedere, caesum, to cut 
off.] A metrical break in a verse, occurring in the mid- 
dle of a foot and commonly near the middle of the verse. 
Also, a loug syllable on which the ca sural accent rests, 
or which is used as a foot. — Cae-su'ral (-ral), a. 

Ca W (kalS'), n. [F. See Coffee.] A house or 
room where coffee is served ; a restaurant. [coffee. I 

Cal-fe'ic (kSf-fe'Tk), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to | 

Caffeine (-in), n. (Chem.) A white, bitter, crystal- 
lizable substance, obtained from coffee. 

Caf'tan (kSf't<m or kSf-tan'), n. [Turk, qaftan.] A 
loug gown with sleeves reaching below the hands. 

Cage (kaj), n. [F., fr. L. cavea cavity, cage, fr. cavus 
hollow.] 1. A box or openwork inclosure, used for con- 
fining birds or other animals. 2. A place of confinement 
for animals. 3. Anything like a cage in form or use. 

Cage (kaj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caged (kajd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Caging.] To confine in, or as in, a cage. 

Ca hier' (ka'ya' or ka-her'), n. [F., fr. OF. cayer, fr. 
LL. quaternum. See Quire of paper. The sheets of 
manuscript were folded into four parts.] 1. A number 
of sheets of paper put loosely together ; esp., one of the 
successive portions of a work printed in numbers. 2. A 
report of legislative proceedings, etc. 

Cai'man (ka'man), n. (Zool.) A cayman. 

Cai no-zo'ic (ka'nS-zo'Ik), a. (Geol.) Cenosoic. 
Caique' (ka-ek'), n. [F., fr. Turk, qalq boat.] 
(Xaut.) A kind of light skiff or rowboat used on the 
Bosporus ; also, a Levantine vessel of larger size. 

Cairn (ka"rn), n. [Gael, earn, gen. cairn, a heap.] 
1. A rounded or conical heap of stones erected by early 
inhabitants of the British Isles, apparently as a sepul- 
chral monument. 2. A pile of stones, as for a landmark. 

Cais'son (kas'sBn), n. [F., fr. caisse case, chest. See 
1st Case.] 1. (Mil.) (a) A chest to hold ammunition. 

(b) A four-wheeled carriage for conveying ammunition. 

(c) A chest filled with explosive materials, to be laid in 
the way of an enemy. 2. A water-tight box, of timber 
or iron, variously used, as for working in structures below 
the water level, closing the entrances of docks and basins, 
etc. 3. (Arch.) A sunk panel of ceilings or soffits. 

Cal'tifi (ka'tif ), a. [OF. cailif captive, wretched, fr. 
L. captivus captive, fr. capere to take.] 1. Captive; 
wretched. [06*.] 2. Base ; wicked and mean ; cow- 
ardly ; despicable. [2. A mean, despicable person. I 

Cai'tiff, n. 1. A captive ; a wretched person. [06s.] | 

Ca-Jole' (ka-jol'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Cajoled (-jold') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cajoling.] [F. cajoler, orig., to chatter 
like a bird in a cage, to sing, from same source as E. cage.~\ 
To deceive with flattery or fair words ; to wheedle. 

Syn.— To flatter ; wheedle; delude; coax; entrap. 

Ca-Jol'er (ka-joKer), n. A flatterer ; a wheedler. 

Ca-Jol'er-y (-er-y), n. A wheedling; cajoling lan- 
guage; flattery. 

Caj'u-put (k5j'u-put or ka'yd6-pd6t), n. [Of Malayan 
origin.] (Med.) A highly stimulating inflammable oil, 
distilled from the leaves of an East Indian tree. 

Cake (kak), n. [Akin to Dan. kage, G. kuchen.~\ 1. 
A small mass of dough baked ; esp. , a sweetened compo- 
sition of flour and other ingredients baked in a loaf. A 
thin mass of fried batter ; a griddlecake or pancake. 2. 
A mass of concreted matter, esp. a mass rather flat. 

Cake, V. i. & I. [imp. & p. p. Caked (kakt) ; p. pr. & 

Vb. n. Caking.] To form into a cake ; to become a hard 

py concretion or consolidation ; to coagulate. 

Cal'a-bash (kXl'a-bSsh), n. [Through Sp. or Pg. fr. 
Ar. qor' a kind of gourd -f aibas dry.] 1. The common 
gourd (plant or fruit). 2. The gourdlike fruit of a trop- 
ical American tree, called the calabash tree. 3. A uten- 
hil made from the dry shell of a calabash. 

Cal'a-booBe' (kSl'a-boos'), n. [A corruption of Sp. 
catobozo dungeon.] A prison ; a jail. [Local, U. 5.] 

Cal'a-man'co (kai'a-mSn'ko), n. [LL. calamancus, 
-mucus.'] A glossy woolen stuff, plain, striped, or checked. 



Cal'a-man der wood' (kSl'a-man'der wdod'). The 
hazel-brown wood of an East Indian species of ebony. 

Cal'a-mar (kal'a-mar), ) n. [LL. calamarium iuk- 

Cal'a ma-ry (-ma-ry), } stand, fr. L. calamus a reed 
pen.] (Zool.) A squid. 

Cal a mil 'er-ous (kSl'a-mif'er-us), a. [L. calamus 
reed + -ferous.'] Producing reeds ; reedy. 

Cal'a-mine (kal'a-niin or -mm), n. [F., fr. LL. cala- 
miria, fr. L. cadmia.~] (Min.) The hydrous silicate of 
zinc ; formerly, also, the carbonate of zinc. 

Cal'a-mint (-mint), n. [L. calamintha, Gr. KaXafi.it/9r], 
KakdixivOos. See 1st Mint.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial 
plants (Calamintha) of the Mint family. 

Cal'a-mite (kSl'a-mit), n. [L. calamus a reed.] 
(Paleon.) A fossil plant of the coal formation, having 
the general form of plants of the modern Equiseta, but 
sometimes growing to the size of trees. 

Ca-lam'i-tous (ka-lam'i-tus), a. [L. calamitosus.'] 
Producing, or attended with, distress and misery ; mak- 
ing wretched. — Ca-lam/i-tous-ly, adv. — Ca-lam'i- 
tous ness, n. 

Syn. — Miserable ; deplorable ; distressful ; afflictive ; 
wretched ; grievous ; baleful ; disastrous ; adverse ; un- 
happy ; severe ; sad ; unf ortunate. 

Calamity (ka-lam'T-t^), n. [L. calamitas, akin to 
in-columis unharmed.] 1. Any great misfortune or cause 
of extensive misery. 2. A state or time of distress or 
misfortune ; misery. 

Syn. — Disaster ; distress ; affliction ; adversity ; mis- 
fortune ; unhappiness ; infelicity ; mishap ; mischance ; 
misery ; evil ; extremity ; exigency ; downfall. Of these 
words, calamity is the strongest. , 

Cal'a-mus (kal'a-nius), n. ; pi. Calami (-mi). [L., a 
reed.] 1. (Bot.) The Indian cane, a plant of the Palm 
family. It furnishes the common rattan. 2. (Bot.) A 
species of Acorns, commonly called calamus, or sweet 
flag. 3. (Zool.) The quill of a feather. 

Calash' (ka-laW), n. [F. caleche; of Slavonic origin.] 

1. A light carriage with low wheels, having a top or hood 
that can be raised or lowered, or the front of it removed, 
seats for four inside, and a separate seat for the driver. 

2. In Canada, a two-wheeled vehicle with a calash top, 
with one seat for passengers and an elevated driver's seat 
in front. 3. A hood or top of a carriage which can be 
raised or lowered at pleasure. 4. A kind of hood for- 
merly worn by ladies. 

Cal'car (kal'kar), n. [L. calcaria lime kiln, fr. calx 
lime.] (Glass Manuf.) A kind of furnace. 

II Cal'car, ».; L. pi. Calcaeia (kal-ka'rl-a). [L., a 
spur, fr. calx the heel.] 1. (Bot.) A hollow tube or spur 
at the base of a petal or corolla. 2. (Anat. ) A spur, or 
spurlike projection or process. 

olS^SKfrlfet'' } «• =»™easpur ; spurred. 

Cal-ca're-ous (kSl-ka're-us), a. [L. calcarius pertain- 
ing to lime. See Calx.] Like, consisting of, or contain- 
ing, calcium carbonate. — Cal-ca're-OUS-ness, n. 

Cal'ce-a'ted (kal'se-a'ted), a. [L. calceatus, p. p., 
deriv. of calceus shoe.] Fitted with, or wearing, shoes. 

II Cal'ce-O-la'ri-a (kal'se-o-la'ri-a), n. [NL., deriv. of 
L. calceolus, dim. of calceus shoe.] (Bot.) A genus of 
showy herbaceous or shrubby plants, brought from South 
America ; slipperwort. It has a yellow or purple flower* 
often spotted or striped. 

Cal'ce-o-late (kal'se-6-lat), a. Slipper-shaped. 

Cal-cii'er-ous (kSl-sif'er-Qs), a. [L. calx lime + -fer- 
ous.'] Bearing or containing calcite, or carbonate of lime. 

Cal'ci-form (k31'sT-f6rm), a. [L. calx lime + -form.] 
Having the form of chalk or lime. 

Cal'ci-fy (-sT-fi), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Calcified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Calcifying.] \JL. calx, calcis, 
lime -(- -fy-] To make, or to become, stony or calcareous 
by the deposit or secretion of salts of lime. 

Cal-cig'er-ous (kal-slj'er-us), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime 
+ -gerous.] Holding lime or other earthy salts. 

CaFci-rnine (kSl'sT-min), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] A 
white or colored wash applied to plastered surfaces. It 
is made of clear glue, Paris white or zinc white, and water. 

Cal'ci-mine, v. t. To wash with calcimine. 

Cal-cin'a-ble (-sln'a-b'l), a. That may be calcined. 

Cal ci-na'tion (kSl'sT-na'shun), n. Act or process of 
calcining. [calcination. I 

Cal-cin'a-to-ry (-sin'a-to-ry), n. A vessel used in| 

Cal-Cine' (kSl-sin' or kSl'sin), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. 
Calcined (-sind' or -slnd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Calcining.] 
[F. calciner, fr. L. calx, calcis, lime.] 1. To reduce or 
change to a powder, or to a friable state, by the action 
of heat. 2. To oxidize, as a metal by the action of heat. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, ^, i, 5, fi, y, short ; aen&te, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



CALCINER 



123 



CALL 



Cal-cin'er (kSl-sin'er or kal'sln-), n. One that calcines. 

Cal'cite (kSl'sit), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] (Min.) 
Calcium carbonate, or carbonate of lime. It includes 
common limestone, chalk, and marble. 

fiST* Argentine is a pearly lamellar variety ; aphrite is 
foliated or chalklike ; Iceland spar is transparent. 

Cal'ci-trant v -s!-trant), a. [L. calcitrans, p. pr., deriv. 
of calx heel.] Kicking ; hence, stubborn ; refactory. 

Cai ci-um ^kal'sT-um), n. [XL., from L. calx, calcis, 
lime. See Calx.] (Chem.) A pale yellow, tenacious, and 
malleable metal which combined with oxygen forms lime. 

Calc'-sin ter (kalk'sln'ter), n. [G. kalk (L. calx, 
calcis) lime + E. *fctor«] A porous variety of calcite. 

Calc'-spar (-spaV), n. Same as Calcite. [lated. I 

CaTcu-la-ble (kaTku-la-bT), a. That may be calcu-| 

Cal'cu-late (k2Fku-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calcu- 
lated (-la'ted);/). pr. & vb. n. Calculating (-lading).] 
[L. calculare, p. p. -atus, fr. calculus a pebble, a counter ; 
hence, a reckoning, fr. calx. See Calx.] 1. To ascer- 
tain or determine by mathematical processes. 2. To as- 
certain by mathematical or astrological computations the 
time, circumstances, or other conditions of ; to forecast. 

3. To fit or prepare by adaptation of means to ends. 

4. To plan ; to expect. [Local, U. S.~\ 

Syn. — To compute ; reckon ; count ; estimate ; rate. 
— Calculate refers more particularly to the mathematical 
operation or process, compute to the finding of the gTand 
result, reckon and count to the noting of individuals to 
find their total number. 

Cal'CU-late, v. i. To make a calculation or forecast. 

Cal CU-la'tion (-la'shun), re. 1. Process or result of 
calculating. 2. Expectation based on circumstances. 

Cal'cu-la-tive (-Ja-tiv), a. Of or pert, to calculation. 

Cal'cu-la tor (-la'ter), re. One who calculates. 

Cal'CU-lous (-kfi-lus). a. [L. calculosus.] 1. Like 
stone ; gritty. 2. {3Ied.) Caused by, or affected with, a 
calculus or calculi. 

Cal'cu-lus. n. ; pi. Calculi (-11). [L. See Calculate.] 
1. {Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of 
the body, but usually in the organs that act as reservoirs, 
and in the passages connected with them. 2. (3fath.) 
Any process of reasoning by the use of symbols ; any 
branch of mathematics that may involve calculation. 

Cal'dron (kal'drun), re. [OF. caudron, deriv. of L. 
caldarius suitable for warming, fr. caldus warm, fr. calere 
to be warm.] A large metal kettle or boiler. 

Cal e-fa'cient (kal'e-fa'shent), a. [L. calefaciens, p. 
pr. of calefacere to warm.] Making warm ; heating, 
[i?.] —re. A substance that excites warmth in the parts 
to which it is applied. 

Cal'e-tac / tton (-fak'shun), n. 1. The act of warming 
or heating. 2. The state of being heated. 

Cal e-fac'tive (-tlv), a. Calefactory. 

Cal e-fac/tor (,-ter), re. One who, or that which, heats. 

Cal e-fac'tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Making warm or hot. 

Cale-fac'tO-ry, n. 1. {Eccl.) A warm sitting room 
in a monastery. 2. A heating apparatus placed on the 
altar, at which the priest may warm his hands. 

Cal'e-fy (kaFe-fi), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Calefied 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Calefying.] [L. calere to be warm 
-f- -fy.~\ To make warm or hot ; to grow hot or warm. 

Cal'en-dar (kal'en-der), n. [OE. calender, L. kalen- 
darium an interest or account book, fr. L. calendae, ka- 
lendae, E. calends.} 1. An orderly arrangement of civil 
or ecclesiastical divisions of time ; an almanac. 2. An 
orderly list or enumeration ; a schedule. [register. I 

Cal'en-dar, v. t. To enter or write in a calendar ; to | 

Cal'en-der (kSl'en-der), n. [F. calandre, LL. celen- 
dra. corrupted fr. L. cylindrus, E. cylinder.} 1. A 
machine for giving cloth, paper, etc., a smooth, even, and 
glossy or glazed surface, by cold or hot pressure, or for 
watering them. 2. One who pursues the business of 
calendering. 

Cal'en-der (-der), r. t. [imp. & p.p. Calendebed 
(-derd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Calendering.] To press between 
rollers to make smooth and glossy, or wavy ; to water. 

Cal'en-der, n. [Per. qalender.] One of a sect or 
order of fantastically dressed or painted dervishes. 

Cal'en-drer (-drer), n. One who calenders cloth, etc. 

Cal'ends (kal'Sndz), n. pi. [AS. calend month, fr. L. 
calendae calends; akin to E. claim.} The first day of 
each month in the ancient Roman calendar. 

The Greek calends, a time that will never come, as the 
Greeks had no calends. 

Cal'en-tnre tt«'en-t6r ; 135), n. [F., through Sp. fr. 
p. pr. of L. calere to be warm.] {3Ied.) Formerly, a 
violent fever occurring in the tropics ; esp., a furious 
delirium peculiar to sailors. 

Ca-les'cence (ka-les'sms), n. [L. calescens growing 



warm, p. pr. of ealeseere to grow warm.] Growing 
warmth ; increasing heat. 

Calf (kaf), n. ; pi. Calves (kavz). [OE. calf, keif, 
AS. cealf ; akin to G. kalb, Icel. kalfr.] 1. The young 
of the Bovine family of quadrupeds. Also, the young of 
some other mammals, as of the elephant and whale. 2. 
Leather made of the skin of the calf. 3. An awkward 
or silly boy or young man. [Colloq.] 4 [Cf. Icel. 
kalji.} The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee. 
Cal'i-ber I (kail-bet), n. [F. calibre; origin uncer- 
Cal'1-bre ) tain.] 1. {Gunnery) The diameter of the 
bore, as of a firearm, or of any tube ; also, the weight 
or size of the projectile which a firearm will carry. 2. 
The diameter of a round or cylindrical body. 3. Fig., 
mental capacity. 

CaTi-brate (kSlT-brat), v. t. To find the caliber of ; 
also, in general, to determine or rectify the graduation of. 
Cal'ice (kSlls), n. A chalice. 

CaTi-cle (kal'T-k'l), n. [L. caliculus a small cup, dim. 
of calix, calicis, a cup.] {Zool.) A cuplike cavity or 
structure, as the cavities on the surface of most corals, 
or the structures inclosing the zooids of certain hydroids. 
Cal'i-co (kSinr-ko), n. ; pi. Calicoes (-koz). [So called 
because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies.] 
1. Plain white cloth made from cotton. [Eng.} 2. Cot- 
ton cloth printed with a figured pattern. [U. S.} 

Calico bass (Zo'ol.), an edible, fresh-water fish of the 
United States, allied to the sunfishes. 

Ca-lic'U-lar (ka-llk'u-ler), a., Ca-lic'u-late (-lat), a. 
Relating to, or resembling, a cup. 

Cal'i-dUCt (kaTT-dukt), n. [L. color heat -f E. duct.] 
A pipe or duct to convey hot air or steam. 
Calif (kalif), n. Same as Caltph. 
Ca-lig'i-nous (ka-lijl-nus), a. [L. caliginosus, fr. 
caligo mist, darkness.] Dim; dark; obscure, [i?.] 
Ca-lig'ra-phy (ka-lTg'ra-fy), n. Calligraphy. 
Cal i-pash/ (kaTT-pashO, n. [F. carapace, Sp. cara- 
pacho.~\ A part of a turtle next to the upper shell, con- 
taining a dull greenish, fatty, gelatinous substance. 

Cal i-pee' (-pe 7 ), n. [See Cald?ash.] A part of a tur- 
tle attached to the lower shell, containing a fatty and 
gelatinous substance of a light yellowish color. 

Cal'i-pers (kSyT-perz), n. pi. [Corrupted from cali- 
ber.] Compasses with curved legs, for meas- 
uring the diameter or thickness of bodies. 

Caliph (kalif), n. [F. cal if e, fr. Ar. 
khalifah successor, fr. khalafa to succeed.] 
Successor; — a title of the successors of 
Mohammed both as temporal and spiritual 
rulers, now used by the sultans of Turkey. 

Cal'i-phate (kal't-fat), n. Office, dignity, 
or government of a caliph. 

CaM-sa'ya bark' (kal'T-sa'ya bark'). A 
valuable kind of Peruvian bark. 

Cal'is-then'ic (kaTis-thenlk), a. [Gr. koAos beauti- 
ful -f otfe'vos strength.] Of or pertaining to calisthenics. 
Cal is-then'ics (-Iks), n. The science, art, or prac- 
tice of exercising to promote strength and gracefulness. 
II Calix (kaliks), n. [L.] A cup. See Calyx. 
Calk (kak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calked (kakt) ; p. 
pr. & vb.'n. Calking.] [Either through F. fr. Ar. 
qalafa to fill up crevices with vegetable fibers ; or f r. OE. 
cauken to tread, through F. fr. L. calcare, fr. calx heeL] 
1. To drive tarred oakum into the seams of (a ship, boat, 
etc.), to prevent leaking. 2. To indent, as metal plates, 
along the edge so as to make a tight lap under pressure. 
Calk (kalk), v. t. [F. calquer to trace, through It. fr. 
L. calcare to trample, fr. calx heel.] To copy, as a 
drawing, by rubbing the back of it with chalk, and then 
passing a blunt style or needle over the lines, so as to 
leave a tracing on the surface below. 

Calk (kakl, n. [Cf. AS. calc shoe, hoof, L. calx, cal- 
cis, heel, calcar spur.] A sharp-pointed piece of iron or 
steel on the shoe of a horse or an ox, to prevent slipping ; 
also, a similar instrument on the sole of a boot or shoe. 

Calk (kak). v. t. 1. To furnish with calks, to prevent 
slipping. 2. To wound with a calk. [shoe. 1 

Calk'er i-ci \ n. 1. One who calks. 2- A calk on a] 
Calk'in tka'kTn), n. A calk on a shoe. 
Call (kal),"i\ /. [imp. & p. p. Called (kald) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Calling.] [AS. ceallian ; akin to icel. kalla.] 
1. To command or request to come or be present ; to 
summon. 2. To summon to the discharge of a particular 
duty ; to designate for an office or employment. 3. To 
summon to meet ; to convoke. 4. To give a name to ; 
to name ; to designate. 5. To utter loudly or distinctly. 
Syn. — To denominate; invite; bid; assemble; col- 
lect ; exhort ; warn ; proclaim ; invoke : appoint. 




G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



(ALL 



124 



CAMBER 






> 



Call k.»: . :. i. 1. To mmk loudly ; to cry out. 2. To 

l< maud or request. 3. To make a brief visit. 
Call vk:»! :. n. 1. The act of calling with the voice, or 
a summons : an entreaty ; an invitation ; 
a signal. 2. Vocation ; calling. 3. A short visit. 4. 
. note blown on the horn to encourage the 
A whistle or pipe, used by the 
boatswain. 6. (Foul tup) The cry of a bird; also, a 
>rv in imitation of a bird. 7. The privilege to 
•lie delivery of stock or a commodity according 
as agreed on." [Brokers' Cant] 
Calla v kal'la1. n. [Origin uncertain.] (Bot.) A genus 
Of the same order (Aracese)as the onion ; also, 
A/ricana) with a white spathe. 
Caller ,kal'er\ n.' One who calls. 
Callid (kfllld), a. [L. callidus, fr. callere to be 
thick-skinned, to be hardened, to be practiced, fr. callxnn, 
.ilosity. callousness.] Cunning ; crafty, [P.] 
Cal-lig'ra-pher (,kai-lTg'ra-fer), n. A good penman. 
Cal li-graph'ic (kai'li-grSf'Tk), ( a. [Gr. »caAAiypd<f>os ; 
Cal li-graphlc-al (-T-kal), | pref. koAAi- (fr. ica- 

Ab? beautiful) ~ ypcufrciv to write.] Of or pertaining to 
calligraphy. 
Cal-lig'ra-phist (kai-lTg'ra-fist), n. A calligraphex. 
Cal-lig'ra-phy (-fy), n. Elegant penmanship. 
Calling (kal'ing)" 7i. 1. The act of one who calls; 
summons; invitation. 2. Usual occupation or employ- 
ment ; a profession, or the persons engaged in it. 

Syn. — Occupation: employment; business; trade; 
profession ; office ; engagement ; vocation. 

Cal-li'O-pe (k£l-lI'o-pe), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. koAAi- 
(from koAos beautiful) -f 6\jj, ojtos, voice.] 1. (Class. 
Myth.) The Muse that presides over eloquence and heroic 
poetry. 2. A musical instrument consisting of a series 
of steam whistles, played by keys. 
Cal li-pash' (kaTli-paW), n. See Calipash. 
Cal li-pee' (kal lT-pe 7 ), n. See Calipee. 
Calli-pers (kai'li-perz), n. pi. See Calipers. 
Cal lis-thenlc a. See Calisthenic. 
Cal-los'i-ty (kai-15sT-tf ), n. A callous spot or part. 
Callous vkallus), a. [L. callosus callous, fr. callum, 
callus, callous skin.] 1. Hardened ; indurated. 2. 
Hardened in mind ; unfeeling ; unsusceptible. — Cal'- 
lous-ly. adv. — Callousness, n. 

Callow (kallo), a. [OE. caleice, calu, bald, AS. calu ; 
akin to G. kaM.~\ 1. Destitute of feathers ; naked; un- 
fledged. 2. Immature; unsophisticated. 

Cal-lOW' (kal-lo'), n. [Named from its note.] (Zool.) 
A kind of duck ; the old squaw. 

Callus (kSllus),n. [L. See Callous.] 1. (3fed.) (a) 
A hardened or thickened spot ; a callosity, (b) The 
material of repair in fractures of bone. 2. (Hort.) The 
new formation over the end of a cutting, before it roots. 
Calm (kam), n. [F. calme. fr. It. or Sp. calma, prob. 
fr. IX. cauma heat, fr. Gr. »caO/xa burning heat, fr. ko.Uw 
to burn ; either because during a great heat there is gen- 
erally also a calm, or because the hot time of the day 
obliges us to seek for shade and quiet.] Freedom from 
motion, agitation, or disturbance ; tranquillity ; still- 
ness ; quiet ; serenity. 

Calm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calmed (kamd) ; p. pr. & 
xb. n. Calming.] To make calm ; to cause to be still or 
quiet, lit. or fig. ; to free from agitation or excitement. 
Syn. — To allay ; pacify ; tranquilize ; soothe ; compose. 
Calm (kam), a. [Compar. Calmer (-er) ; siiperl. 
Calmest (-est).] 1. Not stormy ; being without motion, 
-turbed by passion or emotion. — Calmly, adv. 
— Calm'ness, n. 
Syn. — Still : quiet ; undisturbed ; tranquil ; peaceful : 
composed ; unruffled ; sedate; collected; placid. 
Cal'o-mel (kSl'i-mei), n. [Gr. koAos beautiful -f 
M*'*as black; — so called because white, though made 
from a black mixture.] (Chem.) Mild chloride of mer- 
iiuch used in medicine. 
Ca-lorlc (ka-15rfk), n. [L. color heat.] (Physics) 
Formerly, the agent to which the phenomena of heat 
and combustion were ascribed; now, heat in general. 
Cal'o-rle (kai'S-rT), n. [F., fr. L. calor heat.] (Phys- 
tt of heat equal to the amount required to raise 
the temperature of one kilogram (sometimes, one gram) 
■l^r^e centigrade, or from 0° to 1°. 
Cal o- rifle (k&l o-riflk), a. [L. calor heat -j-facere 

Beat producing ; heating. 
Calor iflca'tion 'ka-lgr'T-fT-ka'shun), n. Produc- 

Imal heat. 
Cal o-rim'?: 'e-ter), n. [L. calor heat -f- 

An apparatus for measuring the 
ainou, tained or developed in bodies. 



Calor i-mo'tor (kA-lSr'I-ino'ter), n. [L. calor heat + 
E. motor.] (Physics) A voltaic battery, having a large 
surface 01 plate, and producing powerful heating effects. 

II Calotte' (ka-15f), Callot (kJQ15t), n. [F. calotte, 
dim. of cale a sort of flat cap.] A close cap without 
visor or brim ; a skull cap. 

CaTo-type (kSl'S-tip), n. [Gr. icoAos beautiful -j- 
-type.] A method of photographing on paper sensitized 
w ; ith iodide of silver ; — also called Talbotype, from the 
inventor. 

Ca-loy'er (ka-loi'er), n. [F., deriv. of Gr. ko\6s good 
-f- yepuiv an old man.] A monk of the Greek Church. 

Caique (kalk), r. t. See Calk, to copy. 

Cal'trop (kSl'trSp), ) n. [AS. coltrseppe, calcetreppe, 

Cal'trap (kSl'trSp), { sort of thistle ; origin uncer- 
tain.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants (Tribu- 
lus), having a hard several-celled fruit, armed with stout 
spines. 2. (Mil.) An instrument with four iron points, 
so disposed that, any three of them being on the ground, 
the other projects upward. They are scattered on the 
ground to disable the horses of cavalry. 

Cal'u-met (k51'u-met), n. [F., fr. L. calamus reed.] 
A kind of pipe, used by the North American Indians for 
smoking tobacco, and as a symbol of peace. 

Ca-lum'ni-ate (ka-luni'ni-at), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Ca- 
lumniated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Calumniating.] [L. calum- 
niari, p. p. -atus. See Calumny.] To accuse falsely and 
maliciously of a crime or offense. 

Syn. — To asperse ; slander ; defame ; vilify ; traduce ; 
belie ; bespatter ; blacken ; libel. 

Ca-lum ni-a'tion (-a'shun), n. False and malicious 
accusation of a crime or offense ; defamation. 

Ca-lum'nl-a tor (-a'ter), n. One who calumniates. 

Ca-lum'ni-a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry), a. Calumnious. 

Ca-lum'ni-OUS (-us), a. Containing or implying 
calumny ; defamatory. — Ca-lum'ni-OUS-ly, adv. — Ca- 
lum'ni-ous-ness. n. 

Cal'um-ny (kal'um-ny), n. [L. calumnia, fr. calvi to 
devise tricks, deceive.] False accusation of a crime or 
offense, maliciously made or reported, to the injury of 
another ; slander ; defamation ; detraction. 

Cal'va-ry (kal'va-ry), n. [L. calvaria a bare skull, 
deriv. of calvus bald.] 1. The place on a small hill near 
Jerusalem where Christ was crucified. 2. A representa- 
tion of the crucifixion. 

Calve (kav), v. i. To bring forth a calf or young. 

Cal'vin-ism (kal'vln-iz'm), n. The theological tenets 
or doctrines of John Calvin, — the chief ones being orig- 
inal sin, election, particular redemption, effectual call- 
ing, and the perseverance of the saints. 

Cal'vin-ist (-1st), n. A follower of Calvin ; a believer 
in Calvinism. 

CaTvin-is'tic (-Is / tTk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Cal Vln-is'tic-al (-tT-kal), } Calvin, or Calvinism. 

Calx (kaiks), n. ; pi. E. Calxes (-ez), L. Calces (kaT- 
sez). [L. calx, calcis, limestone.] 1. The substance 
which remains when a metal or mineral has been sub- 
jected to calcination. (Metallic calxes are now called 
oxides. ) 2 . Broken and refuse glass, returned to the pots. 

Ca-lycl-form (ka-lis'i-f6rm), a. [L. calyx, calycis 
-{--form.] (Bot.) Having the form of a calyx. 

Cal'y-cle (kal'T-k'l), n. [L. calyculus small flower bud, 
calyx, dim. of calyx. See Calyx.] (Bot.) A row of small 
bracts, at the base of the calyx, on the outside. 

Ca-lyc'u-late (ka-lTk'u-lat), 
Ca-lyc'u-la'ted (-la'ted), a. 
(Bot.) Having a set of bracts , 
resembling a calyx. 

Calyx (kaliks), n. ; pi 

5-J?,*™ 5 ( r g T z) ' L ; CALYCES Calculate Bud. 

(kalT-sez). [L. calyx, -yens, 

fr. Gr. koAi;£ husk, shell, calyx, fr. root of KoAuTrretv to 
cover.] (Bot.) The outer covering of a flower. See Flower. 

Cam (k5ui), n. [Dan. kam comb, ridge; or cf. V7., 
Gael., and Ir., cam bent.] (Mach.) A turn- 
ing or sliding piece which imparts or re- 
ceives variable or intermittent motion, as 
by the shape of its periphery or face, or a 
groove in its surface. 

Ca-maleu (ka-ma'yoo), n. [F. ; of 
unknown origin.] (Fine Arts) Painting 
in shades of one color ; monochrome. 

Cam'ass (kam'as), n. [American Indian name.] (Bot.) 
A liliaceous plant of northwestern America, the bulbs of 
which are eaten by the Indians. 

Caml>er (kan/ber), n. [OF. cambre bent ; akin to L. 
camera vault, arch.] An upward curving of the middle 
part of a beam, line, or surface. 





Heart Cam. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; *, 6, 1, 6, A, y, ehort ; senate, 8vent, Idea, 6bey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CAMBIST 



125 



CANARY 




Cam'bist (ka'm'bTst), ft. [Through F. & It. fr. L. 
cambire to exchange.] A banker ; a money changer or 
broker ; one skilled in the science of exchange. 

Cam'bist-ry (-r^), ft. The science of exchange, weight, 
measures, etc. 

Oam'bl-um (ka'm'bi-Qm), ft. [LL. cambium exchange. 
It was supposed that cambium was rich sap changing into 
wood.] (Bot.) A series of formative cells lying outside 
of the wood proper and inside of the inner bark. 

Cam'blet (kam'blSt), n. See Camlet. 

Cam'bric (kam'brik), ft. [OE. camerike, fr. Cambrai 
(Flemish Kamerik), a city of France, where it was first 
made.] 1. A fine, thin, white fabric made of flax or linen. 
2. A similar fabric made of fine, hardspun cotton, often 
with figures of various colors. 

Came (kam), imp. of Come. 

Game, ft. [Etym. uncertain.] A slender rod of cast 
lead, used, in windows, to hold together the pieces of 
glass. 

Cam'el (kam'gl), n. [OF., fr. L. camehis, fr. Gr. 
Kaju.17A.os; of Semitic 
origin.] 1. (Zool.) 
A large ruminant 
used in Asia and Af- 
rica for carrying bur- 
dens and for riding. 
2. (Naut.) A water- 
tight structure used 
to assist a vessel in 
navigating shallow 
water. 

Ca-mel'li-a (ka- 
mel'lT-a or ka-mel'- 
ya), n. [NL; — 
named after Kamel, 
a Jesuit, said to have 
brought it from the 
East.] {Bot.) An 
Asiatic genus of small Bactrian Came i (Camelus Bactrianus). 
shrubs. CamelhaJa- 
ponica is much cultivated for its beautiful flowers. 

Ga-mel'O-pard (ka-ingl'6-pard or kXm'gl-o-pard), ft. 
[L. camelopardalis, fr. Gr. Ka//.r)Ao;rdp6 , aA.<.s ; KajurjAos a 
camel + ndp8a\ts pard, leopard.] (Zool.) The giraffe. 

Cam'e-o (kSin'e-6), ft. ; pi. Cameos (-oz). [It. cam- 
meo; of unknown origin.] A carving in relief, esp. one 
on a small scale used as a jewel. 

Cam'e-ra (-e-ra), n. ; pi. E. Cameras (-raz), L. Came- 
ras (-re). [L., vault, arch, LL., chamber.] A chamber, 
or an instrument having a chamber; specifically, the 
camera obscura when used in photography. 

Cam e-ra-lis'tics (-ITs'tTks), n. [L. camera vault, 
LL., chamber, treasury.] The science of finance or pub- 
lic revenue. 

II Cam'e-ra lu'ci-da (kSin'e-ra lu'si-da). [Lit., light 
or lucid chamber.] (Opt.) An instrument which causes 
an image of an external object to appear as if projected 
upon a plane surface, so that the outlines may be con- 
veniently traced. 

II Cam'e-ra Ob-SCU'ra (ob-sku'ra). [Lit., dark or ob- 
scure chamber.] (Opt.) An apparatus in which the im- 
ages of external objects, formed by a convex lens or a con- 
cave mirror, are thrown on a white surface or a sensitized 
plate or surface placed in the focus of the lens or mirror 
within a darkened chamber. 

Cam'er-ate (kam'er-at), v. t. [L. camerare, p. p. -atus.~\ 
1. To vault ; to arch over. 2. To divide into chambers. 

II Ca'mer-lin'gO (ka'mar-len'go), n. [It.] The cardi- 
nal who presides over the pope's household. 

II Cam'i-sole (kam'T-sol), ft. [F.] 1. A short dress- 
ing jacket for women. 2. A kind of strait-jacket. 

Camlet (-ISt), ft. [F. camelot, fr. Ar. khamlat cam- 
let, fr. khaml pile, plush.] A woven fabric originally 
made of camel's hair, now chiefly of goat's hair and silk, 
or of wool and cotton. » 

Cam 'mas (kam'mas), n. (Bot.) See C amass. 

Cam'o-mile, Cham'o-mile (kam'o-mil), n. [LL. ca- 
momilla, corrupted fr. Gr. xa^aijuTjAoi/, lit., earth apple, 
being so called from the smell of its flower.] (Bot.) A 
genus of herbs of the Composite family. The common 
camomile is used in medicine. 

Camp (kSmp), n. [F. camp, It. campo, fr. L. cam- 
pus plain, field ; akin to Gr. ktjttos garden.] 1. A place 
on which tents, huts, etc., are erected for shelter. 2. 
A collection of tents, huts, etc. ; sometimes, a single shel- 
ter. 3. The company of persons so sheltered. 

Camp bedstead, Camp chair, Camp stool, a light bedstead, 
chair, or stool, that can be folded up into a small space 



for easy transportation. 

religious devotion in some retired spot, usual 



Camp meeting, a gathering for 

ally lasting for 

several days, during which those present lodge in tents, 



temporary houses, or cottages. 

Camp (kSmp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Camped (k8mt ; 
21M ; p. pr. & vb. n. Camping.] To lodge ; to shelter. 
Camp, v. i. To lodge in or pitch a camp ; to encamp. 
Campaign' (k5m-pan'), n. [F. campagne, It. cam- 
pagna, fr. L. Campania the level country about Naples, 
fr. campus field.] 1. An open plain without consider- 
able hills. 2. (Mil.) A connected series of military 
operations forming a distinct stage in a war ; the time 
during which an army keeps the field. Also used fig. 
Cam-paign' (kXm-pan'), v. i. To serve in a campaign. 
Cam-palgn'er (-er), n. A military veteran. 
Cam-pa'na (kam-pa'ua), n. [LL. campana bell.] 1. 
(Eccl.) A church bell. 2. (Bot.) The pasque flower. 
3. (Doric Arch.) A gutta. 

II Cam pa-ne'ro (kam'pa-na'ro), n. [Sp., a bellman.] 
(Zool.) The bellbird of South America. See Bellbird. 
Cam-pan'i-form (kam-pan'T-form), a. [LL. campana 
bell + -form.-] (Bot.) Bell-shaped. 

II Cam pa-ni'le (kam'pa-ne'la), n. [It.] (Arch.) A 
bell tower, esp. one built separate from a church. 

Cam'pa-nol'o-gy (kSm'pa-n51'6-j^), n. [LL. cam- 
pana bell -(- -logy.] The art of ringing bells, or a trea- 
tise on the art. [shaped. I 
Cam-pan'u-late (kam-pan'fi-lat), a. (Bot.) Bell-) 
Camp'bell-ite (kam'gl-It or k5m'bgl-it), n. [From 
Alexander Campbell, of Virginia.] (Eccl.) A member of 
the denomination called Christians or Disciples of Christ. 
They repudiate the term Campbellite as a nickname. 

Cam-peach'y WOOd' (kam-pech'jr wdod'). [From the 
Bay of Campeachy, in Mexico.] Logwood. 
Camp'er (kamp'er), n. One who camps out. 
Cam-pes'tral (kXm-pgs'tral), \ a. [L. campester, fr. 
Cam-pes'trl-an (-pes'trT-«n), J campus field.] Relat- 
ing to an open field ; growing in a field, or open ground. 
Cam'phene (kam'fen or kam-fen'), n. (Chem.) One 
of a series of substances, C 10 H 1G , resembling camphor. 

Cam-phine' (kam-fen' or kam'fin), n. [From Cam- 
phor.] Rectified oil of turpentine. 

Cam'phor (kam'fer), n. [OE. camfere, F. camphre, 
fr. Ar. kafur.] 1. A tough, white, aromatic resin, or 
gum, obtained from different species of the Laurus fam- 
ily. 2. Borneol. 

Cam'phor-ate (-at), v. t. limp. &p. p. Camphorated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Camphorating.] To impregnate or treat 
with camphor. 

Cam-phor'ic (kSm-for'ik), a. (Chem.) Of, pertain- 
ing to, or derived from, camphor. 

Cam'pi-on (kam'pi-un), n. [Prob. fr. L. campus 
field.] (Bot.) A plant of the Pink family (Cueubalus 
bacciferus), bearing berries regarded as poisonous. 

Rose campion, a garden plant (Lychnis coronaria) with 
handsome crimson flowers. 

II Cam'pus (kam'pus), n. [L., a field.] The principal 
grounds of a college or school. 
Cam'WOOd' (kSm'wdSd'), n. See Barwood. 
Can (k5n), n. [OE. & AS. canne; akin to D. kan, G. 
kann.] 1. A drinking cup ; a vessel for holding liquids. 
2. A vessel or case of tinned iron or of sheet metal, of 
various forms. 

Can (kSn), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Canned (kand) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Canning.] To preserve in sealed cans. [U. S.~\ 
Can (kan), v. t. & i. [imp. Could (kd6d).] [OE. 
cunnen, connen, AS. cunnan; akin to G. konnen, and to 
E. ken to know. The present tense I can (AS. ic cann) 
was originally a preterit, meaning I have known or 
learned, and hence I know, knoiv hoiv.~] 1. To know; 
to understand. [06s.] 2. To be able to do; to have 
power. [Obs.] 3. To be able ; — followed by an infini- 
tive without to. 

Can but, Can not but. Can but implies that what is 
mentioned is all or the worst that can happen. Can not 
but refers to a moral constraint or necessity. 

Canaille' (ka-nal'), n. [F., orig., a pack of dogs, fr. 
L. canis dog.] The lowest class of people ; the rabble ; 
the vulgar. 

Ca-nal' (ka-n51'), n. [F., fr. L. canalis canal, chan- 
nel ; origin uncertain.] 1. An artificial channel filled 
with water for navigation, or for irrigating land, etc. 
2. (Anat.) A tube or duct. 

Canard' (ka-niird' or ka-nar'), n. [F., properly, a ■ 
duck.] A false l'eport ; an absurd fabrication. 

Ca-na'ry (ka-na'r^), n. 1. Wine made in the Canary 
Islands ; sack. 2. A canary bird. 3. A pale yellow color. 
Canary stone, a yellow species of carnelian. 
Ca-na'ry, ''. i. To move nimbly ; to caper. [Obs.~\ 



D 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CANARY HIKD 



126 



CANNONIER 






> 



Ca-naTy bird (ka-iui'ry MM'). (Zool.) A small 
gfa gfrig bird of the Finch lamily, native of the Canary 
ESS. 

I Cancan (kau'kaii), n. [F.] A French dance, ac- 
aoauanied by Indecorous or extravagant gestures. 

Cancel ^Kan'sel), ». '. [**p. & />• ;»• Canceled or 
d (,-seldk ;>. />r. a vb. n. Canceling or Can- 
.(/rf to make like a lattice, to cross 
out. fr. cancel I i lattice, dim. of cancer lattice.] 1. To 
r exclude by a lattice. [Obs.~\ 2. To cross and 
to mark out by cross lines ; hence, to blot out ; 
to strikeout; to omit. 3. To annul or destroy ; to re- 
voke or recall. 

>\n. To obliterate ; erase ; efface ; expunge; abol- 
ish : revoke ; repeal. See Abolish. 

Can 'eel, ft. The canceling of matter in type or in 
print ; also, the part canceled. 

Cancel-late (kaii'sgl-lat), a. Having, or consisting of, 
a network of veins or raised lines. [celing. j 

Can cel-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. Act or result of can-| 

Cancellous (kau'sei-liis), a. (Anat.) Having a 
spongy or open structure. 

Can'cer (kXn'ser), n. [L. cancer crab, ulcer, a sign 
of the zodiac] 1. {Zool.) A genus of decapod Crustacea, 
including some common shore crabs. 2. (Astron.) (a) 
The fourth of the twelve signs of the zodiac. [See Hlusf. 
of Zodiac] (b) A northern constellation between Gem- 
ini and Leo. 3. (Med.) A malignant growth made up of 
aggregations of epithelial cells, either without support or 
embedded in a fibrous framework. [cancerous. I 

Can'cer-ate (kan'ser-at), v. i. To become a cancer or | 

Can'cer-OUS (k5n'ser-iis), a. Like a cancer ; affected 
with cancer. — Can'cer-ous-ly, adv. — Can'cer-ous- 
ness. n. 

Can'cri-form (k5n1m-f6rm), a. [Cancer + -form.'] 
1. Having the form of, or like, a crab. 2. Cancerous. 

Can'crlne (ka'n'krTn or -krin), a. Crablike. 

Can 'cr old (-kroid), a. [Cancer -\- -oid.] Cancriform. 

Can de-la'brum (kail' de-la'brum), n.; pi. L. Cande- 
labra (-bra), E. Candelabrums (-bruraz). [L., fr. can- 
dela candle.] 1. (Antiq.) (a) A lamp stand. (6) A 
highly ornamented stand, usually having three feet. 2. 
A candlestick, having several branches. 

Can'dent (k5n'd<?nt), a. [L. candens, p. pr. of can- 
dere to glitter.] Heated to whiteness ; glowing with heat. 

Can'did (kan'did), a. [F. candide, fr. L. cajididus 
white, fr. candere to be of a glowing white.] 1. "White. 
[06s.] 2. Free from undue bias ; being without partial- 
ity or prejudice. 3. Open ; frank ; ingenuous ; outspoken. 

Syn.— Fair ; open ; ingenuous ; impartial ; just ; frank ; 
artless : unbiased ; equitable. 

Can'di-da-cy (-dT-da-sJ), n. State of being a candidate. 

Can'dl-date (kanMT-dat), n. [L. candidalus, n. (can- 
didates in Rome were clothed in a white toga), fr. candi- 
datas clothed in white, fr. candidus white.] One who 
offers himself, or is put forward by others, for an office, 
privilege, or honor. 

Can'did-ly (kan'dTd-ljr), adv. In a candid manner. 

Can'did-ness. n. Quality or state of being candid. 

Can'dled. p. p. of Candy, v. I. 

Can'dle (kan'd'l), n. [AS. candel, fr. L. candela, fr. 
candere to be white.] A cylindrical body of combustible 
substance, as tallow, wax, or spermaceti, containing a 
wick and used to furnish light. 

Can'dle coal 7 (koF). Cannel coal. 

Can'dle-flsh' (-fish'), n. (Zool.) The eulachon. 

Can'dle-lighr (kan'd'1-lit/), n. The light of a candle. 

Can'dle-mas (-mas), n. The second day in February, 
on which is celebrated the feast of the Purification of the 
Virgin Mary ; — the candles for the altar or other sacred 
uses are blessed on that day. [candle. | 

Can'dle-Stlck' £-stTk'), n. A utensil for supporting a | 

Can'dor (kan'der), n. [L. candor, fr. candere to be 
white.] 1. Whiteness ; purity. [Obs.~\ 2. Freedom 
from prejudice or disguise ; frankness ; sincerity. 

Can'dy (kSn'dy ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Candied (-did) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Candying.] [F. candir, fr. Ar. & Pers. 
qand, fr. Skr. khanda sugar in pieces, fr. khand, kha4, 
to break.] 1. To conserve or boil in sugar. 2. To make 
sugar crystals of or in. 3. To incrust with, or as if with, 
•sugar or candy. 

Can'dy fk&n'dy), v. ?'. 1. To have sugar crystals form 
in or on. 2. To be formed into candy. 

Can'dy, n. A more or less solid article of confection- 
ery made of sugar or molasses. 

Can'dy-tnft' '-tuft';, n . (Bot.) An annual plant 
(/oeru) cultivated in gardens, - first discovered in the 
inland of Candia. 




Cane (kan), n. [OF., fr.L. canna, fr. Gr. Kawa, Kawn ; 
prob. of Semitic origin.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Any one of sev- 
eral palms, having long, smooth, flexible stems, commonly 
called rattans, (b) Any plant with long, hard, elastic 
stems, as reeds and bamboos ; also, the sugar cane. 2. 
A stem of such a plant, or a similar stem. 3. A walking 
stick ; a staff. 

Cane (kan), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Cajtod (kand) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ft. Caning.] 1. To beat with a cane. 2. To make 
or furnish with cane or rattan. 

Cane'brake' (-brak'), n. A thicket of canes. 

I' Ca-nel'la (ka-nella), n. [LL., dim. of L. canna a 
reed ; — so called from the shape of the rolls of prepared 
bark.] (Bot.) A "West Indian genus of trees, the bark of 
which furnishes the spice and drug exported under the 
names of wild cinnamon and ichiteuood bark. 

Ca-nes'cent (ka-nes'sent), a. [L. canescens, p. pr., 
deriv. of carter e to be white.] Growing white or whitish. 

II Ca-nic'u-la (ka-mk'u-la), n. [L., dim. of canis dog.] 
(Astron.) The Dog Star ; Sirius. 

Ca-nic'u-lar (ka-nik'fi-ler), a. Pertaining to, or 
measured by, the rising of the Dog Star. 

Ca-nine'" (ka-nin'), a. [L. caninus, fr. canis dog.] 
Of or pertaining to the family Canidse, or dogs and wolves ; 
having the nature or qualities of a dog. 

Canine tooth, a tooth situated between the incisor and 
bicuspid teeth, so called because well developed in dogs. 
[See lllust. under Tooth.] 

Can'is-ter (kSn'Ts-ter), n. [L. canistrum a reed basket, 
Gr. Kavacrrpov, fr. navva reed.] 1. A small 
basket of rushes, reeds, or willow twigs, etc. 
2. A small box or case for holding tea, coffee, 
etc. 3. (Mil.) A kind of case shot, in which 
a number of balls in layers are inclosed in a 
case. 

Canter (k5n/ker), n. [AS. cancer, fr. L. 
cancer a cancer ; or if a native word, cf. Gr. 
■ydyypo? excrescence on trees, yayypcuva 
gangrene.] 1. A corroding or sloughing Canister (Jlil.) 
ulcer ; esp., a spreading gangrenous ulcer 'with part of case 
or collection of ulcers in or about the °£°i e * *?*?> to 
mouth. 2. Anything which corrodes, sn ow contents, 
corrupts, or destroys. 3. (Hort.) A disease incident to 
trees. 4. (Far.) An obstinate disease of a horse's foot. 
5. A kind of wild, worthless rose ; the dog-rose. 

Can'ker. v. t. [imp. &p.p. Cankered (-kerd) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Cankering.] 1. To affect as a canker ; to cor- 
rode ; to consume. 2. To pollute ; to corrupt. 

Can'ker, v. i. To be affected with, or as if with, canker. 

Can'ker-ous (-us), a. Affecting like a canker. 

Can'ker rash' (rSsh'). (Med.) A form of scarlet 
fever characterized by ulcerated or putrid sore throat. 

Can'ker-worm (-wfirm'), n. (Zool.) The destructive 
larva of two species of geometrid moth6. 

Can'na (kan'na), n. [L., a reed.] (Bot. ) A genus of 
tropical plants with large leaves, and often showy flowers. 

Can'nel coal' (kan'nel koF). [Corrupt, fr. candle 
coal. ] A kind of mineral coal which burns readily, with 
a yellow flame, and has been used in place of candles. 

Can'ner-y (kan'ner-y), n. A place where the business 
of canning fruit, meat, etc., is carried on. [U. S.~\ 

Can'lli-bal (kgn'nl-bal), n. [A corruption of Sp. Ca- 
ribales (equivalent to E. Caribbees), the inhabitants of the 
smaller Antilles ; from the native name. ] A human being 
that eats human flesh; by extension, any animal that 
eats its own kind. 

Can'ni-bal-lsm (-Tz'm), n. Act or practice of eating 
human flesh by mankind ; hence, murderous cruelty ; 
barbarity. 

Can'non (kan'nun), n. [F. canon, fr. L. canna reed, 
tube. See Cane.] 1. A great gun : a piece of ordnance 
or artillery ; a firearm for discharging heavy shot with 
great force. 2. (Mech.) A hollow cylindrical piece car- 
ried by a revolving shaft, on which it may, however, re- 
volve independently. 3. (Printing) A kind of type. 
See Canon. 

Cannon ball, a round solid missile to be fired from a can- 
non ; — often applied to any missile made for cannon. — 
Cannon shot, (a) A cannon ball. . (6) The range of a cannon. 

Can'non, n. & v. (Billiards) See Carom. [Eng.~\ 

Can non-ade' (kSn'niin-adO, n. The act of dischar- 
ging cannon and throwing balls, shells, etc., with hostile 
intent. 

Can non-ade', r. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Cannonaded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cannonading.] To attack with cannon ; 
to discharge cannon. 

Can non eer' ( (-nun-er'), n. A man who manages, or 

Can non-ier' ) fires, cannon. 



a, S, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, f , 5, fi ; y, short ; sen&te, gvent, Idea, Obey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



CANNONRY 



127 



CANVASBACK 



Aa 



Canon Type. 



Can'non-ry (kan'nun-r^), n. Cannon, collectively; 
artillery. 

Can'not (k£n'n5t). [Can to be able + not.~\ Am, is, 
or are, not able ; — written either as one word or two. 

Can/nu-la (kXn'nu-la), n. [L., dim. of carina a reed, 
tube.] {Surg. ) A small tube used for various purposes. 

Can'nu-lar (-ler), a. Tubelike ; tubular. 

Can'ny, Can'nie (-ny), a. [North of Eng. & Scot.] 
1. Artful ; cuuning ; shrewd ; wary. 2. Skillful ; know- 
ing ; capable. 3. Cautious ; prudent ; safe. 4. Pleas- 
ing ; useful ; gentle. 5. Reputed to have magical powers. 

Canoe' (ka-noo'), n. ; pi. Canoes (-nobz'). [Sp. ca- 
non, fr. Caribbean canaoa.] 1. A boat formed of the 
excavated trunk of a tree, or of bark or skins. 2. A kind 
of light pleasure boat. 

Canoe' (ka-noo'), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Canoed (-ndod') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Canoeing (-nob'ing).] To manage a 
canoe, or voyage in a canoe. 

Can'on (kXn'un), n. [AS. canon, through L. fr. Gr. 
tcavtav rule, rod, fr. k.6.vt\, Kdwq, reed.] 1. A law or rule ; 
esp., a decision, regulation, code, or constitution made by 
ecclesiastical authority. 2. The books received as genuine 
Holy Scriptures ; also, any one of them. 3. A catalogue 
of saints. 4. A prebend in a cathedral or collegiate 
church. 5. (Mus.) A composition in which the voices 
begin the same theme one after another at regular inter- 
vals. 6. {Print. ) A large size of type. 
7. The part of a bell by which it is sus- 
pended. See Illust. of Bell. 8. (Bil- 
liards) See Carom. 

II Ca-fion' (ka-nyon' ; anglicized 
kSn'yun), n. [Sp., a tube or hollow.] 
A deep gorge, ravine, or gulch, with 
precipitous sides, worn by water 
courses. [Mexico & Western U. S.] 

Gan'on bit' (kan'fin bit'). [F. canon, fr. L. canon a 
rule.] That part of a bit which is put in a horse's mouth. 

Gan'on bone' (bon'). [F. canon, fr. L. canon a rule.] 
(Anat.) The shank bone, or great bone above the fetlock, 
in the fore and hind legs of the horse and allied animals. 
[See Illust. of Horse.] 

Gan'on-ess (-es), n. A woman who holds a canonry. 

Ca-non'ic (ka-non'Ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to a 

Ga-non'ic-al (-T-kal), j canon ; established by, or 
according to, a canon or canons. — Ca-non'i-cal-ly, adv. 
— Ca-non'i-cal-ness, n. [the clergy. I 

Ga-non'ic-als (-T-kalz), n. pi. The official dress of | 

Ga-non'i-cate (-T-kat), n. Office of a canon ; a canonry. 

Can'on-ic'i-ty (kan'un-Ts'i-ty), n. Quality of being 
canonical. 

Gan'on-ist, n. A professor of, or adept in, canon law. 

Can on-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. Pertaining to a canonist. 

Can'on-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. 1. (E. C. Ch.) The 
final process or decree (following beatification) by which 
the name of a deceased person is placed in the catalogue 
(canon) of saints. 2. The state of being canonized. 

Can'on-ize (kan'un-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canonized 
(-izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Canonizing.] 1. (Eccl.) To put 
in the catalogue of saints. 2. To glorify ; to exalt. 

Can'on-ry (kan'un-ry), n. A benefice or prebend in a 
cathedral or collegiate church ; dignity of a canon. 

Can'on-ship, n. Canonry. 

Can'O-py (kXn'6-py), n. [Through F. fr. LL. conopeum 
a bed with mosquito curtains, fr. Gr. 
Koivmirelov, fr. K&vuity gnat ; kwi/os 
cone -)- toxf/ face.] 1. A covering 
fixed over a bed, dais, or the like, or 
carried on poles over an exalted per- 
sonage or a sacred object. 2. (Arch.) 
(a) An ornamental projection, over a 
door, window, etc. (b) A rooflike 
covering, supported on pillars. 

Can'o-py, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Can- 
opied (-pTd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Canopy- 
ing.] To cover with, or as with, a 
canopy. 

Ca-no'rous (ka-no'rus), a. [L. 
canorus, deriv. of canere to sing.] 
Melodious ; musical. — Ca-no'rous- 
ness, n. One form of Can- 

Cant (kant), n. [OF., edge, angle, °py {Arch.). 
piob. deriv. of Gr. /c<w06s corner of the eye, felly of a 
wheel.] 1. A corner ; niche. [Obs.] 2. An external 
angle. 3. An inclination from a horizontal or vertical 
line. 4. A bias or change of direction ; also, the im- 
pulse, as a kick or thrust, causing it. 

Cant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Canting.] To set, turn, or form at an angle. 




Cant (kant), n. [Prob. fr. OF. cant, F. & E. chant, 
singing, in allusion to the whining of beggars.] 1. An 
affected, singsong mode of speaking. 2. The idioms and 
peculiarities of speech in any sect, class, or occupation ; 
esp., religious phraseology used insincerely. 3. A jar- 
gon of secret meaning, as used by gypsies, thieves, etc. 

Cant (kant), a. Of the nature of cant ; affected ; vulgar. 

Cant, v . i. To use or practice cant of any sort. 

Can't (kant). A colloquial contraction for can not. 

Can'ta-leup (kan'ta-ldop), n. A cantaloupe. 

Can'ta-lev'er (kan'ta-leVer), n. [Cant angle -f lever 
a supporter of the roof timber of a house.] 1. (Arch.) 
A supporting bracket. 2. (Engin.) A projecting beam, 
truss, or bridge unsupported at the outer end. 

Can'ta-loupe (kan'ta-loop), n. [So called from the 
castle of Cantalupo, in Italy, where they were first grown 
in Europe.] A muskinelon of several varieties. 

Can-tan'ker-OUS (kan-tSn'ker-us), a. Perverse ; con- 
tentious; ugly; malicious? [Colloq.] — Can-tan'ker- 
ous-ly, adv. — Can tan'ker-ous-ness, n. 

II Can-ta'ta (kan-ta'ta), n. [It., deriv. of L. canere to 
sing.] (Mus.) A poem set to music ; a kind of dramatic 
musical composition. 

Can-teen' (kan-ten'), n. [F. cantine, prob. fr. OF. 
cant corner.] (Mil.) 1. A soldiers' vessel for carrying 
drink. [Written also cantine.'] 2. The sutler's shop in a 
garrison ; also, a chest for culinary and other vessels. 

Can'ter (kan'ter), n. [An abbrev. of Canterbury.] A 
kind of easy gallop adapted to pleasure riding. 

Can'ter (kan'ter), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Cantered (-terd); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cantering.] To move in a canter. 

Can'ter, v. t. To ride or cause to go at a canter. 

Cant'er, n. 1. One who cants or whines. 2. One 
who makes hypocritical pretensions to goodness. 

Can'ter-bUT-y (kan'ter-ber-ry), n. 1. A certain city 
in England. 2. A stand with divisions in it for holding 
music, loose papers, etc. 

Canterbury gallop, a gentle gallop such as was used by 
pilgrims riding to Canterbury. 

Can'tha-ris (kan'tha-rTs), n. ; pi. Cantharides (kSn- 
thar'I-dez). [L., fr. Gr. KavOapCs.] (Zool.) A brilliant 
green beetle of a nauseous odor, used as a vesicatory ; 
the blister fly, blister beetle, or Spanish fly. 

Cant' hook' (kant' hdok'). A wooden lever with a 
movable iron hook near the end. [U. S.] 

Can'ti-cle (kSn'tT-k'l), n. [L. canticulum, dim. of 
canticum song, deriv. of canere to sing.] 1. A song or 
hymn. [Obs.] 2. pi. The Song of Songs, or Song of 
Solomon. 3. A religious selection arranged for chanting. 

Can'ti-lev'er (kSn'tT-leVer), n. Same as Cantalever. 

Can'til-late (kan'tTl-lat), v. t. [L. cantillare, p. p. 
-alus, to sing low.] To chant. 

Can-tine' (k5n-ten'), n. See Canteen. 

Can'tle (kXn't'l), n. [OF. cantel side, piece, dim. of 
cant corner.] 1. A corner or edge ; piece ; fragment. 
2. The upwardly projecting rear part of a saddle. 

Cant'let (kSnt'lgt), n. A fragment ; a corner. 

Can'tO (kan'to), n. ; pi. Cantos (-toz). [It., fr. L. 
cantus singing, song.] 1. One of the chief divisions of a 
long poem; a book. 2. (Mus.) The highest vocal part ; 
the soprano. 

Can ton (kan'tun), n. [F., augm. of OF. cant edge.] 
1. A small portion ; a division. 2. A small territorial 
district ; esp. , one of the independent states which form 
the Swiss federal republic. 

Can'ton, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Cantoned (-tund) ; p. pr. 
& vb. 11. Cantoning.] 1. To divide into small parts or 
districts. 2. (Mil.) To allot separate quarters to. 

Can'ton-al (-al), a. Of, pert, to, or like, a canton. 

Can'ton flan'nel. See Cotton flannel, under Cotton. 

Can'ton-ize (kan'tun-iz), v. t. To divide into cantons. 

Can'ton-ment (kan'tun-ment), 11. A part of a town 
or village assigned to a body of troops for quarters. 

Can-toon' (kan-tobn'), n. A kind of cotton stuff. 

Can'tor (kan'tor), n. [L. , a singer, fr. canere to sing.] 
A singer ; esp. , the leader of a church choir ; a precentor. 

Canuck' (ka-nuk'), n. 1. A Canadian. [Slang] 2. 
A small hardy horse, common in Canada. [Colloq.] 

Can'u-la (kan'u-la), n., Can'u lar (-ler), a. See Can- 
nula, Cannular. 

Can'vas (kSn'vas), n. [Through F. & LL. fr. L. can- 
nabis hemp, fr. Gr. Kawo/Sis.] 1. A strong or coarse cloth 
of various kinds, made of hemp, flax, or cotton, for various 
uses, as for tents, sails, embroidery, etc. 2. Something 
made of, or on, canvas, — as a sail, a tent, a painting, etc. 

Can'vas-back' (kan'vas-b$k'), n. (Zool.) A species 
of duck, esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh ; — so 
named from the markings of the plumage on its back. 



G 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin 



M 



CANVASS 



128 



CAPITULUM 



foft 



v 



> 



Canvass (Id limp, 

'■.;.) [OF. canabasser, 
properly, to sift through canvas.] 1. To sift; to exam- 
roughly; to scrutinise. 2. To discuss. 3. To 
for purposes of solicitation or appeal. [vass. 

Canvass, v- >'• To search thoroughly ; to make a cau-| 

Can'vass. PS. 1. Close inspection ; careful review. 
inatiou by discussion or debate. 3. Search; a 
ing about for votes, subscribers, etc. 

Can'vass-er (.kan'ves-erV ». One who cauvasses. 

Can'y (.ka'nyl. <i. [From Cane.] Of or pertaining to 
cane or canes ;' abounding with caues. 

Can'yon (kfia'yfin), *. English form of Canon. 
Can-zo'ne (k7»n-ts6'na), ?*. [It., deriv. of L. cancre 
to sing.] (Mus.) A song, air, or piece of music like the 
madrigal, [song. I 

Can Z0-net' (kan^zo-nSt'), »• [It.] (Mus.) A short| 

Caoutchouc (kob'chook), 72. [F., from the South 
American name.] An elastic, gummy substance obtained 
from the sap of several tropical plants. Also called In- 
dia rubber (because first brought from India, and used 
chiefly for erasing pencil marks) and gum elastic. 

Cap (kSp), 7i. [AS. cseppe cap, cape, hood, fr. LL. 
cappa,capa ; perhaps of Iberian origin.] 1. A covering 
for the head, of various shapes. 2. Anything resembling 
a cap in form, position, or use. 3. A large size of writ- 
ing paper. 

To set one's cap for, to try to win for a husband. 

Cap (kap), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capped (k5pt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. 7i. Capping.] 1. To provide with a cap or cover; 
to cover the top or end of. 2. To complete ; to crown. 
3. To match ; to furnish a complement to. 

Ca'pa-ble (ka'pa-b'l), a. [F., through LL. fr. L. 
capere to take, contain.] Possessing ability, qualifica- 
tion, or susceptibility ; having capacity ; having adequate 
mental or legal power.— Ca pa bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ty), Ca'- 
pa-ble-ness. n. 

Syn. — Able; competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; 
effective; skillful. 

Ca-pa'cious (ka-pa'shus), a. [L. capax, -acis, fr. 
capere to take.] 1. Having capacity ; able to contain 
much. 2. Able to take large views of things ; comprehen- 
sive. — Ca-pa'cious-ly, adv. — Ca-pa'cious-ness, n. 

Ca-pac'i-tate (ka-pasT-tat), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Ca- 
pacitated.] To render capable ; to enable ; to qualify. 

Ca-pac'i-ty (-ty), n. 1. Power of receiving or contain- 
ing ; extent of room or space. 2. Power of receiving and 
holding ideas, knowledge, etc. 3. Ability ; power ; pos- 
sibility of being or of doiug. 4. Outward condition or 
circumstances ; character. 5. (Law) Legal or moral 
qualification, necessary for certain purposes. 

Syn. — Ability ; faculty ; talent ; capability ; skill ; 
efficiency ; cleverness. See Ability. 

I! Cap / -a-pie / (kap'a-pe'), adv. [OF. (de) cap-a-pie ; 
L. caput head + pes foot.] From head to foot; at all 
points. 

Ca-par'i-son (ka-parT-Bun), n. [F. caparacon, f r. Sp. 
caparazon a cover for a saddle, coach, etc., fr. capa cape, 
cover.] 1. An ornamental covering or housing for a 
horse ; trappings of a horse. 2. Gay or rich clothing. 

Ca-par'i-son, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Caparisoned (-siind) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Capaeisoning.] 1. To cover with hous- 
ings, as a horse. 2. To adorn with rich dress ; to dress. 

Cape (kap), n. [F. cap, fr. It. capo, fr. L. caput head, 
end, point.] A piece or point of land, extending into the 
sea ; a headland. 

Cape, n. [F. cape ; cf . LL. cappa. See Cap.] A short 
sleeveless garment, or part of a garment, hanging from 
the neck over the back and shoulders. 

Cap / el-let (kaygl-lgt), n. [F. capelet.-\ A wenlike 
swelling on the point of the elbow (or the heel of the 
hock) of a horse. 

Cape'lin (kaolin or kSp / e-lin), n. [Cf. F. capelan.] 
(Zo'61.) A small marine fish used as a bait for the cod. 

I Ca-pell'meis'ter (ka-pgl'mis'ter), n. [G.] The mu- 
sical director in a royal or ducal chapel ; a choir-master. 

Ca'per (ka'per), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Capered (-perd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Capering.] [From older capreoll, deriv. 
of L. coper, copra, goat.] To leap or jump about in a 
sprightly manner ; to skip ; to prance ; to dance. 

Ca'per, n. A frolicsome leap or spring ; prank. 

Ca'per, n. [F. capre, fr. L. capparis, Gr. Kawnapis.] 
gent grayish green flower bud of a European and 



Ti, 



Oriental shrub much used for pickling ; the ehrub itself 

Ca'per-ber ry (-ber'r?), n. The fruit of the caper bush. 

Ca'per-cail'zie (ka'per-kal'zT or -kal'yT), or Ca'per- 

cally -'.~Ti K . „. [GaeL capullcoille.] A species of 

grouse of northern Europe, and formerly of Scotland. 



Ca'per-er (ka'per-er), ??. One who capers. 

II Ca'pi-as (ka'pt-Xs), ». [L., thou mayst take.] (Law) 
A writ or process commanding the officer to arrest the 
person named in it. 

Cap il-la'ceous (kSp'Tl-la'shus), a. Capillary. 

Cap il-lar'i-ty (-lar'T-ty), ». 1. Quality or condition 
of being capillary. 2. (Physics) Capillary attraction or 
repulsion. 

Cap'il-la-ry (kap'tl-lS-ry or ka-pTl'la-ry), a. [L. ca- 
pillaris, fr. capillus hair.] 1. Resembling a hair ; very 
slender ; having minute tubes or interspaces. 2. Per- 
taining to capillary tubes or vessels. 

Capillary attraction, Capillary repulsion, the apparent 
attraction or repulsion by which a liquid is elevated or 
depressed where it is in contact with a solid. 

Cap'il-la-ry, n. A minute tube or vessel ; esp., one of 
the smallest blood vessels connecting arteries and veins. 

Ca-pis'trate (ka-pis'trat), a. [L. capistratus, p. p. of 
capistrare to halter.] (Zo'61.) Hooded ; cowled. 

Cap'i-tal (kXp'i-tal), a. [F., fr. L. capitalis capital 
(in senses 1 & 2), fr. caput head.] 1. Of or pertaining 
to the head. [Obs.~\ 2. Having reference to, or involv- 
ing, the forfeiture of the head or life. 3. First in im- 
portance ; chief ; principal. 4. First-rate. [Colloq.~\ 

Capital letter (Print.), a leading or heading letter usually 
different in form from, and larger than, the body of print 
in which it stands. — Capital stock, money, property, or 
stock invested in any business or enterprise. 

Syn. — Chief ; leading ; controlling ; prominent. 

Cap'i-tal (kap'T-tal), n. 1. (Arch.) The head or up- 



permost member of a 
column, pilaster, etc. 
2. [Cf. F. capitate, 
fern., sc. ville.\ 
(Geog.) The chief 
city or town in a 
country ; a metropo- 
lis. 3. Money, prop- 
erty, or stock em- 
ployed in business ; 
the sum invested or 
lent, as distinguished 
from the income or 
interest. 4. (Polit. 
Econ.) That portion 
of the produce of in' 



CAPITALS. 




Composite. 



dustry, which may be directly employed either to sup- 
port human beings or to assist in production. 5. Any- 
thing available to increase one's power or influence. 6. 
(Fort.) An imaginary dividing line, as in a ravelin. 7. A 
capital letter. [of large property. I 

Cap'i-tal-ist, n. One who has capital ; esp., a person | 

Cap/i-tal-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. Act of capitalizing. 

Cap'i-tal-ize (kap'i-tol-Iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capi- 
talized (-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Capitalizing.] 1. To 
convert into, or use as, capital. 2. To appraise or assess 
the value of as capital. 3. To write or print in capitals 
or with an initial capital. 

Cap'i-tal-ly, adv. In capital manner. 

Cap'i-tate (kap'i-tat), a. Headlike in form; enlarged 
or gathered into a head. 

Cap'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Tax upon heads ; poll tax. 

Cap'i-tol (-tol). [L. capitolium, fr. caput head.] 

1. The temple of Jupiter, at Rome, where the Senate met. 

2. The edifice at Washington occupied by Congress ; also, 
a statehouse. [in Rome. I 

Cap'i-to-line (kap'I-to-lin), a. Pert, to the Capitol | 

Ca-pit'U-lar (ka-pit'u-ler), n. [Fr. L. capitulum, 
dim. of caput.] 1. An act passed in a chapter. 2. A 
member of a chapter. 3. The head or prominent part. 

Ca-pit'U-lar (ka-pit'u-ler), a. 1. (Eccl.) Of or per- 
taining to a chapter; capitulary. 2. Pertaining to, or 
having the form of, a capitulum. 

Ca-pit'U-la-ry (ka-pifu-la-r^), n. 1. A capitular. 
2. The body of laws or statutes of a chapter, or one ar- 
ranged in chapters or sections. 

Ca-pit'u-la-ry (-la-ry), a. Relating to the chapter of 
a cathedral ; capitular. 

Ca-pit'u-late (-lat), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Capitulated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Capitulating.] [LL. capitulare, p. p. 
-atus.'] 1. To draw up the head of an agreement. 2. To 
surrender on terms agreed upon. 

Ca-pit'U-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. 1. The act of capitu- 
lating. 2. The instrument containing the terms of an 
agreement or surrender. 

Ca-pit'u-la'tor (-ter), n. One who capitulates. 

II Ca-pit'u-lum (ka-ptt'u-lum), n. ; pi. Capitula (-la). 
[L, a small head.] 1. (Bot.) A thick head of flowers on 
a very short axis. 2. (Anat.) A knoblike protuberance. 






a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, (t, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, fcvent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 






CAPIVI 



129 



CARACOLE 



Ca-pi'vi (ka-pe / ve), re. Copaiba. 

Cap'no-man cy (kap'no-man'sjf), n. [Gr. Kairvos 
smoke -f- -money.'] Divination from the motion of smoke. 

Ca-poch' (ka-podch'), re. [Deriv. of LL. capa cloak.] 
A hood ; esp., the hood of a monk's gown. 

Ca'pon (ka'p'n or ka'pQn), re. [AS. capun, L. capo, 
fr. Gr. Kanuiv ; akin to kotttsiv to cut.] A cock gelded 
to improve his flesh for the table. 

Cap'O-niere' (kap'o-ner'), n. [F. caponniere, fr. Sp. 
caponera, orig., a cage for fattening capons.] (Fort.) 
A work made across or in the ditch, to protect it froni 
the enemy, or for a passageway. 

Ca-pot' (ka-pof), re. [F.] A winning of all the tricks 
at the game of piquet. It counts for forty points. 

Ca-pote' (ka-pof), n. [Sp. capote, fr. LL. capa cape, 
cloak.] A long cloak or overcoat, esp. one with a hood. 

Ca-pOUCh' (ka-pooch'), n. & v. t. Same as Capoch. 

II Cap-pel/la (kap-peTla), n. See A cappella. 

Cap're-O-late (kap're-o-lat or ka-pre'6-lat), a. [L. 
capreolus, fr. caper goat.] (Bot.) Having tendrils. 

Cap'ric (kap'rlk), a. [L. caper goat.] (Chem.) Of 
or pertaining to capric acid or its derivatives, fatty acids 
occurring in small quantities in butter, cocoanut oil, etc. 
Ca-pric'ciO (ka-pret'cho), n. [It.] 1. (Mus.) A 
piece in a free form, with frequent digressions from the 
theme ; a fantasia. 2. A caprice ; a freak. 

Ca-price' (ka-pres'), re. [F., through It. fr. L. caper, 
capra, goat.] 1. An abrupt, unreasonable change in 
feeling, opinion, or action. 2. (Mus.) A capriccio. 

Syn. — Freak ; whim ; crotchet ; fancy ; humor. 

Ca-pri'clous (ka-prTsh'us), a. Governed or character- 
ized by caprice ; apt to change suddenly or unreasonably. 
— Ca-pri'cious-ly, adv. — Ca-pri'cious-ness, re. 

Cap'ri-corn (kap'rT-kSrn), re. [L. capricornus ; caper 
goat -f- cornu horn.] (Astron.) The tenth sign of the 
zodiac, into which the sun enters at the winter solstice, 
about December 21. See Ulust. of Zodiac. 

Cap / ri-fl-ca'tion (kap/n-fT-ka'shun), re. [L. caprifi- 
catio, deriv. of caprificus wild fig ; caper goat + ficus 
fig.] The practice of hanging, upon the cultivated fig 
tree, branches of the wild fig infested with insects sup- 
posed to insure fertilization and hasten ripening. 

Cap'ri-form (kap'rl-form), a. [L. caper goat -f 
-form.~\ Having the form of a goat. 

Ca-prig'e-nous (ka-prTj'e-nus), a. [L. caprigenus ; 
caper goat -f- gignere to produce.] Of the goat kind. 

Cap'ri-Ole (kap'rT-ol), re. [F. capriole, cabriole, It. 
capriola, fr. L. caper goat.] 1. (Man.) Aleapthat a horse 
makes with all fours, upwards only, without advancing. 
2. A leap or caper, as in dancing. 

Cap'si-cum (kap'sT-kum), n. [NL., fr. L. capsa box, 
chest.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, producing the red or 
Cayenne pepper of commerce. 

Cap-Size' (kap-slz'), v. t. & i. 
[imp. & p. p. Capsized (-sizd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Capsizing.] [Cf. 
Sp. cabecear to nod, pitch, capu- 
zar to sink (a vessel) by the head ; 
fr. L. caput head.] To upset or 
overturn, as a vessel. 

Cap'size (kap'siz'), n. An up- 
set or overturn. 

Cap'stan (-st£n), n. [F. cabes- 
tan, fr. Sp. cabestrante ; of uncer- 




tain origin.] A vertical cleated 



Capstan. 



drum or cylinder revolving on an „ ^ , , , „ , , 

upright spindle, used especially V^tlfs \ \ SS'S 
on shipboard, for moving or rais- the pawls ; d Pawl ring, 
ing heavy weights. 
Cap'su-lar (kap'su-ler), 1 a. Of or pertaining to a cap- 
Cap'SU-la-ry (-la-ry), j sule ; hollow and fibrous. 
Cap'su-late (kap'su-lat), ) a. Inclosed in a 
Cap'su-la ted (-la'ted), J capsule, or as in 
a chest or box. 

Cap'SUle (kar/sul), n. [L. capsula a little 
box, fr. capsa chest, case, fr. caper e to take, 
contain.] 1. (Bot.) A dry fruit or pod made up 
of several parts or carpels which separate to 
discharge the seeds. 2. (Chem.) A small 
shallow dish, as of clay or porcelain, for heating 
or evaporating anything. 3. (Med.) A small 
gelatinous envelope in which a medicine is in- 
closed to be swallowed. 4. (Anat.) A mem- 
branous sac. 5. A metallic seal or cover for a 
bottle. 6. A small cup or shell, as for a per- 
cussion cap. Capsules. 
Cap'tain (kap'tTn), n. [Through OF. fr. a ; Poppy ; 
LL. capitaneus, capitanus, fr. L. caput the 6Gentmn - 



head.] 1. A head, or chief officer : as, the military officer 
commanding a company, troop, or battery ; a superior 
navy officer ; master of a merchant vessel ; foreman of 
a body of workmen, etc. 2. A military leader ; warrior. 

Captain general, a military commander in chief. — Cap- 
tain lieutenant, a lieutenant with the rank and duties, but 
not the pay, of captain. 

Cap'tain cy (kip'tln-sy), n. The rank or post of a 
captain. 

Cap'tain-ship. n. 1. The condition, rank, post, or 
authority of a captain. 2. Military skill. 

Cap'tion (kap'shun), n. [L. captio, fr. capere to take.] 
1. A caviling. [Obs.] 2. Act of arresting a person by 
judicial process. \_Ii.~\ 3. (Law) That part of a legal 
instrument which shows where, when, and by what au- 
thority, it was taken, found, or executed. 4. The head- 
ing of a chapter, section, or page. [U. S.~\ 

Cap'tious (kap'shus), a. [F. captieux, L. captiosus.'] 

1. Apt to catch at faults ; disposed to cavil : habitually 
contentious. 2. Perplexing; troublesome. — Cap'tious- 
ly, adv. — Cap'tious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Cavding ; carping; fault-finding; censorious; 
hypercritical ; peevish ; fretful ; perverse ; troublesome. 

Cap'ti-vate (kap'tT-vat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capti- 
vated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Captivating.] [L. captivare, 
p. p. -atus, to capture, fr. captivus captive.] To make a 
captive of ; esp., to acquire ascendency over by reason of 
some art or attraction ; to fascinate. 

Syn. — To enslave ; enamor; charm; enchant; bewitch. 

Cap'tive (kap'tiv), n. [L. captivus, fr. capere to 
take.] 1. A prisoner taken in war ; one kept in bondage. 

2. Fig., one whose will or affection is subjugated; one 
who is captivated. 

Cap'tive, a. Of, or pertaining to, or being in, the state 
or condition of a captive, literally or figuratively. 

Cap-tiv'i-ty (-tiv'T-ty), n. State of being a captive. 

Cap'tor (kap'ter), n. One who captures anything. 

Cap'ture (kap'tur ; 135), n. 1. Act of seizing or tak- 
ing possession by force, stratagem, or some subduing 
quality. 2. The thing so taken ; prize ; prey. 

Cap'ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captured (-turd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Capturing.] To seize or take possession of 
by, or as by, force, surprise, or stratagem. 

Cap'U-chin' (kap'u-shen'), n. [F. capucin a monk who 
wears a cowl, fr. It. cappuccio hood. See Capoch.] 1. 
(Eccl.) A Franciscan monk of the austere branch, dis- 
tinguished by wearing a long pointed cowl or capoch. 

2. A garment for women, combining a cloak and hood. 

3. (Zool.) (a) A. long-tailed South American monkey 
having the hair on the crown re- \\j^ 
flexed and resembling a monk's 
cowl, (b) A variety of pigeon hav- 
ing a hoodlike tuft of feathers. 

Cap'u-cine (sin), n. 
See Capuchin, 3. 

Cap'u-let (kap'ii-let), 
n. (Far.) Same as Cap- 

ELLET. 

HCa'put(ka'put),rc.; 
pi. Capita (kap'T-ta). 
[L., the head.] 1. 
(Anat.) The head ; also, 
a capitulum. 2. The 
top or superior part of 
a thing. 

Ca'py-ba'ra (ka'pe- 
ba'ra), re. [Sp. capi- Capnchin (CAus capucmus). 
bara, fr. the native name.] (Zool.) A very large South 
American rodent living on the margins of lakes and rivers. 

Car (kar), n. [OT^., fr. L. carrus a wagon ; a Celtic 
word.] 1. A small vehicle moved on wheels ; a cart. 

2. A vehicle adapted to the rails of a railroad. [U. 5.] 

3. A chariot. [Poetic] 4. A cagelike vehicle as for 
passengers, attached to a balloon or an elevator. 

Car'a-bid (kar'a-btd), a. (Zool.) Of, pertaining to, 
or resembling, a certain genus ( Carabus)or family (Carab- 
idse) of active insectivorous beetles. 

Car'a-bine (kar'a-bln), n. (Mil.) A carbine. 

Ca'ra-ca'ra (ka'ra-ka'ra), n. (Zool.) A South Amer- 
ican bird of several species and genera, resembling both 
the eagles and the vultures. 

Car'ack (kSr'ak). ??. [Origin uncertain.] (Xaut.) A 
kind of large ship formerly used by the Spaniards and 
Portuguese ; a galleon. 

Car'a-COle (kar'a-kol), n. [F., fr. Sp. caracol snail, 
winding staircase, a wheeling about.] 1. (Man.) A half 
turn which a horseman makes. 2. (Arch.) A spiral 
staircase. 




H 



K 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt. out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
"9 



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CARACOLE 



130 



CARDINAL 



'V 



> 



Car 'a cole ^kaVa-kon, 9. i. To move in a caracole. 
Ca rale' ^ ka-raf'1, ;i. [F.] A glass water bottle for 
the table or toilet [Carrageen. I 

Car'a-geen or Car'a gheen (kXr'a-gen'), n. See| 

Car'a inel ik»r'a-m?l), n. [¥., fr. LL. canna mollis, 

s mmKtuS, sugar cane, from or confused with L. 

canna reed -f- nui. wttUis, honey.] 1. {Chem.) Burnt 

I brown or black porous substance obtained by 

heating sugar. 2. A kind of confectionery, of varying 

composition. 

Ca-ran'goid (ki-rSn'goid), a. [Caranx -f- -oid.~\ {Zodl.) 
Of. or pertaining to. a family (Carangidn-) of fishes allied 
to the mackerels, and including the caraux, American 
bluetish, and the pilot fish. 

Caranx (ka'rXnks), n. {Zodl.) A genus of fishes, 
including the yellow, or golden, mackerel. 

Car'a-pace (kar'a-pas), n. [F.] {Zo'dl.) The shell 
which covers the back of the tortoise, crab, etc. 

Car'a-pax (kXr'a-pXks), n. {Zodl.) See Carapace. 

Car'at (kar'St), n. [F. carat, Ar. qirat bean or pea 
shell, a weight of four grains, a carat, fr. Gr. Kepdriov a 
little horn, "the fruit of the carob tree, a carat.] 1. The 
weight (equal to three and one fifth grains) by which 
precious stones and pearls are weighed. 2. A twenty- 
fourth part; — a term used in estimating the propor- 
tionate fineness of gold. 

Car'a-van (k5r'a-v5n or kar'a-vXn'), n. [F. caravane, 
fr. Per. karican a caravan (in sense 1).] 1. A company 
of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants, organized and 
equipped for a long journey, marching or traveling to- 
gether. 2. A large, covered wagon, or a train of such 
wagons, for conveying wild beasts, etc., for exhibition. 
3. A covered vehicle for carrying passengers, furniture, 
etc. ; a van. 

Car'a-vail'sa-ry (-van'sa-ry), n. [Per. karwdnsarai; 
karwan caravan -\- sarai palace, large house, inn.] A 
kind of inn, in the East, where caravans rest at night. 

Car/a-vel (k5r'a-vel), n. [F. caravelle, fr. L. carabus 
a kind of light boat, fr. Gr. »capa/3os a kind of light ship.] 
(a) A small vessel with broad bows, high, narrow poop, 
four masts, and lateen sails, common in the 16th century. 
(6) A small fishing boat used on the French coast, (c) A 
Turkish man-of-war. 

Car/a-way (kSr'a-wa), n. [F. carvi, fr. Ar. karaw'ia, 
karu'ia, fr. Gr. xapof.] 1. {Bot.) A biennial plant of the 
Parsley family, and its aromatic seeds. 2. A sweetmeat 
containing caraway seeds. 

Car'bide (kar'bid or -bid), n. [Carbon. -f- -ide.~\ 
{Chem.) A binary compound of carbon, in which the car- 
bon plays the part of a negative. 

Carabine (kiir'bin), n. [F. carabine, deriv. of LL. 
chadabula, cabulus, a kind of projectile machine, fr. Gr. 
Karafiokr) a throwing down, deriv. of Kara down -f- /SaAAeii/ 
to throw.] {Mil.) A short, light musket or rifle, esp. 
one used by mounted soldiers or cavalry. [carbine. I 

Car'bi-neer' (kar'bT-ner'), n. A soldier armed with a | 

Car-bol'ic (kar-b51'Tk), a. [L. carbo coal -f- oleum. 
oil.] {Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid de- 
rived from coal tar and other sources. 

Car'bO-lize (kar'bo-liz), v. t. {Med.) To apply car- 
bolic acid to ; to wash or treat with carbolic acid. 

Car'bon (kar'bSn), n. [F. carbone, fr. L. carbo coal.] 
{Chem.) A nonmetallic element present in all organic 
compounds. It forms the base of lampblack and char- 
coal, and enters largely into mineral coals. In its pure 
crystallized state it constitutes the diamond. 

Car bo-na'ceous (kar'bo-na'shiis), a. Pertaining to, 
containing, or composed of, carbon. 

Car/bo-na'do (-na'do), ) v. t. [Deriv. of L. carbo coal.] 

Car'bo-nade (-nad), ) 1. To cut or slice and broil. 
[Obs.~\ 2. To cut or hack, as in fighting. [Obs.~\ 

Car'bo-na'ro (kar'bo-na'ro), n. ; pi. Carbonari 
(-r£). [It., a coal man.] A member of a secret political 
association in Italy, organized for the purpose of changing 
the government into a republic. [bonic acid. I 

Carbon-ate (kiir'bon-at), n. {Chem.) A salt of car-| 

Car'bon-a'ted (kar'bBn-a'te'd), a. Combined or im- 
pregnated with carbonic acid. 

Car-bon'ic (kar-bonTk), a. {Chem.) Of, pertaining 
to, or obtained from, carbon. 

Carbonic acid (Chem.), technically, an acid, H 2 C0 3 , not 
existing separately, which combines to form carbonates ; 
popularly, carbon dioxide, C0 2 , a gas which extinguishes 
■•toe, and, when breathed, destroys life. 

Car'bon-il'er-ous (kar'b5n-Tfer-us), a. [Carbon + 
•ferotu.] Producing or containing carbon or coal. 

Car'bon-i-za'tion (kaVbon-T-za'shun), n. Act or 
process of carbonizing. 



CarTJon-lze (kar'b5n-Iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbon- 
ized ; p. pr. & ii>. v. Carbonizing]. 1. To convert into 
carbon ; to char. 2. To charge or combine with carbon. 

Car'boy (kar'boi), n. [Origin uncertain.] A large, 
globular glass bottle, esp. one inclosed, as in basket work. 

Car'bun-cle (kar'biin-k'l), n. [L. carbunculus, dim. 
of carbo coal.] 1. {31in.) A beautiful gem of a deep 
red color (with a mixture of scarlet), found in the East 
Indies. 2. {Med.) A very painful acute local inflamma- 
tion, differing from a boil in being larger and without a 
core, and having a tendency to spread. 

Car'bun-cled (-k'ld), a. 1. Set with carbuncles. 
2. Affected with a carbuncle or carbuncles ; pimpled. 

Car-bun'cu lar (kar-bun'ku-ler), a. Belonging to a 
carbuncle ; resembling a carbuncle ; red ; inflamed. 

Car'bU-ret (kiir'bu-rgt), n. {Chem.) A carbide. 

Car'bu-ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbureted or Car- 
buretted (-ret'Sd).] {Chem.) To combine or to impreg- 
nate with carbon, or a volatile carbon compound. 

Car'bu-rize (kar'bu-riz), v. t. {Chem.) To combine 
with carbon or a carbon compound. 

Car'ca-net (kar'ka-net), n. [Dim. fr. F. carcan, LL. 
carcannum, prob. fr. Armor, kerchen neck, kelchen col- 
lar, fr. kelch circle.] A jeweled chain, necklace, or collar. 

Car'case (kar'kas), n. See Carcass. 

Car'cass (kar'kas), n. [F. carcasse, fr. It. carcassa, 
fr. L. caro flesh -\- capsa chest.] 1. A dead body ; now 
commonly, the dead body of a beast. 2. The living body ; 
— now commonly used in contempt or ridicule. 3. The 
decaying remains, or unfinished frame, of a thing. 4. 
{Mil.) A hollow missile, filled with combustibles. 

Car/ci-noFo-gy (kar'sT-nol'o-j^), n. [Gr. KopjciVos a 
crab -f- -logy.~\ {Zodl.) Crustaceology. 

II Car ci-rio'ma (-no'ma), n. [L. , deriv. f r. Gr. KapxtVo? 
crab, cancer.] {Med.) A cancer ; also, an indolent tumor. 

Card (kard), n. [F. carle, fr. L. charta paper. See 
Chart.] 1. A piece of pasteboard, or thick paper, blank 
or prepared for various uses ; as, the card of an indicator, 
the card of a compass, etc. 2. pi. A game played with 
cards. 3. A published note, containing a brief statement, 
explanation, request, etc. 4. {Weaving) A perforated 
pasteboard or sheet-metal plate for warp threads. 

Card, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Carding.] To play at cards ; to game. 

Card, n. [F. carde teasel, card, fr. L. carduus, cardus, 
thistle, fr. carere to card.] 1. An instrument for disen- 
tangling and arranging the fibres of cotton, wool, flax, 
etc., or for cleaning and smoothing the hair of animals. 
2. A roll or sliver of carded fibre. 

Card, v. t. To comb with a card ; to cleanse or disen- 
tangle by carding, or as if by carding. 

Car'da-mine (kar'da-min), n. [L. cardamina, Gr. 
Kap8aju,iVrj.] {Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants, in- 
cluding the cuckooflower, bitter cress, meadow cress, etc. 

Car'da-mom (kar'da-mum), n. [L. cardamomum, Gr. 
KapSa/u.w/xoi'.] The aromatic fruit of several plants of the 
Ginger family growing in the East Indies and elsewhere, 
much used as a condiment and in medicine ; also, the 
plant itself. 

Card'board 7 (kard'bord'), n. A stiff compact paste- 
board of various qualities, for making cards, etc. 

Card'case (kard'kaV), n. A case for visiting cards. 

Card'er (kar'der), n. One who, or that which, cards 
wool, flax, etc. 

Car'di-ac (kar'dT-5k), a. [L. cardiacus, Gr. KapSia- 
K09, fr. KapSCa heart.] 1. {Anal.) Pertaining to, resem- 
bling, or situated near, the heart. 2. {Med.) Exciting 
action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach ; 
stimulant. 

Car'di-ac, n. {Med.) A cardiac medicine ; a cordial. 

Car-di'a-cal (kar-di'a-kal), a. Cardiac. 

II Car'dl-al'gi-a (k'aVdT-al'jY-a), ) n. [NL. cardialgia, 

Car'di-al'gy (kar'dT-aVjy), ) f r. Gr. xapSiaAyia ; 

Kaphia. + aAyos pain.] {Med. ) A burning or gnawing pain, 
or feeling of distress (usually a symptom of indigestion), 
referred to the region of the heart ; heartburn. 

Car'di-gan jack'et (kar'di-gan jak'gt). A jacket of 
knit worsted ; — named after an Earl of Cardigan. 

Car'dl-nal (kar'di-nal), a. [L. cardinalis, fr. cardo 
the hinge of a door, that on which a thing turns or de- 
pends.] Of fundamental importance ; preeminent ; su- 
perior ; chief ; principal. 

Cardinal numbers, the numbers one, two, three, etc., in 
distinction from first, second, third, etc., which are called 
ordinal numbers. — Cardinal points {Geog.), the four prin- 
cipal points of the compass, — north, south, east, and 
west. — Cardinal virtues, preeminent virtues ; among the 
ancients, prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. 



e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ti, y, short ; senate, e"vent, tdea, obey, finite, cftre, arm, ask, all, final. 



CARDINAL 



131 



CARNOSITY 



Car'<U-nal (kar'dT-nal), n. 1. (R. C. Ch.) One of the 
seventy ecclesiastical princes who constitute the pope's 
council, or the sacred college. 2. A woman's short cloak 
with a hood. 3. Mulled red wine. 

Cardinal bird, or Cardinal grosbeak (Zo'ol.), an American 
song bird of the Finch family, having a bright red plum- 
age, and a high, pointed crest on its head. — Cardinal 
flower (Bot. ), an herbaceous plant (Lobelia cardinalis) bear- 
ing brilliant red flowers. — Cardinal red, a bright red, 
darker than scarlet, and between scarlet and crimson. 

Car'di-nal-ate (-at), Car'di-nal-ship, n. Office or 
dignity of a cardinal. 

Car'dl-old (kar'dT-oid), n. [Deriv. of Gr. icapSia. heart 
-f- elSos shape.] {Math.) An algebraic curve, so called 
from its resemblance to a heart. 

Car di-ol'O-gy (-51'6-jy), n. [Gr. KapSCa + -logy.] 
The science treating of the heart and its functions. 

II Car-di'tis (kar-di'tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. KapSCa -f- 
-itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the muscles of the heart. 

Car-doon' (kar-dobn'), n. [F. cordon, deriv. of L. 
cardus thistle.] {Bot.) A plant related to the artichoke, 

— used in cookery, and as a salad. 

Care (ka*r), n. [AS. cam, cearu ; akin to Goth, kara, 
OHG. chara, lament.] 1. A burdensome sense of re- 
sponsibility. 2. Charge, oversight, or management, 
implying responsibility for safety and prosperity. 3. 
Attention or heed ; caution ; watchfulness. 4. The 
object of watchful attention or anxiety. 

Syn. — Anxiety ; solicitude ; concern ; caution ; re- 
gard; management; direction; oversight. 

Care, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cared (kSrd) ;p.pr.& vb. n. 
Caring.] To be anxious or concerned ; to have regard 
or iuterest. 

Ca-reen' (ka-ren'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Careened 
(-rend') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Careening.] [OF. cariner, fr. 
carine keel, fr. L. carina.] (Naut.) To cause (a vessel) 
to lean over so as to float on one side. 

Ca-reen', v. i. To lie over on one side, as a ship. 

Ca-reer' (ka-rer'), n. [F. carriere race course, street, 
fr. L. carrus wagon.] 1. A race course. 2. A running ; 
a rapid course. 3. General course of action or conduct. 

Ca-reer', v. i. [imp. & p. p. Careered (-rerd') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Careering.] To move or run rapidly. 

Care'ful (kSr'ful), a. 1. Full of care ; anxious ; so- 
licitous. [Archaic] 2. Causing care. 3. Taking care ; 
giving good heed; not indifferent or reckless. — Care'- 
ful-ly, adv. — Care'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Anxious ; solicitous; provident; thoughtful; 
cautious; circumspect; heedful; watchful; vigilant. 

Care/leSS (kaTlgs), a. 1. Free from care or anxiety ; 
hence, cheerful ; light-hearted. 2. Not taking ordinary 
or proper care. 3. Done or said without labor or study. 

— Care'less-ly , adv. — Carelessness, n. 

Syn. — Negligent ; heedless ; thoughtless ; unthink- 
ing ; inattentive ; incautious ; remiss ; supine ; forgetful ; 
regardless; inconsiderate; listless. 

Ca-ress' (ka-res'), n. [Through F. and It. fr. LL. 
caritia dearness, fr. L. earns dear.] An act or expres- 
sion of affection ; a fondling touch. 

Ca-ress', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caressed (-rest') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Caressing.] To treat with tokens of fond- 
ness, affection, or kindness ; to fondle. 

Syn.— To embrace; pet; coddle; court; flatter. 

Ca'ret (ka'ret or kar'et), n. [L. caret there is want- 
ing, fr. carere to want.] A mark [ f\ ] used to show that 
something omitted in a line of print or writing is inter- 
lined above, or inserted in the margin. 

Car'gO (kar'go), n. ; pi. Cargoes (-goz). [Sp. cargo, 
carga, burden, load, fr. cargar to load, charge. See 
Charge.] The lading or freight of a vessel ; load ; freight. 

Car'gOOSe' (kar'goos'), n. [Origin uncertain.] (Zo'ol. ) 
The crested grebe. 

i Ca-ri'be (ka-re'ba), re. [Sp., a cannibal.] (Zo'ol.) 
A voracious South American fresh- water fish. 

Car'i-bOU (kar'T-boo), re. [Canadian French.] (Zo'ol.) 
The American reindeer. 

Car'i-ca-ture (kar'T-ka-tur), n. [It. caricatura, fr. 
caricare to overload, exaggerate. See Charge, v. t.] 
1. An exaggeration, or distortion by exaggeration, of 
parts or characteristics, as in a picture. 2. A picture, 
figure, or description so distorted as to appear ridiculous ; 
a burlesque ; a parody. 

Car'i-ca-ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caricatured 
(-turd ; 134) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Caricaturing.] To make 
or draw a caricature of ; to burlesque. 

Car'i-ca-tU'rist (-tu'rTst), re. One who caricatures. 

II Ca'ri-es (ka'rT-ez), n. [L., decay.] (Med.) Ulcera- 
tion of bone, causing a gradual destruction. 

Car'il-lon (kar'Tl-lon ; F. ka'rel'y6N'), re. [F. caril- 




lon a chime of (four) bells, deriv. of L. quatuor four.] 
1. (Mus.) A chime of bells diatonically tuned. 2. A 
tune adapted to be played by musical bells. 

HCa-ri'na (ka-ri'na), n. [L., keel.] 
(Bot. & Zo'ol.) A keel-shaped longitudinal 
ridge, growth, or part. 

Car'i-nate (kaVT-nat), ) a. Shaped _ . , -n 7 r .i„»i 

Car'i-na'ted(-na'te-dU like the C A™^„S35!> 
keel or prow of a ship ; having a carina flower (Robmia his- 
or keel-like process. pida). The stand- 

Car'i-ole(-ol),n. [F. carriole, dim. ^„ and J i °fi have 
fr. L. carrus wagon.] A carriage or Deen removed - 
cart of various kinds; esp., a kind of calash ; a carryall. 

Ca'ri-OUS (ka'rT-us), a. [L. cariosus, f r. caries decay.] 
Affected with caries ; decaying. 

Cark (kark), n. [OE. cark, fr. dial, form of F. charge, 
E. charge.] Anxious care ; solicitude. [Archaic] 

Carl (karl), n. [Icel. karl a male, a man ; akin to E. 
churl.] 1. A rustic ; a churl. 2. Stalks of hemp which 
bear the seed. 3. A food made of pease. 

Carline (kar'lin or -lin), In. [Origin uncertain.] 

Carling (kar'ling), ) (Naut.) A short tim- 

ber from one transverse deck beam to another ; also, a 
cross timber strengthening a hatch ; — usually in pi. 

Carline this tie (kar'lin this's'l or kar'lin ) . (Bot. ) A 
prickly plant (Carlina vulgaris) of Europe and Asia, — 
reputed to have been used as a remedy for pestilence by 
the army of Charlemagne, whence the name. [cart, j 

Car'man (kar'man), n. A man who drives a car or | 

Car'mel-ite (-mel-it), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A friar or a 
nun of a mendicant order established on Mount Carmel, 
in Syria. 

Car-min'a-tive (kar-mtn'a-tTv), a. [NL. carminati- 
vus (1622), fr. carminare to card, hence, to cleanse, fr. 
carmen a card for cleaning wool or flax.] Expelling 
wind from the body; warming; antispasmodic. — n. A 
carminative substance, esp. an aromatic. 

Car'mine (kar'min), n. [F. carmin, contr. from LL. 
carmesinus purple color. See Crimson.] 1. A rich red 
or crimson color with a shade of purple. 2. A pigment, 
or a lake, of this color, prepared from cochineal. 

Car'nage (kar'naj), n. [F., deriv. of L. caro, carnis, 
flesh.] 1. Flesh of slain animals or men. 2. Great 
destruction of life ; massacre. 

Car'nal (kar'nal), a. [L. carnalis, fr. caro, carnis, 
flesh ; akin to Gr. /cpe'as, Skr. kravya. Cf. Charnel.] 

1. Of or pertaining to the body or its appetites ; sensual ; 
lustful ; also, human or worldly as opposed to spiritual. 

2. Ravenous ; devouring. [Obs.] 
Car'nal-iSt (kar'nal-Tst), n. A sensualist. 
Car-nal'i-ty (kar-nal'T-ty), n. Quality of being carnal. 
Car'nal-ize (kar'nal-iz), v. t. To make carnal. 
Car'nal-ly (-ly), adv. In a carnal manner ; sensually. 
Car'nal-mind'ed (-mlnd'ed), a. Worldly-minded. 
Car'na-ry (-na-rjf), n. [L. carnarium.] A charnel 



Car-na'tion (kar-na'shun), n. 1. The natural color 
of flesh; flesh tint. 2. (Bot.) A species of pink (Dian- 
thus Caryophyllus) and its flower, which is of various 
colors, and usually has a spicy fragrance. 

Car-nel'ian (kar-nel'yan ; 106), n. [For cornelian, by 
influence of L. carneus fleshy, because of its red color, 
through F. fr. L. cornu horn, because of a horny appear- 
ance when broken.] (Mm.) A variety of chalcedony, of 
a clear deep red, flesh red, or reddish white color. 

Car'ne-OUS (kar'ne-us), a. [L. carneus, from caro, 
carnis, flesh.] Consisting of, or like, flesh ; fleshy. 

Car'ney (kar'ny), n. [Cf. L. canieus fleshy.] (Far.) 
A disease of the mouth of horses. 

Car ni-fi-ca'tion (kar'm-fT-ka'shun), n. The act or 
process of becoming flesh or like flesh. 

Car'ni-fy (-fi), v. i. [LL. camificare, fr. L. caro, car- 
nis -\-facere to make.] To form, or become like, flesh. 

Car'ni-val (-nT-v«l), n. [F. car naval, fr. L. caro, 
carnis, flesh -f- vale farewell.] 1. A festival celebrated 
with merriment and revelry in Roman Catholic countries 
during the week before Lent. 2. Any extravagant 
merrymaking, feasting, etc. 

|| Car-niv'O-ra (kar-nlv'o-ra), n. pi. [NL. See Car- 
nivorous.] (Zo'ol.) An order of Mammalia, adapted by 
their structure to feed upon flesh. 

Car-niv'O-rous (-rus), a. [L. carnivorus ; caro, carnis, 
flesh -f vorare to devour.] Eating, or feeding on, flesh ; 
devouring or destroying flesh or animal tissues. 

Car-nose' (kar-nos'), 1 a. [L. carnosus, fr. caro, car- 

Car'nous (kar'nus), | nis, flesh.] Fleshy or fleshlike. 

Car-nos'i-ty (kar-n5s'T-ty), n. 1. (Med.) A fleshy 
excrescence. 2. Fleshy substance or quality. 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, riide, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, siug, ink, tnen, thin. 



M 



CAROB 



132 



CARTOGRAPHY 






> 



Car'ob (kSKoVl, n. [Ar. kharritb. Ter. kharnub.] 1. 

(Bot. ) An eilgieau leguminous tree found in the coun- 

dering the Mediterranean. 2. One of the long, 

tcculent pods of the carob tree: — called also 

Car'ol (UfBl), n. [OF. carole a kind of dance, fr. 
i dance ; perh. fr. Celtic] 1. A round dance. 
2. A song of joj-, praise, or devotion ; a lay ; 
jovful music. 

' Car'ol (kSr'Hll. r. t. [imp. A p. p. Caroled (-uld), 
or Carolled ; p. pr. & vb. ?i. Caroling, or Carolling.] 
1. To praise or celebrate in song. 2. To utter by singing. 

Car'ol. P. i. To sing : esp., to sing joyfully : to warble. 

Car O-li'na pink' (kar'6-li'na pink'). (Bot.) Pinkroot. 

Car'om (kfttm), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. F. caram- 
carom. deriv. of carambole the red ball in bil- 
liards.] (Billiards) A bitting of two or more balls with 
the player's ball. 

Car'om. v. L (Billiards) To make a carom. 

Ca-rot'iC (ka-r5tTk), a. [Gr. icapumicds stupefying. 
See Carotid.] 1. Pertaining to stupor. 2. Carotid. 

Ca-rot'id (ka-rSt'Td), n. [Gr. xapomo'e?, pi., from 
«apos heavy sleep. The early Greeks believed that these 
arteries in some way caused drowsiness.] (Anat.) One 
of the two main arteries of the neck. 

Ca-rot'id (-rSt'Td), ) a. (Anat.) Pert, to, or near, the 

Ca-rot'id-al (-T-dol), ) carotids or one of them. 

Ca-rous'al (ka-rouz'al), n. [See Carouse.] A jovial 
feast or festival ; a drunken revel. 

Syn. — Banquet; revel; orgie ; carouse. 

Carouse' (ka-rouz'), n. [Through F. fr. G. garaus 
emptying of the cup in drinking a health ; gar entirely 
-j- fl?<s out.] 1. A large draught of liquor. [O&s.] 2. A 
carousal. 

Ca-rouse' (ka-rouz'), v. i. & t. {imp. &p. p. Caroused 
(-rouzd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Carousing.] To drink deeply 
or freely in compliment ; to take part in a carousal. 

Ca-rous'er (-er), n. One who carouses ; a reveler. 

Carp (karp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carped (karpt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Carping.] [From Scand.,but influenced by 
L. carpere to pluck, calumniate.] 1. To talk ; to prattle. 
[Obs.] 2. To find fault ; to cavil ; to censure unreason- 
ably or petulantly. 

Carp. n. ; pi. Carp, formerly Carps. [Origin uncer- 
tain.] (Zo'ol.) A fresh-water herbivorous foodfish. 

Car'pal (kar'pal), a. [From Carpus.] (Anat.) Of 
or pertaining to the carpus, or wrist. 

Car'pel (kaVpSl), n. [NL. carpellum, fr. Gr. Kapn-ds 
fruit.] (Bot.) A simple pistil or single-celled ovary or 
seed vessel, or one of the parts of a compound pistil, 
ovary, or seed vessel. 

Car'pen-ter (kar'pgn-ter), n. [Through OF. & LL. fr. 
L. carpentum wagon.] An artificer who works in timber ; 
a framer and builder of houses, ships, etc. 

Car'pen-ter-ing, n. The occupation or work of a car- 
penter; carpentry. 

Car'pen-try (-try), n. 1. The art of cutting, framing, 
and joining timber. 2. An assemblage of pieces of tim- 
ber framed together ; work done by a carpenter. 

Carp'er (karr/er), n. One who carps ; a caviler. 

Car'pet (kar'pe't), n. [OF. carpite rug, sort of cloth, 
through LL. fr. L. carpere to pluck, to card (wool).] A 
heavy woven or felted fabric, esp. one used for a floor 
covering. 

Carpet knight, a hero of the drawing room ; an effeminate 
person. — To be on the carpet, to be under consideration ; 
to be the subject of deliberation. 

Car'pet, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Carpeted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Carpeting.] To cover with, or as with, a carpet. 

Car'pet-bag' (-bSg'), n. A hand bag for travelers ; — 
so called because formerly made of carpet. 

Car'pet-bag'ger (-bag'ger), n. An adventurer; — a 
term of contempt for a Northern man seeking private 
gain or political advancement in the southern part of the 
United States after the Civil War (1865). [U. S.] 

Car'pet-ing, n. 1. Act of covering with carpets. 2. 

Materials for carpets : carpets, in general, [woodpecker. I 

Car'pin-te'ro 'kaVpen-ta'ro), n. [Sp.] A California! 

Car po-gen'ic fkaVpo-jSnTk), a. [Gr. nap-no? fruit -f- 

-gen — -■>.] (Bot.) Causing the growth of fruit. 

Car'po-llte (kar'po-lit), n. [Gr. Kapnog fruit + -lite.'] 
Any fossil fruit, nut, or seed. 

Car-pol'o-gy rkar-pSl'o-j?), n. [Gr. xapnos + -logy.] 

Botany relating to the structure of seeds and fruit. 

Car'po-phyll fkar'po-ffl), n. [Gr. nap-not fruit -f 

af.l (Bot.) A leaf converted into a fruit or a 

*<ient portion of a fruit. [ttos fruit. I 

-car'pous f-kar'pu^. Combining form from Gr. *op-| 



Car'pus (kar'piis), n. ; pi. Carpi (-pi). [NL., fr. Gr. 
/tapiro? wrist.] (Anat.) The wrist; the bones or cartilages 
between the forearm, or antibrachium, and the band or 
forefoot. 

Car'rack (kar'rSk), n. See Carack. 

Car'ra-geen' (-ra-gen'), Car'ri-geen' (-rT-gen'), n. A 
kind of seaweed, which, when bleached, is the Irish moss 
of commerce. 

Car'riage (kSr'rlj), n. [Deriv. of OF. carter, charier. 
See Carry.] 1. That which is carried. [Obs.] 2. Act 
of carrying or conveying. 3. Price or expense of carrying. 
4. That which carries, conveys, or supports; esp., a 
wheeled vehicle for persons. 5. Manner of carrying 
one's self ; deportment ; personal manners. 6. Conduct 
of affairs ; management. 

Car'ri-boo (kar'ri-boo), n. See Caribou. 

Car'rick (-rik), n. (Naut.) A carack. 

Carrick bitts, the bitts which support the windlass. See 
Illust. of Windlass. 

Car'ri-er (kSr'rT-er), 7i. One who, or that which, carries, 

Car'ri-on (kar'ri-un), n. [Through OF. & LL. fr. L. 
caro flesh.] The dead and putrefying body or flesh of an 
animal. [carcasses ; feeding on carrion. I 

Car'ri-on, a. Of or pertaining to dead and putrefying | 

Car'rom (kar'rum), n. (Billiards) A carom. 

Car'rot (kSr'rut), w. [1L. car ota.] 1. (Bot.) A plant 
of many varieties. 2. Also, its esculent root, of a red- 
dish yellow color. 

Car'rot-y, a. Like a carrot in color or in taste. 

Car'ry (kar'ry), v. t. [imp'. & p. p. Carried (-rid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Carrying.] [OF. carter, charier, fr. car, 
char. See Car.] 1. To convey or transport from one 
place to another. 2. To have or bear as a burden. 3. 
To cause to move ; to convey by force ; to impeL 4. To 
transfer from one place to another. 5. To convey by 
continuance ; to extend. 6. To uphold successfully ; to 
bring to a successful issue. 7. To get by force ; to cap- 
ture. 8. To bear the aspect of; to exhibit; to imply. 
9. To bear (one's self) ; to behave ; to conduct. 10. To 
bear the charges of, as property, debt, etc., from one 
time to another. 

Carry arms (Mil. Brill), a command of the Manual of 
Arms directing the soldier to hold his 
piece as shown in the illustration. 

Car'ry, v. i. To perform the act of 
one who, or that which, carries anything. 

To carry on, to behave wildly or rudely ; 
to frolic. [Colloq.] 

Car'ry (kar'ry), n. A place over which 
boats or goods are carried overland be- 
tween two bodies of navigable water ; a 
portage. [U. S.] 

Car'ry-ail' (kSr'rT-al'), n. [Corrupted 
fr. cariole.] A kind of hght covered car- 
riage, for four or more persons. 

Cart (kart), n. [AS. craet.] Any one 
of various kinds of vehicles, esp. two- 
wheeled ones for passengers or burdens. 

Cart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Carting.] To carry or con- 
vey in a cart or carts. 

Cart'agO (-aj), n. 1. Act of carrying 
in a cart. 2. The price paid for carting. 

II Carte' blanche' (kart/ blaNsh'). [F., fr. OF. carte 
paper 4- blanc, blanche-, white.] A signed blank paper 
upon which another than the signer may write whatever 
terms he pleases ; hence, unlimited authority. 

II Carte' de Vl-Site' (de ve-zef), pi. Cartes de visite 
(kart'). [F.] 1. A visiting card. 2. A small size of 
photograph. 

Car-tel' (kSr-teV or kar'tel), n. [P., fr. LL. cartellus, 
dim. fr. L. charta. See Chart.] 1. (Mil.) An agree- 
ment between belligerents for the exchange of prisoners. 
2. A written challenge. [Obs.] 

Cart'er (kart/er), n. One who drives a cart ; teamster. 

Car-te'sian (kar-te'zhon), a. Of or pertaining to the 
French philosopher Ren6 Descartes, or his philosophy. 

Car-te'sian, n. An adherent of Descartes. 

Car-thu'sian (kar-tbu'zh<m), n. A member of an aus- 
tere religious order, founded at Chartreuse in France. 

Car-thu'sian, a. Pertaining to the Carthusians. 

Car'ti-lage(kar'tT-laj),w. [L. cartilago.] (Anat.) A 
translucent, elastic tissue ; gristle. 

Car ti-lag'i-nous (-lajT-nus), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, 
or like, cartilage ; gristly. 2. (Zo'ol.) Having the skele- 
ton of cartilage. 

Car-tOg'ra-phy (kar-tog'ra-fy), n. [See Card, and 
-graphy.] The art or business of forming charts ormaps. 




a, e, I, o, G, long ; a, 6, J, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, ftbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



i 



CARTON 



133 



CASSEROLE 



Carton (kiir'ton), n. [F. See Cartoon.] Pasteboard 
for paper boxes ; also, a pasteboard box. 

Car-toon' (kiir-todn'), n. [F. carton, fr. L. charta 
paper.] 1. A design or study drawn of the full size, 
to serve as a model for transferring or copying. 2. A 
large sketch, esp. a caricature. 

Car-tOUCh' (kar-tooch'), n. [F. cartouche, fr. L. charta 
paper.] 1. {Mil.) (a) A cartridge. (&) A cartridge box. 
(c) A wooden case filled with balls, to be shot from a can- 
non, {d) A gunner's bag for ammunition, (e) A military 
pass for a soldier on furlough. 2. {Arch.) A modillion, 
tablet, etc., which has the form of a scroll of paper. 

Cartridge (k'ar'trTj), n. [Corrupted fr. F. cartouche. 
See Cartouch.] {Mil.) A complete charge for a firearm, 
contained in a case of metal, pasteboard, or other material. 

Blank cartridge, a cartridge without a projectile. 

Cart'wrightf (kin-frit'), n. A cart maker. 

Car'un-cle (kar'un-k'l), n. [L. caruncula, dim. of caro 
flesh.] 1. {Anal) A small fleshy prominence or ex- 
crescence. 2. {Bot.) An appendage surrounding or near 
the hilum of a seed. 3. {Zo'ol.) A naked, fleshy ap- 
pendage, on the head of a bird. 

Carve (karv), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Carved (karvd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Carving.] [AS. ceorfan to cut, carve ; akin 
to G. kerben, Gr. ypd<f>et.v to write.] 1. To cut, as wood, 
stone, etc. , in an artistic or decorative manner. 2. To 
make or shape by cutting. 3. To cut into small pieces 
or slices; to divide for distribution. 4. To cut; to mark 
as if by cutting. 

Carve, v. i. To engage in the business, or do the work, 
of one who carves anything. 

Car'vel (kar'vel), n. Contraction of Caravel. 

Car'vel-bullt' (-bill/), a. {Shipbuilding) Having the 
planks meeting flush at the seams, instead of lapping. 

Carv'er (kar'ver), ». 1. One who carves. 2. A large 
knife for carving meat. 

Carving, n. 1. Act or art of one who carves. 2. A 
piece of carved decorative work ; carved work, in general. 

Car'y-afic (kaVT-at'Ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to a 

Car'y-at'id (kar'i-St'i d), ) caryatid. 

Car'y-at'id (kaVi-5t'Id), n. [See Cary- 
atides.] {Arch.) A draped female figure sup- 
porting an entablature. 

II Car/V-at'i-des (-T-dez), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. 
Kapva.Ti.Sei (lit.) priestesses in the temple of 
Diana at Caryse (Gr. Kapvai).] {Arch.) Cary- 
atids. • 

Car / y-o-phyl-la'ceous(kar / i-o-fti-ia , shus), 

a. [Gr. Kapvo<pvMov clove tree ; napvov nut -f- 
<j>vMov leaf.] {Bot.) {a) Having corollas of 
five petals with long claws inclosed in a tubu- 
lar calyx, as the pink. (6) Belonging to the 
Pink family. 

Cary-op'sis (-Sp'sts), n. ; pi. Caryopses 

(-sez). [NL.jfr. Gr. Kapvov nut + oi^ts form.] Caryatid 

{Bot.) A one-celled, dry, indehiscent fruit, with 

a thin membranous pericarp, like wheat, barley, etc. 

Cas'ca-b el (kas'ka-bel) , n. [Sp. cascabel, prop. , a little 
bell.] The projection in the rear of the breech of a cannon. 

Cas-cade' (kSs-kad'), n. [F. cascade, fr. It. cascata, 
fr. cascare to fall.] A waterfall less than a cataract. 

Cas 'ca-rilla (kas'ka-rTl'la), n. [Sp., dim. of cascara 
bark.] {Bot.) A euphorbiaceous West Indian shrub ; 
also, its aromatic bark. 

Case (kas), n. [OF. casse, f r. L. capsa chest, box, case, 
fr. capere to take, hold.] 1. A box, sheath, or covering. 
2. A box and its contents ; the quantity contained in a 
box. 3. {Print.) A shallow tray with compartments for 
holding type. 4. An inclosing frame ; a casing. 

Case, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cased (kast) ; p. pr. & vb. 
7i. Casing.] To cover with, or as with, a case. 

Case, n. [F. cas, f r. L. casus, f r. cadere to fall, to hap- 
pen.] 1. Chance. [Obs.~\ 2. That which befalls, comes, 
or happens ; an event ; an instance ; a circumstance ; a 
condition. 3. {Med. & Surg.) A patient under treat- 
ment ; an instance of sickness or injury. 4. {Law) The 
matters of fact involved in a suit ; a suit or action at law ; 
a cause. 5. {Gram.) One of the forms of a noun, pro- 
noun, or adjective, which indicate its relation to other 
words ; also, the relation itself. 

Syn. — Situation ; condition ; state ; circumstances ; 
plight ; predicament ; occurrence ; contingency ; acci- 
dent ; event ; conjuncture ; cause ; action ; suit. 

Case-a'tion (ka'se-a'slmn), n. [L. caseus cheese.] 
{Med. ) Degeneration of animal tissue into a cheesy mass. 

Case'-bay' (kas'ba'), n. {Arch.) {a) The space be- 
tween two principals or girders, {b) One of the joists 
framed between a pair of girders in naked flooring. 





Case'hard'en (kas'hard / 'n) 1 v. t. To convert the sur- 
face of (anything made of wrought iron) into steel. 

Ca'se-in (ka'se-In), n. [L. caseus cheese.] {Physiol. 
Chem.) A proteid substance constituting the main part 
of the curd of milk, and found elsewhere in animal and 
vegetable substances. 

Case' knife' (kas'nlf). 1. A knife carried in a sheath 
or case. 2. A large table knife ; — so called from being 
formerly kept in a case. 

Case'mate (kas'mat), n. [F., fr. It. casamatta ; 
origin uncertain.] ^^^^^— 

1. {Fort.) A bomb- ^MB| I /, ( 
proof chamber, 
from which can- 
non may be fired 
through embra- 
sures ; or one capa- 
ble of being used as 
a magazine, or for 
quartering troops. 

2. {Arch.) A hol- 
low molding 1 -"*"" Casemate. A gun at B would fire 

Coca /m A « » through the embrasure in the wall ; a 
_a S e me n \ gun at c would fire in barbette, or over 
(kas'ment), n. the parapet ; D Parapet ; E Scarp wall. 
[Shortened fr. en- the outer face of which is the bcarp ; 
casement.] {Arch.) ab Terreplein. 
A window sash opening on hinges affixed to the upright 
side of the frame. 

Ca'se-OUS (ka'se-Qs), a. [L. caseus cheese.] Of, per- 
taining to, or resembling, cheese ; cheesy. 

Ca'sern (ka'zern), n. [F. caserne.] A lodging for 
soldiers in garrison towns ; barracks. 

Case' Shot' (kas' sh5t'). {Mil.) A collection of small 
projectiles, inclosed in a case or canister. 

Case'WOrm' (kas'wfirm/), ». {Zo'ol). A worm or 
grub that makes for itself a case. 

Cash (kash), 11. [F. caisse case, box, cash box, cash.] 
1. A money box. [Obs.] 2. {Com.) Ready money; 
sometimes, any paper easily convertible into money. 

Syn. — Money; coin; specie; currency; capital. 

Cash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cashed (kasht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Cashing.] To pay, or to receive, cash for. 

Cash, 11. sing. & pi. A Chinese coin. 

Cash/book (kash'bdSk), n. {Bookkeeping) A book in 
which is kept a register of money received or paid out. 

Ca-shew' (ka-shob'), n. [F. acajou, for cajou, prob. 
from Malay kayu tree.] {Bot.) A tree of the same fam- 
ily with the sumac, native in tropical America. 

Cashier' (k2sh-er'), n. [See Cash.] One who has 
charge of the payments and receipts of a bank or busi- 
ness house. 

Cash-ier', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cashtered (-erd') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Cashiering.] [Earlier cash, fr. F. casser, 
fr. L. cassare, equiv. to cassum reddere, to annul.] To 
dismiss or discard ; to discharge ; to dismiss with igno- 
miny, as from military service. 

Cash'mere (kash'mer), n. 1. A rich stuff for shawls, 
scarfs, etc., originally made of the wool of the Cashmere 
goat. 2. A dress fabric imitating true cashmere. 

Ca-shOO' (ka-shoo'), n. [F. cachou.] See Catechu. 

Casing (ka'siug), n. 1. Act or process of inclosing, 
or covering. 2. An outside covering ; an inclosing frame. 

II Ca-Sl'no (ka-se'no), n. ; pi. E. Casinos (-n6z), It. 
Casini (-ne). [It., dim. of casa house.] 1. A small 
country house. 2. A building or room used for social 
amusements, dancing, etc. 3. Cassino. 

Cask (kask), n. [Sp. casco potsherd, skull, helmet ; 
origin doubtful.] 1. A casque. [Obs.~\ 2. A barrel- 
shaped vessel made of staves, headings, and hoops. 

3. The quantity contained in a cask. 4. A casket. [Obs.~] 
Cas'ket (kas'ket), n. 1. A small chest or box, as for 

jewels, etc. 2. A kind of burial case. [U. S.~\ 

Casque (kask), «. [F., fr. Sp. casco. See Cask.] A 
piece of defensive or ornamental armor for the head and 
neck ; a helmet. 

Cass (kSs), v. t. [F. casser, LL. 
cassare, fr. L. cassus empty.] To 
quash ; to annul ; to reject. [Obs.] 

Cas-sa'tion (kSs-sa'shun), n. The 
act of annulling. 

Cas'sa-va (kaVsa-va), n. [From 
Haytian name.] {Bot.) A shrubby 
plant with fleshy rootstocks yielding 
a nutritious starch ; also, the starch 
itself. 

Cas'se-role (kas'se-rol), n. 
1. {Chem.) A small round dish with a handle, usually of 
porcelain. 2. {Cookery) A mold of boiled rice, mashed 




H 



K 



Casque. 
[F., dim. fr. casse basin.] 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CASSIA 



134 



CASTOR BEAN 



> 



> 




Common Cassowary 
(Casuarius galeatus). 



or past*, baked, and afterwards filled with vege- 
table* or meat. ' 

Caa'sia iklsh'A), n. [L. cassia and OOMO, Gr. (tacraia 
and *a<r«a ; of Semitic origin.] 1. {Boi.) A genus of 
leguminous plants of many species. The leaves of several 
species furnish senna. 2. The bark of several species of 
Cinnamon) urn ; Chinese cinnamon. 

Cas'sl-dO-ny ^as'sl-do-ny), n. [See Chalcedony.] 
(Bot.) (til The French lavender {Lavandula Starhas). 
goldytocka (Chrysocoma Linostjris). 

Cas'sl-mere (-iner), n. [Prob. variant of cashmere."] 
A thin, twilled, woolen cloth, used for men's garments. 

Cas-si'no (kfe-aStaft), n. [See Casino.] A kind of 
game at cards, played by two or more persons. 

Cas'sl-o-ber ry" (.kas'sT-o-beVry), n. [NL. cassbie, 
from the language of the Florida Indians.] The fruit of 
the Viburnum oboralum, a shrub of the Southern U. S. 

Cas-slt'er-ite (kXs-sifer-it), n. [Gr. Ka<r<riTepo? tin.] 
Native tin dioxide ; tinstone. 

Cas'sius (kSsh'Qs), n. [From the name of the discov- 
erer.] A brownish purple pigment. 

Cas'sock (kSs'suk), n. [F. casaque, f r. It. casacca ; 
of doubtful origin.] 1. A long outer garment formerly 
worn by men and women. 2. A kind of long frock coat 
worn by the clergy of certain churches. 

Cas'so-wa-ry (kas'so-wa-ry), n. [Malay kasuari.] 
(Zoo!. ) A large cursorial bird, f ound 
in the East Indies. 

Cast (kast), r. 1. [imp. & p. p. 
Cast ; p. pr. & vb. n. Casting.] 
[Origin uncertain.] 1. To send or 
drive by force ; to throw ; to hurl ; 
to impel. 2. To direct or turn. 
3. To drop ; to deposit. 4. To 
throw down, as in wrestling ; to 
overthrow ; to defeat. 5. To throw 
off ; to eject ; to shed ; to give pre- 
mature birth to. 6. To compute; 
to reckon ; to calculate. 7. To turn 
(the balance or scale) ; to overbal- 
ance ; hence, to make preponderate ; 
to decide. 8. To form or shape by 
pouring liquid metal or other material into a mold ; to 
found. 9. (Print.) To stereotype or electrotype. 10. 
To fix, distribute, or allot, as the parts of a play among 
actors ; also, to assign for a part. 

Cast (kast), v. i. 1. To throw the line in angling. 

2. (Naut.) To turn the head of a vessel around from the 
wind in getting under weigh. 3. To direct the mind or 
thoughts. 4. To take form or shape, as in a mold. 
5. To warp. 6. To vomit. 

Cast, n. 1. The act of casting anything, in any sense 
of the verb. 2. The thing which is cast, or is made by 
casting. 3. The distance to wliich a thing is or can be 
thrown. 4. A throw of dice ; hence, a chance or venture. 
5. Form ; appearance ; mien. 6. A tinge ; a shade (of 
color). 7. Chance or opportunity ; specif., opportunity 
of riding. [Scotch] 8. The assignment of parts in a 
play to the actors. 9. A motion or turn, as of the eye ; 
glance ; squint. 10. A tube or funnel for conveying 
metal into a mold. 11. Four ; that is, as many as are 
thrown at once in counting herrings, etc. ; a warp. 

Cas-ta'ne-a (kas-ta'ne-a), n. [L., chestnut, fr. Gr. 
Kdcrravov.] (Bot.) A genus of nut-bearing trees or shrubs 
including the chestnut and chinquapin. 

Cas'ta-net (kas'ta-nSt), n. One of the halves of a pair 
of castanets ; also, a pair of castanets. 

Cas'ta-netS, n. pi. [Through F. & Sp. from L. cas- 
tanea chestnut ; — prob. so named from the shape.] Two 
small, concave shells of ivory or hard wood, fastened to 
the thumb, and beaten together with the middle ringer. 

Cast'a-way (kast'i-wa), n. 1. One who, or that 
which, is shipwrecked. 2. One who is morally lost. 

Caste (kast), n. [Pg. casta race, lineage, fr. L. cashis 
pure, chaste.] 1. One of the hereditary social classes 
into which the Hindoos are divided. 2. A separate and 
fixed social order or class. 

Cas'tel-lan (kaVtSl-I&n), n. [Through F. & LL. from 
L. caslellum, E. castle.] A governor or warden of a castle. 

Cas'tel-la-ny (-la-ny), n. The lordship of, or domain 
belonging to, a castle. 

Cas'tel-la'ted (kas't€l-la7te'd), q. Furnished with tur- 
rotB and battlements ; built like a castle. [castle. I 

Cas'tel-la'tion (-la'shfin), n. Act of making into a| 

Cast'er (kasfer), n. 1. One who casts anything. 2. 
A vial or cruet used to contain condiments at the table. 

3. A (stand for a set of cruets. 4. A small wheel on a swivel. 
Cas'ti-gate (kaVtT-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Casti- 



gated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Castigating.] [L. castigatus, p. 
p. of castigare to punish ; castus pure -f agere to drive.] 
To punish by stripes ; to chasten ; to chastise ; also, to 
criticise or reprove severely. 

Cas ti-ga'tion (k&Vti-ga'shun), n. Act of castigating. 

Cas'ti-ga'tor (-ter), n. One who castigates. 

Cas'ti-ga-tO-ry (-ga-to-ry), a. Punitive ; corrective. 

Cas'tlle soap/ (kSs'tel or k5s-tel' sop 7 ). [From Cas- 
tile, in Spain, whence it originally came.] A kind of 
soap made with olive oil and soda. 

Cast'ing (kast'Ing), n. 1. The act of one who casts 
anything, or the process of casting anything. 2. That 
which is cast, as feathers ; or is formed by being cast, as 
a figure from a; mass of metal, etc. 

Cast' i'ron (kast' Purn). Brittle, highly carbonized 
iron, the direct product of the blast furnace. 

Cast'-i'ron, a. Fig., like cast iron ; hard ; unyielding. 

Cas'tle (k5s"l), n. [AS. castel, fr. L. caslellum, dim. 
of caslrum fortified place.] 1. A fortified residence, esp. 
of a prince or nobleman ; a fortress. 2. A small tower, 
as on a ship. 3. A chess piece made like a castle ; a rook. 

CaBtle in the air, a visionary project ; a baseless scheme. 

Syn. — Citadel ; stronghold. See Fortress. 
a 





Plan of Donjon. 



Castle at Pierrefonds, France. 

A Donjon or Keep, an irregular building containing the dwell- 
ing of the lord and his family ; B C Large round towers form- 
ing part of the donjon and of the ex- r ■ 
terior walls ; D Square tower, sepa- 
rating the two inner courts and form- 
ing part of the donjon ; E Chapel, 
whose apse forms a half-round tower, 
F, on the exterior walls ; G H Round 
towers on the exterior walls ; K Pos- 
tern gate, reached from outside by a 
removable flight of steps or inclined 
plane for hoisting in stores, and lead- 
ing to a court, X (see small diagram), 
whose pavement is on a level with the 
sill of the postern, but below the level 
of the larger court, with which it com- 
municates by a separately fortified 
gateway ; M Turret, containing spi- 
ral stairway to all the stories of the great tower, B, and serving 
also as a station for signal.fire, banner, etc. : N Turret with 
stairway for tower, C; O Fchauguettes ; P P P Battlements 
consisting of merlons and crenels alternately, the merlons be- 
ing pierced by loopholes ; Q ty Machicolations (those at Q' de- 
fend the postern K) ; R Outwork defending the approach, 
which is a road ascending the hill and passing under all four 
faces of the castle ; SS Wall of the outer bailey. The road of 
approach enters the bailey at Tand passes thence into the cas- 
tle by the main entrance gateway (which is in the wall between , 
and defended by. the towers, C H) and over two drawbridges 
and through fortified passages to the inner court. 

Cas'tle (k58"l), v. i. (Chess) To cover the king by 
moving the castle to the square next the king, and then 
the king around to the opposite side of the castle. 

Cas'tle-build er (k5s"l-bTld'er), n. Fig., one who 
builds castles in the air or forms visionary schemes. 

Cas'tled (kas'Td), a. 1. Having a castle or castleB ; 
supporting a castle. 2. Fortified ; turreted. 

Cas'tle-guard' (k5s"l-gard / ), n. 1. The guard or de- 
fense of a castle. 2. An old form of tax on near dwell- 
ings for maintaining the guard of a castle. 3. An old 
form of feudal tenure. 
Cas'tle-ward' (-ward'), n. Same as Castle-guard. 
Cast'-Off (kast/of ; 115), a. Laid aside ; discarded. 
Cas'tor (kaVter), n. [L. castor the beaver, Gr. tcd- 
oTwp.] 1. (Zo'dl.) A genus of rodents, including the 
beaver. 2. A substance obtained from the anal glands 
of the beaver, used by perfumers. 3. A hat, esp. one 
made of beaver fur. 4. A heavy quality of broadcloth. 
Cast'or (kasfer), n. See Caster, n., 4. 
Cas'tor and Pol'lux (2nd polluks). [Castor and Pol- 
lux were twin sons of Jupiter and Leda.] (Naut.) See 
Saint Elmo's fire, under Saint. 

Cas'tor bean' (kas'ter ben' ). (Bot. ) The bean or seed 
of the castor-oil plant. See Castor oil. 



a, e, 1, o, u, long ;&,€,!, 6, ik, y, short ; senate, fivent, Idea, &bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final 



CASTOR OIL 



135 



CATCH 



Gas'tor Oil' (kSs'ter oil'). A mild cathartic oil, ob- 
tained from the beans or seeds of the Ricinus communis 
or Palma Christi. 

Cas'tra-me-ta'tion (kSs'tra-me-ta'shun), n. [L. cas- 
tra camp -+- melari to measure off.] (Mil.) The art or 
act of encamping ; the marking or laying out of a camp. 

Cas'trate (kaVtrat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Castrated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Castrating.] [L. caslrare.] 1. To emas- 
culate ; to geld. 2. To cut out a part of ; to expurgate. 

Cas-tra'tlon (-tra'shfln), n. Act of castrating. 

Cas'trel (kSs'trSl), n. (Zodl.) A kestrel. 

Cas-tren/sial (k£s-tren'shal), a. [L. caslrensis, fr. 
castra camp.] Belonging to a camp. 

Cas'U-al (kazh'u-al), a. [F. casuel, f r. L. casualis, fr. 
casus fall, accident, fr. cadere to fall.] 1. Happening or 
coming to pass without design, and without being foreseen 
or expected. 2. Coming without regularity. — Cas'u- 
al-ly, adv. — Cas'u-al-ness, n. 

Syn. — Accidental ; fortuitous ; incidental ; occasional ; 
contingent ; unforeseen. 

Cas'U-al-ty (-t^), n. 1. That which comes without 
design or without being foreseen ; contingency. 2. Any 
injury of the body ; death, or misfortune, occasioned by 
an accident. [given to, casuistry. I 

Cas'u-ist (k3zh'u-Tst), n. One who is skilled in, or | 

Cas u-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), ) a. Of or pertaining to cas- 

Cas u-is'tic-al (-tT-kal), J uists or casuistry. 

Cas'u-ist-ry (k5zh'u-Ts-try), n. 1. The science or doc- 
trine of dealing with questions of right or wrong in con- 
duct ; the application of general moral rules to particu- 
lar cases. 2. Sophistical or false reasoning or teaching 
in regard to moral obligations. 

Oat (kSt), n. [AS. cat ; akin to D. kal, G. katze, kater, 
Ir. cat, Russ. & Pol. kot, Turk, kedi, Ar. qitt; of unknown 
origin.] 1. (Zodl.) An animal of various species of the 
genus Felis, including the domestic cats, lynxes, leopards, 
lions, etc. 2. (Naut.) (a) A kind of vessel with a nar- 
row stern, projecting quarters, and deep waist, (b) A 
tackle for lifting the anchor to the cathead. 3. A kind 
of double tripod. 4. (a) Tipcat. (6) An old game of 
ball. 5. A kind of whip ; — also called cat o' nine tails. 

Cat o' nine tails, a whip with nine pieces of knotted line 
or cord. — Cat's cradle, a common children's game played 
with a string. 

Cat (kSt), v. t. (Naut.) To lift (the anchor) to the 
cathead. 

Cat'a- (kSt'a-). [Gr. Kara.] The Latin and English 
form of a Greek preposition, used as a prefix to signify 
down, downward, under, against, contrary or opposed to, 
wholly, completely; as in cataclysm, catarrh. It some- 
times drops the final vowel, as in catoptric ; and is some- 
times changed to calh-, as in caifAartic, ca^Aolic. 

Cat a-caus'tic (-kas'tik), a. [Pref. cata- -f- caustic."] 
(Physics) Relating to, or having the properties of, a caus- 
tic curve formed by reflection. 

Cat'a-clysm (kSt'a-klizm), n. [Gr. Ka.raxXvuii.6%, fr. 
KaraK\v^eLv to inundate.] 1. An extensive overflow ; a 
deluge. 2. (Geol.) Any violent catastrophe, involving 
sudden and extensive changes of the earth's surface. 

Cat a-clys'mal (-kliz'mal), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Cat a-clys'mic (-klTz'mik), ] a cataclysm. 

Cat'a-COmb (kSt'a-kom), n. [It. catacomba, fr. LL. 
catacumba; origin doubtful.] A large subterraneous 
place for the burial of the dead ; — usually in pi. 

Cat a-cous'tics (kaVa-kous'tiks or -koos'tiks), n. 
[Pref. cata- -f- acoustics.'] (Physics) That part of acous- 
tics which treats of reflected sounds or echoes. 

Cat'a-di-op'tric (-dt-op'trTk), ) a. [Pref. cata- + di- 

Cat a-di-op'tric-al (-tri-kal), j optric, dioptrical.] 
(Physics) Pertaining to, produced by, or involving, both 
the reflection and refraction of light. 

Cata-di-op'trics (-triks), n. The science which treats 
of catadioptric phenomena. 

Cat'a-falque' (kaVa-falk'), n. [F., fr. It. catafalco 
scaffold, funeral canopy ; of uncertain origin.] A tem- 
porary structure used in the funeral solemnities of emi- 
nent persons ; an ornate bier. 

Cat alec/tic (kat'a-lek'tik), a. [L. catalecticus, Gr. 
xaraArjKTiKOS incomplete, fr. KaraXriyew to leave off.] 1. 
(Pros.) Wanting a syllable at the end, or terminating in 
an imperfect foot. 2. (Chem.) Incomplete; partial. 

Cat'a-lep'sy (kaVa-lep'sy), n. [NL. catalepsis, fr. Gr. 
Ka.Takt)tyi$ a seizure, deriv. of Kara, down -f- Xapfiavew to 
seize.] (Med.) A sudden suspension of sensation and vo- 
lition, the body and limbs preserving the position un- 
changed from the time of the attack. 

Cat'a-lep'tic (-lep'tTk), a. Of or pertaining to cata- 
lepsy ; resembling catalepsy ; affected with catalepsy. 



Cat'al-lac'tics (kaVSl-lSk'tlks), n. [Deriv. of Gr. 
Kara, wholly -\- aMdaaeiv to change.] The science of 
exchanges, — a branch of political economy. 

Cat'a-logue (kSt'a-lSg ; 115), n. [F., fr. L. catalogue, 
fr. Gr. KardAoyos a counting up, list, deriv. of Kara down 
-\- Aeyet»/ say.] A list or enumeration of things arranged 
methodically, often in alphabetical order. 

Syn. — List ; register ; roll ; record ; index ; schedule ; 
enumeration ; inventory. See List. 

Cat'a-logue, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Catalogued (-15gd ; 
115) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cataloguing (-log'Tng).] To make 
a list or catalogue of ; to insert in a catalogue. 

Ca-tal'pa (ka-t51'pa), n. [From Amer. Indian name.] 
(Bot.) Genus of American and East Indian trees; specif., a 
North Amer. species bearing white flowers and long pods. 

Ca-tal'y-sis (ka-tSl'i-sis), n. ; pi. Catalyses (-sez). 
[NL., fr. Gr. Kard\v<n<; dissolution, deriv. of Kara, down 
-f-Aveiv to loose.] 1. Dissolution. 2. (Chem.) A proc- 
ess by which reaction occurs in the presence of certain 
agents whioh were formerly believed to exert an influ- 
ence by mere contact. 

Cat a-ma-ran' (kaVa-ma-ran'), n. [Native East In- 
dian name.] 1. A kind of raft made of two or more logs 
or pieces of wood lashed together. 2. A vessel con- 
structed with twin hulls. 

II Cat'a-me'ni-a (-me'nl-a), n. pi. [NL., deriv. of Gr. 
Kara, again + /otiji/ month.] (Med.) The monthly courses 
of women ; menses. — Cat'a-me'nl-al (-al), a. 

Cat'a-mount (-mount), n. [Cat + mount.] (Zodl.) 
The cougar ; also, in the United States, the lynx. 

Cat'a-pel'tic (-pel'tik), a. Of or pert, to a catapult. 

Cat a-phon'ics (k5t'a-fon'Iks), n. [Pref. cata- + 
phonics.] (Physics) Same as Catacotjstics. 

Cat'a-phract (kSt'a-frSkt), n. [Deriv. of Gr. Kara 
down, wholly -f ^pdao-etv to inclose.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) 
Defensive armor used for the whole body and often for 
the horse also. 2. A horseman covered with a cataphract. 
3. (Zodl.) The armor or plate covering some fishes. 

Cat'a-plasm (-plaz'm), n. [L. cataplasma, deriv. of Gr. 
Kara, wholly + irKao-aetv to form.] (Med.) A poultice. 

Cat'a-pult (kat'a-pult), n. [L. catapulta, Gr. *aT<x- 
TreAnj?, prob. f r. /card down -f- 
7raAA€ iv to hurl. ] (Mil. Antiq. ) 
An engine, used by the Greeks 
and Romans for throwing 
stones, arrows, spears, etc. 

Cat'a-ract (kaVa-rakt), n. 
[L. cataracta a waterfall, Gr. 
Karapd/cnjs, deriv. of /card down 
+ ptfyvvvai to break.] 1. A 
great fall of water over a preci- 
pice. 2. (Surg.) An opacity 
of the crystalline lens, or of its 
capsule, which impairs or destroys the sight. 3. (Mach. ) 
A kind of hydraulic brake, as for pumping engines. 

Ca-tarrh' (ka-taV), n. [L. catarrhus, Gr. icaTdppoos, 
a running down, deriv. of Kara down + pelv to flow.] 
(Med.) An inflammatory affection of any mucous mem- 
brane, attended by an alteration of the quantity and 
quality of mucus secreted; esp. (U. S.), chronic in- 
flammation of, and hypersecretion from, the membranes 
of the nose or air passages ; or (Eng.) an acute influenza, 
resulting from a cold ; also, the cold itself. — Ca-tarrh'- 
al (ka-tar'al), a. 

Ca-tas'tro-phe (ka-taVtro-fe), n. [L. catastropha, 
Gr. Kara<rrpo<f>rj, fr. Karaarpecpeiv to overturn ; Kara down 
+ crrpeifteiv to turn.] An event producing a subversion 
of the order or system of things ; a final event ; hence, 
sudden calamity. 

Cafbild 7 (kat'berdO, n. (Zodl.) An American bird, 
allied to the mocking bird. Its note resembles at times 
the mewing of a cat. 

Cat'boat' (kaVbotO, n. (Naut.) A kind of sailboat, 
with a single mast placed as far forward as possible, car- 
rying a sail extended by a gaff and long boom. 

Cat'call' (-kaF), n. A sound like the cry of a cat. 

Catch (kaehV 224), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Caught (kat), 
or Catched (kScht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Catching. Catched 
is rarely used.] [OF. cachier, variant of chacier to hunt, 
deriv. of L. capere to take, catch.] 1. To seize, espe- 
cially with the hand ; to grasp and hold. 2. To take 
captive ; to obtain possession of ; to arrest ; to insnare ; 
to charm. 3. To seize with the senses or the mind ; to 
apprehend. 4. To fasten upon. 5. To take by sympa- 
thy, contagion, infection, or exposure. 6. To discover 
by surprise. 7. To reach in time ; to overtake. 

Catch, v. i. To perform the act of one who or that 
which catches anything. Specif. : (a) To seize, or come 




Catapult. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, fiill, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CATCH 



136 



CATKIN 



'v 

> 



> 



in contact with, anything so as to hold or tend to hold 
or U« bald bj It v ) To spread by, or as by, infecting. 

Catch (kfeh), , . 1. Act of seizing; grasp. 2. That 

by which anything is aaiaadi held, or fastened. 3. Pos- 

; state of readiness to catch something. 

4. Thing caught ; asp., the quantity caught at one time. 

5. OpportunitiM seized. 6. (Mus.) A humorous round 
in whioh the singers catcli up each otlier's words. 

Catch'er i-ei-i, n. 1. One who, or that which, catches 
anything. 2. (Baseball) The player who stands behind 
the batsman to oatoh the ball. 

Catch 'fly (,-tli V n. (Hot.) A plant producing a vis- 
ivtion to which small insects adhere. 

Catch'pen-ny (-pen-try), a. Designed for getting 
small sums of money from the ignorant or unwary, —n. 
Some worthless catchpenny thing. 

Catch'up (kach'up), Cat'sup (kSt'sBp), n. [Proba- 
bly of East Indian origin.] A table sauce made from 
mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. 

Catch'weight' (-watf ), adv. (Horseracing) Without 
additional weight ; without being handicapped. 

Catch' word (-wfird'), n. 1. (Theatres) The last 
word of any speaker, which serves as a signal for the 
next one to begin ; cue. 2. The first word of any page 
of a book or manuscript, inserted at the right hand bot- 
tom corner of the preceding page to aid the reader. Now 
seldom used. 3. A word or phrase caught up and re- 
peated for effect. 

Cat'e-Chet'ic (kat'e-ketTk), ) a. [See Catechise.] Re- 
Cat e-chet'ic-al (-t-kal), } latiug to, or consisting 
in, catechising. — Cat'e-Chet'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Cat'e-chise (kat'e-klz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cate- 
chised (-kizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Catechizing.] [L. cate- 
chi:are, Gr. Kanj^^'-v, equiv. to Karrjx 6 "' to resound, to 
impress by word of mouth ; Kara down, again + VX e ' LV 
to sound.] 1. To instruct by asking questions, receiving 
answers, and offering explanations and corrections. 2. 
To question ; to examine by questions. 

Cat'e-Chi'ser (kaVe-ki'zer), n. One who catechises. 

Cat'e-chism (-kiz'm), n. 1. A form of instruction 
by means of questions and answers. 2. A book contain- 
ing a summary of principles, especially of religious doc- 
trine, reduced to the form of questions and answers. 

Cat e-chis'mal (-kiz'mal), a. Of or pertaining to a 
catechism ; catechetical. 

Cat'e-chist (k&t'e-klst), n. One who instructs by 
question and answer, especially in religious matters. 

Cat'e-chis'tic (-kis'tik), ) a. Of or pertaining to a 

Cat'e-chis'tic-al (-tT-kal), ( catechist or catechism. 

Cat'e-chu (kat'e-ku or -chu), n. [NL. ; Cochin-Chin. 
cay cau, from the tree called mimosa or areca catechu.] 
(Chem.) An astringent extract obtained from the Acacia 
catechu, and from other plants. 

Cat e-chu'men (kaVe-ku'mgn), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. 
KaTr)xelv. See Catechise.] (Eccl.) One being instructed 
in the rudiments of Christian doctrines ; a neophyte. 

Cat'e-gor'ic-al (kSt'e-gSr'I-kal), a. 1. Of or pertain- 
ing to a category. 2. Not hypothetical or relative ; 
admitting no conditions or exceptions ; absolute. — Cat/- 
e-gor'ic-al-ly, adv. — Cat e-gor'ic-al-ness, n. 

Cat'e-gO-ry (kaVe-go-ry), n. [L. categoria, Gr. Kcmj- 
■vopt'a, fr. Karrryopelv to affirm ; koto down, against -j- 
ayopeveiv to assert, fr. dyopa assembly.] 1. (Logic) One 
of the highest classes to which the objects of knowledge 
or thought can be reduced, and by which they can be ar- 
ranged in a system ; an ultimate conception. 2. Class ; 
also, state, condition, or predicament. 

Cat'e-lec'trode (kSt'e-lgk'trod), n. [Pref. cata- + 
electrode."] (Physics) The negative electrode or pole. 

Cat'e-na-ry (kSt'e-na-ry), ) a. [L. catenarius, fr. 

Cat'e-na-ri-an (-na'ri-an), | catena chain.] Relating 
to a chain ; like a chain hanging between two points. 

Cat'e-na-ry, n. (Geom.) The curve formed by a rope 
or chain, hanging freely between two points, not in the 
same vertical line. 

Cat'e-nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catenated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Catenating.] To connect in, or as in, 
a asriea of links ; to make a chain of. 

Cat'e-na'tion (kSt/e-na'shun), n. Connection of links, 
a:-, in a chain ; a regular or connected series. 

Ca'ter (ka'terj, n. [OF. acaior, fr. acater to buy, 
provide, deriv. of L. ad -f- captare, intens. of capere to 
ta ^'"' ize '^ A provider; a purveyor; a caterer. [Obs.l 

Ca'ter, ?-. i. [imp. & p. p. Cateeed (-terd) ; p. pr. & 
a teeing.] 1. To provide food ; to buy, procure, 
or prepare provisions. 2. By extension, to supply any- 
thing needed or desired. 

Ca'ter, n. [P. quatre four.] The four of cards or dice. 




Caterpillar of Swallowtail Butterfly (Fapilio 
asterias). Nat. size. 



Ca'ter-cor/nered (ka'ter-kOr'nerd or kXfer-), a. 

Diagonal. [Colloq.J 

Ca'ter-er (ka'ter-er), n. One who caters. 

Cat'er-piTlar (kaVer-pil'ler), n. [OE. catyrpel, cor- 
r u p t e d f r. 
OF. chatcpe- 
lousc, or cote 
pel ue, f r. 
c/urte she cat, 
L. catus -\- L. 
pilosashairy, 

or F.pelu hairy, fr. L. pilus hair.] (Zool.) The larval 
state of a butterfly or any lepidopterous insect ; some- 
times, but less Commonly, the larval state of other insects. 

Cat'er-waul (-wal), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caterwauled 
(-wald) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Caterwauling.] [Cat -f waul, 
wawl, to cry as a cat.] To cry as cats in rutting time. 

Cates (kats), n. pi. [See 1st Cater.] Provisions ; 
food; viands; esp., luxurious food; delicacies; dainties. 

Cat'fish' (kat'fTsh'), n. (Zool.) Any one of various 
siluroid fishes, as the buUhead. [U. S.~] 

Cat'gUt (kSt/gut'), n. [Cat + gut.] 1. A tough 
cord made from the intestines of animals, esp. of sheep. 
2. A sort of linen or canvas, with wide interstices. 

Cath'a-rine wheel'. See Catherine wheel. 

Cath'a-riSt (-rist), n. [LL. catharista, fr. Gr. KaOapog 
clean, pure.] One aiming at or pretending to superior 
purity of life. 

Cat'-harp'in (kat'harp'Tn), n. Cat-harping. 

Cat'— harp'lng, n. (Naut.) One of the short ropes or 
iron cramps used to brace in the shrouds toward the masts. 

Ca-thar'tic (ka-thar'tik), ) a. [Gr. Ko^aprt/co?, fr. «a- 

Ca-thar'tic-al (-ti-kal), { Oaipeiv to cleanse, fr. 
Kadapos pure ; akin to E. chaste.] (Med.) Cleansing the 
bowels ; purgative. — n. A medicine that promotes 
alvine discharges ; a purgative of moderate activity. 

Catliead' (kat'hecV), n. (Naut.) A projecting piece 
near the bow of a vessel, to which the anchor is secured. 

II Cath/e-dra (kath'e-dra or ka-the'dra), 'n. [L. , f r. Gr. 
KaOeSpa seat.] The official chair or throne of a bishop, 
or of any person in high authority. 

Ca-the'dral (ka-the'dral), n. The principal church 
in a diocese, — where the bishop has his cathedra. 

Ca-the'dral, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the head church 
of a diocese ; characteristic of or resembling a cathedral. 
2. Emanating from the cathedra ; authoritative. 

Cath'er-ine Wheel' (kaWer-Tn hwel'). [So called 
from St. Catherine of Alexandria, who is represented 
with a wheel, in allusion to her martyrdom.] 1. (Goth. 
Arch.) A decorative wheel-shaped window or compart- 
ment of a window. 2. (Pyrotechny) A revolving piece 
of fireworks. 

Cath'e-ter (kath'e-ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. naBe-nqp, lit., 
thing put in, deriv. of Kara down -f- ieVai to send.] (Med. ) 
An instrument to be introduced into a mucous canal, esp. 
one to be introduced into the bladder through the urethra. 

Cathe-tom'e-ter (kSth'e-tom'e-ter), n. [From Gr. 
KaBeros vertical height + -meter.] An instrument for 
the accurate measurement of small differences of height. 

Cath'Ode (kaWod), n. [Gr. ko.6o8os descent; Kara 
down + 686s way.] (Physics) The negative pole. 

Ca-thod'ic (ka-thod'ik), a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to, 
or designating, the centrifugal, or efferent, course of the 
nervous influence. 

Cat'-hole' (kat'hol'), n. (Naut.) A small hawser 
hole in the stern of a vessel. 

Cath'o-lic (kSth'S-lik), a. [L. catholicus, Gr. koBo- 
Aiko;, universal ; Kara down, wholly -}- oAos whole.] 
1. Universal or general. 2. Not narrow-minded or 
bigoted ; liberal. 3. Of or pertaining to the Roman 
Catholics. 

Cath'O-lic, n. A person of Catholic beliefs ; esp., an 
adherent of the Roman Catholic church. 

Ca-thol'i-cism (ka-thol'i-siz'm), n. 1. State or qual- 
ity of being catholic ; universality ; liberality. 2. The 
faith of the whole orthodox Christian church, or, dis- 
tinctively, of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence 
thereto. 

Cath'O-lic'i-ty (kSth'S-lis'T-ty), n. The state or 
quality of being catholic ; Catholicism. 

Ca-thol'i-cize (ka-tholf-siz), v. t. & i. To make or to 
become catholic or a Roman Catholic. 

Ca-thol'i-con (ka-thol'i-kon), n. (Med.) A panacea. 

Cat'i-on (k5t't-5n), n. [Gr. Kara downward -f lu>v 
going.] (Chem.) An electro-positive substance, which 
in electro-decomposition is evolved at the cathode. 

Carkin(kat'kln),rc. [Cat + -kin.] (Bot.) Anament; 
an inflorescence like a cat's tail in form. See Ament. 






a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5. a, y, short ; senate, $vent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



CATLING 



137 



CAVERNOUS 



Cat'ling (kSt'lTng), n. [.Cat -f- -ling.'} 1. A little cat. 
2. Catgut string. 3. (Surg.) A double-edged, sharp- 
pointed dismembering knife. 

Cat'nip' (kaVnlpO, ) n. (Bot.) A mintlike plant of 

Cat'mint' (-mint'), J which cats are very fond. 

Cat' o' nine' tails 7 . See under Cat. 

Ca-tOT/tric (ka-t5p'trlk), ) a. [From Gr. Kdroirrpov 

Ca-top'trlc-al (-tri-kal), ) mirror.] Of or pertain- 
ing to catoptrics ; produced by reflection. 

Ca-top'trlcs (-trTks), n. (Physics) That part of optics 
treating of reflected light, esp. light from mirrors. 

Cat'-riggeu 7 (-rTgd'), a. Rigged like a catboat. 

Cat's'-eye' (kStsI'), ». (Min.) A chatoyant variety 
of quartz or chalcedony ; also, the chrysoberyl. 

Cat'S'-paW (kSts'pa/), n. 1. (Saut.) (u) A light 
transitory air which ruffles the surface of the water dur- 
ing a calm. (6) A particular hitch or turn in the bight 
of a rope, into which a tackle may be hooked. 2. A 
dupe ; a tool ; — from the fable of the monkey using the 
cat's paw to draw chestnuts out of the fire. 

Cat'S'-taU/ (-taP), n. See Timothy, Cat-tail, Cloud. 

Cat'stick' (kaVstik'), n. The stick used in tipcat. 

Cat/sup (-sup), n. Same as Catchup, and Ketchup. 

Cat'-tail' (-tal'), n. (Bot.) A tall rush or flag having 
its flowers in a close cylindrical spike ; cat's-tail. 

Cat'tle (kaVt'l), n. pi. [OE. catel, chatel, through 
OF. and LL. fr. L. capitalis relating to the head, chief ; 
because in early ages beasts were the chief part of a 
man's property.] Quadrupeds of the Bovine family ; 
sometimes, also, domestic quadrupeds generally. 

Cau-ca'slan (ka-ka'shau), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
the Caucasus. 2. Of or pertaining to the white races of 
mankind, of whom the people about Mount Caucasus 
were formerly taken as the type. 

Cau'CUS (ka/kus), n. [Etym. uncertain ; prob. of N. A. 
Indian origin.'] A preliminary meeting of members of a 
party ; esp., a political party for conference or delibera- 
tion as to party measures. 

Cau'dal (ka/dal), a. [L. cauda tail.] Of the nature 
of, or pertaining to, a tail ; having a tail-like appendage. 

Cau'date (ka/dat), ) a. Having a tail ; having a 

Cau'da-ted '(-da-ted), ) termination like a tail. 

Cau'dle (ka'd'l), n. [Through OF. & LL. fr. L. cali- 
dus warm.] A kind of warm drink for sick persons, be- 
ing: a mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices. 

Cau'dle, v. t. To make into, or serve with, caudle. 

Cauf(kaf), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A chest with holes 
for keeping fish alive in water. 

Cau'fle (ka'f '1), n. Same as Coffle. 

Caught (kat), imp. & p. p. of Catch. 

Cauk (kak)', n., Cauk'er (-er), n. See Cawk, Calkee. 

Caul (kai), n. [Prob. fr. F. cale ; cf. Ir. calla a veil.] 
1. A covering of network for the head. 2. (Anat.) The 
fold of membrane loaded with fat, which covers the in- 
testines ; the great omentum. 3. A part of a membrane 
enveloping the fetus. 

Cau-les'cent (ka-les'sent), a. [L. caulis stalk, stem.] 
(Bot. ) Having a leafy stem. 

Caull-cle (ka'lT-k'l), n. (Bot.) A short stem ; esp., 
the rudimentary stem of a seed. [See Illust. of Seed.] 

Cauli-flow er (ka'lT-flou'er), n. [F. choufleur ; chou 
cabbage -\- fleur flower, modified by E. cole, L. caulis.'] 

1. (Bot.) An annual variety of cabbage, of which the 
head or cluster of young flower stalks and buds is eaten 
as a vegetable. 2. Its edible head or " curd." 

Caulk (kak), v. t. & n. See Calk. 

Cau 10-caVpOUS (ka/lo-kar'pus), a. [Gr. /eavAo? stem 
+ -carpous.] (Bot.) Having stems which bear flowers 
and fruit year after year. 

Caus'a-ble (ka'za-b'l), a. Capable of being caused. 

Caus'al (ka'zal), a. [L. causalis. See Cause.] Re- 
lating to, implying, or containing, a cause or causes. 

Cau-sal'i-ty (ka-zaPi-ty), n. 1. The action or power 
of a cause, in producing its effect. 2. (Phren.) The 
faculty of tracing effects to their causes. 

Cau-sa'tion (ka-za'shun), n. The act of causing ; also, 
the act or agency by which an effect is produced. 

Caus'a-tive (ka/za-tiv), a. 1. Effective, as a cause. 

2. Expressing a cause or reason ; causal. 
Caus'a-tive-ly, adv. In a causative manner. 
Cause (kaz), n. [F. cause, fr. L. causa.] 1. That 

which produces or effects a result. 2. The occasion of 
an action or state. 3. (Law) A suit or action in court ; 
any legal process ; case. 4. The side of a question or 
controversy which is espoused and advocated by one. 

Final cause, the end or object of any action. 

Syn. — Origin ; source ; mainspring; ; motive ; reason ; 
incitement ; inducement ; purpose ; object ; suit ; action. 



Cause (kaz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caused (kazd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. it. Causing.] To effect as an agent; to be 
the occasion of ; to bring about. 

Syn. — To create ; produce ; beget ; effect ; occasion ; 
originate ; induce ; bring about. 

Cause, conj. Abbreviation of Because. 

Causeless, a. 1. Self-originating; uncreated. 2. 
Without just or sufficient reason ; groundless. 

Caus'er (ka'zer), n. One who or that which causes. 

Cause'way (kaz'wa), | n. [OF. cauchie, fr. LL. (via) 

Cau'sey (ka'zy), \ calciata, fr. calciare to make 

a road ; either fr. L. calx lime, or fr. L. calceus shoe.] 
A raised way or road over wet or marshy ground. 

Caus'tic (kas'tlk), ) a. [L. causticus, Gr. Kavanieos, 

Caus'tlc-al (-tT-kal), ( fr. Katew to burn.] 1. De- 
structive to organic tissue by chemical action ; burniug ; 
corrosive; searing. 2. Fig., severe; satirical; sharp. 
— Caus'tl-cal-ly , adv. — Caus'tlc-ness, Caus-tic'i-ty 
(kas-tTsf -ty), n. 

Caustic curve ( Optics), a curve to which the rays of light, 
reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents. 

Syn. — Stinging ; cutting ; pungent ; searching. 

Caus'tic, n. 1. A caustic substance or agent. 2. A 
caustic curve. 

Cau'ter (ka'ter), n. [Through F. and L. fr. Gr. jc<xu- 
Trjpiov, fr. Kaieiv to burn.] A hot iron for searing. 

Cau'ter-ism (ka/ter-Tz'm), n. Cautery. 

Cau ter-1-za'tloh (-i-za'shiin), n. Act of cauterizing. 

Cau'ter-ize (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cauterized 
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cauterizing.] To burn or sear 
with, or as with, a cautery or caustic. 

Cau'ter-y (ka'ter-y), n. 1. (Med.) A burning or 
searing with a hot iron (actual cautery) or by application 
of a caustic (potential cautery). 2. The agent so used. 

Cau'tion (ka'shun), n. [F. caution a security, L. 
cautio, fr. cavere to take care; akin to E. show.] 1. 
Prudence in regard to danger ; provident care ; wariness. 
2. Security ; guaranty ; bail. [R.] 3. Precept or warn- 
ing against evil ; advice ; injunction. 

Syn. — Care ; forethought ; forecast ; heed ; prudence ; 
watchfulness ; vigilance ; circumspection ; anxiety ; prov- 
idence ; counsel ; advice ; warning ; admonition. 

Cau'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cautioned (-shund) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cautioning.] To notify of danger; to 
admonish to be prudent ; to warn. 

Cau'tlon-a-ry (-t-rf), a. 1. Conveying a caution, or 
warning. 2. Given as a pledge or as security. 

Cau'tlOU-er (-er), n. One who cautions or advises. 

Cau/tious (ka/shiis), a. Having or exercising caution. 
— Cau'tious-ly, adv. — Cau'tlous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Wary ; watchful ; vigilant ; prudent ; discreet ; 
circumspect ; heedful ; thoughtful ; anxious ; careful. 

Cav'al-cade / (kaVfll-kad'), n. [F., deriv. of LL. ca- 
ballicare to go on horseback, fr. L. caballus an inferior 
horse, Gr. Ka/SaAArjs.] A procession or parade of persons 
on horseback. 

Cav'a-lier' (kaVa-ler'), n. [F., deriv. of L. caballus.] 
1. A military horseman ; a knight. 2. A gallant. 3. 
One of the court party in the time of King Charles I. of 
England. 

Cav'a-lier', a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, a cav- 
alier. Hence : (a) Gay ; easy ; frank, (b) Supercilious ; 
haughty. — Cav'a-lierly, adv. — Cav a-lier'ness, n. 

Ca-vally (ka-val'ly), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zo'ol.) 
A carangoid fish of the Atlantic coast. 

Cav'al-ry (kaVal-iy), n. [F. cavalerie. See Cava- 
liee.] (Mil.) Troops that serve on horseback. 

II Cava-ti'na (ka'va-te'na or kSv'a-), n. [It.] (Mus.) 
Orig., a melody simpler than the aria; — now a term 
vaguely used. 

Cave (kav), n. [F., fr. L. cavus hollow.] A hollow 
in the earth, either natural or artificial ; a cavern ; a den. 

Cave, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caved (kavd) ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. Caving.] 1. To dwell in a cave. 2. To cave in. 

To cave in [Flem. inkalven], to fall in and leave a hollow. 

HCa've-at (ka've-St), n. [L., let him beware.] 1. 
(Law) A notice given by an interested party to some 
officer not to do a certain act until the party is heard in 
opposition. 2. (U. S. Patent Laws) A preliminary de- 
scription of some invention filed in the patent office to 
prevent the issue of letters patent for the same invention 
to any other person. 3. Intimation of caution ; warning. 

Cav'en-dish (kav'gn-dlsh), n. Leaf tobacco softened, 
sweetened, and pressed into plugs or cakes. 

Cav'ern (kSv'ern), n. [L. caverna, fr. cavus hollow.] 
A large, deep, hollow place in the earth ; a large cave. 

Cav'ern-ous (k5v'ern-us), a. 1. Full of caverns or 
cavities; resembling a cavern; hollow. 2. Of or per- 
taining to a cavern. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CAVIAR 



138 



CENSOR 



V 



> 



Caviare' (kA-veV). ( u. [Through F. & It. fr. Turk. 

Caviar v^.V 'I-iir^. I Itaiiar.'] The roes of the stur- 
I and salted, — used as a relish. 

Cav'll (.kav'Il), f. j. [imp. & j>. p. Caviled or Cav- 
\ ib. >i. Caviling or Cavilling.] 
jest, to censure, fr. cavilla bauteriug jests, 
v.] To raise captious and frivolous objections. 

Cav'il, .. A captious or frivolous objection. 

Cavll-er or Cav'il-ler (-er), n. One who cavils. 

Cavl-ty (kay'i-ty), n. [L. cavus hollow.] A hollow 
pl.u-e ; a hollow ; hole. 

Ca-vort' (ka-vorf), r. i. To prance. [Slang, U. S.~\ 

Ca'vy (k5 r ry), ;i. [From Brazilian cabiai.] (Zo'dl.) 
A rodent of the genera Cavia and Doiichotis, as the guinea 
pig (Cavia cobaua). 

Caw (kal. v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cawed (kad) ; p. pr. 
Cawing.] [Imitative.] To cry like'a crow. 

Caw. r. . The cry made by the crow, rook, or raven. 

Cawk (kak), n. '[Doublet of chalk.} An opaque va- 
riety of barite. 

Cawk'er (kak'er), n. See Calker. 

Cay-enne' pep'per (ka-en' or ki-gn' pep'per), n. 
[From Cayenne in French Guiana.] (a) A species of 
Capsicum with intensely pungent fruit. (6) The spice 
made from it ; red pepper. 

Cay'man (ka'nian), n. [From native name.] (Zo'dl.) 
The South American alligator. 

Ca-Zique 7 ) (ka-zek'), n. [Sp. cacique, from Haytian 

Ca-Zic' j name.] A chief among some tribes of 
American Indians. 

Cease (ses), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Ceased (sest) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Ceasing.] [F. cesser, fr. L. cessare, in- 
tens. fr. cedere to withdraw.] To come or bring to an 
end ; to stop ; hence, to pass away. 

Syn. — To intermit ; desist ; stop ; abstain ; quit ; dis- 
continue ; refrain ; leave off ; pause ; end. 

Ceaseless, a. Never ceasing. — Ceaseless-iy , adv. 

Ce'dar (se'der), n. [AS. ceder, fr. L. cedrus, Gr. «e- 
&po<;.] (Bot.) Any one of several evergreen trees. 

Ce'darn (-dern), a. Of or pert, to the cedar or its wood. 

Cede (sed), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Ceding.] [L. cedere to withdraw, yield; akin to E. 
chance.'] To yield or surrender ; to give up ; to resign. 

Ce-diTla (se-dTl'la), n. [Sp., dim. of zeta, the Gr. name 
of the letter z, which was formerly written after the c, to 
give it the sound of s.] A mark placed under the letter 
c [thus, c], to show that it is to be sounded like s. 

Ce'drine (se'drln), a. Of or pertaining to the cedar. 

Ceil (sel), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Cetled (seld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ceiling.] [From F. del heaven, fr. L. caelum 
heaven, arch, covering.] 1. To overlay or cover the 
inner side of the roof of. 2. To finish, as a wall, with 
plaster, or the like. 

Ceiling, n. 1. (Arch.) The upper surface of a room, 
opposite the floor. 2. The covering of a wall, esp. a plas- 
ter covering. 3. (Naut.) The inner planking of a vessel. 

Cel'an-dine (sel'Sn-din), n. [OF. celidoine, deriv. of 
Gr. \e\iSJJv the swallow.] (Bot.) A perennial herb of 
the Poppy family, with yellow flowers ; swallowwort. 

Cel'e-brant (s61'e-brant), n. One who performs a pub- 
lic religious rite. 

Cel'e-brate (seTe-brat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cele- 
brated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Celebrating.] [L. celebrare, 
p. p. -atus, fr. celeber famous.] 1. To extol or honor in 
a solemn manner. 2. To honor by special rites or cere- 
monies ; to observe duly. 3. To perform or participate 
in ; to solemnize. 

Cel'e-bra'ted (-bra'tgd), a. Having celebrity ; famous. 

Syn. — Distinguished ; noted ; renowned ; illustrious. 

Cel e-bra'tion (-bra'shun), n. Act of celebrating. 

Cel'e-bralor (sgl'e-bra'ter), n. One who celebrates. 

Ce-leb'rl-ty (se-lgt/rl-ty), n. 1. Celebration. 2. State 
of being celebrated ; fame ; renown. 3. A person of dis- 
tinction or renown. 

Ce-lerl-ty (se-lgrl-ty), n. [L. celeritas, from celer 
swift.] Rapidity of motion ; quickness ; swiftness. 

Cel'er-y (sgl'er-y), n. [F. celeri, fr. Gr. vikwov pars- 
ley.] (Bot.) A plant of the Parsley family, used as a salad. 

Ce-les'tlal (se-lgs'chal ; 106), a. [OF., fr. L. caelestis, 
fr. caelum heaven.] 1. Belonging to the visible heavens. 
2. Of or pertaining to the spiritual heaven. — Ce-les'- 
tial-ly, adv. 

Celestial city, heaven. — Celestial empire, China. 

Ce-les'tlal, n. 1. An inhabitant of heaven. 2. A na- 
tive of China. 

Oel'es-tine (seTSs-tin), ) n. (Min.) Native strontium 

Ceres-tlte (nSl'gs-tit), ( sulphate, occasionally of a 
delicate blue color. 



Cel'es-tine (sgl'gs-tTn), I n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk 

Cel es-tinl-an (-tTn'T-an), ) of the austere branch, 
of Franciscans founded by Celestine V. 

Celi-ac (se'lT-Xk), a. (Anat.) See Cceliac. 

Ce-lib'a-cy (se-lib'a-sy or sSl'I-ba-sy), n. The state 
of being celibate or unmarried. 

Cell-bate (sSl'I-bat), «. [L. caelibatus, fr. caelebs un- 
married, single.] 1. Celibacy. [Obs."] 2. One who is 
unmarried ; esp. , a bachelor. 

Cell (se"l), n. [OF. celle,ir. L. cella; akin to celare to 
hide.] 1. A very small and close apartment, as in a prison. 
2. Any small cavity, or hollow place. 3. (Elec.) A jar 
or vessel, or a division of a compound vessel, for holding 
the exciting fluid of a battery. 4. (Biol.) One of the 
minute elementary structures composing the greater 
part of organic tissues. 

II Cella (sglla), n. [L.] (Arch.) The part inclosed 
within the walls of an ancient temple. 

Cellar (-ler), n. [OF. celier, fr. L. cellarium pantry, 
fr. cella storeroom.] A room or rooms under a building. 

Cellar-age (-aj), n. 1. The space or storerooms of a 
cellar ; a cellar. 2. Charge for storage in a cellar. 

Cellar-er (-er), n. (Eccl.) A steward or butler of a 
monastery or chapter. 

Cellar-ist (sgl'ler-Tst), n. Same as Cellarer. 

II Cello (chel'lo), n. A contraction of Violoncello. 

Cellu-lar (sel'u-ler ; 135), a. [L. cellula a little cell.} 
Consisting of cells ; containing cells ; resembling cells. 

Cellu-laledJ-la'ted), a. Cellular. 

Cellule (sel'ul), n. A small cell. 

Cellu-loid (sel'u-loid), n. [Cellulose -f -oid.~\ A sub- 
stance composed essentially of gun cotton and camphor,, 
and resembling ivory in texture. 

Cellu-lose (-los'), a. Consisting of, or having, cells. 

CellU-lose', n. (Chem.) The substance constituting 
the essential part of the solid framework of plants. 

Celt (selt), n. [L. Celtae, Gr. KeAroi, KeArat, pi. : cf. 
W. Celtiad a Celt, fr. celt shelter, celu to hide.] One of 
an ancient race who dwelt in Central and Western Europe, 
and whose descendants occupy Ireland, Wales, the High- 
lands of Scotland, and the northern shores of France. 

Celt, n. [LL. celtis a chisel.] An implement of stone 
or metal, found in the barrows of the early Celtic nations. 

Celtic (sel'tik), a. Of or pertaining to the Celts. — n. 
The language of the Celts. 

Cement' (se-mSnf or sem'ent), n. [OF., fr. L. cae- 
menlum chips of marble, from which mortar was made, 
contr. fr. caedimentum, fr. caedere to cut.] 1. Any sub- 
stance used for making bodies adhere to each other, as 
mortar, glue, etc. Specif. : (a) A kind of calcined lime- 
stone, or a calcined mixture of clay and lime, for making 
mortar which will harden under water, (b) The powder 
used in cementation. 2. Fig., bond of union. 

Ce-ment' (se-menf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cemented ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cementing.] 1. To unite or cause to ad- 
here by, or as by, a cement. 2. To overlay or coat with 
cement. 

Ce-ment', V. i. To become cemented ; to cohere. 

Cem en-ta'tion (sem'en-ta'shun or s^men-), n. 1. Act 
or process of cementing. 2. (Chem.) Process of chan- 
ging the physical properties of a solid body by surround- 
ing it with the powder of other substances, and heating 
the whole to a degree not sufficient to cause fusion, as in 
casehardening iron. 

Cem'e-ter-y (sem'e-ter-y), n. [Gr. icoi/Aijrjjpioi', fr. 
Koifj.av to put to sleep.] A burial place ; a graveyard. 

Cen'o-bite (sSn'o-bit or se'no-bit), n. [L. coenobita, fr. 
Gr. koivo/Sios ; Koii/6s common -j- /3io? life.] One of a re- 
ligious order, dwelling in a convent or community. 

Cen'O-bitlc (-bit'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to a 

Cen'O-Ditlc-al (-T-kal), j cenobite. 

Ce-nog'a-my (se-nog'a-my), n. [Gr. koivo? common 
-f- yo/u.os marriage.] State of a community which per- 
mits promiscuous sexual intercourse among its members. 

Cen'O-taph (sSn'6-taf), n. [Gr. Kevoratfriov ; icevos 
empty + ra^os tomb.] A tomb or monument erected in 
honor of a person who is buried elsewhere. 

Ce / no-ZOlc (se'no-zolk), a. [Gr. /cau/6s recent + jjwij 
life.] (Geol.) Belonging to the most recent division of 
geological time. 

Cense (sens), v. t. Abbrev. from Incense. [Obs.~] 

Cen'ser (sSn'ser), n. [For incenser, fr. OF. encensier, 
deriv. of L. incensum incense.] A vessel for perfumes, 
or one for burning incense. 

Cen'sor (sen'sor), n. [L., fr. censere to value, tax.] 
1. (Antiq.) One of two Roman magistrates who regis- 
tered the number and property of citizens and also served 
as inspectors of morals and conduct. 2. A pubbc officer 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, il, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



CENSORIAL 



139 



CERAMIC 



empowered to examine manuscripts, and to forbid their 
publication if obnoxious. 3. A censurer ; a critic. 

Cen-SO'ri-al (sgn-so'rT-al), a. 1. Belonging to a cen- 
sor, or to the correction of public morals. 2. Censorious. 

Cen-SC/ri-OUS (sgn-so'ri-us), a. 1. Addicted to be- 
stowing censure or blame. 2. Implying or expressing cen- 
sure. — Cen-so'ri-ous-ly, adv. — Cen-so'rl-ous-ness, n. 

Cen'sor-ship (sgn's5r-ship), n. Office or power of a 
censor. 

Cen'sur-a-ble (-shur-a-b'l), a. Deserving of censure. 
— Cen'sur a-ble-ness, n. — Cen'sur-a-bly, adv. 

Cen'sure (sgn'shur ; 135), n. 1. Opinion. [Obs.] 2. 
The act of bestowing blame or administering reproof. 

Syn. — Blame ; reproof ; condemnation ; reprobation ; 
disapproval; disapprobation; reprehension; animadver- 
sion ; reprimand ; reflection ; dispraise ; abuse. 

Cen'sure. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Censured (-shurd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Censuring.] 1. To estimate ; to judge. 
[065.] 2. To find fault with and condemn as wrong ; to 
reprimand or condemn. 

Cen'SUT-er (sgn'shur-er), n. One who censures. 

Census (-sus), n. *[L. See Censor.] 1. {Rom. An- 
tiq.) A numbering of the people, and valuation of their 
estates, for the purpose of imposing taxes, etc. 2. An 
official registration of the inhabitants of a country, the 
value of their estates, and other general statistics. 

Cent (sSnt), n. [F. cent hundred, L. centum.'] 1. A 
hundred. 2. A copper or copper and nickel coin, the le- 
gal equivalent of the hundredth part of a dollar. [U. S.] 

Cent'age (-aj), n. Rate by the hundred ; percentage. 

Cen'tal (sgn'tal), n. A weight of 100 pounds avoirdu- 
pois. 

Cen'tare' (sgn'taV; F. saN'tar'), n. [F. centiare; 
centi- (L. centum) -f- are.] A measure of area, the hun- 
dredth part of an are ; one square meter. 

Gen'taur (sgn'tar), n. [L. Centaurus, Gr. KeWaupo?.] 
(Class. Myth.) A fabulous being, half man and half horse. 

Cen'te-na'ri-an (sgn'te-na'rl-an), a. Of or relating to 
a hundred years, —n. A person a hundred years old. 

Cen'te-na-ry (sgn'te-na-r]?), a. [L. centenarius, fr. 
centum a hundred.] 1. Relating to, or consisting of, a 
hundred. 2. Same as Centennial. 

Cen'te-na-ry, n. 1. The aggregate of a hundred sin- 
gle things ; specif., a century. 2. Centennial celebration. 

Cen-ten'nl-al (sgn-tgn'nT-al), a. [L. centum a hun- 
dred -f- annus year.] Of or pertaining to, or happening 
once in, a hundred years ; hence, belonging to the hun- 
dredth anniversary.— n. A centennial celebration. [U. S.] 

Cen'ter } (sgn'ter), n. [F. centre, fr. L. centrum, fr. 

Cen'tre J Gr. icevrpov sharp point, fr. Kevrelv to prick.] 
1. The exact middle point of a line, figure, or body. 2. 
The middle portion of anything. 3. A point of concen- 
tration; nucleus. 4. Those members of a legislative 
assembly (as in France) who support the existing gov- 
ernment. They sit in the middle of the legislative cham- 
ber. 5. (Arch.) A temporary frame upon which a vault 
or arch is constructed. 6. (Mech.) One of the two steel 
points upon which the work revolves in a lathe, etc. 

Cen'ter, ) v. i. ^ [imp. & p. p. Centered or Centred 

Cen'tre, ) (-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Centering or Cen- 
tring.] 1. To be placed in a center ; to be central. 2. 
To be collected to a point ; to be concentrated. 

Cen'ter, ) v. t. 1. To place or fix in the center or on 

Cen'tre, ) a central point. 2. To collect or bring 
together to a point ; to concentrate. 

Cen'ter-board 7 ) (-bord'), n. (Naut.) A movable or 

Cen'tre-board 7 ] sliding keel which may be raised 
into a water-tight case amidships. 

Cen'ter-lng, n. (Arch.) Same as Center, n., 5. 

Cen-tes'i-mal (sgn-tes'T-mal), a. & n. [L. centesimus 
hundredth, fr. centum a hundred.] Hundredth. 

Cen-tes i-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. (Mil. ) The infliction 
of the death penalty upon one person in every hundred. 

Cen'ti-grade (sgn'tT-grad), a. [L. centum a hundred 
-f- gradus degree.] Consisting of a hundred degrees ; 
graduated into a hundred equal parts ; specif., of or pert, 
to the centigrade thermometer, on which there are 100 
degrees between the boiling point and the freezing point, 
which latter is marked zero or 0. See Thermometer. 

Cen'ti-gram (sen'tT-gr5m), Cen'ti-gramme (sgn'tT- 
grSm; F. saN'te-gram'), n. [F. centigramme.] The 
himdredth part of a gram, — equal to .15432 of a grain. 

Cen'ti-U'ter Hsgn'tT-le'ter or sgn-tTl'T-ter), n. [F. 

Cen'tl-li'tre } centilitre.] The hundredth part of a 
liter, — equal to 0.6102 of a cubic inch, or 0.338 of a fluid 
ounce. [dredth part of a franc. I 

II Cen'tlme' (saN'tem'), n. [F.] (F. Coinage) Hun- 1 

Cen'tl-me'ter, Cen'ti-me tre (sgn'tT-me'ter or sgn- 




tTm'e-ter), n. [F. centimetre.] The hundredth part of 
a meter, —equal to 0.3937 of an inch. See Meter. 

Cen'tl-ped (sSn'tl-pgd), n. [L. centipeda; centum 
a hundred -4- 
pes, pedis, 
foot.] (Zool.) 
A species of -= 
the Myriapo- • 
da; esp., the 
large, flat- 
tened, ven- 
omous kinds 
found in trop- Centiped {bcolopendra ctngulata). 

ical climates. [Written also centipede (-ped).] 

Cen'ti-Stere (sgn'tT-ster ; F. saN'te-star'), n. [F. cen- 
tistere.] One hundredth of a stere, —0.353 cubic feet. 

Cent'ner (sgnt'ner), n. [Deriv. of L. centum a hun- 
dred.] 1. (Metal.) A weight of one hundred pounds. 
2. (Assaying) A weight of a dram. 3. The commercial 
hundredweight. 

Cen'tral (sgn'tral), a. Relating to, or situated in or 
near, the center or middle ; containing the center. 

Cen'tral-ism (sgn'tral-Tz'm), n. 1. State of being 
central ; centralization. 2. System by which power is 
centralized. 

Cen-tral'i-ty (sgn-tr51'!-t£), n. State of being cen- 
tral ; tendency toward a center. 

Cen tral-i-za'tion (sgn'tral-T-za'shfin), n. The act or 
process of centralizing, or the state of being centralized. 

Cen'tral-ize (sgn'tral-Iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cen- 
tralized (-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Centralizing.] To draw 
or bring to, or toward, a central point ; to bring into one 
system, or under one control. 

Cen'tral-ly, adv. In a central manner or situation. 

Cen'tre (sgn'ter), n. & v. See Center. 

Cen'tric (sgn'trlk), ) a. Placed in the center or 

Cen'tric-al (-trT-kal), ) middle ; central. 

Cen-tric'i-ty (sgn-tris'T-ty), n. State of being centric. 

Cen-trif'u-gal (-trif'u-gal), a. [L. centrum -f fugere 
to -flee.] Tending, or causing, to recede from the center. 

Cen-trip/e-tal (-trip'e-tal), a. [L. centrum + petere 
to seek.] Tending, or causing, to approach the center. 

Cen'tro-bar'ic (sgn'tro-bar'ik), a. [Deriv. of Gr. *ceV- 
rpov center + /3apos weight.] Relating to the center of 
gravity, or to the process of finding it. 

II Cen'trum (sgn'trum), n. ; pi. E. -trums (-trumz), 
L. -tra (-tra). [L., center.] (Anat.) The body or axis 
of a vertebra. See Vertebra. 

II Cen-tum'Vlr (sgn-tum'ver), n. ; pi. Centumviri (-vY- 
ri). [L., fr. centum hundred -j- vir man.] (Rom. Hist.) 
One of a civil court consisting of about one hundred 
judges. — Cen-tum'vi-ral (-vT-ral), a. 

Cen-tum'vi-rate (-vT-rat), n. Office of a centumvir. 

Cen'tu-ple (sgn'tfi-p'l), a. [L. cenluplex; centum -j- 
plicare to fold.] Hundredfold. 

Cen'tU-ple, v. t. To increase a hundredfold. 

Gen-tU'pll-cate (sen_-ta'pli-kat), v. t. To centuple. 

Cen-tu'ri-on (sen-tu'rl-un), n. [L. centurio. See 
Century.] A captain of a century in the Roman army. 

Cen'tU-ry (sgn'tu-ry ; 135), n. [L. centuria (in senses 
1 & 3), fr. centum a hundred.] 1. A hundred. (Archaic] 
2. A period of a hundred years. 3. One of sixty com- 
panies into which the Roman legion was divided. 

Century plant. (Bot.) See Agave. 

II Ceph a-lal'gi-a (sgf'a-lal'jT-a), ) n. [Gr. K6<poAoA- 

Ceph'a-lal'gy (sgf'a-lal'jy), J yto ; K^ak-f, + 
oAyos pain.] (Med.) Pain in the head ; headache. 

Ceph'a-late (sef'a-lat), a. (Zool.) Having a head. 

Ce-phal'ic (se-fSl'Tk), a. [L. cephalicus, Gr. *ce<?)aAi- 
kos, fr. Ke<paA77 head.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the 
head. — n. A medicine for the head. 

Ceph'a-li-za'tion (sef'a-lT-za'shun), n. Localization 
of important organs or parts in or near the head, in ani- 
mal development ; head development. 

Ceph'a-lO- (sgf'a-lo-). [Gr. KeQaXrj head.] A combin- 
ing form denoting the head, of or connected with the head. 

Ceph'a-lol'O-gy (sef'a-lol'S-jy), n. [Cephalo- + -logy.] 
The science which treats of the head. 

Ceph'a-lo-pod (sgf'a-lo-pod), n. [Cephalo- + -pod.] 
(Zool.) One of the Cephalopoda, the highest class of 
Mollusca, among the higher forms of which are the cut- 
tlefishes, squids, and octopi. 

Ceph/a-lot'o-my (sgf'a-lgt'o-m^), n. [Cephalo- + 
-lomy.] Dissection or cutting open of the head. 

Ce-ra'ce0US (se-ra'shus), a. [L. cera wax.] Having 
the texture and color of new wax ; like wax ; waxy. 

Ce-ram'iC (se-rSm'Tk), a. [Gr. JcepajbUKo;, fr. *e patios 
earthernware.] Of or pertaining to pottery. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CERAMICS 



140 



CESTOIDEA 



v 

; 



> 



Oe-r amies tso-rXm'Tks), n. Art of making things of 
baked clay, ;w> potti • also (pi.) the thhkgs 

niade. 

Ce'rate (.se'rat), m. [L. ceratum, fr. cera wax.] {Med.) 
A kind of unctuous prepa ration thicker than an ointment, 
Of wh nstitueut. 

CeTa-ted i,*e'ru-te\i). a. [L. eeratus, p. p. of cerare 
to wax.] Covered with wax. 

Ce-rat'O-dUS (.sf-rat'o-dQs). n. [NL., fr. Gr. *ce'pas, 
horn + ofiovs tooth.] (Zo'ol.) A genus of ganoid 
fishes, first known as fossil fishes, but of which two living 
species have been discovered in Australian rivers. 

Ce-rau'nics ^se-ra/iiTks), n. [Gr. xcpavpo? thunder and 
lightning.] Physics which treats of heat and electricity. 

CerUe-rus (^er'be-rus), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ke'p/3epos.] 

tfWCA.) A monster, in the shape of a three-headed 

.irding the entrance into the infernal regions; 

hence, any vigilant custodian or guardian, esp. if surly. 

Cere (sir), n. [L. cera wax.] (Zo'ol.) The soft naked 
aheath at the base of the beak of certain birds. 

Cere. r. /. [i m p . & p. p. Cered (serd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Crrtng.] To wax ; to cover or close with wax. 

Ce're-al (seA-e-oi), a. [L. Cerealis pertaining to Ceres, 
the goddess of corn and tillage.] Of or pertaining to 
edible grain or the grasses bearing it. — n. Any grass 
cultivated for its edible grain, or the grain itself ; — 
usually in the plural. 

Cer e-bellum (seVe-bel'um), n. ; pi. E. -lums (-lumz), 
L. -la (-la). [L., dim. of cerebrum brain.] (Anat.) The 
large lobe of the hind brain, in front of and above the 
medulla. See Brain. 

Cer'e-bral (ser'e-bral), a. [L. cerebrum brain.] 
(Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cerebrum. 

Cer'e-bral, n. [A false translation of the Skr. mur- 
dhonya, lit., head-sounds.] One of a class of lingual con- 
sonants in the East Indian languages. 

Cer'e-bral-lsm (-Tz'm), n. (Philos.) The theory that 
psychical phenomena are merely functions of the brain. 

Cer'e-brate (-brat), v. i. To exhibit mental activity. 

Cer e-bra'tion (ser'e-bra'shun), n. Action of the 
brain, whether conscious or unconscious. 

Cer'e-bric (ser'e-brlk or se-rgb'rTk), a. Of, pertain- 
ing to, or derived from, the brain. 

Cer'e-bros'CO-py (-br5s'k6-py), n. [Cerebrum + 
-scopy.} (Med.) Act of diagnosticating the .ondition of 
the brain, as by examination of the interior of the eye 
(as with an ophthalmoscope). 

Cer'e-bro— spi'nal (-bro-spl'nal), a. [Cerebrum -f- 
spinal.} (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the central nervous 
system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. 

Cer , e-bnun (-brum), n. ; pi. E. -bbttms (-briimz), L. 
-BBA (-bra). [L., the brain.] (Anat.) The anterior, and 
in man the larger, division of the brain. See Brack. 

Cere'cloth' (serTdBth' ; 115), n. [L. cera wax + E. 
cloth.} A cloth smeared with melted wax. 

Cere / ment (ser'ment), n. A cerecloth ; or, by exten- 
sion, any cloth used for wrapping for the dead. 

Cer e-mo'ni-al (seVe-mo'ni-al), a. 1. Relating to 
ceremony ; ritual ; according to established rites. 2. 
Observant of forms ; ceremonious. — Cer e-mo'nl-al-ly , 
adv. — Cer'e-mo'ni-al-ness, n. 

Cer e-mo'ni-al, n. Any established system of rules 
and ceremonies ; outward form. 

Cer e-mo'ni-ous (-us), a. 1. Consisting of outward 
forms and rites ; ceremonial ; according to prescribed or 
customary forms. 2. Observant of forms and ceremo- 
nies ; punctilious. — Cer'e-mo'ni-ous-ly, adv. — Cer'e- 
mo'ni-ous-ness, n. 

Cer'e-mo-ny (-mo-nj), n. [F. ceremonie, L. caeri- 
monia.] 1. Act or series of acts, often symbolical, pre- 
scribed by law, custom, or authority, as in the perform- 
ance of religious duties. 2. Forms of civility prescribed 
by custom or authority. 3. Emblem ; sign. [06*.] 

Ce're-ua (seAe-us), n. [L., a wax candle, fr. cera 
wax.] A genus of plants of the Cactus family, one spe- 
cies of which grows in a round columnar form. 

Cer'iph (sSr1f), n. (Type Founding) One of the fine 
lines of a letter, esp. one of the fine cross strokes. 

Ce-rise' (se-rez'), a. [F., a cherry.] Cherry-colored; 
a light bright red ; —applied to textile fabrics. 

Ce / ri-um (s^rT-urn), n. [Named by Berzelius in 1803 
from the asteroid Ceres, just then discovered (1801).] 
( Chem. ) A rare metal resembling iron in color and luster, 
but soft, malleable, and ductile. 

Cer'nu-oua (ber'nu-fis), a. [L. cernuus.] Drooping; 
pendulous. 

OeTo (aa'rft or se'ris), n. [Corrupt, fr. Sp. sierra, lit., 
•aw.] (Zott.) A large and valuable food fish of the Mack- 



erel family. Two species are found in West Indian wa- 
ters, and less commonly on the Atlantic coast of the IT. S. 




Cero (Scomberomoriis caballa). 



Ce'ro-graph'ic (se'ro-grSf'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining 

CeTO-graph'ic-al (-i-kal), J to cerography. 

Ce-rog'ra-pny (se-rog'ra-f^), n. [Gr. xr/pos wax -f- 
-graphy.~\ 1. Art of making characters or designs in wax. 
2. A method of stereotyping plates from inscribed sheets 
of wax. 

Ce-roon' (se-roon'), n. [Sp. seron hamper.] A bale 
or package covered or bound with hide. 

Ce ro-plas'tic (seAo-plas'tik), a. [Deriv. of »ojp6s 
wax + TrAao-o-eiv to mold.] (Fine Arts) (a) Relating to 
the art of modeling in wax. (6) Modeled in wax. 

Cer 'tain (ser'tln), a. [F., fr. L. certus fixed, certain, 
orig. p. p. of cernere to perceive, decide ; akin to Gr. 
npCveiv.~\ 1. Assured in mind ; having no doubts. 2. 
Determined ; resolved. 3. Not to be doubted or denied. 
4. Actually existing ; inevitable. 5. Unfailing ; infalli- 
ble. 6. Fixed or stated ; definite ; hence, clear. 7. Not 
specifically named ; indefinite ; one or some ; — sometimes 
used independently as a noun. — Cer'tain-ly, adv. — 
Cer'tain-ness, n. 

Cer'tain-ty (-t^), n. 1. Quality or state of being cer- 
tain. 2. That which is certain. 

Certificate (ser-tTfT-kat), n. [See Certify.] 1. A 
written testimony to the truth of any fact. 2. A written 
declaration legally authenticated. 

Cer-tif'i-cate (-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Certifica- 
ted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Certificating.] 1. To verify or 
vouch for by certificate. 2. To furnish with a certificate. 

C er ti-f i-ca' tion (ser'tT-f T-ka'shun) , n. The act of cer- 
tifying. 

Cer'ti-fl'er (-Cer), n. One who certifies or assures. 

Cer'ti-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Certtfed (-fid) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Certifying.] [F. certifier, LL. certificare: 
L. certus certain -f- facer e to make.] 1. To give assur- 
ance to ; to make (a person) certain. 2. To give certain 
information of ; to verify. 3. To make a declaration con- 
cerning, in writing, under hand, or under hand and seal. 

Cer'tl-O-ra'ri (ser/shI-6-ra'rf), n. [So named from the 
word certiorari, which occurs in the Latin form.] (Law) 
A writ out of chancery, or out of a superior court, to call 
up the records of an inferior court, or remove a cause 
there pending, for the hastening of justice, or for the cor- 
rection of errors and irregularities. 

Cer'ti-tude (seVtT-tud), n. [See Certain.] Certainty. 

Ce-rule-an (se-ru/le-am), a. [L. caeruleus.] Sky- 
colored; blue; azure. 

II Ce-ru'men (se-ru'mSn), n. [NL., fr. L. cera wax.] 
(Physiol.) Ear wax. 

Ce'ruse (se'rus), n. [F. ceruse, L. cerussa.~\ 1. White 
lead, — a pigment. 2. (Min.) Native carbonate of lead. 

Cer'vi-cal (ser'vi-kal), a. [L. cervix, -ids, neck.] 
(Anat.) Of or pertaining to the neck. 

Cer' Vine (ser'vin), a. [L. cervinus, fr. cervus deer.] 
(Zo'ol.) Of or pert, to the deer, or the Deer family. 

Ii Cer'vix (ser'viks), 7i. ; pi. E. Cervixes (-ez), L. Cer- 
vices (-vi-sez). [L.] (Anat.) The neck; also, the neck- 
like portion of any part, as of the womb. 

Ce-sa're-an (se-za're-an), a. Same as Cesarean. 

Ces'pi-tose 7 (ses'pt-tos/), a. [L. caesjoesturf.] (Bot.) 
Having the form of a piece of turf, i. e., many stems 
from one rootstock or from many entangled rootstocks 
or roots. [Written also csespitose.'] [turf ; turfy. I 

Ces'pi-tous (-tus), a. Pert, to, consisting of, or like, ' 

Ces-sa'tion (sgs-sa'shun), n. [F., fr. L. cessatio. See 
Cease.] A ceasing or discontinuance ; a stop. 

Syn. — Stop; rest; stay; pause; intermission; inter- 
val ; respite ; interruption ; recess ; remission. 

Ces'sion (sgsh'un), n. [L. cessio, fr. cedere to give 
way. See Cede.] A yielding, or surrender, as of prop- 
erty or rights, to another person ; act of ceding. 

Cess'pooP (ses'pobP), n. [Prov. E. suss hogwash, soss 
a puddle + E. pool.} A cistern to receive the waste or 
filth of a drain ; a sunken place to receive filth. 

Ces'tode (sgs'tod), a. (Zobl.) Of or pertaining to the 
Cestoidea. — n. One of the Cestoidea. 

II Ces-toid'e-a (s5s-toidt-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. icetrros 
girdle -\--oid.} (Zo'ol.) A class of parasitic worms (Plat- 
yelminthes), including the tapeworms. 






a, e, i, o, u, long ;&,£,!, 5, u, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, Obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CESTRACIONT 



141 



CHALKY 




Ces-tra'Ci-ont (s8s-tra'shT-5nt), n. [Gr. Keen-pa a kind 
of fish.] (Zool.) A shark of several genera in which the 
posterior teeth form a pavement of bony plates. 

Ces'tUS (sSs'tfls), n. [L., girdle, fr. Gr. Kecn-os, lit., 
embroidered.] (Antiq.) A girdle ; esp. that of Aphrodite 
(or Venus) giving the wearer the power of exciting love. 
Ces'tUS, n. [L. caeslus, and cestus.] (Antiq.) A 
covering for the hands of box- 
ers, made of leather bands, and 
often loaded. 

II Ces'tuy ot \\ Ces'tui (seV- 
twe or sSt'we), pron. [Norm. 
F.] (Law) He ; the one. Cestus. 

Cestuy que trust (ke trust') 
[Norm. F.J, a person who has the equitable and bene- 
ficial interest in property, the legal interest in which is 
vested in a trustee. — Cestuy que use (ke us') [Norm. F.], a 
person for whose use land t etc, is granted to another. 

Ce-SU'ra (se-zu'ra or -su'ra), n. See Cesura. 
HCe-ta'ce-a (se-ta'she-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. L. cetus 
whale, Gr. ktjto?.] (Zool.) An order of marine mam- 
mals, including the whales and dolphins. 
Ce-ta'cean (-slum), n. (Zool.) One of the Cetacea. 

Ce-ta'ceous (-shus), a. Of or pert, to the Cetacea. 

Ce-tOl'O-gy (-tol'o-jy), n. [Gr. ktjtos + -logy.'] De- 
scription or natural history of cetaceous animals. 

C. G. S. An abbreviation for Centimeter, Gram, Sec- 
ond, — applied to a system of units based upon the cen- 
timeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of 
weight or mass, and the second as the unit of time. 

Chab (chab), n. (Zool.) The red-bellied woodpecker. 

II Chac'ma (chak'ma), n. [Native name.] A large 
species of African baboon (Cynoccphalus porcarius). 

Chas'tO-dont (ke'to-d5nt), n. [Gr. x aiTr ? hair + 
oSous, oScWos, tooth.] (Zool.) Any one of a family of 
marine fishes, having broad, compressed bodies, and 
usually bright colors. 

Chafe (chaf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chafed (chaft) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Chafing.] [OF. chaufer, deriv. of L. 
calere to be warm -\- facer e to make.] 1. To excite 
heat in by friction ; to rub in order to warm. 2. To ex- 
cite ; to fret ; to irritate. 3. To wear by rubbing. 

Chafing dish, a di3h or vessel for cooking on the table, 
or for keeping food warm ; a portable grate for coals. 

Syn. — To rub ; fret ; gall ; vex ; excite ; inflame. 

Chafe, v. i. 1. To come in contact, so as to rub to- 
gether. 2. To be worn by rubbing. 3. To have a feel- 
ing of vexation ; to fret. 

Chafe, n. 1. Heat excited by friction. 2. Injury or 
wear caused by friction. 3. Vexation ; irritation ; rage. 

Chafer (cha'fer), n. 1. One who chafes. 2. A vessel 
for heating water ; hence, a dish or pan. 

Chafer, n. [AS. ceafor ; akin to D. kever, G. k'dfer.] 
(Zool.) The cockchafer ; also, one of various other beetles. 

Chaf er-y (cha'fer-y), n. [See Chafe, v. t.~] (Iron 
Works) An open furnace or forge for heating blooms. 

Chaff (chaf), n. [AS. ceaf ; akin to D. kaf, G. kaff.] 
1. The husks of grains and grasses separated from the 
seeds. 2. Straw ; any comparatively worthless or refuse 
parts. 3. Banter; jesting. 4. (Bot.) The scales or 
bracts on the receptacle, which subtend each flower in 
the heads of many Compositae, as the sunflower. 

Chaff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffed (chaft) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Chaffing.] To engage in jesting or banter. 

Chaff, v. t. To make fun of ; to quiz ; to ridicule. 

Chaffer (chaffer), n. [OE. chaffare, cheap/are ; AS. 
cedp bargain -4- faru journey; hence, orig., a going to 
bargain.] Bargaining; merchandise. [06s.] 

Chaffer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffered (-ferd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Chaffering.] 1. To treat or dispute about 
a purchase ; to bargain ; to haggle. 2. To talk much 
and idly ; to chatter. 

Chaffer, v.t. 1. To trade in. 2. To bandy, as words. 

Chaf fer-er (-er), n. One who chaffers ; a bargainer. 

Chaffinch (chSf 'finch), n. (Zool.) A bird of Europe, 
having a variety of very sweet songs. [chaff. I 

Chaffy (chaf 'y), a. Abounding in, or resembling, | 

Cha-greerf (sha-gren'), n. See Shagreen. 

Cha-grin' (sha-grin' or sha-gren'), n. [F., fr. chagrin 
shagreen, a kind of rough leather ; also, a rough fishskin ; 
hence (Fig.), a gnawing, corroding grief. See Shagreen.] 
Vexation ; mortification ; exasperation. 

Cha-grin', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chagrined (-grind' or 
-grend') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chagrining.] To excite ill- 
humor in ; to exasperate ; to vex ; to mortify. 

Chain (chan), n. [F. chaine, fr. L. catena."] 1. A 
series of links or rings, fitted into one another, or other- 
wise connected. 2. That which confines, fetters, or 
secures, as if by a chain ; a bond. 3. A series of things 



connected and following each other in succession. 4. 
(Surv.) A surveyor's measuring instrument, commonly 
consisting of one hundred equal links, having the total 
length of four rods, or sixty-six feet. 5. pi. (Naut.) 
Iron links bolted to the side of a vessel to which the 
shrouds are attached ; also, the channels. 6. ( Weaving) 
The warp threads of a web. 

Chain gang, a gang of convicts chained together. — Chain 
pump, a pump in which the water is raised by an endless 
chain, having at intervals disks or lifts which fit a tube 
through which it travels. — Chain shot 
(Mil.), two cannon balls united by a 
short chain, — formerly used in naval 
warfare. — Chain stitch, (a) An orna- 
mental stitch like the links of a chain. 
(ft) (Machine Seiving) A stitch in which the looping of the 
thread or threads forms a chain on the under Bide of the 
work. — Chain wales. (Naut.) Same as Channels. — Chain 
wheel, a wheel with projections on its circumference 
which engage it with the links of a chain ; a sprocket 
wheel. 

Chain (chan), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chained (chand) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Chaining.] 1. To fasten, bind, or con- 
nect with, or as with, a chain. 2. To subject to bondage. 

3. To measure with a chain. 

Chainless (-18s), a. Having no chain ; unfettered. 

Chair (char), n. [OF. chaiere, chaere, fr. L. cathedra 
chair, Gr. Ko9eSpa ; Kara, down -f- eSpa seat ; akin to E. 
seat.] 1. A movable single seat with a back. 2. An 
official seat, as of a magistrate or a professor ; hence, 
the office itself. 3. The presiding officer of an assembly. 

4. A vehicle for one person, — either a sedan or a gig. 

5. An iron block used on railways to hold the rails. 
Chair, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chadded (chard) ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. Chairing.] 1. To place in a chair. 2. To carry 
publicly in a chair in triumph. [Eng.] 

Chalr'man (chaT'man), n. 1. The presiding officer 
of any organized body. 2. One whose business it is to 
carry a chair or sedan. 

Chair'man-ship, n. The office of a chairman. 

Chaise (shaz), n. [F. chaise chair, carriage, for chaire, 
from a peculiar Parisian pronunciation. See Chair.] A 
two-wheeled carriage for two persons, with a calash top. 

II Cha-la'za (ka-la'za), n. ; pi. E. Chalazas, L. Cha- 
lazje (-ze). [NL., fr. Gr. x«Aa£a hail, pimple.] 1. (Bot.) 
The place on an ovule, or seed, where its outer coats 
cohere with each other and the nucleus. 2. (Biol.) A 
spiral band which exists in the white of the bird's egg, and 
serves to maintain the yolk in its position ; the treadle. 

Chal-ced'O-ny (kSl-sSd'o-ny or kal'se-do-ny), n. [L. 
chalcedonius, fr. Gr. XoAkijSwv Chalcedon, a town in Asia 
Minor.] (Min.) A translucent variety of quartz, having 
usually a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. 

Chal-cog'ra-pher (kai-kog'ra-fer), Chal-cog'ra-phist 
(-ra-flst), n. One who is versed in chalcography. 

Chal-COg'ra-phy (-fy), n. [Gr. xoA/eds copper, brass 
-j- -graphy.] Act or art of engraving on copper or brass. 

ChafCO-pyr'ite (kaVko-pIr'it), n. [Gr. x<*Ako? brass 
-\- E. pyrile.] (Min.) Copper pyrites. It occurs massive 
and in tetragonal crystals of a bright brass yellow color. 

Chal-da'ic (kal-da'Tk), a. Of or pert, to Chaldea. — n. 
Language or dialect of the Chaldeans ; Chaldee. 

Chal-de'an (-de'an), a. Chaldaic. — n. (a) Chaldaic. 
(b) A learned man ; esp. , an astrologer, (c) A Nestorian. 

Chal'dee (kal'de or kal-de'), a. & n. Chaldaic. 

Chal'dron (chal'drun or chal'drun), n. [OF. The 
same word as E. caldron.] An English measure for coal 
and coke, being, at London, 36 bushels heaped up, or its 
equivalent weight, and more than twice as much as at 
Newcastle. In the United States the chaldron is ordina- 
rily 2,940 lbs., but at New York it is 2,500 lbs. 

II Cha-let' (sha-la'), n. [F.] 1. A herdsman's hut in 
the mountains of Switzerland. 2. A summer country 
house built in the style of the Swiss cottages. 

Chalice (chal'is), n. [OF., fr. L. calix.] A cup or 
bowl; esp., the cup used in celebrating the Eucharist. 

Chalk (chak), n. [AS. cealc lime, fr. L. calx lime- 
stone.] 1. (Min.) A soft, earthy substance, having the 
same composition as common limestone. 2. (Fine Arts) 
A kind of crayon. 

French chalk, steatite or soapstone. — Red chalk, an in- 
durated clayey ocher containing iron. 

Chalk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chalked (chakt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Chalking.] 1. To rub or mark "with chalk. 
2. To make white or pale, as with chalk. 

Chalk'i-ness (-T-nSs), n. The state of being chalky. 

Chalk'stone (-ston'), n. 1. A mass of chalk. 2. 
(Med.) A chalklike concretion, in and about the small 
joints of persons affected with gout. 

Chalk'y (-f), a. Containing, or resembling, chalk. 



H 



K 



f 6rn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CHALLENGE 



142 



CHANGE 



V 

i 



> 



Challenge (ehBlfaj), »• [Through OF. fr. L. ca- 

lumnui false accusatiou, chicanery.] 1. An invitation to 

a v kind ; a defiance; specifically, a sum- 

tight a duel. 2. The act of a sentry in halting 

any one. and demanding the countersign. 3. A claim 

or demand. [0**.] 4. (Law) Anexceptiou to a person 

ucompetent. as to a juror. 

Challenge. ». t. {imp. & p. p. Challenged (-lSnjd) ; 
v rb. n. Challenging.] 1. To give, send, make, 
or offer, a challenge to. 2. To assert a doubt of ; to 
n. 3. To demand as a right. 

Challen-ger (.chal'le'n-jer), n. Oue who challenges. 

ChalUs i,shal'15')> »• L*» chaly, challis, a stuff made 
of goat *s liair.] A soft wooleu, or woolen and silk, fabric. 

Cha-lyb'e-ate (ka-llb'e-at), a. [From L. chalybs steel, 
Gr. xaAv^r.] Impregnated with salts of iron ; having a 
taste like iron. — n. A liquid containing iron. 

Cham t^kam), n. See Khan. 

Cha-made / (sha-mad' or sha-mad'), n. [F., fr. Pg. 
chanuida, fr. chamar to call, fr. L. clamare.] (3Iil.) A 
signal made for a parley by beat of a drum. 

Cham'her (cham'ber), ?i. [F. chambre, fr. L. camera 
vault, arched roof, fr. Gr. Kafxdpa anything with an arched 
covering.] 1. A retired room; esp., an upper sleeping 
room. 2. The office of a lawyer ; especially, a judge's 
office when a bedroom. 3. An audience room; place 
where an assembly meets ; also, the assembly itself. 4. 
An inclosed place ; a cell ; a cavity ; a hollow. 

Cham'her (cham'ber), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chambered 
(-berd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chambering.] To reside in or 
occupy a chamber or chambers. 

Cham'her, v. t. 1. To shut up, as in a chamber. 
2. To furnish with a chamber. 

Cham'ber-lain (cham1>er-lTn), n. [Through OF. fr. 
G. kammer chamber (fr. L. camera) + -ling.] [For- 
merly written chamberlin.~\ 1. An officer or servant 
who has charge of a chamber or chambers. 2. One of 
the high officers of a sovereign's court. 3. A treasurer 
or receiver of public money. 

Cham'ber-lain-ship, n. Office of a chamberlain. 

Chamlter-maid' (-mad 7 ), n. A maidservant who has 
the care of chambers. 

Cham'brel (kSn/brel), n. Same as Gambbel. 

Chameleon (ka-me / le-iin), n. [L. chamaeleon, Gr. 

XafxaiXewv, lit., 
"ground lion ; " 
X a. ijl a i on the 
ground -f- A.eW 
lion.] (Zool.) A 
lizardlike rep- 
tile of several 
genera, the color 
of which changes 
more or less with 
the color of the 
objects about it, or with its temper when disturbed. 

Cham'fer (cham'fer), n. [From F. chanfrein head 
armor of a horse.] The surface formed by cutting away 
the angle formed by two faces of a timber, stone, etc. 

Cham'fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chamfered (-ferd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Chamfering (-fer-Tng).] 1. (Carp.) To 
cut a furrow in ; to groove ; to channel ; to flute. 2. To 
make a chamfer on. 

Cham'fret (cham'frgt), n. 1. (Carp.) A small gut- 
ter ; a groove. 2. A chamfer. 

Cham'ols (sham'mjf, or sha-moi'), n. [F., 
prob. fr. OG. gamz, G. gemse.] (Zool.) A small 
species of antelope, living on the loftiest moun- 
tain ridges of Europe ; also, 
a soft leather made from its 
skin, or from sheepskin, etc. 

Cham'o-mile (kam'S-mfl), 
n. (Bot.) Camomile. 

Champ (champ), v J. [imp. 
& Jj. p. Champed (chamt ; 
21 5) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Champ- 
ing.] [Etym. uncertain ; but 
prob. of Scand. origin.] 1. To 
bite with repeated action of 
the teeth so as to be heard. 
2. To bite into small pieces;) .'■/'/, 
to crunch. 

Champ, V. i. To bite or Chamois ^p^capra 
Chew impatiently. tragus). 

Champagne' (sham-pan'), n. [F. See Champaign.] 
A light wine, first made in Champagne, in France. 

Champaign', n. [OF. champaigne ; same word as 
F. campagne, E. campaign.'] A flat, open country. 




Common Chameleon (Chamssleo 
vulgaris). 




Champaign' (sham-pan'), a. Flat ; open ; level. 

Champ'er (champ'er), n. One who champs, or bites. 

Cham'per-tor (shSin'per-ter), n. (Law) One guilty 
of champerty. 

Cham'per-ty (-tf), n. [F. champart field rent ; champ 
(L. campus) field + pari (L. pars) share.] (Law) Main- 
tenance of a lawsuit with the addition of an agreement 
to divide the thing in suit. From early times the offense 
of champerty has been forbidden and punishable. 

Cham-pi'gnon (sham-pin'yun ; F. shaN'pe'nySN'), n. 
[F., deriv. of L. campus.'] (Bot.) Au edible mushroom. 

Cham'pi-on (chSm'pi-fin), n. [F., fr. LL. campio, of 
German origin; perh. influenced by L. campus field.] 

1. One who engages in any contest; esp., one who in 
ancient times contended in single combat in behalf of 
another's honor or rights; one who acts or speaks in 
behalf of a person or a cause. 2. One who, by defeat- 
ing all rivals, has obtained an acknowledged supremacy 
in any branch of athletics or game of skill. 

Syn. — Leader ; chieftain ; combatant ; hero ; warrior ; 
defender; protector. 

Cham'pi-on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Championed (-5nd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Championing.] To furnish with a cham- 
pion ; to support and defend as a champion. 

Cham'pi-on-ship, n. State of being a champion. 

Chance (chans), n. [F., fr. OF. cheance, LL. caden- 
tia a falling (of the dice), fr. L. cadere to fall.] 1. A sup- 
posed agent or mode of activity other than a force, law, 
or purpose ; fortune ; fate. 2. The operation or activity 
of such agent. 3. The supposed effect of such an agent ; 
a happening; fortuity; casualty. 4. A possibility ; a like- 
lihood ; an opportunity. 5. (Math.) Probability. 

Chance, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Chanced (chanst) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Chancing.] To happen, come, or arrive, with- 
out design or expectation. 

Chance, v. t. To take chances of ; to venture upon. 

Chance, a. Happening by chance ; casual. 

Chan'cel (chan'sel), n. [OF., fr. L. cancelli lattices, 
crossbars, — the chancel was formerly inclosed with cross- 
bars.] (Arch.) (a) That part of a church, reserved for 
the use of the clergy, where the altar, or communion 
table, is placed. Hence : (b) In modern use, all that part 
of a cruciform church which is beyond the line of the 
transept farthest from the main front. 

Chan'cel-lor (-ler), n. [Through OF. and LL. from L. 
cancelli crossbars, — which surrounded the seat of judg- 
ment.] A judicial officer of high rank ; the president, or 
chief justice, of a court of chancery. 

Chancellor of the exchequer, a member of the British cab- 
inet upon whom devolves the charge of the public income 
and expenditure. — Lord high chancellor of England, the 
presiding judge in the court of chancery, the highest 
judicial officer of the crown, and the first iay person of 
the state after the blood royal. 

Chan'cel-lor-ship (chan'sel-ler-ship), n. The office of 
a chancellor ; the time during which one is chancellor. 

Chance '-med ley (chans'med'ly), n. [Chance -f med- 
ley.] (Law) The killing of another in self-defense upon 
a'.sudden and unpremeditated encounter. 

Chan'cer-y (chan'ser-y), n. A court of equity; in 
England, formerly, the highest court of judicature next 
to the Parliament, — now, the chancery division of the 
High Court of Justice. 

Chan'cre (shan'ker), n. [F. chancre. See Cancer.] 
(Med.) A venereal sore or ulcer. 

Chan'croid (-kroid), n. [Chancre -\--oid.] (Med.) A 
venereal sore, resembling a chancre. 

Chan'crous (-kriis), a. (Med.) Of the nature of a 
chancre ; having chancres. 

Chandelier' (shan'de-ler'), n. [F. See Chandler.] 
A candlestick, lamp stand, gas fixture, or the like, hav- 
ing several branches. 

Chan'dler (chan'dler), n. [F. chandelier chandler, 
chandelier, deriv. of L. candela candle.] 1. A maker or 
seller of candles. 2. A dealer in other commodities 
which are indicated by the word prefixed. 

Chan'dler-y (-f), n. Commodities sold by a chandler. 

Change (chanj), v. t. [imp. Sip. p. Changed (chanjd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Changing.] [F. changer, fr. LL. cambi- 
are to exchange, barter, L. cambire.] 1. To alter; to 
cause to pass from one state to another. 2. To alter by 
substituting something- else for, or by giving up for some- 
thing else. 3. To exchange. 4. Specif., to give, or re- 
ceive, smaller denominations of money for. 

Syn. — To alter ; vary ; deviate : substitute ; innovate ; 
diversify ; shift ; veer ; turn. See Alter. 

Change, v. i. 1. To be altered ; to undergo variation. 

2. To pass from one phase to another. 

Change, n. 1. Any variation or alteration ; a passing 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, 8vent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CHANGEABILITY 



143 



CHARACTER 



from one state or form to another. 2. A succession or 
substitution of one thing in the place of another. 3. Al- 
teration in the order of a series ; permutation. 4. That 
which may be substituted. 5. Money of small denomi- 
nation ; hence, the balance returned when payment is 
tendered by a coin or note exceeding the sum due. 6. A 
merchants' or brokers' exchange ; a bourse. [Colloq.] 

Syn. — Variety ; mutation ; vicissitude ; innovation ; 
novelty ; transmutation ; revolution ; reverse. [ness. I 

Change'a-bil'i-ty (chanj'a-bll'T-ty), n. Changeable- 1 

Change'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Capable of change. 2. 
Appearing different, as in color, in different lights. — 
Change'a-ble-ness, n. — Change'a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Mutable ; alterable ; variable ; inconstant ; vac- 
illating ; capricious ; fickle ; unsteady ; unsettled. 

Change'ful (chanj'ful), a. Full of change. — Change'- 
ful-ly, adv. — Change'ful-ness, n. 

Changeless, a. That can not be changed ; constant. 
Changeless-ly, adv. — Ohangeless-ness, n. 

Changeling (-ling), n. [Change -f -ling.~\ 1. One 
who, or that which, is left or taken in the place of an- 
other. 2. A simpleton. 3. A fickle person. 

Changeling, a. ^Taken or left in place of another. 

Chan'ger (chan'jer), n. One who changes. 

Chan'nel (chan'nel), n. [OF. chanel, L. canalis, E. 
canal.'] 1. The bed where a stream of water runs ; esp., 
the deeper part of it. 2. {Geog.) A strait, or narrow sea, 
between two portions of land. 3. That through which 
anything passes. 4. A gutter ; a groove. 5. pi. {Naut.) 
Flat ledges of heavy plank bolted edgewise to the outside 
of a vessel, to increase the spread of the shrouds. 

Chan'nel, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Channeled (-neld), or 
Channelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Channeling, or Channel- 
led?.] To form a channel in ; to groove. 

Chan'son (shan'son ; F. shaN'sGN'), n. [F., fr. L. can- 
tio song.] A song. 

Chant (chant), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chanted ; p. pi: 
& vb. n. Chanting.] [F. chanter, fr. L. cantare, intens. 
of canere to sing.] 1. To utter melodiously ; to sing. 
2. To celebrate in song. 3. (Mus.) To sing or recite 
after the manner of a chant, or to a tune called a chant. 

Chant, v. i. 1. To make melody with the voice. 2. 
{Mus.) To sing, as in reciting a chant. 

Chant, n. 1. Song ; melody. 2. {Mus.) A melody, 
divided into two parts by double bars, to which unmet- 
rical psalms, etc., are sung or recited. 3. A psalm, etc., 
arranged for chanting. 

Chant'er (chant'er), n. 1. One who chants ; a singer 
or songster. 2. The flute or finger pipe in a bagpipe. 

Chan/ti-cleer (chan'tT-kler), n. [F. Chanteclair, the 
cock in the Roman du Eenarl ; chanter to chant -f- clair 
clear.] A cock. 

Chant'ress (chant'res), n. A female chanter. 

Chant' ry (chant'ry), n. 1. An endowment for the 
chanting of masses and offering of prayers. 2. A chapel 
or altar so endowed. 

Cha'OS (ka'os), n. [L., fr. Gr. x<*os, fr. x a ^ veiv (root 
Xa) to yawn, to gape, to open widely.] 1. A chasm. 2. 
The unorganized condition or mass of matter before the 
creation of distinct and orderly forms. 3. Any confused 
collection of things ; confusion ; disorder. 

Cha-Ot'ic (ka-ot'ik), a. Resembling chaos ; confused. 

Cha-Ot'ic-al-ly (-i-kal-1^), adv. In a chaotic manner. 

Chap (chap or chop), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapped 
(chSpt or chSpt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chapping.] [See Chop 
to cut.] To cause to open in slits or chinks ; to split. 

Chap, v. i. To crack or open in slits. 

Chap, n. A cleft, crack, or chink. 

Chap (chop), n. [OE. chaft ; of Scand. origin.] One 
of the jaws ; — commonly used in the pi. , and of animals. 

Chap (chap), n. [Perh. abbreviated fr. chapman.] 1. 
A chapman. [Obs.] 2. A man or boy ; a fellow. [Colloq.] 

II Cha par-ral' (cha/par-ral'), n. [Sp., fr. chaparro an 
evergreen oak.] 1. A thicket of low evergreen oaks. 
2. A dense thicket of thorny shrubs and brambles. 

Chaparral cock ; fern. Chaparral hen (Zool.), a bird of the 
Cuckoo family (Geoeoccyx Californianus), 
noted for running with great speed. It 
ranges from California to Mexico and east- 
ward to Texas ; — called also road runner, 
ground cuckoo, churea, and snake killer. 

Chap'DOOk' (chap'bdok'), n. 
[See Cheap, and Book.] Any 
small book sold by hawkers; 
hence, any small book ; a toy 
book. 

Chape (chap), n. [F., fr. 
L. cappa. See Cap.] 1. The Chaparral Cock, 




piece by which an object is attached to something, as the 
frog of a scabbard. 2. The transverse guard of a sword 
or dagger. 3. The metal tip of a scabbard, belt, etc. 

Cha peau' (sha'po'), n. ; pi. Chapeaux (-poz'). [F., 
fr. OF. chapel hat.] A hat or covering for the head. 

|| Chapeau bras (sha'po' bra') [F. chapeau hat + bras 
arm], a kind of military hat so made that it can be com- 
pressed and carried under the arm without injury. 

Chap'el (chaygl), n. [F. chapelle, fr. LL. capella, 
orig., a short cloak, hood, or cowl; later, a reliquary, 
sacred vessel, chapel ; dim. of cappa, capa, cloak, cape, 
cope ; also, a covering for the head. The chapel where 
St. Martin's cloak was preserved as a precious relic, it- 
self came to be called capella, whence the name was ap- 
plied to similar places of worship, and the guardian of 
this cloak was called capellanus, or chaplain.] 1. A sub- 
ordinate place of worship; as a small building, either 
separate, or attached to a church. 2. A place of worship 
not connected with a church. 3. In England, a church of 
the dissenters ; a meetinghouse. 4. A choir of singers, 
or an orchestra, attached to the court of a prince or noble- 
man. 5. (Print.) (a) A printing office; — said to be so 
called because printing was first carried on in England in 
a chapel near Westminster Abbey, (b) An association 
of workmen in a printing office. 

Chap'e-let (chSr/e-16t), w. [F. SeeCHAPLET.] A con- 
nected pair of straps, with stirrups. 

Chap'el la-ny (ch5p'el-la-ny), n. [See Chapel.] A 
chapel within the jurisdiction of a church. 

Chap'el-ry (chap'el-ry), n. The territorial district 
legally assigned to a chapel. 

Chap'er-on (shap'er-on), n. [F. See Chape.] 1. A 
hood; esp., an ornamental or official hood. 2. A deco- 
ration on the foreheads of horses which draw a hearse. 
3. A matron who accompanies a young lady in public, 
for propriety, or as a guide and protector. 

Chap'er-on, v. t. To attend as a chaperon. 

Chap'fall en (chop'faP'n), a. Having the lower chap 
or jaw drooping ; dejected ; discouraged. 

Chapiter (chap'T-ter), n. [OF. chapitel, L. capitel- 
lum, dim. of caput head.] 1. (Arch.) A capital. [Ar- 
chaic] 2. (Old Eng. Laiv) A kind of written summary. 

Chaplain (chaplin), n. [F. chapelain. See Chapel.] 

1. An ecclesiastic who has a chapel, or who performs re- 
ligious service in a chapel. 2. A clergyman officially at- 
tached to the army or navy, to an institution or a family. 

Chap'lain-cy (-sy), n. Office or station of a chaplain. 

Chap 'Iain-Ship, n. Chaplaincy. 

Chaplet (chap'let), n, [F. chapelet, dim. of OF. 
chapel hat, garland, dim. ir. LL. cappa. See Cap.] 1. 
A garland or wreath for the head. 2. A string of beads, 
or part of a string, used by Roman Catholics in praying ; 
a third of a rosary, or fifty beads. 3. (Arch.) A mold- 
ing carved into beads, pearls, etc. 4. Same as Chape- 
let. 5. (Founding) A device for holding a core in place 
in the mold. 6. A tuft of feathers on a peacock's head. 

Chaplet, n. A small chapel or shrine. 

Chap'man (chap'man), n. [AS. ceapman ; ceap trade 
+ man man. See Cheap.] 1. A buyer or a seller. [Obs.] 

2. A peddler ; a hawker. 

Chap'ter (chap'ter), n. [F. chapitre, f r. L. capitulu m , 
dim. of caput head.] 1. A division of a book or treatise. 
2. (Eccl.) An assembly of monks, or of the prebends and 
other clergymen connected with a cathedral, conventual, 
or collegiate church, or of a diocese, usually presided over 
by the dean. 3. An organized branch of some society 
or fraternity. 4. The meeting of some societies. 5. A 
decretal epistle. 

Char, Charr (char), n. [Ir. cear, Gael, ceara, lit., red, 
blood-colored, fr. cear blood. So named from its red 
belly.] (Zool.) One of several species of European fishes, 
allied to the spotted trout and salmon. 

Char (char), n. [AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, occasion, busi- 
ness, fr. cerran, cyrran, to turn.] Work done by the 
day ; a task ; a chore. [Eng.] 

Char, Chare, v. t. 1. To do ; to finish. [Obs.] 2. 
To work or hew, as stone. 

Char, Chare, v. i. To do small jobs or day's work. 

Char (char), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charred (chard) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Charring.] [Prob. the same word as 2d 
char, the modern use coming from charcoal, prop., coal- 
turned, turned to coal.] 1. To reduce to coal or carbon 
by exposure to heat ; to burn to a cinder. 2. To burn 
slightly or partially. 

Char'act (kaVa"kt), n. A character. [Obs.] 

Char'ac-ter (kSr'Xk-ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. x a P aKT1 0Pi fr « 

iapdcra-eLv to make sharp, to cut into furrows, to engrave.] 
. A distinctive mark ; a letter, figure, or symbol. 2. 






H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CHARACTER 



144 



CHARTER 



Strle of writine or printing; handwriting. 3. The pe- 
culiar quality, or the sum of qualities. In which a person 
stinguiahed from others. 4. Strong Intel- 
r moral qualities. 5. Reputation. 6. A unique 
rdinary individuality. 7. One of the persons of 
» drama or novel. 8. A written testimonial. [Colloq.] 
DoroemoN. 
Cliai ac-ter (kar'ak-ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charac- 
tered (.-terdV] [A 1 .] 1. To inscribe. 2. To characterize. 
Char ac-ter-is'tic (kar'Sk-ter-Ts'tTk), a. Of or per- 
taining (0 the character ; peculiar ; distinctive. 

Char ac-ter-is'tic. n. 1. A distinguishing trait, qual- 

itv. or property. 2. (Math.) The integral part of a 

logarithm. [Ghar'ac-ter-is'tic-al-ly, adr.i 

Char ac-ter-is'tic-al (-ti-kal), a. Characteristic. — | 

Char ac-ter-i-zation (kSr'Sk-ter-T-za'shun), n. The 

act or process of characterizing. 

Char'ac-ter-ize (k$r'5k-ter-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Characterized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Characterizing.] 

1. To mark with distinctive features. 2. To indicate the 
character of : to describe. 3. To be a characteristic of. 

Syn. — To distinguish ; designate ; style ; entitle. 

Char'ac-ter-less. a. Destitute of character. 

Chai'ac-ter-y (-ter-y), n. Art or means of character- 
izing ; a system of signs or characters ; symbolism. 

Cha-rade' (sha-rad'), n. [F.] A verbal or acted enig- 
ma based upon a word to be guessed from descriptions or 
representations of its syllables and of the whole. 

Char 'coal' (char^kol'), «• [See 5th Char, and Coal.] 
Impure carbon ; esp., coal made by charring wood. 

Chard (chard), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. Leaves or 
leafstalks of the artichoke, white beet, etc., blanched for 
table use. 2. A variety of the white beet. 

Charge (charj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charged (charjd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Charging.] [OF. chargier, fr. LL. car- 
ricare, fr. L. carrus wagon.] 1. To burden or freight, 
as with a load ; to load. 2. To lay on or impose, as a 
task, duty, or trust. 3. To make subject or liable, as for 
a tax or lien. 4. To fix or demand as a price. 5. To 
place something to the account of as a debt ; also, to 
enter upon the debit side of an account. 6. To impute 
or ascribe. 7. To accuse; to hold responsible. 8. To 
fill or load, as a firearm, machine, etc., with its proper 
contents or burden. 9. To cover or ornament, as with 
a molding. 10. {Her.) To assume, or place on a shield, 
as a bearing. 11. To rush upon ; to attack in force. 

Charge (charj), v. i. 1. To make an onset or rush. 

2. To demand a price. 3. To debit an account. 4. To 
squat on its belly and be still ; — a command to a dog. 

Charge (chiirj), n. 1. A load, burden, trust, duty, 
responsibility, etc., or that which constitutes it. 2. An 
order ; a mandate ; an injunction or instruction, esp. 
one that is official or formal. 3. An accusation of a 
wrong or offense ; indictment. 4. Whatever constitutes 
a burden on property, as rents, taxes, liens, etc. ; costs ; 
expense incurred. 5. The price demanded for a thing 
or service. 6. An entry or account of debit in business 
transactions. 7. That load or contents which a gun, 
battery, furnace, machine, etc., may properly hold, or 
which is actually in it at one time. 8. A sudden onset 
or attack, as of troops, esp. cavalry. 9. A position (of a 
weapon) fitted for attack. 10. (Her.) A bearing. 11. 
Thirty-six pigs of lead, each weighing about 70 pounds. 

Charge'a-ble (charj'a-b'l), a. 1. That may be laid, 
imposed, or imputed. 2. Subject to accusation, or re- 
sponsibility, or cost. 3. Serving to create expense; costly. 
Change 7 d'affaires' (shar'zha' daflaT'), n. ; pi. 
Charges d'affaires. [F., charged with affairs.] A dip- 
lomatic representative, or minister of an inferior grade ; 
also, a substitute, ad interim, for an ambassador or min- 
ister plenipotentiary. 

Char'ger (ch'ar'jer), n. 1. One that charges. 2. A 
large dish. [Archaic] 3. A horse for battle or parade. 

Char-ge"'ship (sh'ar-zha'shTp), n. The office of a 
c/urrge d'affaires. [manner. I 

Charl-ly (charT-ly' or cha'ri-ly), adv. In a chary | 

Chariness, n. Quality of being chary. 

Chariot (char'T-5t), n. [F., fr. char car. See Car.] 

1. (Antiq.) A two-wheeled vehicle for war, racing, etc. 

2. A four-wheeled pleasure or state carriage. 
Char'i-ot, v. t. To convey in a chariot. 
Charl-ot-ee' (-e'), n. A light, covered, four-wheeled 

pleacure carriage with two seats. 

Charl-ot-eer'J'-Sr'), n. One who drives a chariot. 

Cha'rism fka'rlzm or karlzm), n. [Gr. x< i P t ^^ a 
gift.] ( Eccl.) A miraculously given power, as of healing, 
attributed to some of the early Christians. 

Charitable (charT-ta-b'l), a. Of or pertaining to 



charity ; disposed to exercise charity ; proceeding from, 
established by, or devoted to, charity. — Charl-ta-ble- 
ness (chaVT-ta-b'1-ngs), n. — Charl-ta bly, adv. 

Syn. — Kind ; beneficent ; benevolent ; generous ; leni- 
ent ; forgiving ; helpful ; liberal ; favorable ; indulgent. 

Char'i-ty (chSr'1-ty), n. [F. charity fr. L. caritas 
deamess, high regard, love, from cams dear, costly, 
loved.] 1. Love ; universal benevolence ; good will. 
2. Liberality and kindness in judging of men and their 
actions. 3. Liberality to the poor and the suffering ; 
generosity. 4. Almsgiving to the needy or suffering ; any 
act of kindness. 6. An institution. 6. pi. (Law) Elee- 
mosynary grants or devises including those for education, 
religious culture, and public institutions. 

Sisters of Charity (R. C. Ch.), a sisterhood of religious 
women engaged in works of mercy. 

Syn. — Love ; benevolence ; good will ; affection ; ten- 
derness ; beneficence ; liberality ; almsgiving. 

II Cha-ri'va-ri' (sha-re'va-re'), n. [F.] A mock sere- 
nade of discordant noises, designed to annoy and insult. 

Char la-tan (sharla-tan), n. [F., fr. It. ciarlatano, 
fr. ciarlare to chatter, prate ; of imitative origin.] One 
who prates much in his own favor ; a quack ; an im- 
postor ; an empiric ; a mountebank. 

Charlatanism (sharla-tan-iz'm), n. Charlatanry. 

Charla-tan-ry (-tf), n. Undue pretensions to skill ; 
quackery ; wheedling ; empiricism. 

Charles's Wain (charlz'gz wan'). [Charles (see 
Churl) + wain.] (Astron.) The group of seven stars, 
commonly called the Dipper, in the constellation Ursa 
Major. See Ursa Major, under Ursa. 

Charlotte (shar'lot), n. [F.] (Cookery) A pudding 
of sliced apple, butter, etc., inclosed in slices of bread. 

Charlotte Russe (sharlot rus'), or || Charlotte a la russe 
[F., lit., Russian charlottel, 'a dish composed of custard 
or whipped cream, inclosed in sponge cake. 

Charm (charm), n. [F. charme, fr. L. carmen, for 
casmen, akin to Skr. casman laudatory song.] 1. A 
melody ; a song. [Obs.] 2. A word or combination of 
words sung or spoken in the practice of magic. 3. That 
which fascinates ; any alluring quality. 4. Anything 
worn for its supposed magical efficacy. 5. Any small 
decorative object worn on the person. 

Syn. — Spell ; incantation ; conjuration ; enchantment ; 
fascination ; attraction. 

Charm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charmed (charmd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Charming.] 1. To make music upon. 
[Obs.] 2. To subdue, control, or summon by incantation 
or supernatural influence or by some secret power. 3. 
To attract irresistibly ; to enchant ; to fascinate. 4. To 
guard and protect with supernatural influences. 

Syn. — To enrapture ; captivate ; bewitch ; allure ; de- 
light; entice. 

Charm, v. i. 1. To use magic arts or occult power. 
2. To act as, or produce the effect of, a charm. 

Charm'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, charms. 

Charming, a. Pleasing the mind or senses in a high 
degree ; fascinating ; attractive ; captivating. — CharnV- 
lng-ly, adv. — Charmlng-ness, n. 

Syn. — Enchanting ; bewitching ; enrapturing ; allur- 
ing ; delightful ; graceful ; lovely ; pleasing ; winning. 

Char'nel (char'nel), a. [F. charnel carnal, fr. L. car- 
nalis. See Carnal.] Containing the bodies of the dead. 

Charnel house, a tomb, vault, cemetery, etc. ; orig., a 
place for bones thrown up when digging new graves. 

Cha'ron (ka'ron), n. [L., fr. Gr. Xapwi/.] (Class. 
Myth. ) The son of Erebus and Nox, whose office it was 
to ferry the souls of the dead over the Styx. 

II Char'qui (char'ke), n. [Sp. Amer.] Jerked beef. 

Charre (char), n. [LL. charrus a certain weight.] 
See Charge, n., 11. 

Char'ry (char'r^), a. [See 5th Char.] Pertaining to 
charcoal ; like charcoal, or partaking of its qualities. 

Chart (chart), n. [A doublet of card.] 1. A sheet 
of paper, pasteboard, or the like, on which information 
is exhibited, esp. in tabular form. 2. A map; esp., a 
hydrographic or marine map. 

Chart, v. I. [imp. & p. p. Charted.] To lay down 
in a chart ; to map ; to delineate. 

Char-ta'ceous (kar-ta'shus), a. [From L. charta leaf 
of paper.] Resembling paper or parchment ; papery. 

Charier (char'ter), n. [OF. chartre, fr. L. chartula 
a little paper, dim. of charta.] 1. A deed, or convey- 
ance. [Archaic] 2. An instrument in writing, from a 
sovereign or other competent authority, bestowing rights, 
franchises, or privileges. 3. A special privilege, im- 
munity, or exemption. 4. {Com.) The letting or hiring 
of a vessel by special contract, or the contract or instru- 
ment whereby a vessel is hired or let. 

Charter party [F. chartre partie a divided charter ; from 



a, e, i, 3, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, «, y, short ; 



Svent, tdea, ftbey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final 



CHARTER 



145 



CHEAT 



the practice of cutting the instrument of contract in two, 
and giving one part to each of the contractors] (Com.), a 
contract by which the owners of a vessel let all or part of 
the vessel to another. 

Char/ter (char'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chartered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chartering.] 1. To establish 
by charter. 2. To hire or let by charter, as a ship. 

Chart'ism (chart'Iz'm), n. [F. charte charter.] The 
principles of a party in England (1838-48), which con- 
tended for universal suffrage, and other radical reforms, 
as set forth in a document called the People's Charier. 

Chart'ist (chart'Tst), n. A supporter of chartism. 

Char-tOg'ra-pher (kar-tog'ra-ier), n., etc. Same as 
Cartographer, etc. 

Char'tO-man'cy (kar'to-mSn'sy), n. [L. charta paper 
+ -money.'] Divination by written paper or by cards. 

Char'wom'an (char'wdom'an), n. [See Char a chore.] 
A woman hired for odd work or for single days. 

Char'y (chSr'y or cha'ry), a. [AS. cearig careful. 
See Care.] Careful ; cautious ; saving ; frugal. 

Chase (chas), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Chased (chast) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Chasing.] [OF. chacier, fr. L. captare. 
See Catch.] 1. To pursue for the purpose of killing or 
capturing. 2. To follow as if to catch ; to pursue ; to 
cause to flee. 

Chase, v. i. To give chase ; to hunt. 

Chase, n. 1. Pursuit for the purpose of killing or 
capturing ; a hunt. 2. That which is pursued or hunted. 
3. An open hunting ground to which game resorts, and 
which is private property. [Eng.] 

Chase, n. [F. chasse, fr. L. capsa box, E. case.] 
(Print.) 1. A rectangular iron frame in which pages or 
columns of type are imposed. 2. (Mil.) The part of a 
cannon from the trunnions to the swell of the muzzle. 
3. A groove, or channel ; a trench. 

Chase, v. t. [Contr. of enchase.] 1. To ornament 
(a surface of metal) by embossing, cutting away parts, 
etc. 2. To cut, so as to make a screw thread. 

Chas'er (cha'ser), n. 1. One who or that which 
chases or pursues. 2. (Naut.) A gun at the bow or at 
the stern used when chasing or being chased. 

Chas'er, n. One who chases or engraves. 

Chas'i-ble (chaz'T-b'l), n. See Chasuble. 

Chasm (kaz'm), n. [L. chasma, Gr. xao"M a » f r - x a ^ veiv 
to open wide.] 1. A deep opening made by disruption ; 
abyss ; cleft ; fissure. 2. A void space ; gap or break. 

Chas'my (kaz'my), a. Of, pert, to, or full of, chasms. 

Chass6 r (shas'sa'), n. [F.] A movement in dancing, 
as across or to the right or left. 

Chasse^, v. t. To make the movement called chasse". 

II Chasse'pot' (shas'po'), n. [From the French in- 
ventor, A. A. Chassepot.] (Mil.) A kind of breech- 
loading, center-fire rifle, or improved needle gun. 

Chas'seur' (shas'ser'), n. [F., a huntsman. See 1st 
Chase.] 1. (Mil. ) One of a body of light troops, trained 
for rapid movements. 2. An attendant wearing a plume 
and sword. 

Chaste (chast), a. [F., fr. L. castus pure, chaste.] 

1. Pure from unlawful sexual intercourse ; virtuous ; 
continent. 2. Pure in thought and act ; innocent ; mod- 
est. 3. In literature and art, free from barbarisms or 
vulgarisms ; correct ; refined ; simple. — Chastely, adv. 
— Chaste'ness. n. 

Chaste tree, the agnus castus. 

Chas'ten (cha's'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chastened 
(-s'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chastening.] [OF. chastier, 
fr. L. castigare to punish, chastise ; castus pure -f- agere 
to lead, drive.] 1. To afflict with pain or suffering in 
order to correct, reform, or reclaim. 2. To purify from 
errors or faults ; to refine. 

Syn. — To chastise ; punish ; correct ; discipline ; cas- 
tigate ; afflict ; subdue ; purify. 

Chas'ten-er (cha's'n-er), n. One who chastens. 

Chas-tis'a-ble (ch£s-tlz'a-b'l), a. Capable or deserv- 
ing of chastisement ; punishable. 

Chastise' (chas-tiz'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Chastised 
(-tizd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chastising.] TOE. chastisen. 
See Chasten, and -ize.] 1. To inflict pain upon in any 
manner, for the purpose of punishment or reformation. 

2. To chasten. 

Chas'tise-ment (chSs'tiz-ment), n. Act of chastising ; 
correction ; discipline ; punishment. 

Chas-tis'er (chXs-tiz'er), n. One who chastises. 

Chas'tl-ty (chas'tT-ty), n. Quality of being chaste. 

Chas'U-ble (chaz'ii-b'l), n. [Fr. LL. casubula, cassi- 
bula, castda, a hooded garment covering the person like 
a little house; cf. L. casa cottage.] (Eccl.) The outer 
vestment worn by a priest when saying Mass. 



Chat (ch5t), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chatted ; p. pr. & 
vb. ?i. Chatting.] [From Chatter.] To converse with- 
out form or ceremony ; to gossip. 

Chat, n. 1. Light, familiar talk ; gossip. 2. (Zo'ol.) 
(a) A North American bird allied to the warblers. (6) 
Any one of several European birds of a family of saxico- 
line birds, as the stonechat. 

Chat, n. 1. A twig or little branch. See Chit. 2. 
pi. (Mining) Small stones with ore. 

II Cha'teau' (shaW), n. ; pi. Chateaux (-toz). [F.] 
1. A castle or a fortress in France. 2. A gentleman's 
country seat ; also, a royal residence. 

II Chateau en Espagne (Sn Ss-pan'y') [F.], a castle in 
Spain, that is, a castle in the air. 

Chat'e-lalne (shaVe-lan ; F. shii/t'-lan'), n. [F. chate- 
laine the mistress of a chateau.] An ornamental hook, 
clasp, or brooch worn by a lady at her waist, and having 
a short chain or chains for a watch, keys, trinkets, etc. 

Chat'e-let (sh5t'e-15t ; F. sha't'-la'), n. [F. chalelei, 
dim. of chateau.] A little castle. 

Chat'el-la-ny (shSt'Sl-la-ny), n. Same as Castellany. 

Cha-toy'ant (sha-toi'ant ; F. sha'twa'ykN'), a. [F., 
deriv. of chat cat.] (Min.) Having a changeable, vary- 
ing luster, or color resembling that of a cat's eye. — n. 
(Min.) A stone, as the caVs-eye, having such color. • 

Chat'tel (chSt't'l), n. [OF. chalel ; another form of 
calel. See Cattle.] (Law.) Any item of movable or 
immovable property except the freehold or the things 
which are parcel of^the freehold. 

Chat'ter (chSt'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chattered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chattering.] [Of imitative ori- 
gin.] 1. To utter sounds which somewhat resemble lan- 
guage, but are inarticulate and indistinct. 2. To talk 
idly, or with undue rapidity. 3. To make a noise by 
rapid collisions. 

Chat'ter, v. t. To utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly. 

Chat'ter, n. Sounds made in chattering; jabber; 
idle talk. [and idly. [Colloq.] I 

Chat'ter-bOX' (-boks'), n. One who talks incessantly | 

Chat'ter-er (-er), n. 1. A prater ; an idle talker. 2. 
(Zo'ol.) A bird of the family Ampelidse, as the cedar 
bird ; — so called from its monotonous note. 

Chat'ty (chat'ty), a. Given to light, familiar talk ; 
-Chat'ti-i 



talkative. 

Chaud'-ined ley (shod'mSd'ly), n. [F. chaude melee ; 
chaud hot -{- meler, variant medler, to mingle.] (Law.) 
The killing of a person in an affray, in the heat of blood, 
and in a passion ; — distinguished from chance-medley. 

Chaunt (chant), n. & v. See Chant. 

Chausses (shos), n. pi. [F.] A garment, or flexible 
armor, for the legs and feet and for the body below the 
waist, worn in Europe in the Middle Ages. 

Chau'vin-ism (sho'vin-Tz'm), n. [F. chauvinisme, 
from Chauvin, a character represented as making gro- 
tesque and threatening displays of his attachment to his 
fallen chief, Napoleon I., in 1815.] Blind and absurd 
devotion to a fallen leader or an obsolete cause ; hence, 
absurdly vainglorious or exaggerated patriotism. 

Chaw (cha), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chawed (chad) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Chawing.] [See Chew.] 1. To masticate, as 
food in eating ; to chew ; to champ. 2. To keep the mind 
working upon ; to brood over ; — not now in good use. 

Chaw, n. A chew ; quid. [Low] 

Chaw'dron (cha'drun), n. [OF. chaudun, caudun.] 
Entrails. [065.] " 

Cheap (chep), n. [AS. ceap bargain, sale, price ; akin 
to G. kauf.] A bargain ; a purchase ; cheapness. [Obs.] 

Cheap, a. [Abbrev. fr. "good cheap'''' a good pur- 
chase or bargain. See Cheap, n.] 1. Having a low price. 

2. Of comparatively small value ; common ; mean. — 
Cheap'ly, adv. — Cheap'ness. n. 

Cheap'en (che'p'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheapened 
(-p'nd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Cheapening.] 1. To bargain for. 
[Obsoles.] 2. To beat down the price of ; to depreciate. 

Cheap'en-er (che'p'n-er), ??. One who cheapens. 

Cheat (chet), n. [Prob. abbrev. of escheat, alluding 
to the frauds, real or supposed, that were resorted to in 
procuring escheats.] 1. An act of deception or fraud ; 
the means of fraud or deception. 2. One who cheats. 

3. (Bot.) A troublesome grass. See 2d Chess. 

Syn. — Deception; imposture; fraud; delusion; arti- 
fice ; trick ; swindle ; deceit ; guile ; finesse ; stratagem. 

Cheat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Cheating.] To deceive and defraud ; to trick. 

Syn. — To trick ; cozen ; gull ; chouse ; fool ; outwit ; 
circumvent ; beguile ; mislead ; dupe ; swindle ; defraud ; 
overreach ; delude ; hoodwink ; deceive. 

Cheat, v. i. To practice fraud or trickery. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, fyll, flm, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tnen, thin. 
10 



M 



CHEAT 



146 



CHERUB 



Cheat (ohPt), n. [Etyni. uncertain.] Wheat. [Obs.] 

Cheat'er i.chet'erh ». 1- One who cheats. 2. An 
ttor. [•/»'.] 

Check (chSk), w. [OF. fscluc, oris., check in the game 
of chess, through Ar. fr. Pers. shah king.] 1. (Chess) 
Exposure of a player's king to immediate capture by an 
adversary's piece." 2. Interruption or obstruction of prop- 
rest ; stop ; delay. 3. Whatever arrests prog- 
iinrits action. 4. A mark, certificate, or token, 
by which errors may be prevented, or something identi- 
fied. 5. A written order directing a bank or banker to 
pay money as therein stated. 6. A woven or painted 
design in squares resembling the pattern of a checker- 
board : one of the squares of such a design ; also, cloth 
having such a figure. 7. A small chink or crack. 

Sy n. —Hindrance ; setback; interruption; obstruc- 
tion: reprimand; censure; rebuke; reproof; repulse; 
rebuff ; tally ; counterfoil ; counterbalance; ticket ; draft. 

Check, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Checked (chgkt) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Checking.] 1. (Chess) To cause (an adversary's 
king) to be in check. 2. To put a sudden restraint upon ; 
to stop temporarily. 3. To verify, guard, or make se- 
cure, by means of a mark, token, or other check. 4. To 
chide, rebuke, or reprove. 5. (Naut.) To slack or ease 
off. as a brace. 6. To make chinks in ; to cause to crack. 

Check (chek), v. i. 1. To make a stop; to pause. 
2. To act as a curb or restraint. 3. To crack or gape open. 

Check'age (-aj), n. Act of checking ; items checked. 

Check'er (chgk/er), n. One who checks. 

Check'er, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkered (-erd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Checkering.] [From OF. escJiequier a 
chessboard. See Check, n.] 1. To mark with small 
squares like a checkerboard. 2. To variegate or diversify 
with different qualities, colors, scenes, or events, etc. 

Check'er, n. 1. A piece in the game of checkers. 2. 
A pattern in checks ; a single check. 3. Checkerwork. 

Check'er-her'ry (-bgr'ry), n. (Bot.) A spicy plant 
and its red berry ; wintergreen ; also, the partridge berry. 

Check'er-board' (-bord'), n. A board with sixty-four 
squares of alternate colors, used for playing checkers. 

Check'ers (chgk'erz), n. pi. A game, called also 
draughts, played on a checkerboard. 

Check'er-work (-wflrk'), n. Work consisting of 
squares varied alternately as to colors or materials. 

Check'mate (chgk'mat), n. [F. echec et mat, fr. Per. 
shah mat, lit., the king is dead, fr. Ar. mala is dead.] 

1. The position in the game of chess when a king is in 
check and cannot be released, — which ends the game. 

2. Utter defeat or overthrow. 

Check'mate (-mat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkmated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Checkmating.] 1. (Chess) To check (an 
adversary's king) so that escape is impossible ; to defeat 
(an adversary) by so puttinp his king in check. 2. To 
defeat completely ; to terminate ; to thwart. 

Check'rein' (chgk'ran'), n. 1. A short rein which 
prevents a horse from lowering his head ; — called also a 
bearing rein. 2. A branch rein connecting the driving 
rein of one horse of a pair with the bit of the other horse. 

Check'roll' (-rol'), n. A list of household servants. 

Check'work (-wfirk), n. Anything made so as to form 
alternate squares like those of a checkerboard. 

Cheek (chek), n. [OE. cheoke, AS. ceace, ceSce.] 1. 
The side of the face below the eye. 2. pi. Those pieces 
of a machine, or of any timber or stone work, which form 
corresponding sides, or which are similar and in pairs. 

3. pi. The branches of a bridle bit. 4. (Founding) The 
movable middle part of a flask of more than two parts. 
6. Assurance; impudence. [Slang"] 

Cheek by jowl, side by side ; very intimate. 

Cheep (chep), v. i. & n. [Cf. Chtrp.] Chirp. 

Cheer (cher), n. [OE. chere, OF. chiere, LL. eara, fr. 
Gr. (cdpahead.] 1. The face. [Obs.] 2. State of mind 
or heart. 3. Gayety ; mirth ; cheerfulness ; animation. 

4. That which promotes good spirits or cheerfulness ; 
provisions for a feast ; entertainment. 5. A joyful and 
approving shout, hurrah, or acclamation. 

Cheer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheered (cherd) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Cheering.] 1. To cause to rejoice ; to gladden. 
2. To inspirit ; to encourage ; to solace or comfort. 3. 
To salute or applaud with cheers. 

Cheer, v. i. 1. To grow cheerful ; to become glad- 
some or joyous. 2. To shout in applause, triumph, etc. 

Cheer'er (oher'er), n. One who or that which cheers. 

Cheer'ful (cher'ful), a. Having or showing good spir- 
its or joy ; cheery ;' happy ; joyful ; animated ; lively ; 
willing. — Cheer'ful-ly, adv. — Cheer'ful-ness, n. 

Sy n . — Gay ; lightsome ; gleeful ; blithe ; airy ; spright- 
ly ; jocund ; jolly ; joyous ; vivacious ; buoyant ; hopeful. 



Cheer'i-ly (cher'T-ljf), odv. In a cheery manner. 

Cheer '1-ness, n. State or quality of being cheery. 

Cheerlng-ly (-Tng-iy), adv. In a manner to cause 
happiness, hope, or courage. 

Cheerless, a. Being without joy, gladness, or com- 
fort. — Cheerlessly, adv. — Cheer'less-ness, n. 

Syn . — Gloomy ; sad ; comfortless ; dispiriting ; discon- 
solate ; dejected ; melancholy ; forlorn. 

Cheer'ly (-ly), a. & adv. Cheery ; cheerily. [Archaic'] 

Cheer'y (cher'y), a. Cheerful ; lively ; gay ; bright. 

Cheese (chez), n. [AS. else, fr. L. caseus.] 1. The 
curd of milk, separated from the whey, and pressed into 
a solid mass. 2.. A mass of pomace, or ground apples, 
pressed together. 

Cheese cake, a cake containing soft curds, sugar, and 
butter. — Cheese mite (Zool.), a minute mite in cheese and 
other articles of food. 

Cheesemonger (-mun'ger), n. A dealer in cheese. 

Chees'y (-y), a. Having the qualities of cheese ; re- 
sembling cheese. — Cheesl-ness, n. 

Chee'tah (chela), n. [Hind, child.] (Zool.) A spe- 
cies of leopard tamed and used for hunting in India. 

II Chef (shaf), n. [F.] A chief or head person ; esp., 
a head cook. 

II Chef-d'oeuvre' (sha'devr'), n.; pi. Chefs- (sha'-). 
[F.] Masterpiece ; capital work in art, literature, etc. 

Cheg'oe (chgg'6), Cheg're (-er), n. See Chigoe. 

Chei-rop'ter-OUS (ki-rop'ter-us), a. [Gr. x«p hand -f- 
nrepov wing.] (Zool.) Pertaining to or designating an 
order of flying Mammalia, including the bats, having four 
toes of each anterior limb elongated and connected by a 
web, so as to serve for a wing. 

Che-llf'er-OUS (ke-lif'er-us), a. [Gr. xn^V claw -f 
-ferous.] (Zool.) Having cheliform claws, like a crab. 

Chell-form (kgl'T-fdrm), a. [Gr. xy\rj claw -f- -form.] 
(Zool.) Having a movable finger or joint closing against 
another part so that the whole may be used in grasping, 
as the claw of a crab. 

Che-lO'ni-an (ke-lo'm-an), a. [Gr. xeAwvi? a tortoise.] 
(Zool.) Of or pertaining to animals of the tortoise kind. 

Chem'ic (kgm'Ik), a. Chemical. 

Chem'ic-al (kem'I-kal), a. Pertaining to chemistry ; 
characterized or produced by the forces and operations 
of chemistry; employed in the processes of chemistry. 
— ». A substance used to produce a chemical effect. — 
Chemically, adv. 

Chemise' (she-mez'), n. [F., shirt, fr. LL. camisa, 
camisia.] 1. A shift, or undergarment, worn by women. 

2. A wall that lines the face of a bank or earthwork. 
Chemisette' (shgm'e-zef), n. [F.] An undergar- 
ment, worn by women, usually covering the neck, shoul- 
ders, and breast. 

Chemlsm (kem'Tz'm), n. [See Chemist.] Chemical 
attraction ; affinity. [chemistry ; analyst. I 

Chemist, n. [For alchemist.] A person versed in| 
Chemistry (kem'Ts-try), n. i. That branch of sci- 
ence which treats of the composition of substances, and 
of the changes which they undergo in consequence of 
alterations in the composition and constitution of the 
molecules. 2. Any special application of the science. 

3. A treatise on chemistry. 

Chenille' (she-nel'), n. [F., prop., a caterpillar.] 
Tufted cord, of silk or worsted, variously used. 

Cheque (ch6k), n. See Check. 

Cheq'uer (chgk'er), n. & v. Same as 3d Checker. 

Cherish (chgr'ish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cherished 
(-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cherishing.] [F. cherir, fr. cher 
dear, fr. L. carus. See -ish.] 1. To treat with tender- 
ness and affection ; to nurture. 2. To hold dear ; to in- 
dulge ; to foster. 

Syn. — To nourish ; foster ; nurse ; nurture ; entertain ; 
encourage ; comfort ; protect ; support. 

Cherlsh-er (cher'Tsh-er), n. One who cherishes. 

Che-root' (che-robf), n. [Tamil shuruttu, prop., a 
roll.] A kind of cigar, originally, one from Manilla. 

Cher'ry (chgr'ry), n. [OE. chery, fr. F. cerise, LL. 
cerasia, fr. L. cerasus cherry tree, Gr. Kepa<r6<;.] 1. A 
tree or shrub of many varieties ; also, its fruit and its 
wood. 2. A shade of red, like some cherries. 

Cher'SO-nese (ker'so-nes), n. [Gr. xepo-oi/rjero? ; x e 'p- 
o-05 land -)- vrjo-os island.] A peninsula. 

Chert (chert), n. [It. ceart stone.] (Min.) An impure, 
massive, flintlike quartz or hornstone, of a dull color. 

Cher'UD (chgr'Sb), n. ; pi. E. Cherubs (-ubz) ; Heb. 
Cherubim (-u-bim). Cherubims is an incorrect form. 
[Heb. kerub.] 1. (Script.) A mysterious composite be- 
ing, the winged footstool and chariot of the Almighty ; 
also, a symbolical winged figure of unknown form. 2. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, fcvent, idea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CHERUBIC 



147 



CHILDBEARING 



One of an order of angels, variously represented in art. 
3. A beautiful child; — so called because artists have 
represented cherubs as beautiful children. 

Che-runSic (che-ru'bTk), ) a. Of or pertaining to cher- 

Che-ru'bic-al (-bT-kal), J ubs ; augelic. 

Cher'up (chgr'Qp), v. & n. See Chirrup. 

Chervil (cher'vll), n. [AS. cerjille, through L. fr. 
Gr. xaipe'^vAAoy ; x a ^P etl ' to rejoice + <f>v\Aov leaf.] (Bot.) 
A plant of which several varieties are used in soups, etc. 

Ches'i-ble (chgz'I-b'l), n. See Chasuble. 

Chess (chSs), ft. [OE. ches, F. echecs, prop. pi. of 
ichec check. See 1st Check.] A kind of game played 
on a chessboard, by two persons, with sets of 16 pieces. 

Chess, n. (Bot.) A species of brome grass which is 
a troublesome weed in wheat fields ; cheat. [ U. S.] 

Chess-board 7 (-bord'), n. The board used in the game 
of chess. It is figured like a checkerboard. 

Chess'es (-gz), n. pi. [Cf. F. chassis a framework of 
carpentry.] {Mil.) The plank platforms for the flooring 
of a temporary military bridge. [of chess. I 

Chess'man (chgs'man), n. A piece used in the game | 

Chess'tree'C-tre 7 ),^. [Cf. Chesses.] (Naut. ) A piece 
of oak bolted to the side of a vessel, to aid in securing 
the clew of the mainsail. 

Chest (chSst), n. [AS. cesl, cist, L. cista, fr. Gr. KiVnj.] 
1. A box, esp. one for the safe keeping or transportatiou 
of articles. 2. The part of the body inclosed by the ribs 
and breastbone. 

Chest of drawers, a case or frame containing drawers. 

Chest'nut (ches'nut), n. [OE. chesten, AS. cisten- 
beam, fr. L. castanea, Gr. ndaTavov, fr. Kdcrrava, a city of 
Pontus, whence chestnut trees were introduced into Eu- 
rope.] 1. The edible nut of a forest tree ; also, the tree 
itself, or its timber. 2. A bright brown color, like that 
of the nut. 3. The horse chestnut ; — often so called in 
England. 

Che'tah (che'ta), n. (Zool.) See Cheetah. 

II Che-val' (she-val'), n. ; pi. Chevaux (-vo')- [F.] A 
horse ; hence, a support or frame. 

Cheval glass, a large mirror swinging in a frame. 

II Che-vaf-de-frise' (-de-frez'), n. ; pi. Chevaux-de- 
frise. [F. ; cheval horse + Frise Friesland, where it 
was first used.] (Mil.) A piece of timber or an iron bar- 
rel traversed with iron-pointed spikes or spears, used to 
obstruct a passage, impede cavalry, etc. 

CheVa-Uer' (shgv'a-ler'), n. [F., fr. LL. caballarius.] 
1. A horseman ; a knight ; a gallant young man. 2. A 
member of certain orders of knighthood. 

Chev'er-il (chgv'er-Il), n. [OF. chevrel kid, dim. of 
chevre goat, L. capra.~] Soft kid-skin leather. [Obs.] 

Chev'i-Ot (chev'T-iit), n. 1. A breed of Scotch sheep 
named from the Cheviot hills. 2. A woolen fabric. 

Chev'ron (shgv'run), n. [F., rafter, chevron, from 
chevre goat, fr. L. capra she-goat.] 1. (Her.) An ordi- 
nary, consisting of two bands meeting at an angle like 
two rafters. 2. (Mil.) A distinguishing mark, above the 
elbow, on the sleeve of a noncommissioned officer's coat. 
3. (Arch.) A zigzag molding, or group of moldings. 

ChevTO-tain' (shgv'ro-tan'), n. 
[F. chevrotin.] (Zool.) A small 
ruminant of Africa and the East 
Indies, allied to the musk deer. 

Chew (chu), v. t. [imp. &p. p. 
Chewed (chud) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Chewing.] [AS. ce6wan.~\ 1. To 
bite and grind with the teeth ; to 
masticate. 2. To meditate on. 

Chew, v. i. To perform the action of biting and grind- 
ing with the teeth ; to ruminate ; to meditate. 

Chew, n. That which is chewed ; quid ; cud. [Low] 

Che'wink (cheAvink), n. (Zool.) An American bird 
of the Finch family ; — so called from its note. 

II Chia'ro-SCU'ro (kya'ro-skoo'ro), \n. [It., clear 

II Chi-a'ro-OS-CU'ro (ke-a'r6-os-koo'r6), ) dark.] The 
arrangement of light and dark parts in a drawing or 
painting, specif., harmonious arrangement of them. 

II Chibouque' ) (chT-book'), n. [F. chibouque, fr. 

Chi-bouk' J Turk.] A Turkish pipe with a long 
wooden stem and usually a clay bowl. 

II Chic (shek), n. [F.] Good form ; style. [Slang] 

Chi-cane' (shT-kan'), n. [F. ; origin uncertain.] Art- 
ful subterfuge, designed to draw away attention from the 
merits of a case or question, as in legal proceedings ; 
trickery ; chicanery ; caviling ; sophistry. 

Chicane', v. i. To use shifts, cavils, or artifices. 

Chi-can'er (-or), n. One who uses chicanery. 

Chi-can'er-y (-f), n. Same as Chicane. 

Chic'co-ry (chTk'ko-r^), n. See Chicory. 




Chevron (Arch.). 




Chlch (chTch), n. ; pi. Chiches (-5z). [F. chiche, fr. 
L. cicer.] (Bot.) The chick-pea. 

ChichOlng (chTchlTng), In. [Chich -f- -ling.] 

Chich'ling vetch' (vgch'), I (Bot.) A leguminous 
plant (Lalhyrus sativus), with broad flattened seeds 
sometimes used for food. [person. I 

Chick (chlk), n. 1. A chicken. 2. A child or young | 

Chick'a-dee' (-a-de'), n. (Zool.) A small bird, the 
blackcap titmouse ; — from its note. 

Chick'a-ree' (-a-re'), n. (Zool.) 
The American red squirrel ; — so 
called from its cry. 

Chick'en (clnk'gn), n. [AS. 
cicen, cycen, dim. of coc cock ; akin 
to G. kuchlein.~\ 1. A young bird or 
fowl ; esp., a young barnyard fowl. 
2. A young person ; esp., a maiden. 

Chick'en-heart'ed (-harfed), a. 
Timid ; cowardly. 

Chick'en pox'(p5ks'). (Med.) A 
mild, eruptive disease, generally at- 
tacking children only ; varicella. 

Chick'-pea' (-pe'), n. [See Chich.] Chickadee (I'arus 
A leguminous plant of Asia, Africa, atricapillus). 
and Europe ; also, its nutritious seed, and a food pre- 
pared from it. 

Chick'weed' (-wed'), n. (Bot.) The name of several 
weeds, upon which small birds feed. 

Chic'O-ry (chlk'o-ry), n. [F. chicoree, L. cichorium, 
fr. Gr. Ki'xopa, /axopeia.] 1. (Bot.) A plant often culti- 
vated for its roots and as a salad plant ; succory ; wild 
endive. 2. The root, as used for adulterating coffee. 

Chide (chid), v. t. & i. [imp. Chid (chid), or Chode 
(chod, Obs.) ; p. p. Chidden (chld'd'n), Chid ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Chiding.] [AS. cidan; of unknown origin.] 1. 
To rebuke or utter rebuke ; to reprove ; to scold ; to 
blame ; to find fault. 2. To make a clamorous or mur- 
muring noise by chafing or striking ; to chafe. 

Chide, n. [AS. eld.] A continuous noise or murmur. 

Chid'er (-er), n. One who chides or quarrels. 

Chief (chef), n. [OF., fr. L. caput head.] 1. The 
head or leader of any body of men ; the principal actor 
or agent. 2. The principal or most valuable part. 3. 
(Her.) The upper third part of the field. 

Syn. — Chieftain ; captain ; general ; commander ; 
leader ; head ; principal ; sachem ; sagamore ; sheik. 

Chief, a. 1. Highest in office or rank ; principal ; 
head. 2. Principal or most eminent in any respect. 

Syn. — Leading ; main ; paramount ; supreme ; prime ; 
vital ; especial ; great ; grand ; eminent ; master. 

Chief hare 7 (hSr'). (Zool.) A small rodent (Lagomys 
princeps ) inhabiting 
the Rocky Mountain 
summits. It is not a 
true hare or rabbit. 

Chief jus'tice(jus'- 

tis). The presiding 
justice, or principa 



ldge, 
Chie 




Chief Hare. 



efly (chefly), 
adv. 1. In the first 
place; principally ; 
above all ; especially. 2. For the most part ; mostly. 

Chieftain (-tin), n. [OF. chevetain, LL. capitanus, 
fr. L. caput head.] The chief of a troop, army, or clan. 

Chief tain-cy (-sy), ) n. The rank, dignity, or office 

Chieftain-Ship, ) of a chieftain. 

Chif / fo-nier'(shif'fS-ner'),/ern.Chif / fo-niere'(-nySr'). 
n. [F. chiffonnier, fern, chiffonniere, fr. chiffon rag, fr. 
chiffe a rag.] 1. A ragpicker. 2. A receptacle for rags 
or shreds. 3. A movable closet or cabinet. 

II Chi'gnon (shin'yon ; F. she'nySN'), n. [F., deriv. 
of L. catena chain.] A knot, boss, or mass of hair worn 
by a woman at the back of the head. 

Chlg'06 (chTg'6), \n. [Etym. uncertain.] (Zool.) A 

Chig're (-er), j species of flea, of the West In- 

dies and South America, which burrows beneath the skin. 

Chifblain' (chiyblanO, n. [Chill + Main.] A blain, 
produced by exposure of the feet or hands to cold. 

Chil'blain 7 , v. t. To produce chilblains upon. 

Child (child), n. ; pi. Children (chll'drSn). [AS. 
did; cf . Goth, kilpei womb.] 1. A son or a daughter ; in 
Law, a legitimate offspring. Used also of the lower ani- 
mals and of plants. 2. A descendant, however remote. 
3. One who, by character or practice, shows signs of re- 
lationship to another. 4. A young person of either sex ; 
hence, one who exhibits childlike characteristics. 

Child'bear ing (-baVTng), n. Act of bearing children. 



H 



K 



f grn, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CHILDBED 



148 



CHIROMANCY 



V 

> 



> 



Child'bed' (oMWbWOi »• The 8tate of a woman 
bringing forth a child, or being in labor: parturition. 

GhildTjirth (,-berth ), n. Act of bringing forth a child. 

Childe (child), n. A oognomen formerly prefixed to 
his MOM by the oldest son, until he succeeded to his au- 
titlos, or was knighted. 

Chll'der-mas day' (chTl'der-nifls da')- [AS. cilda- 
g ; i. o., children's mass day.] (Eccl.) A Mass 
day or futll ml (December 28) commemorating the chil- 
dren slain by Herod at Bethlehem ; Holy Innocents' Day. 

Child'hood (ohlld'hood), n. State of being a child ; 
the time in which persons are children. 

Childish, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, befitting, or re- 
sembling:, a child. 2. Puerile ; trifling ; weak. — Child'- 
ish-ly. </</(•. — Childishness, ». 

Childless, o. Destitute of children or offspring. — 
— Childless-ness, ». [docile; artless. I 

Child'like' (-Hk'), a. Resembling a child ; innocent ; | 

Children (ckil'drgn), n. ; pi. of Child. 

Chill (chil'T), n. [Sp.] A species of capsicum. 

Chill-ad (kll'I-Sd), n. [Gr. x^'«s» -<*&>s, fr. x'A«h 
a thousand.] A thousand ; a period of a thousand years. 

Chill-ail (kll'I-an), Chill-arch' (-'ark'), n. [Gr. X iAi- 
op\os. See -arch.] The commander of a thousand men. 

Chill-asm (kil'T-Sz'm), n. [Gr. xiKia<ry.6<:.~] 1. The 
millennium. 2. The doctrine of the personal reign of 
Christ on earth during the millennium. 

Chill-ast (-5st), n. One who believes in chiliasm. 

Chill (chil), n. [AS. cele, cyle, fr. root celan to be 
cold ; akin to E. cool.] 1. A moderate but disagreeable 
degree of cold; a sensation of coolness, accompanied 
with shivering. 2. Fig., a check to enthusiasm or 
warmth of feeling. 3. The hardened part of a casting. 

Chill, a. 1. Moderately cold ; tending to cause shiv- 
ering ; chilly ; raw. 2. Affected by cold. 3. Charac- 
terized by coolness of manner, feeling, etc. 4. Dis- 
couraging; depressing; dispiriting. 

Chill, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Chilled (child) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Chilling.] 1. To strike with a chill; to make 
chilly ; to affect with cold. 2. To check enthusiasm or 
warmth of feeling of ; to depress ; to discourage. 3. 
(Metal.) To produce, by sudden cooling, a change of 
crystallization at or near the surface of, so as to increase 
the hardness ; — said of cast iron. 

Chill, v. i. To become chilled. 

Chilll-ness (chTl'T-ngs), n. Quality, condition, or 
sensation of being chill or chilly. 

Chill'ness, n. Coolness ; coldness ; a chill. 

Chill'y (-y), a. Moderately cold ; chill. 

1! Chi-maVra (kT-me'ra), n. [NL. See Chimeba.] 
(Zool. ) A repulsive-looking cartilaginous fish of several 
species. The teeth are large, and the tail is pointed. 

Chimb (chim), or Chime, n. [AS. cim, in cwnstan 
base of a pillar.] The edge of a cask, etc. ; a chine. 

Chime (chim), n. [OE. chimbe, prop. , cymbal, through 
OF. & L. fr. Gr. kv/u./3oAoi>.] 1. Harmonious sound of 
bells, or of musical instruments. 2. A set of bells 
musically tuned to each other ; specif., in the pi., music 
performed on such a set of bells. 

Chime, v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Chimed (chlmd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Chiming.] 1. To sound in harmonious accord 
or tunefully, as bells. 2. To be or utter in harmony 
or rhythm ; to correspond ; to harmonize. 3. To jingle. 

Chim'er (-er), n. One who chimes. 

Chl-me'ra (kT-me'ra), n. [L. chimaera a chimera (in 
sense 1), Gr. xiM at P a > P ro P-» a she-goat.] 1. (Myth.) A 
monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having 
a lion's head, a goat's body, and a dragon's tail. 2. A 
vain or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination. 

Chl-mere' (shT-mer'), n. [OF. chamarre, fr. Sp. 
chamarra a coat of sheepskin, a sheepskin.] The upper 
robe worn by a bishop, usually having lawn sleeves. 

Chimeric (kT-mgrTk), a. Chimerical. 

Chi-merlc-al (kT-mgr'T-kal), a. Having, or capable 
of having, no existence except in thought ; imaginary ; 
fantastic; wild. — Chi-merlc-al-ly , adv. 

Chim'ney (chTm'ny), n. ; pi. Chimneys (-niz). [F. 
cheminSe, deriv. of L. eaminus furnace, fireplace, Gr. 
kojau'os.] 1. A fireplace. [Obs.] 2. The shaft, tube, 
or flue, or other part of a building serving for the escape 
of smoke. 3. A tube, usually of glass, placed around a 
flame to create a draft. 

Chim-pan'zee (chim-pan'ze), n. [Fr. native name.] 
(Zo'jl.j A large African ape which approaches more 
nearly to man, in most respects, than any other ape. 

Chin (chin), n. [AS. cin ; akin to G. kinn, L. gena, 
Gr. yeVi»s.] The lower extremity of the face, below the 
mouth ; the point of the under jaw. 




Chinch (chYnch), n. [Cf. Sp. chinche bug, fr. L. 
cimex.~\ 1. (Zo'ol.) The bedbug. 2. (Zo'ol.) A bug, 
which, in the United States, is very destructive to grass, 
wheat, and other grains. It has an odor like the bedbug, 

Chin-chilla (chTn-chTl'la), n. [Sp.] 1. (Zool.) A 
rodent (native of Peru 
and Chili), of the size of 
a large squirrel, remark- 
able for its soft, pearly- 
gray fur; also, its fur. 
2. A heavy, long-napped, 
tufted woolen cloth. 

Chin' cough' (chin' 
k5f; 115). [For chink- 
cough ; cf . Scot, kink vio- 
lent fit of coughing.] 
Whooping cough. 

Chine (chin), n. [Cf. 
Chink.] A ravine. \_Prov. Chinchilla {Chinchilla lanigera). 
Eng.-\ 

Chine (chin), n. [OF. eschine, fr. OHG. skina needle, 
prickle, shin.] 1. The spine of an animal ; the back. 
2. A cut of the backbone of an animal for cooking. 
[See Illust. of Beef.] 3. The edge or rim of a cask, etc. 

Chink (chink), n. [AS. cine fissure, chink, fr. cinan 
to gape.] A small cleft, rent, or fissure ; a gap or crack. 

Chink, v. i. To crack ; to open. [chinks of. I 

Chink, v. t. To make chinks in ; also, to fill up the | 

Chink, n. [Imitative.] 1. A short, sharp sound, as 
of metal struck lightly. 2. Money ; cash. [Cant.~\ 

Chink, v. t. To cause to make a sharp metallic sound. 

Chink, v. i. To make a slight, sharp, metallic sound. 

Chink'y (chink'y), a. Full of chinks or fissures. 

Chinook' (chT-n6ok'), n. A warm westerly wind 
from the State of Washington (where the Chinook In- 
dians dwell), sometimes experienced on the eastern slope 
of the Rocky Mountains, and adjacent territory. 

Chin'qua-pin (chTn'ka-pTn), n. (Bot.) A branching, 
nut-bearing tree or shrub of North America, allied to 
the chestnut ; also, its small, sweet, edible nut. 

Chinse (chins), v. t. & i. (Naut.) To thrust oakum 
into (seams or chinks) ; to calk slightly. 

Chintz (chints ; 273), n. [Hindi chint spotted cotton 
cloth, chinta spot.] Cotton cloth, printed with flowers 
and other devices, in different colors, and often glazed. 

Chip (chip), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chipped (chipt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Chd?ping.] [Etym. uncertain.] To cut or 
break off a small piece or pieces from. 

Chip, v . i. To break or fly off in small pieces. 

Chip, n. 1. A. piece cut or broken off. 2. Wood or 
palm leaf in slips, or straw braided in a special manner 
for making hats and bonnets. 3. One of the counters 
used in poker and other games. 4. (Naut.) The tri- 
angular piece of wood attached to the log line. 

Chip/nrank' (-munk'), n. [Indian name.] 
A squirrel-like 
animal of the 
genus Tamias. 

Chip'per, a. 
[Cf. Chirp.] 
Lively ; talka- 
tive. [U. s.-] 

Chip'ping 
bird' (berd'). 
(Zool.) The 
chippy. 

Chip'ping squir'rel (skweVrel). The chipmunk. 

Chip'py (-Py)> «• Abounding in, or resembling, chips ; 
dry and tasteless. [sparrow. I 

Chip'py (chYp'p^), n. (Zool.) A small American | 

Chi-rog'no-my (kt-rog'no-m^), n. [Gr. x«P hand -j- 
yi/w/«7 understanding.] The art of judging character by 
the shape and appearance of the hand. 

Chi'ro-graph (ki'ro-graf), n. [Gr. x«poypa<J>o$ writ- 
ten with the hand ; x et P hand -f- ypafyew to write.] (Old 
Law) A duplicate writing like the modern charter party. 

Chi-rog'ra-pher (ki-rog'ra-fer), n. One who prac- 
tices the art or business of chirography, esp. of engrossing. 

Chi'ro-graphlc (kl'ro-grafik), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Chi'ro-graph'ic-al (-T-kal), f to chirography. 

Chi-rog'ra-phist (ki-rog'ra-fist), n. 1. A chirogra- 
pher. 2. One who tells fortunes by examining the hand 

Chi-rog'ra-phy (-f y ) , n . 1 . Art of writing or engross- 
ing; handwriting. 2. Cheiromancy. 

Chi-rol'0-gy (ki-r51'o-jy), n. [Gr. \eip + -logy.'] 
Dactylology. 

Chi'ro-man'cy (kl'ro-man'sy), n. [Gr. x«P hand + 
-mancy.~] Divination by inspecting the hand ; palmistry. 




Chipmunk (Tamias striatus). 0£) 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, &, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CHIROPODIST 



149 



CHONDROID 



Chi rop'o-dist (ki-rSp'S-dTst), ». [Gr. x eCp hand + 
«rovs, 7ro5ds, foot.] One who treats diseases of the hands 
and feet ; esp., one who removes corns and bunions. 

Chirp (cherp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chirped (cherpt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Chdjping.] [Imitative.] To make a 
short, sharp, cheerful sound, as of small birds or crickets. 
Chirp, n. A short, sharp note, as of a bird or insect. 
Chirp'er (-er), n. One who chirps, or is cheerful. 
Chir'rup (chTr'rQp), v. I. limp. & p. p. Chirruped 
(-rQpt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chirruping.] [See Chirp.] To 
quicken or animate by chirping ; to cherup. 
Chir'rup, v. %. To chirp. 
Chir'rup, n. The act of chirping ; a chirp. 
Chi-rur'geon (kt-rftr'jun), n. [F. chirurgien, fr. chi- 
rurgie surgery, Gr. x e y>°vpyia, fr. \eipovpyos operating 
by hand ; \eip hand + epyov work.] A surgeon. [06s.] 
Chi-rur'ger-y (-jer-y), n. Surgery. [Obs.] 
Chis'el (chlz'gl), n. [OF., fr. LL. cisellus, prob. fr. 
L. caesus, p. p. of caedere to cut.] A tool with a cutting 
edge on one end of a metal blade, used in dressing, shap- 
ing, or working timber, stone, metal, etc. 

Chis'el, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Chiseled (-eld), or Chis- 
elled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chiseling, or Chiselling.] To 
cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel. 

Chis'ley (chiz'ly), a. [AS. ceosel gravel or sand.] 
Having a large admixture of small pebbles or gravel. 

Chit (chit), n. [Cf. AS. ciS shoot, sprig, fr. root of 
cinan to yawn.] 1. The embryo or the growing bud of 
a plant ; a sprout. 2. A child or babe ; also, an under- 
sized person or animal. 
Chit, v. i. To shoot out ; to sprout. 
Chit 'Chat (-chSt), n. [From Chat, by way of redupli- 
cation.] Familiar or trifling talk ; prattle. 

Chl'tln (ki'tin), n. [See Chiton.] (Chem.) A horny 
substance forming the harder part of the outer integu- 
ment of insects, crustacca, etc. [chitin. I 
Chi'ti-n0U5 (ki'tT-niis), a. Resembling or containing | 
II Chiton (ki'ton), 7i. [NL., fr. Gr. x«"wi/.] A shirt- 
like under garment among the ancient Greeks. 

Chit'ter-lings (chit'ter-lTngz), n. pi. [Cf . AS. cwip 
womb, Goth. qipus.'} The smaller intestines of swine, 
etc., fried for food. 
Chit'ty (-ty), a. Full of chits or sprouts. 
Chiv'al-ric (shiv'al-rik), a. Chivalrous. 
Chiv'al-rous (-riis), a. Of or pertaining to chivalry 
or knight-errantry ; knightly ; gallant ; high-spirited ; 
magnanimous.— Chlv'al-rous-ly, adv. 

Chiv'al-ry (shiv'al-ry), n. [F. chevalerie, fr. cheva- 
lier knight, OF., horseman. See Chevalier.] 1. A body 
or order of cavaliers or knights serving on horseback ; 
cavalry. 2. Dignity or system of knighthood ; practice 
of knight-errantry. 3. Qualifications or character of 
knights, as valor, dexterity in arms, courtesy, etc. 4. 
(Eng. Law) A tenure of lands by knight's service. 

Court of chivalry, a former court of England having cog- 
nizance of matters relating to deeds of arms and war. 

Chive (chiv), n. [F. cive, fr. L. cepa, caepa, onion.] 
(Bot.) A perennial plant, allied to the onion. 

Chfcr'y (chiv'y), v. t. [Etym. uncertain.] To goad, 
drive, hunt, throw, or pitch. {Slang, Eng.'] 

Chlam , y-date(klam'I-dat),a. [L. chlamydatus dressed 
in a chlamys.] (Zool.) Having a mantle; — applied to 
certain gastropods. 

II Chla'mys (kla'mis or klam'is), n. [L., fr. Gr. %\a- 
jtvj.] A flowing outer garment, worn by the ancient 
Greeks. 

ChlO'ral(kl6 v ral),w. [Chorine + alcohol.] l.(Chem.) 

A colorless oily liquid of a pungent odor and harsh taste. 

2. (Med.) Chloral hydrate. 

Chlo'rate (klo'rat), n. (Chem.) A salt of chloric acid. 

Chlo'ric (klo'rik), a. [From Chlorine.] Pertaining 

to, or obtained from, chlorine. 

Chlo'ride (-rid or -rid), n. (Chem.) A binary com- 
pound of chlorine. — Chlo-rid'ic (klo-iid'ik), a. 

Chlo'rine (klo'rin or -ren), n. [Gr. x^copos pale green, 
greenish yellow.] (Chem.) An element commonly iso- 
lated as a greenish yellow gas, which is exceedingly poi- 
sonous. It is a constituent of common salt. 

Chio'rite (klo'rit), n. [Gr. x^wptTis, lit., green (stone).] 
(Min.) The name of a group of minerals. 

Chlo'ro-, or Chlor-. (Chem.) A prefix denoting that 
chlorine is an ingredient in the substance named. 

Chlo'TO-form (-f6rm), n. {Chlor- -f/orwiyl.] A col- 
orless volatile liquid formed by treating alcohol with 
chlorine and an alkali, and formerly regarded as a tri- 
chloride of f ormyl. It is much used as an anaesthetic. 

Chlo'TO-form (klo'ro-fo'rm), v. t. To treat with chlo- 
roform, or to place under its influence. 



Chlo'ro-phyll (klo'ro-fTl), n. [Gr. x*wp<« green -f 
fyvWov leaf.] (Bot.) The green coloring matter of plants. 

II Chlo ro'sis (kia-ro'sTs), n. [NL., f r. Gr. xAwpo? light 
green.] 1. (Med.) An anaemic disease of young women, 
characterized by a greenish or grayish yellow hue of the 
skin. 2. (Bot.) A disease in plants, causing the flowers to 
turn green or the leaves to lose their normal green color. 

Chlo'rous (klo'rus), a. [See Chlorine.] Of, pertain- 
ing to, or derived from, chlorine in a valence of three. 
See -ous. [or block ; to scotch. I 

Chock (ch5k), v. t. To stop or fasten, as with a wedge I 

Chock, t>. i. To fit as a chock or wedge does. 

Chock, n. 1. A wedge or block made to fit in some 
space, esp. something to steady a rolling body by fitting 
into the space around or beneath it. 2. (Naut.) A heavy 
metal casting, through which ropes or hawsers are passed. 

Chock, adv. (Naut.) Entirely ; quite ; as, chock home. 

Chock'-full' (-ful'), a. Quite full ; choke-full. 

Choc'o-late (ch5k'$-hlt; 115), n. [Sp., fr. Mexican 
name of the cacao.] 1. A paste or cake composed of the 
roasted seeds of the Theobroma Cacao. 2. The bever- 
age made with it. 

Chog'set (chog'sgt), n. (Zool.) The cunner. 

Choice (chois), n. [OF. chois, fr. choisir to choose ; 
of German origin.] 1. Act of choosing ; election ; selec- 
tion ; preference. 2. Power of choosing ; option. 3. 
Care or taste in selecting; discrimination. 4. The thing 
or person chosen. 5. The best part. 

Choice, a. [Compar. Choicer (-er) ; superl. Choicest 
(-est).] 1. Worthy of being chosen or preferred. 2. Pre- 
serving or using with care, as valuable. 3. Selected with 
care and discrimination ; deliberately chosen. — Choice'- 
ly, adv. — Choice'ness, n. 
Syn. — Select ; precious ; rare ; chary ; careful. 

Choir (kwir), n. [OE. quer, OF. cuer, L. chorus choral 
dance, chorus, choir, fr. Gr. x°Pos> <>"£•> dancing place.] 

1. An organized company of singers. [Formerly written 
also quire.'] 2. That part of a church appropriated to 
the singers. 3. (Arch.) The chancel. 

Choke (chok), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Choked (chokt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Choking.] [OE. cheken,choken; origin un- 
certain.] 1. To render unable to breathe by obstructing 
the windpipe ; to stifle ; to suffocate ; to strangle. 2. To 
obstruct, as any passage, by filling up or clogging it. 
3. To prevent or hinder, as growth, progress, etc. 

Choke, v. i. 1. To have the windpipe stopped. 2. 
To be checked, as if by a choking. 

Choke, n. 1. A stoppage or irritation of the windpipe. 

2. (Gun.) (a) The tied end of a cartridge, (b) A constric- 
tion in the bore of a shotgun. 

Choke'ber'ry (-ber'ry), n. (Bot.) The fruit of an 
American shrub (Pyrus arbutifolia) ; also, the shrub. 

Choke'cher ry (-cher'r^), n. (Bot.) The astringent 
fruit of a species of wild cherry ; also, the bush or tree. 

Choke' damp' (dSmp'). Carbonic acid. 

Choke'-full' (chok'ful'), a. Quite full ; chock-full. 

Choke' pear' (paV). A kind of pear that has a rough, 
astringent taste, and is swallowed with difficulty. 

Chok'er (cho'ker), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
chokes. 2. A stiff wide cravat ; a 6tock. [Slang] 

Chok'y ) X-k^), a. 1. Tending to choke or suffocate. 

Chok'ey ) 2. Being choked or somewhat choked. 

Chol'er (kol'er), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. xoAe'po 
cholera, fr. x° A os, x oA, i» bile.] 1. The bile, — once 
thought to be the seat and cause of irascibility. [Obs.] 

2. Passion ; anger ; wrath. 

Chol'er-a (kol'er-a), n. [L., a bilious disease. See 
Choler!] (Med.) One of several diseases affecting the 
digestive and intestinal tract, esp. the malignant epidemic 
commonly called Asiatic cholera. — Chol'er-a'ic(-alk),*. 

Chol'er-ic (kol'er-Tk), a. 1. Abounding with, or pro- 
ducing, choler, or bile. 2. Irascible ; inclined to anger. 

3. Angry. — Chol'er-ic-ly, ado. 

Chol'er-ine (-in), n. (Med. ) (a) The precursory symp- 
toms of cholera, (b) A mild form of cholera. 

Chon'dri-fy (k5n'dri-fi), v. t. & i. [Gr. \6vpos carti- 
lage -f- -fy.~] To convert, or be converted, into cartilage. 

Chon'dri-gen (kon'drT-jSn), n. [Gr. \6vSpos -f- -gen.] 
(Physiol. Chem.) The chemical basis of cartilage. 

Chon'drite (kSn'drlt), n. [Gr. xo^pos a grain (of 
wheat).] (Min.) A meteoric stone characterized by the 
presence of rounded mineral granules called chondrules. 

Chon'dro- (-dro-). [Gr. \6v8pos a grain (of wheat), 
cartilage.] Combining form meaning grain, granular, 
granular cartilage, cartilaginous; as, cAonrfrocranium, 
cartilaginous skull of lower vertebrates and embryos. 

Chon'droid (kSn'droid), a. [Gr. xoVopos cartilage -f- 
-oid.] Resembling cartilage. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CHONDRULE 



150 



CHRISTIANIZATION 






> 



Chon'drule ^koii'drul), n. (MinA See Chondrtte. 

Choose fchi ["»!>• Chose (.choz) ; p. p. 

CaoUK (ol>oVn\ Chose (06*.); p. pr. & vb. n. Choos- 

,111 to G. kit-sen, L. guslar* to taste, 

.rtfai, Skr. jush to enjoy.] 1. To take, or make 

a election, by wu Of preference from two or more ob- 

tiered. 2. To desire ; to prefer. [Colloq.l 

Lect : prefer : elect ; decide ; adopt ; follow. 

Choos'er t-8r)i "• One who chooses. 

Chop (chop), p. t. [imp. & p. p. Chopped (chSpt) ; 
p. pr. & tb. «.' Chopping.] [Cf. LG. & D. happen, Dan. 
happe , Sw. kappa.} 1. To cut repeatedly ; to cut into 
; to mince. 2. To sever by cutting. 

Chop. 9. i. 1. To strike quickly or repeatedly with 
an ax or the like. 2. To act suddenly and unexpectedly. 

Chop. v. t. [Cf. D. koopen to buy. See Cheapen, v. t.} 
1. To barter or truck. 2. To exchange. 

Chop, r. i. 1. To engage in bartering. 2. (Xaut.) 
To van or shift suddenly. 3. To wrangle. 

Chop, v. t. & i. To crack. See Chap, v. t. & i. 

Chop. n. 1. Act of chopping ; stroke. 2. Piece chopped 
off ; slice, esp. of meat. 3. A crack ; a chap. 

Chop, n. [See Chap.] 1. A jaw of an animal ; — com- 
monly in the pi. See Chops. 2. A movable jaw or cheek, 
as of a wooden vice. 3. The land at each side of the 
mouth of a river, harbor, etc. See Chops. 

Chop, n. [Chin. & Hind, chhap stamp, brand.] 1. 
Quality ; brand. 2. A permit or clearance. 

Chop'fall'en (-faV'n), n. Chapfallen. 

Chop'house' (-hous'), n. An eating house where 
chops, etc., are sold. 

Chop'in (chopIn), n. [F. chopine, fr. G. schoppen.} A 
disused liquid measure varying from half a pint to a quart. 

Cho-pine' (cho-pen' ; F. sho-pen'), n. [Cf . OF. chapin, 
escapin, Sp. chapin.} A clog, or patten, having a very 
thick sole, or in some cases raised upon a stilt. 

Chop'per (chop'per), n. One who, or that which, chops. 

Chop'ping, a. [See Chop to barter.] Shifting sud- 
denly, as the wind ; also, having short tumbling waves. 

Chop'py (-py), a. Chopping, as the sea. 

Chops (chops), n. pi. [See Chop a jaw.] 1. The 
jaws ; also, the fleshy parts about the mouth. 2. The 
sides or capes of the mouth of a river, harbor, etc. 

Chop'stick' (chSp'stik'), n. One of two small sticks 
used by the Chinese and Japanese in eating. [ragus. I 

Cho-rag'ic (ko-r5j'ik), a. Of or pertaining to a cho-| 

I! Cho-ra'gus (ko-ra'gus), n. ; pi. Choragi (-jl). [L., f r. 
Gr. xopayos ; xopos chorus + ayeiv to lead.] (Gr. Antiq.) 
A chorus leader ; one who supported a chorus. 

Cho'ral (ko'ral), a. [LL. choralis. See Chorus.] Of 
or pertaining to a choir or chorus. — Cho'ral-ly, adv. 

Cho'ral, n. (Mus.) A hymn tune. 

Chord (kSrd), n. [L. chorda a gut, a string made of 
a gut, Gr. x°P$y- See Cord.] 1. The string of a mu- 
sical instrument. 2. {Mus.) An harmonious combination 
of tones simultaneously performed. 3. (Geom.) A right 
line uniting the extremities of the arc of a circle or curve. 
4 (Engin.) The upper or lower part of a truss, usually 
horizontal, resisting compression or tension. 

Chord, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. Chorded; p.pr. &vb. n. 
Chordlng.] To provide with musical strings ; to string. 

Chord, v. i. (Mus.) To accord ; to be in harmony. 

Chore (chor), n. [Variant of char work done by the 
day.] A small job; pi., the regular light work of a 
household or farm. \U. S.} 

I! Cho-re'a (ko-re'a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xopeia dance.] 
(Med.) St. Vitus's dance ; a disease attended with con- 
vulsive twitchings and other involuntary movements. 

Cho-re'ic (ko-relk), a. Pertaining to or like chorea. 

Cho-re'US (ko-re'iis), n. [L., fr. Gr. vopetos, prop, 
ad j . , belonging to a chorus. ] (Anc. Pros. ) (a) A trochee. 
(b) A tribrach. 

Cho'ri-am'bus (ko'rT-a'm'bQs), n. ; pi. L. -bi (-bl), E. 
-buses (-bus-Sz). [L., fr. Gr. xopiap./3os ; ^opeios a cho- 
reuB -j- ianPos iambus.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of four syl- 
lables, the first and last long, the others short (— ww _). 

I ChoTi-on (ko'rT-Sn), n. [NL., fr. Gr. X op^"-] 1 
(Anol.) (a) The membrane investing the fetus ; also, the 
similar membrane investing many ova. (b) The true 
skin, or cutis. 2. (Bot.) The outer membrane of seeds. 

OhoTist (ko^rist), n. [F. choriste.l A chorister. [i2.] 

Chor'is-ter (korts-ter), n. [See Chorus.] 1. One 
otjichoiT, or chorus. 2. A choir leader. [U. S.~] 

ChoTo-graph'ic-al (ko'rfi-grafT-kal), a. Pertaining 
to oliorography. 

Cho-ro'g'ra-phy (kfi-rSg'ra-f?), n. [L. chorographia, 
Gr. x^Poypa^ia ; xwpos place + ypdtj>etv to describe.] 
Ihe mapping or description of a region or district. 




Cho'roid (ko'roid), a. [Gr. xopoei^ij? ; xoplov chorion 
+ etfios form.] (Anat.) Resembling the chorion ; as, the 
pigmented membrane of the eyeball. 

Cho-rol'O-gy (ko-rol'6-jy), n. [Gr. x«»>pos place + 
-logy.} (Biol?) The science which treats of the laws of 
distribution of living organisms. 

Cho'rus (ko'rfis), n. ; pi. Choruses (-gz). [L. See 
Chodi.] 1. (Antiq.) A band of singers and dancers. 
2. (Gr. Drama) A company of persons supposed to be- 
hold the acts of a tragedy, and who sing appropriate 
sentiments in couplets or verses between the acts ; also, 
that which was thus sung. 3. (3Ius.) (a) A company of 
singers singing in concert, (b) A composition of two or 
more parts, each of which is intended to be sung by a 
number of voices, (c) Recurring parts of a song or hymn. 

II Chose (shoz), n. ; pi. Choses (sho^zez). [F., fr. L. 
causa. See Cause.] (Law) A thing ; personal property. 

Chose in action, a right enforceable by an action in a 
court of law. 

Chose (choz), imp. & p. p. of Choose. 

Cho'sen (cho'z'n), p. p. of Choose. Selected ; choice. 

Chough (chuf), n. [AS. ceo; cf. also D. kautv, OHG. 
chdha.} (Zobl.) A European bird 
of the Crow family. 

Chouse (chous), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Choused (choust) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Chousing.] [From Turk. 
chaush an interpreter, one of 
whom, attached to the Turkish 
embassy, in 1609 cheated the Turk- 
ish merchants resident in Eng- 
land.] To cheat. [Colloq.} 

Chouse, n. 1. One easily cheat- 
ed ; tool ; simpleton. 2. A trick ; 
sham ; imposition. 3. A swindler. 

Chow'chow' (chou'chouO, a. 
[Chin. ] C onsisting of several sorts ; Chough (Fregilus 
mixed.— n. A kind of mixed pickles. graculus). 

Chow'der (-der), n. [F. chaudiere a kettle.] A dish 
made of stewed fresh fish or clams, onions, biscuit, etc. 

Chre ma-tis'tics (kre'ma-tTs'tiks), n. [Gr. xp^a- 
ticttwoj art of traffic, f r. xP'JfKM'a goods, money, fr. xPV- 
aOat. to use.] The science of wealth ; political economy. 

Chres-tom'a-thy (kres-tom'a-thy), n. [Gr. XPW70- 
fjidOeia. ; xpVctos useful + (jLoBelv to learn.] A selection of 
passages, with notes, etc., to use in acquiring a language. 

Chrism (kriz'm), n. [AS. crisma, LL. chrisma, fr. 
Gr. xptcr/xa, fr. XP'"*' to anoint.] (Gr. & R. C. Churches) 
Olive oil consecrated by the bishop, and used in the 
administration of baptism, confirmation, ordination, etc. 

Chris'mal (kriz'mal), a. Of or pertaining to chrism. 

Chris-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. Act of applying chrism. 

Chris'ma-to-ry (kriz'ma-to-ry ), n. A cruet for chrism. 

Christ (krist), n. [L. Christus, Gr. Xpto-Tos, lit., 
anointed, fr. xP^ eiv to anoint.] The Anointed ; an appel- 
lation of Jesus, the Saviour, synonymous with Messiah. 

Christ'cross' (kris'kros' ; 115), n. The mark of the 
cross, as made on certain objects, — sometimes as the 
sign of 12 o'clock on a dial. 

Christ'cross-row' (-rb 7 ), n. The alphabet ; — once so 
called, either from a cross set before it, or from a custom 
of writing it in the form of a cross, by way of a charm. 

Chris'ten (kris"n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Christening.] [AS. cristnian to 
Christianize, fr. cristen a Christian.] 1. To baptize and 
give a Christian name to. 2. To name ; to denominate. 

Chris'ten-dom (kris"n-durn), n. 1. The Christian re- 
ligion, or the profession of faith in it. [Obs.} 2. Chris- 
tian name. [Obs.} 3. That portion of the world in which 
Christianity prevails. 4. The whole body of Christians. 

Chris'tian (krls'chan ; 106), n. 1. One who believes, 
or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ ; esp. , one whose 
life is Christlike. 2. One born in a Christian country or 
of Christian parents. 3. (Eccl.) One of a Christian de- 
nomination which rejects buman creeds as bases of fel- 
lowship, and sectarian names. [Often pronounced, but 
not by the members of the sect, krls'chan.] 

Chris'tian, a. 1. Pertaining to Christ or his religion. 
2. Professing Christianity. 3. Pert, to the church ; 
ecclesiastical. 4. Characteristic of Christian people. 

Christian name, the name given in baptism, as distinct 
from the family name, or surname. 

Chris-tian'i-ty (kris-chanl-ty or kr!s'chT-an/-), n. 

1. The system of doctrines and precepts taught by Christ. 

2. Practical conformity to the Christian religion. 
Chrls'tian-i-za'tion (kriVchan-T-za'shun), n. Act or 

process of converting or being converted to Christianity ; 
state of being christianized. 



a, e, i, o, vi, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, 3 vent, idea, 6 bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final 



CHRISTIANIZE 



151 



CHURCH 



Chris'tian-ize (kris'ckan-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Christianized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. ». Christianizing.] 

1. To convert to Christianity. 2. To imbue with, or 
adapt to, Christian principles. 

Chris 'tian-ly, adv. In a Christian manner. 

Christ'less (krist'lSs), a. Having no faith in Christ. 

Christ'like' (-Hk'), a. Resembling Christ in character, 
actions, etc. — Christ'like ness, n. 

Christ'ly, a. Christlike. 

Christ'mas (krTs'nias), n. [Christ + ?nass.] An an- 
nual church festival (December 25) commemorating the 
birth of Christ. 

Christmas day. Same as Christmas. — Christmas tree, a 
small evergreen tree, set up indoors at Christmas, deco- 
rated with bonbons, presents, etc., and illuminated. 

Chris-tol'o-gy (kris-tol'6-jy), n. [Christ + -logy.] 
A treatise on Christ ; that department of theology which 
treats of the personality, attributes, or life of Christ. 

Chris'tom (kris'tum), n. Chrisom. [Obs.] 

Chris-toph'a-ny (-tof'a-ny), n. [Christ -f- Gr. <f>aCvei.v 
to show.] An appearance of Christ, as after the cru- 
cifixion, [acid. I 

Chro'mate (kro'mat), n. {Chem.) A salt of chromic | 

ChXO-mat'ic (kro-ni5t'Tk), a. [L. chromaticus, Gr. 
Xpto/aart/cos, suited for color, fr. ypujaa color.] 1. Re- 
lating to color, or to colors. 2. (dlus.) Proceeding by 
the smaller intervals (half steps or semitones) of the scale, 
instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale. 

Chromatic scale (Afus.), the scale consisting of thirteen 
tones, including the eight scale tones and the five inter- 
mediate tones, which latter were formerly made in colors. 

Chro-mat'ics (-Tks), n. The science of colors. 

Ghro'ma-tism (kro'ina-tTz'm), n. 1. {Optics) State 
of being colored, as in the case of an image formed by a 
lens. 2. {Bot . ) An abnormal coloring of plants. 

Chrome (krom), n. Same as Chromium. 

Chro'mlc (kro'mTk), a. {Chem.) Of, pert, to, or ob- 
tained from, chromium in its higher valence. See -ic. 

ChlO'mism (kro'nnz'm), n. Same as Chromatism. 

Chro'mi-um (-niT-uni), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xP^ju-a color.] 
{Chem.) A hard, brittle, grayish white metal, fusible 
with difficulty. Its compounds are brilliantly colored. 

Chro'mo (kro'mo), n. ; pi. Chromos (-m6z). [Abbrev. 
from chromolithograph.] A chromolithograph. 

Chro'mo-graph (-graf), n. [Gr. xP^a color -f- 
-graph.] A kind of copying apparatus ; a hectograph. 

Chro'mo-lith/O-graph (-lTth'o-graf), n. [Gr. xpwM* 
color -f- E. lithograph.'] A lithographic picture printed 
in tints and colors by repeated impressions. 

CUro'mo-sphere (kro'mo-sfer), n. [Gr. XP"M« color 
-f- E. sphere.] {Astron.) An atmosphere of red matter, 
composed principally of incandescent hydrogen gas, sur- 
rounding the sun and enveloping the photosphere. 

Chro'ino-type (kro'mo-tip), n. [Gr. xP^Ma color + 
-type.] 1. A sheet printed in colors by any process. 

2. A photograph produced in the natural colors. 
Chro'mous (kro'mus), a. {Chem.) Of, pertaining to, 

or derived from, chromium in a valence lower than in 
chromic compounds. See -or/s. 

Chron'ic (kron'Ik), a. [L. chronicus, Gr. xpoiuko? con- 
cerning time, from xp° v os time.] 1. Relating to time ; 
according to time. 2. Continuing for a long time. 

Chron'ic-al (kron'I-kal), a. Chronic. 

Chron'i-cle (kron'i-k'l), n. 1. An account of facts or 
events disposed in the order of time. 2. A narrative of 
events ; a history. 3. pi. Two canonical books of the 
Old Testament. 

Syn. — Register ; record ; annals. See History. 

Chron'i-cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chronicled (-k'ld).] 
To record in a history or chronicle ; to register. 

Chron'i-cler (-kler), n. A writer of a chronicle. 

Chron'o-gram (kron'o-grSm), n. [Gr. xp°Vos time + 
-gram.] An inscription in which certain conspicuous nu- 
meral letters express a particular date or epoch, as in the 
motto of a medal struck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632 : 

ChrlstVs DVX ; ergo trlVMphVs. 
— the capitals of which give, when added as numerals, 
the sum 1632. 

Chron'o-graph (kron'o-graf ), n. [Gr. xp<W time + 
-graph.] 1. An instrument for graphically measuring 
or recording intervals of time. 2. A chronogram. 3. A 
chronoscope. 

Chro-nog'ra-pher (kro-nSg'ra-fer), n. One who writes 
a chronography ; a chronologist. 

Chro-nol'o-ger (-nol'o-jer), n. Same as Chronologist. 

Chrono-log'ic (kr5n'6-15j'Tk), ) a. Relating to chro- 

Chron'O-lOg'iC-al (-T-kal), ) nology ; according to 
the order of time. — Chron'O-lOg'ic-al-ly, adv. 



Chro-nol'o gist (kr$-n51'8-jlst), n. A person who in- 
vestigates dates of events ; one skilled in chronology. 

ChrO-nol'O-gy (-jy), «. [Gr. xpovohoyia. ; xpovos time 
+ Aoyos discourse.] The science which treats of meas- 
uring time by regular divisions or periods, and which as- 
signs to events their proper dates. 

Chro-nom'e-ter (kr6-n5m'e-ter), n. [Gr. xP° v0, > t' 1116 
+ -meter.] 1. An instrument for measuring time ; a 
timekeeper. 2. A portable timekeeper, of superior and 
peculiar construction. 3. {Mas.) A metronome. 

Chron o-met'ric (krSn'o-mgt'rlk), ) a. Pertaining to 

Chron o-met/ric-al (-rT-kal), j a chronometer ; 

measured by a chronometer. 

Chro-nom'e-try (kro-n5m'e-try ), n. The art or process 
of measuring time by periods or divisions. 

Chrys'a-lid (kris'a-lTd), a. Pertaining to a chrysalis ; 
resembling a chrysalis. — n. A chrysalis. 

Chrys'a-lis (-lis), n. ; pi. Chrysalides (kri-sSlt-dez). 
[L. chrysallis the gold-colored pupa of butterflies, Gr. 
Xpvo-aAAi's, fr. xpvffos gold.] (Zo'ol.) The pupa state of 
certain insects, esp. of butterflies, from which the per- 
fect insect emerges. 

Chrys-an'the-mum (-an'the-mum), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
Xpvcrdv8eiJ.ov ; xP v °~fc g° 1(i + a.v6efj.ov flower.] (Bot.) A 
large genus of composite plants, including the feverfew 
and oxeye daisy, as well as the garden chrysanthemums. 

Chrys'el-e-phan'tine ( krTs'gl-e-fan'tTn ), a. [Gr. 
Xpvo-os gold -f- e\e<f)dvTivo<; made of ivory.] Composed 
of, or adorned with, gold and ivory. 

Chyrs'o-ber'yl (krTs'6-beVTl),M. [Deriv. of Gr. xpvo-ds 
gold -f- /StjpuAAoj beryl.] (dfin.) A mineral found in 
crystals of a yellow to green or brown color, — often 
used as a gem. 

Chrys'O-lite (kris'6-lit), n. [Deriv. of Gr. xpvo-os 
gold -f- At^os stone.] {Mm.) A mineral, composed of 
silicon, magnesium, and iron, of a yellow to green color. 

Chrys r O-prase(-praz),7&. [OF. crisoprace, L. chryso- 
prasus, Gr. xpvo"07rpao-os ; XP V0 ~°'> 8°^ + ^pd-oov leek.] 
(3fin.) An apple-green variety of chalcedony. 

ChthO-noph'a-gy (tho-nof'a-jy), n. [Gr. x9">v, x 8ov °s, 
earth -f- (payelv to eat.] A disease characterized by an 
irresistible desire to eat earth. 

Chub (chub), n. [Etym. uncertain.] {Zo'ol.) A fresh- 
water fish of the Carp family ; also, in U. S. , any one of 
several very different fishes, as the tautog, black bass, etc. 

Chub'by (-by), a. Like a chub ; short and thick. 

Chuck (chuk), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Chucked 
(chukt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] [Imitative of the 
sound.] To cluck. 

Chuck, n. 1. The cluck or call of a hen. 2. A sud- 
den, small noise. 3. A word of endearment ; — for chick. 

Chuck, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Chucked (chukt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Chucking.] [F. choquer to strike. Cf. Shock, 
v. t.] 1. To strike gently. 2. To toss or throw smartly 
out of the hand; to pitch. [Colloq.] 3. {Mech.) To 
place in, or hold by means of, a chuck ; to make (a hole) 
in anything by revolving it in a chuck. 

Chuck, n. 1. A slight blow or pat under the chin. 
2. A short throw ; a toss. 3. {dfach.) A contrivance or 
machine fixed to the mandrel of a lathe, for holding a 
tool or the material to be operated upon. 

Chuck farthing, a play in which a farthing is pitched into 
a hole. 

Chuck, n. {Cookery) A cut of an animal, from be- 
tween the neckband the collar bone. [as of derision. I 

Chuc'kle (chuk'k'l), n. A short, suppressed laugh, | 

Chuc'kle, v. i. To laugh in a suppressed or broken 
manner ; to utter chuckles. 

Chuc'kle-head 7 (-hgd'), n. A dunce. [Loiv] 

Chuck'-Will's-Wld'OW (chuk'wilz-wTd'6), n. {Zo- 
ol.) A species of goatsucker ; — so called from its note. 

Chuff (chiif ), n. A coarse or 6tupid fellow. 

Chuff'y (-y), a. 1. Fat or puffed out in the cheeks. 
2. Rough; clownish ; surly. — Chuff'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. 

Chum (chum), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A roommate, 
esp. at school ; an intimate friend. 

Chum, v. i. To be a chum with another. [U. S.] 

Chump (chump), n. [Cf. Icel. kumbr a chopping, E. 
chop.] A short, thick, heavy piece of wood. 

Chunk (chunk), n. [Cf. Chump.] A short, thick 
piece of anything. [Colloq. U. S. & Prov. Eng.] 

Chunk'y (-y), a. Short and thick. [U.S.] 

Church (chfirch), n. [AS. circe, cyrice ; akin to G. 
kirche ; both fr. Gr. Kvpicucov the Lord's house, f r. Kv'pio? 
master, lord, fr. <cvpos power, might.] 1. A building set 
apart for religious, esp. Christian, worship. 2. A form- 
ally organized body of Christian believers worshiping 
together. 3. A body of Christian believers, having the 



H 



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f 6m, recent, drb, rjj.de, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tnen, thin. 



M 



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152 



CIPHER 






> 



juuue creed and rights, and recognizing the same ecclesias- 
tical authority. 4. Christians, collectively. 5- Anybody 
Of worshipers! 6. Ecclesiastical iutlueuce, authority, etc. 

Church (church), r. /. [imp. & p. p. Churched 
(chUrchO; p. pr. & vb. n. Chirchixg.] To bless in a 
ptlMOrflllnl way, or to unite with in returning thanks in 
church. 

Chuich'man (-man), n. 1. An ecclesiastic or clergy- 
n ,.ui. 2. Au Episcopalian, or a member of the Estab- 
lished Church of England. 3. One who is attached to, 
or attends, church. [churchman. I 

Church 'man-Ship. n. State or quality of being a| 

Church' ward' en (-warden), n. One of certain lay 
(usually two) in an Episcopal church. 

Church'yard/ (-yard'), n. The ground adjoining a 
church, in which the dead are buried ; a cemetery. 

Churl (churl), n. [AS. ceorl a freeman of the lowest 
rank, man, husband ; akin to G. A-e/7.] 1. A rustic ; a 
countryman or laborer. 2. A surly, ill-bred man ; a 
boor. 3. A miser ; a niggard. 

Churlish, a. 1. Like a churl ; surly ; mean. 2. 
Wanting pliancy; unmanageable. — Churl'ish-ly, adv. 
— Churlishness, h. 

Churn (churn), r. t. [imp. &p.p. Churned (chflrnd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Churning.] [OE. chemen, AS. cernan ; 
akin to G. keman, and also to E. corn, kernel, the mean- 
ing coming from the idea of extracting the kernel or 
marrow.] 1. To stir, beat, or agitate, as milk or cream 
in order to make butter. 2. To agitate violently. 

Churn, v. i. To perform the operation of churning. 

Churn, n. A vessel in which cream is churned. 

Churn'ing, n. The quantity of butter made at one 
operation. 

Chute (shoot), n. [F. chute, prop., a fall.] 1. A 
framework, trough, or tube, upon or through which ob- 
jects are made to slide from a higher to a lower level, 
or through which water passes to a wheel. 2. See Shoot. 

Chyle (kfl), n. [Gr. xy\6s juice, chyle, fr. x«« / to 
pour.] (Physiol.) A milky fluid containing the fatty 
matter of the food in emulsion, formed from chyme. 

Chyl'i-fac'tion (kTl'i-fak'shiin or ki'll-), n. [Chyle 
-f- L. facere to make.] The formation of chyle. 

Chy-lil'er-OUS (ki-llfer-us), a. [Chyle + -ferous.] 
Transmitting or conveying chyle. [ifaction. I 

ChyM-fl-ca'tion (kiPI-fT-ka'shun or KIT-), n. Chyl- 1 

Chylous (ki'lus), a. Consisting of, or like, chyle. 

Chyme (klm), n. [L. chymus, fr. Gr. x u ^°s juice, fr. 
xe'eii/ to pour.] (Physiol.) The semi-digested food just 
after its passage from the stomach into the small intes- 
tines, where it is separated into chyle and excrement. 

Chymlst (kTm'Ist), n., etc. [Obs.~\ See Chemist, etc. 

Chyml-fi-ca'tion (kim'T-fT-ka'shun or ki'mt-), n. 
[Chyme -j- L. facere to make.] (Physiol.) The conver- 
sion of food into chyme. 

Chy'mous (ki'mus), a. Of or pertaining to chyme. 

Ci-ba'ri-OUS (sT-ba'rl-us or si-), a. [L. cibarius, fr. 
cibus food.] Pertaining to food ; edible. 

Cib'ol (sit/ol), n. [P. ciboule, deriv. of L. cepa 
onion.] A perennial alliaceous plant used in cookery. 

Cl-ca'da (sl-ka'da), n. ; pi. E. Cicadas (-daz), L. Ci- 
cada (-de). [L.] (Zool.) 
Any species of a genus (Ci- 
cada) of large hemipterous 
insects, with nearly trans- 
parent wings. The male 
makes a shrill sound by pe- 
culiar organs in the under 
side of the abdomen. 

Cic'a-trice (slk'a-trTs), n. 



[F.] A cicatrix. 
Cic'a-tri'cle (-trTk"l), n. 





(Biol.) The point in a seed Cicada (C. sep- 
or in the yolk of an egg at p^f.'"£ Ve £ 
which development begins. tralsideof male, 

I Cl-Ca'triX ( sT-ka'triks), nat. size ; d Mu- 
tt. ; pi. Cicatrices (slVa- sical apparatus 
tri'hez}. [L.] (Med.) The or drum, 
pellicle which forms over a wound cr breach of continu- 
ity : — followed by the scar. [cicatrix. I 

Cic/a-trl-za'tion f-tn-za'shun), n. Formation of a| 

Cic/a-trize f-Tk'a-triz), v. I. & i. [imp. &p. p. Cica- 
trized f-trizdj ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cicatrizing.] (Med.) 
To heal, or to induce the formation of a cicatrix in. 

CiC'e-ly (ribfeW), n. [L. seselis, Gr. o-eVeAi, o-eVeAi?.] 
(Bel.) Any one of several umbelliferous plants. 

Ci'ce-ro'ne (cbe'cha-ro'na ; E. sTs/e-ro'ne"), n. ; pi. 
It. Ciceroki r-nej, E. Cicerones (-nez). [It., fr. L. 
Cicero, the Koman orator.] One who shows strangers 



the curiosities of a place; — so called because usually 
talkative. 

Cic e-ro'ni-an (sls'e-ro'nl-au), a. Resembling Cicero 
in style or action ; eloquent. 

Cich o-ra'ceous (sTk'S-ra'shus), a. [See Chicory.] 
Belonging to, or resembling, a suborder of composite 
plants of which the chicory (Cichorium) is the type. 

Ci cis-be'O (che'ehes-ba'o or sT-sis'be-o), n. ; pi. It. 
Cicisbei (-e). [It.] A professed admirer of a married 
woman. 

Ci'der (si'der), n. [F. cidre, OF. sidre, fr. L. sicera a 
kind of strong drink, Gr. trtKepa; of Oriental origin.] 
The expressed juice of apples, — used as a beverage. 

Ci'der-kin (-kin), n. [Cider -f -kin.~\ A kind of weak 
cider made by 6teeping the refuse pomace in water. 

II Ci'-de-vant' (se'de-vaN'), a. [F., hitherto, former- 
ly.] Former ; previous ; of times gone by. 

Ci-gar' (si-gar'), n. [Sp. cigarro, orig., kind of Cu- 
ban tobacco.] A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking. 

Cig'a-rette 7 (sig'a-rgf ), n. [F.] A little cigar ; a 
little fine tobacco rolled in paper for smoking. 

II Cill-a (sil'i-a), n. pi. Ceuum, the sing., is rarely 
used. [L. cilium eyelid.] 1. (Anat.) The eyelashes. 
2. (Biol.) Small, generally microscopic, vibrating ap- 
pendages. 3. (Bot.) Hair like processes, commonly mar- 
ginal and forming a fringe like the eyelash. 4. (Zool.) 
Small, vibratory, swimming organs. 

Cilla-ry (sil'ya-ry" or -T-a-ry ; 106), a. Pertaining to 
the eyelashes or to any cilia. 

Cill-ate (sil'T-at), ) a. Provided with, or surrounded 

Cill-aled (-a<ted), | by, cilia. 

Cill-form (sTl'T-fQrm), ) a. Having 

Cill-i-fornV (sTPi-I-f6rm'), j the form of 
cilia ; very fine or slender. 

Ci'ma (si'ma),7i. (Arch.) A kind of mold- 
ing. See Cyma. 

Cim'e-ter (sini'e-ter), n. SeeScmiTER. CihateLeaf. 

II Ci'mex (si'meks), n. ; pi. Cimices (siml-sez). [L., 
a bug.] (Zool.) A genus of hemipterous insects of which 
the bedbug is the best known example. 

Cim-me'ri-an (sim-me'rT-an), a. [L. Cimmerius.'] 

1. Pertaining to the Cimmerii, a fabulous ancient people, 
said to have lived in perpetual darkness. 2. "Without 
any light ; intensely dark. 

Cinch (sinch), n. [Sp. cincha, fr. L. cingere to gird.] 
A strong saddle girth, as of canvas. [Western U. S.~\ 

Cin-cho'na (sTn-ko'na), n. [So named from the wife 
of Count Chinchon of Spain, who by its use in Peru was 
freed from an intermittent fever.] 1. (Bot.) A genus 
of trees growing naturally on the Andes in Peru and ad- 
jacent countries, producing a valuable medicinal bark. 

2. (Med.) The bark itself ; Peruvian bark ; Jesuits' bark. 
Cinc'ture (sTnklur ; 135), n. [L. cinctura, f r. cingere, 

cinctum, to gird.] 1. A belt ; a girdle. 2. That which 
encompasses or incloses. 3. (Arch.) The fillet or band 
separating the shaft of a column from the capital. 

Cin'der (sTn'der), n. [AS. sinder slag, dross ; akin to 
G. sinter; origin unknown.] 1. Partly burned or vitri- 
fied coal, or other combustible, in which fire is extinct ; 
also, slag or scoriaceous lava. 2. A hot coal without 
flame ; an ember. 3. A scale thrown off in forging metal. 

Cin e-matlCS (sin/e-maVTks), n. sing. Kinematics. 

Cin'er-a-ry (sin'er-a-r^), a. [L. cinerarius, it. cinis 
ashes.] Pert, to ashes ; containing ashes. [bustion. I 

Cin er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Reduction to ashes by com- 1 

Ci-ne're-OUS (sT-ne're-us), a. Like ashes ; grayish. 

Cin er-iliOUS (sTn'er-Tsh'us), a. Cinereous. 

Cln'na-bar (sTp'na-bar), n. [L. cinnabaris, Gr. kiv- 
va/3apt.] 1. (Min.) Red sulphide of mercury. 2. Ver- 
milion. 

Cin-namlc (sln-nam'Tk), a. [From Cinnamon.] 
(Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, cinnamon, as a 
certain acid now made from certain benzene derivatives. 

Cin'na-mon (sTn'na-mun), n. [Heb. qinnamon."] (a) 
The inner bark of the shoots of a tree growing in Ceylon. 
It is aromatic and moderately pungent. (6) Cassia. 

Cinque (sink), n. [F. cinq, fr. L. guinque five. See 
Five.] Five ; the number five in dice or cards. 

Cinqueloil' (sTnk'foil'), n. [Cinque five + foil, F. 
feuille leaf.] 1. (Bot.) Any one of several species of the 
genus Potenlilla ; — also called five-finger, because of 
the resemblance of the leaves to the fingers of the hand. 
2. (Arch.) A foliation having five points or cusps. 

Ci'on (si'un), n. [OF. don. See Scion.] See Scion. 

Ci'pher (sl'fer), n. [OF. cifre, fr. Ar. crfrun, cofrun, 
empty, cipher, zero, fr. cafira to be empty. Cf. Zero.] 
1. (Arith.) A character [0] which, standing by itself, ex- 
presses nothing, but when placed at the right hand of a 



a, e, X, o, tL, long ; a, €, I, 5, €L, y, Bhort ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, cire, arm, aak, all, finoL 



CIPHER 



153 



CIRCUMPOSITION 



i p. p. 

n. Ci- 



2. One who, 

3. A combi- 



c0p 



Cipher. 



2. 




Circinate Leaf. 
L. circulus, dim. of 
A plane 



o 



Circle. 



whole number increases its value tenfold. 
or that which, has no weight or influence 
nation of letters, as the initials of a name ; 
a device ; a monogram. 4. A private al- 
phabet or other mode of secret writing ; 
also, a writing in such characters 

Ci'pher (si'fer), v. i. [imp. & p 
Ciphered (si'ferd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
pheuing.] To do sums in arithmetic 

Ci'pher, v. t. 1. To write in occult characters. 
To get by ciphering. 

Cir-ce'an (ser-se'an), a. Having the characteristics 
of the mythological Circe, who first charmed her victims, 
and then changed them into beasts. 

Cir-cen'slal (-sSn'shal), ) a. Of, pertaining to, or held 

Cir-cen'sian (-sen'shan), j in, the Circus, in Rome. 

Cir'cl-nal (ser'st-nal), a. (Bot.) 
Circinate. 

Cir'ci-nate (-nat), a. [L. circi- 
natus, p. p., deriv. of Gr. KipKivos 
a circle.] (Bot.) Rolled together 
downward, the tip occupying the 

Cir'cle (ser'k'l), n. [F. cerele, fr 
circus circle, akin to Gr. /ctpxos.] 1 
figure, bounded by a single curve line, every 
part of which is equally distant from a point 
within it, called the center. 2. The line that 
bounds such a figure ; a circumference ; a ring 

3. {Astron.) An instrument of observation 
the graduated limb of which consists of an entire circle. 

4. A round body ; a sphere ; an orb. 5. Compass ; cir- 
cuit ; inclosure. 6. A company assembled, or conceived 
to assemble, about a central point of interest, or bound 
by a common tie. 7. A series ending where it begins, 
and repeating itself. 8. (Logic) A form of argument in 
which two or more unproved statements are used to prove 
each other. 9. A territorial division or district. 

Syn. — Ring ; circlet ; compass ; circuit ; inclosure. 

Cir'cle, v. t. limp. &p. p. Circled (-k'ld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Circling (-kling).] 1. To move around ; to re- 
volve around. 2. To encompass as by a circle. 

Cir'cle, v. i. To move in a circle or circles ; to circulate. 

Cir'clet (ser'klet), n. 1. A little circle ; that which 
encircles. 2. A round body ; an orb. 

Clr'cuit (ser'kit), n. [F., fr. L. circuitus, fr. circuire 
or circumire to go around ; circum around -j- ire to go.] 

1. Act of moving or revolving around. 2. The circum- 
ference of, or distance round, any space. 3. That which 
encircles anything. 4. The space inclosed within a cir- 
cle, or within limits. 5. A regular or appointed journey- 
ing from place to place in the exercise of one's calling. 
6. A certain district through which one journeys in the 
exercise of official duties or of his calling. 

Clr-CU'i-tOUS (ser-ku'T-tus), a. Going round in or as 
in a circuit ; roundabout ; indirect. — Cir-CU'i-tOUS-ly, 
adv. — Cir-cu'i-tous-ness, n. 

Cir'CU-lar (ser'ku-ler), a. [L. circularis.] 1. In the 
form of, or bounded by, a circle ; round. 2. Repeating 
itself ; reverting to the point of beginning ; hence, illog- 
ical ; inconclusive. 3'. Adhering to a fixed circle of le- 
gends ; cyclic ; hence, mean ; inferior. See Cyclic poets, 
under Cyclic. 4. Addressed to a circle, or to a number 
of persons having a common interest. 

Circular numbers (Arith.), those whose powers terminate 
in the same digits as the roots themselves ; as 5 and 6. — 
Circular, or Globular, sailing (Naut.), the method of sailing 
by the arc of a great circle. 

Cir'CU-lar, n. 1. A circular letter, or paper. 2. A 
sleeveless cloak, cut in circular form. [circular. I 

Cir'cu-lar'i-ty (-lSr'T-ty), n. Quality or state of being [ 

Cir'cu-lar-ly (-ler-ly^), adv. In a circular manner. 

Cir'cu-late t-lat), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Circulated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Circulating.] 1. To move in a circle or 
circuitously. 2. To pass from place to place, from per- 
son to person, or from hand to hand. 

Cir'cu-late (ser'ku-lat), v. t. To cause to pass from 
place to place, or from person to person ; to spread. 

Cir'CU-la'tion (-la'shun), ft. 1. Act of circulating. 

2. Currency ; circulating coin ; notes, bills, etc. 3. The 
extent to which anything circulates or is circulated. 
4. (Physiol.) The movement of the blood in the vascular 
system of the body ; also, the movement of the sap in 
the vessels and tissues of plants. [which, circulates. I 

Cir'CU-la'tor (ser'ku-la'tSr), n. One who, or that| 
Cir'cu-la-tO-ry (ser'ku-la-to-ry^), a. Of or pertaining 
to circulation ; circular ; circulating. 

Cir'cum- (ser'kQm-), [Akin to circle, circus."] A 



Latin preposition, used as a prefix in many English 
words, and signifying around or about. 

Cir'cum-am'bi-ent (seVkum-am'bl-ent), a. [Pref. 
circum- -\- ambient.'] Surrounding; encompassing. 

Circum-am'bu late (-Xm'bu-lat), v. i. [L. circum- 
ambulare, p. p. -at us. See Ambulate.] To walk round 
about. — Cir cum-ambu la'tion (-la'shun), n. 

Cir'cum bend'i bus (-bend'I-bus), n. A roundabout 
or indirect way. [Jocular] 

Cir'cum-cise (ser'kfim-siz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cir- 
cumcised (-sizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumcising.] [L. 
circumcidere, p. p. -cisus ; circum + caedere to cut.] 

1. To cut off the foreskin of (a male) or the internal 
labia of (a female). 2. (Script.) To purify spiritually. 

Cir'cum-ci'ser, n. One who performs circumcision. 
Cir cum-ci'sion (-sTzh'Qn), n. 1. Act of circumcising. 

2. (Script.) The Jews, as a circumcised people. 

Cir cum-clu'sion (-klu'zhun), n. [L. circumcludere, 

-clusum, to inclose.] Act of inclosing on all sides. [R.] 

Cir/cum-duct' (-diikt'), v. t. [L. circumducere, p. p. 

-ductus; circum -j- ducere to lead.] 1. To lead about ; 

to lead astray. [B.] 2. (Law) To nullify. [06s.] 

Cir-cum'fer-ence (ser-kum'fer-ens), n. [L. circum- 
ferentia, fr. circumferre to carry around ; circum -\-ferre 
to bear.] 1. The line that goes round or encompasses 
a circular figure ; a periphery. 2. A circle ; anything 
circular. 3. The external surface of a sphere, or of any 
orbicular body. 

Cir-cum'fer-en'tial (-Sn'shal), a. Pertaining to the 
circumference ; encircling ; circuitous. 

Clr-cum'fer-en'tor (-ter), n. 1. A surveying instru- 
ment for taking horizontal angles ; a surveyor's compass. 
2. A graduated wheel for measuring tires. 

Cir'cum-flect (ser'kum-flgkt), v. t. [L. circumflectere. 
See Circumflex.] 1. To bend around. 2. To mark 
with the circumflex accent, as a vowel. \_R.] 

Cir'cum-flex (-flSks), n. [L. circumflexus a bending 
round, f r. circumflectere, -flexum, to bend round ; circum 
-\-flectere to bend.] 1. A wave of the voice embracing 
both a rise and a fall on the same syllable. 2. A charac- 
ter, or accent, in Greek, denoting such a wave on a long 
syllable [~ or"] ; and in Latin and some other languages, 
denoting a long and contracted syllable [" or *]. [flex. I 

Cir'cum-flex, v. t. To mark or speak with a circum- 1 

Cir'cum-flex, a. 1. Having a circular or circuitous 
form or course. 2. Designating the accent used to de- 
note a wave of the voice or a long and contracted syllable. 

Cir-Cum'flU-ent (ser-kum'flu-ent), ) a. [L. circum- 

Cir-cum'f lu-ous (-us), j fluere ; circum + 

fluere to flow.] Flowing round ; surrounding like a fluid. 

Cir/cum-fo-ra'ne-an (ser'kum-fo-ra'ne-an), ) a. [L. 

Cir cum-io-ra'ne-ous (-fo-ra'ne-us), j circum- 

foraneus found in markets ; circum -f- forum a market 
place.] Going about or abroad ; going from house to house. 

Cir'cum-fuse' (-fuz'), v. t. [L. circumfundere, p. p. 
-fusus. See Found, v. t.] To pour or spread round. 

Cir Gum-fu'sion (-fu'zhun), n. The act of pouring or 
spreading round ; state of being spread round. 

Cir'cum-gy'rate (-ji'rat), v. t. & i. [Pref. circum- -(- 
gyrate.] To roll or turn round. 

Cir cum-ja'cent (seVkum-ja'sent), a. [L. circumja- 
cens, p. pr. of circumjacere ; circum -\- jacere to lie.] 
Lying round ; bordering on every side. 

Cir cum-lo-cu'tion (seVkuin-16-ku'shun), n. [L. cir- 
cumlocutio, fr. circumloqui, p. p. -locutus, to make use of 
circumlocution ; circum -f- loqui to speak.] Verbose and 
indirect language ; a periphrase. 

Cir'cum-loc'U-tO-ry (-15k'u-to-r^), a. Characterized 
by circumlocution ; periphrastic. 

Cir'cum-mure' (-mur'), v. t. [Pref. circum- -\- mure, 
v. t.] To encompass with a wall. 

Cir'cum-nav'i-ga-ble (-n5v'I-ga-b'l), a. Capable of 
being sailed round. 

Cir'cum-nav'1-gate (seVkum-n£v'I-gat), v. t. [L. cir- 
cumnavigare, p. p. -atus; circum -j- navigare to navi- 
gate.] To sail completely round. [navigating. I 

Cir'cum-nav'i-ga'tion (-ga'shOn), n. Act of circum- 1 

Cir'cum-nav'i-ga'tor, n. One who sails round. 

Cir/cum-nu'tate (-nu'tat), v. i. [Pref. circum- + nu- 
tate.] To pass through the stages of circumnutation. 

Cir'cum-nu-ta'tion (-nu-ta'shun), «. (Bot.) The suc- 
cessive bowing or bending in different directions of the 
growing tip of the stems of many plants, esp. climbers. 

Cii'cum-po'lar (-po'ler), a. [Pref. circum- -j- polar.] 
Situated about the pole. 

Cir'cum-po-si'tion (-p6"-zTsh'un), n. [L. circumposi- 
tio, f r. circumponere, -posilum, to place around.] Act of 
placing round about, or state of being so placed. 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CIRCUMROTATION 



154 



CITE 



CiT cum-ro-ta'tlon (,ser knm-io-ta'shnn), n. Act of 
rolling or rerolWng round, m ■ wheel; circumvolution. 

Oil cum-SClib'a-ble t,ser kum-skn'ba-b'l), u. Capa- 
ble of being circumscribed. 

Cir cum-scribe' (aSr kum-skrib'), v. t. {imp. & p. p. 
Qw wfpM" (-akribd')i p- p>- & vb. n. Circumscrib- 
ing.] [L. cimanscribere, -scriptum. See Scribe.] 1. 
To iuseribe around. IK.] 2. To inclose witlriu a certain 
limit ; to hem in. 3. (Geom.) To draw a line around so 
a- to touch at certain points without cuttiug. 

>yn. To bound: limit; restrict; confine; abridge; 
restrain; environ; encircle; inclose; encompass. 

Cir cum-scrip'ti-ble (,-skrTp'tT-b'l), a. That may be 
circumscribed ; oirouniseribable. 

Cir cum-scrip'tion (-shuu), n. 1. Act of circum- 
scribing or state of being circumscribed. 2. That which 
circumscribes ; bounding liue ; outline ; periphery. 

Cir cum-scrip'tive (-tlv), a. Circumscribing or tend- 
ing to circumscribe. — Cir cum-scrip'tive-ly, adv. 

Clr'cum-spect (ser'kiim-spgkt), a. [L. circumspec- 
fus, p. p. of circumspicere to look about one's self, to 
observe; circum + spicere to look. See Spy.] Atten- 
tive to all the circumstances of a case ; cautious ; wary. 
— Clr'cum-spect ly, adv. — Cir'cum-spect ness, n. 

Cir cum-spec'tion (-spgk'shiiu), n. Quality of being 
circumspect. 

Cir cum-spec'tive (-spgk'tiv), a. Looking around 
every way ; watchful. — Cir'CUm-Spec'tive-ly, adv. 

Cir'cuin-stance (ser'kuin-stans), n. [L. circumstan- 
tia, fr. circianslans, p. pr. of circumstare to stand around. 
See Stand.] 1. That which attends, or relates to, an 
event ; an attendant state of things. 2. An event ; a 
fact ; a particular incident. 3. pi. Condition in regard 
to worldly estate. 

Syn. — Event ; occurrence ; incident ; situation ; con- 
dition ; position ; fact ; detail ; item. See Event. 

Cir'cum-stance, v. t. To place in a particular situa- 
tion ; to supply relative incidents. 

Cir'cum-Stanced (-stanst), p. a. 1. Placed in a par- 
ticular position. 2. Governed by circumstances. [It.] 

Cir cum-stan'tial (seVkum-stan'shal), a. 1. Con- 
sisting in, or pertaining to, circumstances or particular 
incidents. 2. Incidental; relative, but not essential. 
3. Abounding with circumstances ; minute ; particular. 

Circumstantial evidence (Law), evidence from circum- 
stances, which necessarily or usually attend facts of a 
particular nature, from which arises presumption. All 
testimony is more or less circumstantial. 

Syn. — See Minute. 

Cir cum-stan'tial, n. Something incidental to the 
main subject, but of less importance. 

Cir'cum-stan'tl-al'i-ty (-staVshT-a'1'T-ty or -stSn- 
shSl'i-ty), n. State or quality of being circumstantial. 

Cir/cum-stan'tial-ly (-stan'shal-ty), adv. In a cir- 
cumstantial way ; minutely ; particularly. 

Cir'cum-stan'ti-ate (ser'kum-stXn'shT-at), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Circumstantiated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Circumstantiating.] 1. To invest with particular cir- 
cumstances. [R.] 2. To prove by circumstances. 

Cir cum-val'late (-vSl'lat), v. t. [L. circumvallare, 
p. p. -atus.] To surround with a rampart or wall. 

Cir'cum-vallate (-lat), a. 1. Surrounded with a wall 
or a rampart. 2. (Anat.) Surrounded by an elevation. 

Clr'cum-val-la'tlon (-vSl-la'shiin), n. (Mil.) (a) Act 
of surrounding with a wall or rampart. (b) Exterior line 
of defensive field works, raised by a besieging army. 

Cir'cum-vent' (-vgnf ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circum- 
vented ; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumventing.] [L. circum- 
venire, p. p. -venlus ; circum -f- venire to come, akin to 
E. come.'] To gain advantage over by arts, stratagem, 
or deception ; to deceive ; to delude. 

Cir cum-ven'tion (-vgn'shiin), n. The act of prevail- 
ing over another by arts, address, or fraud. 

Clr'cum-vent'ive (-tiv), a. Tending to circumvent. 

Clr'cum-vent'or (-ter), n. One who circumvents. 

Cir'cum-vest' (-vest'), v. t. [L. circumvestire. See 
Vest, v.~] To cover round ; to invest. [Obs.] 

Cir-cum'VO-lant (ser-kum'vo-lant), a. [L. circumvo- 
lans, p. pr. See Volatile.] Flying around. 

Gir'cum-vo-lu'tion (-lu'shun), n. [See Circumvolve.] 
1. Act of rolling round; state of being rolled. 2. A 
thing rolled round another. 3. A roundabout procedure. 

Clr'cum-volve / (seVkum-volv'), v. t. & i. [imp. & 
p. p. Cfrcumvolved (-v51vd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cibcum- 
voLviyo.] [L. circumvolvere, -volutum; circum -f- vol- 
vere to roll.] To roll round : to revolve. 

Cir'cuB ( her'kus), n. ; pi. Circuses (-62). [L. See Cir- 
cle.] 1. (Romnn Antiq.) A kind of arena or place used 
for chariot races, games, and public shows. 2. A cir- 




Tip of Cirrose Leaf. 



OUlar inclosure for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship, 
acrobatic displays, etc. ; also, the company of perform- 
ers, with their equipage. 3. Circuit. [Ji."\ 

Cirque (serk), n. [F.] 1. A circle ; a circus. 2. A 
kind of valley walled around by precipices. 

Cir'rate (sir'rat), a. [Deriv. of L. cirrus a curl.] 
(Zool. ) Having cirri along the margin of a part or organ. 

Cir'rhose (slr'ros), a. Same as Cirrose. 

II Cir-rho'sis (sTr-ro'sIs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xippos 
orange-colored.] (Med.) A disease of the liver in which 
it usually becomes smaller in size and more dense and 
fibrous in consistence, and often appears yellowish when 
cut ; hence similar fibrous degeneration of other organs. 

II Cir'ri (sir'ri), n. ; pi. of Cirrus. 

Cir-ril'er-OUS (sir-rif'er-vis), a. [Cirrus + -ferous.'] 
Bearing cirri, as many plants and animals. 

Cir'ri-ped (sir'rT-pgd), n. [L. cirrus curl + pes, 
pedis, foot.] {Zool.) Any one of the Cirripedia, an 
order of Crustacea including the barnacles. They have 
a group of curved leglike organs resembling a curl. 

Clr'ro-CU'mu-lUS (sir/ro-ku'mu-lus), n. [Cirrus + 
cumulus.'] (Meteor.) See under Cloud. 

Cir'rose (sir'ros), a. [See Cirrus.] (Bot.) (a) Bear- 
ing a tendril or tendrils, (b) 
Resembling a tendril or cirrus. 
[Spelt also cirrliose.] 

Cir ro-stra'tus (sir'ro-stra/- 
tus), n. [Cirrus -\- stratus.] 
{Meteor.) See under Cloud. 

Cir'rous (sir'rus), a. 1. 
(Bot.) Cirrose. 2. (Zool.) Tufted. 

II Cir'rus (sir'rus), n. ; pi. Cirri (-ri). [L., lock, curl, 
ringlet.] 1. (Bot.) A tendril or clasper. 2. (Zool.) (a) 
A soft tactile appendage as of the mantle of many Mol- 
lusca. (b) The jointed, leglike organs of cirripeds. 3. 
(Meteor.) See under Cloud. 

Cir'soid (ser'soid), a. [Gr. icipc-ds a dilated vein -\- 
-oid.] (Med.) Varicose. 

Cis- (sis). A Latin preposition, sometimes used as an 
English prefix, and signifying on this side. 

Cis-al'pine (sTs-Sl'ptn or -pin), a. [L. Cisalpinus.] 
On the hither (that is, the south) side of the Alps with 
reference to Rome. 

Cis'at-lan'tic (sTs'at-lSn'tik), a. On this side of the 
Atlantic Ocean, — that is, on the same side as the writer. 

Cis'CO (sis'ko), n. (Zool.) The Lake herring (Corego- 
nus Artedi), a valuable food fish of the Great Lakes of 
North America ; also, a related species of Lake Michigan. 

Cis-mon'tane (sis-mon'tan), a. [Pref . cis- -\- L. mons 
mountain.] On this side of the mountains. 

Cis'pa-dane' (sis'pa-daV), a. [Pref. cis- + L. Pada- 
nus pertaining to the Padus or Po.] On the hither side 
of the river Po with reference to Rome. 

Cis'SOid (sis'soid), n. [Gr. Kio-o-oeiSrjs like ivy ; /ciao-os 
ivy -)- etSosform.] (Geom.) A curve invented by Dio- 
des, for the purpose of solving the problem of trisecting 
a piano angle, and of constructing two geometrical means 
between two given straight lines. 

Cist (sist), n. [L. cista box, Gr. Kiari).] 1. (Antiq.) 
A box or chest. Specifically : (a) A bronze receptacle, 
round or oval, and frequently decorated, (b) A cinerary 
urn. 2. See Cyst. 

Cls-ter'cian (sis-ter'shan), n. (Eccl.) A monk of the 
branch of the Benedictine Order, established in 1098 at 
Citeaux (LL. Cistercium) in France, by Robert, abbot 
of Molesme. — a. Of or pertaining to the Cistercians. 

Cis'tern (sis'tern), n. [OF. cisterne, L. cisterna, fr. 
cista box, Gr. kiWtj.] A reservoir or tank for holding 
water, beer, or other liquids. [tuous. | 

Cit (sit), n. An abbreviation of Citizen ; — contemp- 1 

Cit'a-del (sit'a-del), n. [Deriv. of It. citta, E. city.] 
A fortress in or near a fortified city, intended as a final 
point of defense. 

Syn. — Stronghold. See Fortress. 

Ci'tal (si'tal), n. Citation. 

Ci-ta'tlOTi (sf-ta'shun), n. [F., fr. LL. citatio, fr. L. 
citare to cite. See Cite.] 1. An official summons or 
notice to appear ; the paper containing such summons or 
notice. 2. Act of citing the language of another, in his 
own words ; also, the passage or words quoted ; quota- 
tion. 3. Enumeration ; mention. [of a citation. I 

Ci'ta-tO-ry (si'ta-to-ry), a. Having the power or form [ 

Cite (sit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Citing.] [F. citer, fr. L. citare, intens. of cire, ciere, 
to put in motion, to excite ; akin to Gr. Kietv to go, 
Skr. ci to sharpen.] 1. To call upon officially or authori- 
tatively to appear, as before a court ; to summon. 2. To 
quote ; to repeat, as a passage from a book, or the words 



o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, Obey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final 



CITER 



155 



CLAMP 



of another. 3. To refer to or specify, as for support or 
proof. 4. {Law) To notify of a proceeding in court. 

Syn. — To quote ; mention ; name ; refer to ; adduce ; 
select ; call ; summon. See Quote. 

Cit'er (si'ter), n. One who cites. 

Citb/ern (sith'ern), n. A variant of Cittern. 

Cit'i-fled (sit'i-fid), a. [City -f -fy.~\ Aping or hav- 
ing the manners of a city. 

Citizen (sYt'I-z'n), n. [OF. citeain, fr. cite city. 
See City.] 1. A freeman of a city, as distinguished from 
a foreigner, or one not entitled to its franchises. 2. An 
inhabitant of a city ; a townsman. 3. Any person who 
owes allegiance to a government, and is entitled to recip- 
rocal protection from it. 4. One who is domiciled in a 
country, and who, though neither native nor naturalized, 
takes his legal status from such country. 

Cit'i-zen-ship, n. State of being a citizen. 

Cit'rate (sit'rat), n. (Chem.) A salt of citric acid. 

Cit'ric (sit'rlk), a. [See Citron.] {Chem.) Of, per- 
taining to, or derived from, the citron or lemon. 

Cit'rine (sit'rfn), a. Like a citron or lemon ; of a 
lemon color. — n. A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz. 

Cit'ron (sit'run), n. [F., fr. LL. citro, fr. L. citrus 
citron tree, fr. Gr. Ktrpov citron.] 1. A fruit resem- 
bling a lemon, but larger and aromatic. 2. A citron tree. 
3. A kind of muskmelon ; also, a kind of watermelon. 

Cit'tern (sit'tern), n. [AS. cytere, fr. L. cithara, Gr. 
KiQap*.~\ {Mus.) An instrument shaped like a lute, but 
strung with wire and played with a quill or plectrum ; 
— not to be confounded with zither. 

Cit'y (sit'y), n. [OF. cite, L. civitas citizenship, state, 
city, ii. civis citizen.] 1. A large town. 2. A corporate 
town, — in the United States, one governed by a mayor 
and aldermen or a city council ; in Great Britain, one 
which is or has been the seat of a bishop. 3. The inhab- 
itants of a city. 

Syn. — See Village. 

Clve (siv), n. {Bot.) Same as Chive. 

Clv'et (siv'et), n. [F. civetie, fr. LGr. frneTiov, fr. Ar. 
zubad, zabad, civet.] 1. A substance of a strong musky 
odor, obtained from the Viverra civetta. 2. {Zo'61.) The 
animal that pro- 
duces civet. It 
is carnivorous, 
from two to 
three feet long, 
and a native of 

northern Afri- l^^i^P' vflEiraL^ K ^ 
ca and of Asia. 

Civ'ic (sTv'- 
1k), a. [L.civi- 
CUS, fr. civis Civet (.Viverra civetta). 

citizen.] Relating to, or derived from, a city or citizen ; 
relating to man as a member of society, or to civil affairs. 

Civ'lcs (-iks), n. The science of civil government. 

Civ'il (srv'il), a. [L. civilis, fr. civis citizen.] 1. 
Pertaining to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations 
to his fellow citizens or to the state ; within the city or 
state. 2. Subject, or obedient to, government ; orderly. 

3. Having the manners of city folk ; urbane ; polite. 

4. {Law) Designating, or relating to, rights and remedies 
sought by action distinct from criminal proceedings. 

Civil service, service rendered to and paid for by the 
state or nation other than naval or military service. — 
Civil state, the whole body of the laity or citizens not in- 
cluded under the military, maritime, and ecclesiastical 
states. 

Ci-vil'ian (sY-vil'yan), n. 1. One skilled in, or a stu- 
dent of, the civil law. 2. One whose pursuits are those 
of civil life, not military or clerical. 

Ci-vil'i-ty (-T-t?), n. 1. Civilization. [06s.] 2. Cour- 
tesy ; politeness ; good breeding ; polite act or expression. 

Syn. — Urbanity ; affability ; complaisance. 

Civ'i-li'za-ble (siv'T-byza-b'l), a. That may be civil- 
ized. 

Civ'i-11-za'tion (sfv'i-lT-za'shun), n. Act of civiliz- 
ing, or state of being civilized. 

Civ'i-lize (siv'i-liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Civilized 
(-Hzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ciytlizing.] To reclaim from a 
savage state ; to instruct in the arts and customs of civi- 
lization. 

Syn. — To polish ; refine ; humanize. 

Civ'i-lized (siv'T-Uzd), a. Reclaimed from savage 
life and manners ; refined ; cultivated. 

Civ'i-li'zer, n. One who, or that which, civilizes. 

Civ'il-ly (sTvfl-ljr), adv. In a civil manner. 

CiV'ism (sTvTz'm), n. [Cf. F. civisme.] Citizenship. 

Clab'ber (klaVber), n. [See Bonntclabber.] Milk 
curdled so as to become thick ; loppered milk. 




Clab'ber (klaVber), v. i. To become clabber. 

Clack (klak), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Clacked (klSkt) ; 
p. pr. & v b. 7i. Clacking.] [Prob. imitative ; cf. F. 
claquer to clap, crack, D. klakken, MHG. klac crack, Ir. 
clugaim I make a noise, ring.] 1. To make, or cause to 
make, a sudden, sharp noise, or a succession of such 
noises ; to click ; to rattle. 2. To speak rapidly and 
continuously ; to speak rapidly and inconsiderately. 

Clack, n. 1. A sharp, abrupt noise, made by Htriking 
an object. 2. Anything that causes a clacking noise. 
3. Continual or importunate talk ; prattle. 

Clack valve (Maclt.), a valve; esp., one hinged at one 
edge, which closes by its own weight. 

Clack'er (-er), n. 1. One who or that which clacks ; 
esp., the clapper of a mill. 2. A claqueur. 

Clad (klad), imp. & p. p. of Clothe. 

Clad'O-phyll (klM'o-fil), n. [Gr. /cAaSos a sprout -f 
<f>vWov a leaf.] {Bot.) A special branch resembling a 
leaf, as in the apparent foliage of common smilax. 

Claim (klain), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Claimed (klamd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Claiming.] [OF. clavier, fr. L. clamare 
to cry out, call ; akin to calare to proclaim, Gr. Kakelv 
to call, Skr. kal to sound, G. holen to fetch, E. hale, v.] 
1. To ask for by virtue of authority, right, or supposed 
right ; to assert a right to ; to demand as due. 2. To 
assert ; to maintain. [Colloq.~\ 

Claim, v. i. To derive a right or title. 

Claim, n. 1. A demand of a right or supposed right, 
or of something due or supposed to be due. 2. A right 
or title upon which a demand for possession may be 
based. 3. The thing claimed ; esp. {U. S. & Australia), 
land to which any one intends to establish a right. 

Claim'a-ble (klam'a-b'l), a. Capable of being claimed. 

Claim'ant (klatn'ant), n. One who claims. 

Clair-voy'ance (klSr-voi'ans), n. [F.] A power, 
attributed to some persons, of discerning in a hypnotic 
state objects not perceptible by the normal senses. 

Clair-voy'ant (-ant), a. [F., fr. clair clear + voyant, 
p. pr. of voir to see.] Pertaining to, or having, clairvoy- 
ance. — n. One who possesses clairvoyance. 

Clam (klSm), n. [Cf. Clamp, Clam, v. t., Clammy.] 

1. {Zo'61.) A bivalve mollusk of many kinds, esp. edible 
ones. 2. pi. {Ship Carp.) Strong pinchers or forceps. 
3. pi. {Mech.) A kind of vise, usually of wood. 

Clam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clammed (klamd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Clamming.] [Cf. AS. clceman to clam, smear ; 
akin to OHG. kleimjan to defile, or E. clammy.'] To 
clog, as with glutinous or viscous matter. 

Clam, ii. Clamminess ; sticky moisture. 

Cla'mant (kla/mant), a. [L. damans, p. pr. of cla- 
mare to call.] Crying earnestly ; beseeching clamorously. 

Clam'ber (klSm'ber), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Clam- 
bered (-berd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Clambering.] [OE. clam- 
bren, clameren, to heap together, climb; akin to Icel. 
klambra to clamp, Q.klammern. Cf. Climb.] To climb 
with difficulty, or with hands and feet. Also used fig. 

Clam'ber, n. The act of clambering. 

Clam'my (-my), a. [Compar. Clammier (-mT-er) ; 
superl. Clammiest.] [Cf. AS. clam clay. See 2d Clam ; 
cf. Clay.] Viscous or adhesive ; soft and sticky ; damp 
and adhesive. — Clam'ci-ly, adv. — Clam'mi-ness. n. 

Clam'or (klSm'er), n. [F. clameur, L. clamor, fr. cla- 
mare to cry out. See Claim.] 1. A great outcry or 
vociferation. 2. Any loud and continued noise. 3. Out- 
cry of the populace. 

Syn. — Outcry ; exclamation ; noise ; uproar. 

Clam'or, v. t. [ivip. &p. p. Clamored (-erd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Clamoring.] 1. To salute loudly. 2. To utter 
loudly or repeatedly ; to shout. 

Clam'or, v. i. To make a clamor. 

Clam'or-er (klSm'er-er), n. One who clamors. 

Clam'or-OUS (klam'er-us), a. Full of clamor ; calling 
or demanding loudly or urgently ; vociferous ; noisy. — 
Clam'or-ous-ly, adv. — Clam'or-ous-ness. n. 

Clamp (klamp), n. [Cf . LG. & T>. klamp, Dan. klampe, 
also D. klampen to clasp. Cf. Clamber, Cramp.] 1. 
Something rigid that holds fast or binds things together. 

2. (a) An instrument with a screw or screws by which 
parts are temporarily held together. (6) {Joinery) A 
piece of wood placed across another, or inserted into an- 
other, to bind or strengthen. 3. One of a pair of remov- 
able pieces of soft material, as lead, to cover the jaws of 
a vise. 4. A mass of bricks heaped up to be burned, 
or of ore for roasting, or of coal for coking. 

Clamp (klSmp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clamped (klSnit ; 
215) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Clamping.] To fasten with a clamp 
or clamps ; to place in, or fasten with, a clamp. 

Clamp, n. [Prob. imitative.] A heavy footstep; a tramp. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CLAMP 



156 



CLAVICLE 



V 

; 



> 



_, (klJnip), f. i. To tread heavily or clumsily. 

Glamp'er (•&), a. A pronged Instrument of irou, which 
ed to the bod for walking upon toe. 

Clan (kiln), a, [Gael, claim offspring; akin to Ir. 
ettmn.r 1 '-"" 1 ] 1. A tribe or collection of families, united 
under a ohtaftain, and bearing the same surname. 2. A 
to el ety or body of persons ; clique ; set. 

Cl&b-des'tine (klan-dSs'tTu), a. [L. clandestinus, fr. 
clam secretly ; akin to ctlare, E. conceal.] Conducted 
reej; withdrawn from public notice, usually for 
an evil purpose; hidden; private; underhand. — Clan- 
destinely, adv. — Clan-des'tine-ness, n. 

S v n. — Hidden; secret; private; concealed; under- 
hand; sly: stealthy; surreptitious; furtive; fraudulent. 

Clang (.klSug). r. t. {imp. & p. p. Clanged (klangd) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Clanging.] [L. clangere.] To strike 
together so as to produce a ringing metallic sound. 

Clang. ''• >• To give out a clang \ to resound. 

Clang, n. A loud, ringing sound, as of pieces of metal 
struck together. [sound. I 

Clan'gor (klSn'ger), n. [L.] A sharp, harsh, ringing | 

Clan'gor-ous (-us), a. Making a clangor. 

Clank (klank), n. [Akin to clink."] The sound made 
by a collision of sonorous bodies, — usually less resonant 
than a clang, and deeper and stronger than a clink. 

Clank, v. t. &i. limp. &p. p. Clanked (klankt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Clanking.] To sound with a clank. 

Clan'nish (klan'nTsh), a. Of or pertaining to a clan ; 
closely united like a clan ; having the spirit, ways, etc., 
of members of a clan. — Clan'nish-ly, adv. — Clan'- 
nish-ness. n. 

Clan'ship. n. State of being united in, or as in, a clan. 

Clans'man (kl&nz'man), n. A fellow member of a clan. 

Clap (klap), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clapped (klapt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Clapping.] [AS. clappan; akin to G-. 
Mop/en to knock.] 1. To strike, or strike together, 
with a quick motion, so as to make a sharp noise. 2. To 
thrust, drive, put, or close, in a hasty or abrupt manner. 
3. To applaud by striking the hands together. 

Clap (kl5p), v. i. 1. To strike the hands together in 
applause. 2. To come together suddenly with noise. 

Clap, n. 1. A loud noise made by sudden collision ; a 
bang. 2. A burst of sound ; a sudden explosion. 3. 
A single, sudden act or motion ; a stroke ; a blow. 4. A 
striking of hands to express approbation. 

Clap'board (klaVbord), n. 1. A narrow board, thicker 
at one edge than at the other, — used for the outside cov- 
ering of houses. [U. S.] 2. A stave for a cask. [Eng.] 

Clap'board, v. t. To cover with clapboards. [U. S.] 

Clap'per (kipper), n. One who, or that which, claps. 

Clap'per-claw (klap'per-kla), v. t. [Clap -f- claw.] 
1. To fight and scratch. 2. To revile ; to scold. 

Clap / trap / (-trap'), n. 1. A contrivance for clapping 
in theaters. [Obs.] 2. Device to gain applause ; humbug. 

II Claque (klak), n. [F.] A collection of persons em- 
ployed to applaud at a theatrical exhibition. 

II Cla'queur' (kla/ker'), n. [F.] One of the claque. 

Clar'ence (kliJr'ens), n. A close four-wheeled . car- 
riage, with one seat inside, and a seat for the driver. 

Clar'en-ceux ) (klar'en-shu), n. {Her.) See King- 

Clar'en-cieux ) at-arms, under King. 

Clar'en-don (klar'en-dun), n. A style of type. 

[-Ir" This line is in nonpareil Clarendon. 

Clare'-Ob-SCUre' (kla"r'Sb-skur'), n. [L. clarus clear 
-f- obscurus obscure.] {Painting) Chiaroscuro. 

Clar'et (klSr'gt), n. [OF., fr. L. clarus clear. See 
Cleak.] Any of several inferior red wines ; — originally, 
in England, red wine of Medoc in France. 

Clar'i-chord (klar'T-ko'rd), n. JJF. claricorde, lit., clear 
cord.] Disused musical instrument like a spinet, [ing. I 

Clar'i-fl-ca'tion (klaVi-fT-ka'shHn), n. Act of clarify- 1 

Clar'i-fl'er (-fi'er), n. 1. That which clarifies. 2. A 
vessel in which the process of clarification is conducted. 

Clar'i-fy (klXrl-fl), v. t. &i. [imp. &p. p. Clarified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Clarifying.] [F. clarifier, fr. L. 
clarificare ; clarus clear -f facer -e to make. ] 1. To make 
or to become clear or bright by freeing from feculent 
matter ; to defecate ; to fine ; — said of liquids. 2. To 
free, or become free, from obscurities ; to brighten. 

Clar'i-net' (klarf-nSf ), n. [F. clarinette, dim. of 
clarine, from L. clarus, E. clear.] (Mus.) A wind in- 
strument blown by a single reed. It is the leading instru- 
ment of a military band. 

Clar'i-on 'kl2rT-un), n. [OF., 
f r. LL. clarisj ; so called from its 
clear tone, fr. L. clarus clear.] A 
kind of trumpet, whose note is 
clear and shrill. 



Clar'1-O-net' (klar'I-o--n6t'), n,_A clarinet. 

Cla'ro-ob-scu'ro (kla'r6-5b-skoo'ro"), n. Chiaroscuro. 

Cla'ry (kla'ry ), n. [Cf. LL. sclarea, F. sclaree.] (Bot.) 
A plant of the Sage family, used in flavoring soups. 

Clash (klSsh), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clashed (klasht); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Clashing.] [Of imitative origin.] 1. 
To make a noise by collision ; to dash noisily together. 
2. To meet in opposition ; to interfere. 

Clash, v. t. To strike noisily against or together. 

Clash, n. 1. Noise of collision ; a noisy collision. 2. 
Opposition ; contradiction, as between opposing interests. 

Clasp (klasp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clasped (klaspt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Clasping.] [Prob. akin to E. clap.] 1. 
To shut or fasten with, or as with, a clasp. 2. To grasp ; 
to embrace. 

Clasp, n. 1. An adjustable catch for holding things 
together. 2. A close embrace ; a grasp. 

Clasp knife, a large knife, the blade of which shuts into 
the handle. 

Clasp'er (klasp'er), n. One who, or that which, clasps. 

Class (klas), n. [F. classe, fr. L. classis class, collec- 
tion, fleet ; akin to Gr. kAtjotis a calling, /eaAetp to call.] 

1. A group of individuals ranked together as possessing 
common characteristics. 2. A number of students of 
the same standing, or pursuing the same studies. 3. A 
comprehensive division of animate or inanimate objects, 
subdivided into orders, families, tribes, genera, etc. 

Class, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Classed (klast) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Classing.] To arrange in, or divide into, classes ; 
to classify (the term used of scientific arrangement). 

Class, v. i. To be grouped or classed. 

Clas'sic (klas'slk), ) a. [L. classicus relating to the 

Clas'sic-al (-sT-kal), j classes of the Romans, and 
esp. to the first class ; hence, first in rank, superior.] 1. 
Of or relating to the first class or rank, esp. in literature 
or art. 2. Of or pertaining to the ancient Greeks and 
Romans, esp. to Greek or Roman authors of the highest 
rank, or to their times or their works (the classics). 3. 
Conforming to the best authority in literature and art ; 
chaste; pure; refined. 4. (Eccl.) Of or pertaining to 
a classis. 

Clas'sic, n. 1. A classic work ; a work of acknowl- 
edged excellence and authority. 2. The author of a 
classic, or a student of the classics. 

Clas'sic-al-lsm (-sT-kal-Tz'm), n. 1. A classicism. 

2. Adherence to classical canons of art. 
Clas'si-cal'i-ty (-si-kal'I-t?), j n. The quality of be- 
Clas'sic-al-ness (-sT-kal-nes), ) ing classical. 
Clas'sic-al-ly, adv. 1. In a classical manner. 2. 

According to a regular order of classes or sets. 

Clas'si-cism (-sTz'm), n. A classic idiom or expression. 

Clas'si-Cist (-sist), n. One learned in the classics; 
an advocate for the classics. [classification. | 

Clas-sific (-sif'ik), a. Characterized by classes or| 

Clas si-fi-ca'tion (-f i-ka'shun), n. Act of classifying. 

Clas'si-fi'er (klas'sT-fl'er), n. One who classifies. 

Clas'si-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Classified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Classifying.] [L. classis class -j- -fy.] 
To distribute into classes ; to arrange systematically. 

II Clas'sis (klas'sis), n. ; pi. Classes (-sez). [L. See 
Class, n.] (Eccl.) An intermediate ecclesiastical body 
or judicatory in certain churches, as the Reformed Dutch. 

Class'mate' (-mat 7 ), n. One who is in the same class. 

Clas'tic (klas'tik), a. [Gr. k\o.o-t6s broken.] 1. Per- 
taining to separable parts. 2- (Min.) Fragmental. 

Clath'rate (klSth'rat), a. [L. clathri lattice, Gr. k\tj~ 
8pa.] Shaped or marked like a lattice ; cancellate. 

Clat'ter (klSt'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clattered 
(-terd); p. pr. &vb. n. Clattering.] [AS. clatrung a 
rattle, akin to D. klateren to rattle.] 1. To make a rat- 
tling sound. 2. To talk fast and noisily. 

Clat'ter, v. t. To make a rattling noise with. 

Clat'ter, n. 1. A rattling noise. 2. Rapid, noisy talk. 

Clat'ter-er (klaVter-er), n. One who clatters. 

Clause (klaz), n. [F., fr. LL. clausa, equiv. to L. 
clausula clause, prop., close, fr. claudere to shut, to end.] 
1. A separate portion of a written paper, paragraph, or 
sentence. 2. (Gram.) A portion of a sentence contain- 
ing a subject and its predicate. 

Cla'vate (kla'vat), I a. [L. clava club.] (Bot. & 

Cla'va-ted (-va-ted), ) Zool.) Club-shaped. 

Clav'l-chord (klav'!-k6rd), n. [F. clavicorde, fr. L. 
clavis key + chorda string.] (Mus.) A keyed stringed 
instrument, now superseded by the pianoforte. 

Clav'1-Cle (-k'l), n. [F. clavicide, fr. L. clavictda a 
little key, dim. of clavis key.] (Anat.) The collar bone, 
joined at one end to the scapula, or shoulder blade, and at 
the other end to the sternum, or breastbone. 



a, c, i, o, u, long ; a, £, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CLAVICORN 



157 



CLERK 



Glav'i-corn (kl5vT-k6rn), a. [L. clava club -+- cornu 
horn.] Having club-shaped antennae. 

Cla'vi-er (kla'vl-er ; F. kla'vya'), n. [P., fr. L. clavis.] 
(Mus.) The keyboard of an organ, pianoforte, etc. 

Claw (kla), n. [AS. clawu, eld, cle6.~\ 1. A sharp, 
hooked nail," as of a beast or bird ; sometimes, the whole 
foot. 2. The pincers of a lobster, crab, etc. 3. Any- 
thing resembling the claw of an animal. 

Claw (kla), v. t. & v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clawed (klad) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Clawing.] To pull, tear, or scratch 
with, or as with, claws or nails. 

Clay (kla), n. [AS. clseg.] 1. A soft earth, which 
is plastic, consisting of hydrous silicate of aluminium. 
2. (Poetry & Script.) Earth in general, as representing 
the elementary particles of the human body ; hence, the 
human body as formed from such particles. 

Clay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clayed (klad) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Claying.] 1. To cover or manure with clay. 2. To 
clarify by filtering through clay, as sugar. 

Clay'ey (kla'y), a. Consisting of clay; abounding 
with clay ; partaking of clay ; like clay. 

Clay'more' (kla'mor'), n. [Gael, claidheamhmor ; 
claidheamh sword + mor large.] A large two-handed 
sword used formerly by the Scottish Highlanders. 

Clead'ing (kle'ding), n. [Scot., clothing. See Cloth.] 
A covering of wood, etc., as for a boiler or a shaft. 

Clean (klen), a. [Compar. Cleaner (-er) ; superl. 
Cleanest.] [AS. clsene; akin to G. klein small.] 1. 
Free from dirt or filth. 2. Free from what is useless, 
extraneous, or injurious ; being without defects. 3. Free 
from faults or defects in performance or accomplishment ; 
complete. 4. Free from moral or (Script.) ceremonial 
defilement ; pure. 5. Well-proportioned ; shapely. 

Clean, adv. Without limitation or remainder ; quite ; 
perfectly ; wholly ; entirely. 

Clean (klen), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleaned (klend) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaning.] To render clean ; to free from 
what is offensive or extraneous ; to purify ; to cleanse. 

Cleanly (klgnly), a. [Compar. Cleanlier (-li-er) ; 
superl. Cleanliest.] Habitually clean ; pure ; innocent. 
— Cleanli-ly, adv. — Cleanliness, n. 

Clean'ly (klenly), adv. In a clean manner. 

Clearness, n. State or quality of being plean. 

Cleanse (klenz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Cleansed (klenzd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cleansing.] [AS. clsensian, fr. clsene 
clean.] To render clean ; to clean. 

Cleans'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, cleanses. 

Clear (kler), a. [Compar. Clearer (-er) ; superl. 
Clearest.] [OF. cler, fr. L. clarus clear, bright, loud, 
distinct, renowned.] Free from opaqueness ; transpar- 
ent ; luminous ; unclouded. Hence, Fig. : (a) Free from 
ambiguity, indistinctness, or doubt, (b) Free from de- 
fect, blemish, stain, mixture, (e) Free from obstruc- 
tion, embarrassment, or diminution, (d) Not clouded 
with passion ; serene. 

Syn. —Manifest ; pure ; unmixed ; pellucid ; transpar- 
ent ; luminous ; obvious ; visible ; plain ; evident ; appar- 
ent; distinct; perspicuous. See Manifest. 

Clear, n. Full extent left open ; clear space. 

Clear, adv. 1. In a clear manner ; clearly ; plainly. 

2. Without limitation ; wholly ; quite ; entirely. 
Clear, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Cleared (klerd) ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. Clearing.] 1. To render clear. 2. To leap or 
pass by, or over, without touching or failure. 3. To 
gain without deduction ; to net. 4. To free from impu- 
tation of guilt ; to justify. 

To clear a vessel at the customhouse, to fulfill all condi- 
tions, and procure a permission to sail, and such papers 
as the law requires. — To clear the land (Naut.), to get 
such a distance from shore as to have sea room. 

Clear, v. i. 1. To become clear. 2. (Banking) To 
make exchanges of checks and bills, and settle balances. 

3. To obtain a clearance certificate. 

Clearance (-ans), n. 1. Act of clearing. 2. A cer- 
tificate that a vessel has been cleared at the customhouse. 
3. Net profit. 4. Intervening clear space. 

Clear'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, clears. 

Cleaning, n. 1. Act or process of making clear. 2. A 
tract of land cleared of wood, as for cultivation. 3. 
(Banking) A method of settling accounts by exchange of 
checks, bills, etc. ; also, (pi.) the gross amount so settled. 

Clearing house, the establishment where the business of 
clearing for banks is carried on. 

Clearly, adv. In a clear manner. 

Clearness, n. Quality or state of being clear. 

Syn. — Perspicuity. — Clearness has reference to ideas, 
and springs from a distinct conception of the subject 
under consideration. Perspicuity has reference to the 
mode of expressing ideas, and belongs essentially to style. 






One form of Iron Cleat 
{Xaut.). 



Clear'-slght'ed ( kler'sit'gd ) , a . Seeing or perceiving 
with clearness. — Clear'-sighted ness, n. 

Clear'starch' (-starch'), v. t. To stiffen with starch, 
and then make clear by clapping with the hands. 

Clear'sto'ry (-sto'ry), Clere / sto / ry, n. (Arch.) The 
upper story of the nave of a church, containing windows, 
and rising above the aisle roofs. 

Cleat (klet), n. [OE. dele wedge.] 1. A transverse 
strengthening o r fastening 
strip, as of wood or iron. 2. 
(Naut.) A device made of 
wood or metal, having two 
arms, around which turns may 
be taken with a line or rope so 
as to hold securely and yet be 
readily released. 

Cleat, v. t. To strengthen with a cleat. [divided. I 

Cleav'a-ble (klev'a-b'l), a. That may be cleaved or| 

Cleav'age (-aj), n. 1. Act of cleaving or splitting. 
2. Quality of splitting readily into laminae or parts ; di- 
rection of the dividing plane ; fragment made by cleaving. 

Cleave (klev), v. i. [imp. Cleaved (klevd), Clave 
(klav, Obs.) ; p. p. Cleaved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] 
[AS. cleofian; akin to G. kleben.] To adhere closely; 
to stick ; to hold fast ; to cling. Used also figuratively. 

Cleave (klev), v. t. & i. [imp. Cleft (klgft), Clave 
(Obs.), Clove (klov, Obsolescent) ; p. p. Cleft, Cleaved 
(klevd) or Cloven (klo'v'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] 
[AS. cleofan ; akin to G. klieben, and prob. to Gr. 
y\v(j>eiv to carve.] 1. To part or divide by force ; to 
split or rive. 2. To part or open naturally ; to divide. 

Cleav'er (kleVer), n. One who cleaves, or that which 
cleaves ; especially, a butcher's cutting instrument. 

Cledge (klgj), n. [Cf. Clay.] (Mining) The upper 
stratum of fuller's earth. 

Clef (klSf), n. [F., key, a key in music, fr. L. clavis 
key.] (Mus.) A character used in musical notation to 
determine the position and pitch of the scale as repre- 
sented on the staff. See C, F, and G. 

Cleft (klgft), imp. & p. p. of 2d Cleave. 

Cleft, n. [OE. clift. See Cleave to split.] 1. An 
opening made by splitting ; a crack ; a crevice. 2. A 
piece made by splitting. 3. (Far.) A crack on the bend 
of the pastern in horses. 

Syn. — Crack ; crevice ; fissure ; chink ; cranny. 

Clem'a-tis (klgm'a-tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. KAvj/xaTi's, fr. 
K\rjfj.a twig, fr. k\Sli> to break.] (Bot.) A genus of flow- 
ering, and mostly climbing, plants, with feathery styles. 

Clem'en-cy (klgm'en-sy), n. [L. dementia, fr. clemens 
mild, calm.] 1. Disposition to forgive and spare, as of- 
fenders ; mildness of temper ; tenderness ; mercy. 2. 
Mildness or softness of the elements. 

Syn. — Indulgence ; lenity ; gentleness ; kindness. 

Clem'ent (klgm'ent), a. Mild in temper and disposi- 
tion ; merciful ; compassionate. — Clem'ent-ly, adv. 

Clench (klench), n. & v. See Clinch. 

Clepe (klep), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleped (klep'gd or 
klept) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleping.] [AS. clepan, cleopian, 
clypian, to cry, call.] To call, or name. [Obs.~\ 

Clep'sy-dra (klep'sT-dra), n. [L., fr. Gr. K\€\iruSpa ; 
KKenreiv to steal, conceal + i)Swp water.] A water clock ; 
a contrivance for measuring time by the flow of a liquid. 

HClep / tO-ma , ni-a(-t6-ma , ni-a),w. [NL.] Kleptomania. 

Clere'stO'ry (kler'sto'ry), n. Same as Clearstory. 

Cler'gy (kler'jy), n. [OF. clergie (fr. clerc clerk, fr. 
L. clericus priest), confused with clergie fr. LL. dericatus 
office of priest, fr. L. clericus priest, LL. scholar, clerk. 
See Clerk.] 1. The body of ecclesiastics in the Chris- 
tian church, in distinction from the laity ; in England, 
usually restricted to the ministers of the Established 
Church. 2. The privilege or benefit of clergy. 

Benefit or clergy (Eng. Law), the exemption of clergymen 
from criminal process before a secular judge, — once a 
privilege of all who could read, but now abolished. 

Cler'gy-man (-man), n. One of the body of clergy. 

Cler'ic (klgr'ik), a. Clerical. 

Cler'ic-al (-t-kal), a. [LL. clericalis. See Clerk.] 
1. Of, pertaining to, or suitable for, the clergy. 2. Of 
or relating to a clerk or copyist, or to writing. 

Clerk (klerk; in Eng. klark), n. [Through OF. or 
AS. fr. L. clericus a priest, fr. Gr. KArjptKos belonging to 
the clergy, fr. K\fjpos lot, allotment, clergy.] 1. An 
ecclesiastic. [Obs.'] 2. A man who could read ; a 
scholar. [Obs.] 3. A lay parish officer who leads in 
reading the responses of the Episcopal church service, 
and otherwise assists in it. [Eng.] 4. One employed to 
keep records or accounts ; a scribe ; an accountant. 5. 
An assistant in a shop or store. [U.S.] 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CLERKLY 



158 



CLOD 






> 



Clerkly (klerk'lv ; in Eng. kl'ank'lj), a. Of or per- 
10 a clerk. 

Clerk'ship State, quality, or business of a clerk. 

Clev'er (fcleVSrY, 0. [Origin uncertain.] 1. Possess- 
ing quickness of intellect, skill, dexterity, talent, or 
adroitness : expert. 2. Showing skill or adroitness in 
the doer or former. 3. Having fitness, or suitableness. 
4. Well-shaped ; handsome. 5. Good-natured ; obli- 
ging. [['. £.] — Clev'er-ly, adv. — Clev'er-ness. n. 

Clev'ls (,-Ts), n. [Cf. Cleave to adhere.] A U -shaped 
piece of metal at the end of the tongue of a plow, wagon, 
etc.. to attach it to a draft chain, whiffletree, etc. 

Clew (klu)i Clue, n. [AS. cleowen, clixcen, clyice ball 
of thread : akin to G. kleuel.] 1. A ball of thread, yarn, 
or cord ; also, the thread itself. 2. That which guides 
or directs one in anything of a doubtful or intricate na- 
ture : a hint. 3. (Xaut.) (a) A lower corner of a square 
sail, or the after corner of a fore-and-aft sail. (b) A loop 
and thimbles at the corner of a sail, (c) The lines or 
nettles by which a hammock is suspended. 

Clew.V. /. [imp. & p. p. Clewed (klud) ; p. pr. & 
vb. ji. Clewing.] (Naut.) To move or draw by means of 
the ropes fastened to the clews; esp., to draw up the clews 
of a square sail to the yard. 

I' Cli Ch6' (kle'sha'), n. [¥.] A stereotype plate or 
any like reproduction of ornament, or lettering, in relief. 

Click (klik), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Clicked (klikt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Clicking.] [Prob. imitative.] To make 
or cause to make a slight, sharp noise as by a gentle 
striking ; to tick. 

Click, n. 1. A slight sharp noise. 2. A kind of 
articulation used by the natives of Southern Africa. 

Click, n. [Cf. OF. clique latch.] A detent, pawl, or 
ratchet, as to catch the cogs of a ratchet wheel. 

Cli'ent (kli'ent), n. [L. cliens, -ends, for cluens client, 
fr. L. cluere to be named or called ; akin to Gr. nkvew to 
hear, Skr. cm, and E. loud.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A citi- 
zen who put himself under the protection of a patron. 
2. A dependent. 3. (Law) One who consults a legal 
adviser, or submits his cause to his management. 

Cli'ent-age (kli'ent-aj), n. Clientele. 

Cli-en'tal (kll-en'tal), a. Of or pertaining to a client. 

Cli en-tele' (kb76n-tel' or kli'en-teT), n. 1. Client- 
ship. [Obs.] 2. A person's clients, collectively. 

Cliff (klif), 7i. [AS. clif, cleof; akin to G. klippe.] 
A high, steep rock ; a precipice. 

Cliffy (klTf'y), a. Having cliffs ; broken ; craggy. 

Clift (klift), n. [See Cleft, n.] Crack ; crotch. [06s.] 

Cli-mac'ter (klf-maVter), n. [L., fr. Gr. K\inaKTrjp, 
prop., ladder rung, fr. KAi/u.a£ ladder.] A climacteric. 

Cli-mac'ter-ic (kli-m5k'ter-Tk or kllm'Sk-tgrlk), a. 
Relating to a climacteric ; critical. 

Cli-mac'ter-ic, n. 1. A period in human life in which 
some great change is supposed to take place in the con- 
stitution. 2. Any critical period. 

Grand, or Great, climacteric, the sixty-third year of life. 

Clim'ac-ter'ic-al (kllm'ak-ter'I-kal), a. & n. Cli- 
macteric. 

Cli'mate (kli'mat), n. [F. climat, L. clima, -atis, fr. 
Gr. KAt/xa, -aros, slope, the supposed slope of the earth 
(from the equator toward the pole), hence, a region or 
zone of the earth, fr. Kkiveiv to incline, akin to E. lean, 
v. i.] 1. (Anc. Geog.) One of thirty imaginary regions 
or zones of the earth. 2. The condition of a place in re- 
lation to various phenomena of the atmosphere, as 
temperature, moisture, etc. [mate. I 

Cli mat'ic (klt-maVTk), a. Of or pertaining to cli-| 

Cli-mat'lc-al (klt-mSt'T-kal), a. Climatic. 

Cli'ma-tize (kli'ma-tiz), v. t. & i. To acclimate or 
become acclimated. 

Cli'ma-tol'o-gy (-tWt-jf), n. [Climate + -logy.] The 
science of the phenomena and causes of climates. 

Cli'max (kll'mSks), n. [L., fr. Gr. kXI/jlo^ ladder, 
staircase, fr. kKLvsiv to lean.] 1. Upward movement ; 
gradation; ascent. 2. (Rhet.) An increase in the im- 
pressiveness of each of the succeeding parts of a sentence 
or paragraph. 3. Highest point ; greatest degree. 

Climb (kllm), v. i. & t. [imp. &p.p. Climbed (klimd), 
Ob-, or Vulgar Clomb (kl5m) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Climbing.] 
[AH. cUtnban; akin to E. cleave to adhere.] 1. To 
ascend or mount laboriously, esp. by use of the hands 
and feet. 2. To ascend as if with effort. 3. (Bot.) To 
ascend by twining about a support, or by clinging by ten- 
drils, rootlets, etc. 

Climb, n. The act of one who climbs. 

Climb'a-ble fkllm'a-b'l), a. Capable of being climbed. 

Climb'er (-e"r), n. One who, or that which, climbs. 

Clime f kliui), n. [L. clima.'] A climate ; a region. 



Clinch (kliuch ; 224), v. 1. {imp. & p. pr. Clinched 
(kllncht); p. pr. & rb. n. Clinching.] [OE. clenchen, 
prop, causative of clbik to cause to clink, to strike.] 1. 
To hold firmly; to hold fast by grasping. 2. To set 
closely together. 3. To turn over the point of, so that 
it will hold fast. 4. To make conclusive ; to establish. 

Clinch, v. i. To hold fast ; to grasp one another. 

Clinch, n. 1. Act or process of holding fast ; that 
which serves to hold fast. 2. (Naut.) A peculiar hitch 
or bend of a rope. 

Clinch'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, clinches. 

Cling (klTng), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clung (klung), 
Obs. Clong ; p. pr. & vb. n. Clinging.] [AS. cli7igan 
to adhere, to wither.] To adhere closely ; to hold fast, 
esp. by entwining or embracing. [wither. [Obs.'] I 

Cling, v. t. 1. To cause to adhere to. [Obs.] 2. To| 

Cling'Stone' (-stonO, a. Having the flesh attached 
closely to the stone, as in some kinds of peaches. 

Clin'ic (klTn'Ik), n. [See Clinical.] 1. One con- 
fined to the bed by sickness. 2. (Med.) A school, or a 
session of a school or class, in which medicine or surgery 
is taught by the examination and treatment of patients in 
the presence of the pupils. 

Clin'ic-al (klin'i-kfll), Clin'ic (klin'Tk), a. [Gr. kAi- 
vikos, fr. kAiV/j bed, fr. xAtvetv to recline.] 1. Of or per- 
taining to a bed, esp. a sick bed. 2. (Med.) Of or pertain- 
ing to a clinic. 

Clink (klink), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Clinked 
(klinkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Clinking.] [Prob. of imitative 
origin.] To cause to give out a slight, sharp tinkling 
sound ; to give out such a sound. 

Clink, n. A slight, sharp, tinkling sound. 

Clink'er (klink'er), n. [From clink ; — because it is 
sonorous.] 1. A mass composed of several bricks run 
together by the fire in the kiln. 2. Scoria or vitrified 
incombustible matter ; slag. 3. A scale or oxide of iron, 
formed in forging. 4. A kind of brick. 

Clink'er-DUilt' (-bihV), a. (Naut.) Having the side 
planks (of a boat) so arranged that the lower edge of 
each overlaps the upper edge of the plank next below it. 

Clink'stone' (-ston'; 110), n. [Clink -f stone; — 
from its sonorousness.] (3tin.) An igneous rock of f eld- 
spathic composition, lamellar in structure. 

Cli-nom'e-ter (klt-nom'e-ter), n. [Gr. KAtveivtolean 
-\- -meter.] (Geol.)An. instrument for determining slopes. 

Clip (klip), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cld?ped (klipt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Clipping.] [AS. clyppan to embrace, clasp.] 

1. To embrace. [Obs.] 2. To cut off, as with shears or 
scissors. 3. To curtail ; to cut short. 

Clip (klip), v. i. To move swiftly. 

Clip, n. 1. An embrace. [065.] 2. A cutting ; a 
shearing. 3. The product of a single shearing of sheep. 
4. A holder for letters, papers, etc. 5. An embracing 
strap for holding parts together. 6. (Far.) A project- 
ing flange on the upper edge of a horseshoe. 7. A stroke 
with the hand. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Clip'per (-per), n. 1. One that clips. 2. (Naut.) A 
vessel with a sharp bow, built and rigged for fast sailing. 

Clip 'ping, n. 1. Act of cutting off, curtailing, or 
diminishing. 2. That which is clipped off or out. 

II Clique (klek), n. [F. , fr. OF. cliquier to click.] A 
set or party associated for common interests or for a 
common purpose ; — generally used in a bad sense. 

II ClO-a'ca (klo-a'ka), n. ; pi. Cloaca (-se). [L.] 1. A 
sewer. 2. A privy. 3. (Anat.) The common chamber 
into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals 
discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes. 

Cloak (klok; 110), n. [OF. cloque cloak (from the 
bell-like shape), bell ; perh. of Celtic origin and same word 
as E. clock.] 1. A kind of long, loose outer garment. 

2. That which conceals ; disguise ; pretext ; cover. 
Cloak, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Cloaked (klokt) ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. Cloaking.] To cover with, or as with, a cloak; 
hence, to hide or conceal. 

Cloak-room 7 (-room'), n. A room where cloaks, over- 
coats, etc., may be deposited for a time. 

Clock (kl5k), n. [AS. clucge bell ; akin to G. glocke ; 
perh. of Celtic origin. Cf. Cloak.] 1. A machine for 
measuring time. 2. A figure or figured work on the 
ankle or side of a stocking. 

Clock (klok), v. t. To ornament with figured work. 

Clock'work' (-wfirk 7 ), n. The machinery of a clock, 
or machinery resembling that of a clock. 

Clod (kl5d), n. [A variant of Clot.] 1. A lump or 
mass, esp. of earth, turf, or clay. 2. The ground ; a spot 
of earth or turf. 3. That which is earthy; the body. 
4. A dolt. 5. A part of the shoulder of a beef creature. 
See Illust. of Beep. 



a, e, I. o, u, long ; a, €, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CLOD 



159 



CLOUGH 



Clod (kl5d), v. i. To collect into clods ; to clot. 

Clod, v. t. To pelt with clods. 

Clod'dy (-d^), a. Consisting of clods ; full of clods. 

Clod'hop'per (-hop'per), n. A rude, rustic fellow. 

Clod'pate' (klSd'paV), n. A blockhead ; a dolt. 

Clod'pated (-pat'Sd), a. Stupid ; dull ; doltish. 

Clod'polT (-poF), n. A dolt. 

Cloff(kl8f; 115), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Formerly, 
an allowance of two pounds in every three hundred 
weight after the subtraction of tare and tret ; now, any 
small deductions from the original weight. 

Clog (klog), n. [Prob. of same origin as clay."] 1. 
That which hinders or impedes motion ; an encum- 
brance or impediment of any kind. 2. A shoe, or sandal, 
having a very thick sole. 

Clog, v. t. limp. & p. p. Clogged (klSgd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Clogging.] 1. To encumber or load, especially 
with something that impedes motion. 2. To obstruct so 
as to hinder motion in or through ; to choke up. 3. To 
trammel ; to embarrass. 

Syn. — To impede ; burden ; restrain ; restrict. 

Clog, v. i. 1. To become clogged. 2. To coalesce. 

Clog'gi-ness (-gT-nes), n. The state of being clogged. 

Clog'gy (-gy), a. Clogging, or having power to clog. 

II Cl0i / S0n-n6' (klwa/zo-na'), «• [F.] Partitioned; — 
said of enamel when the dividing lines are of metal wire 
secured to the ground ; as distinguished from champleve 
enamel, in which the ground is scooped out. 

Clois'ter (klois'ter), n. [OF. cloistre, L. claustrum, 
bar, bolt, fr. elaudere, clausum, to close.] 1. An in- 
closure. [Obs.~] 2. A covered passage or ambulatory. 
3. A monastic establishment. 

Syn. — Cloister; monastery; nunnery; convent; ab- 
bey; priory. — The distinctive idea of cloister is that of 
seclusion from the world, that of convent, community of 
living. Both terms denote houses for recluses of either 
sex. A cloister or convent for monks is called a monas- 
tery ; for nuns, a nunnery. 

Clois'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloistered (-terd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Cloistering.] To confine in, or as in, a 
cloister ; to seclude from the world ; to immure. 

Clois'ter-er (-ter-er), n. A recluse. 

Clois'tral (-tral), a. Pert, to, or confined in, a cloister. 

Cloke (klok), n. & v. Archaic variant of Cloak. 

Close (kloz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Closed (klozd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Closing.] [From OF. & F. clos, p. p. of 
clore to close, fr. L. elaudere.] 1. To stop, or fill up, as 
an opening ; to shut. 2. To bring together the parts of. 
3. To bring to an end ; to conclude ; to complete. 4. To 
inclose ; to confine. 

Close, v. i. 1. To come together; to unite or coa- 
lesce. 2. To end, or come to a period. 3. To grapple. 

Close, n. 1. Junction. [Obs.] 2. Conclusion ; cessa- 
tion ; end. 3. A grapple in wrestling. 4. (Mus.) A 
double bar marking the end. _, 

Syn.— Conclusion ; termination ; cessation ; 
end; ending; extremity; extreme. Tj 

Close (klos or kloz), n. [OF. & F. clos, prop. -H 
p. p. See Close, v. t.] 1. An inclosed place; Close 
esp.,asmall inclosed field. 2. A passage from Qfus.). 
a street to a court and the houses within. [Eng.~\ 

Close (klos), a. [Compar. Closer (klo'ser) ; superl. 
Closest.] 1. Shut fast ; closed. 2. Narrow ; confined. 
3. Oppressive ; — said of the air, weather, etc. 4. Strictly 
confined or guarded. 5. Secluded ; secret. 6. Secre- 
tive ; reticent. 7. Dense ; compact ; viscous ; tenacious. 
8- Concise ; to the point. 9. Adjoining ; near. 10. 
Short. 11. Intimate ; confidential. 12. Nearly equal ; 
almost evenly balanced. 13. Difficult to obtain. 14. 
Parsimonious ; stingy. 15. Exact ; strict. 16. Accu- 
rate ; precise ; also, attentive. 

Close communion, communion in the Lord's supper re- 
stricted to those who have received baptism by immer- 
sion. — Close corporation, a body or corporation which fills 
its own vacancies. — Close harmony (Mus.), harmony in 
which the tones of each chord are not widely distributed. 
— Close vowel (Pron.), a vowel pronounced with a dimin- 
ished aperture of the lips, or with contraction of the 
cavity of the mouth. 

Close (klos), adv. In a close manner. 

Close'-bod'ied (-bod'id), a. Fitting the body exactly. 

Close'fist ed (-f tsfSd), a. Covetous ; niggardly. 

Close'hand ed (-hand'ed), a. Covetous ; closefisted. 

Close'hauled' (-hald'), a. (Naut.) Under way and 
moving as nearly as possible toward the direction from 
which the wind blows ; — said of a sailing vessel. 

Closely, adv. In a close manner. 

Close'ness, ft. State or quality of being close. 

Clos'er (kloz'er), n. One who, or that which, closes. 

Clos'et (kloz'gt), n. [OF., dim. of clos inclosure.] 



1. A small room or apartment for retirement. 2. A 
small apartment, or recess, for dishes, clothing, etc. 

Clos'et (kl5z'6t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Closeted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Closeting.] To shut up in a closet, as for a 
secret interview. 

Clo'SUTe (klo'zhur ; 135), n. [OF., fr. L. clausura, fr. 
elaudere to shut.T 1. Act of shutting; a closing. 2. 
That which closes or shuts. 3. An inclosure. 4. (Par- 
liame?itary Practice) A method of putting an end to 
debate and securing an immediate vote upon a measure 
before a legislative body. 

Clot (klot), n. [OE. clot, clodde, clod ; cf. AS. elate 
bur.] A concretion or coagulation ; esp., a slimy, coagu- 
lated mass ; a coagulum. 

Clot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Clotting.] To coagulate or thicken ; to become a clot. 

Clot, v. t. To cause to coagulate. 

Cloth (kl5th ; 115), n. ; pi. Cloths (klSthz ; 115), except 
in the sense of garments, when it is Clothes (klothz or 
kloz). [AS. clap; akin to G. kleid.~\ 1. A fabric made 
of fibers or filaments ; commonly, a woven fabric adapted 
to be made into garments; specif., woolen fabric, as 
distinguished from all others. 2. Raiment. [Obs.~\ 
3. The distinctive dress of any profession, esp. of the 
clergy ; hence, the clergy. 

Clothe (kloth), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clothed (klothd) 
or Clad (klad) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Clothing.] 1. To put 
garments on; to dress. 2. To provide with clothes. 
3. Fig., to cover or invest, as with a garment. 

Clothe (kloth), v. i. To wear clothes. [Poetic'] 

Clothes (klothz or kloz), n. pi. 1. Covering for the 
human body ; dress ; vestments ; vesture. 2. The cover- 
ing of a bed. 

Syn.— Garments ; clothing ; apparel ; attire ; raiment ; 
garb ; habit ; habiliments. 

Clothes'pin' (klothz'pln' or kloz'pin'), n. A forked 
piece of wood, or a clamp, for fastening clothes on a line. 

Clothes'press' (-pros'), n. A receptacle for clothes. 

Cloth'ier (kloth'yer), n. One who makes or sells 
cloths or clothes ; one who dresses or fulls cloth. 

Clothing (kloth'Tng), n. Garments in general ; 
clothes ; dress ; raiment ; covering. 

ClOt'ty (klot'ty), a. Full of clots. 

II Cloture' (klo-'tur'), n. [F.] See Closure, 4. 

Cloud (kloud), n. [Prob. fr. AS. clud a rock or hill- 
ock, in allusion to the frequent rocky or hilly appear- 
ance. ] 1. A visible collection of vapor, or watery particles, 
suspended in the upper atmosphere. 

E3P* The following varieties are recognized : (a) Cirrus. 
This is the most elevated of all the forms of clouds ; is 
thin and long-drawn, sometimes looking like carded wool 
or hair, sometimes appearing in curly or fleecy patches. 
It is the cafs-tail of the sailor, and the mare's fail of 
the landsman, (b) Cumulus. This form appears in large 
masses of a hemispherical form, or nearly so, above, but 
flat below, one often piled above another. It often affords 
rain and thunder gusts, (c) Stratus. This form appears in 
layers or bands extending horizontally, (d) Nimbus. Tliis 
form is characterized by its uniform gray tint and ragged 
edges ; it covers the sky in seasons of continued rain, and 
is the proper rain cloud, (e) Cirro-cumulus. This form 
consists, like the cirrus, of thin, broken, fleecelike clouds, 
but the parts are more or less rounded and regularly 
grouped. It is popularly called mackerel sky. (/) Cirro- 
stratus. In this form the patches of cirrus coalesce in long 
strata, (g) Cumulo-stratus. A form between cumulus and 
stratus, often of a black or blueish tint at the horizon. 
2. A mass or volume of smoke, or flying dust. 3. A dark 
vein or spot on a lighter material. 4. That which has a 
dark, lowering, or threatening aspect. 5. A great mul- 
titude. 6. A large, loosely-knitted scarf, worn by women. 

Cloud (kloud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clouded; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Clouding.] 1. To overspread or hide with, or 
as with, a cloud or clouds. 2. To blacken ; to sully ; to 
tarnish. 3. To variegate with colors. 

Cloud, v. i. To grow cloudy. 

Cloud'ber/ry (-beVrjf), n. (Bot.) A raspberry, grow- 
ing in northern regions, bearing amber-colored fruit. 

Cloud'-burst' (-bfirsf), n. A sudden, copious rainfall. 

Cloud'i-ly (kloud'I-ly), adv. In a cloud}' manner. 

ClOUd'i-ness, n. The state of being cloudy. 

Cloudless, a. "Without a cloud ; clear ; bright. 

Cloud'y (kloud'y), a. [Compar. Clouddsr (-T-er) ; sth 
perl. Cloudiest.] 1. Overcast or obscured with clouds. 
2. Consisting of a cloud or clouds. 3. Confused ; ob- 
scure ; dark ; gloomy. 4. Lacking clearness, bright- 
ness, or luster. 5. Marked with veins or spots ; variegated. 

Clough (kluf), n. [OE. dough, clow. Cf. Cleft, n.] 
1. A ravine ; a narrow valley. 2. A sluice. 

Clough (kl5f ; 115), n. (Com.) Cloff. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CLOUT 



160 



COAGULATE 



V 

> 



> 



„ (kkmt), n. [AS. eUU a little cloth, piece of 
.] L A cloth ; apieif of cloth or leather ; a patch. 
2. A •waddling cloth. 3. Tlie ceuttr of a target. 4. An 
iron washer. 5. A blow. esp. one with the hand. 

Ck«t nail, a kind of large-headed, wrought-iron nail. 

Clout. ■ •'■ .'■;'• * }>■ }'■ Clouted ; p. pr. & rb. n. 

1. To cover w ith cloth, leather, or other 

material ; to bandage or mend with a clout. 2. To join 

. clumsily. 3. To guard with an iron plate. 4. 

olloq.] 5. To stud with nails. 

Clove (.blov), imp. of Cleave. Cleft. 

Clove bitch. [NauL) See under Hitch. 

Clove, n. [D. kloof. See Cleave, r. /.] A cleft : a gap. 

Clove. ". [OE. c'loic. fr. F. clou nail, clou de girofiz a 
clove, lit., nail of clove, fr. L. clarus nail, from its resem- 
blance to a nail.] A very pungent aromatic spice. — the 
unexpanded flower bud of the clove tree, a native of the 
Molucca Isles. 

Clove gillyflower. Clove pink (BoL), any fragrant self- 
colored carnatiou. 

Clove, ». [AS. clufe an ear of corn, a clove of garlic] 
(BoL ) One of the small bulbs developed in the axils of 
M of a large bulb. 

Clo'ven (klo'v'n), p. p. & a. from Cleave, r. t. 

Clo'ven-foot ed (-footed), Clo'ven-hooied (-hooff), 
a. Having the foot or hoof divided into two parts. 

Clo'ver (klo'ver), n. [AS. claefre; akin to G. Idee.'] 
(Bot.) Any one of several species of Trifolium, as the 
common red clover used for fodder, and the shamrock. 

In clover, in very pleasant circumstances. [Colloq.] 

Clown (kloun), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A man of 
coarse nature and manners ; a boor ; a rustic. 2. The 
fool or buffoon in a play, circus, etc. 

Clownish, a. Resembling, or characteristic of, a 
clown. — Clown 'ish-ly, adr. — Clown 'ish-ness, n. 

Syn. — Coarse ; rough ; clumsy ; awkward ; ungainly ; 
rude ; uncivil; ill-bred; boorish ; rustic ; untutored. 

Cloy (kloi), r. t. [imp. &p. p. Cloyed (kloid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Cloying.] [OF. doer to nail up, fr. do nail, fr. 
L. clavus.] 1. To fill or choke up. [Obs.] 2. To glut; 
to satiate ; to surfeit. 3. To pierce ; to wound. 

Club (klub), n. [Cf. Icel. klubba, klumba, club, Dan. 
Jdump lump, G. klumpen clump, kolben club, and E. 
clump.] 1. A heavy staff of wood, to be wielded with 
the hand ; a cudgel. 2. Any card of the suit of cards 
having a figure like the trefoil or clover leaf, (pi.) The 
suit of cards having such figure. 3- An association of 
persons for the promotion of some common object. 4. A 
joint charge or expense, or any person's share of it. 

Club, r. /. [imp. & p. p. Clubbed (klubd) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Clubbing.] 1. To beat with a club. 2. (MU.) To 
throw, or allow to fall, into confusion. 3. To unite, con- 
tribute, or defray by exertion in common or for a com- 
mon purpose. 

To dub a musket (Mil.), to turn the breech uppermost, 
so as to use it as a club. 

Club- r. i. To form, or act as, a club ; to combine. 

Club'f00t'(-fd6t/),n. [Club + foot.] ( Med . ) A short, 
variously distorted foot ; also, such a deformity. 

Club'fOOt'ed. a. Having a clubfoot. 

ClubTiaul' (klublial'), r. t. & i. (Xaut.) To tack by 
dropping the lee anchor as soon as the wind is out of the 
sails, and by cutting the cable as soon as the vessel pays 
off on the other tack, — only done in extreme cases. 

Club'house' (-hous'j. n. House occupied by a club. 

Club'roonV (-room' ). n. Room where a club meets. 

Cluck (kluk), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Cluceed (klukt) ; 
P- pr. & rb. n. Cluceing.] [AS. cloccian ; prob. of 
imitative origin.] To make the noise, or utter the call, 
of a brooding hen. 

Cluck, r. t. To call, as a hen does her chickens. 

Cluck, n. The call of a hen to her chickens. 

Clue iklu), n. Same as Clew. 

Clum'ber (klun/ber), n. [Named from the estate of 
the Duke of Newcastle.] 
A kind of field 
spaniel which hunts si- 

Clump fklump), n. 
[Cf. D. hlomp lump, G. 
Hump. Cf. Club.] 1. 
An unshaped pic 
mans of wood or other sub- 
*■*«*. 2. A cluster ; a 
group ; a thicket. 

Clump. \:. t. To arrange in a clump or clumps. 

Clum'sy (ktfiafry), a. [Compar. Clumsier (-zT-er) ; 
tuperl. Clumsiest.] 'OE. clumsed benumbed, fr. clum- 
*en to be benumbed. Cf. Clam.] 1. Benumbed. [Ob*.] 



2. Awkward, as if benumbed ; being without skill or 
grace ; wanting dexterity, nimbleness, or readiness ; un- 
wieldy : unhandy ; hence, ill-made, misshapen, or inap- 
propriate. — Clum'sl-ly (klum'zT-15-), adr. — cinm'Bi- 
ness. n. 
Syn. — See Awkwaed. 



Clung (.klung). imp. & p. p. of 
Clu'ni- 




Clurnber Spaniel. 



ac (.klu'nT-Sk), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of 
the reformed branch of the Benedictine Order, founded 
in 912 at Cluny (or Clugny) in France. 

Clu'pe-oid (-pe-oid), a. [L. clupea a kind of fish, NT,., 
generic name of the herring -}- -oid .] (Zo'61.) Of or per- 
taining to the Herring family. 

Clus'ter (klus'ter), n. [AS. cluster, clyster; origin 
uncertain.] A number of things of the same kind grow- 
ing or collected together ; a bunch ; a group ; a crowd. 

Clus'ter. v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Clusteeed (-terd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Clustering.] To grow in clusters ; to 
gather or unite in a cluster or clusters. [clur 

Clus'ter-y (-y), a. Growing in, or full of, or like, t 

Clutch (kluch ; 224), n. [OE. cloche, cloke. claw, also 
OE. clechf claw, clechen, cleken, to seize ; cf. AS. gelsec- 
can (where ge- is a prefix) to seize.] 1. A gripe or 
clinching with, or as with, the fingers or claws ; grasp. 
2. pi. The hands, claws, or talons, in the act of grasp- 
ing; fig., power, rapacity, or cruelty. 3. (Mach.) A 
device used for coupling shafting, etc, which may be 
disengaged at pleasure. 4. Any device for gripping an 
object. 5. (Zo'61.) A bird's nest complement of eggs. 

Clutch, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Clutched (klficht) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Clutching.] 1. To seize with the fingers or 
claws ; — often used figuratively, implying rapacity, cru- 
elty, etc. 2. To close tightly ; to clinch. [motion. I 

Clutch, v. i. To reach (at something) with a grasping | 

Clut'ter (klut'ter), n. [Cf. W. cludair heap.] 1. A con- 
fused collection ; confusion. 2. Clatter ; confused noise. 

Clut'ter, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Cluttered (-terd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Cluttering.] To crowd together in disor- 
der ; to throw into disorder ; to disarrange. 

Clut'ter, f. i. To make a confused noise ; to bustle. 

Clyp'e-ate (klip'e-at), a. [L. clypeatus, p. p., deriv. 
of clypeus shield.] Shield-shaped ; scutate ; also (Zool.) t 
furnished with a shield, or a protective shell. 

ClyS'ter (klis'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. KAvcrrrjp. fr. KAvfetv 
to wash off or out.] (Med.) A liquid injected into the 
lower intestines with a syringe ; an injection ; an enema. 

Cne'ml-al (ne'mT-al), o. [Gi.ianjfir} the tibia.] (Anat.) 
Of or pertaining to the shin bone. 

I Cni'da (ni'da), n. ; pi. Cntdje (ni'de). [NL., fr. Gr. 
kvC&t) nettle.] (Zo'61.) One of the peculiar stinging cells 
found in Coelenterata ; a nematocyst ; a lasso celL 

Co- (ko). A form of the prefix com-. See Com-. 

Coach (koch ; 224), n. [F. coche, deriv. of L. concha 
mussel, Gr. KoyxV- ak"i to Skr. cankha. Cf. Conch.] 1. 
A large, close, four-wheeled carriage, having side doors, 
and an elevated seat in front for the driver. 2. A special 
tutor for an examination ; a trainer for an athletic con- 
test. [Colloq.] 3. (Railroad) A first-class passenger car. 

Coach, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Coached (koeht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Coaching.] 1. To convey in a coach. 2. To 
prepare for an examination ; to train by special instruc- 
tion. [Colloq.] 

Coach' box' (b5ks'). The seat of a coachman. 

Coach'man (-man), n. A man whose business is to 
drive a coach or carriage. 

Co-act' (ko-Skf), »• t. [L. coactare. intens. fr. cogere, 
coactum, to force.] To force ; to compel ; to drive. [Obs.] 

Co-act', r. L [Pref. co- -J- act. v. i.] To act together. 

Co-ac'tion (ko-5k'shun), n. Force ; compulsion. 

Co-ac'tive (-tl v), a. 1. Compulsory; restrictive. 2. 
Acting in concurrence ; united in action. 

Co-ad'ju-tant (k$-ad'ju-tant), a. Mutually assisting 
or operating : helping. — n. An assistant. 

Co'ad-JU'tor(ko'5d-ju'ter), n. [L. See Co-, and Aid.] 
1. One who aids another ; an assistant. 2. (R. C. Ch.) 
The assistant of a bishop or of a beneficed priest. 

Co/ad-ven'tUT-er (-vgn'tur-er), n. A fellow adventurer. 

Co-a'gen-cy (k6-a'j?n-sj'), n. Agency in common. 

Co-a'gent -jenfc)i rt. An associate in an act. 

Co-ag'U-late (-Sg'u-lat), a. [L. coagulafus, p. p. of 
coagulare to coagulate. fr. coagulum means of coagulation, 
fr. cogere, coactum. See Cogent.] Coagulated. [Obs.] 

Co-ag'U-late (-lat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Coagu- 
lated (-la'ted) : p. pr. & rb. n. Coagulating (-1" 
To change from a liquid into a curdlike or semisolid state, 
not by evaporation but by some kind of chemical reac- 
tion ; to curdle ; to clot. 

Syn. — To thicken ; concrete : curdle ; clot ; congeal. 



a, e, L, o, u, long j a, e, I, 6, u, y, short ; 



Svent, Idea, obey, Unite, cSre, arm, ask, all, finaL 






COAGULATION 



161 



COCCUS 



Co-ag'U-la'tion (ko-ag'ti-la'shun), n. 1. Act or proc- 
ess of coagulating. 2. Substance or body formed by 
coagulating. 

Co-ag'u-la-tive (ko-Sg'u-la-tTv), a. Having the power 
to cause coagulation. [lation. I 

Co-ag'u-la'tor (-H^ter), n. That which causes coagu- 1 

Co-ag'U-lum (-luin), n. ; pi. Coagula (-la). [L.] Anv 
mass of coagulated matter, as a clot of blood. 

Coak (kok), n. {Carp.) A kind of tenon ; also, a dowel 
or pin of hard wood or iron. 

Coal (kol), n. [AS. col; akin to G. kohle.~] 1. A 
charred fragment from wood or other combustible sub- 
stance ; charcoal. 2. (Min.) A solid, combustible sub- 
stance, dug from beds or veins in the earth, and consist- 
ing, like charcoal, mainly of carbon. 

Coal field (Geol.), a region in which deposits of coal oc- 
cur. — Coal heaver, one employed to heave coal in loading 
or unloading it, esp. from ships. — Coal oil, a general name 
for mineral oils ; petroleum. — Coal tar, a thick, black, 
tarry liquid, obtained by the distillation of bituminous 
coal. — Coal works, a place where coal is dug, including 
the machinery for raising the coal. 

Goal, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Coaled (kold) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Coaling.] 1. To burn to coal. 2. To mark or de- 
lineate with charcoal. 3. To supply with coal. 

Coal, v. i. To take in coal. 

Co a-lesce' (ko'a-les'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Coalesced 
(ko'a-lSsf) ; p. pr. Scvb. n. Coalescing.] [L. coalescere, 
coalitum; co- -+■ alescere to grow up, incho. fr. alere 
to nourish. See Aliment, ra.] 1. To grow together ; to 
unite by growth into one body. 2. To unite or combine 
into one body or community. 

Syn. — See Add. 

Co a-les'cence (ko'a-lgs'sens), n. Act of coalescing. 

Co'a-les'cent (-sent), a. Growing together; coalescing. 

Coal'gOOSe' (kol'goos'), n. The cormorant. 

Coa-11'tion (ko'a-lTsh'Qn), n. [LL. coalitio. See Co- 
alesce.] 1. Act of coalescing ; union into a body or 
mass. 2. A combination, for temporary purposes, of 
persons, parties, or states, having different interests. 

Syn. — Alliance ; confederation ; confederacy ; league ; 
combination ; conjunction ; conspiracy ; union. 

Coal'-me'ter (kol'me'ter), n. An official coal measurer. 

Coal'pit' (-pitf), n. 1. A pit where coal is dug. 2. 
A place where charcoal is made. [U. £.] 

Coal'-Whip'per (-hwip/per), n. One who raises coal 
out of the hold of a ship. [Eng.~\ 

Coal'y (-y), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, coal. 

Coam'ings (kom'Tngz), n. pi. [Cf. Comb a crest.] 
(Naut.) The raised edges around a hatchway, skylight, 
etc., to prevent water from running below. 

Co'ap-ta'tion (ko/ap-ta'shun), n. [L. coaptalio, fr. 
coaptare. See Co- and Aptate.] Adjustment of parts 
to each other. 

Co-arc/tate (ko-axk'tat), a. [L. coarctatus, p. p. of 
coarctare to press together.] Pressed together ; closely 
connected ; — in Zo'dl. applied to insects having the abdo- 
men separated from the thorax only by a constriction. 

Coarse (kors), a. [Compar. Coarser (-er) ; superl. 
Coarsest.] [Formerly also course, or cours ; perh. fr. 
of course, in the common manner of proceeding, com- 
mon, and hence, homely, plain, rude, rough, gross.] 1. 
Large in bulk, or composed of large parts or particles ; 
not fine in material or close in texture. 2. Not refined ; 
not cultivated in manners or expression ; rude ; unpol- 
ished ; indelicate. — Coarse'ly , adv. — Coarse'ness, n. 

Syn. — Large ; thick ; rude ; rough ; gross ; blunt ; un- 
couth ; unpolished ; inelegant ; indelicate ; vulgar. 

Coast (kost), n. [OF. coste, L. costa rib, side.] 1. 
Frontier of a country. [Obs.~\ 2. Seashore, or land near it. 

Coast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Coasting.] 1. To draw or keep near. [Obs.~\ 2. To 
sail by or near the shore. 3. To sail from port to port in 
the same country. 4. [Cf. OF. coste hillside.] To slide 
down hill. [Local, U. 5.] 

Coast, v. t. 1. To draw near to ; to keep by the side of. 
[Obs.~] 2. To sail by or near ; to follow the coast line of . 

Coast'al (-a\), a. Of or pertaining to a coast. 

Coast'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, coasts ; esp. , 
a vessel employed in trade between ports along a coast. 

Coast'wlse' (-y}\z'),adv. By way of, or along, the coast. 

Coat (kot ; 110), n. [OF. cote petticoat, LL. cota, cotta, 
tunic, prob. of German origin.] 1. An outer garment 
fitting the upper part of the body; esp., one worn by 
men. 2. The habit or vesture of an order of men ; cloth. 
3. An external covering like a garment, as fur, wool, 
husk, or bark ; hence, a covering. 4. A layer ; a tegument. 

Coat of arms (Her.), a translation of F. cotte cfarmes, a 
light garment worn over the armor in the 15th and 16th 



centuries, and often charged with heraldic bearings. 
Hence, an heraldic achievement; a person's bearings, 
taken together.— Coat card, a card bearing a coated figure. 

Coat (kot), v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Coated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Coating.] To cover with a coat. 

Coat-ee' (kot-e'), n. A coat with short flaps. 

Co-a'ti (ko-U'te or ko-a'tT), n. [From native name.] 
{Zo'dl.) A mammal of tropical America, allied to the rac- 
coon, but with a longer body, tail, and nose. 

Coat'lng (kot'ing), n. 1. A coat or covering ; a cov- . 
ering or protecting layer. 2. Cloth for coats. 

Coatless (kot'lgs), a. Not having a coat. 

Coax (koks ; 110), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Coaxed (kokst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Coaxing.] [Cf. OE. cokes dupe, W. coeg 
foolish ; F. coquin rogue.] To persuade by gentle, in- 
sinuating courtesy, flattering, or fondling. 

Syn. — To wheedle ; cajole ; flatter ; persuade ; entice. 

Coax'er (koks^er), n. One who coaxes. 

Cob (kob), n. [Cf. AS. cop, copp, head, top, D. kop, 
G. kopf, kuppe, LL. cuppa cup ; also, W. cob tuft, spider, 
cop top, summit.] 1. Top or head. [06*.] 2. The 
axis on which the kernels of maize grow. [u. £.] 3. 
(Zo'dl.) A spider. 4. (Zo'dl.) A young herring. 5. A 
short-legged and stout horse, esp. one used for the sad- 
dle. [Eng.~\ 6. A sea mew or gull. 7. A lump or 
piece of anything. 

Cob money , a kind of rudely coined gold and silver money 
of Spanish South America in the eighteenth century. 

Co'balt (ko'bolt ; 74), n. [G. koball, prob. fr. kobold 
goblin, MHG. koboll.} 1. (Chem.) A tough, lustrous, 
reddish white metal of the iron group, somewhat mag- 
netic. 2. In commerce, a crude arsenic used as fly poison. 

Co-balt'ic (k6-bol'tik ; 74), a. ( Chem. ) Pertaining to, 
derived from, or containing, cobalt. See -ic. 

Co-balt'OUS (ko-b51'tus), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, 
derived from, or containing, cobalt. See -ous. 

Cob'ble (kob'b'l), n. A fishing boat. See Coble. 

Cob'ble, n. [From Cob a lump.] A cobblestone. 

Cob'ble (kob'b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbled (-b'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cobbling (-bling).] [OF. cobler, copier, 
to join, L. copulare. See Couple.] To make or mend 
coarsely ; to patch ; to botch. 

Cob'bler (-bier), n. 1. A mender of shoes. 2. A 
clumsy workman. 3. Sherry cobbler. See under Sherry. 

Cob'ble-stone' (-b'l-ston'), n. A large pebble or small 
bowlder. [crabeater. I 

Co'bi-a (ko'bT-a), n. A large oceanic fish, also called | 

Co'ble (kob''l), n. [AS. cuopel.'] A flat-floored fish- 
ing boat with a lug sail, and a drop rudder. 

Cob'nut' (kob'nuf), n. 1. (Com.) A variety of the 
hazelnut. 2. A game played by children with nuts. 

Co'bra, n. The cobra de capello ; also, the haje. 

II Co'bra de ca-pel'lo (ko'bra da 
ka-pel'lo). [Pg., serpent of the 
hood.] (Zo'dl. ) A hooded and highly 
venomous serpent inhabiting India. 

Cob'web' (kob'wgbO, n. [Cob a 
spider -j- web.~\ 1. The network or 
web of a spider. 2. A snare. 3. 
That which is flimsy and worthless. 

Cob'work' (kob'wfirk/), a. Built 
of logs, etc., laid horizontally, with 
the ends dovetailed at the corners. 

Co'ca (ko'ka), n. [Sp., fr. native 
name.] The dried leaf of a South 
American shrub. 

Coc-agne' (kok-an'), n. [F. cp- 
cagne, pays de cocagne ; of uncertain 
origin.] 1. An imaginary country 
of idleness and luxury. 2. The land 
of cockneys ; — applied to London and its suburbs. 

Co'ca-ine (ko'ka-Tn), n. (Chem.) A powerful alka- 
loid, obtained from the leaves of coca. It produces local 
insensibility to pain. 

Coc-cif'er-OUS (kok-sTFer-us), a. [L. coccum a berry 
-f- -ferous.~\ Bearing or producing berries ; bacciferous. 

Coc'CO-lith (k5k'ko-lTth), n. [Gr. kokko? seed + -Jttft.] 
(Biol.) One of a kind of minute, calcareous bodies, prob- 
ably vegetable, often abundant in deep-sea mud. 

Coc'CO-sphere (k5k'ko-sfer), n. [Gr. kokko? seed -f 
E. sphere.] (Biol.) A small, rounded, marine organism, 
capable of breaking up into coccoliths. 

|| COC'CU-IUS In'di-CUS (kSkHiu-lus Tn'di-kus). [NL. 
cocculus (dim. of L. coccum kermes berry) -f- L. Indicus 
of India.] (Bot.) The narcotic berry of a climbing plant 
of the East Indies. 

II Coc'cus (kgk'kus), n.; pi. Cocci (-si). [NL., fr. 
Gr. ko/ocos grain, seed. See Cochineal.] 1. (Bot.) One 




Head of Cobra de 
Capello. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
*11 



M 



COCCYGEAL 



162 



COCOON 



of the separable carpels of a dry fruit. 2. (Biol.) A form 
of bacteria, shaped like a globule. 

Coc'cyx (kSk'sTks), n. / pi. -cyges (-sl'jez). [L., 
cuckoo. Gr. kokkv£ cuckoo, coccyx.] (Anat.) The beak- 
like, lower end of the vertebral column in man and tail- 
less monkeys. — Coc-cyg'e-al (k5k-s!j'e-«l), a. 

Coch'i-neal (k5ch'I-uel), n. [Sp. cochimUa, prob. 
deriv. of Gr. kokkos berry, esp. the kerines insect, used 
to dye scarlet, and formerly supposed to be a seed.] A 
dyestuff consisting of the dried bodies of females of an 
insect native in Mexico, Central America, etc. 

Cochle-a (k5k'le-a), n. [L., snail shell, Gr. (coxAias 
a snail.] {Ana/.) An appendage of the labyrinth of the 
internal ear. See Ear. 

Coch'le-a-ry (k5k'le-a-r^), a. Same as Cochleate. 

Coch'le-ate (-at% la. [See Cochlea.] Shaped 

Cochle-a'ted (-a'te'd), ) like a snail shell ; spiral. 

Cock (kok), n. [AS. coc ; of unknown origin.] 1. The 
male of birds, particularly of gallinaceous or domestic 
fowls. 2. A weathercock. 3. A chief man ; a leader. 
[Humorous] 4. Cockcrow. [06s.] 5. A faucet or 
valve. 6. The style or gnomon of a dial. 7. The in- 
dicator of a balance. 

Cock and bull story, an extravagant story ; a canard. — 
Cock of the walk, a chief or master ; the hero of the hour. 

Cock (kok), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cocked (kSkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Cocking.] 1. To set erect ; to turn up ; also, 
to turn or set obliquely. 2. To shape, as a hat, by turn- 
ing up the brim. 

Cocked hat, a hat with large, stiff flaps turned up to a 
peaked crown, thus making its form triangular. 

Cock, v. i. To strut ; to swagger ; to look big. 

Cock, n. The act of cocking ; also, the turn so given. 

Cock, n. [It. cocca notch of an arrow.] 1. The notch 
of an arrow or crossbow. 2. The hammer in the lock of 
a firearm. 3. The position of the hammer of a firearm 
when raised and ready for firing. 

Cock, r. t. To draw the hammer of (a firearm) fully 
back and set it for firing. Also used intransitively. 

Cock, n. [Cf. Icel. kbkkr lump, Dan. kok heap, or E. 
cock to set erect.] A small conical pile of hay. 

Cock, v. t. To put into cocks or heaps, as hay. 

Cock, n. [OF. coque, L. concha mussel shell, a ves- 
sel.] A small boat. 

Cock-ade' (kok-ad'), n. [F. cocarde, fr. coquard vain, 
fr. coq cock ; prob. imitative.] A badge, usually in the 
form of a rosette, or knot, and generally worn on the hat ; 
— so named from its resemblance to the crest of a cock. 

Cock'a-teel (kok'a-tel), n. An Australian parrot. 

Cock'a-tOO' (kok / a-tob / ), n. [Malayan 
kakalua.] (Zool.) A bird of the Parrot 
family, having the head ornamented with 
an erectile crest. 

Cock'a-trice (-trls), n. [OF. cocatrice 
crocodile, from same source as E. croco- 
dile, but confused with cock the 
bird, whence arose the fable that the 
animal was produced from a cock's 
egg.] 1. A fabulous serpent 
whose breath and look were 
said to be fatal. See Basilisk. 
2. (Script.) A venomous ser- 
pent, not identified. 

CockTlill' (kok'bil'), v. t. 
[See Cock to set erect.] 
(Navt.) To tilt up almost 
vertically. 

Cockboat' (-botO, n. A 

Cock'chaf/erC-cha'fer),^. Pi nk Cockatoo (Plictolophus 
[See 2d Chafer.] (Zool.) Leadbeateri). 

A kind of beetle ;— called also May bug, chafer, or 
dorbeetle. 

Cock'crow' (-kro 7 ), ) n. The time at which cocks first 

Cock'crow'ing, I crow ; the early morning. 

Cock'er (kSk'er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cockered (-erd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cockering.] [OE. cokeren; origin un- 
certain.] To fondle ; to indulge ; to pamper. 

Cock'er, n. [From 1st Cock.] 1. One given to cock- 
fighting. [06s.] 2. (Zool.) A small spaniel, used for 
starting up woodcocks, etc. 

Cock'er, n. [OE. coker quiver, boot, AS. cocer quiver ; 
akin to G. kocher quiver. Cf. Quiver (for arrows).] A 
rustic high shoe or half-boot. [065.] 

Cock'er-el (-€1), n. A young cock. 

Cock'et, n . A customhouse seal ; a certificate showing 
that goods have been entered and the duty paid ; also, 
an office where goods for export are entered. [Eng.] 





Cock'eye' (k5k'I'), n. [From Cock to turn up.] A 
squinting eye. 

Cock'fighr (kSk'fif ), «■ A match of gamecocks. 

Cock'fight ing, n. Practice of pitting game-cocks. 

Cock'horse' (-hoW), n. A child's rocking-horse. 

Cock'lng, n. Cockfighting. 

CoCkle (k5k'k'l), n. [OE. cockes, AS. ssecoccas sea 
cockles, prob. from Celtic] 1. (Zool.) 
Any one of several species of bivalve mol- 
lusks, with radiating ribs, esp. an edible 
species of Cardium. 2. A cockleshell. 

Cockle hat, a hat ornamented with a 
cockleshell, the badge of a pilgrim. — 
Cockle stairs, winding stairs. 

Coc'kle. v. t. & i. [imp. &p.p. Cockled 
( -k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cockling 
(-kling).] [Of uncertain origin.] To Cockle (2). 
contract into wrinkles or ridges ; to pucker. 

Coclde, ft. [AS. coccel, cocel ; origin uncertain.] 
(Bot.) (a) A plant or weed that grows among grain ; the 
corn rose. (6) The darnel. 

Cocllle-bur' (kok'k'1-bfir), n. (Bot.) A coarse com- 
posite weed having a rough or prickly fruit. 

Coc'kler (-kler), n. One who takes and sells cockles. 

Coc'kle-Shell' (-k'l-skgl'), n. 1. One of the shells or 
valves of a cockle. 2. A light boat. 

Cock'loft' (kokloft' ; 115), n. [Prop., a loft where 
cocks roost.] An upper loft ; a garret. 

Cock'match' (-maW), n. A cockfight. 

Cock'ney (kok'ny), n. ; pi. Cockneys (-ntz). [OE. 
cokenay a spoiled child, effeminate person ; sometimes, 
apparently, a young cock. Cf. Cocagne, Cock.] 1. An 
effeminate person ; a spoilt child. 2. A native or resi- 
dent of London ; — used contemptuously. 

Cock'ney, a. Of, or relating to, or like, cockneys.^ 

Cock'ney-dom (kok'nT-dum), n. The region or home 
of cockneys ; cockneys, collectively. 

Gock'ney-ism (kok'nl-Iz'm), n. The characteristics, 
manners, or dialect, of a cockney. 

Cock'pit/ (kok'pttf), n. 1. An area for cockfights. 
2. (Naut.) (a) That part of a war vessel appropriated to 
the wounded, (b) In yachts, a space lower than the 
rest of the deck, leading to the cabin. 

Cock'roach (-roch'), n. [Sp. cucaracha.~\ (Zool.) An 
insect of several species, having a long flatfish body and 
large thin wing cases. It infests houses and ships. 

Cocks'comb' (koks'kom'), n. [1st cock, n. + comb 
crest.] 1. See Coxcomb. 2. (Bot.) A plant of many 
varieties, cultivated for its broad, fantastic spikes of 
brilliant flowers. 

Cock'shut (k5k'shut'), n. A kind of net spread (at 
nightfall) to catch woodcock. [Obs.~\ 

Cock'shy' (kok'shl'), n. A game in which objects 
(orig. cocks) are thrown at ; also, an object thrown at. 

Cock'spur' (kok'spfir'), n. (Bot.) A variety of haw- 
thorn having long, straight thorns. 

Cock'sure (-shur'), a. 1. Perfectly safe. [06s.] 
2. Quite certain. [Colloq.~\ 

Cock'swain (kok'swan, colloq. kok's'n), n. [Cock a 
boat -f- swain. 1 The steersman of a boat ; a petty of- 
ficer who has charge of a boat and its crew. 

Cock'tail' (-taF), n. 1. A beverage made of brandy, 
whisk}', or gin, iced, flavored, and sweetened. [U. £.] 
2. (Stock Breeding) A horse not of entirely pure breed. 

Co'CO (ko'ko), n., or Co'co palm (pam'). See Cocoa. 

Co'coa (ko'ko), n. ) [Sp. & Pg. coco cocoanut, in 

Co'coa palm' (pam'). J Sp. also, cocoa palm ; origin 
uncertain.] (Bot.) A palm tree pro- 
ducing the cocoanut. It grows in 
nearly all tropical countries, attain- 
ing a height of sixty to eighty feet. 

Co'coa,". [Corrupted fr. cacao.] 
A preparation from the seeds of the 
chocolate tree, used in making a bev- 
erage ; also, the beverage made from 
cocoa or cocoa shells. See Cacao. 

Co / COa-nut / (-nut'), n. The nut 
of the cocoa palm. 

Co-COOn' (ko-koon'), n. [F. cocon, 
dim. of coque shell of eggs and in- 
sects, fr. L. concha. See Conch.] 

1. The oblong case in which the silk- 
worm chrysalis lies, and from which 
the silk of commerce is prepared. 

2. (Zool.) The case constructed by 
any insect to contain its larva or 
pupa, or by a spider or worm for its 0& p a i m 
eggs. 




a, e, i, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, H, f, short ; sen&te, 5 vent, tdea, 6 bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



COCTILE 



163 



COG 



Coc'tlle (k5k'tTl), a. [L. coclilis, fr. coquere. See 
Cook.] Made by baking, or exposing to heat, as a brick. 

Coc'tion (-shun), n. Act of boiling. 

Cod (kSd), n. [AS. codd small bag ; cf. W. cod bag.] 
1. A husk ; a pod ; as, a peascod. [Eng.~\ 2. The scrotum. 

Cod, n. [Cf. G. gadde, and (in Heligoland) gadden, 
L. gadus merlangus.] {Zool.) A common food fish, 
taken on the northern coasts of Europe and America. 




Cod (Gadus morrfiua). 

HCo'da (koMa), n. [It., tail, fr. L. cauda.] {Mus.) 
A few measures added at the natural ending of a piece. 

Cod'dle (kod'd'l), v. t. [imp. ,& p. p. Coddled (-d'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Coddling (-dling).] [Cf. Prov. E. caddie 
to coax, spoil, fondle, and Cade, a.] 1. To parboil, or 
soften by boiling. 2. To treat with excessive tender- 
ness ; to pamper. 

Code (kod), n. [F., fr. L. codex stem of a tree, 
wooden writing tablet; hence, book.] 1. A body of 
law systematically compiled ; a digest. 2. Any system 
of rules or regulations. 

HCo-det'ta (ko-det'ta), n. [It., little tail.] {Mus.) 
A short independent passage connecting two sections. 

|| Co'dex (ko'deks), n. ; pi. Codices (kod'T-sez). [L. 
See Code.] 1. A book ; a manuscript. 2. A code. 

Cod'fish/ (kod'fish'), n. {Zool.) Same as Cod. 

Codg'er (koj'er), n. [Cf. Cadger.] 1. A miser or 
mean person. 2. A singular or odd person. [Colloq.~\ 

Cod'i-cil (kod'i-sil), n. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex. 
See Code.] {Law) A clause added to a will. 

Co di-fi-ca'tion (ko'di-f I-ka/shun or kod'T-), n. The 
act, process, or result of codifying. 

Co'di-fy (ko'dl-fi or kod'i-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
CoDiFrED (-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Codifying.] [Code + 
-J'y.~\ To reduce to a code, as laws. 

Cod'lin (kSd'lin), \ n. [Cf. AS. codseppel a quince.] 

Cod'ling (-ling), ) 1. An apple fit to stew or coddle. 
2. An immature apple. 

Co-ed'U-ca'tion (ko-ed'u-ka'shun ; 135), n. An edu- 
cating together, as of persons of different sexes or races. 

Co ef-fi'cient (ko'gf-fTsh'ent), a. Cooperating ; acting 
together to produce an effect. — Co ef-fi'cient-ly , adv. 

Co 7 ef-fi'cient, n. 1. That which acts with something 
else to produce an effect. 2. {Math.) A number or letter 
put before a letter or quantity to show how many times 
the latter is to be taken. 3. {Physics) A number, com- 
monly used in computation as a factor, expressing the 
amount of some change or effect under certain fixed con- 
ditions as to temperature, length, volume, etc. 

Coe'hom (ko'h6m), n. [From its inventor, Baron 
Coehorn.'] {Mil.) A small portable bronze mortar. 

II Coe-len'te-ra (se-len'te-ra), or || Coe-len te-ra'ta (st- 
len'te-ra'ta), n. pi. [NL. , f r. Gr. koiAo? hollow + evrepa 
intestines.] {Zool.) A comprehensive group of Inverte- 
brata, mostly marine, comprising the Anthozoa, Hydro- 
zoa, and Ctenophora. The name implies that the stom- 
ach and body cavities are one. 

Coe-len'ter-ate (se-len'ter-at), a. {Zool.) Belonging 
to the Ccelentera. — n. One of the Coelentera. 

Cce'li-ac, Ce'li-ac (se'lY-ak), a. [L. coeliacus, Gr. 
KoiAicucds, fr. KoiAia belly, fr. koiAos hollow.] Relating 
to the abdomen, or to the cavity of the abdomen. 

Coel o-sper'mous (sel'o-speVmiis or se'lo-), a. [Gr. 
koiAos hollow -f- o-7re'pju.a seed.] {Bot.) Having the ven- 
tral face of the seedlike carpels incurved at the ends. 

II Cce'lum (se'lum), n. [NL. , f r. Gr. /coiAw/xa a hollow. ] 
{Anat.) The space between the walls of the body and the 
inclosed viscera ; the body cavity. 

Co-emp'tion (ko-emp'shun ; 215), n. [L. coemptio, 
fr. coemere to buy up.] The act of buying the whole of 
any commodity, [is!.] 

Cce-nog'a-my (se-nog'a-my), n. [Gr. KOivoyifxia ; 
koivos common ~\- yajuos marriage.] The state of a com- 
munity which permits promiscuous sexual intercourse. 

II Cce-Hu'rus (-nu'rus), n. [NL. ; Gr. koivos common 
+ ovpd tail.] {Zool.) Larval stage of a tapeworm. 

Co-e'qual (ko-e'kwal), a. Equal, as in rank or power. 

Co'e-qual'i-ty (ko/e-kwol'i-ty), n. The state or qual- 
ity of being coequal. 



[imp. & p. p. Coerced (ko- 
Coebcing.] t L - coercere ; co- -f- 



Co-erce' (k*-ers'), v. t. 
erst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

arcere to shut up. See Ark.] 1. To restrain by force ; 
to repress ; to curb. 2. To compel or constrain to any 
action. 3. To require or enforce by constraint. 

Syn. — To compel ; force. — To compel denotes to 
urge on by force which cannot be resisted. Coerce had 
at first only the negative sense of checking or restraining 
by force. It has now gained a positive sense, viz., that of 
driving a person into the performance of some act which 
is required of him by another. Coercion is usually accom- 
plished by indirect means, as threats and intimidation. 

Co-er'ci-ble (ko-er'sT-b'l), a. That may be coerced. 

Co-er'cion (-shun), n. Act or process of coercing. 

Co-er'cive (-stv), a. Serving or intended to coerce. — 
Co-er'cive-ly, adv. — Co-er'cive ness, n. 

Co'es-sen'tial (ko'gs-sen'sh^l), «. Partaking of the 
same essence. — Co'es-sen'tial-ly. adv. 

Co'es-sen'ti-al'i-ty (-shl-ai'l-ty or -sh5l'i-ty ; 106), n. 
Participation of the same essence. [establishment. I 

Co es-tab'lish-ment (ko'Ss-taVlTsh-ment), n. Joint | 

Co'e-ta'ne-OUS (ko'e-ta'ne-us), a. [L. coaetaneus ; co- 
+ aetas age.] Beginning to exist at the same time. 

CCe-ter'nal (ko'e-ter'nal), a. Equally eternal. 

Co'e-ter'ni-ty (-nT-ty), n. Equal eternity. 

Co-e'val (ko-e'val), a. [L. coaevus ; co- -f- aevum 
age.] Being of the same age ; existing equally long. — 
n. One of the same age ; a contemporary. 

Co'ex-ist' (ko'egz-isf), v. i. To exist simultaneously. 

Co'ex-ist'ence (-ens), n. Existence at the same time 
with another ; — contemporary existence. 

Co ex-ist'ent (-ent), a. Existing at the same time 
with another. — n. That which coexists with another. 

Co extend' (ko'eks-tend'), v. t. To extend equally. 

Co'ex-ten'sion (-ten'shun), n. Equal extension. 

Co'ex-ten'sive (-siv), a. Equally extensive. 

Coffee (kof'fe ; 115), n. [Turk, qahveh, Ar. qahuah 
wine, coffee, a decoction of berries. Cf. Cafe.] 1. The 
"beans" or "berries" (py- 
renes) obtained from the drupes 
of a small evergreen tree, grow- 
ing in tropical countries. 2. 
The coffee tree. 3. The bever- 
age made from the roasted and 
ground berry. 

Coffee-house' (-hous'), n. 
A house of entertainment, sup- 
plying coffee and other refresh- 
ments. 

Coffee-pot' (-pot'), n. A 
covered pot in which coffee is 
prepared, or is brought upon 
the table for drinking. 

Coffer (kof'fer; 115), n. 
[OF. cofre, L. cophinus basket, 
fr.Gr.Kd* r? . Cf Coffin,,,] Coffee: ^owenn, franca 

1. A casket or chest ; esp., one 

used for keeping money. 2. {Arch.) A deeply-recessed 
panel; a caisson. 3. {Fort.) A trench across a dry 
moat, to enable the besieged to defend it by a raking fire. 
4. The chamber of a canal lock ; also, a caisson or a 
cofferdam. [coffers. I 

Coffer, v. t. To put into, or furnish with, a coffer or | 
Coffer-dam' (-dam'), n. A water-tight inclosure, as of 
piles packed with clay, from which the water is pumped 
to expose the bottom (of a river, etc.) and permit the 
laying of foundations, building of piers, etc. 

Coffin (kof'fin ; 115), n. [OE., a basket, receptacle, 
OF. cofin, fr. L. cophinus. See Coffer, ?;.] 1. The 
case in which a dead human body is inclosed for burial. 

2. A casing, crust, or mold of pastry. 3. {Far.) The 
hollow crust or hoof of a horse's foot. 

Coffin bone, the foot bone of the horse and allied ani- 
mals. — Coffin joint, the joint next above the coffin bone. 

Coffin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coffined (-find) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Coffining.] To inclose in, or as in, a coffin. 

Cof fie (kof'f'l ; 115), n. [Ar. kafala caravan.] A 
gang of negro slaves being driven to market. 

Cog (kog), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cogged (k5gd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Cogging.] [Cf. "W. coegio to make void, to de- 
ceive, fr. coeg empty, vain.] 1. To seduce, or draw 
away ; to wheedle ; to cheat, [i?.] 2. To obtrude by 
falsehood or deception ; to palm off. [i2.] 

Cog (kog), v. i. To deceive ; to cheat ; to play false. 

Cog, n. [Cf. Sw. kugge orW. cocos, pi.] 1. {3fech.) 
A tooth, cam, or catch for imparting or receiving motion, 
as on a gear wheel ; orig., a piece set into a mortise in 
the face of a wheel. 2. {Carp.) {a) A kind of tenon on 
the end of a joist. (6) A coak. 




H 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, riyde, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



COG 



164 



COLD 



(Jog (kfig). r. /. To furnish with a cog or cogs. [boat. I 

Cog. n.' [Oil coiiat: Of. Oth Cock.] A small fishing | 

Co'gen-cy (ko'.iPn-sy), n. Quality of being cogent. 

Cogent (ko'jSut), a. [L. cogens, p. pr. of cogere to 
force; co- + unetr to drive.] 1. Physically forceful ; 
powerful. [Ofiijf.] 2. Having the power to compel con- 
viction or move the will ; constraining. — Co'gent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Forcible ; powerful ; potent ; urgent ; strong ; 
peraasrte; convincing; conclusive; influential. 

Cog'gle (ki5g'g'l), n. [See Cog small boat.] A kind 
of small fishing boat. 

Cog'i-ta-ble (k5j'I-ta-b'l), a. Capable of being thought 
or conceived of ; conceivable ; thinkable. 

Cog'i-tate (k5j'T-tat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cogitated 
(-ta'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cogitating.] [L. cogitare, p. 
p. -atus, to reflect upon, prob. fr. co- -f- the root of aio I 
say; hence, prop., to discuss with one's self.] To en- 
gage in continuous thought ; to think. 

Cog'i-tate, v. t. To think over ; to plan. 

Cog'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of thinking ; thought ; 
meditation ; contemplation. 

Cog'i-ta-tive (koj'T-ta-tiv), a. Of or pertaining to 
cogitation ; given to thought or contemplation. 

Cognac' (kon'yak'), n. [F.] A kind of French 
brandy, so called from the town of Cognac. 

Cog'nate (k5g'nat), a. [L. cognatus ; co- -f- gnatus, 
natus, p. p. of nasci, anciently gnasci, to be born.] 

1. Allied by blood ; kindred by birth ; specif. {Laiv), 
related on the mother's side. 2. Of the same or a simi- 
lar nature ; proceeding from the same stock or root ; 
allied ; kindred. — Cog'nate-ness, n. 

Cog'nate, n. A cognate person or thing. 

Cog-na'tion (kog-na'shun), n. State or quality of be- 
ing cognate. 

Cog-ni'tion (kog-nish'un), n. [L. cogniiio, fr. cognos- 
ces, cognitum, to become acquainted with, to know ; co- 
+ noscere, gnoscere, to get a knowledge of.] 1. Act of 
knowing ; knowledge ; perception. 2. Thing known. 

Cog'ni-tive (kog'nT-tiv), a. Knowing, or apprehend- 
ing by the understanding. 

Cog'ni-za-ble (kog'nT-za-b'l or kbn'-), a. [F. con- 
naissable, deriv. of L. cognoscere.~\ 1. Capable of being 
known or apprehended. 2. Capable of being judicially 
heard and determined. — Cog'ni-za-bly, adv. 

Cog'ni-zance (kog'm-zans or k5n'i-zans), n. 1. Ap- 
prehension by the understanding ; perception ; observa- 
tion. 2. Recollection; recognition. 3. {Law) (a) 
Jurisdiction. (6) The hearing a matter judicially, (c) 
An acknowledgment or confession, as of a fine of lands 
and tenements. [Eng.~\ '4. The distinguishing mark 
worn by an armed knight, and by his retainers and fol- 
lowers; hence, in general, a badge worn by a retainer 
or dependent. [edge. I 

Cog'ni-zant (-zant), a. Having cognizance or knowl-| 

Cog'nize (kog'nlz), v. t. To know ; to recognize. 

Cog ni-zee' (kog'nT-ze' or kon'-), n. {Law) One to 
whom a fine of land was acknowledged. [Eng.~\ 

Cog'ni-zor' (-z&r'), n. {Law) One who acknowledged 
the right of the plaintiff or cognizee in a fine. [Eng.~\ 

Cog-no/men (kog-no'mSn), n. [L. ; co- + {g)nomen 
name.] 1. The last of the three names of a person 
among the ancient Romans, denoting his house or family. 

2. {Eng. Law) A surname. 

Cog-nos'ci-ble (k5g-nos'sT-b'l), a. Cognizable. — 
Cog-nos'ci-bil'i-ty (kog-nos'si-bTl'i-t^), n. 

Cog'wheel' (-hwel'), n. A wheel with cogs or teeth. 

Co hab'it (ko-hSb'it), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Cohabited ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cohabiting.] [L. cohabitare ; co- -f- 
habitare to dwell, freq. of habere to have.] 1. To in- 
habit or reside in company, or in the same place or 
country. 2. To live together as husband and wife. 

Co-hab'it-ant (ko-hXbTt-ant), n. One who dwells 
with another, or in the same place or country. [ing. I 

Co-hab'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act or state of cohabit- 1 

Co-heir' (ko-3r'), n. A joint heir. 

Co-helr'ess (-8s), n. A joint heiress. 

Co-here' (ko-her'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cohebed 
(-herd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Coheeing (-her'Tng).] [L. co- 
haerere, cohaesum ; co- -\- haerere to stick, adhere. See 
Aghast, «.] 1. To stick together ; to hold fast, as parts 
of the same mass. 2. To be logically dependent, con- 
nected, or consistent. 3. To suit ; to agree. [Obs.~\ 

Syn. — To cleave; unite; adhere; fit; be consistent. 

Co-her'ence (ko-her'^ns), \ n. Act, state, or quality 

Co-her'en-cy (-en-sy), J of cohering; state or 
quality of being coherent. 

Co-her'ent (kfi-her'ent), a. 1. Sticking together ; 
cleaving. 2. Composed of mutually dependent parts ; 



making a logical whole. 3. Logically consistent; — 
said of persons. — Co-her'ent-ly (k6-her'ent-ly), adv. 

Co-he'si-ble (ko-he'sT-b'l), a. Capable of cohesion. 

Co-he'sion (ko-he'zhiin), n. Act or state of cohering ; 
specif. {Physics), that form of attraction by which the 
particles of a body are united throughout the mass, 
whether like or unlike. 

Co-he'slve (ko-he'siv), a. Cohering or sticking to- 
gether ; tending to cohere ; also, causing cohesion. — Co- 
he'sive-ly, adv. — Co-he'sive-ness, n. 

Co'hort (ko'hSrt), n. [L. cohors, prop., an inclosure. 
See Court, tc.] 1. {Rom. Antiq.) A body of about 500 
or 600 soldiers ; the tenth part of a legion. 2. Any band 
or body of warriors. 3. {Bot.) A natural group of orders 
of plants, less comprehensive than a class. 

Coif (koif), n. [OF. coife, LL. cofea, cuphia, fr. OHG. 
kuppa, kuppha, miter.] A cap, — of various forms. 

Coifed (koift), a. Wearing a coif. 

Coiffure (koif'fur), n. [F.] A headdress, or manner 
of dressing the hair. 

Colgne (koin), n. [See Coin, ».] A quoin. 

Coil (koil), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. CorLED (koild) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Codling.] [OF. coillir to gather together, L. 
colligere; col- + legere to gather. See Legend.] To 
wind cyblndrically or spirally ; to form in a coil ; to wind. 

Coil, n. A ring, series of rings, or spiral. 

Coil, n. [Of Celtic origin.] Noise, tumult, or confu- 
sion. [ObsJ] 

Coin (koin), n. [F. coin, formerly also coing, wedge, 
stamp, corner, L. cuneus wedge ; prob. akin to E. cone, 
hone.~] 1. A quoin ; a corner ; a wedge. 2. A piece of 
metal stamped and made legally current as money by 
government authority. 3. That which serves for pay- 
ment or recompense. 

Coin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coined (koind) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Coining.] 1. To convert into coins, as a mass of 
metal ; to stamp as money ; to mint. 2. To make or 
fabricate ; to invent ; to originate. 

Coin 'age (koin'Sj), n. 1. Act or process of coining 
anything. 2. Coins, collectively. 3. Cost or expense of 
coining money. 

Goln-clde' (ko'Tn-sId'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Coincided 
(-sld'Sd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Coinciding.] [L. co--\-incidere 
to fall on; in -f- cadere to fall. See Chance.] 1. To 
occupy the same place in space, as two equal triangles. 

2. To occur at the same time ; to be contemporaneous. 

3. To correspond exactly ; to agree ; to concur. 
Co-ln'cl-dence (ko-in'sT-dens), n. Act, condition, or 

quality of coinciding. 

Co-in'ci-dent (ko-Tn'sT-dent), a. That coincides ; oc- 
cupying the same place ; contemporaneous ; concurrent. 
— Co-in'ci-dent-ly, adv. [terf eiter. I 

Coin'er (koin'er), n. One who coins ; specif., a coun- 1 

Coir (koir), n. [Tamil kayiru.] The prepared fiber of 
cocoanut husks ; also, something, as cordage, made of it. 

Co-i'tion (ko-ish'un), n. [L. coitio, fr. coire to come 
together ; co- -j- ire to go.] Sexual intercourse. 

Coke (kok), n. [Perh. akin to cake, n.] Mineral coal 
charred, or deprived of its volatile matter by heat. 

Coke, v. t. To convert into coke. 

Co'ker-nut / (ko'ker-nut'), n. {Com.) The cocoanut. 

Col- (k51-). See Com-. 

Co-la'bor-er (ko-la'ber-er), n. An associate in labor. 

Col'an-der (kul'an-der), n. [L. colans, -antis, p. pr. 
of colore to strain, fr. colum a strainer.] A kind of 
strainer for liquids, vegetable pulp, etc. 

Col'CO-thar (kSl'ko-ther), n. [From Ar. qolqotar.'] 
{Chem.) Polishing rouge ; crocus. 

Cold (k51d), a. [Compar. Colder (-er) ; superl. Cold- 
est.] [AS. cold, ceald ; akin to G. kalt, L. gelu frost. 
Orig. p. p. of AS. calan to be cold.] 1. Deprived of 
heat, or having a low temperature ; not warm or hot ; 
frigid. 2. Lacking the sensation of warmth ; chilly ; 
shivering. 3. Wanting in ardor, zeal, or passion ; spirit- 
less ; reserved. 4. {Paint. ) Having a bluish effect. 

Cold chisel, a chisel of peculiar strength and hardness, 
for cutting cold metal. — In 
cold blood, without excitement 
or passion ; deliberately. — To 
give one the cold shoulder, to Cold Chisel, 

treat one with neglect. 

Syn. — Gelid; bleak; frigid; chill; indifferent ; un- 
concerned ; passionless ; reserved ; unfeeling ; stoical. 

Cold, n. 1. Relative absence of heat or warmth. 2. 
The sensation produced by the escape of heat ; chilliness 
or dullness. 3. {Med.) A morbid condition produced by 
exposure to cold or dampness ; a catarrh. 

Cold sore (Med % ), a vesicular eruption about the mouth 
resulting from a cold, or a disease attended with fever. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



COLD-BLOODED 



165 



COLLIGATE 



Cold'-blood ed (kold'bliid'gd), a. 1. Having cold 
blood. 2. Deficient in sensibility or feeling. 

Coldly, adv. In a cold manner ; without warmth. 

Cold'ness. n. The state or quality of being cold. 

Cold'-short' (kold'shSrf), a. Brittle when cold. 

Cole (kol), n. [AS. cawl, cawel, fr. L. caulis stalk, 
esp. of a cabbage.] (Bot.) A plant of the Cabbage genus, 
esp. rape and coleseed. 

Cole'mouse 7 (-mous'), n. (Zool.) See Colettt. 

Cole-op'ter (ko / le-5p'ter), 7i. (Zool.) One of the 
Coleoptera. 

II Co le-op'te-ra (ko v le-op / te-ra), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
KoAeon-Tepos sheath-winged ; *oAed? sheath -(- nrepov 
wing.] (Zool.) An order of insects (mostly known as 
beetles and weevils) having the anterior pair of wings 
(elytra) hard and horny, and serving as coverings for the 
posterior, membranous pair. 

Cole-op'ter-al (ko / le-op / ter-al), ) a. (Zool.) Having 

Cole-op'ter-OUS (-le-op'ter-iis), J wings covered with 
a case or sheath ; belonging to the Coleoptera. 

Cole'slaw' (kol'sla/), n. [D. kool slaa cabbage salad.] 
A salad made of sliced cabbage. 

Cole'tit' or Coal'tit' (kol'tif), n. (Zool.) A small 
European titmouse (Parus ater) of a black color. 

II Cole-US (kole-us), n. [NL., fr-. Gr. icoAeds a sheath.] 
(Bot.) A plant of several species of the Mint family, cul- 
tivated for its bright-colored or variegated leaves. 

Cole'wort' (kol'wfirt'), n. [AS. cawlwyrt ; cawl cole 
+ wyrt wort.] 1. A variety of cabbage which never 
forms a compact head. 2. Any white cabbage before the 
head has become firm. 

Col'lc (k5Fik), n. [F. colique, fr. L. colicus sick with 
the colic, Gr. kwAucos, fr. ku>\ov, koAov, the colon.] (Med.) 
A severe paroxysmal pain in the abdomen, due to spasm, 
obstruction, or distention of some one of the hollow vis- 
cera, as the colon. 

Colic, a. Of or pertaining to colic, or the colon. 

Col'lck-y (-Tk-^), a. Pertaining to, or having, colic. 

Colic-root' (kol'Tk-robt'), n. A bitter American herb 
(Aletris farinosa and A. aurea) of the Bloodwort family, 
with small yellow or white flowers in a long spike. 

Col'in (kSl'Tn), n. [P.] (Zool.) The bobwhite. 

Col i-se'um (kol'T-se'uin), n. [NL., deriv. of L. colos- 
sus a colossus.] The amphitheater of Vespasian at Rome, 
the largest in the world. 

Col-lab'O-ra tor (kol-lab'o-ra'ter), n. [L. collaborare 
to labor together.] A coworker, esp. in literary or 
scientific labor. 

Col-lapse' (kol-laps'), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Collapsed 
(-lapsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Collapsing.] [L. collapsus, 
p. p. of collabi to collapse ; col- -f- labi to fall, slide.] . 1. 
To fall together suddenly ; to give way and come together, 
as under pressure. 2. Hence, to fail suddenly and com- 
pletely. 

Col-lapse / (k51-laps'), n. Act of collapsing. 

Collar (kol'ler), n. [OF. colier, fr. col neck, L. col- 
lum.~\ 1. Something worn round the neck. 2. A ring, 
cincture, or band. 3. (Mech.) A ring or round flange 
used for various purposes, as for restraining motion within 
given limits. 4. (Naut.) An eye in the bight or bend of 
a shroud or stay to go over the masthead ; also, a rope to 
which certain parts of rigging are secured. 

Collar beam (Arch.), a horizontal piece of timber con- 
necting and tying together two opposite rafters. 

Collar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collabed (-lerd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Collaring.] 1. To seize by the collar. 2. To 
put a collar on. 

Collar bone' (bon'). (Anat.) The clavicle. 

Collards (kol'lerdz), n. pi. A corruption of Cole- 
woet. [Collog. Southern U. S.~\ 

Col-late' (kol-laf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Collating.] [From Collation.] 1. To 
compare critically, as books or manuscripts. 2. To 
gather and place in order. 3. (Eccl.) To present and 
institute in a benefice, the one presenting being both 
patron and ordinary. 

Col-lat'er-al (kSl-la't'er-al), a. [LL. collateral ; col- 
+ lateralis, E. lateral.] 1. Coming from, being on, or 
directed toward, the side ; indirect ; subordinate ; addi- 
tional. 2. (Genealogy) Descending from the same stock 
or ancestor, but not one directly or remotely from the 
other. — Col-lat'er-al-ly, adv. — Col-lat'er-al-ness. n. 

Collateral security, security for the performance of cove- 
nants, or the payment of money, besides the principal 
security. 

Col-lat'er-al (kol-lSfer-al), n. 1. A collateral rela- 
tive. 2. Collateral security. 

Col-la'tion (kSl-la'shun), n. [OF. collacion speech, 



conference, reflection, fr. L. collatio a bringing together, 
comparing, fr. collatum ; col- -\- latum. See Toleuate.] 

1. The act of bringing together and comparing ; compar- 
ison. 2. (Eccl. Law) The presentation of a clergyman 
to a benefice by a bishop, who has it in his own gift. 3. 
A light repast or luncheon. [held by collation. I 

Col-la'tlve (kSl-la'tlv), a. (Eccl. Law) Passing or| 

Col-la'tor (-ter), n. One who collates. 

Colleague (k51'leg), n. [F. collegue, L. collega one 
chosen at the same time with another ; col- + legare to 
send as deputy. See Legate.] A partner or associate 
in some civil or ecclesiastical office or employment. 

Syn.— Assistant; coadjutor; ally; associate; companion. 

Col-lect' (k51-16kt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Collecting.] [L. colligere, p. p. -lectus; 
col- -f- legere to gather.] 1. To gather into one body or 
place ; to bring together. 2. To demand and obtain 
payment of, as a debt. 3. To infer from observed facts ; 
to conclude. [Archaic] 

To collect one's self, to recover from surprise, embar- 
rassment, or fear ; to regain self-control. 

Syn. — To assemble ; congregate ; amass ; deduce. 

Col-lect', v. i. To assemble together ; to gather. 

Collect, n. A short, comprehensive prayer, adapted 
to a particular occasion, and forming part of a liturgy. 

II CoPlec-ta'ne-a (k51'lgk-ta'ne-a), n. pi. [Neut. pi. 
from L. collectaneus collected.] Passages selected from 
various authors ; miscellany ; anthology. 

Col-lect'ed (kol-lekt/ed), a. 1. Gathered together. 

2. Self-possessed ; composed. — Col-lect'ed-ly, adv. — 
Col-lect'ed-ness, n. 

Col-lect'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. Capable of being collected. 

Col-lec'tion (kol-lek'shun), n. 1. Act or process of 
collecting. 2. That which is collected. 

Syn. — Gathering ; assembly ; assemblage ; group ; 
crowd ; congregation ; mass ; heap ; compilation. 

Col-lect'ive (kol-lek'tiv), a. 1. Formed by gathering 
or collecting; congregated or aggregated. 2. (Gram.) 
Expressing a collection or aggregate of individuals by a 
singular form. 3. Tending to collect. — Col-lectlve-ly, 
adv. — Col-lect'ive-ness, n. 

Col-lect'ive, n. (Gram.) A collective noun or name. 

Col-lect'or (-ter), n. One who collects something. 

Col-lect'or-ate (-at), n. The district or office of a col- 
lector of customs or taxes ; a collectorship. 

Col-lect'or-ship, n. The office of collectorate. 

College (kol'lej), ?i. [F. college, L. collegium, fr. col- 
lega colleague. See Colleague.] 1. A body or society 
of persons engaged in common pursuits, or having com- 
mon duties, interests, and privileges. 2. A society of 
scholars or friends of learning incorporated for study or 
instruction, esp. in the higher branches of knowledge. 

3. A building, or number of buildings, used by a college. 
Col-le'gl-an (kol-le'jT-an), n. A member of a college. 
Col-le'gi-ate (kol-le'ji-at), a. Of or pertaining to a 

college. — 7i. A member of a college. 

Collet (kollgt), n. [F., dim. fr. L. coUum neck.] 1. 
A small collar. 2. (Jewelry) (a) The part of a ring con- 
taining the bezel. (6) The flat table at the base of a 
brilliant. 

Colley (kolly), n. A collie. 

Col-lide' (kol-lid'), v. i. [L. collidere, collisum; col- 
4- laedere to strike. See Lesion.] To strike or dash 
against each other ; to come into collision ; to clash. 

Collie (kol'ljf), n. [Gael, cuilean whelp, puppy, dog.] 
(Zool.) The 




Bough-haired Collie. 
A vessel employed in the coal trade. 
Collier-y (-f ), n. The place where coal is dug. 
Colli-gate (kollT-gat), r. /. [imp. & p. p. Colliga- 
ted; p. pr. & vb. n. Colligating.] [L. colligare, p. p. 
-atus; col- -f Ugare to bind.] 1. To bind together. 2. 
(Logic) To sum up in a single proposition, or under one 
conception. 
Colli-gate, a. Bound together. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out,' oil, cnair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



COLLIGATION 



166 



COLTISHNESS 



Col li-ga'tion (kol'lT-ga'shun), n. Act or process of 
ooUig»ting. 

Colli-mate (kSl'lT-nuit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Com- 
mated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Collimating.] [See Collima- 
tiox.] (Physics St Astron.) To reader parallel. 

Col li-ma'tion (koi'lT-nia'sh&n), n. [From a false 
reading (colli mare) for L. collineare to direct in a straight 
line; vol- -r Unea line.] Act or process of collmiatiug. 

Col'll-ina tor (,-ter), n. 1. {Astron.) A telescope used 
to determine errors of collimation. 2. {Optics) A tube 
or lens for producing a beam of parallel rays. 

Col-lln'gual (k5MTn'gwfll), a. Having, or pertaining 
to. tlie same language. 

Col'li-quate (kol'li-kwat), v. t. & i. [Pref. col- -f L. 
liquare, liquatum, to melt.] To liquefy ; to melt. 

Col-liq ue-f action (kSl-Kk/wS-faVshuu), n. [L. col- 
liquefavtus melted.] A liquefaction or melting together. 

Col-li'sion (k51-lizh'un), n. [See Collide.] 1. Act 
of striking together ; a violent meeting. 2. A state of 
opposition ; interference. 

Syn. — Conflict; clashing ; encounter; opposition. 

Col'lo-cate (k51'lo-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collo- 
cated (-ka'tecl) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Collocating.] [L. col- 
locare, p. p. -atus. See Couch.] To set or place ; to 
station. 

Col lo-ca'tion (kSl'lo-ka'shun), n. Act of placing; 
state of being placed with something else ; arrangement. 

Col lo-cu'tion (-ku'shun), n. [L. collocutio, fr. col- 
loqui to converse ; col- + loqui to speak.] A speaking 
together; conference. 

Col-lo'di-on (k51-lo'di-on), n. [Gr. koAAwSijj like glue ; 
ko AAa glue -f e * s °5 form.] {Chem.) A very adhesive so- 
lution of gun cotton in ether, used to cover wounds, but 
chiefly as a vehicle for the sensitive film in photography. 

Collogue' (-log'), v. i. [Cf. Collocdtion, and Dia- 
logue.] To confer secretly; to converse. [Archaic or 
Colloq.] 

Colloid (kolloid), a. [Gr. koAAo. glue + -oid.~\ Re- 
sembling glue or jelly ; gelatinous. 

Col'lop (kol'liip), n. [Of uncertain origin.] 1. A 
small slice of meat or flesh. 2. A part or piece of anything. 

Col-lo'qui-al (kol-lo'kwi-al), a. [See Colloquy.] Per- 
taining to, or used in, conversation ; informal ; not lite- 
rary. — Col-lo'qui-al-ly, adv. 

Col-lo'qui-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. A colloquial expression. 

Col'lo-quist (-lo-kwist), n. A speaker in a colloquy. 

Col'lo-quy (-kwy), n. [L. colloquium. See Collocu- 
tion.] 1. Mutual discourse of two or more persons; 
conversation ; dialogue. 2. A designation of rank in 
collegiate scholarship. [U. S.] 

Collude' (kol-lud'), v. i. limp. & p. p. Colluded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Colluding.] [L. colludere, -lusum; col- 
-f- ludere to play.] To have secretly a joint part or share 
in an action ; to conspire ; to act in concert. 

Col-lu'sion (koi-lu'zhun), n. A secret agreement and 
cooperation for a fraud or deceit ; connivance. 

Col-lu'sive (-siv), a. Characterized by collusion. — 
Col-lu'sive-ly, adv. — Col-lu'sive-ness, n. 

Col-lu'so-ry (-s6-r^), a. Collusive. 

Colly (kol'ly), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Collied (-lid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Collying.] [See Coal.] To blacken, as 
if with coal smut ; to begrime. [Archaic'] 

Col'O-cynth (kol'6-sinth), n. [L. colocynthis, Gr. 
ko\okwOC<;.] {Med.) The light spongy pulp of the fruit 
of the bitter cucumber. It is a powerful cathartic. 

Cologne' (ko-lon'), n. [Originally made in Cologne.'] 
A perfumed liquid composed of alcohol and certain aro- 
matic oils, used in the toilet. 

Colon (ko'lon), n. [L., fr. Gr. ku>\ov, k6\ou.] 1. 
{Anat.) The largest of the intestines. 2. {Gram.) A 
point or character [:], used to separate parts of a sentence 
that are complete in themselves and nearly independent. 

Colo'nel (kfir'nel), n. [F., through It. fr. L. columna 
column.] {Mil.) The chief officer of a regiment; an 
officer ranking next below a brigadier general. 

Colo'nel-cy (kfir'nel-s^), n. {Mil.) The office, rank, 
or commission of a colonel. 

Colo'nel-ship, n. Colonelcy. [colony. 1 

Co-lo'ni-al (ko-lo'nT-al), a. Of or pertaining to a| 

Col'o-nist (k51'6-nTst), n. A member or inhabitant 
of a colony. [or state of being colonized. I 

Col'o-ni-za'tion (-m-za'shun), n. Act of colonizing, j 

Col'o-ni-za'tion-ist, n. A friend to colonization, esp. 
( U. 8. Hint.) to the colonization of Africa by emigrants 
from the colored population of the United States. 

Col'o-nize (k5l'6-nlz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Colonized 
(-nizd; ! '!'■ pr. & vb. n. Colonizing.] To establish a 
colony or colonies in ; to migrate to and settle in. 



Col'O-nize (k51'6"-nlz), v. i. To remove to or make a 
colony. 

Col on-nade' (k51'5n-nad'), n. [F., fr. It. colonnata, 
fr. colonna, L. columna, column.] {Arch.) A series or 
range of columns placed at regular intervals. 

Col'O-ny (k5Ko-n^), n. [L. colonia, fr. colonus farmer, 
fr. colere to cultivate, dwell.] 1. A company of people 
transplanted to a remote province or country, and re- 
maining subject to the parent state. 2. The place 
colonized ; settlement. 

Col'o-phon (kSl'6-f5n), n. [L., finishing stroke, Gr. 
koAo^hoi/.] An inscription, monogram, or cipher, con- 
taining the place and date of publication, printer's name, 
etc., formerly placed on the last page of a book. 

Col'O-pho'ny (kSl'S-fS'ny or kS-lBFS-ny), n. [Gr. 
Ko\o(pwpCa rosin, — from Colophon in Ionia.] Rosin. 

Col o quin'ti-da (kSl'o-kwin'tT-da), n. Colocynth. 

Col'or (kul'er), n. [OF. color, colour, L. color.] 1. A 
property depending on the relations of light to the eye, 
by which differences in the hues and tints of objects are 
apprehended in vision. 2. Any hue distinguished from 
white or black. 3. That which is used to give color ; a 
paint; a pigment. 4. That which conceals the real 
character of anything ; semblance ; disguise. 5. Variety 
of character ; kind ; species. 6. A distinguishing badge, 
as a flag (usually in the pi.). 7. {Law) Apparent right. 

Complementary color, one of two colors so related to each 
other that when blended together they produce white 
light. — Primary colors, those developed from the solar 
beam by the prism, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, 
indigo, and violet, which are reduced by some authors to 
three fundamental colors,— red, green, and violet-blue. 

Col'or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colored (-erd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Coloring.] 1. To change the hue or tint of, by 
dyeing, staining, painting, etc. ; to dye ; to tinge ; to 
paint ; to stain. 2. To give a false appearance to ; esp., 
to give a specious appearance to ; to palliate or excuse. 

Col'or, v. i. To acquire color ; specifically, to blush. 

Col'or-a-ble (kul'er-a-b'l), a. Specious ; plausible. — 
Col'or-a-ble-ness, n. — Col'or-a-bly, adv. 

Col o-ra'do bee'tle (kol'o-ra'do- be't'l). {Zool.) A 
yellowish beetle very destructive to the potato plant. 

Col'or-a'tion (kul'er-a'shun), n. The act or art of 
coloring ; the state of being colored. 

Col'or-a-ture (-a-tur; 135), n. {Mus.) Vocal music 
colored, as it were, by florid ornaments, runs, etc. 

Col'or-blind' (-blind'), a. Affected with Daltonism. 

Col'ored (kul'erd), a. 1. Having color ; dyed ; painted. 
2. Specious ; plausible ; adorned. 3. Of some other 
color than black or white. 4. {Ethnol.) Of some other 
color than white ; — specifically applied to negroes. 5. 
{Bot.) Of some other color than green. 

Col'or-if'ic (kul'er-Tf'Tk), a. [L. color color -{-facere 
to make.] Capable of communicating color. 

Col'or-ist, n. An artist who excels in the use of colors. 

Col'or-less, a. 1. Without color ; not distinguished 
by any hue. 2. Free from partiality or peculiarity. 

Co-lOS'sal (ko-los'sal), a. [See Colossus.] Of enor- 
mous size ; gigantic ; huge. 

Col'OS-se'um (kol'os-se'um), n. [Neut., fr. L. colos- 
seus gigantic] Same as Coliseum. 

Co-los'SUS (ko-lSs'sus), n. ; pi. L. Colossi (-si), E. 
Colossuses (-sus-ez). [L., fr. Gr. koAoo-o-os.] 1. A statue 
of gigantic size ; — especially applied to certain famous 
statues in antiquity. 2. Any animal of gigantic size. 

II Co-lOS'trum (ko-los'trum), n. [L.,biestings.] {Med.) 
The first milk secreted after delivery ; biestings. 

Co-lot'O-my (ko-lot'o-my), n. [Gr. koAov colon -f- 
-tomy.] {Surg.) An operation for opening the colon. 

Col'our (kul'er), n. See Color. 

Colp (kolp), n. A collop. 

Col'por'tage (kol'por'taj), n. [F.] The distribution 
of religious books, tracts, etc., by colporteurs. 

Col'por'ter (k51'por'ter), n. Same as Colporteur. 

Col'por'teur, n. [F., fr. colporter to carry on one's 
neck; col neck -f- porter to carry.] A hawker; specif., 
one who peddles religious tracts and books. 

Col'Staff' (kol'staf), n. [F. col neck + E. staff.] A 
staff by means of which a burden is borne by two persons. 

Colt (kolt ; 110), n. [AS. coll ; cf . dial. Sw. kullt boy.] 
1. The young of the horse kind. 2. A young, foolish 
fellow. [befool. [Obs.] I 

Colt, v. t. 1. To horse ; to get with young. 2. To | 

Col'ter (kol'ter), n. [AS. culler, fr. L. culter plow- 
share, knife.] A cutter attached to the plow beam to 
cut the sward. 

Colt'ish (kolt'Tsh), a. Like a colt ; wanton ; frisky. 
— Colt'ish-ly, adv. — Colt'ish-ness. n. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, $vent,idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



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167 



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ColtS'fOOt' (kolts'foof), n. {Bot.) A perennial herb 
Sometimes employed in medicine. 

Col'u-brlne (k51'u-brin), a. [L. colubrinus, fr. coluber 
serpent.] Like a snake ; cunning ; crafty. 

II Co-lu'go (ko-16o'go),». (Zool.)A. peculiar East Indian 
mammal, also called jiying lemur. 

Col'um-ba-ry (k5l'um-ba-ry), n. 
[L. columbarium, fr. columba a 
dove.] A dovecote ; a pigeon bouse. 

Co-lum'bl-ad (ko-lum'bT-Sd), n. 
[FromColumbia the United States.] 
{Mil.) A form of long seacoast 
cannon. [Niobic. 

Co-lum'bic (-bik), a. {Chem.) 

Corum-bine (k51'um-bin), a. 
[L. columbinus, fr. columba dove.] 
Of or pert, to a dove ; dove-like. 

Corum-bine, n. {Bot.) A plant 
of several species, having beaklike 
spurs on its flowers, whence possi- 
bly its name. 

Cq-lum'bi-um (ko-lum'bl-um), 
n. [NL., fr. Columbia America.] 
{Chem.) A rare element of the va- 
nadium group ; niobium. 

Col u-mel'la (kol' u-mel'la), n. [L., dim. of columen 
column.] {Nat. Hist.) Columnlike part ; axis ; pillar. 

Col'umn (kol'vim), n. [L. columna, fr. columen, 
culmen, fr. cellere (used only in comp.), akin toE. excel.'] 
1. {Arch.) A kind of pillar ; a cylindrical or polygonal 




Colugo (Galeopithe- 
cus volans). 




Roman-Doric Column. 
1 Fillet ; 2 Cyma recta; 3 Corona ; 4 Ovolo ; 5 Cavetto ; 6 Up- 
per Fascia ; 7 Lower Fascia ; 8 Abacus ; 9 Ovolo ; 10 Gor- 
gerin, or Neck ; 11 Astragal ; 12 Fillet, or Reglet ; 13 Torus ; 
14 Plinth ; 15 Surbase ; 16 Base. 

support for a roof, ceiling, statue, etc., usually composed 
of base, shaft, and capital. 2. Anything resembling, in 
form or position, a column in architecture. 3. {Mil.) {a) 
A body of troops formed in ranks, one behind the other ; 
— contradistinguished from line. {b) A small army. 4. 
{Naut.) A number of ships so arranged as to follow one 
another. 5. {Print.) A perpendicular set of lines, not 
extending across the page. 

Co-lum'nar (ko-liim'ner), a. Formed in columns ; 
having the form of a column or columns. 

Col'umned (kol'umd), a. Having columns. 

Co-lure' (ko-lur'), n. [F., fr. L. coluri, pi., fr. Gr. 




I KoAoupos dock-tailed ; koAos docked -f- ovpi tail. So 
I named because a part is always beneath the horizon.] 
{Astron. & Geog.) One of two great circles intersecting 
at right angles in the poles of the equator. 

Coly (koly), n. [Prob. fr. Gr. xoAeos a kind of wood- 
pecker.] Any bird of 
the genus Coitus and al- 
lied genera. They in- 
habit Africa. 

Col'za (kol'za), n. 
[F., fr. D. koolzaad, 

prop., cabbage seed.] j4B^ To 

{Bot.) A variety of cab- ^m0* t 

bage cultivated for its -^ 
seeds, which yield an oil. 

Com-. A prefix from the Latin preposition cum, sig- 
nifying with, together, in conjunction, very, etc. It is 
used in the form com- before b, m, p, and sometimes /, 
and by assimilation becomes col- before /, cor- before r, 
and con- before any consonant except b, h, I, m, p, r, and 
w. Before a vowel com- becomes co- ; also before A, w, 
and sometimes before other consonants. 

II Co'ma (ko'ina), n. [NL., fr. Gr. /ci/xa lethargy, 
sleep.] A state of profound insensibility. 

II Co'ma, n. [L., hair, fr. Gr. ko>ij.] 1. {Astron.) 
A comet's nebulous envelope. 2. {Bot.) A tuft or bunch. 

Co'mate (ko'mat), a. [L. comatus, fr. eomare to 
clothe with hair.] Encompassed with a coma ; hairy. 

Co'ma-tose' (ko'ma-tos' or kom'-), a. [From Coma 
lethargy.] Relating to, or resembling, coma ; lethargic. 

Co'ma-tous (-tus), a. Comatose. 

Comb (kom ; 1.10), n. [AS. camb ; akin to Gr. yo/u.<£ios 
a grinder tooth, Skr. jambha tooth.] 1. An instrument 
with teeth, for dressing the hair, or for keeping it in 
place. 2. Any instrument similar in form or use. 3. 
{Zo'ol.) The naked fleshy crest on the bill or head of a 
cock or other bird. 4. The curling crest of a wave. 
5. The waxen framework of the cells in which bees store 
their honey, eggs, etc. ; honeycomb. 

Comb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combed (komd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Combing.] To disentangle, cleanse, or adjust, 
with, or as with, a comb. 

Comb, v. i. {Naut. ) To form a curling crest, as a wave. 

Comb, Combe (kom or kobm), n. [AS. comb, prob. 
of Celtic origin.] That unwatered portion of a valley 
above the most elevated spring. 

Com'bat (kom'bat or kum'bat), v. i. & t. [imp. & 
p. p. Combated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Combating.] [F. com- 
battre ; pref . com- -j- batlre to beat, fr. L. battuere to 
strike.] To struggle or contend ; to fight ; to oppose. 

Syn. — To fight against ; resist; oppose; withstand; 
oppugn ; antagonize ; repel ; resent. 

Com'bat, n. 1. A fight; a struggle for supremacy- 
2. {Mil.) An engagement of no great magnitude. 

Single combat, a combat between two ; a duel. 

Syn. — A battle ; contest ; contention ; struggle ; strife. 

Com'bat-ant (kom'bat-ant), a. Contending ; disposed 
to contend. — n. One who engages in combat. 

Com'bat-er (-er), n. One who combats. 

Com'bat-ive (kom'bat-iv or kom-bat'Tv), a. Disposed 
to engage in combat ; pugnacious. 

Com'bat-ive-ness, n. Quality of being combative. 

Comb'er (kom'er), n. One who, or that which, combs. 

Combi-na'tion (kom'bT-na'shun), n. 1. Act, process, 
or result of combining. 2. Specif.,^/. {Math.) The dif- 
ferent arrangements of a number of objects, as letters, 
into groups. 

Syn. — Cabal; alliance; league; union; coalition. 

Com-bine' (kom-bln'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combined 
(-bind') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Combining.] [LL. combinare, 
-atum; L. com- -\- binus, pi. bini, two and two, double.] 
To unite or join ; to cause to coalesce. 

Com-bine', v. i- 1. To form a union; to agree; to 
coalesce; to confederate. 2. To unite by affinity or 
natural attraction. 

Com-bUS'ti-ble (kSm-bus'tT-b'l), a. [From L. oo»i- 
bustus, p. p. of comburere to burn up; com- -f- burere 
(in comp.) ; origin uncertain.] 1. Capable of taking fire 
and burning ; inflammable. 2. Easily kindled or excited ; 
fiery ; irascible. — n. A combustible substance. — Com- 
bus'ti-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ty), n. — Com-bus'ti-ble-ness, n. 

Com-bUS'tion (-chun ; 106), n. 1. State of burning. 
2. {Chem.) The combination of a combustible with a gas, 
as oxygen, producing heat, and sometimes also light. 

Come (kum), v. i. [imp. Came (kam) ; p. p. Come 
(kum); p. pr. & vb. n. Coming.] [AS. cuman; akin 
to G. kommen, L. venire {gvenire), Gr. paivctv to go, 
Skr. gam.'] 1. To move hitherward; to draw near; to 



H 



K 



f5m, recent, drb, rude, full, ftm, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



COME 



168 



COMMENSAL 






> 



approach, or move up to the speaker, or a place or time in- 
dicated. 2 To arrive iu sight ; to be manifest ; to appear. 
3. To get to be, as the result of change or progress. 

To come about, to come to pass ; to arrive ; to happen. 
— To com* across, to meet : to hud, esp. by chance or sud- 
To corn* by, to obtain ; gain ; acquire. — To com© 
home. U to touch the feelings, interest, or 

reason: (Xaut.) to be loosened from the ground; —said 
of an anchor. —To come in for, to claim or receive. —To 
cobs off. ■ i To depart or pass off from. <&> To be car- 
ried through : to take place or happen. —To come round, 
to relent. — To come short, to be deficient : to fail of at- 
taining. — To come to. (<7) To consent or yield. 1 1 
i with the accent on to) To luff; to bring the ship's head 
nearer the wind: to anchor, (e) (with the accent onto) 
To recover, as from a swoon, (d) To amount to. 

Come ikuiii . 9. t. To succeed in. [Slang] 

Co-me'di-an (,k6-ine'dT-<zn), n. 1. An actor in com- 
edv. 2. A writer of comedy. [comedian. I 

" Co-m6 di-enne' (ko-ma "dT-enO, n. [F.] A female | 

Com'e-dy (komt-dy), n. [F., L. comoedia, fr. Gr. 

«cb>/xw£ta ; (cdifio? a festal procession, an ode sung at this 

:. — aei&eiv to sing.] A dramatic composition, 

or representation in which mirth predominates and the 

termination of the plot is happy ; — opposed to tragedy. 

Comedy ^kumly), a. [Co'mpar. Comelter (-11-er) ; 
svperl. Comeltest.] [AS. cymtic ; cyme suitable (fr. 
cuman to come, become) -j- lie like.] 1. Pleasing or 
agreeable to the sight; handsome. 2. Suitable or be- 
coming ; proper ; agreeable. — Comeli-ness, n. 

Come/ly, adv. In a becoming manner. 

Com/er (kurn'er), n. One who comes, or has come. 

Co-mes'ti-ble (ko-mes'tT-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. comestus, 
p. p. of comedere to eat ; com- -+- edere to eat.] Eatable ; 
esculent. — n. Something eatable. 

Com'et (kon/et), n. [L. cometes, fr. Gr. ko^tt)?. 
prop., long-haired, fr. ko^ov to wear long hair, fr. ko^t) 
hair.] (Astron.) A member of the solar system which 
usually moves in an elongated orbit and consists of three 
parts : the nucleus, the envelope, or coma, and the tail. 

Com'et-a-ry (-et-a-ry), a. Pert, to, or like, a comet. 

Co-met'ic (ko-metTk), a. Relating to a comet. 

Com et-Og'ra-phy (k5m / et-5g'ra-fy), n. [Comet -f- 
-graphy.] A description of, or a treatise upon, comets. 

Com'flt (kum'fit), n. [F. con fit, prop. p. p., fr. con- 
fire to preserve, fr. L. conficere to prepare ; con — j- 
facere to make.] A drv sweetmeat ; a confection. 

Com'fi-ture (kuni'fT-tur ; 135), n. A comfit. 

Com'fort (kum'fert), r. t. [imp. &p. p. Comfoeted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Composting.] [F. conforter, fr. L. con- 
fortare to strengthen much ; con — - foriu strong.] 

1. To invigorate ; to aid. [Obs.] 2. To impart 
strength and hope to ; to encourage. 

Syn . — To cheer ; solace : console ; revive : encourage : 
enliven : invigorate : inspirit ; gladden ; recreate ; exhil- 
arate ; refresh ; animate ; confirm ; strengthen. 

Com'fort (kum'fert), u. 1. Assistance; support. 

2. Encouragement ; solace ; consolation in trouble ; 
also, that which affords consolation or cheer. 3. State 
of quiet enjoyment ; freedom from pain, want, or 
anxiety ; also, whatever contributes to such a condition. 
4 A wadded bedquilt ; a comfortable. [171 S.~\ 

Com'lort-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Affording or imparting 
comfort or consolation ; able to comfort ; cheering. 
2. In a state of comfort ; contented ; cheerful. — Com'- 
fort-a-ble-ness. n. — Com'fort-a-bly, adv. 

Com'iort-a-ble. n. A wadded bedquilt. [U. S.] 

Com'fort-er (kum'fert-er), n. 1. One who comforts. 

2. (Script.) The Holv Spirit. 3. A knit woolen tippet. 

4 A wadded bedquilt ; a comfortable. I U. ft] 

Com'fort-less, a. Without comfort or comforts. 

Com'fxey (kuni'fry), n. [Prob. through F. fr. L. con- 
fenere to boil together, in medical language, to heal.] 
(Bot.) A rough, hairy, perennial plant, one species of 
which is used in medicine. 

Comic (komlk), a. [L. comicus pertaining to com- 
edy. Gr. koj/xuco?. See Comedy.] 1. Relating to comedy, 
as distinct from tragedv. 2. Causing mirth : ludicrous. 

Com'ic-al M-kal), a'. 1. Relating to comedy. 2. Ex- 
nting mirth; droll; laughable. — Com'ic-al-ly, adv.— 
Com i-cal'i-ty (-km-ty . Com'ic-al-ness. n. 

Syn. — Humorous; laughable; funny. See Dboix. 

Com'ing. n. 1. Approach; advent: manifestation. 
2. Spec ifically, the Second Advent of Christ 

Coattng» in, income or revenue. 
Co-mi'ti-a (kS-mlsh'T-a), n.pl. [L.] (Rom. Antic.) 
A public assembly of the Roman people for electing offi- 
passing law 8 . — Co-mi'tial (ko-mlsb'ol), a. 

Cotn'l [L, comitas, fr. comit cour- 

kind.] Courtesy between equals ; friendly civility. 



Com'ma (kSin'ma), n. [L.. fr. Gr. xopjui clause, fr. 
[ icoirrei*' to cut off.] A character or point [,] marking 
the smallest divisions of a sentence. 

Command' (k5m-mand'; 61), r. /. [imp. &p. p. 
Commanded; p. pr. & rb. n. Commanding.] [OF. co- 
I mander, fr. L. com- -f- mandare to commit to, to com- 
mand. Cf. Commend.] 1. To order with authority ; to 
direct ; to charge. 2. To exercise direct authority over ; 
to lead. 3. To dominate by position ; to guard ; to 
! overlook. 4. To exact or obtain, as if with authority. 
Syn.— To bid; dictate; govern; rule; overlook. 
Com-mand'. I . i. To have command. 
Command', u. 1. An authoritative order requiring 
| obedience ; a mandate ; an injunction. 2. The posses- 
j sion or exercise of authority. 3. Authority ; power or 
; right of control. 4- Power to dominate, command, or 
overlook by means of position. 5. Control ; sway ; in- 
fluence. 6. A body of troops, post, or territory "under 
i the authority or control of a particular officer. 

■ Syn. — Control : power ; rule ; dominion ; sovereignty ; 

■ order ; charge ; behest. See Duiection. 

Com man-dant' (kSm'man-dant/), n. [F.] A com- 
I manding officer. 

Commandeer (kSm-mand'er), n. 1. One who has 
j command ; leader ; chief. 2. (Xavy) An officer who ranks 
j next below a captain, — ranking with a lieutenant colonel 
in the army. 3 A heavy beetle or wooden mallet. 

Com-mand'er-y (-y), n. 1. Office of commander. 
2. A district controDed by a member of an order of 
knights who was called a commander. 3. A lodge of 
Knights Templars. [ 

Com-mand'ing. '-'■ 1. Exercising command. 2. Fir- 
ted to impress or control. — Com-mand'ing-ly. adv. 

Syn. — Authoritative ; imperative ; imperious. 

Com-mand'ment (-nient). n. 1. Order or injunction 
given by authority; precept; mandate. 2. (Script.) 
One of the ten laws or precepts given by God to the 
Israelites at Mount Sinai. 3. Act of commanding. 

Com-mand'ry (-ry), n. a commas da 

Com-meas'nr-a-ble (koui-uiezh'uT-a-b'l). c. Having 
the same measure ; commensurate ; proportional. 

Com-mem'O-ra-ble (-mem'o-ra-b ? l), a. Worthy of 
commemoration. 

Com-mem'o-rate (kom-mgm'o-rat), r. /. [imp. & p. 

f>. Commemorated : p. pr. & rb. n. Commemorating.] 
L. commemorare. p. p. -atus ; com- -j- memorare to 
mention, fr. mem-or mindfuL] To call to remembrance 
by a special act or observance ; to celebrate with honor 
and solemnity". 

Com-mem O-ra'tion (-o-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of com- 
memorating. 2. Whatever serves to commemorate ; 
memorial. 

Com-mem 'O-ra-tive (kom-mem'o-ra-tiv), a. Tending 
or intended to commemorate. 

Com-mem'O-ra-tO-ry (-ra-to-iy), a. Commemorative. 

Com-mence' (k5m-mens0r v-'i- [imp. & p. p. Com- 
menced (-menst/) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Commencing.] [F. 
commencer, OF. contender, fr. L. com — j- initiare to 
begin.] 1. To have a beginning or origin ; teat 
begin. 2. To take a degree at a univer.?;- 

Com-mence 7 . K t. To enter upon ; to begin. 

03^ = ' It is the practice of good writers to use the verbal 
noun (instead of the infinitive with to) after commence. 

Com-mence / ment (k5m-mens'ment), n. 1. First ex- 
istence ; rise ; origin ; beginning ; start, 2. The day 
when degrees are conferred by colleges and universities. 

Com-mend' (kom-mend'), "r. /. [imp. & p. p. Com- 
mended ; p. pr. & vb. n. Commending.] [L. commen- 
dare ; com- -f mandare. See Command.] 1. To commit 
or intrust for care or preservation. 2. To recommend 
as worthy of confidence or regard. 3. To praise. 4- To 
mention by way of courteous remembrance. [Archaic] 

Com-mend'." n. Commendation: praise. [Obi.] 

Com-mend'a-ble -a-b'l), a. Worthy of being com- 
mended or praised ; laudable : praiseworthy. — Com- 
mend'a-ble-ness. n. — Com-mend'a-bly, adv. 

Com-men'dam kom-mgn'd5m), n. [LXa dare in 
commendam to give into trust.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) 
Formerly, a vacant living or benefice commended to a 
cleric who had the revenue till a pastor was provided. 

Com-mend 'a-ta-ry ( k5m-mSnd / a-ta-ry), n. One who 
holds a living in commendam* 

Com men-da'tion t k5m men-da'shun), n. 1. Act of 
commending ; praise ; recommendation. 2. That which 
is the ground of approbation. 

Com-mend'a-to-ry (kom-mgnd'a-to-ry), a. Serving 
to commend : recommending ; praising. 

Com-men'sal 'kom-m6n'sal), n. [LL. commensal is ; 



a, e, i, o, ix, long ; a, 6, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, e"vent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final . 



COMMENSAL 



169 



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L. com- -+- mensa table.] 1. One who eats at the same 

table. [065.] 2. (Zool.) An 

animal, not truly parasitic, 

which lives in, with, or on, 

another, partaking usually 

of the same food. 

Com-men'sal (kSm-meV- 
scl), a. Having the charac- 
ter of a commensal. 

Com-men'su-ra-ble 
(!iom - men ' shu - ra - b'l), a. 
Having a common measure. 

- Com-men'SU-ia-Wl'i-ty Commensals , a a Polyps of 
(-bil'i-ty), Com-men'SU ra- Epizoanthvs Americanos; b 
ble-Iiess, n. — Com-men'- Hermit crab (Eupagurus pu- 
su-ra-bly, adv. beseem). 

- Com-mon'SU-rate (k5m-men'shu-rat), v. I. [imp. & 

p. p. COMMENSTJRATED ; p. pr. & Vb. ». COMMENSURA- 

ting.] [Pref. com- -j- mensuratc.~\ 1. To reduce to a 
common measure. 2. To proportionate ; to adjust. 

Com men'su-rate (-rat), a. 1. Having a common 
measure ; commensurable. 2. Equal, as in measure. — 
Com-men'su-rate-ly, adx >.— Com-men'su rate -ness, n. 

Corn-men 7 su-r a' tion (-ra'shun), n. Act of commen- 
surating ; state of being commensurate. 

Com'ment (korn'mSnt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Com- 
mented ; p. pr. & vb. n. Commenting.] [F. commenter, 
L. commentari to meditate upon, explain, v. intens. of 
eomminisci, commentus, to reflect upon, invent ; com- 
-f- the root of meminisse to remember, mens mind.] To 
make remarks, observations, or criticisms ; esp., to write 
annotations. 

Com'ment, n. 1. A remark, observation, or criti- 
cism ; gossip ; discourse ; talk. 2. An explanatory note 
or observation ; an annotation. 

Coni'men-ta-ry (kSm'men-ta-ry), n. 1. A series of 
comments or annotations ; esp. , a book of expositions of 
the Scriptures. 2. A brief account of transactions or 
events ; — usually in the plural. 

Com'men-ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. One who writes a com- 
mentary or comments. 

Com'menfer (koui'ment'er), n. A commentator. 

Com'merce (koni'mers), n. [F., fr. L. commercium ; 
com- -j- merx, mercis, merchandise. See Merchant.] 
1. Exchange or buying and selling of commodities, esp. 
on a large scale and between different places or communi- 
ties. 2. Social intercourse ; familiarity. 3. Sexual in- 
tercourse. 

Syn. — Trade; traffic; dealings; intercourse; inter- 
change ; communion ; communication. 

Commerce' (kom-mcrs' or kom'mers), v. i. 1. To 
traffic. [06s.] 2. To hold intercourse. 

Com-mer'cial (kom-mer'shal), a. Of or pertaining to 
commerce ; mercantile. — Com-mer'cial-ly , adv. 

Commercial paper, negotiable paper given in business. 

Com mi-na'tion (kom'ml-na'shun), n. [L. commina- 
tio, from comminari to threaten; com- -f- minari to 
threaten.] 1. A threat or threatening ; a denunciation 
of punishment or vengeance. 2. An office in the liturgy 
of the Church of England, reciting God's anger and 
judgments. 

Com-min'a-tO-ry (kom-mTn'a-to-rjf), a. Threatening 
or denouncing punishment. [gether ; to blend. I 

Com min'gle (kom-mTn'g'l), v. t. & i. To mingle to-| 

Com'mi-nute (kom'mT-nut), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Com- 
MrNCTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. Comminuting.] [L. comminu- 
ere, p. p. -utus ; com- -f- minuere to lessen. See Minute.] 
To reduce to minute particles, or to a fine powder ; to 
pulverize ; to triturate ; to grind. 

Com'mi-nu'tion (koWmT-nu'shiin), n. 1. Act of com- 
minuting ; state of being comminuted. 2. (Surg.) Frac- 
ture (of a bone) into a number of pieces. 3. Gradual 
diminution ; a wearing away. 

Com-miS'er-ate (kom-miz'er-at), v. t. [imp. &p.p. 
Commiserated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commiserating.] [L. 
commiserari, p. p. -atus; com- -j- miserari to pity.] To 
feel sorrow, pain, or regret for ; to pity. 

Syn. — To pity ; compassionate ; lament ; condole. 

Corn-mis' er-a'tion (-er-a/shun), n. Act of commisera- 
ting ; sorrow for another's afflictions ; pity ; compassion. 

Syn. — See Sympathy. 

Com mis'er-a-tive (-a-tiv), a. Feeling or expressing 
commiseration. 

Com mis'er-a tor (-a'ter), n. One who pities. 

Commis-sa'ri al (k5m'mTs-sa'ri-al), a. Of or per- 
taining to a commissary. 

Commis-sa'ri-at (kSm'mis-sa'rT-St), n. (Mil.) (a) 
The organized system by which armies and military posts 



are supplied with food and daily necessaries. (6) The 
officers of this system. 

Com'mis-sa-ry (kSm'mts-sa-r^), n. [LL. commissa- 
rius, fr. L. commissus, p. p. of committere to commit, in- 
trust to.] 1. A commissioner ; a deputy. 2. (Mil.) (a) 
An officer having charge of a special service. (6) An of- 
ficer whoso business is to provide food for a body of 
troops or a military post. [U. S.~\ 

Commissary general, an officer in charge of some special 
department ot army service ; as, in England, of the com- 
missariat and transport department, in the U. S., of the 
subsistence department. 

Com'mis-sa-ry-ship, n. Office of a commissary. 

Com-mis'sion (kSm-mtsh'un), n. [F., fr. L. commis- 
sio. See Commit.] 1. Act of committing, doing, per- 
forming, or intrusting. 2. Instructions concerning the 
execution of a trust. 3. The duty or employment in- 
trusted ; trust ; charge. 4. A formal written warrant or 
authority. 5. A certificate conferring inilitary or naval 
rank. 6. A company of persons joined in the perform- 
ance of some duty or the execution of some trust. 7. 
(Com.) (a) Something to be done as agent for another. 
(6) Allowance to a factor or agent for transacting business. 

To put a vesaol Into commission (Naut.), to send it out on 
service after it has been laid up. — To put the great seal, or 
tho Treasury, into commission, to place it in the hands of a 
commissioner or commissioners during the abeyance of 
the ordinary administration. [Eng.] 

Syn. — Charge ; warrant ; authority ; mandate ; office ; 
trust ; employment. 

Com-mis'sion (kSm-mish'un), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Commissioned (-und) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Commissioning. ] 
To give a commission to ; to appoint ; authorize ; depute. 

Syn. — To empower ; delegate ; constitute ; ordain. 

Com-mis'sion-er (-er), n. A person charged with a 
commission ; specifically, an officer having charge of some 
department or bureau of the public service. 

Com'mis-sure (kom'mT-shur or kom-mlsh'ur ; 134-6), 
n. [L. commissura a joining together. See Commit.] 
Joint ; seam ; the place where two bodies, or parts of a 
body, meet and unite ; an interstice, cleft, or juncture. 

Com-mit' (kom-mif), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Committed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Committing.] [L. committere, commis- 
sura, to connect, commit ; com- -\- mittere to send. See 
Mission.] 1. To give in trust or keeping ; to intrust ; to 
consign. 2. To imprison. 3. To do ; to perpetrate, as 
a crime. 4. To pledge or bind ; to compromise, expose, 
or endanger. 

Com-mit'ment (-ment), n. Act of committing ; con- 
signment ; esp., act of committing to prison. 

Com-mit'tal (k5m-mit'tal), n. Commitment. 

Com-mit'tee (k5m-mit'te), n. [Cf. OF. comite com- 
pany, and LL. comitatus territory of a county, assize, 
army; — apparently influenced by commit, v., but not 
formed from it.] One or more persons elected or ap- 
pointed, to whom any matter or business is referred. 

Com'mit-tee' (kSm'mit-te'), n. [From Commit, v. *.] 
(Law) One to whom the charge of the person or estate 
of another, as a lunatic, is legally committed. 

Com-mit'ter (k5m-mit'ter), n. One who commits. 

Com-mix' (k5m-miks'), v. t. & i. [Pref. com- -\- mix.] 
To mix or mingle together ; to blend. [ture. [i2.]| 

Com-mix'tion (kom-miks'chun ; 106), n. Commix- 1 

Com-mix'ture (k5m-miks'tur ; 135), n. Act, process, 
or result of mixing ; state of being miugled ; mixture. 

Com-mode' (k5m-mod'), n. [F., fr. L. commodus con- 
venient ; com- -\- modus measure, mode.] 1. A kind of 
high headdress formerly worn by ladies. 2. A piece of 
furniture, as : (a) A chest of drawers. (6) A kind of close 
stool, (c) A washstand. 

Com-mo'di-OUS (k5m-mo'dT-us), a. [LL. commodio- 
sus.~\ Affording ease and convenience ; adapted to wants 
and necessities ; serviceable ; spacious and convenient. — 
Com-mo'di-ous-ly, adv. — Com-mo'di-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Suitable : advantageous ; useful ; comfortable. 

Com-mod'i-ty (k5m-m5d'T-ty), n. 1. Commodious- 
ness. [06s.] 2. That which affords convenience, ad- 
vantage, or profit, esp. in commerce, including everything 
movable that is bought and sold (except animals). 

Com'mo-dore' (k5m'm6-dor'), n. [Prob. a corruption 
of commander, or Sp. comendador a knight of a military 
order who holds a commandery. Cf. Commend, Com- 
mand.] 1. ( U. S. Navy) An officer who ranks next above 
a captain ; sometimes, by courtesy, the senior captaiu of 
a squadron. 2. (British Navy) A captain commanding a 
squadron, or a division of a fleet, or having the temporary 
rank of rear admiral. 3. By courtesy, the senior cap- 
tain of a line of merchant vessels ; also, the chief officer 
of a yachting or rowing club. 4. A commodore's vessel. 



D 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, iyk, then, thin. 



M 



COMMON 



170 



COMMUTE 



) 



> 



Common (kSm'nmu). a. [Compar. Commoner (-er) ; 
suptrl. Commonest.] [OB"- comun, L. cotnmunis; com- 
re*dy to be of service.] 1. Belonging or re- 
lating oquallv.'or similarly, to more than one, or to all of 
a class ; general. 2. Often met with ; usual ; frequent ; 
customary. 3. Not distinguished or exceptional ; incon- 
spicuous ; ordinary ; plebeian. 4. Given to habits of 
lewdness : prostitute. 

Common carrier (Lair), one who undertakes the office of 
carrviug for hire the goods or persons of those requesting 
such service. — Common chord (Afus.), a chord consisting 
Of the fundamental tone, with its third and fifth. —Com- 
mon council, the representative (legislative) body, or the 
lower branch of the representative body, of a city or other 
municipal corporation. — Common gender ( Oram . ), the gen- 
der comprising words that may be of either the masculine 
or the feminine gender. — Common law, the law which re- 
ceives its binding force from immemorial usage and uni- 
versal reception, as ascertained and expressed in the 
judgments of the courts ; — distinguished from statute 
hue— Common noun (Gram.), the name of any one of a 
class of objects, as distinguished from a proper nou n, or 
the name of a particular person or thing. — Common prayer, 
the liturgy of the Church of England, or of the Protestant 
Episcopal church of the United States. — Common sense. 
(a ) A supposed sense held to be the common bond of all 
the others. [Obs.] (6) Sound judgment ; native, practi- 
cal intelligence.— Common time (Mus.), that variety of time 
in which the measure consists of two or of four equal por- 
tions. 

Syn. — General ; public ; popular ; national ; univer- 
sal ; customary ; familiar ; habitual ; vulgar ; mean ; trite ; 
stale : threadbare ; commonplace. See Ordinary. 

Com'mon (koin'mun), n. 1. The people. [06*.] 2. 
A tract of ground the use of which belongs to the public, 
or to a number of persons. 3. {Law) The right of tak- 
ing a profit in the land of another, in common either with 
the owner or with other persons. 

Com'mon, V. i. 1. To have a joint right with others 
in common ground. 2. To eat at a table in common. 

Com'mon-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Held in common. 2. 
Allowed to pasture on public commons. 

Com/mon-age (-aj), n. 1. Right of pasturing on a 
common. 2. Right of using anything in common with 
another. 

Com'mon-al-ty (kom'mun-51-ty), 7i. The common 
people, as distinguished from the nobility ; the commons. 

Com'mon-er (kom'mun-er), n. 1. One of the common 
people. 2. A member of the House of Commons. 3. 
One who has a joint right in common ground. 4. A stu- 
dent in the university of Oxford, Eng. , who is not depend- 
ent on any foundation for support. 

Com'mon-ly (kom'miln-ly), adv. Usually ; generally ; 
ordinarily : frequently ; for the most part. 

Com'mon-ness. n. 1. State or quality of being com- 
mon or usual. 2. Triteness ; meanness. 

Com'mon-place (-plas'), a. Common ; ordinary ; trite. 

Com'mon-place . n. 1. An idea or expression wanting 
originality or interest ; a platitude. 2. A memorandum. 

Commonplace book, a memorandum book. 

Com'mon-place ', v. t. To enter in a commonplace 
book, or to reduce to general heads. 

Com'mons (kom'munz), n. pi. 1. The mass of the 
people, as distinguished from the nobility ; the common- 
alty. [Eng.~] 2. The House of Commons, or lower house 
of the British Parliament. 3. Provisions ; food ; fare, — 
as that provided at a common table. 4. A club or asso- 
ciation for boarding at a common table. 5. A common. 

Com'mon-weal' (-mun-wel'), n. Commonwealth. 

Com'mon-wealth' (koin'inun-welth'), n. [Common 
-f- icealth well-being.] 1. A state ; a body of people 
united, by compact or tacit agreement, under one form 
(properly a free or popular form) of government. 2. The 
whole body of people in a state ; the public. 

Syn. — State ; realm ; republic. 

Com'mo-rant (-mo-rant), a. [L. commorans, p. pr. of 
commorari to abide ; com- -f- morari to delay.] (Law) (a) 
Ordinarily residing. (6) Dwelling temporarily. [ U. S. j 

Com-mo'tion (k5m-mo'shun), n. [L. commotio. See 
Commove.] 1. Disturbed or violent motion ; agitation. 
2. A popular tumult ; riot. 

Syn. — Excitement; disturbance; disorder; violence. 

Corn-move' (k5m-mobv'), v. t. [L. commovere, com- 
rnotum ; com -f mover e to move.] 1. To incite. [06s.] 
2. To put in motion ; to unsettle. [R.\ 

Com'mu-nal (kQm'mu-nal or kSm-mu'nal), a. Of or 
pertaining to a commune. 

Com'mn-nal-ism (-Tz'm), n. A French theory of 
government which holds that each commune should be 
a kind of independent state, and the national government 
a confederation of such states, with but limited powers. 



Com'mu-nal-ist (k5in'mu-nal-Ist), n. An advocate 
of communahsm. 

Commune' (k5m-mun'), r. i. [imp. & p. p. Com- 
muned (-mund') : p. pr. & vb. n. Communing.] [OF. 
communier, fr. L. communicare to communicate, fr. 
communis common.] 1. To converse together with sym- 
pathy and confidence ; to take counsel. 2. To partake 
of the eucharist or Lord's supper. 

Com'mune (kSm'mun), n. Communion. 

Com'mune (kBin'miin), n. [F., fr. commun. See 
Common.] 1. The commonalty. [06$.] 2. A small 
territorial district in France, or its inhabitants, under 
the government of a mayor and municipal council. 3. 
Absolute municipal self-government. 

Com-mu'ni-ca-ble (k5m-ruu'nT-ka-b'l), a. Capable of 
being communicated, or imparted. — Com-mu ni-ca- 
bil'i-ty (bll'I-ty), Com-mu'ni-ca-ble-nesB. «. — Com- 
mu'ni-ca-bly, adv. 

Com-mu'nl-cant (-kant), A. 1. One who partakes of 
the sacrament of the Lord's supper ; a church member. 
2. One who communicates. 

Com-mu'ni-cate (-kat), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Commu- 
nicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Communicating.] [L. com- 
municare, p. p. -atus, fr. communis common.] 1. To 
share in common. [06s.] 2. To impart ; to bestow ; 
to convey. 3. To make known ; to recount. 

Syn. — To impart ; bestow ; confer ; reveal ; disclose ; 
tell ; announce ; recount ; make known. Communicate 
is a more general term than impart, which implies a 
greater degree of intimacy or confidence. Reveal and 
disclose imply that what is made known was previously 
secret or hidden. 

Com-mu'ni-cate. v. i. 1. To share or participate. 2. 
To give alms, sympathy, or aid. 3. To have intercourse 
or be the means of intercourse. 

Com-mu ni-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act or fact of 
communicating. 2. Intercourse ; interchange of thoughts 
or opinions. 3. Means of communicating ; a connecting 
passage. 4. That which is communicated or imparted ; 
message ; intelligence ; news. 

Syn. — Correspondence ; conference; intercourse. 

Com-mu'ni-ca-tive (kom-niu'nT-ka-tiv), a. Inclined 
or willing to communicate. — Com-mu'ni-ca-tive-ness. n . 

Com-mu'ni-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. One who communi- 
cates, [edge or information. I 

Com-mu'nl-ca-tO-ry (-ka-to-ry), $. Imparting knowl-| 

Com-mun'ion (koru-mun'yun), n. 1. Act of sharing ; 
community ; participation. 2. Intercourse between two 
or more persons; esp., intercourse implying sympathy 
and confidence. 3. A body of Christians having one 
common faith and discipline. 4. The sacrament of the 
eucharist ; the celebration of the Lord's supper. 

Syn. — Share ; participation ; fellowship ; converse ; 
intercourse ; unity ; concord ; agreement. 

Com'mu-nism (koni'mu-mz'm), n. [F. communisme, 
fr. commun common.] A scheme of equalizing the social 
conditions of life, esp. by the abolition of inequalities in 
the possession of property. 

Com'mu-nist (-nist), n. An advocate of communism. 

Com mu-nis'tic (-nis'tik), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
communism or communists. 2. (Zool. ) Living or nest- 
ing in common. 

Com-mu'ni-ty (kom-mu'ni-ty), n. 1. Common pos- 
session or enjoyment ; participation. 2. A body of peo- 
ple having common rights, privileges, or interests ; 
hence, a number of animals living in a common home or 
with common interests. 3. Society at large ; the public. 
4. Common character, [i?.] 5. Commonness. [06s.] 

Com-mut'a-ble (-mu'ta-b'l), a. Capable of being 
commuted or interchanged. — Com-mu ta-bil'i-ty (-bil'- 
I-ty), Com-mut/a-ble-ness, n. 

Commu-ta'tion (kSm'mu-ta'shun), n. 1. Change ; 
mutation, [i?.] 2. (Law) The change of a penalty or 
punishment by the pardoning power of the State. 3. A 
substitution, as of a less thing for a greater ; esp. , a sub- 
stitution of one form of payment for another, as of a 
gross sum for a larger aggregate of individual fares. 

Com-mut'a-tive (kom-mu'ta-tlv), a. Relative to ex- 
change ; interchangeable. — Com-mut'a-tive-ly, adv. 

Com'mu-ta tor (korn'mu-ta'ter), n. (Elec.) A device 
for reversing the direction of an electrical current. 

Commute' (kSm-mut'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Com- 
muted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Commuting.] [L. commutare, 
-mutatum ; com- -f- mutare to change. See Mutation.] 
To exchange ; to put or substitute something else in place 
of, as a smaller penalty, obligation, or payment, for a 
greater ; hence, to lessen ; to diminish. 

Com-mute', v. i. 1. To effect a commutation. 2. To 
pay, or arrange to pay, in gross instead of part by part. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



COMMUTER 



171 



COMPELLATION 



Com-mut'er (k5m-mu'ter), n. One who commutes. 

Com-pacf (k5m-p3kt'), p. p. & a. [L. compactus, p. 
p. of compingere to join or unite ; com- + pangere to 
fasten, fix. See Pact.] 1. Joined ; united. [06s.] 
2. Composed or made. [Poetic] 3. Closely or firmly 
united ; dense. 4. Brief ; pithy ; not diffuse ; not verbose. 

Syn. — Firm; close ; solid ; dense ; pithy ; sententious. 

Coin-pact', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compacted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Compacting.] To thrust, drive, or press closely 
together ; to join firmly ; to consolidate. 

Com/pact (k5rn'pSkt), n. [L. compactum, fr. compa- 
cisci, p. p. -partus, to agree with ; com- -f- pacisci to 
agree. See Pact.] An agreement between parties ; cov- 
enant ; contract. 

Com-pact'ed (-5d), a. Compact ; firmly united. — 
Coin-pact'ed-ly, adv. — Com-pact'ed-ness, n. 

Com-pact'ly (-ly), adv. In a compact manner. 

Com-pact'ness, ». State or quality of being compact. 

Com-pan'ion (kom-pan'yun), n. [F. compagnon, OF. 
compaing, deriv. of L. com- -f- panis bread.] 1. One 
who accompanies or is in company with another ; esp., 
one who is intimately associated with another. 2. A 
knight of the lowest rank in certain orders. 3. [Cf . OSp. 
compana outhouse, office.] (Naut.) (a) A skylight on 
an upper deck. (b) A companion hatch. 

Companion hatch (Naut.), a wooden porch over the com- 
panion way. — Companion ladder (Naut.), the ladder by 
which officers pass to and from the quarterdeck. — Com- 
panion way (Naut.), a staircase leading to the cabin. 

Syn. — Associate ; comrade ; mate ; compeer ; partner ; 
ally ; confederate ; coadjutor ; accomplice. 

Com-pan'lon-a-ble (kom-pan'yun-a-b'l), a. Fitted to 
be a companion ; fit for fellowship. — Com-pan'ion-a- 
ble-ness, n. — Corn-pan 'ion- ably, adv. 

Com-pan'lon-ship, n. Fellowship ; association. 

Gom'pa-ny (kum'pa-ny), n. [F. compagnie. See 
Companion.] 1. State of being a companion or compan- 
ions ; act of accompanying. 2. An assemblage or asso- 
ciation of persons. 3. Guests, in distinction from the 
members of a family. 4. Society, in general. 5. A cor- 
poration ; a firm. 6. Partners in a firm whose names 
are not mentioned in its style or title. 7. (Mil.) A sub- 
division of a regiment of troops, under command of a cap- 
tain. 8. (Naut.) Crew of a ship, including the officers. 

Syn. — Group ; circle ; crowd ; troop ; gang ; corpora- 
tion ; association ; guild ; partnership ; party ; gathering. 

Com'pa-ny, v. t. & i. To accompany ; to associate. 

Com'pa-ra-ble (kom'pa-ra-b'l), a. Capable of being 
compared ; worthy of comparison. — Com'pa-ra-ble- 
ness, n. — Com'pa-ra-bly, adv. 

Com'pa-ra'tion (-ra'shiiu), n. [L. comparatio. See 
Compare to get.] A making ready ; provision. [Obs.~] 

Com-par'a-tive (k5m-par'a-tiv), a. 1. Of or pertain- 
ing to comparison. 2. Proceeding by the method of 
comparison. 3. Estimated by comparison ; relative. 
4. (Gh'am.) Expressing a degree greater or less than the 
positive degree denoted by an adjective or adverb. 

Com-par'a-tive, n. (Gram.) Comparative degree of 
adjectives and adverbs ; a form expressing that degree. 

Com-par'a-tive-ly, adv. According to estimate made 
by comparison ; relatively ; not positively or absolutely. 

Com-pare' (kom-pSr'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Compared 
(-pSrd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Comparing.] [L. comparare, 
fr. compar like or equal to another ; com- -f- par equal.] 
1. To examine (two or more persons or things) for the 
discovery of resemblances or differences. 2. To repre- 
sent as similar ; to liken. 3. (Gram.) To inflect or modify 
according to the degrees of comparison. 

UglF 5 Things are compared with each other to learn their 
relative value or excellence. One thing is compared to 
another because of a real or fancied similarity. 

Com-pare', v. i. 1. To be like or equal ; to admit of 
comparison. 2. To vie ; to assume a likeness or equality. 

Com-pare', n. Comparison. [Archaic] 

Com-pare', v. t. [L. comparare to prepare, get ; com- 
-\- par are. See Prepare.] To get ; to procure. [Obs.~\ 

Com-par'er (kom-pSr'er), n. One who compares. 

Com-par'i-son (-par'i-sun or -s'n), n. 1. Act of com- 
paring ; relative estimate. 2. State or admissibility of 
being compared. 3. (Gram.) The modification which the 
adjective and adverb undergo to denote degrees of qual- 
ity or quantity. 4. (Rhet.) A figure by which one per- 
son or thing is compared to another, or the two are con- 
sidered with regard to some common property or quality. 

Com-part' (k5m-part'), v. t. [L. compartiri. See 
Com- ; Part, v.] To divide ; to mark out into parts. [R.] 

Com'par-ti'tion (kom'par-tish'un), n. Partition. 

Com-part'ment (k5m-part'nient), n. One of the 
parts into which an inclosed space is divided. 



Com'paSB (kum'paa), n. [F. compas, fr. LL. com- 
pastus circle, prop., a stepping together ; com- -\- pas- 
sus pace, step.] 1. A passing round ; circuit ; circuitous 
course. 2. An inclosing limit ; boundary ; circumfer- 
ence. 3. An inclosed or limited space ; area ; extent. 
4. (Mus.) The range of notes, or tones, within the capac- 
ity of a voice or instrument. 6. An instrument for de- 
termining directions upon the earth's surface by means 
of a pivoted magnetized bar or needle. 6. A pair of 
compasses. [R.] 

Compass card, the circular card attached to the needles 




Compass Card, with Notation of Mariner's Compass, 
of a mariner's compass, on which are marked the thirty- 
two points or rhumbs. — Compass plant, Compass flower 
(Bot.), a plant of the American prairies ( Silphium lacini- 
atum), not unlike a small sunflower; rosinweed. Its 
lower and root leaves are vertical, and on the prairies are 
disposed to present their edges north and south. — Com- ^ 

pass saw, a saw with a narrow blade, which will cut in a \ji 

curve. — Mariner's compass, a kind of compass having 
magnetic needles permanently attached to a pivoted card. 

Com'pass (kum'pas), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compassed 
(-past) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Compassing.] 1. To go about or 
entirely round. 2. To inclose ; to surround. 3. To 
circumvent ; to accomplish. 4. To curve ; to bend into 
a circular form. [Obs.~] 5. (Law) To purpose ; to in- 
tend ; to imagine ; to plot. [passed. I LI 

Com'pass-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being com- 1 

Com'pass-es (kum'pas-ez), n. pi. An instrument 
with (usually) two legs or branches, for describing cir- 
cles, measuring figures, etc. 

Com-pas'sion (kom-pash'iin), n. [F., fr. L. compas- 
sio, fr. compati to have compassion ; com- + pati to 
bear, suffer.] Literally, suffering with another ; a sen- 
sation of sorrow excited by the distress or misfortunes 
of another ; pity ; commiseration. • 

Com-pas'sion-ate (-at), a. 1. Having a disposition 
to pity; sympathetic. 2. Pitiable. [R.] — Com-pas'- 
sion-ate-ly (-at-ty), adv.— Com-pas'sion-ate-ness, ji. 

Com-pas'sion-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Com- 
passionated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Compassionating.] 
To have compassion for ; to pity ; to commiserate. 

Com-pat'i-ble (kom-pat'i-b'l), a, [F., fr. LL. com- . 

patibilis, fr. L. compati, See Compassion.] Capable J 

of existing in harmony ; congruous ; not repugnant. — 
Com-patl-bil'i-ty (-bli'i-t^), Com-pat'i-ble-ness, n. — 
Com-pat'i-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Consistent ; suitable; agreeable ; accordant. 

Com-pa'tri-Ot (kom-pa'tri-5t), n. [F. compatriote, 
LL. compatriotus ; coin- -f- patriota a native.] One of 
the same country, and having like interests and feelings. 

Com-peer' (kom-per'), n. [Through F. fr. L. com- Lf 

par ; com- + par equal. See Peer an equal.] An equal, 
as in rank, age, prowess, etc. ; a comrade ; a mate. 

Com-pel' (k5m-pSl'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compelled 
(-peld') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Compelling.] [L. compellere, 
compulsum, to drive together, to compel, urge ; com- -f- 
pellere to drive. See Pulse.] 1. To drive or urge with 
force, or irresistibly ; to constrain ; tp force. 2. To ex- 
act; to extort. [R.] 3. To overpower; to subjugate. 

Syn. — To oblige ; necessitate ; coerce. See Coerce. ■» 

Com-pel'la-ble (-la-b'l), a. That may be compelled. 

ConVpel-la'tion (kSm'pSl-la'shun), n. [L. compella- 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



COMPELLATIVE 



172 



COMPLIMENT 






> 



tio, fr. compel! an- to accost, fr. compellere. See Com- 
pel.] Style of address or salutation ; an appellation. 

Com-pella-tive (kBin-peTla-tTv), n. {Gram.) The 
name by which a person is addressed ; an appellative. 

Com-peller (4Sr). //. One who compels or constrains. 

Com'pend i.kSin'pe'nd), n. A compendium. 

Coni-pen'di-ous ( l k5m-pe'n'dT-us), a. Containing the 
substance of a subject in brief ; abridged ; summary. — 
Com-pen'di-ous-ly. adr. — Com-pen'di-ous-ness, n. 

Syn.— Abridged ; condensed ; succinct ; brief ; concise. 

Com-pen'di iim ^-um), n. ; pi. E. Compendiums (-Quiz), 
L. Compendia (-a). [L., that which is weighed, saved, 
or shortened, fr. compendere to weigh ; coin- -j- pendere 
to weigh.] A brief compilation or composition, contain- 
ing the principal heads, or general principles, of a larger 
work or system ; abridgment ; epitome. 

Com'pen-sate (kSin'pgu-sat or kSin-pgn'sat), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Compensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Compen- 
sating.] [L. compensare, p. p. -at us, prop., to weigh to- 
Ether, verb intens. fr. compendere. See Compendium.] 
To make equal return to ; to remunerate ; to requite 
suitably. 2. To counterbalance ; to make amends for. 

Syn. — To recompense ; indemnify ; reward. 

Com'pen-sate, v. i. To make amends. 

Com pen-sa'tion (kom/pSn-sa'shun), n. 1. Act or 
principle of compensating. 2. That which constitutes, 
or is regarded as, an equivalent. 3. (Law) (a) The pay- 
ment of a debt by a credit of equal amount ; a set-off. 
(6) A recompense or reward for some loss or service. 

Syn. — Consideration; requital; satisfaction. 

Com-pen'sa-tive (-pen'sa-tlv), a. Compensatory. 

Com'pen-sator (koni'pen-sa'ter), n. One that com- 
pensates, as certain mechanical devices. [pensate. I 

Com-pen'sa-tO-ry (-pen'sa-to-ry), a. Serving to com- 1 

Compete' (kom-pef), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Competed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Competing.] [L. competere, competi- 
tum; com- + petere to seek. See Petition.] To con- 
tend emulously for the same thing ; to strive in rivalry. 

Com'pe-tence (koni'pe-tens), J n. 1. State of being 

Com'pe-ten-cy (-ten-sy), j competent ; fitness ; 
ability; adequacy; power. 2. Property or means suf- 
ficient for the necessaries and conveniencies of life ; suf- 
ficiency without excess. 

Com'pe-tent (kom'pe-tent ; 94), a. [LL. competere to 
strive after together, to agree with ; hence, to be fit. See 
Compete.] 1. Answering to all requirements ; adequate ; 
sufficient ; suitable ; capable ; legally qualified ; fit. 2. 
Rightfully or properly belonging ; incident. [Rare, ex- 
cept in legal usage.] — Com'pe-tent-ly , adv. 

Com pe-ti'tion (koni'pe-tish'iin), n. Common strife for 
the same object ; emulous contest ; rivalry. [lation. I 

Syn. — Struggle : contention ; opposition. See Emu- | 

Com-pet'i-tive (kom-p§t1-tTv), a. Of or pertaining 
to competition ; producing competition ; competitory. 

Com-pet'i-tor (-ter), n. One who competes ; a rival. 

Com-pet'i-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Competing ; rival. 

Com pi-la'tion (kom'pl-la'shun), n. 1. Act of com- 
piling. 2. Thing compiled ; esp., a book or document. 

Corn-pile' (kSm-pil'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compiled 
(-plld') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Compiling.] [F. compiler, fr. 
L. compilare to plunder, pillage ; com- -f- pilare to plun- 
der.] 1. To construct. [06s.] 2. To make up or com- 
pose out of materials from other books or documents. 

Com-pil'er (kom-pil'er), n. One who compiles. 

Com-pla'cence (kSm-pla'sens), ) n. 1. Quality or, 

C om-pla'cen-cy (-pla'sen-sy ), j sometimes, the 
cause of being complacent ; calm contentment ; satisfac- 
tion ; gratification. 2. The manifestation of content- 
ment or satisfaction ; good nature ; affability. 

Com-pla'cent (-sent), a. [L. complacens very pleasing, 
p. pr. of complacere; com--\- placere to please.] Self- 
satisfied; contented; kindly. — Com-pla'cent-ly, adv. 

Corn-plain' (kom-plan'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Com- 
plained (-pland') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Complaining.] [F. 
complaindre, LL. complangere ; com- + L. plangere to 
strike, beat the breast, lament. See Plaint.] 1. To 
express grief, pain, censure, regret, etc.; to find fault; 
to bewail. 2. To make a charge. — Com-plain'er, n. 

Syn. — To repine ; grumble ; deplore ; lament ; bewail ; 
grieve ; mourn ; regret ; murmur. 

Com-plain'ant (-ant), n. One who makes a complaint. 

Complaint' (kSm-plant/), n. 1. Expression of grief, 
regret, pain, censure, or resentment. 2. Cause or sub- 
ject of complaint. 3. An ailment or disease of the body. 
4. (Law) A formal allegation or charge against a party ; 
also, the initial bill in proceedings in equity ; also, in code 
practice, the initial pleading in any action. 

Syn. — Lamentation ; murmuring ; sorrow ; grief ; dis- 
- ■ malady ; ailment. 



; illness; disorder: 



Com'plai sance (kgni'plS-zans'), n. Quality of being 
complaisant ; disposition to please or oblige. 

Com'plai-sant (-zanf), a. [F., p. pr. of complaire to 
acquiesce as a favor, fr. L. complacere. See Complacent.] 
Desirous to please ; courteous ; obliging ; gracious. — 
Com'plai-sant'ly, adv. — Com'plai-sant ness, n. 

Syn. — Affable; civil; polite; suave. See Obliging. 

Com'pla-nate (k5in'pla-nat or k5in-pla'nat), a. [L. 
complanatus, p. p. of complanare to make plane. See 
Plane, v. /.] Flattened to a level surface. [i2.] 

Com'ple-ment (kSm'ple-meut), n. [L. complemen- 
turn. See Complete, v. t.~\ 1. That which completes 
something; the quantity or number required for that 
purpose. 2. That which supplies a deficiency. 3. Full 
quantity, number, or amount. 4. (Math. ) A second 
quantity added to a given quantity to make it equal to a 
third given quantity. 5. (Mus.) The interval wanting to 
complete the octave. 6. A compliment. [Obs.~] 

Com ple-men'tal (-ingn'tal), a. Pertaining to or con- 
stituting a complement ; fully completing. 

Com'ple-men'ta-ry (-ta-ry), a. Serving to complete. 

Complete' (k5m-plef), a. [L. computus, p. p. of 
compter e to fill up ; com- -j- plere to fill.] 1. Filled up ; 
free from deficiency ; perfect. 2. Finished ; completed. 
— Completely, adv. — Com-plete'ness, n. 

Syn. — Entire ; concluded ; fulfilled. See Whole. 

Com-plete', v. 1. [imp. &p. p. Completed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Completing.] To bring to a state in which there is no 
deficiency ; to perfect ; to fulfill ; to finish. [mate, j 

Syn. — To perform ; conclude; end; effect; consum-| 

Com-ple'tion (koni-ple'shiin), n. 1. Act or process 
of completing. 2. State of being complete. 

Com-ple'tive (-tiv), a. Making complete. [R.~\ 

Com'plex (kSm'pleks), a. [L. complexus, p. p. of 
complecti to entwine around, comprise ; com- -\-plectere 
to twist, akin to plicare to fold.] 1. Composed of two 
or more parts; composite; not simple. 2. Involving 
many parts ; complicated ; intricate. 

Syn. — See Intricate. 

Com'plex, n. Assemblage of related things. [jR.] 

Com-plexed' (kom-plgksf), a. Complex. [i2.] 

Com-plex'ion (k5m-plek'shun), n. [From L. com- 
plexio. See Complex, a.] 1. State of being complex ; 



also, a complex. [06s.] 

disposition. [06«.] 3. Color or hue of the skin, esp. of 



Bodily constitution ; natural 



the face- 4. General appearance or aspect, [plexion. 

Com-plex'ion-al (-al), a. Of or pert, to the com-| 

Com-plex'ion-a-ry (-a-ry), a. Pertaining to the com- 
plexion, or to the care of it. 

Com-plex'i-ty (-plSksT-ty), n. 1. State of being 
complex ; intricacy ; entanglement. 2. That which is 
complex. [manner. I 

Com'plexly (k5ni'pleks'ly), adv. In a complex | 

Com'plex ness, n. Quality or state of being complex. 

II Com-plex'us (k8m-pl6ks'us), n. [L., an embracing.] 
An aggregate of parts ; a complication. [pliant. I 

Com-pli'a-ble (kom-pli'a-b'l), a. Complying; com-| 

Com-pli'ance (-ans), n. 1. Act of complying. 2. A 
disposition to yield to others. 

Syn. — Concession ; submission ; consent ; obedience ; 
performance ; execution ; acquiescence ; assent. 

Com-pli'an-cy (-an-sy), n. Compliance. 

Com-pli'ant (-ant), a. Yielding; pliant; submissive. 
— Com-pli'ant-ly , adv. [complicate. I 

Com'pli-ca-cy (kom'plT-ka-s^), n. State of being | 

Com'pli-cate (k5m'pll-kat), a. [L. complicatus, p. p. 
of complicare to fold together. See Complex.] 1. Com- 
posed of two or more parts united; complex; compli- 
cated; involved. 2. (Bot.) Folded lengthwise. — Com'- 
pli-cate-ly (-kat-ly), adv. — Com'pli-cate-ness, n. 

Com'pli-cate (-kat), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Complicated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Complicating.] To fold or twist to- 
gether ; to combine intricately ; to make complex. 

Com'pli-ca'tion (k5m'plT-ka'shun), n. 1. Act or 
process of complicating ; state of being complicated ; en- 
tanglement; complexity. 2. (Med.) A disease or con- 
dition coexistent with and modifying a primary disease, 
but not necessarily coimected with it. 

Com'plice (kom'plis), n. [F., fr. L. complex, -plicis, 
confederate. See Complicate.] An accomplice. [06*.] 

Com-plic'i-ty (koni-pliVI-ty), 7i. State of being an 
accomplice ; participation in guilt. 

Com-pli'er (k5m-pli'er), n. One who complies. 

Com'pli-ment (kom'pli-ment), n. [F., fr. It. compli- 
mento, fr. complire to compliment, finish, suit, fr. L. 
compter e to fill up. See Complete.] An expression, by 
word or act, of approbation, civility, or admiration. 

To make one's compliments to, to offer formal courtesies to. 

Syn. — See Adulation. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, a, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



COMPLIMENT 



173 



COMPROMISE 



Com'pli-ment (k5m'plY-ment), v. t. & i. To praise, 
flatter, or congratulate ; to make one's compliments to. 

Com pli-men'tal (-mSn'tal), a. Complimentary. 

Com'pli-men'ta-ry (-ta-r^), a. Expressive of regard 
or praise ; of the nature of a compliment. 

Com'pline ) (kom'plin), n. [From OF. compile, fr. 

Com'plin ) LL. complete/, the religious exercise 
which completes the service of the day.] {Eccl.) The 
last division of the Roman Catholic breviary ; the last 
prayer of the day, to be said after sunset. 

Com'plot (k5m'pl5t), n. [F., prob. corrup. fr. L. 
complicitum, prop. p. p. of complicare to complicate.] 
A plotting together ; a conspiracy. 

Coin-plot' (k5m-plot'), v. t. & i. To plot or plan to- 
gether ; to conspire ; to join in a secret design 

Com plu-ten'sian (kSm/plu-tSn'shan), a. Of or per- 
taining to Complulum (now Alcala de Henares) a city 
near Madrid ; as, the Complutensian Bible. 

Com-ply' (k5m-pll'), v. i. limp. & p. p. Complied 
(-plid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Complying.] [Perh. fr. com- 
pliment, influenced by ply, pliant, which are of different 
origin.] 1. To yield assent ; to accord, agree, or ac- 
quiesce. 2. To make one's compliments. [Obs.~] 

Com-po'nent (-po'nent), a. [L. componens, p. pr. 
See Compound.] Serving, or helping, to form; com- 
posing; constituting; constituent. — n. A constituent 
part ; an ingredient. 

Com-port' (-port'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Comported ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Comporting.] [F. comporter, LL. compor- 
tare, fr. L. comportare to bring together ; com- -j- por- 
tare to carry. See Port.] To agree ; to accord ; to suit. 

Com-port r , v. t. To carry (one's self) ; to conduct. 

Com/port (kom'port ; formerly kom-port'), n. Con- 
duct. [Obs.~\ 

Com-port'a-ble (-port'a-b'l), a. Suitable ; consistent. 

Corn-port 'ment (-ment), n. Behavior ; bearing. 

Com-pose / (kom-poz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Composed 
(-pozd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Composing.] [F. composer ; 
com- -f- poser to place ; — not f r. L. componere. See 
Pose, v. L] 1. To form by putting together two or 
more things or parts; to put together. 2. To consti- 
tute. 3. To construct by mental labor ; to design and 
give form to. 4. To dispose in proper form ; to adjust ; 
to regulate. 5. To tranquilize ; to soothe; to calm. 
6. (Print.) To arrange (types) in a composing stick in 
order for printing ; to set { 
(type). . 

Composing stick (Print.), 
an adjustable instrument in 
which types are arranged 
in words and lines. 

Corn-posed' (-pozd'), a. 
pos'ed-ly (-poz'ed-iy), adv.— Com-pos'ed-ness, «. 

Com-pos'er (kom-poz'er), n. One who or that which 
composes ; specifically, an author of a piece of music. 

Com-pos'ite (korn-poz'Tt), a. [L. composiius made 
up of parts, p. p. of componere. See Compound, v. t.~\ 

1. Made up of distinct parts or elements ; compounded. 

2. (Arch.) Belonging to a certain order which is com- 
posed of the Ionic order grafted upon the Corinthian. 
See Illust. under Capital. 3. (Bot.) Belonging to an 
order (Compositse) of dicotyledonous plants bearing in- 
volucrate heads of many small florets and having the an- 
thers united in a tube ; as the daisy, thistle, and dandelion. 

Composite number (Math.),_ one which can be divided 
exactly by a number exceeding unity. 
Com-pos'ite, n. That which is composite. [R.~\ 
Com po-si'tion (kom/po-zish'un), n. 1. Act or art 
of composing. Specifically : (a) The invention or com- 
bination of the parts of any literary, musical, or artistic 
production, esp. so as to produce a harmonious whole. 
(b) (Print.) The setting up of type and arranging it for 
printing. 2. State of being put together or composed. 

3. That which is formed by composing. 4. Consistency ; 
congruity. [06s.] 5. Mutual agreement in settlement 
of differences or obligations ; also, the terms of the agree- 
ment. 6. Synthesis as opposed to analysis. 

Composition of forces (Mech.), the finding of a single force 
(the resultant) equal in effect to two or more given forces 
(the components) when acting in given directions. 

Com-pos'i-tive (kom-poz'T-tiv), a. Having the quality 
of entering into composition ; compounded. [R.~\ 

Com-pos'i-tor (kom-poz'T-ter), n. One who composes. 

Com'post (kom'post), n. [OF., fr. L. composiius, 
p. p. See Composite.] 1. A compound. [i2.] 2. 
(Agric.) A mixture for fertilizing land. 

Com'post, v. t. 1. To manure with compost. 2. To 
make into a compost. 

Com-po'SUre (kom-po'zhfir), n. 1. Act of compos- 



Composing Stick. 
Tranquil ; calm. — Com- 



ing, or that which is composed. [Obs.~\ 2. A settled 
state ; calmness ; sedateness ; tranquillity ; repose. 

II Com'pote (kSm'pot), n. [F. See Compost.] Fruit 
preserved in sirup so as to retain its form. 

Corn-pound' (k5m-pound'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Com- 
pounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Compounding.] [OE. com- 
ponen, L. componere, composilum ; com- -f- ponere to 
put, set.] 1. To form or make by combining different 
elements, ingredients, or parts. 2. -To put together in 
order to form a whole ; to combine. 3. To modify or 
change by combination. 4. To constitute. [Obs.~] 5. To 
settle amicably ; to adjust by agreement ; to compromise. 
To compound a felony (Law), to accept of a considera- 
tion for forbearing to prosecute a felony. 

Com-pound', v. i. To effect a composition ; to agree ; 
to settle by a compromise. 

Com'pound (kom'pound), a. Composed of two or 
more elements, ingredients, or parts. 

Compound engine (Mech.), a steam engine in which the 
steam that has been used in a high-pressure cylinder is 
made to do further service in a larger low-pressure cylin- 
der. — Compound number (Math.), one constructed accord- 
ing to a varying scale of denomination ; as, 3 cwl., 1 qr., 
5 lb. — Compound word, a word composed of two or more 
words ; specif., two or more words joined by a hyphen. 

Com'pound, n. That which is compounded or formed 
by the union or mixture of ingredients or parts. 
Com-pound'er (-er), n. One that compounds. 
ConVpre-hend' (kom/pre-hgnd'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Comprehended ; p. pr. & vb. n. Comprehending.] [L. 
comprehendere, -hensum ; com- + prehendere to grasp, 
seize ; prae before -f -hendere, akin to E. get.'] 1. To 
contain ; to embrace ; to include actually or by implica- 
tion. 2. To take into the mind ; to grasp the meaning of. 
Syn. — To comprise ; inclose ; embody ; involve ; appre- 
hend ; imagine ; conceive ; understand. See Apprehend. 
Com pre-hen'si-ble (-hen'sT-b'l), a. That may be 
comprehended. — Com'pre-hensi-biTi-ty (-si-bil'T-t^), 
Com pre-hen'si-ble-ness, n. — Com'pre-hen'si-bly, 
adv. 

Com pre hen'sion (-hgn'shGn), n. 1. Act of compre- 
hending. 2. Capacity to perceive and understand. 

Com'pre-hen'slve (-siv), a. 1. Including much; 
comprising many things. 2. Having the power to un- 
derstand many things. — Com'pre-hen'sive-ly , adv. — 
— Com pre-hen'sive-ness, n. 
Syn. — Extensive ; wide ; large ; full ; compendious. 
Corn-press' (kom-prgs'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Com- 
pressed (-presf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Compressing.] [L. 
compressus, p. p. of comprimere to compress ; com- -f- 
premere to press. See Press.] To press together ; to 
force into a narrower compass ; to compact. 
Syn. — To crowd ; squeeze ; condense ; reduce ; abridge. 
Com'press (kom'prSs), n. (Surg.) Something, as a 
folded piece of cloth, so placed as, by the aid of a band- 
age, to make due pressure on any part. 

Com-pressed' (kom-presf), a. 1. Pressed together ; 
compacted. 2. (Bot. & Zo'ol. ) Flattened lengthwise. 

Com-press'i-ble (-pres'T-b'l), a. Capable of being 
compressed. — Compress i-bil'i-ty (-bil'Y-t^ ), Com- 
press'i-ble-ness, n. 

Com-pres'sion (kom-presh'un), n. Act of compress- 
ing, or state of being compressed. 

Com-press'ive (kom-pres'Tv), a. Compressing, or 
having power or tendency to compress. 
Com-press'or (-er), n. Anything which compresses. 
Com-pres'sure (-presh'ur ; 135), n. Compression. 
Com-pris'al (kom-prl'zal), n. Act of comprising ; a 
compendium or epitome. 

Com-prise' (kom-prlz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Com- 
prised (-prizd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Comprising.] [From F. 
compris, comprise, p. p. of comprendre, L. comprehen- 
dere. See Comprehend.] To comprehend ; to include. 
Syn. — To embrace ; include ; comprehend ; contain ; 
encircle ; inclose ; involve ; imply. 

Com'pro-mise (kom'pro-miz), n. [F. compromis, fr. 
L. compromissum a mutual promise to abide by the de- 
cision of an arbiter, fr. compromittere to make such a 
promise ; com- + promittere to promise.] 1. Agree- 
ment to arbitrate. [Obs.~\ 2. A settlement by arbitra- 
tion or by mutual consent reached by concessions on 
both sides. 3. A prejudicial concession ; a surrender. 

Com'pro-mise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compromised 
(-mizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Compromising.] 1. To agree. 
[Obs.] 2. To adjust and settle by mutual concessions ; 
to compound. 3. To endanger the life, reputation, etc., 
of, by some act which can not be recalled ; to expose to 
suspicion. [ation and peace. I 

Com'pro-mise, V. i. To make concessions for concili- 1 



H 



K 



fgm, recent, drb, rude, full, fkrn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



COMPROMISER 



174 



CONCEPTIBLE 



) 



> 



Com'pro-mi ser (.k5m'pro-uii zer), n. One who com- 
promise*. 

Com'pro-mlt (,-mYt ). r. t. [L. compromittere. See 
Compromise. n~] 1. To pledge ; to promise. 2. To hazard, 
by some indiscretion ; to compromise. 

"Compt (kount, foniit rly k5mt ; 215), n. [F. compte. 
Bee Cor nt an account.] Account ; reckoning. [06s.] 

Compt'i-ble (kount'T-b'l), a. Accountable ; responsi- 
ble l sensitive. [06s.] 

Comp-trol' (k5n-trol'), n. & v. See Control. 

Comp-troller (-ler), n. A controller ; a public officer 
whose duty it is to examine and certify accounts. 

Com-pul'sa-tive (k5in-pul'sa-tlv), a. [From intens. 
Of L. compellere. See Compel.] Compulsatory. [JJ.] 

Com-pul'sa-tO-ry (-to-rj), a. Operating with force ; 
resulting from, or enforced by, compulsion. 

Com-pul'sion (kSm-pul'shun), n. [See Compel.] Act 
of compelling, or state of being compelled ; constraint. 

Com-pul'sive (-slv), a. Having power to compel ; ex- 
ercising compulsion. — Com-pul'sive-ly, adv. 

Com-pul'SO-ry (-pul'so-ry), a. 1. Having the power 
of compulsion ; constraining. 2. Obligatory ; necessary ; 
due to compulsion. — Com-pul'SO-ri-ly (-ri-ly), adv. 

Com-punc'tlon (k5m-punk'shiin), n. [OF., fr. L. 
compunctio, fr. compungere, compunctum, to prick ; com- 
-\-pungere to prick, sting. See Pungent.] 1. A pricking. 
[06s.] 2. A pricking of heart ; the sting of conscience. 

Syn. — Remorse ; contrition. — Remorse is anguish of 
soul under a sense of guilt or consciousness of having 
brought evil upon one's self or others. Compunction is 
the pain occasioned by a wounded and awakened con- 
science. Neither of them implies true contrition, which 
denotes self-condemnation, humiliation, and repentance. 

Com-punc'tious (-shus), a. Of the nature of, or at- 
tended with, compunction. 

Com pur-ga'tion (kom'pur-ga'shun), n. [L. compur- 
gation fr. compurgare to purify wholly ; com- -\- purgare 
to purge.] {Law) Act or practice of justifying a man or 
confirming his veracity by the oath of others. 

Com'pur-ga'tor (-ter), n. One who bears testimony 
or swears to the veracity or innocence of another. 

Com-put'a-ble (-put'a-b'l), a. That may be computed. 

Com pu-ta'tion (kSm'pu-ta'shun), n. 1. Act or proc- 
ess of computing. 2._ Amount computed. 

Com-pute / (k5m-puf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Computed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Computing.] [L. computare. See Count, 
v.t.~\ To determine by calculation ; to reckon; to count. 

Syn. — To calculate ; number ; reckon ; estimate ; 
enumerate ; rate. See Calculate. 

Com-put'er (-pilfer), n. One who computes. 

Com'pu-tist (-pu-tist), n. A computer. 

Com'rade (kBm'rSd or -rad), n. [Sp. camarada, fr. 
L. camara, camera, a chamber; hence, a chamber-fel- 
low.] A mate, companion, or associate. 

Com'rade-snip, n. State of being a comrade. 

Com'tlsm (kom'tiz'm or kCN'tiz'm), n. [Named after 
the French philosopher, Auguste Comte.] Positivism. 

Con- (k5n-). A prefix, fr. L. cum. See Com-. 

Con, adv. [Abbrev. fr. L. contra against.] Against 
the affirmative side ; on the negative side ; — usually in 
connection with its antithesis pro. 

Con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conned (kond) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Conning.] [AS. cunnan to know, and (derived from 
this) cunnian to try. See Can, v.] 1. To know. [06s.] 
2. To study so as to know ; to commit to memory. 

Con, v. t. [See Cond.] (Naut.) To conduct, or su- 
perintend the steering of (a vessel). 

Co-na'tion (ko-na'shun), n. [L. conatio. See Cona- 
tus.] (Philos.) Power or act impelling to effort. 

Co'na-tive (kc/na-tiv or k5n'a-), a. Pert, to conation. 

I. Co-na'tUB (ko-na'tus), n. [L., fr. conalus, p. p. of 
conari to attempt.] Natural tendency ; effort ; attempt. 

Con-cam'er-ate (kon-kaWer-at), v. t. [L. concame- 
rare, p. p. -atus. See Cambeb.] 1. To arch over ; to 
vault. 2. To divide into cells. [ber, or cell. I 

Con-cam/ er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. An arch, vault, cham- 1 

Con-cat'e-nate (kon-kSfe-nat), v. t. (imp. & p. p. 
Concatenated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Concatenating.] [L. 
concotenare, p. p. -atus. See Catenate.] To link to- 
gether ; to unite in a series. 

Con-cat'e-na'tion (-na'shun), n. A series of links 
united ; a series or order of mutually dependent things. 

Con'ca-va'tlon (kon'ka-va'shun), n. Act of making 
concave. 

Con'cave (ko'n'kav or kon'-), a. [L. concavus ; con- 
4- »wm hollow. See Cave.] 1. Hollow ; empty. [06s.] 
2. Hollow and curved or rounded ; vaulted ; — said of 
the interior of a curved surface or line. — n. A hollow, 
as an arched vault ; a concavity ; a recess. 



Con'cave (kSn'kav or k5n'-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
caved (-kavd) ; p. pr. S: vb. n. Concaving.] To make 
hollow or concave. 

Con'cave-ness. n. Hollowness; concavity. 

Con-cav'1-ty (k5n-kaV!-ty), n. A concave surface, or 
the space bounded by it ; the state of being concave. 

Con-ca VO-COn'cave (kBn-ka'vo-kon'kav), a. Con- 
cave or hollow on both sides ; double concave. 

Con-ca'vo-con'vex (-k5n'vSks), a. Concave on one 
side and convex on the other. 

Con-ceal' (k5n-sel'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concealed 
(-seld') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Concealing.] [OF. conceler, L. 
concelare ; con- -\- celare to hide, akin to E. helmet.] 
To hide or withdraw from observation ; to withhold 
knowledge of ; to secrete ; to cover or screen. 

Syn. — To hide ; disguise ; dissemble ; mask ; veil ; 
cloak. — Conceal and hide are words of very general sig- 
nification, and are applied both to concrete and abstract 
things; disguise and dissemble imply concealment by 
means of assuming some false appearance. To secrete is 
to hide (a physical thing) in some place of secrecy. 

Con-ceal'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being concealed. 

Con-ceal'er (kon-sel'er), n. One who conceals. 

Con-ceal/ment (kon-sel'ment), n. 1. Act of conceal- 
ing ; state of being concealed. 2. A place of hiding ; se- 
cret place. 3. Something concealed ; secret thing. [06s.] 

Con-cede' (kon-sed'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Conceding.] [L. concedere, concessum ; 
con- -f- cedere to go along, give way, yield. See Cede.] 

1. To yield or suffer to pass ; to surrender ; to grant. 

2. To admit to be true. 

Con-cede', v. i. To yield or make concession. 

Con-ceit' (kon-seV), n. [Through French fr. L. con- 
ceptus conceiving, conception, fr. concipere to conceive.] 
1. That which is conceived in the mind ; idea ; thought ; 
image ; conception. 2. Faculty of thought. [06s.] 3. 
Quickness of wit ; active imagination ; lively fancy. 4. A 
fanciful, odd, or extravagant notion ; quaint fancy ; whim ; 
quip. 5. Overweening idea of one's self ; vanity. 

Con-ceit' (kon-sef), v. t. & i. To conceive. [Archaic] 

Con-ceit'ed, a. 1. Entertaining a flattering opinion of 
one's self ; vain. 2. Curiously contrived ; quaint. [06s.] 
— Con-ceit'ed-ly, adv. — Con-ceit'ed-ness, n. 

Syn. — Vain: proud; opinionated; egotistical. 

Con-ceiv'a-ble (kon-sev'a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
conceived, imagined, or understood. — Con-ceiv'a-ble- 
ness, n. — Con-ceiv'a-bly, adv. 

Con-ceive' (kon-sev'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceived 
(-sevd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Conceiving.] [OF. concever, 
concevoir, fr. L. concipere to take, to conceive ; con- -\- 
capere to seize or take.] 1. To receive into the womb 
and breed ; to form the embryo of. 2. To form in the 
mind ; to devise ; to originate. 3. To apprehend by rea- 
son or imagination ; to comprehend ; to imagine. 

Syn. — To suppose ; understand ; believe ; think. 

Con-ceive 7 , v. i. 1. To become pregnant. 2. To have 
a conception, idea, or opinion. 

Con-ceiv'er (-er), n. One who conceives. 

Con-cent' (k5n-sent'), n. [L. concenlus, fr. concinere 
to sing together.] Concert of voices ; harmony. [Archaic] 

Con-cen'ter ) (-sen'ter), v. i. & t. [F. concentrer, fr. L. 

Con-cen'tre ) con- -f- centrum center.] To come or 
bring to one point ; to come or bring to a focus. 

Con-cen'trate (kon-sen'trat or kSn'sgn-), v. t. & i. 
[imp. & p. p. Concentrated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Concen- 
trating.] [Pref. con- + L. centrum center.] 1. To 
bring, come, or approach, to, or to direct toward, a com- 
mon center ; to bring to or meet in one point. 2. To re- 
duce in bulk and so increase in strength ; to intensify ; 
to condense. 

Con'cen-tra'tion (kon'sSn-tra'shun), n. Act or process 
of concentrating ; state of being concentrated. 

Con-cen'tra-tive (kon-sgn'tra-tiv), a. Serving or tend- 
ing to concentrate ; characterized by, or capable of, con- 
centration. — Con-cen'tra-tive-ness, n. 

Con-cen'tric (k5n-sen'tnk), ) a. Having a common 

Con-cen'tric-al (-trT-kal), ) center, as circles of 
different size. — Con-cen'tric-al-ly, adv. — Con'cen- 
tric'i-ty (kSn'sSn-trlsl-ty), n. 

Con'cept (kon'sSpt), n. [L. conceptus, p. p. of con- 
cipere to conceive. See Conceit.] An abstract general 
conception ; a notion ; a universal. 

Con-cep'ta-cle (kon-sep'ta-k'l), n. [L. conceptaculum, 
fr. concipere to receive. See Conceive.] 1. A recepta- 
cle. [06s.] 2. (Bot.) (a) A pericarp opening longitudi- 
nally on one side and having the seeds loose in it ; a fol- 
licle. (6) One of the cases containing the spores, etc.. 
of flowerless plants. 

Con-cep'ti-ble (-tT-b'l), a. Conceivable. 



a, a, I, o, ii, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, O., y, short ; sen&te, gvent, tdea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



CONCEPTION 



175 



CONCORD 



Con-cep'tion (kBn-sSp'shfin), n. [F., fr. L. conceptio, 
fr. concipere to conceive. See Conceive.] 1. Act of 
conceiving ; also, state of being conceived. 2. Power or 
faculty of apprehending or forming an idea. 3. That 
which is conceived; specif., an image, idea, or notion 
formed in the mind ; concept. 4. Idea ; purpose ; design. 

Con-cep'tlon-al (-al), a. Pertaining to conception. 

Con-cep'tion-al-ist, n. A conceptualise 

Con-cep'tive (-tTv), a. Capable of conceiving. 

Con-cep'tU-al (-tu-al), a. Pertaining to conception. 

Con-cep'tu-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. (Metaph.) A theory, 
intermediate between realism and nominalism, that the 
mind can form general conceptions of individual objects. 

Con-cep'tU-al-lst, n. An adherent of conceptualism. 

Con-cern' (k5n-sern'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerned 
(-sernd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Concerning.] [F. concerner, 
tiL. concernere to regard, concern, fr. L. concemere to 
mingle together, as in a sieve for separating ; con- -f- 
cernere to separate, sift, distinguish by the senses, and 
esp. by the eyes, to see. See Certain.] 1. To relate or 
belong to ; to affect the interest of. 2. To engage by 
feeling or sentiment ; to interest. 

Con-cern', ft. 1. That which relates or belongs to 
one ; business ; affair. 2. That which affects the welfare 
or happiness ; interest. 3. Interest in, or care for, any 
person or thing. 4. (Com.) Persons connected in busi- 
ness ; a firm and its business. 

Syn. — Anxiety ; solicitude ; regard ; matter ; moment. 

Con-cerned' (-sernd'), a. Disturbed ; troubled ; solic- 
itous ; anxious. — Con-cern'ed-ly (-sern'gd-), adv. 

Con-cern'ing, prep. Pertaining to ; regarding ; hav- 
ing relation to ; respecting ; as regards. 

Con-cern'ment (kon-sern'ment), n. 1. That in which 
one is concerned ; concern ; affair. 2. Importance ; mo- 
ment ; consequence. 3. Concern ; participation ; inter- 
position. 4. Emotion of mind ; solicitude ; anxiety. 

Con-cert' (kon-seW), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerted ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Concerting.] [F. concerter, It. concer- 
tare, prob. from L. consertus, p. p. of conserere to join. 
See Com-, and Seruss.] 1. To plan together ; to settle 
by agreement. 2. To plan ; to devise ; to arrange. 

Con-cert', v. i. To act in harmony or conjunction. 

Con'cert (kon'sert), n. 1. Agreement in a design or 
plan ; concord in action. 2. Musical accordance or har- 
mony ; concord. 3. A musical entertainment in which 
several voices or instruments take part. 

Con cer-ti'na (kSn'ser-te'na), n. [From It. concerto 
a concert.] A small musical instru- 
ment on the principle of the accordion. 

Con'cer-ti'no (-no), n. (Mus.) A piece 
for one or more solo instruments with 
orchestra; — more concise than concerto. 

II Con-certmeis'ter (kon-tsart'mis'- 
ter), n. [G.] (Mus.) The head violin- 
ist or leader of the strings in an orches- 
tra ; the sub-leader of the orchestra ; Concertina, 
concert master. 

Con-cer'to (kon-ser'to ; It. kon-char'to), n. ; pi. Con- 
certos (-toz). [It.] (Mus.) An orchestral composition 
(usually symphonic with three movements) in which one 
instrument (or two or three) stands out in bold relief. 

Con-ces'sion (kon-sesh'Qn), n. [L. concessio, fr. con- 
cealer e. See Concede.] 1. Act of conceding or yield- 
ing ; — usually implying a previous demand, claim, or 
request. 2. A thing yielded ; an acknowledgment or 
admission ; a grant ; esp. , a grant by government of a priv- 
ilege or right to do something. 

Con-ces'sion-ist. n. One who favors concession. 

Con-ces'slve (kon-ses'siv), a. Implying concession. 

Conch (konk), n. [L. concha, Gr. <6yxn- See Coach, 
n.~\ 1. (Zo'dl.) Any one of various marine univalve 
shells, esp. one of those of the genus Strombus, which 
are of large size. 2. In works of art, the shell used by 
Tritons as a trumpet. 3. One of the white natives of 
the Bahama Islands or one of their descendants in the 
Florida Keys ; — a nickname. 4. The external ear. 

II Con'cha (kon'ka), n. [LL. (in sense 1), fr. L. con- 
cha. See Conch.] 1. (Arch.)The plain semidome of an 
apse ; also, the entire apse. 2. (Anat.) The external 
ear ; esp., the deepest concavity of the external ear. 

Con'chl-form (k5n'ki-f&rm), a. [Conch -f -form.'] 
Shaped like one half of a bivalve shell ; shell-shaped. 

Con'choid (kSn'koid), n. [Gr. KoyxoeiSijs ; Koyxn shell 
-f- etfios form.] (Geom.) A curve of the fourth degree. 

Con-choid'al (kSn-koid'al), a. (Min.) Having eleva- 
tions or depressions in form like half of a bivalve shell. 

Con'ChO-lOg'ic-al (k5n/ko-15j'T-kal), a. (Zo'dl.) Per- 
taining to, or connected with, conchology. 




Con chol'o gist (k5n-kSl'S-jTst), n. (Zo'dl) One who 
studies, or is versed in, conchology. 

Con chol'o-gy (-]f), n. [Conch -f- -logy.] (Zo'dl.) 
The science of Mollusca, and of their shells. 

Con chom'e-try (-k5m'e-trjf), ft. (Zo'dl.) The art of 
measuring shells or their curves. 

Con chy la'ceous (k5n/ki-la'shus), ) a. [L. con- 

Con-chyl i a'ceous (k5n-kTl'T-a'shuB), J chy Hum 
shell, Gr. noyxy^ov, dim.~fr. Koyxi?. See Conch.] Of 
or pertaining to shells ; resembling a shell. 

II Concierge' (kSN'sySrzh'), n. [F.] One who keeps 
the entrance to an edifice ; doorkeeper ; janitor. 

Con-cil'1-ate (k5n-sTl'T-at ; 106), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Conciliated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conciliating.] [L. con- 
ciliatus, p. p. of conciliare to draw or bring together, 
unite, fr. concilium council. See Council.] To win 
over ; to gain from a state of hostility ; to mollify. 

Syn. — To reconcile ; propitiate; appease; pacify. 

Con-cil i-a'tion (kon-sil'T-a'shun), n. Act or process 
of conciliating ; state of being conciliated. 

Con-cil'i-a-tive (-a-tlv), a. Conciliatory. 

Con-cil'i-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who conciliates. 

Con-cil'i-a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry" ; 106), a. Tending to con- 
ciliate ; pacific ; mollifying ; propitiating. 

Con-cin'ni-ty (-sin'nT-ty), n. [L. concinnilas, f r. con- 
cinnus skillfully put together, beautiful.] Internal har- 
mony ; mutual adaptation of parts ; elegance. [R-] 

Con-Cin'nous (-nus), a. Marked by concinnity. [R.] 

Con-Cise' (k5n-sis'), a. [L. concisus cut off, short, p. 
p. of concidere to cut to pieces ; con- + caedere to cut.] 
Expressing much in a few words ; brief and compacted ; 
succinct ; terse ; — used of style in writing or speaking. 
— Con-cise'ly, adv. — Con-cise'ness, n. 

Syn. — Laconic ; brief ; short ; compendious ; summary. 

Con'Clave (kon'klav or k8n'-), «. [F., fr. L. con- 
clave a room that may be locked up ; con- + clavis key.] 

1. The set of apartments within which the cardinals of 
the Roman Catholic Church are continuously secluded 
while engaged in choosing a pope. 2. The body of car- 
dinals so shut up ; hence, the whole body of cardinals. 
3. A private meeting^ 

Con-clude'(kon-klud'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Concluded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Concluding.] [L. concludere, conclu- 
sum; con- -f- claudere to shut. See Close.] 1. To shut 
up; also, to shut up together; to embrace. [Obs.~\ 2. 
To close, as an argument, by inferring ; to infer, as from 
premises. 3. To make a final determination or judgment 
concerning ; to determine. 4. To bring to an end ; to 
finish. 5. To limit ; to estop ; to bar. 

Syn. — To decide; arrange; settle; terminate; end. 

Con-elude', v. i. 1. To make an end ; to terminate. 

2. To form a final judgment ; to reach a decision. 
Con-clud'er (-klu'der), n. One who concludes. 
Con-clu'Sion (kon-klu'zhiin), n. 1. The last part of 

anything ; close ; end. 2. Final decision ; determina- 
tion. 3. Any inference or result of reasoning; specif. 
(Logic), the inferred proposition of a syllogism. 4. Draw- 
ing of inferences. [Poetic'] 5. (Law) An estoppel or 
bar by which a person is held to a particular position. 

Syn. — Deduction ; consequence. See Inference. 

Con-Clu'sive (kSn-klu'siv), a. Belonging to a close 
or termination ; ending debate or question ; final ; de- 
cisive. — Con-clu'sive-ly, adv. — Con-clu'sive-ness, 71. 

Concoct' (kSn-k5kf), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Concocted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Concocting.] [L. concoctus, p. p. of 
concoquere to cook together, to digest, mature ; con- + 
coquere to cook.] 1. To digest. [Obs.] 2. To prepare 
from crude materials, as food. 3. To digest in the mind ; 
to devise ; to plot. 

Con-COCt'er (k5n-kok'ter), n. One who concocts. 

Con-COC'tlon (k5n-k5k'shun), n. Act of concocting ; 
that which results from a process of concocting, [ive. 

Con-COCt'ive (-tiv), a. Digesting or ripening ; digest- 

Con-com'i-tance (k5n-k5m'i-t«ns), ) n. Quality or 

Con-com'i-tan-cy (-kom'T-tan-sjf), ( state of being 
concomitant ; state of accompanying ; accompaniment. 

Con-com'i-tant (-tant), a. [F., fr. L. con- + comi- 
tari to accompany, comes companion.] Accompanying ; 
conjoined; attending. — Con-com'1-tant-ly, adv. 

Con-com'i-tant, n. One who, or that which, accompa- 
nies, or is collaterally connected with another. 

Con'cord (k5n'k6rd), n. [F. Concorde, L. concordia, 
fr. concors of the same mind, agreeing ; con- -\- cor. cor- 
dis, heart.] 1. A state of agreement ; harmony ; union. 
2. (Gram.) Agreement of words with one another, in 
gender, number, person, or case. 3. [Prob. influenced 
by chord.] (Mus.) An agreeable combination of tones 
simultaneously heard. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CONCORDANCE 



176 



CONDITION 



Con-cord'ance vkon-kord'.ms). n. 1. Agreement; 
accordance . concord. 2. An alphabetical word index 
showing the places in the text of a book where each 
principal word may be found, with its immediate context. 
3. A topical index or orderly analysis of a book. 

Con-cord'ant (,-*int). a. Agreeing; correspondent; 
harmonious; consonant. — Con-COrd'ant-ly. adv. 

Con-cor'dat (.kou-koVdSt), n. [See Concord.] A com- 
pact, covenant, or agreement; specif., an agreement 
made between the pope and a sovereign or government for 
the regulation of ecclesiastical matters. [cordauce. i 

Con-cord'ist (-kord'Tst), n. The compiler of a con- 1 

Con-COr'po-rate (-k6r'po-rat), v. t. & i. [L. concor- 
porarr.~\ To unite ; to incorporate. [Archaic'] 

Con'course (kSn'kors), n. [F. concours, L. concur- 
sus. fr. concurrere to run together. See Concur.] 1. A 
moving, flowing, or running together ; confluence. 2. An 
assembly ; a gathering ; a meeting. 3. The place where 
objects, "as several roads, come together. 

Con cre-ate' (kon'kre-at' or k5n'kre-at / ), v. t. To 
create at the same time. 

Con 'ere -ment (k5n'kre-nient), n. [L. concrementum, 
fr. concrescere. See Concrete.] Concretion. [R.~\ 

Con-cres'cence (k5n-kreVsens), n. Coalescence of 
particles ; increase by the addition of particles. [2?.] 

Con-cres'cive (-siv), a. Growing together ; united. 

Con'crete (kon'kret or kon'kret), a. [L. concretus, 
p. p. of concrescere to grow together ; con- -\- crescere to 
grow.] 1. United in growth ; hence, formed by coali- 
tion of separate particles into one mass. 2. {Logic) (a) 
Standing for an object as it exists in nature, invested 
with all its qualities ; — opposed to abstract. Hence : 
(b) Applied to a specific object ; special ; particular ; — 
opposed to general. 

Concrete number, a number associated with, or applied 
to, a particular object, as three men, five days, etc. 

Con'crete, n. 1. A compound or mass formed by 
concretion. 2. A mixture of gravel, pebbles, or broken 
stone with cement, tar, or the like. 3. (Logic) A term 
designating both a quality and the subject possessing it. 

Con-crete' (kon-kref), v. i. & I. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
creted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Concreting.] 1. To unite, 
form, or coalesce, as separate particles, into a mass or 
solid body. 2. To cover with, or form of, concrete. 

Con-crete'ly, adv. In a concrete manner. 

Con-crete'ness. n. Quality or state of being concrete. 

Con-cre'tion (k5n-kre v shun), n. 1. The process of 
concreting ; a uniting of particles into a single mass ; 
solidification. 2. A mass or nodule of solid matter 
formed by growing together, by congelation, condensa- 
tion, coagulation, induration, etc. 3. (Geol.) A rounded 
mass or nodule produced by an 
aggregation of the material 
around a center. 

Con-cre'tion-al (kon-kre'- 
shun-ol), a. Concretionary. 

Con-cre'tion-a-ry (a-ry), a. 
Pertaining to, or formed by, con- 
cretion ; producing or contain- calcareous Concretions. 
ing concretions. 

Con-cre'tlve (-tTv), a. Promoting concretion. 

Con-cu'bi-nage (-kuHrf-naj), n. [F.] Cohabitation 
of a man and a woman not legally married ; state of 
being a concubine. [nage. | 

Con-culji-nal (-nol), a. Of or pertaining to concubi- 

Con-cn'bi-na-ry (-na-ry), a. Relating to concubinage ; 
living in concubinage. 

Con'cu-bine (k5n'ku-bin), n. [F., fr. L. concubina; 
con- -f- endure to lie down.] 1. A woman who cohabits 
with a man without being his wife ; a paramour. 2. A 
wife of inferior condition. [morbid carnal passion. I 

Con-cu'pis-cence (kon-ku'pis-sens), n. Sexual lust ; | 

Con-cu'pis-cent (-sent), a. [L. concupiscens, p. pr. 
of cona/piscere, v. incho. of conctipere to long for ; con- 
— cupere to desire.] Lustful ; libidinous ; lecherous. 

Con-cn'pis-ci-ble (-sT-b'l), a. Exciting, or susceptible 
to, desires, esp. lustful desires. 

Con-cnr' (k5n-kur'), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Concurred 
f-kfird') : p. pr. & vb. n. Concurring.] [L. conenrrere 
to run together, agree ; con — \- currere to run. See 
Current.^] 1. To meet in the same point. 2. To unite 
or agree (in action or opinion) ; to act jointly ; to coincide. 

Syn.— To combine : approve; acquiesce; assent. 
Con-cnr'rence ( k5n-kur'rens), n. 1. Act of concur- 
ring : a irif-f-ting, coming, or existing together ; conjunc- 
tion. 2. Agreement in opinion, action, or influence ; 
cooperation ; coincidence. 
Con-cur'ren-cy (-ren-sy), n. Concurrence. 




Con-cur'rent (k5n-kiir'rent), a. 1. Acting or exer- 
cising control jointly or over the same subject ; agreeing 
in the same act or opiuion. 2. Existing or happening at 
the same time. 3. (Geom.) Meeting in one point. — 
Con-cur'rent-ly, adv.— Con cur'rent-ness, «. 

Syn. — Meeting ; uniting ; accompanying ; conjoined ; 
associated ; cooperating ; coincident ; united. 

Con-cur'rent. n. 1. One that concurs. 2. One seek- 
ing the same objects; hence, a rival. 3. (Chron.) One 
of the supernumerary days of the year over fifty-two 
weeks ; — because they concur with the solar cycle. 

Con-cuss' (k5n-kus'), v. t. [See Concussion.] To 
shake or agitate ; to subject to concussion. 

Con-CUS'slon (kon-ktish'un), n. [L. concussio, fr. 
concutere, co7icussitm, to shake violently; con- -\- qua- 
tere to shake.] 1. A shaking or agitation; a shock 
caused by the collision of tw-o bodies. 2. {Med.) A con- 
dition of lowered functional activity, without visible 
structural change, produced in an organ by a shock. 

Con-CUS'sive (-kus'siv), a. That shakes or agitates. 

Cond (k5nd), v. t. [F. conduire to conduct, f r. L. con- 
ducere. See Conduct.] (Naut.) To con, as a ship. 

Condemn' (k5n-dgm'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Con- 
demned (-dgmd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Condemning (-dgm'- 
nlng or -dem'Tng).] [L. condemnare ; con- + damnare 
to condemn. See Damn.] 1. To pronounce to be wrong. 

2. To pronounce a judicial sentence against ; to doom. 

3. To adjudge or pronounce to be unfit for service ; to 
adjudge to be forfeited. 4. (Law) To doom to be taken 
for public use, under the right of eminent domain. 

Syn. — To blame ; censure ; reprove ; reproach ; up- 
braid ; reprobate ; convict ; doom ; sentence ; adjudge. 

Con-dem'na-ble (-na-b'l), a. Worthy or capable of 
condemnation. 

Condem-na'tion (kon'dem-na'shun), n. 1. Act of, or 
ground for, condemnation ; state of being condemned. 

Con-dem'na-tO-ry (kon-dem'na-to-ry), a. Condem- 
ning ; imposing condemnation. [condemns. I 

Con-dem'ner (-dgrn'ner or -dem'er), n. One who| 

Con-den'sa-ble (-dSn'sa-b'l), a. Capable of being 
condensed. — Con-den sa-bil'i-ty (-bil'T-ty), n. 

Con-den'sate (-sat), a. Made dense ; condensed. 

Con-den'sate (-sat), v. t. & i. To condense. 

Con den-sa'tion (k5n'den-sa'shiin), n. Act or process 
of condensing ; state of being condensed. 

Con-den'sa-tive (-dgn'sa-tiv), a. That condenses. 

Con-dense' (k5n-dgns'), v. t. &i. [imp. &p.p. Con- 
densed (-dgnsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Condensing.] [L. con- 
densare ; con- -j- densare to make thick or dense, densus 
thick, dense.] 1. To make or become more close, com- 
pact, or dense. 2. (Physics & Chem.) To reduce or 
change into another and denser form, as by cold or pres- 
sure, or by a change in the constituency of the molecules. 

Syn. — To compress ; contract ; crowd ; thicken ; con- 
centrate ; abridge ; epitomize ; reduce. 

Con-dens'er (-dgn'ser), n. One that condenses. 

Con-den'si-ble (-sT-b'l), a. That may be condensed. 

Con de-scend' (kSn'de-sgnd'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Condescended ;p.p.& vb. n. Condescending.] [F. con- 
descendre, LL. condescendere, fr. L. con- + descendere. 
See Descend.] To stoop or descend ; to let one's self 
down ; to waive the privileges of rank or dignity ; to 
accommodate one's self to an inferior. 

Syn. — To yield; stoop; descend; deign; vouchsafe. 

Con de-scend'ing-ly. adv. In a condescending way. 

Con de-scen'sion (-sgn'shun), n. Act of condescend- 
ing ; voluntary descent from one's rank or dignity in in- 
tercourse with an inferior ; complaisance ; courtesy. 

Con-dign' (kon-din'), a. [F. condigne, L. condignus 
very worthy ; con- -f- dignus worthy.] 1. Worthy. 
[Obs.~\ 2. Deserved ; adequate ; suitable to the fault or 
crime. — Con-dignly (ly), adv. — Con-dign'ness, n. 

Con'di-ment (k5n'dT-ment), n. [L. condimentum, fr. 
condire to preserve, pickle. See Recondite.] Something 
to give relish to food, and gratify the taste ; seasoning. 

Con dis-ci'ple (kSn'dts-si'p'l), n. [L. condiscipvlus. 
See Disciple.] A schoolfellow ; a fellow-student. [R.~] 

Con-di'tion (kon-dish'un), n. [F., fr. L. conditio (bet- 
ter condicio) agreement, compact, condition ; con — |- a 
root signifying, to show, point out, akin to dicere to say. 
See Token.] 1. Mode or state of being ; state or situa- 
tion with regard to external circumstances or influences, 
or to physical or mental health ; circumstances. 2. Es- 
sential quality ; property ; attribute. 3. Temperament ; 
disposition ; character. [Obs.~\ 4. That which must 
exist as the occasion or concomitant of something else ; 
an essential qualification, stipulation, etc. 

Syn. — Station ; case ; mode ; plight ; predicament ; 
requisite ; article ; provision ; arrangement. See State. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, d, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CONDITION 



177 



CONFERENCE 



Con-di'tion (kon-dTsh'iin), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
ditioned (-dTsh'Qnd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Conditioning.] 
To make terms ; to stipulate ; to impose conditions. 

Con-di'tion, V. t. 1. To invest with, or quality, or 
limit by, conditions ; to impose a condition or conditions 
on. 2. To contract ; to stipulate ; to agree. 

Con-di'tion-al (kSn-dYsh'iin-ol), a. 1. Containing, 
implying, or depending on, a condition or conditions ; not 
absolute. 2. {Gram. & Logic) Expressing a condition 
or supposition.— Con-di'tion ally, adv. [ditional. I 

Con-di/tion-al'i-ty (-al'I-ty), n. Quality of being con- 1 

Con'di-tO-ry (kon'dT-to-ry), n. [L. conditorium, fr. 
condere to hide.] Repository for things ; hiding place. 

Con-dole' (kon-dol'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condoled 
(-dold') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Condoling.] [L. condolere ; 
con- -f- dolere to feel pain, grieve.] To express sympa- 
thetic sorrow ; to grieve in sympathy. 

Con-dole'ment (-ment), n. 1. Condolence. 2. Sor- 
row ; mourning ; lamentation. 

Con-dolence (kSn-do'lens), n. Expression of sym- 
pathy with another in sorrow or grief. 

Con-dol'er (-ler), n. One who condoles. [ing. I 

Con do-na'tion (kon'do-na'shun), n. Act of condon- 1 

Con-done' (kon-don'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condoned 
(-dond') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Condoning.] [L. condonare, 
-atum, to give up, remit, forgive ; con- -\- donare to 
give.] 1. To pardon; to forgive. 2. {Law) To par- 
don ; to overlook the offense of ; esp., to forgive for a 
violation of the marriage vow. 

Con'dor (kon'dor), n. [Sp. 
condor, fr. Peruvian cuntur.'] 
(Zo'ol.) A very large bird of the 
Vulture family, found in the 
highest parts of the Andes. 

llCon dot-tie're (kon'dot-tya'- 
ra), n. ; pi. -Bi (-re). [It., cap- 
tain.] A military adventurer 
of the fourteenth and fifteenth 
centuries, who sold his services. 

Con-duce' (kon-dus'), v. i. 
[imp. &p.p. Conduced (-dust'); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Conducing.] [L. 
conducere to bring together, con- 
duce, hire ; con- -f- ducere to 
lead. See Duke.] To lead or 
tend, esp. with reference to a 
favorable or desirable result. 

Syn.— To contribute ; aid ; assist ; tend ; subserve. 

Con-du'ci-ble (kon-du'sT-b'l), a. Conducive; tend- 
ing ; contributing. — Con-du'ci-bil'i-ty (-si-bTl'T-ty), 
Con-du'ci ble-ness, n. — Con-du'ci-bly, adv. 

Con-du'cive (kon-du'sTv), a. Leading or tending; 
helpful ; contributive. — Con-du'cive-ness, n. 

Con'duct (kon'dukt), n. [LL. conductus defense, 
escort", fr. L. conductus, p. p. of conducere. See Con- 
duce.] 1. Act or method of conducting; guidance; 
management. 2. Skillful management; generalship. 
3. Convoy ; escort ; guard ; guide. [Archaic] 4. Chan- 
nel ; instrument. [Obs.~\ 5. Manner of guiding or car- 
rying one's self ; personal deportment ; behavior. 

Syn. — Behavior ; carriage ; deportment ; demeanor ; 
bearing ; management ; guidance. See Behaviob. 

Con-duct' (kSn-diikt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
ducted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Conducting.] 1. To lead, or 
guide ; to escort ; to attend. 2. To lead, as a com- 
mander ; to direct; to manage. 3. To behave ;— with 
the reflexive. 4. (Physics) To serve as a medium for 
conveying or transmitting, as heat, electricity, etc. 

Con-dUCt', v. i. 1. To act as a conductor, as of heat. 

2. To conduct one's self ; to behave. [U. S.~\ 
Con-duct i-bll'i-ty (kon-duk'ti-bTl'i-ty), n. 1. Ca- 
pability of being conducted. 2. Conductivity. 

Con-duct'i-ble (-b'l), a. Capable of being conducted. 

Con-dUC'tion (kon-duk'shun), n. Act of conducting. 

Con-duct'ive (-tiv), a. Having the quality or power 
of conducting. 

Con'dUC-tiVi-ty (kon'diik-tTv'T-ty), n. Quality or 
power of conducting, or of receiving and transmitting. 

Con-duct'or (-duk'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
conducts ; a leader ; commander ; guide ; manager ; direc- 
tor. 2. One in charge of a public conveyance. [U. S.~\ 

3. (Physics) A substance or body capable of being a 
medium for the transmission of certain forces, esp. heat 
or electricity ; specif., a lightning rod. [directs. I 

Con-duct'ress (-tres), n. A woman who leads or| 
Con'duit (kon'dit or kun'dit), n. [F., fr. LL. con- 
ductus escort, guide, conduit. See Conduct.] 1. A 
pipe, canal, channel, or passage for conveying a fluid. 




Condor (Sarcorham- 
phus gryphus). 




2. (Arch.) (a) A structure forming a reservoir for water. 
(b) A narrow passage for private communication. 

Con du'pli-cate (k5n-du'plT-kat), a. [L. condupli- 
catus,v.p. See Duplicate.] (Bot.) Folded lengthwise 
along the midrib, the upper face being within. 

Con'dyle (kon'dTl or -dll), n. [L. condylus knuckle, 
joint, Gr. koVovAo?.] (Anat.) A bony prominence ; esp., 
an end of a bone bearing a rounded (usually convex) artic- 
ular surface. — Con'dy-lar (-di-ler), a. 

II Con'dy-lo'ma (-dT-lo'ma), n. ; pi. L. Condylomata 
(-lo'ma-ta or -lom'a-ta). [NL., fr. Gr. Koi/5iiAco/aa, from 
koVSvAos knuckle. See -oma.] (Med.) A wartlike new 
growth on the outer skin or adjoining mucous membrane. 

Con-dyl'o-pod (kSn-dTl'S-pSd), n. [Gr. <c6i/6vAo? 
knuckle (or joint) -f -pod.] (Zo'ol.) An arthropod. 

Cone (kon), n. [L. conus cone (in sense 1), Gr. kwcos.] 
1. (Geom.) A solid of the form de- 
scribed by the revolution of a right- 
angled triangle about one of the sides 
adjacent to the right angle ; any solid 
having a circle for its base and tapering 
to a point or vertex. 2. Anything 
shaped more or less like a mathemat- 
ical cone; esp. (Bot.), the fruit or 
strobile of the Coniferse, as of the pine, 
fir, cedar, and cypress. [See Cony, j 

Co'ney (ko'ny or kun'y ), n. (Zo'ol. ) \ 

Con'fab (kon'fab), n. A contr. of 
Confabulation. [Colloq.] 

Con-fab'u-late (kon-fSb'u-lat), v. i. _ 
[L. confabulari, p. p. -atus ; con- + Geometrical Cone. 
fabulari to speak, fr. fabula. See Fable.] To talk 
familiarly together ; to chat ; to prattle. 

Con-fab u-la'tion (kon-f5b'u-la'shQn), ». Familiar 
talk ; easy, unceremonious conversation. 

Con-far re-a'tion (kon-faVre-a'shQn), n. [L. confar- 
reatio, fr. confarreare to marry ; con- -\- farreum a spelt 
cake.] (Rom. Antiq.) A form of marriage, in which an 
offering of bread was made, in presence of witnesses. 

Con-fect' (k5n-fekf), v. t. [L. confectus, p. p. of 
conficere to prepare. See Comfit.] 1. To make a con- 
fection of. [Obs.~\ 2. To mingle. [Obs.~\ 

Con'fect (kon'fekt), n. A comfit ; a confection. [06s.] 

Con-fec'tion (kon-fek'shun), n. 1. Any composition. 
[Obs.~\ 2. A preparation of fruits or roots, etc., with 
sugar ; a sweetmeat. 3. A composition of drugs. 

Con-fec'tion-a-ry (-a-ry), n. A confectioner. [Obs.~\ 

Con-fec'tion-er (-er), n. One whose occupation it is 
to make or sell confections, candies, etc. 

Con-fec'tion-er-y (-er-y or -er-y), n. Sweetmeats, in 
general ; confections ; candies ; also, a place where they 
arc made or sold. 

Con-fed'er-a-cy (kon-fgd'er-a-sy), n. [From Con- 
fedeeate, a.] 1. A league or compact between two or 
more persons, bodies of men, or states. 2. The parties 
united by a league ; a confederation. 3. (Law) An un- 
lawful combination ; a conspiracy. 

Syn. — League ; covenant ; compact ; alliance ; asso- 
ciation ; union ; combination ; coalition ; confederation. 

Con-fed'er-ate (-at), a. [L. confoederatus, p. p. of 
confoederare to join by a league ; con- + foederare to 
establish by treaty or league, f r. foedus league, compact.] 

1. United in a league ; allied by treaty ; banded together. 

2. (Amer. Hist.) Of or pertaining to the Confederacy of 
eleven Southern States which attempted (1860-1865) to 
withdraw from the United States. 

Con-fed'er-ate, n. 1. One united with others in a 
league; an ally; also, an accomplice. 2. (Amer. Hist.) 
An adherent to the cause of the Confederate States. 

Con-fed'er-ate (-at), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Confed- 
ebated (-a ; ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Confedebating (-5'- 
ting).] To unite in a league or confederacy. 

Con-fed'er-a'tion (-a'shun), »• 1. A confederating ; 
league ; alliance, esp. of princes, nations, or states. 2. 
Parties to a league ; confederacy, [to a confederation. | 

Con-fed'er-a-tive (-a-tTv or -a-tiv), a. Of or pert. I 

Con-fer' (k5n-fer'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confebbed 
(-ferd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Confessing.] [L. conferre to 
bring together, contribute, dOnsult ; con- -\-ferre to bear. 
See Beab to support.] 1. To compare. [Obs.~\ 2. To 
grant as a possession ; to bestow. 

Syn. — See Give. 

Con-fer', v. i. To make comparison of views ; to 
consult ; to deliberate. 

Con'fer-ee' (kSn'fer-e'), n. 1. One who takes part in 
a conference. 2. One upon whom something is conferred. 

Con'fer-ence (kou'fer-ens), n. 1. Act of conferring ; 
act of consulting together formally ; interchange of 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, ru.de, full, Urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin* 
12 



M 



CONFERRABLE 



178 



CONFORMATION 



views. 2. A meeting for consultation, discussion, inter- 
change Of opinions, or adjustment of differences. 3. A 
voluntary sssocistion of Congregational churches of a dis- 
trict : the district itself. [be conferred. I 

Con-ferTa-ble (kon-fer'ra-b'l or -fSr 7 -), a. That may| 

Con fer-ree' (kon fer-re'), ». Same as Conferee. 

Con-fer'rer i,kon-fer'rer), ?/. One who confers. 

Con fer-ru'mi-nate (k5n'fer-ru/inT-uat), \ a. [L. cow- 
Con fer-ru'ml-na'ted C-rii'mT-ua'tgd), ) fcrrumi- 
ncre to cement. See Ferruminate.] (Bot.) United by 
the ooaloBoenoo, or sticking together, of contiguous faces. 
Con-fer'va (,k5n-fer'va), n. ; pi. Confervje (-ve). 
[L.. a kind of water plant.] (Bot.) Any unbranched, 
slender, green plant of the fresh-water algae. 

Con-fer'vold (k5n-fer'void), a. [Conferva -f -oid.] 
Like, or related to, the confervae. 

Confess' (k5n-fSs'), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Confessed 
(-fSsP) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Confessing.] [F. confesser, fr. 
L. confessus, p. p. of confiteri to confess ; con- -f- fateri 
to confess; akin to fari to speak.] 1. To acknowledge, 
avow, own, or admit ; as a crime, a fault, a debt. 2. To 
profess belief in. 3. To admit as true ; to assent to. 4. 
(Eccl.) (a) To make known or acknowledge (one's sins, 
misdeeds, etc.) to a priest for absolution, (o) To so ac- 
knowledge the sins, misdeeds, etc. , of (one's self), (c) To 
hear or receive such confession from ; — said of a priest. 

Syn. — Grant ; concede ; avow ; own ; assent ; recog- 
nize ; prove ; exhibit ; attest. — Acknowledge is opposed 
to conceal. Avow is opposed to withhold. We confess (in 
the ordinary sense of the word) what we feel to have been 
wrong ; or confess or acknowledge may be used simply to 
imply that others may perhaps think us wrong. 

Confess', v. i. To make confession. 

Con-fess'ed-ly (-feVgd-ly), adv. By confession. 

Con-f ess'er (-fSs'er), n. One who makes confession. 

Con-fes'sion (-fesh'fin), n. 1. Act of confessing any- 
thing. 2. The statement embodying what is confessed ; 
specif., a formulary of articles of religious faith. 3. (Law) 
An acknowledgment of an act imputed, or a fact asserted ; 
esp., an acknowledgment of the commission of a crime. 

Con-fes'sion-al (k5n-fgsh'Qn-al), n. The recess, seat, 
or inclosed place, where a priest sits to hear confessions. 

Con-fes'sion-al. a. Pertaining to a confession of faith. 

Con-fes'sion-a-ry. a. Of or pertaining to auricular 
confession of sins, etc. 

Con-fess'or (-fgs'er), n. One who confesses. Specif. : 
(a) One who confesses the Christian religion, (b) A priest 
authorized to confess others and grant absolution. 

Con fi-dant' (kon'fT-dXnt'), n. m.asc, Con fi-dante', 
n.fem. [F., — an obs. spelling. See Confide.] One to 
whom secrets are confided ; a confidential friend. 

Con-fide/ (kon-fld'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Confided ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Confiding.] [L. confidere; con- -f- 
fidere to trust. See Faith.] To put faith ; to repose 
confidence ; to trust. 

Con-fide', v. I. To intrust ; to give in charge. 

Con'fi-dence (kon'f I-dens), n. 1. Act of confiding ; 
trust ; reliance ; belief ; expectation. 2. That in which 
faith is put or reliance had. 3. The state of mind charac- 
terized by one's reliance on himself ; self-reliance ; assur- 
ance. 4. Private conversation ; (pi.) secrets shared. 

Confidence man, a swindler operating by taking advan- 
tage of the confidence had in him by his victim. 

Con'fi-dent (-dent), a. [L. confident, -entis, p. pr.] 
1. Having full confidence or belief ; sure ; positive. 2. 
Trustful ; without fear or suspicion. 3. Having self-reli- 
ance ; bold ; undaunted. 4. Having an excess of assur- 
ance ; dogmatical ; presumptuous. — Con'fi-dent-ly, adv. 

Con'fi-den'tlal (-dgn'shal), a. 1. Enjoying, or treated 
with, confidence ; trusted in ; trustworthy. 2. Communi- 
cated in confidence ; secret. — Con'fi-den'tial-ly, adv. 

Con-fid'er (kon-fi'der), n. One who confides. 

Con-fld'ing, a. That confides ; trustful ; unsuspi- 
cious. — Con-Hd'ing-ly, adv. — Con-fid'ing-ness, n. 

Con-fig'ur-ate (k5n-fTg'ur-at), v. i. [L. configurare, 
p. p. -alus, to form after ; con- -j- figurare to form.] To 
take form or position ; to agree with a pattern. 

Con-fig'n-ra'tion (k5n-fTg'u-ra'shQn), n. 1. Form, 
as depending on relative disposition of parts ; shape ; fig- 
ure. 2. (Aslrol.) Relative position or aspect of the planets. 

Con-fig'ure (kon-flg'ur), v. t. [L. configurare.] To 
arrange or dispose in a certain form, figure, or shape. 

Con-fin'a-ble (k5n-fin'a-b'l), a. That may be confined. 

Con-fine' fkon-fln'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confined 
Mind'; ; p. pr. & vb. n. Confining.] [F. confiner to 
border upon, LL. confinare to set bounds to ; con- + finis 
boundary, end.] To restrain within limits ; to restrict. 

To_be confined, to be in childbed. [scribe. I 

- To bound ; limit ; imprison ; inclose ; circum- 1 



Syn. 



Con'fine (kon'fin or k5n-fin'), v. i. To border. 

Con'fine (k5n'fin), n. 1. Common boundary ; border ; 
limit ; — used chiefly in the plural. 2. Prison. [Obs.] ' 

Con fine'ment (k5n-fln'ment), n. 1. Restraint within 
limits; imprisonment; seclusion. 2. Restraint within 
doors by sickness, esp. that caused by childbirth. 

Con-fin'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, confines. 

Con-firm' (k5n-f erm'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confirmed 
(-fernid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Confirming.] [OF. confer- 
mer, L. confirmare ; con- -\- firmare to make firm, firmus 
firm.] 1. To make firm or firmer; to add strength to; 
to make certain. 2. To render valid by formal assent. 
3. (Eccl.) To administer the rite of confirmation to. 

Syn. — To strengthen ; corroborate ; substantiate ; es- 
tablish ; fix ; ratify ; settle ; verify ; assure. 

Con firm'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be confirmed. 

Con f ir-ma'tion (kon'fer-ma'shiin), n. 1. Act of con- 
firming. 2. That which confirms. 3. (Eccl.) A rite sup- 
plemental to baptism, by which one is admitted, by the 
laying on of hands, to the full privileges of the church. 

Con-firm'a-tive (kon-ferm'a-tiv), a. Tending to con- 
firm or establish. — Con-f irm'a-tive-ly , adv. 

Con-flrm'a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry), a. 1. Serving to confirm. 
2. Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. 

Con-f irm'er, n. One that confirms. [fiscated. I 

Con-fis'ca-ble (-fis'ka-b'l), a. Capable of being con- 1 

Con'fis-cate (k5n'fis-kat or kSn-fis'kat), a. [L. con- 
fi scare, p. p. -atus, prop., to lay up in a chest; con- + 
fiscus basket, purse, treasury.] Seized and appropriated 
to the public use ; forfeited. 

Con'fis-cate, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Confiscated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Confiscating.] To seize as forfeited to the public. 

Con fis-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act or process of con- 
fiscating. 

Con'fis-cator (-ka'ter), n. One who confiscates. 

Con-fls'ca-tO-ry (kon-fis'ka-to-ry), a. Effecting con- 
fiscation ; characterized by confiscations. 

Con-fix' (kon-fiks'), v. t. [L. confixus, p. p. of con- 
figere to fasten together.] To fix ; to fasten. [Obs.] 

Con fla'grant (k5n-fla'grant), a. [L. conflagrans, 
p. pr. of conflagrare. See Com-, and Flagrant.] Burn- 
ing together in a common flame. [B.] 

Con I la-gra'tion (-fla-gra'shun), n. An extensive fire. 

Con-f late' (kon-flaf), v. t. [L. conflare, p. p. -atus ; 
con- -j- flare to blow.] To blow together; to fuse to- 
gether ; to consolidate. 

Con'f lict (kSn'flikt), n. [L. conflictus. See Conflict, 
v. i.] 1. A striking or dashing together ; violent colli- 
sion. 2. A strife for the mastery ; hostile contest. 

Syn. — Contest ; collision ; struggle ; combat ; strife ; 
contention ; battle ; fight ; encounter. See Contest. 

Conflict' (kon-flikf), v. i. [imp. &p. ^."Conflicted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Conflicting.] [L. confligere, p. p. -flic- 
tus ; con- -\-fligere to strike.] 1. To strike or dash to- 
gether ; to meet in violent collision. 2. To maintain a 
conflict ; to engage or be in strife or opposition. 

Syn. — To fight ; contend; contest; resist; struggle; 
combat ; strive ; battle. 

Con-flict'ive (-iv), a. Tending to conflict. 

Con'flu-ence (kon'flu-ens), n. 1. The meeting or junc- 
tion of two or more streams ; place of meeting. 2. Any 
coming together ; hence, crowd ; concourse ; assemblage. 

Con'flu-ent (-ent), a. [L. confluens, -entis, p. pr. of 
confiuere, -fluxum; con- + fiuere to flow.] Flowing 
together ; running one into another ; blending into one. 

Con'flu-ent, n. A stream which flows into a larger one. 

Con'f lux (k5n'fluks), n. A confluence. 

Con-f O'cal (-f o'kal), a. (Math.) Having the same foci. 

Con-form' (kon-f6rm'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conformed 
(-fgrmd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Conforming.] [F. conformer, 
L. conformare, -atum ; con — \- formare to form. See 
Form.] To shape in accordance with ; to make like ; to 
bring into harmony or agreement with. 

Con-form', v. i. 1. To be in accord or harmony ; to 
comply; to submit. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) To comply 
with the usages of the Established Church. 

Con-f orm'a-ble (k5n-f6rm'a-b'l), a. 1. Corresponding 
in form, character, opinions, etc. ; similar ; like ; con- 
sistent; suitable. 2. Disposed to compliance or obedi- 
ence; submissive; compliant. 3. (Geol.) Parallel, or 
nearly so ; — said of strata in contact. — Con-f orm'a-Dil'- 
i-ty (bTlT-t^), Con-form'a-ble-ness, n.— Con-f orm'- 
a-My, adv. 

Con-form'ate (-at), a. Having the same form. [R.] 

Con'f or-ma'tion (kSn'fSr-ma'shun), n. 1. Act of con- 
forming ; act of producing conformity. 2. State of being 
conformed ; agreement ; hence, structure, as depending 
on the arrangement of parts ; arrangement. 



a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; a, g, f, ft, fc, y> B hort ; senate, fcvent, Idea, ftbey, finite, cAre, axm, ask, all, final. 



CONFORMER 



179 



CONGRATULATE 



Oon-form'er (k5n-f6rm'er), n. One who conforms. 

Con-fonn'lst, n. One who conforms; esp.,one who 
conforms to the uses of the Church of England. 

Con-form'i-ty (k5n-f8rm'T-t^), n. 1. Correspondence 
in form, manner, or character ; resemblance ; agreement ; 
congruity. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the 
usages of the Established Church. 

Con-found' (k5n-found'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
founded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Confounding.] [F. confondre, 
fr. L. confundere, -fusum, to pour together; con- -\-fun- 
dere to pour.] 1. To mingle and blend, so that different 
elements can not be distinguished ; to confuse. 2. To 
mistake for another; to identify falsely. 3. To throw 
into confusion or disorder ; to perplex ; to dismay. 4. 
To destroy ; to waste. [Obs.] 

Syn. — To abash ; confuse ; baffle ; dismay ; astonish ; 
defeat ; terrify ; mix ; blend ; intermingle. See Abash. 

Con-found'ed, a. 1. Confused; perplexed. 2. Ex- 
cessive; extreme; abominable. [Colloq.] 

Con-found'ed-ly. adv. Extremely ; odiously. [Colloq.] 

Con-found'er (-er), n. One who confounds. 

Con'fra-ter'ni-ty (k5n'fra-ter'nT-ty), n. [LL. confra- 
ternitas.] A fraternity; a brotherhood. 

II Con frere' (kQN'fraV), n. [F.] Fellow member of 
a fraternity ; intimate associate. 

Con'fri-ca'tion (kon'frT-ka'shun), n. [L. confricatio, 
fr. confricare to rub vigorously.] Friction. [055.] 

Con-front' (kon-f runt'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Confront- 
ed; p. pr. & vb. n. Confronting.] [F. confronter; L. 
con- -j- frons forehead, front. See Front.] 1. To stand 
facing or in front of ; to face, esp. in hostility ; to oppose 
with firmness. 2. To put or bring face to face. 3. To set 
in opposition for examination ; to compare, [fronting. I 

Con fron-ta'tion (kon'frQn-ta'shun), n. Act of con- 1 

Con-front'er (kon-frunfer), n. One who confronts. 

Con-fus'a-ble (-fuz'a-b'l), a. Capable of being con- 
fused. — Con-fusa-bil'i-ty (-bTi'I-ty), n. 

Con-fuse' (kon-fus'), a. [F. confus, L. confusus, p. 
p. of confundere. See Confound.] Confounded. [06s.] 

Con-fuse' (kSn-fuz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confused 
(-fuzd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Confusing.] 1. To mix indis- 
tinguishably ; to blend ; to confound. 2. To perplex ; 
to disconcert ; to abash. 

Syn. — To disorder ; disarrange ; distract. See Abash. 

Con-fus'ed-ly (-Sd-ly), adv. In a confused manner. 

Con-fUS'ed-ness, n. A state of confusion. 

Con-fu'sion (-fu'zhun), n. 1. State of being con- 
fused. 2. Overthrow; defeat; ruin. 

Syn. — Disorder ; tumult ; disconcertedness ; pertur- 
bation ; abashment ; shame. 

Con-fut'a-ble (-fut'a-b'l), a. That may be confuted. 

Con-fut'ant (-ant), a. One who undertakes to confute. 

Confu-ta'tion (kon'fu-ta'shun), n. Act or process of 
confuting ; refutation. 

Con-fute' (kon-fuf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confuted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Confuting.] [L. confutare to check (a 
boiling liquid), to repress, confute ; con- + a root seen in 
futis a water vessel.] To overwhelm by argument ; to 
refute conclusively ; to show to be false or defective. 

Syn. — To disprove ; overthrow ; set aside ; oppugn. 

Con-fut'er (-f ufer), n. One who confutes or disproves. 

HCon'ge'' (kSN'zha'; E. kon'je), n. [F., leave, per- 
mission, fr. L. commeatus a going back and forth, a fur- 
lough, fr. commeare, -meatum, to go and come ; com- -f- 
meare to go.] 1. A taking leave; farewell; also, dis- 
missal. 2. A bow or a courtesy. 3. (A rch.) An apophyge. 

Con'ge (kon'je), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Congeed (-jed) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Congeing.] To take leave with the cus- 
tomary civilities ; to bow or courtesy. 

Con-geal' (k5n-jel'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
gealed (-jeld') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Congealing.] [F. con- 
geler, L. congelare, -gelatum; con- -f- gelare to freeze, 
gelu frost.] 1. To change from a fluid to a stiff, thick, or 
solid state by cold; to freeze. 2. To affect, or be af- 
fected, as if by freezing ; to chill. 

Con-geal'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be congealed. 

Con-geal'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act or process of con- 
gealing; congelation. 2. Thing congealed ; clot. [06s.] 

Con-gee' (kon-je'), n. [Tamil kanshi boilings.] 1. 
Boiled rice ; rice gruel. [India] 2. A jail. [India'] 

Con'ge-la'tlon (kon'je-la'shun), n. 1. Act or process 
of congealing. 2. State of being congealed. 3. That 
which is congealed. 

Con'ge-ner (kon'je-ner), n. [From L. congener kin- 
dred ; con- -f- genus, generis, birth, kind, race.] A thing 
of the same genus, species, or kind ; a thing allied in 
nature, character, or action. 

Con-gen'ial (k5n-jen'yal ; 106), a. [Pref. con- + 



genial.] 1. Partaking of the same nature ; kindred. 2. 
Naturally adapted ; suiting the disposition. — Con-gen'- 
ial-ly (k5n-jen'yal-l£), adv. — Gon-gen'lal-ness, n. 

Con-ge'nl-al'i-ty (-je'nl-ai'T-ty or -jen-ySl'I-ty ; IOC), 
n. State or quality of being congenial. 

Con-gen'1-tal (kon-jSnl-tal), a. [From Congenite.] 
Existing at, or dating from, birth ; born with one ; con- 
nate ; constitutional ; natural. — Con-gen'i-tal-ly , adv. 

Con-gen'lte (-ft), a. [L. congenitus ; con- -j- genitus, 
p. p. of gignere. See Generate.] Congenital. [Obs.] 

Con'ger (k5n'ger), n. [L. conger, akin to Gr. yoyypos.] 
{Zo'dl.) The conger eel, a large species of sea eel. 

Con-ge'ri-es (k5n-je'rT-ez), n. sing. & pi. [L., fr. 
conger ere. See Congest.] A collection of particles or 
bodies into one mass ; an aggregation. 

Con-gest' (k5n-j6sf), v. t. [L. congerere, p. p. -ges- 
tus ; con- -f gerere. See Gerund.] 1. To collect or 
gather into a mass or aggregate ; to accumulate. 2. 
(Med.) To cause an overfiillness of the blood vessels (esp. 
the capillaries) of (an organ or part). 

Con-ges'tion (k5n-jgs'chun ; 106), n. State of being 
congested; esp. (Med.), overfullness of the capillary and 
other blood vessels, etc. , in any part or organ. 

Con-gest'ive (-jgst'Tv), a. (Med.) Pertaining to, in- 
dicating, or attended with, congestion. 

Con'gi-a-ry (k5n'jT-a-ry), ». [L. congiarium, fr. con- 
gius a liquid measure.] A largess, as of corn, wine, or oil, 
made by a Roman emperor to the soldiers or the people ; 
— so called because orig. measured to each in a congius. 

Con-gla Ci-a'tion (kSn-gla'shT-a'shun), n. [From L. 
conglaciare, p. p. -atus, to freeze. See Glaciate.] A 
changing, or state of being changed, into ice ; a freezing ; 
congelation ; also, a frost. 

Con-glo'bate (k5n-glo'bat), a. [L. conglobatus, p. p. 
of conglobare to conglobate. See Globate.] Collected 
into, or forming, a rounded mass or ball. 

Con-glo'bate (-bat), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Conglobated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Conglobating.] To collect or form into 
a ball or rounded mass. 

Conglo-ba'tion (kon'glo-ba'shun), n. Act or process 
of forming into a ball. 2. A round body. 

Con-globe' (kon-glob'), v. t. & i. [L. conglobare.] 
To gather into a ball ; to collect into a round mass. 

Con-glob'u-late (-glob'u-lat), v. i. [Pref. con- -f 
globule.] To gather into a small round mass. 

Con-glom'er-ate (-glom'er-at), a. [L. conglomera- 
lus, p. p. of conglomerare to roll together ; con- -\- glo- 
merare to wind into a ball. See Glomerate.] 1. Gath- 
ered into a ball or a mass ; collected together ; concen- 
trated. 2. (Bot.) Closely crowded together; densely 
clustered. 3. (Geol.) Composed of stones, pebbles, or 
fragments of rocks, cemented together. 

Con-glom'er-ate (-at), n. 1. A conglomerate mass ; 
accumulation. 2. (Geol.) A rock composed of rounded 
fragments of stone cemented together by another mineral 
substance ; pudding stone. 

Con-glom'er-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglom- 
erated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglomerating.] To gather 
into a ball, a roundish body, or mass. 

Con-glom er-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act or process of 
gathering into a mass ; the state of being thus collected ; 
that which is conglomerated. 

Con-glu'tl-nant (-glu'tT-nant), a. Cementing together; 
causing to adhere ; promoting healing by adhesion of the 
parts. 

Con-glU'ti-nate (-nat), a. [L. conglutinatus, p. p. of 
conglutinare to glue ; con- -\- glutinare to glue.] Glued 
together ; united, as by an adhesive substance. 

Con-glU'ti-nate (-nat), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Conglu- 
tinated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglutinating.] To glue to- 
gether ; to unite with, or as with, glue. 

Con-glU'ti-na'tion (kSn-glu'tl-na'shiin), n. A gluing 
together ; junction ; union. 

Con-glu'tl-na-tive (-na-tiv), a. Conglutinant. 

Con'gOU (kon'goo), I n. [Chin, kung-foo labor.] Black 

Con'gO (kSn'go), j tea, of higher grade than bohea. 

Con'gO snake 7 (kon'go snak'). (Zo'dl.) An amphib- 
ian (Amphiuma means) of the order Urodela, found in 
the southern United States. 

Con-grat'u-lant (k5n-grSt'u-lant), a. Rejoicing to- 
gether; congratulatory. 

Con-grat'U-late (-lat), v. t. [iynp. &p. p. Congratu- 
lated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Congratulating.] [L. congratu- 
lari, p. p. -atus; con- -+- gratulari to wish joy, fr. grains 
pleasing.] To address with expressions of sympathetic 
pleasure on account of some happy event affecting the 
person addressed ; to wish joy to. 

Syn. — To felicitate. — To felicitate is simply to wish a 



H 



K 



jen'ial (k5n-jen'yal ; 106), a. [Pref. con- + Syn. — To felicitate. — To felicitate is s 
fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then 



thin. 



M 



CONGRATULATION 



180 



CONJURER 



person 
Boa of 



Do conaratulate has the additional significa- 
i of unitiug in the Joj of him whom we congratulate. 

Con-grat u-la'tion ^kQn-grXt'u-la'shun), n. Act of 
congratulating ; expression of sympathetic pleasure. 

Con-grat'u-la tor (^-la'ter), n. One who congratulates. 

Con gTat'u-la-to-ry (kon-grSt'u-la-to-ry), a. Ex- 
pressive of sympathetic joy.. 

Con-gree' i^kon-gre'), ''• >■ [Pref. con- -f- L. gratus 
pleasing. Of. Agree.] To agree. [Obs.~] 

Con'gTe-gate (.kon'gre-gat), a. [L. congregatus, p. p. 

I o congregate ; con- + gregare to collect 

into a "dock. fr. grex flock.] Collected ; compact. [/?.] 

Con'gTe-gate (-gat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
gregated: p. pr. oz vb. n. Congregating.] To collect 
into, or gather together, an assembly or assemblage ; to 
assemble ; to compact. 

Con gre-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. 1. Act of congre- 
gating, or bringing together. 2. A collection or mass 
of separate things. 3. An assembly of persons ; esp. , an 
assembly of persons met for worship ; a body of people 
who habitually so meet. 

Con gxe-ga'tion-al (-al), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or 
participated in by, a congregation. 2. Belonging to the 
system of Congregationalism, or to Congregationalists ; 
holding to the faith and polity of Congregationalism. 

Con gre-ga'tion-al-ism (kSn/gre-ga'skun-al-Iz'm), n. 
1. That system of church organization which vests all 
ecclesiastical power in the assembled brotherhood of each 
local church. 2. The faith and polity of the Congrega- 
tional churches, taken collectively. 

Con gre-ga'tion-al-ist. n. One who adheres to or 
supports Congregationalism. 

Con'gress (kon'gres), n. [L. congressus, fr. congredi, 
p. p. -gressus, to go or come together ; con- -f- gradi to 
go or step, gradus step.] 1. A meeting or violent com- 
ing together, as of persons. \_Obs.~\ 2. Coition. 3. A 
gathering or assembly ; a conference. 4. A formal as- 
sembly, as of princes, deputies, representatives, envoys, 
or commissioners for conference. 5. The collective body 
of senators and representatives of the people of a nation, 
esp. of a republic. 6. The lower house of the Spanish 
Cortes. 

Cgp^In the U. S. the united body of Senators and Repre- 
sentatives for any term of two years for which the whole 
body of Representatives is chosen is called one Congress. 

Syn. — Assembly ; meeting ; convention ; convoca- 
tion ; council ; diet ; conclave ; parliament ; legislature. 

Con-gres'sion-al (kon-gresh'iin-al or kon-), a. Of or 
pertaining to a congress, especially to the Congress of the 
United States. [coming together. I 

Con-gres'sive (kon-greVsiv), a. Encountering, or| 

Con'gress-man (kon'gres-man), n. A member of 
the Congress of the U. S., esp. of the House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

Con-grue' (k5n-gru/), v. i. [L. congruere. See Con- 
gruous.] To agree ; "to be suitable. [06s.] 

Con'gru-ence (k5n'gru-ens), n. Suitableness of one 
thing to another ; agreement ; consistency. 

Con'gTU-en-cy (-en-sy or -gru'en-sy), n. Congruence. 

Con'gru-ent (kon'gru-ent), a. [L. congruens, p. pr.] 
Possessing congruity ; suitable ; agreeing. 

Con-gTU'i-ty (k5n-gru'T-ty or kon-), n. State or qual- 
ity of being congruous ; harmony ; correspondence. 

Con'gru-OUS (kSn'gru-us), a. [L. congruus, fr. con- 
gruere to come together, to coincide, to agree ; of uncer- 
tain origin.] Suitable or concordant ; accordant : fit ; 
harmonious ; consistent. — Con'gTU-ons-ly . adv. 

Con'ic (k5nTk), ) a. [Gr. Kwm/cds. See Cone.] 1. 

Con'ic-al (-I-kal), J Having the form of, or resem- 
bling, a geometrical cone. 2. Of or pertaining to a cone. 
— Con'ic-al-ly, adv. — Con'ic-al-ness, n. 

Conic Bection (Geom.), a curve line formed by the inter- 
section of the surface of a right cone and a plane. The 
conic sections are the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. — 
Conic sections, that branch of geometry which treats of 
the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. 

Con'ic, 7i. (Math.) A conic section. 

Con'i-co— (kSnl-ko-), a. [See Conic] A combining 
form, meaning somewfuzt resembling a cone. 

Con'ics (kSnfks), n. 1. That branch of geometry 
which treats of the cone and the curves which arise from 
its sections. 2. Conic sections. 

I Co-nWi-um (ko--nidT-um), n. ; pi. Conidia (-a). 
[NL.] (Hot.) A peculiar kind of reproductive cell found 
in certain fungi, and often containing zoospores. 

Co'nl-fer fko'nT-fer), n. [L. conifer ; conus cone + 
jerre to bear.] (Bot.) A tree or shrub bearing cones; 
one of the order Conifers? ; as the pine and cypress. 

Co-nU'er-ous (ki-mfer-us), a. {Bot.) (a) Bearing 



cones; as the pine and cypress. (6) Pertaining to the 
order Conifer:?, of which the pine tree is the type. 

Co'ni-form (ko'uT-fGrm), a. Cone-shaped ; conical. 

Co'nine (ko'nln or -nen), n. [From Conium.] (Chem.) 
A very poisonous vegetable alkaloid found in the hemlock. 

|| Co'ni-ros'ter (ko'ni-r5s'ter), n. [NL., fr. L. conus 
cone -f- rostrum beak.] (Zo'dl.) One of the Cotiirostres, 
a tribe of perching birds, including those which have a 
strong conical bill, as the finches. 

|| Co-nl'um (ko-ni'uni or ko'ni-uin), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
Kutvetov hemlock.] (Bot.) A genus of poisonous, white- 
flowered, umbelliferous plants, including the common 
hemlock (Conium maculatum). [being conjectured. I 

Con-jec'tur-a ble (-jek'tur-a-b'l ; 135), a. Capable of | 

Con-jec'tur-al (-al), a. Dependent on conjecture; 
fancied ; imagined ; doubtful. — Con-jec'tur-al-ly, adv. 

Con-jec'ture (-jek'tur ; 135), n. [L. conjectura, fr. 
conjicere, conjectum, to throw together, infer, conjec- 
ture ; con- -\-jacere to throw.] An opinion, or judgment, 
formed on defective or presumptive evidence ; surmise ; 
guess; suspicion. 

Con-jec'ture, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Conjectured (-turd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Conjecturing.] To arrive at by conjec- 
ture ; to infer on slight evidence ; to surmise. 

Con-Jec'ture, v. i. To make conjectures. 

Con-Jec'tur-er (-er), n. One who conjectures. 

Con-join' (kon-join'), v. t. & i. [F. conjoindre, fr. L. 
conjungere, -junctum. See Join.] To join together ; to 
unite ; to associate. 

Con-joint' (-joint'), a. [F., prop, a p. p.] United ; 
joint. —Con-jointly, adv. — Con-joint'ness, n. 

Con'ju-gal (kon'ju-gal), a. [L. conjugalis, fr. conjux 
husband, wife, fr. conjungere to join in marriage.] Be- 
longing to marriage ; suitable to the marriage state or to 
married persons. — Con'ju-gal-ly, adv. 

Con'ju-gate (kon'jfi-gat), a. [L. conjugatus, p. p. of 
conjugare to unite ; con- -f- jugare to join, yoke, marry, 
jugum yoke.] 1. United in pairs ; yoked ; coupled. 
2. (Gram.) Agreeing in derivation and radical significa- 
tion ; — said of words. 3. (Math.) Presenting them- 
selves simultaneously and having reciprocal properties. 

Con'ju-gate (kon'ju-gat), n. A conjugate word. 

Con'ju-gate (-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjugated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Conjugating.] (Gram.) To inflect (a 
verb), or give in order the forms which it assumes in its 
several voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons. 

Con'ju-gate, v. i. (Biol.) To unite in conjugation. 

Con'ju-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. 1. Union ; assemblage. 
[Obs.] 2. A pair ; a couple. [Obs."] 3. (Gram.) (a) 
Act of conjugating a verb. (6) A scheme in which are 
arranged all the parts of a verb, (c) A class of verbs 
conjugated alike. 4. (Biol.) A kind of sexual union of 
cells or individuals in some plants and lower animals. 

Con-ju'gi-al (kon-ju'jT-al), a. Conjugal. [R.] 

Conjunct' (kon-jQnkt'), a. [See Conjoin.] United ; 
conjoined; concurrent. [Archaic'] 

Con-junc'tion (-junk'shun), n. 1. Act of conjoining, 
or state of being conjoined. 2. (Astron.) The meeting of 
two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the 
zodiac. 3. (Gram.) A connective or connecting word. 

Con'junc-ti'va (kon'junk-tl'va), n. [NL., from L. 
conjunctivus connective.] (Anat.) The mucous mem- 
brane which covers the external surface of the ball of the 
eye and the inner surface of the lids. 

Con-junc'tive (kon-junk'tlv), a. 1. Serving to unite ; 
connecting together. 2- Closely united. [Obs.~\ — Con- 
Junc'tive-ly, adv. — Con-junc'tive-ness, n. 

Conjunctive mood (Gram.), the mood which follows a 
conjunction or expresses contingency ; subjunctive mood. 

Con-junctly (-jiinkt'ly), adv. In union ; conjointly. 

Con-junc'ture (kon-junk'tur ; 135), n. 1. Act of 
joining, or state of being joined; union; combination. 
2. A crisis produced by a combination of circumstances ; 
combination of events. 

Con ju-ra'tion (kon'ju-ra'shun), n. Act of conjuring : 
(a) Solemn entreaty ; adjuration, (b) Invocation of su- 
pernatural aid by magic words ; magic ; incantation. 

Con-jure' (kon-jur'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjured 
(-jurd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Conjuring.] [F. conjurer, fr. 
L. conjurare to swear together, to conspire ; con- -\-ju- 
rare to swear.] To call on or summon by a sacred name 
or in a solemn manner ; to implore earnestly ; to adjure. 

Con'jure (kun'jur), v. t. & i. To affect or effect by 
conjuration ; to invoke by, or practice, magic ; to excite 
or alter, as if by magic. 

Con-jur'er (kon-jur'er), n. One who entreats solemnly. 

Con'jur-er (kiin'jur-er), n. One who practices magic ; 
also, one who performs feats of legerdemain. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, $ vent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CONJURY 



181 



CONSECUTIVE 




Connate 
Leaves of 



Con'JU-ry (kun'ju-r^), n. The practice of magic. 

Con-nas'cence (k5n-n5s'sens), ) n. [L. con- -f- nas- 

Con-nas'cen-cy (-naVsen-s^), J centia birth, fr. nas- 
cens, p. pr. of nasci to be born.] 1. The birth or pro- 
duction of two or more together. 2. That which is born 
or produced with another. 

Con-nas'cent (-sent), a. Born or produced together. 

Connate (kon'nat or k5n-nat'), a. [L. connatus ; 
con- + natus born, p. p. of nasci. See Cognate.] 1. 
Born with another ; being of the same birth. 2. Con- 
genital ; existing from birth. 3. (Bot.) Congenitally 
united ; united into one body. 

Con-nat'U-ral (k5n-n5t'u-ral ; 135), a. 
[Pref. con- + natural.] 1. Connected by 
nature ; united in nature ; inborn ; natural. 
2. Partaking of the same nature. — Con- 
nat'u-ral-ly, adv. — Con-nat'u-ral-ness, n. 

Connect' (kSn-nSkf), v. t. & i. limp. & 
p. p. Connected ; p. pr. & vb. n. Connect- 
ing.] [L. connecter e, -nezum; con- + nec- 
tere to bind.] 1. To join, or fasten together ; 
to unite or link together. 2. To associate Wild Honey- 
with another person or object. [manner. I suckle (La- 

Con-nect'ed-ly, adv. In a connected! 1 jgZ?Jf va >- 

Con-nec'tion(kon-n6k'shun),n. 1. Act weQUCea - 
of connecting, or state of being connected ; junction ; re- 
lationship. 2. That which connects or joins together ; 
bond ; tie. 3. A relation ; esp., a person connected with 
another by marriage rather than by blood. 4. The per- 
sons or things that are connected. 

In this connection, in connection with this subject. [A 
phrase objected to by some writers.] 

Syn. — Union ; coherence ; continuity ; association ; de- 
pendence ; intercourse ; communication ; affinity. 

Con-nect'lve (kon-ngk'tlv), a. Connecting, or adapted 
to connect ; involving connection. — n. That which con- 
nects. Specifically : (Gram.) A conjunction or preposi- 
tion. — Con -nect'ive-ly, adv. 

Con-nect'or (-ter), n. One that connects. [tion. I 

Connexion (-nek'shun), n. [L. connexio."] Connec- 1 

Con-nex'ive (kon-neks'Iv), a. See Connective. 

Con-niv'ance (-niv'ans), n. Act of conniving ; inten- 
tional failure or forbearance to discover a fault or wrong- 
doing; collusion. 

Con-nive' (kon-niv'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Connived 
(-uivd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Conniving.] [L. connivere to 
shut the eyes, connive, fr. con- -f- (perh.) a word akin to 
nicere to beckon, nictare to wink.] 1. To wink. [Obs.] 
2. To close the eyes upon a fault ; to permit a proceed- 
ing, as if not aware of it. 

Con-niv'ent (-ent), a. 1. Forbearing to see. 2. 
(Biol.) Brought close together ; converging. 

Con-nlv'er (kon-niv'er), n. One who connives. 

Con nois-seur' (kon'nis-sflr' or -sur'), n. [F. (obs. 
spelling), deriv. of L. cognoscere. See Cognizance.] 
One well versed in any subject ; a critical judge of any 
art, particularly of one of the fine arts. 

Con'no-tate (kon'no-tat), v. t. [L. con- -f- notalus, 
p. p. of notare to mark.] To connote. 

Con no-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. The act of connoting. 

Con-no'ta-tive (kon-no'ta-tiv or kon'no-ta-tlv), a. 
1. Implying something additional; illative. 2. (Log.) 
Implying an attribute. 

Con-note' (kon-nof), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Connoted; 

£.pr. &vb.n. Connoting.] [See Connotate, and Note.] 
. To mark along with ; to suggest or indicate as addi- 
tional ; to imply. 2. (Logic) To imply as an attribute. 

Con-nu'bi-al (kon-nu'bT-«l), a. [L. connubialis, fr. 
cormubium marriage ; con- + nubere to veil, to marry. 
See JTtjptial.] Of or pertaining to marriage, or the mar- 
riage state ; conjugal ; nuptial. 

Con-numer-a'tion (-mer-a'shun), n. [LL. connume- 
ratio.] A numeration or reckoning together. [R.] 

Co'no-dont (ko'no-dont), n. [Gr. kwos cone + 66W?, 
66wtos, tooth.] (Zo'61.) A peculiar toothlike fossil of 
many forms, probably the jaw of an annelid. 

Co/noid (ko'noid), n. [Gr. xaji/oeiSijs conical ; Kuivo<; 
cone -\- etSo? form.] 1. Anything that has a form re- 
sembling that of a cone. 2. (Geom.) (a) A solid formed 
by the revolution of a conic section about its 
axis, (b) A surface which may be generated 
by a straight line moving so as always to meet 
a given straight line and given curve, and con- 
tinue parallel to a given plane. 

Co'noid, a. Resembling a cone ; conoidal. 

Co-noid'al (ko-noid'al), a. Nearly conical. 

Co-noid'ic (-ik), ) a. Pertaining to 




Conoid. 
i conoid 



Co-noid'ic- al (-I-kal) , \ having the form of a conoid. 



Con'quer (kSn^ker), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conquered 
(-kerd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Conquering.] [OF. conquerre, 
L. conquirere, -quisitum, to seek or search for, to bring 
together, LL., to conquer ; con- -f quaerere to seek.] 1. 
To gain or acquire by force. 2. To subdue or overcome 
by mental or moral power. 

Syn. —To vanquish ; overpower ; overthrow ; defeat ; 
rout ; discomfit ; subjugate ; reduce ; humble ; crush ; 
surmount ; subject ; master ; win. — Contjuer is more 
general than vanquish^ which refers usually to a single 
conflict. Subdue implies a more gradual and continual 
pressure, but a surer and more final subjection. Subju- 
gateis to bring completely under the yoke of bondage, and 
is more commonly taken in its primary meaning. When 
used figuratively it generally implies subjection to evil. 

Con'quer, v. i. To be victorious ; to prevail. 

Con'quer-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being con- 
quered or subdued. — Con'quer-a-ble-ness, n. 

Con'quer-or (-er), n. One who conquers. 

Con'quest (k5n'kw5st), n. [OF., fr. LL. conquistum, 
conquista, prop. p. p. from L. conquirere.'] 1. Act or 
process of humbling. 2. That which is conquered ; thing 
gained by conquering. 3. (Feudal Law) Acquisition. 

Syn. — Victory ; triumph ; mastery ; reduction ; sub- 
jugation ; subjection. 

Con san-guin'e-ous (kon'sa'n-gwTn'e-us), a. [L. con- 
sanguineus ; con- -{-sanguis blood.] Of the same blood ; 
related by birth. [blood. I 

Con'san-guin'i-ty (-i-ty), n. Relation of persons by| 

Con'science (kSn'shens), n. [F., fr. L. conscientia, 
fr. consciens, p. pr. of conscire to know, to be conscious ; 
con- -f- scire to know.] 1. Consciousness. [Obs.] 2. 
The faculty, power, or inward principle which decides as 
to the character of one's own actions, purposes, and af- 
fections ; the moral faculty ; the moral sense. 3. The 
estimate or determination of conscience. 

In conscience, In all conscience, in deference or obedience 
to conscience or reason ; in reason ; reasonably. 

Con'science-less, a. Being without conscience. 

Con sci-en'tious (-shT-Sn'shus), a. 1. Governed by 
a strict regard to the dictates of conscience ; — said of a 
person. 2. Conformed to the dictates of conscience ; — 
said of actions. — Con/SCl-en'tiOUS-ly, adv. — Con/sci- 
en'tious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Scrupulous ; exact ; faithful ; just ; upright. 

Con'scion-a-ble (kon'shun-a-b'l), a. [Irregularly 
formed fr. conscience.] Governed by, or according to, 
conscience ; reasonable ; just. — Con'scion-a-bly , adv. 

Con'scions (-shus), a. [L. conscius; con- -j- scire to 
know.] 1. Having the faculty of knowing one's thoughts 
or mental operations. 2. Possessing knowledge ; cog- 
nizant; aware; sensible. 3. Made the object of con- 
sciousness ; known to one's self. — Con'scious-ly, adv. 

Con'SCioUS-ness (kon'shus-nes), n. 1. State of being 
conscious ; knowledge of one's own existence, sensations, 
mental operations, acts, etc. 2. Immediate knowledge 
or perception of any object, state, or sensation. 

Con 'script (kon'skript), a. [L. conscriptus, p. p. of 
conscribere to write together, to enroll ; con- + scribere 
to write.] Enrolled ; written ; registered. — n. One taken 
by lot, or compulsorily enrolled, as a soldier or sailor. 

Con-script' (kon-skrTpt'), v. t. To enroll, by compul- 
sion, for military service. 

Con-scrip'tion (kon-skrip , shun), n. 1. An enrolling 
or registering. 2. A compulsory enrollment of men for 
military or naval service ; a draft. 

Con'se-crate (kon'se-krat), a. [L. consecratus, p. p. 
of consecrare to consecrate ; con- -f- sacrare to conse- 
crate, sacer sacred.] Consecrated ; devoted ; sacred. 

Con'se-crate (kon'se-krat), v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
secrated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Consecrating.] 1. To make, 
or declare to be, sacred ; to appropriate or devote to 
sacred uses or to the service of God. 2. To set apart to 
a sacred office. 3. To exalt to the rank of a saint ; to 
enroll among the gods. 4. To hallow ; to dignify. 

Syn. — See Addict. 

Con / se-cra'tion(kon / se-kra'shun), n. Act or ceremony 
of consecrating ; state of being consecrated ; dedication. 

Con'se-cra'tor (-ter), n. One who consecrates. 

Con'se-cra-tO-ry (kon'se-kra-to-ry or -kra'to-r^), a. 
Of or pertaining to the act of consecration ; dedicatory. 

Con'sec-ta-ry (kon'sgk-ta-ry or kon-sSk'ta-ry), a. [L. 
consectarius, fr. consectari to follow eagerly.] Conse- 
quent; deducible. [R.]_ 

Conse-cu'tion (-se-ku'shun), n. [See Consequent.] 

1. A following, or sequel ; actual or logical dependence. 

2. A succession or series. 

Con-sec'U-tive (k5n-s5k'u-tTv), a. 1. Following in a 
train ; successive ; uninterrupted in course or succession. 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, r\» de > f V^> A™! food, ftfbt, out, oil, ehair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CONSECUTIVELY 



182 



CONSOCIATE 



> 



2. Following M .1 consequence or result ; consequential ; 
1 Having similarity of sequence. — 
Con seCn-tive-ly (kou-se"k'u-tIv-iy), atft.— Consec- 
utive- ness. n. 

ConMcntive chord* (Jfus.), chords of the same kind suc- 
ceeding one another without interruption. 

Con-sen'sion (k8n o&afrhtta), n. Consensus. 

Con-sen'su-al (-s3n'slm-<7l), a. [See Consent, r. i\, 
ana cf. Sensual.] 1. (Law) Existing, or made, by the 
mutual consent of two or more parties. 2. (Physiol.) 
Excited or caused by sensation, sympathy, or reflex 
action, and not by conscious volition. [consent. I 

Con-sen'sus (-fltfs), ■« [E.l Agreement; accord;! 

Oon-sent' <k5n-sent'), r. i. [imp. &p. p. Consented ; 
.'.. n. Consenting.] [F. consentir, fr. L. consen- 
su >n. to feel together, agree ; con- -j- sentire to 
feel. See Sense.] 1. To agree in opinion or sentiment. 
2. To express a willingness ; to give assent or approval. 

Syn. — To accede; yield; assent; comply; agree; al- 
low ; concede ; permit ; admit ; concur ; acquiesce. 

Con-sent', ft. 1. Agreement in opinion or sentiment. 
2. Correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations. 3. 
Voluntary accordance with, or concurrence in, what is 
done or proposed by another. 4. {Physiol.) Sympathy. 

Syn. — Acquiescence ; approval ; permission. See As- 
sent. 

Con sen-ta'ne-ous (kSn'sen-ta'ne-iis), a. Consistent ; 
accordant to ; harmonious ; concurrent. — Con sen-ta'- 
ne-ous-ly. adv. — Con sen-ta'ne-ous-ness, n. 

Con-sent 'er (k5n-sgnfer), n. One who consents. 

Con-sen'tient (-sen'shent), a. Agreeing in mind. 

Con'se-qnence (kon'se-kwgns), n. [See Consequent.] 

1. That which follows something on which it depends. 

2. {Logic) A conclusion resulting from reason or argu- 
ment ; inference. 3. Chain of causes and effects ; conse- 
cution. 4. Importance with respect to what comes after. 

In consequence, hence ; for this cause. — In consequence 
of, by reason of ; as the effect of. 

Con'se-qnent (-kwent), a. [L. consequens, -entis, p. 
pr. of consequi to follow ; con- + sequi to follow. See 
Second.] 1. Following as a result, inference, or natural 
effect. 2. (Logic) Following by necessary inference or 
rational deduction. 

Con'se-qnent, n. 1. That which follows, or results 
from, a cause ; a result or natural effect. 2. (Logic) 
That which follows from propositions by rational deduc- 
tion. 3. (Math.) The second term of a ratio. 

Con se-quen'tial (-kwen'shal), a. 1. Following as a 
consequence, result, or logical inference ; consequent. 
2. A«»"Tning or exhibiting an air of consequence ; pomp- 
ous ; self-important. 

Con'se-quen'tial-ly, adv. 1. With just deduction of 
consequences ; logically. 2. By remote consequence ; 
not immediately. 3. In a regular series ; consecutively ; 
continuously. 4. With assumed importance ; pompously. 
Con'se-qnent-ly (k5n'se-kwent-ly), adv. By conse- 
quence ; by natural or logical sequence or connection. 
Con-serv'a-ble (-serv'a-b , l), a. That may be conserved. 
Con-serv'an-cy (k5n-serv'<m-sy), n. Conservation. 
Con-serv'ant (-ant), a. Conserving. 
Con'ser-va'tion (kon'ser-va'shun), n. Act of preserv- 
ing, guarding, or protecting ; preservation. 

Conservation of energy, or Conservation of force (Mech. ), 
the principle that the total energy of any material system 
is a quantity which can neither be increased nor dimin- 
ished by any action between the parts of the system. 

Conserv'a-tism (kon-serv'a-tiz*m), n. Disposition 
to preserve what is established ; opposition to change. 

Con-serv'a-tive (kSn-serv'a-tlv), a. 1. Having power 
to conserve or preserve. 2. Disposed to maintain exist- 
ing institutions ; opposed to change or innovation. 3. Of 
or pertaining to a political party which favors the conser- 
vation of existing institutions and forms of government. 
— Con-serv'a-tive-ly, adv. — Con-serv'a-tive-ness, n. 
Con-serv'a-tive, n. One that is conservative. 
Con'ser-va'tOT (kgn'ser-va/ter), n. 1. One who pre- 
serves from injury or violation. 2. (Law) (a) An officer 
who has charge of preserving the public peace, (b) One 
who has an official charge of preserving the rights and 
privileges of a city, corporation, community, or estate. 

Con-serv'a-tO-ry (k5n-serv'a-to-iy), a. Having the 
quality of preserving from loss, decay, or injury. 

Con-serv'a-tO-ry, n. 1. That which preserves from 
injury. [06.?.] 2. A place for preserving anything ; esp., 
a greenhouse. 3. A public place of instruction, designed 
to preserve and perfect some branch of knowledge. 

Con-8erve / (kftn-fcerv'), v. t. [imp. &p.n. Conserved 
(-seYvd'j ; p. pr. & vb. n. Consebving.] [F. conserver, 
L. contervare; con- + servare to keep, guard. See 



Serve.] 1. To keep in a safe or sound state ; to save ; 
to preserve ; to protect. 2. To prepare with sugar, etc., 
for the purpose of preservation ; to make a conserve of. 

Con'serve (k5n'serv or kon-serv'), n. Anything con- 
served ; a sweetmeat prepared with sugar ; confection. 

Con-serv'er (k5n-serv'er), n. One who conserves. 

Con-sid'er (-sld'er), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Considered 
(-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Considering.] [F. considerer, 
L. con-siderare, -atum, to consider, view attentively, prob. 
fr. con- -f sidus, sideris, star, constellation ; orig., there- 
fore, to look at the stars.] 1. To fix the mind on, with 
a view to a careful examination ; to think on with care. 

2. To have regard to ; to pay due attention to. 3. To 
estimate ; to think ; to regard ; to view. 

Syn. — To ponder ; weigh ; revolve ; study ; reflect or 
meditate on ; contemplate ; examine. See Ponder. 

Con-sid'er, v. i. To think seriously ; to make exami- 
nation ; to reflect ; to deliberate. 

Con-sid'er-a-ble (kon-sTd'er-a-b'l), a. 1. Worthy of 
consideration. 2. Of some distinction ; noteworthy. 

3. Of importance or value. — Con-sid'er-a-ble-ness. ft. 
— Con-sid'er-a-bly, adv. 

Con-sid'er-ate (k5n-sTd'er-at), a. Given to consider- 
ation or to sober reflection ; regardful ; careful ; esp., 
careful of the rights, claims, and feelings of others. — 
Con-sid'er-ate-ly, adv. — Con-sid'er-ate-ness, n. 

Syn.— Thoughtful ; reflective ; careful ; discreet ; pru- 
dent ; debberate ; serious. See Thoughtful. 

Con-sid er-a'tion (kon-sTd'er-a'shun), n. 1. Act or 
process of considering ; continuous and careful thought ; 
examination; attention. 2. Appreciative or sympathetic 
regard. 3. Claim to notice or regard ; some degree of 
importance or consequence. 4. Matured opinion ; a re- 
flection. 6. Ground of opinion or action ; motive ; rea- 
son. 6. (Law) The moving cause of a contract ; the 
price of a stipulation ; compensation ; equivalent. 

Con-sid'er-er (kon-sld'er-er), n. One who considers. 

Con-sid'er-ing-ly, adv. With consideration. 

Con-sign' (kon-sm'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consigned 
(-sind') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Consigning.] [F. consigner, L. 
consignare, -atum, to seal or sign ; con- -j- sign-are, fr. 
signum mark.] 1. To give, transfer, or deliver, in a 
formal manner. 2. To commit ; to intrust. 3. (Com.) 
To send or address to an agent or correspondent in 
another place, as for sale. 4. To assign ; to devote. 

Syn. — To commit ; deliver ; intrust ; resign. 

Con-sign', v. i. To submit ; to agree. [Obs."] 

Con sig-na'tion (kon'sig-na'shiin), n. Act of con- 
signing ; act of ratifying or establishing ; ratification. 

Con-sig'na-tO-ry (-sig'na-to-ry), n. One of several 
that jointly sign a written instrument, as a treaty. 

Con sign-ee' (kon'si-ne'), n. The person to whom 
goods or other things are consigned ; a factor. 

Con-sign 'er (kon-sin'er), n. One who consigns. 

Con-sig'ni-fy (kon-sTg'nT-fi), v. t. [Pref. con- -)- sig- 
nify. .] To signify in combination with something else. 

Con-sign 'ment (-sln'ment), n. 1. Act of consigning ; 
consignation. 2. (Com.) The thing or goods consigned. 

3. The %vriting by which anything is consigned. 
Con-sign'or (kon-sin'er or kon'si-nSr'), n. One who 

consigns something to another. 

Con-sist' (kon-sisf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consisted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Consisting.] [L. consistere to stand still 
or firm ; con- -j- sistere to stand, cause to stand, stare to 
stand.] 1. To stand firm ; to be in a fixed or permanent 
state ; to exist ; to subsist. 2. To be composed or made 
up. 3. To have its substance or necessary elements ; to be. 

4. To be consistent or harmonious ; to be in accordance. 
Con-sist'ence (kon-sTs'tens), ) n. 1. State of standing 
Con-sist'en-cy (-sis'ten-sy), ) or adhering together, 

or being fixed in union ; existence ; coherence ; solidity. 
2. A degree of firmness, density, or spissitude. 3. A 
united whole ; a combination. 4. Firmness of constitu- 
tion or character. 5. Agreement or harmony ; congruity. 

Con-sist'ent (-tent), a. 1. Possessing firmness or fix- 
edness. 2. Having agreement with itself or with some- 
thing else ; having harmony among its parts ; not contra- 
dictory. — Con-sist'ent-ly, adv. [consistory. | 

Con'sis-tO'li-al (kon'sTs-to'rT-al), a. Of or pert, to a ! 

Con-sis'tO-ry (kon-sls'to-rjf or kon'sls-to-ry), n. [L. 
consistorium. See Consist.] 1. Primarily, a place of 
standing together ; hence, any solemn assembly or coun- 
cil. 2. (Eng. Ch.) The spiritual court of a diocesan 
bishop. 3. (R. C. Ch.) An assembly of prelates ; a ses- 
sion of the college of cardinals at Rome. 4. A church 
tribunal or governing body. 

Con-SO'ci-ate (kon-so'shT-at), n. [L. consociatus, p. p. 
of consociare to associate. See Social.] An associate. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CONSOCIATE 



183 



CONSTITUTE 



Oon-ao'ci-ate (kon-so'shi-at), v. t. To bring together ; 
to unite in a consociation. 

Con-80'Ci-a'tion (kSn-siyshT-a'shun), n. 1. Intimate 
union ; alliance ; association. 2. A voluntary and per- 
manent alliance of neighboring Congregational churches, 
or meeting of pastors and delegates from them. 

Con-soi'a-ble (-sol'a-b'l), a. Capable of being consoled. 

Con so-la'tlon (kBn/so-la'shun), n. Act of consoling ; 
state of being consoled ; alleviation of misery ; that which 
consoles or comforts. 

Syn.— Comfort; solace; alleviation. See Comfoet. 

Con'so-la tor (kon'so-la'ter), n. A consoler. 

Con-sol'a-tO-ry (k5n-s51'a-to-r^), a. Of a consoling 
or comforting nature. 

Con-sole' (kon-sol'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consoled 
(-sold') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Consoling.] [L. consolari, p. 
p. -atus; con- -f- solari to console. See Solace.] To 
cheer in distress or depression ; to comfort ; to solace. 

Syn. — To soothe ; cheer ; sustain ; encourage ; support. 

Con'SOle (k5n'sol), n. [F.] {Arch.) (a) A bracket 
whose projection is not more than half its height. (b) 
Any small bracket ; also, a console table. 

Console table, a table with consoles instead of legs. 

Con-sol'er (kSn-soTer), n. One who consoles. 

Con-sol'1-dant (kon-s51'i-dant), a. [L. consolidans, 
p. pr.] Serving to unite or consolidate ; consolidating, 

Con-sol'i-date (-dat), a. [L. consolidates, p. p. of con- 
solidare to make firm ; con- + solidare to make firm, soli- 
dus solid.] Consolidated, [i?.] 

Con-SOl'i-date (k5n-sol'T-dat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Consolidated (-da'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Consolidating 
(-da'tlng).] 1. To make or grow solid ; to make dense 
and firm ; to harden ; to compact ; to condense ; to com- 
press. 2. To bring into close union ; to combine ; to unite. 

Con-SOl i-da'tion (kon-sol'T-da'shun), n. 1. Act or 
process of consolidating ; state of being consolidated ; 
solidification ; combination. 2. (Bot.) Adnation. 

Con-SOl'i-da-tive (-da-tiv), a. 1. Tending or having 
power to consolidate. 2. (Med.) Healing. 

Con'sols (kSn'solz or k5n-solz') ? n. pi. [Short for 
consolidated (annuities).] The leading British funded gov- 
ernment security, formed originally (1757) by consolida- 
ting various annuities into one fund at 3 per cent interest. 
Con som me 7 (koN'so'ma'), n. [F., lit. p. p., fin- 
ished.] (Cookery) A clear rich soup or bouillon. 

Con'SO-nance (kon'so-nans), ) n. Quality or state of 

Con'SO-nan-cy (-norn-sy), J being consonant. 

Syn. — Agreement ; accord ; consistency ; unison ; har- 
mony ; congruity ; suitableness ; agreeableness. 

Con'SO-nant (kon'so-nant), a. [L. consonans, -antis, 
p. pr. of consonare to sound together, agree. See Com-, 
and Sonant.] 1. Having agreement ; congruous ; con- 
sistent. 2. Having like sounds. 3. (Mus.) Harmonizing 
together ; accordant. 4. Of or pertaining to consonants. 

— Con'so-nant-ly. adv. — Con'so-nant-ness. n. 
Con'SO-nant, n. An articulate sound which in utter- 
ance is usually combined with an open sound called a vow- 
el ; a member of the spoken alphabet other than a vowel ; 
also, a letter or character representing such a sound. 

Con SO-nan'tal (-nan'tol), a. Of or pert, to consonants. 

Con'so-nous (kon'so-nus), a. Agreeing in sound. 

Con'sort (-s6rt), n. [L. consors, -sortis ; con- + sors 
lot, fate, share. See Sobt.] 1. One who shares the lot 
of another ; companion ; partner ; esp., a wife or husband. 
2. Concurrence ; conjunction ; association ; union. 3. 
{LL. consortium.'] Assembly ; group. [Obs.~\ 4. [Perh. 
confused with concert.'} Harmony of sounds. [Obs.~\ 

Prince consort, husband of a queen regnant. — Queen con- 
sort, wife of a king, as distinguished from queen regnant, 
who rules alone, and queen dowager, the widow of a king. 

Con-sort' (kon-s6rf), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Consorted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Consorting.] To keep company ; to 
associate. 

Con-sort', v. t. 1. To unite, as in company, mar- 
riage, etc. ; to associate. 2. To accompany. [Obs.] 

Con'sound (kSn'sound), n. [From F. consoude, fr. 
L. consolida comfrey (so called because supposed to 
have healing power). See Consolidate.] (Sot.) Any 
one of several plants of different genera ; esp., comfrey. 

Con-spec'tUS (kon-spek'tiis), n. [L.] A general 
sketch or outline of a subject ; a synopsis ; an epitome. 

Con-spic'U-OUS (k5n-spik'u-us), a. [L. conspicuus, 
fr. conspicere to perceive ; con- -f- spicere, specere, to 
look. See Spy.] 1. Obvious to the eye ; plainly visible ; 
attracting the eye. 2. Obvious to the mental eye ; easily 
recognized ; clearly denned ; prominent ; distinguished. 

— Con-spic'u-ous-ly, adv. — Con-spic'u-ous-ness. n. 
Syn. — Distinguished ; eminent ; famous ; illustrious ; 

prominent ; celebrated. See Distinguished. 



Con spir'a-cy (kSn-spTr'a-sjf), n. 1. Act of conspir- 
ing ; a combination of men for an evil purpose ; a plot. 
2. A concurrence or general tendency, as of circum- 
stances, to one event. 3. (Law) An agreement to do an 
unlawful act or to do a lawful act in an unlawful manner. 

Con-spir'ant (k5n-spir'«nt), a. Conspiring. [06*.] 

Con spi ra'tlon (kSn'spT-ra'ahun), n. Agreement ; 
conspiracy. [R.~\ 

Con-spir'a-tor (kon-splr'a-ter), n. One who conspires. 

Con-spire' (k5n-spir'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conspired 
(-spird') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Conspiring.] [F. eomn 
conspirare to blow together, harmonize, agree, plot ; con- 
+ spirare to breathe, blow.] 1. To make an agreement, 
esp. a secret agreement, to do some act, particularly some 
unlawful act"; to plot together ; to confederate. 2. To 
concur to one end ; to agree. 

Syn. —To unite; combine; complot ; league. 

Con-spire', v. t. To plot ; to plan ; to combine for. 

Con-spir'er (kon-splr'er), n. One who conspires. 

Con'Sta-ble (kun'sta-b'l), n. [OF. conestable, LL. cone- 
stabulus, constabularius, comes stabuli, orig., count of the 
stable, master of the horse, equerry; comes count (L., 
companion) -\- L. stabulum stable.] 1. A high military 
and judicial officer in the monarchical establishments of 
the Middle Ages. 2. (Law) An officer of the peace hav- 
ing power as a conservator of the public peace, and bound 
to execute the warrants of judicial officers. 

Con'sta-ble-Ship (-b'l-shTp), n. Office of a constable. 

Con-Stab'U-la-ry (kun-staVu-la-r^), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to constables ; consisting of constables. — n. The 
collective body of constables. 

Con'Stan-cy (k5n'stan-sy), n. [See Constant.] 1, 
State or quality of being constant or steadfast ; freedom 
from change. 2. Fixedness of mind ; perseverance. 

Syn. — Fixedness ; stability ; firmness ; steadiness ; 
permanence ; steadfastness ; resolution. See Firmness. 

Con'stant (kon'stant), a. [L. constans, -antis, p. pr. 
of constare to stand firm, to be consistent ; con- -)- stare 
to stand.] 1. Firm ; solid. [Obs.~\ 2. Not liable or 
given to change. 3. (Math. & Physics) Remaining un- 
changed or invariable. 4. Consistent ; logical. [Obs.~\ 

Syn. — Fixed; steadfast; unchanging; permanent; 
unalterable ; immutable ; invariable ; perpetual ; contin- 
ual ; resolute ; firm ; unshaken ; determined. 

Con'stant. n. 1. That which is unchangeable; that 
which is invariable. 2. (Math.) A quantity always hav- 
ing the same value in the same expression. 

Con'Stant-ly (kon'stant-ly), adv. With constancy ; 
steadily ; without cessation ; uniformly. 

Con'stel-late (kon'stel-lat or kon-stellat), v. i. [Pref. 
con- -j- L- stellare, p. p. -atus, to cover with stars. See 
Stellate.] To shine with united light, [i?.] 

Con stel-la'tion (kSn'stSl-la'shun), n. 1. A cluster 
or group of fixed stars, or a division of the heavens. 
2. An assemblage of splendors or excellences. 

Con Ster-na'tion (-ster-na'shun), n. [L. consternatio, 
fr. consternare to overcome, fr. consternere to throw 
down, prostrate; con- -f- sterner e to throw down.] Amaze- 
ment or horror that confounds the faculties, and inca- 
pacitates for reflection; terror combined with amaze- 
ment ; dismay. 

Syn. — Alarm ; horror ; fright ; amazement ; astonish- 
ment ; surprise ; panic ; perturbation. See Alarm. 

Con'sti-pate (kon'stt-pat), v. t. [imp. Si p. p. Con- 
stipated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Consttpating.] [L. constipare, 
p. p. -atus; con- + stipare to crowd together.] 1. To 
crowd together. [Obs.] 2. To stop (a channel) by fill- 
ing it, and preventing passage through it. 3. (Med.) To 
render costive ; to cause constipation in. 

Con Sti-pa'tion (kSn'stT-pa'shun), n. Act of consti- 
pating or state of being constipated ; specif. , a state of 
the bowels in which the evacuations are infrequent and 
difficult, or the intestines become filled with hardened 
faeces ; costiveness. [constituents. I 

Con-Stit'U-en-cy (kon-stit'u-en-s£), n. A body of 

Con-stit'U-ent (k5n-stTt'ii-ent), a. [See Constitute.] 
1. Serving to form, compose, or make up; elemental; 
component. 2. Having power to elect or appoint. 

Con-stit'U-ent. n. 1. The person or thing which con- 
stitutes, determines, or constructs. 2. A component ; 
an element. 3. One for whom another acts ; esp., one 
who is represented by another in a legislative assembly. 

Con'sti-tUte (kon'stT-tut), v. t. [imp. Sz p. p. Consti- 
tuted ; p. pr. Sz vb. n. Constituting.] [L. constiluere, 
p. p. -tutus ; con- + statuere to place, set, fr. status 
station, fr. stare to stand.] 1. To cause to stand ; to 
establish ; to enact. 2. To make up ; to compose ; to 
form. 3. To appoint, depute, or elect to an office ; 
to make and empower. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



C0NST1TUTER 



184 



CONSUMPTIVE 



Con'sti tu ter jkou'stl-tu'ter), n. Cue who eonsti- 
; appoint*. 

Con sti-tu'tlon ^kSn stl-tu'shun), «. 1. Act or proc- 
nstituting. 2. State of being; natural condi- 
tion ; structure ; the aggregate of one's inherited phys- 
ical or mental qualities. 3. The fundamental, organic 
law or principles of government of a nation, state, society, 
or other organized body of men ; also, a written instru- 
ment embodying such law. 4. Authoritative ordinance, 
regulation or enactment, esp. one made by a Roman em- 
peror, or one affecting ecclesiastical matters. 

Con sti-tu'tlon-al (-<fl), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the constitution. 2. Regulated by, 
dependent ou, or secured by, a constitution. 3. For 
the benefit of one's constitution. [Colloq.] 

Con sti-tu'tion-al, It. A walk or other exercise taken 
for one's health or constitution. \_Colloq.~\ 

Con sti-tu'tlon-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. The principles of, 
or preference for, a constitution or constitutional gov- 
ernment, [tionalism. I 

Con sti-tu'tion-al-ist, n. An advocate of constitu-| 

Con sti-tu tion-al'i-ty (-Sl'T-ty), 7i. 1. Quality or 
6tate of being constitutional, or inherent in the natural 
frame. 2. State of being consistent with, or sanctioned 
by, the constitution or frame of government. 

"Con'Sti-tu'tion-al-ly (-al-ly), adv. 1. By constitu- 
tion or natural disposition ; naturally. 2. In accordance 
with the constitution or fundamental law ; legally. 

Con'sti-tu tive (kSn'sti-tu'tlv), a. That constitutes 
or composes. 

Con-strain' (k5n-stran'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
strained (-strand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Constraining.] 
[OF. constraindre, L. constringere, p. p. -strictus ; con- 
-f- stringere to draw tight. See Strain.] 1. To secure 
by bonds. 2. To bring into a narrow compass. 3. To 
hold back by force ; to restrain. 4. To compel ; to 
necessitate. 5. To violate ; to ravish. [06s.] 

Syn. — To compel ; force ; drive ; impel ; urge ; press. 

Con-strain'a-ble (kon-stran'a-b'l), a. Capable of be- 
ing constrained ; liable to constraint. 

Con-Strained' (-strand'), a. Marked by constraint ; 
not free. — Con-strain'ed-ly (-stran'ed-l^), adv. 

Con-Strain'er (kon-stran'er), 71. One who constrains. 

Constraint' (kon-stranf), n. Act of constraining, or 
Btate of being constrained; that which compels to, or 
restrains from, action. 

Syn. — Compulsion ; violence ; necessity ; urgency. 

Con-strict' (kon-strikf ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
stricted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Constricting.] [From L. 
conslrictus. See Constrain.] To draw together ; to 
render narrower or smaller ; to bind ; to cramp. 

Con-strict'ed, a. 1. Drawn together; contracted. 
2. (Bot.) Contracted or compressed so as to be smaller 
in certain parts than in others. 

Con-stric'tion (k5n-Btrik'shiin), n. Act of constrict- 
ing, esp. by inherent power, or internal change ; state 
of being constricted; also, the point where a thing is 
constricted. [strict. I 

Con-Strict'ive (-tiv), a. Serving or tending to con-| 

Con-Strict'Or (kon-strlk'ter), n. That which con- 
stricts; specif. (Zodl.), a serpent that kills its prey by 
crushing it with its folds. 

Con-Stringe' (kon-strinj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
stringed (-strlnjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Constringing.] [L. 
conslringere. See Constrain.] To draw together. [iJ.] 

Con-Strin'gent (-strTn'jent), a. Constricting. 

Construct' (kon-strfikt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
structed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Constructing.] [L. con- 
slruere, p. p. -structus ; con- -f- struere to pile up, set in 
order. See Structure.] 1. To put together the constit- 
uent parts of ; to build ; to fabricate. 2. To devise ; to 
invent ; to arrange. 

Syn. — To erect ; form ; compile ; make ; originate. 

Con'struct (kon'strukt), a. Formed by, or relating 
to, construction, interpretation, or inference. 

Con-struct'er (kon-atruk'ter), n. One that constructs. 

Con-struc'tion (k5n-struk'shun), n. 1. Process or 
art of constructing ; act of building ; act of devising and 
forming ; fabrication. 2. Manner in which anything is 
constructed; structure. 3. (Gram.) Syntactical ar- 
rangement. 4. Method of construing, interpreting, or 
explaining a declaration or fact ; understanding ; expla- 
nation ; interpretation ; sense. 

Constructional (kon-striik'shun-al), a. Pertaining 
to, or deduced from, construction or interpretation. 

Con-struc'tlon-ist, n. One whose interpretation of 
a document in according to certain principles. 

Con-struct'ive (kon-rtrfik'tiv), a. 1. Having ability 



to construct or form ; employed in construction. 2. 
Derived from, or depending on, interpretation ; inferred. 
— Con-struct'ive-ly (kou-struk'tTv-Iy), adv. 

Con struct 'ive ness. n. 1. Tendency or ability to 
construct. 2. (Phren.) The faculty which enables one 
to construct, as in mechanical or artistic matters. 

Con-struct'or (-ter), n. A constructed 

Con'strue (kBn'stryt ; archaic kon'ster), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Construed (-strud) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Constru- 
ing (kon'stri}-).] [L. construere. See Construct.] 
1. To apply the rules of syntax to ; to explain the 
grammatical construction of. 2. To put a construction 
upon ; to explain the literal or inferential sense of. 

Con'stu-prate (-stu-prat), v. t. [L. constuprare ; con- 
-f- duprare to ravish.] To ravish ; to debauch. 

Con stu pra'tion (-pra'shun), n. Act of ravishing. 

Con sub-stan'tial (kon'sub-stan'shal), a. [L. con- 
substantialis.~\ Identical in substance or nature. 

Con sub-stan'tial ism (kbn'sub-stan'shal-Tz'm), n. 
The doctrine of consubstantiation. [tiation. I 

Con sub-stan'tial-ist, n. A believer in consubstan- 1 

Con'sub-stan'ti-al'i-ty (-stan'shT-al'i-t^ or -stan- 
shal'i-ty ; 10G), n. Coexistence in the same substance. 

Con sub-stan'tial-ly (-shal-ly), adv. In a consub- 
stantial manner ; with identity of substance or nature. 

Con sub-stan'ti ate (-shi-at ; 106), v. t. To unite in 
one common substance or nature. [R.~] 

Con sub stan'ti-ate (-at), a. ConsubstantiaL 

Con sub-stan ti-a'tion (-shi-a'shun ; 106), n. 1. Iden- 
tity or union of substance. 2. (Theol.) The actual, sub- 
stantial presence of the body of Christ with the bread and 
wine of the Eucharist ; impanation. 

Con'SUl (kSn'sfil), n. [L., prob. fr. consulere to de- 
liberate. See Consult.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) One of the 
two chief magistrates of the republic 2. A senator; a 
counselor. [06s.] 3. (French Hist.) One of the three 
chief magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804. 4. An 
official commissioned to reside abroad to look after the 
commerce and seamen of his own country. 

Con'su-lar (-su-ler), a. Of or pertaining to a consul ; 
performing the duties of a consul. 

Con'su-late (-lat), n. Office, jurisdiction, or residence 
of a consul ; consulship. 

Con'sul-ship (kon'sul-ship), n. 1. The office of a 
consul ; consulate. 2. The term of office of a consul. 

Consult' (kon-sulf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consulted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Consulting.] [L. consultare, f r. consu- 
lere to consult. Cf. Counsel.] To seek the opinion or 
advice of another ; to take counsel ; to confer. 

Consult', v. t. 1. To ask advice of; to seek the 
opinion of. 2. To regard or consider. 3. To contrive. 
[Obs.~\ [consultation. [06s.] I 

Con-suit' (kon-sulf or kSn'sult), n. Act or result of | 

Con sul-ta'tion (kon'siil-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of con- 
sulting. 2. A council or conference, as of physicians. 

Con-SUlt'a-tO-ry (kon-sult'a-to-ry), a. Formed by, 
or resulting from, consultation ; advisory. 

Con-sult'er (-er), n. One who consults. [sumed. I 

Con-sum'a-ble (-sum'a-b'l), a. That may be con-| 

Con-sume' (kon-sum'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Consumed 
(-sumd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Consuming.] [L. consumere 
to take wholly, to consume ; con- -f- sumere to take ; 
sub + emere to buy.] To destroy, as by decomposition, 
dissipation, waste, or fire ; to use up ; to devour. 

Syn. —To destroy ; swallow up ; ingulf ; absorb ; waste ; 
exhaust ; spend ; expend ; squander ; lavish ; dissipate. 

Con-sume', v. i. To waste away slowly. 

Con-sum'er (-er), n. One that consumes. 

Con-sum'mate (-sum'mat), a. [L. consummatus, p. 
p. of consummare to accomplish, sum up ; con- -f- summa 
sum.] Carried to the utmost extent or degree ; of the 
highest quality; complete; perfect. — Con-sum'mate- 
ly, adv. 

Con'sum-mate (kon'sum-mat or kSn-sum'mat), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Consummated (-ma/te'd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Consummating (-ma'ting).] To bring to completion; 
to raise to the highest point or degree ; to achieve. 

Con'sum-ma'tion (kon'sum-ma'shun), n. Act of con- 
summating ; state of being consummated. 

Con-sump'tion (kon-sump'shun ; 215), n. 1. Act or 
process of consuming. 2. State or process of being 
consumed. 3. (Med.) A progressive wasting away of 
the body ; esp., that form of wasting attendant upon a 
pulmonary disease associated with cough, spitting of 
blood, hectic fever, etc. ; pulmonary phthisis. 

Syn. — Decline; waste; decay. 

Con sump'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Of or pertaining to con- 
sumption ; having the quality of consuming, or dissipa- 



a, e. 



I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, event, tdea, obey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



CONSUMPTIVELY 



185 



CONTESTANT 



ting. 2. (Med.) Affected with, or inclined to, con- 
sumption. — n. One affected with consumption. — Con- 
sump'tive-ly (kSn-sump'tlv-ty), adv. — Con-sump'- 
tive-ness, n. 

Con'ta-bes'cent (kgn'ta-bSs'sent), a. [L. contabes- 
cens, p. pr. of contabescere.\ Wasting away gradually. 

Con/tact (k5n't5kt), n. [L. contaclus, fr. contingere, 
-tacium, to touch on all sides. See Contingent.] A 
close union or junction of bodies ; a touching or meeting. 

Con-ta'gion (-ta'jiin), n. [L. contagio. See Contact.] 
1. (Med.) Transmission of disease from one person to 
another by direct or indirect contact. 2. That which 
serves as a medium to transmit disease. 3. Act or 
means of communicating any influence to the mind or 
heart. 

Syn. — See Infection. 

Con-ta'gious (kon-ta'jQs), a. 1. (Med.) Communi- 
cable by contact, by a virus, or by a bodily exhalation ; 
catching. 2. Conveying or generating disease ; pesti- 
lential. 3. Spreading or communicable from one to an- 
other.— Con-ta'gious-ly, adv. — Con-ta'gious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Infectious. — In general, a contagious disease 
has been considered as one which is caught from another 
by contact, by the breath, by bodily effluvia, etc. ; while 
an infectious disease supposes some entirely different 
cause acting by a hidden influence, like the miasma of 
prison ships, of marshes, etc., infecting the system with 
disease. This distinction, though not universally ad- 
mitted by medical men, as to the literal meaning of the 
words, certainly applies to them in their figurative use. 

Con-tain' (k5n-tan'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Contained 
(-tand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Containing.] [F. contenir, L. 
continere, -tentum ; con- + tenere to hold.] 1. To hold 
within fixed limits ; to comprise ; to inclose. 2. To have 
capacity for; to be equivalent to. 3. To restrain; to 
confine. [06s., except as used reflexively.] 

Con-tain', v. i. To restrain desire, esp. sexual desire. 

Gon-tain'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be contained. 

Con-tain'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, contains. 

Con-tam'i-na-ble (-t5m'i-na-b'l), a. Capable of being 
contaminated. 

Con-tanyi-nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contami- 
nated (-na'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Contaminating (-no- 
ting).] [L. comtaminare, p. p. -atus, fr. contamen con- 
tagion ; con- + root of tangere to touch.] To soil, stain, 
or corrupt by, or as by, contact. 

Syn. — To pollute ; defile ; sully ; taint ; tarnish. 

Con-tanVi-nate (-nat), a. Contaminated ; denied. 

Con-tam'i-na'tion (-tam'i-na'shun), n. Act or proc- 
ess of contaminating ; state of being contaminated ; also, 
that which contaminates. [ble to contaminate. I 

Con-tam'1-na-tive (-tSm'T-na-tiv), a. Tending or lia- 1 

Contemn' (k5n-tem'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Contemned 
(-tSrnd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Contemning (-tSm'nTng or 
-tem'ing).] [L. contemnere, -temptum; con- -\- temnere 
to slight, despise.] To view or treat with contempt, as 
mean and despicable ; to reject with disdain. 

Syn. — To despise ; scorn ; disdain ; spurn ; slight ; 
neglect; underrate^; overlook. 

Con-tem'ner (-ner or -er), n. One who contemns. 

Con-tem'per (kon-tem'per), v. t. [L. contemperare. 
See Com- ; Temper.] To temper ; to moderate. [Obs.] 

Con-tera'per-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of contem- 
pering. [Obs.~\ 2. Proportionate mixture or combination. 

Con'tem-plate (kon'tem-plat or kon-tem'plat), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Contemplated (-pla'ted or -pla-ted) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Contemplating.] [L. contemplari, p. p. -atus; 
con- -\- templum a space for observation marked out by 
the augur. See Temple.] 1. To look at, or view, on all 
sides or in all its bearings ; to meditate or reflect on ; to 
study ; to ponder. 2. To consider or have in view, as 
contingent or probable ; to purpose ; to intend. 

Syn.— To behold; muse ; plan ; propose. See Meditate. 

Gon'tem-plate, v. i. To consider or think studiously ; 
to ponder ; to reflect ; to meditate. [templating. I 

Con tem-pla'tion (-pla'shun), n. Act or state of con- 1 

To have In contemplation, to intend or purpose, or to 
have under consideration. 

Con-tem'pla-tive (-ti v), a. Of or pertaining to contem- 
plation ; addicted to, or employed in, contemplation. — 
Con-tem'pla-tive-ly, adv. -Con-tem'pla-tive-ness, n. 

Con'tem-pla'tor (kon'tem-pla'ter), n. One who con- 
templates. 

Con-tempo ra'ne-ons (kon-tSm'po-ra'ne-us), a. [L. 
contemporaneus ; con- + tempus time.] Living, exist- 
ing, or occurring at the same time ; contemporary. — 
Con-tempo-ra'ne-ous-ly, adv. — Con-tem po-ra'ne- 
ous-ness, n. 

Con-tem'po-ra-ry (k5n-tSm'p6-ra-ry),a. [Pref. con- -f 
L. temporarius belonging to time, tempus time.] 1. Liv- 



ing, occurring, or existing at the same time ; belonging 
to the same times; contemporaneous. 2. Of the same 
age; coeval. — Con-tem'po-ra-ri-ness (k5n-te"ni'p6-ra- 
rl-nSs), n. [with another. I 

Con-tem'po-ra-ry, n. One who lives at the same time | 

Con-tempt' (k5n-temt' ; 215), n. [L. contempius, fr. 
contemnere. See Contemn.] 1. Act of contemning or 
despising , the feeling with which one regards that which 
is esteemed mean, vile, or worthless. 2. State of being 
despised; disgrace; shame. 3. An act or expression 
denoting contempt. 4. (Law) Disobedience of the rules, 
orders, or process of a court of justice, or of the rules or 
orders of a legislative body. 

Syn. — Disdain ; scorn ; derision ; mockery ; contume- 
ly ; neglect ; disregard ; slight. 

Con-tempt'i-ble (kSn-tempf T-b'l), a. 1. Worthy of 
contempt. 2. Despised. [Obs.] 3. Contemptuous. [Obs.] 
— Con-tempt'i-ble-ness, n. — Con-tempt'1-bly, adv. 

Syn. —Despicable ; abject ; vile ; mean ; base ; paltry ; 
worthless ; sorry ; pitiful ; scurrile. 

Con-temp'tU-OUS (-teinp'tu-us ; 135), a. Manifesting 
or expressing contempt ; insolent. — Con-temp'tU-ous- 
ly, adv. — Con-temp'tu-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Scornful ; haughty ; disdainful ; supercilious ; 
insulting ; contumelious. — Contemptuous and contempt- 
ible, from their similarity of sound, are sometimes erro- 
neously interchanged. Contemptible is applied to that 
which is the object of contempt. Contemptuous is ap- 
plied to that which indicates contempt. 

Con-tend' (kon-tend'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
tended ; p. pr. & vb. n. Contending.] [OF. contendre, 
L. contendere, -tentum ; con- -f- tendere to stretch. See 
Tend.] 1. To strive in opposition; to contest. 2. To 
engage in discussion ; to argue. 

Syn. — To struggle ; fight ; combat ; vie ; strive ; op- 
pose ; emulate ; contest ; litigate ; dispute ; debate. 

Con-tend'er (-er), n. One who contends. 

Con-tent' (kon-tenf), a. [F., fr. L. contentus, p. p. 
of continere. See Contain.] Contained within limits ; 
hence, having the desires limited by that which one has ; 
satisfied; contented. 

Con'tent (kon'tSnt or kon-tenf), n. ; usually in the 
pi.. Contents. 1. That which is contained ; thing held 
or included. 2. Power of containing ; capacity. [Obs.~\ 

Con-tent' (kon-tSnf), v. t. [F. contenter, LL. con- 
lentare, fr. L. contentus, p. p. See Content, a.] To 
satisfy the desires or expectations of. 

Syn. —To satisfy ; appease ; please. See Satiate. 

Con-tent', n. 1. Rest or quietness of the mind in 
one's present condition ; satisfaction ; contentment ; 
moderate happiness. 2. That which contents or satisfies. 

Con-tent'ed (-ed), a. Content ; satisfied ; willing. — 
Con-tent'ed-ly, adv.— Con-tent'ed-ness, n. 

Con-ten'tion (kon-ten'shun), n. 1. Act of contend- 
ing ; a violent effort or struggle to obtain, or to resist, 
something; contest; strife. 2. Strife in words; con- 
troversy. 3. A point maintained in an argument. 

Syn. — Quarrel ; combat ; conflict ; feud ; litigation ; 
dissension; disagreement; competition; emulation. 

Con-ten'tlOUS (kon-tgn'shiis), a. 1. Fond of conten- 
tion ; apt to dispute ; quarrelsome. 2. Relating to con- 
tention or strife. — Con-ten'tious-ly, adv. — Con-ten'- 
tious-ness, n. 

Con-tent'ment (kon-tent'ment), n. [See Content, 
v . t.~\ 1. State of being contented or satisfied. 2. Act 
or process of contenting or satisfying. 

Con'tentS, n. pi. See 2d Content. 

Con-ter'mi-na-ble (-ter'mT-na-b'l), a. Conterminous. 

Con-ter'mi-nate (-nat), a. Conterminous. 

Con-ter'mi-nous (kSn-ter'mT-nus), a. [L. conlermi- 
nus ; con- + terminus border.] Having the same 
bounds, or limits ; bordering upon ; contiguous. 

Con-test' (kon-tesf), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Contested ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Contesting.] [F. contester, fr. L. con- 
testari to call to witness, contestari litem to introduce a 
lawsuit, by calling witnesses ; con- + testari to be a wit- 
ness. See Testify.] 1. To make a subject of dispute, 
argument, etc. ; to call in question. 2. To strive ear- 
nestly to hold or maintain; to contend. 3. (Laic) To 
defend, dispute, or resist, by course of law ; to litigate. 

Syn. — To controvert ; debate ; oppose ; argue. 

Con-test', v. i. To engage in contention, or emula- 
tion ; to vie. 

Con'test (kSn'test), n. 1. Earnest dispute ; strife in 
argument. 2. Earnest struggle for superiority, victory, 
defense, etc. 

Syn. — Conflict ; combat ; battle ; encounter ; alterca- 
tion ; debate ; controversy ; difference ; disagreement. 

Con-test'a-ble (-tgst'a-b'l), a. That may be contested. 

Con-test'ant (-ant), n. One who contests. 



G 



H 



K 



f 6rn. recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing;, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CONTESTATION 



186 



CONTRACTILITY 



Oon tes-ta'tion i,kon tSs-ta'shihi), n. Act of contest- 
ing ; Wllllltinn ; rivalry; strife; dispute. 

Context tkon'te'kst), n. [From L. eoniextus, p. p. of 
ivv .-.-■•< to weave, to unite; con- + texere to weave. 
See Text.] The part or parts of something written or 
printed, which precede or follow a text or quoted sen- 
tence, or are intimately associated with it. 

Con tex'tur-al ^kSn-tSks'tur-al ; 135), a. Pertaining 
to contexture or arrangement of parts ; interwoven. ' 

Con-tex'ture (^-tur : 135), n. The arrangement of the 
constituent parts of a thing ; constitution ; texture. 

Con tig-na'tion (k5u / tTg-na'shun), n. [L. contigna- 

mtignart to join with beams; con- -\- tignum 

beam.] 1. Act of framing together, or uniting, as 

beams. 2. A framework or fabric. [tiguous. I 

Con ti-gu r i-ty (kSu'tT-gu'T-ty), n. State of being con- 1 

Con-tig'u-OUS (k5n-tTg'u-us), a. [L. contiguus ; akin 
to continpere to touch on all sides. See Contingent.] 
In actual contact ; touching ; also, adjacent ; near. — 
Con-tig'u-ous-ly, adv. — Con-tig'u-ous-ness, n. 

Con'ti-nence (koii'tT-nens), ( n. Quality or state of 

Con'ti-nen-cy (-nen-s> r ), j being continent. 

Con'ti-nent (kon'tT-nent), a. [L. continens, -entis, 
prop. p. pr. of continere to hold together, to repress. 
See Contain.] 1. Restraining ; limiting. [06s.] 2. 
Exercising restraint as to the indulgence of desires or 
passions, esp. the sexual passion; temperate ; moderate ; 
hence, chaste. 

Con'ti-nent, n. One of the grand divisions of land on 
the earth; specif. (Phys. Geog.), a large body of land 
differing from an island, not merely in size, but in struc- 
ture, being a large basin bordered by mountain chains. 

The Continent, the main land of Europe, as distinguished 
from the islands, especially from England. 

Con ti-nen'tal (kon'tT-nen'tal), a. 1. Of or pertain- 
ing to a continent. 2. Of or pertaining to the main land 
of Europe. 3. (Amer. Hist.) Of or pertaining to the 
confederated colonies collectively, in the time of the 
Revolutionary War. 

Con'ti-nent-ly (-nent-ly), adv. In a continent man- 
ner ; chastely ; moderately ; temperately. 

Con-tin'gence (kon-tin'jens), n. Contingency. 

Con-tin'gen-cy (kon-tin'jen-sy), n. 1. Union or con- 
nection; state of touching or contact. 2. Quality or 
state of being contingent. 3. An event which may or 
may not occur ; a chance. 4. An adjunct or accessory. 

Syn. — Casualty ; accident; chance. 

Con-tin'gent (kon-tTn'jent), a. [L. contingens, -ends, 
p. pr. of contingere to touch on all sides, to happen ; con- 
+ tangere to touch.] 1. Possible, or liable, but not cer- 
tain, to occur; incidental; casual. 2. Dependent on 
something undetermined or unknown. 3. {Law) Depend- 
ent for effect on something that may or may not occur. 

Syn. — Accidental ; incidental ; casual ; fortuitous. 

Con-tin'gent, n. 1. An uncertain event ; a contin- 
gency. 2. That which falls to one in a division or appor- 
tionment ; esp., a quota of troops. 

Con-tin'gent-ly, adv. In a contingent manner. 

Con-tin'U-a-Dle (-u-a-b'l), a. That may be continued. 

Con-tin'u-al (kSn-tTn'u-al), a. 1. That continues ; 
proceeding without interruption or cessation; uninter- 
rupted ; continuous. 2. Occurring in steady and rapid 
succession ; often repeated. — Con-tin'U-al-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Constant ; perpetual ; incessant ; unceasing ; 
unintermitted. See Constant, and Continuous. 

Con-tin'u-ance (k5n-tin'u-<ms), n. 1. A holding on, 
or remaining in a particular state ; permanence ; perse- 
verance ; constancy. 2. Uninterrupted succession ; con- 
tinuation; perpetuation; propagation. 

Con-tin'u-ant (-ant), a. Continuing ; prolonged. 

Con-tin'u-ate(-u-at),a. 1. Immediately united, [i?.] 
2. Uninterrupted; continual. 

Con-tin'u-a'tion (kSn-tTn'u-a'shun), n. 1. Act or 
state of continuing ; state of being continued. 2. That 
which extends, increases, supplements, or carries on. 

Con-tin'U-a-tive (k5n-tTn'u-a-tTv), n. (Gram. ) A con- 
nective ; a conjunction. 

Con-tin'U-a'tor (-a'ter), n. A continuer. 

Con-tin'ue (kSn-tTn'u), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Continued 
(-ad;; p. pr. & vh. n. Continuing.] [F. continuer, L. 
ire, -alum, to connect, continue, fr. continuus. 
See Continuous.] 1. To remain in a given place or con- 
dition ; to abide ; to stay. 2. To be permanent or dur- 
able ; to endure. 3. To be steadfast or constant in any 
course ; to persevere ; to persist. 

Con-tin'ue, v. t. 1. To protract or extend in dura- 
tion. 2. To carry onward or extend ; to produce. 3. 
To retain ; to suffer or cause to remain. 



Con tin'ued (k5u-tTn'ud), p. p. & a. Having exten- 
sion or continuance, as in time or space ; uninterrupted ; 
also, resumed after interruption ; extending through a 
succession of issues, sessions, etc. 

Continued fraction (Math.), a fraction whose numerator 
is 1. and whose denominator is a whole number plus a 
fraction whose numerator is 1 and whose denominator is 
a whole number plus a fraction, and so on. — Continued 
proportion (Math.), a proportion composed of two or more 
equal ratios, in which the consequent of each preceding 
ratio is the same with the antecedent of the following 
one; as, 4 : 8 ::8 : 16 :: 16 :32. 

Con-tin'u-er (-u-er), n. One who continues. 

Con'ti-nu'i-ty (koii'ti-nu'i-ty), n. State of being con- 
tinuous ; uninterrupted connection or succession ; recur- 
rence in a series ; close union of parts ; cohesion. 

Con-tin'n-ous (k5n-tln'u-us), a. [L. continuus, fr. 
continere to hold together. See Continent.] "Without 
break, cessation, or interruption ; unceasing ; protracted. 

— Con-tin'u-ous-ly, adv. — Con-tin'u-ous ness. n. 
Syn. — Continual. — Continuous is the stronger word, 

and denotes that the continuity or union of parts is abso- 
lute and uninterrupted. Continual, in most cases, marks 
a close and unbroken succession of things, rather than 
absolute continuity. 

Contline' (kontlinO, n. 1. (Ropemaking) The space 
between the strands on the outside of a rope. 2. (Xau.t. ) 
The space between the bilges of casks stowed side by side. 

Con-tor'sion (kon-t6r'shun), n. Contortion. 

Con-tort' (kon-tSrf), v. t. [L. contortus, p. p. of con- 
tor quere to twist ; con- -f torquere to twist.] To twist, 
or twist together ; to turn awry ; to distort. 

Con-tor'tion (k5n-t<5r'shun), n. A twisting ; a writh- 
ing ; a wresting ; wry motion ; twist. 

Con-tor'tion-ist. n. One who practices contortions. 

Con-tor'tive (kon-t8r'tTv), a. Expressing contortion. 

Con-tour' (kon-toor'), n. [F., fr. contourner to mark 
the outlines ; con- -f tourner to turn. See Tuen.] The 
outline of a figure or body, or the line or lines represent- 
ing such an outline ; periphery. 

Con'tra— (kSn'tra-). A. common prefix from a Latin 
adverb and preposition, signifying against, contrary, in 
opposition, etc. Cf. Countee, adv. & pre/. 

Con'tra-band (kon'tra-band), n. [It. contrabbando ; 
contra + bando ban, proclamation. See Ban an edict.] 
1. Illegal or prohibited traffic. 2. Goods or merchandise 
the importation or exportation of which is forbidden. 
3. A negro slave who, during the Civil War, came within 
the Union lines. \U. S.~\ 

Contraband of war, that which, by international law, can- 
not be supplied to one belligerent except at the risk of 
seizure and condemnation by the aggrieved belligerent. 

Con'tra-band, a. Prohibited by law or treaty. 

Con tra-bass' (kon'tra-bas'), a. {Mus. ) Double bass ; 

— applied to any instrument of the same deep range as 
the stringed double bass. 

Con / tra-bas'SO(-bas , s6),w. [It. contrabbasso.'] (Mus.) 
The largest kind of bass viol. See Violone. 

Con-tract' (k5n-tr3kf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
tracted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Contracting.] [L. contrahere, 
p. p. -tractus; con- -f- trahere to draw. See Trace.] 
1. To draw together or nearer ; to reduce to a less com- 
pass ; to shorten, narrow, or lessen. 2. To bring on ; to 
incur; to acquire. 3. To enter into with mutual obli- 
gations ; to bargain or covenant for. 4. To betroth. 5. 
(Gram. ) To shorten by omitting a letter or letters, or by 
reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one. 

Syn. — To shorten ; abridge ; epitomize ; narrow ; 
lessen ; condense ; reduce ; confine ; incur ; assume. 

Con-tract', v. i. 1. To be drawn together ; to be re- 
duced in compass or in duration ; to shrink. 2. To 
make an agreement ; to covenant ; to bargain. 

Con'tract (kon'trHkt), a. Contracted. 

Con'tract (kon'trSkt), n. 1. (Law) The agreement 
of two or more persons, upon a sufficient consideration 
or cause, to do, or to abstain from doing, some act ; a 
formal bargain ; compact. 2. A formal writing which 
contains such an agreement. 3. Formal betrothal. 

Syn. — Covenant ; agreement ; compact ; stipulation ; 
bargain ; arrangement ; obligation. 

Con-tract'ed (kon-trSk'ted), a. 1. Drawn together ; 
shrunken ; shortened. 2. Narrow ; illiberal ; selfish. 
3. Bargained for ; betrothed. — Con-tract'ed-ly, adv. 

— Con-tract'ed-ness, n. 

Con-tract'i-ble (-tT-b'l), a. Capable of contraction. 

— Con-tracti-bil'i-ty (tT-bll'T-ty), Con-tract'i-ble- 
ness, n. [contract ; contracting. I 

Con-tract'ile (kSn-trSk'tTl), a. Tending or able to] 
Con'trac-tJl'i-ty (k5n'tr5k-tTlT-tt), n. Quality or 
property by which bodies shrink or contract. 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, £, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CONTRACTION 



187 



CONTROLLER 



Con-trac'tion (kon-trSk'shfin), n. 1. Act or process 
of contracting; state of being contracted. 2. {Math.) 
Process of shortening an operation. 3. Something con- 
tracted or abbreviated. 4. {Gram.) The shortening of a 
word, or of two words, by omission of a letter or letters, 
or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one. 

Contractive (-trSk'tTv), a. Contractile. 

Con-tract'or (-trSk'ter), n. [L.] One who contracts ; 
one of the parties to a bargain ; specif., one who contracts 
to perform work on a rather large scale, at a certain 
price or rate. 

Contracture (kon-trSk'tur ; 135), n. {Med.) A state 
of permanent rigidity or contraction of the muscles. 

Con'tra -dance' (kon'tra-dans'), n. [Pref. contra- -j- 
dance. Cf. Country-dance.] A dance in which the 
partners are arranged face to face, or in opposite lines. 

Con'tra-dlct' (kon'tra-dTkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Contradicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Contradicting.] [L. 
contradicere, p. p. -dictus; contra + dicere to speak. 
See Diction.] 1. To assert the contrary of ; to deny the 
truth of ; to gainsay. 2. To oppose. [Obs.] 

Con'tra-dict', v. i. To assert the contrary ; to gainsay. 

Con tra dict'er (-ter), n. One who contradicts. 

Con tra-dic'tion (-dik'shun), n. 1. An assertion of 
the contrary to what has been said or affirmed ; denial 
of the truth of an assertion. 2. Direct opposition or re- 
pugnancy ; inconsistency ; incongruity or contrariety. 

Con tfa-dic'tious (-dik'shus), a. Contradictory. 

Con'tra-dict'ive (-dTk'tTv), a. Contradictory. 

Con'tra-dlct'or (-ter), n. [L.] A contradicter. 

Con'tra-dict'O-ry (-dTk'to-ry), a. 1. Affirming the 
contrary ; implying a denial of what has been asserted ; 
also, mutually contradicting ; inconsistent. 2. Opposing 
or opposed ; repugnant. — Con'tra-dict'O-ri-ly, adv. — 
Con tra-dict'o ri hess, n. 

Con'tra-dict'O-ry, n. A proposition or thing which 
denies or opposes another ; contrariety. 

Con'tra-dis-tinct' (kon/tra-dis-tTnkt'), a. Distin- 
guished by opposite qualities. [contrast. I 

Con'tra-dls-tinc'tlon (-tink'shiin), n. Distinction by | 

Con'tra-dis-tinc'tive (-tiv), a. Contradistinguishing. 

Con tra-dis-tin'guish (kon'tra-dTs-tTn/gwTsh ; 144), 
v. t. To distinguish by a contrast of opposite qualities. 

Con'tra-fa-got'to (-fa- g 5t't6), n. [It.] (Mus.) The 
double bassoon, an octave deeper than the bassoon. 

Con-traPtO (kon-traPto or -tral'to), n. [It., fr. contra 
-f- alto. See Alto.] (Mus.) (a) The part sung by the 
highest male or lowest female voices ; the alto or coun- 
ter tenor. (b) The voice or singer performing this part. 

Con-traPtO, a. (Mus. ) Of or pertaining to a contralto, 
or to the part in music called contralto. 

Contrapuntal (kSn'tra-piin'tal), a. [It. contrap- 
punto counterpoint.] {Mus.) Pertaining to, or accord- 
ing to the rules of, counterpoint. 

Con'tra-rPe-ty (-tra-ri'e-t^), n. State or quality of 
being contrary ; that which is contrary. 

Syn. — Inconsistency ; discrepancy ; repugnance. 

Con'tra-ri-ly (k5n'tra-rT-ly or k5n'tra-), adv. In a 
contrary manner. 

Con'tra-ri-ness, n. The state or quality of being con- 
trary ; contrariety ; perverseness ; obstinacy. 

Con-tra'ri-ous (kbn-tra'rT-us), a. Showing contrarie- 
ty ; repugnant ; perverse. [Archaic'] 

Con'tra-ri-wise' (kon'tra-rT-wiz' or kon'tra-), adv. 1. 
On the contrary ; oppositely ; on the other hand. 2. In 
a contrary order ; conversely. 

CoiPtra-ry (kon'tra-ry or -tra-ry ; 48), a. [F. con- 
traire, fr. L. contr arius, fr. contra. See Contra-.] 1. 
Opposite ; in an opposite direction ; adverse. 2. Op- 
posed ; contradictory ; inconsistent. 3. Given to oppo- 
sition ; perverse ; froward. 4. (Logic) Affirming the 
opposite ; so opposed as to destroy each other. 

Syn. — Repugnant; hostile; inimical; discordant. 

Con'tra-ry, n. 1. A thing that is of contrary or op- 
posite qualities. 2. The opposite ; a proposition, fact, 
or condition incompatible with another. See Converse, 
»., 1. 3. (pi-) (Logic) Propositions which directly and de- 
structively oppose each other, but of which the falsehood 
of one does not establish the truth of the other. 

On the contrary, in opposition ; on the other hand. — To 
the contrary, to an opposite intent ; on the other side. 

Con-trasP (k5n-trasf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
trasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Contrasting.] [F. contr -aster, 
deriv. of L. contra -f- stare to stand.] To stand in oppo- 
sition ; to exhibit difference, or opposition of qualities. 

Contrast', v. t. To set in opposition in order to show 
the difference between, or the comparative excellences 
and defects of ; to compare. 



Contrast (kSn'trast), n. 1. Act of contrasting, or 
state of being contrasted. 2. Opposition or dissimilitude 
of things or qualities. [tenor ; contralto. I 

Contra ten'or (kon'tra-ten'er), n. (Mus.) Counter! 

Con tra val la'tion (k5n'tra-vSl-la'shun), n. (Fort.) 
A trench guarded with a parapet constructed by be- 
siegers, to secure themselves and check sallies. 

Contravene' (k5n'tra-ven'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Contravened (-vend') ; p. pr. &vb. n. Contravening.] 
[LL. contravenire ; L. contra -(- venire to come.] 1. To 
meet in opposition ; to obstruct the operation of ; to de- 
feat. 2. To violate ; to nullify ; to be inconsistent with. 

Syn. — To contradict; set aside; defeat; cross; ob- 
struct ; baffle ; thwart. 

Contra- ven'er (-ven'er), n. One who contravenes. 

Contra-ven'tion (-vSn'shun), n. Act of contravening ; 
opposition; obstruction; violation. 

Con'tra-yer'va (-yer'va), n. [Sp. contr ayerba, lit., 
counter herb, antidote.] (Hot.) A South American plant 
the root of which is a stimulant and tonic. 

II Con tre-temps' (kSN'tr'-taN'), n. [F., fr. conlre (L. 
contra) -f temps time, L. tempus.] An unexpected and 
untoward accident ; something inopportune ; a hitch. 

Oon-trib'u table (kSn-trib'u-ta-b'l), a. Capable of 
being contributed. 

Con-trib'ute (kon-trTb'ut), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Contributed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Contributing.] [L. con- 
tribuere, p. p. -butus, to bring together, to add ; con- -\- 
tribuere to grant. See Trubute.] To give or grant in 
common with others ; to give to a common stock or for 
a common purpose. 

Con tri-bu'tion (kon'trT-bu'shun), n. 1. Act of con- 
tributing. 2. That which is contributed. 3. (Mil.) An 
arbitrary imposition or requisition. 4. (Law) Payment, 
by each of several jointly liable, of a share in a loss suf- 
fered or an amount paid by one of their number for the 
common benefit. 

Con-trib'u-tive (k5n-triVu-tTv), a. Contributory. 

Con-trib'u-tor (-ter), n. One that contributes. 

Con-trib'u-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Contributing; promot- 
ing the same end ; aiding or giving jointly ; contributive. 

Con-trib'u-tO-ry, n. One who contributes, or may be 
called upon to contribute. 

Contrite (kon'trlt), a. [L. contritus bruised, p. p. of 
conterere to grind, bruise ; con- -f- terere to rub, grind. 
See Trite.] 1. Thoroughly broken. 2. Broken down 
with grief and penitence ; humbly and thoroughly peni- 
tent. — Con'tritely, adv. — Con'trite'ness, n. 

Syn. — Penitent ; repentant ; humble ; sorrowful. 

Con-trPtion (kon-trish'un), n. 1. Act of grinding ; 
attrition. [Obs.~\ 2. State of being contrite ; deep sor- 
row for sin ; thorough repentance. 

Syn. — Repentance ; penitence ; humiliation ; self-re- 
proach ; remorse. See Compunction. 

Con-triv'a-ble (-trlv'a-b'l), a. That may be contrived. 

Con-triv'ance (kon-trlv'ans), n. 1. Act or faculty of 
contriving. 2. The thing contrived. 

Syn. —Device ; plan; scheme; invention; machine; 
project ; design ; artifice ; shift. 

Con-trive' (kSn-triv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contrived 
(-trivd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Contriving.] [OF. conlrover, 
contruver, F. controuver ; con- -j- trouver to find. See 
Trover.] To form by an exercise of ingenuity ; to de- 
vise ; to invent ; to design ; to plan. 

Syn. — To discover ; project ; plot ; concert ; hatch. 

Con-trive , , v. i. To make devices ; to form designs. 

Coh-triv'er (k5n-triv'er), n. One who contrives. 

Con-troP (kon-trol')> n. [F. contrble a counter regis- 
ter, contr. fr. contre-role ; contre (L. contra) -f- role roll, 
catalogue. See Roll.] 1. A duplicate register or ac- 
count kept to check another. [Obs.] 2. That which 
serves to check, restrain, or hinder. 3. Power or authority 
to check or restrain ; restraining or regulating influence. 

Syn. — Regulation ; check ; restraint. 

Con-troP, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Controlled (-trold') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Controlling.] [Formerly written comp- 
trol and controul.] 1. To check by a counter register 
or duplicate account. [Obs.~] 2. To exercise restrain- 
ing or governing influence over. 

Syn.— To restrain ; rule ; govern ; manage ; guide ; reg- 
ulate ; hinder ; direct ; check ; curb ; counteract ; subdue. 

Con-troPla-ble (k5n-trol'la-b'l), a. Capable of being 
controlled or restrained ; amenable to command. — Con- 
trol lability (-Mi'l-ty), Con-troPla-ble-ness, n. 

Con-troPler (-ler), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
controls or restrains ; one who governs. 2. An officer 
appointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to 
examine, rectify, or verify accounts. [More commonly 
written comptroller.'] 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, 



M 



CONTROLLERSHIP 



188 



CONVERSANT 



Con-troTler-snip (kon-trol'ler-shlp), ». Office of a 
controller, [stata 0* being controlled. I 

Con trol'ment foment), n. Power or act of controlling ; | 

Con tro-ver'slal (koVtrt-i Brtshol), a. Relating to, 
sting of, controversy; disputatious; polemical. 

Con tro-ver'sial-ist, n. One who carries on a coutro- 
fOmj ; a disputant. 

Con tro-ver'sial-ly, adv. In a controversial manner. 

Con'tro-ver sy (kon'tro-ver'sy), n. [L. controversial 
fr. cowfrtiwjrmi tnrnnfl ■jainnt. iTinpntni ; contro- = con- 
rnw, p. p. of rertere to turn.] 1. Contention ; 
dispute ; debate. 2. Quarrel ; strife ; difference. 

mil Dispute; debate; disputation; disagreement; 
altercation ; contention ; wrangle ; strife ; quarrel. 

Con'tro-vert (-v8rt), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Controverted ; 
, rb. n. Controverting.] To make matter of con- 
troversy : to dispute or oppose by reasoning ; to debate. 

Con'tro-ver'ter (-ver'ter), n. One who controverts ; 
a controversial writer ; a controversialist. 

Con'tro-ver'ti-ble (-ver'tT-b'l), a. Capable of being 
controverted ; disputable. [sialist. I 

Con'tro-ver'tist Ckon'tro-ver'tYst), n. A controver-| 

Con-tu1>er-nal (k5n-tu'ber-nal), ) a. [L. contu- 

Con tu-ber'ni-al (kon'tu-ber'nT-al), \ bemalis a tent 
companion, fr. contubernium tent companionship.] Liv- 
ing or messing together ; familiar ; in companionship. 

Con tu-ma'cious (kSn'tu-nia'shus), a. [L. conlumax, 
-avis, insolent ; prob. akin to contemnere to despise.] 
Exhibiting stubborn perverseness ; pertinaciously resist- 
ing authority. 2. {Law) Willfully disobedient to any 
lawful summons, or to the rules and orders of court. — 
Con tu -ma'cious-ly . adv. — Con tu -ma'cious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Stubborn ; obstinate ; obdurate ; disobedient ; 
perverse ; unyielding ; headstrong. 

Con'tU-ma-cy (kBn'tu-ma-sy), n. Quality or state of 
being contumacious. 

Con tu-me'li-ous (-melT-iis or -mel'yus ; 106), a. Ex- 
hibiting contumely ; rudely contemptuous ; disdainful. — 
Con / tu-me / ll-ous-ly, adv. — Con tu-me'li-ous ness. n. 

Con'tu-me-ly (kon'tfi-me-ly), n. [L. contumelia, 
prob. akin to contemnere to despise.] Rudeness com- 
pounded of haughtiness and contempt ; scornful inso- 
lence ; contemptuousness. 

Con-tuse' (k5n-tuz'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Contused 
(-tuzd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Contusing.] [L. contundere, 
p. p. -tusus ; con- -f- tundere to beat ; akin to Skr. tud 
to strike.] 1. To beat or bray together. 2. To bruise. 

Con-tu'sion (k5n-tu'zhun), n. 1. Act or process of 
beating, bruising, or pounding ; state of being beaten or 
bruised. 2. {Med.) A bruise. 

Co-nun'drum (ko-niin'drum), n. [Origin unknown.] 

1. A kind of riddle based upon some fanciful or fantastic 
resemblance of things ; a puzzling question, of which the 
answer is or involves a pun. 2. A question to which 
only a conjectural answer can be made. 

Co-nure' (ko-nur'), n. [Gr. <ctovo? a cone -fovpa tail.] 
(Zo'ol. ) An American parrakeet, having a tapering tail. 

Con'u-sant (k5n'ii-sant), a. (Law) Cognizant. 

Con'va-lesce' (kon'va-lgs'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
valesced (-Igsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Convalescing.] [L. 
convalescere ; con--\- valescere to grow strong, v. incho. 
of valere to be strong.] To recover health and strength 
gradually, after sickness or weakness. 

Con va-les'cence (-lgs'sens), ) n. Recovery of health 

Con'va-les'cen-cy (-sen-sy), ) and strength after 
disease ; state of a body renewing its vigor after weakness. 

Conva-les'cent (-sent), a. 1. Recovering from sick- 
ness or debility ; partially restored to health or strength. 

2. Of or pertaining to convalescence. 

Con va-les'cent, n. One recovering from sickness. 

Con'va-les'cent-ly, adv. In the manner of a conva- 
lescent ; with increasing strength or vigor. 

Con-vec'tion (kon-vgk'shun), n. [L. convectio, fr. 
contehere to bring together ; con- + vehere to carry.] 
1. Act or process of conveying or transmitting. 2. 
(Physics) A process of transfer or transmission, as of 
heat or electricity, by means of currents in fluids, as in 
water when heated from below. 

Con-vec'tive (k5n-vgk'tlv), a. Caused or accom- 
plished by convection. — Con-VOC'tive-ly, adv. 

Con-vellent (kon-vgllgnt), a. [L. convellens, p. pr. 
H<;<: Co:> vlt-.se.] Tending to tear or pull up. [vened. I 

Con-ven'a-ble (-ven'a-b'l), a. Capable of being con-| 

Con've-nance (k5n've-nans), n. [F., fitness, suitable- 
i hat which is suitable, agreeable, or convenient. 

Con-vene 7 (k5n-ven'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Convened 
''-vend'); p. pr. & vb. n. Convening.] [L. convenire ; 
eon* venire to come : cf. P. convenir to agree, OF. 



also, to assemble.] To meet; to unite; esp., to come 
together, as in one body or for a public purpose ; to meet ; 
to assemble ; to congregate. 

Convene' (k5n-ven'), v. t. 1. To assemble ; to con- 
voke. 2. To summon judicially to meet or appear. 

Con-ven'er (k5n-ven'er), n. One who convenes. 

Con ven'ience (k5n-ven'yens ; 106), ) n. [See Con- 

Con ven'ien-cy (k5n- ven'yen-sy), ) venient.] 

1. State or quality of being convenient ; fitness or suita- 
bleness ; propriety. 2. Freedom from discomfort, diffi- 
culty, or trouble. 3. That which is convenient. 4. A 
convenient or fit time ; opportunity. 

Convenient (kon-ven'yent), a. [L. conveniens, 
-entis, suitable, p. pr. of convenire to be suitable, to come. 
See Convene, v. i.~] 1. Fit or adapted ; suitable. [Archaic} 

2. Affording accommodation or advantage; well adapted 
to use. 3. Seasonable ; timely ; opportune. 4. Near at 
hand ; easy of access. [Colloq.'] — Con- ven'ient-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Proper ; fitted ; suited ; handy ; commodious. 

Con'vent (kSn'vent), n. [L. conventus a meeting, LL. 
also, a convent. See Convene, v. i.~\ 1. A meeting. 
[Obs.~\ 2. An association or community of religious 
recluses ; a body of monks or nuns. 3. A monastery or 
nunnery. 

Con-vent' (kon-vent'), v. i. [From L. convenire, p. p. 
-ventus.'] [06s.] 1. To meet. 2. To be convenient. 

Con- vent', V. t. To summon ; to convene. [Obs.] 

Con-ven'ti-cle (kon-ven'ti-k'l), n. [L. convenliculum, 
dim. of conventus. See Convent, n.~\ A small assembly 
or gathering ; esp. , a secret assembly for religious worship, 
such as those held in times of persecution by Nonconform- 
ists or Dissenters in England, or by Covenanters in Scot- 
land ; — often used opprobriously. 

Con-ven'ti-cler (-kler), n. One who supports or fre- 
quents conventicles. 

Con-ven'tion (k5n-ven'shun), n. 1. Act of coming 
together ; state of being brought together ; union ; coal- 
ition. 2. Arbitrary custom ; usage ; conventionality. 

3. A meeting or an assembly, esp. of delegates or repre- 
sentatives, to accomplish some specific object. 4. (Eng. 
Hist.) An extraordinary assembly of the Parliament or 
estates of the realm, held without the king's writ. 5. An 
agreement or contract less formal than, or preliminary 
to, a treaty ; an informal compact ; also, a formal agree- 
ment between governments or sovereign powers. 

Con-ven'tiOU-al (kon-vgn'shun-al), a. 1. Formed by 
agreement or compact ; stipulated. 2. Sanctioned by, 
dependent on, or arising from, general concurrence or 
usage ; formal. 3. {Fine Arts) (a) Based upon tradi- 
tion. (6) Abstracted ; not natural, but agreeing with an 
accepted or deliberately selected form of representation. 

Con-ven'tion-al-ism (-iz'm), n. That which is con- 
ventional ; adherence to that which is conventional. 

Con- ven'tion-al-ist, n. 1. One who adheres to a con- 
vention or treaty. 2. One governed by conventionalism. 

Con-ven'tion-al'i-ty (-Sl'i-ty), n. State of being con- 
ventional ; specif., adherence to social formalities or 
usages ; a customary usage of social life. 

Con-vention-al-i-za'tion (-al-i-za'shun), n. Act of 
conventionalizing ; state of being conventional. 

Con-ven'tion-al-ize (kon-ven'shun-al-rz), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Conventionalized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Con- 
ventionalizing.] 1. To make conventional ; to cause 
to conform to conventional rules ; to establish by usage. 
2. (Fine Arts) (a) To represent by selecting the impor- 
tant features and those which are expressible in the 
medium employed, and omitting the others, (fe) To rep- 
resent according to established principles or rules. 

Con-ven'tion-al-ly, adv. In a conventional manner. 

Con-ven'tU-al (k5n-v6n'tu-al ; 135), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to a convent ; monastic. 

Con- verge' (-verj'), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Converged 
(-verjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Converging (-ver'jtng).] [Pref. 
con- + L. vergere to turn, incline. See Verge, v. i.~\ To 
incline or tend, or cause to tend, to one point. 

Con-ver'gence (-ver'jens), ) n. Condition or quality 

Con-ver'gen-cy (-jen-sy), ( of converging. 

Con-ver'gent (k8n-ver'jent), a. Inclining or tending 
to one point or focus. 

Con-vers'a-ble (k5n-vers'a-b'l), a. Qualified for con. 
versation ; disposed to converse ; sociable. — Con-vers'- 
a-ble-ness, n. — Con-vers'a-bly, adv. 

Con'ver-sance (k5n'ver-sans), n. State or quality of 
being conversant ; familiar acquaintance. 

Con'ver-sant (-sant), a. [L. conversans, p. pr. See 
Converse.] 1. Having frequent or customary inter- 
course ; familiarly associated. 2. Familiar by use or 
study ; well-informed ; versed. 3. Concerned ; occupied. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CONVERSATION 



189 



CONVOLVULUS 



Con ver-sa'tion (kon'ver-sa'shun), n. [Though OF. 
fr. L. conversatio frequent abode in a place, intercourse, 
LL. also, manner of life-] 1- General course of conduct ; 
behavior. [Archaic] 2. Familiar intercourse ; intimate 
association. 3. Commerce; traffic. [Obs.~\ 4. Collo- 
quial discourse ; oral interchange of sentiments and ob- 
servations ; informal dialogue. 6. Sexual intercourse. 

Syn. — Intercourse ; communion; commerce ; famil- 
iarity ; discourse ; dialogue ; colloquy ; talk ; chat. — 
Talk is usually broken, familiar, and versatile. Conver- 
sation is more continuous and sustained, and turns ordi- 
narily upon topics of higher interest. 

Con ver-sa'tion-al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to con- 
versation. 

Con'ver-sa'tion-al-ist, n. A conversationist. 

Con ver-sa'tion-ist, n. One given to, or excelling in, 
conversation. 

Con-ver'sa-tive (k5n-ver'sa-tiv), a. Relating to in- 
tercourse with men ; social ; — opposed to contemplative. 

II Con versa zi-o'ne (kon'ver-sa'tse-o'na or kBn'ver-), 
n. ; pi. Conversazioni (-ne). [It.] A meeting for con- 
versation, particularly on literary or scientific subjects. 

Con- verse' (k5n-vers'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conversed 
(-versf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Conversing.] [F. converser, 
L. conversari to associate with ; con- -f- versari to be 
turned, to live, remain, fr. versare to turn often. See 
Versatile.] 1. To keep company ; to hold intimate 
intercourse ; to commune. 2. To engage in familiar 
colloquy ; to interchange thoughts and opinions in a free, 
informal manner. 

Syn.— To associate ; commune ; discourse ; talk ; chat. 

Con'verse (kon'vers), n. 1. Frequent intercourse ; 
intimate association. 2. Conversation; talk. 

COn'verse, a. [L. conversus, p. p. See Convert.] 
Turned about ; reversed in order or relation ; reciprocal. 

Con'verse, n. 1. {Logic) A proposition which arises 
from interchanging the terms of another. 2. {Math.) A 
proposition in which, after a conclusion from something 
supposed has been drawn, the order is inverted, making 
the conclusion the supposition or premises, what was 
first supposed being made the conclusion or inference. 

Con'verse-ly (kon'vers-ly or kon-vers'ty), adv. In a 
converse manner ; with change of order or relation. 

Con-vers'er, n. One who engages in conversation. 

Con-ver'sion (kon-ver'shiin), n. 1. Act of turning or 
changing from one state or condition to another, or the 
state of being changed ; transmutation ; change. 2. Act 
of changing one's views or course, as in passing from one 
side, party, or religion to another ; also, state of being so 
changed. 3. {Law) An appropriation of, and dealing 
with, the property of another as if it were one's own, 
without right. 4. (Logic) Act of interchanging the 
terms (subject and predicate) of a proposition. 5. 
{Math.) A change or reduction of the form or value of a 
proposition. 6. {Mil.) {a) A change of front. (6) A 
change of character or use, as of weapons. 7. {Theol.) 
A spiritual and moral change attending a change of be- 
lief with conviction ; a change of heart. 

Con-vert' (-vert'), v. I. & i. [imp. & p. p. Converted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Converting.] [L. converter -e, -versum ; 
con- -f- vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. To turn. [Obs.\ 
2. To change or turn from one state, condition, belief, 
course, purpose, or the like, to another ; to subject to, 
or undergo, the act or process of conversion. 

Syn. — To change ; turn ; transmute ; appropriate. 

Con'vert (kon'vert), n. A person who is converted 
from one opinion, belief, or practice to another. 

Syn. — Proselyte ; neophyte. — Convert implies a 
change of belief ; proselyte implies only a transfer of ex- 
ternal adherence from one religious system to some other. 
Pervert implies that a person is drawn off or perverted 
from the true faith. 

Con-vert'er (-vert'er), n. 1. One who converts. 2. 
{Steel Manuf. ) A retort, used in the Bessemer process. 

Con-vert'i-ble (-i-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being con- 
verted ; susceptible of change. 2. Capable of being ex- 
changed or interchanged. — Con-vert'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'T- 
ty), Con-vert'i-ble-ness, n. — Con-vert'i-bly, adv. 

Con'vex (kSn'veks), a. [L. convexus vaulted, arched, 
convex, concave, fr. convehere to bring together.] Ris- 
ing or swelling into a spherical or ^ t ^ M ^^^ l> 
rounded form, as viewed from without. ^»^illPP>**^ 
— 11. A convex body or surface. — Section of Convex, 

Con'vex-ly, adv. — Con'vex-ness, n. or Piano-convex, 

Con-vex'ed-ness, ». Convexity. -kens. 

Con-vex'i-ty (-i-ty), ». State of being convex ; ex- 
terior surface of a convex body. 

Con-vex'0-COn'cave (k5n-veks'6-k5n'kav or -kon'- 
kav), a. Convex on one side, and concave on the other. 



Con-vex'O-COn'vex (k5n-vgks'6-k5n'vgks), a. Con- 
vex on both sides. 

Con-VOX'O-plane' (-plan'), a. Convex on one side, 
and fiat on the other ; plano-convex. 

Con-vey' (k5n-va'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Conveyed 
(-vad') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Conveying.] [OF. conveier, 
convoier, LL. conviare to escort, convoy, fr. L. con- 4- 
via way.] 1. To carry from one place to another. 2. 
To transfer or deliver to another ; to make over, as prop- 
erty. 3. To impart or communicate. 

Syn. — To carry ; transport ; bear ; transmit ; transfer. 

Con-vey'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be conveyed. 

Con-vey'ance (-ans), n. 1. Act of conveying, carry- 
ing, or transporting ; carriage. 2. The instrument or 
means of conveying. 3. {Law) Act or instrument by 
which title to property, esp. real estate, is transferred. 

Con-vey'an-cer (kon-va'<7ii-8er), n. {Law) One whose 
business is to draw up conveyances of property. 

Con-vey'an-cing (-sing), n. {Law) The act or busi- 
ness of drawing deeds, leases, etc., for transferring the 
title to property. 

Con-vey'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, conveys. 

Oon-vey'or (-er), n. {Mach.) A contrivance for car- 
rying objects from place to place. 

Con-Vict' (kon-vikf), p. a. [L. conviclus, p. p. of 
convincere. See Convince.] Convicted. [06s.] 

Con'vict (kon'vTkt), n. A person proved guilty of a 
crime alleged against him ; one legally convicted of crime, 
or sentenced to punishment. 

Syn. — Malefactor ; culprit ; felon ; criminal. 

Con- vict' (kon-vikf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convicted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Convicting.] 1. To prove or find guilty 
of an offense or crime charged ; to pronounce guilty, as 
by legal decision. 2. To demonstrate by proof or evi- 
dence ; to prove. 3. To defeat ; to doom. [Obs.~\ 

Con-vic'tion (k5n-vik'shun), n. 1. Act of proving, 
finding, or adjudging, guilty of an offense. 2. The act of 
convincing of error, or of compelling the admission of a 
truth. 3. State of being convinced or convicted ; esp., 
state of being convicted of sin, or by one's conscience. 

Syn. — Persuasion. — Conviction respects solely mat- 
ters of belief or faith ; persuasion respects matters of be- 
lief or practice, and often induces men to act in opposition 
to their conviction of duty. 

Con-vict'ive (kon-vik'tiv), a. Convincing. 

Con-vlnce' (k5n-vins'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
vinced (-vinsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Convincing.] [L. con- 
vincere, -victum, to refute, prove ; con- + vincere to con- 
quer.] 1. To overpower ; to subdue. [Obs.~\ 2. To 
overcome by argument ; to satisfy by proof. 3. To prove 
guilty or wrong ; to convict. [Obs.~\ 

Syn. — To persuade ; satisfy ; convict. 

Con-vince'ment (-ment), n. Conviction, [i2.] 

Con-vin'cer (-vin'ser), n. One that convinces. 

Con-vin'ci-ble (-sT-b'l), a. That may be convinced. 

Con-Vin'cing-Iy (-sing-ly), adv. In a convincing 
manner. 

Con-vin'cing-ness, n. Quality of being convincing. 

Con-Vive' (kon-viv'), v. i. [L. convivari; akin to con- 
vivium a feast ; con- + vivere to li ve. ] To feast together ; 
to be convivial. [Obs.~\ 

Con-viv'i-al (kon-viv'i-erl), a. Of or relating to a feast 
or entertainment. — Con-viv'i-al-ly, adv. 

Con-viv'i-al'i-ty (-al'i-ty), n. The good humor or 
mirth attending feasting. 

Con'VO-cate (kon'vo-kat), v. t. [L. convocare, p. p. 
-atus ; con- -J- vocare to call.] To convoke. [Obs.~\ 

Con'VO-ca'tion (kSn'vo-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of call- 
ing or assembling by summons. 2. An assembly or meet- 
ing. 3. {Ch. of Eng.) An assembly of the clergy, by 
their representatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs. 

Syn. — Meeting ; assembly ; congregation ; congress ; 
diet ; convention ; synod ; council. 

Con-voke' (kon-vok'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convoked 
(-vokf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Convoking.] [See Convocate.] 
To call together ; to summon to meet ; to convene. 

Con'VO-lUte (kSn'vo-lut), a. [L. convolutus, p. p. of 
convolvere. See Convolve.] {Bot.) Rolled or wound 
together ; — said of the leaves of plants in aestivation. 

Con'VO-lu'ted (-lu'tgd), a. Having convolutions. 

Con'VO-lu'tion (kon'vo-lu'shun), n. 1. Act of rolling 
anything upon itself, or one thing upon another ; winding 
motion. 2. State of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or 
doubled together ; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold. 

Con-volve'(kSn-v51v'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Convolved 
(-v51vd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Convolving.] [L. convolvere. 
-volutum ; con- -f- volvere to roll.] To roll or wind to- 
gether ; to roll or twist one part on another. 

Con-vol'vu-lus (k5n-v51'vu-lus), n. ; pi. L. Convol- 



[R.1 
p. Cc 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, fcfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tnen, thin. 



M 



CONVOY 



190 



COPE 



vrxi f-B), F. CoNvoivrirsEs (-?zV [L.. bindweed, fr. 
r '11 around.] {Hot.) A genus of plants hav- 
aopetalous flowers, including the bindweed. 

Con-voy' (MhKroiOi '• '• [**P- * P- P- Convoyed 
p. pr. & vb. n. Convoying.] [See Convey.] 
To ■oo o m p way for protection ; to escort. 

Oon'voy (kou'voi), n. 1. Act of attending for de- 

ite of being so attended; protection; escort. 

2. A vessel, fleet, wagon train, etc., having an armed 

t-soort. 3. The protecting escort. 4. A drag or brake 

on a wheel. 5. Means of transportation. [06*.] 

Convulse' (k5n-viuV), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Con- 
vulsed (,-vulst') : p. pr. & vb. n. Convulsing.] [L. con- 
rellere, p. p. -rulsus, to tear up, to shake ; con- -+- vellere 
to pluck, pull.] To contract violently and irregularly, 
as the muscular parts of an animal body ; to shake with 
irregular spasms. 

Syn. — To agitate; disturb; shake; tear; rend. 

Con-vuTsion (k5n-vul'shun), n. 1. {Med.) An un- 
natural, violent, and involuntary contraction of the mus- 
cles. 2. Any violent and irregular agitation ; a tumult. 

Syn. — Agitation ; commotion; tumult; disturbance. 

Con-VUl'sive (kon-vul'sTv), a. Producing, or attended 
with, convulsions or spasms. — Con-VUl'sive-ly, adv. 

Co'ny (ko'ny or kun'y), n. [L. cimiculus a rabbit, 
cony.] 1. (Zool.) A rabbit ; esp., the European rabbit. 

C3P° The cony of Scripture is thought to be the daman. 
2. (Zool.) An edible West Indian fish. 

COO (koo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cooed (kood) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Cooing.] [Of imitative origin.] 1. To make a 
low cry or sound, like the characteristic note of pigeons 
or doves. 2. To act in a loving way. 

Cook (ko6k), n. [AS. coc, fr. L. cocus, coquus, fr. 
coquere to cook.] One whose occupation is to prepare 
food for the table. 

Cook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cooked (kookt) ; p. pr. & 
v . n. Cooking.] 1. To prepare, as food, with heat, as 
by boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, etc. 2. To concoct 
or prepare ; hence, to tamper with or alter. [Colloq.J 

Cook (kdok), v. i. To cook food for the table. 

Cook'DOOk' (-bdtik'), n. A book of directions and 
receipts for cooking ; a cookery book. [U. £.] 

Cook'er-y (kdok'er-y), n. Art or process of cooking. 

Cook 'shop/ (-shop'), n. An eating house. 

Cook'y (-y), n. [Cf. D. koek cake, dim. koekje ; or cf . 
OE. coket, prob., a sort of cake, and prob. of French 
origin.] A_small, flat, sweetened cake of various kinds. 

Cool (kool), a. [Compar. Coolek (-er) ; stiperl. 
Coolest.] [AS. col; akin to G. kuhW] 1. Moderately 
cold ; between warm and cold. 2. Not ardent, warm, 
fond, or passionate ; deliberate ; self-possessed ; indif- 
ferent. 3. Not retaining heat. 4. Manifesting apathy 
or dislike. 5. Negligent of propriety in matters of 
minor importance, either ignorantly or willfully; pre- 
suming and selfish ; audacious. 6. Applied facetiously, 
in a vague sense, to a sum of money. 

Syn. — Calm ; dispassionate ; self-possessed ; com- 
posed ; repulsive ; frigid ; alienated ; impudent. 

Cool, n. A moderate state of cold ; coolness ; — said 
of the temperature of the air. 

Cool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cooled (koold) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Cooling.] 1. To make cool or cold ; to reduce 
the temperature of. 2. To moderate the heat or excite- 
ment of ; to calm. [become less ardent. I 

Cool, v. i. 1. To become less hot ; to lose heat. 2. To| 

Cool'er (kooKer), n. That which cools. 

Cool'-head'ed (kool'he'd'e'd), a. Having a calm tem- 
per : free from passion. — Cool'-head ed-ness. n. 

Coolie (kooljf), n. Same as Cooly. 

Cool'ish. a. Somewhat cool. [ately. 

Coolly, adv. In a cool manner ; calmly ; deliber- 

Cool'ness, n. Quality or state of being cool. 

Cooly, Coolie (koc/ly), n. [Hind, hull.'] An East 
Indian porter or carrier ; a laborer transported from the 
East Indies, China, or Japan, for service elsewhere. 

Coom (koom), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Soot; coal 
dust ; refuse matter. 

Coomb (koom), n. [AS. cumb a liquid measure; 
origin uncertain.] A dry measure of four bushels. 

Coomb I (koom), n. [See Comb, Combe, a valley.] 

Coombe_f A hollow in a hillside. [Prov. Eng.~\ 

Coon fkooi,). n. (Zool.) A raccoon. 

Coop (kSop), n. [Cf. AS. cypa a measure, D. kuip 
tub, Icel. kupa bowl, 6. kufe coop, tub; all fr. L. cupa 
vat, tub : LL. cupa, copa, cup.] 1. A barrel or cask for 
liquor. [Obt.~\ 2. An inclosure for keeping small ani- 
mals ; a pen ; esp., a grated box for confining poultry. 

Coop, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Cooped (koopt) ; p. pr. & 



vb. n. Cooping.] 1. To confine in a coop ; hence, to shut 
up or confine in a narrow compass. 2. To cooper. [Obs.~] 

Syn. — To crowd ; confine ; imprison ; cramp. 

Coop/er (kdop'er), n. [From Coop.] One who makes 
barrels, hogsheads, casks, etc. 

Coop'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coopered (-erd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Coopering.] To do the work of a cooper upon. 

Coop'er-age (-aj ) , n . 1. Work done by a cooper ; place 
where the work is done. 2. Price paid for coopers' work. 

Co-bp / er-ate (ko-Sp'er-at), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coop- 
erated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cooperating.] [L. cooper art, 
p. p. -atus ; co- + operari to work, opus work.] To act 
or operate jointly with another; to concur in action, 
effort, or effect. 

Co-'6p/er-a'tlon (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of cooperating ; 
concurrent effort or labor. 2. (Polit. Econ.) The asso- 
ciation of a number of persons for their common benefit. 

Co-bp'er-a-tlve (ko-5p'er-a-tIv), a. Operating jointly 
to the same end. 

Cooperative society, a society established on the principle 
of a joint-stock association, for business purposes. — Co- 
operative store, a store established by a cooperative 
society, where the members make their purchases and 
share in the profits or losses. 

Co-Sp'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who cooperates. 

Coop'er-ing (kdop'er-Tng), n. Work done by a cooper - r 
the business of a cooper. 

Coop'er-y, n. The occupation of a cooper. 

Co-bp'tate (ko-op , tat), v. t. [L. cooplare, p. p. -atus; 
co- + optare to choose.] To choose ; to elect. [i2.] 

Co -br'di-nate (-6r'dl-nat), a. [Pref. co- + L. ordina- 
tus, p. p. of or dinar e to regulate.] Equal in rank or 
order. — Co-br'di-nate-ly , adv. — Co-br'di-nate-ness. n. 

Co-br'di-nate (-nat), n. 1. One of two or more per- 
sons or things of equal rank, authority, or importance. 
2. pi. (Math.) Lines, or other elements of reference, by 
which the position of any point, as of a curve, is defined 
with respect to certain fixed lines (coordinate axes) or 
planes (coordinate planes). 

Co-br'di-nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Coordinated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Coordinating.] 1. To make coordinate. 
2. To give a common action, movement, or condition to ; 
to adjust ; to harmonize. 

Co-br di-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act of coordinating ; 
state of being coordinate. 

Co-br'di-na-tive (-na-tiv), a. Expressing coordination. 

Coot (koot), n. [Cf . D. koet, W. cwtiar ; cwta short, 
bobtailed -f- iar hen.] 1. 
(Zool.) (a) A wading bird 
with lobate toes, (b) The 
surf duck or scoter. 2. Sim- 
pleton ; goose. [Colloq.~\ 

Coot 'foot' (-fdof), n. 
(Zool.) The phalarope ; — 
so called because its toes are 
like the coot's. 

Cop (kop), n. [AS. cop,\ 
cf. G. kopf head.] 1. The 
top; head; crest. [Obs.~\ 
2. A conical or conical-ended 
mass of coiled thread, yarn, „ 
or roving, wound upon a European Coot (Fuhca atra). 
spindle, etc. 3. A tube or quill upon which silk is wound. 
4. (Mil. Arch.) Same as Mbrlon. 5. A policeman. 
[Slang-] 

Co-pail>a (k6-pal>a), 1 n. [Sp. & Pg., fr. Brazil. 

Co-pal'va (ko-pa'va), ) cupauba.] (Med.) The bit- 
ter oleoresin of several species of trees of South America 
and the West Indies. It is stimulant and diuretic. 

Co'pal (ko'pal), n. [Sp., fr. Mexican copalli, a ge- 
neric name of resins.] A resinous substance flowing 
spontaneously from certain trees of Zanzibar, Madagas- 
car, and South America, — used chiefly in varnishes. 

Co-par'ce-na-ry (ko-par'se-na-ry), n. (Law) Partner- 
ship in inheritance ; joint heirship. 

Co-par'ce-ner (-ner), n. (Law) A joint or equal heir. 

Co-par'ce-ny (-ny), n. [Abbrev. of Coparcenary.] 
(Law) An equal share of an inheritance. 

Co-part'ner (ko-parfner), n. A joint partner; an 
associate ; a partaker ; a sharer. 

Co-part'ner-shlp, n. 1. State of being a copartner. 

2. A partnership or firm. 

Cope (kop), n. [A doublet of cape. See Cape.] 1. A 
covering for the head. [Obs.~\ 2. Anything regarded 
as extended over the head, as the roof of a house, etc. 

3. An ecclesiastical vestment or cloak, semicircular in 
form, reaching from the shoulders nearly to the feet. 

4. (Founding) The top part of a flask or mold. 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ft, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



COPE 



191 



CORAL 



Cope (kop), v. i. [imp. A p. p. Coped (kopt) ; p. pr. 
&vb. re. Coping.] [OE. copen, coupen, to buy, bargain, 
prob. from D. koopen to buy, orig., to bargain.] 1. To 
exchange or barter. [Obs.~\ 2. To encounter ; to meet ; 
to have business. 3. To meet in hostility ; to struggle ; 
to combat ; to match ; to equal. 

Cope, v. t. 1. To requite ; to repay. 2. To match 
one's self against ; to encounter. 

Cop'e-pod (k5p'e-pod), a. {Zool.) Of or pertaining 
to the Copepoda. — re. One of the Copepoda. 

Co-pep'O-da (ko-pSp'6-da), re. pi. [ML., from Gr. 
KttiTnj an oar -j- -poda.] {Zool.) An order of Entomos- 
traca, including many minute Crustacea, both fresh- 
water and marine. 

Co-per'nl-can (ko-per'nT-kan), a. Pertaining to Co- 
pernicus, a Prussian by birth {b. 1473, d. 1543), who 
taught the world the solar system now received, called 
the Copemican system. [coping. I 

Cope'Stone- (kop'ston'), n. {Arch.) A stone for a| 

Cop'i-er (kSpT-er), n. 1. One who copies ; a trans- 
criber ; hence, a plagiarist. 2. An imitator. 

Coping (ko'pTng), re. [See Cope, re.] {Arch.) The 
highest or covering course of masonry in a wall, often 
with sloping edges to carry off water. 

Co'pi-OUS (ko'pT-Qs), a. [L. copiosus, fr. copia abun- 
dance.] Large in quantity or amount ; plentiful ; abun- 
dant. — Co'pi-ous-ly, adv. — Co'pi-ous-ness. re. 

Syn. — Plenteous ; rich ; exuberant ; full. See Ample. 

Cop'per (kop'per), re. [LL. cuper, fr. L. cuprum for 
Cyprium, Cyprium aes, i. e., Cyprian brass, fr. Gr. 
Kun-pio? of Cyprus ^Gr. Kwpos), anciently renowned 
for its copper mines.] 1. A common metal of a reddish 
color, both ductile and malleable, and very tenacious. 
2. A coin made of copper. [Colloq.] 3. A vessel, esp. 
a large boiler, made of copper. 4. pi. Specifically {Naut.), 
the boilers in the galley for cooking. 

Cop'per, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Coppesed (-perd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. re. Coppering.] To cover or coat with copper; to 
sheathe, as a ship, with sheets of copper. 

Cop'per-as (kop'per-as), re. [OE. coperose, F. coupe- 
ro.se, fr. (assumed ?) L. cuprirosa, equiv. to Gr. xoAxavflos, 
i. e. , copper flower, vitriol.] Green vitriol, or sulphate of 
iron ; a crystalline astringent substance, used in making 
ink, in dyeing blacks, as a tonic in medicine, etc. 

(glp' The term copperas was formerly synonymous 
with vitriol, and included the green, blue, and white vit- 
riols, or the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc. 

Cop'per-head/ (-hed'), re. 1. {Zool.) A poisonous 
American serpent, closely allied to the rattlesnake, but 
without rattles ; — so called from its color. 2. A nick- 
name for a Northern sympathizer with the South during 
the Civil War. [U.S.] 

Cop'per-ish, a. Containing or like copper. 

Cop'per-plate' (kop^er-plat'), re. (a) A plate of pol- 
ished copper on which a design or writing is engraved. 
{b) An impression on paper taken from such a plate. 

Cop'per-smith' (-smith'), re. One whose occupation 
is to manufacture copper utensils ; a worker in copper. 

Cop / per-WOrm / (-wflrm'), re. {Zool.) (a) The teredo; 
— so called because it injures the bottoms of vessels, 
where not protected by copper. (o) The ringworm. 

Cop'per-y (-y), a. Mixed with copper; containing 
copper, or made of copper ; like copper. 

Cop'pice (kop'pis), re. [OF. copeiz, fr. coper, couper, 
to cut, fr. cop, coup, colp, a blow, L. colaphus, fr. Gr. 
icoAcupos.] A grove of small growth ; a wood cut at cer- 
tain times for fuel or other purposes. 

Cop'ple (kop'p'l), re. [A dim. of Cop.] Something 
rising in a conical shape ; specif., a hill rising to a point. 

Co'pra (ko'pra), re. [Malayalam koppara or Hind. 
khopra.] {Com.) The dried meat of the cocoanut. 

Cop'ro-lite (kop'ro-lit), n. [Gr. KoVpos dung -f -lite.'] 
{Paleon.) A piece of petrified dung ; a fossil excrement. 

Co-proph'a-gOUS (ko-prof'a-gus), a. [Gr. Koirpos ex- 
crement + 4>aiyeiv to eat.] {Zool.) Feeding upon dung. 

Cop / -rose / (kSp'roz'), re. The red poppy. 

Copse (kops), re. Contracted from Coppice. 

Copse, v. t. 1. To trim or cut. 2. To plant, as a 
copse. 

Cop'tic (kop'tik), a. [Abbrev. from L. Aegyplius an 
Egyptian, Gr. Aiyutttios, Ar. kibtl, pi. t:ibt.~\ Of or per- 
taining to the Copts. — re. The language of the Copts. 

Copts (k5pts), re. pi. ; sing. Copt (k5pt). [See Cop- 
tic] {Ethnol.) 1. An Egyptian race thought to be de- 
scendants of the ancient Egyptians. 2. The principal 
sect of Christians in Egypt and the valley of the Nile. 

Cop'u-la (kop'u-la), n. [L., bond, band.] {Logic & 
Gram.) The word which unites the subject and predicate. 



Cop'u-late (kBp'u-lat), a. [L. copulatus, p. p. of copu- 
lare to couple, fr. copula. See Copula.] {Gram.) 
Joining subject and predicate ; copulative. 

Cop'u-late (-lat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Copulated ; /;. 
pr. & vb. re. Copulating.] To unite in sexual inter- 
course ; to come together in the act of generation. 

Cop'U-la'tion (kSp'u-la'shun), re. 1. Act of coupling 
or joining ; union ; conjunction. 2. Sexual union. 

Cop'U-la-tive (kGp'u-la-tiv), a. Serving to couple, 
unite, or connect. — ?i. {Gram.) A copulative conjunc- 
tion. — Cop / u-la-tive-ly , adv. [copulative. I 

Cop'U-la-tO-ry (-to-rj), a. Pertaining to copulation ; | 

Cop'y (kop'y), n. [¥. copie, fr. L. copia abundance, 
number, LL. also, a transcript ; co- -f- the root of opes 
riches.] 1. Abundance. [06*.] 2. An imitation, tran- 
script, or reproduction of an original work. 3. An individ- 
ual book, or a single set of books containing the works of 
an author. 4. That which is to be imitated, transcribed, 
or reproduced; a pattern or example. 5. {Print.) 
Manuscript or printed matter to be set up in type. 

Copy book, a book in which copies are written or printed 
for learners to imitate. 

Syn. — Imitation ; transcript ; duplicate ; counterfeit. 

Cop'y (kSp'y), v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Copied (-id) ; p. 
pr. & vb. re. Copying.] 1. To write, print, engrave, or 
paint, after an original ; to duplicate ; to reproduce ; to 
transcribe. 2. To imitate ; to attempt to resemble. 

Cop'y, v. i. 1. To make a copy or copies ; to imitate. 
2. To yield a duplicate or transcript. 

Cop'y-er (-er), re. See Copdzb. 

Cop'y-graph (-graf), re. [Copy -f -graph.'] A device 
for making manifold copies of a writing or drawing. 

Cop'y-hold' (-hold'), re. {Eng. Law) (a) A tenure of 
estate by copy of court roll. (6) Land held in copyhold. 

Cop / y-hold'er (-hold'er), n. 1. {Eng. Law) One 
owning land in copyhold. 2. {Print.) (a) A device for 
holding copy. (6) One who reads copy to a proof reader. 

Cop'y-ist, re. A copier ; an imitator ; a plagiarist. 

Cop'y-right 7 (-rif), re. The right of an author or his 
assignee, under statute, to print and publish his literary 
or artistic work, exclusive of all other persons. 

Cop'y-right', v. t. To secure a copyright on. 

I! Coqueli-COt' (kokle-ko'), re. [F.] {Bot.) The wild 
poppy, or red corn rose. 

Co-quet' (ko-kef), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coquetted; 
p. pr. & vb. re. Coquetting.] [See Coquette.] To at- 
tempt to attract the notice, admiration, or love of ; to 
deceive by a false show of tenderness or regard. 

Co-quet', v. i. To trifle in love ; to play the coquette. 

Co-quet'ry (-ry), re. Attempts to attract admiration, 
notice, or love, merely to gratify vanity ; trifling in love. 

Co-quette' (ko-kef), re. [F., fr. coquet, coquette, co- 
quettish, orig., cocklike, strutting like a cock, fr. coq a 
cock.] A woman who endeavors to attract admiration 
from a desire to gratify vanity ; a flirt. 

Co-quet'tish(k6-ket'tTsh),a. Prac- 
ticing or exhibiting coquetry; allur- 
ing; enticing. — Co-quet'tisti-ly, adv. 

Co-qui/na (ko-ke'na), re. 
[Sp., shellfish, cockle.] A 
soft, whitish, coral-like stone, 
formed of broken shells 
and corals, found in the 
southern United States. 
[U. S.] 

Cor- (kor-). A form 
of com-. See Com-. 

Cor'a-cle (kSr'a-k'l), 
re. [W. corwgl, cwrwgl, 
fr. corwg, cicrwg, any 
round body or vessel.] 
wicker frame with leather or oil 
cloth, — used by fishermen in 
Wales and parts of Ireland. 

Cor'a-COid (kor'a-koid), a. [Gr. 
KopaxoeiSjjs ; *opa£ crow -f- eioo? 
form.] 1. Shaped like a crow's 
beak. 2. {Anat.) Pertaining to, 
or designating, a bone of the shoul- 
der girdle in most birds, reptiles, 
and amphibians, which is reduced 
to a process of the scapula in most 
mammals. — re. The coracoid bone 
or process. Red Coral {Corallium 

Cor'al (kSr'al), n. [OF., fr. L. ni**m\ with thopol 
corallum, coralium, fr. Gr. /copaA- 
Aioi/.] 1. {Zool.) The hard parts 
or skeleton of various Anthozoa. of a few Hydrozoa, and 




Coracles. 
A boat made by covering a 




H 



K 



yps expanded, 
size. 



Nat. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fc»bt, out, oil, chair, go, siug, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CORALLIFEROUS 



192 



CORMORANT 



of tome Brvozoa. 2. The (red) ovaries of a cooked lob- 

gt^P j so "called from their color. 3. A piece of coral, 

used by children M * plaything. 

Cor al-lii'er-ous (.kor al-lIFer-us), a. [L. corallum 
;$.] Containing or producing coral. 

Cor al-lig'er-OUS (,-lTj'er-us'), a. [L. corallum coral 
Producing coral ; coralliferous. 

Cor 'al-line v-liu or -lin), a. Composed of corallines. 

Coral-line, n. 1. (Bol.) A submarine, seinicalca- 
calcareous plant, with many jointed branches. 
nnerly, any slender coral-like animal. 

Cor'al-lite ^-llt>,~7i . [L. corallum coral.] 1. (Min.) 
A mineral substance or petrifaction, in the form of coral. 
2. (Zool.) One of the individual members of a com- 
pound coral. [Written also corallet.] 

Cor'al-loid (^r'al-loid), a. [L. corallurn coral -f- -ofd.] 
Having the form of coral ; branching like coral. 

Cor al-loid'al(-loid'al), a. Resembling, or branching 
like, coral ; coralloid. 

Co-rallum (ko-r5Plum), n. [L.] (Zo'dl.) The coral 
or skeleton of a zoophyte. See Coral. 

Cor'al-WOrt' (kSr'al-wGrt ), n. (Bot.) A cruciferous 
herb of certain species of Dentaria. 

Cor'a-nach (k5r'a-n5k), tj. [Gael., fr. comh with + 
ranaich a roaring, ran to shriek.] A lamentation for the 
dead : a dirge. [Scof.] 

Corb (k6rb), n. [L. corbis basket.] 1. A basket used 
in coal mines, etc. 2. (Arch.) A corbel. 

Cor/ban (k6r'ban), n. [Heb. qorban, akin to Ar. qur- 
ban.~\ 1. (Jewish Anliq.) An offering devoted to God 
and therefore not to be appropriated to any other use ; 
esp., an offering in fulfillment of a vow. 2. Alms basket. 

CorT>eil (k6rt>el), n. [F. corbeille, deriv. of L. cor- 
bis basket.] 1. (Arch.) A corbel. [065.] 2. pi. 
(Fort.) Small gabions. 

Cor'bel (k&r'bel), n. [F. corbeau, for older corbel, 
dim. of L. corbis basket. (Corbels were often in the 
form of a basket.) See Corbetl.] (Arch.) A bracket 
supporting a superincumbent object, or receiving the 
spring of an arch. 

Cor'bel, r. /• To furnish with a corbel or corbels. 

Cor'bie or Cor'by (kor'by), «. ; pi. Corbies (-biz). 
[Through F. fr. L. corvus raven.] 1. The raven. [Scot.] 
2. (Her.) A raven, crow, or chough, used as a charge. 

CorTjie-step 7 (kSr'bi-step'), n. (Arch.) One of the 
steps in which a gable wall is often finished. 

Cor'chO-rus (kSr'ko-rus), n. [XL., fr. L. corchorus 
a poor kind of pulse, Gr. Kop\opoi a kind of plant.] (Bot.) 
The Kerria Japonica or Japan globeflower, a yellow- 
flowered, perennial, rosaceous plant. 

Cord (k6rd), n. [F. corde, L. chorda catgut, chord, 
cord, fr. Gr. x°P&*i-] 1. A string, or small rope. 2. A 
solid measure equivalent to 128 cubic feet ; a pile 8 feet 
long, 4 feet wide and 4 feet high ; — so called because 
formerly measured with a cord. 3. (Anat.) Any struc- 
ture having the appearance of a cord ; esp., a tendon or a 
nerve. 4. (Mus.) See Chord. 

Cord (k6rd), v. I. [imp. & 
p. p. Corded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Cording.] 1. To bind, fasten, 
connect, ornament, or finish 
with, or as with, a cord or cords. 
2. To arrange in a pile for 
measurement by the cord. 

Cord'age(k6rd'aj),7i. Ropes 
or cords, collectively ; hence, 
anything made of rope or cord. 

Cor'date (kSr-datJ, a._ [L. Coribg^ .fjlain^d. or 




Rope 
Shroud - laid Rope, four 
strands and a heart or core 
(a) ; C Cable-laid Rope, 



three plain-laid ropes laid 
" ef t-hand- 



tose 
ed t' 



ther with a lef 
twist. 



cor, cordis, heart.] Heart- 
shaped. — Cor'date-ly. adv. 

Cor de-lier' (kor'de-ler'), n. 

[F., fr. OF. cordel, dim. from 

See Cord.] 1. (Eccl. 

A Franciscan ; — so 

called from his girdle of knotted cord. 2. (Fr. Hist.) A 

member of a French political club of the time of the 

dution, which met in an old Cordelier convent 

in Paris. 

Cor'dial (kSr'jal, formally kQrd'yal ; 106), a. [LL. 

fr. L. cor heart.] 1. Hearty; sincere; warm: 

te. 2. Tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate. 

Cor'dial. n. 1. Anvthing that comforts, gladdens, 

and exhilarates. 2. (Wed.) Any invigorating and stim- 

reparation. 3. (Com.) Aromatized and sweet- 

eneri a beverage ; a liqueur. 

Cor-dial'i-ty 'kor-jal'i-ty or k6r'di-al'- ; IOC), n. Sin- 
cere affection and kindness ; warmth of regard ; hearti- 
ness.— Cor'dial-ly, / /< — Cor-dial-ness, n. 



Cordillera (k5r-dmer-a ; Sp. kSr'deMya'ra), n. 
[Sp., fr. OSp. cord ilia, cordiella, dim. of cuerda a rope, 
string.] (Geoff.) A mountain ridge or chain. 

Cor 'don (k6r'd5n ; F. k6r'd6N'), n. [F., fr. corde. See 
Cord.] 1. A cord or ribbon bestowed or borne as a 
badge of honor. 2. The cord worn by a Franciscan friar. 
3. (Fort.) The coping of the scarp wall. 4. (Mil.) A 
line or series of sentinels, or of military posts. 5. A 
lace or string, used to secure a mantle. 

Cor don'net' (kSr'dBn/na'), n. [F.] Doubled and 
twisted thread, made of coarse silk, used for making 
tassels, fringes, etc. 

Cor 'do- van (k6r'do-v5n), n. [Sp. cordoban, fr. Cor- 
doba, in Spain.] 1. Same as Cordwal\. 2. Leather 
made from horsehide. [Eng.~\ 

Cor'du-roy' (kSr'du-roF or kSr'dfi-roi'), n. [Prob. for 
F. corde du roi king's cord.] 1. A sort of corded cotton 
velveteen. 2. pi. Trousers or breeches of this cloth. 

Corduroy road, a roadway formed of logs laid side by 
side across it, as in marshy places. [U. S7\ 

Cord'wain (kSrd'wan), n. [OF. cordoan, cordouan, 
fr. Sp. cordoban. See Cordovan.] A term used in the 
Middle Ages for Spanish leather (goatskin tanned and 
dressed) ; hence, any leather handsomely finished, col- 
ored, gilded, or the like. 

Cord'wain-er (-er), n. A worker in cordwain, or 
cordovan leather ; a shoemaker. [Archaic] 

Core (kor), n. [Cf. Chore.] (Mining) A miner's un- 
derground working time or shift. 

Core, n. [Through OF. fr. L. cor heart.] 1. The 
heart or inner part of a thing ; esp., the central part of 
fruit, containing the kernels or seeds. 2. (Founding) 
The portion of a mold which shapes the interior of a 
cylinder, tube, or other hollow casting. 

Core, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cored (kord) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Coring.] 1. To take out the core or inward parts of. 
2. (Founding) To form by means of a core. 

Cor'er (kor'er), n. That which cores. 

Co / -re-spond'ent (ko're-spond'ent), 7i. (Law) One 
called upon to answer jointly with another. 

Corf (kSrf), n. ; pi. Coeves (k6rvz). [Prob. deriv. of 
L. corbis basket.] 1. A basket. 2. (Mining) A large 
basket, wooden frame, sled, or low wagon, for hoisting 
or conveying coal or ore. 

Co/ri-a'ceous (ko^i-a'shus), a. [L. coriaceus, fr. co- 
rium leather.] Consisting of, or resembling, leather; 
leatherlike; tough. 

Co'ri-an'der (ko'rl-an'der), n. [L. coriandrum, fr. 
Gr. Kopiawov, K.6piov.~] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant, 
the fruit or seeds of which have a strong smell and a 
spicy taste. 

C6-rin'thi-an (ko-rTn'thT-an), a. 1. Of or relating to 
Corinth. 2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to the Corinthian 
order of architecture. [See Illust. of Capital.] 3. De- 
bauched in character or practice; impure. 4. Of or 
pertaining to an amateur sailor or yachtsman. 

Co-rin'thi-an. n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Corinth. 
2. A gay, licentious person. [Obs.~] 

; Co / ri-um (ko'rT-um). n. [L. corium leather.] (Anat.) 
(a) Same as Dermis. (6) The deep layer of mucous 
membranes beneath the epithelium. 

Cork (k6rk), n. [Sp. corcho, fr. L. cortex, corticis, 
bark, rind.] 1. The outer layer of the bark of the cork 
tree, of which stoppers are made. 2. A stopper for a 
bottle or cask, cut out of cork. 

Cork. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corked (k6rkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Corkesg.] 1. To stop with a cork. 2. To furnish 
or fit with cork. 3. To calk. [Erroneous spelling.] 

Cork'age (-aj), n. The charge made by innkeepers 
for taking care of wine bought elsewhere by a guest. 

Cork'i-ness (-i-nes). n. Quality of being corky. 

Cork'screW (-skru'), n. An instrument with a screw 
or a steel spiral for drawing corks 
from bottles. ; - v 

Cork'y (-y), a. Consisting of, or <Slf>/,^ mmi 
like, cork. _. 

Corm ik6rm), n. [See CoRsrtrs.] £^ 
1. (Bot.) A solid bulb-shaped root", 
as of the crocus. Cf. Bclb. 2. ^>. 
(Biol.) Same as Cormts. 2. '.-- 

Cor-mog'e-ny < kSr-moj'e-ny), n. 
[Gr. Kop^os trunk of a tree — -geny.~\ Depressed Corm of 
(Biol.) The embryological history of Cyclamen, 

groups or families of individuals. 

Cor'mo-rant (koVmo-rant), n. [F. corrnoran, fr. Ar- 
mor, mor-vran a sea raven ; mor sea -f- bran raven, with 
cor, equiv. to L. corvus raven, pleonastically prefixed ; 
or perh. fr. L. corvus marinus sea raven.] 1. (Zo'dl.) Any 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; i, 6, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



CORMUS 



193 



CORONET 




species of a genus of voracious sea birds haviner a sac 
under the beak. 2. A 
voracious eater ; a glut- 
ton. 

II Cor'mus (koVmBs), 
n. [NL., fr. Gr. Kop/xds 
the trunk of a tree (with 
the boughs cut off), fr. 
KeCpeiv to shear.] 1. 
(Bot.) Kcorm. 2. (Biol.) 
A vegetable or animal 
made up of a number of 
individuals, such as, for 
example, would be 
formed by a process of 

budding from a parent ^^-^ -z^s^^^^ : '^K 
stalk where the buds 
remain attached. Cormorant (Phulacrocorax cay-bo). 

Corn (k6rn), n. [L. cornu horn.] A thickening of 
the epidermis at some point, esp. on the toes, by friction 
or pressure. It is usually painful and troublesome. 

Corn, n. [AS. corn; akin to G. korn.] 1. A single 
seed of certain plants, as wheat, rye, barley, and maize ; 
a grain. 2. The various farinaceous grains of the cereal 
grasses used for food. 3. The plants which produce corn. 

flgpr" In Scotland, corn is generally restricted to oats; 
in the United States, to maize, or Indian corn. 

Corn cockle (Bot.), a bright-flowered weed, common in 
grainfields. — Com poppy (Bot.), the red poppy (Papaver 
Rhozas), common in European cornfields ; — also called 
corn rose. — Corn violet (Bot.), a species of Campanula. 

Corn, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Corned (kSrnd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Corning.] 1. To preserve and season with salt in 
grains ; now, specif., to salt slightly in brine or otherwise. 
2. To form into small grains ; to granulate. 3. To feed 
with grain. 4. To render intoxicated. [Collog.] 

Corn'COD' (kQrn'kob'), n. The cob or axis on which 
the kernels of Indian corn grow. [U. S.~] 

Corn/crake' (-krak')> n. (Zool.) A bird which fre- 
quents grainfields ; the European crake or land rail. 

Cor'ne-a (k6r'ne-a), n. ; pi. Corneas (-az). [L. cor- 
neus horny, fr. cornu a horn.] (Anat.) The transparent 
part of the coat of the eyeball which covers the iris and 
pupil and admits light to the interior. — Cor'ne-al (-al), a. 

Cor'nel (-ngl), n. [Through OF. & LL. fr. L. cornus, 
fr. cornu horn, in allusion to the hardness of the wood.] 
1. {Bot.) The cornelian cherry (Cornus Mas), a Euro- 
pean shrub bearing very acid but edible drupes. 2. Any 
species of the genus Cornus. 

Cor-nel'ian (k5r-nel'yan), n. [F. cornaline, OF. cor- 
neline, fr. L. cornu horn. So called from its horny ap- 
pearance when broken.] (Min.) Same as Carnelian. 

Cor'ne-OUS (k6r'ne-us), a. [L. corneus.] Of a tex- 
ture resembling horn ; horny. 

Cor'ner (kSr'ner), n. [OF. corniere, cornier, LL. cor- 
neriuni, corneria, fr. L. cornu horn, end, point.] 1. The 
point where two converging lines meet ; an angle. 2. 
The space in the angle between converging lines or walls 
which meet. 3. An edge or extremity ; any quarter or 
part. 4. A secret or secluded place. 5. Direction ; 
quarter. 6. State of things in which a person or combi- 
nation of persons gets control of a stock or commodity 
(by buying up the whole or the available part of it) so as 
to be able to arbitrarily fix its price. {Brokers' Cant] 

Corner stone, the stone laid at the corner of two walls, 
and uniting them ; esp. , the stone which forms the cor- 
ner of a foundation ; hence, fundamental or indispensable. 

Cor'ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cornered (-nerd) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Cornering.] To drive into a corner; to put, 
place, or get into a corner. 

Cor'ner-wise' (-wiz'), adv. Diagonally ; not square. 

Cor'net (kSr'net), n. [F. cornet, cornette, dim. of 
come horn, L. cornu.'] 1. (3fus.) (a) An obsolete rude 
reed instrument, of the oboe family, (b) Short for Cor- 
net-a-piston. (c) A certain organ stop or register. 2. 
A cap of paper twisted at the end, used by retailers to in- 
close small wares. 3. (Mil.) A troop of cavalry ; also, its 
standard, or the officer who (formerly) carried the stand- 
ard. 4. A kind of headdress. 5. (Far.) The coronet. 

II Cor'net-a-pis'ton (k6r'ngt-a-pTs'tou ; F. k&r'na'a- 
pes'tSN'), n. ; pi. Cornets- 
A-piston. [F.] (Mus.) A 
kind of brass wind instru- 
ment. 

Cor'net-cy (koVngt-sy),n. 
The commission or rank of a 
cornet. 

Corn'fleld 7 (kSrn'feld'), n 
or has been growing. 




Comet-a-piston. 
A field where corn grows 



Corn'flow'er (kSrn'flou'er), n. (Bot.) A conspicuous 
wild flower (Centtntrra Cyaniu) growing in grainfielil!-. 

Cor'nice (k6r'ms), n. ^Through F. A LL. fr. L. coronis 
a curved line, Gr. Kopwvis ; akin to E. corona.] (Arch.) 
Any horizontal, molded or otherwise decorated projection 
which crowns or finishes the part to which it iB affixed. 

Cor-nlc'u-late (kor-nTk'u-lut), a. [L. corniculatus.] 
Horned ; having horns, or hornlike processes. 

Cor-nif'er OUS (kSr-nTfer-us), a. [L. cornu horn -f 
-ferous."] (Geol.) Of or pert, to the lowest period of the 
Devonian age, — characterized by seams of hornstone. 

Cor'ni-plume (k6r'ni-plum), n. [L. cornu horn + 
pluma leather.] (Zool.) A hornlike tuft of feathers. 

Cor'nish (koVnish), a. Of or pertaining to Cornwall, 
in England, — n. The Cornish dialect or people. 

Corn/shell er (korn'shgl'er), n. A machine that sep- 
arates the kernels of corn from the cob. 

Corn/shuck 7 (-shiik'), n. The husk covering an ear 
of Indian corn. [Colloq. U. S.~\ 

Corn'starch' (-starch^, n. Starch made from Indian 
corn, esp. a fine white flour used for puddings, etc. 

Cor'nu-co'pi-a (kGr'nu-ko'pT-a), n. ; pi. Cornucopias 
(-az). [L. cornu copiae horn of plenty.] The horn of 
plenty, from which fruits and flowers are represented as 
issuing. It is an emblem of abundance. 

Cor'nute (kSr'nutor k5r-nut'), \a. [L. cor nut us 

Cor-nut'ed (k5r-nu'tgd), J horned, from cornu 

horn.] 1. Bearing horns ; horned ; horn-shaped. 2. 
Cuckolded. [J?.] 

II Cor-nu'tO (kor-nu'tS), n. [It.] A cuckold. [R.] 

Cor'ny (kSr'ny), a. [L. cornu horn.] Strong, stiff, 
or hard, like a horn ; resembling horn. 

Corn'y, a. 1. Producing corn or grain ; furnishod 
with grains of corn. [B.] 2. Containing corn ; tasting 
well of malt. 

Cor'O-dy (kor'o-djr), n. [LL. corrodium, corredium, 
furniture, provision. See Curry.] (Old Law) An allow- 
ance Of food or clothing due from a religious house for 
the sustenance of the king's servants. 

Cor'Ol (kor'ol), n. (Bol.) A corolla. 

Corolla (ko-rol'la), n. [L., dim. of corona. See 
Crown.] (Bot.) The inner envelope of a flower which 
surrounds the organs of fructification, consisting of one 
or more leaves, called petals. [See Illust. of Flower.] 

Cor'ol-la-ry (kor'ol-la-ry"), n. [L. corollarium. gift, 
corollary, fr. corolla. See Corolla.] 1. That which is 
given beyond what is actually due. [Obs.] 2. Something 
which follows from the demonstration of a proposition ; 
an additional inference or deduction ; a consequence. 

Cor'ol-late (kor'ol-lat), 1 a. Having a corolla or co- 

Cor'Ol-la'ted (-la'ted), J rollas ; like a corolla. 

Co-ro'na (ko-ro'na), n. ; pi. L. Corona (-ne), E. Coro- 
nas (-naz). [L. corona crown.] 1. (Arch.) The pro- 
jecting part of a Classic cornice, the under side of which 
is cut with a recess or channel so as to form a drip. 2. 
(Anat.) The upper surface or crown of a part. 3. (Zool.) 
The shelly skeleton of a sea urchin. 4. (Ast7-on.) A pe- 
culiar luminous appearance, or aureola, which surrounds 
the sun, and which is seen only when the sun is totally 
eclipsed. 5. (Bot.) (a) An inner appendage to a petal 
or a corolla, often forming a special cup, as in the daffo- 
dil and jonquil, (b) Any crownlike appendage at the 
top of an organ. 6. (Meteorol.) (a) A circle around and 
close to a luminous body, as the sun or moon, (b) A pe- 
culiar phase of the aurora borealis, formed by the con- 
vergence of luminous beams. 7. (3Ius.) A character 
[^], also called the pause or hold. 

Cor'O-nal (kor'o-nal or, esp. in science, ko-ro'nal), a. 
1. Of or pertaining to a corona. 2. Of or pertaining to 
a king's crown, or coronation. [frontal bone. I 

Cor'O-nal, n. 1. A crown ; wreath ; garland. 2. The | 

Cor'O-na-ry (kor'6-na-ry), a. Of or pertaining to a 
crown ; forming, or adapted to form, a crown or garland. 

Cor'0-nate (kor'o-nat), ) a. [L. coronatus, p. p. of 

Cor'O-na'ted (-na'tgd), ) coronare to crown.] 1. Hav- 
ing or wearing a crown or crownlike appendage. 2. 
(Zool.) Having the coronal feathers lengthened or other- 
wise distinguished ; — said of birds. 

Cor'O-na'tion (kSr'6-na'shun), n. Act or solemnity of 
crowning a sovereign. 

Cor'O-ner (k5r'o-ner), n. [From OE. coronen to 
crown ; — a translation of LL. coronator coroner, fr. L. 
corona crown, the coroner having been originally a pros- 
ecuting officer of the crown. See Crown.] An officer 
whose principal duty is to inquire into the cause of any 
violent, sudden, or mysterious death. 

Cor'o-net (k5r'o-ng't), n. [Dim. of OE. corone crown.] 
1. A crownlike ornamental or honorary headdress ; esp., 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, siug, ink, then, thin. 

13 



M 



CORPORAL 



194 



CORRODE 



> 




Coronet of a Brit- 
ish Duke. 



• crown worn as the mark of high rauk lower than 
sovereienty. 2. {Jf^r.) The upper part 
of a horse's hoof. 

Cor'po-ral ^kor'po-r.ill. ft. [Cor- 
rupted i"r. F. caporal, It. caporale, fr. 
ead, chief, L. caput.] (Mil.) A 
noncommissioned officer next below a 
•it, — iu the U. S. the lowest in a 
company of infantry. 

Ship's" corporal, an officer under the 
master at arms. 

Cor'po-ral, a. [L. corporalis, fr. 
corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. Belonging or relating to 
the body; bodily. 2- Corporeal. 

Syn. — Bodilv : corporeal. — Bodily is opposed to men- 
tal. Corporeal "refers to the whole physical structure or 
nature of the body. Corporal, as now used, refers more 
to punishment or some infliction. 

Cor'po-ral (kSr'po-ral), » ft. (Eccl.) The fine linen 

Cor po-rale (ker'po-rale), j cloth used in the cel- 
ebration of the eucharist. 

Cor po-ral'i-ty (kSr'po-raVI-t^), ft. State of being 
corporal. [bodily. I 

Cor'po-ral-ly (-ral-lj-), adv. In or with the body ; | 

Cor'po-rate (k&Vpo-rat), a. [L. corporatus, p. p. of 
corporare to shape into a body, fr. corpus body.] 1. 
United in an association, and endowed by law with the 
rights and liabilities of an individual and with the capac- 
ity of succession ; incorporated. 2. Belonging to a cor- 
poration or incorporated body. 3. United ; general ; 
collectively one. 

Cor'po-rate-ly (-rat-ly), adv. 1. In a corporate ca- 
pacity. 2: In, or as regards, the body. [corporate. I 

Cor po-ra'tion (koVpo-ra'shun), n. A body politic or | 

Cor'po-ra'tor (-ra'ter), n. A member of a corporation. 

Cor-po're-al (k5r-po're-crl), a. [L. corporeus, fr. cor- 
pus body.] Having a body ; consisting of, or pertaining 
to, a material body or substance. — Cor-po're-al-ly, adv. 
— Cor'po-re-al'i-ty (Sll-ty), Cor-po're-al-ness, n. 

Syn. — Material ; corporal ; bodily. See Corporal. 

Cor-po/re-al-lst (kSr-po're-al-Tst), n. One who denies 
the reality of spiritual existences ; a materialist. 

Cor po-re / l-ty (k6Vp6-re'I-t^), n. State of having a 
body ; the state of being corporeal ; materiality. 

Cor'po-sant (koVp6-z5nt), n. [It. corpo santo holy 
body.] St. Elmo's fire. See under Saint. 

Corps (kor, pi. korz), n. sing. & pi. [F., fr. L. cor- 
pus bod}-.] A body of men ; esp., an organized division 
of the military establishment. 

Army corps, or (French) Corps d'armee (kor' daVma'), a 
body containing two or more divisions of a large army, 
organized as a complete army in itself. 

Corpse (kSrps), n. [OF. cors (sometimes written 
corps), F. corps, L. corpus; akin to AS. hrif womb.] 
The dead body of a human being ; — used also Fig. 

Cor'pu-lence (kSr'pu-lens), ) n. Quality of being cor- 

Cor'pu-len-cy (-pu-len-sy), j pulent ; fleshiness. 

Cor'pu-lent (-pu-lent), a. [L. corpulentus, fr. cor- 
pus body.] Very fat ; stout ; fleshy ; obese. — Cor'pu- 
lent-ly, adv. 

Cor'pus (-pus), n. ; pi. Corpora (-po-ra). [L.] A 
body, living or dead ; the corporeal substance of a thing. 

Corpus callosum (kSl-lo'sum) [NL.] (Anat.), the great 
band of commissural fibers uniting the cerebral hemi- 
spheres. See Brain. — Corpus Christi (kris'tl) [L., body 
of Christ] <E. C. Ch.), a festival in honor of the eucharist, 
observed on the Thursdav after Trinity Sunday. — Corpus 
striatum (strl-a'tum) ; pi. Corpora striata (-ta) OL.] 
(Anat.), a ridge in the wall of each lateral ventricle of 
the brain. 

Cor'pus-cle (-pus-s'l), n. [L. corpusculum, dim. of 
corpus body.] 1. A minute particle ; atom ; molecule. 
2. {Anat.) A protoplasmic animal cell. 

Cor-pus'cu-lar (kSr-pus'ku'-ler), a. Pertaining to, or 
composed of, corpuscles, or small particles. 

Cor-rade' (k5r-rad'), v. t. [L. corradere, -rasurn ; 
ro/- — radere to rab.~\ 1. To gnaw into ; to fret. [Obs.] 
2. (Geol.) To erode, as the bed of a stream. 

Cor-ra'dl-ate (k5r-ra'dl-5t), v. I. & i. To converge to 
one point or focus, as light or rays. 

Cor-ra'dl-a'tion (-a'shfin), n. Act of corradiating. 

Corral' (k5r-rSK; Sp. kor-ral'), n. [Sp., fr. corro a 
circle, fr. L. currere to run.] A pen for animals ; esp., 
a protecting inclosure made by immigrants with wagons. 

Cor-ral', r. t. [imp. & p. p. Corralled (-raid' or 
-raid') : p. pr. & vb. n. Corralling.] To surround and 
inclose ; to coop up ; to put into an inclosed space. 

Cor-ra'slonrkSr-ra'zhun),/i. [SeeCoRRADE.] (Geol.) 
The erosion of the bed of a stream by running water. 

COT-rect' (kor-rgkf), a. [L. correctus, p. p. of corri- 



gere to make straight, to correct ; cor- -f- regere to lead 
straight. See Right.] Set right ; hence, conformable 
to truth, rectitude, or propriety ; not faulty or imperfect ; 
free from error ; right. 

Syn. — Exact; precise; regular. See Accurate. 

Cor-rect' (k5r-re"kf). r. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Correcting.] 1. To make right ; to 
bring to the standard of truth, justice, or propriety. 2. 
To reprove or punish for faults or deviations from moral 
rectitude. 3. To counteract (something wrong) by the 
agency of opposite qualities or tendencies. 

Syn.— To amend ; rectify : emend ; reform ; improve ; 
chastise ; punish ; discipline ; chasten. 

Cor-rec'tion (-rgk'shun), w. 1. Act of correcting. 2. 
That which is substituted in place of what is wrong ; emen- 
dation. 3. Allowance for inaccuracy in an instrument. 

House of correction, a house where disorderly persons 
are confined ; a bridewell. 

Cor-rec'tion-al (-al), a. Tending or used to correct. 

Cor-rect'ive (k5r-rgk'ttv), a. 1. Having the power 
to correct ; tending to rectify. 2. Qualifying; limiting. 

Cor-rect'ive. n. That which is corrective. 

Cor-rect/ly (kor-rektlj), adv. In a correct manner. 

Cor-rect'ness, n. State or quality of being correct. 

Cor-rect'or (kor-rekt'er)- n. One that corrects. 

Cor'rei (kor'rT), n. [Scot.] A hollow in the side of a 
hill, where game usually lies. 

Cor're-late' (k5r're-laf or k5r're-lat0, v. t. & i. [Pref . 
cor- -\- relate.] To be, or show to be, mutually related ; 
to have, or put in, reciprocal or mutual relations. 

Cor're-late (k5r're-lat), n. One who, or that which, 
stands in a reciprocal relation to something else. 

Cor re-la'tlon (-la'shun), n. Reciprocal relation ; 
corresponding similarity or parallelism of relation or law ; 
act of correlating. 

Cor-rel'a-tive (kor-rel'a-tiv), a. Having or indicating 
a reciprocal relation. — n. One who, or that which, is 
correlated to some other person or thing ; specif. ( Gram . ), 
the antecedent of a pronoun. — Cor-rel'a-tive-ly, adv. 

Cor re-spond' (kor're-spond'), v. i. [Pref. cor- -f- 
respond.] 1. To be like in form or arrangement of 
parts ; to have similarity of form. 2. To be adapted ; to 
be congruous; to suit; to agree. 3. To have intercourse 
or communion ; to communicate, esp. by letters. 

Syn. — To agree ; fit ; answer ; suit ; write ; address. 

Cor re-spond'ence (-spond'ens), n. 1. Friendly in- 
tercourse ; esp., intercourse between persons by means 
of letters. 2. The letters which pass between corre- 
spondents. 3. Mutual adaptation, relation, or agree- 
ment, of one thing to another. [spondence. 3. 1 

Cor're-spond'en-cy (-en-sjr), n. Same as Corre-| 

Cor re-spond'ent (-ent), a. Being in accord or agree- 
ment ; suitable ; adapted ; fit ; congruous ; conformable ; 
obedient. — Cor're-spond'ent-ly, adv. 

Cor re-spond'ent. n. One who is communicated with 

by letter ; one who communicates by letter or telegram. 

"Cor're-spond'ing-ly,arfr. Conformably; in agreement. 

Cor're-spon'sive (-re-spon'sTv), a. Corresponding ; 
conformable ; adapted. — Cor're-spon'sive-ly. adv. 

Cor'ri-dor (kor'ri-dor or -dor), n. [F., through It. or 
Sp. fr. L. currere to run.] (Arch.) A gallery or passage- 
way leading to several apartments of a house. 

li Cor ri-gen'dum (kor'rT-jen'dum), n. ; pi. Corri- 
genda (-da). [L.] A fault or error to be corrected. 

Cor'rl-gi-ble (kor'rl-jT-b'l), a. [LL. corrigibilis. fr. 
L. corrigere to correct.] 1. Capable of being set right, 
amended, or reformed. 2. Submissive to correction ; 
docile. 3. Corrective. [Obs.~\ — Cor'ri-gl-bll'I-ty (-bTF- 
T-ty), Cor'ri-gi-ble-ness, n. [companion. [i2.]| 

Cor-ri'val (kSr-ri'val), n. A rival ; competitor ; also, a | 

Cor-rob'O-rant (kor-rSb'o-rant), a. Strengthening ; 
supporting ; corroborating. — n. Anything which gives 
strength or support ; a tonic. 

Cor-rob'o-rate (-o-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrobo- 
rated (-ra'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Corroborating (-ra'- 
ting).] [L. corroborare, p. p. -atus; cor- -j- roborare to 
strengthen, robur strength.] 1. To strengthen. [Obs.~\ 
2. To make more certain ; to confirm ; to establish. 

Cor-rob O-ra'tion (kSr-roiyo-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of 
corroborating. 2. That which corroborates. 

Cor-rob'O-ra-tive (-ra-tiv), a. Tending to strengthen 
or confirm. — n. A medicine that strengthens. 

Cor-rob'O-ra-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Corroborative. 

Cor-rode' (k5r-rod'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobroded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Corroding.] [L. corrodere, -rosum ; 
cor- + rodere to gnaw.] 1. To eat or wear away by 
degrees. 2. To consume ; to prey upon ; to impair. 

Syn. — To canker ; gnaw ; rust ; waste. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; sen&te, 6 vent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CORRODE 



195 



COSMICALLY 



Cor-rode' (kSr-rod'), v. i. To be corrosive ; to be sub- 
ject to corrosion. [that corrodes. I 

Cor-rod'ent (-ro'dent), a. Corrosive. — n. Anything | 

Cor rod'I-ble (-ro'dT-b'l), ) a. Capable of being cor- 

Cor-ro'si-ble (-ro'sT-b'l), ] roded. 

Gor-ro'sion (kor-ro'zhun), n. Action or effect of cor- 
rosive agents, or the process of corrosive change. 

Cor-ro'sive (k5r-ro'sTv), a. 1. Eating away ; having 
the power of gradually wearing away, changing, or de- 
stroying the texture or substance of a body. 2. Having 
the quality of fretting or vexing. — Cor-ro'sive-ly , adv. 
— Cor ro'sive-ness, n. 

Corrosive sublimate (Chem.), mercuric chloride, which 
is a virulent poison, and a powerful antiseptic. 

Cor-ro'sive, n. That which is corrosive. 

Cor'ru-gant (kor'ru-gant), a. Corrugating. 

Cor'ru-gate (k5r'ru-gat), a. [L. corrugare, p. p. -atus ; 
cor- -f- rugare to wrinkle, ruga wrinkle.] Wrinkled ; 
crumpled ; contracted into ridges and furrows. 

Cor'ru-gate (-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrugated 
(-ga'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Corrugating.] To form or 
shape into wrinkles, folds, or ridges. 

Cor ru-ga'tion (-ga'shiin), n. Act of corrugating. 

Cor-rupt' (kor-riipt'), a. [L. corruptus, p. p. of cor- 
rumpere to corrupt ; cor- + rumpere to break ; akin to 
E. reave.'] 1. Changed from a sound to a putrid state ; 
spoiled ; tainted. 2. Changed from a state of integrity, 
truth, purity, etc., to a worse state ; depraved ; debased ; 
perverted. 3. Abounding in errors ; not genuine or 
correct. 

Cor-rupt', v. t. limp. & p. p. Corrupted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Corrupting.] 1. To change from a sound to a 
putrid or putrescent state ; to cause to decay ; to spoil. 
2. To change from good to bad, from true to false, or 
from right to wrong ; to destroy the integrity, honor, or 
purity of. 

Cor-rupt', v. i. To become spoiled or vitiated. 

Cor-rupt'er (-rfip'ter), n. One who corrupts anything. 

Corruptible (kor-rup'tT-b'l), a. Capable of being 
corrupted ; subject to decay or vitiation. — Cor-rupt'i- 
bil'I-ty (-bil'i-ty),Cor-rupt'i-ble-ness, n. — Cor-rupt'- 
i-bly, adv. 

Cor-rupt'i-ble, n. That which may decay and perish ; 
hence, the human body. [Archaic'] 

Cor-rup'tion (kSr-rup'shun), n. 1. Act of corrupting, 
or state of being corrupt. 2. The product of corruption ; 
putrid matter. 

Corruption of blood (Law), taint or impurity of blood, in 
consequence of an act of attainder of treason or felony, 
by which a person is disabled from inheriting any estate, 
or from transmitting it to others. 

Syn. — Putrescence ; putrefaction ; pollution ; defile- 
ment ; contamination ; debasement ; adulteration ; de- 
pravity ; taint. See Depravity. 

Cor-rupt'Ive (-tiv), a. Corrupting ; tending to corrupt. 

Cor-rupt'lV, adv. In a corrupt manner ; by corruption. 

Cor-rupt'ness, n. Quality or state of being corrupt. 

Cor 'sage (kQr'saj), ». [F. See Corset.] The waist 
or bodice of a lady's dress. 

Cor'salr (kSr'str), n. [F. corsaire, LL. corsarius, fr. 
L. cursus a running, course. See Course.] 1. A pirate; 
a freebooter. 2. A. piratical vessel. 

Corse (k8rs or kors), n. [OF. cors. See Corpse.] 1. 
The body, living or dead. [Obs.] 2. Dead body ; corpse. 

Corse'let (kSrslet), n. [F., dim. of OF. cors. See 
Corse.] 1. Armor for the body, as the breastplate and 
backpiece together. 2. (Zo'dl.) The thorax of an insect. 

Cor'set (kSr'set), n. [F., dim. of OF. cors. See 
Corse.] 1. In the Middle Ages, a kind of close-fitting 
gown or basque. 2. An article of dress inclosing the 
chest and waist, worn (chiefly by women) to support the 
body or to modify its shape ; stays. 

Cor'set (kdr'set), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corseted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Corseting.] To inclose in corsets. 

II Cor'te'ge' (kdr'tazh'), n. [F., fr. It. corteggio train, 
fr. corte court.] A train of attendants ; a procession. 

Cor'tes (kSr'tSs), n. pi. [Sp. & Pg., fr. corte court.] 
The legislative assembly in Spain and Portugal, composed 
of nobility, clergy, and representatives of cities. 

II Cor'tex (kSr'teks), n. ; pi. Cortices (-tt-ses). [L., 
bark.] Bark, as of a tree ; hence, an outer covering. 

Cor'ti-cal (koT'tT-kal), a. Of or pertaining to the 
cortex ; external ; outer ; superficial. 

Cor'ti-cate (k&VtT-kat), ) a. Having a special and 

Cor'ti-cated (-katgd), J distinct outer covering. 

Cor-tic'i-form (kor-tis'T-f6"rm), a. Resembling, or 
having the form of, cortex, bark, or rind. [barky. I 

Cor'ti-COSe' (k&VtT-kos'), a. Abounding in bark;] 

Cor'ti-cous (-kQs), a. Relating to, or resembling, bark. 




Simple Corymb. 
[NL. coryphaena 



Co run'dum (k6"-run'dfim), n. [From Hind, kurand 
corundum stone.] (Min.) The earth alumina, as found 
native in a crystalline state, including sapphire, oriental 
ruby, oriental amethyst, and adamantine spar. 

Co-rus'cant (k6-rus'k«nt), a. Coruscating. 

Cor'us-cate (kor'Ss-kat or k*-rfis'kat), v. i. [imp. & 
p. p. Coruscated (-ka'tSd or -ka-tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Coruscating.] [L. coruscare to flash, vibrate.] To 
glitter in flashes ; to flash. 

Syn. — To glisten ; gleam ; sparkle ; radiate ; blaze. 

Cor us-ca'tlon (k5r'us-ka'shun), n. 1. A sudden flash 
or play of light. 2. A flash of intellectual brilliancy. 

II Cor'vee' (kSr'va' or -ve'), n. [F. corvee, deriv. of 
L. cor- -\- rogare to ask. ] (Feudal Law) An obligation to 
perform certain feudatory services, as the repair of roads. 

Cor'vet (kQr'vSt), \ n. [F. corvette, through Pg. 

Cor-vette' (k5r-vgf), J or Sp. fr. L. corbita ship of 
burden, fr. corbis basket.] (Naut. ) A war vessel, ranking 
next below a frigate, with usually only one tier of guns. 

Cor'vlne (k6r'vin), «. [L. corvinus, fr. corvus crow.] 
Of or pertaining to the crow ; crowlike. 

Cor'y-bant (kSr'T-bSnt), n. ; pi. E. Corybants 
(-bants), oftener L. Corybantes (-bSn'tez). [L. Cory- 
bas, Or. Kopu/3as.] One of the priests of Cybele, whose 
rites were accompanied by wild music, dancing, etc. 

Cor'y-ban'tlc (kBr'T-ban'tTk), a. Of, pert, to, or re- 
sembling, the Corybantes or their rites ; frantic ; frenzied. 

Cor'ymb (k5r'Imb or -Tm ; 220), n. [L. corymbus 
cluster of flowers, Gr. (cdpuju./3os.] 
(Bot.) (a) A flat-topped or convex 
cluster of flowers, each on its own 
footstalk, and arising from a different 
point of a common axis, the outer- 
most blossoms expanding first, as in 
the hawthorn. (&) Any flattish flower 
cluster, or a similar cluster of fruit. 

Co-rym'bose (ko-rim'bos or k5r'- 
lm-bos'), a. (Bot.) Consisting of cor- 
ymbs, or resembling them in form. 

Cor y-phae'noid (kor'T-fe'noid), a. 
(fr. Gr. Kopv(j>ri head) + -oid.~\ (Zo'dl.) Belonging" to, or 
like, the genus Coryphaena, including the common dol- 
phin. 

II CCry/phee' (ko're'fa'), n. [F.] A ballet dancer. 

Cor'y-phe'us (kor'T-fe'us), n. ; pi. E. Corypheuses 
(-Sz), L. -phei (-fel). [L. coryphaeus, fr. Gr. /copv^aios, 
fr. Kopv^rj head.] (Gr. Antiq.) The chief, or leader, 
of the dramatic chorus ; hence, any chief or leader. 

II Co-ryph'o-don (ko-rif'o-don), n. [Gr. Kopv<f>rj head, 
peak -f- 6Sovs, 66oi>tos, tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of 
fossil, plantigrade mammals allied to the rhinoceros. 

II Co-ry'za (ko-ri'za), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Kopvfr.] 
(Med.) Nasal catarrh. 

Co-se'cant (ko-se'kSnt), n. [For co. secans, an ab- 
brev. of L. complemenli secans.] (Trig.) The secant 
of the complement of an arc or angle. 

Cos'en (kiiz"n), v. t. See Cozen. 

Co'sey (ko'zy), a. See Cozy. 

Cosh'er (kosh'er), v. t. [Origin uncertain.] 1. (Old 
Law) To levy certain exactions or tribute upon ; to 
lodge and eat at the expense of. 2. To treat with hos- 
pitality ; to pet. [Ireland] 

Co'sier (ko'zher), n. [Prob. fr. OF. couseor tailor, 
deriv. of L. consuere to sew together.] A tailor who 
botches his work. [Obs.] 

Co-sig'ni-ta-ry (ko-sTg'nT-ta-ry), a. [Pref . co- -f- sign. 
Cf. Signatory.] Signing some public document with 
another. — n. One who signs a document with another. 

Co'si-ly (ko'zT-ly), adv. See Cozdly. 

Cos'In-age (kuz"n-aj), n. [See Cousin.] (Law) 
Collateral relationship ; consanguinity. 

Co'sine (ko'sin), n. [For co. sinus, an abbrev. of L. 
complemenli sinus.] (Trig.) The sine of the comple- 
ment of an arc or angle. 

Cos-met'ic (kSz-mgt'ik), ) a. [Gr. koo-m^tkco? skilled 

Cos-met'ic-al (-T-kal), ( in decorating, fr. k6o>os 
cosmos, order, ornament.] Imparting or improving 
beauty, particularly the beauty of the complexion. 

Cos-met'ic, n. Any external cosmetic application. 

Cos'mic (koz'mik), \ a. [Gr. koo>uk6s of the world. 

Cos'mic-al (-ml-kal), ) fr. Kooyxos cosmos.] 1. Per- 
taining to the universe, and having special reference to 
universal law or order; hence, harmonious; orderly. 
2. Pertaining to the solar system as a whole. 3. Char- 
acteristic of the cosmos or universe ; vast. 4. (Astron.) 
Rising or setting with the sun. 

Cos'mic-al-ly, adv. 1. With the sun at rising or set- 
ting. 2. Universally. [R.] 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



COSMOGONAL 



196 



COTTIER 



> 



> 



Cos -mog'O-nal ^,koz-I^og'o-no■l , ), a. Of or pertaining 

Cos mog'6-nist (.-nTst), ft. One versed in cosmogony. 

Cos-mog'O-ny v.-ny'*. n. [Gr. Koa/Jioyovia ; koit/xo? the 
world — root of yryvecrtfai to be born.] The creation of 
the world or universe; a theory or account of such 

■L 

Cos mog'ra-pher (-ra-fer). n. One who describes the 
world or universe, including the heavens and the earth. 

COS mo- graph 'ic (-mo-grfiflk), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Cos mo-gTaph'ic-al (-T-ko-1), J to cosmography. 

Cos-mog'ra-phy (k5z-ni(5g'ra-fy), n. [Gr. *oo>oypa- 
<*>ia : Koanos the world + ypd<peiv to write.] A descrip- 
tion of the world or of the universe ; the science of the 
whole system of worlds or the relation of all its parts. 

Cos-mol'a-try (k5z-m81'a-tr5 ; ), n. [Gr. koo/xo? the 
world -+- -latry.] Worship paid to the world. 

Cos mo-log'ic-al (koz'mo-lSj'T-kal), a. Of or per- 
taining to cosmology. [cosmology. I 

Cos-mol'O-gist (koz-mol'o-jist), n. One versed in| 

Cos-moro-gy (k5z-in51'o-jy), n. [Gr. /c6<r/u.os the 
world + -fogy.] The science of the world or universe ; 
a treatise relating to its structure, parts, and laws. 

Cos-mom'e-try (k5z-mom'e-try), n. [Gr. koctmos + 
-ynetry.] Art of measuring the world or the universe. 

COS mo-plas'tic (koz'mo-plaVttk), a. [Gr. koo>io? 
the world -\- -plastic.'] Pertaining to, or designating, a 
force operative in the formation of the world independ- 
ently of God. 

Cos mo-pori-tan (-polT-ton), \n. [Gr. kocthotto- 

Cos-mop'O-lite (koz-mop'o-ht), { Ai'rr/?; koct/xo? + 
woAittjs citizen, 7r6Ais city.] One who has no fixed resi- 
dence, or is at home in any place ; a citizen of the world. 

Cos mo-pol'i-tan. ) a. 1. Having no fixed residence ; 

Cos-mop'O-lite. J free from local attachments or 
prejudices ; not provincial ; liberal. 2. Common every- 
where ; widely distributed. 

Cos mo-pol/i-tan-ism (koz/mo-pSl'T-tan-Tz'm), re. The 
quality of being cosmopolitan ; cosmopolitism. 

Cos mop'O-li-tism (koz-m5p'6-lT-tTz'm), re. Cosmo- 
politanism. 

Cos mo-ra'ma (koz'mo-ra'ma or -ra'ma), n. [NL., 
fr. Gr. Koa/xos world -f- opa/ia sight.] An exhibition of a 
series of views reflected through lenses so as to have the 
appearance of objective reality. [cosmorama. I 

Cos mo-ram'le (-rSmTk), a. Of or pertaining to a| 

I! Cos'mos (koz'mos), ft. [NX., fr. Gr. Kooyios order, 
harmony, the world (from its perfect order and arrange- 
ment) ; akin to Skr. cad to distinguish one's self.] 1. 
The universe or universality of created things ; — so called 
from the order and harmony displayed in it. 2. The 
theory or description of the universe, as a system dis- 
playing order and harmony. 

Cos'mo-sphere (-mo-sfer), re. [Gr. KooyAos + E. 
sphere.'] An apparatus for showing the position of the 
earth, at any given time, with respect to the fixed stars. 

Cos mo-thet'ic (koVmo-theVTk), a. [Gr. Koalas uni- 
verse -\- riOevcu to place or arrange.] (Metaph.) Assum- 
ing or positing the reality of the physical world. 

Coss. n. [It. cosa.] A thing ; — only in the phrase. 

Rule of Coss, an old name for algebra. 

Cos'sack (kos'sSk), re. [Russ. kozak\ kazak\] One 
of a warlike, pastoral people, skillful as horsemen, in- 
habiting different parts of the Russian empire. 

Cos'set (kos'sSt), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A lamb 
reared without the aid of the dam. Hence : Any pet. 

Cos'set, v. t. To treat as a pet ; to fondle. 

Cost (k5st ; 115), re. [L. costa rib. See Coast.] A 
rib ; a side ; a region or coast. [Obs.] 

Cost (k5st ; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cost; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Costing.] [OF. coster, fr. L. conslare to stand at, 
to cost ; con- + stare to stand.] 1. To require to be 
given, expended, or laid out therefor, as in barter, pur- 
chase, acquisition, etc. 2. To require to be borne or 
suffered : to cause. 

Cost, ft. 1. The amount paid, charged, or engaged to 
be paid, for anything bought or taken in barter ; hence, 
whatever, as labor, suffering, etc., is requisite to secure 
anything. 2. Loss of any kind ; detriment ; pain ; suf- 
fering. 3. p], (Low) Expenses incurred in litigation. 

Cos'ta (k5s'ta), n. ; pi. L. Cost;e (-te). [L.. a rib.] 
A « b "' r U! * 4 in IioL & Zo ' 6L — Cos'tal (kSs'tal), a. 

Cos'tard (k5s'terd), n. [Prob. fr. OF. coste rib, and 
meaning orig., a ribbed apple.] 1. An apple, large and 
rounded like the head. 2. The head ; — contemptuous. 

COS tard-mon'ger f-rnun/ger), ft. A costermonger. 

Cos'tean ing fkSs'ten'Ing), ft. [Cornish cothas 
dropped 4- stean tin.] The process by which miners seek 



to discover metallic lodes. It consists in sinking small 
pits to the solid rock, and then driving from one pit to 
another across the direction of the vein. 

Cos'ter-mon ger (kos'ter-mun'ger), n. [See Cos- 
tard.] An apple seller ; a dealer in any kind of fruit or 
vegetables. 

Cos'tive (k5s'tiv), a. [OF. costeve, p. p. of costever, 
L. constipare to press closely together, to cram ; con- -f- 
stipare to press together, cram.] 1. Retaining fecal 
matter in the bowels ; having too slow a motion of the 
bowels ; constipated. 2. Reserved ; formal ; close. 
[Obs.] — Cos'tive-ly, adv. — Cos'tive-ness, n. 

Cost'ly (kSst'ly; 115), cr. [From Cost expense.] 
1. Of great cost ; expensive ; dear. 2. Rich ; sump- 
tuous. [Poetic] — Costliness, w. 

Cost'ma-ry (k5st'ma-ry), n. [L. costum an Oriental 
aromatic plant (Gr. /cooto?, cf. Ar. kost, kust) -f- Maria 
Mary.] A garden plant having a strong balsamic smell, 
and nearly allied to tansy. 

Cos'trel (kos'trgl), n. [Cf. W. costrel, OF. coslerel, 
LL. costerellum, a liquid measure, costrellus a wine cup.] 
A bottle of leather, earthenware, or wood, having ears 
by which it was suspended at the side. [Archaic] 

Cos'tume' (kos'tum' or kos-tum'), n. [F. costume. 
It. costume custom, dress, deriv. of L. consuetudo cus- 
tom.] 1. Dress in general; esp., the distinctive style 
of dress of a people, class, or period. 2. An appropriate 
arrangement of accessories, as in a picture, statue, poem, 
or play. 3. A character dress. 

Cos'tum'er (-tum'er), ft. One who makes or deals in 
costumes, as for theatres, fancy balls, etc. 

Co'sy (ko'zy), cr. See Cozy. 

Cot (k5t), n. [AS. cot, cote, cottage ; akin to G. kot, 
koth.] 1. A small house ; a cottage or hut. 2. A pen, 
coop, or like shelter for small domestic animals. 3. A 
cover or sheath. 4. [Cf. Ir. cot.] A small, rudely- 
formed boat. 5. [Cf. OF. coite, LL. cottum, cottus, 
mattress.] A little bed ; a cradle ; a bed made of a 
piece of canvas extended by a frame. 

Co-tan'gent (k6-t5n'jent), n. [For co. tangens, an 
abbrev. of L. complementi tangens.] (Trig.) The tan- 
gent of the complement of an arc or angle. 

Cote (kot), n. [See Cot.] A shed, shelter, or in- 
closure for small domestic animals. 

Cote, v. t. [Prob. through F. fr. L. costa rib, side.] 
To go side by side with ; hence, to pass by. [Obs.] 

Co-tem/po-ra'ne-OUS (ko-tem'po-ra'ne-us), a. Con- 
temporaneous. — Co-tem po-ra'ne-ous-ly , adv. — Co- 
tem po-ra'ne-ous-ness. ft. [porary. I 

Co-tem/po-ra-ry (ko-tem'po-ra-ry), a. & ft. Contem- 1 

II Co'te-rie' (ko'te-re'), n. [F., prob. fr. OF. coterie 
servile tenure, fr. cotier cotter ; of German origin. See 
1st Cot.] A set or circle of persons who meet familiarly, 
as for social purposes ; a clique. [terminous. I 

Co-ter/mi-nous (ko-teVml-nus), a. Bordering ; con-| 

Co'thum (ko^thfirn), n. [L. cothurnus, Gr. KoQopvos.] 
A buskin anciently used by tragic actors on the stage ; 
hence, tragedy in general. [thtjen. I 

II Co-thUT/nus (ko-thfir'niis), ft. [L.] Same as Co-| 

Co-tid'al (ko-tld'al), a. Marking or indicating an 
equality in the tides ; having high tide at the same time. 

I! Co'tillon' (ko^e^N' or ko'tel'-), ) ft. [F. cotillon, 

Co-til'lion (ko-tid'yun), J fr. OF. cote 

coat, LL. cotta tunic] 1. A brisk dance, performed by 
eight persons ; a quadrille ; also, the tune for the dance. 
2. A kind of woolen material for women's skirts. 

Cot'quean' (kofkwen'), ft. [Cot a cottage -f quean.] 
1. A man who busies himself with affairs which properly 
belong to women. 2. A she cuckold. 

Cots'WOld' (kots'woldO, n. [Cot a hut -\- wold open 
country.] An open country abounding in sheepcotes. 

Cot'tage (kot'taj; 48), ft. [From Cot a cottage.] 
1. A small house ; a cot ; a hut. 2. By extension, any 
residence of rustic architecture. 

Cot'ta-ger (k5t'ta-jer), ft. 1. One who 
lives in a cottage. 2. (Law) One who 
lives on the common, without paying any 
rent, or having land of his own. 

Cot'ter, Cot'tar (kot/ter), n. A cot- 
tager ; a cottier. 

Cot'ter (kSt'ter), n. 1 A piece of 
wood or metal, commonly wedge-shaped, 
used for fastening together parts of a ma- 
chine or structure ; a key. 2. A toggle. 

Cot'ti-er (-tt-er), n. [OF. cotier. See 
Coterie, and cf. Cotter.] In Great Brit- 
ain and Ireland, one who hires a small cottage, with or 
without a plot of land. 




Cotter. 
a Cotter, fast- 
ening together 
parts b and c. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 5, u., y, short ; senate, 6vent, idea, obey, tinite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



COTTOID 



197 



COUNTER 




Cotton Plant. 



Oot'tOid (kBt'toid), a. [NL. coitus sculpin -f -oid.] 
(Zo'61.) Belonging to, or resembling, the genus Cottus 
(sculpin), or the family Cottidx. 

Cot'ton (kbVt'n), n. [F. colon, through Sp 
qulun, alqutun, cotton wool.] 1. 
A soft, downy substance, resem- 
bling fine wool, consisting of the 
unicellular twisted hairs which 
grow on the seeds of the cotton 
plant. 2. The cotton plant. 3. 
Cloth made of cotton. 

Cotton flannel, the manufactur- 
ers' name for a heavy cotton fab- 
ric, twilled, and with a long plush 
nap. — Cotton gin, a machine to 
separate the seeds from cotton. — 
Cotton plant (Bot.), a plant of the 
genus Gossypium, of several spe- 
cies, all growing in warm climates, 
and bearing the cotton of com- 
merce. — Cotton wool, cotton in its 
raw or woolly state. 

Cot'ton, v. i. 1. To go on 
prosperously ; to succeed. [065.] 
2. To unite ; to agree ; to make 
friends. [Colloq.] 3. To take a liking; to stick. [Slang] 

Cot'ton-tail' (k5t't'n-talO, n. (Zo'61.) The American 
wood rabbit. 

Cot'ton-weed 7 (-wed'), n. (Bot.) Cudweed. 

Cot'ton-WOOdy (-wood'), n. (Bot.) An American tree 
of the genus Populus or poplar, having the seeds covered 
with abundant cottonlike hairs. 

Cot'ton-y (-y), a. 1. Covered with hairs or pubescence 
like cotton ; downy. 2. Of or pertaining to cotton ; re- 
sembling cotton. 

Cot'y-la (kot'T-la), ) n. [Gr. kotw'Atj cup of a joint.] 

Cot'y-le (kSt'i-le), J (AnaL) A cuplike cavity or 
organ ; an acetabulum. 

Cot'y-le'don (kot/T-le'dun), n. [Gr. kotv\t}Su>v a cup- 
shaped hollow, f r. kotvAtj cup of a joint.] (Bol. ) A seed 
leaf of a plant. [See Illust. of Seed.] 

Cot/y-led'on-al (kot/i-led'un-al), a. Cotyledonous. 

Cot'y-led'on-OUS (-us), a. Of or pertaining to a coty- 
ledon or cotyledons ; having a seed lobe. 

Cot'y-loid (k5tf Moid) a. [Cotyle + -oid.-] (Anat.) 
(a) Shaped like a cup. (b) Pertaining to a cotyloid cavity. 

Couch (kouch), v. t. {imp. &p. p. Couched (koucht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Couching.] [F. coucher to lay down, lie 
down, fr. L. collocare to put, place ; col- -f- locare to 
place, fr. locus place.] 1. To lay upon a bed or other 
resting place. 2. To arrange or dispose as in a bed. 3. 
To put into some form of language ; to express ; to phrase. 

To couch a cataract (Med.), to treat it by pushing down 
the opaque lens with a needie. — To conch a spear or lance, 
to lower it to the position of attack ; to place it in rest. 

Couch, v. i. 1. To lie down or recline ; to repose ; to 
lie. 2. To lie down for concealment ; to hide. 3. To 
stoop ; to crouch. [Obs.] 

Couch, n. 1. A bed or place for repose or sleep. 2. 
A mass of steeped barley spread upon a floor to germinate, 
in malting ; also, the floor so used, 3. (Painting & 
Gilding) A preliminary layer. 

Couch/ant (kouch'ant), a. [F., p. pr.] Lying down 
with head erect ; squatting. 

Couch'er (kouch'er), n. One who couches. 

Couch' grass/ (gras/). (Bot.) Quitch grass. 

Couch'ing, n. Embroidering by laying the materials 
upon the surface, instead of drawing them through. 

Cou'gar (koo'gar), n. [F. couguar, from native South 
American name.] (Zo'61.) An American feline quadru- 
ped, resembling the African panther. 

Cough (kaf), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Coughed (kaft) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n.'CouGHiNG.] [Etymol. uncertain.] To ex- 
pel air, or obstructing or irritating matter, from the lungs 
or air passages, in a noisy and violent manner. 

Cough, v. t. 1. To expel, as from the lungs, by 
coughing. 2. To bring to a specified state by coughing* 

Cough, n. 1. A sudden, noisy, and violent expulsion 
of air from the chest. 2. A frequent coughing, consti- 
tuting a symptom of disease. 

Cough'er (kafer), n. One who coughs. 

Could (kdtid)", imp. of Can. [OE. coude. The I was 
inserted under the influence of should and would.] Was, 
should be, or would be, able, capable, or susceptible. 

II Coulee' (koo/la'), n. [F. coulee, fr. couler to run or 
flow.] A stream; (Geol.) a stream of lava. Also, in 
the Western United States, the bed of a stream, having 
high but inclined sides. 

II Coulisse' (kd6-lis'; F. koo/les'), n. [F., fr. couler 



to flow.] 1. A piece of timber having a groove in which 
something glides. 2. One of the Bide scenes of the stage 
in a theater, or the space between the side scenes. 

II Coulomb' (koo/16N'), n. [From Coulomb, a French 
physicist and electrician.] (Physics) The standard unit 
of quantity in electrical measurements. It is the quan- 
tity of electricity conveyed in one second by the current 
produced by an electro-motive force of one volt acting in 
a circuit having a resistance of one ohm, or the quantity 
produced by one ampere in one second. 

Coul'ter (kol'ter), n. Same as Colteb. 

Coun'cil (kouu'sil), n. [F. concile, fr. L. concilium; 
con- -(- calare to call, akin to Gr. Kakelv to call, and E. 
haul.] 1. An assembly of persons summoned, convened, 
or appointed for consultation, deliberation, or advice. 2. 
Deliberation ; consultation. 

Syn. — Assembly ; meeting ; congress ; diet ; parlia- 
ment; convention; convocation; synod. 

Coun'cil-man (koun'sil-man), n. A member of a 
council ; a councilor. 

Coun'cil-or (koun'sil-er), n. A member of a council ; 
— now generally distinguished from a counselor. 

Coun'sel (koun'sel), n. [F. conseil, fr. L. consilium, 
fr. the root of consulere to consult ; of uncertain origin.] 

1. Interchange of opinions ; mutual advising. 2. Exer- 
cise of deliberate judgment ; prudence. 3. Result of 
consultation ; advice ; instruction. 4. Deliberate pur- 
pose ; design ; intent. 5. One who gives advice, esp. in 
legal matters ; a legal advocate ; also, collectively, all 
the legal advocates united in the management of a case. 

To keep counsel, or To keep one's own counsel, to keep 
one's thoughts, purposes, etc., undisclosed. 

Syn. — Consideration ; consultation ; scheme : opinion. 

Coun'sel, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Counseled (-sSld) or 
Counselled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Counseling or Counsel- 
ling.] 1. To give advice to ; to admonish or instruct. 2. 
To advise or recommend, as an act or course. 

Coun'sel-or (koun'sSl-er), n. 1. One who counsels ; 
an adviser. 2. A member of a council. Cf. Counciloe. 
3. A legal adviser or advocate ; a counsel. 

Coun'sel-or-Ship (-er-ship), n. Office of a counselor. 

Count (kount), v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Counted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Counting.] [OF. conter, later compter, fr. L. 
computare to compute ; com- -\- putare to reckon, order, 
orig., to clean. See Puke.] 1. To number ; to enume- 
rate. 2. To ascribe or impute. 3. To account ; to judge 
or consider. 

Syn. — To reckon ; compute. See Calculate. 

Count, v. i. 1. To number or be counted ; hence, to 
increase or add to strength or influence. 2. To reckon ; 
to rely ; to depend. 3. To take account. [Obs.] 

Count, n. 1. Act of numbering; reckoning; also, 
the number so ascertained. 2. (Law) A formal statement 
of the plaintiff's case in court ; more technically, a par- 
ticular allegation or charge in a declaration or indictment. 

Count, n. [F. comte, fr. L. comes, comitis, associate, 
companion, one of the imperial court ; com- + ire to go.] 
A nobleman on the continent of Europe, equal in rank to 
an English earl. 

Count palatine, (a) Formerly, the proprietor of a county 
palatine who possessed royal prerogatives within liis coun- 
ty. [Eng.] (b) Orig., a high judicial officer of the Ger- 
man emperors ; afterward, the holder of a fief, who might 
exercise certain imperial powers therein. [Germany] 

Count'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being numbered. 

Coun'te-nance (koun'te-nans), n. [F. contenance de- 
meanor, fr. L. continentia continence, LL., also, demean- 
or, fr. L. continere. See Contain.] 1. Appearance or 
expression of the face ; look ; aspect ; mien. 2. The 
face ; the features. 3. Approving or encouraging aspect 
of face ; hence, favor ; encouragement. 

Out of countenance, not bold or assured ; confounded ; 
abashed. — To keep the countenance, to preserve a composed 
or natural look. 

Coun'te-nance (koun'te-nans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Countenanced (-nanst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Countenan- 
cing.] 1. To encourage ; to favor ; to approve ; to aid. 

2. To make a show of ; to pretend. [Obs.] 
Coun'te-nan-cer (-nan-sSr), n. One who countenances. 
Coun'ter- (koun'ter-). [See Counter, adv.] A prefix 

meaning contrary, opposite, in opposition ; as, counter act, 
counterbalance, countercheck. See Counteb, adv. & a. 

Count'er (koun'ter), n. [From Count, v.] 1. One 
who, or that which, counts, or reckons up ; a reckoner. 
2. A piece, as of ivory, used in reckoning. 3. Money ; 
coin ; — used in contempt. [Obs.] 4. A prison ; either 
of two prisons formerly in London. 

Coun'ter, n. [OF. contouer, comptouer, LL. compu- 
tatorium, prop., a computing place. See Count, v. t.] 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, ru.de, f ull, firn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, a^Bi i U k t then, tain. 



M 



COUNTER 



198 



COUNTERSCARP 



> 



> 



A table or board on which money is counted, or on which 
goods are laid for examination by purchasers. 

Counter ^koun'ter), adv. [F. contre, fr. L. contra 
against.] 1. Contrary: in opposition; in an opposite 
direction. 2. In the wrong way. 

Counter. 0. Coutrary ; opposite ; contrasted ; op- 
posed ; adverse ; antagonistic. 

Counter deed (Laic), a secret writing which destroys, 
invalidates, or alters, a public deed. — Counter irritant 
n irritant to produce a blister, a pustular erup- 
tion, or other irritation in some part of the body, in order 
to relieve an existing irritation in some other part. — 
Counter irritation {Med.), the act or result of applying a 
counter irritant. — Counter proof, in engraving, a reverse 
print taken off by pressure from another just printed. — 
Counter revolution, a revolution opposed to a former one, 
and restoring a former state of things. — Counter sea 
(Xaut.). a sea running in an opposite direction from the 
wind.— Counter slope, an overhanging slope.— Counter tally, 
a tally corresponding to another. 

Counter. n. [See Counter, adv., and Contra.] 1. 
(Xaut.) The after part of a vessel's body, from the water 
line to the stern. 2. (Mus.) Countertenor. 3. (Far.) 
That part of a horse between the shoulders and under the 
neck. 4. The back leather of a boot. [ceiving one. I 

Counter, v. i. (Boxing) To return a blow while re- 1 

Coun ter-act' (koun'ter-Skf), v. t. To act in opposi- 
tion to ; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate. 

Counter-action (-Sk'shun), n. Action in opposition. 

Coun ter-act'ive (-Skt'Iv), a. Tending to counteract. 
— n. One who, or that which, counteracts. 

Coun ter-bal'ance (-bSl'ans), v. t. To oppose with an 
equal weight or power ; to counteract the effect of. 

Count er-bal ance (koun'ter-bal'ans), n. A weight, 
power, or agency, acting against or balancing another. 

Counter-bore' (-bor'), n. 1. A fiat-bottomed cylin- 
drical enlargement of the mouth of a hole. 2. A kind of 
pin drill with the cutting edges normal to the axis. 

Coun'ter-bore' (koun'ter-bor'), v. t. To form a coun- 
terbore in ; to enlarge, as a hole, with a counterbore. 

Counter brace 7 (bras'). 1. (Xaut.) The brace of 
the fore-topsail on the leeward side of a vessel. 2. (En- 
gin.) A brace which resists a strain-opposite to that upon 
the main brace 

Counter-brace 7 , v. I. 1. (Xaut.) To brace in oppo- 
site directions. 2. (Engin.) To apply counter braces to. 

Counter-Change' (koun'ter-chanj'), v. t. 1. To give 
and receive ; to cause to change places ; to exchange. 2. 
To checker ; to diversify. 

Counter-change 7 (koun'ter-chanj'), n. Exchange. 

Counter-charge' (-charj'), n. An opposing charge. 

Counter-Charm' (koun'ter-charm'), v. t. To destroy 
the effect of a charm upon. 

Counter-Charm' (koun'ter-charm'), n. That which 
has the power of destroying the effect of a charm. 

Counter-check' (koun'ter-ch6k'), v. t. To oppose or 
check by some obstacle. 

Coun'ter-check' (koun'ter-chSk'), n. 1. A check ; a 
stop. 2. Any force or device designed to restrain another 
restraining force ; a check upon a check. 

Counter-claim' (-klam'), n. (Law) A claim made 
by a person as an offset to a claim made on him. 

Count er-CUT'rent (-kur'rent), n. A current running 
in an opposite direction to the main current. 

Counter-draw' (koun'ter-dra'), v. t. To copy by 
tracing on oiled paper, or other transparent substance. 

Counter-feit (koun'ter-fit), a. [F. contrefait, p. p. 
of contrefaire to counterfeit ; contre (L. contra) -\-faire 
to make, fr. L. facere.~\ 1. Representing by imitation or 
likeness. 2. Fabricated in imitation of something else, 
with a view to defraud by passing the false for the true ; 
forged. 3. False ; spurious ; deceitful ; hypocritical. 

Counter-feit, n. 1. Likeness ; portrait ; counterpart. 
2. Thing made in imitation of something, with a view to 
passing the false for the true. 3. Impostor ; cheat. 

Syn. — See Forgery. 

Counter-feit, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Counterfeited ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Counterfeiting.] 1. To imitate, or put on 
a semblance of ; to mimic. 2. To imitate with a view to 
deceiving, by passing the copy for that which is original 
or genuine ; to forge. 

Counter-feit, v. i. 1. To carry on a deception ; to 
dissemble ; to feign. 2. To make counterfeits. 

Counter-felt'er (-fit'er), n. One who counterfeits. 

Counter-feit'ly. adv. By forgery ; falsely. 

Counter-foil' (-foil'), n. [Counter- + foil a leaf.] 
The part of a writing (as the stub of a bank check) in 
which are noted the main particulars contained in the 
corresponding part, which has been issued. 



Counter-gage' (koun'ter-gaj'), n. (Carp.) An adjust- 
able gage, for transferring measurements Ironi one tim- 
ber to another. 

Counter-guard' (koun'ter-gard'), n. (Fort.) A kind 
of low outwork before a bastion or ravelin. 

Counter-ir'ri-tant ( -Tr'rT-tant),n., Coun'ter-ir'ri-ta'- 
tion, n. See Counter irritant, etc., under Counter, a. 

Counter-irTi-tate (koun'ter-Ir'rl-tat), v. t. (Med.) 
To produce counter irritation in. 

Counter-jump er (koun'ter-jfimp/er), n. A salesman 
hi a shop ; a shopman ; — used contemptuously. [Slang"] 

Counter-man (koun'ter-man), n. A man who sells 
goods at a counter. [Eng.~\ 

Coun ter-mand' (koun'ter-mand'), v. t. [imp. & p. 
p. Countermanded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermanding.] 
[F. contremander ; contre (L. contra) -f- mander to com- 
mand, fr. L. mandare. Cf. Mandate.] 1. To revoke ; 
to cancel or rescind by giving an order contrary to a 
previous one. 2. To oppose ; to revoke the command of. 

Countermand (koun'ter-mand), n. A contrary or- 
der ; revocation of a former order or command. 

Counter-march' (koun'ter-inarch'), v. i. (Mil.) To 
march back, or to march in reversed order. 

Counter-march' (koun'ter-march'), n. 1. A march- 
ing back ; retrocession. 2. (Mil.) Any one of several 
evolutions by which a body of troops change from or re- 
verse the direction of march. 

Counter-mark' (-mark'), n. 1. A mark or token 
added in order to afford security of proof. 2. (Far.) An 
artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses, to disguise 
their age. [countermark to. I 

Counter-mark' (koun'ter-mark'), v. t. To apply a| 

Counter-mine' (koun'ter-min'), n. (Mil.) An under- 
ground gallery excavated to intercept and destroy the 
mining of an enemy. Also used figuratively. 

Counter-mine' (koun'ter-min'), v. t. 1. (Mil.) To 
oppose by means of a countermine. 2. To counteract by 
secret measures. 

Counter-mine', v. i. To make a countermine. 

Counter-move' (koun'ter-moov'), v. t. & i. To move 
in a contrary direction, or in opposition to. 

Counter-move' (-moov'), n. ) A movement in op- 

Counter move ment (-ment). j position to another. 

Counter-pa'ly (-pa'ly), a. [F. contre-pale.~\ (Her.) 
Paly, and then divided fesswise, so that each vertical 
piece is cut into two, having the colors used alternately. 

Counter-pane' (koun'ter-pan'), n. [A corruption of 
counterpoint, arising from the employment of pane- 
shaped figures in these coverlets.] A coverlet for a bed, 
— originally stitched or woven in squares or figures. 

Counter-pane 7 , n. [OF. contrepan a pledge ; contre 
-j-pan a pawn. See Pawn.] (0. Law) A duplicate 
part or copy of an indenture, deed, etc. 

Counter-part' (koun'ter-part'), n. 1. A part or thing 
corresponding to another part or thing ; a copy ; a dupli- 
cate; a facsimile. 2. A thing that may be applied to 
another thing so as to fit perfectly ; that which serves 
to complete or complement anything ; hence, a person or 
thing having qualities lacking in another ; an opposite. 

Counter-plead' (koun'ter-pled'), v. t. To plead the 
contrary of ; to plead against ; to deny. 

Coun'ter-plot' (koun'ter-plof), v. t. To oppose, as a 
plot, by contrary plotting. [opposed to another. ! 

Counter-plot' (koun'ter-pl5t'), n. A plot or artifice | 

Counter-point', n. [F. contrepoint ; cf. It. contrap- 
punto.] (Mus.) (a) The setting of note against note in 
harmony, (b) The art of composite melody, (c) Music 
in parts ; harmony ; polyphonic music. 

Counter-point', n. [OF. contrepoincte, earlier coun- 
stepointe, fr. L. culcita cushion + puncta, fem. p. p. of 
pungere to prick ; hence, properly, a stitched quilt with 
the colors broken one into another.] A coverlet ; a 
cover for a bed, often stitched or broken into squares ; a 
counterpane. 

Counter-poise 7 (koun'ter-poiz'), v. t. [F. contre- 
peser. See Counter, adv., and Poise, v. t.~\ 1. To act 
against with equal weight ; to equal in weight ; to coun- 
terbalance. 2. To act against with equal power ; to 
balance. 

Counter-poise' (koun'ter-poiz'), n. 1. A weight 
sufficient to balance another. 2. An equal power or 
force acting in opposition. 3. The relation of two 
weights or forces which balance each other ; equilibrium. 

Counter-prove 7 (koun'ter-proov'), v. t. To take a 
counter proof of. See under Counter. 

Counter-scarp 7 (-skarp 7 ), n. (Fort.) The exterior 
slope or wall of a ditch ; sometimes, the whole covered 
way, beyond the ditch, with its parapet and glacis. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, a, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, unite, c4re, arm, ask, all, final. 



COUNTERSHAFT 



199 



COURSE 



Coun'ter-shaft 7 (koun'ter-shaff), m. (Mach.) An in- 
termediate shaft, esp. one transmitting motion from a 
line shaft to a machine. 

Coun'ter- sign' (-sin'), V. t. To sign on the opposite 
side ; hence, to sign in addition to a principal or su- 
perior, in order to attest the authenticity of a writing. 

Coun'ter-sign , n. 1. The signature made in coun- 
tersigning. 2. (Mil.) A private signal, word, or phrase, 
which must be given to pass a sentry ; a watchword. 

Coun'ter-sink (koun'ter-sYnk'), v. t. 1. To chamfer 
or form a depression around the top of (a hole) for the 
reception of the head of a screw, bolt, etc. 2. To cause 
to sink even with or below the surface. 

Coun'ter-sink', n. The enlarged depression or hole 
made in countersinking ; also, a tool for countersinking 
holes. 

Coun'ter-Step / (koim'ter-step'), n. A contrary method 
of procedure ; an opposite step or act. [return. I 

Coun'ter-Stroke 7 (-strok'), n. A stroke or blow in | 

Coun'ter ten or (ten'er). (Mus.) One of the middle 
parts, between the tenor and the treble ; high tenor. 

Coun'ter-time' (-tray), ?i. (Mayi.) The resistance of 
a horse, that interrupts his cadence and the measure of 
his manege. 

Coun'ter-vail' (koun'ter-val'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Countervailed (-vald') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Counterv ail- 
ing.] [OF. contrevaloir ; contre (L. contra) -\- valoir to 
avail, fr. L. valere. See Valiant.] To act against with 
equal force, power, or effect ; to counterbalance ; to 
compensate. [tervails. j 

Coun'ter- vail' (koun'ter-vaT). n. That which coun-; 

Coun'ter- View' (koun'ter-vu 7 ), n. 1. An opposite or 
opposing view ; opposition. 2. Contrast. 

Coun ter-work' (-wfirk'), v. t. To counteract. 

Count'ess (kount/es), n. [F. comtesse. See Count a 
nobleman.] The wife of an earl in the British peerage, 
or of a count in the Continental nobility ; also, a lady 
possessed of the same dignity in her own right. 

Count 'ing house (-ing-hous/), ) n. The house or 

Count'ing-room (-Ing-room'), J room in which a 
merchant, trader, or manufacturer keeps his books and 
transacts business. 

Countless (-lSs), a. Incapable of being counted. 

Coun'tri-fied (kun'trl-fid),;?. a. [See -ft.] Having 
the appearance and manners of a rustic : rude. 

Coun'try (kun'try), n. [F. contree, LL. contrata, fr. 
L. contra over against, on the opposite side.] 1. A 
region ; the territory of an independent nation ; (as dis- 
tinguished from any other region, and with a personal 
pronoun) the region of one's birth, permanent residence, 
or citizenship. 2. Rural regions, as opposed to a city or 
town. 3. The inhabitants of a state or a region; the 
body of electors. 4. (Laic) A jury, as representing the 
citizens of a country. 

To put, or throw, "one's self upon the country, to appeal 
to one's constituents ; to stand trial before a jury. 

Coun'try, a. 1. Pertaining to the regions remote 
from a city ; rural ; rustic. 2. Unrefined ; rude. 3. 
Pertaining, or peculiar, to a particular country. 

Coun'try-dance' (-dans'), n. [Prob. an adaptation of 
contradance.'] See Contradance. 

Coun'try-man (kun'trT-inan), n. 1. An inhabitant 
or native of a region. 2. One born in the same country 
with another. 3. A dweller in a rural region ; a rustic. 

Coun'try seat' (kun'trT set'). A dwelling in the 
country, used as a place of retirement from the city. 

Coun'try-side' (-sid'), n. A particular rural district. 
iEng.-] 

Coun'try-wom'an (-wSbm'an), n. A woman born, 
or dwelling, in a rural region ; a woman born or dwell- 
ing in the same country with another. 

Coun'ty (koun'ty), n. [F. comte, fr. LL. comitatus. 
See Count.] 1. The domain of a count or earl. [Obs.~] 
2. A portion of a state or kingdom, separated from the 
rest, for certain purposes in the administration of justice 
and of public affairs ; — called also a sh ire. 

County corporate, a city or town invested by charter with 
the privilege of being a county by itself. [Eng.] — Coun- 
ty palatine, a county distinguished by particular privi- 
leges : — so called a palatio (from the palace , because the 
owner had originally the same powers, in the administra= 
tion of justice, as the king had in his palace. — County 
seat, a county town. [U. £.] — County town, the town of 
a county, where the county business is transacted. 

I! Coup(koo),n. [F.,fr. L. cofap^us a cuff, Gr. koAo^o?.] 
A sudden stroke ; an unexpected device or stratagem. 

Coup de grace (kob 7 de gras') [F.], the stroke of mercy 
with which an executioner ends by death the sufferings 
of the condemned person ; hence, any decisive, finishing 




stroke. — Coup d'iut fkoo 7 da-ta'i [F.] (Politics), a sudden, 
decisive exercise of power whereby the existing govern- 
ment is subverted without the consent of the people ; an 
unexpected measure of state, more or leas violent. 

I Cou'p^' (koo'pa'), n. [F., fr. coup*', p. p. of couper 
to cut.] 1. The front com- 
partment of a French dil- 
igence ; also, the front 
compartment of a carriage on 
British railways. 2. A four- 
wheeled close carriage for 
two persons inside, with an 
outside seat for the driver ; 
— so called because having Coupe (J), 

the appearance of a larger carriage cut off. 

Cou-pee / (kod-pe'; F. koo'pa'), n. [F. coupe, n., 
properly p. p. of couper to cut.] A motion in dancing, 
when one leg is a little bent, and raised from the floor, 
and with the other a forward motion is made. 

Cou'ple (kup"l), n. [F., fr. L. copula a bond, band ; 
co- + apere, aptum, to join.] 1. A bond or tie; a 
coupler. [Obs.) 2. Two of the same kind connected or 
considered together ; a pair ; a brace. 3. A betrothed 
or married pair. 4. (Elec.) One of the pairs of plates of 
two metals which compose a voltaic battery. 5. (Mech.) 
Two rotations, movements, etc., equal in amount but 
opposite in direction, and acting along parallel lines or 
around parallel axes. 

Cou'ple, f. t. [imp. & p. p. Coupled (kup /, ld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Coupling (-ling).] To link or tie, as one 
thing to another ; to join ; to connect. 

Cou'ple-ment (kup"l-ment), n. Union; a pair. [06*.] 

Coupler (kiipler), n. One who, or that which, couples. 

Couplet (-let), n. Two taken together ; a pair; esp., 
two lines of verse that rhyme. 

Coupling (-ling), n. 1. Act of bringing or coming 
together; connection* 2. (3Iach.) A device or contriv- 
ance which serves to couple adjacent parts or objects. 

Cou'pon (kob'pon ; F. kob'pQN'), n. [F., fr. couper 
to cut off.] 1. (Com.) An interest certificate attached 
to transferable bonds, designed to be cut off and pre- 
sented for payment when the interest is due. 2. A sec- 
tion of a ticket, showing the holder to be entitled to some 
specified accommodation or service. 

Cour'age (kur'aj ; 48), ?;. [OF. corage, deriv. of L. 
cor heart.] ' 1. The heart ; spirit ; inclination, [Obs.] 

2. That quality of mind which enables one to encounter 
danger and difficulties with firmness, or without fear. 

Syn. — Heroism ; bravery ; intrepidity : valor ; valiant- 
ness ; gallantry : daring ; firmness ; hardihood ; stout- 
ness : boldness ; dauntlessness ; resolution. 

Cour-a'geous (kur-a'jiis), a. Possessing, or charac- 
terized by, courage ; brave ; bold. — Cour-a'geous-ly, 
adv. — Cour-a'geous-ness, n. 

Cou-rant' (koo-ranf), a. [F., p. pr. of courir to run, 
L. currere.'] (Her.) Represented as running. 

Cou-rant' (kob-rant'), n. 1. A piece of music in 
triple time; also, a lively dance; a coranto. 2. A cir- 
culating gazette of news ; a newspaper. [a courant. I 

Cou-ran'tO (-ran'to), ?;. A sprightly dance ; a coranto ; | 

Cou'ri-er (koo'rT-er). n. 1. A messenger sent with 
haste to convey letters or dispatches, usually on public 
business. 2. An attendant on travelers, whose business 
it is to make arrangements for their convenience. 

Course (kors), n. [F., fr. L. cursus, fr. currere to run.] 
1. Act of moving from one point to another ; progress ; 
passage. 2. The ground or path traversed : track ; way. 

3. Motion, considered as to its direction ; line of advance. 

4. Any part of a progress, which is in a straight line, or 
in one direction ; also, a progress without interruption 
or rest ; a heat. 5. Motion considered with reference to 
manner : progress. 6. Customary or established sequence 
of events. 7. Method of procedure ; conduct : behavior. 

8. A series of acts or practices connectedly followed. 

9. That part of a meal served at one time. 10. (Arch.) 
A continuous level range of brick or stones of the same 
height. 11. (Xaut.) The lowest sail on any mast of a 
square-rigged vessel. 12. pi. (Physiol.) The menses. 

In course, in regular succession. — Of course, by conse- 
quence ; in regular or natural order. 

Syn. — Way : road ; route ; passage ; race ; series ; suc- 
cession : manner : method : mode ; career : progress. 

Course, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coursed (korst) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Coursing.] 1. To run, hunt, or chase after ; 
to pursue. 2. To cause to chase after or pursue game. 
3. To run through or over. 

Course, v- i. 1. To run as in a race, or in hunting ; 
to pursue the sport of coursing. 2. To move with 
speed ; to race. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, fLm, food, foot, oat, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 






COURSER 



200 



COVET 



> 



Oours er vkors'er), n. 1. One who courses or hunts. 

2. A wrift or spirited horse; a racer or a war horse. 

A. swift-running bird of Europe 
Court ^kortl. n. [OF., fr. LL. cortis, fr. L. cohort, cars, 
m &Bu cef, n inclosure. tiling inclosed, throng ; 

co- -r a root akin to Gr. \opros inclosure, and E. yard.] 
MlOMd spice: an area; a yard. 2. The resi- 
dence of a sovereign, prince, nobleman, etc ; a palace. 

3. The collective body of persons composing the retinue 

i reign or person high in authority. 4. Any for- 
ui.il assembling of the retiuue of a sovereign, 5. Atten- 
tion directed to a person in power; conduct or address 
designed to gain favor. 6. (Law) (a) The hall, cham- 
ber, or place, where justice is administered. (6) A legal 
tribunal including the attendant officials; a judge or 
judges sitting for the hearing or trial of causes, (c) The 
judge or judges, as distinguished from the counsel or jury, 
or both. 7. The session of a judicial assembly. 8. Any 
jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical. 9. A place 
arranged for playing the game of tennis ; also, one of 
the divisions of a tennis court. 

Court dress, the dress prescribed for appearance at the 
court of a sovereign. — General court, the legislature of a 
State ; — so called from having, or having had, judicial 
power. [U. S.] 

Court, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Courted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Courting] 1. To endeavor to gain the favor of by at- 
tention or flattery ; to try to ingratiate one's self with. 
2. To endeavor to gain the affections of; to seek in 
marriage; to woo. 3. To attempt to gain; to solicit. 

4. To invite by attractions ; to allure. 
Court, •. i. To play the lover ; to woo. 
Cour'te-OUS (kuVte-us), a. [OF. curteis, corteis. See 

CotrBT.] Having the manners of a court ; characterized 
by courtesy ; civil ; well bred ; polite. — Cour'te-OUS-ly , 
adv. — Cour'te-ous-ness. n. 

Court'er (kort'er). n. One who courts. 

Cour'te-san (kuVte-zSn), n. [F. courdsane, fr. cour- 
tisa/i courtier ; or fr. It., or Sp. See Couet.] A woman 
who prostitutes herself for hire ; a prostitute ; a harlot. 

Cour'te-sy (kur'te-sy), n. [OF. curteisie, cortoisie. 
See Courteous.] 1. Politeness ; civility ; urbanity ; 
courtUness. 2. An act of civility or respect. 3. Favor 
or indulgence, as distinguished from right. 

Syn. — Urbanity ; complaisance; affability; courte- 
ousness ; elegance ; refinement ; good breeding. 

Courte'sy (kfirt'sy), n. [See 1st Courtesy.] An act 
of civility, respect, or reverence, made by women, con- 
sisting of a slight depression of the body, with bending 
of the knees. 

Courte'sy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Courtesied (-sid) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Courtesying.] To make a respectful salu- 
tation or movement ; esp. (with reference to women), to 
bow the body slightly, with bending of the knees. 

Courfhouse 7 (kortlious'); n. 1. A house in which 
courts are held. [U. S.] 2. A county town, {Local U. S.] 

Court'ier (kort'yer), n. 1. One who is in attendance 
at the court of a prince: 2. One who courts or solicits 
favor ; one who flatters. 

Court'-leet' (-let/), n. (Eng. Law) A court of record 
held once a year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or 
manor, before the steward of the leet. 

Courtli-ness (-li-nes), n. Quality of being courtly. 

Courtly (-If), a. [From Court.] 1. Relating or be- 
longing to a court. 2. Elegant ; polite ; dignified. 3. 
Disposed to favor the great ; obsequious. 

Courtly, adv. Elegantly ; politely ; gracefully. 

Court / -mar / tial (kort/mar'shal), n. ; pi. Courts-mar- 
tial (korts 7 -). A court of military or naval officers, for 
the trial of offenses against military or naval law. 

Court -mar'tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Court-mar- 
tialed (-shald) ; p. pr. & ro. n. Court-martialing.] To 
subject to trial by a court-martial. 

Court'-plas'ter (kort'plas'ter), n. Sticking plaster 
made of taffeta or silk. 

Court'ship (kort'shlp), n. 1. Act of courting. 2. 
Courtliness. [06*.] [attached to a house. ! 

Court'yard 7 (kort/yard'), n. A court or inclosure 

Cous'in (kuz"n), n. [F., fr. LL. cosinus, contr. fr. L. 
.< us the child of a mother's sister, cousin; con- 
as a cousin by the mother's side, deriv. of soror 
See Sister.] 1. One collaterally related more 
remotely than a brother or sister ; esp., the son or daugh- 
ii uncle or aunt. 

t3^.The children of brothers and sisters are usually 
aenoirmiated first cousins, or cousins-'iermmi. In the 
■econd generation, they are called second cousins. 
2. A title formerly given by a king to a nobleman, par- 
ticularly to a member of the council. 



Cousin-age (kuz"n-aj), n. Relationship. [Obs.] 

Cous'in-ger'man (,-jer'nmn), n. A first cousin. 

Cous'in-hood (-hood), n. State of being a cousin or 
cousins ; also, the collective body of cousins ; kinsfolk. 

Cous'in-ly, <i- Like or becoming a cousin. 

Cous'in-ry (kuz''n-ry), n. A body or collection of 
cousins : the whole number of one's cousins. [hood. I 

Cous'in ship. n. The relationship of cousins ; cousin- 1 

Cous'si-net (koos'sT-ueV), n. [F., dim. of coussin 
cushion.] (Arch.) (</) A receiving stone placed on the 
impost of a pier, (b) That part of the Ionic capital 
which forms the volute. 

Cou-teau^_(koo-to'), n. [F.] A knife ; a dagger. 

Couth (kooth), obs. imp. & p. p. of Can. 

Cove (kov), n. [AS. co/a room ; akin to G. koben pig- 
sty.] 1. A small, sheltered inlet, creek, or bay. 2. A 
strip of prairie extending into woodland ; also, a recess 
in the side of a mountain, [U. S.] 3. (Arch.) (a) A 
concave molding, (b) A member, whose section is a 
concave curve. 

Cove, v. t. [imp. &: p. p. Coved (kovd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Coving.] (Arch.) To arch over. 

Cove, n. [A gypsy word, covo that man, covi that 
woman.] A boy or man of any age or station. [Slang] 

Cov'e-nant (kuv'e-nant), n. [OF., fr. conienir to 
agree, L. con ven ire. See Convene.] 1. A mutual agree- 
ment, or a stipulation in such an agreement. 2. (Theol.) 
The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, con- 
ditioned on man's obedience, repentance, faith, etc. 3. 
(Laic) (a) A contract in writing and under seal; also, 
the document or writing containing the terms of agree- 
ment, (b) A form of action for the violation of a promise 
or contract under seal. 

Syn. — Agreement ; compact ; bargain ; arrangement. 

Cov'e-nant (kuv'e-nant), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cove- 
nanted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Covenanting.] To enter into a 
formal agreement ; to bind one's self by contract. 

Syn. — To agree ; contract ; bargain ; stipulate. 

Cov'e-nant, v. t. To grant or promise by covenant. 

Cov'e-nant-er (-er), n. One who makes a covenant. 

Cov'e-nant-or't-Sr'),?!. (Law) The party who makes 
a covenant. 

Cov'er (kuv'er), v. t. [i77ip. & p. p. Covered (-erd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Covering.] [OF. covrir, fr. L. cooperire ; 
co- + operire to cover, of uncertain origin.] 1. To over- 
spread the surface of. 2. To envelop; to clothe; to in- 
vest. 3. To hide from sight ; to conceal. 4. To brood 
or sit on ; to incubate. 5. To shelter, as from evil or 
danger ; to protect. 6. To extend over ; to comprehend ; 
to include. 7. To put the usual headdress on. 8. To 
copulate with (a female). 

Cov'er (kuv'er), n. 1. Anything which is laid, set, or 
spread, upon, about, or over, another thing. 2. Anything 
which veils or conceals : a screen ; a disguise. 3. Shel- 
ter ; protection. 4. (Hunting) The woods, underbrush, 
etc., which shelter and conceal game. 5. [Cf. F. con- 
vert.] A tablecloth, and the other table furniture ; esp., 
the table furniture for one person. 

Cov'er, v. i. To spread a table for a meaL [065.] 

Cov'er-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, covers. 

Cov'er-Ing, n. Anything which covers or conceals. 

Cov'er-let (kuv'er-Iet), n. [F. couvre-lit ; couvrir to 
cover -f- lit bed, fr. L. lectus bed.] The uppermost cover 
of a bed or of any piece of furniture. 

Cov'er-lid (-ltd), n. A coverlet. 

Co-versed' Sine' (ko-versf sin'). [Co- (=co- in co- 
sine) -f versed si7ie.] (Geom.) The versed sine of the 
complement of an arc or angle. 

Cov'ert (kuv'ert), a. [OF. covert, p. p. See Cover, 
v. /.] 1. Covered over ; private ; hid ; secret ; disguised. 
2. Sheltered; not open or exposed ; retired. 3. (Law) 
Under cover, authority, or protection; as, aje7ne covert, 
a married woman. — Cov'ert-ly, adv. 

Cov'ert, n. 1. A place that covers and protects ; shel- 
ter ; defense. 2. (Zo'dl.) One of the special feathers 
covering the bases of the quills of the wings and tail of a 
bird. [See Lllust. of Bird.] 

Cov'ert baron (bar' un). (Law) Under the protection 
of a husband ; married. 

Cov'er-ture (kuv'er-tur ; 135), n. 1. Covering ; shel- 
ter ; defense ; hiding. 2. (Law) The condition of a 
woman during marriage, because she is considered under 
the cover, influence, and protection of her husband. 

Cov'et (kuv'gt). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coveted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Coveting.] [OF. coveitier, covoilier, deriv. of 
L. cupidus eager, fr. cupere to desire.] 1. To wish for 
eagerly; to desire possession of; — in a good sense. 2. 
To long for (a thing forbidden) ; to crave inordinately. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, ¥, 6, u., y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



COVET 



201 



CRAB 



Cov'et (kOVSt), v. i. To have or indulge inordinate 
desire. 

Cov'et-a-ble (kuv'gt-a-b'l), a. That may be coveted. 

Cov'et-er (-er), n. One who covets. 

Cov'et-ive-ness (-?v-), n. (Phren.) Acquisitiveness. 

Cov'et-OUS (-us), a. 1. Very desirous. [Archaic} 
2. Inordinately eager to obtain and possess (esp. money) ; 
avaricious. — Cov'et-OUS-ly , adv. — Cov'et-ous-ness. n. 

Cov'ey (kuv'jf ), n. [OF. covee, fr. cover to sit or brood 
on, fr. L. cubare to lie down. See Cubit.] 1. A brood 
or hatch of birds ; ' an old bird with her brood of young ; 
hence, a small flock or number of birds together ; — said 
of game. 2. A company ; a bevy. 

Cov'in (kuv'in), ft. [OF. covine, fr. covenir to agree.] 
{Law) A collusive agreement between two or more per- 
sons to prejudice a third. — Cov'in-OUS (-us), a. 

Cow, ft. ; pi. Cows (kouz) ; old pi. Kine (kin). [OE. 
cm, cou, AS. cu ; akin to G. kuh, Icel. kyr, L. bos ox, cow, 
Gr. £ous, Skr. go.} 1. The mature female of bovine ani- 
mals. 2. The female of certain large mammals, as 
whales, seals, etc. 

Cow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowed (koud) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Cowing.] [Etym. uncertain.] To depress with fear ; 
to daunt the spirits or courage of ; to overawe. [car. I 

Cow, ft. {Mining) A kind of brake or chock, as for a| 

Cow'age (kou'aj), ft. Cowhage. 

Cow'an (kou'an), n. [Cf. OF. couillon a coward.] 1. 
One who works as a mason without having been appren- 
ticed. [Scot.} 2. A pretender or interloper. [Free- 
masons' 1 cant} 

Cow'ard (kou'erd), a. [OF. couard, coard, coart, fr. 
coe, coue, tail (fr. L. coda, a form of cauda tail) + -ard; 
orig., short-tailed, as an epithet of the hare, or perh., 
turning tail, like a scared dog.] 1. {Her.) Represented 
with the tail between the legs ; — said of a lion. 2. Des- 
titute of courage ; timid ; cowardly. 3. Belonging to a 
coward ; proceeding from, or expressive of, base fear. 

Cow'ard, n. A person who lacks courage ; a timid or 
pusillanimous person ; a poltroon ; a craven ; a dastard. 

Cow'ard-ice (-is), n. Want of courage to face dan- 
ger ; extreme timidity ; pusillanimity ; lack of spirit. 

Cow'ard-ly, a. 1. Wanting courage ; spiritless. 2. 
Proceeding from fear of danger or other consequences ; 
befitting a coward. — Cow'ard-li-ness, n. 

Syn. — Timid ; fearful ; timorous ; pusillanimous ; rec- 
reant ; craven ; chicken-hearted ; white-livered. 

Cow'ard-ly, adv. In the manner of a coward. 

Cow'bane (kou'ban'), n. {Bot.) Either of several 
poisonous umbelliferous plants, as the water hemlock. 

Cow'bird' (-berdO, n. {Zool.) The cow blackbird, an 
American starling which often associates with cattle. 

Cow-boy' (-boi'), ft- A cattle herder ; a drover. 

Cow'catch/er (-kSch'er), n. A strong inclined frame, 
in front of a locomotive engine, for catching or throwing 
off obstructions ; the pilot. [U. S.} 

Cow'er (-er), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cowered (-erd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Cowering.] [Cf. Icel. kura to doze, lie 
quiet, Sw. kura, Dan. kure, G. kauern to cower, W. 
cwrian.} To stoop by bending the knees ; to crouch ; to 
squat ; hence, to quail ; to sink through fear. 

Cow'fish' (-fish/), ft. {Zool.) {a) The grampus. (6) A 
California dolphin {Tursiops Gillii). {c) A kind of ma- 
rine plectognath fish. 

Cow'hage (kou^haj), n. [Cf. 
Hind. kawanch,koanch.} {Bot.) 
A leguminous climbing plant, 
having pods covered with sharp 
hairs, which sticktothe fingers, 
causing intolerable itching. 

Cow'herd' (-herd'), n. [AS. 
cuhyrde ; cu cow -+- hyrde a 
herder.] One who tends cows. 

Cowliide/ (-hid'), n. 1. The hide of a cow, or leather 
made from it. 2. A coarse whip made of untanned leather. 

Cow'bide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowhided ; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. Cowhtding.] To flog with a cowhide. 

Cow'ish. n. {Bot.) An American umbelliferous plant 
{Peucedanum Cous) with edible tuberous roots. 

Cow'itch (kou'Tch ; 224), ft. {Bot.) See Cowhage. 

Cowl (koul), ft. [AS. cuhle, cugle, cugele, fr. LL. cu- 
culla, cucullus, fr. L. cucullus cap, hood.] 1. A monk's 
hood, or hooded garment. 2. A cowl-shaped chimney 
cap. 3. A wire cap for the smokestack of a locomotive. 

Cowl, n. [Cf. OF. cuvele, cuvel, deriv. of L. cvpa 
tub.] A vessel carried on a pole between two persons, 
for conveyance of water. 

Cowled (kould), a. Wearing a cowl ; hooded. 

Cowleecb/ (koulechO, ft. A cow doctor. 




Cowfish ( Oztracion came- 
linus). 





Cowlick' (kou'llk'), n. A tuft of hair turned up or 
awry (usually over the forehead), as if licked by a cow. 

Cowl'staM' (koul'BtaF), n. A staff or pole on which 
a cowl or water vessel is supported. 

Co'work'er (ko'wflrk'er), n. One who works with 
another ; a cobperator. 

Cow' parsley (kou' pars/ty). {Bot.) An umbellifer- 
ous plant of the genus Chmrqphyllum. 

Cow' parsnip (-nTp). {Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous 
weed of the genus Hcracleum. 

Cow'pea' (-pe'), n. {Bot.) The seed of certain legu- 
minous plants of the genus Dolichos ; also, the plant itself. 

Cow'-pi'lot (kou'pi'lut), «. {Zool.) 
A handsomely banded, coral-reef fish, of 
Florida and the West Indies. 

Cow'pox' (-poks/), n. {Med.) A pustu- 
lar disease of the cow, which, when com- 
municated to man, as by vaccination, 
protects from the smallpox ; vaccinia. 

Cow'rie I (kou'ry ), n. [Hind, kauri. } 

Cow'ry ) {Zool.) A marine shell used 
for money in Africa and the East Indies. 

Cow'Sllp' (-slip'), ft. [AS. cuslyppe, Money Cowrie 
cusloppe, prob. orig., cow's droppings.] {Cyprma mone- 
{Bol.) 1. A species of primrose * {Prl te >- Ventral side. 
mula vcris), common in England, having yellow blossoms 
and appearing in early spring. 2. 
In the United States, the marsh 
marigold. 

COW' tree' (kou' tre')- {Bot.) 
A tree of South America, which 
yields, on incision, a nourishing 
fluid, resembling milk. 

Cox'comb' (koks'konV), n. 
[Corrupt, fr. cock's comb.} 1. (o) 
A strip of red cloth notched like 
the comb of a cock, which licensed 
jesters formerly wore in their 
caps, {b) The cap itself . 2. The 
top of the head, or the head it- 
self. 3. A vain, showy fellow ; a 
superficial pretender to knowledge 
or accomplishments; a fop. 4. Cowslip (Primula verts), 
{Bot.) Either of several plants reduced, 

bearing blossoms resembling a cock's comb. — COZ- 
comb'ic-al (kSks-k5m'T-kal), a. 

Cox'OOmb'ry (-kom'ry), ra. Manners of a coxcomb. 

Cox'swain', n. See Cockswain. 

Coy (koi), a. [OF. coi, coit, fr. L. quietus quiet. See 
Qudzt.] 1. Quiet. [Obs.} 2. Shrinking from approach 
or familiarity ; — usually applied to women, sometimes 
with an implication of coquetry. 3. Gentle ; caressing. 

— Coyly, adv. — Coy'ness, n. 

Syn. — Shy ; reserved ; modest ; bashful ; distant. 

Coy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coyed (koid) ; p. pr. & vb. 
«. Coying.] 1. To decoy. [Obs.} 2. To caress ; to stroke. 

Coy, v. i. To behave with coyness ; to shrink. [Obs.} 

Coy'ish, a. Somewhat coy or reserved. 

Coy'O-16 (ki'o-te or ki'ot), w. [Spanish Amer., fr. 
Mexican coyotl.} {Zool.) A carnivorous animal allied to 
the dog, found in the western part of North America. 

II Coy'pu (koi'poo), ft. [Native name.] {Zool.) A beaver- 
like South American rodent yielding the fur nutria. 

COZ (kuz), ft. A contraction of Cousin. 

Coz'en (kuz''n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cozened (-'nd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. Cozening (-'n-ing).] [From Cousin, 
hence, literally, to deceive through pretext of relation- 
ship.] To cheat ; to beguile ; to deceive. 

Coz'en-age (-aj), n. Art or practice of cozening ; fraud. 

Coz'en-er (-er), ». One who cheats or defrauds. 

Co'zy (ko'zy), a. [Compar. Coziee (-zi-er) ; superl. 
Coziest.] [Cf. Scot, cosie, cozie, prob. fr. Gael, cosach 
abounding in hollows, or cosagach full of holes or crev- 
ices, snug, sheltered, fr. cos a hollow.] 1. Snug ; com- 
fortable ; easy; 
contented. 2. 
[Cf. F. causer 
to chat.] Chat- 
ty ; talkative ; 
sociable ; fa- 
miliar. [Eng.} 

— Co'zi-ly 
(ko'zT-ry),odt;. 

— Co'zi-ness, 

n 'Crab(kr5b), 
n. [AS. cr ab- 
ba ; akin to G. 




D 



H 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, firn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CRAB 



202 



CRANE 



.] 1. (Zoo/.) Any one of the brachyuran Crus- 
I'hey are mostly marine, and usually have a 
broad, short body, covered with a strong shell or cara- 
ipoo 2. The zodiacal constellation Cancer. 3. [See 
Crab, s.1 (BoL) A crab apple ; — from its harsh taste. 
4. [MtdL) f«) Either of several forms of winches or 
windlasses. (J) A claw for anchoring a portable machine. 

Crab apple, a small, sour apple, of several kinds ; also, 
a crab tree. — Crab tree, a tree that bears crab apples. — 
Crab wood, a light cabinet wood obtained in Guiana. 

Crab (kr5b), a. [Prob. from the same root as crab, 
u.] Sour; rough; austere. 

Crab'bed (krSb'be'd), a. 1. Characterized by, or man- 
ifesting, sourness, peevishness, or moroseness. 2. Not 
smooth or regular ; harsh ; rough. 3. Perplexing ; try- 
ing. — Crab'bed-ly , adv. — CraVbed-ness, n. 

Crabbing, n. Act or art of catching crabs. 

Crack (krSk), r. /. limp. & p. p. Cracked (krSkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cracking.] [AS. cracian, cearcian, to 
crack ; akin to G. krachen; perh. of imitative origin.] 

1. To break or burst, with or without entire separation 
of the parts. 2. To rend with grief or pain ; hence, to 
disorder; to distract; to craze. 3. To cause to sound 
suddenly and sharply ; to snap. 4. To utter smartly 
and sententiously. 5. To cry (up). IColloq.] 

Crack, v. i. 1. To burst in chinks ; to break, with or 
without separating into parts. 2. To be ruined or im- 
paired ; to fail. lColloq.~] 3. To utter a sharp, sudden 
sound. 4. To brag ; to boast. lArchaic] 

Crack, n. 1. A partial separation of parts, with or 
without a perceptible opening ; a chink or fissure ; a 
crevice. 2. Rupture ; flaw ; breach, in a moral sense. 

3. A sharp, sudden sound or report. 4. The tone of 
voice when changing at puberty. 5. Mental flaw ; a touch 
of craziness. 6. A crack-brained person. [065.] 7. A 
boast ; boasting. [065.] 8. Breach of chastity. [065.] 
9. A boy ; generally, a pert, lively boy. [065.] 

Crack, a. Of superior excellence. IColloq.] 
Crack'-brained (-brand'), a. Whimsical ; crazy. 
Cracked (krakt), a. 1. Coarsely ground or broken. 

2. Crack-brained. IColloq.] 

Crack'er (krXk'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
cracks. 2. A small firework, exploding with a sharp 
noise. 3. A thin, dry biscuit, often hard or crisp. 4. A 
poor white. ILocal Southern U. S.] 

Crac'kle (krSk'k'l), v. i. limp. & p. p. Crackled 
(-k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Crackling (-klTng).] [Dim. of 
Crack.] To make slight cracks ; to make small, sharp, 
sudden noises. 

Crac'kle, n. 1. A quick succession of slight cracks ; a 
crackling. 2. {Fine Arts) A condition in which earthen- 
ware or glass is crackled. 

Crac'kled (-k'ld), a. {Fine Arts) Covered with mi- 
nute cracks in the glaze or enamel. 

Crack'nel (kraK'ngl), n. [F. craquelin.] A hard, 
brittle cake or biscuit. 

Cracks'man (krSks'mon), n. A burglar. ISlang] 

Cra'dle (kra'd'l), n. [AS. eradel, eradol, prob. from 
Celtic] 1. A bed or cot for a baby, made so as to rock 
or swing ; hence, place of origin or of nurture. 2. In- 
fancy, or very early life. 3. {Agric.) An implement 
consisting of a scythe, with a- set of long fingers parallel 
to it, designed to catch the grain and to lay it evenly. 

4. {Engraving) A tool used in mezzotint engraving. 

5. A framework moving upon ways or rollers, used to 
support, lift, or carry vessels, heavy guns, etc. 6. {Med. ) 
A case for a broken or dislocated limb. 7. {Mining) A 
machine on rockers, used in washing out auriferous earth. 
IU. S.] 8. {Naut.) The basket or apparatus running on 
a line in which persons are brought to shore from a wreck. 

Cra'dle, v. t. limp. & p. p. Cradled (-d'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Cradling (-dllng).] 1. To lay to rest, or rock 
in, or as in, a cradle ; to lull or quiet, as by rocking. 2. 
To nurse in infancy. 3. To cut and lay with a cradle, as 
grain. 4. To transport by means of a cradle. 

Cra'dle, v. i. To lie or lodge, as in a cradle. 

Craft < kraf t), n. [AS. crseft ; akin to G. kraft strength.] 
1. Strength. [065.] 2. Art or skill; dexterity in any 
particular manual employment ; hence, the occupation or 
employment itself; trade. 3. Those engaged in any 
trade, collectively. 4. Cunning, art, or skill, in a bad 
sense ; artifice ; guile. 5. {Naut.) A vessel; vessels of 
any kind, collectively. 

Crafts'man (krafts'man), n. An artificer ; mechanic. 

Craft'y 'kraft'J), a. 1. Possessing or displaying dex- 
terity ; skilled. 2. Skillful in deceit ; cunning ; artful ; 
wily. -Craft'i-ly, adv. — Craft'1-ness, n. 

»yn. - Dexterous ; sly ; deceitful ; subtle ; shrewd. 




Spotted Crake (Porxma 
mai-uetta). 



Crag (krSg), h. [Variant of Craw.] 1. The neck. 
[065.] 2. The scrag of mutton. 

Crag, n. [W. craig.~\ 1. A steep, rugged rock; a 
cliff, or point of a rock. 2. {Geol.) A partially com- 
pacted bed of gravel mixed with shells, of the Tertiary age. 

Crag'ged (-gSd), a. Full of crags ; rough ; rugged. 

Crag'gy (kr&g'gy), a. Full of crags ; rugged with 
projecting points of rocks. — Crag'gl-ness, n. 

Crake (krak), v. t. & i. [See Crack.] To cry out 
harshly and loudly, like the bird called crake. 

Crake, ?i. {Zodl. ) Either of several species of rail ; — 
perhaps from its singular cry. 

Cram (kr5m), v. t. limp. & 
p. p. Crammed (krSmd) ; p. pr. 
&: vb. n. Cramming.] [AS. 
crammian ; akin to Icel. kremja 
to squeeze, bruise, Sw. kiama 
to press.] 1. To press, force, 
or drive, particularly in filling, 
or in thrusting one thing into 
another. 2. To stuff ; to crowd ; 
to fill to superfluity ; esp., to fill 
with food to satiety. 3. To put hastily through a course 
of memorizing or stud}', as for examination. IColloq.] 

Cram, V. i. 1. To eat to satiety. 2. To engage in 
hurried study for a special occasion. IColloq.'] 

Cram, n. The act of cramniing. 

Cram'bo (-bo), n. [Cf. Cramp, n.] 1. A game in 
which one person gives a word, to which another finds a 
rhyme. 2. A word rhyming with another word. 

Cram'mer (krarn'mer), n. One who crams. 

Cramp (kramp), n. [OE. crampe, craumpe ; akin to 
G. krampf, Icel. krappr narrow, and to E. crimp, 
crumple.] 1. That which confines or contracts; re- 
straint; shackle. 2. {Masonry) A device used to hold 
together blocks of stone, timbers, etc. 3. {Carp.) A 
rectangular frame, with a tightening screw, used for 
compressing the joints of framework, etc. 4. A piece 
of wood on which the upper leather of a boot is stretched 
and shaped. 5. {Med.) A spasmodic and painful invol- 
untary contraction of a muscle or muscles. 

Cramp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cramped (kramt ; 215) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. Cramping.] 1. To compress ; to restrain 
from free action. 2. To fasten, hold, or bind with, or 
as with, a cramp. 3. To form on a cramp, as a bootleg. 
4. To afflict with cramp. 

Cram/pet (krarn'pet), n. {Mil.) A cramp iron; also, 
a chape, as of a scabbard. [or electric ray. I 

Cramp'fish/ (kramp'flsh'), n. {Zodl.) The torpedo, | 

Cramp 7 i ron (I'urn). A cramp. See Cramp, n., 2. 

Cram'pit (krain'pit), n^_ {Mil.) A crampet. 

Cram-poons' (krani-poonz'), n. pi. [F. crampon, fr. 
OHG. chramph crooked.] 1. A kind of clutch for rais- 
ing stones, lumber, etc. 2. Iron instruments with sharp 
points, worn on the shoes to assist in gaining or keeping 
a foothold. 

Cramp'y (kramr/^), a. 1. Affected with cramp. 

2. Productive of, or abounding in, cramps. 
Cran'age (kran'aj), n. [See Crane.] The liberty of 

using a crane ; also, the money or price paid for its use. 
See Crane, n., 2. 

Cran'ber-ry (kr£n'ber-ry), n. [Of uncertain ety- 
mology.] {Bot.) Either of several kinds of red, acid 
berries, much used for making sauce, eto. ; also, either 
of the plants producing them. 

Cranch (kranch), v. t. See 
Craunch. 

Crane (kran), n. [AS. cran ; 
akin to G. kranich, krahn (this 
in sense 2), Gr. yepavos, L. grus. 
Cf. Geranium.] 1. {Zodl.) A 
wading bird of various species, 
having a long, straight bill, and 
long legs and neck. 2. A machine 
for raising and lowering heavy 
objects, and moving them later- 
ally through a small distance. 

3. An iron arm with horizontal 
motion, in a fireplace, for sup- 
porting kettles, etc., over a fire. 

4. A siphon for drawing liquor 
from a cask. 5. (JVau*. ) Same as 
Crotch, 2. 

Crane (kran), v. t. limp. & 
p. p. Craned (krand) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Craning.] 1. To lift by, or as by, a crane. 2. To 
stretch (the neGk) as a crane does. 

Crane, v. i. To reach forward with head and neck. 




European Crane 
(Grus cinerea). 






a. e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



CRANE'S BILL 



203 



CREAM 



Crane' S'-bill' (kranz'bTl'), n. (Bot.) The geranium. 

Cra'ni-al (kra'nT-al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to 
the cranium. [niology. I 

Cra ni-ol'o-gist (-51'o-jTst), n. One versed in cra-| 

Cra ni-ol'o-gy (-j^), n. {Cranium + -logy.'] The 
science which deals with the shape, size, proportions, etc., 
of skulls. — Cra ni-o-log'ic-al (-o-15j'T-kal), a. 

Cra ni-om'e-ter (kra'iiT-Sin'e-ter), n. {Cranium + 
•meter.'] An instrument for measuring the size of skulls. 

Cra ni-orn/e-try (-e-trf), n. Art of measuring skulls. 

Cra'ni-os'co-py (-os'ko-p^), n. {Cranium + -scopy.] 
Scientific examination of the cranium. 

Crani-ot'o-my (kra'nT-St'o-ni^), n. {Cranium -4- 
-tomy.] (Med.) The operation of opening the fetal 
head, to effect delivery. 

Cra'ni-um (kra'nT-um), n. ; pi. E. Cranitjms (-umz), 
L. Crania (-a). [NL., fr. Gr. icpaviov.] The skull of an 
animal, esp. the part immediately inclosing the brain. 

Crank (krank), n. [OE. cranke ; akin to E. cringe, 
and to crank, a., the root meaning, probably, "to turn, 
twist."] 1. (Mach.) A bend or an arm at right angles 
to a shaft, for transmitting motion, or for changing cir- 
cular into reciprocating motion, or the reverse. 2. Any 
bend, turn, or winding, as of a passage. 3. A conceit ; 
a crotchet or whim ; a whimsical change of the form or 
meaning of a word. 4. A person full of crotchets ; one 
having perverted judgment. {Colloq.] 5. A sick person. 

Crank, v. i. To wind and turn ; to crook. 

Crank (krank), a. [AS. crane weak ; akin to G. krank 
sick.] 1. Sick ; infirm. {Prov. Eng.] 2. (Naut.) Liable 
to careen or be overset, as a topheavy vessel. 3. Full of 
spirit ; lively ; overconfident ; opinionated. 

Crank'i-ness (krank'T-ngs), n. Crankness. 

Cran'kle (kran'k'l), v. t. & i. [Cf. Crinkle.] To 
break into bends, turns, or angles ; to crinkle. 

Cran'kle, n. A bend or turn ; a twist ; a crinkle. 

Crank'ness (krank'nes), n. Quality of being crank. 

Crank'y (-y), a. ~ 1. Full of spirit ; crank. 2. Ad- 
dicted to crotchets and whims. {Colloq.] 

Cran'nied (kran'nid), a. Having crannies or chinks. 

Cran'nog (-nog), Cran'noge (-noj),«. [From Celtic] 
One of the stockaded islands in Scotland and Ireland, 
anciently numerous in the lakes of both countries. 

Cran'ny (kran'ny), n. [F. cran notch.] A small, 
narrow opening, fissure, crevice, or chink. 

Cran'ny, v. i. 1. To crack into, or become full of, 
crannies. {R.] 2. To haunt, or enter by, crannies. 

CrantS (krants), n. [Cf. D. krans, G. kranz.] A gar- 
land carried before the bier of a maiden. [Obs.] 

Crape (krap), n. [F. crepe, fr. L. crispus curled, 
crisped.] A thin, crimped stuff, made of raw silk 
gummed and twisted on the mill. 

Crape, v. t. To curl ; to crimp ; to friz. 

Crap'U-lent (krap'u-lent), ) a. [L. crapulentus, cra- 

Crap'u-lOUS (krap'u-lus), j pulosus, fr. crapula in- 
toxication.] Surcharged with liquor ; sick from intem- 
perance ; drunk. 

Crap'y (krap'y), a. Resembling crape. 

Crare (kr&r), n. [OF. craier, creer, ship of war, LL. 
craiera, creyera.] An unwieldy trading vessel. {Obs.] 

Crash (krash), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Crashed (krasht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Crashing.] [OE. craschen, variant of 
crasen, E. craze.] To break, or strike together, with a 
crash or harsh noise. 

Crash, v. i. To make a loud, clattering sound ; to 
fall or break in pieces with a harsh noise. 

Crash, n. 1. A loud, sudden, confused sound, as of 
many things falling and breaking at once. 2. Ruin ; 
failure ; sudden breaking down. 

Crash, n. [L. crasstcs coarse. See Crass.] Coarse, 
heavy, narrow linen cloth, used esp. for towels. 

Cra'sis (kra'sTs), n. [LL., temperament, fr. Gr. «pa- 
tris, fr. Kepavvvvat. to mix.] 1. (Med.) Constitution; 
temperament. 2. (Gram.) A contraction of two vowels 
into one long vowel, or into a diphthong ; synseresis. 

Crass (krSs), a. [L. crassus thick, fat, gross, prob. 
orig., closely woven.] Gross; thick; dense; coarse; 
not elaborated or refined. 

Cras'sa-ment (kras'sa-ment), n. [L. crassamentum, 
fr. crassare to make crass.] A semisolid mass or clot ; a 
coagulated mass, as of blood. 

Cras'si-tude (-si-tud), n. Grossness ; thickness. 

Cratch (krach ; 224), n. [F. creche crib, manger, fr. 
OHG. See Crib.] A hay crib ; a rack. {Obs.] 

Cratch cradle, a figure like a cratch made upon the fin- 
gers with a string ; cat's cradle. 

Crate (krat), n. [L. cra tis hurdle.] 1. A large basket 
or hamper of wickerwork, used for the transportation of 



china, crockery, etc. 2. A box or case whose sides are 
of wooden slats with interspaces. 

Crate (krat), v. t. To pack in a crate or case. 

Cra'ter (kra'ter), n. [L. crater, craiera, a mixing ves- 
sel, crater, Gr. Kparrjp, fr. Kepavvvvat to mix.] 1. The 
basinlike opening or mouth of a volcano. 2. Anything 
of similar form. 

Cra-ter'i-form (kra-tSr'T-f6rm), a. [L. craiera + 
-form.] (Bot.) Having the form of a shallow bowl. 

Craunch (kranch), v. t. & i. {imp. & p. p. Craunched 
(krancht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Craunching.] [See Crunch.] 
To chew with violence and noise ; to crunch. 

Cravat' (kra-v5f), n. [F. cravale, fr. Cravale a 
Croatian, one of a body of Austrian troops, from whom, 
in 1C36, the cravat was adopted in France.] A neckcloth. 

Crave (krav), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Craved (kravd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Craving.] [AS. crafian ; akin to Icel. 
krefja.] 1. To ask with earnestness or importunity ; to 
ask with submission or humility ; to implore ; to entreat. 

2. To urgently long for ; hence, to require or demand. 
Syn. — To seek; beg; beseech; supplicate; adjure. 
Crave, v. i. To desire strongly ; to feel eager longing. 
Cra'ven (kra/v'n), a. [OF. cravanle struck down, 

p. p. of cravanter, crevanter, crush, strike down, deriv. 
of L. crepans, p. pr. of crepare to break, crack, rattle.] 
Cowardly ; faint-hearted ; spiritless. 

Cra'ven, n. A spiritless or a mean-spirited fellow. 

Syn. — Coward ; poltroon ; dastard ; recreant. 

Cra'ven, v. t. To make craven or cowardly. {Obs.] 

Crav'er (krav'er), n. One who craves or begs. 

Craw (kra), n. [Akin to G. kragen.] (Zool.) (a) 
The crop of a bird, (b) The stomach of an animal. 

Craw'fish' (kra'fish'), Cray'fish' (kra'fish'), n. 
[Corrupted (by confusion with E. fish) fr. OE. crevis, 
creves, OF. crevice, F. ecrevisse, fr. OHG. krebiz crab, 
G. krebs.] (Zool.) A crustacean, resembling the lobster, 
but smaller, and found in fresh waters. 

Crawl (kral), v. i. {imp. & p. p. Crawled (krald) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. Crawling.] [Dan. kravle, or Icel. krafla, 
to paw, scrabble with the hands.] 1. To move slowly 
by drawing the body along, as a worm ; to move slowly 
on hands and knees ; to creep. 2. To have a sensation 
as of insects creeping over the body. 

Crawl, n. Act or motion of crawling. 

Crawl, n. [Cf. Kraal.] A pen or inclosure of stakes 
and hurdles on the seacoast, for holding fish. 

Crawl'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, crawls. 

Cray 'fish' (kra'fish'), n. (Zool.) See Crawfish. 

Cray'on (kra'un), n. [F., fr. craie chalk, L. creta ; 
said to be, properly, Cretan earth, fr. Creta the island 
Crete.] 1. An implement for drawing made of clay and 
plumbago, or of some preparation of chalk. 2. A draw- 
ing made with a crayon or with crayons. 3. (Electricity) 
A pencil of carbon used in producing electric light. 

Cray'on, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Crayoned (-und) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Crayoning.] To sketch, as with a crayon. 

Craze (kraz), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Crazed (krazd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Crazing.] [OE. crasen to break, fr. 
Scand., perh. through OF. Cf. Crash.] 1. To break 
into pieces ; to crush. 2. To weaken ; to impair. {Obs.] 

3. To derange in intellect ; to render insane. 

Craze, v. i. 1. To be crazed ; to rave ; to become in- 
sane. 2. To crack, as the glazing of porcelain or pottery. 

Craze, n. 1. Craziness; insanity. 2. A strong de- 
sire or fancy ; a crotchet ; a temporary passion. — Cra'- 
Zi-ly (kra'zT-ly), adv. — Cra'zi-ness, n. 

Cra'zy (kra'zy), a. [From Craze.] 1. Character- 
ized by weakness or feebleness ; decrepit ; broken ; fall- 
ing to decay; shaky; unsafe. 2. Broken, weakened, or 
disordered in intellect ; shattered ; demented ; deranged. 
3. Inordinately desirous ; foolishly eager. {Colloq.] — 
Cra'zi-ly, adv. — Cra'zi-ness, n. 

Crazy bone, the bony projection over the ulnar nerve at 
the elbow ; — so called on account of the curiously pain- 
ful tingling felt when it is struck in a certain way. — 
Crazy quilt, a quilt pieced without a definite design. 

Creak (krek), v. i. {imp. & p. p. Creaked (krekt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Creaking.] [OE. creken, prob. imitative.] 
To make a prolonged sharp grating or squeaking sound. 

Creak, v. t. To produce a creaking sound with. 

Creak, n. The sound made by anything that creaks. 

Cream (krem), n. [F. creme, perh. fr. LL. crema 
cream of milk.] 1. The oily part of milk, which rises to 
the surface when the milk stands unagitated. 2. Some- 
thing made of, or resembling, cream, as a kind of table 
delicacy, a kind of cosmetic, etc. 3. The best part of a 
thing ; the quintessence. 

Cream nut, the Brazil nut. — Cream of tartar (Chem.), 



G 



H 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CREAM 



204 



CRENELLE 



purified tartar or argol ; - so called because of the crust 
da which forma on the surface of the liquor in the 
prooowi of purification by recrystallization. 

Cream \krem), i ■ t. {imp. & p. p. Creamed (krenid) ; 
\ming.] 1. To take off the cream 
Of ; to skim. 2. To add cream to. 3. To cause to have 
the appearance of cream. 

Cream, r. i. To form or become covered with cream ; 
to assume the appearance of cream ; hence, to mantle. 

Cream'-col'ored (-kul'erd), a. Of the color of 
cream ; very light yellow. 

Cream'er-y (-er-y), n. A place for separating cream 
from milk, for making it into butter and cheese, etc. 

Cream'y (krem'y), a. Full of, or containing, cream ; 
resembling cream ; creamlike. — Cream'i-ness, n. 

Crease (kres), n. A creese. 

Crease, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A line or mark 
made by folding or doubling any pliable substance ; 
hence, any similar mark. 2. {Cricket) One of the lines 
defining the limits of the bowler and the striker. 

Crease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creased (krest) ; p. pr. 
& vb. 7i. Creasing.] To make a crease or mark in. 

Creas'er (kres'er), n. A tool for making creases. 

Cre'a-sote (kre'a-sot), n. Creosote. 

Creas'y (kres'y), a. Full of creases. 

Cre-ate' (kre-af), a. [L. creatus, p. p. of creare to cre- 
ate ; akin to Gr. Kpaiveiv to accomplish, Skr. kr to make, 
and to E. -cracy.~] Created ; composed ; begotten. [06s.] 

Cre-ate', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Created ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Creating.] 1. To bring into being ; to form out of 
nothing. 2. To effect by the agency, and under the laws, 
of causation ; to cause ; to produce. 3. To constitute ; 
to appoint ; to make. 

Cre-at'ic (kre-3t'ik), a. [G-r. icpeas, -aros, flesh.] Re- 
lating to, or produced by, flesh or animal food. 

Cre-a'tion (kre-a'shun), n. 1. Act of creating to ex- 
ist ; specif., the act of creating the uni verse or this world. 
2. That which is created. 

Cre-a'tive (-tTv), a. Having the power to create ; ex- 
erting the act of creation. — Cre-a'tive-ness, n. 

Cre-a'tor (kre-a'ter), n. One who creates, produces, 
or constitutes ; specif., the Supreme Being. 

Crea'ture (kre'tur ; 135), n. [F. creature, L. creatura.~\ 
1. Anything created; anything not self -existent ; esp., 
any being created with life ; an animal ; a man. 2. A 
human being, in contempt, pity, or endearment. 3. A 
person who owes his rise and fortune to another ; de- 
pendent ; a servile agent. 4. pi. Among farmers, cattle 
or domestic animals. 

Cre'bri-cos'tate (kre'brT-kSs'tat), a. [L. creber close 
-f- costa rib.] (Zo'ol.) Marked with closely set ribs. 

II Creche (krash), n. [F.] A public day nursery for 
the care of young children of poor working women. 

Cre'dence (kre'dens), n. [LL. credentia, fr. L. cre- 
dens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe.] 1. Re- 
liance on evidence derived from other sources than per- 
sonal knowledge ; belief ; credit ; confidence. 2. That 
which gives a claim to credit, belief, or confidence. 3. 
(Eccl.) A small table for the bread and wine before con- 
secration. 4- A cupboard, sideboard, or cabinet. 

Cre'dent (-dent), a. 1. Credulous. [i2.] 2. Credible. 
lObs.1 

Cre-den'tial (kre-dgn'shal), a. Giving a title or claim 
to credit or confidence ; accrediting. 

Cre-den'tial, n. 1. That which gives a title to credit 
or confidence. 2. pi. Testimonials showing that one is 
entitled to credit, or to exercise official power. 

Cred'i-ble (krgd'I-b'l), a. That may be credited or 
believed ; entitled to confidence ; trustworthy. — Credi- 
bility (bTl'T-ty), Credl-ble-ness, n. — Cred'i-bly, adv. 

Credit (krgd'It), n. [F. credit, L. creditum loan, 
prop. neut. of creditus, p. p. of credere.] 1. Reliance 
on the truth of something said or done ; belief ; faith ; 
confidence. 2. Reputation, authority, or influence, de- 
rived from the confidence of others; esteem; honor; 
good name ; estimation. 3. Ground of confidence ; a 
creditable thing ; an honor. 4. (Com.) (a) Trust given 
or received ; expectation of future payment for property 
transferred, or of fulfillment of promises given ; mercan- 
tile reputation entitling one to be trusted. (b) Time 
given for payment of property sold on trust. 5. (Book- 
keeping) The side of an account on which are entered all 
items reckoned as values received from the party or cate- 
gory at the head of the account. 

Cred'it (krSdlt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Credited ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Crediting.] 1. To confide in the truth of ; to 
give credence to ; to believe. 2. To confer honor or re- 
pute upon ; to add to the credit of. 3. (Bookkeeping) 



To enter upon the credit side of an account ; to set to 
the credit of. 

Cred'it-a-ble (krgd'It-a-b'l), a. 1. Credible. [Obs.] 
2. Deserving or possessing reputation or esteem ; repu- 
table ; estimable. 3. Bringing credit, reputation, or 
honor ; honorable. — Credlt-a-ble-ness, n. — Credit- 
a-bly, adv. 

Credlt-or (-er), n. 1. One who credits. 2. One who 
gives credit in business; hence, one to whom money is due. 

Cre'do (kre'dS), n. [See Creed.] (R. C. Ch.) The 
creed. [ulous.j 

Cre-du'li-ty (kre-du'11-ty), n. Quality of being cred- 1 

Cred'u-lous (krgd'u-liis ; 135), a. [L. credulus, fr. 
credere.] Apt to believe on slight evidence ; easily im- 
posed upon ; unsuspecting. — Cred'U-loiiS-ly, adv. — 
Cred'u-lous-ness, n. 

Creed (kr§d), n. [AS. creda, fr. L. credo I believe, at 
the beginning of the Apostles^ creed, f r. credere to be- 
lieve ; akin to Skr. craddadhami ; crat trust -f- dha to 
put.] A definite summary of what is believed ; esp., a 
summary of the articles of Christian faith. 

Creek (krek), n. [AS. crecca; akin to Icel. kriki 
crack, nook.] 1. A small inlet or bay, narrower and ex- 
tending further inland than a cove ; a recess in the shore, 
as of the sea. 2. A small river. 3. Any turn or winding. 

Creel (krel), n. [Gael, craidhleag basket, creel.] 1. 
An osier basket, such as anglers use. 2. A part of a 
spinning machine for holding paying-off bobbins. 

Creep (krep), v. i. [imp. Crept (krgpt) (Crope (krop), 
Obs.) ; p. p. Crept; p. pr. & vb. n. Creeping.] [AS. 
creopan; akin to G. kreichen.'] 1. To move along on 
the belly, as a worm or reptile ; to move as a child on the 
hands and knees ; to crawl. 2. To move slowly, feebly, 
or timorously. 3. To move in a stealthy or secret man- 
ner. 4. To slip, or to become slightly displaced. 5. To 
grow, as a vine, clinging to the ground or to some sup- 
port by means of roots, rootlets, or tendrils. 6. To have 
a sensation as of insects creeping on the skin of the body. 
7. To drag in deep water with creepers. 

Creep, n. The act, process, or sensation, of creeping. 

Creep'er (krep'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
creeps; any creeping thing. 2. (Zobl.) Either of vari- 
ous species of small birds allied to the wrens. 3. Either 
of several mechanical devices ; as : (a) A pointed or spur- 
bike device to enable one to walk or climb without slip- 
ping, (b) A device for imparting slow motion to material 
in a machine, (c) (pi.) A kind of dredge with claws. 
(d) A low dog between the andirons. 

Creep'hole 7 (-hoF) , n. 1. A hole or retreat into which 
an animal may creep for safety. 2. An excuse. 

Creep'ing-ly, adv. By a creeping movement ; in a 
creeping manner. 

Creep'y (krep'y), a. Crawly ; having or producing a 
sensation of creeping. [Colloq.'] — Creepl-ness, n. 

Creese (kres), n. [Malay. kris.~\ A dagger or sword 
used by the Malays, commonly having a serpentine blade. 

Cre'mate (kre'mat or kre-mat'), v. t. [L. crematus, 
p. p. of cremare to burn.] To burn ; to reduce to ashes 
by the action of fire or heat ; to incinerate. 

Cre-ma'tion (kre-ma'shun), n. A burning ; esp., the 
act or practice of cremating the dead. 

Cre-ma'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, cremates. 

Crem'a-tO-ry (krgm'a-to-ry), n. A furnace for cre- 
mating corpses ; a building containing such a furnace. 

Crem'a-tO-ry, a. Pertaining to, or used in, cremation. 

Crem'O-carp (krgm'6-karp or kre'mo-V n. [Gr. icpe- 
Iaolvvvvcu to hang -f- Kap7ros fruit.] (Bot.) A fruit, as of 
the carrot, consisting of a pair of carpels pendent from a 
supporting axis. 

Cre'nate (kre'nat), )a. [li.crena notch.] Having 

Cre'na-ted (kre'na-tgd), j the margin cut into rounded 
teeth, notches, or scallops. 

Cre-na'tion (kre-na'shvin), n. 1. Condition of being 
crenate. 2. (Bot.) A crenature. 

Cren'a-tore (krgn'a-tur or kre'na- ; 135), n. 1. State 
of being crenated. 2. (Bot.) A rounded tooth or notch 
of a crenate leaf, or any part that is crenate. 

Cre-nel' (kre-ngl'), n. See Crenelle. 

Cren'el-ate (krgn'gl-at or kre'ngl-at), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Crenelated (-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Crenelattng 
(-a'ting).] [LL. crenellare, kernellare. See Crenelle.] 
[Written also crenellale.'] 1. To furnish with crenelles, 
2. To indent ; to notch. ■___ — 

Cren'el-a'tion (-a'shQn), n. PPf^f=f=p=]=^ 
State of being crenelated ; an HHWui|H|i| 
indentation or an embrasure. ^apife^apfc— ii glt 

Cre-nelle',Cre-nel'(kre-ngl'), — — 

n. [OF. crenel, LL. crenellus, Crenelated Molding. 



> e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, 6vent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CREOLE 



205 



CRIER 



kemellus, dim. (prob.) fr. L. crena notch.] 1. An em- 
brasure or indentation in a battlement ; a loophole in a 
fortress ; an indentation ; notch. [See Illust. of Battle- 
ment.] 2. (Bot.) Same as Ceenatuee. 

Cre'ole (kre'ol), n. [F. Creole, Sp. criollo, from an 
American negro word of uncertain origin.] One born of 
European parents in the American colonies of France or 
Spain or in the States which were once such colonies ; 
esp., a person of French or Spanish descent, who is a 
native inhabitant of Louisiana, Mississippi, or Texas. 

(J^^The term creole negro is employed in the Eng- 
lish West Indies to distinguish the negroes born there 
from the Africans imported as slaves. R. Hildreth. 

Cre'ole, a. Of or pertaining to a Creole or the Creoles. 

UglF* In New Orleans the word Creole is applied to any 
product or manufacture peculiar to Louisiana. 

Cre'O-SOte (kre'6-sot), n. [Gr. /cpe'as, gen. xpe'tos, flesh 
+ <rw£eu> to preserve.] (Chem.) Wood-tar oil, an antisep- 
tic liquid, of a burning smoky taste, colorless when pure. 

Cre'O-SOte, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceeosoted (-so^ed) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Creosoting.] To saturate or impregnate 
with creosote, as timber, for the prevention of decay. 

II Crepe (krap), n. [F. crepe.] Same as Ceape. 

Crep'i-tant (krepT-t«nt), a. Crepitating. 

Crep'i-tate (krep'T-tat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crepi- 
tated (-ta'ted) ;p. pr. & vb. n. Crepitating (-ta'ting).] 
[L. crepitare, p. p. -alus, intens. of crepare to crack.] 
To make small, sharp, rapidly repeated explosions or 
sounds ; to snap repeatedly ; to crackle. 

Crep i-ta'tion (krep'T-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of crepita- 
ting or crackling. 2. Crepitant sounds. 

Crept (krept), imp. & p. p. of Creep. 

Cre-pns'CU-lar (kre-pus'ku-ler), ) a. [From L. cre- 

Cre-pus'CU-lOUS (-lus), j pusculum f r. creper 

dusky, dark.] 1. Pertaining to twilight ; imperfectly 
clear or luminous. 2. (Zo'dl.) Flying in the twilight. 

Cres-cen'dO (krgs-sen'do ; It. kra-shan'do), a. & adv. 

[It.] (Mus.) With or having a constant- ^ - 

ly increasing volume of tone ; — a direc- - — 

tion indicated by the mark, or by the Crescendo, 
word. 

Cres-cen'dO, n. (Mus.) (a) A gradual increase in 
volume of tone. (6) A crescendo passage. 

Cres'cent (kres'sent), n. [OF. creissant increasing, 
p. pr. of creistre, fr. L. crescere to increase, v. incho. ; 
akin to E. create.] 1. The increasing moon ; the moon 
in her first quarter. 2. Anything having the shape of 
the new moon, as an emblem or badge ; esp., the emblem 
of the Turkish Empire. 

Cres'cent (kres'sent), a. 1. Shaped like a crescent. 

2. Increasing; growing. 

Cres'cive (kres'siv), a. Increasing ; growing, [R.] 

Cre'sol (kre'sol), n. [From Creosote.] (Chem.) Any 
one of three metameric, colorless, oily liquids or solids 
obtained from coal tar and wood tar. 

Cress (kres), n. [OE. cres, kers, AS. cresse, cerse ; 
akin to G. kresse.] (Bot.) A plant of various species. 
The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, and are 
used as a salad and antiscorbutic. 

Not worth a cress, or '* not worth a kers," a common old 
proverb, now corrupted into '■''not worth a curse.'''' 

Cres-selle' (kres-sel'), n. [F. crecelle rattle.] (R. 
C. Ch. ) A wooden rattle sometimes used as a substitute 
for a bell, during the latter part of Holy Week. 

Cres'set (kres'set), n. [OF. crasset, cresset, sort of 
lamp or torch ; origin uncertain.] A contriv- 
ance filled with combustible material, to be 
burned as a beacon ; an open lamp or firepan. 

Cress'y (kres'y), a. Abounding in cresses. 

Crest (krest), n. [OF. creste, F. Crete, L. 
crista.'] 1. A tuft, or other excrescence or 
natural ornament, growing on an animal's 
head. 2. The plume, or other decoration, 
worn on a helmet ; hence, also, the helmet. 

3. (Her.) A bearing worn, not upon the 
shield, but usually Cresset 
above it, or sepa- 
rately as an ornament for plate, 
liveries, and the like. 4. The up- 
per curve of a horse's neck. 5. 

I The ridge or top of a wave, a hill, 

a slope, etc. 6. The helm or 

head, as typical of a high spirit ; 

hence, pride ; courage. 7. (Arch.) 

r, <. ,tt x The decoration surmounting a 

Crest {Her.). roo f, canopy, etc. 

Crest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crested ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

Cresting.] To furnish with a crest ; to serve as a crest for. 





Crest'fairen (krgst'faP'n), a. With hanging head; 
hence, dispirited ; dejected ; cowed ; humbled. 

Cre-syl'ic (kre-sTl'Tk), a. [From Creosote.] (Chem.) 
Pertaining to, or derived from, cresol, creosote, etc. 

CreBylic acid (Chem.), cresol. 

Cre-ta'ceous (kre-ta'shus), a. [L. cretaceus, fr. creta 
chalk. See Crayon.] Having the qualities of chalk ; 
abounding with chalk ; chalky. — Cre-ta'ce0US-ly, adv. 

Cre'tlc (kre'tik), n. [L. Creticus (sc. pes foot), prop., 
a Cretan (metrical) foot.] (Pros.) A poetic foot, witli 
one short syllable between two long ones (— w — ). 

Cre'tin (kre'tin), n. [F. cretin ; of uncertain origin.] 
One afflicted with cretinism. 

Cre'tin-ism (kre'tTn-Tz'm), n. Endemic or inherited 
idiocy accompanied by physical degeneracy and deformi- 
ty (usually with goiter), especially frequent in the Alps. 

Cre-tonne' (kre-tSn'), n. [F., fr. Cretan, its first man- 
ufacturer.] 1. A white fabric with warp of hemp and 
weft of flax. 2. A fabric with cotton warp and woolen 
weft. 3. A kind of glossy chintz. 

II Cre'val-16' (kra'val-la'), n. [Prob. variant of caval- 
ly.~] (Zo'dl.) (a) The cavally. (b) The pompano. 

II Crevasse' (kra'vas'), n. [F. See Crevice.] A deep 
crevice or fissure, as in an embankment or glacier. 

CreVice (krgv'Is), n. [F. crevasse, f r. crever to break, 
burst, fr. L. crepare to crack, break.] A narrow open- 
ing resulting from a split or crack or the separation of a 
junction ; a cleft ; a fissure ; a rent. 

Crev'iced (-ist), a. Having a crevice or crevices. 

Crew (kru), n. [From older accrue accession, rein- 
forcement, hence, company, crew ; the first syllable be- 
ing misunderstood as the indefinite article.] 1. A com- 
pany of people associated together; a throng. 2. The 
company belonging to a vessel or a boat ; a ship's com- 
pany ; hence, any small number working together ; gang. 

Syn. — Band ; horde ; mob ; herd ; throng ; party. 

Crew (kru), imp. of Crow. [slackly twisted. I 

Crew'el(kru'el),n. [Etym. uncertain.] Worsted yarn, | 

Crew'et (kru'et), n. A cruet. 

Crib (krTb), n. [AS. crybb ; akin to G. krippe.] 1. A 
manger or rack. 2. A stall for cattle. 3. A small in- 
closed bedstead or cot for a child. 4. A box or bin for 
storing grain, salt, etc. ; also, a more extensive framed 
structure used for various purposes. 5. A small theft ; 
anything purloined; a plagiarism; hence, a translation 
or key, used by students. [Colloq.] 6. (Cribbage) The 
discarded cards which the dealer can use in scoring. 

Crib. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cribbed (krlbd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Cribbing.] 1. To shut up or confine in a narrow 
habitation ; to cage ; to cramp. 2. To pilfer or purloin ; 
hence, to plagiarize. [Colloq.] 

Crib, v. i. 1. To crowd together, or to be confined. 
[22. ] 2. To make notes for dishonest use in recitation 
or examination. [College Cant] 3. To seize the man- 
ger or other solid object with the teeth and draw in wind ; 
— said of a horse. 

Crib'bage (krib'baj), n. [From Crib, v. *., 2.] A 
game of cards in which there is a crib. 

Crib'ber, Crib'-bit'er (-buVer), n. A horse that cribs. 

Crib'ble (krib'b'l), n. [F. crible, LL. criblus sieve, 
fr. L. cribrum.] A coarse sieve or screen. 

Crib'ble, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Cribbled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Cribbling (-bling).] To sift ; to riddle. 

Crib'ri-form (krTb'rI-f6rm), a. [L. cribrum sieve -f- 
-form.] Resembling, or having the form of, a sieve. 

Crib'rose (krlVros), a. Perforated like a sieve. 

Crick (krik), n. [Var. of Creek a bending.] 1. A 
painful, spasmodic affection of the muscles. 2. [Cf. F. 
eric.] A small jackscrew. 

Crick'et (krTk'gt), n. [OF. crequet, criquet ; prob. 
akin to E. creak.] (Zo'dl.) An orthop- 
terous insect of the genus Gryllus. The 
males make chirping, musical notes by 
rubbing together the basal parts of the 
veins of the front wings. 

Crick'et, n. [AS. cricc, cryec. 
crooked staff, crutch.] 1. A low stool. 
2. A kind of game played with a ball, 
bats, and wickets. 3. (Arch.) A small 
false roof, or portion of a roof, to throw i 
off water from behind an obstacle. 

Crick'et, v. i. To play at cricket. 

Crick'et-er (krik'St-er), n . One who 
plays at cricket. 

Cri'COid (kri'koid), a. [Gr. *cpi<co9 
ring -f- -oid.) (Anat.) Like a ring. 

Cried (krid), imp. & p. p. of Cry. Cricket (GryOtu 

Cri'er (kri'er), n. One who cries ; neglectus), female. 




H 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fxibt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CRIME 



206 



CRITICISE 



one who makes proclamation : specif., an officer who 
announces anything or makes pauic proclamation. 

Crime (kxim). a. [F., fr. L. crimen judicial decision, 
that which is subjected to such a decision, charge, fault, 
crime, fr. the root of cernere to decide judicially. See 
Certain.] Any violation of law, either divine or human, 
eep. ■ gross violation. 

Capital crime, a crime punishable with death. 

Syn. — Sin ; vice ; iniquity ; wrong. — Sin embraces 
wickedness of every kind, but is specifically used of an 
offense against God. Crime, in present usage, is coin- 
inonlv applied to violations of the laws of the State. Vice 
is mors distinctively that which springs from the inordi- 
nate indulgence of the natural appetites, which are in 
themselves innocent. 

Criminal (krYml-nol), a. 1. Guilty of crime or sin. 

2. Involving a crime ; of the nature of a crime. 3. Re- 
lating to crime. 

Criminal conversation {Law), adultery. 

Criminal, n. One who has committed a crime. 

Crim'i-nal'i-ty (krTm'I-nal'T-ty), n. Quality or state 
of being criminal ; guiltiness ; guilt ; also, a crime. 

Crim'i-nal-ly (-T-nal-ly), adv. In violation of law. 

Crim'i-nate (krTm'T-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimi- 
nated (-na'te'd) ; p. pr. &vb. n. Criminating (-na'tTng).] 
[L. criminare, criminari, p. p. -atus; fr. crimen. See 
Crime.] 1. To accuse of, or charge with, a crime. 2. 
To involve in a crime or in its consequences. 

Crim i-na'tion (krim'i-na'shun), n. Act of accusing ; 
accusation ; charge ; complaint. 

Crim'i-na-tive (krTm'T-na-tTv), a. Charging with 
crime ; tending to criminate ; accusing ; criminatory. 

Crim'i-na-tO-iy (-to-ry), a. Relating to, or involving, 
crimination ; accusing ; criminative. 

Crimp (krtmp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimped (krimt ; 
215) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Crimping.] [Akin to D. krimpen 
to shrink, shrivel, and to E. cramp. ] 1. To form ridges, 
waves, or plaits in. 2. To pinch and hold ; to seize. 

3. Hence, to entrap into the military or naval service. 

4. (Cookery) To cause to contract, or to render more 
crisp, as the flesh of a fish, by gashing it when living. 

Crimp, n. 1. One who decoys or entraps men into 
the military or naval service. 2. A keeper of a lodging 
house where sailors and emigrants are entrapped and 
fleeced. 3. Hair which has been crimped ; — usually mpl. 

Crimp'age (-aj), n. Act or practice of crimping ; 
money paid to a crimp. 

Crimp'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, crimps. 

Crim'ple (krTm'p'l), v. t. [Dim. of crimp, v. t.] To 
cause to shrink or draw together ; to contract ; to curl. 

Crimp'y (krimp'y), a. Having a crimped appearance. 

Crim'son (krim'z'n), n. [OE. crimosin, OF. cramoi- 
sin, LL. carmesinus, fr. Ar. qermazl, fr. qermez crimson, 
kermes, f r. Skr. krmija produced by a worm ; krmi worm 
or insect + 3 an to generate.] A deep red color tinged 
with blue ; also, red color in general. 

Crim'son, a. Being of, or showing, the color crimson. 

Crim'son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimsoned (-z'nd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Crimsoning.] To dye crimson ; to redden. 

Crim'son, v. i. To become crimson ; to blush. 

Cri'nal (kri'nal), a. [L. crinalis, fr. crinis the hair.] 
Of or pertaining to the hair. 

Cri'na-ted (krl'na-ted), a. Having hair ; hairy. 

Cringe (krinj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cringed (krinjd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cringing.] [AS. crincgan, cringan, crin- 
can, to yield, fall ; akin to E. crank.~\ To draw one's self 
together as in fear or civility ; to wince ; hence, to fawn. 

Cringe, n. Act of cringing ; servile civility. 

Crin'ger (krin'jer), n. One who cringes. 

Crin'gle (krTn'g'l), n. [Icel. kringla orb ; akin to 
kring around, and to E. cringe, crank.} 1. A withe for 
fastening a gate. 2. (Naut. ) An iron or rope thimble or 
grommet worked into, or attached to, the edges and cor- 
ners of a sail ; — usually in the pi. 

Cri'nite (kri'nit), a. [L. crinitus, p. p. of crinire to 
provide with hair, fr. crinis hair.] Having the appear- 
ance of a tuft of hair ; having a hairlike tail, train, or tuft. 

Cri'ni-tO-ry (kri'nT-to-r^), a. Of or relating to hair. 

Crin'kle (krTn'k'l), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Crinkled 
(-k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Crinkling (-kling).] [A dim. 
fr. the root of cringe.} To form with, or have, many 
short turns, bends, or wrinkles ; to wrinkle or curl ; also, 
to rustle. 

Crin'kle, n. A winding or turn ; wrinkle ; sinuosity. 

Crin'kly (-kly), a. Having crinkles ; wavy ; wrinkly. 

Cri'noid (krl'noid), a. [See Crinoidea.] (Zool.) Cri- 
noidal. — n. One of the Crinoidea. 

Cri-noid'al (krt-noid'«l), a. (Zool.) Of or pertaining 
to crinoids; consisting of, or containing, crinoids. 



Crinoid'e-a (krt-noid'e-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
Kplvov lily -\ — WW.] (Zool.) A large class of Echino- 
dermata now mostly extinct. 

Crin'o-line (krln'o-lTn), n. [F., fr. crin hair, L. cri- 
nis.] 1. A kind of stiff cloth, used chiefly by women, 
for underskirts, — originally made of fiair cloth. 2. A 
lady's skirt of any stiff material ; latterly, a hoop skirt. 

Cri-nose' (krt-ncV), a. [L. crinis hair.] Hairy. [/?.] 

Crip'ple (krlp'p'l), »• [AS. crypel, prop., one that 
must creep, fr. AS. creSpan to creep. See Creep.] One 
who has lost, or never had, the use of a limb or limbs ; 
hence, one who is partially disabled. 

Crip'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crippled (-p'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Crippling (-pling).] 1. To deprive of the use 
of a limb, particularly of a leg or foot ; to lame. 2. Fig., 
to disable in any manner. 

Cri'sis (kri'sls), n. ; pi. Crises (-sez). [L. crisis, Gr. 
Kpi'tris, fr. Kpiveiv to separate.] 1. The decisive moment 
in respect to any action or affair; the turning point. 
2. (Med.) That change in a disease which indicates 
whether the result is to be recovery or death. 

Crisp (krisp), a. [AS. crisp, fr. L. crispus, curled, 
wavy.] 1. Curling in stiff curls or ringlets. 2. Brittle ; 
friable; in a condition to break with a short, sharp 
fracture. 3. Lively ; sparkling ; effervescing. 

Crisp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crisped (krispt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Crisping.] 1. To curl; to form into ringlets; to 
interweave. 2. To cause to undulate irregularly; to 
wrinkle ; to cause to ripple. 3. To make crisp or brittle, 
as in cooking. 

Crisping iron, an instrument for crisping hair or any 
textile fabric. — Crisping pin, a form of crisping iron. 

Crisp, v . i. To undulate or ripple. [ing crisp. I 

Crisp, n. That which is crisp or brittle ; state of be-| 

Cris'pate (krTs'pat), \ a. Appearing crisped ; irregu- 

Cris'pa-ted (-pa-ted), { larly curled or twisted. 

Crisp'er (krls'per), n. One who, or that which, crisps. 

Cris'pin (kris'pin), n. A shoemaker; — jocularly so 
called from the patron saint of the craft. 

Crisp'ly (krisply), adv. In a crisp manner. 

Crisp'ness, n. State or quality of being crisp. 

Crisp'y (-y), a. 1. Curled ; frizzed ; crisp. 2. Brittle. 

Cris'sal (kns'sal), a. (Zool.) 1. Of or pertaining to 
the crissum. 2. Having highly colored under tail coverts. 

Criss 'cross (krts'kros' ; 115), n. [A corruption of 
Christcross.'] 1. A mark or cross, as the signature of a 
person who is unable to write. 2. A child's game, played 
with lines arranged in the form of a cross. 

Criss'cross', v. t. To mark or cover with cross lines. 

Criss'cross', adv. 1. In opposite directions ; across 
one another. 2. With opposition or hindrance. 

Criss'cross-row' (-ro 7 ), n. See Christcross-row. 

II Cris'sum (kris'sum), n. ; pi. Crissa (-sa). [NL.] 
(Zool.) That part of a bird, or the feathers, surrounding 
the cloacal opening ; the under tail coverts. 

Cri-te'ri-on (kr t-te'ri-iin), n. ; pi. Criteria (-a), some- 
times Criterions (-unz). [Gr. Kpirripiov a means for 
judging, deriv. of icpiveiv to separate.] A standard of 
judging ; any approved or established rule or test, by 
which facts, principles, opinions, or conduct are judged. 

Syn. — Standard ; measure ; rule. 

Crith (krith), n. [Gr. <cpi0i} a barleycorn, a small 
weight.] (Chem.) The unit for estimating the weight of 
aeriform substances, — the weight of a liter of hydrogen 
at 0° centigrade, and with a tension of 76 centimeters of 
mercury. It is 0.0896 of a gram, or 1.38274 grains. 

Critic (krit'ik), n. [L. criticus, Gr. KpiriKog, a critic ; 
prop., an adj. meaning, able to discuss, from npiveiv to 
judge, discern.] 1. One skilled in judging of the merits 
of literary or artistic works ; a connoisseur ; an adept ; 
hence, an examiner ; a reviewer. 2. One who censures ; 
a harsh examiner or judge. 3. Critique. [Obs.~\ 

Critical (krltT-kal), a. 1. Qualified to criticise, or 
pass judgment upon, literary or artistic productions. 
2. Qualifying to criticise ; pertaining to criticism or the 
critic's art ; thorough ; exact. 3. Inclined to make nice 
distinctions ; careful in judging ; exact. 4. Inclined to 
find fault ; fastidious ; captious ; censorious. 5. [See 
Crisis.] Pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis; impor- 
tant as regards consequences ; hence, of doubtful issue ; 
dangerous. — Crit'ic-al-ly, adv. — Crit'ic-al-ness, n. 

Crit'ic-as'ter (-Tk-as'ter), n. A contemptible or 
vicious critic. 

Crit'i-cis'a-ble (-T-sIz'a-b'l), a. That may be criticised. 

Criticise (krit'i-siz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Criticised 
(-sizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Criticising.] [Written also, 
more analogically, but less commonly, criticize.'] To ex- 
amine and judge as a critic ; to pass judgment upon the 



a, e, l, o, u., long ; a, 6, i, 6, u., y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CRITICISE 



207 



CROSS 



merits or qualities of ; specif., to pass adverse judgment 
upon ; to animadvert upon. 

Crit'i-cise (krlt'T-siz), v. i. To pass criticism. 

Crit'i-ci'ser (-si'zer), n. One who criticises ; a critic. 

Crit'i cism (krTt'T-sIz'm), n. 1. Art of judging just- 
ly of the beauties and faults of a literary work or a work 
of art. 2. Act of criticising ; critical judgment ; a cri- 
tique ; specif., censorious judgment; animadversion. 

Critique' (krT-tek'), n. [F.] 1. Art of criticism. 
[R.] 2. A critical dissertation or essay ; a criticism. 

Croak (krok), v. i. limp. & p. p. Croaked (krokt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Croaking.] [From the primitive of AS. 
cracellan to croak as a raven ; akin to G. krdchzen to 
croak, and to E. creak.'] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise 
in the throat, as a frog, a raven, or a crow ; hence, to 
make any hoarse, dismal sound. 2. To complain ; to 
grumble ; to forebode evil. 

Croak, v. t. To utter in a low, hoarse voice ; to an- 
nounce by croaking ; to forebode. 

Croak, n. The coarse, harsh sound uttered by a frog 
or a raven, or a like sound. 

Croak'er (-er), n. 1. One who croaks, or grumbles ; 
one who habitually forebodes evil. 2. (Zool.) Any one 
of several American fishes, which make a croaking noise. 

Croche (kroch), n. [OF., equiv. to F. crochet, croc, 
hook.] A little bud or knob at the top of a deer's antler. 

Cro-chet' (kro-sha'), n. [F. crochet small hook. See 
Crocket.] A kind of knitting done by means of a 
hooked needle. 

Cro-chet', v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Crocheted (-shad') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Crocheting (-sha'Tng).] To knit with a 
crochet needle or hook. 

Cro-cid'o-lite (kr6-sid'6-lit), n. [Gr. Kpotcvs nap on 
cloth -f- -lite.'] (Min.) A mineral occurring in silky lav- 
ender-blue fibers. One form is the jewel tiger-eye. 

Cro'cin (kro'sTn), n. [Gr. Kpoxo? saffron.] (Chem.) 
A red powder, which is made from the saffron. 

Crock (krok), n. [Cf. W. croeg cover, Scot, crochit 
covered.] The loose black particles collected from com- 
bustion ; soot ; smut ; also, coloring matter from cloth. 

Crock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crocked (krokt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Crocking.] To soil by contact, as with soot, or 
with the coloring matter of badly dyed cloth. 

Crock, v. i. To give off crock or smut. 

Crock, n. A low stool. 

Crock (krok), n. [AS. croc, crocca, crog, crohh ; akin 
to G. krug.] Any piece of crockery, esp. a pot or pitcher. 

Crock'er-y (krok'er-y), n. Earthenware ; vessels 
formed of baked clay, especially the coarser kinds. 

Crock'et (kr5k'et), n. [OF. croquet, F. crochet, dim. 
of croc hook, of G. or Celt, origin, and akin to E. crook.] 
1. (Arch.) An ornament often resembling curved and 
bent foliage, projecting from the sloping edge of a gable, 
spire, etc. 2. A croche. 

Crock'y (-y), a. [From Crock soot.] Smutty. 

Croc'O-dile (krok'6-dfl), n. [L. crocodilus, Gr. upono- 
6eiAo?.] (Zool.) A reptile (growing to a length of six- 
teen or eighteen feet) inhabiting the large rivers of Africa, 
Asia, and America. The eggs, laid in the sand, are hatched 
by the sun's heat. The Florida crocodile is much less 
common than the alligator and has longer jaws. Also, 
sometimes, a gavial or an alligator. 




Crocodile of the Nile {CrocodUis vulgaris). 

Crocodile tears, false or affected tears ; hypocritical sor- 
row;— derived from the fiction of old travelers, that 
crocodiles shed tears over their prey. 

Croc / 0-dil'i-an (-dTl'I-an), a. (Zool.) Like, or per- 
taining to, the crocodile ; characteristic of the crocodile. 

Cro'CUS (kro'kus), n. [L., saffron, fr. Gr. xpo/eos.] 
1. (Bot.) A genus of iridaceous plants, with pretty 
blossoms rising separately from the bulb or conn. One 
variety produces the saffron. 2. (Chem.) A deep yel- 
low powder, the oxide of some metal calcined to a red or 
deep yellow color ; esp., rouge, the oxide of iron. 

Croft (kroit ; 115), n. [AS.] A small, inclosed field, 
adjoining a house ; a small farm. 

Croft'er (-er), n. One who rents and tills a croft. 

Cromlech (kr5m'lek), n. [W. cromlech ; crom bent 
-f- llech flat stone.] (Archseol.) A rough monument of 
One or more large stones supported upon others, — found 
chiefly in countries inhabited by the ancient Celts. 



Cro mor'na (krft-mor'na), n. [F. cromorne, fr. G. 
krtmmhorn, lit., crooked horn; krumm crooked + horn 
horn.} (Mus.) A certain reed stop in the organ, resem- 
bling m its tone the oboe. 

Crone (krou), n. [OD. kronie, karonie, an old sheep, 
OF. carogne carrion (also F. carogne ill-natured woman.) 
See Carrion.] An old woman ; — usually in contempt; 
rarely, an old man. 

Cro'ny (kro'n^), n. [Orig., an old woman.] See 
Crone.] 1. A crone. [Obs. J 2. An intimate com- 
panion. [Colloq.] 

Crook (krdok), n. [OE. crok ; origin uncertain. J 1. 
A bend, turn, or curve. 2. Any implement having a 
bent or crooked end. Esp. : («) The staff of a shepherd. 
(b) A bishop's staff of office, (c) A pot-hook, (d) A 
small tube, usually bent, applied to a trumpet, horn, etc., 
to change the pitch. 3. Artifice ; trick ; tricky device ; 
subterfuge. 4. One given to fraudulent practices; an 
accomplice of thieves, forgers, etc. [Cant, U. S.] 

By hook or by crook, in some way or other ; by fair 
means or foul. 

Crook, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Crooked (krdokt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Crooking.] 1. To turn from a right line ; 
to bend ; to curve. 2. To pervert morally. [Archaic] 

Crook'back 7 (krook'baV), n. A crooked back ; one 
who has a crooked or deformed back ; a hunchback. 

Crook'ed (-ed), a. 1. Characterized by a crook or 
curve ; not straight ; bent ; twisted ; deformed. 2. 
Not straightforward ; deviating from rectitude. 3. Dis- 
honest ; fraudulent. — Crook/ed-ly, adv. — Crook'ed- 
ness, n. 

Croon (kroon), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Crooned 
(kroond) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Crooning.] [OE. croinen, cf. 

D. kreunen to moan.] 1. To make a moaning noise. 
[Scot.] 2. To hum or sing in a low tone ; to murmur 
softly. 3. To soothe by singing softly. 

Croon, n. 1. A low, continued moan; a murmur. 
2. A low singing ; a plain, artless melody. 

CrOp (krop), n. [AS. crop, cropp, craw, top, bunch, 
ear of corn; akin to G. krop/.] 1. The pouchlike en- 
largement of the gullet of birds, serving as a receptacle 
for food ; the craw. 2. That which is cropped, cut, or 
gathered from a single field, or of a single kind of grain 
or fruit, or in a single season ; esp., the product of what 
is planted in the earth ; fruit ; harvest. Also, grain or 
other product of the field while standing. 3. Anything 
cut off or gathered. 4. Hair cut close or short, or the 
act or style of so cutting. 5. (Mining) Outcrop of a vein 
or seam. 6. A riding whip with a loop instead of a lash. 

Crop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cropped (kropt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Cropping.] 1. To cut off the tops or tips of ; to 
bite or pull off ; to browse ; also, to cut or pluck in har- 
vesting ; to mow ; to reap. 2. To cause to bear a crop. 

Crop, v. i. To yield harvest. [Obs.] 

To crop out. (a) (Geol.) To appear above the surface. 
(b) To be manifest ; to appear. — To crop up, to spring up. 

Crop'-eared' (krop'erd'), a- Having the ears cropped. 

Crop'per (-per), n. 1. One that crops anything. 2. 
(Zool.) A kind of pigeon with a large crop ; a pouter. 

Cro-quet' (kro-ka'), n. [From French ; prob. a deriv. 
of croc a crackling sound, and properly meaning, a smart 
tap on the ball.] 1. An open-air game in which wooden 
balls are driven with mallets through a series of hoops or 
arches. 2. The act of croqueting. 

Cro-quet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Croqueted (-kad') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Croqueting (-ka'Tng).] In the game of 
croquet, to drive away an opponent's ball, after putting 
one's own in contact with it, by striking one's own ball 
with the mallet. 

II Cro-quette' (kro-kef), n. [F., fr. croquer to crunch.] 
(Cookery) A ball of minced meat, fowl, rice, or other in- 
gredients, highly seasoned, and fried. 

Cro'sier (kro'zher), n. [OE. 
crocer, croser, fr. croce crosier, 
OF. croce, fr. LL. crocea, cro- 
cia ; akin to F. croc hook, and 

E. crook.] The pastoral staff 
of a bishop (also of an arch- 
bishop) being the symbol of his 
office as a shepherd of the flock 
of God. 

Cross (kr5s; 115), n. [OE. 
croix, eroys, cros, OF. crois, 
croiz, fr. L. crux. OE. cros is 
perh. directly fr. Prov. cros, 
crotz, fr. L. crux.] 1. A gib- 
bet, consisting of two pieces of timber placed trans- 
versely upon one another, in various forms, as a 7\ or +» 




Crosier. 
a Ordinary form of Cro- 
sier ; b Form sometimes 
used by archbishops. 



H 



K 



f6rn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fd"bt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CROSS 



208 



CROUP 




:h?* 



Crosses. 

1 Latin cross : cross of Jesus 
and the evangelists ; in the 
church of Rome, carried be- 
fore bishops. 

2 Double cross : carried be- 
fore cardinals and archbish- 
ops ; {Her.) the patriarchal 
cross. 

3 Triple or papal cross ; — in- 
vented by painters, but never 
authorized bv the church. 

4 St. Andrew's and St. Pat- 
rick's cross ; {Her.) saltire. 

5 Maltese cross. 

6 Tau cross, St. Anthony's 



or X- I* w * 8 anciently used in the execution of criminals. 

2. The symbol of Christ's ,i . s.\ \ »j 

. the ensign and chosen r~* i —j L_ ZJ Jj| 
symbol of Christianity. 3. 
Affliction regarded as a test 
oi patience or virtue; trial. 
4- A piece of money stamped 
with the figure of a cross. 
6. A figure, instrument, 
mark, or ornament in the 
shape of, or resembling, a 
cross : as a monument, a 
badge, or a sign used for 
a signature. 6. A line 
drawn across or through 
another line. 7. Hence : 
A mixing of breeds or stock, 
esp. in cattle breeding ; the 
product of such intermix- 
ture : a hybrid. 

Cross (kr5s), a. 1. Not 
parallel; lying or falling 
athwart ; transverse; 
oblique ; intersecting. 2. 
Not accordant with what is 
wished or expected ; inter- 
rupting ; adverse ; contrary; 
thwarting. 3. Character- 
ized by, or being in a state or „ Egyptian cross. " 
of, peevishness or ill-humor. C ros?S* Jerusalem ; (/fer - ) 
4. Made in an opposite di- 8 \Her.) A cross patti or 
reotion, or an inverse rela- for mi. 
tion ; mutually inverse; 9 (Her.) A cross patonce. 
interchanged. 10 Greek cross - 

Cross fertilization, the fertilization of the female products 
of one physiological individual by the male products of 
another, — as the fertilization of the ovules of one plant 
by pollen from another. — Cross reference, a reference made 
from one part of a book or register to another part. — 
Cross sea (Naut.), a chopping sea, in which the waves run 
in different directions. 

Cross, prep. Athwart; across. [A rchaic or Colloq.] 

Cross, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crossed (krost; 115) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Crossing.] 1. To put across or athwart ; 
to cause to intersect. 2. To lay or draw something, as 
a line, across. 3. To pass from one side to the other of ; 
to pass or move over. 4. To pass, as objects going in an 
opposite direction at the same time. 5. To run counter 
to ; to thwart ; to obstruct. 6. To make the sign of the 
cross upon (one's self). 7. To cancel by marking crosses 
on or over. 8. To mix the breed of ; to interbreed. 

Cross, v. i. 1. To lie or be athwart. 2. To move or 
pass from one side to the other, or from place to place. 

3. To interbreed ; to mix breeds. 

Cross'bar' (-bar'), n. A transverse bar or piece. 

CrossT>arred' (-bard'), a. 1. Secured by, or furnished 
with, crossbars. 2. Made or patterned in crossing lines. 

Cross'beak' (-bek'), n. {Zool.) Same as Crossbill. 

Crossbeam' (-bem'), n. 1. (Arch.) A girder. 2. 
{Naut. ) A beam laid across the bitts, to which the cable 
is fastened when riding at anchor. 

CrossTlill/ {-hiV), n. {Zool.) A bird allied to the 
finches, having mandibles strongly curved and crossing 
each other ; the crossbeak. 

CrosslJOnes' (-bonz/), n.pl. A representation of two 
of the leg or arm bones of a skeleton, laid crosswise, 
often with a skull, and serving as a symbol of death. 

Cross'bow' (-bo'), n. {Archery) A weapon, 
UBed in discharging arrows, formed by placing a 
bow crosswise on a stock. 

Cross'bred' (-brgd'), 
a. (Stock Breeding) 
Produced by mixing 
distinct breeds; mon- 
grel. 

C r o s s ' b r e e d ' 
i'-bred'), n. A breed or 
an individual produced 
from parents of different breeds ; a hybrid. 

Cross'-bun' (-bun'), n. A bun or cake marked with 
a cross, and intended to be eaten on Good Friday. 

Cross'cut' (-kuf), v. t. To cut across or through ; 
to intersect. 

Cross'CUt', n. A short cut across ; a way cut across ; 
a path (shorter than by the highroad. 

Crosscut saw. (a) A saw for sawing wood across the grain. 
(oi A large saw worked by two men, one at each end. 

Cross'-days' (-daz'), n. pi. {Eccl.) The three days 
preceding the Feast of the Ascension. 




One form of Crossbow 



Cross'-ex-am'l-na'tlon(kr5s'ggz-5m'T-na'shun ; 115), 
7i. {Law) The examination of a witness by the party 
against whom he has been called and examined. 

Cross'-ex-am'ine (-am'Tn), v. t. {Law) To subject 
to cross-examination. 

Cross '-ex-am'in-er. n. One who cross-examines. 

Cross'-eye (-!'), n. Strabismus. 

Cross'-eyed' (-id'), a. Affected with strabismus; 
squint-eyed ; squinting. 

Cross'grained (-grand'), a. 1. Having the grain or 
fibers running diagonally, or more or less transversely 
and irregularly. 2. Perverse ; untractable ; contrary. 

Crossmatch' (-h5ch' ; 224), v. t. To shade by means 
of crosshatching. 

Crossmatch ing. n. In drawing and line engraving, 
shading with lines that cross one another at an angle. 

Cross'head' {-hed'),n. {Mach.) A beam or bar across 
the head or end of a rod, etc., or a block attached to it 
and carrying a knuckle pin. 

Crossing, n. 1. The act by which anything is crossed. 
2. A place where anything (as a stream) is crossed ; a 
paved walk across a street. 

Cross'jack (kros'jSk' or kro'jak'), n. {Naut.) The 
lowest square sail, or the lower yard of the mizzenmast. 

Cross'legged' (-legd'), a. Having the legs crossed. 

Cross'let (-let), n. A small cross. 

Crossly, adv. Athwart ; adversely ; unfortunately ; 
peevishly ; fretfully ; with ill humor. 

Cross'ness, n. The quality or state of being cross ; 
peevishness ; fretfulness ; ill humor. 

Cros-sop'ter-yg'i-an (kros-sop'ter-Tj'T-an), a. [Gr. 
Kpocra-oC tassels -j- nrepvyiov, dim. of rrrepv^ fin.] {Zool.) 
Of or pertaining to a certain order {Crossopterygii) 
of ganoid fishes. 

Crossmatch' (-pach'; 224), n. A cross person. [Colloq.'] 

Cross'piece' (kros'pes' ; 115), n. 1. A piece of any 
structure which is fitted crosswise. 2. {Naut.) A bar or 
timber connecting two knightheads or two bitts. 

Cross'-pur'pose (-pfir'pus), n. An opposing purpose ; 
hence, something inconsistent or contradictory. 

Cross'-ques tion (-kwes'chun), v. t. To cross-exam- 
ine ; to subject to close questioning. 

Cross'road' (-rod'), n. A road that crosses another ; 
an obscure road intersecting or avoiding the main road. 

Cross'ruff' (-ruf), n. {Whist) The play in whist 
where partners trump each a different suit, and lead to 
each other for that purpose. [measuring offsets. I 

Cross'-Staff' (-staf), n. A surveyor's instrument for | 

Cross'-tiC (-ti'), n. {Railroad) A sleeper supporting 
and connecting the rails, and holding them in place. 

Cross'trees' (-trez'), n. pi. {Naut.) Pieces of timber 
at a masthead, to which are attached the upper shrouds. 

Cross'wise' (-wlz'), adv. In the form of a cross ; 
across ; transversely. 

Crotch (kroch; 224), n. [Cf. Crotchet, Crutch.] 

1. The angle formed by the parting of two legs or 
branches ; a fork. 2. {Naut.) A stanchion or post with 
two arms for supporting a boom, spare yards, etc. 

CrotChed (krocht), a. Having a crotch ; forked. 
Crotch'et (kroch'et ; 224), n. [F. crochet, prop., a lit- 
tle hook. See Crochet.] 1. A forked support ; a crotch. 

2. {Mus.) A time note, with a stem, having one fourth 
the value of a semibreve : 
quarter note. 3. {Print.) A 
bracket. 4. A perverse fancy ; 
a whim which takes possession 
of the mind ; a conceit. 

CrotCh'et-y (kroch'et-y), a. 
Given to crotchets ; subject to whims. 

Cro'ton (kro'tun), n. [Gr. (cporwv, prop., a tick.] 
{Boi.) A genus of tropical, euphorbiaceous plants, bear- 
ing a seed resembling a tick. 

Croton oil (Med.), a drastic cathartic oil obtained from 
the seeds of an East Indian variety of croton. 

Cro'ton bug' (bug'). [From the Croton water of 
New York.] (Zool.) A small, active, winged species of 
cockroach ; the water bug. 

Crouch (krouch ; 129), v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Crouched 
(kroucht) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Crouching.] [OE. crucchen, 
crouchen, crouken ; of uncertain origin.] 1. To bend 
down ; to stoop low ; to lie close to the ground. 2. To 
bend servilely ; to fawn ; to cringe. 

Crouch, v . t. [OE. crouchen, from cruche, crouche, 
cross.] To sign with the cross ; to bless. [_Obs.~] 

Croup (kroop), n. [F. croupe ; of German or Icel. 
origin.] The buttocks of certain quadrupeds, esp. of a 
horse ; hence, the place behind the saddle. 

Croup (kroop), n. [Scot, croup, cf. croup, crou-p ; 



^mm 



Crotchets. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, g, j, 5, a, f, short ; sen&te, gvent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CROUPER 



209 



CRUDITY 




Carrion Crow. 



perh. akin to E. crop, of a bird.] {Med.) An inflamma- 
tory affection of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by 
a hoarse, ringing cough and stridulous, difficult breathing. 

Croup'er (krobp-'er), n. See Crupper. 

Crou'pi-er (krob'pT-er), n. [F. ; prop., one who sits 
on the croup, hence, an assistant.] 1. One who presides 
at a gaming table and collects the stakes. 2. An assistant 
chairman at a public dinner party. 

Croup'OUS (kroop'Qs), a. (Med.) Relating to or re- 
sembling croup ; esp., attended with the formation of a de- 
posit or membrane like that found in membranous croup. 

Croup'y (krobp'jf ), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, croup. 

II Crou'ton' (krob'tSN'), n. [F.] (Cookery) Bread 
fried lightly in butter or oil, to garnish hashes, etc. 

Crow (kro), v. i. [imp. Crew (kru) or Crowed (krod) ; 
p. p. Crowed ; p.pr. & vb. n. Crowing.] [AS. crdwan ; 
akin to G. krdhen ; of imitative origin.] 1. To make the 
shrill sound characteristic of a cock. 2. To shout in 
exultation or defiance ; to brag. 3. To utter a sound 
expressive of joy or pleasure. 

Crow, ». [AS. crawe, fr. crawan; i. e., the bird that 
crows.'] 1. (Zool.) A bird, usually black, having a strong 
conical beak, with pro- 
jecting bristles. It 
has a harsh, croaking 
note. See Caw. 2. 
A bar of iron with a 
beak, crook, or claw ; 
a crowbar. 3. The 
cry of the cock. 

Crow'bar' (kro'- 
baV), n. A bar of iron 
sharpened at one end, 
and used as a lever. 

Crowd (kroud),v. t. 
[imp. &p. p. Crowd- 
ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Crowding.] [ E . 
crouden, cruden, AS. crudan.] 1. To push ; to press ; to 
shove. 2. To press or drive together. 3. To fill by press- 
ing or thronging together ; hence, to encumber by excess 
of numbers or quantity. 4. To press by solicitation ; to 
dun ; hence, to treat discourteously. [Colloq.] 

To crowd sail (Naut.), to carry an extraordinary amount 
of sail. 

Crowd, v. i. 1. To press together or collect in num- 
bers ; to swarm ; to throng. 2. To urge or press for- 
ward ; to force one's self. 

Crowd, n. 1. A number of persons or things col- 
lected or closely pressed together; also, a number of 
things adjacent to each other ; a congregation ; a throng. 
2. The lower classes ; the populace ; the mob. 

Crowd, n. [W. crwth; origin uncertain.] An ancient 
kind of violin, with six strings. 

Crowd'er, n. One who crowds or pushes. 

Crow'fOOt' (kro'fdbf), n. 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the 
genus Ranunculus. 2. (Naut.) A number of small cords 
xove through a long block, or euphroe, to suspend an 
awning by. 3. (Mil.) A caltrop. 

Crowlreep'er (-kep'er), n. A scarecrow. [06s.] 

Crown (kroun), n. [OF. corone, corune, fr. L. corona 
crown, wreath; akin to Gr. xopwi/ij anything curved, 
crown.] 1. A wreath or garland, or any ornamental fil- 
let encircling the head, esp. as a badge of honor or dis- 
tinction ; hence, anything bestowed or gained as a re- 
ward. 2. A royal headdress or cap of sovereignty. 3. 
The person entitled to wear a regal or 
imperial crown ; the sovereign. 4. 
Imperial or regal power ; sovereignty. 
5. Anything which imparts beauty, 
splendor, honor, dignity, or finish. 6. 
Anything resembling a crown inform, 
use, or significance ; the topmost part 
of anything ; summit ; head ; esp., any 
curved finishing or decorative top or 
end. 7. Highest state; consumma- Crown. 

tion ; perfection. 8. A coin stamped with the image of a 
regal crown ; hence, a denomination of money. [An Eng- 
lish crown is a silver coin of the value of five shillings.] 

Crown jewels, the jewels appertaining to the sovereign 
while wearing the crown. [Eng.] — Crown law, the law 
which governs criminal prosecutions. [Eng.] — Crown 
lawyer, one employed by the crown, as in criminal cases. 
[Eng.] — Crown office or Crown side, the criminal branch of 
the Court of King's (or Queen's) Bench. — Crown Prince, 
the heir apparent to a crown or throne. — Crown wheel 
(Mech.), a wheel with teeth or cogs set at right angles to 
its plane. 

Crown (kroun), v. 1. [imp. &p. p. Crowned (kround) ; 




p. pr. & vb. n. Crowning.] 1. To cover, deoorate, or in- 
vest with a crown ; hence, to invest with royal dignity 
and power. 2. To bestow something upon as a mark of 
honor, dignity, or recompense ; to adorn ; to dignify. 
3. To form the topmost or finishing part of ; to com- 
plete ; to consummate ; to perfect. 4. (Mech.) To cause 
to round upward in the middle. 6. (Mil.) To effect a 
lodgment upon, as upon the crest of the glacis, or the 
summit of the breach. [coroner. I 

Crown'er (kroun'ei), n. 1. One that crowns. 2. A| 

Crown'-im-pe'ri-al (-Tm-pe'rY-«l), n. (Bot.) A lilia- 
ceous plant (Frilillaria imperialis) having a cluster of 
pendent flowers surmounted with a tuft of green leaves. 

Crown'piece / (-pes'), n. (a) A piece or part which 
passes over the head, as in a bridle, (b) [Prop, crown 
piece.] A coin. See Crown, n., 8. 

Crown'-post' (kroun'post'), n. Same as King-post. 

Crown'-saw' (-sa/), n. (Mech.) A saw in the form 
of a hollow cylinder, with teeth on the end or edge. 

Crown'work' (-wGrk'), n. (Fort.) A work consisting 
of two or more bastioned fronts, with their outworks, 
covering an enceinte, the head of a bridge, etc., and con- 
nected by wings with the main work or the river bank. 

Crow'-quill/ (kro'kwTl / ), n. A quill of the crow, or 
a very fine pen made from such a quill. 

Crow's'-foot' (kroz'fdbt'), n. 1. pi. The wrinkles 
that appear under and around the outer corners of the 
eyes. 2. (Mil.) A caltrop. 

Crow's'-nest' (kroz'ngstO, n. (Naut.) A box or 
perch near the top of a mast for the man on the lookout. 

Croyl'stone 7 (kroil'ston'), n. (Min.) Crystallized 
cawk, in which the crystals are small. 

Croze (kroz), n. [Cf. Cross.] A cooper's tool for 
making grooves, as for the head of a cask ; also, the 
groove itself. 

Cro'zier (kro'zher), n. A crosier. 

Cru'cial (kru'shal), a. [F., fr. L. crux, crucis, cross. 
See CRoss.] 1. Having the form of a cross ; pertaining 
to a cross ; cruciform. 2. Severe ; trying or searching, 
as if bringing to the cross ; decisive. 

Cru'ci-ate (kru'shl-at or -shat ; 106), a. [Deriv. of L. 
crux, crucis, cross.] (Bot.) Having the leaves or petals 
arranged in the form of a cross ; cruciform. 

Cru'cl-ble (kru'si-b'l), n. [LL. crucibidum a hanging 
lamp, an earthen pot for melting metals ; prob. of Ger- 
man origin. The word was confused with derivatives of 
L. crux cross, and crucibles were said to have been 
marked with a cross, to prevent the devil from marring 
the chemical operation.] 1. A vessel or melting pot, 
composed of some very refractory 
substance. 2. A hollow place at the 
bottom of a furnace, to receive the 
melted metal. 

Cruciferous (kru-sTf'er-us), a. 
[L. crux, crucis, cross + -ferous.] 
1. Bearing a cross. 2. Of, pertain- 
ing to, or resembling, a family of UrucibleB. 
plants (Cruciferse) which have four petals arranged like 
the arms of a cross. 

Cru'cl-fi'er (kru'sT-fi'er), n. One who crucifies. 

Cru'ci-fix (kru/sT-fTks), n. ;pl. -fixes (-Sz). [LL. cruci- 
fixum, fr. L. crux cross -\-figere, fixum, to fix.] A rep- 
resentation in art of the figure of Christ upon the cross. 

Cru'ci-fis'ion (kru/sY-fik'shiin), n. 1. Act of cruci- 
fying, or state of one who is crucified ; death upon a 
cross. 2. Intense suffering or affliction ; painful trial. 

Cru'ci-form (kru/sY-f6"rm), a. [L. crux, crucis, cross 
+ -form.] Cross-shaped; having parts arranged like 
the arms of a cross. 

Cru'ci-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crucified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Crucifying.] [F. crucifer, deriv. of L. 
crux, crucis, cross + figere to fix.] 1. To fasten to a 
cross ; to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a 
cross. 2. To destroy the power of ; to subdue ; to mortify. 

Cru-cig'er-OUS (kru-sTj'er-Qs), or. [L. crux, crucis, 
cross + -gerous.] Bearing, or marked with, a cross. 

Crude (krud), a. [Compar. Cruder (-er) ; siiperl. 
Crudest.] [L. crudus raw ; akin to cruor blood (which 
flows from a wound).] 1. In its natural state ; not 
cooked ; not prepared for use by any artificial process ; 
raw. 2. Unripe ; immature. 3. Unfinished ; ill-con- 
sidered ; immature. 4. Undigested. 5. Having, or dis- 
playing, superficial and undigested knowledge. 6. 
(Paint.) Harsh and offensive, as a color; tawdry or in 
bad taste, as a combination of colors, or a design. — 
Crude'ly, adv. — Grude'ness, ". 

Cru'di-ty (kru'dT-t^), n. 1. Condition of being crude ; 
rawness. 2. That which is crude. 




G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

14 



M 



CRUDY 



210 



CRYPTO- 



Cru'dy (kruM.v\ a. Crude ; raw. [Obs.] 

Cru'81 ^krii'oD. n. A crewel. 

Cru'el tkru'fD. 0. [V. cruel, fr. L. crudelis, fr. cr?/- 
B OBVDB.1 1. Disposed to give pain to others ; 
willing or plwmofl to hurt, torment, or afflict. 2. Caus- 
ing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery. — Cru'el- 
ly. ,nlv. — Cru'el-ness. n. 

Cru'elS (kru'elz). n. pi. [Corrupt, fr. F. ecrouelles 
scrofula.] Glandular scrofulous swellings in the neck. 

Cru'el-ty (-51-ty), n. 1. Quality of being cruel. 2. A 
cruel deed ; act of willfully causing unnecessary pain. 

Cru'et (kru'Pt), n. [Anglo-French cruet, a dim. from 
OF. erne, cruie ; of German or Celtic origin, and akin to 
E. crock vessel.] A bottle or vessel; esp., a vial for 
vinegar, oil. pepper, or the like, for the table ; a caster. 

Cruise (,krus), n. A cruse. 

Cruise (kruz), P. i. [imp. & p. p. Cruised (kruzd) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Cruising.] [D. kruiscn to move cross- 
wise or in a zigzag, to cruise, fr. kruis cross, through 
OF. fr. L. crux cross.] To sail back and forth on the 
ocean ; to sail about, as in search of an enemy, or for 
plunder, or for pleasure. 

Cruise, n. A voyage made in various directions ; a 
sailing to and fro, as for exploration or for pleasure. 

Cruis'er (kru'zer), n. One who, or a vessel that, 
cruises, — usually an armed vessel. 

Crul'ler (krQl'ler), n. [Cf. Curl.] A kind of sweet 
cake made into curled or twisted strips and fried. 

Crum. n. & v. See Crumb. 

Crumb (krum), n. [AS. cruma, akin to D. kruim, G. 
krume.] 1. A small fragment or piece, esp. of bread 
or other food, broken or cut off. 2. Fig. : A little ; a 
bit. 3. The soft part of bread. 

Crumb, v. t. To break into crumbs with the fingers. 

Crumb'clOtb/ (-kloth' ; 115), n. A cloth to be laid 
under a dining table to receive falling fragments. 

Crum'ble (kruni'b'l), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Crum- 
bled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Crumbling (-bling).] [Dim. 
of Crumb, v. t.] To break into small pieces ; to cause to 
fall in pieces ; to disintegrate. 

Crum'bly (-bly), a. Easily crumbled ; friable. 

Crum'my (krum'my), a. 1. Full of crumb or crumbs. 

2. Soft, as the crumb of bread is ; not crusty. 
Crump (krump), a. [AS. crumb.'] Crooked; bent. 

[Obs.] 

Crump'et (krump'St), n. [Prob. fr. W. crammwgth, 
crempog, fritter.] A kind of large, thin muffin or pancake. 

Crum'ple (krum'p'l), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Crumpled 
(-p'ld) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Crumpling (-pling).] [Dim. fr. 
crump, a.] To contract, draw, or press into wrinkles or 
folds ; to form into wrinkles. 

Crump'y (kriimp'jf ), a. Brittle ; crisp. 

Crunch (krQnch), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Crunched 
(kruncht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Crunching.] [Prob. of imi- 
tative origin.] 1. To chew with force and noise; to 
craunch. 2. To grind or press with violence and noise. 

3. To emit a grinding or craunching noise. 

II Cru'or (kru'or), n. [L., blood.] The coloring mat- 
ter of the blood ; the clot of blood ; gore. 

Crup (krup), n. The croup of an animal. 

Crup'per (krup/per in U. S. ; krup'per in Eng.), n. 
[F. croupier -e, fr. croupe. See 1st Croup.] 1. The but- 
tocks or rump of a horse. 2. A loop of a harness pass- 
ing under a horse's tail, and buckled to the saddle. 

Crup'per, v. t. To place or arrange a crupper upon. 

Cru'ral (krii'ral), a. [L. cruralis, fr. crus, cruris, 
leg.] {Anat.) Of or pert, to the thigh or leg, or a crus. 

i; Crus (krus), n. ; pi. Crura (kru'ra). [L., the leg.] 
{Anat.) (a) The shank. (6) pi. Parts fancied to resem- 
ble a pair of legs. 

Crusade' (kru-sad'), n. [Through F. or Pr. fr. L. 
crux cross ; meaning, one who has taken the sign of the 
cross.] 1. Any one of the military expeditions under- 
taken by Christian powers, in the 11th, 12th, and 13th 
centuries, for the recovery of the Holy Land from the 
Mohammedans. 2. Any enterprise undertaken with 
zeal and enthusiasm. 

Crusade', v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crusaded ; p. pr. & 
vb. u. Crusading.] To engage in a crusade ; to attack 
in a zealous or hot-headed manner. 

Cru-sad'er (-saMer), n. One engaged in a crusade. 

Cru-sa'do (-saMo"), n. [Pg. cruzado.] An old Portu- 
guese coin, worth about seventy cents. 

Cruse (krus), n. [Akin to D. kroes mug, G. krause.] 
1. A cup or dish. 2. A bottle for water, oil, honey, etc. 

Cru'set (kru/sSt), n. A goldsmith's crucible. 

Crush (kriish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crushed (krusht) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Crushing.] [OF. cruisir, croissir, fr. 



LL. cruscire ; prob. of Ger. origin.] 1. To press or bruise 
between two hard bodies ; to squeeze so as to deform or 
injure. 2. To reduce to fine particles by pounding or 
grinding. 3. To overcome or force down by, or as by, 
pressure or weight. 4. To oppress or burden grievously. 
Crush (kriish), v. i. To be or become broken down 
or in, or compressed, by external weight or force. 

Crush, n. Act of crushing or state of being crushed. 

Crush hat, a hat held in shape by springs, and which 
collapses, and can be carried under the arm ; hence, any 
hat not injured by compression. 

Crush'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, crushes. 

Crust (krQst), n. [L. crusta : prob. akin to E. crys- 
tal.] The hard external coat, covering, or case of any- 
thing. Also used figuratively. 

Crust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crusted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Crusting.] To cover or line with a crust ; to incrust. 

Crust, v . i. To form a crust ; to become incrusted. 
II Crus-ta'ce-a (krus-ta'she-a), n. pi. [NL., deriv. of 
L. crusta crust, rind, shell.] (Zo'dl.) One of the classes of 
the arthropods, including lobsters and crabs ; — so called 
from the crustlike shell with which they are covered. 

Crus-ta'cean (-shon ; 97), a. (Zool. ) Of or pert, to the 
Crustacea ; crustaceous. — n. One of the Crustacea. 

Crus-ta'ce-Ol'O-gy (-she-ol'6-jy), n. [Crustacea-\- 
-logy.~\ That branch of zoology treating of Crustacea. 

CruS-ta'ceOUS (krus-ta'shus ; 97), a. 1. Pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, crust or shell ; having a crustlike 
shell. 2. {Zool. ) Belonging to the Crustacea ; crustacean. 

Crust'y (krust'y), a. 1. Having the nature of crust ; 
pertaining to a hard covering. 2. [Perh. for cursty. Cf . 
Curst.] Having a harsh exterior, or a curt, rough man- 
ner, though kind at heart ; snappish ; surly. — Crust'i- 
ly, adv. — Crust'i-ness, n. 

Crutch (kruch ; 224), n. [AS. crycc, cricc ; akin to 
E. crook.] 1. A staff with a crosspiece at the head, to 
be placed under the arm or shoulder, as a support in 
walking. 2. A kind of forked pommel for a woman's 
saddle. 3. {Naut.) (a) A knee, or piece of knee timber. 
(6) A forked stanchion or post ; a crotch. 

Crutched (krucht), a. 1. [See Crutch.] Supported 
upon crutches. 2. [Variant of Crouched.] Marked 
with a cross. 

II Cruz (kruks), n. ; pi. E. Cruxes (-ez), L. Cruces 
(kru'sez). [L., cross, torture, trouble.] Anything that 
is very puzzling or difficult to explain. 

Cry (kri), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Crdsd (krid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Crying.] [F. crier, cf. L. quiritare to wail, 
scream, shriek.] 1. To call or exclaim vehemently or 
earnestly ; to shout ; to proclaim. 2. To express pain, 
grief, or distress, by weeping and sobbing ; to bawl. 3. 
To utter inarticulate sounds, as animals. 

Cry, v. t. 1. To utter loudly ; to call out ; to declare 
publicly. 2. To cause to do something, or bring to some 
state, by crying or weeping. 3. To declare publicly ; to 
notify or advertise by outcry. 4. Hence, to publish the 
banns of, as for marriage. 

To cry down, to decry ; to depreciate. — To cry quits, to 
propose, or declare, the abandonment of a contest. — To 
cry up, to extol ; to laud. 

Cry (kri), n. 1. Act of crying; a loud exclamation 
or utterance; esp., an inarticulate sound. 2. Outcry; 
clamor ; popular demand. 3. Any expression of grief, 
distress, etc., accompanied with tears or sobs. 4. Pub- 
lic advertisement by outcry ; proclamation. 5. Com- 
mon report ; fame. 6. A word or phrase caught up by 
a party or faction and repeated for effect. 7. A pack of 
hounds ; also, in contempt, a company of persons. 

A far cry, a long distance. 

Cry'er (-er), n. [F. faucon gruyer a falcon for hunt- 
ing the crane, fr. grue crane, fr. L. grus.] A falcon-gentil. 

Cry'ing, a. Calling for notice ; compelling attention ; 
notorious ; heinous. 

Cry'O-lite (krl'o-llt), n. [Gr. Kpuos frost + -lite.] 
{Min.) A fluoride of sodium and aluminium, found in 
white masses. 

Cry-oph'O-rus (krt-of'6-rus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xpu'o? 
frost + <j>epeiv to bear.] {Chem.) An instrument used 
to illustrate the freezing of water by its own evaporation 
in a vacuum. 

Crypt (kript), n. [L. crypta vault, Gr. Kpvnrn, fr. 
Kpvnre w to hide.] 1. A vault wholly or partly under 
ground; esp., a vault under a church. 2. {Anat.) A 
simple gland, glandular cavity, or tube ; follicle. 

Cryp'tic (krip'tik), ) a. Hidden ; secret ; occult. — 

Cryp'tic-al (tT-kai), J Cryp'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Cryp'to- (krip'to-). A combining form, from Gr. 
KpvnTos, meaning hidden, obscure, concealed. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, g, I, 5, il, y» short ; senate, event, Idea, &bey, Unite, cftre, arm, ask, all, final. 



CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE 



211 



CUCURBITE 



Cryp'to-crys'tal-lineCkrTp/to-krYs'tol-lin), a. [Cryp- 
to- + crystalline. ] ( Geol. ) Indistinctly crystalline ; — ap- 
plied to formations aggregated of particles which are 
invisible, even under the microscope. [Cryptogamia. i 

Cryp'tO-gam (krip'to-gam), n. (Bot.) One of the| 

II Cryp'to-ga'mi-a (krTp'to-ga'mT-a), n. ; pi. Crypto- 
gams (-e). [NL., fr. Gr. tcpvirros hidden -f- -ya/uos mar- 
riage.] (Bot.) Flowerless plants, or those never having 
true stamens and pistils, but propagated by spores or 
simple cell division. 

Cryp'tO-ga'mi-an (krip'to-ga/mT-an), ) a. Of or per- 

Grypt'tO-gam'ic (krTp'to-gain'Ik), > tabling to the 

Cryp-tOg'a-mous (krip-tog'a-inus), ) series Cryp- 
togamia, or to plants of that series. 

Cryp'to-graph (krlp'to-graf), Cryp'to-gram (-gram), 
n. [Crypto- -\- -graph, -gram.'] Cipher ; something 
written in cipher. 

Cryp-tog'ra-pher (krip-t5g'ra-fer), n. One who 
writes in cipher, or secret characters. 

Cryp to-graph'ic (krip'to-graf'Tk), ) a. Relating to 

Cryp to graph/ic-al (-grSf'T-kal), J cryptography ; 
written in cipher or with sympathetic ink. 

Cryp-tOg'ra-phy (krip-t5g'ra-fy), n. Art of writing 
in secret characters ; also, secret characters, or cipher. 

Cryp-tOl'o-gy (krlp-tol'6-jy), n. [Crypto- + -logy.] 
Secret or enigmatical language. 

Cryp'to-nym (krip'to-nTin), n. [Crypto- + Gr. 5i>vp.a 
name.] A secret name. 

Crys'tal (kris'tal), n. [F. crislal, L. crystallum crys- 
tal, ice, fr. Gr. KpuoraAAos, fr. /cpuos icy cold, frost.] 

1. {Chem. & Min.) The regular form, bounded by plane 
surfaces, which a substance tends to assume in solidify- 
ing, through the inherent power of cohesive attraction. 

2. The material of quartz, in crystallization transparent 
or nearly so, and either colorless or slightly tinged with 
gray, or the like. 3. A superior kind of glass. 4. The 
glass over the dial of a watch. 5. Anything like crystal. 

Crys'tal, a. Consisting of, or like, crystal ; clear ; 
transparent ; lucid ; pellucid ; crystalline. 

Crys'tal-llne (-lin or -lin), a. 1. Consisting, or made, 
of crystal. 2. Formed by crystallization ; like crystal 
in texture. 3. Imperfectly crystallized. 4. Fig. : Re- 
sembling crystal ; pure ; transparent ; pellucid. 

Crys'tal-lite (kris'tal-lit), n. {Min. ) 
A minute mineral form, not having a 
definite crystalline outline, but marking 
the first step in crystallization. 

Crys'tal-li-za'tion ( kris'tal-lT-za'- 
shun), n. 1. Act or process of crystal- 
lizing; state of being crystallized. 2. 
The body formed by crystallizing. 

Crys'tal-lize (kris'tai-iiz), v. t. & i 
Crystallized (-lizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Crystallizing.] 
To form into crystals, or to assume the crystalline form. 

Crys'tal-lO-gen'ic (kris'tal-16-jen'ik), ) a. [See Crys- 

Crys'tal-lo-gen'ic-al (-T-kal), j tal, and 

-GENY.] Of or pertaining to the production of crystals. 

Crys'tal-log'ra-phy ( -log'ra-fy ), n. [See Crystal, 
and -graphy.] Doctrine or science of crystallization. 

Crys'tal-loid (kris'tal-loid), a. [See Crystal, and 
■oid.] Crystal-like ; transparent like crystal. 

Crys'tal-loid, n. 1. {Chem.) A body which, in solu- 
tion, diffuses readily through animal membranes, and 
generally is capable of being crystallized. 2. (Bot.) One 
of the microscopic particles resembling crystals, consist- 
ing of protein matter, which occur in certain plant cells. 

Crys'tal-lol'o-gy (krTs'tal-lol'6-jy), n. [See Crystal, 
and -logy.] The science of the crystalline .structure of 
inorganic bodies. 

Crys'tal-lur'gy (-UVjy), n. [Gr. /cpvoraAAos crystal 
+ root of epyov work.] Crystallization. 

Cte'noid (te'noid or ten'oid), a. [Gr. ktci's, ktsvos, 
comb-)- -oid.] (Zo'ol.) Having a comblike margin. 

II Gte-noph'O-ra (te-nof'o-ra), n. pi. [NL., from Gr. 
ktcis, (crei/os, comb -f- <pe'peu> to carry.] (Zo'ol.) A class of 
Ccelenterata, with longitudinal rows of comblike paddles. 

Cub (kub), n. [Cf. Ir. cuib cub, whelp, young dog, 
Ir. & Gael, cu dog ; akin to E. hound.] 1. A young 
animal ; esp., the young of the bear. 2. [Etym. uncer- 
tain.] A stall for cattle. [Obs.] 

Cub, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cubbed (kubd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Cubbing.] To bring forth ; — said of animals. 

Cu'ba-ture (ku'ba-tur ; 135), n. [L. cubus cube.] 
Process of finding the solid or cubic contents of a body. 

Cub'by (kub'by), ) n. [See 1st Cub, 2.] A snug 

Cub'by-hole 7 (-hoi'), ) or confined place. 

Cube (kub), n. [F., fr. L. cubus, fr. Gr. »cu/3os a cube, 
a cubical die.] 1. (Geom.) A regular solid body, with 




Crystallites. 
[imp. & p. p. 




Cube. 



six equal square sides. 2. (Math.) The product obtained 
by taking a number or quality three times 
as a factor ; as, 4 X 4 = 1G, and 1G X 4 = 
G4, the cube of 4. 

Cube root (Math.), the number or quan- 
tity which taken three times as a factor 
produces a given cube. 

Cube (kub), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cubed 
(kubd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cubing.] To raise 
to the third power ; to obtain the cube of. 

Cu'beb (ku'bgb), n. [F. cubebe, fr. Ar. kababat.] 
The small, spicy berry of a species of pepper, native in 
Java and Borneo, — used as a stimulant and purgative. 

Cu'bic (ku'bik), ) a. 1. Having the form or prop- 

Cu'bic-al (-bT-kal), j erties of a cube ; contained, or 
capable of being contained, in a cube. 2. (Crystallog.) 
Isometric or monometric. — Cu'blc-al-ly, adv. 

Cubic equation, an equation in which the highest power 
of the unknown quantity is a cube. — Cubic foot, a volume 
equivalent to a cubical solid which measures a foot in each 
of its dimensions. — Cubic number, a cube. 

Cu'blt (ku'blt), n. [L. cubitum, cubitus, elbow, ell, 
cubit, fr. (because the elbow serves for leaning upon) cu- 
bare to he down, recline.] 1. (Anat.) The forearm. 
[Obs.] 2. A measure of length, being the distance from 
the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger. 

dgiF" The cubit varies in length in different countries, 
the Roman cubit being 17.47 inches, the Greek 18.20, the 
Hebrew somewhat longer, and the English 18 inches. 

Cu'bit-al (ku'bit-al), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the 
cubit or ulna. 2. Of the length of a cubit. 

Cu'boid (ku'boid), a. [Cube + -oid.] (Anat.) Cube- 
shaped, or nearly so.— n. (Anat. ) The bone of the tarsus. 

Cu-boid'al (ku-boid'al), a. (Anat.) Cuboid. 

Cuck'ing stOOl^kuk'ing stool'). [Etymol. uncertain.] 
A kind of chair formerly used for punishing scolds, by 
fastening them in it, to be pelted and hooted at by the 
mob, but sometimes to be ducked under water. 

Cuck'old (kuk'uld), n. [OE. cokewold, cokold, fir. OF. 
coucuol, cucuault ; cf . F. cocu a cuckold, formerly also, 
a cuckoo, and L. cuculus a cuckoo. The word alludes to 
the cuckoo's habit of laying its eggs in the nests of other 
birds.] A man whose wife is unfaithful ; the husband of 
an adulteress. 

Cuck'old, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cuckolded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Cuckolding/] To make a cuckold of. 

Cuck'00 (kdok'oo), n. [OE. coccou, cukkow, F. coucou, 
prob. of imitative origin ; cf. L. cucuhis, 
Gr. kokkv£.] (Zo'ol.) A bird of many 
species. 

B^" The 
European 
cuckoo lays 
its eggs in the 
nests of other 
birds, to be 
hatched b y 
them. The 
A mer ican 
yellow -billed 
cuckoo and 
the black- 
billed cuckoo 
build their 
own nests. 

Cuckoo spit, 
or Cuckoo spit- 
tle, a frothy secretion found on plants, exuded by larvae. 

Cuck'OO-bud' (kook'oo-bud'), n. (Bot. ) The buttercup. 

Cuck'oo-flow'er (-flou'er), n. (Bot.) (a) A species of 
Cardamine used in salads, (b) The ragged robin. 

Cuck'oo-plnt' (-pint'), ». (Bot.) A spotted-leaved 
species of Arum ; the European wake-robin. 

Cu'cul-late (ku'kiil-lat or ku-kullat), | a. [LL. cu- 

Cu'cul-la'ted (-la'ted or -la-ted), I cullatus, fr. 

L. cucullus a cap, hood.] 1. Hooded ; cowled ; covered, 
as with a hood. 2. Having a hoodlike 
form, covering, or crest. 

Cu'cum-ber (kii'kum-ber, formerly 
kou'kum-ber), n. [L. cueumis, gen. cu- 
cumeris.] (Bot.) A creeping plant, and 
its fruit, of several species, esp. the species 
the unripe fruit of which is eaten. 

Cu-CU'mi-form (ku-ku'mT-f6rm), a. 
[L. cueumis cucumber + -for?)).] Cu- 
cumber-shaped ; having the form of a cylinder tapered 
and rounded at the ends. 

Cu-cur'bit ) (ku-kfir'bTt), n. [L. cucurbita a gourd. J 

Cu-cur'bite ( (Chem.) A vessel or flask for distilla- 
tion, — originally in the shape of a gourd. 

Cu-cur'bi-ta'ceous (-bT-ta'shus), a. (Bot.) Of, per- 




European Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). 




Cucullate Leaf. 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CICURBITIVE 



212 



CUMBER 



taining to. or resembling, a family of plants of which the 
encumber, melon, and gourd are common examples. 

Cu-cur'bi-tive (,ku-kiir'bI-tTv), a. Having the shape 
of a gourd seed : — said of certain small worms. 

Cud (,kiid), n. [AS. cudu, cwudii, cuhlu, cweodo ; of 
uncertain origin.] 1. That portion of food brought up 
into the mouth by ruminating animals from their first 
stomach, to bo chewed a second time. 2. A quid. ILoiv] 

Cud'bear (kitd'bfir'), n. [Corrupted fr. Cuthbert, 
given name of the one who first brought it into notice.] 
A violet red powder used for making violet or purple dye. 
It is prepared from a lichen. 

Cud'dle (kud'd'l), v. i. limp. &p.p. Cuddled (-d'ld) ; 
p. pi: & vb. n. Cuddling (-dlTng).] [Prob. fr. couth 
known. See Couth.] To lie close or snug; to crouch : 
to nestle. — v. t. To embrace closely ; to fondle. 

Cud'dle, n. A close embrace. 

Cud'dy (-dy), n. 1. An ass. [Scot.] 2. Hence : A 
blockhead ; lout. 3. (Mech.) A lever mounted on a tripod. 

Cud'dy (kiid'dy), n. [Prob. contr. of D. kajuit cabin.] 
(Xaat.) A small cabin ; also, a vessel's galley or kitchen. 

Cudg'el (kuj'el), n. [OE. kuggel ; of uncertain origin.] 
A short staff wielded with one hand ; a club. 

Cudg'el, v. t. limp. & p. p. Cudgeled or Cudgelled 
(-Sid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cudgeling or Cudgelling.] To 
beat with a cudgel. 

Cudg'el-er (-er), n. One who beats with a cudgel. 

Cud'weed' (kud'wed'), «. [Etym. uncertain.] (Bot.) 
Any one of many species of composite plants with cottony 
or silky stem and leaves. 

Cue (ku), n. [OF. coue, coe, F. queue, fr. L. coda, 
cauda, tail.] 1. The tail; esp., a tail-like twist of hair 
at the back of the head ; a queue. 2. The last words 
of an actor's speech, or any word or words, serving to re- 
mind a player to speak or to do something ; catchword. 
3. A hint or intimation. 4. The part one has to perform. 
5. A straight tapering rod used in playing billiards. 

Cue, v. t. To form into a cue ; to braid ; to twist. 

Cuff (kuf), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Cuffed (kuft) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Cuffing.] [Cf. Sw. kuffa to knock, and E. cow, 
v. t.] 1. To strike ; esp., to smite with the palm or flat 
of the hand ; to slap. 2. To buffet. 

Cuff, n. A blow, esp. with the open hand ; a slap. 

Cuff, n. [Perh. fr. F. coiffe hood, or coif.] 1. The 
part of a sleeve turned back from the hand. 2. Any or- 
namental appendage at the wrist. 

Cuirass' (kwe-ras' or kwe'riJs), n. 
[F. cuirasse, orig., a breastplate of 
leather, deriv. of L. coriaceus leathern, 
fr. corium leather, hide.] (a) A piece 
of defensive armor, covering the body 
from the neck to the girdle. (b) The 
breastplate, taken by itself. 

Cui ras-sier' (kwe'ras-serO, n. A 
soldier armed with a cuirass. 

Cuish (kwts), n. [F. cuisse thigh, f r. 
L. coxa hip.] Defensive armor for the 
thighs. 

II Cui sine' (kwe'sen'), n. [F., fr. L. coquina kitchen, 
fr. coquere to cook.] 1. Kitchen. 2. Style of cooking. 

Cul-dee' (kQl-de' or kul'de), n. [Prob. fr. Gael, cuil- 
teach.~\ One of a class of anchorites who lived in various 
parts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. 

II CuT-de-sac' (ku'de-sak' or kul'de-sXk'), n. ; pi. 
Culs-de-sac (ku'- or kulz'-). [F., lit., bottom of a bag.] 

1. A passage or cavity with only one outlet ; a blind 
alley; hence, a trap. 2. {Mil.) A position with no way 
of exit but to the_front. 

Culi-na-ry (ku'li-na-rjr), a. [L. culinarius, fr. culina 
kitchen.] Relating to the kitchen, or to cookery. 

Cull (kul), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Culled (kuld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Culling.] [OF. cuillir, coillir, fr. L. colligere. 
See Collect.] To separate, select, or pick out ; to choose 
and gather or collect. 

Cul'len der (kul'lgn-der), n. Same as Colander. 

Cull'er (kvbVer), n. One who picks or chooses. 

Cull'ing (kiil'ing), n. 1. The act of one who culls. 

2. pi. Anything separated or selected from a mass. 
Cul'lion (-yun), n. [OF. couillon, coillon, deriv. of L. 

coleus bag, scrotum.] A mean wretch ; poltroon ; scullion. 

Cullion-ly, a. Mean ; base. 

Cullla i f kul'lis), n. [F. coulisse groove, fr. L. colore to 
filter.] (Arch.) A gutter in a roof ; a channel or groove. 

Culls (kiilz), n. pi. [From Cull, v. t.~\ 1. Refuse 
timber, from which the best part has been culled out. 2. 
Any refuse stuff, as rolls not properly baked. 

Cully fkul'ljf), n. [Abbrev. fr. Cullion.] A person 
easily deceived ; a mean dupe. 




Cully (kflliy), v. t. To trick, cheat, or impose on. 

Culm (kulm), n. [L. admits stalk, stem ; akin to 
calamus.'] (Bot.) The stalk or stem of grain and grasses, 
jointed and usually hollow. 

Culm, n. [Perh. fr. W. cwlm knot or tie.] (Min.) 
(a) Anthracite, esp. when found in small masses, (b) 
The waste of the Pennsylvania anthracite mines. 

Cul-mif'er-OUS (kul-mtfer-fis), a. [L. culmus stalk 
-f- -ferous.] Having jointed stems or culms. 

Cul'mi-nate (kul'nn-nat), v. i. limp. & p. p. Culmi- 
nated (-na'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Culminating (-na 7 - 
tfng)-] C L - culmen top or ridge. See Column.] 1. To 
reach its highest point of altitude ; to be directly over- 
head. 2. To reach the highest point, as of rank, size, 
power, numbers, etc. 

Cul'mi-nate (kul'mT-nat), a. Growing upward, as 
distinguished from a lateral growth. 

Cui ini-na'tion (kul'mi-na'shun), n. Act of culmina- 
ting, as of a star passing across the meridian ; also, the 
point reached in culminating. 

Cul'pa-ble (kul'pa-b'l), a. [F. coupable, culpable, fr. 
L. culpabilis, fr. culpare to blame, fr. culpa fault.] De- 
serving censure ; worthy of blame ; faulty ; immoral ; 
criminal. — Cul'pa-ble liess, a. — Cui pa bil'i-ty (-bil'- 



T-t^), Cul'pa-bly, adv. 
Cul'i - 



prlt (kul'prit), n. [Prob. corrupt, fr. Law Latin 
culpatus the accused, p. p. of L. culpare to blame. See 
Culpable.] 1. One accused of, or arraigned for, a crime, 
as before a judge. 2. One guilty of a crime or a fault ; 
a criminal. 

Cul'rage (-raj), n. [Prob. fr. F. cui buttock -f rage, 
E. rage.] (Bot.) Smartweed (Polygonum Hydropiper). 

Cult (kiilt), n. [F. culte, L. cultus care, culture, fr. 
colere to cultivate.] 1. Attentive care; homage; wor- 
ship. 2. A system of religious belief and worship ; esp., 
a system of rites employed in worship. 

Cultch (kulch ; 224), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Empty 
oyster shells and other substances laid down on oyster 
grounds to furnish points for the attachment of the 
spawn of the oyster. [Also written cutch.] 

Cul'ter (kul'ter), n. [L.] A colter. 

II Culti-ros'tres (kul'tT-ros'trez), n. pi. [NL., fr. L. 
culler colter, knife + rostrum bill.] (Zo'ol.) A tribe of 
wading birds including the stork, heron, crane, etc., with 
knife-shaped bills. 

Cul'ti-va-ble (-va-b'l), a. Capable of being cultivated. 

Cul'ti-vate (kiil'tT-vat), v. t. limp. & p.p. Culti- 
vated (-va'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cultivating (-va'- 
ting).] [LL. cultivare, p. p. -atus, fr. cultivus cultivated, 
fr. L. cultus, p. p. of colere to till, cultivate.] 1. To be- 
stow care and labor upon, with a view to valuable re- 
turns ; to till ; to fertilize. 2. To foster ; to cherish. 
3. To seek the society of. 4. To impart culture to ; 
to civilize ; to refine. 5. To raise or produce by tillage. 

Cul'ti-va'tlon (kul'ti-va'shun), n. 1. Art or act of 
cultivating. 2. State of being cultivated ; refinement. 

Cul'ti-va'tor (kul'ti-va'ter), n. 1. One who culti- 
vates. 2. An agricultural implement used in the tillage 
of growing crops, to loosen the earth and kill the weeds. 

Cul'trate (kul'trat), ) a. [L. cultratus knife-shaped, 

Cul'tra-ted (-tra-ted), ) from culler, cultri, knife.] 
(Bot. & Zo'ol.) Sharp-edged and pointed, like a knife. 

Cul'tUT-al (kul'tur-al), a. Of or pertaining to culture. 

Cul'ture (kul'tur; 135), n. [F., fr. L. cultura, fr. 
colere to till, cultivate ; of uncertain origin.] 1. Act or 
practice of cultivating ; cultivation. 2. The state of 
being cultivated; result of cultivation; improvement; 
specif., enlightenment and discipline acquired by mental 
and moral training ; civilization ; refinement. 

Cul'ture, v. t. limp. & p. p. Cultured (-turd ; 135) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cultueing.] To cultivate ; to educate. 

CuTtur-ist, n. 1. A cultivator. 2. An advocate of 
culture. 

II Cul'tus (kul'tQs), n. sing. & pi. ; E. pi. Cultuses 
(-Sz). [L., culture. See Cult.] Established religious 
rites or usages of worship; state of religious develop- 
ment. Cf. Cult, 2. 

Cul'ver (-ver), n. [AS. culfre.] A dove. 

Cul'ver, n. An abbrev. of Culverin. 

Cul'ver-in (kul'ver-in), n. [F. coulevrine, deriv. of 
L. coluber serpent.] A long cannon of the 16th century, 
usually an 18-pounder with serpent-shaped handles. 

Cul'vert (kul'vert), n. [Prob. deriv. of F. confer to 
flow.] A transverse drain or waterway of masonry under 
a road, railroal, canal, etc. ; a small bridge. 

Cul'ver-taiP (kul'ver-tal'), n. (Carp.) Dovetail. 

CunVber (kum'ber), v. t. limp. &p. p. Cumbered 
(-berd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cumbering.] [OE. combren to 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, f , 5, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



CUMBERSOME 



213 



CURB ROOF 



heap, fr. L. cumulus heap.] To rest upon as a trouble- 
some or useless weight or load ; to be burdensome or 
oppressive to ; to embarrass ; to trouble. 

Cum'ber-aome (kuni'ber-suin), a. Burdensome or 
hindering, as a weight ; clumsy ; embarrassing ; useless. 
— Cuin'ber-some-ly, adv. — CumTjer-some-ness, n. 

Cum'brous (kuni'brOs), a. Rendering action or motion 
difficult or toilsome ; cumbersome ; burdensome ; clog- 
ging. — Cum'brous-ly , adv. — Cumbrous ness, n. 

Cum'frey (kum'fry), n. (Bot.) Comfrey. 

Cum'in (kum'Tn), ) n. [OE. comin, AS. cymen, fr. L. 

Cum'min (-mln), ) cuminum, Gr. Kvfiivov ; of Sem- 
itic origin.] (Bot.) A dwarf umbelliferous plant, some- 
what resembling fennel, cultivated for its aromatic seeds. 

Cu'mu-late (ku'mu-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cumu- 
lated (-la'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cumulating (-la/ting).] 
[L. cumulate, p. p. -atus, fr. cumzdus. See Cumbeb.] 
To heap together ; to accumulate. 

Cu mu-la'tion (ku/mu-la'shun), n. The act of heap- 
ing together ; a heap ; an accumulation. 

Cu'mu-la-ttve (ku'mu-la-tiv), a. 1. Composed of 
parts gathered in a heap ; aggregated ; consisting of one 
thing added to another. 2. Augmenting or gaining by 
successive additions. 

Cu'mu-lose' (ku'inu-los'), a. Full of heaps. 

Cu'mu lo-stra'tus (-16-stra'tus), n. (Meteor.) A 
form of cloud. See Cloud. 

II Cu'mu-lUS (-lus), n. ; pi. Cumuli (-11). [L., a heap.] 
(Meteor.) A form of cloud. See Cloud. 

II Cu-nab'U-la (ku-nab'u-la), n. pi. [L., fr. curiae 
cradle.] 1. The earliest abode ; originals ; as, the cunab- 
ula of the human race. 2. (Bibliography) The extant 
copies of the earliest printed books, or of those printed 
in the 15th century. 

Cunc-ta'tion (kiink-ta'shun), n. [L. cunctatio, fr. 
cunctari to delay.] Delay ; procrastination, [B.] 

Cunc'ta-tive_(kunk'ta-tiv), a. Slow ; tardy ; dilatory. 

Cu'ne-al (ku'ne-al), a. [L. cuneus a wedge. See 
Coin.] Relating to a wedge ; wedge-shaped. 

Cu'ne-ate (ku'ne-at), ) a. [L. cunealus, fr. cuneus.~\ 

Cu'ne-a ted (-a/ted), J Wedge-shaped; (Bot.) 
wedge-shaped, with the point at the base. 

Cu ne-at/ic (ku'ne-at'Ik), a. Cuneiform. 

Cu-ne'i-form (ku-ne'T-fSrm), ) a. [L. cuneus a wedge 

Cu'ni-form (ku'nT-fSrm), { -f- -form. See Coin.] 
1. Wedge-shaped ; as, cuneiform characters ; a cunei- 
form bone. 2. Pertaining to, or versed in, the ancient 
Assyrian and Persian wedge-shaped characters, or the 
inscriptions in them. 

Cun'ner (kun'ner), n. 
(Zool.) (a) A small edible 
fish of the Atlantic coast. 
(6) The limpet or patella. 

Cun'ning (kun'nlng), a. 
[AS. cunnan to know, to be _, ,_, , . 

able. See 1st Con, Can.] Cnnner (Ctenolabrus adspersus). 
1. Knowing ; skillful ; dexterous. 2. Wrought with, or 
exhibiting, skill; ingenious; curious. 3. Crafty; art- 
ful ; designing. 4. Pretty or pleasing. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Syn. — Artful; sly; crafty; wily.— Cunning is usually 
low; as, a cunning trick. Artful is more ingenious and 
inventive ; as, an artful device. Sly implies a turn for 
what is double or concealed ; as, sly humor ; a sly eva- 
sion. Crafty denotes a talent for dexterously deceiving. 
Wily describes a talent for the use of stratagems. 

Cun'ning, n. [AS. cunnung trial, or Icel. kunnandi 
knowledge.] 1. Knowledge ; art ; skill ; dexterity. [Ar- 
chaic'] 2. The faculty or art of using stratagem to accom- 
plish a purpose; deceit; craft. — Cun'ning-ly, adv. — 
Cun'ning ness, n. 

Cup (kup), n. [AS. cuppe, LL. cuppa cup ; cf. L. 
cupa tub, cask.] 1. A small vessel, used commonly to 
drink from. 2. The contents of such a vessel ; a cupful. 
3. pi. Repeated potations; indulgence in intoxicating 
drinks ; revelry. 4. That which is to be received or en- 
dured ; a portion or lot. 5. Anything shaped like a cup. 
6. (Med.) A cupping glass. 

To be in one's cups, to be drunk. 

Cup, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Cupped (kupt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
«. Cupping.] 1. To supply with cups of drink. 2. (Surg.) 
To subject to the operation of cupping. See Cupping. 
3. (Mech.) To make concave or in the form of a cup. 

Cup'bear er (-baVer), n. One whose office it is to fill 
and hand cups of drink. 

Cupboard (kub'berd), n. [Cup + board.] A small 
closet with shelves for cups, dishes, etc. ; any small closet. 

Cu'pel (ku'pgl), n. [LL. cupella cup.] A shallow 
porous cup, used in refining precious metals. 





Cupola (Arch.). 



Cu-pel' (ku-pgl'), v. t. To refine by means of a cupel. 

Cu pel la'tion (ku'pgl-la'shQn), n. Act or process of 
refining gold, silver, etc., in a cupel. [cup will hold. I 

Cup'ful (kup'ful), n. ; pi. -fuls (-fulz). As much as a | 

Cu'pld (ku'ptd), n. [L. Cupido, fr. cupido desire, 
desire of love, fr. cupidus. See Cupidity.] (Rom. Myth.) 
The god of love, son of Venus, — usually represented as 
a naked, winged boy with bow and arrow. 

Cu-pid'i-ty (ku-pTd'I-ty),ra. [F. cupidile, L. cupidi- 
tas, fr. cupidus longing, desiring, fr. cupere to long for, 
desire.] Eager or inordinate desire, especially for 
wealth ; greed_of gain ; avarice ; covetousness. 

Cu'po-la (ku'po-la), n. ; pi. Cupolas (-laz). [It. cu- 
pola, LL. cupida, cuppula, fr. cupa, 
cuppa, cup.] 1. (Arch.) A roof hav- 
ing a rounded form, hemispherical or 
nearly so ; also, a ceiling having the 
same form. When on a large scale it 
is usually called dome. 2. A small 
structure standing on the top of a 
dome ; a lantern. 3. A large furnace 
for melting metal. 4. A revolving 
shot-proof turret for cannon. 

Cup'per (kup'per), n. One who 
performs the operation of cupping. 

Cup'ping (kup'pTng), n. (died.) 
The operation of drawing blood to or from the surface 
by forming a partial vacuum over the spot. 

Cupping glass, a glass cup in which a partial vacuum is 
produced by heat, in the process of cupping. 

Cu'pre-OUS (ku'pre-us), a. [L. cupreus, fr. cuprum.] 
Consisting of copper or resembling copper ; coppery. 

Cu'pric (ku'prlk), a. [From Cupeum.] (Chem.) Of, 
pertaining to, or derived from, copper in its highest va- 
lence. See -ic. 

Cu-prlf'er-OUS (ku-prifer-us), a. [Cuprum -f- -fe- 
rous.] Containing copper. 

Cu'prous (ku'prus), a. [From Cuprum.] (Chem.) 
Of, pertaining to, or derived from, copper in its lowest 
valence. See -ous. 

II Cu'prum (ku'prum), n. [L.] (Chem.) Copper. 

Cu'pule (-pul), n. [See Cupola.] 1. (Bot.) A little 
cup, as of the acorn. 2. (Zool.) A sucker or acetabulum. 

Cur (kfir), n. [OE. curre, kur ; prob. of imitative 
origin.] 1. A mongrel or inferior dog. 2. A worthless, 
snarling fellow ; — used in contempt. 

Cur'a-ble (kur'a-b'l), a. Capable of being cured ; ad- 
mitting remedy. — Cur'a-bU'i-ty (-bTl'i-t?), Cur'a-ble- 
ness, n. — Cur'a-bly, adv. 

Cu'ra-QOa' (koo'ra-soO, n. A liqueur, or cordial, 
flavored with orange peel, cinnamon, and mace ; — first 
made at the island of Curacoa. [curate. I 

Cu'ra-cy (ku'ra-sy), n. [See Curate.] Office of a| 

Cu-ra're ) (ku-ra/re), n. [Native name. Cf. Wourali.] 

Cu-ra'ri } A black resinoid extract from the bark of 
several species of Strychnos, prepared for arrow poison 
by the South American Indians. 

Cu'ra-rize (ku'ra-riz), v. t. To poison with curare. 

Cu-ras'S0W(ku-ras's6),n. [Brazilian name.] (Zool.) 
Either of several large gallinaceous birds of America. 

Cu'rate (ku r rat), n. [LL. curatus, fr. L. cura. See 
Cure, «.] One having the cure of souls ; orig. , any clergy- 
man ; now, usually, one who assists a rector or vicar. 

Cu'rate-Ship, n. A curacy. 

Cur'a-tive (kur'a-tiv), a. Relating to, or employed 
in, the cure of diseases ; tending to cure. 

Cu-ra'tor (ku-ra'ter), n. [L.] 1. One who has the 
care and superintendence of anything ; a custodian ; a 
keeper. 2. A trustee of an estate ; a guardian. 

Curb (kfirb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curbed (kfirbd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Curbing.] [F. courber to bend, curve, L. 
curvare, fr. curvus bent, curved.] 1. To bend to one's 
will ; to subject ; to subdue ; to restrain ; to keep in 
check. 2. To furnish with a curb ; to restrain by a curb. 

Curb, n. 1. That which curbs ; a check or hindrance ; 
esp., a chain or strap attached to the upper part of the 
branches of a bit, and capable of being drawn tightly 
against the lower jaw of the horse. 2. A frame or wall 
around an opening, serving to main- 
tain its integrity. 3. A curbstone. 
4. (Far.) A swelling just behind the 
lowest part of the hock joint of the 
hind leg of a horse. 

Curb bit, a stiff bit having branches 
by which a leverage is obtained upon 
the jaws of a horse. 

Curb' roof (roof)- A roof composed, on each side, of 
two parts which have unequal inclination. 




Curb Roof. 



H 



K 



f Srn, recent, drb, r^jde, full, ttxn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tnen, thin. 



M 



CURBSTONE 



214 



CURSORIAL 



Curb'Stone' (ktlrb'stoiv). ft. A stone set along a 
margin as ;i limit ami protection : au edge stone. 

Cur-CU'11-0 ^kiir-ku'lT-d), ft. ; pi. -os (-oz). [L., a 
grain weevil.] {Zool.) One of a large group of beetles. 
M.inv spectafl are very destructive to grain, fruit, etc. 

Cur'CU-ma (klir'ku-ma), »■ [Ar. kurkum.] {Bot.) 
A. genus of plants, including the turmeric plant. 

Curd (kfird), n. [Of Celtic origin.] 1. The coagu- 
lated or thickened part of milk, — often made into cheese. 
2. The coagulated part of any liquid. 3. The edible 
flower head of the cauliflower and similar plants. 

Curd (kfird), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Curded ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Curding.] To coagulate or thicken j to curdle. 

Curd'i-ness (-T-nes), n. State of being curdy. 

Curdle (kfir'd'l), r. i. & t. [imp. Sz p. p. Curdled 
(-did) ; p. pr. & vb. ft. Curdling (-dling).] To change 
iuto euro ; to coagulate ; to congeal or thicken. 

Curd'y (kfird'y), a. Like curd ; coagulated. 

Cure (kur), n. [OF., fr. L. cura care, medical at- 
tendance, cure; — not akin to E. care.'] 1. Care, heed, 
or attention. [06s.] 2. Spiritual charge ; care of souls ; 
office or district placed in charge of a parish priest or 
of a curate ; curacy. 3. Medical or hygienic care ; reme- 
dial treatment of disease. 4. Act of healing or state of 
beiug healed. 5. That which heals ; remedy ; restorative. 

Core, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cured (kurd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Curing.] 1. To heal ; to make well, healthy, or sound. 

2. To remedy ; to remove. 3. To prepare for preserva- 
tion, as by drying, salting, etc. 

Cure, v. i. 1. To care. [Obs.] 2. To restore health ; 
to effect a cure. 3. To become healed. 

II Cu're 7 (ku'ra'), n. [F., fr. LL. curatus.~\ A curate. 

Cure / -all / '(kur , al / ), n. Universal remedy ; panacea. 

Cureless, a. Incapable of cure ; incurable. 

Cur'er (-er), n. One who cures. 

Cur'few (kfir'fu), n. [OE. courfew, curfu, fr. OF. 
cuevrefu, covrefeu ; covrir to cover + feu fire, fr. L. 
focus fireplace, hearth.] The ringing of an evening bell, 
— orig. a signal to the inhabitants to cover fires, extin- 
guish lights, and retire to rest ; also, the bell itself. 

Cu'ri-o (ku'ri-o), n. ; pi. Curios (-oz). [Abbreviation 
of Curiosity.] Any curiosity or article of virtu. 

Cu'ri-0-lOg'ic (-o-logTk), a. [Gr. KvpioAoyiKo? ; icvpLOs 
proper + Aoyo? thought.] Pertaining to, or designating, 
a rude kind of hieroglyphics, in which a thing is rep- 
resented by its picture instead of by a symbol. 

Cu'ri-OS'i-ty (ku'rT-os'T-ty), n. [OF. curiosete, curi- 
osite, fr. L. curiositas, fr. curiosus. See Curious.] 1. 
Nicety ; elaboration. [Obs.] 2. Disposition to inquire, 
investigate, or seek after knowledge ; inquisitiveness. 

3. That which is fitted to excite or reward attention. 
Cu'ri-OUS (ku'rT-us), a. [OF. curios, curius, L. cu- 
riosus careful, inquisitive, fr. cura care.] 1. Solicitous 
to be correct; careful; scrupulous. [Obs.] 2. Exhib- 
iting care or nicety ; wrought with elegance or skill. 

3. Careful or anxious to learn ; habitually inquisitive. 

4. Exciting attention or inquiry ; not simple or plain ; 
strange ; rare. — Cu'ri-OUS-ly , adv. — - Cu'rl-OUS-ness, n. 

Syn. — Inquisitive ; prying. 

Curl (kdrl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curled (kfirld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Curling.] [Akin to D. krullen, Dan. krolle, 
dial. Sw. krulla.] 1. To twist or form into ringlets. 
2. To deck with, or as with, curls ; to ornament. 3. To 
give a rolling or curved edge or tip to. 

Curl, v. i. 1. To contract, bend, or form into curls, 
ringlets, or spirals ; also, to bend or curve with a rolling 
edge. 2. To play as at the game called curling. 

Curl (kfirl), n. A ringlet, esp. of hair ; anything of a 
spiral, winding, or rolling form. 

Curl'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, curls. 

Curlew (kfirlu), n. [F. courlieu, corlieu; cf. OF. 
corlieus courier ; L. currere to 
run + levis light.] (Zo'dl.) 
Either of several wading birds 
remarkable for their long,slen- 
der, curved bills. 

Curl'i-ness (kfirlT-n5s), n. 
State of being curly. 

Curl'lng, n. 1. Act or 
process of one that curls. 2. 
A Scottish game in which 
heavy weights of stone or iron 
are propelled by hand over the 
ice towards a mark. 

Curling irons, or tongs, instru- „ ,-. . .„ . 

ment for curling the hair, — European Curlew (Numemus 
commonly heated for use. arquatus). 

Curl'y (kfirl'y), a. Curling or tending to curl. 




Curl'y-CUe (kfirl'T-ku), n. Something curled, as a 
flourish made with a pen on paper, or cut in the ice by a 
skater ; trick ; caper. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Cur-mud'geon (kur-inud'jun), n. [OE. cornmudgin, 
where -mudgin is prob. fr. OF. muchier, mucier, to hide ; 
of uncertain origin.] An avaricious, grasping fellow; a 
miser ; a niggard ; a churl. 

Cur-mud'geon ly, a. Like a curmudgeon ; niggardly. 

Cur'rant (kur'raut), n. [F. corinthe currant (in sense 
1), fr. Corinth, in Greece, whence, probably, the small 
dried grape was first imported.] 1. A small kind of 
seedless raisin, imported from the Levant, — used in 
cookery. 2. The acid fruit or berry of a common gar- 
den shrub (Ribes rubrum) ; also, the shrub itself. 

Cur'ren-cy (kiir'ren-sy), ft. [See Current.] 1. The 
state or quality of being current ; general acceptance ; 
circulation. 2. That which has general acceptance or 
circulation ; that which is given and taken as having or 
representing value. 3. Current value ; general estimation. 

Cur'rent (-rent), a. [OF. curant, p. pr. of curre to run, 
fr. L. currere.] 1. Running or moving rapidly. [Archa- 
ic] 2. Now passing, as time. 3. Passing from person 
to person, or from hand to hand ; circulating ; generally 
received.— Cur'rent-ly, adv. — Cur'rent-ness, n. 

Cur'rent, n. 1. A flowing or passing ; hence, a 
body of fluid moving continuously ; a stream. 2. Gen- 
eral course ; progressive and connected movement. 

Cur'ri-cle (kiir'rT-k'l), n. [L. curriculum a running, 
a race course, fr. currere to run.] 1. A short course. 

2. A two-wheeled chaise drawn by two horses abreast. 
Cur-ric'u-lum (kiir-rik'u-lum), n. ; pi. E. -riculums 

(-liimz), L. -ricula (-la). [L.] 1. A race course. 2. A 
course ; esp., a specified fixed course of study. 

Cur'rie (kur'ry), n. & v. See 2d & 3d Curry. 

Cur'ri-er (kur'rl-er), n. One who curries and dresses 
leather, after it is tanned. 

Cur'rish (kGr'rish), a. [See Cur.] Having the 
qualities, or exhibiting the characteristics, of a cur; 
snarling ; churlish ; hence, also, malicious ; brutal. — 
Cur'rish-ly, adv. — Cur'rish-ness, n. 

Cur'ry (kur'ry), v . t. [imp. & p. p. Curried (-rid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Currying.] [OE. curraien, curreien, OF. 
cunreer, correier, to prepare, arrange, furnish, curry (a 
horse) ; cor- (L. com-) -f- roi, rei, arrangement, order ; 
prob. of German origin.] 1. To dress or prepare for use 
by a process of scraping, cleansing, beating, smoothing, 
and coloring ; — said of leather. 2. To dress the hair or 
coat of (as a horse or an ox) with a currycomb and brush. 

To curry favor, to seek favor by flattery or attentions. 
See Favor, n. 

Cur'ry, n. [Tamil kari.] 1. A kind of sauce, much 
used in India, containing garlic and strong spices. 2. A 
stew cooked with curry. 

Cur'ry, v. t. To flavor or cook with curry. 

Cur'ry-comb' (kur'rT-kom'), n. A kind of card or 
comb, used in currying a horse. 

Cur'ry-comb 7 , v. t. To comb with a currycomb. 

Curse (kfirs), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cursed (kfirst) or 
Curst ; p.pr. & vb. n. Cursing.] [AS. cursian, corsian, 
perh. through Scand. fr. L. crux cross.] 1. To invoke 
or imprecate evil upon ; to execrate. 2. To bring great 
evil upon ; to afflict or injure grievously. 

Curse, v . i. To utter imprecations or curses ; to swear. 

Curse, n. 1. An invocation of harm or injury ; male- 
diction. 2. Evil pronounced or invoked upon another. 

3. The cause of great harm, evil, or misfortune. 
Not worth a curse. See under Cress. 

Syn. — Malediction ; imprecation; execration. 

Curs'ed (kfirs'gd), a. Deserving a curse ; execrable ; 
hateful ; detestable ; abominable. 

Curs'ed-ly, adv. In a cursed manner ; miserably ; 
execrably. [Low] 

Curs'ed-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being cursed. 
2. Wickedness ; sin ; cursing. 3. Shrewishness. 

Curs'er (kfirs'er), n. One who curses. 

Cur'slve (kfir'siv), a. [LL. cursivus, deriv. of L. 
currere to run.] Running ; flowing. 

Cur'slve, n. 1. A character used in cursive writing. 
2. A manuscript written in a running hand. 

Cur'sor (kfir'sSr), n. [L., a runner.] A moving or 
sliding part of a mathematical instrument. 

Cur'so-ra-ry (-so-ra-ry), a. Cursory ; hasty. [Obs.] 

HCur-SO'res (kur-so'rez), n.pl. [L.] {Zo'dl.) (a) An 
order of running birds, including the ostrich, emu, and 
allies, (b) A group of running spiders ; the wolf spiders. 

Cur-SO'rl-al (kur-so'ri-al), a. (Zo'dl.) (a) Adapted 
to running or walking, and not to prehension. (6) Of 
or pertaining to the Cursores. 



t, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, X, 5, ft, y, short ; sen&te, 6 vent, idea, 6 bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



CURSORILY 



215 



CUT 



Cur'SO-ry (kur'so-rjf), a. [L. cursorius.] Character- 
ized by haste ; superficial ; careless. — Cur'so-ri-ly (kur'- 
so-ri-ljr), adv. — Cur'so-ri-ness, n. 

Curst (kfirst), imp. & p. p. of Curse. 

Curt (ktirt), a. [L. curtus.] Characterized by ex- 
cessive brevity ; rudely concise. 

Cur-tail' (kQr-tal'). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curtailed 
(-tald'); p. pr. & vb. n. Curtailing.] [See Curtal.] 
To cut off the tail, or any part, of ; to shorten ; to abridge. 

Cur-tail'er (kfir-taPer), n. One who curtails. 

Cur-tail'ment (-nient), n. Act or result of curtailing. 

Cur'tain (kfir'tTn ; 48), n. [OF. cortine, curtine, LL. 
cortina, fr. cortis court. See Court.] 1. A movable 
banging screen intended to darken or conceal. 2. (Fort.) 
The part of the rampart and parapet between two bas- 
tions or two gates. 3. (Arch.) That part of a wall of a 
building which is between two pavilions, towers, etc. 

Curtain lecture, a querulous lecture given by a wife to 
her husband within the bed curtains, or in bed. 

Cur'tain, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Curtained (-tTnd ; 48) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Curtaining.] To inclose with, or as 
with, a curtain or curtains ; to furnish with curtains. 

Cur'tal (-tal), a. [OF. courtault having a docked tail, 
fr. court short, L. curtus. Cf. Curt.] Curt ; brief ; laconic. 

Cur'tal ax' (5ks'), Cur'tle ax' (-t'l), Curtelasse 
(kdrt'las). A corruption of Cutlass. 

Cur'te-sy (kfir'te-sjr), n. [Either from courtesy, the 
lands being held as it were by favor ; or f r. court (LL. 
curtis), the husband being regarded as holding the lands 
as a vassal of the court.] (Law) The life estate which 
a husband has in the lands of his deceased wife, which by 
the common law takes effect where he has had issue by 
her, born alive, and capable of inheriting the lands. 

Cur'ti-lage (kflr'tT-laj), n. [OF. cortillage, curtillage, 
fr. cortil court, LL. cortis court.] (Law) A piece of 
ground inclosed by the fence around a dwelling house. 

Curt'ly (kfirt'ly), adv. In a curt manner. 

Curt'ness, n. The quality of being curt. 

Curt'sy (kfirt'sy), n. Same as 2d Courtesy. 

Cu'rule (ku'rul), a. [L. curulis, fr. currus a chariot.] 
1. Of or pertaining to a chariot. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) Of 
or pertaining to a kind of chair appropriated to Roman 
magistrates and dignitaries ; hence, official. 

Cur'vate (kfir'vat), ) a. [L. curvatus, p. p. of cur- 

Cur'va-ted (-va-tgd), j vare to curve, fr. curvus. 
See Curve.] Bent in a regular form ; curved. 

Cur-va'tion (kfir-va'shun), n. Act of curving. 

Cur'va-ture (kiir'va-tur ; 135), n. Act of curving; 
state or degree of being bent or curved ; bend ; curve. 

Curve (kfirv), a. [L. curvus bent, curved.] Bent 
without angles ; crooked ; curved. 

Curve, n. 1. A bending without angles ; that which 

is bent. 2. (Geom.) Aline described -^ ^^^--* 

according to some law, and having ' " 

no finite portion of it a straight line. Curve. 

Curve, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Curved (kfirvd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Curving.] To bend ; to crook ; to turn 
gradually from a straight line or a given direction. 

Curv'ed-ness (-ed-nSs), n. State of being curved. 

Cur'vet (kfir'vet or kfir-vet'), n. [OE. corvet, It. cor- 
vetta. See Curve.] 1. (Man.) A particular leap of a 
horse, when he raises both his fore legs at once, equally 
advanced, and, as his fore legs are falling, raises his hind 
legs, so that all his legs are in the air at once. 2. A 
prank ; a frolic. 

Cur'vet, v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Curveted or -vetted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Curveting or -vetting.] 1. To make, 
or cause to make, a curvet ; to leap ; to bound. 2. To 
leap and frisk ; to frolic. 

Cur'vi-form (kfir'vT-f6rm), a. [L. curvus -4- -form.'] 
Having a curved form. 

Cur'vi-lin'e-al (-lTn'e-al), ) a. [L. curvus bent + E. 

Cur'vi-lin'e-ar (-er), ( lineal, linear.] Consist- 

ing of, or bounded by, curved lines. 

Cur'vi-ty (kfir'vT-t£), n. State of being curved. 
Cush'at (koosh'St), n. [AS. cusceote.] (Zool.) The 
ringdove or wood pigeon. [ted curassow. I 

Cush'ew-bird (kush'u-berd'), n. (Zool.) The galea- 1 
Cush'ion (kdoWiin), n. [OF. coissin, cuissin, deriv. 
of L. culcita cushion, mattress, pillow.]" 1. A stuffed 
case or bag used to sit or recline upon. 2. Anything re- 
sembling a cushion in properties or use. 

Cush'ion (kdoWQn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cushioned 
(-find) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cushioning.] 1. To seat or place 
on, or as on, a cushion. 2. To furnish with cushions. 
3. To rest upon, or impinge against, a cushion. 

Cusk (kfisk), n. (Zool.) A large, edible, marine fish 
(Brosmius brosme), allied to the cod. 




Cusp (kfisp), n. [L. cuspis, -idis, point, pointed end.] 

1. (Arch.) A triangular projection, a« from the intrados 
of an urch. 2. (Astrol.) First entrance of any house in 
the calculations of nativities, etc. 3. (Math.) A point at 
which two branchea of a curve meet, terminate, and are 
tangent to each other. 4. In general, a promi- 
nence or point, as the point of a crescent, a prom- J 
inence on the crown of a tooth, etc. y 

Cusp, v. t. To furnish with a cusp or cusps. -<^ 
Cus'pa-ted (kuVpa-t6d), a. Ending in a point. \ 
Cus'pid (kfis'pTd), n. (Anat.) One of the ca- \ 

nine teeth, — having but one point on the crown. c D ., 
Cus'pi-dal (-pl-dal), a. Ending in a point. v ' 

Cus'pi-date (kfis'pT-dat), \ a. [L. cuspidalus, p. p.] 
Cus'pi-da'ted (-da'tgd), J Made pointed ; having a 

sharp end, like a spearhead ; ending in a hard point. 
Cus'pi-dor (-dor), n. [Pg. cuspideira, fr. cuspir to 

spit.] Any ornamental vessel used as a spittoon ; hence, 

any spittoon. 
Cus'tard (kus'terd), n. [Prob. the same word as OE. 

cruslade a pie made with a crust, f r. L. crustutus crusted, 

p. p. of crustare, fr. crusta crust.] A mixture of milk 

and eggs, sweetened, and baked or boiled. 
Custard apple (Bot.), a low tree or shrub of tropical 

America, having a roundish or 

ovate fruit the size of a small or- 
ange, containing a soft, yellowish, 

edible pulp. 
Cus-to'di-al (kfis-to'dT-al), a. 

Relating to custody. 
Cus-to'di-an (-dT-an), n. One 

who has care or custody ; a keeper 

or superintendent. Cuijtard A le . 

Cus'tO-dy (kfis'to-djf), n. [L. 

custodia, fr. custos guard.] 1. A keeping or guarding. 

2. Judicial or penal safe-keeping. 3. State of being 
guarded or watched ; confinement ; imprisonment. 

Cus'tom (kus'tfim), n. [OF. custume, deriv. of L. 
consuetudo, -dinis, fr. consuescere to accustom, verb in- 
choative fr. consuere to be accustomed ; con- -\- suere to 
be accustomed.] 1. Frequent repetition of the same 
act ; ordinary manner ; habitual practice ; usage. 2. 
Habitual buying of goods ; business support. 3. (Law) 
Long-established practice, considered as unwritten law, 
and resting for authority on long consent ; usage. See 
Usage, and Prescrd?tion. 4. [OF. coustume, of same 
origin.] (a) Customary toll, tax, or tribute, (b) pi. 
Duties or tolls on commodities, imported or exported. 

Syn. — Practice; fashion; habit; usage. 

Cus'tom-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Subject to the payment of 
customs; dutiable. 

Cus'tom-a-iy (kfis'tum-a-rjr), a. 1. Agreeing with, 
or established by, custom ; conventional ; habitual. 2. 
(Law) Holding or held by custom. — Cus'tom-a-ri-ly 
(-a-rT-ly), adv. — Cus'tom-a-ri-ness. n. [or customs. | 

Cus'tom-a-ry , n. A book containing laws and usages, | 

Cus'tom-er (-er), n. 1. One who regularly or repeat- 
edly makes purchases of a trader ; a purchaser ; a buyer. 
2. A peculiar person ; — in an indefinite sense. [Collog.] 

Cus'tom-house' (-hous'), n. The building where cus- 
toms and duties are paid, and vessels entered or cleared. 

Cut (kfit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cut ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Cutting.] [OE. cutten, kitten, keilen; prob. of Celtic 
origin.] 1. To separate the parts of with, or as with, a 
sharp instrument ; to make an incision in ; to gash ; to 
sever ; to divide. 2. To sever for gathering ; to hew ; 
to mow or reap. 3. To sever and remove by cutting ; to 
dock. 4. To castrate or geld. 5. To form or shape by 
cutting ; to carve ; to hew out. 6. To wound the sensi- 
bilities of ; to pierce ; to lacerate. 7. To intersect ; to 
cross. 8. To refuse to recognize ; to ignore. [Colloq.] 
9. To absent one's self from. [Colloq.] 

Cut and dried, carefully prepared beforehand. — Cut 
glass, glass groimd and polished, esp. in facets or figures. 
— To cut the cards, to divide a pack of cards, as to deter- 
mine the deal or the trump. — To cut a daah or a figure, to 
make a display. [Colloq.] — To cut teeth, to put forth 
teeth. — To cut under, to undersell. — To cut up, to afflict ; 
to discourage ; to demorabze. [Colloq.] 

Out (kfit), v. i. 1. To serve in dividing or gashing. 
2. To admit of incision or severance. 3. To perform the 
operation of dividing, severing, incising, intersecting, etc. 
4. To make a stroke with a whip. 5- To interfere, as a 
horse. 6. To move off quickly. [Low] 7. To divide a 
pack of cards into two portions, as to decide the trump. 

To cut in or into, to interrupt ; to join in anything sud- 
denly. — To cut up, to play pranks. [Colloq.] 

Cut, n. 1. An opening made with an edged instru- 
ment ; a gash ; a wound made by cutting. 2. A stroke 



H 



K 



f Srn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CUTANEOUS 



216 



CYCLOPEDIC 



or blow or cutting motion with an edged instrument or 
with a whip. 3. That which wounds the feelings ; per- 
sonal discourtesy : a slight. 4. A notch, passage, or 
channel made by cutting or digging. 5. The surface left 
by a cut. 6. A. portion cut off. 7. An engraved block 
or plate, or a print from it. 8. The act or the right of 
dividing a pack of cards. 9. Shape or style in which a 
thiug is cut. 10. Absence from an exercise without 
proper excuse. [College cant] 11. A skein of yarn. 

A short cut, a cross route which shortens the way. 

Cu-ta'ne-ous (ku-ta'ne-Qs), a. [From L. cutis skin.] 
Of or pertaining to the skin ; affecting the skin. 

Cut'a-way' (kut'a-wa 7 ), a. Having a part cut off or 
away : having the corners rounded or cut away. 

Cutaway coat, a coat whose skirts are cut away in front. 

Cutch (kQch ; 224). n. Catechu. 

Cutch, n. (Zodl.) Cultch. 

Cute (kut), a. [An abbrev. of Acute.] Clever ; shrewd ; 
ingenious ; cunning. [Colloq.~\ — Cute'ness, n. [Colloq.~\ 

Out' grass' (kQt' gras'). A grass with leaves edged 
with minute hooked prickles, which cut the flesh. 

Cu'ti-Cle (ku'tT-k'l), n. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis skin ; 
akin to E. hide skin.] 1. (Anal.) The scarfskin or epi- 
dermis. 2. (Bot.) Outermost skin or pellicle of a plant. 

Cu-tlc'U-lar (ku-tik'u-ler), a. Pertaining to the cuticle. 

! Cu'tis (ku'tls), n. [L., skin.] (Anal.) See Dermis. 

Cutlass (kiitlas), n. [F. coulelas, augm. fr. L. cul- 
tellus a small knife, dim. of culter knife.] A short, 

heavy, curv- 
ing 8 w o r d , 
used in the 
Cutlass. navy- 

Cutler (kut'ler), n. [F. coutelier, LL. cultellaHus, 
fr. L. cultellus. See Cutlass.] One who makes or 
deals in cutlery, or knives and other cutting instruments. 

Cut/ler-y (-y), n. 1. The business of a cutler. 2. 
Edged or cutting instruments, collectively. 

Cutlet (kutlSt), n. [F. cotelette, prop., little rib, 
dim. of cote rib, fr. L. costa rib, side.] A piece of meat, 
especially of veal or mutton, cut for broiling. 

Cut'-Off (kut'of ; 115), n. 1. That which cuts off or 
shortens, as a nearer passage or road. 2. (Mach.) A 
valve or other device for stopping a stream or current. 

Cut'purse' (kuf- 
pflrs/), n. One who 
steals by cutting 
purses from the per- 
son (an act common 
when men wore 
purses tied to their 
girdles) ; a robber ; a 
pickpocket. 

Cutler (kfit'tSr), 
n. 1. One who or 
that which cuts. 2. 
A fore tooth ; an in- 
cisor. 3. (Naut.) (a) 
A boat used by ships 
of war. (6) A fast 
sailing vessel with one 
mast, rigged in most 
essentials like a sloop, Cutte J ® b \ ,The outline of the hull 
w Kv^r„,^Zi; is shown below the water, as also the 
but built narrower ma8 8 of lead (L). a Section of hull. 
and deeper than a 

sloop, and depending for stability on a deep keel, (c) 
A small armed vessel, usually a steamer, in the revenue 
marine service. 4. A small, light 
one-horse sleigh. 

Cutlhroat' (kQt'throt'), n. One 
who cuts throats ; a murderer ; an 
assassin. — a. Murderous ; cruel. 

Cut'tlng (kut/ting), n. 1. Act or 12 
process of making an incision, or of 
severing, felling, shaping, etc. 2. 
Something cut, cut off, or cut out. 

Cut/tie (kut't'l), ) n. [AS. 

Cut'tle-Hsb/ (-fish'), J cud el e; 
akin to G. kuttelfisch; cf. G. hotel, 
D. keutel, dirt from the guts, G. kut- 
tel bowels, entrails. ] (Zodl. ) A ceph- 
alopod of the genus Sepia, having an 
internal shell, large eyes, and ten 
arms furnished with suckers, by 
means of which it secures its prey. 
When pursued, it throws out a dark 
liquid that clouds the water, enabling {Sepia officinalis). 
it to escape observation. 

Out'tle bone 7 (bon'). The shell or bone of cuttlefishes. 





Cuttlefish 



Cut'wa ter (kQt'wa/ter), n. (Naut.) 1. The fore part 
of a ship's prow, which cuts the water. 2. A structure 
attached to the pier of a bridge, with an angle or edge 
directed up stream ; the sharpened upper end of the pier 
itself. 

Cut'worm' (-wtirni'), w. (Zodl.) A caterpillar which 
at night eats off young plants or flower buds of trees. 

Cy'a-nate (sI'a-natT, n. (Chem.) A salt of cyanic acid. 

Cy-a'ne-an (si-a'ne-an), a. [Gr. Kvaveos dark blue.] 
Azure-colored. 

Cy-an'ic (st-Sn'Tk), a. 1. Pertaining to, or contain- 
ing, cyanogen. 2. Of or pertaining to a blue color. 

Cy'a-Ulde (si'a-nid or -nid ; 104), n. (Chem.) A com- 
pound of cyanogen with an element or radical. 

Cy'a-Uite (-nit), n. [See Cyanic] (Min.) A mineral 
occurring in thin-bladed crystals and crystalline aggre- 
gates, of a sky-blue color. It is a silicate of aluminium. 

Cy-an'0-gen (si-an'6-jen), n. [Gr. icvavos a dark blue 
substance + -gen.~\ (Chem.) A colorless, inflammable, 
poisonous gas, with a peach-blossom odor, so called from 
its tendency to form blue compounds. 

Cy'a-nom'e-ter (si/a-noni'e-ter), n. [Gr. kuowos a 
dark blue substance -f- -meter.'] An instrument for 
measuring degrees of blueness. 

II Cy a-no'sis (sFa-no'sTs), n. [NL. See Cyanic] 
(Med. ) A condition in which, from insufficient aeration 
of the blood, the surface of the body becomes blue. 

Cy'cad (si^kSd), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the order 
Cycadacese. 

Cyc a-da'ceous (sTk'a-da'shus or sl'ka-), a. (Bot.) 
Pertaining to, or resembling, or designating, a natural 
order (Cycadacese) of plants like the palms, but having 
exogenous wood. The sago palm or- Cycas is an example. 

Cy'cas (si'kSs), n. [Of uncertain origin.] (Bot.) A 
genus of trees, intermediate in character between the 
palms and the pines. The pith of the trunk of some 
species furnishes a valuable kind of sago. 

Cycla-men(sTkla-men),n. [NL., 
fr. Gr. Kv/cXd/jLivos, kukAo^is.] (Bot.) 
A genus of plants of the Primrose 
family. 

Cy'cle (si^k'l), 7i. [F., fr. LL. 
cyclus, fr. Gr. kvkAos ring or circle, 
cycle ; akin to Skr. cakraT] 1. An im- 
aginary circle or orbit in the heavens. 
2. An interval of time in which a 
certain succession of phenomena is 
completed, and then returns again 
and again. 3. An age ; a long period 
of time. 4. (Bot.) One entire round Xiamen. 

in a circle or a spire. 5. A bicycle or tricycle, or other 
light velocipede. 

Cy'cle (si'k'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cycled (-k'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Cycling (-kling).] 1. To pass through a 
cycle of changes ; to recur in cycles. 2. To ride a cycle. 

Cy'cler (slider), 7i. One who cycles. 

Cyclic (siklik or sildik), 1 a. Of, pert, to, or mov- 

Cyc'lic-al (sik'lT-kal), ) ing in, a cycle or cycles. 

Cyclic poets, certain epic poets who followed Homer, 
and. wrote merely on the Trojan war and its heroes ; —so 
called because keeping within the circle of one subject. 

Cy'clist (sildist), n. A cycler. 

Cy'clo- (si'klo-). [Gr. kvkAos a circle, wheel.] A 
combining form meaning circular, of a circle or wheel. 

Cy'cloid (sildoid), n. [Cyclo- + -oid.] (Geom.) A 
curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when 
the circle is rolled along a straight line, keeping always 
in the same plane. [bling, a cycloid. I 

Cy-cloid'al (st-kloid'ol), a. Pertaining to, or resem- 1 

Cy-Clom'e-ter (sl-kl5m'e-ter), 71. [Cyclo- -f -meter.] 
A contrivance for recording the revolutions of a wheel. 

Cy-clom'e-try (-tr^), n. Art of measuring circles. 

Cy'clone (sl'klon), n. [Gr. kvk\u>v moving in a circle, 
p. pr. of kvk\ovv, fr. kukAos circle.] (Meteor.) A violent 
storm, often of vast extent, characterized by high winds 
rotating about a calm, onward-moving center of low at- 
mospheric pressure. — Cy-clonlc (st-klonlk), a. 

Cyclo-pVan (si'klo-pe'an), a. [L. Cyclopeus, Gr. 
Kv/cAwjreios, fr. KvkAcoi^ Cyclops.] Pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the Cyclops ; huge ; vast and rough. 

Cy / clo-pe / di-a ) (sFklo-pe'dT-a), n. [NL., from Gr. 

Cyclo-pse'dl-a I kvkAos circle + naiBeia the bringing 
up of a child, education, fr. 7ratSeveti' to bring up a 
child, fr. 7rat? child.] The circle or compass of the arts 
and sciences. Hence, a work containing, in alphabetical 
order, information in all departments of knowledge, or 
in a particular department. See Encyclopedia. 

Cy/clo-ped'ic (si/klo-pealk or -pe'dlk), a. Belonging 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; een&te, gvent, idea, obey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, find. 



CYCLOPEDIST 



217 



CYTODE 




to the circle of the sciences, or to a cyclopedia ; hence, 
of great range, extent, or amount. 

Cy clo-pe'dist (si'klo-pe'dlst), n. A maker of, or 
writer for, a cyclopedia. 

Cy-Clop^ic (si-kl5p'Ik), a. [Gr. Kv/cAwttikos, fr. Kv- 
kAwi/(.] Pertaining to the Cyclops ; Cyclopean. 

Cy'clops (si'klBps), n. sing. & pi. [L. Cyclops, Gr. 
KvkAwi// (strictly, round-eyed), pi. KvKAwn-es ; kvkAo? cir- 
cle -J- ioij/ eye.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) One of a race of giants 
(assistants of Vulcan), having but one eye, and that in 
the middle of the' forehead. 2. A portable forge. 

CyclO-ra'ma (si'klo-rii'nia or -ra/nia), n. {Cyclo- -f- 
Gr. opafia sight, spectacle.] A pictorial view which is 
extended circularly, so that the spectator is surrounded 
by the objects represented as by things in nature. 

Cy'clo-scope (si'klo-skop), n. {Cyclo- -f -scope.'] A 
machine for measuring velocity of rotation. 

II Cy-ClOs'tO-ml (st-kl5s't6-mi), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
kvkAo? circle -f- o-ro/ota, -aros, mouth.] (Zodl.) The 
Marsipobrauchia. 

Cy'clo-Style (si'klo-stil), n. {Cyclo- + style.] A con- 
trivance for producing manifold copies of writing or 
drawing by means of a style which punctures the paper, 
making a stencil. 

Cyg'net (sig'ngt), n. [Dim. of F. cygne swan, L. cyc- 
nns, cygnus, fr. Gr. kvkvo<;.] (Zodl.) A young swan. 

Cyl'in-der (sTl'Tn-der), n. [F. cylindre, OF. cilindre, 
L. cylindrus, fr. Gr. KvAivSpos, fr. KvKivSeiv, 
icvAieii/, to roll.] 1. (Geom.) (a) A solid 
body which may be generated by the rotation 
of a parallelogram round one of its sides ; or a 
body of rollerlike form, of which the longitudi- 
nal section is oblong, and the cross section is 
circular, (b) Space inclosed by any cylindrical 
surface. 2. Any cylindrical hollow body. 

Cy-lin'dric (sT-lTn'drik), ) a. Having the _ 

Cy-lin'drlc-al (-drl-kal), } form of a cylin- Cylinder. 
der, or of a section of its convex surface ; partaking of 
the properties of the cylinder. — Cy-lin'dric-al-ly, adv. 

Cyl'in-dric'i-ty (sil'in-drls'i-ty), n. Quality of being 
cylindrical. 

Cy-lin'dri-form (sT-lin'drT-f6rm), a. [L. cylindrus 
cylinder -f- -form.] Having the form of a cylinder. 

Cyl'in-droid (sil'Tn-droid), n. [Gr. *evAiv6pos cylinder 
+ -oid.] 1. A solid body resembling a right cylinder, 
but having the bases or ends elliptical. 2. (Geom.) A 
certain surface described by a moving straight line. 

II Gy'ma (si'ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Kvfia. See Cyme.] 
1. (Arch.) A member or molding of the cornice, the pro- 
file of which is wavelike in form. 2. (Bot.) A cyme. 

Cyma recta, a cyma hollow in its upper part and swelling 
below. — Cyma reversa, an ogee. 

Cy-mar' (sT-mar'), n. [F. simarre.] A slight cover- 
ing ; scarf. See Simar. [See Illust. of Molding. I 

I! Cy-ma'ti-um (sT-ma'shi-iim), n. A kind of molding. | 

Cym'bal (stm'bal), n. [OF. cimbale, L. cymbahim, 
fr. Gr. KvfJLfiaXov, fr. kv/j-Ptj, /ciV/Sos, anything hollow, hol- 
low vessel, basin.] 1. A musical instrument used by the 
ancients, supposed to have resembled a kettle drum. 2. 
A musical instrument of brass, shaped like a circular dish 
or a flat plate, with a handle at the 
back, — used in pairs by clashing them 
together. 3. A musical instrument, 
made of steel wire, in a triangular 
form, on which are movable rings. 

Cymnaal-ist, n. A performer upon 
cymbals. 

Cym'bi-form (sim'bT-fQrin), a. [L. 
cymba boat (Gr. kvm/3i?) + -form.] Boat-shaped ; (Bot.) 
elongated and with the upper .surface decidedly concave. 

Cyme (slm), n. [L. cyma cabbage sprout, fr. Gr. <vfia, 
prop., anything swollen, hence also, cyme, wave, fr. kvsiv 
to be pregnant.] (Bot.) A flattish or convex flower clus- 
ter, of the centrifugal type, differing from a corymb 
chiefly in the order of the opening of the blossoms. 

Cy'moid (sl'moid), a. {Cyme + -oid.] (Bot.) Hav- 
ing the form of a cyme. 

Cym'o-phane (sim'6-fan or sl'mo-), n. [Gr. Kvfia. 
wave -f- <f)aivecr9cu to appear. So named in allusion to 
its peculiar opalescence.] (Min.) Chrysoberyl. 

Cy'mose (si'inos), ) a. [See Cyme.] (Bot.) Of thena- 

Cy'mous (si'mus), J ture of a cyme, or derived from 
a cyme ; bearing, or pert, to, a cyme or cymes. 

Cym'ric (kini'nk), a. [W. Cymru Wales.] Welsh. 

||Cy-nan'che (si-nanHse), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kwdyxy, 
lit., dog's collar. Cf. Quinsy.] (Med.) Any disease of 
the tonsils, throat, or windpipe, with inflammation, 
swelling, and difficulty of breathing and swallowing. 



Like a circular dish 

Ancient Oriental 
Cymbals (2). 



Cyn'io (sTnTk), ) a. [L. cynicus of the sect of Cyn- 

Cyn'ic-al (-T-kul), J ics, fr. Gr. kvi/iko?, prop., dog- 
like, fir. kvojv, kvuos, dog.] 1. Haviug the qualities of a 
surly dog; suarling; captious; currish. 2. Pertaining 
to the Dog Star. 3. Belonging to the sect of philoso- 
phers called Cynics ; pertaining to, or resembling, the 
doctrines of the Cynics ; also, disbelieving in the recti- 
tude or unselfishness of human motives. 

Cyn'ic, n. (Gr. Philos.) 1. One of a sect or school 
of philosophers noted for austere lives and their scorn 
for social customs and current philosophical opinions. 
2. One who holds views resembling those of the Cynics ; 
a snarler ; a misanthrope ; esp., a person who believes 
that human conduct is directed wholly by self-interest or 
self-indulgence. — Cyn'ic-al-ly (slu'I-kal-iy), adv. — 
Cyn'lc-al-ness, n. 

Cyn'i-cism (-T-sYz'm), n. The doctrine or practices of 
the Cynics ; the quality of being cynical. 

Cy'no-SUre (si'no-shur or sTn'6-8hur), n. [L. Cyno- 
sura the constellation Cynosure, Gr. Kvvoaovpa dog's tail, 
the constellation Cynosure ; kv'wi/, kvvos, dog + or/pa 
tail.] 1. The constellation of the Lesser Bear, to which, 
as containing the polar star, the eyes of mariners and 
travelers were often directed. 2. Any center of at- 
traction. 

Cyp'er-a'ceous (sip/er-a'shus or sl'per-), a. [Gr. 
KU7T€ipos sedge.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, 
a large family of plants of which the sedge is the type. 

Cy r pher (sl'fer), n. & v. See Cipher. 

Cyph'O-nism (sif'6-nTz'm or sl'fo-), n. [Gr. kv<p<o- 
VMTfios, fr. Kv<f><av a sort of pillory, fr. kv06? bent.] A 
punishment consisting in the besmearing of the criminal 
with honey, and exposing him to insects. 

Cy/press (sl'prgs), n. [OF. cipres, L. cypressus, cy- 
parissus, fr. Gr. *aiirap«rcros ; perh. of Semitic origin.] 
(Bot. ) A coniferous tree (genus Cypressus), most species 
of which are evergreens, and have very durable wood. 

IISP^ As having been anciently used at funerals, and to 
adorn tombs, the Oriental species is an emblem of mourn- 
ing and sadness. 

Cyp / ri-an (slp'ri-an), a. 1. Belonging to Cyprus, re- 
nowned for the (ancient) worship of Venus. 2. Of, per- 
taining to, or conducing to, lewdness. 

Cyp'rl-an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Cyprus, 
especially of ancient Cyprus. 2. A lewd woman ; a harlot. 

Cyp'rine (sTp'rtn or sl'prin), a. Of or pertaining to 
the cypress. 

Cy-prin'O-dont (si-piTn'o-dSnt), n. [Gr. tcuirplvos a 
kind of carp + oSou's, oScWos, a tooth.] (Zodl.) One of 
a family of fishes including the killifishes or minnows. 

Cyp'li-noid (sip'rT-noid), a. [Gr. Kvirpivos a kind of 
carp -f- -oid.] (Zodl.) Like the carp (Cyprinus). 

II Cyp ri-pe'di-um (sTp'rT-pe'dT-um), n. [NL., fr. 
Cypris Venus + pes, pedis, foot.] (Bot.) A genus of 
orchidaceous plants including the lady's slipper. 

II Cyp'se-la (sip'se-la), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Kvi//e'Aij any 
hollow vessel.] (Bot.) A one-seeded, one-celled, iude- 
hiscent fruit ; an achene with the calyx tube adherent. 

Cyp-sel'i-form (sTp-sel'i-fSrm), a. [L. cypselus a 
kind of swallow, Gr. Kvxjjekos + -form.] (Zodl.) Like or 
belonging to the swifts (Cypselidx). 

Cyst (sist), n. [Gr. kuo-tis bladder, bag, pouch, fr. 
icveiv to be pregnant.] 1. (Med.) (a) An accidentally 
developed pouch or sac without opening, usually mem- 
branous and containing morbid matter, (b) The urinary 
bladder or the gall bladder. {Obs.] 2. (Bot.) One of 
the bladders or air vessels of certain ahjae. 3. (Zodl.) 
A small capsule or sac. 

Cyst'ed (sis'tgd), a. Inclosed in a cyst. 

Cystic (sis'tik), a. 1. Having the form of, or living 
in, a cyst. 2. Containing cysts; cystose. 3. (Ana/.) 
Pertaining to, or contained in, a cyst, esp. the urinary 
bladder or the gall bladder. 

Cys'ti-cerce (sis'tT-sers), ) n. [NL. cysticercus, fr. 

Cys'ti-cer'CUS (-serums), ) Gr. kuotc? bladder -\- 
xepKog tail.] (Zodl.) The larval form of a tapeworm, 
having the head and neck of a tapeworm attached to a 
saclike body filled with fluid. 

Cys-ti'tis (sTs-ti'tis), n. {Cyst -f -it is.] (Med.) In- 
flammation of the bladder. 

Cys'tO-cele (-to-sel), n. [Gr. Kv'o-Tis bladder -f- -cele.] 
(Med.) Hernia in which the urinary bladder protrudes. 

Cyst'ose (sis'tos), a. Containing, or resembling, a 
cyst or cysts ; cystic ; bladdery. 

Cys-tOt'O-my (sTs-t5t'6-my), n. [Gr. kvcttis bladder 
+ -tomy.] Act of opening cysts ; esp., operation of cut- 
ting into the bladder. 

Cy'tode (sitCd), n. [Gr. kvtos hollow vessel, from 



G 



H 



K 



f grn, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



CYTOGENESIS 



218 



DAFFODIL 



>ee Cyst.] (Biol.) A uonuucleated mass of pro- 
toplasm, the supposed simplest form of independent life. 

Cy tO-gen'e-sis (.sl'to-je'n'e-sTs), n. [Gr. kvtos hollow 
vessel -r E. fjcncsis.'] {Biol.) Development of cells in 
animal and vegetable organisms. 

Cy'toid (aFtoid), <?. [Gr. kvtos hollow vessel + -oid.~\ 
(Physiol.) Cell-like ; — applied to the corpuscles of 
lymph, blood, chyle, etc. 



Czar (zar), n. [Russ. Isare, fr. L. Caesar Caesar.] A 
king ; a chief ; the title of the emperor of Russia. 

Cza-rev'na (za-reVua), n. [Russ. tsarevna.] The 
title of the wife of the czarowitz. [Russia. I 

Cza-ri'na (za-re'na), n. The title of the empress of | 

Czar'O-witZ (ziir'o-wits or ts'ar'o-vech), n. [Russ. 
tsarevichW] The title of the eldest son of the czar of 
Russia. 



D. 



D (do). 1. The fourth letter of the English alphabet, 
and a vocal consonant. It is related most nearly to t 
and th ; as, Eng. deep, G. *ief ; Eng. daughter, G. <och- 
ter, Gr. 6vydrqp, Skr. cfuhitr. See Guide to Pronuncia- 
tion, §§ ITS, 179, 229. 2. (Mus.) The nominal of the 
"second tone in the model major scale (that in C), or of 
the fourth tone in the relative minor scale of C (that in 
A minor), or of the key tone in the relative minor of F. 
3. As a numeral D stands for 500. In this use it is not 
strictly a letter, but one half of the sign CD (or CD) 
the original Tuscan numeral for 1000. 

Dab (dSb), n. [Perh. for Adept.] A dabster. [Colloq.~\ 

Dab, n. [Etyrn. uncertain.] (Zool.) Any one of sev- 
eral species of flounders. 

Dab (d5b), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Dabbed (dSbd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Dabbing.] [OE. dabben; akin to OD. dabben.~\ 
To strike ; esp., to strike or touch gently, as with a soft 
or moist substance ; hence, to besmear with a dabber. 

Dab (d5b), n. 1. A blow or hit ; esp., a gentle blow. 
2. A small mass of anything soft or moist. 

Dab'ber (daVber), n. That with which one dabs ; as 
an engraver's ink pad. 

Dab'ble (daVb'l), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Dabbled (-b'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Dabbling (-bling).] [Freq. of Dab.] To 
wet by little dips or strokes ; to sprinkle ; to moisten. 

Dab'ble, v. i. 1. To play in water, as with the hands. 
2. To work slightly or superficially ; to tamper ; to meddle. 

DabTjler (dSb'bler), n. One who dabbles ; a meddler. 

Dab'chick' (dSb'chlk'), n. [For dapchick ; dap -+- 
chick.~\ (Zool.) A small water bird, allied to the grebes, j 
remarkable for quickness in diving. 

Dab'Ster (dab'ster), n. One who is skilled ; a profi- 
cient ; an adept ; an expert. \_Colloq.~\ 

§3fT* Sometimes improperly used for dabbler. 

II Da' ca'po (da' ka'po). [It.] (Mus.) From the be- 
ginning ; a direction to return to, and end with, the first 
strain ; — indicated by the letters D. C. 

Dace (das), n. [For older darce, fr. OF. darz, F. 
dard dace, dart; akin to E. dart.~\ (Zool.) A small 
European cyprinoid fish ; also, either of several related 
American species. 

II Dachs'hund' 
(daks'hunt/), n. 
[G., lit., badger 
dog. ] ( Zool. ) 
One of a certain 
breed of small 
dogs. There are 
two kinds, the 
rough-haired and 
the smooth- 
haired. 

Da-coif ( da-koit'), n, 



ments and positions of the fingers ; — a method of con- 
versing practiced by the deaf and dumb. 




Dachshund. 



[Hind. dakait,dakayat.~\ One 
of a class of robbers, in India, who act in gangs. 

Da-COit'y (-f), n. Gang robbery committed by dacoits. 

Dac'tyl (dSk'til), n. [L. dactylus, Gr. 6d/cruAo S a 
finger, a dactyl.] 1. (Pros.) A poetical foot of three 
syllables (— <" ^), one long and two short, or one ac- 
cented and two unaccented ; — so called from the simi- 
larity of its arrangement to that of the joints of a finger. 
2. (Zool.) A finger or toe ; a digit ; a claw. [tyl. I 

Dac'tyl- ar (dSk'til-er), a. Of or pertaining to a dac- 1 

Dac-tyl'ic (dSk-tlltk), a. Pertaining to, or consist- 
ing chiefly or wholly of, dactyls. — n. 1. A line consisting 
chiefly or wholly of dactyls. 2. pi. Dactylic meters. 

Dac-tyl'l-O-glyph (-T-6-glTf ), n. [Gr. SaK-rvAioyAv^os ; 
JoktvAios finger ring -j- yKv^ew to engrave.] (Fine Arts) 
An engraver of gems. 

Dac-tyl'i-og'ra-phy (-5g'ra-f?), n. [Gr. Boktv\io<; 
finger ring -\- -graphy.~\ (Fine Arts) Art of writing or en- 
graving upon gems, or the history of the art. [verse. I 

Dac'tyl-lst (daVtTl-Tst), n. A writer of dactylic! 

DaCtyl-ol'o-gy (-bT*-jy), n. [Gr. So.ktv\<k finger + 
-toffy-] Art of communicating ideas by certain move- 




One-hand Alphabet. 

Dad (dSd), n. [Prob. of Celtic origin.] Father ; — a 
word sometimes used by children. 

Dad'dle (dSd'd'l), v. i. [Prob. freq. of Dade.] To 
toddle ; to walk unsteadily ; to do anything feebly. 

Dad'dy (dSd'dy), n. Diminutive of Dad. 

Dad'dy longlegs' (long'leg*.' ; 115). (Zool.) (a) 
Either of several arachnidans, having a small body and 
four pairs of long legs, (b) A kind of long-legged dipte- 
rous insect. 

Da'do (da'do or da'do), n. ; pi. Dadoes (-doz). [It. 
dado; of same origin as E. die, n.] (Arch.) (a) That 
part of a pedestal included between the base and the 
cornice ; the die. (6) In any wall, the part of the base- 
ment between the base and the base course, (c) The 
lower part of the wall of an apartment when specially 
decorated. 

Dae'dal (de'dal), Dse-dal'ian (de-dal'yan ; 106), a. [L. 
daedalus, fr. Gr. SaiSoAo?.] Cunningly or ingeniously 
formed or working ; skillful ; artistic. 

Daed'a-lous (d6d'a-lus), a. (Bot.) Having a variously 
cut or incised margin ; — said of leaves. 

Dae'mon (de'mSn), n. See Demon. 

Daff (daf), v. t. [Cf. Doff.J To doff. [Obs.] 

Daffodil (d5f'f6-dTl), n. [OE. affodylle, prop., the 
asphodel, fr. LL. affodillus, L. asphodelus, fr. Gr. 
itr^oSeAos.] (Bot.) (a) An asphodel, (b) A plant (Nar- 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, £, I, 5, A, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DAFT 



219 



DAME 



cissus Pseudo-narcissus) having a bulbous root and beau- 
tiful, usually yellow, flowers. 

Daft (daft), a. [OE. daft, deft, stupid ; prob. the 
same word as E. deft.~\ Stupid ; foolish ; also, insane. 

Dag (dag), n. [Prob. fr. Celtic, through F. & LL.] 

1. A dagger. [06*.] 2. A large pistol. [06*.] 3. 
(Zo'61.) An unbranched antler. 

Dag, n. [OE. dagge (cf. Dagger) ; or cf. AS. dag 
what is dangling.] A loose end ; a dangling shred. 

Dag'ger (-ger), n. [See Dag a dagger.] 1. Any short 
weapon used for stabbing, as a poniard, dirk, etc. 

2. (Print.) A certain mark of reference [t]. 
Double dagger, a mark of reference [t].— To look 

daggers, to look fiercely or angrily. 

Dag'gle (dag'g'l), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Dag- 
gled (-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Daggling (-glTng).] 
[Freq. of Prov. Eng. dag to bemire.] To trail, 
so as to wet or befoul ; to make wet and limp. 

Dag'gle, v. i. To go or trail through water, 
mud, or slush ; to draggle. 

Dag'gle-taiT (-tal'), n. A slovenly woman. 

Daglock (-lok'), n. [Dag a loose end -f- 
lock.'] A dirty or clotted lock of wool on a sheep. 

Da'go (da'go), n. ; pi. Dagos (-goz). [Cf. Sp. Dag g er . 
Diego, E. James."] A nickname given to a per- 
son of Spanish (or, by extension, Portuguese or Italian) 
descent. [U.S.] 

liDa-go'ba (da-go'ba), n. [Singhalese dagoba.] A 
dome-shaped structure built over relics of Buddha or 
some Buddhist saint. [East Indies'] 

Da'gon (da'gon), n. [Heb. Dagon, fr. dag a fish.] 
The national god of the Philistines, represented with the 
upper part of a man, and the tail of a fish. 

Dag'swain' (dSg'swan'), n. [Cf . Dag loose end.] A 
coarse woolen fabric made of daglocks, or refuse wool. 

Da-guer're-an ) (da-ggrl-an), a. Pertaining to Da- 

Da-guerr e'i-an J guerre, or to the daguerreotype. 

Da-guerre-O-type (da-ggr'6-tip), n. [From Daguerre 
the inventor + -type.'] 1. An early variety of photograph, 
produced on a silver plate, or a copper plate covered with 
silver. 2. The process of taking such pictures. 

Da-guerre'o-type (da-ger'6-tlp), v. t. 1. To produce 
or represent by the daguerreotype process. 2. To impress 
accurately or distinctly. 

Da-guerre'o-ty'per (-tl'per), ) n. One who takes da- 

Da-guerre'O-ty'pist (-pist), j guerreotypes. 

Da-guerre'o-typlc (-tTp'Ik), ) «. Of or pert, to the 

Da-guene'O-typ'ic-al (-T-kal), J daguerreotype. 

Da-guerre'O-ty'py (-ti'p^), n. Art or process of pro- 
ducing pictures by the method of Daguerre. 

Dahlia (dal'ya or dal'ya; 106), n. [Named after 
Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of 
composite plants native to Mexico and Central America ; 
also, any plant or flower of the genus. The cultivated 
varieties bear conspicuous flowers of different colors. 

Daily (da'ljr), a. Happening, or belonging to, each 
successive day ; diurnal. 

Daily, n. A publication which appears every day. 

Daily, adv. Every day ; day by day. 

Dai'mi-0 (di'mi-6), n. ; pi. Daimios (-oz). [Jap.] The 
title of the feudal nobles of Japan. 

Dain'ty (dan'ty), n. [OF. deintie delicacy, orig., dig- 
nity, honor, fr. L. dignitas, fr. dignus worthy.] 1. Value ; 
estimation. [Obs.] 2. That which is delicious or deli- 
cate ; a delicacy. — Dain'ti-ly , adv. — Dain'ti-ness, n. 

Syn. — Delicacy. — As applied to food, the term deli- 
cacy denotes a nice or rare article. Dainty is stronger, 
and denotes food exquisitely prepared. 

Dain'ty, a. [Compar. Daintier (-tT-er) ; superl. 
Daintiest.] 1. Rare ; costly. [Obs.] 2. Delicious to 
the palate ; toothsome. 3. Nice ; delicate ; elegant ; 
neat ; tender. 4. Hard to please ; particular ; fastidious. 

Dai'ry (da'ry), n. [OE. deierie, from deie, daie, 
maid ; of Scand. origin; akin to E. dough, hence, orig., 
a baking maid.] 1. The place where milk is kept, and 
converted into butter or cheese. 2. The business of pro- 
ducing milk and making butter and cheese. 

Dais (da'Ts), n. [OF. deis, L. discus a quoit, a dish 
(from the shape), LL., table. See Dish.] 1. The high 
or principal table, at the end of a 
hall. [Obs.~] 2. A slightly raised 
platform in a large room, giving 
distinction to the table and seats 
placed upon it. 

Dai'sy (-z^), n. [OE. dayesye, 
AS. dseges-eage day's eye, daisy.] 
(Bot.) (a) A genus of low, compos- 
ite herbs (Bellis). The common European Daisy. 




English and classical daisy (Bellis perennis) has a yel- 
low disk and white or pinkish rays, (b) The whiteweed 
(Chrysanthemum Leucanlhemum), the common daisy in 
North America ; the oxeye daisy. 

Michaelmas daisy (Bot.), any plant of the genus Aster. 

Da'ker hen' (da'ker hgu'). [Etym. uncertain.] (Zo'61.) 
The corncrake or land rail. 

Da koit', «., Da koit'y, n. See Dacoit, Dacoitt. 

Dale (dal), n. [AS. dxV; akin to G. thai.] 1. A vale 
or valley. 2. A water trough or spout. 

Dales'man (dalz'man), n. One living in a dale. 

Dalliance (dal'11-ans), n. [From Dally.] 1. Act 
of dallying ; wanton play. 2. Delay or procrastination. 

Dalli-er (dai'lT-er), n. One who fondles ; a trifler. 

Dally (-150, v - *'• [imp. &p. p. Dallied (-lid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Dallying.] [OE. dalien, dailien ; origin un- 
certain.] 1. To waste time in effeminate or voluptuous 
pleasures, or in idleness ; to tarry ; to trifle. 2. To in- 
terchange caresses ; to wanton ; to sport. 

Dal-ma'tian (dSl-ma'shan), a. Of or pertaining to 
Dalmatia ; as, the Dalmatian, or coach, dog. 

Dal-mat'i-ca (dSl-matl-ka), or Dal mafic (-Tk), n. 

1. (R. C. Ch.) A vestment with wide sleeves, and with 
two stripes, worn at Mass by deacons, and by bishops at 
pontifical Mass ; imitated from a Dalmatian dress. 2. A 
kind of robe worn on state occasions. 

II Dal' se'gno (dal' san'yo). [It., from the sign.] 
(Mus.) A direction to go back to the sign •** and re- 
peat from thence to the close. «*• 

Dal'ton-ism (dal'tun-Tz'm), n. Inability to perceive 
or distinguish certain colors ; color blindness. So called 
from the chemist Dalton, who had this infirmity. 

Dam (dam), n. [OE. dame. See Dame.] 1. A fe- 
male parent ; — used of beasts, especially of quadrupeds. 

2. A king or crowned piece in the game of draughts. 
Dam, n. [Akin to D. dam, G. damm, Icel. dammr, 

and AS. iordemman to stop up.] A barrier to prevent 
the flow of a liquid, esp. one built across a water course. 

Dam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dammed (d5md) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Damming.] 1. To obstruct or restrain the flow of, 
by a dam. 2. To shut up ; to close ; to restrain. 

Dam'age (dam'aj; 48), n. [OF., deriv. of L. dam- 
num damage. See Damn.] 1. Injury or harm to person, 
property, or reputation. 2. pi. (Law) The estimated 
reparation in money for detriment or injury sustained. 

Exemplary damages (Law), damages imposed by way of 
example to others. — Nominal damages (Law), those given 
for a violation of a right where no actual loss has accrued. 

Syn. — Mischief ; hurt ; detriment ; evil ; ill. 

Dam'age, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Damaged (-ajd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Damaging (-a-jing).] To occasion damage to ; 
to hurt ; to injure ; to impair. 

Dam'age (dSm'aj), v. i. To receive damage or harm. 

Dam'age-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being damaged. 

Da'man (da'man), n. (Zo'61.) A small herbivorous 
mammal of Syria and Northern Africa. 

Dam'as-cene (dam'as-sen), a. [L. Damascenus.] Of 
or relating to Damascus, —n. A kind of plum; the 
damson. [or Damaskeen, v. 1. 1 

Dam'as-cene' (d5m'as-sen'), v. t. Same as Damask, | 

Da-mas'CUS (da-ma's'kus), n. [L., fr. Gr. Aa/xacr/cos, 
Heb. Dammesq, Ar. Demeshq.] A city of Syria. _ 

Damascus blade, a sword or scimiter, made chiefly at 
Damascus, having a variegated appearance of watering, 
and proverbial for excellence. — Damascus iron, metal 
formed of thin bars of wires of iron and steel elaborately 
twisted and welded together, — used for making gun bar- 
rels, etc. — Damascus steel, damask steel. 

Dam'ask (dam'ask), n. [From Damascus.] 1. Silk 
woven with an elaborate pattern of flowers and the like. 
2. A fabric so woven that a pattern is produced by the 
different directions of the thread, without contrast of 
color. 3. Damask steel ; also, the peculiar markings or 
" water " of such steel. 4. A deep pink or rose color. 

Dam'ask, a. Of or pertaining to Damascus ; like the 
manufactures of Damascus. 

Damask rose (Bot.), a large, pink, hardy, and very fra- 
grant variety of rose from Damascus. — Damask steel, a 
kind of steel formerly made at Damascus, and famous for 
its hardness and beautifully watered surface. 

Dam'ask, v. t. limp. & p. p. Damasked (-askt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Damasking.] 1. To decorate with flowers 
and rich designs, as silk. 2. To damaskeen. 

Dam'as-keen' (dXni'as-ken'), ) v. t. To make or dec- 

Dam'as-ken (d5m'as-kSn), j orate, as iron, steel, 
etc., with a peculiar marking or " water." 

Dam'as-kin (-kin), n. A sword of Damask steel. 

Dam'as-sin (d5m'«s-sYn), n. [F.] A kind of damask. 

Dame (dam), n. [F. dame, LL. domna, fr. L. domina, 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DAMMAR 



220 



DARKENER 



feni. of do in in us master, ruler, lord ; akin to domare to 
subdue, ami E. tame. Cf. Danger, Dominie.] 1. A 
- of a family, who is a lady ; a woman in authority. 
2. Any mistress of a family ; a mistress of a school. 3. 
A woman in general ; esp., an elderly woman. 

Dam'mar (daui'mar), \ ft, [Jav. & Malay, damar.] 

Dam'ma-ra (-nia-ra), J An oleoresin used in making 
varnishes. It is obtained from East Indian trees. 

Damn ^dXm), r. /. [imp. & p. p. Damned (dSind or 
dSm'ugd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Damning (dXin'Tng or dSin'- 
nlng).] [OF. damncr, dampner, fr. L. damnare,-atum, 
to condemn, fr. damnum damage, penalty.] 1. To con- 
demn ; to declare guilty ; to doom ; to sentence. 2. 
(Theol.) To doom to punishment in the future world; 
to curse. 3. To condemn as bad or displeasing. 

Dam'na-ble (dSin'na-b'l), a. 1. Liable to damnation ; 
deserving to be damned ; incurring damnation. 2. Odi- 
ous ; pernicious ; detestable. — Dam'na-bly , adv. — 
Dam na -bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), Dam'na-ble-ness, n. 

Dam-na'tion (dXm-na'shun), n. Act of damning, or 
state of being damned ; condemnation ; censure. 

Dam'na-tO-ry (dain'na-to-ry), a. Dooming to dam- 
nation ; condemnatory. 

Damned (dSmd ; in serious discourse, dSm'ned), a. 

1. Sentenced to punishment in a future state ; con- 
demned. 2. Hateful ; detestable ; abominable. 

Dam-nil 'ic (dSm-nlf 'Tk), a. [L. damnificus ; dam- 
num damage -\-facere to make.] Causing loss ; mischie- 
vous ; injurious. 

Dam'O-sel (d3m'6-zel), n. A damsel. [Archaic'] 

Damp (damp), n. [Akin to D. damp steam, fog, G. 
damp/.] 1. Moisture ; humidity ; fog ; vapor. 2. De- 
jection ; gloom ; discouragement. 3. {Mining) A gase- 
ous product, formed in coal mines, old wells, etc. ; as, 
choke damp, which extinguishes flame and animal life, 
and fire damp, which is inflammable and explosive. 

Damp (damp), a. [Compar. Damper (-er) ; superl. 
Dampest.] 1. Moderately wet ; moist ; humid. 2. 
Gloomy ; discouraged ; dejected, [R.] 

Damp, v. I. [imp. & p. p. Damped (damt ; 215) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Damping.] To render damp ; to dampen. 

Damp'en (dXmp"n), v. t. &i. [imp. & p. p. Damp- 
ened (-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dampening.] To make or 
become damp ; to damp. 

Damp'er (dSm'per), n. That which damps, checks, 
or deadens ; esp. : (a) A contrivance for regulating the 
draught of air in a stove, furnace, etc. (b) A contriv- 
ance to check the action of anything, as the vibrations 
of a musical instrument. 

Damp'ness, n. Moderate humidity ; moisture. 

Dam'sel (dam'zel), n. [OF. damoisele, damisele, 
gentlewoman, through LL. fr. L. domina, dominus. See 
Dame.] 1. A young person of gentle birth. [Obs.~\ 

2. A young unmarried woman. 

Dam'son (dXm'z'n), n. [OE. damasin, fr. L. Damas- 
cenus. See Damascene.] A small, oval, bluish plum. 

Dan (dan), n. [OF., fr. L. dominus. See Dame.] A 
title of honor equivalent to master, or sir. [Obs.~\ 

Da'na-ide (da'na-Id), n. pFrom the mythical Danai- 
des, condemned to fill with water a 
vessel full of holes.] (Mach.) A kind 
of water wheel. 

Dance (dans), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Danced (danst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dan- 
cing.] [F. danser, fr. OHG. danson to 
draw.] 1. To move with measured 
steps, or to a musical accompaniment. 
2. To move nimbly or merrily; to 
frisk ; to skip about. [dandle. I 

Dance, v. t. To cause to dance ; to | 

To dance attendance, to attend with 
obsequious alacrity. Danaide. 

Dance, n. 1. Act of one who dances ; an amuse- 
ment, in which the movements of the persons are regu- 
lated by art, in figures and in accord with music. 2. A 
tune by which dancing is regulated. 

Dan'cer (dan'ser), n. One who dances. 

Dan'de-li'on (dan'de-lFun), n. [F. dent de lion lion's 
tooth, fr. L. dens tooth 4- leo lion.] (Bot.) A well- 
known plant having yellow, compound flowers, and 
deeply notched leaves. 

Dan'der (-der), n. [Corrupt, fr. Dandruff.] 1. Dan- 
druff. 2. Anger ; rage. [Low] [terriers. I 

Dan'die (-dy), n. (Zodl.) One of a breed of small| 

Dan'dl-fy (dan'dT-fi), v. t. [Dandy -\-fy.] To cause 
to resemble a dandy ; to make dandyish. 

Dan'di-prat (-pr5t), n. [Dandy + brat child.] 1. A 
little fellow ; — in sport or contempt. 2. A small coin. 




Dan'die (dan'd'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dandled 
(-d'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dandling (-dlYng).] [Cf. G. 
tdndeln, OD. & Prov. G. danlen.] 1. To move up 
and down in affectionate play, as an infant. 2. To 
fondle ; to toy with. 

Dan'dler (dan'dler), n. One who dandles or fondles. 

Dan'drill (dan'drif ), n. Dandruff. 

Dan'drulf (dSn'druf), n. [Prob. from W. ton skin + 
AS. drof dirty, or W. drwg bad.] A scurf which forms 
on the head, and comes off in small scales or particles. 

Dan'dy (-dy), n. [Cf. F. dandin ninny ; prob. akin to 
E. dandle.] 1. One who affects special finery or gives 
undue attention to dress; fop; coxcomb. 2. [Etym. 
uncertain.] (Naut.) (a) A sloop or cutter with a lugsail. 
(b) A small sail carried at or near the stern of small boats. 

Dan'dy-ism (-Tz'm), n. Manners and dress of a dandy. 

Dan'ger (dan'jer), n. [OF. dangier, dongier, deriv. 
of L. dominium power, property.] 1. Authority ; con- 
trol ; liability to penalty. [Obs.] 2. Exposure to in- 
jury, loss, pain, or other evil ; peril ; risk ; insecurity. 

Syn. — Peril ; hazard ; risk ; jeopardy. — Banger is the 
general term; peril is instant or impending danger. 
Hazard and risk imply an element of uncertainty or for- 
tuity. Jeopardy is extreme danger. 

Dan'ger-OUS (-us), a. 1. Attended or beset with 
danger. 2. Causing danger. 3. Threatened with death, 
as from disease. [Colloq.] — Dan'ger-ous-ly, adv. — 
Dan'ger-ous-ness, n. 

Dan'gle (dan'g'l), v. i. & I. [imp. & p. p. Dangled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dangling (-gling).] [Akin to 
Dan. dangle, dial. Sw. dangla.] To hang, or cause to 
hang, loosely, or with a swinging or jerking motion. 

Dan'gle-ber'ry (-ber'ry), n. (Bot.) An edible berry 
closely allied to the common huckleberry. 

Dan'gler (dan'gler), n. One who dangles about or 
after others, esp. after women ; a trifler. 

Dan'ite (dSnlt), n. [Alluding to the prophecy in 
Gen. xlix. 17, " Dan shall be a serpent by the way, " etc.] 
One of the secret association of Mormons, bound to obey 
the heads of the church in all things. [U. S.~\ 

Dank (dSnk), a. [Etym. uncertain.] Damp ; moist. 

Dank'ish, a. Somewhat dank. [male dancer. I 

II Danseuse' (daN'seV), n. [F.] A professional fe-| 

Dap (d5p), v. i. [Cf. Dip.] (Angling) To drop the 
bait gently on the surface of the water. 

Daph/ne (daf'ne), n. [L., laurel, fr. Gr. 6a<£vi}.] (Bot.) 
A genus of diminutive shrubs, mostly evergreen. 

Dap'per (dap'per), a. [Prob. fr. D. dapper brave.] 
Little and active ; neat in dress or appearance ; lively. 

Dap'ple (dap'p'l), n. [Cf. Icel. depill spot, a dog 
with spots over the eyes.] One of the spots on a dap- 
pled animal. 

Dap'ple (dap'p'l), Dap'pled (-p'ld), a. Marked with 
spots of different colors or shades of color ; spotted. 

Dap'ple (dap'p'l), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Dappled (-p'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Dappling.] To variegate with spots. 

DarT)ies (dar'biz), n. pi. Manacles; handcuffs. [Cant] 

Dare (dSr), v. i. [imp. Durst (dfirst) or Dared 
(dSrd) ; p. p. Dared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Daring.] [AS. ic 
dear I dare, imp. dorste, inf. durran ; akin to OHG. tar, 
Gr. Oapaeiv to be bold, Skr. dhrsh.] To have adequate or 
sufficient courage for a certain purpose ; to venture. 

Dare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dar- 
ing.] 1. To have courage for ; to venture to do or to 
undertake. 2. To challenge ; to provoke ; to defy. 

Dare, n. 1. The quality of daring ; venturesomeness. 
[R.] 2. Defiance; challenge. 

Dare, n. [See Dace.] (Zo'dl.) A small fish; the dace. 

Dare'-dev'il (dar'dev"l), n. A reckless fellow. 

Dare'— deVil-try (-try), n. Reckless mischief. 

Dar'er (dfir'er), n. One who dares or defies. 

Dar'ic (dar'Tk), n. [Gr. Sapeuco?, fr. OPers. darika; 
cf. Avestan zairi golden.] (Antiq.) A gold coin of an- 
cient Persia, worth about $7. 

Dark (dark), a. [AS. dearc, deorc ; origin uncertain.] 
1. Destitute, or partially destitute, of light ; not receiv- 
ing, reflecting, or radiating, light. 2. Not clear to the 
understanding ; obscure ; mysterious. 3. Morally black ; 
vile ; wicked. 4. Gloomy ; foreboding evil ; suspicious. 

A dark horse, in racing or politics, a horse or a candidate 
whose chances of success have not been made the subject 
of general comment or of wagers. [Colloq.] 

Dark (dark), n. A condition or place which is dark ; 
that which is dark, as a shadow in a painting. 

Dark'en (dark"n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Darkened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Darkening (-'n-Tng).] To make 
or become dark ; to deprive of light. 

Dark'en-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, darkens. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, it, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, Idea, 5 bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final 



DARKISH 



221 



DAUPHIN 



Dark'ish (dark'Ysh), a. Somewhat dark ; dusky. 

Dar'kle (dar'k'l), v. i. [Preq. of Dark.] To grow 
dark. 

Dark'ling (darklTng), p. pr. & a. Becoming or be- 
ing dark or gloomy ; frowning. [dark. [Poetic] I 

Dark'ling, adv. [Dark -j- adv. suf. -ling.] In the| 

Dark'ly, adv. 1. With imperfect light, clearness, or 
knowledge. 2. With a gloomy or menacing look. 

Dark'ness, n. State or quality of being dark. 

Prince of darkness, the Devil ; Satan. 

Syn. — Darkness; dimness; obscurity; gloom. 

Dark'some (dark'sum), a. Dark ; gloomy ; cheerless. 

Dark'y (dark'y), n. A negro. [Slang] 

Dar'ling (dar'Hng), n. [OE. derling, deorling. See 
Dear, and -ling.] One dearly beloved ; a favorite. 

Darling, a. Dearly beloved ; regarded with especial 
kindness and tenderness ; favorite. 

Darn (darn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Darned (darnd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Darning.] [OE. derne ; prob. of Celtic 
origin.] To mend, as a rent, with interlacing stitches. 

Darn, n. A place mended by darning. 

Darn, v. t. A colloquial euphemism for Damn. 

Dar'nel (dar'nel), n. [Origin uncertain.] {Bot.) Any 
grass of the genus Lolium ; esp., L. temulenlus, the grains 
of which have been reputed poisonous. Other species, as 
rye grass, are esteemed for fodder. 

Darn'er (darn'er), n. One who mends by darning. 

Dar'nex (diir'neks), Dar'nic (-nik), n. Same as Dor- 
nick. [of dragon fly. I 

Darn'ing-nee'dle (darn'Tng-ne'd'l), n. Any species | 

Darraign ) (dar'ran or dar-ran'), v. t. [OF. derais- 

Dar'rain J nier to explain, defend, deriv. of L. de + 
ratio reason.] To make ready to fight ; to array. [Obs.] 

Dar'rein (dSr'rin), a. [OF., deriv. of L. de + retro 
back, backward.] {Law) Last; final. 

Dart (dart), n. [OF. dart ; of German origin.] 1. A 
pointed missile weapon, intended to be thrown by the 
hand ; hence, any sharp-pointed missile weapon ; any- 
thing that pierces or wounds. 2. {Zo'ol.) The dace. 

Dart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Darted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Darting.] 1. To throw with a sudden effort or thrust, 
as a dart. 2. To send forth ; to emit ; to shoot. 

Dart, v. i. 1. To fly or pass swifty, as a dart. 2. To 
start and run with velocity. 

Dar'tars (dar'terz), n. [F. dartre eruption, dandruff.] 
A kind of scab or ulceration on the skin of lambs. 

Dart'er (darfer), n. 1. One who darts, or who 
throws darts ; that which darts. 2. The snakebird ; — 
so called from the manner in which it darts its long bill 
at its prey. 3. An American fresh-water fish. 

Dar'trous (dar'triis), a. [See Dartars.] {Med.) Re- 
lating to, or of the nature of, tetter ; herpetic. 

Dar-win'i-an (dar-wln'1-an), a. [From the name of 
Charles Darwin, an English scientist.] Pertaining to 
Darwin ; as, the Darwinian theory, a theory of the man- 
ner and cause of the supposed development of living 
things from certain original forms or elements by a proc- 
ess called natural selection or the survival of the fittest. 

Dar-win'i-an, n. An advocate of Darwinism. 

Dar-win'i-an-ism (-Tz'm), ». Darwinism, [theory. I 

Dar 'win-ism (dar'win-Tz'm), n. {Biol.) Darwinian! 

Dash (dash), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dashed (dasht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Dashing.] [Of Scand. origin.] 1. To throw 
with violence or haste. 2. To break, as by throwing or 
by collision. 3. To put to shame ; to confound ; to 
abash. 4. To throw in or on in a rapid, careless man- 
ner ; to overspread partially ; to bespatter. 5. To form 
or sketch rapidly or carelessly ; — with off. 6. To erase 
by a stroke ; — with out. 

Dash, v . i. To rush with violence ; to strike violently. 

Dash, n. 1. Violent striking together of two bodies ; 
collision ; crash. 2. A sudden check ; abashment ; 
frustration. 3. A slight admixture ; a partial over- 
spreading. 4. A rapid movement, esp. one of short dura- 
tion ; a quick stroke ; a sudden rush ; in racing, a single 
trial. 5. Energy in style or action. 6. A vain show ; a 
flourish. [Colloq.] 7. {Punctuation) A mark or line [ — ], 
in writing or printing, denoting a sudden break, stop, or 
change in the structure or thought of a sentence, or a 
long or significant pause. Dashes are also sometimes 
used instead of marks of parenthesis. 8. {Mus.) (a) The 
sign of staccato, a mark ['] denoting that the note over 
which it is placed is to be performed in a short, distinct 
manner. (6) The line drawn through a figure in thor- 
ough bass, as a direction to raise the interval a semitone. 

Dasb/board (dash'bord'), n. A board placed at the 
fore part of a vehicle, to intercept water, mud, or snow, 
thrown up by the feet of the horses. 




Dash/er (dasher), n. 1. That which dashes or agi- 
tates. 2. A dashboard. [U.S.] [ly, adv. I 

Dash'lng, a. Bold ; spirited ; showy. — Dash'ing- 1 

Dash'pot' (-p5f), n. {Mach.) A pneumatic or hy- 
draulic cushion for a falling weight. 

Dash'y {-$), a. Ostentatious ; showy. [Colloq.] 

Das'tard (dXs'terd), n. [Prob. from Icel. dsestr, p. p. 
of dsesa to groan, lose one's breath.] One who meanly 
shrinks from danger ; a poltroon. 

Das'tard,'/. Meanly afraid ; dastardly. 

Das'tard-ly, a. Like a dastard ; becoming to a das- 
tard ; sneaking ; base. 

Da-sym'e-ter (da-sTm't-ter), n. [Gr. fiao-us thick -f 
-meter.] {Physics) An instrument for testing the density 
of gases. 

Das'y-ure (da\sT-iir), n. [Gr. oatrus shaggy + oi-pa 
tail.] {Zo'ol.) A carnivorous marsupial of Australia. 

II Da'ta (da'ta), n. pi. [L.] See Datum. 

Date, n. [F. datte, L. dactylus, fr. Gr. SdKTvAos ; prob. 
not same word as 5<£ktvAo? finger, but of Semitic origin.] 
{Bot.) The fruit of the date palm ; also, the date tree. 

Date palm, or Date tree, the palm which bears dates. 

Date (dat), n. [F. date, LL. data, 
fr. L. datus given, p. p. of dare to give ; 
akin to Gr. SiSovai, Skr. da.] 1. That 
addition to a writing, inscription, coin, 
etc., which specifies the time when it 
was given, or executed, or made. 2. 
The point of time at which an event 
takes place, or is appointed to take 
place ; a given point of time ; epoch. 

Date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Dating.] 1. To note 
the time of writing or executing. 2. 
To note, fix, or state, the time of. 

(H^* We may say dated at or dated 
from a place. 

Date, v. i. To have ; to begin ; to| 
be dated. [fixed time. 

Date'less, a. Having no date, or 

Da'tive (da'tYv), a. [L. dativus ap- 
propriate to giving, fr. dare to give. u&ie raim - 
See 2d Date.] 1. {Gram.) Pertaining to or designating 
the case of a noun which expresses the remoter object, 
and is generally indicated in English by to or for with 
the objective. 2. {Law) {a) Being the subject of gift ; 
disposable at pleasure. (6) Removable, as an officer. 

Da'tive, n. The dative case. 

Dat'O-lite (dat'6-lit), n. [From Gr. SaTelaOat. to di- 
vide + -lite ; in allusion to the granular structure of a 
massive variety.] {Min.) A borosilicate of lime com- 
monly occurring in glassy, greenish crystals. 

II Da'tum (da'tum), n. ; pi. Data (-ta). [L. See 2d 
Date.] Something given or admitted ; the premise of 
an inference or argument ; — used chiefly in the plural. 

II Da-tu'ra (da-tu'ra), n. [NL. ; origin uncertain.] 
{Bot.) A genus of solanaceous plants, with large funnel- 
shaped flowers and a four-celled, capsular fruit. 

Daub (dab), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daubed (dabd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Daubing.] [OF. dauber to plaster, fr. L. 
dealbare to whitewash, plaster ; de + albare to whiten, 
fr. albus white.] 1. To smear with soft, adhesive mat- 
ter ; to plaster ; to besmear. 2. To paint in a coarse or 
unskillful manner. 3. To cover ; to disguise. 

Daub, n. 1. A viscous, sticky application ; a spot 
smeared or daubed. 2. {Paint.) An unskillful painting. 

Daub'er (daVer), n. One who, or that which, daubs. 

Daub'er-y "{-$), or Daub'ry (-ry), ». A daubing; 
specious coloring ; false pretenses. 

Daugh'ter (da'ter),«. [AS. dohtor, dohter : akin to 
D. dochter, G. tochter, Gr. Ovydrnp, Skr. duhitr.] 1. A 
female child or offspring. 2. A female descendant. 3. 
A son's wife ; a daughter-in-law. 

Daugh'ter-in-law' (-Tn-la'), n. ; pi. Daughters-in- 
law. The wife of one's son. 

Daugh'ter-ly, a. Becoming a daughter ; filial. 

Daunt (dant), v. t. [imp. £ p. p. Daunted : /). pr. 
& vb. n. Daunting.] [OF. danter to subdue, fr. L. do- 
mitare, v. intens. of domare to tame. See Tame.] To 
repress or subdue the courage of ; to intimidate ; to 
disheai-ten ; to dismay ; to appall. 

Dauntless, a. Incapable of being daunted. — Daunt'- 
less-ly, adv. — Daunt'less ness, n. 

Dau'phin (da/fin), n. [F. dauphin, prop., a dolphin 
(fr. L. delphinus), a name given, for some reason unex- 
plained, to Guigo, count of Vienne, in the 12th century.] 
The eldest son of the king of France, and heir to the 
crown ; — not used since the revolution of 1830. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fc>bt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DAUPHINE 



222 



DEAL 



> 



> 




Dan'phin-ess Wfla -fc), or Dau'phine (-fen), n. 
The wife of the dauphin. 

Dav'en-port (.dav'Sn-port). n. [Named after the origi- 
nal maker. J A kind of small writing table or desk. 

Davit (offft or da'vlt), n. [Prob. from the proper 
name David.] (,-Vai//.) (a) A spar formerly used on 
shipboard, as a crane to hoist the nukes of the anchor to 
the top of the bow. (b) pi. Projecting curved arms of 
timber or iron used with tackle to 
raise or lower a boat, as from the 
deck to the water. 

Da'vy Jones' ^da'vy jonz'). The 
spirit of the sea ; sea devil ; — a term 
used by sailors. 

Davy' Jones's Locker, the ocean, or 
bottom of the ocean. 

Da'vy lamp 7 (lamp 7 ). A safety 
lamp. See under Lamp. 

Da'vy-um (da'vT-um). n. [Named 
after Sir Humphry Davy.] (Chem.) 
A rare metal found in platinum ore. 

Daw (da), n. [OE. dawe ; akin to aa Davits <*>• 
OHG. tafia.] (Zo'ol.) A European bird of the Crow 
family ; a jackdaw. 

Daw'dle (da'd'l), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Dawdled 
(-d*ld) ; p. pr."& rb. n. Dawdling (-dling).] [Cf. Dad- 
pie. To waste time in trifling employment ; to trifle. 

Daw'dle, r. /. To waste by trifling. 

Daw'dler (da'dler), n. One who dawdles ; a trifler. 

Dawk idak), r. t. [Prov. E. dauk to cut or pierce with 
a jerk.] To cut or mark with an incision ; to gash. 

Dawn (dan), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dawned (dand) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Dawning.] [AS. dagian, fr. dseg day. 
See Day.] 1. To begin to grow light in the morning. 

2. To begin to give promise ; to begin to appear or to 
expand. 

Dawn. n. Break of day : first appearance ; beginning. 

Day (da), n. [AS. dseg ; akin to D. & G. tag.] 1. 
The interval between one night and the next : hence, the 
light ; sunshine. 2. The period of the earth's revolution 
on its axis, — ordinarily divided into twenty-four hours. 

3. Those hours, or the daily recurring period, allotted 
by usage or law for work. 4. A specified time or period ; 
age ; time. 5. (Preceded by the) Some day in particular. 

Astronomical day, a period equal to the mean solar day, 
but beginning at noon instead of at midnight, its twenty- 
four hours being numbered from 1 to 24 ; also, the side- 
real day, as that most used by astronomers. — Civil day, 
the mean solar day, used in the ordinary reckoning of 
time, and usually beginning at mean midnight. — Day by 
day, or Day after day, daily : every day ; continually. — 
Jewish day, the time between sunset and sunset. — Side- 
real day, the interval between two successive transits of 
the first point of Aries over the same meridian. The 
sidereal day is 23 h. 56 m. 4.09 s. of mean solar time. 

Day'aks (dfaTcs), n. pi. (Ethnol.) See Dyaks. 

Daybook' (da'book 7 ), n. A primary record book in 
which are recorded the accounts of the day. in their order. 

DayT>reak 7 (dal>rak 7 ), n. The time of the first ap- 
pearance of light in the morning ; dawn ; dayspring. 

Day'dream (-drem 7 ), n. A vain fancy or specula- 
tion ; reverie ; air castle ; unfounded hope. [day. 

Day'-la'bor (-la 7 ber), n. Labor hired or done by the 

Daylight' (-lit'), n. The light of day : sunlight. 

Day' liTy (HPy). (Bot.) Either of two genera of 
plants (Funkia and Hemerocallis) closely resembling 
true lilies, but having tuberous rootstocks. 

Days'man (daz'mSn), n. [From Day. in the sense of 
day fixed for trial.] An umpire or arbiter ; a mediator. 

Day 'Spring 7 (da'spring 7 ), n. Daybreak. 

Day'-star 7 (-star'), n. 1. The morning star. 2. The 
sun. as the orb of day. [Poetic] 

Day'time 7 (-tim 7 ), "• The time while there is daylight. 

Daze (daz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dazed (dazd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Dazing.] [OE. dasen, prob. fr. Icel. dasask to 
become weary.] To stupefy, as with excess of light, with 
a blow, with cold, or with fear ; to confuse ; to benumb. 

Daze. n. State of being dazed. 

Daz'zle (daz'z'l), v. t. [imp. Sap. p. Dazzled (-z'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Dazzling (-zlTng).] [Freq. of Daze.] 
1. To confuse the sight of by brilliance of light. 2. To 
bewilder or surprise with brilliancy or display of any kind. 

Daz'zle. ■>•. i. 1. To be overpoweringly or intensely 
bright. 2. To be dazzled by brilliancy. 

Daz'zle. n. A light of dazzling brilliancy. 

De- 'de-). A prefix from Latin de down, from, away : 
as in debark, decline, decease, deduct, decamp. In words 
from the French it is often equivalent to Latin dis- apart, 
away ; as in derange, detach. Cf. Di6-. It is negative I 



and opposite in derange, deform, destroy, etc. It is in- 
tensive in deprave, despoil, declare, desolate, etc. 

Dea'con (de'k'n), n. [AS. diacon. deacon, L. diaco- 
nus. fr. Gr. ShLkovos a servant or minister ; of uncertain 
origin.] (Eccl.) An officer in Christian churches ap- 
pointed to perform certain subordinate duties. 

Dea'con ^de'k'n), r. t. To read aloud each line of (a 
psalm or hymn) before singing it, as was done by a dea- 
con in the New England churches : — usually with off. 
[Colloq. Xeu- Eng.] 

Dea'con-ess (.de'k'n-gs). n. {Eccl.) A female dea- 
con : a woman set apart or chosen for church work. 

Dea'con-hood (-hood), n. State of being a deacon. 

Dea'con-ry (-ry), n. Deaconship. 

Dea'con-ship, n . Office of a deacon or deaconess. 

Dead (ded), a. [AS. dead ; akin to D. dood, G. todt, 
tot ; prop. p. p. of an old verb meaning, to die.] 1. 
Deprived or destitute of life. 2. Resembling death in 
appearance or quality ; deathlike. 3. Motionless ; in- 
active : useless. 4. Soundless. 5. Unproductive ; un- 
profitable. 6. Lacking spirit : dull ; lustreless ; cheer- 
less. 7. Monotonous or unvaried. 8. Sure as death ; 
unerring ; fixed. 9. Bringing death ; deadly. 10. (Paint.) 
(a) Flat ; without gloss. (b) Not brilliant ; not rich. 

11. (Law) Legally deprived of the rights of a citizen. 

12. (Maeh.) Not imparting motion or power. 

Dead center, or Dead point (Jfach.i, either of two points 
in the orbit of a crank, at which the crank and connect- 
ing rod lie in a straight line. — Dead heat, a heat or course 
between two or more race horses, boats, etc., in which 
they come out exactly equal. — Dead language, a language 
which is no longer spoken or in common use by a people. 
Dead letter. (a> A letter which fails to reach the person 
addressed. (6) That which has lost its force or authority ; 
— said of a law. — Dead lift, a direct lift, without mechan- 
ical assistance. — Dead reckoning (-Vow/.), the method of 
determining the place of a ship, without the aid of celes- 
tial observations. — Dead wall (Arch.), a wall unbroken 
by openings. — Dead water (NauL), the eddy water clos- 
ing in under a ship's stern when sailing. —Dead wind 
(A out.), a wind directly ahead. 

Syn. — Inanimate ; deceased : extinct ; lifeless. 

Dead, adv. To a degree resembling death ; to the last 
degree ; completely ; wholly. [Colloq.] 

Dead ahead (NauL), directly ahead. 

Dead, n . 1. The most deathlike time ; the period of 
profoundest repose, inertness, or gloom. 2. One who is 
dead ; — commonly used collectively with the. 

Dead-beat 7 (ded'hef 7 ), a. (Physics) Making a beat 
without recoil ; giving indications by a single beat. 

Dead'en (ded''n). v. t. [imp. &p. p. Deadened (-'nd);. 
p. pr. & vb. n. Deadening.] To make as dead ; to im- 
pair in vigor, force, activity, or sensation ; to lessen the 
force, acuteness, velocity, spirit, or brilliancy of. 

Dead'en-er (-er), n. One that deadens. 

Dead'-eye 7 (dedl 7 ), «• (Xaul.) A round, flatfish, 
wooden block, pierced with three holes to receive a lan- 
yard , — used to extend the shrouds and stays, etc. 

Dead'head' (-hed 7 ), n. One who receives free tickets 
for theaters, public conveyances, etc. [Colloq. U. S] 

Dead'house 7 (-hous 7 ), n. A morgue. 

Deadlight 7 (-lit 7 ), n. (Xaut.) A strong shutter, made 
to fit open ports and keep out water in a storm. 

Deadli-ness- n. Quality or state of being deadly. 

Deadlock 7 (-lok 7 ), n. 1." A lock which requires a key 
to throw the bolt forward. 2. A counteraction of things, 
which produces an entire stoppage. 

Deadly (dedly), a. 1. Capable of causing death ; 
certain or likely to cause death. 2. Aiming or willing 
to destroy : implacable. 

Deadly, adv. 1. In a manner resembling, or as if 
produced by, death. 2. In a manner to occasion death ; 
mortally. 3. In an implacable manner ; destructively. 

Dead'ness, n . Quality or state of being dead ; destitute 
of life, vigor, spirit, brightness, etc. [under Dead. a. | 

Dead' -reck on-ing (-rek'n-Tng), n. (Xaut.) See| 

Deal (def or def), a. [AS. deaf; akin to G. taub.] 
1. Wanting the sense of hearing, either wholly or in 
part. 2. Unwilling to hear, listen, or consider : — with to. 

Deafen (def "n or def ''n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deaf- 
ened (-'nd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Deafening.] [From Deaf.] 
1. To make deaf, either wholly or partially. 2. (Arch.) 
To render impervious to sound, as a floor. 

Deai'en-ing. n. Act or process of rendering imper- 
vious to sound ; also, the material used for the purpose. 

Deai'-mute 7 (-mut- 7 ), n. One who is deaf and dumb. 

Deafness (def 'nes or def n6s). n. State of being deaf. 

Deal (del), n. [AS. dsel ; akin to G. theil.] 1. A 
part or portion : a share : hence, an indefinite quantity, 
degree, or extent. 2. The act or process of distributing 



a, e. i. o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u., y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



DEAL 



223 



DEBT 



cards to the players ; also, the portion distributed. 
3. An arrangement to attain a desired result by a dis- 
tribution of profits or advantages among influential 
persons; — applied to stock speculations and political 
bargains. [Slang'] 4. [Prob. from D. deel a plank, 
threshing floor.] A board or plank, esp. one of fir 
or pine more than seven inches wide and six feet long. 

5. Wood of the fir or pine. 

Deal (del), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dealt (dSlt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Dealing.] To divide ; to separate in portions ; 
hence, to give in portions ; to distribute ; to bestow suc- 
cessively, as cards to the players. 

Deal, v. i. 1. To distribute. 2. To traffic ; to trade. 
3. To act in business or any affairs ; to manage ; to treat. 

Deal'er (deFer), n. One who deals ; specif., a trader. 

Dean (den), n. [OF. deien, dien, eldest of a corpora- 
tion, a dean, L. decanus the chief of ten, from decern 
ten.] 1. An ecclesiastical dignitary, subordinate to a 
bishop. 2. A certain collegiate officer in the universi- 
ties of Oxford and Cambridge, England. 3. The head 
or presiding officer of the faculty, or of some depart- 
ment, of some colleges or universities. 4. The chief or 
senior of a company on occasions of ceremony ; — so 
called by courtesy. [or revenue of a dean. I 

Dean'er-y (-er-y), n. Office, residence, jurisdiction, | 

Dean'ship, n. The office of a dean. 

Dear (der), a, [Compar. Dearer (-er) ; superl. Dear- 
est (-est).] [AS. dedre ; akin to D. daur, G. tkeuer.~\ 
1. Bearing a high price ; high-priced ; costly ; expen- 
sive. 2. Marked by scarcity and high prices. 3. 
Highly valued ; cherished ; precious. 

Dear, n. A dear one ; lover ; sweetheart. 

Dear, adv. Dearly ; at a high price. [riage. | 

Dear'born (-bern), n. A kind of four-wheeled car-) 

Dearly, adv. In a dear manner. 

Dearn (dern), a. [AS. derne, dierne, hidden.] Se- 
cret ; lonely ; dreadful. [Obs.] [dear. I 

Dear'ness (der'nes), n. Quality or state of being | 

Dearth (derth), n. Scarcity which renders dear ; 
want ; lack ; specif., lack of food from failure of crops ; 
famine. 

Dear'y (der'y), n. A dear ; a darling. [Familiar] 

Death (d5th), n. [AS. deaS ; akin to OS. doS, G. 
tod; from a verb meaning, to die.] 1. The cessation of 
all vital phenomena without capability of resuscitation, 
either in animals or plants. 2. Total privation or loss ; 
extinction. 3. Manner of dying. 4. Cause or means of 
loss of life. 5. Personified : The destroyer of life, — 
conventionally represented as a skeleton with a scythe. 

6. Danger of death. 7. (Theol.) Loss of spiritual life. 
Civil death, the separation of a man from civil society, 

or the depriving him of civil rights. — Death rattle, a rat- 
tling or gurgling in the throat of a dying person. — 
Death warrant, (a) (Law) An order from the proper au- 
thority for the execution of a criminal, (ft) That which 
puts an end to expectation, hope, or joy. — Spiritual death 
(Scripture), corruption and perversion of the soul by sin. 
Syn. — Decease ; demise ; departure ; release. — Death 
is the general term ; decease is a legal or formal term for 
the death of a human being occurring in the ordinary 
course of nature. Demise was formerly confined to the 
decease of princes, but is now sometimes used of dis- 
tinguished men in general. Departure and release are 
peculiarly terms of Christian affection and hope. 

Deathbed 7 (deth'bSd'), n. The bed in which a person 
dies ; hence, the closing hours of one who dies in bed. 

Deathless, a. Not subject to death ; undying. 

Deathly (dethly), a. Deadly; fatal; mortal; de- 
structive. — Deathly, adv. — Deathli-ness, n. 

Death' s'-head' (deths'hed'), n. A naked human 
skull as the emblem of death. 

Death'watch' (deth'woch' ; 224), n. 1. (Zobl.) (a) A 
small beetle which by striking its head against woodwork 
makes a ticking sound, which is a call of the sexes to 
each other, but has been imagined to presage death, (ft) 
A small wingless insect which makes a similar sound. 2. 
The guard set over a criminal before his execution. 

De-ba'cle (de-biPk'l or da-ba/k'l), n. [F. debacle, fr. 
dibacler to unbar, deriv. of L. bacidtim a stick.] (Geol.) 
A bursting forth ; a violent rush or flood of waters which 
transports masses of rock. 

De-bar' (de-bar'), v. t. [Pref. de- -f bar.] To cut off 
from entrance, as if by a bar or barrier ; to shut out or 
exclude ; to deny or refuse. 

De-bark' (de-bark'), v. I. & i. [imp. & p. p. De- 
barked (-barkf) ; jp. pr. & vb. n. Debarking.] [F. 
debarquer ; pref. de- (L. dis-) + barque. See 5th Bark.] 
To go ashore from a ship or boat ; to put ashore. 

De bar-kalion (de'bar-ka'shun), 7?. Disembarkation. 



De-bar'ment (dc-bar'm«nt), n. Act of debarring. 

De-base' (de-baa'), v. t. [Pref. de- -f fta.se.] To 
reduce from a higher to a lower state or grade of worth, 
dignity, purity, station, etc. ; to degrade ; to lower ; to 
abase. [state of being debased. I 

De-base'ment (de-bas'ment), n. Act of debasing, or | 

De-bas'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, dcbaweB. 

De-bat'a-ble (d#-bat'a-b'l), a. Liable to be debated ; 
disputable ; open to question. 

De-bate' (de-baf), r. /. [imp. & p. p. Debated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Debating.] [OF. debtor*; L. de -f 
baluere to beat. See Batter, v. t.] 1. To engage in 
combat for ; to strive for. 2. To contend for by reason- 
ing ; to argue for and against. 

Syn. — To argue ; discuss ; dispute ; controvert. 

De-bate', v. i. 1. To fight. [06s.] 2. To contend 
in words ; to dispute ; hence, to deliberate; ; to consider. 

De-bate', n. Act of debating. 

Syn. — Strife ; argument ; discussion ; controversy. 

De-bat'er (-er), n. One who debates ; a disputant. 

Debauch' (de-bach'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. De- 
bauched (-bachf); p. pr. & vb. n. Debauching.] [F. 
debaucher, prob. orig., to entice from the workshop; 
pref. de- (L. dis- or de) + OF. bauche, bauge, hut. See 
Balk, n.] To lead away from purity or excellence ; to 
corrupt in character or principles ; to pollute ; to seduce. 

De-bauch', n. 1. Excess in eating or drinking ; 
drunkenness ; lewdness ; debauchery. 2. An act or 
occasion of debauchery. 

Deb au-chee' (dSb'6-she' or da'bo'sha'), n. [F. de- 
bauche, prop. p. p.] One given to bacchanalian excesses ; 
a man habitually lewd ; a libertine. 

De-bauch'er (de-bach'er), n. One who debauches. 

De-bauch'er-y (-y), n. Act of debauching, or of in- 
dulging in debauches ; intemperance ; habitual lewdness. 

De-bauch'ment (-ment), n. Act of debauching. 

De-beige' (de-bazh'), n. [F. de of -f beige the natural 
color of wool.] A kind of woolen or mixed dress goods. 

De-ben'ture (de-ben'tur ; 135), n. [L. debentur they 
are due, fr. debere to owe. So called because these re- 
ceipts began " Debentur mihi."] 1. A writing acknowl- 
edging a debt ; the sum thus due. 2. A customhouse 
certificate entitling an exporter of imported goods to a 
drawback. 

It is applied in England to deeds of mortgage given by 
railway companies for borrowed money ; also to muni- 
cipal and other bonds and securities for money loaned. 

De-bil'i-tate (de-bTl'i-tat), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. De- 
bilitated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Debilitating.] [L. debilitare, 
p. p. -atus, fr. debilis. See Debdlity.] To impair the 
strength of ; to weaken. 

De-blll-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act or process of de- 
bilitating ; debility ; weakness. 

De-bil'i-ty (de-bil'i-ty), n. [L. debilitas, fr. debilis 
weak, prob. fr. de + habilis able. See Able, a.] State 
of being weak ; weekness ; feebleness ; languor. 

Syn. — Infirmity ; imbecility. — An infirmity belongs, 
for the most part, to particular members, and is often 
temporary, as of the eyes, etc. Debility is more general, 
and while it lasts impairs the ordinary functions of na- 
ture. Imbecility is generally used specifically of feeble- 
ness of mind. 

Debit (deVTt), n. [L. debitum debt, fr. debere to 
owe. See Debt.] A debt ; an entry on the debtor (Dr.) 
side of an account. 

Debit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Debiting.] 1. To charge with debt. 2. (Bookkeeping) 
To enter on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account. 

Deb'O-nair' (deVo-naV), a. [OF. de bon aire, debon- 
aire, of good descent or lineage, excellent, debonair ; de 
of (L. de) -+- bon good (L. bonus) + aire. See Air.] 
Characterized by courteousness, affability, or gentleness ; 
complaisant. -Deb'o-nairly, adv.-De\) o-nair'ness. ». 

De-bOUCh' (de-b6osh'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Debouched 
(-booshd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Debouching.] [F. deboucher ; 
pref. de- (L. dis- or de) + boucher to stop up, fr. bonche 
mouth, fr. L. bucca the cheek.] To march out from a 
wood, defile, etc., into open ground ; to issue. 

II Debris' (da'bre'J, n. [F., fr. pref. de- (L. dis-) -f- 
briser to shatter.] 1. (Geol.) Fragments, collectively ; 
esp., fragments detached from a rock or mountain, and 
piled up at the base. 2. Rubbish ; remains ; ruins. 

Debt (dgt), n. [F. dette, LL. debita, fr. L. debitus 
owed, p. p. of debere to owe, prop., to have on loan ; de 
+ habere to have.] 1. That which is due from one per- 
son to another, whether money, goods, or services ; thing 
owed ; obligation ; liability. 2. A duty neglected or 
violated : fault ; sin : trespass. 

Debt of nature, death. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DEBTOR 



224 



DECHARM 



) 



> 



) 



Debt'or (dBPSr)j »• One who owes a debt. 

DoTDU-scope ^da'bu-skop), n. [From the inventor, 
i Preach optician -f- -scoped (Opt.) A modifica- 
tion of the kaleidoscope, —used in designing. 

De" but' (da'bu'), n. [F. debut, prop., the first cast 
or throw at play, fr. but aim, mark.] A beginning or first 
attempt ; hence, a first public appearance. 

De DU'tant' (da'bu'taN'), 7i. ; /em. DS'bU'tante' 
{-i.ist'). [F., p. p. of iiebuter, lit., to throw first.] One 
who makes his (or her) first appearance before the public. 

Dec'a- (dtfli'a-). A prefix, from Gr. Sena, signifying 
ten ; specif. (Metric System), a prefix signifying the 
weight or measure that is ten times the principal unit. 

Dec'a-chord (d6k'a-k6rd), ) n. [Gr. SeKd\opSo<; ten- 

Dec a-chor'don (-k6r'd5n), J stringed ; Sexa ten -f- 
\o^rj a string.] 1. An ancient Greek musical instrument 
of ten strings. 2. Something consisting of ten parts. 

Dec'ad (dSk'Sd), n. A decade. 

Dec'ade (dSk'ad), n. [F. decade, L. decas, -adis, fr. 
Gr. Seicds, fr. Se<a ten. See Ten.] A group or division 
of ten ; esp., a period of ten years ; a decennium. 

De-ca'dence (de-ka'dens), ) n. [LL. decadenlia ; L. 

De-ca'den-cy (-den-sy), J de + cadere to fall.] A 
falling away ; decay ; deterioration ; declension. 

De-ca'dent (-d«nt), a. Decaying ; deteriorating. 

Dec'a-gon (dSk'a-gon), n. [Pref. deca- + Gr. yavta a 
corner or angle.] (Geom.) A plane figure having ten 
sides and ten angles ; any figure having ten angles. — De- 
cag'o-nal (de-kag'6-nal), a. 

Dec'a-gram ) (dgk'a-gram), n. [F. decagramme.] 

Dec'a-gramme J (Metric System) Ten grams, equal 
to about 154.32 grains. 

Dec a-he'dral (dSk'a-he'dral), a. Having ten sides. 

Dec a-he'dron (-dron), n. ; pi. E. -deons (-dronz), L. 
-DBA(-dra). [Pref; deca- -+- Gr. eSpa seat, base.] (Geom.) 
A solid inclosed by ten plane surfaces. 

De-cal/CO-ma'nl-a (de-kal'ko-ma'nT-a), ) n. [F. decal- 

II De-cal co-ma'nie (-ma'ne), ] comanie.] 

The art or process of transferring pictures and designs to 
china, glass, etc., and permanently fixing them thereto. 

Dec'a-li'ter ) (dgk'a-le/ter or de-kal'T-ter}, n. [F. 

Dec'a-li tre ) decalitre.'] (Metric System) Ten liters, 
equal to about 610.24 cubic inches, that is, 2.642 wine 
gallons. [the decalogue. I 

De-cal/o-gist (de-k51'o-jTst), n. One who explains! 

Dec'a-logue (dek'a-log ; 115), n. [F. decalogue, L. 
decalogus, fr. Gr. Se/eaAoyos; B4<a ten -f- Adyoj speech, 
Ae'yeu> to say.] (Script.) The Ten Commandments or 
precepts given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. 

Dec'a-me ter I (dSk'a-me / ter), n. [F. decametre.] 

Dec'a-me'tre ] (Metric System) Ten meters, equal 
to about 393.7 inches. 

De-camp 7 (de-k2mp'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decamped 
(-k5mt'; 215) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Decamping.] [F. de- 
camper; pref. de- (L. dis)-\- camp camp.] 1. To break 
up a camp ; to move away from a camping ground, usually 
by night or secretly. 2. Hence, to depart suddenly. 

De-camp'ment (-ment), n. Act of decamping. 

Dec'a-nal (dgk'a-nal), a. [See Dean.] Pertaining to 
a dean or deanery. 

De-cant' (de-kanf ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decanted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Decanting.] [F. decanter, prop., to pour 
off from the edge of a vessel ; pref. de- (L. de) -f- OF. 
cant edge, border. See Cant an edge.] To pour off 
gently, as liquor ; to pour from one vessel into another. 

De / can-ta'tion (de'ka'n-ta'shun), n. Act of decanting. 

De-cant'er (de-k5nfer), n. 1. A vessel used to decant 
liquors, or for receiving decanted liquors. 2. One who 
decants liquors. 

De-cap'i-tate (de-k£p'T-tat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. De- 
capitated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Decapitating.] [LL. decapi- 
iare, p. p. -atus ; L. de + caput head.] To cut off the 
head of ; to behead. 

De-cap'i-ta'tlon (-ta'shun), n. Act of beheading. 

Dec'a-pod (d6k'a-p5d), n. (Zool.) A crustacean with 
ten feet or legs, as a crab ; one of the Decapoda. 

II De-cap'O-da (de-kSp'6-da), n. pi. [NL. ; Gr. Sexa ten 
+ 7rovs, 7ro5ds, foot.] (Zool.) (a) The order of Crus- 
tacea including the shrimps, lobsters, etc. (b) A division 
of cephalopods including the cuttlefishes and squids. 

De-carnKm-ize (de-kar'bSn-Iz), v. t. To deprive of 
carbon. — De-carbon-1-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. 

De-carT)u-rize (de-karnsu-rlz), v. t. To deprive of 
carbon. — De-car/bu-ri-za'tion (-rl-za'shun), n. 

Dec'a-stere (deVa-ster or -star), n. [F. decastere.] 
{Metric System) Ten steres, or ten cubic meters. 

Dec'a-Btich MSk'a-stTk), n. [Pref. deca- + Gr. <m' X os 
a row, a line, a verse.] A poem consisting of ten lines. 



Dec'a-style (dek'a-stll), a, [Gr. SeKdcrrvXot ; te K a -f 
o-ruAos column.] (Arch.) Having ten columns in front. 

Deca-syl-lab / ic (dek'a-sTl-15b'Tk), a. [Pref. deca- -f 
syllabic] Having, or consisting of, ten syllables. 

De-cay' (de-ka'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decayed (-kad') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Decaying.] [OF. decaeir, dechaer, de- 
c/noir, to decline, fall, become less ; L. de -f- cadere to 
fall.] To pass gradually from a sound, prosperous, or 
perfect state, to one of imperfection, adversity, or disso- 
lution ; to waste away ; to fail ; to rot ; to perish. 

De-cay', V. t. To cause to decay ; to impair. 

De-cay', n. Gradual failure of health, strength, 
soundness, prosperity, etc. ; decline ; deterioration. 

De-cease 7 (de-ses'), n. [F. dices, fr. L. decessus, fr. 
decedere to depart, die ; de -f- cedere to withdraw.] De- 
parture ; esp. , departure from this life ; death. 

Syn. — See Death. 

De-cease', v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deceased (-sesf) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Deceasing.] To depart from life ; to die. 

De-ce'dent (-se'dent), a. [L. decedens, p. pr. of dece- 
dere.] Removing ; departing. — n. A deceased person. 

De-ceit' (de-set'), n. [L. deceplus deception, fr. de- 
cipere. See Deceive.] An attempt or disposition to 
deceive or lead into error ; any misleading statement, 
artifice, or trick ; deception ; fraud. 

Syn. — Deposition ; duplicity ; trickery ; guile ; cheat- 
ing ; falsifying ; stratagem. See Deception. 

De-ceit'ful (de-set'ful), a. Full of, or characterized by, 
deceit ; serving to mislead or insnare ; trickish ; fraudu- 
lent. — De-ceit'ful-ly, adv. — De-ceit'ful-ness, n. 

De-ceiv'a-ble (de-sev'a-b'l), a. 1. Deceitful. [Obs.] 
2. Subject to deceit"; capable of being misled. — De- 
ceiv'a-ble-ness, n. — De-ceiv'a-bly, adv. 

De-ceive' (de-sev'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deceived 
(-sevd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Deceiving.] [OF. deceveir, fr. 
L. decipere to catch, insnare, deceive ; de + capere to 
take, catch.] To lead into error ; to impose upon ; to 
mislead ; to cheat. 

Syn. — Delude ; cheat ; disappoint ; insnare ; beguile. 

De-ceiv'er (de-sev'er), n. One who deceives. 

De-cem'-. An English combining form from L. decern 
ten, as in decem&d. 

De-cem'ber (de-sem'ber), n. [F. dScembre, from L. 
December, fr. decern ten; this being the tenth month 
among the early Romans.] The last month of the year. 

De-cem/fid (de-sem'fTd), a. [L. decern ten -f- root of 
findere to cleave.] (Bot.) Cleft into ten parts. 

De-cem'vir (-ver), n. ; pi. E. Decemvirs (-verz), L. 
Decemviri (-vT-rl). [L., fr. decern ten -}- vir a man.] 
1. A member of either of various bodies of Roman mag- 
istrates ; esp., one of those who framed " the laws of the 
Twelve Tables," about 450 b. c. 2. A member of any 
decemvirate. — De-cem'vi-ral (-vi-ral), a. 

De-cem'vi-rate (-rat), n. 1. Office or term of office 
of the decemvirs. 2. A body of ten men in authority. 

De-cem'vir-sbip (-ver-ship), n. Office of a decemvir. 

De'cen-cy (de'sen-sy), n. [L. decentia. See Decent.] 

1. Quality or state of being decent ; propriety in speech 
or act ; seemliness ; freedom from obscenity or vulgarity ; 
modesty. 2. That which is proper or becoming. 

De-cen'na-ry (de-sen'na-ry), n. [L. decennium; de- 
cem ten -j- annus year.] A period of ten years. 

De-cen'ni-al (-nl-al), a. Consisting of, or happening, 
every ten years. — n. A tenth year or tenth anniversary. 

De'cent (de'sent), a. [L. decens, -entis, p. pr. of de- 
cere to be fitting ; akin to decus glory, Gr. Soicelv to seem 
good.] 1. Suitable in words, behavior, dress, or cere- 
mony ; becoming ; fit ; decorous ; proper ; seemly. 2. 
Free from vulgarity or obscenity ; modest. 3. Comely ; 
shapely. 4. Moderate, but sufficient ; hence, reasonably 
satisfying. — De'cent-ly, adv. — De'cent -ness, n. 

De-cen'tral-i-za'tlon (de-sen'tral-T-za'shiin), n. Act 
of decentralizing, or state of being decentralized. 

De-cen/tral-ize (-iz), v. t. To cause to be divided and 
distributed ; — esp. said of public authority. 

De-cep'tlon (de-ser/shun), n. [L. deceptio. See De- 
ceive.] 1. Act of deceiving, or state of being deceived. 

2. That which deceives or is intended to deceive. 
Syn. — Deceit ; fraud ; imposition. — Deception usually 

refers to the act, and deceit to the habit of the mind. 
Deceit, unlike deception, always implies aim and intention. 
An imposition is deception practiced upon some one to 
his annoyance or injury ; & fraud implies the use of strat- 
agem, with a view to unlawful gain or advantage. 

De-cep'tive (-tiv), a. Tending to deceive ; having 
power to mislead, or impress with false opinions. — De- 
cep'tlve-ly, adv. — De-cep'tive-ness, n. 

De-Charm' (de-charm'), v. t. To release from a spell 
or charm ; to disenchant. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, g, I, d, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DECHRISTIANIZE 



225 



DECLINE 



De-chris'tian-ize (de-krls'chan-iz), v. t. To turn 
from, or divest of, Christianity. 

De-cld'a-ble (-sid'a-b'l), a. Capable of being decided. 

De-Cide' (de"-sid'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decided ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Deciding.] [L. decidere ; de 4- caedere to cut, 
cut off.] To terminate, as a question or struggle, by 
giving the victory to one side ; to determine ; to settle. 

De-cide', V. i. To determine ; conclude. 

De-cid'ed (-si'dgd), a. 1. Free from ambiguity ; une- 
quivocal; evident. 2. Free from doubt or wavering; 
determined ; positive ; resolute. — De-cid'ed-ly, adv. 

De-cid'er (de-si'der), n. One who decides. 

De-cid'U-OUS (de-sid'u-Qs; 135), a. [L. deciduus, fr. 
decidere to fall off ; de 4- cadere to fall.] (Biol.) Fall- 
ing off, or subject to fall or be shed , at a certain season, 
or a certain stage or interval of growth, as leaves, hair, 
teeth, antlers, etc. ; also, shedding leaves or parts at 
certain seasons, stages, etc. — De-cid'U-OUS-ness, n. 

Dec'i-gram ) (dgs'T-grXm), n. [F. decigramme ; 

Dec'i-gramme J pref. deci- tenth (fr. L. decimus) 
4- gramme.'] One tenth of a gram, equal to 1.5432 grains. 

Dec'i-li ter I (dgs'T-le'ter or de-sll'i-ter), n. [F. de- 

Dec'i-li'tre ) cilitre ; deci- 4- litre.'] One tenth of a 
liter, equal to G.1022 cubic inches, or 3.38 fluid ounces. 

De-cillion (de-sil'yfin), n. [L. decern ten 4- million.] 
In the English notation, a million involved to the tenth 
power, or a unit with sixty ciphers annexed ; in the 
French and American notation, a thousand involved to 
the eleventh power, or a unit with thirty-three ciphers 
annexed. [See the Note under Numeration.] 

De-cil'lionth (-yunth), a. Pertaining to a decillion, 
or to the quotient of unity divided by a decillion. — n. 
(a) The quotient of unity divided by a decillion. (b) 
One of a decillion equal parts. 

Dec'i-mal (dgs'T-mal), a. [F. decimal, fr. L. decimus 
tenth, fr. decern ten.] Of or pert, to decimals ; numbered 
by tens ; having a tenfold increase or decrease. 

Decimal fraction, a fraction in which the denominator is 
some power of 10, as ^y, &$, and is usually not ex- 
pressed, but is signified by a point [.], called the decimal 
^oirtf, placed at the left hand of the numerator, as .2, .25. 

Dec'i-mal, n. A number expressed in the scale of tens ; 
specifically, and usually, a decimal fraction. 

Circulating, or Circulatory, decimal, a decimal fraction in 
which the same figure, or set of figures, is constantly re- 
peated ; as, 0.354354354. 

Dec'i-mal-ly, adv. By tens ; by means of decimals. 

Dec'i-mate (dgs'T-mat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deci- 
mated (-ma'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Decimating (-ma/- 
ting).] [L. decimare, p. p. -atus, fr. decimus tenth. 
See Decimal.] 1. To take the tenth part of ; to tithe. 
2. To select by lot and punish with death every tenth 
man of. 3. To destroy a considerable part of. 

Dec'i-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. Act of decimating. 

Dec'i-ma'tor (des'i-ma'ter), n. One who decimates. 

Dec'i-me'ter ) (des'i-me'ter or de-sim'e-ter), n. [F. 

Dec'i-me'tre ) decimetre ; pref. deci- tenth (fr. L. 
decimus) 4- metre.] One tenth of a meter, equal to 
3.937 inches. 

De-ci'pher (de-si'f er), v. t. [Pref. de- 4- cipher.] 1. To 
translate from secret characters or ciphers into intelli- 
gible terms. 2. To find out, so as to be able to make 
known the meaning of : to detect ; to reveal ; to unfold. 

De-ci'pher-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be deciphered. 

De-ci'pher-er (-er), n. One who deciphers. 

De-Ci'pher-ment (-ment), n. Act of deciphering. 

De-cip'i-um (de-sTp'T-Qm), n. [NL., fr. L. decipere 
to deceive.] (Chem.) Samarium. 

De-Ci'sion (de-sizh'iin), n. [L. decisio, fr. decidere, 
decisum. See Decide.] 1. Cutting off ; division. [Obs.] 
2. Act of deciding, settling, or terminating, as a contro- 
versy or doubt ; settlement ; conclusion. 3. An account 
or report of a conclusion, esp. of a judicial determination 
of a question or cause. 4. Quality of being decided or of 
deciding promptly and conclusively. 

Syn. — Determination : resolution. — Decision implies 
a prompt and final choice between several courses of ac- 
tion presented to the mind. Determination implies a 
fixed purpose to adhere to what has been decided upon. 
Resolution is the necessary result in a mind which is 
characterized by firmness, and implies a readiness to face 
danger or suffering in carrying out one's determinations. 

De-ci'sive (-si'siv), a. 1. That decides a question or 
controversy; final; conclusive. 2. Marked by promptness 
and decision.— De-ci'sive-ly, adv.— Decisiveness,??. 

De-ci'so-ry (-so-ry), a. Able to decide or determine. 

Dec'i-Stere (dgs'T-ster or -star), n. [F. decistere ; 
did- tenth (fr. L. decimus) 4- stere.] The tenth part of 
the stere or cubic meter, equal to 3.531 cubic feet. 



Deck (dSk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decked (dSkt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Decking.] [D. dekken to cover; akin to 
E. thatch.] 1. To cover; to overspread. 2. To dress, 
as the person ; to clothe ; esp., to adorn ; to embellish. 

3. To furnish with a deck, as a vessel. 

Deck, n. 1. The floorlike covering of a horizontal 
section, or compartment, of a vessel. 2. A pack or set 
of playing cards. 

Deck hand, a sailor not expected to go aloft. 

Deck'er (dgk'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
decks or adorns. 2. A vessel which has a deck or decks ; 
— used esp. in composition. 

De-claim' (de-klain'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Declaimed 
(-klamd') ; p. pr.&vb. n. Declaiming.] [L. dedamare; 
de 4- clamare to cry out.] 1. To speak rhetorically ; to 
make a formal speech or oration ; specif., to recite a 
speech, poem, etc., in public as a rhetorical exercise. 

2. To make speeches destitute of original thought or 
logical force ; to speak pompously, noisily, or theatrically. 

De-claim' , v. t. To utter in public ; to deliver in a 
rhetorical or set manner. 

De-claim'er (-er), n. One who declaims. 

Dec la-ma'tion (dgk'la-ma'shun), n. 1. Act or art of 
declaiming ; rhetorical delivery ; haranguing ; public 
recitation. 2. A set speech or harangue. 3. Preten- 
tious rhetorical display, with more sound than sense. 

De-clam'a-tO-ry (de-klam'a-to-r^), a. Pertaining to, 
suited for, or characterized by, declamation. 

Dec la-ra'tion (dgk'la-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of declar- 
ing; explicit asserting. 2. That which is declared or 
proclaimed ; announcement ; avowal. 3. Document or 
instrument containing such statement or proclamation. 

4. (Law) That part of the process or pleadings in which 
the plaintiff sets forth his cause of complaint ; complaint. 

De-clar'a-tive (de-klar'a-tiv), a. Making declaration ; 
explanatory ; assertive ; declaratory. 

De-clar'a-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Making declaration, ex- 
planation, or exhibition ; affirmative ; expressive. 

De-Clare' (de-klaV), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Declared 
(-kla*rd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Declaring.] [F. declarer, 
from L. declarare ; de 4- clarare to make clear, clarus, 
clear, bright.] 1. To make clear. [Obs.] 2. To make 
known explicitly and plainly ; to exhibit ; to publish ; to 
proclaim ; to announce. 3. To assert ; to affirm ; to set 
forth ; to avow. 4. (Com.) To make full statement of, 
as goods, etc., for the purpose of paying taxes, duties, etc. 

De-Clare', v. i. To make a declaration. 

De-clar'ed-ly (-gd-ly), adv. Avowedly ; explicitly. 

De-clen'sion (de-klSn'shun), n. [Apparently cor- 
rupted fr. F. declinaison, fr. L. declinatio a bending aside, 
an avoiding, fr. declinare. See Decline.] 1. Act or 
state of declining ; declination ; descent ; slope. 2. A 
falling off towards a worse state ; deterioration ; decay. 

3. Act of courteously refusing; act of declining. 4. 
(Gram.) (a) Inflection of nouns, adjectives, etc., accord- 
ing to the grammatical cases, (b) The particular form 
or method of the inflection of a word declined by cases. 

De-clen'sion-al (-al), a. Belonging to declension. 

De-clin'a-ble (-klin'a-b'l), a. That may be declined. 

Decli-nate (dek'lT-nat), a. Bent downward ; declined. 

Decli-na'tion (dgk'li-na'shun), n. [L. declinatio. 
See Declension.] 1. Act or state of declining. Specif. : 
(a) (Aslron.) The angular distance of any object from the 
celestial equator, (b) (Dialing) The arc of the horizon 
contained between the vertical plane and the prime ver- 
tical circle (east or west), or between the meridian and 
the plane (north or south), (c) (Gram.) Declension. 

Declination of the compass or needle, the horizontal angle 
between the needle and the true north-and-south line. 

Dec'li-na tor (-na'ter), n. An instrument for finding 
the angle which a plane makes with the horizontal plane. 

De-clin'a-tO-ry (de-klin'a-to-if or de-klin'-), a. Con- 
taining or involving a declination or refusal. 

De-clill'a-ture (-tur ; 135), n. Act of refusing. 

De-cline' (de-klin'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Declined 
(-klind') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Declining.] [F. dtclincr to 
refuse, fr. L. declinare to decline ; de 4- clinare to in- 
cline ; akin to E. lean.] 1. To bend, or lean downward ; 
to bend over or hang clown, as from weakness, despond- 
ency, etc. ; to condescend. 2. To tend to a less perfect 
state ; to become diminished or impaired ; to fail ; to 
sink. 3. To turn or bend aside ; to deviate ; to stray ; 
to withdraw. 4. To turn away ; to refuse to accept. 

De-cline', V. t. 1. To bend or direct downward. 2. 
To put or turn aside ; to refuse to undertake or comply 
with; to reject; to shun ; to avoid. 3. (Gram.) To in- 
flect, or give in order the changes of grammatical form 
of ; — now used only of case inflection. 



G 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

'15 



M 



DECLINE 



226 



DECURRENT 



De-cline' (d?-klin'\ n. A falling off; tendency to a 
worse or less vigorous state ; diminution, decay, or grad- 
ual decrease or westing away ; deterioration ; also, the 
period when a thing is tending to become extinct or less 
perfect. 

De-clin'er (-er), n. One who declines or rejects. 

Decllv'i-tous (-kllv'T-tus), ) a. Descending gradu- 

De-Cli'vous (de-kll'viis), J ally ; sloping. 

De-cliv'i-ty (de-kliv'T-t^), n. [L. declivitas, fr. de- 
cisis sloping, downhill ; de -j- clivus a slope.] 1. Devi- 
ation from a horizontal line considered as descending ; 
downward slope. 2- Descending surface; sloping place. 

De-COCf (de-k3kf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decocted ; 
p. or. & vb. n. Decocting.] [L. decoquere, p. p. -coctus; 
de -f- coqucre to cook, boil.] 1. To prepare by boiling ; 
to make an infusion of. 2. To prepare by the heat of 
the stomach for assimilation ; to digest. 

De-COCt'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. Capable of being decocted. 

De-coc'tion (de-kok'shun), n. Act or process of boil- 
ing anything in a watery fluid to extract its virtues, or 
an extract so obtained. 

Decollate (de-kollat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decol- 
lated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Decollating.] [L. decollare, p. 
p. -atus; de + collum neck.] To sever from the neck ; 
to behead ; to decapitate. 

De'COl-la'tion (de'kol-la'skun), n. Act of beheading 
or state of one beheaded. 

II Dd'COl'le-te 7 (da'kol'le-ta'), a. [F., p. p. of decolle- 
ter to bare the neck and shoulders ; de- -f- collet collar, fr. 
L. collum neck.] Leaving the neck and shoulders un- 
covered ; cut low in the neck, or low-necked, as a dress. 

De-COl'or (de-kul'er), v. t. To deprive of color. 

De-COl'or-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Removal or lack of color. 

De'com-plex' (de'kom-pleks'), a. [Pref. de- (intens.) 
-f- complex.'] Made up of complex constituents. 

De com-pos'a-ble (-poz'a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
decomposed. 

De compose' (-poz'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Decom- 
posed (-pozd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Decomposing.] To sepa- 
rate into its constituent parts; to resolve into original 
elements ; to set free from previously existing forms of 
chemical combination ; to bring to or undergo dissolution. 

De com-pos'ite (-poz'Tt), a. [Pref. de- (intens.) -(- 
composite.'] Compounded more than once ; decompound. 

De-com po-si'tion (de-konVpo-zTsh'un), n. A decom- 
posing ; state of being decomposed ; analysis ; decay or 
dissolution by change in the ingredients ; disintegration. 

De compound' (de'kSm-pound'), v. t. [Pref. de- 
(intens. in sense 1) -4- compound, v. t.] 1. To com- 
pound or mix with that which is already compound ; to 
compound a second time. 2. To decompose. 

De compound', a. 1. Compound of what is already 
compounded. 2. (Bot.) Several times compounded or 
divided, as a leaf or stem. 

Dec'o-rate (dgk'6-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decorated 
(-ra'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Decorating (-ra'ting).] [L. 
decorate, p. p. -atus, fr. decus ornament.] To deck with 
that which is "becoming, ornamental, or honorary ; to 
adorn ; to beautify ; to embellish. 

Syn. — See Adorn. 

Dec o-ra'tion (dgk'o-ra'shfin), n. Act of decorating 
or adorning, or that which decorates ; ornament. 

Decoration Day, a day, May 30, appointed for decorating 
with flowers the graves of the Union soldiers and sailors, 
who fell in the Civil War ; Memorial Day. [ U. S.] 

Dec'O-ra-tive (dgk'o-ra-tiv or -ra-tiv), a. Suited to 
decorate ; adorning. — Dec'o-ra-tive-ness, n. 

Dec'O-ra'tor (-ra'ter), n. One who decorates. 

De-co'rous (de-ko'riis or dek'6-rus ;), a. [L. decorus, 
fr. decor comeliness, beauty.] Suitable to a character, 
or to the time, place, and occasion ; becoming ; seemly ; 
befitting. — De-co'rous-ly, adv. — De-co'rous ness, n. 

De-cor'ti-cate (de-k6r'tT-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Decorticated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Decorticating.] [L. 
decorticare, p. p. -atus; de -\- cortex bark.] To divest 
of the bark, husk, or exterior coating. 

De-cor'ti-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of decorticating. 

De-co'rum (de-ko'rum), n. [L. decorum, fr. decorus. 
See Decorous.] Propriety of manner, conduct, or speech ; 
seemliness ; that which is seemly or suitable. 

Syn. — Decorum; dignity. — Decorum refers to out- 
ward acts or appearances, dignity to an inward elevation 
of soul producing a corresponding effect on the manners. 

De-coy' (de-koi r ), v. t. limp. &p. p. Decoyed (-koid') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Decoying.] [Pref. de- -4- coy; orig., to 
soothe, caress, entice.] To lead into danger by artifice ; 
to lure into a net or snare ; to entrap ; to insnare. 

Syn* — To entice ; tempt ; allure ; lure ; attract. 

De-coy', n. 1. Anything intended to lead into a 



snare or into danger ; a lure ; a bait ; esp., a fowler's 
lure. 2. A place into which wild fowl are enticed in 
order to take them. 

De-coy '-duck' (de-koi'dfik'), n. A duck used to lure 
wild ducks into a decoy. Also used figuratively. 

De-crease' (de-kres'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decreased 
(-kresf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Decreasing.] [Through OF. 
f r. L. decrescere to grow less ; de + crescere to grow. 
See Crescent.] To grow less ; to be diminished grad- 
ually. 

Syn. — Diminish. —Decrease usually implies a falling 
off, or diminishing by degrees. 

De-crease', v. t. To cause to grow less. 

De-crease', n. 1. A becoming less; gradual dim- 
inution ; decay. 2. The wane of the moon. 

De-cree' (de-kre'), n. [F. decret, fr. L.. decrelum, 
neut. of decretus, p. p. of decernere to decide ; de -\- 
cernere to decide.] An order, decision, or rule emana- 
ting from a person or a body having authority. 

Syn. — Law ; regulation ; edict ; ordinance. 

De-cree' (de-kre'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Decreed 
(-kred') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Decreeing.] To determine ju- 
dicially by authority, or by decree ; to order ; to ordain. 

Dec're-ment (dek're-ment), n. [L. decrementum, fr. 
decrescere. See Decrease.] 1. State of becoming 
gradually less ; decrease ; diminution ; waste ; loss. 
2. Quantity lost by gradual diminution or waste. 

De-crep'it (de-krepTt), a. [L. decrepitus ; origin un- 
certain.] Broken down with age ; wasted and enfeebled 
by the infirmities of old age ; infirm. 

De-crep'i-tate .(-T-tat), v. t. [See De- and Crepitate.] 
To roast or calcine so as to cause a crackling noise. 

De-crep'i-tate, v. i. To crackle, as salt in roasting. 

De-crep'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of decrepitating ; 
a crackling noise. 

De-crep'it-ness (-it-), n. Decrepitude. 

De-crep'i-tude (-T-tud), n. State of being decrepit. 

II De'cres-cen'do (de'kres-sen'do ; It. da'kra-shan'do), 

a.&adv. [It.] (Mus.) "With decreasing ______ _ 

volume of sound ; — a direction written ___—— 

upon the staff, or indicated by the sign. Decrescendo. 

De-cres'cent (de-kres'sent), a. [L. 
decrescens, p. pr. See Decrease.] Decreasing. 

De-cre'tal (de-kre'tal), a. [L. decretalis, fr. decre- 
tum. See Decree.] Pertaining to or containing a decree. 

De-cre'tal, n. 1. (JS. C. Ch.) A decree ; esp., a let- 
ter of the pope, determining some matter of ecclesias- 
tical law. 2. (Common Law) A certain collection of 
ecclesiastical decrees and decisions made in 1234. 

De-cre'tist (-tist), n. One versed in the decretals. 

De-cre'tive (-tlv), a. Having the force of a decree. 

Dec're-tO-ry (dek're-to-ry), a. 1. Established by a 
decree ; definitive ; settled. 2. Serving to determine ; 
critical. — Dec're-to-ri-ly , adv. [down. I 

De-cri'al (de-kri'al), n. Act of decrying; crying | 

De-cri'er (-er), n. One who decries. 

De-cry' (de-kri'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Decried (-krid') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Decrying.] [F. decrier, OF. deserter ; 
pref. des- (L. dis-) -\- crier to cry. See Cry.] To cry 
down; to censure as faulty, mean, or worthless; to 
blame clamorously ; to depreciate ; to disparage. 

Dec'u-man (dek'u-man), a. [L. decumanus, lit., of 
the tenth.] Large ; chief ; — applied to an extraordinary 
billow, said by some to be every tenth one. [i?.] 

De-cum'bence (de-kiim'bens), ) n. Act or posture of 

De cum'ben-cy (-ben-sy), ) lying down. 

De-cum'bent (-bent), a. [L. decumbens, -entis, p. pr. 
of decumbere ; de -f- cumbere (only in comp.), cubare 
to lie down.] 1. Lying down ; prostrate ; recumbent. 
2. (Bot.) Reclining on the ground, as if too weak to 
stand, and tending to rise at the summit or apex. 

De cum'bi-ture (de-kum'bT-tur ; 135), n. 1. Con- 
finement to a sick bed. 2. (Astrol.) Aspect of the 
heavens at the time of taking to one's sick bed. 

Dec'u-ple (dek'fi-p'l), a. [F. decuple, L. decuplus, fr. 
decern ten.] Tenfold. 

Dec'u-ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dec- 
upled (-p'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dec- 
upling (-pling).] To make tenfold. 

De-CU'ri-on (de-ku'ri-5n), n. [L. 
decurio, decurionis, fr. decuria a 
squad of ten, fr. decern ten.] (Rom. 
Antiq.) A chief over ten; esp., an 
officer over ten soldiers. 

De-cur 'rent (-kur'rent), a. [L. de- 
currens, -entis, p. pr. of decurrere to Decurrent Leaf, 
run down; de -f- currere to run.] 
(Bot.) Extending downward; —said of a leaf whose 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, 5 vent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DECURRENTLY 



227 



DEFAULT 



base extends downward and forms a wing along the 
stem. — De-CUr'rent-ly (de-kur'rent-iy), adv. 

De-cur'sive (-kfir'sfv), a. Running down ; decurrent. 

De-cus'sate (de-kiis'sat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. De- 
cussated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Decussating.] [L. decussare, 
p. p. -atus, fr. decussis (orig. equiv. to decern asses), the 
number ten, which the Romans represented by X.] To 
cross at an acute angle ; to cut or divide in the form of 
X ; to intersect. 

De-cus'sate ( T kus'sat), ) a. 1. Crossed ; intersected. 

De-cus'sa-ted (-sa-tSd), } 2. {Bot.) Growing in pairs, 
each of which is at right angles to the next pair above or 
below. 3. (Rhet.) Consisting of two rising and two fall- 
ing clauses, placed in alternate opposition to each other. 

De'cus-sa'tion (de'kiis-sa'shun), n. Act of decussa- 
ting, or state of being decussated ; also, an intersection 
in the form of an X. [acute angles. I 

De-cus'sa-tive (de-kus'sa-tTv), a. Intersecting at| 

De-dal'ian (de-dal'yfln), a. Daedalian. 

Ded'a-lous (d8d'a-lus), a. Dsedalous. 

II De-dans' (de-daN'), n. [F.] (Court Tennis) A di- 
vision, at one end of a tennis court, for spectators. 

De-dec'o-rous (de-dSk'6-riis), a. [L. dedecorus. See 
Decobods.] Disgraceful ; unbecoming. [iZ.] 

Ded'i-cate (dgd'T-kat), p. a. [L. dedicates, p. p. of 
dedicare to affirm, to dedicate ; de -f- dicare to declare, 
dedicate.] Dedicated ; set apart ; devoted ; consecrated. 

Ded'i-cate (ded'I-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dedica- 
ted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dedicating.] 1. To set apart and 
consecrate, as to a divinity, or for sacred uses ; to devote 
solemnly. 2. To devote, set apart, or give up, to a 
duty or service. 3. To inscribe or address, as a book to 
a patron or friend. 

Syn. — See Addict. 

Ded / I-ca-tee / (ded / T-ka-te / ), n. One to whom a thing, 
as a book or literary work, is dedicated. 

Ded'i-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of dedicating or 
state of being dedicated. 2. The address, prefixed to a 
book, by which it is dedicated. 

Ded'i-ca'tor (ded'T-ka'ter), n. One who dedicates ; 
esp., one who inscribes a book to another. 

Ded'i-ca-tO-ry (ded'I-ka-to-ry), a. Constituting or 
serving as a dedication ; complimental. 

De-duce' (de-dus'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deduced 
(-dust') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Deducing.] [L. deducere; de 
■\-ducere to lead, draw.] 1. To lead forth. [A Latin- 
ism.] 2. To deduct. [Obs.~\ 3. To derive or draw ; to 
derive by logical process ; to obtain or arrive at as the 
result of reasoning ; to infer. 

De-duce'ment (-ment), n. Inference ; deduction. 

De-du'ci-ble (-du'sl-b'l), a. That may be deduced or 
inferred. — De-du'ci-ble-ness, n. — De-du'ci-bly, adv. 

De-du'cive (-siv), a. That deduces ; inferential. 

De-duct' (de-dukf), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Deducted; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Deducting.] [L. deducere, p. p. -ductus. 
See Deduce.] To take away, in numbering or calcula- 
ting ; to subtract. 

De-dUCt'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being de- 
ducted. 2. Deducible ; consequential. 

De-dUC'tlon (de-duk'shun), n. 1. Act or process of 
deducing or deducting. 2. That which is deduced or 
deducted. 

Syn. — Inference ; conclusion ; subtraction ; abate- 
ment. See Induction. 

De-dUCt'ive (-tiv), a. Of or pertaining to deduction ; 
that may be deduced ; deducible. — De-dUCt'ive-ly , adv. 

De-du'pli-ca'tion (de-du'plT-ka'shiin), n. [Pref. de- 
+ duplication.] (Biol.) The division of that which is 
morphologically one organ into two or more. 

Deed (ded), n. [AS. daed; akin to G. that; from root 
of E. do.~] 1. That which is done or effected by a re- 
sponsible agent ; an act ; an action ; a thing done. 2. 
Illustrious act ; achievement ; exploit. 3. Fact ; re- 
ality ; — whence we have indeed. 4. (Law) A written 
contract under seal duly executed and delivered ; usu- 
ally, a conveyance of real estate. 

In deed, in fact ; in truth ; verily. See Indeed. 

Deed, v. t. To convey by deed. [U. S.~\ 

Deem (dem), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deemed (demd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Deeming.] [OE. demen to judge, con- 
demn, AS. deman, fr. dom doom.] To account ; to es- 
teem ; to think ; to judge ; to hold in opinion ; to regard. 

Deem, v. i. To be of opinion ; to think ; to suppose. 

Deem, n. Opinion ; judgment. [Obs.~] 

Deep (dep), a. [Compar. Deeper (-er) ; superl. Deep- 
est (-Sst).] [AS. dedp ; akin to D. diep, G. tie/; fr. 
root of E. dip, dive.] 1. Extending far below the sur- 
face ; of great perpendicular dimension (measured from 



the surface downward) ; having a certain depth. 2. Ex- 
tending far back from the front or outer part. 3. Low 
in situation ; lying far below the general surface. 4. 
Hard to penetrate or comprehend ; profound ; intricate ; 
mysterious ; obscure. 6. Of penetrating or far-reaching 
intellect ; thoroughly skilled ; sagacious ; cunning. 6. 
Profound ; thorough ; complete ; intense. 7. Strongly 
colored ; dark ; intense ; not light or thin. 8. Of low 
tone ; full-toned ; not high or sharp ; grave ; heavy. 

Deep (dep), adv. To a great depth ; far down ; deeply. 

Deep, n. That which is deep; esp., deep water, as 
the sea or ocean ; an abyss ; a great depth. 

Deep'en (dep"n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deepened (-'nd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Deepening.] To make deep or deeper. 

Deep'en, v. i. To become deeper. 

Deeply, adv. 1. At or to a great depth ; far below 
the surface. 2. Profoundly ; thoroughly ; not super- 
ficially. 3. Very ; — implying darkness of color. 4. 
Gravely ; with low tone. 5. With profound skill ; with 
art or intricacy. 

Deep'ness, n. State or quality of being deep ; depth. 

Deer (der), n. sing. & pi. [AS. de6r ; akin to D. 
dier, G. thier ; of unknown origin.] 1. Any animal, 



Zool. ) A ruminant of 




Deer. 
Head of European Stag. 



a wild animal. [Obs.] 
the genus Cervus, of many 
species, and of related gen- 
era of the family Cervidx. 
The males, and in some spe- 
cies the females, have solid 
antlers,oftenmuchbranched, 
which are shed annually. 
See Illust. under Ungulata, 
and Illust. of Fallow deer. 

Deer 'grass' (-gras'), n. 
(Bot.) An American genus 
(Rhexia) of perennial herbs, 
with showy flowers (usually 
bright purple). 

Deer 'staging (-stak'- 
Tng), n. Hunting of deer by 
stealing upon them unawares. 

De-face' (de-fas'), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Defaced 
(-fast') ; p. pr. & vb. n. De- 
facing.] [OF. desfacier; L. dis- -\- fades face.] To 
destroy or mar the face or external appearance of ; to 
disfigure ; to injure, spoil, or mar, by effacing or oblite- 
rating important features or portions of. 

Syn. — See Efface. 

De-face'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of defacing ; state 
of being defaced. 2. That which mars or disfigures. 

De-fa'cer (de-fa'ser), n. One that defaces. 

II De' fac'to (de' fSk'to). [L.] In fact ; in reality. 

De-fal'cate (de-f51'kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defal- 
cated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Defalcating.] [LL. defalcare, 
p. p. -atus, orig., to cut off with a sickle ; L. de + falx, 
falcis, a sickle.] To cut off ; to take away or deduct a 
part of ; — used chiefly of money, accounts, etc. 

De-fal'cate, V. i. To embezzle money held in trust. 

De'fal-ca'tion (de'fal-ka'shun or dgf'51-), n. 1. A 
lopping off ; a diminution ; abatement ; deficit. 2. That 
which is lopped off, diminished, or abated. 3. An ab- 
straction of money, etc., by an officer or agent having it 
in trust ; embezzlement. 

Defalcator (dgf'Sl-ka'ter), n. A defaulter. 

Def a-ma'tion (dSf'a-ma'shun), n. Act of defaming ; 
slander ; libel ; detraction ; calumny ; aspersion. 

De-fam'a-tO-ry (de-f£m'a-t6-rj?), a. Containing defa- 
mation ; injurious to reputation. 

De-fame' (de-fam'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defamed 
(-famd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Defaming.] [Through F. fr. 
L. diffamare; dis- (in this word confused with de) -(- 
fama a report.] 1. To harm or destroy the good fame 
or reputation of ; esp., to speak evil of maliciously. 2. 
To render infamous ; to bring into disrepute. 

Syn. — See Asperse. 

De-fam'er (de-fam'er), n. One who defames. 

De-fat'1-gate (-fSt'i-gat), V. t. [L. dej'atigare, p. p. 
-atus. See De- ; Fatigue.] To tire out ; to fatigue. [/?.] 

De-fault' (de-falf), n. [OF. defaute, de/alte, fern., 
LL. defalta, derivV of L. de + fallere to deceive. See 
Fault.] 1. A failing or failure ; omission of that which 
ought to be done. 2- Fault ; wrong act ; failure in vir- 
tue or wisdom. 3. (Law) A neglect of, or failure to 
take, some step necessary to secure the benefit of law. 

In default of, in case of failure or lack of. — To suffer a 
default (Law), to permit an action to be called without 
appearing to answer. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



> 



DEFAULT 



228 



DEFINITION 



> 






De-fault' (dWfclfcOi ''• '• [>»>P- & P- P- Defaulted; 

&pr. A vb. n. Defaulting.] 1. To fail in duty. 2. To 
1 to appear in court : to let a case go by default. 

De-fault', fc t. 1. To fail to perform or pay ; to omit. 
2. (L<:;r) To outer a default against. 

De-fault'er (,de-falt'er), n. "One who defaults ; a de- 
linquent ; specif., one who fails to account for public 
money : a peculator ; a defalcator. 

De-fea'sance (de-fe'zaus), n. [OF. defesance, fr. de- 
p. pr. of defairc to undo. See Defeat.] 1. A 
defeat. [0&.-\] 2. A rendering null or void. 3. {Late) 
A condition, relating to a deed, which being performed, 
the deed is defeated or rendered void ; a collateral deed 
containing such a condition. 

De-fea'si-ble (de-fe'zY-b'l), a. Capable of being an- 
nulled or made void. — De-fea'si-ble-ness. n. 

De-feat' (de-fef), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defeated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Defeating.] [From F. defait, OF. desfait, 
p. p. of def aire, OF. desfaire, to undo; L. dis- -{-facere 
to do.] 1. To render null and void ; to frustrate. 2. To 
overcome or vanquish ; to prevent the success of. 

Syn. — To baffle ; disappoint ; frustrate. 

De-feat', n. 1. Frustration by rendering null and 
void, or by prevention of success. 2. An overthrow, as 
of an army in battle ; repulse suffered. 

Def'e-cate (def'e-kat), a. [L. defaecare, p. p. -atus ; 
de + faex, faecis, dregs, lees.] Freed from anything 
that can pollute, as dregs, lees, etc. ; refined ; purified. 

Def'e-cate (def'e-kat), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Defecated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Defecating.] To clear or free from im- 
purities or extraneous or polluting matter ; to clarify ; to 
purify ; to refine. 

Def'e-cate (-kat), v. i. 2. To become clear, pure, or 
free. 2. To void excrement. 

Def e-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of defecating. 

Def'e-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. That which defecates any- 
thing. 

De-fect' (de-fekf), n. [L. defecius, fr. deficere, de- 
fectum, to desert, fail, be wanting ; de-\- facere to make, 
do.] 1. Want or absence of something necessary for 
completeness or perfection ; deficiency. 2. Failing ; 
fault ; imperfection, whether physical or moral ; blemish. 

Syn. — Deficiency ; imperfection ; blemish. See Fault. 

De-fec'tiOU (de-fek'shun), n. Abandonment of that 
to which one is bound by allegiance or duty ; desertion ; 
apostasy; backsliding. 

De-fect'ive (-fek'tiv), a. 1. Having a defect ; incom- 
plete ; deficient ; imperfect ; faulty. 2. (Gram.) Lack- 
ing some of the usual forms of declension or conjugation. 
— De-fect'ive-ly, adv. — Defectiveness, n. 

De-fence' (de-fens'), n. & v. t. See Defense. 

De-fend' (de-fend'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defended ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Defending.] [F. defendre, L. defendere ; 
de -{-fendere (only in comp.) to strike.] 1. To forbid. 
[Obs!\ 2. To repel danger or harm from ; to protect ; to 
secure against attack ; to uphold ; to guard. 3. (Law) 
To deny the right of the plaintiff in regard to (the suit, 
or the wrong charged) ; to contest, as a suit. 

Syn. — Protect. — To defend is lit. to ward off ; to pro- 
tect is to cover so as to secure against coming danger. 

De-fend'ant (-ant), a. Making defense. 

De-fend'ant, n. 1. One who defends ; a defender. 
2. (Law) A person required to make answer in an action. 

De-fend'er (de-fend'er), n. One who defends ; a 
champion : an advocate ; a vindicator. 

De-fen'sa-tive (-fen'sa-tTv), n. [L. defensare, -atum, 
to defend diligently.] That which serves to defend. 

Defense' 1 (de-fens'), n. [Through F. fr. OF. de- 

De-fence' ) fense, L. defensa, fr. defendere.'} 1. Act 
of defending, or state of being defended. 2. That which 
defends ; a guard ; a protection. 3. Protecting plea ; 
vindication; justification. 4. (Law) The defendant's 
answer or plea. 5. Art or skill in making defense. 

De-fenseless, a. Destitute of defense ; without de- 
fense. — Def ense'less-ly, adv. — De-f enseless-ness, n . 

De-fen'si-ble (-fen'sT-b'l), a. Capable of being de- 
fended. — De-fen si-bil'i-ty (bTl'I-ty), De-fen'si-ble- 
ness, n. 

De-fen'sive (de-fgn'sTv), a. 1. Serving to defend or 
protect ; proper for defense. 2. Carried on by resisting 
attack or aggression. — De-fen'sive-ly, adv. 

De-fen'sive, n. 1. That which defends ; a safeguard. 
2. Position or state of resisting attack or aggression. 

De-fen'sor (de-fgn'sor), n. 1. A defender. 2. (Law) 
A defender or an advocate in court ; a guardian or pro- 
tector. 3. (Eccl.) The patron of a church ; an officer 
having charge of the temporal affairs of a church. 

De-fen'so-ry C-so-ry), a. Tending to defend ; defensive. 



De-fer' (de-fer'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Deferred (-ferd') ; 
p. ;;/•. & vb. n. Deferring.] [F. differer, fr. L. diff'erre 
to delay, bear different ways ; dis- -j-ferre to bear.] To 
put off ; to postpone ; to delay action upon. 

De-fer', v. i. To delay to act ; to wait. 

De-fer', v. t. [¥. deferer to pay deference, to yield, 
to bring before a judge, fr. L. deferre to bring down ; de 
-\-ferre to bear.] 1. To render or offer. [Obs.] 2. To 
lay before ; to submit in a respectful manner ; to refer. 

De-fer', v. i. To yield one's own opinion or wish out 
of respect or obedience to another. 

Def'er-ence (dgfer-ens), n. A yielding of judgment 
or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of 
another ; submission in opinion. 

Def'er-ent (defer-ent), a. Carrying ; bearing. [J?.] 
— ra. 1. That which carries or conveys. 2. (Ptolemaic 
Astron.) An imaginary circle surrounding the earth, and 
around which the heavenly body or the center of the 
heavenly body's epicycle was supposed to be carried. 

Def er-en'tial (-gn'shal), a. Expressing deference ; 
accustomed to defer. — Def er-en'tial-ly, adv. 

De-fer'ment (-fer'ment), n. Act of deferring or de- 
laying. 

De-fer'rer (-rer), n. One who defers or puts off. 

De-fi'ance (de-fi'ans), n. [OF. defiance, desfiance, 
challenge, fr. desfier to challenge, F. defier. See Defy.] 
1. Act of defying ; a challenge ; a provocation. 2. A 
state of opposition ; disposition to resist. 

De-fi/ant (-ant), a. [See Defy.] Full of defiance ; 
bold ; insolent. — De-fi'ant-ly, adv. — De-fi'ant-ness, n. 

De-fi'cience (de-fish'ens), n. Same as Deficiency. 

De-fi'cien-cy (de-fish'en-sy), n. State or amount of 
being deficient; inadequacy; want; failure; imperfec- 
tion ; shortcoming ; defect. 

De-fi'cient (de-fish'ent), a. [L. deficiens, -entis, p. 
pr. See Defect.] Wanting, to make up completeness ; 
wanting, as regards a requirement ; not sufficient ; in- 
adequate ; defective ; lacking. — De-fi'cient-ly, adv. 

Def'i-Cit (def'i-sit), n. [Lit., it is wanting, fr. L. de- 
ficere. See Defect.] Deficiency in amount or quality. 

De-fi'er (de-fFer), n. One who dares and defies. 

De'fi-lade' (de'ft-lad' or deft-lad'), v. t. [imp. & p. 
p. Defdladed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Defilading.] [Cf. F. de- 
fier to defile, and defilade act of defiling. See 1st De- 
file.] (Mil.) To raise or construct (a rampart, fortress, 
etc.), so as to shelter interior works commanded from 
some higher point. 

De-file 7 (de-ffl'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Defiled (-fild') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Defiling.] [F. defiler ; pref. de-, for 
des- (L. dis-) -{-file a line. See File a row.] To march 
off in a line, file by file ; to file off. 

De-file 7 , v. t. (Mil.) Same as Defilade. 

De-file' (de-ffl' or de'ffl), n. 1. Any long, narrow 
pass between hills, rocks, etc. 2. (Mil.) The act of 
defilading a fortress. 

De-file' (de-ffl'), v. t. [OE. defoulen, defoilen, to tread 
down, OF. defouler; de- -{-fouler to trample (see Full, 
v. t.), and OE. defoiden to foul (influenced in form by 
the older verb defoilen). See File, Foul.] 1. To make 
foul or impure ; to make filthy ; to pollute. 2. To sully ; 
to tarnish, as reputation. 3. To injure in purity of char- 
acter ; to corrupt. 4. To corrupt the chastity of ; to de- 
bauch. 5. To make ceremonially unclean ; to pollute. 

De-file'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of defiling. 2. State 
of being defiled ; foulness ; dirtiness ; uncleanness. 

De-fil'er (-er), n. One that defiles or pollutes. 

De-fin'a-ble (de-fln'a-b'l), a. That may be defined. 

De-fine 7 (de-fin'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Defined (-find') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Defining.] [OF. definer, usually, to end, 
to finish, L. definire to limit, define ; de -f- finire to lim- 
it, finis limit, end.] 1. To fix the bounds of ; to termi- 
nate ; to end. 2. To determine or clearly exhibit the 
boundaries of. 3. To determine precisely ; to ascertain 
or exhibit clearly. 4. To determine the precise meaning 
of ; to describe accurately ; to explain ; to expound. 

De-fin'er (-fin'er), n. One who defines or explains. 

Def'i-nite (defT-nit), a. 1. Having certain or dis- 
tinct limits in extent, size, or meaning; determinate; 
certain ; precise ; fixed ; exact ; clear. 2. Serving to 
define; limiting; determining. —Def 'i-nite-ly, adv. — 
Def'1-nite-ness, n. 

Def i-ni'tion (dgf'T-nish'un), n. 1. Act of defining ; 
determination of the limits. 2. A description of a thing 
by its properties; an explanation of the meaning of a 
word or term. 3. (Logic) An exact enunciation of the 
constituents which make up the logical essence. 4. 
(Opt.) Distinctness or clearness ; precision in detail. 

Syn. — Explanation ; description. — A definition is de- 



a, e, 1, o, xi, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, a, y, short ; senate, £vent, tdea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DEFINITIVE 



229 



DEGREE 



signed to settle a thing in its compass and extent ; an ex- 
planation is intended to remove some obscurity or misun- 
derstanding, and is therefore more extended and minute ; 
a description enters into striking particulars with a view 
to interest or impress by graphic effect. 

De-fin'i-tlve (de-fTu'i-tlv), a. 1. Determinate ; pos- 
itive ; final ; conclusive ; unconditional ; express. 2. 
Limiting; determining, — n. (Gram.) A word used to 
define or limit the extent of the signification of a com- 
mon noun, such as the definite article, and some pro- 
nouns. — De-firt'i-tive-ly, adv. — De-fin'i-tive-ness, n. 

De-fla'gra-ble (de-fla'gra-b'l or dgf'la-gra-b'l), a. 
(Chem.) Capable of deflagrating. 

Def'la grate (dgf'la-grat), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. 
Deflagrated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Deflagrating.] [L. 
deflagrate, p. p. -atus, to burn up ; de- -j- Jiagrare to 
flame, burn.] (Chem.) To burn or cause to burn with a 
sudden and sparkling combustion, as niter ; also, to snap 
and crackle with slight explosions when heated, as salt. 

Delia gra'tion (-gra'shun), n. 1- \ burning up; 
conflagration. 2. (Chem.) Actor process of deflagrating. 

Def'la- gra'tor (dgf'la-gra/ter), n. A form of voltaic 
battery for producing rapid and powerful combustion. 

Deflect' (de-flgkf), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. De- 
flected ; p. pr. & vb. n. Deflecting.] [L. deflectere ; 
de -\-flectere to bend or turn. See Flexible.] To turn 
aside or downward ; to bend or swerve from a right or a 
horizontal line, or from a proper position or direction. 

De-flec'tion (de-flgk'shun), n. Act of deflecting, or 
state of being deflected. 

De-flect'ive (-flgk'tlv), a. Causing deflection. 

De-flect'or (-ter), n. A device for causing deflection. 

De-flexion (-flgk'shiin), n. See Deflection. 

De-flex'ure (de-fleks'fir), n. [From L. deflectere, de- 
flexum. See Deflect.] Deflection. 

De-flc'rate (de-flo'rat), a. [LL. defloratus, p. p. of 
deflorare. See Deflour.] (Bot.) Past the flowering 
state ; having shed its pollen. [deflouring. | 

Def lo-ra'tion (def'lo-ra'shun or de'flo-), n. Act of | 

De-flour' (de-flour'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defloured 
(-flourd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Deflouring.] [F. deflorer, 
LL. deflorare ; L. de -f- flos, fioris, flower.] 1. To de- 
prive of flowers. 2*. To take away the prime beauty and 
grace of. 3. To deprive of virginity; to ravish; also, 
to seduce. — De-flour'er (-er), n. 

De-flOW'er (de-flou'er), v. t. Same as Deflour. 

De-flux'ion (de-fluk'shiin), n. [From L. defluere to 
flow down ; de -f- fluere to flow.] (Med.) A discharge 
of humors or fluid matter, as from the nose in catarrh. 

De-foli-ate (de-fo'lT-at), ) a. Deprived of leaves, as 

De-foli-a'ted (-a'ted), j by their natural fall. 

De-fO'li-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. [LL. defoliare, -atum, to 
shed leaves ; L. de + folium leaf.] The falling or shed- 
ding of leaves. 

De-force' (de-fors'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deforced 
(-f orsf ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Deforcing.] [OF. def order ; 
de- or des- (L. de or dis-) -f- /order to force.] (Law) To 
keep from the rightful owner. 

De-force'ment (-ment), n. (Law) Act of deforcing. 

De-for'ciant (de-for'shant), n. (Eng. Law) One who 
keeps out of possession the rightful owner of an estate. 

De-for'ci-a'tion (-for'shi-a'shun), n. Deforcement. 

De-for'est (de-for'gst), v. t. To clear of forests. 

De-form' (de-f6rm'), v. t. [L. deformare ; de + for- 
mare to form, f r. forma form.] 1. To mar in form ; to dis- 
figure. 2. To deprive of comeliness, grace, or perfection. 

Defor-ma'tion (dgf'or-ma'shfin or de'f or-), n. 1. Act 
of deforming, or state of being deformed ; deformity. 
2. Transformation ; change of shape. 

De-form'i-ty (de-f6rm'i-ty), n. [L. deformitas, fr. 
deformis; de -j- forma form.] 1. State of being de- 
formed ; want of proper form or symmetry ; irregularity ; 
distortion. 2. Anything inconsistent with beauty, grace, 
or propriety. 

De-fraud' (de-frad'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defrauded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Defrauding.] [L. defraudare ; de + 
Jraudare to cheat, fr. fraus, fraudis, fraud.] To de- 
prive of some right, interest, or property, by a deceitful 
device ; to cheat ; to overreach. 

De-fraud'er (de-frad'er), n. One who defrauds. 

De-fray' (de-fra')," v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defrayed 
(-frad'); p. pr. & vb. n. Defraying.] [F. defrayer; 
pref . de- (L. de or dis-) -f- frais expense, f r. LL. fredum, 
fridum, expense, fine (prob. for breach of peace), fr. 
bHGt.fridu peace, Gr.friede.~\ To pay or discharge ; to 
serve in payment of. 

De-f ray'al (de-fra'al), n. Act of defraying ; payment. 

De-fray 'er (-er), n. One who pays off expenses. 



De-fray'ment (dt-fra'incnt), n. Payment of charges. 

Deft (dCft), a. [AS. daft mild, fitting ; akin to dufen 
becoming, lit.] Apt ; fit ; dexteroni ; clever ; spruce ; neat. 
[Archaic or PoeAic] — Deft'ly, adv. Deft'neSB, n. 

Defunct' (de-fQnkt'), a. [L. defunclus, p. p. of de- 
fungi to acquit one's self of, to p e rform, finish, depart, 
die ; de-\- fungi to perform, discharge.] Having finished 
the course of life ; dead ; deceased. — n. A dead person. 

De-fy' (de-ii'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. DOBD (-iid'j ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Defying.] [F. dejier, OF. de flier, de.yier, 
LL. disjidare to disown faith or fidelity, to dissolve alle- 
giance ; hence, to challenge, defy ; fr. L. dis- -f- fide* 
faith.] 1. To renounce faith or obligation with. [Obs.] 
2. To provoke to combat or strife ; to call out to com- 
bat ; to challenge ; to dare ; to bi 

De-gar'nish (-gar'uTsh), v. 1. [F. degarnir. See De- ; 
Garnish.] To strip or make bare, as of furniture. [/.'. J 

De-gen'er-a-cy (de-jgn'er-a-sy), n. Act of becoming 
degenerate, or state of being degenerate. 

De-gen'er-ate (-at), a. [L. degeneralus, p. p. of de- 
generare to degenerate, cause to degenerate, fr. degener 
degenerate ; de -f- genus race, kind.] Having become 
worse than one's kind, or one's former state ; having 
degenerated ; deteriorated ; degraded ; base ; low. 

De-gen'er-ate (-at), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Degener- 
ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Degenerating.] To be or grow 
worse than one's kind, or than one was originally ; hence, 
to be inferior ; to fall off from normal quality ; to become 
of a lower type ; to deteriorate. — De-gen'er-ate-ly 
(-at-ly), adv. — De-gen'er-ate-ness, n. 

De-gen er-a'tion (de-jgn'er-a'shun), n. 1. Act or 
process of degenerating ; state of being degenerate ; deg- 
radation ; debasement ; degeneracy ; deterioration. 2. A 
thing or type resulting from the process of degenerating. 

De-gen'er-a-tive (de-jgn'er-a-tiv), a. Undergoing or 
producing degeneration ; tending to degenerate. 

De-glu'ti-nate (de-glu'tT-nat), v. t. [L. deglulinare, 
p. p. -atus. See De-, and Glutinate.] To loosen or 
separate by dissolving the glue which unites ; to unglue. 

De-glu'ti-na'tlon (-na'shun), n. Act of ungluing. 

Deg'lu-tl'tion (dgg'lu-tish'Qn or de'glu-), n. [L. de- 
glutire to swallow ; de -+- glutire to swallow. See Glut.] 
Act or process of swallowing ; power of swallowing. 

Deg ra-da'tion (dgg'rS-da'shun), n. Act or process of 
degrading, or state of being degraded. 

Syn. — Abasement ; debasement ; deterioration ; de- 
generation; reduction; decline. 

De-grade' (de-grad'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Degraded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Degrading.] [F. degrader, LL. degra- 
dare, fr. L. de -\- gradus step, degree.] 1. To reduce 
from a higher to a lower rank or degree ; to lower in rank ; 
to deprive of office, dignity, or honors. 2. To reduce in 
estimation, character, or reputation ; to lessen the value 
of ; to lower the physical, moral, or intellectual character 
of; to debase; to disgrace. 3. (Biol. & Physiol.) To 
cause to have the typical characters or organs in a par- 
tially developed condition, or lacking. 4. (Physiol.) To 
arrest the development of ; to diminish or pervert the 
vitality of. 5. (Geol.) To reduce in altitude or magni- 
tude, as hills and mountains ; to wear down. 

Syn. —To abase ; demean ; lower ; reduce ; deteriorate. 

De-grade', v. i. (Biol.) To degenerate ; to pass from 
a higher to a lower type of structure. 

De-grad'ed (de-gra'dgd), a. 1. Reduced in rank, 
character, or reputation ; debased ; sunken ; low ; base. 

2. (Biol.) Having the typical characters or organs in a 
partially developed condition, or lacking certain parts. 

3. [Cf. F. degre step.] (Her.) Having steps ; — said of 
a cross each of whose extremities finishes in steps. 

De-grad'ing-ly, adv. In a degrading manner. 

De-gre*' (de-gre'), n. [F. degre, OF. degret, fr. LL. 
degradare. See Degrade.] 1. A step, stair, or staircase. 
[Obs.] 2. One of a series of progressive steps upward or 
downward, in quality, rank, acquirement, and the like ; 
grade ; gradation. 3. The point or step of progression 
to which a person has arrived ; rank or station in life ; 
position. 4. Measure of advancement ; quality ; extent. 

5. Grade or rank to which scholars are admitted by a 
college or university, in recognition of their attainments. 

6. (Genealogy) A certain remove in the line of descent, 
determining the proximity of blood. 7. (-4n7A.) Three 
figures taken together in numeration. 8. (Algrebra) 
State as indicated by sum of exponents. 9. (Trig.) The 
360th part of the circumference of a circle. 10. A divi- 
sion, space, or interval, marked on a mathematical or 
other instrument. 11. (Mas. ) A line or space of the staff. 

By degTeea, step by step ; by little and little ; by moder- 
ate advances. — To a degree, to an extreme ; exceedingly. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



) 



DKGUSTATION 



230 



DELIBERATE 



> 



> 



> 







Deg US ta'tion (d?g us-ta'shiin), n. [L. degnstalio, 
taste.] (Physiol.) Tasting; the appre- 
ciation of sapid qualities by the taste organs. 

Dehisce' (de-hls'), v. i. [L. dehiscere; de -{■ hiscere 
to mm.] To gape ; to open by dehiscence. 

De-his'cence (dS-hlsta ns), n. 1. The act of gaping. 
2. (Biol.) A gaping or bursting open along a definite 
line of attachment or suture, without tearing, as in the 
opening of pods ; also, the bursting 
open of f ollicles, as in the ovaries of 
animals. [ized by dehiscence. I 

De his'cent (-sent), a. Character- 1 

De-horn' (de-horn'), v. t. To de- 
prive of horns, as by burning their 
ends soon after they start. 

Dehors' (de-h&V or de-h6rz'), 
prtp. [F., outside.] (Zau;)Outof; 
without ; foreign to. 

Dehors', n. (Mil.) All sorts of 
outworks in general, at a distance from Dehiscent Silicle 
the main works. 

De-hOIt' (de-h6rf), v. t. [L. dehortari; de + hortari 
to exhort.] To urge to abstain or refrain. [Obs.] 

D6 hor-ta'tion (de'hor-ta'shun), n. Act of dehorting. 
[R.] [signed to dehort. I 

De-hort'a-tO-ry (de-hcWa-to-r^), a. Fitted or de-| 

De -hy'drate (de-hi'drat), v. I. (Chem.) To deprive 
of water ; to render free from water. 

De'i-cide (de'T-sid), n. [L. deicida a deicide (in sense 
2) ; deus god + caedere to cut, kill.] 1. Act of killing 
a being of a divine nature, esp. Jesus Christ. 2. One 
concerned in putting Christ to death. 

Deic'tlc (dik'tlk), a. [Gr. Sciktikos showing, pointing 
out, fr. SeiKvvvai to show.] (Logic) Direct; proving 
directly ; — applied to reasoning. 

De-if'ic (de-if'Tk), ) a. [L. deificus ; deus god + fa- 

De-if'ic-al (-T-kal), ) cere to make.] Making divine ; 
producing a likeness to God ; god-making, [apotheosis. I 

De i-fi-ca'tion (de'T-f l-ka'shiin), n. Act of deifying ; | 

De'i-fl'er (de'T-fi'er), n. One who deifies. 

De'i-fonn (-f6rm), a. Godlike, or of a godlike form. 

De'i-fy (de'I-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Deifying.] [F. deifier, LL. deificare, fr. 
L. deificus. See Debpic] 1. To make a god of; to en- 
roll among the deities ; to apotheosize. 2. To praise or 
revere as, or as if, a deity. 3. To render godlike. 

Deign (dan), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deigned (dand) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Deigning.] [OF. degner, deigner, fr. L. dig- 
nari to deem worthy, deign, fr. dignus worthy ; akin to E. 
decent.'] 1. To esteem worthy. [Obs.] 2. To conde- 
scend to give or bestow ; to vouchsafe ; to allow ; to grant. 

Deign, v. i. To think worthy ; to vouchsafe ; to con- 
descend ; — followed by an infinitive. 

Del-noc'e-ras (dt-nos'e-rSs), n., || Dei-nor'nis (-nQr'- 
nis), n. See Dinoceeas, Dinobnis. 

De'is (de'is), n. A dais. [or creed of a deist. I 

De'ism (de'Iz'm), n. [L. deus god.] The doctrine | 

De'ist (de'ist), n. One who believes in the existence 
of a God, but denies revealed religion ; a believer in nat- 
ural religion only ; a freethinker. 

Syn. — See Infidel. 

De-is'tic (de-is'tik), ) a. Pertaining to, savoring of, 

De-is'tic-al (-tl-kal), ( or consisting in, deism. — 
De-is'tic-al-ly, adv. — De-is'tic-al-ness. n. 

De'i-ty (de'I-ty), n. [F. deite, fr. L. deltas, fr. deus a 
god ; akin to divus divine, Jupiter Jupiter, dies day, Gr. 
6Io? divine, Zevs, gen. Aio?, Zeus, Skr. deva divine, as a 
noun, got"., dyo sky, day, hence, the sky personified as a 
god.] 1. The collection of attributes which make up 
the nature of a god ; divinity ; godhead. 2. A god or 
goddess ; a heathen god. 

De-Ject' (de-jgkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dejected ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Dejecting.] [L. dejectus, p. p. of dejicere 
to throw down; de -f- jacere to throw.] 1. To cast 
down. [Archaic] 2. To cast down the spirits of ; to 
dispirit ; to discourage ; to dishearten. 

! De-Jec'ta (de-jgk'ta), n.pl. [NL.] Excrements. 

De-Ject'ed (-jgkt'gd), a. Cast down ; afflicted ; low- 
spirited ; sad.— De-Ject'ed-ly, adv.— De-Jecfed-ness, n. 

De-lect'er (-er), n. One who casts down, or dejects. 

De-Jec'tion (de-jgk'shun), n. Act of humbling or 
abasing one's self. 2. Lowness of spirits ; mental de- 
pression ; melancholy. 3. (Physiol.) (a) The discharge 
of excrement, (b) Faeces ; excrement. 

De-Jec'to-ry (-to-r£), a. 1. Having power, or tending, 
to cast down. 2. Promoting evacuations by stool. 

De-Jec'ture (de-jgk'tur ; 135), n. Excrements. 

II WJen'ne 7 (da'zhe'na'), n. [F.] A dejeuner. 



li De jeu'ner' (da'zhe'na'), n. [F. dejeuner break- 
fast. ] A breakfast ;_sometimes, also, a lunch or collation. 

II De' Ju're (de' ju're). [L.] By right ; by law. 

Dek'a- (dgk'a-). (Metric System) A prefix signifying 
ten. See Deca-. 

Dek'a-gram (-gram), n., Dek'a liter (dSk'a-le'ter or 
de-kSl'T-), n., etc. Same as Decagram, Decalitee, etc. 

Delaine' (de-lan'), n. [See Muslin delaine, under 
Muslin.] A kind of fabric for women's dresses. 

De lam i-na'tion (de-lSm'I-na'shun), n. (Biol.) For- 
mation and separation of laminae or layers. [lapsion. I 

De lap-sa'tion (de'lSp-sa'shun or d61'ap-), n. De-| 

De-lapse' (de-15ps'), v. i. [L. delabi, p. p. -lapsus ; 
de -f- labi to fall or shde.] To pass down by inheritance ; 
to lapse. [Obs.] [of place ; prolapsion. I 

De-lap'sion (de-15p'shun), n. A falling down, or out| 

De-late/ (de-laf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Delating.] [L. delatus, used as p. p. of 
defer re. See Defer.] [Obs. or Archaic] 1. To carry ; 
to convey. 2. To make public ; to spread. 3. To in- 
form against ; to accuse. 4. To carry on ; to conduct. 

De-la'tion (de-la'shun), n. 1. Conveyance. [Obs. or 
Archaic] 2. (Law) Accusation by an informer. 

De-la'tor (-tor), n. [L.] An accuser ; an informer. 

De-lay' (de-la'), n. [F. delai, fr. OF. deleer to delay, 
or fr. L. dilalum, which is used only as a p. p. neut. of 
differre to carry apart, defer, delay. See Tolerate.] A 
putting off or deferring ; procrastination ; lingering inac- 
tivity ; stop ; detention ; hindrance. 

De-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delayed (-lad') ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Delaying.] [OF. deleer, delaier, fr. the noun 
delai, or directly fr. L. dilatare to enlarge, dilate, in LL., 
to put off. See Delay, n., Dilate.] 1. To put off ; to 
defer ; to prolong the time of or before. 2. To retard ; 
to stop, detain, or hinder, for a time. 

De-lay', v. i. To move slowly ; to linger ; to tarry. 

De-lay'er (-er), n. One who delays ; one who lingers. 

II Del' cred'er-e (del' krgd'er-e or daF kra'da-ra). 
[It., of belief or trust.] (Law) An agreement by which 
an agent or factor guarantees to his principal the sol- 
vency of those to whom he sells goods on credit. 

Dele (de'le), imperative sing, of L. delere to destroy. 
(Print.) Erase; remove; — a direction to cancel some- 
thing, usually indicated by a Greek form of d, thus : cw. 

Dele, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Deled ; p. pr. & vb. n. O] 
Deleing.] To erase ; to delete ; to mark for omission. 

Del'e-ble (del'e-b'l or de'-), a. That may be deled. 

De-lec'ta-ble (de-lek'ta-b'l), a. [OF. delitable, fr. 
L. delectabilis, fr. delectare, p. p. -atus, to delight. See 
Delight.] Highly pleasing ; delightful. — De-lec'ta- 
ble-ness, n. — De-lec'ta-bly, adv. 

De-lec'tate (-tat), v. t. To delight. [R.] [delight. I 

De lec-ta'tion (de'lek-ta'shun), n. Great pleasure ; | 

Del'e-gate (del'e-gat), n. [L. delegatus, p. p. of de- 
legare to send, delegate; de -\- legare. See Legate.] 
1. Any one sent and empowered to act for another ; a 
representative ; a commissioner ; a vicar. 2. (a) One 
elected by the people of a territory to represent them in 
Congress, where he has the right of debating, but not of 
voting, (b) One sent by any constituency to act as its 
representative in a convention. [U. S.] [deputed. I 

Del'e-gate, a. Sent to act for or represent another ; | 

Del'e-gate (-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delegated 
(-ga'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Delegating (-ga'ttng).] 1. To 
send as one's representative ; to commission ; to depute ; 
to authorize. 2. To intrust to the care or management 
of another ; to assign ; to commit. 

Del'e-ga'tion (dSl'e-ga'shun), n. 1. Act of delega- 
ting ; appointment of delegates. 2. A body of delegates. 

II De-len'da (de-len'da), n. pi. [L., fr. delere to de- 
stroy.] Things to be erased or blotted out. 

De-lete' (de-lef), v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Deleted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Deleting.] [L. delere, p. p. deletus, to destroy.] 
To blot out ; to erase ; to dele ; to omit. 

Dele-te'rl-ous (dSl'e-te'rT-us or de'le-), a. [LL. de- 
leterius noxious, Gr. StjAijt^pios, fr. Srjkelo-don. to hurt, 
damage.] Hurtful ; noxious ; destructive ; pernicious. 
— Del'e-te'ri-ous-ly, adv. — Del'e-te'ri-ous-ness, n. 

De-le'tion (de-le'shiin), n. Act of deleting. [Obs.] 

Delft (d61ft), or Delft'ware' (dglft'wSr'), n. (a) Pot- 
tery made at the city of Delft in Holland ; hence : (b) 
Any glazed earthenware made for table use, and the like. 

De-lib'er-ate (de-lib'er-at), a. [L. deliberatus, p. p. 
of deliberare to deliberate ; de -f- librare to weigh.] 
1. "Weighing facts and arguments so as to choose or de- 
cide ; carefully considering probable consequences ; cir- 
cumspect. 2. Formed with deliberation ; well-advised ; 
carefully considered. 3. Not hasty or sudden ; slow. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u., y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, dbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



DELIBERATE 



231 



DELPHIC 



De-lib'er-ate (de-llb'er-at), v. t. limp. & p. p. De- 
liberated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deliberating.] To weigh 
in the mind ; to reflect upon ; to ponder. 

De-lib'er-ate, v. i. To take counsel with one's self ; 
to weigh the arguments for and against a proposed 
course of action ; to reflect ; to consider. 

De-lib'er-ate-ly (-at-ly), adv. In a deliberate manner. 

De-lib'er-ate-ness, n. State or quality of being de- 
liberate. 

De-lib er-a'tion ( -a'shun), n. Act of deliberating ; 
careful consideration ; mature reflection ; debate. 

De-lib'er-a-tive (-a-tiv), a. Pertaining to delibera- 
tion ; proceeding or acting by deliberation, or by discus- 
sion and examination. — De-lib'er-a-tive-ly, adv. 

De-llb'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who deliberates. 

Del'i-ca-cy (dgl'T-ka-sy), n. 1. State of being deli- 
cate ; nicety or fineness, as of form, constitution, man- 
ners, perception, etc. 2. That which is delicate ; a lux- 
ury or pleasure ; something pleasant to the senses, esp. 
to the sense of taste ; a dainty. 

Syn. — Softness; elegance; smoothness; tenderness; 
fastidiousness ; daintiness. See Dainty. 

Del'i-cate (dgl'T-kat), a. [L. delicatus pleasing the 
senses, voluptuous, soft and tender ; akin to deliciae de- 
light. See Delicious.] 1. Addicted to pleasure ; luxu- 
rious ; voluptuous. [E.] 2. Pleasing to the senses ; 
adapted to please a nice or cultivated taste ; nice ; fine ; 
elegant. 3. Slight and shapely ; lovely ; graceful. 4. 
Fine or slender ; minute ; not coarse, as a thread. 
5. Slight or smooth ; light and yielding in texture. 6. 
Soft and fair, as the skin. 7. Light-colored, or softly 
tinted. 8. Refined ; gentle ; scrupulous not to tres- 
pass or offend ; considerate ; — said of conduct, feelings, 
etc. 9. Tender ; not able to endure hardship ; feeble ; 
frail ; effeminate ; — used with reference to constitution, 
health, etc. 10. Requiring careful handling ; not to be 
rudely or hastily dealt with ; nice ; critical. 11. Of ex- 
acting tastes and habits ; dainty ; fastidious. 12. Nicely 
discriminating or perceptive ; refinedly critical ; sensitive ; 
exquisite. 13. Affected by slight causes ; showing slight 
changes. — Del'i-cate-ly, adv. — Del'i-cate-ness, n. 

De-li'cious (de-lTsh'Qs), a. [OF. delicieus, L. deli- 
ciosus, fr. deliciae delight, fr. delicere to allure. See 
Delight.] 1. Affording exquisite pleasure ; most sweet 
or grateful to the senses, esp. to the taste ; charming. 
2. Luxurious ; effeminate. [06s.] — De-li'cious-ly . 
adv. — De-li'cious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Delightful. — Delicious refers to pleasure de- 
rived from certain of the senses, esp. taste and smell ; 
~ 1 - J ftd may also refer to most of the senses, but is also 



applied to matters of taste, feeling, and sentiment. 

Del'i-gate (del'I-gat), v. t. [L. deligare, p. p. -atus ; 
de -f- ligare to bind.] (Surg.) To bind up ; to bandage. 

DeH-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. (Surg.) A bandaging. 

De-light' (de-lit'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delighted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Delighting.] [OF. delitier, deleitier, 
L. delectare to entice away, to delight, intens. of delicere 
to allure, delight ; de -f- lacere to entice, allure.] To 
give delight to ; to please highly ; to rejoice. 

De-light', v. i. To have or take great delight. 

De-light', n. 1. A high degree of gratification of 
mind ; lively pleasure ; extreme satisfaction ; joy. 2. 
That which gives great pleasure. 

De-light'ed, a. Endowed with delight ; glad ; pleased ; 
gratified. — De-light'ed-ly, adv. 

De-light'er (-er), n. One who gives or takes delight. 

De-light'ful (de-lit'ful), a. Highly pleasing ; afford- 
ing great pleasure and satisfaction. — De-light'ful-ly, 
adv. — Delight/fulness, n. 

Syn. — Delicious; charming. See Delicious. 

De-light'some (-siim), a. Very pleasing ; delightful. 
— De-light'some-ly, adv. — De-light 'some-ness. n. 

De-lim'it (de-lim'Tt), v. t. [L. delimitare. See De- ; 
Limit.] To fix the limits of ; to demarcate ; to bound. 

De-lim'i-ta'tion (-T-ta'shun), n. Act of delimiting. 

De-lin'e-a-ble (-lin'e-a-b'l), a. That may be delineated. 

De-lin'e-a-ment (-ment), n. Delineation ; sketch. 

De-lin'e-ate (-at), a. [L. delineates, p. p. of deline- 
are to delineate; de -f- lineare to draw, fr. linea line. 
See Line.] Delineated ; portrayed. [J?.] 

De-lin'e-ate (de-lTn'e-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delin- 
eated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Delineating.] 1. To represent 
by sketch, design, or diagram ; to represent in lines, as 
with the pen, pencil, or graver ; hence, to represent with 
accuracy and minuteness. 2. To portray by words ; to 
set forth ; to describe. 

De-lin'e-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act or process of de- 
lineating. 2. A delineated picture ; description in words. 

Syn. — Sketch ; portrait ; outline. See Sketch. 



De lin'e-a'tor (dMIu'J-a'tgr), n. 1. One who, or that 
which, delineates. 2. (Surv.) A perambulator which 
records distances and delineates a profile, as of a road. 

De-lin'e-a-tO-ry (-a-to-rj), a. That delineates. 

De-lin'quen-cy(de-lTij'kwen-Hy), «. Quality of being 
delinquent ; failure in, or omission of, duty ; fault ; mis- 
deed ; ott'ense ; misdemeanor ; crime. 

De-lin'quent (-kwent), a. [L. delinquent, -entit, p. 
pr. of delinquere to be delinquent; de -f- linquere to 
leave.] Failing in duty ; offending by neglect of duty. 

— 7i. One who is delinquent. — De-lin'quent-ly, adv. 
Del'l-quate (dgl'I-kwat), v. i. £ /. [L. deliquare, 

p. p. -atus, to clarify ; de -f- liquare to melt.] To melt ; 
to deliquesce. 

Del'i-quesce' (dgl'T-kwgs'), v. i. [imp. ft }>■ p. Deli- 
quesced (-kwgst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Deliquescing.] [L. 
deliquescere to melt, dissolve ; de + liquesctre to be- 
come fiuid, melt, fr. liquere to be fluid.] (Chem.) To 
dissolve gradually and become liquid by attracting and 
absorbing moisture from the air. 

Del'i-ques'cence (-kwgs'sens), n. Act or process of 
deliquescing or liquefying ; tendency to melt. 

Del'i-ques'cent (dgl'I-kwgs'sent), a. 1. Dissolving ; 
liquefying by contact with the air. 2. (Hot.) Branch- 
ing so that the stem is lost in branches. 

De-liq'ui-ate (de-lik'wT-at), v. i. [Deriv. of L. deli- 
quare. See Deliquate.] To deliquesce. 

De-liq'ui-a'tlon (-a'shun), n. Act of deliquiating. 

De-lir'i-ant (de-lir'T-ant), n. {Med.) A poison which 
occasions a persistent delirium, or mental aberration. 

De-lir'1-OUS (de-lTr'T-us), a. Having a delirium ; wan- 
dering in mind ; raving ; wild. — De-lir'i-OUS-ly, adv. 

— De-lir'i-ous-ness, n. 

De-lir'i-um (de-lir'T-Qm), n. [L., fr. delirare to 
rave, to wander in mind, prop., to go out of the furrow 
in plowing; de -f lira furrow, track.] 1. (Med.) A 
state in which the thoughts, expressions, and actions are 
wild, irregular, and incoherent ; a wandering of the mind. 
2. Strong excitement ; wild enthusiasm ; madness. 

Delirium tremens (tre'mSnz) [L., trembling delirium] 
(Med. ), a violent delirium induced by the excessive and 
prolonged use of intoxicating liquors. 

Syn. — Insanity ; frenzy ; madness ; derangement ; ab- 
erration ; mania ; lunacy ; fury. See Insanity. 

Del i-tes'cence (del'T-tes'sens), n. [See Delites- 
cent.] 1. Concealment; seclusion; retirement. 2. 
(Med.) The sudden disappearance of inflammation. 

DeFi-tes'cen-cy (-sen-sy), n. Concealment ; seclusion. 

Deli-tes'cent (-sent), a. [L. delitescens, -entis, p. pr. 
of delitescere to lie hid.] Lying hid ; concealed. 

De-liv'er (de-liVer), v . t. [imp. & p. p. Delivered 
(-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Delivering.] [F. delivrer, LL. 
deliberare to liberate, give over, fr. L. de + liberare to 
set free. See Liberate.] 1. To set free from restraint ; 
to set at liberty ; to rescue from evil actual or feared. 

2. To give or transfer ; to yield possession or control of ; 
to make over ; to resign. 3. To communicate ; to utter ; 
to speak ; to impart. 4. To give forth in action ; to dis- 
charge. 5. To disburden of, as young ; to bring forth. 

De-liv'er-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being delivered. 

De-liv'er-ance (de-liv'er-ans), n. 1. Act of deliver- 
ing or freeing from restraint, captivity, peril, or the like ; 
rescue. 2. Act of bringing forth children. [Archaic'] 

3. Act of speaking ; utterance. [Archaic'] 

§3eT* La senses 2 and 3 delivery is now more common. 

4. The state of being delivered, or freed from re- 
straint. 5. Anything delivered or communicated ; esp., 
an opinion or decision expressed publicly. 6. (Metaph.) 
Any fact or truth which is decisively attested or intui- 
tively known as a psychological or philosophical datum. 

De-liv'er-er (de-liVer-er), n. One who delivers. 

De-liVer-y (-y), n. 1. Act of delivering from re- 
straint ; rescue ; release ; liberation. 2. Act of delivering 
up or over ; transfer of the body or substance of a thing. 
3. Act or style of utterance ; manner of speaking. 4. Act 
of giving birth ; parturition. 5. Act of exerting one's 
strength or limbs. 6. Act or manner of delivering a ball. 

Dell (d51), n. [AS. del, akin to E. dale.] A small, re- 
tired valley ; ravine. 

DeFla-crus'can (dgiqa-kriis'kan), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to the Accademia della Crusca (lit. academy of the 
chaff), an academy in Italy, founded in the 16th century, 
esp. for conserving the purity of the Italian language. 

Del'phi-an (dgl'fT-an), a. Delphic. 

Del'phic (-fTk), a. [L. Delphicus, fr. Gr. AeA<J>iK<k, 
fr. AeA^oi, L. Delphi, a town in ancient Greece.] (Gr. 
Antiq.) 1. Of or relating to Delphi, or to the famous 
oracle of that place. 2. Ambiguous ; mysterious. 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, ru.de, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, aing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DELl'lllX 



232 



DEMISE 



> 



> 



Del'phin. Del'phine (.del'iliO.a. [See Dauphin.] Of 
ituuhin of France. 

Del'phine (-flu), <;. [L. detpkmu* a dolphin, Gr. Sek- 
ug to the dolphin, * genus of fishes. 

Del'U SeATa.] 1. The Greek letter 

pita) loriu) A. 2. A bract of land shaped like 
Ita (A), sp. when alluvial and inclosed be- 
two or more mouths of a river. 

Del 'told (deltoid), (/. [Gr. StAroeifijj? delta-shaped ; 
orm. ] Shaped like the Greek A (delta). 

De lud'a-ble ^lo-liid'a-b'l), a. That may be deluded. 

Delude' ulMu.m. P. /. limp. & p. p. Deluded ; 

;>. pr. X '. . Hkluding.] [L. dtludere, deltisum ; 

dt -f ludirc to play, mock. See Ludicrous.] 1. To 

m truth or into error; to mislead the mind or 

ut of ; to beguile. 2. To frustrate or disappoint. 

>> n. To deceive ; cajole ; cheat; dupe. See Deceive. 

De-lud'er (-er), n. One who deludes ; a deceiver. 

Del'Uge (dSl'uj), H. [F. deluge, L. diluvium, fr. dilu- 
i>h away ; di- = dis- -\- luere, equiv. to lavare to 
. e.] 1. A washing away ; an inundation ; 
a flood ; specif., The Deluge, the great flood in the days 
of Noah (Gen. vii.). 2. Fig. : Anything which over- 
whelms, or causes great destruction. 

Del'Uge, 9. t. limp. & p. p. Deluged (-ujd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Deluging.] 1. To overflow with water ; to in- 
undate ; to overwhelm. 2. To overwhelm as with a 
deluge ; to overpower ; to submerge. 

De-lu'sion (de-lu'zhun), n. [See Delude.] 1. Act 
of deluding; deception; a misleading of the miud. 2. 
State of being deluded. 3. That which is falsely or de- 
lusively believed or propagated ; error in belief. 

>> ii. — Illusion. — An illusion is a false show, a mere 
cheat on the fancy or senses, an idea or image presented 
to the bodily or mental vision which does not exist in re- 
ality. A delusion is a mistaken notion arising from lack 
of knowledge or from false judgment, usually affecting 
the real concerns of life. 

De-lu'sive (-siv), a. Apt or fitted to delude. — De- 
lu'sive-ly, adv. — De-lu'sive-ness, n. 

De-lu'SO-ry (-s6-ry), a. Delusive ; fallacious. 

Delve (delv), v. t. limp. & p. p. Delved (delvd) ; p. 
j>r. A' vb. n. Delving.] [AS. del/an to dig ; akin to D. 
MHG. lelben.] 1. To dig ; to open (the ground), 
as with a spade. 2. To penetrate ; to trace out. 

Delve. < . f. To dig ; to labor with, or as with, a spade. 

Delve, it. A place dug ; a pit ; ditch ; den ; cave. 

Delv'er (-er), n. One who digs, as with a spade. 

De-mag'net-ize (de-m5g'ngt-iz), v. t. 1. To deprive 
of lui^netic properties. 2. To free from hypnotism. 

Dem a-gog'ic (dgm'a-gSjTk), 1 a. Relating to, or 

Dem a gog'ic-al (-g5j'i-kal), J like, a demagogue ; 
factious. [tices of a demagogue. I 

Dem'a-gOg-lsm (d6m'a-g5g-Tz'm ; 1 15), n. The prac- 1 

Dem'a-gogue (d6m'a-g5g; 115), n. [Gr. a^aytoyos 
a popular leader ; a demagogue ; fir}/u.os the people + 
iywyo? leading, fr. ayei^ to lead ; akin to E. act.~] A 
leader of the rabble ; an unprincipled and factious mob 
orator or political leader. 

De-maln' (de"-man'), n. (Law) Demesne. 

Demand' (de-mand'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Demanded ; 
]>. pr. & vb. n. Demanding.] [F. demander, LL. de- 
mandare to demand, summon, fr. L. demandare to in- 
trust ; de -+- mandare to intrust, order, command.] 
1. To ask or call for with authority ; to claim, as some- 
thing due ; to call for urgently or peremptorily. 2. To 
inquire authoritatively or earnestly; to ask, esp. in a 
peremptory manner; to question. 3. To require as 
necessary or useful ; to need urgently. 

Demand', v. i. To make a demand ; to inquire. 

De-mand', n. 1. Act of demanding. 2. That which 
ii demanded, or which one has a right to demand ; claim. 

>yn.— -Requisition ; question; a seeking; request. 

De mand'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be demanded. 

De-mand'ant (-ant), n. One who demands ; (Law) 
the plaintiff in a real action ; any plaintiff. 

De-mand'er C-er), n. One who demands. 

De-man'told (dc-mSn'toid), n. [G. demanl diamond 
(Min.) A yellow-gTeen, transparent variety of 
garnet found in the Urals. It is valued as a gem. 

De-mar'cate Me-mar'kat), v. t. [See Demarcation.] 
by bounds ; to set the limits of ; to separate. 

Demar-ca'tlon Me'mar-ka'shfin), n. [F. demarca- 
••• de- (L. de) -f marquer to mark, of German 
Act of marking, or of ascertaining and setting 
distinction. 

De'march Me'mark), n. [Gr. ^/xapxo? ; 5^o? peo- 
% o riile.] A chief or rul.-.r of a deme. 

De mar-ka'tlon, n. Same as Demarcation. 



Deme (dem), n. [Gr. Sijixo^.] (Gr. Antiq.) A sub- 
division of Attica (also of modern Greece), corresponding 
to a township. 

De-mean' (de-men'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demeaned 
(-mend') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Demeaning.] [OF. demener 
to conduct, manage ; pref. de- (L. de) 4" metier to lead, 
drive, carry on, conduct, fr. L. initiate to drive by 
threatening cries, fr. viinari to threaten.] 1. To man- 
age ; to conduct ; to treat. 2. To conduct ; to behave ; 
to comport ; — with the reflexive pronoun. 3. To de- 
base ; to lower ; to degrade ; — with reflexive pronoun. 

(^f^This (last) sense is probably due to a false ety- 
mology connecting the word with the adjective mean. 

De-mean'or (-er), n. 1. Management. lObs.] 2. Be- 
havior ; deportment ; carriage ; bearing ; mien. 

De'men-cy (de'meu-sy), n. Dementia. 

De-ment' (de-menf), v. t. [L. dementare, fr. de- 
mens, -mentis, demented; de + mens mind.] To make 
demented. [i2.1 

De-men'tate (de-men'tat), a. Deprived of reason. 

De-men'tate (de-men'tat), v. t. To deprive of reason. 

De inen-ta'tion (de'men-ta'shun), n. Act of demen- 
tating ; madness. 

De-ment'ed (de-ment'ed), a. [From Dement.] Da- 
sane ; mad ; of unsound mind. — De-ment'ed-ness, n. 

II De-men'ti-a (-men'shT-a), n. [L., fr. demens. See 
Dement.] Insanity ; madness ; esp., mental imbecility. 

De-meph'i-tize (de-mef'i-tiz), v. t. [See De-, and 
Mephitic] To purify from mephitic or foul air. 

De-mer'it (de-mer'it), n. [OF. demerite desert, fr. 
L. demerere to deserve well, LL., to deserve well or ill ; 
de -j- merere to deserve.] 1. That which one merits ; 
desert. lObs."] 2. That which deserves blame; ill 
desert ; fault ; vice ; misconduct ; — opposite of merit. 
3. State of one who deserves ill. 

De-merse' (de-mers'), v. t. [L. demersus, p. p. of 
demergere. See Merge.] To immerse ; to submerge. 

De-mer'sion (-mer'shun), n. 1. Act of plunging into 
a fluid ; a drowning. 2. State of being overwhelmed in 
water, or as if in water. [from mesmeric influence. I 

De-mes'mer-ize (de-mgz'mer-iz), v. t. To relieve | 

De-mesne' (de-men'), n. [OE. demeine, detnain, 
rule, demesne, OF. demeine, demaine, demeigne, do- 
maine, power, fr. L. dominium property, right of owner- 
ship, fr. dominus master, proprietor, owner.] (Law) A 
lord's chief manor place, with the lands belonging there- 
to which have not been granted out in tenancy ; a house, 
and the land adjoining, kept for the proprietor's own use. 

Dem'i- (dgml-). [F. demi-, fr. L. dimidius half ; di- 
= dis- -(- medius middle.] A prefix, signifying half. 

De-mi' (de-mi'), n. See Demy, n., 2. 

Dem'i-ca dence (deml-ka'dens), n. (Mus.) An im- 
perfect cadence, falling on the dominant instead of on 
the key note. 

Dem'i-cir'cle (-ser'k'l),™. A kind of instrument for 
measuring angles, in surveying, etc. 

Dem'i-gOd (dgmT-god), n. A half god, or an inferior 
deity ; a fabulous hero, offspring of a deity and a mortaL 

Dem'i- John (dem'i-jon), n. [F. dame-jeanne, i. e., 
Lady Jane, corrupt, fr. Ar. damajana, damjana, prob. 
fr. Damaghan a town in Persia, once famous for its glass 
works.] A glass vessel or bottle with a large body and 
small neck, inclosed in wickerwork. 

Dem'i-lance 7 (-lans'), n. A light lance ; a short spear ; 
a half pike ; also, a demilancer. [ravelin. I 

Dem'i-lan'cer (-lan'ser), n. A soldier carrying a| 

Dem'i-lune' (-lun'), n. [F.] (Fort.) A demilance. 

Dem i-monde' (-m6Nd'), n. [F. ; demi -f- monde 
world, L. mundus.~\ Persons of doubtful reputation; 
esp., women kept as mistresses, though not public pros- 
titutes ; demireps. 

Dem'i-re-lief (dem'i-rg-lef), \ n. Half relief. See 

Dem'i-re-lie'vo (-re-le'vo), ) DEMi-RiLrEvo. 

Dem'i-rep/ (-rgp/), n. [Contr. fr. demi-reputation.'] 
A woman of doubtful reputation. lColloq.~\ 

II Dem'i-ri-lie'VO (demt-re-lya'vo), n. [Pref. demi- 
+ It. rilievo.] (Fine Arts) Half relief ; sculpture of 
which the figures project from the background by one 
half their full roundness. [being demised. I 

De-mis'a-ble (de-miz'a-b'l), a. (Law) Capable of J 

De-mise' (de-miz'), n. [F. demettre, p. p. demis, de- 
mise, to put away, lay down ; pref. de- (L. de or dis-) + 
meltre to put, place, lay, fr. L. mittere to send.] 1. Trans- 
mission by formal act or conveyance to an heir or suc- 
cessor; transference; esp., the transfer or transmission 
of the crown or royal authority to a successor. 2. The 
decease of a royal or princely person ; hence, also, the 
death of any illustrious person. 3. (Law) The convey- 



a, e, I, <>, a, long j a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DEMISE 



233 



DEMURRER 



ance or transfer of an estate, either in fee for life or 
(more commonly) for years. 

Syn. — Death; decease; departure. 

Demise' (de-ruiz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demised 
(-niizd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Demising.] To transfer or 
transmit by demise. 

Dem i-sern'i-qua'ver ( , dgin'i-sgm'i-kwa'ver ), n. 
(dfus.) A short note, equal in time 
to the half of a semiquaver, or the 
thirty-second part of a whole note. —^ 

De-mis'sion (de-mTsh'un), n. Demisemi<luavers . 
[L. demissio, fr. demittere. See * 

Demit.] Act of demitting, or state of being demitted ; 
a letting down ; a lowering ; dejection. 

De-mit' (de-nut'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demitted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Demitting.] [L. demittere to send or bring 
down, to lower ; de -f- mittere to send.] 1. To let fall ; 
to depress. [i2.] 2. To yield or submit ; to lower. [i?.] 

Dem'i-tint' (dgm'i-tlnt'), n. {Fine Arts) That part 
of a painting, engraving, or the like, which is neither in 
full darkness nor full light ; a shade neither the darkest 
nor the lightest in a composition. 

Dem'i-UTge (dgm'i-frrj), n. [Gr. Srifjuovpyos a worker 
for the people, a workman, esp. the Creator ; Srjfxios be- 
longing to the people (fr. Stj/aos the people) -f- epyov a 
work.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) The chief magistrate in some 
of the Greek states. 2. God, as the Maker of the world. 
3. According to the Gnostics, an agent of the Supreme 
Being employed to create the material universe and man. 

Dem i-ur'gic (,-ur'jik), a. Pertaining to a demiurge ; 
formative ; creative. 

Dem'i-volt' (-volt'), n. (Man.) An artificial motion 
of a horse, in which he raises his fore legs in a particular 
manner. 

De-mob'i-lize (de-moVI-liz), v. t. (Mil.) To disor- 
ganize, or disband and send home, as mobilized troops. 

De-moc'racy (de-uiok'ra-sy), n. [F. democratie, fr. 
Gr. br\fj.OKparia ; St}ju.os the people -j- Kparelv to be strong, 
to rule, Kpdros strength.] 1. Government by the peo- 
ple ; a form of government in which the supreme power 
is retained and directly exercised by the people. 2. 
Government by popular representation ; a form of gov- 
ernment in which the supreme power is retained by the 
people, but is indirectly exercised through a system of 
representation and delegated authority periodically re- 
newed. 3. Collectively, the people, regarded as the 
source of government. 4. The principles and policy of 
the Democratic party, so called. [U. S.~\ 

Dem'o-crat (dgm'6-kr5t), n. 1. An adherent or ad- 
vocate of democracy. 2. A member of the Democratic 
party. [U. £.] 

Dem o-crat'ic (-krSt'Tk), a. 1. Pertaining to, favor- 
ing, or constructed upon the principle of, democracy. 
2. Relating to the Democratic party, so called. 3. Be- 
fitting the common people ; — opposed to aristocratic. 

Dem o-crat'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Democratic. 

Dem'o-crat'ic-al-ly, adv. In a democratic manner. 

II De moiselle' (da'mwa'zgl'), n. [F. See Damsel.] 
1. A young lady; a damsel; a lady's maid. 2. (Zo'dl.) 
(a) The Numidian crane, (b) A 
beautiful small dragon fly. 

De-mol'ish (de-mol'ish), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Demolished (-Tsht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Demolishing.] [F. 
demolir, fr. L. demoliri, p. p. demo- 
litus ; de + moliri to set a thing in 
motion, to work, construct, f r. moles 
a huge mass or structure.] To 
throw or pull down ; to raze ; to 
destroy the fabric of; to pull to 
pieces ; to ruin. 

Syn. — To destroy; dismantle; 
raze. — That is destroyed whose nom . .. ,„,. 
component parts are scattered ; that r A nth™™idlti&nri\ 
is demolished which had formed a ^^ t/iro P° lctes »W0°>- 
mass or structure ; that is dismantled which is stripped 
of its covering ; that is razed which is brought down 
smooth and level to the ground. 

De-mol'ish-er (-er), n. One that demolishes. 

De-mol'ish-ment (-ment), n. Demolition. 

Dem o li'tion (dgm'6-lTsh'un), n. Act of demolishing ; 
state of being demolished. 

De'mon (de'mon), n.^ [F. demon, L. daemon a spirit, 
an evil spirit, fr. Gr. Satfuov a divinity ; of uncertain ori- 
gin.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A spirit holding a middle place 
between men and deities. 2. One's genius ; a tutelary 
spirit or internal voice. 3. An evil spirit ; a devil. 

Demon e-ti-za'tion (de-mun'e-tT-za'shun or de- 
mon'-), n. A demonetizing ; state of being demonetized. 




De-mon'6-tize (de-uiiin'e-tiz or de-m5n'-), v. t. To 
deprive of current value ; to withdraw from use as money. 

De-mo'ni-ac (de-mo'ui-2k), I a. [L. daemonia- 

Dem'o-ni'a-cal (dgin'6-ni'a-kal), J ens, fr. daemon. 
See Demon.] 1. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, a 
demon or evil spirit ; devilish. 2. Influenced or pro- 
duced by a demon or evil spirit. — Dem'O-ni'a-cal-ly, adv. 

De-mo'ni-ac (de-mo'nT-ak), n. A human being pos- 
sessed by a demon or evil spirit. 

De-mo'ni-an (-an), a. Relating'to or like a demon. 

De-mo'ni-an-ism (de-nio'iri-an-Tz'm), n. State of be- 
ing possessed by a demon or by demons. 

De-mon'ic (de-m5n'ik), a. Of or pertaining to a de- 
mon or demons ; demoniac. [false gods. I 

De'mon-ism (de'mon-Tz'm), n. Belief in demons or I 

De'mon ist, n. A believer in, or worshiper of, demons. 

De'mon-ize (de'm5n-Iz), v. I. To make demoniacal. 

De'mon-oPa-try (-ol'a-try), n. [Gr. aai>coi/ demon -f- 
-latry.~\ Worship of demons. 

De'mon-ol'O-gy (de'mon-ol'6-jy' or dgm'Sn-), n. [De- 
mon -f- -logy."] A treatise on, or study of, demons. 

De'mon-om'a-gy (-5m'a-jy), n. [Gr. 8aip.u>v demon 
+ /jiayeia magic] Black or infernal magic ; necromaDcy. 

De-mon'Stra-ble (de-mon'stra-b'l), a. Capable of be- 
ing demonstrated. — De-mon'stra-bly , adv. — De-mon - 
stra-bil'i-ty (-bil'T-ty), De-mon'stra-ble-ness, n. 

Dem'on-strate (dem'on-strat or de-mSn'strat), v. t. 
[L. demonstrare, p. p. -atus; de -\- monstrare to show. 
See Monster.] \. To point out; to show ; to make evi- 
dent. 2. To show by reasoning or proof; to prove by 
deduction; to establish beyond a doubt. 3. (Anat.) To 
exhibit and explain, as a dissection. 

Dem'on-Stra'ter, n. A demonstrator. 

Dem on-stra'tion (dem'on-stra'shun), n. 1. Act of 
demonstrating; an exhibition; proof; esp., proof be- 
yond the possibility of doubt. 2. An expression, as of 
the feelings, by outward signs; a manifestation. 3. 
(Mil.) A decisive exhibition of force, or a movement 
indicating an attack. 4. (Logic) Act of proving by the 
syllogistic process ; also, the proof itself . 5. (Math.) A 
course of reasoning showing that a certain result is a 
necessary consequence of assumed premises. 

De-mon'stra-tive (de-mon'stra-tiv), a. 1. Having 
the nature of demonstration; tending to demonstrate. 
2. Expressing, or apt to express, much ; displaying feel- 
ing or sentiment. — n. A demonstrative pronoun. — De- 
mon'stra-tive-ly, adv. — De-mon'stra-tive-ness, n. 

Demonstrative pronoun (Gh-am.), a pronoun distinctly 
designating that to which it refers. 

Dem'on-Stra'tor (dem'on-stra'ter), n. One who dem- 
onstrates, [strative. I 

De-mon'stra-tO-ry (de-mon'stra-to-ry), a. Demon- 1 

De-mor'al-i-za'tion (-mor'al-T-za'shun), n. Act of 
demoralizing, or state of being demoralized. 

De-mor/al-ize (de-mor'al-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. ^.De- 
moralized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Demoralizing.] [F. demo- 
raliser. See De-, and Moralize.] To corrupt or under- 
mine in morals or moral principles ; to subvert or impair 
in discipline, in courage, spirit, etc. 

De-mot'ic (de-mot'Tk), a. [Gr. Stj/uotikos, fr. Stj/xos 
the people.] Of or pertaining to the people ; common. 

De-mulce' (de-mills'), v. t. [L. demulcere ; de -f- mul- 
cere to stroke, soothe.] To soothe ; to mollify ; to soften. 

Do-mul'cent (-mul'ssnt), a. Softening ; mollifying ; 
soothing; assuasive. — n. (3fed.) A substance, usually 
mucilaginous or oily, used for soothing an inflamed nerv- 
ous membrane, or for protecting it from irritation. 

De-mur' (de-mtir'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Demurred 
(-mfird'); p. pr. & vb. n. Demurring.] [OF. demurer, 
demorer, fr. L. demorari ; de + morari to delay, stay, 
mora delay.] 1. To linger ; to stay. [Obs.~\ 2. To de- 
lay ; to pause ; to suspend proceedings or judgment in 
view of a doubt or difficulty. 3. To scruple or object ; 
to take exception. 4. (Law) To interpose a demurrer. 

De-mur', n. Stop; pause; suspense of decision or 
action; scruple. 

De-mure' (de-mur'), a. [Perh. fr. OF. de murs (i. e., 
de bonnes murs of good manners) ; de of -+- murs, fr. L. 
mores manners, morals.] 1. Of sober or serious mien ; 
of modest look ; staid ; grave. 2. Affectedly modest, 
decorous, or serious. — De-mure'ly, adv. — De-mure'- 
ness, n. 

De-mur'rage (de-mur'rij), n. [See Demur.] (Law) 
(a) Detention of a vessel by the freighter beyond the time 
allowed in her charter party ; also, a similar delay in land 
carriage, (b) The allowance made for such detention. 

De-mur'ral (de-mtir'rfll), n. Demur ; act of demurring. 

De-mur'rer (de-mfir'rer), n. 1. One who demurs. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DEMY 



234 



DENTICULATION 



p or pause, by a party to an action, for 
on :t , l.iw, whether the matter al- 

by the opposite party, assuming it to be true, is 
. a I sustain the action or defense. 
Da- m > [See Demi-.] 1. A printing and 

ticular sizes. 2. A half fellow at 
•u'ord. 
D fln \>. ileun : origin uncertain; perh. 

.] 1. A small cavern or hollow place ; 
w p. f n | i wild beast for shelter or eouceal- 

i.ialid place of resort ; a haunt. 3. Any 
treat. [Colloq.] 4. [AS. denu.] A nar- 
row gleu ; a ravine j a dell. [Old Eng. Si Scot.] 
Don. r. •'• To live in, or as in, a den. 
De na'ri us <de-ua'rT-iis), n. ; pi. -ku (-1). [L., deriv. 
ten.] A Roman silver coin worth about four- 
. orig. worth ten of the pieces called as. 
Den'a-ry (dfn'a-rj), a. [L. denarius.] Containing 
ten : tenfold ; proceeding by tens. — n. The number ten. 
De-na'tion-al-ize (de-u5sh'uu-«l-lz), v. t. To divest 
or deprive of national character or rights. 

De-nat'U-ral-ize (de-nSt'u-n/1-Iz ; 135), v. t. 1. To 
render unnatural. 2. To denationalize. [R.] 
De-nay' (de-na'), r. t. & n. See Deny. [_6bs.~\ 
Den'dri-lorm (dSn'drT-f&rui), a. [Gr. SivSpov tree -f- 

. ] Resembling in structure a tree or shrub. 
Den'drlte (-drlt), n. [Gr. SeropiTi}?, fern. SevSplns, of 
a tree, fr. SevSpov a tree.] (Mm.) A stone or mineral on 
or in which are branching figures resembling shrubs or 
lao, a crystallized mineral arborescent in form. 
Den-drit'ic (dgn-dnt'Tk), ) a. Pertaining to a den- 
Den drit'ic-al (-T-kal), ) drite, or to arborescent 
crystallization ; arborescent. 

Den'droid (dgn'droid), ) a. [Gr. SevSpoeiSrjs tree- 
Den-droid'al (-droid'«l), j like ; SivSpov tree -j- e!6o? 
form.] Resembling a shrub or tree in form ; treelike. 

Den'dro-lite (dgn'dro-llt), n. [Gr. SivSpov tree + 

■10s.] (Paleon.) A petrified or fossil shrub, plant, or 

part of a plant. 

Den-drol'O-gy (dgn-dr51'6-jy), n. [Gr. SivSpov tree + 

A discourse or treatise on trees ; the natural 

of trees. — Den-drol'o-glst (-jist), n. 

Den-drom'e-ter (-dr5m'e-ter), n. [Gr. SivSpov tree -f- 

. ] An instrument for measuring trees. 
Den'gne (dgn'ga), n. (Med.) A specific epidemic 
disease attended with high fever, cutaneous eruption, 
and severe pains in the head and limbs. 

t3T* This disease, when it first appeared in the British 
West Indies, was called the dandy fever, from the con- 
straint it imposed, and the Spaniards mistook dandy for 
'iue prudery. fully. 

De-nl'a ble (de-nl'a-b'D, a. Capable of being denied. 
De-ni'al (-al), n. 1. Act of denying, gainsaying, re- 
fusing, or disowning ; negation. 2. An assertion of the 
untruth of a thing stated or maintained ; a contradiction. 
3. A refusal to grant ; rejection of a request. 4. A re- 
fusal to acknowledge : disavowal. 
Denial of one'B self, self-denial. 
De-nl'er (de-ni'er), n. One who denies. 
Denier' (de-neV), n. [F., fr. L. denarius. See 
Denarius.] A small copper coin of insignificant value. 

Den'i-grate (dgn'T-grat), v. t. [L. denigrare ; de + 
tdgrare to blacken, niger black.] To blacken thoroughly ; 
ke very black. Also used Fig. 
Den 'im ( denim ) , n . [Of uncertain origin. ] A coarse 
cotton drilling used for overalls, etc. 

Den 1 za'tion (den'T-za'shiin), n. Act of making one 
a denizen or adopted citizen ; naturalization. 

Den'i-zen MSnT-z'n), n. [OF. denzein, deinzein, 
prop., one living within (a city or country) ; fr. denz 
within, fr. L. de intus, prop., from within, -intus being 
1. A dweller ; an inhabitant. 2. An adopted 
or naturalized citizen. 3. One admitted to residence in 
a foreiim country. 

Den'i-zen, V. t. 1. To make a denizen ; to naturalize. 
2. To populate with adopted or naturalized occupants. 
Den'net (dSn'ngt), n. A kind of gig. [denominated. I 
De-nom'1-na-ble (de-nomf-na-b'l), a. That may be 
De nom'i nate MS-noWI-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
\r*D (-nftytSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Denosunating 
[L. denominare, p. p. -atus ; de + nominure 
ite.] To give a name to ; to char- 
pitbet ; to name ; to designate. 
De-nom'1-nate ^lt-nQml-nat), a. Having a specific 
name or denomination ; specified in the concrete as 
opposed to abhtract. 
De-nom'1-na'tlon Cd^-n5m'T-na'shun), n. 1. Act of 
2. That by which anything is denomi- 



nated or styled ; an epithet ; a name, designation, or 
title ; esp., a general name indicating a class of like in- 
dividuals ; a category. 3. A class, or society of indi- 
viduals, called by the same name ; a sect. 

Syn. — Name ; appellation ; title. See Name. 

De-nom i-na'tion-al (de-nom'I-ua'shun-al), n. Of or 
pertaining to a denomination, esp. a sect or society. 

De-nom i-na'tion-al-ism (-Iz'm), n. A denomina- 
tional or class spirit or policy. 

De-nom'i-na-tive (de-nSm't-na-tlv), a. 1. Confer- 
ring or having a denomination or distinct designation. 
2. (Logic) Connotative. 3. (Gram.) Derived from a 
substantive or an adjective. — n. A denominative word. 

De-nom 'I-na'tOT (-na'ter), n. 1. One who, or that 
winch, gives a name ; origin or source of a name. 2. 
(Arith.) The number below the line in vulgar fractions 
showing into how many parts the integer is divided. 3. 
(Alg.) That part of any fractional expression which is 
situated below the horizontal line signifying division. 

De-not/a-ble (de-not'a-b'l), a. That may be denoted. 

De-no'tate (de-no'tat), v. t. [L. denotare, p. p. -atus; 
de- + notare to mark, nota mark, sign, note.] To mark 
off ; to denote. [Archaic] [denotating. I 

De'no-ta'tion (de'no-ta'shun or dgn'o-), n. Act of J 

De-not'a-tive (de-no'ta-tiv), a. Having power to de- 
note ; designating or marking off. 

De-note' (de-nof), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denoted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Denoting.] [L. denotare.] 1. To mark 
out plainly ; to serve as the sign or name of ; to indicate. 
2. To be the sign of ; to signify ; to mean. 

De-note'ment (-ment), n. Sign ; indication. [i2.] 

De-not'ive (de-no'tiv), a. Serving to denote. 

Denouement' (da'no^maN' or da-noo'maN), n. 

[F., fr. denouer to untie ; pref . de- (L. dis-) -\- nouer to 

tie, fr. L. nodus knot.] 1. The unraveling or discovery 

of a plot ; the catastrophe, esp. of a drama or a romance. 

2. The solution of a mystery ; issue ; outcome. 
Denounce' (de-nouns'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. De- 
nounced (-nounsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Denouncing.] [F. 
denoncer, OF. denoncier, fr. L. denuntiare, denunciare; 
de -j- nunciare, nuntiare, to announce, report, nuntius a 
messenger, message.] 1. To declare solemnly ; to pro- 
claim (esp. an evil). [06*.] 2. To accuse in a threat- 
ening manner ; to invoke censure upon ; to stigmatize. 

De-nounce 'ment (-mentj, n. Denunciation. [Archaic] 

De-noun'cer (de-noun'ser), n. One who denounces. 

Dense (dens), a. [L. densus ; akin to Gr. Sao-us thick 
with hair or leaves.] 1. Having the constituent parts 
massed or crowded together ; close ; compact ; thick ; 
containing much matter in a small space ; heavy. 2. Stu- 
pid ; gross ; crass. — Densely, adv. — Dense'ness. n. 

Den-sim'e-ter (den-slm'e-ter), n. [L. densus dense 
-f- -meter.] An instrument for ascertaining the specific 
gravity or density of a substance. 

Den'si-ty (den'sT-t^), n. 1. Quality of being dense, 
close, or thick ; compactness. 2. (Physics) The ratio 
of mass, or quality of matter, to bulk or volume, esp. as 
compared with the mass and volume of a portion of some 
substance used as a standard. 

E3P* For gases the standard substance is hydrogen. For 
liquids and solids the standard is water. The density of 
solids and liquids is usually called specific gravity, and the 
same is true of gases when referred to air as a standard. 

3. (Photog.) Depth of shade. 

Dent (dSnt), n. [A variant of Dint.] 1. A stroke. 
2. A slight depression or small notch made by a blow or 
by pressure ; an indentation. 

Dent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dented ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Denting.] To make a dent upon ; to indent. 

Den'tal (den'tal), a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] 1. Of 
or pertaining to the teeth or to dentistry. 2. (Phon.) 
Formed by the aid of the teeth. 

Den'tal, n. 1. An articulation or letter formed by the 
aid of the teeth. 2. (Zo'ol.) A marine mollusk with a 
curved conical shell. 

Den'tate (den'tat), ) a. Having teeth 

Den'ta-ted (-ta-tSd), ) or toothlike 
points ; toothed. 

Den-ta'tlon (dgn-ta'shun), n. 1. For- 
mation of teeth. 2. A toothed form. 

Den'tl-cle (den'ti-k'l), n. [L. dentin 
cuius little tooth, dim. of dens, dentis, 
tooth.] A small tooth or projecting point. 

Den-tlc'u-late (dgn-tlk'u-lat), ) a. Fur- _ 

Den-tic'u-la'ted (-la'tgd), ) nished Dentate Leaf, 

with denticles ; notched into little tootblike projections. 

Den-ttc'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. State of being den- 
ticulate. 2. A denticle. 




a., e, I, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 6, fi, y, short ; Ben£te, Svent, Idea, obey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



DENTIFEROUS 



235 



DEPILATORY 



Den-tii'er-OUS (dgn-tifer-us), a. [L. dens, dentis, 
tooth + -ferous.~] Bearing teeth ; dentigerous. 

Den'ti-iorm (dSn'tl-fSrm), a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth 
-J- -form.'] Having the form of a tooth or of teeth. 

Den'ti-fllce (-f ris), n. [L. dentifricium ; dens -f Jri~ 
care to rub.] A /substance for use in cleaning the teeth. 

Den-tig'er-ous (den-tlj'er-us), a. [L. dens, dentis, 
tooth + -gerous.] Bearing teeth or toothlike structures. 

Den'til (den'til), n. [LL. dentillus, for L. denticulus.] 
(Arch.) A small square block or projection in cornices, 
a number of which are ranged in an ornamental band. 

Den ti-la'bi-al (den'tT-la'bT-al), a. Formed by the 
teeth and the lips, or representing a sound so formed. 

Den ti-lin'gual (-lTn'gwal), a. Produced by applying 
the tongue to the teeth or to the gums ; representing a 
sound so formed. 

Den'tine (-tin), n. (Anat.) The dense calcined sub- 
stance of which teeth are largely composed. 

Den'ti-phone (den'ti-fon), n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth 
-f- Gr. <j)<t>vr) sound.] An instrument which, placed 
against the teeth, conveys sound to the auditory nerve. 

Denti-ros'tral (-ros'tral), a. [L. dens tooth + ros- 
trum bill, beak.] (Zo'61.) Having a toothed bill. 

Den'tist (den'tist), n. [From L. dens, dentis, tooth.] 
One whose business it is to extract or repair natural 
teeth, and to make and insert artificial ones, [dentist. I 

Den'tist-ry (den'tis-try), n. Art or profession of a | 

Den-ti'tion (den-tTsh'un), n. [L. dentitio, fr. dentire 
to cut teeth.] 1. The growth and cutting of teeth ; teeth- 
ing. 2. (Zo'61. ) The system of teeth peculiar to an animal. 

Den'toid (den'toid), a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth -f- 
•oid.~\ Shaped like a tooth ; tooth-shaped. 

Denature (den'tfir ; 135), n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] 
(Dentistry) An artificial tooth, or block or set of teeth. 

De-nud'ate (de-nud'at), v. t. [L. denudare, p. p. -atus; 
de -f- nudare to make naked, nudus naked.] To denude. 

Den u-da'tion (den'u-da'shun or de'nu-), n. Act of 
stripping off covering, or removing the surface ; a mak- 
ing bare ; specif. (Geol.), the laying bare of rocks by the 
washing away of the overlying or surrounding earth. 

De-nude' (de-nud'), v. t. [L. denudare.'] To divest 
of all covering ; to make bare or naked. 

De-nun'ci-ate (de-nun'shT-at), v. t. [See Denounce.] 
To denounce ; to condemn publicly or solemnly, [E.] 

De-nun'ci-a'tion (-sT-a'shiin or -shT-a'shun), n. 1. 
Act of denouncing. 2. That by which anything is de- 
nounced ; public menace or accusation ; arraignment. 

De-nun'ci-a tor (de-nun'shT-a/ter or -si-a'ter), ». One 
who denounces, threatens, or accuses. 

De-nun'cI-a-tO-ry (-shT-a-to-ry or -sha-to-ry), a. Con- 
taining a denunciation ; accusing ; threatening. 

De'nu-tri'tion (de'nu-trish'un or den'u-), n. (Phys- 
iol.) The opposite of nutrition ; the failure of nutrition. 

De-ny' (de-ni'), v. t. {imp. Szp.p. Denied (-nid') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Denying.] [OF. denier, deneer, fr. L. de- 
negare ; de -f- negare to deny. See Negation.] 1. To 
declare not to be true ; to gainsay ; to contradict. 2. 
To refuse to grant, to gratify, or yield to. 3. To dis- 
claim connection with, responsibility for, or the like * to 
disown ; to abjure ; to disavow. 

To deny one's self, to practice self-denial. 

De obstruct' (de'ob-striikt'), v. t. To remove ob- 
structions or impediments in. 

De-obstruent (de-ob'stru-ent), a. (Med.) Remov- 
ing obstructions ; aperient. — n. (Med. ) A medicine 
which removes obstructions ; an aperient. 

De'0-dand (de'o-dand'), n. [LL. deodandum, fr. L. 
Deo dandum to be given to God.] (Old Eng. Law) A 
personal chattel which had caused the death of a person, 
and for that reason was given to God, that is, forfeited to 
the crown, to be applied to pious uses. 

De-O'dor-ant (de-o'der-ant), n. A deodorizer, [zing. I 

De-0 dor-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. Act of deodori-l 

De-O'dor-ize (de-o'der-Iz), v. t. To deprive of odor, 
esp. of such as results from impurities. 

De-O'dOT-i'zer (-i'zer), n. One who, or that which, de- 
odorizes, [deontology. I 

De'on-tOl'O-gist (-on-tol'o-jTst), n. One versed in| 

De'on-tOl'O-gy (-jy), n. [Gr. Seov, gen. SeW-ros. ne- 
cessity, obligation (p. neut. of Sei it is necessary) -f- 
-logy.] The science which relates to moral obligation. 

De-ox'i-date (-oks'T-dat), v. 1. (Chem.) To deoxidize. 
— De-ox i-da'tion (-da'shun), n. 

De-ox'i-dize (-diz), v. t. (Chem.) To deprive of oxy- 
gen ; to reduce from the state of an oxide. 

De-OX'y-gen-lze (-T-jen-Iz), v. t. (Chem.) To deoxidize. 

De-part' (de-parf), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Departed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Departing.] [F. departir to divide, dis- 



tribute, se departir to separate one's self, depart ; de- (L. 
de) -\- partir to part, depart, f r. L. partire, partiri, to 
divide, fr. pars part.] 1. To divide. [_Obs.~] 2. To go 
forth or away ; to quit, leave, or separate ; to withdraw. 
3. To desist or deviate. 4. To quit this world ; to die. 

To depart with, to resign ; to part with. [Obs.] 

De-part' (de-parf), v. t. To leave ; to depart from. 

De-part', n. Act of departing ; departure. lObs.] 

De-par t'er (-er), n. One who departs. 

De-part'ment (de-part'ment), n. 1. A part, portion, 
or subdivision. 2. A distinct course of life, action, 
study, or the like ; province. 3. Subdivision of business 
or official duty ; esp., one of the principal divisions of 
executive government or of university instruction. 4. A 
territorial division ; a district, esp. one for governmental 
purposes. [partment. I 

De'part-men'tal (de'part-mgn'tal), a. Pert, to a de- 1 

De-par'ture (de-par'tur; 135), 7i. 1. Division. [Obs.] 

2. Separation or removal from a place, from the present 
life, from a rule or course of action, etc. Specif. : (a) 
(Law) Deviation by a party from the ground taken in 
his last antecedent pleading, (b) (JVav. & Surv.) The 
distance due east or west which a person or ship passes 
over in going along an oblique line. 

Syn. — See Death. 

De-pas'ture (de-pas'tur ; 135), v. t. & i. To pasture ; 
to feed ; to graze ; also, to use for pasture. 

De-pend' (de-pend'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Depended ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Depending.] [F. dependre, fr. L. depen- 
dere ; de + pendere to hang.] 1. To hang down ; to be 
sustained by being attached to something above. 2. To 
remain in suspense ; to be undetermined or undecided. 

3. To rely for support ; to be connected with anything, 
as a cause of existence, or as a necessary condition. 4. 
To trust ; to rest with confidence ; to rely. 5. To serve ; 
to attend. [Obs.] 6. To impend. [Obs.] 

De-pend'a-ble (de-pend'a-b'l), a. Worthy of being 
depended on ; trustworthy. 

De-pend'ant (ant), n., De-pend'ance (-ans), n., De- 
pend'an-cy (-ctn-sy), n. See Dependent, Dependence, 
Dependency. 

De-pend'ence (-ens), n. 1. Act or state of depending 
or hanging down. 2. State of being influenced and deter- 
mined by something, as a cause. 3. Mutual connection 
and support ; systematic interrelation. 4. Subjection 
to the direction or disposal of another ; inability to help, 
or provide for, one's self. 5. A resting with confidence ; 
reliance ; trust. 6. That on which one depends or relies. 
7. That which depends ; anything attached as subordi- 
nate to, or contingent on, something else. 

De-pend'en-cy (de-pend'en-sy), n. 1. State of being 
dependent ; dependence ; subordination ; concatenation ; 
connection ; reliance ; trust. 2. A thing hanging down ; 
a dependence. 3. That which is attached to something 
else as its consequence, subordinate, satellite, and the 
like. 4. A territory remote from the kingdom or state 
to which it belongs, but subject to its dominion ; a colony. 

De-pend'ent (de-pend'ent), a. 1. Hanging down. 2. 
Relying on, or subject to, something else for support ; 
not able to exist, or sustain itself, or to perform anything, 
without the will, power, or aid of something else. 

De-pend'ent, n. 1. One who depends; one who is 
sustained by another, or who relies on another for sup- 
port or favor ; a hanger-on ; a retainer. 2. That which 
depends; corollary; consequence. 

De-pend'ent-ly, adv. In a dependent manner. 

De-pend'er (-er), n. One who depends ; a dependent. 

De-phleg'mate (de-fleg'mat), v. t. [See De-, and 
Phlegm.] (Chem.) To deprive of superabundant water. 

De^phlo-gis'ti-cate ( de'flo-jTs'ti-kat ), v. t. (Old 
Chem.) To deprive of phlogiston. 

Dephlogisticated air, oxygen gas. 

De-pict' (de-pTkf), p. p. [L. depingere, p. p. -picius ; 
de -\-pingere to paint.] Depicted 

De-pict' (de-pTkf), v. t. limp. & p. p. Depicted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Depicting.] 1. To represent by a picture ; 
to paint ; to portray. 2. To represent in words ; to de-l 
scribe vividly. [ing ; a representation. | 

De-plc'tion (de-pik'shun), n. A painting or depict- 

De-pic'ture (-tur ; 135), v. t. To make a picture of ; 
to paint ; to picture ; to depict. 

Dep'i-late (dgp'T-lat), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Depilated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Depilating.] [L. depilare, p. p. -atus; 
de -\-pilare to put forth hairs, pilus hair.] To strip of 
hair ; to husk. 

De-pil'a-tO-ry (de-pil'a-to-r^), a. Having the quality 
or power of removing hair. — n. An application used 
to take off hair. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, slug, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DEPLANATE 



236 



DEPRESS 



Do pla 



dep'la-nSt), a. [L. ote- 
I o make level.] (Z>V.) Flat- 



Do-pl.> '. To transplant. [A\] 

De plan ta'tion (di plan-ta'shuu or dgp/lSu-), /<. Act 

b up planta from beds. 

Deplete' (dt-pleV), v. t. [imj>. & p. p. Depleted ; 

i .'..-,. DsFunRB.1 [FromL. ileplere to empty 

out: (/'- i ; 1- [IftfJ To empty, as the 

vosaels of the human system, by bloodletting. 2. To 

.Miming the vital powers of; to exhaust 

De ple'tion fdt-piyehBn), n. Act of depleting. 

De-ple'tlve (-ttv), a. Able or fitted to deplete. 

De-ple'tO-ry (-tfc-rj >, O. Serving to deplete. 

De-plor'a-ble ule-plor'a-b'l), </. Worthy of being de- 
c lamented : lamentable ; causing grief ; hence, 
anitous ; grievous; wretched. — De-plor'a-ble- 

ness. h. — De-plor'a-bly, adv. 

De-plore' (dl-pldiOi p. t. limp. & p. p. Deplored 
(-plord') ;p. pr. St vb. n. Deploring.] [L. deplorare ; de 
-rj'lorare tOCZj out. wail, lament.] To feel or express 
deep and poignant grief for ; to bewail ; to sorrow over. 

sy n. — To mourn ; lament ; bewail ; bemoan.— Mourn 
is the generic term, denoting a state of grief or sadness. 
To lament is to express grief by outcries, and denotes an 
earnest and strong expression of sorrow. Deplore marks 
a deeper and more prolonged emotion. Bewail and be- 
l b appropriate only to poignant distress, in which 
the grief finds utterance in wailing or in moans and sobs. 

De-plor'er (-er), n. One who deplores. 

De-ploy' (de-ploi'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. De- 
plotkd (-ploid') ; j>. pr. & vb. n. Deploying.] [F. de- 
ployer ; pref . de- = des (L. dis) + ployer, equiv. to 
pliT to fold, fr. L. plicare.~\ {Mil.) To open out; to 
unfold ; to spread out so as to extend the front. 

De-ploy' (de-ploi'), 1 n. (3Iil.) The act of deploy- 

De-ploy'ment {-me nt), j ing ; a spreading out. 

Dep lu-ma'tion (deyiu-ma'shun or d&jAu-), n. 1. 
The stripping or falling off of plumes or feathers. 2. 
[Med.) A disease of the eyelids, attended with loss of 
the eyelashes. 

De-plume' (de-plum'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Deplumed 
(-plumd') ; p.pr. & vb. n. Depluming.] [LL. deplumare; 
L. de -j-plumare to feather, plutna feather.] 1. To de- 
prive of plumage. 2. To lay bare ; to expose. 

De polar ize (de-poler-Iz), 2. t. To free from po- 
larity or polarization. 

De-pone' (de-pon'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Deponed 
(-pond') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Deponing.] [L. deponere, de- 
positum, to put down, in LL., to assert under oath ; de 
-rponere to put, place.] To assert under oath; to de- 
pose. [A Scot- 

De-po'nent (de-po'nent), n. 1. {Law) One who de- 
poses or testifies under oath ; usually, one who testifies 
in writing. 2. {Gr. & Lat. Gram.) A deponent verb. 

De-po'nent. «. [L. deponent, -entis, laying down (its 
proper passive meaning).] {Gram.) Having a passive 
form with an active meaning, as certain verbs. 

De-pop'u-late (de-pSf/u-lat), v. t. [L. depopulari, 

J), p. -/itus, to ravage ; de -\-populari to ravage, fr. popu- 
us people.] To deprive of inhabitants ; to reduce greatly 
the populousness of ; to dispeople. 

De pop u-la'tlon (de-pop'u-la'shun), n. Act of de- 
populating, or state of being depopulated. 
De-pop'u-la'tor (-poyfi-la'ter), n. One who depop- 

De-port' (de-porf ), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Deported ; p. 
b. n. Deporting.] [Through F. fr. L. deportare 
to carry away; de-\-portare to carry.] 1. To trans- 
port ; to carry away ; to exile. 2. To conduct ; to be- 
have ; — followed by the reflexive pronoun. 

De'por-ta'tlon (de'por-ta'shun or dSp/ftr-), n. Act of 
deporting ; state of being deported ; banishment. 
De-port'ment (de-port'inent), n. Manner of deport- 
-':lf, t.-.[>. with respect to the courtesies and 
duties of life ; behavior ; demeanor ; bearing. 
De-pos'a-ble f-poz'a-b'l), a. That may be deposed. 
De-pos'al ( -"\), n. Act of deposing. 
De-pose' (dt-pozOi v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deposed (de- 
& vb. n. Deposing.] [F. deposer, in the 
L. df poo ere to put down ; but from pref. de- 
. to place.] 1. To lay down; to deposit. 
2 emove from a throne or other high station. 

th ; to bear testimony (now usually 
4 To put under oath. [Obs.] 
US-pose', ' . L To bear witness ; to testify under oath. 
ue-pos er (dt-poVer), n. One who deposes. 



De-pos'it (de-pi5z'Tt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deposited ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Depositing.] [L. deposit us, p. p. of de- 
ponere. See Depone.] 1. To lay down ; to place ; to 
put. 2. To lay up or away for safe keeping ; to store. 
3. To commit to the custody of another ; esp. , to place 
in a bank, as money, subject to order. 

De-pos'lt, n. 1. That which is deposited, or laid or 
thrown down ; esp., matter precipitated from a solution. 
2. That which is placed anywhere, or in anyone's hands, 
for safe keeping ; esp., money lodged with a bank or 
banker subject to order. 3. {Law) A bailment of chat- 
tels to be kept gratuitously. 4- A place of deposit. [R.~\ 

De-pos'i-ta-ry (de-poz'I-ta-ry), 11. 1. One with whom 
anything is deposited. 2. A storehouse ; a depository. 

Dep'O-si'tion (dep/6-zish'un or de'po-), ?i. 1. Act 
of depositing or deposing ; precipitation. 2. Act of 
bringing before the mind ; presentation. 3. Act of set- 
ting aside a sovereign or a public officer ; displacement ; 
removal. 4. That which is deposited ; sediment ; allu- 
vial matter. 5. {Law) Act of making written testimony 
under oath or affirmation, before some competent officer, 
and in reply to interrogatories ; also, testimony so given. 

De-pos'i-tor (de-poz'T-ter), n. One who deposits. 

De-pos'i-tO-ry (-to-ry), n. 1. A place where any- 
thing is deposited. 2. One with whom something is de- 
posited ; a depositary. 

De'pot (de'po ; French da-po 7 ), n. [F. depot, OF. 
depost, fr. L. depositum. See Deposit.] 1. A place of 
deposit or storage ; warehouse ; storehouse. 2. {Mil.) 
{a) A military station where stores and provisions are 
kept, or where recruits are assembled and drilled, {b) 
{Eng. & France) The headquarters of a regiment. 3. 
A railway station. [JJ. S.~\ 

Syn. — See Station. 

Dep/ra-va'tion (dep/ra-va'shun), n. 1. Act of de- 
praving. 2. Depravity. 3. {Med.) Change for the 
worse ; morbid perversion. 

De-prave 7 (de-prav'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depraved 
(-pravd') ;p. pr. & vb. n. Depraving.] [L. depravare, 
depravatum ; de-\-pravus crooked, distorted, perverse, 
wicked.] To make bad or worse ; to vitiate ; to corrupt. 

De-prav'er (-er), n. One who depraves or corrupts. 

De-prav'i-ty (de-pravl-ty), n. State of being de- 
praved or corrupted ; a vitiated state of moral character ; 
wickedness ; absence of religious feeling and principle. 

Syn. — Corruption ; vitiation ; vice ; contamination ; 
degeneracy. — Dep?-avity is used only of a vitiated state 
of mind or feeling. Corruption applies primarily to the 
dissolution of physical substances, and, when figuratively 
used, denotes utter vitiation of principle or feeling. 

Dep're-cate (dep're-kat), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Depre- 
cated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. &vb. n. Deprecating (-ka'ting).] 
[L. deprecari, p. p. -atus ; de -f- precari to pray.] To 
pray against, as an evil ; to seek to avert by prayer ; tol 
disapprove of strongly. [eating. | 

Dep y re-ca'tion (dep/re-ka'shun), n. Act of depre- 

Dep're-ca-tive (dep're-ka-tiv), a. Serving to depre- 
cate ; deprecatory. — Dep're-ca-tive-ly, adv. 

Dep're-ca'tor (-ka'ter), a. One who deprecates. 

Dep're-ca-tO-ry (-ka-to-ry), a. Serving to deprecate. 

De-pre'ci-ate (de-pre'shi-at), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Depreciated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Depreciating 
(-a'ting).] [L. depretiare, -ciare, p. p. -atus; de -f- 
pretiare to prize, fr. pretium price.] To lessen or fall 
in price, value, or estimation ; to represent as of little 
value or claim to esteem ; to disparage ; to underrate. 

Syn. — To disparage ; traduce ; lower. See Decry. 

De-pre'ci-a'tion (de-pre'shT-a'shun), n. 1. Act or 
process of depreciating. 2. State of being depreciated. 

De-pre'ci-a'tive (de-pre'shl-a'tiv or -pre'sha-tiv), a. 
Tending, or intended, to depreciate ; expressing depre- 
ciation ; undervaluing. — De-pre'ci-a'tive-ly, adv. 

De-pre'ci-a'tor (-ter), n. One who depreciates. 

De-pre'ci-a-tO-ry (-shT-a-t6-ry or -sha-to-ry), a. 
Tending to depreciate ; depreciative. 

Dep're-date (der/re-dat), v. t. [imp. & p. p._ Depre- 
dated (-da'ted) ;p.pr. &vb. n. Depredating (-da'ttng).] 
[L. depraedari, p. p. -atus; de -f praedari to plunder, 
praeda plunder, prey.] To subject to plunder and pil- 
lage ; to despoil ; to lay waste. 

DepTe-da'tion (-da'shfin), n. Act of depredating, or 
the state of being depredated. [dates. I 

Dep're-da'tor (dgp're-da'ter), n. One who depre-| 

Dep're-da'tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Tending or designed to 
depredate ; characterized by depredation ; plundering. 

De-press' (de-pr6s'), v. t. [imp. & p. v. Depressed 
(-prSsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Depressing.] [L. depressus, 
p. p. of deprimere ; de -\-premere to press.] 1. To press 



a, e, i, o, fL. long ; a, e, I, 6, H, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, c4re, arm, ask, all, final. 



DEPRESSION 



237 



DEROGATORY 



down ; to cause to sink ; to lower. 2. To humble ; to 
abase. 3. To cast down ; to sadden ; to deject. 4. To 
make inactive or dull ; to embarrass. 5. To cause to de- 
cline in value ; to cheapen ; to depreciate. 

Syn. — To sink ; degrade ; dispirit ; discourage. 

De-pres'sion (de-prgsh'Iin), n. 1. Act of depressing, j 
or the state of being depressed. 2. A falling in of the I 
surface ; a cavity or hollow. 

Syn. — Abasement ; reduction ; sinking ; fall ; humili- 
ation ; dejection ; melancholy. 

De-press'ive (de-prSs'iv), a. Depressing, or tending 
to depress. 

De-press'or (-er), n. One that depresses. 

De-priv'a-ble (de-priv'a-b'l), a. Capable of being, or 
liable to be, deprived ; liable to be deposed. 

Dep'ri-va'tion (dep'rT-va'shun), n. Act of depriving, 
or state of being deprived. 

Syn. — Privation ; loss ; want ; bereavement. 

De-prive' (de-priv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deprived 
(-prlvd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Depriving.] [LL. deprivare, 
-atum, to divest of office ; L. de + private to deprive. 
See Private.] 1. To take away ; to destroy. [06s.] 

2. To dispossess ; to bereave ; to divest ; to hinder from 
possessing ; to debar. 3. To divest of office ; to depose. 

De-priv'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, deprives. 

Depth (depth), n. [See Deep, and -th.] 1. Quality 
of being deep ; deepness. 2. That which is deep ; a deep, 
or the deepest, part or place ; the deep ; the middle part. 

De-pulse' (de-pills'), v. t. [L. depellere, p. p. -pulsus ; 
de -\- pellere to drive.] To drive away. [06s.] 

Dep'u-rate (dep'u-rat), a. [LL. depuratus, p. p., deriv. 
of L. de -\-purare to purify.] Depurated ; cleansed. 

Dep'u-rate (-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depurated 
(-ra'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Depurating (-rating).] To 
free from impurities ; to purify ; to cleanse. [rating. I 

Dep'U-ra'tion (-ra'shihi), n. Act or process of depu-| 

Dep u-ta'tion (dep'u-ta'shun), n. [See Depute.] 1. 
Act of deputing. 2. Office of a deputy or delegate. 

3. The person or _persons deputed ; delegation. 
De-pute' (de-put'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deputed ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. Deputing.] [F. deputer, fr. L. deputare 
to esteem, consider, in LL., to destine, allot ; de -\-putare 
to clean, clear up, set in order, think. See Pure.] To 
appoint as deputy or agent; to commission to act in 
one's place ; to delegate. 

Dep'u-tize (dep'u-tiz), v. t. To appoint as deputy. 

Dep'u-ty (-ty), n. 1. One appointed as the substitute 
of another, and empowered to act for him ; a substitute 
in office ; a representative ; a vicegerent. 2. A member 
of the Chamber of Deputies, a branch of the legislature 
of France. [France'] 

Syn. —Legate ; delegate; envoy; agent; factor. 

De-rac'i-nate (de-ras'I-nat), v. t. [F. deraciner ; 
pref. de- (L. dis-) -\- racine root, L. radix.] To pluck 
up by the roots ; to extirpate. [R.] 

De-rail' (de-ral'), v. t. To cause to run off the rails. 

De-range' (de-ranj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deranged 
(-ranjd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Deranging.] [F. deranger ; 
pref. dS- =z des- (L. dis-) -f ranger to range. See 
Range.] 1. To put out of place, order, or rank; to 
throw into disorder, confusion, or embarrassment. 2. 
To disturb in action or function. 3. To render insane ; 
to unbalance mentally. 

Syn. — To disorder ; disarrange ; displace ; unsettle ; 
disturb ; confuse ; discompose ; ruffle ; disconcert. 

De-range'ment (de-ranj'inent), n. Act of deranging ; 
state of being deranged ; esp. , mental disorder ; insanity. 

Der1>y (der'by" ; ustially dar'by in Eng. ; 85), n. 1. A 
race (instituted by an Earl of Derby) for three-year-old 
horses, run annually at Epsom (near London). 2. A 
stiff felt hat with a dome-shaped crown. 

Der'e-lict (der'e-likt), a. [L. derelictus, p. p. of de- 
relinquere to forsake, abandon ; de -f- relinquere to 
leave. See Relinquish.] 1. Given up or forsaken by 
the natural owner or guardian ; abandoned. 2. Lost ; 
adrift ; hence, neglectful ; unfaithful. 

Der'e-lict, n. (Law) (a) A thing voluntarily aban- 
doned by its proper owner ; esp., a ship abandoned at sea. 
(6) A tract of land left dry by the sea. 

Der e-lic'tion (-lik'shun), n. 1. Act of leaving with 
an intention not to reclaim or resume ; complete aban- 
donment. 2. Neglect or omission. 3. State of being 
left or abandoned. 4. (Law) A retiring of the sea 
whereby land is left dry. 

De-ride' (de-rid'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derided ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Deriding.] [L. deridere, derisum; de + 
ridere to laugh.] To laugh at with contempt ; to laugh 
to scorn ; to turn to ridicule or make sport of. 

Syn. — To mock ; ridicule ; insult ; taunt ; jeer ; ban- 



ter ; rally. — A man may ridicule without any unkind- 
ness of feeling : his object may be to correct. He who 
derides is actuated by a severe and contemptuous spirit. 
To mock is stronger, and denotes open and scornful de- 
rision. To taunt is to reproach with the keenest insult. 

De-rid'er (de-rld'er), n. One who derides. 

De-ri'sion (de-rlzh'un), n. 1. Act of deriding, or 
state of being derided. 2. An object of derision; a 
laughingstock. 

Syn. — Scorn ^ mockery ; contempt; insult; ridicule. 

De-ri'sive (de-ri'siv), a. Expressing, or marked by, 

derision. — De-ri'sive-ly, adv. — De ri'sive ness, n. 

De-ri'SO-ry (-s6-ry), a. Derisive ; mocking. 

De-riv'a-ble (de-riv'a-b'l), a. That can be derived. 

Der / i-va'tion(dSr / i-va'shun), n. 1. Act or method of 
deriving, or state of being derived. 2. That from which a 
thing is derived. 3. That which is derived ; a deriva- 
tive ; a deduction. 4. Specif. : (a) {Math.) The opera- 
tion of deducing one function from another according to 
some fixed law. (6) (Med.) A drawing of humors or 
fluids from one part of the body to another. 

De-liv'a-tive (de-riv'a-tlv), a. Obtained by deriva- 
tion ; not radical, original, or fundamental ; secondary. 
— De-riv'a-tive-ly, adv. — De-riv'a-tive-ness, n. 

De-riv'a-tive, n. 1. That which is derivative. 2. 
(Gram.) A word formed from another word, as by a 
prefix or suffix. 3. (Mus.) A chord obtained from an- 
other by inversion ; or, vice versa, a ground tone or root 
implied in its harmonics in an actual chord. 4. (Med.) 
An agent for producing derivation. 5. (MatJi.) A func- 
tion obtained from a given function by a certain alge- 
braic process. 6. (Chem.) A substance so related to 
another substance as to be regarded as derived from it. 

De-riVe' (de-riv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derived 
(-rivd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Deriving.] [F. deriver, L. de- 
rivare; de -f- rivus stream, brook.] 1. To turn the 
course of, as water; to diffuse; to transmit. [06s.] 
2. To receive, as from a source or origin ; to obtain by 
descent or by transmission ; to draw ; to deduce ; to 
infer. 3. To trace or recognize the origin, descent, or 
derivation of. 4. (Chem.) To obtain (one substance) 
from another by actual or theoretical substitution. 

De-rive', v. i. To flow ; to proceed ; to be deduced. 

De-riv'er (-er), n. One who derives. 

-derm (-derm). [See Derm, n.] A suffix signifying 
skin, integument, covering; as, blastotfe>7>i, ectoderm, etc. 

Derm (derm), n. [Gr. Sepp.a, -aros, skin, fr. Sepeiv to 
skin.] 1. The integument of an animal ; the skin. 
2. (Anat.) See Dermis. — Derm'al (der'mal), a. 

DermatO- or Dermo-. Combining forms from Gr. 
SepfJLa, -aros, skin. 

Der'ma-tOg'ra-phy (-ma-tog'ra-fy), ». [Dermato- + 
-graphy.] An anatomical description of the skin. 

Der'ma-toid (der'ma-toid), a. [Dermato- -\- -aid.] 
Resembling skin ; skinlike. 

Der'ma-tOl'O-gy (deVma-tol'o-j^), n. [Dermato- -f 
-logy.] The science which treats of the skin, its structure, 
functions, and diseases. 

Der-mat'O-pbyte (der-mat'o-flt or der'ma-to-fit), n. 
[Dermato- -f -phyte.] (Med.) A vegetable parasite, in- 
festing the skin. 

Der'mic (der'mik), a. Of or pertaining to the derm. 

II Der'mis (-mis), ». [NL. See Derm.] (Anat.) The 
deep sensitive layer of the skin beneath the epidermis. 

Dermo-. See Dermato-. 

Der'moid (der'moid), a. Same as Dermatoid. 

II Der-mop'te-ra (der-mop'te-ra), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
Sepjua skin + nrepov wing.] 1. (Zool. ) The division of 
insects including the earwigs. 2. (Zool.) A group of 
lemuroid mammals having a parachutelike web of skin 
between the fore and hind legs, of which the colugo is 
the type. 3. (Zool.) The Cheiroptera. 

II Dernier' (dar'nya' or dei'in-er), a. [F., from OF. 
darrein, derrain. See Darrein.] Last ; final. 

Dernier ressort (re-s6r') [F.], last resort or expedient. 

Der'o-gate (der'6-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derogated 
(-ga'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Derogating (-ga'ting).] [L. 
derogare, p. p. -ahis ; de -\- rogare to ask. See Roga- 
tion.] 1. To partly annul or repeal ; to limit the action 
of. 2. To lessen ; to depreciate. [R.] [draw. I 

Der'O-gate, v. i. To take away ; to detract ; to with-| 

Der'O-gate (-gat), a. Diminished in value ; degraded ; 
dishonored. [-R.] 

Der'O-ga'tion (dSr'6-ga'shun), n. 1. Act of dero- 
gating. 2. (Stock Exch.) An alteration of, or subtrac- 
tion from, a contract for a sale of stocks. 

De-rog'a-tO-ry (de-r5g'a-to-r^), a. Tending to dero- 
gate, or lessen in value or estimation ; expressing deroga- 
tion ; injurious. — De-rog'a-to-ri-ly, adv. 



G 



H 



K 



fgrn. recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



) 



DERRICK 



238 



DESIGN 




> 



_ (dSr'rTkl. gallows, fr. Derrick 

the u» ,iw> of a hangman ; of l>»^'h origin.] 
A mf, »p*x, or tall frame, supported at «^ .. 
with suitable 
ivy weights. 
illation of the der- 
rick and the crane. lor hoisting and also 
I horizontally. 

Derringer vder'rin-jer). n. [From 
at or.] A kind of short-barreled 
istol, of large caliber. 

Der'vish vder'visio. ) h. [Per. cfer- 

Der'vlse faeVrls), J utsch. fr. OPer. Derrick Crane. 

Der'vls (wMi), ) derma to beg.] A Turkish 
.. monk. esp. one who professes extreme poverty 
and leads an austere life. 

Descant v d?s'kant), n. [OF. descant, deschaiit, LL. 
c, fr. L. dis + cantus singing, melody, fr. canere 
1. (JftM.) (a) Orig., a double song ; a melody 
or counterpoint sung above the plain song of the tenor ; 
I variation of an air. (b) The upper voice in part music. 
(«) The soprano voice; treble. 2. A discourse formed 
on its theme, like variations on a musical air ; comment. 

Dea-cant' (de"s-kant'). r. )'. [trap. &p.p. Descanted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Descanting.] 1. To sing a variation or 
accompaniment. 2. To comment freely; to discourse 
at large. 

Des-cant'er (dgs-canfer), n. One who descants. 

De scend' (de-sSnd'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Descended ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Descending.] [F. descendre, L. descen- 
dere, descensum ; de -f- scandere to climb. See Scan.] 
1. To pass from a higher to a lower place; to move 
downward or fall ; to incline downward. 2. To make an 
attack, or incursion, as if from a vantage ground. 3. To 
come down to a lower, humbler, or worse, state or station ; 
to lower or abase one's self. 4. To pass from the more 
general or important to particular or less important 
matters. 5. To come down, as from a source, original, 
or stock ; to fall or pass by inheritance. 6. (Astron.) To 
move toward the south, or to the southward. 7- (Mus.) 
To fall in pitch. [part of. I 

De-scend'. v. t. To pass from a higher to a lower | 

De-scend'ant (de-sSnd'ant), a. [F. descendant, p. pr. 
of descendre.'} Descendent. — n. One who descends, 
as offspring, however remotely. 

De-scend'ent (-ent), a. [L. descendens, -entis, p. pr.] 
Descending ; proceeding from an ancestor or source. 

De-scend 'er (de-send'er), n. One who descends. 

De-scend'i Die (-T-b'l), a. Capable of descending or 
being descended. — Descend i-bil'i-ty (-blll-ty), n. 

De-scen'sion (de-sSn'shun), n. Act of going down- 
ward ; descent ; declension ; degradation. 

De-Bcen'sion-al (-al), a. Pert, to descension. [ing. I 

De-scen'sive (-sTv), a. Tending to descend ; descend- 1 

De-scent' (de-s6nt'), n. [F. descente, fr. descendre.] 
1. Act of descending, or passing downward. 2. Incur- 
sion ; sudden attack ; esp., hostile invasion from sea. 
3. Progress downward, or a step or remove downward, 
in any scale of gradation, as in station, virtue, import- 
ance, remoteness, etc. 4. Derivation, as from an 
ancestor ; lineage ; birth ; extraction. 6. (Law) Trans- 
mission of an estate by inheritance, usually, but not 
necessarily, in the descending line. 6. Inclination down- 
ward ; a descending way ; declivity ; slope. 7. That 
which is descended ; descendants ; issue. 

Syn. — Degradation ; extraction: lineage; assault. 

De scrib'a Die f-skrib'a-b , l), a. That can be described. 

De-scribe' (de-skrib'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Described 
(-skribd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Desceibing.] [L. deteribere, 
dtscriptum ; de -)- scribere to write. See Scribe.] 1. To 
represent by drawing; to trace or mark out. 2. To 
represent by words ; to give an account of. 

To set forth ; delineate ; relate ; recount ; nar- 
rate ; express ; explain ; depict ; portray ; characterize. 

De-scribe 7 . V. C To use the faculty of describing ; to 
description. 

De-scrib / er f-er), n. One who describes. 

De-scrl'er (-•kn'Sr), n. One who descries. 

De-scrip'tion (de-skrlp'shun), n. 1. Act of describ- 
ing ; the marks, signs, or words embodying a description ; 
: delineation. 2. A class to which a certain 
■ applicable ; kind ; sort. 

recital ; relation ; detail ; narrative ; 



hi 



La-. 



De 



eaentation. See Account. 

tlve f'lf-skrlp'tTv), a. Tending to describe ; 

juality of representing ; containing descrip- 

ije-scrip'tive-ly, adv. - De-scrip'tive-ness. 

Descry' (df-skri'), ». '• {imp. " 

(-•knrP) ; p . pr 4 & rfj n De-U'.yi.vg.] 



<fc p. p. DESCRD3D 

[OE. descrien, 



discrien. to espy, prob. from the proclaiming of what 
ma espied, fr. OF. deserter to proclaim. See Decry.] 
1. To spy out or discover by the eye, as objects distant 
or obscure ; to espy. 2. To disclose ; to reveal. j\K.] 

syn. — To see; behold; espy; discover; discern. 

Des'e-crate (d6s'e-krat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dese- 
crated (-kra'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Desecrating (-kra'- 
tlng).] [L. desecrare, p. p. -atus, to consecrate; but 
taken to mean, to divest of a sacred character ; de + sa- 
crare to consecrate, f r. sacer sacred.] To divest of a sacred 
character or office ; to violate the sanctity of ; to profane. 

Des'e-cra'ter (-kra'ter), n. Oue who desecrates. 

Des ecra'tion (-kra'shun), n. Act of desecrating, or 
state of being desecrated ; profanation. 

Des'e-cra tor (dgs'e-kra'ter), n. One who desecrates. 

De-segmen-ta'tion (de-seg'mgn-ta'shun), n. (Anal.) 
The loss or obliteration of division into segments. 

De-sert' (de-zerf), n. [OF. deserte, desserte, merit, 
recompense, fr. deservir, desservir, to merit. See De- 
serve.] That which is deserved ; the reward or the pun- 
ishment justly due ; — usually in a good sense ; right to 
reward ; merit ; excellence ; worth. 

Des'ert (dez'ert), n. [F. desert, L. desertum, from 
desertus solitary, desert, p. p. of deserere to desert : de -f 
serere to join together. See Sertes.] 1. A deserted or 
forsaken region ; a barren tract incapable of supporting 
population. 2. A tract unoccupied and uncultivated ; a 
wilderness ; a solitary place. Also used figuratively. 

Des'ert, a. Of or pertaining to a desert ; forsaken ; 
without life or cultivation ; barren ; desolate. 

De-sert' (de-zerf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deserted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Deserting.] 1. To leave, esp. in viola- 
tion of duty ; to abandon ; to forsake. 2. {Mil. ) To aban- 
don without leave ; to abscond from. 

De-sert', V. i. To abandon a service without leave. 

Syn. — To relinquish ; renounce ; quit. See Abandon. 

De-sert'er (de-zerfer), n. One who deserts. 

De-ser'tion (de-zeVshfin), n. Act of deserting, or 
state of being deserted ; abandonment ; relinquishment. 

De-serve 7 (de-zerv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deserved 
(-zervd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Deserving.] [OF. deservir, 
desservir, to merit, L. deservire to serve zealously ; de 
+ servire to serve. See Serve.] 1. To earn by serv- 
ice ; to merit ; to be entitled to. 2. To treat. [Obs.~\ 

De-serve', ». ?'. To be worthy of recompense. 

De-serv'ed-ly (-zerv'ed-ly), adv. According to desert 
(whether good or evil) ; justly. 

De-serv'er, n. One who deserves. 

De-serv'ing, a. Meritorious; worthy. — De-serv'- 
ing-ly, adv. 

Des ha-bille' (daz'a-bel'), n. [F. deshabille, fr. des- 
habiller to undress ; pref. des- (L. dis-) ~ habiller to 
dress.] An undress ; a careless toilet. 

De-sic'cant (de-slk'kant), a. Drying ; desiccative. 
— n. (3fed.) An application for drying up a sore. 

Des'ic-cate (deslk-kat or de-slk'kat), v. t. & i. [imp. 
& p. p. Desiccated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Desiccating.] [L. 
desiccare, p. p. -atus ; de -f- siccare to dry, siccus dry.] 
To dry up ; to deprive of moisture ; to preserve by drying. 

Des ic-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of desiccating, or 
state of being desiccated. 

De-slc'ca-tive (de-sik'ka-tTv), a. Drying ; tending to 
dry. — n. (Med. ) An application for drying up secretions. 

Des'ic-ca'tor (deslk-ka'ter), n. One that desiccates. 

De-sic'ca-tO-ry (de-s!k'ka-t6-ijr)> a. Desiccative. 
De-sid e-ra'ta (-sid'e-ra'ta), n. pi. See Desideratum. 

De-sid'er-ate (-er-at), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Desider- 
ated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desiderating.] (X- desiderare, 
p. p. -atus. See Desire.] To desire ; to feel the want 
of : to lack ; to miss ; to want. 

De-sid'er-a-tive (-a-tiv), a. Denoting desire. — n. 1. 
An object of desire. 2. (Gram.) A verb formed from 
another verb, and expressing the desire of doing that 
which is indicated by the primitive verb. 

De-sid e-ra'tum (de-sTd'e-ra'tum), n. ; pi. Deside- 
rata (-ta). [L.] Anything desired; a want generally 
felt and acknowledged. 

De-sign' (de-zin' or -sin'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. De- 
signed (-zind' or -sind') ; p. pr. & vb. 7i. Designing.] 
[F. designer to designate, deriv. of L. designare ; de -f- 
signare to mark, mark out, signum mark, sign.] 1. To 
draw the preliminary outline or main features of; to 
sketch for a pattern or model ; to delineate. 2. To mark 
out and exhibit ; to designate ; to indicate. 3. To cre- 
ate or produce, as a work of art ; to form in idea ; to in- 
vent ; to project. 4. To intend or purpose. 

Syn.— To plan; purpose; intend; propose; mean. 

De-sign', v. i. To form a design or designs ; to plan. 



»» e, 1, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, 0, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, dbey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



DESIGN 



239 



DESPOTICALNESS 



De-sign' (de-zin' or -sin'), n. 1. A preliminary sketch ; 
a delineation ; a plan. 2. A plan or scheme formed in 
the mind ; intention ; purpose ; scheme ; plot. 3. Specif., 
intention or purpose as revealed or inferred from the 
adaptation of means to an end. 4. Conception or plan 
shown in completed work. 

Syn. — Intention ; purpose ; project ; plan ; idea. — De- 
sign has reference to something definitely aimed at. In- 
tention points to the feelings or desires with which a thing 
is sought. Purpose has reference to a settled choice or 
determination for its attainment. See Project. 

Des'ig-na-t>le (dSs'Tg-na-b'l), a. Capable of being 
designated or distinctly marked out ; distinguishable. 

Des'ig-nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Designated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Designating.] [See Design, v. t.~\ 1. To 
mark out and make known ; to indicate ; to show ; to 
specify. 2. To call by a distinctive title ; to name ; to 
entitle. 3. To indicate or set apart for a purpose or duty. 

Syn. — To denominate ; style; characterize; describe. 

Des ig-na'tion (-na'shfin), n. 1. Act of designating ; 
a pointing out or showing ; indication ; allotment. 2. 
That which designates ; distinguishing mark or name ; ap- 
pellation. 3. Use or application ; import ; signification. 

Des'ig-na-tive (-na-tlv), a. Serving to designate. 

Des'ig-na'tor (-na'ter), n. One who designates. 

Des'ig-na-tO-ry (-na-to-ry), a. Designative. [2?.] 

De-sign'ed-ly (de-zin'ed-ly or de-sin'-), adv. By de- 
sign; purposely; intentionally. 

De-sign'er (-er), n. One who designs. Specif. : (a) 
One who produces original works of art or decoration. 
(6) A schemer. 

De-slgn'ing, a. Intriguing ; artful ; scheming. 

De-sil'ver (de-sTl'ver), v. t. To deprive of silver. 

De-sir'a-ble (de-zir'a-b'l), a. Worthy of desire or 
longing ; fitted to excite desire or a wish to possess ; 
pleasing ; agreeable. — De-sir'a-ble-ness. De-sir'a-bil'- 
i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), n. — De-sir'a-bly, adv. 

De-sire' (de-zir'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Desired (-zird') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Desiring.] [F. desirer, L. desiderare ; 
origin uncertain.] 1. To long for ; to wish for earnestly ; 
to covet. 2. To express a wish for ; to entreat ; to request. 

Syn. — To hanker after ; wish ; ask ; solicit ; beg. — In 
desire the feeling is usually more eager than in wish. 

De-sire', n. 1. The natural longing to possess any 
seeming good ; eager wish to obtain or enjoy. 2. An ex- 
pressed wish ; request ; petition. 3. Anything desired. 
4. Excessive or morbid longing ; lust ; appetite. 

Syn. — Appetency ; craving ; inclination ; aspiration. 

De-Slr'er (-er), n. One who desires, asks, or wishes. 

De-Sir'OUS .(de-zir'Qs), a. Feeling desire ; eagerly 
wishing ; eager to obtain ; covetous. — De-sir'OUS-ly, 
adv. — De-sir'ous-ness, n. 

De-sist' (de-zisf or de-sist'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. De- 
sisted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Desisting.] [L. desistere ; de -f- 
sistere to stand, stop, fr. stare to stand.] To cease to 
proceed or act ; to stop ; to forbear. 

De-sist'ance (-ans), n. Act or state of desisting, [i?.] 

Desk (desk), n. [OE. deske, the same word as dish, 
disk. See Dish.] 1. A table, frame, or case, usually 
with sloping top, for the use of writers and readers. 2. 
A reading table or lectern to support the book from 
which the liturgical service is read ; also (esp. in the U. 
S.), a pulpit. Hence, the clerical profession. 

Des'man (dgs'man), n. [Cf. Sw. desman musk.] 
(Zo'dl.) An amphibious, insectivorous mammal of Russia. 

Des'mid (des'mid), ) n. [Gr. <5eo>x6s chain 

Des-mid'i-an (des-mid'T-an), | + eiSos form.] (Bot.) 
A microscopic plant of a family {Desmidise) of unicellular, 
greenish algae, in which the cells generally appear as if 
they consisted of two coalescing halves. 

Des'mine (des'min or -min), n. [Gr. Seoyxos bundle, 
fr. Selv to bind.] {Min.) Stilbite, — commonly occurring 
in bundles of crystals. 

Des'mold (des'moid), a. [Gr. Se<r/uo5 ligament -f- 
•oid.~\ (Anat.) Resembling, or having the characteristics 
of, a ligament ; ligamentous. 

Des-mol'O-gy (des-mol'o-jy), n. [Gr. 8eo>ios -f- -logy.'] 
The science which treats of the ligaments. 

Des'O-late (des'6-lat), a. [L. desolatus, p. p. of deso- 
lare to leave alone, forsake ; de + solare to make lonely, 
solus alone.] 1. Destitute or deprived of inhabitants ; 
deserted; hence, gloomy. 2. Laid waste; destroyed. 
3. Forsaken ; lonely ; comfortless. — Des'O-late-ly (-lat- 
1$), adv. — Des'o-late-ness, n. 

Des'O-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Desolated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Desolating.] 1. To make desolate ; to de- 
prive of inhabitants. 2. To lay waste ; to ruin ; to ravage. 

Des'O-la'ter (-la'ter), n. One that desolates. 

Des o-la'tion (deVo-la'shun), n. 1. Act of desolating, 



or state of being desolated ; waste ; ruin ; destruction. 
2. A place or country wasted and forsaken. 

Syn. — Havoc ; devastation ; ravage ; solitariness ; sad- 
ness ; destitution ; melancholy ; gloom ; gloominess. 

Des'O-la'tor (deVo-la'ter), n. Same as Desolater. 

De-spair' (de-sptr'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Despaired 
(-spSrd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Despadjing.] [OF. desperer, 
fr. L. desperare ; de -f- sperare to hope ; akin to spes 
hope.] To be hopeless ; to have no hope ; to give up all 
hope or expectation. 

De-spair', n. 1. Loss of hope ; complete despondency ; 
desperation. 2. That which is despaired of. 

De-spair'er (de-spSr'er), n. One who despairs. 

De-spalr'ing, a. Feeling or expressing despair ; hope- 
less. — De-spair'ing-ly, adv. — Despair 'ing-ness, n. 

Despatch' (de-spSch'), n. & v. Same as Dispatch. 

Des per-a'do (deVper-a'do), n. [OSp. desperado, p. 
p. of desperar, fr. L. desperare. See Desperate.] A 
desperate, reckless man ; a wild ruffian. 

Des'per-ate (d6s'per-at), a. [L. desperatus, p. p. of 
desperare. See Despair.] 1. Without hope ; hopeless. 
[Obs.~\ 2. Beyond hope ; causing despair ; past remedy ; 
perilous in an extreme degree. 3. Proceeding from de- 
spair ; without regard to danger or safety ; reckless ; 
furious. — Des'per-ate-ly, adv. — Des'per-ate-ness, n. 

Syn. — Hopeless ; despairing ; desponding ; rash ; head- 
long ; precipitate ; irretrievable ; irrecoverable ; forlorn ; 
mad; furious; frantic. 

Des per-a'tion (deVper-a'shiin), n. 1. Act of despair- 
ing or becoming desperate ; a giving up of hope. 2. A 
state of despair, or utter hopelessness ; reckless fury. 

Des'pi-ca-ble (des'pT-ka-b'l), a. [L. despicabilis, fr. 
despicari to despise ; akin to despicere. See Despise.] 
Fit or deserving to be despised ; contemptible ; mean ; 
vile. — Des'pi-ca-bil'i-ty (-bil'T-ty), Des'pi-ca-ble- 
ness, n. — Des'pl-ca-bly (-bly), adv. 

Syn. — Worthless ; pitiful ; paltry ; sordid ; low ; base. 

Despise' (de-splz'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Despised 
(-spizd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Despising.] [OF. despis-, in 
some forms of despire to despise, fr. L. despicere, de- 
spectum, to look down upon, despise ; de -f- spicere, spe- 
cere, to look. See Spy.] To look down upon with dis- 
favor or contempt ; to have a low opinion of ; to disdain. 

Syn. —To scorn ; slight ; undervalue. See Contemn. 

De-spis'ed-ness, n. The state of being despised. 

De-spis'er (de-splz'er), n. One who despises. 

De-spite' (de-spit'), n. [OF. despit, F. depit, fr. L. 
despectus contempt, fr. despicere. See Despise.] 1. 
Malice ; malignity ; spite ; hate. 2. An act of malice, 
hatred, or defiance. 

De-spite', prep. In spite of ; in defiance of. 

De-spite'ful (-ful), a. Full of despite ; malicious. — 
De-spite'ful-ly, adv. — De-spite'ful-ness, n. 

Des-pit'e-OUS (des-pTt'e-iis or de-spit'e-us), a. [OE. 
despitous, OF. despiteus, fr. despit. See Despite.] 
Feeling or showing despite ; malicious. [Obs.~] 

De-spoil' (de-spoil'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Despoiled 
(-spoild') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Despooling.] [OF. despoiller, 
L. despoliare, -atum ; de + spoliare to strip, rob. See 
Spoliate.] 1. To strip; to divest. [Obs.~\ 2. To de- 
prive for spoil ; to plunder ; to pillage ; to rob ; to rifle. 

De-spoil'er (-er), n. One who despoils. 

De-spo li-a'tion (de-spo'li-a'shun), n. A stripping or 
plundering ; spoliation. 

De-spond' (de-sp5nd'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Desponded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Desponding.] [L. despondere, desponsu m , 
to promise away, promise in marriage, give up, lose (cour- 
age) ; de + spondere to promise solemnly. See Spon- 
sor.] To give up the will, courage, or spirit ; to be thor- 
oughly disheartened ; to become dispirited or depressed. 

De-spond'ence (-ens), n. Despondency. 

De-spond'en-cy (-en-s^), n. State of desponding ; 
discouragement ; depression or dejection of the mind. 

De-spond'ent (-ent), a. Marked by, or given to, 
despondency ; low-spirited. — De-spond'ent-ly, adv. 

De-spond'er (-er), n. One who desponds. 

De-spon'sate (-sat), v. t. [L. despo?isare,p. p. -atus.] 
To betroth. [Obs.] 

De-sport' (de-sport'), v. t. & i. To disport. 

Des'pot (des'p5t), n. [F. despote, LL. despotus, fr 
Gr. Seo-TroTT/s master, lord, the second part of which is 
akin to ttoo-is husband, and L. potens. See Potent.] 1. 
A master ; a lord ; esp. , an absolute or irresponsible 
ruler or sovereign. 2. A tyrant. 

Des-pot'lc (des-p5t'Tk), ) a. Having the character of, 

Des-pot'lc-al (-T-kal), ) or pertaining to, a despot ; 
absolute in power ; also, tyrannical ; arbitrary. — Des- 
pot'ic-al-ly, adv. — Des-pot'ic-al-ness, n. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 






SPOTISM 



240 



DETER 



> 



_ (dVpi-tli'm). n. 1. The power, spirit, 

tyranny. 2. A government 

i despot ; absolutism; autocracy. 

Des'po-tlze (-tii), «'• •'• To *ct th i! despot 

Doa*pu mate (deVpu-miit or do-spii'-), v. t. Szi. [imp. 

&P i. Pkspvmavep Nni ted) : p.pr. A so. a. Despuma- 

-.-"'""•<•, p- p- -oftw; rf« 4- 

un. spumn froth, scum.] To throw off 
-imiue ; to foam. 

Des pu ma'tion («to pii-nm'shun or de'spu-), n. Act 
of throwing op troth or scum ; separation of the scum or 
ra liquids : clarification. 

bes'qua mate (deVkwa-mlt or de-skwa'mat), v. i. 
. p. y. -at us ; de -f- squama scale.] {Med. ) 
off in the form of scales ; to scale off. 

D:s qua-ma'tion (deVkwa-ma'shun or d^skwa-), n. 
Act ol desquamating ; exfoliation. 

De-squam'a-tive (de-skwXm'a-tiv), ) a. Of, pertain- 

De squam'a-to-ry (-skwXni'a-to-ry), J ing to, or at- 
tended with, desquamation, 

Des-sert' vd?z-zert'), n. [F., fr. desservir to remove 
from table, to elear the table; pref. des- (L. dis-) + 
~erve, to serve at table. See Serve.] A service 
of pastry, fruits, or sweetmeats, at the close of an enter- 
tainment or a dinner. 

Dessert spoon, a spoon for use in eating dessert, — inter- 
mediate in size between a teaspoon and a tablespoon. 

Des-tem'per (,des-tgni'per), n. Distemper. [fated. I 

Des'ti-na-ble (dgs'tl-na-b'l), a. Fixed by destiny;! 

Des'ti-nate (-nat), v. t. To destine or choose. [Obs.) 

Des ti-na'tion (deVtT-na'shun), n. 1. Act of destin- 
ing or appointing. 2. Purpose for which anything is 
destined ; predetermined end, object, or use. 3. Place 
or point aimed at. 

Syn. — Appointment ; design ; purpose ; intention ; 
destiny ; lot ; fate. 

Des'tine (dSs'tTn), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Destined 
(-tTnd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Destining.] [F. destiner, L. de- 
ftinare, p. p. -atus ; de -+- the root of stare to stand. See 
Stand.] To determine the future condition or applica- 
tion of ; to set apart by design for a future use or purpose. 

Syn. — To design : mark out ; determine ; allot ; 
choose ; intend ; devote ; consecrate ; doom. 

Des'ti-ny (-n^), n. 1. That to which any person or 
thing is destined ; condition foreordained ; fate ; lot ; 
doom. 2. The fixed order of things ; fate ; a resistless 
power or agency conceived of as determining the future. 

Des'ti-tUte (dgs'tT-tut), a. [L. destitutus, p. p. of 
destitnere to set away, leave alone, forsake ; de -\- 
stntuere to set. See Statute.] 1. Forsaken; wanting 
something important ; deficient ; lacking ; devoid. 2. 
Not possessing the necessaries of life ; needy ; very poor. 

— Des'ti-tute-ly, adv. — Des'ti-tute-ness, n. 

Des ti-tu'tion (-tu'shun), n. State of being destitute, 
needy, or without resources ; deficiency ; lack ; extreme 
poverty. 

De-stroy' (de-stroi'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Destroyed 
(-stroid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Destroying.] [OF. destruire, 
L. dutruere l destruction; de -|- struere to build. See 
Structure.] 1. To unbuild ; to pull or tear down ; to 
break up the structure and organic existence of ; to de- 
molish. 2. To bring to naught; to annihilate; to consume. 
3. To put an end to the existence, prosperity, or beauty of. 

Syn. — To lay waste; raze; dismantle; ruin; throw 
down ; overthrow ; subvert ; desolate ; devastate ; de- 
fa/ ■'■ : extirpate ; extinguish ; kill ; slay. See Demolish. 

De-Stroy'er (-er^, n. One who destroys. 

De stmc'ti Die (de-struk'tT-b'l), a. Liable to destruc- 
tion : capable of being destroyed. — De-Struc'ti-bil'i-ty 

(briT-ty). De-struc'tible-ness. n. 

De struc'tion (-shun), n. 1. Act of destroying ; state 

Of being destroyed. 2. Destroying agency ; destroyer. 

Demolition ; subversion ; overthrow ; desola- 

Etfraatios; extinction; devastation; downfall: 

extermination ; havoc ; ruin. 

De-struc'tlon-lst, n. 1. One who delights in, or aims 

roying that which is valuable; a destructive. 

.j One who believes in the final destruction of 

Ke/L 

De-stnic'tive f-tTv), a. Causing destruction ; tend- 

rfng about ruin, death, or devastation ; ruinous ; 

ous ; pernicious. — De-struc'tive-ly. adv. 

- De-struc'tlve-ness, n. 

I>««tructive diitillatlon, distillation in which the ultimate 
-. are separated or evolved in new compounds, 
ring heat. 
tal; deadly; poisonous; fatal; ruinous; 
': baleful; pernicious; mischievous. 
De-stmc'tive, n. One who destroys; a radical re- 
a destmctionist. 



Des u-da'tion (deVii-da'shun), n. [L. desndatio, fr. 
desudare to sweat greatly; de -\- sudare to sweat.] 
{Med.) A sweating ; a profuse or morbid sweating. 

Des'ue-tude (dgs'we-tud), n. [L. desuetudo, from 
desuescere to grow out of use, disuse ; de + snescere to 
become accustomed. See Custom.] Cessation of use ; 
discontinuance of practice, custom, or fashion ; disuse. 

De-sul'phu-rate (de-siil'fu-rat), v. t. To deprive of 
sulphur. — De-sul phu-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. 

De-sul'phur-ize (,-siil'fur-Iz), v. t. To desulphurate. 
— De-sul 7 phur-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. 

Des'ul-tO-ry (des'Ql-to-r^), a. [L. desidtorius, fr. 
desultor a leaper, fr. desilire, desultum, to leap down ; 
de -f- salire to leap.] 1. Jumping, or passing, from one 
thing or subject to another, without order or rational 
connection ; being without logical sequence ; discon- 
nected ; immethodical ; aimless. 2. Being out of course ; 
unconnected with the subject. — Des'ul-tO-ri-ly (deVQl- 
t6-ri-ly), adv. — Des'ul-to-ri-ness, n. 

Syn. — Rambling; roving; immethodical; discursive; 
inconstant ; unsettled ; cursory ; slight ; hasty ; loose. 

Detach' (de-tSch'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detached 
(-tachf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Detaching.] [F. detacher ; 
pref. de (L. dis) -f- the root found also in E. attach.] 

1. To part ; to separate or disunite ; to disengage. 2. 
To separate for a special object or use ; — used especially 
in military language. 

Syn. — To sever; disjoin; withdraw; draw off. 

De-tach', v. i. ' To push apart ; to come off or separate. 

De-tach/a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That can be detached. 

De-tached' (de-tachf), a. Separate ; unconnected, 
or imperfectly connected. 

De-tach/ment (de-tSch'ment), n. 1. Act of detaching, 
or the state of being detached. 2. That which is de- 
tached ; esp., a body of troops or part of a fleet sent. 
3. Abstraction from worldly objects ; renunciation. 

De'tail (de'tal or de-tal'), n. [F. detail, fr. detailler 
to cut in pieces, tell in detail ; pref. de- (L. de or dis-) -f- 
tailler to cut. See Tailor.] 1. A minute portion ; a 
particular ; an item ; — used chiefly in the plural. 2. An 
account which dwells on particulars. 3. {Mil.) The se- 
lection for a particular service of a person or a body of 
men ; hence, the person or the body of men so selected. 

Syn. — Relation ; narrative ; recital ; narration. 

De-tail' (de-tal'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detailed 
(-tald') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Detailing.] 1. To relate in 
particulars ; to particularize ; to enumerate specifically. 

2. {Mil.) To tell off or appoint for a particular service, 
as an officer, a troop, or a squadron. 

De-tail'er (de-tal'er), n. One who details. 

De-tain' (de-tan'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detained 
(-tand'); p. pr. & vb. n. Detaining.] [F. delenir, L. 
delinere, detenlum ; de + ienere to hold. See Tenable.] 
1. To keep back or from ; to withhold. 2. To restrain 
from proceeding ; to stop ; to delay. 3. To hold or keep 
in custody. 

Syn. — To retain ; stay ; arrest ; check ; retard ; hinder. 

De-tain'der (-der), n. {Law) A writ used in the ac- 
tion of detinue. 

De-tain'er (-er), n. 1. One who detains. 2. {Laiv) 
{a) The keeping possession of what belongs to another. 
(6) A writ authorizing the keeper of a prison to continue 
to keep a person in custody. 

De-tain'ment (-ment), n. Detention. [E.~$ 

De-tect' (-tekf), a. [L. delectus, p. p. of detegere to un- 
cover, detect ; de-\-tegere to cover.] Detected. [Obs.~\ 

De-tect' (de-tekf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detected; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Detecting.] To uncover ; to discover ; to 
lay open what was concealed ; to bring to light. 

Syn. — To discover ; find out ; lay bare ; expose. 

De-tect'a-ble (-a-b'l), ) a. Capable of being detected 

De-tect'i-ble (-T-b'l), J or found out. 

De-tect'er (-erj, n. One who, or that which, detects. 

De-tec'tion (de-tek'shun), n. Act of detecting. 

De-tect'ive (de-tekt'Tv), a. Fitted for, or skilled in, 
detecting ; employed in detecting crime or criminals. 

De-tect'ive, n. One whose business it is to detect 
criminals or secret matters. 

De-tect'or (-er), n. Same as Detecter. 

De-tent' (de-tent/), n. [F. detente, fr. detendre to un- 
bend, relax ; pref. de- (L. dis- or de) + lendre to stretch.] 
{Mech.) That which locks or unlocks a movement; a 
catch, pawl, or dog. 

De-ten'tion (de-tgn'shun), n. [See Detain.] 1. Act 
of detaining or keeping back ; a withholding. 2. State 
of being detained ; delay from necessity. 3. Confine- 
ment; restraint; custody. 

De-ter' (de-ter'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Deterred (-terd') ; 



a, e, 1, 5, 0, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, fi, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, fdea, 6bey, finite, ctkxe, arm, ask, all, final. 



DETERGE 



241 



DETUR 



p. pr. & vb. n. Deterring.] [L. deterrere; de -\- ter- 
rere to terrify. See Terror.] To prevent by fear ; 
hence, to hinder or prevent from action by fear of con- 
sequences, or difficulty, risk, etc. 

De-terge' (de-terj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deterged 
(-terjd') ; p. pr & vb. n. Deterging.] [L. detergere, de- 
ter sum; de ^ lergere to rub or wipe off.] To cleanse ; 
to purge away, as foul or offending matter. [power. I 

De-ter'gen-cy (-ter'jen-sy), n. Cleansing quality or| 

De-ter'gent (-jent), a. Cleansing; purging. — n. A 
cleansing substance or medicine,as for wounds, ulcers, etc. 

De-te'ri-O-rate (de-te'rT-o-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Deteriorated (-ra'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Deteriorating 
(-ra'ting).] [L. deteriorare, p. p. -atus, fr. deterior worse, 
prob. a comparative fr. de down, away.] To make 
worse ; to make inferior in quality or value ; to impair. 

De-te'ri-O-rate, v. i. To grow worse ; to degenerate. 

De-te'ri-O-ra'tion (de-te'rT-o-ra'shiin), n. Act or proc- 
ess of deteriorating, or state of being deteriorated. 

De-ter'ment (de-ter'meiit), n. [From Deter.] Act 
of deterring ; also, that which deters. 

De-ter'mi-na-ble (de-ter'mT-na-b'l), a. Capable of 
being determined. — De-ter mi-na-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ty), 
De-ter'mi-na-ble-ness, n. 

De-ter'mi-nant (-nant), a. Determinative. 

De-ter'mi-nant, n. 1. That which serves to deter- 
mine. 2. {Math.) The sum of a series of products of 
several numbers, these products being formed according 
to certain specified laws. 

De-ter'mi-nate (de-ter'nn-nat), a. [L. determinates, 
p. p. See Determine.] 1. Having defined limits ; not 
uncertain or arbitrary ; fixed ; definite. 2. Conclusive ; 
positive. 3. Determined or resolved upon. [Obs.~\ — 
De-ter 'mi-nate-ly (-ly), adv. — De-ter'mi-nate-ness, n. 

De-ter'mi-nate (-nat), v. t. To determine. [Obs.] 

De-ter mi-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 1. Act of deter- 
mining, or state of being determined. 2. Bringing to an 
end ; termination ; limit. 3. Direction or tendency to a 
certain end ; impulsion. 4. The quality of mind which 
reaches definite conclusions ; decision of character ; reso- 
luteness. 5. The state of decision ; a judicial decision, 
or ending of controversy. 6. That which is determined 
upon ; purpose ; conclusion formed ; resolution. 7. 
(Med.) A flow, rush, or tendency to a particular part. 
8. (Physical Sciences) The act, process, or result of any 
accurate measurement. 9. (Logic) (a) The act of de- 
fining a concept or notion by giving its essential constit- 
uents, (b) The addition of a specific attribute to a con- 
cept or notion, thus limiting its extent. 10. (Nat. Hist.) 
The act of determining the relations of an object, as re- 
gards genus and species ; classification. 

Syn. — Judgment ; resolve ; firmness. See Decision. 

De-ter'mi-na-tive (de-ter'nn-na-tTv), a. Having 
power to determine ; limiting ; shaping ; directing ; 
conclusive. — n. That which serves to determine. 

De-ter'mi-na'tor (-na'ter), n. One who determines. 

De-ter'mine (de-ter'min), v. t. [imp. & p. p. De- 
termined (-mind) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Determining.] [F. 
determiner, L. determinare, -atam ; de -\- terminare to 
limit, terminus limit. See Term.] 1. To fix the bound- 
aries of ; to mark off and separate. 2. To set bounds 
to ; to bring to an end. 3. To fix the form or character 
of ; to shape ; to regulate ; to settle. 4. To fix the 
course of ; to impel and direct. 5. To ascertain defi- 
nitely about; lo assign to its true place in a system. 
6. To bring to a conclusion, as a question or controversy ; 
to decide. 7. To resolve on ; to have a fixed intention 
of ; also, to cause to come to a conclusion or decision. 
8. (Logic) To define or limit by adding a specific at- 
tribute. 9. (Physical Sciences) To ascertain the presence, 
quantity, or amount of. 

De-ter'mine, v. i. 1. To end ; to terminate. [Obs.~\ 
2. To come to a decision ; to decide ; to resolve. 

De-ter'mined (-mind), a. Decided; resolute. — De- 
ter'min-ed-ly (-mm-ed-ly or -mTnd-ly), adv. 

De-ter'min-er (-min-er), n. One that determines. 

De-ter'min-ism (-Tz'm), n. (Metaph.) The doctrine 
that the will is not free, but is determined by motives. 

De-ter'rent (-ter'rent), a. [L. deterrens, p. pr. See 
Deter.] Serving to deter, — n. That which deters. 

De-ter'sion (de-ter'shun), n. [See Deterge.] Act 
of deterging or cleansing, as a sore. 

De-ter'sive (-siv), a. Cleansing; detergent.— n. A 
cleansing agent ; a detergent. 

De-test' (de-test'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detested; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Detesting.] [L. detestalare, -atum, and 
detestari, to curse while calling a deity to witness, to 
execrate, detest ; de + testari to witness, testify, testis 



witness.] 1. To denounce ; to condemn. 2. To hate in- 
tensely ; to abhor ; to abominate ; to loathe ; to execrate. 

Syn. — See Hate. 

De-test/a-ble (de-tgst'i-b'l), a. Worthy of being de- 
tested ; abominable ; deserving abhorrence. — De-test'- 
a-bil'i-ty (-bii'T-ty), De-test'a-ble-ness, n. — De-test'- 
a-bly, adv. 

Syn.— Abominable ; odious; execrable; abhorred. 

Det/es-ta'tion (dgt'gs-ta'shun or de'tgs-), n. . Act of 
detesting ; extreme dislike ; abhorrence ; loathing. 

De-tesf er (de-tesfer), n. One who detests. 

De-throne' (de-thron'), v. t. To remove or drive from 
a throne ; to depose ; to divest of supreme authority. 

De-thron'er (de-thron'er), n. One who dethrones. 

Det'i-nue (dgt'T-nu), n. [OF. detinu, detenu, p. p. of 
detenir to detain. See Detain.] A person or thing de- 
tained ; (Law) a form of action for the recovery of a 
personal chattel wrongfully detained. 

Det'O-nate (dgt'6-nat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Detonated 
(-na/tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Detonating.] [L. detonare, 
v. i., to thunder down ; de -j- tonare to thunder; akin 
to E. thunder.] To explode with a sudden report. 

Det'O-nate, v. t. To cause to burn with a report. 

Det'O-na'tion (-na'shun), n. An explosion or sudden 
report made by the instantaneous decomposition or com- 
bustion of unstable substances. 

Det'O-na'tor (dgt'o-na'ter), n. One that detonates. 

Det'O-ni-za'tlon (dgt'6-nT-za'shun), n. Detonation. 

Det'O-nize (dgt'6-nlz), v. I. & i. To detonate. 

De-tor'sion (de-t6r'shun), n. Same as Detortion. 

De-tort' (de-t6rf), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Detorted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Detorting.] [L. detorqitere, p. p. -tortus, 
to turn away; de -f- lorquere to turn, twist.] To turn 
from the original or plain meaning ; to pervert ; to wrest. 

De-tor'tion (de-to"r'shun), n. Act of detorting, or 
state of being detorted. 

De'tour 7 (de'toor'), n. [F. detour, fr. delourner to 
turn aside ; pref. de- (L. dis-) + tourner to turn.] A 
turning ; a circuitous route ; a deviation from directness. 

De-tract' (de-trSkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detracted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Detracting.] [L. delraclus, p. p. of de- 
trahere to detract ; de + trahere to draw.] 1. To take 
away; to withdraw. 2. To take credit or reputation 
from ; to defame. 

Syn. — To derogate; decry; disparage; depreciate; 
asperse ; vilify ; defame ; traduce. See Decry. 

De-tract', v. i. To take away a part of something, 
especially from one's credit ; to lessen reputation. 

De-tract'er (-er), n. One who detracts ; a detractor. 

De-trac'tion (de-tr2k'shun), n. Act of detracting; 
esp., act of taking away from the reputation or good 
name of another ; the act of depreciating another, from 
envy or malice ; calumny. 

Syn. — Depreciation ; disparagement ; derogation ; 
slander ; calumny ; aspersion ; censure. 

De-tract'ive (de-trak'tiv), a. Tending to detract. 

De-tract'or (-ter), n. One who detracts ; a derogator. 

Syn. — Slanderer ; calumniator; defamer; vilifier. 

De-tract'O-ry (-to-ry), a. Defamatory ; calumnious. 

De-tract'ress, n. A female detractor. 

De-train' (de-tran'), v. i. & t. To alight, or to cause 
to alight, from a railway train. [Eng.~\ 

Det'ri-ment (dgt'rT-ment), n. [L. detrimentum, fr. 
deterere, detritum, to rub or wear away ; de + terere to 
rub.] That which injures or causes damage ; damage ; 
loss ; injury ; harm ; mischief. 

Defri-men'tal (-men'tal), a. Causing detriment. 

Syn. — Injurious ; hurtful ; prejudicial ; disadvanta- 
geous ; mischievous ; pernicious. 

De-tri'tal (de-tri'tal), a. (Geol.) Of or pert, to 
detritus. 

De-tri'tion (de-trish'un), n. A wearing off or away. 

De-tri'tUS (de-tri'tus), n. [L. detritus.'] (Geol.) A 
mass of substances worn off from solid bodies by attrition, 
and reduced to small portions. 

De-trude' (de-trud'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Detruded; 
p.pr.&vb.n. Detruding.] [L. deirudere, detrusum ; 
de -j- trudere to thrust, push.] To thrust down or out ; 
to push down with force. 

De-trun'cate (de-trun'kat), V. t. [L. detruncare, p. 
p. -atus; de + truncare to cut off. See Truncate.] To 
shorten by cutting ; to cut off^ 

De truh-ca'tion (de'trun-ka'shun or dgtfriin-), n. The 
act of detruncating ; a lopping or cutting off. 

De-tru'sion (de-tru'zhun), n. Act of detruding ; out- 
ward thrust. — De-tru'sive, a. 

HDe'tur (de'tur or da'toor), n. [L. detur let it be 
given.] A present of books given to a meritorious un- 
dergraduate student as a prize. [Harvard Univ., U. S.~] 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

16 



M 






DEUCE 



242 



DEVISE 



> 



> 



two, OF. dens, fr. L. duo. 
. a card or n die with two 
\ condition of the score beginning 
has won three strokes in the same 
game (also reckoned "40 .ill "), and reverted to as often 
J, a ti* is made until one of the sides secures two suc- 
cessive strokes following a tie, which decides the game. 

PtHOt n. [Ot LL. dusius. Armor, dits, ten:, phan- 
tom specter; Gael, faibhs. taibhse, apparition, ghost j or 
i , ,1, fr. L. rf< im (cf. Deity).] The devil ; a 
demon. [A euphemism ; written also dense.] {Low} 
Deu'ced (dwsH), a. Devilish; excessive; extreme. 
Deu'ced-ly. adv. 
" Deu ter-o-ca-non'ic-al (du'ter-o-ka-non'I-kfll), a. 
rtpoc second -r- K. canonical.'] Pert, to a second 
: ecclesiastical writing of inferior authority. 
Den ter-og'a-mlst (-5g'a-inTst), n. One who marries 
the second time. 

Deu ter-Og'a-my (-ni£), n. [Gr. Sevrfpoyap-Ca ; Sevre- 
nd4- ydnos marriage.] A second marriage, after 
the death of the first husband or wife. 

Deu ter-O-gen'ic (-o-jSn'Tk), a. [Gr. oVvrepos second 
-f- root of yiyyeoOai to be born.] (Geol.) Of secondary 
— said of certain rocks. 
Deu ter-on'O-my (-5n'o-my), n. [Gr. Aevrepovop-iov ; 
6fi ; T«pos second -f- vo/ulos law.] (Bibl.) The fifth book of 
the Pentateuch, containing the second giving of the law 
by Hot 

Deu ter-0-pa-thi'a_(du'ter-o-pa-thi'a), 1 n. [NL. deu- 

Deu ter-op'a-thy (du'ter-op'a-thjf), ) teropathia, 

fr. Gr. Seurepos second -f- naOos suffering.] {Med.) A 

sympathetic affection of any part of the body, as headache 

from an overloaded stomach. 

Deu ter-os'co-py (-5s'ko-p^), n. [Gr. Sevrepos second 
-f -scopy.] 1. Second sight. 2. A meaning beyond the 
literal sense ; the second intention. 

Deu'tO- (du'to-), or Deut- (dut-). [Contr. from Gr. 
An/repo? second.] (Chem.) A prefix which formerly 
properly indicated the second in a regular series of com- 
pounds, but is now employed in the same sense as bi-, or 
di-, although little used. 

Dev (dav), or || De'va (da'va), n. [Skr. deva. Cf. 
Deity.] (Hind. Myth.) A god ; a deity ; an idol ; a king. 
Dev'as-tate (dgv'as-tat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devas- 
tated : p. pr. & vb. n. Devastating.] [L. devastare, 
p. p. situs ; de -j- vas/are to lay waste, vastus waste.] To 
lay waste ; to ravage ; to desolate. 

Dev as ta'tion (deVas-ta'shun), n. Act of devasta- 
ting, or state of being devastated, [which, devastates. I 
Dev'as-ta tor (dgv'as-ta'ter), n. One who, or that| 
De-vel'op (de-vgl'5p), V. t. {imp. &p. p. Developed 
(-5pt) : p. pr. & vb. n. Developing.] [F. developper ; 
pref. de- (L. dis-) -j- OF. voluper, voleper, to envelop, of 
uncertain origin.] 1. To free from that which infolds or 
envelops ; to lay open by degrees or in detail ; to disclose ; 
to produce or give forth. 2. To form or expand by a 
process of growth ; to complete or perfect gradually by 
successive stages. 3. To cause to advance ; to promote 
the growth of. 4. (Math.) To change the form of, as an 
algebraic equation, by certain indicated operations with- 
out changing the value. 5. (Photog.) To cause to be- 
come visible (as an invisible image) by chemical agency. 
Syn. — To uncover; unfold; evolve; promote; pro- 
ject ; lay open ; disclose ; exhibit ; unravel ; disentangle. 
De-vel'op (de-v61'5p), v. i. 1. To go through a proc- 
ess of natural evolution or growth, by successive changes 
from a less perfect to a more perfect or more highly 
ortranued state. 2. To become apparent gradually. 
De-vePop-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be developed. 
De-vel'op-er f-er), n. One that develops. 
De-vel'op-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of developing, or 
Rtate of being developed ; also, the result of developing, 
or a developed state. Specif. : (a) (Biol.) The series of 
changes which organisms undergo in passing from the 
iic Btate to maturity, from a lower to a higher 
organization. (6) {Math.) Act or process of 
• or expanding an expression into another of 
equivalent value or meaning, or the expression so ob- 
2. (Mus.) The elaboration of a theme or sub- 
o a movement or a composition. 
Development theory (Biol), the doctrine that all the 
' rjK of life were developed by passing through 
-Hive stages from a lower to a higher state 
ot organization, and are not the result of special creative 

'Hsclosure; unraveling; evolution. 

De-vest' le-vew), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devested; 

.. tire to undress; 

] 1. To divest (divest being the 



usual spelling in this sense). 2. (Laic) To take away, 
U an authority, title, etc. ; to deprive ; to alienate. 

De-vest' (de-vgsf), V. i. (Law) To be taken away, 
lost, or alieuated, as a title or an estate. 

De'vi-ate (de'vT-at), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deviated 
(-aafid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Deviating (-a'tlng).] [L. deviare 
to deviate ; de -f- viare to go, travel, via way.] To go out 
of the way ; to turn aside from a course ; to go astray. 

Syn. — To swerve; wander; digress; depart; err. 

De'vl-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of deviating, or state 
or result of having deviated. 

De'vl-a'tor (de'vi-a'ter), n. One that deviates. 

De-vice 7 (de-vis'), n. [OE. devis, devise, will, inten- 
tion, opinion, invention, fr. F. devis architect's plan and 
estimates (in OF., division, plan, wish), devise device (in 
sense 3), in OF. also, division, wish, last will, fr. deviser. 
See Devise, v. '.] 1. That which is devised, or formed 
by design ; an invention ; a scheme ; often, a scheme to 
deceive ; an artifice. 2. Power of devising ; invention. 
3. (a) An emblematic design, generally consisting of one 
or more figureB with a motto, (b) Improperly, an her- 
aldic bearing. 4. Anything fancifully conceived. 

Syn. — Contrivance ; invention ; design ; scheme ; proj- 
ect ; stratagem ; shift. — Device implies more of inventive 
power, and contrivance more of skill and dexterity in ex- 
ecution. Device is often used in a bad sense ; contrivance 
is almost always used in a good sense. 

Dev'il (dev"l), n. [AS. deofol, deoful; akin to G. 
teufel, Goth, diabaulus ; all fr. L. diabolus the devil, 
Gr. SiajSoAos the devil, the slanderer, fr. 6 , ia.;3aAAeii> to 
slander, calumniate, orig., to throw across ; 6ia across + 
/3aAA«v to throw, let fall, fall.] 1. The Evil One; 
Satan, represented as the tempter and spiritual enemy 
of mankind. 2. An evil spirit ; a demon. 3. A very 
wicked person ; hence, any great evil. 4. An expletive 
of surprise, vexation, emphasis, etc. [Low] 5. (Cook- 
ery) A dish or grill highly peppered. 6. (Manuf.) A 
machine for tearing or cutting rags, cotton, etc. 

The Devil's tattoo, a drumming with fingers or feet. — 
Printer's devil, youngest apprentice in a printing office. 

Dev'il (d§v''l), v. t. [imp. Sip. p. Deviled (-'Id), or 
Devilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Deviling (-'1-Tng) or Devil- 
ling.] 1. To make devilish. 2. To grill with Cayenne 
pepper ; to season highly in cooking. 

Dev'il fish' (-fish'), n. (Zo'ol.) (a) A huge ray of the 
Gulf of Mexico and Southern Atlantic coasts. Several 
other related species take the same name, (b) Either of 
several large cephalopods. See Octopus, (c) The gray 
whale of the Pacific coast, (d ) The goosefish or angler. 




Common European Devilfish (Octopus vulgaris). (About ifo) 

Dev'il-ish, a. 1. Like, characteristic of, or pert, to, 
the devil ; wicked in the extreme. 2. Extreme. [Colloq.] 

— Dev'il-ish-ly, adv. — Dev'il-ish-ness, n. 

Syn. — Diabolical ; infernal ; hellish ; satanic ; wicked ; 
malicious ; detestable ; destructive. 

Dev'il-kin (-kin), n. A little devil. 

Dev'il-ment (-ment), n. Deviltry, [of evil spirits. I 

Dev'il-ry (-r^), n. 1. Deviltry. 2. The whole body | 

Dev'il-ship, n. The character or person of a devil. 

Dev'il-try (-tr^), n. Diabolical conduct; malignant 
mischief. 

De'vl-ous (de'vT-us), a. [L. devius; de + via way.] 
1. Varying from a straight line ; varying from direct- 
ness ; having turns; winding. 2. Going out of the right 
or common course ; going astray. — De'vi-OUS-ly , adv. 

— De'vl-ous-ness, n. 

Syn.— Wandering ; roving ; rambling ; vagTant ; erring. 

De-vis'a-ble (de-viz'a-b'l), a. Capable of being devised. 

De-Vise' (de-viz'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Devised (-vizd'); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Devising.] [OF. deviser to distribute, 
regulate, direct, relate, fr. L. divisus, p. p. of dividere. 
See Divide.] 1. To form in the mind by new combinations 



a, g, I, o, C, long ; ft, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, Bbort ; senate, fcvent, tdea, ftbey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



DEVISE 



243 



DIACAUSTIC 



of ideas, new applications of principles, or new arrange- 
ment of parts ; to formulate by thought ; to contrive ; 
to invent. 2. To plan or scheme for ; to purpose to ob- 
tain. 3. {Law) To give by will ;— properly used only 
of real estate. Cf. Bequeath. 

Syn. — To invent ; discover ; excogitate ; imagine. 

De-vise 7 (de-viz'), v. i. To form a scheme ; to lay a 
plan ; to contrive. 

De-Vise' (de-viz'), n. 1. {Law) Act of devising ; prop- 
erty, or the property devised ; a giving or disposing of 
real estate by will. 2. A will or testament, or the part 
of one, conveying real estate. [vise is made. | 

Devi-see' (deVT-ze'), n. {Law) One to whom a de-| 

De-\ris'er (de-vlz'er), n. One who devises. 

De-vis'or (de-vlz'er or -6r), n. {Law) One who de- 
vises, or gives real estate by will ; a testator. 

De-vi'tkl-ize (de-vi'tal-iz), v. t. To deprive of life or 
vitality. — De-vHal-i-za'tion (-T-za'shiin), n. 

De-VO'cal-ize (de-vo'kal-Iz), v. t. To make toneless ; 
to deprive of vowel quality. 

De-VOid' (de-void'), v. t. \_0~E. devoiden to leave, OF. 
desvoidier to empty out. See Void.] To empty out. 

De-VOid', a. 1. Void ; empty. [065.] 2. Destitute ; 
not in possession ; — with of. 

|iDe-VOir' (de-vw6r' or de-vwar'), n. [F., fr. L. de- 
bere to owe. See Due.] Duty ; service owed ; hence, 
due act of civility or respect ; — now usually in the plural. 

Dev / 0-lu'tion(dev/6-lu'shun), n. [See Devolve.] 1. 
A rolling down, [i?.] 2. Transference from one person 
to another ; a passing or devolving upon a successor. 

De-volve' (de-volv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devolved 
(-volvd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Devolving.] [L. devolvere, de- 
volution, to rol} down ; de-\-volvere to roll.] 1. To roll 
onward or downward ; to pass on. 2. To transfer from 
one person to another ; to deliver over ; to hand down. 

De-VOlve / , v. i. To pass by transmission or succession ; 
to be handed over or down. 

De-VOlve'ment (-ment), n. Act or process of devolving. 

De-vote' (de-vot'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Devoted ; p. 
pr. &vb. n. Devoting.] [L. devotus, p. p. of devovere; 
de -f- vovere to vow.] 1. To appropriate by vow ; to set 
apart by a solemn act ; to consecrate ; also, to consign 
over ; to doom ; to doom to evil. 2. To give up wholly ; 
to direct the attention of wholly or chiefly ; to attach. 

Syn. — To addict; apply; dedicate; consecrate; re- 
sign ; destine ; doom ; consign. See Addict. 

De-VOt'ed, a. Consecrated to a purpose ; strongly 
attached ; zealous. — De-VOt'ed-ly, adv. — De-VOt'ed- 



Dev / o-tee' (deVo-te'), n. One wholly devoted; esp., 
one wholly or superstitiously given to religion. 

De-VOt'er (de-vot'er), n. One who devotes ; worshiper. 

De-VO'tion (de-vo'shun), n. 1. Act of devoting. 2. 
State of being devoted ; strong attachment ; ardent love 
or affection. 3. Act of devotedness ; act of worship ; 
prayer. 4. Thing consecrated ; object of devotion. \_R.~\ 

Syn. — Consecration ; devoutness; religiousness; pie- 
ty ; attachment ; devotedness ; ardor ; earnestness. 

De-VO'tion-al (de-vo'shun-al), a. Pertaining to, suited 
to, or used in, devotion. — De-VO'tion-al-ly (-al-ly), adv. 

De-VO'tion-al-iSt, I n. One given to devotion, esp. to 

De-VO'tion-ist, J excessive formal devotion. 

De-VOUr' (de-vour'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devoured 
(-vourd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Devouring.] [F. devorer, fr. 
L. devorare; de -f- vorare to eat greedily, swallow up.] 

1. To eat up with greediness ; to consume ravenously. 

2. To seize upon and destroy or appropriate greedily, 
selfishly, or wantonly. 3. To enjoy with avidity. 

Syn. — To consume; waste; destroy; annihilate. 

De-VOUT'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, devours. 

De-vout' (de-vouf), a. [F. devot, from L. devotus de- 
voted. See Devote, v. t.~\ 1. Devoted to religion or to 
religious feelings and duties ; pious ; reverent ; religious. 
2. Expressing devotion or piety. 3. Warmly devoted ; 
sincere ; earnest.— De-VOUtly, adv.— De-vout'ness, n. 

Syn. — Holy ; pure ; religious ; prayerful ; solemn. 

Dew (du), n. [AS. deaw ; akin to G. thau.~\ Moisture 
from the atmosphere condensed by cool bodies upon 
their surfaces, particularly at night. 

Dew, v. t. limp. &p. p. Dewed (dud) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Dewing.] To wet with, or as with, dew ; to bedew. 

DeWber/ry (du'ber'ry), n. {Bot.) The fruit of certain 
species of bramble ; also, the plant bearing the fruit. 

Dew'claw' (-kla/), n. In any animal, a rudimentary 
claw or small hoof not reaching the ground. 

Dew'drop' (-drop'), n. A drop of dew. 

Dew'i-ness (-T-nes), n. State of being dewy. 

Dewlap' (-l£p'), n. [Dew -f lap to lick.] The pen- 



dulous skin under the neck of an ox, which laps the dew 
in grazing. 

Dew'-point' (du'point/), n. {Meteor.) The tempera- 
ture at which dew begins to form. 

Dew'ret' (-reV), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Dewbetted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Dewretting.] To ret by exposure on a sward. 

Dew'rot' £du'r5t/), v. t. To dewret. 

Dew'y (du'y), a. 1. Pertaining to dew; resembling, 
consisting of, or moist with, dew. 2. Falling gently and 
beneficently, like the dew. 

Dex'ter (dSks'ter), a. [L. ; akin to Gr. Sefirepos, 
Se£i6s, Skr. dakshina.) 1. Pertaining to, or situated on, 
the right hand ; right, as opposed to sinister, or left. 2. 
{Her.) On the right-hand side of a shield, i. e., towards 
the right hand of its wearer. See Escutcheon. 

Dex-ter'i-ty (dgks-ter'T-ty), n. 1. Right-handedness. 
2. Readiness and grace in physical activity ; expertness 
in manual acts. 3. Mental readiness and skill. 

Syn. — Adroitness ; nimbleness ; cleverness ; art ; abil- 
ity ; address ; tact ; facility ; aptness ; faculty. See Skill. 

Dex'ter-OUS (deks'ter-us), a. 1. Ready and expert 
in the use of the body and limbs, esp. the hands ; handy. 
2. Skillful in contrivance ; expert. 3. Done with dex- 
terity ; skillful ; artful. — Dex'ter-OUS-ly, adv. — Dex'- 
ter-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Adroit ; active ; clever ; able ; apt ; versed. 

Dex'tral (dgks'tral), a. Right, as opposed to sinis- 
tral, or left. 

Dex'trin (deks'trln), n. [See Dexter.] {Chem.) A 
translucent, gummy substance, obtained from starch ; — 
from its rotating the plane of polarization to the right. 

Dex'tro- (deks'tro-). A prefix, from L. dexter, mean- 
ing, pertaining to, or toward, the right ; {Chem. & Opt.) 
having the property of turning the plane of polarized 
light to the right ; as, dextrorotatory. 

Dex-tror'sal (dgks-tr6r'sal), ) a. [L. d e x t r o r s u m, 

Dex'trorse' (deks'trSrs'), ( deriv. of dexter right 
-f- versus, p. p. See Vebse.] Turning 
from the left to the right, in the ascend- 
ing line, as in the spiral inclination of 
the stem of the common morning-glory. 

Dex'trose / (deks'tros'), n. [See Dex- 
ter.] {Chem.) A sirupy, or white crys- 
talline, variety of sugar (so called from 
turning the plane of polarization to the 
right), occurring in many ripe fruits. 

Dex'trous (-trus), a., Dex'trous-ly, 
adv., Dex'tTOUS-ness, n. Same as Dex- 
terous, Dexterously, etc L 

Dey (da), n. [Turk, dai, orig., a ma- 
ternal uncle, then a title of friendly re- 
spect, and hence at length, in Algiers, of 
the commanding officer of the Janizaries, 
who frequently became afterward pasha 
or regent of that province.] The governor of Algiers ; 

— so called before the French conquest in 1830. 

II Dhole (dol), n. {Zool.) A fierce, wild dog of India. 

II Dhow (dou), n. [Ar. dao?~\ A kind of coasting 
vessel of Arabia, East Africa, and the Indian Ocean. 

Di- (di-). [Gr. Si's twice ; akin to Svo two, L. 6/5 twice. 
L. dis- sometimes takes the form di-. See Dis-.] A 
prefix, signifying twofold, double, twice; {Chem.) denot- 
ing two atoms, radicals, groups, or equivalents. See Bi-. 

Di'a- (di'a-), Di-. [Gr. Sia through ; orig., dividing 
into two parts; akin to Svo two.] A prefix denoting 
through; also, between, apart, asunder, across. Before 
a vowel dia- becomes di-. 

Di'a-be'tes (di'a-be'tez), n. [NX., from Gr. Sia/3^njs, 
fr. Sio/3aiVeiv to pass or cross over ; Sici + (SaCveiv to go.] 
{Med.) A disease which is attended with a persistent, 
excessive discharge of urine. 

Di/a-bet'ic (-bet'Tk), ) a. Pert, to, afflicted with, or 

Di'a-bet'ic-al (-i-kal), ) indicative of, diabetes. 

II Dia'ble-rie' {dyi'ble-rP), ) n. [F. diablerie, fr. dia- 

Di-abler-y (dl-aryier-y), ) ble devil, L. diabolus.} 
Devilry ; sorcery or incantation ; a diabolical deed. 

Di'a-bOl'ic (dFa-bol'ik), \ a. [L. diabolicus, Gr. Sir. 

Di'a-bol'ic-al (-T-kal), j /Soaikos devilish, slander- 
ous. SeeDEVTL.] Pertaining to, resembling, or appropri- 
ate to, the devil ; devilish ; infernal ; wicked ; impious. 

— Di'a-bol'ic-al-ly, adv. — Dia-bol'ic-al-ness, n. 

Di a-caus'tic (di'a-kas'tik), a. [Pref. dia- + caus- 
tic.'] {Opt.) Pertaining "to, or possessing the properties 
of, a species of caustic curves formed by refraction. 

Di a-caus'tic. n. 1. {Med.) That which burns by 
refraction, as a double convex lens, or refracted rays of 
the sun. 2. {Math.) A curve formed by the consecutive 
intersections of rays of light refracted through a lens. 




Dextrorse 
stem of 
M o r n i n g - 
glory. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



niACii) 



244 



DIANDROUS 



-\-acid.] (Chem.) 
.\ o acid aiouad radicals. 
.Y.-n.:i), .!. [LL. diaoomalit. See 
4 ox pertaining to ■ deacon, 
o nate ^-nSt), ;i. [L. dioconatus.] Office of a 
aho, .i body or board of deacons. 
Di a-cous'tic (di a-kous'tlk or -koos'tTk), a. [Pref. 

. ] Pertaining to diaoonstics. 
Dl acoustics (-tike), n. That branch of natural 
:v « hii'li treats of the properties of sound as af- 
fected by passing through different mediums. 

Di a-crit'ic (dl a-krit'Tk), 1 </• l_Gr. Suucpn-ixo?, deriv. 
Di a critic- al (,-T-krl), ) of Sid through + Kpiveiv 
lh.it separates or distinguishes; as cer- 
tain points or marks. 
Di actinic (di'tt-tln'Dx), a. [Pref. di- -\- actinic.'] 

able of transmitting actinic rays of light. 
Diadem (dI'4-dSm), n. [F. diademe, L. diadenia, 
fr. Gr. SidSijua, fr« 5taStu' to bind round; Sid through, 
- Sflv to bind.] 1. Orig., an ornamental head- 
band or fillet, worn by Eastern nionarchs as a badge of 
royalty ; hence, also, a crown, in general. 2. Regal 
power"; sovereignty; empire. 3. {Her.) An arch rising 
from the rim of a crown (rarely also of a coronet), and 
uniting with others over its center. 
Di'a-dem. V. t. To adorn with a diadem ; to crown. 
Di aer'e-sis 1 (dt-er'e-sis), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [L. di- 
Di-er'e-sls \ aeresis, Gr. Siaipetns, fr. Staipelu to di- 
vide ; 6u£ through, asunder + alpelv to take.] 1. (Gram.) 
The separation or resolution of one syllable into two. 
2. A mark consisting of two dots [•■], placed over the 
second of two adjacent vowels, to denote that they are to 
be pronounced as distinct letters ; as, cooperate, aerial. 
Di'a-glypb. (di'a-glTf ), n. [Gr. SiayXvfciv to engrave ; 
Sid through + yAv<£eu> to carve.] An intaglio. 
Di'a-glyph'ic (-glif'ik), )a. Represented or formed 
Di a-glyp'tlC (-glip'tik), J by depression in the gen- 
eral surface. 
Di ag-nose' (di'£g-nos'), v. t. & i. To diagnosticate. 
Di'ag-no'sis (-no'sis), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. 
Sidyyuxris, fr. Siayiyvwo-Keiv to distinguish ; Sid asunder 
-p yiyuJiaiceiv to know.] 1. (Med. ) Act or science of rec- 
ognizing the presence of disease from its signs or symp- 
toms, and deciding as to its character ; also, the decision 
arrived at. 2. Scientific determination of any kind. 

Di ag-nos'tic (-nos'tik), a. Pertaining to, or furnish- 
ing, a diagnosis ; indicating the nature of a disease. — n. 
A mark or symptom by which a diagnosis is made. 

Di'ag-nos'ti-cate (-tT-kat), v. t. & i. To make a di- 
agnosis of ; to recognize by symptoms. 

Di ag-nos'tics (-tTks), n. The science of diagnosis. 
Di-ag'0-nal (dt-ag'6-nr/l), a. [L. diagonalis, fr. Gr. 
Jioywi/io? from angle to angle ; Sid through -j- yavCa an 
angle. J (Geom.) Joining two not adjacent angles of a 
quadrilateral or multilateral figure ; crossing at an angle 
with one of the sides. — Di-ag'o-nal-ly, adv. 

Di-ag'0-nal (dt-ag'S-nal), n. 1. A right line drawn 
from one angle to another not adjacent, 
of a figure of four or more sides, and 
dividing it into two parts. 2. A kind 
of cloth having diagonal stripes, ridges, 
or welts made in the weaving. 

Di'a-gram (di'a-gram), n. [Gr. Sid- 
ypo/x/xo, deriv. of Sid through -f ypd^v a Dia S°nal <D- 
to draw, write.] 1. (Geom.) A figure or drawing made 
to illustrate a statement, or facilitate a demonstration ; 
a plan. 2. Any simple illustrative drawing. 

Di a-gram-mat'ic (-m5t/Tk), a. Pertaining to, or of 
tli<t nature of, a diagram. 
Di'a-graph (di'a-graf), n. [Gr. Siaypd^eii/.] A draw- 

troment, combining a protractor and scale. 
Dl'a-graph'ic (grSf'Tk), I ^ . .. 
Di'a-gTapWal (-i-k«lj, } °" Descriptive. 
Di'al (dPal), n. [LL. diolis daily, fr. L. dies day. 
S<-.f. Deity.] 1. An instrument for showing the time of 
day by the shadow of a style or gnomon on a graduated 
'face. 2. The graduated face of a timepiece. 
3- A miner's compass. 

Di'al. i . /. \1mp. & p. p. Dialed (-old) or Dialled ; 

7>. pr. ft ,/,. n . Dialing or Dialling.] 1. To measure 

W1 r!l/ a ', 1,aL 2 {M&Ung) To survey with a dial. 

Dl a-lect (dl'a-lSkt), n. [F. dialecte, L. dialeclus, fr. 

fr. hiakiyevBax to converse, discourse. 

'■■■} 1. Means or mode of expressing 

, tongue. 2. A variety of a lan- 

racterized by local peculiarities or 

specific circamstani 

■'■<■■, speech; phraseology; patois. 



Di a-lec'tal (di'ii-lSk'trtl), a. Relating to a dialect. 

Di a-lec'tic (-tTk), n. Same as Dialectics. 

Di'a-lec'tic (di'a-le'k'tTk), { a. 1. Pertaining to dia- 

Di a-lec'tic-al (-tT-k«l), j lectics ; logical ; argu- 
mental. 2. Pertaining to a dialect or to dialects. 

Di'a-lec-ti'cian (-tYsh'on), n. One versed in dialectics. 

Di a-lec'tics (di'a-lek'tlks), n. That branch of logic 
which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning ; the ap- 
plication of logical principles to discursive reasoning ; 
logical discussion. 

Dl'al-ing (di'«l-Tng), n. The art of constructing dials ; 
the science which treats of measuring time by dials. 

Di'al-ist, ii. A maker of dials ; one skilled in dialing. 

Di'al-lage (di'al-laj), n. [Gr. SioAAayT? change ; —al- 
luding to the change and inequality of luster between the 
natural joints of the mineral.] (Min.) A dark green or 
bronze-colored laminated variety of pyroxene. 

Di/a-lOg'ic-al (dl'a-loj'T-kal), a. Relating to a dia- 
logue ; dialogistical. — Di/a-log'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Di-al'o-gist (di-al'o-jist), n. 1. A speaker in a dia- 
logue. 2. A writer of dialogues. 

Di-aPo-gis'tic (-jls'tik), )a. Pertaining to, or like, 

Di-aPo-gis'tic-al (-ti-kal), ) a dialogue. 

Di-al'0-gize (dt-al'6-jlz), v. i. To discourse in dialogue. 

Di'a-lOgue (di'a-log; 115), n. [L. dialogus, fr. Gr. 
SidAoyo?,fr. 8ia\eye<r9ai to converse; 6"<.a through -j- Aeyeij/ 
to speak.] 1. A conversation between two or more per- 
sons ; esp., a formal conversation in theatrical perform- 
ances or in scholastic exercises. 2. A writing containing 
such conversation* 

II Di-al'y-sis (dt-al'i-sTs), n. ; pi. Dialyses (-sez). [L., 
separation, fr. Gr. SidAvtris, deriv. of 8ia through -j- \veiv 
to loose.] 1. (Gram.) Diaeresis. 2. (Rhet.) Same as 
Asyndeton. 3. (Med.) (a) Debility, (b) A solution of 
continuity. 4. (Chem.) The separation of different sub- 
stances in solution, esp. by diffusion through a membrane. 

Di'a-lyt'ic (dFa-lit'Tk), a. Having the quality of un- 
loosing or separating. [tain by dialysis. I 

Di'a-lyze (di'a-liz), v. t. (Chem.) To separate or ob-| 

DPa-mag'net (dl / a-ma'g'net), n. [Pref. dia- + mag- 
net.] A body having diamagnetic polarity. 

Di'a-mag-net'ic (di/a-mag-net'Tk), a. Pertaining to, 
exhibiting, or resembling, diamagnetism. — n. A sub- 
stance which in a magnetic field is differently affected 
from the ordinary magnetic bodies, tending to take a po- 
sition at right angles to the lines of magnetic force. 

Di/a-mag'net-ism (dl'a-mag'net-iz'm), n. That form 
or condition of magnetic action which characterizes dia- 
magnetics, or the science which treats of it. 

Di-am'e-ter (di-am'e-ter), n. [F. diametre, L. dia- 
metros, fr. Gr. Sid/aerpo?; Sid through + 
fierpov measure.] 1. (Geom.) (a) Any right 
line passing through the center of a figure 
or body, as a circle, conic section, sphere, 
cube, etc., and terminated by the opposite 
boundaries, (b) A diametral plane. 2. 
The length of a straight line through the 
center of an object from side to side ; 
width; thickness. 3. (Arch.) The distance through the 
lower part of the shaft of a column, used as a standard 
measure for all parts of the order. [diametrical. I 

Di-am'e-tral (di-Sm'e-tral), a. Pert, to a diameter ; | 
Diametral planes ( Crystal.), planes in which two axes lie. 

DPa-met'ric (dFa-met'rik), ) a. 1. Of or pertaining 

Di/a-met'xlc-al (-rT-kal), ) to a diameter. 2. As 
remote as possible, as if at the opposite end of a diame- 
ter ; directly adverse. — Di'a-met'ric-al-ly, adv. 

Di'a-mond (di'a-miind or di-'mund), n. [F. diamant, 
corrupted fr. L. adamas. See Adamant.] 1. A pre- 
cious stone or gem excelling in brilliancy and beautiful 
play of prismatic colors, and remarkable for being the 
hardest substance known. 2. A rhombus ; a lozenge. 
3. One of a suit of playing cards, stamped with 
the figure of a diamond. 4. (Arch.) A pointed 
projection, like a four-sided pyramid, used for 
ornament. 5. (Baseball) The infield ; the square 
space, 90 feet on a side, having the bases at its 
angles. 6. (Print.) The smallest kind of type 
in ordinary use, in English printing. 

Tbia line is printed in the type called Diamond. 

Di'a-mond-back' (-bak'), n. 
(Zool.) The salt-marsh terrapin 
Atlantic coast of the U. S. 

Di'a-mond-ed, a. 1. Having figures like 
a diamond. 2. Adorned with diamonds. 

Di-an'drous (di-an'driis), a. \JDi- + 
-androus.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the 
Diandria, a class of plants having two stamens. 




a Diameter. 




*, e, I, o, u, long ; a, fi, I, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



DIANTHUS 



245 



DICHOTOMY 



Dl-an'thUS (dl-5n'thas), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Zeus, gen. 
Aids, Zeus + avQoi flower.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, 
including the pink, carnation, and Sweet William. 

Dia-pa'son (di'a-pa'zSn or -pa'son), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
Sumaardv (i. e., 17 Sid iracrutv xopSiui/ <rv^mvia the con- 
cord of the first and last notes, the octave) ; Sid through 
-f naautv, gen. pi. of n-ds all.] 1. (Gr. Mas.) The octave, 
or interval which includes all the tones of the diatonic 
scale. 2. Concord, as of notes an octave apart ; harmony. 
3. The entire compass of tones. 4. A standard of pitch ; 
a tuning fork. 5. One of certain stops in the organ, so 
called because they extend through the scale of the in- 
strument. 

Di'a-per (di'a-per), n. [OF. diaspre, diapre, diaspe, 
sort of figured cloth, It. diaspro jasper, diaspo figured 
cloth, fr. L. jaspis a green-colored gem. See Jasper.] 
1. Any textile fabric (esp. linen or cotton toweling) 
woven in diaper pattern. 2. (Fine Arts) Surface deco- 
ration of any sort which consists of the constant repe- 
tition of one or more simple figures or units of design 
evenly spaced. 3. A towel or napkin for wiping the 
hands, etc. 4. An infant's breechcloth. 

Di'a-per (di'a-per), v. I. 1. To ornament with a dia- 
per pattern. 2. To put a diaper on (a child). 

Di a-pha-nel-ty (-fa-ne'I-ty), n. Quality of being 
diaphanous. 

Di a-phan'o-scope (di'a-fan'6-skop), n. [Gr. Sicu^avrjs 
transparent -f- -scope.'] (Photog.) A dark box con- 
structed for viewing transparent pictures. 

Di-aph/a-nous (dt-af'a-nus), a. [Gr. Sia$ai/»js, deriv. 
of Sid through + 4>aiveiv to show ; pass., to shine.] Al- 
lowing light to pass through, as porcelain ; translucent ; 
transparent ; pellucid ; clear. — Di-aph'a-nous-ly , adv. 

Di aphonic (di/a-fon'ik), Di'a-phonlc-al (-T-kal), 
a. [Gr. Sid through + $u>i/t? sound, tone.] Diacoustic. 

Di aphonics (-Iks), n. Diacoustics. 

II Di a-pho-re'sis (-fo-re'sls), n. [L., fr. Gr. Sia^dprjo-is, 
deriv. of Sid through -f- (popeiv to carry.] (Med.) Per- 
spiration, or an increase of perspiration. 

Di'a-phO-retlc (-ret'Ik), ) a. Having the power to 

Di a-pho-ret'ic-al (-I-kal), j increase insensible per- 
spiration. — n. A diaphoretic medicine or agent. 

Di'a-phragm (-fram), n. [L. diaphragma, Gr. Sid- 
<j>payp.a, deriv. of Sid through -f- (ppayvvvai to fence, in- 
close.] 1. A dividing membrane or thin partition, com- 
monly with an opening through it. 2. (Anal.) The 
muscular and tendinous partition separating the cavity 
of the chest from that of the abdomen ; the midriff. 

Di a-phrag-mat'ic (-frag-ruat'Ik), a. Pertaining to a 
diaphragm. 

Di-aph'y-sis (di-af'i-sls), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Sid$v<7is 
a growing through ; Sid through -f- <f>veiv to bring forth.] 
1. (Bot.) An abnormal prolongation of the aiis of inflo- 
rescence. 2. (Anal.) The shaft, or main part, of a bone. 

Di'ap-no'ic (dl'ap-no'Ik), a. [Gr. Sianvorj exhala- 
tion, deriv. of Sid through -f- irvelv to blow, breathe.] 
(Med.) Mildly diaphoretic. — n. A gentle diaphoretic. 

II Di a-popb/y-sis (di'a-pof'I-sis), n. [NL. See Dia-, 
and Apophysis.] (Anat.) The dorsal transverse, or 
tubercular, process of a vertebra. 

Di'a-llst (dl'a-rtst), n. One who keeps a diary. 

Di'ar-rhe'a \ (dv'ar-re'a), n. [L. diarrhoea, Gr. Sidp- 

Di ar-rhce'a ) poia, deriv. of Sid through -j- pelv to 
flow.] (Med.) A morbidly frequent discharge of evacu- 
ations from the intestines, without tenesmus. 

Di / ar-rhe'al ) (-al), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to 

Di ar-rhce'al ) diarrhea ; like diarrhea. 

Di ar-rhetlc ) (-rgt'Tk), a. (Med.) Producing diar- 

Di'ar-rhoet'ic j rhea, or a purging. 

Di'a-ry (di'a-ry), n. [L. diariam, fr. dies day.] A 
register of daily events ; a daily record ; a journal ; a 
blank book dated for the record of daily memoranda. 

Di'a-Stase (dl'a-stas), n. [Gr. Sidorao-is separation, 
deriv. of Sid through -j- <nr\vai, la-rdvai, to stand, set.] 
(Physiol. Chem.) A soluble, nitrogenous ferment, capable 
of converting starch and dextrin into sugar. 

Di a-stat'ic (di/a-stSt'Ik), a. (Physiol. Chem.) Re- 
lating to diastase ; having the properties of diastase. 

I Di-as'tO-le (dt-Ss'to-le), n. [L., fr. Gr. SiaoroArj, 
deriv. of Sid through, apart + OTe'AAeii> to place.] 1. 
(Physiol.) The rhythmical dilatation of the heart and 
arteries. 2. (Gram.) A figure by which a syllable nat- 
urally short is made long. 

Di'a-Style (di'a-stil), n. [L. diastylus, Gr. Sido-rvAos ; 
Sid asunder + cttvAos column.] (Arch.) See under In- 

TEBCOLUMNIATION. 

II Di a-tes'sa-ron (dl'a-teVsa-ron), n. [L., fr. Gr. 81a- 
Tecra-dpoiv (sc. avix<fxavia) ; Sid through -(- reaadpiav, gen. 



(Anc. Mus.) The in- 



a. [Gr. Sid0ep/nos 
0epp.6s warm, hot.] 



of re'co-apes four (sc. \opSoiv).'] 
terval of a fourth. 

Dia ther'mal ( di'a-ther'mal ), 
thoroughly warm ; Sid through + 
Freely permeable by radiant heat. 

Di a ther'ma-nous (-ma-nus), a. [Gr. SiaBeppaiveiv to 
warm through ; Sid through -f- 6epfiaiveiu to warm.] 
Transmitting radiant heat ; diathermal. 

II Di-ath'e-sis (df-Sth'e-sIs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Sidtfeais, 
fr. SiariOevai to arrange ; Sid through, asunder -f- riOevai 
to place.] (Med.) Bodily condition or constitution ; esp., 
a morbid predisposition to a particular disease. — Dia- 
thetic (di'a-thet'Ik), a. 

Di'a-tom (di'a-t5m), n. [See Diatomous.] 1. (Bol.) 
One of a family of minute, unicellular Algae having a 
siliceous covering of great delicacy. 2. A particle or 
atom endowed with the vital principle. 

Di atomic (dFa-tSm'Tk), a. [Pref. di- + atomic.] 
(Chem.) (a) Containing two atoms, (b) Having two re- 
placeable atoms or radicals. 

Di-at'O-mous (dt-at'6-mus), a. [Gr. Sidro/oios cut 
through, deriv. of Sid -j- rdfjiveiu to cut.] (3fin.) Having 
a single, distinct, diagonal cleavage ; — said of crystals. 

Di'a-tonlc (di'a-ton'ik), n. [L. diatonicus, Gr. Sia- 
toi'ikos, deriv. of Sid through + reiVeii/ to stretch.] 
(Mus.) Pertaining to, or designating, the common scale 
of eight sounds (the eighth being the octave of the first), 
with seven intervals, of which two are semitones and five 
whole tones. — Di'a-tonlc-al-ly (-I-kal-ly), adv. 

Di'a-tribe (di'a-trlb), n. [L. dialriba, Gr. Siarpi^, 
prop., a wearing away of time, deriv. of Sid through -j- 
Tplfieiv to rub.] A prolonged or exhaustive discussion ; 
esp., a harangue ; a philippic. 

Di-az'O- (dl-az'6--). [Pref. di- + azo-.] (Chem.) A 
combining form (also used adjectively), meaning pertain- 
ing to, or derived from, a series of compounds containing 
a radical of two nitrogen atoms, united usually to an aro- 
matic radical; as, diazo-benzene, C 6 H 5 .N 2 .OH. 

Dibble (dlb'b'l), v. i. {imp. &p. p. Dibbled (-b'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Dibbling (-bling).] [Freq. of Prov. E. dib, 
for dip to thrust in.] To dip frequently, as in angling. 

Dib'ble, v. t. To plant with a dibble ; to make 
holes in (soil) with a dibble. 

Dib'ble, n. A pointed implement used to make 
holes in which to plant seeds, etc. 

II Di-bran chi-ala (dt-bran/kT-a'ta), n. pi. 
[NL., fr. Gr. Si- = Sis twice + Ppdy X ia gills.] 
(Zo'dl.) An order of cephalopods including the 
octopi and squids. They have two gills. Dibble. 

Di'cast (di'kast), n. [Gr. SiKao-nj?, fr. Siitd£eiv to 
judge, Si/oj right, judgment, justice.] A functionary in 
ancient Athens answering nearly to the modern juryman. 

Dice (dis), n. ; pi. of Die. 

Dice, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Diced (dist) ; 
n. Dicing.] 1. To play games with dice, 
ment with squares, diamonds, or cubes. 

II Di-cen'tra (dl-sen'tra), n. [NL. , f r. 
Gr. Si- = Sis twice + icevrpov spur.] 
(Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants, 
with racemes of two-spurred or heart- 
shaped flowers, including the Dutch- 
man's breeches, and the Bleeding heart. 

Di ceph/a-lOUS (dt-sef'a-lus), a. [Gr. 
SiKe'^aAos ; Si- =. Si's twice -j- ice^oXy 
head.] Having two heads on one body ; 
double-headed. [a gamester. 

Di'cer (dl'ser), n. A player at dice ; 

Di-chas'tlc (dl-kas'tlk), a. [Gr. 
Sixd£eiv to part asunder, fr. Si'xa in 
two, asunder, fr. Sis twice.] (Biol.) Dutchman's Breech- 
Capable of subdividing spontaneously, es (Dicentra cucid- 

Di'Chla-myd/e-OUS (dl'kla-mTd'e- tana). Reduced, 
us), a. [See Di-, and Chlamys.] (Bot.) Having two 
coverings, a calyx and a corolla. 

Di-chog'a-my (dt-kog'a-my), n. [Gr. Si'^a in two, 
asunder + yapcy; marriage.] (Bot.) The condition of 
certain plants in which the stamens and pistil do not 
mature simultaneously, — so that these plants can never 
fertilize themselves. — Di-ch0g'a-m0US (-a-mus), a. 

Di-chot'o-mize (-kot'o-miz), v. t. & i. [See Dichotc- 
mous.] To cut or divide into two parts ; to bisect. 

Di-chot'O-mous (-mus), a. [Gr. Sixoto^ios ; Si'xo asun- 
der -f T€>veii/ to cut.] Regularly dividing by pairs from 
bottom to top. — Di-chot'o-mous-ly, adv. 

Di-chot'O-my (-my), n. 1. A cutting in two ; a divi- 
sion. 2. Distribution of genera into two species or sub- 
ordinate parts. 3. (Aslron.) That phase of the moon in 
which it shows only half its disk. 4. (Biol.) Successive 




G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



1MCUK01SM 



246 



DIFFERENT 



diricion and mbdlTiaioo into two parts. 5. The place 
:. is forked. 6. (Logic) Divisiou 
nto two contradictory subclasses. 
to- ism (dHkrt-ls , in) 1 n. [Gr. fiixpoos two-col- 
ored ; 5»- = fi'« *"*©• + \P° a oolor.] (£>/>/.) The prop- 
resentmg different oolora by transmitted light, 
n two different directions. [dichroisin. I 
Di'chro-ite (dVkrt-It), ». i, .">///;.) lolite ; — from its) 
Di chxo-maflc (di kro-mSt'Ik), <». [Pref. di- + <7(;«- 

!l.i\ ing or exhibiting two colors. 
Dl-chro'mlc (dt-kro'mlk), a. [Gr. fit'xp<DMO« two-col- 
ored.] Giving two colors; — said of defective vision, in 
which all the compound colors are resolvable into two 
•laments instead of three. 
Di'chro-scope (-skop), n. [Gr. fit- r= fit's twice + 
.] An instrument for examining 
in crystals. 
Dick cis'sel (dTk-sTs's61), n. (Zobl.) The American 
blaek-throatod bunting. [gar euphemism. I 

Dick'ens (dlk'^nz), n. or interj. The devil ; — a vul- 1 
Dick'er v.dlk'er'l. n. [Prob. fr. LL. dacra ten ; akin 
(. j 1. Ton ; — esp. used of ten hides. [Obs.] 
2. A petty chaffering, barter, or exchange. [U. S/\ 
Dicker, v. i. & t. To negotiate a dicker. [U. £>.] 
Dick'ey I (->"). R. 1. A servant's seat behind a car- 
Dick'y ( riage. 2. A false shirt front. 3. A gen- 
tleman's shirt collar. [Local, U. S.] 

Di-clin'ic (di-klTn'ik), a. [Gr. fit- = fit's twice -f- 
K\Uta' to incline.] (Crystallog.) Having two of the in- 
I ions between the three axes oblique. 
Di'cro-tism (di'kro-tTz'm), n. [Gr. fit- = fits twice -f 
Kportii' to beat.] (Physiol.) A condition in which there 
are two beats or waves of the arterial pulse to each beat 
of the heart. — Di-crot'ic (dt-kr5t'ik), a. 
Dic'ta (dTk'ta), n. pi. See Dictum. 
Dic'tate (diktat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dictated ; p. 
pr. St rh. n. Dictating.] [L. dictare, p. p. -atus, freq. 
t to say.] 1. To tell or utter so that another 
may write down. 2. To say ; to utter ; to communicate 
authoritatively ; to impose. 

B 1 1 1 . — To suggest ; prescribe ; enjoin ; command ; 
point out ; urge ; admonish. 

Dic'tate, v. i. To dictate something. 
Dic'tate (dTk'tat), n. A statement delivered with au- 
thority ; an authoritative rule, principle, or maxim. 

Bj ii . — Command ; injunction ; direction ; suggestion ; 
impulse; admonition. 

Dic-ta'tlon (dlk-ta'shun), n. Act of dictating ; also, 
that which is dictated. 
Dic-ta'tor (-ter), n. 1. One who dictates. 2. One 

I with absolute authority. 
Die ta-tO'rl-al (dTk'ta-to'ri-al), a. Pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, a dictator. — Dic'ta-tO'li-al-ly, adv. — 
Die ta-to'ri-al-ness, n. 

Dic-ta'tor-ship (dlk-ta'ter-shTp), n. The office, or 

the term of office, of a dictator ; hence, absolute power. 

Dlc-ta'tress (dTk-ta'tres), n. A woman who dictates. 

Dic'tlon (dTk'shun), n. [L. dictio saying, word, fr. di- 

cere, dictum, to say ; akin to E. leach.'] Choice of words 

for expression of ideas ; mode of expression ; language. 

Syn. — Style ; phraseology. — Style relates both to lan- 
guage and thought; diction, to language only; phrase- 
ology, to the mechanical structure of sentences, or the 
. which they are phrased. 
Dic'tion-a-ry (dTk'shun-a-ry), n. A book containing 
Is or a class of words of a language, arranged alpha- 
betically and explained ; lexicon; vocabulary; wordbook. 
Dic'tum (dlk'tuni), n. ; pi. L. Dicta (-ta), E. Dictcms 
(-tfims). [L., neuter of dictus, p. p. of dicere to say.] 
1. An authoritative statement ; a dogmatic saying. 2. 
\ judicial opinion expressed by judges on a point 
not necessarily arising in the decision of the case. 
Did (did), imp. of Do. 

Di-daCtlc MT-dak'tYk), ) a. [Gr. fitfioucrt/cos, fr. fit- 
Dl-dac'tlc-al (-ti-kal), ] Sao-new to teach.] Fitted 
or Int ended to teach ; conveying instruction ; preceptive ; 
teaching tome moral lesson. — Di-dac'tlc-al-ly, adv. 
Di-dac'tics f'-tlks), n. The art or science of teaching. 
Di-dac'tyl Mt-d2k'til), n. [Gr. fit- = fits twice + 
b*KTvKo<. finger, toe.1 (Zodl.) An animal having only 
two^ digit*. - Di-dac'tyl-ous (-us), «. [chick, i 

¥}!&Y V * r r ' ]I ''^l/per or did'Sp-), n. (Zobl.) A dab- 1 
Did die, v t. [Etym. uncertain.] To cheat. (Colloq.l 
Dld'dler (-dler). n. A cheat. tfJolloq.l 
, , Di-del'pni-a Mt-dgPiT-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. fit- = 
uterus.] (Zobl.) The subclass of 
h includes the marsupials. 
Dl Jo(dPd*),n. ; P l. DlD08(^4z). [Etym. uncertain.] 
A khrewd brick ; an antic ; a caper. 



Didst (didst), the 2d pers. sing. imp. of Do. 

Di-duc'tlon (dt-duk'shun), n. [L. diductio, deriv. of 
d ( s . _|_ ducere to draw.] A drawing apart ; separation. 

Di-dym'1-um (dt-dlm'I-iim), n. [NL.,fr. Gr. fitfiv/uos 
twin.] (Chem.) A rare metallic (supposed) element, 
usually associated with cerium, whence its name. 

Did'y-mous (did'i-mus), a. [Gr. fitSv/u.os twofold, 
twin.] (Bot.) Growing in pairs or twins. 

Die (dl), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Died (did) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Dying.] [OE. deyen, dien, of Scand. origin.] 1. To 
cease to live ; to become dead. 2. To perish in any 
manner ; to become lost or extinct. 3. To sink ; to 
faint ; to pine ; to languish, with weakness, discourage- 
ment, love, etc. 4. To become as if dead in respect to 
some object of former interest or desire. 5. To become 
imperceptible ; to vanish ; to disappear gradually. 6. 
To become vapid, fiat, or spiritless, as liquor. 

Syn. — To expire ; decease ; perish ; depart ; vanish. 

Die, n. ; pi., in 1 and (usually) in 2, Dice (dis) ; in 3 
and 4, Ddss (diz). [F. de, fr. L. datus given, thrown, p. p. 
of dare to give, throw.] 1. A small cube, marked on its 



faces with spots from one to six, and used s*z? \ S^: 
in playing games by being thrown from a 
box. 2. Any small cubical or square 
body. 3. (Arch.) That part of a pedes- 
tal included between base and cornice ; 
the dado. 4. (Mach. ) (a) A metal block or plate (often 
one of a pair) so cut or made as to shape something by 
pressure or by a blow, (b) A perforated block, useZr-with 
a punch, for punching holes, etc. (c) A hollow, inter- 
nally threaded tool for cutting screw threads or bolts. 

Di'e-lec'tric (dFe-lek'trik), n. [Pref. dia- -f electric.'] 
(Elec.) Any substance or medium that transmits the 
electric force by a process different from conduction, as 
in the phenomena of induction. 

II Di-er'e-sis (di-er'e-sis), n. Same as Dlekesis. 

Die'sinking (dl'sT nk'ing), n. The process of engrav- 
ing dies. 

II Di'es non' (dl'ez non'). [L. dies non juridicus.] 
(Law) A day on which courts are not held, as Sunday. 

Die'stock 7 (di'stok'), n. A stock to hold the dies used 
for cutting screws. 

Di'et (dl'et), n. [F. diete, L. diaeta, fr. Gr. fiiWa 
manner of living.] 1. What is eaten and drunk habit- 
ually; food; victuals; fare. 2. A selected course of 
food. 3. [F. diete, LL. dieta, diaeta, an assembly, a 
day's journey ; the same word as L. diaeta, but with the 
sense changed by L. dies day.] A legislative or adminis- 
trative assembly in some countries of Europe ; a council. 

Di'et, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Dieted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Di- 
eting.] To feed ; to cause to eat and drink, esp. accord- 
ing to prescribed rules. 

Di'et, v. i. To eat, esp. according to prescribed rules. 

Di'e-ta'ri-an (di'e-ta'rT-an), n. One who diets. 

Di'et-a-ry (di'et-a-ry), a. Pert, to diet, or to dieting. 

Di'et-a-ry, n. A rule of diet ; allowance of food. 

Di'et-er (-er), n. One who diets. 

Di'e-tet'ic (di'e-tet'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to diet, 

Di'e-tet'ic-al (-T-kal), J or to dietetics. 

Di'e-tet'ics (-iks), n. That part of the medical or 
hygienic art which relates to diet or food ; rules for diet. 

Dif-far're-a'tion (dif-faVre-a'shun), n. [L. diffar- 
realio ; dif- = dis- -\-farreum a spelt cake.] An ancient 
Roman form of divorce. Cf. Conpabbeation. 

Differ (differ), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Ddtfered (-ferd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Differing.] [L. differre ; dif- == dis- 
-\-ferre to bear, carry.] I. To be or Stand apart ; to be 
unlike ; to be distinguished. 2. To be of unlike or op- 
posite opinion. 3. To have a quarrel ; to dispute. 

Syn. — To vary ; disagree ; dissent ; dispute ; contend ; 
oppose ; wrangle. — Both differ from and differ with are 
used in reference to opinions ; in other cases, expressing 
simple unlikeness, differ from is used. 

Difference (dif'fer-ens), n. 1. Act of differing ; 
state or measure of being different or unlike; distinc- 
tion ; dissimilarity ; unlikeness ; variation. 2. Disagree- 
ment in opinion ; dissension ; quarrel ; hence, cause of 
dissension ; matter in controversy. 3. That by which 
one thing differs from another ; distinguishing attribute 
or mark. 4. (Logic) Quality or attribute which is added 
to that of the genus to constitute a species. 5. (Math. ) 
The quantity by which one quantity differs from another. 

Syn. — Dissimilitude ; diversity ; variety ; contrariety ; 
variance ; contest ; contention ; dispute ; debate ; quar- 
rel ; wrangle ; strife. 

Dif fer-ence (dif f er-ens), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Differ- 
enced (-enst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Differencing.] To cause 
to differ ; to make different ; to distinguish. 

Dif fer-ent 0-fer-ent), a. 1. Distinct ; separate ; not 



:i «;, I, o, C, long ; &, g, I, 5, ft, 5., abort ; sen&te, Svent, tdea, obey, ftnite, ca.re, arm, ask, all, final. 



DIFFERENTIA 



247 



DIGNIFY 



Different 




the same ; other. 2. Of various or contrary nature, 
form, or quality ; unlike ; dissimilar. 

WST' Different is properly followed by J 
to is a common English colloquialism. 

II Dif'fer-en'ti-a (dif fer-gn'shi-a), n. ; pi. Differen- 
tly (-e). [L.] (Logic) The formal or distinguishing 
part of the essence of a species. 

Dif fer-en'tial (-shal), a. 1. Relating to or indicating 
a difference; creating a difference ; special. 2. (Math.) 
Of or pertaining to a differential, or to differentials. 
3. (Mech.) Relating to differences of motion or lever- 
age ; producing effects by such differences. 

Differential windlass, or Chinese windlass, a windlass whose 
barrel has two parts of different diameters. B 

Dif fer-en'tial, n. 1. (Math.) An incre- 
ment, usually an indefinitely small one, 
which is given to a variable quantity. 2. 
A small difference in rates which competing 
railroad lines, in establishing a common tar- 
iff, allow one of their number to make, in 
order to get a fair share of the business. 3. 
(Elec.) (a) One of two coils of conducting 
wire so related that they produce contrary 
polar action, (b) A form of conductor for 
dividing and distributing a current. 

Dif fer-en'tial-ly , adv. In the way of differentiation. 

Dif fer-en'ti-ate (-shi-at), v. t. 1. To effect a differ- 
ence in ; to specialize. 2. To express the specific dif- 
ference of ; to discriminate. 3. (3fath.) To obtain the 
differential, or differential coefficient of. 

Dif fer-en'ti-ate, v. i. (Biol.) To acquire a distinct 
and separate character. 

Dif f er-en ti-a'tion (-shT-a'shun), n. Act or process 
of differentiating. [differentiates. I 

Dif fer-en'ti-a'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, | 

Dif'fer-ent-ly (-ent-ly), adv. In a different manner. 

Difficult (dif'fi-kult), a. [From Difficulty.] 
1. Hard to do or to make ; beset with difficulty ; at- 
tended with labor, trouble, or pains. 2. Hard to man- 
age or to please. — Diffi-cult-ly, adv. — Dif/fi-cult- 
ness, n. 

Syn. — Painful ; crabbed ; perplexed ; laborious ; un- 
accommodating ; troublesome. See Arduous. 

Dif'fi-cul-ty (dlf'f l-kul-ty), n. [L. difficultas, fr. dif- 
flcilis difficult ; dif- = dis- -j- facilis easy, f r. facere to 
make, do.] 1. State of being difficult, or hard to do ; 
hardness ; arduousness. 2. Something difficult ; a thing 
hard to do or to understand ; obstacle ; impediment. 
3. A controversy ; disagreement. 4. Embarrassment 
of affairs, esp. financial affairs ; — usually in the plural. 

Syn. — Obstruction ; embarrassment ; perplexity ; ex- 
igency ; distress ; trouble ; trial ; objection ; cavil. 

Diffidence (dif'f l-dens), n. State of being diffident 
or distrustful ; now commonly, distrust of one's self or 
one's own powers. 

Syn.— Humility ; bashfulness; distrust; suspicion; 
doubt ; fear ; timidity ; apprehension ; hesitation. 

Diffident (dif'fi-dent), a. [L. diffidens, -entis, p. 
pr. of diffidere ; dif- =z dis- -}- fidere to trust; akin to 
fides faith.] Wanting confidence ; distrustful ; hesita- 
ting ; doubtful ; now usually, wanting confidence in one's 
self ; not self-reliant. — Diffi-dent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Distrustful ; modest ; bashful ; reserved. 

Dif f orni (dif form'), a. [Cf. F. difforme ; L. dis- + 
forma form.] Irregular in form ; hence, dissimilar. 

Diffract' (dif-frSkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dif- 
fracted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Diffracting.] [L. diffringere, 
p. p. -fr actus; dif- = dis- -f- j ranger e to break.] To 
break or separate into parts ; to deflect, or decompose 
by deflection, as light. 

Dil-frac'tion (-frak'shun), n. (Opt.) The deflection 
and decomposition into prismatic colors of light in pass- 
ing by the edges of opaque bodies or through narrow slits. 

Dif-frac'tive (-tlv), a. That produces diffraction. 

Dif-fran'chise (-frXn'chiz). See Disfranchise. 

Diffuse' (dif-fuz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ddtfused 
(-fuzd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Diffusing.] [L. diffundere, 
p. p. -fusus; dif- = dis--j-fundere to pour.] To pour 
out and cause to spread, as a fluid ; to cause to extend in 
all directions. 

Syn. — To expand; spread; circulate; extend; scat- 
ter ; disperse ; publish ; proclaim. 

Diffuse', v. i. To go or pass by spreading or diffusion. 

Diffuse' (-fus'), a. Poured out ; widely spread ; 
copious; full. Esp., of style, verbose; prolix. — Dif- 
fusely (-fusly), adv. — Dif-fuse'ness, n. 

Syn. — Prolix ; wide ; copious ; full. See Prolix. 

Diffused' (-fuzd'), a. Dispersed; loose; diffuse.— 
Dif-fus'ed-ly (-fu'zed-ly), adv. — Dif-fus'ed-ness, n. 



Dif-fus'er (dlf-f u'zer), n. Oue that diffuses. 

Dif-fu'si-ble (-zT-b'l), a. That may be diffused. — 
Dif fu'si bil'i-ty (-Mll-ty), Dif-fu'si ble-ness, n. 

Dif fu'sion (dlf-fu'zhun), n. 1. Act of diffusing, or 
state of being diffused. 2. (Physiol.) Act of passing 
through animal membranes, as in the distribution of 
poisons, gases, etc., through the body. 

Syn. — Extension ; spread ; propagation ; circulation ; 
expansion ; dispersion. 

Dif-fu'sive (dif-fu'stv), a. Having the quality of 
diffusing ; spreading widely ; diffuse ; prolix. — Dif-fu'- 
sive-ly, adv. — Dif-fu'sive-ness, n. 

Dig (dig), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dug (dug) or (Archaic) 
Digged (digd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Digging.] [OE. diggen ; 
perh. same word as diken, dichen. See Dike, Ditch.] 

1. To turn up, or delve in ; to open, loosen, or break up 
with a spade, or other instrument ; to pierce, open, or 
loosen, as if with a spade. 2. To get by digging. 3. To 
hollow out, as a well. 4. To thrust ; to poke. [Colloq.] 

Dig, v. i. To work with a spade or other like imple- 
ment ; to do servile work ; to delve. 
Dig, n. 1. A thrust ; a punch ; a poke. [Colloq.] 

2. A plodding and laborious student. [Cant, IT. S.] 
Di-gam'ma (di-gam'nia), n. [Gr. Slyawa. ; Sl- = Si? 

twice -f- ydfxfta letter T. It resembled two gammas 
placed one above the other.] (Gr. Gram.) A letter (F, 
p) of the Greek alphabet, which early fell into disuse. 

Di-gas'trlc (di-gas'trTk), a. [Gr. Sl- = fit's twice + 
ya&Trjp belly.] (Anat.) (a) Having two bellies ; biven- 
tral ; — applied to muscles fleshy at each end and with a 
tendon in the middle, (b) Pertaining to the digastric 
muscle of the lower jaw. 

Di-gest' (di-jesf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Digested; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Digesting.] [L. digerere, p. p. -gestus, 
to separate, arrange, dissolve, digest ; di- = dis- -\- gerere 
to bear, wear.] 1. To distribute or arrange method- 
ically ; to reduce to useful form. 2. (Physiol.) To sepa- 
rate (food) into the nutritive and non-nutritive elements ; 
to prepare for conversion into blood. 3. To think over 
and arrange in the mind. 4. (Chem.) To soften by 
heat and moisture. 5. (Med.) To dispose to suppurate. 

Di-gesf (di-jesf), v. i. To undergo digestion. 

Di'gest (dl'jest), n. That which is digested; esp., 
that which is worked over, classified, and arranged ; 
specif. (Law), a compilation of statutes or decisions ana- 
lytically arranged. 

Di-gest'er (-er), n. 1. One that digests. 2. A medi- 
cine or an article of food that aids digestion. 

Di-gest'i-ble (dT-jest'T-b'l), a. That may be digested. 
— Di-gest'i-bil'i-ty (-bll'T-ty), Di-gesfi-ble-ness, n. 

Di-ges'tion (di-jes'chun ; 106), n. 1. Act or process 
of digesting. Specif .: (a) Thoughtful consideration, (b) 
(Physiol.) The conversion of food, in the stomach and 
intestines, into soluble and diffusible products, capable 
of being absorbed by the blood. 2. (3Ied.) Suppuration. 

Di-gest'ive (di-jest'Tv), a. Pertaining to digestiou ; 
having the power to cause or promote digestion. 

Di-gest'ive, n. That which aids digestion. 

Dig'ger (dig'ger), n. One who, or that which, digs. 

Dig'ging (-ging), n. 1. Act or the place of exca- 
vating. 2. pi. Places where ore is dug, esp. gold. 3. 
pi. Region ; locality. [Loiv - ] 

Dight (dit), v. t. [AS. dihtan to dictate, arrange, fr. 
h.dictare. See Dictate.] To prepare ; to put in order ; 
hence, to dress ; to array ; to adorn. [Archaic] 

Dig'it (dij'it), n. [L. digitus finger ; origin uncertain.] 
1. (Zo'ol.) A finger or toe. 2. A finger's breadth, or 
three fourths of an inch. 3. (Math.) One of the ten 
figures, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, by which all numbers are 
expressed ; — from the use of the fingers in counting. 
4. (Astron.) One twelfth part of the diameter of the sun 
or moon. — Dig'i-tal (dTj'T-tal), a. 

Dlg'l-taliS (dij'i-ta'lis), n. [NL. ; — said to be so 
named from its finger-shaped corolla. ] 1. (Bot. ) A genus 
of plants including the foxglove. 2. (Med.) The dried 
leaves of the purple foxglove, used in heart disease. 

Dig'i-tate (dij'i-tat), Dig'i-ta'ted (-ta'ted), a. Char- 
acterized by digitation; specif. (Bot.), having leaflets 
arranged like the fingers of the hand, at the extremity 
of a stem or petiole. — Dig'i-tate-ly (-tat-ty), adv. 

Digi-ta'tion (dij'T-ta'shun), n. A division into fingers 
or fingerlike processes ; also, a fingerlike process. 

Dig'i-ti-form (dlj'T-tT-fSrm), a. Finger-shaped. 

Dig'i-ti-grade (dTj'T-tT-grad), a. [L. digitus finger, 
toe + gradi to walk.] (Zo'ol.) Walking on the toes. — n. 
A digitigrade animal, as the cat, etc. [nifying. I 

Dig ni-fi-ca'tion (dtg'nl-fT-ka'shiin), n. Act of dig-| 

Dig'ni-fy (dig'nT-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DiGNrFrED 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



DIGNITARY 



248 



DIMIDIATE 



nrn»] [OF. digniner,ir. 

I •'.. .'... r . L .< v\oith\ - -juare U» OOmp.), 

""..." v.,' • .kkt.l 1- invo.-i witl« dignity or honor ; to 
■ JJ | ,.';.., u u to ; to rlcvato : to honor. 

tdvanoe; adorn; ennoble. 
Dig'ni-ta-ry (dlg*nl-t*-ry), "• One who , 

siastical Kink. 
Dig ni-ty (-tj '■ • [*• dignitt, if- L. dignitas, iromdig- 
»•* worthy.] 1. But* of being worthy or honorable j ele- 
r character. 2. Nobleneas ; grandeur. 3. 
Berated rank ; high ortke ; preferment 4. Impreeaive- 
5 One holding high rank ; dignitary. 
Digraph (dPgraf), >i. [Gr. Si- = Sis twice -f -graph.] 
is or characters combined to express a single 
sound. — Di-graph'ic (dt-griflk), a. 
Di-gress' (dI«greo*X r. «'. [deep. A p. /'• Digressed 
. & vb. n. Digressing.] [L. digrtdi, p. 
.. i»; di- = <ii>- +■ (//(((/( to step, walk.] 1. To 
I am aside ; to deviate ; to swerve ; asp., to turn 
m the main theme or argument in writing or 
2. To transgress. [i?.J 
Di-gres'sion (di-gresh'un), n. 1. Act of digressing ; 
part of a discourse deviating from its main de- 
sigu or subject. 2. Transgression ; offense, [i?.] 
Di-gres'sion-al (-<d), «. Pertaining to, or having the 

r of, a digression. 
Dl-gressTve idl-greVI v), a. Departing from the main 

digressional. — Di-gress'ive-ly, adv. 
Di-he'dral t.dt-he\lr«l), a. [Gr. Si- = Si's twice -+- eSpa 

. fr. e&aQcu. to sit.] Having two plane faces. 

Dike (<fik), n. [AS. die dike, ditch ; akiu to D. dijk 

leadL] 1. A ditch ; a channel for water made 

by digging. 2. An embankment to prevent inundations ; 

a'levee. 3. (Geol.) A wall-like mass of mineral matter, 

rilling up fissures in the original strata. 

Dike, t • '. [.imp. & p. p. Diked (dikt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
?.. Diking.] 1. To surround or protect with a dike or 
bank. 2. To drain by a dike or ditch. 

Di lae'er-ate (dl-laVer-at or dt-), v. t. [L. dilacerare, 
p. p. -eta*. See Di-, and Lacerate.] To rend asunder ; 
to tear to pieces. — Di lac er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 

Di-lap'i-date (dl-iap'i-dat), v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. 
Dilapidated (-da'te'd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dilapidating 
(-da ting).] [L. dilapidate to scatter like stones ; di- = 
dis--\-lupidare to throw stones, lapis stone.] To bring 
or fall into a condition of decay or partial ruin ; to im- 
pair by waste and abuse. 
Di lap i da'tion (-da'shun), n. Act of dilapidating, I 
4 being dilapidated. [tion. | 

Di-lap'i-da'tor (-da'ter), n. One who causes dilapida- 
Di-lat'a-ble (dl-la'ta-b'l or dt-), a. That may be di- 
lated. - Dl-la'ta bil'i-ty (-bll'l-ty), n. 
Dil a ta'tion (dll'a-ta'shun), 7i. Dilation. 
Di-late' (dl-laV or dt-lat'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Di- 
lated (-lat'eM) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dilating (-lat'ing).] 
[L. dilatare ; either f r. di- = dis- -f- latus wide (see Lati- 
tude ) ; or fr. dilatus, used as p. p. of differre to separate. 
See Differ.] 1. To expand ; to distend ; to enlarge or 
iii all directions. 2. To enlarge upon. [i2.] 
. - To swell ; spread out ; amplify ; expatiate. 
Dilate', V. i. 1. To grow wide ; to swell or extend 
in all directions. 2. To speak copiously ; to dwell in 
narration. 
Di-lat'er f-er), n. One who, or that which, dilates. 
Di la'tion (da'shun), n. Act of dilating, or state of 
being dilated. [dilate. I 

Dilat'ive Mat'! v), a. Causing dilation ; tending to | 
Dl-lat'or MT-lafer or dt-), n. One that dilates. 
Dil'a-tO-ry/dTl'a-to-ryj, a. [L. dilatorius, fr. dilator a 
delayer, p. See Dilate.] 1. Inclined to de- 

ier or pot off what ought to be done at once ; given to pro- 
2. Marked by procrastination or delay. — 
Dil'a-to-ri-ly (-rf-lf), ndi . — Dil'a to ri-nesB, n. 

slow ; delaying ; sluggish ; inactive ; loitering ; 
behindhand ; backward ; procrastinating. See Slow. 
Dil'do fdll'do), n. (Bot.) A columnar cactaceous 

Indies (Cereus Swarlzii). 
DI lem'ma MMem'ma or dt-), n. [L. dilemma, Gr. 
£i = ci's twice + XaiLfiavew to take. See Lem- 
1 I './ An argument which presents an antago- 
i or more alternatives, each of which is 
ainst him. 2. A vexatious alterna- 
a difficult choice or position. 
DU et tant' ■ n. A dilettante. 

' ; t-t5ii'ta or de'lat-tan'ta), n. ; pi. 

yn-*m prop. p. pr. of dilelt'trc to delight 

light, v. <.] A lover of the 

"■* ■** ; m amateur ; esp., one who follows 



an art or a branch of knowledge desultorily, or for 
amusement only. 

Dil et-tan'te-ism (dTl/gt-t5u'ta-Tz'm or de'lat-tan'ta- 
-Iz'm), n. Quality of being a dilettante ; desultory pur- 
suit of art, science, or literature. 

Diligence (dll'i-jeus), n. Quality of being diligent. 

II Di li-gence' (de'le-zhaNs'), n. [F.] A four-wheeled, 
public stagecoach, used in France. 

Dil'i-gent (dYl'I-jent), a. [F., fr. L. diligens, p. pr. 
of diligere, dilectum, to esteem highly, prefer ; di- = dis- 
+ legere to choose.] 1. Prosecuted with careful atten- 
tion and effort. 2. Interestedly and perseveringly at- 
tentive ; steady and earnest in application to a subject or 
pursuit. — Dil'i-gent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Active ; assiduous ; sedulous ; laborious ; perse- 
vering ; attentive ; heedful ; careful ; industrious. In- 
duMrious implies an habitual devotion to labor for some 
valuable end, as knowledge, property, etc. ; diligent im- 
plies earnest, but not necessarily long-continued, appli- 
cation to some specific object or pursuit. A lazy man 
may be diligent on occasions. 

Dill (dil), n. [AS. dile; akin to G. dill.] (Bot.) An 
herb, the seeds of which are moderately warming, pun- 
gent, and aromatic. 

Dil-lu'ing (dll-lu'Ing), n. (dfin.) A process of sort- 
ing ore by washing in a hand sieve. [stagecoach. I 

Dil'ly (dTl'ly), n. [Contr. f r. Diligence.] A kind of | 

Dil'ly-daHy (-dSl'ly), v. i. [See Dally.] To loiter 
or trifle ; to waste time. 

Dil'u-ent (dil'u-eut), a. [See Dilute.] Diluting ; 
making thinner or weaker by admixture, esp. of water. 
— 7i. That which dilutes ; specif. (Med.), an agent used 
for effecting dilution of the blood ; a weak drink. 

Di-lute' (di-luf), v. t..& i. limp. &p.p. Diluted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Diluting.] [L. dilutus, p. p. of diluere to 
wash away, dilute ; di- = dis- -f- luere, equiv. to lavare 
to wash, lave.] 1. To make or become thinner or more 
liquid by admixture with something. 2. To diminish in 
strength, flavor, color, etc. , by mixing ; to reduce, esp. 
by the addition of water. 
* Di-lute', a. Diluted ; thin ; weak. — Di-lute'ness, n. 

Di-lut'er (-lu'ter), n. One that dilutes. [diluted. I 

Di lu'tion (-shun), n. Act of diluting ; state of being | 

Di-lu'vi-al (di-lu'vT-al), a. [L. diluvialis, fr. dilu- 
vium.] 1. Of or pertaining to a flood or deluge, esp. to 
the great deluge in the days of Noah; diluvian. 2. 
(Geol.) Effected or produced by a flood or deluge of 
water ; — said of coarse and imperfectly stratified depos- 
its along water courses. 

Di-lu'vi-an (-an), a. Same as Diluvial, 1. 

Di-lu'vi-um (-um), n. ; pi. E. -viums (-umz), L. -via 
(-a). [L. See Dilute.] (Geol.) A deposit of superficial 
loam, sand, gravel, stones, etc., caused by former action 
of flowing waters, or the melting of glacial ice. 

Dim (dim), a. ICompar. Dimmer (-mer) ; superl. 
Dimmest (-niest).] [AS. dim ; akin to Icel. dimmr.] 1. 
Not bright or distinct ; obscure in luster or sound ; dull ; 
dusky. 2. Of obscure vision ; hence, dull of apprehension. 

Syn. — Dark; mysterious; sullied; tarnished. 

Dim, v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Dimmed (dimd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Dimming.] 1. To render or grow dim, obscure, or 
dark ; to darken ; to dull. 2. To deprive of or lose dis- 
tinct vision ; to darken the senses or understanding of. 

Dime (dim), n. [F. dime tithe, OF. disme, fr. L. de- 
cimus the tenth, fr. decern ten.] A silver coin of the 
U. S. , of the value of ten cents ; the tenth of a dollar. 

Di-men'sion (dT-mgn'shiin), n. [L. dimensio, fr. di- 
mensus, p. p. of dimetiri to measure out ; di- = dis- 
-f- metiri to measure.] 1. Measure in a single line, as 
length, breadth, height, thickness, or circumference ; — 
usually, in the plural, measure in length and breadth, or 
in length, breadth, and thickness ; extent ; size. 2. Ex- 
tent ; scope; importance. 3. (Math.) The degree of 
manifoldness of a quantity. 4. (Alg.) A literal factor, 
as numbered in characterizing a term. 5. pi. (Phys.) 
The manifoldness with which the fundamental units of 
time, length, and mass are involved in determining the 
units of other physical quantities. 

Di-men'sion-al (-ol), a. Pertaining to dimension. 

Di-men'sive (-sTv), a. Marking dimensions. 

Dim'er-OUS (dim'er-us), a. [Gr. 8i- + /uepos part.] 
Composed of, or having, two parts of each kind. 

Dim'e-ter (-e-ter), a. [L. dimeter, Gr. fit>cTpos ; St- = 
Sis twice + nerpov measure.] Having two poetical meas- 
ures or meters. — n. A verse of two meters. 

Di-mid'i-ate (dT-mid , T-at), a. [L. dimidialus, p. p. 
of dimidiare to halve, fr. dimidius half. See Demi-.] 
Divided into two equal parts. Specif. : (Biol.) (a) Con- 
sisting of only one half of what the normal condition 



a, e, 1,0,0, long ; a. 6, 1, 6, H, y, short ; senate, 8vent, idea, obey, finite, ca\re, arm, ask, all, final. 



DIMIDIATE 



249 



DIORAMA 



requires; appearing to lack one half. (6) Having the 
organs of one side, or half, different in function from the 
corresponding organs on the other side. 

Di-mid'i-ate (di-nnd'i-at), v. t. To divide into two 
equal parts. [being dimidiate. I 

Di-mid/i-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. A dimidiating ; state of | 

Di-min'ish (dl-inTn'ish), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. 
Diminished (-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Diminishing.] [Pref. 
di- (r=L. dis-) + minish. See Dis-, and Minish.] 1. To 
make or become smaller in extent, size, amount, etc. 2. 
To lessen in authority or dignity. 3. (Mm.) To make 
smaller by a half step ; to make (an interval) less than 
minor. 4. To take away ; to subtract. 

Syn. — To decrease ; lessen ; abate ; reduce ; contract ; 
curtail ; impair ; degrade. See Decrease. 

Di-min'ish-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be diminished. 

Di-min'ish-er (-er), n. One that diminishes. 

Di-minu-en'do (di-min'u-en'do ; It. de-me'nod-an'- 
do), adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a gradually 
diminishing manner ; decrescendo ; — 
expressed on the staff by Dim., or Di- 
min., or the sign. Diminuendo. 

Dim 1-nu'tion (dlm'i-nu'shun), n. 1. 
Act of diminishing ; state of being diminished. 2. (Law) 
Omission, inaccuracy, or defect in a record. 

Syn. — Decrease ; decay ; abatement ; reduction ; de- 
duction; decrement. 

Di-min'U-ti'val (dl-min'u-ti'val), a. Indicating dim- 
inution ; diminutive. — n. A diminutive. 

Di min'u-tive (dT-inin'u-tiv), a. 1. Below the aver- 
age size ; very small ; little. 2. Expressing diminution. 
3. Tending to diminish. [P.] — Di-min'U-tive-ly, adv. 
— Di-min'u-tive-ness, n. 

Di-min'u-tive, n. 1. Something of very small size or 
value. 2. (Gram.) A derivative from a noun denoting a 
small or a young object of the same kind with that de- 
noted by the primitive ; also, sometimes, a derivative 
verb expressing a diminutive or petty form of the action. 

Dim'ish (dim'ish), a. See Dimmish. 

Dim'is-SO-ry (dTm'is-so-ry), a. [L. dimissorius, fr. 
dimittere, p. p. -missus, to send away, let go ; di- = dis- 
-f- mittere to send.] Sending away; dismissing to an- 
other jurisdiction ; granting leave to depart. 

Dim'i-ty (dlm'i-ty), n. [Prob. fr. Gr. St>iros of dou- 
ble thread, dimity ; fit- = fit's twice + /ui'tos a thread of 
the warp.] A stout kind of cotton fabric. 

Dim'ly, adv. In a dim or obscure manner. 

^SK Somewhat dim. 

Dim'ness, n. State or quality of being dim ; dullness. 

Di'morph' (di'mSrf), n. [Gr. fit>op$os two-formed ; 
fit's twice (see Di-) + popcprj form.] (Crystallog.) Either 
one of the two forms of a dimorphous substance. 

Di-mor'phic (di-ni6r'fik), a. Dimorphous. 

Di-mor'phism, n. Quality of being dimorphous. 

Di-mor'phOUS (-fus), a. 1. (Biol.) Characterized by 
dimorphism ; occurring under two distinct forms, not de- 
pendent on sex. 2. (Crystallog.) Crystallizing under 
two forms fundamentally different, while having the 
same chemical composition. 

Dim'ple (dim'p'l), n. [Prob. a nasalized dim. of dip.] 

1. A slight natural depression or indentation on the sur- 
face of some part of the body, esp. on the cheek or chin. 

2. A slight indentation or depression on any surface. 
Dim'ple, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Dimpled (-p'ld) ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. Dimpling (-pling).] To form dimples. 

Dim'ple, v. t. To mark with dimples. 

Dim'ply (-pty), a. Full of dimples ; dimpled. 

Din (din), n. [AS. dyne, dyn; akin to Icel. dynr, 
and to AS. dynian to resound, Icel. dynja to pour down 
like hail or rain.] A loud, continuous, rattling or clang- 
ing sound ; clamor ; roar. 

Din, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dinned (dind) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Dinning.] 1. To strike with, or give forth, a con- 
fused or clanging sound ; to stun with loud and contin- 
ued noise. 2. To repeat noisily ; to ding. 

Di'nar (di'ner or de-nar'), n. [Ar. dinar, from Gr. 
firji/dptoi', fr. L. denarius.] 1. A petty money of ac- 
count of Persia. 2. An ancient gold coin of the East. 

Dine (din), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dined (dind) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Dining.] [F. diner, OF. disner, LL. disnare ; 
deriv. of L. dis- -f- jejunare to fast, f r. jejitnus f asting. 
See Jejune.] To eat the principal regular meal of the 
day ; to take dinner. 

Dine, v. t. To give a dinner to ; to feed. 

Din'er (din'er), n. One who dines. 

Ding (ding), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dinged (dingd), 
Dang (Obs.), or Dung (Obs.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dinging.] 




[OE. dingen, dengen; akin to AS. dencgan to knock, 
Icel. deny j a to beat, hammer, G. dengeln.] 1. To throw 
violently. [Obs.~\ 2. To cause to sound or ring. 

Ding (ding), v. i. 1. To strike ; to pound. [Obs.] 
2. To sound, as a bell ; to ring ; to clang. 3. To talk 
with vehemence ; to reiterate. 

Ding, n. A thump or stroke, especially of a bell. 

Ding'dong' (dlug'd5ng' ; 115), n. The souud of re- 
peated strokes on a metallic body, as a bell ; any loud, 
repeated and monotonous sound. 

Din'gey (din'gy), Din'gy, Din'ghy, n. [Bengalee 
dingi.] 1. A kind of boat used in the East Indies. 

2. A ship's smallest boat. 

Din'gi-ly (din'jl-lj), adv. In a dingy manner. 

Din'gi-ness, n. Quality of being dingy ; a dusky hue. 

Din'gle (din'g'l), n. [Of uncertain origin.] A nar- 
row dale ; a small, secluded, and embowered valley. 

Din'gy (din'jy), a. [Compar. Dingiee (-jl-er) ; superl. 
Dingiest.] [Prob. fr. Dung.] Soiled ; sullied ; of a dark 
or dusky color ; dark brown ; dirty. 

Din'ner (din'ner), n. [F. diner, fr. diner to dine. 
See Dine.] 1. The principal meal of the day. 2. An 
entertainment ; a feast. 

II Di-noc'e-ras (di-noVe-r£s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fietvos 
terrible + /ce'pas, -aros, horn.] (Paleon.) A genus of 
large extinct eocene mammals from Wyoming. 

II Di-nor'nis (dt-n6r'nis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Setvos ter- 
rible + Spi>is bird.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct, os- 
trichlike birds of gigantic size. See Moa. 

Di'no-saur (dl'no-sar), ) n. [Gr. fieti/6s + craupos 

Di no-sau'ri-an (-sa'rl-an), ) lizard.] (Paleon.) One 
of the Dinosauria, an order of extinct mesozoic reptiles, 
mostly of large size. 

Di'no-there (dl'no-ther), \ n. [NL. dinotherium , 

II Di no-the'ri-um (-the'ri-um), ) fr. Gr. fieiyos + 
OrjpCov beast.] (Paleon.) A large ,1-^ 
extinct mammal from the mio- 
cene beds of Europe and Asia. 

Dint (dint), n. [AS. dynt ; 
akin to Icel. dyntr a dint, dynta 
to dint.] 1. A blow ; a stroke. 
[Obs.] 2. The mark left by a 
blow ; an indentation ; a dent. 

3. Force ; power ; — esp. in the 
phrase by dint of. 

Dint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dinted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Dinting.] To make a mark or cavity on or in, by a blow 
or by pressure ; to dent. 

Di-OC'e-san (dt-os'e-san or di'o-se'san), a. Of or pert, 
to a diocese. — n. A bishop, viewed in relation to his 
diocese ; also, in pi. , the clergy or the people of a diocese. 

Di'o-cese (dl'o-ses), n. [OF. diocise, L. dioecesis, fr. 
Gr. SiotKTjeris housekeeping, administration, a province, a 
diocese, fr. fitot/ceti/ to keep house, manage ; fitdi through 
+ ot/ceti/ to manage a household, o!kos a house.] (Ecel.) 
The district in which a bishop exercises authority. 

Di'O-don (di'6-don), n. [Gr. fit- = fit's twice -j- ofiovs, 
oSovtos, a tooth.] (Zool.) A 
genus of spinose, plectognath 
fishes, having the teeth of 
each jaw united into a single 
beaklike plate. They are able 
to inflate the body. 

Di-ce'cian (dt-e'shan), ) 

(Biol.) Having the sexes in two separate individuals. 

Di'O-ny'sian (dl'o-nish'an), a. Relating to Dion ysius, 
a monk of the 6th century ; as, the Dionysian, or Chris- 
tian, era. 

HDi-op'tre (de-op'tr'), n. [F. See 2d Dioptric] 
(Optics) A unit of refractive power equal to that of a 
glass whose principal focal distance is one meter. 

Di-op'tric (dt-op'trik), a. (Optics) Of or pertaining 
to the dioptre. — n. A dioptre. 

Di-op'tlic (dt-op'trik), ) a. [Gr. Sio7rrpiKos belong- 

Di-op'tric-al (-tri-kol), ( ing to the use of the 5t- 
07i-Tpa a kind of instrument for taking altitudes, etc. ; 
fit- = fita through + the root of o^op-at I shall see.] Of 
or pertaining to dioptrics ; assisting vision by means of 
the refraction of light ; refractive. 

Di-op'trics (dt-op'triks), n. (Optics) That part of 
geometrical optics which treats of the laws of the refrac- 
tion of light in passing from one medium into another, 
or through different mediums, esp. different lenses.^ 

Di'o-ra'ma (dl'6-ra/ma or -ra'ma), n. [Gr. fitopav to 
see through ; fit- = fita through -f- opav to see.] 1. A 
mode of scenic representation in which a painting is seen 



Restoration of 
rium. 




G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cuair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DIOKAMIC 



250 



DIRECTION 



> 



> 



Di 



i-uiiig. 2. A building 

taiuing to a diorama. 

: lir. fiiopt£<"' to dls- 

ts ixx k. crystalline in struc- 

ttu*. comitting easeuti.i'.'.v of a feldspar aud hornblende. 

Di ox Me ri-oks'Id -i;.'.-. (Chem.) An oxide with 

t ., .: Ml of oxygen in each molecule. 

Dip l 'ippkd (dipt) or Dipt 

. iixG.] [AS. dyppan ; akin 

..'■•. to bap; ■ and to E. dive] 1. 

To plunge or immerse; esp., to insert into a fluid and 

a again. 2- To immerse for baptism. 3. To 

by thrusting in and withdrawing a ladle, dipper, 

pail, or the like. 

To dip «noff, to take snuff by rubbing it on the gums and 

'. 8.] 
Dip. t . i. 1. To immerse one's self. 2. To perform 
u of one who dips out anything. 3. To penetrate 
: to enter cursorily; to partake limitedly. 4. 
■ • downward from the plane of the horizon. 5. 
- Ihern U. S.] 
Dip. . 1. Action of dipping or plunging for a moment 
into a liquid. 2. Inclination downward ; slope ; pitch. 

Dip of the horizon (Astron.), the angular depression 
of the seen or visible horizon below the true or natural 
horizon. — Dip of the needle, or Magnetic dip, the angle 
formed, in a vertical plane, by a freely suspended mag- 
netic needle. 
Dip'chlck (dlp'chlk'), n. (Zobl.) See Dabchick. 
Diph tne'ri-a (dif-the'ri-a or dip-), n. [XL., fr. Gr. 
takrii in the sense of 7netnbrane).~\ {Med.) A very dan- 
gerous contagious disease in which the air passages, esp. 
the throat, become coated with a false membrane. — 
Diph the-rit'ic ulif'the-rit'ik or dip/-), a. 
Diph'thong (dif'thSng or dip'- ; 115), n. [L. diph- 
Gr. 5t<£0oyyos ; fit- = fit's twice -j- 4>66yyos voice, 
sound, fr. $6iyyeoGai to utter a sound.] (Orthoepy) (a) 
A coalition or union of two vowel sounds pronounced in 
D out ; — called a proper diphthong. 
I iph. — Diph-thon'gal (gal), a. 
Diph'thong-ize <dlf'th5ng-iz), v. t. & i. To change 

ample vowel. 
Diph y-gen'ic i-T-jgulk), a. [Gr. fit^injs double -f 
.) Having two modes of embryonic de- 
cent. 
Diph'yl-lous MTFTl-lus or dt-fll'-), a. [Gr. fit- = fits 
twice -;- <£vAAoi> leaf.] (Bot.) Having two leaves. 

Diph'y-O-dont (dlf'I-o-dont), a. [Gr. fii<J>t/7js double 
(fit- = fit's twice -f- tyeiv to produce) + ofiou's, ofidfTos, 
tooth.] (Anat.) Having two successive sets of teeth 
(deciduous and permanent), one succeeding the other. 

Dip'lo-e (dtp'ln-e,,, n. [XL., fr. Gr. Stirkor, fold, fr. 

fiijrAoos twofold, double.] (Anal.) The soft, spongy, or 

between the plates of the skull. 

Di-plo'ma I di-plo'ma), n. [L., fr. Gr. fitVAa>/xa, deriv. 

of ot-rAoos twofold.] A writing conferring some privi- 

nor, or power ; esp., a document bearing record of 

a literary or scientific degree, or of some title. 

Di-plo'ma-cy (sf), n. [F. diplomatic See Diploma.] 
1. The art and practice of conducting negotiations be- 
tween nations, esp. in securing treaties. 2. Skill in se- 
curing advantages ; tact. 3. The diplomatic body. \_R.~] 
Diplo-mat (dlpaS-niSt), Dip^o-mate (-mat), n. A 

diplomatist. 
Dip lo-mat'ic (-mStTk), \a. 1. Pertaining to diplo- 
Dip lo-mat'iC-al (-i-kal), j macy ; relating to the 
rs at a court. 2. Characterized by tact 
• wdness; dexterous; artful. 3. Pertaining to 
tics; paleographic. — Dip / lo-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. 
Dip lo-mat'ic />. A minister, official agent, or envoy 
to a foreign court ; a diplomatist. 
Dip lo-mat'ics (-Iks;, n. Science of deciphering an- 
miwiiU, determining their age, authenticity, 
phy. 
Di-plo'ma-tlsmC'iT-plo'ma-tlz'm)^. Diplomacy, [i?.] 
Dl-plo'ma-ti8t<'-ti- ; t;, a. A person employed or skilled 

Di plo'pi-a (-pT-4), n. [NX., fr. Gr. SmtAoos double -f 

Med.) Act or state of seeing double. 

Dip lo-Btem'o-noufl (dtp'lo-ste'iii'o-nus or -ste'mo- 

double + (TTrnjju>v a thread.] (Bot.) 

■stamens as petals, as the geranium. 

DIp'no-i <<M\/iA-i or -noi), n. pi. [XL., fr. Gr. fit- 

kth two breathing apertures; fit- = fit's twice + 

Z .) A group of ganoid fishes which 

; proximation to the Amphibia. 

Dlp'o-dy (dl ' Gr. fitTrofit'a, deriv. of fit- = 





fits- twice + ttovs foot.] (Pros.) Two metrical feet taken 
together, or included in one measure. [netic bar. I 

Dipolar (.dt-po'ler), a. Having two poles, as a mag-| 

Dip'per (dlp'pSr), n. 1. One that dips ; esp., a sort 
of ladle. 2. (Zobl.) (a) The dabchick. (6) The buffel 
duck. (c) The water ousel of 
Europe, (d) The American ousel. 

The Dipper (Astro*.), the seven 
principal stars in the constella- 
tion of the Great Bear. They 
outline in the form of a dipper. 

Dip'ping. p. pr. & vb. n. of 
Dip, v. 

Dipping needle, a magnetic 
needle suspended at its center of Dipper (•' d) 

gravity, and moving freely in a (Cinclus Mexicanus). 
vertical plane. 

Dip'sas (dlp'sSs), n. [L., fr. Gr. St^as, fr. 5t'>//a thirst.] 
1. A serpent whose bite was fabled to produce intense 
thirst. 2. (Zobl.) A genus of harmless colubrine snakes. 

Dip so-ma'nl-a (dip/so-uia'nT-a), n. [XL., fr. Gr. 
fit'i|/a thirst + ixavia. mania.] (Med..) A morbid and un- 
controllable craving for drink, esp. for alcoholic liquors. 

Dip so-ma'ni-ac (-ak), n. One who has dipsomania. 

i Dip'te-ra (dlp'te-ra), 7i. pi. [NL.. fr. Gr. fitVrepos 
with two wings ; fit- = fit's twice + nrepov feather, wing.] 
(Zobl.) An extensive order of insects having only two 
functional wings and two balancers, as the house fly. 

Dip'ter-al (dip'ter-al), a. 

1. (Zobl.) Dipterous. 2. 
(Anc. Arch.) Having a double ! 
row of columns on each of the 
flanks, as well as in front and 
rear ; — said of a temple. 

Dip'ter-ous (-us), a. 1. 
(Zobl.) Having two wings, as 
certain insects ; belonging to One of the Diptera (Horse- 
the order Diptera. 2. (Bot.) fl ,v> Tabanus lineola). Nat. 
Having two winglike processes. slze " 

Dip'tote (dip'tot), n. [Gr. fitTrTwos ; fit- = fits -j- 
7tto>t6s falling.] (Gram.) A noun with only two cases. 

Dip'tych (dtp'tik), n. [L. diptycha, pi., fr. Gr. fit- 
tttvxos folded, doubled ; fit- = fit's twice -j- irrvaaeii/ to 
fold.] 1. Anj-thing consisting of two leaves or folds. 
Esp. : (a) (Roman Antiq.) A writing tablet consisting of 
two leaves connected by hinges, (b) A picture or series 
of pictures painted on two tablets connected by hinges. 

2. A catalogue of ecclesiastics and benefactors of the 
church arranged in two classes, the living and the dead. 

Dire (dlr), a. [Compar. Dr&EK(-er) ; superl. Direst.] 
[L. dirus ; of uncertain origin-] 1- Ill-boding ; portent- 
ous. 2. Evil in a great degree ; dreadful. 

Di-rect' (di-rekt'), a. [L. directus. p. p. of dirigere to 
direct. See Dress.] 1. Straight ; not crooked, oblique, 
or circuitous ; leading by the short or shortest way to a 
point or end. 2. Straightforward ; not swerving from 
truth and openness ; sincere ; outspoken. 3. Immedi- 
ate ; express ; plain ; unambiguous. 4. In the line of 
descent ; not collateral. 5. (Astron.) Id. the direction of 
the general planetary motion, or from west to east. 

Direct examination (Law), the first examination of a wit- 
ness in the orderly course, upon the merits. — Direct tax, 
a tax assessed directly on lands, etc., and polls, distin- 
guished from taxes on merchandise, or customs, and from 
excise. 

Di-rect' (dT-rekf), v. t. limp. & p.p. Directed ; p. 
pr. <£ vb. n. Directcs-g.] 1. To arrange in a direct or 
straight line ; to point ; to aim. 2. To cause to take a 
certain course or direction by pointing out or showing 
the way ; to guide. 3. To determine the direction or 
course of. 4. To point out to with authority ; to com- 
mand. 5. To put an address or direction upon. 

Syn. — To guide ; lead ; conduct : dispose ; manage ; 
regulate ; order ; instruct ; command. 

Di-rect' (di-rekt'), V. i. To give direction. 

Di-rect', n. (Mus.) A character; [\\~\, placed at 
the end of a staff on the same line or space as the first 
note of the next staff. 

Di-rect'er (-er), n. One who directs ; a director. 

Di-rec'tion (di-rek'shun), n. 1. Act of directing, or of 
aiming, regulating, guiding, or ordering. 2. That which 
is imposed by directing ; a guiding or authoritative 
instruction. 3. Name and residence of a person to whom 
anything is sent, written upon the thing sent ; super- 
scription ; address. 4. Line or course upon which any- 
thing is moving or aimed to move, or in which anything 
is lying or pointing ; line or point of tendency. 5. The 
body of managers or of directors of a corporation, etc. 

Syn. — Administration : guidance ; management : su- 
perintendence ; oversight ; government ; order ; com- 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, 6, 1, d, H, f, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, 6bey, finite, ca,re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



DIRECTIVE 



251 



DISAPPOINT 



mand ; guide ; clue. — Control is negative, denoting 
power to restrain ; command is positive, implying a right 
to enforce obedience ; directions are commands contain- 
ing instructions how to act. Order conveys more promi- 
nently the idea of authority than the word direction. 

Di-rect'ive (dT-r6kt'Tv), a. 1. Able or tending to 
direct; guiding; governing. 2. Manageable. [Obs.'] 

Di-rect'ly, adv. 1. In a direct manner ; in a straight 
line or course. 2. Without anything intervening ; not 
by secondary means. 3. Without ambiguity ; in ex- 
press terms ; expressly. 4. Exactly ; just. 5. Straight- 
forwardly ; honestly. 6. Straightway ; next in order ; 
immediately. 7. Immediately after ; as soon as ; — a 
use of the word common in colloquial speech in England, 
but hardly to be regarded as well sanctioned by writers. 

Syn. — Forthwith ; instantly ; soon ; promptly. 

Di-rect'ness (dT-rgkt'nSs), n. Quality of being direct. 

Di-rect'or (-er), n. 1. One who directs ; esp., one of 
a body of persons appointed to manage the affairs of a 
company or corporation. 2. That which directs ; esp. , a 
part of a machine or instrument which guides its action. 

Di-rect'o-rate (-6-rat), n. Office of director ; also, a 
body of directors. 

Di-rec-tO'ri-al (dT-rgk-to'rT-al), a. 1. Directory ; man- 
datory. 2. Pertaining to a director or directory. 

Di-rect'or-ship (di-rekt'er-slnp), n. Office of a di- 
rector ; directorate. [directorial. I 

Di-recfo-ry (dT-rekt'6-ry), a. Containing directions ; | 

Di-rect'O-ry, n. 1. A collection or body of directions, 
rules, or ordinances ; esp., a book of directions for the 
conduct of worship. 2. A book containing the names, 
residences, etc., of the inhabitants of any place, or of 
any class of persons ; an address shook. 3. A body of 
directors ; board of management ; esp., an executive 
committee in France under the first republic. 

Dl-rect'ress, n. A woman who directs. 

Di-recfrix (-riks),«. ; pi. E. Dikectrixes (-ez), L. Di- 
rectrices (-ri-sez). 1. A directress. \_R.~] 2. (Geom.) 
(a) A line along which a point in another line moves, or 
which in any way governs the motion of a point line or 
surface and determines the position of the curve, sur- 
face, or solid generated. (6) A straight line so situated 
with respect to a conic section that the distance of any 
point of the curve from it has a constant ratio to the 
distance of the same point from the focus. 

Dire'ful (dir'ful), a. Dire ; dreadful ; terrible ; ca- 
lamitous; woeful.— Dire'ful-ly, adv.— Dire'ful-ness, n. 

Dire'ly, adv. In a dire manner. 

Dire'ness (dir'nes), n. The quality of being dire. 

Di-rep'tion (di-rep'shun), n. [L. direptio, fr. di- 
ripere to tear asunder, plunder ; di- = dis- -\- rapere to 
seize and carry off.] Act of plundering ; a despoiling. 

Dirge (derj), n. [Contr. of Lat. dirige direct thou, 
the first word of a funeral hymn (Lat. transl. of Psalm 
v. 8) beginning, " Dirige, Domine, in conspectu tuo vitam 
meam.'''' See Direct, a.] A mournful piece of music, 
to accompany funeral rites ; a funeral hymn. • 

Dir'i-ge (dir'i-je), n. [L. See Dirge.] A service 
for the dead, in the Roman Catholic Church. 

Dir'i-gent (-jent), a. [L. dirigens, p. pr.] Directing. 
— n. (Geom.) A directrix. 

Dir'i-gi-ble (-ji-b'l), a. Capable of being directed. 

Dirk (derk), n. [Ir. duirc.~\ A kind of dagger or pon- 
iard, formerly much used by the Scottish Highlanders. 

Dirk, v. t. To stab with a dirk. 

Dirt (dert), n. [OE. drit ; akin to Icel. drit dung, AS. 
gedriian.~\ 1. Any foul or filthy substance, as excre- 
ment, mud, dust, etc. ; whatever, adhering to anything, 
renders it foul or unclean. 2. Meanness; sordidness. 
3. In placer mining, earth, gravel, etc., before washing. 

To eat dirt, to submit basely to insults. 

Dirt, v. t.^ To make foul or filthy ; to dirty. 

Dirt'y (der'ty), a. {Compar. Dirtier (-ti-er) ; superl. 
Dirtiest.] 1. Defiled with dirt ; not clean or pure ; 
serving to defile. 2. Sullied; clouded ;— applied to 
color. 3. Sordid ; base ; groveling. 4. Sleety ; gusty ; 
stormy. — Dirt'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. — Dirt'i-ness, n. 

Syn. -Nasty; filthy; foul. 

Dirt'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dirtied (der'tid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Dirtying.] 1. To foul ; to make filthy ; to 
soil. 2. To tarnish ; to sully ; to scandalize. 

Di-rup'tion (dl-rup'shun), n. Disruption. 

Dis- (dYs- or dTz-; 258). 1. A prefix from the 
Latin, whence F. des, or sometimes de-, dis-. The Latin 
dis- appears as di- before b, d, g, I, m, n, r, v, becomes 
dif- before/, and either dis- or di- before,/. It is from 
the same root as bis twice, and duo, E. two. See Two, 
and cf. Bi-, Di-, Dia-. Dis- denotes separation, a part- 
ing from, as in distribute, disconnect ; hence it often has 



the force of a privative and negative, as in disarm, 
disoblige, disagree. Also intensive, as in disannul, 
dissever. 2. A prefix from Gr. fit's twice. See Di-. 

Dis'a-bil'i-ty (dTs'a-bTl'I-ty), n. 1. State of being 
disabled ; absence of competent physical, intellectual, or 
moral power, means, fitness, or the like. 2. Want of 
legal qualification to do a thing. 

Syn. — Weakness ; inability ; incompetence ; impo- 
tence ; incapacity ; incompetency ; disqualification. — 
Inability is an inherent want of power to perform the 
thing in question : disability arises from some deprivation 
or loss of the needed competency. 

Dis-a'ble (dTs-a'b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disabled 
(-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. It. Disabling (-bllng).] 1. To 
destroy the force, vigor, or power of action of; to 
deprive of competent physical or intellectual power. 
2. (Law) To deprive of legal right or qualification. 

Syn. — To weaken ; unfit; disqualify; incapacitate. 

Dis-a'ble-ment (-b'l-ment), n. Deprivation of ability. 

Disabuse' (dis'a-buz'), v. t. To set free from mis- 
takes ; to undeceive ; to set right. [commode. [.R.]| 

Dis ac-com'mo-date (-Sk-kom'ui6-dat), v. t. To in-| 

Dis'ac-COrd' (-ak-k6rd'), n. Disagreement. 

Dis ac-cus'tom (-kus'tuni), v. t. To free from a 
custom. [own. I 

Dis'ac-knowl'edge (-nol'Sj), v. t. To deny ; to dis-| 

Dis ad-van'tage (-van'taj ; 48, 61), n. 1. Depriva- 
tion of advantage ; unfavorable or prejudicial quality, 
condition, circumstance, or the like. 2. Prejudice to in- 
terest, fame, credit, profit, or other good. 

Syn. — Detriment ; injury ; hurt ; loss ; damage. 

Dis'ad-van'tage, v. t. To cause disadvantage to. 

Dis-ad van-ta'geous ( dis-Sd'van-ta'jus ), a. At- 
tended with disadvantage ; unfavorable to success or 
prosperity ; inconvenient ; prejudicial. — Dis-ad'van- 
ta'geous-ly, adv. — Dis-ad van-ta'geous-ness. n. 

Dis'af-fect' (-Sf-fekf), v. t. 1. To alienate or dimin- 
ish the affection of ; to make unfriendly or discontented. 
2. To disturb the functions of ; to disorder. 

Dis af-fec/tion (dis'af-fek'shun), n. State of being 
disaffected ; want of affection or good will. 

Syn. — Dislike ; disgust ; discontent ; unfriendliness ; 
ill will ; alienation ; disloyalty ; hostility. 

Disaffirm' (dTs/af-ferni'), v. t. 1. To contradict ; 
to deny. 2. {Laic) To vacate or annul. 

Dis af lirm'ance (dis'af-ferm'ons), n. Act of dis- 
affirming ; denial ; negation ; annulment. 

Dis-af/lir-ma'tion (dis-af/fer-ma'shun), n. Act of 
disaffirming ; negation ; refutation. 

Dis'af-for'est (dis'af-for'est), v. t. (Eng. Law) To re- 
duce to a common (what has been privileged as a forest). 

Dis'a-gree' (dis'a-gre'), v. i. 1. To fail to accord ; 
to differ ; to be unlike ; to be at variance. 2. To differ 
in opinion ; to dissent ; to quarrel. 3. To be unsuited ; 
to have unfitness. 

dgp^ Usually followed by with, sometimes by to, rarely 
by from. 

Dis'a-gree'a-ble (dis'a-gre'a-b'l), a. 1. Not agree- 
able, conformable, or congruous ; contrary ; unsuitable. 
2. Offensive to the feelings or senses ; displeasing. — 
Dis a-gree'a-ble-ness, ».— Dis'a-gree'a-bly, adv. 

Dis'a-gree'ment, n. Act, or state, of disagreeing. 

Syn. — Difference ; diversity ; dissimilitude ; unlike- 
ness ; discrepancy ; variance ; dissent ; misunderstand- 
ing ; dissension ; division ; dispute; jar; wrangle; discord. 

Dis'al-lOW' (-al-lou'), v. t. To refuse to allow ; to deny 
the force or validity of ; to disown and reject ; to prohibit. 

Dis'al-lOW'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Not allowable. 

Dis'al-lOW'ance (-ans), n. Act of disallowing. 

Dis-an'i-mate (dTs-an'T-mat), v. t. 1. To deprive of 
life. [i2.] 2. To deprive of spirit ; to dishearten. 

Dis'an-nex' (dis'an-neks'), v. t. To disunite ; to undo 
or repeal the annexation of. 

Dis/an-nul' (dis'an-nul'), v. t. To annul completely. 

Disan-nul'ment (-ment), n. Complete annulment. 

Dis'ap-par'el (-ap-paVSl), v. t. To strip of apparel. 

Dis'ap-pear' (dis/ap-per'), v. i. 1. To cease to ap- 
pear or to be perceived; to pass from view; to vanish. 
2. To cease to be or exist. [a vanishing. I 

Dis'ap-pear'ance (-«ns), n. Act of disappearing;! 

Dis'ap-point/ (-point'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disap- 
pointed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Disappointing.] [OF. desapoin- 
tier; pref. des- (L. dis-) + apointier. See Appoint.] 
1. To defeat of expectation or hope ; to defeat in the 
consummation of a purpose. 2. To frustrate ; to foil ; 
to hinder of result. 

Egp^ Disappointed of a thing not obtained ; disap- 
pointed in a thing obtained. 

Syn. — To tantalize ; fail ; frustrate ; balk ; baffle ; de- 
lude ; foil ; defeat. See Tantalize. 



H 



K 



£Srn, recent, 6rb, r^de, tyll, firn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DISAPPOINTMENT 






DISCIPLINE 



appoini 

i Emm i 



(die Kp-polnfn 

I disappointed. 



1. Act of 
2. That 



) 



Miscarriage ; frustration: balk. 
Dla ap pro-ba'tlon v.iU-ap pro-bii'shun), «. Act of 
coudeuuiatioD : feeling of censure. 
Dla ap'pro-ba to-ry v-bii t4-iy), a, Containing diaap- 

.iiij; to disapprove. 
Dla ap-pro'pri-ate (dla ap-pro'prT-itt), a. (Law) Sev- 

siou of a spiritual corporation. 

Dla ap-prov'al (-pi Disapprobation; dis- 

advcrsc judgment. 

Dla ap-prove' (dla ap-proovM, v. t. 1. To pass unfa- 
tdguieut upon ; to regard as wrong, unsuitable, 
. dient ; to censure. 2. To refuse official appro- 
lecline to sanction. 
Dls ap-prove', 9. i. To feel or express disapproval. 
Dis ap prov'ing-ly, adr. In a disapproving mauuer. 
Disarm' (dla-Vrnv or dTz-), /•. t. [F. desarmer ; pref. 
is-) -J- armer to arm.] 1. To deprive of arms ; 
to take away the weapons of; to render defenseless. 
2. To deprive of the means or the disposition to harm. 
Dis-arm'a ment (-a-m^nt), n. Act of disarming. 
Dis-arm'er (dTa-Srm'er), n. One who disarms. 
Dis ar-range' (dft ax-ranj'), v. t. To unsettle or dis- 
turb the order or due arrangement of ; to disorder. 
Dis ar-range'ment (dTs'ar-ranj'ruent), n. Act of dis- 

... or state of being disarranged. 
Dls array' (-5r-ra'), v - '• 1- To throw into disorder ; 
to break the array of. 2. To strip of dress ; to unrobe. 
Dls ax-ray. n. 1. Want of array or regular order ; 
disorder ; confusion. 2. Confused attire ; undress. 

Dis ar-tic'u late (dis'ar-tlk'u-lat), v. t. To sunder ; to 
separate, as joints. — Dis ar-tiC'U-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 

Dls as-sim i la'tion (-aVsTin'T-la'shun), n. {Physiol.) 
Decomposition of complex substances, within the organ- 
ism, into simpler ones suitable only for excretion, — a 
normal nutritional process the reverse of assimilation. 
Dis as-so'ci-ate (-Ss-so'shT-at), v. t. To dissociate. 
Dis-as'ter (diz-5s'ter), n. [F. desastre; pref. des- 
(L. dis-) -j- ustre star, fr. L. astrum; a word of astrolog- 
ical origin.] 1. An unpropitious or baleful aspect of a 
planet or star ; hence, an ill portent. \_Obs.~] 2. An ad- 
verse or unfortunate event ; esp., a sudden and extraordi- 
nary misfortune ; a calamity ; a serious mishap. 

Calamity : misfortune ; mishap ; mischance ; 

visitation ; misadventure ; ill luck. See Calamity. 

Dis-as'trous (-trus), a. 1. Baleful in aspect ; unpro- 

[ Obs. ] 2 . Attended with suffering or disaster ; 

very unfortunate ; calamitous ; ill-fated. — Dis-as'- 

troixs ly, adv. — Dis-as'trous-ness, n. 

Dls a-VOW' (-vou'), v. t. 1. To solemnly refuse to 
own or acknowledge ; to deny responsibility for ; to dis- 
claim ; to disown. 2. To deny; to disprove. 
Dis a-vow'al (-al), n. Act of disavowing. 
Dis a-VOW'er (-er), ?i. One who disavows. 
Disband' (dTs-b5nd'; see Dis-), v. t. To loose the 
bands of ; to set free ; to break up the organization of ; 
■RX, to dismiss from military service. 

Disband', V. i. To separate, break up, or dissolve ; 
esp.. to give up military organization and service. 
Dis band'ment (-ment), n. Act of disbanding. 
Dls bar' (dTs-bar'), v. t. (Law) To expel from the 
bar, or the legal profession. 
Dls-bark' Mis-bark'), v. t. To disembark. 
Dis bark', v. t. To strip of bark ; to bark. [22.] 
Dis-bar'ment (dis-bar'ment), n. Act of disbarring. 
Disbelief (dls'be-leF), n. Act of disbelieving; a 
iisbelieving an opinion, assertion, doctrine, etc. ; 
I of credence ; denial of belief. 

Distrust ; unbelief ; incredulity ; doubt ; skep- 

Utibeliefvt a mere failure to admit, and is open 

to ootmction ; disbelief in a positive rejection based upon 

ction of the falsity of that which it rejects. 

Dls be-lieve' fdls'be-lev'), v. t. Not to believe ; to re- 

•1 or credence to. — Dis / be-llev'er (-er), n. 
Dls-bow'el CdTs-bou'el), v. t. To disembowel. [i2.] 
Dis bur'den MTs-bQr'd'u), v. t. To rid of a burden ; 

rrena lometbing oppressive ; to relieve. 
^* "• — To unload ; unburden ; discharge ; free. 
Dls bur'den. v. L To relieve one's self of a burden. 
Dls burse' (dYa-Mfr|/), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Disbursed 
v i h. n. Disbursing.] [OF. desbourser ; 
- -j bourse purse. See Buiiss.] To 
< u'l, — usually from the public treasury. 
Dis bursfc'ment (-m«nt), n. 1. Act of disbursing or 

2. I hut which is disbursed or paid out. 
IMS burs'er (48r) n. One who disburses money. 
Dl* bur'then f-bur'th'nj,t>. l. To disburden. [Archaic] 



Disc (disk), n. [See Disk.] Aflat round plate ; (Biol.) 
a circular structure. Same as Disk. [disk. I 

Disc'al (.dis'kal), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a| 

Dis-can'dy (-kSn'd^), v. i. To melt ; to thaw. [Obs.] 

Dis 'cant (dts'kSut), ». See Descant, n. 

Discard' (dis-kard'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Discarded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Discarding.] 1. (Card Playing) To 
throw out of one's hand, as superfluous cards. 2. To 
cast off as useless ; to dismiss ; to discharge. 3. To put 
or thrust away ; to reject. 

Discard', v. i. (Card Playing) To make a discard. 

Discard', n. Act of discarding; also, the card or 
cards discarded. 

Disease' (-kas'), v. t. To strip ; to undress. 

Dis-cern' (dlz-zern'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discerned 
(-zerud') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Discerning.] [F. discerner, 
L. discernere, discretum; dis — |- cernere to separate, 
distinguish.] 1. To see and identify by noting a differ- 
ence or differences ; to note the distinctive character of. 
2. To see by the eye or by the understanding ; to per- 
ceive and recognize. 

Syn. — To perceive ; distinguish ; discover ; penetrate ; 
discriminate ; espy ; descry ; detect. See Perceive. 

Dis-cern', V. i. To see or understand the difference ; 
to make distinction. 

Dis-cem'er, n. One who, or that which, discerns. 

Dis-cern'i-ble (-i-b'l), a. Capable of being discerned. 
— Dis-cern'i ble-ness, n. — Dis-cern'i-bly , adv. 

Syn. — Perceptible; distinguishable; apparent; risi- 
ble ; evident ; manifest. 

Dis-cern'ment (diz-zern'ment), n. 1. Act of dis- 
cerning. 2. The power or faculty of the mind by which 
it distinguishes one thing from another. 

Syn.— Judgment ; acuteness; discrimination; pene- 
tration; sagacity; insight. 

Dis-cerp' (dis-serp'), v. t. [L. discerpere, discerptum ; 
dis- + earpere to pluck.] 1. To tear in pieces ; to rend. 
2. To separate; to disunite. [i2.] 

DIs-cerp / tion (-shun), n. Act of discerping. 

Discharge' (dis-charj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
charged (-charjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Discharging.] 
[OF. deschargier ; pref. des- (L. dis-) + chargier. See 
Charge.] 1. To relieve of a charge, load, or burden ; 
to empty of a load or cargo. 2. To free of the missile 
with which anything is charged or loaded ; to fire off ; 
to shoot off ; also, to relieve from a state of tension, as 
a Leyden jar. 3. To relieve of something weighing upon 
or impending over one, as a debt, duty, responsibility, 
accusation, etc. ; to absolve ; to acquit. 4. To relieve 
of an office or employment ; to dismiss. 5. To release 
legally from confinement ; to set at liberty. 6. To put 
forth, or remove, as a charge or burden ; to take out, as 
that with which anything is loaded or filled. 7. To let fly, 
as a missile ; to shoot. 8. To set aside ; to annul ; to dis- 
miss. 9. To relieve one's self of, by fulfilling conditions, 
performing duty, trust, and the nke ; hence, to perform 
or execute. 10. To give forth ; to emit. 11. To give 
expression to ; to utter. 

Dis-charge', v. i. To throw off or deliver a charge or 
burden ; to emit or give vent to fluid or other contents. 

Dis-charge', n. 1. Act of discharging. 2. State of 
being discharged or relieved of a debt, obligation, office, 
and the like; acquittal. 3. That which discharges or 
releases from an obligation, liability, penalty, etc. 4. 
That which is discharged or emitted. 

Dis-char'ger (dTs-ehar'jer), n. One who, or that 
which, discharges ; specifically, in electricity, an instru- 
ment for discharging a Leyden jar, or electrical battery. 

Dis-church' (-chfirch'), v. t. To deprive of status as 
a church, or of membership in a church. 

Dis'ci-form (dis'sT-f6rm), a. Discoid. 

Dis-ci'ple (dis-sl'p'l), n. [OF. disciple, deciple, fr. 
L. discipulus, fr. discere to learn -{- prob. a root mean- 
ing to turn or drive, as in L. pellere to drive. ] One who 
receives instruction from another ; esp., one who accepts 
as true the doctrine of his teacher. 

Syn. — Learner; scholar; pupil; follower; adherent. 

Dis-ci'ple-ship, n. State of being a disciple. 

Dis'ci-plin-a-ble (dls'si-plTn-a-b'l), a. 1. That may 
be disciplined. 2. Liable or deserving to be disciplined. 

Dis'ci-plin-ant (-ant), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A flagellant. 

Dis'ci-plin-a'ri-an (-plin-a'rT-an), a. Pertaining to 
discipline. — n. One who disciplines ; esp., one who en- 
forces order and obedience. 

Dis'ci-plin-a-ry (dis'sT-plTn-a-ry), a. Pertaining to 
discipline ; intended for discipline ; corrective. 

Dis'ci-pline (-pltn), n. [F. discipline, L. disciplina, 
from discipulus. See Disciple.] 1. The treatment 



*, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 6, fi, y, abort ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DISCIPLINE 



253 



DISCOUNTABLE 



suited to a disciple or learner ; development of the facul- 
ties by instruction and exercise ; training. 2. Training 
to act in accordance with established rules. 3. Subjec- 
tion to rule ; habit of obedience. 4. Severe training, 
corrective of faults, as by misfortune, suffering, punish- 
ment, etc. 5. Correction; chastisement; punishment. 
6. The subject matter of instruction. 7. (Eccl.) («) 
Reformatory or penal action toward a church member. 
(6) A system of essential rules and duties. 8. (-K. C. Ch.) 
Self-inflicted and voluntary corporal punishment. 

Syn. — Education; instruction; training; culture. 

Dis'ci-pline (dTs'sT-plin), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disci- 
plined (-plind) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Disciplining.] 1. To 
educate; to develop by instruction and exercise; to 
train. 2. To accustom to regular and systematic action ; 
to train to act together under orders; to drill. 3. To 
improve by corrective and penal methods; to correct. 
4. To inflict ecclesiastical censures and penalties upon. 

Syn. — To train ; form ; teach ; instruct ; bring up ; 
regulate ; correct ; chasten ; chastise ; punish. 

Dis'ci-plin-er (-plTn-er), n. One who disciplines. 

Dis-claim/ (dis-klam'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
claimed (-klamd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Disclaiming.] 1. To 
renounce all claim to ; to deny ownership of, or respon- 
sibility for ; to disown ; to disavow ; to reject. 2. (Laiv) 
To relinquish or deny having a claim in ; to decline ac- 
cepting, as an estate, interest, or office. 

Syn. — To disown ; disavow ; renounce ; repudiate. 

Dis-claim'er (dls-klam'er), n. 1. One who disclaims. 
2. {Law) Act of disavowal or renunciation of title, 
claim, interest, estate, or trust. 

Disclose' (-kloz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disclosed 
(-klozd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Disclosing.] [From OF. des- 
clos, p. p. of desclore to open, F. declore ; pref . des- (L. 
dis-) -f- clore to shut, fr. L. claudere to shut. See Close.] 

1. To unclose ; to open. 2. To remove a cover or en- 
velope from. 3. To expose to view ; to cause to appear ; 
to reveal. 4. To make known, as that which has been 
kept secret or hidden. 

Syn. — To uncover ; open ; unveil ; discover ; reveal ; 
divulge ; tell ; utter. See Communicate. 

Dis-clos'er (dis-klo'zer), n. One who discloses. 

Dis-clo'sure (-klo'zhur; 135), n. 1. Act of disclos- 
ing. 2. That which is disclosed or revealed. 

Dis'COid (dis'koid), a. [Gr. SioxoetS??? quoit-shaped ; 
Siovcos a round plate, quoit -f- etoos form, shape.] Hav- 
ing the form of a disk. — n. Anything having the form 
of a discus or disk. 

Discoid flower (Bot.), a compound flower, consisting of 
tubular florets only and lacking rays, as a tansy. 

Dis-coid'al (dis-koid'al), a. Disk-shaped ; discoid. 

Dis-col'or (dis-kul'er), v. t. [OF. descolorer, fr. L. 
dis- + color are to color, color color.] 1. To alter the 
natural or proper color of; to stain; to tings. 2. To 
give a false complexion or appearance to. 

Dis-color-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. 1. Act of discoloring ; 
the state of being discolored. 2. Discolored spot ; stain. 

Dis- com/fit (-kum'fit), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Discom- 
fited ; p. pr. & vb. n. Discomfiting.] [OF. desconfit, 
p. p. of desconfire, fr. L. dis- -f- conficere to make ready, 
prepare, bring about.] 1. To scatter in fight ; to defeat. 

2. To break up and frustrate the plans of ; to throw into 
perplexity and dejection. 

Syn. — To defeat ; overthrow ; overpower ; vanquish ; 
conquer ; balk ; baffle ; frustrate ; confound ; discourage. 

Dis-com/fit, n. Rout ; overthrow ; discomfiture. 

Dis-com/fi-ture (-fT-tur ; 135), n. Act of discomfit- 
ing, or state of being discomfited. 

Dis-com'fort (dis-kum'fert), v. t. [OF. desconforter 
to discourage ; pref. des- (L. dis-) + conforter. See 
Comfoet.] 1. To discourage; to deject. 2. To destroy 
or disturb the comfort of ; to make uneasy. 

Dis-com'fort, n. 1. Discouragement. [Obs.~\ 2. 
"Want of comfort ; uneasiness, mental or physical ; dis- 
turbance of peace. 

Discommend'' (dis'kom-mend'), v. t. 1. To men- 
tion with, or expose to, disapprobation ; to blame ; to 
disapprove. 2. To expose to censure or ill favor. 

Dis'com-mend'a-ble (dis'kom-mend'a-b'l), a. De- 
serving disapprobation. — Dis'com-mend'a-ble-ness, n. 

Dis commode' (dis'kom-mod'), v. t. To inconven- 
ience ; to incommode. 

Dis com-mo'di-ous (-mo'dT-us), a. Incommodious. 
[-R.]— Dis'com-mo'di-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, ». 

Dis com-pose' (dis'kom-poz'), v. t. 1. To disarrange ; 
to disorder ; to break up. 2. To destroy the composure 
or equanimity of ; to agitate. 

Syn. —To disorder ; derange; unsettle; disturb; dis- 
concert ; agitate ; ruffle ; fret ; vex. 



Dis com-posed' (dTs'kSm-pozd'), a. Disordered ; dis- 
quieted. — Dis com-pos'ed-ly (-poz'Sd-iy), adv. 

Dis com-po'sure (.dTs'kQin-po'zhiir ; 135), n. State 
of being discomposed ; disorder ; perturbation. 

Disconcert' (dTs'kon-serf), v. t. 1. To break up 
the harmonious progress of ; to throw into disorder op 
confusion ; to confuse. 2. To confuse the faculties of ; 
to discompose ; to abash. 

Syn. — To derange ; ruffle ; disturb ; defeat ; frustrate. 

Dls-COn'cert (dTs-kSn'bSrt), n. Want of concert. 

Discon-cer'tion (dis'kon-sei'.shun), n. Act of dis- 
concerting, or state of being disconcerted. [R.] 

Dis'con-form'a-ble (-f <5rm'a-b'l), a. Not conformable. 

Dis'con-form'i-ty (-T-ty), n. Want of conformity. 

Dis'COn-gru'i-ty (-gru'i-ty), n. Incongruity. 

Dis connect' (dTs'kon-ngkt'), v. t. To dissolve the 
union or connection of ; to sever ; to separate. 

Dis con-nec'tion (-ngk'shun), n. Act of disconnect- 
ing, or state of being disconnected. 

Dis-COn'SO-latO (dis-kSn'so-lat), a. [LL. disconsola- 
tus ; L. dis -f- consolaius, p. p. of consolari to console. 
See Console, v. t.~\ 1. Destitute of consolation ; deeply 
dejected and dispirited ; comfortless. 2. Inspiring de- 
jection ; saddening ; cheerless. — Dis-con'so-late-ly, 
adv. — Dis-con'so-late ness, n. 

Syn. — Forlorn ; melancholy; sorrowful; desolate; 
woeful ; hopeless ; gloomy. 

Dis-COn'SO-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Dejection. [R.~\ 

Dis 7 con-tent' (dis'kon-tSnf), a. Not content. 

Dis'COn-tent', V. t. To deprive of content ; to make 
uneasy ; to dissatisfy. — Dis'con-tent'ed-ly, adv. — Dis/- 
con-tent'ed-ness, n. — Dis con-tent'ed (-M),p.p. & a. 

Dis'COn-tent', n. 1. Want of content ; uneasiness of 
mind ; dissatisfaction. 2. A discontented person ; mal- 
content. 

Dis con-tent'ment (-ment), n. State of being discon- 
tented ; uneasiness ; inquietude. 

Dis con-tin'u-ance (-t!n'u-ans), n. 1. Act of discon- 
tinuing, or state of being discontinued ; want of contin- 
ued connection or continuity of parts. 

Syn. — Cessation ; intermission ; discontinuation ; sep- 
aration ; disunion ; disjunction ; disruption ; break. 

Dis con-tinu-a'tion (-tin'u-a'shun), n. Breach or 
interruption of continuity ; discontinuance. 

Dis con-tin'ue (-tin'u), v. t. To interrupt the contin- 
uance of ; to intermit ; to put an end to ; to cease using. 

Dis con-tin'ue, v. i. 1. To lose continuity or cohe- 
sion of parts. 2. To be separated or severed ; to part. 

Dis'con-tin'u-er (-u-er), ». One who discontinues. 

Dis-con/ti-nu'i-ty (dls-kon'tT-nu'i-ty), n. Want of 
continuity or cohesion ; disunion of parts. 

Dis coh-tin'u-ous (-tin'u-us), a. Not continuous. 

Dis'cord' (dTs'k&rdO, n. [OF. discorde, descorde, fr 
L. discordia, fr. discors, -cordis, discordant, disagreeable; 
dis- + cor, cordis, heart.] 1. Want of concord or agree- 
ment; variance leading to contention and strife. 2. 
(Mus.) Union of musical sounds which strikes the ear 
harshly or disagreeably, owing to the incommensurability 
of the vibrations which they produce ; dissonance. 

Syn. — Difference ; opposition ; contrariety ; clashing ; 
dissension; contention; strife; disagreement. 

Dis-cord'ance (-ans), J n. State or quality of being 

Dis-cord'an-cy (-ffn-sy), j discordant. 

Dis-cord'ant (-ant), a. 1. Disagreeing ; incongruous ; 
being at variance ; not harmonious ; making a discord ; 
dissonant. 2. (Geol.) Lacking conformity in direction 
of bedding ; — said of strata. — Dis-cord'ant-ly , adv. — 
Dis-cord'ant-ness, n. [i?.] 

Syn. — Contradictory ; repugnant ; opposite ; con- 
trary ; inconsistent ; harsh ; jarring ; irreconcilable. 

DiS'COUnt' (dis'kounf or dis-kount'), v. t. [imp. S: 
p. p. Discounted; p. p. & vb. n. Discounting.] [OF. 
desconler, deseompter, to deduct ; pref. des- (L. dis-) + 
confer, compter. See Count, ».] 1. To deduct from an 
account, debt, charge, and the like ; to make an abate- 
ment of. 2. To lend money upon, deducting the discount 
or allowance for interest. 3. To take into consideration 
beforehand. 4. To leave out of account, [i?.] 

Dis'count/, v. i. To lend, or make a practice of lend- 
ing, money, abating the discount. 

DiS'COUnt' (dis'kountO, n. 1. A counting off or de- 
duction made from a gross sum, as upon a debt or a price 
asked. 2. A deduction made for interest, in advancing 
money upon, or purchasing, a bill or note not due. 3. 
The rate of interest charged in discounting. 

At a discount, below par, or below the nominal value ; 
hence, colloquially, out of favor ; poorly esteemed. 

Dis-count'a-ble (dis-kount'a-b'l), a. Capable of being, 
or suitable to be, discounted. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 






DISCOUNTENANCE 



254 



DISEASE 



> 



> 



Dla^oun'te nance idl*-koun't*-n<7nsV r. t. 1. To 
i b aa h 2. To refuse to 
ith approval : to discourage. 
_ je-nance. Unfavorable aspect or treat- 

»j>proi>«tioii : whatever tends to cheek or dis- 
bls-counte-nan-cer (nan ea r ), n. 

•<o\tnt er), /). One who discounts. 
Jto"OOur'age^tt>-kur'»j ; 48i 1. t. [ta 

COrKAGED (-$' l>iscorRAGiso(-fi-jTug).] 

turageof; to deprive of confidence. 

m tthreapeet bo : to discountenance. 

1-pirit ; depress ; deject; dissuade; dis- 

Dis-cour'age-a-ble (-a-b"l), a. Capable of being dis- 

Dis-coui'age-ment. «• 1. Act of discouraging ; state 
of beinc discouraged. 2. That which discourages. 

Dis-cour'a-ger ^-a-jer), n. One who discourages. 

Discourse' (dTs-kors'1. n. [L. discursus a running 
to and fro, discourse, fr. discurrere, discursum, to run 
to and fro, to discourse : dis- -j- currere to run.] 1. Rea- 
soning power. [06*.] 2. Conversation ; talk. 3. Art 
and manner of speaking and conversing. 4. A formal 
consecutive speech ; treatise ; dissertation ; sermon, etc. 

Discourse', v. i. limp. & p. p. Discoursed (-korst') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Discoursing.] 1. To reason. [06*.] 2. 
To express one's self in oral discourse ; to talk or write 
in a continuous or formal manner. 

Dls-course', v. t. To utter or give forth ; to speak. 

Dis-COUTS'er (-er), n . One who discourses. 

Dis-COUTS'ive (-Tv), a. 1. Reasoning; characterized 
by reasoniug. 2. Containing dialogue or conversation. 

" Dis-COUT'te-OUS (dTs-kfir'te-us), a. Wanting in cour- 
tesy or good manners ; uncourteous ; impolite ; rude. 
— bis-cour'te-ous-ly, adv. — Dis-cour'te-ous-ness, n. 

Dis-COUT'te-sy (-sj), n. "Want of courtesy. 

Disc'ous (dTs'kus), a. [See Disk.] Disklike ; discoid. 

Dls-COV'er (dTs-kuv'er), v. /. [OF. descovrir, descou- 
rrir ; des- (L dis-) 4- couvrir to cover. See Cover.] 1. 
To uncover. [06s.] 2. To disclose ; to make known ; 
to show (what has been secret, unseen, or unknown). 
3. To obtain for the first time sight or knowledge of, as 
of a thing existing already, but not perceived or known ; 
to find out. 4. To manifest without design ; to show. 

<«mi.-To bring out ; exhibit ; reveal ; communicate ; 
impart ; tell ; espy ; detect. — We discover what existed 
before, but remained unknown ; we invent by forming 
combinations which either are entirely new, or attain 
their end by means unknown before. 

Dis-cov'er-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That maybe discovered. 

Dis-COV'er-er (dTs-kuv'er-er), n. One who discovers. 

Dis-COV'ert (dls-kuv'ert), c. (Law) Not covert; un- 
married ; — of a woman never married or of a widow. 

Dis-COV'er-y (dis-kuv'er-y), n. 1. Action of discover- 
ing ; exposure to view or to knowledge ; disclosure ; rev- 
elation. 2. That which is discovered ; a thing found 
out, or for the first time ascertained or recognized. 

Dls-cred'it (-krSdlt). n. 1. The act of discrediting, 
or state of being discredited. 2. Hence, some degree of 
dishonor or disesteem ; disrepute. 

Syn. — Disgrace ; scandal ; disbelief ; distrust. 

Dis-cred'it, v. t. 1. To refuse credence to ; not to 
accept as true ; to disbelieve. 2. To deprive of credibil- 
ity : to destroy confidence or trust in. 3. To deprive of 
credit or good repute. 

Dis-cred'it-a-ble (-a-b'l). a. Not creditable ; injuri- 
ous to reputation ; disreputable. — Dis-cred'it-a-bly, adv. 

Dis-creet' (dTs-kref), a. [F. discret, L. discretus 
separated (whence the meaning reserved, prudent), p. p. 
otdiseemere. See Discern.] Possessed of discernment, 
esp. in avoiding error or evil, and in the adaptation of 
means to ends ; prudent ; judicious ; cautious. — Dis- 
creetly, adv. — Dis creet'ness, n. 

Dls-crep'ance fdTs-krgp'r/ns), )n. State or quality 

Dis-crep'an-cy (dls-kre'p"zu-8y), J of being discrep- 
rrjent ; variance. 

Dis-crep'ant MTs-kre'p'ant), a. [L. discrepans, -otitis, 
p. pr. of attcr epar t to sound differently or discordantly ; 
to rattle, creak.] Discordant ; being at 
variant : diaagreefaig; contrary ; different. 

Dis-crete / <'<lT.~kret'), a. [L. discretus, p. p. of dis- 
cernere. See Discreet.] 1. Separate ; distinct. 2. Dis- 
junctive ; containing a disjunctive or discretive clause. 
not coalescent. — Dis-crete / ly. adv. 
^OH^t*., Jjjoportion. proportion where the ratio of the 
that of either couplet. — Discrete 
eh must ))(■. divided into units, as num- 
"l quantity, as duration. 

uis-cre'tlon a ,, n . 1. Disjunction. 



K 



[06*.] 2. Quality of being discreet; wise conduct and 
management ; cautious discernment, esp. as to matters 
of propriety and self-control ; prudence. 3. Discrimi- 
nation. 4. Freedom to act according to one's own 
Judgment or will. 

At discretion, without conditions or stipulations. 

Dis-cre'tion-al (dTs-kre"sh'un-«l), ) a. Left to discre- 

Dis-cre'tlon-a-ry (-a-ry), J tion ; unre- 

strained except by discretion or judgment. 

Dis-cre'tlve (-kre'tTv), a. Marking distinction or 
separation: disjunctive. — Dis-cre'tive-ly, adv. 

bis-crim'i-nate (dis-krTin'T-nat), a. [L. discriminare, 
p. p. -atus, fr. discrimen division, distinction, decision, 
fr. di.-cernere. See Discern.] Having the difference 
marked ; distinguished bv certain tokens. — Dis-crim'i- 
nate-ly (-nat-ljr), ad i . — Dis-crim'i nate-ness, n. 

Dis-crim'i-nate (dis-krlin'T-nat), v. t. [imp. &p. p. 
Discriminated (-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Discriminating 
(-na'ting).] To set apart as being different ; to separate 
from another by discerning differences. 

Dis-crim'i-nate, V. i. To make discrimination. 

D is-crim i-na'tion (-T-na'shun) , n . 1. Act of discrimi- 
nating ; state of being discriminated. 2. (Railroads) Ar- 
bitrary imposition of unequal tariffs for substantially the 
same service. 3. Quality of being discriminating ; nice 
distinction. 4. That which discriminates ; distinction. 

Syn. — Discernment; penetration; clearness; acute- 
ness ; judgment ; distinction. 

Dis-crim'i-na-tive (-na-tiv), a. 1. Marking a differ- 
ence ; distinctive ; characteristic. 2. Observing dis- 
tinctions ; discriminating. — Dis-crim'i-na-tive-ly . adv. 

Dis-crim'i-na tor (-na'ter), n. One who discriminates. 

Dis-crown' (dTs-kroun'), v. t. To deprive of a crown. 

Dis-CUmTien-cy (-kiim'ben-sy), n. [Fr. L. discum- 
bens, p. pr. of discumbere to lie down, recline at table ; 
d is- + cumbere (in comp.) to lie down.] Act of reclining, 
as among the ancients, at table at meals. [chaic] I 

Dis-CUnVber (-kiim'ber), r. t. To disencumber. \Ar-\ 

Dis-cur'sion (dTs-kfir'shun), n. [See Discourse.] 
Act of discoursing ; range from thought to thought. 

Dis-CUr'sive (-siv), a. 1. Passing from one thing to 
another ; ranging ; digressive. 2. Reasoning ; argumen- 
tative. — Dis-cur'sive-ly, adv.— Dis-cur'sive-ness, n. 

Dis-CUr'SO-ry (dls-kfir'so-ry), a. Discursive. \_R.'\ 

Dis'cus (dls'kus), n.; pi. E. Discuses (-6z). L. Disci 
(dis'si). [L. See Disk.] 1. A quoit. 2. A disk. 

Dis-cuss' (dis-kiis'), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Discussed 
(-kusf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Discussing.] [L. discussus, p. 
p. of discutere to strike asunder (hence came the sense 
to separate mentally, distinguish) ; dis- + quatere to 
strike. See Quash.] 1. To Weak up; to disperse, esp. 
a tumor. 2. To reason upon by presenting favorable and 
adverse considerations ; to debate. 3. (Law) To examine 
thoroughly ; to exhaust a remedy against. 

Syn. — To examine ; debate. — We speak of examining 
a subject when we ponder it with care, in order to dis- 
cover the truth respecting it. We speak of discussing a 
topic when we examine it thoroughly in its distinct parts. 
We speak of debating a point when we examine it in mu- 
tual argumentation between opposing parties. 

Dis-cuss'er (dis-kus'er), n. One who discusses. 

Dis-cus'sion (dis-kush'un), n. 1. Act or process of 
breaking up, or dispersing, as a tumor. 2. Examination 
by argument ; debate ; disputation ; agitation. 

Dis-cus'sion-al (-al), a. Pertaining to discussion. 

Dis-CUSS'ive (-kusTv), a. & n. (Med.) Discutient. 

Dis-CU'tient (-ku'shent), a. [L. discutiens, p. pr. of 
discutere. See Discuss.] (Med.) Serving to disperse 
morbid matter. — n. A discutient agent or medicine. 

Disdain' (dls-dan' or dTz-), n. [OF. desdein, des- 
daing, from the verb. See Disdain, v. t.~\ 1. A feeling 
of contempt and aversion ; contempt. 2. State of being 
despised ; shame. [06*.] 

Syn. — Haughtiness ; scorn ; arrogance ; pride. 

Dis-dain', v. t. [imp. &p. p. Disdained (-dand') : p. 
pr. & vb. n. Disdaining.] [OF. desdeigner, desdaigner ; 
des- (L. dis-) 4- doigner to deign, fr. L. dignari to deem 
worthy. See Deign.] 1. To think unworthy ; to deem 
unsuitable or unbecoming. 2. To reject as unworthy of 
one's self, or one's notice ; to look with scorn upon. 

Dis-dain'. V. i. To feel scorn ; to be haughty. 

Dis-dain'fttl (-dan'ful), a. Full of disdain ; express- 
ing disdain ; scornful ; contemptuous ; haughty. — DIs- 
dain'ful-ly, adv. — Dis-dain 'ful-ness. n. 

Disease' (diz-ez'), n. [OF. desaise ; des- (L. dis-) 
+ "ise ease. See Ease.] 1. Lack of ease ; vexation. 
[06*.] 2. An alteration in the state of the body or of 
some of its organs, interrupting or disturbing the per- 
formance of the vital functions, and causing or threaten- 



», e, 1, o, Q, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, O, y, short ; senftte, fcvent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DISEASE 



255 



DISGUSTINGLY 



ing pain and weakness ; — used fig. of the mind, the 
moral character and habits, institutions, the state, etc. 

Syn.— Distemper ; ailing ; ailment ; malady; disorder; 
sickness ; illness ; complaint ; indisposition ; affection. — 
Disease is the leading medical term. Disorder means 
much the same, with perhaps some slight reference to an 
irregularity of the system. Distemper is now used by 
physicians only of the diseases of animals. Malady is not 
a medical term, and is less used than formerly in liter- 
ature. Affection has special reference to the part, organ, 
or function disturbed. 

Disease' (dTz-ez'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diseased 
(-ez(l'); p. pr.'& vb. n. Diseasing.] 1. To deprive of 
ease ; to distress. [06s.] 2. To derange the vital func- 
tions of ; to afflict with disease or sickness ; to disorder ; 
— used chiefly in the participle diseased. 

Dis em-bark' (dis'gm-bark'), v. t. To remove from 
on board a vessel ; to put or go on shore ; to land. 

Dis-em bar-ka'tion (dls-em'bar-ka'shun), n. Act of 
disembarking. 

Dis em-bar'rass (dTs'Sm-bar'ras), v. t. To free from 
embarrassment or perplexity ; to clear, [bellishment. I 

Dis em-bel'lish (-bel'lish), v. t. To deprive of em-| 

Disem-bit'ter (-bTt'ter), v. t. To free from bitterness. 

Dis em-bod'i-ment (-b5d'T-ment), n. Act of disem- 
bodying, or state of being disembodied. 

Dis em-bod'y (-bod'y), v. t. 1. To divest of the 
body or corporeal existence. 2. {Mil.) To disarm and 
disband, as a body of soldiers. 

Dis em-boguV (dls'em-bog'), v. t. limp. & p. p. 
Disembogued (-bogd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Disemboguing.] 
[Sp. desembocar ; pref. des- (L. dis-) -f- embocar to put 
into the mouth, fr. en (L. in) -j- boca mouth, fr. L. bucca 
cheek.] To pour or flow out or discharge at the mouth, 
as a stream ; to vent. 

Dis em-bow'el (-bou'Sl), v. I. To take or let out the 
bowels or interior parts of. [eling. I 

Disem-bow'el-ment (-ment), n. Act of disembow- 1 

Dis'em-broil' (-broil'), v. t. To free from confusion. 

Dis'en-a'ble (dTs'en-a'b'l), v. t. To disable ; to dis- 
qualify, [ment or spells. I 

Dis en-chant' (-chant'), v. t. To free from enchant- 1 

Dlsen-chant'er (-er), n. One that disenchants. 

Dis en-chant'ment (-ment), n. Act of disenchant- 
ing, or state of being disenchanted. [encumbrance. I 

Dis en-cum'ber (dis'en-kum'ber), v. I. To free from | 

Dis en-cum'brance (-brans), n. Freedom or deliver- 
ance from encumbrance of any kind. [ment. I 

Dis'en-dOW' (-dou'), v. t. To deprive of an endow- 1 

Dis en-dow'ment (dTs'en-dou'nient), n. Act of de- 
priving of an endowment or endowments. [franchise, j 

Dis en-fran'chise (-fran'chTz or -chiz), v. t. To dis- 1 

Dis en-gage' (-gaj'), v. t. To release from that with 
which anything is engaged, involved, or entangled. 

Syn. — To liberate ; free ; loose ; extricate ; clear ; dis- 
entangle ; detach ; withdraw ; wean. 

Dis en-gage', v. i. To release one's self ; to become 
detached. 

Dis'en-gage'mentt-gaj'ment), n. Act of disengaging 
or setting free, or state of being disengaged. 

Dis en-no'ble (diVen-no'b'l), v. t. To deprive of that 
which ennobles ; to lower ; to degrade. [list. I 

Dis 7 en-roll' (dis'en-rol'), v. i. To erase from a roll or | 

Dis en-tan'gle (dis'gn-tan'g'l), v. t. 1. To free from 
entanglement ; to reduce to orderly arrangement. 2. To 
extricate from complication, perplexity, or embarrassing 
connection. 

Syn. — To loose ; extricate ; disembarrass ; disembroil ; 
clear ; evolve ; disengage ; separate ; detach. 

Dis en-tan'gle-ment (dis'gn-tan'g'1-ment), n. Act of 
disentangling or clearing from difficulties. 

Dis en-thrall' (-thral'), v. t. To disinthrall. 

Dis en-throne' (dTs'gn-thron'), v. t. To dethrone. 

Dis'en-ti'tle (-tWl), v. t. To deprive of title or claim. 

Pis'en-tomb' (-toom'), v. t. To take out from a tomb. 

Dis en-trance' (-trans'), v. t. To free from a trance. 

Di-sep'al-ous (dt-sep'al-us), a. [Pref. di- -f sepal- 
ovs.~\ (Bot.) Having two sepals ; two-sepaled. 

Dis'es-tablish (dis/gs-tablish), v. t. To unsettle ; to 
break up (anything established) ; to deprive, as a church, 
of its connection with, or support from, the state. 

Dis es-tab'lish-ment (-ment), n. Act or process of 
disestablishing, or state of being disestablished, [favor, j 

Dis esteem' (dis'gs-tem'), n. "Want of esteem ; dis- 1 

Dis esteem', v. t. To regard with disfavor ; to slight. 

Dis-es ti-ma'tion (dTs-es'tl-ma'shun), n. Disesteem. 

Dis-fa'vor (dis-fa'ver), n. 1. Want of favor or fa- 
vorable regard. 2. The state of not being in favor. 3. 
An unkindness ; a disobliging act. 



Dis-fa'vor (dis-fa'ver), v. I. To withhold or withdraw 
favor from ; to disapprove. [tures of. I 

Dis-fea'ture (dTs-f e'tfir ; 135), v. t. To mar the fea-j 

Dis-fig u ra'tion (dTs-fTg'u-ra'shun), n. Act of dis- 
figuring, or state of being disfigured. 

Dis fig'ure (dls-fTg'ur ; 135), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Die- 
figured (-fird); p. pr. & vb. n. Disfiguring.] [OF. 
desfigurer; pref. des- (L. dis-) -f Jigurer to fashion, 
shape, fr. L. flatware, fr. figura figure.] To mar the 
figure of ; to render less complete, perfect, or beautiful 
in appearance. 

Syn. — To deface; deform; mar; injure. 

Dis-fig'ure-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of disfiguring, 
or state of being disfigured ; deformity. 2. That which 
disfigures ; a defacement ; a blot. 

Dis-fig'ur-er (-er), n. One who disfigures. 

Dis-for'est (dis-f5r'gst), v. t. 1. To disafforest. 2. 
To clear or deprive of forests or trees. 

pis-fran'chise (dls-frSn'chTz or -chiz), v. t. To de- 
prive of a franchise or chartered right ; to dispossess of 
the rights of a citizen, or of a particular privilege, as of 
voting, holding office, etc. 

Dis-fran'chise-ment (-ment), n. Act of disfranchis- 
ing, or the state of being disfranchised. 

Dis-fur'nish (dis-ffir'nTsh), v. t. To deprive of that 
which furnishes ; to strip ; to render destitute. 

Dis-gar'nish (dis-gar'nlsh), v. t. To divest of garni- 
ture ; to dismantle. [rison. I 

Dis-gar'ri-SOn (-g5r'rT-s'n), t\ t. To deprive of a gar- 1 

Dis-gorge' (dis-g6rj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgorged 
(-gQrjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Disgorging.] [F. degorger, 
earlier, desgorger ; pref. de-, des- (L. dis-) -f- gorge. See 
Gorge.] 1. To eject or discharge by the throat and 
mouth ; to vomit ; to discharge violently or in great 
quantities from a confined place. 2. To give up unwill- 
ingly as what one has wrongfully seized and appropriated ; 
to surrender. 

Dis-gorge', v. i. To vomit forth what is contained ; 
to make restitution. 

Dis-gorge'ment (-ment), n. Act of disgorging; a 
vomiting ; that which is disgorged. 

Disgrace' (dis-gras'), n. [F. disgrace; pref. dis~ 
(L. dis-) -j- grace. See Grace.] 1. Condition of being 
out of favor ; loss of favor, regard, or respect. 2. State 
of being dishonored, or put to shame ; dishonor. 3. That 
which brings dishonor ; cause of shame or reproach. 

Syn. — Disfavor ; disesteem ; opprobrium ; discredit ; 
disparagement ; infamy ; ignominy ; humiliation. 

Dis-grace', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgraced (-grasf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Disgracing (-gra'sing).] 1. To put out 
of favor ; to dismiss with dishonor. 2. To bring reproach 
or shame upon. 3. To treat discourteously. 

Syn. — To degrade ; humble ; humiliate ; abase ; dis- 
parage ; defame ; dishonor ; debase. 

Dis-grace'ful (-ful), a. Bringing disgrace ; causing 
shame ; dishonorable ; unbecoming. — Dis-grace'f ul-ly , 
adv. — Dis-grace'f ul-ness, «. 

Dis-gra'cer (-gra'ser), n. One who disgraces, [able.l 

DiS-gra'ciOUS (-shus), a. Wanting grace ; disagree-! 

Dis-grun'tle (-grun't'l), v. I. To dissatisfy ; to anger. 
[Colloq.] 

Disguise' (dis-glz' ; 232), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
guised (-gizd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Disguising.] [OF. des- 
guisier ; pref. des- (L. dis-) -f- guise. See Guise.] 1. To 
change the guise or appearance of ; esp., to conceal by 
an unusual dress, or one intended to mislead or deceive. 
2. To hide by a counterfeit appearance ; to mask. 3. To 
affect or change by liquor ; to intoxicate. 

Syn. — To dissimulate ; feign ; pretend. See Conceal. 

Dis-guise', n. 1. A dress or exterior put on for con- 
cealment or deception. 2. Artificial language or manner 
assumed for deception. 3. Intoxication. 

Dis-guis'er (-er), n. One that disguises. 

Dis-gust' (dis-gusf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgusted; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Disgusting.] [OF. desgouster ; pref. 
des- (L. dis-) + gouster to taste, fr. L. gust a re, fr. gustus 
taste.] To provoke disgust or strong distaste in ; to ex- 
cite aversion in. 

Disgust', n. Repugnance to what is offensive; — 
said primarily of the sickening opposition felt for any- 
thing which offends the physical organs of taste ; now 
rather of the analogous repugnance excited by anything 
extremely unpleasant to the moral taste or higher sensi- 
bilities of our nature. 

Syn. — Nausea; loathing; abomination. See Dislike. 

Dis-gust'ful (dis-gust'ful), a. Provoking disgust. 

Dis-gnst'ing, a. That' causes disgust ; sickening ; 
offensive ; revolting. — Dis-gUSt'ing-ly, adv. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, nide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



PISH 



256 



DISLODGE 



> 



> 



-?/.<; dish, disc, quoit, 
}r. oW«k quoit. throw.] 1. 

^j^j , ( r food at the table. 2. The food 

i: heme, any particular kiud of food. 
J. The state of being concave, or like a dish, or the de- 
-^ ot ty. 4. (-flrmwc) («) A trough 

t deep, and 6 wide, in which ore is 
mwnrr 1 (4) That portion of the produce of a miue 
I to the land owner or proprietor. 
Dish. r. t. limp. A • p. Duno (dYsht); p. pr. & 
1. To put in a dish, ready for the table. 
r depress in the middle, like a dish. 
: to ruin. [Loir] 
Dls ha-bille' (dla a-b?l'), »• [See Deshabille.] An 

se, negligent dress ; deshabille. 
Dis-hal low (dTs-MQI*), V. t. To make unholy. 
Dish/cloth' (dlBb/klotb/; 115), n. A cloth used for 

tiahes. 
Dis-heart'en (dTs-hiirt/'n), v. t. To discourage ; to 
I courage and hope ; to depress the spirits of. 
. — To dispirit ; deject ; deter ; terrify. 
Dls-her'i-SOn (dTs-her'I-z'n), n. Act of disheriting. 
Dis-her'it (.dTs-herlt), v. 1. (imp. & p. p. DisHEKiTEp ; 
v rb. n. Disheriting.] [F. desherUer ; pref. des- 
l inherit.] To disinherit. 
Di-shev'el (dY-aheVH or -SI), v. t. [imp. JL- p. p. Di- 
sheveled (-'Id or -Sid) or Dishevelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ubq or Dishevelling.] [OF. descheveler, LL. 
disc ipil hire ; dis- -f- L. capillus the hair of the head.] 
1. To suffer (the hair) to hang loosely or disorderly ; to 
disarrange the hair of ; — used chiefly in the p. p. 2. To 
spread loosely or disorderly. [a dish will hold. '• 

Dish'ful (dish'ful), n. ; pi. -ftjls (-fulz). As much as| 
Dis-hon'est (dTs-ou'Sst or dTz-), a. 'l. Dishonorable ; 
shameful or indecent. \_Obs.~] 2. Wanting in honesty ; 
disposed to cheat or defraud. 3. Characterized by fraud ; 
indicating a want of probity. — Dis-hon'est-ly, adv. 

Dis-hon'es-ty (-es-ty), n. 1. Dishonor. [Obs.] 2. 
Want of honesty, probity, or integrity; disposition to 
defraud, deceive,, or betray. 3. A dishonest act. 4. 
Lewdness. 

Dis-hon'or (dTs-on/er or dTz-), n. [OF. deshonor, 
deshonur ; pref. des- (L. dis-) -f- honor, honur, F. hon- 
t. L. honor. See Honor.] 1. Lack of honor ; 
disgrace ; ignominy ; shame ; reproach. 2. (Law) The 
nonpayment or nonacceptance of commercial paper by 
the party on whom it is drawn. 

Syn. — Disgrace ; ignominy ; shame ; censure ; re- 
proach; opprobrium. 

Dis-hon'or (dls-on'er or diz-), v. (. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
honored (-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dishonoring.] 1. To 
deprive of honor ; to bring reproach or shame on ; to les- 
sen the dignity or reputation of. 2. To violate the chas- 
tity of. 3. To refuse or decline to accept or pay ; — said 
of a bill, check, note, or draft which is due or presented. 
Syn. —To disgrace ; shame ; debase ; degrade ; lower ; 
humble; humiliate; debauch; pollute. 

Dis-hon'or-a-Dle (-a-b'l), a. 1. Wanting in honor ; 
not honorable ; bringing or deserving dishonor. 2. Want- 
ing in esteem ; unhonored. — Dis-hon'or-a-ble-ness, n. 
— Dis-hon'or-a-bly. adv. 
Dis-hon'or-er (-er), n. One who dishonors. 
Dis-horn' (dis-h6rn'), «. t. To deprive of horns. 
Dis il-lu'sion (dTs'Il-lu'zhSn), n. Act of freeing from 
aD illusion, or state of being freed therefrom. 
Dis il-lu'sion. v. /. To disillusionize, [from illusion. I 
Dis il-lu'sion-lze (-Iz), v. t. To disenchant ; to free 
Dis-in'cli-na'tion (dts-Tu klT-na'shun), n. State of 
being disinclined ; slight aversion or dislike. 

Unwillingness ; disaffection ; alienation ; dis- 
like ; indisposition ; distaste; aversion; repugnance. 

Dis incline 7 (dls'Tn-klin'), v. t. To incline away the 
affections of ; to excite a slight aversion in. 
Dis in-cor'po-rate (dTs'In-koVpo-rat), v. t. To de- 

orporate quality, powers, rights, or privileges. 
Dis infect' (dls'in-fSkf), v. t. To free from infec- 

ontagious matter ; to make innocuous. 
Dis in-fect'ant '-ant), n. That which disinfects. 
Dls in fec'tion f-fSk'shfin), n. Act of disinfecting, or 
state of being disinfected. 
Dis in-iect'or r.fgk't?r), n. One that disinfects. 
Dls in-gen'u-OUS MTs'Tn-jSn'ii-us), a. 1. Not noble ; 
nnbeconmi'/ true honor or dignity; mean; unworthy. 
^ >ot ingenuous ; not frank or open ; uncandid. — 
uia m gen'u ous ly, adt ■,. — Dis'ln-gen'u-ous-ness. n. 
ms In her'1-Bon MiSrT-z'n), n. Same as Dlsherison. 
Uls in-her'lt .- ft i, v. t. To cut off from an inheritance 
Of lrom hereditary huccession ; to deprive of heritage. 



Dis inheritance (dTs'Tn-hSr'Tt-ans), n. Act of dis- 
inheriting, or the state of beiug disinherited ; disherison. 

Dis-in'te-gra-ble (dts-Tn'te-gra-b'l), a. Capable of 
being disintegrated, or reduced to fragments or powder. 

Dis-in'te-grate (dTs-Tn'te-grat), v. t. & i. [imp. & 
p. p. Disintegrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disintegrating.] 
[L. dis- -j- in/egi-aius, p. p. of integrare to renew, rtpair, 
fr. integer. See Integer.] To separate or decompose 
into integrant parts ; to reduce to fragments or to powder. 

Dis-in te-gra'tion (-gra'shuu), n. Act or process of 
disintegrating, or state of being disintegrated. 

Dis'in-ter' (dTs'iu-ter'), v. t. 1. To take out of the 
grave or tomb. 2. To bring out, as from a hiding place. 

Dis m'ter-est-ed (dis-Tn'ter-6st-ed), a. Not influ- 
i enced by regard to personal interest or advantage ; free 
from selfish motive. — Dis-in'ter-est-ed-ly, adv. — Dis- 
in'ter-est-ed-ness, n. 

Syn.— Unbiased ; impartial ; uninterested ; indifferent. 

Dis in-ter'ment (dis'Tn-ter'nient), n. Act of disin- 
terring, or taking out of the earth ; exhumation. 

Dis^in-thrall' (-thral'), v. t. To free from thralldom. 

Dis-join' (dTs-joiu'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
joined (-joind') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Disjoining.] [OF. des- 
joindre, F. disjoindre, dejoindre, fr. L. disjungere, p. p. 
disjunctus ; dis- -\- jungere to join.] To part ; to dis- 
unite ; to separate ; to sunder. 

Dis-joint' (dis-joint'), a. [OF. desjoint, p. p. of des- 
joind re. See Disjoin.] Disjointed ; unconnected. 

Disjoint', v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Disjointed ; p. pr. 
& to. n. Disjointing.] 1. To separate the joints of; to 
put out of joint ; to dislocate. 2. To separate at junc- 
tures or joints ; to break or fall in pieces. 3. To break 
the natural order and relations of. 

Dis-Joint'ly, adv. In a disjointed state. 

Dis-junct' (-junkf), a. [L. disjunetus, p. p. See Dis- 
join.] 1. Disjoined. [JR.'] 2. (Zo'ol.) Having the head, 
thorax, and abdomen separated by deep constrictions. 

Dis-junc'tion (dis-junk'shun), n. 1. Act of disjoin- 
ing ; a parting. 2. (Logic) A disjunctive proposition. 

Dis-junc'tive (dTs-junk'tiv), a. Tending to disjoin ; 
separating; disjoining. — w. (a) (Gh-am.) A disjunctive 
conjunction, (b) (Logic) A disjunctive proposition. 

Disjunctive conjunction (G)-a?n.), one connecting gram- 
matically two words or clauses, and implying at the same 
i time an opposition or separation in thought. — Disjunctive 
proposition, one in which the parts are connected by dis- 
junctive conjunctions. — Disjunctive syllogism (Logic), one 
in which the major proposition is disjunctive. 

Dis-junc'ture (dis-junk'tur ; 135), n. Act of disjoin- 
ing, or state of being disjoined ; separation. 

Disk (disk), n. [L. discus, Gr. SiV/cos. See Dish.] 
1. A discus; a quoit. 2. A flat, circular plate. 3. 
(Astron.) The circular figure of a celestial body, as seen 
projected on the heavens. 4. (Biol.) A circular struc- 
ture, either in plants or animals. 5. 
(Bot.) (a) The whole surface of a 
leaf, (b) The central part of a ra- 
diate compound flower, (c) A part 
of the receptacle enlarged or ex- 
panded under, or around, or even on 
top of, the pistil. 6. (Zool.) (a) The 
anterior surface or oral area of coelen- 
terate animals, as of sea anemones. ,i$ ? f Camomile. 

(b) The lower side of the body of a Vl6k ; r r - s> 
some invertebrates, especially when used for locomotion. 

(c) In owls, the space around the eyes. 

Dis-like 7 (dis-llk'), v. t. 1. To regard with dislike ; 
to disrelish. 2. To aw^aken dislike in ; to displease. 

Dis-like', n . Positive and usually permanent aversion 
to something unpleasant, uncongenial, or offensive. 

Syn. — Distaste ; disinclination ; disapprobation ; dis- 
favor ; disaffection ; displeasure ; disrelish ; aversion ; re- 
luctance ; repugnance ; disgust ; antipathy. 

Dislo-cate (dis'lo-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dislo- 
cated (-ka'ted) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Dislocating (-ka'ting).] 
[LL. dislocare, p. p. -atus ; dis- -j- locate to place, fr. 
locus place.] To displace ; to put out of its proper place ; 
to put out of joint. 

Dis'lo-cate (-kat), a. Dislocated. 

Dis lo-ca'tion (dTs'lo-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of disloca- 
ting, or state of being dislocated. Specif. : (a) (Geol.) 
Displacement of parts of rocks or portions of strata from 
their original situations, (b) (Surg.) A putting out of 
joint ; also, the condition of being thus displaced. 

Dis-lodge' (dis-15j'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dislodged 
(-lojd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dislodging.] [OF. deslogier ; 
pref. des- (L. dis-) -f OF. logier, F. loger. See Lodge.] 
1. To drive from a lodge or place of rest. 2. To drive 
out from a place of hiding or defense. 




<>, u, long ; a, g, I, 5, a, y, short ; Ben&te, 8vent, idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



DISLODGMENT 



257 



DISPATCHFUL 



Dis-lodg'ment (dis-15j'ment), n. Act or process of 
dislodging, or state of being dislodged. 

Dis-loy'al (dls-loi'al), a. Not loyal ; false where alle- 
giance is due ; faithless. — Dis-loy'al-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Disobedient ; faithless ; untrue ; treacherous ; 
perfidious ; dishonest ; inconstant ; disaffected. 

Dis-loy'al-ty (dTs-loi'al-ty), n. Want of loyalty, or 
fidelity ; violation of allegiance. 

Dis'mal (diz'niffl), a. [Formerly a noun. Of uncer- 
tain origin.] 1. Fatal ; unlucky. [Obs.] 2. Gloomy 
to the eye or ear ; sorrowful and depressing to the feel- 
ings. — Dis'mai-ly, adv. — Dis'mal-ness, n. 

Syn. — Dreary ; lonesome ; dark : ominous ; ill-boding ; 
doleful ; lugubrious ; funereal ; dolorous ; calamitous ; 
sad : joyless ; melancholy ; unfortunate ; unhappy. 

Dis-man'tle (dTs-man't'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
mantled (-t'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismantling (-tltng).] 
[F. demanleler, OF. desmanteler ; pref. des- (L. dis-) -f 
manteler to cloak, defend, fr. mantel. See Mantle.] 
1. To strip or deprive of dress ; to divest. 2. To strip 
of furniture and equipments, guns, etc. ; to strip of 
walls or outworks. 3. To disable; to render useless. 

Dis -mask' (dis-mask'), v. t. To divest of a mask. 

Dismast' (dTs-masf), v. t. To deprive of a mast or 
masts. 

Dis-may' (dis-ma'), v. t. [;imp. & p. p. Dismayed 
(-mad'); p. pr. & vb. re. Dismaying.] [OF. esmaier ; 
pref. es- (L. ex) -J- OHG. magan to be strong or able ; 
akin to E. may.] To disable with alarm or apprehension ; 
to deprive of firmness and energy through fear. 

Syn. — To terrify ; fright ; affright ; frighten ; appall ; 
daunt ; dishearten ; dispirit ; discourage ; deject : de- 
press. — Dismay denotes a state of deep and gloomy ap- 
prehension. To daunt supposes something more sudden 
and startling. To appall is the strongest term, implying 
a sense of terror which overwhelms the faculties. 

Dis-may', re. 1. Loss of courage and firmness through 
fear ; a sinking of the spirits ; consternation. 2. Condi- 
tion fitted to dismay ; ruin. 

Syn. — Dejection ; discouragement ; depression ; fear ; 
fright ; terror ; apprehension ; alarm ; affright. 

Dis-mem'ber (dis-rnern'ber), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
membered (-berd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismembering.] [OF. 
desmembrer ; pref. des- (L. dis-) -f- OF. & F. membre 
limb. See Member.] To tear or disjoin limb from limb ; 
to cut in pieces ; to disjoint. 

Syn. — To dilacerate ; mutilate ; divide ; sever. 

Dis-mem'ber-ment (-ment), n. Act of dismember- 
ing, or state of being dismembered. 

Dismiss' (dTs-mis'), v. t. [jimp. &p. p. Dismissed 
(-mist') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismissing.] [L. dis- -f- mis- 
sus, p. p. of mitt ere to send. See Demise.] 1. To send 
away ; to cause or permit to go. 2. To remove or dis- 
charge from office, service, or employment. 3. To lay 
aside or reject as unworthy of attention. 

Dis-miss'al (dls-mTs'ol), re. Dismission ; discharge. 

Dis-mis'sion (dTs-mTsh'un), n. 1. Act of sending 
away ; permission to leave. 2. Removal from office or em- 
ployment. 3. Rejection ; a setting aside as unimportant. 

Dis-miss'ive (dis-mis'Tv), a. Giving dismission. 

Dismount' (dls-mount'), v. i. 1. To come down ; 
to descend. [Poetic'] 2. To alight from a horse. 

Dis-mount'. v. t. 1. To throw or bring down from 
an elevation, place of honor, authority, etc. 2. To re- 
move from a horse ; to unhorse. 3. (Mech.) To take down 
or apart, as a machine. 4. To throw or remove from 
the carriage ; to break the carriage or wheels of ; to de- 
prive of equipments or mountings ; — said esp. of artillery. 

Dis O-be'di-ence (dls'o-be'dT-ens), n. Neglect or re- 
fusal to obey ; violation of a command or prohibition. 

Dis'O-be'di-en-cy (-en-sy), n. Disobedience. 

Dis o-be'di-ent (dis'6-be'di-ent), a. Neglecting or 
refusing to obey ; refractory. — Dis' O-be'di-ent-ly . adv. 

Dis obey' (dis'6-ba'), v. t. & i. [jimp. & p. p. Dis- 
obeyed (-bad') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Disobeying.] [F. deso- 
beir ; pref. des- (L. dis-) + obeir. See Obey.] Not to obey ; 
to neglect or refuse to obey (a superior, the laws, etc.). 

Dis ob li-ga'tion (-ob'lT-ga'shiin), n. Act of disobli- 
ging- [obligation. I 

Dis-Obli-ga-tO-ry (-ga-t£-ry), a. Releasing from| 

Dis oblige' (dis'6-blij'), v. t. 1. To offend by an act 
of unkindness or incivility ; to be unaccommodating to. 
2. To release from obligation. 

Diso-bli'ger (dTs'6-bli'jer), n. One who disobliges. 

Dis o-bli'ging (-jTng), a. Not obliging. — Dis'o-bli'- 
gmg-ly. adv. — Dis o-bli'ging-ness, n. [orbit. I 

Dis-orb / (dis-6rb'), v. t. To throw out of the proper | 

Dis-or'der (dis-SVder), re. 1. "Want of order or reg- 
ular disposition ; confusion ; disarray. 2. Neglect of 



order ; irregularity. 3. Breach of public order ; tumult. 
4. Disturbance of the functions of the animal economy 
or of the soul ; sickness ; derangement : malady. 

Syn. — Disarrangement ; bustle ; commotion; illness; 
indisposition ; ailment ; distemper. See Disease. 

Dis-or'der (dls-6r'der), v. t. 1. To disturb the order 
of ; to contuse. 2. To make sick or indisposed. 

Dis-or'dered (-derd), a. Thrown into disorder. 

Dis-or'der-ly (dTs-6r'der-ly), a. 1. Not in order; 
marked by disorder. 2. Not acting in an orderly way, 
as the functions of the body or mind. 3. Not complying 
with the restraints of law and order ; unruly ; lawless. 

— Dis-or'der liness (dTs-Gr'der-li-ne's), n. 

Syn. — Irregular ; immethodical ; confused ; tumultu- 
ous ; inordinate ; intemperate ; unruly ; lawless ; vicious. 

Dis-or'der-ly, adv. In a disorderly manner. 

Dis-or gan-i-za'tion (dTs-Sr'gfln-T-za'shun), n. Act 
of disorganizing or state of being disorganized. 

Dis-or'gan-ize (dTs-6r'gfln-Iz), v. t. To destroy the 
organic structure or regular system of (a government, a 
society, a party, etc.) ; to break up (what is organized;. 

Dis-or'gan-i'zer (-i'zer), n. One who disorganizes. 

Dis-own' (dis-on' or dlz-on'), v. I. 1. To refuse to 
own or acknowledge as belonging to, or connected with, 
one's self. 2. To refuse to acknowledge or allow ; to deny. 

Syn. — To disavow ; disclaim ; renounce ; disallow. 

Dis-par'age (dls-par'aj ; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
paraged (-par'ajd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Disparaging 
(-a-jing).] [OF. desparagier to marry unequally ; pref. 
des- (L. dis-) -j- F. parage extraction, lineage, from L. 
par equal, peer.] 1. To dishonor by an unequal mar- 
riage. [Obs.] 2. To dishonor by a comparison with 
what is inferior ; to depreciate ; to undervalue. 

Syn. — To decry; underrate; cheapen; vilify; re- 
proach ; detract from ; degrade ; debase. See Decry. 

Dis-par'age-ment (dTs-par'aj-nKmt), re. Act of dis- 
paraging ; injurious comparison with an inferior ; a de- 
preciating or dishonoring opinion or insinuation. 

Syn. — Indignity ; derogation ; detraction ; reproach ; 
dishonor ; debasement ; degradation ; disgrace. 

Dis-par'a-ger (dis-paVa-jer), n. One who disparages. 

Dis'pa-rate (dis'pa-rat), a. [L. disparatus, p. p. of 
disparate to part, separate ; dis- -\- parare to make 
ready, prepare.] 1. Unequal ; dissimilar ; separate. 2. 
{Logic) Pertaining to two coordinate species or divisions. 

— n. pi. Things so unequal or unlike that they can not 
be compared with each other. 

Dis-par'i-ty (dTs-par'T-ty), n. [LL. disparitas, fr. L. 
dispar unlike, unequal ; dis- -+- par equal.] Inequality ; 
difference in age, rank, condition, or excellence. 

Syn. — Unlikeness; dissimilitude ; disproportion. 

Dis-park' (dis-park'), v. t. 1. To throw open (a park 
or inclosure). 2. To set at large. [chaic] I 

Dis-part' (-part'), v. t. & i. To part ; to divide. [Ar- \ 

Dis-part', re. (Gun.) (a) The difference between the 
thickness of the metal at the mouth and at the breech of 
a piece of ordnance, (b) A piece of metal placed near 
the muzzle of a piece of ordnance to make the line of 
sight parallel to the axis of the bore. 

Dis-part', v. t. (Gun.) (a) To allow for the dispart 
when aiming, (b) To furnish with a dispart sight. 

Dis-pas'sion (-pash'iin), 72. Freedom from passion. 

Dis-pas'sion-ate (-un-at), a. 1. Free from passion ; 
not warped or carried away by passion or feeling. 2. 
Not dictated by passion. — Dis-pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. — 
Dis-pas'sion-ate-ness, n. 

Syn. — Calm ; cool ; composed ; serene ; unimpas- 
sioned ; temperate ; moderate ; impartial ; unruffled. 

Dis-patch' (dls-pach' ; 224). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
patched (-pachf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispatching.] [OF. 
despeechier ; prob. from pref. des- (L. dis-) 4- (assumed) 
LL. pedicare to obstruct, fr. L. pedica fetter, fr. pes, 
pedis, foot.] 1. To dispose of speedily ; to perform or 
finish quickly. 2. To get rid of by sending off ; to send 
away hastily. 3. To send off or away on special business, 
as a messenger ; — implying haste. 4. To put to death. 

Syn. — To expedite ; hasten ; speed ; accelerate ; per- 
form ; conclude ; finish : slay ; kill. 

Dis-patch', V. i. To make haste. 

Dis-patch', n. 1. Act of sending a message or mes- 
senger in haste or on important business. 2. Any send- 
ing away ; dismissal ; riddance. 3. The finishing up of 
a business ; prompt execution ; diligence ; haste. 4. A 
message dispatched or sent with speed ; esp., an impor- 
tant official letter sent from one public officer to another. 
5. A message sent by telegraph. [Modem] 

Syn. — Haste; hurry; promptness; celerity; speed. 

Dis-patch'er (dis-pSch'er), n. One who dispatches. 

Dis-patch'ful (-ful), a. Bent on haste ; quick. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
*17 



M 



DISPAUPER 



258 



DISPROPORTIONABLY 



> 



> 



Dis pau'pi: 

Dis pau l 
Dis pel' 



t. To deprive of claim to 

[paupers. I 

rom pauperism or | 

.). Dispelled (-peW) ; 
spellere; dis- + pel- 

IV drive away; to clear away ; to 

Dis pend' [dW-pfedOi '• '• [OF- despendre, L. dispen- 
dert to weigh out. dispense ; c/w- + ptndere to weigh.] 
lb spend: to lay out [06*.] 

Dis pen'sa bie (dta-pfa'atb'l), a. Capable of being 
dispensed or dispensed with. — Dis pen'sa ble-ness. n. 
Dis-pen'SS-ry v -ry\ n. 1. A place where medicines 
d dispensed, sap. gratuitously or at a 
uomiual price. 2. A dispensatory. 
Dis pen-sa'tion (dis pen-aS'shun), n. 1. Act of dis- 
r dealing out ; distribution ; — often used of the 
I Is administration. 2. That which 
. l< alt out, or appointeds esp. (Theol.), asys- 
teiu of principles, promises, and rules ordained and ad- 
ministered ; scheme ; economy. 3. Relaxation of a law 
in a particular ease ; specif. (Ji. C. Ch.), exemption from 
MM ecclesiastical law or obligation to God incurred of 
an free will (oaths, vows, etc.). [sation. I 

Dis-pen'sa-tive (dls-pgn'sa-tiv), a. Granting dispen- 1 
Dis 'pen sa tor (dTs'pgn-sa'ter), n. A dispenser. 
Dis-pen'sa-tO-ry (dls-pSn'sa-to-ry), a. Granting, or 
authorized to grant, dispensations. 

Dis-pen'sa-tO-ry, ». A book containing a systematic 
description of drugs, and of preparations made from them; 
— usually distinguished from a pharmacopoeia in that it 
is not issued by an official body or by government. 

Dispense' (dTs-pgns'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dispensed 
(-pgnsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispensing.] [F. dispenser, L. 
dispensare, intens. ofrf ispendere. SeeDisPEND.] 1. To 
deal out in portions ; to distribute ; to give. 2. To apply, 
as laws to particular cases ; to administer ; to execute ; 
to direct. 3. To exempt ; to excuse ; to absolve. 
Dispense', v. i. To give dispensation. 
To dispense with, to permit the neglect, omission, or 
disregard of. as a form, a ceremony, an oath. 
Dis-pens'er (-pgn'ser), n. One that dispenses. 
Dls-peo'ple (dTs-pe'p'l), v. t. To depopulate. 
Di-sper'mous (dt-sper'rnus), a. [Gr. 6V = 6Ys -f o-jre'p- 
/xa seed.] (Bot.) Containing only two seeds. 

Dis-per'sal (dts-per'sal), n. Act or result of dispersing. 
Disperse' (dTs-pers'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
persed (-persf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispersing.] [L. dis- 
£ergere, p. p. -persus ; dis- -f- spar gere to strew, scatter.] 
, To scatter or spread abroad ; to distribute ; to diffuse. 
2- To scatter, so as to cause to vanish ; to dissipate. 
Syn. — To dispel ; spread ; deal out ; disseminate. 
Dispersed' (-persf), «• Scattered — Dis-pers'ed-ly 
(-pers'gd-ljf), adv. — Dis-pers'ed-ness, n. 
Dis-pers'er (-er), n. One that disperses. 
Dis-per'sion (dTs-per'shun), n. 1. A dispersing ; state 
of being dispersed. 2. {Opt.) Separation of light into its 
differently colored rays. [Dis-pers'ive-ness, n. I 

Dis-pers'ive (dTs-persTv), a. Tending to disperse. — | 
Dis-pir'it (dts-pTr'Tt), v. t. [Pref. dis- + spirit.} To 
depress the spirits of ; to dishearten ; to discourage. 
Syn. — To deject; depress; cast down ; daunt; cow. 
Dis-pir'it-ed, a. Depressed in spirits ; disheartened ; 
d united— Dis-pir'it-ed-ly, adv.— Dis-pir'it-ed-ness,rc. 
Displace' (-plas'), v. t. 1. To change the place of ; to 
to put out of place. 2. To discharge ; to depose. 
•Syn. — To disarrange ; derange; dismiss; discard. 
Dis-place'a-ble (-a-b'l),a. Capable of being displaced. 
Dis-place'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of displacing; 
being displaced. 2. Quantity of anything dis- 
placed by a floating body. 3. {Chem.) A process of ex- 
tr.ictinc soluble substances from organic matter. 
Dls-pla'cer (dTs-pla'ser), n. One that displaces. 
Dis-plant' (dls-planf), v. t. 1. To remove (what is 
or fixed); to unsettle and take away; to root 
MS. 2. To ht rip of what is planted or settled. 
Dis plan-ta'tlon CdTs/plXn-ta'shun), n. A displanting. 
Display' (dla-plSO, ". t. [imp. & p. p. Displayed 
C-pBdO; p. pr. & vb. n. Displaying.] [OF. despleier, 
' r ; pref. des- (L. dis-) -f pleier, ploier, plier, to 
ad, L. plicare. See Ply.] 1. To unfold ; to ex- 
d. 2. {Mil.) To extend the front of (a 
, bringing it into line. 3. To exhibit to the sight 
or mind. 4. To -how conspicuously or ostentatiously. 
Syn. — To show ; manifest ; parade ; flaunt. 
Dis-play'. v. ,-. To make a display. [played. I 

Dis-play'. n. Act of displaying, or that which isdis- 
Dla play'er (4fr), n. One that displays. 



Dis-please' (dts-plez'), v. t. 



[imp. &p.p. Displeased 
(-plead 7 ) ; p. pr. & vb. j). Displeasing.] [OF. desplaisir; 
pref. des- (L. dis-) + phiisir to please.] To make not 
pleased ; to excite disapprobation or dislike in ; to offend. 

Syn. — To disgust; vex; anger; provoke; affront. 

Dis-pleas'ure (dls-plezh'fir ; 135), ». 1. The feeling 
of one displeased ; irritation. 2. That which displeases. 

Syn. — Dissatisfaction; disapprobation; disfavor ; dis- 
taste ; dislike ; anger ; hate ; aversion ; indignation. 

Dis-plode' (-plod'), v. t. & i. [L. displodere, -plosum ; 
dis- -\- plodere to clap.] To discharge ; to explode. 

Dis-plo'sion (dls-plo'zhun), n. Explosion. 

Dis-plo'sive (-plo'siv), a. Explosive. 

Dis-plume' (-plum'), v. t. To strip of, or as of, plumes. 

Dispone' (dis-pon'), v. t. [L. disponere. See Dispo- 
sition.] 1. (Her.) To dispose. 2. To dispose of. 3. 
(Scots Laic) To make over, or convey, legally. 

Dis-ponge' (dis-punj'), v. t. To sprinkle, as with 
water from a sponge. [Poetic & Hare} 

Disport' (dis-porf), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Disported ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Disporting.] [OF. se desporter ; pref. 
des- (L. dis-) 4- F. porter to carry ; orig. therefore, to 
leave one's work, to go to amuse one's self.] To play ; 
to wanton ; to move in gayety ; to amuse one's self. 

Dis-port', v. t. 1. To divert or amuse ; to make 
merry. 2. To remove from a port ; to carry away. 

Dis-port', n. Play ; sport ; pastime ; playfulness. 

Dis-pos'a-ble (dis-poz'a-b'l), a. Subject to disposal ; 
not assigned to any service or use. 

Dis-pos'al (dTs-poz'al), n. 1. Act of disposing, or 
disposing of, anything. 2. Ordering ; government ; di- 
rection. 3. Regulation, or power of regulation, of the 
fate, condition, application, transfer, etc., of anything. 

Syn. — Disposition ; dispensation; management; con- 
duct ; government ; distribution ; arrangement ; control. 

Dis-pose' (dis-poz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disposed 
(-pozd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Disposing.] [F. disposer; 
pref. dis- + poser to place. See Pose.] 1. To distribute 
and put in place ; to arrange ; to set in order ; to order. 
2. To adjust ; to determine. 3. To deal out ; to assign 
to a use ; to apply. 4. To give a tendency or inclination 
to ; to adapt ; esp., to incline the mind of. 

To dispose of. (a) To determine the fate or condition 
of. (b) To pass over into the control of some one else, as 
by selling ; to alienate ; to get rid of. 

Syn. — To adjust ; regulate ; adapt ; fit ; bestow ; give. 

Disposed' (-pozd'), p. a. Inclined ; minded. 

Dis-pos'er (-poz'er), n. One that disposes. 

Dis po-si'tion (dis'po-zTsh'un), n. [L. dispositio, fr. 
disponere to dispose ; dis- + ponere to place. See Posi- 
tion.] 1. Act of disposing ; application ; disposal. 

2. State or manner of being disposed or arranged. 

3. Tendency to any action or state resulting from natural 
constitution. 4. Conscious inclination ; propension or 
propensity. 5. Natural or prevailing spirit, or tempera- 
ment of mind. 6. Mood ; humor. 

Syn. — Adjustment ; regulation ; arrangement ; dis- 
tribution ; order ; method ; adaptation ; bestowment ; 
alienation ; character ; temper ; mood. — Disposition is 
the natural humor of a person, the predominating quality 
of his character, the constitutional habit of his mind. 
Character is this disposition influenced by motive, train- 
ing, and will. Temper refers particularly to the quality 
of mind with regard to the passions or affections, formerly 
signifying the mixture or proportion of the four humors, 
the blood, phlegm, choler, and melancholy. 

Dis possess' (diVpoz-zes' or -pos-ses' ; see Possess), 
v. t. To put out of possession, esp. of real estate. 

Dis pos-ses'sion (-poz-zesh'un or -pos-sgsh'un), n. 
Act of dispossessing ; state of being dispossessed. 

Dis pos-sess'or. n. One who dispossesses. 

Dis-po'sure (-po'zhur), n. Disposal. 

Dispraise' (dis-praz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
praised (-prazd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Dispraising.] [OF. 
desprisier, despreisier ; pref. des- (L. dis-) -\- prisier to 
prize, praise. See Praise.] To withdraw praise from ; 
to censure ; to disparage ; to blame. 

Dis-pralse', n. Act of dispraising ; censure. 

Dis-prais'er (-er), n. One who blames or dispraises. 

Dis-pread' (dis-prgd'), v. t. & i. To spread abroad. 

Dis-proof (-proof), n. A proving to be false or erro- 
neous; confutation; refutation. 

Dls'pro-por'tlon (dls/pro-por'shun), n. 1. Want of 
proportion in form or quantity; lack of symmetry. 2. 
Want of suitableness ; disparity. 

Dis'pro-por'tlon, v. t. To make unsuitable in quan- 
tity, form, or fitness to an end ; to join unfitly. 

Dis'pro-por'tion-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Disproportional ; 
disproportionate ; inadequate. — Dis'pro-por'tion-a-ble- 
ness, n. — Dis'pro-por'tion-a-bly, adv. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; aen&te, gvent, idea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DISPROPORTIONATE 



259 



DISSERVE 



Dis'prO-por'tion-al (dls/pro-por'shun-orl), a. Not hav- 
ing due proportion ; lacking symmetry ; unsuitable ; in- 
adequate. — Dis'pro-por'tion-al-ly. adv. 

Dispro-por'tion-ate (-at), a. Not proportioned ; un- 
symmetrical; unsuitable. — Disproportionately. 
adv. — Dis pro-por'tion-ate-ness, n. [disproved, i 

Dis-prov'a-ble (-proov'a-b'l), a. Capable of being | 

Dis-prov'al (-«1), ?i. Act of disproving ; disproof. 

Dis-prove / (dis-prodv'), v. t. To prove to be false or 
erroneous ; to confute ; to refute. 

Dis-prov'er. (-er), n. One who disproves or confutes. 

Dis'pu-ta-ble (dis'pu-ta-b'l), a. That may be dis- 
puted ; controvertible. —Dis'pu-ta-ble-ness, n. 

Dis'pu-tant (dis'pu-tant), a. Disputing ; engaged in 
controversy. — n. One who disputes, [versy in words. I 

Dis'pu-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. A disputing ; contro- 1 

Dis pu-ta'tious (-shus), a. Inclined to dispute ; apt 
to cavil or controvert. — Dis pu-ta'tious-ly, adv. — 
Dis pu ta'tious-ness. n_. 

Dis-put'a-tlve (dis-puf a-tlv), a. Disputatious. 

Dispute' (dis-puf ), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disputed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Disputing.] [OF. desputer, disputer, fr. 
L. disputare, -atum ; dis- -\- putare to clean; hence, fig., 
to clear up, set in order, reckon, think.] To contend in 
argument ; to argue against something maintained or 
upheld by another ; to discuss ; to debate ; to wrangle. 

Dis-pute', V. t. 1. To argue for and against. 2. To 
oppose by argument or assertion. 3. To strive or con- 
tend about ; to contest. 

Syn. — To controvert ; contest ; gainsay ; doubt ; ques- 
tion ; argue ; debate ; discuss ; impugn. 

Dis-pute 7 , n. 1. "Verbal controversy ; altercation ; 
debate. 2. Contest ; struggle ; quarrel. 

Syn. — Argumentation ; discussion ; quarrel ; disagree- 
ment ; contention ; wrangling ; altercation. 

Dis-put'er (dis-put'er), n. One who disputes. 

Dis qual i fi-ca'tion (dis-kw51'i-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. 
Act of disqualifying, or state of being disqualified. 2. 
That which disqualifies. 

Disqualify (dis-kwol'T-fi), v. t. 1. To render unfit ; 
to incapacitate. 2. To divest of legal right or privilege. 

Dis-qui'et (dTs-kwi'gt), a. Impatient ; uneasy. [R.] 

Dis-qui'et, n. "Want of quiet ; restlessness ; anxiety. 

Dis-qui'et, v. t. To deprive of peace, rest, or tran- 
quillity ; to make uneasy ; to disturb ; to excite. 

Dis-qui'et-er, n. One who, or that which, disquiets. 

Dis-qui'et-ness, n. Restlessness; uneasiness. 

Dis-qui'e-tude (-e-tud), n. "Want of peace or tran- 
quillity ; uneasiness ; disturbance ; agitation ; anxiety. 

Dis qui-si'tion (dTs'kwT-zish'un), n. [L. disquisitio, 
fr. disquirere to investigate ; dis- + quaerere to seek. 
See Quest.] A formal or systematic inquiry into, or 
discussion of, any subject ; elaborate essay ; dissertation. 

Dis-quis'i-tive (dis-kwTz'i-tiv), a. Relating to dis- 
quisition ; fond of discussion or investigation. 

Dis-rank/ (-rank' ; see Dis-), v. t. 1. To degrade from 
rank. [06s.] 2. To throw out of rank or into confusion. 

Dis're-gard' (dis're-gard'), v. t. To neglect or refuse 
to regard ; to pay no heed to ; to slight, [disregarded. I 

Dis're-gard', n. Act of disregarding ; state of being | 

Dis re-gard'er (-gard'er), n. One who disregards. 

Dis-rel'ish (dis-rellsh ; see Dis-), n. 1. Want of 
relish ; dislike ; distaste. 2. Bad taste ; nauseousness. 

Dis-rel'ish, v. t. 1. To have no relish for ; to regard 
as offensive. 2. To make not relishable, or nauseous. 

Dis re-mem'ber (dTs're-mem'ber), v. t. To fail to re- 
member; to forget. \_Obs. or Archaic] 

Dis-rep'u-ta-ble (dis-rep'u-ta-b'l), a. Not reputable ; 
of bad repute ; tending to bring into disesteem ; dis- 
graceful. — Dis-rep'u-ta-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Dishonorable ; discreditable ; low ; shameful. 

Dis re-pute' (dis're-puf ), n. Loss or want of repu- 
tation ; ill character ; disesteem ; discredit ; dishonor. 

Dis respect' (dis're-spekf ), n. Want of respect or 
reverence ; disesteem ; incivility ; discourtesy. 

Dis respect', v. t. To show disrespect to. 

Dis're-spect'ful (-ful), a. Manifesting disrespect. — 
Dis're-spect'ful-ly, adv. — Dis re-spect'ful-ness. n. 

Dis-robe' (dls-rob' ; see Dis-), v. t. & i. To divest of 
a robe ; to undress ; to strip. [the roots. I 

Dis-root' (-roof), v. t. To tear up the roots of, or by | 

Dis-rupt' (dis-rupf), a. [L. disruptus, p. p. of dis- 
rumpere to break or burst asunder ; dis- + rumpere to 
burst. See Rupture.] Rent off ; torn asunder ; severed. 

Dis-rupt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disrupted ; p. pr. & vb. 
tl. Disrupting.] To break asunder ; to rend. 

Dis-rup'tion (-rup'shun), n. Act of rending asunder ; 
state of being rent asunder or broken in pieces ; rupture. 



Dis-rupt'ive (dta-raptYr), a. Causing, or tending 
to cause, disruption ; caused by disruption. 

Dla-rup'ture (-tur), h. Disruption. [R.] 

Dis-sat is faction (dls-saVTs-fak'shun), n. State of 
being dissatisfied, unsatisfied, or discontented. 

Syn. — Discontent ; discontentment ; displeasure; dis- 
approbation ; distaste ; dislike. 

Dis-sat is-fac'to-ry (-to-ry), a. Causing dissatisfac- 
tion ; unable to give content ; unsatisfactory ; displeasing. 

Dis-sat'ls-ly (dls-saVTs-fi), v. t. To render unsatis- 
fied or discontented ; to displease. 

Dissect' (dTs-sSkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissected; 
p. pr.&vb. n. Dissecting.] [L. dissecare, p. p. -sectus; 
dis- + secare to cut.] 1. To divide into separate parts, 
as an animal or a plant, for examination and to show the 
structure and relations of parts; to anatomize. 2. To 
analyze ; to divide and examine minutely. 

Dis-sect'ed (dls-sgkt'Sd), a. 1. Divided into sec- 
tions. 2. (Bot.) Cut deeply into many lobes or divisions. 

Dis-sec'tion (dTs-seVshun), n. 1. Act of dissecting. 
2. Anything dissected ; an anatomical specimen. 

Dis-sect'or (dis-sgk'ter), n. One who dissects. 

Disseize' (-sez'), v. t. (Laic) To deprive of seizin ; 
to oust wrongfully from a freehold. 

Dis sei-zee' (dTs'se-ze / ), n. (Law) A person disseized. 

Dis-sei'zin (dts-se'zln), n. (Law) Act of disseizing. 

Dis-sei'zor (-zor), n. (Law) One who disseizes. 

Dis-sem'ble (dis-sgm'b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissem- 
bled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissembling (-bling).] [OF. 
dissembler to be dissimilar ; pref. dis- (L. dis-) -\- F. sem- 
bler to seem, L. simulare to simulate. See Simulate.] 
1. To hide under a false semblance or seeming ; to put 
an untrue appearance upon. 2. To put on the semblance 
of ; to simulate ; to feign. 

Syn. — To conceal; disguise; cloak; cover. 

Dis-sem'ble, v. i. To conceal the real fact, motives, 
intention, or sentiments, under some pretense. 

Dis-sem'bler (-bier), n. One who dissembles. 

Syn. — Hypocrite. — A person is called a dissembler 
with reference to his concealment of his real character, 
and a hypocrite with reference to his assumption of a 
false character. 

Dis-sem'i-nate (dis-sem'T-nat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. 
p. Disseminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disseminating.] [L. 
cLissemmare, p. p. -aius ; dis- + seminare to sow, semen 
seed.] 1. To sow as seed; to scatter for growth and 
propagation, like seed ; to spread abroad. 2. To spread 
or extend by dispersion. 

Sy/n. — To diffuse ; propagate ; circulate ; disperse. 

Dis-sem i-na'tion (dis-sem'T-na'shun), n. Act of dis- 
seminating, or state of being disseminated. 

Dis-sem'i-na-tive (dis-seniT-na-tTv or -na-tiv), a. 
Tending to disseminate, or to become disseminated. 

Dis-sem'i-na'tor (-na'ter), n. One that disseminates. 

Dis-sen'sion (dTs-sen'shun), n. [See Dissent.] Dis- 
agreement in opinion, usually of a violent character ; 
contention in words ; strife ; discord ; quarrel. 

Dis-sen'sious (-shus), a. Contentious; dissentious. 

Dis-sent' (dis-senf). v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dissented ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Dissenting.] [L. dissentire, -sensum ; 
dis- -f- sentire to feel, think. See Sense.] 1. To differ 
in opinion ; to be of unlike or contrary sentiment ; to dis- 
agree. 2. (Eccl.) To differ from an established church 
in regard to doctrines, rites, or government. 3. To dif- 
fer ; to be of a contrary nature. 

Dis-sent'. n. 1. Act of dissenting ; difference of opin- 
ion ; refusal to consent. 2. (Eccl.) Separation from an 
established church, esp. that of England ; nonconformity. 

Syn. — Disagreement; variance; nonconcurrence. 

Dis-sent'er (~er), n. 1. One who dissents. 2. (Eccl.) 
One who separates from the service and worship of an 
established church ; esp., one who disputes the authority 
or tenets of the Church of England. 

Dis-sen'tient (-sen'shent), a. Disagreeing ; declaring 
dissent ; dissenting. — n. One who dissents. 

Dis-sen'tious (-shus), a. Marked by dissensions ; apt 
to breed discord ; factious. — Dis-sen'tious-ly . adv. 

Dis-sep'i-ment (dis-sepT-ment), n. [L. dissaepimen- 
turn, fr. dissaepire; dis- + saepire to hedge in, inclose.] 
A separating tissue ; a partition; a septum, as in a com- 
pound ovary of a flower. 

Dis-sert' (-serf), v. i. [L. disserere, p. p. -sertus ; dis- 
+ serere to join. See Serees.] To discourse. [R.] 

Dis'ser-tate (dis'ser-tat), v. i. [L. dissertate, p. p. 
-atus, intens. fr. disserere.] To discourse. [R.] 

Dis ser-ta'tion (dis'ser-ta'shun), ti. A formal or 
elaborate argumentative discourse, oral or written ; a 
disquisition ; an essay. 

Dis-serve' (dis-serv'), v. t. To serve ill ; to injure. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DISSERVICE 



260 



DISTEMPER 



> 



> 



Injury; mischief, 
i-ole , -mtui ; unserviceable. 

a p. p. Dis- 

serer, L. 

,u in two ; to sever thor- 
i .'.irate : to disperse. 
- severance (-ana), v. Act of dissevering. 
Dls'si-dence (dYs'sT-dena), n. Disagreement ; dissent. 
Dis si dent fdls'aT-dent), a. [L. dissident, -entis, p. 
to sit apart, to disagree ; dw- + seder* to 
\ igreeing; dissenting; discordant ; different. 
_ -ruler. 

Dis sill ence (dYs-aYlT-eM or -yeas : 106), \ ?j. Act 
DiS-Sil'1-en-Cy (,dTs-sil'T-<n-sy o;-y<n-sy), 1 of leap- 

rtarting wonder. 
Dis-sil'i-ent t,-T-<-nt or -yent), a. [L. dissiliens, -ends, 

to leap asunder ; dis- -f- saWfC to leap.] 
asunder; bursting open with elastic force. 
Dls-sim'i-lar (dla-sImfP-ler), a. Not similar ; hetero- 

— Dis-sim'i-lar-ly, adv. 
Dis siru i-lar'i-ty (-lXr'I-ty), n. Want of resemblance ; 
unlikeness : dinwimilitnde ; variety. 
Dis-sim'i-late (-lat), r. t. To render dissimilar. 
Dis-sim'i-le (dls-sTm'T-l*), n. [L. dissimile, neut. of 

unlike.] (Rhet.) Comparison by contraries. 
Dis si-mil'i-tude (dTs'sT-mll'i-tud), n. 1. Want of 
resemblance : dissimilarity. 2. (Rhet.) Dissimile. 
Dis sim'u-late (dTs-sim'u-lat), v. i. To dissemble. 
Dis Sim U-la'tion (dTs-sTin'u-la'shiin), n. Act of dis- 
sembling ; false pretension ; bypocrisy'. 
Dis-sim'u-la'tor (-ter), n. One who dissimulates. 
Dis'si-pate (dla'sI-pSt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissi- 
pated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissipating.] [L. dissipare, p. p. 
'is- -\- obs. sipare, sitpare, to throw.] 1. To 
scatter completely ; to disperse and cause to disappear. 

2. To destroy by extravagance ; to squander. 

Syn. — To dispel; spend; expend; waste; consume. 

Dis'si-pate, V. i- 1. To separate and disappear.; to 
waste away ; to vanish. 2. To be extravagant or disso- 
lute in the pursuit of pleasure ; to engage in dissipation. 

Dis Si-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. 1. A dissipating; dis- 
persion ; waste. 2. Dissolute living ; indulgence in vice. 

3. A trifle which wastes time or distracts attention. 
Dis'si-pa-tive (-pa-tiv), a. Tending to dissipate. 
Dis so'cia-ble (-so'sha-b'l), a. [See Dissociate.] 

1. Not well associated or assorted ; incongruous. 2. Un- 
suitable to society ; unsociable. [tracted ; selfish. I 

Dis-SO'cial (-shal), a. Unfriendly to society; con-| 

Dis-so'ci-ate (-shT-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissocia- 
ted ; p. pr. &vb.n. Dissociating.] [L. dissociare, p. p. 
-atus ; dis — \- sociare to unite, associate, socius com- 
panion.] To separate from fellowship or union ; to dis- 
unite ; to disjoin. 

Dis-SO Ci-a'tion (-shT-a'shun or -sT-a'shun ; 106), n. 
Act of dissociating or disuniting ; state of separation. 

Dis'so-lu-ble (dis's6-lu-b'l), a. [See Dissolve.] Ca- 
pable of being dissolved. — Dis'so-lu-ble-ness, n. 

Dis'so-lute (dis'so-lut), a. [L. dissolutus, p. p.] 
Loosed from restraint ; esp., loose in morals and conduct ; 
addicted to, or abandoned to, sensual pleasures ; licen- 
tious. — Dis'so-lute-ly, adv. — Dis'so-lute -ness, n. 

Uncurbed; unbridled; disorderly; wild; wan- 
ton ; vicious ; lax ; lewd ; rakish ; debauched ; profligate. 

Dis SO-lu'tion (dls'so-lu'shun), n. 1. Act of dis- 
solving, or separating into component parts ; separation. 

2. Change from a solid to a fluid state. 3. Change of 
form by chemical agency. 4. The dispersion of an as- 
sembly by terminating its sessions ; the breaking up of a 
partnership. 5. Separation of the soul from the body ; 
death. 6. State of being dissolved. 7. The new product 
formed by dissolving a body; a solution. 8. Destruc- 
tion: ruin. 9. Corruption of morals ; dissoluteness. [J?.] 

Dis-solv'a-ble (dlz-z51v'a-b'l), a. Capable of being 

or separated into component parts; soluble. 
Dis-solve / CdTz-zSlv'j, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissolved 
: p. pr. & vb. n. Dissolving.] [L. dtssdlvere, 
tm ; dis- + solvere to loose, free. See Solve.] 
•narate into component parts ; to disorganize ; to 
break up. 2. To break the continuity of ; to discon- 
stmder; to undo. 3. To melt; to liquefy; to 
4. To solve ; to clear up ; to resolve. 5. To re- 
n. 6. (Law) To annul; to rescind. 
Dissolve', V. /. 1. To waste away; to be dissipated ; 
2 To become fluid ; to be liquefied. 
3. l<> fade away ; to lose substance or force. 

Dis BOlv'ent feat), a. Able to dissolve a solid body. 
— n. A dissolvent body ; menstruum; solvent. 




Dls-SOlv'er (dTz-z51v'er), n. One that dissolves. 

Dis'so nance (dis'so-nans), n. 1. A mingling of dis- 
cordant sounds; discord. 2. Want of agreement; in- 
congruity. 

Dis'so-nan-cy (-ncm-sf), n. Discord ; dissonance. 

Dis'so-nant (dTs'so-nant), a. [L. dissonans, -antis, 
p. pr. of dissonare to be discordant; dis- -f- sonare to 
sound.] 1. Sounding harshly ; discordant ; unharmo- 
nious. 2. Disagreeing; incongruous; discrepant. 

Dis suade' (-swad'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissuaded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Dissuading.] [L. dissuadere, dissua- 
swn ; dis- -}- suadere to advise, persuade. See Suasion.] 

1. To advise or exhort (one) against some course; to 
give advice against. [Obsolescent] 2. To divert by per- 
suasion ; to turn from a purpose by reasons or motives. 

Dis-suad'er (-er), n. One who dissuades. 

Dis-sua'sion (dis-swa'zhiin), n. 1. Act of dissuad- 
ing. 2. A consideration tending to dissuade. 

Dis sua'sive (-siv), a. Tending to dissuade ; dehorta- 
tory. — n. A dissuasive argument or counsel. 

Dis'syl-lab'ic (dTs'sil-lab'ik), a. Of two syllables. 

Dis-sylla-ble ( dis-sil'la-b'l or dis'sTl'la-b'l ), n. 
[Through F. & L. fr. Gr. StcruAAa/So? ; Sl- = Si's twice + 
cruAAa/3ij syllable.] A word of two syllables only. 

Dis-sym'me-try (-sTm'me-try), n. Absence or defect 
of symmetry ; asymmetry. 

Dis'taff (dTs'taf), n. ; pi. Distaffs 
(-tafs), rarely Distaves (-tavz). [AS. 
distaef; cf. LG. diesse the bunch of 
flax on a distaff, and E. dizen. See 
Staff.] 1. The staff for holding a 
bunch of flax, tow, or wool, from which 
the thread is drawn in spinning by hand. 

2. Hence (symbolizing the holder of a 
distaff), a woman ; women, collectively. 

Dis-tain' (dis-tan'), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Distained (-tand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Distaining.] [OF. desteindre to take 
away the color ; pref. des- (L. dis-) -f- 
teindre to tinge, L. tingere. See Tinge.] 
To stain ; to defile ; — chiefly poetic. 

Dis'tal (dis'tal), a. [From Dis- 
tant.] (Physiol.) (a) Remote from G "J spinning, with 
the point of attachment or origin, (b) g e f g t ££? un " 
Pertaining to that which is distal. 

Dis'tance (dis'tans), n. [F., fr. L. distantia, fr. dis- 
tare. See Distant.] 1. The space between two objects ; 
measure of separation in place. 2. Remoteness of place ; 
a remote place. 3. (Racing) A certain space or place in 
the last part of a race course. 4. Length or interval of 
time. 5. Remoteness ; reserve ; ceremoniousness. 

Angular distance, the divergence of two lines drawn 
from the eye to two objects. 

Dis'tance (dis'tans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distanced 
(-tanst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Distancing (-tan-sing).] 1. To 
place at a distance or remotely. 2. To make to seem 
remote. 3. To outstrip by as much as a distance (see 
Distance, n., 3) ; hence, to leave far behind. 

Dis'tant (dis'tant), a. [F., fr. L. distans, -antis, p. 
pr. of distare to stand apart, be distant ; dis- -f- stare to 
stand.] 1. Separated ; having an intervening space. 2. 
Far separated ; far off ; remote ; — in place, time, con- 
sanguinity, or connection. 3. Reserved in manners ; 
not cordial. 4. Indistinct; obscure, as from distance. 
5. Separate in character ; different. — Dis'tant-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Aloof; apart; asunder; faint; indirect. 

Dis-taste' (dis-tast'), n. Aversion, as of the taste ; 
dislike, as of food or drink ; disrelish. 

Syn. — Disinclination; aversion; displeasure ; disgust. 

Dis-taste', V. I. 1. To have no taste or liking for ; to 
disrelish ; to loathe. 2. To deprive of taste or relish. 

Dis-taste'ful (dls-tast'ful), a. 1. Unpleasant or dis- 
gusting to the taste. 2. Offensive to the feelings ; dis- 
agreeable. 3. Manifesting distaste or dislike. — Dis- 
taste'ful-ly, adv. — Dis-taste'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Nauseous; unsavory; unpalatable; offensive; 
displeasing ; dissatisfactory. 

Dis-tem'per (dTs-tem'per), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
tempered (-perd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Distempering.] [OF. 
destemprer ; pref. des- (L. dis-) + temprer, L. temperare 
to mingle in due proportion. See Temper.] 1. To tem- 
per or mix unduly. [Obs.] 2. To derange the functions 
of; to disorder; to disease. 3. To deprive of temper; 
to make disaffected, ill-humored, or malignant. 

Dis-tem'per, n. 1. A disproportionate mixture of 
parts. 2. A morbid state of the animal system ; — now 
chiefly applied to diseases of brutes. 3. Morbid temper 
of the mind ; bad temper. [Obs.] 4. (Paint.) (a) A 



" ; "Jong ; A, 6, I, «, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask all, final. 



DISTEMPERATURE 



261 



DISTRICT 



preparation of opaque colors, in which the pigments are 
tempered with weak glue or size. (6) A painting done 
with this preparation. 

Syn. — Disorder ; sickness; illness; malady; ailment. 

Dis-tem'per-a-ture (dTs-tSni'per-a-tur ; 135), n. 1. 
Disorder; confusion. 2. Bodily ailment. 3. Mental 
disquiet. 

Dis tend' (dls-tSnd'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dis- 
tended ; p. pr. & vb. n. Distending.] [L. distendere, 
-turn, -sum ; dis- -\- tendere to stretch. See Tend.] 1. To 
lengthen. \_K.~] 2. To extend or stretch in all directions. 

Syn. — To dilate; expand; enlarge; swell; innate. 

Dis-ten'si-ble (-tgu'sT-b'l), a. That may be distended. 

Dis-ten'sion (-shun), n. Same as Distention. 

Dis-ten'tion (dis-ten'shun), n. 1. Act of distending ; 
state of being distended. 2. Breadth ; space occupied. 

Dis'tich (dls'tTk), n. [L. distichon, Gr. SCcrnxov, 
neut. of Si'otivos of two verses ; St. = Si's twice -f- ori^os 
row, verse.] (Pros.) A couple of verses or poetic lines 
making complete sense ; an epigram of two verses. 

Dis'tich (dis'tik), 1 a. [Gr. Surrixos.] Disposed in 

Dis'tich bus (-us), J two vertical rows ; two-ranked. 

Dis-til' (dls-til'), v. t. & i. To distill. 

Dis-till' (dls-tiF), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Distilled 
(-tTld') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Distilling.] [F. distiller, fr. 
L. destillare, -atum ; de -J- stillare to drop, stilla a drop.] 

1. To fall in drops. 2. To flow gently. 3. To practice 
the art of distillation. 

Dis-till/, v. t. 1. To let fall or send down in drops. 

2. To obtain by distillation, or as if by distillation ; to 
rectify. 3. To subject to distillation. 

Dis-till'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being distilled. 

Dis-till'ate (-at), n. (Chem.) Product of distillation. 

Dis til-la'tion (dis'tTl-la'shun), n. 1. Act of distill- 
ing. 2. {Chem.) Separation of the volatile parts of a 
substance from the more fixed by evaporation and con- 
densation, esp. by the use of a retort or still and a cool 
Teceiver, alembic, or condenser ; rectification ; vaporiza- 
tion. 3. The substance extracted by distilling. 

Dis-till'er (dTs-tTl'er), n. 1. One who distills. 2. 
The condenser of a distilling apparatus. 

Dis-tiU'er-y (-y), n. The building and works where 
distilling, esp. of alcoholic liquors, is carried on. 

Dis-tinct' (dTs-tlnkt'), a. [L. distinctus, p. p. of dis- 
tinguere. See Distinguish.] 1. Distinguished. [Obs.~] 
2. Separate in place ; not conjunct. 3. Not identical ; 
different ; individual. 4. So separated as not to be con- 
founded with any other thing; not confused; well-defined. 

Syn. — Separate ; unconnected ; disjointed ; different ; 
clear ; plain ; conspicuous ; obvious. 

Dis-tinc'tion (-tlnk'skun), n. 1. Act of distinguish- 
ing or denoting differences. 2. That which distinguishes 
one thing from another. 3. Estimation of difference ; 
regard to differences or distinguishing circumstances. 
4. Conspicuous station ; honorable estimation. 

Syn. — Difference ; variation; variety ; contrast ; di- 
versity ; contrariety ; disagreement ; discrimination ; 
preference ; superiority ; rank ; note ; eminence. 

Dis-tinc'tive (dls-tlnk'tTv), a. Marking or express- 
ing distinction or difference ; distinguishing. — Dis- 
tinc'tive-ly, adv. — Dis-tinc'tive-ness, n. 

Dis-tinctly (-tlnktly), adv. In a distinct manner. 

Dis-tinct'ness, n. Quality or state of being distinct. 

Syn.<— Plainness ; clearness ; precision ; perspicuity. 

Dis-tin'guish (dls-tTn'gwTsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Distinguished (-gwisht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Distinguish- 
ing.] [F. distinguer, L. distinguere, distinctum ; di- = 
dis- -\- stinguere to quench, extinguish.] 1. To set apart 
from others by visible marks ; to mark out. 2. To sep- 
arate by definition of terms or logical division. 3. To 
recognize or discern by marks, signs, or characteristics. 
4. To make to differ. 5. To make eminent or known. 

Syn. — To mark ; discriminate ; differentiate ; charac- 
terize ; discern ; perceive ; signalize ; honor ; glorify. 

Dis-tin'guish. v. i. 1. To make distinctions ; to exer- 
cise discrimination. 2. To become distinguished. [R.~\ 

Dis-tin'guish-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable or worthy of 
being distinguished. — Dis-tin'guish-a-ble-ness. n. — 
Dis-tin'guish-a-bly, adv. 

Dis-tin'guished (-gwisht), a. Having distinction; 
having, or indicating, superiority ; eminent or known. 

Syn. —Marked; noted; famous; conspicuous; cele- 
brated ; transcendent ; eminent ; illustrious ; extraordi- 
nary ; prominent. — A man is eminent, when he stands 
high as compared with those around him ; distinguished, 
when marked out from others in the public view, by cer- 
tain qualities, esp. such as lend honor ; conspicuous, when 
noticeably so distinguished ; celebrated, when widely spo- 
ken of with honor and respect ; illustrious, when a splendor 
is thrown around him which confers the highest dignity. 



Dis-tin'guish-er ( dls-tln'gwish-er), n. One that dis- 
tinguishes. 

Dis-tin'guish -ing, a. Constituting difference, or dis- 
tinction : distinctive ; characteristic. 

Dis-tort' (dls-torf), v. t. [imp. A: p. p. Distorted; 
p. pr. A: vb. n. Distorting.] [L. disturquere, p. \>. -tor- 
tus ; dis- -f- torquere to twist. See Torsion.] 1. To 
twist out of shape. 2. To force or put out of the true 
posture or direction. 3. To wrest from the true meaning. 

Syn. — To twist ; wrest; deform; pervert. 

Dis-tOrt'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, distorts. 

Dis-tor'tion (dis-tor'shun), n. Act or result of dis- 
torting ; state of being distorted. 

Dis-tract' (dls-tracf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distracted, 
old p. p. Distraught (-traf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Distract- 
ing.] [L. distrahere, p. p. -tract us, to draw asunder ; dis- 
-f trahere to draw.] 1. To draw apart or away ; to di- 
vide ; to disjoin. 2. To perplex ; to confuse. 3. To agitate 
by conflicting passions. 4. To render insane ; to craze. 

Dis-tract'ed (-ed), a. Mentally disordered ; unsettled ; 
mad. — Dis-tract'ed-ly, adv. — Dis-tract'ed-ness, n. 

Dis-trac'tion (-trak'shvin), n. 1. A distracting ; state 
of being distracted. 2. That which diverts attention. 

Syn. — Perplexity ; confusion ; disturbance ; disorder ; 
dissension ; derangement ; madness ; raving ; diversion. 

Dis-tract'ive (dis-trak'tTv), a. Causing perplexity. 

Distrain' (dls-tran'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distrained 
(-trand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Distrainlng.] [OF. destreindre 
to press, oppress, force, fr. L. distringere. districium, to 
draw asunder, hinder, molest, LL., to punish severely ; 
di- = dis- -j- stringere to draw tight. See Strain.] 1. 
To strain ; also, to oppress ; to constrain ; to distress. 
[Obs.~\ 2. {Law) {a) To seize, as a pledge for debt or 
indemnification for damage or wrong done. (6) To sub- 
ject to distress ; to coerce. 

Dis-train'or (-er), n. {Law) One who distrains. 

Dis-traint' (dTs-tranf), n. (Law) Act of distraining. 

II Distrait' (dls'tra'), a. [F.] Absent-minded ; lost 
in thought ; abstracted. [Distracted ; perplexed. I 

Dis-traught' (dls-trat'), p. p. & a. [See Distract.] | 

Dis-tress' (dis-tres'), n. [OF. destresse, fr. des- 
trecier to distress, fr. L. districtus, p. p. of distringere. 
See Distrain.] 1. Extreme pain or suffering of body or 
mind. 2. That which occasions suffering. 3. A state 
of danger or necessity. 4. {Law) (a) Act of distrain- 
ing. " (b) The thing taken by distraining. 

Syn. — Suffering ; pain ; agony ; misery ; torment ; 
grief ; calamity ; trouble ; adversity. See Affliction. 

Dis-tress', v. t. [jimp. & p. p. Distressed (-tresf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Distressing.] 1. To cause pain or an- 
guish to ; to harass ; to worry. 2. To compel by pain or 
suffering. 3. {Law) To seize for debt ; to distrain. 

Syn. — To grieve ; trouble ; perplex ; afflict ; annoy. 

Dis-tress'ed-ness (-ed-), n. A state of being distressed. 

Dis-tress'iul (-ful), a. Full of distress ; indicating, 
or attended with, distress. — Dis-tress'ful-ly, adv. 

DiS-tress'ing-ly, adv. In a distressing manner. 

Dis-trib'U-ta-ble (-trib'u-ta-b'l), a. That may be dis- 
tributed. 

Dis-trib'u-ta-ry (-ta-ry), a. Distributive. 

Dis-trlb'Ute (-ut), v. t. [imp. &: p. p. Distributed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Distributing.] [L. distribuere. p. p. 
-utus ; dis- + tribuere to assign, give, allot.] 1. To 
divide among several or many ; to deal out. 2. To dis- 
pense ; to administer. 3. To divide or separate, as into 
classes, orders, kinds, etc. ; to classify ; to assort. 4. 
{Logic) To employ (a term) in its whole extent. 

Syn. — To apportion ; allot ; share ; assign ; divide. 

Dis-trib'Ute, v. i. To make distribution. 

Dis-trib'u-ter, n . One who, or that which, distributes. 

Dis'tll-bu'tlon (dts'trT-bu'shun), n. 1. Distributing. 
2. That which is distributed. 3. {Logic) A resolving a 
whole into its parts. 4. {Print.) The sorting of types and 
placing them in their proper boxes in the cases. 

Syn. — Apportionment ; allotment; dispensation; dis- 
posal ; dispersion ; classification ; arrangement. 

Dis-trib'U-tive (dTs-trlb'u-tlv), a. 1. Tending, or 
serving, to distribute. 2. {Logic) Assigning the species 
of a general term. 3. (Gram.) Expressing separation ; 
denoting a taking singly, not collectively. — Dis-trib'u- 
tive-ly, adv. — Dis-trib'u-tive-ness, n. 

Dis'trict (dls'trikt), n. [LL. districtus, fr. L. distric- 
tus, p. p. of distringere. See Distrain.] 1. A division 
of territory ; a defined portion of a state, town, or city, 
etc., made for administrative, electoral, or other pur- 
poses. 2. Any portion of territory of undefined extent. 

Syn. — Circuit; quarter; tract; region; country. 

Dis'trict, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Districted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Districting.] To divide into districts. 



G 



H 



K 



f grn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DISTRUST 



262 



DIVERSIFORM 



> 



> 



Pti tTTUt' (IMlfctQ, i • t. To feel absence of trust 
to mistrust. 

Distrust . 1. Doubt of rafletenoy. reality, or sin- 

vial of coufidouee, faith, or reliance. 2. Sus- 

■ 

Dis trustful (-full. O. 1. Not confident; diffident; 
inodeat. 2. Apt to distrust ; suspicious; mistrustful. — 

Dis trustfully, adv. — Dis trust'ful-ness. n. 

Disturb' (dTs-tftrV), v. t. [tap. A p. p. Disturbed 

. .Disturbing.] [OF. desturber, 

dfstourl* ; . fr. L. disturbnre : (lis- -f- turbare to disturb. 

.i-m] 1. To throw into disorder or confusion; 

from ■ state of rest. 2. To agitate the mind 

nder uneasy. 

>\u. - To disorder; disquiet; agitate; discompose; 
perplex ; trouble ; incommode ; ruffle. 

Dls-turb'ance (dIs-tuTb'<ins), n. 1. An interruption 

of a state of order, peace, or quiet. 2. Confusion of the 

citation of the feelings. 3. Public commotion ; 

tumult. 4. {Lau) The hindering or disquieting of a 

in the peaossblo enjoyment of a right. 

By ii. — Brawl; turmoil; "uproar; hubbub ; disorder ; 
derangemeut ; perturbation ; annoyance. 

Dis-turb'er (dTs-tGrb'er), n. One that disturbs. 

Dis'tyle (dlstfl), a. [Gr. Si- = Si's twice -f <rri)Aos 
pillar.] (Arch.) Having two columns in front; — said 
of a building. 

Di sul'phide (dt-sul'fTd or -fid ; 104), n. {Chem.) A 
compound with two atoms of sulphur in each molecule. 

Dis-un'ion (dTs-un'yiin), n . 1. Termination of union ; 
separation. 2. A breach of concord and its effect ; 
alienation. 

Dis-un'ion-ist, n. An advocate of disunion. 

Dis u-nite' (dTs^u-nit/), V. t. 1. To destroy the union 
of : to divide ; to disjoin. 2. To alienate in spirit. 

Dls U-nite', r. i. To part ; to become separated. 

Dis-U'ni-ty (dis-u'm-ty), n. A state of disunion. 

Dis-use' (dTs-uz' ; see Dis-), v. t. 1. To cease to use : 
to discontinue the practice of. 2. To disaccustom. 

Dis-use/ (dTs-us'), n. Cessation of use, practice, or 
exercise ; inusitation ; desuetude. 

Dis-val'ue (dTs-v51'u ; see Dis-), v. t. To depreciate. 

Ditch (dtch ; 224), n. [Orig. same word as Dike.] 
1. A trench dug in the earth ; esp., a trench for draining, 
inclosing, or guarding a place. 2. Any long, narrow 
receptacle for water on the surface of the earth. 

Ditch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ditched (dicht) ; p. pr. 
& vl. n. Ditching.] 1. To dig a ditch or ditches in ; to 
drain by a ditch or ditches. 2. To surround with a 
ditch. 3. To throw into a ditch. 

Ditch, v. i. To dig a ditch or ditches. 

Ditch'er (dtch'er), n. One who digs ditches. 

Dl'the-lsm (di'the-Tz'm), n. The doctrine maintain- 
ing the existence of two gods, one good and one evil ; 
dualism. — Dl'the-ist, n. 

Di the-is'tic (di'the-Ts'tik), \ a. Pertaining to dithe- 

Di'the-is'tic-al (-tT-kal), ] ism ; dualistic. 

Di'thi-on'ic (di'tht-5n1k), a. {Chem.) Containing 
two equivalents of sulphur ; as, dithionic acid, a sub- 
stance known only in composition. 

Dith'y-ramb (dithl-ramb or -ram), n. [L. dithyram- 
bus, Or. Si0vpa/x/3os ; of unknown origin.] A kind of 
lyric poetry in honor of Bacchus, sung by revelers ; 
hence, a poem written in a wild irregular strain. 

Dith'y-ram'bic (-ra'm'bik), a. Pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, a dithyramb ; wild and boisterous. 

Ditb/y-ramTras (-bus), n. See Dithyramb. 

Di'to-kous (dl'to-kus or dlt'6-), a. [Gr. Si- = Si's 
twice -f tokos a bringing forth.] {Zo'ol.) (a) Having two 
kinds of young, (b) Producing only two eggs for a clutch. 

Di'tone 7 (di'ton'), n. [Gr. SiVovos of two tones.] 
1 he Greek major third, winch comprehended two 
major tones. 

Dit'ta-ny (dTt'ta-n£), n. [OF. ditain, L. dictamnum, 
Jr. 'Jr. LIkto4j.vov, SiKTa/upos, a plant growing in abun- 
dance on Mount Diete in Crete.] (Bol.) {a) Origanum 
n us, a native of Crete ; also Cunila Mariana, a 
f America, — both plants of the Mint family. 
[b) THctamnu* FraxineUa. See Dictamnus. 

Dit'to (dlt/t*), n. ; pi. Dittos (-toz). [It., fr. L. die- 
Be Dictum.] The aforesaid thing ; the same (as 
— used in accounts, tables, etc., to save repeti- 
1 often indicated by do or ["], or small marks. 

Dit'to, adv. As before, or aforesaid ; likewise. 

Dlt'ty dltfty), n. [OF. ditti, fr. L. diclatum, p. p. 
neut. of dictare to say often. See Dictate, v. f] 1. A 
saying or utterance; esp., a brief common saying; a 
2. A song ; a little poem intended to be sung. 



Dit'ty (dlt'ty), v. i. To sing ; to warble a little tune. 

Dit'ty-bag' (-bSgO, n. A sailor's small bag to hold 
thread, needles, tape, etc. 

Dit'ty-bOX' (-b5ks0, n. A box used as a ditty-bag. 

II Di u-re'sis (di'u-re'sis), n. [NL.] {Med.) Free ex- 
cretion of urine. 

Di'u-ret'ic (-rgt'Ik), a. [L. diureticus, Gr. Siouprjri- 
kos, fr. Sioupeii' to make water ; Sid through -j- ovpov 
urine.] {Med.) Tending to increase the secretion and 
discharge of urine. — n. A diuretic medicine. 

Di-ur'nal (dl-fir'nal), a. [L. diurnalis, fr. dies day. 
See Deity.] 1. Relating to the daytime ; — opposed to 
nocturnal. 2. Daily ; recurring every day ; accomplished 
in a day ; going through its changes in a day ; constitu- 
ting the measure of a day. 3. {Bot. ) Opening during the 
day, and closing at night. 4. {Zo'ol. ) Active by day. 

Syn. — Daily.— Diwnal is a more formal and technical 
term than daily. 

Di-ur'nal, n. 1. {R. C. Ch.) A book containing the 
daily service for the little hours. 2. {Zo'ol.) A diurnal 
insect or bird. 

Di-ur'nal-ly, adv. Daily ; every day. 

Di'U-tUT'nal (dl'u-tfir'nal), a. [L. diuturnus, fr. diu 
a long time, by day.] Long-continued ; lasting. [i2.] 

Di'va-ga'tion (di'va-ga'shun), n. [L. divagari to 
wander about ; di- = dis- + vagari to stroll about.] A 
wandering about or going astray ; digression. 

Div'a-lent (dTVa-lent), a. [Pref. di- + L. valens, 
valentis, p. pr. See Valence.] {Chem.) Bivalent. 

Di-van' (di-vSn'), n. [Per. diwan a book of many 
leaves, an account book, a collection of books, a senate, 
council.] 1. A book ; esp., a collection of poems written 
by one author. [Persia] 2. In Turkey and other 
Oriental countries : A council of state ; a royal court. 
3. A chief officer of state. [India] 4. A saloon or hall 
where a council is held. 5. A cushioned seat, or a large, 
low sofa or couch; esp., one fixed to its place. 6. A 
coffee and smoking saloon. [Colloq.~\ 

Di-var'i-cate (di-var'!-kat), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. 
Divaricated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Divaricating.] [L. divari- 
care, p. p. -atus, to pull apart ; di- = dis- + varicare to 
straddle, fr. various straddling, fr. varus stretched out- 
wards.] To part into two branches ; to fork. 

Di-var'i-cate (dt-var'T-kat), a. Diverging; spreading 
asunder ; widely diverging. — Di-var'i-cate-ly, adv. 

Di-var i-ca'tion (dt-vSr/i-ka'shun), n. 1. Separation 
into two parts or branches ; a divergence. 2. Ambigu- 
ity of meaning ; a disagreement in opinion. 

Dive (div), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dived (divd), colloq. 
Dove (dov), a relic of the AS. strong forms deaf, dofen ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Diving.] [AS. dyfan to sink, v. t., fr. 
dufan, v. i. ; akin to G. taufen, E. dip.] 1. To plunge 
into water headforemost ; to thrust under water. 2. 
Fig. : To go deeply into any subject. 

Dive (div), v. t. To plunge, or plunge into. \R.] 

Dive, n. 1. A diving. 2. Place of low resort. [Cant] 

Dive'dap'per (-dap'per). n. {Zo'ol.) The dabchick. 

Div'er (div'er), n. 1. One that dives. 2. {Zo'ol.) Any 
one of certain water birds, remarkable for diving. 

Di-verge' (dT-verj'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Diverged 
(-verjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Diverging.] [L. di- = dis- + 
verger e to bend, incline. See Verge.] 1. To extend 
from a common point in different directions ; to turn 
aside or deviate (as from a given direction). 2. To differ 
from a typical form ; to vary from a normal condition or 
an opinion generally held. 

Di-verge'ment (-ment), n. Divergence. 

Di-ver'gence (di-ver'jens), ) n. Act of diverging, or 

Di-ver'gen-cy (-jen-s^), J state of being divergent. 

Di-ver'gent (dT-ver'jent), a. 1. Diverging ; spread- 
ing apart ; deviating from a given direction. 2. {Optics) 
Causing divergence of rays. 3. Fig. : Disagreeing. 

Di'vers (dl'verz), a. [F. divers, L. diver sus turned in 
different directions, different, p. p. of divertere. See 
Divert.] 1. Diverse. [Obs.] 2. Several ; sundry ; 
various ; more than one, but not a great number. 

Di'verse (di'vers or dt-vers'), a. [Variant of Divers.] 

1. Different ; unlike ; dissimilar ; distinct ; separate. 

2. Capable of various forms ; multiform. 

Di-verse' (df-vers' or di'vers), adv. Diversely. 

Di'verse-ly (dl'vers-ly or dt-versly), adv. 1. In dif- 
ferent ways ; variously. 2. In different directions. 

Di-verse'ness (-vers'nSs), n. Quality of being diverse. 

Di-ver'si-fi-ca'tion (-veVsT-fi-ka'shuu), n. 1. A di- 
versifying. 2. State of diversity or variation ; change. 

Di-ver'si-fied (dT-ver'sT-fid), c. Distinguished by va- 
rious forms, or by a variety of aspects or objects. 

Di-ver'si-form (-f6rm), a. Of varied forms. 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, g, 1, 5, a, y, 8 hort ; senate, Svent, Idea, Obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DIVERSIFY 



263 



DO 



Di-ver'si-fy (dT-ver'sT-fi), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Diver- 
sified (-fid) ; p. pr. &vb.n. Diversifying.] [Through 
F. & LL. f r. L. diver sus diverse -(- -ficare. See -fy.] To 
make diverse or various ; to variegate. 

Di-ver'sion (dT-ver'shun), n. 1. A diverting; state 
of being diverted. 2. That which turns or draws the 
mind from care or study, and thus relaxes and amuses. 
3. (Mil.) Act of drawing the attention and force of an 
enemy from the point where the principal attack is to be 
made ; the attack, alarm, or feint which diverts. 

Syn. — Amusement; entertainment; pastime ; recrea- 
tion ; sport ; game ; play ; solace ; merriment. 

Di-ver'si-ty (-sT-ty), n. Quality or state of being di- 
verse; variety; variegation. 

Di-vert' (dT-verf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diverted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Diverting.] [F. divertir, fr. L. diverlere, 
diversum, to go different ways, turn aside ; di- =r dis- + 
verier e to turn.] 1. To turn aside ; to turn off from any 
course or intended application ; to deflect. 2. To turn 
away from business or study ; to amuse ; to entertain. 

Syn. — To please ; gratify ; delight ; recreate. 

Di-vert'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, diverts. 

Di-vert'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. Capable of being diverted. 

DI-ver'tI-cle (di-ver'tT-k'l), n. [L. diverticulum a by- 
path, fr. divertere to turn away.] A byway; a bypath. 
[Obs.] 

II Di-ver^ti-men'tO (de-var'te-man'to), n. ; pi. -Tl (-te). 
[It.] (Mus.) A light and pleasing composition. 

Dl-vert'ise-ment (dT-vert'Tz-ment), n. Amusement. 

Di-vert'ive (dT-vert'iv), a. Tending to divert. 

Di-vest' (dT-vgst'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divested ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Divesting.] [LL. divestire ; di- = dis- -f- 
L. vestire to dress ; equiv. to L. devestire. See Devest.] 

1. To unclothe ; to strip of clothes, arms, equipage, etc. 

2. Fig. : To deprive ; to dispossess. 3. (Law) See Devest. 
Di-vest'i-ture (-T-tur ; 135), n. Act of divesting ; 

state of being divested. 

Di-vid'a-ble (di-vid'a-b'l), a. 1. Divisible. 2. Di- 
vided. [Obs.~] 

Di-vide' (dT-vid'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divided ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Dividing.] [L. divider e, divisum; di- = 
dis- -)- a root signifying, to part.] 1. To separate into 
parts. 2. To cause to be separate ; to keep apart, as by 
a partition or boundary. 3. To make partition of among 
a number ; to apportion. 4. To set at variance. 5. To 
separate into two parts, so as to ascertain the votes for 
and against a measure. 6. (Math. ) To subject to arith- 
metical division. 7. (Logic) To separate into species. 

Syn. — To sever ; dissever ; sunder ; cleave ; disjoin ; 
disunite ; detach ; disconnect ; part ; distribute ; share. 

Di-vide', v. i. 1. To be separated ; to part ; to open. 
2. To cause separation. 3. To have a share ; to par- 
take. 4. To vote by separating into two groups. 

Di-vide', n. A dividing ridge of land ; a watershed. 

Dividend (div'i-dend), n. [L. dividendum, neut., 
thing to be divided.] 1. A sum of money to be divided 
and distributed ; one person's share of a sum so divided. 
2. (Math.) A number or quantity to be divided. 

Di-vid'er (di-vld'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
divides. 2. pi. An instrument for dividing lines, de- 
scribing circles, etc. ; compasses. 

Div'i-na'tion (dTv'T-na'shun), n. [L. divinatio, fr. 
divinare, -atum, to foretell, fr. divinus. See Divine.] 
1. Act of divining ; esp., the pretended art of discover- 
ing secret or future things by preternatural means. 2. 
An augury ; omen. 

Di-vine' (dT-vin'), a. [F. divin, L. divinus divine, 
divinely inspired, fr. divus, dius, belonging to a deity ; 
akin to Gr. Sios, and L. deus, God. See Deity.] 1. Of 
or belonging to God. 2. Proceeding from God. 3. Ap- 
propriated to God, or celebrating his praise. 4. Partak- 
ing of the nature of a god or the gods. 5. Godlike ; ap- 
parently above what is human ; — in this sense admitting 
of comparison. 6. Relating to divinity or theology. 

Syn. — Supernatural ; superhuman ; godlike ; heaven- 
ly ; celestial ; pious ; holy ; sacred ; preeminent. 

Di-vine', n. 1. A theologian. 2. Priest ; clergyman. 

Di-vine', v. t. [imp. &p. p. DrvrNED (-vind') ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. DrvrNiNG.] [L. divinare. See Divination.] 

1. To foresee or foreknow; to detect; to conjecture. 

2. To foretell ; to predict ; to presage. 

Syn. — To prophesy ; prognosticate ; guess ; surmise. 

Di-vine', v. i. 1. To use or practice divination. 2. 
To feel a foreboding. 3. To conjecture or guess. 

Di-vinely, adv. 1. In a divine or godlike manner ; 
holily ; excellently ; in a supreme degree. 2. By the 
agency or influence of God. 

Di-vine'ness, n. Quality or state of being divine. 

Di-vin'er (dT-vin'er), n. One who divines. 




Section of one form of 
Diving Bell, a a Win- 
dows in shell ; b Air 
Tube ; c Hoisting 
Tackle ; e e Seats. 



Dlv'ing (div'Tng), a. That dives or is used for diving. 

Diving bell, a hollow vessel in which men may descend 
under water. 

Di-Vin'ing (dT-vin'Tug), a. 
That divines ; used for divining. 

Divining rod, a forked rod, com- 
monly of witch hazel, used by 
those who pretend to discover 
water or metals under ground. 

Di-vin'i-ty (dl-vTn'l-ty), n. 1. 
State or quality of being divine ; 
deity ; godhead. 2. The Deity ; 
God. 3. A false god. 4. An in- 
ferior celestial being. 5. Super- 
natural power or virtue. 6. Sci- 
ence of divine things ; theology. 

Di-vis'1-bil'i-ty (di-vTz'l-bTi'T- 
ty), n. Quality of being divisible. 

Di-vis'i-ble (dT-vTz'i-b'l), a. 
[From L. dividere. See Divide.] 
Capable of being divided or sepa- 
rated. — Di-vis'i-ble-ness, n. — 
Di-visl-bly, adv. 

Di-vi'sion (di-vizh'un), n. 1. Act or process of di- 
viding, or state of being divided. 2. That which di- 
vides ; a partition. 3. Portion, segment, or section. 
4. Disunion; variance; alienation. 5. (Math.) The 
process of finding how many times one number or quan- 
tity is contained in another ; also, the rule by which the 
operation is performed. 6. (Mil.) (a) Two or more 
brigades under the command of a general officer, (b) 
Two companies of infantry maneuvering as one subdivi- 
sion of a battalion. 7. (Mus.) A course of notes so run- 
ning into each other as to form one series or chain. 8. 
(Biol.) A portion of a tribe or of a class; or, in some 
recent authorities, a subkingdom. 

Syn. — Compartment ; share ; allotment ; distribu- 
tion ; separation ; disjunction ; difference ; discord. 

Di-vi'sion-al (-un-al), a. Of or pert, to a division. 

Di-vi'sive (dT-vI'siv), a. 1. Indicating division or 
distribution. 2. Creating, or tending to create, division. 

Di-Vi'sor (dT-vi'zer), n. (Math.) The number by 
which the dividend is divided. 

Di-VOrce' (-vors'), n. [F., fr. L. divortium, fr. divor- 
tere, diverlere, to separate. See Divert.] 1. (Law) (a) 
Legal dissolution of the marriage contract, (b) The sepa- 
ration of a married woman from the bed and board of her 
husband. 2. Separation ; disunion of things closely united. 

Di-vorce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divorced (-vorsf) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Divorcing.] 1. To separate by divorce. 

2. To separate or disunite ; to sunder. 3. To put away. 
Di-vorce'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being divorced. 
Di-vor'cee' (di-vor'se'), n. A person divorced. 
Di-vorce'ment (-vors'ment), n. Act of divorcing. 
Di-vor'cer (-vor'ser), n. One that effects a divorce. 
Di-vor'ci-ble (dT-vor'sT-b'l), a. Divorceable. 
Di-vor'cive (-siv), a. Able or tending to divorce. 
Di-vulge' (dT-vulj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divulged 

(-vuljd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Divulging.] [F. diviriguer, L. 
divulgare ; di- = dis- -f- vulgare to publish, fr. vulgus the 
common people.] To make public ; to reveal ; to disclose. 

Di-vul'ger (di-vul'jer), n. One who divulges. 

Di-vul'sion (-shun), n. [L. divulsio, fr. divellere. 
See DrvELLENT.] A pulling away ; a rending asunder. 

Di-vul'sive C-sTv), a. Tending to pull asunder. 

Diz'en (dTz'z'n or di'z'n ; see Bedizen), v. t. [imp. & 
p.p. Dizened (-z'nd) ;p.pr. &vb. n. Dizening.] [Origin 
uncertain.] 1. To dress. [Obs.~\ 2. To dress gaudily ; 
to bedizen. 

Diz'zy (diz'zy), a. [Compar. Dizzdzr (-zT-er) ; sitperl. 
Dizziest.] [AS. dysig ; akin to OD. duysig, Dan. d'dsig 
drowsy, and to AS. dieses foolish, G. thor fool.] 1. Hav- 
ing a sensation of giddiness ; giddy ; hence, confused ; 
indistinct. 2. Causing, or tending to cause, giddiness or 
vertigo. 3. Unreflecting ; thoughtless ; heedless. — 
Diz'zi-ly (diz'zT-ly), adv. — Diz'zi-ness, n. 

Diz'zy, v. t. To make dizzy or giddy. 

Do. (dit'to), n. An abbreviation of Ditto. 

Do (do), n. (Mus.) A syllable attached to the first 
tone of the major diatonic scale for the purpose of sol- 
mization, or solfeggio. 

Do (doo), v. t. or auxiliary, [imp. Did (did) ; p. p. 
Done (dun) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Doing (doo'ing).] [AS. 
don ; akin to D. doen, OHG. tuon, G. thun, Gr. TiOevac 
to put, Skr. dha, and to E. suffix -dom.~\ 1. To place. 
[065.] 2. To cause ; to make ; — with infinitive. [Obs.~\ 

3. To bring about ; to produce ; to effect. 4. To per- 
form ; to execute. 5. To perform completely ; to finish ; 
to accomplish. 6. To put or bring (into a form or state) ; 



G 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, ftrn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DO 



264 



DOG DAYS 



> 



> 









•wrif .to cook sufficiently. 7. To deceive ; to cheat. 
nr explore. [Colloq.] 
,,„ ., ,.; . to employ; usually preceded 
bTM-Zu/ To have to do with, to have concern, business or 
uilemnirx with ; to deal with. 

1. Do set or behave. 2. To fare : to 

health. 3. [Pern, a different word. OE. 

',..,;. ., . to avail, be of use. AS. dugan. Bee 

i : to avail : to answer the purpose. 

To do for.'' to put an end to ; to ruin. [('«//<></.] - To have 

done, to have made an end or conclusion ; to have finished. 

Doat See 1>ote. 

Dob'bin (doVMn), >i. An old jaded horse. 

Do cent CdoVaent), a. [L. dooemc, wifia , p. pr. of do- 

Dg to instruct ; teaching. [Obs.] 
Doc'i ble (doVT-b'l), a. [L. dodbilis, fr. docere to 
K.isilv taught or managed ; teachable. — Doci- 
bil'i ty bii'T-tv. Doc'i-ble-ness, «. 
Doc'ile (doVIl or do'sll), a. [L. docilis, fr. docere to 
1. Doeible. [0**.] 2. Disposed to be taught ; 
isfly managed. 
Do-cil'i-ty (do-sil'T-ty). n. Quality of being docile. 
D0C'i-ma-cy (dftlT mm tff), n. [Gr. SoKijuao-ia an as- 
say, examination, deriv. fr. Soki/xos assayed, fr. Se^eo-flai 
to approve.] Art or practice of applying tests to ascer- 
tain the nature, quality, etc., of objects. 
Doc i-mas'tic (-inSs'tik), a. Proving by tests. 
Dock (,dok), h. [AS. docce; of uncertain origin.] 
. genus of plants (Rumex) some species of which 
are well-known weeds with a long taproot. 

Dock. n. [Cf. Icel. dockr a short tail, Fries, dok a 
little bunch, G. docke bundle.] 1. The solid part of an 
animal's tail ; the stump of a clipped or cut tail. 2. A 
case of leather to cover the clipped or cut tail of a horse. 
Dock. v. t. limp. & p. p. Docked (d5kt) ; p. pr. & 
rb. ii. Docking.] 1. To cut off, as the end of a thing ; 
to cut short; to clip. 2. To deduct from. 3. To cut 
off, bar, or destroy. 
Dock, n. [Akin to D. dok; of uncertain origin.] 

1. An artificial beam, provided with gates, to receive 

2. The slip or water way for vessels between two 
piers ; sometimes, the piers themselves. 3. The place in 
court where a criminal or accused person stands. 

Dry dock, a dock from which the water may be shut or 
pumped out. — Floating dock, a dock for lifting a vessel 
clear of tbe water by buoyancy. 
— Wet dock, a dock where the 
water is shut in, and kept at a 
given level. 

Dock (dok), v. t. To draw or 
place (a ship) in a dock. 

Dock'age ( d5k'aj ), n. A 
charge for the use of a dock. 

Dock'et (d5k'St), n. [Dock 
to cut off -f- dim. suffix -et.~\ 1. ^ 
A small piece of paper or parch- _X 
ment, containing the heads of a -jl£ 
writing; a summary or digest. — — ' ~ 

2. A bill or label attached to 
goods. 3. ( Law ) ( a ) An 

abridged entry of a judgment Hosting Dock, supporting 
or proceeding in an action, or a \^l\ it ^ a f r f %BB 
list, register, or book of such Tanks filled with water 
entries, (b) (U. S.) A list or when the Dock is sub- 
calendar of causes ready for merged to allow the ship 
hearing or trial. 4. Alistorcal- to float in or out. 
endar of business matters to be acted on in any assembly. 
Dock'et, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Docketed ; p. pr. & vb. 
7i. Docketing.] 1. To indorse with the title or an ab- 
stract of the contents. 2. (Law) To enter or inscribe 
in a docket. 3. To mark with a ticket. 

Dock'yard' (dok'yard'), n. A yard or storage place 

for all sorts of naval stores and timber for shipbuilding. 

Doc'tor (dQk'ter), n. [OF. doctur, L. doctor, teacher, 

fr. docere to teach.] 1. A teacher. [Obs.] 2. An 

academical title, originally meaning, a man so well versed 

in his department as to be qualified to teach it. Hence : 

One who has taken the highest degree conferred by a 

ity or college, or has been awarded an honorary 

diploma of the highest degree. 3. A physician. 4. Any 

deal contrivance to remedy a difficulty or for use 

igency. 

Doc'tor, v. I. [imp. A: p. p. Doctored (-terd) ; p. pr. 

Doctosibo.1 1. To treat as a physician does ; 

to repair. [Col/orj.] 2. To tamper with; 

. ; to adulterate. [Slang] [doctor's degree. I 

Doc'tor-al (-0] ), a. Of or relating to a doctor, or to a | 

Doc'tor-ate (-at), n. Degree, title, or rank, of a doctor. 

DoCtor-eas, Doc'tress, n. A female doctor. [R.] 




II Doc'tri-naire' (,d5k'tre-nSr'), n. [F.] One who 
would apply to political or other practical concerns the 
abstract theories of his own philosophical system. 

Doc'tri-nal (d5k'tri-u«l), a. Of or pert, to doctrine. 

Doc'tri-nal-ly, adv. In a doctrinal manner or form. 

Doc tri-na'ri-an (.dok'tri-na'ri-au), n. A doctrinaire. 

Doc'trine (dok'trln), n. [F., fr. L. doctrina, fr. doc- 
tor.] 1. Teaching ; instruction. 2. That which is 
taught ; a principle, or the body of principles, in any 
branch of knowledge ; a principle of faith : tenet. 

Syn. — Precept; maxim; dogma. — Doctrine is what is 
commended to the belief ; precept is a rule to be obeyed. 

Doc'U-ment (-Q-ment), n. [LL. documentum, fr. do- 
cere to teach.] An original or official paper relied upon 
as the basis, proof, or support of anything else. 

Doc'u-ment. v. t. To furnish with documents. 

Doc'U-men'tal (-men'tol), a. Same as Documkntaet. 

Doc'U-men'ta-ry (-ta-rjf), a. Pertaining to written 
evidence : contained or certified in writing. 

Dod'der (dod'der), n. [Cf. G. dotter.] (Bot.) A leaf- 
less parasitical vine with yellowish threadlike stems. 

Dod'der, v. t. & i. [Cf. AS. dyderian to deceive, and 
E. didder, dudder.] To shake ; to totter. 

Do-dec'a-gon (do-dek'a-gon), n. [Gr. SoGSexa twelve 
+ yoivCa angle.] (Geom.) A figure or polygon bounded 
by twelve sides and containing twelve angles. 

Do-deC 7 a-he'dron (-he'dron), n. [Gr. StaSeicdeSpov ; 
owSe/ca twelve + efipa base.] (Geom. & Crystallog.) A 
solid having twelve faces. — Do-dec a-he'dral (-dral), a. 

Dodge (doj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dodged (d5jd) ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Dodging.] [Of uncertain origin.] 1. To 
start suddenly aside. 2. To practice mean shifts; to 
use tricky evasions ; to quibble. 

Dodge, v. t. To evade by a sudden motion or by a 
trick. 

Dodge, n. 1. A sudden starting aside. 2. Hence, an 
artful device ; a cunning trick ; an artifice. [Colloq.] 

Dodg'er (doj'er), n. One who dodges. 

Do'do (do'do), n. ; pi. Dodoes (-doz). [Said to be fr. 
Pg. doudo silly (cf. 
Booby) ; this is fr. 
Prov. E. dold, E. 
dolt.] (Zobl.) A 
large, extinct bird, 
formerly inhabit- 
ing the Island of 
Mauritius. 

Doe (do), n. 
[AS. da.] (Zobl 
A female deer or 
antelope; specif., 
the female of the 
fallow deer. 

Do'er (doo'er), n. 
One who does, per- 
forms, or executes ; 
an actor ; an agent. 

Does(duz). The 
3d pers. sing. pres. 
of Do. 

Doe'skin' (do'skin'), n. 1. The skin of the doe. 
2. A firm woolen cloth with a smooth, soft surface. 

Doff (dof ; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doffed (d5ft ; 
115) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Doffing.] [Do + off.] 1. To 
put off, as dress ; hence, to get rid of. 2. To undress. 

Dog (dog), n. [AS. doega ; akin to D. dog mastiff, 
Dan. dogge, Sw. dogg.] 1. (Zobl.) A quadruped of the 
genus Canis, esp. the domestic dog. 2. A mean, worth- 
less fellow. 3. A fellow. [Humorous] 4. (Astron.) One 
of the two constellations, Canis Major and Canis 3Iinor. 
5. An andiron. 6. (Mech.) An instrument or piece, in 
machinery, for catching or clutching. 

Dog cheap, very cheap. — Dog Latin, barbarous Latin. — 
To go to the dogs, to go to ruin ; to be ruined. 

Dog (dSg), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Dogged (dogd) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Dogging.] To hunt or track like a hound ; to 
follow ; to hound with importunity. 

Do'gate (do'gat), n. Office or dignity of a doge. 

Dog'bane' (dog'ban'), n. (Bot.) A small genus of 
perennial herbaceous plants, with poisonous milky juice. 

Dog'ber'ry (-ber'ry), n. (Bot.) Berry of the dogwood. 

Dog'-bri/er (-brl'er), 7i. (Bot.) The dog-rose. 

Dog'cart' (-karf), n. A kind of carriage having a rear 

box for dogs ; also, a kind of pleasure carriage. 

Dog' day', or Dog'day' (da 7 ), n. One of the dog days. 

Dog' days' (daz'). A period of from four to six 

weeks, in the summer, variously placed by almanac 

makers between the early part of July and the early 




Dodo. 



a. e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DOGE 



265 



DOME 



part of September ; — so called in reference to the rising 
in ancient times of the Dog Star (Sirius) with the sun. 
Popularly, the sultry, close part of the summer. 

Doge (doj), n. [It> doge, for duce, fr. L. dux, duds, 
a leader, commander. See Duke.] The chief magistrate 
in the former republics of Venice and Genoa. 

Dog'-eared' (dog'erd'), a. Having the corners of the 
leaves turned down by use ; — said of a book. 

Dog'fish' (-f ish' ) , n. (Zo'ol.) 1. A small shark of many 
species. 2. The bowfin. 3. The burbot of Lake Erie. 

Dog'ged (-gSd), a. [From Dog.] 1. Sullen. 2. Obsti- 
nate ; unyielding. — Dog'ged-ly , adv. — Dog'ged ness, n. 

Dog'ger(d5g'ger),». [D., fr. dogger codfish.] (Naut.) 



A two-masted fishing vessel, used by the Dutch. 
Dog'ger, n. A sort of stone, found in alum mines. 
Dog'ger-el (-S1), a. [OE. dogerel.] Low in style, and 
irregular in measure ; — of verses. — n. Doggerel verse. 

Dog'gish (-gtsh), a. Like a dog ; churlish ; growling ; 
brutal. — Dog'glsh-ly, adv. — Dog'glsh-ness, n. 

Dog'grel (-grel), a. & n. Same as Doggerel. 

Dog/ma (dSg'ma), n. ; pi. E. Dogmas (-maz), L. Dog- 
mata (-ma-ta). [L. dogma, Gr. S6yfj.a, pi. Soyix-ara, fr. 
Soiceiv to think ; akin to L. decet it is becoming.] 1. That 
which is held as an opinion ; tenet ; doctrine. 2. A 
formally stated and authoritative tenet. 3. A doctrinal 
notion asserted without evidence ; an arbitrary dictum. 

Syn. — Tenet ; opinion ; proposition ; doctrine. — A 
■tenet is that which is maintained as true with great firm- 
ness. A dogma is that which is laid down with authority 
as indubitably true, especially a religious doctrine ; hence 
dogma sometimes has a somewhat odious sense, as imply- 
ing undue assumption of authority. 

Dog-mat'lc (dog-niSt'Ik), I a. 1. Pertaining to a 

Dog-mat'ic-al (-T-kal), } dogma. 2. Authoritative 
or positive in assertion ; hence, arrogantly authoritative ; 
•overbearing ; magisterial. — Dog-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. — 
Dog-mat'ic al-ness, n. 

Dog mat'ics (dog-mat'Iks), n. The science which 
treats of Christian doctrines ; doctrinal theology. 

Dog'ma-tism (dog'ina-tiz'm ; 115), n. Arrogance or 
positiveness in stating opinion. 

Dog'ma-tist (-tist), n. One who dogmatizes. 

Dog'ma-tize (-tlz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dogmatized 
(-tizd) , p.pr. & vb. n. Dogmatizing.] To assert posi- 
tively; to teach with bold and undue confidence. 

Dog'ma-ti zer (-ti'zer), n. One who dogmatizes. 

Dog'-rose' (-roz'), n. (Bot.) A common European 
wild rose, with single pink or white flowers. 

Dog's'-ear 7 (dogz'er'), n. The turned-down corner 
of a leaf, in a book. — Dog' s'-eared' (-erd'), a. 

Dog' Star' (dog' star'). Sirius, a star of the constel- 
lation Canis Major, and the brightest star in the heavens. 

Dog'tOOth' (dog'tootn'), n. 1. See Canine tooth, un- 
der Canine. 2. {Arch.) An ornament of pointed pro- 
jections resembling teeth. 

Dog'trot' (-trot'), n. A gentle trot, like that of a dog. 

Dog'watch' (-woch'), n. (Naut.) A half watch ; 
either of two watches of two hours each, the first from 
4 to 6 o'clock, p. m. , the second from 6 to 8 o'clock, p. m. 

Dog'WOOd' (-wood'), n. [So named from skewers 
(dags) being made of it.] (Bot.) The Cornus, a genus 
of shrubs or small trees, with exceedingly hard wood. 

Doi'ly (doi'ly^), n. [Said to be so called from a maker 
or dealer ; but cf . Towel.] 1. A kind of woolen stuff. 
[Obs.] 2. A small napkin, used at table with fruit, etc. 

Doit (doit), n. [D. duit, Icel.pveit, prop., a piece cut 
off.] A small Dutch coin, worth about half a farthing ; 
hence, any small piece of money ; a trifle. 

Do-lab'ri-iorm (do-lab'rl-foTm), a. [L. dolabra a mat- 
tock + -form.'] Shaped like the head of an ax. 

II Dol'ce (dol'cha or dol'cha), ) adv. [It., fr. L. dulcis 

II Dol'ce-men'te (-man'ta), j sweet, soft.] (Mus.) 
Softly ; with soft, smooth, and delicate execution. 

Dol'drums (dol'drumz), n. pi. [Etym. uncertain.] 
A part of the ocean near the equator, abounding in 
calms, squalls, and light, baffling winds. 

To be in the doldrums, to feel listlessness or ennui. 

Dole (dol), n. [OF. doel, fr. doloir to suffer, fr. L. 
dolere to grieve.] Grief; sorrow; lamentation. [Archaic] 

Dole, n. [AS. dal portion ; same word as dael. See 
Deal.] 1. A dealing or distributing. 2. That which 
is dealt out ; portion. 3. Charitable gratuity ; alms. 

Dole (dol), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doled (dold) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Doling.] To distribute, as a dole ; to deal out 
scantily or grudgingly. 

Dole'ful (dol'ful), a. Full of, or expressing, dole or 
grief. — Dole'ful-ly, adv. — Dole'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Piteous ; rueful ; sorrowful ; woeful ; melan- 
choly ; sad ; gloomy ; dismal ; dolorous ; woe-begone. 



Dol'er-lte (d5Ker-it), n. [Gr. 6oA«p6s deceitful ; be- 
cause it was easily confounded with diorite.] (Geol. & 
Min.) A hard, dark-colored, basic, igneous rock, by 
many considered equivalent to a coarse-grained basalt. 

Dole'some (dol'.sfim), a. Doleful ; dismal ; gloomy. 

Dol'i cho-ce-phal'ic (dol'T-kfi-se-fal'Ik), la. [Gr. 

Dol i cho ceph'a-lous (-.sei'a-lus), J ooAix©? 

long -f- Ke(j)a\r} head.] (Anal.) Having the cranium, or 
skull, long in proportion to its breadth ; long-headed. 

Doll (d51), n. [Contr. fr. Dorothy ; or (less prob.) 
abbrev. f r. idol.] A child's puppet ; toy baby. 

Dol'lar (d51'ler), n. [An abbreviation of G. Joach iins- 
thuler, i. e., a piece of money first coined, about the year 
1518, in the valley (G. thai) of St. Joachim, in Bohemia.] 
1. (a) A silver coin of the United States weighing 412.5 
grains, 371.25 grains beinf-r silver. (6) A gold coin of the 
United States weighing 25.8 grains, 23.22 grains being 
gold. It is no longer coined. 2. A coin of the same 
general weight and value, current in various countries, 
as Mexico, Canada, etc. 3. The value of a dollar. 

Trade dollar, a silver coin formerly made at the U. S. 
mint, intended for export, and not legal tender at home. 
It contained 378 grains of silver and 42 grains of alloy. 

Dol'ly (dol'ly), n. 1. (Mining) A contrivance, turn- 
ing on a vertical axis, for stirring ore. 2. (Mach.) A 
tool for shaping rivet heads. 3. In pile driving, a block 
interposed between the head of the pile and the ram. 
4. A small truck with a single wide roller, used in bridge 
building. 5. A compact, narrow-gauge locomotive. 

Dol'ly (dol'ly), n. A child's name for a doll. 

Dol'man (dol'man), n. [Turk, dolamdn.] 1. A robe 
with long sleeves, worn by the Turks. [Written also 
doliman.] 2. A kind of cloak worn by women. 

Dol'men (dol'men), n. [Armor, taol, tol, table -f- 
mean, maen, men, stone.] A cromlech. 

Dol'O-mite (dol'6-mit), n. [After the French geolo- 
gist Dolomieu.] (Geol. & Min.) A mineral including 
much of the common white marble. 

Do'lor (do'lor), n. [Through OF. fr. L. dolor, fr. 
dolere. See 1st Dole.] Pain ; grief ; distress. [Poetic] 

Dol or-if'er-OUS (dol'or-If'er-us), a. [L. dolor pain + 
-ferous.] Producing pain. 

Dol'or-if'ic (-Tf'Ik), ) a. [L. dolor pain -f- facere 

Dol'or-if'ic-al (-T-kal), ) to make.] Causing dolor. 

II Do'lo-ro'so (do'16-ro'zo or dol'6-), a. & adv. [It.] 
(Mus.) Plaintive ; pathetic ; — used as a musical direction. 

Dol'or-OUS (dol'er-Qs), a. 1. Full of grief ; sad ; sor- 
rowful ; doleful ; dismal. 2. Occasioning pain or grief ; 
painful. — Dol'or-ous-ly, adv. — Dol'or-ous-ness, n. 

Dol'phin (dol'fin), n. [F. dauphin, earlier also dof- 
fin, fr. L. delphinus, Gr. 8e\6l<; dolphin (in sense 1)."1 
1. (Zool.) 

(a) A ceta- 
cean of 
s e v eral 
genera, — 
the true 
d o 1 ph in. 

(b) A fish Dolphin (la) (Delphinus delphis). 
of about five feet in length, celebrated for its changes of 
color when dying, — the common dolphin. 2. (yaut.) 
(a) A kind of wreath or strap of plaited cordage, (b) A 
spar, buoy or post to move a vessel to. (c) A permanent 
fender round a heavy boat. 

Dolt (dolt ; 110), n. [OE. dulte, prop. p. p. of dullen, 
E. dull.] A heavy, stupid fellow ; a dunce ; a blockhead. 

Dolt'lsh, a. Doltlike ; dull in intellect. 

-dom (-dum). A suffix from the same root as doom, 
authority, judgment, and denoting : (a) Jurisdiction, or 
property and jurisdiction, dominion, as in kingdom, 
Christendom, earldom, (b) Stale, condition, or quality of 
being, as in wisdom, freedom. 

Dom (dSni), n. [Pg. See Don.] 1. A title anciently 
given to the pope, and later to other church dignitaries 
and to some monastic orders. 2. In Portugal and Bra- 
zil, the title given to a member of the higher classes. 

Do-main' (do-man'), n. [Through F. from L. domi- 
nium property, fr. dominus owner. See Dame.] 1. 
Dominion ; authority. 2. Territory over which dominion 
is exerted. 3. Landed property ; estate ; demesne. 4. 
(Law) Ownership of land ; absolute proprietorship. 

Right of eminent domain, the right of the state to ta"ke 
private property for necessary public use, reasonable 
compensation being made. 

Dome (dom), n. [F. dome, It. duomo, fr. L. domus a 
house ; akin to E. timber.] 1. A building ; a house. 
2. (Arch.) A cupola formed on a large scale. 3. Any 
erection resembling the dome or cupola of a building. 




G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DOMEBOOK 



266 



DORIC 



> 



> 









Dome "book (dAn'bttk V •.. A book of English laws 

Mtmnilt-.l uud »" Of King Allied. 

^nniSi'il-y ■ Doomsday. [06*.] 

Dom— dtr Book : i ho survey of English lands 

Mm the Conqueror, about 1086. 

Do-mes'tlc (dft-mlstYk), a. [L. domesiietu t fr. domus 

1. Of or pertaining to one's house or home, or 

msehold or family : relating to home life. 2. Of 

. oing to a nation considered as a family or home ; 

ign. 3. Devoted to home duties or pleasures. 

4. Living In or near the habitations of man ; tame. 5. 

u one's own house, nation, or country. 

Do mes'tlc n. 1. A house servant. 2. pi. (Com.) 
Home manufactures ; asp., cotton goods, [I. S.] 

Do mes'tlc-al-ly (,-cl-ly). adv. In a domestic manner. 

Do nies'ti-cate (,-kat), v, t. [imp. & p. p. Domesti- 
catkp ; p. pr. & vb. n. Domesticating.] To make do- 
tting, j 

Domes ti-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of domestica- 1 

Do mes-tic'i-ty (do'nigs-tTs'I-ty), ?!. State of being 
domestic ; domestic character ; household life. 

Domicile (d5ui'T-sYl), n. [L. domicilium; domus 
house + (prob.) root of celare to conceal.] 1. Abode or 
mansion : place of permanent residence. 2. (Laic) Place 
where one resides with intent to remain indefinitely. 

Dom'i-clle, v. /. [imp. & p. p. Domiciled (-sild) ; 
! vb. n. Domiciling.] To establish in a domicile. 

Dom i-cil'i-a-ry (-s!l'I-a-ry or -sil'ya-ry ; 10G), a. Of 
or pertaining to a domicile. 

Dom i cill-ate (-sil'T-at), v. t. 1. To domicile. 2. 
To domesticate. — Dom 1-cil i-a'tion (-a'shuu), n. 

Dominance (-nans), ) n. Predominance ; ascend- 

Doml-nan-cy (-nan-sy), ) ency ; authority. 

Dominant (-n«nt), a. [L. doininans, -aniis, p. pr. 
See Dominate.] Ruling ; governing ; prevailing ; con- 
trolling ; predominant ; ascendant. 

Dominant estate or tenement (Laic), the estate to which 
a servitude or easement is due from another estate. 

Doml-nant. n. (Mus.) The fifth tone of the scale. 

Dominant chord, the chord based upon the dominant. 

Dominate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dominated ; 
p. pr. A: vb. n. Dominating.] [L. dominari, p. p. -atus, 
fr. dominus master, lord. See Dame.] To predominate 
over ; to rule ; to govern. 

Dominate, V. i. To be dominant. 

Doml-na'tion (dom'T-na'shun), n. 1. Act of domi- 
nating ; exercise of power in ruling ; often, arbitrary or 
insolent sway. 2. A ruling party. [J?.] 3. pi. A high 
order of angels in the celestial hierarchy. 

Doml-na-tlve (d5m'T-na-tTv), a. Ruling ; imperious. 

Doml-na'tor (-na'ter), n. A ruler ; a ruling power. 

Doml-ne (-T-ne), n. [See Dominie.] A pastor of the 
Preformed Church ; also (Local, U. S.), any clergyman. 

Doml-neer' (dSm'I-ner'), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. 
Domineered (-nerd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Domineering.] 
[F. (lominer, L. dominari. See Dominate, v. t.] To 
rule with insolence or arbitrary sway ; to be overbearing. 

Do-mlnlc-al (do-mln'T-kal), a. [LL. dominicalis, 
for L. dominicus belonging to a master or lord, fr. domi- 
nus. See Dame.] 1. Indicating, or pert, to, the Lord's 
day, or Sunday. 2. Relating to, or given by, our Lord. 

Do-mlnl-can (-T-kan), a. Of or pertaining to St. 
Dominic (Dominic de Guzman), or to the Dominicans. 

Do-mlnl-can, n. (Eccl. Hist. ) One of an order of men- 
dicant monks founded by Dominic de Guzman, in 1215. 

Doml-nle (d5m'I-nT), n. [L. dominus master.] 1. 
A pedagogue. [Scot.'] 2. A clergyman. See Domine. 
[Scot. &. Colloq. U. S.~\ 

Do-mlnlon (do-mln'yun), n. [LL. dominio, equiv. 
to L. dominium. See Domain.] 1. Sovereign or su- 
preme authority ; independent right of possession, use, 
and control. 2. Superior prominence ; predominance. 
3. That which is governed ; territory ruled over. 4. pi. 
A .supposed high order of angels ; dominations. 

Syn. — Sovereignty ; control; rule; authority; juris- 
diction ; government ; territory ; district ; region. 

Domino (dom'T-no), n. ; pi. Dominos or (esp. the 
pieces for a game) Dominoes (-noz). [Through P., It., 
or Sp. from L. dominus master. See Don, Dame.] 1. 
A kind of hood worn by the canons of a cathedral church. 
2. A mourning veil formerly worn by women. 3. A kind 
of mask ; esp. , a half mask worn at masquerades. 4. A 
robe with a hood adjustable at pleasure, worn as a dis- 
guise. 5. A person wearing a domino. 6. pi. A game 
played with twenty-eight oblong pieces, as of wood or 
bone, variously dotted on the face like dice. 7. One of 
tli^ pieces with which the game is played. 

Don (doh), n. [Sp. don, fr. L. dominus master. See 



Dame.] 1. Sir ; Mr. ; Signior ; — a title in Spain. 2. A 
grand personage ; esp., a college dignitary. [Univ. Cant] 

Don (don), r. t. [imp. &p. p. Donned (d5ud) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Donning.] [Do + on.] To put on; to dress 
in ; to invest one's self with ; — opposed to doff. 

II Do'na (do'nya), n. [Sp. dona. See Duenna.] Lady; 
mistress ; madam ; —a title of respect used in Spain. 

Do'nate (do'nat), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Donated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Donating.] [L. donate, p. p. -atus, fr. donum 
gift, fr. dare to give.] To give ; to bestow ; to present. 

Do-na'tlon (do-na'shQn), n. 1. Act of giving or be- 
stowing. 2. That which is given as a present ; a gift. 

Syn. — Gift ; present ; benefaction ; grant. See Gift. 

Don'a-tism (d5n'a-tiz'm), n. (Eccl. Hist.) The tenets 
of the Donatists, or followers of Donatus, — a body of 
North African schismatics and purists, in the 4th century. 

Don'a-tive (-tiv), n. [Fr. L. donare.] 1. A gift ; lar- 
gess. 2. (Eccl. Law) A benefice conferred on a person 
by the founder or patron, without either presentation or 
institution by the ordinary, or induction by his orders. 

Don'a-tive, a. Vested or vesting by donation. 

II Do-na'tor (do-na'tor), n. (Law) A donor ; a giver. 

Done (dun), p. p. from Do. 1. Performed ; executed ; 
finished. 2. It is done or agreed ; let it be a bargain. 
3. [Prob. not fr. Do, but corrupted fr. OF. done, p. p. of 
doner to give, issue, fr. L. donare to give.] Given ; exe- 
cuted ; issued ; made public. 

Do-nee' (do-ne'), n. [OF. done, p. p.] 1. The per- 
son to whom a gift or donation is made. 2. (Law) 
Anciently, one to whom lands were given ; in modern 
use, one on whom a power is conferred for execution. 

Don'jon (dun'jun), n. [See Dungeon.] The keep in 
an ancient castle. See Lllust. of Castle. 

Don'key (don'ky), n. ; pi. Donkeys (-kiz). [Prob. 
from dun, in allusion to the color of the animal -j- a dim. 
termination.] 1. An ass; or (less frequently) a mule. 
2. A stupid or obstinate fellow ; an ass. 

Donkey engine, a small auxiliary engine not used for 
propelling, but for pumping water, etc. 

Don'na (don'na), n. [It. donna, L. domina.] A lady ; 
madam ; mistress ; — title given a lady in Italy. 

Do'nor (do'nor), n. [F. donneur, OF. doneor, fr. don- 
ner to donate.] 1. A giver ; donator. 2. (Law) One 
who grants an estate ; later, one who confers a power. 

Doo'dle (dob'd'l), n. [Cf . Dawdle.] A trifler ; a dunce. 

Doom (doom), n. [AS. dom; akin to Goth, doms, 
Gr. fle/xis law ; fr. root of E. do, v.] 1. Judgment ; judi- 
cial sentence. 2. That to which one is doomed or sen- 
tenced ; destiny ; esp., unhappy destiny. 3. Ruin ; death. 

Doom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doomed (doomd) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Dooming.] 1. To judge. 2. To pronounce 
sentence or judgment on ; to condemn. 3. To ordain as 
penalty ; hence, to fine. 4. To assess a tax upon. [New 
England] 5. To fix irrevocably the destiny or fate of. 

Dooms'day' (dobmz'da'), w. 1. A day of sentence or 
doom; day of death. 2. Day of the final judgment. 

Doomsday Book. See Domesday Book. 

Door (dor ; 111), n. [AS. duru ; akin to D. deur, G. 
ihur, thor, Goth, daur, L. fores, Gr. 6vpa.] 1. An open- 
ing by which to go in and out of a house or room ; an 
entrance way. 2. The frame or barrier by which such 
an entrance way is closed. 3. An entrance way and the 
house or apartment to which it leads. 

In doors, or Within doors, within the house.— Out of doors, 
or Without doors, and, colloquially, Out doors, out of the 
house; in open air; abroad. —To lay at one's door, to 
charge one with ; to blame for. 

Door'keep'er (-kep'er), n. One who guards the en- 
trance of a house or apartment ; a porter ; a janitor. 

Door'nair (dor'naF), n. The nail or knob on which 
in ancient doors the knocker struck. [door. I 

Door'plate' (-plat'), n. A plate for the name on a| 

Door'way' (-wa/), n. The passage of a door. 

Door'yaroV (-yard'), n. A yard around the door of a 
house. 

Dor (d6r), n. [Cf. AS. dora drone, locust.] (Zo'dl.) 
A large European scaraboid beetle, which drones while 
flying ; also, any of several allied American species. 

Do-ra'dO (do-ra'do or do-ra'do), n. [Sp., gilt, fr. dorar 
to gild.] 1. (Astron.) A southern constellation, within 
which is the south pole of the ecliptic. 2. (Zo'dl.) A 
large, oceanic fish. 

Dor'beelle (d6r'be't'l), n. (Zool.) See Dor. 

Do'ree (do're or do-re'), n. (Zool.) The John Dory. 

Do'rl-an (do'ri-an), a. Pert, to the ancient Greeks of 
Doris ; Doric. — n. A native or inhabitant of Doris. 

Doric (dSr'Tk), a. 1. Pertaining to Doris, in ancient 
Greece, or to the Dorians. 2. (Arch.) Belonging to, or 
resembling, the oldest and simplest of the three orders of 



a ; e, i, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, \i, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



DORIC 



267 



DOUBLET 




Dormer Window. 




Dormouse 
LL. dorsalis, fr. L. 



architecture used by the Greeks, but ranked as second of 
the five orders adopted by the Romans. [See Illust. of 
Capital.] 3. (Mus.) Of or relating to one of the an- 
cient Greek musical modes or keys. 

Dor'ic (d5r'Ik), n. The Doric dialect. 

Dor'i-cism (ddrl-sTz'm), n. A Doric phrase or idiom. 

Dor'man-cy (d6r'man-sj)» n. State of being dormant. 

Dor 'man t (-mant), a. [F., p. pr. of dormir to sleep, 
fr. L. dormir e.] 1. Sleeping ; hence, not being in action 
or exercise ; quiescent ; not active. 2. {Her.) In a 
sleeping posture. 

Dor'mant (dSr'mant), n. (Arch.) A large beam sup- 
porting other timbers in the roof of a house. 

Dor'mer (-mer), n., or Dor'- 
mer win'dow (wln'do). [Lit., 
the window of a sleeping apart- 
ment.] (Arch.) A window set 
vertically in a sloping roof. Also, 
the projecting structure contain- 
ing the window. 

Dor'mi-tive(-mT-t!v),a. Caus- 
ing sleep. 

Dor'mi-to-ry (-tt-rf), n. [L. 
dormitorium.~\ A sleeping room, 
or a building containing a series of sleeping rooms. 

Dor'mouse (dSr'mous), n. ; pi. Dormice (dSr'mls) 
[Etymol. uncertain ; cf. F. 
dormir to sleep.] (Zo'ol.) 
A small European rodent of 
several species of Myoxus. It 
is usually torpid in winter. 

Dor'nlck (d6r'nik), or 
Dor'nock (-nok), n. A coarse 
sort of damask, originally 
made at Tournay (in Flemish, 
Doornick), Belgium. Also, 
a stout figured linen. 

Dorr (dSr), n. The dor- 
beetle ; also, an idler. 

Dor'sal (dSr'sal), a. [F. dorsal 
dorsualis, fr. dorsum back.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, 
or situated near, the back, or dorsum, of an animal, or of 
one of its parts. 2. (Bot.) (a) Pertaining to the surface 
naturally inferior, as of a leaf. (6) Pertaining to the 
surface naturally superior, as of a creeping hepatic moss. 
— Dor'sal-ly, adv. 

Dor'sal, n. (Fine Arts) A hanging, at the back of a 
throne, altar, etc. 

Dor-sii'er-OUS (dor-sifer-us), a. [Dorsum + -ferous.] 
(Biol.) Bearing, or producing, on the back ; — applied 
to ferns, and to certain Batrachia. 

Dor-slp'a-rous (dSr-sip'a-rus), a. [Dorsum -f- -pa- 
rous.'] (Biol.) Same as Dorsiferous. 

Dor'sum (dSr'sfim), n. [L.] The back or dorsal 
region of an animal ; upper side of an appendage or part. 

Do'ry (do'r^), n. [From F. doree gilded, fr. dorer to 
gild, L. deaurare.] 1. (Zo'ol.) See John Dory. 2. 
(Zo'ol.) The American wall-eyed perch. 

Do/ry, n. A small, strong, flat-bottomed rowboat, 
with sharp prow and flaring sides. 

Dose (dos), n. [F. dose, Gr. Sdo-is a giving, a dose, 
fr. SiSovai to give.] 1. The quantity of medicine given 
at one time. 2. A sufficient quantity ; a portion. 3. 
Anything nauseous that one is obliged to take. 

Dose, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Dosed (dost) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Dosing.] 1. To form into doses. 2. To give a dose 
or doses to. 

Dos'el (dos'el), Dos'sel (dos'sel), n. [See Dorsal.] 
Same as Dorsal, n. 

Dos'ser (-ser), n. I'LL, dosserum, or F. dossier bundle 
of papers, part of a basket resting on the back, fr. L. 
dorsum back.] 1. A pannier, or basket. 2. A hanging 
tapestry ; a dorsal. 

Dos'sil (-sil), n. [OF. dosil, duisil, spigot, LL. ducil- 
lus, fr. L. ducere to draw.] (Surg. ) A small roll or pledg- 
et of lint, for keeping a sore, wound, etc., open ; a tent. 

Dost (dust), Idpers. sing. pres. of Do. 

Dot (d5t), n. [F., fr. L. dos, dotis, dowry.] (Laic) 
Dowry. [Louisiana] 

Dot, n. [Cf. AS. dott speck ; origin uncertain.] 1. 
A small mark, point, or spot, made with a pen or the 
like ; speck. 2. Anything relatively small and specklike. 

Dot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Dotting.] To mark with, or as if with, dots or specks. 

Dot, v. i. To make dots or specks. 

Do'tage (do'taj ; 48), n. [From Dote, v. ij 1. Feeble- 
ness of mind : imbecility, esp. in old age ; senility. 2. Fool- 
ish utterance ; drivel. 3. Excessive or foolish fondness. 



Do'tal (do'tal), a. [L. dotulis, fr. dos, dotis, dowry.] 
Of or pertaining to dower, or a woman's marriage por- 
tion ; constituting dower. [is impaired by age. I 

Do'tard (-terd), n. [Fr. Dote, v. i.] One whose mind | 

Do-ta'tion (do-ta'shun), n. [LL. dotatio, fr. L. dotare 
to endow, f r. dos dower.] Act of endowing ; endowment. 

Dote (dot), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Doted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Doting.] [OE. doten; akin to OD. doten to doze, IceL 
dotta to nod from sleep.] 1. To have the intellect im- 
paired, esp. by age, so that the mind wanders ; to drivel. 
2. To be excessively or foolishly fond ; to lavish affection. 

Dot'er (-er), n. One who dotes. 

Doth (duth), Zdpers. sing. pres. of Do. 

Dot'ted (d5t'tSd), a. Marked with, or made of, dots 
or small spots ; diversified with small, detached objects. 

Dotted note or rest (Mus.), a note or rest followed by a 
dot to indicate an increase of one half in length. Two 
dots indicate an increase equal to three quarters. 

Dot ter-el (dot'ter-gl), ». [From Dote, v. i.] 1. (Zo'ol.) 
A European bird of the Plover family. It is tame and 
easily taken, and is popularly believed to imitate the 
fowler's movements. 2. A silly fellow ; a dupe ; a gull. 

Dot'trel (-trel), n. (Zo'ol.) See Dotterel. 

Double (dub"l), a. [OF. doble, duble, double, fr. L. 
duplies, fr. root of duo two, and perh. that of plenus 
full.] 1. Twofold ; multiplied by two ; increased by its 
equivalent. 2. Presenting two of a kind, or two in a set 
together ; coupled ; paired. 3. Acting two parts ; de- 
ceitful; insincere. 4. (Bot.) Having the petals in a 
flower considerably increased beyond the natural number. 

Double base, or Double bass (Mus.), the largest and lowest- 
toned instrument in the violin form. — Double bassoon 
(Mus.), an instrument an octave lower in pitch than the 
common bassoon. — Double counterpoint (Mus.), that spe- 
cies of counterpoint or composition, in which two of the 
parts may be inverted, by setting one of them an octave 
higher or lower. — Double dagger (Print.), a reference mark 
[t] used next to the dagger ft] in order. — Double entry, a 
system of bookkeeping in which a Dr. and a Cr. entry of 
every transaction are carried to the ledger. — Double floor 
(Arch.), a floor in which binding joists support flooring 
joists above and ceiling joists below.— Double note ( Mus. ), a 
note of double the length of the semibreve ; a breve. — Dou- 
ble salt. (Chem.) (a) A mixed salt of any polybasic acid 
which has been saturated by different bases or basic rad- 
icals, (b) A molecular combination of two distinct salts. 

— Double star (Astron.), two stars so near to each other as 
to be seen separate only by means of a telescope. — Dou- 
ble time. (Mil.) Same as Double-quick. 

Dou'ble (dub''l), adv. Twice ; doubly. 

Double, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doubled (-I'd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Doubling (-ling).] 1. To increase by adding 
an equal number, quantity, length, value, etc. ; to dupli- 
cate ; to repeat. 2. To make of two thicknesses by turn- 
ing or bending together ; to fold ; to clinch. 3. To contain 
or be worth twice as much as. 4. To pass around or by. 
5- (3/^7. ) To unite so as to form one from each two. 

Dou'ble, v. i. 1. To increase to twice the sum, num- 
ber, quantity, length, or value. 2. To return upon one's 
track ; to turn back. 3. To play tricks ; to play false. 

Dou'ble, n. 1. Twice the number, sum, quantity, 
length, value, etc. 2. That which is doubled over or to- 
gether ; plait ; fold. 3. A turn or circuit in running to 
escape pursuers ; hence, trick ; artifice. 4. A counterpart ; 
hence, a wraith. 5. A substitute. 6. (Lawn Tennis) A 
game between two pairs of players. 7. (Mus.) A variation. 

Dou'ble-breast'ed (-brest'ed), a. Folding oyer on the 
breast, with buttons and buttonholes on each side. 

Dou'ble deal'er (del'er). A deceitful, trickish person. 

Dou'ble dealing (duV'l del'Tng). Deceitful dealing. 

il Dou'ble-en-ten'dre (doo'br-aN-tiiN'dr'), n. [F. 
double double + entendre to mean ; — a barbarism for F. 
double entente.'] A word or expression of two meanings, 
one of which is often obscure or indelicate. 

Dou'ble-mlnd'ed (-mind'gd), a. Having different 
minds at different times ; unsettled ; undetermined. 

Dou'ble-ness (dub''l-nes), n. State cr quality of be- 
ing double or doubled. 

Dou'ble-quick' (-kwik'), a. (Mil.) Of, or performed 
in, the fastest time or step in marching, next to the run. 

— n. (Mil.) Double-quick time, step, or march. 
Dou'ble-quick', v. i. & t. (Mil.) To move, or cause 

to move, in double-quick time. 

Dou'bler (dub'ler), n. One who, or that which, doubles. 

Doub'let (dub'let), n. 1. Two of the same kind ; a 
pair; a couple. 2. (Print.) A word or words uninten- 
tionally repeated. 3. An obsolete close-fitting garment 
for men, reaching to the waist or a little below. 4. (Lap- 
idary Work) A counterfeit gem, composed of two pieces 
of crystal, with a color between them, or of a piece of 



H 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DOUBLE-TONGUED 



268 



DOWNRIGHTNESS 



ivi-t.- • k '.-^- eoxerod b\ .1 veneer of real stone. 6. One 

lerived by 
uuue original form ; .. 
ud gurden. 
Doutie-tongued (dub , 'l-tttiigd ), o. Making con- 

n the same subject ; deceitful 
Dou'ble-tree (-fcri ) ( ;.'. The bar. or erosspiece, of a 

ue attached. 

Doubloon' (dub-loon'), n. [F. doublon, Sp. doblon. 

i le, <T.] A Spanish and South American gold 

tie of about fifteen dollars and sixty cents. 

Dou'bly v dub'ly). adv. 1. In twice the quantity; to 

. 2. Deceitfully. 
Doubt (dout), r. i. limp. & p. p. Doubted; p. pr. 
\ . Doubting.] [OF. duter, do/vr, douter, L. dubi- 

:i to dubiits dubious. ] 1. To waver in opinion 
nt ; to hesitate in belief ; to be unconvinced or 
;iiued. 2. To fear; to be apprehensive. [Obs.] 
g| ii. — To vacillate ; fluctuate ; demur ; scruple. 
Doubt, i • t. 1. To question or hold questionable ; to 
to believe, or to be inclined not to believe ; to 
2. To fear. [065.] 3. To fill with fear. [Obs.] 
Doubt. >>■ 1. The act or state of one who doubts; a 
wavering of opinion or determination ; uncertainty of 
condition. 2- That concerning which one doubts. 
>> ii. — Hesitation ; suspense ; indecision ; irresolution ; 

suspicion ; scruple ; perplexity ; skepticism. 
Doubt'a-ble (dout'a-b'l), a. That may be doubted. 
Doubt'er (-er), n. One who doubts. 
Doubt'ful (-ful), a. Having, or characterized by, 
doubt or uncertainty ; hesitating ; wavering ; also, ex- 
pressing or admitting doubt ; admitting of being doubted. 
— Doubt'ful-ly, adv. — Doubt'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Vacillating ; undetermined ; distrustful ; dubi- 
ous; uncertain; ambiguous; problematical; questionable. 
Doubtless, adv. Undoubtedly ; without doubt. 
Doubtless-ly, adv. Unquestionably. 
Douceur' (doo'ser'), n. [F., fr. doux sweet.] 1. 
Sweetness of manner ; agreeableness. 2. A gift for ser- 
vice done or to J>e done ; sometimes, a bribe. 
Douche (doosh), n. [F., through It. fr. L. ducere, 
to lead.] 1. A jet or current of water or vapor 
directed upon some part of the body to benefit it medici- 
nally. 2. (Med.) A syringe. 

Dough (do), n. [AS. dah ; akin to G. teig, Goth. 
daigs ; also, to L. fingere to shape, Skr. dih to smear.] 

1. A soft, unbaked mass of moistened flour or meal, as 
the paste of bread. 2. Anything of like consistency. 

Dough/face (do'fas'), n. A timid, yielding politician. 
[Political cant, U. S.] 

Dough'nut (do'nut), n. A small cake (usually sweet- 
ened) fried in boiling lard. 

Dough'ty (dou'ty), a. [Compar. Doughtier (-tT-er) ; 
super! . Doughtiest.] [AS. dyfrfig ; akin to G. tuchtig ; 
and fr. AS. dugan to avail, be of use, be strong ; of un- 
certain origin.] Able ; strong ; valiant ; redoubtable. — 
Dough'ti-ly (dou'ti-ly), adv. — Dough'ti-ness, n. 

Vow seldom used, except in irony or burlesque. 

Dough'y (do'y), a. Like dough ; soft ; pasty. 

DOUT (door), a. [Cf. F. dur, L. durus.] Hard ; inflex- 
ible ; obstinate ; sour in aspect ; hardy ; bold. [Scot.] 

Dou'ra (doo'ra), n. Durra. 

Douse (dous), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doused (doust) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Dousing.] [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To 
plunge suddenly into water ; to duck ; to immerse. 2. 
\Naat.) To strike or lower in haste ; to slacken suddenly. 

Douse,?./. [AS. dwsescan.] To extinguish. [Slang] 

Dove (duv), n. [AS. dufe ; akin to G. taube, Goth. 
1. (Zool.) A pigeon of the genus Columba and 
- related genera. The species are numerous. 

Hf The dove is a symbol of innocence, gentleness, 
ana affection ; also, in art and in the Scriptures, the 
typical symbol of the Holy Ghost. 

2. A word of endearment for one who is pure and gentle. 
Dove'cot' C-koV), ) n. A small house or box for do- 
Dove'cote' (-kot/), J mestic pigeons ; a dove house. 
DoveTde (-kT), n. 1. (Zool.) A guillemot of the 

/ions. 2. The little auk. 
Dove' plant' (plant'). (Lot.) A Central American 
in the center of the flower of which is a column 
■ ■ng a dove. 
Do'ver's pow'der (do'verz pou'- 
From Dr. Dover, an English 
Q-] (Med.) An anodyne, dia- 
powder containing ipecac 

Dove'tail' Miiv'tal'), n . (Carp.) 
of interlocking tenon aDd 
mortice, forming a strong joint. 




Dovetails 



Dove'tail' (dilv'tal'), v. t. 1. (Carp.) (a) To cut to 
a dovetail, (b) To join by means of dovetails. 2. To fit 
ingeniously. 

Dow'a-Dle (dou'a-b'l), a. Capable of being endowed. 

Dow'a-ger (-A-j&r), »• [° F - douagiere, fr. douage 
dower. See Dower.] 1. (Eng. Laxv) A widow endowed, 
or having a jointure. 2. A title given in England to a 
widow, to distinguish her from the wife of her husband's 
heir bearing the same name ; — chiefly applied to widows 
of personages of rank. 

Queen dowager, the widow of a king. 

Dow'dy (-dy), a. [Scot, dawdie slovenly, daw, da, 
sluggard, drab, Prov. E. doted flat, dead.] Showing a 
vulgar taste in dress ; awkward and slovenly in dress. 
— Dow'dl-ly (-dT-ly), adv. — Dow'di-ness, n. 

Dow'dy, n. A dowdy woman. 

Dow'dy-ish, a. Like a dowdy. 

Dow'el (-61), n. [Etym. uncertain.] (Mech.) 1. A pin, 
or block, fitting into holes in 
the abutting portions of two 
pieces, to keep them in position. 
2. A piece of wood driven into , — ; 
a wall, so that other pieces may [ -f 

be nailed to it. a a Dowels. 

Dowel pin, a dowel. 

Dow'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doweled (-eld) or Dow- 
elled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Doweling or Dowelling.] To 
fasten together by dowels ; to furnish with dowels. 

Dow'er (-er), n. [F. douaire, LL. dotarium, from L. 
dotare to endow, portion, fr. dos dower.] 1. That with 
which one is gifted or endowed ; endowment ; gift. 2. 
The property with which a woman is endowed ; esp. : (a) 
Dowry. [Obs.] ' (b) (Law) The real estate of a man 
which his widow enjoys during her life, or to which a 
woman is entitled after her husband's death, [portion. 

Dow'ered (-erd), p. a. Furnished with a marriage 

Dow'er-y (-er-f), n. Dower. [or gray snipe. 

Dow'itch-er (douTch-er), n. (Zool.) The red-breasted 

Dow'las (dou'12s), n. [Prob. fr. Doullens, a French 
town, formerly celebrated for its manufacture.] A coarse 
linen cloth, now nearly replaced by calico. 

Down (doun), n. [Akin to Icel. dunn, G. daune."] 1. 
Fine, soft, hairy outgrowth from the skin or surface of 
animals or plants, not matted and fleecy like wool. 2. 
That which is made of, or is soft like, down. 

Down, n. [AS. dun; of Celtic origin; akin to E. 
town.] 1. A bank or rounded hillock of sand thrown 
up by the wind along or near the shore ; — usually in pi. 
2. A tract of poor, sandy, undulating or hilly land near 
the sea; — usually in pi. [Eng.] 3. pi. A road for 
shipping in the English Channel, near Deal. 4. pi. [Fr. 
the adverb.] State of depression ; abasement._ [Colloq.] 

Down, adv. [For older adown, AS. adun, adune, 
prop., from or off the hill.] 1. Toward or in a lower 
place or position ; below. 2. Hence : (a) From a higher 
to a lower position, lit. or fig. (b) In a low or the low- 
est position, lit. or fig. 3. From a remoter or higher 
antiquity. 4. From a greater to a less bulk, or from a 
thinner to a thicker consistence. 

Up and down, with rising and falling motion ; to and 
fro ; hither and thither ; everywhere. 

Down, prep. [From Down, adv.] 1. In a descend- 
ing direction along ; from a higher to a lower place upon 
or within ; at a lower place in or on. 2. Hence : To- 
wards the mouth of ; along or over in the direction of 
the sea or falling tide. 

Down, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Downed (dound) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Downing.] To cause to go down ; to put down ; 
to overthrow ; to subdue. [Archaic or Colloq.] 

Down, a. 1. Downcast. [R.] 2. Downright; posi- 
tive. [Obs.] 3. Downward ; going down ; sloping. 

Down'cast' (doun'kast/), a. Cast or directed down- 
ward, as from bashfulness, modesty, dejection, or guilt. 

Down'come' (-kum'), n. Sudden fall ; downfall. 

Down'fall' (-fal'), n. 1. A sudden fall; a body of 
things falling. 2.' Sudden descent from rank, state, etc. 

Down'fall' en (-faF'n), a. Fallen ; ruined. 

Down'fall ing, a". Falling down. [a sail. I 

Down'haul' (-haF), n. (Naut.) A rope to haul down | 

Down'heart'ed (-hart'ed), a. Dejected ; low-spirited. 

Down'hill' (-Ml'), adv. Towards the foot of a hill. 

DownTlill', a. Declivous ; descending ; sloping. 

Down'hill', n. Declivity ; descent ; slope. 

Down'right' (-rlt'), adv. 1. Straight down ; perpen- 
dicularly. 2. In plain terms ; without ceremony. 

Down'right', a. 1. Plain; direct; unceremonious; 
positive. 2. Open ; artless ; undisguised ; absolute. — 
Down'right'ly, adv. — Down'right'ness. n. 



a, e, I, a, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, f, short ; senate, Svent, idea, fcbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



DOWNSITTIXG 



269 



DRAGON 



Down'sit'ting (doun'sit/tTng), n. Act of sitting; 
repose. 

Down'stairs' (-stSrz 7 ), adv. Down the stairs; to a 
lower floor. — a. Being below stairs. 

Down'stream (-strem / ), adv. Down the stream. 

Down'tTOd' (-trdo7), I a. Trodden down ; abused 

Down'trod den (-d'n), J by superior power. 

Down'ward (-werd), ) adv. 1. From one place or 

Down'wards (-werdz), \ state to another lower or 
further down ; in a descending course : down. 2. From 
one time to another less remote from the present. 

Down'ward, a. Moving or extending downward. 

Down'y (-y), a. 1. Covered with down, or with pu- 
bescence or soft hairs. 2. Made of, or resembling, down. 
Hence, figuratively : Soft ; placid ; soothing ; quiet. 

Dow'ry (dou'r^), n. [Contr. from dowery. See 
Doweb.] 1. A gift ; endowment. [O&s.] 2. Money, 
goods, or estate, which a woman brings to her husband 
in marriage ; a bride's portion on her marriage. 3. A 
gift or presents for the bride, on espousal. 

Dowse (dous), v. t. & t. [Cf. 1st Douse.] To plunge 
or duck into water ; to immerse ; to douse. 

Dowse, v. i. To use the dipping or divining rod, as 
in search of water, ore, etc. 

Dox O-log'ic-al (doks/o-lojT-kal), a. Pertaining to 
doxology ; giving praise to God. 

Dox-ol'O-gy (doks-ol'6-jy), n. [LL. doxologia, Gr. 
6o£oAoyia, deriv. of 86£a opinion, praise + Aeyeiv to 
speak.] A hymn expressing praise and honor to God. 

Dox'y (doks^), n. [See Duck a pet.] A loose wench ; 
a disreputable sweetheart. [Low] 

Doyly (doily-), n. A doily. 

Doze (doz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dozed (dozd) : p. pr. 
& vb. n. Dozing.] [Prob. akin to daze, dizzy.] To 
plumber ; to sleep lightly ; to be drowsy. 

Doze, v. t. To pass or spend in drowsiness. 

Doze. n. A light sleep ; a drowse. 

Doz'en (duz''n), n. ; pi. Dozen (before another noun), 
Dozens (-'nz). [OF. doseine, fr. douze twelve, fr. L. 
duodecim ; duo two -f- decern ten.] 1. A collection of 
twelve objects ; a tale or set of twelve. 2. An indefinite 
small number. 

A baker 'a dozen, thirteen. 

Dozenth (-'nth), a. Twelfth, [i?.] 

Doz'er (doz'er), n. One who dozes or drowses. 

Doz'y (-y), a. Drowsy: inclined to doze; sleepy; 
sluggish. — Doz'i-ness (doz'T-nes), n. 

Drab (drSb), n. [AS. drabbe dregs ; akin to D. drab, G. 
ireber ; for sense 1, cf. also Gael, drabag slattern.] 1. 
A low, sluttish woman. 2. A lewd wench ; a strumpet. 

Drab, n. [F. drap cloth ; prob. of German origin.] 
1. A kind of thick woolen cloth of a dun, or dull brown- 
ish yellow, or dull gray, color. 2. A dull brownish yel- 
low or dull gray color. 

Drab, a. Of a color between gray and brown. 

DrabHtet (-bet), n. A coarse linen fabric, or duck. 

DraVble (drat/b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drabbled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Drabbling (-bling).] To drag- 
gle ; to wet and befoul by draggling. 

Drabble, V. i. To fish with a long line and rod. 

DrabTjler (-bier), n. (Xant.) A piece of canvas fas- 
tened by lacing to the bonnet of a sail. 

Drachm (dram), n. 1. A drachma. 2. Same as Dram. 

I! Drach'ma (drak'ma), n. ; pi. E. -mas (-maz), L. -sle 
(-me). [L.,fr. Gr. Spaxny. See Dbam.] 1. A silver coin 
among the ancient Greeks, varying in value. 2. A gold 
and silver coin of modern Greece worth 19.3 cents. 3. 
Among the ancient Greeks, a weight of about 66.5 grains ; 
among modern Greeks, a weight equal to a gram. 

il Dra'C0(dra'k6),n. [L. See Dragon.] 1. (Astron.) 
The Dragon, a northern constellation within which is the 
north pole of the ecliptic. 2. A luminous exhalation 
from marshy grounds. 

Dra-CO'ni-an (dra-ko'nT-on), a. Pert, to, or made by, 
Draco, a famous, rigorous lawgiver of Athens, 621 B. C. 

Draff (draf ), n. [Cf . D. draf the sediment of ale, Icel. 
draf draff, husks.] Refuse; lees; dregs; the wash 
given to swine or cows ; waste matter. 

Draff'y (-y), a. Dreggy ; waste ; worthless. 

Draft (draft), n. [The same word as draught. OE. 
draught, draht, fr. AS. dragan to draw.] 1. The act of 
drawing ; also, the thing drawn. Same as Dbaught. 2. 
(Mil.) A selecting or detaching of soldiers, as from an 
army, a military post, a district, or from the people at 
large ; also, the body of men thus drafted. 3. A bill of 
exchange. 4. Allowance or deduction from the gross 
weight of goods. 5. A drawing of lines for a plan ; a plan 
delineated ; outline. See Draught. 6. The form or rough 



sketch of any writing as first drawn up. 8ee Draught. 

7. (Masonry) A narrow border on the face of a stone. 

8. (Xaut.) Depth of water necessary to float a ship. See 
Draught. 9. A current of air. Same as Dbaught. 

Draft (draft), r. /. limp. & p. p. Drafted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Drafting.] 1. To draw the outline of ; to delin- 
eate. 2. To compose and write. 3. To draw from a 
military band or post, or from any district, company, or 
society ; to detach ; to select. 4. To transfer by draft. 

Drafts'man (drafts'mwn), n. See Draughtsman. 

Drag (drag), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dragged (drXgd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Dragging (-glng).] [OE. draggen; akin to 
E. draw.] 1. To draw slowly or heavily onward : to pull 
along the ground by main force ; to haul ; to trail. 2. 
To break, as land, by drawing a drag or harrow over it ; 
to draw a drag along the bottom of, as a stream ; hence, 
to search, as by means of a drag. 3. To draw along, as a 
burden ; hence, to pass in pain or with difficulty. 

Syn. — See Draw. 

Drag, v. i. 1. To be drawn along, as a rope or dress 
or anchor on the ground ; to trail. 2. To move onward 
heavily, laboriously, or slowly. 3. To serve as a clog or 
hindrance ; to hold back. 4. To fish with a dragnet. 

Drag, n. 1. Act of dragging. 2. Anything which is 
dragged. Specif. : (a) A net, or an apparatus, to be 
drawn along the bottom under water, as in fishing, search- 
ing for drowned persons, etc. (b) A kind of sledge for 
conveying heavy bodies ; also, a kind of low car or hand- 
cart, (c) A heavy coach wi^h seats on top ; also, a heavy 
carriage. [Colloq.] (d) A heavy harrow, for breaking 
up ground, (e) Anything towed in the water to retard a 
ship's progress, or to keep her head up to the wind, as a 
drag sail. 3. A skid or shoe, for retarding a carriage 
wheeL Hence, anything that retards ; a clog ; an obsta- 
cle to progress or enjoyment. 4. Motion effected with 
slowness and difficulty, as if clogged. 5. (Founding) 
The bottom part of a flask or mold. 6. (Mason ry) A steel 
instrument for completing the dressing of soft stone. 

Drag sail (Xaut.), a sail or piece of canvas rigged on a 
stout frame, to be dragged by a vessel through the water 
to keep her head to the wind or to prevent drifting. 

DragT>ar / (drag'bar / ),«. SameasDRAWBAB(6). [17.5.] 

DragTJOlt 7 (-bolt/), n. A coupling pin. [U. S.~\ 

II Dra gees' (dra'zha'), n. pi. [F. See 3d Dredge.] 
(Pharmacy) Sugar-coated medicines. 

Drag'gle (drag'g'l), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Draggled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Draggling (-glTng).] [Freq. of 
Drag.] To wet and soil by dragging on the ground, mud, 
or wet grass ; to drabble ; to trail. 

Draglink' (-link'), n. (Much.) (a) A link connect- 
ing the cranks of two shafts, (b) A drawbar. 

Drag 'net 1 ' (-net'), n. A net to be drawn along the 
bottom of a body of water, as in fishing. 

Drag'O-man (-o-man), n. ; pi. Dragomans (-monz). 
[Deriv. of LGr. 8payovp.<wos, Ar. tarjuman, from same 
source as E. targum.] An interpreter; — so called in 
the Levant and other parts of the East. 

Drag'on (drag'un), n . [F., fr. L. draco, fr. Gr. 
Spaicwv, prob. fr. SepKecrdat, Spaxelv, to look, and so called 
from its terrible eyes.] 1. (Myth.) A fabulous animal, 
generally represented as a monstrous winged serpent or 
lizard, with a crested head and enormous claws, and 
regarded as very powerful and ferocious. 2. A fierce, 
violent person, esp. a woman. 3. (Astron.) A northern 
constellation figured as a dragon. 4. A luminous exha- 
lation from marshy grounds, moving as if a winged ser- 
pent. 5. (Mil. Antig.) A kind of short musket having a 
representation of a dragon's head at the muzzle. 6. 
(Zool.) A small arboreal lizard of several species, found 
in the East Indies and Southern Asia, which makes long 
leaps bv the aid of a winglike appendage at the side. 

Z3T'~1n- Scripture the term dragon refers to any great 
monster, whether of the land or sea, usually to some 
kind of serpent or reptile. It is also applied to Satan. 

Dragon fish (Zool.), the dragonet. —Dragon fly (Zool.), 
any insect of the family 
Libellulidx. They have 
finely formed and strongly 
reticulated wings, a large 
head with enormous eyes, 
and a long body. — Dragon's 
blood, a resinous substance 
obtained from the fruit of 
several species of Calamus. 
growing in the East Indies ; 
also, an exudation from cer- 
tain trees of the West In- 
dies and South America ; — both substances are red, or a 
dark brownish red. —Dragon's head, (a) (Bot.) A plant of 
y allied to the common catnip. t&) 
planet, indicated 




G 



H 



K 



Dragon Fly (Diplax elisa^ 



several species closely 

(Astron.) The ascending node of 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, Urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, t h'" 



M 



niJACJOXET 



270 



DRAWBAR 



bytb»§ytnbol f!. -Dragons UU (Astron.), the descend- 

ulii-ated by the symbol Q. —Dragon 

ioaii liliaceous tree (Dracaena Dra- 

■o of the rosins called dragon's blood. 

Drag 'on et fdrlg'an-JJt), n. 1. A little dragon. 2. 

itish marine fish. 

Drag on-nade' (diig on-niui'), »■ [F.] The severe 

on of French Protestants under Louis XIV., usu- 

dragoons; hence, a rapid, devastating incursion. 

Dragoon' (dra-goon'), ». [F. dragon dragon, dra- 
goon, fir. igon, also, a cohort's standard (with 
Dragon.] 1. {Mil.) Formerly, a 
soldier who was taught and armed to serve either on 
\ or on foot ; now, a mounted soldier ; a cavalry- 
man. 2- A variety of pigeon. 

Dragoon bird (tool.'*, the umbrella bird. 

Dragoon', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dragooned (-goond') ; 
I vb. n. Dragooning.] To harass or reduce to 
subjection by dragoons ; to persecute, as with soldiers. 

Drag OOn-ad© / (dr$g'oon-ad'), n. A dragonnade. 

Drain (diin), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Drained (drand) ; 
v rb. Ji. Draining.] [AS. drehnigean to drain, 
strain.] 1. To draw off by degrees ; hence, to exhaust. 
2- To exhaust of liquid contents by drawing them off ; to 
relieve of surplus water ; to deprive of moisture ; hence, 
to empty of wealth, resources, or the like. 3. To filter. 

Drain, v. i. 1. To flow off gradually. 2. To become 
emptied or dry by flowing or dripping off of contents. 

Drain, n. 1. A draining ; gradual and continuous out- 
flow or withdrawal. 2. That by means of which anything 
is drained ; channel ; trench ; water course ; sewer ; sink. 

Draln'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being drained. 

Drain'age (-aj), n. 1. A draining ; also, that which 
flows out of a drain ; hence, a system of drains. 2. The 
mode in which the waters of a country pass off by its 
streams and rivers. 3. Area or district drained. 

Drain'er (dran'er), n. One who, or that which, drains. 

Drain'pipV (-pip'), ft. A pipe used for draining. 

Drake (drak), n. [Akin to LG. drake, OHG. an- 
trache, G. enterich, and fr. AS. ened, fern., duck ; akin 
to D. eend, G. ente, Icel. dnd, L. anas, Gr. vrjacra (for 
avdria). The ending is akin to E. rich.'} 1. The male 
of the duck kind. 2. A kind of fly used in angling. 

Drake'stone' (-ston'), n. A flat stone so thrown along 
the surface of water as to skip from point to point. 

Dram (dram), ra. [OF. drame, L. drachma, drachm, 
drachma, fr. Gr. opax/u*?, prop., a handful, fr. Spda-a-eaOai 
to grasp.] 1. A weight; in Apothecaries' 1 weight, one 
eighth of an ounce, or 60 grains ; in Avoirdupois weight, 
one sixteenth of an ounce, or 27.34375 grains. 2. A mi- 
nute quantity ; mite. 3. As much spirituous liquor as is 
usually drunk at once. 4. {Numis.) A Persian daric. 

Dra'ma (dra'ma or dra'ma), n. [L., fr. Gr. Spap.a, 
fr. 8pau to do, act.] 1. A composition intended to ex- 
hibit a picture of human life, grave or humorous, and 
commonly designed to be acted on the stage. 2. A 
series of real events invested with a dramatic unity and 
interest. 3. Dramatic literature. 

Dra-mat'lc (dra-mSt'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to the 

Dra-mat'ic-al (-T-kal), ) drama ; like a drama ; 
theatrical ; vivid. — Dra-mat/ic-al-ly, adv. 

Dram'a-tist (drSm'a-tTst), n. The author of a drama. 

Dram'a-tize (-tiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dramatized 
(-tlzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dramatizing.] To compose in 
the form of the drama ; to represent in a drama. 

Dram'a-tW'gy (-tuVtf), n. [Gr. 6>a/xaTovpyi'a dra- 
matic composition ; Spap.a drama + root akin to E. work. ] 
Art of dramatic composition and representation. 

Dram/shop' (-shop'), n. A shop or barroom where 
spirits are sold by the dram. 

Drank (dr^nk), imp. of Drink. 

Drape (drap), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draped (drapt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Draping (dra'pTng).] [F. draper, fr. drap 
cloth. See 2d Drab.] To cover or adorn with drapery 
oi folds of cloth, or as with drapery. 

Drape, v. I. To design or arrange drapery. 

Dra'per (dra'per), n. One who sells, or deals in, cloths. 

Dra'per-y {-f), n. 1. Occupation of a draper. 2. 
Uoth. or woolen stuffs in general. 3. A textile fabric 
used for decorative purposes either on the person or on 
wall* and furniture, esp. when loosely arranged in folds. 

DraB'tic f-lraVtlk), a. [Gr. Spao-Tucos, fr. Spau to do, 

Med.) Acting rapidly and violently ; efficacious; 

fuL — n. {Med.) A violent purgative. 



Draught (draf t), n. [The same as Draft, the spelling 

With git in&igpHn, nr, «1,1~_ — :-*.: -i ■ » -i. Ji 

Irawing or n 
drawi °g- (''J Act "of drawing a "net ~for _ fishes, (c) Act 



ntn an indicating an older pronounciation.] 
drawing or pulling; as: (a) Act of movii 



1. Act of 

moving loads by 



of drinking, (d) {Mil.) Act of selecting or detaching 
soldiers ; a draft (see Draft, n., 2). (e) Act of drawing 
up, marking out, or delineating ; representation. 2. 
That which is drawn ; as : {a) That which is taken by 
sweeping with a net. (6) {Mil.) The force drawn; a 
draft, (c) The quantity drawn in at once in drinking. 
(</) A sketch, outline, or representation ; a delineation. 
{e) {Com.) An order for the payment of money ; —usu- 
ally written draft. (/) A current of air moving through 
an inclosed place. 3. That which draws ; as : (a) A 
team of oxen or horses, {b) A sink or drain ; a privy. 
{c)pl. {Med.) A mild vesicatory; a sinapism. 4. Capac- 
ity of being drawn ; force necessary to draw ; traction. 
5" {Xaut.) The depth of water necessary to float a vessel, 
or the depth a vessel sinks in water, esp. when laden. 

6. (Com.) An allowance on weighable goods. [Engj\ 

7. The bevel given to the pattern for a casting, to facili- 
tate its removal. 8. {Masonry) See Draft, n., 7. 

On draught, so as to be drawn from the wood (as from a 
cask, barrel, etc.) in distinction from being bottled. 

Draught (draft), a. 1. Used for drawing vehicles, 
loads, etc. 2. Relating to, or characterized by, a draught 
of air. 3. Used in making drawings. 4. Drawn directly 
from the barrel, or other receptacle, in distinction from 
bottled. 

flgp^ Often written draft, esp. in senses 1 & 2. 

Draught (draft), v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Draughted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Draughting.] 1. To draw out; to draft. 
2. To draw in outline ; to make a sketch. 

Draughtboard' (-bord'), n. A checkerboard. 

Draughts (drafts), n. pi. The game of checkers. 

Dr aught s'man (-man), n. 1. One who draws up 
writings; one who draws plans or sketches. 2. A 
" man " or piece used in the game of draughts. 

Draught'y (draft'y), a. Pertaining to, or having, a 
draught, or current of air. 

Draw (dra), v. t. [imp. Drew (dru) ; p. p. Drawn 
(dran) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Drawing.] [AS. dragan ; akin 
to Icel. & Sw. draga, Dan. drage.\ 1. To move by force 
applied in advance of the thing moved ; to pull along ; 
to haul ; to drag ; to cause to follow. 2. To influence to 
move or tend toward one's self ; to attract ; hence, to 
entice ; to allure ; to induce. 3. To cause to come out ; 
to bring forth ; as : (a) To bring or take out, or to let 
out, from some receptacle. (Jo) To extract; to force 
out ; to elicit, (c) To infer ; to deduce ; to derive, {d) 
To take or procure from a place of deposit, (e) To re- 
ceive from a lottery ; hence, to obtain by good fortune ; 
to win ; to gain. (/) To select by the drawing of lots. 
4. To remove the contents of ; specif., to eviscerate. 5. 
To take into the lungs ; to inhale ; to inspire ; hence, 
also, to utter or produce by an inhalation. 6. To extend 
in length ; to protract ; to stretch. 7. To run, extend, 
or produce, as a line on any surface ; hence, also, to form 
by marking or with an instrument of delineation; to 
produce, as a sketch, figure, or picture. 8. To represent 
by lines drawn ; to sketch ; hence, to depict ; to describe. 
9. To write in due form ; to prepare a draught of. 10. 
To require (so great a depth), for floating ; — of a vessel. 
11. To trace by scent ; to track ; — a hunting term. 

To draw back, to receive back, as duties on goods for 
exportation. — To draw the longbow, to exaggerate ; to 
tell preposterous tales. — To draw np, to compose, or ar- 
range in due form ; to draught ; to form in writing. 

Syn. — To draw ; drag. — Draio is the general term ; 
drag implies a natural inaptitude for drawing, or positive 
resistance in the thing dragged. 

Draw (dra), v. i. 1. To pull; to exert strength or 
force in drawing anything. 2. To draw a liquid from 
some receptacle. 3. To exert an attractive force. 4. 
{Med.) To act as a sinapism. 5. To have draught, as a 
chimney, flue, or the like. 6. To unsheathe a weapon. 
7. To perform the act, or practice the art, of delinea- 
tion ; to sketch. 8. To become contracted ; to shrink. 
9. To move ; to come or go ; lit., to draw one's self ; — ■ 
with prepositions and adverbs. 10. To make a draft or 
written demand for payment of money deposited or due. 
11. To admit, or yield to, the action of pulling or drag- 
ging. 12. To sink in water ; to require a depth for floating. 

Draw, ft. 1. Act oi drawing ; draught. 2, A lot or 
chance to be drawn. 3. A drawn game or battle, etc. 
[Colloq.] 4. That part of a bridge which may be raised, 
swung round, or drawn aside. [U. S.~] 

Drawback' (dra/bSk'), n. 1. A loss of advantage ; a 
discouragement or hindrance ; objectionable feature. 
2. {Com.) Money paid back or remitted; esp., a certain 
amount of duties or customs remitted, on the exporta- 
tion of the commodities on which they were levied. 

Draw'bar' (dra'bar'), ft. {Railroad) (a) An open- 



u, e, i, o, u, long ; a, e, i, 5, fi, y, j&ort . no^te, $vent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DRAWBOLT 



271 



DREW 



mouthed bar which receives a coupling link and pin. 
(b) An iron bar with an eye at each end, or a heavy link, 
for coupling a locomotive to a tender or car. 

DraWbOlt' (dra'bolf), n. (Engin.) A coupling pin. 

Draw'bore' (-bor'), n. (Joinery) A hole bored so 
that a pin or bolt driven in will draw parts together. 

Drawlxwe', v. t. 1. To make a drawbore in. 2. To 
enlarge the bore of a gun barrel by drawing, instead of 
thrusting, a revolving tool through it. 

Drawbridge' (-brTj'), n. A bridge of which either 
the whole or a part is made to be raised up, let down, or 
turned aside, to admit or hinder communication. 

Draw-ee' (dra-e'), n. (Law) The person on whom an 
order or bill of exchange is drawn. 

Draw'er (dra/er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
draws ; as : (a) One who draws liquor, (b) One who de- 
lineates or depicts ; a draughtsman, (c) (Law) One who 
draws a bill of exchange or order for payment. 2. That 
which is drawn ; as : (a) A sliding box or receptacle in a 
case, (b) pi. An under-garment covering the legs. 

Draw'gear 7 (-ger'), «. A harness or gear for drawing. 

Drawling, n. 1. Act of pulling, hauling, or attract- 
ing. 2. Act or art of representing any object by means 
of lines and shades; also, the figure or representation 
drawn. 3. The process of stretching or spreading met- 
als as by hammering, or by pulling them through dies. 
4. The distribution of prizes and blanks in a lottery. 

A drawing of tea, a small portion of tea for steeping. 

Draw'ing kniie' (dra'ing nif), Draw'knife' (-nif')i 
n. A joiner's two-handled tool used to shave off surfaces, 
by drawing it toward one ; a shave. 

Draw'ing-room' (-room'), n. [Abbrev. fr. withdraw- 
ing-room.] 1. A room appropriated for the reception of 
company ; a room to which company withdraws from 
the dining room. 2. The company assembled in such a 
room ; also, a reception of company in it. 

Drawl (dral), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Drawled 
(drald) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Drawling.] [Prob. fr. draw.'] 
To utter or speak in a slow, lengthened tone. 

Drawl, n. A lengthened, slow, monotonous utterance. 

Draw'link/ (dra'lTnk'), n. Same as Drawbar (b). 

Draw'loom' (-loom'), n. 1. A kind of loom used for 
figured patterns. 2. A species of damask woven on it. 

Drawn (dran), p. p. & a. See Draw, v. t. & i. 

Drawn butter, butter melted and prepared to be used 
as a sort of gravy. — Drawn game or battle, one in which 
neither party wins ; one equally contested. 

Draw'net' (dr a/net'), n. A net for catching the larger 
sorts of birds ; also, a dragnet. 

Draw'plate' (-plat'), n. A steel plate having conical 
holes, through which wires are drawn to be reduced. 

Draw'shave' (-shav'), n. A drawing knife. 

Dray (dra), n. [AS. drsege a dragnet, fr. dragan. See 
Draw.] 1. A strong low cart or carriage used for heavy 
burdens. 2. A kind of sledge or sled. 

Dray 'age (dra'aj ; 48), n. 1. Use of a dray. 2. The 
charge, or sum paid, for the use of a dray. 

Dray'man (dra'man), n. A man who attends a dray. 

Dread (drgd), v. t. [imp._&p. p. Dreaded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Dreading.] [AS. drsedan, in comp. ; akin to OS. 
drddan.~\ To fear in a great degree ; to regard, or look 
forward to, with terror or extreme apprehension. 

Dread, v. i. To be in dread, or in great fear. 

Dread, n. 1. Great fear in view of impending evil ; 
anticipatory terror. 2. Reverential or respectful fear ; 
awe. 3. An object of terrified apprehension. 

Syn. — Affright ; horror ; dismay. See Reverence. 

Dread, a. 1. Exciting great fear or apprehension ; ter- 
rifying ; dreadful. 2. Inspiring reverential fear ; awful. 

Dread'ful (-ful), a. 1. Inspiring dread ; impressing 
great fear ; fearful ; terrible. 2. Awful. [Obs.] — 
Dread'ful-ly, adv. — Dread'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Fearful ; frightful ; terrific ; terrible ; horrible ; 
horrid ; formidable ; tremendous. See Frightful. 

Dread'naught' (-naf), n. 1. A fearless person. 2. 
A garment made of very thick cloth, that can defend 
against storm and cold ; also, the cloth itself. 

Dream (drem), n. [Akin to D. droom, G. traum, Icel. 
draumr.] 1. A thought, or series of thoughts, occupying 
the mind during sleep ; a sleeping vision. 2. A vision- 
ary scheme ; wild conceit ; idle fancy ; vagary ; revery. 

Dream, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dreamed (dremd) or 
Dreamt (drgmt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dreaming.] 1. To have 
ideas or images in the mind while asleep ; to experience 
sleeping visions. 2. To let the mind run on in idle 
revery or vagary ; to imagine. [or in idle fancy. I 

Dream, v. t. To have a dream of ; to see in sleep, | 

To dream away, out, through, etc., to pass in revery or 
inaction ; to spend in idle vagaries. 



Dream'er (drem'er), n. One who dreams. 

Dream'y (drem'y), a. [Compar. Dreamier (-T-er); 
superl. Dreamiest (-T-Sst).] Abounding in dreams, or 
given to dreaming ; appropriate to, or like, dreams ; vis- 
ionary. — Dream'i-ly (-T-lj>), adv. — Dream'l -ness, n. 

Drear (drer), a. [See Dreary.] Dismal ; dreary. 

Drear'y (-jf), a. [Compar. Drearier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Dreardzst.] [AS. dredrig sad ; akin to G. traurig.] 

1. Sorrowful; distressful. [06s.] 2. Exciting cheer- 
less sensations, feelings, or associations ; comfortless ; 
dismal ; gloomy. — Drear'i-ly, adv. Drear'i ness, n. 

Dredge (drgj), n. [F. drege, dreige, fish net ; akin to 
E. draw.] Any instrument used to gather or take by 
dragging at the bottom of water. 

Dredge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dredged (drgjd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Dredging.] To catch or gather with a dredge ; 
to deepen with a dredging machine. 

Dredging machine, a machine used to deepen rivers, chan- 
nels, etc., by scooping up mud, gravel, etc. 

Dredge, n. [F. dragee dredge, also, sugar plum.] A 
mixture of oats and barley. [Obs.] 

Dredge, v. t. To sift or sprinkle flour, etc., on. 

Dredg'er (-er), n. 1. One who fishes with a dredge. 

2. A dredging machine. 3. A box with holes in its lid, 
— used for sprinkling flour. 

Dreg (dreg), n. [Prob. from Icel. dregg, and akin to 
E. draw.] Corrupt or defiling matter contained in a 
liquid, or precipitated from it ; refuse ; feculence ; lees ; 
grounds ; sediment ; hence, the vilest and most worth- 
less part of anything. Now used chiefly in the plural. 

Dreg'gish (-gish), a. Foul with lees ; feculent. 

Dreg r gy (-gf), a. Containing dregs or lees ; muddy ; 
foul ; feculent. — Dreg'gl-ness (drgg'gT-ngs), n. 

Drench (drgnch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drenched 
(drgncht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Drenching.] [AS. drencan 
to give to drink, to drench, the causal of drincan to 
drink ; akin to G. tr'dnken. See Drink.] 1. To cause 
to drink; esp., to dose by force; hence, to purge vio- 
lently by physic. 2. To wet thoroughly ; to soak ; 
to saturate with water or other liquid. 

Drench, n. A drink ; a draught ; specif., a potion of 
medicine poured or forced down the throat ; also, a po- 
tion that causes purging. 

Drench' er (-er), n. One that drenches. 

Dress (drgs), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dressed (drest) or 
Drest ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dressing.] [OF. drecier to 
make straight, raise, prepare, arrange, deriv. of L. diri- 
gere, directum, to direct ; dis- + regere to rule. See 
Right.] 1. To put right or straight ; to regulate. 
[Obs.] 2. (Mil.) To arrange, commonly in a straight line 
and at proper distance ; to align. 3. (Med.) To treat 
methodically with remedies, bandages, or curative appli- 
ances. 4. To adjust ; to put in good order ; to arrange. 
Specif. : (a) To prepare for use or for an intended pur- 
pose ; to get ready. (6) To cut to proper dimensions, 
or give proper shape to ; also, to smooth or finish, (c) 
To put in proper condition by appareling ; to clothe ; to 
deck, (d) To break and train for use, as a horse. 

To dress up or out, to dress elaborately or artificially. — 
To dress a ship (Naut.), to hoist the national colors at the 
peak and mastheads, and set the jack forward. 

Syn. — To attire ; apparei ; clothe ; accouter ; array ; 
robe ; rig ; trim ; deck ; adorn ; embellish. 

Dress, v. i. 1. (Mil.) To arrange one's self in due 
position in line. 2. To clothe or apparel one's self. 

Dress, n. 1. That which is used as the covering or 
ornament of the body ; clothes ; garments ; habit ; ap- 
parel. 2. A lady's gown. 3. Attention to apparel, or 
skill in adjusting it. 

Dress coat, a coat with skirts behind only. 

Dress'er (drgs'er), n. 1. One who dresses. 2. (a) 
A table or bench on which meat and other things are 
dressed, or prepared for use. (b) A cupboard or set of 
shelves to receive dishes and cooking utensils. 

Dress goods. Fabrics, commonly of mixed mate- 
rials, for the gowns of women and girls. 

Dress'i-ness (-T-ngs), n. State of being dressy. 

Dress'ing, n. 1. Dress ; raiment ; ornamental at- 
tire. 2. (Surg.) An application to a sore or wound. 3. 
Manure or compost spread over laud. 4. (Cookery) (a) 
A condiment, (b) Stuffing ; forcemeat. 5. Gum, starch, 
etc., used in stiffening or finishing fabrics. 6. An orna- 
mental finish. 7. Castigation ; scolding. [Colloq.] 

Dressing gown, a light gown, such as is used by a person 
while dressing ; a study gown. 

Dress'mak er. n. A maker of women's gowns. 

Dress'y (-y), a. Showy in dress ; attentive to dress. 

Drest (drest), p. p. of Dress. 

Drew (dru), imp. of Draw. 



G 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



PKIB 



272 



DRIVELER 



> 



> 










n-n, ofDvr.1 1. To shoot (an 

eut [0^.1 2. To do 
rofllch. («J To ontloe. 

[imp. A ;>• ;>• Dribbled 
t.linu (-blfllg).] [Fre.]. of 
1. To fall or let tall in drops, or in quick succes- 
2. To slaver; to drivel. 
DribTJle. n. A tailing or leaking in drops. [GW/og.J 
DrlbHtilet v-bl?t>. I "- [From Dribble.] A small 
Driblet i-lef\ ( piece or part ; a small sum. 
Dried (dri ;>• of Dry. 

Dri'er (dlPBr), n. One who, or that which, dries. 
Drier. Dri'est, superl., of Dry, a. 

Drift (drift), "• [From Drive.] 1. A driving; a 
violent movement. 2. Act or motion of drifting ; the 
force which impels or drives. 3. Course or direction 
along which, or the distance to which, anything is driven ; 
hence, the deviation, or angle of deviation, of anything 
from a given direction or course. 4. Tendency of an act, 
argument, course of conduct, etc. ; intention ; hence, 
also, import ; meaning ; aim. 5. That which is driven, 
forced, or urged along ; as: (a) Anything driven at ran- 
dom, (b) A mass of matter which has been driven or 
forced onward together in a body, esp. by wind or water ; 
specif. (Geo!.), a collection of loose earth and rocks, or 
bowlders, distributed over a large portion of the earth's 
surface by the agency of ice. 6. (Arch.) Horizontal 
thrust of an arch or vault, [R.~\ 7. In South Africa, a 
ford in a river. 8. (Mech.) A tapered tool of steel for 
enlarging or shaping a hole in metal, by be- 
ing forced or driven into or through it ; a 
broach. 9. (Mil.) A tool used in packing 
the composition in a rocket, or like fire- 
work. 10. (Miniiig) A passage between 
shaft and shaft ; a small subterranean gal- 
lery. 11. (Xatit.) (a) The place in a deep- 
waisted vessel where the sheer is raised Smooth Drift 
and the rail is cut off, and usually termi- f ? r stretching 
nated with a scroll or driftpiece. (o) The nvet noles - 
distance between the two blocks of a tackle. 12. The 
difference between the size of a hole and something 
which is to be driven into it. 

Drift, r. i. [imp. & p. p. Drifted ; p. pr. & vb. re. 
Drifting.] 1. To float or be driven along by, or as by, 
a current of water or air. 2. To accumulate in heaps 
by the force of wind. 3. (Mining) To make a drift, esp. 
in order to find metals or ores. [U. S.~\ 

Drift, v. t. 1. To drive or carry along. 2. To drive 
into heaps. 3. (Mach.) To enlarge or shape with a drift. 
Drift, a. That causes drifting or that is drifted ; mov- 
able by wind or currents. 

Drift anchor, a drag sail, or sea anchor. See also Drag 
sail, under Drag, b. — Drift epoch (GeoL), the glacial 
epoch. — Drift sail. Same as Brag sail. 

Drift'age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. Deviation from a ship's 
course due to leeway. 2- Anything that drifts, [bolts. I 
Drift'bolt' (-bolt'), re. A bolt for driving out other | 
Drift/piece' (-pes'), n. (Shipbuilding) A timber con- 
necting the plank sheer with the gunwale ; also, a scroll 
terminating a rail. 

Drift/way' (-wa'), n. 1. A common way, road, or 
path, for driving cattle. 2. (Mining) Same as Drift, 10. 
Drift/weed' (-wed'), re. Seaweed drifted to the shore. 
Drift' wood', n. Wood drifted or floated by water. 
Drift'y (-$'), a. Full of drifts ; tending to form drifts. 
Drill (drTl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drilled (drild) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Drilling.] [D. drillen to bore, drill (sol- 
diers).] 1. To pierce or bore with a drill, or as with a 
drill ; to perforate. 2. To train in the military art ; 
hence, to intrust thoroughly in the rudiments and meth- 
ods of any art or knowledge ; to discipline. 
Drill, V. i. To practice an exercise ; to train. 
Drill, n. 1. An instrument with an edged or pointed 
end used for making holes in hard substances ; also, a 
drill press. 2. (Mil.) Act or exercise of training soldiers 
in the military art ; hence, diligent and strict instruc- 
tion and exercise in the rudiments and methods of any 
-.. 3. Any exercise, physical or mental, enforced 
regularly and repeatedly. 4. (Zool.) A marine gastro- 
\»A which drills holes through the shells of bivalves. 
Drill sergeant [MU .) f a noncommissioned officer whose 
istruct soldiers as to their duties, and to 
iem to military exercises and evolutions. 
Drill, v. i. [Cf. Thill to trickle, Trickle, Dribble, 
\c to put in a row, drill.] 1. To cause to 
<r rills or by trickling. [R.~\ 2. To sow, 
by dribbling them along a furrow or in a row. 
Drill, V. i. 1. To trickle. [Obs.] 2. To sow in drills. 




Drill Press. 
a Table j b Drill. 



Drill (drTl), «. 1. A trickling stream ; a rill. [06s.] 

2. (Agr.) (a) An implement for making holes for sowing 
seed, and sometimes also for dropping seed into the 
holes made, (b) A light furrow or channel made to put 
seed into, (c) A row of seed sown in a furrow. 

Drill presB, a machine for drilling holes, the drill being 
pressed against the work by the 
action of a screw. 

DriU (drll),re. [Cf. Mandrill.] 
(Zool.) A large African baboon. 

DriU, re. [Usually in pl.~\ 
(Manvf.) Same as Drilling. 

DriD'er, n. One that drills. 

Drilling, «. [G. drillich, fr. 
L. frilix three-threaded ; root of 
tres three -f- licium thread of the 
warp.] (Manuf.) A heavy twilled 0- 
fabric of linen or cotton. 

Drily (dri'ly), adv. See Dryly. 

Drink (drink), v. i. [imp. 
Drank (drSnk). formerly Drunk 
(drunk) ; p. p. Drunk, Drunken 
(-■n) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Drinking. 
Drunken is now rarely used, ex- 
cept as a verbal adj. in sense of, 
habitually intoxicated ; drank, 
not seldom used as a p. p., is not so analogical.] [AS. 
drincan; akin to D. drinken, G. trinken, Goth, drigkan.'] 
1. To swallow anything liquid ; to imbibe. 2. To quaff 
exhilarating or intoxicating liquors, in merriment or feast- 
ing ; hence, to take alcoholic liquors to excess ; to tipple. 

To drink to, to salute or pledge in drinking. 

Drink, v. I. 1.- To swallow (a liquid) ; to imbibe. 2. 
To take in (a liquid) in any way ; to suck up ; to absorb. 

3. To take in by the senses ; to inhale ; to hear ; to see. 
To drink the health of, or To drink to the health of, to drink 

while expressing good wishes for the health or welfare of. 

Drink, re. Any liquid to be swallowed. 

Drink'a-ble (drTnk'a-b'l), a. Capable of being drunk ; 
suitable for drink. —Drink'a-ble-ness, re. 

Drink'er (-er), n. One who drinks ; specif., a tippler. 

Drip (drip), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dripped (dript) or 
Drift ; p. pr. & vb. re. Dripping.] [Akin to LG. drip~ 
,pen, Dan. dryppe ; from a noun. See Drop.] 1. To fall 
in drops. 2. To let fall drops of moisture or liquid. 

Drip, v. I. To let fall in drops. 

Drip, re. 1. A falling or letting fall in 
drops ; that which drips. 2. (Arch.) 
That part of a cornice, sill course, etc., 
which projects beyond the rest, and is of 
such form as to shed the rain water. 

Drip'ping, re. 1. A falling in drops, 
or the sound so made. 2. That which 




falls in drops. 



Drip (Arch.). 



Dripping pan, a pan for receiving the fat which drips 
from meat in roasting. 

Drip'StOne' (-ston'), n. (Arch.) A stone drip. 

Drive (driv), v. t. [imp. Drove (drov), formerly 
Drave (drav) ; p. p. Driven (driv''n) ; p. pr. & vb. re. 
Driving.] [AS. drlfan; akin to D. drijven, G. treiben, 
Icel. drlfa."] 1. To impel or urge onward by force or 
constraint applied from behind. 2. To urge on or direct,, 
as the beasts which draw a vehicle, or the vehicle drawn 
by them ; also, to convey in a vehicle drawn by beasts. 
3. To urge, impel, or hurry on ; to urge, press, or bring 
to a point or state. 4: To carry on ; to conduct ; to 
prosecute. [Now colloq.~\ 5. To clear by forcing away 
what is contained. 6. (Mining) To dig horizontally. 

(J^* Drive, in all its senses, implies forcible or violent 
action. It is the reverse of lead. 

Drive, v. i. 1. To rush and press with violence. 2. 
To be forced along ; to be driven. 3. To go by carriage ; 
to proceed by directing or urging on a vehicle or the 
animals that draw it. 4. To aim or tend to a point. 

To let drive, to aim a blow ; to strike with force. 

Drive (driv), re. Act of driving ; a trip or an excur- 
sion in a carriage ; — distinguished from a ride taken on 
horseback. 2. A road for driving. 3. Violent or rapid 
motion ; esp., hurried dispatch of business. 

Syn. — See Ride. 

Driv'el (driV'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Driveled (-'Id) 
or Drivelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Driveling or Drivelling.] 
[Cf. OE. dravelen, drivelen, to slaver, and E. drabble.] 

1. To slaver ; to let spittle drop or flow from the mouth. 

2. [Perh. a different word : cf. Icel. drafa to talk 
thick.] To be weak or foolish ; to dote. 

Driv'el, n. 1. Slaver ; saliva flowing from the mouth. 
2. Inarticulate or unmeaning utterance ; babble. 
Driv'el-er (-er), re. One who drivels ; slaverer ; fool. 



ft, 0, I, o. n, long ; a, H, I, 5, fi, y, short ; Ben&te, Svent, idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm. ask, all, final. 



DRIVEN 



273 



DROWSE 



Driv'en (drYv"n), p. p. of Drive. Also adj. 

Driven well, a well made by driving a tube into the 
earth to an aqueous stratum ; — called also drive well. 

Driv'er (driv'er), n. One who, or that which, drives. 
Specif. : (a) One who drives beasts or a carriage ; hence, 
also, one who runs a locomotive. (b) An overseer of a 
gang of slaves or of convicts, (c) (Mach.) A part that 
transmits motion to another part, (d) (Naut.) The after 
sail in a ship or bark ; a spanker. [driving. I 

Drive'way 7 (driv'wa'), n. A passage or way for| 

Driving, p. pr. of Drive. Also adj. 

Driving wheel (Mack.), a wheel that communicates mo- 
tion ; one of the large wheels of a locomotive, to which 
the connecting rods of the engine are attached. 

Driz'zle (dnz'z'l), v. i. limp. & p. p. Drizzled 
(-z'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Drizzling (-zling).] [Prop. freq. 
of AS. dreosan to fall. See Dreary.] To rain slightly 
in very small drops ; to fall slowly in fine particles. 

Driz'zle, v. t. To shed in minute drops or particles. 

Driz'zle, n. Fine rain or mist. 

Driz'zly (-zty), a. Affording, or resembling, drizzle. 

Droit (droit), n. [F. See Direct.] A right ; law in 
its aspect of the foundation of rights. 

Droll (drol), a. [Compar. Droller (-er); superl. 
Drollest (-est).] [F. drole ; of uncertain origin.] 
Queer and laughable ; amusing and strange. 

Syn. — Comic ; comical ; farcical ; diverting ; humor- 
ous ; ridiculous ; odd ; waggish ; facetious ; merry ; ludi- 
crous. — Laughable is generic ; comical denotes some- 
thing humorous of the kind exhibited in comedies ; droll 
refers to laughter excited by buffoonery or oddity. 

Droll, n. 1. One who raises mirth by odd tricks ; a 
jester ; a buffoon. 2. Something exhibited to raise 
mirth or sport. [that which is droll. I 

Droll'er-y (-er-y), n. Quality of being droll ; also, | 

Droirish, a. Somewhat droll. 

Drom'e-da-ry (drilm'e-da-ry), n. [Through F. & L. 
fr. Gr. 5po/ads 
running, from 
Sparely, used as 
aor. of rpexeiv 
to run.] (Zo'dl.) 
The Arabian 
camel, having 
one hump or 
protuberance on 
the back, in dis- 
tinction from 
the Bactrian 
camel, which 
has two humps. 

Drone(dron), 
n. [AS. drdn ; 
akin to G-. 
drohne; — prob. 
named fr. the 
droning sound.] 1. (Zo'dl.) The male of bees, esp. of 
the honeybee. It gathers no honey. 2. One who lives 
on the labors of others ; a lazy, idle f ellow. 3. That 
which gives out a grave or monotonous tone or dull 
sound; specif., the part of the bagpipe containing the 
two lowest tubes, which always sound the key note and 
the fifth. 4. A humming or deep murmuring sound. 
5. (Mus.) A monotonous bass. 

Drone (dron), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Droned (drond) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Droning.] 1. To utter or make a low, 
dull, monotonous, humming, or murmuring sound. 2. 
To live in idleness ; to do nothing. 

Drone' fly' (fli'). (Zo'dl.) A dipterous insect resem- 
bling the drone bee. [a bagpipe. I 

Drone'pipe' GpIpO, n. One of the low-toned tubes of | 

Dron'ish (dron'ish), a. Like a drone ; indolent. 

Drool (drool), v. i. [Contr. fr. Drivel.] To drivel. 

Droop (droop), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drooped (droopt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Drooping.] [Icel. drupa ; akin to E. 
drop.'] 1. To hang bending downward ; to sink or hang 
down, as from physical inability or exhaustion. 2. To 
grow weak or faint ; to be dispirited ; to languish. 3. 
To proceed downward ; to decline. 

Droop, v. t. To let droop or sink. [JB.] 

Droop, n. A drooping. 

Drop (drop), n. [AS. dropa ; akin to G. tropfen, Icel. 
dropi, and fr. AS. dreopan to drip, drop ; akin to G. trie- 
fen, Icel. drjupa.~\ 1. The quantity of fluid which falls 
in one small spherical mass ; a liquid globule ; hence, 
also, the smallest easily measured portion of a fluid. 2. 
That which resembles, or that which hangs like, a liquid 
■drop. 3. Whatever is arranged to drop, hang, or fall 
from an elevated position ; also, a contrivance for low- 




Dromedary. 



ering something ; as : (a) A door or platform opening 
downward ; a trap door, (b) A machine for lowering 
heavy weights to a ship's deck, (c) A contrivance for 
temporarily lowering a gas jet. (d) A curtain which 
drops or falls in front of the stage of a theater, etc. (e) 
A drop press or drop hammer. 4. pi. Any medicine the 
dose of which is measured by drops. 5. Act of dropping ; 
sudden fall or descent ; also, the distance of a fall or de- 
scent. 6. (Naut.) The depth of a square sail. 

Drop hammer (Mech.). a hammer for forging, striking up 
metal, etc., the weight being raised and then released to 
drop on the metal. — Drop letter, a letter to be delivered 
from the same office where posted. — Drop press (Mech.). a 
drop hammer ; sometimes, a hammer making a stroke 
without recoil. — Drop scene, a drop curtain on which a 
scene is painted. —Drop serene (Med.), amaurosis. 

Drop (dr5p), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dropped (dr5pt) or 
Dropt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dropping.] 1. To pour or let 
fall in drops ; to distill. 2. To cause to fall in one por- 
tion, or by one motion ; to let fall. 3. To let go ; to 
dismiss ; to forsake ; to omit. 4. To communicate by a 
suggestion ; to let fall in an indirect or cautious manner. 
5. To lower. 6. To send, as a letter. 7. To give birth 
to. 8. To cover with, or as with, drops ; to bedrop. 

Drop, v. i. 1. To fall in drops. 2. To fall, in general, 
lit. or fig. 3. To let drops fall. 4. To fall dead, or to fall 
in death. 5. To come to an end ; to cease ; to pass out 
of mind. 6. To come unexpectedly ; — with in or into. 7. 
To fall or be depressed ; to lower. 8. To extend down. 

To drop astern (Naut.), to go astern of another vessel; 
to be left behind. — To drop down (Naut.), to sail, row, or 
move down a river, or toward the sea. — To drop off, to fall 
asleep gently ; also, to die. [Colloq.] 

Drop'let (drop'lSt), n. A little drop ; a tear. 

Drop'light' (-lit'), n. A lighting apparatus attached 
to a chandelier so as to be placed upon, or brought down 
nearer to, a table or desk ; a pendant. 

Drop'per (-per), n. One who, or that which, drops. 

Drop'si-cal (drSp'sT-kal), a. [From Dropsy.] 1. Dis- 
eased with dropsy ; tending to dropsy. 2. Of or pertain- 
ing to dropsy. — Drop'si-cal-ness, n. 

Drop'sy (-sy), n. [OF. idropisie, L. hydropisis, fr. 
Gr. vSpaixJ/, fr. iiSmp water ; akin to E. ivater.] (Med.) An 
unnatural collection of serous fluid in any serous cavity 
of the body, or in the subcutaneous cellular tissue. 

Dropt (dropt), imp. &p. p. of Drop, v. 

Drop'wonn' (drSp'wfirm'), n. (Zo'dl.) Anygeometrid 
larva which drops from trees by a thread of silk. 

Drop'woit' (-wfirt/), n. (Bot.) An Old World species 
of Spirsea (S. filipendula), with finely cut leaves. 

Dros'ky (dros'ky), n. [Russ. drojki, dim. of drogi a 
kind of carriage.] A kind of low vehicle, used in Russia, 
on which the passengers ride as on a saddle. Also, a 
kind of two-horsed public carriage used in German cities. 

Dro-SOm'e-ter (dro-som'e-ter), n. [Gr. 6>do-o? dew 
+ -meter.'] (Meteorol.) An instrument for measuring 
the quantity of dew on a surface in the open air. 

Dross (dros ; 115), n. [AS. dros, fr. dredsan to fall. 
See Dreary.] 1. Scum or refuse matter thrown off, or 
fallen, from metals in the process of melting. 2. Rust of 
metals. [R.] 3. Waste matter ; leavings ; dregs ; refuse. 

Dross'y (-f), a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, dross ; 
full of dross ; impure ; worthless. — Dross'i-ness, n. 

Drought (drout), n. [AS. drugaS, fr. drugian to 
dry. See Dry.] 1. Want of rain or water; esp., such 
dryness of weather as prevents the growth of plants; 
aridity. 2. Thirst ; want of drink. 3. Scarcity ; lack. 

Drought'y (-y), a. 1. Characterized by drought; 
wanting rain ; arid ; adust. 2. Thirsty ; wanting drink. 

Drouth (drouth), 7i. . Same as Drought. 

Drove (drov), imp. of Drive. 

Drove, n. [AS. draf, fr. drifan to drive.] 1. A col- 
lection of cattle driven, or to be driven. 2. Any collec- 
tion of irrational animals, moving or driving forward. 3. 
A crowd of people in motion. 4. A road for driving 
cattle. [Eng.] 5. (Agric.) A narrow drain or channel 
used in irrigation. 6. (Masonry) A broad chisel used in 
smoothing stone ; also, the grooved surface made in fin- 
ishing with this chisel. [to market. I 

Dro'ver (driver), n. One who drives cattle or sheep | 

Drown (droun), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drowned 
(dround) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Drowning.] [AS. drunaiian, 
lit., to become drunk, fr. druncen drunken.] To be suf- 
focated in water or other fluid ; to perish in water. 

Drown, v. t. 1. To overwhelm in water ; to sub- 
merge ; to inundate. 2. To deprive of life by immersion 
in water or other liquid. 3. To overcome ; to extinguish. 

Drowse (drouz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drowsed 
(drouzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Drowsing.] [AS. drusian, 



G 



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fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

18 



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DUAL 



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te.1 To deep imperfectly 
, with sleepiness ; to doze. 
make heavy with sleepiness. 
n. A alight or imperfect sleep : ■ do 
) r0W 'ay ^ir> .. \par. Drowsier (-iY-8r) ; 

■st.] 1. Inclined to drowse ; he;, vy with 
Sonrfr — ; lethargic ; dozy. 2. Disposing to sleep ; 
3. Dull ; stupid. — Drow'si-ly, adv. — 
Drowsiness 

S ; somnolent ; comatose ; dull ; heavy. 
Drub (drub), r. /. [imp. &p. p. Drubbed (drubd) ; 
Dr.rBBiNG.] [Etymol. uncertain.] To 
I b a stick ; to cudgel. — Drub'ber (-ber), n. 
Drab. '. ! . A blow with ■ cudgel ; a thump. 
Drudge (drfij), V. i. [imp. & p p. Drudged (drQjd) ; 
S : ■• n. Drudging.] [OE. druggen ; prob. fr. 
Celtic] To perform menial work ; to labor in mean or 
unpleasant offices with toil and fatigue. 
Drudge, n. One who drudges ; a menial servant. 
Drudg'er (-er), n. 1. A drudge. 2. A dredging box. 
Drudg'er-y (-v), n. Act of drudging ; severe toil. 
Syn. — See Toil. 

Drug (drGg). n. [F. drogue, prob. fr. D. droog, akin to 
E. dry ; thusorig., dry substance, herbs, plants, or wares.] 

1. Any substance used in the composition of medicines ; 
any stuff used in dyeing or in chemical operations. 2. 
Any commodity that lies on hand, or is not salable. 

Drug, v. i. '[imp. & p.p. Drugged (drQgd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Drugging.] To prescribe or administer drugs. 

Drug. V. t. 1. To affect with drugs ; esp., to stupefy 
by a narcotic. 2. To tincture with something offen- 
sive. 3. To dose to excess with, or as with, drugs. 

Drug'get (drQg'gSt), n. [F. droguet, prop. dim. of 
drogue trash, stuff.] (a) A coarse woolen cloth dyed 
of one color or printed on one side, — generally used to 
cover a carpet. (b) Any material used for that purpose. 

Drug'glst (-gist), n. One who deals in drugs ; esp., 
one who deals in drugs without compounding them. 

Dru'id (dru/Td), n. [L. Druides ; of Celtic origin.] 
One of an order of ancient Celtic priests. 

Dru'id-ess, n. A female Druid ; a prophetess. 

Dru-id'ic (dru-Td'Tk), ) a. Pertaining to, or resem- 

Dru-id'ic-al (-T-kol), J bling, the Druids. 

Dru'id-lsm (-Yz'rn), n. The system of religion, phi- 
losophy, etc. , received and taught by the Druids. 

Drum (drum), n. [Cf. D. trom, trommel, LG. trumme, 
G. trommel, Icel. pruma a clap of 
thunder, and as a verb, to thunder, 
Dan. drum a booming sound, drumme 
to boom ; prob. partly at least of imi- 
tative origin.] 1. (Mus.) An instru- 
ment, consisting either of a hollow 
cylinder over each end of which is 
stretched a piece of skin or vellum to 
be beaten with a stick, or of a metal- Common Drum, 
lie hemisphere (kettledrum) with a feathe ^ 6 End 
single piece of skin to be so beaten. r ' 

2. Anything resembling a drum in form ; as : (a) A 
sheet iron radiator receiving its heat from a stovepipe, 
or a cylindrical receiver for steam, etc. (b) (Anat.) The 
tympanum of the ear. (c) (Arch.) One of the cylin- 
drical, or nearly cylindrical, blocks, of which the shaft 
of a column is composed ; also, a vertical wall, whether 
circular or polygonal, carrying a cupola or dome, (d) 
(Mach.) A cylinder on a revolving shaft, generally used 
for communicating motion by means of belts ; also, the 
barrel of a hoisting machine. 3. (Zo'ol.) The drumfish. 
4. A noisy assembly at a private house ; a rout. [Ar- 
chaic'] 5. A tea party ; a kettledrum. 

Drum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drummed (drumd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Drumming.] 1. To beat or play a tune on a 
drum. 2. To beat with the fingers, or with drumsticks. 

3. To sound like a beaten drum. 4. To go about, as a 
drummer does, to get recruits, customers, etc. 

Drum, v. t. 1. To execute on a drum, as a tune. 2. 
(With out) To expel ignominiously, with beat of drum. 
3. (With up) To assemble by, or as by, beat of drum ; 
to collect ; to gather by solicitation. 

Drum'beat' (-bet/), n. The sound of a beaten drum. 

DrumT)le (drfim'b'l), v. i. [Etym. uncertain.] To be 
Bluggish or lazy ; to be confused. [Obs.~\ 

Drum'flah' (-fish'), n. (Zo'ol.) Any of several fishes 
which make a loud noise by means of the air bladder. 

DrumTiead' (drfim'heu'), n. 1. The parchment or 
hkiu stretched over one end of a drum. 2. The top of a 
capstan, pierced with sockets for levers used to turn it. 

Drumhead court-martial (Mil.), a summary court-martial 
called to try offenses on the battlefield or line of march. 





Section of Drupe of 
the Peach, showing 
Exocarp and Stone. 



Drum' ma'jor (drihn' ma'jer). 1. The chief drummer 
of a regiment ; an instructor of drummers. 2. The 
marching leader of a military band. [U. S.~\ 

Drum'mer (driiin'mer), n. 1. One who beats the 
drum. 2. A commercial traveler. [Colloq. U. £.] 

Drum'mond light (-mlind lit'). [Fr. Thomas Drum- 
mo-nd, a British naval officer.] A very intense light, made 
by turning a flame of intense heat upon a piece of lime. 

Drum'stick (-stik'), n. 1. A stick with which a 
drum is beaten. 2. Anything resembling a drumstick in 
form, as the second joint of the leg of a fowl. 

Drunk (drunk), a. [Orig. same as drunken, p. p. of 
Drink.] 1. Intoxicated with, or as with, liquor ; inebri- 
ated; drunken; — used predicatively. 2. Drenched. 

Drunk, v. A drunken condition ; a spree. [Slang] 

Drunk'ard (drunk'erd), n. One whose habit it is to 
get drunk ; a toper ; a sot. 

Drunk'en (-'n), a. [AS. druncen, prop., that has 
drunk, p. p. of drincan. See Drink.] 1. Intoxicated 
by, or as by, spirituous liquor ; inebriated ; hence, dis- 
ordered in the faculties; frenzied. 2. Drenched. 3. 
Pert, to, or proceeding from, intoxication. — Drunk'en- 
ly, adv. — Drunk'en-ness. n. 

Syn. —Intoxication ; inebriation ; inebriety. — Drunk- 
enness refers more to the habit ; intoxication and inebri- 
ation, to specific acts. The first two words are exten- 
sively used also in a figurative sense. 

Dru-pa'ceous (dru-pa'shus), a. (Bot.) Producing, or 
pertaining to, drupes ; having the form of drupes. 

Drupe (drup), n. [F. fr. L. drupa an overripe, 
wrinkled olive, fr. Gr. Spvirna.] 
(Bot.) A fruit consisting of a pulpy, 
coriaceous, or fibrous exocarp, 
without valves, containing a nut or 
stone with a kernel. 

Drup'el (-gl), \n. (Bot.) A 

Drupelet (-let), J small drupe, 
as a pulpy grain of the blackberry. 

Druse (drus), n. [Cf. G. druse 
bonny, crystallized piece of ore, 
Bohem. druza.] (Min.) A cavity 
in a rock, having its interior stud- 
ded with crystals and sometimes filled with water ; geode. 

Dry (dri), a. [Compar. Drier (dri'er) ; superl. Dri- 
est.] [AS. dryge; akin to D. droog, G. trocken, Icel. 
draugr a dry log.] 1. Free from moisture ; arid ; defi- 
cient in the natural or normal supply of moisture ; — said 
esp. : (a) Of the weather : Free from rain or mist, (b) 
Of vegetable matter : Free from juices or sap. (c) Of 
animals : Not giving milk, (d) Of persons : Thirsty ; 
needing drink, (e) Of the eyes : Not shedding tears. 
2. Destitute of what interests or amuses ; plain ; unem- 
bellished. 3. Characterized by a quality rather severe 
or hard ; hence, sharp ; shrewd ; quaint. 4. (Fine 
Arts) Exhibiting a sharp, frigid preciseness of execution. 

Dry measure, a system of measures of volume for dry or 
coarse articles.— Dry point. (Fine Arts) (a) An engraving 
made with the needle, but finished without acid, (b) A 
print from such an engraving, or the needle with which 
it .is made. — Dry rot, a decay of timber, reducing its 
fibers to the condition of a dry powder. — Dry wine, that 
in which no sweetness is perceptible. 

Dry, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Drdsd (drid) ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
Drying.] To make dry ; to free from water, or moisture. 

To dry up. (a) To scorch or parch with thirst ; to con- 
sume, (b) To make to cease, as a stream of talk. 

Dry, v. i. 1. To grow dry; to become free from 
moisture. 2. To evaporate wholly. 

Dry'ad (-Sd), n. [L. dryas, pi. dryades, Gr. Spvds, fr. 
6pv? oak, tree.] (Class. Myth.) A nymph whose life was 
bound up with that of her tree. 

Dry'er (-er), n. See Drier. 

Dry' goods (gdodz'). A commercial name for textile 
fabrics ; — in distinction from groceries. [U. S.~\ 

Dry'ing, a. 1. Adapted or tending to exhaust mois- 
ture. 2. Having the quality of rapidly becoming dry. 

Dryly, adv. In a dry manner. 

Dry'ness, n. State of being dry. 

Dry' nurse' (nfirs'). A nurse who attends and feeds 
a child by hand. [out wetting. I 

Dry'-rub' (dri'rub'), v. t. To rub and cleanse with- 1 

Dry'salt'er (-salt'er), n. A dealer in salted or dried 
meats, pickles, sauces, etc., and in the materials used in 
pickling, salting, and preserving various kinds of food. 

Dry'salt'er-y (-y), n. The articles kept by a dry- 
salter ; also, the business of a drysalter. [duality. 

Du'ad (du'Sd), n. [See Dyad.] Union of two ;| 

Du'al (-al), a. [L. dualis, fr. duo two.] Expressing, 
belonging to, or consisting of, two parts, natures, etc. 



a, e, I, u, H, long ; a, C, I, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, t»bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DUALIN 



275 



DULL 



Du'a-lln (du'a-lTn), n. ( Chem. ) An explosive substance 
containing nitroglycerin and similar nitro compounds. 

Du'al-ism (du'al-Tz'm), n. State of being dual or 
twofold ; a twofold division ; any system founded on a 
double principle, or a twofold distinction. 

Du'al-ist (-Tst), n. One who believes in dualism. 

Du'al-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. Consisting of two ; pertain- 
ing to dualism or duality. [dual or twofold. I 

Du-al'i-ty (du-Xl'T-ty), n. Quality or state of being | 

Du'ar-chy (dii'ar-k^), n. [Gr. 6vo two -f- -archy.] 
Government by two persons. 

Dub (dQb), v. I. [imp. &. p. p. Dubbed (dubd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Dubbing.] [AS. dubban to strike, beat ; akin 
to Icel. dubba.] 1. To knight by a tap with the sword. 
2. To invest with any dignity or new character ; to en- 
title ; to call. 3. To strike, rub, or dress smooth. 

Dub (dub), v. i. To make a noise by brisk drumbeats. 

Dub'ber (dub'ber), n. One who, or that which, dubs. 

Dub'blng (-blng), n. 1. Act of one who dubs. 2. A 
dressing used by weavers ; also, one used in dressing leath- 
er ; daubing. 3. The body substance of an angler's fly. 

Du'bi-ous (du'bi-us), a. [L. dubius, dubiosus, fr. duo 
two.] 1. Doubtful or unsettled in opinion. 2. Occasion- 
ing doubt ; not clear or obvious. 3. Of uncertain event 
or issue. — Du'bi-ous-ly, adv. — Du'bi-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Doubting ; undetermined ; equivocal. 

Du'bi-ta-ble (-ta-b'l), a. [L. dubitabilis.] That may 
be doubted. — DuHW-ta-bly, adv. [doubtful. I 

Du'bi-ta-tive (du'bT-ta-tTv), a. Tending to doubt ; | 

Du'cal (du'kal), a. [F. See Duke.] Of or pertain- 
ing to a duke. — Du'cal-ly, adv. 

Duc'at (duk'at), n. [F., fr. It. ducato, LL. ducatus, 
fr. L. dux. See Duke.] A coin, either of gold (gener- 
ally worth about $2) or silver (generally worth about 
Si), of several countries in Europe ; orig., one struck in 
the dominions of a duke^_ [of different values. I 

Duc'a-toon' (duk'a-toon'), n. A European silver coin | 

Duch'ess (duch'es), n. [F. duchesse.] The wife or 
widow of a duke ; also, a lady who has the sovereignty 
of a duchy in her own right. 

Duch'y (-y), n. [F. duche, fr. L. dux. See Duke.] 
The territory or dominions of a duke ; a dukedom. 

Duck (duk), n. [Cf. Dan. dukke, Sw. doeka, G. docke. 
Cf. Doxy.] A pet ; a darling. 

Duck, n. [D. doek cloth, canvas, or Icel. dukr cloth ; 
akin to G. tuch.] A linen (or sometimes cotton) fabric, 
finer and lighter than canvas. 

Duck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ducked (dukt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ducking.] [OE. duken, douken, to dive ; akin to 
D. duiken, G. tauchen.] 1. To plunge under water or 
other liquid and suddenly withdraw. 2. To plunge the 
head of under water, immediately withdrawing it. 3. 
To bow ; to move quickly with a downward motion. 

Duck (duk), v. i. 1. To duck one's self ; to dive ; to 
dip the head in water. 2. To drop the head or person 
suddenly ; to bow. 

Duck, n. [OE. duke, doke. See Duck, v. t.] 1. (Zo'dl.) 
A common waterfowl of numerous genera and species. 
See Musts, of Sheldrake and Teal. 2. A sudden incli- 
nation of the head or dropping of the person, resembling 
the motion of a duck in water. 

Duck mole (Zo'dl.), a small aquatic mammal of Aus- 
tralia, having webbed feet and a bill resembling that of a 
duck. It lays eggs like a bird or reptile. — To make ducks 
and drakes, to throw a flat stone obliquely, so as to make 
it rebound repeatedly from the surface of the water ; 
hence : To play at ducks and drakes (with property), to 
squander it foolishly and unprofitably. 

DuckTull ', n. (Zo'dl.) The duck mole. [a duck. I 

Duck'-billed (-bild'), a. Having a bill like that of | 

Duck'er (-er), n. 1. One that ducks ; plunger ; diver. 
2. A cringing, servile person ; fawner. 

Ducking, n. & a., from Duck, v. 

Ducking stool, a cucking stool. 

Duckling (-ling), n. A young or little duck. 

Duck'weed' (duk'wed'), n. (Bot.) A genus of small 
plants, seen floating on stagnant fresh water. 

Duct (dukt), n. [L. ductus a leading, conduit, fr. du- 
cere, ductum, to lead.] Any tube or canal by which a 
fluid or other substance is conveyed to its destination. 

Duc'tile (duk'tTl), a. [L. ductilis.] 1. Easily led; 
yielding to motives, persuasion, or instruction ; tractable ; 
pliable. 2. That may be elongated or drawn out, as a 
metal into wire. — Duc'tile-ly, adv. — Duc'tile-ness, n. 

Duc-til'i-ty (dfik-tTl'T-ty), n. Quality of being ductile. 

Dude (dud), n. A kind of dandy ; especially, one char- 
acterized by affectation in speech and manners. [Recent'] 

Du-deen' (dfi-den'), n. A short tobacco pipe. [Irish] 

Dudg'eon (duj'un), n. 1. The root of the box tree, 



of which hafts for daggers were made. 2. The haft of a 
dagger ; also, a dagger. 

Dudg'eon (duj'un), n. [W. dygen anger, grudge.] 
Resentment ; ill will ; anger ; displeasure. 

Dud'ish (dud'Tsh), a. Like, or becoming to, a dude. 



Duds (dQdz), n. pi. [Scot, dud rag.] 1. Old or in- 
[Colloq.] 2. Ef- 
fects, in general. [Slang] 



ferior clothes; tattered garments. 



Due (du), a. [OF. den, p. p. of devoir to owe, fr. L. 
debere. See Debt.] 1. Owed ; that ought to be paid or 
done to or for another ; payable. 2. Justly claimed as a 
right or property ; lawful ; proper ; becoming ; appro- 
priate. 3. Such as (a thing) ought to be ; fulfilling obli- 
gation ; sufficient ; regular ; proper ; exact. 4. Ap- 
pointed or required to arrive at a given time. 5. Owing ; 
ascribable, as to a cause. 

Due, adv. Directly ; exactly. 

Due, n. 1. That which is owed; debt; that which 
may be claimed as a right ; whatever custom, law, or 
morality requires. 2. Right ; just title or claim. 

DueTnll' (-bil'), n. (Com.) A brief written acknowl- 
edgment of a debt, not made payable to order. 

Du'el (du'gl), n. [It. duello, fr. L. duellum, orig., a 
contest between two, corrupted to bellum war, fr. duo 
two.] A combat between two, fought with deadly weap- 
ons, by agreement, esp. to decide some private difference. 

Du'el, v. i. & t. To fight in single combat. [£.] 

Du'el-ist (-Tst), n. One who fights in single combat. 

II Du-el'lO (du-gl'16"), n. [It.] A duel ; also, the rules 
of dueling. [Obs.] 

II Du-e'na (doo-a'nya), n. [Sp.] See DoSa. 

Du-en'na (du-en'na), n. [Sp. duena, dona, fr. L. 
domina. See Dame.] 1. The chief lady in waiting on 
the queen of Spain. 2. An elderly lady put in charge of 
the younger ladies in a Spanish or a Portuguese family. 
3. Any old woman employed to guard a young one. 

Du-et' (du-ef), n. [It. duetto, fr. It. & L. duo two.] 
(Mus.) A composition for two performers or singers. 

Duff (duf), n. [Variant of Dough.] 1. Dough or 
paste. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A stiff boiled flour pudding. 

Duffel (duffel), n. [D. duffel, from Duffel, a town 
not far from Antwerp.] A kind of coarse woolen cloth, 
having a thick nap or frieze. 

Duffer (-fer), n. 1. A peddler or hawker, esp. of 
flashy articles; hence, a sham or cheat. [Slang, Eng.] 
2. A stupid, awkward person. [Slang] 

Dug (dug), imp. & p. p. of Dig. 

Dug (dug), n. [Akin to Sw. ddgga to suckle (a child), 
Dan. daegge.] A teat, pap, or nipple, esp. of a beast. 

Du-gong' (du-gong'), n. [Malayan duyong, or Javan. 
duyung.] (Zo'dl.) An aquatic herbivorous mammal of 
the East Indian seas, allied to the manatee. 

Dug'OUt' (dug'out'), n. 1. A boat made by hollow- 
ing out a large log. [U.S.] 2. A house made partly in 
a hillside or a slighter elevation. [ Western U. S.] 

Duke (duk), n. [F. due, fr. L. dux, duels, leader, 
commander, fr. ducere to lead.] 1. A leader ; a chief. 
[Obs.] 2. In England, one of the highest order of no- 
bility after princes and princesses of the royal blood and 
the four archbishops of England and Ireland. 3. In 
some European countries, a sovereign prince, without 
the title of king. [duke. I 

Duke'dom'(-diim), n. Territory, title, or dignity of a | 

Dul'cet (dul'sgt), a. [OF. doucet, dim. of dous sweet, 
L. dulcis; akin to Gr. y\v<v<>.] 1. Sweet to the taste. 
[Obs.] 2. Sweet to the ear ; melodious; harmonious. 

Dul'ci-fy (dQl'sT-fl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dulcified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dulcifying.] [L. dulcis sweet + 
-fy-1 1- (Pharm.) To sweeten; to free from acidity, 
saltness, or acrimony. 2. Fig. : To mollify ; to please. 

Dul'ci-mer (dul'sT-mer), n. [It. dolcemele, or Sp. 
dulcemele, fr. L. dulcis sweet + melos song, melody, Gr. 
/ue'Aos.] (Mus.) (a) An instrument, having stretched 
metallic wires which are beaten with two light hammers. 
(b) An ancient Jewish musical instrument. 

DuU (dul), a. [Compar. Duller (-er) ; superl. Dull- 
est.] [AS. dol foolish ; akin to gedwelan to err, D. dol 
mad, G. toll mad, Goth, druals foolish, stupid.] 1. Slow 
of understanding. 2. Slow in action. 3. Insensible ; 
unfeeling. 4. Not keen in edge or point ; blunt. 5. 
Not bright or clear to the eye ; wanting in liveliness of 
color or luster. 6. Heavy ; gross ; spiritless ; inert. 7. 
Furnishing little delight, spirit, or variety ; uninteresting. 

Syn. — Lifeless ; inanimate ; dead ; stupid ; doltish ; 
heavy ; sluggish ; drowsy ; tedious ; dismal ; dreary ; 
clouded ; tarnished ; obtuse. See Lifeless. 

Dull, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dulled (dfild) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Dulling.] To make or become dull. 



G 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



DULLARD 



276 



DUPLICATE 



Dull'ard (dB BtopM person; dunce.— a. 



> 







Dumb-bell. 

71. DUMPOUND- 



uil'ness. n. State oi being dull. 

dull manner. 

pqim. el. duileasg : ditille leaf + 

A reddish-brown edible seaweed. 

In a due. tit, or becoming manner. 

Dumb kin t0 D. </owi stupid, 

.] 1. Destitute of the power of 

2 N t speaking: not willing to speak : mute; 

silent. Dumb'ly (dumly), tulv. — Dumbness. n. 

Dumb scue, er Dumb chili, a form of intermittent fever 

rell-deftned "' chill." [U. S. j — Dumb show. 

a part of a dramatic representation, shown 

urns and gestures without words, 
ut : speechless: noiseless. See Mutb. 
Dumb'-bell (-Del ). n. A weight, consisting of two 
sphere.- or spheroids, connected by a 
• for a handle, — used in gym- 
Dumb '-wait er (-wafer), n. A 
framework on which dishes are passed 
from one room or story of a house to 
another. 
Dam found (dam'fouud'), v. t. 

. p. Dumfounded j p. pr. & vb. 
ing. ] To strike dumb ; to confuse ; to astonish. 
Dum'found er (-found'er), v. t. To dumfound. 
Dum'my (duni'inj-), a. [See Dumb.] 1. Silent ; 
mute : noiseless. 2. Fictitious or sham ; feigned. 

Dum'my, n. 1. One who is dumb. 2. A sham pack- 
age. 3. An imitation or copy of something ; a model ; 
a lay figure. 4. (Drama) One who plays a merely 
nominal part. 5. (Railroad) A locomotive with con- 
densing engines, and, hence, without the noise of escap- 
a ; also, a dummy car. 6. (Card Playing) The 
exposed hand used when three play a four-handed game. 
Du mose' (du'inos'), 1 a. [L. dinnosus, fr. dumus 
Du'mous (du'nius), ) bramble.] 1. Abounding with 
bushes and briers. 2. (Bot.) Of a compact, bushy form. 
Dump (dump), n. [Origin uncertain.] A thick, ill- 
ahapen piece ; a leaden counter used in playing chuck 
farthing. [Eng.~\ 

Dump, n. [Etymol. uncertain; perh. fr. Dump, v.~\ 

1. A dull, gloomy state of the mind ; sadness ; melan- 
choly ; ill humor ; — now only in pi. 2. Absence of mind ; 
revery. 3. A melancholy tune ; any tune. [Obs.~] 

Dump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dumped (dumt ; 215) ; p. 
'■>. n. Dumping.] [OE. dumpen to throw or fall 
down, cf. Icel. dumpa to thump, Dan. dumpe to fall sud- 
denly, rush, dial. Sw. dimpa to fall plump. Cf. 2d Dump.] 
To put or throw down with more or less of violence ; 
hence, to unload from a cart by tilting. [U. S.~\ 

Dump, n. 1. A car or boat for dumping refuse, etc. 

2. A ground or place for dumping ashes, refuse, etc. 3. 
That which is dumped. 

Dump'age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. Act of dumping ; also, a 
heap of dumped matter. 2. A fee paid for the privilege 
of dumping loads. 

Dump'i-ness (-T-nSs), n. State of being dumpy. 

Dump'ish. a. Dull ; stupid ; sad ; moping ; melan- 
choly. — Dump'ish-ly, adv. — Dump'ish-ness, n. 

Dumpling (-ling), n. [Dimin. of 1st Dump.] A round- 
ish mass of dough boiled in soup, or as a pudding ; often, 
a cover of paste inclosing fruit, and boiled or baked. 

Dump'y (-f), a. 1. Short and thick ; of low stature 
and stout. 2. Being in the dumps ; sullen. [Prov. Eng.~\ 

Dun (dun), n. [See Dune.] A mound or small hill. 

Dun (dun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dunned (dtind) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Dunning (-nlng).] To cure, as codfish, by salt- 
ing and laying in a heap in a dark place, covered with 
aalt grass or the like. 

Dun. v. t. & i. [Var. of Din.] To ask or beset, as a 
for payment; to urge importunately. 

Dan./.. 1. One who duns; adunner. 2. An urgent 
v or demand of payment. 

Dun. n. [AS. dunn, of Celtic origin.] Of a dark 
'lull brown color. 



eofc 



Dun diver ' Zool.i, the goosander or merganser. 
Dunce (dfins), n. A person dull or weak in intellect ; 
Ink 
. t&~J ith ■choplmen were often called, after their great 
v.otus, the Hvbtle Doctor (d. in 1308), 
In the revival of learning they 
opposed to classical studies ; hence, the 
u applied with scorn and contempt to an 
wppoaer oi learning, or to one slow at learning. 

Dun'der head M ur/der-hSd'). »• [Prov. Eng., fr. dun- 
aer, var. of Thunder.] a dunce ; numskull ; blockhead. 




Dunlin (Tringa alpina). 



Dun'der-pate' (duu'der-paf), "• See Dunderhead. 

Dune (dun), n. [Variant of Down a bank of sand.] 
A low hill of drifting sand usually formed on the coast, 
but often carried far inland by the winds. 

Dun'fish (dun'fTsb'), n. Codfish cured in a particu- 
lar manner, so as to be of a superior quality. 

Dung (dung), n. [AS. dung; akin to G. dung, 
Sw. d>/»ga.~\ The excrement of an animal. 

Dung, V. t. 1. To manure with dung. 2. (Calico 
Print.) To immerse in hot water containing cow dung 
to remove the superfluous mordant. 

Dung, v. i. To void excrement. 

Dun'geon (dun'jun), n. [F. donjon tower or platform 
in the midst of a castle, a keep of a castle, LL. domnio, 
the same word as dominio, for L. domijiium, fr. dominus 
lord.] A close, dark prison, commonly under ground, as 
if the lower apartments of the donjon or keep of a castle, 
these being used as prisons. 

Dung'hiDy (dung'hll'), n. 1. A heap of dung. 
2. Any mean situation or condition ; a vile abode. 

Dunghill fowl, a domestic fowl of common breed. 

Dung'y (-y), a. Full of dung ; filthy ; vile ; low. 

Dun'ker (dun'ker), n. [G. tunken to dip.] One of a 
religious sect whose tenets and practices are mainly 
those of the Baptists, but partly those of the Quakers. 

Dunlin (dun'lin), n. [Prob. of Celtic origin.] (Zo'ol.) 
A species of sandpiper. 

Dun'nage (dun'naj ; 48), n. 
[Cf. Dun a mound.] (Naitt.) 
Fagots, boughs, or loose ma- 
terials of any kind, laid on the 
bottom of the hold for the 
cargo to rest upon to prevent 
injury by water,, or stowed 
among casks or other cargo 
to prevent their motion. 

Dun'ner (-ner), n. [From 
Dun to ask payment from.] 
One employed in soliciting the payment of debts. 

Dun'nish (-msh), a. Inclined to a dun color. 

Du'O (du'6), n. [It. duo, fr. L. duo two. See Duet.] 
(JIus.) A composition for two performers ; a duet. 

Du O-dec'i-mal (du'o-des'T-mal), a. [L. duodecim 
twelve. See Dozen.] Proceeding in computation by 
twelves. — Du o-decl-mal-ly, adv. 

DuO-dec'i-mal. n. 1. A twelfth part. 2. pi. (Arith.) 
A system of numbers whose denominations rise in a scale 
of twelves, as of feet and inches. 

Du / 0-dec / i-mo (-mo), a. [L. in duodecimo in twelfth, 
fr. duodecimus twelfth, fr. duodecim twelve.] Having 
twelve leaves to a sheet. 

Du'O-dec'i-mo, n. ; pi. -mos (-moz). A book of sheets 
folded into twelve leaves each ; hence, indicating a size 
of book ; — usually written 12mo or 12°. 

Du'O-de'nal (-de'nal), a. Of or pert, to the duodenum. 

Du'O-den'a-ry (-den'a-ry), a. [L. duodenarius, fr. 
duodeni twelve each.] Containing twelve ; twelvefold; 
increasing by twelves ; duodecimal. 

II Du o-de'num (-de'nfim), n. [NX., fr. duodeni twelve 
each. So called because its length is about twelve fin- 
gers' breadth.] (Anat.) The part of the small intestines 
between the stomach and the jejunum. [dral. I 

II Duo'mo (dwo'mo), n. [It. See Dome.] A cathe-| 

Dupe (dup), n. [F., prob. from Prov. F. dupe, dube; 
of unknown origin.] One who has been deceived or who 
is easily deceived ; a gull. 

Dupe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Duped (dupt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Duping.] To deceive; to trick; to mislead by 
imposing on credulity. 

Du'ple (du 'p'!)' o. [Jj.duplus. See Double.] Double. 

Duple ratio (Math.), that in which the antecedent term 
is double the consequent, as of 2 to 1, 8 to 4, etc. 

Du'plex (du'pleks), a. [L., fr. duo two -f plica re 
to fold.] Double ; twofold. 

Duplex escapement, a peculiar kind of watch escapement, 
in which the scape-wheel has two sets of teeth. — Duplex 
telegraphy, a system of telegraphy for sending two mes- 
sages over the same wire simultaneously. 

Du'pli-cate (du'plT-kat), a. [L. duplicatus, p. p. of 
duplicare to double, fr. duplex.'] Double ; twofold. 

Duplicate proportion or ratio (Math.), the proportion or 
ratio of squares. 

Du'pli-cate, n. 1. That which exactly resembles or 
corresponds to something else ; hence, copy ; transcript ; 
counterpart. 2. (Law) A document essentially the same 
as another, and having all the validity of an original. 

Du'pli-cate (-kit), v. t. & i. [imp. &p.p. Duplicated 
(-ka'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Duplicating.] 1. To double ; 
to fold ; to render double. 2. To make a duplicate of ; 



a, e, I, o. >» long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DUPLICATION 



277 



DWINDLE 



to make a copy or transcript of. 3. (Biol.) To divide 
into two by natural growth or spontaneous action. 

Du pli-ca'tion (du'pli-ka'shun), n. Act of duplica- 
ting, or state of being duplicated ; a doubling ; a fold. 

Du'pli-ca-tive (du'plT-ka-tTv), a. That duplicates. 

Du'pli-ca-ture (-tur ; 135), n. A doubling ; a fold. 

Du-pllC'i-ty (du-plTs'1-t^), n. [F. duplicite, L. du- 
plicitas, fr. duplex double. See Duplex.] 1. Double- 
ness; a twofold state. [Archaic'} 2. Doubleness of 
heart or speech ; double dealing ; insincerity ; bad faith ; 
guile. 3. (Law) (a) The use of two or more distinct 
allegations or answers, where one is sufficient, (b) In 
indictments, the union of two incompatible offenses. 

Syn. — Dissimulation ; deceit ; deception ; falsehood. 
Dur (door), a. [G., fr. L. durus hard, firm, vigor- 
ous.] ( Mus.) Major ; in the major mode. 

il Du'ra (du'ra), n. Short for Dura mater. 

Du'ra-ble (du'ra-b'l), a. [L. durabilis, fr. durare. 
See Dure, i\] Able to endure or continue in a particu- 
lar condition ; not perishable or changeable. — Dir'ra- 
bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), Du'ra-ble-ness, «.— Du'ra-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Lasting ; permanent ; enduring ; firm ; stable ; 
continuing ; constant ; persistent. 

il Du'ra ma'ter (nia'ter). [L., lit., hard mother.] 
(Anat.) The tough, fibrous membrane, surrounding the 
brain and spinal cord, —formerly thought to give rise to 
every membrane of the body, and hence called mater. 

II Du-ra'men (du-ra'rnen), n. [L., hardness.] (Bot.) 
The heartwood of an exogenous tree. 

Dur'ance (dur'ans), n. [OF. durance duration, fr. 
L. durans, -antis, p. pr. of durare. See Dure, v.] 1. 
Duration. [Archaic'] 2. Imprisonment ; custody by a 
jailer ; duress. 3. A kind of stout worsted cloth. 

Du-ra'tion (du-ra'shun), n. State or quality of last- 
ing ; continuance ; time during which anything exists. 

Dure (dur), a. [L. durus; akin to Ir. & Gael, dur 
stubborn, W. dir certain.] Hard ; harsh ; severe. [B.] 

Dure, v. i. [F. durer, L. durare to harden, to endure, 
fr. durus hard.] To last, continue, or endure. [Obs.] 

Du'ress (du'res or du-res'), n. [OF. duresse, L. du- 
ritia, durities, fr. durus hard. See Dure.] 1. Hard- 
ship ; constraint ; imprisonment. 2. (Law) State of 
compulsion or necessity in which a person is influenced, 
whether by unlawful restraint of his liberty or by actual 
or threatened physical violence, to incur a civil liability 
or to commit an offense. 

Du'ri-an (du'rl-crn), or Du'rf-on (-on), n. (Bot.) The 
fruit of the durio. It has a prickly rind, containing edible 
seeds, and a pulp of delicious flavor but offensive odor. 

During (dur'ihg), prep. [Orig. p. pr. of Dure.] In 
the time of ; as long as the action or existence of. 

II Du'ri-0 (du'ri-o), 7i. [NL., fr. Malay duri thorn.] 
(Bot. ) A fruit tree (D. zibethinus) of the Indian Archi- 
pelago. It yields the durian. 

Du-rom'e-ter (du-rom'e-ter), n. [L. durus hard -f 
-meter.] An instrument for measuring hardness. 

Dur'ra (dur'ra or dob'ra), n. [Ar. dhorra.] (Bot.) 
A kind of millet (a variety of Sorghum vulgare) culti- 
vated throughout Asia, and introduced into Europe. 

Durst (dfirst), imp. of Dare. See Dare, v. i. 

Dusk (dusk), a. [OE. dusc, dose, deosc ; cf. dial. 
Sw. duska to drizzle, dusk a slight shower.] Tending to 
darkness or blackness ; moderately dark ; dusky. 

Dusk, n. 1. A middle degree between light and dark- 
ness ; twilight. 2. A darkish color. 

Dusklsh, a. Somewhat dusky. 

Dusk'y (-y), a. 1. Partially dark or obscure ; not 
luminous. 2. Tending to blackness in color; partially 
black. 3. Gloomy ; sad ; melancholy. 4. Intellectually 
clouded. — Duskily (-T-ly), adv. — Duskiness, n. 

Dust (dust), n. [AS. dust; cf. LG. dust, D. duist 
meal dust, and G. dunst vapor, OHG. tunist, dunist, 
wind, Icel. dust dust.] 1. Fine, dry particles of earth or 
other matter so comminuted that they may be raised and 
wafted by the wind ; fine powder. 2. The earth, as the 
resting place of the dead. 3. The remains of the human 
body. 4. Fig. : A worthless thing ; also, a low or mean 
condition. 5. Gold dust ; hence (Slang), coin ; cash. 

To raise, or kick up, duet, to make a commotion. [Colloq.] 
— To throw dust in one's eyes, to deceive one. [Colloq.] 

Dust (dust), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dusted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Dusting.] 1. To free from dust. 2. To sprinkle 
vith dust. 3. To reduce to a fine powder. 

Dusfbrush/ (-brush'), n. A brush for removing dust. 

Dust'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, dusts. 
2. A kind of light over-garment worn in traveling. [U.S.] 

Dust'man (-man), n. One employed in removing dirt 
and refuse. 



Dust'pan' (dQst'pSn'), n. A shovel-like utensil into 
which dust is collected for conveying away. 

Dust'y (-f), a. [Compar. Dustier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Dustiest (-Sst).] 1. Filled, covered, or sprinkled, with 
dust ; clouded with dust. 2. Like dust ; of the color of 
dust. — Dustiness (-I-ngs), n. 

Dutch (ducli ; '224), a. [D. duitsch German ; or G. 
deutsch, orig., popular, national, deriv. of OHG. diota 
people, nation.] Pert, to Holland, or to its inhabitants. 

Dutch cheese, a small, round, hard cheese, made from 
skim milk. — Dutch clinker, a kind of long and very hard 
brick made in Holland. — Dutch courage, the courage of 
partial intoxication. [Slang] — Dutch foil, Dutch leaf, or 
Dutch gold, a kind of brass rich in copper, rolled or beaten 
into thin sheets ; — called also Dutch mineral and Dutch 
metal.— Dutch oven, a tin screen for baking before an open 
fire or kitchen range ; also, in the United States, a shallow 
iron kettle for baking, with a cover to hold burning coals. 
— Dutch pink, chalk or whiting dyed yellow, used as a pig- 
ment. — Dutch tile, a glazed and painted ornamental tile. 

G3P* Dutch was formerly used for German. 

Dutch, n. 1. pi. The people of Holland ; Dutchmen. 
2. The language spoken in Holland. [Holland. J 

Dutch'man (-man), n. A native or inhabitant of) 

Dutchman's breeches (Bot.), a species of Dicentra. See 
Jllust. under Dicentra. 

Du'te-OUS (du'te-us), «. 1. Fulfilling duty ; dutiful ; 
obedient. 2. Subservient ; obsequious. — Du'te-OUS-ly, 
adv.— Du'te-ous-ness, n. [duty. [U. S.]\ 

Du'ti-a-ble (du'tT-a-b'l), a. Subject to payment of a | 

Du'ti-ful (du'tT-ful), a. 1. Performing, or ready to 
perform, the duties required by one who has the right to 
claim submission, obedience, or deference. 2. Controlled 
by, or proceeding from, a sense of duty. — Du'ti-fttl-ly, 
adv. — Duli-ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Duteous ; obedient ; reverent ; reverential ; 
submissive ; docile ; respectful ; compliant. 

Duly (du'ty), n. [From Due.] 1. That which is 
due ; pay. [065.] 2. That which a person is bound by 
moral obligation to do, or refrain from doing. 3. Hence, 
any assigned service or business. 4. Specif., obedience 
or submission due to parents or superiors. 5. Respect ; 
reverence; regard; homage. 6. (Com.) Tax, toll, im- 
post, or customs ; excise ; any sum of money required 
by government to be paid on the importation, exporta- 
tion, or consumption of goods. 

Ad valorem duty, a duty graded according to value. — 
Specific duty, a duty without reference to value. 

II Du-um'vir (du-um'ver), n. ; pi. E. Duumvtrs 
(-verz), L. Duumviri (-vT-ri). [L., fr. duo two -f- vir 
man.] (Rom. Antiq.) One of two Roman officers or 
magistrates united in the same public functions. 

Du-um'vl-rate (-vi-rat), n. Union of two men in the 
same office ; or the office, dignity, or government of two 
men thus associated. 

Dwale (dwal), n. [OE. dicale, dwole, deception, 
deadly nightshade. AS. divala, dwola, error, doubt ; akin 
to E. dull.] 1. (Bot.) Deadly nightshade (Atropa Bel- 
ladonna). 2. (Her.) The plant symbol for the tincture 
sable or black. 3. A sleeping opiate. 

Dwang (dwang), n. [Cf. D. dwingen to force.] 1. 
(Carp.) A piece of wood set between two studs, posts, 
etc., to stiffen and support them. 2. (Mech.) (a) A kind 
of crowbar, (b) A large wrench. 

Dwarf (dwarf), n.;pl. Dwarfs (dwarfs). [AS. dweorg, 
dweorh ; akin "to G. ziverg ; of unknown origin.] An ani- 
mal or plant much below the ordinary size of its species 
or kind ; esp., a diminutive human being. 

Dwarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dwarfed (dwarft) ; p. p. 
& vb. n. Dwarfing.] To make or keep small ; to stunt. 

Dwarf, v. i. To become small ; to diminish in size. 

Dwarfish, a. Like a dwarf ; undersized ; very small ; 
petty. — Dwarflsh-ly, ad v. — Dwarf 'lsh-ness. n. 

Dwell (dwel), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dwelled (dweld), 
usually Dwelt (dwelt) ; p. pr. St vb. n. Dwelling.] [AS. 
dwellan to deceive, hinder, delay, duelian to err ; akin 
to Icel. dvelja to delay, and to E. dull.] 1. To delay ; 
to linger. [Obs.] 2. To abide ; to remain ; to continue. 
3. To live in a place ; to reside. 

Syn. — To inhabit; live; sojourn; reside; stay; rest. 

Dwell'er (-er), n. An inhabitant ; a resident. 

Dwelling, n. Habitation; abode; domicile. 

Dwelling house, a house intended to be occupied as a 
residence. — Dwelling place, place of residence. 

Dwelt (dwelt), imp. & p. p. of Dwell. 

D win 'die (dwin'd'l), r. i. &l. [imp. &p.p. Dwindled 
(-d'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dwindling (-dlTng).] [Dim. fr. 
OE. dwinen to languish, waste away, AS. dirinan ; akin 
to Icel. dvina ; of uncertain origin.] To diminish; to 
become or make less ; to shrink or waste away ; to lessen. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 






DWINDLE 






EAGLESTONE 



A dwindling. [R~\ 
L dyas, dyadis, the numW two, 
1 Two units treated as one ; a 
couple- [-R] *• (CAem.) An element, atom, or radi- 
cal Crin* a valence or co mbinin g power of two. 

[imp. & p. p. Dtkd (did) : p. pr. & 

,0.™ Draws,] toiTdcyas t ,dyen,AS.de6aumf] To 

color : to rive a new and permanent color to. 



Dyt v -*r*iotor produced by dyeing. 

TlTT-fca^- Qhini i'). »• A. building in which dyeing 



2. A dyestuff. 



> 



> 









i* tea <-i 

; - '. n. One whose occupation is to dye. 
n. A material used for dyeing. 

Any wood from which color- 
latter is extracted for dveing. 

. 1 That dies; destined to death ; 
mortal ; perishable. 2. Of or pertaining to dying or death. 
— a. Act of expiring ; passage from life to death. 

Dyke (dik), a. See Dux. The spelling dybe is re- 
stricted by some to the geological meaning. 
Dynam (dTnam), a. [See Dyxamic.] A foot pound. 
Dy-nam e ter il-nlm'e-te'r or dl-). n. [Gr. &**ajus 
■ — - • ft:.] 1. Dynamometer. 2. ( Opt. ) An instru- 
; for finding the magnifying power of telescopes. — 
Dim —Tib Ml (dPna-ruet'rl-kol or din a- 

Dynamic (df-namTk or dl-), 1 a. [Gr. £vvauix6s 
Dy-nam 'ic-al (-nlmT-kal), J powerfuL fr. ovva.- 
fi.it power, fr. 6\ra.<r6<u to be able-] 1. Of or pert, to dy- 
namics ; belonging to energy or power. 2. Relating to 
1 forces, effects, or la ws. — Dy-nam lc-al-1 f . 

I (-Tks), a. Mechanics which treats of the 
action of forces producing or changing motion in bodies ; 
of moving forces ; — opposed to statics. 

(di'na-mlz'm or din'a-), n. The doc- 
'; of Leibnitz, that all substance involves force. 

(di'na-mit or din'a-), n. [Gr. ovvatms 

(Chem.) An explosive substance consisting of 

nitroglycerin absorbed by some inert, porous solid 

Dy'na-mi ter (-mi ter), n. One who uses dyr 

Dy'na-mo idi'na-mo or din'a-nio). n. A 

electric machine. 

Dy na-mo-e-leCtric (-*-lek'trik), a. [Gr. 
power -f- E. electric.] Pertaining to the development of 
electricity, esp. electrical currents, by mechanical power. 
Dy-nam '0- graph < dt-nim'o-gTaf 'or dl-), a, [Gr. «v- 
»fluii? power — -grapfu] (Physiol. ) A dynamometer with 
a device for automatically registering muscular power. 

Dy na-mom'e-ter (dl'na-mom'S-ter or din'a-), a. [See 
Dtxajceteb.] An apparatus for measuring force or 
power, esp. that of men, »nimalg t or machinery. 
Dy na-mo-metTic (dl'na-mo-met'rlk or din'a-), 1 
Dy na-mo-met'ric-al (-mo-met'rl-kal or din'a-), j °~ 
Relating to a dynamometer, or to its use. 
Dy na-mom'e-try [aaBaVftliJ"), a. Art or process of 
work. 
: (dPnost), a. [L. dynadcs, Gr. Swdcrr^, fr. 



SvraoGai. to be strong.] 1. Ruler ; governor ; prince. 2. 
Qbs.] 
Dy-nas'tic i^t-ni&tlk or dl-), a. Of or pert, to a dy- 
ne of kings. 
Dy-nas'tlc-al -:I-kal), a. Dynastic. 
Dy'nas-ty I di'nas-ty or dln'as-ty), a. [Gr. cwcurreia 
lordship, fr. iwajroiei* to hold power or lordship, fr. 
Avraorst. SeeDrxAST.] 1. Sovereignty ; lordship. 2. 
A race or succession of kings of the same' line or famil y 

Dyne (din), n. [Formed fr. Gr. Svyafus power.] 
(Physics) The force which, acting on a gram for a sec- 
ond, generates a velocity of a centimeter per second. 

Dys- (dls-). An inseparable prefix, from the Greek 
Svs- hard, ill, and signifying iff, bad, hard, difficult, and 
the like : cf. G. zer-, AS. to-. IceL tor-, In. do-. 

Dys as tie's! a (dls'es-the'xhi-a or -sl-a), a. [NL., 
bad -j- aioQdveoQai. to perceive.] (Med.) 
Impairment of any of the senses, esp. of touch. 

Dys-cra'si-a (dls-kra'zhl-a or -sl-a), n. [XL.. :r 
Gr. owoncpaoxa ; cvs- bad -f- «cpao-t? mixture.] (Med.) An 
ill habit or state of the < 
due to a morbid state of the blood and I 
Dys 'cra-sy (dls'kra- s v . . ;-. . Dyscraaia. 
Dys en-ter'ic -r: :-:';k .. i a. Of or pert, to 
Dys en-ter'ic-al -T-kal), J tery ; having « . 
Dys'en-ter-y idls'cn-rer-f), n. [L. dysenteria, Gr. 
■ : £vs- ill, bad -f- hrrepa. intestines, fr. oros 
within, fr. er in.] (Med.) A disease attended with in- 
flammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum, ***A 
characterized by griping pains, conrfai i t desire to evacu- 
ate the bowels, and the discharge of mucous blood. 

Dys lo-gls'tlc (dlsOS-jIs'trk), a. [Gr. &*- in, bad, 

-f kayos discourse. ] UnfaTorable ; not commendatory. 

Dys-men or-rfre'a : s-men'or-re'a), *. [HK, ft 

Gr. 6vj- Ul+pijr month -f- pa* to flow.] {Med.) Painful 

menstruation. 

Dys-pep'sl-a (dls-pep'sl-a or -sha), la. [L. dyspep- 

Dys-pep'sy Cdls-pep'sy), J «o, Gr. W- 

re^rui, fr. owge g ros hard to digest; cvs- ilL hard — 

c<v to cook, digest.] (Med.) A state of the atom. 

in which its functions are disturbed, with other 

: : -w"' 11 

Dys-pep'tic-al -::-£ : 

pep'tic, n. A person afflicted with dyspepsia. 

nl-a). | a. [XL. dysphoma, Gr. 

■of), j j»r^ww ; 4ws- ill -f- 



Dys- 

Dyi 



ys-pho'ni- 
Dys'pho-ny 

voice.] (j 
Dysp-nce 7 a 

— rvouj brciithil 
Dys'tome i: 

Dys-u'ri-a 

— :";:; UllBb.] 

Dzig'ge-tal" 

kiiL^:. u wili l: 



[L,, derir. of Gr. «»s- 01 
tfliculty of breathing. 
. Svs- ill, hard -J- tojuc 
Cleaving with difficulty. 

- 
m :r pasabd ir:r.3.r::^. 
ai), a. (Zool.) (a) The 






E. 



B (e). 1. The fifth letter of the English alphabet. It 
derives its form, name, and value through Latin and 
Gr—k bam Ike PhoaeiaB, and ■* i - 'ifj. Drohahiy, 
from the Egyptian. Its et ymolo gical relations are 
Ekaaal «Hh Ike vowels t. a. and o. i= illuirriTTi by :: 
fall, to f dl ; man, pL men ; drink, drank, drench ; dint, 
dent ; doom, deem ; goose, pL geese ; beef, OF. boef, L. 
boa; and K. cheer. OF. chiere, LL. cora. It 






See Guide to Pronunciation., §§ 75-97. 
2. (Mia.) The third tone of the model diatonic scale. E :> 
(E flat) is a tone which is intermediate between D and E. 
E-. A prefix of Latin origin. See Ex-. 
E*ck (ech), a. or a. pron, [AS. mlc ; a always — 
#eOe nice ; akin to G. jegtich. See Ate always, Like.] 
Every one of the two or more individuals composing a 
number of objects, considered separately from the rest ; 
— jamd either with or without a following noon. 
,ty To eocA corresponds other. Each other is used 
a fag i iafl y tor each tkiother. 
- See Evzet. 
Ea'ger e'trSr), a. [OF. agre. aigre, fr. L. acer sharp, 
apirited, aeakms ; akin to Gr. itpo? extreme, Skr. 
fr. a root signifying, to be sharp.] 1. Sharp 
2. Keen; bitter. [Oca.] 3. Excited by 
the pursuit of any object : keenly _ 
*>'-■'■■:■ ■ ■:.-: r . - La'gerly. -Ea'ger ' 






frrTen: : _ 
0B i^arks in 



■nflia alwayi -\~- in ■ good aenae 

Ea'gie(eVl),fi. [F-a^te, 
fr. L. aquilaJ) 1. (ZooL) Any 
large, rapacious bird of the 
Falcon family. The eaf ' 
remarkable for strength, 
graceful figure, 
vision, and i 
flight. The figure of the eagle 
1; sonuavouy oaed at an 
heraldic emblem, and also 
for standards and em- 
blematic devices. 2. 
A gold coin of the 
United States, of the 
value of ten dollars. 
3. (Astron.) A north- 



iorwan Ez- 



.Ea'gle r «ye«'(FgT- 
id . 



r.Zi. . ■.. 



m . . a 




as e, L o, O, long ; i, e. I. 6, <l. y , abort ; sen&te, Jvent, tdea, Obey, unite, care, arm, ask, an, finad. 



EAGLET 



279 



EASEL 




small concretionary nodule of clay ironstone. The an- 
cients believed that the eagle gathered these stones to 
facilitate the laying of her eggs. 

Ea'glet (e'glgt), n. (Zodl?) A young, or small, eagle. 

Ea'gre (-ger), n. [AS. edgor, egor, in coinp., water, 
sea.] Same as 4th Bore. 

Ean (en), v. t. & i. Variant of Yean. 

Ean'ling (en'lTng), n. A lamb just brought forth. 

Ear (er), n. [AS. eare; akin to D. oor, G. ohr, Icel. 

eyra, Goth, auso, L. auris, Gr. ofls.] 1. The organ of 

hearing, or thfe external part of it 

Description of Illustration : 

a to g Parts of the Pinna ; aa 
Helix ; b Antihelix ; c Fossa of 
the Antihelix ; d Antitragus 
e Tragus ; / Lobule or 
Lobe ; g Con- 
cha; h Exter- 
nal Auditory 
Meatus, or Au- 
ditory Canal : 
i Tympanic 
Membrane ; k 
Tympanum ; I 
Ma 1 1 e u s ; m 
Incus ; n Sta- 
pes ; o Vesti- 
bule ; p Coch- 
lea; g Three 

semicircular Canals ; r Auditory 
Nerve ; s Eustachian Tube. 

2. The sense of hearing. 

3. That which resembles in 
shape or position the ear of Di matic sec tional view 
an animal ; a lug ; a handle. f tne human Ear of the 

4. Privilege of being kindly left side. 
heard ; favor ; attention. 

About the ears, in close proximity to ; near at hand. — 
By the ears, in close contest. — Button ear (in dogs), an ear 
which falls forward and completely hides the inside. — 
Ear trumpet, a kind of trumpet-like instrument to aid in 
hearing. — Rose ear (in dogs), an ear which folds backward 
and shows part of the inside. — Up to the ears, deeply 
submerged; almost overwhelmed. [Colloq.] 

Ear, n. [AS. ; akin to D. aar, G. dhre, Goth. ahs.~\ 
The spike or head of any cereal, containing the kernels. 

Ear, v . i. To put forth ears in growing. 

Ear, v . t. [AS. erian ; akin to OHG. erran, Goth, ar- 
jan, L. arare, Gr. apovv.] To plow or till ; to cultivate. 

Ear/coc kle (-kSk'k'l), n. (But.) A disease in wheat. 

Ear'drop' (er'drSp'), n. An earring with a pendant. 

Ear'drum' (-drum'), n. (Anat.) The tympanum. 

Eared (erd), a. 1. Having (such or so many) ears ; 
— used in composition. 2. (Zodl.) Having external 
ears ; having tufts of feathers resembling ears. 

Ear'ing, n. (Naut.) A line used for fastening the 
corner of a sail, awning, etc. 

Earl (erl), n. [AS. eorl man, noble ; akin to OS. erl 
boy, man, Icel. jarl\co\xa.t.~] A nobleman of England rank- 
ing below a marquis, and above a viscount. See Count. 

Ear'lap' (erlap'), re. Lobe of the ear. 

Earl'dom (erl'duni), n. Jurisdiction, title, or dig- 
nity of an earl. 

Ear'less (erlgs), a. Without ears ; hence, deaf. 

Ear'li-ness (er'lT-ngs), n. State of being early. 

Earl' mar'shal (erl' mar'shal). An officer of state in 
England who marshals and orders all great ceremonials, 
takes cognizance of matters relating to honor, arms, and 
pedigree, and directs the proclamation of peace and war. 

Ear'lock (er'lok'), n. A lock or curl of hair near the 
ear ; a lovelock. 

Early (er'l^), adv. [Compar. Earlier (er'li-er) ; 
juperl. Earliest.] [AS. serltce ; ser sooner -4- lie like.] 
Soon ; in good season ; seasonably ; betimes. 

Ear'ly, a. In advance of the usual or appointed time ; 
being in good season or near the first or beginning. 

Syn. — Forward ; timely ; not late ; seasonable ; prior. 

Ear'mark (er'mark'), n. 1. A mark on the ear of 
sheep, oxen, dogs, etc., as by cropping or slitting. 2. 
A mark for identification ; a distinguishing mark. 

Ear'mark , v. t. To mark with an earmark. 

Earn (ern), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Earned (ernd) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Earning.] [AS. earnian ; akin to OHG. arnon 
to reap, G. ernte harvest, Goth, asans, AS. esne.] 1. 
To merit or deserve, as by labor. 2. To acquire by 
labor, service, or performance. 

Ear'nest (er'ngst), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. F. arrkes, 
L. arra, arrha, arrhabo, Gr. dppo/3c6v, of Semitic origin.] 
Something given or a part paid beforehand, as pledge or 
token of purpose ; a token of what is to come. 

Ear'nest, n. [AS. eornost, eornest ; akin to OHG. 
ernust, G. ernst.'] Seriousness ; reality ; fixed determi- 
nation ; eagerness ; intentness. 



Ear'nest (er'ngst), a. 1. Determined in the pursuit 
of an object ; zealous with sincerity. 2. Intent ; fixed 
closely. — Ear'nest-ly, adv. — Ear'nest-ness, n. 

Syn. — See Eager. 

Earn'ing (ernTng), n. That which is earned ; wages. 

Ear'ring 7 (er'rlng'), n. An ornament or ring passed 
through the lobe of the ear, with or without a pendant. 

Ear'-shell' (er'shgl'), n. The abalone. [tance. I 

Ear'shot' (-shgf), n. Reach of the ear ; hearing dis-| 

Earth (erth), n. [AS. eorSe ; akin to D. aarde, G. 
erde, Icel. ford, Goth, airpa, Gr. epa£e, adv., to earth.] 

1. The globe which we 'inhabit ; the world. 2. The 
solid materials which make up the globe ; the dry land ; 
the solid surface of the globe ; the ground. 3. Soil of 
any kind, as distinguished from rock. 4. A region ; a 
country ; land. 5. Worldly things, as opposed to spirit- 
ual things. 6. The people on the globe. 7. (Chem.) 
(a) Any earthy-looking metallic oxide, (b) A similar 
alkaline oxide. 8. A hole in the ground, where an ani- 
mal hides. 

Earth apple. (But.) (a) A potato, (b) A cucumber. 

Earth (erth), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earthed (ertht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Earthing.] 1. To hide, or cause to hide, 
in the earth. 2. To cover with earth ; to bury. 

'Earth, v. i. To burrow. 

Earth'board 7 (-bord'), n. (Agric.) The part of a 
plow, etc. , that turns over the earth ; the tnoldboard. 

Earth'en (erth"n), a. Made of earth ; made of burnt 
or baked clay, or other like substances. 

Earth'en-ware / (-war'), n. Vessels or other utensils, 
ornaments, etc., made of baked clay. [earthy. I 

Earth'i-ness (-I-nSs), n. Quality or state of being! 

Earth'ling (-ling), n. A dweller on earth ; a mortal. 

Earth'ly (-ly), a. 1. Pertaining to the earth, or to 
man's existence on it ; not heavenly or spiritual. 2. Of 
all things on earth; possible; conceivable. — Earthli- 
ness, n. 

Syn. — Gross ; material ; sordid ; base ; low ; unsub- 
stantial ; temporary ; corrupt ; groveling. 

Earthly, adv. After the manner of this world ; 
worldly. 

Earth'nut' (-nut'), n. (But.) Any one of various 
roots, tubers, or pods growing under or on the ground ; 
esp., the peanut. 

Earth/quake' (-kwak'), n. A shaking, trembling, or 
concussion of the earth, due to subterranean causes. 

Earth'Star' (-star'), n. (But.) A curious fungus in 
which the outer coating splits into the shape of a star. 

KK-wS'z), } ■*• ■»■»«* «- «*• 

Earth'work' (-wfirk'), n. (Engin.) (a) The opera- 
tions connected with making excavations and embank- 
ments of earth, (b) An embankment or construction 
made of earth or chiefly of earth, as for military defense. 

Earth'worm' (-wfirm'), n. 1. (Zodl. ) Any worm of the 
genus Lumbricus and allied genera, found in damp soil ; 
an angleworm. 2. A mean, sordid person ; a niggard. 

Earth'y (-y), a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, earth ; 
earthlike. 2. Of or pertaining to the earth or to this 
world; earthly. 3. Gross; low; unrefined. 4. (3Tin.) 
Without luster, or dull and roughish to the touch. 

Ear'wax' (er'wSks'), ri. (Anat.) The cerumen. 

Ear'wig' (er'wig'), n. [AS. earwicga ; edre ear 4- 
wicga beetle, worm.] 1. (Zodl.) Any 
one of various insects; — so called be- 
cause supposed to creep into the human 
ear. 2. A whisperer of insinuations. 

Ease (ez), n. [F. aise ; akin to Pr. 
ais, aise, Olt. asio, It. agio; of uncer- 
tain origin.] 1. Satisfaction ; pleasure. 

2. Freedom from anything that pains 
or troubles ; as from labor or effort, care, 
constraint, embarrassment, etc. 

Syn. — Rest; quiet; repose ; comfort- 
ableness ; tranquillity ; contentment ; 
facility; easiness; readiness. 

Ease (ez), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Eased (ezd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Easing.] 
1. To free from anything that pains, dis- Earwig (Spongo- 
quiets, or oppresses ; to give rest, repose, £*'£' En J^'£ 
or tranquillity. 2. To render or become ' ^ U,UJ => CU - 

less painful or oppressive. 3. To release from pressure 
or restraint ; to shift a little. 

To ease off, To ease away (Naut.). to slacken gradually. — 
To ease a ship (Navt.) % to put the helm hard alee, or regu- 
late the sail, to prevent pitching when closehauled. 

Syn. — To relieve ; disburden ; quiet ; calm ; tran- 
quilize ; assuage ; alleviate ; allay ; mitigate ; appease. 

Ea'sel (e'z'l), n. [D. ezel ass, hence, easel, or G. 




\ 



G 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, Urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



■ MENT 



280 



ECHAUGUETTE 



i 



> 










E. w.] A frame (commonly) of wood 
to hold a canvas upright, or nearly upright, for 
r'« convenience or for exhibition. 

1. That which gives ease, 
2. (Laic) A liberty or privilege 
we proprietor ha* hi the estate of another pro- 
m nership of the soil. 
Easl-lv ith ease ; in an easy manner. 

East ness e Juality or state of being easy. 

Bast -ikiu to D. oost, oosten, G. 

L. aurora (for ausosa), Gr. ijuis, eu>s, 
1. The point where the sun is seen to 
: he equinox. 2. The eastern parts of the earth : 
the regions or countries which lie east ; any eastern re- 
gion, specif, those east of Europe ; the orient." [ing sun. 
East (Sat), a. Being in or toward the east, or the ris- 1 
East. ■ ll • Eastward. 

East. ; . L To move toward the east ; to orientate. 
Eas'te: [AS. easier, east ran , paschal feast, 

Br. AS. East re, a goddess of light or spring, in 
whose honor a festival was held in April. From root of 
1. Au annual church festival commemorating 
Christ's resurrection, and occurring on Sunday, the sec- 
ond day after Good Friday. It corresponds to the Jew- 
ish passover. 2. The day on which the festival is observed. 
East'er-ly. a. 1. Coming from the east. 2. Situated, 
directed, or moving toward the east. — adv. Toward the 
east ; in an easterly direction. 

Eastern (est fern), a. 1. Situated or dwelling in the 
east ; oriental. 2. Going toward the east. 
Eastern Church, the Greek Church. 
East 'ing. n. (Saut. & Surv.) Distance or departure 
eastward from a given meridian. 

East 'ward (est'werd), ) adv. Toward the east; in 
Eastwards (-werdz), J the direction of east. 
Eas'y (ez'y), a. [Compar. Easier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Easiest.] [OF. aisie, prop. p. p.] 1. Being at ease ; 
free from pain, toil, trouble, care, anxiety, constraint, 
embarrassment, difficulty, etc. 2. Not causing, or at- 
tended with, pain or disquiet, or much exertion. 3. Not 
difficult ; requiring little labor or effort. 4. Causing 
ease ; furnishing comfort. 5. Not making resistance. 

Syn. — Quiet ; comfortable ; manageable ; tranquil ; 
calm; facile; unconcerned. 

Eas'y-chalr' (ez'y-chSr'), n. An armchair for repose. 
Eat 'et), r. t. [imp. Ate (at), Obsolescent & Colloq. 
Eat (St) ; p. p. Eaten (et"n), Obs. or Colloq. Eat (5t) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Eating.] [AS. elan; akin to G. essen, 
Goth, it an, Ir. & Gael, ith, L. edere, Gr. eSeiv, Skr. ad.~\ 
1. To chew and swallow as food ; to devour. 2. To con- 
sume ; to waste or wear away ; to destroy gradually. 
To eat one's words, to retract what one has said. 
Syn. — To consume ; devour ; gnaw ; corrode. 
Eat. '. i. 1. To take food, esp. 6olid food; to feed. 
2- To taste or relish. 3. To make one's way slowly. 
To eat, To eat in or into, to corrode ; to consume. 
Eat'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being eaten ; fit to be 
eaten; esculent: edible. — w. Something fit to be eaten. 
Eat'er 4k . a. One who, or that which, eats. 
Ean' de Co-logne / (o 7 de k6-lon'). [F. eau water 
(L. Bona) — de of + Cologne."] Same as Cologne. 
Eaves (era), n. pi. [Prop., a sing. fr. OE. sing, evase, 
- 'fese eaves, brim, brink ; akin to Icel. vps 
porch, Goth. ubizwa.~\ (Arch.) The overhanging edges 
or lower borders of the roof of a building. 

Eaves'drop (evz'dropO, v. i. To lurk under the eaves 
of a house, near a window or a door, to overhear private 
tion ; hence, to listen secretly. 
Eaves'drop per (-per), n. One who eavesdrops. 
Ebb [AS. eM« ; akin to D. eb, ebbe, G. ebbe.] 1. The 
reflux or return of the tidal wave toward the sea. 2. 
State or time of passing away ; a falling from a better to 
a worse state ; decline. 

Ebb (Zb), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ebbed (Sbd) ; p. pr. & 
aft. n. Ebeing.] 1. To flow back ; to return, as the water 
of a tide toward the ocean. 2. To return from a better 
to a worse state ; to decline. 
JJJ* — To recede ; retire ; decrease ; sink ; lower. 
jbb' tide 7 <t'ul'). The tidal reflux ; the retiring tide. 
ETjl-o-nite ■'e'bl-o-nit), n. [Heb. ebyordm poor peo- 
l.) One of an early sect who denied 
Christ b divinity, and rejected much of the New Testa- 
ment. 

5£' on Consisting of ebony ; like ebony. 

BVon-ite -it ,%. (Chtm.) A hard, black vulcanite. 
Kttonize ,,. &j>. p . Ebosozed (4zA) >; 

■ >. i To make black, or stain 
• of ebony. 



Eb'on-y (eVun-^), a. [F. ebene, L. ebenus, fr. Gr. 
e/3t-i'o? ; prob. of Semitic origin.] A hard, heavy, and 
durable wood, usually black, which admits of a fine polish. 

E-bri'e-ty (e-bri'e-ty), n. [L. ebrietas, from ebrius 
intoxicated.] Drunkenness, 

E bri os'l-ty (e'brl-5s'l-tj), n. [L. ebriositas.] Ad- 
diction to drink ; habitual drunkenness. 

Ebullience (e-bul'yens ; 10G), \ n. A boiling up ; ef- 

E-DUl'lien-cy (e-bul'yen-sy), f fervescence. 

E-buTlient (-vent), a. [L. ebulliens, -entis, p. pr. of 
ebullire to boil up ; e out -f- bullire to boil.] Boiling up 
or over ; hence, manifesting exhilaration or excitement ; 
effervescing. 

Ebul-U'tion (Sb'ul-lish'un), n. 1. A boiling or 
bubbling up of a liquid. 2. Effervescence. 3. A violent 
display of feeling ; an outburst. 

E bur-na'tion (e-'bur-na'shun), n. [L. eburnus of 
ivory, fr. ebur ivory.] A diseased condition of bone or 
cartilage in which it comes to resemble ivory. [ivory. 

E-bur'ne-an (e-bGr'ne-an), a. Made of or relating to J 

! E carte' (a'k'ar'ta'),*!. [F., prob. p.p. fr. ecarter 
to discard.] A game at cards in which the players may 
discard any or all of the cards dealt and receive others. 

I Ec-balli-um (ek-Miai-um), 72. [NL., fr. Gr. Upd\- 
Aeiv.] (Bot.) A genus of cucurbitaceous plants, the fruit 
of which bursts and violently ejects its seeds. 

Ec-bat'ic (-b5t'Ik), a. [From Gr. e*i3a.o-is a going out, 
issue.] (Gram.) Denoting a mere result or consequence. 

Ec-cen'tric (gk-sen'trik), a. [Through F. and LL. fr. 
Gr. eKKempos ; en out of + Kivrpov center.] 1. Devia- 
ting from the center, or from the line of a circle. 2. Not 
having the same center; — opposed to concentric. 3. 
(Mach.) Pertaining to an eccentric. 4. Not coincident 
as to motive or end. 5. Deviating from stated methods, 
usual practice, or established forms or laws. 

Syn. — Irregular ; anomalous ; singular ; odd ; pecul- 
iar ; erratic ; idiosyncratic ; strange ; whimsical. 

Ec-cen'tric (ek-sen'trik), n. 1. A circle not having 
the same center as another contained in some measure 
within the first. 2. One who, or that which, deviates 
from regularity. 3. (Astron.) (a) In the Ptolemaic sys- 
tem, the supposed cir- 
cular orbit of a planet ^^-U^ 
about the earth, but ff^^^ ~Q c s ~\ 

with the earth not in ma(C?M\ I Pu±a 

its center, (b) A cir- 
cle described»about the 
center of an elliptical 
orbit, with half the ma- 
jor axis for radius. 
4. (Mach.) A disk or wheel so arranged on a shaft that 
the centers of the wheel and the shaft do not coincide. 

Ec-cen'tric-al (ek-sen'trl-kal), a. Eccentric. 

Ec-cen'tric-al-ly, adv. In an eccentric maimer. 

ECcen-tric'i-ty (ek'sen-trls'i-ty), n. 1. State of 
being eccentric. 2. (3£ath.) The ratio of the distance 
between the center and the focus of an ellipse or hyper- 
bola to its semitransverse axis. 3. (Astron.) The ratio 
of the distance of the center of the orbit of a heavenly 
body from the center of the body round which it re- 
volves to the semitransverse axis of the orbit. 4. (Mech.) 
The distance of the center of figure of a body from an. 
axis about which it turns. 

Ec/chy-mose (ek'ki-moz), v. t. (Med.) To discolor 
by the production of an ecchymosis. 

| Ec'chy-mo'sis (eTi'kT-mo'sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). 
[NL., deriv. of Gr. i* out -j- x«'»' to pour.] (Med.) A 
livid spot, produced by the extravasation or effusion of 
blood into the areolar tissue from a contusion. 

Ec-cle'Si-arch (-kle'zi-ark), n. [Gr. eKKATjcria church 
-\- apxeii/ to rule.] An official of the Eastern Church. 

Ec-cle si-as'tic (-zi-Ss'tTk), a. [Gr. e»c<cA7jo-tao-Ti»c6s, 
fr. e<ocAi7cria assembly of citizens called by the crier : 
also, the church, deriv. of iiacaXeiv to call out ; Ik out -|- 
KaXelv to call.] Of or pert, to the church ; ecclesiastical. 

Ec-cle si-as'tic. n. A clergyman; a priest. 

Ec-cle si-as'tic-al (-ti-kal), a. Of or pert, to the 
church or its organization or government ; not secular. 

Ec-cle Si-as'ti-cism f-tT-siz'm), n. Strong attach- 
ment to ecclesiastical usages, forms, etc. [rypha. I 

Ec-cle 7 si-as'ti-cus (-kus), n. A book of the Apoc-| 

Ec-Cle Si-0l'0-gy(-51'6-jy), n. [Gr. eKKknala.-±--iogy.'] 
The science or theory of church building and decoration. 
— Ec-cle si-O-log'ic-al (-6-15jT-kal), a. 

ECdy-Bis (ek'di-sis), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., deriv. 
of Gr. eK6ve<.i> to put off.] (Biol.) A shedding or casting 
an outer cuticular layer, as in case of snakes, crabs, etc. 
I rVchau'guette' (a'sbS'ge-t'), n. [F.] (Fort.) Small 




Eccentric and at- 
tachments (3Iach.). 
a Eccentric ; b Strap ; c Rod ; 
d Hook or Gab. 



a, e, 1, o, Q, long ; &, g, i, 5, a, y, short ; semlte, 6vent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ECHELON 



281 



ECTOSTOSIS 



\ 



chamber or place for protection for a sentinel. See 
Jllust. of Castle. 

Ech'e Ion (gsh'e-lbii), n. [F., fr. echelle ladder, fr. L. 
scala.] 1. {Mil.) An arrangement of troops with the 
divisions in parallel lines each to the right or the left of 
the one in advance of it. 2. (Naval) An arrangement 
of the vessels of a fleet in a wedge or V form. 

Ech'e-lon (gsh'e-15n), v. t. &l. (Mil.) To place in 
echeloH. ; to take position in echelon. 

Ech'i-nate (gk'I-nat or e-ki'nat), ) a. [L. echi- 

Ech/i-na'ted (gk'T-na'tgd or e-ki'na-), ) natus. See 
Echinus.] Prickly, like a hedgehog ; bristled. [noid. I 

E chi'nid (e-ki'iild), a. & n. (Zool.) Same as Ecm-| 

Ech'i-nite (gk'i-nit or e-kl'nlt), n. (Paleon.) A fossil 
echinoid. 

II E-chi'no-COC'CUS (e-kl'no-kgk'kiis), n. [NL., fr. 
Gr. exLvos hedgehog -{- kokkos grain.] A parasite of 
men and animals which forms cysts or tumors, often 
fatal, in various organs, esp. the lungs and liver. 

Echin'o-derm/ (e-kTn'6-derm' or e-ki'no-), n. (Zool.) 
One of the Echinodermata. 

II E chi no der'ma-ta (e-ki'no-der'ma-ta), n. pi. [NL., 
fr. Gr. exti'os hedgehog, sea urchin -f- Sepfia, -aros, skin.] 
(Zool.) One of the grand divisions of the animal king- 
dom, the species of which usually have an exterior calca- 
reous skeleton, or shell, made of many pieces, and often 
covered with spines, to which the name alludes. The 
group includes the following classes : Crinoidea, Asteri- 
oidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothurioidea. 

E-Chi'noid (e-kl'noid or ek'T-noid), a. [Echinus + 
-oid.] (Zo'dl.) Of or pertaining to the Echinoidea. — n. 
One of the Echinoidea. 

II EcM-noi'de-a (gk'T-noi'de-a), n. pi. [NL.] (Zool.) 
The class of Echinodermata including the sea urchins. 

II E-chi/nuS (e-ki'nus), n. ; pi. Echini (-ni). [L., a 
hedgehog, sea urchin, Gr. k-fivos.] 1. (Zool.) A hedge- 
hog. 2. (Zool.) A genus of echinoderms. 3. (Arch.) 
Any one of certain rounded moldings of the Doric styles. 

Ech'o (ek'o), n. ; pi. Echoes (-oz). [L. echo, Gr. ifoco 
echo, sound, akin to -r^xVi ^X°?» sound.] 1. A sound 
reflected from an opposing surface ; repetition of a sound. 
2. Fig. : Sympathetic recognition ; response ; answer. 

Ech'O, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Echoed (-od) ; p*pr. 
& vb. n. Echoing. — 3d pers. sing. pres. Echoes (-oz).] 
1. To repeat in sound ; to reverberate ; to resound. 2. 
To respond ; to adopt. 

Ech'O-er (gk'6-er), n. One who, or that which, echoes. 

E-chom'e-ter (e-kom'e-ter), n. [Gr. rixu, t5x°s> sound 
-)- -meter.] (Mus.) A graduated scale for measuring 
the duration of sounds, and determining their values. 

E-chom'e-try (-try), n. 1. Art of measuring the dura- 
tion of sounds or echoes. 2. Art of constructing vaults 
to produce echoes. 

II E Clair' (a'klar'), n. [F.] (Cookery) A kind of 
frosted cake, containing flavored cream. 

E-clair'cise (e-kl3r'siz), v. t. [F. eclaircir ; es- (L. 
ex) -\- clair clear.] To make clear ; to explain. 

Eclat' (e-kla' ; F. a'kla'), n. [F. eclat, fr. eclater to 
splinter, explode, shine brilliantly.] 1. Brilliancy of 
success or effort ; splendor ; glory ; renown. 2. Demon- 
stration of admiration ; applause. 

Ec-lec'tic (ek-lgk'tik), a. [Gr. eKAe/cn/cds, fr. e<t\e- 
•yeii/. See Eclogue.] 1. Selecting ; choosing from vari- 
ous sources or systems. 2. Consisting, or made up, of 
what is selected. — Ec-lec/tic-al-ly (-tT-kal-ty), adv. 

Ec-lec'tic, n. One who follows an eclectic method. 

Ec-lec'ti cism (-tT-siz'ni), n. Eclectic theory or 
practice. 

^ Eclipse' (e-klips'), n. [F. eclipse, L. eclipsis, fr. Gr. 
eKAeii/ris, prop., a forsaking, deriv. of e/c out + AeiVeii> to 
leave.] 1. (Astron.) An inter- 
ception or obscuration of the 
light of the sun, moon, or other 
luminous body, by the interven- 
tion of some other body, either 
between it and the eye, or be- 
tween it and the body whose „. 
light it reflects 2 Loss or ^Te^ feo? \ 
obscuration, usually temporary 
or partial, of light,honor,consciousness, etc. ; obscuration. 

Eclipse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eclipsed (e-klipsf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Eclipsing.] To subject to an eclipse. 

Eclipse', v. i. To suffer an eclipse. 

E-clip'tic (e-klip'tlk), n. [Gr. ckAcitttikos pertain- 
ing to an eclipse ; — prop., the circle in which eclipses of 
the sun and moon take place.] 1. (Astron.) A great 
circle of the celestial sphere, making an angle with the 
equinoctial of about 23° 28'. It is the apparent path of 



the sun, or the real path of the earth. 2. (Geog.) A cor- 
responding great circle drawn on a terrestrial globe. 

E-clip'tic (t-kllp'tlk), a. 1. Pertaining to the ecliptic. 
2. Pertaining to an eclipse or to eclipses. 

EClogue (gk'lgg), it. [L. ecloga, Gr. e/cAoy»j a selec- 
tion, choice extracts, fr. inktyeiv to choose out ; i.K out 
+ Ae'yeii> to choose.] A pastoral poem representing shep- 
herds as conversing ; a bucolic ; an idyl. 

E CO-nom'ic (e'k6-n5un'Tk or gk'6-), | a. [See 

E i co-nom'ic-al (e'ko-noni'I-kal or gk'ft-), ) Econo- 
my.] 1. Pertaining to the household or its nmmwun-ul \ 
domestic. 2. Marked by care and frugality in manage- 
ment and in expenditure ; not wasteful ; relating to econ- 
omy of expenditure ; frugal. 3. Relating to the means 
of living, or the resources and wealth of a country ; re- 
lating to political economy. — E'CO-nom'ic-al-ly, adv. 

d^P"' Economic is the common form hi Benses 1 and '■',. 

E CO-nom'ics (-Iks), n. 1. The science of household 
affairs, or of domestic management. 2. Political economy. 

E-C0n'0-mist (e-kon'6-mist), 7i. 1. One who econo- 
mizes. 2. One versed in, or a student of, economics. 

E-con'o-mize (e-k5n'6-mlz), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Economized (-mizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Economizing.] To 
manage or expend with economy ; to use with prudence. 

E-COn'O-mi'zer (-mFzer), n. One that economizes. 

E-COn'O-my(-my), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
oiKovo^ia, fr. oIkovo/xos one managing a household ; oIkos 
house + 1/d/u.os usage, law, rule. See Nomad.] 1. Man- 
agement of domestic affairs, esp. as they concern ex- 
pense or disbursement. 2. Management of the internal 
affairs of a state or of any establishment kept up by pro- 
duction and consumption ; esp. , such management as di- 
rectly concerns wealth. 3. The system of rules and 
regulations by which anything is managed. 4. Thrifty 
and frugal housekeeping. 

Political economy. See under Political. 

Syn. — Frugality ; parsimony. — Economy avoids all 
waste and extravagance, and applies money to the best 
advantage ; frugality cuts off indulgences, and proceeds 
on a system of saving ; parsimony is frugality carried to 
an extreme, involving meanness of spirit, and a sordid 
mode of living. Economy is a virtue, and parsimony a vice. 

E-COS'tate (e-k5s'tat), a. [Pref . e- -f costate.] (Bot. ) 
Having no ribs or nerves ; — said of a leaf. 

II E erase ment' (a'kraz'maN'), n. [F.] (Sutg.) The 
operation performed with an ecraseur. 

E'cra'seur' (a'kra'zer'), n. [F., fr. Scraser to crush.] 
(Surg.) An instrument for severing parts by the gradual 
tightening of a steel chain, usually without hemorrhage. 

II E'cru' (a/kru'), a. [F., fr. L. crudus raw.] Having 
the color or appearance of unbleached stuff, as silk. 

Ec'sta-sy (gk'sta-sy), n. [F. extase, L. ecstasis, fr. 
Gr. eKO-rao-is, fr. eJ-Laravai to put out of place, derange ; 
e£ = e« out + io-ravat to set, stand.] 1. State of being 
beside one's self or rapt out of one's self ; extraordinary 
elevation of spirit. 2. Excessive and overmastering joy 
or enthusiasm. 3. Violent emotion ; excessive grief or 
anxiety. 4. (Med.) State of total suspension of sensi- 
bility, of voluntary motion, and largely of mental power. 

Ec-Stat'lc (gk-st5t'ik), a. Of or pertaining to ecstasy ; 
causing, or caused by, ecstasy ; being of the nature, or in 
a state, of ecstasy. [ly, adv. | 

Ec-stat'ic-al (-i-kal), a. Ecstatic. — Ec-stat'ic-al- 1 

Ect- (ekt-), Ec'to- (gk'to--). [Gr. exros outside.] A 
combining form signifying without, outside, external. 

II Ec'ta-Sis (ek'ta-sTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. e^rao-is, lit., a 
stretching out.] (Pros.) The lengthening of a syllable. 

Ec'to- (gk'to-). See Ect-. 

Ec'tO-blast (-blast), n. [Ecto- -f -blast.] (Biol.) (a) 
The ectoderm or epiblast. (b) Outer envelope of a cell. 

Ec'tO-derm (gk'to-derm), n. [Ecto- + -derm . ] (Biol.) 
(a) The outer layer of the blastoderm ; epiblast. (b) 
The external skin or outer layer of an animal or plant. 

Ec'to-mere (gk'to-mer), n. [Ecto- + -mere.] (Biol.) 
The larger and more transparent of the two cells formed 
by the first segmentation of the ovum. [parasite. I 

Ec'tO-par'a-site (-par'a-sit), n. (Zool.) An external I 

II Ec-tO'pi-a (ek-to'pi-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. e»c out -f- 
tottos place.] (Med.) Morbid displacement of parts. 

Ec'tO-plasm (gk'to-plaz'm), n. [Ecto- -f -plasm.] 
(Biol.) (a) The outer transparent layer of protoplasm in 
a developing ovum, (b) The outer hyaline layer of pro- 
toplasm in a vegetable cell. (<•) The ectosarc of a proto- 
zoan. — ECto-plas'tic (-plSs'tlk), a. 

Ec'tO-py (gk'to-py), n. (Med.) Same as Ectopia. 

Ec'tO-saTC (-sark), «.. [Ecto- + Gr. <rdp£, o-apjed?, 
flesh.] (Biol.) The semisolid outer layer of protoplasm 
in some unicellular organisms, as the amoeba ; ectoplasm. 

II Ec tos to'sis (ek'tSs-to'sis), n. [NL. See Ect-, and 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, cliair, go, aing, ink, then, tliin. 



M 



ECTOZOON 



282 



EFFECT 




Oaiom.] (Pfiifi ol.) A process of bone formation iu 
kes place in the perichondrium. 
: a 20'on (,ek (ft-so^on), n. „• ;>/. -zoa (,-a). [NL., fr. 
uniual.] (ZooL) An epizoon. 
Ec'ty pal i"K':i-p '11, <;. [L. ccti/pus worked in high 
v out -prvn-os stamp.] Copied; re- 
sting. 
Ec'type HQrup), »• 1. (Arc/mol.) A work sculptured 

:. 2. A copy ; a reproduction. 

EC u-men'ic (.ek u-men'ik), ) a. [L. oecu/nenicus, Gr. 

Ec u-men'ic-al ^-l-k<il), J oucou/xei'iKOs, fr. oixov- 

uihabited world, fr. oucelv to inhabit, fr. oikos 

dwelling.] General; universal; in ecclesiastical usage, 

ruining to the whole church. 

Ec'ze-ma (Skfk&-m&). n. [NL., fr. Gr. e/ccfoxa ; «ac 

{ '.r to boil.] (-Vet/.) An eruptive skin disease. 
-ed v-5d). The termination of the past participle of 
rankr, or weak, verbs; also, of analogous participial 
■iu nouns; as, pigmented; talenterf. 
E da'cious (e-da'shus), a. [L. edax, eclacis, fr. 
eat.] Given to eating ; voracious ; devouring. 
— E-da'cious-ly. adi . — E-da'cious ness, «. 
E-dac'i-ty (.e-diXs'i-ty). «. Greediness; voracity. 
Ed'da (.gd'da), ». [Icel., lit., great-grandmother (i. e., 
of Scandinavian poetry).] The religious or mythological 
book of the old Scandinavian tribes of German origin. 

Ed'dish (-dish), ii. [AS. edisc.J Aftermath; also, 
stubble and stubble field. [Eng.~\ [a species of taro. 
Ed'does (ed'doz), n. pi. (Bot.) The edible tubers of 
Ed'dy (ed'dy), n. [Prob. fr. Icel. i8a ; cf. Icel. pref. 
Uf- back, AS. ec?-.] 1. A current of air or water running 
back, or in a direction contrary to the main current. 
2. A whirlwind or whirlpool. 

Ed'dy. 9. i. [imp. & p. p. Eddied (ed'did) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Eddying.] To move as an eddy. 

E'del-weiss (a'dgl-vis), n. [G., fr. edel 
noble + Mem white.] (Bot.) A little, peren- 
nial, white, woolly plant (Leontopodium alpi- 
num), growing at high elevations in the Alps. 
E-de'ma (e-de'nia), n. [NL.] (3fed.) Same 
as (Edema. 

E'den (e'den), n. [Heb. ecfen, lit., delight.] 
The garden where Adam and Eve first dwelt ; 
hence, a delightful region or residence. 
E-den'tal (e-dgn'tal), a. Edentate. 
E den-ta'ta (e'dgn-ta'ta), n. pi. [NL., fr. L. eden- 
p. of edentare to render toothless ; e out + dens, 
ooth.] (Zool.) An order of mammals (includ- 
ing the armadillos, sloths, and antbears) in which the in- 
cisor teeth are rarely developed, and in some groups all 
the teeth are lacking. 

E-den'tate (e-dgn'tat), a. 1. Destitute of teeth. 2. 
(Zool.) Belonging to the Edentata. 

Edge (Sj), n. [AS. ecg ; akin to G. ecke, L. acies, 
Gr. atcf) point, Skr. acri edge.] 1. The thin sharp side 
of the blade of any cutting instrument, as an ax, knife, 
sword, or scythe. Hence, fig. , that which cuts or wounds 
deeply. 2. Any sharp terminating border. 3. Sharp- 
ness ; keenness ; intenseness of desire. 4. The border 
or part adjacent to the line of division ; the beginning 
or early part. 

Edge stone, a curbstone.— To be on edge, to be eager, 
impatient, or anxious. — To set the teeth on edge, to cause 
a disagreeable tingling sensation in the teeth. 

Edge (gj), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Edged (gjd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Edging.] 1. To furnish with an edge, fringe, 
or border. 2. To move by little and little. 

Edge, r. i. 1. To move sideways ; to move gradually. 
2. To sail close to the wind. 
EdgeHione' (gj'bon'), n. Same as Aitchbone. 
Edge'ways (gj'waz), ) adv. With the edge forward ; 
Edge'wise fgj'wiz), ] in the direction of the edge. 
Edg'lng (gjlng), n. That which forms an edge. 
Edg'y ''gj'j?), a. 1. Easily irritated ; sharp. 2. (Fine 

■ laving some of the forms too sharply defined. 
Ed'i-ble (gdl-b'l), a. [L. edibilis, fr. edere to eat.] 
Fit to be eaten as food ; eatable; esculent, —n. Any- 
thing edible.— Ed'i-bil'i-ty (-bll'T-ty), Ed'i-ble-ness,«. 
E'dict <Vdikt), n. [L. edictum, fr. edicere, edictum, 
to proclaim ; e out -f- dicer e to say.] A public command 
tarnation of a law made by sovereign authority. 
Syn. — Decree ; proclamation ; law; ordinance; stat- 
ute j rule ; order ; manifesto ; command. 
Ed'i-H-ca'tlon (gd'T-fl-ka'shun), n. Act of edifying, 
eing edified. [Tending to edification. I 

S5m« a / t0 " ry r *l'*-tt-ka't*-ry or e-dlfT-ka-j, a.\ 
tA l nee (8d1-fTs), n. [L. oedificium, fr. aedificare.l 
hue that is large and elegant. 



Edelweiss. 



Ed i-fl'cial (gd'T-flsh'al), a. Pertaining to an edifice. 

Ed'i-fl er (ed'T-fi'er), n. One who edifies. 

Ed'i-fy (-i'\), r. /. [imp. & p. p. Edified (-fid) ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Edifying.] [F. edijier,!,. aedificare; aedes 
a building, house, orig., a fireplace + facere to make.] 
1. To build. [Archaic] 2. To instruct and improve, 
esp. in moral and religious knowledge ; to teach. 

E'dile (e'dil), ft. (Horn. Antiq.) An aedile. 

Ed'it (ed'Tt), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Edited ; p. pr.&vb. 
«. Editing.] [F. editer, or L. editus, p. p. of edere to 
give out, publish ; e out -f- dare to give.] To superin- 
tend the publication of ; to prepare for publication. 

E di'tion (e-dish'un), n. 1. A literary work edited 
and published. 2. The whole number of copies of a 
work published at one time. 

Ed'i-tor (gd'i-ter), n. One who edits. 

Ed i-to'ri-al (-to'rl-al), a. Of or pertaining to an edi- 
tor. — n. An article published as an expression of the 
editor's views. — Ed'i-to'ri-al-ly (gd'I-to'ri-al-ly), adv. 

Ed'i-tOT-ship (gd'T-ter-ship), n. Office or charge of 
an editor. [educated. | 

Ed'U-ca-ble (ed'u-ka-b'l ; 135), a. Capable of being | 

Ed'u-cate (-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Educated (-ka 7 - 
ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Educating (-ka'ting).] [L. educare, 
p. p. -alus, fr. educere to lead forth, bring up. See 
Educe.] To bring up or guide the powers of, as a child ; 
to develop or discipline by systematic instruction or 
training, as the mind or any faculty. 

Syn. —To instruct ; teach ; inform ; enlighten ; edify ; 
bring up ; train ; breed ; rear ; discipline. 

Ed u-ca'tion (gd'u-ka'shun ; 135), ft. Act or process 
of educating ; knowledge, skill, or discipline of character, 
acquired by instruction and training. 

Syn. — Instruction; teaching; training; breeding.— 
Education implies development and discipline of both the 
intellectual and moral faculties. Instruction and teaching 
apply to the communication of knowledge. Training im- 
plies exercise or practice in order to impart facility in any 
physical or mental operation. Breeding commonly relates 
to the manners and outward conduct. 

Ed U-ca'tion-al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to education. 

Ed u-ca'tion-ist, n. One versed in the theories of, or 
advocating and promoting, education. [cate. I 

Ed'U-ca-tive (gd'u-ka-tiv ; 135), a. Tending to edu- 1 

Ed'U-ca'tOT (-ka'ter), n. One who educates ; a teacher. 

E-duce' (e-dus'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Educed (-dust') ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. Educing (-du'slng).] [L. educere; e 
out -f- ducere to lead.] To bring or draw out ; to cause 
to appear ; to extract ; to evolve. 

E'duct (e'diikt), ft. That which is educed. 

E-duc'tion (e-duk'shiin), ft. Act of educing. 

E-duc'tor (-ter), ft. One who, or that which, educes. 

E-dul'co-rant (e-dul'ko-rant), a. Edulcorating. 

E-dul'co-rate (-rat), v. I. [See E- ; Dulcoeate.] To 
render sweet ; to sweeten ; to purif y, as by washing. [E.J 

E-dul co-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. Act of edulcorating. 

-ee (-e). [Formed on the F. p. p. ending -e, masc] 
A suffix used, chiefly in law^ terms, to indicate the direct 
or indirect object of an action, or the one to whom an act 
is done or on whom a right is conferred ; as, assignee, 
donee, alienee, grantee, etc. 

Bel (el), n. [AS. eel; akin toG. aaZ, Icel. all.} (Zool.) 
An elongated fish of many genera and species. 

Eel'grass 7 (el'gra-s'), n. (Bot.) A plant with very 
long and narrow leaves, growing in shallow bays. 

Eel'pot' (el'pot/), ft. A kind of eeltrap. 

Eel'pout' (el'pout/), n. [AS. selepute.] (Zool.) (a) A 
European fish, remarkable for producing living young. 
Also, an American species, called also, erroneously, congo 
eel, ling, and tamper eel. (b) The burbot. 

E'en (en), adv. A contraction for Even. 

E'er (ar or a~r), adv. A contraction for Eveb. 

Ee / rie ) (e'rT), a. [Scotch, fr. AS. earh timid.] 1. 

Ee^ ) Fear-inspiring ; wild ; weird. 2. Affrighted. 
— EeTl-ly (e'ri-ly), adv. 

Ef'fa-ble (gf'fa-b'l),-a. [L. effabilis ; ex out + fan to 
speak.] Capable of being uttered or explained. 

Ef-face' (gf-fas'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Effaced (-fast') ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. Effacing (-fa'sing).] [F. effacer ; pref. 
es- (L. ex) -f- /ace face ; prop., to destroy the face or form 
of.] 1. To cause to disappear by rubbing or striking 
out ; to erase. 2. To remove from the mind. 

Syn. — To blot out; expunge; erase; obliterate ; can- 
cel ; destroy. —To deface is to injure or impair a figure ; 
to efface is to rub out or destroy, so as to render invisible. 

Ef-face'ment (-ment), n. Act or result of effacing. 

El-fect' (gf-fgkf), «. [L. effectus, fr. efficere, effeclum, 
to effect; ex + facere to make.] 1. Execution; per- 
formance ; operation. 2. Manifestation ; sign. 3. That 



o, u, long ; a, g, I, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, event, Idea, obey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



EFFECT 



283 



EGOTISTICAL 



which is produced by an agent or cause ; result ; conse- 
quence. 4. Mental impression or sensation. 5. Power 
to produce results ; efficiency. 6. General intent ; mean- 
ing ; purport. 7. Goods ; movables ; personality. 

Effect' (gf-fgkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effected ; p. pr. 
& vb. 71. Effecting.] 1. To produce, as a cause or agent ; 
to cause to be. 2. To bring to pass ; to accomplish. 

Syii. — To fulfill ; achieve ; execute. See Accomplish. 

Ef-f ect'er (-er), n. One who effects. [feasible. I 

Effect'i-ble (-i-b'l), a. Achievable ; practicable ; | 

Effec'tion (ef-fSk'shiin), n. Creation ; a doing. [R.] 

Ef fect'ive (gf-fgk'tiv), a. Having the power to pro- 
duce an effect or effects ; producing a decided or decisive 
effect. — Effect' lve-ly, adv. — Ef fect'ive-ness, n. 

Syn. — Efficient ; efficacious ; effectual ; forcible ; ac- 
tive ; powerful ; energetic ; competent. 

Ef fect'or (-er), n. An effector. 

Ef-fec'tU-al (gf-fgk'tu-al ; 135), a. Producing, or 
adequate to produce, an intended effect ; efficient ; effect- 
ive. — Ef-f ec'tu-al-ly, adv. — Ef-f ec'tu-al-ness, n. 

Effec'tu-ate (-at), v. t. limp. &p.p. Effectuated 
(-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Effectuating.] To bring to 
pass ; to effect ; to achieve ; to accomplish ; to fulfill. 

Ef-f ec tu-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of effectuating. 

Ef-fem'1-na-cy (gf-fgm'T-na-sjf), n. State or quality 
of being effeminate. 

Ef-f eWi-nate (ef-fem'i-nat), a. [L. effeminatus, p. p. 
of effeminare to make a woman of ; ex out -j- femina a 
woman.] 1. Having some characteristic of a woman, 
as delicacy, luxuriousness, etc. ; unmanly ; womanish ; 
weak. 2. Womanly; tender;— in a good sense. — Ef- 
f em'i nate-ly (nat-1^), adv. — Ef-fem'i-nate-ness, n. 

Ef-f em'i-nate (-nat), v. t. To make effeminate. 

HEf-fen'di (gf-fgn'dl), n. [Turk, efendi, deriv. of 
Gr. av6ivrr\<s a chief. See Authentic] A title of a 
Turkish state official and man of learning, esp. one 
learned in the law. 

Ef'fe-rent (gf'fer-ent), a. [L. efferens, -entis, p. pr. 
of efferre to bear out ; ex out -f- ferre to bear.] (Physiol.) 
(a) Conveying outward, or discharging. (6) Conveyed 
outward. — n. An efferent duct or stream. 

Ef fer-vesce' (gf'fer-vgs'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Effer- 
vesced (-vSsf) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Effervescing (-vgs'sTng).] 
[L. effervescere; ex + fervescere to begin boiling, incho. 
fr. fervere to boil.] 1. To be in a state of natural ebulli- 
tion ; to bubble and hiss^ 2. To exhibit, in lively natural 
expression, irrepressible emotions. 

Ef fer-ves'cence (-vgs'sens), ) n. Act or state of ef- 

Ef f er-ves'cen-cy (-sen-sy), J fervescing. 

Effer-ves'cent (-sent), a. Effervescing. 

Ef f er-ves'ci-ble (-sT-b'l), a. Capable of effervescing. 

Ef fer-ves'cive (-siv), a. Producing effervescence. 

Effete' (gf-f ef ), a. [L. effetus that has brought forth, 
exhausted ; ex -\- fetus that has brought forth. See Fe- 
tus.] No longer able to produce young ; hence, exhausted 
of productive energy ; incapable of efficient action. 

Ef fi-ca'cious (gf'fi-ka'shus), a. [L. efficax, -ads. 
See Efficacy.] Possessing the quality of being effective ; 
productive of the effect intended. — Ef fi-ca'cious-ly , 
adv. — Ef fi-ca'cious-ness, n. 

Ef'fi-ca-cy (ef'f T-ka-sy), n. [L. effieacia, fr. efficax, 
-acis, fr. efficere. See Effect, n.~\ Power to produce 
effects ; production of the effect intended. 

Syn. — Virtue ; force ; energy ; potency ; efficiency. 

Ef fi'cience (gf-f Ish'ens), ) n. 1. Quality of being 

Ef fi'cien-cy (-en-sy), ) efficient. 2. (Mech.) 
The ratio of useful work to energy expended. 

Ef-fl'cient (-ent), a. [L. effieiens, -entis, p. pr. See 
Effect, «.] Causing effects ; producing results ; actively 
operative or capable. — Ef f i'cient-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Effective ; effectual ; capable ; potent. 

Effigy (Sf'fi-j^), n. [L. effigies, fr. effingere to form, 
fashion ; ex -f- fingere to shape, devise.] The image, 
likeness, or representation of a person. 

To burn, or To hang, in effigy, to burn or to hang an image 
or picture of a person, as a token of public odium. 

Ef flo-resce' (gf'flo-rgs'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Efflo- 
resced (-rgsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Efflorescing (-res'sTng).] 
[L. efflorescere to bloom; ex -\- florescere, incho., fr. 
florere to blossom, fr.flo s flower.] 1. To blossom. 2. 
To change to, or become covered with, a whitish, mealy, 
or crystalline powder, formed by gradual decomposition. 

Ef flo-res'cence (-sens), n. 1. Act, state, or result 
of efflorescing. 2. (Med.) Redness of skin ; eruption. 

Efflo-res'cen-cy (-sen-s^), n. State or quality of 
being efflorescent. 

Ef flo-res'cent (-sent), a. 1. That effloresces, or is 
liable to effloresce. 2. Covered with an efflorescence. 




Ef'flu-ence(gf'flu-ens),n. 1. A flowing out. 2. That 
which Hows or issues from anything ; issue ; efflux. 

Ef'flu-en-cy (-en-s^), n. Effluence. 

Effluent (-ent), a. [L. effiuen.s, -entis, p. pr. of ef- 
fluere to flow out ; ex -\- flue re to flow.] Flowing out. 

Ef-flu'vi-al (gf-ttu'vl-al), a. Belonging to effluvia. 

Ef-flu'vi-um (-vT-tim), n. ; pi. Effluvia (-a). [L., a 
flowing out.] Subtile or invisible emanation ; esp., 
noisome or noxious exhalation. 

Ef 'flux' (gf 'fliiks'), n. [See Effluent, Flux. ] 1. Act 
or process of flowing out, or issuing forth. 2. That 
which flows out ; emanation ; effluence. 

Ef fluxion (-fluk'shun), n. Efflux ; effusion. 

Effort (gf'fflrt), n. [Through F. & LL. fr. L. ex 
-f- fortis strong.] An exertion of strength or power, 
whether physical or mental ; endeavor ; essay. 

Syn. — Struggle ; strain ; trial. See Attempt. 

Ef-fronfer-y (gf-frunt'er-£), n. [F. effronterie, fr. 
effronte shameless, fr. L. effrons, -ontis, barefaced, 
shameless; ex -f- frons the forehead.] Bold and impu- 
dent defiance of propriety or of duty. 

Syn. — See Impudence. 

Ef-fulge' (Sf-fuljO, v. t. [L. effulgere to shine forth ; 
ex -f- fulgere. See Fulgent.] To make effulgent, [i?.] 

Ef-f uTgence (gf-f ul'jens), n. State of being effulgent. 

Ef-ful' gent (-jent), a. Diffusing a flood of light ; 
shining ; luminous ; splendid. — Ef-f ul'gent-ly, adv. 

Ef-fuse' (ef-fus'), a. [L. effusus, p. p. of effundere to 
pour out; ex + fundere to pour.] 1. 
Poured out freely. [Obs.~\ 2. (Bot.) 
Spreading loosely, esp. on one side. 3. 
(Zo'ol.) Having the lips, or edges, of 
the aperture abruptly spreading ; — 
said of shells. 

Effuse' (gf-fuz'), v. t. & i. To pour 
out like a stream or freely ; to shed. 

Ef-fu'sion (gf-fu'zhfin), n. 1. Act 
of pouring out. 2. That which is Effuse Branch, 
poured out. 3. (Pathol.) (a) The escape of a fluid out 
of its natural vessel, (b) The liquid escaping or exuded. 

Ef-fu'sive (gf-fu'siv), a. Pouring out ; pouring forth 
freely. — Ef-fu'sive-ly, adv. — Ef- fu'sive-ness, n. 

Eft (gft), n. [AS. efete lizard. See Newt.] (Zool.) 
(a) A European lizard, (b) A salamander, esp. the Eu- 
ropean smooth newt. 

Eft, adv. [AS. eft. See After.] Again ; soon. [Obs.] 

Eft- S00n r (gft-soon'), ) adv. Again ; anew ; at once ; 

Eft-SOOns' (gft-sdonz'), j speedily. [Archaic'] 

E-gad' (e-gad'), interj. A euphemism for "by God." 

E'gal (e'gal), a. [F.egal. See Equal.] Equal. [06s.] 

E-gall-ty (e-gSl'i-ty), n. Equality. 

E-gesf (e-jgsf), v. t. [L. egerere, p. p. -gestus ; e out 
-f- gerere to carry.] (Physiol.) To cast out ; to excrete. 

Egg (eg), n. [OE., fr. Icel. egg; akin to AS. seg 
(whence OE. ey).~\ 1. The oval or roundish body laid 
by domestic poultry and other birds, tortoises, etc. 2. 
(Biol.) A simple cell, from the development of which the 
young of animals are formed ; ovum ; germ cell. 3. Any- 
thing resembling an egg in form. 

Egg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Egged (ggd) ; p.pr.& vb. n. 
Egging (gg'Tng).] [OE. eggen, Icel. eggja, fr. egg edge. 
See Edge.] To urge on ; to instigate ; to incite. 

Egg'-binf (gg'berd'), n. (Zool.) (a) A species of 
tern, esp. the sooty tern of the West Indies, (b) The 
tropic bird of the Bahama Islands. 

Egg'nog' (gg'nog'), n. A drink consisting of eggs 
beaten up with sugar, milk, and (usually) wine or spirits. 
" Egg'planf (gg'planf), n. (Bot.) A plant, allied to 
the tomato, and bearing a smooth, roundish, edible fruit. 

Eg'lan-tine (gg'lan-tln or -tin), n. [F. eglantine, fr. 
OF. aiglent brier, hip tree, deriv. of L. aeus needle.] 
(Bot.) (a) A species of rose, with fragrant foliage and 
flowers of various colors, (b) The sweetbrier. 

E'gO (e'go), n. [L., I.] (Met.) The conscious and 
permanent subject of all psychical experiences. 

E'gO-ism (e'go-Tz'm or gg'6-), n. 1. (Philos.) The 
doctrine that all knowledge is based upon the ego and its 
relations. 2. Excessive love and thought of self. 

E'gO-ist, n. One who believes in or practices egoism. 

E go-is'tlc (-Ts'tTk), ) a. Of or pertaining to ego- 

E'gO-is'tic-al (-ti-kal), { ism ; imbued with egoism. 

E'go-tism (e'go-tTz'm or gg'6-), n. [L. ego I + end- 
ing -tism for -ism.'] 1. The practice of too frequently 
using the word /; hence, a speaking or writing overmuch 
of one's self ; self-exaltation ; self-praise. 2. Egoism. 

Syn. — Self-conceit ; vanity ; egoism. 

E'go-tlst (-tist), n. One addicted to egotism. 

E/go-tis'tic (-tTs'tlk), E'go-tis'tic-al (-tT-kal), a. Ad- 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin 



M 






) 



Ki;oriSTICALLY 



L>84 



ELBOW 






> 



\ 
/ 




Little Egret (Ardea gurzetta) of 
Europe. 



to, or manifesting, egotism. — E gO-tis'tiC-al-ly 

E-gre'gious ^-.^rc'jus or -jl-tis). a. [L. egregius, lit., 

cboMU from the herd, i. e.. distinguished, excellent ; e 

leJrd.] Surpassing; extraordinary; 

now joined with words having a had 

E gre'gious-ly. adv. — E-gre'gious-ness. ». 

E'gress v ?'gr?s\ «. [L. egressus, fr. egredi to go out ; 
to go.] Act or opportunity for going out 
or leaving; departure. 

E gres'sion (S-greab/ttn), n. Act of going out. [i?.] 

E'gret v e'gr?t1. »• [See Aigret.] 1. (Zobl.) Any 
one of several species of 
herons which bear plumes 
on the back. They are 
generally white. 2. A 
plume, tuft, or the like, 
worn as a part of a head- 
dress : an aigrette. 3. 
(Bot.) The flying feathery 
or hairy crown of seeds or 
achenes. 4. (Zobl.) A 
kind of ape. 

E-grette' (e-gret'), n. 
Same as Egret, n., 2. 

E-gyp'tian (e-jip'shan), a. Of or pertaining to Egypt, 
in Africa, —n. A native, or inhabitant, of Egypt ; also, 
the Egyptian language. [Egyptology. I 

E gyp-toro-glflt (e'jTp-tol'6-jist), n. One skilled in | 

E gyp-tol'O-gy (e'jip-tol'6-jy-), n. [Egypt -f -logy.] 
Science or study of Egyptian antiquities. [surprise. 

Eh (a or e"), interj. An expression of inquiry or slight! 

Ei'der (J'der), 7i. [Of Scand. origin ; cf. Icel. aeSr.] 
(Zobl.) Any species of sea duck of the genus Somateria, 
which breeds in northern Europe and America, and lines 
its nest with fine down (taken from its own body). 

Ei'do-graph (i'do-graf ), n. [Gr. eioos form + -graph.] 
A form of the pantograph. 

Eight (at), a. [AS. eahta ; akin to D. & G. acht, Icel. 
atta, Goth, ahfau, Ir. & Gael, ochd, L. octo, Gr. 6ktu>, 
Skr. ash tan.'] Seven and one. 

Eight, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than 
seven : eight units or objects. 2. A symbol for eight 
units, as 8 or viii. 

Eight'een/ (a'ten'), a. [AS. eahtalyne. See Eight 
and Ten.] Eight and ten. 

Eight'een 7 , n. 1. The number greater by a unit than 
seventeen ; eighteen units or objects. 2. A symbol for 
eighteen units, as 18 or xviii. 

Eight een'mo (a'ten'mo), a. &n. See Octodecimo. 

Eighteenth' (a'tenth'), a. 1. Next in order after the 
seventeenth. 2. Consisting of one of eighteen equal 
parts or divisions of a thing. 

Eighteenth ■'. n. 1. One of eighteen equal parts or 
divisions. 2. The eight after the tenth. 

Eight'fold (at'fold'), a. Eight times a quantity. 

Eighth (atth), a. 1. Next in order after the seventh. 
2. Consisting of one of eight equal divisions of a thing. 

Eighth note (Mus. >, the eighth part of a whole note, or 
semibreve ; a quaver. 

Eighth, n. 1. The quotient of a 
unit divided by eight; one of eight 
equal parts; an eighth part. 2. (Mus.) r 
The interval of an octave. ' Elghth * otes - 

Eighthly, adv. As the eighth in order. 

Eight'i-eth (a'tT-5th), a. 1. The next in order after 
the seventy-ninth. 2. Consisting of one of eighty equal 
parts or divisions. 

Eight'i-eth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by 
eighty ; one of eighty equal parts. 

Eight'SCOre' (at'skor'), a. & n. Eight times twenty. 

Eight'y (a't£), a. [AS. eahtatig. The ending -tig is 
akin to E. ten.] Eight times ten ; fourscore. 

Eight'y, n. 1. Sum of eight times ten ; eighty units 
or objects. 2. A symbol for eighty units, as 80 or lxxx. 

Eis-tedd'fod (as-tSth'vod), n. [W., session, fr. eistedd 
to Bit.] An annual congress of bards, minstrels and 
lit'-rati of Wales, — a patriotic revival of an old custom. 
_ Ei'ther f e'ther or I'ther), a. & pron. [AS. SegSer, 
ler; a -f- ge -\- hwnsSer whether.] 1. One of 
e one or the other ; — properly used of two things, 
but sometimes of a larger number, for any one. 2. Each 
of two ; the one and the other ; both. 

Ei'ther, conj. Either precedes two, or more, cobr- 
or phrases, and is introductory to an alter- 
It is correlative to or. 

E-Jac'u late ^-iXk'u-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ejacu- 
lated Ma t&Jj ; p. pr. &i vb. n. Ejaculating.] [L. eja- 



3CN 



culari, p. p. -atus : e out + jaculari to throw, deriv. of 
/<•( i n to throw.] To throw or cast out, as an exclamation. 

E-lac'U-late (e-jXk'u-lat), v. i. To utter an ejaculation. 

E-jac u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of ejaculating ; that 
which is ejaculated. 

E-Jac'U-la-tO-ry (-la-to-r£), a. 1. Casting or throw- 
ing out. 2. Suddenly darted out ; uttered in short, sud- 
den sentences. 

E-Ject' (e-jgkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ejected ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Ejecting.] [L. ejicere, p. p. ejectus ; e out + 
jacere to throw.] To thrust or drive out ; to cast forth 
or out ; to expel ; to discharge. 

Syn. — To banish ; oust ; evict ; extrude ; void. 

E-jec'tion (e-jek'shun), n. Act of ejecting ; also, state 
of being ejected or cast out ; dispossession ; banishment. 

E-ject'ment (e-jgkt'ment), n. 1. A casting out; ejec- 
tion. 2. (Law) A mixed action for the-recovery of pos- 
session of real property, and damages and costs. 

E-ject'or (e-jgk'ter), n. One who, or that which, ejects. 

Eke (ek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eked (ekt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Eking.] [AS. ecan, yean; akin to Icel. auka to 
increase, Goth, aukan, L. augere, Skr. ojas strength, 
ugra mighty.] To increase ; to add to ; to augment ; — 
now commonly used with out, and implying a laborious, 
inferior, or scanty addition. 

Eke, adv. [AS. edc ; akin to Icel. auk, G. auch, Goth. 
auk for, but. Prob. from the preceding verb.] In addi- 
tion ; also ; likewise. [Obs. or Archaic] 

E-lah'O-rate (e-lat/o-rat), a. [L. elaboratus, p. p. of 
elaborare ; e out + laborare to labor, labor labor.] 
Wrought with labor ; finished with great care ; high- 
w rought.— E-lab'o-rate-ly, adv.— E-lah'o-rate-ness, n. 

Syn. — Labored ; complicated; studied; perfected. 

E-lab'0-rate (e-lar/o-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elabo- 
rated (-ranted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Elaborating (-ra'ting).] 
To produce, improve, or refine with labor, or study, or 
by successive operations. 

E-lab 0-ra'tion (e-laVo-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of elabo- 
rating. 2. (Physiol.) The assimilation of a crude sub- 
stance into something of a higher order. [elaborate. ! 

E-lab'0-ra-tive (-6-ra-tiv), a. Serving or tending to I 

E-lab'O-ra'tor, n. One who, or that which, elaborates. 

E-la'ine (e-la'In), or E-la'in, n. [Gr. e\cuov olive oil, 
oil, fr. eAou'a the olive tree.] (Chem.) Same as Olein. 

I! E'lan' (a'laN'), n. [F., fr. ilancer to dart.] Ardor 
inspired b} T passion or enthusiasm. 

Eland (eland), n. [D. eland elk, of Slav, origin.] 
(Zo'ol.) 1. A species of large South African antelope. 2. 
The elk or moose. 

El'a-phine (eFa-fin), a. [Gr. eAou^os stag.] (Zo'ol.) 
Pert, to, resembling, or characteristic of, the stag. 

E-lapse' (e-15ps'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Elapsed (-lapst/) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Elapsing.] [L. elabi, p. p. elapsus ; e 
out + labi to fall.] To slip or glide away. 

E-las'mo-branch (e-laVmo-bra'nk), a. [Gr. eAao>to? 
metal plate + L. bronchia a gill.] (Zobl.) Of, pertain- 
ing to, or designating a subclass of fishes, comprising 
the sharks, the rays, and the Chimaera. 

E-las'tic (e-las'tik), a. [Formed fr. Gr. eAavi/etv to 
drive.] 1. Having an inherent property of returning to 
the form from which a substance is drawn ; springy. 
2. Returning quickly to a former state, after being de- 
pressed or overtaxed. 

E-las'tic. n. An elastic woven fabric. [Colloq.] 

Elas-tic'i-ty (e'lSs-tis'i-ty ),n. Quality of being elastic. 

E-late' (e-laf), a. [L. elatus ; e out -f latus (used as 
p. p. of ferre to bear). See Tolerate.] 1. Lifted up ; 
elevated. 2. Exalted in spirits ; flushed with confidence. 

Syn. — Lofty ; proud ; transported; delighted. 

E-late / , v. t. \7mp. & p. p. Elated ; p. pr. & rb. n. 
Elating.] To make elate ; to flush with confidence. 

E-lat'ed-ly (e-la'ted-ly), adv. With elation. 

E-lat'ed-ness. n. State of being elated. 

E-lat'er (e-la'ter), n. One who, or that which, elates. 

II El'a-ter (61'a-ter), n. [NL., fr. Gr. e\arnp driver.] 

1. (Bot.) An elastic spiral filament for dispersing spores. 

2. (Zo'ol.) Any beetle, having the habit, when laid on the 
back, of giving a sudden upward spring. 3. (Zo'ol.) 
The caudal spring used by various insects for leaping. 

El / a-te / ri-um (-te'rT-um), n. [L., fr. Gr. ikarnpiov, 
ueut. of eKa-riiptos driving.] A cathartic substance ob- 
tained from the juice of the Ecballium. [being elated. I 

E-la'tion (e-la'shun), n. Act of elating, or state of | 

EPbOW (el'bo), n. [AS. elboga, elnboga ; eln ell 
(orig., forearm) -f boga a bending.] 1. The joint or 
bend of the arm. 2. Any elbowlike turn or bend. 

El'bow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elbowed (-bod) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Elbowing.] To hit or force with the elbow. 



a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; &, 6, l, 6, tt, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



ELBOW 



285 



ELECTRO-POSITIVE 



El'bOW (gl'bS), v. i. 1. To project or to bend after 
the maimer of an elbow. 2. To push rudely along. 

El'bOW-chair' (-char'), n. An armchair. 

El'bow-room' (-room'), n. Room to extend the el- 
bows on each side ; ample room for motion or action. 

Eld (eld), n. [AS. yldu, yldo, eldo, old age, fr. aid, 
eald, old. See Old.] 1. Age ; esp., old age. [Archaic] 
2. Old times ; antiquity. [Poetic] 

Eld'er (gl'der), a. [AS. yldra, compar. of eald old.] 
1. Older; more aged, or existing longer. 2. Prior in 
years ; senior. 

Eld'er, n. [AS. ealdor an elder, prince, fr. eald old.] 
1. One who is older; a senior. 2. An aged person; 
also, one who lived at an earlier period. 3. A person 
who, on account of hia age, occupies the office of ruler or 



judge ; hence, a person occupying any office appropriate 
to age and experience. 4. (M. E. Ch.) / 
authorized to administer all the sacraments. 



El'der, ». [AS. ellen.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs (Sam- 
bucus) bearing broad umbels of black or red berries. 
Eld'er-ly, a. Somewhat old ; bordering on old age. 
Eld'er-ship, n. 1. State of being older ; seniority. 

2. Office of an elder ; collectively, a body of elders. 
Eld'est (gl'dest), a. [AS. yldest, superl.] Oldest ; 

longest in duration ; first in origin. 

El' Do-ra'dO (SI' do-ra'do or -ra'do), pi. -does (-doz). 
[Sp., lit., the gilt (sc. land). Cf. Dorado.] 1. An imagi- 
nary country in South America, reputed to abound in 
gold and precious stones ; — so called by the Spaniards 
in the 16th century. 2. Any region of fabulous wealth. 

E'le-at'ic (e'le-at'Tk), a. [L. eleaticus, from Elea (or 
Velia) in Italy.] Of or pertaining to a certain school of 
Greek philosophers who taught that the only certain 
seience is that which owes nothing to the senses, and all 
to the reason. — n. A philosopher of the Eleatic school. 

E'le-at'i-cism (-T-sTz'tn), n. The Eleatic doctrine. 

El e-cam-pane' (gl'e-kam-pan'), n. [F. enulecampane, 
NL. inula campana; L. inula elecampane -f- LL. cam- 
pana a bell. ] 1. {Bot. ) A large, coarse herb with compos- 
ite yellow flowers. 2. A sweetmeat made from its root. 

E-lect/ (e-lgkf), a. [L. electus, p. p. of eligere to 
elect ; e out + legere to choose.] 1. Chosen ; taken by 
preference from among two or more. 2. (Theol.) Cho- 
sen as the object of mercy; set apart to eternal life. 

3. Chosen to an office, but not yet inducted. 
E-lect'. n. One who is elect. 

E-lect', v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Elected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Electing.] 1. To pick out ; to select ; to choose. 2. 
To choose for office ; to select by vote. 3. {Theol.) To 
designate or choose for mercy or favor. [lection. I 

E-lec/tion (e-lgk'shun), n. An electing ; choice ; se- 1 

E-lec'tion-eer' (e-lgk'sliim-er'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Electioneered (-erd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Electioneer- 
ing.] To use arts for the election of a candidate. 

E-lect'ive (e-lgk'tTv), a. 1. Exerting the power of 
choice ; selecting. 2. Pert, to, or consisting in, choice, 
or right of choosing ; electoral. — E-lect'ive-ly , adv. 

Elective affinity or attraction {Chem.), chemism. 

E-lect'ive, n. In an American college, an optional 
study or course of study. [Colloq.] 

E-lect'or (e-lek'ter), n. One who elects, or has the 
right of electing or choosing. Specif. : (a) A person le- 
gally qualified to vote. (b) In the old German empire, 
one of the princes entitled to choose the emperor, (c) 
One of those chosen by vote of the people to elect the 
President and Vice President. [U. S.] [electors. I 

E-lect'or-al (-al), a. Pertaining to an election or to| 

E-lect'or-ate (-at), n. 1. Territory, jurisdiction, or 
dignity of an elector. 2. The whole body of electors. 

E-lect'ress (e-lgk'trgs), n. The wife or widow of an 
elector in the old German empire. 

E-lec'tric (e-lgk'trik), ) a. [L. electrum amber, a 

E-lec'tric-al (-trT-kal), ( mixed metal, Gr. ^Ae/cxpoi/ ; 
— from the production of electricity by the friction of am- 
ber.] Of or pertaining to electricity ; consisting of, pro- 
ducing, derived from, or produced by, electricity. — 
E-lec'tric-al-ly, adv. — E-lec' tric-al-ness, n. 

E-lec'tric, n. (Physics) A nonconductor of electricity. 

E lec-tri'cian (e'lik-trtsh'an\ n. One versed in the 
science of electricity. 

E'lec-tric'1-ty (-tris'T-ty), n. 1. A power in nature, 
a manifestation of energy, exhibiting itself when in dis- 
turbed equilibrium or in activity by a circuit movement, 
the fact of direction in which involves polarity. 2. The 
science which unfolds the phenomena and laws of elec- 
tricity. 3. Fig. : Electrifying energy or characteristic. 

E-lec'tri-fi'a-ble (e-lgk'trT-fi'a-b'l), a. Capable of re- 
ceiving electricity, or of being charged with it. 



E-lec'tri-fl-ca'Uon(e-lgk'trr-fT-ka'8huu), n. {Physics) 
Act of electrifying ; state of being electrified. 

E-lec'trl-fy (e-lgk'trl-fl), v. t. [imp. * ]>■ V- Elec- 
trified (-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Electuifvinq.] [Etr.ctric 
+ -J'J-] 1- To communicate electricity to. 2. To ex- 
cite suddenly, esp. by something highly delightful or 
inspiriting ; to thrill. 

E-lec'trine (-trln), a. 1. Belonging to, or made of, 
amber. 2. Made of the alloy electrum. 

E-leCtrize (e-lgk'trlz), p. t. To electrify. 

E-lec'tro- (-tro-). [See Electric] A prefix or com- 
bining form signifying pertaining to electricity, j>- 
by electricity, producing or employing electricity, etc. ; 
as, efec^ro-negative ; e/ee<ro-dynauiic ; e/ec/;o-magnet. 

E-lec'tro, n. An electrotype. 

E-leCtro-bi-ol'O-gy (-bt-Sl'S-JS), n. (Biol.) Biology 
which treats of electrical phenomena in living organisms. 

E-lec'tro-chem'is-try (-kSmTs-try), n. The science 
of the relation of electricity to chemical changes. 

E-lec'trode (e-lgk'trod), n. [Electro- -f Gr. 656? way, 
path.] (Elec.) The path by which electricity is conveyed 
into or from a conducting medium; esp., the end of 
either of the wires or conductors, leading from the 
source of electricity. 

E-lec tro-dy-nam'ics (e-lgk'trS-dt-nSiri'Tks or -dl-), 
71. The phenomena or science of electric currents. 

E-lec'tro-gen'e-Sis (-jen'e-sls), n. [Electro- + gen- 
esis.] (Physiol.) Same as Electrogeny. 

E'lec-trog'e-ny (e'lek-trSj'e-ny), n. [Electro- -f 
-geny.] (Physiol.) The effects (tetanus) produced in the 
muscles of the limbs, when a current of electricity is 
passed along the spinal cord or nerves. 

E-lec tro-ki-net'tcs (e-lgk'tro-kT-ngtTks), n. Elec- 
trical science which treats of electricity in motion. 

E'lec-trol'O-gy (e'lgk-trol'o-jy), n. [Electro- + -logy.] 
Science of the phenomena and properties of electricity. 

E'lec-trol'y-sis (-T-sis), n. [Electro- + Gr. Av<ns a 
loosing, dissolving.] (Physics & Chem.) Act or proc- 
ess of chemical decomposition, by electrical action. 

E-lec'tro-lyte (e-lgk'tro-Ht), n. (Phijsics & Chem.) 
A compound subject to electrolysis. 

E-lec'tro-lyt'ic (e-lek'tr6-l!t'Tk), 1 a. Pertaining to 

E-lec'tro-lyt'ic-al (-T-kal), ) electrolysis. 

E-lec'tro-lyze (-Hz), v. t. To decompose by the action 
of electricity. 

E-lec'tro-mag'net (-mag'ngt), n. A mass, usually of 
soft iron, temporarily magnetized by being placed within 
a coil through which a current of electricity is passing. 

E-lec'tro-mag-net'ic (-mag-ngt'Tk), a. Of, pert, to, 
or produced by, magnetism developed by electricity. 

E-lec'tro-mag'net-ism (-mSg'ngt-Tz'm), n. Magnet- 
ism developed by voltaic electricity ; the science of its de- 
velopment, and of the properties of the currents evolved. 

E-lec'tro-met/al-lur'gy (-mgt'al-lfir'jy), n. Act or 
art of precipitating a metal by electro-chemical action. 

E'lec-trom'e-ter (e'lgk-trom'e-ter), n. [Electro- + 
-meter.] (Physics) 1. An instrument for measuring the 
quantity or intensity of electricity. 2. An electroscope. 

E'lec-trom'e-try (-try), n. (Physics) Art or process 
of making electrical measurements. 

E-lec'tro-mo'tive (e-lgk'tro-mo'tiv), a. Producing 
electrical action or effects ; producing mechanical action 
by electrical force. 

E-lec tro-mo'tor (-mo'ter), n. 1. (Physics) An appa- 
ratus for generating a current of electricity. 2. (Mech.) 
An electro-magnetic engine. 

E-lec'tro-neg'a-tive (-ngg'a-tiv), a. (Chem. & Phys- 
ics) (a) That is attracted by an electro-positive body, or 
that tends, relatively to some associated body, to pass to 
the positive pole in electrolysis, (b) Negative ; uonme- 
tallic ; acid. —n. An electro-negative body. 

E'lec-trop'a-thy (e'lgk-tr5p'a-thy), n. [Electro- -f 
Gr. ndOos suffering.] (Med.) Treatment of disease by 
electricity. 

E-lec'tro-phone (e-lgk'tro-fon), n. [Electro- + Gr. 
4>(0vrj sound.] (Physics) An instrument for producing 
sound by means of electric currents. 

II E'lec-troph'o-rus (e'lgk-trSf'o-rus), h. ,• pi. II Elec- 
trophori (-11). [NL. See Electro- and -phore.] 
(Physics) An instrument for exciting electricity, and 
repeating the charge indefinitely by induction. 

E-lec'tro-plate' (e-lgk'trfi-plaf), v. t. (Mech.) To 
cover or plate with a coating of metal, by electrolysis. 

E-lec'tro-po'lar (-po'ler), a. (Physics) Possessing 
electrical polarity. 

E-lec'tro-pos'i-tive (e-lgk'tro-p5z'T-tYv). or. 1. (Phys- 
ics) Of such a nature relatively to some other associated 
body, as to tend to the negative pole of a voltaic battery, 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 









ELECTROSCOPE 



286 



ELIMINATE 



) 



w 



\ 

/ 






in electrolysis. 2. f < ' ; . I M.) Positive : metallic : basic. — 
positive body. 

Electro-scope (,M?k'tro-skop). n. [Electro- -f 
An instrument for detecting the presence of 
u ges in the electric stati of bodies. 

E-lec tro-stat'lcs (-stittTka), ?i. (Physics) The sci- 
ich treats of statical electricity. 

E-lec tro-te-leg'ra-phy (-te-lgg'ra-fy), n. Art or 
science of constructing or using the electric telegraph. 

E-lec tro-thera-peu'tlcsi-ther a-pu'tlks),«. {Med.) 
: science treating of electricity as a curative. 

E-lec'tro-tlnt (-tint ). n. (Fine' Arts) A style of en- 
graving in relief by means of voltaic electricity. 

E-lec tro-ton'lc (-tSn'Tk). a. 1. {Physics) Of or per- 
taining to a supposed peculiar condition of electrical 
tension. 2. yPhysiol.) Relating to electrotonus. 

E lec-tTOt'O-nus (,e lek-trot'o-niis), n. [NL. See 
Tone.] (Physiol.) The modified condition of a nerve, 
when a constant current of electricity passes through it. 

E-lec'tro-type (e-lgk'tro-tlp), n. [Electro- + •type.'] 
A facsimile plate made by electrolytic action for use iu 
printing ; also, an impression or print from such plate. 

E-lec'tro-type. V. t. To make electrotypes. 

E-lec'tro-ty per (-tl per), «. One who electrotypes. 

E-lec'tro-typ'ic (-tlp'ik), a. Of or pertaining to 
electrotypy. [electrotype plates. I 

E-lec'trb-ty'py (-ti'py), n. The process of producing | 

E-lec'trum (-trum), n. [L., fr. Gr. 7JAeKTpov. See 
Electric] 1. Amber. 2. An ancient, amber-colored 
alloy of gold aud silver. 3. German-silver plate. 

E-lec'tu-a-ry (-tu-a-ry' ; 135), n. [OF. lettuaire, elec- 
tuaire, L. electuarium, prob. fr. Gr. e/cAeiKTov, 6xAeiy/u.<x, 
a medicine that is licked away.] {Med.) A confection. 

ETee-mos'y-na-ry (gl'e-mSs'T-na-ry), a. [LL. elee- 
mosynarius,iT.eleemosynaalms. See Alms.] Of or pert, 
to charity, alms, or almsgiving. — ?2. One who lives on 
charity. 

El'e-gance (gl'e-gans), ) n. 1. State or quality of be- 

El'e-gan-cy {-gau-sf), J ing elegant ; beauty as due 
to choice qualities and entire absence of what deforms or 
impresses unpleasantly. 2. That which is elegant. 

Syn. — Elegance : grace. — Elegance implies something 
of a select style of beauty, usually produced by art, skill, 
or training. Grace is a lower order of beauty. It may 
be a natural gift ; thus, the manners of a peasant girl 
may be gracejul, but can hardly be called elegant. 

El'e-gant (-gant), a. [L. elegans, -aniis ; akin to 
eligere to select. See Elect.] 1. Very choice, and 
hence, pleasing to good taste ; marked by grace, propri- 
ety, and refinement, and absence of everything offensive. 
2. Exercising a nice choice. — El'e-gant-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Tasteful ; polished ; graceful ; refined ; comely ; 
handsome ; richly ornamental. 

E-le'gi-ac (e-le'jT-Sk or gl'e-ji'Xk), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to elegy ; written in elegiacs. — n. Elegiac verse. 

El e-gi'a-cal (gl'e-ji'a-kal), a. Elegiac. 

El'e-glst (gl'e-jlst), n. A writer of elegies. 

El'e-gy (-$), n. [L. elegia, Gr. eAeyeia, fem. sing, 
(cf . eAeyeia, prop. neut. pi. of eAeyeiW a distich in elegiac 
verse), fr. eAeyeios elegiac, fr. eAeyos a song of mourning.] 
A mournful or plaintive poem ; a funereal song. 

El'e-ment (gl'e-ment), n. [F. element, L. elementum.] 
1. One of the simplest or essential parts or fundamental 
principles of which anything consists, or upon which its 
character, constitution, or individuality is based. 2. 
One of the ultimate, undecomposable constituents of 
matter. The elements of matter as supposed by the an- 
cients were air, earth, water, and fire ; those of the alche- 
mists were salt, sulphur, and mercury. 3. One of the 
ultimate parts combined in anything ; one of the simple 
parts of a complex or aggregate. 4. {Math.) (a) An infini- 
tesimal part of anything of the same nature as the entire 
magnitude considered, {b) One of the terms in an alge- 
braic expression. 5. One of the necessary data or values 
upon which a system of calculations depends, or general 
conclusions are based. 6. pi. The simplest or fundamen- 
tal principles of any system of philosophy, science, or 
art ; rudiments. 7. That one of the imaginary elements 
of the ancients in which anything naturally exists ; hence, 
state or sphere natural to anything or suited to its ex- 
.-Xw.p.. 8. j>l. The whole material of the world. 9. 
P>. (Ecel.) The bread and wine used in the Lord's supper. 

El e-men'tal (gPS-mSn'tal), a. Of, or pertaining to, 
'>f, elements. 

El'e-men'tal-ly, adv. According to elements; literally. 

El e-men'ta-ry (Sl'e-mSn'ta-ry), a. 1. Constituting 
ar, element ; simple. 2. Of, pertaining to, or treating 
of, elements. — ETe-men'ta-ri-ness l-ta-rl-ngs), n. 



E-lench' (e-lgnk'), n. ; pi. Elenchs (-lgnks'). [L. 
clench us, Gr. eAeyxos. fr. eAe'yxeu' to convict, confute, 
prove.] {Logic) (a) That part of an argument on which 
its conclusiveness depends ; a refutation, {b) A specious 
but fallacious argument ; a sophism. 

El'e-phant (gl'e-fant), n. [Through OF. & L. fr. Gr. 
eAe'^as, -o.vto<; ; of .^Rfe^ 



unknown origin.] 
{Zool.) A mammal 
of the order Probos- 
cida, of which two 
living species, and 
several fossil spe- 
cies, are known. 
They have a probos- 
cis or trunk, and 
two large ivory 
tusks curving up- 
wards. Elephants 
are the largest liv- 
ing land animals. 

El e-phan-ti'a- 
sis (-fXn-ti'a-sTs), 



A- % 



Elephant of India (Elephas Indicus). 



[L.,fr. Gr. eAe^avTtWi?.] {Med.) 
A disease of the skin, in which it becomes thick, hard, 
and fissured, like an elephant's hide. 

El / e-phaD/tine(-fan'tin),a. Of orpert. to the elephant; 
like an elephant ; hence, huge ; immense ; heavy. 

Eleu-sin'i-an (el'u-sTn'T-ern), a. Of or pertaining to 
Eleusis, in Greece, or to the secret rites in honor of 
Ceres, there formerly celebrated. 

II E-leu ther-o-ma'ni-a (e-lu'ther-o-ma'nT-a), n. [Gr. 
eAevflepos free -f- E. mania.] A mania for freedom. [R.] 

El'e-yate (el'e-vat), a. Elevated. [Poetic] 

El'e-vate (Sl'e-vat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elevated 
(-va'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Elevating (-va'ting).] [L. 
elevatus, p. p. of elevare ; e -f- levare to lift up ; akin to 
levis light in weight.] 1. To bring from a lower place 
or station to a higher one ; to lift or raise up ; — used lit. 
or fig. 2. To raise from a depressed state ; to animate. 
3. To exalt ; to ennoble ; to dignify. 4. To raise to a 
higher pitch, or to a greater degree of loudness. 5. To 
intoxicate in a slight degree. [Colloq. & Sportive] 

Syn. — To erect ; hoist ; heighten ; elate ; cheer ; flush. 

El e-va'tion (6Fe-va'shun),M. 1. An elevating ; state or 
quality of being elevated. 2. Elevated place or station. 
3. {Astron.) Altitude. 4. {Gunnery) The movement of 
the axis of a piece in a vertical plane ; also, the angle be- 
tween the axis and the line of sight. 5. {Draiving) A 
geometrical projection of an object on a vertical plane. 

El'e-va'tor (Sl't-va/ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
raises or lifts up anything ; — applied specifically to sev- 
eral mechanical contrivances. 2. A building for eleva- 
ting, storing, and discharging, grain. 

E-lev'en (e-lev''n), a. [AS. endleofan, endlufon, for 
anleofan ; akin to D. elf, G. elf, eilf, Goth, ainlif ; and 
fr. the root of E. one -\- (prob.) a root signifying " to be 
leftover."] Ten and one added. 

E-lev'en, n. 1. The sum of ten and one ; eleven units 
or objects. 2. A symbol for eleven units, as 11 or xi. 

E-lev'enth (-'nth), a. 1. Next after the tenth. 2. 
Constituting one of eleven parts into which a thing is di- 
vided. 3. {Mus.) Of or pert, to the interval of the oc- 
tave and the fourth. — n. An eleventh part or interval. 

Elf (Slf), n. ; pi. Elves (elvz). [AS. self, ylf ; akin 
to G. alp nightmare, Icel. alfr elf.] 1. An imaginary 
mischievous supernatural being, much like a fairy, sup- 
posed to haunt hills and wild places. 2. A dwarf. 

Elf arrow, a flint arrowhead. — Elf child, a changeling. 

Elf, v. t. To entangle mischievously. [urchin. I 

Elf 'in (-in), a. Relating to elves. — n. A little elf or | 

Elfish, a. Of or relating to elves ; elflike ; weird ; 
mischievous. [elves. I 

Elf 'lock' (-lok/), n. Hair matted, or twisted, as if by | 

E-lic'it (e-lTs'it), v. t. [L. elicere, p. p. elicitus ; 
e + lacere to entice.] [imp. & p. p. Elicited ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Eliciting.] To draw out or entice forth ; to 
bring out. 

E-lide' (-lid'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elided ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Eliding.] [L. elidere to strike out ; e -f- laedere to 
hurt by striking. See Lesion.] 1. To break. [Obs.] 
2. {Gram.) To cut off, as a final vowel or a syllable. 

El'i-gi-ble (gl'T-jT-b'l), a. [F. eligible, fr. L. eligere. 
See Elect.] 1. Proper or qualified to be chosen ; legally 
qualified to be elected. 2. Worthy to be chosen or se- 
lected ; suitable ; desirable. — El'i-gi-hil'i-ty (-bil'T-ty), 
El'i-gi-ble-ness, n. — El'i-gl-bly, adv. 

E-lim'i-nate (e-lTm'T-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elim- 
inated (-na'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Eliminating (-na'ting.)] 



a, e, I, 5, G, long ; &, 6, 1, 6, tl, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



ELIMINATION 



287 



EMANATE 



[L. eliminare, p. p. -atus; e out -f- limen threshold.] 
1. To put out of doors ; to expel ; to discharge ; to re- 
lease. 2. (Alg.) To cause to disappear from an equa- 
tion. 3. To set aside as unimportant in a process of 
inductive inquiry ; to leave out of consideration. 4. To 
obtain by separating, as from foreign matters; to de- 
duce. [Not well authorized'] [nating. I 

E-lim i-na'tion (e-lTni'T-ua'shHn), n. Act of elimi-| 

E liq'ua-ment (e-lTk'wa-ment), n. A liquid obtained 
from fat, or fat fish, by pressure. 

El i qua'tion (81'T-kwa'shun), n. [L. eliquatio, fr. 
eliquare to clarify ; e -4- liquare to melt.] (Metallurgy) 
Process of separating a fusible substance from one less 
fusible, by heating so as to melt one and not the other. 

E-li'sion (e-lizh'un), n. [L. elisio, fr. elidere. See 
Elide.] 1. Separation. [Obs.] 2. (Gram.) Suppres- 
sion of a vowel or syllable for the sake of meter or eupho- 
ny, esp. of a final vowel before a following initial vowel. 

II fi'lite' (a'lef), n. [F., fr. Hire to choose, L. eligere. 
See Elect, j A choice or select body. 

E-lix'ir (e-liks'er), n. [F. elixir, Sp. elixir, Ar. elikslr 
philosopher's stone, prob. fr. Gr. £r?p6s dry, (hence prob. ) 
dry powder.] 1. (Med.) A tincture with more than one 
substance held in solution. 2. (Alchemy) An imaginary 
liquor capable of transmuting metals into gold ; also, one 
for prolonging life indefinitely. 3. The refined spirit ; 
quintessence. 4. Any invigorating cordial or substance. 

E-liz'a-beth an (e-liz'a-bSth'an), a. Of or pertaining 
to Queen Elizabeth or her times, esp. to the architecture 
or literature of her reign. 

Elk (elk), n. [Icel. elgr ; akin to Sw. elg, AS. eolh.~\ 
(Zobl.) A large deer, of several species. 

Elk, or Elke (81k), n. (Zobl.) The European wild swan. 

Ell (81), n. [AS. eln; akin to D. el, elle, G. elle, Icel. 
alin, L. ulna elbow, ell, Gr. wAeVi? elbow.] A measure 
for cloth, — now rarely used. The English ell is 45 
inches, the Dutch or Flemish 27, the Scotch about 37. 

Ell, n. (Arch.) See L. 

El-lag'ic (61-lXj'ik), a. [From F. galle gall (with the 
letters reversed).] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived 
from, gallnuts or gallic acid. 

Ellipse' (Si-lips'), n. [Gr. lAAeu/as, prop., a defect, 
the inclination of the ellipse to the base of the cone being 
in defect when compared with that of the side to the 
base. See Ellipsis.] 1. (Geom.) An 
oval or oblong figure, bounded by a 
regular curve which corresponds to an 
oblique section of a cone through its 
opposite sides. 2. (Gram.) Ellipsis. 

El lip'sis (81-lTp'sTs), n. ; pi. Ellip- Ellipse, showing 
SES, (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. eAAeu//is a leav- M jy or -_i lo . n £ er ) 
ing, defect, fr. eAAeiVetv to leave in, 
fall short ; ev in -4- AeiVeiv to leave.] 
(Gram.) Omission; a figure of syntax, by which one or 
more words, which are obviously understood, are omitted. 

Ei-lip'so-graph (-so-graf), n. [Ellipse -4- -graph.} 
An instrument for describing ellipses. 

El-lip'soid (-soid), n. [Ellipse + -oid.] (Geom.) A 
solid all plane sections of which are ellipses or circles. 

El-lip' tic (81-lTp'tik), 1 a. Of or pertaining to an el- 

El-lip'tic-al (-ti-kal), J lipse or ellipsis ; having the 
form of an ellipse or ellipsis. — El-lip'tic-al-ly, adv. 

El lip-tic'i-ty (81'lTp-tis'i-ty), n. Deviation of an el- 
lipse or a spheroid from the form of a circle or a sphere. 

Elm (81m), n. [AS. elm ; akin to G. ulme, L. ulmus, 
and E. alder. ] (Bot.) A tree of several species, much 
used as a shade tree. [under Saint. I 

El'mo's fire' (81'moz fir'). See Saint Elmo's Fire, \ 

El o-cu'tion (81'o-ku'shun), n. [L. elocutio, fr. eloqui. 
See Eloquent.] 1. Utterance by speech, [E.] 2. Style 
of speaking ; oratorical or expressive delivery, including 
the graces of intonation, gesture, etc. 

El'O-CU'tion-a-ry (-fi-ry), a. Pertaining to elocution. 

El'O-CU'tion-ist, n. One versed in elocution. 

II fi'loge' (a'lozh'), n. [F. SeeELOGiUM.] Anelogium. 

E-lo'gi-um (e-lo'jT-um), ) n. [L. elogium short saying, 

El'O-gy (81'6-jy), j inscription, fr. Gr. Aoyo? 

speech.] Praise of a person or thing ; panegyric ; eulogy. 

E-lo'hist (e-lo'hist), n. The writer, or one of the 
writers, of the passages of the Old Testament, in which 
God is called Elohim. [a name of God. I 

El 0-his'tic (81'6-hTs'tTk), a. Relating to Elohim as| 

E-loign' (e-loin'), v. t. [F. eloigner, OF. esloignier ; 
es- (L. ex) + OF. &F. loin far off, L. longe.] 1. To re- 
move afar off. [Obs.~\ 2. (Law) To convey beyond the 
jurisdiction, or to conceal, as goods liable to distress. 

E-lon'gate (e-15n'gat), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Elongated 
(-ga-tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Elongating.] [LL. elongare, 




Axis and Minor 
(shorter) Axis. 



p. p. -atus; e -f- L. longus long.] To lengthen; to 
extend ; to stretch out. [elongated. I 

E-lon'gate (e-15n'gfit), a. Drawn out at length : | 

E'lon-ga'tlon (e'i5n-Ka'«liun), 7/. 1. A lengthening; 
state of being lengthened; protraction; exteiihion. 2. 
That which lengthens ; continuation. 3. Removal to a 
distance; withdrawal; a being at a distance j d 
4. (Astron.) Angular distance of a planet from the sun. 

Elope' (e-lop'), v. ?'. [imp. &;;. j>. Pooped (-lopf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. it. Eloping.] [D. ontloopen to run away ; 
pref. onl--\- loopen to run; akin to E. leap.'] To run 
away, or escape privately ; — said especially of a woman 
or a man who runs away with a lorer. 

E lope'ment (-ment), n. Act of eloping. 

E-lop'er (-er), n. One who elqpee. 

El'o-quence (81'o-kwens), n. 1. Quality of being elo- 
quent ; fluent, forcible, elegant, and persuasive speech in 
public ; power of expressing strong emotions so as to con- 
vince or persuade. 2. That which is eloquently expressed. 

Syn. — Oratory; rhetoric. 

El'o-quent (Sl'6-kwent), a. [F. eloquent, L. eloquens, 
-entis, p. pr. of eloqui to speak out, declaim ; e -j- loqui 
to speak.] Expressing, or having the power of express- 
ing, strong emotions or forcible arguments in an elevated, 
impassioned, and effective manner. — El'O-quent-ly, adv. 

Else (els), a. & pron. [OE. & AS. elles otherwise, 
gen. sing, of an adj. meaning, other ; akin to OHG. elles. L. 
alius other, Gr. afAAos.] Other ; one or something beside. 

Else, adv. & conj. 1. Besides; except that men- 
tioned ; in addition. 2. Otherwise ; in the contrary case. 

Else'where' (-hwar'), adv. In any, or some, other 
place ; in other places, indefinitely. [other place. I 

Else'whith/er (-hwlth'er), aa%. To some, or any, | 

E-lu'ci-date (e-lu'sT-dat), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Eluci- 
dated (-da'tSd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Elucidating (-da'tTng).] 
[LL. elucidare, p. p. -atus ; e + lucidus lucid.] To make 
lucid, clear, or manifest ; to render more intelligible. 

E-lu ci-da'tion (-da'shun), n. Act of elucidating, or 
that which elucidates. 

E-lu'ci-da tive (-da'tiv), a. Tending to elucidate. 

E-lu'ci-da'tor (-da'ter), n. One who elucidates. 

E-lude' (e-lud'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eluded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Eluding.] [L. eludere, elusum ; e + ludere to 
play. See Ludicrous.] To avoid slyly, by artifice, 
stratagem, or dexterity ; to escape from covertly. 

Syn. — To evade ; avoid ; shun ; eschew ; flee ; frustrate. 

E-lud'i-ble (e-lud'T-b'l), a. Capable of being eluded. 

E-lu/sion (e-lu'zhun), n. Act of eluding. 

E-lu'sive (-siv), a. Tending to elude ; practicing elu- 
sion ; evasive ; fallacious ; deceptive. — E-lu/sive-ly, 
adv. — E-lU'sive-nesS, n. [ceptive. I 

E-lu'SO-ry (-so-r^), a. Tending to elude ; elusive ; de-| 

E-lu'tri-ate (e-lu'trT-at), v. t. [L. elutriare, p. p. 
-atus.] To wash or strain out so as to purify. 

Elv'an (elv'an), a. Of or pertaining to elves ; elvish. 

Elve (elv), n. An old form of Elf. 

Elves (81vz), n. ; pi. of Elf. 

Elv'ish (Slv'ish), a. Of or pertaining to elves ; elfish ; 
also, absent in demeanor. 

E ly'sian (e-lTzh'an or e-lizh'T-ffn), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to Elysium ; hence, exceedingly delightful ; beatinc. 

E-ly'sium (e-lizh'um or -Y-um), n. ; pi. E. Elysiums 
(-umz), L. Elysia (-a). [L., fr. Gr. 'HAvo-toi/, 'H\v<nov 
TreSiW, Elysian field.] (Anc.Myth.) 1. A dwelling place 
assigned to happy souls after death ; Paradise. 2. 
Hence, any delightful place. 

El'y-tron (S'T-tr5n), ) n. ; pi. -tra (-tra). [NL., fr. 

El'y-trum (-triim), ) Gr. eKvrpov, fr. eAvecv to roll 
round.] (Zobl.) One of the anterior pair of wings in the 
Coleoptera and some other insects, when they are thick 
and serve only as a protection for the posterior pair. 

'Em (em). A contraction of the old form hem, them. 
[Ob s. or Colloq.] 

Em (8m), n. (Print.) The portion of a line formerly 
occupied by the letter m (then a square type) used as a 
unit in measuring the amount of any printed matter. 

Em-. A prefix. See En-. 

E-ma'ci-ate (e-ma'shT-at), V. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. 
Emaciated (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Emaciating.] [L. 
emaciare, p. p. -atus ; e -4- maciare to make lean, akin 
to macer lean. See Meager.] To lose flesh gradually 
and grow very lean ; to waste away in flesh ; to make lean. 

E-ma'ci-ate (-at), a. Emaciated, [being emaciated. I 

E-ma'ci-a'tion (-a'shnn), n. An emaciating ; state of | 

Em'a-nant (8m'a-nant), a. Emanating ; passing forth 
into an act, or making itself apparent by an effect. 

Em'a-nate (-nat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emanated 
(-na'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Emanating.] [L. emanare, 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



KM A NATION 



288 



EMBOLUS 




To issue forth, as 
a an origin. 
i oceed : issue ; originate. 
Em a-na'tlon (to .i-na'shun), n. Act of emanating, 

^hich emanates. 

E man'ci-pate (t-maVal-pSt), r. /. [<»i/). a />. />■ 

!■ I Hi ill I Tin (-pi tod): ;>. ;>>'. & rft. a. Emancipating.] 

. p. p. -atus; c + HtancijMrc to transfer 

ip in, fr. manctps purchaser, as taking the thing 

, , ere to take.] To set free from 

. r of another : to liberate from any bondage or 

sen itude; to free from undue or evil controlling influence. 

E-man'ci-pate (-pat), a. Set at liberty. 

E man ci-pa'tion(-pa'shvin). ;;. Act of emancipating ; 

e of being emancipated. 

Syn. — Deliverance : liberation ; release ; freedom ; 

manumission : enfranchisement. 

E-man'ci-pa tor (-aT-pi ter), a. One who emancipates. 

E mar'gi nate (e-maVjT-nat), v. t. [From L. emar- 

See E- and Margin ate.] To take away the 

margin of. 

E mar'gi-nate (-nat), ) a. 1. Having 

E mar'gi na ted (-na'tSd), J the margin 

interrupted by a notch or shallow sinus. 2. 

(Bot.) Notched at the summit. 3. {Cryst.) 

Having the edges truncated. 

E mas'cu-late (e-maVku-lat), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Emasculated (-lalgd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Emasculating (-la'tlng).] [L. emasculare ; e -f mas- 
culus male, masculine.] 1. To castrate; to geld. 2. To 
deprive of masculine vigor or spirit ; to weaken. 

E-mas'CU-late (-lat), a. Deprived of virility or vigor. 
E-mas cu-lalion (-la'shun), n. Act of emasculating ; 
the state of being emasculate. 

E-mas 'cu-la tor, n. One who, or that which, emas- 
culates, [to emasculate. I 
E-mas 'CU-la-tO-ry (-la-to-ry), a. Serving or tending! 
Em-balm' (em-bam'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embalmed 
(-banid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Embalming.] [F. embaumer ; 
pref. em- (L. in) -f- baume balm. See Balm.] 1. To 
anoint with balm ; esp., to preserve from decay by anoint- 
ing or impregnating with balm, oils, spices, drugs, etc. 
2. Fig. : To preserve or perfume, as if with balm. 
Em-balm'er. n. One who embalms. 
Em-balm'ment (-ment), n. Act of embalming. 
Em-bank' (em-bank'), v. t. To confine, defend, or 
protect by a bank of earth or stone. 

Em bank'ment (-nient), n. Act of embanking, or the 
bank or structure used for embanking, anything. 

Em-bar' (Sin-bar'), v. t. To bar ; to block ; to hinder ; 
to inclose securely, as with bars. [baekation. I 

Em bar-ca'tion (Sm'bar-ka'shun), n. Same as Em-| 
Em-bar'go (gm-bar'go), ». ; pi. -goes (-goz). [Sp., fr. 
embargar to restrain; em- (L. in) -f- Sp. barra bar.] 
An edict or law prohibiting the departure of ships of 
commerce from some or all of the ports of a country. 

Em-bar'go, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embargoed (-god) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Embargoing.] To lay an embargo on 
and thus detain ; — said of ships, commerce, and goods. 

Em-bark' (em-bark'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Em- 
barked (-barkf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Embarking.] [F. em- 
barquer ; pref. em- (L. in) + barque bark. See Barque.] 
1. To go or cause to go on board a vessel or boat ; to 
put on shipboard. 2. To engage or invest in any affair. 
Em bar-ka'tion (gm'bar-ka'shun), n. 1. A putting 
or going on board a vessel. 2. That which is embarked. 
Em-bar'rass (gm-bar'ras), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Em- 
barrassed (-rast) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Embarrassing.] [F. 
embarrasser ; pref. em- (L. in) -f LL. barra bar. See 
Bab.] 1. To hinder from freedom of thought, speech, 
or action by impeding or confusing mental action. 2. To 
involve in difficulties; esp. {Com.), to incumber with 
debt, or with urgent claims or demands. 

To perplex ; confuse ; puzzle ; disconcert ; 

abash ; distress. —We are puzzled when our faculties are 

confused by what we do not understand. We are perplexed 

when our feelings, as well as judgment, are so affected 

know not how to decide or act. We are embar- 

ben there is some bar or hindrance upon us which 

Impede* our powers of thought, speech, or motion. 

Em-bar'rass-ment, n. State of being embarrassed. 

Em-bas'sa-dor (gm-baVsa-der), n. [F. ambassadeur, 

. LL. ambautaior, ambaseiator. See Em- 

BA * 8 ^-] Same as Ambassador. [dorial. I 

Em bas'sa-do'rl-al f-do'rT-«l), a. Same as Ambassa- | 

o ^^as-sage (to/boa-etj ; 48), n. 1. An embassy. 

*• Metwagfj ; errand. 

EmTjas-sy (-sy), n. [OF. ambassee, embascee, LL. 

''/, fr. ambatciare for ambacHare to go on a 



mission, fr. L. ambactits vassal, dependent.] 1. The 
public function of an ambassador. 2. The person or per- 
sons sent as ambassadors or envoys ; the ambassador and 
lus suite. 3. The residence or office of an ambassador. 

Em-bat'tle (Sm-baWl), v. t. [OF. embalaillier ; 
on- (L. /'/)) -f- F. bataille battle.] To arrange in order 
of battle ; also, to prepare or arm for battle. 

Em-bay' (-bS')i r - '• T° shut in, Or shelter, as in a bay. 

Em-bed' (em-bSd'), v. t. To lay as in a bed ; to bed. 

Em-bel'lish (Sm-bgl'lTsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Em- 
bellished (-ITsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Embellishing.] [F. 
embellir; em- (L. in) -f- bel, beau, beautiful. See Beau, 
and -ish.] To make beautiful or elegant by ornaments. 

Syn. — To adorn ; beautify; deck; bedeck; decorate; 
garnish ; enrich : ornament ; illustrate. See Adorn. 

Em-bel'lish-er (-er), n. One who embellishes. 

Embellishment, n. 1. Act of embellishing ; state 
of being embellished. 2. That which embellishes. 

Em'ber (em'ber), n. [AS. semyrie ; akin to Icel. 
eimyrja, Dan. emmer, MHG. eimere."] A lighted coal 
smoldering amid ashes ; — used chiefly in the plural. 

Em'ber, a. [AS. ymbren, ymbryne, prop., running 
around; ymbe around -f- ryne a running, fr. rinnan to 
run.] Making a circuit of the year or the seasons. 

Ember days (R. C. & Eng. Ch.), days set apart for 
fasting and prayer in each of the four seasons. The 
weeks in which these days fall are called ember weeks. 

Em'ber-goose' (-gobs'), n. [Cf. Norw. embergaas, 
havtmoer.] (Zool.) The loon or great northern diver. 

Em-bez'zle (em-bgz'z'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embez- 
zled (-z'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Embezzling (-zling).] 
[Norm. F. embeseiller to destroy; cf. OF. besillier to 
ravage.] To appropriate fraudulently to one's own use 
(property intrusted to one's care). 

Em-bez'zle-ment (-ment), n. Act of embezzling. 

IglF^ Larceny is a taking, by fraud or stealth, from 
another's possession; embezzlement is a fraudulent ap- 
propriation of property already in the wrongdoer's pos- 
session upon a trust. The distinction between larceny 
and embezzlement is generally abolished by statute. 

Em-bez'zler (-zler), n. One who embezzles. 

Em'bi-Ot'O-COid (em'bt-ot'6-koid), a. [NL. Embiotoca, 
the name of one genus -f- -oid.~\ {Zool.) Belonging to, 
or resembling, the Embiotocidse, a family of fishes re- 
markable for being viviparous. [imbitter. I 

Em-bit'ter (em-bit'ter), v. t. To make bitter; to| 

Em-blaze' (Sm-blaz'), v. t. To emblazon. [Archaic] 

Em-bla'zon (em-bla'z'n), v. t. 1. To depict or rep- 
resent ; — said of heraldic bearings. See Blazon. 2. To 
deck in glaring colors ; to set off conspicuously. 

Em-bla'zon-er (-er), n. One who emblazons. 

Em-bla'zon-ry (-ry), n. Act or art of an emblazoner ; 
heraldic or ornamental decoration. 

Em'blem (em'blem), n. [F. embleme, L. emblema, 
-atis, that which is put in or on, inlaid work, fr. Or. 
e/m/SArj/oia, fr. e/u./3aAAeti/ to throw, lay, put in ; ei> in -f- 
pdWetv to throw.] 1. Inlaid work. [Obs.] 2. A visible 
sign of an idea; an object, or the figure of an object, 
symbolizing and suggesting another object, or an idea. 

Syn. — Sign ; symbol ; type ; device ; signal ; token. 

Em blem-at'ic (em/blem-at'Tk), ) a. Pertaining to, 

Em blem-at'ic al (-T-kal), ) containing, or con- 

sisting in, an emblem ; representing as an emblem. — 
Em blem-at'lc-al-ly, adv. [emblems. I 

Em-blem'a-tist (Sm-ble'm'a-tTst), n. A maker of | 

Em-blem'a-tize (-tlz), v. t. To represent by, or as 
by, an emblem ; to symbolize. 

Em'ble-ment (em'ble-ment), n. [OF. embleer to sow 
with corn, fr. LL. imbladare ; pref. in- + LL. bladnm 
grain.] {Law) The growing crop, or profits of a crop 
which has been sown or planted ; — used esp. in the plural. 

Embodiment (gm-bod'I-ment), n. 1. An embody- 
ing ; state of being embodied. 2. That which embodies or 
is embodied; a completely organized system, like the body. 

Em-bod'y (-y), v. t. & i. To form into a body ; to in- 
vest with a body ; to incorporate. [disembogue. I 

Em-bogue 7 (gm-bog'), v. i. [See Disembogue.] To| 

Em-bold'en (gm-bold"n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Em- 
boldened (-'nd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Emboldening (-'n-Tng).] 
To give boldness or courage to ; to encourage. 

Embolic f-b51'ik), a. [See Embolism.] 1. Of or pert, 
to an embolism; produced by an embolism. 2. {Biol.) 
Pushing or growing in ; — said of a kind of invagination. 

Em'bo lism (gm'bo-liz'm), n. [L. embolismus, from 
Gr. ifxpaWew to throw in, insert. See Emblem.] 1. In- 
tercalation ; insertion of days, months, etc. , in an account 
of time, to produce regularity. 2. Intercalated time. 
3. (Med. ) Occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus. 

Em'bO-lus (-lus), n. ; pi. Emboli (-11). [L., fr. Gr. 



a. e, I, o, u, long ; a, £, I, 5, ft, y , 8 hort ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



EMBONPOINT 



289 



EMINENTLY 




Embossed 
shield ef 
toadstool. 



e/x/SoAo? pointed, fr. euPdXkeiv to put in. See Emblem.] 

1. Something inserted, as a wedge ; a piston. 2. {Med.) 
A plug of some substance lodged in a blood vessel. 

II Em'bon'point' (aN'bQN'pwSN'), n. [F., fr. en ban 
point in good condition.] Plumpness of person ; a con- 
dition of being somewhat corpulent. [with a border. I 

Em bor'der (gm-bor'der), v. t. To furnish or adorn | 

Em-bos'om (-booz'Sm), V. t. 1. To take into, or put 
in, the bosom ; to cherish. 2. To inclose or surround. 

Em-bOSS' (gm-b5s' ; 115), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Em- 
bossed (-b5sf; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Embossing.] 1. 
To raise the surface of in bosses or pro- 
tuberances ; to adorn with raised work. 

2. To raise in relief from a surface. 
Em-boss', P. t- [Cf. Pr. & Sp. embes- 

car, and E. imbosk.] 1. To hide or con- 
ceal in a thicket ; to imbosk. [065.] 2. 
To surround ; to ensheath. 

Em-bOSS'ment, n. 1. An embossing, 
or being embossed. 2. A bosslike promi- 
nence ; figure in relief. 

il Em bou chure' (aN'boc/shur'), n. [F., 
fr. emboucher to put to the mouth ; pref. em- (L. in) -f- 
bouche the mouth.] 1. The mouth of a river, or of a can- 
non. 2. (3fus.) The mouthpiece of a wind instrument. 

Em-bow'el (gm-bou'gl), v. t. 1. To disembowel. 2. 
To imbed ; to hide in the inward parts. 

Em-bow'er (-er), v. t. & ?'. To cover in a bower ; to 
shelter among trees. [Poetic! 

Em-brace' (-bras'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embraced 
(-brasf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Embracing (-bra'sTng).] [OF. 
embracier, F. embrasser ; pref. em- (L. in) -f- F. bras 
arm. See Brace, ».] 1. To clasp in the arms with af- 
fection ; to hug. 2. To cherish ; to love. 3. To take to 
one's self ; to hold ; to accept. 4. To encircle ; to in- 
close. 5. To include as parts of a whole ; to compre- 
hend. 6. (Law) To attempt to influence corruptly, as a 
jury or court. 

Syn.— To comprise; comprehend; involve; imply. 

Em-brace' (em-bras'), v. i. To join in an embrace. 

Em-brace', n. Intimate or close encircling with the 
arms ; pressure to the bosom ; clasp ; hug. 

Em-brace'ment, n. An embracing ; embrace. 

Em-brace'or (-5r), n. One guilty of embracery. 

Em-bra'cer (gm-bra'ser), n. One who embraces. 

Em-bra'cer-y (gm-bra'ser-y), n. (Law) An attempt 
to influence a court, jury, etc., corruptly. 

Em-bra'SUre (§m-bra'zhur ; 135), n. Embrace. [Obs.] 

Em-bra'sure, n. [F., fr. embraser; of unknown 
origin.] 1. (Arch.) A splay of a door or window. 2. 
(Fort.) An aperture with slant sides in a wall or para- 
pet, through which cannon are pointed and discharged. 

Em'bro-cate (em'bro-kat), v. t. [imp. &p. p.. Embro- 
cated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Embrocating.] [NL. 
embrocare, p. p. -atus ; of uncertain origin.] (Med.) To 
moisten and rub (a diseased part) with spirit, oil, etc., by 
means of a cloth or sponge. 

Em bro-ca'tion (-ka'slmn), n. (Med.) Act of embro- 
cating, or the liquid or lotion used in embrocating. 

Em-brogl'io(Sm-brol'yo), n. See Imbroglio, [work. I 

Em-brold'er (-broid'er), v. t. To adorn with needle- 1 

Em-broid'er-er (-er), n. One who embroiders. 

Em-broid'er-y (-y), n. Needlework used to enrich 
textile fabrics, leather, etc. ; also, art of embroidering. 

Em-broil' (gm-broil'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embroiled 
(-broild') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Embroiling.] [F. embrouiller ; 
pref. em- (L. in) + brouiller. See 1st Broil.] To in- 
volve in confusion, commotion, contention, or discord ; 
to intangle in difficulties by dissension or strife. 

Syn. —To perplex ; entangle ; distract ; disturb ; dis- 
order ; trouble ; implicate ; commingle. 

Em-broil'ment (-ment), n. Act of embroiling, or 
state of being embroiled. 

Em-brown' (gm-broun'), v. t. To give a brown color to. 

Em-brue' (gm-bru/), v. t. To imbrue. 

Em'bry-O (gm'brT-o), n. ; pi. Embryos (-oz). [F. em- 
bryon, Gt. enfipvov ; origin uncertain.] (Biol.) The first 
rudiments of an organism, whether animal or plant. 

In embryo, in an incipient or undeveloped state. 

Em'bry-Og'e-ny (-oj'e-ny), n. [Embryo + -geny.~\ 
(Biol.) The production and development of an embryo. 

Embry-Ol'O-gy (-ol'o-j^), n. [Embryo + -logy.] 
(Biol. ) The science which relates to the formation and de- 
velopment of the embryo in animals and plants, [bryo. | 

Em bry-on'ic (-5n'Tk), a. (Biol. ) Of or pert, to an em- 1 

Em'bry-o-plas'tic (-o-plas'tlk), a. [See Plastic] 
(Biol.) Relating to, or aiding, the formation of an embryo. 

E-meer' (e-mer'), n. See Emir. 



E-mend' (e-mgnd'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emended ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Emending.] [L. emendare ; e out -j- 
m/'/n/ii, metldwn, fault, blemish.] To purge of faults ; to 
make better ; to correct ; specif., to make corrections by 
textual criticism. 
Syn. — To amend ; improve ; reform ; rectify. 
Em en-da'tion (gin'Su-da'shun or e men-), n. Act of 
emending. [emends. I 

Em'en-da'tor (gm'gn-da'ter or e'mSn-), n. One who \ 
E-mend'a-tO-ry (e-mgnd'a-to-ry), a. Pertaining to 
emendation ; corrective. 

E mend'er (e-mgnd'er), n. One who emends. 
Em'er-ald (eWer-ald), n. [OF. emeravde^ umeralde. 
L. smaragdus, fr. Gr. <Tfj.dpa.y8tx;. ] 1. (Min.) A gem of 
a rich green color, a variety of beryl. 2. (Print.) A tyj* 
between minion and nonpareil, used by English printers. 
KSP^This line is printed in the type called emerald. 
Em'er-ald, a. Of a rich green color, like that of the 
emerald. 

Emerald Isle, a name given to Ireland on account of the 
brightness of its verdure. 

E-merge' (e-merj'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emerged 
(-merjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Emerging (-nier'jlng).] [L. 
emergere, emersum; e out + mergere to dip, plunge. 
See Merge.] To rise out of a fluid ; to come forth from 
concealment, obscurity, etc. ; to issue and appear. 
E-mer'gence (e-mer'jens), n. Act of emerging. 
E-mer'gen-cy (-jen-sy), n. 1. Sudden or unexpected 
appearance ; an unforeseen occurrence. 2. An unfore- 
seen occurrence calling for immediate action ; exigency. 
Syn. — Crisis; conjuncture; pinch; strait ; necessity. 
E-mer'gent (-jent), a. 1. Rising or emerging out of 
a fluid or anything that covers or conceals ; issuing. 2. 
Suddenly appearing ; arising unexpectedly ; urgent. — 
E-mer'gent-ly, adv. — E-mer'gent-ness, n. [R.] 

II E-mer'i-tUS (-mgr'T-tus), a. [L., having served out 
his time, p. p. of emerere to serve out one's term ; e out 
+ merere to serve.] Honorably discharged from the per- 
formance of public duty on account of age, infirmity, or 
long and faithful services ; — said of an officer of a col- 
lege or pastor of a chureh. 

II E-mer'i-tus, n. ; pi. Emeriti (-ti). [L.] A veteran 
who has honorably completed his service. 
Em'er-Ods (em'er-odz), ) n. pi. [OF. emmeroides. 
Em'er-OidS (em'er-oidz), ( See Hemorrhoids.] Hem- 
orrhoids ; piles ; tumors ; boils. 

E-mersed' (e-merst/), a. [See Emerge.] (Bot.) 
Standing out of, or rising above, water. 
E-mer'sion (e-mer'shun), n. f Act of emerging. 
Em'er-y (Sm'er-y), n. [F. emeri, earlier emeril, It. 
smeriglio, fr. Gr. o>upi?, o-ju.vpi?, o>u}pis.] (3fin.) Corun- 
dum in grains or powder, used for grinding and polishing. 
E-met'ic (e-mgt'Tk), a. [L. emeticus, Gr. e/u<FTi<c6?, fr. 
ifielv to vomit.] (Med.) Inducing to vomit, — n. A 
medicine which causes vomiting. 
E'meu, or E'mew(e'mu), w. (Zodl.) Emu. [mult. I 
II E'meute' (a/mef or a-mut'), n. [F.] Seditious tu-| 
Emi-ca'tion (em'T-ka'shun), n. [L. emicatio, fr. 
emicare to spring out or forth.] A flying off in small 
particles, as heated iron or fermenting liquors. 

E-mic'tion (e-mik'shun), n. [L. e out -f- mingere, 
miclum, to make water.] Urination ; also, urine. 

Emigrant (gm'T-grant), a. 1. That emigrates ; re- 
moving from one country to another; emigrating. 2. 
Pertaining to an emigrant ; used for emigrants. 
Em'i-grant, n. One who emigrates. 
Em'i-grate (-grat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emigrated 
(-gra'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Emigrating.] [L. emigrare, 
p. p. -atus. SeeE-, and Migrate.] To remove from one 
country or state to another, for the purpose of residence. 
Synl — Immigrate. — Em igrate refers to the country 
from which the migration is made; immigrate refers to 
the country into which the migration is made. 

Em/1-gra'tlon (-gra'shiin), 7i. 1. Act of emigrating. 
2. Emigrants collectively. 

Em'1-nence (gm'T-nens), n. 1. That which is emi- 
nent ; a height. 2. An elevated condition among men ; 
social or moral loftiness ; high rank ; distinction ; pre- 
ferment. 3. A title of honor ; — applied esp. to a cardi- 
nal in the Roman Catholic Church. [eminence. I 
Em'1-nen-cy (-nen-sjr), n. State of being eminent ; | 
Em'i-nent (-nent), a. [L. eminens, -en/is, p. pr. of 
eminere to stand out, be prominent ; e out + minere (in 
comp.) to project ; of uncertain origin.] 1. High ; lofty ; 
towering ; prominent. 2. Being, metaphorically, above 
others, whether by birth, high station, merit, talent, or 
virtue ; high in public estimation. — Em'1-nent-ly. adv. 
Right of eminent domain. (Law) See under Domain. 
Syn. — Elevated ; exalted ; conspicuous ; prominent ; 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

19 



M 



EMIK 



290 



EMPYREUMA 



^nmrV gulahed; illustrious; famous; cele- 

« ell-know u. See Distinguished. 

-m5r / ), Emeer' v e-mer'), n. [At. 

.lniuander.] An Arabian military eom- 

pendent ehieftain, or ruler of a province; 

alao, a title riven to certain descendants of Mohammed, 

aud among the Turin, to certain high officials. 

Emissary (8mas-at-#), n. [L. emissarius, fr. 

emitter?, emission, to send "out.] An agent employed to 

advance the interests of his employers among 

pposed or hostile ; a spy. [is emitted. I 

E mission i,e-inTsh'uii), n. An emitting; that which | 

E mis'sive (,e-nns'siv). (;. Sending out; emitting. 

Emit' ^e-mit'), V. /. [imp. & p. p. Emitted (-t5d) ; 

p. pr. & ib. n. Emitting.] [L. emittere to send out; 

• OOt — m Mere to send.] 1. To send forth; to throw 

or give out ; to cause to issue. 2. To issue forth, as a 

decree ; to print and send into circulation, as notes. 

Em-men 'a-g0gue (?m-ine'ii'a-g5g), n. [Gr. eii^ea, 

ii. ph. menses -f- aywyds leading.] (Med.) A medicine 

that promotes the menstrual discharge. [An ant. I 

Em'met (eui'mSt), n. [AS. asmete. See Ant.] (Zo'6l.)\ 

Em me-tro'pi-a (-me-tro'pi-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. e/u.- 

/uerpos in measure + £</>, o>7r6s, eye.] (Med.) A normally 

accurate refractive condition of the eye. 

Em ol-les'cence (Sni'ol-leVsens), n. [L. e out -f- mol- 

inoho. fr. mollere to be soft, mollis soft.] The 

first or lowest degree of fusibility or fusion. 

E-mol'li-ate (e-in51'lT-at ; 106), v. t. [See Emollient, 
a.] To soften ; to render effeminate. 

E-mol'lient (e-ni51'yent or -lT-ent ; 106), a. [L. emol- 
liens, -ends, p. pr. of emollire to soften ; e out -f- mollire 
to soften, mollis soft.] 1. Softening; making supple. 
2. (Med.) Acting as an emollient. 

E-mol'lient, n. (Med.) An external softening or 
soothing application for soreness, etc. [relaxation. I 

Em ol-li'tion (gni'51-lish'un), n. Act of softening ; | 
E-mol'u-ment (e-mol'u-ment), n. [L. emolumentum, 
lit., a working out, fr. emoliri to work out; e out -f- 
moliri to exert one's self, fr. moles a huge mass.] Profit 
arising from office, employment, or labor; gain; com- 
pensation ; advantage ; perquisites, fees, or salary. 

E-mo'tion (e-mo'shun), n. [L. emovere, emotum, to 
remove, shake, stir up ; e out -\- movere to move.] A 
moving of the mind or soul ; excitement of the feelings, 
whether pleasing or painful. 

Syn.— Feeling; agitation; tremor; trepidation; per- 
turbation ; passion ; excitement. — Feeling may be of the 
body or the mind, and is of less forceful meaning than 
. which refers to the mind alone, being the ex- 
cited action of some inward susceptibility or feeling. 
Afjitalion usually implies a vehement struggle between 
contending desires or emotions. See Passion. 

E-mo'tion al (-al), a. Pertaining to, or characterized 
by. emotion ; excitable ; sensational. [emotion, l 

E-mo'tive (-ttv), a. Attended by, or of the nature of, | 
E'mo-tiVi-ty (e'mo-tiv'T-ty), n. Emotiveness. 
Em-pale 7 (Sm-pal'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Empaled 
(-paid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Empaling.] [OF. empaler to 
palisade, pierce ; pref. em- (L. in) -f- OF. pal a pale, 
stake.] 1. To fence, fortify, or surround with stakes. 
2. To inclose ; to surround. 3. To put to death by 
thrusting a sharpened stake through the body. 
Em pale'ment (-ment), n. Act of empaling. 
Em-pasm' (Sm-paz'm'), n. [F. empasme, fr. Gr. ep> 
Tra<T<ret.v to sprinkle on.] A perfumed powder sprinkled 
upon the body to mask the odor of sweat. 
Em-per'il (Sm-peVil), v. t. To imperil. 
Em'per-or (Sm'per-er), n. [OF. empereor, empereour, 
L. imperator, fr. imperare to command ; in in -\- parare 
to prepare, order.] The sovereign or supreme monarch 
of an empire ; — a title of dignity superior to that of king. 
Em'per-y (-$), n. [L. imperium, influenced by OF. 
empire. See Empire.] Empire ; sovereignty. 
Em'pha-sis (Sm'fa-sTs), n. ; pi. Emphases (-sez). [L., 
fr. Gr. e/u^ourc? significance, force of expression, fr. e/x- 
4>a£v«.v to indicate ; ei> in -f- <j>aiveiv to show.] 1. (Rhet.) 
Stress of utterance, or force of voice, given to certain 
words to make their meaning specially impressive. 2. A 
peculiar impressiveness of expression or weight of thought. 
Em'pha-size (-slz), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Emphasized 
/■>■ pr. & vb. n. Emphasizing (-si'zTng).] To 
pronounce or express with emphasis. 
Em-phat'ic (em-i StTk), ) a. 1. Uttered with empha- 
Em-phat'ic-al '-T-kal), j 8 is ; deserving of stress or 
2. Striking the sense; attracting special atten- 
s»n -phat'lc-al-ly, adv.- Em-phat'ic-al-ness, n. 
- r oreible ; earnest ; impressive ; energetic ; 
porfthre ; important ; special ; significant. 



I! Em'phy-se'ma^Sm'ft-se'ma), ». [NL., fr. Gr. e/x- 
<pv'(TTj/Lia intlation ; ev in -f- <f>v<rav to blow.] (Med.) A 
swelling produced by gas diffused in the cellular tissue. 

Em'pire (Sni'pir), n. [F., fr. L. imperium. See 
Emperor.] 1. Supreme power ; sovereignty; sway; do- 
minion ; rule. 2. Dominion of an emperor, or rarely of 
a king, usually of greater extent of nationality, etc., than 
a kingdom. 3. Any dominion ; supreme control ; sway. 
Syn. — Control ; reign ; government ; realm ; state. 
Em-pir'ic (Sni-pir'ik), n. [L. empiricus an empiric, 
Gr. ejUTreipi/cos experienced ; Zv in -j- irelpa trial, experi- 
ment.] 1. One who relies upon practical experience. 
2. Ore who applies the results of mere experience or 
observation ; esp. in medicine, a quack ; a charlatan. 
Em-pir'ic (-plr'Tk), ) c. 1. Pert, to, or founded on, 
Em-pir'ic-al (-T-kal), ) experiment or experience. 
2. Depending upon experience or observation alone, 
without due regard to theory. — Em-pir'ic-al-ly, adv. 
Syn. — See Transcendental. 

Em-plr'i-cism (-T-sTz'm), n. The method or practice 
of an empiric ; knowledge based upon experience alone. 
Em-pir'i-cist (-sist), n. An empiric. 
Em-plas'tic (-plas'tik), a. [Deriv. of Gr. ennkaarpov 
plaster.] Fit to be applied as a plaster ; adhesive. 

Em-ploy' (gm-ploi'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Employed 
(-ploid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Employing.] [F. employer, fr. 
L. implicare to fold into, implicate, engage ; in + 
plicare to fold. See Ply.] 1. To inclose ; to infold. 
\_0bs.~\ 2. To use ; to have in service ; to use or engage 
in the accomplishment of a purpose. 
Syn. —To busy ; exercise ; occupy ; engross. See Use. 
Em-ploy', n. Employment. 

I! Em'ploy/e 7 (em'ploi'a' ; F. aN/plwa'ya'), n. [F., p. 
p. of employer.'] One employed by another. 

Em/ploy-ee' (em'ploi-e' or em-ploi'e), n. [The Eng. 
form of employe.] One employed by another. 

Em-ploy 'er (-ploi'er), n. One who employs another. 
Em-ploy'ment (-ment), n. 1. An employing ; state 
of being employed ; occupation. 2. That which occupies 
one's time and attention ; work ; vocation ; business. 
Syn. — Office ; service ; commission ; trade ; profession. 
Em-poi'son (em-poi'z'n), v. t. To poison. 
Em-po'ri-um (gm-po'rT-iim), n. ; pi. E. Emporiums 
(-umz), L. Emporia (-a). [L., fr. Gr. efinopiop, fr. etiTrd- 
pto? belonging to commerce, fr. e/u.7ropo? traveler, trader ; 
iv in -\- iropos way, path.] A place of trade ; a market 
place ; esp. , a city or town with extensive commerce. 

Em-pow'er (em-pou'er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Em- 
powered (-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Empowering.] 1. To 
give authority to ; to authorize. 2. To give moral or 
physical power, faculties, or abilities to. 

Em'press (em'pres), n. [OF. empereis, empereris, fr. 
L. imperatrix, t era. of imperator. See Emperor.] 1. The 
consort of an emperor. 2. A female sovereign. 

Em-prise' (Sm-priz'), n. [OF. emprise, fr. emprendre 
to undertake ; pref. em- (L. in) -j- F. prendre to take, L. 
prehendere. See Prehensile.] [Archaic] 1. An en- 
terprise ; adventure. 2. The qualities which prompt to 
undertake difficult and dangerous exploits. [empty. I 

Emp'ti-ness (emp'tT-nes), n. Quality or state of being | 
Emp'ty (emp'ty ; 215), a. [Compar. Emptier (-tT-er) ; 
superl. Emptiest.] [AS. emtig, semtig, semetig, fr. semta, 
semetta, quiet, leisure, rest ; of uncertain origin.] 1. Con- 
taining nothing ; void of contents or appropriate con- 
tents ; not filled. 2. Free ; clear ; devoid ; — often with 
of. 3. Destitute of effect, sincerity, knowledge, or 
sense. 4. Unable to satisfy ; unsatisfactory ; hollow ; 
vain. 5. Producing nothing; unfruitful. 6. Destitute 
of reality, or real existence ; unsubstantial. 
Syn. — See Vacant. 

Emp'ty, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Emptied (-tid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Emptying.] 1. To deprive of the contents ; to ex- 
haust. 2. To pour out ; to discharge from a receptacle. 
Emp'ty, v . i. 1. To discharge. 2. To become empty. 
Em-pur'ple (5m-pQr'p'l), v. t. To color with purple. 
II Em'py-e'ma (Sm'pi-e'ma), n. [NL.,fr. Gr.e/uTnnjtia, 
deriv. of ev in -j- irvov pus.] (Med.) A collection of 
blood, pus, or other fluid, in some cavity of the body. 

Em-pyr'e-al (§m-pir'e-al or gm'pT-re'al), a. [L. em- 
pyrius, empyreus, fiery, Gr. e/u.7rvpios, ep.7rvpos, fiery ; eu 
in -f 7i-0p fire.] Formed of pure fire or light ; refined be- 
yond aerial substance ; pert, to the highest heaven. 

Em'py-re'an (Sm'pT-re'an), n. The highest heaven, 
where pure fire was anciently supposed to subsist. 
Em'py-re'an, a. Empyreal. 

Em'py-reu'ma (Sm'pT-ru'ma), n. [NL., deriv. of Gr. 
e/uTTvpo? fiery.] The peculiar smell and taste of animal 
or vegetable substances burnt in close vessels. 



a, e, I. o, Q, long ; £, 6, 1, 5, a t y, short ; senate, $vent, tdea, Obey, tlnite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



EMU 



291 



-ENCHYMA 




Emu (Dromains Novee-Hol- 
landise), with young. 



E'mu (e'mu), n. [Cf. Pg. ema ostrich, F. 6mou, 
imeu, emu.] (Zool.) A 
large Australian bird, re- 
lated to the cassowary and 
the ostrich. 

Em'u-late (Sm'u-lat), a. 
[L. aemulatus, p. p. of 
aemulari, fr. aemulus emu- 
lous.] Emulous. [O65.] 

Em'u-late (-lat), v. t. 
[imp. & p. j3. ' Emulated 
(-la'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Emulating (-lading).] To 
strive to equal or to excel in 
qualities or actions ; to vie 
with ; to rival. 

Em u la'tion (-la'shun), 
n. 1. An emulating ; assid- 
uous striving to equal or 
excel another. 2. Jealous 
rivalry ; envious contention. 

Syn. — Competition ; ri- 
valry ; contest ; contention ; 
strife. — Competition is the 
struggle of two or more for 
the same object. Emulation is an ardent desire for supe- 
riority, but not implying, of necessity, any improper feel- 
ing. Rivalry is a personal contest, and, almost of course, 
has a selfish object and gives rise to envy. 

Em'u-la-tive (Sm'u-la-tTv), a. Inclined to emulation ; 
having the quality or motive of emulation. 

Em'u-la tor (-later), n. One who emulates. 

E-mul'gent (e-mul'jent), a. [L. emulgens, p. pr. of 
emulgere, emulsum, to milk out ; e out -{- mulgere to 
milk ; — so called because regarded by the ancients as 
straining out the serum, as if by milking, and so produ- 
cing the urine.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the kidneys; 
renal. — n. An emulgent vessel, as a renal artery. 

Em'u-lOUS (Sm'u-lus), a. [L. aemulus.'] 1. Am- 
bitiously desirous to equal or excel another ; eager to vie 
with another. 2. Vying ; rivaling ; hence, contentious ; 
envious. — Em'u lous-ly . adv. — Em'u-lous-ness, n. 

E-muTsi-fy (e-mul'sT-fi), v. t. [Emulsion + -fy.] To 
convert or form into an emulsion. 

E-mul'sion (-shun), n. [See Emulgent.] Any liquid 
preparation of a color and consistency resembling milk. 

E-mul'slve (-siv), a. 1. Yielding oil by expression. 
2. Softening ; milklike. 3. Producing a milky substance. 

E-munc'tO-ry (e-munk'to-ry), n. [L. emunctorium 
a pair of snuffers, deriv!~of e out -f- mungere to blow the 
nose.] (Physiol.) Any organ or part of the body serving 
to carry off excrementitious or waste matter. 

En- (Sn-). 1. [F. en-, L. in.] A prefix signifying in 
or into, used in many English words, chiefly those bor- 
rowed from the French. Some English words are written 
indifferently with en- or in-. It is commonly assimilated 
to em- before p, b, and to, as in employ, embody, emmew. 
It is sometimes used to give a causal force, as in enable, 
enfeeble, to cause to be, or to make, able, or feeble. See 
In-. 2. A prefix from Gr. ev in, meaning in; as, en- 
cephalon, entomology. See In-. 

-en. 1. A suffix from AS. -an, formerly used to form 
the plural of many nouns, as in ashen, eyen, oxen, all 
obs. except oxen. In some cases, such as children and 
brethren, it has been added to older plural forms. 2. A 
suffix corresponding to AS. -en and -on, formerly used to 
form the plural of verbs, as in housen, escapen. 3. A 
suffix signifying to make, to cause, used to form verbs 
from nouns and adjectives ; as in strengthen, quicken, 
frighten. This must not be confused with -en correspond- 
ing in Old English to the AS. infinitive ending -an. 4. 
[AS. -en; akin to Goth, -eins, L. -inus, Gr. -u/os.] An 
adjectival suffix, meaning made of; as in goldew, leaden, 
wooden. 5. [AS. -en; akin to Skr. -na.] The termina- 
tion of the past participle of many strong verbs ; as in 
broken, gotten, trodden. 

En (§n), n. (Print.) Half an em, that is, half of the 
unit of space in measuring printed matter. See Em. 

En-aT)le (Sn-a'b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enabled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Enabling (-bling).] To make 
able (to do, or to be, something) ; to render competent 
for ; to empower ; to endow. 

En-act' (en-akf), v. t. 1. To decree ; to make into a 
law. 2. To do. [Obs.] 3. To act the part of ; to play. 

En-act'ive (-tv), a. Having power to enact or estab- 
lish as a law. [which is enacted. I 

En-act'ment (-ment), n. Act of enacting, or that| 

Syn. — Law ; decree ; statute. 

En-act'or (-er), n. One who enacts a law. 



I E nal'la ge (e-nal'la-je), n. [L., fr. Gr. ivaXXa-fn 
exchange, deriv. of iv in -p a\\d<r<reiv to change.] 
(Ghram.) A substitution, as of one part of speech, or of 
one gender, case, etc., of the same word, for another. 

En am' el (8n-5in'61), n. [Pref. en- + amel.] 1. A 
variety of glass, used in ornament, to cover a surface, as 
of metal or pottery. 2. That which is enameled. 3. 
(Anat.) The intensely hard calcified part of teeth. 

En-am'el, v. t. & i. limp. S: p. p. Enameleu (-Sid) or 
Enamelled ; p. pr. Stvb. n. Enameling or Enamelling.] 

1. To cover, decorate, or variegate with, or as with, 
enamel. 2. To form a glossy surface like enamel upon. 

En-am'el-ar (-er), a. Consisting of, or like, enameL 
En-am'el-er (-er), ) n. One who enamels ; a workman 
En-am'el-ist, ) or artist who makes enamel work. 

En-am'or (-er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enamored (-erd); 
p. pr. & vb. 71. Enamoring.] [OF. enamourer. enamo- 
rer ; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. & F. amour love, L. amor.] 
To inflame with love ; to charm ; to captivate. [up.f 

En-cage' (Sn-kaj'), v. t. To confine in a cage ; to coop| 
En-camp' (-kSnip'), v. i. To form and occupy a camp. 
En-camp', v. t. To form into, or place in, a camp. 
En-camp'ment, n. 1. An encamping ; state of being 
encamped. 2. Place where a camp is pitched ; camp. 

II En-car'pus (en-kar'pus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. eyxapn-o? 
containing fruit ; ev in -j- <a.pn6<; fruit.] (Arch.) An orna- 
ment consisting of festoons of fruit, flowers, leaves, etc. 

En-case' (Sn-kas'), v. t. To inclose as in a case ; to 
incase. [that which encases. I 

En-case'ment (-ment), n. Act of encasing; also, | 

En-caus'tic (en-kas'tik), a. [L. aicausticus, Gr. 
ey/cavon/co?, fr. eyaaieLv to burn in ; ev in -\- kolUiv to 
burn.] (Fine Arts) Prepared by means of heat ; burned 
in ; — applied to certain kinds of painting in which the 
colors are fixed by heat. — n. Painting in any way 
where heat is used to fix the colors. 

-ence (-ens). [F. -ence, L. -entia.~\ A noun suffix 
signifying action, state, or quality ; also, that which re- 
lates to the action or state ; as in emergence, diffidence, 
diligence, influence, difference, excellence. See -ance. 

II En'ceinte' (aN'sXNt' or aN'sant'), n. [F., fr. encein- 
dre to surround, L. incingere ; in (intens.) + cingere to 
gird.] (Fort.) The line of works which forms the main 
inclosure of a fortress or place, or the inclosure itself. 

II En'ceinte', a. [F., fr. L. in not -f- cinctus, p. p. of 
cingere to gird about.] Pregnant ; with child. 

En'ce-phal'iC (eVse-fal'Tk), a. (Anat.) Pertaining 
to the encephalon or brain. 

En-ceph/a-li'tis (Sn-sef/a-li'tTs), n. [NL. ; Gr. eyice- 
(JxxAos brain + -itis.~\ (Med.) Inflammation of the brain. 

En-ceph'a-l0id (-loid), a. [Gr. eyiceQaXos -+- -Old.] 
Resembling the material of the brain ; cerebriform. 

En-ceph'a-lon (-Ion), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ey/ce'^oAoj the 
brain ; ev in -f- *ce<£aArj head.] (Anat.) The brain. 

En-ceph a-lop'a-thy (-lop'a-thy), n. [Gr. ey/ce<f>aAos 
brain -f -pathy.] (Med.) Any disease or symptoms of 
disease referable to disorders of the brain. 

En-ceph'a-lous (en-sef'a-lus), a. (Zool.) Having a 
head ; — said of most Mollusca. 

En-Chain' (Sn-chan'), v. t. To bind or hold fast with, 
or as if with, a chain ; to chain. [enchained. I 

En-chaln'ment, n. An enchaining; state of being | 

En-chant' (en-chanf), v. t. [F. enchanter, L. incan- 
tare to chant a magic formula over one, to bewitch ; in 
in, against -f- cantare to sing.] 1. To charm by sorcery ; 
to get control of by incantations or magic. 2. To de- 
light in a high degree. 

Syn. — To charm; bewitch; fascinate; enrapture. 

En-Chant'er (-er), ». One who enchants. 

En-chant 'ment (-ment), n. 1. An enchanting; use 
of magic arts, spells, or charms ; incantation. 2. State 
of being enchanted. 3. Enchanting influence or power. 

Syn. — Incantation ; necromancy ; magic ; sorcery ; 
witchcraft ; spell ; charm ; fascination : witchery. 

En-chant 'ress (-res), n. A sorceress ; also, a woman 
who fascinates. 

En-chase' (Sn-chas'), v. t. [F. enchfaser; pref. en- 
(L. in) + chasse frame. See 4th Chase.] 1. To inclose in 
a border or rim ; to surround with an ornamental casing. 

2. To chase ; to ornament by embossing or engraving. 
En-cho'rl-al (Sii-ko'rT-dl), ) a. [Gr. eyx^>P'<>? native ; 
En-Chor'ic (Su-kSr'Tk), ) ev in -f- \aipa country.] 

Of, or used in, a country ; domestic ; popular ; — said 
esp. of the written characters used by the common peo- 
ple of ancient Egypt, in distinction from hieroglyphics. 

-en'chy-ma (-Sn'kT-ma). A combining form (formed 
by analogy with jia.re7ichyma) used in naming kinds of 
plant tissue ; as in bothvenchyma. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, tnin. 



M 









ENCIRCLE 



292 



ENDO- 



> 



> 






Ba^ii t'\), r. t. To form a circle about ; 

riup ; hence, to embrace. 

irround : environ; inclose. 

jin^l: n klav'), »■ [F., fr. L. in + 

■ritory inclosed within another ter- 

politically independent. 

Enclitic (8n-klTrIk), ) o. [L. cncliticus, Gr. eyicAi- 

En-clit'iC-al (,-T-kaH. I tikos. fr. tv/cAiVeir to in- 

v\iVt-tr to bend.] (Gram.; Leaning back 

preceding word so as to become a part of it. and 

- own Independent accent, generally varying 

accent of the preceding word ; — said of a word 

— :. (Cram.) An enclitic word or particle. 

En-clit'ics (-Tka), n. {Oram.) The art of declining 

and conjugating words. [ter ; to cloister, j 

En-clois'ter\en-klois'ter), V. t. To shut up in a clois- 1 

En close' t,-kloz'). v. t. [F. enclos, p. p. of enclore to 

pref. en- 4- do re. See Close.] To inclose. 
En-clo'sure (.en-klo'zhur ; 135), A. Inclosure. 
HP" The words enclose and enclosure are written indis- 

fose or inclose and enclosure or inclosure. 
En-co'mi-ast (gn-ko'mT-ast). ?;. [Gr. e-y/cio/uiao-njs, ir. 
i%K<jjfi.ia.£ei.i' to praise, fr. ey^co/mov encomium. See En- 
comium.] One who praises ; a panegyrist. 
En co mi-as'tic (-Xs'tTk), la. Praising ; eulogistic ; 
En-co mi-as'tic-al (-tl-kal), j laudatory. 
En CO'mi-um (-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. eyKUi/jLiov a Bac- 
chic song of praise ; ev in 4- kw/uos a revel. See Comedy.] 
Warm or high praise ; panegyric ; strong commendation. 
Srn. — See Eulogy. 

En-com'pass (en-kum'pas), v. t. To circumscribe or 
surround closely ; to inclose ; to environ ; to compass. 

En-com'pass-ment (-ment), n. Act of surrounding, 
or state of being surrounded. 

Encore' (aN'kor'), adv. or interj. [F. The last part 
of the word is fr. L. hora hour. See Hour.] Once more ; 
again ; — a word of applause calling for a repetition. 

En core/, n. A call or demand (as by continued ap- 
plause) for a repetition or reappearance. 

Encore', v. t. {imp. & p. p. Encored (-kord') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Encoring.] To call for by an encore. 

En-COOn 'ter (Sn-koun'ter), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Encountered (-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Encountering.] 
[OF. enconlrer ; pref. en- (L. in) -\- conlre against, L. 
contra. See Counter, adv.] To come against face to 
face ; to meet ; to confront ; esp. , to meet in opposition 
or with hostile intent ; to engage in conflict. 

En-coun'ter. n. 1. A meeting face to face; a run- 
ning against. 2. Hostile meeting ; combat ; battle. 

Syn. — Conflict ; fight ; assault ; rencounter ; inter- 
view ; attack ; engagement ; onset. See Contest. 

En-cour'age (Sn-kur'aj ; 48), v. t. [imp. &p. p. En- 
couraged (-ajd ; 48) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Encouraging (-£- 
jlng).] [F. encourager ; pref. en- (L. in) -4- courage 
courage.] To inspire with courage, spirit, or hope ; to 
increase the confidence of ; to inspirit ; to cheer. 

Syn.— To embolden; animate; incite ; urge ; stimulate ; 
countenance ; promote ; advance ; forward ; strengthen. 
En-cour'age-ment (-ment), n. 1. An encouraging. 
2. That which encourages ; favor ; countenance ; reward. 
En'cri-nite (Sn'krT-nit), n. [Gr. kv in + Kpivov a lily.] 
(Pnleon.) A fossil crinoid ; also, in a general, any crinoid. 
Encroach' (Sn-kroch'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. En- 
croached (-krochf); p- pr. & vb. n. Encroaching.] 
[OF. encrochier to perch, prop., to hook, fasten to a 
hook ; pref. en- (L. in) -4- F. croc hook.] To enter by 
gradual steps or by stealth into the possessions or rights 
of another ; to trespass ; to intrude ; to trench. 
En-croach'er (-er), n. One who encroaches. 
En-croach'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of encroaching. 
2. That which is taken by encroaching. 
En-crust' (Sn-krusf), v. t. To incrust. 
En-crust 'ment (-ment), n. Incrustment; incrustation. 
En-cum'ber (en-kum'ber), v. t. [F. encombrer ; en- 
(L. in i — OF. combrer to hinder.] 1. To impede in mo- 
tion or action, as with a burden ; to weigh down ; to ob- 
struct. 2. To load with debts, or other legal claims. 

Syn. — To load; clog; oppress; overload; embarrass; 

perplex ; hinder ; retard ; obstruct ; check ; block. 

En-cum r brance (-brans), n. 1. That which encum- 

'nmbrance. 2. (Law) Same as Incumbrance. 

Burden ; clog ; impediment ; check ; hindrance. 

En-cunVbran-cer, n . (Law) Same as Incumbrancer. 

-en-cy f-en-sy). [L. -entia.] A noun suffix having 

much the name meaning as -ence, but oftener signifying 

'•/ or .stale ; as, emergency, efficiency. See -ancy. 

En-cyclic I'Sn-Bik'lfk), j a. [L. encyclios of a circle, 

En-cycli-cal MT-ktfl;, ( general, Gr. lynvicKuy; ; iv 

in + kvkK»! circle. See Cycle.] Sent to, or intended 



for, many persons or places ; general ; circular, —n. An 
encyclical letter, esp. one from a pope. 

En-cy'ClO-pe'dl-a ( (en-sl'klo-pe'di-a), n. [NL., fr. 

En-Cy'ClO-paB'dl-a ) Gr. ey/cv>cAo7ratSeia, for ey»cu»cAios 
TraiSei'a. instruction in the circle of arts and sciences. 
See Cyc lopedia ; Encyclical.] The circle of arts and sci- 
ences ; esp. , a work discussing separately, and usually al- 
phabetically, the branches of science or art ; cyclopedia. 

En-cy'ClO-pe-di'a-cal (-pe-di'a-kal), a. Encyclopedic. 

En-cy'clo-pe'di-an (-pe'di-an), a. Embracing the 
whole circle of learning, or a wide i*ange of subjects. 

En-cy'clo-ped'ic (-ped'Tk or -pe'dik), 1 a. Pert, to, or 

En-cy 7 clo-ped'lc-al (-T-kol), J of the nature 

of, an encyclopedia ; embracing a wide range of subjects. 

En-cy'clo-pe'dist (-dist), n. The compiler of an en- 
cyclopedia ; also, one having encyclopedic knowledge. 

En-cyst' (gn-sisf), v. t. To inclose in a cyst. 

En-cyst'ment (-ment), n. Act or process of encysting 
or becoming encysted. 

End (end), n. [OE. & AS. ende; akin to D. einde, 
G. ende, Icel. endir, endi, Goth, andeis, Skr. anta.~\ 1. 
Extreme or last point or part of any material thing taken 
lengthwise ; hence, extremity, in general ; concluding 
part ; termination ; close ; limit. 2. Point beyond which 
no progression can be made ; conclusion ; issue ; result ; 
consequence. 3. Termination of being ; death ; destruc- 
tion. 4. Object aimed at in any effort ; purpose ; aim. 
5. That which is left ; remnant ; fragment ; scrap. 

Ends of the earth, the remotest regions of the earth. — In 
the end, finally. — To the end that, in order that. — To make 
both ends meet, to live within one's income. 

End (end), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Ended ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ending.] 1. To bring or come to an end or conclu- 
sion ; to finish ; to close ; to terminate ; to cease. 2. To 
form, or be at, the end of. 3. To destroy ; to put to death. 

End'-alP (-alO, n. Complete termination. [R.] 

En-dam'age (en-dam'aj ; 48), v. t. To damage. [R.~\ 

En-dan'ger (Sn-dan'jer), v. t. To put to hazard ; to 
expose to loss or injury. 

En-dear' (gn-der'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endeared 
(-derd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Endearing.] To make dear or 
more dear. 

En-dear'ment, n. An endearing ; state of being en- 
deared ; also, that which manifests or excites affection. 

En-deav'or (en-dev'er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endeav- 
ored (-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Endeavoring.] [OE. en- 
deror ; pref. en- -\- dever, devoir, duty, F. devoir. See 
DEvont, Debt.] To exert physical or intellectual strength 
for the attainment of ; to use efforts to effect. 

En-deav'or, v. i. To exert one's self ; to work for a 
given end ; to strive ; to try ; — usually with an infinitive. 

Syn. — To attempt ; struggle ; essay ; aim ; seek. 

En-deav'or, n. Act of endeavoring ; effort ; trial. 

To do one's endeavor, to do one's duty ; to put forth 
strenuous efforts to attain an object ; — a phrase derived 
from the Middle English phrase " to do one's rfet'er." 

Syn. — Essay; trial; effort; exertion. See Attempt. 

En-deav'or-er (-er), n. One who endeavors. 

En-dec'a-gon (en-d5k'a-g5n), n. [See Hendecagon.] 
(Geom.) A plane figure of eleven sides and angles. 

En-dem'ic (gn-dem'ik), ) a. [Gr. evSij/oto?, iv&jfiios ; 

En-dem'ic-al (-T-kal), ) «/ + Srj/aos the people.] 
(Med.) Peculiar to a district or particular locality, or 
class of persons. — En-dem'ic-al-ly, adv. > 

IE1P" An endemic disease is one constantly present to a 
greater or less degree in any place ; an epidemic disease 
prevails widely at some one time, or periodically. 

En-dem'ic, n. (Med.) Ah endemic disease. 

End'er (Snd'er), n. One who, or that which, ends. 

En-der'miC (en-der'mik), a. [Gr. ev -4- Sepfia skin.] 
(Med.) Acting through, or by application to, the skin. 

End'ing (Snd'Tng), n. 1. Termination ; concluding 
part ; result; destruction ; death. 2. (Gram.) The final 
syllable or letter of a word ; the part joined to the stem. 

En'dive (en'div), n. [F. endive, deriv. of L. intibus, 
intybus, endive.] (Bot.) A composite herb, with finely 
divided leaves, which are blanched and used for salad. 

End'less (SndISs), a. 1. Without end ; having no 
end or conclusion ; perpetual ; interminable ; incessant ; 
— applied to length and to duration. 2. Infinite ; ex- 
cessive ; unlimited. 3. "Void of design ; objectless. — 
Endlessly, adv. — Endlessness, n. 

Syn. — Eternal ; everlasting; uninterrupted ; contin- 
ual ; unceasing ; boundless ; imperishable. 

Endlong' (-long' ; 115), adv. & prep. [Cf. Along.] 
Lengthwise; along. [Archaic'] 

En'dO- (en'do-), End- (Snd-). [Gr. evSov within, fr. ev 
in. See In.] A combining form signifying within ; as, 
endocarp, endogen, endocuneiform. 



'+•> «=i I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, ix, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



ENDOBLAST 



293 



ENFILADE 



En'do-blast (gn ' dS - blast), n. [Endo- + -blast.] 
(Biol.) Entoblast ; endoplast. 

HEn'do-car'di-umt-kar'di-um),™. [NL. See Endo-, 
and Cardiac. ] (Anat. ) The membrane lining the cavities 
of the heart. 

En'do-carp (gn'do-karp), n. [See Endo, and -carpods.] 
(Bot.) The inner layer of a ripened or fructified ovary. 
[See Illust. of Drupe.] 

En'do-derm (gn'do-derm), n. [Endo- + Gr. Se'p/ua 
skin.] (Biol.) (a) The inner layer of the skin or integu- 
ment of an animal, (b) The innermost layer of the blas- 
toderm and the structures derived from it. 

En-dog'a-mous (gn-d5g'a-nius), a. [Endo- -\- -ga- 
mous.] Marrying within the same tribe. 

En-dog'a-my (-m^), n. Marriage, or a custom of mar- 
rying, only within the tribe. 

En'do-gen (gn'do-jgn), n. [Endo- -f- -gen.'] (Bot.) 
A plant which increases in size by internal growth and 
elongation at the summit, having the wood in the form 
of bundles or threads, irregularly distributed throughout 
the whole diameter, not forming annual layers, and with 
no distinct pith ; as the palms, lilies, grasses, etc. 

En-dog'e-nous (gn-doj'e-niis), a. 1. (Bot.) Growing 
or increasing as an endogen. 2. (Biol.) Originating 
from within ; increasing by internal growth. 

En-dOg'e-ny (-ny), n. (Biol.) Growth, or multipli- 
cation of cells, by endogenous division. 

En'dO-lymph (gn'do-limf), n. [Endo- -j- lymph.] 
(Anat.) The watery fluid of the internal ear. 

En'dO-morph (gn'do-m6"rf), n. [Endo- -f- -morph.] 
(Min. ) A crystal of one species within one of another. 

En do-par'a-site (-p£r'a-sit), n. [Endo- -f- parasite.] 
(Zo'ol.) Any parasite which lives in the internal organs 
of an animal ; as the tapeworms, Trichina, etc. 

II En do-phlce'um (-fle'um), n. [NL. ; Gr. evSov + 
$Aoids bark.] (Bot.) The inner layer of the bark of trees. 

En-doph'yl-lous (gn-dof'il-lus or gn'do-fil'lus), a. 
[Endo- + Gr. <f>v\\ov leaf.] (Bot.) Wrapped up within 
a leaf or sheath. 

En'do-plasm (gn'do-plaVm), n. [Endo- -+- -plasm.] 
(Biol. ) The protoplasm in the interior of a cell. 

II En do-plas'ma (-plaz'ma), n. [NL.] (Biol.) Same 
as Entoplasm and Endosarc. [See Nucleus. I 

En'do-plast (-plast), n. [Endo- -f- -plast.] (Biol.)\ 

En-dorse' (gn-d6rs'), v. t. [Formerly endosse, fr. F. 
endosser to put on the back, to endorse ; pref. en- (L. in) 
-f- dos back, L. dorsum.] Same as Indorse. 

En'dor-see'Cgn'dSr-se'), n., En-dor se'ment (en-d&rs'- 
m^nt), n. Same as Indorsee, Indorsement. 

En-dor s'er (-er), n. Same as Indorser. 

En'do-sarc (gn'do-sark), n. [Endo- -(- Gr. o-apf, 
o-ap/cds, flesh.] (Biol.) The semifluid, granular interior 
of certain unicellular organisms ; endoplasma. 

En'do-scope (en'do-skop), n. [Endo- -j- -scope.] 
(Med.) An instrument for examining the interior of the 
rectum, the urethra, or the bladder. 

En/dos-mose' (gn'doz-mos' or en'dos-), ) n. [NL. en- 

En dos-mo'sis (-rno'sTs), J dosmosis, 

fr. Gr. evSov -f- wcr/u.6? impulsion, fr. <o6eiu to push.] 
(Physics) The transmission of a fluid or gas from without 
inward in the phenomena, or by the process, of osmose. 

En'do-sperm (gn'do-sperm), n. [Endo- -\- -sperm.] 
(Bot.) Seed albumen; specif., that which is within the 
embryo sac. 

En'do-spore (gn'do-spor), to. [Endo- -\- spore.] (Bot.) 
The thin inner coat of certain spores. 

En do-spor'ous (gn'do-spor'iis), a. (Bot.) Having 
the spores contained in a case ; — applied to fungi. 

En dos-to'sis (gn'dSs-to'sis), n. [NL. See Endo-; 
Ostosis.] (Physiol.) Bone formation in which ossifica- 
tion takes place within the substance of the cartilage. 

II En do-the'ca (-do-the'ka), n. [NL., from Gr. evSov 
within + frqicq a case, box.] (Zo'ol.) Tissue partially 
filling the interior of most madreporarian corals. 

II En do-the'ci-um (-shT-um or -sT-iim), n. [NL. See 
Endotheca.] (Bot.) The inner lining of an anther cell. 

En do-the'li-al (gn'd6-thg'lT-al), a. (Anat.) Of, or 
relating to, endothelium. 

II En'do-the'li-um (-urn), n. ; pi. -thelia (-a). [NL. ; 
Gr. evSov -f- 6y\\r) nipple.] (Anat.) The thin epithelium 
lining the blood vessels, lymphatics, and serous cavities. 

En-dow' (gn-dou'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endowed 
(-doud') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Endowing.] [OF. endouer ; 
pref. en- (L. in) + F. doner to endow, L. doiare. See 
Dower.] 1. To furnish with money or its equivalent, 
as a permanent fund for support ; especially, to furnish 
with dower. 2. To enrich or furnish with anything of 
the nature of a gift. 



En-dow'er (gn-dou'er), n. One who endows. 

En-dow'ment (-merit), n. 1. Act of endowing. 2. 
That with which any person, institution, etc., is en- 
dowed ; property ; fund ; income, etc. 3. A gift of na- 
ture ; natural capacity ; talents ; — usually in the plural. 

II En do-ZO'a (gn'do-zo'a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. evbov 
within -f- £u>oj/ an animal.] (Zo'ol.) Sec Kntoeoa. 

En-due' (gn-(lu'), v. t. [iui]>. & jj. j). Endued (-dud') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Enduing.] [L. induere, prob. confused 
with E. endow. See Indue.] To invest. 

En-dur'a-ble (gn-dui'a-b'l), a. Capable of being en- 
dured. — En-dur'a ble-ness, n. — En-dur'a-bly, adv. 

En-dur'ance (gu-dur'ans), n. Act, state, or quality 
of enduring. 

Syn. — Suffering ; patience ; fortitude ; resignation. 

Endure' (gn-dur'), v. i. [imp. X- p. p. Endured 
(-durd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Enduring (-dur'ing).] [F. en- 
durer ; pref. en- (L. in) + durtr to last. See Dure, v. i.] 

1. To continue in the same state without perishing ; to 
last ; to remain. 2. To remain firm, as under trial or 
suffering; to suffer patiently or without yielding; to 
bear up under adversity ; to hold out. 

En-dure', v. t. 1. To remain firm under ; to sustain ; 
to undergo ; to support without breaking or yielding. 

2. To bear with patience ; to suffer without opposition 
or yielding ; to put up with ; to tolerate. 

Syn. — To last; remain; continue; abide; brook. 

End'ways' (gnd'waz'), ) adv. 1. On end ; erectly. 

End'wise (gnd'wlz), j 2. With the end forward. 

En'e-ma (gn'e-ma or e-ne'ma), n. ; pi. L. Enemata 
(e-nem'a-ta). _ [L. enema, Gr. eVe/ua, fr. evtevtu to send 
in; ev in -f- ieuat to send.] (Med.) An injection, or 
clyster, thrown into the rectum as a medicine. 

En'e-my (en'e-my), n. [OF. enemi, fr. L. inimicus ; 
in- (negative) + amicus friend. See Amicable. ] One hos- 
tile to another ; one who hates, and desires or attempts 
the injury of, another ; a foe. 

The enemy (Mil.), the hostile force ;— construed either 
as a singular or plural, but more commonly as a singular. 

Syn. — Foe; antagonist; opponent. See Adversary. 

En'er-get'iC (gn'er-jet'ik), ) a. 1. Having energy or 

En er-get'ic-al (-T-kal), | energies ; able to exert 
force ; active. 2. Exhibiting energy ; operating with 
force, vigor, and effect. — En'er-get'ic-al-ly, adv. — 
En er-get'ic-al-ness, n. 

Syn. — Forcible; powerful; efficacious; potent; vig- 
orous ; effective ; strenuous. 

En-er'gic (en-er'jik), \ a. 1. In a state of action ; 

En-er'gic-al (-jT-kal), I acting; operating. 2. Hav- 
ing energy or great power ; energetic. 

En'er-gize (en'er-jiz), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. En- 
ergized (-jizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Energizing (-jPzTng).] 
To be or make energetic. 

En'er-gy (gn'er-jy), n. [F. energie, LL. energia, fr. 
Gr. ej/e'pyeia, fr. ivepyo? active ; iv in -f- epyov work.] 
1. Internal or inherent power ; capacity of acting, 
operating, or producing an effect, whether exerted or 
not. 2. Power efficiently and forcibly exerted ; vigor- 
ous or effectual operation ; efficiency. 3. Strength of 
expression ; power to impress the mind and arouse the 
feelings, by speech, language, etc. ; life ; spirit. 4. 
(Physics) Capacity for performing work. 

Syn. — Force; potency; vigor ;_strength ; resolution. 

E-ner'vate (e-ner'vat or en'er-vat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Enervated (-va-tgd or -va'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ener- 
vating.] [L. enervare, p. p. -atus, fr. enervis nerveless, 
weak ; e out -f- nervus nerve. See Nerve.] To deprive 
of nerve, force, strength, or courage. 

Syn. — To weaken ; enfeeble ; unnerve ; debilitate. 

E-ner'vate (-vat), a. Being without strength or force. 

En'er-va'tlon (gn'er-va'shun), n. Act of enervating, 
or state of being enervated. 

En-fee'ble (gn-fe'b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfee- 
bled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Enfeebling (-blTng).] [OF. 
enfeblir ; pref. en- (L. in)-\-feble. See Feeble.] To 
make feeble ; to reduce the strength or force of. 

Syn. —To weaken ; debilitate ; enervate. 

En-fee'ble-ment (-ment), n. Act of enfeebling ; state 
of being enfeebled. 

En-feoff' (gn-fef), v. t. 1. (Laic) To give a feud, or 
right in land, to ; to invest with a fief or fee. 2. To give 
in vassalage ; to make subservient. [06s.] 

En-feoff'ment (-ment), n. (Law) (a) An enfeoffing. 
(b) Instrument or deed by which one is enfeoffed. 

En fi-lade' (gn'fi-lad'), n. [F., fr. en filer to thread, 
go through a street or square, rake witli shot ; pref. en- 
(L. in) +fil thread. See FrLE a row.] 1. A line. [P.] 
2. (Mil.) A firing lengthwise of parapet or troops, etc. 

En fl-lade', v. t. [imp. &p. p. Enfiladed ; p. pr. & 



G 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 









ENFOLD 



294 



ENHANCEMENT 



> 



> 



■ 

EnfolC 



Do pierce, scour, or rake 
:. of the length of. 
oldM. v. /. To infold. 

/order to strengthen, 

. . ) -j- P. ,/brw force. See Force.] 

at force upon ; to constrain ; to compel. 2. To 

make or gain by force. 3. To impel by force ; to urge ; 

4. To give force to; to invigorate. 5. To put 

; to give effect to. 

En force'a-ble (-4-0*1), a. Capable of being enforced. 

En-force'ment i^eu-fors'inent), n. 1. Act of enfor- 

2. Thai which enforces. 
En-forcer (.en-for'serl, 7i. One who enforces. 
En-for'ci-ble (,-sT-b'll. a. That may be enforced. 
En fran'chise ^eu-fraii'ehTz or -chiz), v. /. 1. To set 
liberate. 2. To endow with a franchise; to 
admit to the privileges of a freeman or a citizen. 

En fran'chise-ment (-clriz-uieut), n. Act of enfran- 
chizing : state of being enfranchised. 
En fran'chis-er (-er), n. One who enfranchises. 
En-gage' t,en-gaf). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engaged 
(-gajd'); p. pr. A: vb. n. Engaging (-ga'jing).] [F. en- 
gager; pref. en- (L. in) -j- gage pledge, pawn. See 
Gage.] 1. To put under pledge ; to obligate to do 
something. 2. To gain for service ; to enlist. 3. To 
gain over : to attract and hold. 4. To employ the atten- 
tion and efforts of. 5. To enter into contest with; to 
encounter. 6. (Mach.) To come into gear with. 

En-gage'. V. i. 1. To promise or pledge one's self ; 
to become bound ; to warrant. 2. To employ or involve 
one's self; to enlist. 3. To enter into conflict; to join 
battle. 4. (Mach.) To be in gear. 

En-gaged' (en-gajd'), a. 1. Occupied ; busy. 2. 
Pledged ; promised, esp. in marriage. 3. Greatly inter- 
ested ; earnest. 4. Involved, esp. in a hostile encounter. 
Engaged column. See Attached column, under Attach. 
En-gage'ment (en-gaj'nient), n. 1. Act of engaging, 
or state of being engaged. 2. That which engages. 
3. {MB.) An action; a fight; a battle. 

Syn. — Vocation ; business ; employment : occupation ; 
promise ; betrothal ; word ; combat. See Battle. 

En-gen'der (e"n-jen'der), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engen- 
dered (-derd); p. pr. & vb. n. Engendering.] [F. en- 
gendrer, L. ingenerare ; in -j- generare to beget. See 
Generate.] 1. To produce by the union of the sexes ; 
to beget. [J?.] 2. To cause to exist ; to produce. 

Syn. — To breed ; generate : procreate ; propagate ; 
occasion ; call forth ; cause ; excite ; develop. 

En-gen'der, V. i. 1. To be caused or produced. 
2. To meet, as in sexual embrace. 

En'gine (Sn'jTn), n. [F. engin skill, machine, en- 
gine, L. ingenium natural capacity, invention; in in -j- 
the root of gignere to produce. See Genius.] 1. Any- 
thing used to effect a purpose ; any device or contriv- 
ance ; agent. 2. Any instrument by which an effect is 
produced ; esp., an instrument or machine of war or tor- 
ture. 3. {Mach.) A compound machine by which phys- 
ical power is applied to produce a given physical effect. 

OF" The term engine is more commonly applied to 
maaove machines, or to those giving power, or which 
produce some difficult result. 
En'gine, v. t. To equip with an engine. 
En'gl-neer' (en'jT-ner'), n. [OE. enginer.'] 1. A 
person skilled in the principles and practice of any 
branch of engineering. 2. One who manages an engine ; 
an engine driver. 3. An efficient manager. [Colloq.~\ 

En'gl-neer', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engineered (-nerd'); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Engineering.] 1. To lay out or con- 
struct. 2. To conduct or manage. [Colloq.] 

En gl-neer'lng, n. The art and science of using me- 
chanical properties of matter in structures and machines. 
In a comprehensive sense, engineering includes 
'ire as a mechanical art, in distinction from ar- 
re as a fine art. It was formerly divided into 
ng, or the art of designing and con- 
structing offensive and defensive works, and civil enai- 
, in a broad sense, as relating to other kinds of 
orks, machinery, etc. Civil engineering, now. is 
strictly the art of planning, laying out, and constructing 
fixed public works. Mer-rionical engineering relates to 
y, such as steam engines, machine tools, etc. 
En'glne-ry (en'jih-rjr), n. 1. Act or art of managing 
or artillery. 2. Engines, in general ; instruments 
of war. 3. Any device or contrivance ; machinery ; 
r<i or arrangement. 
En-giid' ftb-gSrdO, '-'• '« To gird ; to encompass. 
En'gle (eVgl), n. [OE. enghle to coax or cajole.] 
A favorite ; a paramour ; an ingle. [06*.] 
English (Tii'gltsh), a. [AS. Englisc, fr. Engle, An- 
PM, Angles, a tribe of Germans from Sleswick, 



in Denmark, who settled in what is now called England.] 
Of or pertaining to England, or to its inhabitants, or to 
the present so-called Anglo-Saxon race. 

English (Tn'gllsh), n. 1. Collectively, the people of 
England ; English people. 2. The language of England 
or the English nation, and of their descendants. 

C3T" The English language has been variously divided 
into periods by different writers. In the division most 
commonly recognized, the first period dates from about 
450 to 1150. This is the period of full inflection, and is 
called Anglo- Saxon, or, by many recent writers, Old Eng- 
lish. The second period dates from about 1150 to 1550 
(or, if four periods be recognized, from about 1150 to 1350), 
and is called Early English, Middle English, or more 
commonly (as in the usage of this book), Old English. 
During this period most of the inflections were dropped, 
and there was a great addition of French words to the 
language. The third period extends from about 1350 to 
1550, and is called Middle English. During this period or- 
thography became comparatively fixed. The last period, 
from about 1550, is called Modern English. 

3. A type of a size between Pica and Great Primer. 

The type called English. 

4. (Billiards) A spinning motion given to a ball that 
influences the direction it will take after a carom. 

English, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Englished (-glisht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Englishing.] 1. To translate into the 
English language ; to Anglicize ; hence, to explain. 2. 
(Billiards) To strike so as to give an English to. 

English-ism (-Tz'm), n. A characteristic, custom, or 
idiom, peculiar to the English or the people of England. 

English-ry (-ry), n. A body of English or people of 
English descent ; — commonly applied to English people 
in Ireland. [2. To swallow greedily. I 

En-gorge 7 (en-g6rj'), v. t. & i. 1. To gorge ; to glut. | 

En-gorge'ment (en-gorj'ment), n. 1. Act of swal- 
lowing greedily ; glutting. 2. (Med.) Congestion. 

En-gOUled' (en-goold'), n. [Deriv. of F. engouler to 
swallow.] (Her.) Partly swallowed. 

En-graft' (en-graff), v. t. To ingraft. 

En-grail' (en-gral'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrailed 
(-grald'); p. pr. & vb. n. Engrailing.] [F. engreler ; 
pref. en- (L. in) + grele hail. See Grail gravel.] 1. To 
variegate or spot, as with hail. 2. (Her.) To indent 
with small curves. 

En-grail'ment (-ment), n. 1. The ring 
of dots round the edge of a medal, etc. 
2. (Her.) Indentation in curves. FTurmiip* 

En-grain' (en-gran'), v. t. 1. To dye x ' n 6 raueQ - 
in grain, or of a fast color ; also, to incorporate with the 
grain or texture of anything. See Ingrain. 2. To color 
in imitation of the grain of wood. See Grain, v. t., 1. 

En-grave 7 (en-grav'), v. i. 1. To cut in ; to make by 
incision. [Obs.~\ 2. To carve figures, letters, or devices 
upon. 3. To form or represent by means of incisions 
upon wood, stone, metal, etc. Also used figuratively. 

En-graved' (en-gravd'), «. 1. Made by engraving. 
2. (Zo'dl.) Covered with irregular, impressed lines. 

En-grav'er (-er), n. One who engraves. 

En-grav'ing, n. 1. Act or art of producing upon 
hard material incised or raised patterns, characters, 
lines, etc., esp. in the surface of metal or wood. 2. That 
which is engraved; an engraved plate. 3. An impres- 
sion from an engraved plate, block, etc. ; a print. 

En-gross' (en-gros'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrossed 
(-grosf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Engrossing.] [F., fr. pref. en- 
(L. in) -f gros gross, grosse, n. , an engrossed document. 
See Gross.] 1. To make gross, thick, or large. [Obs.~\ 
2. To copy or write in a large hand (en gross, i. e., in 
large) ; to copy in distinct and legible characters. 2. To 
seize in the gross; to occupy wholly ; to absorb. 3. To 
purchase all or much of, in order to raise the price and 
make a profit, — an unlawful act at common law. 
Hence, to take or assume in undue quantity or degree. 

Syn. — To absorb ; swallow up ; imbibe ; consume ; ex- 
haust ; occupy ; forestall ; monopolize. See Absorb. 

En-gross'er (-er), n. One who engrosses. 

En-gross'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of engrossing. 
2. That which has been engrossed. [in a gulf. I 

En-gulf (en-gulf), v. t. To absorb, or swallow up, as | 

Enhance' (en-hans'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enhanced 
C-hanst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Enhancing (-han'sing).] 
[Norm. F. enhauncer, enhancer, OF. enhalcier, enhau- 
cier ; en- (L. in) + haucier to raise, deriv. of L. altus 
high.] To raise to a higher point or degree ; to advance ; 
to augment ; to increase ; to heighten ; to aggravate. 

Enhance', v. i. To grow larger. 

En-hance'ment (-ment), ». Act of increasing, or 
state of being increased ; augmentation ; aggravation. 



a. e, I, o, u, long ; 4, g, 1, 5, a t y, short ; senate, event, idea, 6bey, Unite, c&re, arm, aak, all, final. 



ENHARMONIC 



295 



ENSIGN 



En har mon'ic (en'har-mon'Tc), ) a. [Gr. ivapp.o- 

En har-mon'ic-al (-T-k«l), j hkos, ivapnovios, 

fitting, accordant; ev in + apfiovCa harmony.] (Mus.) 
(a) Pertaining to or designating a change of notes to the 
eye, but not to the ear, as in the substitution of Ajj for 
GJJ, the same key being used. (6) Pertaining to a scale 
of perfect intonation which recognizes all notes and inter- 
vals that result from the exact tuning of diatonic scales 
and their transposition into other keys. [bolden. I 

En-heart'en (en-hart"n), v. t. To encourage ; to em-| 

E-nig'ma (e-mg'ma), n. [L. aenigma, Gr. alviyfia, 
fr. aivCcTtrecrdan. to speak darkly, fr. alvos tale, fable.] 
1. A dark, obscure, or inexplicable saying ; riddle. 2. 
Anything incapable of satisfactory explanation ; puzzle. 

E nig-mat'ic (e'nTg-mXt'Tk or eVTg-), ) a. Relating 

E nig-mat'ic-al (-m5t'I-kal), j to or resem- 

bling an enigma ; obscure ; puzzling. — E nig-mat'ic-al- 
ly, adv. [talks in, enigmas. I 

E nig'ma-tist (e-mg'ma-tist), n. One who makes, or | 

E-nJg'ma-tize (-tiz), v. i. To make, or talk in, enig- 
mas ; to deal in riddles. 

Ell-join' (Sn-join'), v. t. [F. enjoindre, L. injungere 
to join into, charge, enjoin ; in -f- jungere to join. See 
Join.] 1. To give an injunction to ; to direct with au- 
thority ; to order ; to charge. 2. (Law) To prohibit or 
restrain by a judicial order or decree. 

En-Joy' (en-joi'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enjoyed (-joid') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Enjoying.] [OF. enjoier to receive with 
joy ; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. & F. joie joy.] 1. To take 
pleasure or satisfaction in the possession or experience 
of ; to feel delight in. 2. To occupy or have the benefit 
of. 3. To have sexual intercourse with, [of giving joy. I 

En-joy'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being enjoyed, or| 

En-joy'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act or state of enjoying 
anything ; possession and use. 2. That which gives 
pleasure or keen satisfaction. 

Syn. — Pleasure; satisfaction; gratification; fruition; 
happiness; felicity; delight. 

En-kin'dle (en-kin'd'l), v. t. To set on fire ; to kindle. 

En-lard' (en-lard'), v. t. To dress with lard or grease. 

En-large' (en-larj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlarged 
(-larjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Enlarging (-lar'jing).] [OF. 
enlargier; pref. en- (L. in) -\- F. large wide. See Large.] 

1. To make larger ; to increase in quantity or dimensions, 
real or apparent ; to extend in limits ; to magnify. 2. 
To increase the capacity of ; to dilate, as with joy, affec- 
tionate. 3. To set free. [Archaic - ]. » 

Syn. — To spread ; amplify ; augment. See Increase. 

En-large', v. i. 1. To grow large or larger; to ex- 
pand. 2. To speak or write at length; to expatiate. 
3. (Xaut.) To get more astern or parallel with the ves- 
sel's course ; — said of the wind. [being enlarged. I 

En-large'ment (-ment), n. An enlarging; state of | 

En-light'en (-lit"n), v. t. 1. To light ; to illuminate. 

2. To make clear to the intellect or conscience; to instruct. 
En-light'en-ment (-'n-rnent), n. Act of enlightening, 

or state of being enlightened or instructed. 

En-link' (Sn-lTnk'), v. t. To chain or link together. 

En-liSt' (en-llsf), v. t. & i. 1. To enter on a list ; to 
enroll ; to register. 2. To engage for military or naval 
service, the name being entered on a list or register. 

3. To secure or engage to lend support and aid. 
En-list'ment, n. 1. An enlisting ; state of being en- 
listed. 2. The writing by which one enlisted is bound. 

En-liV'en (Sn-liv"n), v. t. 1. To give life, action, or 
motion to ; to liven. 2. To give spirit or vivacity to. 

Syn. — To rouse ; inspire ; cheer ; inspirit ; invigorate. 

En-liv'en-er, n. One who, or that which, enlivens. 

En-mesh' (en-mesh'), v. t. To catch or entangle in, 
or as in, meshes. 

En'mi-ty (en'mi-ty), n. [OE. enemyte, fr. enemy.] 
1. Quality of being an enemy ; hostile or unfriendly dis- 
position. 2. State of opposition ; hostility. 

Syn. — Rancor ; hatred ; animosity ; ill will ; malice ; 
malevolence. See Rancor. 

En'ne-ad (en'ne-ad), n. [Gr. evveas, -aSos, fr. ewea 
nine.] The number nine or a group of nine. 

En'ne-a-gon (-a-gon), n. [Gr. ewea nine + yotvia 
corner, angle.] (Geom.) A polygon or plane figure with 
nine sides and nine angles ; a nonagon. 

En ne-a-he'dron (-he'drSn), n. [NL. ; Gr. ewea -f- 
eSpa side.] (Geom.) A figure with nine sides'; nonagon. 

En-no'ble (en-no'b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ennobled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ennobling (-bling).] To make 
noble ; to elevate in rank, degree, qualities, or excellence. 

Syn. — To raise ; dignify ; exalt ; elevate ; aggrandize. 

En-no1)le-ment, n. 1. Act of making noble. 2. 
That which ennobles ; excellence ; dignity. 



lEn nui' (aN'nwe"'), n. [F., fr. L. in odio in hatred. 
See Annoy.] A feeling of weariness and disgust ; lan- 
guor of spirits, arising from satiety or indifference. 

E-nor'mi-ty (e-nGr'niT-ty), n. 1. state or quality of 
being enormous. 2. That which is enormous; esp., an 
atrocious crime ; villainy ; atrocity. 

E-nor'mous (-inQs), a. [L. / not mis enormous, out of 
rule ; e out -j- norma rule. See Normal.] 1. Exceeding 
the usual rule, norm, or measure ; being out of due pro- 
portion ; inordinate ; abnormal. 2. Exceedingly wicked ; 
atrocious ; monstrous. — E-nor'mous-ly, adv. — E-nor'- 
mous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Huge ; vast ; immoderate ; immense ; excess- 
ive; prodigious. — We speak of anything as enormous 
which passes the ordinary law of existence or far exceeds 
the proper or usual average or standard in magnitude, 
degree, etc. Immense expresses somewhat indefinitely 
an immeasurable quantity or extent. Excessive always 
implies an undue or censurable amount or degree. 

Enough' (e-nuf), a. [AS. genoh, genog, a. & a.lv. 
fr. geneah it suffices ; ge- + root akin to L. nancisci to 
get, Skr. nac, Gr. eveyicelv to carry.] Satisfying desire ; 
giving content ; adequate to the want ; sufficient. 

Enough', adv. In a degree or quantity that satisfies; 
to satisfaction ; sufficiently. 

E-nough', n. Sufficiency ; satisfying quantity. 

E-nough', injerj. Exclamatory abbrev. of it is enough. 

Enounce' (e-nouns'), v. 1. 1 [F. enoncer, L. enuntian ; 
e out -+- nuntiare to announce, fr. nuntius messenger.] 
1. To announce ; to declare ; to state. 2. To utter. 

E-now' (-nou'). A form of Enough. [Archaic] 

En-quire' (en-kwir'), v. i. & t. To inquire. 

En-rage' (en-raj'), v. t. [F. enrager to be enraged ; 
pref. en- (L. in) + rage rage.] To fill with rage ; to 
make furious ; to exasperate ; to infuriate ; to madden. 

Syn. — To irritate ; incense ; inflame ; provoke ; anger. 

En-rank' (en-rank'), v. t. To place in ranks or in 
order. [R.] [ported ; enraptured. I 

En-rapt' (en-rapf), p. a. Thrown into ecstasy ; trans- 1 

En-rap'ture (en-rap'tur ; 135), v. t. To transport with 
pleasure ; to enravish. 

En-rav'ish (en-raVish), v. t. To transport with de- 
light ; to enrapture ; to fascinate. 

En-raVish-ment (-ment), n. State of being enrav- 
ished or enraptured ; ecstasy ; rapture. 

En-rich' (en-rich'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enriched 
(-rlchf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Enriching.] [F. enrichir ; 
pref. en- (L. in) + riche rich. See Rich.] 1. To make 
rich with any kind of wealth. 2. To supply with orna- 
ment ; to adorn ; to embellish. 3. To make fertile with 
manure ; to fertilize. 4. To supply with knowledge ; to 
instruct. [which enriches. | 

En-rich'ment (-ment), n. Act of enriching, or that j 

En-robe' (en-rob'), v. t. To robe ; to attire. 

En-roll' (en-rol'), v. t. To insert in a roll ; to register 
or enter in a list or catalogue, or on rolls of court ; hence, 
to record ; to insert in records ; also, reflexively, to enlist. 

En-roll'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of enrolling ; regis- 
tration. 2. A register ; a record. [plant deep. I 

En-root' (en-roof), v. t. To root ; to fix fast ; to im-| 

II En' route' (3H' root'). [F.] On the way or road. 

II Ens (enz), n. [L., ens, entis, a thing. See Entity.] 
(Metaph.) Entity; also, God, as the Being of Beings. 

En-sam'ple (en-sam'p'l), n. [OF. See Example.] A 
pattern or model for imitation ; an example. [Obs.] 

En-san'guine (en-san'gwin), v. t. To make bloody. 

En'sate (en'sat), a. [L. ensis sword.] (Bot. & Zool.) 
Having sword-shaped leaves, or appendages ; ensiform. 

En-sconce' (en-skons'), v. t. To cover or shelter, as 
with a sconce ; to conceal. 

En-seal' (en-sel'), v. t. To seal ; hence, to ratify, [i?.] 

En-seam' (en-sem'), v. t. To sew up ; hence, to in- 
clude, [defile. [Obs.]\ 

En-seam', v. t. To cover with seam, or grease ; to | 

llEn / semT)le (aN'saN'bl'), n. [F.] The whole; all 
the parts taken together, —adv. All at once ; together. 

En-shrine' (en-shrin'), v. t. To inclbse in a shrine or 
chest ; hence, to preserve or cherish sacredly. 

En-shroud' (en-shroud'), r. t. To cover with, or as 
with, a shroud ; to shroud. 

En-sil'er-OUS (en-sTf'er-iis), a. [L. ensifer ; ensis 
sword +/er re to bear.] Bearing a sword. 

En 'si-form (Sn'sT-f6rm\ <7. [L. ensis sword + -form.] 
Having the form of a sword blade ; sword-shaped ; ensate. 

En'sign (en'sin), n. [F. enseigne, L. insignia, pi. of 
insigne mark, badge, flag ; in + signum sign. See Sign.] 
1. A flag ; a banner ; a standard ; esp., one indicating na- 
tionality, carried by a ship or a body of soldiers. 2. A 
signal displayed to give notice. 3. Symbol of office, rank, 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 






i 



i:nsk,ncy 



296 



ENTIRELY 



> 



> 



or power. 4. (..'"i Formerly, a commissioned army officer 

company or regiment. (b) 

v '' ,,,;,•.....-., uovl ofhVer of the U>>\ «>i grade in the navy. 

En'sit . Rank or office of an ensign. 

En 'sign -ship. fne state or rank of an ensign. 

En'si lage (en'sl-ttj ; F. lis at lazh'), »• [F. ; pref. 

», Bee Silo.] 1. Process of preserving 

\ compressing it while green and fresh in a silo. 

[odder preserved in a silo. [make a slave of. i 

En-slave' (en-alaV), v. t. To reduce to slavery ; to | 

En-slave'nient (-meat), n. An enslaving; bondage. 

En-slav'er (en-aliVer), n. One who enslave.:. 

En-snare' (en-anaV), v. t. To insnare. 

En-sphere' (en-afeV), v. t. 1. To place in a sphere ; 
to envelop, 2. To form into a sphere. 

En-State' (.en-stat'), v. t. To instate. 

Ensue' fita-en'), p. /. [imp. & p. p. Ensued (-sud') ; 
v ■!:. n. Ensuing.] [OF. ensevre. OF. & F. en- 
r. L. in.sruui ; in -(- segui to pursue. See Sue.] 
To pursue ; to follow and overtake. [06s.] 

En-sue', i . i. To follow or come afterward ; to follow 
as a consequence or in chronological succession ; to result. 

En sure' (-shur / ), r. t. To make sure ; to insure. 

Ent- (ent-). A prefix signifying within. See Ento-. 

-ent (-ent, -Sat). [F. -ent, L. -ens, -e?itis.~\ An adjective 
suffix signifying action or being ; as, corroded, excelle?^, 
. continent, quiesce»/. See -ant. 

En-tab 'la-ture (Sn-t5b'la-tur ; 135), n. [OF. entabla- 
ture a basis ; L. in -f- tabuhitum board work, flooring, fr. 
tabula a board. See Table.] (Arch.) The superstruc- 
ture which lies horizontally upon the columns. 

En-tail' (en-tal'), n. [OE. entaile carving, OF. en- 
taille, fr. entaiiler to cut away ; pref. en- (L. in) -f- tailler 
to cut. See Tail limitation.] That which is entailed. 
Hence : {Law) (a) An estate in fee entailed, or limited 
in descent to a particular class of issue, (b) The rule 
by which the descent is fixed. 

En-tail', r. t. [imp. & p. p. Entailed (-tald') ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Entailing.] 1. To settle or fix inalienably on 
a person or thing, or on a certain line of descendants. 2. 
To appoint hereditary possessor. [Obs.~\ 

En-tail'ment. n. 1. Act of entailing, or state of being 
entailed. 2. A thing entailed. 

En-tan'gle (-tan'g'l), v. t. 1. To twist or interweave 
so as not to be easily separated. 2. To involve in com- 
plications. 3. Fig. : To insnare; to perplex; to bewilder. 

En-tan 'gle-ment (-inent), n. State of being entan- 
gled : that which entangles; intricacy; perplexity. 

En-tel'e-Chy (en-tel'e-ky), n. [L. entelechia, Gr. ev- 
TeAe'xeia ; origin uncertain.] (Peripatetic Philos.) An 
actuality, in distinction from mere potential existence. 

En-telTus (en-teYlus), n. [NL., the specific name, fr. 
Gr. ecTe'AAeii' to command.] 
(Zoo/.) An East Indian 
long-tailed monkey (Semno- 
pilhecut enieUus), regarded 
as sacred by the natives. 

En'ter- (en'ter-). [F. 
entre between, fr. L. inter. 
See Inter-.] A prefix signi- 
fying between, among, part. 

En'ter (en'ter), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Entered 
(-terd) ; p.pr. & vb. v. En- 
tering.] [F. entrer, fr. L. 
intrare, fr. intro inward, 
contr. fr. intero (sc. loco), fr. inter in between, between.] 
1 He '-ome or go into ; to pass into the interior of. 2. 
To unite in ; to join. 3. To engage in. 4. To pass 
within the limits of. 5. To cause to go (into) ; to insert ; 
to cause to be admitted. 6. To inscribe ; to enroll ; to 
record. 7. (Law) (a) To go into or upon, and take act- 
ual possession of, as lands, (b) To place in regular form 
before the court, usually in writing. 8. To make report 
of (a vessel or cargo) at the customhouse. 9. To file the 
particulars concerning (public land) required to establish 
a right of preemption. [U. S.] 10. To deposit for copy- 
right the title or description of (a book, map, etc.). 11. 
To initiate; to introduce favorably. [06s.] 

En'ter, v. i. 1. To go or come in ; also, to begin. 2. 
To get admission ; to introduce one's self ; to penetrate ; 
me a partaker or participant. 3. To penetrate 
mentally ; to consider attentively. 

. En'ter-al'gi-a (4Q'jY-a), n. [NL. ; Gr. evrepov intcs- 
( lied.) Pain in the intestines ; colic. 
En-ter'Ic fe"n-te"r'Tk), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to 
or alimentary canal ; intestinal. 




Entellus. 






Enteric fever (Med.,, typhoid fever. 



En terol'O-gy (eVter-Sl'o-jy), n. [Enteron -f -logy.] 
Tlic science treating of the viscera of the body. 

I! En'te-ron (,en'te-ron), ?i. [NL., fr. Gr. evrepov an 
intestine, fr. tyros within.] (Anat.) The alimentary, or 
enteric, canal. 

Enter-ot'o-my (eVter-St'o-m^), n. [Enteron -f- 
-tomij.] (Med.) Incision of the intestines. 

Enter-plead' (-pled'), v. i. Same as Interplead. 

En'ter-prise (Sn'ter-piiz), n. [F. entreprise, fr. e?i- 
treprendre to undertake ; entre between (L. inter) -f- 
pre.ndre to take. See Inter- and Emprise.] 1. That 
which is undertaken ; a bold, arduous, or hazardous at- 
tempt ; an undertaking. 2. Disposition to engage in 
labor which requires boldness, promptness, energy, etc. 

En'ter-prise, v. t. To attempt to perform. [R.] 

En'ter-pri Sing (-prl'zing), a. Having a disposition 
for enterprise ; characterized by enterprise. 

En'ter-tain' (en'ter-tan'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Enter- 
tained (-tand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Entertaining.] [F. 
entretenir ; entre between (L. inter) -f- tenir to hold, L. 
ten ere. See Tenable.] 1. To keep in one's service ; 
to maintain ; to support. 2. To give hospitable mainte- 
nance to ; to receive as a guest. 3. To engage the at- 
tention of agreeably ; to divert. 4. To receive, in gen- 
eral ; to take into consideration. 5. To keep favorably 
in mind ; to harbor ; to cherish. [ment for, guests. I 

En ter-tain', v. i. To receive, or provide entertain- 1 

En'ter-tain'er (-er), n. One who entertains. 

En ter-tain'ing, a. Pleasing ; amusing ; diverting. 
— En'ter-tain'ing-ly , adv. — En ter-tain'ing-ness, n. 

En ter-tain 'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of entertaining. 

2. That which entertains, or with which one is enter- 
tained; as: (a) Hospitality; esp., provision for the 
table ; a hospitable repast ; a feast, (b) That which 
engages the attention agreeably, or amuses or diverts. 

3. Admission into service ; service. 

Syn. — Amusement ; diversion ; recreation ; pastime ; 
sport ; feast ; banquet ; repast ; carousal. 

En'the-asm (en'the-az'm), n. Enthusiasm. [J?.] 

En the-as'tic (-as'tTk), a. [Gr. ii>8ea<TTiK6<>. See 
Enthusiasm.] Of godlike energy ; inspired. 

En-thet'iC (en-thet'ik), a. [Gr. e^ertKos fit for in- 
serting ; iv in -f- nfleVai to place.] (Med.) Caused by a 
morbific virus implanted in the system. 

En-thrall' (en-thral'), v. t. To inthrall. 

En-throne' (en-thron'), v. t. 1. To seat on, or as on, 
a throne ; hence, to invest with sovereign authority or 
dignity. 2. (Eccl.) To induct, as a bishop, into a vacant 
see. [state of being enthroned. I 

En-throne'ment (-ment), n. Act of enthroning, or| 

En-thuse' (en-thuz'), v. t. & i. To make or become 
enthusiastic. [Slwng~\ 

En-thu'si-asm (en-thu'zT-az'm), n. [Gr. ev6ov<ria- 
cr/xos, fr. ivdovo-id£eiv to be inspired or possessed by the 
god, fr. evdeos, ei/8ovs, inspired ; ev in -f- 6e6g god.] 1. 
Inspiration as if by a divine or superhuman power ; 
ecstasy. 2. Enkindled and kindling fervor of soul ; ar- 
dent and imaginative zeal or interest. 3. Lively mani- 
festation of joy or zeal. [enthusiasm. I 

En-thu'si-ast (-Sst), n. One moved or actuated by | 

Syn. — Visionary ; fanatic ; devotee : zealot. 

En-thu'si-as'tic (-Ss'tik), 1 a. Filled with enthu- 

En-thu si-as'tic-al (-tT-k«l), ) siasm ; characterized 
by enthusiasm ; zealous. — En-thn/si-as'tic-al-ly, adv. 

En'thy-meme (en'thT-mem), n. [Gr. evdv^^a, fr. 
evOv/JieZcrdat. to keep in mind ; ev in + tfv/ao? mind.] 
(Logic) An argument consisting of only two proposi- 
tions, an antecedent and a consequent deduced from it. 

En-tice' (en-tls'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Enticed (-tisf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Enticing (-ti'sing).] [OF. enticier, en- 
tichier ; en- (L. in) -\- a word of uncertain origin.] To 
draw on by exciting hope or desire ; to allure ; to attract. 
Often in a bad sense : To induce to evil ; to tempt. 

Syn. — To lure ; coax ; decoy ; seduce ; inveigle ; incite. 

En-tice'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of enticing. 2. That 
which entices, or incites to evil; allurement. 

En-ti'cer (en-ti'ser), n. One who entices. 

En-tire' (en-tir'), a. [F. entier, L. integer untouched, 
undiminished, entire ; pref. in-, negntive + the root of 
tangere to touch. See Tangent.] 1. Complete in all 
parts ; full and perfect. 2. Without mixture or alloy : 
unqualified; pure. 3. (Bot.) (a) Consisting of a single 
piece, as a corolla. (6) Having an even edge without 
tepth, as a leaf. 4. Not gelded ; — said of a horse. 

Syn. — See Whole, and Radical. 

En-tire', n. 1. Entirety. 

En-tire / ly, adv. 1. In an entire way ; wholly ; com- 
pletely; fully. 2. Without alloy or mixture ; sincerely. 



a> e. I, o, u^png ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



ENTIRENESS 



297 



ENVELOP 



En-tire'ness (gn-tir'ngs), », 1. State of being entire ; 
completeness. 2. Integrity ; honesty. [R.] 

En-tire'ty {-tf), n. 1. State of being entire. 2. 
That which is entire ; the whole. 

En-ti'tle (gn-ti't'l), v. t. [OF. entiluler, LL. intitulare, 
fr. L. in + titulus title. See Title.] 1. To give a title 
to ; hence, also, to dignify by an honorary designation ; 
to denominate ; to call. 2. To give a right, claim, or 
qualification to, for a title, office, duty, or dignity. 

Syn. — To name ; designate ; style ; characterize ; em- 
power ; qualify ; enable ; fit. 

En'ti-ty (gn'ti-t^), n. [LL. entitas, fr. L. ens, enlis, 
thing, prop. p. pr. of esse to be.] A real being, whether 
in thought or in fact ; being ; essence ; existence. 

En'tO- (gn'to-). [Gr. ei>Tos within, fr. ev in. See In.] 
A combining form signifying within ; as ewfoblast. 

En'to-blast (-blast), n. [Ento- -f -blast.] (Biol.) 
The inner germ layer ; endoderm. 

En'tO-derm (eu'to-derm), n. [Ento- -\- -derm.] (Biol. 
The inner germ layer ; endoderm. [bury ; to inter. 

En-tomb' (gn-toom'), v. t. To deposit in a tomb ; to 

En'to-mere (en'to-iner) , n. [Ento- + -mere.'] (Biol. ) 
The smaller and more granular of the two cells formed 
in the first segmentation of the ovum, after fertilization. 

En-tom'ic (gn-toin'ik), ) a. [Gr. evrofiov insect. See 

En-tom'ic-al (T-kal), j Entomology.] (Zool.) Re- 
lating to insects ; entomological. 

En'tO-moid (gn'to-moid), a. [Gr. evTo/xov insect + 
-oid.] (Zool.) Resembling an insect. 

En'to-mo-log'ic (en'to-mo'-loj'ik), ) a. Of or relating 

En to -mo-log'ic-al (-log'T-kal), J to entomology. 

En to-mol'o-gist (-mol'6-jist), n. i One versed in en- 
tomology, [the study of entomology. I 

En to-mol'o-gize (-jlz), v. i. To collect specimens in | 

En'tO-mol'O-gy (-jy), n. [Gr. evrofiov insect (so called 
because nearly cut in two, fr. evTopos cut in; ev in -f- 
Tepvew to cut) -j- -logy.] 1. That part of zoology which 
treats of insects. 2. A treatise on that subject. 

En to-moph/i-lous (-mof'i-lus), a. [Gr. evrofiov in- 
sect -f- (f>i\os a lover.] (Bot.) Fertilized by the agency 
of insects ; — said of certain plants. 

En'tO-phyte (en'to-flt), n. [Ento- -f- Gr. <f)VTou a 
plant.] (Med.) An internal vegetable parasite. 

En'tO-plasm (gn'to-plaz'm), n. [Ento- -f -plasm.] 
(Biol. ) (a) The inner granular layer of protoplasm in a 
developing ovum, (b) Endosarc. 

Ent-op'tic(ent-op'tTk),a. [Ent--\- optic] (Physiol.) 
Relating to objects situated within the eye. 

Ent-or'gan-lsm (gnt-8r'gan-Tz'm), n. [Ent- -f- or- 
ganism.] (Biol.) An internal parasitic organism. 

Ent-ot'ic (ent-ot'ik), a. [Ent- -\- Gr. ofis, wtos, the 
ear.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the interior of the ear. 

II En tO-ZO'a (en'to-zo'a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. ei/ros 
within -\- gioov an animal.] (Zool. ) 1. A group of worms, 
including the tapeworms, flukes, roundworms, etc., 
mostly parasitic in the interior of other animals. 2. An 
artificial group including animals parasitic in others. 

II En to-zo'bn (-zo'on), n. ; pi. Entozoa (-a). [NL. 
See Entozoa.] (Zool.) One of the Entozoa. 

llEn'tr'acte'OaN'trakt'),^. [F.] 1. The interval be- 
tween the performance of two consecutive acts of a 
drama. 2. A dance, piece of music, or interlude, per- 
formed between two acts of a drama. 

En'trails (en'tralz), n. pi. [F. entrailles, LL. intralia, 
intranea, fr. interaneum, pi. interanea, intestine, inter- 
aneus inward, interior, fr. inter between, among, within.] 
The internal parts of animal bodies ; the bowels ; vis- 
cera ; intestines. Also used figuratively. 

En-tram'mel (en-traWniel), v. t. To trammel. 

Entrance (gn'trans), n. [OF. entrance, f r. OF. & F. 
entrant, p. pr. of entrer to enter. See Enteb.] 1. Act 
of entering or going into ; ingress ; hence, the act of 
taking possession, as of property, or of office. 2. Liberty, 
power, or permission to enter. 3. The passage, door, or 
gate, for entering. 4. The beginning, or that with which 
the beginning is made ; the commencement ; initiation. 
5. The causing to be entered upon a register or record. 
6- (Naut.) (a) The angle which the bow of a vessel makes 
with the water at the water line, (b) The bow, or entire 
wedgelike forepart of a vessel, below the water line. 

En-trance' (en-trans'), v. t. [Pref. en- + trance.] 
[imp. & p. p. Entranced (-transt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Entrancing (-tran'sing).] 1. To put into a trance ; to 
make insensible to present objects. 2. To put into an 
ecstasy ; to enrapture ; to charm. 

En-trap' (Sn-tr5p'), v. t. To catch in a trap ; to in- 
snare ; hence, to catch, as in a trap, by artifices. 

Syn. — To insnare ; inveigle ; tangle ; decoy ; entangle. 



En treat' (gu-tref), v. t. [OE. entreien to treat, re- 
quest, OF. entraittr to treat of ; pre! »• (L. In) -f trui- 
tier to treat. See Treat.] 1. To treat ; to use. [Obs.] 
2. To treat with ; to have dealings in respect to (a thing 
desired); hence, to ask earnestly; to beheech. 3. So 
beseech or supplicate successfully ; to persuade. 

Syn. — To beseech ; importune ; beg ; solicit ; crave ; 
implore ; supplicate. 

En-treat', v. i. 1. To treat or discourse; J, 
negotiate. 2. To make an earnest petition or request. 

En-treat'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be entreated. 

En-treat'y (-y ), n. Act of entreating ; earnest petition. 

Syn. — Request ; suit ; supplication ; importunity. 

II En/tree' (aVtra'), n. [F. See Entry.] 1. A com- 
ing in, or entrance ; hence, freedom of access ; permis- 
sion or right to enter. 2. (Cookery) In French usage, a 
relish served at the beginning of dinner ; in English usage, 
a side dish, served with a joint, or between courses. 

II Entremets' (aN'tre-ina'), n. ting. & pi. [F., fr. 
entre between -f- mets dish.] (Cookery) Aside dish; a 
relishing dish, dainty, or sweetmeat, served with a dinner. 

En-trencb/ (gn-trgnch'), v. t. To intrench. 

II En'tre-pot' (aNtre-po'), n. [F.] A warehouse ; a 
mart or place where merchandise is deposited. 

II Entrepreneur' (-pre-uer'), n. [F. See Enter- 
prise.] (Polit. Econ.) One who undertakes on his own 
account an industrial enterprise employing workmen. 

II En'tre-SOl' (aVtre-sSl' or gn'ter-sSl), n. [¥.] (Arch.) 
A low story between two higher ones, usually between 
the ground floor and the first story. 

En'tro-py (en'tro-p^), n. [Gr. evrporij a turning in ; 
iv in -(- rpom? a turn, fr. Tpeirew to turn.] (Thermo- 
dynamics) A certain property of a body, expressed as a 
measurable quantity, such that the temperature changes 
only when heat enters or leaves the body. 

En-trust' (gn-trusf), v. t. See Intrust. 

En'try (en'try), n. [F. entree, fr. entrer to enter. 
See Enter.] 1. Act of entering or passing into or upon ; 
entrance ; ingress ; hence, beginnings or first attempts. 
2. Act of making or entering a record. 3. That by which 
entrance is made; a passage; a vestibule. 4. (Com.) 
The exhibition or depositing of a ship's papers at the 
customhouse, to procure license to land goods ; or the 
giving an account of a ship's cargo, and obtaining per- 
mission to land the goods. 5. (Law) (a) The actual 
taking possession of lands or tenements, by entering or 
setting foot on them, (b) A putting upon record in 
proper form and order. 

Double entry, Single entry. See Bookkeeping. 

En-twine' (gn-twln'), v. t. & i. To twine, twist, or 
wreathe together or round. 

En-twist' (gn-twisf), v. t. To twist round ; to intwine. 

E-nu'cle-ate (e-nu'kle-at), v. t. [L. enucleare, p. p. 
-atus ; e out -f- nucleus kernel.] 1. To bring or peel out, 
as a kernel from its husks or shell ; to expose ; to reveaL 
2. (Med.) To remove without cutting (as a tumor). 

E-nucle-a'tion (-a^shun), n. Act of enucleating. 

E-nu'mer-ate (e-nu'mer-at), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Enu- 
merated (-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Enumerating (-&'- 
ting).] [L. enumerare, p. p. -atus; e out + numerare 
to count, f r. numerus. See Number. ] To count ; to tell by 
numbers ; to number ; to mention one by one or in detail. 

Syn. — To reckon ; compute ; calculate ; count : esti- 
mate ; recount ; relate ; rehearse ; recapitulate ; detail. 

E-nu mer-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of enumerating. 

E-nu'mer-a-tive (e-nu'mer-a-tiv or -a-tiv), a. Count- 
ing, or reckoning up, one by one. 

E-nu'mer-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who enumerates. 

E-nun'ci-ate (e-nun'shi-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enun- 
ciated (-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Enunciating (-a'tlug).] 
[L. enuntiare, -ciare, p. p. -atus. See Enounce.] 1. To 
state formally; to announce; to proclaim; to declare. 
2. To utter articulately ; to pronounce. 

E-nun'ci-ate, v. i. To speak articulately. 

E-nun'ci-a'tion (-st-a'shuu or -shT-aM, n. 1. An enun- 
ciating ; open attestation ; declaration. 2. Mode of utter- 
ance or pronunciation, esp. as regards fullness and dis- 
tinctness of articulation. 3. That which is enunciated. 

E-nun'ci-a-tive (e-niiu'shT-a-tlv), a. Pertaining to, 
or containing, enunciation ; declarative. 

E-nun'ci-a'tor (-a'ter), ». One who enunciates. 

E-nun'ci-a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry), a. Pertaining to, or con- 
taining, enunciation or utterance. 

En-ure' (eu-ur'), v. t. To inure. 

En-vei'gle (en-ve'g'l), v. I. To entice ; to inveigle. 

En-vel'op (gn-vgl'5p), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enveloped 
(-5pt); p. pr. & vb. n. Enveloping.] [OF. envoluper, 
envoleper ; pref. en- (L. in) -\- voluper, voleper. See 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cnair, go, slug, ink, then, thin. 



M 









ENVEIX)P 



298 



EPICURE 



> 



> 



Develop. 1 To put t covering about ; to inclose in a case, 
. guiueiit. etc. ; to surrouud entirely. 

En'vel-ope (en'vH-Sp or aN'vf-lopO, 1 n. 1. That 

En-vel'op ^>n-veTop\ J which envel- 

ops; a wrapper; esp., the cover or wrapper of a docu- 
ol .1 letter. 2. (Fort.) An earthwork in the 
form Of ■ siugle parapet or of a small rampart. 3. 
(Geom.) A curve or surface which is tangent to each 
of a system of curves or surfaces. 

En-vel'op-ment (5n-v81'5p-ni«it), n. 1. An envelop- 
ing or wrapping. 2. That which envelops ; envelope. 

En ven'om \?u-v?n'Sui). r. t. [imp. & p. p. Enven- 
omed (-Quid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Envenoming.] [F. en- 
venimer; pref. en- (L. in) + F. veiiin poison. See 
Venom.] 1. To taint or impregnate with venom, or any 
substance noxious to life ; to poison. 2. To taint or im- 
pregnate with bitterness, malice, or hatred. 

En'vi-a-ble (Sn'vT-a-b'l), a. Fitted to excite envy. — 
En'vi-a-ble-ness, n. — En'vi-a-bly, adv. 

En'vi-er (gn'vl-er), n. One who envies. 

En'vi-OUS (-Qs), a. [OF. envios, L. invidiosus, fr. in- 
tidin envy. See Envy.] 1. Malignant; mischievous. 
[Oft.-.] 2. Feeling or exhibiting envy ; jealously pained 
by the excellence or good fortune of another ; maliciously 
grudging. — En'vi-OUS-ly, adv. — En'vi-ous-ness. n. 

En-vi'ron (gn-vi'run), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Environed 
(-rund) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Environing.] [F. environner, 
fr. environ about, thereabout; pref. en- (L. in) -f- OF. 
viron circle, circuit, fr. OF. & F. virer to turn. See 
Veer.] To surround ; to encompass ; to hem in. 

En-vi'ron-ment (-ruent), n. 1. Act of environing; 
state of being environed. 2. That which environs or 
surrounds ; surrounding conditions, influences, or forces. 

En-vi'rons (gn-vi'runz or gn'vi-ronz), n. pi. The 
parts or places surrounding another place ; suburbs. 

En-vls'age (-vTz'aj ; 48), v. t. [F. envisager. See 
En-, Visage.] To look in the face of ; to apprehend. [R.] 

En'voy (gn'voi), n. [F. envoy e envoy, fr. envoy er to 
send ; pref. en- (L. in) 4- vote way, L. via.] 1. One 
dispatched upon an errand or mission ; a messenger ; 
esp., a person deputed by a sovereign or a government 
to transact a matter with a foreign sovereign or govern- 
ment. An envoy's rank is below that of an ambassador. 

2. [F. envoi, fr. envoyer to send.] An explanatory or 
commendatory postscript to a poem, essay, or book. 

En'vy (gn'vy), n. [F. envie, L. invvdia, fr. invidus 
envious ; akin to E. invidious.'] 1. Malice ; ill will. 
[Obs.] 2. Chagrin, mortification, discontent, or uneasi- 
ness at the sight of another's excellence or good fortune, 
accompanied with some degree of hatred and a desire to 
possess equal advantages ; malicious grudging. 3. Em- 
ulation ; rivalry. [06*.] 4. Public odium ; ill repute. 
[065.] 5. An object of envious notice or feeling. 

En'vy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Envied (-vid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Envying.] 1. To feel envy at or towards; to be 
envious of. 2. To feel envy on account of ; to have a 
feeling of grief or repining, with a longing to possess. 

3. To long after ; to desire strongly ; to covet. 
En'vy, v . i. To be rilled with envy ; to feel envy. 
En-wrap 7 (gn-rap'), v. t. To envelop ; to inwrap. 
Enzo-bt'ic (eVz6-5t'ik), a. [Gr. iv in + <T<?oi/ an 

animal.] Afflicting animals ; — used of a disease affect- 
ing the animals of a district. Cf. Endemic. 

En'zyme (gn'zim), n. [Pref. en- (Gr. ev in) 4- Gr. 
£vi±7) leaven.] {Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized or un- 
formed ferment ; a soluble, or chemical, ferment. 

E'o-cene (e'o-sen), a. [Gr. ^w? dawn 4- kcilvos recent.] 
(Geol.) Pert, to or designating the first of the three sub- 
divisions into which the Tertiary formation is divided, 
and alluding to the approximation in its life to that of 
the present era. — n. The Eocene formation. 

E-oli-an (e-oli-an), a. [See JSolian.] 1. iEolian. 
2. (Geol.) Formed by the action of wind, as dunes. 

E/on (e^on), .ffi'on (e / 5n), n. [L. aeon, fr. Gr. auHv 
space or period of time, lifetime, age ; akin to L. aevum. 
See Age.] 1. An infinite space of time ; eternity ; a long 
space of time ; an age. 2. (Gnostic Philos.) An embodi- 
ment of a divine attribute of the Eternal Being. 

E'o-sin (e'6-sin), n. [Gr. i?ws dawn.] (Chem.) A 
kind of dyestuff imparting a fine rose-red to silk. 

E/o-zo'ic (e'S-zoTk), a. [See Eozoon.] (Geol.) Of 
Of pertaining to rocks or strata older than the Paleozoic, 
in many of which the eozoon has been found. 

i E'o-zo'on (-on), n. ; pi. E. Eozoonb (-5nz), L. Eozoa 
f-a). [NL., fr. Gr. ^ai? dawn -f- $<$ov an animal.] (Pa- 
wn.) A peculiar structure found in the Archaean lime- 
stones of Canada and other regions, and believed by 
some geologists to be a species of gigantic Foraminifera. 




Epaulet. 
: (-sez). [L., 



E'pact (e'pSkt), n. i [F. epacte, fr. Gr. eTraxros brought 
in, added, deriv. of erri in -j- ayeii/ to bring.] (Chron.) 
The moon's age at the beginning of the calendar year ; 
also, the excess of a calendar month over a lunar month. 

Ep a-go'ge (gp'a-go'je), n. [L., fr. Gr. eirayuyr, a 
bringing in.] (Logic) Argument by induction. 

Ep'arch (Sp'ark), n. [Gr. eirapxos. See Epi- and 
-arch.] The governor, prefect, or ruler of an eparchy. 

Ep'arch-y (-50, n. A territory or province under the 
jurisdiction of a ruler ; esp., in modern Greece, one of 
the larger subdivisions of a nomarchy or province ot the 
kingdom ; in Russia, a diocese or archdiocese. 

E paule' (e-paP), n. [F. ipaule, lit., shoulder. See 
Epaulet.] (Fort.) The shoulder of a bastion, or the 
place where its face and flank meet and form an angle. 

E-paule'ment (-ment), n. (Fort. ) A kind of earth side 
work, to afford cover from a flanking fire. 

Ep'au-let' ) (ep'a-let'), n. [F. epaulette, dim. of 

Ep'au-lette' J epaule shoulder, f r. L. spatula a broad 
piece (LL., shoulder), deriv. of Gr. airajBr) broad, flat in- 
strument, shoulder blade; akin to E. 
spade.'] (Mil.) A shoulder ornament or 
badge worn by army and navy officers. 

II Ep en-ceph/a Ion (-sef 'a-lon), 
[NL., fr. Gr. eni upon, near -f- ey/ce'^aAo? I 
brain.] (Anat.) The segment of the brain 
next behind the midbrain ; hindbrain. 

II E-pen'the-sis (e-pen'the-sis), n. ; pi. 
fr. Gr. €irev8ecri<; ; inC -4- evnOevai. to put in.] (Gram.) In- 
sertion of a letter or a sound in the body of a word. 

i|E/pergne' (a'pSrn'), n. [F. epargne a sparing or 
saving ; a treasury.] A centerpiece for table decoration, 
often consisting of a group of receptacles. 

II I^'per'lan' (a'par'liiN'), n. [F. eperlan, fr. G. spier- 
ling. See Sparling.] (Zo'dl.) The European smelt. 

II Ep-ex'e-ge'sis (ep-eks'e-je'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
en-e^yryo-is full narrative ; eiri + e£r\yelv6a.i to lead. See 
Exegesis.] A full or additional explanation ; exegesis. 

E'phah (e'fa), or E'pha, n. [Heb. "ephah.] A He- 
brew dry measure, supposed to be equal to two pecks 
and five quarts. Ten ephahs make one homer. 

II E-phem'e-ra (e-fem'e-ra), n. [NL., fr. Gr. e^fxepov 
a, day fly, fr. tyrnxepos daily, lasting a day ; inC over + 
fifiepa day.] 1. (Med.) A fever lasting a day only. 2. 
{Zo'dl.) A genus of insects including the ephemeral flies. 

E-phem'er-al (-er-al), a. 1. Beginning and ending in 
a day ; existing only, or no longer than, a day ; diurnal. 
2. Existing or continuing for a short time only. 

Ephemeral fly (Zo'dl.), one of a group of neuropterous 
insects which live in the adult or winged state only for a 
short time. The larvae are aquatic. 

E-phem'e-ric (-e-rlk or ef'e-mer'ik), a. Ephemeral. 
^ E-phem'e-ris (e-fem'e-ris), n. ; pi. Ephemeeides (ef'- 
e-mer'i-dez). [L., a diary, Gr. tyrifiepis, also, a calen- 
dar, fr. e<f>rj(iepos. See Ephemera.] 1. A diary; a 
journal. 2. (Astron.) (a) An astronomical almanac. 
(b) Any tabular statement of the assigned places of a 
heavenly body on successive days. 3. (Literature) Re- 
views, magazines, etc., collectively. 

E-phem'er-ist (-er-Tst), n. 1. One who studies the 
daily motions and positions of the planets. 2. One who 
keeps an ephemeris ; a journalist. 

Eph'od (ef'od), n. [Heb. 'ephod, fr. ''aphad to put 
on.] (Jew. Antiq.) A part of the sacerdotal habit 
covering the back and breast. Exodus xxviii. 6-12. 

II Ep^- (Sp'i-). [Gr. eni on, upon, to ; akin to Skr. 
api besides.] A prefix meaning upon, beside, among, 
on the outside, above, over. It becomes ep- before a 
vowel, as in epoch, and eph- before a Greek aspirate, 
as in ephemeral. 

Ep'i-blast (-blast), n. [Pref. epi- 4- -blast.] (Biol.) 
The outer layer of the blastoderm ; the ectoderm. 

Ep'i-bol'ic (-bol'ik), a. [Gr. empdMeiv to throw 
upon ; en-t upon 4- /3aAAeii> to throw.] (Biol.) Growing 
or covering over ; — said of a kind of invagination. 

Ep'ic (gp'ik), a. [L. epicus, Gr. erriKos, from en-os a 
word, speech, tale, song; akin to L. vox voice.] Nar- 
rated in a grand style ; pertaining to or designating 
heroic poetry. — n. An epic or heroic poem. 

Ep'ic-al (Sp'i-kal), a. Epic. — Ep'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Ep / l-cene (Sr/I-sen), a. [L. epicoenus, Gr. e7ri/coii/os ; 
fr. «nC 4- koivos common.] 1. Common to both sexes ; 
— said, in grammar, of nouns having but one form for both 
sexes. 2. Fig. : Sexless ; neither one thing nor the other. 

Epi cli'nal (-kli'nal), a. [Epi- -f Gr. kAiVtj couch.] 
(Bot.) Situated on the receptacle or disk of a flower. 

Ep'1-cnre (gpT-kur), n. 1. A follower of Epicurus, a 
famous Greek philosopher, who has been erroneously re- 



a., e, i, o, it, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, it, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, Idea, 6bey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



EPICUREAN 



299 



EPISCOPAL 




Epicycloid. 
p Point on 
Rolling Circle. 



rded as teaching a doctrine of refined voluptuousness. 
One devoted to dainty or luxurious sensual enjoy- 
ments, esp. to the luxuries of the table. 

Syn. — Voluptuary ; sensualist. 

Ep i-CU-re'an (gryT-ku-re'an or -ku're-an), a. 1. Per- 
taining to Epicurus, or following his philosophy. 2. 
Given to luxury ; luxurious ; pertaining to good eating. 

Ep i-cu-re'an, n. 1. A follower of Epicurus. 2. One 
given to epicurean indulgence. 

Ep i-cu-re'an-ism (-Tz'in), n. Attachment to the doc- 
trines of Epicurus ; the principles or belief of Epicurus. 

Epicurism (gp'T-ku-rTz'ni), n. 1. The doctrines of 
Epicurus. 2. Epicurean habits of living ; luxury. 

Ep'i-cy'cle (gp'T-si'k'l), n. [L. epicyclus, Gr. iiriicv- 
»cAos; e7ri upon -j- kvkAos circle. See Cycle.] 1. {Ptole- 
maic Aslron.) A circle whose center moves round in the 
circumference of a greater circle. 2. (Mech.) A circle 
which rolls on the circumference of another circle, either 
externally or internally. — Epl-cy clic (-sTk'lTk or -si'- 
klik), a. 

Ep i-cy'cloid (-si'kloid), n. {Epicycle -f- -old.] (Geom.) 
A curve traced by a point in the circum- 
ference of a circle which rolls on the 
convex side of a fixed circle. 

Ep i-cy-cloid'al (-si-kloid'al), a. Per- 
taining to the epicycloid, or having its 
properties. 

Epicycloidal wheel, a device for produ- 
cing straight-line motion from circular 
motion. 

Ep i-deic'tic (-dik'tTk), a. [Gr. eVi- 
SeiKTiKOS, deriv. of eni -j- SeiKvvvcu to 
show.] Serving to show forth, explain, or exhibit; — 
applied by the Greeks to a kind of oratory. 

Ep'i-dem'Ic (-dgm'Tk), ) a. [L. epidemus, Gr. eVi- 

Ep i-demlc-al (-T-kal), j Srjpos, 67716^10?, lit., among 
the people ; eiri in -(- 8rjp.os people.] 1. (Med.) Common 
to, or affecting at the same time, many in a community. 
2. Spreading widely, or generally prevailing. 

Ep i-demlc (-dem'Tk), n. {Med.) An epidemic dis- 
ease. Also used figuratively. 

Ep i-der'mal (-der'mal), a. Of or pertaining to the 
epidermis ; epidermic ; cuticular. [the epidermis. 

Epl-der'mic (-mTk), a. Epidermal ; connected with | 

Ep'i-der'mis (-mTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. eViSeppis ; eni 
over + Sepjuaskin, fr. Se'peiv to skin.] 1. (Anat.) The 
outer, nonsensitive layer of the skin ; cuticle ; scarf skin. 
2. (Bot.) The outer layer of the cells, which covers both 
surfaces of leaves, and also the surface of new stems. 

Epl-dote (epT-dot), n. [Gr. eiriSiSSvat to give be- 
sides ; eni over -+- Si&ovai to give ; — named from the en- 
largement of the base of the primary, in some of the 
secondary forms.] (Min.) A mineral, commonly of a 
yellowish green (pistachio) color. It is a silicate of 
aluminium, calcium, and oxide of iron or manganese. 

Ep i-gae'a (-je'a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. eni upon -f yr} 
earth.] (Bot.) An American genus of plants, containing 
but a single species (E. repens), the trailing arbutus. 

Ep i-gae'ous (-us), a. [Gr. eniyaios.~) (Bot.) Grow- 
ing on, or close to, the ground. 

Ep i-gas'tric (-gaVtrTk), a. [Gr. eTriyao-Tpios over the 
belly ; eni upon -j- ywrrjp belly.] (Anat. ) Of or pertain- 
ing to the epigastrium, or upper part of the abdomen. 

Ep'i-gene (ep'T-jen), a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. yiyveaOai 
to be born, grow.] 1. (Crystallog.) Unnatural ; unusual. 
2. (Geol.) Originating on the surface of the earth. 

Ep i-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sTs), n. [Pref. epi- + genesis.] 
(Biol.) The theory of generation holding that the germ 
is created entirely new. — Epl-ge-netlc (-je-net'Tk), a. 

Epl-glot'tis (-gl5t'tTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. emykuTris ; 
liri + yAtoTTa tongue.] (Anat.) A cartilaginous lidlike 
part which closes the glottis while food or drink passes 
through the pharynx. [See Illust. of Larynx.] 

Epl-gram (ep'T-gram), n. [L. epigramma, fr. Gr. 
eniypap-fia, fr. entypatfreiv to write upon, eni upon -f- ypa- 
<peiv to write.] 1. A short poem treating concisely and 
pointedly of a single thought or event. 2. An effusion 
of wit ; a bright thought tersely and sharply expressed. 

Ep i-gram-matlc (-mSt'Tk), ) a. 1. Writing epi- 

Ep i-gram-matlc-al (-T-kal), j grams ; dealing in 
epigrams. 2. Suitable to, or belonging to, epigrams ; 
pointed ; piquant. — Epl-gram-matlc-al-ly, adv. 

Ep i-gram'ma-tist (-grSm'ma-tTst), n. One who 
composes or uses epigrams. [press by epigrams. I 

Ep i-gram'ma-tize (-tiz), v. t. To represent or ex-| 

Ep'i-graph (ep'T-graf), n. [Gr. eniypa^ri, fr. eniypa- 
<f>eiv. See Epigram.] 1. Any inscription set upon a 
building. 2. (Literature) A motto. 



Epi graphic (gp/T-grSf Tk), l a. Pert, to epigraphs 

Epi graphic al (-I-k«l), J or to epigraphy. 

E pig'ra phy (e-pTg'rA-ly), n. The science of inscrip- 
tions ; art of engraving or deciphering InaeripUoaAi 

Epig'y-noua (e-pIj'T-nQs), a. [Epi- -f- Gr. yvvj wo- 
man.] (Bot.) Aduate to the ovary, so as to be apparently 
inserted upon it ; — said of ■tamau, petals, etc. 

Epl-lep'sy (.ep'Mgp'Bjf), v. [L. epilepsia, Gr. «ttc- 
Aiji^ia a seizure, the "falling sickness," fr. iirikap.^aveiv 
to take besides, seize, attack ; hti upon, besides -f- Aaft- 
Pdveiv to take. Cf. Catalepsy.] (Med.) The " falling 
sickness," so called because the patient falls suddenly 
to the ground ; a disease characterized by paroxysms (or 
fits), sudden loss of consciousness, and convulsions. 

Epl-lep'tic (-lgp'tlk), a. Pertaining to, affected 
with, or of the nature of, epilepsy. 

Epl-lep'tic, n. 1. One affected with epilepsy. 2. 
A medicine for the cure of epilepsy. 

Epl-lep-tog'e-nous (-lgp-t5j'£-nus), a. [Gr. eTriA^ 
tttos epileptic + -genous.'] (Med.) Producing epilepsy 
or epileptoid convulsions when stimulated. 

Epl-loglc (-loj'Tk), )a. [Gr. eTrtAoyocos.] Of or 

Epl-loglc-al (-T-k«l), \ pertaining to an epilogue. 

Epl-lo-gis'tic (gp'T-16-jTs'tTk), a. Of or pertaining 
to epilogue ; of the nature of an epilogue. 

Epl-logue (gp'T-lSg ; 115), n. [Through F. & L. fr. 
Gr. en-iAoyo? conclusion, fr. en-iAe-yety to say in addition ; 
eni upon -j- \eyeiv to say.] 1. (Drama) A speech or 
short poem addressed to the spectators by one of the 
actors, after the conclusion of the play. 2. (Efiet.) 
A recapitulation at the close of a discourse : conclusion. 

Ep i-naslic (ep'T-naVtTk), a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. va- 
o-tos pressed close.] (Physiol.) Designating vegetable 
growth in which an organ grows more rapidly on its 
upper than on its under surface. 

II Epl-neu'ri-um (-nu'rT-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. eiri 
upon + vevpov a nerve.] (Anat.) The connective- tissue 
framework and sheath of a nerve. 

II Ep in glette' (ep'Tn-glgf), n. [F.] (Mil.) A needle 
for piercing the cartridge of a cannon before priming. 

Epl-or'nis (gp'T-or'nis), n. Same as iEPYORNis. 

E-piph'a-ny (e-pTf'a-ny), n. f [Through F. & L. fr. 
Gr. enifyavia (sc. lepa), fr. iirupaiveiv to show forth ; eni 
-f- <\>aiveLv to show.] 1. An appearance, or a becom- 
ing manifest. 2. (Eccl.) A church festival celebrated 
on the 6th of January, in commemoration of the visit of 
the Magi to worship the child Jesus ; or, as others say, 
to commemorate the appearance of the star to the Magi. 

Epl-phyl lo-sper'mous (-fillo-sper'mus), a. [Gr. 
eni -\- <f>vWov leaf -f- a-irepfxa seed.] (Bot.) Bearing fruit 
on the back of the leaves, as ferns. 

E-piph'yl-lOUS (e-pTf'Tl-lus or gp'T-fll'- 
lus), a. [Gr. eirC -\- 4>v\\ov leaf.] (Bot.) 
Growing upon, or inserted into, the leaf. 

Ep i-phys'e-al (-fTz'e-al), \a. (Anat.) 

Ep i-physl-al (-T-«l), j Pertaining 
to, or having the nature of, an epiphysis. 

II E-piph'y-sis (e-pTf'T-sTs), n. ; pi. Epiph- 
yses (-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. en-i(puo-i?, fr. eirt- 
<j>veiv to grow upon.] (Anat.) (a) The end, 
or other superficial part, of a bone, which ossifies sepa- 
rately, (b) The pineal gland. 

Epl-phyte (gpT-flt), n. [Pref. epi- 
(Bot.) An air plant which grows on 
other plants, but is not nourished by 
them. 2. (Med.) A vegetable parasite 
growing on the surface of the body. 

Epl-phytlc (ep'T-fTt'ik), ) a, (Bot.) 

Epl-phytlc-al (-T-kal), f Pert, to, 
or having the nature of, an epiphyte. 

Epl-plaslron (-plas'tr5n), 7i.; pi. 
Epiplastra (-tra). [Pref. epi- -f plas- 
tron.] (Anat.) One of the first pair of 
lateral plates in the plastron of turtles. 

II E-piplo-bn (e-pTp1o-5n), n. ; pi. 
Epiploa (-a). [NL., fr. Gr. eTriTrAoof.] *-* 
(Anat.) The omentum. 

E-pip'o-dite (e-pTp'o-dlt), n. [See 
Epipodium.] (Zo'dl.) The outer branch 
of the legs in certain Crustacea. 

II Epl-po'di-um (gp'T-poMT-fim), n. ; 
pi. -dia (-a). [NL. See Epi-, and -pod.] (Zo'dl.) One of 
the lateral lobes of the foot in certain gastropods. 

E-pis'co-pa-cy (e-pTsMso-pa-sy ), n. [See Episcopate. ] 
Government of the church by bishops, or by bishops (with 
a superior authority), priests, and deacons. 

E-pis'co-pal (-pal), a. [L. episcopal is. ] 1. Governed 
by bishops. 2. Belonging to, or vested in, bishops. 



Jearing fruit 

Epiphvllous 
Fruit. 




'niphyte (IV A 
Florida Orchid 
(Epidendrum 
conopseum), 
growing on a 
branch of atree. 
Reduced. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



EPISCOPALIAN 



300 



EQUALIZE 



Epia CO-pa li-an^o-i'ls ko-pa'lT-<7n). (?. Pertaining to 

eminent by bishops; episcopal; specif., 

luting to the Protestant Episcopal Church. — n. 

belongs to an episcopal church, or adheres to 

i system ; a churchman ; specif., in the 

member ox the Protestant Episcopal Church. 

E pis CO-pa'li-an-ism (-Xa'm), n. Episcopacy, [way. I 

E-pis'CO-pal-ly io-pis'ko-i><7l-ly ), adv. In an episcopal | 

E pis'co-pate (4-pTs / k4Hp*t). n. [L. cpiscopatus, fr. 
. See Bishop.] 1. A bishopric ; office, dignity, 
or period of rule, of a bisliop. 2. A body of bishops. 

Ep'1-SOde (epI-sSd), n. [Gr. eTreicroSos a coming in 
besides. tevurMtov episode ; enC into, besides -J- eicrofios a 
coming in ; ets into +■ 6<S6s way.] {Rhet.) An incidental 
narrative, or digression, separable from the main subject, 
but naturally arising from it. 

Ep i-sod'ic (-sSd'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to an 

Ep i-sod'ic-al (-T-k«l), J episode ; adventitious. 

Ep i-spas'tic (-spXs'tik), a. [Gr. eirio-iratTTiicos, fr. 
iri<nrav to draw to. attract.] {Med.) Attracting the 
humors of the skin ; blistering. 

Ep'i-sperm (eVI-sperni), «• [Pref . epi- -\- Gr. anepfia 
seed.] (But.) The skin or coat of a seed. 

Epi-stilTrite (-stil'blt), n. [Epi- + stilbite.'] {Min.) 
A crystallised, transparent mineral of the Zeolite family. 

E-pis'tle (e-pTs"l), n. [Through AS. & L. fr. Gr. 
errt<rToA>j message, letter, deriv. of ejrt'upon, to -f- ore'AAeti/ 
to send.] 1. A writing directed or sent to a person ; 
letter ; — applied usually to formal, didactic, or elegant 
letters. 2. {Eccl.) One of the letters in the New Testa- 
ment which were addressed to Christians by Apostles. 

Epistle side, the right side of an altar or church to a 
person looking from the nave toward the chancel. 

E-pls'tler (-ler), n. 1. A writer of epistles. 2. 
{Eccl.) An epistoler. 

E-pis'tO-la-ry (-to-la-ry), a. Of or pert, to epistles. 

E-pis'tO-ler (e-pTs'to-ler), n. {Eccl.) An ecclesiastic 
who reads the epistle at the communion service. 

I! E-pis'to-ma (e-pTs'to-nia), ) n. [NL. epistoma, fr. 

Ep'i-Stome (ep'i-stom), ) Gr. eTrt upon + crrd/xa, 

-aros, mouth.] {Zo'dl.) (a) The region between the an- 
tennae and the mouth, in Crustacea. (6) A liplike organ 
that covers the mouth, in most Bryozoa. 

II E-pis'tro-phe (e-pis'tro-fe), n. [L., from Gr. eVi- 
arrpo<f>ri a return, deriv. of enC upon, to + <rTpe<j>eiv to 
turn.] {Rhet.) A figure in which successive clauses end 
with the same word or affirmation. 

Ep'i-taph (SpT-taf), n. [F. epitaphe, L. epitaphium 
a funeral oration, fr. Gr. in(.Ta<f>ios, orig. an adj., over or 
at a tomb ; art upon + ra^os tomb.] An inscription on, 
or at, a tomb, or a grave, in memory of the dead. 

Ep'i-taph'Ic (-tSf'ik), a. Pertaining to an epitaph. 

Ep i-tha-la'mi-um (-tha-la'mT-um), n. ; pi. E. Epitha- 
lamiums (-umz), L. Epithalamia (-a). [L., fr. Gr. im- 
0aAa/x«>s, orig. an adj., nuptial; ZnC upon, at -f- 0aAa/xos 
bride chamber.] A nuptial song. 

II Ep i the'li-um (-thelT-um), n. ; pi. E. Epitheliums 
(-umz), L. Epithelia (-a). [NL., fr. Gr. knl upon -f- 
&r\kr\ nipple.] {Anal.) The superficial layer of cells lin- 
ing the alimentary canal and its appendages, all glands 
and their ducts, blood vessels and lymphatics, etc. 

Ep/i-thet (Sp^T-thSt), n. [Deriv. of Gr. iniOeTos added, 
fr. eniTiBevau to add ; eni upon, to + Ti0eVcu to place. 
See Do.] 1. An adjective expressing some quality, at- 
tribute, or relation, properly or specially appropriate to a 
person or thing. 2. Term ; expression ; phrase. 

Syn.— Title.— The name epithet was formerly extended 
to nouns which give a title or describe character (as the 
"epithet of liar"), but is now confined wholly to adjec- 
tives. Epithet is sometimes confounded with appellation, 
which is always a noun or its equivalent. 

Ep'i-thet'ic (-thet/Tk), 1 a. Pertaining to, or abound- 

Ep i-thet'ic-al (-T-kal), J ing with, epithets. 

E pit'0-me (e-ptt/o-me), n. [L., fr. Gr. e7riTo/u>? a 
surface incision, also, an abridgment, fr. ejriTeiu/eiv to 
cut into, cut short ; eni upon -f- Ttfiveiv to cut.] A brief 
summary ; an abridgment ; a condensation ; synopsis. 

Syn. — Compendium ; abstract; abbreviature. 

E-pit'o-mist (-mist), n. One who makes an epitome. 

E-pit'o-mize (-mlz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Epitomized 
(uiizdj ; p. pr. & vo. n. Epitomizing (-nii'zlng).] To 
make an epitome of ; to shorten or abridge or condense. 

E-pit'o-rnPzer (-ml'zer), n. An epitomist. 

Ep'i-trite (Sj/T-trit), n. [Gr. eirlTpiros containing one 

third; enC over -f rpiVos third.] {Gr. & Lai. 

a foot of three long syllables and a short syllable. 

' Epl-trochle-a (-trSklfe-a), n. [NL. See Epi-, and 

lea.] {Anat.) A projection on the outer side of 

the diHtal end of the humerus ; the external condyle. 



II Ep I-zeux'is (gp'T-zuks'Ts), 7i. [L., fr. Gr. inifaifa 
a fastening together, repetition.] {Rhet.) A figure by 
which a word is repeated with vehemence or emphasis. 

Ep i-zo'an (-zo'<7ii), 7J. {Zo'dl.) An epizoon. 

Ep'i-zo'ic (-zo'Ik), a. {Zo'dl.) Living upon the exterior 
of another animal ; ectozoic ; — said of external parasites. 

II Ep i-zo'bn (-zo'5n), n. ; pi. Epizoa (-a). [NL., fr. 
Gr. eni upon + ^u>oi' animal.] {Zo'dl.) One of the artifi- 
cial group of invertebrates of various kinds, which live 
parasitically upon the exterior of other animals. 

Ep i zo-bVic (-zo-5t'ik), a. 1. {Zo'dl.) Of or pert, to 
an epizoon. 2. Attacking many animals at once ; — said 
of diseases analogous to epidemic diseases among men. 

Epl-ZO'B-ty (-zo'6-ty), n. An epizootic disease. 

Ep'och (Sp'5k or e'pok), n. [LL. epocha, Gr. enoxv 
check, stop, an epoch of a star, an historical epoch, fr. 
eTre'xeiv to hold on, check; eirl upon -f- e\etv to have, 
hold.] 1. A fixed point of time, established in history 
by the occurrence of some grand or remarkable event. 
2. A period of time remarkable for events of great 
subsequent influence. 3. {Geol.) A division of time 
characterized by the prevalence of similar conditions of 
the earth; commonly, a part of a period. 4. {Astron.) 
{a) The date at which a planet or comet has a given 
longitude or position. (6) An arbitrary fixed date, for 
which the elements used in computing the place of a 
heavenly body, at any other date, are given. 

Syn. — Era ; time ; date ; period ; age. — We use era 
for a period during which a certain order of tilings pre- 
vailed ; were we thinking of the time as marked by certain 
great events, or as a period in which great results were 
effected, we should call the times when these events hap- 
pened epochs, and the whole period an epoch. 

Ep'ode (ep'od), n. [L. epodos, Gr. eira>86<;, fr. eTrwfios, 
adj., sung or said after, fr. eiraSeiv to sing to ; eiri to -f- 
aSew to sing. See Ode.] {Poet.) {a) The part of a lyric 
ode which follows the strophe and antistrophe. {b) A 
species of lyric poem in which a longer verse is followed 
by a shorter one. [bling, an epode. I 

E-pod'ic (e-pod'Ik or e-po'dik), a. Pert, to, or resem- 1 

Ep'o-nym ) (ep'6-mm), n. [See Eponymous.] The 

Ep'O-nyme ) person assumed as the one from whom 
any race, city, etc., took its name ; also, the name itself. 

E-pon'y-mous (e-p5n'i-mus), a. [Gr. eiriowfjios ; en-t 
upon, to + 6»/v/jia for ovofia name.] Relating to an ep- 
onym ; giving one's name to a people, country, etc. 

E-pon'y-my (-my), n. The derivation of the name of 
a race, tribe, etc., from that of a fabulous person. 

Ep'O-pee' (gp'6-pe 7 ), \ n. [F. epopee, Gr. eTrojroua ; 

II Epo-poe'ia (-pe'ya), ) erros song + iroielv to make.] 
An epic poem ; epic poetry. 

Ep'som salts or salt' (ep'sum salt'). {Med.) Sul- 
phate of magnesia, — a cathartic originally prepared by 
boiling down the mineral waters at Epsom, Eng. 

Ep'u-la-ry (ep'u-la-ry), a. [L. epularis, fr. epulum a 
feast.] Of or pertaining to a feast or banquet. [Obs.'] 

Ep'U-lOt'ic (-lotlk), a. [Gr. eTrovAwTiKos, deriv. of 
e7rt upon -f- ofiAos whole.] Promoting the healing of sores. 

II E'pure' (a'pur'), n. [F.] {Fine Arts) A draught or 
model from which to build. 

E'qua-ble (e'kwa-b'l), a. [L. aequabilis, fr. aequare 
to make equal, fr. aequus even, equal.] Equal and 
uniform ; continuing the same ; not variable or changing ; 
even; — of action, surfaces, disposition, etc. — E-qua-bil'- 
i-ty (-bil'I-ty), E'qua-ble-ness, n. — E'qua-bly, adv. 

E'qual (e'kwal), a. [L. aequalis, fr. aequus even, 
equal ; akin to Skr. eka.~\ 1. Agreeing in quantity, size, 
quality, degree, value, etc. ; having the same magnitude, 
value, degree, or the like. 2. Having competent power, 
abilities, or means. 3. Not variable ; equable ; uniform. 
4. Not unduly inclining to either side ; characterized by 
fairness. 5. Of the same interest or concern ; indifferent. 
6. {Math.) Exactly agreeing with respect to quantity. 

Syn. — Even ; equable ; uniform ; adequate ; propor- 
tionate ; commensurate; fair; just; equitable. 

E'qual, n. One not inferior or superior to another. 

E'qual, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equaled (e'kwald) or 
Equalled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Equaling or Equalling.] 

1. To be or become equal to ; to be commensurate with. 

2. To make equal return to. 3. To make equal or equal 
to ; to equalize ; hence, to compare or regard as equals. 

E-qual'i-ty (e-kwol'i-ty), n. 1. State or quality of 
being equal. 2. Continued state or course ; equableness ; 
evenness; uniformity. 3. {Math.) Exact agreement in 
quantity between two expressions or magnitudes ; — in- 
dicated by =. 

E qual-1-za'tion (e'kwal-T-za'shun), n. Act of equal- 
izing, or state of being equalized. 

E'qual -ize (-iz), v. I. [imp. &p.p. Equalized (-Izd) ;p. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, 3vent, idea, obey, tlnite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



EQUALLY 



301 



EQUIVALENT 



pr. & vb. n. Equalizing (-iz'Tng).] 1. To make equal. 
2- To pronounce equal ; to compare as equal. [gree. I 

E'qual-ly (e'kwal-ty), adv. In an equal manner or de- 1 

E'qual-ness, n. Equality ; evenness. 

E qua nim'i-ty (e'kwa-nim'T-ty), n. [L. aequanimi- 
tas, fr. aequanimus, fr. aequus equal + animus mind.] 
Evenness of mind ; calmness ; composure. 

E-quate' (e-kwaf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Equating.] [L. aequare, p. p. -alu.s, fr. 
aequus equal.] To make equal ; to reduce to an average. 

E-qua'tion (e-kwa'shun), n. 1. A making equal; 
equal division. 2. {Math. ) An expression of the equality 
of algebraic quantities, the sign = being placed between 
them. 3. (Astron.) A quantity to be applied in comput- 
ing the mean place or other element of a celestial body. 

Equation of payments (Arith.), the process of finding the 
mean time of payment of several sums due at different 
times. —Equation of time (Astron.), the difference be- 
tween mean and apparent time, or between the time of 
day indicated by the sun, and that by a perfect clock 
going uniformly all the year round. —Personal equa- 
tion (Astron.), the difference between an observed result 
and the true, depending on peculiarities in the observer ; 
— sometimes applied to differences of judgment or method ' 
occasioned by temperamental qualities of individuals. 

E-qua'tor (e-kwa'ter), n. [L. aequator one who equal- 
izes.] 1. (Geog.) The imaginary great circle on the 
earth's surface, equally distant from the two poles. 2. 
(Astron.) The great circle of the celestial sphere coinci- 
dent with the plane of the earth's equator. 

E'qua-to'ri-al (e'kwa-to'rT-al), a. Of or pertaining 
to the equator, or to an equatorial. 

E qua-to'ri-al, n. (Astron.) An instrument consist- 
ing of a telescope so mounted as to have two axes of 
motion at right angles (one of them parallel to the earth's 
axis), and capable of being directed to any body whose 
right ascension and declination are known. 

Eq'uer-ry (ek'wer-r^ or e-kwer'ry), n. [F. ecurie 
stable, for older escurie, LL. scuria, OHG. skiura, scu- 
ra, barn, shed, fr. root meaning, to cover ; akin to L. scu- 
tum shield.] 1. A large stable for horses. 2. An officer 
of princes or nobles, having the care of their horses. 

Eq'ue-ry (ek'we-r^), n. Same as Equerry. 

E-ques'tri-an (e-kwes'trT-an), a. [L. equester, from 
eques horseman, fr. equus horse. See Equine.] 1. Of 
or pert, to horses, horsemen, or horsemanship. 2. 
Being or riding on horseback ; mounted. 3. Belonging 
to, or composed of, the ancient Roman equites, or knights. 

Equestrian, n. A horseman ; a rider. [back. I 

E-ques'tri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. Art of riding on horse- 1 

E-ques'tri-enne' (-en'), n. [Formed after analogy of 
French.] A woman skilled in equestrianism. 

E'qui- (e'kwT-). [L. aequus equal. See Equal.] A 
prefix, meaning equally ; as, egm'distant ; egwt'angular. 

E qui-an'gu-lar (-an'gu-ler), a. [Equi- + angular.! 
Having equal angles. [differences.] 

E'qui-dif/fer-ent (-dif'fer-ent), a. Having equal | 

E qui-distant (-dis'tant), a. [L. aequidistans, -antis.] 
Being at an equal distance from the same point or thing. 

E'qui-lat'er-al (-15t'er-al), a. [L. aequilaleralis ; 
aequus equal + laius, lateris, side.] Having all the 
sides equal. — n. A side exactly corresponding, or 
equal, to others ; also, a figure of equal sides. 

E qui-li'brate (e'kwT-li'brat), v. t. [L. aequilibratus 
in equilibrium ; aequus equal -4- libra balance.] To bal- 
ance two scales, sides, or ends ; to keep in equipoise. 

E'qui-li-bra'tion (e'kwT-lt-bra'shun), n. Act of equi- 
librating ; state of being equally balanced ; equipoise. 

E qui-lib'ri-um (-lTb'rT-um), n. ; pi. E. -Libriums 
(-umz), L. -libria (-a). [L. aequilibrium, fr. aequi- 
libris in equilibrium, level ; aequus equal -f- libra bal- 
ance.] 1. Equality of weight or force ; equipoise or 
state of rest produced by the mutual counteraction of 
two or more forces. 2. A balancing of the mind between 
motives or reasons, with consequent indecision and doubt. 

E'qui-mul'ti-ple (-mul'tT-p'l), a. [Equi- -f- multiple.] 
Multiplied by the same number or quantity. — n. (Math . ) 
One of the products arising from the multiplication of 
two or more quantities by the same number or quantity. 

E-qui'nal (e-kwi'nal), a. Equine. 

E'quine (e'kwin), a. [L. eqtiinus, fr. equus horse ; akin 
to Gr. 177770?, Skr. acva, AS. eh, eoh, Icel. jor, Olr. ech.~\ 
Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a horse. 

E qui-noc'tial (e'kwl-nok'shal), a. [L. aequinoctialis, 
fr. aequinoctium. See Equinox.] 1. Pert, to an equi- 
nox, or the equinoxes. 2. Pertaining to the regions or 
climate of the equinoctial line or equator. 3. Pertaining 
to the time when the sun enters the equinoctial points. 

Equinoctial colure (Astron.), the meridian 



through the equinoctial points.— Equinoctial line (Astron.), 
the celestial equator. — Equinoctial points lA.stron.), the 
two points where the celestial equator and ecliptic inter- 
sect each other ; the one being In the first point of Aries, 
the other in the first pojnt of Libra. 

E qui-noc'tial (e'kwl-n5k'ah«l), n. Equinoctial Tine. 

E'qul-nox (-n5ks), n. [L. aegutnoetium ; aequus oqtul 
-f- nox, noctis, night.] The time when the sun ei 
of the equinoctial points, — about March 21 (the Vernal 
equinox) and September 22 (the Autumnal equinox). [8ee 
Illusl. of Zodiac] 

E-qulp' (e-kwip'), 7\ /. [imp. & ]>. p. Equipped 
(-kwTpf); p. pr. & vb. n. Equipping.] [F. iquiptr to 
supply, fit out (a ship), OF. esquiper to embark ; of Ger- 
man origin. See Ship.] 1. To supply with whatever is 
necessary to efficient action ; — said esp. of ships and of 
troops. 2. To dress up ; to array ; to accouter. 

Eq'ui-page (Sk'wl-p4j ; 48), n. 1. Furniture or outfit ; 
esp., the furniture and supplies of a vessel, or of a body 
of troops, or a single soldier ; equipments. 2. Retinue ; 
train ; suite. 3. A carriage of state or of pleasure, with 
all that accompanies it, as horses, liveried servants, etc. 

E-quip'ment (e-kwip'ment), n. 1. Act of equipping, 
or state of being equipped. 2. Outfit ; equipage. 

E'qui-polse (e'kwT-poiz), ?i. [Equi- + poise.] 1. 
Equality of weight or force ; hence, equilibrium ; a state 
in which the two ends or sides of a thing are balanced, 
and hence equal. 2. Counterpoise. 

E'qui-pol'lence (-pollens), E'qui-pollen-cy (-len-s£ ), 
n. Quality of being equipollent. 

E'qui-pol'lent (-lent), a. [L. aequipollens ; aequus 
equal -f- pollens, -entis, p. pr. of poller e to be strong.] 

1. Equal in power or force ; equivalent. 2. (Logic) Equiv- 
alent in signification and reach, but differently expressed. 

E qui-pon'der-ance (p5n'der-«ns), E qui-pon'der- 
an-cy (-an-sy), n. [Equi- -\- ponder ance.~\ Equipoise. 

E'qui-pon'der-ant (-ant), a. Having equal weight. 

E'qui-pon'der-ate (-at), v. i. & t. To 
be or make equal in weight. 

II Eq'ui-se'tum (Sk'wi-se'tum), n. ; 
pi. -ta (-ta). [L., the horsetail, fr. equus 
horse -4- seta bristle.] (Bot.) A genus 
of herbaceous cryptogams, with hollow 
jointed stems and no true leaves. One spe- 
cies is used for scouring and polishing. 

Eq/ui-ta-ble (ek'wi-ta-b'l), a. 1. 
Possessing or exhibiting equity ; accord- 
ing to natural right or natural justice. 

2. (Law) That can be sustained or made 
available or effective in a court of 
equity, or upon principles of equity 
jurisprudence. — Eq'ui-ta-ble-ness, n. 
— Eq'ui-ta-bly, adv. 

Syn.— Just ; fair ; reasonable ; right ; A species of Equi- 
honest : impartial ; candid ; upright. setum ( E. sulvat- 

Eq'ul-tant (-tant), a. [L. equitans, ;«»»). stenle and 
-antis, p. pr. of equitare to ride, fr. fertUe stem8 * 
eques horseman, fr. equus horse.] 1. Mounted on, or sit- 
ting upon,a horse. 2. (Bot.) Folded and bestriding or over- 
lapping each other ; — said of leaves. 

Eq Ul-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. A rid- 
ing on horseback ; horsemanship. 

Eq'ui-ty (-ty), n. [F. equite, L. 
aequitas, fr. aequus even, equal. See 
Equal.] 1. Equality of rights ; the 
giving, or desiring to give, to each man 
his due, according to reason, and the 
law of God to man. 2. (Law) An „ 
equitable claim ; an equity of redemp- -t^ 111111111 weaves, 
tion. 3. (Law) A system of jurisprudence, supplemental 
to, and complemental of, law, technically so called. 

Equity of redemption (Laic), the advantage, allowed to a 
mortgageor, of a certain or reasonable time to redeem 
lands mortgaged, after they have been forfeited at law. 

Syn. — Right ; justice ; impartiality ; rectitude ; fair- 
ness ; honesty ; uprightness. See Justice. 

E-quiv'a-lence (e-kwTVa-lens), n. 1. State of being 
equivalent or equal. 2. Equal power or force ; equiva- 
lent amount. 3. (Chem.) (a) The degree of the combin- 
ing power of an atom, expressed in hydrogen units ; 
valence. (6) The degree of combining power as deter- 
mined by relative weight, [i?.] 

E-quiv'a-len-cy (-len-s^), n. Same as Equivalence. 

E-quiv'a-lent (-lent), a. [L. aequivalens, -€7itis, p. pr. 
of aequiralere to have equal power; aequus equal -4- 
valere to be strong, be worth.] 1. Equal in worth or 
value, force, power, effect, import, etc. 2. (Geom.) Equal 
in measure but not superposable ; — applied to magni- 
tudes. 3. (Geol.) Contemporaneous in origin. 





G 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 









EQUIVALENT 



302 



ERRANT 



> 



> 



E-<lulv'a-lentv"k«lv':i-lciit\7i. 1. Something equiv- 
alent ; th.it which is equal in value, worth, weight, force, 
) That comparative quantity 
by weight of an element which possesses the same chem- 
ical value as other elements, (b) A combining unit, 
>m. radical, or molecule. 

E-quiv'a-lent-ly. >n!r. In an equal manner. 

E-qniv'O-ca-cy (,0-kwTv'o-ka-sy). n. Equivocalness. 

E-QUiv'o-cal t,-k(7l), (7. [L. aequivocus ; aequus equal 

-. word.] 1. Having two or more significa- 

.. illy applicable ; capable of double interpretation. 

2. Capable of being ascribed to different motives. 3. 

in, as an indication or sign: indecisive. — E-quiv'- 

o-cal-ly. adv. — E-quiv'o-cal-ness. ». 

Sy n. — Ambiguous : doubtful; uncertain; indetermi- 
nate. — Ambiguous usually implies an uncertainty of 
meaning arising from a faulty or blundering use of lan- 
guage ; equivocal implies thai the intentionally deceptive 
word or expression which conveys two or more 
ideas with perfect clearness and propriety, but so that it 
is uncertain which was the one meant. Equivocation is 
applied only to cases where there is a design to deceive. 

E-quiv'O-cate (e-kwiv'o-kat), v. i. {imp. & p. p. 
Equivocated (-ka'ted); p. pr. & rb. n. Equivocating.] 
[L. aequivocari, p. p. -atus, to be called by the same 
name, fr. L. aequivocus. See Equivocal, a.] To use 
equivocal expressions ; to express one's opinions in terms 
which admit of different senses, with intent to deceive. 

E-quiv o-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of equivocating. 

Syn. — Prevarication ; ambiguity ; evasion ; quibbling. 

E-quiv 'O-ca tor (-ter), n. One who equivocates. 

Eq'ui-voque ) (ek'wT-vok or e'kwT- ; F. a'ke'vSk'), 

Eq'ui-voke ] n. [F. equivoque. See Equivocal.] 
An equivocal expression ; an equivocation ; a quibble. 

-er (-er). 1. [AS. -ere ; akin to L. -arius.] The ter- 
mination of many English words, denoting the agent ; 
— applied either to men or things ; as in hater, farmer, 
heater, grater. At the end of names or places, -er signi- 
fies a man of the place ; as, Londoner, i. e., London man. 
2. [AS. -ra*( for adverbs -or) ; akin to G. -er, Icel. -are, 
-re, Goth, -iza, -oza, L. -ior, Gr. -uuv, Skr. -iyas.] A suf- 
fix used to form the comparative degree of adjectives and 
adverbs ; as, warmer, sooner, lat(e)er, earl(y)ier. 

B'ra (e'ra), n. [LL. aera an era, in earlier usage, the 
items of an account, counters, pi. of aes, aeris, brass, 
money. See Ore.] 1. A point of time from which a se- 
ries of years is reckoned. 2. A period of time reckoned 
from some important event. 3. A period of time in 
which a certain order of things prevails ; an epoch. 

Syn. — Epoch ; date ; age ; dispensation. See Epoch. 

E-ra'di-ate (e-ra'dT-at), v. i. [Pref. e- -f radiate.'] 
To shoot forth, as rays of light ; to beam ; to radiate. 

E-radi-a'tion (-a'shun), n. An eradiating, [cated. I 

E-rad'i-ca-ble (-rSdl-ka-b'l), a. That may be eradi-| 

E-rad'i-cate (e-rSdl-kat), v. t. \irnp. & p. p. Eradi- 
cated (-ka'tSd) ;p. pr. &vb. n. Eradicating (-ka'ting).] 
[L. eradicate, p. p. -atus ; e out + radix, radicis, root.] 
1. To pluck up by the roots. 2. To root out ; to de- 
stroy utterly ; to extirpate ; to exterminate. 

E-rad i-ca'tion (e-rad'T-ka'shun), n. An eradicating ; 
state of being eradicated. [iug to eradicate. I 

E-rad'i-ca-tive (e-radl-ka-tiv), a. Tending or serv- 1 

E-ras'a-ble (e-ras'a-b'l), a. Capable of being erased. 

E-rase 7 (e-ras'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Erased (-rasf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Erasing.] [L. eradere, p. p. erasus; e 
out -p radere to scrape.] 1. To rub or scrape out ; to 
efface. 2. Fig. : To obliterate ; to expunge ; to blot out. 

E-rase'ment (e-ras'ment), n. Act of erasing. 

E-ras'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, erases 

E-ra'sion (e-ra'zhvln), n. Act of erasing ; obliteration. 

E-ra'sure (-zhur ; 135), n. An erasing; obliteration. 

Er'bi-um (er^T-urn), , ra. [NL. Named from Ytteriy.] 
(Ctitm.) A rare metallic element found in gadolinite. 

Erd (erd), n. [AS. card ; akin to E. ear to plow.] 
The earth. {Prov. Eng.] 

Erd shrew (Zo'ol.), the common 
European shrew ; shrewmouse. 

Ere_ (ar or Sr), prep. & adv. 
[AS. ser ; akin to OHG. er, G. eher, 
L. eer, IceL ar, Goth, air.] 1. 
Before ; sooner than. {Archaic 
Ot Poetic] 2. Rather than. 

Er'e-bns (eVe-bus), n. [L., fr. Gr. *Epe/3o?.] {Greek 
A place of nether darkness, through which souls 
PMped to Hades. Also, a deity who dwelt there, 

E-rect' (S-r£kf), a. [L. erectus, p. p. of erigere to 

out + regere to lead straight.] 1. Upright; 

vertical in position ; perpendicular. 2. Directed upward ; 

upnlt*d ; raided. 3. Bold ; confident. 4. Watchful ; alert. 




Erd Shrew 
vulgaris). 



Erect' (e"-r?kt'), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Erected; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Erecting.] 1. To raise and place uprightly or 
perpendicularly. 2. To raise by building up ; to con- 
struct. 3. To lift up : to exalt. 4. To animate ; to cheer. 
5. To set up as an assertion or consequence from prem- 
ises, or the like. 6. To set up or establish ; to institute. 

E-rect'er (e-rSkt'er), n. One who raises or builds. 

E-rect'ile (-11 or II), a. Capable of, or susceptible to, 
erection. — E'rec-til'i-ty (e'rgk-tii'T-ty). n. 

E rec'tion (e-rek'shun), n. 1. An erecting ; state of 
being erected or erect. 2. State of being stretched to 
stiffness ; tension. 3. Anything erected ; a building. 

E-rect'ive (e-rekt'i v), a. Raising ; tending to erect. 

E-rect'ly, adv. In an erect manner or posture. 

E-rect'ness. n. Uprightness of posture or form. 

E-rec'tor (-ter), n. One that erects. [soon. I 

Erelong' (aVlong' or 3r'- ; 115), adv. Before long ;| 

Er'e-mite (er'e-mit), «. [See Hermit.] A hermit. 

Er'e-thism (-thiz'm), n. [Gr. epeflio-^os, deriv. of epe- 
6eiv to stir.] {Med.) Morbid excitement in an organ. 

Ere'while' (ar'hwll' or 3r'), } adv. A little while be- 

Ere whiles' (-hwllz'), ) fore. {Archaic] 

Erg (erg), n. [Gr. epyov work.] (Physics) The unit 
of energy in the C. G. S. system ; the energy necessary to 
move a body one centimeter against a force of one dyne. 
A foot pound equals 13,560,000 ergs. [sequently. I 

H Er'gO (er'go), conj. or adv. [L.] Therefore ; con-| 

Er'got (er'got), n. [F. ergot, argot, lit., a spur.] 
1. A disease of rye and other cereals in which the grains 
become black, and often spur-shaped. It is caused by 
a parasitic fungus. 2. The mycelium or spawn of this 
fungus. It is a powerful drug. 3. (Far.) A soft protu- 
berance behind and below the pastern joint. 

Er'gOt-ism (er'got-Tz'm), n. (Med.) A diseased con- 
dition produced by eating rye affected with ergot. 

Er'i-ca'ceous (eVI-ka'shus), a. [L. erice heath, Gr. 
epet/oj.] (Bot.) Belonging to the Heath family, or re- 
sembling plants of that family,, 

Er i-na'ceous (-na'shiis), a. [L. erinaceus hedgehog.] 
(Zo'ol.) Of the Hedgehog family ; like a hedgehog. 

E-rin'gO (e-rin/go), n. The sea holly. See Eryngo, 

E-rin'ys (e-rin'is), n. ; pi. Erinyes (e-rinl-ez). [L., 
fr. Gr. "Epivvi.] (Class. Myth.) An avenging deity ; one 
of the Furies ; sometimes, conscience personified. 

Er'mine (er'min), n. [OF. ermine, prob. of German 
origin.] 1. (Zo'ol.) A valuable fur-bearing animal, allied 
to the weasel. In winter 
it becomes white, except 
the tip of the tail, which is 
always black. 2. The fur 
of the ermine. 3. Fig. : 
The office or functions of a 
judge, whose state robe, 
lined with ermine, is em- American Ermine in winter pel- 
blematical of purity and age (Jfwsiefa ermiiwa). 

honor. 4. (Her.) One of the furs. See Fur (Her.). 

Em ) (era), n. [AS. earn eagle ; akin to Icel., Sw., 

Erne j &Dan. dm, and to Gr. opvt? bird.] (Zo'ol.) 
A sea eagle ; esp., the European white-tailed sea eagle. 

E-rode' (e-rod'), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Eroded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Eroding.] [L. erodere, erosum ; e out -f- ro- 
dere to gnaw.] To eat into or away ; to corrode. 

1 E'ros (e'ros), n. [L., fr. Gr. ep<os love, *Epws (per- 
sonified) Eros.] (Greek Myth.) Love ; the god of love. 

E-rose / (e-ros'), a. [L. erosus, p. p. See Erode.] Ir- 
regular, as if eaten or worn away. 

E-ro'sion (e-ro'zhun), n. An 
eroding ; state of being eroded. 

E-ro'sive (e-ro'siv),a. That erodes. 

E-rot'ic (e-rotlk), ) a. [Gr. epu>- 

E-rot'ic-al (-T-kal), J tiko?. See 
Eros.] Of or pert, to love ; amatory. 

Er'pe-tol'0-gy (er'pe-tol'o-jy), n. 
(Zo'ol.) Herpetology. 

Err (er), v. i. {imp. & p. p. Erred ±.rose L.eat. 
(erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Erring (er'rlng or er'- ; 85).] [F. 
errer, L. errare, -alum, to wander; akin to G. irren.] 
1. To wander. {Archaic] 2. To deviate from the true 
course. 3. To mistake in judgment or opinion. 4. To 
go astray morally ; to do wrong ; to sin. 

Er'rand (Sr'rand), n. [AS. serende, serend ; akin to 
Icel. orendi, erendi.] A special business intrusted to a 
messenger : often, a verbal message ; a commission. 

Er'rant (er'rant), a. [F. errant, p. pr. fr. OF. errer 
to travel, LL. iterare, fr. L. iter journey ; confused with 
L. errare to err.] 1. Wandering ; deviating from an ap- 
pointed course, or from a direct path ; roving. 2. Noto- 
rious ; notoriously bad ; arrant. 




, See Erode.] Ir- 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



ERRANTRY 



303 



ESCUTCHEON 



Er'rant-ry (gr'rant-ry), ». A wandering ; a roving ; 
eap., in quest of adventures. 

Er-rat'ic (gr-rXt'Tk), a. [L. erraticus, fr. errare to 
wander. See Ebr.] 1. Having no certain course ; wan- 
dering; not stationary. 2. Deviating from a wise or 
the common opinion or conduct ; eccentric ; queer. 

Er-rat'ic, n. 1. One who deviates from common opin- 
ions. 2. {Geol.) Any stone or material removed from 
its original site by natural agencies ; bowlder. 

Er-rat'lc-al (-I-kal), a. Erratic. — Er-rat'ic-al ly, 
adv. — Er rat'ic al ness. n. 

II Er-ra'tum (gr-ra'tihn), n. ; pi. Ereata (-ta). [L. 
See Err.] An error or mistake in writing or printing. 

Er'rhine (gr'rin), n. [Gr. eppwov ; £v in -f- p«> pi-vos, 
nose.] {Med.) A medicine designed to be snuffed up the 
nose, to promote discharges of mucus ; a sternutatory. 

Er-ro'ne-OUS (gr-ro'ne-iis), a. [L. erroneus, fr. er- 
rare to err. See Err.] 1. Wandering ; straying ; hence, 
irregular or abnormal. 2. Not conformed to truth or 
justice; incorrect; false; mistaken. — Er-ro'ne-ous-ly, 
adv. — Er-ro'ne-ous-ness, n. 

Er'ror (gr'rer), n. [OF. , f r. L. error, fr. errare to err. 
See Err.] 1. A wandering or irregular course. 2. A 
wandering or deviation from the right course or standard. 
3. Deviation from the truth ; falsity ; false notion ; wrong 
opinion. 4. A moral offense ; a sin. 5. {Math.) The 
difference between the approximate and the true result. 

Syn.— Mistake ; fault; transgression; blunder; failure; 
fallacy ; delusion ; hallucination ; sin. See Blunder. 

Erse (ers), n. [A modification of Irish, OE. Irishe.~\ 
Of or pertaining to the Celtic race in the Highlands of 
Scotland, or to their language ; Gaelic. 

Erst (erst), adv. [Orig. superlative of Ere.] [Archaic] 

1. First. 2. Previously ; before ; heretofore. 

Er u-bes'cence (er'S-bes'sens ; 135), Er'u-bes'cen-cy 
(-sen-s^), n. Act of becoming red ; redness ; a blushing. 

Er'U-bes'cent (-sent), a. [L. erubescens, p. pr. of 
erubescere to grow red ; e out -f- rubescere.] Being or 
becoming red, or reddish ; blushing. 

E-ru'cic (e-ru'sik), a. {Chem.) Pert, to, or derived 
from, Eruca or Brassica, a genus of cruciferous herbs. 

E-ruct' (e-rukf), E-niC'tate (e-ruk'tat), v. t. [L. 
eructare; e out -f- ructare to belch.] To eject, as wind, 
from the stomach ; to belch. [eructating. I 

Er'UC-ta'tion (gr'uk-ta'shim or e'riik-), n. Act of | 

Er'u-dite (er'u-dit ; 135), a. [L. eruditus, p. p. of eru- 
dire to polish, instruct ; e out -f- rudis rude.] Character- 
ized by extensive reading or knowledge ; well instructed ; 
learned. — Er'u-dite'ly, adv. — Er'u-dite ness, n. 

Er'U-di'tion (-dish'un), n. 1. An instructing ; state 
of being erudite or learned. 2. The acquisitions gained 
by extensive reading or study ; learning ; scholarship. 

Eru'gi-nous (e-ru/ji-niis), a. Same as JEruginous. 

E-rupt' (e-rupf), v. t. [See Eruption.] To eject. 

E-rup'tion (e-rup'shun), n. [L. eruptio, fr. erumpere, 
eruptum, to break out ; e out -j- rumpere to break. See 
Rupture.] 1. A breaking out or bursting forth. 2. 
That which bursts forth. 3. A violent exclamation. 4. 
{Med.) The breaking out of pimples, or an efflorescence. 

E-rup'tlve (-tiv), a. 1. Breaking out or bursting 
forth. 2. {3Ied.) Attended with eruption or efflores- 
cence, or producing it. 3. {Geol.) Produced by erup- 
tion. — n. {Geol.) An eruptive rock. 

II E-ryn'gi-um (e-rin'ji-iim), n. [NL., fr. Gr. r)pvy- 
ytov, dim. of r/pvyyos eryngo.] {Bot.) A genus of umbel- 
liferous plants resembling thistles. [gium. I 

E-ryn'gO (e-rTn/g6), n. {Bot.) Any species of Eryn-| 

Er'y-sip'e-las (gr'i-sTp'e-las), n. [L., fr. Gr. ipv- 
o-iVeAas ; epvdpos red -|- ireWa skin.] {Med.) St. 
Anthony's fire ; a febrile disease accompanied with a 
diffused inflammation of the skin. 

Er'y-si-pel'a-tous (Sr'T-sT-pgi'a-tus), Er'y-sip'e-lous 
(-sTp'e-liis), a. Pert, to or resembling erysipelas. 

Er'y-throid (er'T-throid), a. [Gr. epv9pos red -f -oid.] 
Of a red color ; reddish. 

Es ca-lade' (gs/ka-lad'), n. [Through F. & Sp. fr. L. 
scala ladder.] {Mil.) A furious attack made on a forti- 
fied place, in which ladders are used. 

Es ca-lade', V. t. {Mil.) To mount and pass or enter 
by means of ladders ; to scale. 

Es-cal'lop (es-kol'lup), n. See Escalop. 

Es-cal'op (es-kol'up), n. [OF. escalope shell. See 
Scallop.] 1. {Zool.) A bivalve shell. See Scallop. 

2. A regular, curving indenture. See Scallop. 
Es-cal'oped (-upt), a. Cut or marked in the form of 

an escalop-shaped pattern ; scalloped. 
Escaloped oysters. ( Cookery) See Scallop, v. 
Es-cap'a-ble (gs-kap'a-b'l), a. Avoidable. 




Escapade' (eVka-pIdO, n. [F., through Sp. or It. 

fr. tame LL. origin aa E. escape.] 1. The backward 
kick of a horse; a gambol. 2. A breaking looae from 
the rules of propriety or go< .k ; prank. 

Escape' (gs-kap'), V. t. [imp. X ji. p. I 
(-k5pf); )>. or. & rii. n. EstAi-iNo.J [OP. es>-<>, 
chuper, fr. LL. ex cuppa out ol one'l oapc OK oloafe ; hence, 
to slip out of one's cape and escape. See 2d Cape.] 1. 
To flee from and avoid ; to be MTOd or exempt from ; to 
shun. 2. To avoid tli.- notice ol; to evade. 

Escape', V. i. 1. TO flee, and get clear of danger ; to 
keep from harm. 2. To get free of what confinei 

Escape', n. 1. Act of escaping; the way or meaua 
of escape. 2. Leakage or outflow : 

Es-cape'ment (-ment), n. 1. An escaping; escape. 
2. The contrivance in a timepiece connecting tl. 
work with the pendulum or balance, and giv- 
ing to the latter the impulse by which it is 
vibrated ; — so called because it allows a tooth 
to escape from a pallet at each vibration. 

Escarp' (gs-karr/), n. [F. escarpe, fr. 
escarper to cut to a slope.] {Fort.) The side 
of the ditch next the parapet ; scam 

Es-carp', v. t. limp. & ,,. ;,. Escarped Form of Es _ 
(-karpf) ; p.pr.\& vb. n. Escarping.] {Mil.) capement. 
To make into, or furnish with, a steep slope. 

Es-carp'ment, n. A steep descent or declivity ; steep 
face of a ridge. 

-es'cent (-es'sent). [From -escens, -entis, ending of the 
p. pr. of Latin inchoative verbs.] A suffix signifying be- 
ginning, beginning to be ; as, &dolesce?it, e&ervescenl, etc. 

Esch'a-lOt' (gsh'a-lbV), n. {Bot.) Shallot. 

Es'char (gs'kar), n. [See Scar.] {Med.) A dry 
slough or scab which separates from a healthy part. 

Es'char (-ker),n. [Ir.] (Geo 7 .) In Ireland, one of many 
continuous mounds or ridges of gravelly and sandy drift. 

Es'cha-rot'ic (gs'ka-r5fik), a. {Med.) Serving or 
tending to form an eschar ; producing a scar. 

Es'Cha-tOl'0-gy (-t51'6-jy), n. [Gr. eVxaTo? last -f 
-logy.~\ The doctrine of the last things, as death, etc. 

Es-cheat' (gs-chef), n. [OF. escheit, escheoit, fr. 
escheoir to fall to the lot of ; pref. es- (L. ex) + cheoir 
to fall, fr. L. cadere. See Chance.] 1. {Law) (a) {Fend. 
& Eng. Law) The reversion of lands, to the lord of the 
fee, in consequence of the extinction of the blood of the 
tenant, {b) { U. S. Law) The reverting of real property 
to the State, as original and ultimate proprietor, by rea- 
son of a failure of persons legally entitled to hold the 
same. 2. Lands which fall to the lord or the State by es- 
cheat. 3. That which falls to one ; a reversion or return. 

Es-cheat', v. i. [imp. & p. p. Escheated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Escheating.] {Law) To revert, or become for- 
feited, to the lord, the crown, or the State. 

Es-cheat'age (-aj ; 48), n. Right of succeeding to an 
escheat. 

Es-chew' (es-chu/), ?•. t. [imp. & p. p. Eschewed 
(-chud') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Eschewing.] [OF. eschever, es- 
chiver, eskiver, fr. OHG. sciuhen, G. scheuen ; akin to E. 
shy.] To shun ; to avoid ; to keep clear of. 

Es'COrt (gs'kSrt), n. [F. escorte, It. scorta a guard or 
guide, fr. scorgere to discern, lead, fr. L. ex out, quite -f- 
corrigere to correct. See Correct.] 1. A body of armed 
men attending a person to afford safety ; also, a body of 
persons attending as a mark of respect. 2. Protection, 
care, or safeguard on a journey. 

Es-COrt' (es-k&W), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escorted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Escorting.] To attend as an escort. 

Syn. —To accompany ; attend. 

Es'cri-toire' (es'krT-twar'), n. [OF., fr. LL. scripto- 
rium, fr. L. scriptorius belonging to writing, fr. scribere 
to write.] A secretary or writing desk. 

Es-crol' 1 (es-kroP), n. [See Scroll.] 1. A scroll. 

Es-croll'J [Obs.] 2. {Her.) A long strip or scroll, 
anciently bearing the crest, now containing the motto. 

Es'crow (es'kro or es-kro'). n. [OF. escroe. escroue, 
a roll of writings, bond. See Scroll.] {Law) A deed or 
other instrument delivered to a third person, to be by 
him delivered to the grantee upon the fulfillment of a 
specified condition. 

Es'CU-age (gs'ku-aj ; 48), n. [OF. escuage, fr. escii 
shield. See Esquire.] (Fetid. Law) A species of knight 
service by which a tenant was bound to follow his lord 
to war, at his own charge. 

Es'CU-lent (gsHiu-lent), a. [L. esculenti/s, fr. escare 
to eat, fr. esca food, fr. etlere to eat.] Suitable to be 
used by man for food ; eatable ; edible. 

Es-CUtch'eon (.es-kuch'un), ». [OF. escusson, fr. escu 
shield. See Esquire.] 1. {Her.) The surface, usually 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 









ESKIMO 



304 



ESTIMABLY 



) 



> 






D 

E 

r 

£ H 



Escutcheon 
{Her.). 




a ahield. upon which bearings ate marshaled and dis- 

Tff* > *The whole surface of the es- N-^ B Gf 
died the .n>M; the upper 

-. and the lower part the 
sides of an esoutebeon 

\ dy designated as dexter 
nsin the cut, and the dif- 
or points by the following 
nanus : .!. Dexter chief point ; 11, Mid- 
dle chief point : ('. Sinister chief point ; 
nor or eolor point ; K, lease or 
tint ; F, Nombril or navel point ; 
iter base point ; 11, Middle base point ; /, Sinister 
base point. 

2 A marking formed by the hair at the back of, and above, 
tdder. 3. (Xaut.) That part of a vessel's stern 
where her name is. 4. (Carp.) A metal plate or shield 
to protect wockI, or for ornament, as around a keyhole. 

Es'ki-mo (eVkT-mo), ?i. ; pi. Eskimos (-moz). [Origi- 
nally applied by tlie Algonquins to the Northern Indians, 
and meaning eaters of raw flesh."] {Ethnol.) One of a 
peculiar race inhabiting Arctic America and Greenland. 

Eskimo dog (Zo'ol.), one of a breed of large and powerful 
dogs used by the Eski- 
mos to draw sledges. 

E so-phag^e-aKe'so- 
fSj'e-</l or -fa'je-ol), a. 
(A J) at.) Of or pertain- 
ing to the esophagus. 

E-sopb/a-gus (e-s5f- 
a-gus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
oiao^xryos ; root of oicrco 
I will bear -f- ^ayelv to 
eat.] (Anat.) That part 

of the alimentary canal ^ Eskimo D °S- 
between the pharynx and the stomach ; gullet. 

Es O-ter'ic (gs'6-tgrTk), a. [Gr. eo-wrepi»c6?, deriv. of 
etrw in, fr. es, eis, into, fr. ev in.] Designed for, and un- 
derstood by, the initiated only ; — said of the private and 
more recondite instructions and doctrines of philosophers. 

Es o-ter'ic-al (-T-knd), a. Esoteric. 

Es-pal'ier (es-p£l'yer), n. [F., fr. It. spalliera, fr. 
spalla shoulder. See Epaulet.] (Hort.) A railing or 
trellis upon which fruit trees or shrubs are trained ; a 
tree or row of trees so trained. 

Es-par'cet (gs-par'sgt), n. [F., fr. Sp. esparceta.'] 
(Bot.) The common sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa). 

Es-par'tO (-to), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A species of Span- 
ish grass, of which cordage, shoes, etc., are made. 

Es-pe / cial (Ss-pesh'fll), a. [OF., fr. L. specialis, fr. 
species a particular sort, kind, or quality.] Distinguished 
among others of the same class or kind; special. — Es- 
pe'cial-ly. adv. — Es-pe'cial-ness. n. 

Syn. — Particular ; uncommon ; chief. See Pectjliab. 

Es pi'al (gs-pi'al), n. An espying ; notice ; discovery. 

Es-pi'er (-er), n. One who espies. 

Es'pi-o-nage (gs'pT-6-naj or -nazh'), n. [F. espion- 
narjp, fr. espionner to spy, fr. espion spy, OF. espie. See 
Espy. ] The practice or employment of spies. 

Es'pla-nadV (gs/pla-nad'), n. [F. esplanade, through 
Sp. fr. L. ezplanare to flatten. See Explain.] 1. (Fort.) 
(a) A clear space between a citadel and the nearest houses 
of the town, (b) The glacis of the counterscarp, or the 
slope of the parapet of the covered way toward the 
country. 2. (Hort.) A grass plat; a lawn. 3. Any 
clear, level space used for public walks or drives. 

Es pous'al (gs-pouz'al), n. [OF. espousaiUes, pi., L. 
'. fr. sponsalis espousal. See Espouse.] An es- 
pousing ; esp., pi., betrothal ; also, marriage ceremony. 

Espouse' (gs-pouz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espoused 
f-nouzd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Espousing.] [OF. espouser, 
L. tpoiuare to betroth, espouse, fr. sponsus betrothed, 
p. p. of tpondere to promise solemnly or sacredly.] 

1. To betroth ; to promise in marriage. 2. To take as 

to marry. 3. To take upon one's self to main- 
tain ; to take up the cause of ; to adopt ; to embrace. 
Es-pous'er (-er), n. One who espouses. 

Es prit' (eVpriO, n. [F. See Spirit.] Spirit. 

Espy' (ee-piO, v. i. & i. [imp. & p. p. Espied (-pid') ; 

■ b. n. Espying.] [OF. espier, fr. OHG. spehon to 

watch, G. tp'dhen; akin to L. tpeeere to look.] 1. To 

ght of ; to see ; to discern unexpectedly; to spy. 

2. To i nspect narrowly; to watch ; to observe; to spy upon. 

To discern ; discover; detect; descry; spy. 
esque (-eak). [F., fr. It. 4sco. Cf. -ish.] A suffix, 
words from the French, Italian, and Spanish, de- 
manner or style; like; as, av&besgue. 
j r* ,( IJil-mau (eVkl-mi), n. ; pi. Esquimaux (-moz). 

-IMO. 






Es-quire' (gs-kwir'), n. [OF. escityer, escuier, through 
LL. fr. L. scutum shield, fr. root meaning, to cover.] 
Orig., a shield-bearer or armor-bearer attendant on a 
knight ; a title of dignity next below knight and above 
gentleman ; also, a title of office and courtesy. 

G3jf* In England, the title of esquire belongs by right 
of birth to the eldest sons of knights ; to the eldest sous 
of younger sons of peers, to sheriffs, to justices of the 
peace, to counselors at law, bachelors of divinity, law, or 
physic, etc. In the U. S. the title is commonly given in 
courtesy to lawyers and justices of the peace, and is often 
used in the superscription of letters instead of Mr. 

Es quire', V. t. To wait on ; to attend. [Collog.'] 

-ess (-gs). [OF. -esse, LL. -issa, Gr. -icro-a.] A suffix 
used to form feminine nouns ; as, actress, deaconess. 

Es'say (es'sa), n. [F. essai, fr. L. exagium a weigh- 
ing, weight, balance ; ex out -f agere to drive, do.] 
1. An effort to perform anything ; trial ; attempt. 2. 
(Lit.) A composition treating of any particular subject, 

— usually shorter and less methodical than a treatise. 
Syn. — Endeavor ; tract; dissertation; disquisition. 
Es-say' (gs-sa'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essayed (-sad') ; 

p. pr. &vb. n. Essaying.] To make effort to do or per- 
form ; to attempt ; to endeavor ; to make experiment of. 

Es'say-ist (gs'sa-Tst), n. A writer of an essay. 

Es'sence (gs'sens), n. [F., fr. L. essentia, formed as 
if fr. a p. pr. of esse to be. See Is.] 1. The constituent 
elementary notions constituting a complex notion. 2. The 
distinctive constituent qualities of anything ; hence, vir- 
tue or quality of a thing, separated from its grosser parts. 
3. Constituent substance. 4. A being; esp., a purely 
spiritual being. 5. The virtues of a plant or drug, ex- 
tracted and refined; specif., the solution in spirits of 
wine of a volatile or essential oil. 6. Perfume ; scent. 

Es'sence, v. t. To perfume. 

Es-sene' (gs-sen'), n. [Gr. *Eo-otjvoi, lit., physicians, 
because they practiced medicine, fr. Chald. asaya to 
heal.] One of an ascetic Jewish sect. 

Es-sen'tial (gs-sgn'shol), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
the essence, or characteristic qualities or part of any- 
thing. 2. Hence, really existing. 3. Important in the 
highest degree ; necessary. 4. Highly rectified ; pure ; 
hence, unmixed. 5. Idiopathic ; independent of other 
diseases. — Es-sen'tial-ly, adv. — Es-sen'tial ness, n. 

Essential oils, a class of vegetable oils, having each its 
characteristic odor, and hot burning taste. 

Es-sen'tial, n. That which is essential, [essential. I 

Es-sen'ti-al'i-ty (-shi-al'T-ty), n. Quality of being | 

-est (-gst). [AS. -ost, -est ; akin to G. -est, -ist, Skr. 
-ishlha."] A suffix used to form the superlative of adjec- 
tives and adverbs ; as, smoothed; earl(y)iest. 

Es-tab'lish (gs-tSblish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estab- 
lished (-ITsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Establishing.] [OF. 
establir, fr. L. stabilire, fr. stabilis firm, stable. See 
Stable, a. ; -ish.] 1. To make stable or firm. 2. To 
appoint by authority ; to enact ; to ordain. 3. To found ; 
to institute ; to create and regulate. 4. To secure public 
recognition or acceptance of. 5. To set up in business, 
or in any place of advantage ; — used refiexively. 

Es-tab'lish-er (-er), n. One who establishes. 

Es-tablish-ment (-ment), n. 1. An establishing; 
state of being established. 2. That which is established ; 
as : (a) A form of government, (b) A permanent civil, 
military, or commercial, force or organization, (c) A 
permanent place and outfit for residence or business. 

Es'ta-fet' ) (gs'ta-fgf), n. [F. eslafette, deriv. of 

I! Es'ta-fette' ) OHG. stapho footstep.] A courier. 

II Es-tan'ci-a (as-tan'the-a), n. [Sp. See Stanza.] 
A grazing farm ; a country house. [Spa?iish America] 

Es-tate' (gs-taf), n. [OF. estat, F. etat, L. status, fr. 
stare to stand.] 1. Settled condition or form of exist- 
ence ; state ; situation. 2. Social standing or rank ; 
quality; dignity. 3. A property; esp., property in 
land, or all the property of a deceased person. 4. pi. The 
great classes or orders of a community or state. 5. 
(Law) Interest of an owner in lands, tenements, etc. 

Esteem' (gs-tem'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Esteemed 
(-temd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Esteeming.] [F. estimer, L. 
aestimare to estimate.] 1. To appreciate the worth of; 
to value. 2. To set a high value on ; to respect. 

Syn. — To prize ; respect ; reckon. See Estimate. 

Esteem', n. 1. Estimation ; opinion regarding merit 
or value ; hence, valuation ; reckoning ; price. 2. High 
estimation or value ; favorable opinion. 

Es'thete (Ss'thet),n., Es-thet'ic (gs-thgtlk), a., etc. 
Same as ^Esthete, .ZEsthetic, etc. 

Es'ti-ma-ble (gs'ti-ma-b'l), a. Capable or worthy of 
being esteemed or estimated. — Es'ti-ma-ble-ness, n. 

— Es'ti-ma-bly, adv. 



S, e, 1, 5, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, fi, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, Idea, &bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



ESTIMATE 



305 



ETHNOLOGY 



Es'ti-mate (Ss'tT-mat), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Estimated 
(-ma'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Estimating (-mating).] [L. 
aestimare, p. p. -atus. See Esteem, v. t.~\ To judge and 
form an opinion of the value, amount, number, or the like, 
of, from imperfect data or in an imperfect manner. 

Syn. — To appreciate; value; appraise j prize; rate; 
esteem; count; calculate; number. — Estimate has ref- 
erence especially to the external relations of things, such 
as amount, magnitude, importance, etc. ; esteem to the 
intrinsic or moral worth of a person or tiling. 

Es'ti-mate (-mat), n. Act or result of estimating. 

Es- ti-ma'tion (Ss'tT-ma'shun), n. [See Esteem, v. t.] 
1. Act of estimating, or the opinion or judgment so 
formed ; estimate. 2. Favorable opinion ; esteem ; re- 
gard ; honor. 3. Supposition ; conjecture. 

Syn. — Calculation ; computation ; appraisement, 

Es'ti -ma-tlve (Ss'tT-ma-tTv), a. Inclined, or able, to 
estimate. 

Es'ti-ma'toi (-ma'ter), n. One who estimates. 

Es'ti- val (gs'tT-wd or gs-ti'val), a., Es'ti- vate (8s'- 
tT-vat), v. i., etc. Same as iEsTivAL, JSstivate, etc. 

Es-top' (Ss-top'), v. t. [hup. & p.p. Estopped (-topf); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Estopping.] [OF. estoper to stop, close, 
LL. stuppare to close with tow, fr. L. stuppa tow, oakum. 
Cf. Stop.] (Laiv) To impede or bar by estoppel. 

Eg-top'pel (-pel), »■ {Law) (a) A stop ; obstruction 
or bar to one's alleging or denying a fact contrary to his 
own previous action or statement. (b) The agency by 
which the law excludes evidence in disputes of admis- 
sions which the policy of the law treats as indisputable. 

Es-tO'vers (es-to'verz), n. pi. [OF. estoveir, estovoir, 
necessary, prop, infin., to suit, be necessary. See 
Stover.] (Law) Necessaries or supplies ; an allowance 
to a person out of an estate or other thing for support. 

Es'trade' (as'trad'), n. [F., fr. Sp. estrado, prop., a 
carpeted place, fr. L. stratum bed covering. See Stra- 
tum.] (Arch.) A raised platform in a room ; a dais. 

Estrange' (es-tranj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estranged 
(-tranjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Estranging (-tran'jing).] 
[OF. estrangier to remove, L. extraneare to treat as a 
stranger, from extraneus strange, extraneous.] 1. To 
withdraw ; to withhold ; hence, reflexively, to cause to 
cease to be familiar and friendly. 2. To divert from its 
original use or purpose, or from its former possessor ; to 
alienate. 3. To alienate the affections or confidence of. 

Es-trange'ment (gs-tranj'ment), n. Act of estran- 
ging, or state of being estranged ; alienation. 

Es tra-pade' (gs'tra-pad'), n. [F.] (Man.) The ac- 
tion of a horse, when, to get rid of his rider, he rears, 
plunges, and kicks furiously. 

Es-tray' (gs-tra'), n. [See Stray.] (Law) Any valua- 
ble animal, not wild, wandering from its owner ; a stray. 

Es-treat' (Ss-tref), n. [OF. estraite, fr. estraire to 
extract, fr. L. extrahere. See Extract.] (Law) A true 
copy, duplicate, or extract of an original writing. 

Es-treat', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estreated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Estreating.] (Eng. Law) (a) To take out from 
the records of a court, and send up to the court of 
exchequer to be enforced ; — said of a forfeited recogni- 
zance, (b) To bring into the exchequer, as a fine. 

Es-trepe'ment (-trgp'ment), n. [OF., damage, 
waste.] (Law) Destructive waste, by a tenant; for life. 

Es'tn-a-ry (gs'tu-a-ry), n. [L. aestuarium, from 
aestuare to surge. See Estuate.] A passage, as the 
mouth of a river, where the tide meets the current ; an 
arm of the sea ; a frith. 

Es'tu-ate (-at), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Estuated 
(-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Estuating.] [L. aestuare to 
boil up, burn, fr. aestus boiling motion, fire, heat.] To 
boil up ; to swell and rage ; to be agitated. 

-et (-St). [F. -et, masc, -elte, fern. Cf. -let.] A 
noun suffix with a diminutive force ; as in barone/, face?. 

II E'ta'gere' (a'ta'zhaT'), n. [F., deriv. of etage story. 
See Stage.] A piece of furniture having a number of 
uninclosed shelves for receiving articles of elegance or use. 

HE'tat' Ma'Jor' (a'ta' ma'zh&V). [F., fr. etat state 
-|- L. major greater.] (Mil.) The staff of an army. 

II Et' cet'e-ra { (et' sgt'e-ra). [L. et and + caetera 

II Et' caBt'e-ra j other things.] And others ; and so 
on ; — noting that other things which could be mentioned 
are to be understood. Usually abbrev. to etc. or &c. 

Etch (ech), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Etched (Scht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Etching.] [D. etsen, G. atzen to feed, corrode, 
etch, MHO. etsen, causative of ezzen to eat, G. essen. 
See Eat.] 1. To produce or engrave, as designs, on 
metal, glass, or the like, by lines or strokes eaten in by an 
acid. 2. To draw upon and bite out the lines with acid. 

Etch, v. i. To practice etching ; to make etchings 



Etch'er (Sch'Sr), n. One who et 

EtCh'Lng, n. 1. Act, art, or practice of an etcher. 
2. An etched design or figure, or an impression from it. 

E-tern' (t-ttrnr), a. [OF. eterne, L. aetn 
aevUurnut, fr. aevum age. See Age.] Eternal. \Poetie\ 

E-ter'nal (8-teVnal), a. [F. Sternal, L aeternalU, fr. 
aetermu.] 1. Without beginning or end of ezl 
always existing. 2. Without end of existence or dura- 
tion. 3. Continued without intermission j ceaseless ; 
constant. 4. Existing at all times without chai 
mutable. 5. Exceedingly great or bad ; — used as a 
strong intensive. — E-ter'nal-ly, adv, 

Syn. — Everlasting; endless; infinite; ceaseless; per- 
petual ; interminable. See Everlasting. 

E-ter'nal, n. That Which is eternal ; esp., God. 

E-terne (e-tern'), a. Same as Etern. 

E-ter'ni-ty (e-ter'nT-ty), n. 1. Duration without be- 
ginning or end ; also, duration without end in the future. 
2. Condition which begins at death ; immortality. 

E ter'nlze (e-ter'niz), v. t. 1. To make eternal or end- 
less. 2. To make forever famous ; to immortalize. 

E-te'sian (-te'zhan), a. [L. etesiae, pi., etesian winds, 
Gr. eTrj<rtai, fr. ero? year.] Periodical ; — applied to cer- 
tain northerly winds of the iEgean sea and the Levant. 

Eth'ane (Sth'an), n. [From Ether.] (Chem.) A 
hydrocarbon, forming part of ordinary illuminai 

E the-OS'tO-mold (e'the-Ss'to-moid), a. [Nl. 
stoma name of a genus + -oid.~\ (Zo'ol.) Pertaining to, 
or like, the genus Etheosloma. — n. Any fish of the 
fresh-water genus Etheostoma and related genera of small 
and often bright-colored fishes related to the perches. 

E'ther (e'ther), n. [L. aether, Gr. aiOjp, fr. al8eiv to 
light up, kindle, burn, blaze; akin to Skr. idh, indh."] 

1. (Physics) A medium of great elasticity and extreme 
tenuity, supposed to pervade all space, the interior of 
solid bodies not excepted, and to be the medium of trans- 
mission of light and heat. 2. Supposed matter above 
the air; the air itself . 3. (Chem.) (a) A volatile inflam- 
mable liquid, obtained by distillation of alcohol. It is a 
powerful anaesthetic, (b) Any similar hydrocarbon. 

E-the're-al (e-the're-al), a. 1. Pertaining to the hy- 
pothetical upper air, or to the regions beyond the earth 
or beyond the atmosphere; celestial. 2. Consisting of 
ether ; hence, exceedingly light or airy. 3. (Chem.) 
Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, ether. — 
E-the're-al-ly, adv. — E-the're-al-ness, n. 

E-the're-al-ize (e-the're-al-iz), v. t. 1. To convert 
into ether ; to saturate with ether. 2. To render ethereal. 

E-ther'i-li-ca'tion (e-thgr'T-fi-ka'shiin), 7i. (Chem.) 
Act or process of making ether. 

E'ther-i-za'tion (e'ther-T-za'shun), n. (Med.) Admin- 
istration of ether ; state of the system under its influence. 

E'ther-ize (e'ther-iz), v. t. 1. To convert into ether. 

2. To render insensible by means of ether. 

Eth'ic (gth'ik), ) a. [L. elhicus, Gr. t\9ik6<;, fr. tyos 

Eth'ic-al (-T-kal), j custom, usage, dwelling ; akin to 
60os usage, Skr. svadha.'] Of, or belonging to, morals ; 
containing moral precepts ; moral. — Eth'ic-al-ly, ad''- 

Eth'ics (-Tks), n. The science of human duty; the 
body of rules of duty drawn from this science. 

E'thi-op (e'thT-5p), E'thi-O'pi-an (-o'pT-rtn), n. [L. 
Aethiops, Gr. AlOioty ; alOetv to burn -f- <o\}/ face.] A na- 
tive or inhabitant of Ethiopia ; hence, a negro. 

E'thi-O'pi-an, ) a. Of or relating to Ethiopia or 

E'thi-op'ic (-op'Yk), ) the Ethiopians. 

E'thi-ops (e'thT-5ps), n. [NL. See Ethiop.] (Old 
Chem.) A black substance; — formerly applied to vari- 
ous preparations of a black or very dark color. 

Eth'moid (eth'moid), { a. [Gr. i70/noeiS»js- like a 

Eth-mold'al (gth-moid'rd), ) sieve ; 17^6? sieve -f- 
eTSo? form.] (Anat.) (a) Like a sieve ; cribriform, (b) 
Pert, to, or in the region of, the ethmoid bone, through 
which the olfactory nerves pass out of the cranium. 

Eth'nic (Sth'nTk), \a. [L. e thnieus. Gr. €0.'ik6s, fr. 

Eth'nic-al (-nT-kal), ) e^os nation, to i9vr\ the na- 
tions, gentiles.] 1. Belonging to races or nations ; 
based on distinctions of race f ethnological. 2. Pertaining 
to the gentiles, or to nations not converted to Christianity. 

Eth-nog'ra-pher (gth-uSg'ra-fer), n. One versed in 
ethnography. 

Eth'no-graph'ic (Sth no-grSf'Tk), ) a. IVrtaining to 

Ethno-graph'ic-al (,-T-k-zl), J ethnography. 

Eth-nog'ra-phy (6th-n5g'ra-fy), v. [Gr. .£0ios nation 
-f -grap/11/.] Descriptive ethnology. 

Eth'no-log'ic (Sth'n6-15j'Ik), ) a. Of or pert, to eth 

Eth no-log'ic-al (-I-kol), I nology. [nology. 

Eth-nol'o-gist (e"th-n51'o-jTst), w. One versed in eth 

Eth-nol'0-gy (-jy), »• [Gr. t-0m nation + -logy 



fSrn, 



:cent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

*20 



G 



H 



K 



M 



KTHOLOGIC 



306 



EURYTHMY 



> 



> 



The «ci*ncc which treats of the division of mankind into 
race*, their origin, distribution, and relations. 

Eth o-log'lc \oth o-loj'ik\ la. Of or pertaining to 

Eth o-log'ic-al (,-loj'I-k,jn. t ethology. 

E-tDOl'O-gy *,o-thor?-J5). n. [Gr. rfio\oyia a de- 
f character. See Ethics, and -logy.] 1. A 
treatise on morality ; ethics. 2. The science of the 
formation of character. 

Eth'yl(.?th'Il).H. [Ether + -yl.] (Chem.) The essen- 
tial radical of ethane, and of common alcohol and ether. 

Eth'yl-ene (,-enV ;;. (Chem.) A gaseous hydrocarbon, 
forming an ingredient of illuminating gas. 

E'tl-o-late i,e'tT-o-lat), r. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Etio- 
lated (-lateM); p. pr. & vb. n. Etiolating.] [F. 
ttioler to blanch.] To become or make white or whiter ; 
to blanch or pale, as by absence of light, or by disease ; to 
whiten. 

E ti-O-la'tlon (-la'shiin), n. Act of etiolating, or state 
of being etiolated. 

E ti-bl'o-gy (-ol'o-jv). 7!. Same as Etiology. 

Etl-quette' (Stl-keV), n. [F., prop., a little piece 
of paper, or a mark or label, ticket, OF. estiquete ; of 
German origin.] The forms required by good breeding, 
or prescribed by authority, to be observed in social or 
official life. [& Mus.) A study. I 

E tude 7 (a'tud'), n. [F. See Study.] (Fine Arts] 

Et y-mo-log'ic-al (St'T-mo-loj'i-kal), a. Of or per- 
taining to etymology. —Et'y-mo-lOg'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Et y-mo^log'i-con (-T-kon), n. [NX.] An etymo- 
logical dictionary or manual. 

Et y-mol'o-gist (-mol'o-jist), n. One who investi- 
gates the derivation of words. 

Et y-mol'o-gize (-jTz), r. /. To give the etymology of. 

Et'y-mol'0-gize, v. i. To trace the origins of words. 

Efy-mol'O-gy (-jy), n. [L. etymologia, Gr. ctv/lioAo- 
yla ; ervfiov etymon -f- Aoyos discourse, description.] 1. 
That branch of philological science treating of the his- 
tory of the forms and meanings of words. 2. That part 
of grammar relating to changes of form in inflection. 

Et'y-mon (etl-mon), 72. ; pi. E. -mons (-monz), Gr. -ma 
(-ma). [L., fr. Gr. erup.ov, fr. e-rv^os true, real, fr. eVeos 
true.] An original form or meaning ; a root. 

; Eu- (u-). [Gr. ev well, orig. neut. of evs good.] A 
prefix signifying uell, good, advantageous. 

I Euca-lyp'tUS (u'ka-lTp'tus), n. [NL., from Gr. ev 
well, good -j- KaXvirTos covered. The name refers to the 
covering over the buds.] (Bot.) A myrtaceous genus of 
very useful trees, mostly Australian. Many of them 
grow to a great height. 

Eu'cha-rist (-rlst), n. [L. eucharistia, Gr. evxapwrria, 
lit., a giving thanks; ev + x*P l ? favor, grace, thanks.] 
1. Thanksgiving. [Obs.] 2. (Eccl.) The sacrament of 
the Lord's Supper ; the communion. 

Eu cha-ris'tic (-rTs'tTk). \ a. Of or pertaining to 

Eu'cha-ris'tic-al (-tT-kal), j the Lord's Supper. 

Eu-Chol'O-gy (u-kol'6-jy), n. [Gr. evxcAdyiov prayer 
book ; evxv prayer -f- Ae'yeiv to speak.] (Eccl.) The 
book of offices in the Greek Church. [game at cards. | 

Eu'chre (u^ker). n. [Perh. fr. F. ecarte.] A kind of | 

Eu'chre. 0. t. To defeat, in a game of euchre, the 
side that named the trump. 

Eu-clid'i-an (u-klidl-ctn), a. Relating to Euclid, the 
Greek geometer, or to the geometry of Euclid. 

Eu'cra-sy (u^cra-s^), n. [Gr. ev*epa<ria, deriv. of ev 
well -f- Kepawvvai to mix, temper.] (3fed.) Such a mix- 
ture of qualities as constitutes health or soundness. 

Eu de mon'ics, Eu dae-mon'ics (u'de-monlks), n. 
[Gr. tv&aiixoviKos conducive to happiness. See Eude- 
moxtsm.] Moral philosophy that treats of happiness. 

Eu-de'mon-lsm. Eu-dae 'monism (u-de'mSn -Tz'm), 
n. [Gr. evfiou/LLOfitr/xos a thinking happy, fr. evficuVwv 
having a good genius, happy ; ev well -f- Saifjuav one's de- 
mon.] That system of ethics which defines moral obliga- 
tion by its relation to happiness. [eudemonism. I 

En^mon-ist, Eu-dae'mon-ist. n. A believer in| 

Eu'di-om'e-ter (u'dT-om'e-ter), n. [Gr. evSta clear 
weather (fr. evSto? clear) -f -meter.'] (Chem.) An in- 
strument for the volumetric measurement of gases. It 
ie frequently used to determine the purity of the air. 

Eu'di-o-met'lic f-o-mef rTk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Eu di-o-met'ric-al (-rl-ktrl), \ a eudiometer. 

Eu'dl-om'e-try (-om'e-tijf), n. Art or process of mak- 
ing observations or experiments with the eudiometer. 
Eu ge'ni-a (u-je'ni-a),?*. [NL. Named after Prince 
of Savoy.] (Bot.) A genus of myrtaceous plants, 
% the trees which produce allspice and cloves. 

Eu-gen'ic (6-jenTk), n. [Gr. evyet^?.] Well-born. 
Eu-hem'er-ism ( u-hem'er-Tz'm or fi-he'mer-), n. The 



theory, of the Greek philosopher Euhemerus (about 300 
b. a), that the gods of mythology were deified mortals. 

Eu'la-chon (u'la-kon), n. [Native Indian name.] 
(Zoi>l.) The candlefish. 

Eu'lo-gist (u'lo-jTst), 72. One who eulogizes or praises. 

Eu lo-gis'tic (u'lo-jTs'tlk), ) Of , pertaining to, or char- 

Eu lo-gis'tic-al (-tT-kal), J acterized by, eulogy. 

Eu-lo'gi-umj(u-lo'jT-uin), n. [LL.] A formal eulogy. 

Eu'lo-gize (ulo-jiz), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Eulo- 
gized (-jizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Eulogizing (-ji'zing).] To 
extol or praise in speech or writing. 

EulO-gy (-if), n. [Gr. evAoyi'a, fr. evAoyos well 
speaking ; ev well + Ae'yeiv to speak.] A speech or writ- 
ing commending the character or services of a person. 

Syn. — Encomium ; praise ; panegyric ; applause. — 
Encomium is less studied and formal than e»/ogy, which 
applies only to persons. A panegyi-ic was originally a set 
speech in a full assembly of the people, and hence de- 
notes a more formal eulogy, couched in terms of warm 
and continuous praise, esp. as to personal character. 

I! Eu-men'i-des (u-men'T-dez), n. pi. [L., from Gr. 
Ev/aei/t5es, lit., gracious goddesses.] (Class. Myth.) A 
euphemistic name for the Furies or Erinyes. 

Eu'nuch (u'nuk), n. [L. eunuchus, Gr. evvovxo?, 
prop., guarding the couch ; evvrj couch -f- exeiv to have, 
keep.] A castrated male person, in the Orient often 
placed in charge of the women's apartments. 

Eu'nuch-ism (-Tz'm), n. State of being a eunuch. 

Eu-OS'mite (u-oz'mit), n. [Gr. e£ well -f- 6<r^ a 
smell.] (Mm.) A fossil resin, having a pleasant odor. 

Eu pa-to'ri-um (u'pa-to'rT-um), n. [NL., fr. Eupa- 
tor, king of Pontus, said to have used it as a medicine.] 
(Bot.) A genus of perennial, composite herbs including 
hemp agrimony, boneset, thoroughwort, etc. 

II Eu-pep'si-a (u-pgp / sT-a or -sha), ) n. [NL. eupepsia, 

Eu-pep'sy (u-pep'sy), j fr. Gr. evne^/Ca. 

See Eu- ; Dyspepsia.] (Med.) A state of good digestion. 

Eu-pep'tic (-tik) 2 _o. Of or pertaining to eupepsia. 

Eu'phe-mism (u'fe-miz'm), n. [Gr. ev^ijjitKr/ios, 
deriv. of ev well + <pavai to speak. See Fame.] (Rhet.) 
A figure in which a harsh or indelicate word or expres- 
sion is softened ; a mild name for something disagreeable. 

Eu'phe-mis'tic (-mis'tlk), | a. Of or pertaining to 

Eu phe-mis'tic-al (-tT-kol), j euphemism. 

Eu'phe-mize (u'fe-mlz), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Eu- 
phemized (-mizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Euphemizing.] To 
express by a euphemism, or in delicate language ; to 
make use of euphemistic expressions. 

Eu-phon'ic (u-fon'Tk), ) a. Pertaining to, or exhibit- 

Eu-phon'ic-al (-T-kol), ) ing, euphony ; euphonious. 

Eu-pho'ni-OUS (u-fo'nl-us), a. Pleasing or sweet in 
sound ; euphonic. — Eu-pho'ni-ous-ly, adv. 

Eu'pho-nism (u'fo-mz'm), n. Euphony. 

Eu'pho-ny (u'fo-ny), n. [L. euphonia, Gr. ev<pwj/ia, 
fr. ev^xo^os sweet-voiced ; ev well + (jxovrj soimd, voice.] 
A pleasing or sweet sound ; an easy, smooth enunciation. 
Eu-ptior'bi-a (u-f6r'bT-a), n. [NL., deriv. of Gr. 
ev$op/3ioi/ exudation from one species.] (Bot.) A genus 
of plants, mostly shrubby, succulent herbs ; spurge. 

Eu'phO-tide (u'fo-tid), n. [Gr. ev well + 4>m light.] 
(Min. ) A composite, white-and-green rock of the Alps. 

Eu'phra-sy (u'fra-sjf), n. [Gr. ev<^pacrta delight, fr. 
ev well + §priv heart.] (Bot.) The plant eyebright. 

Eu'phu-ism (u'fu-Tz'm), n. [Gr. ev^v^s well grown, 
graceful ; ev well + <}>vrj growth, fr. fyiieiv to grow. The 
term refers to Lyly's famous books, " Euphues, or the 
Anatomy of Wit," and " Euphues and his England," 
both affectedly elegant in diction.] (Rhet.) An affecta- 
tion of excessive elegance and refinement of language. 

Eu'phu-ist. n. One who affects euphuism. 

Eu phu-ls'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. Of or pert, to euphuism. 

Eu-ra'sian (u-ra'shan), a. [^wrope -f Asian.'] Of 
European and Asiatic descent ; of or pertaining to both 
Europe and Asia. —n. A child of a European and an 
Asiatic ; also, one born in Asia of European parents. 

|! Eu-re'ka (u-reHia). [Gr. evp-jjKa I have found.] The 
exclamation attributed to Archimedes, upon suddenly 
discovering a method of finding out how much the gold 
of King Hiero's crown had been alloyed. Hence, an ex- 
pression of triumph concerning a discovery. 

Eu-roc'ly-don (u-rok1T-d5n), n. [NL., fr. Gr. evpo- 
kXv8<ov ; evpos southeast wind -j- kXvSuv wave.] A tem- 
pestuous northeast wind of the Mediterranean. 

Euro-pe'an (u'ro-pe'an), a. Of or pert, to Europe, or 
its inhabitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Europe. 

Eu'ryth-my (u'rTth-mJ), n. [Gr. eipve^Ca ; ev well 
+ pvOno? rhythm.] 1. (Fine Arts) Just or harmonious 
proportion or movement. 2. (Med. ) Regularity of pulse. 



a, e, 1, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, fi. y, short ; sen&te, Svent, Idea, fcbey, finite, cAre, arm, ask, all, final. 



EUSTACHIAN 



307 



EVERT 



Eu sta'chi-an (u-sta/kY-on), a. [From Eustachi, an 
Italian physician.] (Anat.) (a) Discovered by Eusta- 
chius, as the passage from the tympanum to the pharynx 
of the ear, and a crescent-shaped valvular fold of the en- 
docardium, (b) Pertaining to the Eustachian tube. 

Eustachian tube (Anal.), a passage from the tympanum 
of the ear to the pharynx. 

Eu-ter'pe (u-ter'pe), re. [L., fr. Gr. EtiTe'pTnj, fr. 
eurepn-TJ? delightful ; efi well 4- repireip to delight.] 
(Class. Myth.) The Muse of music. [to music] 

Eu-ter'pe-an (-pe-ern), a. Of or pert, to Euterpe or | 

Eu tha-na'si-a (u'tha-na'zhl-a), re. [NL., fr. Gr. ev- 
Oavacria ; ei well + Oavelv to die.] An easy or agreeable 
death. [as Euthanasia. I 

Eu-than'a-syJu-thaVa-sy" or u7th&-na'zy), re. Same I 

Eu'trO-phy (u'tro-fy), re. [Gr. euTpocfua, deriv. of et 
well -f- rpefyeiv to nourish.] (Med.) Healthy nutrition. 

Eu-tych'i-an (u-tlk'T-an), re. (Eccl. Hist. ) A follower 
of Eutyches, a 5th century monophysite. [thartic. I 

E-vac'U-ant (e-vak'u-rtnt), a. & n. Evacuative ; ca- 1 

U-vac'u-ate (e-v5k'u-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evacu- 
ated (-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Evacuating (-a'tTng).] 
[L. evacuate, p. p. -atus ; e out + vacuus empty.] 1. 
To make empty ; to remove the contents of. 2. To re- 
move ; to eject ; to void ; to discharge. 3. To withdraw 
from; to quit. 4. To nullify ; to vacate. [Obs.] 

E-vac'U-a'tion (-a'shun), re. 1. Act of evacuating. 
2. That which is evacuated. 

E-vac'U-a-tive (e-vak'u-a-tiv), a. Serving or tending 
to evacuate ; cathartic ; purgative. 

E-vac'U-a'tor (-a'ter), re. One who evacuates. 

E-vade' (e-vad'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Evaded ; p. 
pr. &vb. re. Evading.] [L. evader e, evasum; e out -f- 
vadere to go, walk. See Wade.] To get away from by 
artifice ; to avoid ; to slip away ; to elude ; to escape. 

E-vag'i-na'tion (e-vaj'i-na'shun), re. [Deriv. of L. e 
out -j- vagina sheath.] Act of unsheathing. 

Ev'a-nesce' (ev'a-ngs')» v. i. [imp. &p. p. Evanesced 
(-nest') ; p. pr. & vb. re. Evanescing.] [L. evanescere ; 
e out -f- vanescere to vanish, fr. vanus empty, vain.] To 
vanish away ; to dissipate and disappear, like vapor. 

Ev a-nes'cence (-sens), re. Act or state of evanescing. 

Ev'a-nes'cent (-sent), a. 1. Liable to vanish or pass 
away like vapor ; vanishing ; fleeting. 2. Vanishing 
from notice ; imperceptible. — Ev'a-nes'cent-ly , adv. 

E-van'gel (e-van'jel), re. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
evayye\iov glad tidings, gospel ; deriv. of €§ -f- dyyeAeiv to 
bear a message. See Eu- ; Angel.] Good news ; announce- 
ment of glad tidings ; esp., the gospel, or a gospel. 

E van-gel'ic (e'van-jel'ik or gv'Xn-), a. Belonging 
to, or contained in, the gospel ; evangelical. 

E'van-gel'lc-al (-i-kal), a. 1. Contained in, or re- 
lating to, the four Gospels. 2. Belonging to, consonant 
to, or contained in, the New Testament. 3. Earnest for 
the truth taught in the gospel ; preeminently orthodox ; 
— specif, applied to that party in the Church of England, 
and in the Protestant Episcopal Church, which holds the 
doctrine of "Justification by Faith alone;" the Low 
Church party. — E 7 van-gel'ic-al-ly , adv. 

E / van-gel'i-cism(-i-sTz'm), re. Evangelical principles. 

E-van'gel-ism (e-van'jel-iz'm), re. The preaching or 
promulgation of the gospel. 

E-van'gel-ist, re. A bringer of the glad tidings of 
Christ and his doctrines. Specif. : (a) A missionary 
preacher, (b) A writer of one of the Gospels (with the 
definite article), (c) A traveling preacher ; a revivalist. 

E-van'gel-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. Pertaining to the four 
evangelists ; fitted to evangelize ; evangelical. 

E-van'gel-i-za'tion (-i-za'shun), re. Act of evangeli- 
zing, or state of being evangelized. 

E-van'gel-ize (e-van'jel-iz), v. t. & i. To instruct in 
the gospel ; to convert to Christianity. 

E-van'ish (-Tsh), v. i. [Pref. e -}- vanish.'] To vanish. 

E-vap'O-rate (e-vap'6-rat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Evap- 
oeated (-ra/tgd) ; p.pr. & vb. re. Evaporating (-ra'tlng).] 
[L. evaporare, p. p. -atus ; e out + vapor steam or 
vapor.] To pass off in vapor, as a fluid ; to escape and 
be dissipated. Also used figuratively. 

E-vap'O-rate, v. t. 1. To dissipate in vapor or fumes. 
2. To expel the moisture of. 

E-vap'O-rate (-rat), a. Dispersed in vapors. 

E-vap'O-ra'tion (-ra'shun), re. 1. Act or process of 
evaporating. 2. That which is evaporated ; vapor. 

E-vap'O-ra-tive (e-vap'6-ra-tTv), a. Pertaining to, or 
producing, evaporation. [orating. I 

E- vap'O-ra'tor (-ra'ter), re. An apparatus for evap- 1 

E-va'sion (-va'zhun), re. [See Evade.] An evading ; 
an eluding or avoiding, esp. the pressure of an argument, 



charge, or interrogation; artful means of eluding or 
avoiding; subterfuge. 

Syn. — Shift ; shuffling ; prevarication ; equivocation. 

E-va'sive (e-va'hT v), a. Tending to evade, or marked 
by evasion. — E-va'sive-ly, adv. — E-va'sive-ness, n. 

Eve (ev), re. [See Even, //.] 1. Evening. \_l'oe,tic\ 
2. The evening before a holiday, — from the Jewish 
mode of reckoning the day as beginning at sunset ; also, 
the period immediately preceding some important event. 

E-vec/tion (e-vek'shun), n. [L. evectio a going up ; 
deriv. of e out + vehere to carry.] (Astron.) (a) An 
inequality of the moon's motion in its orbit, due to the 
attraction of the sun. (b) The libration of the moon. 

E'ven (e'v'n), n. [AS. x/en ; akin to G. abend; of 
unknown origin.] Evening. [Poetic] 

E'ven, a. [AS. e/en, ejfn; akin to G. «/ere, Goth. 
ibns.] 1. Level, smooth, or equal in surface ; not rough ; 
hence, uniform in rate of motion or mode of action. 

2. Equable; calm. 3. Parallel; on a level. 4. Bal- 
anced ; adjusted ; owing nothing on either side ; — said 
of accounts, bargains, or persons indebted. 5. Not odd ; 
divisible by two without remainder ; — said of numbers. 

E'ven (e'v'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evened (e'v'nd) ; 
p.pr. & vb. re. Evening (-v'n-Tng).] 1. To make even 
or level. 2. To make even or balanced, as accounts. 

3. To set right ; to complete. 4. To act up to. 
E'ven, adv. 1. In an equal or precisely similar man- 
ner ; equally ; precisely. 2. So much as. 3. As might 
not be expected. 4. At the very time ; in the very case. 

E'ven-er (-er), re. One that evens. [unbiased. I 

E'ven-hand / ed (e'v'n-hSnd'ed), a. Fair ; impartial ; | 

E'ven-ing (e'v'n-Tng or ev'ning), re. [AS. usfnung. 
See Even, re.] 1. The latter part and close of the day ; 
properly, the decline of the day, or of the sun. 2. Fig. : 
The latter portion ; the declining period. 

The evening star, the bright star of early evening, near 
the horizon in the western sky ; specif., the planet Venus. 

E'ven-ly (-ly), adv. With an even, level, or smooth 
surface ; uniformly ; equally ; impartially ; serenely. 

E'ven-ness, re. State or quality of being even. 

E-vent' (e-venf), n. [L. eventus, f r. evenire to happen, 
come out ; e -\- venire to come.] 1. That which comes, 
arrives, or happens. 2. Consequence ; issue ; result. 

Syn. — Incident ; occurrence ; adventure ; issue ; re- 
sult ; termination ; consequence ; conclusion. 

E-vent'ful (e-vent'ful), a. Full of, or rich in, events. 

E'ven-tra'tion (e've'n-tra'shilu), re. [L. e out + ven- 
ter belly.] (Med.) A tumor or wound into or through 
which a large portion of the abdominal viscera protrude. 

E-ven'tU-al (e-vSn'tu-al ; 135), a. 1. Coming or hap- 
pening as a consequence or result ; consequential. 2. 
Final ; ultimate. 3. (Law) Dependent on events ; con- 
tingent. — E-ven'tu-al-ly, adv. 

E-ven'tU-al'i-ty (-tu-Sl'T-ty), re. 1. The coming as a 
consequence ; also, an event coming as a consequence. 

2. (Phren.) Disposition to take cognizance of events. 
E-ven'tU-ate (-at), v. i. To result ; to come to pass. 
E-ven'tU-a'tion (-a'shiin), re. An eventuating ; result. 
Ev'er (ev'er), adv. [AS. sefre; of unknown origin.] 

1. At any time. 2. At all times ; always ; forever. 3. 
Without cessation ; continually. 

Ever and anon, now and then ; often. — Ever so, in what- 
ever degree ; to whatever extent ; — intensive. — For ever. 
See Forever. — Or ever (for or ere), before. [Archaic] 

Ev'er-glade (-glad), re. An inundated tract of land 
interspersed with small islands. [U. S.~] 

Ev'er-green (-gren), a. (Bot.) Remaining un- 
withered through the winter, or until the next year's 
leaves are expanded. — re. An evergreen plant or branch. 

Ev'er-last'ing (ev'er-last'Tng), a. 1. Lasting or en- 
during forever ; endless. 2. Continuing indefinitely. 

— Ev'er-last'ing-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Eternal ; immortal ; interminable ; perpetual. 

— Eternal strictly implies duration without beginning 
or end ; everlasting is sometimes used in the Scriptures 
in the sense of eternal, but it is now restricted to the im- 
plication of future duration without end or intermission. 

Ev'er-last'ing, re. 1. Eternal duration, past or fu- 
ture ; eternity. 2. (With The) The Eternal Being ; God. 

3. (Bot.) A plant whose flowers dry without losing form 
or color. 4. A kind of cloth for shoes ; lasting. 

Ev'er-liv'lng (-lTv'Tng), a. Living eternally or con- 
tinually. 

Ev'er-more' (-mor'), adv. Forever ; — often used sub- 
stantively with for. being everted. I 

E-ver'sion (e-ver'shun), re. An everting; state of | 

E-vert' (e-verf), v. t. [L. evertere, p. p. eversus ; e 
out + vertere to turn.] 1. To overthrow ; to subvert, 
[i?.] 2. To turn outwards, or inside out. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rade, full, urn, food, f6"bt, out, oil, cnair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



EVERY 



308 



EXAGGERATION 



?. & a. pron. [OE. everich, ever- 

l] 1. Being one of all the 

parts which compose a whole collection or aggregate, and 

are all taken separately one by one. 2. Every one. [06s.] 

fere from each m giving less 

of the individual. 

: y-bod y ^v'ci-y- ery person. 

Ev'er-y-day (,-da ')» * t T sed or fit for every day; 
[separated, every one. I 

Ev'er-y-one' t-wiln'), M. Everybody ; — commonly | 

Ev'er-y-tliing (-thing'),*. Whatever pertains to the 
inder consideration ; all things. 

Ev'er-y -where (-kwte )• ■*& * n every place ; in all 
i; hence, in every part ; thoroughly :" altogether. 

Eves'drop (,evz'drop / ), v. i. See Eavesdrop. 

E-vlct' u-vikt'). r. t. limp. & p. p. Evicted ; p. pr. 
. Evicting.] [See Evince.] {Laic) To dispos- 
.-.dicial process or paramount right ; to eject. 

E-vic'tion (,-vik'shuu), n. Act or process of evicting. 

Ev'i-dence (.ev'i-dais). 7j. 1. That which makes evi- 
dent or manifest ; any mode of proof ; ground of belief 
or judgment. 2. (Law) Legal means of making proof . 

Queen's evidence, evidence for the crown. — State's evi- 
dence, evidence for the government. [ U. S.] 

Syn. - See Testimony. 

Ev'i-dence. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evidenced (-denst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Evidencing (-den-sing).] To render evi- 
dent or clear ; to prove ; to evince. 

Ev'i-dent (-deut), a. [F. evident, L. evidens, -entis ; 
e out -f- videns, p. pr. of videre to see.] Clear to the 
vision ; esp., clear to the understanding. — Ev'i-dent-ly 
(-If), ad v. — Ev'i-dent-ness, n. 

Syn. — Manifest ; plain ; obvious : visible : apparent ; 
conclusive : palpable ; notorious. See Manifest. 

Ev i-den'tial (-den'shal), a. Relating to, or affording, 
evidence ; indicative. — Ev i-den'tial-ly. adv. 

E'vll (e'v'l), a. [AS. yjel ; akin to G. tibei.] 1. Hav- 
ing qualities tending to injury and mischief ; mischievous ; 
worthless or deleterious. 2. Having or exhibiting bad 
moral qualities. 3. Producing or threatening sorrow, 
distress, injury, or calamity. 

Evil eye, an eye the gaze of which injures by magic or 
fascination. — The Evil One. the Devil ; Satan. 

Syn. — Pernicious; injurious; wicked; sinful; bad; 
corrupt ; perverse ; wrong : vicious : calamitous. 

E'vll (e'v'l), n. 1. Anything which takes away from 
the happiness or good of a being ; injury ; mischief ; harm. 
2. Moral badness ; disposition to do wrong. 3. A dis- 
ease : esp. in the phrase king's evil, the scrofula. 

E'vll, adv. In an evil manner ; not well ; ill. 

E'vil-eyed' (-id'), o. Possessed of the supposed evil 

eye : also, looking with envy, or bad design ; malicious. 

" E'vU-lk'VOred (-fa'verd)", a. Hl-favored ; blemished. 

E'vU-mlnd'ed (-nilnd'ecl), a. Having evil disposi- 
tions or intentions ; disposed to mischief or sin. 

E'vll-ness. n. Condition or quality of being evil. 

E-Vince' le-ving*), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Evinced 
(-vlnst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Evincing.] [L. evincere, p. p. 
evictus, to prevail, evict ; e out, quite -f- vincere to van- 
quish.] 1. To conquer. [06*.] 2. To prove beyond 
any reasonable doubt ; to make evident. 

E-vln'ci-ble (e-vTn'sT-b'l), a. Capable of being evinced. 

E-vin'cive (-siv), a. Tending to prove ; demonstrative. 

E-vis'cer-ate (e-vis'ser-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evis- 
cerated (-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Eviscerating (-I'tTng).] 
:erare, p. p. -atus ; e out -f- viscera the bowels.] 
To take out the entrails of ; to disembowel ; to gut. 

E-vis'cer-a'tion (-a'shun), n. A disemboweling. 

Ev'i-ta-ble fe'vT-ta-b'l), a. Avoidable. [22.] 

Ev'1-tate (-tat), v. t. [L. evitare, p.p. -atus ; e out + 
to shun.] To shun ; to avoid. [Obs.] 

Ev'o-cate (-o-kat), r. t. [See Evoke.] To evoke, [i?.] 

E-voke 7 fe-vok'), r. /. [imp. & p. p. Evoked (-vokf) ; 
p. p. & rb. n. Evoking.] [L. evocare; e out + roc-are 
to call, fr. vox, rods, voice.] 1. To call out ; to summon 
forth. 2. To call away. [i2.] 

Ev'o-lute feVo-lut), n. [See Evolve.] (Geom.) A 
curve from which another curve, called c 
the involute, is described by the end of a 
thread gradually wound upon the former, 
or unwound from it. 

Ev'0-lu'tioil (eVS-lu'shfin), n. 1. Act 
of unfolding or unrolling ; hence, the 
process of formation ; development. 2. 
A series of things unrolled or unfolded. 
I <.) The formation of an involute ^jBCEvolute; 

thread. 4. i.Arith. & A - 
extraction of roots. 5. Mil 




by unwinding a 

Alg.) TU *xtra< 



lute. 



rf) A prescribed movement of a body of troops, 




Ancient Ewer of 
enameled glass. 



or of a vessel or fleet : a maneuver. 6. (Biol.) (a) The 
process by which any living organism has acquired the 
morphological and physiological characters which distin- 
guish it. (6) That theory of generation which supposes 
the germ to preexist in the parent, and its parts to be de- 
veloped, but not actually formed, by the procreative act. 
7. (Metaph.) That series of changes under natural law 
which involves continuous progress from homogeneous to 
heterogeneous structure, and from the single and simple 
to the diverse and manifold in quality or function. 

Ev'O-lU'tion-al (ev 6-lu'shun-«l), 1 a. Relating to 

Ev'O-lu'tion-a-ry (-lu'shun-a-ry), ) evolution. 

Ev o-lu'tion-ism (-Iz*ni), n. Theory- of, or belief in, 
evolution. 

Ev O-lu'tlon-lst. n. 1. One skilled in evolutions. 2. 
One who holds the doctrine of evolution. 

E-VOlve' (e-volv'). v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Evolved 
(-volvd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Evolving.] [L. evolvere, evo- 
lutum ; e out -f- volvere to roll.] 1. To unfold or un- 
roll ; to develop ; to derive ; to deduce. 2. To throw 
out ; to emit. [being evolved. I 

E-VOlve'ment (-nient), n. Act of evolving, or state of | 

E-VUl'sion (e-vid'shun), n. [L. evulsio, fr. evellere, 
evulsum, to pluck out ; e out — vellere to pluck.] Act 
of plucking out ; a rooting out. 

Ewe (u), n. [AS. eouu ; akin to T>. ooi, Icel. ser, L. 
oris, Gr. me, Skr. avi.'] (Zool.) The female of the sheep, 
and of sheeplike animals. 

Ewe'-necked' (u'ngkt'), a. Having the arch of the 
neck deficient ; — said of horses. 

Ew'er (-er), n. [OF., prop., a water 
carrier, L. aquarius, prop, adj., water 
carrying, fr. aqua water.] A kind of 
wide-mouthed pitcher or jug. 

Ex- (eks-, egz- ; 270, 271). A pre- 
fix from the Latin preposition ex, 
akin to Gr. e£ or e«, signifying out of, 
out, proceeding from. Hence, in 
composition, it signifies out of, as in 
exhale, exclude ; off. from, or out, as 
in exscind ; beyond, as in excess, ex- 
ceed, excel ; and sometimes has a 
privative sense of without, as in ex- 
sanguious. In some words, it inten- 
sifies the meaning ; in others, it has little effect on the 
signification. It becomes ef- before /, as in effuse. The 
form e- occurs instead of ex- before b, d. I, m\ n. r, and v, 
as in ebullition, emanate, enormous, etc. In words from 
the French it often appears as es-, sometimes as » or 4- ; 
as, escape, scape, elite. Ex-, prefixed to names implying 
office, station, condition, denotes that the person for- 
merly held the office, or is out of the office or condition 
now; as, ex-president, ex-convict. Greek e£ becomes 
ex in English, as in exarch ; Ik becomes ec, as in eccentric. 

Ex-ac'er-bate (egz-as'er-bat), v. t. [imp. &: p. p. 
-bated (-baVted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. -bating (-ba ting).] 
[L. exacerbare, p. p. -atus ; ex (intens.) -f- acerbare to 
make sour. See Acerb.] To render more violent or 
bitter ; to irritate : to exasperate. 

Ex-ac er-ba'tlon (-ba'shun), n. An exacerbating; 
state of being exacerbated. 

Ex-act' (egz-akf ), a. [L. exactus, p. p. of exigere to 
drive out, demand, finish, determine, measure ; ex out — 
agere to drive.] 1. Precisely agreeing with a standard, 
a fact, or the truth. 2. Habitually careful to agree with 
a standard, a rule, or a promise ; accurate ; methodical ; 
punctual. 3. Precisely or definitely conceived or stated. 

Syn. — Correct : precise ; nice : careful. See Accurate. 

Ex-act', r. t. [imp. & p. p. Exacted : p. pr. & vb. n. 
Exacting.] To demand or require authoritatively or 
peremptorily, as a right ; to enforce ; hence, to extort. 

Ex-act'er (-er), n. An exactor. 

Ex-act'ing. a. Oppressive in demands : harsh or se- 
vere in requirements. — Ex-act'ing-ly. adv. — Ex-act'- 
ing-ness. n. [which is exacted. ! 

Ex-ac'tion (egz-ak'shun), n. Act of exacting, or that | 

Ex-act'i-tUde egz-aktT-tud), n. Exactness. 

Ex-act/ly. adv. In an exact manner. 

Ex-act 'n ess. n. State or quality of being exact. 

Ex-act'or (-er), n. One who exacts. 

Ex-ag'ger-ate (egz-aj'er-at), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Ex- 
aggerated (-5 ted): p. pr. x :\ ■ ::. Exaggerating.] 
[L. exaggerare, p. p. -atus : ex out — aggerare to heap 
up, deriv. of ad to -^- gerere to bear.] 1. To heap up. 
2. To amplify; to magnify : to enlarge beyond 
bounds or the truth ; to delineate extravagantly. 

Ex-ag ger-a'tion (-a'shun). n. An exaggerating, or 
an exaggerated statement or representation ; hyperbole. 



», e, i, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, short ; senite, event, Idea, 6bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



EXAGGERATOR 



309 



EXCHANGEABLY 



Ex-ag'ger-a tor (ggz-Sj'er-a'ter), n. One who exag- 
gerates. 

Ex-ag'ger-a-tO-ry (-a-to-rjf), a. That exaggerates. 

Ex-alt' (ggz-alf), v. I. limp. & p. p. Exalted ; p. 
pr. &vb. n. Exalting.] [L. exaltare; ex out (intens.) 
-j- altare to make high, altus high.] 1. To raise high ; 
to elevate ; to lift up. 2. To elevate in rank, dignity, 
power, etc. 3. To magnify ; to extol ; to glorify. 4. To 
inspire with pride, delight, or satisfaction ; to elate. 6. 
To elevate the tone of . 6. (Alchem.) To refine. 

Ex al-ta'tion (ggz'al-ta'shun), n. Act of exalting, or 
state of being exalted." [amined. I 

Ex-am'i-na-ble (ggz-5m'T-na-b'l), a. That may be ex-| 

Ex-am i-na'tion (-na'shiin), n. An examining ; state 
of being examined ; search ; investigation ; inspection. 

Syn. — Inquiry ; research ; scrutiny ; exploration. 

Ex am'lne (ggz-am'Tn), v. t. limp. & p. p. Examined 
(-TncU ; p. pr. '& vb. n. Examining.] [L. examinare, ex- 
aminatum, fr. examen, examinis, tongue of a balance, ex- 
amination ; for exagmen, fr. exigere to weigh accurately, 
to treat. See Exact.] 1. To test by any appropriate 
method ; to inspect carefuly so as to discover more 
accurately the real character or state of ; to inquire or 
search into ; to explore. 2. To interrogate, as in a 
judicial proceeding ; to try or test by questioning. 

Syn. — To debate ; scrutinize; investigate. See Discuss. 

Ex-am i-nee' (-i-nW), n. Aperson examined. 

Ex-am'in-er (ggz-am'Tn-er), n. One who examines. 

Ex-am'ple (ggz-5in'p'l), n. [For ensample, fr. L. ex- 
emplum; fr. eximere to take out. See Exempt.] 1. One 
or a portion taken^to show the character or quality of the 
whole ; sample ; specimen. 2. One selected, or serving, 
for a model, copy, illustration, precedent, caution, etc. 

Syn. — Precedent ; case; instance. —An instance de- 
notes the single case then " standing " before us ; if there 
be others like it, the word does not express this fact ; but 
an example implies an entire class of like things. 

Ex-am'ple, v. t. To set an example for. 

Ex-an'i-mate (-an'i-mat), a. [L. exanimatus, p. p. of 
exanimate to deprive of life.] Lifeless ; dead. [i2.] 

II Ex an-the'ma (eks'an-the'ma), n. ; pi. -themata 
(-them'a-ta). [L., deriv. of Gr. e£av9eivto flower, break 
out.] {Med.) An efflorescence or eruption of the skin. 

Ex'arch (eks'ark), n. [Gr. e£apxos commander ; e<, 
e£ , out -f- apxeiv to lead, rule.] A viceroy, — in the 
Eastern Church, the superior over several monasteries ; 
in the modern Greek Church, a deputy of the patriarch. 

Ex-as'per-ate (egz-aVper-at), a. [L. exasperatus, p. 
p. of exasperate to exasperate ; ex out (intens.) -j- as- 
perate to roughen, asper rough.] Exasperated. [06s.] 

Ex-as'per-ate (-at), v. t. limp. & p. p. Exasper- 
ated (-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exasperating (-a'tlng).] 

1. To irritate in a high degree ; to provoke ; to enrage. 

2. To make grievous, or more grievous or malignant. 
Syn. — See Irritate. 

Ex-as per-a'tion (ggz-aVper-a'shun), n. An exasper- 
ating ; state of being exasperated. [ical sword. I 

Ex-cal'i-bur (eks-kal'T-biir), n. Bang Arthur's myth- 1 

Ex-camb' (eks-k5mb'), \ v. t. [LL. excambire ; L. ex 

Ex-cam'bie (-kam'bl), J out + cambire to change.] 
(Scots Laic) To exchange ; — with reference to land. 

Ex can-des'cent (gks'kan-dgs'sent), a. [L. excandes- 
cens, p. pr.] White or glowing with heat. [22.] 

Ex'ca-vate (eks'ka-vat), v. t. limp. &p.p. Excava- 
ted (-va'tSd); p. pr. & vb. n. Excavating (-va'tTng).] 
[L. excavare, p. p. -atus ; ex out + cavare to make hol- 
low, cavus hollow.] 1. To hollow out ; to form a cavity 
or hole in. 2. To form by hollowing. 3. (Engin.) To 
dig out and remove, as earth. 

Ex'ca-va'tion (-va'shun), n. Act of excavating ; also, 
that which is made or removed in excavating. 

Ex'ca-va'tor (-ter), n. One that excavates. 

Exceed' (gk-sed'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Exceeded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Exceeding.] [L. excedere, excessum, to 
go away or beyond ; ex out + cedere to go, to pass.] 
To go beyond ; to proceed beyond the given or supposed 
limit or measure of ; to transcend ; to surpass. 

Syn. — To outdo ; excel ; outstrip ; outvie ; overtop. 

Exceed', v. i. 1. To go too far ; to pass the proper 
bounds or measure. 2. To be more or greater. 

Ex-ceed'ing, a. Extraordinary ; measureless. 

Ex-ceed'illg, «<??'. Extremely; exceedingly. lArchaic~\ 

Ex-ceed'lng-ly (gk-sed'Tng-ty), adv. To a very great 
degree ; beyond what is usual ; surpassingly. 

Excel' (ek-sel'), v. t. limp. &p. p. Excelled (-sSld') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Excelling.] [L. excellere, excelsum ; ex 
out -j- root of culmen top.] 1. To go beyond or surpass in 
good qualities or deeds. 2. To exceed ; to surpass. 



Excel' (Sk-seT), v. i'. To surpass others in good quali- 
ties, la u da b le actum*, or acquirementH; to be superior. 

Ex'cel-lence (gk'sSl-lens), n. 1. State or quality of 
being excellent; exalted merit. 2. Excellent or valu- 
able quality. 3. Title of honor or respect ; excellency. 

Syn. — Superiority; worth; goodness; greatness. 

Ex'cel-len-cy (-kn-sy), n. 1. Excellence; virtue; 
dignity; worth; superiority. 2. A title of honor given 
to certain high dignitaries. 

Ex'cel-lent (-lent), a. [F., fr. L. excellent, -r ntis, p. 
pr.] Excelling ; surpassing in a good quality or the sum 
of qualities; very worthy. — Ex'cel-lent-ly, ad*. 

Syn. — Choice; prime; exquisite ; admirable. 

II Ex-cel'Sl-or (gk-sgl'si-5r), a. [L., compar. of excel, 
sus lofty.] More lofty ; still higher. [wood. I 

Ex-cel'sl-or, n. A stuffing made of curled shreds of | 

Ex-cept' (gk-sgpf), v. 1. limp. & p. p. Excepted; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Excepting.] [L. excipere, p. p. exceptus; 
ex out + capere to take.] To take or leave out (any- 
thing) from a number or a whole ; to exclude ; to omit. 

Ex-cept', v. i. To take exception ; to object. 

Ex-cept', prep. [Orig. a p. p., or an imperative verb.] 
"With exclusion of ; leaving or left out ; excepting. 

Syn. — Excepting; but; save; besides.- Except, but, 
and sare are exclusive. Except marks exclusion more 
pointedly. Excepting is the same as except, but less 
used. Save is chiefly poetic. Besides implies addition. 
"No one is here except or but him," means, take him 
away and nobody is present. " There is nobody here 
besides him," means, in addition to him no one is present. 
" Few ladies, except her Majesty, could have made them- 
selves heard." Here, besides should be used, not except. 

Ex-cept' (ek-sgpf), conj. Unless ; if it be not so that. 

Except 'ing, p rep. & conj., but properly a participle. 
With rejection or exception of ; excluding ; except. 

Ex-cep'tion (-sgp'shun), n. 1. An excepting or exclud- 
ing. 2. That which is excepted. 3. (Law) An objec- 
tion, oral or written, taken in the course of an action. 
4. An objection ; dissent ; offense ; cause of offense. 

Ex-cep'tion-a-bie (-a-b'l), a. Liable to exception. 

Ex-cep'tion-al (-a\), a. Forming an exception; not 
ordinary ; hence, superior. — Ex-cep'tlon-al-ly, adv. 

Ex-cept'ive (ek-sept'Tv), a. That makes exception. 

Ex-cept'or (-er), n. One who takes exceptions. 

Ex-cern' (ek-sem'), v. t. [L. excernere. See Excrete. ] 
To excrete ; to throw off through the pores, [i?.] 

Ex-cerp' (ek-serp'), v. t. [L. excerpere, excerplum; 
ex out + carpere to pick, gather.] To pick out. [i?.] 

Ex-cerpt' (ek-serpf), v. t. limp. & p. p. Excerpted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Excerpting.] [See Excerp.] To select ; 
to extract ; to cite ; to quote. 

Ex-cerpt', n. An extract ; a passage selected, copied, 
or cut from a book or record. [which is excerpted. I 

Ex-cerp'tlon (-serp'shun), n. An excerpting, or that| 

Ex-cerp'tor (-ter), n. One who makes excerpts. 

Ex-cess' (gk-ses'), n. [L. excessus a going out, loss of 
self-possession, fr. excedere, excessum, to go out, go be- 
yond. See Exceed.] 1. State of surpassing or going be- 
yond limits ; that which exceeds what is usual or proper ; 
superfluity ; extravagance. 2. Undue indulgence of ap- 
petite ; intemperance ; dissipation. 3. Degree or amount 
by which one thing exceeds another ; remainder. 

Ex-cess'lve (-Tv), a. Characterized by, or exhibiting, 
excess.— Ex-cess'ive-ly, adv. — Ex-cess'lve-ness, n. 

Syn. — Undue; exorbitant; extreme; enormous; im- 
moderate ; overmuch ; intemperate. See Enormous. 

Ex-Change' (gks-chanj'), n. [OF. eschange, fr. m- 
changier. See Ex-, and Change.] 1. Act of giving or 
taking one thing in return for another regarded as an 
equivalent. 2. Act of substituting one thing in the place 
of another ; also, the act of giving and receiving recipro- 
cally. 3. The thing given or received in return. 4. 
(Com.) Process of settling accounts or debts between 
distant parties, without the use of money, by exchanging 
orders or drafts, called bills of exchange (often abbre- 
viated to exchange). 5. The place where the merchants, 
brokers, and bankers of a city meet at certain hours, to 
transact business; — often contracted to ''Change. 

Syn. — Barter ; dealing ; trade ; traffic ; interchange. 

Ex-change', v. t. limp. & p. p. Exchanged (-chanjd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Exchanging (-chan'jtng).] 1. To part 
with, give, or transfer to another for a consideration. 
2. To part with for a substitute. 3. To give and receive 
reciprocally ; to barter ; to swap. 
Syn. — To commute ; bargain ; truck ; traffic. 

Ex-change', *'• i. To be changed ; to pass in exchange. 

Ex-Change'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may, or is fit to, be 
exchanged or used in exchange. — Ex-change'a-blTi-ty 
(-bTl'i-t>), /j— Ex-change 'ably, adv. 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



KXCHANGER 



310 



EXCUSER 



Ex chan'ger ^ks-ohan'jer), ». One who exchanges. 

Ex cheq uer (WchSk'Sr). ». [OF. esehekit'i; fir. LL. 

Chess, Check.] 1. One of 

courts of law in England, abolished in 1880; 

. .'.; -,i from a checkered cloth on the table. 2. The 

ut of state collecting and managing the royal 

[/•; «(/.] Hence, the treasury. [Exchequer. I 

Ex-cheQ/uer, r. t. To proceed against in the Court of | 

Ex-clde' t,?k-sid'), v. t. [L. excide re, excisum ; ex -f- 
tocut.] To cut off. [R.~\ [excise. I 

Ex-cis'a-ble (Bk-ai'a-bl), a. Liable or subject to| 

Excise' (?k-siz'), n. [Apparently fir. L. excisum cut 
off. fr. txctdar(see Excide) ; but, formerly being written 
prob. corrupt, fr. OF. assise, LL. assisa, assisiu, 
See Assize.] 1. An inland duty or impost oper- 
at tng as an indirect tax on the consumer, levied upon cer- 
tain specified articles, grown or manufactured in the coun- 
try, or upon licenses to pursue certain trades and deal in 
certain commodities. Certain direct taxes are included 
in the excise. Of ten used adjectively. 2. That part of the 
public service which collects the excise taxes. [Eng.~] 

Excise', v. t. To lay or impose an excise upon. 

Excise', v. t. [See Excide.] To cut out or off. 

Ex-cise'man (-man), n. An officer who inspects and 
rates articles liable to excise duty. 

Ex-ci'slon (-sizh'un), n. [See Excide.] 1. An excis- 
ing ; extirpation ; destruction. 2. Excommunication. 

Ex-cit'a-ble (ek-sit'a-b'l), a. Capable of being ex- 
cited; easily excited. — Ex-cit'a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'I-ty), n. 

Ex-Cit'ant (-sit'ant), a. Tending to excite ; exciting. 

Ex ci-ta'tion (ek'sT-ta'shiin), n. Excitement. 

Ex-cit'a-tive (ek-sit'a-tTv), ) a. Tending or serving 

Ex-cit'a-to-ry (-to-ry), J to excite. 

Ex-cite' (ek-sif), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Excited ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Exciting.] [L. excitare ; ex out -f- citare to 
move rapidly, to rouse. See Cite.] 1. To call to activ- 
ity in any way ; to rouse to feeling ; to kindle to strong 
emotion. 2. (Physiol.) To call forth or increase the 
vital activity of an organism, or of any of its parts. 

Syn. — To incite ; awaken ; animate ; arouse ; stimulate ; 
inflame ; irritate ; provoke. — When we excite, we rouse 
into action feelings which were less strong ; when we in- 
cite,we spur on or urge forward to a specific act or end. 

Ex-cite'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of exciting, or state 
of being excited. 2. That which excites or rouses. 

Ex-clt'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, excites. 

Ex-claim' (eks-klam'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Ex- 
claimed (-klamd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exclaiming.] [L. 
exclamare, -atum ; ex -f- clamare to cry out.] To cry 
out from earnestness or passion; to utter with vehe- 
mence ; to vociferate ; to shout. 

Ex-Claim', n. Outcry ; clamor. [Archaic] 

Ex-claim'er (-er), n. One who exclaims. 

Ex cla-ma'tion (eks'kla-ma'shun), n. 1. Act of ex- 
claiming ; a loud or sudden expression of surprise, pain, 
grief, joy, anger, etc. 2. (Rhet.) A word expressing 
outcry ; an interjection. 3. (Print.) A mark or sign by 
which outcry or emphatic utterance is marked ; thus [!]. 

Ex-clam'a-tive (eks-klam'a-tTv), a. Exclamatory. 

Ex-clam'a-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Containing, expressing, 
or using, exclamation. — Ex-clam'a-tO-ri-ly (-ri-ly), adv. 

Ex-clude 7 (-klud'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Excluded ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Excluding.] [L. excludere, exclusum; ex 
+ claudere to shut.] 1. To shut out ; to hinder from 
entrance, participation, etc. 2. To thrust out ; to expel. 

Ex-clu'sion (-klu'zhun), n. An excluding; state of 
being excluded. [from a right or privilege. ! 

Ex-clu'sion-ist, n. One who would exclude another 

Ex-clu'sive (Sks-klu'sTv), a. 1. Having or exercising 
the power of excluding ; possessed and enjoyed to the 
exclusion of others. 2. Not taking into the account. — 
Ex-clu'sive-ly, adv. — Ex-clu'sive-ness, n. 

Ex-clu'so-ry (-st-rf), a. Able to exclude ; excluding. 

Ex-cog'1-tate (5ks-koj'T-tat), v. t. [L. excogitare, p. p. 
-atus. See Ex-, and Cogitate.] To think out ; to find 
out or discover by thinking ; to devise ; to contrive. 

Ex-cog'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of excogitating. 

Ex com-mu'ni-ca-ble (Sks'kSm-mu'ni-ka-b'l), a. Lia- 
ble or deserving to be excommunicated. 

Ex com-mu'ni-cant (-kant), n. One excommunicated. 

Ex'com-mu'ni-cate (-nT-kat), a. [L. excommuni- 
\>. of txcommunicare. See Ex-, and Communi- 
cate.] Excommunicated ; interdicted from the rites of 
UM church. — n. One excommunicated. 

Ex'com-mu'ni-cate (-kat), v. t. 1. To put out of, or 
cut off from, communion. 2. To interdict, as by a ban. 

Ex'com-mu'nl-ca'tion (-mu'nT-ka'shun), n. Act of 
excommunicating. 



Ex com-mu'ni ca tor (gks/kSm-mu'nl-ka'ter), n. One 
who excommunicates. 

Ex-co'ri ate (e"ks-ko'rI-at), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Exco- 
riated (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Excoriating (-a'tlng).] 
[L. excoriare; ex out -f- corium hide. Cf. Scourge.] To 
strip or wear off the skin of ; to abrade ; to gall ; to flay. 

Ex-co ri-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of excoriating, or 
state of being excoriated. 

Ex-cor'ti-ca'tion (-k6r'tT-ka'shun), n. [From L. ex 
out -f- cortex, cor t ids, bark.] Decortication. 

Ex'cre-ment (8ks'kre-ment), n. [L. excrementum, fr. 
excernere, ezcretum. See Excrete.] Matter excreted 
and ejected ; esp., alvine discharges ; dung ; ordure. 

Ex'cre-ment, n. [L. excrementum, fr. excrescere. 
See Excrescent.] An excrescence ; outgrowth. [Obs.] 

Ex cre-men'tal (-mgn'tal), a. Excrementitious. 

Ex'cre-men-ti'tial (-meu-tTsh'al), ) a. Of, pert, to, or 

Ex cre-men-ti'tious (-tish'Qs), j consisting of, ex- 
crement or matter excreted ; of the nature of excrement. 

Ex-cres'cence (eks-kres'sens), n. An excrescent ap- 
pendage ; anything growing out unnaturally from any- 
thing else ; hence, a superfluity ; an incumbrance. 

Ex-cres'cent (-sent), a. [L. excrescens, -entis, p. pr. 
of excrescere to grow out ; ex out -f- crescere to grow.] 
Growing out or added abnormally or morbidly or as a 
superfluity. 

Ex-crete' (eks-kref), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excreted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Excreting.] [L. excretus, p. p. of excer- 
nere to sift, discharge ; ex out -f- cernere to sift, sepa- 
rate.] To separate and throw off ; to discharge from 
the body as useless ; to eject. 

Ex-cre / tion (eks-kre'shiin), n. 1. Act of excreting. 
2. That which is excreted ; excrement. 

Ex-cre'tive (eks-kre'tlv or eks'kre-), a. Excretory. 

Ex-cre'tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Having the power or quality 
of excreting, or throwing off excrementitious matter. 

Ex-cru'ci-ate (eks-kru'shT-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Excruciated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Excruciating 
(-a 7 ting).] [L. excruciare, p. p. -atus; ex -f- cruciare to 
crucify, fr. crux cross.] To inflict agonizing pain upon ; 
to torture ; to rack ; — used chiefly adjectively in p. pr. 

Ex-cru'ci-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of excruciating, or 
state of being excruciated ; torment. [culpated. I 

Ex-CUl'pa-ble (eks-kul'pa-b'l), a. That maybe ex-| 

Ex-cul'pate (-pat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exculpated 
(-pa-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exculpating (-pa-ting).] [L. 
ex out -j- culpatus, p. p. of culpare to find fault with, to 
blame, culpa fault. ] To clear from alleged fault or guilt ; 
to relieve of blame ; to exonerate ; to absolve. 

Syn. — To clear ; acquit ; excuse ; vindicate ; justify. 

Ex'CUl-pa'tion (eks'kul-pa'shun), n. An exculpating. 

Ex-CUl'pa-tO-ry (eks-kiil'pa-to-ry), a. Clearing, or 
tending to clear, from alleged fault or guilt ; excusing. 

Ex-cur'rent (-kur'rent), a. [L. excurrens, p. pr. of ex- 
currere, -cursum, to run out ; ex -\- currere to run.] 
Running or flowing out ; extended or discharging outward. 

Ex-cur'sion (-shun), n. [See Excurrent.] 1. A run- 
ning or going out or forth ; expedition ; sally. 2. A 
pleasure trip ; brief tour. 3. A wandering from a sub- 
ject ; digression. 4. (Mach. ) Length of stroke ; stroke. 

Syn. — Journey ; tour ; ramble ; jaunt. 

Ex-cur'sion-ist, n. One who goes on an excursion. 

Ex-CUT'sive (-siv), a. Prone to make excursions ; 
roving. — Ex-cur'sive-ly, adv. — Ex-cur'sive-ness, n. 

II Ex-Clir'SUS (-sus), n. [L.] A dissertation or di- 
gression appended to a work to explain some part. 

Ex-CUS'a-ble (-kuz'a-b'l), a. That may be excused; par- 
donable. — Excus'a-ble-ness, n. — Ex-cus'a-bly, adv. 

Ex-CUS'a-tO-ry (eks-kuz'a-t6-ry), a. Excusing. 

Ex-cuse' (eks-kuz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excused 
(-kuzd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Excusing.] [OF. excuser, fr. 
L. excusare ; ex out + causa cause, causari to plead.] 
1. To free from accusation, or imputation of fault or 
blame ; to clear from guilt ; to justify. 2. To regard with 
indulgence ; to pardon ; to overlook. 3. To free from an 
impending obligation or duty ; hence, to release or remit 
by favor. 4. To ask pardon or indulgence for. 

Syn. — To vindicate; exculpate; absolve; acquit.— 
A superior pardons as an act of mercy or generosity ; 
either a superior or an equal excuses. Forgive relates to 
offenses against one's self, and denotes that the f eeling of 
resentment is extinguished and punishment foregone. 

Ex-cuse' (-kus'), n. 1. An excusing, or asking to be 
excused. 2. That which is offered as a reason for being 
excused ; a plea offered in extenuation ; apology. 3. That 
which excuses ; that which extenuates or justifies a fault. 

Syn. — Acquittal ; release ; absolution ; justification ; 



extenuation ; apology. See Apology 
(-kuz'er), n, 



Ex-cus'er I 



One who excuses. 



a, e, I, o, vi, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, a, y, short ; senate, e"vent, idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



EXECRABLE 



311 



EXHIBITION 



Ex'e-cra-ble (Sks'e-kra-b'l), a. Deserving to be ex- 
ecrated. — Ex'e-cra-ble-ness. ». — Ex'e-cra-bly, adv. 

Ex'e crate (-krat), v. t. [imj). & p. p. Execrated 
(-kra'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Execrating (-kra'tlng).] [L. 
execrare, exsecrare, p. p. -atus ; ex -f- sacer sacred. See 
Sacred.] To denounce evil against, or to imprecate evil 
upon ; hence, to detest utterly ; to abhor ; to abominate. 

Ex e-cra'tion (-kra'slmn), n. 1. Act of execrating; 
imprecation. 2. That which is execrated. 

Syn. — See Malediction. 

Ex'e-cra-tive <gks'e-kra-tiv), a. Cursing; impreca- 
tory ; vilifying. [tion ; imprecatory. | 

Ex'e-cra-tO-ry (-to-ry), «• Of the nature of execra-1 

Ex'e-cute (gks'e-kut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Executed 
(-ku'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Executing (-ku'tlng).] [F. 
executer, fr. L. execulus, exseculus, p. p. of L. exsequi to 
follow to the end, pursue ; ex out -+- sequi to follow.] 1. 
To follow out or through to the end ; to carry out or 
into complete effect. 2. To complete, as a legal instru- 
ment, in order to give validity to, as by signing and per- 
haps sealing and delivering. 3. To give effect to ; to 
perform the requirements of. 4. To inflict capital pun- 
ishment on. 5. (3fus.) To perform, as music. 

Syn. —To accomplish; effect; fulfill; achieve; con- 
summate ; finish ; complete. See Accomplish. 

Ex'e-cute, v. i. To execute something, as music. 

Ex'e-cu'ter (eks'e-ku'ter), n. One who executes. 

Ex'e-CU'tion (eks'e-ku'shiin), n. 1. Act of executing ; 
a carrying into effect or to completion. 2. A putting 
to death as a legal penalty. 3. Act or mode of making 
a work of art, of performing on an instrument, etc. 
4. (Law) (a) The carrying into effect the judgment given 
in a court of law. (b) A judicial writ for that purpose ; 
final process, (c) Act of completing a legal instrument 
so as to render it effective, as by signing, sealing, and 
delivering. 5. Effect ; effective work. 

Ex e-cu'tion-er (-er), n. One who executes ; esp., one 
who puts another to death under a legal warrant. 

Ex-ec'u-tive (egz-gk'u-tTv), a. Designed or fitted for 
execution, or carrying into effect ; qualifying for, con- 
cerned with, or pertaining to, the execution of the laws 
or the conduct of affairs. — Ex 7 ec'U-tive-ly, adv. 

Ex-ec'u-tive, ». An impersonal title of the chief ad- 
ministrative officer or magistrate in a government. 

Ex-ec'u-tor (egz-ek'u-ter or eks- ; eks'e-ku'ter in sense 
1), n. [L.] 1. An executer. 2. (Law) The person ap- 
pointed by a testator to execute his will. 

Ex-ec'U-tO-ry (-to-rj), a. 1. Of or pert, to adminis- 
tration of the laws ; executive. 2. (Law) 'Designed to be 
executed or take effect in time to come. 

Ex-ec'u-tress (-tres), n. An executrix. 

Ex-ec'U-trix (-triks), n. [LL.] (Law) A woman 
exercising the functions of an executor. 

Ex e-ge'sis (gks'e-je'sTs), n. ; pi. Exegeses (-sez). 
[NL., fr. Gr. e^rjyrjo-is, fr. etjriyeicrOai to explain ; e| out 
-f riyeladai to guide.] Exposition ; explanation ; esp., 
s. critical explanation of the Scriptures. 

Ex'e-gete (eks'e-jet), n. An exegetist. 

Ex'e-get'ic (-jet'ik), ) a. Pertaining to exegesis ; 

Ex'e-get'ic-al (-T-kal), \ explanatory ; expository. 

Ex e-get'ics (-iks), n. The science of exegesis. 

Ex'e-ge'tist (-je'tist), n. One versed in exegetics. 

Ex-em'plar (egz-em'pler), n. [L. exemplar. See Ex- 
ample.] An original or pattern, to be copied or imitated. 

Ex'em-pla-ry (ggz'gm-pla-ry), a. 1. Serving or de- 
serving to serve as a pattern or example. 2. Serving as 
a warning ; monitory. 3. Illustrating as the proof of a 
thing. — Ex'em-pla-ri-ly, adv. — Ex'em-pla-ri ness. n. 

Ex em pli-fi-ca'tion (-plT-fT-ka'shiin), n. 1. Act of 
exemplifying. 2. That which exemplifies; example. 
3. (Law) A copy or transcript attested to be correct by 
the seal of an officer having custody of the original. 

Ex-em'pli-fi'er (-fi'er), n. One who exemplifies. 

Ex-em'pli-fy (-fl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exemplified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exemplifying.] [L. exemplum 
example -f- -/y.] 1. To snow or illustrate by example. 

2. To make an attested copy or transcript of, under seal. 

3. To prove or show by an attested copy. 

Exempt' (egz-emt' ; 215), a. [F., fr. exemptus, p. p. 
of eximere to remove, free ; ex out -f- emere to buy, take.] 
1. Cutoff ; set apart. [Obs.~\ 2. Free, or released, from 
some liability or law to which others are subject. 

Ex-empt', n. 1. One exempt. 2. An Exon. [Eng.~\ 

Ex-empt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exempted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Exempting.] To cause to be exempt; to grant 
immunity to ; to free from obligation ; to release. 

Ex-emp / tion (ggz-gmp'shun ; 215), n. Act of exempt- 
ing ; state of being exempt ; immunity ; privilege. 



II Ex'e-qua'tUT (gks'e-kwa'tur), n. [L., 3d pers. Bing. 
pres. aubj. of exequi, rrxrqui, to execute.] An official 
recognition and authorization of a consul or agent, issued 
by the government to which he il accredited. 

Ex'e-quy (ek.s't-kwy), ». [L. exequUu 
funeral procession, fr. ex.seqni to follow out. B 
cute.] A funeral rite ; obsequies. [chsed. I 

Ex'er-ci sa ble (-er-si'za-b'l), a. That may be exer-| 

Ex'er-cise (-slz), n. [F. exercice, L. eser/itiii/u, fr. 
exercere, -cilum, to drive on, keep busy, prob. orig., to 
drive out of the iucloMure ; ex out -f- arcere to shut up, 
inclose.] 1. Act of exerci«iii^ ; employment, i 
or performance in the proper mode of activity ; habitual 
activity ; occupation, in general. 2. Exertion, bodily 
or mental, for training or improvement. 3. Anything 
done for the sake of exercising, practicing, training, etc. ; 
hence, disquisition ; lesson ; task. 4. Trial ; I 

Ex'er-cise (eks'er-Mz), v. (. \iiri/,. \ j,. p. Exercised 
(-slzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exercising (-si'zlng).] 1. To Bet 
in action ; to give employment to ; to school or train. 

2. To exert for training or improvement ; hence, also, 
to improve by practice ; to use or perform for training. 

3. To occupy the attention and effort of ; to task ; to 
tax ; to harafes ; to worry ; to afflict. 4. To put in prac- 
tice ; to perform the duties of ; to use ; to practice. 

Ex'er-cise, v. i. To exercise one's self ; to use action. 

Ex'er-ci'ser (-si'zer), n. One who exercises. 

Ex'er-ci'si-ble (-sl/zi-b'l), a. Capable of being exer- 
cised, [ciae. I 

Ex-er'ci-ta'tion (ggz-eVsT-ta'shun or 6ks-), n. Exer- 1 

Exergue' (egz-erg' or eks-), n. [F., fr. Gr. ef out -f- 
epyov work ; i. e., accessory work.] (Xxmis.) The small 
space beneath the base line of a subject engraved on a 
coin or medal. It usually contains the date, place, etc. 

Ex-ert' (egz-ert/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exerted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Exerting.] [L. exerere, exserere, p. p. 
-ertus, to thrust out ; ex -f- serere to bind together.] 1. 
To put forth, as strength, force, ability, etc. ; to put in 
vigorous action. 2. To bring to bear ; to do or perform. 

Ex-er'tion (-er'shun), n. Act of exerting; esp., a la- 
borious or perceptible effort. 

Syn. — Attempt ; endeavor ; effort ; trial. 

II Ex'e-unt (eks'e-unt). [L., 3d pers. pi. pres. of exire 
to go out.] They go out, or retire. See 1st Exit. 

Ex-foliate (eks-foli-at), v. i. & t. [L. ex/oliare to 
strip of leaves ; ex out, from + folium leaf.] To sepa- 
rate in scales or laminae ; to form, or split off, in scales. 

Ex-fo'li-a'tion (-a'shQn), n. Act of exfoliating. 

Ex-hal'a-ble (eks-hal'a-b'l), a. That may be exhaled. 

Ex-hal'ant (-ant), a. Having the quality of exhaling. 

Ex ha-la'tion (eks'ha-la'shun or Sgz'a-), n. 1. Act or 
process of exhaling. 2. That which is exhaled ; vapor ; 
fume ; effluvium. 3. A bright phenomenon ; a meteor. 

Ex-hale' (eks-haF or ggz-al'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ex- 
haled (-hald' or -aid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhaling.] [L. 
exhalare ; ex out + kalare to breathe.] 1. To breathe 
out. Hence : To emit, as vapor ; to send out ; to evapo- 
rate. 2. To cause to be emitted in vapor. 

Ex-hale', v. i. To rise or be given off, as vapor. 

Exhaust' (Sgz-asf), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Exhausted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Exhaustrtg.] [L. exhaustus, p. p. of ex- 
haurire; ex out -f haurire to draw, esp. water.] 1. To 
draw or let out wholly ; to drain off completely. 2. To 
empty by drawing or letting out the contents. 3. To drain, 
metaphorically ; to use up ; to weary or tire out ; to wear 
out. 4. To develop completely ; to discuss thoroughly. 

Exhaust', a. 1. Drained; exhausted. 2. Pertain- 
ing to steam, air, gas, etc., that has performed its work. 

Exhaust', n. Exhaust steam, air, etc. 

Ex-haust'er, n. One who, or that which, exhausts. 

Ex-haust'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. Capable of being exhausted. 

Ex-haus'tlon (ggz-as'chiin ; 106), n. Act of exhaust- 
ing, or state of being exhausted. 

Ex-haust'ive (Sgz-ast'Tv), a. Serving or tending to 
exhaust. — Ex-haust'lve-ly, adv. 

Ex-haust'less, a. That cannot be exhausted. 

Ex-her'e-date (gks-h?i'?-dat>, v. t. [L. exheredare, p. 
p. -atus; ex out + heres, -edis, heir.] To disinherit, [i?.] 

Ex-hib'it (ggz-Tb'Tt or gks-hib'Tt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Exhibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhibiting.] [L. exfiibere, 
p. p. exhibit us ; ex out -f- habere to have. See Habit.] 
1. To hold forth or present to view; to display. 2. 
(Law) To present or offer officially or in legal form as 
evidence. 3. (Med.) To administer as a remedy. 

Ex-hib'it, n. Any article or articles exhibited. 

Ex-hib'it-er (-er), n. One who exhibits. 

Ex hi-bi'tion (gks3>hT-bYsh'un), n. 1. Act of exhibit- 
ing; manifestation; display. 2. That which is exhib- 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



EXHIBITIONER 



312 



EXPANSION 



■ w display. 3. Sustenance; 

- for moat and drink : pension. 

Ex hi bi'tlon-er (Ska iii-blsh'un-ei), n. (Eng. Univ.) 
pension or allowance granted for support. 
Ex-bib'it-ive (ege-N/It-Yv or Pks-hTb'-), a. Serving 
ibittou ; representative ; exhibitory. 

Ex hlb'it-Or (-It-Sr), >i. One who exhibits. 

Ex hil'a-rant (iga-Il'a-wmt or Pks-hYl'-), a. Exciting 
jov. mirth, or pleasure. — >i. That which exhilarates. 

Ex-hil'a-rate (-rSt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhilarated 

(-ri tSd) ; ;<• pr. & vl>. n. Exhilarating.] [L. exhilararc, 

. >•; ex out -j- h Harare to wake merry, hilaris 

merry.] To make merry or jolly ; to enliven ; to cheer. 

Ex "-nil a-ra'tion (-ra/snOn), H. An exhilarating ; state 
shilarated; jovousness; hilarity; merriment. 

sni. — Animation ; cheerfulness; gayety; jollity. 

Ex-hort' (ega-ferf or gks-h6rt'), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. 
Exhorted; p. pr. & rb. n. Exhorting.] [L. exhort a ri ; 
ian to incite.] To incite by argument, words, 
or advice ; to urge; hence, to advise, warn, or caution. 

Ex hor-ta'tion (Sks'hor-ta'shun), n. 1. An exhorting. 

2. Language intended to incite and encourage ; advice ; 
counsel : admonition. [hortatory. I 

Ex-hor'ta-tive (egz-6Vta-tTv or eks-hcV-), a. Ex-| 

Ex-hor'ta-to-ry (egz-6r'ta-t6-ry or eks-h6r'-), a. Of 
or pertaining to exhortation ; exhortative ; hortatory. 

Ex hort'er (-ort'er or -hSrt'er), n. One who exhorts. 

Ex hu-ma'tion (eks'hu-nia'shun), n. Act of exhuming. 

Exhume' (eks-hum'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhumed 
(-hunid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhuming.] [LL. exhumare; 
L. ex out + humus ground, soil.] To dig out of the 
ground ; to take out of a place of burial ; to disinter. 

Ex'i-gence (eks'T-jens), n. Exigency. 

Ex'i-gen-cy (-jen-sy), n. State of being exigent ; ex- 
acting want ; pressing necessity or distress ; emergency. 

Syn. — Demand ; urgency ; pressure ; crisis. 

Ex'i-gent (Sks'T-jent), a. [L. exigens, -entis, p. pr. of 
exigere to exact. See Exact.] Requiring immediate aid 
or action ; pressing ; critical. 

Ex'1-gent, n. Exigency ; pressing necessity. [Obs.] 

Ex ig'u-ous (eks-Tg'u-Qs or egz-), a. [L. exiguus.] 
Scanty ; small ; slender, [P.] 

Exile (eks'il), re. [OE. exil, fr. L. exilium, exsilium, 
fr. exsul a person in exile ; prob. fr. ex out -f- solum 
soil.] 1. Forced, or sometimes voluntary, separation 
from one's native country. 2. A person in such exile. 

Syn. — Banishment ; proscription ; expulsion. 

Ex'ile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exiled (-lid) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Exiling.] To banish or expel from one's own coun- 
try or home ; to drive away. 

Syn. — See Banish. 

Exist' (egz-Tsf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Existed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Existing.] [L. existere, exsistere, to step out or 
forth, appear, exist ; ex out -f- sistere, causative of stare 
to stand.] 1. To be ; to have an actual or real being, 
whether material or spiritual. 2. To be manifest in any 
manner. 3. To live ; to have life. 

Ex-ist'ence (-ens), n. 1. State of existing or being ; 
continuance in being. 2. Occurrence, as of any event. 

3. That which exists ; a being ; creature ; entity. 
Ex-ist'en-cy (-en-sf), n. Existence. [J?.] 
Ex-ist'ent (-ent), a. Having being or existence. 

II Ex'it (gks'it). [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. of exire to go 
out. See Exeunt, Issue.] He (or she) goes out, or re- 
tires from view ; — used in dramatic writings. 

Ex'it, n. 1. The departure of a player from the stage. 
2. Any departure ; death. 3. Way of departure; egress. 

Ex'O- (Sks'6-). [Gr. e£w out of, fr. e£ out.] A prefix 
signifying out of, outside ; as in ezocarp, exogen. 

Ex'o-carp (Sks'o-karp), n. [Exo- + -carp.] {Bot.) 
The outer portion of a fruit, as the flesh of a peach. 

Ex'ode (Sks'od), n. [L. exodium, Gr. e£6Siov (sc. 
k«'aos song), deriv. of e£o5os. See Exodus.] 1. (Gr. 
Drama) The final chorus; the catastrophe. 2. (Rom. 
Anliq.) A comic afterpiece. 

Ex-od'ic (eks-5d'Yk), a. [See Exodus.] (Physiol.) 
Conducting influences from the spinal cord outward ; — 
fcaid of the motor or efferent nerves. 

Ex'o-dus (Sks'o-dQs), n. [L., the book of Exodus, 

tSot a going out ; |£ out -j- 66ds way.] 1. A going 

out ; epecif., the journey of the Israelites out of Egypt ; 

heiK;«H, any large emigration. 2. The second book of the 

Old Testament. [office or authority. | 

Ex'-of-fi'cial (Sks'Sf-fTsh'al), a. Proceeding from| 

I Ex' oi-fi'ci-0 (eks' 5f-fTsh'I-6) ; pi. Exofficiis (-is), 
[L] From office ; by virtue of an office ; officially. 



-Og'a-moua (SljB-og'a-mus), a. [Exo- + -gamous.~\ 
Pert, to marriage outside the limits of one's own tribe. 



Ex-0g'a-my (5ks-5g'a-m^), 71. A tribal custom pro- 
hibiting marriage between members of the same tribe. 

Ex'o-gen (5ks'o-j6n), n. [Exo- -f- •gen.'] (Bot.) A 
plant with distinct wood, bark, and pith, and increasing, 
if at all, by an annual new layer next to the bark. 

Ex-og'e-nous (5ks-5j'e-nvis), a. Growing by addition 
outside ; specif., pert, to, or of the nature of, an exogen. 

Ex'on (6ks'5n), n. [F. exempt under officer.]" An 
officer of the Yeomen of the Guard ; an Exempt. [Eng.] 

Ex-on'er-ate (ggz-5u'er-at), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Exon- 
erated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exonerating (-a'ting).] 
[L. exonerare, p. p. -alus, to disburden ; ex out -\- onerure 
to load, onus load.] To relieve, as of a charge, obliga- 
tion, or load of blame ; to free from responsibility. 

Syn. — To absolve ; acquit ; exculpate. See Absolve. 

Ex-on er-a'tion (-a'shizn), n. Act of exonerating, or 
state of being exonerated. [onerate. I 

Ex-on'er a-tive (6gz-on'er-a-tTv), a. Tending to ex-| 

Ex-on'er-a tor (-a'ter), n. One who exonerates. 

II Ex oph-thal'mi-a (eks'of-thal'm!-a), n. [NL., fr. 
Gr. e£6(|>0aA/u.o? having prominent eyes ; ef out -f 6<ji0a\fji6s 
the eye.] (Med.) Diseased protrusion of the eyeball. 

Ex oph-thal'mic (-mik), a. Of or pertaining to, or 
characterized by, exophthalmia. 

Exophthalmic goiter. Same as Basedow's disease. 

Ex'O-ra-ble (gks'o-ra-b'l), a. [L. exorabilis, fr. ex- 
orare to gain by intreaty ; ex out, from + or are to pray.] 
Capable of being moved by entreaty ; pitiful ; tender. 

Ex-or'bi-tance (egz-6r'bi-tans), ) n. A going out of 

Ex-or'bi tan cy (-tan-s^), j or b e y o n d the 

usual or due limit ; hence, enormity ; extravagance. 

Ex-or'bi-tant (-tant), a. [L. exorbitans, -antis, p. pr. 
of exorbitare to go from the track ; ex + orbita track.] 
I.- Departing from an orbit or usual track ; hence, trans- 
gressing right or propriety; excessive; inordinate. 2. 
Irregular ; anomalous. — Ex-or'bi-tant-ly, adv. 

Ex'or-cise (eks'or-slz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exor- 
cised (-sizd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Exorcising (-sFzing).] [L. 
exo?'cizare, Gr. e^opici^etv ; e£ out -f- 6p/ct£eii/ to bind by 
an oath, opxos oath.] 1. To cast out by conjury or sum- 
moning by a holy name. 2. To deliver from an evil spirit. 

Ex'or-ci'ser (-sPzer), n. An exorcist. 

Ex'or-cism (-siz'm), n. Act or manner of exorcising. 

Ex'or-cist (-sist), n. One who exorcises evil spirits. 

Ex-or'di-al (egz-6r'dT-al), a. Pert, to the exordium. 

Ex-or'di-um (-um), n. ; pi. E. Exordiums (-umz), L. 
Exordia (-a). [L., fr. exordiri to begin a web, begin ; 
ex out + ordiri to begin a web, begin. See Order.] A 
beginning ; an introduction, esp. of a discourse. 

Exo-skel'e-ton (eks'6-skel'e-tun), n. [Exo-+ skele- 
ton.] (Anat.) The hardened parts of the external integ- 
ument of an animal. 

Ex'OS-mose' (eks'oz-mos / or eks'os-), n. [Exo- + os- 
mose.] (Physics) Passage of fluids outward in osmose. 

II Exos-mo'sis (-mo'sis), n. [NL.] See Exosmose. 

Ex'OS-tO'sis (Sks'os-to'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. e^oo-rw- 
o-is; e^ out + bo-Teov bone.] (Med.) Any excrescence 
or morbid enlargement of a bone. 

Ex'0-ter'ic (Sks'6-ter'ik), ) a. [L. exotericus, Gr. e£w- 

Ex'O-ter/iC-al (-T-kal), ) reputes, fr. e£u> outside, 
fr. ef out. See Ex-.] External; public; suitable to be 
imparted to the public ; hence, readily comprehensible. 

Ex'O-ter-y (eks'6-ter-y), n. That which is obvious, 
public, or common. 

Ex-Ot'ic (egz-ot'Tk), a. [L. exoticus, Gr. e£c<m/c6s, fr. 
e£a> outside.] Introduced from a foreign country; not 
native ; foreign, —n. Anything of foreign origin. 

Ex-ot'ic-al (-i-kal) , a. Exotic. — Ex-ot'ic-al-ness . n. 

Ex-ot'i-cism (-i-siz'm), n. State of being exotic; 
also, anything foreign, as a word or idiom ; an exotic. 

Ex-pand' (gks-pSnd'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Ex- 
panded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Expanding.] [L. expandere, 
expansum ; ex out + pandere to spread out, to throw 
open.] 1. To lay open; to spread out; to diffuse. 

2. To cause the particles or parts of to spread them- 
selves or stand apart ; to dilate ; to distend ; to enlarge. 

3. (Math.) To state in enlarged form ; to develop. 
Expanse' (eks-pSns'), n. That which is expanded or 

spread out ; a wide extent. 

Ex-pan'si-ble (gks-pan'sT-b'l), a. Capable of being 
expanded or spread widely. — Ex-pan'si-bil'i-ty (-bii'I- 
ty), Ex-pan'si-ble-ness, n. — Ex-pan'si-bly, adv. 

Ex-pan'sile (-sil), a. Expansible. 

Ex-pan'sion (-shun), n. 1. An expanding; state of 
being expanded. 2. That which is expanded ; expanse. 
3. Space through which anything is expanded ; also, pure 
space. 4. (Com.) Increase of circulation of bank notes. 
5. (Math.) Developed result of an indicated operation. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, caxe, arm, ask, all, finaL 



EXPANSIVE 



313 



EXPLAINABLE 



Ex-pan'sive (Sks-pan/sTv), a. Having a capacity or 
tendency to expand ; having wide extent. — Ex-pan'- 
sive-ly, adv. — Ex-pan'sive-ness, n. 

II Ex' par'te (Sks/ par'te). [L. See Ex-, and Part.] 
Upon or from one side only ; one-sided ; partial. 

Ex-pa'ti-ate (Sks-pa'ahf-at), v. i. [inijj. S: p. p. Ex- 
patiated (-a'tSd); p. pr. & vb. n. Expatiating (-a 7 - 
tTng).] [L. expatiari, exspatiari, p. p. -alus ; ex out + 
spatinri to walk about, spread out, fr. spalium space.] 
1. To range at large, or without restraint. 2. To be 
copious in argument or discussion ; to descant. 

Ex pa'ti-ate, v. t. To expand ; to spread ; to extend. 
Ex-pa ti-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of expatiating. 
Ex-pa'ti-ator (-pa'shT-a ter), n. One who expatiates. 
Ex-pa'trl-ate (eks-pa'tri-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ex- 
patriated (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. <& vb. n. Expatrl\ting (-a 7 - 
tui g)-] [LL. expatriate, p. p. -at us; L. ex out -f- pat via 
native land, fr. pater father.] 1. To banish from the 
fatherland ; to exile. 2. Reflexively : To leave one's na- 
tive country and become a citizen of another country. 

Ex-pa'tri-a'tion (gks-pa'trT-a'shiin), n. Act of expa- 
triating, or state of being expatriated. 

Ex-pect' (eks-p6kt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expected ; 
p. pr. & vb. 7i. Expecting.] [L. expectare, exspectare, 
exspectatum ; ex out -f- spec-tare to look at. See Specta- 
cle.] 1. To await. \_Obs.~\ 2. To look for (mentally) ; 
to look forward to, as to something that is believed to be 
about to happen or come ; to hope for confidently. 

Syn. — To await ; hope. — The use of expect in the sense 
of think or believe is a misuse. See Anticipate. 

Ex-pect'ance (-ans), )n. 1. Act or state of ex- 
Ex-pect'an-cy (-an-sf), J pecting ; expectation. 2. 
The object of expectation or hope. 

Ex-pect'ant (-«nt), a. Expecting ; (Med.) waiting for 
the efforts of nature, with little active treatment. 
Ex-pect'ant. ». One who waits in expectation. 
Ex pec-ta'tion (Sks'pek-ta/shun), n. 1. Act or state 
of expecting. 2. That which is expected. 3. Grounds 
upon which something excellent is expected ; prospect of 
good to come. 4. The value of a chance which depends 
upon a contingency. 5. (Med.) The leaving of a disease 
principally to the efforts of nature to effect a cure. 
Syn. — Anticipation ; confidence; trust. 
Ex-pect'er (eks-pekfer), n. One who expects. 
Ex-pec'tO-rant (gks-pek't6-r«nt), a. (Med.) Facili- 
tating expectoration. — n. An expectorant medicine. 

Ex-pec/tO-rate (-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expectora- 
ted (-ra'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Expectorating (-ra'ting).] 
[L. expect orare to drive from the breast ; ex out -j- pectus, 
pectoris, breast.] To discharge, as phlegm or other mat- 
ter, by coughing, hawking, and spitting ; to spit forth. 
Ex-pec'tO-rate, v. L To expectorate matter. 
Ex-peCtO-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of expecto- 
rating. 2. That which is expectorated. 
Ex-pec'tO-ra-tive (-to-ra-tiv), a. & n. Expectorant. 
Ex-pe'di-ence (-pe'dT-ens), ) 71. 1. Quality of being 
Ex-pe'di-en-cy (-eu-sy), j expedient ; desirable- 
ness ; advisability. 2. An expedition or enterprise. [Obs.] 
Ex-pe'di-ent (-ent), a. [L. expediens, -entis, p. pr. of 
expedire to be expedient, release, extricate. See Ex- 
pedite.] 1. Hastening or urging forward ; hence, fit or 
proper under the circumstances ; conducive to self-inter- 
est ; desirable ; advisable ; advantageous. 2. Quick ; 
expeditious. — Ex-pe'di-ent-ly (eks-pe'dT-ent-ly), adv. 

Ex-pe'di-ent, n . 1. Means suitable to an end ; resource. 
2. Means devised in an exigency ; shift ; contrivance. 

Ex-ped'i-tate (-ped'T-tat), v. t. [LL. expeditare, p. p. 
'Otus ; ex out -J- pes foot.] (Eng. Forest Laws) To de- 
prive of the claws or the balls of the fore feet, as a dog. 

Ex'pe-dite (eks'pe-dlt), a. [L. expeditus, p. p. of 
expedire to free one caught by the foot, to extricate, 
make ready ; ex out -f- pes, pedis, foot.] 1. Free of im- 
pediment ; unimpeded. 2. Expeditious ; quick ; speedy ; 
prompt. — Ex'pe-dite-ly, adv. — Ex'pe-dite-ness. n. 

Ex'pe-dite, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Expedited (-di'ted) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Expediting (-di'tlng).] 1. To relieve of 
impediments ; to accelerate the process or progress of ; to 
hasten ; to facilitate. 2. To send forth ; to issue officially. 
Ex pe-di'tion (eks'pe-dTsh'un), n. 1. Quality of being 
expedite ; efficient promptness ; dispatch ; speed. 2. An 
important enterprise, implying a change of place ; an ex- 
cursion by a body of persons for a valuable end, or a send- 
ing or setting forth on such an excursion ; also, the body 
of persons making such an excursion. 

Ex pe-di'tious (eks'pe-dish'us), a. Possessed of, or 
characterized by, expedition ; efficient and rapid. — Ex - 
pe-di'tious-ly. adv. — Ex pe-di'tions-ness, n. 
Syn. — Prompt ; ready ; speedy ; alert. See Prompt. 



Skillful or wise by 



Ex-pel' (Bn-pBOi '• '• [imp. & p. p. Expelled 
(-peld') ; p. pr. ft vb. n. EXPELLING.] [L. expellere, expul- 
+ pellere to drive.] 1. To dm.- or force out ; 
to eject. 2. To drive away from OB**! country ; to banish. 
3. To dinaias peremptorily ; to exclude ; to turn out. 
Ex-pel'la-ble (-la-b'l), a. Capable of being expelled. 
Ex-pend' (Bke-oendr). v. «. ft L [im 
penim.d; p. P r. X vb. 7t. Expending.] [L. exj 
expensum, to weigh out, pay out, lay out ; ftrOttl 
dere to weigh.] To lay out, apply, or employ in any 
way ; to consume by use ; to Bend. 

Ex-pend'i-ture (-I-tur; IX,), u. 1. Act of expend- 
ing ; disbursement. 2. That which la expended. 

Expense 7 (-peW), n. 1. An expending ; expenditure. 
2. Thing or amount expended ; cost. 

Ex-pen'sive (-pea'err), a. 1. Occasioning expense; 
requiring liberal outlay; costly. 2. Expending freely. 
[RT\ - Ex-pen'sive-ly. adv. — Ex pen'sive-ness, n. 

Ex pe'ri-ence (Sks-pe'rl-ens), n. [F. experience, L. 
experientia, fr. experiens, -entis, p. pr. oi 
pertus, to try; ex out — root of pcritxu experii 
1. Practical acquaintance with any matter by personal 
observation or trial of it. 2. Repeated trial of a mat- 
ter ; also, the instruction, wisdom, or skill so gained. 

Ex-pe'ri-ence, v. t. [im]>. & p. p. Experienced (-^ust) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Experdzncing (-en-slug).] To make 
practical acquaintance with ; to prove by use or trial ; 
to have befall one. 

To experience religion (Theol.), to become a convert to 
the doctrines of Christianity. 

Ex-pe'ri-enced (-<mst), p. p. & a. 
means of trials, use, or observation. 

Ex-per'i-ment (-per'i-inent), n. [L. experiment" m, 
fr. experiri to try.] 1. A trial or observation to ascer- 
tain something unknown or to demonstrate something 
known; practical test ; proof. 2. Experience. [Obs.~\ 
Ex-per'i-ment (-meut), r. i. [imp. & p. p. Experi- 
mented; p. pr. & vb. n. Experimenting.] To make ex- 
periment ; to operate by test or trial. 

Ex-per'i-men'tal (-men'tal), a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or founded on, experiment ; given to experiment. 2. 
Known by, or derived from, experience. — Ex-per'i- 
men'tal-ly (-tal-ry), adv. 
Ex per i-men'tal-ist, n. An experimenter. [ing.l 
Ex-per i-men-ta'tion (-ta'shuu), n. An experiment- 1 
Ex-per'i-men'ter (-mgn'ter), n. One who experiments. 
Ex-pert' (eks-perf), a. [F., fr. L. expert us, p. p. of 
experiri to try. See Experience.] Taught by use or 
experience ; experienced ; knowing and ready from much 
practice ; skillful. — Ex-pert'ly, adv. — Ex-pert'ness, n. 
Syn. — Adroit ; dexterous ; clever ; ready ; prompt. 
Ex'pert (eks'pert or eks-pert'), n. An expert or ex- 
perienced person; one specially skilled in any matter 
requiring a special training to qualify a person to act. 
Ex'pi-a-ble (eks'pT-a-b'l), a. That may be expiated. 
Ex'pi-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exp'iated (-a'te"d) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Expiating (-a'tTng).] [L. expiare, p. p. 
-atus; ex out -f- piare to seek to appease, to purify with 
sacred rites, fr. pius pious.] To extinguish the guilt of 
by sufferance of penalty or some equivalent ; to make 
complete satisfaction for ; to atone for. 

Ex pi-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of expiating. 2. 
An expiatory sacrifice or offering ; an atonement. 
Ex'pi-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who makes expiation. 
Ex'pi-a-tO-ry (gks'pT-a-t6-r^), a. Having power, or 
intended, to make expiation ; atoning. 

Expi-ra'tion (eks'pT-ra'shiin), n. 1. Act of expir- 
ing. 2. That which is expired or breathed forth. 

Ex-pir'a-tO-ry (-plr'a-tS-i-y). a. (Physiol.) Pertaining 
to, or employed in, the expiration of air from the lungs. 
Ex-pire' (Sks-pir'), v. t. [imp. & p. ;>. ExriRED 
(-pird') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Expiring.] [L. expimre, rxspi- 
rare, -atum ; ex out -f- spirare to breathe.] 1. To breathe 
out; to emit from the lungs. 2. To give forth insensibly 
or gently, as a tiuid or vapor ; to exhale. 3. To emit ; 
to give out. [Obs.~\ 4. To terminate. [Obs.~\ 

Ex-pire', V. i. 1. To emit the breath ; specif., to 
emit the last breath : hence, to die. 2. To come to an 
end ; to terminate. 3. To burst forth. [06s.] 
Ex'pi-ry (SkafpT-ry or eks-pi'ry), n. Expiration. 
Ex-plain' (Ska-phup*), v. t. [imp. ft p. p. Explained 
(-pland') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Explaining.] [L. explanare; 
ex out -r jilanare to make level or plain, planus plain.] 
1. To flatten ; to expand. 2. To make plain, manifest, 
or intelligible ; to unfold and illustrate the meaning of. 
Syn. — To expound ; interpret: elucidate; clear up. 
Ex-plain'. V. i. To give an explanation. 
Ex-plain'a-ble (-a-ble'i, a. That can be explained. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing:, ink, then, thin. 



M 



EXPLAINER 



314 



EXPULSIVE 



t-plaln'er MtaHtUafl 

c'pla-nate i^ks'pla : 



</ 



One who explains. 

uate [Ska*pU -u.\:\ ■ . (Bot. & Zobl.) Spread' 

ing or extending outwardly in a tint form. 

Ex pla nation v-nli'shun), ». 1. An explaining. 2. 

.,. h explains. 3. Mewing attributed to anything 

uiug it. 4. A mutual exposition of expressions, 

meaning, or motives, to adjust a misunderstanding. 

Definition; description ; explication; exposi- 
tion"; interpretation; detail. See Definition. 

Ex-plan 'a-tive t,? ks-plXn'a-tlv), a. Explanatory. 
Ex-plan'a-tO-ry (-to-ry). a. Serving to explain. 
Ex'ple-tive ^eks'ple-tiv). a. [L. ezpletivus, from ex- 
. p. p. of explar to rill up ; ex out + plere to fill.] 
Filling up ; hence, added merely to fill up ; superfluous. 
Ex'ple-tive, 7;. 1. An expletive word, letter, or syl- 
lable not necessary to the sense. 2. An oath. 

Ex'ple-to-ry (-to-ry), a. Serving to fill up ; expletive. 

Ex'pli-ca-ble (gks'plT-ka-b'l), a. Capable of being 
explicated ; admitting explanation. 

Ex'pli-cate (-k£t), a. [L. explicalus, p. p. of expli- 
See Exploit.] Evolved ; unfolded. 

Ex'pli-cate (-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explicated 
(-ka ted) : p. pr. & vb. n. Explicating (-ka'tlng).] To 
unfold the meaning or sense of ; to explain. 

Ex pli-ca'tion (-ka'shuu), n. 1. Explanation. 

Ex'pli-ca-tive (Sks'plT-ka-tTv), a. Serving or tending 
to unfold or explain ; explanatory. 

Ex'pli-ca tor (-ka'ter), n. One who explains. 

Ex'pli-ca'tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Explicative. 

Ex-plic'it (eks-plTs'Tt), a. [L. explicitus, p. p. of ex- 
plicure to unfold.] 1. Open and clearly apparent ; not 
implied merely ; not obscure or ambiguous ; unequivocal. 
2. Having no disguised meaning or reservation ; candid. 
— Ex-plic'it-ly (-ly), adv. — Ex-plic'it-ness, n. 

Syn. — Express ; clear ; plain ; open ; unreserved ; out- 
spoken ; unambiguous. — Explicit denotes a setting forth 
fully and plainly so that the meaning can not be misun- 
derstood. Express is stronger than explicit : it implies 
not only clearness but emphasis and assurance. 

Ex-plode 7 (eks-plod'), v. i. limp. & p. p. Exploded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Exploding.] [L. explodere, explosum, 
to drive out, drive out a player by clapping ; ex out -f- 
plaudere, plodere, to clap, applaud.] 1. To suddenly 
expand into a great volume of gas or vapor. 2. To burst 
with force and a loud report. 3. To burst forth with 
sudden violence and noise. 

Explode', v. t. 1. To drive from the stage by noisy 
demonstrations. [Obs.] 2. To drive from notice and 
acceptance ; to reject. 3. To cause to explode noisily ; 
to detonate. 4. To drive out with violence and noise. 

Ex-plod'ent (-ent), n. An explosive. 

Ex-plod'er (-er), n. One who or that which explodes. 

Exploit' (Sks-ploit'), n. [OF. esploit, espleit, revenue, 
product, vigor, exploit, fr. L. explicitum, prop. p. p. 
neut. of explicare to display ; ex -f- plicare to fold.] A 
deed or act; esp., an adventurous or noble achievement. 

Ex-ploit', v. t. 1. To achieve. [06s.] 2. [F. e:r- 
ploiter.] To utilize ; to get the value out of. [Recent] 

Ex ploi-ta'tion (eks/ploi-ta'shun), n. An exploiting. 

Ex plo-ra'tlon (eks'plo-ra'shun), n. Act of exploring. 

Ex'plo-rator (gks'plo-ra'ter), n. An explorer. 

Ex-plor'a-tO-ry (eks-plor'a-to-ry or eks-plor'-), a. 
Serving or intended to explore ; searching. 

Ex-plore' (Sks-plor'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explored 
(-plord') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exploring.] [L. explorare; 
ex out -f- plorare to cry out.] 1. To seek after. [Obs.] 
2. To search through or into ; to examine thoroughly. 

Ex-plor'er (-er), n. One who explores. 

Ex-plo'sion (-plo'zhuu), n. [See Explode.] 1. An ex- 
ploding; detonation. 2. A bursting with violence and 
loud noise. 3. A violent outburst of feeling, [explosion.! 

Ex-plo'sive (-si v), a. Causing, or capable of causing, | 

Ex-plo'sive, n. 1. An explosive agent. 2. A sound 

produced by an explosive impulse of the breath ; (Pho- 

one of the consonants p, b, t, d, k, g. [See Guide 

to Pronunciation, §§ 155-7, 184.] — Ex-plo'sive-ly, adv. 

Ex-po'nent (Sks-po'nent), n. [L. exponens, -entis, p. 
pr. of exponere. See Expound.] 1. (Alg.) A number, 
letter, or any quantity written at the right of and above 
another quantity, and denoting how many times the lat- 
ter is repeated as a factor to produce the power indi- 
A fractional exponent, or index, is used to denote 
the root of a quantity. 2. One who, or that which, 
i-.tarid:, as an ind^x or representative. [exponents. I 

Ex'po-nen'tial (Sks/po-ngn'shcd), a. Of or pert, to | 

Ex-port' ( Sks-port'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exported ; 
p. j/r. & rh. n. Exporting.] [L. exportare, -alum ; ex 
out-f portnre to carry.] 1. To carry away. [Obs.] 



2. To carry or send abroad, or out of a country, esp. to 
foreign countries, as merchandise, [which is exported. I 

Ex'port (Sks'port), n. 1. Act of exporting. 2. That| 

Ex-port'a-ble (-port'a-b'l), a. Suitable for exportation. 

Ex por-ta'tion (gks'por-ta'shun), n. Export. 

Ex-port'er (Sks-port'er), n. One who exports. 

Ex-pose' (gks-poz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exposed 
(-pozd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exposing.] [F. exposer ; pref. 
ex- (L. ex out) + poser to place. See Pose, v. t.~\ 1. To 
set forth ; to exhibit ; to show ; to display. 2. To lay 
bare ; to lay open, as to attack. 3. To deprive of con- 
cealment ; to discover ; to bring to public notice. 4. To 
disclose the faults or reprehensible practices of. 

II Ex po s6' (eks'po'za'), n. [F.] A formal exposure. 

Ex-pos'er (Sks-poz'er), n. One who exposes. 

Ex po-si'tion (Sks'po-zish'un), n. [L. expositio, fr. 
exponere, expositum. See Expound.] 1. An exposing. 
2. Act of expounding ; explanation or interpretation ; 
hence, a commentary. 3. A public show. [A Gallicism'] 

Ex-pos'i-tive (eks-p5z'T-tiv), a. Serving to explain. 

Ex-pos'i-tor (-ter), n. [L.] One that expounds. 

Ex-pos'i-tO-ry (~ti-rf), a. Pertaining to, or contain- 
ing, exposition ; serving to explain ; explanatory. 

II Ex' post' fac'to, or || Ex' post fac'to (eks' post' 
fSk'to). [L., from what is done afterwards.] (Law) 
From or by a thing done afterward ; retrospective. 

Ex post facto law, a law operating retrospectively. 

Ex-pos'tU-late (eks-pos'tu-lat ; 135), v. i. [imp. & p. 
p. Expostulated (-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Expostu- 
lating.] [L. expostulate, p. p. -alus; ex out -\- postulare 
to ask, require. See Postulate.] To reason earnestly 
against some impropriety or misconduct ; to remonstrate. 

Syn. — See Remonstrate. 

Expos tu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of expostulating ; 
remonstrance ; dissuasion. 

Ex-pos'tu-la tor, n. One who expostulates, [lation. I 

Ex-pos'tU-la-tO-ry (-la-to-ry), a. Containing expostu- 1 

Ex-po'sure (eks-po'zhur ; 135), n. [From Expose.] 

1. An exposing ; state of being exposed. 2. Position as 
to points of compass, influences of climate, etc. 3. 
(Photog.) The exposing of a sensitized plate to the light. 

Ex-pound' (eks-pound'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ex- 
pounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Expounding.] [L. exponere; 
ex out -\-ponere to put.] 1. To expose to view. [Obs.] 

2. To explain ; to clear of obscurity ; to interpret. 
Ex-pound'er (-er), n. One who expounds. 
Ex-press' (gks-pres'), a. [F. expres, L. expressus, p. 

p. of exprimere to express; ex out + premere to press.] 

1. Exactly representing; exact. 2. Directly and dis- 
tinctly stated ; not dubious. 3. Intended or sent for a 
particular purpose ; dispatched with special speed. 

Syn. — Explicit ; clear ; unambiguous. See Explicit. 

Ex-press', n. A messenger sent on a special errand ; 
a courier ; hence, a regular and fast conveyance or sys- 
tem for transportation. 

Ex-press', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expressed (-prSsf) ; 
p. pr. &vb.n. Expressing.] 1. To press or squeeze out. 

2. To make or offer a representation of ; to represent ; to 
resemble. 3. To represent and make known ; to mani- 
fest plainly ; to declare ; to utter ; to tell. 4. To make 
known the opinions or f eelings of ; — used reflexively. 
5. To denote ; to designate. 6. To send by express. 

Syn. — To declare ; utter ; signify ; testify ; intimate. 

Ex-press'age (-aj ; 48), n. Charge for carrying a 
parcel by express. 

Ex-press'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. Capable of being expressed. 

Ex-pres'sion (eks-presh'un), n. 1. Act of express- 
ing. 2. Lively or vivid representation of meaning, senti- 
ment, or feeling, etc. 3. Look or appearance as in- 
dicating thought or feeling. 4. Mode of speech ; phrase. 

Ex-pres'sion-al (-al), a. Of, or relating to, expression. 

Ex-press'ive (eks-pres'Tv), a. 1. Serving to express ; 
indicative. 2. Full of expression ; significant ; emphatic. 
— Ex-press'ive-ly, adv. — Ex-press'ive-ness, n. 

Ex-pressly, adv. In an express manner. 

Ex-press'man (-man), n. A person employed in the 
express business ; also, the driver of a job wagon. 

Ex-pro'pri-ate (-pro'prT-at), v. t. [L. ex out, from -f- 
proprius one's own.] To deprive of possession. 

Ex-pugn' (eks-pun'), v. t. [L. expugnare ; ex out -f- 
pugnare to fight.] To take by assault ; to storm. 

Ex-pug'na ble (eks-pug'na-b'l or eks-pun'-), a. Capa- 
ble of being expugned. 

Ex-pugn'er (eks-pun'er), n. One who expugns. 

Ex-pul'slon (gks-pul'shun), n. [L. expulsio, fr. ex- 
pellere. See Expel.] 1. Act of expelling ; summary 
removal. 2. State of being expelled or driven out. 

Ex-pul'sive (-sTv), a. Expelling, or tending to expel. 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, Obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



EXPUNCTION 



315 



EXTINGULSIIABLE 



Ex-punc'tion (gks-punk'shan), n. [L. expuu 
Expunge.] Act of expunging ; state of being expunged. 

Expunge 7 (gks-puuj'), v. t. [imp. A j>. p. Expunged 
(-pflnjd') ; p. pr. A: vb. n. Expunging (-pOn'jIug).] [L. 
expungere, expunctum, to prick out, expunge ; ex out -)- 
pungere to prick. See Pungent.] To blot out, as with 
a pen ; to obliterate ; to strike out wholly. 

Syn. — To efface; erase; destroy; annihilate; cancel. 

Expurgate (Sks'pur-gat or gks-puVgat), v. I. [imp. 
& p. p. Expurgated (-ga'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Expur- 
gating (-ga'ttng).] [L. expurgure, p. p. -atus ; ex out 
-\- purgare to purge.] To purify; to clear from anything 
noxious, offensive, or erroneous ; to purge. [gating. I 

Ex pur-ga'tion (gks'pQr-ga'shun), n. Act of expur-| 

Ex'pur-ga tor (gks'pih -^a'ter or Sks-pQr'ga-ter), n. 
One who expurgates or purities. 

Ex-pur'ga-tO-ry (gks-puVga-to-ry), a. Serving to 
purify from anything noxious or erroneous ; purifying. 

Exporgatory Index. See under Index. 

Ex'qul-Site (gks'kwT-zit), a. [L. exquisitus, p. p. of 
exquirere to search out ; ex out -f- quaerere to seek, 
search.] 1. Carefully selected ; hence, of distinguish- 
ing and surpassing quality. 2. Exceeding ; extreme ; 
keen. 3. Discriminating closely and accurately ; fastid- 
ious. — Ex'qui-site-ly, adv. — Ex'qui-site-ness, n. 

Syn. — Nice; delicate; exact; refined; choice; rare; 
matchless ; consummate ; perfect. 

Ex'qui-site. n. One overnice in dress ; a fop ; a dandy. 

Ex-san'gui-ous (gks-sa"n'gwT-us), a. [L. exsanguis ; 
ex -\- sanguis blood.] Destitute of blood, or red blood. 

Ex-scihd' (gks-sind'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exscinded ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Exscinding.] [L. exscindere ; ex out, from 
-f- scindere to cut.] To cut off ; to separate ; to extirpate. 

Ex-sect' (gks-sgkf), v. t. [L. exsecare, p. p. exsectus ; 
ex out -{- secare to cut.] To cut out. 

Ex-sec'tlon (eks-sgk'shiin), n. A cutting out or away. 

Ex-serf (-serf), ) a. [L. exsertus, p. p. See Exert.] 

Ex-serf ed, j Standing out ; projecting. 

Ex-sic'cant (eks-slk'kant), a. Causing a drying up. 

Ex'sic-cate (gks'sik-kat or eks-sik'-), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Exsiccated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exsiccating.] [L. ex- 
siccare, p. p. -atus ; ex out + siccare to dry, siccus dry.] 
To exhaust or evaporate moisture from ; to dry up. 

Ex'sic-ca'tionCeks/sTk-ka'shun),^. A drying; dryness. 

Ex-sic/ca-tive (eks-sik'ka-tTv), a. That exsiccates. 

Ex'sic-ca tor (gks'slk-ka'ter), n. An apparatus or 
agent for drying anything. 

Ex'stro-phy (eks'stro-f^), n. [Gr. eKcrrpeQeiv to turn 
inside out.] (Med.) The eversion of any organ. 

Ex-SUC'tion (eks-siik'shun), n. [L. exsugere, exsuc- 
tum, to suck out ; ex -f- sugere to suck.] A sucking out. 

Ex suf-flate/ (gks'suf-flat'), v. t. [L. exsufflare to 
blow upon ; ex out -f- sufflare. See Sutflate.] (Eccles.) 
To exorcise or renounce by blowing. 

Ex'SUI-fla'tionCeks'suf-fla'shun), n. 1. (Eccles.) An 
exsufflating. 2. (Physiol.) A strong expiration. 

Extant (gks'tant), a. [L. exians, or exstans, -antis, p. 
pr. of extare, exstare, to stand out ; ex out -f- stare to 
stand.] 1. Projecting. 2. Still existing ; outstanding. 

Ex'ta-sy (gks'ta-sy), n. & v. t. See Ecstasy, n. & v. t. 

Ex-tem'po-ra'ne-OUS (eks-tgm'p6-ra'ne-us), a. [See 
Extempore.] Composed, performed, or uttered on the 
spur of the moment ; off-hand ; extempore. — Extern - 
po-ra'ne-ous-ly, adv. — Extern po-ra'ne-ous-ness. n. 

Ex-tem'po-ra-ry (-ry), a. Extemporaneous. 

Ex-tem'po-re (-re), adv. [L. ; ex out + tempus, tem- 
poris, time.] Without previous study ; without prepa- 
ration ; on the spur of the moment. — a. Extemporaneous. 

Extern po-ri-za'tion (gks-tgmpo-rt-za'shun), n. Act 
of extemporizing. 

Ex-tem'po-rize (eks-tgm'p6-riz), v. i. & t. [imp. & 
p. p. Extemporized (-rizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Extempo- 
rizing (-ri'zing).] To speak or perform extempore. 

Ex-tem/po-rL'zer (-ri'zer), n. One who extemporizes. 

Ex-tend' (-tgnd'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Extended ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Extending.] [L. extendere, exten- 
tum, eztensum ; ex out + iendere to stretch.] 1. To 
stretch or reach out ; to continue in length ; to prolong. 
2. To enlarge ; to expand ; to widen. 3. To continue ; 
to prolong the period of. 4. To hold out or reach forth. 
5. To bestow ; to offer ; to impart. 6. To increase by 
weakening or adulterating additions. 7. (Eng. Law) 
To value, as lands taken for debt by a writ of extent. 

Ex-tend'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, extends. 

Ex-tend'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. That may be extended. 

Ex-tense 7 (gks-tgns'), a. Outreaching ; expansive. 

Ex-ten'si-ble (-tSn'sT-b'l), a. That may be extended. 
— Ex-ten si bil'i-ty (-bll'I-ty), Ex-ten'si-ble 



Ex-ten'sile (.'k.,-t^iiMi i udble. 

Ex tension t..nding or state 

of being extended. 2. (Phytiet) Pr op erty of a body by 

which it occupies a portion o! ■pace. 3. ' / 

Metuplt.) Capacity ot u e oac ep t i ■ to in- 

clude a greater or siiiallcr iiuml,. •: 

Extension table, a table ho euiintructed as to be readily 
exteuded or contracted in length. 

Ex ten'sive (6k»-tgn'slv), a. Having wide- extent; 
expanded; large; broad; wide; compreben ■ Ex 
ten'sive-ly, adv. - Ex ten'sive ness (ugs), n. 

Ex-ten'sor (SktvteVeBr), //. {And.) A muhch- which 
serves to extend or straighten any part of the body. 

Ex-tent' (-tent'), ;/. [L. extentus. See Extend.] 1. 
Space or degree to which a thing is extended ; hence, 
superficies; compass; bulk; size; len;rtli. 2. Degree; 
measure; proportion. 3. (Eng. Law) Either of two 
species of execution by which lauds and goods are seized. 

Ex-ten'U-ate (gks-tgu'u-at), r. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Extenuated (-a'tgd) ; p. pr. S: vb. n. Extenuating 
(-a'ttng).] [L. extenuare, p. p. -atu.i, to make thin, 
weaken; ex out -{- tenuare to make thin, tenuis thin.] 

1. To make or become thin or thinner ; to draw out so 
as to make slender. 2. To palliate ; to lessen or weaken 
the force or degree of ; to make excuses. 

Syn. — To palliate ; to mitigate. See Palliatx. 

Ex-ten u-a'tion (a'shun), n. Act of extenuating, or 
state of being extenuated. 

Ex-ten'u-a tor (-ter), n. One who extenuates. 

Ex-ten'n-a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry), a. Tending to extenuate. 

Ex-te'rl-or (gks-te'rl-er), a. [L. exterior, comp. of 
exter or extents on the outside, outward, foreign, strange, 
a compar. fr. ex. See Ex-.] 1. External; outward; 
pertaining to that which is external. 2. Being outside 
or without the body or limits ; extrinsic. 3. Relating 
to foreign nations ; foreign. — Ez-te / ri-or-ly, adv. 

Ex-te'ri-or, n. 1. Outward surface or part of a thing. 

2. Outward or external deportment; visible or palliate act. 
Ex-te'ri-or'i-ty (-5r'T-ty), n. Surface ; externality. 
Ex-ter'mi-nate (gks-ter'mT-nat), V. t. [imp. 

Exterminated (-na'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Extermina- 
ting (-na'tlug).] [L. exterminare, p. p. -atus ; ex out + 
terminus boundary.] 1. To drive out or away ; to expel. 
2. To destroy utterly ; to extirpate ; to eradicate. 

Ex-terTni-na'tion (gks-teVnit-na'shun), n. Act of 
exterminating, or state of being exterminated. 

Ex-ter'ml-na'tor, n. One that exterminates. 

Ex-ter'mi-na-tO-ry (gks-ter'niT-na-to-ry), a. Of or 
pertaining to extermination ; tending to exterminate. 

Ex-tern' (-tern'), n. [Cf. F. externe.] 1. A pupil in 
a seminary living without its walls. 2. Exterior, [i?.] 

Ex-ter'nal (gks-ter'**l), a. [L. extemus, fr. exter, 
extents, outward. See 'Exterior.] 1. Outward ; exte- 
rior ; relating to tke outside. 2. Outside of, or separate 
from, ourselves ; (Jfetaph.) separate from the perceiving 
mind. 3. Physical or corporeal, as distinguished from 
mental or moral. 4. Not intrinsic nor essential ; acci- 
dental ; superficial. 5. Foreign ; relating to foreign 
nations. 6. ( Anat.) Away from the mesial plane ; lateral. 

Ex-ter'nal. n. Something external or without ; out- 
ward part ; visible form ; — usually in the plural. 

Ex-ter'nal-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Quality of being mani- 
fest to the senses; regard for externals. 2. (Jfetaph.) 
That philosophy or doctrine winch recognizes only with 
externals, or objects of sense perception ; positivism ; 
phenomenalism. [external. I 

Ex'ter-nal'i-ty (Bks/ter-nXFY-ty), n. State of beingl 

Ex-ter'nal-ly. adv. In an external manner. 

llExterne' (Sks'tSrn'), n. (Med.) An officer in at- 
tendance upon a hospital, but not residing in it. 

Ex ter-ra'ne-OUS (gks'tgr-ra'ne-us\ rT. [L. exterra- 
neus; ex -f- terral&ud.] Foreign ; coming from abroad. 

Ex-terri-to'ri-al (SkB-teVrl-tb^rl-ol), a. [Prd 
territorial.'] Being beyond the territorial limits ; exempt 
from the territorial jurisdiction. — Exter ri-to ri-al'i-ty 
(-51'T-ty), m. — Ex-terri-to'ri-al ly t-.d-m. adv. 

Extinct' (-tlnkt'). a. [L. extinvtus. exstinctus, p. p. 
See Extinguish.] 1. Extinguished ; put out ; quenched ; 
hence, forceless ; dead. 2. Being without a survivor. 

Ex-tinc'tion (gks-tTnk'shun), n. Act of extinguish- 
ing, or state of being extinguished. 

Ex-tln'guish (eks-tTn'gwTsh), v. /. [imp. & p. ;>. Ex- 
tinguished (-gwlsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Extinguishing] 
[L. extinguere. exstiuguere, p. p. -inctus ; ex + stinguere 
to quench.] To quench ; to put out ; to stitie ; to cause 
to die out ; to put an end to ; to destroy. 

Ex-tin'guish-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be extin- 
guished. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, siug, ink, then, thin. 



M 



IMiUISHER 



316 



EXUBERANT 



One that ex- 



4 



/ 



> 



Ex tin guish-er ^ks-t!n\rwl$h-er) 

t;:. k '...-i.i -. 

Extinguishment -mart),*. An extinguish- 

ied ; extinction ; sup- 

. nullification. [tirpated. I 

Ex tu p.i -hh I i' a t may be ex- 1 

Extirpate --ter'pat), r. t. 

[on*. 4 ■•'• /'• Extirpated (-pa'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. 

ting).] [L. extirpate, ex- Extin- 

<<, •..,, j.. p. -<Ui;s : tx out — stirps stock, j.*ui<h..r 

vt.] To root out; to eradicate; to de- ^ r 5^- 

. - To exterminate ; anniliilate ; extinguish. 
Ex tir-pa'tion iSta ter-pa'shuu), n. Act of extirpa- 

: being extirpated. 
Ex'tir-pa-tive tSks'ter-pa-tlv), a. Extirpating, or 
o extirpate. [One who extirpates. I 

Extirpator i,eks'ter-pa ter or eks-teVpa-ter). n., 
Ex-tir'pa-tO-ry (.eks-ter'pa-to-rtM, a. Extirpative. 
Extol' i.eks-t51M. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extolled 
i. Extolling.] |L. extollere ; ex 
lift, raise.] 1. To elevate. [O&s.] 2. 
To elevate by praise ; to praise ; to magnify : to laud. 
To" applaud : commend ; glorify. See Praise. 
Ex-toller t,-ler). h. One who extols. 
Ex-tort' (SkB-torf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extorted; 
I b. n. Extorting.] [L. extorquere, p. p. -tortus ; 
ex — torg ue re 1 9 twist.] 1. To wring or wrest away ; to 
get by force : to exact. 2. {Laic) To get by extortion. 
Ex-tort'er {-er), n. One who practices extortion. 
Ex-tor'tion i.eks-tSr'shun), n. 1. Act of extorting ; 
undue exaction ; overcharge. 2. (Laic) The offense com- 
mitted by an officer who corruptly claims and takes, as 
his fee. anything of value that is not due, or more than is 
due. or before it is due. 3. That which is extorted. 
Ex-tor'tion-a-ry {-i-ry), a. Extortionate. 
Ex-tor 'tion-ate -St >. 'a. Characterized by extortion. 
Ex-tor'tion-er -?.... One who practices extortion. 
Ex'tra- leks'tra-i. [L. extra beyond, outside of, fr. 
-re Exterior.] A prefix signifying outside of, 
> sides, or in addition to what is denoted by the 
word to which it is prefixed. 

Ex'tra. «• Being beyond what is due, usual, expected, 

sary; additional, —n. That which is extra. 
Ex-tract' eks-trakt'j, o. t. {imp. & p. p. Extracted ; 
p. pr. A; vb. n. Extracting.] [L. extrahere, p. p. ex- 
tracts; ex out — trahere to draw.] 1. To draw out; 
to remove forcibly from a fixed position, as by traction, 
suction, etc. 2. To withdraw by expression, distillation, 
or other mechanical or chemical process. 3. To choose 
out ; to cite or quote. 
To extract the root ot*JIath.>. to ascertain the root of. 
Ex 'tract 'eks'trakt .. n. Thing extracted. Specif. : 
(a) A quotation, (6) A solution or infusion in which are 
extracted the essential part of anything ; also, the part 
so extracted. ( c) (Med. ) A solid preparation obtained by 
evaporating a solution of a drug. etc.. or fresh plant juice. 
Ex-tract'a-ble (eks-trakt'a-bTi. ) a. Capable of being 
Ex- tract 'i-ble (-I-V1), J extracted. 

Extraction I 5ks-tr5k'shun). n. 1. Act of extracting. 
2. Derivation from a stock or family ; lineage ; descent ; 
birth. 3. Extract ; essence. 

Ex-tract'ive (gks-tr5kt1v). a. 1. Capable of being 
extracted. 2. Tending or serving to extract or draw 
out. — n. Anything extracted ; an extract. 

Ex-tract'or * -en. n . One that extracts, [tradition. 1 
Ex'tra-di ta-ble ieks'tra-di ta-b'l I, a. Subject to ex-i 
Ex'tra-dite ieWtra-dIt). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extra- 
dited <-4I ted): p. pr. & vb. n. Extraditing > -dl'tlng).] 
To make extradition of. 
Ex tra-di'tion (elis'tra-dTsh'un). n. [L. ex out — tra- 
.-livering up. See Tradition-.] The delivery of 
i criminal by one State or sover- 
ther. 
Ex-tra'd0S / e'ks-tra'd5s), n. [F. : pref. 
extra- < the back.] (Arch.) 

urve of an arch. 
Ex tra-do'tal < eTcs'tra-do'tal), a. Form- 

I the dowry. 
Ex tra ju-di'cial f-ju-dTsh'al), a. Be- 

: a court or judge. 

Ex tra mun'dane C-mun'dan). a. [L. 

'-"'■' • ' ' n •:•• < st ra — mundus world. 1 * Arc:;. -^-: — 

, , j J a Intrudes or 

MTOodtbe material world. Soffit . b El . 

rix ira-mu ral i-mu'ran. a. Outside trados. 
<» the walla, a* of a fortified city. 

Ex-tra'ne-ous (Sks-tra'nt-us), a. [L. eztraneus, from 
extra. Baa Extra-.] Not belonging to, or dependent 




upon, a thing ; not essential ; extrinsic. — Ex-tra'ne- 
OUS-ly (Sks-tra'ne-us-lvl, adv. [by official duty. I 

Ex tra-Of-fi'cial (5ks'tra-5f-fTsh'al), a. Not required! 

Ex-traor'di-na-ry (eks-trSr'dl-na-ry #r Sks'tra-Sr'-), 
a. [L. extraordinarily; extra outside -f- ordinarius 
ordinary.] 1. Beyond or out of the common order or 
method. 2- Exceeding the common degree, measure, or 
condition ; hence, remarkable ; rare ; wonderful. — Ex- 
traor'di-na-ri-ly, adv. 

Ex-traor'di-na-ry, n. That which is extraordinary. 

Ex tra-pro-fes'sion-al (eks'tra-pro-fesh'un-al), a. 
Foreign to a profession ; not a part of professional duty. 

Ex'tra-ter li-tCri-al (-teVrl-to'rT-al), a. Outside of a 
territory ; exempt from a particular jurisdiction ; exter- 
ritorial. — Extra-terri-to ri-al'i-ty (-51'T-ty), n. 

Ex tra-u'ter-ine (eks'tra-u'ter-Tn or -in), a. {Anat. 
& Med.) Outside of the uterus, or womb. 

Ex-trav'a-gance (eks-trav'a-gans), n. State or qual- 
ity of being extravagant. [gance. I 

*Ex-trav'a-gan-cy (eks-traVa-gan-sy\ n. Extra va- 

Ex-trav'a-gant (-gant), a. [F., fr. L. extra outside -f 
vagans, -antis, p. pr. of vagari to wander. See Vagary.] 
1. "Wandering out of bounds. [06^.] 2. Exceeding due 
bounds ; going beyond proper limits ; wild ; excessive. 

— Ex-trav'a-gant-ly, adv. — Ex-trav'a-gant-ness. n. 
Syn. — Unreasonable ; reckless ; profuse ; lavish. 
Ex-trav'a-gan'za (-gan'za), n. [Extravagance, with 

an Italian ending.] 1. A composition, as in music, char- 
acterized by wild irregularity. 2. An extravagant flight 
of sentiment or language. 

Ex-traVa-sate (eks-trav'a-sat). v. t. \_inip. & p. p. 
Extrayasated (-sa'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Extravasatlsg 
(-sating).] [Pref. extra- -J- L. vas vessel.] To force or 
let out of the proper vessels or arteries. [travasating. I 

Ex-trav a-sa'tion ^eks-trav'a-sa'shun). n. Act of ex-| 

Ex-treme' (eks-trem'), a. [L. extremus, superl. of 
exter, exterus, outside, outward. See Exterior.] 1. Be- 
ing at the utmost point, edge, or limit ; outermost ; far- 
thest. 2. Last ; final ; conclusive. 3. Best or worst ; 
most urgent ; greatest ; highest ; immoderate ; excessive. 

Ex-treme'. n. 1. The utmost point or verge; ex- 
tremity. 2. Utmost limit or degree supposable or toler- 
able ; — often in the^Z. ; things at an extreme distance or 
difference from each other. 3. An extreme state . 

Ex-treme'ly, adv. Ln an extreme manner or state. 

Ex-trem/ist ' eks-trem'ist). n. A supporter of extreme 
doctrines or practice ; one who holds extreme opinions. 

Ex-trem'i-ty (eks-rrem'T-ty^, n. 1. Extreme part ; 
farthestor remotest point or part. 2. (Zo'ol.) Oneof the 
locomotive appendages of an animal ; limb ; leg or arm 
of man. 3. Utmost point ; highest degree. 4. Utmost 
inconvenience, pain, or suffering ; greatest need or peril. 

Syn. — Verge; border; extreme; end: termination. 

Ex'tri-ca-ble (eks'trT-ka-b'l). a. That may be ex- 
tricated. 

Ex'tri-cate (eks'tr!-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extri- 
cated (-ka-'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Extricating (-kating ).] 
[L. extricare, p. p. -atus ; ex out + tricae trifles, imped- 
iments, perplexities.] 1. To set free, as from difficulties 
or perplexities. 2. To cause to be emitted or evolved. 

Syn. — To disentangle; disengage; relieve; liberate. 

EX'tri-ca'tion (eks'tri-ka'shun), n. An extricating. 

Ex-trin'sic (eks-trTn'sik). a. [L. extrinsecus ; exter 
outside -f- secus beside: akin to E. second.'] Not coa 
tained in or belonging to a bodv : external : unessential. 

Ex-trin'sic-al (-si-kal). a. Extrinsic. —Ex-trin'sl- 
cal'i-ty (sl-kal'i-ty). Ex-trin'sic-al-ness (-sl-kal-nes), 
n. — Ex-trin'sic-al-ly (-si-kal-ly), adv. 

Ex-trorse / (eks-tr6rs'), a- [Deriv. of L. extra with- 
out — vertere, version, to turn.] (Bot.) Facing out- 
wards, or away from the axis of growth. 

Ex-trade 7 (Iks-trud'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extruded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Extruding.] [L. extrudere.-trusum ; ex 

— trudere to thrust.] To thrust, force, or push out. 
Ex-tru'sion i-tru'zhiiii . n. Act of extruding. 
Ex-tuT)er-ance (eks-tu'ber-ons), ) n. A swelling; pro- 
Ex-tunoer-ail-cy (-«n-sy). ) tuberance. [R.] 
Ex-tuT>er-ant (-ant), a. [L. extuberans, p. pr. of ex- 

- to swell.] Swollen out ; protuberant, [i?.] 

Ex-uT&er-ance < eks-u'ber-ans or egz-), n. State of be- 
ing exuberant ; copious or excessive production or supply. 

Syn. — Abundance : superabundance : excess : plenty ; 
copiousness ; profusion : richness : overflow ; overgrowth ; 
rankness ; wantonness. See Abundance. 

Ex-U'ber-an-cy (-an-svi. n. Exuberance. 

Ex-u/ber-ant (-ant), a. [L. exuberans, -antis, p. pr. of 
exuberare to be abundant : ex — uberare to be fruitful, fr. 
uber fertile, uber udder.] Characterized by abundance or 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, 0, y, short ; senate, e"vent, Idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



EXUBERANTLY 



317 



FACE 



auperabundance ; plenteous ; rich ; overflowing ; copioua 
or excessive in production. — Ex-U'ber-ant-ly (6ks-u'- 
ber-ant-1^ or Sgz-), ado. [substance exuded. | 

Ex u-ia'tion (gks'u-da'shun), n. An exuding ; also, | 

Exude' (gks-ud' or ggz-ud'), v . t. [imp. & p. p. Ex- 
uded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exuding.] [L. exudare, exsudare, 
-atum, to sweat out ; ex out -f- sudare to sweat.] To dis- 
charge or flow through pores or incisions ; to give out. 

Exult' (ggz-iilf), i'. i. [imp. & p. p. Exulted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Exulting.] [L. exultare, exsultare, -alum, 
iutens. fr. exsiliie to spring out or up ; ex out -f- satire to 
spring, leap. See Sald2NT.] To be in high spirits ; fig., 
to leap for joy ; to rejoice in triumph or exceedingly. 

Ex-ult'ant (-ant), a. Inclined to exult ; character- 
ized by, or expressing, exultation; rejoicing triumphantly. 

Ex ul-ta'tion (gks'ul-ta'shun or Sgz'-), n. Act of ex- 
ulting ; rapturous delight ; triumph. 

Ex-ult'lng-ly, adv. In an exulting manner. 

Ex-us'tion (-Qs'chun ; 10G), n. [L. exustio, fr. exurere, 
exustum, to burn up.] Act or operation of burning up. 

II Ex-u'vi-aB (Sgz-u'vT-e or gks-), n. pi. [L., fr. exuere 
to draw out or off, to pull off.] (Zo'ol.) Cast skins, shells, 
coverings, or other parts of animals. 

Ex-U'Vl-al (-fll), «. Of or pertaining to exuviae. 

Ex-u'vi-ate (ggz-u'vi-at or eks-), v. i. (Zo'ol.) To cast 
or shed some part, as 
the skin. 

Ex-u'vi-a'tion (-5'- 
shuu), n. (Zo'ol.) An 
exuviating ; ecdysis. 

Ey'as (i'as), n. 
[F. niais fresh from 
the nest, deriv. f r. L. 
nidics nest.] (Zo'ol.) 
A nestling or un- 
fledged bird. 

Eye (!),». [Prob. 
for nye.~\ (Zo'ol.) 
A brood. 

Eye (i), n. [AS. edge ; 
akin to D. oog, G. auge, 
Icel. auga, Goth, augo.] 
1. The organ of sight or 
vision. 2. Faculty of see- 
ing ; power, range, or accu- 
racy of vision. 3. The ac- 
tion of the organ of sight ; 
sight ; view ; judgment ; 
opinion. 4. Scope of vis- 
ion ; hence, face ; front ; 
immediate presence. 5. 
Observation ; oversight ; 
attention ; regard. 6. That 
which resembles the organ Retina in center of Optic Nerve. 




Right Human Eyeball, 
seen from above. Horizontal 
section, somewhat enlarged. 
ab Conjunctiva ; c Cornea ; d 
Sclerotic ; e Choroid ; / Ciliary 
Muscle ; g Ciliary Process ; /i 
Iris ; t Suspensory Ligament ; 
k Posterior Aqueous Chamber 
between h and t; I Anterior 
Aqueous Chamber ; m Crystal- 
line Lens : » Vitreous Humor ; 
o Retina ; p Yellow spot ; q Cen- 
ter of blind spot ; r Artery of 



of sight, in form, position, or appearance ; as a spot, a 
bud or sprout, a hole or loop, eta. 7. That which resem- 
bles the eye in relative importance or beauty. 

To have An eye to, to pay particular attention to ; to 
watch. — To keep an eye on, to watch. — To let the eyee on, 
to see ; to have a sight of. — In the eye of the wtna 
in a direction opposed to the wind. 

Eye (I), r. t. [imp. X p. )). Eyed (id) ; p. pr. & vb. r,. 
Eying or Eyeing.] To fix the eye on ; to look on ; par- 
ticularly, to observe or watch narrowly, or fixedly. 

Eye'ball' (I'bal'), n. The ball or globe of the eye. 

EyeT>right' (i'bruV), n. (hot.) A small plant (Eu- 
phrasia officinalis), once used for eye diseases. [eye. I 

Eyebrow' (i'brou'), n. The hairy arch above the| 

Eye'cup 7 (I'kup'), n, A small cup to fit the orbit of 
the eye, — used in the application of liquid remedies. 

Eyed (Id), a. Having (such or so many) eyes ; — used 
in composition ; as, sharp-? (/>■</ ,• myriad-* 

Eye'drop' (I'drgpO, n. A tear. [Poetic] 

Eye'glass' (I'glas'), n. 1. A lens of glass to assist the 
sight. 2. Eyepiece, as of a telescope. 3. A glass evecup. 

Eye'lash' (I'lSsh'), n. 1. The fringe of hair edging 
the eyelid ; — usually in the pi. 2. A hair of this fringe. 

Eyeless (I'lSs), a. Without eyes ; blind. 

Eyelet (I'ISt), n. [F. oeillet, dim. of nil eye, fr. L. 
oculus.] A small hole to receive a cord or fastener; 
also, a metal ring or grommet, used to line such a hole. 

Eye'let-eer' (I'lgt-er'), n. A small, sWp- pointed in- 
strument used in piercing eyelet holes ; a stiletto. 

Eyelid' (Hid'), n. (Anat.) The cover of the eye. 

Eye'piece 7 (I'pes'), n. (Opt.) The lens, or combina- 
tion of lenses, at the eye end of an optical instrument. 

Eye'serv'ant (I'serv'ant), n. A servant who attends 
faithfully to his duty only when watched, [eyeservant. I 

Eye'serv'ice (-is), n. Such service as is given by an | 

Eye'sight' (i'slf), n. Sight of the eye ; view. 

Eye'sore' (I'sor'), n. Something offensive to the eye. 

Eye'stalk' (I'stak'), n. Same as Footstalk, 2 (6). 

Eye'stone' (I'ston'), n. A small, calcareous body, esp. 
an operculum of a certain small shell, used to remove a 
foreign substance from the eye. [the upper jaw. I 

Eye'tOOth' (I'tooth'), n. (Anat.) A canine tooth of | 

Eye'wa'ter (I'wa'ter), n. A wash for the eyes. 

Eye'wit'ness (I'wit'nes), n. One who sees a thing. 

Eyne (In), or Ey'en (I''n), n. Plural of Eye. [Obs.] 

Ey'Ot (I'ot or at), n. [Ey (AS. ig or Icel. ey) — F. 
dim. suffix -ot.] A little island in a river or lake. 

II Ey'ra (a'ra), n. [Native South American name.] 
(Zo'ol.) A wild cat ranging from Brazil to Texas. 

Eyre (2r), n. [OF. erre journey, fr. L. iter, itineris. 
way, fr. root of ire to go.] (0. Eng. Law) A journey in 
circuit of certain judges (justices in eyre or in itinere). 

Ey'rie ) (a'rjr or e'ry), n. ; pi. Eyeies (-riz). Same as 

Ey'ry J Aebie. 



H 



P (Sf). 1. F is the sixth letter of the English alpha- 
bet, and a nonvocal consonant. Its form and sound are 
from the Latin, the form being further derived, through 
the Greek digamma F, from the Phoenician, the ultimate 
source being probably Egyptian. Etymologically / is 
most closely related to p, k, v, and b ; as in E. fire, Gr. 
vevTe ; E. wol/, L. lupus, Gr. Avkos ; E. /ox, vixen ; 
/ragile, fcreak*; /ruit, 6rook, v. t. ; E. 6ear, L. /erre. 
See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 178, 179, 188, 198, 230. 
2. (Mus.) The name of the fourth tone of the scale of C. 
F sharp (F %) is a tone intermediate between F and G. 

F clef, the bass clef. See under Clef. 

Fa(f'a),n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A syllable for the fourth 
tone of the diatonic scale in solmization. (b) The tone F. 

Fa-ba'ceous (fa-ba'shus), a. [L. fabaceus, fr. faba 
bean.] Having the nature of a bean ; like a bean. 

Fa'bi-an (fa'bT-an), a. Of, pertaining to, or in the 
manner of, the Roman general, Quintus Fabius Maximus 
Verrucosus, who carefully avoided a decisive contest ; 
cautious ; dilatory ; avoiding a decisive contest. 

Fal)le (fa'b'l), n. [F., fr. L. fabula, fr. fori to speak, 
say.] 1. A feigned story or tale intended to enforce 
some useful truth or precept ; an apologue. 2. The plot 
of an epic or dramatic poem. 3. Fiction ; falsehood. 

FaT)le, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fabled (fa'b'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Fabling (-bling).] To compose fables ; to feign. 

FaT)le, V. t. To feign ; to invent ; to tell of falsely. 

Fa'bler (fa'bler), n. A writer of fables ; a fabulist. 

Fab'ric (faVrlk), n. [L. fabrica fabric, workshop. 



See Forge.] 1. Structure of anything ; workmanship ; 
texture ; make. 2. Thing fabricated ; as : (a) Frame- 
work ; structure ; building, (b) Manufactured cloth. 

Fab'ri-cate (fSr/rl-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fabri- 
cated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fabricating (-ka ting).] 
[L. fabricari, fabricare, p. p. -alus, fr. fabrica. See 
Fabric] 1. To form into a whole; to frame; to con- 
struct ; to build. 2. To form by art and labor ; to man- 
ufacture. 3. To devise falsely. 

Fab'rl-ca'tion (fabrT-ka'shun\ n. 1. Act of fabri- 
cating. 2. That which is fabricated. 

Syn. — See Fiction. 

Fab'rt-ca tor (faVrT-ka'ter'). h. One who fabricates. 

Fab'u-llst (fSb'u-list), n. One who invents fables. 

Fab'u-lize (-Hz), v. i. To fable. 

Fab'U-loUS (faVu-liis), a. 1. Being of the nature of 
a fable; feigned; invented; fictitious. 2. Passing be- 
lief ; exceedingly great. 3. Abounding in fables. — 
Fab'u-lous-ly. ad >■■ — Fab'u-lous-ness 

Fa Cade' (fa sad' or fa-sad'), n. [F.. fr. It. facciata, 
fr. faccia face, L. fades.] (Arch.) The front of a 
building: esp.. the principal front architecturally. 

Face" (fas), h. [F., fr. L. fade* shape, face; origin 
uncertain.] 1. The exterior form or appearance of any- 
thing ; esp., the front or upper part or surface. 2. One 
of the bounding planes of a solid. 3. (Mack.) (a) The 
principal fiat or dressed surface of a part or object. (6) 
The width of a pulley, or the length of a cog. 4. Exter- 
nal aspect. 5. That part of the head, esp. of man, con- 



K 



tern, recent, drb, mde, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FACE 



318 



FAIL 



> 



t« i »-w t toi noae, tad mouth ; visage ; coun- 

. expression of countenance. 
7. Maintenance of the countenance tree from abashment 
or contusion ; boldness ; effrontery. 8- Presence ; light ; 
ttv „ t . | v nouut expressed on a bill, note, 

tc, without interest or discount; principal. 

To fly in the fac* of. to defy : to brave ; to withstand. — 
To make a free, to distort the countenance ; to grimace. 

Face (Ha), v. '• [imp. A p. p. Faced (fast) ; p. pr. & 
, dm (fVaXogM 1. To meet in front ; to oppose 

with a ■— 2. To confront impudently; to bully. 

3. To stand opposite to ; to front upon. 4. To cover 

for ornament ; to put a facing upon. 6. (Mach.) 

To dress the face of. 6. To turn so as to present the face. 

Face. 9. i. To turn or present the face, or a face. 

Fa'cer rfli'ser\ n. One who faces. 

Fac'et (fibre), 7i. [F. facette, dim. of face face.] 
1. A little face ; a small, plane surface. 2. (Zo'ol.) 
One of the small eyes in a compound eye, as of an insect. 

Fac'et. r • t. To cut facets upon. " [Facetious. I 

Fa-cete / (fa-set'), a. [L. facetus fine, facetious.]! 
Fa-ce'ti-ffl (fa-se'shT-e), n. pi. [L.] Witty or hu- 
morous writings or sayings ; witticisms ; merry conceits. 

Fa-ce'tious (-shus), a. Given to, or characterized by, 
wit and good humor ; sportive ; jocular ; exciting laugh- 
ter. — Fa-ce'tious-ly, adv . — Fa-ce'tious-ness, n. 

Fa'clal (fa'shol), a. Of or pertaining to the face. — 
Fa'cial-ly, adv. 

Facial angle (Anat.), the angle, 
in a skull, included between a 
straight line from the most 
prominent part of the forehead 
to the front edge of the upper 
jaw bone, and another from this 
point to the center of the exter- 
nal auditory opening. 

Fac'ile (f Ss'Il), a. [L. facilis, 
fr. facere to make, do.] 1. 
Easy to be done or performed. 
2- Easy to be surmounted or 
removed ; readily mastered. 3. 
Easy of access or converse ; af- 
fable; complaisant. 4. Easily 
persuaded to good or bad ; yield- 
ing ; pliant. 5. Ready ; quick ; 
expert. — Fac'ile-ly, adv. — 
Fac'ile-ness, n. 

Fa-dl'i-tate (fa-sTl'T-tat),r. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Facilitated (-ta'- 
tSd); p. pr. & vb. n. Facili- 
tating (-ta'tTng).] To make 
easy or less difficult; to lessen 
the labor of. 

Fa-cil'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. 

Fa-cil'i-ty (fa-stl'T-ty), n. 1 
done. 2. Readiness proceeding from skill or use ; dex 
terity. 3. Quality of being easily persuaded ; compli- 
ance ; pliancy. 4. Complaisance ; affability. 5. Any- 
thing promoting ease of action or conduct ; advantage ; 
aid ; — usually in the pi. 

Syn. — Ease ; expertness ; readiness ; dexterity ; com- 
plaisance ; condescension ; affability. — Facility supposes 
a natural or acquired power of dispatching a task with 
lightness and ease. Expertness is the kind of facility 
acquired by long practice. Readiness marks the prompti- 
tude with which anything is done. 

Fa'cing (fa'sTng), n. A covering in front, as for or- 
nament ; an exterior covering, sheathing, or edging. 

Fac-sim'1-le (f5k-sTm'T-le), n. [L. fac simile make 
like ; or abbrev. fr. factum simile made like ; facere to 
make -f- similis like.] An exact copy or likeness. 

Fact (fSkt), n. [L. factum, fr. facere to make or do.] 

1. A doing. [Obs.] 2. Anything done or that comes to 

n act ; an event ; a circumstance. 3. Reality ; 

actuality ; truth. 4. The assertion of a thing done or 

existing ; a thing supposed or asserted to be done. 

•Syn.— Deed; performance; incident; occurrence. 

Fac'tion (fSk'shun), n. [L. factio.] 1. A party 
eorr.bined in opposition to the government, or state ; a 
combination or clique of partisans of any kind, acting for 
their own interests. 2. Discord ; dissension. 

Syn. — Combination; clique ; junto; cabal. 

Fac'tlous (-shus), a. 1. Given to faction, or to form- 
ions. 2. Of. pert, to, or proceeding, from faction. 
— Fac'tious-ly, adv. — Fac'tious-ness, n. 

Fac-ti'tious 'fa"k-tish'us), a. [L. factitius, fr. facere 
to make.] Made by art; artificial; sham. — Fac-ti'- 
tious-iy. adv. — Fac-ti'tious -ness, n. 

Fac'ti-tlve (iXk'tl-tlv), a. Causing; causative. 

Factor (lSk'tSr;, n. [L.] 1. (Law) An agent; 




Skull of Mon- 



Facial Angles. 
1 2 Types of Human 
Skulls ; 3 S 
key. 

Act of facilitating. 
Quality of being easily 



esp. , a commission merchant or consignee. 2. (Math.) 
Oue of the elements or quantities which, when multi- 
plied together, form a product. 3. A circumstance con- 
tributing to produce a result. [commission. I 

Fac'tbr-age (fSk'ter-aj), n. A factor's allowance or| 

Fac'tor-ize (-iz), v. t. [i?np. &p. p. Factorized (-izd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Factorizing (-I'zlng).] (Late) To gar- 
nishee. 

Fac'to-ry (fSk'to-r^), n. 1. A house or place where 
factors reside, to transact business. 2. The body of fac- 
tors in any place. 3. A building, or collection of build- 
ings, appropriated to manufacturing ; a manufactory. 

Fac to'tlim (f5k-to'tum), n. [L., do everything ; 
facere to do + tot us all.] A person employed to do all 
kinds of work or business. 

II Fac'u-lae (f5k'u-le), n. pi. [L. facula little torch.] 
(Astron.) Groups of small shining spots on the surface 
of the sun, supposed to be elevations of the photosphere. 

Fac'ul-ty (fak'ul-t^), n. [F. faculle, L. facultas, fr. 
facilis easy, fr. facere to make.] 1. Ability to act or 
perform ; esp., an original mental power or capacity for 
mental activity. 2. Attribute of office. [R.~] 3. Privi- 
lege or permission to do a particular thing ; dispensation. 
4. A body of men to whom any specific right or privilege 
is granted ; formerly, the graduates in any department 
of a university or college ; at present, the members of a 
profession or calling, or, rarely, the profession itself. 5. 
(Amer. Colleges) The president, professors, and tutors. 

Syn. — Talent; gift; endowment; dexterity; expert- 
ness ; cleverness ; readiness ; ability ; knack. 

Fac'und (fak'und), a. [L. facundus, fr. fari to 
speak.] Eloquent. [Archaic] 

Fad (fSd), n. [Cf. F addle.] A hobby ; freak ; whim. 

Fad'dle (fad'd'l), v. i. [Cf. Fiddle.] To trifle ; to 
toy. —v. t. To fondle ; to dandle. \_Prov. Eng.] 

Fade (fad), a. [F., prob. fr. L. vapidus vapid.] 
Weak; insipid; tasteless; commonplace. [J?.] 

Fade (fad), v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Faded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Fading.] [OE. faden, vaden, prob. fr. fade, a.] 1. 
To grow or make weak ; to lose strength ; to decay ; to 
wither. 2. To lose, or cause to lose, freshness, color, or 
brightness. 3. To sink away ; to grow dim. 

Fadeless, a. Not liable to fade ; unfading. 

Fadge (fXj), v. i. [Etym. uncertain.] To fit ; to suit. 

Fae'cal (fe'kal), a. See Fecal. 

II FaB'ces (fe'sez), n. pi. [L. faex, pi. faeces, dregs.] 
Excrement ; ordure ; also, settlings. 

II Faec'u-la (fek'u-la), n. [L.] See Fecula. 

Fa'er-y (fa'er-jf), n. & a. Fairy. [Archaic'] 

Fag (f5g), v. i- [imp. &p.p. Fagged (fagd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fagging (fSg'ging).] [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To 
become weary ; to tire. 2. To labor to weariness ; to 
drudge. 3. To serve as a fag. [treat as a fag. I 

Fag, v. t. 1. To tire out by labor. 2. To use or | 

Fag, n. A drudge ; esp., in England, a schoolboy who 
does menial service for another of a higher form or class. 

Fag'-end' (fag'end'), n. 1. An end of poorer quality, 
or in a spoiled condition, as the coarser end of a web of 
cloth. 2. The refuse or meaner part of anything. 

Fag'Ot (fag'ut), n. [F., prob. aug. of L. fax, fads, 
torch.] 1. A bundle of sticks or small branches used 
for fuel, fcr raising batteries, filling ditches, etc. ; a fas- 
cine. 2. A bundle of pieces of wrought iron to be 
worked into a bar or other shape ; a pile. 3. (Mus.) 
A bassoon. 4. A person hired to take the place of 
another at the muster of a company. [Eng.~\ 

Fag'ot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fagoted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Fagoting.] To make a fagot of ; als<3, to gather together. 

II Fa-gOt'tO (fa-got'to), n. [It.] (3Ius.) The bassoon. 

Fah'ren-heit (fa'ren-hlt), a. [G.] Designating, or 
conforming to, the scale used by Gabriel Daniel Fahren- 
heit in graduating his thermometer, on which the freez- 
ing point of water is at 32 degrees above the zero, and 
the boiling point at 212 degrees above. — n. The Fah- 
renheit thermometer or scale. See Thermometer. 

II Fa'i-ence' (fa'e-aNs'), n. [F., fr. Faenza, a town in 
Italy.] Glazed pottery, esp. that decorated in color. 

Fail (fal), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Failed (fald) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Failing.] [F. faillir, fr. L. fallere, falsum, to 
deceive ; akin to E. fall.'] 1. To be wanting ; to be or 
become deficient ; to be lacking. 2. To be affected with 
want ; to come short. 3. To fall away ; to decline ; to 
decay. 4. To deteriorate in vigor, resources, etc. 5. 
To be found wanting or come short with respect to an 
action or a duty to be performed, a result to be secured, 
etc. 6. To err in judgment ; to be mistaken. 7. To be- 
come unable to meet one's engagements ; esp., to become 
bankrupt or insolvent. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; i, 6, i, 5, H, y, short ; senate, fcvent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



FAIL 



319 



FALL 



Fall (fal), r. t. To be wanting to ; to be insufficient 
for ; to disappoint. 

Fall, n. Miscarriage ; failure ; deficiency ; fault ; — 
now rare, except in the phrase without fail. 

Fail'ing, n. The act of one who fails ; a failure ; de- 
ficiency ; imperfection ; weakness ; lapse ; fault. 
Syn. — See Fault. 

I! Faille (fa'y' ; E. fal), n. [F.] A soft silk, heavier 
than a foulard and not glossy. 

Fail'ure (l'al'ur ; 135), n. 1. Act of one who or that 
which fails ; a falling short or cessation ; deterioration ; 
deficiency ; omission. 2." State of having failed. 

Fain (fan), a. [AS. fsegen ; akin to Icel. feginn glad ; 
fr. root of IS. fair.'] 1. Well-pleased ; glad ; apt ; fond ; 
inclined. 2. Satisfied ; contented ; also, constrained. 
Fain, adv. With joy ; gladly ; — with would. 
II Fal'ng'ant' (fa'na'aN'), a. [F. ; fait he does + neant 
nothing.] Doing nothing ; shiftless. 

Faint (fant), a. [Compar. Fainteb (-er) ; superl. 
Faintest.] [F. feint, p. p. oifeindre to feign, hesitate. 
See Feign.] 1. Lacking strength ; weak ; languid. 2. 
Wanting courage, spirit, or energy ; timorous ; cowardly ; 
dejected. 3. Lacking distinctness ; hardly perceptible. 
4. Performed, done, or acted, weakly or feebly. 

Faint, n. A fainting ; state of one who has fainted. 
Faint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fainted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Fainting.] 1. To become faint ; to grow feeble or help- 
lessly weak ; to swoon. 2. To lose courage or spirit ; to 
become dejected or despondent. 3. To decay ; to vanish. 
Faint'-heart'ed (-haWed), a. Wanting in courage ; 
easily discouraged or frightened ; cowardly ; timorous. 
— Faint'-heart'ed-ly, adv.— Faint'-heaft ed-ness. n. 
Faint'ish, a. Slightly faint ; somewhat faint. 
Faint'ly, adv. In a faint, weak, or timid manner. 
Faint'ness, n. The state of being faint. 
Faints (fants), n. pi. The impure spirit which comes 
over first and last in the distillation of whisky. 

Fair (far), a. [Compar. Faieer (-er) ; superl. Fair- 
est.] [AS. fseger ; akin to Icel. fagr, Goth, fagrs fit, 
also to E. fay.} 1. Free from spots, dirt, or imperfec- 
tion ; unblemished ; clean ; pure. 2. Pleasing to the eye ; 
beautiful. 3. Having a light hue or tint ; bright; clear. 
4. Not overcast ; cloudless ; clear ; propitious. 5. Free 
from obstacles or hindrances ; open ; direct. 6. Charac- 
terized by frankness, honesty, impartiality, or candor ; 
equitable ; just. 7. Inspiring hope and confidence ; 
favorable. 8. Distinct ; legible. 9. Free from undue 
or unusual qualities ; average ; middling. 
Syn. — Candid ; frank ; ingenuous ; impartial ; honest. 
Fair, adv. In a fair manner ; fairly. 
Fair, n. 1. Fairness. [Obs.~\ 2. A fair woman ; a 
sweetheart. 3. Good fortune ; good luck. 

Fair, n. [OF. feire, fr. L. feriae, pi. holidays, f esti- 
vals, akin to festus festal. See Feast.] 1. A gathering 
of buyers and sellers, assembled at a particular place with 
their merchandise at a stated or regular season, or by 
special appointment, for trade. 2. A festival, and sale 
of fancy articles, etc. , usually for a charitable object. 3. 
A competitive exhibition of wares, farm products, etc. 

Fair'ly, adv. In a fair manner ; clearly ; openly ; 
frankly ; fully ; favorably ; honestly ; rightly. 

Fair'ness, n. Quality or state of being fair ; freedom 
from spots or stains ; honesty ; candor ; justness. 

Fair'-spo ken (faT'spd^k'n), a. Using fair speech, 
or uttered with fairness ; bland ; civil ; plausible. 

Falr'y (f aT'y), n. [OF. faerie enchantment, fr. faer 
to enchant, charm, fr. LL. Fata a goddess of fate. * See 
Fate.] 1. Enchantment ; illusion. [065.] 2. People 
of fairyland. [Obs.~\ 3. An imaginary supernatural being 
or spirit, supposed to assume a human form (usually 
diminutive), and meddle in the affairs of men ; a fay. 
Fair'y, a. Of, pertaining to, or given by, fairies. 
Fairy rings or circles, the circles formed in grassy lawns 
by certain fungi, formerly supposed to be caused by 
fairies in their midnight dances. 
Fair'y-land/ (-land 7 ), n. The abode of fairies. 
Faith (fath), n. [OF. feid, feit, fei, f r. L. fides.} 1. 
Reliance on testimony ; belief. 2. Firm belief, resting 
on probable evidence, in regard to important moral truth. 
3. (Theol.) (a) Belief in the historic truth of the Scrip- 
ture narrative, and the supernatural origin of its teach- 
ings, (ft) Belief in the facts and truth of the Scriptures, 
with a practical love of them. 4. That which is believed 
on any subject, as a system of religious belief. 5. Fi- 
delity to promises or duty ; allegiance ; loyalty ; faith- 
fulness. 6. Word or honor pledged ; promise given. 

Act of faith, an auto-da-fe". —Faith cure, the cure of 
diseases by prayer and the exercise of faith in God. 



Falth'ful (ffith'ful), a. Full <>f faith ; having, show- 
ing, characterised by, conformable to, or acting with, 
faith. — Faith'ful-ly, adv. — Faith'ful nesa, ». 

Syn. Trusty; honest ; upright • sincere; veracious ; 
trustworthy ; true ; accurate ; exact. 

Faith/less, a. Not having, or acting with, faith ; char- 
acterized by lack of faith ; not faithful ; false ; treacher- 
ous. — Faith'less-ly, adv. — Faithaess ness, u. 
Syn. —Unbelieving ; perfidious; disloyal ; inconstant. 
Fake (fak), n. [Cf. Scot, faik fold, AS./;/ c space, and 
E. /«y to fit.] (Saul.) One of the circles or windings 
of a cable or hawser, as it lies in a coil. [zag form. I 

Fake, V. t. CNautA To coil in layers, usually 
Fake, V. t. [Cf. Gael, faigh to get, reach, 
facken to gripe.] [Slang'] 1. To cheat ; to steal ; to rob. 
2. To make ; to do. 3. To manipulate fraudulently. 
Fake, n. A trick ; a swindle. [Slang] 
Fa'kir (fa'ker or fa-ker'), n. [Ar. fwjlr poor.] An 
Oriental religious ascetic or begging monk. 
Fal'cate (faTkat), I a. [L. falcatus, fr. fait sickle.] 
Fal'ca-ted (-ka-ted), J Hooked or bent like a tickle] 
Fal'cer (fSl'ser), n. A mandible of an arachnidau. 
[See III ust. of Scorpion.] 

Fal'chion (fal'chun), n. [OF. fauchon, LL. fak to, 
fr. L. frtlx, falcis, sickle.] A short, light, broad-bladed 
sword, slightly curved ; hence, any sword. 

Fal'cl-form (fal'sT-fSrm), a. [L. falx, falcis, a sickle 
-f- -form.} Having the shape of a scythe or sickle. 

Fal'con (fa'k'n), n. [OF. faucon, falcon, f r. LL. falco ; 
origin uncertain.] (Zo'ol.) One of a 
family of raptorial birds, having a 
short, hooked beak, strong claws, and 
powerful flight, esp. one trained to 
pursue other birds or game. 

Fal'con-er (-er), n. One who breeds 
or trains hawks for taking birds or 
game ; one who fowls with hawks. 

Fal'co-net (f5Fk$-net), n. 1. One 
of the smaller cannon used in the 15th 
century and later. 2. (Zo'ol.) (a) One 
of several very small Asiatic falcons, 
(ft) One of a genus of Australian birds, 
resembling shrikes and titmice. 

Fal'con-gen til (fa/k'n-jen'tll), n. 
[F. faucon-genlil.] (Zo'ol.) The fe- 
male or young of the goshawk. 

Fal'con-ry (fa/k'n-ry), n. Art of 
training falcons, or the sport of fowl- 
ing with falcons. 

Fal'dis-tO-ry (faFdTs-tS-r^), n. [LL. 
faldistorium, fr. OHG. faldstuol ; fal- 
dan to fold -f stuol stool. So called - . 
because it could be folded or laid to- Sne° The 
gether.] The faldstool. [Obs.] head i* inclosed 

Fald'StOOl' (fald'stobF), n. [See in. .a Hood ( 
Faldistory.] 1. Formerly, a folding 
stool placed in the choir for a bishop. 
2. (Ch. ofEng.) The desk from which the litany is read. 
Fall (fal), v. i. [imp. Fell (fel) ; p. p. Fallen (f al''n) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Falling.] [AS. feallan ; akin 'to G. 
fallen, Icel. falla, L. fallere to deceive, Gr. o-<f>dXAetv to 
cause to fall, Skr. sphal, sphul, to tremble.] 1. To de- 
scend, either suddenly or gradually ; esp., to descend by 
the force of gravity. 2. To cease to be erect ; to become 
prostrate. 3. To discharge its waters ; to empty. 4. To 
become prostrate and dead ; esp. , to die by violence. 
5. To cease to be active or strong; to subside. 6. To 
issue from the womb ; to be born ; — said of the young of 
certain animals. 7. To lose rank or position ; to decline 
in power, importance, weight, value, price, etc. 8- To 
be overthrown or captured. 9. To descend in character 
or reputation ; to sink into vice, error, or sin ; to depart 
from rectitude, virtue, or faith ; to apostatize. 10. To 
become insnared or embarrassed ; to be eutrapped. 11. 
To become or appear dejected ; — said of the countenance. 
12. To become feeble or faint. 13. To pass, somewhat 
suddenly and passively, into a new state of body or 
mind. 14. To happen ; to occur ; to befall ; to terminate. 

15. To begin or resort with haste, ardor, or vehemence. 

16. To pass or be transferred by chance, lot, distribu- 
tion, inheritance, etc. 17. To be dropped or uttered 
carelessly. 18. To pass from a higher to a lower tone. 

To fallaboard of (Want.), to strike against. —To fall flat, 
to produce no response or result. — To fall foul 
(Naut.) To have a collision with ; to become entangled 
with. (6) To attack ; to assault. — To fall from, to recede 
or depart from; not to adhere to. —To fall home (Ship 
Carp.), to curve in ; — said of the timbers or upper parts 
of a ship's side. — To fall out. (a) To quarrel ; to begin to 




with a tuft of 
feathers, b Jesses. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FALL 



320 



FAN 



I 

) 



,n : to befell ; to chance. -To fall 
Sreoih to come to nothing : to tail. - To fail to, to begin, 
rgfl . let fall or cause to fall. [(««.] 

Fall. • • 1- Act 0l fetthag : ■ dropping or descending 
gravity : deeoent in any manner or de- 
leting with the several senses of the verb. 
vity; slope. 3- A cascade; a cataract; — usu- 
ally in the plural. 4. Extent of descent. 5. The sea- 
son a heu leaves fall from the trees ; autumn. 6. That 
ilia or has fallen. 7. Act of felling or cutting 
down. 8. Lapse from innocence or goodness. Specific- 
ally : The first apostasy in Eden; also, the apostasy of 
the rebellious angels. 9. That part (as one of the ropes) 
Of a tackle to which the power is applied in hoisting. 

Fal-la'cious (fSl-la'shus), a. Embodying or pertain- 
ing to a fallacy ; illogical ; misleading ; delusive. — Fal- 
la'cious-ly. adv. — Fal-la'cious-ness, n. 

Fallacy (fXl'la-sy), n. [F. fall ace, fr. L.fallacia, fr. 
fallai deceitful, fr. fallere to deceive.] 1. Deceptive 
or false appearance; deception. 2. {Logic) An argu- 
ment, or apparent argument, which professes to be deci- 
sive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not. 

Svn. — Deceit ; mistake; sophism. — A sophism is a 
fallacy so specious and subtle as to be difficult of ex- 
posure". 

Fall'en (fal"n), a. Dropped ; prostrate ; degraded ; 
ruined ; decreased ; dead. 

Fall'fish' (fal'flsh'), n. (Zool.) Any one of several 
allied species of fresh-water fishes of the United States. 

Fallible (fa"l'll-b'l), a. [LL. fallibilis, fr. L. fallere 
to deceive.] Liable to mistake or err ; liable to deceive 
or to be deceived. - Fallibility (-bTl'I-ty), n. — Fal'- 
li-bly, adv. 

Fall'ing (fallng), a. & n. from Fall, v. 
Falling sickness (Med.), epilepsy. — Falling star (Astron.), 
a shooting star. — Falling stone, a meteorite ; an aerolite. 
— Falling tide, the ebb tide. 

Fallow (faTlo), a. [AS. fealu, fealo, pale yellow, or 
red; akin to G. J 'alb, fahl, Icel. folr.~] 1. Pale red or 
pale yellow. 2. [Cf. Fallow, ?i.] Left untitled or un- 
sowea after plowing ; uncultivated. 
Fallow chat, Fallow finch (Zool.), the wheatear. 
Fallow, n. [Prob. so called from the fallow color 
of naked ground.] 1. Plowed land. \_Obs.~\ 2. Land 
plowed without being sowed for the season. 3. The 
plowing or tilling of land without sowing it for a season. 
Fallow (-16), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fallowed (-16d) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Fallowing.] To plow, harrow, and 
break up without seeding. 

Fallow deer' (der 7 )- [So called from its fallow, or 
pale yellow, color.] (Zool.) A European 
species of deer much smaller than the 
red deer. [barrenness. I 

Fallow-ness, n. A fallow state ; | 
False (fals), a. [Compar. Falser 
(-er); supe'rl. Falsest.] [Tj. falsus, p. 
p. of fallere to deceive.] 1. Uttering 
falsehood ; unvera- 
cious ; dishonest. 2. 
Not faithful or loyal ; 
untrue ; treacherous ; 
perfidious. 3. Not 
according with truth 
or reality ; fitted or 
likely to deceive or 
disappoint. 4. Not 
genuine or real ; coun- 
terfeit ; hypocritical. 
5. Not well founded ; 
Fallow Deer ( Cervus dama). erroneous ; incorrect. 
6. Not essential or permanent. 7. (Mus.) Not in tune. 
False imprisonment (Law), the unlawful arrest and im- 
prisonment of a person. — False keel (Naut.), the timber 
below the main keel, used to serve both as a protection 
and to increase the ship's lateral resistance. — False pre- 
tenses (Law), false representations concerning past facts 
and events, for the purpose of defrauding another. 
False, adv. Not truly ; not honestly ; falsely. 
False'-heart'ed, a. Hollow or unsound at the core ; 
treacherous; perfidious. — False'-heart'ed-ness, n. 
Falsehood (-hotid), n. 1. Want of truth or accuracy ; 
rue assertion or representation. 2. Treachery; 
perfidy ; unfaithfulness. 3. A counterfeit ; an imposture. 
Syn.— Falsity : lie; untruth; fiction; fabrication. 
Falsely (fajaly), adv. In a false manner. 
False'ness, n. Quality or state of being false. 
Fal set'to (fal-seVto ; Lt. fal-sifto), n. ; pi. Falsettos 
(■tt,7.,. I-. falsetto, dim. fr. L. falsus false.] A false 
or artifk;ai voice ; that voice in a man which lies above 
hi* natural voice ; the male counter-tenor. 




Fal'si-fi'a-ble (fal'sT-fi'a-b'l), a. Capable of being 

falsified. 
Fal si -fl-ca'tion (fal'st-f T-ka'shun), n. A falsifying. 
Fal'si-fi'er (-fi'er), n. One who falsifies. 
Fal'si-ly (fal'sT-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Falsified 
(-fid) ; />. pr. & vb. n. Falsifying.] [L. falsus false + 
-/!/•] !• T° make false; to represent falsely. 2. To 
counterfeit; to forge. 3. To prove to be false, or un- 
trustworthy ; to confute ; to make to appear false. 4. 
To violate ; to break by falsehood. 6. To baffle or es- 
cape. 6. (Law) To avoid or defeat. 7. (Equity) In ac- 
counting, to show (an item or charge) to be wrong. 8. 
To make false by mutilation or addition ; to tamper with. 
Fal'sl-fy, v. i. To tell lies ; to violate the truth. 
Fal'si-ty (fal'sT-ty), n. 1. Quality of being false. 
2. That which is false ; falsehood ; a lie. 

Fal'ter (-ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Faltered (-terd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Faltering.] [OE. falteren, faltren, 
prob. fr. fault. ,] 1. To hesitate ; to speak brokenly or 
unsteadily ; to stammer. 2. To tremble ; to totter ; to 
be unsteady. 3. To hesitate in purpose or action. 4. 
To fail in distinctness or regularity of action ; — said of 
the mind or of thought. 

Fal'ter, v. t. To utter with hesitation, or brokenly. 
Fal'ter, n. Hesitation ; trembling ; feebleness. 
Fame (fam), n. [OF., fr. L. fama, fr. fori to speak, 
akin to Gr. (fir/fir) report, <f>dvat. to speak.] 1. Public 
report or rumor. 2. Renown ; public estimation ; celeb- 
rity, either favorable or unfavorable. 

Fame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Famed (famd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Faming.] To report widely ; to make famous. 

Fa-mll'iar (fa-niTl'yer), a. [F. familier, fr. L. fa- 
miliaris, fr; familia family.] 1. Of or pertaining to a 
family; domestic. 2. Closely acquainted or intimate, 
as a friend ; well versed ; conversant ; accustomed, as 
in a subject of study. 3. Characterized by, or exhibit- 
ing, the manner of an intimate friend ; not formal ; un- 
constrained. 4. Well known ; well understood ; com- 
mon. 5. Improperly acquainted ; wrongly intimate. 

Fa-mil'iar, n. 1. An intimate ; a companion. 2. An 
attendant demon or evil spirit. 3. {Court of Lnquisi- 
tion) A kind of confidential officer. 

Familiarity (fa-ntfl'ySr'T-ty or -T-ar'i-ty), n. 1. 
Quality or state of being familiar. 2. A familiar act ; 
esj>.,pl., such actions and words as propriety and cour- 
tesy do not warrant ; liberties. 
Syn.— Acquaintance ; fellowship ; affability; intimacy. 
Fa-mil' iar-i-za'tion (fa-mll'yer-T-za'shun), n. Act 
of familiarizing, or state of being familiarized. 

Fa-mil'iar-ize (fa-mil'yer-iz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Fa- 
miliarized (-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Familiarizing (-!'- 
zing).] To make familiar. 

Fa-mil'iar-ly, adv. In a familiar manner. [ilists. I 

Fam'i-lism (fam'i-liz'm), n. The tenets of the Fam- 1 

Fam'1-list (-list), n. [From Family.] (Eccl. Hist.) 

One of a sect of the 16th century, called the Family of 

Love, who held that religion consists wholly in love. 

Fam'Mis-ter-y (f5m'T-lis-tgr-^), n. A communistic 
community of many persons united as in one family. 

Faml-ly (fSm'i-ly), n. [L. familia, fr. famulus ser- 
vant.] 1. The collective body of persons who live in one 
house, and under one head or manager ; a household. 
2. Descendants from one common progenitor ; tribe, clan, 
or race ; kindred. 3. Course of descent ; genealogy ; lin- 
eage. 4. Honorable descent. 5. A group of kindred 
or closely related things. 6. (Biol.) A related group of 
organisms, either animal or vegetable, more comprehen- 
sive than a genus. 

Famine (fSm'Tn), n. [¥., fr. L. fames hunger.] 
General scarcity of food ; dearth ; destitution. 

Famish (fam'Ish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Famished 
(-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Famishing.] [OE. famen. See 
Famine, and -ish.] 1. To starve, kill, or destroy with 
hunger. 2. To weaken or distress with hunger. 3. To 
kill, weaken or distress by deprivation of anything nec- 
essary. 4. To force or constrain by famine. 
Famish, v. i. To be famished ; to starve. 
Famlsh-ment (-ment), n. State of being famished. 
Fa'mous (fa'mus), a. [L. famosus, fr. fama fame.] 
Celebrated in fame or public report ; renowned ; distin- 
guished in story ; — used chiefly in a good sense. — Fa'- 
mous-ly (fa'mus-1^), adv. — Fa'mous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Noted ; remarkable ; signal ; conspicuous ; 
illustrious; eminent; transcendent; excellent. 

Fan (fSn), n. [AS. fann, fr. L. vannus fan, van for 
winnowing grain.] 1. An instrument for producing arti- 
ficial currents of air by the wafting or revolving motion 
of a broad surface ; as the common instrument used for 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finah 



FAN 



321 



FARCE 



cooling the person, a revolving vane or vanes for blowing 
a fire, ventilation, etc. 2. Anything shaped like a fan 
when spread, as a peacock's tail, a window, etc. 

Fan blower, a wheel with vanes, rotating in a case or 
chamber, for creating a blast of air. — Fan light (.1 rch.), a 
window over a door, esp. one of semicircular form and 
with radiating sash bars. — Fan wheel, the wheel of a fan 
blower. — Fan window. Same as Fan light (above). 

Fan (fan), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fanned (land) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Fanning (-ning).] 1. To move as with a fan. 

2. To cool and refresh by moving the air with a fan. 

3. To ventilate ; to blow on. 4. To winnow. 6. To 
excite or stir up to activity, as a fan excites a flame. 

Fa nat'ic (fa-nXt'Yk), a. [L. fanaticus inspired by 
divinity, enthusiastic, frantic, fr. fanitm fane.] Pertain- 
ing to, or indicating, fanaticism ; extravagant in opin- 
ions ; excessively enthusiastic. — n. A fanatic person. 

Fa-nat'ic-al (-T-krd), a. Of or relating to fanaticism ; 
fanatic. — Fa-nat'lc-al-ly, adv. — Fa-nat'ic-al-ness, n. 

Fa-nat'i-cism (fa-naVT-sTz'm), n. Excessive enthu- 
siasm, unreasoning zeal, or wild and extravagant notions, 
on any subject, especially religion ; religious frenzy. 

Syn. — See Superstition. 

Fan'ci-er (fan'sT-er), n. 1. One who fancies or im- 
agines. 2. One who fancies particular objects ; hence, 
one who breeds and sells birds or other animals. 

Fan'ci ful (fan'sT-ful), a. 1. Full of fancy ; guided 
by fancy ; whimsical. 2. Conceived in the fancy ; not 
consistent with facts or reason. 3. Curiously shaped or 
constructed.— Fan'ci-ful-ly, adv.— Fan'ci-ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Imaginative ; ideal ; visionary ; capricious ; chi- 
merical ; whimsical ; fantastical ; wild.— That is fantastic 
which is grotesquely and extra vagantly fan ciful, or irreg- 
ular in taste and conceit. Visionary refers not so much 
to the form of conceit, as to the fact that it is wholly im- 
aginary, and can never be realized in fact. 

Fancy (fan'sy), n. [Contr. fr. fantasy, through OF. 
& L. fr. Gr. <j>avTaa-ia appearance, imagination, fancy, 
fr. <f>avT<i£eiv to make visible, to place before one's 
mind, fr. 0ouVeiv to show; akin to 0aos light, Skr. bha 
to shine.] 1. The faculty by which the mind forms an 
image or a representation of anything perceived before ; 
the power of combining and modifying such objects into 
new pictures or images ; the power of readily and hap- 
pily creating and recalling such objects for the purpose 
of amusement, wit, or embellishment ; imagination. 2. 
An image or representation so formed; conception; 
thought ; idea ; conceit. 3. Caprice ; whim ; impres- 
sion. 4. Inclination ; liking ; also, the object of inclina- 
tion or liking. 5. That which pleases or entertains the 
taste or caprice without much use or value. 

The fancy, those who exhibit and cultivate any peculiar 
taste or fancy ; hence, esp., sporting characters. 

Syn. — Taste ; humor ; whim. See Imagination. 

Fan'cy, v. i. limp. & p. p. Fancied (-sid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fancying (-sT-ing).] To indulge in fancies. 

Fan'cy, v. t. 1. To form a conception of; to imag- 
ine. 2. To like ; to be pleased with. 3. To believe 
without sufficient evidence. 

Fan'cy, a. 1. Adapted to please the fancy or taste ; 
ornamental ; decorative. 2. Extravagant ; enhanced 
above real value. 

Fancy ball, a ball in which persons appear in fanciful 
costumes. — Fancy goods, fabrics of various colors, pat- 
terns, etc. — Fancy stocks, stocks affording great opportu- 
nity for stock gambling, having little intrinsic value. 

Fan'cy-free' (-fre 7 ), a. Free from the power of love. 

Fan-dan'gO (fan-d£n'g6), n. ; pi. -goes (-goz). [Sp. ; 
— of West Indian origin.] 1. A lively dance, in 3-8 or G-8 
time, much practiced in Spain and Spanish America. 2. 
A ball or general dance, as in Mexico. [Colloq.] 

Fane (fan), n. [L. fanum, fr. fari to speak.] A tem- 
ple ; a place consecrated to religion ; a church. [Poet."] 

Fan'fare' (fan'faV ; F. faN'far'), n. [F.] A flourish 
of trumpets ; also, a short and lively air performed on 
hunting horns. 

II Fan'fa-ron (fan'fa-ron ; F. 
faN'fa'rSN'), n. [F., fr. Sp. 
fanfarron.] A bully ; a swag- 
gerer. [J?.] 

Fan-far' on-ade' (fSn-f aV5n- 
ad'), n. [F.] A swaggering ; 
vain boasting ; a bluster. 

Fang (fang), v. t. [AS. f on; 
akin to G. fahen, fangen.] 1. Fangs and part of Head of 
To seize. [Obs.] 2. To furnish Rattlesnake. ./' Fangs; 
with fangs. s Poison sac ; d Its Duct ; 

Fang, n. 1. {Zool.) The "»™ / Muscles. 
tusk of an animal, by which the prey is seized and held or 
torn ; a long pointed tooth ; esp. , one of the long, hollow 




or grooved, venomous teeth of serpents. Also, one of 
tin- talccr.s of a spider, lOOrpion, He 2. Am 

other thing by whicii bold li taken. 3. (Anai.) Ehe 

root, or a branch of the root, of a tooth. 

Tooth.] 4. {Meek.) A projecting tooth or prong. 5. 

(Saut.) A bend or loop ot a rope. 

Fan'gle (fan'g'i), ,,. [From Fang, v. t. i hence, 
prop., a taking up a new thing.] Something new-fash- 
ioned ; gewgaw ; trifling ornament. 

Fan'gled (fXn'g'ld), a. New made ; hence, gaudy. 
[Obs., except with the prefix new. | Sec Newfangled. 

Fan/ion (fan'yun), n. [See Fanon.] A small flag, as 
for marking the stations in surveying. 

Fan'nel (fSn'nSl), n. Same as Fanon. 

Fan'ner (fan'ner), n. One who, or that which, fans. 

Fan'on (fan'Qn), n. [¥., fr. LL. fnno, fr. OHG. funo 
banner. See Vane.] {Fed.) A term applied to various 
articles; as: («) A peculiar striped scarf worn by the 
pope at Mass, and by eastern bishops, (b) A maniple. 

Fan' palm' (f 5n' piim'). {But. ) Any palm tree having 
fan-shaped or radiate leaves ; as the Uhamseropt limn II is 
of southern Europe ; the species of Sabul and Thrinax in 
the West Indies, Florida, etc. ; and especially the great 
talipot tree {Corypha umbraculifera) of Ceylon and Ma- 
laya. The leaves of the latter (see I/lust, of Talipot) 
are of enormous size, and are used for umbrellas, roofs, 
tents, paper, etc. 

Fan'tail' (fSn'taP), n. {Zool.) {a) A variety of the 
domestic pigeon, so called from the shape of the tail. 
{b) Any bird of the Australian genus Rhipidura, of fly- 
catchers, in which the tail is spread like a fan in flight. 

Fan'-tailed' (-tald'), a. {Zool.) Having an expanded, 
or fan-shaped, tail. 

Fan-ta'sl-a (fan-ta'zT-a ; It. fan'ta-ze'a), n. [It. See 
Fancy.] {Mus.) A continuous composition, not divided 
into what are called movements, or governed by the usual 
rules of musical design. 

Fan'tasm (fan'tSz'm), n. Same as Phantasm. 

Fan-tas'tic (fan-taVtik), a. 1. Existing only in imag- 
ination. 2. Having the nature of a phantom ; unreal. 

3. Full of absurd fancies ; indulging vagaries of fancy. 

4. Irregular ; oddly shaped ; grotesque. 

Syn. — Fanciful ; ideal ; visionary ; capricious ; chi- 
merical ; whimsical ; queer. See Fanciful. 

Fan-tas'tic, n. An eccentric person ; a fop. 

Fan-tas'tic-al (-ti-kal), a. Fanciful; fantastic — 
Fan-tas'tic-al-ly, adv. — Fan-tas'tic al-ness. Fan- 
tas'ti-cal'i-ty (-kal'T-ty), n. 

Fan'ta-sy (fan'ta-sy), n. [See Fancy.] Fancy; im- 
agination ; esp., a whimsical or fanciful idea or design. 

II Fan'tOC-ci'ni (fan'tot-che'ne), n. pi. [It., dim. fr. 
fante child.] Puppets used in a puppet show. 

Fan'tom (fan'tum), n. See Phantom. 

Fa-quir' (fa-ker'), n. See Fakds. 

Far, a. [Farther (far'ther) and Farthest (-th5st), 
used as the compar. and superl. of far, are corruptions 
arising from confusion with further and furthest.'] [AS. 
feor; akin to D. ver, G. fern, a., Goth, falrra, adv., Gr. 
nepav beyond, Skr. paras, adv., far.] 1. Distant in any 
direction ; remote. 2. Contrary to design or wishes. 
3. Being at enmity ; alienated. 4. Opposite or widely 
different in character. 5. The more distant of two. 

(IElf^ The distinction between the adjectival and ad- 
verbial use of far is sometimes not easily discriminated. 

By far, by a great difference. 

Far, adv. 1. To a great extent or distance of space 
or time. 2. In a great proportion ; to a great degree ; 
very much ; greatly. 

Far'ad (far'Sd), n. [From Michael Faraday, the Eng- 
lish electrician.] {Flee.) The standard unit of electrical 
capacity ; the capacity of a condenser whose full charge 
has an electro-motive force of one volt, and is equal to 
the amount of electricity which, with the same electro- 
motive force, passes through one ohm in one second. 

Far-ad'iC (far-ad'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to Michael 
Faraday, the distinguished electrician; — applied espe- 
cially to certain induced currents of electricity. 

Far'a-dism (fSr'a-dTz'm), \n. {Med.) Treatment 

Ear'a-di-za'tion (-ilT-za'shun), J with faradic, or in- 
duced, electrical currents. 

Farce (fiirs). V. t. [imp. & p. p. Farced (farstl ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Farcing (far'sYng).] [F. farcii . i 
cire, p. p. farsus (sometimes), farcins.] 1. To stuff with 
forcemeat"; hence, to fill full; to stuff. [Obs.] 2. To 
render fat. [Obs.] 3. To swell out. [Obs.] 

Farce, n. 1. {Cookery) Stuffing, like that used in 
dressing a fowl ; forcemeat. 2. A low style of comedy. 
3. Ridiculous or empty show. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
21 



M 



FARCICAL 



322 



FAST 



) 



Far'ci-cal ^nr'st-k.-ll. a. Of or pertaining to farce or 
Ludicrous; unnatural. — Far'ci-cal-ly, 
adv. — Far'ci-cal-ness. 

Fsr'ci-cal. a. Of m pertaining to farcy. 

Far'cy (flbf / 8f) 1 »• [F. farcin; cf. L. farciminum a 
disease of horaeB.fr. fare ire. See Farce.] (/Ym\) A con- 
lisease of horses, with ulcerating enlargements. 

Fax'del (fSr'dSl), n. [OF. fardel; origin uncertain.] 
A bundle or little pack; hence, a burden. [CM*-.] 

Far 'ding-bag (fiir'dlng-bSg'), h. [Of uncertain ori- 
gin.] The upper stomach of a ruminant; the rumen. 

Fare (ftr), »■ '• [imp. &J». ;>■ Fared (fSrd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Faking.] [AS. j'aran to travel, fare; akin to G. 
lir. 77opos a way, Skr. par to bring over.] 1. To 
go : to pass ; to journey ; to travel. 2. To be in any state, 
good or bad. 3. To be treated or entertained at table ; 
to live. 4. To happen well, or ill ; — impersonally. 

Fare (far), n. 1. A journey. [Obs.] 2. Price of pas- 
sage or conveyance by land or water. 3. State of things ; 
fortune. 4. Food ; provisions for the table ; entertain- 
ment. 5. The person or persons conveyed in a vehicle. 

Fare well' (fSr'weV, or sometimes faY'wel'), interj. 
[Fare (thou, you) + well.'] Go well ; good-by ; adieu. 

Fare'welT* (faVwel' or fSr'wel'), ». 1. A parting 
wish of happiness or welfare ; adieu. 2. A leave-taking. 

Fare / well / (faVwel'), a. Parting ; valedictory ; final. 

Far'fetched 7 (far'fechf), a. 1. Brought from a re- 
mote place. 2. Not easily or naturally deduced or intro- 
duced ; forced ; strained. 

Fa-ri'na (fa-ri'na or fa-re'na), n. [L., flour, fr. far 
spelt ; akin to E. barley.] A fine flour or meal made 
from cereal grains or from the starch of vegetables. 

Far i-na'ceous (far/T-na'shus), a. 1. Consisting of, 
or yielding, meal or flour. 2. Like meal ; mealy. 

Far'i-nose' (far'I-nos'), a. Mealy. 

Farm (farm), n. [F. ferme, LL. firma, fr. L. firmus 
firm, fast, firmare to make firm or fast.] 1. The rent 
of land, — orig. paid by reservation of part of the prod- 
ucts. [Obs.] 2. Land held for cultivation under lease 
and by payment of rent. 3. Any tract of land devoted 
to agricultural purposes, under the management of a ten- 
ant or the owner. 4. A district of country leased (or 
farmed) out for the collection of government revenues. 

Farm (farm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Farmed (farmd) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Farming.] 1. To lease or let for an 
equivalent, as land. 2. To give up to another, as a busi- 
ness, the revenue, etc., on condition of receiving a percent- 
age of the yield. 3. To take at a certain rent or rate. 
4. To devote (land) to agriculture ; to cultivate ; to till. 

Farm, V. i. To till the soil ; to labor as a farmer. 

Farm'er, n. One who farms anything. 

Farm'house' (-hous 7 ), n. A farmer's residence. 

Farm'ing, n. The business of cultivating land. 

Farm/stead (-sted), n. A farm with its buildings. 

Farm'yard' (-yard'), n. The yard of a farm. 

Far'O (fSr'o or fa'ro), n. [Said to be so called because 
the Egyptian king Pharaoh was formerly represented 
upon one card.] A gambling game at cards, in which all 
the other players play against the dealer or banker. 

Far-rag'i-nous (far-raj'T-nus), a. [See Farrago.] 
Formed of various materials ; mixed. [R.] 

II Far-ra'gO (far-ra'go), n. [L. farrago, -ginis, mixed 
fodder, mash, medley, fr. far a sort of grain.] A con- 
fused mass of various materials ; medley ; mixture. 

Far'rl-er (far'rT-er), n. [OF. ferrier, deriv. of LL. 
ferrum a horseshoe, fr. L. ferrum iron.] 1. A horse- 
Bhoer. 2. A veterinary surgeon. 

Far'ri-er-y (-y), n. 1. Art of shoeing horses. 2. The 
veterinary art. 3. The place where a smith shoes horses. 

Far'row (-ro), n. [AS. fearh a little pig ; akin to G. 
ferkel, L. porcus, Gr. n-dpKos.] A litter of pigs, [swine. I 

Far'row, v. t. & i. To bring forth (young) ; — only of | 

Far'row, a. [Cf . Scot, ferry cow a cow not with calf, 
I». vaarkoe heifer, G. fdrse, AS. fearr bull.] Not pro- 
ducing young in a given season or year ; — said of cows. 

Far'sight'ed (far'sIt'Sd), a. 1. Seeing to a great dis- 
tance; hence, sagacious. 2. (Med.) Hypermetropic. 

Far'ther (far'ther), a., compar. of Far. [Superl. Far- 
thest). See Further.] [For farrer, OF. f enter, 
compar. of far. See Far.] 1. More remote or distant. 
2. Tending to a greater distance ; additional ; further. 

Far'ther, adv. 1. At or to a greater distance ; be- 
yond. 2. Moreover ; in addition. 

Far'ther, v. 1. To help onward ; to further. [R.] 

Far'ther-most' (-most/), a. Farthest. 

Far'thest rfar'th6st), a., superl. of Far. [See Far 
Most dihtant or remote. See Furthest. [thest, 

Far'thest, adv. At or to the greatest distance ; fur 




Part of 
branch of Larch with 
two Fascicles of 
Leaves. 



Far 'thing (far'thing), n. [AS. fedrSung, fr. fedrSa 
fourth, fedr, feoieer, four. See Four.] The fourth of a 
penny ; a small copper coin of Great Britain, equal to 
half a cent in United States currency. 

Far'thin gale (f'ar'thTn-gal), n . [OE. vardingale, 
fardingale, fr. OF. vertugale, verdugade, fr. Sp. verdu- 
gado, being named from its hoops, fr. verdugo a young 
shoot of a tree, fr. rerde green, fr. L. viridis.] A hoop 
skirt or hoop petticoat, or a frame of hoops, used to ex- 
tend the petticoat. 

II Fas'ces (fas'sez), n. pi. [L., pi. of fascis 
bundle.] (Eom. Antiq.) A bundle of rods, hav- 
ing among them an ax, borne before Roman mag- 
istrates as a badge of authority. 

II Fas'ci-a (fash'i-a), n. ; pi. Fascije (-e). [L., 
a band.] 1. A band, sash, or fillet ; esp., in sur- 
gery, a bandage or roller. 2. (Arch.) A flat mem- 
ber of an order or building, like a flat band or 
broad fillet. [See Illust. of Column.] 3. (Anat.) 
The loose tissue, often containing fat, immediately 
beneath the skin. 4. (Zool.) A broad band of color. 

Fas'ci-al (fash'i-ol), a. 1. Pertaining to the F 
fasces. 2. (Anat.) Relating to a fascia. *asces. 

Fas'ci-ate (f3sh'i-at), ) a. [L. fasciatus, p. p. of fas- 

Fas'ci-ated (-a'ted), ) dare to bandage, fr. fascia 
band.] 1. Bound or furnished with a fascia. 2. (Bot.) 
(a) Banded together, (b) Flattened and laterally widened. 

Fas'ci-a'tion (fash'I-a'shun), n. A binding up ; band- 
age ; state of being fasciated. 

Fas'ci-cle (fas'sT-k'l), n. [L. 
fasciculus, dim. of fascis. See 
Fasces.] A small bundle or col- 
lection ; a compact cluster. 

Fas'ci-cled (-k'ld), a. Grow- 
ing in a fascicle. 

Fas-cic'u-lar (fas-sik'u-ler), a. Fascicle^. 
Pertaining to a fascicle ; fascicled. 

Fas'ci-nate (fas'si-nat), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Fascinated (-na 7 - 
ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fascinating (-naming).] [L. fasci-- 
nare.] 1. To influence by an irresistible charm ; to be- 
witch. 2 . To excite and allure irresistibly or powerfully. 

Syn. — To charm; captivate; enchant; attract. 

Fas ci-na'tion (fas^T-na'shun), n. 1. Act of fasci- 
nating, or state of being fascinated. 2. That which fas- 
cinates; charm; spell. 

Fas-Cine' (fas-sen'), n. [F., fr. L. fascina a bundle 
of sticks, fr. fascis bundle.] (Fort. & Engin.) A bun- 
dle of sticks used in raising batteries, filling ditches, etc. 

Fash'ion (fSsh'iin), n. [OE. fasoun, facioun, shape, 
manner, F. facon, orig., a making, fr. ~L.f actio a making, 
fr. facer e to make.] 1. The make or form of anything ; 
style, shape, appearance or mode of structure ; pattern ; 
workmanship ; execution. 2. Prevailing mode or style, 
esp. of dress. 3. Polite or genteel life ; social position. 
4. Mode of action or conduct ; manner ; way. 

Fash'ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fashioned (-und) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fashioning.] 1. To form ; to give shape 
or figure to ; to mold. 2. To fit or adapt ; to accommodate. 

Fash'ion-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Conforming to, or observant 
of, fashion ; characterized by fashion ; being in fashion. 
— Fash'ion-a-ble-ness, n. — Fash'ion ably , adv. 

Fash'ion-a-ble, n. A person who conforms to fashion. 

Fash'ion-er (fash'un-er), n. One who fashions. 

Fast (fast), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fasted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fasting.] [AS. fsestan ; akin to G. fasten.] To 
abstain from food, esp. voluntarily as a religious duty. 

Fast, n. 1. Abstinence from food, esp. voluntary 
abstinence as a spiritual discipline. 2. A time of fasting. 

Fast day, a day appointed for fasting and religious of- 
fices. — To break one's fast, to end a period of abstinence 
by taking food ; specif., to take breakfast. 

Fast, a. [Compar. Faster (-er) ; superl. Fastest 
(-est).] [AS. fsest ; akin to D. vast, G. fest, Icel. fastr. 
The sense swift comes from the idea of keeping close to 
what is pursued ; a Scandinavian use.] 1. Firmly fixed ; 
closely adhering ; made firm ; immovable. 2. Firm 
against attack; impregnable; strong. 3. Firm in ad- 
herence ; steadfast. ; faithful. 4. Permanent ; durable ; 
lasting. 5. Moving rapidly ; rapid ; swift. 6. Given 
to pleasure seeking ; reckless ; wild ; dissipated. 

Fast and loose, now cohering, now disjoined ; esp. in the 
phrases to play at fast and loose, to play fast and loose, to 
act with giddy, reckless, or tricky inconstancy. 

Fast (fast), adv. In a fast manner. 

Fast by, or Fast beside, close or near to ; near at hand. 

Fast, n. That which fastens ; esp. (Naut.), a rope or 
chain by which, or a post to which, a vessel is moored. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, fi, y, short ; aen&te, e"vent, idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



FASTEN 



323 



FAULT 



Fas'ten (fas''n), v. t. limp. & p.p. Fastened (-'ud) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fastening (-'u-Tng).] 1. To fix firmly ; 
to make fast ; to secure. 2. To attach or unite firmly. 

Syn. — To fix ; cemeut ; stick ; link ; affix ; annex. 

Fas'ten, v. i. To fix one's self ; to clinch ; to cling. 

Fas'ten-er, n. One who, or that which, fastens. 

Fas'ten-ing (fas''n-!ng), n. Anything that binds and 
makes fast, as a lock, catch, bolt, bar, buckle, etc. 

Fast'er (fasfer), ii. One who abstains from food. 

Fas-tid'i-OUS (fas'tTd-T-us), a. [L. fastidiosus dis- 
dainful, fr. fastidium loathing, aversion.] Difficult to 
please ; delicate to a fault ; squeamish. — Fas-tid'i-ous- 
ly, adv. — Fas-tid'i-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Squeamish ; critical ; overnice ; difficult ; punc- 
tilious. — A person is fastidious when his taste or feelings 
are offended by trifling defects or errors ; heissqueamish 
when excessively nice or critical on minor points, or when 
overscrupulous as to questions of duty. 

Fas tig'i-ate (fSs-tTj'I-at), ) a. [L. fastigium gable 

Fas-tig'i-a'ted (-a'tgd), J end, top, height, 
summit.] Narrowing towards the top. 

Fast'ly, adv. Firmly ; surely. 

Fast'ness, n. 1. State of being fast and 
firm ; firmness ; fixedness ; security ; faithful- 
ness. 2. A stronghold ; a fortress or fort ; a 
secure retreat. 3. State of being fast or swift. 

Fat (fat), n. [See Vat, ra.] A vat. [Obs.] 

Fat, a. [Compar. Fatter (-ter) ; superl. 
Fattest (-test).] [AS. fsett ; akin to D. vet, Fasrigiate 
G. fett, feist.] 1. Abounding in fat ; as : (a) ^ ranches - 
Fleshy ; corpulent, (b) Oily ; greasy ; — of food. 2. Ex- 
hibiting qualities of a fat animal ; coarse ; gross ; stupid. 
3. Fertile ; productive. 4. Remunerative ; profitable. 

Fat (fat), n. 1. {Physiol. Chem.) An oily liquid or 
greasy substance in the tissue of animals, and widely dis- 
tributed in the seeds of plants. 2. Fig. : That which is 
best, or richest; the most desirable or profitable part. 
3. (Typog.) Work containing much blank, or its equiv- 
alent, and, therefore, profitable to the compositor. 

Fat, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Fatted (-ted) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fatting.] To make or become fat ; to fatten. 

Fa'tal (fa'tal), a. [L. fatalis, fr. fatum. See Fate.] 
1. Proceeding from, or appointed by, fate or destiny. 
[i?.] 2. Foreboding death or disaster. \_R.~\ 3. Caus- 
ing death or destruction ; deadly ; mortal ; calamitous. 

Fa'tal-ism (-Tz'm), n. The doctrine that all things 
are subject to fate, or take place by inevitable necessity. 

Fa'tal-ist, n. One who believes in fatalism. 

Fa-tal'i-ty (fa-tal'i-ty), n. 1. A being fatal, or pro- 
ceeding from destiny ; inevitable necessity. 2. Tenden- 
cy to destruction or danger, as if by decree of fate ; 
mortality. 3. That which is so decreed ; a fatal event. 

Fa'tal-ly (fa'tal-ly), adv. In a fatal manner. 

Fa'tal-ness, n. Quality of being fatal ; fatality. 

II Fa'ta Mor-ga'na (fa'ta ni6r-ga'na). [It. ; — so 
called because this phenomenon was looked upon as the 
work of a fairy (It. fata) of the name of Morgana. See 
Fatry.] A kind of mirage by which distant objects ap- 
pear inverted, distorted, displaced, or multiplied. 

Fate (fat), n. [L. fatum prophecy, oracle, destiny, 
fate, fr. fori to speak.] 1. The immutable law of the 
uni verse ; inevitable necessity. 2. Appointed lot ; des- 
tiny ; esp., final lot ; doom ; ruin ; death. 3. Element of 
chance in the affairs of life ; fortune ; esp., irresistible 
opposing circumstances. 4. pi. [L. Fata, pi. of fatum.] 
{Myth.) The three goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, and 
Atropos, supposed to determine the course of human life. 

Syn. — Destiny ; lot ; doom ; fortune ; chance. 

Fat'ed (-5d), p. p. & a. Decreed by fate ; doomed. 

Fate'ful (fat'ful), a. 1. Having the power of serving 
or accomplishing fate. 2. Significant of fate ; ominous. 

Fa'ther (fa'ther), n. [AS. f seder ; akin to D. vader, 
G. vater, Icel. faSir, L. pater, Gr. narnp, Skr. pit?:] 
1. A male parent. 2. A male ancestor more remote 
than a parent ; a progenitor ; especially, a founder of a 
race or family. 3. One who, like a parent, maintains, 
counsels, and protects. 4. A respectful title of address 
to an old man. 5. A senator of ancient Rome. 6. A 
dignitary of the church, a superior of a convent, a con- 
fessor, or a priest ; also, the eldest member of a profes- 
sion, or of a legislative assembly, etc. 7. One of the 
chief ecclesiastical authorities of the first centuries after 
Christ. 8- One who, or that which, gives origin to any- 
thing or first practices anything ; a distinguished ex- 
ample or teacher. 9. The Supreme Being and Creator ; 
God ; in Christian theology, the first person in the Trinity. 

Fa'ther (fa'ther), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Fathered 
(-therd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fathering.] 1. To beget as a 



father. 2. To take as one's own child ; to adopt ; hence, 
to assume or acknowledge to be the result of one's own 
work or act. 3. To provide with | father, [/if.] 

To father on or upon, to ascribe to, or eliarge upon, as 
one's offspring or work. 

Fa'ther-hood (lii'ther-hood), n. State of being a 
father ; paternity. 

Fa'ther-in-laW (-Tu-la'), n. ; pi. Fathei^-in-law 
(f'a'therz-). The lather ot one's husband 01 wife. 

Fa'ther-land' (-laud'), n. The native land of one's 
fathers or ancestors. [Without a known author. I 

Fa'ther less. O. 1. Destitute of a living father. 2. | 

Fa'ther longlegs'. (Z6SL) See Daddy longlegs (ft). 

Fa'ther-ly, ". 1. Like a lather in affection and car.- ; 
paternal. 2. Of or pert, to a father. — Fa'ther 11 ness. n. 

Fath'om (fath'uin), h. [AS. /xSm fathom, 
bracing arms ; akin toD. vadetn, vaam, G. faden fathom, 
thread, lce\. faSmr fathom.] A measure of length, con- 
taining six feet ; the space to which a man can extend 
his arms ; — used in measuring cordage, soundings, etc. 

Fath'om, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Fathomed (-umd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Fathoming.] To measure by a Bounding line ; 
esp., to sound the depth of. Also used figuratively. 

Fath'om-a Die (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being fathomed. 

Fath'om-less, a. Incapable of being fathomed. 

Fa-tid'i-cal (fa-tTd'I-kal), a. [L. fatidicus ; fatum 
fate + dicer e to tell.] Prophetic. [2?.] 

Fat'i-gate (fat'T-gat), a. [L. fatigatus, p. p. of fati- 
gare to fatigue.] Wearied ; tired ; fatigue. [Obs.] 

Fa-tigue' (fa-teg'), n. [F., fr. fatiguer to fatigue, L. 
fatigare.] 1. Weariness from labor or exertion ; lassi- 
tude or exhaustion of strength. 2. Cause of weariness ; 
labor ; toil. 3. The weakening of a metal when sub- 
jected to repeated vibrations or strains. 

Fatigue duty (Mil.), labor exacted from soldiers aside 
from the use of arms. 

Fatigue 7 , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fatigued (-tegd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fatiguing (fa-te'ging).] To weary with 
labor or exertion ; to exhaust of strength or endurance. 

Syn. —To jade ; tire ; weary ; bore. See Jade. 

Fat'ling (fat'ling), n. A fat animal ; — said of such 
animals as are used for food. 

Fatly, adv. Grossly ; greasily. 

Fat'ness, n. Quality or state of being fat. 

Syn. — Corpulency ; plumpness ; richness ; fertility. 

Fat'ten (fat't'n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Fattened 
(-t'nd) ;p. pr. & vb. n. Fattening (-t'n-ing).] To make 
or become fat. [fat. 

Fat'ten-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, makes 

Fat'ty (fat'ty), a. Containing fat, or having the qual- 
ities of fat ; greasy ; gross. — Fat'ti-ness (-tT-nSs), n. 

Fa-tu'1-tOUS (fa-tu'i-tiis), a. Stupid ; fatuous. 

Fa-tU'i-ty (fa-tu'i-ty), n. [L. fatuitas, fr. fatuus 
foolish.] Weakness or imbecility of mind ; stupidity. 

Fat'UOUS (fat'u-us ; 135), a. [L. fatuus.] 1. Feeble 
in mind ; weak ; silly ; stupid ; foolish ; fatuitous. 2. 
Without reality ; illusory, like the ignis fatuus. 

Fat'-Wlt'ted (-wit/tgd), a. Dull ; stupid. 

II Fau'bourg' (fo'bobr' ; E. fo'bobrg), n. [F.] A sub- 
urb of a French city, or a part formerly a suburb. 

Fau'cal (fa'kal), a. [L. fauces throat.] Pertaining 
to, or produced in, the fauces, or opening of the throat. 
Fau'ces (-sez), 72. pi. [L.] Lit., throat; specif. 
(^.7iat*.), the narrowpassage from the mouth to the phar- 
ynx, between the soft palate and the base of the tongue. 

Fau'cet (fa'set ; colloq. fas'et), n. [F. fausset, perh. 
fr. It. fauces throat.] 1. A tubular fixture for drawing 
a liquid from a pipe, cask, or other vessel ; — called also 
tap, and cock. 2. The enlarged end of a section of pipe 
which receives the spigot end of the next section. 

Fau'cial (fa'shfll), o. (Amit.) Fa-.oal. 

Faugh (fa), interj. [CI. Foh.] An exclamation of 
contempt, disgust, or abhorrence. 

Faul'chion (fal'chun), )>. See Falchion. 

Fault (fait), ??'.' [F. finite, fr. a verb meaning, to want, 
fail, freq.fr. L. faliere to deceive. See Fail.] 1. 
Defect ; want ; lack ; default. 2. Anything that fails, 
that is wanting, or that impairs excellence. 3. A moral 
failing ; a deviation from duty or propriety ; an offense 
less serious than a crime. 4. (GW. & Mining) (a) A 
dislocation of the strata or the vein, (ft) In coal seams, 
coal rendered worthless by impurities in the seam. 5. 
(Hunting) A lost scent ; act of losing the scent. 6. 
{Tennis) Failure to serve the ball into the proper court. 
At fault, unable to find the scent and continue chase ; 
hence, in difficulty ; puzzled ; thrown off the track. — 
To find fault, to find reason for blaming or complaining ; 
to express dissatisfaction : to complain. 
Syn. — Error ; blemish ; imperfection ; weakness ; 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FAULT 



324 



FEATHER 



) 



blunder ! failing : vice. - A fault is positive, something 

nepitive, some weakness or 

alMngnhoi-: in .1 man's eh.iraeter. disposition, or habits; 

. ami as applied to character is ab- 

st-iWi ot » thing uecessarj to completeness or perfection ; 

Lett important weakness, which we overlook. 

p.iult imp. & p. p. Faulted: p. or. & 

■ ■■.'■. Faulting.] 1. To charge with a fault. [Obs.] 
nterrupt the continuity of (rock strata) by 
Mient along a plane of fracture. 

Fault'less, o. Without fault ; free from blemish ; 
free from incorrectness, vice, or offense ; perfect. — 
Fault 'less-ly. adv. — Faultless-ness, n. 

S> ii. - Blameless ; spotless ; perfect. 

Fault'y (~y)i O. 1. Containing faults ; imperfect. 
2. Guilty of wrongdoing ; hence, blamable. — Fault'My 
idv. — Fault'i-ness. n. 

Faun (fan)i »• [L- Faumts, fr. /overs to be favor- 
able. SeeFAVOK.] (Horn. Myth.) A god of fields and 
shepherds, usually figured as half goat and half man. 

Fau'na (fa/ua), n. [NL. See Faun.] (Zool.) The 
animals of any given area or epoch. 

Fa-vag'i-nous (fa-vXj'T-nfis), a. [L. favus a honey- 
comb.] Formed like, or resembling, a honeycomb. 

Fa'vel (fa'vel), a. [OF. fauvel, favel, dim. oifanve ; 
of German origin.] Yellow ; fallow ; dun. [Obs.] 

Fa'vel. n- A horse of a favel or dun color. [Obs.] 

To curry favel. See To curry favor, under Favor, n. 

Fa-ve'O-late (fa-ve'6-lat or f a've-), a. [L. favus hon- 
eycomb.] Honeycombed ; having cavities or cells, some- 
what resembling those of a honeycomb ; alveolate ; f avose. 

Fa'vor (fa'ver), n. [OF., fr. L. favor, fr. favere to 
be favorable.] 1. Kind regard ; propitious aspect ; 
good will. 2. Act of countenancing, or state of being 
countenanced, or kindly regarded ; support. 3. A kind 
act or office ; act of grace or good will, as distinct from 
justice or remuneration. 4. Object of regard ; person or 
thing favored. 5. A gift or present ; something bestowed 
as an evidence of good will. 6. Appearance ; look ; 
countenance ; face. [06^.] 7. (Laic) Partiality ; bias. 8. 
A letter or epistle ; — so called in civility or compliment. 

To curry favor [favor in this phrase is probably for favel 
a horse], to seek to gain favor by flattery, caresses, 
kindness, or officious civilities. 

Syn. — Kindness; patronage; lenity; grace; benefit. 

Fa'vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Favored (-verd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Favoring.] 1. To regard kindly ; to support; 
to aid, or be disposed to aid ; to treat with consideration 
or tenderness ; to show partiality or unfair bias towards. 
2. To afford advantages for success to ; to facilitate. 3. 
To resemble in features ; to have the aspect. 

Fa'vor-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Full of favor ; favoring ; 
partial : facilitating ; conducive ; advantageous. — Fa'- 
vor-a-ble-ness, n. — Fa'vor-a-bly, adv. 

Fa'vor-er (fa'ver-er), n. One who favors. 

Fa'vor-ite (fa'ver-Tt), n. [OF. favor it favored, p. p. of 
favorir. See Favor.] A person or thing regarded with 
peculiar favor ; one preferred above others. 

Fa'vor-ite, a. Regarded with particular favor. 

Fa'vor-it-lsm (-Tt-Tz'm), n. Disposition to have favor- 
ites ; unfair partiality to preferred persons or classes. 

Fa-VOSe' (fa-vos'), a. [L. favus honeycomb.] 1. 
(Bot.) Honeycombed. 2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to 
a parasitic scalp disease called favus. 

Fawn (fan), n. [OF. faon the young of any beast, 
a fawn, fr. L. fetus. See Fetus.] 1. (Zodl.) A young 
deer ; a buck or doe of the first year. 2. A fawn color. 

Fawn, a. Of the color of a fawn ; fawn-colored. 

Fawn, v. i. To bring forth a fawn. 

Fawn, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Fawned (fand) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Fawning.] [OE. faunen, fainen, fagnien, to re- 
joice, welcome, flatter, AS. fsegnian to rejoice.] To 
court favor by low cringing, frisking, etc., as a dog ; to 
flatter meanly ; — often followed by on or upon. 

Fawn, n. A servile cringe or bow ; mean flattery. 

Fawn'-corored (-kiil'erd), a. Of the color of a 
fawn ; light yellowish brown. 

Fawn'er <-er), n. One who fawns ; a sycophant. 

Fay ffa;, n. [F. fee.] A fairy ; an elf . 

Fay. n. [OF. fei, F. foi. See Faith.] Faith ; as, 
by my fay. [Obs."] 

Fay (15). v. 1. & i. [imp. & p. p. Fated (fad) ; p. pr. 

Faying.] [AS. feqan to join ; akin to G. fiigen.] 

Uding) To fit ; to join ; to unite closely. 

, Fe'al-ty (WaUX% n. [OY.feaute,fealte, fr. L. fide- 

faithful, fr. fides faith.] 1. Fidelity of 

the vaewil to his lord ; fidelity to a superior power, or to 

eminent: loyalty. 2. Fidelity; constancy. 

Fear. r. [AS. fir.r a coming suddenly upon, fear, 



danger; akin to D. vaar, G. gefahr, and to E. fare, 
peril.] 1. A painful emotion or passion excited by the 
expectation of evil, or the apprehension of impending 
danger ; apprehension ; anxiety ; solicitude ; alarm ; 
dread. 2. (Script.) (a) The trembling and awful rever- 
ence felt toward the Supreme Being, (b) Respectful 
reverence for men of authority or worth. 3. That which 
causes, or is the object of, apprehension or alarm ; danger. 

Fear (fer), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feared (ferd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Fearing.] 1. To feel a painful apprehension 
of ; to be afraid of. 2. To have a reverential awe of ; to 
be solicitous to avoid the displeasure of. 

Syn. — To apprehend ; dread ; reverence ; venerate. 

Fear. v. i. To have apprehension of evil ; to be afraid. 

Fear'ful (fer'ful), a. 1. Full of fear ; frightened. 2. 
Inclined to fear ; easily frightened. 3. Indicating, or 
caused by, fear. 4. Inspiring fear or awe ; frightful ; 
dreadful. — Fear'ful-ly, adv. — Fear'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Apprehensive ; afraid ; timid ; timorous ; hor- 
rible ; distressing ; shocking ; frightful : dreadful ; awful. 

Fear'less, a. Free from fear. — Fear'less-ly, adv. 

— Fearlessness, n. 

Fear'naught' (-naf), n. 1. A fearless person. 2. A 
thick wool cloth ; dreadnaught ; also, a warm garment. 

Fear'some (-sum), a. Timid ; fearful. 

Fea'sl-ble (fe'zT-b'l), a. [F. faisable, fr. faire to 
make or do, fr. L. facere to do.] Capable of being done, 
executed, or effected ; practicable. — Fea'si-bil'i-ty 
(-bil'i-ty), Fea'si-ble-ness, n. — Fea'si-bly, adv. 

Feast (fest), n. [OF. feste festival, fr. L. festum, pi. 
festa, fr. festus joyful, festal ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
A festival ; a holiday ; a solemn, or more commonly, a 
joyous, anniversary. 2. A festive or joyous meal; a 
ceremonious or sumptuous entertainment ; a banquet. 
3. Something highly agreeable ; entertainment. 

Syn. — Regale ; treat ; carousal ; festivity. — A feast sets 
before us viands superior in quantity, variety, and abun- 
dance ; a banquet is a luxurious feast ; a festival, is the 
joyful celebration by good cheer of some agreeable event. 
Carousal is unrestrained indulgence in frolic and drink. 

Feast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Feasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Feasting.] 1. To partake of a feast, esp. with a large 
company. 2. To be highly gratified or delighted. 

Feast, v. I. 1. To entertain with sumptuous provi- 
sions. 2. To delight ; to gratify. 

Feast'er (-er), n. One who feasts. 

Feat (fet), n. [OF. fet, fait, deriv. of L. facere, fac- 
tum, to make or do.] 1. An act; a deed; an exploit. 
2. A striking act of strength, skill, or the like. 

Feat, a. [Compar. Feater (-er) ; superl. Featest.] 
[F. fait made, shaped, fit, p. p. of faire to make or do. 
See Feat, n.~\ Dexterous ; skillful ; nice. [Archaic'] 

Feath'er (feth'er), n. [AS.feder; akin to D. veder f 
G. feder, Gr. irrepov wing, feath- 
er, Skr. patlra feather, pat to 
fly.] 1. One of the peculiar 
dermal appendages, of several 
kinds, belonging to birds, as con- 
tour feathers, quills, and down. 
2. Something resembling a 
feather in form ; as : (a) A fringe 
of long hair on the leg of a dog. 
(b) A tuft of peculiar, long, frizzly 
hair on a horse, (c) One of the 
fins or wings on the shaft of an 
arrow, (d) (3fach. & Carp.) A 
longitudinal strip projecting as a 
fin from an object, (e) The an- 
gular adjustment of an oar or 

paddle-wheel float, with refer- Feather. « Shaft, from 
ence to a horizontal axis, as it which part of the barbs 
leaves or enters the water. have been cut away on 

Feather weight, in wrestling, one shJm 6 Afgrshaft ; 
boxing, etc. , a term applied to the c c c B&T bs ' a yuU1 - 
lightest of the classes into winch contestants are divided. 

— A feather in the cap, an honor, trophy, or mark of dis- 
tinction. [Colloq.] — To be in high feather, to be in high 
spirits. [Colloq.] — To cut a feather, (a) (Kaut.) To make 
the water foam in moving ; — in allusion to the ripple 
thrown off from the bows of a ship, (b) To make one's 
self conspicuous. [Colloq.] — To show the white feather, to 
betray cowardice, — a white feather in a cock's tail being 
considered an indication that he is not of the true game 
breed. 

Feath'er (feth'er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feathered 
(-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Feathering.] 1. To furnish or 
adorn with a feather or feathers. 2. To enrich ; to ex- 
alt ; to benefit. 3. To tread, as a hen. 

To feather one's nest, to provide for one's self, esp. from 
property belonging to another. — To feather an oar (J\aut.), 




i» e, I, o, vi, long ; a, g, I, 5, •&, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



FEATHER 



325 



FEEL 



to turn it when it leaves the water so that the blade will 
offer the least resistance to air. 

Feath/er (fSth'er), v. i. 1. To grow or form feath- 
ers; to become feathered. 2. To feather the oars in 
rowing. 3. To be or appear feathery. 

Feath'ered (-erd), a. 1. Clothed, covered, or adorned 
with (or as with) feathers or wings. 2. (Zool.) Having 
a fringe of feathers, as the legs of certain birds ; or of 
hairs, as the legs of a setter dog. 

Feath/er-edge' (fSth'er-ey), n. A thin, sharp edge, 
as the keen edge of a razor, etc. 

Feath'er-feW (-fu'), n. (Bot.) Feverfew. 

Feath'er-foiP (-foil'), n. {Bot.) An aquatic plant 
(Hottonia palustris), having finely divided leaves. 

Feath'er-y (-$), a. Pert, to, or like, feathers ; cov- 
ered with, or as with, feathers. — Feath'er-i-ness, n. 

Featly (fet'ty), adv. In a feat manner. [Archaic'] 

Feat'ness, n. Quality of being feat. [Archaic] 

Fea'ture (fe'tfir ; 135), n. [OF. failure fashion, make, 
fr. L. factura a making, fr. facer e, factum, to make.] 1. 
Make, form, or outward appearance of a person; esp., 
good appearance. 2. Make, cast, or appearance of the 
Human face, and esp. of any single part of the face ; lin- 
eament, (pi.) Face; countenance. 3. Cast or structure 
of anything ; any marked peculiarity or characteristic. 

Fea'tured (fe'turd ; 135), a. 1. Shaped ; fashioned. 
2. Having features ; formed into features. 

Fea'ture-less (fe'tur-lgs ; 135), a. Having no distinct 
or distinctive features. 

Fea'ture-ly, a. Having features; showing marked 
peculiarities ; handsome. [22.] 

Feaze (fez), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feazed (fezd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Feazing.] [Cf. OE. faselen to ravel, fr. AS. 
fses fringe.] To untwist ; to unravel, as a rope. 

Feaze, v. t. [Etym. uncertain.] To beat; to chas- 
tise ; also, to humble ; to harass ; to worry. [Obs.~\ 

Feaze, n. Worry; vexation. [Obs.~\ 

Feb rl-fa'clent (feb'rT-fa'shent), a. [L. febris fever 
-f- faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.] Febrific. — n. 
That which causes fever. 

Fe-brif/er-OUS (fe-brlf'er-us), a. [L. febris fever + 
-ferous.] Causing fever. 

Fe-brif/ic (-Tk), a. [L. febris fever + -ficare (in 
comp.) to make. See -FY.] Producing fever. 

Febrifugal (fe-brif'u-gal or fgb'rT-fu'gal), a. [See 
Febrifuge.] Adapted to mitigate or cure fever. 

Feb'ri-fuge (feb'rT-fuj), n. [L. febris fever + fugare 
to put to flight, fr. fugere to flee.] (Med.) A medicine 
serving to mitigate or remove fever. — a. Antifebrile. 

Fe'brile (fe'bril or fgb'ril), a. [F. febrile, from L. 
febris fever.] Of or pertaining to fever. 

Feb'ru-a-ry (f8b'ru-a-r$r), n. [L. Februarius, orig., 
the month of expiation, f r. februa, pi. , the Roman festi- 
val of purification, which occurred Feb. 15th.] The sec- 
ond month in the year, commonly having twenty-eight 
days, but in a bissextile, or leap year, twenty-nine days. 

Fe'cal (fe'kal), a. [Cf . F. fecal. See Feces.] Re- 
lating to, or containing, dregs, feces, or ordure ; faecal. 

Fe'ces (fe'sez), n. pi. Dregs ; excrement. See F.eces. 

Fe'cial (fe'shal), a. [L. fetialis belonging to the 
fetiales, the Roman priests who sanctioned treaties and 
demanded satisfaction before a declaration of war.] Per- 
taining to heralds, declarations of war, and treaties of 
peace ; as, fecial law. 

Fec'U-la (fek'u-la), n. ; pi. Fecul*: (-le). [L. fae- 
cula burnt tartar or salt of tartar, dim. of faex, faecis, 
dregs.] Any powdery matter obtained from plants by 
simply breaking down the texture, washing with water, 
and subsidence. Esp. : (a) The nutritious part of wheat ; 
starch or farina. (6) The green matter of plants. 

Fec'U-lence (-lens), n. 1. State or quality of being 
feculent ; muddiness ; foulness. 2. Sediment ; dregs. 

Fec'U-len-cy (-len-sy), n. Feculence. 

Fec'u-lent (-lent), a. [L. faeculentus.] Foul with 
extraneous or impure substances ; muddy ; thick ; turbid. 

Fec'und (fgk'und), a. [L. fecundus, fr. root of fetus. 
See Fetus.] Fruitful in children ; prolific. 

Fec'un-date (fgk'Qn-dat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fecun- 
dated (-da'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fecundating (-ting).] 
[L. fecundare, fr. fecundus. See Fecund.] 1. To make 
fruitful or prolific. 2. (Biol.) To impregnate. 

Fee un da'tion (-da'shun), n. (Biol.) Act by which, 
either in animals or plants, material prepared by the gen- 
erative organs of the female organism is brought in con- 
tact with matter from the organs of the male, so that a 
new organism results ; impregnation ; fertilization. 

Fe-cun'dl-ty (fe-kiin'dT-t$r), n. 1. Quality or power of 
producing fruit; esp. (Biol.), the quality in females of 



reproducing rapidly and in great numbers. 2- Power 
of germinating, as in seeds. 3. Power of bringing forth 
in abundance ; fertility ; richneh* ol invention. 

Fed (i6d), imp. & p. p. of Fekd. 

Fed'er-al (fed/Sr-ol), a. [L. foedus league, treaty, 
compact; akin to fides faith. See Faith.] 1. Pertain- 
ing to, derived from, or dependant upon, a league or 
treaty. 2. Specifically : («) OompoMd of btati 
tricts which retain only a subordinate and limited nover- 
eignty. (b) Constituting or pertaining to toofa ■ govern- 
ment, (c) Friendly or devoted to such a government. 

Federal Congress. See under Congbess. 

Fed'er-al, n. See Federally!-. 

Fed'er-al-ism. (-Xz'm), n. The principles of Federal- 
ists or of federal union. 

Fed'er-al-ist, n. An advocate of confederation ; spe- 
cif. (Amer. Hist.), a friend of the Constitution of the 
United States at its formation and adoption ; a member 
of the party which favored Washington's administration. 

Fed'er-ate (fgd'er-at), a. [L. foederatus, p. p. of 
foederare to establish by treaty or league, fr. font us. 
See Federal.] United by compact, as sovereignties, 
states, or nations ; leagued ; confederate. 

Fed er-a'tion (f8d'er-a'shQn), n. 1. Act of uniting in 
a league ; confederation. 2. A league ; a confederacy. 

Fed'er-a-tive (fgd'er-a-tlv), a. Uniting in a league ; 
forming a confederacy ; federal. 

Fee (fe), n. [AS. feoh cattle, property, money (cattle 
having constituted the chief property in early times as 
well as a medium of exchange for payment) ; akin to D. 
vee cattle, G. vieh, L. pecus cattle, pecunia property, 
money, Skr. pacu cattle.] 1. Property ; possession ; 
tenure. 2. Reward or compensation for services, esp. 
for professional services ; charge ; pay ; perquisite. 3. 
(Feud. Law) A right to the use of a superior's land, as 
a stipend for services to be performed ; also, the laud 
so held ; a fief. 4. (Eng. Law) An estate of inheritance 
supposed to be held either mediately or immediately 
from the sovereign, and absolutely vested in the owner. 
5. (Amer. Law) An estate of inheritance belonging to 
the owner, and transmissible to his heirs, absolutely and 
simply, without condition attached to the tenure. 

Fee simple (Law), an absolute fee ; a fee without condi- 
tions or limits. —Fee tail (Law), an estate of inheritance, 
limited and restrained to some particular heirs. 

Fee (f e), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Feed (fed) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Feeing.] To reward for services performed, or to be 
performed ; to recompense ; also, to bribe. 

Fee'ble (fe'b'l), a. [Compar. Feebler (-bier) ; super! . 
Feeblest (-blest).] [0¥.feble,flebe,floibe,floible, foible, 
L. flebilis to be wept over, lamentable, fr. fiere to weep. 
Cf. Foible.] 1. Deficient in physical strength; weak; 
infirm ; debilitated. 2. Wanting force, vigor, efficiency, 
or distinctness, in action, expression, or quality. 

Fee'ble-mind'ed (-mind'ed), a. Weak in intellect; 
irresolute; imbecile. — Fee'ble-mind'ed-ness, n. 

Fee'ble-ness, n. Quality or state of being feeble. 

Fee'bly (fe'bly), adv. In a feeble manner. 

Feed (fed), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fed (fgd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Feeding.] [AS. fedan, fr. foda food. See Food.] 

1, To give food to ; to satisfy the hunger of ; to nourish. 

2. Fig. : To qualify ; to minister to ; to fill ; to supply 
with that which is used or wasted ; to promote the growth 
of ; to foster or encourage. 3. To graze ; to cause to be 
cropped by feeding. 4. To give for food ; to furnish for 
consumption. 5. (Mach.) (a) To supply to a machine. 
(b) To produce progressive operation upon or with. 

Feed, v. i. 1. To take food ; to eat. 2. To subsist 
by eating ; to feed one's self ; to prey. 3. To be nour- 
ished or satisfied, as if by food. 4 To pasture animals. 

Feed, n. 1. That which is eaten ; esp. , food for beasts. 

2. A grazing or pasture ground. 3. An allowance of 
provender given to a horse, cow, etc., at once ; a meal. 
4. Water supplied to steam boilers. 5. (Mach.) (a) The 
motion or act of, or the mechanism for, carrying forward 
the stuff to be operated upon, or producing progressive 
operation, (b) The supply of material to a machine. 

Feed'er (f ed'er), n. One that feeds any tiling ; specif. , 
a steward, a tributary stream, a branch railroad, etc. 

Feel (fel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felt (fglt) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Feeling.] [AS. felan ; akin to D. voelen, G. 
fiihlen.] 1. To perceive by the touch or by contact with 
the nerves of sensation, esp. those of the skin. 2. To 
touch ; to examine by, or as if by, touching ; to test. 

3. To perceive by the mind ; to have a sense of ; to 
experience. 4. To be conscious of ; to be persuaded of. 

Feel, v . i. 1. To have perception by the touch, or by 
contact with the nerves of sensation. 2. To have the 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, ryde. full, ftrn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FEEL 



326 



FEMUR 



* 



| 

) 



nnaibiltt.< - moved or affected. 3. To perceive one's self 

«ed by an adjective describing the state, 

«t< . 4 TQ be conscious; hence, to be convinced. 6. To 

appear to the toncli ; — with a descriptive adjective. 

Feel (fel), "• 1- Feeling; perception. [A'.] 2. A 

n communicated by touching. 
Feel'er (fSFSr), n. 1. One who, or that which, feels. 
2 Anything, as a proposal, observation, etc., put forth 
. rtain the views of others. [Collog.] 

Feel'ing. <'• 1- Possessing great sensibility; easily 
affected or moved. 2. Expressive of great sensibility. 

Feel'ing, n. 1. The sense by which the mind, through 
certain nerves, perceives external objects, or certain 
states of the body itself ; sense of touch. 2. Act or state 
of perception by the sense above described ; an act or 
state of apprehending the state of the soul; conscious- 
3. Capacity of the soul for emotional states ; sus- 
ceptibility. 4. Any state of emotion ; quality of be- 
tokening emotion, or sympathy ; any mental state. 

Syn.— Sensation; emotion; passion; sentiment; agi- 
tation ; opinion. See Passion, Sentiment. 

Feel'ing-ly, adv. In a feeling way ; sympathetically. 

Feet (fet), 7i. pi. See Foot. 

Feign (fan), ». t. [imp. & p. p. Feigned (fand) ; p. 
pr. St vb. ?i. Feigning.] [OE. feinen, ~F.fein.dre (p. pr. 
feignant), fr. L. fingere ; akin to L. figura figure, and 
E. dough."] To give a mental existence to ; to imagine ; 
to invent ; hence, to falsely represent by words, acts, or 
appearance ; to pretend ; to counterfeit. 

Feign'er (fan'er), n. One who feigns or pretends. 

Feint (fant), n. 1. That which is feigned; a pre- 
tense ; a stratagem ; a fetch. 2. A mock blow or attack. 

Feint, V. i. To make a feint, or mock attack. 

Feld'spar' (teld'spar'), \n. [G. j eldspath ; j 'eld field 

Feld'spath' (fgld'spSth'), j + spathspaT.] {Min.) A 
name given to a group of minerals, closely related in 
crystalline form, which are all silicates of alumina and 
have a vitreous luster. 

Feld-spath'ic (-spath'Tk), \ a. Pertaining to, or con- 

Feld-spath'ose (-spath'os), j sisting of, feldspar. 

Fe-lic'i-tate (f e-lis'i-tat), a. [L. felicitatus, p. p. of 
felicitare, fr. feliz, -ids, happy.] Made very happy. 
[Archaic] 

Fe-lic'i-tate (-tat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felicitated 
(-ta'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Felicitating.] 1. To make 
very happy ; to delight. 2. To express joy or pleasure 
to ; to congratulate. 

Syn. — See Congratulate. 

Fe-lic i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of felicitating. 

Fe-lic'i-tOUS (f e-lis'I-tus), a. Characterized by felic- 
ity; happy; prosperous; successful; appropriate.— Fe- 
licitously, adv. — Fe-lic'i-tous-ness, n. 

Felic'i-ty (f e-lls'i-ty), n. 1. State of being happy ; 
happiness ; bliss. 2. That which promotes happiness ; 
a successful or gratifying event ; blessing. 3. A pleas- 
ing faculty or accomplishment. • 

Syn. — Beatitude ; blessedness. See Happiness. 

Fe'line (felin), a. [L. felinus, fr. feles, felis, cat.] 

1. {Zool.) Catlike ; of or pert, to cats or the cat family. 

2. Characteristic of cats ; sly ; stealthy ; treacherous. 
llFeOis (fe'lis), n. [L., cat.] A genus of mammals 

including the cat, lion, leopard, etc. 

Fell (fSl), imp. of Fall. 

Fell, a. [OF. fel cruel, fierce, perfidious ; cf . AS. fel 
(only in comp.). OF. fel, as a noun also with accus. 
felon, is fr. LL. felo, of unknown origin.] Cruel ; bar- 
barous ; inhuman ; fierce ; savage ; ravenous. 

Fell, n. [AS. fell ; akin to G. fell, L. pellis skin, Gr. 
Tre'AAa.] A hide of a beast with the wool or hair on. 

Fell (fgl), n. [Icel. fell, f jail] 1. A barren or rocky 
hill. 2. A wild field ; a moor. 

Fell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felled (fgld) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Felling.] [AS. fellan, causative fr. feallan to fall ; 
akin to G. fallen.] To cause to fall ; to cut down. 

Fell, n. {Mining) The finer portions sifted from ore. 

Fell, v. I. [Cf. Gael, fill to fold, plait, Sw./<IH a hem.] 
To sew or hem ; — said of seams. 

Fell, n. 1. {Sewing) A form of seam joining two 
pieces of cloth, the edges being folded together and the 
stitches taken through both thicknesses. 2. {Weaving) 
The end of a web, formed by the last thread of the weft. 

Fell'er (fgl'er), n. One who, or that which, fells. 

Felloe (fell*), n. See Felly. 

Fellow (fens ), n. [OE. felawejelaghe, Icel. felagi, 
it. J (dag companionship, prop., a laying together of prop- 
erty.; p, property + lag a laying, pi. log law, akin to 
ttggja to lie.] 1. a companion ; comrade ; sharer. 2. 
A man without good breeding or worth. 3. An equal in 



power, rank, character, etc. 4. One of a pair ; mate ; the 
male. 5. A person ; individual. 6. A scholar appointed 
to enjoy the income or privileges of a foundation called 
a fellowship. 7. A member of the corporation which 
manages the business interests of a college or university. 
[ U. S.] 8. A member of a literary or scientific society. 

FeriOW-crea'ture (fgl'lo-kre'tur ; 135), n. One of 
the same race or kind ; one made by the same Creator. 

Fellow- feel'ing, n. Sympathy ; a like feeling. 

Fellowship (-ship), n. 1. State or relation of being 
a fellow or associate. 2. Frequent and familiar inter- 
course. 3. A being together ; partnership ; association ; 
hence, joint interest. 4. Those associated ; a company. 
5. A foundation for a scholarship. 6. {Arith.) The rule 
for dividing profit and loss among partners. 

Good fellowship, companionableness ; the spirit and dis- 
position befitting comrades. 

Fel'ly (-ly), n. [AS. felgjelge ; akin to G.felge.] The 
exterior wooden rim, or a segment of the rim, of a wheel. 

II Fe'lo-de-se' (felo-de-se'), n. ; pi. Felos-de-se (fe'- 
loz-). [LL., felon concerning one's self.] {Law) A 
suicide. 

Fel'on (fgl'un), n. [OE. adj., cruel, n., villain, traitor, 
through F. fr. LL. felo. See Fell, a.] 1. {Law) A 
person who has committed a felony. 2. A person guilty 
or capable of heinous crime. 3. {Med.) A painful in- 
flammation of the periosteum of a finger. 

Syn. — Criminal ; convict ; malefactor ; culprit. 

Fel'on, a. Characteristic of a felon ; cruel ; malig- 
nant ; traitorous. 

Fe-lo'ni-ous (fe-lo'nT-us), a. Having the quality of 
felony ; malignant ; malicious ; villainous : traitorous. 
— Fe-lo'ni-ous-ly, adv. — Fe-lo'ni-ous-ness, n. 

Fel'O-ny (fel'o-ny), n. 1. {0. Eng. Law) An offense 
occasioning, besides any other punishment, a total for- 
feiture of either lands or goods, or both. 2. A heinous 
crime; esp., a crime punishable by death or imprison- 
ment. [See Feldspab. I 

Fel'spar' (fgl'spar'), Fel'spath' (-spSth'), n. {Min.) | 

Felt (felt), imp. &p. p. or a. from Feel. 

Felt (fglt), n. [AS. felt ; akin to D. vilt, G. filz.] 1. 
A cloth or stuff of wool, or wool and fur, fulled or made 
by rolling and pressure, with lees or size, without spin- 
ning or weaving. 2. A hat made of felt. 

Felt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Felting.] 1. To make into felt, or a feltlike substance. 
2. To cover with, or as with, felt. [felted cloth. I 

Felt'ing, n. Material of which felt is made ; also, | 

Fe-luc'ca (_fe-luk'ka), n. [It. feluca, fr. Ar. fulk 
ship, or harraqah a sort of ship.] {Naut.) A small, 
swift-sailing vessel, propelled by oars and lateen sails, — 
once common in the Mediterranean. 

Fel'WOrt' (fgl'wfirf), n. [Prob. a corruption of field- 
wort. ] {Bot. ) A European herb {Swertia perennis) of the 
Gentian family. 

Fe'male (fe'mal), n. [F. femelle, fr. "L.femella, dim. 
oifemina woman. See Feminine.] 1. An individual of 
the sex which conceives and brings forth young, or (in a 
wider sense) which has an ovary and produces ova. 2. 
{Bot.) A plant which produces only that kind of repro- 
ductive organs which are capable of developing into 
fruit after fertilization ; a pistillate plant. 

Fe'male, a. 1. Belonging to the sex of a female. 2. 
Belonging to an individual of the female sex ; womanly ; 
feminine. 

Female rhymes {Pros.), rhymes in which two syllables 
in one line rhyme with two syllables in another line, the 
first syllable in each case being accented and the second 
unaccented (called in French feminine rhymes because 
they end in e weak, or feminine). — Female screw, the 
spiral- threaded cavity into which another, or male, screw 
turns. 

Syn. — Feminine. — We apply female to the sex or 
individual, as opposed to male ; also, to the distinctive 
belongings of women ; as, female dress, female form, 
etc. ; feminine, to things appropriate to, or affected by, 
women ; as, feminine studies, employments, etc. 

II Feme (fgm or f5m), n. [OF. feme, F. femme.] 
{Law) A woman; as, feme covert a married woman, 
feme sole a single or unmarried woman. 

Fem'1-nlne (fgm'T-mn), a. [L. femininus, fr. femina 
woman.] 1. Of or pert, to a woman, or to women ; char- 
acteristic of a woman ; womanish ; womanly. 2. Having 
the qualities of a woman ; becoming or appropriate to the 
female sex. 3. {Ghram.) Having a form belonging espe- 
cially te words which are appellations of females. 
Syn. — See Female, a. 

Fem'i-nlne, n. {Gram.) A feminine word, [thigh. 

Fem'o-ral (fgm'o-ral), a. Pertaining to the femur or| 

II Fe'mur (fe'mur), n. ; pi. Femora (fSm'o-ra). [L., 



a, S, I, o, u, long ; 4, 6, 1, 5, ft, y, ahort ; senate, «vent, Idea, ftbey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finoL 



FEN 



327 



FERRY 



thigh.] (Anat.) (a) The thigh bone. [See Illust. of 
Skeleton.] (b) The thigh. 

Fen (fSu), 7i. [AS. fen, fenn, marsh, mud, dirt ; akin 
to D. veen, G. Jam.} Boggy land ; moor ; marsh. 

Fence (fSns), n. [Abbrev. from Defence.] 1. That 
which fends off attack or danger ; a defense. 2. That 
which incloses as a protection ; a barrier ; as a hedge, 
ditch, or wall. 3. Self-defense by the use of the sword. 
4. A receiver of stolen goods, or a place where they are 
received. [Slangy 

Worm fence, a zigzag fence composed of rails crossing 
one another at their ends ; — called also make fence, or 
Virginia rail fence. — To be on the fence, to be undecided 
or uncommitted. [Colloq.] 

Fence, v. t. [imp. S: p. p. Fenced (fgnst) j p. pr. 
& vb. n. Fencing (fSn'sTug).] 1. To fend off danger 
from ; to defend. 2. To inclose with a fence. 

Fence, v. i. 1. To make a defense ; to guard. 2. To 
practice attack and defense with the sword or the foil. 

Fenceless, a. Without a fence ; open ; defenseless. 

Fen'cer (fSn'ser), n. One who fences. 

Fen'ci-ble, n. (Mil.) A soldier enlisted for home 
service only ; — usually in the pi. 

Fen'clng, n. 1. Act or art of one who fences. 2. 
Materials for fences. [Z7. £".] 3. A system of fences. 

Fend (fSnd), v. I. & i. limp. & p. p. Fended ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Fending.] [Abbrev. fr. Depend.] To keep off ; 
to prevent from entering or hitting ; to ward off ; to re- 
sist ; to parry. 

Fend/er (fSnd'er), n. One that fends ; as a screen 
before an open fire, a protecting stick at a vessel's side. 

II Fe-nes'tra (fe-nes'tra), n. ; pi. Fenestra (-tre). [L., 
a window.] (Bot. & Zo'dl.) A small opening. 

Fe-nes'tral (-nes'tral), a. [L. fenestra a window.] 
Pertaining to a window or to windows. 

Fe-nes'trate (f e-nes'trat), a. [L. fenestrates, p. p. of 
fenestrare to furnish with openings and windows.] Hav- 
ing numerous openings ; irregularly reticulated. 

Fe-nes'tra-ted (-tra-ted), a. 1. (Arch.) Having, or 
characterized by, windows. 2. Same as Fenestrate. 

Fen'es-tra'tion (fen'es-tra'shun), n. 1. (Arch.) The 
arrangement and proportioning of windows. 2. State of 
being fenestrated. 

Fe'ni-an (fFnT-an), n. [From the Finians, or Fenii, 
the old militia of Ireland, so called from Fin or Finn, 
Fionn, or Fingal, an Irish traditional hero.] A member 
of a secret organization, having for its aim the overthrow 
of English rule in Ireland. 

Fen'nec (fen'nek), n. \_Ax'. 
fanek.} (Zo'dl.) A small 
African animal. 

Fen'nel (fen'nel), n. [AS. 
fenol, finol, fr. L. feniculum , 
faeniculum, dim. of fenum, 
faenum,ha.y.] (Bot.) A per- Fennec ( Vulpes zerdd). 
ennial plant (Faeniculum vulgare), having finely divided 
leaves and bearing aromatic seeds. 

Azorean. or Sweet, fennel, Fatniculum dulce, a smaller and 
stouter plant than the common fennel, used as a pot herb. 
— Dog's fennel, Anthemis Cotula, a foul-smelling European 
weed. — Fennel flower (Bot.), an herb (Xigella) of the But- 
tercup family, having finely divided leaves. 

Fen'ny (fen'ny), a. Pertaining to, or inhabiting, a 
fen ; abounding in fens ; swampy ; boggy. 

Fen'U-greek (fen'u-grek or fe'nu-), n. [L. faenum 
Graecum, lit., Greek hay.] (Bot.) A plant (Trigonella 
Foenum Graecum) cultivated for its strong-smelling seeds. 

Feod (f ud), n. Feud. — Feod'al (fud'al), a. 

Feod'a-ry (fud'a-r^), n. An accomplice. 

Feoff (fSf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feoffed (fgft) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Feofftng.] [OF. feffer,fieffer, iv.fief. See 
Fdzf.] (Law) To invest with a fee or feud ; to enfeoff. 

Feoff, n. (Law) A fief. See Fdzf. [ment is made. I 

Feof-fee 7 (fe"f-fe'), n. (Law) One to whom a feoff- 1 

Feoffment (fef'ment), n. (Laic) (a) The grant of a 
feud or fee. (b) (Eng. Law) A grant (now disused in the 
U. S. and rare in Eng. ) in fee of land or other corporeal 
hereditaments with actual delivery of possession ; also, 
the instrument used in making the gift or conveyance. 

Feoffor (fSf'for), Feoffer (fSf'fer), n, (Law) One 
who makes a feoffment. 

Fe'ral (fe'ral), a. [L. ferus. See Fierce.] (Bot. & 
Zo'dl.) Wild ; untamed ; ferine ; not domesticated. 

Fe'ral, a. [L. feralis belonging to the dead.] Fune- 
real ; deadly ; fatal ; dangerous. [JS.] 

II Fer'-de-lance' (far'de-laNs'), n. [F., the iron of a 
lance.] (Zo'dl.) A large, venomous serpent (Trigonoceph- 
alus lanceolatus) of Brazil and the West Indies. 

Fer'e-tO-ry (fSr'e-to-rjf), n. [L. feretrum bier, Gr. 




<t>iptrpou, fr. (pipttv to bear.] A portable bier or shrine, 
fur relica of saints 

Fe'ri-al (fe'rr-'/l), a. [LL. ferialu, fr. L. ft, 
days.] Belonging to a week day, esp. to a day that m 
neither a festival nor a fast. 

Ferine (fe'rlu), a. [L. ferinus, fr. ferus wild.] Wild ; 
untamed; savage. — n, JLwfldbi 

Fer'ment (ieVment), n. [L. fermmhim ferment; 
origin uncertain.] 1. That which causes ferm. 
2. Intestine motion ; heat; tumult; agitation. 3. r>-i- 
mentation. [i?.] 

Ferment' (fer-mgnt'). r. /. A- i. [imp. A p. p. Fer- 
mented ; p. pr. &, vb. u. Ferml.nti.no.] To cause fenneai 
or fermentation in ; to be in a state ol ferment ; I 

Fer-ment'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of fermentation. 

Fer men-ta'tion (feVmen-taMiun), /<. 1. Process of 
undergoing an effervescent change, as by the action of 
yeast; in a wider sense (Physiol. Ch> ,,,.), the process by 
which organic substances are changed into hi 
pounds by the action of certain agents called / 
2. State of agitation or excitement, as of the fa I 

Fer-menfa-tlve (fer-mgnt'a-tivj,^. Causing. 
to cause, fermentation ; produced by fermentation. 

Fern (fern), n. [AS. fearn ; akin to D. < ■ 
farn.~\ (Bot.) An order of cryptogainous plants, having 
their fructification on the back of the fronds or leaves. 

Fern'y (fern'y), a. Abounding in ferns. 

Fe-ro/cious (fe-ro r shus), a. [L. ferox, -ocis, fierce; 
akin to ferus wild.] Fierce; wild; indicating cruelty. 
— Fe-ro / cions-ly, adv. — Fe-ro'cious-ness 

Syn. — Fierce ; savage ; barbarous. — As applied to hu- 
man feelings or conduct, ferocious and savage refer rather 
to the disposition ; fierce, to the haste and violence of an 
act ; barbarous, to its coarseness and brutality. 

Fe-roc'i-ty (fe-rosl-ty), n. Savage wildness or fierce- 
ness ; fury ; cruelty. 

-fer-ous (-fer-us). [L. -fer, fr. ferre to bear.] A suffix 
signifying bearing, producing, yielding; as, auri/erow, 
yielding gold ; chyliferous, producing chyle. 

Fer'fate (fer'rat-), n. (Chem.) A salt of ferric acid. 

Fer'ret (f er'ret), n. [F. furet ; prob. fr. L. fur thief.] 
(Zo'dl. ) An animal of the 
Weasel family, about 
fourteen inches in 
length, of a pale yellow 
or white color, with 
red eyes. 

Fer'ret, v. t. limp. 
& p. p. Ferreted ; p. 
pr. & vb. 7i. Ferret- 
ing.] To drive or hunt 
out of a lurking place, 
as a ferret does the 
cony ; to search out. 

Fer'ret, n. [Ital. fioretto, dim. of fiore flower ; or F. 
fleuret.] A kind of narrow tape, usually made of woolen. 

Fer'ret, n, [F. ferret, dim. of fer iron, L. ferrum.~\ 
(Glass Making) The iron used for trying the melted 
glass, and for shaping the rings, at th<* i xouthsof bottles. 

Fer'ri- (fer'rT-). (Chem.) A combining form indica- 
ting ferr ic iron as an ingredient ; as, /erricyanide. 

Fer'ri-age (-rT-aj ; 48), n. Fare to b paid at a ferry. 

Fer'ric (-r!k), a. [L. ferrum iron.] Pertaining to, 
derived from, or containing iron, esp. with a valence 
higher than in ferrous compounds. See -ic. 

Fer-rif'er-OUS (fSr-r!fer-iis). a. [L. ferrum iron + 
-ferous.'] Producing or yieldin- iron. 

Fer'ro- (feVro-). (Chem.) A combining form, indi- 
cating ferrous iron as an ingredient ; as,/f>T0eyanide. 

Fer'ro-type (fer'ro-tip), n. [L. ferrum irou -+- -type.'} 
A kind of photographic picture taken on an iron plate. 

Fer/rons (fSr'rus). a. [L. ferrum iron.] (Chem.) 
Pertaining to. or derived from, iron, esp. with a valence 
lower than in ferric compounds. See -ous. 

Fer-ru'gl-nous (fer-ru/jT-nus), a. [L. ferruginus, fr. 
ferrugo, -ginis, iron rust, fr. ferrum iron.] 1. Contain- 
ing iron. 2. Like iron rust ; brownish, or yellowish, red. 

Fer'mle (feVrTl or -nil), n. [Formerly rerrel, F. 
virole,ir. L. viriola little' bracelet, dim. of viriae, pi., 
bracelets.] A protecting or strengthening ring or cap 
of metal, as around a cane, tool, or handle. 

Fer'ry (feVry), v. t. & i. {imp. & p. p. Ferried (-rid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Ferrying.] lAS.ferian to convey, from 
faran to go. See Fare.] To carry, transport, or pass 
over a river, strait, or other narrow water, in a boat. 

Fer'ry, n. 1. A place where persons or things are 
ferried across a river, strait, etc. 2. A ferryboat. 3. A 
franchise to maintain a ferryboat, charging tolls. 




Ferret (Ifustela furo). 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FKKKYBOAT 



FEW 



> 



-boat yitr''. Ml for ferrying 

things across narrow waters ; wherry. [tends a ferry. 
rerTY-mflH (,-uum), n. One who mnlntahw or at- 1 
Fer'tUe (fir 1 L L - /«rt<K«i fr. /err* to 

1. Producing fruit or vegetation in 
abundance ; able to produce abundantly; proline; fec- 
und ; rich ; inventive. 2. {Bot.) (a) Capable of pro- 
i uit ; — said of tiowers. (b) Containing pollen ; 
I anthers. 3. Produced in abundance; pleute- 
i le. — Fer'tilely, adv. — Fer'tile-ness. n. 

>> ii. Fertile ; fruitful. — Fertile implies the inherent 
power of production ; fruitful, the actual production. 

Fer-til'i-ty (fer-tni-tjf), n. Quality of being fertile. 

Fer ti-ll-za'tion (ISr ti-ll-za'shun), n. 1. A fertilizing. 
2. An analogous process in iiowerless plants. 

Fer'tl-lize (,1'er'tT-liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fertilized 
. pr. ft vb. ?i. Fertilizing (-lFzTng).] 1. To 
make fertile. 2. To fecundate or impregnate. 

Fer'ti-li'Zer (.-li'zer), n. One that fertilizes. 

Fer'ule vfer'Il or -ul), 71. [L. ferula giant fennel (its 
stalks were used as ferules), whip, fr. ferire to strike.] 
A rod of wood, used for striking children in punishment. 

Fer'ule. V. t. [imp. & p. p. Feruled (-lid or -uld) ; 
I id. 7i. Feruling.] To punish with a ferule. 

Fer'ven-cy (-ven-sy), n. State of being fervent. 

Fer'vent (-vent), a. [L. ferrens, -entis, p. pr. of fer- 
rere to boil, glow.] 1. Hot ; glowing; boiling; burning. 
2- Warm in feeling ; ardent ; earnest ; ardorous ; zealous ; 
glowing. — Fer'vent-ly, adv. — Fer'vent-ness, n. 

Fer'vid (Jer'vTd), a. [L. fervidus, fr. fervere.~\ 1. 
Very hot ; burning ; boiling. 2. Ardent ; vehement ; 
zealous. — Fer'vid-ly, adv. — Fer'vid-ness, n. 

Fer'vor (fer'ver), «. [OF., fr. L. fervor, fr. fervere.~\ 
1. Heat ; excessive warmth. 2. Intensity of feeling or 
expression ; glowing ardor ; passion ; holy zeal ; fervency. 

Fes'cen-nlne (fes'sen-nin), n. A style of scurrilous poe- 
try originating in Fescennia, an ancient city of Etruria. 

Fes'cue (fe's'ku'), n. [OF. festu, fr. L. festuca straw.] 

1. A straw, wire, stick, etc., used chiefly to point out 
letters to children. 2. (Bot.) A grass of several species. 

Fes'cue (feVku), v. i. & t. To use a fescue, or teach 
with a fescue. [Obs.~] 

Fess } (fes). n . [OF. fesse,faisse, fr. L. fascia band.] 

Fesse ) (Her.) A band drawn horizontally across the 
center of an escutcheon, and containing in breadth the 
third part of it ; one of the nine honorable ordinaries. 

Fess point (Eer.), the exact center of the escutcheon. 

Fess'wise (fes'wiz), adv. In the manner of a fess. 

Fes'tal (-tol), a. [~L.festum feast. See Feast.] Of or 
pert, to a holiday or a feast ; festive. — Fes'tal-ly, adv. 

Fes'ter (fes'ter), n. [OF. festre, L. fistula a sort of 
ulcer.] 1. A small sore which becomes inflamed and 
discharges ; a pustule. 2. A festering or rankling. 

Fes'ter (fes'ter), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Festered 
(-terd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Festering.] 1. To generate pus ; 
to become, or cause to become, inflamed and suppurate. 

2. To grow, or make, virulent or malignant ; to rankle. 
Fes'ti-val (fes'tl-val), a. [OF. festival, fr. L. festi- 

vum festive jollity, fr. feslivus festive, f r. feslura holiday, 
feast.] Pert, to a feast ; festive ; festal ; appropriate to 
a festival ; joyous ; mirthful. — n. Time of feasting or 
celebration ; anniversary day of joy, civil or religious. 

Syn. — Feast ; banquet ; carousal. See Feast. 

Fes'tive (-tlv), a. Pert, to, or becoming, a feast ; fes- 
tal ; joyous ; gay ; mirthful ; sportive. — Fes'tlve-ly, adv. 

Fes : tiv'i-ty (fSs-tTvT-ty), n. 1. State of being fes- 
tive ; social joy or exhilaration of spirits at an entertain- 
ment ; joyfulness ; gayety. 2. A festival. 

Fes-toon' (fSs-tobn>), n. [F. feston, prob. fr. L. fes- 
fa m festival.] A garland or wreath hanging in a depend- 
ing curve ; anything arranged in this way. 

Fes-toon', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Festooned ; p. pr. & 
/ . Festooning.] To form in, or adorn with, festoons. 

Fe'tal (fe'tfll), a. Of or pertaining to a fetus. 

Fe-ta'tion (fe-ta'shun), n. The formation of a fetus. 

Fetch (fgch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fetched (fScht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fetching.] [AS. feccan; of uncertain 
origin.] 1. To go and bring ; to bring ; to get. 2. To 
obtain as price or equivalent ; to sell for. 3. To recall 
from a swoon ; to revive. 4. To bring or force into a 
or place regarded as more completely within 
control, influence, or observation. 5. To bring to ac- 
cent; to achieve; to make; to perform. 6. 
To bring or get within reach by going ; to arrive at. 7. 
e to be. appear, or form. 

To fetch a comp&si (Xavt. ), to make a circuit. —To fetch 
a pump, to make it draw water. — To fetch up. (a; To 
- To fttop suddenly. .-*#* 



Fetch (fSch), p. i. To bring one's self ; to make head- 
way or progress. 

Fetch, n. 1. Trick ; artifice. 2. Apparition ; wraith. 

Fetch'er (,-er), n. One who fetches. 

! Fete (.fat), n. [F. See Feast.] A festi%-al. 

Fete (fat), v. t. [imp. A" p. p. Feted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Feting.] To feast ; to honor with a festival. 

Fe'tlch, Fe'tlsh (fe'tlsh), n. [F. fetiche, fr. Pg. fei- 
tico, adj., artificial, n., sorcery, charm, fr. L. facti'cius 
artificial.] 1. A material object supposed among certain 
African tribes to give the possessor power over a super- 
natural being. 2. Anv object of excessive devotion. 

Fe'tich-ism, Fe'tish-ism (fe'tlsh-lz'm or fgt'Ish-), 
n. Belief in, or devotion to, fetiches. 

Fe-tich-is'tic (Is'tTk), Fe'tish-ls'tic, a. Pertaining 
to, or involving, fetichism. 

Fe'ti-Cide (fe'ti-sid or fet'i-), n. [Fetus + L. caedere 
to kill.] The act of killing the fetus in the womb. 

Fe'ti-Cism (fe'ti-siz'm or fet'i-), n. See Fetichism. 

Fet'id (fetid or fe'tid), a. [L. fetidus, foetid us, fr. 
fetere, foetere, to stink.] Having an offensive smell ; 
stinking. — Fet'id-ness, n. 

Fet-id'i-ty (fet-Td'I-ty or fe-tidl-ty), n. Fetidness. 

Fe'tlsh (fe'tlsh), n. A fetich. 

Fetlock (fetlok), n. [OE. fellak, fitlock ; origin un- 
certain.] The cushionlike projection, bearing a tuft of 
long hair, on the back of the leg above the hoof of the 
horse and similar animals. Also, the joint at this point, 
or the tuft of hair. [See IUust. of Horse.] 

Fe'tor (fe'tor), n. [L. fetor, foetor/] Stench. 

Fet'ter (fet'ter), n. [AS. fetor, feter; akin to E. 
foot.~\ A chain or shackle for the feet ; hence, anything 
that confines ; a restraint ; — chiefly in the pi. 

Fet'ter. r. t. [imp. & p. p. Fettered (-terd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Fettering.] To put fetters upon ; to shackle. 

Fet'tle (fet't'l), n. [Prob. akin to Fit.] Order ; ar- 
rangement ; dress. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.~\ 

Fet'tle, v. t. 1. To repair ; to prepare. [Prov. Eng.~\ 
2. (Metal.) To cover or line with a mixture of ore, cin- 
ders, etc. , as the hearth of a puddling furnace. 

Fe'tUS (fe'tvis), n. ; pi. Fetuses (-ez). [L. fetus, foe- 
tus, offspring ; akin to E. fawn a deer.] The young or 
embryo of an animal in the womb, or in the egg, esp. in 
the later stages of development. 

Feud (fud), n. [AS. fseftS, fr. fah hostile ; akin to 
G. fehde, D. feide.] 1. A combination of kindred to 
avenge injuries or affronts, done or offered to any of 
their blood, on the offender and all his race. 2. A "con- 
tention or quarrel ; esp. , an inveterate deadly strife be- 
tween families, clans, or parties. 

Syn.— Affray ; fray; broil; contest; dispute; strife. 

Feud, n. [LL. feudum, feodum, prob. of same origin 
as E. fief.} (Law) A stipendiary estate in land, held of 
a superior, upon condition of rendering the services be- 
longing to military tenure ; a fief ; a fee. 

Feu'dal (fu'dal), a. 1. Of or pert, to feuds, fiefs, or 
fees. 2. Founded upon, or embracing, feuds or fiefs. 

Feu'dal-ism (-Iz'in), n. The feudal system; feudal 
principles and usages. [ing feudal. I 

Feu-dal'i-ty (fu-dalT-ty), n. State or quality of be-| 

Feu'dal-ize (fu'dcrl-iz), v. t. To reduce to a feudal 
tenure ; to conform to feudalism. 

Feu'dal-ly, adv. In a feudal manner. 

Feu'da-ry (fu'da-rjr), a. Held by, or pertaining to, 
feudal tenure. — n. A feudatory. 

Feu'da-tO-ry (-t6-ry), n. A tenant of a feud or fief. 

Feu'da-tO-ry, a. Held on some conditional tenure. 

II Feu'ille-ton' {fSfye-Hsaf or fweFtSN'), n. [F.. fr. 
feuille leaf.] A part of a French newspaper (usually 
the bottom of the page), devoted to light literature, criti- 
cism, etc. ; also, the article or tale itself, thus printed. 

Fe'ver (fe'ver), n. [AS. fefer, fefor, L. febris.~] 1. 
(Med.) A disease marked by increased heat, accelera- 
tion of the pulse, and a general derangement of the func- 
tions. 2. A condition of great excitement. 

Fe'ver, v. 4. To put into a fever. [R.~\ 

Fe'ver-few (-fu), n. [AS.feferfuge,tr. ~L.febrifugia. 
See Fever, Fugitive.] (Bot.) A perennial plant having 
finely divided leaves and white blossoms; — so named 
from its supposed febrifugal qualities. 

Fe'ver-lsh, a. Of. pertaining to. or indicating, fever ; 
affected with fever. — Fe'ver-ish-ly , adv. — Fe'ver-ish- 
ness. n. 

Fe'ver-OUS (-us), a. Feverish. 

Few (fu), a. [Compar. Fewer (-er) ; svperl. Fewest. _, 
[AS. fea, pi. feawe; akin to OHG./o, fao, Goth, fans, 
L. paucus.'] Not many ; small or limited in number : — 
indicating a small portion of units or individuals con- 



a, e, I, o, u, long ;&,£,!, Ii, H, f, short ; senate, £vent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



FEWNESS 



329 



FIERCE 




stituting a whole ; often, by ellipsis of a noun, a few peo 
pie or things. 

FeWness (fu'nSs), n. Quality 
or state of being few ; sinallness of 
number ; paucity. 

Fez (fez), n. [F., fr. the town of 
Fez in Morocco.] A felt or cloth 
cap, usually red and having a tassel. 

|| Fi/an'06' (f^aN'sa'), n. [F.] 
A betrothed man. 

II Fian'oeV (fe'iiN'sa'), n. [F.] 

A ,^f 0th . ed "?i 1 ^";.^ , ™ Turk wearing a Fez. 

II Fi-as'CO (fe-as'ko), n. ; pi. Fi- 
ascoes or Fiascos. [It.] A complete or ridiculous 
failure. 

Fi'at (fl'5t), n. [L., let it be done, subj. pres., fr. 
fieri to be done.] 1. An authoritative command or 
decree. 

Fiat money, irredeemable paper currency. 
Fib (fib), n. [Prob. fr. fable ; cf. Prov. E. fibble-fab- 
ble nonsense.] A falsehood ; lie ; — used euphemistically. 
Fib, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fibbed (flbd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Fibbing (-blng).] To speak falsely. [Colloq.] 
Fib'ber (-ber), n. One who tells fibs. 
Fi/ber I (fi'ber), n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.~\ 1. One of 
Fi'bre j the delicate, threadlike portions of the 
tissues of a plant or animal. 2. Any fine, slender thread, 
or threadlike substance. 3. Sinew ; strength ; tough- 
ness. 4. Raw material used in textile manufactures. 

FP"bered ) (fi'berd), a. Having fibers ; made up of 

Fi'bred J fibers. 

Fibril (fi'bril), n. A small fiber. [to fibrils, j 

Fibrillary (fi'bril-la-ry' or flb'rll-), a. Of or pert. 

Fi-bril'lose (ft-brlllos or fi'brll-los), a. Covered 
with, or composed of, fibers. 

Fibrinous (f t-bril'lus or fi'bril-), a. Pertaining to, 
or composed of, fibers. 

Fi'brin (fi'brin), n. [See Fiber.] (Physiol. Chem.) 
1. A white, albuminous, fibrous substance, formed in the 
coagulation of blood. 2. The fibrous portion of the 
muscle tissue ; flesh fibrin. 3. An albuminous body, 
found in cereal grains and similar seeds ; vegetable fibrin. 

Fibroid (fi'broid), a. [L.y?&raafiber-f -ota.] (Med.) 
Resembling or forming fibrous tissue ; made up of fibers. 

Fi'brous (-brus), a. Containing, or made up of, fibers. 

llFib'U-la (fir/fi-la), n.; pi. -lm (-le). [L., clasp.] 
1. A brooch, clasp, or buckle. 2. (Anal.) The outer, 
and usually smaller, of the two bones of the leg, or hind 
limb, below the knee. [See Ulusl. of Skeleton.] 

Fich'U (fish'u ; F. fe'shu'), n. [F., neckerchief.] A 
light cape, usually of lace, worn by women. 

Ficlfle (flk'k'l), a. [OE. fikel untrustworthy, deceit- 
ful, AS. ficol, fr. fie, gefic, deceit.] Not fixed or firm ; 
changeful; inconstant; capricious. — FicTcle-ness. n. 

Syn. — Wavering ; irresolute ; unsettled ; vacillating ; 
unstable ; unsteady ; variable ; veering ; shifting. 

II Fi'co (fe'ko), n. ; pi. Ficoes (-koz). [It., a fig, fr. L. 
ficus. Cf. Fig.] A fig ; an insignificant trifle ; a straw. 

Fic'tile (f ik'til), a. [L.fictilis. See Fiction.] Molded, 
or capable of being molded ; relating to molding. 

Fic'tion (flk'shiin), n. [F., fr. L. fictio, fr. finger e, 
fictum, to form, shape, invent, feign.] 1. Act of feign- 
ing, inventing, or imagining. 2. That which is feigned, 
invented, or imagined ; esp., a feigned or invented story. 

Syn. — Fabrication ; invention ; fable ; falsehood. — 
Fiction, unlike fabrication, does not ordinarily imply an 
Intent to mislead and deceive. 

Flc-ti'tious (fik-tish'us), a. Feigned; imaginary; 
not real ; fabulous ; counterfeit ; false ; not genuine. — 
Fic-ti'tious-ly, adv. — Fic-ti'tious-ness, n. 

Fid (fid), n. [Prov. E. fid small lump.] 1. (Xaut.) 
A square bar of wood or iron, to support the topmast. 2. 
Any supporting bar or pin. 3. A pointed pin of hard wood, 
used to open the strands of a rope in splicing. 

Fid'dle (f id'd'l), n. [AS. fi&ele ; akin to D. vedel, 
G.fiedel.] 1. (3fus.) A violin. 2. (Bot.) A kind of 
dooic with fiddle-shaped leaves. 3. (Xaut.) A rack to 
keep things in place on the table in bad weather. 

Fid'dle, v. i. & I. [imp. & p. p. Fiddled (-d'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fiddling (-dllng).] 1. To play on a 
fiddle. 2. To move the hands and fingers restlessly 
or in busy idleness ; to trifle. 

Fid'dle-dee-dee 7 (fid'd'1-de-de'), interj. An ex- |i 
clamation, equivalent to nonsense! \_Colloq.~] 

Fid'dle-fad'dle (fid'd'l-fSd'd'l), n. A trifle; I 
nonsense. [Colloq.] Hand 

Fid'dler(-dler),n. 1. One who fiddles. 2. (a) Fid. 
A burrowing crab of many species ; — so called from the 



position in which it often holds one claw. 
moo Bmopi 

sandpiper. 

Fid'dle - stick' 

(fld'd'1-stlk'), n. 
The bow used in 
playing the fiddle. 

Fid'dle-strlng' 

(-string'), u. A 
string of a fiddle. 

Fid'dle -wood' 
(-wood'), n. [Cor- 
rupted fr. F. bolt* 
fidele, lit., faithful wood.] 
West Indian trees. 

Fi-del'i-ty(fI-d61'I-ty),n 



(b) The corn- 




Fiddler Crab (fi'tlu'imui mtttOX) 
ol New England. 

The durable wood of several 



[L. fidelitat. See Fealty.] 
Faithfulness ; adherence to right or duty. Esp. : (a) 
Adherence to a person or party to which one is bound ; 
loyalty, (b) Adherence to the marriage contract. 
Syn. — Honesty ; integrity ; faith ; fealty. 
Fidg'et (flj'St), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fidgeted ; j>. pr. 
& vb. n. Fidgeting.] [Cf. OE. fiken to fidget, to flat- 
ter.] To move uneasily one way and the other ; to move 
by fits and starts. 
Fidg'et, n. Uneasiness ; restlessness. 
Fidg'et-y (-jf), a. RestlesB ; uneasy. 
Fi-du'cial (f I-du'ehal), a. [From L. fiducia trust ; 
akin to fides ia.iih.~\ 1. Having faith or trust ; confident ; 
undoubting ; firm. 2. Having the nature of a trust ; 
fiduciary. — Fi-du'cial-ly, adv. 

Fi-dU'cl-a-ry (-shl-a-ry or -sha-rjf), a. 1. Involving 
confidence or trust. 2. Holding, held, or founded, in trust. 

Fi-du'ci-a-ry, n. 1. A trustee. 2. (Theol.) One depend- 
ing for salvation on faith, without works ; Autiuomian. 

Fie (fl), interj. An exclamation of contempt or dislike. 

Fief (fef), n. [F. fief ; of German origin, and akin to 
E. fee.'] (Law) A feudal estate ; a f ee ; a feud. 

Field (feld), n. [AS. /eta; akin to D. veld, G.feld.] 
1. Cleared land ; the open country ; land suitable for till- 
age or pasture ; cultivated ground, esp. if inclosed. 2. 
A place where a battle is fought ; also, the battle itself. 
3. An open space; an extent; an expanse. 4. (Her.) 
The whole surface of an escutcheon ; also, the part un- 
concealed by the bearings. See Escutcheon. 5. Room 
for action ; opportunity ; scope ; province. 6. Collect- 
ively, all the competitors in any outdoor contest or trial, 
or all except the favorites in the betting. 7. (Base- 
ball) The part of the grounds reserved for the players, 
esp. that outside of the diamond, called the outfield. 
That inside the diamond is called the infield. 

Field colors (Mil.), small flags for marking out the posi- 
tions for squadrons and battalions ; camp colors. — Field 
day. (a) A day in the fields. (6) (Mil.) A day when 
troops are taken into the field for instruction in evolu- 
tions, (c) A day of unusual exertion or display ; a gala 
day. — Field glass. (Optics) (a) A binocular telescope of 
compact form; a lorgnette; a race glass. (6) A small 
achromatic telescope, from 20 to 24 inches long, and hav- 
ing 3 to 6 draws. —Field marshal (Mil.), the highest mili- 
tary rank conferred in the British and other European 
armies. — Field officer (Mil.), an officer above the rank of 
captain and below that of general. — Field, or Field of view, 
in a telescope or microscope, the entire space witlun which 
objects are seen. — Field magnet. See under Magnet. — 
To keep the field (Mil.), to continue a campaign. 

Field (feld), v. i. [imp. & p. p. FrELDED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fielding.] (Ball Playing) To stand out in the 
field ready to catch, stop, or throw the ball. 

Field, v.t. (Ball Playing) To catch, stop, throw, etc. 
(the ball), while playing in the field. 

Field'er (-er), n. (Ball Plait in a) One who fields. 

Fleld'iare 7 (feld'fSr'), n. [AS. feldef are ; feld field 
+ faran to travel.] (Zo'dl.) A 
small European thrush. 

Field'piece' (-pes' ),n. A can- 
non mounted on wheels, for the 
use of a marching army. 

Field'work' (feld'wflrk'), n. 
(Mil.) Any temporary fortifica- 
tion thrown up in the field. 

Fiend (fend), n. [AS. feond 
(akin to D. vijand, G. feind) 
orig. p. pr. of a verb meaning, to 
hate, AS. feon, Skr. p'nj to scorn.] 
An implacable or malicious foe ; 
one diabolically wicked or cruel ; 
specif., the devil or a demon. 

Fiend'ish (fendlsh'), a. Like a fiend ; diabolical ; 
devilish. — Fiend'ish-ly, adv. Fiendish ness. n. 

Fierce (fers), a. [Compar. Fiebceb (fer'ser) ; svperl. 




Fieldfare ( TSirdus pila- 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, r\ide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cnair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FIERCELY 



330 



FILCH 



> 



fmcMT (-4tt)-] [OF. fier, iiom. fiers, fierce, savage, 
cruel, fr. L. jerus wild, cruel.] 1. Furious ; violent. 
| ment in auger or cruelty ; ready or eager to kill 

or iujr.: uly earnest, eager, or 

ardent. — Fiercely (.fers'ly), adv. — Fierce 'ness. n. 

Ferocious : savage : cruel ; vehement ; impetu- 
ous ; barbarous ; fell. See Ferocious. 

Fi'e-ri facias (fi'e-ri fa'shl-as). [L., cause it 
to be done.] (Lair) A kind of writ of execution issued 
against the chattels and real estate of the defendant. 

" Fi'er-i-ness (fi'er-T-ue's), n. Quality of being fiery. 

Fi'er-y (.fi'er-y- or fi'ry), a. [Formerly written Jiry, 

fr. fire.] 1. Consisting of, containing, or like, fire. 2. 

v : ient ; passionate ; spirited ; fierce ; impetuous. 

Fife {Ui), n. [F. fifre, OHG. p/i/a, LL. pipa pipe, 
pipare to pipe, fr. L. pipare to peep, chirp. See Pipe.] 
(Mus.) A small shrill pipe, resembling the piccolo flute. 

Fife rail. (Xaut.) (a) A rail about the mast to hold be- 
laying pins, etc. (b) A railing around the break of a poop 
deck. 

Fife, i . »'. limp. & p. p. Fifed (fift) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Fifing.] To play on a fife. 

Fif'ef (.filler), 'n. One who plays on a fife. 

Fifteen (fif'ten'). a. [AS. fiftyne, fiftene. See 
Five, and Ten.] Five and ten ; one more than fourteen. 

Fifteen . n. 1. Sum of five and ten ; fifteen units 
or objects. 2. A symbol for fifteen units, as 15, or xv. 

Fifteenth' (fif'tenth'), a. 1. Next in order after 
the fourteenth ; — the ordinal of fifteen. 2. Consisting 
of one of fifteen equal parts or divisions of a thing. 

Fifteenth , n. 1. A fifteenth part. 2. {Mus.) (a) 
A stop in an organ tuned two octaves above the dia- 
pason, (b) An interval consisting of two octaves. 

Fifth (fifth), a. [AS. flfta. See Five.] 1. Next in 
order after the fourth ; — the ordinal of five. 2. Con- 
sisting of one of five equal divisions of a thing. 

Fifth (fifth), n. 1. A fifth part. 2. (Mus.) The in- 
terval of three tones and a semitone, embracing five 
diatonic degrees of the scale ; the dominant of anv kev. 

Fifthly, adv. In the fifth place ; as the fifth in order. 

Fif ti-eth (fiftieth), a. 1. Next in order after the 
forty-ninth ; — the ordinal of fifty- 2. Consisting of one 
of fifty equal parts or divisions. 

Fif ti-eth. n. A fiftieth part. 

Fifty (fifty), a. [AS. frftig. See Five, and Tek.] 
Five times ten. 

Fifty, n. 1. The sum of five tens ; fifty units or ob- 
jects. 2. A symbol representing fifty units, as 50. or 1. 

Fig (fig), n. [F. figue the fig fruit," Vr.figa. fr. t.ficus 
fig tree, fig.] 1. (Bot.) A small 
fruit tree with large leaves ; 
also, its fruit. 2. A small piece 
of tobacco. [F. £.] 3. The value 
of a fig, practically nothing. 

Fig. r. t. To "insult with a 
fico. [Obs.~\ 

Fight (fit), f. i. Ump. & p. p. 
Fought (fat) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Fighting.] [AS. feohtan ; akin 
to D. vechten, G. fechten.'] 1. 
To strive or contend for victory, 
with armies or in single combat ; 
to contend in arms. 2. To act 
in opposition ; to make resistance. 

Fight, t . t. 1. To carry on, 
or wage, as a battle ; to maintain 
or win by fighting. 2. To con- 
tend with in battle ; to war against, 
fight : to manage in a fight. 

Fight, n. 1. A battle ; a contest in arms ; a combat. 
2. A struggle or contest of any kind. 3. Strength or 
disposition for fighting ; pugnacity. \_Colloq.~\ 

Svn.— Engagement ; encounter ; fray : affray ; action ; 
conflict. See Battle. 

Fight'er ( fit/er), n. One who fights ; a combatant. 

Fig'ment (fig'ment), n. [L. figrnenturn, fr. finger e. 
See Feign.] An invention ; fiction ; something feigned. 

Fig'peck'er (fig'peVer), n. (Zool.) The European 
garden warbler (Svlvia, or Curruca. horiensis). 

Fig'n-line (fig'u-lin or -len), n. ' [F., fr. L. figulina 
fr. figulus. fr. fingere to shape.] A piece of 
pottery ornamented with figures of natural objects. 

Flg'ur-a-ble ffTe'ur-a-bTi. a. Capable of being fig- 
ured, or brought to a fixed form or shape. 

Pig'nr-al <-n\), a. 1. Represented bv figure or delin- 
king of figures. 2. {Mus.) Figurate. 

Fig'n-rant' (fig'u-rant/ or it gu'raN'), n. mate. [F.. 
prop. p. pr. of figurer to figure.] One who dances at the 




opera, not singly, but in groups or figures ; an accessory 
character on the stage, who has nothing to say ; hence, 
one who figures in any scene, without prominence. 

Fig'u-rante (tTg'u-rSut/ or fe'gu'r'aNt'), n. fern. [F.] 
A female figurant ; esp., a ballet girl. 

Fig'nr-ate (.fig'ur-at), a. 1. Of a definite figure. 2. 
{Mus.) Florid; figurative; involving passing discords by 
the freer melodic movement of one or more parts. 

Figurate numbers (Math.), numbers, or series of num- 
bers, formed from any arithmeticalprogression in which 
the first term is a unit and the difference a whole num- 
ber, by taking the first term, and the sums of the first 
two, first three, first four, etc., as the successive terms 
of a new series, from which another may be formed in 
the same manner, and so on, the numbers in the result- 
ing series being such that points representing them are 
capable of symmetrical arrangement in different geomet- 
rical figures, as triangles, squares, pentagons, etc. In the 
f ollowing example, the two lower Lines are composed of 
figurate numbers, those in the second line beiug triangu- 
lav, and represented thus : — 

1, 2, 3, 4, etc. 

.•:•. .•:•:•. etc. I, 3, 6, 10, etc. 

1, 4, 10, 20, etc. 

Fig n-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. Act of making figurate. 

Fig'ur-a-tive (fig'ur-a-tTv), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
representing by, figures, or likenesses ; typifying ; rep- 
resentative. 2. Used tropically, as a metaphor ; not lit- 
eral. 3. Abounding in figures of speech ; flowery ; florid. 
— Fig'ur-a-tive-ly , adv. — Fig'nr-a-tive-ness. n. 

Fig'nre (fig'ur ; 135), n. [F. figure, L. figura ; akin 
' to fingere to form, feign. See Feign.] 1. The form of 
anything ; shape ; outline ; appearance. 2. A represen- 
tation of any form, as by drawing, modeling, etc. 3. A 
pattern or design, as in cloth, paper, etc. 4. {Geom.) A 
diagram or drawing representing a surface or space in- 
closed on all sides ; an arrangement made up of points, 
lines, surfaces, etc. 5. The appearance or impression 
made by the conduct or career of a person. 6. Distin- 
guished appearance or character. 7. A character or 
symbol representing a number ; a numeral ; a digit ; as, 
1, 2, 3, etc. 8. Value, as expressed in numbers ; price. 
[Colloq.'] 9. A type or representative; a thing sym- 
bolizing something else. 10. {Ehet. ) Pictorial language ,- 
a trope ; hence, any deviation from the most literal form 
of statement. 11. (Logic) The form of a syllogism with 
respect to the relative position of the middle term. 12. 
(Dancing) Any one of the several regular steps or move- 
ments made by a dancer. 13. (Mus.) (a) Any short suc- 
cession of notes, either as melody or as a group of chords, 
which produce a single complete and distinct impression. 
(6) A form of melody or accompaniment kept up through 
a strain or passage ; a florid embellishment. 

Fig'nre, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Figured (-urd) ; p. pr. & 
v b. n. Figuring.] [L. figurare, fr. figura. See Figure, 
72.] 1. To make a figure of ; to represent by or in a fig- 
ure or figures. 2. To compute in figures. 3. (Mus.) 
(a) To write over or under the bass, as figures, in order 
to indicate the accompanying chords, (b) To embellish. 

Fig'nre. v. i. 1. To make a figure ; to be conspicu- 
ous. 2. To calculate; to contrive. \_Colloq.~] 

Fig'nre-head 7 (-hedO, n. 1. (Xaut.) The figure, statue, 
or bust, on the prow of a ship. 2. One nominally act- 
ing as head or chief of an undertaking to give it support. 

: Fi'gn'rine 7 (fe'gu'ren' or fig'ur-en), n. [F.] A 
very small figure ; esp. , one in terra cotta or the like, as 
distinguished from statuette, or a small figure in bronze, 
marble, etc. [Composed of threads. 

Fi-la'ceous (fT-la'shiis or ft-), a. [L. jilum thread.] 

Fil'a-ment (fTl'a-ment), n. [F., fr. L! filum thread.] 
A thread or threadlike object or appendage ; a fiber ; esp. 
{Bot.), the threadlike part of the stamen supporting the 
anther. [See Illust. of Flower.] 

Fil'a-men'ta-ry (-men'ta-ry), a. Having the char- 
acter of, or formed by, a filament. 

Fil a-men'tOUS (-men'tus), a. Like a thread; con- 
sisting of threads or filaments. 

Filar (fTler), a. [L. filum thread.] Of or pert, to a 
thread ; having threads stretched across the field of view. 

Fil'a-tnre (fil'a-tur ; 135), n. [LL. filatura, fr. filare 
to spin, fr. L. filum thread.] A drawing out into threads ; 
hence, the reeling of silk from cocoons, or a reel or an 
: establishment for that purpose. 

Fifbert (-bert), n. [Etym. uncertain.] (Bot.) The 

| fruit of the hazel. It is an oval nut with a kernel that 

I has a mild, farinaceous, oilv taste, agreeable to the palate. 

j CSF^ In England filberts are usually large hazelnuts, 

especially the nuts from selected and cultivated trees. 

The American hazelnuts are of two other species. 

Filch (filch), f. t. [imp. & p. p. Filched (fflcht) ;p. 



a, e, i, o, vi, long ; a, 6, i, 6, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, aLL, final. 



FILCHER 



331 



FINAL 



pr. & vb. n. Filching.] [Cf. AS. feolan to stick to, 
OB.G. felhan,felahan, to hide, Goth, filhan to hide, bury, 
Prov. E. feat to hide slyly, OE. felen.] To steal or take 
privily (commonly, that which is of little value); to pilfer. 

Filch'er (filch'er), re. One who filches ; a thief. 

File (£11), re. [F. file row, LL. fila, fr. L. filum a 
thread.] An orderly succession ; aline; a row; as: (a) 
(Mil.) A row of soldiers ranged one behind another, (b) 
An orderly collection of papers, arranged for preserva- 
tion and reference, (c) The line, wire, or other device, 
by which papers are kept in order, (d) A roll or list. 

Indian file, or Single file, a line of men marching one be- 
hind another ; a single row. — Rank and file, the body of 
Boldiers of an army, including corporals and privates. 

File (ffl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filed (fild) ; p. pr. & 
vb. re. Filing.] 1. To set in order ; to arrange, or lay 
away ; to insert in its proper place in an arranged body 
of papers. 2. To bring before a court or legislative body 
by presenting proper papers in a regular way. 3. (Laiv) 
To put upon the files or among the records of a court. 

File, v. i. (Mil.) To march in a file or line. 

File (fil), re. [AS.feol ; akin to D. vijl, G. feile.] A 
steel instrument, having cutting ridges or teeth, used for 
abrading or smoothing other substances. 

File, v. t. 1. To rub, smooth, or cut away, or sharpen, 
with a file. 2. To smooth or polish as with a file. 

_File, v. t. [OE. fulen, filen, foulen, AS. fylan, fr. 
Jul foul. See Foul.] To make foul ; to defile. \_Obs.~\ 

File 'fish' (finish'), re. (Zo'ol.) Any plectognath fish 
of several related genera ; — so called on account of the 
roughly granulated skin. 

Fil'e-mot (f Il'e-m5t), re. A feuillemot. 

Fil'er (ffl'er), re. One who works with a file. 

Filial (fll'yal), a. [L. filialis, fr. filius son, filia 
daughter.] 1. Of or pertaining to a son or daughter ; 
becoming to a child in relation to his parents. 2. Bear- 
ing the relation of a child. — Fillal-ly (-If), adv. 

Fill-a'tion (f Il'I-a'shiin), re. 1. Relationship of a child 
to a parent, esp. to a father. 2. (Law) The assignment 
of a bastard child to some one as its father ; affiliation. 

Fil'i-beg (f Il'I-bSg), re. [Gael, feileadhbeag ; feileadh 
kilt + beag little.] Same as Kilt. 

Fill-buster (-bus'ter), re. [Sp. filibuster, flibustero, 
corrupted fr. E. freebooter.'] A lawless military adven- 
turer, esp. one in quest of plunder ; a freebooter ; — orig. 
applied to buccaneers on the Spanish American coasts. 

Fill-buster, v. i. [imp. &p.p. Filibustered (-terd) ; 
p. pr. &vb. re. Filibustering.] 1. To act as a filibus- 
ter. 2. To delay legislation by dilatory motions or other 
artifices. [Political cant or slang, U. S.] 

FUl-cide (flll-sid), re. [L. filius son, filia daughter 
-f- caedere to kill.] The act of one who murders his 
child ; also, the parent who commits such a murder. 

Fill-cold (f Il'I-koid), a. [L. filix, -ids, fern -f -oid.] 
(Bot.) Fernlike, either in form or in reproduction. 

Fi-li'e-ty (fl-li'e-ty), re. [L. filietas.] Relation of a 
son to a father ; sonship. 

Fil'i-f orm (f Ill-form), a. [L. filum thread -j- -form. ] 
Having the shape of a thread or filament. 

Fill-grain I (-gran), re. [&y>.filigrana ;l>. filum thread 

Fil'i-grane ) -\-granum grain.] Filigree. [Archaic] 

Fill-gree (fll'I-gre), re. [Corrupted fr. filigrane.] 
Ornamental work, formerly with grains or beads, but 
now composed of fine wire. 

Fil'ing (fil'Tng), n. A fragment rubbed off by a file. 

Fill (fil), re. [See Thill.] A thill of a carriage. 

Fill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filled (f lid) ; p. pr. & vb. 
re. Filling.] [AS.fyllan, ir.fulliull. See Full, a.] 1. 
To make full ; to supply with as much as can be held or 
contained ; to occupy all of. 2. To furnish with as much 
as is desired or desirable ; to swarm in or overrun. 3. To 
feed ; to satisfy. 4. To possess and perform the duties 
of ; to officiate in, as an incumbent ; to occupy ; to hold. 
6. To supply with an incumbent. 6. (JVaut.) (a) To 
press and dilate, as a sail, (b) To trim (a yard) so that 
the wind shall blow on the after side of the sails. 

To fill in, to insert. — To fill out, to extend to the desired 
limit ; to make complete. 

Fill (fil), v. i. To become full ; to have the whole 
capacity occupied ; to be satiated. 

Fill, re. A full supply ; as much as supplies want or 
gives complete satisfaction. 

Fill'er (fll'er), re. One that fills. 

Fillet (fll'let), re. [OE. filet, felet, fr. filet a thread, 
fillet of meat, dim. of fil a thread, fr. L. filum.] 1. A 
little band, esp. one intended to encircle the hair of the 
head. 2. (Cooking) A piece of lean meat without bone ; 
sometimes, a long strip rolled together and tied. 3. A 



thin atrip or ribbon. 4. (Arc/t.) A narrow flat member ; 
esp., a flat molding separating other moldings ; also, the 
space between two flutings in a shaft. [See Illusts. of 
Base and Column.] 6. (Her.) An ordinary equaling in 
breadth one fourth of the chief, to the lowest portion of 
which it correspondsin position. 6- (Mech.) The thread 
of a screw. 7. The raised molding about a gun's muzzle. 
8. Any scantling mailer than a batten. 9. (Aunt.) A 
fascia; baud of fibers. 10. (Man.) The loins of a horse, 
beginning where the hinder part of the nddk I 

Fll'let (fll'let), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filleted ; p. pr. 
& vb. re. Filleting.] To bind, furnish, or adorn with a 
fillet. 

Fil'li-beg (-H-oeg), re. A kilt. See Filibeg. 

Fil'll-buster (fllll-bua'ter), re. See Filibuster. 

Fill'ing (-Tng), re. 1. That which is used to fill any- 
thing, or to supply a deficiency. 2. Woof in woven fabrics. 

Fillip (fillip), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Filliped (dipt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. re. Filliping.] [For filp,fiip.] 1. To strike 
with the nail of the finger, first placed against the ball of 
the thumb, and forced from that position with a sudden 
spring. 2. To snap ; to project quickly. 

Fillip, re. 1. Act of filliping; a smart blow. 2. Some- 
thing serving to rouse or excite. 

Fil'li-peen' (fll'11-pen'), re. See Philopena. 

Fillister (-lls-ter), re. 1. The rabbet of a sash bar to 
hold the glass and putty. 2. A plane to cut a rabbet. 

Filly (filly), re. [Cf. Icel. fylja, fr. foli foal. See 
Foal.] 1. (Zo'ol.) A female foal or colt ; a young mare. 
2. A lively, spirited young girl. [Colloq.] 

Film (film), re. [AS. film skin, f r. fell, E. fell, skin.] 
1. A thin skin; a pellicle ; a membranous covering caus- 
ing opacity ; hence, any thin, slight covering. 2. A slen- 
der thread, as that of a cobweb. 

Film, v. t. To cover with a thin skin or pellicle. 

Film'y (fll'my), a. Composed of film or films. 

Fil'O-plume (fll'6-plum), re. [L. filum a thread -f- 
pluma a soft feather.] (Zo'ol.) A hairlike feather. 

Fi'lose' (filos'), a. [L. filum a thread.] Terminating 
in a threadlike process. 

Filler (filler), re. [F. filtre, the same word zafeutre 
felt, LL. filtrum, feltrum, felt, fulled wool, this being 
used for straining liquors ; of G. origin, and akin to E. 
felt.] Any porous substance, as cloth, paper, sand, or 
charcoal, through which liquids may be strained for puri- 
fication ; or an apparatus containing such substance. 

Filler, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Filtered (-terd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. re. Filtering.] To pass through a filter as a 
means of purification or defecation. 

Filth (filth), n. [A8. fylS, ir.ful foul ; akin to OHG. 
fulida filth.] 1. Foul matter ; dirt ; nastiness. 2. 
Anything that sullies or defiles the moral character. 

Filth'y (filthy), a. [Compar. Filthier (-thi-er) ; 
superl. Filthiest.] Of the nature of, or containing, filth ; 
defiled with filth, whether material or moral. — Filthi- 
ly (-I-iy), adv. — Filthl-ness, re. 

Syn. — Nasty; foul; dirty; squalid; unclean; slut- 
tish ; gross ; vulgar ; licentious ; obscene. See Nasty. 

Filtrate (fll'trat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filtrated 
(-tra-tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ftltrating (-tra-ting).] [Cf. 
IAj. filtrare. See Fn/rER.] To filter ; to defecate. 

Filtrate (fll'trat), n. That which has been filtered. 

Fil-tra'tion (-tra'shun), re. Act or process of filtering. 

Fimljle (flm'b'l), n. [Corrupted from female hemp.] 
Light summer hemp, that bears no seed. 

Fim'brl-ate (-brl-at), a. [L.fimbriatus fibrous, fringed, 
fr. fimbria fiber, fringe.] Terminated or bordered by 
filiform processes thicker than hairs ; fringed. 

Fiml)ri-ate (-at), v. t. To hem ; to fringe. 

Fim'bri-cate (-kat), a. Fringed : fimbriate. 

Fin(fln),re. [AS.y?Hre;akintoD. tin, G.finne,L. pinna, 
penna, a wing, feather.] jAiy*+Jb 

1. (Zo'ol.) An organ of a 
fish, consisting of a mem- 
brane supported by rays, 
or little bony or cartilagi- 
nous ossicles, and serving 
to balance and propel it in 
the water. 2. A finlike 
organ or attachment. 

Fin'a-ble (fln'a-b'l), a. 1 Ventral il Anal ; 3 Caudal ; 
Liable or subject to a 'fine ^^Tl'iw..^' ^ ' 
or pecuniary penalty. 

Filial (fi'nfll), O. [F., fr. L. finalis, fr. finis bound- 
ary, limit, end.] 1. Pert, to the end or conclusion ; last ; 
terminating ; ultimate. 2. Conclusive ; decisive. 3. Re- 
specting the purpose, object, or ultimate end in view. 

Syn. — Conclusive; ultimate. —Final now emphasizes 



.kintoD. c//j,G. finne,L. pinna, 



Fins. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FINALE 



332 



FIORD 



s 



> 



instance of being the end or conclusion ; conclu- 
. losing oi all future discussion, negotiation, etc. ; 
ircunistauce of being the hist in a train of 
progression or consequences. 

Finale (jo-n'a'la), h. [It.] Close ; termination ; as 
of ■ mnotoal composition or of an exhibition. 

Fi-nal'i-ty (.it-H&l-ty)* "• State of being final, fin- 
ished, or complete ; conclusive arrangement ; settlement. 
Fi'nal-ly (.fi'n<rl-ly), amm. 1. At the end ; ultimately ; 
lastly. 2. Completely ; beyond recovery. 

Finance' (fi-uSns'), »• [F., fr. LL. financia pay- 
ment of money, money, ix.finare to pay a fine or subsidy, 
fr. L. finis end.] 1. The income of a ruler or of a state ; 
revenue ; public money ; sometimes, private income ; 
often, in the pi., funds; available money; resources. 
2- The science of raising and expending public revenue. 
Fi-nan'cial (fT-nXn'shal), a. Pertaining to finance. 
Fi-nan'cial-ly, adv. In a financial manner. 
Fin an-cier' (flu'Sn-ser'), n. 1. One charged with 
the administration of finance. 2. One skilled in financial 
operations ; one acquainted with money matters. 

Fin an-cier', v. i. [imp. & p.p. Financiered (-serd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Financiering.] To conduct financial op- 
erations. 

Fin'back (fln'bSk'), n. (Zool.) Any one of several 
species of whales having a prominent fin on the back. 

Finch (finch), n. [AS. fine; akin to G.fink.] (Zool.) 
A small singing bird of many genera and species. [See 
11 lust, of Grosbeak.] 

Find (find), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Found (found) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Finding.] [AS. findan ; akin to D. vinden, 
G. fiyiden, Goth. finpan.~] 1. To meet with, or light 
upon, accidentally ; hence, to fall in with. 2. To learn 
by experience or trial ; to perceive ; to discover by the 
intellect or the feelings ; to detect ; to feel. 3. To come 
upon by seeking ; to discover by study or test ; to gain ; 
to attain to ; to acquire. 4. To provide for ; to supply ; 
to furnish. 5. To arrive at, as a conclusion ; to establish. 
To find out, to detect ; to discover ; to solve ; to under- 
stand. —To find fault with, to blame; to censure. —To 
find one's self, to be ; to fare. 

Find (find), v. i. {Law) To determine an issue of fact, 
and to declare such a determination to a court. 
Find, n. Anything found ; a discovery. 
Find'er, n. One that finds ; specif. (Astron.), a small 
telescope, having a large field of view, fixed to a larger one. 
Finding, n. 1. That which is found ; esp. (pi.), that 
which a journeyman artisan finds or provides for him- 
self. 2. Support ; maintenance ; expense ; provision. 3. 
(Law) Result of a judicial examination or inquiry; verdict. 
Fine (fin), a. [Compar. Finer (-er) ; superl. Fin- 
est.] [F. fin, fr. LL. finus fine, pure, fr. L. finire to 
finish. See Finish.] 1. Finished ; brought to perfec- 
tion ; refined ; hence, excellent ; superior ; accom- 
plished ; beautiful. 2. Aiming at show or effect ; elabo- 
rately decorative or rhetorical. 3. Nice ; delicate ; 
subtle ; exquisite ; artful ; skillful ; dexterous. 4. Not 
coarse, gross, or heavy ; — applied to textures, composi- 
tions, etc. 5. Having (such) a proportion of pure metal 
in its composition ; as, coins nine tenths fine. 

Syn. — Beautiful.— When used as a word of praise, fine 
(being opposed to coarse) denotes " no ordinary thing of 
its kind. It is not as strong as beautiful, in reference to 
the single attribute applied in the latter term, but in- 
cludes a greater variety of particulars. 

Fine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fined (find) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FiningJ 1. To make fine ; to refine ; to purify ; to 
clarify. 2. To modify or improve by fine gradations. 

Fine (fin), n. [OE. fin, L. finis end.] 1. End ; ter- 
mination. \_Obs.~\ 2. A sum of money paid as the set- 
tlement of a claim, or by way of terminating a matter in 
dispute; esp., a payment imposed as a penalty ; amulet. 
3. (Feudal Law) A final agreement concerning lands or 
rents, as between lord and vassal. (Eng. Law) A sum 
of money paid to obtain a benefit, favor, or privilege. 
In fine, in conclusion ; by way of summing up. 
Fine, v. t. To impose a fine upon ; to mulct. 
Flne'draW (finMra/), v. t. To sew up, as a rent, so 
nicely that the seam is not perceived. 

Fine / drawn' (fin'dran'), a. Drawn out with too 
much Bubtilty ; overnice. 
Finely, adv. In a fine or finished manner. 
Flne'ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being fine. 2. 



Proportion of pure silver or gold in coins, jewelry, etc. 
tap* The fineness of U. S. coin is nine tenths, that 
iglish coin is gold eleven twelfths, silver five eighths 



3. Keenness or sharpness. 
Fin'er (fin'er), n. One who fines or purifies. 
Pin'er-y (fin'gr-y), n. 1. Ornament; decoration 



esp., excessive decoration ; showy clothes ; jewels. 2. 
[Cf. Refinery.] (Iron Works) A charcoal hearth or 
furnace for the conversion of cast iron into wrought 
iron, or into iron suitable for puddling. 

Fine'spun (fin'spun'), a. Spun so as to be fine ; 
attenuated ; hence, unsubstantial ; visionary. 

Fi'nesse' (fangs' or fT-neV), 7i. [F., iv.fin fine.] 1. 
Subtilty of contrivance to gain a point ; artifice ; strata- 
gem. 2. (Whist Playing) The act of finessing. 

Fi-nesse / (fi-iigs'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Finessed 
(-nest') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Finessing.] 1. To use artifice 
or stratagem. 2. ( Whist Playing) To risk a lower card 
when the strict rules of play call for a higher one. 

Fin'fish' (fin'fTsh'), n. (Zool.) (a) A finback whale. 
(6) (pi.) True fish, as distinguished from shellfish. 

Fin'fOOt' (-f66tf), n. (Zool.) Any one of several spe- 
cies of South American birds allied to the grebes. 

Fin'ger (fTn'ger), n. [AS. finger ; akin to D. vinger, 
G. finger, Goth, figgrs ; of unknown origin.] 1. One of 
the five terminating members of the hand ; a digit ; esp., 
one of the four extremities of the hand other than the 
thumb. 2. Fig.: Anything resembling a finger in shape, 
use, or function. 3. The breadth of a finger, or the 
fourth of the hand ; a measure of nearly an inch ; also, the 
length of a finger, a measure in domestic use in the U. S., 
of about four and a half inches or one eighth of a yard. 

Finger board (Mus.), the part of a stringed instrument 
against which the fingers press the strings to vary the 
tone ; the keyboard of a piano, organ, etc. ; manual. — 
Finger bowl or glass, a bowl or glass basin to hold water 
for rinsing the fingers at table. — Finger plate, a strip of 
metal, glass, etc., to protect a door from finger marks. — 
Finger post, a guide post bearing an index finger. 

Fin'ger (fin'ger), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Fingered (-gerd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fingering.] 1. To touch with the fin- 
gers ; to handle ; to meddle with. 2. To touch lightly ; 
to toy with. 3. (Mus.) (a) To indicate on (a piece of 
music) how the fingers are to be used. (6) To perform 
on an instrument. 4. To pilfer ; to purloin. 

Fin'ger, v. i. (Mus. ) To use the fingers in performing. 

Fin'ger-er (-ger-er), n. One who fingers ; a pilferer. 

Fin'i-al (f in'1-al), n. [L. finire to finish, end.] (Arch.) 
The knot or bunch of foliage, or foli- 
ated ornament, that forms the upper 
extremity of a pinnacle in Gothic archi- 
tecture ; sometimes, the pinnacle itself. 

Fin'i-cal (-kal), a. [From Fine, a.] 
Affectedly fine ; overnice ; fastidious. — 
Fin'i-cal-ly, adv. — Fin'i-cal-ness. n. 

Syn. — Spruce ; foppish.— One who is 
spruce is elaborately nice in dress ; one 
who is finical shows his affectation in 
language and manner as well as in dress ; 
one who is foppish distinguishes him- 
self by going to the extreme of fashion, 
by tawdriness of ornament, and by ostentation of manner. 

Fin'i-cal'i-ty (-kal'I-ty), n. Finicalness. 

II Fi'nis (fi'nis), n. [L.] End; conclusion. 

Fin'ish (finish), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Finished 
(-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Finishing.] [F. finir (with a 
stem finiss- in several forms, whence E. -ish; see -ish), 
fr. L. finire to limit, finish, end, fr. finis boundary, limit, 
end.] 1. To arrive at the end of ; to bring or come to 
an end ; to terminate. 2. To bestow the last required, 
or utmost, labor upon ; to complete ; to perfect ; to polish. 

Fin'ish, n. 1. That which finishes, ends, or perfects. 
2. (Arch.) The joiner work and other finer work required 
to complete a building. 3. The result of completed labor, 
as on the surface of an object ; manner or style of finish- 
ing. 4. Completion ; — opposed to start, or beginning. 

Fin'ish-er (fTnlsh-er), n. One who finishes. 

Fi'nite (fi'nlt), a. [L. finitus, p. p. of finire. See 
Finish. ] Having a limit, as in quantity, degree, or capac- 
ity ; bounded. — Fi'nite-ly, adv. — Fi'nite-ness. n. 

Finless (fTn'les), a. (Zool.) Destitute of fins. 

Fin'let (fin'let), n. [Fin + -let.] (Zool.) A little 
fin ; one of the parts of a divided fin. 

Fin'nan had'die (fin'nan hSd'dT). [See Haddock.] 
Haddock cured in peat smoke, orig. at Findon (pron. 
fin'an), Scotland. 

Finned (find), a. Having a fin, or fins. 

Fin'ni-kin (fin'ni-kln), n. A crested variety of pigeon. 

Fin'ny (fTn'nJ), a. 1. (Zool.) Having, or abounding 
in, fins ; pertaining to fishes. 2. Abounding in fishes. 

II Fi-no'chi-0 (fT-no'chT-6), n. [It. finocchio fennel, 
LL. fenuclum. See Fennel.] (Bot.) Sweet fennel. 

Fin'-toed' (fTn'tod'), a. (Zool.) Having toes con- 
nected by a membrane ; palmated ; also, lobate. 

II Fiord (fy6rd ; i or y consonant, § 272), n. [Dan. & 




a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, g, I, 5, tt, y, short ; sen&te, 6 vent, tdea, 6 bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final 



FIR 



333 



FISH 




Western Balsam Fir or 
White Fir (Picea gran- 
dis or Abies concolor). 



Norw. ford. See Frith.] A narrow inlet of the sea, 
between high banks or rocks. 

Fir (f er), n. [Dan. fyr, fyrr ; 
akin to AS. furk in/«»7twudu fir 
wood, G. fdhre.~\ {Bot. ) A genus 
of conif erous trees, often of large 
size and elegant shape, some val- 
uable for their timber, others for 
their resin. 

Fire (fir), n. [AS. fyr; akin 
to D. vuur, G. fetter, Gr. irvp.~\ 

1. The evolution of light and 
heat in the combustion of bodies ; 
combustion ; state of ignition. 

2. Fuel in a state of combustion. 

3. The burning of a house or 
town ; a conflagration. 4. Any- 
thing which destroys or affects 
like fire. 6. Ardor of passion, 
whether love, hate, or anger. 
6. Liveliness of imagination or 
fancy; intellectual and moral 
enthusiasm. 7. Splendor ; bril- 
liancy ; luster ; hence, a star. 
8. Torture by burning; severe 
trial or affliction. 9. The dis- 
charge of firearms ; firing. 

Fire alarm, (a) A signal given on the breaking out of a 
fire, (ft) An apparatus designed for giving such an alarm. 

— Fire brick, a refractory brick, capable of sustaining in- 
tense heat without fusion. [ U. S.\ — Fire clay, an infusi- 
ble kind of clay. — Fire company, a company of men for 
managing an engine in extinguishing fires. — Fire damp. 
See Damp, n. — Fire eater, (a) A juggler who pretends to 
eat fire, (ft) A quarrelsome person ; a hot-spur. [Colloq.] 

— Fire engine, a portable forcing pump, usually on wheels, 
for throwing water to extinguish fire. — Fire irons, uten- 
sils for a fireplace or grate, as tongs, poker, and shovel. — 
Fire ship, a vessel filled with combustibles for setting fire 
to an enemy's ships. — Fire stink, the stench from decom- 
posing iron pyrites. — Fire water, ardent spirits ; — so 
called by the American Indians. — On fire, burning ; hence, 
ardent ; passionate ; eager ; zealous. — Running fire, the 
rapid discharge of firearms in succession by a line of 
troops. — St. Anthony's fire, erysipelas. — To take fire, to 
begin to burn ; hence, to fly into a passion. 

Fire (fir), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fired (fird) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Firing.] 1. To set on fire ; to kindle. 2. To 
subject to intense heat ; to burn in a kiln. 3. To ani- 
mate ; to give life or spirit to ; to inflame ; to irritate. 

4. To feed or serve the fire of. 5. To light up as if by 
fire ; to illuminate. 6. To cause to explode ; to dis- 
charge. 7. {Far.) To cauterize. 

Fire, v. i. 1. To take fire ; to kindle. 2. To be irri- 
tated or inflamed with passion. 3. To discharge firearms. 

To fire up, to grow irritated or angry. 

Fire'arm' (-arm'), n. A gun, pistol, or any weapon 
from which a shot is fired by the force of an explosive. 

Fireball' (flr'bal'), n. 1. {Mil.) A missile filled with 
powder or other combustibles. 2. A luminous meteor. 

Fire' bee'tle (be't'l). {Zodl.) A very brilliantly lu- 
minous beetle, found in Central and South America. 

Fire'bird' (-berd'), n. {Zodl.) The Baltimore oriole. 

Fire'board' (-bord'), n. A chimney board or screen 
to close a fireplace when not in use. 

Fire'brand' (fir'brand'), n. 1. A piece of burning 
wood. 2. One who kindles strife ; an incendiary. 

Fire'crack er (-krSk'er), n. See Cracker, n., 3. 

Flre'dog' (-dog'), n. An andiron. 

Fire'-fanged' (fir'fangd'), a. [Fire + fanged 
seized.] Injured as if by fire ; — said of manure. 

Fire'fly' (-fll'), n ' {Zodl.) Any luminous winged in- 
sect ; esp., a kind of luminous beetle. 

Firelock' (-15k'), n. An old form of gunlock igniting 
the priming by a spark ; also, a gun having such a lock. 

Fire'man (-man), n. 1. A man whose business is to 
extinguish fires. 2. A man who tends fires ; stoker. 

Flre'-new' (-nu'), a. Freshly forged ; brand-new. 

Fire'place' (-plas'), n. The part of a chimney appro- 
priated to the fire ;_a hearth. [bustible. I 

Fire'proof/ (-proof'), a. Proof against fire ; incom-| 

Fire'-set' (-sSt'), n. A set of fire irons. 

Fire'side' (-sld'), n. A place near the fire or hearth ; 
hence, home ; domestic life or retirement. 

Fire/Stone' (-ston' ; 110), n. 1. Iron pyrites, for- 
merly used for striking fire ; also, a flint. 2. A stone 
which will bear the heat of a furnace without injury ; 
specif., a kind of sandstone found in England. 

Fire'ward'en (-ward"n), n. An officer who has au- 
thority to direct in preventing or extinguishing fires. 



Fire'weed' (fir'wed'), n. {Bot.) {a) An American 
plant {ErectUh\ folia), troublesome win-re 

brushwood has been burned, {b) The great willow-herb. 

Fire'WOOd' (-wood'), n. Wood for fuel. 

Fire'work'(-wGrk'), ,,. 1 I>. trice tM produce a strik- 
ing display of light. 2. ;//. A pyrotechnic exhibition. 

Firk (ferk), r. t. [Ktym. uncertain.] To bed 

Fir'kin (fer'kln), n. [F. er four (or an 

allied word) -f -Lin. Bee Form.] 1. A varying i 
of capacity, usually the fourth part of a barrel ; specif., :i 
measure equal to nine imperial gallons. [AV/.] 2. A 
small wooden vessel or cask, as for butter or lani 

Firm (firm), a. [ Compar. FnuaB(-er) ; tvpert. Firm- 
est.] [F. ferine, L. firm us.] 1. Fixed; hence, closely 
compressed ; compact ; hard ; solid ; — said of the mat- 
ter of bodies. 2. Not easily excited or dlstnrbed ; not 
easily changed in feelings or will ; steadfast. 3. Solid; op- 
posed to fluid. 4. Indicating resolution, or stead 

Syn. — Dense; hard; solid; substantial; standi : ro- 
bust ; strong ; sturdy ; fixed ; steady ; resolute ; constant. 

Firm, n. [It. firma the (firm or sure) signature, or 
Pg. firma, fr. L. flrmus. See Firm, a.] The name, 
title, or style, under which a company transacts busi- 
ness ; a partnership of two or more persons. 

Fir'ma-ment (fer'ma-ment), n. [L. flrmamentmm. 
fr. firmare to make firm; fr. flrmus firm.] 1. Fixed 
foundation. [Ofts.] 2. The region of the air ; the sky 
or heavens. — Fir'ma-men'tal (-mgn'tal), a. 

Fir'man (fer'man or fer-man'), n. ; pi. Firmans 
(-manz or -manz'). [Pers. ferman.~\ In Turkey and 
some other Oriental countries, a decree or mandate issued 
by the sovereign. 

Firmly, adv. In a firm manner. 

Firm/ness, n. State or quality of being firm. 

Syn. — Constancy. — Firmness belongs to the will, and 
constancy to the affections and principles : the former 
prevents us from yielding, the latter from fluctuating. 

Fir'ring (fer'ring), n. {Arch.) See Furring. 

Fir-ry (fer'rjf), a. Made of fir ; abounding in firs. 

First (ferst), a. [AS. fyrst ; akin to G. furst prince ; 
a superlative of E. for, fore. See For, Fore.] 1. Pre- 
ceding all others of a series or kind ; — the ordinal of one. 
2. Foremost ; in front of, or in advance of, all others ; ear- 
liest. 3. Most eminent or exalted ; chief ; highest. 

At first hand, from the first or original source. — First 
floor, (a) The ground floor. [ U. S.] (ft) The floor next 
above the ground floor. [Eng. J — First fruit or fruits, the 
earliest gathered fruits of the season ; also, all the fruits 
of a first season or year. — First water, highest quality or 
purest lustre ; — said of gems, esp. diamonds and pearls. 

Syn. — Primary ; primordial ; primitive ; primeval ; 
pristine ; highest ; chief ; principal ; foremost. 

First (ferst), adv. Before any other person or thing 
in time, space, rank, etc. ; — much used in composition. 

First or last, sooner or later ; at the beginning or end. 

First, n. {Mus.) The upper part of a duet, trio, etc., 
either vocal or instrumental. 

First'born' (-b6rn'), a. First brought forth ; eldest. 

First'-class' (-klas'), a. Of the best class ; firstrate. 

First'-hand' (-hSnd'), a. Obtained directly from the 
original source ; hence, without intervention of an agent. 

First'ling (-ling), n. The first offspring. [else. I 

Firstly, adv. In the first place; before anything | 

First'-rate 7 (-rat'), «• Of the highest excellence; 
preeminent in quality, size, or esteem. [sea ; frith. I 

Firth (ferth), n. [Scot. See Frith.] Arm of the| 

Fisc (fisk), n. [F., fr. L. fiscus basket, money basket, 
treasury.] A public or state treasury. [or revenue. I 

Fis'cal (fis^l), a. Pertaining to the public treasury | 

Fis'cal, n. 1. A treasurer. 2. The king's solicitor 
in Spain and Portugal ; the attorney-general. 

Fish (fish), n. [Y.fiche peg, mark, fr. flcher to fix.] 
A counter, used in various games. 

Fish, n. ; pi. Fishes (-5z), or collectively. Fish. [AS. 
fisc; akin to D. risch, G. flsch, L. piscis. In some 
cases, such as fish joint, fish plate, this word has prob. 
been confused with /.•;//, fr. F. fiehe a peg.] 1. In pop- 
ular usage, any one of many animals, of diverse character- 
istics, living in the water. ' 2. {Zoo/.) An aquatic, ovipa- 
rous, vertebrate animal breathing by gills, and usually 
having firife and a covering of scales or plates. 3- Tbe 
flesh of fish, used as food. 4. {Xaut.) {a) A purchase 
used to fish the anchor, (ft) A piece of timber, somewhat 
in the form of a fish, used to strengthen a mast or yard. 

Fish ball, a round cake of shredded fish and mashed po- 
tato. [U. S.] — Fish beam (Mech.), a beam one of whose 
sides (commonly the under one) swells out like a fish's 
belly. — Fish fall, the tackle used in hauling up the anchor 
to the gunwale of a ship. — Fish joint, a joint formed by a 
plate or pair of plates fastened upon two meeting beams. 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, riide, full, firn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, aixig, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FISH 



334 



FIXTURE 



) 




pUte*. etc., at theil junction. —Fish plate, one of the 
pUt«s of ■ fish joint. — Fish pot, a kind of trap for crabs, 
lobsters, etc. — Fish story, an extravagant or incredible 
uarrnti K &] 

Fish (flab), ». i- [hup. & p- p- Fished (flsht) ; p. pr. 
£ rt>. tt. Fishing.] To attempt to catch fish ; to be em- 
ployed in taking fish, by any means. 

Fish, c t. 1. To catch ; to draw out or up. 2. To 
and<' for or catch tish in. 4. To strengthen with a fish, 
I . or to join in a fish joint. 

Fish'er (-or), n. One who fishes. 

Fish'er-man (-man), n. 1. A fisher by occupation. 
2- {NamL) A vessel used in the business of taking fish. 

Fish'er-y (-y), n. 1. The business or practice of catch- 
ing tish ; fishing. 2. A place for catching fish. 3. (Laic) 
The right to tak* fish at a certain place. 

Fish'glg' (-gig 7 )* «• A fish spear with barbed prongs. 

Fish'hawk (-hftk')i n. (Zool.) The osprey of Europe 
and America ; — so called be- 
cause it plunges into the water 
and seizes fishes in its talons. 

Fish'hOOk' (-hook'), n. A 
hook for catching fish. 

Fish'i-ness, n. State or 
quality of being fishy. 

Fish'mon ger (-mun/ger),n. 
A dealer in fish. 

Fish'-tail' (-tal'), a. Like 
the tail of a fish; acting, or 
producing something, like the 
tail of a fish. [woman. ' 

Fish'wife 7 (-witf), n. A fish- 

Fish'wom an (-wdSm'an), 
n. A woman who retails fish. 

Fish'y (-y), a. 1. Consist- 
ing of, or resembling, fish ; fish- Fishhawk (Pandion 
like ; abounding in fish. 2. Ex- haliaetus). 

travagant ; improbable ; also, rank or foul. [Colloq.'] 

Fis'sile (fis'sil), a. [L. fissilis, fr. fissus, p. p. of 
findere to split. See Fissure.] Capable of being split, 
cleft, or divided along natural planes of cleavage. 

Fis-sil'i-ty (fis-sil'i-ty), n. Quality of being fissile. 

Fis'sion (fish'iin), n. [Jj.fissio. See Fissure.] 1. A 
cleaving, splitting, or breaking up 
into parts. 2. {Biol.) A method 
of asexual reproduction among the 
lowest (unicellular) organisms, con- 
sisting of gradual division of the 
body into separate and independent 
organisms. 

Fis'si-pal'mate (fTs'sT-pSi'- 
mat), a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere 
to split) -f palma palm.] (Zobl.) 
Semipalmate and lobiped. See 
Illust. under Aves. 

Fis-sip'a-rous ( fis-sip'a-rus ), 
a. [L. fissus split -j- parere to 
bring forth.] (Biol.) Reproducing 
by spontaneous fission. 

Fis'si-ped (fTs'sT-pgd), Fis-sip'e-dal (fis-sip'e-dal), 
a. [L. fissus split -f- -ped.] (Zobl.) Having the toes 
separated to the base. 

Fis'sure (flsh'ur), n. [L. fissura, fr. findere, fissum, 
to cleave, split; akin to E. bite."] A narrow opening, 
made by the parting of any substance ; cleft. 

Fis'sure, v. I. To cleave ; to divide ; to crack. 

Fist (fist), n. [AS. fyst ; akin to G. faust.] 1. The 
hand with the fingers doubled into the palm ; the closed 
hand. 2. (Print.) The index mark [flgiP^]. 

Fist, v. I. To strike with the fist. 

Fist'ic (f Tst/Tk), a. [From Fist.] Pertaining to box- 
ing, or to encounters with the fists ; pugilistic. [Colloq.] 

Flst'l-cuff (-T-kuf), n. A cuff or blow with the fist 
or hand ; (pi.) a fight with the fists ; boxing. 

I! Fis'tu-la (fTs'tu-la ; 135), n. ; pi. Fistula (-15). 
[L.] 1. A reed; a pipe. 2. (Med.) A deep, narrow, 
chronic abscess ; an abnormal opening between an inter- 
nal cavity and another cavity or the surface. 

Fis'tU-lar C-ler), a. Hollow and cylindrical ; pipelike. 

II Fis'tU-la'rl-a (-la'rT-a), n. ■ [NL., fr. "L. fistula pipe.] 
(Zool.) A ge- 
nus of fishes, 

having the -^ 

head prolonged 
into a tube. 
, Fls'tu-lous 

(-lus), a. Hav- Fistularia (F. tdbacaria). 

ing the form or nature of a fistula ; like a fistula 




Vorticella microstoma 
in two stages (A B) 
of the process of Fis- 
sion, a Endoplast ; 
c New individual. 




Fit (fit), imp. &p. p. of Fight. [06s. or Colloq.] 

Fit, n. [AS. fitt & song.] A song; a strain ; a canto 
or portion of a ballad ; a passus. [06s.] 

Fit, a. [Compar. Fitter (-ter) ; superl. Fittest 
(-tgst).] [OE. fit,fyt; of uncertain origin; cf. E. feat 
neat.] 1. Adapted to an end, object, or design ; suit- 
able by nature or by art. 2. Prepared ; ready. [06s.] 
3. Conformed to a standard of duty, propriety, or taste. 

Syn. — Proper ; appropriate ; meet ; becoming ; expe- 
dient ; congruous ; apposite ; apt ; prepared ; qualified. 

Fit (fit), v. t. [_imp. & p. p. Fitted (-tgd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fitting (-ting).] 1. To make fit. 2. To bring 
to a required form and size ; to adjust. 3. To supply 
with something that is suitable or becoming or properly 
adjusted. 4. To be shaped or adjusted to. 

Fit (fit), v. i. 1. To be proper or becoming. 2. To 
be adjusted to a particular shape or size ; to suit. 

Fit, n. 1. Quality of being fit ; adjustment ; adapted- 
ness. 2. (Black.) (a) Coincidence of parts that come in 
contact, (b) A part upon which anything fits tightly. 

Fit, n. [AS. fit strife, fight ; origin uncertain]. 1. A 
stroke. [06s. or R.~\ 2. A sudden and violent attack 
of a disorder ; convulsion ; paroxysm ; hence, in general, 
an attack of disease. 3. A mood of any kind which mas- 
ters or possesses one for a time ; paroxysm. 4. A passing 
humor ; a caprice ; an impulsive and irregular action. 

By fits, By fits and Btarts, impulsively and irregularly. 

Fitch (fich ; 224), n. [See Vetch.] 1. (Bot.) A vetch. 
[06s.] 2. pi. (Bot.) A word in the Authorized Version 
of the Bible representing different Hebrew originals. In 
Isaiah xxviii. 25, 27, it means the aromatic seeds of 
Nigella sativa, still used as a flavoring in the East. In 
Ezekiel iv. 9, the Revised Version now reads spelt. 

Fitch, n. [Contr. of Fitchet.] (Zool.) The European 
polecat ; also, its fur. 

Fitch'et (f ich'et), )n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zobl.) 

Fitch'ew (fich'u), |- The European polecat. 

Fit'ful (fit'ful), a. Full of fits ; spasmodic ; impul- 
sive and unstable. — Fit'ful-ly, adv. — Fit'ful ness, n. 

Fifly (fTt'ly), adv. In a fit manner ; suitably. 

Fit'ness, n. State or quality of being fit. 

Fit'ter (fit'ter), n. One who fits, or makes to fit. 

Fit'ting (f it'ting), n. Anything used in fitting up ; 
esp. (pi.), necessary fixtures or apparatus. 

Fit'ting, a. Fit ; appropriate ; suitable ; proper. — 
Fit'ting-ly, adv. — Fit'ting-ness, n. 

Five (fiv), a. [AS. fif, fife ; akin to D. vijf, G. funf, 
Goth, fimf, L. quinque, Gr. nevre, Skr. pancan.~\ Four 
and one added ; one more than four. 

Five (fiv), n. 1. The number next greater than four, 
and less than six ; five units or objects. 2. A symbol 
representing this number, as 5, or V. 

Five'fold 7 (-fold'), a. & adv. In fives ; consisting of 
five in one ; five times repeated ; quintuple. 

Fives (fivz), n. pi. A kind of play with a ball against 
a wall ; — so named from the manner of counting. 

Fives, n. (Far.) See Vives. 

Fix (f Iks), a. [L. fixus, p. p. oifigere to fix.] Fixed ; 
solidified. [06s.] 

Fix, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fixed (fikst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Fixing.] 1. To make firm, stable, or fast ; to implant ; 
to establish ; to secure ; to make definite. 2. To hold 
steadily ; to fasten, as the eye. 3. (Photog.) To render 
(an impression) permanent. 4. To put in order ; to ar- 
range ; to set to rights ; hence, to repair. [Colloq. U. 5.] 

Syn. — To adjust ; place ; settle ; determine. 

Fix, v. i. 1. To become fixed ; to settle or remain 
permanently ; to rest. 2. To become firm, so as to re- 
sist volatilization ; to cease to flow or be fluid. 

Fix, n. A predicament ; dilemma. [Colloq."] 

Fix'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being fixed. 

Fix-a'tion (fiks-a'shun), n. Act of fi x ing ; state of 
being fixed. 

Fixed (fikst), a. 1. Securely placed or fastened ; set- 
tled ; established; firm. 2. (Chem.) Stable; non-vola- 
tile. — Fix'ed-ly (fiks'ed-ly), adv. — Fix'ed-ness, n. 

Fixed ammunition (Mil.), a projectile and powder in- 
closed together in a case ready for loading. — Fixed stars 
(Aslron.), such stars as always retain nearly the same ap- 
parent position and distance with respect to each other, 
thus distinguished from planets and comets. 

Fix'ing (fiks'ing), n. 1. Act or process of making 
fixed. 2. That which is fixed ; fixture. 3. pi. Arrange- 
ments ; embellishments. [Colloq. U. S.~\ 

Fix'i-ty (-T-ty), n. 1. Fixedness ; also, that which is 
fixed. 2. Coherence of parts. 

Fix'ture (fiks'tur ; 135), n. 1. That which is fixed 
or attached to something as a permanent appendage or 
belonging. 2. Fixedness. 3. (Law) Anything of an 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



FIZGIG 



335 



FLAMKX 



accessory character annexed to houses and lands so as 
to legally constitute a part of them. 

Fiz'gig' (fiz'gig'), n. [Fizz + 2d gig.] A kind of 
firework which is made of dampened powder and fizzes. 

Fiz'gig'', n. [See Gig a flirt.] A gadding girl. 

Fizz (iTz), v. i- [imp. & ]>■ p. Fizzed (ftzd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Fizzing.] [Etymol. uncertain.] To make a 
hissing sound. 

Fizz, n. A hissing sound. 

Fiz'zle (fTz'z'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fizzled (-z'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fizzling (-zlTng).] [See Fizz.] 1. To 
fizz. 2. To fail ridiculously. [Colloq. or Low] 

Fiz'zle, n. A failure or abortive effort. [Colloq.] 

II Fjord (fySrd), n. See Fiord. 

Flab'ber-gast (flaVber-gSst), v. t. [Cf. Flap, and 
Aghast.] To astonish ; to strike with wonder. {Jocular] 

Flab'by (-b^), a. [See Flap.] Yielding to the touch, 
and easily moved or shaken ; wanting firmness ; flaccid. 
— FlabT>i ly (flaVbMy), adv. — Flab'bi-ness, n. 

Fla-bel'late (fla-bel'lat), a. [See Flabellum.] {Bol.) 
Flabelliform. 

Fla-bel'li-form (-lT-f6rm), a. [L. flabellum fan -f 
-form.] Having the form of a fan ; fan-shaped ; flabellate. 

II Fla-bel'lum (-lfini), n. [L., dim. of flabrum a breeze, 
fr. flare to blow.] {Eccl.) A fan; esp., the fan carried 
before the pope on state occasions. 

Flac'cid (flak'sid), a. [L. flaccidus, fr. flaccus flab- 
by.] Yielding to pressure for want of firmness and stiff- 
ness ; soft and weak ; limber ; lax ; drooping ; flabby. — 
Flac/cid-ly (fl5k's!d-iy), adv. — Flac/cid-ness, n. 

Flac-cid'i-ty (fl5k-sid'i-ty), n. State of being flaccid. 

Flag (flag), v. i. limp. & p. p. Flagged (flagd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Flagging (-ging).] [Cf. Icel. flaka to droop, 
hang loosely. Cf. 3d Flag.] 1. To hang loose without 
stiffness ; to bend down, as flexible bodies ; to be limp. 
2. To droop ; to lose spirit or vigor. 

Syn. — To droop ; decline ; fail ; languish ; pine. 

Flag (flSg), v. t. 1. To let droop ; to suffer to fall, or 
let fall, into feebleness. 2. To exhaust the vigor of 

Flag, n. [Cf. LG. & G. flagge, Sw. flagg, Dan 
D. vlag. See 1st Flag.] 
1. That which flags or 
hangs down loosely. 2. 
A cloth usually bear- 
ing a device or devices 
to indicate nationality, 
party, etc., or to give or 
ask information ; stand- 
ard ; banner ; ensign ; 
colors. 3. {Zo'dl.) {a) 
A group of feathers on 
the lower part of the 
legs of certain hawks, 
owls, etc. (b) A group The United States Flag. 

of elongated wing feathers in certain hawks, (c) Bushy 
tail of a dog, as of a setter. 4. [From Flag to hang 
loose.] {Bol.) An aquatic plant with long sword-shaped 




Black flag. See under Black. — Flag officer, the com- 
mander of a fleet or squadron ; an admiral, vice admiral, 
rear admiral, or commodore. — Flag of truce, a white flag 
used to invite an enemy to conference, or for the purpose 
of making some communication not hostile. — Red flag, a 
flag of a red color, displayed as a signal of danger or a 
token of defiance ; the emblem of anarchists. — To dip the 
flag, to lower it and quickly restore it to its place, — done 
as a mark of respect. — To hang the flag half-mast high or 
half-staff, to raise it only half way to the top of the mast 
or staff, as a token or sign of mourning. — To strike, or 
lower, the flag, to haul it down, in token of respect, sub- 
mission, or, in an engagement, of surrender. — Yellow flag, 
the quarantine flag of all nations ; also, one carried at a 
vessel's fore, to denote presence of an infectious disease. 

Flag, v. t. 1. To signal to with a flag. 2. To con- 
vey or indicate, as a message, by means of flag signals. 
3. To furnish or deck out with flags. 

Flag, n. [Icel. flaga ; cf. Icel. flag spot where a turf 
has been cut out, and E. flake scale.] 1. A flat stone 
used for paving. 2. (Geol.) Any hard, stratified sand- 
stone, which splits into layers suitable for flagstones. 

Flag, v. t. To lay with flags or flat stones. 

Flag'el-lant (flSj'el-lant), n. [L. flagellans, p. pr. 
See Flagellate.] {Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of the 
13th and 14th centuries, which considered flagellation a 
source of grace. 

Flag'el-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flagellated 
(-la'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flagellating (-la'tlng).] 
[L. flagellare, p. p. -atus, fr. flagellum whip, dim. of fla- 
grum whip.] To whip ; to scourge ; to flog. 

Flagellate (fla-jgl'lat or flXj'gl-), a. Flagelliform. 



Flag'el-la'tion (naj'gUS'shun), n. A beating; a 
scourKiiiK. [flagellation. | 

Flag'el-la'tOT (fiaySl-la'ter), n. One who practices) 

Fla gel'li form (na-jgi'iM6rm), „. [L. flagethm a 
whip -f- -J'orm.] Shaped like a whiplash ; long, slender, 
round, flexible, and (commonly,) tapering. 

Flag'eo-let' (flSj'.Vlgt' or fiaj't-,), n. [F., dim. of OF. 
flajol, dim. of flaiite, flahute. See Flute.] [M 
small wooden pipe, having six or more holes, and a 
mouthpiece at one end. 



Flageolet. 

Flag'gi-ness (flag'gl-ngs), n. State of being flaggy. 
Flag'ging (-ging), n. A pavement or eidewalk of 
flagstones ; flagstones, collectively. 
Flag'gy {-gf), a. Weak ; flexible ; limber. 
Flag'gy, a. Abounding with the plant called flag. 

Flag'i-tate (flSj'I-tat), v. t. [L. flaaUare, p. p. -atus. 
See Flagitious.] To importune ; to demand fiercely or 
with passion. [Archaic] 

Fla-gi'tioUS (fla-jTsh'fis), a. [L. flagitiosus, fr. fla- 
gitium shameful act, orig., a burning desire, heat of pas- 
sion, fr. flagitare to demand hotly.] 1. Disgracefully or 
shamefully criminal ; grossly wicked ; shameful. 2. 
Guilty of, or characterized by, enormous crin. 
rupt ; profligate. — Fla-gi'tious-ly, adv. — Fla-gi'- 
tious-ness. n. 

Syn. — Atrocious ; scandalous ; villainous ; flagrant ; 
heinous ; corrupt ; abandoned. 

Flag'man (flag'inSn), n. One who signals with a flag. 

Flag'on (-fin), n. [F.flacon, fr. OF. flusche, fr. LL. 
fiasco.] A vessel with a narrow mouth, used for hold- 
ing and conveying liquors. 

Fla'grance (fla'grans), n. Flagrancy. 

Fla'gran-cy (-gran-s^), n. State or quality of being 
flagrant ; atrocity ; heinousness ; enormity ; excess. 

Fla'grant (-grant), a. [Jj.flagj-ans, -a?ilis, p. pr. of 
flagrare to burn, akin to Gr. <f>Aeveu/.] 1. Flaming; in- 
flamed ; glowing ; burning ; ardent. 2. Actually in 
preparation, execution, or performance ; raging. 3. 
Flaming into notice ; notorious ; enormous ; heinous ; 
glaringly wicked. — Fla'grant-ly, adv. 

Syn. — See Atrocious. 

Flag'ship' (flag'ship/), n. {Naid.) The vessel which 
carries the commanding officer of a fleet or squadron and 
flies his distinctive flag or pennant. 

Flag'Staff (-staf), 7i.; pi. Flagstaves (-stavz') or 
Flagstapps (-stafs'). A staff on which a flag is hoisted. 

Flag'stone' (-ston'), n. A flat stone used in paving, 
or any rock dividing into such stones. See Flag, a stone. 

Flail (flal), n. [L. flagellum whip, scourge, in LL., a 
threshing flail. See Flagellum.] An instrument for 
threshing grain by hand, consisting of a wooden staff or 
handle, at the end of which a stouter and shorter pole or 
club, called a swiple, is so hung as to swing freely. 

Flake (flak), n. [Cf. Icel. flaki, Dan. flage, D. vlaak.] 

1. A paling ; hurdle. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A platform of 
hurdles, for drying codfish and other things. 3. {Naut.) 
A small stage for workmen hung over a vessel's side. 

Flake (flak), n. [Cf. Icel. flakna, flagna, to flake off, 
Sw. flaga flake, flake plate, Dan. flage snowflake. Cf. 
Flag a flat stone.] A loose filmy mass or a thin chiplike 
or scalelike layer ; flock ; lamina ; layer ; scale. 

Flake, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Flaked (flakt) ; />. pr. 
& vb. n. Flaking.] To form into flakes ; to scale off. 

Flak'y {-f), a. Consisting of flakes ; lying, or cleav- 
ing off, in flakes or layers ; fiakelike. — Flak'i-ness. «. 

Flam (flSm), /?. [Cf. AS. fleam, fliem, flight.] A 
freak or whim ; also, a falsehood ; deception. [Obs.] 

Flam'beau (flSm'bo), n. ; pi. Flambeaux (-boz) or 
Flambeaus (-boz). [F., deriv. of L.flamma flame.] A 
large flaming torch ; also, any torch. 

Flam-boy'ant(riam-boi'^na "• [F.] (Arch.) Char- 
acterized by waving or flamelike curves. 

Flame (flam), n. [OF., fr. L.flamma. fr. flagrare to 
burn.] 1. A stream of burning vapor or gas. emitting 
light and heat ; a blaze. 2. Burning zoal or passion. 3. 
Ardor of affection. 4. A person beloved ; a sweetheart. 

Syn. —See Blaze. 

Flame, v. i. A t. [imp. & p.p. Flamed (flamd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Flaming.] 1. To burn with a flame or blaze. 

2. To break out in violence of passion ; to kindle or be 
kindled with zeal or ardor. 

Fla'men (fla'mgn), u. ; pi. E. Flamens (-mgnz), L. 
Flamines (flain'T-nez). [L.] {Rom. Antiy.) A priest. 



G 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, f<Jbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FLAMINGO 



336 



FLATTEN 



I 

) 




Fla mln'go (fla-mTn'go). rj. ; pi. Flamingoes (-goz). 
[Bp. /ant- :.v ; prop, a p. pr., 
rfing, Oamlng. So called ho 
allus;Ou to its color. ] (J 

ne Of a genus (Phtmieop- 
Of birds with webbed 
fwt. very long legs, and plu- 
mage usually red. 

Flam-mif'er-ous (flam-mM f - 
?r-fts\ a. [L. flammifer ; 
ria m via flame -f/t/Ve to bear.] 
Producing Bams. 

Flam'mu-la ted (flam'mu- 
13 tBd), a. [L. flam inula little 
name. ] Of a reddish color. 

Flam'y (flam'}*), a. Flam- 
ing ; flamelike ; flame-colored. 

Flanch (flanch), n. [Prov. 
E.. a projection, OF. flanche 
flank. See Flank.] 1. A 
flange. [i?.] 2. (Her.) A 
bearing consisting of a segment 
of a circle encroaching on the 
field from the side. 

I Fla / neur'(fla'neV),«. [F., European Flamingo {Phce- 
fr. flaner to stroll.] One who nicopterus antiqaorum). 
strolls about aimlessly ; lounger. 

Flang (flaiig), n. A miner's two-pointed pick. 

Flange (ASnj), n. [Prov. E. flange to project, flanch 
a projection.] An external or internal rib, or rim, for 
strengthening, guiding, or attaching to something else. 

Flange, r. t. [imp. &p.j>. Flanged (flanjd) ; p. pr. 
& ib. n. Flanging (flXn'jing).] (Mach.) To make a 
flange on ; to furnish with, or bend into, a flange. 

Flank (flank), ??. [F. flanc, prob. fr. L. flaccus flabby, 
with n inserted.] 1. The fleshy part of the side of an 
animal, between the ribs and the hip. [See Tllust. of 
Beef.] 2. (Mil.) (a) The side of an army, or of any divi- 
sion of an army ; the extreme right or left. (6) (Fort.) 
Any part of a work defending another by a fire along the 
outside of its parapet, as the part of a bastion reaching 
from the curtain to the face. 3. The side of a building. 

Flank (flSnk), v. I. [imp. &p. p. Flanked (flSnkt) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Flanking.] 1. To stand at the flank or 
side of; to border upon. 2. To overlook or command 
the flank of ; to pass around or turn the flaijk of ; to at- 
tack, or threaten, the flank of. [on the side. I 

Flank, V. i. 1. To border ; to touch. 2. To be posted | 

Flank'er (-er), n. One that flanks anything. 

Flan'nel (flan'nSl), n. [F. flanelle, fr. W. gwlanen 
flannel, fr. gulan wool.] A soft, nappy, woolen cloth, 
of loose texture. 

Flan'neled (-nSld), a. Covered or wrapped in flannel. 

Flap (flap), n. [OE. flape, flapp, blow, fly-flap ; perh. 
fr. ~E.fl.ap, v.] 1. Anything broad and limber and hang- 
ing loose, or attached by one side or end and easily moved. 
2. The motion of anything broad and loose, or a stroke 
or sound made with it. 3. pi. (Far.) A disease in horses' 
lips. 

Flap, v. I. [imp. & p. p. Flapped (flapt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Flapptng (-ping).] [Prob. of imitative origin ; cf. 
D. flappen, E. flap, n., flop, flippant, fillip.'] 1. To 
beat with a flap ; to strike. 2. To swing, sway, or let 
fall, with flaplike motion or noise. 

Flap, v. i. 1. To move, sway, or fall like or with a 
flap. 2. To fly with wings beating the air. 

Flap'drag'on (-drSg'un), n. 1. An old game in which 
raisins are caught out of burning brandy, and swallowed 
blazing. 2. The thing thus caught and eaten. 

Flap / -eared / (-erd'), a. Having flaplike ears. 

Flap'jack' (-jSk'), n. A griddlecake or pancake. 

Flap'per (-per), n. One who, or that which, flaps. 

Flare (flSr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flaked (flSrd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Flaring.] [Cf. Norw. flara to flame, to 
tinsel, dial. Sw. flasa, flora upp, and E. flash, or flacker.] 
1. To burn with an unsteady or waving flame. 2. To 
shine out with a sudden and unsteady light. 3. To flaunt ; 
to be offensively bright or showy. 4. To open or spread 
outwards ; to project beyond the perpendicular. 

To flare up, to exhibit sudden excitement or passion. 
[Colloq.] 

Flare, n. 1. An unsteady, broad, offensive light. 2. 
A spreading outward. [sion. [Colloq.] I 

Flare'-up 7 (-ftp/), n. A sudden burst of anger or pas- 1 
Flash (flish;, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flashed (flSsht) ; 
P. pr- & vb. n. Flashing.] [Cf. OE. flaskien to pour, 
Hw. flasa to blaze, E. flush, flare.] 1. To burst or break 
forth with a sudden and transient flood of flame and 



light. 2. Fig. : To appear suddenly or transiently with 
brilliancy ; to come, pass, or dart like a flash of light. 

Syii. — To glitter ; gleam ; glisten ; glister. — Flash dif- 
fers from glitter and gleam in denoting a flood or wide 
extent of light. The latter words may express the issu- 
ing of light from a small object, or from a pencil of rays. 
Flash differs from other words, also, in denoting sudden- 
ness of appearance and disappearance. Flashing differs 
from exploding in not being accompanied with a loud 
report. To glisten, or glister, is to shine with a soft and 
fitful luster. 

Flash (flash), v. /. 1. To send out in flashes. 2. To 
convey as if by a flash. 3. (Glass Making) To cover 
with a film of colored glass. 4. To trick up showily. 

Flash, n. 1. A sudden burst of light ; a momentary 
blaze. 2. A sudden and brilliant burst, as of wit or 
genius. 3. The time during which a flash is visible ; 
hence, a brief time. 4. A preparation for coloring and 
giving a fictitious strength to liquors. 

Flash in the pan, the flashing of the priming in the pan 
of a flintlock musket without discharging the piece ; 
hence, sudden, spasmodic, but ineffective, effort. 

Flash, a. Showy, but counterfeit ; pretentious but 
cheap and vulgar ; — applied to ornaments and to peo- 
ple who affect such decoration, esp. to thieves, gam- 
blers, and prostitutes. 
Flash, n. Slang or cant of thieves and prostitutes. 
Flash, n. [OE. flasche, flaske ; of uncertain origin.] 
1. A pool. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Engineering) A reservoir 
and sluiceway beside a navigable stream, just above a 
shoal, used to flood the shoal while boats pass. 

Flash'board (-bord'), n. A board placed upon a mill- 
dam to raise the water above its usual level. [U. S.] 
Flash/er (-er), n. One who, or that which, flashes. 
Flash'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. In a flashy manner. 
Flash/i-ness, n. Quality or state of being flashy. 
Flashing, n. 1. (Engineering) The creation of an 
artificial flood by the sudden letting in of a body of 
water; flushing. 2. (Arch.) Pieces of metal, or other 
waterproof material, used to keep water from penetrating 
the joints of a wall, the valleys of roofs, etc. 3. (Glass 
Making) (a) The reheating of an article to make it 
plastic, (b) A mode of applying a film of colored glass. 
Flash'y (flash'y), a. 1. Momentarily dazzling ; tran- 
sitorily bright. 2. Fiery ; impetuous. 3. Showy ; gaudy. 
Flask (flask), n. [AS. flasce,flaxe ; aMutoG. flasctie, 
OF. flasche, LL. flasca, fiasco ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
A small bottle-shaped vessel for holding fluids. 2. A 
narrow-necked vessel used for various purposes. 3. 
(Founding) The frame which holds the sand, etc., form- 
ing the mold used in a foundry. 

Flat (flat), a. [Compar. Flattek (-ter) ; superl. 
Flattest (-test).] [Akin to Icel. flatr, OHG. flaz, and 
AS>. flet floor, G. flotz stratum.] 1. Having a surface 
even and horizontal or nearly so ; level without inclina- 
tion ; plane. 2. Lying at full length, or spread out, 
upon the ground ; prostrate ; hence, fallen ; ruined. 3. 
(Fine Arts) Wanting relief ; without points of prominence 
and striking interest. 4. Tasteless ; stale ; insipid. 5. 
Unanimated ; dull ; monotonous. 6. Clear ; positive ; 
unequivocal; downright. 7. (Mus.) (a) Below the 
true pitch ; hence, of intervals, minor ; lower by a half 
step, (b) Not sharp or shrill ; not acute. 8. (Phonetics) 
Sonant ; vocal ; — said of sonant and vocal consonants. 

Flat, adv. 1. In a flat manner ; directly ; flatly. 2. 
Without allowance for accrued interest. [Brokers' 1 Cant] 
Flat, n. 1. A level surface, without elevation, relief, 
or prominences. 2. A shoal; shallow; strand. 3. Some- 
thing broad and flat in form. 4. The flat part, or side, of 
anything. 5. (Arch. ) A floor, loft, or story in a building ; 
esp., a tenement wholly on one floor. 6. A dull fellow ; 
simpleton. [Colloq.] 7. (Mus.) A character [b] before 
a note, indicating a tone a half step, or semitone, lower. 
Flat (A5t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flatted (-ted) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Flatting (-ting).] To make flat ; to flatten. 

Flat, v. i. 1. To become flat, or flattened. 2. (Mus.) 

To fall from the pitch. [square ends. I 

Flaffcoat' (-bot/), n. A boat with a flat bottom and| 

Flat'fish' (-fish'), n. (Zool.) Any fish which has the 

body flattened, swims on the side, and has both eyes on 

one side, as the flounder, turbot, and halibut. 

Flat'-foot'ed, a. Having a foot with little or no arch 
of the instep. [surface for ironing clothes. I 

Flat'i'ron (-I'urn), n. An iron with a flat, smooth | 
Flatly, adv. In a flat manner. 
Flat'ness, n. Quality or state of being flat. 
Flat'ten (fl5t/fn), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Flattened 
(-t'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flattening.] [ From Flat, a.] 
To make or become flat ; to level. 



a. e, I, o, u, long ; a, g, i, 5, ft, y, 8 h rt ; senate, Svent, Idea, ftbey, finite, cdre, arm, ask, all, final. 



FLATTER 



337 



FLESHER 



Flat'ter (flXt'ter), n. One that makes flat. 
Flat'ter (dSt'ter), i\ t. [imp. & p. p. Flattebed 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Flattering.] [OE. flute ren, cf. 
OD. flatteren ; akin to G. fluttern to flutter, Icel. fla 3ra 
to fawn, flatter. Cf. Flattery.] To treat with praise 
and blandishments ; to artfully or insincerely gratify the 
pride or vanity of ; to encourage false hopes in. 
Flat'ter, v. i. To use flattery or insincere praise. 
Flat'ter-er (-er), a. One who flatters. 
Flat'ter-y (-y), re. [OF. flaterie, fr. fiater to flatter ; 
of uncertain origin.] Act or practice of flattering. 
Syn. — Compliment ; obsequiousness. See Adulation. 
Flat'U-lence (flSt'u-lens), \ n. State or quality of be- 
Flat'U-len-cy (-l<?n-sy), I ing flatulent. 
Flat'U-lent (-lent), a. [L. flatus a blowing, flatus ven- 
eris flatulence, fr. flare to blow.] 1. Affected with gases 
generated in the alimentary canal ; windy. 2. Generating, 
or tending to generate, wind in the stomach. 3. Turgid 
with air or gas. 4. Fig. : Pretentious ; puffy ; vain. 
il Fla'tns (fla'tfis), n. [L.] A breath ; wind. 
Flat'wise / (flSt'wiz'), a. or adv. With the flat side 
downward, or next to another object ; not edgewise. 

Flaunt (flant or flant), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flaunted ; 

p. pr. & vb. re. Flaunting.] [Cf. dial. G. flandern to 

flutter, wave.] To flutter ; to spread out ; to display. 

Flau'tlst (fla/tlst), re. [It. flauto a flute.] A flutist. 

Fla-ves'cent (fla-ves'sent), a. [L. flavescent, p. pr., 

deriv. of flavus yellow.] Turning yellow ; yellowish. 

Fla'vor (fla'ver), re. [OF. fleur,flaur (two syllables), 
odor, prob. fr. L. flare to blow, whence the sense of, ex- 
halation.] 1. That quality of anything which affects 
the smell; odor; fragrance. 2. That quality of any- 
thing which affects the sense of taste or which gratifies 
the palate ; relish ; savor. 3. That which imparts to 
anything a peculiar odor or taste. 4. Fig. : Intellectual 
character of a work of art or of literature. 

Fla'VOr, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Flavored (-verd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Flavobing.] To give flavor to ; to add some- 
thing (as salt or a spice) to, to give character or zest. 

Fla'vor-OUS (-us), a. Imparting flavor ; pleasant to 
the taste or smell. 

Flaw (fla), n . [OE. flat, fla w, flake ; cf . E. flag a flat 
stone.] 1. A crack or breach ; a gap or fissure. 2. Any 
defect ; a fault. 3. A sudden, brief gust. 

Flaw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flawed (flad) ; p. pr. & 
vb. re. Flawing.] 1. To crack ; to make flaws in. 2. To 
break ; to violate. [06*.] 
Flaw'y (-y), a. Full of, or subject to, flaws. 
Flax (flSka), re. [AS. fleax ; akin to G. flacks.} 1. 
{Bot.) A plant with a single slender 
stalk, about a foot and a half high, 
with blue flowers. The fiber of the 
bark is used for making thread and 
cloth, called linen, cambric, lawn, 
etc. Linseed oil is expressed from 
the seed. 2. The fiber of the plant. 
Flax'en (flaks''n), a. Made of 
flax ; resembling flax or its fibers ; 
of the color of flax. 

Flax'-plant' (-plant'), n. (Bot.) 
A plant in New Zealand. The 
leaves furnish a fiber which is used 
for making ropes, mats, etc. 

Flax'seed' (-sid'), re. The seed 
of the flax ; Unseed. Fl«- 

Flax'y (-$), a. Like flax in color or texture ; flaxen. 
Flay (fla), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flayed (flad) ; p. pr. 
& vb. re. Flaying.] [OE. flean, flan, AS. fledn.} To 
nkin ; to strip off the skin or surface of. 

Flay'er (fla'er), n. One who strips off the skin. 
Flea (fle), re. [OE. fle, flee, AS. fled, fleah : akin to 
G. floh ; prob. fr. root of E. flee.} (Zool.) An insect des- 
titute of wings, but having the power of leaping energetic- 
ally. The bite is poisonous to most persons. 

A flea In the ear, an unwelcome hint or unexpected 
reply, annoying like a flea ; an irritating repulse. 

Flea'bane (-ban'), re. (Bot.) One of various plants 
supposed to have efficacy in driving away fleas. 

Flea'-bite' (fle/bit'). re. 1. The bite of a flea, or the 

red spot caused by the bite. 2. A trifling wound or pain. 

Flea'-bit ten (-bit't'n), a. 1. Bitten by a flea. 2. 

White, flecked with minute dots of bay or sorrel ; — said 

of the color of a horse. 

Fleam (flem), n, [F. flamme, OF. flieme, fr. LL. fle- 
votamum, phlebotomum. See Phlebotomy.] (Surg. & 
Far.) A kind of lancet. 

Fleck (flSk), re. [Cf. Icel. flekkr ; akin to Sw. flack, 
D. vlek, G. fleck.} A spot ; a streak ; a speckle. 




Fleck imp. & p. p. Fleceed fflgkt) ; p. 

n. Flecking.] To spot; to streak or btripe ; 
to variegate ; to dq 

Flec'tlon iflek'BhUii), n. [See Flexion! 1. Act of 
bending, or state of being bent. 2. (Oram.) Inflection. 
FleCtor '.-tor), n. A flexor. 
Fled (tied), imp. Sep. p. of Flee. 
Fledge (Hj), a. [OE. flegge, flvgge ; akin to G. 
flugge,fluvke, and to K. fly.] Furnished with feather* 
or wings ; able to fly. 

Fledge mp. A a. p. Fledged (fl£jd) ; p. 

pr. & rb. re. Fledoing.] To furnish with feat: 
, supply with the feathers necessary for flight ; to acquire. 
: or put forth, feathers. 

Fledgeling (tteyiTug), «. A young bird just fledged. 
I Flee (tie), w. i. & t. [imp. ft p. p. Fled (HeYl 
& vb. re. Fleeing.] [OE. flean, fleen, AS.fleon (iinperf. 
fleah) ; akin to G. fliehen.] To ruu awaj 
ger or evil ; to avoid in an alarmed or cowardly manner ; 
to hasten off. 

ffigp When great speed is to be indicated, we com- 
monly use fly, notyity. 

Fleece (fles), re. [OE. flees, AS. fleos ; akin to G. 
flies, vhes.} 1. The entire coat of wool of a Bheep or 
other similar animal ; also, the quantity shorn off at one 
time. 2. Any soft woolly covering. 

Fleece, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fleeced (flest) ; p. pr. 
& yb. re. Fleecing.] 1. To deprive of a fleece. 2. To 
strip of money or other property unjustly, esp. by fraud. 
Fleeced (flest), a. 1. Furnished with a fleece. 2. 
Stripped of a fleece ; plundered ; robbed. 
Flee'cer (fle'ser), re. A plunderer, [bling, a fleece. I 
Flee / cy (sf), a. Covered with, made of, or resem-| 
Fle / er (ne'er), re. One who flees. 
Fleer (fler), r. *'. [imp. & p. p. Fleered (flerd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. re. Fleeblng.] [OE. fle Hen ; cf. Scot, fleyr, 
Norw. flira to titter, giggle.] 1. To make a wry face 
in contempt, or to grin in scorn ; to deride ; to sneer ; 
to mock ; to gibe. 2. To leer. [Obs.} 
Fleer, v. t. To mock ; to flout at. 
Fleer, re. A word or look of derision or mockery. 
Fleer'er (-er), re. One who fleers. 
Fleet (flet), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fleeted ; p. pr. & 
vb. re. Fleeting.] [OE. fleten, fleoten, to swim, AS. rfeo- 
tan to swim, float ; akin to G. fliessen, L. pluere to rain, 
Gr. irAeii/ to sail, swim, float, Skr. phi to swim, sail.] 
1. To sail ; to float. [06s.] 2. To fly swiftly ; to has- 
ten ; to flit. 3. (Naut.) To slip; — said of a cable or 
hawser on a windlass, etc. 

Fleet, v. t. 1. To pass over rapidly ; to skim the sur- 
face of. 2. To cause to pass swiftly, as time. 3. (Xaut.) 
(a) To draw apart the blocks of (a tackle), (b) To cause 
to slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass, as a rope. 
Fleet, a. [Compar. Fleeteb (-er) ; superl. Fleetest.] 
Swift in motion ; light and quick ; nimble. 

Fleet, re. [AS. fleot ship, fr. fleotan. See Fleet, r. t.] 
A number of vessels in company, esp. war vessels ; also, 
the collective naval force of a country, etc. 
Fleet'-foot' (-fd6f), a. Swift of foot. 
Fleet'ing, a. Passing swiftly away ; transitory. 
Syn. — Evanescent ; ephemeral. See Tbanslent. 
Fleetly, adv. In a fleet manner ; rapidly. 
Fleet'ness, re. Swiftness ; velocity ; celerity. 
Flem'lsh (flgniTsh), a. Pert, to Flanders. — re . Lit. , 
the language or dialect spoken by the Flemings ; gener- 
ally, the language of the Low Germans of Belgium, being 
the chief literary language of the Dutch in the Middle 
Ages ; also, collectively, the people of Flanders. 

Flense (flens), v. t. [Etym. uncertain.] To strip the 
blubber or skin from, as a whale, seal. etc. 

Flesh (fl?sh\ n. [AS. flxsc ; akin to G. fleisch.} 1. 
The muscles, fat, and other tissues covering the bones in 
man and other animals; esp., the muscles. 2. Animal 
food ; meat ; esp. , the body of beasts and birds, as dis- 
tinguished from fish. 3 . The human body ; the corporeal 
person. 4. The human race : mankind. 5. Human 
nature : (a) In a good sense, tenderness of feeling ; gen- 
tleness, (b) In a bad sense, tendency to transient or 
physical pleasure; carnality. f«) (Theol.) The soul un- 
moved by spiritual influences. 6. Kindred ; stock ; r 
7. The soft, pulpy substance of fruit ; also, that part of 
a root, fruit, and the like, which is fit to be eaten. 

Flesh, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Fleshed (tlesht) ; p. ; 
vb. n. Fleshing.] 1. To feed with flesh, as an incite- 
ment to further exertion, as hawks, docs, etc. Hence, 
to thrust into flesh (as a weapon), esp. for the first time. 
2. To glut ; to satiate ; hence, to harden. [hides. I 

Flesh'er. n. 1. A butcher. 2. A knife for scraping! 



G 



H 



K 



fe*rn, recent, drb, rude, full, <irn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



sHINESS 



338 



FLOAT 



> 




Fleah'i ness (deWl-uPs), n. The quality or state of 
beinc I 
Flesh'ingB (-Tngzl. «. pi. Flesh-colored tights. 
Fleshly (.-H"). "• 1- Of or pertaining to the flesh ; 
corporeal. 2." Animal ; not vegetable. 3. Human ; not 
spiritual or divine. 4. Carnal ; worldly ; lascivious. — 
Flesh 'li-ness (-It-lie's), n. 
Flesh'pot (-pSfeOi »• A pot or vessel in which flesh 

ed ; heaoe {pi-), plenty ; high living. 
Flesh'y {-9), a. [Compar. Fleshier (-T-er) ; superi. 
Fleshiest (-<?st).] Full of flesh ; composed of flesh. 
Syn. — Plump ; corpulent ; fat ; gross ; pulpy. 
Fletch (riech), v. t. [F. fleche arrow.] To feather, 
as an arrow. 

Fleur -de— lis' (fleVde-le'), n. ; pi- Fleurs-de-lis 
(tier'-). [F., flower of the lily.] 1. (Bot.) The iris. 2. 
A conventional flower suggested by the iris, used in orna- 
mentation. It is alBO an heraldic bearing, and 
is identified with the royal arms and adorn- 
ments of France. 
Flew (flu), imp. of Fly. 
Flews (fluz), n. pi. The pendulous or over- 
hanging lateral parts of the upper lip of dogs. 
Flex (flSks), v. t. [i7iip. & p. p. Flexed 
(flgkst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flexing.] [L. flee- 
tere, p. p. flexus.] To bend. 

Flex'1-ble (flSksl-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being flexed 
or bent ; pliable. 2. Willing or ready to yield to the in- 
fluence of others ; compliant. 3. Capable of being 
adapted or molded ; plastic. — Flex-i-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-tjr), 
— Flex'i-ble-ness. n. — Flex'i-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Pliant ; pliable ; supple; tractable; manage- 
able ; ductile ; obsequious ; inconstant ; wavering. 
Flex'ile (fleks'Tl), a. Flexible ; pliant ; plastic. 
Flex'ion (-shun), n. 1. Flexing ; a turning. 2. A 
bending; a part bent; fold. 3. {Gram.) Inflection. 

Flex'or (flgks'Sr), n. {Anat.) A muscle which bends 
any part. 

Flex'U-OUS tflSk'shu-us), a. 1. Having turns, wind- 
ings, or flexures. 2. (Bot.) Bent in a zigzag manner. 3. 
Wavering ; flickering. 

Flex'U-ral (-ral), a. Of, pertaining to, or resulting 
from, flexure ; characterized by flexure. 

Flex'ure (-shur ; 135), n. 1. A flexing ; flexion ; hence, 
obsequious bowing. 2. A turn ; bend ; fold ; curve. 
3. {Zo'ol.) Last joint, or bend, of the wing of a bird. 

Flick (fllk), v. I. [Cf. Flickee.] To whip lightly or 
with a quick jerk ; to flap. 

Flick'er (-er), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Flickered (-erd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Flickering.] [AS. flicerian, flicorian, 
to flutter.] 1. To flutter ; to flap the wings without 
flying. 2. To waver like an expiring flame. 
Flick'er, n. 1. Act of wavering or fluttering ; fluc- 
tuation ; sudden and brief increase of 
brightness. 2. {Zo'ol.) The golden- 
winged woodpecker ; — so called 
from its spring note. 

Flick'er-mouse' (-mous'), n. 
{Zodl.) The flittermouse. 

Fli'er (fli'er), n. 1. 
One who or that which 
flies or flees ; a runa- 
way ; a fugitive. 2. 
{Mach.) A fly. See Fly, 
3. {Spinning) See 
Flyer, n., 5. 4. {Arch.) 
See Flyer, n., 4. 

Flight (flit), 
n. [AS. fliht, 
flyth, a flying, 
fr. jie6gan to 
fly ; cf. flyht a 
fleeing,fr./?e<5ra 
to flee, G. 
flucht a fleeing, 
D. vlugt a flee- 
Viteker (Cotapte* auratoai) •, male. m g or flying.] 

1. Flying ; mode or style of flying. 2. A fleeing ; hasty 
departure. 3. Lofty excursion ; a soaring. 4. A num- 
ber of beings or things passing through the air together ; 
esp., a flock of birds flying in company. 5. A series of 
steps or stairs reaching from one landing to another. 6. 
A kind of arrow for the longbow ; also, the sport of shoot- 
b it. [Obs.] 
Flight'y (-y), a. 1. Fleeting; swift; transient. 2. 
Indulging in flights, or unrestrained BallieB, of imagina- 
tion, humor, caprice, etc.; volatile; giddy; slightly de- 
lirious. — Flight'i-ly (-My), adv. — Flight'!-: 




Flim'sy (flTm/z^), a. \_Compar. Flimsier (-zT-er); 
super/. Flimsiest.] [Cf. W. llymsi naked, bare, empty, 
sluggish, spiritless.] Weak ; feeble ; limp ; slight ; vain ; 
without strength or solidity ; without reason or plausibil- 
ity. — Flim'si-ly (-zT-ly), adv. — Flim'si-ness, n. 

Flinch (flinch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flinched 
(flincht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flinching.] [Prob. fr. OE. 
flecchen to waver, F. flechir, fr. L. fleeter -e to bend.] 1. 
To withdraw from any suffering or undertaking ; to show 
signs of yielding or of suffering ; to shrink ; to wince. 2. 
{Croquet) To let the foot slip from a ball, when attempt- 
ing to give a tight croquet. 

Flin'der-mouse 7 (flTn'der-mous'), n. [OE. vlindre 
moth -f- E. mouse.'] {Zo'ol.) A bat; a flittermouse. 

Flin'ders (-derz), n. pi. [Scot, flenders, flendris; 
origin uncertain.] Small pieces or splinters ; fragments. 

Fling (fling), v. t. [_imp. & p. p. Flung (flung) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Flinging.] [OE. flingen, flengen, to rush, 
hurl ; cf. Icel. flengja to whip, Dan. flenge to slash.] 1. 
To cast, send, or throw from the hand ; to hurl ; to dart. 

2. To shed forth ; to emit. 3. To throw off or down ; 
to prostrate ; hence, to defeat. 

To fling up, to relinquish ; to abandon. 
Fling, v. i. 1. To throw ; to wince ; to flounce. 2. To 
utter insinuations, sarcasm, abuse, etc. ; to jeer ; to gibe. 

3. To rush or spring with violence or haste. 

Fling, n. 1. A cast from the hand ; a throw ; also, a 
flounce ; a kick. 2. A severe or contemptuous remark ; 
a gibe ; a sarcasm. 3. A kind of dance. 

Fling'er (-er), n. One who flings ; one who jeers. 

Flint (flint), n. [AS. flint, akin to Sw. flinta, Dan. 
flint."] 1. {Min.) A massive, somewhat impure variety 
of quartz. It is very hard, and strikes fire with steel. 2. 
A piece of flint for striking fire. 3. Fig. : Anything ex- 
tremely hard and unyielding. 

Flint glass (Chem.), soft, heavy, brilliant glass;— for- 
merly the silica was obtained from pulverized flints. 

Flint'i-ness (-T-nes), n. Quality of being flinty. 

Flintlock' (-lok'), n. 1. The lock of a firearm which 
ignites the powder by a spark struck by a flint in the ham- 
mer. 2. A hand firearm fitted with a flintlock. 

Flint'y (-y), a. [Compar. Flintier (-T-er) ; superi. 
Flintiest.] Consisting of, composed of, or abounding 
in, flint ; resembling flint ; hard ; unimpressionable. 

Flip (flip), n. [Cf. Prov. E. flip nimble, also, a flick.] 
1. A slight blow ; a flick. [Prov. or Colloq.] 2. A mix- 
ture of beer, spirit, etc., stirred and heated by a hot iron. 

Flip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flipped (flipt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Flipping.] To toss or fillip. 

Flip'pan-cy (flip'pan-sy), n. State or quality of 
being flippant. 

Flip'pant (-pant), a. [Prov. E. flip to move nimbly ; 
cf . W. llipa limber, or Icel. fleipa to prattle.] 1. Speak- 
ing easily and rapidly ; voluble. 2. Speaking or spoken 
inconsiderately or foolishly ; trifling ; pert ; inconsider- 
ate ; petulant.— Flip'pant-ly, adv. — Flip'pant-ness, n. 

Flip'per (-per), n. [Cf. Flip, Flippant.] {Zo'ol.) A 
broad flat limb used for swimming, as those of seals. 

Flirt (flert), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flhited ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Fldsting.] [Cf. AS. fleard trifle, folly, fleardian to 
trifle.] 1. To throw with a jerk ; to fling suddenly. 2. 
To toss about ; to move playfully to and fro. 

Flirt, v. i. To run and dart about ; to act with giddi- 
ness, or so as to attract notice ; esp., to play the coquette. 

Flirt, n. 1. A jerk ; quick throw ; dart ; fling. 2. One 
who flirts ; esp., a giddy woman ; coquette ; pert girl. 

Flir-ta'tion (fler-ta'shun), n. 1. A flirting ; a quick, 
sprightly motion. 2. Playing at courtship ; coquetry. 

Flit (flit), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flitted (-ted) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Flitting (-ting).] [OE. flilten, flutten, to carry 
away, go away; cf. Icel. flytja, Sw. flyt'ta, Dan. flytte.] 
1. To fly away rapidly ; to dart along ; to fleet. 2. To 
flutter ; to rove on the wing. 3. To pass with little 
pause from one place to another. 4. To be unstable. 

Flitch (flich), n. [AS. flicce, akin to Icel. flikki.] 
1. Side of a hog salted and cured. 2. One of the parts 
secured together, side by side, to make a girder or built 
beam. 3. Outside piece of a sawed log ; slab. [Eng.] 

Flit'ter (flit'ter), n. [Cf. G. flitter spangle, flittern 
to glitter.] A rag ; a tatter ; a small piece or fragment. 

Flit'ter, v. t. & i. To flutter ; to flick. 

Flit'ter-monse 7 (-mous'), n. [Flitter, v. i., to flutter 
-f mouse.] {Zo'ol.) A bat. 

Float (not), n. [AS. flota ship, fr. fledtan to float ; 
akin to D. vloot fleet, G. floss raft, Icel. floti float. See 
Fleet.] 1. Anything which floats on a fluid. Specif. : 
(a) A raft. (6) The hollow, metallic ball of a self-acting 
faucet, (c) Anything used as a buoy, as the cork used 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, ft, H, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, cfi.re, arm, ask, all, final. 



FLOAT 



339 



FLOURISH 



in angling. 2. A float board. (See below.) 3. (Plaster- 
ing) The trowel or tool with which plastering ia smoothed. 
4. A single-cut file for smoothing. 

Float board, one of the radial boards at the rim of an 
undershot water wheel or a steamer's paddle wheel. 

Float (not), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Floated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Floating.] 1. To rest ou the surface of any 
fluid ; to swim ; to be buoyed up. 2. To move quietly 
or gently on the water, as a raft ; to drift on the surface 
of a fluid, or through the air. 

Float, v. t. 1. To cause to float ; to buoy up. ' 2. To 
flood ; to overflow. 3. (Plastering) To level (wet plas- 
tering) with a float. 4. (Com.) To sustain the credit of. 

Float'age (-aj ; 48), n. Same as Flotage. 

Float'er (flot'er), n. 1. One who floats or swims. 2. 
A float for indicating the height of a liquid surface. 

Floating, a. 1. That floats. 2. Free or loose from 
attachment ; hence, not funded ; not fixed, invested, or 
determined ; as, a floating debt. 

Flo'bert (flo'bert), n. (Gun.) A small cartridge de- 
signed for target shooting ; — sometimes called ball cap. 

Floe cil-lalion (flSk'sYl-la'shun), n. [L. floccus a 
flock of wool. (Med.) A delirious picking of bedclothes 
by a sick person ; — often an alarming symptom. 

Floc-cose' (fl5k-kos'), a. [L. floccosus.] Spotted 
with small tufts like wool. [into small lumps. I 

Floc'cu-late (flok'ku-lat), v. i. (Geol.) To aggregate | 

Floc'CU-lence (-lens), n. State of being flocculent. 

Floc'cu-lent (-lent), a. [See Flock of wool.] Clothed 
with small flocks or flakes ; woolly ; downy. 

Flock (flok), n. [AS. flocc flock, company ; akin to 
Icel. flokkr crowd.] 1. A collection of animals, esp. of 
sheep or birds. 2. A Christian church or congregation. 

Flock, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flocked (flokt) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Flocking.] To gather in companies or crowds. 

Flock, n. lOE.flokke; origin uncertain.] 1. A lock 
of wool or hair. 2. Woolen or cotton refuse (sing, or 
pi.), old rags, etc. 3. Very fine woolen refuse, dust of 
vegetable fiber used as a coating for wall paper, etc. 

Floe (no), n. [Cf. Dan. flag af iis. See Flag a flat 
stone.] A low, flat mass of floating ice. 

Flog (flog), v. t. limp. & p. p. Flogged (flogd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Flogging (rging).] [Cf. Scot, fleg blow, 
kick, AS. flocan to strike.] ' To beat with a rod or whip ; 
to whip ; to lash ; to chastise with repeated blows. 

FlOg'ger (-ger), n. One who flogs. 

Flood (flud), n. [AS. flod a flowing, stream, flood ; 
akin to D. vloed, G. flut, Goth, flodus ; from root of E. 
flow.'] 1. A great flow of water ; a body of moving 
water ; esp., a body of water overflowing land not 
usually thus covered ; deluge ; freshet ; inundation. 2. 
The flowing in of the tide. 3. A great flow or stream ; a 
widely diffused quantity. 4. Menstrual discharges. 

Flood gate, a gate for regulating the flow of water. — 
The Flood, the Deluge in the days of Noah. 

Flood, v. t. limp. & p. p. Flooded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Flooding.] 1. To overflow ; to inundate. 2. To per- 
mit or cause to be inundated ; to fill fully or to excess. 

Floor (flor), n. [AS. flor ; akin to D. vloer, G. flur, 
Icel. flor."] 1. The bottom or lower part of any room. 
2. Any surface or platform walked upon. 3. The struc- 
ture of beams, girders, etc., with proper covering, which 
divides a building horizontally into stories. 4. Story of 
a building. 5. (Legislative Assemblies) (a) The part 
of the house assigned to members, (b) Right to speak. 
IU. S.] 6. (Naut.) That part of a vessel's bottom on 
each side of the keelson which is most nearly horizontal. 

Floor, v. t. limp. & p. p. Floored (fiord) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Flooring.] 1. To cover or furnish with a floor. 
2. To strike down or lay level with the floor ; hence, 
to silence by a conclusive answer or retort. 

FlOOr'age (-aj ; 48), n. Floor space. 

Flooring, n. 1. A platform ; the bottom of a room ; 
pavement. 2. Material for the construction of a floor. 

Floor'walk'er (-wak'er), n. One who walks about in 
a large retail store as an overseer and director. [Z7. S.] 

Flop (fl5p), v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Flopped (fl5pt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Flopping.] [A variant of Flap.] 1. To 
clap or strike ; to flap. 2. To turn suddenly. [Colloq.] 

Flo'ra (flo'ra), n. [L. , the goddess of flowers, f r. flos, 
floris, flower.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The goddess of flow- 
ers and spring. 2. (Bot.) The complete system of plants 
growing without cultivation in a given locality, region, 
or period ; a list or description of such plants. 

Flo'ral (-ral), a. 1. Pertaining to Flora, or to flow- 
ers; made of flowers. 2. (Bot.) Containing, or belong- 
ing to, a flower. 

Flo-res'cence (flo-rgs'sens), n. (Bot.) A blossoming. 




Flo-reB'oent (flft-reVsent), a. [L. florescens, p. pr. of 
florescere to begin to blOMOm, deriv. lr. jh, 
flower.] Expanding into Oowem; bloMoming. 

Flo'ret (flVrit), n. [OF. floriste, dim. oi jlor, fr. L. 
flos flower.] (Hut.) A little flower ; oik- oi 
the numerous little flowers coinpoMiiK the 
head of such flowers as the daisy, thistle, etc. 

FloTi-CUllure (lio'rT-kfil'tur or flSr'I-; 
135), n. [L. flos, Jlor is, flower -j eultvra 
culture.] Cultivation of flowering | 

Florid (ttor'Td), a. [L. jloridus, fr. flos 
flower.] 1. Flowery. [A'.] 2. Bright col- 
ored ; flushed with red. 3. Embellished 
with rhetorical figures; excessively orn;u> . 
4. (Mus.) Abounding in rapid melodic figures, or orna- 
mental passages. — Florld-ly, adv. — Florld-ness, n. 

FlO-rid'i-ty (tio-iTd'T-ty), n. Quality of being florid. 

Flo lif'er-OUS (flo-rTfer-iis), a. [L. Jlorijer; flos, 
floris, flower -\-Jerre to bear.] Producing flowers. 

FlO'ri-form (flo'rT-f8rm or A5r'T-), a. [h. flos, floris, 
flower -4- -form.] Having the form of a flower. 

Florin (flSr'in), n. [F., fr. It. florino, orig., a Flor- 
entine coin, with a lily on it, fr. fiore a flower, f r. L. 
flos.] A silver coin of Florence ; also, any one of vari- 
ous different coins. 

Flolist (flo'rlst or fl5r'Ist), n. 1. A cultivator of, or 
dealer in, flowers. 2. One who writes a flora, or an ac- 
count of plants. 

Flos'CU-lar (fl5s'kft-ler), a. (Bot.) Flosculous. 

Flos'cuie (flbVkul), n. [L. flosculus, dim. of flos 
flower.] (Bot.) A floret. [rets.l 

Flos'cu-lous (-ku-lus), a. (Bot.) Consisting of flo-| 

Floss (flos; 115), n. [It. floscio soft, fr. L. flmus 
loose. See Flux, n.] 1. (Bot.) The slender styles of 
the pistillate flowers of maize. 2. Untwisted filaments 
of silk, used in embroidering. 

Floss, n. [Cf. G. floss float.] 1. A rivulet. lEng.] 
2. Fluid glass floating on iron in the puddling furnace. 

FlOSS'y (flos'y ; 115), a. Pertaining to, made of, or 
resembling, floss ; hence, light ; downy. 

Flolage (flo'taj), n. [OF., fr. flolter to float.] 1. 
State of floating. 2. That which floats on the sea or on 
rivers. [streaming in the air. I 

Flolant (-tant), a. (Her.) Represented as flying or| 

Flo-ta'tion (flo-ta'shun), n. 1. Act, process, or state 
of floating. 2. The science of floating bodies. 

Flo-tilla (flo-til'la), n. [Sp. flotilla, dim. of flota 
fleet.] A little fleet, or a fleet of small vessels. 

Flot'sam (flSt'sam), \ n. [F. flotter to float,] (Law) 

Flof son (-sun), j Goods lost by shipwreck, and 

floating on the sea. 

Flounce (flouns), v. i. limp. & p. p. Flounced 
(flounst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flouncing (floun'slng).] [Cf. 
OSw. flunsa to immerge.] To spring, turn, or twist with 
sudden effort or violence ; to struggle ; to flounder. 

Flounce (flouns), n. Act of flouncing. 

Flounce, n. [Cf . G. flaus a tuft of wool or hair ; akin 
to vliess, E. fleece.] A strip gathered and sewed on 
only by its upper edge, as around the skirt of a dress. 

Flounce, v. t. To deck with a flounce or flounces. 

Floun'der (floun'der), n. [Cf. Sw. flundra; akin to 
Icel. flySra, G. flunder, and perh. to E. flounder, v. i.] 
(Zo'ol.) Any one of many species of flatfishes. 

Floun'der, v. i. limp. & p. p. Floundered (-derd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Floundering.] [Cf. D. flodderen to flap, 
E. flounce, v. L, and flounder the fish.] To fling the 
limbs and body, as in making efforts to move ; to roll, 
toss, and tumble ; to flounce. 

Floun'der, n. Act of floundering. 

Flour (flour), n. [F. fleur de jarine the flower (i. e., 
the best) of meal. See Flower.] Finely ground meal 
of wheat or any other grain, esp. the finer part separated 
by bolting ; hence, the fine, soft powder of any substance. 

Flour, r. t. limp. S: p. p. Floured (flourd) ; />. pr. 
& vb. n. Flouring.] 1. To grind and bolt ; to convert 
into flour. 2. To sprinkle with flour. 

Flourish (flur'Ish), v. i. [imp. & p. p. FUOUBIBHBD 
(-Ysht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flourishing.] [OF. flurir, flo- 
rir, fr. L. florere to bloom, lr. flos, floris, flower. Bee 
-ISH.] 1. To grow luxuriantly ; "to increase and enlarge ; 
to thrive. 2. To be prosperous ; to increase in wealth, 
honor, comfort, or happiness; to have prominence and 
influence. 3. To indulge in rhetorical figures and lofty 
expressions. 4. To make bold and sweepincr. fanciful, 
or wanton movements. 5. To make ornamental strokes 
with the pen ; to write graceful, decorative figures. 6. 
To execute an irregular or fanciful strain of music. 
7. To boast ; to vaunt ; to brag. 



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f6rn, recent, orb, rjide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



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FLormsii 



340 



FLUORIDE 



> 



Flourish (flttrTsh), r. t. 1. To adorn with flowers. 

SOfc*.] 2. To embellish with rhetorical figures. [Oft*.] 
ove in bold figures; to swing about; to brandish. 

Flourish. .. 1. A flourishing condition. 2. Orna- 
ment ; beauty. 3. Ostentatious embellishment ; parade 
of words and figures ; show. 4. A fanciful or merely 
i e figure. 5. A fantastic or decorative musical 
passage. 6. A waving, as of a weapon ; a brandishing. 

Flour'y (flour'50. o. Of or resembling flour ; mealy. 

Flout [flout), V. /. & i. [imp. & p. p. Flouted ; p. 
pr. & vb. i). Flouting.] [OD. fluyten to play the flute, 
So jeer, iv.fluit flute, fr. French. See Flute.] To mock 
or insult ; "to treat with contempt ; to sneer or sneer at. 

Flout. »■ A mock ; an insult. 

Flout 'er_(-er), n. One who flouts ; a mocker. 

Flow (tio), r. i. [imp. & p. p. Flowed (flod) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ii. Flowing.] [AS. flowan ; akin to D. vloeijen, 
Ioel. floa to deluge, Gr. irkueiv to float, sail.] 1. To 
move with a continual change of place among the parti- 
cles or parts, as a fluid ; to change place or circulate, as 
a liquid. 2. To become liquid ; to melt. 3. To proceed; 
to issue forth. 4. To glide along smoothly ; to sound 
smoothly ; to be uttered easily. 5. To have, or be in, 
abundance ; to abound ; to be copious. 6. To hang loose 
and waving. 7. To rise, as the tide ; — opposed to ebb. 
8- To discharge blood in excess from the uterus. 

Flow, v. t. 1. To cover with water or other liquid ; 
to overflow ; to flood. 2. To cover with varnish. 

Flow, n. 1. A stream of water or other fluid ; a cur- 
rent. 2. Act of flowing; specif., any gentle, gradual 
movement or procedure of thought, diction, music, or 
the like, resembling the movement of a river ; a stream. 

Flow'age (flo'aj ; 48), n. An overflowing with water ; 
also, the water which thus overflows. 

Flow'er (flou'er), n. [OF. flour, flur, flor, fr. L. flos, 
floris.] 1. Popularly, the bloom or blossom of a plant ; 
the showy portion, usually of a different color, shape, 
and texture from the foliage. 2. (Bot. ) That part of a 
plant destined to produce seed, and hence including one 
or both of the sexual organs. 3. The fairest, freshest, 
and choicest part of anything. 4. pi. (Old Chem.) A 
powdered substance, esp. when condensed from sublima- 
tion. 5. A figure of speech ; ornament of style. 6. pi. 
{Print.) Ornamental type. 7. pi. Menstrual discharges. 




Flower. 
A Sandwort (Armaria squarrosa), much enlarged ; B Gera- 
nium ; C Section of Receptacle and Pistil of Sandwort, enlarged. 
a a Sepals, collectively constituting the Calyx ; b b Petals, col- 
lectively forming the Corolla ; c c Stamens, consisting of An- 
thers and Filaments ; d Ovary, e Styles, / Stigma, together 
constituting the Pistil ; g Receptacle ; h Pedicel ; i Bracts. 

Flow'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flowered (-erd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Flowering.] 1. To blossom ; to produce 
flowers. 2. To come into the finest or fairest condition. 

Flow'er, v. t. To embellish with flowers. 

Flow'er-age (-aj ; 48), n. State of flowers ; flowers, 
collectively or in general. 

Flow'er-de-luce' (-de-lus'), n. [Corrupted fr. fleur- 
de-lis.] (Bot.) The iris. 

Flow'er-er (flou'er-er), n. A flowering plant. 

Flow'er-et (-St), n. A small flower ; floret. 

Flow'er-y (-$), a. Full of flowers ; covered or adorned 
with flowers ; florid. — Flow'er-1-ness (-T-nSs), n. 

Flown (flon), p. p. of Fly. 

Fluc'tU-ant (fluk'tu-ant ; 135), a. [L. fluctuans, p. 
P r J Moving like a wave ; wavering ; undulating. 

Fluc'tu-ate (-at), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fluctuated 
t-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fluctuating (-S'tTng).] [L. 
Jtuctuare, p. p. -atus, fr. fluclus wave, fr. fluere, fluclum, 



to flow.] 1. To move as a wave, or in waves ; to float 
backward and forward ; to undulate. 2. To be wavering 
or unsteady ; to be irresolute. 

Syn. — To waver; vacillate; hesitate: scruple. 

Flue tu a'tion (fluk'tu-a'shun), n. A fluctuating. 

Flue (flu), n. [Cf. OF. flue a flowing, fr. fluer to 
flow, fr. L. fluere; or perh. corrupt, fr. E. flute.] An in- 
closed passageway for a current of air, gases, etc. ; esp. : 
(a) A division of a chimney for conveying flame and 
smoke to the outer air. (b) Air passage for ventilation. 
(c) (Steam Boiler) Pipe or passage for conveying flame 
and hot gases through surrounding water in a boiler. 

Flue, n. [Cf . F. flou light, tender, G. flau weak, W. 
llwch dust.] Light down ; fine lint or hair. [bility. I 

Flu'en-cy (-en-sy), n. Quality of being fluent ; volu-| 

Flu'ent (flu'ent), a. [L. fluens, -entis, p. pr. of fluere 
to flow.] 1. Flowing or capable of flowing ; liquid ; glid- 
ing ; easily moving. 2. Ready with words ; voluble ; 
uttering with facility ; hence, of language, flowing ; vol- 
uble ; smooth. — Flu'ent-ly, adv. — Flu'ent-ness, n. 

Flu'ent, n. (Math.) A function or integral. 

Fluff (fluf), n. [Cf. 2d Flue.] Nap or down ; flue. 

Fluffy (-y), a. [Compar. Fluffd2R (-T-er) ; superl. 
Fluffiest.] Pert._to, or like, fluff ; soft and downy. 

Flu'gel-man (flu'g'1-man), n. Same as Fugleman. 

Fluid (flu'id), a. [L. fluidus, fr. fluere to flow.] 
Having particles which easily change their relative posi- 
tion without separation of the mass, and which easily 
yield to pressure ; capable of flowing ; liquid or gaseous. 

Flu'id, n. A fluid substance. 

Fluid dram, or Fluid drachm, one eighth of a fluid ounce. 
— Fluid ounce, (a) In the U. S. , a measure of capacity, in 
apothecaries' or wine measure, equal to one sixteenth of 
a pint. This, for water, is about 1.04158 ounces avoirdu- 
pois. (6) In England, a measure of capacity equal to the 
twentieth part of an imperial pint. For water, this is 
the weight of the avoirdupois ounce, or 437.5 grains. 

Flu-id'i-ty (flu-id'I-ty), n. Quality, state, or degree 
of being fluid. 

Flu'id-ness (flu'Td-nes), n. Fluidity. 

Flu'id-ounce' (-ouns'), n., Flu'i-drachnV (-T-drSm'), 
n. See Fluid ounce and Fluid dram, under Fluid. 

Fluke (fluk), n. [Cf. AS. floe a flatfish, Icel. flbki a 
halibut.] 1. (Zool.) The European flounder. 2. (Zobl.) 
A flat parasitic trematode worm of several species. 

Fluke (fluk), n. [Cf. LG. flunk, flunka, wing, fluke 
of an anchor.] 1. The part of an anchor which fastens 
in the ground ; a flook. [See Tllust. of Anchor.] 2. 
(Zool.) One of the lobes of a whale's tail. 3. An in- 
strument for cleaning out a hole drilled in stone. 4. An 
accidental favorable stroke at billiards ; hence, any acci- 
dental advantage. [Cant] [Fluke, 2. 1 

Fluke'worm' (-wQrm'), n. (Zobl.) Same as lst| 

Fluk'y (-y), a. Formed like, or having, a fluke. 

Flume (flum), n. [Cf . OE. flum river, OF. flum, fr. 
L. flumen, fr. fluere to flow.] A stream ; esp., a passage, 
channel, or conduit, for water that drives a mill wheel, 
or is used in mining ; also, a chute for logs or lumber. 

Flu'mi-nous (flu'mT-nus), a. Pertaining to rivers ; 
abounding in streams. 

Flum'mer-y (flum'mer-jf), n. [W. llymru, or llym- 
ruwd, oatmeal steeped in water until sour, fr. llymrig 
harsh, raw, fr. llym severe.] 1. A kind of pap, formerly 
made of flour or meal. 2. Fig: Anything insipid or 
worthless; esp., empty talk, writing, or compliment. 

Flung (flung), imp. & p. p. of Fling. 

Flunk (flunk), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Flunked 
(flunkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flunking.] [Cf . Funk.] To 
fail or fail in ; to back out through fear. [Colloq.] 

Flunk, n. Act of one who flunks. 

Flun'ky (flun'k^), n. [Prob. fr., or akin to, flank.] 
1. A liveried servant or footman. 2. One who is obse- 
quious or cringing ; a snob. 3. One easily deceived in 
buying stocks. [Cant, U. S.] [a flunky ; toadyism. I 

FlunTiy-ism (-Tz'm), n. Quality or characteristics of | 

Flu'O- (flu'o-). (Chem.) A combining form indicating 
fluorine as an ingredient ; as in/?«osilicate, j?wobenzene. 

Flu'or (flu'or), n. [L., a flowing, fr. fluere to flow.] 
(Min.) Fluorite. 

Flu O-res'cence (flu'6-rgs'sens), n. (Opt.) That 
property by means of which certain substances absorb 
rays of light of a shorter wave length and emit them in 
waves of greater length, thus emitting beautiful colors, 
and in certain conditions appearing self-luminous. 

Flu'o-res'cent (-sent), a. Having fluorescence. 

Flu-or'ic (flu-5r'Tk), n. (Chem.) Pertaining to, ob- 
tained from, or containing, fluorine. 

Flu'or-ide (flu'5r-Td or -Id ; 104), n. (Chem.) A bi- 
nary compound of fluorine with an element or radical. 



»» e, i, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, fcvent, Idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final 



FLUORINE 



341 



FLYING SQUIRREL 



Flu'or-ine (flu'5r-Yn or -en ; 104), n. {Chem.) A non- 
metallic, gaseous element (occurring in fluorite), strongly 
acid or negative. 

Flu'or-lte (it), n. {Min.) Calcium fluoride, a mineral 
of many different colors, often very beautiful. 

Flu'or spar' (spar'). (Min.) Fluorite. 

Flur'ry (flur'rjr), n. [Prov. E. flur to ruffle.] 1. A 
sudden and brief blast or gust. 2. A light shower or 
snowfall accompanied with wind. 3. Violent agitation ; 
commotion ; bustle ; hurry. 

Flur'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flurried (-rid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Flurrying.] To agitate ; to excite or alarm. 

Flush (flush), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flushed (flusht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Flushing.] [Cf. OE. fluschen to fly up, 
F. flux a flowing, E. flux, or E. flash.'] 1. To flow and 
spread suddenly ; to rush. 2. To become suffused, as 
the cheeks ; to blush. 3. To show red ; to glow. 4. 
To start up suddenly ; to take wing, as a bird. 

Flush, v. t. 1. To cause to be full ; to flood ; to over- 
whelm with water. 2. To cause to blush ; to cause to 
glow, as with excitement. 3. To make suddenly or tem- 
porarily red or rosy, as if suffused with blood. 4. To 
excite ; to animate ; to stir. 5. To cause to start up. 

Flush, n. 1. A sudden flowing ; a rush which fills or 
overflows. 2. A suffusion of the face with blood, as 
from shame, modesty, passion, etc. ; blush ; glow. 3. 
Any tinge of red. 4. A sudden flood or rush of feeling. 
5. A flock of birds suddenly started up. 6. [From F. 
or Sp. flux. Cf. Flux.] A hand of cards of the same suit. 

Flush, a. 1. Full of vigor ; fresh ; glowing ; bright. 
2. Affluent; abounding; hence, liberal; prodigal. 3. 
(Arch. & Mech.) Forming a continuous surface. 

Flush (flush), adv. So as to be level or even. 

Flush' board' (-bord'), n. Same as Flashboard. 

Flus'ter (flus'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flustered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flustering.] [Cf. Icel.flaus- 
tra to be flustered, flaustr a fluster.] To make hot and 
rosy, as with drink ; hence, to confuse ; to muddle. 

Flus'ter, n. Heat or glow, as from drink ; agitation 
mingled with confusion ; disorder. 

Flute (flut), n. [OF. flaiite, flahuie, flahuste. See 
Flute, v. i.] 1. A kind of musical wind instrument. 
2. A channel or groove, as in a column, a ruffle, etc. 

Flute (flut), n. [Cf. F. flute a transport, D. fluit.] 
A kind of flyboat ; a storeship. 

Flute (flut), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fluted (flut'ed) ; p. 
p. & vb. n. Fluting.] [OF. flauter, fleuter, flousler ; 
prob. deriv. of L. flatus a blowing, fr. flare to blow.] 
To play on, or as on, a flute ; to make a flutelike sound. 

Flute, v. t. 1. To play, whistle, or sing with a clear, 
soft note, like that of a flute. 2. To form flutes or chan- 
nels in. 

Flut'er (flufer), n. One who flutes. 

Flut'ing, n. Decoration by means of flutes or chan- 
nels ; a flute, or flutes collectively. [Seelllust. of Base.] 

Flut'ist (flut'Tst), n. A performer on the flute. 

Flut'ter (fluf ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fluttered 
(-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fluttering.] [OE. floteren; 
akin to E. float."] 1. To move or flap the wings rapidly 
without flying, or with short flights ; to hover. 2. To 
move with quick vibrations Or undulations. 3. To move 
briskly or irregularly. 4. To be in agitation ; to fluctuate. 

Flut'ter, v. t. To cause to flutter. 

Flut'ter, n. _ Act or state of one who flutters. 

Flu'vi-al (flu'vY-al), a. [L. fluvialis, fr. fluvius river, 
fx.fluere to flow.] Belonging to rivers ; growing or liv- 
ing in streams or ponds. 

Flu'vi-at'ic (-St'Tk), a. Fluvial ; fluviatile. 

Flu'vi-a-tlle (flu'vT-a-til), a. [L. fluviatilis.] Of or 
pertaining to rivers ; produced by river action ; fluvial. 

Flux (fluks), n. [L. fluxus, fr. fluere, fluxum, to 
flow.] 1. Act of flowing ; constant succession ; change. 
2. The setting in of the tide. 3. State of being liquid 
through heat; fusion. 4. {Chem. & Metal.) Any sub- 
stance used to promote fusion. 5. (3fed.) A fluid dis- 
charge, as from the bowels ; esp. , an excessive discharge. 

Flux, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluxed (flukst) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fluxing.] 1. To affect, or bring to a certain 
state, by flux. 2. To fuse. 3. {Med.) To purge. 

Flux-a'tlon (fluks-a'shfin), n. Act of fluxing. ■ 

Flux'ion (fluk'shQn), n. 1. Act of flowing. 2. The 
matter that flows. 3. Fusion. 4. {Med.) Excessive 
flow of blood or fluid toward any organ. 5. A constantly 
varying indication. 6. {Math.) {a) An increment; a 
differential, {b) pi. A method of analysis based on the 
conception of all magnitudes as generated by motion. 

FiUX'ion-al {-a\), a. Pertaining to, or having the 
nature of, fluxion or fluxions ; variable ; inconstant. 



1. Fluxional. 2. 



Flux'ion a-ry (fluk'shun-*-ry), a. 
{Med. ) Congestive. 

Fly (fii), v. i. [imp. Flew (flu) ; p. p. Flown (flon) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Flying.] [AS. fltognn ; akin to 1). 
vliegen, G. fliegen.] 1. To mora in or p*M through the 
air with wings, as a bird. 2. To move or be 
through the air by any impulsive force. 3. To float, 
wave, or rise in the air. 4. To move or pass swiftly, 
suddenly, or violently. 6. To run ; to escape ; to flee. 

To fly In the face of, to insult ; to assail ; to set at defi- 
ance ; to resist. — To let fly. (u) To throw ; to discharge. 
(b) (Naut.) To let go loose. 

Fly, v. t. 1. To cause to fly or to float in the air. 2. 
To fly or flee from ; to avoid. 

Fly, n. [AS. flyge, fledge, fr. fledgan to fly.] 1. 
{Zool.) (a) Any winged insect; esp., one with trans- 
parent wings. (b) Any dipterous insect. See Dipteba. 
2. A hook dressed in imitation of a fly, —used for fish- 
ing. 3. A kind of light hackney carriage. [J-Jtty.] 4. 
The length of an extended flag from its staff ; sometimes, 
the length from the " union" to the extreme end. 6. 
{Naut.) That part of a compass on which the points are 
marked. 6. {Mech.) A device, or part of a mechanism, 
rapidly revolving or driven back and forth ; as a device 
consisting of revolving vanes or weights, or a wheel, 
used to equalize or regulate motion. 7. The outer can- 
vas of a tent with double top. 8. One of the upper 
screens of a stage in a theater. 9. {Baseball) A batted 
ball that flies to a considerable distance, usually high in 
the air ; also, the flight of a ball so struck. 

Fly leaf, an unprinted leaf at the beginning or end of 
a book, circular, programme, etc. — Ply rail, a bracket 
which turns out to support the hinged leaf of a table. — 
Fly sheet, a small, loose advertising sheet ; handbill. — 
Fly wheel (Mach.), a heavy wheel attached to machinery 
to equalize the movement by its inertia or momentum. 

Fly'bloW (-bio'), v. t. To deposit eggs upon, or in. 

Fly'blOW', n. An egg or larva of a blowfly. 

Fly'boat' (-bof), n. [Fly -f boat.] 1. {Naut.) A 
large Dutch coasting vessel. 2. A kind of passenger 
boat formerly used on canals. 

Fly'catch'er (-kach'er), n. {Zool.) One of numerous 
species of birds that feed upon insects, which they take 
on the wing. [See Illust. of Kingbird.] ' 

Fly'er(-er),». 1. One that uses wings. 2. The fly 
of a flag. 3. Any small advertising leaf scattered abroad 
in great numbers. 4. {Arch.) A step in a straight 
flight. 5. The pair of arms attached to the spindle of a 
spinning frame. 6. {Stock Jobbing) A small operation 
not involving a considerable part of one's capital, or not 
in the line of one's ordinary business. [Cant] 

Fly'-fish' (-fish'), v. i. To angle, using flies for bait. 

Fly'ing (fli'Tng), a. That flies ; moving, or adapted to 
move, lightly or rapidly. 

Flying artillery {Mil.), artillery trained to rapid evolu- 
t i o n s . — Flying buttress 
{Arch.), a contrivance for 
taking up the thrust of a 
roof or vault which can not 
be supported by ordinary 
buttresses. 
— Flying col- 
ors, flags un- 
furled and 




Flying Fish of 
Atlantic (Exocoe- 
tus robustus). 



waving ; 
hence: To 
come off with 
flying colors, 

to be victorious. — Flying fish (Zool.), a fish able to leap 
from the water, and fly a con- 
siderable distance by means 
of its large and long pectoral 
fins. — Flying frog (Zool.), an 
East Indian tree frog of the 
genus Rhacophorus. — Flying 
jib (Naut.), a sail extended out- 
side of the standing jib, on the 
flying-jib boom. — Flying - jib 
boom (Naut.), an extension of 



Flyinp Frog ( Rhacophorus 
Rt mho ' 





Common Flying Squirrel 
(Sciuropterus I'olu&Ua). 



artlfii). 
the jib boom. — Flying squir- 
rel {Zool.), one of a group of 
squirrels, having parachute- 
like folds of skin, extending 
from the fore to the hind 
legs, which enable them to 
make very long leaps. 



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K 



L 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FLYSCH 



342 



FOLIUM 



> 



Flynch (flSdi), »• [A Swiss word, fr. G.jJiesseu to 
rhe series Of sandstones and schists 
g the true nummulitic formation in the Alps. 

Fly'speck (ffPspSk), n. A speck or stain made by the 
: a fly ; hence, any insignificant dot. 

Fly'trap (flPtorip / )i n. 1. A trap for catching flies. 
• A plant the leaves of which are fringed with 
stilt bristles, and fold together when certain hairs on 
their upper surface are touched, thus seizing insects. 

Foal (fSL)| «■ [AS. fola ; akin to G. fohlen, Gr. 7ru>Aos, 
L. pull '<<„< ■ young animal.] (Zo'61.) The young of any 
animal of the Horse family : a colt ; a filly. 

Foal, i . t. A i. [imp. & p. p. Foaled (fold) ; p. pr. 
&. vb. 7i. Foaling.] To bring forth (a colt) ; to bear 
young : — said of a mare ora she ass. 

Foam (fom), n. [AS. fam ; akiu to G. feim.] The 
white substance formed by an aggregation of bubbles ; 
froth: spume; scum. 

Foam, v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Foamed (fomd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ?i. Foaming.] 1. To gather foam; to froth. 2. 
To form foam, or fill with foam. 

Foam'y (-y), a. Covered with foam ; frothy ; spumy. 

Fob (fob), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fobbed (f5bd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ii. Fobbing.] [Cf. Fop.] To cheat ; to trick. 

To fob off, to shift off by an artifice ; to put aside. 

Fob, 7?. [Etym. uncertain.] A little watch pocket. 

Fo'cal (fo'kal), a. Of or pertaining to a focus. 

Fo cal-i-za'tion (-i-za'shim), n. Act of focalizing, or 
state of being focalized. [focus. I 

Fo / cal-lze (fo'kal-iz), v. t. To bring to a focus; to | 

Fo'cus (fo'kus), n. ; pi. E. Focuses (-Sz), L. Foci (-si). 
[L. focus hearth, fireplace.] 1. {Opt.) A point in which 
the rays of light meet, after being reflected or refracted. 
2. (Geom.) A point so related to a conic section and a 
certain straight line called the directrix that the ratio of 
the distance between any point of the curve and the fo- 
cus to the distance of the same point from the directrix 
is constant. 3. Central point ; point of concentration. 

Fo'cus, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Focused (fo'kQst) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Focusing.] To bring to a focus ; to focalize. 

Fod'der (f5d'der), n. [See 1st Fotheb.] A disused 
measure of weight for metals, varying from 18£ to 24 cwt. 

Fod'der, n. [AS. fodder, f r. foda food ; akin to D. 
voeder, G. f utter.] That which is fed out to cattle, 
horses, and sheep, as hay, cornstalks, vegetables, etc. 

Fod'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foddeeed (-derd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Foddebing.] To feed, as cattle, with fodder. 

Foe (fo), 7i. [AS. fah hostile ; prob. akin to E. fiend.] 
1. On« who entertains personal hostility ; enemy. 2. An 
enemy in war ; hostile army. 3. Opponent ; adversary. 

Foe'man (fo'man), n. An enemy in war. 

Foe'tus (fe'tus), n. Same as Fetus. 

Fog (f5g), n. [Cf. Scot, fog moss, foggage rank grass, 
LL. fogagium,W.ffwg dry grass.] (Agric.) (a) A sec- 
ond growth of grass ; aftergrass, (b) Dead grass remain- 
ing on land through the winter. [Prov. Eng.~\ 

Fog, n. [Dan. snee/o<7 driving snow, cf. Icel. fok 
spray, snowdrift.] 1. Watery vapor condensed in the 
lower part of the atmosphere and disturbing its trans- 
parency. 2. A state of mental confusion. 

Fog alarm, Fog bell, Fog horn, etc., a bell, horn, whistle, 
etc., that sounds an alarm, near places of danger in thick 
weather. - Fog bank, a mass of fog resting upon the sea, 
and resembling distant land. 

Fog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fogged (f5gd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Fogging (-glng).] To envelop, as with fog ; to befog. 

Fog, v. i. (Photog.) To be or become indistinct. 

Fog'gage (fSg'gaj ; 48), n. (Agric.) See 1st Fog. 

Fog'gy (-gj)> <*■• [Compar. Foggier (-gi-er) ; superl. 
Foggiest.] [From 2d Fog.] 1. Filled or abounding 
with fog ; misty. 2. Beclouded ; dull ; obscure. — Fog'- 
gl-ly (-gl-ty), adv. — Fog'gi-ness, n. 

Fo'gy (f^gy^i n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A dull old 
fellow ; a person behind the times, or over-conservative. 
[Colloq.] [fogy. [Colloq.]\ 

Fo'gy-ism (-Tz'm), n. Conduct characteristic of a| 

Foh (fo), interj. [Cf. Faugh.] An exclamation of 
abhorrence or contempt ; poh ; fie. 

Foi/ble f foi'b'l), a. [OF. See Feeble.] Feeble. [Obs.] 

FoiTjle Cfoi'b'l), n. A moral weakness ; a weak point. 

Syn . — Imperfection ; frailty. See Fault, Failing. 

Foil Cfoilj, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foiled (foild) ; p. pr. 
& I b. n. Foiling.] [F. fouler to tread under foot, to 
prftss, oppress. See Full, v. L] 1. To tread under 
foot ; to trample. 2. To render vain or nugatory ; to 
baffle ; to frustrate. 3. To blunt ; to dull ; to spoil. 

Foil, n. 1. Failure of success when on the point of 
attainment ; defeat ; frustration. 2. A weapon used in 



sveen tne cusps in Gothic archi- 



fencing, resembling a small-sword, and having a button 
at the point. 3. The track or trail of an animal. 

Foil (foil), 74. [OF. foil, fail, foille, fueille, leaf, fr. 
L. folium ; akin to Gr. «J>vAAoi/.] 1. A leaf, or very thin 
sheet, of metal. 2. (Jewelry) A thin leaf of silvered and 
tinted copper employed by jewelers to give color or bril- 
liancy to pastes and inferior stones. 3. Anything that 
serves by contrast of color or quality to set off another 
thing to advantage. 4. A thin coat of tin, amalgamated 
with quicksilver, applied to glass, to cause reflection. 6. 
(Arch.) The space between the cusps in Gothic archi- 
tecture ; a rounded or 
leaflike ornament, in 
windows, niches, etc. 

Foil'er (-er), n. One 
who foils or frustrates. 

Foin (foin), n. [F. Foils UrcA.)- 

fouine.] (Zo'61.) The beech marten or stone marten. 

Foin, v. i. [OE. foinen, foignen; origin uncertain.] 
To thrust ; to lunge. — n. A pass ; lunge. [Obs.] 

Foi'son (f oi'z'n), n. [F. foison, fr. L. fusio a pouring. 
See Fusion.] Rich harvest ; abundance. [Archaic] 

Foist (foist), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foisted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Foisting.] [Cf. OD. vysten to fizzle, D. veesten, 
E. fizz.] To insert or pass off surreptitiously, wrong- 
fully, or without warrant ; to interpolate. 

Fold (fold), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Folded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Folding.] [AS. fealdan ; akin to G. fallen.] 1. To 
lap or lay in plaits or folds ; to double. 2. To double or 
lay together, as the arms or the hands. 3. To inclose 
within folds or plaitings ; to envelop ; to clasp. 

Fold, v. i. To become folded, plaited, or doubled ; to 
close over another of the same kind ; to double together. 

Fold, n. 1. A doubling, esp. of any flexible sub- 
stance ; a part laid over on another part ; a plait ; a 
plication. 2. That which is folded together, or which 
infolds or envelops; embrace. 3. [AS. -feald, akin to 
fealdan to fold.] Times or repetitions ; — used with 
numerals, chiefly in composition, to denote multiplica- 
tion or increase in a geometrical ratio. [of sheep. I 

Fold, n. [A.S.fald,falod.] 1. Sheep pen. 2. Flock | 

Fold'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, folds. 

Fol'de-roF (fol'de-r510, n. Nonsense. [Colloq.] 

Foli-a (folT-a), n. ; pi. of Folium. 

Fo li-a'ceous (fo'lT-a'shus), a. [L.foliaceus, fr. folium 
leaf.] Of, pertaining to, or composed of, a leaf or 
leaves ; like a leaf or leaves. 

Foli-age (f o'lT-aj ; 48), n. [Through OF. fr. L. folium 
leaf.] 1. Leaves, collectively, as in nature ; leafage. 2. 
A cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches, esp. as in 
architectural ornamentation. 

Foli-aged (-ajd ; 48), a. Furnished with foliage. 

Fo'li-ar (-er), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to leaves. 

Fo'li-ate (-at), a. Furnished with leaves ; leafy. 

Foli-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Foliated (-a'ted) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Foliating (-a'ting).] 1. To beat into 
a leaf, or thin plate. 2. To spread over with a thin coat 
of tin and quicksilver. 

Fo'li-a'ted (-a'ted), a. 1. Having leaves, or leaflike 
projections. 2. (Arch.) Containing, or consisting of, 
foils. 3. (Min. & Geol.) Separable into folia; laminated. 

4. Spread over with amalgamated tin and quicksilver. 
Fo'li-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Art or process of forming 

into a leaf or leaves, or a foil. 

2. The manner in which the 
leaves of a bud are disposed. 

3. The act of coating with an 
amalgam of tin foil. 4. 
(Arch.) The enrichment of 
an opening by means of foils ; 
also, one of the ornaments. 

5. (Geol.) The property, 
possessed by some crystal- 
line rocks, of dividing into 
plates or slabs. 

Fol'io (fol'yo- or folT-S), 
7i. / pi. Folios (-yoz or -oz). 
[Ablative of L. folium leaf.] 
1. A leaf of a book or manu- Foliations (Arch.). 

script. 2. A sheet of paper once folded. 3. A book 
made of sheets of paper each folded once (four pages to 
the sheet) ; hence, a book of the largest kind. 4. 
(Print.) The page number. 5. A page of a book. 6. 
(Law) A leaf containing a certain number of words; 
hence, a certain number of words in writing. 

Fol'io, a. Formed of sheets each folded once. 

Foli-um (fo'li-um), 7i. ; pi. E. Foliums (-umz), L. Fo- 
lia (-a). [L., a leaf.] A leaf, esp. a thin leaf or plate. 




a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, &bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, flnaL 



FOLK 



343 



FOOT POUNDAL 




Folk (f ok), Folks (foks), n. collect. & pi. [AS. folc ; 
akin to D. volk, G. volk, Icel. folk.] People in general, 
or a separate class of people ; — generally used in the 
plural form. IColloq.] 

Folk'lore / (-lor'), «., or Folk' lore'. Tales, legends, 
or superstitions long current among the people. 

Fol'li-Cle (f51'lt-kl), n. [L. folliculus pod, dim. of 
follis bellows, an inflated ball.] 1. 
(Bot.) A simple podlike pericarp 
which contains several seeds and 
opens along the inner suture. 2. 
(Anal.) (a) A small cavity, tubular 
depression, or sac. (b) A simple 
gland or glandular cavity ; a crypt. 
(c) A small mass of adenoid tissue. Follicle (Bot.). 

Fol-lic'u-lar (f51-lTk'u-ler), a. Like, pertaining to, 
or consisting of, a follicle or follieles. 

Follow (fol'io), v. I. {imp. &p.p. Followed (-16d) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Following.] [AS. folgian, fylgean, fyl- 
gan ; akin to D. volgen, G. folgen, Icel. fylgja.] 1. To 
go or come after ; hence, to accompany ; to attend. 2. 
To chase ; to pursue ; to prosecute. 3. To accept as 
authority or example ; to obey ; to copy after. 4. To 
succeed in order of time, rank, or office. 5. To result 
as a cause or inference from. 6. To watch the move- 
ment or course of with the eyes or the mind ; to appre- 
hend. 7. To walk in, as a road or course ; to engage 
persistently in, as a profession or calling. 

To follow Buit ( Card Playing), to play a card of the suit 
led ; hence, colloq., to follow an example set. 

Syn. —To imitate ; pursue. — To follow (v. t.) denotes 
simply to go after ; to pursue denotes to follow with ear- 
nestness, and with a view to attain some definite object. 

Follow, v. i. To go or come after ; — used in the 
various senses of the transitive verb. 

Syn. — To succeed; ensue. — To follow (v. i.) means 
simply to come after ; to succeed means to come after in 
some regular series or succession ; to ensue means to fol- 
low by established connection or principle of sequence. 

FollOW-er (-er), n. 1. One who follows ; attendant ; 
disciple. 2. Sweetheart ; beau. [Colloq.~\ 3. (Steam 
Engine) (a) The removable flange, or cover, of a piston. 
(b) A gland. 4. (Mach.) The part of a machine that 
receives motion from another part. 5. A sheet added 
to the first sheet of an indenture or other deed. 

Syn. — Imitator ; copier ; disciple ; adherent ; parti- 
san; dependent; attendant. 

Fol'low-ing (fol'16-ing), n. 1. One's followers, col- 
lectively. 2. Vocation ; business ; profession. 

Folly (fol'ly), n. [F. folie, fr. fol, fou, foolish, mad.] 

1. State of being foolish ; levity, weakness, or derange- 
ment of mind. 2. A foolish act ; weak or light-minded 
conduct ; also, sin ; wantonness. 

Fo-ment' (f 6-ment'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Fomented ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fomenting.] [F. fomenter, fr. L. f omen- 
tare, fr. f omentum (fovimentum) a warm application or 
lotion, fr. fovere to warm.] 1. To apply a warm lotion 
to ; to bathe with warm water or medicated liquid. 2. 
To encourage ; to abet ; to instigate ; to foster. 

Fo'men-ta'tion (fo'men-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of fo- 
menting. 2. (Med. ) A warm lotion. 

Fo-ment'er (fo-rnent'er), n. One who foments. 

Fond (fond), a. ICompar. Fonder (-er) ; superl. 
Fondest.] [For fonned, p. p. of OE.fonnen to be fool- 
ish, iv.fon fool ; of Scand. origin.] 1. Foolish ; simple. 
lArchaic] 2. Doting ; over-affectionate. 3. Affection- 
ate ; loving ; tender ; — in a good sense. 4. Affectionately 
regardful, indulgent, or desirous ; yearning. 5. Regarded 
with affection. [i2.] — Fondly, adv. — Fond'ness, n. 

Fon'dle (f on'd'l), v. t. limp. & p. p. Fondled (-d'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fondling (-dling).] [From Fond, v.] 
To treat or handle in a loving manner ; to caress. 

Fon'dler (-dler), n. One who fondles. 

Fond'ling (f ond'lTng), n. lFond-\--ling.] A person 
or thing fondled. 

Font (font), n. [F. fonte, fr. fondre to melt or cast. 
See Found to cast.] (Print.) A complete assortment of 
printing type of one style and size. 

Font, n. [AS. font, font, fr. L. fons, fontis, spring, 
fountain. See Fount.] 1. A fountain ; spring ; source. 

2. A basin in which water is contained for baptizing. 
Font'al (-al), «• Pertaining to a font or origin. [i2.] 
Fon'ta-nel' (f5n'ta-ngl'), n. [F. fonlanelle, dim. of 

fontaine fountain.] (Anat.) One of the membranous 
intervals between the bones of a young skull ; — so called 
because it exhibits a rhythmical pulsation. 

Food (food), 71. [AS. foda ; akin to Gr. irarelaSai to 
eat.] 1. What is fed upon ; that which goes to support 
life by being assimilated by the organism of an animal or 



a plant ; aliment ; nutriment. 2. Fig. : That which 
nourishes, strengthens, or is consumed in any way. 

Syn. — Sustenance ; feed ; fare ; victuals ; meat. 

Fool (fool), 7i. [OE. fol, n. A adj., F. fol, fou, fool- 
ish, mad ; a tool, prob. fr. L. follis a bellows, wind bag.] 

1. One destitute of reason ; an idiot ; a natural. 2. A 
person deficient in intellect ; one without Judgment ; :<■ 
simpleton ; a dolt. 3. (Script.) A wicked person. 4. A 
professional jester or buffoon ; a clown. 

Fool, V. i. [imp. A j,. j). Foolld (foold) \ p. i 
n. Foolino.] To play the fool ; to trifle ; to toy. 

Fool, v. I. 1. To infatuate ; to make foolish. 2. To 
use as a fool ; to impose upon ; to delude. 

To fool away, to spend foolishly or uuprofltably. 

Fool'er-y (-er-y), n. 1. Practice of folly ; behavior of 
a fool. 2. Act of folly; a thing unwise or noiih- i 

Fool'har'dy (-har'dy), a. Daring without judgment ; 
foolishly adventurous and bold ; rash ; reckless. — Fool'- 
har di-ly, adv. — Fool'hardi-ness, n. 

Syn. — See Rash. 

Fool'ish, a. 1. Void of understanding ; weak in in- 
tellect ; without judgment or discretion. 2. Proceeding 
from weakness of mind ; exhibiting a want of judgment 
or discretion. —Fool'ish-ly, adv. — Fool'ish-ness, n. 

Syn.— Absurd ; shallow ; brainless ; simple ; irrational ; 
unwise ; imprudent ; indiscreet : incautious ; silly ; ridic- 
ulous; preposterous; vain; trifling; contemptible. 

Fools'cap' (foolz'kXp'), n. [From the watermark of 
a fooVs cap and bells formerly used.] A writing paper 
ordinarily 16 X 13 inches in size. 

Foot (foot), 71. ; pi. Feet (fet). [AS./o/, pl.pl ; akin 
to D. voet, G. fuss, Icel. fotr, Goth, fotus, L. pes, Gr. 
Trow'?, Skr. pad.] 1. (^7ia/.) The terminal part of the 
leg of man or an animal ; esp., the part below the ankle. 

2. (Zoo I.) The muscular locomotive organ of a mollusk. 

3. That which corresponds to the foot of a man or ani- 
mal. 4. The lowest part or base ; the bottom ; also, the 
last of a row or series. 5. Fundamental principle ; basis; 
plan ; hence, rank ; footing ; — used only in the singular. 
6. A measure of length equivalent to twelve inches. 7. 
(Mil.) The infantry. 8. (Pros.) A combination of syl- 
lables constituting a metrical element of a verse. 

By foot, or On foot, by walking ; as, to pass a stream on 
foot. — To be, or set, on foot, to be or set in motion, action, 
or process of execution. — To put, or set, one on his feet, to 
put one in a position to go on ; to assist to start. 

Foot, v. i. limp. & p. p. Footed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Foot- 
ing.] 1. To tread to measure or music ; to dance ; to 
trip. 2. To go on foot ; — opposed to ride or fly. 

Foot, v. t. 1. To kick with the foot ; to spurn. 2. 
To tread. 3. To sum up, as the numbers in a column. 

4. To make or renew the foot of, as a stocking. 

To foot a bill, to pay it. [Colloq.] — To foot it, to go on 
foot ; also, to dance. 

FoofbalF (foofbal'), n. 1. An inflated ball to be 
kicked in sport. 2. The game of kicking the football. 

Foot'boy' (-boi'), n. A page ; an attendant in livery. 

Foofbridge 7 (-brTj'), n. A bridge for foot passengers. 

Foot'ed, a. 1. Having a foot or feet ; shaped in the 
foot. 2. Having a foothold ; established. [step. I 

Foot'fall' (-f al'), n. A footstep ; the sound of a foot- 1 

Foot' Guards' (gardz'),p£. Infantry soldiers belong- 
ing to select regiments called the Guards. lEng.] 

Foot'hold' (-hold'), n. A holding with the feet ; firm 
standing ; that on which one may tread or rest securely. 

Foot'ing, 7i. 1. Place for the foot to rest on. 2. 
Standing ; position ; established place. 3. Tread ; step ; 
esp., measured tread. 4. Act of one who foots. 5. A 
narrow cotton lace, without figures. 6- Refuse of whale 
blubber not wholly deprived of oil. 7. (A rch . & Engin . ) 
The thickened or sloping portion of a wall, or of an em- 
bankment at its foot. 

Foot'light' (-lit 7 ), h. One of a row of lights in the front 
of the stage in a theatre, etc., and on a level therewith. 

Foot'man (-mon), n. 1. A soldier who marches and 
fights on foot. 2. A male servant whose duties are to 
attend the door, the carriage, the table, etc. 

Foot'mark' (-mark'), n. A footprint ; a track. 

Foot'note' (-not'), n. A note at the foot of a page. 

Foofpace 7 (-pas'), 7i. 1. A walking pace or step. 2. 
A dais ; highest step of the altar ; landing in a staircase. 

Foot'pad' (-pSd'), 7i. A highwayman or robber on foot. 

Foot'path' (-path'), h. A way for pedestrians only. 

Foot' pound' (pound'). (Mech.) A unit of energy, or 
work, being equal to the work done in raising one pound 
avoirdupois one foot against the force of gravity. 

Foot' poundal (foot' pound'crl). (Mech.) A unit of 
energy or work, equal to the work done in moving a body 
through one foot against the force of one poundal. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, riide, full, uxn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, iijk, then, thin. 



M 



FOOTPRINT 



344 



FORECASTLE 



Footprint (fWfprlnl ). »• P«tot of the foot ; trace. 

Foot '-sore Having sore or tender 

>\ reason of much walking. 

Foot'stalk (-atak ), n. 1. (/><>'•) The stalk of a leaf, 
or of ■ Bower. '' Leaf.] 2. (Zow.) (a) The 

peduncle or stem bv which various marine animals are 
attached. t.M In decapod crustaeea, one of the movable 
pedanolee which bear the eyes at the tips; an eyestalk. 

Foot'stall (,-stal ), n. Stirrup of a woman's saddle. 

Foot'step (-step ), n. Impression of the foot ; track ; 
hence, visible sign of a course pursued; token; mark. 

Foot'StOOl (-stool ). n. A low stool for the feet. 

Foot'way' (-wa v ), a. A passage for pedestrians only. 

Foot'worn' (-worn'), a. Worn by the feet ; wearied 
iu the feat [an inferior dandy. I 

Fop (fop), n. [OE. foppe, fop, fool.] A coxcomb ; I 

Fop'per-y (-per-^), n. 1. Behavior, dress, or other 
indication of a fop ; coxcombry ; showy folly. 2. Folly ; 
foolery. 

Fop'pish (-plan), a. Foplike ; characteristic of a fop ; 
finical. — Fop'pish-ly. adv. — Fop'pish-ness, n. 

For- (for-). [AS. for-; akin to D. & G. ver-, Icel. for-, 
Goth, //-a-.] A prefix to verbs, having usually a nega- 
tive or privative force. It often implies also loss, detri- 
ment, or dest ruction ; sometimes it is merely intensive. 

For (f6r), prep. [AS. for, fore; akin to D. roor, G. 
vor.fiir, Icel. fyrir, Goth, four, faura, L. pro, Gr. npo, 
Skr.'p/a-.] In the most general sense, indicating that in 
consideration of, in view of, or with reference to, which 
anything is done or takes place ; hence, indicating cause, 
reason, motive, object, aim, goal, etc. Also : 1. In be- 
half of ; in favor of. 2. Instead of ; in place of. 3. As 
being. 4. Notwithstanding ; in spite of. 5. During ; 
in or through the space or time of. 

For, or As for, so far as concerns ; as regards ; — used 
parenthetically or independently. — For as much as, or 
Forasmuch as, in consideration that ; seeing that ; since. — 
For ever, eternally ; at all times. See Forever. 

For (f 6r), conj. 1. Because ; by reason that ; for 
that ; indicating, in Old English, the reason of anything. 
2. Since; because; introducing a reason of something 
before advanced. 

For, n. One who is, or that which is said, on the af- 
firmative side or in favor of some one or something. 

For'age (f5r'Sj ; 48), n. [OF. fourage, deriv. of LL. 
foderum, fodrum, fodder ; of German or Scand. origin.] 
1. Act of foraging ; search for provisions, etc. 2. Food 
of any kind for animals, esp. for horses and cattle. 

For'age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foraged (-ajd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Foraging (-a-jing).] To wander or rove in 
search of food ; to ravage ; to feed on spoil. 

For'age (f Sr'aj), v. t. To strip of provisions ; to sup- 
ply with forage. 

For'a-ger (-a-jer), n. One who forages. 
Fo-ra'men (fo-ra'men), n. ; pi. L. Foramina (-r5m'- 
T-na), E. Foramens (-ra'mSnz). [L., fr. forare to bore.] 
A small opening, perforation, or orifice ; fenestra, 
Fo-ram'i-nil'e-ra (fo-ram'i-nTf'e-ra), n. pi. 
fr. L. foramen, 
-aminis, a fora- m 

men + ferre to W A *» »*J\ SmL * V 
bear.] {Zool.) 
An extensive 
order of rhizo- 
pods which gen- 



[NL., 




erally have a 



Some Foraminif era. All enlarged. 



chambered calcareous shell. Many of them have perfo- 
rated walls, whence the name. 

For as-much' (fGr'az-miich'), conj. In consideration 
that ; seeing that ; since ; because that ; — followed by as. 

For'ay (f or'a or fo-ra'), n. [A variant of Forage.] A 
eudden or irregular incursion ; a raid. 

Forbade 7 (f5r-b5d'), imp. of Forbid. 

For-hear' (fSr-bSr'), n. [See Fore, and Bear to pro- 
duce.] An ancestor ; a forefather. [Scot.'] 

For-bear' (f5r-ba*r'), v. i. [imp. Forbore (-bor') (For- 
bare (-bSr'), Obs.) ; p. p. Forborne (-b5rn') ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Forbearing.] [AS. forberan; pref. for- + beran 
to bear.] 1. To refrain from proceeding ; to delay. 2. 
To refuse ; to give no heed. 3. To control one's self 
when provoked. 

For-bear', v. t. 1. To keep away from ; to avoid ; to 
abstain from. 2. To treat considerately or indulgently. 

For-bear'ance (-ans), n. 1. A forbearing ; exercise of 
patience. 2. Quality of being forbearing ; long-suffering. 

=»yn. — Abstinence : ref raininc : lenitv : mildness. 



Abstinence ; refraining ; lenity ; mildness 
I. [imp. Forbade (-b5d') ; , 
) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Forbidding 



Forbid' (f 3r-bld'), v. t. [imp. Forbade (-bSd') ; p. p 
Forbidden (for-bld'd* ' 



(-ding).] [AS. forbeodan; pref. for- -f beddan to bid. 
See Bid, v, t.] 1. To command against, or contrary to ; 
to prohibit. 2. To warn off ; to command not to enter! 

3. To oppose, hinder, or prevent, as if by an effectual 
command. 4. To accurse ; to blast. [Obs.] 

S y ii . — To interdict ; preclude ; withhold ; restrain. 

For-bid' (f6r-bid'), v. i. To utter a prohibition ; to 
command not ; to prevent. 

For-bid'dance (-dans), n. Act of forbidding. [Obs.] 

For-bid'der (-der), n. One who forbids. 

For-bid'dlng (-ding), a. Repelling approach ; repul- 
sive ; raising abhorrence, aversion, or dislike. 

For-bore' (f5r-bor'), imp. of Forbear. 

For-borne' (-born'), p. p. of Forbear, [farce. [R.] I 

Force (fors), v. t. [See Farce, v. L] To stuff; to| 

Force, n. [F. force, LL. forcia, fortia, f r. L. fortis 
strong.] 1. Strength or energy of body or mind ; often, 
unusual strength or energy ; esp., power to persuade, 
convince, or impose obligation. 2. Compulsory power ; 
coercion. 3. Strength or power for war ; hence, a mili- 
tary body ready for action ; army ; armament ; — often 
in the pi. ; hence, any body of men prepared for action. 

4. {Law) (a) Illegal violence. (o) Validity ; efficacy. 5. 
{Physics) Any action between two bodies, which changes, 
or tends to change, any physical relation between them. 

Syn. — Stren^h ; vigor ; might ; stress ; vehemence ; 
violence ; compulsion ; coaction ; constraint ; coercion. — 
Strength looks rather to simple inward power to resist or 
endure, or to capacity to exert energy ; force looks more 
to outward manifestation of energy, the actual exercise 
of violence or compulsion on something else. 

Force (fors), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Forced (forst); p. 
pr. & vb. n. Forcing (for'sing).] 1. To constrain to do, 
to forbear, or to submit by the exertion of a power not 
resistible ; to compel ; to coerce. 2. To do violence to ; 
esp., to ravish ; to violate. 3. To obtain or win by 
strength ; specif., to capture by assault. 4. To impel, 
drive, wrest, extort, get, etc. , by, or as by, main strength, 
or violence. 5. To exert to the utmost ; to strain. 6. 
To reenforce ; to man ; to garrison. [Obs.~\ 

Syn. — To oblige; necessitate; drive; press; impel. 

Force'ful (fors'ful), a. Full of or exerting force. 

Force'meat 7 (-met'), n. [For farce-meat. See Farce, 
n.] (Cookery) Meat chopped fine and highly seasoned. 

For'ceps (f6r'seps), n. [L. forceps, -cipis, fr. root of 
formus hot -(- caper e to take.] A pair of pinchers, or 
tongs; esp., a pair for delicate operations. 

Force' pump (fors' pump/). {Mach.) A pump 
adapted for drawing and forcing a liquid through the 
valves or to a considerable height above the pump. 

For'cer (for'ser), n. One who, or that which, forces. 

For'cl-ble (for'sT-b'l), a. 1. Possessing force ; char- 
acterized by force, efficiency, or energy. 2. Obtained 
by compulsion. — For 'ci-ble-ness, n. — For'ci-bly, adv. 

Syn. —Violent ; powerful ; strong ; energetic ; mighty ; 
potent ; weighty ; impressive ; cogent ; influential. 

Forcing pump, a kind of force pump. 

Ford (ford), n. [AS. ford ; akin to G. furt, and to E. 
fare.] 1. A place in a river, or other water, where it 
may be crossed by wading. 2. Stream ; current. 

Ford, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Fording.] To cross by wading ; to wade through. 

Ford'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being forded. 

For-dO' (for-doo'), v. t. [AS. fordon ; for- -j- don to 
do.] 1. To ruin. [Obs.] 2. To tire out; to exhaust. 

Fore (for), adv. [AS. fore, adv. & prep., another form 
of for. See Fob.] 1. In the part that precedes or goes 
first. 2. Formerly. [Obs. or Colloq.] 3. (Kaut.) In 
or towards the bows of a ship. 

fore-and-aft rigged (Naut.), rigged with sails bent to 
gaffs or set on stays in the midship line, as a schooner. 

Fore (for), a. [See Fore, adv.] Advanced, as com- 
pared with something else ; toward the front ; being or 
coming first, in time, place, order, or importance. 

Fore, n. The front ; hence, the future. 

Fore-arm' (for-arm'), v. t. To arm beforehand. 

Fore'arm' (for'arm'), n. (Anat.) That part of the 
arm or fore limb between the elbow and wrist. 

Fore-bOde' (for-bod'), v. I. 1. To foretell. 2. To be 
prescient of, as some ill ; to augur despondingly. 

Fore-bOd'er (-er), n. One who forebodes. 

Fore-cast' (-kast/), v. t. & i. 1. To plan beforehand ; 
to scheme. 2. To foresee ; to calculate beforehand. 

Fore'cast' (for'kasf), n. 1. Previous contrivance or 
determination ; predetermination. 2. Foresight of con- 
sequences, and provision against them. 

Fore'cas'tle (for'kSs"l ; sailors say f ok's'l), n. {Naut.) 
(a) A short upper deck forward, formerly raised like a 
castle. (6) The upper deck of a vessel forward of the 



a, e, 1, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, Obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final 



FORECITED 



345 



FORETOKEN 



foremast, or of the after part of the fore channels, (c) 
In merchantmen, the forward part where the sailors live. 

Fore'clt'ed (for'sit'Sd), a. Cited or quoted before. 

Fore-close' (f or-kloz'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Foreclosed 
(-klozd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Foreclosing (-klo'zlng).] [F. 
forclos, p. p. of forclore to exclude ; OF. fors except, 
outside (fr. L. /oris outside) -j- F clore to close.] To 
shut up or out ; to preclude ; to prevent ; to bar. 

To foreclose a mortgager (Law), to bar him by a judg- 
ment of court from nis equity of redemption. — To fore- 
close a mortgage (uot technically correct), to get judg- 
ment for the payment of an overdue mortgage, and the 
sale of the mortgaged property to meet the debt. 

Fore-clo / SUre (-klo'zhur ; 135), n. Act or process of 
foreclosing ; a proceeding which bars or extinguishes a 
mortgager's right of redeeming a mortgaged estate. 

Fore-date' (for-daf), v. t. Antedate. 

Fore-doom' (for-dooni'), v. t. To doom beforehand. 

Fore'doom' (for'd6bm / j, n. Doom decreed in advance. 

Fore'fa'ther (f or'f a'ther), n. An ancestor, — usually 
one in a remote degree. 

Forefathers' Day, the anniversary of the day (Dec. 21, 
1620i on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth, 
Mass. Owing to an error in changing from Old Style to 
New Style, it has generally been celebrated on Dec. 22. 

Fore-fend' (f or-fend'), v. t. To hinder ; to fend off ; 
to avert ; to forbid. [thumb ; the index. I 

Fore'fin'ger (for'fin/ger), n. The finger next the| 

Fore'fOOt' (-fd6t'), n. 1. An anterior foot of a quad- 
ruped or multiped ; — usually written fore foot. 2. 
{Shipbuilding) A timber terminating the keel at the fore 
end, and connecting it with the stem. 

Fore'front' (for'frunt'), n. Foremost part or place. 

Fore-gO' (for-goO, v. t. [For forgo, fr. AS. forgan, 
prop., to go past, hence, to abstain from; pref. for- -f- 
gan to go.] To pass by ; to let slip ; hence, to quit ; to 
give up ; to leave ; to renounce. 

§3T* Forgo is the better spelling etymologically, but 
the word has been confused with Foeego, to go before. 

Fore-go / , v. t. [AS. foregan ; fore -{- gdn to go.] See 
Go.] To go before ; to precede. 

Foregone conclusion, one which has preceded argument 
or examination ; one predetermined. 

Fore'ground' (for'ground'), n. In a picture, that 
part of the scene represented as nearest to the spectator, 
and so occupying the lowest part of the work of art. 

Fore'hand/ (-hand'), n. 1. All of a horse which is be- 
fore the rider. 2. The chief or most important part. 
3. Superiority ; advantage ; start ; precedence. 

Fore'hand 7 , a. Done beforehand ; anticipative. 

Fore'hand ed, a. 1. Early ; timely. 2. Having re- 
sources in advance of necessities ; in easy circumstances. 
[_U. S.~\ 3. Formed in the forehand or fore parts. 

Fore'head (for'Sd), n. 1. The front of that part of 
the head which incloses the brain ; that part of the face 
above the eyes ; the brow. 2. The aspect or counte- 
nance. 3. The front or fore part of anything. 

For'elgn (f5r'Tn), a. [F. forain, LL. forancw, fr. L. 
foras, foris, out of doors, without ; akin to E. door.] 
1. Outside ; extraneous ; separated ; alien. 2. Born in, 
or belonging to, another country, nation, sovereignty, or 
locality. 3. Remote ; distant ; strange ; not pertaining 
or pertinent ; not appropriate. — For'eign-ness. n. 

Foreign attachment (Law), an attachment of the goods, 
effects, or credits of a debtor (as a foreigner) in the hands 
of a third person ; attachment by garnishee process. 

Syn. — Outlandish; alien; exotic; extrinsic. 

For'eign-er (-er), n. A foreign person ; alien ; stranger. 

Fore-Judge' (for-juj'), v. t. To judge beforehand ; 
to prejudge. 

Fore-Judge', v. t. [For forjudge, fr. F. forjuger ; OF. 
fors outside + F. juger to judge.] (0. Eng. Laiv) To 
expel, as from court, by the judgment of a court. 

Fore-know' (for-no'), v. t. To know beforehand. 

Fore-know'er (-er), n. One who foreknows. 

Fore-knowl'edge (-nol'Sj), n. Previous knowledge ; 
prescience. 

For'el (fSr'Sl), n. [OF. forel, deriv. of forre sheath ; 
of German origin.] A kind of parchment for book covers. 

Foreland' (for'lSnd'), n. Lit., land in front of or be- 
fore anything ; specif., promontory ; cape ; headland. 

Fore'lOCk' (forlSk'), n. 1. The lock of hair that 
grows from the forepart of the head. 2. (Meek.) A cot- 
ter or split pin, as in a slot in a bolt ; a linchpin. 

To take time, or occasion, by the forelock, to make prompt 
use of anything ; not to let slip an opportunity. 

Fore'man (for'man), n. The first or chief man ; as of 
a jury, of a set of employees, etc. [bow. I 

Fore'mast 7 (-mast 7 ), n. (Aaut.) The mast nearest the | 

Fore'men tioned (-mSn'shiind), a. Mentioned before. 



Fore'most' (for'mosf), a. [AS. formest,fyrmest, bu- 
perl. of forma first, which in a superl. fr. fore fore.] 
First in time or place ; chief in rank or dignity. 

Fore'name' (-nam'), n. A name that precedes the 
family name or surname ; a first name. [named. I 

Fore'named (-namd'), a. Named before; afore-| 

Fore nenst' (for-uSnst'), prep. [See Fore, and 
Anent.] Over against ; opposite to. [\ow dialectic] 

Fore'noon' (for'nobn'), n. The early part of the day, 
from morning to meridian, or noon. 

Fo-ren'slc (fo-rSn'stk), a. [L. forensis, fr. forum. 
See Forum.] Belonging to courts of judicature or to pub- 
lic discussion and debate ; argumentative ; rhetorical. 

Fo-ren'slc-al (-sT-k'/l), a. Forensic. 

Fore ordain' (for or-dan'), v. t. To ordain before- 
hand ; to predestinate. 

Fore-or di-na'tlon (-dl-ua'shun), n. Previous ordina- 
tion or appointment ; predetermination ; predestination. 

Fore' part' (for' part'), or Fore'part', n. The part 
most advanced, or first in time or in place ; beginning. 

Fore-run' (for-run'), v. t. 1. To run before; to pie- 
cede. 2. To come before as an earnest of something to 
follow ; to announce. 

Fore-run'ner (for-run'ner or for'run'ner), n. One 
that foreruns; esp., a messenger sent before to give no- 
tice of the approach of others ; harbinger ; sign ; prog- 
nostic. 2. A predecessor ; ancestor. [06.*.] 

Fore'sail/ (for'sal' ; among seamen for's'l or fo's'l), n. 
(Naut.) (a) The sail bent to the foreyard of a square- 
rigged vessel, being the lowest sail on the foremast, (b) 
The gaff sail set on the foremast of a schooner, (c) The 
fore staysail of a sloop, being the triangular sail next 
forward of the mast. [prescience of. I 

Fore-see' (for-se'), v. t. To see beforehand ; to have| 

Fore-se'er (-se'er or -ser'), n. One who foresees. 

Fore-shad'OW (-shSd'o), v. t. To shadow or typify 
beforehand; to prefigure. 

Fore-Short'en (for-sh6rt"n), 0. t. (Fine Arts) To 
represent on a plane surface, as if extended in a direc- 
tion toward the spectator or nearly so. 

Fore-Show' (f or-sho'), v. t. To show or exhibit be- 
forehand ; to prognosticate ; to foretell. 

Fore'side 7 (for'sid'), n. 1. Front side ; front ; esp., a 
stretch of country fronting the sea. 2. The outside. 

Fore'sight' (for'slt'), n. 1. Act or power of fore- 
seeing; foreknowledge. 2. Action in reference to the 
future; provident care. 3. (Surv.) Any sight or read- 
ing of the leveling staff except the backsight ; any sight 
or bearing taken by a compass or theodolite in a forward 
direction. 4. (Chin.) The muzzle sight. 

Fore'skin (for'skin), n. (Anat.) The prepuce. 

For'est (f or'est), n. [OF. , f r. LL. forestis, prop. , open 
ground for the chase, fr. L. foris, foras, out of doors, 
abroad.] 1. An extensive wood ; in the U. S., a tract 
of woodland which has never been cultivated. 2. {Eng. 
Law) A royal hunting ground. 

For'est, v. t. To cover with trees or wood. 

Fore-stall' (for-stal'), v. t. \_imp. & p. p. Fore- 
stalled (-staid') ; p. "pr. & vb. n. Forestalling.] [OE. 
forstallen to stop, to stop (goods) on the way to the 
market by buying them up, fr. forstal obstruction, AS. 
for steal, prop., a placing one's self before another. See 
Fore; Stall.] 1. To take beforehand, or in advance; 
to anticipate. 2. To preoccupy ; also, to exclude, hinder, 
or prevent. 3. To deprive ; — with of. [i?.] 4. (Eng. 
Law) To obstruct or stop up, as a way ; also, to inter- 
cept on the road, as goods on the way to market. 

To forestall the market, to raise the market price of goods 
by buying them up beforehand, diverting them, or indu- 
cing others to raise the price, — once an offense at law. 

Fore-stall'er (for-stal'er), n. One who forestalls. 

Fore'Stay' (f or'sta'),' »• {NauL) A large, strong rope, 
reaching from the foremast head to the bowsprit. 

For'est-er (f5r'gst-er), n. 1. One having charge of a 
forest. 2. An inhabitant of a forest. 3. (Zool.) A lepi- 
dopterous insect, the larva of which injures the grapevine. 

For'est-ry (f3r'Sst-rj-), n. The art of forming or of 
cultivating forests ; the management of growing timber. 

Fore'taste' (for'tasf), n. A taste beforehand. 

Fore-taste' (for-tasf), V. t. To taste beforehand. 

Fore-tell' (for-tel'), V. t. & i. To predict ; to tell be- 
fore occurrence ; to prophesy ; to foreshow. 

Fore-tell'er (-er), n. One who predicts. 

Fore'thought' (for'thaf), n. A thinking beforehand ; 
prescience ; premeditation ; forecast ; provident care. 

Fore'tO'ken (for'to/k'n), n. Prognostic. 

Fore-to'ken (for-to'k'n), v. t. To foreshow ; to pre- 
signify ; to prognosticate. 



H 



K 



fgra, recent, drb, r^jde, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, aiug, ink, then, thin. 



M 



PORE TOOTH 



346 



FORM 



F 



Fore' iOOtll v for' tooth ). (Aunt.) One of the teeth 
iu tho forepart of the mouth ; an incisor. 

Fore'top (,-top ), n. 1. The hair on the forepart of 

the head ; esp., a lock hanging over the forehead. 2. 

That part of a headdress that is in front. 3. (Naut.) 

:onn at the head of the foremast. 

Fore -top-gallant (-gSl'laut or -t'gal'-), a. (Naut.) 

Designating the mast. sail, yard, etc., above the topmast. 

Fore -tbp'mast (-mist), n. (Naut.) The mast erected 

at the head of the foremast, and at the head of which 

stands the fore-topgallant mast. 

Fore -top'sail (-sal or -s'l), n. (Naut.) See Sail. 

For-ev'er (fSr-SVSr), adv. 1. Through eternity ; 
everlastingly : eternally. 2. At all times; always. 

iy In England, usually writteu as two separate words ; 
in"the United States, as a single word. 

Syn. —Constantly: continually; invariably; un- 
changeably ; incessantly ; perpetually ; unceasingly ; 
-sly : interminably ; endlessly. 

Fore-warn' (for-warn'), 9. t. To warn beforehand ; 
to iive notice to ; to caution. 

Fore'WOnVan (for'wdom'an), n. A woman who is 
chief, as of a set of workers. [on the foremast. I 

Fore'yaru 7 (-yard'), n. (Naut.) The lowermost yard| 

For'feit (for'flt), n. [F. for/ail crime, prop. p. p. of 
for/aire to forfeit, transgress, deriv. of L. forts abroad 
4- J'acere to do.] 1. Injury. [Obs.] 2. A thing for- 
feit or forfeited. 3. Something deposited and redeem- 
able by a sportive fine ; — whence the game of forfeits. 

For'feit, a. Lost or alienated for an offense or crime ; 
liable to penal seizure. 

For'feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foefeited ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Forfeiting.] To lose, or lose the right to, by some 
error, fault, offense, or crime. 

For'feit-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Liable to be forfeited. 

For'fei-ture (f8r'fT-tur ; 135), n. 1. Act of forfeiting. 

2. That which is forfeited ; a penalty ; a fine or mulct. 
Syn. — Fine ; mulct ; amercement ; penalty. 
For-fend' (for-feud'), v. t. See Foeefend. [Archaic] 
For'fi-cate (-fl-kat), a. [L. forfex, forficis, shears.] 

(Zo'ol.) Deeply forked, as the tail of certain birds. 

For-gave' (for-gav'), imp. of Foegive. 

Forge (forj), n. [F. forge, fr. L. fabi-ica workshop 
of an artisan, fr. faber arti- 
san, smith. Cf. Fabeic] A 
place or establishment where 
metals (especially iron) are 
wrought or worked by heat- 
ing and hammering ; smithy. 

Forge, r. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Fobged (forjd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Fobgixg (for'jing).] 1. 
To form by heating and ham- 
mering ; to beat into any par- 
ticular shape, as a metal. 2. 
To form or shape out in any 
way ; to frame ; to invent. 

3. To make falsely ; to pro- 
duce (something not genu- _, . ... , _, 
ine) ; to counterfeit. * Blacksmith's Forge. 

Syn. — To fabricate ; counterfeit ; feign ; falsify. 

Forge, v. i. 1. To commit forgery. 2. [Cf. Fobce 
to compel.] {Naut.) To move heavily and slowly; to 
work one's way. 

Forge, v. t. (Naut.) To impel forward slowly. 

For'ger (for'jer), n. One who forges. 

For'ger-y (-?), n. 1. Act of forging metal. [Obs.] 

2. Act of forging, fabricating, or producing falsely ; 
esp., the crime of fraudulently making or altering a 
writing or signature purporting to be made by another. 

3. That which is forged, falsely devised, or counterfeited. 
Syn. — Counterfeit. — Counterfeit is chiefly used of 

imitations of coin, paper money, or securities depending 
upon pictorial devices and engraved designs for identity. 
Forgery is more especially applied to the fraudulent 
making or altering of written instruments, as checks. 

Forget' (f5r-g6f ), v. t. [imp. Fobgot (-got') (Fob- 
gat (-gSt/), Obs.) ; p. p. FOBGOTTEN (-got't'n), FOBGOT ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. Fobgetting.] [AS. forgietan, forgitan ; 
Diet for- -f -gielun, -gitan, to get ; cf. G. vergessen. See 
For-, and Get, v. t.] 1. To lose remembrance of; to 
cease to have in mind ; also, to lose the power of ; to cease 
from doing. 2. To treat with inattention ; to slight. 

To forget one's self, (a) To become unmindful of one's 

bfclt. <0) To be guilty of what is unworthy of one's self. 

For-get'ful ffor-geVful), a. 1. Apt to forget. 2. 

forgotten; heedless; careless; neglectful; inat- 

- For-get'fnl ly, adv. — For-get'ful-ness, n. 

ti'^ yn ' 1 , 0, ^ lv '?"- — Forgelfulness commonly denotes 

the mental condition of a forgetful person ; oblivion de- 




I notes also the act of forgetting, and the obscurity re- 
sulting from being forgotten. 

For-get'-me-not' (f5r-ge"t'nie-n5t'), n. (Bot.) A 
small herb (3Iyosolis palustris, incespitosa, etc.), bear- 
ing a beautiful blue flower, — the emblem of fidelity. 

For-get'ter (f5r-get'ter), w. One who forgets. 

For'ging (for'jTug), n. 1. The act of one who forges. 
2. (Much.) A piece of forged work in metal. 

For-giv'a-ble (f5r-giv'a-b'l), a. That can be forgiven. 

Forgive' (fSr-giv'), v. t. [imp. Fobgave (-gaV) ; p. 
p. Fobgiven (-giV'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fobgiving.] [AS. 
forgiefan, forgifan ; pref. for- -)- giefan, gif an, to give. 
See Fob-, and Give.] 1. To give up resentment or claim 
to requital or penalty because of (an offense or wrong) ; 
to pardon. 2. To cease to feel resentment against, on 
account of wrong committed ; to absolve ; to pardon. 

Syn. — See Excuse. 

For-give'ness,w. A forgiving; state of being forgiven. 

Syn. — Pardon ; remission. — Pardon in religious mat- 
ters has the same sense as forgiveness ; but in common 
usage there is a difference between them. Forgive points 
to inward feeling, and supposes restoration of alienated 
affection ; pardon looks more to outward things, and is 
often used as a mere term of civil apology. The civil 
magistrate also grants & pardon, and not forgiveness. 

For-giv'er (for-giv^er), n. One who forgives. 

For-giV'ing, a. Disposed to forgive ; merciful. — 
For-giv'ing-ly, adv. — For-giv'ing-ness, n. 

For-go' (for-go 7 ), v. t. See 1st Fobego. 

For-got r (for-got/), imp. &p. p. of Foeget. 

For-got'ten (-t'n), p. p. of Foeget. 

Fork (f6rk), n. [AS. fore, fr. L. furca.] 1. An in- 
strument having one end divided into two or more 
prongs or tines. 2. Anything like a fork in shape. 3. 
One of the parts into which anything forklike is divided ; 
also, the place or angle of division. 

Fork, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fobbed (fSrkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fobbing.] 1. To shoot into blades, as corn. 2. 
To divide into two or more branches. 

Fork, v. t. To dig, raise, or pitch, with a fork. 

To fork over or out, to hand or pay over. [Slang] 

Forked (forkt or f&rk'gd), a. Forklike in shape. — 
Fork'ed-ly (f6rk'ed-ly), adv. — Fork'ed-ness, n. 

Fork'i-ness (f6rk'i-nes), n. Quality of being forked. 

Fork'y (-y), a. Divided like a fork ; furcated. 

For-lorn' (for-lorn'), a. [OE., p. p. of forlesen to 
lose utterly, AS. forleosan (p. p. forloren); pref . for- + 
leosan (in comp.) to lose. See Lose.] 1. Deserted ; 
abandoned ; lost. 2. Being in a pitiful plight ; desper- 
ate. — For-loraly, adv. — For-lorn'ness, n. 

A forlorn hope [D. verloren hoop, prop., a lost band] 
(Mil.), a body of men selected to perform some very per- 
ilous service ; also, a desperate case or enterprise. 

Syn.— Destitute ; forsaken ; solitary ; helpless ; friend- 
less ; hopeless ; abject ; wretched ; miserable ; pitiable. 

-form (-f6rm). [See Fobm, «.] A suffix used to de- 
note in the form or shape of, resembling, etc. 

Form (fSrm ; in senses 8, 9, 10, often form in Eng- 
land), n. [OE. & F. forme, fr. L. forma.] 1. The shape 
and structure of anything, as distinguished from the 
material of which it is composed ; configuration ; figure. 
2. Constitution ; organization, etc. ; system. 3. Estab- 
lished method of expression or practice ; fixed way of 
proceeding ; formula. 4. Show without substance ; out- 
side appearance ; conventional ceremony ; formality. 5. 
Orderly arrangement ; shapeliness ; comeliness ; beauty. 
6. A shape ; image ; phantom. 7. That by which shape 
is given or determined ; pattern ; model. 8. A long seat ; 
bench ; hence, rank or class of students; also, class or rank 
in society. 9. The bed of a hare. 10. (Print.) The type 
or other matter from which an impression is to be taken, 
secured in a chase. 11. (Fine Arts) The boundary line 
of a material object. In painting, more generally, the 
human body. 12. (Gram.) The particular shape or 
structure of a word or part of speech. 13. (Metaph.) 
That assemblage of qualities making a conception, or 
that internal constitution making an existing thing 
what it is ; hence, law of being or activity. 14. Mode of 
acting or manifestation to the senses, or to the intellect. 

Good form, or Bad form, the general appearance, condi- 
tion, or action, — originally of horses. The phrases are 
further used colloquially in description of conduct or 
manners in society. 

Form, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fobmed (f6rmd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fobming.] 1. To give form or shape to ; to frame ; 
to make ; to fashion. 2. To give a particular shape, mold, 
or fashion to ; to arrange. 3. To go to make up ; to be 
the essential or constitutive elements of ; to answer for ; 
to take the shape of. 4. To provide with a form, as a 
hare. 5. (Gram.) To derive by grammatical rules. 



a> e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



FORM 



347 



FORTUNATENESS 



Form (form), i . i. 1. To take a form, definite shape, 
or arrangement. 2. To run for a form, as a hare. 

Form'al (fSrni'al), a. 1. Belonging to the form, 
frame, appearance, or organization of a thing. 2. Be- 
longing to the constitution' of a thing; constituent; es- 
sential. 3. Done in due form ; ceremonial. 4. Punc- 
tilious ; regular ; orderly ; exact ; prim ; precise. 5. 
Having the form without substance or essence ; external. 
6. Conventional. 7. Sound ; normal. [06s. j 

Syn.— Stiff; starched; affected; ritual; outward. 

Form'al-ism, h. Practice of strict observance of ex- 
ternal forms, esp. in matters of religion. [formalism. I 

Form'al-ist, n. One who lays stress on or practices! 

For-mal'1-ty (f5r-ma"lT-ty), n. 1. State or quality of 
being formal. 2. Form without substance. 3. Compli- 
ance with formal or conventional rules ; ceremony. 4. 
A conventional rule of procedure. 5. That which is 
formal, or merely formal. 6. Essential part. 

Form'al ize (-iz), v. t. To render formal. 

Form'al-ly, adv. In a formal manner. 
' For-ma'tion (for-nia'shiin), n. 1. Act of giving form 
or shape to anything. 2. Manner in which a thing is 
formed ; structure. 3. A substance formed or deposited. 
4. (Geol.) (a) Mineral deposits and rock masses desig- 
nated with reference to their origin, (b) A group of 
beds of the same age or period. 5. (Mil.) The arrange- 
ment of a body of troops, as in a square, column, etc. 

Form'a-tlve (f6rm'a-tTv), a. 1. Giving form ; hav- 
ing the power of giving or taking form. 2. (Gram.) 
Serving to form; derivative; not radical. 3. (Biol.) 
Capable of growth and development ; germinal. 

Form'a-tive, n. (Gram.) Any element, as a prefix, 
suffix, accent, etc., by the addition of which to a word or 
root a new word or form of a word is made ; also, the 
new word or form so made. 

Form'er (fSrm'er), n. One who or that which forms. 

For'mer (fSr'mer), a. compar. [A compar. due to 
OE. formest. See Fobemost.] 1. Preceding in order of 
time ; antecedent ; hence, ancient ; long past. 2. Pre- 
ceding in order; being the earlier of two things mentioned. 

Syn. — Prior; previous; anterior; foregoing. 

For'mer-ly (f6r'mer-ly), adv. In time past, either 
immediately or remotely ; of old ; heretofore. 

For'mlc (f6r'mik), a. [L. formica an ant.] (Chem.) 
Pertaining to, or derived from, ants ; as, formic acid, oc- 
curring naturally in ants, and also in certain plants. 

For'mi-ca-ry (f6r'mT-ka-ry), n. (Zo'ol.) An ant-hill. 

For'mi-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. [L. formicatio, deriv. 
of formica ant.] (3fed.) A sensation resembling that 
made by the creeping of ants on the skin. 

For'mi-da-ble (f6r'mT-da-b'l), a. [L. formidabilis, fr. 
formidare to fear, dread.] Exciting fear or apprehen- 
sion ; adapted to excite fear and deter from approach, 
encounter, or undertaking. — For'mi-da-bil'i-ty (-bill- 
ty), For'mi-da ble-ness, n. — For'mi-da-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Dreadful ; fearful ; terrible ; frightful ; shock- 
ing ; horrible ; terrific ; tremendous. 

Formless (fSrm'les), a. Shapeless ; wanting determi- 
nate form. — Formless-ly, adv. — Form'less-ness, n. 

For'mu-la (f6r'inu-la), n. ; pi. E. -las (-laz), L. -lje 
(-le). [L., dim. of forma form.] 1. A prescribed or set 
form ; established rule. 2. (Eccl.) A formal statement 
of doctrines. 3. (Math.) A rule or principle expressed 
algebraically. 4. (Med.) A prescription or recipe for the 
preparation of a medicinal compound. 5. (Chem.) A 
symbolic expression (by means of letters, figures, etc.) of 
the constituents or constitution of a compound. 

For'mu-la-ry (-la-r^), a. Stated ; prescribed ; ritual. 

For'mu-la-ry, n. 1. Book of formulas. 2. Formula. 

For'mu-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formulated 
(-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Formulating (-la-ting).] To 
reduce to a formula ; to state definitely. [lating. I 

For mu-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. Act or result of f ormu- 1 

For'mu-lize (-mu-Hz), v. t. To formulate. 

For'ni-cate (-nT-kat), ) a. [L. fornicatus, fr. for- 

For'ni-ca'ted (-ka'ted), J nix, -icis, an arch, vault.] 
Vaulted like an oven or furnace ; arched. 

For'ni-cate (f6r'nT-kat), v. i. [L.fornicari, p. p. -atus, 
fr. fornix, -icis, a vault, a brothel in an underground 
vault.] To commit fornication. 

For'nl-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Unlawful sexual in- 
tercourse on the part of an unmarried person. 2. (Script. ) 
(a) Adultery, (b) Incest, (c) Idolatry. [cation. I 

For'nl-ca'tor (f Sr'nT-ka'ter), n. One guilty of forni- 1 

For'ray (for'ra or for-ra'), v. t. & n. See Foray. 

For-sake' (f5r-sak'), v. t. [imp. Forsook (-sd6k') ; p. 
p. Forsaken (-sak''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Forsaking.] 
[AS. forsacan to oppose, refuse ; for- -f- sacan to con- 



tend. See For- ; Sake.] 1. To quit or leave entirely ; to 
withdraw from. 2. To renounce ; to reject ; to refuhe. 

Syn. — To abandon; quit; desert; fail; relinquish; 
give up ; renounce . Abandon. 

For-sak'er (f5r-sak'er), n. On.- who forsakes. 

For-SOOth' (for-sooth'), adv. [AS. forsOS ; for, prep. 
-f- sb~<5 truth. See Sooth.] In truth ; in fact ; certainly ; 
very well ; — now ironical or contemptuous. 

Forswear' (f&r-swfir'), ». t. [AS. forsuerian. See 
For-, and Swear, v. t] 1. To reject or renounce upon 
hence, to renounce earnestly, determinedly, or 



oath 



with protestations. 2. To deny ujion oath. 
To forswear one's self, to swear falsely. 
Syn. — See Perjure. 
For-swear', v. L To swear falsely. 
For-swear'er (iCr-swaVer), n. One who forswears. 
For-SWOre 7 (-swor'), imp. of Forsweab. 

For-sworn' (-sworn'), p. p. of Forswear. 

Fort (fort), n. [F., from fort strong, L. fortis.] (Mil.) 
A strong or fortified place ; usually, a small fortified 
place ; a fortification. [small outwork. I 

Fort'a-lice (fort'a-lts), n. [See Fortress.] (Mil.) A\ 

Forte (fort), n. [It. forte. SeeFoBT.] 1. The strong 
point ; that in which one excels. 2. The part of a sword- 
blade nearest the hilt. 

II For'te (for'ta, or for'ta), adv. [It. forte, a. & adv.] 
(3fus.) Loudly ; strongly ; powerfully. 

Forth (forth), adv. [AS. forS, f r. for ; akin to D. 
voort, Q.fort.~\ 1. Forward; onward in time, place, or 
order ; on to the end. 2. Out, as from a state of con- 
cealment, retirement, confinement, or the like. 3. Be- 
yond a (certain) boundary ; away ; abroad ; out. 

Forth'COm ing (forth'kum'Iug or forth'kum'-), a. 
Ready or about to appear ; making appearance. 

Forth'right' (forth'rit' or forth'rit'), adv. [Archaic] 
Straight forward. — a. Direct ; straightforward. 

Forth'with' (forth'with' or -with' ; see With), adv. 
Immediately ; without delay ; directly. 

For-thy' (f Sr-thi'), adv. [AS. for fry ; for, prep. + 
<5y. See The, adv.] Therefore. [Obs. or Archaic] 

For'ti-eth (f6r'ti-€th), a. 1. Following the thirty-ninth. 
2. Constituting one of forty equal parts of anything. 

For'ti-eth, n. A fortieth part. 

For'ti-fl'a-ble (-fi'a-b'l), a. That may be fortified. 

For'ti-fi-ca'tion (-fT-ka'shun), n. 1. Act or art of for- 
tifying. 2. That which fortifies ; a fortress ; a fort. 

Syn. — Fortress ; citadel ; bulwark. See Fobtbess. 

For'ti-fi'er (f6r'ti-fl'er), n. One that fortifies. 

For'ti-fy (-fl), v . t. [imp. & p. p. Fobtoted (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fobtipying.] [F. fortifier, L. fort'fi- 
care; fortis strong -f- -ficare (in comp.) to make. See 
-FY.] 1. To add strength to ; to furnish with power 
to resist attack. 2. To strengthen and secure by forts 
or batteries, or other military works. 

II For-tis'si-mo (for-tis'sT-mo or fSr-tes'se-mo), adv. 
[It., superl. of forte, adv.] (Mus.) Very strong or loud. 

For'tl-tnde (f6r'tT-tud), n. [L. fort it ado, fr. fortis 
strong.] 1. Strength ; firmness. [Obs.~} 2. Strength or 
firmness of mind in meeting danger, pain, or adversity ; 
resolute endurance ; courage. 

Syn. — Resolution ; resoluteness ; bravery. 

Fort'night / (fSrt'nlt'; in U. S. often fSrt'nTt), n. 
[Contr. fr. fourteen nights, our ancestors reckoning time 
by nights.] The space of fourteen days ; two weeks. 

Fort'nighMy (-nlt/ty), a. Occurring or appearing 
once in a fortnight. — adv. At intervals of a fortnight. 

For'tress (fSr'trgs), n. [OF. forteresce, fortetesce, 
LL. fortalitia, fr. L. fortis strong.] A fortified place ; a 
large and permanent fortification; a place of security. 

Syn. —Fort; fortification: castle; citadel. — A for- 
tress is constructed for military purposes only, and is 
permanently garrisoned ; a fortification is built to defend 
harbors, cities, etc. ; a castle is a fortress of early times, 
which was ordinarily a palatial dwelling ; a citadel is the 
stronghold of a fortress or city, etc. 

For-tU'i-tOUS (f5r-tu'T-tus), a. [L. fortuitus ; akin to 
forte, adv., by chance, prop. abl. of fors, fortis, chance.] 
Happening by chance ; coming or occurring unexpectedly, 
or without any known cause ; chance ; casual. — For- 
tu'i-tous-ly, adv. — For-tn'i-tous-ness. n. 

Syn. — Contingent ; incidental. See Accidental. 

For-tn'i-ty (-t^), »■ Accident ; chance ; casualty. 

For'tn-nate (iSi-'tu-nat ; 135), a. [L. fortunatus, p. 
p. oifortunare to make fortunate or prosperous, fr. for- 
tuna. See Fortune, n.] 1. Coming by good luck or 
favorable chance ; bringing some good thing not foreseen 
as certain ; auspicious. 2. Receiving unexpected good ; 
lucky. — For'tn-nate-ly, adv. — For'tu-nate-ness, n. 

Syn. — Auspicious ; lucky ; prosperous ; successful ; 



G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FORTUNE 



348 



FOUNTAIN HEAD 



) 



v. — FortWMtt implies the receipt of good 

i spective of effort or striving to that end; 

tea the gaining of an object striven for; 

. i plies success in those things which men 

counnonlv desire. One may ho fortunate, in some cases. 

where he"is not successful; he may be successful, but, if 

he baa been mistaken in the value of what he has aimed 

at. lie may tor that reason fail to be prosperous. 

For'tune (.for'tun; 135), n. [F., fr. L. fortuna ; 
akin to for*, fort is, chance.] 1. The happening of some- 
thing unforeseen ; chance ; accident ; luck ; hap ; also, 
the personified or deified power regarded as distributing 
arbitrarily the lots of life. 2. That which befalls or is to 
befall one ; fate ; destiny. 3. The event of a course of 
action ; pood or ill success; esp., favorable issue. 4. 
Wealth ; riches. 

Fortune hunter, one who seeks to acquire wealth by 
marriage. — Fortune teller, one who professes to tell future 
event sin the life of another. — Fortune telling, the prac- 
tice or art of the fortune teller. 

For'tune, v. t. To provide with a fortune. — v. i. To 
fall out ; to happen. 

For'ty i, for'ty), a. [AS. feduertig ; fedwer f our + 
suff. -tig ten. See Four, and Ten.] Four times ten ; 
thirty-nine and one more. 

For'ty. n. 1. The sum of four tens; forty units or 
objects. 2. A symbol for forty units ; as, 40, or xl. 

Fo'rum (fo'rum), n. ; pi. E. Forums (-rumz), L. Fora 
(-ra). [L. ; akin to /oris, for as, outdoors.] 1. A market 
place or public place in Rome, where causes were judi- 
cially tried, and orations delivered. 2. Tribunal ; court. 

For'ward (-werd), ) adv. [AS. forweard, fore- 

For'wards (-werdz), j weard. See For, Fore, and 
-wards.] Toward a part or place before or in front ; on- 
ward ; in advance ; progressively. 

For/ward, a. 1. Near, or at the fore part ; in ad- 
vance. 2. Ready ; prompt ; in an ill sense, overready ; 
too hasty. 3. Ardent ; eager ; earnest ; in an ill sense, 
less reserved or modest than is proper. 4. Advanced 
beyond the usual degree ; advanced for the- season. 

For'ward, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forwarded ; p. pr. & 
vb. Forwarding.] 1. To help onward ; to promote ; to 
accelerate. 2. To send forward ; to transmit. 

For'ward-er (-er), n. One who forwards. 

For'ward-ly (f8r'werd-ly), adv. In a forward manner. 

For'ward-ness, n. Quality or state of being forward. 

For'wards (-werdz), adv. Same as Forward. 
For-zan'do (f6r-tsan'd6), adv. [It., prop. p. pr. of 
forzare to force.] (Mus.) See Sforzato. 

Fos'sa (fSs'sa), n. ; pi. Foss.e (-se). [L., a ditch. 
See Fosse.] (Anat.) A pit, groove, cavity, or depression. 

Fosse (fos), n. [F., fr. L. fossa, fr. fodere, fossum, 
to dig.] 1. (Fort.) Ditch; moat. 2. (Anat.) Fossa. 

Fos'sil (fos'sil), a. [L. fossilis, fr. fodere to dig.] 

1. Dug out of the earth. 2. (Paleon.) Like or pert, 
to fossils ; contained in rocks, whether petrified or not. 

Fos'sil, n. 1. (Paleon.) The remains of an animal or 
plant found in stratified rocks. 2. A person of ex- 
tremely antiquated opinions or customs. [Colloq.] 

Fos sil-ii'er-ous (-Tfer-us), a. [Fossil.-}- -ferous.] 
(Paleon.) Containing or composed of fossils. 

Fos'sil-lst, n. A student of fossils ; a paleontologist. 

Fos sil-i-za'tion (-T-za'shiin), n. The process of con- 
verting, or of being converted, into a fossil. 

Fos'sll-lze (fSs'sTl-iz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Fossilized 
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fossilizing (-i'zing).] To convert 
into a fossil ; to petrify. Also used figuratively. 

Fos'sll-lze, v. i. 1. To become fossil. 2. To become 
antiquated in opinions or customs. [Colloq.] 

Fos-SO / ri-al (fos-so'rT-al), a. [L. fossor a digger.] 
Fitted for digging ; adapted for burrowing, as a foot. 

Fos'ter (f Ss'ter), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Fostered (-terd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fostering.] [AS. foster, fostor, food, 
nourishment, fr. foda food. See Food.] 1. To feed ; 
to nourish ; to support ; to bring up. 2. To cherish ; to 
encourage ; to sustain and promote. 

Fos'ter, a. Relating to nourishment ; affording, re- 
ceiving, or sharing nourishment or nurture ; — applied 
to father, mother, child, brother, etc., to indicate the 
relation of parent, child, brother, etc., as regards suste- 
nance and nurture, but not by tie of blood. 

Fos'ter-age £-aj ; 48), n. Care or charge of nursing. 

Fos'ter-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, fosters. 

Fos'ter-llng, n. A foster child. 

Foth'er (fSth'er), n. [OE. f other, foder, AS. foSer a 
cartload.] 1. A wagonload ; a load of any sort. [06s.] 

2. Se* Fodder, a unit of weight. 

Foth'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fothered (-erd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Fotherino.] [Cf. Fodder food, and G. fullern, 



fut tern, to cover, to line.] To stop (a leak in a ship at 
sea) by drawing under its bottom a thrummed sail, so 
that the pressure of the water may force it into the crack. 

Fought (fat), imp. & p. p. of Fight. 

Foul (foul)', a. [Compar. Fouler (-er) ; superl. Foul- 
est.] [AS. fid ; akin to D. vuil, G. faul rotten, L. putere 
to stink, pus pus, Gr. itvop pus, irvQeiv to cause to rot, 
Skr. puy to stink.] 1. Covered with, or containing, ex- 
traneous matter which is injurious, noxious, offensive, 
or obstructive ; filthy ; polluted ; nasty ; defiled. 2. 
Scurrilous ; obscene or profane. 3. Hateful ; shameful ; 
odious. 4. Loathsome ; disgusting. 6. Not favorable ; 
not fair or advantageous. 6. Not conformed to the es- 
tablished rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc. ; 
unfair ; dishonest. 7. Having freedom of motion inter- 
fered with by collision or entanglement ; entangled. 

Foul hall (Baseball), a batted ball that first strikes the 
ground outside of the foul ball lines, or rolls out of cer- 
tain limits. — Foul ball lines (Baseball), lines extending from 
the home base through the first and third bases. — Foul 
copy, a rough draught, with erasures and corrections. 

Foul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fouled (fould) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fouling.] 1. To make filthy ; to defile ; to soil. 2. 
(Mil.) To incrust (the bore of a gun) with burnt powder 
in the process of firing. 3. To cover (a ship's bottom) 
with anything that impedes sailing. 4. To entangle, so 
as to impede motion ; to come into collision with. 

Foul, v. i. To become fouled. [foul ball. I 

Foul, n. 1. Entanglement ; collision. 2. (Baseball) A | 

II Foulard' (F. fob'lar' ; E. fob-lard'), n. [F.] A 
thin, washable material of silk, or silk and cotton. 

Foul'der (foul'der), v. i. [Through F. fr. L. fulgur 
lightning.] To flash ; to gleam ; to thunder. [06s.] 

Foully (foul'ly), adv. In a foul manner. 

Foul'— mouthed' (-mouthd'), a. Using language scur- 
rilous, obscene, or profane ; abusive. 

Foul'ness, n. Quality or state of being foul. 

Foul'-spo ken (-spo'k'n), a. Foul-mouthed. 

Fou'mart' (foo'maW), n. [OE. folmard, fulmar d ; 
AS. fid foul -J- rnear<5, meard, marten.] (Zo'ol.) The 
European polecat. 

Found (found), imp. & p. p. of Find. 

Found, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Founded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Founding.] [F. fondere, L. fundere to found, pour.] 
To form by pouring melted metal into a mold ; to cast. 

Found, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Founded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Founding.] [F. fonder, L. fundare, fr. fundus bottom.] 
1. To lay the basis of ; to establish upon a basis, literal 
or figurative ; to fix firmly. 2. To take the first steps 
or measures in erecting or building up ; to furnish the 
materials for beginning ; to originate ; to institute. 

Foun-da'tlon (foun-da'shun), n. 1. Act of founding, 
fixing, establishing, or beginning to erect. 2. That 
upon which anything is founded; the lowest and sup- 
porting layer of a structure; groundwork; basis. 3. 
(Arch.) The lowest and supporting part of a wall; in a 
frame house, the whole substructure of masonry. 4. A 
donation for the support of a charitable institution ; en- 
dowment. 5. An endowed institution or charity. 

Foun-da'tion-er, n. One who derives support from 
the endowments of a college or school. [Eng.~\ 

Found'er (found'er), n. One who founds. 

Foun'der (foun'der), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foundered 
(-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Foundering.] [OF. fondrer 
to fall in, fr. fond bottom, L. fundus.] 1. (Naut.) To 
fill with water, and sink, as a ship. 2. To fall ; to 
stumble and go lame, as a horse. 3. To fail ; to miscarry. 

Foun'der, v. t. To cause internal inflammation and 
soreness in the feet or limbs of (a horse). 

Foun'der, n. (Far.) (a) A lameness in the foot of a 
horse, occasioned by inflammation, (b) An inflamma- 
tory fever of the body, or acute rheumatism. 

Found'er-y (found'er-^), n. Same as Foundry. 

Found'ling (-ling), n. [OE. foundling, fundling ; 
finden to find -f- -ling.] A deserted or exposed infant. 

Found'ress (-res), n. A female founder. 

Found'ry (-ry), n. [F. fonderie, fr. fondre. See 
Found to cast.] 1. Act, process, or art of casting 
metals. 2. The buildings and works for casting metals. 

Fount (fount), n. [See Font.] (Print.) A font. 

Fount, n. [OF. font, funt, fr. L. fons, fontis, a foun- 
tain ; of uncertain origin.] A fountain. 

Foun'tain (foun'tin), n. [F. fontaine, LL. fontana, 
fr. L. fons, fontis.] 1. A spring of water issuing from 
the earth. 2. An artificial jet or stream of water ; also, 
the structure in which such a jet or stream rises or flows. 
3. A chamber for a liquid. 4. Origin ; source. 

Fountain head, primary source ; original ; first principle. 



a, e, t, o, u, long ; a, C, 1, 5, ti, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, idea, dbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



FOUR 



349 



FRAGRANTLY 



Four (for), a. [AS./eo'uer ; akin to OS. fiuar, D. & 
G. vier, Goth. fidtvdr, L. quatuor, Gr. re'Trapes, reaaaptt, 
iriVvpes, Skr. calur.] One more than three ; twice two. 

Four, n. 1. The sum of four units ; four units or ob- 
jects. 2. A symbol representing four units, as 4 or iv. 
3. Four things of the same kind, esp. four horses. 

Four'chettO' (fobr'shSt'), n. [F., dim. of fourche 
fork.] 1. A table fork. 2. The wishbone of birds. 3. 
The frog of the hoof of the horse and allied animals. 

Fourfold 7 (for'fold'), a. & adv. Four times; quad- 
ruple. — it. Four times as many or as much. 

Four'foot'ed (-f6"6t'8d), a. Having four feet. 

Four'gon' (fobr'goN'), n. [F.] {Mil.) (a) An am- 
munition wagon. (b) A French baggage wagon. 

Four'hand'ed (for'hXnd'gd), a. 1. Having four 
hands ; quadrumanous. 2. Requiring four players. 

Fou'ri-er-ism (fob'rT-er-Tz'm), n. The cooperative 
socialistic system of Charles Fourier, a Frenchman. 

Fou'ri-er-ist (-1st), ) n. One who adopts the views of 

Fou'ri-er-ite (-it), ) Fourier. 

Four / -in-hand / (for'Tu-hSud'), a. Consisting of, or 
drawn by, four horses driven by one person. — n. A four- 
in-hand team or vehicle. 

Four'-o'clOCk' (-6-kl5k'), n. 1. (Bot.) A plant (Mi- 
rabilis Jalapa, and other species) the flowers of which 
open toward sunset, or in cloudy weather ; — whence the 
name. 2. (Zool.) The friar bird ; — from its cry. 

Four'SCOre' (for'skor'), a. [Four -f- score, n.] Four 
times twenty ; eighty. — n. Eighty units or objects. 

Foursquare' (-skwSr'), a. Having four sides and 
four equal angles. 

Four'teen' (-ten'), a. [AS. feoicertyne, feowertene. 
See Four; Ten.] Four and ten more ; twice seven. 

Four'teen', n. 1. The sum of ten and four ; fourteen 
units or objects. 2. A symbol for fourteen, as 14 or xiv. 

Fourteenth' (-tenth'), a. 1. Next in order after the 
thirteenth. 2. Making or constituting one of fourteen 
equal parts into which anything may be divided. 

Four'teenth', n. 1. A fourteenth part. 2. (Mus.) 
The octave of the seventh. 

Fourth (forth), a. 1. Next in order after the third ; 
the ordinal of four. 2. Forming one of four equal parts 
into which anything may be divided. 

Fourth, n. 1. A fourth part. 2. {Mus.) The in- 
terval of two tones and a semitone, embracing four dia- 
tonic degrees of the scale ; the subdominant of any key. 

The Fourth, specif., in the U. S., the anniversary day 
(July 4th) of the declaration of American independence. 

Fourthly, adv. In the fourth place. 

Fou'tra (fob'tra), n. [F. f outre to lecher, L. futuere.~\ 
A fig ; — used contemptuously. [ 06s. ] 

Fowl (foul), n. Instead of the pi. Fowls the singular 
is often used collectively. [AS. fugol ; akin to G. 
xogel, Goth, fugls ; of unknown origin.] 1. Any bird ; 
esp., any large edible bird. 2. Any domesticated bird 
used as food ; esp., the common domestic cock or hen. 

Fowl, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Fowled (fould) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fowling.] To catch or kill wild fowl. 

Fowl'er, n. A sportsman who pursues wild fowl 



FOX (f5ks), n. 
of unknown ori- 
gin.] 1. (Zool.) 
(a) A. carnivorous 
mammal of many 
species, noted for 
its craftiness. (b) 
The European 
dragonet. (c)The 
thrasher shark. 



[AS. fox; akin to D. vos, G. fuchs; 




h 



European Fox ( Vulpes vulgaris). 



2. A sly, cunning fellow. [Colloq.'] 3. (Navi.) Rope 
yarn twisted and tarred. 4. A sword. [06s.] 

Fox brush, the tail of a fox. — Fox evil, a disease in 
which the hair falls off. — Fox hunter, (a) One who pur- 
sues foxes with hoimds. (6) A horse which is ridden in a 
fox chase. — Fox terrier (Zool.), one of a peculiar breed of 
terriers, used in hunting to drive 
foxes from their holes, and for other 
purposes. — Fox trot, a pace like that 
which is adopted for a few steps, by 
a horse, when passing from a walk 
into a trot, or a trot into a walk. 

FOX (f5ks), v. t. {imp. & p. p. 
Foxed (fSkst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fox- 
ing.] 1. To intoxicate ; to stupefy 
with drink. 2. To make sour, as 
beer, by causing it to ferment. 3. 
To repair the feet of, as of boots, 
with new front upper leather, or to a Smooth-haired vari 
piece the upper fronts of. et - v : h Rough-haired. 




Fox Terrier. 




Fox (f5ks), v. t. To turn sour in fermenting. 
Foxed (f5knt), «. 1. Discolored or Btaiued ; — said of 
timber, and also of paper. 2. Repaired by foxing. 

Fox'glove' (fok.s' k 'luV), n. [A - 
dttfa,/ozet~clife.'] (/Jot.) Anypbu 

DC perennial 
nial plant, whose leaves are 
a powerful drug. 

Fox'hound' (-hound'), n. 
(Zool.) One of a 
breed of hounds used for 
chasing foxes. 

Fox'i-ness (-T-ngs), n. 
State or quality of being 
foxy, or foxed. 

Fox'tail' (-tal'), n. 1. 
The tail or brush of a fox. 
2. (Bot.) Any one of sev- 
eral species and genera of Foxhound, 
grass having a soft dense head of flowers. 

Fox'y (-£), a. 1. Like or pert, to the fox ; like the 
fox in disposition ; crafty. 2. Having the color of a fox ; 
yellowish or reddish brown. 3. Sour ; unpleasant in taste. 
II Foy'er' (fwa'ya'), 71. [F., fr. LL.focarium fireplace.] 
1. A lobby in a theater ; a greenroom. 2. The basin in 
a furnace which receives the molten metal. 

Fra (fra), n. [It., for /rate. See Friar.] Brother ; 
— a title of a monk or friar. 

Fra'cas (fra^kas ; F. fra'ka'), n. [F., din, tumult, It. 
fracasso, fr. fracassare to break in pieces.] Uproar ; 
noisy quarrel ; disturbance ; brawl. [violate. [06j.]| 
Fract (frSkt), v. t. [See Fraction.] To break ; to| 
Fraction (frSk'shun), n. [F., fr. L. J radio a breaking, 
ir.frangere,fractum, to break.] 1. A breaking. 2. A 
portion; a fragment. 3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more 
aliquot parts of a unit or whole number ; an expression 
for a definite portion of a unit or magnitude. 

Common, or Vulgar, fraction, one with the denominator 
written below a line, and the numerator above it, as k 
f . — Complex fraction, one having a fraction or mixed 
number in the numerator or denominator, or in both. — 
Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction ; two or more 
fractions connected by of. — Decimal fraction. See under 
Decimal. — Improper fraction, one in which the numerator 
is greater than the denominator. — Froper fraction, one in 
which the numerator is less than the denominator. 

Fraction, v. t. (Chem.) To separate by means of, 

or to subject to, fractional distillation or crystallization. 

Frac'tlon-al (-ol), a. 1. Of or pertaining to fractions 

or a fraction ; constituting a fraction. 2. Relatively 

small ; inconsiderable ; insignificant. 

Fractional crystallization (C$e/n.), a process of separation 
by means of repeated solution and crystallization. — Frac- 
tional distillation (Chem.), distillation by which a mixture 
of liquids, differing considerably from each other in their 
boiling points, is separated into its constituents. 

Frac'tiOUS (-shus), a. [Etym. uncertain.] Apt to be- 
come passionate ; apt to scold ; cross ; snappish ; ugly ; 
unruly. — Frac'tlous-ly, adv. — Frac'tious-ness. n. 

Frac'ture (-tur ; 135), n. [L. fractnra, fr. frangere, 
fractum, to break.] 1. Act of breaking or snapping 
asunder; rupture; breach. 2. (Surg.) The breaking of 
a bone. 3. (3Iin.) Texture of a freshly broken surface. 
Compound fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which there is 
an open wound from the surface down to the fracture. 

Frac'ture (frSk'tur ; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frac- 
tured (-turd; 135) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fracti-ring.] To 
cause a fracture or fractures in ; to break. 

Frae'num (fre'num), or Fre'num, n- ; pi. E. Fkm- 
nums (-numz), L. Fr.ena (-na). [L., a bridle.] (Anat.) 
A supporting or restraining fold or membrane. 

Frag'ile (frSj'Tl), a. [L. frfigilis, from frangere to 
break.] Easily broken ; brittle ; frail— Frag'ile-ly. adv. 
Fra-gil'i-ty (fra-jll'1-ty), «. 1. State or quality of 
being fragile ; brittleness ; frangibility. 2. Weakness. 

Frag'ment (frag'nifnt), n. [L. fragmeiUum, iv. fran- 
gere to break.] A part broken off ; a small, detached 
portion ; an imperfect part. 

Frag-men'tal (frag-me'ii'tal), a. Fragmentary. 
Frag'men-ta-ry (-rf), a. Composed of fragments, or 
broken pieces ; disconnected ; not complete or entire. — 
Frag'men-ta-ri-ly, adv. — Frag'men-ta-ri-ness, n. 
Fra-grance (f ra'gnrns), \n. Quality of being fr.i- 
Fra-gran-cy (-gran-sy), ) grant ; odorousness ; per- 
fume. 

Fra'grant (fra'grant), a. [L.fragrans, -ant is, p. pr. of 
fragrare to be fragrant.] Affecting the olfactory nerves 
agreeably ; sweet of smell ; odorous ; agreeable in per- 
fume. — Fra'grant-ly, adv. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sins, ink. tnen, tnin. 



M 



FRAIL 



350 



FRECKLE 



> 



Fndl (MB), n. [OF. /raid, /reel, frael, fr. LL. 
1. A basket made of rushes, u&ed chit tiy lor 
coutaining rips and raisins. 2. The quantity of raisins con- 
tained in a frail, — about thirty-two, fifty-six, or seventy- 
..uds. 3. A rush for weaving baskets. 

Frail, m. [Compar. Frailer (-er) ; superl. Frailest.] 

rile, j'relt, fr. L. fragilis. See Fragile.] 1. 

I roken : fragile ; not firm or durable ; weak ; 

iutirui. 2. Liable to fall from virtue or be led into sin ; 

weak in resolution ; also, unchaste. — Frailly, adv. — 

Frail 'ness, n. 

Frail'ty (fral'ty). n. 1. State or quality of being 
frail. 2. A fault proceeding from weakness ; foible ; sin. 

Frame (.fraui), v. t. limp. & p. p. Framed (franid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Framing.] [AS. /remman to further, 
perform, effect, fr. /ram strong, valiant ; akin toE./o>e- 
1. To construct by fitting and uniting together the 
several parts of any structure, esp. of its skeleton. 2. To 
plan : to contrive ; to compose ; in a bad sense, to invent 
or fabricate, as something false. 3. To fit to something 
else, or for some specific end ; to adjust ; to conform. 
4. To provide with a frame, as a picture. 

Frame, «. 1. Anything composed of parts fitted and 
united together ; fabric ; structure ; esp., the skeleton of 
a structure. 2. The bodily structure ; make or build 
of a person. 3. A kind of open case or structure made 
for admitting, inclosing, stretching, or supporting things. 
4. (Mach.) A kind of machine built upon or within frame- 
work ; as, a spinning /rame. 5. Form ; shape ; propor- 
tion ; constitution ; system. 6. Particular state or dispo- 
sition, as of the mind ; humor ; mood. 7. Contrivance. 

Frame building or house, a building of which the form 
and support is made of framed timbers. (U. S.) 

Fram'er (-er), n. One who frames anything. 

Frame'work' (-wfirk'), n. 1. The work of framing, 
or the completed work ; the frame or constructional part 
of anything. 2. Work with a frame or loom. 

Framing, n. Act, process, or style of putting to- 
gether a frame ; a frame ; that which frames ; also, a 
framework, or system of frames. 

Fram'pel (fram'pgl), ) a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Peev- 

Fram'pold (-pold), \ ish ; quarrelsome. [Obs.] 

Franc (frank), n. [F., fr. /ranc a Frank.] A silver 
coin of France, equivalent to about 19 cents, or 10 pence. 

Fran'chise (fran'chiz or -chiz), n. [F., fr. /ranc, 
fern, /ranche, free. See Frank, a.] 1. Freedom. [06s.] 

2. (Law) A particular privilege conferred by grant from 
a sovereign or a government, and vested in individuals. 

3. The district or jurisdiction to which a particular privi- 
lege extends ; hence, an asylum or sanctuary. 

Fran'chise, v. t. To make free ; to enfranchise. 

Fran'chise-ment (-chlz-ment), n. Release ; deliver- 
ance; freedom. 

Fran-cis'can (fran-sTs'kon), a. (R. C. Ch.) Belonging 
to the Order of St. Francis or the Franciscans. — n. A 
member of the Order of St. Francis, a zealous order of 
mendicant monks founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi. 

Fran'CO-lin (frSn/ko-lin), n. [F.] (Zool.) A spurred 
partridge of Asia and 
Africa, formerly common 
also in Europe. 

Fran'gi-ble (frSn'jT- 
b'l), a. Capable of being 
broken ; brittle ; fragile ; 
easily broken. — Fran'- 
gi-bill-ty (-jT-bT11-ty),rc. 
Fran'gi-pane (fran'- 
jl-pan ; F. fraN'zhe'pan'), 
B. 'F. ; supposed to be 
named after a Marquis .„ " .. ,„ Z 
Frangipani.] 1. A Jer- Fran cohn (Franr.ol 
fume of jasmine; frangipani. 2. 
containing cream and almonds. 

Fran'gi-pan'i(fr5n / ji-p5n'i), Fran'gi-pan'ni (-nT), n. 
[For Frangipane.] A perfume derived from, or imitating 
the odor of, the flower of the red jasmine. 

Frank (frank), a. [Compar. Franker (-er) ; superl. 
Frankest.] Jy. franc free, frank, L. Francus a Frank, 
fr. OHG. Franko the name of a Germanic people on the 
Pvhine, who afterward founded the French monarchy.] 
1. Unbounded by restrictions, limitations, etc. [R.] 2. 
Free in uttering one's real sentiments ; using no disguise. 

Syn.— -Ingenuous; candid; artless; plain; open; un- 
reserved ; undisguised ; sincere. 

Frank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Franked (frSnkt) ; p. pr. 
& i-b. n. Franking.] 1. To send by public conveyance 
tree of expenm- 2. To exempt from charge for postage. 

Frank, n. 1. The privilege of franking mail matter ; 




linus crventus). 
A species of pastry, 



also, the sign denoting that matter is franked. 2. 
(Ethnol.) A member of one of the German tribes that in 
the fifth century established the kingdom of France. 3. 
A native or inhabitant of Western Europe ; a European ; 
— a term used in the Levant. 4. A franc. 

Frank al-moigne' (frank'Sl-nioin'), n. [F. /ranc free 
-f- Norm. F. almoigne alms, for almosne. See Alms.] 
(Eng. Laic) A tenure by spiritual service, as on condition 
of praying for the soul of the donor and his heirs. 

Frahk'in-cense (-Tn-sSns), n. [OF. /ranc free, pure 
-f- encens incense.] A fragrant, aromatic resin, or gum 
resin, burned as an incense, as in religious rites. 

Frankly, adv. In a frank manner ; freely. 

Frank'ness. n. The quality of being frank ; candor. 

Frankpledge' (-plSj'),». [Frank + pledge.] (O.Eng. 
Law) (a) A pledge or surety for the good behavior of 
freemen, — each freeman of certain communities being a 
pledge for the rest, (b) A tithing ; decennary. 

Fran'tic (fran'tTk), a. [F. /renetique, L. phreneticus, 
fr. Gr. <£pev«.Ti/c6s. See Phrenetic] Mad ; raving ; 
furious ; violent ; wild and disorderly ; distracted. — 
Fran'tic-al-ly (f rSn'tl-kal-ly), adv. — Fran'tic-ly (-tTk- 
ly), adv. — Fran'tic-ness, n. 

Frap (fr5p), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frapped (frapt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Frapping.] [Cf. F. /rapper to seize ropes.] 
(Kant.) To draw or bind together ; to tighten. 

HFra'ter (fra'ter), n. [L., a brother.] (Eccl.) A 
monk ; also, a refectory, [R.] 

Fra-ter'nal (fra-ter'norl), a. [F. deriv. of Ij./raternus, 
fr. /rater brother, akin to E. brother.'] Of, pertaining to, 
or becoming, brothers ; brotherly. — Fra-ter'nal-ly , adv. 

Fra-ter'ni-ty (fra-ter'nT-ty), n. 1. State or quality of 
being fraternal ; brotherhood. 2. A body of men asso- 
ciated together, as for their common interest, business, or 
pleasure ; brotherhood ; society. [A fraternizing. I 

Fra'ter-ni-za'tion (fra'ter-nT-za'shun or fraVer-), n. \ 

Fra'ter-nize (fra'ter-nlz or frafer-), v. i. [imp. & p. 
p. Fraternized (-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fraternizing 
(-ni'zTng).] To associate or hold fellowship as brothers, 
or as men of like occupation or character. 

Frat'ri-Ci'dal (frat'ri-sl'dal), a. Of or pertaining to 
fratricide ; of the nature of fratricide. 

Frat/ri-cide (frat'ri-sld), n. [L. /ratricidium a broth- 
er's murder, /ratricida a brother's murderer; /rater, 
/ratris, brother + caedere to kill.] 1. Act of one who 
murders or kills his own brother. 2. One who murders 
or kills his own brother. 

Fraud (frad), n. [F. /raude,"L. /raus, /raudis.] 1. 
Deception deliberately practiced with a view to gaining 
an unlawful or unfair advantage ; injurious stratagem. 
2. (Law) Intentional deception inducing another to part 
with some property or to surrender a legal right. 

Syn. — Deception ; deceit ; guile ; subtlety ; craft ; 
wile ; sham ; strife ; circumvention ; stratagem ; trick ; 
imposition ; cheat. See Deception. 

Fraud'ful (-ful), a. Full of fraud ; trickish ; fraudulent. 

Fraud'u-lence (frad'u-lens ; 135), 1 n. The quality of 

Fraud'U-len-cy (-len-sy), J being fraudulent. 

Fraud'u-lent (-lent), a. [L. /raudulentus, fr. /raus, 
/raudis, fraud.] 1. Using fraud; tricky; deceitful; 
dishonest. 2. Characterized by, founded on, or pro- 
ceeding from, fraud. 3. Obtained or performed by arti- 
fice. — Fraud'u-lent-ly, adv. 

Fraught (frat), n. [OE. /raughl, /raght; origin un- 
certain.] A freight ; a cargo. [Gbs.] [charged. I 

Fraught, a. Freighted ; laden ; filled ; stored ; | 

Fraught, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fraughted or Fraught; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fraughttng.] To freight ; to burden ; 
to fill. [Obs.] [test. I 

Fray (fra), 7*. [Abbrev. from Affray.] Affray; con- 1 

Fray, V. t. To frighten ; to terrify ; to alarm. 

Fray, V. t. [See Defray, v. t.~\ To defray. [06s.] 

Fray, v. t. & i. [OF. /reier, /raier, /roier, to rub, L. 
/ricare.] To rub ; to wear, wear off or out, or wear into 
shreds, by rubbing ; to fret or ravel, as cloth. 

Fray, n. A fret or chafe, as in cloth. 

Freak (frek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freaked (frekt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Freaking.] [Akin to OE. /rakin, /reken, 
freckle, Gr. wep/ci/6?.] To variegate; to streak. [R.] 

Freak, n. [Prob. from OE. /rek bold, AS. /rec bold, 
greedy ; akin to G. /rech insolent.] A sudden causeless 
change of mind ; a whim or fancy ; vagary ; caprice. 

Freakish, a. Apt to indulge in freaks. — Freakish- 
ly, adv. — Freaklsh-ness, n. 

Frec'kle (frek'k'l), n. [Dim., fr. same root as Freak, 
v. t.] 1. A small yellowish or brownish spot in the 
skin, esp. on the face, neck, or hands. 2. Any small spot. 

Frec'kle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Freckled (-k'ld) ; 



a, e, I, o, ix, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, gvent. idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



FRECKLY 



351 



FREQUENTATIVE 



p. pr. & vb. n. Freckling (-klTng).] To sprinkle or 
mark with, or become marked with, freckles. 

FreclCly (frSk'kiy), a. Full of freckles ; freckled. 

Free (fre), a. [Compar. Freer (-er) ; superl. Freest 
(-Sst).] [AS. freS, frl; akin to D. vrij, G.frei, Goth. 
freis, and also to Skr. prija beloved, dear, fr. prl to 
love.] 1. Exempt from subjection to the will of others ; 
not dependent ; at liberty. 2. Not under an arbitrary 
or despotic government ; enjoying political liberty. 3. 
Liberated, by arriving at a certain age, from the control 
of parents, guardian, or master. 4. Not confined or im- 
prisoned ; released from arrest. 6. Capable of volun- 
tary activity ; endowed with moral liberty ; — said of the 
will. 6. Clear of offense or crime. 7. Unconstrained by 
timidity or distrust ; unreserved ; ingenuous ; frank ; fa- 
miliar ; communicative. 8. Unrestrained ; immoderate ; 
lavish ; licentious ; — used in a bad sense. 9. Not close 
or parsimonious ; liberal. 10. Exempt ; clear ; released ; 
liberated ; not encumbered or troubled with. 11. Char- 
acteristic of one acting without restraint. 12. Ready ; 
eager ; spirited. 13. Invested with a particular right or 
privilege. 14. Not obstructed, engrossed, or appropri- 
ated ; open ; public. 15. Not gained by importunity or 
purchase ; gratuitous ; spontaneous. 16. Not arbitrary 
or despotic ; assuring liberty. 17. {Law) Privileged or 
individual ; — the opposite of common. 18. Separated ; 
dissevered ; unattached. 

Free port. (Com.) (a) A port where goods are received 
and shipped free of custom duty, (b) A port where all 
goods are received from ships of all nations at equal rates 
of duty. — Free trade, commerce unrestricted by duties or 
tariff regulations. — Free trader, a believer in free trade. 

Free (fre), adv. Without charge. 

Free, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freed (fred) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Freeing.] 1. To make free ; to set at liberty ; to 
undo ; to disengage ; to release. 

Free'DOOt'er (fre'boot'er), n. [D. vrijbuiter, fr. vrij- 
buiten to plunder ; vrij free -f- butt booty, akin to E. 
booty.'] A plunderer or pillager without the authority of 
national warfare ; pillager ; buccaneer ; sea robber. 

Free'DOOt'ing, n. Robbery ; plunder ; a pillaging. 

Free'bOOt/ing, a. Acting the freebooter ; robbing. 

Free'born' (-bSrn), a. Born free, or not in vassalage. 

Freed'man (fred'mcm), n. A man who has been a 
slave, and has been set free. 

Free'dom (fre'dum), n. [AS. freSdom. See Free, 
and -dom.] 1. State of being free ; liberty ; independ- 
ence. 2. Privileges ; franchises ; immunities. 3. Ex- 
emption from necessity, in choice and action. 4. Ease ; 
facility. 5. Frankness ; openness ; unreservedness. 6. 
Improper familiarity ; license. 

Freedom of the city, the rights of a freeman of the city, 
— conferred as an honor on a non-resident. 

Free'-hand' (fre'kand'), a. Done by the hand, with- 
out support or the guidance of instruments. 

Free'-hand'ed, a. Open-handed ; liberal. 

Free'-heart'ed (-hart/Sd), a. Open ; frank ; unre- 
served ; liberal ; generous. 

Freehold' (-hold'), n. (Law) An estate in real prop- 
erty, of inheritance (in fee simple or fee tail) or for life ; 
the tenure by which such estate is held. [hold. I 

Free'hold'er (-er), n. (Law) The owner of a free-l 

Free'-liVer (-lTVer), n. One given to free-living. 

Free'— living, n. Indulgence of the appetites. 

Free'-love' (-luV), n. The doctrine or practice of 
sexual cohabitation without marriage. [free-love. 

Free'-lOV'er, n. One who advocates or practices 

Free'ly, adv. In a free manner ; without restraint or 
compulsion ; abundantly ; gratuitously. 

Free'man (fre'man), n. 1. One who enjoys liberty, 
or who is, not subject to the will of another ; one not a 
slave or vassal. 2. A member of a corporation, com- 
pany, city, or state, possessing certain privileges ; esp., 
a citizen entitled to vote in elections. 

Free'-mar'tin (-mar' tin), n. (Zool.) An imperfect 
female calf, twinborn with a male. 

Free'ma son (-ina's'n), n. One of an ancient and 
secret association or fraternity, said to have been at 
first composed of masons or builders in stone. 

Free / ma-SOn'ic (-ma-son'Tk), a. Pert, to, or resem- 
bling, freemasonry. [practices of freemasons. I 

Free'ma'SOn-ry (-ma's'n-ry), n. The institutions or I 

Free'ness, n. State or quality of being free. 

Fre'er (fre'er), n. One who frees, or sets free. 

Free'-SOil 7 (-soil'), a. Pertaining to, or advocating, 
the non-extension of slavery ; — esp. applied to a party 
active during 1846-1856. [ U. S.~\ — Free'-SOil er (-er), 
n. [U. 8.] — Free'-soil'lsm (-Tz'm), n. [U. S.] 



Free'stone (fre'hton'), n. A stone composed of Band 
or grit ; — ho called becaUM it in easily out or wrought. 

Free'stone 7 , c Having ti"- Bean rsadilj separating 

from the Ktonc, M in certain kindu of p. ■:> 

Free'think er (-thTnk'er), n. One who formi opin- 
ions independently of the authority of other* , 
the sphere of religion, one who formn opinioiiH iii<le|xmd- 
ently of the authority of revelation or ol the church. 

Syn. — Infidel ; wkeptic ; unbeliever. See Infidel. 

Free'think ing, n. The manner of thinking or form- 
ing opinionn exhibited by freethinkers. 

Free / Will / (-wll), a. Of or pertaining to f r 
voluntary ; spontaneous. 

Freeze (frez), v. i. & t. [imp, Froze (froz) ; p.p. 
Frozen (fro'z'n) ; p. pr. A vb. n. Fnnzrjro.] [ a 
san; akin to D. vriezen, G. frieren, Goth, fri 
frost.] 1. To congeal by cold ; to harden into ice or like 
a solid body. 2. To chill with cold, or as with cold. 

Freeze, n. A congealing, or state of being congealed. 

Freez'er (-er), n. One that freezes anything. 

Freez'ing, a. Tending to, or used for, freezing. 2. 
Fig. : Cold or distant in manner. — Freez'ing-ly 

Freezing point, that degree of a thermometer at which a 
fluid begins to freeze ; applied esp. to water, whose 
freezing point is at 32 ' Fahr., and at 0" Centigrade. 

Freight (frat), n. [F. fret, OHG. Jriht merit, reward. 
See Fraught, n.] 1. That with which anything is 
fraught or laden; lading; cargo. 2. (Law) (a) Sum 
paid as hire for a ship or part of a ship, (b) Price paid 
a common carrier for the carriage of goods. 3. Freight 
transportation, or freight line. 

Freight, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Freighted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Freighting.] To load with goods for transportation ; 
to furnish with freight. 

Freightage (-aj ; 48), n. 1. Charge for transporta- 
tion. 2. Transportation of freight. 3. Freight ; cargo. 

Freighter (-er), n. 1. One who loads, or who char- 
ters and loads, a ship. 2. One employed in receiving 
and forwarding freight. 3. One for whom freight is 
transported. 4. A vessel used mainly to carry freight. 

French (fr6nch), a. [AS. frencisc, deriv. of L. Fran- 
cus a Frank.] Of or pert, to France or its inhabitants. 

French berry (Bot.), the berry of a species of buckthorn, 
which affords a saffron, green, or purple pigment. — 
French chalk (Min.), a variety of granular talc ; — used 
for drawing lines on cloth, etc. — French horn, a kind of 
metallic wind instrument. 

— French leave, an infor- 
mal, hasty, or secret de- 
parture, esp. without pay- 
ing one's debts. [Colloq.' 1 

— French roof (Arch.), a 
modified form of mansard 
roof having a nearly flat 
deck for the upper slope. 

French, n. 1. The Ian- _ . _ 

guage spoken in France. French norn. 

2. Collectively, the people of France. 

French'i-fy (-T-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frenchdttbd 

(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Frencrtfying.] [French + -/y.] 

To make French ; to Gallicize. [pie of France. T 

French'man (-man), n. A native or one of the peo-| 

Fre-net'ic (fre-net'Tk), 1 a. [See Frantic, a.] Dis- 

Fre-net'ic-al (-T-kal), J tracted ; mad ; frantic. 

Fren'zied (fren'zid), p. p. & a. Affected with frenzy ; 

frantic ; maddened. — Fren'zied-ly", adv. 

Fren'zy (-z^), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. ^peVrjcri? 
for <f>pevtTi<; disease of the mind, phrenitis, fr. 4>prjv mind.] 
Any violent agitation of the mind approaching to dis- 
traction ; violent and temporary derangement of the 
mental faculties ; madness ; rage. 

Syn. — Insanity ; lunacy ; madness ; derangement ; 
alienation ; aberration ; delirium. See Insanity. 
Fren'zy, v. t. To affect with frenzy. [A\] 
Frequence (fre'kwens), n. Frequency. [/?.] 
Fre'quen-cy (-kwen-sj^), n. 1. State or quality of 
being frequent ; frequent recurrence ; occurrence often 
repeated or common. 2. A crowd ; throng. [Obs.~] 

Fre'quent (-kwent), a. [L. frwuen*, -entis, crowded, 
frequent; akin to E. farce.'] 1. Often to be met with; 
happening at short intervals ; often repeated or oc- 
curring. 2. Habitually or persistently practicing any 
course of conduct. 3. Fnll; thronaed. [Obs.] 

Fre-quent' (fre-kwPnf). v. t. [imp. A p. p. Fre- 
quented ; p. pr. & vb. h. Frequenting.] 1. To Hail 
often ; to resort to often or habitually. 2. To rill full. 
[Obs.] [quenting; resort. I 

Fre'quen-ta'tion (ire / kwe'n-ta'shnn\ 7i. Act of fre-| 
Fre-quent'a-tive (frc-kwe'iit'a-tTv), a. (Gram.) Serv- 
ing to express the frequent repetition of an action. 




G 



H 



K 



fern, recent, Orb, ryde, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



FREQUENTER 



352 



FRIGATE 



Fre-anent'er (trMwHtaffc), n. One who frequents. 
Frequently fM'kwenMy), adv. At frequent or 

short intervals ; often; repeatedly; commonly. 

Fre'QUent-ness. n. State or quality of being frequent. 

Fres'co (frto'kJ), n. ; pi. Frescoes or Frescos (-koz). 
[It., fr. fretCO fresh ; of German origin.] 1. A cool, re- 
freshing state of the air; duskiness; shade, [i?.] 2. 
fs) (a) Art of painting on freshly spread plas- 
ter, before it dries, (l>) Hence, incorrectly, painting on 
plaster in any manner, (c) A painting made on plaster. 

Fres'CO. 9. t. To paint in fresco, as walls. 

Fresh (frSsh), a. [Compar. Fresher (-er) ; superl. 
Fukshest.] [AS. ferae; akin to D. rersch, G. frisc/i.] 
Bed of original life and vigor ; unimpaired ; 
sound. 2. New ; original ; additional. 3. Lately pro- 
duced, gathered, or prepared for market ; not stale ; not 
dried or preserved ; in good condition ; lately made or 
obtained ; lately come or made public. 4. In a raw, 
green, or untried state ; uncultured ; unpracticed. 5. 
Renewed in vigor, alacrity, or readiness for action ; 
hence, tending to renew in vigor. 6. Not salt. 

Fresh breeze (Naut.), a breeze blowing about thirty 
miles an hour. — Fresh gale, a gale blowing about fifty 
miles an hour. — Fresh way (Naut.), increased speed. 

Syn. — Recent ; unfaded ; ruddy ; florid ; sweet ; good ; 
inexperienced ; unused ; lively ; vigorous ; strong. 

Fresh, n. 1. A stream or spring of fresh water. 
2. A freshet. [Prov. Eng.~\ 3. The mingling of fresh 
water with salt in river or bays. 

Fresh/en (fr6sh"n), v. t. & i. {imp. &p.p. Freshened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Freshening (-'n-T ng)/] 1. To make 
or grow stronger or more vigorous. 2. To separate, as 
water, from saline ingredients ; to make or become less 
salt. 3. (Naut.) To relieve, as a rope, by change of the 
part or protecting material affected by friction. 

Fresh/et (-St), n. A flood or overflowing of a stream 
due to heavy rains or melted snow ; sudden inundation. 

Freshly, adv. In a fresh manner. 

Fresh'man (fresh'man), n. A novice-; esp., a first- 
year student in a college or university. 

Fresh'ness, n. State or quality of being fresh. 

Fresh'-wa ter (-wa/ter), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or 
living in, water not salt. 2. Accustomed to sail on fresh 
water only ; unskilled as a seaman. 

Fret (fr6t), v. t. {imp. &p. p. Fretted ; p.pr. &vb. 
n. Fretting.] [AS. fretan, for foretan; pref. for- -f- 
etan to eat ; akin to G. fressen. See Eat.] 1. To de- 
vour. [06*.] 2. To rub; to wear away by friction ; to 
chafe ; to gall ; hence, to eat away ; to gnaw. 3. To im- 
pair ; to wear away ; to diminish. 4. To roughen, agi- 
tate, or disturb. 5. To tease ; to irritate ; to vex. 

Fret, v . i. 1. To be worn away ; to chafe ; to fray. 

2. To eat in ; to make way by corrosion. 3. To be agi- 
tated ; to rankle. 4. To be vexed, irritated, or angry ; 
to utter peevish expressions. 

Fret, n. 1. Agitation of the surface of a fluid by fer- 
mentation or other cause. 2. Agitation of mind marked 
by complaint and impatience ; irritation. 3. Herpes ; 
tetter. 4. pi. (Mining) The worn sides of river banks, 
where ores, or stones containing them, accumulate. 

Fret, v. t. [OE. fretten to adorn, AS. frsetwan, frset- 
wian.~\ To ornament with raised work ; to variegate. 

Fret, n. 1. Ornamental work in relief, as carving or 
embossing. 2. (Arch.) An ^^r^^-v^^^^-r^ 
ornament consisting of small ^^^^^f^^^S^^t- 
fillets or slats intersecting ^<>^^<^^X<<^>> 
each other or bent in angles. ^^^^<3^<^c3o^>^< 

3. The reticulated headdress £<^'^<^>$^^E£ 
of gold or silver wire, worn *>»**-'« ^s^J^ss-^. 
by ladies in the Middle Ages. Japanese * ret * 

Fret (frgt), n. [F. frette, 
prob. dim. of L./errwmiron.] 
1. (Her.) A saltire interlaced 
withamascle. 2. (Mus.) A 

short piece, as of wire, on a 

finger board, as of a guitar, to 

show where the finger is to be placed. 

Fret, v. t. To furnish (a guitar, etc.), with frets. 

Fret'ful (-ful), a. [See 1st Fret.] Disposed to fret ; 
cross ; peevish ; angry ; petulant ; irritable. — Fret'- 
fnl-ly, adv. — Fret'ful-ness, n. 

Frett, n. [See Frit.] A vitreous compound of lime, 
silica, borax, lead, and soda, used by potters in glazing. 

Fret'ter (-ter), n. One who, or that which, frets. 

Fret'work' (frgf wQrk'), n. [5th fret + work.] Work 
adorned with frets ; ornamental openwork. 

Fri'a-ble (frl'a-b'l), a. [L. friabilis, fr. friare to rub, 
break, or crumble into small pieces ; cf. fricare to rub.] 



13CT[GFJf| 



Greek Fret. 




Easily crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder. — 
Fri'a-bil'i-ty (fri'4-Mi'i-ty), Fri'a-ble-ness, n. 

Fri'ar (-er), n. [F. frere, fr. L. frater brother.] 1. 
(P. C. Ch.) A member of any reli- 
gious order, esp. of one of the four 
mendicant orders. 2. (Print.) A 
white or pale patch on a printed page. 

Friar bird (Zool.), an Australian bird, 
having the head destitute of feathers. 

— Friar's lantern, the ignis fatuus. 
Fri'ar-y, n. 1. A monastery; a 

convent of friars. 2. The institu- 
tion or practices of friars. 

Frib'ble (fnb'b'l), a. [Etymol. 
uncertain.] Frivolous ; silly. 

Frib'ble, n. A frivolous, con- 
temptible fellow ; fop. [to trifle. 

Frib'ble, v. i. To act frivolously ; 

II Fri can'deau' (fre'kaN'dS' ; E. 
frTk'an-do'), Fric'an-do' (frTk'an- 
do'), n. [F. fricandeau.-] A fancy HiarBird. 
dish of veal or of boned turkey, served as an entree. 

Fric as-see' (f rik'as-se'), n. [F. fricassee, f r. fricas- 
ser to fry, fricassee.] A dish made of meat, as of fowls 
or veal, cut into pieces, and stewed in a gravy. 

Fric'as-see', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fricasseed (-sed') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fricasseeing.] To dress like a fricassee. 

Fric'a-tive (frTk'a-tTv), a. [Fr. L. fricare to rub.] 
(Phon.) Produced by the friction or rustling of the 
breath ; — said of certain consonantal sounds, as /, v, s, z, 
etc.— n. A fricative consonant, letter, or sound. See 
Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 197-206, etc. 

Fric'tion (-shun), n. [L. frictio, f r. fricare, frictum, 
to rub.] 1. Act of rubbing one body against another; 
attrition. 2. (Mech.) The resistance which a body meets 
with from the surface on which it moves. 3. A dis- 
agreement tending to prevent or retard progress. 

Fric'tion-al (-a\), a. Of or relating to friction. 

Fri'day (fri'da ; 48), n. [AS. fmgedaeg, fr. Frigu, the 
goddess of marriage ; frigu love -f- dseg day ; cf . Icel. 
Frigg, name of a goddess.] The sixth day of the week, 
following Thursday and preceding Saturday. 

Frid'stol' (frTd'stoF), Frith'StOOl' (frith'stool'), n. 
[AS. f?-i&stol; frits peace -f- stol stool.] A seat in 
churches near the altar, to which offenders formerly fled 
for sanctuary. \Obs.~\ 

Fried (frid), imp. &p. p. of Fry. 

Friend (frend), n. [AS. freond, prop. p. pr. oifreon, 
freogan, to love ; akin to G. freund.'] 1. One who en- 
tertains for another esteem, respect, and affection ; well- 
wisher ; intimate associate. 2. One not inimical or hos- 
tile ; also, one of the same nation, party, kin, etc., whose 
friendly feelings may be assumed. 3. A favorer ; pro- 
moter. 4. One of a religious sect popularly called Quakers. 

Friendless, a. Destitute of friends ; forsaken. 

Friendly, a. 1. Having the temper and disposition 
of a friend ; kind ; favorable. 2. Appropriate to, or im- 
plying, friendship; amicable. 3. Not hostile. 4. Pro- 
moting the good of any person ; favorable ; propitious. 

— Friend'li-ly (-1T-Iy), adv. — Friendliness, n. 
Syn. — See Amicable. 

Friend'ship, n. State of being friends ; friendly re- 
lation, or attachment, to a person, or between persons. 

Fll'er (fri'er), n. One who fries. 

Frieze (frez), n. [Perh. the same word as 2d frieze. 
Cf. Friz.] (Arch.) (a) That part of the entablature of 
an order between the architrave and cornice. It is a flat 
member, often enriched with sculpture. [See Illust. of 
Column.] (b) Any sculptured or richly ornamented band 
in a building, or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture. 

Frieze (frez or friz), 
n. [F.frise, perh. orig. 
a woolen cloth or stuff 
from Friesland (F. 
Frise); cf. F. f riser to 
friz. Cf. Friz.] A kind 
of coarse woolen 
cloth or stuff, 
with a shaggy or 
tufted (friezed) 
nap on one side. 

Frieze, v.t. To 
make a nap on 
(cloth) ; to friz. 
^ Frig'ate(frfg'- 

fregafe, It. fre- Sailing Frigate (1800-1840). 

gata, prob. contracted fr. L. fabricata something con- 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, dbey, unite, c&re, axm, ask, all, finaL 



FRIGATE BIRD 



353 , 



FROG 



structed or built. See Fabricate.] Originally, a vessel of 
the Mediterranean propelled by sails and by oars. After- 
wards appropriated as the name of a class of war vessels 
smaller than ships of the line. 

Frigate bird (Zool.), 
either of two species of 
web-footed rapacious 
birds remarkable for 
their long wings and 
powerful flight. They 
rob other birds of their 
prey. 




danger ; a sudden alarm, 
ing of alarm or aversion. 



Frigate Bird. 

Fright (frit), n. [AS. fyrhto, 
fyrhlu; akin to G. furcht.] 

1. A state of terror excited 
by the sudden appearance of 

2. Anything producing a feel- 
[Colloq.] 

Syn. — Alarm ; terror ; consternation. See Alarm. 
Fright (frit), v. t. [imp. Frighted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Frighting.] To alarm suddenly; to shock by causing 
sudden fear ; to terrify ; to scare. 

Syn. — To affright ; dismay; daunt; intimidate. 

Fright'en (frlf'n), v. t. {imp. Frightened (-'nd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Frightening.] To disturb with fear ; to 
throw into a state of fright ; to affright ; to terrify. 

Fright'ful (frit'ful), a. Full of that which causes 
fright ; exciting alarm ; impressing terror ; shocking. — 
Fright'fal-ly, adv. — Fright'ful-hess. n. 

Syn. — Terrible ; dreadful ; alarming ; fearful ; terrific ; 
awful; horrid; horrible; shocking. — Frightful implies 
sudden emotion ; dreadful, emotion deeper and more pro- 
longed ; awful, fear mingled with awe, which subdues us 
before the presence of some invisible power. 

Frig'id (frij'Td), a. [L. frigidus, fr. frigere to be 
cold. Cf. Frill.] 1. Cold ; wanting heat or warmth ; 
of low temperature. 2. Wanting warmth, fervor, ardor, 
fire, vivacity, etc. ; unfeeling ; dull and unanimated ; stiff 
and formal. 3. Impotent. — Frig'id-ly (-ly), adv. — 
Frig'ld-ness, n. [frigid. I 

Fri-gid'i-ty (fri-jid'T-ty), n. State or quality of being | 

Frig'0-rii'ic (frig'o-rif'Ik), ) a. [L. frigorificus ; fri- 

Frig'O-rif/ic-al (-T-kffl), ) gus, frigoris, cold + 
facere to make.] Causing cold ; producing cold. 

Frill (fril), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frilled (frild) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Frilling.] [OF. friller, fr. L. frigidulus 
somewhat cold, dim. of frigidus cold. Cf. Frigid.] To 
shake, shiver, or ruffle as from cold. 

Frill, n. 1. (Zool.) (a) A ruffling of a bird's feathers 
from cold. (b) A ruffle, consisting of a fold of mem- 
brane, of hairs, or of feathers. 2. A narrow border or 
edging secured at one edge and left free at the other, 
usually fluted or crimped. [tin film. I 

Frill, v. i. (Photog.) To wrinkle ; — said of the gela-| 

Frill, v. t. To provide, decorate with, or form into, 
a frill or frills. [See Vendemiaire. I 

II Fri maire' (fre'niaV), n. [F., fr. frimas hoarfrost.] | 

Fringe (frinj), n. [OF. fringe, prob. fr. L. fimbria 
fiber, fringe.] 1. A kind of trimming, consisting of 
loosely hanging threads or ends of stuff. 2. Something 
having a resemblance to fringe ; a border ; an edging. 

Fringe, v. I. [imp. & p. p. Fringed (frinjd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Fringing.] To adorn with, or as with, a fringe. 

Frin-gil'line (frin-jTl'lin or frin'jil-lfn), a. (Zool.) 
Pertaining to the Fringillidse, a family including the 
finches ; characteristic of finches ; sparrowlike. 

Frip'per (frip'per), n. [F. fripier, fr. f riper to rum- 
ple, fumble, waste.] One who deals in frippery. [Obs.] 

Frip'per-y (frip'pgr-y), ra. [F.friperie.] 1. Cast-off 
clothes. [Obs.~\ 2. Hence : Secondhand finery ; cheap 
and tawdry decoration ; affected elegance. 3. A place 
where old clothes are sold. 4. Trade in old clothes. 

llFri'seur' (fre'zeV), w. [F.] A hairdresser. 

Frisk (frisk), a. [OF. frisque ; akin to E. fresh.] 
Lively ; brisk ; frolicsome ; frisky. [Obs.] 

Frisk, n. A frolic ; a fit of wanton gayety ; a gambol ; 
a little playful skip or leap. 

Frisk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frisked (friskt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Frisking.] To leap, skip, dance, or gambol, in 
frolic and gayety. [settled person. I 

Frisk'er (-er), n. One who frisks ; a wanton ; an un- 1 

Fris'ket (fris'kgt), n. [F. frisquette.] (Print.) The \ 
light frame which holds the sheet of paper to the tympan. I 



Frisk'y (frisk'y), a. Inclined to frisk ; frolicsome ; 
gay. - Frisk'i ly (-My), adv. - Frisk'i ness 

Frit (frit), //. [F. fritte, ir. frii triad. i>. \>. of frirt 
to fry. See Fry, v. /.] 1. (Qtou MoMna) The 
material of which glass is made, before vitrification. 2. 
(Ceramics) The material for glaze of pottery. 

Frit, V. t. [imp. X j>. j,. Fritted; ),. pr. X , /,. n . 

Fritting. ] To change into frit by heat ; to fuse partially. 

Frith (trlth), n. [OE. firth, Icel. fidr8r\ akin to j>. 

ford.] 1. (Gfiol.) A narrow arm of the s.;i ; the open. 

ing of a river into the aea. 2. A kind of fish wen 

Frith, n. [OE. frith peace, land Incloasd for hunting, 
park, forest, AS. frits peace; akin to <, 
and fr. root of E. free.] 1. A forest ; woody place. 
[Obs.] 2. A small field inclosed out of a common. [Obs 1 
II Frit'il-la'ri-a (frit'Tl-la'rl-a), n. [NL., fr. L. fri- 
tillus dicehox, from the checkered markings of the 
(Bot.) A genus of liliaceous plants, of which the 
imperial is one species, and the Guinea-hen Mower another. 
Frit/il-la-ry (fritTl-l£-rjr), n. (Bot.) A plant with 
checkered petals, of the genus Fritillaria. 

Frit'ter (frit'ter), n. [F. friture frying, a thing fried, 
from /me to fry. See Fry, r. t.] 1. A small quantity 
of batter, often inclosing another substance, fried in lard 
or in a frying pan. 2. A fragment ; shred ; small piece. 
Frit'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frittered (-terd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Frittering.] 1. To cut, as meat, into 
small pieces, for frying. 2. To break into small pieces. 
To fritter away, to reduce to nothing by taking away a 
little at a time ; also, to waste piecemeal. 

Fri-VOl'i-ty (f rY-v511-ty ), n. State or quality of being 
frivolous ; also, acts or habits of trifling. 

Friv'0-lOUS (friv'6-lus), a. [L. frivolus.] 1. Being 
of little weight or importance ; not worth notice ; slight. 
2. Given to trifling, or to unimportant affairs ; marked 
with unbecoming levity ; silly. — Friv'0-l0US-ly, adv.— 
Friv'o lous-ness, n. 
Syn. — Trifling; trivial; shght; petty; worthless. 
Friz (friz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzed (frizd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Frizzing (-zing).] [Cf. F. f riser to curl, 
frizzle, to raise the nap (on certain stuffs) ; prob. akin to 
OFries. frisle hair of the head.] 1. To curl, or form 
into small curls, as hair ; to crisp. 2. To form into little 
burs, knobs, or tufts, as nap. 3. (Leather Manufacture) 
To soften and make of even thickness by rubbing. 
Friz, n. That which is frizzed ; a frizzle. 
Frizz (friz), v. t. & n. See Friz. 
Friz'zle (friz'z'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzled 
(-z'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzling (-zling).] [Dim. of 
Friz.] To curl or crisp, as hair ; to friz ; to crinkle. 
Friz'zle, n. A curl ; a lock of hair crisped. 
Friz'zler (-zler), n. One who frizzles. 
Friz'zly (-zly), Friz'zy (-zy), a. Curled or crisped. 
Fro (fro), adv. [OE. fra, fro, adv. & prep., Icel. fra, 
akin to E. from.] From ; away ; back or backward ; — 
now used only in to and fro, that is, to and from. 

Frock (frok), n. [F. froc a monk's cowl, coat, gar- 
ment, deriv. of L. floccus a flock of wool ; hence, orig., a 
flocky cloth or garment.] 1. A loose outer garment ; 
esp., a gown for women and children ; also, a coarse, 
shirtlike, outer garment worn by some workmen ; a smock 
frock. 2. A coarse gown worn by monks or friars. 

Frock coat, a body coat for men, usually double- 
breasted, the skirts not being in one piece with the body, 
but sewed on so as to be somewhat full. 

Frock, v. t. 1. To clothe in a frock. 2. To make a 
monk of. 

Frog (frog), n. [AS. frogga, frocga a frog (in sense 
1) ; akin to G. frosch.] ^\ ^Oy /«^ 
1. (Zool.) A common - 
amphibious animal, of 
many species. 2. [Perh. 
akin to E./or/r.] (Anat.) 
The triangular promi- 
nence of the hoof, in the 
middle of the sole of the 
foot of the horse, and 
other animals. 3. (Rail- 
roads) A supporting 
plate to guide the 
wheels where one track S P° ttcd * "* < *"- **<**). 
branches from another or crosses it. 4. [Cf. Pg. froeo 
tuft of wool or silk, L. fioccu-s, E. frock.] An oblong 
cloak button, fastening into a loop instead of a button 
hole. 5. The loop of the scabbard of a bayonet or sword. 
Flying frog. (Zool.) See under Flying. — Frog hopper 
(Zool.). a small, leaping insect living on plants. The 
larvae are inclosed in a frothy liquid called cuckoo spit or 
frog spit. — Frog lily ( Bot. ), the yellow water lily. 




fgrn. recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
23 



H 



K 



M 



FROG 



354 



FRUCTIFICATION 



61. ) One of several 

mf 

Head of Eared Frog- 
mouth (Batrachos- 
tomns auritus). 



Prog (Mff)i •> { - To »^o m or fasten (a coat, etc.) 

Frog I (Bot.) (a) A European plant 

(Hvdrorharis M ■ floating on still water and 

propagating itself by runners. (6) An American plant 

• " . ."■ „v . :.c' r\ with similar habits. 

FrogUsh (-flab ), n. (Zo'dl.) (a) Theangler. (6) A 
grotesque-looking species of oceanic flsh. 

Frog'mouth (-mouth'), n. (Zobl.) One of several 
• Asiatic and East Indian 
bird* of the genus Batrachostomus ; 
— from their very broad, flat bills. 

Frol'iC UrSl'Ik). a. [D. vrool- 
n to G. frdlich.] Full of 
dancing or frisking about ; 
full of pranks ; gay ; merry. 

Frol'iC, n. A wild prank; a 
flight of levity, or of gayety and 
mirth ; a merry-making. 

Frol'iC, !• i. limp. & p. p. 
Frolicked (-Tkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Frolicking.] To indulge in a frolic ; to sport. 

Frol'ic-some (-sum), a. Disposed to, or character- 
ized by. frolic ; sportive. — Frol'ic-some-ness. ?i. 

Froin (fr5m), prep. [AS. from, from ; akin to Icel. 
fram forward, Goth, from from.] Out of the neighbor- 
hood of ; lessening or losing proximity to ; leaving behind ; 
by reason of ; out of ; by aid of ; — used whenever depar- 
ture, setting out, commencement of action, being, state, 
occurrence, etc., or procedure, emanation, absence, sep- 
aration, etc., are to be expressed. Also, less frequently, 
the source, the cause, the occasion, out of which anything 
proceeds. The antithesis and correlative of to. 

Frond (frond), n. [L. frons, frondis, a leafy branch, 
foliage.] (Bot.) The organ formed by the 
union into one body of stem and leaf, often 
bearing the fructification. 

Fron-da'tion (fron-da'shun), n. Act of 
stripping, as trees, of leaves or branches.- 

Fron-desce / (fron-des'), v. i. [L. fron- 
descere, incho. ir.frondere to unfold leaves.] 
To unfold leaves, as plants. 

Fron-des'cence (-des'sens), n. (Bot.) (a) 
Time at which a plant unfolds its leaves, (b) *7TT)s&lL 
Act of bursting into leaf. ,u ^ 

Fron-dif'er-OUS (fron-dTfer-us), a. [L. Frond of a 
frond if er ; frons a leaf y branch -j- ferre to ie I£-( p ? l!/ ~ 
bear.] Producing fronds. poaium). 

Fron-dose / (fron-dos' or frSn'dos'), a. [L. frondosus 
leafy.] (Bot.) (a) Frond-bearing; resembling a frond ; 
having a simple expansion not separable into stem and 
leaves. (6) Leafy. 

Fron'dous (fron'dus), a. (Bot.) Frondose. [B.] 

I Frons (fronz), n. [L., front.] (Anat.) Forehead; 
the part of the cranium between the orbits and vertex. 

Front (frunt), n. [F., forehead, fr. L. frons, frontis.~\ 
1. The forehead or brow ; sometimes, also, the whole 
face. 2. The forehead, countenance, or personal pres- 
ence, as expressive of character or temper, and esp. of 
boldness. 3. The part or surface of anything which 
seems to look out, or to be directed forward ; the fore or 
forward part. 4. A position directly before the front of 
a person or thing. 5. The most conspicuous part. 6. 
A front piece of false hair. [foremost, j 

Front, a. Of or pert, to the front ; being in front ; I 

Front, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fronted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Fronting.] 1. To meet or oppose face to face ; hence, 
to meet in a hostile manner. 2. To appear before ; to 
meet. 3. To face toward ; to confront. 4. To stand 
opposed or opposite to, or over against. 5. To adorn in 
front ; to supply a front to. [direction. I 

Front, v. t To have or turn the face or front in any| 

Front'age (-aj), n. Extent in front, as of an edifice. 

Fron'tal (fr5n'tal), a. Belonging to the front part ; 
being in front ; e6p. (Anat.), of or pert, to the forehead. 

Fron'tal, n. 1. Something worn on the forehead or 
face; a frontlet. 2. (Arch.) A little pediment over a 
door or window. 3. (Eccl.) A movable, decorative 
member covering the front of the altar. 4. (Anat.) The 
frontal bone, or one of the two frontal bones. 

Fron'tier (fr5n'ter), n. [F. frontiere, LL. frontaria.~\ 
The border, confine, or extreme part of a country, bor- 
dering on another country ; the border of the settled 
and cultivated part of a country. 

Fron'tier. a. 1. Lying on the exterior part ; border- 
ing; conterminous. 2. Of or relating to a frontier. 

Fron'tiers-man (fron'terz-man or frSn-terz'-), n. A 
man living on the frontier. 



Fron'tis-piece (fr5n'tTs-pes), n. [F., fr. LL. fronti- 
spicium beginning, front of a church, fr. L. frons front 
+ spicere, specere, to Yiew.] The part in front ; as: (c) 
(Arch.) Principal front of a building. [Obs. or R.~] (b) 
Ornamental figure or illustration fronting the first page, 
or titlepage, of a book ; formerly, the titlepage itself. 

Front'let (frunt'lSt), n. 1. A frontal or brow band. 
2. (Zo'dl.) In birds, the margin of the head behind the bill. 

Fron'tO- (fron'to-). [L. frons, frontis, the forehead.] 
(Anat.) A combining form signifying relating to the fore- 
head or the frontal bone ; as, /ronf o-parietal, relating to 
the frontal and the parietal bones ; /ro7i/o-nasal, etc. 

Frost (f r5st ; 115), n. [AS. forst. frost, fr. freosan to 
freeze; akin to G. frost."] 1. A freezing; congelation. 
2. State or temperature of the air which occasions con- 
gelation ; severe cold or freezing weather. 3. Hoarfrost. 

Black froBt, cold which freezes vegetation and causes it 
to turn black, without forming hoarfrost. 

Frost (frost ; 115), r. t. [trap. & p. p. Frosted ; p. 
pr. & vb. Ji. Frosting.] To injure or affect by frost ; 
to cover with, or as with, frost. 

Frosfbite 7 (-bit'), n. The freezing, or effect of a 
freezing, of some part of the body. 

Frosfbite', v. t. To blight or nip with frost, [frost. I 

Frost'-bitten (-bTt't'n), p. a. Nipped or injured by | 

Frost'fish' (-fish'), n. (Zo'dl.) (a) The tomcod ; — 
so called because it is abundant on the New England 
coast in autumn at about the commencement of frost. 
(6) The smelt, [Local, U. S.] 

Frost'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. In a frosty manner. 

Frost'i-ness, n. State or quality of being frosty. 

Frost'ing, n. 1. A frostlike composition of sugar 
used on pastry. 2. A lusterless finish of metal or glass. 

Frost'weed / (-wed'), n. (Bot.) An American species 
of rockrose. [by hoarfrost. I 

Frost/work 7 (-wfirk'), n. The figurework produced | 

Frost'y (-y), a. 1. Attended with, or producing, 
frost ; cold ; freezing. 2. Covered with frost. 3. "With- 
out warmth of affection or courage. 4. Appearing as if 
covered with hoarfrost ; white ; gray-haired. 

Froth (froth ; 115), n. [OE. frothe, Icel. froSa ; akin 
to AS. afreoSan to froth.] 1. A collection of bubbles 
in fluids or liquors ; spume ; foam. 2. Any empty, 
senseless show, as of wit or eloquence. 

Froth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frothed (frotht ; 115) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Frothing.] 1. To cause to foam. 2. To 
spit, vent, or eject, as froth. 3. To cover with froth. 

Froth, v. i. To throw froth up or out ; to foam. 

Froth'y (-y), a. [Compar. Frothier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Frothiest.] 1. Full of foam or froth, or consisting of 
froth ; spumous ; foamy. 2. Not firm or solid ; soft ; un- 
stable. 3. Of the nature of froth ; light ; empty ; unsub- 
stantial. — Froth'i-ly (-My), adv. — Froth'i-ness. n. 

Frounce (frouns), v. t. [i7>ip. & p. p. Frounced 
(frounst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Frouncing (froun'sing).] 
[OF. froncier ; origin uncertain.] To form wrinkles in ; 
to curl or frizzle ; to gather into or adorn with plaits. 

Frounce, n. A wrinkle, plait, or curl ; a flounce. 

Frou'zy (frou'zy), a. [Prov. E. frouzy froward, 
peevish, offensive.] Fetid ; musty ; rank ; disordered 
and offensive to the smell or sight ; slovenly ; frowzy. 

Frow (frou), n. [D. vrouic ; akin to G. frau woman.] 
A woman ; esp., a Dutch or German woman. 

Fro'ward (fro'werd), a. [Fro -j- -ward.] Not will- 
ing to yield or comply with what is required or is reason- 
able ; perverse ; disobedient ; peevish. See Perverse. 
— FrCward-ly, adv. — Fro'ward-ness, n. 

Frow'ey (frou'y), a. [Etym. uncertain.] (Carp.) 
Working smoothly," or without splitting ; — said of timber. 

Frown (froun)". v. i. [i77ip. & p.p. Frowned (fround) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. Frowning.] [OF. froignier.] 1. To con- 
tract the brow in displeasure, severity, or sternness ; to 
scowl. 2. To manifest displeasure or disapprobation ; 
to have a threatening appearance. 

Frown, v. t. To repress or rebuke with a look. 

Frown, n. A wrinkling of the face in displeasure, 
rebuke, etc. ; a sour, severe, or stern look ; a scowl. 

Frow'y (frou^), a. [Cf. Frowzy.] Musty ; rancid. 

Frow'zy (-zf), a. [See Frouzy.] Slovenly ; unkempt ; 
untidy ; frouzy. 

Froze (froz). imp. of Freeze. 

Fro'zen (froVn), a. 1. Congealed with cold ; affected 
by freezing. 2. Subject to frost, or to long, severe cold. 

D Fruc'ti'dor' (fruk'te'dor'), «• [F., fr. L. f7~uctus 
fruit.] See Vendemiatre. 

Fruc-til'er-OUS (fruk-tTfer-us), a. [L. fructifer; 
frvctus fruit — ferre to bear.] Producing fruit. 

Fruc'ti-fi-ca'tion (fruk'tT-fl-ka'shun). n. 1 A fruc- 



»» e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, d, H, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



FRUCTIFY 



355 



FULL 



tifying ; fecundation. 2. (Bot.) The collective organs by 
which a plant produces its fruit, seeds, or spores. 

Fruc'U-fy (fruk'tl-fi), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Fructified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fructifying.] [F. fructijitr, L. 
fructificare. See Fruit, and -fy.] To bear fruit. 

Fruc'ti-fy, v. t. To make fruitful ; to render pro- 
ductive ; to fertilize ; to fecundate. 

Fruc'tU-a-ry (fruk'tu-a-ry ; 135), n. [L. fructuarius.] 
One who enjoys the income or increase of anything. 

Fru'gal (fru'gol), a. [L. frugalis, fr. frugi, lit., for 
fruit (hence, fit forfood, useful, proper, temperate) ; the 
dative of frux, frugis, fruit, akin to E. fruit.'] 1. Eco- 
nomical in the use or appropriation of resources ; spar- 
ing ; saving. 2. Obtained or characterized by economy. 
— Fru'gal-ly, adv. — Fru'gal-ness, n. [gal ; thrift. I 

Fru-gal'i-ty (fru-gaTT-ty), n. Quality of being fru-| 

Syn. — See Economy. 

Fru-gif/er-OUS (fru-jTfer-us), a. [L. frugifer ; frux, 
frugis, fruit -\-ferre to bear.] Fruitful; fructiferous. 

Fruit (frut), n. [F., fr. L. fructus enjoyment, prod- 
uct, fruit, fr. frui, p. p. fructus, to enjoy ; akin to E. 
brook, v. t.] 1. Any vegetable product suitable for the 
nourishment or enjoyment of man or animals. 2. (Hort.) 
The pulpy, edible seed vessels of certain plants, especially 
those grown on branches above ground. 3. {Bot.) (a) 
The ripened ovary of a flowering plant, with its contents 
and whatever parts are consolidated with it. (b) The 
spore case or conceptacle of flowerless plants, with the 
spores. 4. The produce of animals ; offspring ; young. 
6. The effect or consequence of any action. 

Fruit tree (Hort.), a tree cultivated for its edible fruit. 

Fruit'age (frut'aj ; 48), n. 1. Fruit, collectively. 2. 
Effect, good or ill. 

Fruit'er (-er), n. A ship for carrying fruit. 

Fruit'er-er (-er), n. One who deals in fruit. 

Fruit'er-y (-y), n. 1. Fruit, taken collectively ; fruit- 
age. 2. A repository for fruit. 

Fruit'ful (-ful), a. Full of fruit; producing fruit 
abundantly. — Fruitfully, adv. — Fruit'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. —Fertile ; prolific; productive; fecund; plenti- 
ful ; rich ; abundant ; plenteous. See Fertile. 

Fru-i'tion (fru-ish'Qn), n. [From L. fruitio enjoy- 
ment, f r. L. frui, p. p. See Fruit, n.] Use or possession 
of anything ; pleasure derived from possession or use. 

Fruitless (frutles), a. 1. Lacking, or not bearing, 
fruit ; barren. 2. Productive of no advantage ; useless ; 
vain. — Fruit'less-ly, adv. — Fruit'less-ness, n. 

Fruit'y (-y), a. Having the odor, taste, or appearance 
of fruit ; also, fruitful. 

Fru'men-ta'ceous (fru/mSn-ta'shQs), a. [L. frumen- 
taceus, fr. frumentum corn or grain, fr. root of frux 
fruit.] Made of, or resembling, wheat or other grain. 

Fru'men-ty (fru'men-ty), n. [OF. fromentee, L. fru- 
mentum.] Food made of hulled wheat boiled in milk, 
with sugar, plums, etc. [to mock. [Obs.] I 

Frump (frump), v. t. [Etym. uncertain.] To insult ; | 

Frush (frOsh), v. t. [F. froisser to bruise.] To 
batter ; to break in pieces. [Obs.] 

Frush, a. Easily broken ; brittle ; crisp. 

Frush, n. [Cf. OE. frosch, frosk, a frog (animal).] 
{Far.) The frog of a horse's foot; also, a suppurative 
disease of the frog ; thrush. 

Frustrate (frfis'trat), a. [L. frustratus, p. p. otfrus- 
trare, -ari, to deceive, frustrate, fr. frustra in vain, in 
error.] Vain ; ineffectual ; useless. 

Frustrate (-trat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frustrated 
(-tra-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Frustrating.] 1. To bring 
to nothing ; to prevent from attaining a purpose. 2. To 
nullify ; to render invalid or of no effect. 

Syn. — To balk ; thwart ; foil ; baffle ; defeat. 

Frus-tra'tion (frQs-tra'shun), n. Act of frustrating. 

II Frus'tum (-turn), n. ; pi. L. Frusta (-ta), E. Frus- 
tums (-tHmz). [L. frustum piece, 
bit.] 1. (Geom.) The part of any 
solid, as of a cone, pyramid, etc., be- 
tween two planes. 2. (Arch.) One of 
the drums of the shaft of a column. 

Fm-tes'cent (fru-tSs'sent), a. [L. Frustums. 

frutex,fruticis, shrub, bush.] (Bot.) Somewhat shrubby ; 
imperfectly shrubby. 

Fru'tl-COSe' (fru'tl-kos'), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to a 
shrub or shrubs ; branching like a shrub ; shrubby. 

Fry (fri), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Fried (frid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Frying.] [F. frire, fr. L. frigere to roast, 
parch, fry.] To cook in a pan or on a griddle (esp. with 
the use of fat) ; to cook in boiling fat. 

Fry, n. A dish of anything fried. 

Fry, n. [OE. fri, fry, descendants ; origin uncertain.] 




1. (Zo'ol.) The young of any fish. 2. A swarm or crowd, 
esp. of little fishes ; young or small things in general. 

Fub (iiil)), v. t. [Var. of Fob, v.] To cheat. [Obs.] 
Fu'cate (tu'kit), la. [L. /uoatoj, p. p. of 

Fu'ca-ted (-kS-tSd), ) to color, paint, fr. fucus.] 
Painted ; disguised with paint, or with false show. 

Fucb/si-a (fu'shl-a or ru'shi), n. ; pi. B. ) 
(-shaz), L. Fuchsle (-shl-e). [NL. famed ■** 
ard Fuchs, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of plants 
having elegant drooping flowers. 

Fu'COid (fu'koid), a. [Fucus -f -oM.] (J, 
Prop., belonging to an order of blackish alga- (/ 
which produce oospores which art; fertilized alter they 
escape from the conceptacle ; as common rockw' 
gulfweed. (b) In a vague sense, resembling seaweeds, 
or of the nature of seaweeds. — n. A fucoiJ plant. 

Fu'CUS (fu^kus), n. ; pi. Fuel (-si). [L., rock lichen, 
orchil, used as a red dye.] (Bot.) A genus of tough, 
leathery seaweeds ; rockweed. 

Fud'dle (fiid'd'l), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Fuddled; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Fuddling (-dllng).] [Perh. dim. of 
full.] To make or become foolish by drink. [Colloo.] 

Fud'dler (-dler), n. A drunkard. [CoUoqA 

Fudge (fuj), n. [Cf. Prov. F. fuchc, feuche, an in- 
ter j. of contempt.] A made-up story ; stuff ; nonsense. 

Fudge, v. t. 1. To make up; to fabricate. 2. To 
foist ; to interpolate. 

Fu'el (fu'gl), n. [OF. fouail, fuail, deriv. of L. focus 
hearth, fireplace, in LL., fire.] 1. Any matter used to 
produce heat by burning ; that which feeds fire. 2. Fig. : 
Anything that serves to stimulate passion or excitement. 

Fu-ga'cious (fu-ga'shus), a. [L. fugax, -acts, fr. fu- 
gere to flee.] Flying ; disposed to fly ; fleeting ; volatile. 

Fu-gac'i-ty (-gaVT-ty), n. Quality of being fugacious. 

Fu'gl-tive (fu'jT-tlv), a. [OF. fugit if, fr. L.fugitirus, 
fr. fugere to flee.] 1. Fleeing from pursuit, danger, re- 
straint, etc. ; escaping from service, duty, etc. 2. Lia- 
ble to disappear or fall away ; volatile ; uncertain ; eva- 
nescent. — Fu'gi-tive-ly, adv. — Fu'gi-tive-ness, ?i. 

Fu'gi-tive (fu'jT-tlv), 7i. A fugitive person or thing. 

Fu'gle-man (f u'g'1-mSn), n. [G. fliigelmann ; fl'ugel 
wing + mann man.] (Mil.) An expert soldier who acts 
as a guide for the others in their exercises. 

Fugue (fug), n. [F., fr. It. fuga, fr. L. fuga a fleeing, 
flight, akin to fugere to flee.] (Mus.) A polyphonic com- 
position developed according to strict contrapuntal rules. 

-ful (-ful). [See Full, a.] A suffix signifying full of, 
abounding with ; as, boast/**/, harmful, woeful. 

Ful'crum (ful'krum), n. ; L. -cra (-kra), E. -crums 
(-krumz). [L., bedpost, fr. fulcire to prop.] 1. A prop 
or support. 2. (Mech.) That by which a lever is sus- 
tained, or about which it turns in lifting or moving a body. 

Ful-fllP* (ful-fiF), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fulfilled 
(-fild') ; p. pi: & vb. n. Fulfd^ling.] [AS. fulfyllan ; 
fullixrtl+fyllan to fill.] 1. To fill up ; to complete. 

2. To accomplish or carry into effect, as a promise, 
prayer, etc. ; to bring to pass, as a purpose ; to effectuate. 

Ful-fill'ment (-ment), n. 1. A fulfilling ; accom- 
plishment ; completion. 2. Execution ; performance. 

Ful'gen-cy (ful'jen-sjf), n. Brightness; splendor; 
glitter ; effulgence. 

Ful'gent (-j«nt), a. [L. fulgens, -ends, p. pr. of ful- 
gere to glitter, shine, akin to Gr. <f>\ey€tv to burn.] Ex- 
quisitely bright ; dazzling; effulgent.— Ful'gent-ly, adv. 

Ful'gid (-jid), a. [L. fulgidus.] Fulgent [B.] 

Ful'gU-rate (ful'gu-rat), v. i. [L. fiilgurare, p. p. 
-atus, f r. fulgur lightning, fr. fulgere to shine.] To flash 
as lightning. 

Ful'gU-rite (ful'gu-rit), n. [L. fulgurite, p. p. -itus, 
to strike with lightning, fr. fulgur lightning.] A vitri- 
fied sand tube produced by lightning striking sand ; also, 
the rock surface fused by a lightning discharge. 

Ful 'ham (ful'am), n. [Reputed to have been chiefly 
made at Fulha'm, in Middlesex, Eng.] A false die. [Cant] 

Fu-lig'i-nOUS (fu-lTj'T-nus), a. [L. fuliginosvs, fr. 
fuligo soot.] 1. Pertaining to soot : sooty ; dusky. 2. 
Pertaining to smoke ; resembling smoke. 

Full (ful), a. [Compar. Fuller (-er) ; super!. Full- 
est.] [OE. & AS. ful; akin to G. voll. L. plenus. Gr. 
n\rjpris, Skr. pupia full, pra to fill.] 1. Filled up : hav- 
ing within its limits all that it can contain ; supplied ; 
— said primarily of hollow vessels. 2. Abundantly fur- 
nished or provided ; sufficient in quantity, quality, or de- 
gree ; copious ; ample ; adequate. 3. Complete ; entire ; 
perfect ; adequate. 4. Sated ; surfeited. 

Full dress, the dress prescribed by authority or by eti- 
quette for occasions of ceremony. — Full hand (Poker), 
three of a kind and a pair. — Full moon, (a) The moon 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



PULL 



356 



FUNICULAR 




Arctic Fulmar 
(Fttlmarus glacialis). 



■ whole disk illuminated, (b) The time when the 
niivn is full. 

Full (ftf)i ■''■ Complete measure; utmost extent. 

Full. •«•. Quite ; to the same degree ; without abate- 
ment or diminutiou ; thoroughly ; exactly ; entirely. 

Full. r. »'. To become full or wholly illuminated. 

Full, f- t. [imp. & p. p. Fulled (fuld) ; p. pr. & vb. 
. . Pol i IBS.] [OF. /trier, LL. Julia re, fr. L. fullo fuller, 
ileth fuller.] To thicken by moistening, heating, and 
pressing, ifl UOth : to scour, cleanse, and thicken in a mill. 

FulL v. i. To become fulled or thickened. [cloth. I 

Full'er (fuller), n. One whose occupation is to full | 

Fuller's earth, a variety of clay, used in scouring and 
cleansing cloth, to imbibe grease. 

Full'er. Jt- [From Full, «.] A half-round set ham- 
mer, used for forming grooves and spreading iron. 

Full'er-y (-y), n. A place where cloth is fulled. 

Full'ness. ». State or quality of being full. 

Fully (ful'ly), adv. In a full manner or degree ; 
completely : adequately ; satisfactorily. 

Ful'mar (fid'miir), n. [lcel. fulmar.] 
(Zo'ol.) One of sev- 
eral species of sea 
birds, allied to the 
albatrosses. 

Ful'ml-nate 
(-nat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Fulminated (-na'ted) ; p. 
pr.S: rb.n. Fulminating.] 
[L. fulminare, p. p. -atus, 
to lighten, fr. fulmen thun- 
derbolt, fr. fulgere to 
shine.] 1. To thunder; 
hence, to detonate ; to ex- 
plode with a violent report. 2. To issue decrees or cen- 
sures ; to thunder forth menaces. 

Ful'ml-nate, v. t. 1. To cause to explode. 2. To 
utter or send out with denunciations or censures. 

Ful'mi-nate (-nat), n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of fulminic 
acid. (b) A fulminating, or violently explosive, powder. 

Ful mi-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 1. Act of fulminating. 
2. Vehement menace or censure. 

Ful'mi-na-tO-ry (-na-to-ry), a. Thundering. 

Ful'mine (-mln), v. t. To fulminate. 

Ful-mln'ic (f ul-min'Tk), a. Pert, to f ulmination ; deto- 
nating; specif. (Chem.), pertaining to, or denoting, an 
acid, so called, forming a class of highly explosive salts. 

Ful'SOme (fiil'sum), a. [Full, a. + -some.] Over- 
full ; excessive ; hence, cloying ; gross ; offensive. — Ful'- 
some-ly . adv. — Ful'some-ness, n. 

FuTvous (-viis), a. [L. fulvus.~\ Tawny ; dull yel- 
low, with a mixture of gray and brown. 

Fumade' (fu-mad'), Fu-ma'do (fu-ma'do), n. ; pi. 
Fumades (-madz'), Fumadoes (-doz). [Sp. fumado 
smoked, p. p., L. fumare to smoke.] A salted and 
smoked fish, as the pilchard. 

Fu'ma-role (fu'ma-rol), n. [It. fumaruola, fr. fumo 
smoke, L. fumus.~\ A hole or spot in a volcanic or other 
region, from which fumes issue. 

Fum'ble (fum'b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumbled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. &vb. n. Fumbling (-bling).] [Akin to 
Sw. fumla to fumble, farnla to grope, AS. folm palm of 
the hand.] 1. To feel or grope about ; to make awkward 
attempts to do or find something. 2. To handle much ; 
to turn over and over. 

FumHSle, v. t. To handle or manage awkwardly. 

Fum'bler (-bier), n. One who fumbles. 

Fume (fum), n. [L. fumus; akin to Skr. dhuma 
smoke, dhu to shake.] 1. Exhalation ; smoke ; vapor ; 
reek. 2. Rage or excitement which deprives the mind of 
self-control. 3. Anything unsubstantial or airy. 

Fume, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumed (fumd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Fuming.] 1. To smoke ; to throw off fumes ; to 
rise up, as vapor. 2. To be dulled and stupefied. 3. To 
pass off in fumes or vapors. 4. To be hot with anger. 

Fume, v. t. 1. To expose to the action of fumes ; to 
fill with fumes, vapors, odors, etc. 2. To flatter. 3. 
To throw off in vapor, or as in the form of vapor. 

Fum'er (-er), n. One that fumes. 

Fu'mid (fu'mTd), a. [L. fumidus, fr. fumus smoke. 
Bee Fume.] Smoky ; vaporous. 

ru'ml-gate (fu'mT-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fumi- 
gated (-ga'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fumigating (-gating).] 
[L. Jvmigare, p. p. -alus, fr. fumus smoke.] 1. To ap- 
ply smoke to ; to expose to smoke or vapor, as for puri- 
fying from infectious matter. 2. To smoke ; to perfume. 

Pu'mi-ga'tion C-ga'shun), n. 1. Act of fumigating. 
2. Vapor raised in the process of fumigating. 



Fu'ml-ga'tor (fii'mT-ga'ter), n. One who, or that 
which, fumigates ; an apparatus for fumigating. 

Fu'mi-tO-ry (fu'mT-to-ry), n. [F. fumeterre, fr. L. 
fumus smoke + terra earth.] (Bot.) Any of several 
species of Old World herbs, with finely dissected leaves 
and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. [fumy. I 

Fum'OUS (fum'us), a. Producing fumes; smoky ;| 

Fum'y (-y), a. Producing fumes ; fumous. 

Fun (fun), n. [Perh. of Celtic origin.] Sport ; mer- 
riment ; frolicsome play. 

Fu-nam'DU-late (f u-uam'bu-lat), v. i. [Deriv. of L. 
funambvlus rope-walker ; funis rope + ambulare to 
walk.] To walk or to dance on a rope. 

Fu nam'bu-list, n. A ropewalker or ropedancer. 

Function (funk'shun), n. [L. functio, fr. fungi to 
perform, execute, akin to Skr. bhuj to enjoy.] 1. Act 
of executing or performing any duty, office, or calling ; 
performance. 2. The natural or assigned action of any 
organ, power, or faculty. 3. The activity appropriate 
to any officer, business or profession. 4. {Math.) A 
quantity so connected with another quantity, that if any 
alteration be made in the latter there will be a conse- 
quent alteration in the former. Each quantity is said to 
be a, function of the other. [with, a function. I 

Func'tion-al (-rtl), a. Pertaining to, or connected! 

Functional disease (Med.), a disease of which the symp- 
toms cannot be referred to any appreciable lesion or 
change of structure ; — opposed to organic. 

Func'tlon-a-ry (-a-ry), n. One charged with the per- 
formance of a function or office. 

Fund (fund), n. [OF. font, fond, nom. fonz, bottom, 
ground, fr. L. fundus bottom, ground, foundation. See 
Found to establish.] 1. An aggregation or deposit of 
resources from which supplies are or may be drawn for 
carrying on any work, or for maintaining existence. 2. 
A stock or capital. 3. pi. Public securities (stocks or 
bonds). 4. A supply ; a full provision of resources. 

Sinking fund, the aggregate of sums of money set apart 
and invested, usually at fixed intervals, for the extin- 
guishment of a debt by the accumulation of interest. 

Fund, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Funded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Funding.] 1. To provide and appropriate a fund or per- 
manent revenue to pay the interest, or the principal and 
interest, of. 2. To place in a fund. 3. To put (a debt) 
into the form of interest-bearing bonds or stocks. 

Fund'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being funded. 

Fun'da-ment (fiin'da-ment), n. [OF. fundement, fr. 
L. fundamenlum foundation, f r. fundare to lay the bot- 
tom, to found, fr. fundus bottom.] 1. Foundation. 
[Obs.] 2. The buttocks; specif. (Anal.), the anus. 

Fun da-men'tal (-men'tal), a. Pertaining to, or serv- 
ing for, the foundation. Hence : Essential, as an element, 
principle, or law ; important ; original ; elementary, —n. 
Something fundamental. — Funda-men'tal-ly, adv. 

Fu'ner-al (f u'ner-al), n. [LL. funeralia, prop. neut. 
pi. of funeralis of a funeral, fr. L. funus, funeris, fu- 
neral.] 1. The solemn rites used in the disposition of a 
dead human body ; obsequies ; burial. 2. The procession 
attending the burial of the dead. [ment of the dead. I 

Fu'ner-al, a. Pert, to a funeral ; used at the inter- 1 

Fu-ne're-al (f fi-ne're-al), a. [L. funereus, fr. funus 
a funeral.] Suiting a funeral ; solemn. Hence : Dark ; 
dismal ; mournful. — Fu-ne're-al-ly , adv. 

Fu-nest' (fu-nSsf), a. [L. funestus, fr. funus a fu- 
neral, destruction.] Lamentable; doleful. [JJ.] 

Fun'gi (fun'ji), n. pi. (Bot.) See Fungus. 

Fun'gi-form (-ji-fQrm), a. [Fungus -f- -form.] Shaped 
like a fungus or mushroom. 

Fun-glv'0-r0US (fun-jiv'6-rus), a. [Fungus -f- ->vo- 
rous.] (Zo'ol.) Eating fungi, as certain insects and snails. 

Fun'gold (fun'goid), a. [Fungus + -oid.] Like a 
fungus ; fungous ; spongy. 

Fun-gOS'i-ty (fun-gos'i-t^), n. Quality of that which 
is fungous ; fungous excrescence. 

Fun'gOUS (fup/gus), a. 1. Of the nature of fungi ; 
also, having the appearance of a fungus; spongy. 2. 
Growing suddenly, but not durable. 

Fun'gus (fun'giis), n. ; pi. L. Fungi (fun'ji), E. 
Funguses (fiin/gus-ez). [L., a mushroom.] 1. (Bot.) 
Any plant belonging to the large class called collectively 
Fungi, which includes mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, 
and microscopic forms known as rust, smut, mold, mil- 
dew, brand, etc. 2. (Med.) A spongy, morbid growth 
or granulation in animal bodies, as proud flesh. 

Fu'ni-Cle (fu'nT-k'l), n. [L. funiculus, dim. of funis 
cord, rope.] (Bot.) A small cord, ligature, or fiber. 

Fu-nic'U-lar (ffi-n!k'u-ler), a. Consisting of a small 
cord or fiber ; dependent on the tension of a cord. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, g, I, 5. u , y, short ; een&te, Svent, Idea, Sbey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



FUNICULUS 



357 



FUSEE 




II Fu-nic'u-lus (f u-nTk'u-lfis), n. ; pi. Funiculi (-11). 
[LJ A cord, band, or bundle of fibers. 

Funk (funk), n. [OE. funke little fire ; akin to Prov. 
E. funk touchwood.] Offensive smell ; a stench. [Low] 
Funk, v. i. 1. To stink. 2. To be frightened, and 
shrink back ; to flinch. [Colloq.] 
Funk, n. A cowardly retreat. 

Fun'nel (f fin'ngl), n. [OE. funel,/onel, prob. deriv. of 
L. fundibulum, infundibulum. SeelNFDNDiBULUM.] 1. 
A vessel of the shape of an inverted hollow cone, termi- 
nating below in a pipe ; tunnel. 2. A passage for a fluid 
or flowing substance ; specif., a smoke flue or pipe. 

Fun'ny (-n£), a. [Compar. Funnier (-nl-er) ; super I. 
Funniest.] [From Fun.] Provoking merriment or 
laughter ; droll ; comical ; amusing ; laughable. 
Funny bone, the crazy bone. 

Fur (ffir), n. [OF. forre, fuerre, sheath, case ; of Ger- 
man origin.] 1. The short, fine, soft hair of certain ani- 
mals. 2. The skins of certain wild animals with the fur ; 
peltry. 3. pi. Articles of clothing made of fur. 4. Any 
coating considered as resembling fur ; as a coat of mor- 
bid matter on the tongue in feverish persons. 5. (Her.) 
One of several patterns or diapers used as tinctures. 

Fur seal (Zool.), one of several 
species of seals inhabiting the 
North Pacific and the Antarc- 
tic oceans. Their fine soft fur 
is highly valued. 
Fur, v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. 
Furred (ffird) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. 
Furring. ] 1 . 
To line, face, or 
cover with fur. 
2. (Arch.) To 
nail small strips 
of board or lar- 
g e r scantling 
upon inprepara- Northern Fur Seal (Caltorhinus ursinus). 
tion for lathing a Adult male ; b Adult female - 

or bearding, or to provide for an air space. 

Fur'Ue-lOW (ffir'be-lo), n. [Prov. F. farbala.] A 
plaited or gathered flounce on a woman's garment. 

Furnt)e-low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furbelowed (-lod) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Furbelowlng.] To put a furbelow on. 

Fur'bish (-blsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furbished 
(-blsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Furbishing.] [OE. forbischen, 
through OF. fr. OHG. /urban to clean. See -ish.] To 
rub or scour to brightness ; to clean ; to burnish. 
FurT)ish-er (-er), n. One who furbishes. 
Fur'cate (ffir'kat), ) a. [L. furca fork.] Forked ; 
Fur'ca-ted (-ka-ted), ] branching like a fork. 
Fur-ca'tlon (fur-ka'shun), n. A branching like a fork. 
I! Fur'CU-lum (fuY'ku-luin), n. [NL. , dim. of L. furca 
a fork.] (Anat.) The wishbone of birds. 

Fur fu-ra'ceous (-fu-ra'shiis), a. [L. furfuraceus, 
fr. furfur scurf.] Made of bran ; like bran ; scurfy. 

Fu'ri-OUS (fu'rT-us), a. [L. furiosus, fr. furia rage.] 
1. Transported with fury ; raging. 2. Rushing ; moving 
with violence.— Fu'rl-ous-ly, adv. — Fu'ri-ous-ness, n. 
Syn. — Impetuous ; vehement ; fierce ; turbulent ; vio- 
lent ; tumultuous ; angry ; mad ; frantic ; frenzied. 

Furl (ffirl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furled (ffirld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Furling.] [Contr. fr. fur die., fr. fardel 
bundle.] To draw up or gather into close compass ; to 
wrap or roll up. 

Furlong (ffirlSng ; 115), n. [AS. furlang, ficrlung, 
prop., the length of a furrow ; furh furrow -f- long long.] 
A measure of length equal to the eighth part of a mile ; 
forty rods ; two hundred and twenty yards. 

Furlough (iCti/lo), n. [Prob. fr. D. verlof, fr. a pre- 
fix akin to E. for -f the root of E. lief, and akin to G. 
verlaub permission.] (Mil.) Leave of absence ; esp., leave 
given to an officer or soldier to be absent from service. 

Fur'lough, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furloughed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Furloughing.] To furnish with a furlough. 
Fur'men-ty (-men-t^), lew 
Fur'mi-ty (-mT-ty ), \ n - Same M Fi "™**ty- 
Fur'nace (-nas ; 48), n. [OF. fornaise, fr. L. fornax.] 
An inclosed place in which heat is produced by the com- 
bustion of fuel, as for melting metals, etc. 

Fur'nace, V. t. To throw out, or exhale, as from a 
furnace ; also, to put into a furnace. [Obs. or R.~\ 

Fur'nish (ffir'nlsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furnished 
(-nisht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Furnishing/] [OF. furnir, 
fornir, to furnish, finish, deriv. of OHG. frumjan to 
further, execute, do. See -ish.] 1. To supply with 
anything necessary, useful, or appropriate ; to provide ; 



to equip ; to fit out, or fit up ; to idorn. 2. To offer for 
use ; to provide ; to give ; to afford. 

Fur'nish er (fUr'nlsh-er), n. One who furnishes. 
Fur'nl-ture (-nl-tfir; 135), n. 1. That with which 
anything is furnished ; supplies ; outfit ; equipment. 2. 
Articles for convenience or decoration in a house or 
apartment ; chattels. 3. The necessary apj>eudagea to 
anything, as to a machine, a carriage, a ship, etc. 
Fu'ror (fu'ror), n. [L. Cf. Fury.] Fury ; rage. 
II Fu-ro're (foo-ro'ra;, n. [It.] Excitement ; com- 
motion ; enthusiasm . 

Fur'ri-er (fQr'rl-er), n. A dealer in furs ; one who 

makes or sells fur goods. [of a furrier. I 

Fur'ri-er-y (y), n. 1. Furs, in general. 2. Business! 

Fur'ring (-ring), n. 1. (Corp.) (a) The leveling of 

a surface, or the preparing of an air space, by means of 

strips of board or of larger pieces, (b) The strips thus 

laid on. 2. (Shipbuilding) Double plaukiug of a ship's 

side. 3. A deposit from water, as, on the inside of a 

boiler ; also, the operation of cleaning away this deposit. 

Fur'row (fur'rS), n. [AS. furh ; akin to G. furche, 

Icel. for drain, L. porca ridge between two furrows. ] 1. 

A trench in the earth made by, or as by, a plow. 2. 

Any trench, channel, or groove ; a wrinkle. 

Fur'row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furrowed (-rfid) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Furrowing.^ To cut a furrow in ; to make 
furrows, channels, or wrinkles in. 

Fur'ry (ffir'ry), a. [From Fur.] 1. Covered with 
fur ; dressed in fur. 2. Consisting of or resembling fur. 
Fur'ther (-ther), adv. [Positive wanting; superl. 
Furthest.] [A compar. of forth ; AS. furSor, furdur.] 
1. To a greater distance. 2. In addition. See Farther. 
Fur'ther, a. compar. 1. More remote ; at a preater 
distance ; more in advance ; farther. See Farther. 2. 
Beyond ; additional. 

(H3F* The forms further and farther are in general not 
differentiated by writers, but further is preferred by 
many when application to quantity or degree is implied. 
Fur'ther, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furthered (-therd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Furthering.] To help forward ; to pro- 
mote ; to advance ; to forward ; to help or assist. 
Fur'ther-ance (-ons), n. Act of furthering. 
Fur'ther-er (-er), n. One who furthers. 
Fur'ther-more' (-mor'), adv. or conj. Moreover; 
besides ; in addition to what has been said. 

Fur'ther-most' (-most'), a. Most remote ; furthest. 

Fur'thest (-thest), superl. of Further. 

Fur'tive (-tiv), a. [L. furtivus, fr. furtum theft, fr. 

fur thief, akin to ferre to bear.] Stolen ; obtained or 

characterized by stealth ; sly ; secret ; stealthy. — FUT / - 

tlve-ly, adv. 

Fu'run-Cle (fu'run-k'l), n. [L. furunculus a petty 
thief, a boil, dim. of fur thief.] (Med.) A kind of super- 
ficial tumor ; a boil. — Fu-run'CU-lar (fu-run'ku-ler), a. 
Fu'ry, n. [L. furia, fr. furere to rage.] 1. Violent 
or extreme excitement; overmastering agitation or en- 
thusiasm. 2. Violent anger ; extreme wrath ; rage ; 
hence, of inanimate things, impetuosity ; violence. 3. 
pi. (G-reek Myth.) The avenging deities, Tisiphone, 
Alecto, and Megaera ; the Erinyes or Eumenides. 4. 
One of the Parcae, or Fates ; esp., Atropos. [£.] 5. A 
vixen ; a termagant. 

Syn. — Indignation ; resentment ; ire ; vehemence ; 
fierceness ; turbulence ; madness ; frenzy. See Anger. 

Furze (ffirz), n. [OE.firs, AS. fyrs.~\ (Bot.) A thorny 
evergreen shrub (Ulex Europanis), with 
yellow flowers. [whinehat. 

Furze'chat' (-ch5f), n. (Zool. ) The I 
Furzeling (-ling), ». (Zool.) A 
species of English warbler. 
Furz'y (-y), a. Abounding in furze. 
II Fu sain' (fu'zaN'), n. [F.. the 
spindle tree ; charcoal from it.] (Fine 
Arts) (a) Charcoal of willow wood, for 
drawing, (b) A drawing made with it. 
Fus'cous (fiis'kus), a. [L. fuscus.] 
Brown or grayish black; darkish. 

Fuse (fuz), V. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Fused (fuzd); p-pr. A vb. n. Fusing.] 
[L. fusus, p. p. of fundere to pour, melt, 
to cast.] 1. To liquefy by heat ; to render or become fluid ; 
to dissolve ; to melt. 2. To unite or blend, as if melted. 
Fuse, n. [For fusee, fusil. See 2d Fusdl.] (Gun- 
nery, Mining, ttc.) A tube or casing filled with com- 
bustible matter, for igniting a charge of powder. 

Fu-see' (fu-ze'), n. 1. See '2d Fusil. [Obs.] 2. A 
fuse. 3. A kind of match for lighting a pipe or cigar. 
Fu-see r , n. [EtymoL uncertain.] The track of a buck. 







H 



K 



f§rn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, fo~ot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin 



M 



FUSEE 



358 



GABIONADE 



Fn-see' (,fu-ze'), n. [F. fusee a spindleful, fusee, LL. 
use a spindle, 
- swindle.] (a) The cone or 
; wheel of a watch or clock, 
designed to equalize the power of 
the ~ mainspring. (b) A similar B Barrel. i^Fueee. 
wheel used in other machinery. 

Fu'sel (fu'sel), n., Fu'sel oil. [G. fusel bad liquor.] 
(Chem.) A poisonous, acrid, oily liquid, accompanying 
many alcoholic liquors ; specif., amy! alcohol. 

Fu'si-ble (fu'zT-b'l). a. Capable of being melted or 
liquefied. -Fu si bill-ty (-bil'i-ty), n. 

Fu'si-form (fu'si-form or fu'zl-), a. [L. fusus spin- 
dle — -form.] Shaped like a spindle ; tapering at each end. 

Fu'sil (fu'zil), a. [L. fusilis fluid. See Fusk, v. /.] 
1. Fusible, [i?.] 2. Running or flowing, as a liquid, 
[ik.] 3. Cast; foimded. [Cos.] 

Fu'sil (fu'zil), n. [F., fr. LL. focile a steel for 
kindling fire, fr. L. focus fireplace, in LL., fire.] A light 
kind of flintlock musket. 

Fu'sil, n. [See 3d Fusee.] (Her.) A bearing of a 
rhomboidal figure resembling that of a spindle. 

Fu'sil-eer' ) (-er'), n. (Mil.) (a) Formerly, a soldier 

Fu sil-ier' J armed with a fusil. Hence, ja/. .• (b) A 
title now borne by some regiments and companies. 

Fu'sil-lade' (fu'zil-lad'), n. (Mil.) A simultaneous 
discharge of firearms. 

Fu sil-lade' (fu'zTl-lad'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Fusil- 
laded ; p. pr. & vb. 7i. Fusillading.] To shoot down 
or shoot at by a simultaneous discharge of firearms. 

Fu'sion (fu'zhun), n. [L. fusio, fr. fundere. See 
Fuse, v. t.~\ Act of fusing, or state of being fused. 

FUSS (fQs), n. [AS. /us ready, prompt, quick.] A tu- 
mult ; bustle ; unnecessary or annoying ado about trifles. 

Fuss, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Fussed (fust) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Fussing.] To make a fuss or ado ; to bustle. 

Fuss'y (fus'jf), a. [Compar. Fussdsr (-T-er) ; superl. 
Fusseest.] Making, or disposed to make, a fuss ; over- 
nice ; fidgety. — Fuss'i-ly , adv. — Fuss'i-ness, n. 

Fust (fQst), n. [OF. fust, fr. L. fustis stick, staff.] 
(Arch.) The shaft of a column, or trunk of a pilaster. 

Fust, n. [OF. fust cask, taste or smell of the cask, 
fr. L. fustis stick.] A strong, musty smell ; mustiness. 

Fus'tet (fus'tgt), n. [F., deriv. of L. fustis stick, in 
LL., tree.] The wood of the Rhus Cotinus, or Venice 
sumach, a European shrub, which yields a fine orange dye. 

Fus'tian (-chan; 106), n. [OF. fustaine, deriv. of 
LL. fustaneum, fustanum. So called from Fuslat, i. e., 
Cairo, where it was made.] 1. A kind of coarse, twilled 
cotton, or cotton and linen, stuff, including corduroy, 
velveteen, etc. 2. An inflated style of writing; bom- 
bast. 

Fus'tian, a. 1. Made of fustian. 2. Bombastic. 

Fus'tic (-t!k), n. [F. fusloc, Sp. fustoc. Cf. Fustet.] 
The wood of several trees, esp. of Madura tinctoria 
(a tree growing in the West Indies), which is used in 
dyeing a yellow color. 




Fus'tl-gate (f fis'tl-gat), v. t. [L. fustigare, fr. fustis 
stick. Cf. 1st Fust.] To cudgel. [i2.] 

Fus ti-la'ri-an (-15'rT-an), n. [From Fusty.] A low 
fellow; a stinkard ; a scoundrel. [Obs.J 

Fust'y (fiist'y), a. [Compar. Fustdze (-T-er) ; superl. 
Fustiest.] [See 2d Fust.] Moldy ; musty ; ill-smelling. 
— Fust'i-ness, n. 

Fu'tlle (f u'til), a. [L. futilis that easily pours out, or 
lets loose, futile, fr. root of fundere. See Fuse, v. t.~\ 1. 
Talkative. [Obs.~\ 2. Of no importance ; answering no 
useful end ; useless ; vain ; worthless. — Fu'tile-ly, adv. 

Fu-til'i-ty (fu-tTl'I-t£), n. Quality of being futile. 

Fut'tock (f ut'tuk), n. [Prob. corrupted f r. foot-hook. ] 
(Naut.) One of the crooked timbers 
scarfed together to form the lower part 
of the compound rib of a vessel ; one 
of the crooked transverse timbers pass- 
ing across and over the keel. 

Futtock plates (Naut.), plates of iron 
to which the dead-eyes of the topmast 
rigging are secured. — Futtock shrouds, 
short iron shrouds connecting the top- 
mast rigging with the lower mast. 

Fu'ture (fu'tur ; 135), a. [F. fu- 
tur, L. futurus, used as f ut. p. of esse 
to be, but fr. root of E. 6e.] 1. That x Futtock Shroud8 . 
is to be or come hereafter ; that will 
exist at any future time. 2. (Gram.) Expressing a 
future act or event. 

Fu'ture (fu'tur), n. 1. Time to come ; time subse- 
quent to the present. 2. The events or possibilities of 
the future. 3> (Gram.) A future tense. 

To deal in futures, to speculate on the future values of 
merchandise or stocks. [Brokers' 1 cant] 

Fu-tU'ri-ty (f u-tu'ri-ty), n. 1. State of being that is 
yet to come ; future state. 2. Future time ; the future. 
3. Event to come ; a future event. 

Fuze (fuz), n. Same as Fuse, n. 

FUZZ (fiiz), n. [Cf. Prov. E. fuzzy that ravels (of silk 
or cotton), D. voos spongy, fungous, G. faser filament, 
E. feaze to untwist.] Fine, light particles or fibers. 

Fuzz, v. i. To fly off in minute particles. 

Fuzz'y (fuz'jr), a. 1. Not firmly woven ; that ravels. 
[Prov. Eng.~\ 2. Furnished with fuzz ; like fuzz. 

-fy (-fi). [Through French verbs in -fier, L. -ficare, 
akin to facere to do, make. See Fact.] A suffix signi- 
fying to make, to form into, etc. ; as, aceti/y, ampli/y, 
dandi/y, Frenchi/y, etc. 

Fy (fi), interj. A word expressing blame, dislike, dis- 
approbation, abhorrence, or contempt ; fie. 

Fyke (fik), n. [D. fuik a bow net.] A I 
long bag net distended by hoops, into which | 
fish can easily pass. 

Fyl'fOt (fil'fSt), n. [Prob. fr. AS. fytSer- 
fote, fierfete, feowerfete. See Foue ; Foot, ' 
». ] A rebated cross, formerly used as a se- Fylfot, 
cret emblem, and as an ornament. 




G. 



G (je). 1. The seventh letter of the English alpha- 
bet, and a vocal consonant. It has two sounds ; one sim- 
ple, as in go ; the other compound, as in gem. See Guide 
to Pronunciation^ 231-G, 155, 176, 178, 179, 196, 211, 246. 

The form of G is from the Latin, in the alphabet of 
which it first appeared as a modified form of C. The 
name is also from the Latin, and probably comes to us 
through the French. Etymologically it is most closely 
related to c hard, k, y, and w ; as in corn, ^rrain, /fcernel ; 
A-in, L. genxiB, Gr. yeVos ; E. garden, yard ; dra#, draw ; 
also to ch and h ; as in </et, prehensile ; gruest, Aost (an 
army) ; gall, c/toler ; gunt, c/toose. See C. #n 

2. (Mux.) The fifth tone of the natural or model jJ "' 
scale ; — called also sol by the Italians and French. Jf 
It was also originally used as the treble clef, and frT\ 
has gradually changed into the character repre- V J/ 
sented in the margin. See Clef. G J (G sharp) „•>', 
fa m tone, intermediate between G and A. G Clef< 

Gab (uZh), n. [Cf. Gaff.] (Steam Engine) The hook 
on the end of an eccentric rod opposite the strap. 

Gab, n. [OE. gabbe gabble, mocking, fr. Icel. gabb 
mockery, or OF. gab, gabe.~\ The mouth ; hence, chat- 

■ 'mmeaningtalk; loquacity. [Colloq.~] 



ter; 



Gab, v. i. To talk idly ; to prate ; to chatter. 
Gabar-dlne', Gab'er-dine / (gSbyer-den'), 



[Sp. 



gabardina.'] A coarse frock or loose upper garment for- 
merly worn by Jews ; a mean dress. 

Gab'ble (gab'b'l), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Gabbled (-b'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Gabbling (-bling).] [Freq. of Gab.] 1. 
To talk fast, or to talk without meaning ; to prate ; to 
jabber. 2. To utter inarticulate sounds with rapidity. 

Gab'ble, n. 1. Loud or rapid talk without meaning. 
2. Inarticulate sounds rapidly uttered, as of fowls. 

Gab'bler (-bier), n. One who gabbles ; a prater. 

GabHtoo (gab'bro), n. [It.] (Geol.) Originally, a kind 
of serpentine ; later, the rock called euphotide, and now, 
generally, a kind of a coarsely crystalline, igneous rock. 

Ga'bel (ga'bel), n. [F. gabelle, LL. gabella; origin 
uncertain. Cf. Gavel tribute.] (0. Eng. Law) A rent, 
service, tribute, custom, tax, impost, or duty; excise. 

Ga'bi-OU (ga'bi-un), n. [F., fr. It. gab- 
bione a large cage, gabion, from gabbia 
cage, L. cavea.] 1. (Fort.) A hollow cylin- 
der of wickerwork, for use in raising field- 
works. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) An openwork 
frame, as of poles, filled with stones and 
sunk, to assist in forming a bar, dyke, etc. 

Ga bi-on-ade' (-ad'), n. (Fort. & En- 
gin.) A structure or work^as an earthwork, 
made with gabions. Gabion (1). 




a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, 



GABIONAGE 



359 



GALENA 




Gable. 




Gable Roof. 



Gabion-age (ga'bT-un-Sj), n. [F. gabionnage.] (Mil.) 
Part of a fortification built 
of gabions. 

II Ga'bion'nade' (ga/byo'- 
nad'), n. See Gabionade. 

Ga'ble (ga'b'l), n. [OE., 
fr. F. gable, fr. LL. ga- 
balum front of a building, 
prob. of German or Scand. 
origin.] (Arch.) (a) The 
vertical triangular portion 
of the end of a building, 
from the cornice or eaves to 
the ridge of the roof. Also, 
a similar end when not tri- 
angular in shape. Hence : 
(b) The end wall of a build- 
ing, as distinguished from 
the front or rear, (c) A dec- 
orative member shaped like a triangular gable. 

Gable roof, a double sloping roof which forms a gable at 
each end. — Gable window, a window in a 
gable. 

Gad (gad), n. [Icel. gaddr goad, 
sting ; akin to E. yard a measure.] 1. 
The point of a spear, or an arrowhead. 
2. A pointed or wedge-shaped instru- 
ment of metal. 3. A sharp-pointed rod ; 
goad. 4. A spike on a gauntlet. 5. A 
rod; stick. [Prov.Eng. ; Local, U.S.'] 

Gad, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gadded ;p.pr. & vb. n. Gad- 
ding.] [Prob. fr. gad, n., and orig. meaning, to drive 
about.] To rove idly ; to run wild. 

GadOiee' (-be'), n. (Zodl.) The gadfly. 

Gad'der (-der), n. One who gads ; a rambling gossip. 

Gade(gad),rc. [Cf. Cod the fish.] (Zodl. ) (a) A small 
British fish of the Cod family, (b) A pike. [Prov. Eng.] 

Gad'fly' (gSd'fli'), n. [Gad + fly.-] (Zodl.) Any 
dipterous insect of the genus (Eslrus, or allied genera. 

Ga'doid (ga'doid), a. [NL. gadus cod + -oid.] (Zodl.) 
Of or pert, to the family of fishes (Gadidae) including the 
cod, haddock, and hake. — n. One of the Gadidae. 

Gad o-lin'i-um (gad'6-lTn'i-um), re. [NL., fr. Gadolin 
a Russian chemist.] (Chem.) A supposed rare metal. 

Gad'wall (gad'wal), re. [Gad to walk about -}- well.] 
{Zodl.) A large duck, valued as a game bird. 

Gael'ic (gal'Tk), a. [Gael. Gaidhealach, Gaelach, 
from Gaidheal, Gael, a Scotch Highlander.] Of or pert. 
to the Gael, esp. the Celtic Highlanders of Scotland. 

Gael'ic, re. [Gael. Gaelig, Gailig.] The language of 
the Gael, esp. of the Highlanders of Scotland. 

Gafl (gSf ), re. [F. gaffe ; origin uncert.] 1. A barbed 
spear or a hook with a handle, used by fishermen in secur- 
ing fish. 2. (Naut. ) The spar upon which the upper edge 
of a fore-and-aft sail is extended. 3. Same asGAFFLE, 1. 

Gaff, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Gaffed (gait) ; p. pr. & vb. 
re. Gaffing.] To strike with a gaff or barbed spear. 

Gaffer (gaffer), re. [Prob. fr. gramfer for grand- 
father. Cf. Gammer.] An old fellow ; an aged rustic ; 

— now used only as a term of familiarity or contempt. 
Gaf' fie (-f '1), n. [Cf. AS. geafl fork, G. gabel, W. gafl, 

It. & Gael, gabhal.] 1. An artificial spur or gaff for 
gamecocks. 2. A lever to bend crossbows. 

Gaff'-top'sail (-top'sal or -s'l), re. (Naut.) A small 
triangular sail having its foot extended upon the gaff. 

Gag (gag), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Gagged (gagd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. re. Gagging (-glng).] [Prob. fr. W. cegio to choke 
or struggle, fr. ceg mouth, entrance.] 1. To stop the 
mouth of, by thrusting something in ; hence, to silence 
by authority or by violence. 2. To pry or hold open 
with a gag. 3. To cause to heave with nausea. 

Gag, v . i. To heave with nausea ; to retch. 

Gag, re. 1. Something thrust into the mouth or throat 
so as to hinder speaking. 2. A mouthful that makes one 
retch; a choking bit. 3. A speech or phrase interpo- 
lated by an actor on the stage in his part as written, 

— usually some joking or local allusion. [Slang] 
Gage (gaj), n. & v. t. See Gauge, n. & v. t. 

Gage (gaj), n. [F. gage, LL. gadium, wadium ; of 
G. origin.] 1. A pledge or pawn ; security. 2. A glove, 
cap, etc., cast on the ground as a challenge to combat, 
and to be taken up by the accepter ; challenge ; defiance. 

Gage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gaged (gajd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Gaging (ga'jing).] To bind, as by pledge ; to engage. 

Gage (gaj), n. [So called because an English family 
named Gage imported the greengage from France.] A 
variety of plum ; as, the greengage. See Greengage. 

Gag'ger (gag'ger), n. One who gags. 



Gal'e-ty (ga'e"-ty), n. Same as Gayety. 

Gaily (ga'l?), adv. [From Gay.] See Gayly. 

Gain (gan), n. [Cf. W. gan a mortise.] (Arch.) A 
notch cut, as in a girder, for the end of a floor beam. 

Gain (gan), n. [OE. gam, gein, ga^hen, gain, advan- 
tage, Icel. gagn. The word was prob. influenced by F. 
pram gain, OF. gaain.] 1. That which is obtained, or 
acquired, as increase, profit, advantage, or benefit. 2. 
The obtaining or amassing of profit or valuable posses- 
sions ; acquisition ; accumulation. 

Gain, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Gained (gaud) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Gaining.] 1. To get, as profit or advantage ; to obtain 
or acquire by effort or labor. 2. To be successful in. 
3. To win to one's side ; to conciliate. 4. To reach ; to 
attain to ; to arrive at. 

_ Syn. — To procure ; win ; earn ; attain ; achieve. — Gain 
implies only that we get something by exertion ; win, 
that we do it in competition with others. See Obtain. 

Gain (gan), v. t. To have or receive advantage or 
profit ; to acquire gain ; to make progress. 
, To gain on or upon, (a) To encroach on. (b) To obtain 
influence with, (c) To win ground upon ; to move faster 
than, (d) To get the better of. 

Gain'er (-er), n. One who gains. 

Gain'ful (-ful), a. Profitable ; advantageous ; lucra- 
tive. — Gain'fnl-ly, adv. — Gain'ful-ness, n. 

Galnless, a. Unprofitable. — Gain'less-ness, n. 

Gain'say' (gan'sa' or gan'sa 7 ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Gainsaid (-sed' or -sad') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gainsaying.] 
[OE. geinseien, ageinseien. See Again, and Say to 
utter.] To contradict ; to controvert ; to forbid. 

Gain'say'er (-er), n. One who gainsays. 

'Gainst (gSnst), prep. A contraction of Against. 

Gair'ish (gar'Tsh), a. Same as Garish. 

Gait (gat), n. [See Gate way.] 1. A going ; walk ; 
march ; way. 2. Manner of walking or stepping, [tion. I 

Gait'ed, a. Having (such) a gait ; — used in composi- 1 

Gai'ter (ga'ter), n. [F. guetre ; of uncertain origin.] 

1. A covering of cloth or leather for the lower part of 
the leg or ankle, or fitting down upon the shoe. 2. A 
kind of shoe, made chiefly of cloth. 

Ga'la (ga'la), n. [F. gala show, pomp, fr. It. gala 
finery, gala ; of German origin.] Pomp, show, or festivity. 

Ga-lac'tic (ga-lSk'tik), a. [Gr. yoAa/cTiKos milky, fr. 
yaAa, -olktos, milk.] 1. Of or pertaining to milk ; got 
from milk. 2. Of or pert, to the galaxy or Milky Way. 

Galac-tom'e-ter (gal'Sk-tom'e-ter), n. [Gr. yoAa 
milk + -meter. ] An instrument for ascertaining the pro- 
portion of cream in milk by finding the specific gravity. 

Gal ac-tOph'0-rOUS (-tof'6-rus), a. [Gr. yaAa/cTO<£dpos; 
yaAa, -oktos, milk -j- <f>epeiv to bear.] (Anat.) Milk- 
carrying; lactiferous. 

Ga-la'gO (ga-la'g6), n. ; pi. Galagos (-goz). [Native 
name.] (Zodl.) A genus of African lemurs. 

Ga-lan'ga (ga-lSn'ga), 1 n. [OF. galingal, garingal, 

Ga-lan'gal (-gal), j prob. fr. Ar. khalanjan.] 

The pungent aromatic rhizome or tuber of certain East 
Indian or Chinese plants of the Ginger family. 

Gal'an-tine (gal'an-tin or -ten), n. [F. galantine.] 
A dish of veal, chicken, or other white meat, freed from 
bones, tied up, boiled, and served cold. 

Gal'ax-y (gal'aks-jf), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
yaAa£i'as (sc. kukAos circle), fr. yaAa, -aAcroj, milk.] 1. 
(Astron.) The Milky Way; the luminous belt seen at 
night stretching across the heavens, and composed of in- 
numerable stars distinguishable only with the telescope. 

2. A splendid assemblage of persons or things. 
Gal'ban (gal'ban), )n. [L. galbanum, Gr. yoA- 
Gal'ba-num (-ba-niim), } fiavy, prob. from Heb. 

khelb-nah.] A gum resin exuding from certain Asiatic 
umbelliferous plants, mostly species of Ferula. 

Gale (gal), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin, and akin to E. 
yell.] 1. A wind between a stiff breeze and a hurricane. 
2. A current of air ; a breeze. 3. A state of excitement, 
passion, or hilarity. [story. [06*.] I 

Gale, n. [OE. gal. Cf. Gale wind.] A song or| 
Gale, v. i. [AS. galan.] To sing. [Obs.] 
Gale, n. [AS. gagel, akin to D. gagel.] (Bot.) A 
plant of the genus Myrica, resembling the bayberry. 
Gale, n. [Cf. Gabel.] A rent or annuity. [Eng.] 
Gal'e-aS (gSl'e-Ss), n. A galleass. 
Ga'le-ate (ga'le-afy ( a. [L. galeatus, p. p. of galeare 
Ga'le-a'ted (-S'tSd), j to cover with a helmet, galea 
helmet.] 1. Wearing a helmet ; covered, as with a hel- 
met. 2. (Biol.) Helmeted ; having a helmet-like part, 
as a crest, a flower, etc. ; helmet-shaped. 

•Ga-le'na(ga-le'na),n. [L., lead ore, dross from melted 
lead.] (Min.) Lead sulphide, — the principal ore of lead. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



GALENIC 



360 



GALLOWS 



> 



Galenic (,t;a-l?n'Tk), \ a. Pertaining to, or contain- 

Ga-len'lC-al (.-I-kcl). I ing, galena. 

Galenic. ) «*• Relating to the physician Galen, or 

Ga-lenlc-al. ) to his principles and method of treat- 
ing diseases. 

Ga-le'nite (.-lfuit), n. (Mi*.) Galena. 
Ga le-o-pi the'cus (gale-o-pl-the'kus), n. [NL. ; 
Gr. yaAe-rj wwwil — ni(h]Kos ape.] (Zo'dl.) A genus of 
riving Insectivora, including the colugo. 

Gall-lee (.g51'T-le), n. [Supposed to have been so 
termed in allusion to the scriptural " Galilee of the Gen- 
tiles."] (Arch.) A porch or waiting room of an abbey 
church. Also, frequently, the porch of a church. 

Gal 1-ma'tlas (-ma'sha), n. [F.] Gibberish. 

Gal'in-gale ^gal'in-gal), n. [See Galangal.] (Bot.) 
A plant of the Sedge family (Cyperus longus) having 
aromatic roots ; also, any plant of the same genus. 

Gall-ot (g511-5t), n. [F. galiote. See Galley.] 
{Namt,) (a) A small kind of galley. (b) A strong, light- 
draft, Dutch merchant vessel. 

Gall-pot (gall-pot), n. [F. galipot.] An impure 
resin of turpentine, hardened on the outside of pine trees. 

Gall (gal), n. [AS. gealla ; akin to L. /el, Gr. x oAj i-] 
1. (Physiol.)) The bitter, alkaline, viscid fluid found in 
the gall bladder. 2. The gall bladder. 3. Anything very 
bitter ; bitterness ; rancor. 4. Brazen assurance. [Slang] 

Gall, n. [F. galle, noix de galle, fr. L. galla.] (Zo'dl.) 
An excrescence of any form produced on any part of a 
plant by insects or their larvae. 

Gall, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Galled (gald) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Galling.] [OE. gallen ; of uncertain origin.] 1. To 
fret and wear away by friction ; to hurt or break the 
skin of by rubbing ; to chafe. 2. To fret ; to vex. 3. 
To harass ; to annoy. 

Gall, n. A wound in the skin made by rubbing. 

Gallant (gallant), a. [F. galant, prop. p. pr. of OF. 
galer to rejoice, akin to OF. gale amusement, It. gala 
ornament ; of German origin.] 1. Showy ; splendid ; 
well-dressed. 2. Noble in bearing or spirit ; brave ; 
high-spirited. 3. (gal-lanf), a. Polite and attentive to 
ladies ; courteous to women ; chivalrous. 

Syn.— Courageous ; brave. — Courageous is generic, de- 
noting an inward spirit which rises above fear ; brave is 
more outward, marking a spirit which braves or defies 
danger ; gallant rises still higher, denoting bravery on 
extraordinary occasions in a spirit of adventure. 

Gal-lant' (gal-lanf), n. 1. A man of mettle ; a gay, 
fashionable man. 2. One fond of paying attention to la- 
dies. 3. One who wooes ; suitor ; in a bad sense, a seducer. 

Gal-lant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gallanted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Gallanting.] To attend or wait on, as a lady. 

Gal-lantly. adv. In a polite and courtly manner ; 
like a gallant or wooer. 

Gallant-ly (gallant-ly), adv. In a gallant manner. 

Gal'lant-ness, n. Quality of being gallant. 

Gallant-ry (gallant-rjr), n. 1. Splendor of appear- 
ance ; ostentatious finery. [Archaic] 2. Bravery ; in- 
trepidity. 3. Civility or polite attention to ladies ; — often 
implying improper motives. 

Syn. — See Coubage, and Heboism. 

Galla-tnre (-la-tur ; 135), n. [From L. gallus a cock.] 
(Zo'dl.) The treadle or chalaza of an egg. 

Galle-ass (galle-as), n. [F. galeasse, ?aleace.~\ 
(Xaut.) A kind of large galley. 

Galle-on (galle-un), n. [Sp. galeon, fr. LL. galeo, 
galio. See Galley.] (Naut.) A sailing vessel of the 
15th and following centuries, often having three or four 
decks, and used for war or commerce. 

Galler-y (galler-^), n. [F. galerie, It. galleria, fr. 
LL. galeria gallery ; origin uncertain.] 1. A long and 
narrow corridor, or connecting passageway. 2. A room 
for the exhibition of works of art ; hence, also, a large or 
important collection of paintings, sculptures, etc. 3. A 
long and narrow platform attached to one or more sides 
of a public hall or a church, and supported by brackets 
or columns. 4. (Naut.) A frame, like a balcony, project- 
ing from the stern or quarter of a ship. 5. (Fort.) Any 
communicating way covered overhead as well as at the 
sides. 6. (Mining) A working drift or level. 

Gal li-man'fry (gal'lT-ma/fr^), n. [F. galima/ree.] 
1. A hash of various meats. 2. A medley ; hotchpotch. 

Galley (-ly), n. ; pi. Galleys (-ITz). [OE. gale, galeie ; 
of unknown origin.] 1. (Naut.) A vessel propelled by 
oars, whether having masts and sails or not ; as : (a) A 
large vessel for war and national purposes, — common in 
the Middle Ages, and down to the 17th century. (6) A 
name given by analogy to the Greek, Roman, and other 
ancient vessels propelled by oars, (c) A light, open boat, 



used on the Thames by customhouse officers, press gangs, 
and also for pleasure, (d) One of the small boats carried 
by a man-of-war. 2. The cookroom or kitcheji and cook- 
ing apparatus of a vessel. 3. (Chem.) An oblong oven or 
muffle with a battery or retorts. 4. [F. galee; same 
word as E. galley a vessel.] (Pririt.) (a) A tray of wood 
or brass, for holding type which has been set. (b) A 
proof sheet taken from type while on a galley. 

Galley slave, a person condemned, often as a punishment 
for crime, to work at the oar on board a galley. 

Galley-worm 7 (gal'lT-wfirni'), n. [Prob. so called 
because the numerous legs along the sides move rhyth- 
mically like the oars of a galley.] (Zo'dl.) A chilognath 
myriapod of the genus lulus, and allied genera, having 
many short legs along the sides ; a milliped. 

Gall 'fly' (gal'fli'), n. (Zo'dl.) An insect that deposits 
its eggs in plants, causing galls. [brisk. [Obs.l I 

Galliard (gal'yerd), a. [OE., fr. F. gaillard.] Gay ; | 

Gal 'Hard, n. A gay, lively dance. 

Gallic (gal'lTk), a. [From Gallium.] (Chem.) Per- 
taining to, or containing, gallium. 

Gallic, a. [From Gall the excrescence.] Pertaining 
to, or derived from, galls, nutgalls, and the like. 

Gal 'lie, a. Pertaining to Gaul (L. Gallia) or France. 

Galli-can (-lT-kan), a. Gallic ; French. 

Gal'li-can-ism (-Tz'm), n. The principles of those in 
the Roman Catholic Church in France who (esp. in 1682) 
sought to restrict the papal authority in that country. 

Galli-cism (-siz'm), n. An idiom or custom peculiar 
to the French ; a French idiom. [mode or idiom. I 

Galli-cize (-siz), r. t. To conform to the French | 

Gal li-gasliins (-gaslunz), n. pi. [Prob. corrupted 
fr. It. G-rechesco Grecian.] Loose hose or breeches ; 
leather leg guards. [Gallinae. I 

Gal li-na'cean (-na'shan), n. (Zo'dl.) One of the| 

GaTli-na'ceous (-na'shus), a. [L. gallinaceus, fr. 
gallina hen, fr. gallus cock.] (Zo'dl.) Resembling the do- 
mestic fowls and pheasants ; of or pert, to the Gallinae. 

II Gal-li'n® (gal-li'ne), n. pi. [NL.] (Zo'dl.) An or- 
der of birds including the common domestic fowls, 
pheasants, grouse, quails, and allied forms. 

Galli-nip'per (gal'lT-nTp/per), n. A large mosquito. 

Galli-nule (-nul), n. [L. gallinula chicken, dim. of 
gallina hen.] (Zo'dl.) One of several wading birds, having 
long, webless toes, and a frontal shield. 

Gal'li-Ot (gal'lT-ot), n. See Galiot. 

Galli-pot (galll-pSt), n. [Prob. fr. OD. gleypot; ori- 
gin (of gley-) uncertain.] A glazed earthern pot or ves- 
sel, usea by druggists to contain medicines, etc. 

Gallium (-urn), n. [NL., fr. L. Gallia France.] 
(Chem.) A rare metal, resembling aluminium. 

Gall'nut' (gal'nuf), n. (Zo'dl.) A round gall produced 
on the leaves and shoots of various oak trees. 

Gallon (gal'lun), n. [OF. galon, LL. galo, galona, fr. 
galum a liquid measure.] A measure of capacity, con- 
taining four quarts ; — used, chiefly, as a liquid measure. 

Jg^" The standard gallon of the United States contains 
231 cubic inches, or 8.3389 pounds avoirdupois of distilled 
water at its maximum density, and with the barometer at 
30 inches. The beer gallon, now little used in the U. S., 
contains 282 cubic inches. The English imperial gallon 
contains 10 pounds avoirdupois of water at 62^ of Fahren- 
heit, and barometer at 30 inches, equal to 277.27-1 cubic 
inches. 

Gal-loon' (gal-15bn'), n. [From F. or Sp. galon. See 
Gala. ] A narrow tapelike fabric used for binding hats, 
shoes, garments, etc., — sometimes made ornamental. 

Gallop (gallup), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Galloped 
(-lupt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Galloping.] [F. galoper, of G. 
origin.] 1. To go in a gallop, as a horse ; to run or move 
with speed. 2. To ride at a gallop. 

Gallop, n. A mode of running by a quadruped, par- 
ticularly by a horse, by lifting alternately the fore feet 
and the hind feet, in successive leaps or bounds. 

Hand gallop, a slow or gentle gallop. 

Gallo-pade (-lo-pM'), n. [F. galopade.] 1. In horse- 
manship, a curveting kind of gallop. 2. A galop. 

Gallo-pade' (gSllo-pad'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gal- 
lopaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gallopadlng.] 1. To gallop, 
as on horseback. 2. To dance a gallopade. 

Galloper, n. One who, or that which, gallops. 

Gallow (gSl'16), v. t. [Cf. AS. agelwan to stupefy.] 
To frighten or terrify. [Obs.] 

Gallo-way (gSl'lo-wa), n. (Zo'dl.) A small horse 
of a breed raised at Galloway, Scotland. 

Gallow-glass' (-glas/), n. [Ir. galloglach. Cf. Gil- 
lie.] A heavy-armed foot soldier from Ireland and the 
Western Isles in the time of Edward II. 

Gallows (gallus or -16z), n. sing. ; pi. Gallowses 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, £vent, idea, 6 bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



GALLOWS BITTS 



361 



GANG 



(-Sz) or Gallows. [OE. galwes, pi., AS. galga, gealga, 
gallows, cross ; akin to Goth, galga a cross. Etymolog- 
ically gallows is a pi., but it is now used as a sing.] 1. A 
frame from which is suspended the rope with which crimi- 
nals are executed by hanging, — usually two upright posts 
and a crossbeam on top ; also, a like frame for suspending 
anything. 2. (Print.) The rest for the tympan when 
raised. 3. pi. A pair of suspenders or braces. [Colloq.] 

Gallows bitta UXaut.), one of two or more frames amid- 
ships on deck for supporting spare spars. — Gallows frame. 
(«) The frame supporting the beam of an engine. (b)(Naut.) 
Gallows bitts. — Gallows, or Gallow, tree, the gallows. 

Gall'Stone' (gal'ston'), n. A concretion, or calculus, 
formed in the gall bladder or biliary passages. 

Gall'y (gal'y), a. Like gall ; bitter as gall. 

Gal'ly (gSl'ly), n. See Galley, ?*., 4. 

Gal ly-gas'kins (-gas'kins), n. pi. Galligaskins. 

Ga-loche', Ga-loshe' (ga-losh'), n. [F. galoche ; ori- 
gin uncertain.] 1. A clog or patten. [Obs.] 2. An 
overshoe for wet weather. 3. A gaiter, or legging, cover- 
ing the upper part of the shoe and part of the leg. 

II Gal'op (gal'6 ; F. ga'16'), n. [F.] (Mus.) A kind of 
lively dance, in 2-4 time ; also, the music to the dance. 

Ga-lore' (ga-lor'), n. & a. [Scot., fr. Gael, gu lebr 
enough ; gu- to 4- lebr, lebir, enough ; or fr. Ir. goleor, 
the same word.] Plenty ; abundant ; in abundance. 

Ga-lOShe' (ga-losh'), n. Same as Galoche. 

Gal-van'ic (gal-van'ik), a. [From the Italian pro- 
fessor Galvani, on account of his connection (about 1780) 
with the discovery oi dynamical electricity.] Of or 
pert, to, or exhibiting the phenomena of, galvanism ; em- 
ploying or producing electrical currents ; voltaic. 

Gal'va-nlsm (gal'va-nTz'm), n. (Physics) (a) Dy- 
namical electricity, (b) The branch of physical science 
which treats of dynamical electricity. 

(I3F* The words galvanism and galvanic are now rarely 
employed. For the latter, voltaic is commonly used. 

Gai'va-nist (-nist), n. One versed in galvanism. 

Gal'va-nize (-nlz), v. t. limp. & p. p. Galvanized 
<-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Galvanizing (-in 7 zing).] 1. To 
subject to the action of electrical currents. 2. To plate, 
as with gold, silver, etc., by means of electricity. 3. To 
restore to consciousness by galvanism ; hence, to excite 
to factitious activity. 4. To coat, as iron, with zinc. 

Galvanized Iron, formerly, iron coated with zinc by elec- 
tric deposition ; now, more commonly, iron coated with 
zinc by plunging into a bath of melted zinc. 

Gal va-nog'ra-phy (gal'va-nog'ra-fy), n. [Galvanic 
4- -graphy.] 1. Art or process of depositing metals by 
electricity ; electrotypy. 2. A method of producing by 
the electrotypic process (without etching) copperplates 
which can be printed from like engraved plates. 

Gal'va-nom'e-ter (-n5m'e-ter), n. [Galvanic 4- -me- 
ter.'] (Elec.) An apparatus for measuring the force of an 
electric current, as by the deflection of a magnetic needle. 

Gal'va-nom'e-try (gSl'va-nom'e-try), n. The art or 
process of measuring the force of electric currents. 

Gal-van'O-SCOpe (gal-van'o-skop), n. [Galvanic 4- 
-scope.] (Elec.) An apparatus for detecting the presence 
of electrical currents, esp. those of feeble intensity. 

Gal'va-nos'CO-py (gal'va-nos'ko-py), n. (Physiol.) 
The use of galvanism in physiological experiments. 

Ga-mash'es (ga-rnash'ez), n. pi. [F. gamaches.] 
High.boots or buskins ; in Scotland, short spatterdashes. 

GWa-ba'does (gam-ba'doz), n. pi. [It. or Sp. gamba 
leg. See Gambol, n.] Same as Gamashes. 

Gam'bier (gam'ber), n. [Malayan.] (a) The astrin- 
gent inspissated juice of a plant of Malacca, (b) Catechu. 

Gam'bi-son (g5m'bT-zon), n. [OF. gambeson, gam- 
baison, fr. gambais, wambais, of German origin, and 
akin to E. icomb.] A defensive garment formerly in use 
for the body, made of cloth stuffed and quilted. 

Gam'bist (gSni'bTst), n. [It. gamba leg.] (Mus.) A 
performer upon the viola di gamba. 

GamT)it (-bit), n. [F.] (Chess) A mode of opening 
the game, in which a pawn is sacrificed for position. 

Gam/Die (-b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gambled (-b'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Gambling (-bling).] [Dim. of Game.] 
To play or game for money or other stake. 

Gam'ble. v. t. To lose, squander, or risk in gaming. 

Gam'bier (-bier), n. One who gambles. 

Gam-DOge' (gani-bobj' or -boj'), n. A concrete juice, 
or gum resin, produced by several species of trees in 
Siam, Ceylon, and Malabar. It is brought from Cambo- 
dia, or Cambogia; — whence its name. 

Gam'bol (gani'bol), n. [OE. gambolde, gambaulde, 
deriv. of It. gamba leg, L. gamba hoof or (?) joint.] A 
skipping or leaping in frolic ; hop ; sportive prank. 

Gam'bol, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamboled (-b51d) or 



Gambolled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gamboling or Gambolling.] 
To dance and skip about in *|Kjrt ; to trisk ; to trolic. 
GamOirel (Kaui'brSl), 7i. [OF. gambe, 




i of twilled linen cloth for linings. 

Game (gam), a. [Cf. W. earn crooked ; Gambrel Koot - 

E. gambol.'] Crooked ; lame ; as, a game leg. [Colloq.] 
Game, n. [AS. gamen, gomen, play, sport.] 1. Sport 

of any kind ; jest ; frolic. 2. A contest according to 
certain rules, for amusement, or for whining a stake. 3. 
The use or practice of such a game ; a single contest. 
4. The stake in a game ; also, the number of points 
necessary to be scored to win. 5. Method of procedure ; 
plan ; project. 6. Animals pursued and taken by sports- 
men ; wild meats designed for, or served at, table. 

Game, a. 1. Having a resolute, unyielding spirit; 
ready to fight to the last. 2. Of or pertaining to animals 
hunted for game, or to the act or practice of hunting. 

Game bird, any bird commonly shot for food ; sometimes, 
birds hunted by sportsmen with guns and dogs. 

Game (gam), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamed (gaind), 
p. pr. & vb. 7i. Gaming.] 1. To rejoice. [Obs.] 2. To 
play at any sport or diversion. 3. To gamble. 

Game'cock' (-k5k'), n. The male game fowl. 

Game' fowl' (foul'). A breed of fowl, remarkable 
for the great courage and pugnacity of the males. 

Game'keep'er (-kep'er), n. One who has the care of 
game, esp. in a park or preserve. 

Game'ly, adv. In a plucky manner ; spiritedly. 

Game'ness, n. Endurance ; pluck. 

Game'some (-sum), a. Gay ; sportive ; playfuL 

Game'Ster (-ster), n. [Game -f- -ster.~] 1. A merry, 
frolicsome person. [Obs.] 2. A person who plays at 
games ; esp., a gambler. 3. A prostitute. [Obs.] 

Gam'lc (gSm'ik), a. [Gr. yauxos marriage.] (Biol.) 
Pertaining to, or resulting from, sexual connection. 

II Gam'in (gani'in ; F. ga'maN'), n. [F.] A neglected 
and untrained city boy who frequents the streets. 

Gam'lng (gam'ingji, n. Gambling. 

Gam'mer (gam'mer), n. [Prob. fr. grammcr for 
grandmother.] An old wife ; an old woman. 

Gam'mon (-mun), n. [OF. gambon, fr. gambe leg, 

F. jambe, fr. L. gamba hoof.] The buttock or thigh of a 
hog, salted and smoked or dried ; lower end of a flitch. 

Gam'mon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gammoned (-niund) ; 
p. pi: & vb. n. Gammoning.] To salt and dry in smoke. 

Gam'mon, n. [See 2d Game.] 1. Backgammon. 2. 
An imposition or hoax ; humbug. [Colloq.] 

Gam'mon, v. t. 1. To beat in backgammon, before 
an antagonist has been able to withdraw any of his 
pieces from the board. 2. To hoax. [Colloq.] 

Gam'mon, v. t. [Etym. unknown.] (Naut.) To fas- 
ten (a bowsprit) to the stem of a vessel, as by lashings. 

Gam'mon-ing, n. (Naut.) The lashing or band by 
which the bowsprit is secured to the stem. 

II Gam'O-gen'e-SiS (gSm'o-jSu'e-sis), n. [Gr. ya/Lios 
marriage 4- E. genesis.] (Biol.) Production of offspring 
by union of different sexes ; sexual reproduction. 

Gam'O-pet'al-OUS (-pet'al-us), a. [Gr. yd^o* mar- 
riage 4- E. petalous.] (Bot.) Having 
petals united or joined so as to form a 
tube or cup ; monopetalous. 

Ga-moph'yl-lous (ga-ni5f'Tl-lus or 
gSm'6-fTl'lus), a. [Gr. yd/j.os marriage 
4- <f>v\\ov leaf.] (Bot.) Composed of 
leaves united by their edges (coalesoent). 

Gamo-sep'al-ous (gSm'6-sSp'rtl-us), a. 
[Gr. yet/uos marriage 4- E. sepal.] (Bot.) 
Formed of united sepals ; monosepalous. 

Gam'nt (gam'ut), n. [F. gamme -{- ut 
the name of a musical note. F. gamme 
is fr. the name of the Greek letter y, which 
was used by Guido d' Arezzo to represent the first note 
of his model scale.] (31us.) The scale. 

Gam'y (gain'j-), a. 1. (Cookery) Having the flavor 
of game, esp. of game kept uncooked till nearly tainted. 
2. (Sporting) Unyielding; plucky; furnishing sport. 

Gan (g5u), imp. of Gin. Began; commenced; — for- 
merly used with the infinitive as did now is. 

Gan'der (gSn'der), n. [AS. gandra, ganra, akin to E. 
goose, gannet.] The male of any species of goose. 

Gang (panel. *'• i- [AS. gangan.] To go ; to walk. 
[Now Prov. Eng. or Scotch] 




Gamopetalous 
Flower. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, slug, ink, then, thin. 



M 



GANG 



362 



GARNET 



> 



(g5ng), ». peel, gangr a going, gang, akin to 
"gang a going.] 1. A number going in com- 
pany : henee. company ; group ; squad. 2. A combina- 
tion of similar implements arranged so as to act to- 
gether; a set. 3. (Naut.) A set; all required for an 
outfit. 4. [Of. Gangue.] (Mining) A matrix ; a gangue. 
G*ng board, pr Gang plank. (Xaut.) (a) A board or 
plank forming a bridge by which to enter or leave a ves- 
sel, (b) A plank at a vessel's waist for the sentinel to 
walk on. — Gang cask, a small cask in which to bring 
water aboard ships or in which it is kept on deck. 

Gan'gli-on (giWgl!-5n), «• / pi- L- -glia (-a), E. 
-olions (-5uz). [L., excrescence, tumor, Gr. yayyAioi'.] 
1. {Anat.) (a) A mass or knot of nervous matter, (b) A 
node, or gland in the lymphatic system. 2. (Med.) A 
globular, hard, indolent tumor, situated on a tendon. 

Gan gli-onlc (-Sn'ik), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, 
containing, or consisting of, ganglia or ganglion cells. 

Gan'grene (gXn'gren), n. [F. gangrene, L. gan- 
graena, fr. Gr. yayypaiva, fr. ypav to gnaw, eat.] (Med.) 
Formerly, the first stage of mortification of the soft tis- 
sues ; now, such mortification in any stage. 

Gan'grene, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gangrened 
(-grend); p. pr. & vb. n. Gangrening.] To produce 
gangrene in ; to be affected with gangrene. 

Gan'gre-nous (gSn'gre-nQs), a. Affected by, or pro- 
duced by, gangrene ; of the nature of gangrene. 

Gangue (gang), n. [F. gangue, fr. G. gang a metallic 
vein, a passage. See Gang, n.~\ (Mining) The mineral 
or earthy substance associated with metallic ore. 

Gang'way' (-wa 7 ), n. 1. A passage or way, esp. into 
or out of an inclosed place. 2. (Naut.) Specif., the 
waist of a vessel. 

Gan'is-ter (-is-ter), Gan'nis-ter, n. (3fech.) A sili- 

cious refractory material mixed with fire clay. 

Gan'net (gSn'net), n. [AS. ganet, ganot, a sea fowl, 

a fen duck ; akin to E. goose.'] (Zo'ol.) 

Any one of several species of sea birds 

allied to the pelicans. 

Ga'noid (ga'noid or 
gan'oid), a. [Gr. yavos 
brightness + -old.] 
(Zo'ol.) 1. Of or pertain- 
ing to the Ganoidei. 2. 
Pertaining to, or desig- 
n a t i n g, one 
kind of scales 
of the Ga- 
noidei, com- 
posed of an in- 
ner layer of 
Common Gannet (Sula bassana). bone an d an 

outer layer of shining enamel. — n. One of the Ganoidei. 

i! Ga hoi'de-i (ga-noi'de-i), n. pi. [NL. See Ganoid.] 
(Zo'ol.) One of the sub-classes of fishes, mostly inhabit- 
ing fresh water ; as the gar pike, Ceratodus, paddle-fish, 
and sturgeon. 

Gantlet (ganflgt), n. [Corrupt, fr. gantlope, for 
gatelope, Sw. gatlopp, orig., a running down a lane ; gala 
lane + lopp career.] A military punishment formerly 
in use, wherein the offender was made to run between 
two files of men, who struck him as he passed. 

Gantlet, n. A glove. See Gauntlet. 

Gaol (jal), n. See Jail (the spelling preferable, and 
the one usual in the XJ. S.). 

Gaol'er (jaFer), n. The keeper of a jail ; a jailer. 

Gap (g a P)> n. [OE. gap; cf. Icel. gap an empty 
space, Sw. gap mouth, abyss, AS. geap expanse.] An 
opening in anything made by breaking or parting ; an 
opening for a passage or entrance ; a vacant space or time. 

Gap, v. t. 1. To notch. 2. To breach. 

Gape (gap ; in Eng. commonly gap), v. i. [imp. & 

fi. p. Gaped (gapt or gapt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gaping.] 
AS. geapan to open.] 1. To open the mouth wide be- 
cause of : (a) Desire for food, (b) Sleepiness or indiffer- 
ence, (c) Self-forgetfulness in surprise, astonishment, 
expectation, etc. (d) A desire to injure, devour, or 
overcome. 2. To open or part widely ; to exhibit a gap. 

Sy n . — To gaze ; stare ; yawn. 

Gape, n. 1. Act of gaping ; a yawn. 2. (Zo'ol.) 
The width of the mouth when opened. 

The gapes, (a) A fit of yawning, (6) A disease of young 
poultry and other birds, attended with much gaping. 

Gap/er f-er), n. One who, or that which, gapes. 
. Gap'ing-stock' (gaplng-stSk' or gap'-), n. One who 
ib an object of open-mouthed wonder. 
4 . Gar (l?ar), n. [Prob. from AS. gar lance, alluding to 
the long and slender body and pointed head.] (Zo'ol.) 




(a) Any slender marine fish of the genera Belone and 
Ti/losurus. See Garfish, (b) The gar pike. 

Gar pike or Garpike (Zo'ol.), a large, fresh- water ganoid 
fish of temperate and tropical America. 




Gar Pike (Lepkiosteus osseus). 

Garb (garb), n. [OF. garbe looks, countenance, grace, 
ornament, fr. OHG. garawl, garwi, ornament, dress; 
akin to E. gear.] 1. (a) Clothing, (6) Official or ap- 
propriate dress, (c) Costume ; fashion. 2. External 
appearance ; looks ; fashion or manner, as of speech. 

Garb, v. t. To clothe ; array ; deck. 

Garbage (gar'baj ; 48), n. [OE. also garbash; of un- 
certain origin.] Offal ; refuse animal or vegetable matter 
from a kitchen ; hence, anything worthless or loathsome. 

Gar 'Die (gar'b'l), v. t. (imp. & p.p. Garbled (-b'ld) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Garbling (-bling).] [Formerly, to pick 
out, sort, OF. grabeler, for garbeler to examine precisely, 
fr. LL. garbellare to sift ; origin uncertain.] 1. To sift or 
bolt. [06*.] 2. To pick out such parts of as may serve 
a purpose ; to mutilate ; to pervert. 

Gar'ble, n. 1. Refuse ; rubbish. [06s.] 2. pi. Im- 
purities separated from spices, drugs, etc. 

GarOller (-bier), n. One who garbles. 

Gar'board (-b6rd), n. (Naut.) One of the planks next 
the keel on the outside, which form a garboard strake. 

Gar'boil (-boil), n. [OF. garbouil; of uncertain 
origin.] Tumult; disorder. [06s.] 

Gar'den (gar'd'n), n. [OF. gardin, jardin, of G. ori- 
gin ; akin to E. yard inclosure.] 1. A piece of ground 
appropriated to the cultivation of herbs, fruits, flowers, 
or vegetables. 2. A rich, well-cultivated spot or tract. 

Gar'den, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gardened (-d'nd) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Gardening.] To cultivate a garden. 

Gar'den-er, n. One who makes or tends a garden. 

Gar'den-ing (gar'd'n-Tng), n. Art or occupation of 
laying out and cultivating gardens ; horticulture. 

Gar'fish' (-fish), n. [See Gar, n.~\ (Zo'ol.) (a) A very 
slender European marine fish (Belone vulgaris). (6) 
One of several similar fishes of the genus Tylosurus, of 
which one species is common on the Atlantic coast. 

Gar'ga-ney (-ga-n^), n. A small European duck. 

Gar-gan'tu-an (gar-gan'tu-an ; 135), a. Characteris- 
tic of Gargantua, a gigantic allegorical hero of Rabelais ; 
hence, enormous ; prodigious ; inordinate. 

Gar'get (gar'ggt), n. [OF. gargate throat. The etym. 
of senses 2 & 3 is uncertain.] 1. The throat. [06s.] 
2. A diseased condition of the udders of cows, etc. 3. 
A kind of distemper in hogs. 4. (Bot.) The poke. 

Gar'gle (-g'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gargled (-g'ld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Gargling (-glTng).] [F. gargouiller to dab- 
ble, gargle.] To wash or rinse, as the throat, agitating 
the liquid by expulsion of air from the lungs. 

Gar'gle, n. A liquid, as water or some medicated 
preparation, used to cleanse the mouth or throat. 

Gar'goyle (gar'goil), n. [F. gargouille; prob. fr. 
source of F. & E. gorge throat.] (Arch.) A spout pro- 
jecting from the roof gutter of a building, often carved 
grotesquely. 

Gar'ish (garish), a. [Cf. OE. gauren to stare ; origin 
uncertain.] Showy ; dazzling ; gaudy ; ostentatious ; su- 
perficially bright. — Gar'ish-ly, adv.— Gar'ish-ness, n. 

Garland (gar'land), n. [OF. garlande, F. guirlande ; 
origin uncertain.] 1. A wreath or chaplet, of branches, 
flowers, feathers, etc., for the head ; a coronal. 2. The 
top ; thing most prized. 3. Book of extracts ; antholo- 
gy. 4. (Naut.) (a) A sort of netted provision bag used 
by sailors. (6) A grommet or ring of rope lashed to a spar. 

Garland (gar'land), v. t. To deckwith a garland. 

Garlic (-lik), n. [AS. garleac ; gar spear, lance + 
leac leek. See Leek.] (Bot.) A plant having a bulbous 
root, a very strong smell, and an acrid, pungent taste. 

Garllck-y (-lik-y), a. Like or containing garlic. 

Gar'ment (gar'ment), n. [OF. garnement, garniment, 
fr. gamir to garnish.] Any article of clothing. 

Gar'ner (-ner), n. [OF. gernier,grenier, fr. L. grana- 
rium, fr. granum. See 1st Grain.] A granary. 

Gar'ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnered (-nerd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Garnering.] To gather for preservation ; 
to store, as in a granary ; to treasure. 

Gar'net (-nSt), n. [OF. grenet, grenai, LL. granatus, 
fr. L. granatum pomegranate, deriv. of granum grain, 
seed. So called from its resemblance in color and shape 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii. y, short ; aanate, Svent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



GARNET 



363 



GASTROPOD 



to pomegranate grains.] (Min.) A mineral having many 
varieties differing in color and in constituents, but with 
the same crystallization. The commonest color is red. 

Oar'net (gar'nSt), n. [Etymol. unknown.] (Naut.) 
A tackle for hoisting cargo in or out. 

Gar'nlsh (gar'nish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnished 
(-nisht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Garnishing.] [OF. garnir to 
provide, strengthen, prepare, garnish, warn ; akin to E. 
wary. See -ish.] 1. To decorate with ornamental ap- 
pendages ; to set off ; to adorn ; to embellish. 2. To 
furnish ; to supply. 3. (Law) To garnishee. 

Gar'nlsh, n. 1. Something added for embellishment; 
decoration ; ornament ; also, garments. 2. Fetters. 
[Cant] 3. A fee; specif., formerly, in English jails, a 
fee exacted of newcomers by the old prisoners. [Cant] 
Gar'nish-ee' (gar'msh-e'), n. (Law) One who has 
been garnisheed, or served with process of garnishment. 
Gar'nish-ee', v . I. [imp. & p. p. Garnisheed (-ed') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Garnisheeing.] (Law) (a) To warn a 
person by garnishment ; to garnish. (6) To attach (prop- 
erty sought to be secured by garnishment) ; to trustee. 
Gar'nish-er (-er), n. One that garnishes. 
Gar'nlsh-ment (gar'msh-inent), n. 1. Ornament ; 
embellishment ; decoration. 2. (Law) (a) "Warning, or 
legal notice, to one to appear and give information to the 
court, (b) Warning to a person, in whose hands the 
effects of another are attached, not to make payment or 
delivery to the defendant, but to appear in court to give 
information. 3. A fee. See Garnish, n., 4. 

Gar'ni-ture (-nT-tur ; 135), n. That which garnishes 
or decorates. 
Gar' pike', or Gar'pike'. (Zool.) See under Gar. 
Gar'ret (gar'rSt), n. [OE. garite, garette, watchtower, 
OF. garite, fr. garir to preserve, defend ; of German 
origin.] 1. A watchtower. [Obs.] 2. That part of a 
house on the upper floor, and immediately under or 
within the roof ; an attic. 
Gar'ret-eer' (-er'), n. One who lives in a garret. 
Gar'ri-SOn (gSr'rT-s'n), n. [F. garnison garrison, in 
OF. & OE. also, provision, munitions, from garnir to 
garnish. See Garnish.] (Mil.) (a) A body of troops 
stationed in a fort or fortified town. (6) A fortified 
place in which troops are quartered for its security. 

Gar'ri-son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garrisoned (-s'nd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Garrisoning.] To furnish with a garrison. 
Gar'rot (-rot), n. [F. Cf. Garrote.] (Surg.) A stick 
or small cylinder used for tightening a bandage. 

Gar-rote' (gar-rot'), n. [Sp. garrote, from garra claw, 
talon, of Celtic origin.] A Spanish mode of execution by 
strangulation, now accomplished by an iron collar tight- 
ened by a screw ; also, the instrument of strangulation. 

Gar-rote', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garroted ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. Garroting.] To strangle with the garrote ; hence, to 

seize by the throat, from behind, with a view to strangle 

and rob. [rob him. I 

Gar-rot'er (-rofer), n. One who garrotes a person to | 

Gar-ru'li-ty (-ru'li-ty), n. Talkativeness ; loquacity. 

Gar'ru-lOUS (gar'ru-lus), a. [L. garrulus, fr. garrire 

to chatter, talk.] Talking much ; talkative ; chattering. 

— Gar'ru-lous-ly, adv. — Gar'ru-lous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Talkative ; loquacious. — A garrulous person in- 
dulges in long, prosy talk, with frequent repetition and 
minute detail ; talkative implies simply a great desire to 
talk ; loquacious a great flow of words at command. 

Gar'ter (gar'ter), n. [OF. gartier, fr. garet bend of 
the knee.] 1. A band used to prevent a stocking from 
slipping down on the leg. 2. The distinguishing badge 
of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, 
called the Order of the Garter ; also, the Order itself. 

Gar'ter (gar'ter), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Gartered (-terd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Gartering.] 1. To bind with a garter. 
2. To invest with the Order of the Garter. 

Garth (garth), to. [Icel. garSr yard. See Yard.] 1. 
A close ; yard ; croft ; garden. 2. A fish dam or weir. 

Gas (ga"s), n. ; pi. Gases (-5z). [A word invented by 
the chemist Van Helmont of Brussels, who died in 1644.] 
1. An aeriform fluid ; — applied to any substance in the 
elastic or aeriform state. 2. Specif., in popular usage : 
(a) The common gas used for illuminating purposes, being 
a complex mixture of gases, (b) Laughing gas. (c) Any 
irrespirable aeriform fluid. 

Gas fixture, a device for conveying illuminating or com- 
bustible gas from the pipe to the place of combustion. 

Gas'a-lier' (gaVa-ler'), n. [Formed from gas, in imi- 
tation of chandefa'er - .] A chandelier for burning gas. 

Gas'-burn'er (gXs'bfirn'er), n. The jet piece of a 
gas fixture, where the escaping gas is ignited. 
Gas'con-ade' (gaVkSn-ad'), n. [F. gasconnade, from I 



Gascon an inhabitant of Gascony, the people of which 
were noted for boasting.] A boast or boasting ; bravado. 

Gas'con-ade' (gaVk5n-ad'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gas- 
conaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gasconading.] To boast; to 
brag ; to bluster. 

Gas'e-OUS (gaVe-uB or gaz'-), a. 1. Of the nature of 
gas. 2. Lacking substance or solidity ; tenuous. 

Gash (g5sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gashed (gisht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Gashing.] [For older garth or ga\ 
garser to scarify ; of uncertain origin. ] To make a long, 
deep incision in ; — applied esp. to incisions in flesh. 

Gash, n. A deep long cut, esp. in fleBh. [gasifying. I 

Gas'1-fi-ca'tion (gaVi-fT-ka'shun), n. Process of) 

Gas'i-fy (-f I), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gasified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Gasifying.] [Gas + -fy.] To convert, 
or be converted, into gas, or an aeriform fluid. 

Gas'ket(gSs'kgt),n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. (Naut.) 
A line or band used to lash a furled Bail securely. 2. 
(Mech.) (a) The plaited hemp used for packing a piston. 
(b) Any ring or washer of packing. 

Gas'kins (-kTnz), n. pi. [Cf. Galligaskins.] 1. 
Galligaskins. [Obs.] 2. Packings of hemp. 

Gaslight' (-lit/), n. 1. The light yielded by the com- 
bustion of illuminating gas. 2. A gas jet or burner. 

Gas'o-gen (-o-jen), n. [Gas -f -gen.) 1. An appa- 
ratus for the generation of gases, or for impregnating a 
liquid with a gas, or a gas with a volatile liquid. 2. A 
volatile hydrocarbon, used as an illuminant. 

Gas'O-lene (gas'o-len), n. Gasoline. 

Gas'O-lier' (gaV6-ler'), n. Same as Gasalhjr. 

Gas'O-line (gSs'o-lin or -len ; 104), n. A highly vola- 
tile mixture of fluid hydrocarbons, obtained from petro- 
leum, as also by the distillation of bituminous coal. 

Gas-om'e-ter (gSs-5m'e-ter or gaz-), n. [Gas + -me- 
ter.] An apparatus for holding and measuring gas. 

Gas-om'e-try (gas-om'e-try or gSz-), n. Art or prac- 
tice of measuring gases. 

Gasp (gasp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gasped (gaspt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Gasping.] [OE. gaspen, gaispen, to yawn, 
gasp, Icel. geispa to yawn.] 1. To open the mouth wide 
in catching the breath, or in laborious respiration ; to 
labor for breath. 2. To suffer as if for want of breath. 

Gasp, v. t. To emit or utter with gasps. 

Gasp, n. Act of one who, or that which, gasps. 

Gas'sy (gas'sy), a. Full of gas ; like gas. Hence : 
[Slang] Inflated ; full of boastful or insincere talk. 

Gast (gast), v. t. [AS. gsestan. See Aghast.] To 
make aghast ; to terrify. [Obs.~\ [Gastropod. I 

Gas'ter-O-pod (gSs'ter-o-pod), n. (Zool.) Same as| 

Gas'tric (gas'trik), a. [Gr. yaorrjp, yaarpds, stom- 
ach.] Of, pertaining to, or situated near, the stomach. 

Gastric fever (Med.), a fever attended with prominent 
gastric symptoms.— Gastric juice (Physiol.), a watery fluid, 
consisting mainly of dilute hydrochloric acid and the fer- 
ment pepsin, secreted by glands in the stomach. 

Gas-tril'O-quiS (gas-trTl'o-kwist), n. [Gr. yaarqp, 
yacrrpds, stomach -f- L. loqui to speak.] A ventriloquist. 

Gas-tril'O-quy (-kwy), n. Ventriloquy. 

II Gas-tri'tis (-tri'tis), n. [NL. See Gastro-, and 
-itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the stomach. 

Gastro- (gas'tro-). A combining form from the Gr. 
yao-rrjp, ycurrpd?, the stomach, or belly. 

Gas'tro-COl'ic (gaVtro-kol'Tk), a. [Gastro- -f- colic."] 
(Anat.) Pertaining to both the stomach and the colon. 

Gas'tro-en-ter'ic (-en-tSr'ik), a. [Gastro- + enteric.'] 
(Anat. & Med.) Of or pertaining to the stomach and 
intestines. 

Gas'tro-he-pat'ic (-he-pat'Tk), a. [Gastro- -f he- 
patic] (Med.) Pertaining to the stomach and liver. 

Gas / tro-hys / ter-Ot'0-my (-hTs'ter-5t'o-m^), n. [Gas- 
tro- -|- hysterotomy.] (Surg.) Caesarean section. 

GaS-trol'O-gy (g5s-tr51'6-j^), n. [Gr. yaarpoXoyia \ 
yaarqp stomach -\- Adyos discourse.] The science treat- 
ing of the structure and functions of the stomach. 

Gas'tro-man'cy (gas'tro-mSn's^), n. [Gastro- + 
-mancy.] (Antiq.) (a) Divination by words seemingly 
uttered from the stomach, (b) Divination by means of 
glasses or other round, transparent vessels, in the center 
of which figures are supposed to appear by magic art. 

Gas'tro-nome (gSs'tio-nom), ) ??. [F. gastronome, 

Gas-tron'O-mer (gSs-tr8n'o-mer), I fr. Gr. yaarrjp 
4- vd/uos law.] One fond of good living ; epicure. 

Gas'tro-nom'iC (gaVtro-nSmlk), ) a. Pertaining to 

Gas'tro-nom'ic-al (-n5m'T-k<il), ) gastronomy. 

Gas-tron'O-mlst (ga"s-tr5n'o-mfst), n. A gastronomer. 
Gas-tron'O-my (-m£), n. Art or science of good eat- 
ing ; epicurism. [tropoda. I 
Gas'tro-pod (gaVtro-p5d), n. (Zool.) One of the Gas- 1 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rj}de, full, uxn, food, foot, oat, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



GASTROPODA 



364 



GAZE 



Gas-trop'o-da (gSs-tr5p'o-du). ». pi. 

y acmjp , ya- 
orpos, stomach 

r 




One of the Gastropoda (I'ritta trivittata). 
F Foot : C Caudal Cirri ; O Operculum ; 
P Proboscis, exserted ; .$ Siphou. Nat. size. 



•.] {Zo- 
ol.) One of the 
clashes of Mol- 
lnsoa, including 
most of the ma- 
rine spiral 
shells, and the 
land and fresh- 
water snails. They generally creep hy means of a flat, 
uiusi'ular disk, or foot, on the ventral side of the body. 

Gas'tro-scope (g&s'tro-skop), n. {Gaslro- + scope.'] 
{Med.) An instrument for looking into the stomach. 

Gas-trot'O-my (g5s-trot'6-iny), n. {Gastro--\- -tomy.] 
{Surg.) A cutting into the abdomen or the stomach. 

Gas tro-vas'cu-lar (gaVtro-vSs'ku-ler), a. {Gastro- 
— watCMlar.] (Zool.) Having the structure, or perform- 
ing the functions, both of digestive and circulatory organs. 
Gas'tru-la (g5s'tni-la),7i./^. GASTBtrL^;(-le). [NL., 
dim. fr. Gr. yaarrjp the stomach.] {Biol.) An embryonic 
form having its origin in the invagination of the planula 
or blastula on one side, thus giving rise to a double-walled 
sac. [See Ilhist. under Invagination.] In a more gen- 
eral sense, an ideal stage in embryonic development. 

Gate (gat), n. [AS. geat, gat, door; akin to D. gat 
opening, hole, and perh. to E. gate a way.] 1. A door 
or passageway, esp. a large one through an inclosing 
wall, fence, or barrier ; also, the moveable structure of 
timber, metal, etc., by which the passage can be closed. 
2. Fig. : A means or way of entrance or of exit. 3. A 
door, valve, or other device, for stopping the passage of 
water through a dam, lock, pipe, etc. 4. {Founding) 
(a) The channel through which metal is poured into the 
mold. (6) The waste piece of metal cast in the opening. 

Gate, n. [Icel. gat a; akin to G. ga sse. ] Way; path; 
road ; street (as in Kighgale). {0. Eng. & Scot.] 

Gate'post' (-post/), n. 1. A post to which a gate is 
hung. 2. A post against which a gate closes. 

Gate / way / (-wa 7 ), n. A passage through a fence or 
wall ; a gate ; also, a structure pertaining to a gate. 

Gath'er (ga'th'er), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Gathered 
(-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gathering.] [AS. gaderian, 
gadrian, fr. gador, geador, together, fr. gsed fellowship ; 
akin to E. good.] 1. To bring together ; to assemble ; 
to muster ; to congregate. 2. To bring together from 
among what is of less value ; to cull ; to pluck. 3. To ac- 
cumulate little by little ; to amass. 4. To bring together 
the parts or particles of ; to bring together in folds ; to 
pucker ; to plait. 5. To derive, or deduce ; to infer ; to 
conclude. 6. {Naut.) To haul in ; to take up. 

Gather, v. i. 1. To come together ; to assemble ; to 
congregate. 2. To grow by accretion ; to increase. 3. 
To concentrate ; to come to a head, as a sore, and gen- 
erate pus. 4. To collect or bring things together. 

Gath'er, n. A plait or fold in cloth made by drawing 
a thread through it ; a pucker. 

Gath'er-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, gathers. 

Gatling gun 7 (gSflTng gun'). [From the inventor, 
R. J. Gatling, of Hartford, Conn.] A machine gun, 
consisting of a cluster of barrels which, being revolved 
by a crank, are automatically loaded and fired. 

Gat'ten tree 7 (gSt't'n tie 7 ). [Cf. Prov. E. gatter 
bush.] {Bot.) Any one of the small trees called guelder- 
rose {Viburnum Opulus), cornel {Cornus sanguinea), 
and spindle tree {Euonyrnus Europseus). 

Gauche (gosh), a. [F.] 1. Left handed ; hence, 
clumsy. 2. {Geom.) Winding; twisted; warped. 

Gauche'rie' (gosh're'), n. [F.] An awkward ac- 
tion ; clumsiness ; boorishness. 

Gaud (gad), n. [OE., jest, gaudi bead of a rosary, L. 
gaudium joy, gladness. See Jot.] 1. Trick ; jest ; also, 
deceit. {Obs.] 2. An ornament; gewgaw; trinket. 

Gaud, v. t. To bedeck gaudily. [Obs.] 

Gaud'y (-$) a. {Compar. Gaudier (-T-er); superl. 
Gaudiest.] 1. Ostentatiously fine ; showy ; gay, but 
ta\vr3ry or meretricious. 2. Gay ; merry ; festal. 

Gauffer (gaffer), v. t. [F. gaufrer to figure cloth, 
f r. gaufre honeycomb, waffle ; of German origin.] To 
plait, crimp, or flute ; to goffer. 

Gauge (gaj), v. t. {imp. &p.p. Gauged (gajd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Gauging (ga'jTng).] [OF. gaugier ; of un- 
certain origin.] 1. To measure or determine with a 
2. To measure or to ascertain the contents, ca- 
pacity, or dimensions of. 3. To draw into equidistant 
gathers on a thread. 4. To measure the capacity, char- 
acter, or ability of ; to estimate ; to judge of. 



<* 



Joiner's Gauge. 




Gauge (gaj), n. 1. Measure; standard of measure; 
instrument for determining or regulating dimensions, dis- 
tan06| capacity, quantity, force, 
etc. 2. Measure ; dimensions ; es- 
timate. 3. {Naut.) {a) Relative 
positions of two or more vessels 
with reference to the wind. (o) 
The depth to which a vessel sinks 
in water. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway. 

t^* Staiidard gauge is generally four feet, eight and 
one half inches. Wide or broad gauge is any exceeding 
standard gauge ; narrow gauge is any less than standard. 
5. {Plastiring) The quantity of plaster of Paris used with 
common plaster to accelerate its setting. 6. {Building) 
The exposed part of laid shingle, slate, or tile. 

Gau'ger (ga'jer), n. One who gauges ; an officer 
whose business it is to ascertain the contents of casks. 

Gault (gait), n. [Etym. uncertain.] {Geol.) A series 
of beds of ciay and marl, in the South of England, between 
the upper and lower greensand. 

Gaunt (gant), a. [Cf. Norw. gand a thin pointed 
stick, a tall and thin man, and W. gwan weak.] Atten- 
uated, as with fasting or suffering ; lean ; meager. 

Gaunt'let (gant'let), n. {Mil.) See Gantlet. 

Gaunt'let (gantlet), n. [F. gantelet, dim. of gant 
glove, LL. wantus, of Teutonic origin.] 1. A glove that 
defends the hand from wounds. 2. A long glove, 
covering the wrist. 3. {Naut.) A rope on 
which hammocks or clothes are hung to dry. 

To take up the gauntlet, to accept 
a challenge (see Gage). — To throw 
down the gauntlet, to offer or send 
a challenge. 

Gauntlet-ed, a. Wearing a 
gauntlet. [manner ; meagerly. , ~ffCfS^ r Gauntlet. 

Gauntly, adv. In a gaunt | 

Gaun'tree (gan'tre), 1 n. [F. chantier, deriv. of L. 

Gaun'try (gan'try), J canlerius sort of frame.] 1. 
A frame for supporting barrels. 2. {Engin.) A support- 
ing scaffolding or frame. 

Gauze (gaz), n. [F. gaze; so called because it was 
first introduced from Gaza, a city of Palestine.] A very 
thin, slight, transparent stuff, generally of silk. 

Gauze, a. Having the qualities of gauze ; thin * light. 

Gauz'y {-f), a. Pert, to, or like, gauze ; thin and 
slight as gauze ; hence, unsubstantial. — Gauz'i-ness, n. 

Gave (gav), imp. of Give. 

Gav'el (gaVel), n. [OF. gavelle ; of uncertain origin.] 
A small heap of grain, not tied up into a bundle. 

Gav'el, n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. The mallet of a 
presiding officer. 2. A mason's setting maul. 

Gav'el-kind' (gav'el-klnd'), n. [OE. gavelkynde, gav- 
elkende; gavel tribute + kynde kind.] {0. Eng. Laic) 
A tenure by which land descends from the father to all 
his sons in equal portions, and the land of a brother, 
dying without issue, descends equally to his brothers. 
It still prevails in the county of Kent. 

GaVe-lOCk (gav'e-lok), n. [OE. gaveloc a dart, AS. 
gafeluc; of uncertain origin.] 1. A spear or dart. [22. & 
Obs.] 2. An iron crow or lever. {Scot. &North of Eng.] 

Ga'vi-al (ga'vT-al), n. [Hind, ghariyal.] {Zool.) A 
kind of large crocodile common in India. 

Gav'ot (gav'ot or ga-vof), n. [F. gavotte, fr. Gavots, 
a people of France.] {Mus.) A kind of difficult dance ; 
a dance tune, the air of which has two brisk and lively, 
yet dignified, strains in common time, each played twice 
over. 

Gawk (gak), n. [OE. gok, gowk, cuckoo, fool, Icel. 
gaukr cuckoo; akin to G. gauch, AS. geac cuckoo.] 1. 
A cuckoo. 2. A simpleton ; booby ; gawky. 

Gawk'y (-y), a. {Compar. Gawkxer (-T-er) ; superl. 
Gawktest.] Foolish and awkward ; clumsy ; clownish. 
— n. One awkward from being overgrown or stupid. 

Gay (ga), a. {Compar. Gayer (-er) ; superl. Gayest.] 
[F. gai ; origin uncertain.] 1. Excited with merriment ; 
manifesting or inspiring delight. 2. Brilliant in colors ; 
richly dressed. 3. Loose ; dissipated ; lewd. {Colloq.] 

Syn. — Merry ; gleeful ; blithe ; airy ; lively ; sprightly ; 
sportive ; light-hearted ; frolicsome ; jolly ; jovial ; joy- 
ous ; joyful ; glad ; showy ; splendid ; vivacious. 

Gay'e-ty (ga'e-t^), n. 1. State or quality of being 
gay; merriment; acts or entertainments prompted by, 
or inspiring, merry delight. 2. Finery ; show. 

Syn. — Liveliness; mirth; animation; viva city ; glee; 
blithesomeness ; sprightliness ; jollity. See Liveliness. 

Gayly (ga'l^), adv. In a gay manner. 

Gay'ness (ga'ngs), n. Gayety ; finery. {R.~\ 

Gaze (gaz), v. i. {imp. & p. p. Gazed (gazd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Gazing.] [OE. gasen; akin to dial. Sw. gasa.] 



a, e, I, o, tt, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, 5bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



GAZE 



365 



GEN 




To fix the eyes in a steady and earnest look ; to look 
with eagerness or curiosity ; to stare. 

Gaze (gaz), n. 1. A fixed look ; a look of eagerness, 
wonder, or admiration. 2. The object gazed on. 
At gaze {Her.), with the face turned directly in front. 
Gaze'hound' (-hound'), n. A hound that pursues by 
the sight rather than by the scent. 

Ga-zel' (ga-zel'), n. {Zool.) See Gazelle. 
Ga-zelle' (ga-zel'), n. L F. gazelle, OF. also, gazel, 
fr. Ar. ghazal a wild goat.] (Zool.) One of 
several small, swift, elegantly formed spe- 
cies of antelope. The gazelles are cele- 
brated for their lustrous, soft eyes. 
Gaz'er (gaz'er), n. One who gazes. 
Gazette' (ga-zef), n. [F. gazette, It. 
gazzetta; origin uncer- 
tain.] A newspaper ; 
esp., the official jour- 
nal published by the 
British government. 

flft-aette f ,«.*.[*np. 

& p. p. Gazetted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Gazet- 
ting.] To announce 
or publish in a gazette; 
•^ to announce officially. 
^--«^ Gaz'et-teer' (gaV- 
-'•»#.*•' gt-ter'), n. 1. A writer 
Gazelle (Gazella dorcas). of news, or an officer 

appointed to publish 
news by authority. 2. A gazette. [Obs.] 3. A geo- 
graphical dictionary. 4. An alphabetical descriptive 
list of anything. [abhorrence, or contempt. I 

Gaz'ing-StOCk'(gaz'Tng-stok'),ra. Object of curiosity, | 

Ga-zon' (ga-zoou'), n. [F. gazon turf, fr. OHG. waso, 
G. wasen.] (Fort.) One of the pieces of sod used to line 
or cover parapets and the faces of earthworks. 

Ge- (ge-). An Anglo-Saxon prefix. See Y-. 

Gean (gen), n. [F. guigne the fruit of the gean.] 
(Bot.) A species of European cherry tree ; also, the fruit. 

Ge'an-ti-cli'nal (je'an-tT-kll'nal), n. [Gr. yij the 
earth -f- E. anticlinal.] (Geol.) An upward bend or 
flexure of a considerable portion of the earth's crust. 

Gear (ger), n. [OE. gere, ger, AS. gearwe clothing, 
adornment, armor, fr. gearo, gearu, ready, yare. See 
Yase.] 1. Clothing ; garments ; ornaments. 2. Goods ; 
property ; household stuff. 3. Manufactured stuff or 
material. 4. Harness of horses or cattle ; trappings. 
5. Business matters ; affairs. [065.] 6. (Mech.) (a) A 
toothed wheel, or cogwheel ; toothed wheels, collect- 
ively, (b) An apparatus for performing a special func- 
tion ; gearing, (c) Engagement of parts with each other. 

Gear (ger), v. t. limp. & p. p. Geared (gerd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Gearing.] 1. To dress; to put gear on; to 
harness. 2. (Mach.) To provide with gearing. 

Gear, v. i. (Mach.) To be in, or come into, gear. 

Gear'ing, n. 1. Harness. 2. (Mach.) The parts by 
which motion imparted to one portion of an engine or 
machine is transmitted to another ; esp., a train of wheels 
for transmitting and varying motion. 

Geat (get), n. [See 1st Gate.] (Founding) A gate. 

Geek (gSk), n. [D. gek fool; akin to G. geek.] 1. 
Scorn. [Prov. Eng.~\ 2. Object of scorn ; gull. [06s.] 

Geck'o (gek'o), n. ; pi. Geckoes (-oz). [Cf. F. & G. 
gecko; — so called from the sound it utters.] (Zool.) 
Any one of a large family of small, carnivorous lizards, 
mostly nocturnal, and having the toes furnished with ad- 
hesive disks. 

Ge (je), v. i. & t. limp. &p.p. Geed (jed) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Geeing.] 1. To agree; to harmonize. IColloq.] 
2. [Cf. G.ju, interj., used in calling to a horse, It. gib, 
F. dia, used to turn a horse to the left.] To turn to the 
off side, or from the driver ; — usually in the imperative. 

Ge-hen'na (ge-hgn'na), n. [L. Gehenna, Gr. Teewa, 
Heb. Ge Hinnom.~\ (Jeivish Hist.) The valley of Hin- 
nom, near Jerusalem, which was made a receptacle for 
all the refuse of the city, perpetual fires being kept up 
in order to prevent pestilential effluvia. In the New 
Testament the name is transferred, by a metaphor, to Hell. 

Geis'sler tube' (gis'sler tub'). (Elec.) A glass tube 
provided with platinum electrodes, and containing some 
gas under very low tension, which becomes luminous 
when an electrical discharge is passed through it ; — so 
called from the name of a noted maker in Germany. 

Gel'a-ble (jel'a-b'l), a. [L. gelnre to congeal.] Ca- 
pable of being congealed or converted into jelly. 

Gel'a-tln, Gel'a-tine (jel'a-tTu), n. [F. gelatine, fr. 
L. gelare to congeal.] (Chem.) Glutinous material ob- 



tained from animal tissues by prolonged boiling. It dis- 
solves in hot water, and forum a jelly on cooling. 

5@^- Gela/m is the form favored by most chemists. 

Ge lat'i nate (jt-lSt'T-uiU), v. t. & i. limp. \ /,. p. Ge- 
latinated (-na'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gelatin ating.] 
To convert, or be converted, into gelatin, or into a sub- 
stance resembling jelly. [gelatinating. I 

Ge-lat 1-na'tlon (-na'shfin), n. Act or process of | 

Gel'a-tine (jSl'a-trn), n. Same as Gelatin. 

Ge-lat'i-nize (je-lal'T-niz), v. t. 1. Same as Gelati- 
nate. 2. (I'hotog.) To treat with gelatin. 

Ge-lat'i-nous (-nils), a. Of the nature and consist- 
ency of gelatin or of jelly ; resembling jelly ; viscous. 

Ge-la'tion (je-la'shun), n. [L. gelatio a freezing, fr. 
gelare to freeze.] (Astron.) A cooliug and solidifying. 

Geld (geld), v. t. limp. & p. p. Gelded or Gelt 
(gelt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gelding.] [Icel. gelda.'] 1. Up 
castrate. 2. To deprive of an essential part. 

Gel'der-rose^gel'der-roz'), n. Same as Guelder-rose. 

Geld'ing (ggld'Tug), n. [Icel. gelding a gelding.] 
Any castrated animal ; — usually applied to a horse. 

Gel'id (jel'Td), a. [L. gelidus, f r. gelu frost.] Cold ; 
very cold ; frozen. — Gel'id-ly, <><lv. — Gel'id-ness. n. 

Ge-lid'i-ty (je-Hd'T-ty), n. State of being gelid. 

II Gel-se'mi-um (jel-se'mi-um), n. [NL., fr. It. gelso- 
mino jasmine.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants, 
including the yellow (false) jasmine (Gelsemium semper- 
virens). 2. (Med.) The root of the yellow jasmine. 

Gem (jSm), n. [F. gemme, fr. L. gemma a precious 
stone, bud.] 1. (Bot.) A bud. 2. A precious stone of 
any kind, esp. when cut and polished for ornament ; a 
jewel. 3. Anything small and uncommonly beautiful. 

Gem, v. t. limp. & p. p. Gemmed (jemd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. 7i. Gemming.] 1. To bud. 2. To adorn or embel- 
lish with, or as with, gems. 

Gem'el (jem'gl), a. [OF. gemel twin, deriv. of L. 
geminus. See Gemini.] (Her.) Coupled; paired. 

Gem'i-nate (-T-nat), a. [L. geminalus, p. p. of gemi- 
nare to double. See Gemini.] (Bot.) Paired ; twin. 

II Gem'i-ni (jgm'T-ni), n. pi. [L., twins, pi. of gemi- 
nus.] (Astron.) A constellation of the zodiac, contain- 
ing the stars Castor and Pollux ; also, the third sign of 
the zodiac, which the sun enters about May 20th. 

II Gem'ma (-ma), n. ; pi. -M.E (-me). [L.,abud.] 1. 
(Bot.) A leaf bud. 2. (Biol.) One of the small separating 
spores or buds in the reproduction of certain Protozoa. 

Gem'mate (-mat), a. [L. gemmalus, p. p. of gem- 
mare to bud, fr. gemma bud.] (Bot.) Having buds ; re- 
producing by buds. [with gems or jewels. 

Gem'ma-ted (-ma-ted), a. Having buds ; adorned | 

Gem-ma'tion (jem-ma'shiin), n. 1. (Biol.) The for- 
mation of a new individual by a process of budding ; an 
asexual method of reproduction. 2. (Bot. ) The arrange- 
ment of buds on the stalk, also, of leaves in the bud. 

Gem'me-OUS (jgm'me-us), a. Of, pertaining to, or like 
gems. 

Gem-mif'er-OUS (jgm-mifer-us), or. [L. gemma ^bud 
-{- -ferous.] Producing gems or buds ; (Biol.) multiply- 
ing by buds. 

Gem'mi-flo'rate (-flo'rat), a. [L. gemma bud +flos, 
floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having flowers like buds. 

Gem'mi-par'i-ty (jgrn'mT-par'T-ty), n. [L. gemma 
bud -{- parere to produce.] (Biol.) Gemmation. 

Gem-mip'a-rous (jgm-mip'a-rus), a. (Biol.) Pro- 
ducing buds ; reproducing by buds. [mation. I 

Gem'mu-la'tion (jgm'mu-la'shun), h. (Biol.) Gem- 1 

Gem'mule (jgm'mul), n. [L. gemmula, dim. of 
gemma gem, bud.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A little leaf bud. (6) 
One of the buds of mosses, (c) One of the reproductive 
spores of algae, (d) An ovule. 2. (Biol.) (a) A bud 
produced in generation by gemmation, (b) An imagi- 
nary granule or atom in Darwin's 
hypothesis of pangenesis. 

Gem'my (jSm'my), a. Full of 
gems ; like a gem. 

Gems'bok (ggmz'bok), n. [D. ; 
akin to G. gemsbock the buck of 
the chamois ; pemse chamois + bock 
buck.] (Zool.) A South African 
antelope (Ori/x Capensis). 
-gen f-jen), -gene (-jeu). [Fr. 

root of Gr. -yei'Tjs born, y<?Vo; race ; 
sometimes through F. -gene. See 
Genus.] A suffix used in scientific 
words in the sense of producing, 
generating ; growing, increasing; 
as, amfingen, amidogen, halogen, 
exogen, endo<7«n, hypogene. 




H 



K 



Gemsbok. 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rijde, full, urn, food, fd*bt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



GENDARME 



366 



GENITIVE 



Gen darme' (*han diirm'1. n. . />/. Gendarmes (zIiSn'- 
> h'aumk (ih&H dann'). [F.] Au armed 
in in France. 

Gen'der fJeVdSr), n. [OF. genre, gendre (with excres- 
irtli, race, gender, fr. root of 
gjgnere to beget ; akin to E. kin.'] 1. Kind ; sort. [Obs.~\ 
[(>.'.*. or (\>//<><j.] 3. (Gram.) A classification 
o! words, primarily according to real sex, and seconda- 
rily according to some fancied or imputed quality of sex. 

Gen'der. v. /. [imp. & p. p. Gendered (-derd); 
1 vb. n. Gendering.] To beget; to engender. 

-gene. See -gen. 

Gen e-a-log'ic (jSn / fc-4-18(j'fle) 1 a. Geuealogical. 

Gen e-a-log'ic-al (-loj'I-kal), a. Of or pertaining to 
-v. — Gen'e-a-log'ic-al-ly, adv. [alogies. I 

Gen e-al'0-gist (-ai'o-jlst), n. One who traces gene-| 

Gen e-al'o-gize (,-jiz), v. i- To trace genealogies. 

Gen e-al'O-gy (-jy), n. [OF. genelogie, through L. 
f r. Gr. -yeyeaAoyta ; yeyea birth, descent (akin to L. genus) 
-j- Adyos discourse.] 1. An account or history of the reg- 
ular descent of a person or family from an ancestor ; a 
pedigree. 2. The descent itself ; pedigree ; lineage. 

Gen'e-ra (jen'e-ra), n. pi. of Genus. 

Gen'er-a-ble (je'n'er-a-b'l), a. [L. generabilis.~\ Ca- 
pable of being generated or produced. 

Gen'er-al (-a\), a. [F. general, fr. L. generalis. See 
Gents.] 1. Relating to a genus or kind ; pertaining to 
a whole class or order. 2. Comprehending many species 
or individuals ; including all particulars. 3. Not re- 
strained or limited to a precise import ; vague ; indefi- 
nite. 4. Common to many or most ; prevalent ; exten- 
sive, though not universal. 5. Having relation to all ; 
common to the whole. 6. Taken as a whole. 7. Usual ; 
common, on most occasions. 

l^^ The word general, annexed to a name of office, us- 
ually denotes chief or superior ; as, attorney-^eraeraJ. 

General assembly, in some States of the U. S. , the Legis- 
lature, or the popular branch of it. — General average, a 
proportionate contribution by all concerned in a sea ad- 
venture to make good a voluntary sacrifice of the prop- 
erty of one for the benefit of all. — General Court. See 
under Court. — General officer (Mil.), any officer having a 
rank above that of colonel. — General ship, a ship not 
chartered or let to particular parties. — General warrant 
(Law), a warrant, now illegal, to apprehend suspected 
persons, without naming individuals. 

Syn. — Common; universal.— Common denotes prima- 
rily that in which many share ; and hence, that which is 
often met with ; general is stronger, denoting what per- 
tains to a majority of the individuals which compose a 
genus, or whole ; universal, that which pertains to all. 

Gen'er-al (jen'er-al), n. 1. The whole ; the total ; 
the chief part. 2. (Mil.) One of the chief military of- 
ficers of a government or country; the commander of 
an army or of a body of men not less than a brigade. 
3. (Mil.) The roll of the drum which calls the troops to- 
gether. 4. (Eccl.) The chief of a religious order. 

Gener-al-is'si-mo (-er-al-Ts'sT-m6), n. [It.] The 
chief commander of an army, esp. of an army consisting 
of grand divisions under separate commanders. 

Gen'er-al'i-ty (-SlT-ty), n. 1. State or quality of be- 
ing general. 2. That which is general ; a general or 
vague statement or phrase. 3. Main body ; greatest part. 

Gen er-al-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. 1. Act or process 
of generalizing. 2. A general inference. 

Gen'er-al-ize (jen'er-al-iz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Gen- 
eralized (-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Generalizing (-i'zing).] 

1. To bring under a genus or under genera. 2. To use 
with a more extensive application ; to extend so as to in- 
clude all special cases. 3. To derive or deduce (a gen- 
eral conception, or a general principle) from particulars. 

Gen'er-al-ize. v. i. To form into a genus; to take 
general or comprehensive views. 

Gen'er-al-ly, adv. 1. In general ; commonly ; exten- 
sively, though not universally. 2. In the main ; com- 
prehensively. 3. Collectively ; as a whole. [Archaic] 

Gen'er-al-ness, n. State or quality of being general. 

Gen'er-al-snip, n. 1. Office or functions of a general. 

2. Military skill. 3. Fig. : Leadership ; management. 
Gen'er-ant (-ant), a. [L. generans, p. pr.] Genera- 
tive; producing; esp. (Geom.), acting as a generant. — 
n. That which generates ; specif. (Geom.), a generatrix. 

Gen'er-ate (jeVer-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Generated 
(-a't?d) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Generating.] [L. generare, p. 
p. -fitus, fr. genus. See Genus.] 1. To beget ; to pro- 
duce ; to engender. 2. To cause to be ; to bring into 
hfe. 3. To originate, esp. by a vital or chemical process. 
4. [Oeom .) To trace out by the motion of a point or a 
magnitude of inferior order, as a solid by a plane. 

Gen'er-a'tion (jeVer-a'shun), n. 1. A generating. 



2. That which is generated ; specif., progeny; offspring. 

3. A single step in the succession of natural descent. 
Hence : The body of those who are of the same genea- 
logical rank or remove from an ancestor ; the mass of 
beings living at one period ; also, the average lifetime of 
man, usually assumed to be one third of a century ; an 
age. 4. Race ; kind ; family ; breed ; stock. 

Alternate generation (Biol.), alternation of sexual with 
asexual generation, in which the products of one process 
differ from those of the other. — Spontaneous generation 
(Biol.), the fancied production of living organisms with- 
out previously existing parents from inorganic matter, or 
from decomposing organic matter. 

Gen'er-a-tive (jen'er-a-tiv), a. Having the power of 
generating, propagating, or originating. 

Gen'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One that generates. 

Gen er-a'trix (-a'trTks), n. ; pi. L. -trices (-trl'sez), 
E. -trdces (-triks-Sz). [L.] (Geom.) That which gener- 
ates ; the point, or the mathematical magnitude, which, 
by its motion, generates another magnitude. 

Ge-ner'ic (je-ner'Ik), ) a. [From L. genus, generis, 

Ge-ner'ic-al (-T-kal), } race, kind.] 1. (Biol.) Per- 
taining to a genus or kind ; relating to a genus, as distinct 
from a species, or from another genus. 2. Pert, or appro- 
priate to large classes or their characteristics ; compre- 
hensive. — Ge-ner'ic-al-ly, ad v. — Ge-ner'ic-al-ness, n. 

Gen'er-OS'i-ty (jen'er-os'I-ty), n. 1. Quality of being 
generous ; noble-mindedness ; magnanimity ; munificence. 

Gen'er-OUS (jen'er-us), a. [F. genereux, fr. L. gene- 
rosus of noble birth, noble, fr. genus. See Genus.] 1. 
Of honorable birth. [Obs."] 2. Exhibiting those qualities 
popularly regarded as belonging to high birth ; noble ; 
honorable ; spirited ; courageous. 3. Liberal in giving ; 
munificent. 4. Supplied in a liberal way; abundant; 
overflowing. 5. Full of spirit or strength ; stimulating ; 
exalting. — Gen'er-ous-ly, adv. — Gen'er-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Magnanimous ; bountiful. See Liberal. 

Gen'e-Sis (jen'e-sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. -yeVeo-is, fr. root 
of yCyveadai to beget, be born. ] 1. A producing, or giving 
birth or origin ; process or mode of originating ; produc- 
tion ; formation ; origination. 2. The first book of the Old 
Testament, giving the history of the creation of the world 
and of the human race. 3. (Geom.) A generating. 

Gen'et (jen'et or je-net'), Ge-nette' (je-uef), n. [F. 
genette, Sp. gine- 
ta, fr. Ar. jar- 
neit.~\ 1. (Zodl.) 
One of several 
species of small 
Carnivora allied to 
the civets. 2. The 
fur of the genet. 

Gen'et (jen'et), 
n. Same as Jen- 
j^grp Genet (Genetta vulgaris). 

Ge-net'ic (je-net'Tk), ) a. [See Genesis.] Pertaining 
Ge-net'iC-al (-T-kcrl), ) to, concerned with, or deter- 
mined by, the genesis of anything, or its natural mode 
| of production or development. — Ge-net/ic-al-ly, adv. 

Ge-ne'va (je-ne'va), n. [F. genievre juniper, juniper 
' berry, gin, OF. geneivre juniper, fr. L. juniperus. See 
! Juntper.] Same as Gin, the liquor. 

Gen'ial (jen'yal or je'm-al; 106), a. [L. genialis. 
See Genius.] 1. Contributing to, or concerned in, prop- 
agation or production ; generative. 2. Sympathetically 
j cheerful and inspiring joy or happiness ; kindly. 3. Nat- 
t ural ; inborn. [Obs.~\ 4. Denoting, or marked with, gen- 
i ius. [R.~\ — Gen'ial-ly, adv. — Gen'ial-ness, n. 
I Ge / ni-al'i-ty (je'nT-al'i-ty or jen-yal'- ; 106), n. 1. 
Quality of being genial. 2. Gayety ; cheerfulness. 

Ge-nic'u-late (je-nTk'u-lat), a. [L. geniculatus, deriv. 
of genu knee.] Bent abruptly at an angle. 
Ge-nic'u-la'ted (-la'ted), a. Same as Geniculate. 
Ge-nic'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act of kneeling. 
[R.~\ 2. State of being geniculate. 

I 1 G6'nie' (F. zha'ne' ; E. je'ny), n. [F.] See Genius. 
Gen'i-pap (jen'T-pSp), n. (Bot.) The edible fruit of a 
West Indian tree (Genipa Americana). It is oval, as 
large as a small orange, and has dark purple juice. 

Gen'i-tal (jen'T-tol), a. [L. genitalis, fr. genere to be- 
get.] Pert, to generation, or to the generative organs. 
Gen'i-talS (-tolz), n. pi. The organs of generation. 
Gen'i-ti'val (jen'T-ti'val), a. Possessing genitive form ; 
pertaining to the genitive case. — Gen'i-ti'val-ly, adv. 

Gen'i-tlve (jSr.'T-tlv), a. [L. genitivus, fr. gignere, 
genitum, to beget.] (Gram.) Of or pertaining to that 
case (as the second case of Latin and Greek nouns) which 
expresses source or possession. — n. The genitive case. 




a, e, i, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



GENITOR 



367 



GEOGRAPHY 



Gen'l-tor (j§n'T-t5r), n. One who begets ; a generator. 

Gen'lus (jen'yQs or, esp. in sense 1, je'nT-5s ; 10G), n. ; 
pi. E. Geniuses (-8z) ; in sense 1, L. Genii (je'nT-I). [L., 
fr. genere, gignere, to beget, bring forth. See Gender.] 

1. A good or evil spirit, or demon, supposed by the an- 
cients to preside over a man's destiny in life ; a tutelary 
deity of a person or place ; a spirit, good or bad. 2. The 
peculiar structure of mind with which each individual is 
endowed by nature ; special taste, inclination, or disposi- 
tion. 3. Peculiar character ; animating spirit, as of a 
nation. 4. Distinguished mental superiority ; uncommon 
intellectual power ; esp., superior inventive or originative 
power. 5. A man of very superior intellect. 

Syn. — Talent. — Genius implies high and peculiar 
gifts of nature, impelling the mind to certain favorite 
kinds of mental effort, and producing new combinations 
of ideas, imagery, etc. Talent supposes general strength 
of intellect, with a peculiar aptitude for being molded 
and directed to specific employments and valuable ends. 
Genius is more or less imaginative, and reaches its ends 
by a kind of intuitive power. Talent depends more on 
high mental training, and a perfect command of all the 
faculties, memory, judgment, sagacity, etc. 

-ge'ne-ous, -ge-nous. [-gen (or Gr. -yei/775 born) -f 
-ous ; sometimes fr. kindred L. -genus.'] A suffix signi- 
fying producing, yielding; as, homogeneous, alkali<?e- 
nous ; endogenous, indigenous. 

II Genre (zhiiN'r'), n. [F. See Gender.] (Fine Arts) 
A style of painting, sculpture, or other imitative art, 
which illustrates everyday life and manners. 

II Gens (jenz), n. ; pi. Gentes (jen'tez). [L. See 
Gentle, a.] (Rom. Hist.) 1. A clan embracing several 
families of the same stock with a common name and cer- 
tain common religious rites ; a subdivision of the Roman 
curia or tribe. 2. (Ethnol.) A minor subdivision of a 
tribe, among American aborigines. It includes those 
who have a common descent, and bear the same totem. 

Gent (jent), a. [OF., fr. L. genitus born, or (less 
prob.) fr. gentilis. See Genteel.] 1. Gentle ; noble. 
[Obs.] 2. Neat ; fine ; elegant. [Obs.] 

Gen-teel' (jen-tel')j a. [F. gentil noble, pretty, grace- 
ful. See Gentle.] 1. Possessing or exhibiting the 
qualities popularly regarded as belonging to high birth 
and breeding ; refined ; polite ; well-bred. 2. Graceful 
in mien or form ; elegant in dress or manner. 3. Suited 
to the position of a lady or a gentleman. — Gen-teel'ly, 
adv. — Gen-teel'ness, n. 

Gen'tian (jen'shan o r 
-shi-an), n. [F. gentiane, 
L. gentiana, fr. Gentius, an 
Illyrian king, said to have 
discovered its properties.] 
(Bot.) Any one of a genus 
(Gentiana) of herbaceous 
plants with opposite leaves 
and a tubular four- or five- 
lobed corolla, usually blue. 

Gen'tile (jen'til), n. [L. 
gentilis of the same clan, 
race, or people ; in opposi- 
tion to Roman, a foreigner ; 

in opposition to Jew or Gentian ( Gentiana verna). 
Christian, a heathen. See 
Gentle, a.] One neither a Jew nor a Christian ; a heathen. 

Gen'tile, a. 1. Belonging to the nations at large, as 
distinguished from the Jews; pagan or heathen. 2. 
(Gram.) Denoting a race or country. 

Gen'til-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Heathenism ; paganism. 

2. Tribal feeling ; devotion to one's gens. 
Gen-til'i-ty (jen-tTl'T-ty), n. 1. Good extraction; 

high birth. 2. Qualities appropriate to those well born ; 
good breeding. 3. The gentry. 4. Paganism. [Obs.] 

Gen'tle (jen't'l), a. [Compar. Gentler (-tier) ; su- 
perl. Gentlest (-tlest).] [F. gentil noble, pretty, grace- 
ful, fr. L. gentilis of the same clan or race, fr. gens, gen- 
tis, tribe, clan, race, orig., those belonging together by 
birth, fr. root of genere, gignere, to beget. See Gender.] 

1. Well-born ; of a good family or respectable birth, 
though not noble. 2. Quiet and refined in manners ; 
mild ; amiable. 3. A term of address denoting respect, 
consideration or conciliation. 4. Not wild or refractory ; 
docile ; easily managed. 5. Soft ; easy ; soothing. 

The gentle craft, the art or trade of shoemaking. 

Syn. — Mild ; meek ; placid ; dovelike ; quiet ; peaceful ; 
pacific ; bland ; soft ; tender ; tame ; tractable ; docile. 

Gen' tie, n. 1. A gentleman. [Obs.] 2. A falcon- 
gentil. 3. (Zo'ol.) A dipterous larva used as fish bait. 

Gen'tle, v. t. 1. To make genteel ; to ennoble. [Obs.] 

2. To make easy or agreeable, [R. or Poet.] 




Gen'tle folk' (jeVt'i-fok'), Gen'tle-folka' (-foksO, n. 

fl. Persons of gentle or good family and breeding. 
Generally in the United States in the plural form.] 

Gen'tle-man (jSnt'1-man), n. 1. A man well born ; 
one of good family. 2. One of gentle or refined man- 
ners ; a well-bred man. 3. (Her.) One who bears arms, 
but has no title. 4. The servant of a man of rank. 6. 
A man, irrespective of condition ; — used esp. in the 
plural, in addressing men in popular uhhciiiblies, etc. 

HS^" In Great Britain, the term gentleman in applied 
in a limited sense to those having coats of arms, but with- 
out a title, and, in this sense, gentlemen hold a middle 
rank between the nobility and yeomanry. In a wider 
sense, it includes every man above the rank of yeoman. 
In the United States, the term is applied to men of edu- 
cation and good breeding of every occupation. 

Gentleman commoner, one of the highest class of com- 
moners at the University of Oxford. — Gentlemen-at-arme, 
a band of forty gentlemen who attend the sovereign on 
state occasions. [Eng.] 

Gen'tle-man-like' (-Ilk'), ) a. Of, pert, to, or resem- 

Gen'tle-man-ly (-ly), J bling, a gentleman ; well- 
behaved ; courteous ; polite. — Gen'tle manliness 
(-li-nSs), n. 

Gen'tle-ness, n. Quality or state of being gentle. 

Gen'tle-wom an (jen't'l-woom'an), n. 1. A woman 
of good family or of good breeding ; a woman above the 
vulgar. 2. A woman who attends a lady of high rank. 

Gen'tly (-tly), adv. In a gentle manner. 

Gen'try (jSn'try), n. 1. Birth ; condition. [Obs.] 2. 
People of education and good breeding ; in Great Britain, 
in a restricted sense, those between the nobility and the 
yeomanry. 3. Courtesy; civility. [Obs.] 

Gen'U-flect' (jen'u-flekt'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Genu- 
flected ; p. pr. & vb. n. Genuflecting.] To make a 
genuflection ; to bend the knee, as in worship. 

Genu-flec'tion (jen'u-fle'k'shuu or je'nu-), n. 
[Through F. & LL. fr. L. genu knee -\-flexio a bending.] 
Act of bending the knee, esp. in worship. 

Gen'U-ine (jen'u-Tn), a. [L. genuinus, fr. genere, gig- 
nere, to beget.] Belonging to, or proceeding from, the 
original stock ; native ; hence, not counterfeit, spurious, 
false, or adulterated ; authentic ; real ; natural ; true ; 
pure. — Gen'u-ine-ly, adv. — Gen'u-ine-ness, n. 

Ge'nus (je'niis), n. ; pi. Genera (jen'e-ra). [L., 
birth, race, kind, sort ; akin to Gr. yeVo?.] 1. (Logic) A 
class of objects divided into several subordinate species ; 
one of the five predicable conceptions, or sorts of terms. 
2. (Biol.) An assemblage of species, having so many 
fundamental points of structure in common that scien- 
tists give them a common substantive name. 

Ge'O-cen'tric (je'o-sen'trTk), | a. [Gr. yea, yrj, the 

Ge'O-cen'tric-al (-trT-kal), ) earth -f- nevrpov cen- 
ter.] (Astron.) (a) Relating the earth as a center ; re- 
lating to or seen from the earth, (b) Relating to the 
center of the earth. — Ge'O-cen'tric-al-ly, adv. 

Ge'O-cycliC (je'6-sik'lTk or -si'klik), a. [Gr. yea, 
yrj + kukAo? circle.] 1. Of, pert, to, or illustrating, the 
earth's revolutions. 2. Circling the earth periodically. 

Ge'ode (je'od), n. [F. geode, L. geodes, fr. Gr. yewfir;? 
earthlike ; yea, yrj, the earth + etSo's form.] (Mm.) (a) 
A hollow nodule of stone, lined with crystals of mineral 
matter, (b) The cavity in such a nodule. 

Ge'o-des'ic (je'6-des'Tk), Ge'o-des'ic-al (-T-kal), a. 
(Math.) Geodetic. 

Ge-Od'e-sy (je-Sd'e-sy), n. [Gr. yewSaicria ; yea, yrj, 
the earth + SaCeiv to divide.] (Math.) That branch of 
surveying which determines the figures and areas of large 
portions of the earth's surface, or the general figure and 
dimensions of the earth. 

Ge'O-det'ic (je'o-det'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to get 

Ge'O-det'ic-al (-T-kal), ) odesy ; obtained or deter- 
mined by the operations of geodesy ; engaged in geodesy. 

Ge'0-duck (je'o-duk), n. [American Indian name.] 
A gigantic clam of the Pacific coast of North America. 

Ge-Og'no-sy (je-og'no-s^), n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the earth 
-f yiwi? knowing, knowledge.] That part of geology 
which treats of the materials of the earth's structure, 
and its general exterior and interior constitution. 

Ge-Og'O-ny (je-Sg'o-nJf), n. [Gr. yea. yrj. the earth + 
yovrj birth.] The science of the formation of the earth. 

Ge-Og'ra-pher (-ra-fer), w. One versed in geography. 

Ge'O-graph'ic (je'o-grSf Tk), ( a. Of or pertaining to 

Ge'o-graph'ic-al (-T-kal), 1 geography. 

Ge-Og'ra-phy (je-Sg'ra-fy), n. [Through F. ft L. fr. 
Gr. yewypa^ia ; yea, yrj, the earth + ypa<j>rj description. 
See -graphy.] 1. The science which treats of the world 
and its inhabitants ; a description of the earth or a por- 
tion of the earth. 2. A treatise on this science. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, Urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



GEOLOGER 



368 



GERRYMANDER 




Ge-ol'o-ger (jft^Kft-jer), n. A geologist, [i?.] 

Geologic (iW-Wflk), | a. Oi or pertaining to ge- 

Geo logical (i-k.fn. i ology. 

Oe-ol'o-gist gc-M'o-jIst), ». One versed in geology. 

Ge ol'o-gize (-jlz), r. i. [imp. A p. p. Geologized 
p. pr. S: vb. n. Geologizing (-ji'zlng).] To 
ueology ; to make geological investigations. 

Ge-Ol'O-gy (-ff), "• [Gr. yea. yrj. the earth + -logy.~\ 
1. The science which treats: (a) Of the structure and 
mineral constitution of the globe ; structural geology. 
:> history as regards minerals, rivers, valleys, 
mountains, climates, life, etc. ; historical geology, (c) 
Of the causes and methods by which its structure, fea- 
tures, and conditions have been produced; dynamical 
geology. 2. A treatise on the science. 

Ge'o-man cy (ge'o-rnSn's^), n. [Through F. & LL. 
fr. Gr. yea. yrj, the earth -\- nain-eia divination.] A kind 
of divination by means of figures or lines, formed by lit- 
tle dots or points, originally on the earth. 

Ge o-man'tic (-mau'tTk), ) a. Pertaining or belong- 

Ge o-xnan'tic-al (-tT-kol), f ing to geomancy. 

Ge-om'e-ter (je-5m'e-ter), n. [Deriv. of Gr. yeto- 
fieTpr^. See Geometry.] 1. One skilled in geometry; 
geometrician ; mathematician. 2. (Zo'nl.) A geometrid. 

Ge O-met'ric (je'6-met'rTk), ) a. Of, pertaining to, 

Ge O-met'ric-al (-rT-kfll), J or according to the 
rules or principles of, geometry ; determined by geome- 
try, — Ge o-met'ric-al-ly, adv. 

fgr* Geometric is often used as opposed to algebraic. 
Geometrical is often used in a limited or strictly tech- 
nical sense, as opposed to mechanical. 

Geometrical curve. Same as Algebraic curie ; — so called 
because their different points may be constructed by the 
operations of elementary geometry. 

Ge-om e-tri'cian (je-om'e-trlsh'an), n. A geometer. 

Ge-om'e-trid (-trld), n. (Zodl.) 
One of numerous species of moths, 
the larvae of which creep as if 
measuring, — whence the name. 

Ge-om'e-trize (je-om'e-triz), 
r. i. To investigate or observe 
geometrical quantities or laws. 

Ge-om'e-try (try), n. [Through Geometrid (Zerene cate- 
F. & L. fr. Gr. yeL^rpCa, deriv. na ™> La ™ * at - 61ze ' 
of yea. y^, the earth -f- p-erpelv to measure. One of its 
earliest uses was in measuring the earth's surface.] 1. 
That branch of mathematics which investigates the rela- 
tions, properties, and measurement of solids, surfaces, 
lines, and angles. 2. A treatise on this science. 

Ge-oph'a-glsm (je-of'a-jTz'm), n. [Gr. ye'a, yfj, earth 
-f- </>aye!i/ to eat.] The act or habit of eating earth. 

Ge O-pon'ic (jeo-pon'Ik), ) or. [Gr. yewrroviicos ; ye'a, 

Ge'O-pon'ic-al (-T-kcrl), \ yrj, earth -f- ttovikos toil- 
some, fr. tt6vo<; labor.] Pertaining to agriculture. 

Ge'O-pon'ics (-Tks), n. Art or science of agriculture. 

Ge o-ra'ma (je'o-ra'ma or -ra'ma), n. [Gr. ye'a. yfj, 
the earth -f- opafxa sight, view, bpav to see, view.] A 
hollow globe on the inner surface of which a map of the 
world is depicted, to be examined by one standing inside. 

Geor'gic (j6r'jtk), ) a. [L. georgicus, Gr. yewpyi- 

Geor'gic-al (-jT-kal), J icos, fr. yewpyi'a tillage, agri- 
culture, yeojpyo? husbandman ; yea, yrj, earth + epyeiv to 
work.] Relating to agriculture and rural affairs. 

Geor'gic (-jik), n. [L. georgicum (sc. carmen), and 
georgica, pi.] A rural poem ; a poem on husbandry. 

Ge-OS'CO-py (je-Ss^ko-py), n. [Gr. yea, yr). the earth 
.] Knowledge of the earth, ground, or soil, 
obtained by inspection. 

Ge O-stat'lc (je'o-statTk), a. [Gr. ye'a, yfj. earth -f E. 
static."] (Civil Engin.) Relating to the pressure exerted 
by earth or similar Bubstance. 

Ge'O-syn-cli/nal (-sTn-kli'nal). n. [Gr. ye'a, yrj, the 
earth -f- E. synclinal.'} (Geol.) The downward bend or 
■rtwidcutu of the earth's crust, which allows of the 
gradual accumulation of sediment. 

Ge-Ot'ro-pism (je-ot'ro-pTz'm), n. [Gr. ye'a, yrj + rpe- 
/reti> to turn.] (Biol.) A disposition to turn towards the 
earth ; influence of gravity in determining the direction 
of growth of an organ. — Ge'0-trop / iC (je'6-trSr/Tk). a. 

Ge'rah I'lje'ra), n. [Heb. gerah, lit., a beam.] (jeu- 
ith Antiq.) A small coin (silver worth probably about 3 
- 1 gold about 54 cents) ; also, a weight of l-20th 
r -kel, or about 13 grains. 

Ge-ra'nl-um (je-ra'nT-Qm), n. [L., fr. Gr. yepdvtov, 

■ ivos crane. See Crake.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of 

taring a beaklike torus, or receptacle. Most of 

iea have showy flowers and a pungent odor. 2. 

(Floriculture) A cultivated pelargonium. 



Ge'rant (je'rant j F. zha'raN'), n. [F. gerant.] The 
acting member of a company, joint-stock company, etc. 

GerO)il (jer'bll), \'n. [F. gerbille. Cf. Jerboa.] 

II Gerbille' (zhar'bel'), I (Zodl.) One of several spe- 
cies of small, jumping rodents of the Mouse family, in- 
habiting Africa. India, and Southern Europe. 

Germ (jerm). n. [F. germe, fr. L. germen, -minis, 
bud, germ.] 1. (Biol.) That which is to develop a new 
individual ; the earliest form of an organism. 2. That 
from which anything springs ; origin ; first principle. 

Germ theory (Biol.), the theory that living organisms 
can be produced only by the evolution or development of 
living germs or seeds. 

Ger'man (jeVmon), a. [F. germain, fr. L. germanus 
full; akin to germen germ.] Related in the fullest or 
first degree ; closely akin ; as, brothers gennan, or those 
having the same father and mother. 

Cousins german. See the Note under Cousin. 

Ger'man, n. ; pi. Germans (-monz). [L. Germanus, 
prob. of Celtic origin.] 1. A native or one of the people 
of Germany. 2. The German language. 3. (a) A round 
dance, often with a waltz movement, abounding in ca- 
priciously involved figures. (5) A social party at which 
the german is danced. 

High German, the Teutonic dialect of Upper or Southern 
Germanv, — comprising Old High German, used from the 
8th to the 11th century ; Middle H. G., from the 12th to the 
loth century: and Modern or New H. G., the language 
of Luther's Bible version and of modern German litera- 
ture. — Low German, the language of Northern Germany 
and the Netherlands, — including Friesic; Anglo-Saxon 
or Saxon ; Old Saxon ; Dutch or Low Dutch, with its dia- 
lect, Flemish; and Plaitdeutsch (called also Low Ger- 
man), spoken in many dialects. 

Ger'man, a. Of or pertaining to Germany. 

German sausage, a polony, or gut stuffed with meat 
partly cooked. — German silver (Chem.), a silver-white 
alloy, containing nickel, copper, and zinc, in varving pro- 
portions. — German text (Typog.), a kind of type resem- 
bling modern German type. 

23^= Cijts line is German Cert. 

— German tinder, amadou. 

Ger-man'der (jer-inSn'der), n. [Through F., It., and 
L. fr. Gr. xa/xai'Spvs ; \ap.ai on the earth or ground -f- 
5pus tree.] (Bot.) A plant of various species of Teucrium, 
a genus of mintlike herbs and low shrubs. 

Germane' (jer-man'), a. [See German akin, nearly 
related.] Literally, near akin ; hence, closely allied ; 
appropriate or fitting ; relevant. 

Ger-man'ic (-manlk), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Ger- 
many. 2. Teutonic. \_A loose sense] 

Ger'man-ism (jer'man-Tz'm), n. A German idiom, 
characteristic, or doctrine; specif., rationalism. 

Ger-ma'ni-um (jer-ma'nl-um), n. [NL., fr. L. Ger- 
mania Germany.] (Chem.) A rare, silver-white metal, 
chemically intermediate between a metal and a nonmetal. 

Ger'man-ize (jer'man-iz), v. t. & i. To make or be- 
come German, or like what is distinctively German. 

Ger'mi-ci dal (jer'mT-si'dol), a. Germicide. 

Ger'mi-cide (jer'mi-sld), a. [Germ -f L. caedere to 
kill.] (Biol.) Destructive to germs; — applied to any 
agent which has a destructive action upon living germs, 
particularly upon bacteria. — n. A germicide agent. 

Ger'mi-nal (-nol), a. [See Germ.] Pertaining or be- 
longing to a germ. [miaebe. I 

! Ger'mi'nal' (zhaVme/nal'), 7i. [F.] SeeVEXDE-| 

Ger'ml-nant (jer'mt-nant), a. [L. germinans, p. pr.] 
Sprouting ; sending forth germs or buds. 

Ger'mi-nate (-nat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Germinated 
(-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Germinating.] [L. germinare, 
p. p. -atus. See Germ.] To sprout ; to bud ; to shoot ; 
to begin to vegetate ; to begin to develop. [minating. i 

Ger mi-na'tlon (-na'shun), n. Act or process of ger-| 

Ger'mi-na-tlve (jer'mi-na-tTv), a. Pertaining to ger- 
mination ; having power to bud or develop. 

Germ' plasm (jerm' plSz'm'). (Biol.) See Plasmo- 
gen, and Idioplasm. 

Germ'ule (jer'mfil), n. (Biol.) A small germ. 

Ge-roc'0-my (je-rok'6-my), n. [F. gerocomie, fr. Gr. 
ye'pwi/ an old man -J- Kop.elv to take care of.] That part 
of medicine which treats of regimen for old people. 

-ger-ons (-jer-us). [L. -ger, fr. gerere to bear, cany. 
See Jest.] A suffix signifying bearing, producing ; as, 
c&\c\gerous ; dentigerous. 

Ger'ry-man'der (geVry-man'der), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Gerrymandered (-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gerrymander- 
ing.] To divide (a State) into voting districts in an un- 
natural and unfair way, with a view to give a political 
partv an advantage. [Political Cant, U. S.~] 
tap" This was done in Massachusetts when Elbridge 



€-, I, o, u, long ; a, £, I, 5, &, y, short ; sen&te, e"vent, idea, 6bey, finite, cftre, arm, ask, all, final. 



GERUND 



369 



GIF 



Gerry was governor, and was attributed to his influence 
(hence the name), though he was really opposed to it. 

Ger'und (jer'und), n. [L. gerundium, fr. gerere to 
bear, carry, perform. See Jest.] (Lat. Gram.) 1. A 
kind of verbal noun, having only the four oblique cases 
of the singular number, and governing cases like a parti- 
ciple. 2. (AS. Gram.) A verbal noun ending in -e, pre- 
ceded by to and usually denoting purpose or end ; — called 
also the dative infinitive. In Modern English the name 
has been applied to verbal or participial nouns in -ing 
denoting a transitive action ; e. g., by throrving a stone. 

Ge-riin'dive (-dlv), a. Pertaining to, or partaking 
of the nature of, the gerund, — n. (Lat. Gram.) The 
future passive participle. 

Gest (jest), n. [OF. geste exploit. See Jest.] 1. A 
deed or action. 2. A show ; ceremony. [Obs.] 3. A tale 
of achievements ; a stock story. [06s.] 4. Gesture ; 
bearing. [Archaic] 

Gest (jSst), n. [Cf. Gist a resting place.] A stage 
in traveling ; a rest. [06s.] [dened. [R.]\ 

Ges'tant (jeVtant), a. [L. gestans, p. pr.] Bur-| 

Ges-ta'tion (jSs-ta'shun), n. [L. gestatio a bearing, 
carrying, fr. gestare to bear, intens. fr. gerere. See 
Jest.] 1. Act of carrying young in the womb from 
conception to delivery ; pregnancy. 2. Passive exercise. 

Ges'ta-tO-ry (jes'ta-to-ry), a. Pertaining to pregnancy. 

Ges'tic (-tik), a. [See Jest.] 1. Pert, to deeds of arms ; 
legendary. 2. Pert, to bodily motion, esp. to dancing. 

Ges-tic'U-late (jes-tik'u-lat), v. i. limp. & p. p. 
Gesticulated (-15/ ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gesticulating.] 
[L. gesticulari, p. p. -atus, fr. gesticulus, dim. of gestus 
gesture, fr. gerere, gestum, to bear, carry, perform.] To 
make gestures or motions, as in speaking ; to use postures. 

Ges-tic'u-late, v. t. To represent by gesture. [R.] 

Ges-tic'U-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of gesticulating. 

Ges-tic'U-la'tor (jgs-tTk'u-la'ter), n. One who ges- 
ticulates, [belonging to, gestures. I 

Ges-tic'u-la-tO-ry (-la-to-r^), a. Representing by, or | 

Ges'ture (-tfir ; 135), n. [LL. gestura mode of action, 
fr. L. gerere, gestum, to bear, behave, act.] 1. Posture. 
2. Any action or posture intended to express an idea or 
a passion, or to emphasize an assertion or opinion. 

Ges'ture, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gestubed (-turd ; 
135) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Gesturing.] To accompany or illus- 
trate with gesture or action ; to gesticulate. 

Get (get), v. t. [imp. Got (got) (Obs. Gat (gat)); 
p. p. Got (Obsolescent Gotten (got't'n) ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Getting.] [AS. gitan, gietan (in comp.) ; akin to Icel. 
geta, Goth, bigitan to find, L. ^xehendere to seize, take, 
Gr. x"-vSdveiv to hold, contain.] 1. To procure ; to ob- 
tain ; to gain possession of ; to acquire ; to earn ; to 
obtain as a price or reward ; to come by ; to win, by al- 
most any means. 2. Hence, with have and had, to come 
into or be in possession of; to have. 3. To beget; to 
procreate ; to generate. 4. To learn ; to memorize. 5. 
To prevail on ; to persuade. 6. To procure to be, or to 
cause to be, in any state or condition ; — with a following 
participle. 7. To betake ; to remove ; — in a reflexive use. 
Get, as a transitive verb, is combined with prep- 



ositions or adverbs implying motion, to express the caus- 
ing to, or the effecting in, the object of the verb, of the 
kind of motion indicated by the preposition or adverbs. 

To get up, to cause to be established or to exist ; to ar- 
range ; to construct ; to invent. 

Get, v. i. 1. To make acquisition; to gain. 2. To 
arrive at, or bring one's self into, a state or position ; to 
come to be ; to become ; — with a following adjective or 
past participle belonging to the subject of the verb. 

KEliF^ Get, as an intransitive verb, is used with a follow- 
ing preposition, or adverb of motion, to indicate, on the 
part of the subject of the act, movement or action of 
the kind signified by the preposition or adverb ; or, in 
the general sense, to move, to stir, to make one's way, to 
advance, to arrive, etc. 

To get up. (a) To rise ; to arise, as from a bed. (b) To 
ascend ; to climb, as a hill, a flight of stairs, etc. 

Get, n. Offspring ; progeny ; as, the get of a stallion. 

Get'ter (-ter), n. One who gets. 

Get'—up 7 (-up'), n. General composition or structure ; 
make-up ; style of dress, etc. [Colloq.] 

Gew'gaw (gu'ga), n. [OE. gigawe, gugawe, gew- 
gaade, prob. the same word as OE. givegove gewgaw, 
apparently a reduplicated form fr. AS. gifan to give.] 
A showy trifle ; a toy ; a splendid plaything ; a bauble. 

Gey'ser (gl'ser or gi'zer), n. [Icel. geysir, deriv. of 
gjosa to gush.] A boiling spring which throws forth jets 
of water, mud, etc., driven up by steam. 

Ghast (gast), v. t. [OE. gasten. See Ghastly, a.] 
To strike aghast ; to affright. [Obs.] 

Ghast'ly (gast'ly), a. [Compar. Ghastlier (-lT-er) ; 



superl. Ghastliest.] [OE. gastlich, gastli, fearful, caus- 
ing fear, fr. gasten to terrify, AS. gieslan.] 1. Like a 
ghoBt in appearance ; deathlike ; pallid ; dismal. 2. 
Horrible ; dreadful ; hideous, —adv. In a ghastly man- 
ner. — Ghast'li ness (gast'lT-ngH), n. 

II Ghat I (gat), n. [Hind, ghat.] [India] 1. A pass 

Ghaut j through a mountain. 2. A range of moun- 
tains. 3. Stairs descending to a river ; a landing place ; 
a wharf. 

Gher'kin (ger'kln), n. [D. agurkje, a dim. akin to 
G. aurke.] (Bot.) A kind of small, prickly cucumber. 

Ghost (gost), n. [OE. gast, gost, soul, AS. gast breath, 
spirit, soul ; akin to G. geist.] 1. The soul. [Obs.'] 2. 
The disembodied soul ; phantom ; apparition ; specter. 
3. Any faint shadowy semblance. 

Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit ; the Paraclete ; the Com- 
forter ; (Theol.) the third person in the Trinity. 

GhOSt'ly, a. 1. Relating to the soul ; not carnal or 
secular ; spiritual. 2. Of or pertaining to apparitions. 

Ghoul (gool), n. [Per. ghol.] An imaginary evil be- 
ing among Eastern nations, which was supposed to feed 
upon human corpses. — Ghoul'ish, a. 

Gi'ant ( jl'ant), n. [OF. jaiant, geant, L. gigas, f r. Gr. 
yCyas, -<wtos, fr. root of E. gender.] 1. A man of extraor- 
dinary bulk and stature. 2. A person of extraordinary 
powers, bodily or mental. 3. Any animal, plant, or 
thing, of extraordinary size or power. [power. I 

Gi'ant, a. Like a giant ; extraordinary in size or| 

Giant powder, a form of dynamite. 

Gi'ant-ess, n. A woman of extraordinary size. 

II Giaour (jour), n. [Turk, giaur an infidel, Per. 
gawr, var. of ghebr fire worshiper.] An infidel ; — applied 
by Turks to disbelievers in the Mohammedan religion. 

Gib (gib), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A piece or slip 
of metal or wood, in a machine or structure, to hold 
parts in place or together, or to afford a bearing. 

Gib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gibbed (glbd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Gibbing.] To secure or provide with a gib, or gibs. 

Gib (jib), v. i. To balk. See Jib, v. i. 

Gib'ber (jib'ber), n. A balky horse. 

Gib'ber (gib'ber), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibbered 
(-berd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbering.] [Akin to jabber, 
and gabble.] To speak rapidly and inarticulately. 

Gib'ber-ish (gib'ber-Tsh), n. Rapid, inarticulate talk ; 
unmeaning words ; jargon. 

GibTiet (jib'bet), n. [F. gibet, in OF. also, club, fr. 
LL. gibetum; of uncertain origin.] 1. A kind of gal- 
lows ; an upright post with an arm projecting from the 
top. 2. The projecting arm of a crane, carrying the load. 

Gib'bet, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Gibbeted (-bSt-Sd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Gibbeting.] 1. To hang and expose on a 
gibbet. 2. To expose to infamy. 

Gib'bon (gib'bon), n. [Cf. F. gibbon.] (Zool.) Any 
one of many species of arboreal apes which are tailless 
and without cheek pouches, and have very long arms. 

Gib-bose' (gib-bos'), a. [L. gibbosus, fr. gibbus, 
gibba, hunch, hump.] Humped ; protuberant ; — of a 
surface having one or more large elevations, [gibbose. I 

Gib-bOS'i-ty (-bos'T-ty), n. State of being gibbous or | 

Gib/bous (gib'bus), a. [See Gibbose.] Swelling by 
a regular curve or surface ; protuberant ; convex. — 
Gib'bous-ly, adv. — Gib'bous-ness, n. 

Gibe (jib), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibed (jibd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Gibing.] [Cf. Prov. F. giber, equiv. to F. 
jouer to play, E. jabber.] To cast reproaches ; to utter 
taunts, or sarcasms ; to flout ; to scoff. 

Gibe, v. t. To reproach contemptuously ; to scoff at. 

Gibe, n. An expression of sarcastic scorn ; a taunt. 

Gib'let (jib'let), a. Made of giblets. 

Gib'letS (-l§ts), n. pi. [OF. gibelet game.] The in- 
meats, or edible viscera (heart, liver, etc.), of poultry. 

Gib'Staff ' (gib'stafO, n. [Prov. E. gib a hooked stick 
-f- E. staff.] A staff to gauge water, or to push a boat. 

Gid (gid), n. [Cf. Giddy, a.] A disease of sheep ; the 
staggers, — caused by a larval tapeworm in the brain. 

Gid'dy (-dy), a. [Compar. Giddier (-dT-er) ; superl. 
GiDDrEST.] [OE. gidi mad, silly ; of uncertain origin.] 
1. Having in the head a sensation of whirling or reeling 
about ; wavering and inclined to fall ; light-headed ; 
dizzy. 2. Promoting or inducing giddiness. 3. Gyra- 
tory ; whirling ; reeling. 4. Characterized by unsteadi- 
ness or inconstancy ; changeable ; fickle ; wild ; thought- 
less. — Gid'di-ly (dY-iy), adv. — Gid'di-ness, n. 

Gier'-ea'gle (jer'e'g'l), n. [Cf D. gier vulture, G. 
geier, and E. gyrfalcon.] (Zool.) A bird referred to in 
the Bible (Lev. xi. 18 and Deut. xiv. 17) as unclean, — 
probably the Egyptian vulture. 
Gif (gif), conj. [AS. See If.] If. [Obs.] 



c/ 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, iiik, then, thin. 
24 



M 



GIFT 



370 



GIRAFFE 



Gift (.cTft"), n. [AS. gi/t. fr. pi fan to give. See Give.] 
1. Anything given or MBtOWMl without compensation ; 
meant j offering. 2. Act, right, or power of giving or 
g. 3. A bribe. 4. Some quality or endowment 
man by God ; B preeminent talent or aptitude ; 
power; faculty. 6. (Laic) A voluntary transfer of real 
or personal property, without any consideration. 

Gift rope (Xaut.), a rope by winch a boat is towed. 

Syn.— Present ; donation ; grant ; largess ; benefaction ; 
boon : bounty ; gratuity ; endowment ; talent ; faculty. 

Gift. !'• t. [imp. & p. p. Gifted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Getting.] To endow with some power or faculty. 

Gig Iglg). «• A kind of spear or harpoon. See Fishgig. 

Gig. "• [Etyni. uncertain ; cf. Icel. gigja fiddle, MHG. 
gige. G. geige, Icel. geiga to rove at random.] 1. A top 
or* whirligig ; any little thing that is whirled round in 
play. 2. A kind of light two-wheeled carriage, drawn 
by one horse. 3. (Xaut.) A 
long, light rowboat, generally 
clinker-built, and designed to 
be fast. 4. (Mach.) A rota- 
tory cylinder for teaseling 
woolen cloth. 

Gi-gan'tic (jt-gSn'tTk), a. 
[L. gigas giant. See Giant.] 
1. Of extraordinary size ; like 
a giant. 2. Such as a giant might use, make, or cause ; 
immense ; tremendous. — Gi-gan'tic-al-ly. adv. 

Gig'gle (glg'g'l), v. i- Limp. & p.p. Giggled (-g'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Giggling (-gling).] [Cf. OD. ghichelen.] 
To laugh with short catches of the breath or voice ; to 
laugh in a light, affected, or silly manner ; to titter. 

Gig'gle (gig'g'l), n. Act of one who giggles. 

Gig'gler (-gler), n. One who giggles or titters. 

Gila mon'Ster (hela mon'ster). (Zool.) A large 
tuberculated lizard, native of 
dry plains of Arizona, 




Gig (2). 




Gila Monster. 
New Mexico, etc. It is 
the only lizard known 
to have venomous teeth. 

Gild(gTld),r./. [imp. 
& p. p. Gilded or Gilt 
(gilt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Gilding.] [AS. gyldan, fr. gold gold.] 1. To overlay 
thinly with gold ; to cover with a golden color. 2. To 
cause to appear attractive or fair ; to adorn ; to brighten. 

Gild'er (-er), n. One who gilds. 

Gild'ing (gTld'Tng), n. 1. Art or practice of one who 
gilds. 2. That which is used in the process, as gold leaf ; 
hence, any superficial coating or appearance of worth. 

Gill (gll), n. [Dan. giselle, gelle; cf. AS. geagl, geahl, 
jaw.] 1. (Anat.) An organ for aquatic respiration: a 
branchia. [See Illust. of Oystee.] 2. pi. (Bot.) The 
radiating, gill-shaped plates forming the under surface 
of a mushroom. 3. (Zool.) The flap below the beak of a 
fowl ; a wattle. 4. The flesh under or about the chin. 
5. One of the combs of closely ranged steel pins of a 
spinning machine. [Prob. fr. F. aiguilles needles.] 

Gill, n. [Icel. gil. ] A woody glen ; a narrow valley 
containing a stream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 

Gill (jil), n. [OF. gille, gelle, a sort of measure for 
wine, LL. gillo, gello. Cf. Gallon.] A measure of ca- 
pacity containing one fourth of a pint. 

Gill, n. [Abbrev. fr. OE. Gillian, for Juliana.'] 1. A 
young woman ; sweetheart ; flirt ; wanton. 2. {Bot.) The 
ground ivy. 3. Malt liquor medicated with ground ivy. 

Gillie I (jilly), n. [Gael, gille, giolla, boy, lad.] A 

Gilly f boy or young man ; a manservant. 

GlUy-floWer (-flou'er), n. [OE". gilofre, gelofer, gil- 
lofer, clove, OF. girofre, girofle : cf. F. giroflee gilly- 
flower, fr. girofle, Gr. KapvofyvXkov clove tree; Kapvov 
nut -f- ^vAAoi/ leaf.] {Bot.) 1. Formerly, the clove pink ; 
now, the common stock (Matthiola incana), a cruciferous 
plant with showy and fragrant blossoms. 2. A roundish 
conir:r,i apple, of a purplish red color. 

Gilt. rmp. & p. p. of Gild. 

Gilt. n. Gold, or that which resembles gold, laid on 
tace of a thing ; gilding. 

Gilrhead' (-he'd'), n. (Zool.) (a) A food fish of the 
T,ean. (I) A small fish of the British coast. 




Compass hung 
Gimbals. 



Gim'bal (gTni'bal), or GimTjals (-balz), n. 
Gimmal, 7i.] A contrivance for sus- 
pending a "body so that it will re- 
main plumb, or level, when its sup- 
port is tipped. [Gimlet. | 
Gim r blet (gTm'blet), n . & v. See | 
Gim'crack (jlin'krSk'), n. [OE., 
a spruce girl, prob. fr. gim spruce -j- 
crack lad, boaster.] A trivial mech- 
anism ; a device ; a toy. 

Gimlet (glni'lgt), n. [OF. guimbelet, prob. fr. OD. 
icimpel, weme, bore. Cf. Wimble, n.] A small tool with 
a leading screw and a grooved body for boring holes. 

Gimlet, v. t. limp. & p. p. Gimleted ; p. pr. & rb. 
n. Gimleting.] 1. To pierce or make with a gimlet. 
2. (Xaut.) To turn round (an anchor) by the stock: 

Gim'mal (-mal), n. [Prob. same word as gemel.] 
Joined work whose parts move within each other ; a pair 
or series of interlocked rings. [gimcrack. [06s.] I 

Gim'mer, Gim'mor (-mer), n. [Cf. Gimmal, n.~\ A| 

Gimp, n. [OF. guimpe, guimple, a nun's wimple, fr. 
OHG. wimpal a veil. See Wimple, n.] A narrow orna- 
mental fabric, often with a metallic wire, or sometimes 
a coarse cord, running through it. 

Gimp, v. t. To notch ; to indent ; to jag. 

Gin (gin), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gan (gan), Gon (g5n), 
or Gun (gun); p. pr. & vb. n. Ginning.] [OE. ginnen, 
AS. giyinan (in comp.), prob. orig., to open ; and akin to 
E. yawn.] To begin. See Gan. [Obs. or Archaic] 

Gin (jin), n. [Contr. fr. Geneva.] A strong alcoholic 
liquor, distilled from rye and barley, and flavored with 
juniper berries ; — also called Hollands and Holland gin. 

Gin, n. [A contr. of Engine.] 1. Contrivance ; arti- 
fice ; trap ; snare. 2. («) A machine for raising or mov- 
ing heavy weights, consisting of a tripod of poles united 
at the top, with a windlass, pulleys, ropes, etc. (6) 
(Mining) A hoisting drum, usually vertical. 3. A ma- 
chine for separating the seeds from cotton ; a cotton gin. 

Gin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ginned (jlnd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Ginning.] To clear of seeds by a gin. 

Ging (glng), n. Same as Gang, n., 2. [Obs.] 

Gin'ger (jin'jer), n. [Through OF. & L. fr. Gr. £y- 
ytjSepi?; of Oriental origin.] (Bot.) A plant (Zingiber) 
of several species, growing in the East and West Indies. 
Also, the hot and spicy rootstock of one species. 

Gin'ger-bread' (-bredO, n. A kind of plain cake sea- 
soned with ginger, and sometimes made in fanciful shapes. 

Gingerbread work, ornamentation, in architecture or 
decoration, of a fantastic, trivial, or tawdry character. 

Gin'ger-ly, adv. [Prov. E. ginger brittle, tender : of 
uncertain origin.] Cautiously ; timidly ; fastidiously ; 
daintily. — Gin'ger-ness, n. 

Ging/ham (ging'am), n. [F. guingan ; of uncertain 
origin.] A kind of cotton or linen cloth, usually in stripes 
or checks, the yarn of which is dyed before it is woven. 

Gin'gi-val (jTn'ji-val), a. [L. gingiva the gum.] Of 
or pertaining to the gums. 

Gin'gly-moid (jTn'glT-rnoid), ) a. [Gr. ytyyAv^.oet6^s ; 

Gin gly-moid'al (-moid'al), j ytyyAv/u-o? ginglymus 
-j- e!6o? form.] (Anat.) Pert, to, or like, a ginglynius. 

II Gin'gly-mus (-miis), n. ; pi. -mi (-mi). [NE., fr. 
Gr. yiyyAv/ios hinge joint.] (Anal.) A hinge joint ; an 
articulation admitting of motion 
in two directions only. 

Gink'go (gTnk'go), n.; pi. 
Ginkgoes (-goz). [Chin., silver 
fruit.] (Bot.) A large coniferous 
ornamental tree from China and 
Japan. 

Gin'seng (jin'seng), 7i. [Chi- 
nese.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus 
Aralia, the root of which is highly 
valued as a medicine among the 
Chinese. 

Crip (jip), v. I. To take out the 
entrails of (herrings). 

Gip'ser (jip'ser), ) n. [F. gibe- 

Gip'sire (-sir), ) ciere a 
game pouch or game pocket.] A 
kind of pouch formerly worn at _j_ 
the girdle. [Gypsy. I W 

Gip'sy (jTr/sy), n. & a. See| 

Gi-rafle' (j!-r5f), n. [F. gi- 
rafe, Sp. girafa, from Ar. zurafa, 
zarafa.] (Zool. ) An African ru- 
minant related to the deer and 
antelope ; camelopard. It is the Giraffe ( Camelopardalis 
taUest of animals. airaffa). 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, f, short ; senate, fcvent, Idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



GIRANDOLE 



371 



GLAD 



Gir'andole (jTr'an-dol), n. [F. See Gyrate.] 1. An 
ornamental, branched candlestick. 2. A branched flower 
stand, fountain, etc. 

Gir'a-SOle I (jir'a-sol), n. [Through It. or F. fr. L. 

Gir'a-sol J gyrate to turn + sol sun.] 1. {Bot.) 

Heliotrope. [Obs.] 2. {Min.) A variety of opal which 

is usually milk white, bluish white, or sky blue, but in a 

bright light reflects a reddish color. 

Gird (gerd), n. [See Yard a measure.] 1. A stroke 

with a rod or switch ; a severe spasm ; a twinge ; a pang. 

2. A cut ; a sarcastic remark ; a gibe ; a sneer. [gibe. I 

Gird, v . t. 1. To strike. [O&s.] 2. To sneer at ; to | 

Gird, v. i. To gibe ; to sneer. 

Gird (gerd), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Girt (gert) or Girded ; 
p. pt. & vb. n. Girding.] [AS. gyrdan; akin to G. 
giirten.'] 1. To encircle or bind with a flexible band. 2. 
To make fast, as clothing, by binding with a cord, girdle, 
bandage, etc. 3. To surround ; to encircle, or encom- 
pass. 4. To clothe ; to swathe ; to invest. 5. To pre- 
pare ; to make ready ; to equip. 

Gird'er, n. One who girds or sneers ; a satirist. 
Gird'er, n. 1. One that girds or encircles. 2. {Arch. 
& Engin.) A main beam; a straight, horizontal beam, 
as a framed or built-up member, to span an opening or 
carry weight, such as ends of floor beams, etc. 

Gir'dle, n. [AS. gyrdel, fr. gyrdan. See Gird, v. t., 
to encircle.] 1. That which girds, encircles, or incloses ; 
esp., a belt or sash encircling the body at the waist ; a 
cestus. 2. {Jewelry) The line of greatest circumference 
of a brilliant-cut diamond. 

Gir'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girdled (-d'ld) ; p. pt. & 
vb. n. Girdling (-dling).] 1. To bind with a belt or 
sash ; to gird. 2. To inclose ; to environ. 3. To make 
a cut or gnaw a groove around (a tree, etc. ) through the 
bark and alburnum, thus killing it. [U. S.~\ 
Gir'dler (-dler), n. One that girdles. 
Girl (gerl), n. [OE. girle, gerle, gurle, a child.] 1. 
A female child, from birth to the age of puberty; a 
young maiden. 2. A female servant. [U. S.~\ 

Gifl'hood (-hood), n. State or time of being a girl. 
Girl'ish, a. Like, or characteristic of, a girl ; of or 
pertaining to girlhood ; innocent ; artless ; immature ; 
weak. — Girl'ish-ly, adv. — Girl'ish-ness, n. 

Gi-ron'diSt (jT-ron'dTst), n. [F. Girondiste.~\ A mem- 
ber of the moderate republican party formed in the 
French legislative assembly in 1791, whose leaders were 
deputies from the department of La Gironde. 
Girt (gert), imp. & p. p. of Gird. 
Girt, n. Same as GntTH. 

Girt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Girting.] To gird ; to girdle ; to measure the girth of. 
Girth (gerth), n. [Icel. gjorS girdle, or gerS girth ; 
akin to Goth, gairda girdle.] 1. A band or strap which 
encircles the body; esp., one by which a saddle is fas- 
tened upon the back of ahorse. 2. The measure around 
the body, as at the waist or belly ; the circumference of 
anything. 3. A small horizontal brace or girder. 

Gist (jist), n. [OF. giste abode, lodgings, fr. gesir to 
lie, L. jacere, prop., to be thrown, hence, to lie, fr. jacere 
to throw. In the second sense fr. OF. gist, F. git, 3d 
pers. sing. ind. of gesir to lie, used in a proverb, F., c'est 
la que git le lievre, it is there that the hare lies, i. e., that 
is the point, the difficulty.] 1. A resting place. [Obs.~\ 
2. The main point, as of a question ; the point on which 
an action rests ; the pith of a matter. 
Gith (gith), n.^ [Prov. E.] {Bot.) The com cockle. 
Git'tern (git'tern), n. [OF. guiterne, ultimately from 
same source as E. guitar.] An instrument like a guitar. 
Gius'tO (joos'to), a. [It., fr. L. Justus. See Just, 
a.] (Mus.) In just, correct, or suitable time. 

Give (giv), v. t. [imp. Gave (gav) ; p. p. Given 
(giV'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Giving.] [AS. gifan, giefan; 
akin to G. geben, Goth. giban.~] 1. To bestow without re- 
ceiving a return ; to impart, as a possession ; to grant, 
as authority or permission. 2. To yield possession of ; 
to deliver over ; to pay. 3. To yield ; to furnish ; to 
produce ; to emit. 4. To communicate or announce ; to 
pronounce ; to render or utter. 5. To grant power or 
license to ; to permit ; to commission. 6. To exhibit as 
a product or result ; to show. 7. To devote ; to apply ; 
— often reflexive. 8. {Logic & Math.) To set forth as 
a known quantity or a known relation, or as a premise 
from which to reason ; — used chiefly in the passive form 
given. 9. To allow as a supposition. 10. To attribute ; 
to assign. 11. To excite or cause to exist, as pain. 12. 
To pledge. 13. To cause ; to make ; — with the infinitive. 
To give chase, to pursue. — To give in. (a) To abate ; to 
deduct. (5) To declare ; to tender. — To give over, (a) To 



yield completely ; to quit ; to abandon, (b) To despair 
ot. (c) To addict, resign, or apply (one's self). — To give 
place, to withdraw ; to yield one's claim. 

»y n « — To confer ; grant. — To give is the generic word, 
embracing all the rest. To confer was originally used of 
persons in power, who gave permanent grants or privi- 
leges; and hence it still denotes the giving of som<tliij,^ 
which might have been withheld ; as, to confer a favor. 
lo grant is to give in answer to a petition or request, or 
to one who is in some way dependent or inferior. 

Give (gi v), v. i. 1. To give a gift or gifts. 2. To yield 
to force or pressure ; to relax. 3. To move ; to recede. 

To give in, to yield ; to succumb. — To give out. (a) To 
expend all one's strength, (b) To cease from exertion ; 
to be exhausted. — To give over, to cease ; to desist. —To 
give up to cease from effort ; to yield ; to despair. 

GlV'en (giv"n), p. p. & a. from Give, v. 1. {Math. 
& Logic) Granted ; assumed ; supposed to be known ; 
set forth as a known quantity, relation, or premise. 2. 
Disposed ; inclined ; — used with an adv. 3. Stated ; fixed. 

Giv'er (-er), n. One who gives ; a donor ; a grantor. 

Gives (jivz), n. pi. [See Gyve, 7i.] Fetters. 

Giz'zard (gTz'zerd), n. [¥. gesier, L. gigeria, pi., the 
cooked entrails of poultry.] 1. {Anat.) The second, or 
true, muscular stomach of birds, in which the food is 
crushed and ground. 2. {Zool.) {a) A thick muscular 
stomach found in many invertebrate animals. (6) A 
stomach armed with chitinous or shelly plates or teeth, 
as in certain insects and mollusks. 

Gla'brate (gla'brat), a. [L. glabrare, fr. glaber 
smooth.] {Bot.) Becoming glabrous from age. 

Gla'brous (gla'brus), a. [L. glabet.] Smooth ; hav- 
ing a surface without hairs or any unevenness. 

Gla'cial (gla'shal or -shi-al), a. [L. glacialis, from 
glacies ice.] 1. Pertaining to ice or to its action ; con- 
sisting of ice; frozen; icy; esp., pertaining to glaciers. 
2. {Chem.) Resembling ice ; as, glacial acid, or one 
which crystallizes at ordinary temperature. 

Gla'cial-ist, n. One who attributes the phenomena of 
the drift, in geology, to glaciers. 

Gla'ci-ate (-shl-at), v. i. [L. glaciatus, p. p. of gla- 
ciare to freeze, fr. glacies ice.] To turn to ice. 

Gla'ci-ate, v. t. 1. To convert into, or cover with, 
ice. 2. {Geol.) To produce glacial effects upon. 

Glaciated rocks, rocks whose surfaces have been 
smoothed, furrowed, or striated, by the action of ice. 

Gla ci-a'tion (gla'shT-a'shun), n. 1. Act or process 
of glaciating. 2. That which is formed by freezing ; ice. 

Gla'cier (gla'sher or glXs'T-er), n. [F. glacier, fr. 
glace ice, L. glacies.^ An immense, slowly moving field 
or stream of ice, formed in the region of perpetual snow. 




The Viesch Glacier, with Medial Moraine. 

Gla'cious (gla'shiis), a. Pertaining to, consisting of, 
or resembling, ice ; icy. 

Gla'cis (gla'sTs or gla-ses'), n. [F. glacis : — so named 
from its smoothness. See Gla«er.] A gentle slope, or 
a gently sloping bank ; esp. {Fort.), that slope of earth 
inclining from the covered way toward the exterior. 

Glad (glad), a. [Compar. Gladder (-der) ; superl. 
Gladdest (-dest).] [AS. glsed bright, glad ; akin to G. 
glatt.~\ 1. Pleased ; joyous ; happy ; cheerful : grati- 
fied. 2. Wearing a gay or bright appearance ; express- 
ing or exciting joy ; producing gladness ; exhilarating. 

Syn. — Gratified ; exhilarated ; animated ; delighted ; 
happy ; cheerful ; joyous ; joyful ; cheering ; exhilarating ; 
pleasing ; animating. — Delighted expresses a much higher 
degree of pleasure than glad. G ratified always refers to 
a pleasure conferred by the consideration or attention of 
a person. 

Glad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gladded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Gladding.] To make glad ; to cheer : to gladden. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, t!ien, thin. 



M 



GLADDEN 



372 



GLAZE 







Glad'den (glSd'd'n), 9. t. A i. [imp, & p. p. Glad- 

penkd (,-d'ud) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gladdening (-(Pn-Tng).] 

[Sto Glad, r. t.j To make or become glad ; to cheer ; 

.to gratify ; to rejoice; to exhilarate. 

Glade (.glad), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin, and akin to 

1. An open passage through a wood ; a grassy 

open or cleared space in a forest. 2. An everglade. 

I '. S.] 3. An opening in the ice of rivers or lakes, 

or a place left unfrozen ; also, smooth ice. [Local, U. <S\] 

GLa'den (.gla'd'n), n. [AS. gin dene ; origin uncertain.] 

(But.) Sword grass ; any plaut with gladiate leaves. 

Glad'i-ate (gisd'i-an, a. [L. gtodku sword.] (Bot.) 

Sv. ord-shaped ; resembling a sword in form. 

Glad'i a tor (glSd'T-a'ter), n. [L., fr. 
ghuiius sword.] 1. Orig., a swordplayer ; 
hence, one who fought with weapons in 
public, for public amusement. 2. One en- 
gaged in any fierce combat or controversy. 
' Glad'i-a-toTi-al (-a-to'rl-al), ) a. Of or 

Glad i-a-to'ri-an (-on), J pert, to 

gladiators, or to contests in general. 

Glad'i-ole (-51), n. [L. gladiolus a small 
sword, sword lily, dim. of glad i us sword.] 
(Bot.) A plant of the genus Gladiolus. 

Gla-di'O-lus (gla-di'S-lus), n. ; pi. L. 
-Li (-11), E. -luses (-lus-ez). [L. See Gla- 
diole.] (Bot.) A genus of plants having 
bulbous roots and gladiate leaves. 

Glad'ly (gl2d'ly), adv. In a glad man- 
ner ; with pleasure ; joyfully ; cheerfully. 

Glad'ness, n. State or quality of being 
glad ; pleasure ; joy ; cheerfulness. 

Glad'some (-sGm), a. 1. Pleased; joy- 
ful ; cheerful. 2. Causing gladness. — Gladiate 
Glad'some-ly, adv. — Glad'some -ness, n. Leaves of 

Glair (glSr), 72. [F. glaire, glair e d'ceuf, Ins - 

the glair of an egg, prob. fr. L. clarus clear, bright.] 

1. The white of eggs. 2. Any similarly viscous, trans- 
parent substanee. 3. A kind of halberd. . 

Glair, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glaieed (glSrd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Glairing.] To smear with the white of an egg. 

Glair'e-OUS (-e-us), a. Glairy ; covered with glair. 

Glair'y (glaVy), a. Like glair, or partaking of its 
qualities ; covered with glair ; slimy. 

Glaive (glav), n. [F. glaive, L. gladius sword.] 1. 
A disused weapon, consisting of a large blade fixed on 
a pole ; also, a light, sharp-pointed lance. 2. A sword. 
[Poetic] 

Gla'mour (gla'moor or glSm'er), n. [Scot, glamour, 
glamer ; of uncertain origin.] 1. A charm affecting the 
eye, making objects appear different from what they 
really are. 2. Witchcraft ; magic ; spell. 3. A kind of 
haze in the air, giving things a false appearance. 4. Any 
association with an object, through which it appears de- 
lusively magnified or glorified. 

Glance (glans), n. [Akin to D. glans luster, bright- 
ness, G. glanz.] 1. A sudden flash of light or splendor. 

2. A quick cast of the eyes ; a swift survey ; a glimpse. 

3. An incidental or passing thought or allusion. 4. 
(Min.) A name given to some sulphides, mostly dark- 
colored, which have a brilliant metallic luster. 

Glance coal, anthracite. — Glance wood, a hard wood grow- 
ing in Cuba, used for gauging instruments, rules, etc. 

Glance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glanced (glanst) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Glancing (glan'sing).] 1. To flash light ; to 
shine ; to flash. 2. To strike and fly off in an oblique 
direction ; to dart aside. 3. To look with a sudden 
cast of the eye ; to snatch a hasty view. 4. To make 
an incidental or passing reflection or allusion ; to hint. 
6. To move quickly, appearing and disappearing rapidly. 

Glance, v. t. To shoot or dart suddenly or obliquely ; 
to cast (the eye) for a moment. 

Gland (glSnd), n. [F. glande, L. glans, glandis, 
acorn ; akin to Gr. f3dkavo$ for ydkavos, and J3d\\eiv to 
cast, throw, the acorn being the dropped fruit.] 1. 
(Anal.) (a) An organ for secreting something to be used 
in, or eliminated from, the body, (b) An organ or part 
which resembles a secreting, or true, gland. 2. (Bot.) 
(a) A special secreting organ of plants, (b) Any very 
small prominence. 3. (Steam Mach.) The movable part 
of a stuffing box. 4. The crosspiece of a bayonet clutch. 

Glan'dered f-derd), a. Affected with glanders. 

Glan'der-ous f-der-us), a. Of or pert, to glanders. 

Glan'ders f-derz), n. [From Gland.] (Far.) A 

Mtagious and very destructive disease of horses, 

assen, mules, etc., affecting the glands of the lower jaw. 

Glan-dll'er-OUS (glSn-difer-us), a. [L. gland'ifer; 
glans acorn -f ferre to bear.] Bearing nuts, as acorns. 



Gland'1-form (gland'T-fSrin), a. [L. glans acorn -f- 
-for»i.~\ Having the form of a gland or a nut. 

Glan'du-lar (glan'du-ler ; 135), a. Containing glands ; 
consisting of glands ; pertaining to glands. 

Glan'dule (glan'dul ; 135), n. [L. glandida, dim. of 
glans, glandis, acorn.] A small gland or secreting vessel. 

Glan'du-lose' (-15s'), a. Same as Glandulous. 

Glan'du-lous (-lus), a. Containing glands ; consist- 
ing of glands ; pertaining to glands ; resembling glands. 

II Glans (glanz), n. ; pi. Glandes (glSn'dez). [L. See 
Gland.] 1. (Anat.) The vascular body which forms the 
extremity of the penis, and of the clitoris. 2. (Bot.) The 
mast of the oak and similar fruits. 3. (Med.) Goiter. 

Glare (glSr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glared (glSrd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Glaring.] [OE. glaren, gloren; cf. LG. 
glaren to glow.] 1. To shine with a bright, dazzling 
light. 2. To look with fierce, piercing eyes. 3. To be 
bright and intense ; to be ostentatiously splendid or gay. 

Glare, V. t. To shoot out, or emit, as a dazzling light. 

Glare, n. 1. A dazzling light ; dazzling splendor. 2. 
A fierce, piercing look. 3. A viscous, transparent sub- 
stance ; glair. 4. A smooth, bright, glassy surface. [U. S.~\ 

Glare, a. Smooth and bright or translucent ; — almost 
entirely of ics. [ U. S.~\ [faced. — Glar'ing-ly, adv. I 

Glar'ing, a. Clear; notorious ; open and bold ; bare-| 

Glar'y (-y)i a- Of a dazzling luster ; glaring ; bright ; 
shining ; smooth. — Glar'i-ness (-T-nes), n. 

Glass (glas), n. [AS. glses ; akin to G. glass.] 1. A 
hard, brittle, translucent, and commonly transparent sub- 
stance, white or colored, having a conchoidal fracture, 
and made by fusing together sand or silica with lime, 
potash, soda, or lead oxide. 2. (Chem.) Any substance 
having a peculiar glassy appearance, and a conchoidal 
fracture, and usually produced by fusion. 3. Anything 
made of glass. Esp. : (a) A looking-glass, (b) A vessel 
filled with running sand for measuring time ; and hence, 
the time in which such a vessel is exhausted of its sand. 
(c) A drinking vessel ; a tumbler ; hence, the contents 
of such a vessel, (d) Optical glass ; lens ; spy-glass ; — 
in the pi., spectacles, (e) A weatherglass ; barometer. 

Glass blower, one who blows and fashions glass. 

Glass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glassed (glast) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Glassing.] 1. To reflect, as in a mirror ; to mir- 
ror; — used reflexively. 2. To cover or furnish with 
glass. 3. To smooth or polish with a glass burnisher. 

Glass'eye' (-i'), n. 1. (Zool.) The wall-eyed perch. 
2. (Far.) A species of blindness in horses in which the 
eye is glassy and the pupil dilated. 

Glass'ful (-ful), n. ; pi. Glassfuls (-fulz). The con- 
tents of a glass ; as much of anything as a glass will hold. 

Glass'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. So as to resemble glass. 

Glass'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being glassy. 

Glass' mak'er (mak'er), or Glass'mak/er, n. One 
who makes, or manufactures, glass. 

Glass'-snake' (-snak'), n. (Zool.) A long, footless 
lizard of the Southern United States ; — so called from 
its fragility, the tail easily breaking into small pieces. 

Glass'ware' (-waV), n. Ware made of glass. 

Glass'work (-wfirk'), n. Manufacture of glass ; arti- 
cles or ornamentation made of glass. 

Glass'WOrt' (-wfirtf), n. (Bot.) A seashore plant of 
the Spinach family ; also, a prickly plant of the same 
family, — both formerly burned to make soda. 

Glass'y (-y), a. 1. Made of glass ; vitreous. 2. Re- 
sembling glass in its properties. 3. Dull ; wanting life 
or fire ; lackluster ; — said of the eyes. 

Glauber's salt' (gla'berz salf) or Glauber's salts' 
(salts'). [G. glaubersalz, from Glauber, a German 
chemist who discovered it.] Sulphate of soda, a well- 
known cathartic. Commonly called " salts." 

Glau-ces'cent (gla-sgs'sent), a. [See Glaucous.] 
Somewhat glaucous ; becoming glaucous. 

Glau'cine (gla/sln), a. Glaucous or glaucescent. 

II Glau-CO'ma (gla-k5'ma), n. [L., fr. Gr. ykavKw^a, 
fr. yAav/eos blue gray.] (3ted.) Diminution of sight, 
with a bluish or greenish tinge of the refracting media. 

Glau-co'ma-tous (gla-k5'ma-tiis or gla-kom'a-), a. 
Having the nature of glaucoma. [Glaucoma. I 

II Glau-co'sis (gla-k5'sis), n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as| 

Glau'cous (gla/k'iis), a. [L. glaucus, Gr. y\avKos.] 1. 
Of a sea-green color. 2. (Bot.) Covered with a fine 
bloom or white powder. 

Glave (glav), n. See Glaive. 

Glaze (glaz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glazed (glazd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Glazing.] [OE. glasen, glazen, fr. glas. 
See Glass.] 1. To furnish with glass. 2. To cover with 
a thin glasslike surface ; hence, to make glassy. 

Glaze, v. i. To become glazed or glassy. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, fi, y, short ; sen&te, £vent, tdea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



GLAZE 



373 



GLORIA 



Glaze (glaz), n. 1. The vitreous coating of pottery or 

Sorcelain ; anything used as a coating or color in glazing. 
. A glazing kiln. See Glost oven. 

Olaz'er (-er), n. One that glazes. [glass. ! 

Gla'zler (gla'zher), n. One whose business is to set| 

Glaz'ing (glaz'ing), n. 1. The act or art of one who 
glazes. 2. The glass set, or to be set, in a sash, frame, 
etc. 3. The glass, or glasslike or glossy substance with 
which any surface is incrusted or overlaid. 

Glaz'y (rf), a - Having a glazed appearance. 

Gleam (glem), n. [AS. glsem ; of uncertain origin.] 
1. A shoot of light ; a small stream of light ; a beam ; a 
ray ; a glimpse. 2. Brightness ; splendor. 

Gleam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gleamed (glemd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Gleaming.] 1. To shoot, or dart, as rays of 
light. 2. To shine ; to cast light ; to glitter. 

Syn. — To glimmer ; glitter. — Gleam implies a faint 
but distinct emission of light ; glimmer implies an indis- 
tinct and unsteady giving of light ; glitter imports a 
brightness that is intense, but varying. 

Gleam, v. t. To shoot out (flashes of light, etc.). 

Gleam'y . a. Darting beams of light ; flashing. 

Glean (glen), v. t. limp. & p. p. Gleaned (glend) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Gleaning.] [OF. glener, glaner, fr. LL. 
glenare; of uncertain origin. 1. To gather (the leav- 
ings) after a reaper ; to collect in scattered parcels. 2. 
To gather what is left in (a field or vineyard). 3. To col- 
lect with patient and minute labor ; to pick out ; to obtain. 

Glean, v. i. To gather what is left by reapers. 

Glean'er (-er), n. One who gleans. 

Glebe (gleb), n. [F. glebe, L. gleba, glaeba, clod, land, 
soil.] 1. A lump; a clod. 2. Turf; soil; ground; sod. 
3. (Eccl. Law) The land belonging, or yielding revenue, 
to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice. 

Gleb'ous (gleb'us), ) a. Pertaining.to the glebe; turfy; 

Gleb'y (gleb'y), J cloddy ; fertile ; fruitful. 

Glede (gled), n. [AS. glida, akin to Icel. gle&a.] 
(Zo'61.) The common European kite ; also, the buzzard. 

Glede, n. [See Gleed.] A live coal. [Archaic'] 

Glee (gle), n. [AS. gleow, gled, akin to Icel. gly.] 1. 
Music. [Obs.~\ 2. Joy ; merriment ; mirth ; gayety ; esp., 
the mirth of a feast. 3. (Mus.) An unaccompanied part 
song for three or more soloists, — not necessarily gleesome. 

Gleed (gled), n. [AS. gled, fr. glowan to glow as a 
fire.] A live or glowing coal ; a glede. [Archaic] 

Glee'ful (gle'ful), a. Merry; gay; joyous. 

Gleek (glek), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A jest or scoff ; 
a trick. [Obs.] 2. An enticing look. [Obs.] 

Glee'some (gle'sum), a. Merry ; joyous ; gleeful. 

Gleet (glet), n. [OF. glete mucus, pus.] (Med.) A 
transparent, mucous discharge from the urethra. 

Gleet, v. i. To flow in a limpid humor ; to ooze. 

Gleet'y (-y), a. Ichorous; limpid. 

Glen (glen), n. [Of Celtic origin ; cf. W. glyn a deep 
valley, Ir. & Gael, gleann valley, glen.] A secluded and 
narrow valley ; a dale ; a depression between hills. 

Gle'nold (gle'noid), a. [Gr. yArjvoeiSifc ; ykqvr) socket 
of a joint + eTSos form.] (Anat.) Having the form of a 
smooth and shallow depression ; socketlike. 

Glib (glib), a. [Compar. Gltjbbee (-ber) ; superl. 
Glibbest (-best).] [Prob. fr. D. glibberen to slide, 
glibberig glib.] Speaking or spoken smoothly and with 
flippant rapidity. — Glibly, adv. — Glib'ness, n. 

Syn. — Fluent ; voluble ; flippant. 

Glide (glid), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glided ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Gliding.] [AS. glidan ; akin to G. gleiten.] 1. To 
move gently and smoothly ; to pass rapidly and easily, or 
smoothly and silently. 2. (Phon.) To pass with a glide. 

Glide, n. 1. Act or manner of moving smoothly, 
swiftly, and without labor or obstruction. 2. (Phon.) A 
transitional sound in speech produced by a change (grad- 
ual in the most frequent cases) of the mouth organs 
from one position to another (see Guide to Pronuncia- 
tion, §§ 19, 161, 162). Also, the vanish (or brief final 
element) or the brief initial element, in a class of diph- 
thongal vowels, or the brief final or initial part of some 
consonants (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 18, 97, 191). 

Glid'er (glid'er), n. One who, or that which, glides. 

Glim (glim), n. 1. Brightness ; splendor. [06s.] 2. 
A light. [Slang\ 

Glim'mer (-mer), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glimmered 
(-merd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Glimmering.] [Akin to G. 
glimmer a flickering light, mica, glimmern to gblmmer, 
glimmen to glow.] To give feeble or scattered rays of 
light ; to shine faintly or unsteadily. 

Syn. — See Gleam. 

Glim'mer, n. 1. A faint, unsteady light ; feeble, scat- 
tered rays of light ; also, a gleam. 2. Mica. 



Glimpse (gltms ; 215), n. [For glimsc, from root of 
glim mer.] 1. A sudden flash; transient luster. 2. A 
short, hurried view ; hence, a faint idea ; an inkling. 

Glimpse, v. i. To appear or see by glimpses. 

Glint (glint), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Glinted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Glinting.] [OE. glenten. Cf. Glance, v. i., 
Glitter, v. i.] To glance ; to peep forth ; to glitter. 

II Gll-O'ma (gli-o'nia), n. [NL., fr. Gr. yXia glue -f 
-oma.] (Med. ) A tumor springing from connective tissue 
of the nervous system, as of the brain. [snow slope. I 
Glissade' (gle'sad'), n. [F.] A sliding, as down a| 



Glis'ten (glls''n), v. i. [imp. &p. /^Glistened (-'nd) ; 
:ng (-'t 
akin to glisnen, glisten, AS. glisian, glisnian ; akin to G. 



p. pr. & vb. n. Glistening (-'n-Yng).] [0 



gleissen, and E. glitter.] To sparkle or shine; esp. 
emit a soft, scintillating light ; to gleam. 

Syn. — See Flash. 

Glis'ter (glTs'ter), v. i. [Glistered (-terd) ; Glister- 
ing.] [OE. glistren ; akin to G. glistern, and E. glisten.] 
To be bright ; to sparkle ; to shine ; to glisten ; to glitter. 

Glit'ter (glit'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glittered 
(-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Glittering.] [OE. gliteren; 
akin to AS. glitenian, E. glisten.] 1. To shine with a 
brilliant, broken light or showy luster ; to sparkle ; to 
gleam ; to glisten. 2. To be speciously attractive. 

Syn. —See Flash. 

Glit'ter, n. A bright, sparkling light ; brilliant luster. 

Gloam (glom), v. i. [See Gloom.] To grow dusky. 

Gloam, n. The twilight ; gloaming. [P.] 

Gloaming, n. Twilight ; dusk. [Prov. or Poetic] 

Gloat (glot), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Gloating.] [Akin to Icel. glotta to smile scorn- 
fully, G. glotzen to gloat.] To gaze earnestly ; — usually 
in a bad sense, implying malignity, lust, or avarice. 

Glo^bate (glo'bat), ) a. [L. globatus, p. p.] Globe- 

Glolja-ted (-ba-ted), ) shaped ; spherical. 

Globe (glob), n. [L. globus.] 1. A round or spher- 
ical body, solid or hollow ; ball ; sphere. 2. Anything 
nearly spherical. 3. The earth ; — usually with the. 4. 
A spherical representation of the earth or the heavens. 

Syn. — Sphere ; orb ; ball. — These words as well as 
globe all denote a round body ; sphere is the mathematical 
term for such a body ; orb is rather poetic and is used 
especially of heavenly bodies ; ball is the usual term in 
common language. Sphere and orb have figurative uses. 

Globe'fish/ (-fish'), n. (Zool.) Any one of several 
plectognath fishes which can swell the body. 

Glo-bose' (glo-bos'), a. Having a globular, or some- 
what globular, form. — Glo-bosely, adv. 

Glo-bOS'i-ty (glo-bos'i-ty), n. Sphericity. 

Glo'bOUS (globus), a. Spherical. 

Glob'U-lar (glol/u-ler), a. Globe-shaped ; having the 
form of a ball or sphere ; spherical, or nearly so. — Glob'- 
u-lar-ly (glob'u-ler-ly), adv. — Glob'u-lar-ness, n. 

Glob'ule (gl5t/ul), n. [L. globulus, dim. of globus 
globe.] 1. A little globe. 2. (Biol.) A minute globular 
structure ; as a blood corpuscle, spore, etc. 

Glom'er-ate (glom'er-at), a. [L. glomerulus, p. 
glomerare to glomerate, from glomus 
ball.] Gathered together in a roundish 
mass or dense cluster ; conglomerate. 

Glom'er-ate (-at), v. t. & i. To 
gather or wind into a ball. 

Glom'er-a'tlon (-a'shun), n. A glom- 
erating ; state of being glomerated ; 
also, thing formed into a ball ; ball. 

Glom'er-ule(-fil),n. (Bot.) Aftovrer 
head formed by condensation of a cyme. 

Glon'0-in ) (gl5n'$-Tn), n. [Glyc- 

Glon'0-ine } erin -\- oxygen -f- nitrogen -f -in, 
Nitroglycerin. 

Gloom (gloom), n. [AS. glom twilight, from root of 
E. glow.] 1. Partial or total darkness ; thick shade ; 
obscurity. 2. A dark place. 3. Cloudiness or heavi- 
ness of mind or of countenance ; melancholy ; dejection. 

Syn. — Dimness ; dullness; depression; sadness. 

Gloom, r. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloomed (gloomd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Glooming.] 1. To shine or appear dimly. 2. 
To become dim ; to be or appear dismal, gloomy, or sad. 

Gloom, r. /. To render gloomy. 

Gloom'y (gloom'^), a. [Compar. GL00MD2R (-T-er) ; 
superl. Gloomtest.] 1. Imperfectly illuminated ; dismal 
through obscurity or darkness ; dusky ; dim ; clouded. 
2. Affected with, or expressing, gloom ; melancholy ; 
dejected. — Gloom'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. — Gloominess, n. 

I! GlO'rf-a (glo'rT-a), n. [L., glory.] (Eccl.) (a) A 
doxology (beginning Gloria Patri, Glory be to the 
Father) sung or said at the end of the Psalms in the 




H 



K 



fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



GLORIFICATION 



374 



GLYPHOGRAPHY 



f the Roman Qafcholtc and other churches. (6) 
A portion of the Mass IQiaria in Excelsis Deo, Glory be 
to God OB higM. and also of the communion service in 
■OHM churches. (< 't The musical setting of a gloria. 

Olo rifl-ca'tion (,glo rT-fl-ka'shuu), n. Act of glori- 
fying or state of being glorified. 

" Qlo'rl-fy (,-fi), !•■ /• [imp. A p. p. Glorified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Glorifying.] [F. gloritier, L. glorificare ; 
glory -f- -ficare. See -fy.] 1. To bestow glory 
upon ; to confer honor and distinction upon. 2. To ren- 
der homage to ; to magnify in worship ; to adore. 

Glo'ri-OUS (glo'rl-iis), a. [OF., fr. L. gloriosus.~\ 1. 
Exhibiting qualities or acts that are worthy of or receive 
glory ; inspiring admiration. 2. Eager for glory ; haugh- 
ty. [06*. J 3. Ecstatic ; hilarious. [Colloq.] — GlO'ri- 
ous-ly, odr. — Glo'ri-ous-ness. n. 

Syn. — Eminent ; noble ; excellent ; renowned ; illustri- 
ous : celebrated ; magnificent ; grand ; splendid. 

Glo'ry (glo'ry ; 111), n. [OF. glorie, fr. L. gloria.] 
1. General praise or honor ; high reputation ; honorable 
fame ; renown. 2. That quality which secures such 
praise, honor, or fame ; the occasion of praise. 3. Pride ; 
arrogance. 4. The presence of the Divine Being ; celes- 
tial honor ; heaven. 5. An emanation of light supposed 
to proceed from beings of peculiar sanctity, — represented 
in art by rays of gold, or by a disk, or a mere line. 

GlO'ry. v. i. limp. & p. p. Gloried (-rid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Glorying.] 1. To exult with joy ; to rejoice. 2. 
To boast ; to be proud. 

Gloss (gl5s), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. Luster of a 
smooth surface ; polish. 2. Specious appearance. 

Gloss, P. t. [imp. & p. p. Glossed (glBst) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Glossing.] To give a gloss to. 

Gloss, n. [F. glose, L. glossa a difficult word needing 
explanation, fr. Gr. ykdacra, lit., tongue.] 1. An inter- 
linear or marginal interpretation ; explanatory note ; 
comment. 2. A false or specious explanation. 

GlOSS (gl5s), v. t. & i. 1. To explain by comment ; 
to annotate. 2» To render specious and plausible ; to 
palliate by specious explanation. 

Glos'sal (-sal), a. [Gr. yAcoao-a tongue.] Of or per- 
taining to the tongue ; lingual. 

Glos-sa'ri-al (glos-sa'rT-al), a. Of or pertaining to 
glosses or to a glossary ; containing a glossary. 

Glos'sa-rist (glos'sa-rlst), n. A writer of glosses. 

Glos'sa-ry (-ry). »*• [L. glossarium, fr. glossa. See 
3d Gloss.] A collection of glosses or explanations ; a 
partial dictionary, explaining archaic, technical, or other 
uncommon words. 

Gloss'er (glos^er), n. One who glosses. 

Gloss'i-ly (gl5s'I-ly), adv. In a glossy manner. 

Glossiness, n. State or quality of being glossy. 

GlOS-SOg'ra-phy (glSs-sog'ra-fy^), n. [Gr. yAoia-cra. 
tongue + -graphy.] The writing of glossaries, glosses, 
or explanatory comments. [sology. I 

GlOS-sol'0-gist (-s51'6-jTst), n. One versed in glos-| 

Glos-sol'O-gy (-jy), n. [Gr. ykuicra-a tongue + -logy.] 

1. The definition and explanation of terms ; a glossary. 

2. The science of language ; linguistics. 

GlOSS'y (glos'y), a. [Compar. Glossier (-T-er) ; su- 
per!. Glossdzst.] [See Gloss luster.] 1. Smooth and 
shining ; highly polished ; lustrous. 2. Specious; plausible. 

Glost' OV'en (glSsf uv^n; 115). An oven in which 
glazed pottery is fired. [the glottis ; glottic. I 

Glot'tal (glSt'tal), a. Of or pert, to, or produced by. 

Glot'tic (glot'tTk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Glot-tioVe-an (glot-tTd'e-orn), J the glottis ; glottal. 

Glot'tis (glot'tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. yAwm'?, yAwa-tns, 
fr. yAcoTTa, yAaxrca, tongue.] (Anal.) The opening from 
the pharynx into the larynx or into the trachea. 

GlOt-tOl'O-gy (glSt-t51'6-j£), n. [Gr. ykurra, yAwcrcra, 
tongue -f- -logy.~\ Science of tongues or languages ; glos- 
sology. 

Glove (gliiv), n. [AS. glof.] 1. A cover for the hand, 
or for the hand and wrist, with a separate sheath for 
each finger. 2. A boxing glove. 

Glove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gloved (gluvd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Gloving.] To cover with, or as with, a glove. 

Glov'er (-er), n. One who makes or sells gloves. 

Glow Cfflo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glowed (glod) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Glowing.] [AS. glow an ; akin to G. gliihen, 
and E. gloom.'] 1. To shine with an intense or white 
heat. 2. To be bright or red with, or as if with, heat ; 
to be of a warm color. 3. To feel hot. 4. To feel heat 
or paMion, as of love, zeal, anger, etc. ; to rage. 

Glow, n. 1. White or red heat ; incandescence. 2. 
Brightness or warmth of color. 3. Intense earnestness ; 
ardor. 4. Heat of body ; a sensation of warmth. 



tool.) Any one of several 



Glow'er (glou'er), ?'. L [imp. &p.p. Glowered (-erd) ; 
;>. ]»: & vb. n. Glowering.] [Cf. OD. gloeren to stare.] 
To look intently ; to stare angrily, or with a scowl. 

Glow'lamp (gld y lamp / ), n. 1. (Chem.) An aphlo- 
gistic lamp. 2. {Elect.) An incandescent lamp. 

Glow'worm (-wGrni'),«. {Zool.) Any one of several 
insects or larvae of insects which 
emit light. 

Gloze (gloz), v. i. [imp. & 
p. p. Glozed (glozd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. >i. Glozing.] [OE. glozen, 
F. gloser. See 3d Gloss.] 1. 
To flatter ; to wheedle ; to talk 
smoothly. 2. To give a specious 
or false meaning, [to palliate. ' 

Gloze, v. t. To smooth over ; , „ 

GlOZe, n. Flattery; adula- Glowworms {£. noefduca). 
tion ; smooth speech. a Female ; b Male " 

Glu-ci'num (glu-si'niini), n. [NL., fr. Gr. yAvKv's 
sweet.] (Chem.) A rare metal, resembling magnesium. 

Glu-con'ic (-kSn'Tk), a. Pert, to glucose. 

Glu'cose' (glu'kos'), n. [Gr. yXvKvs sweet.] 1. A 
variety of sugar produced in great quantities from starch, 
etc. ; also, an uncrystallizable sirup obtained as a resi- 
due in the manufacture of this. 2. (Chem.) Any one of 
a large class of sugars isomeric with glucose proper. 

Glu'co-side (glu'ko-sid), n. [See Glucose.] (Chem.) 
One of a large series of amorphous or crystalline sub- 
stances, regarded as influential in the formation of sugars. 

Glue (glu), n. [F. glu, L. glus, akin to gluere to draw 
together. ] A hard, brownish gelatin, obtained by boiling 
the skins, hoofs, etc. , of animals, and_used as a cement. 

Glue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glued (glud) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Gluing.] To join or stick together with, or as with, glue. 

Glu'ey (-y), a. Viscous ; glutinous ; like glue. 

Glum (glum), a. [See Gloom.] Moody ; silent ; sullen. 

Glu-ma'ceous (glu-ma'shus), a. Having glumes; 
consisting of glumes. 

Glume (glum), n. [L. gluma hull, husk, fr. glubere 
to peel.] (Bot.) The bracteal covering of the 
flowers or seeds of grain and grasses ; esp. , 
an outer husk or bract of a spikelet. [ner. | 

Glumly (glum'ly), adv. In a glum man- 

Glum'ness, n. Moodiness ; sullenness. 

Glut (glut), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Glut- 
ted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Glutting.] [OF. glolir, 
gloutir, L. glutire, gluttire.'] 1. To swallow, 
or to swallow greedily ; to gorge. 2. To fill 
to satiety ; to satiate ; to sate ; to cloy. 

Glut, n. 1. Thing swallowed. 2. Plenty, to satiety or 
repletion ; full supply. 3. Something that fills up an 
opening ; clog. 4. Wedge ; block ; fragment ; filling piece. 

Gluten (glu'ten), n. [L., glue, fr. gluere. See Glue.] 
{Chem.) The viscid, tenacious part of dough. 

Glu'ti-nate (-tT-nat), v. t. [L. glutinare, p. p. -atus, 
fr. gluten glue.] To unite with glue ; to cement. 

Glu ti-na'tion (glu'tT-na'shun), n. Act of glutinating. 

Glu'ti-na-tive (glu'ti-na-tiv), a. Viscous ; glutinous. 

Glu'ti-nous (-nils), a. [L. glutinosus.~\ Of the nature 
of glue ; viscous ; viscid ; adhesive ; tenacious ; gluey. — 
Glu'ti-nous-ness. n. 

Glut'ton (glvit't'n), n. [F. glouton, fr. L. gluto, glutto. 
See Glut.] 1. One who eats voraciously, or to excess ; 
a gormand. 2. Fig. : One who gluts himself. 3. (Zool.) 
A carnivorous mammal, formerly believed to be inordi- 
nately voracious ; the wolverene. 

Glut'ton-OUS (-us), a. Given to gluttony ; voracious. 
— Glut'ton-ous-ly , adv. — Glut'ton-ous-ness, n. 

Glut r ton-y (-y), n. Excess in eating ; extravagant in- 
dulgence of the appetite for food ; voracity, [glycerin. I 

Gly-cer'ic (glT-ser'Tk), a. {Chem.) Of or pert, to; 

Glyc'er-in. Glyc'er-ine (glls'er-Tn), n. [F. glycerine, 
fr. Gr. ykvKepos, yAu/cv?, sweet.] (Chem.) An oily, vis- 
cous liquid, colorless and odorless, and with a hot, sweet- 
ish taste, existing as the base of natural fats and oils. 

Gly'CO-gen (gll'ko-jSn), n. [Gr. yAv/cvs sweet + -gen.] 
(Physiol. Chem.) A white, tasteless substance resem- 
bling starch, readily converted into sugar. 

II Glyc'yr-rhi'za (glis'ir-ri'za), n. [L., fr. Gr. yAv- 
Kvppt^a ; yAvKus sweet + pC£a root.] (Bot.) A genus of 
papilionaceous plants, including the licorice plant. 

Glyph (glif), n. [Gr. yAv<£ij carving, fr. ykv<t>et.v to 
carve.] (Arch.) A channel or groove, usually vertical. 

Glyph'ic (-ik), a. [Gr. yAv^ucd? of or for carving.] 
(Fine Arts) Of or pertaining to sculpture or carving. 

Gly-phOg'ra-phy (glT-fSg'ra-fy), n. [Gr. yAv^eii' to 
engrave -f- -graphy.] An electrical process of making 
plates for printing, similar to etching. 




Glumes. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, «L, y, short ; senate, event, Idea, obey, finite, care, ann, ask, all, final. 



GLYPTIC 



375 



GODSEND 




Glyptic (gllp'tlk), a. [See Glyph.] 1. Of or per- 
taining to gem engraving. 2. (Min.) Figured. 

Glyp'tlcs (-tlks), n. The art of engraving gems. 

Glyp'tO-don (glTp'to-d5n), n. [Gr. yavttto? carved, 
engraved -)- 66ovs, 
ofidfTo?, tooth. See 
Glyph.] (Pa- 
le on.) An ex- 
tinct South 
American qua- 
ternary mam- 
mal, allied to 
the armadillos. 

It was as large Skeleton of Glyptodon. 

as au ox. 

Glyp-tOgTa-phy (glTp-tog'ra-fy), n. [Gr. -vAvtttos 
-f- -graphy.] Art or process of engraving gems, [i?.] 

Gnarl (narl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gnarled (narld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Gnabling.] [From an older guar, prob. 
of imitative origin.] To growl ; to snarl. 

Gnarl, n. A knot in wood. 

Gnarled (narld), a. Knotty ; twisted ; crossgra ; ned. 

Gnarl'y (narl'jf), a. Full of knots ; crossgrained. 

Gnash (nSsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gnashed (nasht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Gnashing.] [OE. gnasten, gnaisten ; of 
uncertain origin.] To strike together, as in anger or pain. 

Gnash, v. i. To grind or strike the teeth together. 

Gnat(nSt), n. [AS. gnset.] 1. (Zo'ol.) Any one of a 
genus (Culex) of blood-sucking dipterous flies, undergo- 
ing a metamorphosis in water. See Mosquito. 2. Any 
fly resembling a true gnat in form or habits. 

Gnathic (nath'ik), a. [Gr. -yvdflos the jaw.] (Anat.) 
Of or pertaining to the jaw. 

Gnaw (ua), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gnawed (nad) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Gnawing.] [AS. gnagdn; akin to G. 
nagen.~\ 1. To bite, as something hard; to bite with re- 
peated effort ; to nibble at. 2. To bite in agony or rage. 

3. To corrode ; to fret away ; to waste. [rodent. I 
Gnaw'er (-er), n. 1. One that gnaws. 2. (Zo'ol.) A| 
Gneiss (nls), n. [G.] (Geol.) A granitic crystalline 

rock, with the constituents more or less parallel. 

Gneis'sic (nis'sik), a. Of, pert, to, or like, gneiss. 

Gneis'SOid (-soid), a. [Gneiss -j- -aid.] Resembling 
gneiss ; having some of the characteristics of gneiss. 

Gnome (nom), n. [F. gnome, prob. fr. Gr. yvtayuaw 
one that knows, a guardian, i. e. , of the treasures in the 
earth. See Know.] 1. An imaginary being, supposed 
by the Rosicrucians to inhabit the inner parts of the 
earth, and to be the guardian of mines, quarries, etc. 2. 
A dwarf; a goblin. 3. (Zo'ol.) A species of small owl. 

4. [Gr. -yfci/xTj.] A brief reflection or maxim. 
Gnomic (noin'Tk), )a. Sententious; expressing max- 
Gnom'ic-al (-T-kal), J ims ; aphoristic. 
Gno'mon (no'mon), n. [L., fr. Gr. yvwfiutv, lit., 

knowing one. See Gnome.] 1. (Dialing) The style or 
-pin, which, by its shadow, shows the time of day. 2. 
(Geom.) The space between the boundary lines of two 
similar parallelograms, the one within the other, with an 
angle in common. 3. Index of the hour circle of a globe. 

Gnos'tiC (nos'tik), a. (Eccl. Hist.) Of or pertaining 
to Gnosticism or its adherents. 

Gnos'tiC. n. [Gr. yvuxrTiKos, lit., sagacious.] (Eccl. 
Hist. ) One of the so-called philosophers in the first ages 
of Christianity whose system combined Oriental theology 
and Greek philosophy with the doctrines of Christianity. 

Gnos'ti-cism (-tl-slz'm), n. The gnostic philosophy. 

Gnu (nu), n. [Hottentot gnu, or nju.] (Zo'ol.) Either 
of two species of large 
South African antelopes. 




Gnu or Wildebeest (Catoblephas gnu). 

Go (go), r. i. [imp. Went (went) ; p. p. Gone (g5n ; 

115) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Going. Went comes from the AS. 

icendan. See Wend, v. i.] [OE. gan, gon, AS. gan, akin 

to G. gehn, gehen.] 1. To pass from one place to another ; 



to be in motion ; to proceed ; to advance ; to make prog- 
ress ; — used, in various applications, of the movemeut of 
both animate aud inanimate beings, by whatever means, 
and also of the movements of the mind. Also figuratively 
applied. 2. To move upon the feet, or step by Btep ; to 
walk ; — as opposed to running or riding. 3. To pass ; 
to circulate. 4. To proceed or happen in a given man- 
ner ; to fare ; to turn out. 5. To tend ; to avail ; to con- 
tribute. 6. To apply one's self; to undertake ; — often 
used in the present participle with the auxiliary verb be, 
before an infinitive, to express intent. 7. To proceed by 
a mental operation. 8. To be with young. 9. To move 
away; to depart; hence, to be lost; to die. 10. To 
reach ; to extend. 11. To have recourse ; to resort. 

Go to, come ; move ; go away ; — a phrase of exclama- 
tion, serious or ironical. 

Go (go), v. t. 1. To undertake or become responsible 
for ; to bear a part in. 2. To bet or wager. [Colloq.] 

To go halves, to share with another equally. 

Go, n. 1. A circumstance or occurrence. [Slang'] 
2. The fashion or mode. [Colloq.] 3. Power of going 
or doing ; energy ; push. [Colloq.] 

Goad (god), 7t. [AS. gad.] A pointed instrument 
used to urge on a beast ; hence, any urgent necessity. 

Goad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Goaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Goading.] To prick ; to urge with, or as with, a goad. 

Goaf (gof), n. ; pi. Goafs (gofs) or Goaves (govz). 
[Etym. uncertain.] (Mining) That part of a mine from 
which the mineral has been removed. 

Goal (gol), n. [F. gaule pole, Prov. F. icaule ; of G. 
origin.] 1. The mark set to bound a race. 2. Final pur- 
pose or aim. 3. A base or bound used in various games. 

Goat (got), n. [AS. gat : akin to G. geiss, L. haedus 
a kid.] (Zo'ol.) A hollow-horned ruminant (Capra) of 
several species and varieties, — some domesticated. [See 
Hlust. of Ibex.] 

Goat / ee / (go'te'), n. A part of a man's beard on the 
chin or lower Up trimmed to resemble a goat's beard. 

Goafherd' (got'herd'), n. One who tends goats. 

Goat'ish, a. Characteristic of a goat ; goatlike. 

Goat'SUCk er (-suk'er), n. (Zo'ol.) One of several 
species of insectivorous birds ; — so called from the mis- 
taken notion that it sucks goats. 

Gob (g5b), n. [OF. gob morsel ; of uncertain origin.] 

1. A bit ; a mouthful. [Low] 2. The mouth. [Prov . 
Eng. or Low] [ful ; lump ; bit. I 

GobOret (gob'bet), n. [OE. & F. gobet.] A mouth-! 

Gob'ble (gob'b'l), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gobbled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gobbling (-bling).] [Freq. of 
Gob.] 1. To swallow or eat greedily or hastily ; to gulp. 

2. To utter (a sound) like a turkey cock. 
Gob'ble, n. A noise made in the throat. 
Gob'bler (-bier), n. A turkey cock. [agent. I 
Go'-be-tween' (go'be-twen'), n. An intermediate I 
Go0)i-0id (go'bi-oid), a. [NL. Gobius -f- -oid.l (Zo'ol. ) 

Like, or pertaining to, the goby, or the genus Gobius. 

Goblet (got/let), n. [F. gobelet, LL. gobeletus, gobel- 
ins; cf. L. cupa tub, cask.] A kind of cup or drinking 
vessel having a foot, but without a handle. 

Gob'lin (-lin), n. [F. gobelin, LL. gobelinus, fr. Gr. 
<co/3aAo? knave, goblin ; or cf. G. & E. kobold.] An evil 
or mischievous spirit ; frightful phantom ; gnome. 

GoT)y (go'bjr), n. [¥., fr. L. gobius, Gr. ku>/3i6s.] 
(Zo'ol.) Any one of several species of small marine fishes. 

Go'-by' (go'm 7 ), n. A passing without notice ; inten- 
tional neglect ; thrusting away ; a shifting off ; adieu. 

Go / cart / (go'kart/), n. A framework moving on cast- 
ers, designed to support children while learning to walk. 

God (god), n. [AS. god ; akin to G. gott.] 1. A di- 
vinity ; deity : idol. 2. The Supreme Being ; Jehovah. 

God'child (-child' ), n. One for whom a person be- 
comes sponsor at baptism. 

God'daugh'ter (-da'ter), n. A female godchild. 

God'dess (god'des),' n. A female god. 

God'fa ther (trod'Hi'ther), n. A man who becomes 
sponsor for a child at baptism. 

God'head (god r h?d), n. 1. Godship: deity; divine 
nature or essence ; godhood. 2. The Deity ; God. 

Godless, a. Having, or acknowledging, no God. 

Godlike 7 (-lik'). a- Like or befitting a god or God." 

Godly (,-ly), a. Pious ; reverencing God, and his char- 
acter and laws ; obedient to God ; conformed to God's law ; 
righteous. — Godli-ly (-1T-Iy), adv. — Godliness, n. 

Godly, adv. Piously ; devoutly ; righteously. 

God 'moth er (-mQth'er), n. A woman who becomes 
sponsor for a child in baptism. 

God'send (gSd'send'), n. Something sent by God; 
an unexpected acquisition or piece of good fortune. 



H 



K 



f grn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



G0DSH1P 



376 



GOOSE 



> 



Qofl'ithlp i.yM'slilp). n. Deity; divinity. 

Godson (-siiu ), h. A male godchild. 

God speed (,-sped'), n. Success ; i>rosperous journey, 
ing ; — a cc-ut ruction of the phrase, " God speed you." 

Godward f-w&d), adv. Toward God. 

God wit (gttKw*ti ft. [Prob. from AS. god good -f 
iture, wight.] (Zool.) One of several species of 
Ions-billed wading-birds, some of which are valued as 
game birds. 

Go'er (.go'er 1 ), n. One who, or that which, goes. 

Gof'fer\gof'ter ; 115), v. t. See Gauffkk. 

Gog'gle fgBg'g'Oi »• * \.i>»P- &P- P- Goggled (-g'ld) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Goggling (-gllng).] [Cf. Ir. & Gael, gog a 
nod, slight motion.] To roll the eyes ; to stare, [eyes. I 

Gog'gle, a. Full and rolling, or staring ; — said of the | 

Gog'gle, n. 1. A strained or affected rolling of the 
eye. 2. pi. A kind of spectacles used for protecting the 
eyes, or for curing squinting. 

Going (going), n. 1. Act of moving ; traveling. 2. 
Departure. 3. Pregnancy. 4. pi. Course of life ; ways. 

Goi'ter \ (.goi'ter), n. ' [F. goitre, L. guttur throat.] 

Goi'tre ) {Med.) An enlargement of the thyroid 
gland, on the anterior part of the neck. [goiter, i 

Goi'trous (-trus), a. Pert, to, or affected with, the | 

Gold (gold), n. [AS. gold ; akin to D. goud, G. gold.) 

1. {Chem.) A metallic element, constituting the most 
precious metal used as money, Sp. grav. 19.32. 2. 
Money ; riches ; wealth. 3. A yellow color, like that of 
the metal. 4. Fig. : Something precious or pure. 

Gold beater, one whose occupation is to beat gold into 
gold leaf. — Gold leaf, gold beaten into a film of extreme 
thinness, and used for gilding, etc. — Gold stick, the colo- 
nel of a regiment of English life guards, who attends his 
sovereign on state occasions ; — from the gilt rod pre- 
sented to him when he is commissioned as colonel. [Eng. ] 

Gold'crest' (-krgst'), n. (Zo'ol.) Either of the golden- 
crested kinglets. 

Gold'en (gold"n), a. 1. Made or consisting of gold. 

2. Of the color of gold. 3. Very precious or valuable. 
Golden age, the fabulous age of primeval simplicity, pur- 
ity of manners, and rural employments. — Golden number 
(Chrojiol.), a number showing the year of the Metonic 
cycle, — formerly written in the calendar in gold. — Golden 
rule, (a) The rule of doing as we would have others do to 
us. (6) The rule of proportion, or rule of three. 

Gold'en-eye' (gold"n-i'), n. (Zo'ol.) A duck, found 
in Northern Europe, Asia, and America. 

Gold'en-rod' (-rod'), n . (Bot. ) A tall herb (Solidago) 
bearing yellow flowers in a graceful, elongated cluster. 

Gold'tinch' (-finch'), n. (Zool.) (a) A beautiful 
bright-colored European finch. The name refers to the 
large patch of yellow on the wings. (6) The yellow-ham- 
mer, (e) A small American finch ; the thistle bird. 

Gold'fln'ny(-fIn'ny),n. (Zool.) 
One of two or more species of Eu- 
ropean labroid fishes. 

Gold'fish' (-fish'), n. (Zool.) 
(a) A small domesticated cypri- 
noid fish, native of China ; — from 
its color. (6) A California marine 
fish, orange or red in color, 

Gold'ln (In), \n. (Bot.) 

Gold'ing (-Ing), { [From the 
golden blossoms.] A conspicuous 
yellow flower, — commonly the 
corn marigold. 

Gold'smith' (-smith'), n. An artisan who manufac- 
tures vessels, ornaments, etc., of gold. 

Gold'y-locks' (gold'jr-lSks'), n. (Bot.) A plant of sev- 
eral species of the genus Chrysocoma ; — so called from 
the tufts of yellow flowers which terminate the stems ; 
also, the Ranunculus auricomus, a kind of buttercup. 

Goli (golf), n. [D. kolf club, also a kind of game 
played with clubs and balls.] A game played with a 
small ball and a bat crooked at the lower end. [Scot.] 

Go-loshe' (go-losh'), n. See Galoche. 

Go-mu'tl (go-moc/te), n. [Malayan gumuti.] A black, 
fibrous substance resembling horsehair, obtained from 
the leafstalks of two kinds of palms. 

Gon'do-la (g5n'd6-la), n. [It., dim. of gonda a gon- 
dola.] 1. A 



[It. gondoliere.] A man 




American Goldfinch 
(Spinus tristis). 




Gondola. 

flat -bottomed boat for freight. [U. S.] 3. A long plat- 
form car, used on railroads. [U. S.] 



Gon do-ller' (g5n'do-ler'), n. 
who rows a gondola. 

Gone (g5n ; 115), p. p. of Go. 

Gon'fa-lon (g5n'fa-15u), ) n. [OF. gonfanon, fr. 

Gon'fa-non (g5n'fa-nSu), j OHG. gundfano war flag ; 
gund war -f- fano cloth, flag.] 1. The ensign or stand- 
ard formerly in use by certain princes or states, and 
more recently by the pope. 2. Popularly, any flag hang- 
ing from a crosspiece or frame instead of from a staff. 

Gong (g5ug), n. 1. [Malayan (Jav.) gong."] A metal 
instrument, producing, when struck, a harsh and re- 
sounding noise. 2. (Mach.) A flat saucerlike bell. 

I! Go-nid'i-um (go-nld'I-uni), n. ; pi. -ia (-a). [NL., 
fr. Gr. 701/1} that which generates.] (Bot.) A compo- 
nent cell of the yellowish green layer in certain lichens. 

Go'ni-om'e-ter (go 7 nI-5in'e-ter), n. [Gr. ywvia angle 
-f- -meter.'] An instrument for measuring angles. 

Go'ni-om'e-try (-om'e-tr^), n. (Math.) Art or act of 
measuring angles ; trigonometry. — Go ni-O-met'ric 
(-o-niet'rlk), Go ni-o-met'ric-al (-rl-kol), a. 

Gon'oph (gon'of ), n. [Perh. fr. Heb. gannabh thief.] 
A pickpocket or thief. [Eng. Slang] 

Gon or-rhe'a ) (gon'or-re'a), n. [L. gonorrhoea, Gr. 

Gon or-rhce'a \ yovoppoia ; yovrj that which begets 
+ peeie to flow.] (Med.) A contagious inflammatory 
disease of the genito-urinary tract ; clap. 

GooT)er (goc/ber), n. A peanut. [Southern U. S.] 

Good (gdod), a. [Compar. Bettee (bet'ter) ; superl. 
Best (be"st) ; — both from a different root.] [AS. god, 
akin to D. goed, G. gut ; prob. orig., belonging together, 
and akin to E. gather. ] 1. Possessing desirable qualities j 
adapted to answer the end designed ; useful ; fit. 2. Pos- 
sessing moral excellence or virtue. 3. Kind ; benevo- 
lent ; well-disposed. 4. Clever ; skillful ; dexterous. 5. 
Adequate ; sufficient ; valid ; having pecuniary ability. 
6. Real ; actual. 7. Not small ; considerable. 8. Full ; 
complete. 9. Fair; honorable; unsullied. 

For good or For good and all, completely and finally; 
fully ; truly. — Good Friday, the Friday of Holy Week, 
kept in some churches as a fast, in memory of our Savior's 
passion or suffering. — Good will, (a) Benevolence ; kind- 
ly feeling. (6) (Law) The custom or patronage of any 
trade or business. — To make good, to fulfill ; to supply ; 
to indemnify ; to prove or verily ; to clear ; to vindicate. 
— To think good, to approve ; to consider proper. 

Good, n. 1. That which is good. 2. Welfare ; pros- 
perity ; happiness. 3. pi. Wares ; commodities ; chattels. 

Good, adv. Well ; equally well. 

Good'-by' ) (-bi'), n. or interj. [Contr. fr. God be 

Good' -bye' I with ye (God be wi ye, God bw' ye, 
God bwye).] Farewell ; a form of parting address. 

Good -hu'mored (gdod'hu'nierd or -u'merd), a. Hav- 
ing a cheerful spirit and demeanor ; good-tempered. 

Goodly, a. [Compar. Goodlier (-ll-er) ; superl. Good- 
ld3st.] 1. Pleasant ; agreeable ; desirable. 2. Comely ; 
graceful. 3. Large ; considerable. — Good'li-ness. n. 

Good'man (-man), n. 1. A famikar appellation of 
civility. [Obs.] 2. A husband ; the master of a house 
or family. [Archaic] 

Good -na'tured (g66d'na'turd ; 135), a. Having a 
pleasant or friendly disposition ; good-humored ; good- 
tempered. — Good'-na'tured-ly, adv. [good. I 

Good'ness (good'nes), n. Quality or state of being | 

Good -tem'pered (good'tem'perd), a. Having a good 
temper ; not easily vexed. [or family. [Archaic] I 

Good'wife' (good'wlf), n. The mistress of a house | 

Good'y (gdod'y), n. A bonbon, cake, or the like ; — 
usually in pi. [Colloq.] 

Good'y, n. [Prob. contr. from Goodwd?e.] Good- 
wife ; — a term of civility or sport now used of inferiors. 

Good'y-gOOd'y, a. Mawkishly or weakly good ; 
exhibiting goodness with 
silliness. [Colloq.] 

Goos'an der (goos'Sn'- 
der), n. [OE. gossander, a 
tautological word formed fr. 
goose -\- gander.] (Zool. ) A 
species of merganser of 
Northern Europe and 
America. 

Goose (gobs), n. ; pi. 
Geese (ges). [AS. gos, pi. 
ges ; akin to G. gans, gas, 
L. anser, for hanser, Gr. 
XW, Skr. hamsa.] (Zool.) 

1. Any large web-footed 
bird of several allied genera 
of the subfamily Anserinae. 

2. Any large bird of other 




Graylag Goose. 



a> e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, <i, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



GOOSEBERRY 



377 



GOUT 




allied families. 3. A tailor's smoothing iron. Its han- 
dle resembles the neck of a goose. 4. A simpleton ; gull. 
6. A kind of game played with counters on a board. 

Goose flesh, a peculiar roughness of the skin produced 
by cold or fear. 

Goose'ber-ry (gooz'bSr-rjf or goos'-), n. [Corrupted 
fr. groseberry or groiseberry, fr. OF. groisele; of Ger- 
man origin. The first part of the word is perh. akin to 
E. curl.'] 1. {Bot.) Any thorny shrub of the genus 
Hibes ; also, its edible berry. 2. A silly person. 

Goose'fish' (goos'fish'), n. {Zo'ol.) The angler. 

Goose-foot 7 (-foot 7 ), n. {.Bot.) A genus of herbs. 

Go'pher (go'fer), n. [F. gau/re waffle, honeycomb. 
See Gauffer.] {Zo'ol.) 1. Anyone 
of several North American burrow- 
ing rodents. 2. A large burrow- 
ing land tortoise of the Southern 
U. S. 3. A large burrowing snake 
of the Southern U. S. 

Go'pher wood' (wdSd'). [Heb. 
gdpher.] A species of wood used I 
in the construction of Noah's ark. 

Gor'di-an (gdr'dT-an), a. Of or 
pertaining to Gordius, king of 
Phrygia, or to a knot tied by him, striped Gopher (Sper- 
which Alexander the Great cut ; mopMlus tridecem- 
hence, intricate ; inextricable. lineatus). 

II Gor'di-US (-us), n. [NL. See Gordian.] {Zo'ol.) 
A genus of long, slender, nematoid worms, parasitic in 
insects until near maturity, when they live in water. 

Gore (gor), n. [AS. gor dirt, dung ; akin to Icel. gor, 
OHG. gor.] Blood; esp., clotted blood. 

Gore, n. [AS. gdra angular point of land, fr. gar 
spear.] 1. A small triangular piece of land. 2. A wedge- 
shaped piece sewed into a garment, sail, etc., to give 
greater width at a particular part. [a gore. I 

Gore, v. t. To cut in a triangular form ; to piece with | 

Gore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gored (gord) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Goring.] [OE. gar spear, AS. gar.] To pierce or 
wound, as with a horn ; to stab. 

Gorge (gorj), n. [F., fr. LL. gorgia throat, narrow 
pass, and gorga abyss, whirlpool.] 1. The throat ; gullet. 
2. A narrow passage or entrance; as: (a) A defile be- 
tween mountains. (&) The entrance into an outwork of 
a fort. 3. That which is swallowed, esp. by a fowl. 4. 
A choking of a passage or channel by an obstruction. 

Gorge, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gorged (gdrjd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Gorging (g&r'jing).] 1. To swallow ; esp., 
to swallow greedily. 2. To glut ; to satiate. 

Gorged (gSrjd), a. Having a gorge or throat. 

Gor'geous (gSr'jus), a. [OF. gorgias beautiful, glo- 
rious, vain, luxurious.] Imposing through splendid or 
various colors ; showy ; fine ; magnificent. — Gor'geOUS- 
ly, adv. — Gor'geous-ness, n. 

II Gor/ge-rin' (gSr'zhe-raN'), n. [F.] {Arch.) The 
neck of a column. [See lllust. of Column.] 

Gor'get (gQr'jet), n. [OF. gorgete, dim. of gorge 
throat. See Gorge, n.] 1. A piece of armor, defending 
the throat and upper part of the breast. 2. A small or- 
namental plate, usually crescent-shaped, formerly worn 
by military officers. 3. {Surg.) {a) A cutting instru- 
ment used in lithotomy. (&) A grooved instrument used 
in performing various operations. 4. {Zo'ol.) A crescent- 
shaped, colored patch on the neck of a bird or mammal. 

Gor'gon (g6r'gon), n. [L. Gorgo, Gr. Topyu>, fr. yop- 
yds terrible.] {Gr. Myth.) 
One of three fabled sisters, 
particularly Medusa, with 
snaky hair and of terrific 
aspect, the sight of whom 
turned the beholder to 
stone. 

II Gor-go'ni-a'ce-a (g6r- 

go'nT-a/she-a), n. pi. [NL. 
See Gorgon.] {Zo'ol.) One 
of the principal divisions of 
Alcyonaria,including those 
forms which have a firm 
axis, covered with a crust 
in which are polyp cells. 

Gor-go'ni-an (g6r-go'- 
nT-an), a. Of, pert, to, or 
like, a Gorgon ; terrific. — -L. \"^ 
n. One of the Gorgoniacea. **«-sSn 

Go-rilla (frS-rlFla), n. 
[An African word ; found 
in a Greek translation of a (Gorilla (Troglodytes, or 




work in Punic] {Zo'ol.) An 



Anthropithecus, gorilla). 



arboreal, anthropoid ape of West Africa, larger than a 
man, and remarkable for its enormous strength. 

Gor'mand (gGr'rnand), n. [F. gourmand ; of uncer- 
tain origin.] A greedy or ravenous eater ; glutton. 

Gor'mand-ize (-iz), v. i. & t. To eat like a glutton. 

Gor'mand-izer (-i'zer), n. A greedy eater. 

Gorse (gors), n. [AS. gorst.] {Bot.) Furze. 

Gorse bird (Zo'ol.), the European linnet. — Gorge duck 
{Zo'ol.), the corncrake. 

Gor'y (gor'y), <v. [From 1st Gore.] 1. Covered with 
gore, or clotted blood. 2. Bloody ; murderous. 

Gosliawk/ (g5s'hak'), n. [AS. goshafuc, lit., goose- 
hawk.] {Zo'ol. ) Any one of many species of large hawks, 
noted for their powerful flight, activity, and courage. 

Goslet (gSz'iet), n. {Zo'ol.) One of several species of 
Pygmy geese, about the size of a teal. 

Gosling (-ling), n. [ See Goose ; -ling.] 1. A young 
or unfledged goose. 2. A catkin on nut trees and pines. 

Gos'pel (gSs'pgl), n. [AS. godspell ; god God + spell 
story, tale. See God, and Spell, v.] 1. Glad tidings ; 
esp., the good news concerning Christ, the Kingdom of 
God, and salvation. 2. One of the four Biblical narra- 
tives of the life of Jesus. 3. Any system or statements 
propounded or accepted as infallibly true. [Colloq.] 

Gos'pel-er (-er), n. 1. One of the four evangelists. 

2. A follower of Wyclif ; hence, a Puritan. 3. A priest 
or deacon who reads the gospel at the altar during the 
communion service. 

Gos'sa-mer (gos'sa-mer), n. [OE. gossomer, gossvm- 
mer, gosesomer ; of uncertain origin.] 1. A fine, filmy 
cobweb spun by small spiders which float through the air 
on it in calm, clear weather, esp. in autumn. 2. Any 
very thin gauzelike fabric ; also, a thin waterproof stuff. 

Gos'sa-mer-y (-y), a. Like gossamer ; flimsy. 

Gos'san (goz'zan), n. {Geol.) Decomposed rock, usu- 
ally ferruginous, forming the upper part of a metallic vein. 

Gos'sip (gos'sip), n. [OE. gossib, godsib, a relation 
or sponsor in baptism, a relation by a religious obliga- 
tion, AS. godsibb, fr. god God + sib alliance, relation.] 

1. A sponsor. 2. A friend or comrade. [Obs.] 3. An 
idle tattler. 4. The tattle of a gossip ; groundless rumor. 

Gos'sip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gossiped (-sipt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Gossiping.] 1. To make merry. 2. To chat. 

3. To tattle. 

Gos'sip-er (-er), n. One given to gossip. 

Gos'sip-ry (-ry), n. 1. Spiritual relationship or af- 
finity ; special intimacy. 2. Idle talk ; gossip. 

Gos'sip-y (-y), «• Full of, or given to, gossip. 

II Gos-syp'i-um (gos-sip'i-um), n. [NL., fr. L. gossy- 
pion.] {Bot.) The genus of plants which yield cotton. 

Got (got), imp. & p. p. of Get. See Get. 

Goth (goth), n. [L. Gothi, pi.] 1. {Ethnol.) One of an 
ancient Teutonic race, which overran the Roman empire. 

2. One who is rude or uncivilized ; a barbarian. 
Goth'ic (goth'ik), a. 1. Pertaining to the Goths ; 

also, rude; barbarous. 2. {Arch.) Pertaining to, or 
designating, a style of architecture with pointed arches, 
steep roofs, large windows and relatively great height. 

Goth'ic, n. 1. The language of the Goths, esp. of those 
who settled in Mcesia in the 4th century. 2. The Gothic 
style of architecture. 3. A kind of square-cut type. 

Jgir- This is Nonpareil GOTHIC. 

Goth'i-Cism (-T-sTz'm), n. 1. A Gothic idiom, charac- 
teristic, or quality. 2. Rudeness ; barbarousness. 

Goth/i-cize (-T-siz), v. t. To make Gothic. 

Got'ten (got't'n), p. p. of Get. 

II Gouache (gwash), n. [F., It. guazzo.] Painting with 
opaque colors, ground in water and mingled with gum. 

Gouge (gouj or gooj), n. [F. gouge, LL. gubia, gxvia, 
gulbia, gulvia, gulvium.] 1. A chisel with a hollow or 
semicylindrical blade ; also, any one of several similar 
tools. 2. Act of gouging ; a groove or cavity scooped out. 

3. Imposition ; fraud ; also, an impostor. [Slang, U. S.] 
Gouge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gouged (goujd or goojd) ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. Gouging (gou'jlng or goo'-).] To scoop 
out with, or as with, a gouge. 

Gour (gour), n. [See Giaour.] A fire worshiper. 

Gourd (gord or goord), n. [F. gourde, OF. cougourde, 
gotihotirde, fr. L. cueurbita gourd.] 1. {Bot.) A fleshy, 
three-celled, many-seeded fruit, as the melon, pumpkin, 
cucumber, etc. ; esp., a fruit, the hard shell of which 
serves for bottles, ladles, etc. 2. A vessel made from its 
shell ; hence, drinking vessel ; bottle. 

Gourd' tree' (tre 7 ). {Bot.) The calabash tree. 

Gour'mand (gobr'mand ; F. goor/niaN'), n. [F.] A 
greedy or ravenous eater ; glutton. 

Gout (gout), n. [F. goutie a drop, the gout, the disease 
being considered as a defluxion, fr. L. gutta drop.] 1. A 



H 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, uxn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



GOUTY 



378 



GRAHAM BREAD 



drop; olot. 2. {Mod.) Au inflammatory constitutional 
rH unarm affecting the libera and ligaments of the joints. 

Gout'y (fwrtfj )i <•'• 1« Diseased with, or subject to, 
the goat. 2. Pertaining to the pout. 3. Swollen, as if 
from tout. — Oout'i-ly w-iy), adv. — Goutiness, n. 

Govern (gttVBrn), t\ /. [*>»/>. Jt p. p. Governed 
(-ernd) ; ;». pr. & vb. n. Governing.] [OF. governer, fr. 
■•..: .-( bo steer, pilot, govern, Gr. Kvfiepvav.~\ 1. 
To regulate by authority. 2. To regulate ; to direct ; to 
restrain ; to manage. 3. {Gram.) To require to be in a 
particular ease ; to require (a particular case). 

Gov'ern. ». i- To exercise authority; to administer 
the laws : to have control. [governed ; manageable. I 

Gov'ern-a-ble (guVern-a-b'l), a. Capable of being | 

Gov'ern-ance (-<7ns), ?i. Control ; government. 

Gov'ern-ante 7 (-5nt), n. A governess. 

Gov'ern-ess (-5s), h. A female governor; esp., one 
having the care and instruction of children at home. 

Gov'ern-ment (-inent), n . 1. A governing ; control ; 
direction : regulation. 2. Mode of governing ; system of 
polity in a state. 3. Right or power of governing ; authori- 
ty. 4. The person or persons authorized to administer 
the laws ; the administration. 5. Body politic ; state. 

Gov ern-men'tal (-nigu'tal), a. Pertaining to govern- 
ment ; made by government. 

Gov'ern-Or (guvfern-er), «. [OF. governeor, fr. L. 
gubernator steersman, ruler, governor.] 1. One who 
governs; esp., a chief ruler or magistrate. 2. A tutor 
for a young man ; a guardian. 3. {Naut.) A pilot, [i?.] 
4. {Slach.) A contrivance applied to 
steam engines, water wheels, etc., to 
maintain uniformity of speed. 

Oov'ern-or-ship, n. Office of a 
governor. 

Gowk (gouk), n. [See Gawk.] 
{Zo'61.) 1. The European cuckoo. 2. 
A simpleton ; a gawk or gawky. 

Gown (goun), n. [OE. goune, prob. 
fr. W. gicii loose robe.] A loose, flow- 
ing upper garment ; esp. : (a) The ordi- 
nary outer dress of a woman. (6) The 
official robe of certain professional men 
and scholars ; hence, the dress of peace, 
(c) A loose house wrapper. 

Gowns'man (gounz'man), Gown'- 
man (goun'-), n. One whose profes- 
sional habit is a gown, as a divine or Governor (4). 
lawyer, or member of a university ; hence, a civilian. 

Grab (grSb), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Grabbed (grabd) ; 
p.pr.&vb. n. Grabbing.] [Akin to Sw. grabba.'] To gripe 
suddenly ; to seize ; to snatch ; to clutch, [clutching. I 

Grab, n. 1. Act of grabbing. 2. An instrument for | 

Grabber (-ber), n. One who seizes or grabs. 

Grabble (-b'l),jj. i. [Freq. of Grab.] 1. To grope ; 
to feel with the hands. 2. To sprawl ; to grovel. 

Grace (gras), n. [F. grace, L. gratia, from gratus 
beloved, dear, agreeable.] 1. Exercise of love, kindness, 
mercy, or favor ; favor bestowed. 2. {Theol.) The mercy 
of God, as distinguished from His justice. 3. {Law) The 
prerogative of mercy exercised by the executive. 4. In- 
herent excellence. 5. Beauty ; loveliness ; elegance of 
manners. 6. pi. {Myth.) Graceful and beautiful sister 
goddesses who were regarded as the inspirers of the 
qualities which give attractiveness to wisdom, love, and 
social intercourse. 7. The title of a duke, a duchess, or 
an archbishop. 8. A prayer for grace offered at a meal. 
9. pi. {Mus.) Ornamental notes or short passages. 10. 
{Eng. Universities) An act, vote, or decree of the gov- 
ernment of the institution. 11. pi. A kind of play in 
which a hoop is thrown with a stick. 

Days of grace (Com.), the days (usually three) allowed 
to the payer to make payment in, immediately after the 
day when a bill or note becomes due upon its face. 

Syn. — Comeliness ; charm ; favor ; kindness. 

Grace (gras), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graced (grast) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Gracing (gra'sing).] 1. To adorn ; to dec- 
orate. 2. To dignify ; to honor. 

Grace'ful (-ful), a. Displaying grace or beauty in ac- 
tion or form. — Grace'ful-ly, adv. — Grace'ful-ness. n. 

Grace'less, a. Wanting in grace or excellence ; with- 
out divine grace ; hence, depraved ; corrupt. — Grace'- 
less-ly, adv. — Graceless-ness, n. 

Gra'clous (gra'shus), a. 1. Abounding in grace or 

mercy ; characterized by grace ; beneficent ; merciful ; 

kind ; condescending. 2. Abounding in beauty, loveli- 

amiability. 3. Produced by divine grace. — 

Gra'cions-ly. adv. — Gra'cions-ness. n. 

Syn. — Favorable; benevolent; friendly; benignant. 




Grac'kle (grSk''l), n. [Cf. L. graculus jackdaw.] 
{Zo'61.) {a) Anyone of several American blackbirds, as 
the boat-tail, {b) Any species of Gracula, an Asiatic 
genus of starlings. 

Gra'date (gra'dat), v. t. To grade so as to produce 
a desired effect, as a harmony of colors. 

Gra-da'tlon (gra-da'shun), n. 1. A progressing by reg- 
ular steps or orderly arrangement ; state of being graded. 
2. Act or process of bringing to a certain grade. 3. Any 
degree or relative position in a series. 4. {Fine Arts) 
A gradual passing from one tint or shade to another. 

Grad'a-to-ry (grad'a-to-rjf), a. 1. Proceeding by 
gradations; gradual. 2. {Zo'61.) Suitable for walking. 

Grad'a-tO-ry, n. {Arch.) A series of steps from a 
cloister into a church. 

Grade (grad), n. [F., fr. L. gradus step, pace, grade, 
from gradi to step, go.] 1. A step or degree in any 
series, rank, quality, or order ; relative position or stand- 
ing. 2. In a railroad or highway : (a) Rate of ascent or 
descent ; gradient. (6) A graded ascending, descending, 
or level portion of a road ; gradient. 3. {Stock Breed- 
ing) Result of crossing a native stock with a better breed. 

At grade, on the same level ; — said of the crossing of a 
railroad with another railroad or a highway. 

Grade, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Graded ; p. pr. & v b. n . 
Grading.] To arrange or order in grades; to reduce to 
a grade ; to make evenly progressive. 

Gra'di-ent (gra'dT-ent), a. [L. gradiens, p. pr.] 1. 
Moving by steps; walking. 2. Proceeding by regular 
or even degrees. 3. Adapted for walking. 

Gra'di-ent, n. 1. Rate of regular increase or decrease, 
as of elevation ; grade. 2. A part of a road which slopes 
upward or downward ; a grade. 

Grad'u-al (graa'u-al ; 135), a. Proceeding by steps or 
degrees ; regularly progressive, esp. by moderate degrees. 

Grad'U-al, n. 1. {E. C. Ch.) (a) An antiphon or re- 
sponsory after the epistle, in the Mass, sung on the steps, 
or while the deacon ascended the steps. (6) A service 
book containing the musical parts of the Mass. 

Grad'U-al-ly (-al-ly), adv. In a gradual manner. 

Grad'u-al-ness, n. Quality or state of being gradual. 

Grad'U-ate (gr3d'u-at ; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Graduated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Graduating (-a'- 
ting).] 1. To mark with degrees ; to divide into regu- 
lar steps, grades, or intervals. 2. To admit or elevate 
to a certain grade or degree ; esp., in a college or univer- 
sity, to admit to a degree defined by a diploma. 3. To 
arrange or modify by degrees or to a certain degree. 
4. To evaporate to a certain degree of consistency. 

Grad'U-ate, v. i. 1. To pass by degrees ; to change 
gradually. 2. {Zo'61.) To taper. 3. To take a degree 
in a college or university. 

Grad'U-ate (grSd'u-at), n. 1. One who has graduated. 
2. A graduated vessel used for measuring. [uated. I 

Grad'U-ate, a. Arranged by successive degrees ; grad- 1 

Grad'U-a ted (-a'ted), a. 1. Marked with, or divided 
into, degrees ; divided into grades. 2. {Zo'61.) Tapered. 

Grad u-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. A graduating ; state of 
being graduated. 2. The marks indicating degrees on a 
graduated instrument. [dicates graduation. I 

Grad'U-a tor (-a'ter), n. One who determines or in- 1 

I! Graf (graf), n. [G.] A German title of nobility, 
equivalent to earl in English, or count in French. 

Graff (graf), n. & v. See Graft. 

II Graf-fi'ti (graf-fe'te), n. pi. [It., pi. of graffito 
scratched.] Inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found 
on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins. 

Graft (graft), n. [Through F. & L., fr. Gr. ypa0iW, 
ypa<j>elov, pencil, fr. ypaupeiv to 
write. So named from the resem- 
blance of a scion or shoot to a 
pointed pencil.] {a) A small shoot 
or scion of a tree inserted in an- 
other tree, (fc) A branch or por- 
tion of a tree growing from such a 
shoot, (c) {Surg.) A portion of 
living tissue transferred from one 
person to another. 

Graft, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Grafted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Graft- 
ing.] 1. To insert or implant as 
a graft; also, to insert a graft upon. 
2. To join or unite by, or as if by, 
grafting. 

Graft'er (-er), n. 1. One who grafts. 2. An instru- 
ment by which grafting is facilitated. 3. The original 
tree from which a scion has been taken for grafting. 

Gra'ham bread' (gra'om brgd'). [From Sylvester 




Grafts. 



a, e, 1, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; 



Svent, tdea, 6bey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



GRAIL 



379 



GRANITE 



Graham, a lecturer on dietetics.] Bread made of un- 
bolted wheat flour. [17. £.] 

Grail (gral), n. [OF. graal, great, LL. gradalis, 
gradale, prob. fr. L. crater bowl, Gr. Kpanjp.] A broad, 
open dish ; a chalice ; — only used of the Holy Grail, 
which, according to some legends, was the cup used by 
our Savior in dispensing the wine at the last supper ; and, 
according to others, the platter on which the paschal lamb 
was served at the last Passover observed by our Lord. 

Grain (gran), n. [F., fr. L. granum grain, seed, small 
kernel, small particle; akin to E. corn.'] 1. A small 
hard seed ; a kernel, esp. of plants whose seeds are used 
for food. 2. The fruit of certain grasses which furnish 
the chief food of man, as corn, wheat, rye, oats, etc., or 
the plants themselves ; — used collectively. 3. Any 
small, hard particle ; hence, any minute portion. 4. 
The unit of the English system of weights ; — so called 
because considered equal to the average of grains taken 
from the middle of the ears of wheat. 7,000 grains con- 
stitute the pound avoirdupois, and 5,760 grains the pound 
troy. A grain is equal to .0648 gram. See Gram. 5. 
A reddish dye made from the kermes insect ; hence, any 
red color ; and (Poetic) Tyrian purple. 6. The arrange- 
ment of the particles or fibers of a body which determines 
its comparative roughness, toughness, etc. ; also, the ap- 
pearance caused by it. 7. The hair side of a piece of 
leather. 8. pi. The remains of grain, etc., after brew- 
ing or distillation; hence, any residuum. 9. (Bot.) A 
rounded prominence on the back of a sepal. 

Against the grain, against or across the fibers; hence, 
against one's wishes or tastes. — To dye in grain, to dye 
of a fast color by means of the kermes ; hence, to dye 
firmly ; also, to dye in the wool, or in the raw material. 

Grain, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Grained (grand) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Graining.] 1. To paint in imitation of the 
grain of wood, marble, etc. 2. To form into grains. 3. 
To take the hair off (skins) ; to soften and raise the grain 
of (leather, etc.). 

Grain (gran), n. [See Groin a part of the body.] 

1. A branch of a plant. [Obs.~\ 2. A tine, prong, or 
fork. Specif. : (a) One of the branches of a valley or of 
a river. (b) pi. An iron fish spear, having several 
barbed points. 3. A blade 
of a sword, knife, etc. 

Grained (grand), a. 1. 
Having a grain or an ap- 

gas?, ESrs»& "~— ""**.,<» 

2. (Bot.) Having grainlike tubercles. 

Grain'er (gran'er), n. 1. An infusion of pigeon's 
dung used by tanners. 2. A knife for taking the hair 
off skins. 3. One who paints in imitation of the grain 
of wood, marble, etc. ; also, the brush or tool used. 

Grain'ing, n. (Zool.) A European species of dace. 

Graln'y (gran'y), a. Resembling grains ; granular. 

II Gral'lae (grSl'le), n. pi. [NL., fr. L. grallae stilts, 
deriv. of gradus. See Grade.] (Zo'ol) An order of 
birds formerly including all the waders, but now usually 
restricted to the sandpipers, plovers, and allied forms. 

Gral'la-to'ri-al (-rt-al), ) a. (Zool.) Of or per- 

Gral'la-to-ry (gr51'la-to-ry), } taining to the Grallae. 

-gram (-gram). [Gr. •ypap.p.a a thing drawn or writ- 
ten, a letter, a small weight, fr. ypd<j>etu to draw, write.] 
A suffix indicating something drawn or written, a draw- 
ing, writing ; as, monogram, telegram, chronogram. 

Gram, Gramme (gram), n. [F. gramme, fr. Gr. 
ypdfina. See -gram.] The unit of weight in the metric 
system, equal to the weight of one cubic centimeter of 
pure water, or 15.432 grains. 

Gra'ma grass' (gra'ma gras'). [Sp. grama a grass.] 
(Bot.) Any one of several kinds of pasture grasses of 
the Western U. S. 

Gram'a-rye (gram'a-r^), n. [See Grammar.] Magic. 

Gra-mer'cy (gra-mer'sy), interj. [F. grand-merci. 
See Grand, and Mercy.] A word for thankful surprise ; 
many thanks. 

Gr am i-na'ceous (grSm'T-na'shiis), a. [L. gramen, 
graminis, grass.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the 
grasses ; gramineous. 

Gra-min'e-al (gra-min'e-al), a. Gramineous. 

Gra-min'e-ous (gra-min'e-us), a. [L. gramineus, fr. 
gramen grass.] (Bot.) Like, or pertaining to, grass. 

Gram i-niv'o-rous (gram'T-nTv'o-riis), a. [L. gra- 
men grass + -vorous.'] Feeding or subsisting on grass, 
and the like. 

Gram'mar (-mer), n. [OF. gramaire grammar, magic, 
prob. deriv. of Gr. ypanfj.aTu<6s skilled in grammar, 
ypdjujua letter.] 1. The science which treats of the prin- 





ciples of language •, the art of the right use of a language. 
2. Speech or writing with respect to its correctness of 
form. 3. A treatise on language. 4. A treatise on the 
elements or principles of any science. 

Grammar school, (a) A school, usually endowed, in 
which Latin and Greek grammar are taught, as also other 
studies preparatory to colleges or universities, (b) In the 
American system of graded common schools, a grade be- 
tween the primary school and the high school, in which 
the principles of English grammar are taught. 

Gram-ma'rl-an (gr5in-nia'rl-an), n. One versed in 
grammar. 
Gram mafic (gram-maVIk> a. Grammatical. 
Gram-mat'ic-al (-T-kal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
grammar ; of the nature of grammar. 2. According to 
the rules of grammar ; grammatically correct. — Gram- 
mat'ic-al-ly, adv. — Gram-mat' ic-al-ness, n. 

Gram-mat'i-cize (-siz), v. t. To render grammatical. 

Gramme (grSm), n. Same as Gram, the weight. 

Gram'pus (grSm'pus), n. [Prob. through It., Sp., 
or Pg. fr. L. j 

grandis piscis. T20" 

See Grand, and 
2d Fish.] 1. 
(Zool.) A dol- 
phin- like, Grampus, 
toothed fish of the whale kind, valued for its oil. 

Gran r a-ry (grSn'a-rjf), n. [L. granarium, fr. granum 
grain.] A storehouse or repository for grain, esp. after 
it is thrashed or husked. 

Grand (grand), a. [Compar. Grander (-er) ; superl. 
Grandest.] [OF. grant, fr. L. grandis.] 1. Of large 
size or extent ; great ; relatively great or important ; 
greatest ; chief ; principal. 2. Great in size, and fine or 
imposing in appearance. 3. Second or more remote in 
degree of parentage or descent ; — generally in composi- 
tion. 

Grand juror, a member of a grand jury. — Grand jury 
(Law), a jury of not less than twelve men, and not more 
than twenty-three, whose duty it is, in private session, to 
examine into accusations against persons charged with 
crime, and, if they see just cause, to indict them. — Grand 
juryman, a grand juror. 

Syn. — Magnificent ; sublime ; majestic ; dignified ; 
elevated ; stately ; august ; pompous ; lofty ; exalted ; 
noble. — Grand, in reference to objects of taste, is applied 
to what conveys a sense of vastness and majesty ; magnifi- 
cent is applied to anything imposing from its splendor; 
sublime describes what is awful and elevating. 

Gran'dam (gran'dam), n. An old woman; esp., a 
grandmother. [or mother. I 

Grand'aunt' (grXnd'ant'), n. The aunt of one's father | 

Grand'child' (-child'), n. A son's or daughter's child. 

Grand'daugh'ter (-da'ter), n. The daughter of one's 
son or daughter. 

Gran-dee' (gr5n-de'), n. [Sp. grande. See Grand.] 
A nobleman. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank. 

Gran'deur (gran'dur; 135), n. [F., fr. grand. See 
Grand.] State or quality of being grand. 

Grand'fa'ther (grSnd'fa'ther), n. A father's or 
mother's father. 

Grandfather longlegs. (Zool.) See Daddy longlegs. 

Gran-dil'o-quence (gran-dil'6-kwens), n. The use of 
lofty words or phrases; bombast; — usually in a bad sense. 

Gran-dil'O-quent (-kwent), a. [L. grandis grand -+- 
loqui to speak.] Speaking in a lofty style ; bombastic. 

Gran-dil'O-quous (-kwus), a. Grandiloquent. 

Gran'di-ose' (gr3n'dT-os'), a. 1. Impressive or ele- 
vating in effect ; imposing ; splendid. 2. Affectedly 
grand or splendid ; flaunting ; turgid ; bombastic. 

Grandly (gr&nd'ly), adv. In a grand manner. 

Grand'ma' (grand'ma'), \ n. A grand- 

Grand'mam-ma' (-ma-ma 7 or -ma'nia), I mother. 

Grand'moth'er (grSnd'niuth'er), n. The mother of 
one's father or mother. 

Grand'ness, n. Grandeur. 

Grand'pa' (grand'pa'), . \ n A grandfather 

Grand'pa-pa' (-pa-pa' or -pa'pa), \ n ' A Sr&nai&zaer. 

Grand'sire' (-sir'), n. A grandfather ; any ancestor. 

Grand'son' (-sun'), n. A son's or daughter's son. 

Grand'un'cle (-itn'k'l), ». Father's or mother's uncle. 

Grange (granj),n. [F., barn, LL. granea, fr. L. gra- 
num grain.] 1. A farmhouse, with the other farm build- 
ings. 2. A farm. 3. Association of farmers, designed 
to further their interests by enabling them to do busi- 
ness without the intervention of middlemen. [U. S.~] 

Gran'ger (gran'jer), n. A member of a grange. \_U. S.~\ 

Gran'ite (grSn'Tt), n. [It. granito, lit., grainy, fr. L. 
granum grain.] (Geol.) A crystalline, unstratified rock, 
consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, Bins, ink, then, thin. 



M 



GRANITIC 



380 



GRATIFY 



Granitic (gri-uTt'lk), a. Like granite, or consisting 
ite. 

Gran-itlc-al (-T-k<?l), O. Granitic. 

Granl-toid (grlnT-toid). a. [See -oid.] Granitic. 

Gra-niv'0-rous (.gra-nlv'o-rus). a. [L. granum grain 
It, ] Eating grain ; feeding or subsisting on seeds. 

Gran'ny *, gran'ny'). n. A grandam. 

Granny knot. See under Knot. 

Grant (grant), r. /. [imp. & p. p. Granted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Gk anting.] [OF. graanter, craanter, creanter, 
to promise, yield, deriv. of L. credens, p. pr. of credere 
to believe.]* 1. To give the possession or title of ; to 
convey. 2. To bestow or confer ; to give. 3. To admit 
as true what is not yet satisfactorily proved. 

Granny knot, a kind of knot. See Knot. 

gra. — To transfer ; allow ; concede. See Give. 

Grant. ». 1. A granting. 2. Thing granted ; gift ; 
boon. 3. (Laic) Transfer of property by deed or wTit- 
ing ; esp. , an appropriation or conveyance made by the gov- 
ernment ; also, the writing by which the transfer is made. 

Grant'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being granted. 

Gran-tee' (gran-te'), n. (Laic) The person to whom 
a grant is made. 

Grant'er (grant 'er), 72. One who grants. 

Grant'or (graut'6r or gran-t6r'), n. (Law) The per- 
Bon by whom a grant is made. [grains or granules. I 

Gran'u-lar (.graii'u-ler), a. Consisting of, or like,] 

Gran'U-lar-ly (-ler-ly), adv. In a granular form. 

Gran'U-la-ry (-la-ry), a. Granular. 

Gran'u-late (-lat), r. I. & i. [imp. & p. »._Grantj- 
lated (-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Granulating (-la'tYng).] 
1. To form or collect in grains or small masses, or in 
granulations. 2. To make rough on the surface. 

Gran'U-late (-lat), ) a. 1. Consisting of, or like, 

Gran 'u-la ted (-la'ted), J grains ; crystallized in 
grains : granular. 2. Having numerous small elevations. 

Gran u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act or process of 
granulating; state of being granulated. 2. (Bled.) (a) 
One of the small, red, grainlike prominences which form 
on raw flesh, and are the efficient agents in the process 
of healing, (b) Act or process of their formation. 

Gran'ule (graii'ul), n. [L. granulum, dim. of granum 
grain.] A little grain ; a small particle ; a pellet. 

Gran'u-lOUS(u-lQs), a. Full of grains ; granular. 

Grape (grap), n. [OF. grape, crape, bunch of grapes, 
fr. OHG. chrapfo hook, akin to E. cramp. The sense 
seems to have come from the idea of clutching.] 1. 
(Bot.) A well-known edible berry growing in clusters on 
the grapevine ; also, the grapevine. 2. (Mil.) Grapeshot. 

Grape' fruit'. The shaddock. 

Grap'er-y (grap'er-y), n. A building or inclosure 
used for the cultivation of grapes. 

Grape'shot' (grap'shot), n. (Mil.) A cluster of small 
iron balls, used as a charge for a cannon. 

Grape'stone' (-ston'), n. A seed of 
the grape. 

Grape'Vine' (-vin'), n. (Bot.) The vine 
or climbing shrub which bears the fruit 
called grapes. 

-graph (-graf ). [From Gr. ypdfaiv to 
write.] A suffix signifying something 
written, a writing ; also, a writer; as, 
autograph, telegraph, phonograph. 

Graphic (grSf'Tk), ) a. [L. graphi- 

Graph'lc-al (-T-kal), J cus, Gr. ypa<piic6s, fr. ypd<f>eiv 
to write.] 1. Of or pert, to the arts of painting and 
drawing, or to the art of writing. 2. Written or en- 
graved ; formed of letters or lines. 3. Well delineated 
or described. 4. Having the faculty of, or characterized 
by, clear and vivid description. — Graphic- al-ly, adv. — 
Graphlc-ness, n. — Graph Ic-al-ness, n. 

Graphic algebra, a branch of algebra in which the prop- 
erties of equations are treated by the use of curves and 
straight bines. — Graphical statics (Math.), a branch of 
statics in which the magnitude, direction, and position 
of forces are represented by straight bines. — Graphic tel- 
lurium. (Min.) See Sylvanite. 

Graphics (-Tks), n. The art or the science of draw- 
of drawing according to mathematical rules. 

Graphite (-It), n. [Gr. ypd<j>ew to write.] (Min.) 
Native carbon of black color and metallic luster, and so 
soft as to leave a trace on paper, — used for lead pencils 
(improperly so called). — Graphitic (gra-fifik), a. 

Graph'0-SCOpe (graf'6-skop), n. [Gr. ypdtpeiv + 
■■'■'>!>'■■ | An instrument for magnifying engravings, etc. 

Graph'o-type (-o-tlp), n. [Gr. ypdxj>ew to write -f 
avbng) A process for producing a design 
in relief upon a surface so that it can be printed from. 

-gra-phy f-gra-ff). [Gr. -ypa^Ca, fr. ypdiptiv to write.] 




Grapeshot. 




Grapnel. 



A suffix denoting the art of writing or describing; the 
wr'ting or description itself; as, calligraphy, geography. 

Grap'nel (grap'nSl), n. [OE. grapenel, dim. fr. F. 
grappin the grapple of a ship ; of German origin. See 
Grape.] (Naut.) A small an- 
chor with four or five flukes 
or claws ; hence, any grap- 
pling instrument. 

Grap'ple (-p'l), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Grappled (-p'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Grappling 
(-pling).] [OF. grappil the 
grapple of a ship, fr. graper 
to clutch ; of German origin. See Grape.] 1. To seize ; 
to lay fast hold of ; to attack or contend at close quarters. 
2. To fasten, as with a grapple ; to join indissolubly. 

Grap'ple, n. 1. A seizing or seizure; close hug in 
contest; the wrestler's hold. 2. An instrument for 
seizing and holding fast to an object ; a grab. 

Grap'y (grap'y), a. Composed of grapes ; grapelike. 

Grasp (grasp), v . I. [imp. & p. p. Grasped (graspt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Grasping.] [OE. graspen; prob. akin 
to LG. grapsen, or to E. grope."] 1. To seize and hold 
by clasping or embracing with the fingers or arms ; to 
catch. 2. To apprehend with the mind ; to comprehend. 

Grasp, v. i. To effect, or try to effect, a grasp. 

Grasp, n. 1. A gripe or seizure of the hand ; seizure 
by embrace. 2. Reach of the arms ; hence, power of 
seizing and holding. 3. Forcible possession; hold. 4. 
Wide-reaching power of intellectual comprehension. 

Grasp'er (-er), n. One who grasps or seizes. 

Grass (gras), n. [AS. grses, gsers; akin to G. gras."] 

1. Popularly : Herbage ; plants used for fodder ; pas- 
ture. 2. (Bot.) An endogenous plant having simple 
leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, the husks 
or-glumes in pairs, and the seed single. 

Grass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grassed (grast) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Grassing.] 1. To cover with grass or with turf. 

2. To expose on the grass for bleaching, etc. 
Grass'hop'-per (-hop'per), re. 1. (Zool.) A jumping, 

orthopter- 




American Grasshopper (Caloptenus spretus). 

Grassl-ness (grasT-ngs), n. State of being grassy. 

Grass'plot' (-plot), n. A plot covered with grass. 

Grass' tree' (tre'). (Bot.) (a) An Australian plant 
having a thick trunk crowned with a tuft of grasslike 
leaves, from which rises its dense flower spike. 

Grass'y (-y), a. 1. Covered with grass ; abounding 
with grass. 2. Resembling grass ; green. 

Grate (grat), a. [L. grains agreeable, grateful.] 
Serving to gratify ; agreeable. [Obs.] 

Grate, n. [Deriv. of L. crates hurdle.] 1. An openwork 
structure or frame of parallel or crossed bars. 2. A 
frame or bed of iron bars, for holding fuel while burning. 

Grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Grating.] To furnish with a grate or with grates. 

Grate, v. t. & i. [OF. grater to scrape, scratch, LL. 
gratare, cratare ; of German origin.] 1. To rub roughly 
or harshly, causing a harsh sound ; to produce by rubbing 
harshly. 2. To reduce to small particles by rubbing with 
something rough. 2. To fret ; to irritate ; to offend ; to 
produce exasperation, soreness, or grief. 

Gratelul (-ful), a. [Grate, a. -f full.] 1. Having a 
due sense of benefits received ; kindly disposed toward 
a benefactor. 2. Giving pleasure ; pleasing the senses ; 
delicious. — Gratelul-ly, adv. — Grate'f ul-ness, n. 

Syn. — Thankful; pleasing; acceptable; gratifying; 
agreeable ; welcome ; delightful ; delicious. 

Grat'er (-er), n. One that grates ; esp., a roughened 
instrument for rubbing off small particles. 

Graticule (grat'i-kul), n. [¥., deriv. of L. crates 
wickerwork.] A design or draught divided into squares. 

Gratl-fl-ca'tion (-fT-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of gratify- 
ing or state of being gratified ; satisfaction ; enjoyment. 
2. That which gratifies. 3. Recompense ; requital. 

Grat'l-fl'er (-fi'er), n. One who gratifies or pleases. 

Gratl-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grattjted (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. GRATD7YING (-fi'ing).] [F. gratifier, L. 
gratificari; gratus pleasing + -ficare to make. See -ft.] 
To please ; to g've pleasure to ; to satisfy ; to Boothe. 

Syn. —To indulge ; humor ; please ; delight ; requite ; 



a, e, I, o, u, long ;&,£,!, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, dbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



GRATING 



381 



GREATNESS 



recompense.— (Gratify is the generic term, and has refer- 
ence simply to the pleasure communicated. To indulge 
a person implies a concession to his wishes or his weak- 
nesses which is not his due, and perhaps may be mischie- 
vous in effect. To humor one is to adapt ourselves to his 
varying moods, and, perhaps, caprices. 

Grating (gracing), n. [See 2d Grate.] 1. A par- 
tition, covering, or frame of parallel or cross bars. 2. 
( Optics) A system of very close equidistant and parallel 
lines or bars, used for producing spectra by diffraction. 

Gra'tis (gra'tis), adv. [L., contr. fr. gratiis out of 
favor, without recompense, fr. gratia favor.] For noth- 
ing ; without fee or recompense ; freely ; gratuitously. 

Grat'1-tude (gr5t'T-tud), n. [F., fr. LL. gratitudo, 
fr. gratus agreeable, grateful.] State of being grateful ; 
kindness awakened by a favor received ; thankfulness. 

Gra-tU'i-tOUS (gra-tu'I-tus), a. [L. gratuities, from 
gratus pleasing.] 1. Given without an equivalent or 
recompense ; granted without pay, or without claim or 
merit. 2. Being without reason, cause, or proof. — 
Gratuitously , adv. — Gratuitousness, n. 

Gra-tul-ty (-ty), n. Something given freely or with- 
out recompense or obligation ; a present. 

Grat'u-late (grat'u-lat), v. t. [L. gralulari, p. p. 
laius, fr. gratus agreeable.] To congratulate, [P.] 

GrafU-la'tlon (grSt'u-la'shiin), n. Congratulation. 

Grat'U-la-tO-ry (grSt'u-la-to-r^), a. Congratulatory. 

II Gra-va'men (gra-va'men), n. [L., deriv. of gravis 
weighty.] {Law) The substantial cause of the action ; 
also, in general, the essence of a complaint. 

-grave (-grav). A final syllable signifying a ruler, as 
in Ikndgrave, margrave. See Margrave. 

Grave (grav), v. t. (Naut.) To clean and pay over 
with pitch, as a vessel's bottom ; — so called because 
graves or greaves was formerly used for this purpose. 

Grave, a. [Compar. Graver ; superl. Gravest.] [F., 
fr. L. gravis heavy.] 1. Weighty. [Obs.] 2. Of impor- 
tance ; momentous ; influential ; sedate ; serious. 3. Not 
bright or gay ; sober ; plain. 4. {Mus.) (a) Not acute or 
sharp ; low ; deep. (6) Slow and solemn in movement. 

Syn. — Solemn ; sage ; staid ; demure ; thoughtful ; 
sedate ; important. — Sober supposes the absence of all 
exhilaration of spirits, and is opposed to gay, hilarious, or 
flighty ; as, sober thought. Serious implies considerate- 
ness or reflection, and is opposed to jocose or sportive; 
as, serious and important concerns. Grave denotes a 
state of mind, appearance, etc., which results from the 
pressure of weighty or momentous interests. Solemn im- 
plies gravity carried to its highest point. 

Grave, v. t. [imp. Graved (gravd) ; p. p. Graven 
(graV'n) or Graved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Graving.] [AS. 
grafan to dig, grave, engrave ; akin to D. graven, G. 
graben, but prob. not to Gr. ypd(j>eiv to write.] 1. To 
dig. [Obs. or Archaic'] 2. To carve or cut, as figures ; 
to engrave. 3. To carve out, or give shape to, by cutting 
with a chisel; to sculpture. 4. To impress deeply (on 
the mind) ; to fix indelibly. 5. To bury. [Obs.] 

Grave, v. i. To practice engraving. 

Grave, n. An excavation in the earth as a place of 
burial ; also, any place of interment. Hence : Death ; 
destruction. 

Grave'clOthes' (graVklothz' or -kloz'), n. pi. The 
clothes or dress in which the dead are interred. 

Grav'el (grav'el), n. [OF. gravele, akin to F. greve 
a sandy shore, strand ; of Celtic origin.] 1. Small stones, 
or fragments of stone ; very small pebbles, often inter- 
mixed with particles of sand. 2. (3Ied.) Calculus. 

Grav'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graveled (-eld) or 
Gravelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Graveling or Gravelling.] 
1. To cover with gravel. 2. To run aground, as a ship. 
3. To check ; to perplex. [Colloq.] [ing of gravel. 

Grav'el-ly (-ly), a. Abounding with gravel ; consist- 1 

Gravely (grav'ly), adv. In a grave manner. 

Grav'en (graven), p. p. of Grave, v. t. Carved. 

Grave'ness, n. State or quality of being grave. 

Gra-ve / 0-lent (gra-ve'o-lent), a. [L. graveolens ; 



vis heavy -J- olere to smell.] Having a rank smell. 



art 

[B 



Grav'er (grav'er), n. 1. One who graves; an en- 
graver or a sculptor. 2. An engraving tool ; a burin. 

Graves (gravz), n. pi. Same as Greaves. 

Grave'stone' (grav'ston'), n. A stone laid over, or 
erected near, a gTave ; tombstone. [cemetery. I 

Grave'yard' (-yard'), n. An inclosure for graves ; a| 

Gravid (graVid), n. [L. gravidus, fr. gravis. See 
Grave, a.] Being with child ; heavy with young. 

Gravl-grade (gr5v'T-grad), a. [L. gravis heavy -f- 
gradus step.] {Zodl.) Slow-paced. 

Gra-vim'e-ter (gra-vTm'e-ter), n. [L. gravis + -me- 
ter.] An instrument for finding specific gravity. 



Gravl-met'ric(graVi-met'rTk),i7. {Chem.) Pertain- 
ing to measurement by weight ; measured by weight. 

Graving (graving), n. 1. Act or art of one who 
graves. 2. That which is graved or carved. 

Gravl-tate (grXvl-tat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gravi- 
tated (-ta'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gravitating.] [See 
Gravity.] To obey the law of gravitation ; to tend to 
move, under, or as if under, the influence of gravitation. 

Gravl-ta'tlon (-ta'shun), n. 1. A gravitating. 2. 
{Physics) That attraction or force by which all bodies or 
particles in the universe tend toward each other. 

Gravl-ty {-tf), n. [L. gravitas, fr. gravis heavy.] 
1. State of having weight; heaviness. 2. Sobriety of 
character or demeanor. 3. Importance, dignity, etc., 
hence, seriousness; enormity. 4. {Physics) Tendency 
of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction, esp. of 
a body toward the earth's center ; terrestrial gravitation. 

5. {Mus. ) Lowness of tone ; — opposed to acutenexs. 
Specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of a body to the 

weight of an equal volume of some other body taken as 
the standard or unit. This standard is usually water for 
solids and liquids, and air for gases. 

Gra'vy (gra'vy), n. [OE. greuvie; prob. fr. greaves, 
graves, sediment of melted tallow. ] 1. The juice that 
drips from flesh in cooking, made into a dressing for the 
food. 2. Liquid dressing for meat, fish, vegetables, etc. 

Gray (gra), a. [Compar. Grayer (-er) ; superl. Gray- 
est.] [AS. grseg, greg ; akin to G. grau.] 1. White 
mixed with black, as the color of pepper and salt, or of 
ashes, or of hair whitened by age ; sometimes, a dark 
mixed color. 2. Gray-haired ; of a gray color. 3. Old ; 
mature. 

Gray, n. 1. A gray color ; also, a neutral or whitish 
tint. 2. An animal or thing of gray color. 

Grayljeard' (-berd'), n. An old man. 

Gray'hound' (-hound'), n. {Zodl.) See Greyhound. 

Grayish, a. Somewhat gray. [goose of Europe. I 

Graylag' (-lag'), n. {Zodl.) The common wild gray| 

Grayling (-ling), n. [From Gray, a.] {Zodl.) {a) A 
European game fish, allied to the trout, living in mountain 
streams. (6) An American fish of similar habits. 

Gray'ness, n. Quality of being gray. 

Gray'wacke' (-w5k'), n. [G. grauwacke; grau gray 
4- wacke wacke.] {Geol.) A conglomerate, consisting of 
rounded pebbles and sand firmly united together. 

Graze (graz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Grazed (grazd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Grazing.] [AS. grasian, fr. grses grass.] 

1. To feed or supply with grass. 2. To feed on (growing 
herbage) ; to eat grass from (a pasture). 3. To tend while 
grazing. 4. To touch lightly the surface of in passing. 

Graze, v. i. 1. To feed on growing herbage. 2. To 
yield grass for grazing. 3. To touch lightly in passing. 
Graze, n. A light touch ; a slight scratch. 
Graz'er (-er), n. One that grazes. [cattle. I 

Gra'zier (gra'zher), n. One who pastures and rears | 
Grease (gres), n. [OE. grese, grece, F. graisse ; akin 
to L. crassus gross.] 1. Animal fat, esp. when soft ; any 
unctuous matter. 2. {Far.) An inflammation of a horse's 
heels, suspending the ordinary greasy secretion. 

Grease (grez or gres), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greased 
(grezd or gresd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Greasing.] 1. To 
smear, anoint, or daub, with grease or fat ; to lubricate. 

2. To bribe. 

Greas'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, greases. 

Greas'y (grez'y or gres'J), a. [Compar. Greasier 
(-T-er) ; superl. Greasiest.] 1. Composed of, or char- 
acterized by, grease ; oily ; unctuous. 2. Smeared or 
denied with grease. 3. Like grease or oil; smooth. 
4. {Far.) Affected with the disease called grease. — 
Greasily (-T-1?), adv. — Greasl-ness, n. 

Great (grat), a. [Compar. Greater (-er) ; superl. 
Greatest.] [AS. great; akin to G. gross.] 1. Large 
in space ; of much size. 2. Large in number ; numerous. 

3. Long continued ; lengthened in duration. 4. Supe- 
rior ; admirable ; commanding. 5. Endowed with ex- 
traordinary powers ; uncommonly gifted or capable. 

6. Holding a chief position ; eminent ; distinguished. 

7. Weighty ; important. 8. Pregnant ; big (with young). 
9. More than ordinary in degree ; extreme. 10. {Gene- 
alogy) Older, younger, or more remote, by a single gen- 
eration ; as, great grandfather. 

Great circle of a sphere, a circle the plane of which 

E asses through the center of the sphere. — Great go, the 
nal examination for a degree at the University of Ox- 
ford, England ; — called also greats. 
Great 'coat 7 (-kof), «• An overcoat. 
Great'en (-'n), v. t. To make or become great. 
Greatly, adv. In a great degree or manner ; much. 
Greatness, n. State or quality of being great. 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



GREAVE 



382 



GRIEF 




Red-necked Grebe ( Colymbus HolbceUii). 



Greave (grvvV •.. [OF. y rfr w. 1 Armor for the leg 
below the knee ; — usually iu the plural. 

Qreave. ' • t [imp. & p. p. Greaved (grevdl ; p. pr. 
v i,..iAViso.] [From Greaves.] (Xaut.) To 

clean (a ship's bottom) : to grave. 

Greaves (.crevzl, n. />/. [Cf. dial. Sw. grevar greaves, 
. also AS. greofa pot. Cf. Gravy.] 
: of melted tallow. 
Grebe (.greb 1 *. n. [F. grebe, fr. Armor. 
mb. So called iu allusion to the 
I one species.] (Zool.) One of 
several swimming birds or divers, hav- 
Dg. sharp bills, and lobate toes. 
Gre'cian 
^cre'sb(in). a. 
Of or pertain- 
ing to Greece ; 
Greek. 
Gre'cian, n. 

1. A Greek. 

2. A Jew who 
spoke Greek ; 
a Hellenist. 

3. One well 
versed in the Greek language, literature, or history. 

Gre'clsm (gre'siz'ni), n. A Greek idiom ; Hellenism. 

Gre'cize (gre'slz). v. t. [imp. &p. p. Grecized (-sizd) ; 
p. pr. A rb. n. Grecizlng.] To render Grecian ; also, to 
put into the form of Greek. 

Gree (gre), n. [F. gre.] 1. Good will; pleasure. 
\_Obs.] 2. Rank; degree; position. [Obs. or Scot.'] 

Gree, n. ; pi. Grees (grez) ; obs. plurals Greece 
(gres). Grice (gris or gres), Grise, Grize (griz or grez), 
etc. [OF. gre, F. grade. See Grade.] A step. [Obs.] 

Greed (gred), n. [Akin to Goth, gredus hunger, Icel. 
graSr.] An eager desire or longing ; greediness. 

Greed'y (-y), a. [Compar. GREEDrER (-T-er) ; superl. 
Greediest.] [AS. grsedig, gredig ; akin to OHG. gra- 
tag, Goth, gredags greedy.] 1. Having a keen appetite 
for food or drink ; ravenous ; voracious. 2. Fig. : Vehe- 
mently desirous ; eager to obtain ; avaricious. — Greed'- 
i-ly (-T-ly), <*<?»'• — Greed'i-ness, n. 

Greek (grek), a. Of or pert, to Greece or the Greeks. 

Greek Church, that part of Christendom which separated 
from the Roman or Western Church in the ninth century ; 
the Eastern, or Byzantine, Church. It is governed by 
patriarchs. 

Greek, n. A native, or one of the people, of Greece ; 
a Grecian ; also, the language of Greece. 

Green (gren), a. [Compar. Greener (-er) ; superl. 
Greenest.] [AS. grene; akin to G. griin; fr. root of 
E. grow.] 1. Having the color of grass when fresh and 
growing ; verdant ; emerald. 2. Full of life and vigor ; 
fresh and vigorous. 3. Xot ripe ; immature ; raw ; 
undeveloped ; awkward ; unsophisticated. 4. Not sea- 
soned ; not dry or cured ; containing its natural juices. 

Green brier (Bol.), a thorny climbing shrub (SmUax ro- 
tundifolia), common in the United States. 

Green (gren), n. 1. The color of growing plants ; the 
color of the solar spectrum intermediate between the yel- 
low and the blue. 2. A grassy plain or flat. 3. Fresh 
foliage ; wreaths ; — usually in the plural. 4. pi. Leaves 
and stems of young plants, boiled for food. 5. Any sub- 
stance or pigment of a green color. 

Paris green | (.'hem.), a poisonous green powder, consist- 
ing of several salts of the acetate and arsenite of copper. 

Green, v. t. To make or become green. 

Greenback' (gren'bak'), n. One of the legal tender 
the United States. The devices on the back are 
printed with green ink. 

GreenTjack'er (-er), n. An advocate of greenback or 
paper monf y. who opposed the resumption of specie pay- 
ments. [Colloq. U: S.] 

Green'er-y f-er-y). /?. Green plants ; verdure. [J?.] 

Green'finch' (gren'fTnch'). n. {Zool.) 1. A European 
finch. 2. The Texas sparrow. 

Green'gage' C-gaj')- »• [See Gage.] {Bot.) A deli- 
cious kind of plum with a greenish flesh. 

Green'gro'cer (-gro'ser), n. A retailer of vegetables 
or fruits in their fresh or green state. 

Greenliorn' (-hSrn'), n. A raw, inexperienced per- 
son : one easily imposed upon. 

GreenTiouse' (-hous'), n. A house in which tender 

e cultivated and sheltered from the weather. 
Green'lng. n. A greenish apple, of several varieties. 
Greenish, a. Somewhat green : tinged with green. 
Greenlet (48t), n. (Zool.) (a) One of numerous spe- 
cies of small American singing birds. (b) A genus of 
tropical American birds allied to the tits. 



Greenly (grenlS), adv. With a green color ; newly ; 
freshly. 
Green'ness- n. State or quality of being green. 
Green'room (gren'robm'), n. The retiring room of 
actors and actresses in a theater. 

Green'sand' (-saiid'), n. (Geol.) A variety of sand- 
stone (often called marl), usually imperfectly consoli- 
dated, and containing a silicate of iron and potash of a 
green color. 

Green'shank 7 (-shank'), n. (Zool.) A species of 
European sandpiper or snipe. 

Green'stone / (gren'ston'), n. [So called from a tinge 
of green in the color.] (Geol.) Formerly, any of certain 
dark-colored igneous rocks. 
Green'sward' (-sward'), n. Turf green with grass. 
Green'WOOd' (-wood'), n. A forest in foliage. 
Greet (gret), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greeted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Greeting.] [AS. gretan; akin to G. gi-iissen.] To 
address with salutations or expressions of kind wishes ; 
to salute ; to welcome ; also, to accost. 
Greet (gret), v. i. To meet and give salutations. 
Greet 'er, n. One who greets. [from one absent. I 

Greeting, n. Salutation at meeting; a compliment! 
Syn. — See Salutation. 

Gre'gal (gre'gal), a. [L. gregalis, fr. grex, gregis, 
herd.] Pertaining to, or like, a flock. 

Gre-ga'rl-OUS (gre-ga'rT-us), a. [L. gregarius, fr. 
grex, gregis, herd.] Habitually living or moving in 
flocks or herds ; tending to flock or herd together. — 
Gre-ga'ri-ons-ly, adv. — Gre-ga'ri-ons-ness, n. 

Gre-gO'rl-an (gre-go'rT-an), a. Pertaining to, or 
originated by, some person named Gregory, esp. one of 
the popes of that name ; as, the Gregorian calendar. 

Greillade (gril'lad), n. (Metal.) Iron ore in coarse 
powder, prepared for reduction by the Catalan process. 

Gre'mi-al (gre'mT-ol), a. [L. gremium lap, bosom.] 
Of or pertaining to the lap or bosom. 

Gre-nade' (gre-nad'), n. [F. grenade a pomegranate, 
hence, from its shape, a grenade ; or Sp. granada.] 
(Mil.) A shell of iron filled with an explosive, ignited by 
a fuse, and thrown from the hand among enemies. 

Grena-dier' (gren'a-der), n. [F.] 1. (3Iil.) Orig., 
a soldier who threw grenades ; afterward, one of a com- 
pany in each regiment or battalion, taking post on the 
right of the line. In modern times, a member of a spe- 
cial regiment or corps. 2. (Zool.) Any one of several 
species of marine fishes. [fabric of silk or wool. I 

Grenadine' (gren'a-den'), n. [F.] A thin gauze-like I 
Gre-na'dO (gre-na'do), n. Same as Grenade. 
Gres-SO'ri-al (gres-so'rT-al), ) a. [L. gressus, p. p. of 
Gres-SO'ri-ons (-us), J gradi to go.] (Zool.) 

Adapted for, walking. 
Grew (gru), imp. of Grow. 

Grew'some (-sum), Grue'some, a. [From a word 
akin to Dan. gru horror -f -some."] Ugly ; frightful. 
Grey (gra), a. See Gray (the correct orthography). 
GreyllOUnd' (-hound'), n. [Icel. greyhundr ; grey 
greyhound (of unknown origin) + hundr 
dog.] A breed of dogs remarkable for 
keen sight and 
swiftness. [Writ- 
t e n also gray- 
hound.] 

Grid (grid), n. 
A grating of thin 
parallel bars, 
similar to a grid- 
iron. 

Grid'dle(grTd'- 
d'l), n. [OE. 
gredil, gredel, 
gridel, of Celtic 
origin.] 1. An 
iron plate or pan 
A miner's sieve. 
Grid'dle-cake' (-kak'), n. A cake baked or fried on 
a griddle ; esp., a thin batter cake. 

Gride (grid), v. i. [For gird, prop., to strike with a 
rod.] To cut with a grating sound ; to pierce harshly. 
Gride, n. A harsh scraping or cutting ; a grating. 
Gridl ron (gridl'urn). n. [From same source as E. 
griddle, but the ending was confused with E. iron.] A 
grated iron utensil for broiling. 

Grief (eref). n. [OF. grief, gref, L. gravis heavy.] 
1. Pain oif mind on account of something in the past ; 
mental suffering arising from any cause of regret ; sor- 
row : sadness. 2. Cause of sorrow or pain. 
Syn. — Affliction ; distress ; trial ; grievance. — Sorrow 




English Greyhound, 
used for cooking cakes. 2. 



a, e, 1, o, u, long ; &, g, I, 5, fi, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, idea, obey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



GRIEVANCE 



383 



GROAT 




is the generic term; grief is sorrow for some definite 
cause (one which commenced, at least, in the past) ; 
sadness is applied to a permanent mood of the mind 
Sorroiv is transient in many cases. See Affliction. 

Grievance (grev'ans), n. 1. A cause of uneasiness 
and complaint ; a wrong ; an injury. 2. Grief ; affliction. 

Syn. — Burden; oppression; hardship; trouble. 

Grieve (grev), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Grieved (grevd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Geieving.] [OP\ yrever, fr. L. gravare 
to burden, oppress, fr. gravis. See Grief.] To occasion 
grief to ; to make sorrowful ; to afflict ; to hurt. 

Grieve, v. ?'. To feel grief ; to sorrow ; to mourn. 

Griev'ous (-us), a. 1. Causing grief or sorrow ; hard 
to bear ; offensive ; harmful. 2. Characterized by great 
atrocity ; heinous ; aggravated. 3. Full of, or express- 
ing, grief . — Griev'ous-ly, adv. — Griev'ous-ness, n. 

Griife (grif), n. [F.] The offspring of a mulatto 
woman and a negro; also, a mulatto. [Local, U. S.~\ 

Griffin (-fin), 1 n. [OE., fr. F. griffon, fr. L. gryphus, 

Griffon (-f on), J fr. Gr. yptty ; — so called because 
of the hooked beak, and akin to ypvnos curved.] 1. 
(Myth.) A fabulous monster, half 
lion and half eagle. 2. (Zool.) A 
species of large vulture supposed to 
be the " eagle " of the Bible. 

Grig (grig), n. [Etym. uncer- 
tain.] 1. (Zool.) A cricket or grass- 
hopper ; also, any small eel ; specif. , 
the broad-nosed eel. [Prov. Eng.\ Griffin 
2. Heath. [Prov. Eng.~] 

Grill (gril), n. [F. gril gridiron, OF. grail, L. crati- 
culum, dim. of crates hurdle.] 1. A gridiron. 2. That 
which is grilled. 

Grill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grilled (grlld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Grilling.] 1. To broil on a grill or gridiron. 
2. To torment, as if by broiling. [which is grilled. I 

Gril-ladV (grll-lad'), n. [F.] A grilling ; also, that| 

Grilse (grlls), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zool.) A 
young salmon after its first return from the sea. 

Grim (grim), a. [Compar. Grimmer (-mer) ; superl. 
Grimmest (-mest).] [AS. grim ; akin to G. grimm, and 
gram grief, as adj., hostile.] Of forbidding or fearful 
aspect ; fierce ; stern ; surly ; cruel ; frightful ; horrible. 

Grimace' (grl-mas'), n. [F., prob. of Teutonic ori- 
gin.] A distortion of the face ; smirk; made-up face. 

Gri-mace', v. i. To make grimaces. 

Gri-mal'kin (gri-mal'kin), n. [For graymalkin ; 
gray + malkin.~\ An old cat ; esp., a she-cat. 

Grime (grim), n. [Cf. Dan. grim, griim, soot, grime, 
Icel. grima mask.] Foul matter ; dirt, rubbed in ; sul- 
lying blackness. 

Grime, v. t. To sully or soil deeply ; to dirt. 

Grim'i-ly (grim'I-1^), adv. In a grimy manner. 

Grim'i-ness, n. State of being grimy. 

Grimly (grimly), a. Grim ; hideous ; stern, [R.~\ 

Grimly, adv. In a grim manner ; fiercely, [grim. I 

Grim'neSS (grim'ngs), n. Quality or state of being | 

Grim'y (grim/^), a. [Compar. Grimier (-T-er) ; su- 
perl. Grimiest.] Full of grime ; begrimed ; dirty ; foul. 

Grin (grin), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grinned (grind) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Grinning.] [AS. grennian, Sw. grina; akin 
to G. greinen.] 1. To show the teeth, as a dog ; to snarl. 
2. To withdraw the lips so as to show the teeth, as in 
laughter, scorn, or pain. 

Grin, v. t. To express by grinning. [smile. I 

Grin, n. Act of grinning ; a hard, forced, or sneering | 

Grind (grind), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ground (ground) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Grinding.] [AS. grindan ; of unknown 
origin.] 1. To reduce to powder by friction, as in a mill. 
2. To wear down, polish, or sharpen, by friction; to 
whet ; to rub against one another, as teeth, etc. 3. To 
oppress by exactions ; to harass. 

Grind (grind), v. i. 1. To perform the operation of 
grinding something ; to turn the millstones. 2. To be- 
come pulverized, polished, or sharpened by friction. 3. 
To grate. 4. To drudge ; to study hard. [Colloq.~\ 

Grind, n. 1. Act of reducing to powder, or of sharp- 
ening, by friction. 2. Any severe continuous work or 
occupation ; esp., hard and uninteresting study. [Col- 
loq.~\ 3. A hard student. [College Slang] 

Grind' er (grind'er), n. 1. One that grinds. 2. One 
of the double teeth ; a molar. [rials. [Eng.~\ I 

Grind'er-y (grind'er-^), n. Leather workers' mate-| 

Grind'stone' (grind'ston'), n. A fiat, circular stone, 
revolving on an axle, for grinding objects. 

Grin'ner (grln'ner), n. One who grins. 

Grip (grip), n. [AS. gripe. Cf. Gripe, v. *.] 1. A 
strong grasp ; a holding fast ; strength in grasping. 2. 



A peculiar mode of clasping the hand, as among mem- 
bers of a secret association. 3. That by or with which 
anything is grasped ; a handle. 4. See Grippe. 

Grip (grip), r. t. To give a grip to ; to grasp ; to gripe. 

Gripe (grip), n. [See Griffin.] The griffin. [Obs.] 

Gripe (grip), v. t. [imp. & j). p. Griped (gript) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Griping.] [AS. grlpan ; akin to G. greifen.] 
1. To catch with the hand ; to clutch. 2. To seize and 
hold fast. 3. To pinch; to distress; specif., to cause 
pinching and spasmodic pain to the bowels of. 

Gripe, v. i. 1. To clutch, hold, or pinch a thing, esp. 
money, with, or as with, a gripe. 2. To suffer griping 
pains. 3. (Naut.) To tend to come up into the wind. 

Gripe, n. 1. Grasp; seizure; fast hold; clutch. 2. 
That on which the grasp is put ; a handle ; a grip. 3. 
A mechanical device for grasping or holding anything. 
4. Oppression ; affliction ; pinching distress. 5. Pinch- 
ing and spasmodic pain in the intestines ; — chiefly used 
in the plural. 6. (Naut.) (a) The forefoot of a vessel. 
(b) The sharpness of a ship's stern under the water. 

Grip'er (grip'er), n. One who gripes ; an oppressor. 

II Grippe (grep; E. grip), n. [F.] (Med.) The influ- 
enza, or epidemic catarrh. 

Grip'per (grip'per), n. One that grips. 

Grip'sack' (-sSkO, "• Traveler's handbag. [Colloq."] 

II Grls (gre), a. [OF. & F., fr. LL. griseus ; of Ger- 
man origin.] Gray. [i2.] 

Grise (gris or gres), n. [Prop. pi. of gree a step.] A 
step (in a flight of stairs) ; a degree. [Obs.~\ 

Gris'e-ous (grls'e-us), a. [LL. griseus. See Gris. J 
Light mottled with black or brown ; grizzled or grizzly. 

II Grfsette' (gre'zef or gri-zSt'), n. [F., prop., a gray 
woolen cloth, fr. gris gray. Grisettes wore gowns made 
of this stuff.] A French girl or young married woman 
of the lower class ; often, a working girl fond of gallantry. 

Grisly (grlz'ly), a. [AS. grislic, gryslic, fr. grisan 
to shudder.] Frightful ; horrible ; dreadful ; harsh. — 
Grisli-ness (-lT-nes), n. 

Grisly bear. (Zool.) See under Grizzly. 

Grfson (gri'sun), n. [F., fr. grison gray, gray-haired, 
gris gray. See Gris.] (Zool.) (a) A South American ani- 
I mal of the Weasel family, (b) A South American mon- 
key said to be gluttonous. 

Grist (grist), n. [AS. grist, fr. grindan. See Grind.] 
1. Ground corn ; that which is ground at one time. 2. 
Supply ; provision. 

Gris'tle(grTs"l),n. [AS. gristl.~\ Cartilage, [nous.l 

Gris'tly (grisly), a. Of or like gristle; cartilagi-| 

Grist' mill' (grlst'miF), n. A mill for grinding grain. 

Grit (grit), n. [AS. greot grit, sand, dust ; akin to G. 
griess, and to E. groats, grout.~\ 1. Sand or gravel ; 
rough, hard particles. 2. The coarse part of meal. 3. 
pi. Grain, esp. oats or wheat, hulled and coarsely ground. 

4. (Geol.) A hard, coarse-grained siliceous sandstone. 

5. Structure, as adapted to grind or sharpen. 6. Firm- 
ness of mind ; invincible spirit ; fortitude. 

Grit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gritted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Gritting.] To grind ; to grate. [Colloq.~\ 
Grit, v. i. To make a grating noise ; to grate ; to grind. 

gSSe^a '!- (**>■-**•■.«■ 

Grif ty (-ty), a. 1. Containing sand or grit : full of 
hard particles. 2. Spirited ; resolute. [Colloq., C. S.] 
— Grif ti-ness (-tl-ngs), n. 

Griz'zle (grlz'z'l), n. [F. gris; perh. deriv. of gris 
gray.] Gray ; a gray color. 

Griz'zled (-z'ld), a. Gray ; grayish. 

Griz'zly (-zly), a. Somewhat gray ; grizzled. 

Grizzly bear (Zool.), a large and ferocious bear of "West- 
ern North America. It is 
remarkable for the great 
length of its claws. 

Griz'zly, n. (Zool. ) A 
grizzly bear. 

Groan (gron), v. i. 
[/mp. & p. p. Groaned 
(grond) : p. pr. & vb. n. 
Groaning.] [AS. grani- 
an, fr. root of grennian 
to grin. See Grin, v. i'.] 
To give forth a low, 
moaning sound in breath- 
ing ; to moan. 

Groan, n. A low. 
moaning sound ; usually, 
one uttered in pain, great 
distress, or affliction. Grizzly Bear. 

Groat (grat or grot), n. [LG. grdte, orig., great, that 




H 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, f^U* <irn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



GROATS 



384 



GROUP 



is, a coin larger than other coins in former use.] 1. An 
in, equal to four pence. 2. Any 

Groats ^crats or grots'), n. pi. [AS. gratan ; akin to 
d grain, as oats or wheat, hulled and 
broken or crushed. 

Gro'cer (grosser), n. [Fonuerly, grosser one who deals 
by wholesale, fr. F. grottier, uiarchand grossier, fr. gros 
068.] A trader who deals in tea, sugar, 
oflee. fruits, and various other commodities. 

Gro'cer-y (-$), n. 1. Commodities sold by grocers ; — 
in the I*. S. almost always in the plural. 2. A retail 
grocer's shop or store. [U. 8.1 

Grog (grog), n. [So named from " Old Grog," a nick- 
name given to Admiral Vernon, in allusion to his wearing 
M cloak in foul weather. He is said to have been 
the tirst to dilute the sailor's rum.] A mixture of spirit 
and water not sweetened ; hence, any intoxicating liquor. 

Grog'ger-y(gr5g'ger-y),7i. A grogshop. [Slang, U.S.] 

Grog'gy (-gy), a. 1. Overcome with grog; tipsy; 
unsteady on the legs. \_Colloq.~\ 2. {Man.) Moving in 
a hobbling manner, owing to tender feet. 

Grog'ram (-ram), ) ?i. [OF. gros-grain, lit., coarse 

Grog'ran (-ran), ) grained. See Gboss, and Grain 
a kernel.] A coarse stuff of silk, or of silk and mohair. 

Grog'shop' (-shop/), n. A dramshop. 

Groin (groin), n. [Icel. grein division, branch, dis- 
tinction.] 1. {Anat.) The line between the lower part 
of the abdomen and the thigh, or the region of this line. 
2. {Arch.) A projecting solid angle formed by the meeting 
of two vaults. 3. {Math.) 
The surface formed by 
two such vaults. 

Groin, r. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Groined (groind) ; 
p. pr. & ib. n. Groin- 
ing.] {A rch.) To fashion 
into, or to build with, 
groins. 

Grom'met (gr5m'met), 
n. [F. gourmette curb, 
curb chain, fr. gourmer 
to curb, thump, beat.] 
1. A ring formed by 
twisting on itself a single 
strand of an unlaid rope ; trroins. 

also, a metallic eyelet in or for a sail or a mailbag. 2. 
{Mil.) A ring of rope used as a wad to hold a cannon 
ball in place. 

Grom'well (-wel), n. [Prob. fr. F. gremil.] {Bot.) 
A plant {Lithospermum arvense), with a stony pericarp. 

Groom (groom), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1 A boy or 
young man ; a servant, esp. one who has charge of horses 
or of the stable. 2. One of several officers of the English 
royal household. 3. A bridegroom. 

Groom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Groomed (groomd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Grooming.] To tend or care for, or to curry or 
clean, as a horse. [horses. I 

Groom'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, grooms | 

Grooms'man (groomz'man), n. A male attendant of 
a bridegroom at his wedding. 

Groove (grobv), n. [D. groef, groeve; akin to E. 
grove.] 1. A furrow or channel formed in any way ; a 
rut. 2. Hence : An habitual course ; a fixed routine. 

Groove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grooved (groovd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Grooving.] To cut a groove in ; to form into 
grooves ; to channel ; to furrow. 

Grope (grop), v. i. [imp. & p._ p. Groped (gropt) ; 
p- pr. & vb. n. Groping.] [AS. gr apian to touch, grope, 
f r. gripan, E. gripe.] To search or attempt to find some- 
thing in the dark, by feeling ; to feel one's way. 

Grope, v. t. To search out by feeling in the dark. 

Grop'er (grop'er), n. One who gropes. 

Gros'beak' (gros'bek / )» »• [Gross -f beak.] {Zo'dl.) 
One of various species of finches 
having a large, stout beak. 

Gros'grain' (gro'gran'), a. 
[¥. SeeGaoGRAM.] Of a coarse 
texture ; — applied to silk which 
has a heavy thread running 
crosswise. 

Gross i' gros), a. [Compnr. 

' Grossest.] Rose-breasted Grosbeak 
[F. gros, L. grossus, perh. fr. L. (Habia Ludoviciana). 
crasms thick, dense, fat.] 1. Great ; large ; bulky ; fat ; 
wJ* e Mze ' exce8eiv ely large. 2. Coarse ; rough. 3. 
Hot sensitive in perception or feeling ; dull ; witless. 
4. Vulgar, low, obscene, or impure. 5. Thick ; dense. 








m+ 



6. Palpable ; serious ; flagrant. 7. Whole ; entire ; 
total ; without deduction ; — opposed to net. 

Gross (gros), n. 1. The main body, bulk, or mass. 
2. sing. St pi. Twelve dozen. 

A great gross, twelve gross. — In the gross, In gross, in 
the bulk, or the undivided whole. 

GrossT>eak (gros'bek'), n. {Zo'dl.) See Grosbeak. 

Grossly, adv. In a gross manner. 

Gross'ness, n. State or quality of being gross. 

Grot (grot), v. A grotto. [Poetic] 

Grotesque' (gro-t€sk'), a. [F., fr. It. grottesco, fr. 
grotta. See Grotto.] Like the figures found in ancient 
grottoes ; wildly formed ; whimsical ; extravagant ; fan- 
tastic. — Gro-tesque'ly . adv. — Gro-tesque'riess. n. 

Gro-tesque 7 , n. A whimsical figure, or scene. 

Grot'tO (groVto), n. ; pi. Grottoes (-toz). [Formerly 
grotta, fr. It. grotta, LL. grupta, fr. L. crypta. See 
Crypt.] A natural covered opening in the earth ; a cave ; 
also, an artificial cave, or cavernlike apartment. 

Ground (ground), n. [AS. grund ; akin to G. grund, 
Icel. grunnr bottom.] 1. The surface of the earth. 
Hence : A floor or pavement supposed to rest upon the 
earth. 2. Any region or territory ; country. 3. Land ; 
estate; possession; field; esp. {pi.), the gardens, lawns, 
etc., belonging to a homestead. 4. The basis on which 
anything rests ; foundation. 6. {Paint. & Decorative 
Art) The surface upon which figures are set, worked, or 
wrought. 6. {Mus.) (a) A composition in which the 
bass, consisting of a few bars of independent notes, is 
continually repeated to a varying melody. (b) The tune 
on which descants are raised ; the plain song. *J. {Elec.) 
A conductor whereby the earth is made part of an elec- 
trical circuit. 8. pi. Sediment ; dregs ; lees. 

Ground bait, bait thrown into the water to collect the 
fish. — Ground floor, the floor of a house most nearly on a 
level with the ground. — Ground hog. {Zo'dl.) (a) The wood- 
chuck. (6) The aardvark.— Ground plan (Arch.), a plan of 
the ground floor of any building, or of any floor, as dis- 
tinguished from a perpendicular section. — Ground plate. 
(a) (Arch.) A horizontal timber on or near the ground to 
support the uprights, (b) (Railroads) A bed plate for 
sleepers or ties, (c) ( Tel eg. ) A metallic plate buried in the 
earth to conduct the electric current thereto. — Ground 
plot, a plot of ground upon which a structure is erected ; 
hence, any basis or foundation ; also, a ground plan. — 
Ground rent, rent paid for the privilege of building on an- 
other man's land.— Ground squirrel (Zo'dl.), one of numer- 
ous species of burrowing rodents, having cheek pouches, 
including the chipmunk and the gopher. — Ground swell, a 
broad, deep swell, or undulation, of the ocean, caused by a 
long continued gale. — To gain ground, to gain an advance 
in conflict ; hence, to make progress ; to obtain advantage. 
— To give ground, to recede ; to yield advantage. — To lose 
ground, to retire ; to retreat ; hence, to lose advantage. — 
To stand one's ground, to resist attack or encroachment. 

Ground (ground), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Grounded ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Grounding.] 1. To lay, set, or run, on the 
ground ; to connect with the ground. 2. To found ; to 
furnish a ground or basis for ; hence, to provide with or 
instruct in first principles. [and remain fixed. I 

Ground, V. i. To run aground ; to strike the bottom | 

Ground, imp. & p. p. of Grind. 

Groundless, a. Without foundation ; not authorized ; 
false. — Groundless-ly, adv. — Groundlessness, n. 

Groundling, n. [Ground + -ling.] 1. (Zo'dl.) A 
fish that keeps at the bottom. 2. A spectator in the pit 
of a theater, which formerly was on the ground. 

Ground'nut' (-nut'), n. (Bot.) (a) The peanut or 
goober, (b) A leguminous, twining plant (Apios tube- 
rosa), producing clusters of dark purple flowers and hav- 
ing a root tuberous and pleasant to the taste, (c) The 
dwarf ginseng. [U. S.] (d) A European plant (Bunium 
flexuosum), having an edible root of a globular shape. 

Ground'sel (-sei), n. [AS. grundesivylige, grunde- 
suelge ; gund matter, pus -f- swelgan to swallow. So 
named as being good for a running from the eye.] (Bot.) 
An annual composite plant (Senecio vulgaris), one of the 
most common and widely distributed weeds on the globe. 

Ground'sel (-sel), \n. [Ground-]- sill.] See Ground 

Ground'sUT (-sil'), J plate (a), under Ground. 

Ground'work' (-wfirk'), n. That which forms the 
foundation or support of anything ; basis ; first principle. 

Group (grobp), n. [F. groupe, It. gruppo, groppo, 
cluster, bunch, packet, group ; of G. origin.] 1. An 
assemblage, either of persons or things ; a cluster, crowd, 
or throng. 2. Any assemblage of objects considered as 
being a certain order or as having a certain relation, re- 
semblance, or common characteristic. 

Group, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Grouped (groopt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Grouping.] To form a group of ; to arrange 
or combine in a group or in groups. 



a. e, I, o, ti, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, &bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



GROUPER 



385 



GUARD 




Sharp-tailed Grouse. 



Group'er (groop'er), n. [Corrupted fr. Pg. garupa 
crupper.] {Zo'ol.) Any one of several species and genera 
of valuable food 
fishes. 

Grouse (grous), 
n. sing. & pi. 
[Prob. after the 
analogy of mouse, 
mice, fr. the earlier 
grice, OF. griesche, 
moorhen.] {Zo'ol.) 
Any one of numerous species of gallinaceous game birds. 

Grout (grout), n. [AS. grut ; akin to G. griitze, griess 
and E. groats.] 1. Coarse meal ; ground malt ; pi. 
groats. 2. pi. Lees ; dregs. [Eng.] 3. A thin, coarse 
mortar, used for pouring into the joints of masonry ; 
also, a finer material, used in finishing the best ceilings. 

Grout, v. t. To fill up or finish with grout. 

Grout'y (grout'y), a. Cross ; sulky ; sullen. [Colloq.] 

Grove (grov), n. [AS. grdf, fr. grafan to dig. The 
original sense seems to have been a lane cut through 
trees.'] A group of trees without underwood, planted, 
or growing naturally ; a wood of small extent. 

Grov'el (groV'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groveled (-'Id) 
or Grovelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Groveling or Grovel- 
lino.] [From OE. grovelinge, gruj'elinge, adv., on the 
face, prone, misunderstood as a p. pr. ; cf. OE. gruf, 
groff, in the same sense ; of Scand. origin.] 1. To creep 
on the earth, or with the face to the ground ; to lie flat 
on one's belly, expressive of abjectness ; to crawl. 2. 
To debase one's self to what is low, abject, or mean. 

Grov'el-er (-er), n. One who grovels. 

Grow (gro), v. i. [imp. Grew (gru) ; p._ p. Grown 
(gron) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Growing.] [AS. groivan ; akin 
to D. groeijen, Icel. groa.] 1. To increase in size by a 
natural and organic process. 2. To increase in any way ; 
to expand ; to advance ; to extend. 3. To spring up and 
come to maturity in a natural way ; to thrive ; to flourish. 
4. To pass from one state to another ; to become. 5. To 
become attached or fixed ; to adhere. 

Grow (gro), v. t. To cause to grow ; to cultivate. 

Grow'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, grows. 

Growl (groul), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Growled 
(grould) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Growling.] [D. grollen to 
grunt, be angry.] To utter a deep guttural sound, as an 
angry dog ; to make an angry, grumbling sound. 

Growl, v. t. To express by growling. 

Growl, n. The deep, threatening sound made by a 
surly dog ; a grumbling sound. 

Growl'er (-er), n. One who growls. 

Grown (gron), p. p. of Grow. 

Growth (groth), n. 1. Process of growing ; advance- 
ment. 2. That which has grown or is growing ; any- 
thing produced ; product ; consequence ; effect ; result. 

Grub (grub), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grubbed (grubd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Grubbing (-bing).] [OE. grubben, cf. 
E. grab, grope.] 1. To dig in or under the ground, esp. 
for an object difficult to reach or extricate. 2. To drudge. 

Grub, v. t. To dig ; to dig up by the roots. 

Grub, n. 1. {Zo'ol.) The larva of an insect, esp. of a 
beetle ; a grubworm. 2. Victuals ; food. [Slang] 

Grub'ber (-ber), n. One who, or that winch, grubs. 

Grub'worm' (-wfirm), n. {Zo'ol.) See Grub, n., 1. 

Grudge (gruj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grudged (grujd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Grudging.] [OE. grutchen, gruchen, 
grochen, to murmur, grumble, OF. grochier, grouchier, 
grocier , groucier ; origin uncertain.] 1. To envy (one) 
the possession of ; to begrudge ; to covet ; to give with 
reluctance. 2. To cherish enviously. [Obs.] 

Grudge (gruj), v. i. To be covetous or envious ; to 
murmur ; to repine ; to be unwilling or reluctant. 

Grudge, n. Sullen malice or malevolence ; cherished 
malice, enmity, or dislike ; an old cause of ill will. 

Syn. — Pique ; dislike ; hatred ; spite. See Pique. 

Grudg'er (gruj'er), n. One who grudges. 

Grudg'ing-ly, adv. In a grudging manner. 

Grudg'ing-ness, n. State or quality of grudging. 

Gru'el (gru'el),7i. [OF. gruel, F. gruau; of German 
origin.] Liquid food made by boiling meal or flour in 
water or milk. 

Grue'some (gru/sum), or. Same as Grewsome. [Scot.] 

Gruff (gruf), a. [Compar. Gruffer (-er) ; superl. 
Gruffest.] [D. grof; akin to G. grob.] Of a rough or 
stern manner, voice, or countenance ; sour ; surly ; se- 
vere ; harsh. — Gruffly, adv. — Gruff'ness, n. 

Gram (grum), a. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. Morose ; 
severe of countenance ; sour ; surly ; glum ; grim. 2. 
Low ; deep in the throat ; guttural ; rumbling. 



Grum'ble (grum'b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grumbled 
(•bid) ; ;>. pr. A- rb. a. Grumbling (-bllng).] [Cf. LG. 
grummeln, grumen, D. grommelen, and F. grommeler ; 
of German origin.] 1. To murmur or mutter with dis- 
content. 2. To growl ; to snarl. 3. To rumble ; to roar. 

Grum'ble, V. t. To express or utter with grumbling. 

Grum'ble, n. Act of, or noise made in, grumbling. 

Grum'bler (-bier), n. One who grumbles. [clot. I 

Grume (grum), ». [OF. grume.] A viscid fluid ; a| 

Grumly (grttmly), adv. In a grum manner. 

Gru-mose' (gru-nios' or gru/moK'), a. [See Grume.] 
{Bot.) Clustered in grains at intervals. 

Gru'mous (gru'inus), a. [See Grume.] 1. Resem- 
bling or containing grume; thick; clotted. 2. {Bot.) 
Grumose. — Gru'mous-ness. ??. [grouty. [CoUoq.V 

Grump'y (grump'y), a. [Cf. Grumble.] Surly; 1 

Grunt (grunt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grunted ; //. pr. 
& vb. n. Grunting.] [OE. grunten ; akin to AS. grunian, 
G. grunzen ; all prob. imitative.] To make a deep, short 
noise, as a hog ; to utter a deep guttural sound. 

Grant (grunt), n. 1. A deep, guttural sound, as of a 
hog. 2. {Zo'ol.) Any one of several species of American 
fishes ; — so called from the noise it makes when taken. 

Grunt'er (-er), n. One that grunts ; as a hog. 

Gruntling (griintlTng), n. A young hog. 

Gryph'on (grTf'on), n. {Zo'ol.) The griffin vulture. 

II Gua-Cha'ro (gwa-chii'ro), n. [Cf. Sp. gudcharo sick- 
ly, dropsical, guacharaca a sort of bird.] {Zo'ol.) A noc- 
turnal, fruit-eating bird of South America and Trinidad. 

Gua'cho (gwa'cho), n. ; pi. Guachos (-choz). [Sp. 
Amer.] 1. A mestizo. 2. An Indian messenger. 

Gua'ia-cum (gwa'ya-kum), n. [NL., fr. Sp. guayaco, 
fr. native name in Hayti.] 1. {Bot.) A genus of small, 
crooked trees, of tropical America, including lignum- 
vitae. 2. The heartwood or the resin of lignum-vitae. 

Guan (gwan), n. {Zo'ol.) Any one of many species of 
large gallinaceous birds of Central and South America. 

Gua-na'CO (gwa-nsMko), n. ;pl. Guanacos (-koz). [Sp., 
fr. Peruv. huanacu.] {Zo'ol.) A South American mam- 
mal, allied to the llama, but larger and more graceful. 

Gua'no (gwa'no), n. ; pi. Guanos (-noz). [Sp., fr. 
Peruv. huanu dung.] A substance found in some places 
frequented by sea fowls. It is chiefly their excrement. 

Guar'an-tee' (gaVXn-te'), n. [For guaranty, prob. 
influenced by words like assignee, lessee, etc.] 1. Same 
as Guaranty. 2. A guarantor. 3. {Law) The person 
to whom a guaranty is made. 

Guar / an-tee r , v. t. [imp. &p.p. Guaranteed (-ted') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Guaranteeing.] In law and common 
usage : To undertake or engage for the payment of (a 
debt) or the performance of (a duty) by another person ; 
to undertake to secure (a possession, right, claim, etc.) 
to another against a specified contingency, or at all 
events ; to warrant. 

Guar'an-tor' (gar'an-t&V), n. One who guarantees. 

Guar'an-ty (gar'an-ty), n. [OF. guarantie, garantie, 
fr. guarantir, garantir, to warrant, to guaranty, fr. gua- 
rant, garant, a warranter, F. garant ; from the same word 
as warranty.] In law and common usage : An under- 
taking to answer for the payment of some debt, or the 
performance of some contract or duty, of another, in case 
of the failure of such other to pay or perform ; guaran- 
tee ; warranty ; security. 

Syn. — "Warranty. — A guaranty is an engagement that 
a certain act will be done or not done in future. A icar- 
ranty is an engagement as to the qualities or title of a 
thing at the time of the engagement. 

Guar'an-ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guarantied (-ttd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Guarantying.] Same as Guarantee 
(which is the more common spelling for the verb). 

Guard (gard ; 232), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guarded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Guarding.] [OF. guarder, garder, 
u-arder, fr. OHG. warten to watch. See Ward, v.] 1. 
To protect from danger or injury; to accompany for 
protection. 2. To keep watch over, in order to confine 
or restrain. 3. To protect the edge of, esp. with an 
ornamental border ; hence, to face or ornament. 
Syn. — To defend ; protect ; shield ; keep ; watch. 
Guard (gard ; 232), v. i. To watch by way of caution 
or defense ; to be in a state of defense or safety. 

Guard, n. One who, or that which, guards anything. 
Specif. : 1. A watch or sentinel. 2. One who has charge 
of a mail coach or a railway train ; a conductor. [Eng.] 
3. Any fixture or attachment designed for protection or 
security, as against injury, soiling, defacement, theft, or 
loss. 4. A posture of defense. 5. Watch ; heed ; care. 
Syn. — Defense ; shield ; protection ; safeguard ; con- 
voy ; escort ; care ; attention ; watch ; heed. 



H 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
25 



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GUARDABLE 



386 



GULL 




Guard'able (firdKA-bl), a. That may be guarded. 

Guard'ant ^-<iut), o. [OF. guardmU, p. pr.] 1. Act- 
ing as guardian. [Obs.] 2. {Her.) Turning the head 
toward the spectator. 

Guarded. <l Cautious ; wary ; framed or uttered with 
cautiou. — Guard'ed-ly, "*»• — Guard'ed-ness, n. 

Guard'er (,-er). ;i. One who guards. 

Guard'i-an (£ard'T-<m or -yan ; 106), n. [OF. guar- 
mHm, LL. guardianus. See Guabd, v. /.] 1. 
One who guards, preserves, or secures ; a warden. 2. 
(Zrfjtr) One who has, or is entitled to, the custody of the 
person or property of an incompetent person, as of an 
infant, or a minor without living parents. 

Guard'i-an. a. Acting as, or appropriate to, a guardian. 

Guard i-an-ship. n. Office, duty, or care, of a guard- 
ian, [a guardhouse. I 

Guard'roonV (-room'), n. {Mil.) A room occupied as | 

Guards 'man (gardz'rnan), n. A guard. 

Gua'va (gwa'va), n. [Sp. guayabo, guayaba.~\ A 
kind of tropical tree, or its fruit used for making jelly. 

Gu ber-na-to'rl-al (gu'ber-na-to'rT-al), a. [L. guber- 
nator governor.] Pert, to a governor, or to government. 

Gud'geon (guj'un), n. [F. goujon, fr. L. gobio, or 
gobius. Gr. 

KU>/3lO?.] 1. 

{Zool.) A 
small Eu- 
ropean 
fresh - water 
fish, allied to 
the carp. 2. 
A dupe. 3. Gudgeon (Gobiofluviatilis). 

{Mach. ) The pin of iron fastened in the end of a wooden 
shaft or axle, and forming the journal on which it turns ; 
formerly, any journal, or pivot, or bearing. 4. (Naut. 
A metal socket for the pintle of the rudder. [Gheber. 

GueT>er or GueT)re (getter or ga'ber), n. Same as 

Guel'der-rose 7 (gel'der-roz'), n. [Supposed to be 
brought from Guelderland.'] {Bot.) A cultivated plant 
( Viburnum Opulus) bearing bunches of white flowers. 

Guer'don (ger'dun), n. [OF. guerdon, LL. wider- 
donum, fr. OHG. widarlon ; widar against (G. wider) -f 
Ion reward, G. lohn.~\ A reward ; requital; recompense. 

Guerrilla (ger-rilla), n. [Sp., dim. of guerra war, 
fr. OHG. uerra strife. See Wab.] 1. An irregular 
mode of carrying on war, by the constant attacks of in- 
dependent bands. 2. One who carries on, or assists in 
carrying on, irregular warfare. 

Guess (ges), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Guessed (gest) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Guessing.] [OE. gessen ; akin to Icel. 
gizka, D. gissen. Prob. originally, to try to get, and 
akin to E. get.~\ 1. To judge of at random ; to conjecture. 
2. To judge from reasons that seem preponderating, but 
are not decisive. 3. To conjecture rightly. 4. To sup- 
pose ; to believe ; to imagine. 

Syn. — To surmise ; suspect ; divine ; think ; fancy. — 
The use of the word guess for think or believe, although 
abundantly sanctioned by good English authors, is now 
regarded as antiquated and objectionable by discrimina- 
ting writers. It may properly be branded as a colloquial- 
ism and vulgarism when used of a purpose or a thing about 
which there is no uncertainty ; as, I guess I '11 go to bed. 

Guess, v. i. To make a guess ; to conjecture. 

Guess, n. A random judgment ; an opinion formed 
without sufficient or decisive reasons ; surmise. 

Guess'er (-er), n. One who guesses. 

Guess'work' (-wfirk'), n. Work performed, or results 
obtained, by guess; conjecture. 

Guest (gest), n. [AS. giest, gest ; akin to G. gast, and 
to L. hostis enemy, stranger ; of unknown origin.] 1. A 
visitor ; a person received and entertained in one's house 
or at one's table. 2. A lodger or boarder at a hotel, 
lodging house, or boarding house. 

Guf-faw' (guf-fa'), n. A loud burst of laughter. 

Guid'a-ble (gid'a-b'l), a. Capable of being guided. 

Guid'ance (-ans), n. Act or result of guiding ; direc- 
tion ; government ; a leading. 

Guide (gid ; 232), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guided ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Guiding.] [F. guider, It. guidare ; prob. of 
Teutonic origin.] 1. To lead or direct in a way ; to con- 
duct ; to pilot. 2. To regulate and manage ; to direct ; 
to order ; to instruct and influence ; to train. 

Guide, n. One who, or that which, guides. 

Guide / board / C-bord'), n. A board, as upon a guide- 
i ng directions as to the road. [tourists, etc. i 

Guide'book' (-book'), n. A book to guide travelers, '' 

GuldVposV (-p&rtO, n. A post at the fork of a road, 
witn a guideboard on it, to direct travelers. 




Guillotine. 



Gul'don (gi'dun), 7i. [F. guidon, It. guidone. See 
Guide, r. t.~\ 1. A small flag or streamer, as that carried 
by cavalry, or one used to make signals ; also, the flag of 
a guild or fraternity. 2. One who carries a flag. 

Guild (gild), n. [AS. gild, gield, geld, tribute, a soci- 
ety or company where payment was made, fr. AS. gildan, 
gicldan, to pay. See Yield.] 1. A business fraternity 
or corporation ; — originally one licensed by the govern- 
ment, and endowed with special privileges and authority. 
2. A religious association or society, organized for char- 
itable purposes or for parish work. 

Guil'der (gll'der), n. [D. gulden, orig., golden.] A 
Dutch silver coin worth about forty cents. 

Guild'hair (gild'hal'), n. The assembly hall of a guild. 

Guile (gil ; 232), n. [OF. guile ; the same word as E. 
wile.] Craft; artifice; wile; deceit; treachery. 

Guile'ful (-ful), a. Full of guile ; treacherous ; guilty. 

Guileless, a. Free from guile ; artless. 

Guillemot' (gllle-inot'), n. [F.] {Zool.) One of 
several northern sea birds, allied to the auks. 

Guillotine' (gil'16-ten'), n. [F., from Guillotin, a 
French physician, who proposed, in 
the Constituent Assembly of 1789, 
to abolish decapitation with the ax 
or sword. The instrument was in- 
vented by Dr. Antoine Louis.] A 
machine for beheading a person by 
one stroke of a heavy ax or blade. 

Guillotine' (gTl'16-ten'), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Guillotined (-tend') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Guillotining.] To , 
behead with the guillotine. 

Guilt (gilt), n. [AS. gylt crime ; 
prob. originally, the fine paid for an 
offense, and afterward, the offense itself, and akin to E. 
yield.~\ 1. Criminality and consequent exposure to pun- 
ishment; offense against right. 2. Exposure to any 
legal penalty or forfeiture. 

Guilt'i-ly (glltl-ly), adv. In a guilty manner. 

Guilt'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being guilty. 

Guiltless, a. Free from guilt ; innocent. 

Guilt'y (giit'y), a. [Compar. Gutltteb (-T-er) ; superl. 
Guiltiest.] 1. Having incurred guilt ; chargeable with, 
or responsible for, something censurable ; criminal ; 
wicked. 2. Evincing, indicating, or involving guilt. 

Guin'ea (gln'e), n. 1. A district on the west coast of 
Africa (formerly noted for its export of gold and slaves). 
2. A gold coin of England worth twenty-one shillings 
sterling (about 85.00), not coined since 1817. 

Guinea fowl, Guinea hen (Zool.), an African gallinaceous 
bird, allied to the 
pheasants. Some 
species are domes- 
ticated. — Guinea pig 
i [Prob. a mistake for 
| Guianapig.] (Zool.), 
a small Brazilian ro- 
dent, about seven 
inches in length, and 
usually of a white 
; color, with spots of 
; orange and black. 

Guipure' (ge- 
pur'), n. [F.] A 
term for lace of dif- 
ferent kinds, esp.that 
of large pattern and heavy material, with no mesh. 

Guise (giz), n. [F. guise way, manner, fr. OHG. wisa. 
See Wise, w.] 1. Customary way of speaking or acting ; 
habitual manner ; mien ; practice. 2. External appear- 
ance in manner or dress ; garb ; shape. 3. Cover ; cloak. 

Gui-tar' (gT-tar'), n. [F. guitare, fr. Gr. Ki9apa.~\ A 
six-stringed instrument of music resembling the lute, — 
played upon with the fingers. 

Gular (gu'ler), a. [Fr. L. gula throat.] 
{Zool.) Of or pert, to the throat. 

Gulch (gulch), n. A ravine ; a gully. 

Gules (gulz), n. [F. gueules, the same 
word as gueule throat, OF. gole, goule, L. 
gula. So named from the red color of the 
throat.] {Her.) The tincture red, — indi- 
cated in engraving by parallel vertical lines. 

Gulf (gulf), n. [F. golfe, It. golfo, fr. Gr. 
koA7tos bosom, bay, gulf.] 1. A hollow place 
in the earth ; an abyss ; a deep chasm or 
basin. 2. {Geog.) A portion of an ocean or 
sea extending into the land. 

Gull (gul), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gulled 
(guld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gulling.] [Prob. 




Helmeted Guinea Fowl. 




Guitar. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, 



ask, all, final. 



GULL 



387 



GUTTA-PERCHA 



fr. Gull the bird.] To deceive ; to cheat j to mislead 
to trick ; to defraud. 

Gull (gQl), n. 1. Cheat ; trick ; 
fraud. 2. One easily cheated ; a dupe. 

Gull, n. [Of Celtic origin.] {Zool.) 
Any one of many ■ ■■ fTT 

species of long- 
winged sea birds. 




Gull (Zarus argentatus), in winter plumage. 



Gul'let (gul'let), n. [OP. goulet, dim. of goule throat, 
L. gula.] 1. {Anat.) The esophagus. 2. Something 
shaped like the food passage, or having like functions. 

Gul'li-ble (gul'lT-b'l), a. Easily gulled ; that may be 
duped. — Gul'li bil'i-ty (gQl'lT-bil'T-ty), n. 

Gul'ly, n. [For Gullet.] 1. A channel worn in the 
earth by water. 2. A grooved iron tram rail. [Eng.~\ 

Gul'ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gullied (-lid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Gullying.] To wear into a gully or into gullies. 

Gulp (gulp), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Gulped (gulpt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Gulping.] [D. gulpen.~\ To swallow eagerly ; 
to swallow up ; to take down at one swallow. 

To gulp up, to disgorge. 

Gulp, n. Act of one who gulps ; as much as is swal- 
lowed at once. 

Gum (gum), n. [AS. goma palate ; akin to G. gaumen, 
OHG. goumo, guomo.~\ The dense tissues which invest 
the teeth, and cover the adjacent parts of the jaws. 

Gum, n. [F. gomme, L. gummi and commis, fr. Gr. 
xo>pi, prob. from an Egyptian form kami.~\ A vegetable 
secretion of many trees or plants that hardens when it 
exudes, but is soluble in water. Also, less strictly, any 
exudation not soluble in water. 

Gum arabic, a gum yielded mostly by several species of 
Acacia growing m Africa and Southern Asia.— Gum elastic, 
Elastic gum. See Caoutchouc. — Gum resin, a resin con- 
taining more or less mucilaginous and gummy matter. — 
Gum Senegal, a gum similar to gum arabic, yielded by 
trees growing in the Senegal country, West Africa.— Gum 
tragacanth. See Tragacanth.— Gum tree, the name given 
to several trees in America and Australia : (a) The black 
gum (Nyssa multiflora), one of the largest trees of the 
Southern States. (6) A tree of the genus Eucalyptus, (c) 
The sweet gum tree of the United States (Liquidambar 
styraciflua), a large and beautiful tree with pointedly 
lobed leaves and woody burlike fruit. 

Gum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gummed (gumd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Gumming.] To smear, close, unite, or stiffen with 
gum or a gumlike substance ; to make sticky with a 
gumlike substance. 

Gum, v. i. To exude or form gum ; to become gummy. 

Gum/bo (guin'bo), n. A soup thickened with pods of 
the okra ; also, the okra plant or its pods. [Southern U. S.~\ 

Gum'boil (gum'boil), «. {Med.) A small suppurating 
inflamed spot on the gum. 

Gum-mif 'er-ous (gum-mifer-us), a. [L. gummi gum 
+ -ferous.] Producing gum ; gum-bearing. 

Gum/mous (gum'mus), a. Gummy. 

Gum/my (-m^), a. [Compar. Gummier (-mi-er); 
superl. Gummtest.] Consisting of gum ; viscous ; adhe- 
sive ; producing or containing gum ; covered with gum 
or a substance resembling gum. — Gum/mi-ness, n. 

Gump'tion (gump'shiin), n. [OE. gom, gome, atten- 
tion ; akin to AS. geomian, gyman, to observe.] 1. Ca- 
pacity; shrewdness. [Colloq.] 2. {Paint.) {a) Art of 
preparing colors. (6) Megilp. 

Gun (gfin), n. [OE. gonne, gunne ; of uncertain ori- 
gin.] 1. A weapon which throws or propels a missile to 
a distance ; any firearm or instrument for throwing pro- 
jectiles by the explosion of gunpowder. 2. {Mil.) A 
piece of heavy ordnance ; in a restricted sense, a cannon. 
3. pi. {Naut.) Violent blasts of wind. 

Gun cotton (Chem.), a general name for a series of explo- 
sive nitric ethers of cellulose, obtained by steeping cotton 
in nitric and sulphuric acids. — Gun metal, a bronze (ordi- 
narily nine parts copper and one tin) used for cannon, 
etc. The name is also given to certain strong mixtures 
of cast iron. —To blow great guns (Naut.), to blow a gale. 

GunTtJOat 7 (gun'bot 7 ), n. {Xav.) A vessel of light 
draught, carrying one or more guns. 



Gun' cot ton (gun' kSt't'n). See under Gun. 

Gun'lock (giin'lSk'), n. The lock of a gun. 

Gun'nel (-n§l), n. A gunwale. 

Gun'ner, n. 1. One who works a gun. 2. {Nav.) 
A warrant officer in charge of a vessel's ordnance. 

Gun'ner-y (-f), n. Art and science of firing guns. 

Gun'ning (guu'mug), n. The act or practice of hunt- 
ing or shooting game with a gun. 

Gun'ny (gun'ny), n., Gun'ny cloth' (kl5th' ; 115). 
[Hind, gon, gorii, a sack, sacking.] A strong, coarse 
kind of sacking, made of jute. 

Gun'pow'der (gun'pou'der), n. A granular, explo- 
sive substance, consisting of an intimate mechanical 
mixture of niter, charcoal, and sulphur. [will shoot. I 

Gun'reach' (-rech'), n. The distance to which a gun| 

Gun'room' (-room'), n. {Naut. ) A room on the after end 
of the lower gun deck of a ship of war, usually the mess- 
room of the commissioned officers, except the captain. 

Gun'shof (-shSf), n. 1. Act of firing a gun ; shot. 
2. Effective range of a gun. [small firearms. I 

Gun'smith/ (-smith'), n. A maker or repairer of | 

Gun'stock' (-st5k'), n. The stock or wood to which 
the barrel of a hand gun is fastened. 

Gun'ter's Chain' (-terz chan'). {Surveying) The 
chain ordinarily used in measuring land, — invented by 
Rev. Edmund Gunter (1581-1626), an Eng. astronomer. 

Gun'ter's scale' (skal'). A scale consisting of a 
wooden rule, two feet long, marked with scales of equal 
parts, and with the logarithms of these parts, so that many 
problems in surveying and navigation may be solved, 
mechanically, by the aid of dividers alone ; — invented 
by Rev. Edmund Gunter. 

Gun'wale (giin'wal ; commonly gun'nel), n. [Gun 
-f- wale ; — because the upper guns were pointed from 
it.] {Naut.) The upper edge of a vessel's side ; the 
uppermost wale of a ship (not including the bulwarks). 

Gur'gle (gur'g'l), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Gurgled (-g'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Gurgling (-gllng).] [Etym. uncertain.] 
To run or flow in a broken, noisy current. 

Gur'gle, n. A gurgling ; a broken, bubbling noise. 

Gur'nard (-nerd), ) n. [OF. gornal, gournal, gor- 

Gur'net (-nSt), J nart.] {Zobl.) One of several 
European marine fishes, having a large and spiny head, 
with mailed cheeks. 




Gurnard (Trigla hirimclo). 

Gush (gush), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gushed (gusht) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. Gushing.] [OE. gitschen, cf. Icel. gusa 
and gjosa, also D. gudsen.} 1. To issue with violence 
and rapidity, as a fluid ; to flow copiously. 2. To display 
sentiment or enthusiasm in a silly, demonstrative man- 
ner. [Colloq.'] [act of gushing. I 

Gush, n. Act of. gushing, or that which issues in the | 

Gus'set (gus'set), n. [F. gousset armpit, fob, gusset, 
dim. of gousse pod.] 1. A small piece of cloth inserted 
in a garment to strengthen or enlarge some part. 2. 
Anything resembling a gusset in a garment. 

Gust (gust), n. [Icel. gustr a cool breeze.] 1. A 
sudden squall. 2. A sudden, violent burst of passion. 

Gust, n. [L. gustus.~\ 1. Sense or pleasure of tasting ; 
relish ; gusto. 2. Gratification of any kind ; enjoyment. 
3. Intellectual taste ; fancy. [some ; savory, j 

Gust'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Pleasant to the taste ; tooth- 1 

Gust'a-tO-ry (gilst'a-to-ry), a. Pertaining to, or sub- 
servient to, the sense of taste. 

Gus'tO (gus'to), n. [It. or Sp., fr. L. gustus.] Nice 
or keen appreciation or enjoyment ; relish ; taste ; fancy. 

Gust'y (gust'y), a. Squally ; stormy ; tempestuous. 

Gut (gut), n. [AS. gut, prob. orig., a channel, and 
akin to geotan to pour.] 1. A narrow passage of water. 
2. An intestine; a bowel ; {pi.) bowels; entrails. 3. A 
prepared entrail, as for a fiddlestring. 

Gut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gutted (-t5d) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Gutting.] 1. To take out the bowels from ; to evis- 
cerate. 2. To plunder, or empty of contents. 

Gut'ta-per'Cha (gut'ta-per'cha), n. [Malay gatah 
gum -j- pertja the tree from which it is procured.] A 
concrete juice produced by various trees of the Malayan 
archipelago. It resembles caoutchouc. 



H 



K 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, rood, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



GUTTER 



388 



HABERDASHERY 



Qut'ter (pitt'terV n. [OF. goutiere, fr. gote, goute, 

drop, L. gutta,"] 1. A channel at the eaves of a roof for 

\ the rain. 2. A small channel, as at the 

. to lead off surface water. 3. Any narrow 

channel or groove. 

Qut'ter. r. /. & i. [imp. & p. p. Guttered (-terd) ; 

v rl>. n. Guttering.] To cut or form into small 

longitudinal hollows; to channel ; to become channeled. 

Guttural (-tiir-rtl), a. [L. gutter throat.] Of or 
pertaining to the throat ; relating to, or characteristic of, 
■ sound formed in the throat. — n. A sound formed in 
the throat. —Gut'tur-al-ly, adv. — Gut'tur-al-ness, n. 

Gut'tUT-O— (gut'tur-6-). A combining form denoting 
relation to the throat ; as, gutturo-n&sal, having both a 
guttural and a nasal character ; gutturo--pn\ata\. 

Guy (gi), n. [Sp. guia guide, guy ; the same word as 
E. guide.'] A rope, chain, or rod attached to anything 
to steady it or guide its movements. 

Guy. V. t- [imp. & p. p. Guyed (gid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Guying.] To steady or guide with a guy. 

Guy, n. 1. A grotesque effigy, like that of Guy 
Fawkes. 2. A person of queer looks or dress. 

Guy, v. t. To make a butt for ridicule. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Guz'zle (guz'z'l), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Guzzled 
(-z'ld) \p.pr. & vb. n . Guzzling (-zllng).] [OF. gosillier, 
prob. orig., to pass through the throat.] To drink greed- 
ily or frequently. 

Guz'zle, n. An insatiable thing or person. 

Guz'zler (-zler), n. An immoderate drinker. 

Gybe (jib), v. t. & i. {Naut.) Same as Jibe. 

Gym-na'si-arch (jTni-na'zT-ark), n. [Gr. yv^va<rC- 
ap\os ; yvfivaaiov -\- apxew to govern.] (Gr. Antiq.) An 
Athenian officer who superintended the gymnasia. 

Gym-na'si-um (-zT-uin or -zhT-Qm), n. ; pi. E. Gym- 
nasiums (-umz), L. Gymnasia (-a). [L., fr. Gr. yvp.v6.viov, 
fr. yvp.vd£eiv to exercise (naked), fr. yvpvds naked.] 1. 
A place or building for athletic training. 2. A school 
where pupils are prepared for the university. 

Gym'nast (jim'nast), n. One who teaches or prac- 
tices gymnastic exercises ; an athlete. 

Gym-nas'tic (jim-naVtik), ) a. Pertaining to athletic 

Gym-nas'tic-al (-tl-kal), J exercises intended for 
health, defense, or diversion ; also, pertaining to dis- 
ciplinary exercises for the intellect ; athletic. 

Gym-nas'tics (-tiks), n. Athletic or disciplinary ex- 
ercises ; the art of performing gymnastic exercises. 

Gym-nos'0-phist (-n5s'6-fTst), n. [Gr. yu/ai>o<ro</u<m?s ; 
yvp.vo<s 4" <ro<£i<rr>js philosopher.]. One of an ancient sect 
of philosophers in India who went almost naked. 

Gym'no-sperm (jim'no-sperm), n. (Bot.) A plant 
that bears naked seeds ; as the pine and hemlock. 

Gym no-sper'mous (-sper'mus), a. [Gr. yvjivotnrep- 
■ p.os ; yvp.v6<> naked + crn-epjua seed.] {Bot.) Having naked 
seeds, or seeds not inclosed in a capsule or other vessel. 
Gym-no'tus (jiin-no'tus), n. [KL., fr. Gr. yvp.vos 
naked+voiTos 
the back.] 
(Zool.) A ge- 
nus of South 

American fresh-water 20 

fishes, including the 
electric eel. 

Gyn ae-ce'um 
(jin'e-se'um), || Gyn'- 
ae-ci'um (jin ' e-si ' - 
um), n. [L., fr. Gr. ywaiKelov women's apartments, fr. 
yw7? a woman.] That part of a large house, among the 
ancients, exclusively appropriated to women. 




Gymnotus (G. electricus). 



I. [Gr. yvvavSpos of 

doubtful sex ; yuefl 

{Bot.) 




Stamens and 
l^til of a 
Gynandrous 
Flower. 



Gy-nan'dri-an (jt-nSn'drl-an), 

Gy nan'drous (jT-nSn'driis), 
a woman -f- a.vrjp, avSpos, man.] 
Having stamens inserted in the pistil 

Gyn'ar-chy (jTn'ar-ky), n. [Gr. yvvf) 
a woman + -archy.'] Government by a 
woman. 

Gyn'e-col'o-gy (jTn'e-k5l'6-jy or 

gi'ne-), n. [Gr. yvvrj, yvvaiicos, woman -j- 
-logy.~\ (Med.) The science treating of 
the structure and diseases of woman. 

Gyn'e-ol'a-try (-5l'a-try), n. [Gr. ywq 
a woman + Aarpeia worship.] The ado- 
ration or worship of women. 

II Gy-n<B'ci-um (jT-ne'sT-um o?'-shT-um), n. [NL., fr. 
Gr. yvvri a woman -j- oIkos house.] (Bot.) The pistils of 
a flower, taken collectively. 

Gyn'o-phore (jin'6-f or), n. [Gr. yvvri woman + <f>epeiv 
to bear.] (Bot.) The pedicel raising the pistil or ovary 
above the stamens, as in the passion flower. 

Gyp'se-ous (jip'se-us), a. [L. gypseus. See Gypsum.] 
Resembling or containing gypsum. 

Gyp'sey (-sy), n. A gypsy. 

Gyp'SUm (jtp'sum), n. [L. gypsum, Gr. ■yityo?.] 
(Min.) A mineral consisting of the hydrous sulphate of 
lime (calcium). When calcined, it forms plaster of Paris. 

Gyp/sy (jTp'sy), n. [OE. Gypcyan, F. egyptien 
Egyptian, gypsy, L. Aegyplius.~\ 1. One of a vagabond 
race, originally from India, but now scattered over Eu- 
rope, living by theft, fortune telling, tinkering, etc. 2. 
The language of the gypsies. 3. A dark-complexioned 
person. 4. A cunning or crafty person. \_Colloq.'] 

Gyp'sy (jip'sy), v. i. To play the gypsy ; to picnic in 
the woods ; mostly used in form gypsying, as a vb. n. 

Gy'ral (ji'ral), a. [See Gyre.] 1. Moving in a cir- 
cular path or way. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a gyrus. 

Gy'rate (-rat), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Gyrated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Gyrating.] [L. gyrare, p. p. -atus. See Gyre, n.] 
To revolve around a central point ; to move spirally. 

Gy-ra'tion (jt-ra'shun), n. Act of turning, as around 
a fixed center ; rotation ; revolution. 

Gy'ra-tO-ry (jl'ra-to-ry), a. Gyrating. 

Gyre (jlr), n. [L. gyrus, Gr. yOpos.] A circular mo- 
tion, or a circle described by a moving body. 

Gyr'fal'con (jeVfa/k'n), n. [OF. gerfaucon, LL. 
gyrofalco; of uncertain origin.] 
(Zobl. ) One of several species and 
varieties of large Arctic falcons. 

Gy-roid'al (jt-roid'al), a. [Gr. 
yupos circle -f- -oid + -Ofc] Spiral 
in arrangement or action. 

Gy'ron (jl'ron), n. [F. giron; 
of German origin.] (Her.) A 
subordinary of triangular form 
having one of its angles at the fess 
point and the opposite side at the 
edge of the escutcheon. 

Gy'ro-SCOpe (ji'ro-skop), n. 
[Gr. yOpos ring, circle + -scope.] 
A rotating wheel, mounted in a 
ring or rings, for illustrating the 
dynamics of rotating bodies, etc. 

II Gy'rus (jl'rus), n. ; pi. Gyri 
(-ri). [L.] A convoluted ridge between grooves ; a 
convolution. [one to confine the legs ; a fetter. I 

Gyve (jiv), n. [Of Celtic origin.] A shackle ; esp.,| 

Gyve, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Gyved (jivd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Gyving.] To fetter ; to shackle ; to chain. 




Gyrfalcon (Falco rus- 
ticolus). 



H. 



H (ach), a letter classed among the consonants, and 
the eighth of the English alphabet. It is used with cer- 
tain consonants to form digraphs representing sounds 
which are not found in the alphabet, as sh, th, th, (for 
zh see § 274) ; also, to modify the sounds of some other 
letters, as when placed after c and p. See Guide to Pro- 
nuncfalion, §? 153, 179, 181-3, 237-8. 

The name (aitch) is from the French ache; its form 
13 from the Latin, and this from the Greek (once used as 
the t.ign of the rough breathing) H, from Phoenician, the 
ultimate origin probably being Egyptian. Etymologic- 
ally H is most closely related to c ; as in E. horn, L. cornu, 
Gr. Ktpas ; E. 1«-\k. v. t., conceal ; E. Aide, L. cutis, Gr. 
kvtos ; E. hundred, L. centum, Gr. e-nar-ov, Skr. cata. 



H (ha). (Mus.) The seventh degree in the diatonic 
scale, being used by the Germans for B natural. 

Ha (ha), inter j. [AS.] An exclamation denoting sur- 
prise, joy, grief, etc. When repeated, ha, ha, it is an ex- 
pression of laughter, satisfaction, or triumph. 

llHa'be-as cor'pus (ha'be-Ss k&r'piis). [L., you may 
have the body.] (Law) A writ used to bring a party be- 
fore a court or judge, esp. to inquire into the cause of a 
person's imprisonment or detention by another, with the 
view to protect the right to personal liberty. 

Hab'er-dash'er (-dash'er), n. [Prob. fr. Icel. haptir- 
task trumpery, trifles, perh. through French.] A dealer 
in various drapery goods, as laces, silks, trimmings, etc. 

Hab'er-dash'er-y f-y), n. Haberdashers' goods. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, u, y, Bhort ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



HABERDINE 



389 



HAGIOGRAPHY 



Hab / er-dine r (h8b'er-den' or haVer-dln), n. [Etym. 
uncertain.] A cod salted and dried. 

Ha-ber'ge-on (ha-ber'je-5n or hab'er-jun), n. [F. 
haubergeon, dim. of OF. hauberc. SeeHAUBEiuc.] Prop- 
erly, a short hauberk ; loosely, the hauberk itself. 

Ha-bil'i-ment (ha-bll'i-nient), n. [F. habillement, fr. 
kabiller to dress, clothe, orig., to make ready, fr. habile 
apt, skillful, L. habilis.] 1. A garment ; an article of 
clothing. 2. pi. Dress, in general. 

Hab'it (hSb'Tt), n. [F., fr. L. habitus state, appear- 
ance, dress, fr. habere to have, be in a condition.] 1. 
The usual condition or state of a person or thing, either 
natural or acquired. 2. Fixed or established custom ; 
practice; usage; hence, an involuntary tendency or 
aptitude acquired by practice or repetition. 3. Outward 
appearance; attire; dress; hence, a garment; esp., a 
closely fitting garment or dress worn by ladies. 

Syn.— Mode ; manner ; way ; custom ; fashion.— Habit 
is an involuntary disposition or tendency to do easily, 
naturally, and with growing certainty, what we do often ; 
custom is external, and supposes an act of the will, decid- 
ing what mode of procedure to follow as a custom. 

Hab'it (h5b'it), v. t. [_imp. & p. p. Habited ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Habiting.] To dress ; to clothe ; to array. 

Hab'it-a-bil'i-ty (-a-bil'i-t^), n. Habitableness. 

Hab'it-a-ble (hab'it-a-b'l), a. That may be inhabited 
or dwelt in. — Hab'it-a-ble -ness, n. — Hab'it-a-bly , adv. 

Hab'it-an-cy (-an-sy), n. Same as Inhabitancy. 

Hab'it ant (-ant), n. [F.] An inhabitant. 

Habitat (hab'T-tSt), n. [L., it dwells.] (Biol.) The 
natural abode, locality, or region of an animal or plant. 

Hab i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of inhabiting. 2. 
Place of abode ; residence. 

Ha-bit'U-al Xha-bTt'u-al ; 135), a. 1. Formed or ac- 
quired by habit or use. 2. According to, or established 
by, habit. — Ha-bit'u-al-ly, adv. — Ha-bit'u-al-ness,?t. 

Syn. — Customary ; accustomed ; usual ; common ; 
wonted ; ordinary ; regular ; familiar. 

Ha-bit'U-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Habituated 
(-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Habituating (-a'tTng).] To 
make accustomed ; to accustom ; to familiarize. 

Ha-bit'U-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of habituating, or 
atate of being habituated. 

Hab'i-tude (hab'I-tud), n. [F.] 1. Habitual attitude ; 
usual relations. 2. Habitual association or familiarity. 

3. Habit of body or of action. 

II Ha'bi'tu'6' (a'be'tu'a'), n. [F., p. p. of habiluer. 
See Habituate/] One who habitually frequents a place. 

Hach'ure (hach'ur), n. [F., fr. hacher to hack. See 
1st Hatch.] (Fine Arts) A short line used in drawing 
and engraving, esp. in shading. 

II Ha'ci-en'da (a'the-an'da or ha/sT-en'da), n. [Sp., 
deriv. of facer e to do.] A large estate where work of any 
kind is done ; a cultivated farm, with a good house. 

Hack (hak), n. [See 5th Hatch.] 1. A frame or grat- 
ing of various kinds ; as for drying bricks, fish, or cheese. 

Hack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hacked (h3kt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Hacking.] [AS. haccian ; akin to G. hacken.] To 
cut irregularly, without still or definite purpose ; to 
notch ; to mangle by cutting. [short, broken way. I 

Hack, v. i. To cough faintly and frequently, or in a | 

Hack, n. 1. A notch ; a cut. 2. An implement f o: 
cutting a notch ; a large pick used in breaking stone. 3. 
A catch in speaking ; a short, broken cough. 

Hack (hak), n. [Shortened fr. Hackney.] 1. A horse, 
hackneyed, or let out for common hire ; also, a korse used 
in all kinds of work, or a saddle horse, as distinguished 
from hunting and carriage horses. 2. A coach or carriage 
let for hire ; esp., a coach with two seats inside facing 
each other. 3. A bookmaker'who hires himself out for 
any sort of literary work ; a drudge. 4. A procuress. 

Hack, v. t. To use as a hack ; to let out for hire. 

Hack'ber'ry (hak'ber'ry), n. (Bot.) A genus of trees 
related to the elm, but bearing drupes often edible. 

Hack'er (-er), n. One who,or that which, hacks. 

Hac'kle (hak'k'l), n. [See Heckle, and cf. Hatchel.] 

1. A comb for dressing flax, raw silk, etc. ; a hatchel. 

2. Any flimsy substance unspun, as raw silk. 3. One of 
the long, narrow feathers on the neck of fowls, — often 
used in making artificial flies ; hence, any feather so used. 

4. An artificial fly for angling, made of feathers. 
Hac'kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hackled (-k'ld) ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. Hackling (-kling).] 1. To separate, as fibres, by 
drawing through the teeth of a hackle. 2. To tear asun- 
der ; to break in pieces. 

Hac'kly (hak'ty), a. Rough or broken, as if hacked. 

Hack'ma-tack' (-rna-tak'), n. [Of American Indian 
origin.] (Bot.) The American larch ; also, its timber. 



Hack'ney (hak'ny), n. ; pi. Hackneys (-nTz). [Cf. F. 
haquenee a pacing horse, OF. also haguenee, Sp. hacanea, 
also OF. haque horse, Sp. haca, OSp. faeaA 1. A horse 
for riding or driving ; nag ; pony. 2. A horse or pony 
kept for hire. 3. A carriage kept for lure; hackney 
coach. 4. A hired drudge. 6. A prostitute. 

Hack'ney, a. Let out for hire ; devoted to common use ; 
hence, much used ; trite ; mean. 

Haok'ney, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Hackneyed (-uTd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Hackneying.] 1. To devote to common 
use ; to wear out in common service ; to make trite. 

Had (had), imp. &p.p. of Have. [OE. had, ha/de, 
he/de, AS. hsefde.] See Have. 

Had as lief, Had rather, Had better, Had as goon, etc., 
with a nominative and followed by the infinitive without 
to, are well established idiomatic forms. The original 
construction was that of the dative with forms of be, fol- 
lowed by the infinitive. 

Had'dock (-diik), n. [OE. hadok, haddok; of unknown 
origin.] (Zo'ol.) A marine food fish, allied to the cod. 

Ha'des (ha'dez), n. [Gr. oStjs, 'AiStjs ; d priv. -f- 
ISelv to see.] T'te nether world (according to classical 
mythology, the abode of the shades, ruled over by Hades 
or Pluto). 

Haem'a- (hem'a- or he'ma-), Haem'a-to- (hgm'a-to- or 
he'ma-to-), Haem'O- (hein'6- or he'ino-). [Gr. al/na, 
at^taros, blood.] Combining forms indicating relation or 
resemblance to blood, association with blood. 

Hae'mal (he'mal), a. [Gr. al/xa blood.] Pertaining 
to the blood or blood vessels ; also, ventral. See Heual. 

Havmat'iC (he-matlk), a. [Gr. eu/xaTi/coj.] Of or 
pertaining to the blood ; sanguine ; brownish red. 

Haem'a-tO- (hgm'a-to- or he'-), prefix. See Hema-. 

Haem'a-tO-blast' (-blast'), n. [Hsemalo- + -blast.] 
(Anat.) A kind of very minute, disk-shaped corpuscle 
found in blood with the red and the white corpuscles. 

Haem'a-tol'O-gy (hgrn'a-tol'6-jy or he'ma-), n. Same 
as Hematology. 

Haemia-tox'y-lin (-toks'i-ltn), n. [See Hematoxy- 
lon.] (Chem.) The coloring principle of logwood. 

II HaBm'a-tOX'y-lon (-Ion), n. [NL. , fr. Gr. at/na blood 
-|- £vAov wood.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants 
containing but a single species ; the logwood tree. 

II Hfflnva-to-zo'bn (-to-zo'on), n. ; pi. Hjematozoa (-a). 
[NL., fr. Gr. al/xa, cuju.aTos, blood -f- cjaiov animal.] 
(Zo'ol.) A parasite inhabiting the blood. 

Haem'O- (hem'6- or he'mo-). See Hema-. [hilt. I 

Haft (haft), n. [AS. haeft; akin to G. heft.} Handle; | 

Hag (hag), n. [AS. hsegtesse; akin to G. hexe ; origin 
uncertain.] 1. A witch. [Obs.~] 2. An ugly old woman. 
3. A fury; she-monster. 4. (Zo'ol.) An eel-like, marine 
marsipobranch al- 
lied to the lam- 
prey. 5. (Zo'ol.) 
The shearwater. 

HagO)Ut(-but), 
n. [OF. haque- 
bute, prob. a cor- Hag (Mi/xine glutinosa) (4). 

ruption of D. haakbus ; haak hook + bus gun barrel. ] An 
arquebus, of which the but was bent down or hooked. 

Hag'gard (hag'gerd), a. [F. hagard ; of German 
origin, and prop, meaning, of the hedge or woods, wild.] 
1. Wild or intractable. [Obs.~\ 2. [For hagged, fr. hag 
a witch.] Having the expression of one wasted by want, 
suffering, or anxiety. — Hag'gard-ly, adv. 

Hag'gis (-gis), n. [Scot, hag to hack, E. hack.] A 
Scotch pudding made of the heart, liver, lights, etc., of 
a sheep or lamb, minced with suet, onions, etc., highly 
seasoned, and boiled in the stomach of the same animal. 

Hag'gish (-glsh), a. Like a hag. 

Hag'gle (hSg'g'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haggled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Haggling (-gling).] [Freq. of 
Scot, hag, E. hack.] To cut roughly or hack; to cut 
into small pieces ; to make rough or mangle by cutting. 

Hag'gle, v. i. To be difficult in bargaining ; to stick 
at small matters ; to chaffer ; to higgle. 

Hag'gle, n. Act or process of haggling. 

Hag'gler (hag'gler), n. 1. One who haggles. 2. 
One who forestalls.a market. 

Ha'gi-OC'ra-cy (ha'jT-ok'ra-sy), n. [Gr. dyios holy + 
-cracy.] Government by a priesthood ; hierarchy. 

II Ha'gi-og'ra-pha (-5g'ra-fa), n. pi. [L., deriv. of 
dyio? holy + ypd<f>eiv to write.] 1. The portion of the 
Old Testament not contained in the Law and the 
Prophets. 2. (B.'C. Ch.) The lives of the saints. 

Ha'gi-Og'ra-phal (-f«d), a. Pert, to the hagiographa. 

Ha'gi-Og'ra-pher (-fer), n. A writer of hagiographa. 

Ha'gi-og'ra-phy (-fy), n. Same as Hagiographa. 




K 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HAGIOLOGY 



390 



HALLELUJAH 



> 



Ha gl-ol'O-gy Wi jT-M'o-J5->. n. [Gr. a-yto? sacred + 
4ouv. J Historv of sacred writings ; a catalogue of saints. 

Hag -La per . (.Ci. 1st Hag ; Hig- taper.] 

it woolly mullein (I'tfroajcum Thapsus). 

pah (hS), .'•:'•••.■. Same as Ha. 

Ha-ha [See Haw-haw.] A sunk fence. 

Hflll (kQl n. [AS. htrgel, hagol ; akin to G. fla^f/.] 
Small roundish masses of ice fallen from the clouds. 

Hail, t . i. limp. & p. p. Hailed (hald) ; p. pr. & 
Iatling.] To pour down hail. 

Hall. r. t. To pour forcibly down, as hail. 

Hail. a. Healthy. See Hale (the preferable spelling). 

Hail. t". t. [Icel. heill hale, sound, used in greeting. 
See Hale sound. ] 1. To call loudly to, or after ; to ac- 
cost. 2. To name ; to designate. 

Hail, !'. i. To declare, by hailing, the port from which 
a vessel sails or where she is registered ; hence, to sail ; 
to come : — used with from. 

Hail, inttrj. [See Hail, r. /.] An exclamation of 
reverent salutation, or, occasionally, of familiar greeting. 

Hail. 'i. A wish of health : a salutation ; a loud call. 

Hail'-fel low (-fel'lo), n. An intimate companion. 

Hail 'stone 7 (-ston'), n. A single particle of ice fallen 
from a cloud ; frozen raindrop ; pellet of hail. 

Hail 'Storm (-storm'), «• A shower of hail. 

Hair (.hSr), n. [AS. hSr ; akin to G. haar.] 1. The 
collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of 
an animal ; also, a single filament. 2. (Zo'ol. ) A slender 
outgrowth from the cuticle of insects, spiders,crustaceans, 
and other invertebrates. 3. (Bot.) An outgrowth of the 
epidermis, consisting of one cell, or of several cells. 4. 
A spring device used as a hair-trigger firearm. 5. Any 
very small distance, or degree : a hairbreadth. 

Hair trigger, a trigger with very delicate action. — To 
split hairs, to make distinctions of useless nicety. 

HairTDrained (-brand'1, a. See Habebratn-ed. 

Hairbreadth' (-bredth'), n.. Hair's' breadth (hfirz'). 
The diameter or breadth of a hair ; a very small distance. 

Hair 'breadth/, a. Very narrow ; as, hairbreadth es- 
capes. 

Hairbrush/ (-brush'), n. A brush for the hair. 

Hair'clotb, (-kloth'), n. Stuff made wholly or in part 
of hair. 

Hair 'dress er (-dres'er), n. A barber. 

Haired (hard), a. 1. Having hair. 2. In comp. : 
Having (such) hair. 

Hair 'i-ness (-I-nes), n. State of being hairy. 

Hair 'pin ,-pIn'), n. A pin for fastening the hair. 

Hair'split ting (-ting), a. Excessively nice in reason- 
ing ; subtle. — n. Act of making trivial distinctions. 

Hair spring -spring'), n. (Horology) The slender 
recoil spring which regulates the motion of 
the balance. 

Hair'y (-f), a. Bearing or covered with 
hair ; made of or resembling hair : rough 
with hair ; hir- 
sute. 

Ha'je (ha'je), 
n. [Ar. hayya 
snake.] (Zo'ol.) 
The Egyptian 
asp or cobra. It 
has the power 
Hajepq/aAa/e). of infla ting its 

neck into a hood. Its bite is very venomous. 

Hake (bak), «. [Akin to Xorweg. hake&sk., lit., hook 
fish, alluding to the shape of the under jaw, Prov. E. hake 
hook. G. hecht pike.] (Zool.) Any one of several species 
of marine gadoid fishes, some of which are valuable food 
Iriua 

Hal'berd' (hoTberd), n. [F. hallebarde ; 
of G. origin, prob. orig., an ax to split a hel- 
met, fr. G. helm helmet — barte broad ax.] 
(Mil.) An ancient long-handled weapon, 
with a pointed and sharp-edged head. [Also 
written halbert.] 

Hal'cy-on (hal'sT-on), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
aAxuwv.] (Zo'ol.) A kingfisher. 

Hal'cy-on. a. 1. Pert, to, or like, the 
halcyon, anciently said to lay her eggs dur- 
ing the calm weather about the winter sol- 
stice. 2. Hence : Calm ; peaceful ; happy. 

Hale (hal). a. r OE.tei7, Icel. /WZ/; akin Halberd, 
to E. whole.] Sound ; in health ; entire : healthv : ro- 
bust ; not impaired. 

Hale (hal or hal), r. /. [imp. & p. p. Haled (hald or 
NP*); p. pr. & vb. n. Halisg.] [OE. halen, halien. 
Bee Hacl.] To pull ; to hauL See Haul. 






Hall (haf ), a. [AS. heal/, half, half ; as a noun, half, 
side, part ; akin to G. halb.] 1. Consisting of, or being, 
a moiety, or half. 2. Approximately a half, as in 

I amount, number, or value ; partial ; imperfect. 

I Half binding, a style of bookbinding in which only the 

! back and corners are in leather. — Half bitch, a sailor's 
knot in a rope : half of a clove hitch. — Half hose, short 
stockings ; socks. — Half note ( J/ws.), a minim ; one half of 
a semibreve. — Half step (3Ius.\ 
a semitone ; the smallest dif- 

I ference of pitch, or interval, 
used in music. 

! Half. adv. In an equal w 
part or degree ; in some part Half note*. 

i approximating a half ; partially ; imperfectly. 

Half, 72. ; pi. Halves (havz). One of two equal parts 

1 into which anything is divided, or considered as divided. 

I To go halves, to share equally between two. 

Half-and-half', n. A mixture of two malt liquors, 
esp. porter and ale, in about equal parts. 

Halfbeak' (haf'bek'), n. (ZooL) Any species of a 
genus (Hemirhampus) of marine fishes, having the upper 

: jaw much shorter than the lower one. 

| Half' blood' (blud'). 1. The relation between per- 
sons born of the same father or of the same mother, but 
not of both. 2. A person so related to another. 3. A 

\ person whose father and mother are of different races ; 

| a half-breed. 

j S^* In the 2d and 3d senses usually with a hyphen. 
Half '-blood ed. a. 1. Proceeding from a male and 

■ female of different breeds or races. 2. Degenerate; mean. 

Half-breed (-bred'), n. A half -blooded person ; esp., 
I an offspring of an American Indian and a white person. 
Half '-broth er (-bruth'er), n, A brother by one par- 
ent only ; a brother related only by half blood. 
Half'-caste' (-kasf), n. One born of a European 

■ parent on the one side, and of a Hindoo or Mohammedan 
\ on the other. Also used adjectivelv. 

Half COCk' (-kok'), v. U To set the cock of (a fire- 
: arm) at the first notch. 

Half-heart ed (-hart'ed). a. 1. Wanting in heart or 
spirit ; unkind. 2. Lacking zeal or courage ; lukewarm. 

Half-mast (-mast'), n. A point some distance be- 
low the top of a mast or staff. 

Half -moon' (-moon'), n. 1. The moon when half 
its disk appears illuminated. 2. The shape of a half- 
moon; a crescent. 3. (Fort.) A crescent-like outwork, 
having its faces meeting in a salient angle ; ravelin. 
See IlkUL of Raveled 

Half'-pen-ny (ha'pen-ny or haf'-), n. ; pi. Half-pence 
(-pens) or Half-pex>tes (-pen-niz). An English coin of the 
value of half a penny ; also, the value of half a penny. 

Half-Sis 'ter (-sis ter':, n. A sister by one parent only. 

Half -tim bered (-tim'berd). a. (Arch.) Constructed 
of a timber frame, with spaces filled in with masonry. 

Halfway (haf'wa'), adv. In the middle ; at half the 
distance : imperfectly ; partially. [midway. 

Halfway, a. Equallv distant from the extremes ; 

Half-wit ted (-wit'ted), a. Weak in intellect ; 
silly ; foolish ; — not so strong as idiotic. 

Half-yearly (-yer ly). a. Happening or taking 
place at intervals of half a year ; occurring twice a 
vear : semiannual. — adv. Semiannually. 

Hal'i-bnt (hol1-but\ n. [OE. halt holy — but. butte, 
flounder ; akin to G. butte . So named as being eaten on 
holidays.] (Zo'ol.) A large, northern, marine flatfish, 
often weighing more than three hundred pounds. 

Hal'i-dom (hayi-dunO, n. [AS. haligdom ; halig holy 
-j- -dom, E. -dom.] Holiness; sanctity; sacred oath ; 
sanctuarv. [Archaic'] 

Ha'li-OgTa-phy (ha li-Sg'ra-fy), n. [Gr. oAs sea-f- 
•graphy.] Description of the sea ; science treating of the 
sea. 

Ha li-o'tiS (ha li-o'tis or hal'i-), n. [XL,, &• Gr. 
o.ak sea — ovr. o)to?. ear.] (Zo'ol.) The abalone. 

H al) (hal), n. [AS. heal, heall ; akin to G. halle.] 
1. A building or room of considerable size and stateli- 
ness, used for public purposes. 2. (a) The chief room 
in a castle or manor house, and in early times the only 
public room. (6) A vestibule, entrance room, etc. (c) 
Any corridor or passage in a building. 3. A manor 
house. 4. A college in an English university (at Oxford, 
an unendowed college). 5. The apartment in which Eng- 
lish university students dine in common ; hence, the din- 
ner itself. 

Svn. — Entrv: court: passage. See Yesttbcle. 

Hal le-ln'iail I (hal'le-lu'ya), n. & inter j. [Heb. 

Hal le-ln'Jah ] hallelu-yah.] Praise ye Jehovah ; 
praise ye the Lord. 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ;*,«,!, S, u, y, short ; s«n&te, gvent, Idea, 6bey, ftnite, c4re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



HALLOA 



391 



HAND 



Hal-loa' (hal-lo'). See Halloo. 

Hal-lOO' (-loo'), n. [Etyin. uncertain.] A call to in- 
vite attention, or to incite a person or an animal ; a shout. 

Hal-loo', v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hallooed (-lood') ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Hallooing.] To cry out ; to exclaim with a loud 
voice ; to call to a person. 

Hal-lOO', v. t. 1. To encourage with shouts. 2. To 
chase with shouts or outcries. 3. To call or shout to ; 
to hail. [to encourage one. I 

Hal-lOO', inter j. An exclamation to call attention or | 

Hallow (h&l'lo ), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Hallowed (-lod) ; 
p. pr: & vb. n. Hallowing.] [AS. halgian, fr. halig. 
See Holy.] To make holy ; to consecrate ; to reverence. 

HaTloW-een' (h£l'lo-en'), n. The evening preceding 
Allhallows or All Saints' Day. [Scot.'] 

Hal'low-mas (hal'16-nias), n. [See Mass the eucha- 
rist.] The feast of All Saints, or Allhallows. 

Hal-lU'cl-natO (h31-lu'sT-nat), v. i. [L. hallucinari, p. 
p. -atus.~] To wander mentally ; to err ; to blunder. [R.] 

Hal-lu'ci-na'tlon (-na'shun), n. 1. A wandering of 
the mind; error; mistake; blunder. 2. (Med.) The 
perception of objects which have no. reality, or of sensa- 
tions which have no corresponding external cause, arising 
from disorder of the nervous system ; delusion. 

II Hal'lux (hal'luks), n. [NL., fr. L. hallex.] (Anat.) 
The digit of the hind limb, corresponding to the pollux 
in the fore limb ; the great toe ; the hind toe of birds. 

Halm (ham), n. (Bot.) Same as Haulm. 

Ha'lo (ha'16), n. ; pi. Halos (-loz). [L. halos, ace. halo, 
Gr. aAoos a (round) thrashing floor, the disk of the sun or 
moon, later, a halo.] 1. A luminous circle round the sun 
or moon. 2. A circle of light ; a glory ; a nimbus. 

Ha'lo, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Haloed (-lod) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Haloing.] To form, or surround with, a halo. 

Hal'O-gen (hal'o-jen), n. [Gr. aA?, oAos, salt -f -gen.'] 
(Chem.) An electro-negative element or radical, which, 
by combination with a metal, forms a haloid. 

Ha'lold (ha'loid or h&l'oid), a. [Gr. aA?, oAos, salt 
-f- -oid.] (Chem.) Resembling salt; — said of certain 
binary compounds. — n. A haloid substance. 

Hal'O-phyte (hal'6-fit), n. [Gr. aAs + fvrov plant.] 
(Bot.) A plant growing in salt marshes, or in the sea. 

Ha'lO-SCOpe (ha'16-skop), n. [Halo -f -scope.] An 
instrument for illustration of the phenomena of halos, etc. 

Hals'er (has'er), n. See Hawser. 

Halt (halt), n. [Formerly alt, It. alio, G. halt, fr. 
halt en to "hold. See Hold.] A stop in marching or 
walking, or in any action ; arrest of progress. 

Halt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Halted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Halting.] 1. To hold one's self from proceeding; to 
cease progress. 2. To hesitate ; to be uncertain. 

Halt, v. L (Mil.) To cause to cease marching. 

Halt, a. [AS. healt.] Halting or stopping in walk- 
ing ; lame. 

Halt, n. The act of limping ; lameness. 

Halt, v. i. To walk lamely ; to limp in movement. 

Halt'er (-er), n. One who halts or limps ; a cripple. 

Hal'ter (hal'ter), n. [AS. hselftre ; akin to G. halfter, 
and to E. helve.] 1. A strong strap or cord, esp. one, 
with or without a headstall, for leading or tying a horse. 
2. A rope for hanging malefactors ; a noose. 

Hal'ter, v. t. To tie, fasten, or hang with a halter. 

Halve (hav), v. t. [imp. &p. Halved (havd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Halving.] [From Half.] To divide into two 
equal parts ; to be or form half of. 

Halves (havz), n.,pl. of Half. 

Hal'yard (hSl'yerd), n. [Hale, v. t. + yard.] A 
rope or tackle for hoisting or lowering yards, sails, etc. 

Ham (ham), ». [AS. ham; akin to G. hamme.] 1. 
(Anat.) The region back of the knee joint; the hock. 
2. The thigh of any animal; esp., the thigh of a hog 
cured by salting and smoking. 

Ham'a-dry ad (ham'a-drl'ad), n. ; pi. E. Hamadry- 
ads <-£dz), L. Hamadryades (-dri'a-dez). [Gr. 'A/u.a- 
Spvas; o-jxa. together -j- Spvg oak, tree.] 1. (Class. 
Myth.) A tree nymph who died with the tree, usually an 
oak, which had been her abode. 2. (Zool.) A large 
venomous East Indian snake. 

Ham a-me'lis (ham'a-melTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a^a- 
jLtrjAi? a kind of medlar ; afia at the same time -f- ix.rj\ov a 
tree fruit.] (Bot.) A genus of plants which includes the 
witch-hazel, a preparation of which is used medicinally. 

Hame (ham), n. [Scot, haims, hammys, hems, OE. 
ham.] One of the two curved pieces to which the traces 
are fastened, in the harness of a draught horse. 

Ham/ite (ham'it), n. A descendant of Ham. 

Ham-it'lc (ham-Tt'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to Ham or 
his descendants. 



Hamlet (hamiet), n. [OF. hamelet, dim. of hamel, 
LL. hamellum, a dim. of German origin.] A small vil- 
lage ; a little cluster of houses in the country. 

Ham'mer (-mer), n. [AS. liamtr, fiamor ; akin toG. 
hammer, Icel. humarr, hammer, crag.] 1. An instru- 
ment for driving nails, beating metals, etc. 2. Something 
resembling the common hammer in form or action. 

Ham'mer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hammered (-merd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Hammering.] 1. To beat with, or aa 
with, a hammer. 2. To form or forge with a hammer. 
3. To form in the mind by hard thinking. 

Ham'mer, v. i. 1. To be busy forming anything. 2. 
To strike repeated blows, literally or figuratively. 

Ham'mer-cloth' (-klQth' ; 116), n. [Prob. fr. D. 
hemel heaven, canopy, tester -f E. cloth.] The cloth 
which covers a coach box. 

Ham'mer-er (-er), n. One who works with a hammer. 

Ham'mer-hard en (-harden), v. t. To harden, as a 
metal, by hammering it in the cold state. 

Ham'mer-head' (-he'd'), n. 1. (Zool.) A shark, hav- 
ing the eyes set on projections from the sides of the head, 
which gives it a hammer shape. 




Hammerhead 
(Sphyrna tudes). 

Ham'mock (hani'mok), n. [A word of Indian origin : 
cf. Sp. hamaca.] 1. A kind of swinging bed or couch. 
2. A piece of land thickly wooded, and usually covered 
with bushes and vines. [Southern U. S.] 

Ha-mose' (ha-mos'), Ha'mous (ha'mus), a. [L. ha- 
mus hook.] (Bot.) Having the end hook-shaped. 

Ham'per (hani'per), n. [Contr. fr. Hanaper.] A 
large basket used for the packing and carrying of articles. 

Ham'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hampered (-perd) ; p. 
pr: & vb. n. Hampering.] To put in a hamper. 

Ham'per, v. t. [OE. hamperen, hampren, prob. fr. 
AS. hamelian to mutilate.] To put a hamper or fetter 
on ; to shackle ; to insnare ; to impede ; to encumber. 

Ham'per, n. 1. Shackle; fetter. 2. (Naut.) Articles 
ordinarily indispensable, but sometimes in the way. 

Ham'shac'kle (ham'shaVl), v. t. [Ham-\- shackle.] 
To fasten by a rope binding the head to one of the fore 
legs ; hence, to bind or restrain ; to curb. 

Ham'ster (-ster), n. [G.] (Zool.) A small Euro- 
pean rodent, remarkable for its migrations. 

Ham'string' (-string'), n. (Anat.) One of the great 
tendons connected with the back muscles of the thigh. 

Ham'String', v. t. To lame or disable by cutting the 
tendons of the ham or knee ; hence, to disable. 

Ham'U-late (-u-lat), a. Furnished with a hamule. 

Ham'ule (-ul), n. [L. hamulus.] A little hook. 

Han'a-per (han'a-per), n. [LL. hanaperium a large 
vase, fr. hanapus vase, bowl, cup ; of German origin.] 
A kind of basket, usually of wickerwork ; a hamper. 

Hance (hans), \n. [See Hanse.] 1. (Arch.) See 

Hanch (hanch), j Hanse. 2. (Naut.) A sudden 
fall or break. 

Hand (hand), n. [AS. hand, hond ; akin to G. hand.] 
1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist 
in man and monkeys, and the corresponding part in 
many other animals ; manus ; paw. 2. That which re- 
sembles, or to some extent performs the office of, a hu- 
man hand ; as an index or pointer on a dial. 3. A meas- 
ure equal to a hand's breadth, — four inches. 4. Side ; 
part ; direction, either right or left. 5. Power of per- 
formance ; ability ; skill ; dexterity. 6. Actual per- 
formance ; deed ; act ; agency ; hence, manner of 
performance. 7. An agent ; a servant, or laborer. 8. 
Handwriting ; chirography ; hence, a signature. 9. 
Personal possession ; ownership ; hence, control ; man- 
agement. 10. That which is, or may be, held in a hand 
at once ; as a quota of playing cards. 

Hand gallop. See under Galop. — Hand money, money 
paid to bind a contract ; earnest money. — Hand organ 
(Mus.), a barrel organ operated by a crank turned by 
hand. — Hand rail, a rail, as in «taircases, to hold by. — 
Hand work, or Handwork, work done by hand ; handiwork. 

All hands, everybody ; all parties. — At all hands, On all 
hands, on all sides ; from every direction ; generally. —At 
hand, near. — By hand, with the hands, in distinction from 
instrumentality of tools, engines, or animals. — From hand 
to hand, from one person to another. — Hand in hand, (a) 
In union ; conjointly ; unitedly, (b) Just ; fair ; equi- 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HAND 



392 



HAPPEN 



> 



table. —Hand over hand. Hand over fist, by passing the 
hands alternately (me before or above another; also, 
rapidlv. — Hand to hand, in close union. — In hand, (a) 
Paid down. (b'i In preparation or under consideration ; 
t.ikuig place. —Laying on of hands, a rite used in conse- 
crating to otiice. in confirmation, and in blessing persons. 
— Note of hand, a promissory note. — Off hand, Out of hand, 
forthwith: promptly. —Off one's hands, out of one's posses- 
sion or care. — On hand, in present possession.— To bear a 
hand uVuuM, togive help quickly ; to hasten. —To be hand 
and glove, or in glove, with. — To change hands, to change 
sides, or change owners. — To come to hand, to be received ; 
to be taken into possession.— To have a hand in, to be con- 
cerned in. — To have in hand, (a ) To have in one's power 
or control, (b) To be occupied with. — To have, or get, the 
(higher) upper hand, to have, or get, the better of another 
person or thing. —To his hand. To my hand, etc., in readi- 
ngs: already prepared. —To lend a hand, to give assist- 
ance. — To strike hands, to make a contract; to come to 
an agreement. —To wash the hands of, to disclaim or re- 
nounce interest in, or responsibility for. —Under the hand 
of, authenticated by the handwriting or signature of. 

Hand (hand), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handed ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Handing.] 1. To give, pass, or transmit with, or 
as if with, the hand. 2. To guide, lead, or assist with 
the hand. 

Hand'bar row (-bar'ro), n. A frame or barrow, with- 
out a wheel, carried by hand. 

Hand'bill (-btl), n. 1. A loose, printed sheet, to 
be distributed by hand. 2. A pruning hook. [Usually 
hand bill.} [manual. I 

Hand'book' (-bo"6k'), n. A small book of reference ; a | 

Hand'breadth (-bredth'), n. A space equal to the 
breadth of the hand ; a palm. [hand. I 

Hand'cart' (-karty, n. A cart drawn or pushed by| 

Hand'cuff' (-kuf), n. [AS. handcops ; hand hand -j- 
cosp, cops, fetter.] A fastening, consisting of an iron 
ring around the wrist, usually connected by a chain with 
one on the other wrist ; a manacle. 

Hand'cuff 7 , v. t. To manacle. 

Hand'ed, a. 1. With hands joined. 2. Having (such) 
a hand, or (such or so many) hands ; — usually in comp. 

Hand'ful (-ful), n. ; pi. Handfuxs (-fulz). 1. As 
much as the hand will grasp or contain. ' 2. A small 
quantity or number. 

Hand'i-cap (han'dT-kap), n. [From hand in cap : — • 
perh. in reference to an old mode of settling a bargain by 
taking pieces of money from a cap.] 1. An allowance of 
time or distance, or an extra weight imposed, in order to 
equalize the conditions of a race or other competition. 
2. A race or contest in which there is such an allowance. 

Hand'i-cap, v. i. To encumber with a handicap in 
any contest ; hence, to place at disadvantage. 

Hand'i-craft (hSnd'T-kraft), n. [Hand -f craft.} A 
trade requiring skill of hand. 

Hand'i-crafts'man (-krafts'man), n. A man skilled 
or employed in handicraft. 

Hand'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. In a handy manner ; skillfully. 

Hand'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being handy. 

Hand'i-work (-T-wGrk'), n. [AS. handgeweorc ; hand 
hand -f- geweorc work ; prefix ge- + weorc work.] Work 
done by the hands ; hence, any work done personally. 

Handter-Chief (h5n'ker-chYf), n. [Hand + ker- 
chief.'] 1. A cloth carried for wiping the face or hands. 
2. A neckcloth. 

Han'dle (hSn'd'l), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Handled (-d'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Handling (-dling).] [AS. handlian ; 
akin to G. handeln. See Hand.] 1. To touch; to use 
or hold with the hand. 2. To manage in using; to 
wield; often, to manage skillfully. 3. To work upon, 
or take care of, with the hands. 4. To receive and 
transfer ; hence, to buy and sell ; to deal with. 5. To 
treat ; to use, well or ill. 6. To manage ; to control. 
7. To use, manage, or treat in writing or speaking. 

Han'dle, n. 1. The part of vessels, instruments, etc., 
held in the hand. 2. Thing used ; instrument. 

To give a handle, to furnish an occasion or means. 

Han'dling (-dling), n. 1. Act of one who handles ; 
specif., touching, using, etc., with the hand or hands, or 
as with the hands. 2. {Drawing, Painting, etc.) Mode 
of using the pencil or brush, etc. ; style of touch. 

Hand'made' (hSnd'mad'), a. Manufactured by hand. 

Hand'mald' (-mad 7 ), ) n. A maid that waits at hand ; 

Hand'maid'en (-'n), J a female servant or attendant. 

Hand'saW (-8a'), n. A saw used with one hand. 

Hand'sel (hand'sSl), n. [AS. handselen a giving into 
hands; or more prob. fr. Icel. handsal ; hand hand + sal 
hale.] A sale, gift, or delivery into the hand of another ; 
ebp., the first of a series ; first installment ; earnest. 

Hand'sel, v. I. [imp. & p. p. Handseled or Hand- 
helled (hand'sgld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Handseling or 



Handselling.] To give a handsel to ; to use or do for 
the first time. 

Hand'some (hSn'sum), a. [Compar. Handsomeb 
(-er) ; super/. Handsomest.] [Hand -\- -some. It at 
first meant, dexterous, skillful.] 1. Agreeable to the 
eye or to correct taste ; having symmetry and dignity ; 
comely ; — expressing more than pretty, and less than 
beautiful. 2. Suitable or fit in action; graceful; be- 
coming. 3. Liberal ; generous. 4. Ample ; moderately 
large. — Hand'some-ly , adv. — Hand'some-ness, n. 

Hand'spike (hand'splk'), n. A bar or lever, generally 
of wood, used in a windlass or for various purposes. 

Hand'spring' (-spring'), n. A somersault made with 
the assistance of the hands placed upon the ground. 

Hand'writ / ing(-rit / Tng),n. 1. The writing of a per- 
son; chirography. 2. Thing written by hand; manuscript. 

Hand'y (hiiud'y), a. [Compar. Handler (-T-er) ; 
superl. Handest.] [AS. hendig (in comp.), fr. hand 
hand.] 1. Performed by hand. 2. Skillful in using the 
hand ; dexterous ; ready. 3. Ready to the hand ; near ; 
also, suited to the use of the hand ; convenient. 4. 
(Naut.) Easily managed ; — said of a vessel. 

Hang (hang), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hanged (hSngd) or 
Hung (hiing) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hanging. The use of 
hanged is preferable to that of hung, when reference is 
had to death or execution by suspension.] [AS. hang- 
ian, v. L, fr. hon, v. t. (imp. heng, p. p. hongen) ; akin to 
D. hangen, v. t. & i., G. hangen, v. i. & t., Icel. hanga, 
v. i., Goth, hahan, v. t. & i.] 1. To suspend. 2. To 
fasten in a manner which will allow of free motion upon 
the point or points of suspension. 3. To fit or adjust 
properly. 4. To put to death by suspending by the 
neck. 5. To decorate or furnish by hanging pictures, 
trophies, drapery, etc. 6. To hold or bear in a droop- 
ing position ; to incline downward. 

To hang fire (Mil.), to be slow in communicating fire 
through the vent to the charge ; hence, to hesitate in 
action or decision. 

Hang, v. i. 1. To be suspended ; to dangle ; to 
float ; to stay. 2. To be fastened in such a manner as to 
allow of free motion on the point or points of suspension. 
3. To die by being hanged. 4. To hold for support ; to 
depend ; to cling. 5. To be, or be like, a suspended 
weight. 6. To incline downward. 7. To be uncertain 
or in suspense ; to linger. 

Hang, n. The manner in which one part or thing 
hangs upon another ; hence (Collog.), connection ; plan. 

Hang'bird' (hSng'berd'), n. (Zool.) The Baltimore 
oriole, which suspends its nest from a branch of a tree. 

Hang'dog' (-dog'), n. A base, degraded person ; a 
sneak ; a gallows bird. Also used adjectively. 

Hang'er (-er), n. 1. One who hangs, or causes to be 
hanged. 2. That by which a thing is suspended. 3. 
That which is suspended; esp., in the 18th century, a 
short, curved sword. 

Hang'ing, n. 1. Act of suspending anything ; state 
of being suspended. 2. Death by suspension. 3. That 
which is hung ; as drapery. 

Hang'man (hang'ruan), n. One who hangs another ; 
esp., a public executioner. 

Hang'nail' (-uaF), n. [A corruption of agnail.] A 
sliver of loose skin near the root of a finger nail. 

Hank (hank), n. [Cf. Dan. hank handle, Sw. hank a 
tie, Icel. hanki clasp, honk, hangr, hank, skein.] 1. A 
parcel consisting of two or more skeins of yarn or thread 
tied together. 2. (Naut.) A ring or eye attached to the 
edge of a sail and running on a stay. 

Han'ker (hXn'ker), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hankeeed 
(-kerd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hankering.] [Prob. fr. Hang.] 
To have an eager appetite, or vehement desire. 

Hanse (hans), n. [Etym. uncertain.] (Arch.) That 
part of an elliptical or many-centered arch immediately 
adjoining the impost. 

Han'som (han'sQm), »., Han'som cab' (kaV). [From 
the name of the inventor.] A two-wheeled covered car- 
riage with the driver's seat elevated behind. 

Han't (hant ; in England, hant). A contraction of 
have not, or has not, used in illiterate speech. 

Hap (hap), n. [Icel. happ unexpected good luck.] 
That which happens unexpectedly ; chance ; accident ; 
luck ; lot. 

Hap, v . i. To happen ; to befall ; to chance. 

Hap'haz'ard (hSp'haVerd or hSp/hSz'-), n. [Hap + 
hazard.] Extra hazard ; chance ; accident ; random. 

Hap'less(hSp'lSs), a. Luckless; unfortunate; unhappy. 

Haply (hap'ty), adv. By hap, chance, or fortune. 

Hap'pen (hap'p'n), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Happened 
(-p'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Happening.] 1. To come by 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, €, I, 5, a, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, dbey, finite, c&re, arm, aak, all, final. 



HAPPILY 



393 



HARM 



chance or unexpectedly ; to fall out. 2. To take place ; 
to come to pass ; to occur. 

Hap'pi-ly (hap'pT-ty), adv. [From Happy.] 1. By 
chance; haply. [06s.] 2. By good fortune ; fortu- 
nately ; luckily. 3. In a happy manner or state. 4. With 
address or dexterity ; felicitously. 

Syn. — Successfully ; prosperously; dexterously. 

Hap'pi-ness (-nes), n. 1. Good luck ; good fortune ; 
prosperity. 2. An agreeable condition of the soul aris- 
ing from good fortune ; state of being happy ; joyful 
satisfaction. 3. Fortuitous elegance ; felicitousness. 

Syn. — Felicity ; blessedness ; bliss. — Happiness is ap- 
plied to almost every kind of enjoyment except that of 
the animal appetites ; felicity is a more formal word, with 
elevated associations ; blessedness is applied to the most 
refined enjoyment ; bliss denotes still more exalted de- 
light, esp. the anticipated joy of heaven. 

Hap'py (hSp'py), a. [Compar. Happier (-pi-er) ; su- 
perl. Happiest.] [From Hap chance.] 1. Favored by 
hap, luck, or fortune ; successful ; prosperous. 2. Hav- 
ing the feeling arising from the consciousness of well- 
being or of enjoyment ; contented ; joyous. 2. Dexter- 
ous ; ready ; apt ; felicitous. 

Ha'ra-ki'ri (ha'ra-ke'rT), n. [Jap., stomach cutting.] 
Suicide by slashing the abdomen ; disembowelment. 

Harangue' (ha-r5ng'), n. [F. harangue, fr. OHG. 
hring ring, anything round, ring of people. See Ring.] 
A passionate, vehement speech to a public assembly ; in 
a bad sense, a declamatory, ranting speech. 

Syn. — See Oration. 

Harangue', v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Harangued (ha- 
rSngd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Haranguing.] To make, or 
address by, an harangue. 

Ha-rang'uer (ha-riing'er), n. One who harangues. 

Har'ass (har'as), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Harassed (-ast) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Harassing.] [F. harasser; of uncertain 
origin.] To fatigue; to tire; esp., to weary by impor- 
tunity, teasing, or fretting. 

Syn. — To jade ; distress ; tease ; worry ; gall ; annoy ; 
irritate ; plague ; vex ; molest ; trouble ; disturb ; torment. 

Har'ass-er (-er), n. One who harasses. 

Har'ass-ment (-ment), n. Act of harassing, or state 
of being harassed ; worry ; annoyance ; anxiety. 

Har'bin-ger (har-bin-jer), n. [OF. herbergeor one 
who provides lodging, fr. herberge lodging, inn ; of Ger- 
man origin. See Harbor.] 1. One who provides lodg- 
ings ; esp., the officer of the English royal household who 
formerly preceded the court when traveling, to provide 
and prepare lodgings. 2. A forerunner ; a precursor. 

Har'bin-ger, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Harbingered (-jerd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Harbingering.] To precede ; to be a 
iarbinger of. 

Har'bor (-ber), n. [Icel. herbergi, orig., a shelter for 
soldiers ; herr army -\- bjarga to save, help, defend ; akin 
to G. heer army, and ber gen to defend.] 1. A station 
for rest and entertainment ; a refuge ; a shelter. 2. A 
landlocked or artificially protected body of water afford- 
ing a refuge for vessels in storms ; a port or haven. 

Har'bor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harbored (-berd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Harboring.] To afford lodging to ; to give 
a refuge to ; to entertain or cherish. 

Har'bor, v. i. To lodge ; to take shelter. 

Har1)0r-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, harbors. 

Har'bor master (mas'ter). An officer who executes 
the regulations respecting the use of a harbor. 

Hard (hard), a. [Compar. Harder (-er) ; superl. 
Hardest.] [AS. heard; akin to G. hart, Gr. Kparvs 
strong.] 1. Not easily penetrated, cut, compressed, or 
separated into parts ; firm ; solid ; compact. 2. Diffi- 
cult ; not easily apprehended, decided, or resolved. 3. 
Difficult to accomplish ; laborious ; arduous. 4. Diffi- 
cult to resist or control ; powerful. 5. Difficult to bear 
or endure ; hence, severe ; rigorous ; distressing ; un- 
just. 6. Difficult to please or influence ; stern ; obdu- 
rate ; cruel ; unfeeling. 7. Not agreeable in composition, 
form, or color ; harsh ; rigid ; ungraceful. 8. Acid ; sour. 
9. (Pron.) Abrupt or explosive in utterance. 

Hard coal, anthracite. — Hard money, coin or specie. — 
Hard pan, the hard stratum of earth lying beneath the 
soil; hence, fig., the fundamental part or quality of 
anything. — Hard water, water which contains lime, or 
some mineral substance, rendering it unfit for washing. 

Syn. —Trying; unyielding; stubborn ; flinty. 

Hard, adv. 1. With pressure ; with urgency ; hence, 
diligently ; earnestly. 2. With difficulty. 3. Uneasily ; 
vexatiously. 4. So as to raise difficulties. 5. With 
tension or strain of the powers ; violently ; vigorously. 6. 
Close or near. 

Hard by, near by ; not far off ; close at hand. 

Har'den (harden), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hardened 



(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hardening (-'n-Tng).] To 
or become hard or harder. 

Hard'en-er (hard"n-er), n. One that hardens. 

Hard'-fa vored (hard'la'verd), a. Coarse, unattract- 
ive, or stern in features. 

Hard'-fist ed (-flst'gd), a. 1. Having hard or strong 
hands. 2. Close-fisted ; covetous ; niggardly. 

Hard'hack' (-hak/), n. {Hot.) A very astringent shrub 
\Sj>ir;i a loiiienlo.su), common in pastures. 

Hard'-headed (-hgd'gd), a. Having sound judgment ; 
sagacious; shrewd. — Hard'-head ed-ness, n. 

Hard'-heart'ed (-hart'gd), a. Unsympathetic ; inex- 
orable ; cruel; pitiless. — Hard'-hearted-ness, u. 

Har'di-hood (har'dT-ho6d), n. Unyielding boldness ; 
also, audaciousness ; impudence. 

Syn. — Intrepidity ; courage; pluck; resolution; 
stoutness ; audacity ; effrontery ; impudence. 

Har'dl-ly, adv. Boldly ; stoutly ; resolutely. 

Har'di-ness (-dT-ngs), n. 1. Capability of endurance. 

2. Hardihood ; boldness ; firmness ; assurance. 
Hard'ly (hard'tf), adv. 1. In a hard or difficult man- 
ner ; with difficulty. 2. Scarcely ; barely ; not wholly. 

3. Severely ; harshly ; roughly. 

Hard'ness (-ngs), n. Quality or state of being hard. 

Hard'pan' (hard'pan'), n. Same as Hard pan, under 
Hard, a. 

Hard'ship (hard'shlp), n. That which is hard to 
bear ; as toil, privation, injury, injustice, etc. 

Hard'-tack' (-tSk'), n. A name given by soldiers and 
sailors to a kind of hard biscuit, or sea bread. 

Hard'ware' (-wSr'), n. Ware made of metal, as cut- 
lery, kitchen utensils, and the like. 

Har'dy (har'dy), a. [Compar. Hardd3r (-dl-er) ; su- 
perl. Hardest.] [F. hardi, p. p. fr. OF. hardir to 
make bold ; of German origin. See Hard, a.] 1. Bold ; 
brave ; stout ; daring ; resolute ; intrepid. 2. Full of 
assurance ; in a bad sense, reckless ; shameless. 3. 
Strong ; firm ; compact. 4. Inured to fatigue or hard- 
ships. 5. Able to withstand the cold of winter. 

Hare (ha"r),«. [AS. hara; akintoG. hase.'] (Zool.) A 
swift, timid rodent, 
having long hind JL 
legs, a short tail, 
and a divided upper 
lip. See Rabbit. 

Harebell' (htr'- 
bel'), n. (Bot.) A 
small, slender, 
branching plant, - 
having blue, bell- 
shaped flowers. European Hare CLepus timidus). 

Hare-brained' (hSr-brand'), a. Wild ; giddy ; volatile. 

Hare'foot' (-f<56t'), n. (Zool.) A long, narrow foot, 
carried (i. e. , produced or extending) forward ; — of dogs. 

Hare'lip' (haT'lip'), n. A lip, having a fissure like 
that of a hare. — Hare'lipped' (-lipf), a. 

Ha'rem (ha'rem), n. [Ar. haram, orig., anything for- 
bidding or sacred, fr. harama to forbid, prohibit.] 1. 
The apartments allotted to females in Mohammedan 
families. 2. The family of wives and concubines of a 
Mohammedan man ; seraglio, [bearing a cottony tuft. I 

Hare's'-tail' (haTz'tal'), n. (Hot.) A kind of sedge | 

Har'i-COt (har'e-ko ; F. a/re'ko'), n. [F.] 1. A ra- 
gout of meat, beans, and other vegetables. 2. The ripe 
seeds, or the unripe pod, of the common string bean. 

Har'i-er (har'T-er), n. {Zo'dl.) See Harrier. 

Ha'ri-ka'ri (ha'ri-ka'ri), n. See Hara-khu. 

Hark (hark), v. i. [See Hearken.] To listen ; to 
hearken ; usually in the imperative. 

Hark'en (-'n), v. I. & i. To hearken. 

Harl (harl), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A filamentous 
substance. 2. A barb, or barbs, of a fine large feather, 
— used in dressing artificial flies. 

Har'le-quin (harle-kin or -kwin), n. [F. arlequin, 
obs. harlequin, prob. fr. OF. hierlekin, hellequin, goblin, 
elf.] A buffoon, dressed in party-colored clothes; a 
merry-andrew ; orig., a droll rogue of Italian comedy. 

Har'le-quin-ade 7 (-ad'), n. A play or scene in which 
the harlequin is conspicuous ; the part of a harlequin. 

Har'lot (-ISt), n. [OF. harlot, herlot, arlot, a vaga- 
bond ; of uncertain origin.] A prostitute ; a strumpet. 

Harlot, r. i. To play the harlot. 

Har'lot-ry (-ry),n. 1. Prostitution; habitual lewd- 
ness. 2. Anything meretricious. 3. A harlot. [Obs.] 

Harm (harm), n. [AS. hearm ; akin to G. harm 
grief.] 1. Injury; hurt; damage; detriment; misfor- 
tune. 2. That which causes injury, damage, or loss. 

Syn. — See Mischdzf. 




K 



£ grn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sins, ink, then, thin. 



M 



1 1 ARM 



394 



HARVESTER 



> 



> 



Harm (h;irm\ t\ t. [imp. & p. p. Harmed (harmd) ; 
Harming. ] To hurt or damage ; to wrong. 

Har-mat'tan (.hiir-inat'tan). ti. [F., prob. of Arabic 
A dry. hot wind, blowing from the Sahara. 

Harm'ful iji.irin'fun, a. Full of harm ; injurious. — 
Harm'fal-ly. o*r. — Harm'ful ness. n. 

Harmless (.hiirm'lSs), n. 1. Free from harm ; un- 
hurt. 2. Free from power or disposition to harm. — 
Harmlessly, adv. — Harmless-ness. ». 

Syn. — Innocent ; innoxious ; innocuous ; inoffensive ; 
unoffending ; unhurt ; uninjured ; unharmed. 

Harmonic (har-ni5n'Tk), \ a. [Gr. op/noi/ixos. See 

Har-monlc-al (-T-kol), j Harmony.] 1. Concord- 
ant ; musical; consonant. 2. (Mus.) Pert, to harmony ; 
harmonious. 3. {Math.) Having relations or properties 
resembling those of musical consonances. 

Harmonic (har-m5u'Tk), n. {Mus.) A musical note 
produced by a number of vibrations which is a multiple 
of the number producing some other ; an overtone. 

Har-monl-ca (-T-ka), n. 1. A kind of musical instru- 
ment, consisting of a series of hemispherical glasses. 2. 
A toy instrument of strips of glass or metal hung on two 
tapes, and struck with hammers. 

Har-monlc-al-ly (-T-kal-ly), adv. 1. In an harmon- 
ical manner; harmoniously. 2. In respect to harmony. 

Har-monl-con (-T-kon), n. A small, flat, wind instru- 
ment of music, containing free metallic reeds. 

Harmonics (-Tks), n. The doctrine or science of 
musical sounds. 

Har-mo'ni-OUS (har-mo'm-us), a. 1. Adapted to 
each other ; having parts proportioned to each other ; 
symmetrical. 2. Agreeing in action or feeling. 3. Vo- 
cally or musically concordant. — Har-mo'hi-OUS-ly. 
adv. — Har-mo'ni-ous-ness, n. 

Har'mo-nist (h'ar'mo-nlst), n. 1. One who shows 
the agreement of corresponding passages of different 
authors. 2. {Mils.) One skilled in harmony; a musical 
composer. 

Har-rco'ni-um (har-mo'nT-um), n. [NL. See Har- 
mony.] A musical instrument, resembling a small organ, 
in which the tones are produced by forcing wind upon 
free metallic reeds. 

Har'mo-nize (har'mo-nlz), r. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. 
Harmonized (-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Harmonizing (-nP- 
zTng).] To agree, or cause to agree, in action, adapta- 
tion, or effect ; to be, or cause to be, in harmony. 

Har'mo-ni zer (-nPzer), n. One who harmonizes. 

Har'mo-ny (har'mo-nj), n. [F. harmonie, L. har- 
monia, Gr. ap/xovia joint, proportion, concord, fr. dp/aos 
a fitting or joining.] 1. The just adaptation of parts to 
each other. 2. Concord or agreement in facts, opinions, 
manners, interests, etc. 3. A literary work intended to 
show the consistency of different histories or narratives. 
4. {Mus.) {a) A succession of chords according to the 
rules of progression and modulation, (6) The science 
which treats of their construction and progression. 

Syn.— Melody. — Harm on y results from the concord 
of two or more strains or sounds which differ in pitch 
and quality. Melody denotes the pleasing alternation and 
variety of musical and measured sounds, as they succeed 
each other in a single verse or strain. 

Har'ness (-ne"s), n. [OF. hornet* ; of Celtic origin.] 

1. Orig., the complete dress, esp. the military dress, of 
a man or a horse ; hence, armor. 2. The equipment of 
a draught or carriage horse, for service ; gear ; tackling. 
3. The part of a loom comprising the heddles. 

Har'ness, v. I. [imp. & p. p. Harnessed (-ngst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Harnessing.] 1. To dress in armor. 

2. Fig. : To equip or furnish for defense. 3. To equip 
with harness, as a horse. Also used figuratively. 

Har'ness-er (-er), n. One who har- 
nesses anything. 

Harp (harp), n. [AS. hearpe ; akin 
to G. harfe. ] A kind of musical instru- 
ment. 

Harp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harped 
fh'arpt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Harping.] 1. 
To play on the harp. 2. To dwell on 
tediously or monotonously in speaking 
or in writing. 

Harp, v. t. To play on, as a harp ; to 
play fa tune) on the harp, [the harp. I 

Harp'er (harp'er), n. A player on| 

Harping Iron (i'urn). [See Har- 
poon.] A harpoon. 

HarplngB (-Tngz), n. pi. {Naut.) 
The fore parts of the wales, which en- 
compass the bow of a vesseL Harp. 





Harpist (harpTst), n. A player on the harp. 

Harpoon' (.har-poon'), n. [F. harpon, LL. harpo 
perh. of Ger. , 
origin, fr. the 

Aa/7>..]Aspear Part of Harpoon. 

or javelin 

used to strike and kill large fish, as whales ; a harping iron. 

Har-poon', v. t. [imp. &p.p. Harpooned (-pobnd'); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Harpooning.] To strike, catch, or kill 
with a harpoon. 

Har-poon'er (-er), n. One who throws the harpoon. 

Harp'si-chord (harp'sT-kQrd), n. [OF. harpechorde. 
See Harp, and Chord.] ( Mus. ) An obsolete harp-shaped 
instrument of music set horizontally and played by keys. 

Har'py (har'py), n. [F. harpie, L. harpyia, Gr. 
ap-n-uLa., fr. root of aptrd^eiv to seize.] 1. {Gr. Myth.) A 
fabulous winged monster, ravenous and filthy, having the 
face of a woman and the body of a vulture. 2. One who 
is rapacious ; an extortioner. 3. {Zo'ol.) {a) The Euro- 
pean moor buzzard or marsh harrier, (b) A large and 
powerful, double-crested 
American eagle. 

Har'que-bus ) (h'aV- 

Har 'que-buse ) kwe- 
bus), n. See Arquebus. 

Har'ri-dan (har'ri- 
dan), n. [F. haridelle a 
jade.] A worn-out strum- 
pet ; a vixenish woman. 

Har'ri-er (-er), n. 
[From Hare, ?i.] (One of 
a breed of small hounds, 
used for hunting hares. 

Har'ri-er, n. [From 
Harry.] 1. One who 
harries. 2. {Zo'ol.) One 
of Beveral species of 
hawks or buzzards which 
harry small animals. „ 

HarTOW (har'rS), n. Harp y i Thrasaetlls harp, fi a) 3 (&). 
[AS. hearge.] An implement set with teeth used in 
agriculture to pulverize the soil, cover seeds, etc., by 
dragging it over the surface. 

Under the harrow, subjected to torture with a toothed 
instrument, or, hence, to great affliction or oppression. 

Har'row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harrowed (-rod) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Harrowing.] 1. To draw a harrow over. 
2. To break or tear, as with a harrow ; to distress. 

Har'row, inter j. [OY.harau,haro; of uncertain ori- 
gin.] Help ! Halloo ! An exclamation of distress ; — 
the ancient Norman hue and cry. 

Har'row-er (-er), n. One who harrows. 

Har'ry (-ry), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harried (-rid ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Harrying.] [OE. haruen, herien. her^ien, 
AS. hergian to act as an army, to ravage, plunder, fr. 
here army.] 1. To strip; to pillage; to lay waste. 
2. To agitate ; to worry ; to harass. 

Harsh (harsh), a. [Compar. Harsher (-er) ; superl. 
Harshest.] [OE. harsk ; akin to G. harsch; fr. same 
source as E. hard.~\ Rough ; disagreeable ; grating to 
the touch, taste or ear, or to the sensibilities. — Harsh'- 
ly, adv. — Harsh'ness. n. 

Syn. — Austere ; crabbed ; morose : severe ; acrimoni- 
ous. Also, see Acrimony. 

Hart (hart), n. [AS. heort, heorot ; akin to D. hert, G. 
hirsch, L. cervus.~\ {Zo'ol.) A stag ; the male red deer. 

Harfbeest' (-best/), n. [D. hertebeest. See Hart, 
and Beast.] {Zo'ol.) A large South African antelope. 

Hartsliorn' (h'arts'h6rn'), n. 1. The horn or antler 
of the hart. 2. Spirits of hartshorn (see below). 

Spirits of hartshorn (Chem.), a solution of ammonia in 
water, formerly obtained from hartshorn shavings. 

Har'um-scar'um (hSr'um-skar'um), a. [Cf. hare, 
v. t., and scare, v. t.] Wild ; giddy; rash. [Colloq.~\ 

Ha-rus'pice (ha-rus'pls), n. [F., fr. L. haruspcx.~\ 
A diviner of ancient Rome. 

Har'vest (h'ar'vest), n. [AS. haerfest autumn ; akin 
to G. herbst.~\ 1. The gathering of a crop of any kind 
or of the crops ; also, the season of gathering grain and 
fruits. 2. That which is reaped or ready to be gathered ; 
a crop. 3. The product or result of any exertion or labor. 

Harvest fly (Zo'ol.), any species of Cicada. — Harvest 
moon, the moon near the full at the time of harvest in 
England, or about the autumnal equinox, when it rises 
nearly at the same hour for several days. 

Har'vest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harvested ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Harvesting.] To reap or gather, as any crop. 

Har'vest-er (-er), n. One who harvests; a machine 
for cutting and gathering grain ; a reaper. 



a, e, 1, o, H, long ; &, g, I, 5, ft, y, short ; BanAte, fivent, Idea, 6bey, tlnite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



HARVEST-HOME 



395 



HAUL 




Har'vest-home 7 (har'vgst-hom'), n. 1. Time of har- 
vest. 2. Song sung at the feast made at harvest time ; 
the feast itself. 3. Thanksgiving service at harvest time. 

Has (hXz), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Have. 

Hash (hSsh), n. [Formerly hachey, hachee, F. hachis, 
fr. hacher to hash ; of German origin.] 1. That which 
is hashed ; esp., a mixture of chopped cooked meat and 
vegetables. 2. A new mixture of old matter. 

Hash, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Hashed (hSsht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Hashing.] To chop up ; to mince and mix. 

Hash'eesh 1 (haWesh), n. [At. hashish.'] A slightly 

Hash'ish ) acrid gum resin produced by common 
hemp in warm climates. It is narcotic and intoxicating. 

Has'let (has'let), n. [F. hateletles broil, for haste- 
lettes, fr. F. haste spit.] The edible viscera, as the heart, 
liver, etc., of a beast, esp. of a hog. 

Hasp (hasp), n. [AS. hsepse ; akin to G. haspe, h'dspe.] 

1. A clasp ; esp., a metal strap fastened over a staple by 
a padlock or a pin. 2. A spindle to wind yarn, thread, 
or silk on. 3. An instrument for scarifying grass land. 

Hasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hasped (haspt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Hasping.] To shut or fasten with a hasp. 

Has'sock (hSs'siik), n. [Scot., fr. W. hesgog sedgy, 
hesg sedge.] 1. A rank tuft of bog grass ; a tussock. 

2. A small stuffed cushion or footstool. 
Hast (hSst), 2d pers. sing. pres. of 

Have, contr. of havest. [Archaic'] 

Has'tate (hSs'tat), ) a. [L. hastatus, 

Has'ta-ted (-ta-tSd), j fr. hasta spear.] 
Triangular, with the basal angles spread- 
ing, somewhat like the head of a halberd. 

Haste (hast), n. [OE. hast; akin to 
G. hast.] 1. Celerity of motion or ac- 
tion ; — applied only to voluntary beings. 

2. State of being urged or pressed by Hastate Leaf, 
business ; sudden excitement of feeling or passion. 

To make haste, to hasten. 

Syn. — Speed; quickness; nimbleness; swiftness; ex- 
pedition ; dispatch ; hurry ; precipitance ; vehemence ; 
precipitation. — Haste denotes quickness of action and a 
strong desire for getting on ; hurry includes a confusion 
and want of collected thought not implied in haste ; speed 
denotes the actual progress made ; dispatch, promptitude 
and rapidity in doing. 

Haste, v. t. & i. [imp. &p.p. Hasted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Hasting.] To hasten ; to hurry. [Archaic] 

Has'ten (has"n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hastened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hastening (-'n-ing).] To drive 
or urge forward ; to accelerate the movement of ; to 
move quickly. 

Has'ten-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, hastens. 

Has'ti-ly (has'tT-ly), adv. In a hasty manner. 

Has'ti-ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being hasty. 

Has'ty (has'ty), a. [Compar. Hastier (-ti-er) ; su- 
perl. Hastd3st.] 1. Involving haste ; done, made, etc., 
in haste. 2. Moving or acting with haste ; hence, act- 
ing without deliberation ; precipitate ; rash ; eager. 3. 
Made or reached without deliberation or due caution. 
4. Proceeding from, or indicating, a quick temper. 

Has'ty pud'ding (has'ty pud'ding). 1. A thick bat- 
ter of Indian meal ; mush. [JJ. S.] 2. A batter of flour 
or oatmeal. [Eng.] 

Hat (hSt), n. [AS. hset, hsett; akin to G. hut.] A 
covering for the head ; esp., one with a crown and brim. 

Hat'a-ble (hat'a-b'l), a. That may or should be hated. 

Hat'band 7 (hkt'band / ), n. A band round the crown of 
a hat ; sometimes, one worn as a badge of mourning. 

Hatch (hSch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hatched (hacht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Hatching.] [F. hacher to chop, hack. 
See Hash.] To cross with lines in a peculiar manner ; 
to Crosshatch. See Hatching. 

Hatch, v. t. [OE. hacchen, hetchen ; akin to G. hecken, 
Dan. hekke.] 1. To produce, as young, from an egg or 
eggs by incubation, or by artificial heat; to produce 
young from (eggs). 2. To form by meditation, and bring 
into being ; to originate and produce ; to contrive or plot. 

Hatch, v. i. To produce young ; — said of eggs ; to 
come forth from the egg ; — said of the young. 

Hatch, n. 1. A hatching. 2. Development ; discov- 
ery. 3. The young produced by one incubation ; brood. 

Hatch, n. [OE. hacche, AS. hsec. Prob. akin to E. 
hook, and first used of something made of pieces fastened 
together.] 1. A door with an opening over it ; a half 
door. 2. A frame or weir in a river, for catching fish. 

3. A flood or sluice gate. 4. A bedstead. [Scot.] 5. An 
opening in the deck of a vessel or floor of a warehouse ; 
hatchway ; also, a cover or door for such an opening. 

To he under hatchet, to be confined below in a vessel ; to 
be under arrest. 




A Hatchment {Her.). 
1. To have a great aversion 



Hatch (bach), v. t. To close with a hatch or hatches. 

Hatch'-boat' (hach'bof), n. (Naut.) A fishing ves- 
sel having numerous hatches. 

Hatch'el (-61), n. [OE. hechele, hekele; prob. akin to 
E. hook.] A toothed instrument for cleaning flax or hemp. 

Hatch'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hatcheled or Hatch- 
elled (-Sid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hatcheling or Hatchel- 
ling.] 1. To draw through the teeth of a hatchel, as 
flax or hemp. 2. To tease ; to torment. [Colloq.] 

Hatch'el-er, n. One who uses a hatchel. 

Hatch'er, n. One who hatches ; hatching apparatus. 

Hatch'er-y (-y), n. A house for hatching fish, etc. 

Hatch'et (-et), n. [F. hachette, dim. of hache ax.] 
1. A small, short-handled ax. 2. Specif., a tomahawk. 

To bury the hatchet, to make peace, or become reconciled. 
— To take up the hatchet, to make or declare war. 

Hatching, n. [See 1st Hatch.] A mode of shading 
in engraving, drawing, etc., by crossing lines. 

Hatch'ment (-ment), n. [Corrupt, fr. Achievement.] 

1. {Her.) A sort of panel, 
upon which the arms of a 
deceased person are tem- 
porarily displayed on his 
house, hearse, etc. 2. A 
sword or other mark of the 
profession of arms ; in gen- 
eral, a mark of dignity. 

Hatch'ure (-fir ; 135), n. 
Same as Hachtjre. 

Hatch'way/ (-wa/), n. 
An opening in a deck or 
floor, affording passage. 

Hate (hat), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Hated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Hating.] [AS. 
hatian; akin to G. hassen.] 

to, with ill will; to dislike intensely. 2. To be very 
unwilling ; — followed by an infinitive, or a substantive 
clause with that. 3. {Script.) To love less, relatively. 

Syn. — To abhor ; detest ; abominate ; loathe. — Hate 
is the generic word ; we a&Aorwhat is deeply repugnant 
to our sensibilities or feelings; we detest what excites 
our indignation and contempt ; what we abominate does 
equal violence to our moral and religious sentiments ; what 
we loathe is offensive and excites disgust. 

Hate, n. [AS. hete ; akin to G. hass.] Strong aver- 
sion coupled with ill will ; as exercised toward things, 
intense dislike. 

Hate'ful (-ful), a. 1. Manifesting hate or hatred. 
[Archaic or R. ] 2. Exciting or deserving hate. — Hate'- 
ful-ly, adv. — Hate'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Odious ; detestable ; abominable ; execrable ; 
loathsome ; abhorrent ; repugnant ; malevolent. 

Hat'er (hat'er), n. One who hates. 

Hath (hath), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Have, contracted 
from haveth. Has. [Archaic] 

Ha'tred (ha'tred), n. [See Hate ; cf. Kindred.] 
Strong aversion ; intense dislike ; hate ; ill will. 

Syn. — Enmity ; animosity ; malevolence ; rancor ; ma- 
lignity ; detestation ; repugnance ; antipathy. See Odium. 

Hat'ter (hat'ter), n. One who makes or sells hate. 

II Hat-te'ri-a (hSt-te'rT-a), n. [NL.] (Zo'ol.) A species 
of Australian lizard. It is the only living representative 
of the order Rhynchocephala. [also, stuff for hats. I 

Hat'tlng (hat'ting), n. The business of making hats ; | 

Hat'tree' (hat'tre 7 ), n. A stand for hats. 

Hau'berk (ha/berk), n. [OF. hauberc, halberc, OHG. 
halsberc ; hals neck -f- bergan to protect.] A coat of 
mail, esp. the long coat. 

Haugh'ti-ly (ha'tT-1^), adv. In a haughty manner. 

Haugh'ti-ness' (-nes), n. [For hauteinness. See 
Haughty.] Quality or state of being haughty. 

Haugh'ty (-t$), a. [Compar. Haughtesr (-ti-er); 
superl. Haughtiest.] [F. hatitain, fr. haul high, OF. 
also halt, fr. L. altus high.] 1. High; noble. [Obs. or 
Archaic] 2. Conscious of superiority ; proud in senti- 
ment or bearing. 3. Indicating pride or conscious su- 
periority ; supercilious; lofty. 

Syn.— Arrogant ; disdainful ; contemptuous.— Haughty 
implies consciousness of, and pride in, superiority ; ar- 
rogant, active or overbearing assertion of superiority or 
superior claims ; disdainful, scorn and contempt. 

Haul (hal), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hauled (hald) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Hauling.] [OE. halen, halien, F. haler, of 
German or Scand. origin ; akin to AS. geholian to get, 
D. halen to fetch, G. holen, and to L. calare to call, Gr. 
KaXelv to call.] 1. To pull or draw with force ; to drag. 

2. To transport by drawing, as with horses or oxen. 

To haul the wind (Naut.), to turn the head of the ship 
nearer to the point from which the wind blows. 



K 



f grn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HAUL 



396 



HAZY 



Haul (bftl), 9. i. 1. (2ftM&) To haul the wind. 2. To 

net hues do when yoked. 

Haul. ,-i. 1. A violent pull. 2. A single draught of 
a net. 3. That which is caught, taken, or gained at 
ouee. 4. Transportation by hauling ; the distance through 
anything is hauled. 

Haul'age (-£j), n. Act of hauling ; charge for hauling. 

Haul'er (,-er). »• One who hauls. 

Haulm (ham), 7i. [OE. halm, AS. healm ; akin to G. 
fialm,h. calamus reed, stalk, Gr. koAo/xo$.] The denuded 
stems or stalks of such crops as buckwheat and the cereal 
grains, beans, etc. ; straw. 

Haunch (haneh), n. [F. hanche, of German origin.] 

1. The hip ; the projecting region of the pelvis and the 

hip joint. 2. Of meats : The leg and loin taken together. 

Haunches of an arch {Arch.), the parts on each side of the 

crown of an arch. 

Haunched (hancht), a. Having haunches. 

Haunt (hant), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Haunted ; p. pr. 
& vb. «. Haunting.] [F. hanter; of uncertain origin.] 
1. To frequent ; to resort to frequently ; to visit perti- 
naciously or intrusively. 2. To inhabit, frequent, or 
visit as a specter. 

Haunt, n ■ A place to which one frequently resorts. 

Haunt'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, haunts. 

HautTjoy (ho'boi), n. [F. hautbois.] See Oboe. 

II Hau / teur'(ho'ter / ), n. [F., ft. haul high.] Haughty 
manner or spirit ; haughtiness. 

Have (hav), v. t. [_imp. & p. p. Had (h5d) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Having. Indie, present, I have, thou hast, he has ; 
we, ye, they have."] [OE. haven, habben, AS. habben 
(imperf. hxfde, p. p. gehsefd) ; akin to G. haben, and prob. 
to L. habere.] 1. To hold in possession or control ; to 
own. 2. To possess, as something which appertains to, 
or affects, one. 3. To take or accept. 4. To obtain ; to 
get. 5. To cause or procure to be ; to effect ; to require. 
6. To bear, as young. 7. To hold, regard, or esteem. 
8- To cause or force to go ; to take. 9. To take, betake, 
or hold (one's self) ; — used reflexively, often with ellip- 
sis of the pronoun. 10. To be under necessity or obli- 
gation ; — followed by an infinitive. 11. To understand. 

CUF* Have, as an auxiliary verb, is used with the past 
participle (originally only of transitive verbs) to form pret- 
erit tenses ; as, I have loved ; I shall have eaten. Bad is 
used, especially in poetry, for would have or should have. 

Syn. — To possess ; to own. See Possess. 

Hav'e-lock (haVe-15k), n. [From Havelock, an 
English general.] A light covering for the head and 
neck, to protect from sunstroke. 

Ha'ven (ha'v'n), n. [AS. haefene; akin to G. ha/en; 
of uncertain origin.] 1. A bay, recess, or inlet which 
affords anchorage and shelter for shipping ; a harbor ; a 
port. 2. A shelter ; an asylum. 

Hav'er (haVer), n. A possessor ; a holder. 

Hav'er, n. [D. haver ; akin to G. haber.] The oat; 
oats. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 

Hav'er-sack (hav'er-sa'k), n. [F. havresac, G. haber- 
sack sack for oats. See Haver, and Sack a bag.] 1. A 
bag for oats or oatmeal. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A bag or case 
in which a soldier carries his rations when on a march. 
3. A gunner's case or bag. 

Hav'OC (hSv'ok), n. [Of uncertain origin.] General 
destruction ; devastation ; waste. 

Hav'OC, v. t. To devastate ; to destroy ; to lay waste. 

Hav'OC, inter j. A war cry for indiscriminate slaughter. 

Haw (ha), n. [AS. haga; akin to G. hag, hecke.] 
1. A hedge ; an inclosure. 2. The fruit of the hawthorn. 

Haw, n. [Cf. ha interj.] An intermission or hesita- 
tion of speech, with a sound somewhat like haw ! 

Haw, v. i. To stop, in speaking, with a sound like haw. 

Haw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hawed (had) ; p. pr. & vb. 
Hawing.] [Etym. uncertain.] To turn to the near side, 
or toward the driver ; — said of cattle or a team. See Gee. 

Haw, r. t. To cause to turn, as a team, to the near side. 

Haw'finch' (ha'fTnch'), n. (Zool.) The common Eu- 
ropean grosbeak. " 

Haw-haw' 
(ha-ha/), n. [Du- 
plication of haw 
a hedge.] [See 
Ha-ha. 

Haw-haw', v. 
i. [Imitative.] To 

laugh boister- fl ri «n\ -At 
[Colloq. ' 

Hawk (hak), Hawk (Accipi ter Cooperi). 

n. [OE. ham k (prob. fr. Icel.), havek, AS. hafoc, heafoc; 




akin to G. habicht.] (Zool.) One of numerous species 
and genera of rapacious birds of the Falcon family. 

Hawk (hak), r. i. [imp. & p. p. Hawked (hakt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Hawking.] 1. To hunt birds with hawks 
trained for the purpose. 2. To soar and strike like a hawk. 

Hawk, v. i. [W. hochi.] To clear the throat with 
an audible sound, as in forcing up phlegm. 

Hawk, v. t. To raise by hawking, as phlegm. 

Hawk, 7i. An effort to force up phlegm from the 
throat, accompanied with noise. 

Hawk, v. t. [Akin to D. hauker hawker, G. hbeken 
to higgle.] To otter for sale by public outcry ; to peddle. 

Hawk, 72. A mason's handboard for mortar. 

Hawklull' (-bTF), 72. (Zool.) A kind of sea turtle. 

Hawked (hakt), a. Curved like a hawk's bill. 

Hawk'er (h'ak'er), n. One who hawks wares. . 

Hawk'er, n'. One who hawks for birds ; a falconer. 

Hawk'ey (-y), n. See Hockey. 

Hawk'-eyed 7 (-id'), a. Having a keen eye. 

Hawk' moth' (m5th'; 115). (Zool.) One of many 
species of large handsome moths which have a long slen- 
der proboscis for sucking honey from flowers. 

Hawse (haz or has), n. [Orig., a hawse hole; cf. Icel. 
hals, hals, neck, part of the bows, AS. heals neck.] 1. 
A hawse hole. 2. (Kaut.) (a) The situation of the cables 
when a vessel is moored with two anchors, one on each 
side of the bow. (b) The distance ahead to which the 
cables usually extend, (c) That part of a vessel's bow 
in which are the hawse holes. 

Hawse hole, a hole for a cable in the bow of a ship. 

Haws'er (haz'er or has'er), n. [From F. hausser to 
lift, raise, LL. altiare, fr. L. altus high.] A large rope ; 
specif., a right-handed rope made of three strands each 
containing many yarns. [See lllust. of Cordage.] 

Haw'thorn' (ha/thSrn'), n. [AS. hagaporn, hsegporn. 
See Haw hedge, and Thorn.] (Bot.) A thorny shrub or 
tree, having fragrant flowers, and a fruit called haw. 

Hay (ha), 7i. [AS. hege. See Haw hedge.] 1. A 
hedge. [Obs.] 2. A snare net, esp. for a rabbit. 

To dance the hay, to dance in a ring. 

Hay, n. [AS. heg; akin to G. heu; fr. root of E. 
hew.] Grass cut and cured for fodder. 

Hay fever (Med.), a kind of nasal catarrh affecting some 
persons in spring and summer. 

Hay, v. i. To cut and cure grass for hay. 

Hay'COCk' (ha'kok'), n. A conical pile of hay. 

Hayloft' (haOoff ; 115), n. A loft or scaffold for hay. 

Hay'mow' (ha'niou'), n. 1. A mass of hay laid up 
in a barn. 2. The place where it is stored. 

Hay'rick' (-rik'), n. A pile of hay, usually thatched. 

Hay'stack' (ha'stak'), n. A stack or conical pile of 
hay in the open air. 

Haz'ard (haz'erd), n. [F. hasard, Sp. azar an acci- 
dent, an unfortunate card or throw at dice, prob. fr. Ar. 
zahr, zar, a die.] 1. A game of chance played with 
dice. 2. The uncertain result of throwing a die ; hence, 
a fortuitous event ; chance. 3. Risk ; danger ; peril. 
4. Anything that is hazarded or risked. 

Haz'ard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hazarded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Hazarding.] 1. To expose to chance ; to venture ; 
to risk. 2. To venture to incur, or bring on. 

Syn. — To venture ; risk ; jeopard ; peril ; endanger. 

Haz'ard (hSz'erd), v. i. To try the chance; to en- 
counter risk or danger. 

Haz'ard-a-Dle (-a-b'l), a. 1. Liable to hazard ; haz- 
ardous ; risky. 2. Such as can be safely hazarded. 

Haz'ard-er (-er), n. One who hazards or ventures. 

Haz'ard-OUS (-us), a. Exposed to hazard ; danger- 
ous. — Haz'ard-ous-ly, adv. — Haz'ard-ous-ness. n. 

Syn. — Perilous ; dangerous ; bold ; daring ; adventur- 
ous: venturesome; precarious; uncertain. 

Haze (haz), n. [Etym. uncertain.] Lack of transpar- 
ency in the air ; hence, fig., obscurity ; dimness. 

Haze, r. i. To be hazy, or thick with haze. 

Haze. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hazed (hazd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Hazing.] [Cf. Sw. hasa to hamstring, fr. has 
hough.] 1. To harass by exacting unnecessary, dis- 
agreeable, or difficult work. 2. To harass or humiliate 
by abusive tricks. 

'Ha'zel (ha'z'l), n. [AS. hsesel ; akin to G. hasel, L. 
corylus.] (Bot. ) A shrub or small tree bearing a nut con- 
taining a kernel of a mild, farinaceous taste ; filbert. 

Witch hazel. See Witch-hazel, and Hamamelis. 

Ha'zel, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the 
hazel or hazels. 2. Light brown, like the hazelnut. 

Ha'zel-nut' (ha'z'l-nuf), n. The nut of the hazel. 

Ha'zy (ha'z^), a. 1. More or less affected with haze ; 
not clear or transparent. 2. Obscure ; confused. — Ha'- 
zi-ly (-zi-ljf), adv. — Ha'zi-ness. n. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, 0, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



HE 



397 



hp;art 



He (he), prim. [nom. He ; poss. His (hlz) ; obj. Him 
(him) ; pi. nom. They (tha) ; poss. Their or Theirs 
(thaTz or tharz) ; obj. Them (them).] [AS. he, masc, 
hed, fern., hit, neut. ; pi. hi, or Aie, hig ; akin to G. heute 
to-day.] 1. The man or male being, previously desig- 
nated. 2. Any one ; — used indefinitely. 3. Man ; any 
male person ; — used substantively. 

-head (-hSd), suffix. A variant of -hood. 

Head (hed), n. [AS. heafod ; akin to G. haupt ; of un- 
known origin.] 1. The anterior or superior part of an 
animal, containing the brain, or chief ganglia of the nerv- 
ous system, the mouth, and, in the higher animals, the 
chief sensory organs. 2. The uppermost, foremost, or 
most important part of an inanimate object ; often, also, 
the larger, thicker, or heavier part or extremity. Specif. : 
(a) An ear of wheat or other small cereals, {b) (Bot.) 
A dense cluster of flowers or of leaves. 3. The place 
occupied by, or intended for, the head. 4. The chief or 
leader of an organized body. 5. The place of honor, or 
of command. 6. Each one among many ; an individual ; 
— often in a plural sense. 7. The brain ; the under- 
standing. 8. The source or beginning, as of a stream or 
river ; hence, the altitude of the source, or the height 
of the surface, and the pressure resulting from the height 
or from motion ; also, that part of a gulf or bay most 
remote from the outlet or the sea. 9. A headland ; a 
promontory. 10. A separate part, or topic, of a dis- 
course. 11. Culminating point or crisis ; hence, strength ; 
force ; height. 12. Power ; armed force. 13. A head- 
dress. 14. The antlers of a deer. 15. A rounded mass 
of foam on effervescing liquor. 

To give (one) the head, or To give head, to free from re- 
straint. — To lose one's head, to lose presence of mind. — 
To make head, or To make head against, to resist with suc- 
cess ; to advance. 

Head (hed), a. Principal ; chief ; leading ; first. 

Head (hed), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Headed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Heading.] 1. To be at the head of ; to lead ; to di- 
rect. 2. To fit or furnish with a head. 3. To cut off 
the top of. 4. To oppose in front of ; hence, to check 
or restrain. 5. To set on the head. 

Head, v. i. 1. To have beginning or origin. 2. To 
go or point in a certain direction. 3. To form a head. 

Head'ache' (-ak'), n. Pain in the head. 

Head'band 7 (-band 7 ), n. 1. A fillet ; a band for the 
head. 2. The band at each end of the back of a book. 

Head'board' (-bord 7 ), n. A board or boarding which 
forms the head of anything, or marks the place of the head. 

Head'-Cheese 7 (-chez 7 ), n. A cheeselike mass made 
of portions of the head, or head and feet, of swine. 

Head'dress 7 (-dres 7 ), n. 1. A covering or ornament 
for the head. 2. Manner of dressing or adorning the hair. 

Head'ed, a. 1. Furnished with (such) a head ; — used 
in composition. 2. Formed into a head. 

HeadL'er (-er), n. 1. One that heads nails, rivets, etc. 
2. One who heads a movement, a party, or a mob. 3. 
{Arch.) (a) A brick or stone laid with its shorter face in 
the surface of the wall. (b) In framing, the piece of tim- 
ber fitted between two trimmers, and supported by them. 
4. A fall or plunge headforemost. \_Colloq.~] 

Head'gear 7 , or Head'gear 7 (-ger 7 ), n. Headdress. 

Head'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. In a heady manner. 

Head'i-ness (-nes), n. Quality of being heady. 

Head'ing, n. 1. Act or state of one that heads. 2. That 
which stands at or forms the head, as the title of a chapter. 

Headland (hed'lahd), n. 1. A cape ; a promontory. 
2. Unplowed land at the ends of furrows, or near a fence. 

Headless (-les), a. Having no head. 

Headlight 7 (hed'lit 7 ), n. (Engin. ) A light, with a pow- 
erful reflector, carried on the front of a locomotive, etc. 

Headline 7 (-lin 7 ), n. (Print.) The line at the top of 
a page, column, or article. 

Headlong 7 (-long 7 ; 115), adv. [OE. hedling, heved- 
lynge ; prob. confused with E. long, a. & adv.] 1. "With 
the head foremost ; headfirst. 2. Rashly. 3. Hastily. 

Headlong 7 , a. 1. Rash ; precipitate. 2. Precipitous. 

Head'man (hed'man 7 ), n. A head or leading man. 

Head 7 piece 7 (-pes 7 ), n. 1. Head. 2. A cap of de- 
fense, esp. an open one. 3. Under- 
standing. 4. An engraved ornament 
at the head of a chapter, or of a page. 

Head'quar 7 ters(-kwar / terz),7i.jt)L; 
sometimes used as a n. sing. The 
quarters or place of residence or of 
business of any chief officer ; hence, 
the center of authority or order. 

Head'ship, n. Authority or digni- 
ty ; chief place. Headpiece (2). 




Heads'man (h6dz'man), n. 
off heads. 



An executioner who cuts 



Head'stall 7 (-stal 7 ), n. The part of a bridle or halter 
which encompasses the head. 

Head'stOCk 7 (-st5k'), n. {Much.) A part for support- 
ing some of the principal working parts of a machine. 

Head'stone 7 (-stou'), n. 1. The principal stone in a 
foundation ; corner stone. 2. Stone at the head of a grave. 

Head'strong/ (-strong/ ; 115), a. 1. Not easily influ- 
enced or restrained ; self-willed. 2. Directed by strong 
self-will ; proceeding from obstinacy. 

Syn. — Violent ; obstinate; ungovernable; untracta- 
ble ; willful ; stubborn ; unruly ; venturesome ; heady. 

Head'tiie 7 (-tir'), n. 1. A headdress. 2. The man- 
ner of dressing the head. 

Head 7 way 7 (-wa 7 ), n. 1. Progress ; hence, success of 
any kind. 2. (Arch.) Clear space under an arch, girder, 
etc., to allow of easy passing underneath. 

Head'y (hed'y), a. [From Head.] 1. Willful ; rash ; 
precipitate; ungovernable. 2. Apt to affect the head; 
intoxicating ; strong. 3. Violent ; impetuous. 

Heal (hel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Healed (held) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Healing.] [AS. IiSilan, fr. hal hale, sound ; 
akin to G. heilen.~\ 1. To make hale, sound, or whole ; 
to restore to soundness or health. 2. To remove or sub- 
due ; to cure ; — of a disease or a wound. Also used fig. 

Heal, v. i. To grow sound ; to become well. 

Heal'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being healed. 

Heald (held), n. [Cf. Heddle.] A heddle. 

Heal'er (hel^r), n. One who. or that which, heals. 

Health (helth), n. [AS. haelp, fr. hal hale, sound, 
whole. See Whole.] 1. State of being hale, sound, or 
whole, in body, mind, or soul, esp. of being free from 
physical disease or pain. 2. A wish of health and happi- 
ness, as in pledging a person in a toast. 

Health'ful (-f ul), a. 1. Free from illness or disease ; 
well ; healthy. 2. Promoting health ; wholesome ; salu- 
tary. 3. Indicating, characterized by, or resulting from, 
health. — Health'ful-ly, adv. — Health/ful-ness, n. 

Health/y (-y), a. [Compar. Healthier (-i-er) ; su- 
perl. HEALTfflEST.] 1. Being in a state of health ; en- 
joying health. 2. Evincing health. 3. Conducive to 
health. — Healthl-ly (-My), adv. — Healthiness, n. 

Syn. — Vigorous ; sound ; hale ; salubrious ; healthful ; 
wholesome ; salutary. 

Heap (hep), n. [AS. heap; akin to G. haufe, haufen, 
Icel. hopr troop.] 1. Throng ; multitude ; great number. 
[Illit. or Humorous'] 2. A pile or mass ; bulky collection. 

Heap, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Heaped (hept) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Heaping.] To collect, form, throw, or lay, in a heap. 

Heap 7 er (hep 7 er), n. One who heaps, piles, or amasses. 

Hear (her), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heard (herd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Hearing.] [AS. hieran, hyran, heran ; 
akin to G. hdren.] 1. To perceive by the ear. 2. To 
attend to ; to listen to ; to heed ; to examine ; to try judi- 
cially. 3. To listen to and answer favorably ; to favor. 

Hear, v. i. 1. To have the* sense or faculty of per- 
ceiving sound. 2. To attend ; to listen. 3. To be told ; 
to learn ; to receive information. 

Heard (herd), imp. & p. p. of Hear. 

Hear 7 er (her'er), n. One who hears ; an auditor. 

Hearing, n. 1. Act or power of perceiving sound ; 
the faculty or sense by which sound is perceived. 2. At- 
tention ; opportunity to be heard ; audience. 3. A listen- 
ing to facts and evidence for the sake of adjudication. 
4. Extent within which sound may be heard ; earshot. 

Heark/en (h'ark"n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hearkened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hearkening.] [AS. hrrcnian, 
heorcnian, fr. hieran, hyran, to hear ; akin to G. horchen.] 
To listen ; to hear, in order to obey or comply ; to heed. 

Syn. —To attend ; listen ; hear ; heed. 

Heark 7 en-er (-er), n. One who hearkens ; a listener. 

Hear'say 7 (her'sa 7 ), w. Report; rumor; fame; com- 
mon talk ; something heard from another. 

Hearsay evidence (Law), testimony by one person of mat- 
ters told him by another. It is ordinarily inadmissible. 

Hearse (hers), n. [See Herse.] 1. A tomb, coffin, or 
sepulchral monument. [Archaic'] 2. A carriage specially 
adapted or used for conveying the dead to the grave. 

Hearse, V. t- To inclose in a hearse or tomb. [Obs.~\ 

Hearse 7 cl0th 7 (-kloth 7 ; 115), n. A cloth for covering 
a coffin when on a bier ; a pall. 

Heart (hart), n. [AS. heorte : akin to G. herz, L. cor, 
Gr. KapSCa, /crjp.] 1. (Anaf.) A hollow, muscular organ, 
which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circula- 
tion of the blood. 2. The seat of the affections or sensi- 
bilities or of the moral affections, collectively or sepa- 
rately ; rarely, the seat of the understanding or will ; 



K 



fSrn, recent, orb, riide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HEARTACHE 



398 



HEBDOMADARY 



That 



¥0 



> 



> 



individual disposition and character. 3. The inmost or 

/ntial part of any body or system. 4. Courage 
courageous purpose ; spirit ; vigor ; power. 6. 
which resembles a heart in shape ; esp., the con- 
ventional figure or object used as a symbol or 
representative of the heart. 6. One of a series 
ol playing cards, distinguished by the figure 
a heart. 7. An affectionate appellation. 

At heart, in the inmost character or disposi- 
tion : at bottom ; really. — By heart, in the closest or most 
thorough manner. — To get or learn by heart, to memorize. 
— To break, the heart of, to bring to despair or hopeless grief. 

Heart'ache' (hiirt'ak'), n. Sorrow ; anguish. 

Heart'break' (-brak'), n. Crushing sorrow or grief. 

Heart'bro ken (-bro'k'n), a. Crushed by sorrow. 

Heart'burn' (-btirn'), n. {Med.) An uneasy, burning 
sensation in the stomach, often attended with nausea. 

Heart'burn ing (-bfirn'Tng), a. Causing discontent. 

Heart'burn ing, n. 1. {Med.) Same as Heartburn. 
2. Discontent ; secret enmity. 

Heart'ed, a. 1. Having (such) a heart ; — chiefly in 
composition. 2. Seated or laid up in the heart. 

Heart'en (harf'n), v. t. To give or restore heart to ; 
to encourage ; to animate ; to embolden. 

Heart'felt' (-felt/), a. Hearty ; sincere. 

Hearth (harth), n. [AS. heorts ; akin to G. herd.] 
1. The floor of a fireplace ; also, a corresponding part of 
a stove or furnace. 2. The house itself, as the abode of 
comfort to its inmates and of hospitality. 

Hearth/stone 7 (-ston'), n. Stone forming the hearth ; 
hence, the fireside ; home. 

Heart'i-ly (hart'I-1^), adv. In a hearty manner. 

Heart'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being hearty. 

Heartless (-lSs), a. 1. Without a heart. 2. Spirit- 
less ; despondent. 3. Unsympathetic; cruel. — Heart'- 
less-ly , adv. — Heart'Iess-ness, n. 

Heart'quake' (-kwak'), n. Trepidation ; fear. 

Heart'rend ing (-rend'Tng), a. Causing intense grief. 

Heart' S'-ease' (harts'ez'), n. 1. Peace of mind or 
feeling. 2. {Bot.) The pansy. [ent. I 

Heart'sick (-sik'), a. Sick at heart ; very despond- 1 

Heart'some (-sum), a. Merry ; cheerful ; lively. [Scot.] 

Heart'strick'en (-striken), a. Shocked ; dismayed. 

Heart'string' (-string'), n. A nerve or tendon sup- 
posed to brace and sustain the heart. 

Heart'wood' (-w56d'), n. The hard, central part of 
a tree, usually differing in color from the outer layers. 

Heart'y (hart'y), a. [Compar. Heartier (-T-er) ; 
superl. Heabteest.] 1. Pertaining to, or proceeding 
from, the heart ; warm ; cordial ; bold ; zealous ; sin- 
cere ; willing ; also, energetic ; active ; eager. 2. Ex- 
hibiting strength ; sound ; healthy ; firm ; vigorous ; not 
weak. 3. Promoting strength ; nourishing ; abundant. 

Syn. — Real ; unfeigned ; earnest ; zealous ; ardent. 

Heart'y, n. Comrade ; boon companion ; good fellow. 

Heat (het), n. [AS. haetu, hseto, fr. hat hot. See 
Hot.] 1. A force which in general is a form of molecu- 
lar disturbance or vibration. It was formerly supposed 
to be a fluid, and was called caloric. 2. The sensation 
caused by the force or influence of heat. 3. High tem- 
perature, as distinguished from low temperature, or cold. 
4. Indication of high temperature ; redness ; high color ; 
flush. 5. A single complete operation of heating. 6. 
A single effort; a single course in a race. 7. Utmost 
violence ; rage ; vehemence. 8- Agitation of mind ; in- 
flammation or excitement ; ardor ; fervency. 9. Sexual 
excitement. 10. Fermentation. 

Heat (het), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Heated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Heating.] To make or become hot or warm ; 
to communicate heat to. 

Heat'er (liefer), n. One who, or that which, heats. 

Heath (heth), n. [OE. heth waste land, the plant 
heath, AS. hseS ; akin to G. heide.~\ 1. {Bot.) A low 
shrub {Erica, or Calluna, vulgaris), with minute ever- 
green leaves, and pink flowers ; also, any of the numerous 
species of the genus Erica, some of great beauty. 2. A 
place overgrown with heath or coarse herbage. 

Heath grass {Bot.}, a kind of perennial grass growing on 
dry heaths. 

Hea'then (he'th'n), n. ; pi. Heathens (-th'nz), or 
collectively Heathen. [AS. hxSen, prop, an adj. fr. 
h&!5 heath, and orig., therefore, one who lives in the 
country, or on the heaths and in the woods. See Heath.] 

1. An individual of the nations which worship idols and 
do not acknowledge the true God ; a pagan ; an idolater. 

2. An irreligious person. 

%7 n \ — p agan ; gentile. See Pagan. 
Hea'then (he'th'n), a. 1. Gentile ; pagan. 2. Bar- 
barous ; heathenish. 3. Irreligious 




Hea'then doni (he'th'n-dum), n. 1. The regions 
where heathenism prevails; heathen collectively. 2. 
Heathenism. 

Hea'then ish, a. 1. Of or pert, to the heathen ; char- 
acteristic of heathens. 2. Rude ; savage ; cruel. 3. Irreli- 
gious.— Hea'then-ish-ly , adv.— Hea'then ish ness, n. 

Hea'then ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. The religious system or 
rites of a heathen nation; idolatry ; paganism. 2. The 
manners or morals usually prevalent in a heathen coun- 
try ; ignorance ; barbarism. [thenish. I 

Hea'then-ize (-iz), v. t. To render heathen or hea-| 

Hea'then-ry (-ry), n. 1. State or quality of being 
heathen. 2. Heathendom. 

Heath'er (hgth'er ; — the only Scotch pronunciation), 
n. [See Heath.] Heath. [Scot.] 

Heather bell (Bot.), the pretty sub- 
globose flower of two European 
heathers (Erica Tetralix, and E. ci- 
nerea). 

Heath'er-y (-y), a. Heathy; of 
the nature of heath. 

Heath'y (heth'y), a. Full of heath; 
abounding with heath. 

Heave (hev), v. t. [imp. Heaved 
(hevd), or Hove (hov) ; p. p. Heaved, 
Hove, formerly Hoven ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Heaving.] [AS. hebban ; akin to 
G. heben, L. capere to take.] 1. To 
cause to move upward or onward by 
lifting ; to lift ; to hoist. 2. To throw ; 
to cast. 3. To cause to move ; also, 
to throw off. 4. To utter with ef- _ 
fort. 5. To cause to swell or rise. Heather (GoBunatn*. 

To heave a ship to (Naut.), to bring 9aris) ' Reduced - 
the ship's head to the wind, and stop her motion. 

Heave, v. i. 1. To be thrown up or raised ; to rise 
upward. 2. To rise and fall alternately ; to swell ; to ex- 
pand ; hence, to labor ; to strain. 3. To retch ; to vomit. 

To heave in sight (as a ship), to come in sight ; to appear. 

Heave, n. 1. An effort to raise or move something. 
2. An upward motion ; a rising ; a swell or distention. 

Heav'en (heV'n), n. [AS. heofon; origin uncertain.] 
1. The expanse of space surrounding the earth; esp., the 
seeming arch or dome over the earth ; firmament ; sky ; 
— often in the plural in this sense. 2. The dwelling 
place of the Deity; the place or state of the blessed 
after death. 3. God ; also, the assembly of the blessed. 
4. Any place of supreme happiness ; perfect felicity; bliss. 

Heav'en-ly (-ly), a. Of, pert, to, or appropriate to, 
heaven ; celestial ; not earthly ; of the character of heav- 
en ; supremely blessed. — Heav'en-li-ness (-lT-nes), n. 

Heav'en-ly, adv. In a heavenly manner. 

Heav'en-ly-mind'ed (-mind'ed), a. Having the mind 
devoted to heavenly objects. 

Heav'en- ward (-werd), a. & adv. Toward heaven. 

Heave' of fer-ing (hev' of'fer-ing). (Jewish Antiq.) 
An offering or oblation elevated before the altar. 

Heav'er (hev'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
heaves or lifts. 2. {Naut.) A bar used as a lever. 

Heaves (hevz), n. A disease of horses, characterized 
by wheezing, flatulency, etc., with heaving of the flank. 

Heav'i-ly (hev'I-ly), adv. In a heavy manner. 

Heav'i-ness (-n5s), n. State or quality of being heavy. 

Heav'y (hev'y), a. Having the heaves. 

Heav'y (hev'y), a. [Compar. Heavdsr (-i-er) ; su- 
perl. Heaviest.] [AS. hefig, fr. hebban to lift, heave. 
See Heave.] 1. Heaved or lifted with labor ; not light ; 
weighty ; ponderous ; hence, sometimes, large in extent, 
quantity, or effects. 2. Not easy to bear ; hard to endure 
or accomplish ; hence, grievous ; afflictive. 3. Laden 
with that which is weighty ; encumbered ; burdened. 
4. Slow ; sluggish ; dull ; inanimate ; stupid. 5. Strong ; 
violent ; forcible. 6. Loud ; deep ; — of sound. 7. Dark 
with clouds; gloomy; — of the sky. 8. Impeding mo- 
tion; cloggy; clayey; — of earth. 9. Not raised, or made 
light ; — of bread, etc. 10. Not easily digested ; — of 
food. 11. Having much body or strength; — of wines, 
or other liquors. 12. Pregnant. [jR.] 

Heav'y, adv. Heavily. 

Heav'y-heart'ed (-hart'ed), a. Despondent ; sad. 

Heav'y spar' (spar'). (Min.) Native barium sul- 
phate or barite, — from its high specific gravity. 

Heb'do-mad (hgb'do-mSd), n. [L. hebdomas, -adis, 
Gr. e/3So/uas seven, seven days, deriv. of errra seven.] A 
week ; a period of seven days. 

Heh-dom'a-dal (heb-d5m'a-dal), ) a. Consisting of 

Heb-dom'a-da-ry (-da-ry), j seven days, or oc- 

curring at intervals of seven days ; weekly. 



a- e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, a, f t short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



HEBDOMADARY 



399 



HEIGH-HO 



Heb-dom'a-da-ry (hgb-d5m'a-da-iy), n. {R. C. Ch.) 
A member of a chapter or convent, whose week it is to 
officiate in the choir, and perform other services. 

Heb'e-tate (hgt/e-tat), v. t. [L. hebetare, p. p. -atus, 
fr. hebes dull.] To render obtuse ; to dull ; to stupefy. 

Heb'e-tate (-tat), a. Dull. [being hebetated. | 

Heb'e-ta'Uon (-ta'shiin), n. A hebetating; state of | 

He-bra'ic (he-bra'Ik), a. Of or pertaining to the He- 
brews, or to the language of the Hebrews. 

He'bra-ism (he'bra-Tz'm), n. 1. A Hebrew idiom or 
custom. 2. The type of character of the Hebrews. 

He'bra-ist, n. One versed in the Hebrew language 
and learning. 

He bra-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, the Hebrew language or idiom. 

He'bra-ize (he'bra-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hebraized 
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hebraizing.] To convert into the 
Hebrew idiom ; to make Hebrew or Hebraistic. 

He'bra-ize, V. i. To speak Hebrew, or to conform to 
the Hebrew idiom, or to Hebrew customs. 

He'brew (he'bru), n. [F. Hebreu, L. Hebraeus, Gr. 
*E/3paio?, fr. Heb." , ibhrl.] 1. An appellative of Abra- 
ham, or of any one of his descendants, esp. in the line of 
Jacob ; Israelite ; Jew. 2. Language of the Hebrews. 

Hebrew, a. Of or pertaining to the Hebrews. 

Hec'a-tomb (hek'a-toom or -torn), n. [L. hecatombe, 
Gr. eKOLTOfjiPri ; etcarov hundred + /Sous ox.] {Antiq.) A 
sacrifice of a hundred oxen or cattle at the same time ; 
hence, the sacrifice or slaughter of any large number. 

Hec'kle (hgk'k'l), n. & v. t. Same as Hackle. 

Hec'tare/ (hgk'tSr' ; F. ak'tar'), n. [F., fr. Gr. «a- 
-rov hundred -f- F. are an are.] A measure of area con- 
taining 10,000 square meters, or 2.471 acres. 

Hec'tic (hek'tik), a. [F. hectique, Gr. 6/ctikos habit- 
ual, consumptive, fr. e£is habit, a habit of body or mind, 
fr. e\eiv to have ; akin to Skr. sah to endure.] 1. Habit- 
ual ; constitutional ; pertaining esp. to slow waste of ani- 
mal tissue, as in consumption ; as, hectic fever. 2. In a 
hectic condition ; consumptive. [flush. I 

Hec'tic, n. 1. {Med.) Hectic fever. 2. A hectic | 

II Hec'to-COt'y-lus (-to-kot'T-lus), n. ; pi. Hectocotyxi 
(-11). [NL., fr. Gr. eKarov a hundred -j- KO-rvArj a hollow 
vessel.] {Zo'ol.) One of the arms of the male of most 
kinds of cephalopods, which is specially modified to effect 
fertilization of the eggs. 

Hec'to-gram (hgk'to-gram), n. [F. hectogramme, fr. 
Gr. enarov-}- F. gramme a gram.] A measure of weight, 
containing 100 grams, or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois. 

Hec'tO-graph (hgk'to-graf), n. [Gr. e<ar6v hundred 
-f- -graph.] A contrivance for multiple copying, by 
means of a surface of gelatin softened with glycerin. 

Hec'tO-li'ter \ (hgk'tft-le'ter or hek-tol'i-ter), n. [F. 

Hec'tO-li'tre j hectolitre, f r. Gr. ckoltov hundred -f- F. 
litre a liter.] 1. A liquid measure containing 100 liters, 
or nearly 22.0097 imperial gallons. 2. A dry measure, 
containing ten decaliters, or about 2-| Winchester bushels. 

Hec'to-me ter ) (hgk'to-me'ter or hgk-tom'e-ter), n. 

Hec'tO-me'tre j [F. hectometre, fr. Gr. e<ar6v hun- 
dred + F. metre a meter.] A measure of length, equal 
to a hundred meters or to 328.09 feet. 

Hec'tor (hgk'ter), n. [From the Trojan warrior Hec- 
tor, the son of Priam.] A bully ; a blustering, turbu- 
lent, insolent fellow ; one who vexes or provokes. 

Hec'tor, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hectored (-terd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Hectoring.] To treat with insolence ; 
to threaten ; to bully ; hence, to tease ; to taunt. 

Hec'tO-Stere (hek'to-ster or -star), n. [F. hectostere ; 
Gr. Zkcltov -f- F. stere.] A solid measure containing 100 
cubic meters, or 3531.05 United States cubic feet. 

Hed'dle (hed'd'l), n. [Cf. Heald.] {Weaving) One 
of the sets of parallel, doubled threads which, with their 
mounting, compose the harness employed to guide the 
warp threads to the lathe or batten in a loom. 

Hed er-a'ceous (hed'er-a'shus), a. [L. hederaceus, 
fr. hedera ivy.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, ivy. 

Hed'er-al (hed'er-al), a. Of or pertaining to ivy. 

Hedge (hej), n. [AS. hecg ; akin to E. haw, G. hecke.] 
A thicket of bushes, esp. one planted as a fence. 

Hedge priest, a poor, illiterate priest. — Hedge sparrow 
{Zo'ol.), a European warbler which frequents hedges. 

Hedge (hej), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hedged (hSjd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Hedging.] 1. To inclose or separate with 
a hedge ; to fence with shrubs or small trees. 2. To ob- 
struct with a barrier ; to hinder from progress or success. 
3. To surround for defense ; to guard ; to protect. 4. 
To surround so as to prevent escape. 

To hedge a bet, to bet upon both sides, thus guarding 
against loss. 




European Hedgehog (Erinaceus 
Europmrn). 



Hedge (h8j), v. i. 1. To avoid danger, risk, duty, 
responsibility, etc., as if by hiding in or behind a hedge. 
2. {Betting) To hedge a 

Hedgehog' (-hog'), n. 
{Zo'ol.) 1. A small animal 
having the hair on the 
upper part of its body 
mixed with prickles or 
spines. It is able to roll 
itself into a ball with the 
spines outward in every 
direction. 2. The Cana- 
dian porcupine. [U. S.~\ 

Hedg'er (hej'er), n. One who hedges. 

Hedge'row' (hgj'ro'), n. A row of shrubs, or trees, 
planted for inclosure or separation of fields. 

He-don'ic (he-donTk), a. [Gr. ^Soj/iko?, fr. i]6oyrj 
pleasure, Tjfiu? sweet, pleasant.] 1. Pertaining to pleas- 
ure. 2. Of, relating to, or believing in, hedonism. 

He-don'ics (-Tks), n. {Philos.) Moral philosophy 
which treats of the relation of duty to pleasure. 

Hed'on-ism (hSd'on-Tz'm or he'd5n-), n. The ethical 
theory which finds the explanation and authority of duty 
in its tendency to give pleasure. 

Heed (hed), v. t. & *. [imp. & p. p. Heeded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Heeding.] [AS. hedan ; akin to G. h'uten.~\ To 
mind ; to consider ; to regard with care ; to take notice 
of ; to attend to ; to observe. 

Heed, n. Attention; notice; observation; regard. 

Heed'fal (hed'ful), a. Full of heed ; careful ; atten- 
tive ; vigilant. — Heed'ful-ly, adv. — Heed'ful-ness, n. 

Heed'less (-ISs), a. Without heed or care ; inatten- 
tive ; careless ; unobservant. — Heed'less-ly, adv. — 
Heed'less-ness, n. 

Heel (hel), v. i. [OE. helden to lean, incline, AS. hel- 
dan, hyldan.~\ {Naut.) To lean or tip to one side, as a ship. 

Heel, n. [AS. hela, perh. for hohila, fr. AS. hoh heel 
(cf. Hough).] 1. The hinder part of the foot; some- 
times, the whole foot, — in man or quadrupeds. 2. The 
hinder part of any covering for the foot. 3. The latter 
or remaining part of anything. 4. Anything regarded 
as like a human heel in shape ; a protuberance ; a knob. 
5. The part of a thing corresponding in position to the 
human heel; esp.: {a) {Naut.) The after end of a ship's 
keel. (6) {Naut.) The lower end of a mast, a boom, the 
bowsprit, the sternpost, etc. (c) {Mil.) The uppermost 
part of the blade of a sword, next to the hilt, {d) The 
part of any tool next the tang or handle. 6. {Man.) 
Management by the heel, especially the spurred heel. 

To be down at the heel, to be slovenly or in a poor plight. 
— To go heels over head, to turn over so as to bring the 
heels uppermost ; hence, to move in an inconsiderate, or 
rash, manner. — To lay by the heels, to fetter ; to shackle ; 
to imprison. — To show the heels, to flee. — To take to the 
heels, to flee ; to betake to flight. 

Heel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeled (held) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Heeling.] 1. To perform by the use of the heels. 
[-R.] 2. To add a heel to. 3. To arm with a gaff, as a 
cock for fighting. 

Heel'er (-er), n. 1. A cock that strikes well with his 
spurs. 2. A political hanger-on. [Cant, U. S.~\ 

Heel'piece' (-pes'), n. 1. Armor for the heels. 2. A 
piece of leather fixed on the heel of a shoe. 3. The end. 

Heel'post' (-post'), n. A supporting post, as that to 
which a gate is hinged. 

Heel'tap' (-tap'), »• 1- A layer of leather in a shoe 
heel. 2. A little liquor left in a glass after drinking. 

Heel'tap 7 , v. t. To add a piece of leather to the heel of. 

Heft (hgft), n. [From Heave : cf. AS. hefe weight.] 

1. A heaving. 2. Weight ; ponderousness. [Colloq.] 
3. The greater part ; bulk. [Colloq. U.S.] 

Heft, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Hefted (Heft, obs.) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Hefting.] 1. To heave up; to raise aloft. 

2. To prove or try the weight of by raising. [Colloq.] 
He-gem'O-ny (he-jgm'o-n^ or he'je-mo-n^), n. [Gr. 

riyeixouta, deriv. of i)yel<r0a.i to go before.] Leadership ; 
preponderant influence or authority, as among states. 

He-gi'ra (he-ji'ra or hgj'I-ra), n. [Ar. fiijrah flight.] 
The flight of Mohammed from Mecca, September 13, a. d. 
622 ; hence, any similar flight or exodus. 

£g|p = * There is a difference of 10 days, 21 hours, 48 min- 
utes, between the Christian year and the Mussulman 
year, so that 33 Christian years nearly equal 34 Mussul- 
man years. 

Heif 'er (hef'er), n. [AS. heahfore, heafore ; of un- 
certain origin.] {Zo'ol.) A young cow. 

Heigh'-bO (hi'ho), interj. An exclamation of sur- 
prise, joy, dejection, uneasiness, weariness, etc. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fo*bt, out, oil, cliair, go, siug, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HEIGHT 



400 



HELMETED 



> 



) 



Height (hiO, n. [AS. h<rdh$u. hthSu, fr. heah high. 
S<e Bftfj 1- Condition of being high ; elevated posi- 
tion. 2 tnstonoe to which • thing rises ; altitude ; meas- 
ure upward from a surface : stature. 3. That which is 
i: a hill or mountain. 4. Elevation in excellence 
or in rank ; preeminence or distinction ; prominence. 5. 
Progress toward eminence ; grade ; degree. 6. Utmost 
degree in extent : extreme limit of energy or condition. 

Height'en ^hit''nV V. t. limp. & p. p. Heightened 
(-'nd) : p-pr. & vb. n. Heightening.] 1. To make high ; 
to raise higher ; to elevate. 2. To carry forward ; to ad- 
vance, increase, or intensify ; to make more conspicuous. 

Hei'nous O'S'nQs), a. [OF. ha'inos hateful, fr. ha'ine 
hate. fr. hair to hate; of German origin. See Hate.] 
Hateful : flagrant ; odious ; atrocious ; giving great of- 
fense. — Hei'nous-ly, adv . — Hei'nous-ness, n. 

Heir (Sr), n. [OF. heir, eir, L. heres ; of uncertain 
origin.] 1. One who inherits, or is entitled to succeed 
to the possession of, any property after its owner's death. 
2. One who receives any endowment from an ancestor or 
relation. 

Heir apparent. (Law) See under Apparent. — Heir at 
law, one who, after his ancestor's death, inherits his in- 
testate estate. — Heir presumptive, one who, if the an- 
cestor should die immediately, would be his heir. 

Heir'dom (Sr'duni), n. State of an heir ; succession 
by inheritance. 

Heir 'ess. n. A female heir. 

Heirloom' (abloom'), n. [Heir -{-loom, in its earlier 
sense of, implement, tool.] Any piece of personal prop- 
erty, which by law or special custom descends to the 
heir along with the inheritance ; hence, any piece of per- 
sonal property that has been in a family for several gen- 
erations, [leges of an heir. I 

Heir 'ship (Sr'shTp), n. State, character, or privi-| 

He-Ji'ra (he-jl'ra or hejT-ra), n. See Hegira. 

Hek'tare', Hek'to-gram, etc. Same as Hectare, 
Hectogram, etc. 

Held (held), imp. & p. p. of Hold. 

Heli-ac (helT-ak), a. Heliacal. 

He-li'a-cal (he-li'a-kal), a. [Gr. 17X10x05 belonging to 
the sun, fr. yjAios the sun.] (Astron.) Emerging from 
the light of the sun, or passing into it ; rising or setting 
at the same, or nearly the same, time as the sun. 

Helical (hel'T-kr/l), a. [From Helix.] Of or per- 
taining to, or in the form of, a helix. — Hell-cal-ly, adv. 

Hel'i-COid (hel'T-koid), a. [Gr. eAiKoei§7J s ; eAif , -ikos, 
helix -(- etoo? shape.] 1. Spiral ; curved, like the spire 
of a univalve shell. 2. (Zobl.) Shaped like a snail 
shell ; pertaining to the Snail family. 

Hel'i-COid. n. (Geom.) The surface generated by a 
straight line moving so that every point of it has a uni- 
form motion in the direction of another fixed straight 
line, and a uniform angular motion about it. 

Hel i-coid'al (-koid'al), a. Same as Helicoid. 

Hel i-CO'ni-an (-ko'nT-crn), a. Of or pertaining to 
Helicon, the supposed dwelling place of the Muses. 

Heli-O- (heli-6-). A combining form from Gr. rjAios, 
the sun. 

He'li-O-cen'tric (-sen'trtk), ) a. [Helio- + centric, 

He li-O-cen'tric-al (-trT-kal), ) centrical.'] (Astron.) 
Pertaining to the sun's center, or appearing to be seen 
from it ; having, or relating to, the sun as a center. 

He'li-o-chrome (heli-6-krom), n. [Helio- -f Gr. 
Xpd>fjia color.] A photograph in colors. 

Heli-O-graph (helT-6-graf), n. [Helio- + -graph.] 
1. A photograph. 2. An instrument for photographing 
the sun. 3. An apparatus for telegraphing by means of 
the sun's rays. — Heli-O-graphlc (-grSf'Tk), a. 

He / U-og'ra-phy (-5g'ra-ty), n. [Helio- + -graphy.] 
Photogr aphy. 

He/ll-O-grav'ure (-o-grav'ur), n. [F. heliogravure.] 
Art or process of photographic engraving. 

He'li-ol'a-ter (-ol'a-ter), n. A sun worshiper. 

He'11-ol'a-try (-trj), n. [Helio- + -latry.] Sun wor- 
ship. See Sabianism. 

He / li-om'e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. [Helio- + -meter.] 
[Astron.) An instrument devised originally for measur- 
ing the diameter of the sun, but now employed for other 
delicate astronomical measurements. 

Heli-o-met'ric (-6-mSt'rTk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

He'li-o-met'ric-al (-rT-k«l), j the heliometer ; be- 
longing to, or made by, heliometry. 

He' 11-om'e-try (-5m'e-tr^), n. Art of measuring the 
diameters of heavenly bodies, their distances, etc. 

Heli-o-scope (hell-o-skop), n. [Helio- + -scope.] 
ySMro n.) An instrument for viewing the sun without 
injury to the eyes. — He'11-o-scoplc (-skSpTk), c. 



HeOi-0-Stat (helT-S-stSt), n. [Helio- + Gr. oraTo ? 
placed, deriv. of ioravai to stand.] An instrument con- 
sisting of a mirror moved by clockwork, by which a sun- 
beam is made apparently stationary ; also, a geodetic 
heliotrope. 

He'li-O-trope (he'lT-S-trop), n. [Through F. & L. fr. 
Gr. ^AioTpoTrioc ; t/Aios sun -j- rpeireiv to turn, rpdn-os 
turn.] 1. (Anc. Astron.) An instrument or machine for 
showing when the sun arrived at the tropics and equi- 
noctial line. 2. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Heliotro- 
pium, one species of which is cultivated for its fragrant 
flowers. 3. An instrument for signaling to an observer 
at a distance, by the sun's rays thrown from a mirror. 
4. (.V/h.) See Bloodstone, (o). [otropism. I 

He li-O-trop'ic (-trop'Tk), a . (Bot. ) Manifesting heli- 1 

He li-ot'ro-pism (-ot'ro-piz'm), n. [Helio- -f- Gr. 
rpeVetv to turn.] (Bot.) The phenomenon of turning 
toward the light, seen in many leaves and flowers. 

He'li-o-type (he'lT-o-tip), n. [Helio- -j- -type.] A 
picture obtained by the process of heliotypy. 

Heli-O-ty'py (-tl'py), n. A method of transferring 
pictures from photographic negatives to gelatin plates 
from which impressions are produced as by lithography. 

Hell-spher'ic (heVr-sfSrlk), ) a. [Helix + spheric, 

HeM-spher'ic-al (-i-kal), ) spherical.] Spiral. 

He'lix (he'llks), n. ; pi. L. Helices (helT-sez), E. He- 
lixes (he'liks-ez). [L. helix, Gr. e'Ai£, -ikoj, fr. eAio-o-eiv 
to turn round.] 1. (Geom.) A nonplane curve whose 
tangents are all equally inclined to a given plane. The 
common helix is the curve formed by the thread of the 
ordinary screw. It is distinguished from the spiral, all 
the convolutions of which are in the same plane. 2. 
(Arch. ) A little volute under the abacus of the Corinthian 
capital. 3. (Anat.) The incurved margin or rim of the 
external ear. See Ear. 4. (Zobl. ) A genus of land snails. 

Hell (hel), n. [AS. hell ; akin to G. hblle, Goth, halja, 
and to AS. helan to conceal.] 1. The place of souls 
after death ; the grave ; — called in Hebrew sheol, and 
by the Greeks hades. 2. The place or state of punish- 
ment for the wicked after death. Hence, mental tor- 
ment ; anguish. 3. A place where outcasts are gathered. 

Hell'hend'er (hel'bend'er), n. (Zool.) A large North 
American aquatic salamander. 

Helle-bore (hel'le-bor), n. [L. helleborus, Gr. eAAe- 
/Jopos.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs of the 
Crowfoot family, mostly having powerfully cathartic and 
even poisonous qualities. 2. (Bot.) Any plant of sev- 
eral species of the poisonous liliaceous genus Veratrum. 

Hellene (hellen), n. [Gr. "EaAtji/.] A native of 
either ancient or modern Greece ; a Greek. 

Hel-len'ic (hel-len'Ik or -le'nik), a. Of or pertaining 
to the Hellenes ; Greek ; Grecian. 

Hel'len-ism (hel'len-Tz'm), n. 1. A phrase or form 
of speech peculiar to the Greek language; a Grecism. 
2. The type of character of the ancient Greeks. 

Hel'len-ist (hel'len-Tst), n. 1. One who affiliates with 
Greeks ; esp., a Jew who used the Greek language as his 
mother tongue. 2. One versed in the Greek language 
and literature. 

Hel'le-nis'tic (hgl'le-ms'tik), ) a. Pertaining to the 

Hel'le-nis'tiC-al (-tl-kal), J Hellenists. 

Heirga-mite (-ga-mlt), ) n. (Zobl.) The aquatic 

Hell'gra-mite (-gra-mit), ) larva of a large American 
winged insect, much used as a fishbait by anglers. 

Hell 'hound' (-hound'), n. A dog of hell ; an agent of 
hell. 

Hellish (hel'Tsh), a. Of or pertaining to hell ; like 
hell ; infernal ; diabolical. — Hellishly , adv. — HelT- 
ish-ness. n. 

Hel-lO' (hel-16 7 ), inter j. & n. See Halloo. 

Helm (helm), n. [AS. helma rudder; akin to G. 
helm.] 1. (Naut.) The apparatus by which a ship is 
steered ; — commonly used of the tiller or wheel alone. 
2. The place or office of direction or administration. 

Helm, v. t. To steer ; to guide ; to direct. [B.] 

Helm, n. [AS. See Helmet.] A helmet. [Poetic] 

Hel'met (hel'mgt), n. [OF. helmet, a dim. of helme, 
F. heaume ; of Teutonic origin.] 1. 
(Armor) A defensive covering for the 
head. 2. A helmet-shaped hat. 3. That 
which resembles a helmet in form, posi- 
tion, etc.; as: (a) (Chem.) The upper 
part of a retort, (b) (Bot.) The hood- 
formed upper sepal or petal of some 
flowers, (c) (Zobl. ) A naked protuber- 
ance on the head of a bird. 

Hel'met-ed (hel'mgt-e'd), a. Fur- Barred Helmet 
nished with a helmet. (1). 




a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



HELMINTH 



401 



HENCE 



Hel'minttL (hSl'mTnth), n. [Gr. eA/nt^?, -ii/0o?, a 
•worm.] (Zool.) An intestinal worm, or wormlike para- 
site ; one of the Helminthes. 

II Hel-min'thes (hgl-niln'thez), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
cash's, -ivflos, a worm.] (Zool.) One of the grand di- 
visions of the animal kingdom, including a vast number 
of species, most of which are parasitic worms. 

Hel-min'thic (-thlk), a. Of or relating to worms, or 
Helminthes ; expelling worms, —n. A vermifuge. 

Hel min-thol'O-gy (hel'mfn-thSl'fc-j^), n - [Gr. eA/uti/s 
■4- -logy.'] The study of worms, esp. parasitic worms. 

Helms'man (hglmz'man), n. The man at the helm. 

He'lOt (he'lot or hgl'St), n. [L. Helotes, Hilotae, pi., 
fr. Gr. Ei'Aws and EiAwtt)? a serf of the Spartans ; — from 
'EAos, a town of Laconia, whose inhabitants were en- 
slaved.] A slave in ancient Sparta ; hence, a slave or serf. 

He'lot-ism (-Tz'm), n. Condition of the Helots in 
Sparta; slavery. 

He'lot-ry (-ry), n. The Helots, collectively ; slaves. 

Help (hglp), v. t. limp. &p. p. Helped (helpt) (Obs. 
imp. Holp (holp), p. p. Holpen (hol'p'n)) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Helping.] [AS. hetpan ; akin to G. helfen, Goth, hilpan.] 
1. To furnish with strength or means for the attainment 
of any object ; to aid ; to assist. 2. To furnish with the 
means of deliverance from trouble, or with relief from 
pain, disease, etc. ; to succor. 3. To be of avail against ; 
to remedy ; to mitigate. 4. To prevent ; to hinder. 5. 
To forbear ; to avoid. 6. To serve with food at table. 

Syn. — To relieve ; support ; sustain ; befriend. 

Help (hSlp), v. i. To lend aid or assistance ; to avail 
or be of use ; to assist. 

Help, n. 1. Aid ; assistance ; also, the person or 
thing furnishing it ; specif. , a hired helper, or a body of 
helpers. 2. Remedy ; relief. 

Help'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, helps. 

Help'ful (-ful), a. Furnishing help ; giving aid ; use- 
ful ; salutary. — Help'ful-ly, adv. — Help'ful-ness, n. 

Help'less (-les), a. 1. Destitute of help or strength ; 
unable to serve one's self ; feeble. 2. Beyond help ; ir- 
remediable. — Help'less-ly , adv. — Help'less-ness, n. 

Help'mate' (-mat'), n. [A corruption of the " help 
meet for him " of Genesis ii. 18. Fitzedward Hall.'] A 
helper ; a companion ; specif., a wife. [helpmate. I 

Help'meet/ (-met'), n. [See Helpmate.] Awife;a| 

Hel'ter-Skel'ter (hgl'ter-skgl'ter), adv. [Onomato- 
poetic] In hurry and confusion ; irregularly. [Colloq.] 

Helve (helv), n. [AS. hielf, helf, hylf.] 1. The 
handle of an ax, hatchet, or adze. 2. The lever in a 
forge or tilt hammer. [See Illust. of Tilt hammer.] 

Helve, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Helved (helvd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Helving.] To furnish with a helve, as an ax. 

Hel-vet'ic (hel-vet'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to the 
Helvetii, the ancient inhabitants of the Alps, now Switzer- 
land, or to the modern Alpine states and inhabitants. 

Hem (hem), inter j. A word, perhaps better expressed 
by hm, used to express hesitation, doubt, etc., and some- 
times as a call of attention. [jection. I 

Hem, n. The utterance or sound of hem, the inter- [ 

Hem, v. i. To make the sound of the interjection 
hem; hence, to hesitate in speaking. 

Hem, n. [AS. hem, hemm, border, margin.] 1. The 
edge of a garment or cloth, doubled over and sewed down. 
2. Border ; edge ; margin. 

Hem, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Hemmed (hemd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Hemming.] 1. To form or make a hem on. 2. 
To border ; to edge. 

To hem about, around, or in, to inclose and confine ; to 
surround ; to environ. 

Hem'a- (hem'a- or he'ma-). Same as H.EMA-. 

He'mal (he'mal), a. [Gr. alpa blood.] Relating to 
the blood or blood vessels ; pertaining to, situated near, 
or on the side with, the heart and great blood vessels. 

Hem'a- tin (hem'a-tin or he'ma-) , n. {Physiol. Chem.) 
A bluish black substance containing iron, found in blood. 

Hem'a-tite (hgm'a-tit or he'ma-), n. [Deriv. of Gr. 
alfia blood.] (Min.) An important ore of iron, the 
sesquioxide ; — from the red color of the powder. 

Hem'a-tO- (hem'a-to- or he'ma-to-). See H,ema-. 

II Hem'a-tO'siS (ngn^a-to'sis or he'ma-), n. [NL., fr. 
Gr. ai/AaTwo-is.] (Physiol.) The formation of blood, as 
from chyle, or in arterialization. 

II Hem'e-ra-lo'pl-a (hgm/e-ra-lo'pi-a or he'me-), n. 
[NL., fr. Gr. rnj.epd\<a\l/ ; r)p.epa. day -j- -d\oi\]/ of wkt<x- 
A«i£. See Nyctalopia.] (Med.) A disease of the eyes, 
making vision imperfect or painful except by a strong 
artificial light ; day sight, (b) Also, less properly, nyc- 
talopia, or day blindness. [signifying half. I 

Hem'l- (hgm'T-). [Gr. 17/xi-. See Semi-.] A prefix | 



Hem'1-carp (hBm'T-kiirp), n. [Hemi--\--carp.] (Bot.) 
One portion of a fruit that spontaneously halves. 

Hem'i-cy'cle (-si'k'l), n. [L. hemicyclus, Gr. ^aikv- 
k\ov ; 17/xt- -4- kukAo?.] A half circle ; a semicircle. 

Hem i-he'dral (-he'dral), a. [Hemi- -f- Gr. (Spa seat, 
base, fr. e£eo-0at to Bit.] (Crystallog.) Having half of 
the planes which full symmetry would require. 

He'mln (he'mln), n. [Gr. aX^a. blood.] (Physiol. 
Chem.) A substance, in the form of microscopic, pris- 
matic crystals, obtained from dried blood. 

II Hemi-ple'gi a (hgm'T-ple'jT-i), n. [NL., deriv. of 
Gr. ij/xt- half -f ttAtjyt? a stroke.] (Med.) Palsy of one 
side only of the body. 

Hem'l-ple'gy (hgm'T-ple'jy), n. (Med.) Hemiplegia. 

He-mip'ter ^he-mTp'ter), n. One of the Hemiptera. 

II He-mlp'te-ra (-te-ra), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. r) M t- half 
-j- nrepov wing.] (Zool.) An order of six-footed insects 
including the squash bug, bed bug, cicadas, plant lice, 
etc. In some species the front wings are part leatherlike. 

He-mip'ter-al (-ter-al), ) a. (Zool.) Of or pertain- 

He-mip'ter-OUS (-ter-Qs), ) ing to the Hemiptera. 

He-mip'ter-an (-ter-an), n. (Zool.) Anhemipter. 

Hem'i-sphere (hgm'T-sfer), n. [Deriv. of Gr. >J/lu- 
half -j- <r<pdipa sphere.] A half sphere ; one half of a 
sphere or globe, as of the earth. 

Hem i-spher'ic (-sfgr'Tk), ) a. Containing, or pert. 

Heml-spher'ic-al (-T-knl), j to, a hemisphere. 

Hem i-sphe'roid (-sfe'roid), n. [Hemi- + spheroid.} 
A half spheroid. —Hem'i-sphe-roid'al (-sfe-roid'al), a. 

Hem'i-Stlch (hgm'T-stik), n. [Deriv. of Gr. ^at- half 
-f- oti'xos row, verse.] Half a poetic verse or line, or a 
verse or line not completed. — He-mis'ti-chal (he-mls'- 
tT-kol), a. 

He-mit'ro-pal (he-mit'ro-pal), ) a. [Hemi- + Gr. rpe- 

He-mit'ro-pOUS (-mit'ro-pus), ) neiv to turn.] 1. 
Turned half round ; half inverted. 2. (Bot. ) Having the 
raphe terminating about half way between the chalaza 
and the orifice ; — said of an ovule. 

Hem'lock (hgm'lSk), n. [OE. hemeluc, humloc, AS. 
hemlic, hymlic.~\ 1. (Bot.) Any one of several poisonous 
umbelliferous herbs having finely cut leaves and small 
white flowers. 2. (Bot.) An evergreen tree ; hemlock 
spruce. 3. The wood or timber of the hemlock tree. 

Hem'O- (hgm'o- or he'mo-). Same as H.EMA-, H.SMO-. 

Hem'O-glo'bin (-glo'bin), n. [Hemo- + globe.] 
(Physiol.) The normal coloring matter of the red blood 
corpuscles of vertebrate animals. 

Hem'or-rhage (hgm^5r-raj ; 48), n. [L. haemorrha- 
gia, Gr. al/JioppayCa ; alpa blood -j- pyyvvvai to burst.] 
(Med.) Any discharge of blood from the blood vessels. 

Hem or-rhag'ic (-rSj'Tk), a. Pertaining to a flux of 
blood ; consisting in, or accompanied by, hemorrhage. 

Hem or-rhoid'al (hgrn'or-roid'al), a. 1. Of or per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, hemorrhoids. 2. (Anat.) 
Of or pertaining to the rectum ; rectal. 

Hem'or-rhoids (hgm'Sr-roidz), n. pi. [Deriv. of Gr. 
alfjLoppotSes (sc. 0Ae/3e?) veins liable to discharge blood, 
deriv. of alju.a blood -f- pelv to flow.] (3fed.) Painful 
swellings around the margin of, or within, the anus, from 
which blood or mucus is occasionally discharged ; piles. 

Hem'O-Stat'ic (hgnVo-stSt'Ik or he'mo-), a. [Hemo- 
-f- -static] 1. (Med.) Of or relating to stagnation of 
the blood. 2. Serving to arrest hemorrhage ; styptic. 

Hemp (hgmp), n. [AS. henep, hsenep ; akin to G. 
hanf, L. cannabis, Gr. Kawa^.] (Bot.) A plant (esp. 
Cannabis sativa) the skin or bark of which furnishes 
fibers for cloth and cordage ; also, the prepared fibers. 

Hemp'en (-'n), n. Made of or like hemp. 

Hem'stitch (hgm'stich), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hem- 
stitched (-sticht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hemstitching.] To 
ornament at the head of a hem by drawing out a few par- 
allel threads, and fastening the cross threads in cluster. 

Hen (hgn), a. [AS. henn, hen, haen ; akin to G. 
henne, the fern, corresponding to AS. hanu cock, G. 
hahn. Prob. akin to L. canere to sing, and orig. mean- 
ing, a singer.] (Zool.) The female of the domestic fowl ; 
also, the female of grouse, pheasants, or any kind of birds. 

Hen'bane' (-ban'), n. [Hen-\-bane.] (Bot.) A plant 
(Hyoscyamus niger) all parts of which are poisonous. 

Hence (hens), adv. [OE. hennes, hens (see -s, adv. 
suff.) also hen, henne, AS. heonan, heonon, heona, hine ; 
akin to G. hinnen, G. him; all fr. root of E. he.] 1. 
From this place ; away. 2. From this time ; in the 
future. 3. From this reason ; as an inference or deduc- 
tion. 4. From this source or origin. 

(DS^ Hence is used, elliptically and imperatively, for 
go hence; away; be gone. — From hence, though a pleo- 
nasm, is fully authorized by the usage of good writers. 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, uxn, food, foot, out, 

"26 



oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HENCEFORTH 



402 



HEREDITARY 



Hence forth' ffcftwtfBrth» or hSus'forth'), adv. From 
this thuo forward : henceforward. 

Hence for'ward (hens iGr'werd), adv. From this 
time forward ; henceforth. 

Hench'man (hSaobfaan), n. [OE. hencheman, henx- 
vb. fr. OE. A AS. hengest horse + E. man, — 
moaning, a groom.] An attendant ; servant; follower. 

Hen-dec'a-gon Uigu-dgk'a-gon), «• [Gr. ev&eica eleven 
— yujna angle.] {Geom.) A plane figure of eleven sides 
ami eleven angles. 

Hen-dec'a-syl la-ble (-dgk'a-sll'la-b'l), n. [Deriv. 
of Gr. HvScKa eleven -f- ovkkaPrj syllable.] A metrical 
line of eleven syllables. 

Hen-di'a-dys (hgn-dl'a-dls), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ev Sta 
Svolv one by two.] {Gram.) The expression of an idea 
by two nouns connected by and, instead of by a noun 
and a limiting adjective ; as, we drink from cups and 
gold, for golden cups. [with women's concerns. I 

Hen'hus sy (heu'liuVzy), n. A man who meddles | 

Hen'na (hgn'na), n. [Ar. hinna alcanna.] {Bot.) 
A thorny tree or shrub {Lawsonia alba), the leaves of 
which furnish a coloring matter making a red or orange 
stain ; hence, the leaves or the preparation from them. 

Hen'ner-y (-ner-y),?z. A place for keeping hens. [U. S.] 

Hen'o-the-ism (hgn'6-the-Tz'm), n. [Gr. et?, ei>6s, 
one + E. theism.'] Religion in which several divinities 
regarded as independent are worshiped. 

He-not'ic (he-nSt'Tk), a. [Gr. ci/cotiko?, fr. kvovv to 
unite, fr. el?, evo?, one.] Harmonizing; irenic. 

Hen'peck (hen'pgk'), v. t. To harass by exercise of 
authority ; — said of a wife who thus treats her husband. 

Hen'roost' (hgn'rdostf), n. A place where hens roost. 

Hent (bent), v . t. [imp. Hknte ; p. p. Hent.] [AS. 
hentan, gehentan.] To seize ; to catch ; to get. [06s.] 
He'par (he'par), n. [L. hepar, hepatis, the liver, Gr. 
■fjirap.] 1. {Old Chetn.) A liver-brown substance formed 
by fusing sulphur with carbonates of the alkalies. 2. 
Any substance resembling hepar proper, in appearance ; 
specifically, in homeopathy, calcium sulphide. 

He-pat'iC (he-pat'Ik), a. [L. hepaticus, Gr. ynaTiitos, 
fr. fJTrap the liver.] 1. Of or pertaining to the liver. 
2. Resembling the liver in color or in form. 3. {Bot.) 
Pertaining to, or resembling, the Hepaticae. 

li He-pat'1-ca (-T-ka), n. ; pi. Hepatice (-se). [NL. 
See Hepatic. So called in allusion to the shape of the 
lobed leaves or fronds.] 1. {Bot.) A genus of pretty 
spring flowers related to the anemone. 2. {Bot.) A scale 
moss or a liverwort. 

He-pat'ic-al (-i-tad), a. Hepatic. [22.] 

Hep a-ti-za'tion (ligp/a-tT-za'shun), n. A hepatizing ; 
state of being hepatized. 

Hep'a-tize (bgp'a-tlz), v. t. [Deriv. of Gr. rjnap, riira- 
tos, the liver. See Hepar.] 1. To impregnate with sul- 
phureted hydrogen gas, formerly called hepatic gas. 2. 
To gorge with effused matter, as the lungs. 

Hep'ta- (hgp'ta-). [See Seven.] A combining form 
from Gr. enra, seven. 

Hep'ta-chord (-k8rd), n. [Gr. en-raxopSo? seven 
chorded.] 1. {Anc. Mus.) (a) A system of seven sounds. 
(6) A lyre with seven chords. 2. {Anc. Poet.) A compo- 
sition sung to the sound of seven chords or tones. 

Hep / tad (-tSd), n. [Gr. kirra.<;, -<£&>?, the number seven, 
f r. emd. seven.] ( Chem. ) An atom with a valence of seven. 

Hep'ta-gon (hgp'ta-gon), n. [Gr. kirr6.ytavo<; seven- 
cornered ; ewrd seven + yiavia. angle.] {Geom.) A plane 
figure of seven sides and seven angles. [gles or sides. I 

Hep-tag'O-nal (hgp-tag'o-nal), a. Having seven an- 1 

Hep / ta-he / dron (hgp'ta-he'dron), 7i. [Hepta- + Gr. 
eSpa seat, base.] {Geom.) A solid figure with seven sides. 

Hep-tan'gU-lar (hgp-tkn'gu-ler), a. \_Hepta- + an- 
gular.'] Having seven angles. 

Hep'tarch-y (hgp / tark-^), n. [Hepta- + -archy.] A 
government by seven persons ; also, a country under 
seven rulers. 

Hep'ta-stich (hgp'ta-stTk), n. [Hepta- + Gr. arC x o? 
verse.] {Pros.) A composition with seven lines or verses. 

Hep'ta-teuch (hgp'ta-tuk), n. [L. heplaleuchos, Gr. 
iiTTa seven -f- rev^o? tool, book ; rev^etv to prepare, 
make, work.] The first seven books of the Old Testament. 

Her (her), pron. & a. [OE. hire, here, Mr, hure, gen. 
and dat. sing., AS. hire, gen. and dat. sing, of he6 she, 
fr. name root as E. he.] The form of the objective and 
the possessive cases of the personal pronoun she. 

I^r* The possessive her takes the form hers when the 
noun with which it agTees is not given, but implied. 

Her'ald (hgr'ald), n. [Through OF. fr. LL. heraldus, 
nara ldua, deriv. of ttari, fieri, army + waltan to manage, 
govern, G. u alien ; akin to E. wield.] 1. {Antiq.) An 



officer (invested with sacred and inviolate character) 
whose business was to denounce or proclaim war, to chal- 
lenge to battle, to proclaim peace, and to bear messages 
from the commander of an army. 2. In the Middle 
Ages, the officer charged with the above duties, and also 
with the care of genealogies, of the rights and privileges 
of noble families, and esp. of armorial bearings. 3. One 
who, or that which, publishes or announces. 4. A fore- 
runner ; a harbinger. 6. Any messenger. 

Her'ald (hgr'ald), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Heralded ; p. pr. 
& vb. 7i. Heralding.] To introduce, or give tidings of ; 
to proclaim ; to announce ; to usher in. [heraldry. I 

He-ral'dic (he-rSl'dlk), a. Of or pert, to heralds or| 

Her'ald-ry (hgr'old-ry), n. Art or office of a herald. 

Herb (erb or herb), n. [OF. herbe, L. herba.] 1. A 
plant whose stem does not become woody and permanent, 
but dies, at least down to the ground, after flowering. 
2. Grass ; herbage. 

Her-ba'ceous (her-ba'shus), a. Of or pertaining to 
herbs ; having the nature of an herb. 

Herb'age (erb'aj or herb'aj ; 48), n. 1. Herbs, col- 
lectively ; grass ; pasture. 2. {Law) Right of pasture 
in the grounds of another. 

Herb'al (herb'al), a. Of or pertaining to herbs. 

Herb'al, n. 1. A book containing descriptions of 
plants. 2. A collection of dried plants ; an herbarium. 

Herb'al-ist (-1st), n. One skilled in the knowledge of 
plants ; a collector of, or dealer in, herbs. 

Her-ba'ri-um (her-ba'ri-um), n. ; pi. E. Herbariums 
(-Qmz), L. Herbaria (-a). [LL., fr. L. herba herb.] 1. 
A collection of dried specimens of plants, systematically 
arranged. 2. A book or case for preserving dried plants. 

Herb'a-ry (herb'a-ry), n. A garden of herbs. 

Her-bes'cent (her-bgs'sent), a. Growing into herbs. 

Her-bii'er-OUS (her-bif'er-us), a. [Herb -f- -ferous.] 
Bearing herbs or vegetation. 

II Her-biv'O-ra (-biv'6-ra), n. pi. [NL., fr. L. herba 
herb + vorare to devour.] {Zo'ol.) An extensive divi- 
sion of Mammalia, which feed chiefly on vegetation. 

Her-biv'O-rous (-rus), a. {Zo'ol.) Eating plants ; of or 
pertaining to the Herbivora. [suit of herborizing. I 

Her'bO-ri-za'tion (heVbo-rT-za'shun), n. Act or re- 1 

Her'bo-rize (her'bo-riz), v. i. To search for plants, 
or for new species of plants ; to botanize. 

ass^ssE?' ( <■• ***** — > >— • 

Herb'y (erb'y or herb'y), a. Having the nature of, 
pertaining to, or covered with, herbs or herbage. 

Her-cu'le-an (her-ku'le-an), a. [L. herculeus, fr. 
Hercules Hercules, a famously strong hero of classical 
mythology.] 1. Requiring the strength of Hercules; 
hence, very great, difficult, or dangerous. 2. Having 
extraordinary strength or size. 

Herd (herd), n. [AS. heord ; akin to G. herde.] 1. 
A number of beasts assembled together; a stock or 
family of cattle. 2. A crowd of low people ; a rabble. 

Herd, n. [AS. hirde, heorde; akin to G. hirt. See 
1st Herd.] A herdsman ; — much used in composition. 

Herd, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Herded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Herding.] 1. To unite, form, or associate, in a herd. 
2. To associate ; to ally one's self with. 

Herd'book/ (-book'), n. A book containing the list 
and pedigrees of a herd of cattle. 

Herd'er (-er), n. A herdsman. 

Herd 'man (herd'man), ) n. The owner or keeper of 

Herds'man (herdz'-), j a herd or of herds ; one 
employed in tending a herd of cattle. 

Here (her), adv. [AS. her ; akin to G. hier ; f r. root of 
E. he.] 1. In this place ; — opposed to there. 2. In the 
present life or state. 3. Hither. [Colloq.] 4. Now. 

Here'a-bout' (-a-bouf), \ adv. About this place ; in 

Here'a-bOUtS 7 (-bouts'), ) this vicinity. [state. I 

Here-af t'er (her-af fer), adv. In some future time or | 

Here-aft'er, n. A future existence or state. 

Here-at' (-St'), adv. At, or by reason of, this. 

Here-by' (-bl'), adv. By means of this. 

He-red'i-ta-ble (he-rgd'i-ta-b'l), a. [LL. hereditabi- 
lis, fr. hereditare to inherit, fr. hereditas heirship, in- 
heritance, fr. heres heir. See Heer.] Inheritable. 

He-red'i-ta-bly, adv. By inheritance. 

Her e-dit'a-ment (hgr/e-dit'a-ment), n. {Law) Any 
species of property that may be inherited. 

He-red'i-ta-ry (he-rgd'T-ta-ry), a. 1. Descended, or 
capable of descending, from an ancestor to an heir at 
law ; received or passing by inheritance. 2- Transmit- 
ted, or transmittible, as a constitutional quality from 
parent to child. — He-red'i-ta-ri-ly (-ta-rT-ly), adv. 

Syn. — Ancestral ; patrimonial ; inheritable. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, a. f, short ; senate, $vent, tdea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



HEREDITY 



403 



HESPERUS 



He-red'i-ty (he-rgd'T-ty), n. {Biol. ) Hereditary trans- 
mission of physical and psychical qualities of parents to 
their offspring. 

Here-in' (her-in'), adv. In this. 

Here in-aft'er (her'1 n-af t'er), adv. Further on in this. 

Here / ln-he-fore y (-be-for'), adv. Before in this. 

Here'in-tO' (her'Tn-too'), adv. Into this. 

Here-of (her-5f or -ov'), adv. Of this; concerning 
this ; from this ; hence. 

Here-on' (-5n'), adv. On or upon this ; hereupon. 

Her'e-si-arch (hgr'e-si-ark or he-re'zl-), n. [Gr. 
alpeo-idpxns 5 atpeo-ts heresy + apxds leader, apxeiv to 
lead.] A leader in heresy ; chief of a sect of heretics. 

Her'e-sy (hgr'e-sy), n. [Through OF. & L. fr. Gr. 
ai'peo-15 choice, sect, heresy, fr. alpelv to take, choose.] 
An opinion held in opposition to the established, author- 
ized, or common doctrine, esp. in religious matters. 

Her'e-tic (hgr'e-tik), n. One who holds to a heresy. 

Syn. — Schismatic ; sectarian. — A heretic is one who 
holds to what are deemed doctrinal errors ; a schismatic 
is one who is active in producing a schism, whether on 
doctrinal points or points of discipline, practice, etc. 

He-ret'i-cal (he-ret'i-kal), a. Of the nature of, or 
characterized by, heresy. — He-ret'1-cal-ly, adv. 

Here-tO' (her-t6o'), adv. To this ; hereunto. 

Here'tO-fore' (her'too-for'), adv. Up to this time ; 
hitherto ; before ; in time past. [time ; hereto. I 

Here'un-UV (-un-tob')? adv. Unto this ; up to this | 

Here'lip-on' (-fip-on'), adv. On this ; hereon. 

Here-with' (her-with' or -with'), adv. "With this. 

Her'i-Ot (her'T-5t), n. [AS. heregeatu military equip- 
ment, heriot; here army + geatwe, pi., arms, equip- 
ments.] {Eng. Law) Formerly, a tribute of arms or 
military accouterments, or the best beast, or chattel ; in 
modern use, a customary tribute of goods or chattels to 
the lord of the fee, paid on the decease of a tenant. 

Her'it-able (-it-a-b'1), a. [OF. heritable. See Her- 
itage.] Inheritable. — Her'it-a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), n. 

Her'it-age (-aj), n. Thing inherited ; inheritance. 

Her-maph/ro-dite (her-maf'ro-dit), n. [L. herma- 
phroditus, Gr. epjua^poSiros, so called from the myth that 
Hermaphroditus, son of Hermes and Aphrodite, when 
bathing, became joined in one body with the nymph Sal- 
macis.] {Biol.) An individual which has the attributes 
of both male and female ; an animal or plant having the 
parts of generation of both sexes. In the animal king- 
dom the only true hermaphrodites are invertebrate. 

Her-maph'ro-dit'ic (-dit'ik), ) a. Characterized by 

Her-maph ro-dit'ic-al (-T-kal), J hermaphroditism. 

Her-maph'ro-dit-ism (her-nia'f'ro'-dTt-Tz'm or -(&'- 
tiz'm), n. {Biol. ) Union of the two sexes, or of some of 
their characteristics or organs, in one individual. 

Her me-neu'tic (heVme-nu'tTk), ) a. [Gr. epfivvevri- 

Her me-neu'tic-al (-tT-kal), J k6?, fr. epp.yjveveiv 
to interpret.] Unfolding the signification; exegetical; 
explanatory. [and explanation ; exegesis. I 

Her me-neu'tics (-tTks), n. Science of interpretation | 

Her-met'ic (her-met'Ik), ) a. 1. Of, pertaining to, 

Her-met'ic-al (-T-kal), ) or taught by, Hermes 
Trismegistus, the fabled inventor of astrology and al- 
chemy. Hence : Alchemical ; chemic. 2. Of or per- 
taining to the system which explains the causes of dis- 
eases and the operations of medicine on the principles of 
the hermetic philosophy, and which made much use, as a 
remedy, Jof an alkali and an acid. 3. Made perfectly 
close or air-tight by fusion, so that no gas or spirit can 
enter or escape. — Her-met'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Her'mit (her'mTt), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. eprj- 
/tttrrjs, fr. ep-rjfj.o<; lonely, solitary.] 1. A person who re- 
tires from society and lives in solitude, esp. one who so 
lives from religious motives. 2. A beadsman ; one 
bound to pray for another. [06s.] [a hermit. I 

Her'mit-age (her'mTt-aj ; 48), n. The habitation of | 

Hern (hern), n. {Zo'ol.) A heron. 

Her'ni-a (her'nT-a), n. ; pi. E. Hernias (-az), L. Her- 
ni.se (-e). [L.] {Med. ) A protrusion of an organ or part 
from its natural cavity through some opening. 

Her'ni-al {-al), a. Of, or connected with, hernia. 

Her'nl-ot'o-my (-ot'6-nry), n. {Hernia -f -tomy.] 
{Med. ) A cutting for the relief of hernia. 

He'ro (he'ro), n. ; pi. Heroes (-roz). [F. heros, L. 
her os, Gr. r/pw?.] 1. {Myth.) An illustrious man, sup- 
posed to be exalted, after death, among the gods ; a demi- 
god. 2. A man of distinguished valor, or enterprise, or 
fortitude ; hence, a great or illustrious person. 3. The 
principal personage in a poem, story, etc. 

He-ro'ic (he-ro'Tk), a. [Gr. ^ptoiVcds.] 1. Of or per- 
taining to, or like, a hero ; distinguished by the exist- 



He-ro'ic-al-ly, 



ence of heroes. 2. Worthy of a hero ; bold ; brave ; 
illustrious. 3. {Sculpture & Painting) Larger than life 
size, but smaller than colossal. 

Heroic Age, the age when the heroes, or those called the 
children of the gods, are supposed to have lived. — He- 
roic poetry, that which celebrates the deeds of a hero ; 
epic poetry. — Heroic treatment or remedies (Med.), severe 
treatment or remedies suited to a desperate case. — He- 
roic verse (Pros.), the verse of heroic or epic poetry, being 
in English, German, and Italian the iambic of ten sylla- 
bles ; in French the iambic of twelve syllables ; and in 
classic poetry the hexameter. 

Syn. — Intrepid ; courageous ; daring ; valiant ; bold ; 
gallant ; fearless ; enterprising ; noble ; magnamiraous. 

He-ro'ic-al (he-ro'T-kal), a. Heroic. 
adv. — He-ro'ic-al-ness, n. 

Her'O-ine (hSr'6-Tn), n. [Deriv. of Gr. ■qptoifn, fem. 
of TJpa>9. See Hero.] 1. A woman of an heroic spirit. 
2. The principal female personage in a poem or story. 

Her'o-ism (-Tz'm), n. Qualities characteristic of a 
hero ; the display of such qualities. 

Syn. — Courage ; fortitude ; bravery ; valor ; intre- 
pidity ; gallantry.— Courage is generic, denoting fearless- 
ness or defiance of danger ; fortitude is passive courage, 
the habit of bearing up nobly under trials, dangers, and 
sufferings ; bravery is courage displayed in daring acts ; 
valor is courage in battle or other conflicts with living 
opponents ; intrepidity is firm courage, which shrinks 
not amid appalling dangers ; gallantry is adventurous 
courage, dashing into the thickest of the fight. Heroism 
may call into exercise all these forms of courage. 

Her'on (her'un), n. [OF. hairon, OHG. heigir.] 
{Zo'ol.) Any one of 
several wading birds 
having a long, sharp 
bill, and long legs and 
toes, with the claw of 
the middle toe 
toothed. 

Her'on-ry (-ry), n. 
A place where herons 
breed. 

Her'pes (heVpez), 
n. [L., fr. Gr. ep-rrvg, 
fr. epneiv to creep.] 
{Med.) A skin erup- 
tion ; esp., an itching 
or tingling eruption of 
vesicles in small clus- 
ters, as in ringworm. 
— Her-pet'ic (her-pet'Tk), a. [in herpetology. ! 

Her'pe-tol'O-gist (heVpe-tol'o-jist), n. One versed | 

Her / pe-tOl'0-gy (-jy), n. [Gr. kpnerov a creeping 
thing, reptile (fr. epneiv to creep) + -logy.] That 
branch of zoology which relates to reptiles. 

Her'ring (her'ring), n. [AS. hsering ; akin to G. 
hdring, hering.~\ {Zo'ol.) One of various species of 
fishes, salted and smoked in great quantities ; esp., the 
common species of the North Atlantic. 

Her'ring-bone / (her'ring-bon'), a. Pertaining to, or 
like, the spine of a herring. 

Hers (herz), pron. See the Note under Her, pron. 

Herse (hers), n. [F., fr. OF. herce, LL. hercia, L. 
hirpex, irpex, gen. -picis, harrow. LL. hercia signifies 
also, a kind of candlestick placed at the head of graves or 
cenotaphs ; whence herse came to be used for the grave 
or coffin. Cf. Hearse.] 1. {Fort.) A kind of gate or 
portcullis, having iron bars, like a harrow, studded with 
iron spikes. 2. See Hearse, a carriage for the dead. 

Herse, v. t. Same as Hearse, v. t. 

Her-self'(her-self'),pr0«. 1. An emphasized form of 
the third person feminine pronoun ; — used as a subject 
with she, and alone in the predicate. 2. Her own proper, 
true, or real character ; hence, her right, or sane, mind. 

Hes'i-tan-cy (hgz'i-tan-sy), n. Act of hesitating ; 
vacillation ; also, the manner of one who hesitates. 

Hes'i-tant (-tant), a. That hesitates ; hesitating. 

Hes'i-tate (-tat), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Hesitated (-ta 7 - 
ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hesitating.] [L. haesilare, p. p. 
-atus, intens. fr. haerere to hesitate, cling.] 1. To stop 
or pause respecting decision or action ; to be in suspense 
or uncertainty. 2. To stammer ; to falter in speaking. 

Syn. — To doubt ; waver ; scruple ; deliberate ; demur. 

Hes'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of hesitating. 

Hes'per (hgs'per), n. The evening star ; Hesperus. 

Hes-pe'rf-an (hgs-pe'rT-«n), a. [L. hesperius, fr. hes- 
perus the evening star, Gr. eo-rrepos evening. Cf. Ves- 
per.] Western ; being in the west ; occidental. [Poetic] 

II Hes'pe-rus (hgs'pe-rus), n. [L.] 1. Venus, when 
she is the evening star ; Hesper. 2. Evening. [Poetic'] 




European Heron (Ardea ci 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HESSIAN 



404 



HIDDEN 



Hea'sian fMhh'mi). m. Of or relating to Hesse, in 
Gtnuauy, or to the Hessians. 

HmiIio fly (Zo'ol.K a small dipterous fly or midge, the 
larva of wliich is very destructive to young wheat ; — so 
called from the erroneous idea that it was brought into 
America by the Hessian troops, during the Revolution. 

Hest(.h^ st )-»- [AS. /»i£s, fr. A5/«h to call, bid.] Com- 
mand : nrecent ; injunction. [Archaic] See Behest. 

He-tair'ism (he-taVTz'in), ) n. [Gr. eraipa concubine, 

Het'a-rism t,hgt'a-riz'm), J fern, of eraipo? a com- 
rade.] A supposed primitive state of society, in which 
all the women of a tribe were held in common. 

Hetch'el (hgch'gl), v. t. Same as Hatchel. 

Het'er-O- (hSt/Sr-o-). [Gr. erepo^ other.] A combin- 
ing form signifying other, other than usual, different. 

Het'er-O-Clite (-Klit), a. [L. heteroclitus, Gr. erepo- 
kAitos ; eVepos other -j- ic\(veiv to lean, inflect.] Devia- 
ting from ordinary forms or rules ; irregular; anomalous. 

Het'er-O-clite, n. 1. {Gram.) An irregular or anom- 
alous word; esp., a noun irregular in its declension. 
2. Any heteroclite thing or person. 

Het er-O-clit'ic (-klit'Tk), ) a. Deviating from ordi- 

Het er-O-clit'ic-al (-I-kal), J nary forms or rules. 

Het'er-O-dOX (kefer-o-doks), a. [Gr. erepoSogos ; ere- 
pos other -f- 66£a opinion.] 1. Contrary to some ac- 
knowledged standard, as the Bible, the creed of a church, 
etc. : heretical. 2. Holding heterodox opinions or doc- 
trines. — Het'er-o-doxly, adv. — Het'er-o-dox'ness. n. 

Het'ero-dOX'y (-y), n. State of being heterodox ; a 
heterodox opinion or doctrine, or system of doctrines. 

Het er-Og'a-mous (hgt'er-og'a-inus), a. [Hetero- + 
Gr. yajjios marriage.] {Bot. & Biol.) Pertaining to, or 
characterized by, heterogamy. 

Het'er-Og'a-my (-my), n. 1. {Bot.) The process of 
fertilization in plants by an indirect or circuitous method. 
2. {Biol.) That form of alternate generation in which 
two kinds of sexual generation, or a sexual and a par- 
thenogenetic generation, alternate. 

Het'er-O-ge'ne-al (-je'ne-al), a. Heterogeneous. 

Het / er-o-ge-ne / i-ty (-je-ne'I-ty), n. State of being 
heterogeneous ; contrariety. 

Het'er-O-ge'ne-OUS (-je'ne-us), a. [Gr. erepoyevrji; ; 
erepo? -J- -ye'vo? kind ; akin to E. kin.] Differing in kind ; 
having unlike characteristics ; dissimilar. — Het'er-O- 
ge'ne-ous-ly, ad v. — Het er-o-ge'ne-ous-ness, n. 

Het er-o-gen'e-sis (-jgn'e-sTs), n. [Hetero- -f gene- 
sis.] 1. {Biol.) Spontaneous generation, so called. 2. 
{Biol. ) That method of reproduction in which the suc- 
cessive generations differ from each other, the original 
form, however, reappearing after one or more generations. 

Het'er-Og'e-ny (-oj'e-ny), n. {Biol.) Heterogenesis. 

Heter-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-jy), n. [Hetero- -f- -logy.] 1. 
{Biol.) Absence of correspondence, or relation, in type 
of structure : variation in structure from the normal 
form. 2. {Chem.) The connection or relation of bodies 
having partial identity of composition, but different prop- 
erties ; the relation between derivatives of the same sub- 
stance, or of analogous members of different series. 

Het'er-om'er-OUS (hgt'er-om'er-us), a. [Hetero- -f- 
-merous.] 1. {Chem. & Crystallog.) Unrelated in chem- 
ical composition, though similar or identical in certain 
other respects. 2. {Bot.) With the parts not corre- 
sponding in number. 

Het'er-O-mor'phic (-6-moVfTk), a. [Hetero- -f Gr. 
P*>p4>rj form.] (Biol.) Deviating from the normal, per- 
fect, or mature form ; having different forms at different 
stages of existence, or in different individuals of the 
same species. 

Het'er-on'O-my (-on'6-my), n. [Hetero- + -nomy, as 
in autonomy.] Subjection to the law of another. 

Het'er-Oph'yllous (hgt/er-oFTl-lus or hgt'er-S-ffl'- 
lus), a. [Gr. erepos other -f- -phyllous.] {Bot.) Having 
leaves of more than one shape on the same plant. 

Het'er-O-tax'y (hgt/er-o-tSks^), n. [Hetero- -f Gr. 
ra£is arrangement.] {Biol.) Variation in arrangement 
from that existing in a normal form. 

Het er-ot'o-plsm (het/er-5f 6-pTz'm), ) n. [Hetero- -f 

Het'er-ot'o-py (-ot'o-pj), j Gr. t 6 t o ? 

place.] 1. {Med.) Deviation from the natural position. 
2. (Biol.) Deviation from the natural position of parts, 
supposed to be effected in thousands of years by the 
gradual displacement of germ cells. 

Het'man (hSfmSn.), n. ; pi. Hetmans (-manz). [Pol. 
hetmnn.] _A Cossack headman or general. 

Hew (hu), v. t. [imp. Hewed (hud) ; p. p. Hewed or 
Hewn Chun) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hewing.] [AS. -heawan ; 
akin to G. hauen.] 1. To cut with an ax. 2. To shape 
with a sharp instrument ; to cut. 3. To chop ; to hack. 




Hew'er (hu'er), n. One who hews. 

Hex- (hgks-), Hex'a- (hgks'a-). [Gr. e$ six ; akin to 
E. six.] A prefix or combining form, used to denote six, 
sixth, etc. ; as, Aeaatoinic, A&rachord. 

Hex'a-Chord (-kord), n. [Hexa- + chord.] {Mus.) 
A series of six notes, with a semitone between the third 
and fourth, the other intervals being whole tones. 

Hex'ad (hgks'Sd), n. [Deriv. of Gr. ef six.] {Chem.) 
An atom whose valence is six. 

Hex'a-gon (hgks'a-g5n), n. [Gr. e£aywvos six-cor- 
nered; ef six -f- yuivia angle.] {Geom.) 
A plane figure of six sides and six angles. 

Hex-ag'o-nal (heks-Sg'6-nal), a. Hav- 
ing six sides and six angles ; six-sided. 

Hex a-he 'dral (hgks'a-he'dral), a. In 
the form of a hexahedron ; having six 
sides or faces. 

Hex a-he'dron (-dron), n. ; pi. E. 
Hexahedrons (-dronz), L. Hexahedea „ 
(-dra). [Hexa- + Gr.e8pa base.] {Geom.) JMgu gn. j:a " 
A solid body of six sides or faces. 

Hex-am'e-ter (kgx-am'e-ter), n. [L. , f r. Gr. e|aju.eTpos 
of six meters; e£ six4- p-erpov measure.] {Gr.&Lat.Pros.) 
A verse of six feet, the first four of which may be either 
dactyls or spondees, the fifth must regularly be a dactyl, 
and the sixth always a spondee. [tyls and spondees. I 

Hex-am'e-ter, a. Having six metrical feet, esp. dac- 1 

Hex a-met'ric (hgks'a-mgt'rlk), } a. Consisting of six 

Hex a-met'ric-al (-rT-korl), J metrical feet. 

Hex-an'gu-lar (heks-Sn'gu-ler), a. [Hex- + angur 
lar.] Having six angles or corners. 

Hex'a-pod (heks'a-p5d), a. [Gr. e|a7rovs six-footed; 
e^ six + jtovs, iroSog, foot.] Having six feet. — n. 
{Zo'dl. ) An animal having six feet. 

II Hex-ap'O-da (heks-ap'o-da), n. pi. [KL., fr. Gr. e£ 
six -f- -poda.] {Zo'dl.) The true, or six-legged, insects; 
insects other than myriapods and arachnids. 

Hey (ha), interj. [OE. hei.] 1. An exclamation of 
joy, surprise, etc. 2. A cry to set dogs on. 

Hey'day' (ha'da 7 )) interj. An expression of frolic 
and exultation, and sometimes of wonder. 

Hey'day' (ha'da'), n. [Prob. for high day.] Time 
of triumph and exultation ; hence, joy, high spirits. 

Hi-a'tus (ht-a'tus), n. ; pi. L. Hiatus, E. Hiatuses 
(-gz). [L., fr. hiare, hiatum, to gape ; akin to E. yawn.] 
1. An opening; a gap; a chasm; esp., a defect, omis- 
sion, or break, in a manuscript. 2. {Gram.) Concur- 
rence of two vowels in two successive words or syllables. 

Hi-ber'na-cle (hf-ber'na-k'l), n. [L. hibernaculum. 
See Hibernate.] That which serves for protection or 
shelter in winter ; winter quarters. 

Hi-ber'nal (ht-ber'nal), a. [L. hibernalis, fr. root of 
hiems winter.] Of or pert, to winter ; wintry ; winterish. 

Hi'ber-nate (hi'ber-nat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hiber- 
nated (-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hibernating (-na'ting).] 
[L. hibernare, -atum, fr. hibernus wintry.] To winter; 
to pass the season of winter in close quarters, in a torpid 
or lethargic state. [hibernating. | 

Hi ber-na'tion (hl'ber-na'shun), n. Act or state of | 

Hi-ber'nl-an (ht-ber'nT-on), a. [L. Hibernia Ire- 
land.] Of or pertaining to Ireland ; Irish. — ra. A na- 
tive or inhabitant of Ireland. 

Hi-ber'ni-cism (-sTz'm), ) n. An Irish idiom or 

Hi-ber'ni-an-ism (-Tz'm), j mode of speech. 

Hi-bis'cus (hi-bTs'kus), n. [L., marsh mallow.] 
{Bot.) A genus of plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees), some 
species of which have large, showy flowers. 

Hic'cough (hik'kup), n. [OE. hickup, hieket, hick- 
ock; prob. of imitative origin.] {Physiol.) A spasmodic 
inspiration, consisting of a sudden contraction of the dia- 
phragm, accompanied with closure of the glottis, pro- 
ducing a sound ; also, the sound so made. 

Hlc'COUgh, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hiccoughed (-kupt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Hiccoughing.] To have a hiccough or 
hiccoughs. 

Hick'o-ry (hik'o-ry), n. [North American Indian 
pawcohiccora a kind of fluid pressed from pounded hick- 
ory nuts.] {Bot.) An American tree, of which there are 
several species producing hard-shelled nuts. 

Hick'trp (hik'up), n. & v. i. See Hiccough. 

Hid (hid), imp. & p. p. of Hide. See Hidden. 

Hi-dal'gO (hl-dSl'go ; Sp. e-dal'go), n. [Sp., contr. 
fr. hijo de algo, i. e., son of something.] A title, denot- 
ing a Spanish nobleman of the lower class. 

Hid'den (hid'd'n), p. p. & a. from Hide. Concealed ; 
put out of view ; secret ; not known ; mysterious. 

Syn.— Secret; covert. — Hidden may denote either 
known to no one ; as, a hidden disease ; or intentionally 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



HIDE 



405 



HILLY 



concealed ; as, a hidden purpose of revenge. Secret de- 
notes that the thing is known, but only to the party or 
parties concerned. Covert is often applied to what we 
mean shall be understood, without openly expressing it. 
Secret is opposed to known, and hidden to revealed. 

Hide (hid), v. t. [imp. Hid (hid) ; p. p. Hidden 
(hTd'd'n), Hid ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiding (hid'Tng).] [AS. 
hydan; akin to Gr. /ceu'0eii/.] 1. To conceal, or with- 
draw from sight ; to secrete. 2. To withhold from 
knowledge; to keep secret. 3. To remove from danger ; 
to shelter. 

Syn. — To conceal ; secrete ; disguise ; dissemble ; 
screen ; cloak ; mask ; veil. See Conceal. 

Hide, v. i. To withdraw or keep one's self out of view. 

Hide, n. [AS. hid, earlier higed ; of uncertain origin.] 
(0. Eng. Law) {a) An abode or dwelling. (b) An old 
measure of land. 

Hide, n. [AS. hyd; akin to G. haut, Icel. hu&, L. 
cutis, Gr. kv'tos.] The skin of an animal; esp., the un- 
dressed skin of one of the larger domestic animals. 

Hide'bound' (hid'hound 7 ), a. 1. Having the skin ad- 
hering closely to the ribs and back. 2. {Sort.) Having 
the bark so close that it impedes growth. 3. Untracta- 
ble ; bigoted ; stupidly conservative. 

Hid'e-ous (hid'e-us), a. [OF. hidous, hidos, hidus, 
hisdos, hisdous; of uncertain origin.] 1. Frightful, 
shocking, or offensive to the eyes ; dreadful to behold. 2. 
Distressing or offensive to the ear ; terrible. 3. Hateful; 
shocking. — Hid'e-ous-ly, adv. — Hld'e-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Ghastly ; grim; grisly; horrid; dreadful. 

Hid'er (hid'er), n. One who hides or conceals. 

Hie (hi), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hied (hid) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Hying.] [AS. higian to hasten.] To hasten ; — often 
with the reciprocal pronoun. [Rare, except in poetry] 

Hi'er-arch (hi'er-ark), n. [Gr. tepap^s ; tepos sacred 
(akin to Skr. ishiras vigorous, blooming) -j- apx°s leader, 
-arch.] One who has high and controlling authority 
in sacred things ; the chief of a sacred order. 

Hi'er-arch/al (-ark/al), a. Pertaining to a hierarch. 

Hi'er-arch'ic (-ark'ik), ) a. Pertaining to a hi- 

Hyer-arch'ic-al (-ark'T-kal), j erarchy. 

Hi'er-arch'y (-y), n. 1. Dominion or authority in sa- 
cred things. 2. A body of ecclesiastical rulers. 3. A 
form of church government by prelates of various ranks. 
4. A rank or order of holy beings. 

Hi/er-at'lc (M'er-aVTk), a. [L. hieraticus, Gr. lepan- 
*eos ; akin to tepos sacred.] Consecrated to sacred uses ; 
sacerdotal ; pertaining to priests, or designating a form 
of Egyptian hieroglyphics, — formerly supposed to be the 
sacerdotal character. 

Hi/er-o-glyph (hi'er-o-glTf), ) n. 1. A sacred charac- 

Hl'er-O-glyph'lc (-glif'ik), j ter ; a character in 
picture writing, esp. (pi.) the picture 
writing of the ancient Egyptian 
priests. 2. Any character or figure 
of mysterious significance. [Colloq.] 

Hi'er-o-glyph'ic (-glif'ik), ) a. 

Hi/er-o-glyph'io-al (l-kal), ] [L. 
hieroglyphicus, Gr. iepoyAu^tKos ; te- 
pos sacred + yAv<peti> to carve.] 1. 
Emblematic ; expressive of some 
meaning by characters, pictures, or 
figures. 2. Resembling hieroglyph- Hieroglyphics (from 
ics ; not decipherable. an Egyptian obe- 

Hl'er-O-gram (hi'er-ci-gra'm), n. hsk > 
[Gr. tepos sacred -f- -gram.'] A form of sacred or hieratic 
writing. 

Hi er-0-graph/ic (-graf'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Hi er-o-graph'ic-al (-i-kal), j sacred writing. 

Hi'er-ol'a-try (hi'er-ol'a-try), n. [Gr. iepos sacred -f 
-latry.~\ Worship of saints or sacred things. [E.] 

Hi/er-ol'O-gy (-6-jy), n. [Gr. tepoAoyta ; tepos sacred 
-f- Aoyos discourse.] The study of sacred things ; esp., 
the science of Egyptian hieroglyphics. 

Hi'er-O-man'cy (hi'er-6-man/sy), n. [Gr. tepos sacred 
-j- -mancy.] Divination by observing objects sacrificed. 

Hl-er/O-phant (ht-er'6-fant or hi'er-), n. [Gr. tepo- 
<pavnjs ; tepos sacred -j- <f>ai(veiv to show.] The priest who 
initiated candidates at the Eleusinian mysteries ; hence, 
one who teaches the mysteries and duties of religion. 

Hlg'gle (hig'g'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Higgled (-g'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Higgling (-gling).] [Cf. Haggle, or 
Huckster.] 1. To hawk or peddle provisions. 2. To 
chaffer ; to haggle. 

Hlg/gle-dy-plg'gle-dy (hTg'g'1-dy-pYg'g'l-dy), adv. 
In confusion ; topsy-turvy. [Colloq.] 

Hlg'gler (hlg'gler), n. One who higgles. 

High (hi), a. [Compar. Higher (-er) ; superl. High- 
est.] [AS. he&h, heh; akin to G. hoch.] 1. Elevated ; 




raised or extended in the direction of the zenith ; lofty ; 
tall. 2. Regarded as raised up or elevated ; chief ; dis- 
tinguished ; remarkable ; conspicuous ; superior ; — used 
indefinitely or relatively, and often figuratively. 3. Pos- 
sessing a characteristic quality in a supreme or superior 
degree. 4. (Cookery) Strong-scented ; slightly tainted. 
5. (Mus.) Acute or sharp. 6. (Phon.) Made with a 
high position of some part of *he tongue in relation to 
the palate. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 10, 11. 
High Church, and Low Church, two ecclesiastical parties 



in the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal 
Church. The high-churchmen emphasize the doctrine of 
the apostolic succession, and attach much importance to 



ceremonies and symbols in worship. — High day (Script.), 
a holy or feast day. — High festival (Ecd.), a festival to 
be observed with full ceremonial. — High German, or High 
Dutch. See under German. —High mass. (R. V. Ch.) See 
under Mass. — High noon, the time when the sun is in the 
meridian. — High seas (Law), the part of the ocean not in 
the territorial waters of any particular sovereignty, usu- 
ally distant three miles or more from the coast line. — 
High tea, tea with meats and extra relishes. — High tide, 
the greatest flow of the tide. — High time, (a) Quite 
time ; full time for the occasion, (b) A time of great ex- 
citement or enjoyment ; a carousal. [Slang]— High trea- 
son, treason against the sovereign or the state, — the high- 
est civil offense. — High wine, distilled spirits containing 
a high percentage of alcohol ; — usually in the plural. 

Syn. — Tall ; lofty ; elevated ; noble ; exalted ; super- 
cilious ; proud ; violent ; full ; dear. See Tall. 

High (hi), adv. In a high manner, place, or degree. 

High, n. An elevated place ; the sky ; heaven. 

High'bind'er (Wbind'er), n. A ruffian ; one who 
hounds, or spies upon, another ; esp., a member of certain 
alleged societies among the Chinese. [U. S.] 

Highborn' (hi'bQrn'), a. Of noble birth. [blood. I 

High'-bred' (-bred'), a. Bred in high life ; of pure| 

High'-church/ (hi'chfirch'), a. Of or pertaining to, 
or favoring, the High Church. See under High, a. 

Hlgh'fli'er (hi'fli'er), n. One who is extravagant in 
pretensions, opinions, or manners. 

High'-flown' (hi'flon), a. 1. Elevated; proud. 
2. Turgid ; extravagant ; inflated. 

High/-hand / ed (hi'hand'ed), a. Overbearing ; op- 
pressive ; arbitrary ; violent. 

High/land (hi'kmd), n. Elevated or mountainous 
land ; (often in the pi.) an elevated region or country. 

High'land-er (-er), n. An inhabitant of highlands. 

Highly, adv. In a high place, manner, or degree. 

Hlgh'-mind'ed (hi'mlnd'ed), a. 1. Proud ; arro- 
gant. [Obs.] 2. Noble ; magnanimous ; — opposed to 
mean. [2. A title of honor. I 

High'ness, n. 1. State or quality of being high. | 

High'-pres'Slire (hi'presh'ur ; 135), a. Having or 
involving a pressure much exceeding an atmosphere. 

Hlgh / road / (hi'rod'), n. A highway. 

High'-sea'SOned (-se'z'nd), a. Enriched with spice 
and condiments ; hence, exciting ; piquant. 

Hlgh'-SOUled' (hi'soldO, a. Having a noble spirit. 

High'-spirlt-ed (M'spYr'it-ed), a. Full of spirit or 
natural fire ; not brooking restraint or opposition. 

High'-Strung' (hi'strung/), a. Strung to a high 
pitch ; spirited ; sensitive. 

Hight (hit), n. A variant of Height. 

Hight (hit), v. t. & i. [imp. Hight, Hot (h5t), p. p. 
Hight, Hote (hot), Hoten (ho't'n). See Hote.] [AS. 
hatan to call; also, hatte is called ; akin to G. heissen to 
call.] To be called or named. [Archaic & Poetic] 

High'-toned' (hl'tondO, a. 1. High in tone or sound. 
2. Elevated ; high-principled ; honorable. 

High'way' (hi'wa'), n. A road or way open to the 
use of the public ; a main road or thoroughfare. 

High'way'man. (-man), n. A highway robber. 

Hig'-ta'per (hig/ta'pSr), n. [Cf. Hag-taper.] (Bot.) 
The common mullein. 

Hi-la'ri-ous (hf-la'ri-us or hi-), a. [L. hilaris, Gr. 
tAapds.] Mirthful; noisy; merry. [merriment.] 

Hl-lar'i-ty (hl-lar'T-ty or hY-), n. Boisterous mirth ; | 

Syn. — Glee ; gayety ; exhilaration ; joviality ; jollity. 

Hill(hTl), n. [AS. hyll ; akin to OD. hille, hi!, L. 
collis.] 1. A natural elevation of land ; an eminence 
less than a mountain. 2. The earth raised about the 
roots of a plant or cluster of plants ; also, a cluster of 
plants with the earth heaped up about them. [U. S.] 

Hill (hTl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hilled (hlld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Hilling.] To surround with earth ; to heap or 
draw earth around or upon. 

Hill'ock (htl'uk), n. [Hill -f -ock.] A small hill. 

Hill'y (-f), a. Abounding with hills; resembling a 
hill. — Hill'i-ness (-T-nSs), n. 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, slug, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HILT 



406 



HISTOLOGY 



Hilt (.hTin. n. [AS. hilt, hilte : akin to OHG. heha.~\ 
A handle ; esp., the handle of a sword, dagger, etc. 

Hilt'ed. <i. Having a hilt ; — used in composition. 

Hllum Uii'lum), n. [L.. a trine.] (Bot.) The eye of 

a seed ; the mark at the point of attachment of an ovule 

[See Ulust. of Seed.] [case of he. j 

Bim^hlm), proti. [AS. him, dat. of he.~\ The objective j 

Himself (him-sSlf), pron. 1. An emphasized form 
of the third person masculine pronoun ; — used as a sub- 
ject usually with he ; also alone in the predicate. 2. 
One's real character ; state of being in one's right mind. 

Hind (hind), n. [AS. hind ; akin to G. hi?ide, hindin.] 
(Zobl.) 1. The female of the red deer, of which the male 
is the stag. 2. A spotted marine food fish. 

Hind. n. [AS. hlne, h'ma, orig. gen. pi. of hiican do- 
mestics.] A peasant ; a rustic ; a farm servant. [Eng.] 

Hind. a. [Compar. Hinder (-er) ; superl. Hindmost 
(-most'), or Hindermqst (-er-inost/).] [OE. hind, adv., 
back, AS. hindan behind. See Hinder, a.] Being in 
the rear : of or pert, to the part that follows or is behind. 

Hind'er (hinder), a. [AS. hinder, adv., behind ; 
akin to G. hinter ; orig. a comparative, and akin to AS. 
hine hence. See Hence.] Of or belonging to that part 
or end which is in the rear, or which follows. 

Hln'der (hin'der), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hindered 
(-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hindering.] [AS. hindrici7i, fr. 
hinder behind.] 1. To keep back or behind ; to prevent 
from moving forward ; to bring to a full stop. 2. To 
prevent or embarrass ; to debar ; to shut out. 

Syn. —To check: retard; impede; delay; block; 
stop ; thwart ; oppose ; obstruct ; embarrass. 

Hin'der, v. i. To be a hindrance. 

Hln'der-ance (-ans), n. Same as Hindrance. 

Hin'der-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, hinders. 

Hind'er-most 7 \ (hind^er-most'), a. [The superl. of 

Hind'most' 5 hind, a.] Furthest in or toward 
the rear ; last. 

Hin'doo 1 (hin'doo), n. ; pi. Hindoos (-dooz) or Htn- 

Hin'du ) dus. [Per. Hhidu, fr. Hind,. Hindustan, 
India.] A native inhabitant of Hindostan. As an eth- 
nical term it is confined to the Dravidian and Aryan 
races ; as a religious name to followers of the Yeda. 

Hln'doo-ism ) (-Tz'm), n. The religious doctrines and 

Hin'du-ism ) rites of the Hindoos ; Brahmanism. 

Hin doo-sta'nee \ (-sta'ne), a. [Hind. Hindustani an 

Hln du-sta'ni J Indian, fr. Hind, and Per. Hin- 
dustan India.] Of or pertaining to the Hindoos or their 
language. — n. The language of Hindostan. 

Hin'drance (hin'drans), n. [See Hinder, v. ?.] 1. 
Act of hindering, or state of being hindered. 2. That 
which hinders ; an impediment ; obstacle. 

Syn. — Obstruction ; difficulty : check ; delay. 

Hln'du (hin'doo), n, Same as Hindoo. 

Hinge (hinj), n. [OE. henge, heeng ; akin to D. 
heng.~\ 1. The hook with its eye, or the joint, on which 
a door, gate, lid, etc., turns or swings. 2. Fig. : That 
on which anything turns or depends. 

Hinge, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Hinged (hinjd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Hinging (hin'jing).] To attach by, or furnish 
with, hinges. 

Hinge (hinj), r. i. To depend or turn, as on a hinge. 

Hln'ny (hin'ny), n. [L. hinnus.~\ A hybrid between 
a stallion and an ass. 

Hint (hint), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Hinted ; p. pr. & vb. 
r,. Hinting.] [Origin uncertain.] To call to mind by a 
slight mention or remote allusion ; to suggest indirectly. 

Syn. — To suggest ; intimate ; insinuate ; imply. 

Hint, •. i. To give a hint or hints. 

Syn. — To allude ; refer : glance ; touch. 

Hint, n. A remote allusion ; a suggestion or reminder, 
without a full declaration ; also, an occasion or motive. 

Syn. — See Suggestion. 

Hip (hip), n. [OE. hipe, huppe, AS. hype; akin to G. 
hufte.'] 1. The projecting lateral parts of one side of the 
pelvis and hip joint; haunch. 2. (Arch.) The external 
anele formed by the meeting of two sloping sides of a roof. 

Hip roof. Hipped roof (Arch.), a roof having sloping ends 
and sloping sides. — To catch upon the hip, 
or To h*ve on the hip, to have or get the 
advantage of. 

Hip (hip), n. [OE. hepe, AS. he6pe.~] 
(Bot.) The fruit of a rosebush, esp. of 
the English dog-rose. 

Hipped (hTpt), ) a. Somewhat 

Hir/pish (htr/pTsh), ( melancholy. 
Se* Htoibh. [ColloqA Hip Roof. 

Hip'po-camp 'TiTp'po-ka'mp), n. See Hippocampus. 
, Hip'po-cam'pus (-kam'pusj, n. [L., sea horse, Gr. 
" hippocampus ; unros horse -j- Ka.fj.meiv to 



ng sloping ends 



lT!TCl«CC4jl.7rOS 





bend.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A fabulous monster, with the 
head and fore quarters of a horse joined to the tail of a 
fish. 2. (Zo'dl.) A genus of lophobranch fishes of several 
species in which the head and neck have 
some resemblance to those of a horse. 

Hip po-cen'tauT (hip'po-sen'tar), n. 
[Gr. ImroKevravpoi; ; iWos horse -j- *ce'j- 
ravpos centaur.] (3Iyth.) A centaur. 

Hlp'po-cras (hlp'po-kras), n. [F. 
hippocras, hypocras, NL. vinum hippo- 
craticum, lit', wine of Hippocrates.] A 
cordial made of spiced wine, etc. 

Hirypo-crat'ic (-krSt'Tk), a. Of or 
pert, to Hippocrates, a Greek physician 
born about 400 B. c. , or to his teachings. Hippocampus (2) 

Hip'po-drome (-drom), n. [L. hip- or Sea Horse. 
pod rom os, Gr. iinr6Spofj.os ; iWos -j- fipo/xo? course.] 1. 
(Gr. Antiq.) A place for equestrian and chariot races. 
2. An arena for equestrian performances ; circus. 

Hip'po-griif (-grif), n. [F. hippogriffe. See Hippo- 
potamus, Griffon.] (Myth.) A fabulous winged animal, 
half horse and half griffin. 

Hip-poph'a-gous (hTp-pSf'a-giis), a. [Gr. in-™? 
horse -f- -phagous.] Feeding on horse flesh. 

Hip-poph'a-gy (-jy), n. Act or practice of feeding 
on horseflesh. 

Hip po-pot'a-mus (hTp'po-pot'a-mus), n. ; pi. E. Hip- 
popotamuses (-ez), L. Hip- 
popotami (-mi). [L., fr. 
Gr. iTTTro—oTa/xos ; nnros 
horse-f-ffo- 
Taju.6? river.] 
(Zo'dl. )Alarge, 
amphibious, 
h e r b i v o rous 
mammal, com- 
mon in the 
rivers of Afri- 
ca. It is allied 
to the hogs. 

Hlp'shot 
(-8 h»t'), «. 
Having the hip Hippopotamus, 

dislocated ; hence, having one hip lower than the other. 

Hip' tree 7 (tre 7 ). (Bot.) The dog-rose. 

Hir'cine (her'sin), ) a. [L. hircinus, fr. hircus he- 

Hlr'ci-nous (-sT-nus), ) goat.] 1. Goat-like ; of or 
pertaining to a goat or the goats. 2. Of a goatish smell. 

Hire (hir), n. [AS. hyr ; akin to G. heuer.~\ Price, re- 
ward, or compensation paid, or contracted to be paid, for 
the temporary use of a thing, for personal service, or for 
labor ; wages ; rent ; pay. 

Syn. — Wages; salary; stipend; allowance; pay. 

Hire, r. /. [imp. & p. p. Hired (hird) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HnuNG.] 1. To purchase the use or enjoyment of for a 
limited time. 2. To purchase service by payment of 
wages. 3. To grant the temporary use or service of, for 
a price ; to let ; to lease. 

Hire'ling (-ling), n. One who is hired ; a mercenary. 

Hireling, a. Serving for hire or wages ; venaL 

Hir'er (hlr'er), n. One who hires. 

Hir-SUte-' (her-suf), a. [L. hirsutus.~\ Rough with 
hair; bristly; shaggy: hairv. — Hir-sute'ness, n. 

Hi-ru'dine(hi-ru'dTn),a.* [Jj. hirudo leech.] (Zobl.) 
Of or pertaining to the leeches. 

His (yaz),pron. [AS. his of him, his, gen. masc. & 
neut. of he, neut. hit. See He.] 1. Belonging or per- 
taining to him ; — used as a pronominal adjective or an 
adjective pronoun. 2. The possessive of he. 

His-pan'ic (hTs-pSnlk), a. [L. Hispaiiicus.'] Of or 
pertaining to Spain or its language. 

His'pid (his'pid), a. [L. hispidus.~\ Rough with 
bristles or minute spines. 

Hiss (his), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hissed (hist) : p. pr. 
& vb. n. Hissing.] [AS. hysian ; prob. imitative.] To 
make with the mouth a sound like that of the letter * 
prolonged ; to make a sound like that of an angry goose 
or snake. 

Hiss, v. t. 1. To condemn or express contempt for 
by hissing. 2. To utter with a hissing sound. 

Hiss, n. A prolonged sound like that of the letter *. 

Hist (hist), inter j. Hush ; be silent. 

His'tO-gen'e-siS (his'to-jen'e-sTs), n. [Gr. ttrros tis- 
sue -f E. genesis.'] (Biol.) (a) Formation and develop- 
ment of organic tissues, (b) Germ history of cells. 

His-tOl'O-gy (hls-tSl'o-j?), n. [Gr. Icrro? tissue -f- 
-logy.~\ That branch of biological science treating of the 
minute (microscopic) structure of tissues. 



a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; &, €, I, d, 4, y, short ; tan&te, «vent, idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, aak, all, finaL 



HISTORIAN 



407 



HOCUS-POCUS 



Hls-tO'ri-an (hls-to'rT-an), ra. 1. A writer of history ; 
annalist. 2. One versed or well informed in history. 

His-tor'lc (hTs-t5r'Ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to his- 

His-tor'ic-al (-I-kal), ] tory, or the record of past 
events. — His-tor'ic-al-ly , adv. 

His-tO'rl-Og'ra-pher (hls-to'rr-og'ra-fer), n. [L. his- 
toriographies, Gr. io-ropioypatpos ; ioropia history -f- 
Spd<f>€(.v to write.] An historian ; esp., one appointed or 
esignated to write a history. [an historiographer. I 

His-toTi-Og'ra-phy (-fy), ft. Act or employment of | 

His'tO-ry (hTs'to-ry), ft. [L. historic!,, Gr. icrropia his- 
tory, information, fr. i'cn-wp, urrwp, learned, fr. root of 
eiSevai to know ; akin to E. wit.'] 1. Knowledge of facts 
and events ; hence, a formal statement of such informa- 
tion. 2. A systematic, written account of events, par- 
ticularly of those affecting a nation, institution, science, 
or art, and usually philosophically explained. 

Natural History, a description and classification of ob- 
jects in nature, as minerals, plants, animals, etc., and the 
phenomena which they exhibit to the senses. 

Syn. — Chronicle ; annals ; relation ; narration. — A 
chronicle is a history conforming to the order of time as 
its distinctive feature. Annals are a chronicle divided up 
into separate years. 

His tri-on'ic (-on'Tk), ) a. [L. histrionicus, fr. his- 

His'tri-on'ic-al (-T-kal), J trio a player.] Of or re- 
lating to the stage or a stageplayer ; befitting a theater ; 
theatrical. — His'tri-on'ic-al-ly , adv. 

Hit (hit), v. t. [_imp. & p. p. Hit ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Hitting.] [OE. hitlen, hutten, of Scand. origin.] 1. 
To reach with a stroke or blow ; esp., to reach or touch. 
2. To reach or attain exactly ; to attain to ; to accord 
with ; to suit. 3. To guess ; to light upon or discover. 

To hit off, to describe with quick characteristic strokes. 

Hit, v. i. 1. To meet or come in contact. 2. To meet 
or reach what was aimed at or desired ; to succeed. 

Hit, n. 1. A collision ; the stroke that touches any- 
thing. 2. A stroke of success, as by chance. 3. A pecul- 
iarly apt expression or turn of thought. 

Hitch (hich), v. i. [Cf . Scot, hitch a motion by a jerk, 
also G. hinken to limp, hobble.] 1. To become entangled 
or caught ; to be linked or yoked ; to cling. 2. To move 
interruptedly or with halts, jerks, or steps. 

Hitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hitched (hicht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Hitching.] 1. To hook ; to fasten as by a hook 
or a knot ; to make fast. 2. To move with hitches. 

Hitch, ft. 1. A catch ; anything that holds, as a hook ; 
an entanglement. 2. Act of 
catching. 3. A stop or sudden 
halt ; an impediment. 4. A sud- 
den movement or pull. 5. 
\Naut.) A knot or noose in a rope 
which can 
be readily 
undone. 

Hith'er 

(hith'er), 

adv. [AS. 

hider ; akin to Icel. heSra, Goth. hidre.] 1. To this 

place ; — used with verbs implying motion toward the 

speaker. 2. To this point, source, conclusion, design, etc. 

Hith'er, a. 1. Being on the side next or toward the 
person speaking ; nearer. 2. Referring to time : On the 
hither side of, younger than. 

Hith'er-tO' (-too'), adv. 1. To this place ; to a pre- 
scribed limit. 2. Up to this time ; as yet ; until now. 

Hith'er-ward (-werd), adv. Toward this place ; hither. 

Hit'ter (hit/ter), n. One who hits or strikes. 

Hive (hiv), «. [OE. hive, huve, AS. hyfe.] 1. A box, 
basket, or other structure, for the habitation of honey- 
bees. 2. The bees of one hive. 3. Fig. : A place swarm- 
ing with busy occupants ; a crowd. 

Hive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hived (hivd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. Hiving.] 1. To collect into, or cause to enter, a hive. 
2. To store up in a hive ; hence, to gather for future need. 

Hive, v. i. To take shelter or lodgings together. 

Hiv'er (hiv'er), n. One who collects bees into a hive. 

Hives (hivz),ft. [Scot. ; origin uncertain.] (Med.) (a) 
Croup. (b) An eruptive disease allied to chicken pox. 

Ho \ (ho), inter j. [Cf. F. & G. ho.] 1. Halloo ! at- 

Hoa i tend! 2. [Perhaps corrupted fr. hold; but 
cf. F. hau stop ! and E. whoa.~\ Stop ! stand still ! hold ! 
— a word now chiefly used by teamsters. 

Hoar (hor), a. [AS. har ; akin to Icel. harr, and to 
OHG. her illustrious.] 1. White, or grayish white. 2. 
Gray or white with age ; hoary. 

Hoard (hord), ft. [AS. hord ; akin to G. hort.] A 
store, stock, or quantity of anything accumulated or laid 
up ; a hidden supply. 




a Clove Hitch. 6 Half Hitch, c Timber Hitch. 



Hoard (hord), v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Hoaeded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Hoabding.] To collect and lay up ; to store 
away, or treasure up, secretly. 

Hoard, v. i. To lay up a store or hoard, as of money. 

Hoard'er (-er), n. One who hoards. 

Hoard'ing (-Tng), n. [From OF. hourd, hourt, bar- 
rier, of G. or D. origin.] 1. (Arch.) A screen of boards 
inclosing a house and materials being built. [Eng.] 2. 
A barrier or cover, inclosing or concealing something. 

Hoar'frost' (hor'frSsf; 115), ft. White particles of 
frozen dew. 

Hoar'hound' (-hound'), «. Same as Hobehound. 

Hoar'i-ness (-l-ngs), n. State of being hoary. 

Hoarse (hors), a._ [Compar. Hoabseb (-er), superl. 
Hoarsest.] [AS. has; akin to G. heiser.] Having a 
harsh, rough, grating voice, as when affected with a cold ; 
making a rough, harsh cry or sound. — Hoarsely, adv. 
— Hoarse'ness (hors'nes), n. 

Hoar'y (-f), a. [From Hoae, a.] 1. White or whit- 
ish. 2. White or gray with age ; hoar. 3. Hence, re- 
mote in time past. 

Hoax (hoks), w. [Prob. contr. fr. hocus, in hocus- 
pocus.] A deception for mockery or mischief ; a decep- 
tive trick or story ; a practical joke. 

Hoax, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoaxed (hokst) ; p. pr. & 
vb. re. Hoaxing.] To deceive by a story or a trick, for 
sport or mischief ; to impose upon sportively. 

Hob (hob), «. [Prob. akin to hump] 1. Hub of a 
wheel. 2. Projection or shelf at the side of a fire grate. 

Hob, ft. [Orig. an abbrev. of Robin, Robert ; Robin 
Goodfellow a celebrated fairy.] Fairy; sprite; elf. [Obs.] 

Hob'a-nob / (hob'a-noV), ) v. i. Same as Hob- 

Hob'and-nob' (hob'and-nobO, ) nob. 

Hob'ble (-b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hobbled (-b'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. Hobbling (-bling).] [OE. hobelen, freq. 
of hoppen to hop.] 1. To walk lame ; to walk with a hitch 
or hop. 2. To move irregularly. [To embarrass. I 

Hob'ble, v. t. 1. To fetter ; to hopple ; to clog. 2. | 

Hob'ble, ft. 1. An unequal gait ; a limp ; a halt. 2. 
Same as Hopple. 3. Difficulty ; embarrassment. 

Hob'ble-de-hoy' (-de-hoi'), ) w. [Etym. uncertain.] 

HobHale-te-hoy' (-te-hoi'), j A youth ; a gawky 
young fellow. [Colloq.] 

Hob'bler (hob'bler), n. One who hobbles. 

Hob'by (-by), ft. [OE. hobi; of uncertain origin.] 
(Zool.) A small, strong- winged European falcon. 

Hob'by (hob'by), ) n. [OE. hobin a nag, OF. 

Hob'by-horse' (-hSrs'), ) hobin hobby.] 1. A strong, 
active horse, of a middle size; an ambling nag. 2. A 
stick on which boys make believe to ride. [Usually 
hobbyhorse.] 3. A favorite and ever-recurring theme of 
discourse, thought, or effort. [Usually hobby.] 

Hob'gOb'lin (hob'goVHn), ft. [2d hob + goblin.] A 
frightful goblin ; an imp ; a bugaboo ; also, formerly, the 
household spirit, Robin Goodfellow. 

Hob'nail' (-nal'), n. [1st hob -\- nail.] 1. A large- 
headed nail, for studding soles of shoes. 2. A rustic. 

Hob'nob' (hoVnoV), adv. [AS. habban to have -f 
nabban to have not ; ne not + habban to have.] Have 
or have not; — a familiar invitation to reciprocal drinking. 

Hob'nob', v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hobnobbed (-n5bd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. Hobnobbing.] 1. To drink familiarly 
(with another). 2. To associate familiarly. 

Hob'son's choice' (hob'sunz chois'). A choice with- 
out an alternative ; — said to be so called from one Hob- 
son, who let horses, and required every customer to take 
in his turn the horse which stood next the stable door. 

Hock (hok), ft. [So called from Ifochheim, in Ger- 
many.] A Rhenish wine, esp. one of a light yellow color. 

Hock, Hough (h5k), ft. [AS. hoh the heel ; prob. akin 
to G. hechse, hdchse.] 1. (a) The joint in the hind limb 
of quadrupeds, corresponding to the ankle in man. (b) 
A piece cut by butchers, esp. in pork, from either the 
front or hind leg, just above the foot. 2. The ham. 

Hock, v. t. To disable by cutting the tendons of the 
hock ; to hamstring ; to hough. 

Hock'ey (-y), n. [From Hook, ft.] A game played 
by driving a ball or small object with sticks curved or 
hooked at the end ; also, the stick used. 

Ho'cus (ho'kus), v. t. [See Hocus-pocus.] 1. To de- 
ceive or cheat. 2. To adulterate ; to drug. 3. To 
stupefy with drugged liquor. 

Ho'cus, ft. 1. One who deceives. 2. Drugged liquor. 

Ho'cus-po'cus (-po'kus), n. [Prob. invented by jug- 
glers in imitation of Latin.] 1. A term used by jugglers 
in pretended incantations. 2. A juggler or trickster. 
3. A juggler's trick ; a cheat ; nonsense. 

Ho'cus-po'cus, v. I. To cheat. [Colloq.] 



K 



fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HOD 



408 



HOLOBLASTIC 



) 



Hod (h5d), n. [Prov. E. for hold, i. e., that which 
1. A kind of wooden tray with a handle, for 
a .aortar, brick, etc. 2. A coal scuttle. 

Hod 'den-gray' (.hifclM'n-gra'), a. [Perh. akin to E. 
Applied to coarse cloth made of undyed wool, 
formerly worn by Scotch peasants. [Sco/J 

Hodge'podge t.h5j'p5j •), n. Same as Hotchpot. 

Hodman (WWrnon), n. A man who carries a hod. 

Hoe U»<5), ft. [OF. hoe : of German origin.] A tool 
chiefly for digging up weeds, and for loosening and ar- 
ranging the earth about plants. 

Hoe^ i . /. [imp. & p. p. Hoed (hod) ; p. pr. & vb. ?;. 
Hoeing.] To cut. dig, turn, arrange, etc., with a hoe ; 
al<o. to clear from weeds, or to loosen or arrange the 
earth about, with a hoe. 

Hoe. v. i. To use a hoe ; to labor with a hoe. 

Hoe'cake (ho^kak'), n. A cake of Indian meal, water, 
and salt, baked before the fire or in the ashes; — so 
called because often cooked on a hoe. [Southern U. S.~\ 

Hog (hog), n. [Prob. akin to E. hack to cut, and 
meaning orig., a castrated boar.] 1. (Zool.) A quadru- 
ped of the genus Sus, and allied genera ; esp., a domesti- 
cated variety. 2. A mean, filthy, or gluttonous fellow. 

Hog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hogged (hogd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n . Hogging.] To cut short like bristles. 

Hog, v. i. (Xaut.) To become bent upward in the 
middle, like a hog's back ; — said of a ship. 

Hog'back' (hSg'bak')? n. 1. {Arch.) An upward 
curve or very obtuse angle in the upper surface of any 
member. 2. (Geol.) Any ridge with a sharp summit and 
steeply sloping sides. 

Hog'gish (-gish), a. Swinish ; gluttonous ; filthy ; 
selfish. — Hog'gish-ly, adv. — Hog'gish-ness, n. 

Hog'herd (hog'herd), n. A swineherd. 

Hog'pen' (hog'peV), n. A pen or sty for hogs. 

Hog'reeve 7 (-rev'), n. A civil officer charged with 
the duty of impounding stray hogs. [New Eng.~\ 

Hog's'-back (hogz'bSk')* n. (Geol.) A hogback. 

HogsTiead (hogz'hed or -ed), n. [D. okshoofd ; akin 
to G. oxhoft ; apparently orig., ox head.] 1. An English 
measure of capacity, containing 63 wine gallons, or about 
52i imperial gallons ; a half pipe. 2. A large cask or bar- 
rel, esp. one containing from 100 to 140 gallons. [U. S.~\ 

Hog'Sty' (hog'stF), n. A pen or inclosure for hogs. 

Hog'wash' (-wosh'), n. Swill. 

Hoi'den (hoi'd'n), n. [OE. hoydon a lout, OD. hey- 
den a heathen, gypsy, fr. heyde heath.] 1. A clownish 
youth. [Obs.~\ 2. A rude, bold girl ; a romp. 

Hoi'den, a. Rustic ; rude ; bold. 

Hoi'den-ish, a. Like, or appropriate to, a hoiden. 

Hoist (hoist), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoisted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Hoisting.] [OE. noise, hyse, OD. hyssen.] To 
raise ; to lift ; esp., to raise by means of tackle. 

Hoist, n. 1. That by which anything is hoisted. 
2. Act of hoisting ; lift. [Colloq.~\ 3. (Naut.) Perpen- 
dicular height of a flag, or fore-and-aft sail. 

Hoi'ty-toi'ty (hoi'ty-toi'ty), a. [From obs. hoit to 
caper ; cf. W. hoetian to dandle.] Thoughtless ; giddy; 
flighty ; also, haughty ; patronizing ; used also as an ex- 
clamation of surprise or disapprobation, with contempt. 

Hold (hold), n. [D. hoi hole. See Hole.] (Naut.) 
The whole interior of a vessel below the lower deck. 

Hold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Held (held) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Holding. Holden (hold''n), p. p., is obs. in elegant 
writing, though still used in legal language.] [AS. heal- 
dan ; akin to G. halten ; of unknown origin.] 1. To 
cause to remain in a given situation, position, or relation, 
within certain limits, or the like ; to sustain ; to re- 
strain ; to retain. 2. To retain in one's keeping ; to 
maintain possession of, or authority over. 3. To have ; 
to possess ; to occupy. 4. To limit in motion or action ; 
to bind legally or morally ; to confine ; to restrain. 
5. To maintain in being or action ; to carry on ; to pros- 
ecute. 6. To prosecute, have, take, or join in, for united 
action ; to conduct. 7. To contain as a vessel ; to have 
capacity for. 8. To accept, as an opinion ; to adhere to ; 
to persist in. 9. To consider ; to regard ; to account ; 
to judge. 10. To bear, carry, or manage. 

To hold forth, to offer : to put forward. — To hold in, to 
restrain : to curb. — To hold out. (a) To extend ; to offer. 
(0j To continue to do or to suffer ; to endure. 

Hold, v. i. In general, to keep one's self in a given 
position or condition ; to remain fixed. Hence : 1. Not 
to move ; to stop. 2. To remain unbroken or unsub- 
dued. 3. To last ; to abide ; to persist. 4. Not to fall 
away, desert, or prove recreant; to cleave. 5. To re- 
strain one's self ; to refrain. 6. To derive right or title. 

To hold forth, to speak in public ; to harangue. — To hold 



out, to last; to endure; to continue. —To hold over, to- 
remain in office, possession, etc., beyond a certain date. 

Hold (hold), n. 1. Act or manner of holding ; seizure ; 
grasp ; clasp ; gripe ; possession. 2. Authority or ground 
to take or keep ; claim. 3. Binding power and influence. 
4. Something that may be grasped ; means of support. 6. 
A place of confinement ; prison ; confinement ; custody. 
6. Fortified place; fort ; castle. 7. (Mus.) A character 
[<T\] indicating that a note or rest is to be prolonged. 

Hold'back' (hold'bSk'), n. 1. Check; hindrance; 
obstacle. 2. The projection or loop on the thill of a 
vehicle, to which a strap of the harness is attached, to 
hold back a carriage ; also, the strap so used, [vessel. | 

Hold'er (-er), n. One employed in the hold of a| 

Hold'er, n. One who, or that which, holds. 

Hold'fast (-fast/), n. Something used to secure and 
hold in place something else, as a catch, a hook, etc. 

Hold'ing, n. 1. Act or state of sustaining, grasping, 
or retaining. 2. A tenure ; an estate held of another. 
3. That which holds, binds, or influences. 

Hole (hoi), n. [AS. hoi hole, cavern, from hoi, a., hol- 
low ; akin to G. hohl ; prob. from the root of AS. helan 
to conceal.] 1. A hollow place or cavity ; a perforation ; 
a rent ; a fissure. 2. An excavation, or a natural cav- 
ity inhabited by an animal ; hence, a mean habitation. 

Syn. — Hollow ; concavity ; aperture ; rent ; fissure ; 
crevice ; orifice ; interstice ; pit ; cave ; den ; cell. 

Hole, v. t. 1. To cut, dig, or bore a hole or holes 
in. 2. To drive into a hole. 

Hol'i-day (hol'i-da), n. [Holy + day.] 1. A conse- 
crated day ; religious anniversary ; day set apart as a me- 
morial day ; a holyday. 2. A day of exemption from labor. 

Holiness (ho'lT-nes), n. State or quality of being holy. 

Hia holiness, a title of the pope. 

Holla (holla), inter j. [F. hola ; ho ho -f to. there, 
fr. L. iliac that way, there. Cf . Hollo.] Hollo. 

Hol'la, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hollaed (-lad) ;p.pr. & 
vb. n. Hollaing.] See Hollo, v. i. 

Holland (hol'land), n. A kind of linen fabric first 
manufactured in Holland. [pi. See Holland. I 

Hollands (-landz), n. 1. Gin made in Holland. 2. | 

Hol-lo' (hol-lo'), interj. & n. [See Halloo, and cf. 
Holla.] Ho there ; stop ; attend ; hence, a loud cry or 
a call to attract attention ; a halloo. 

Hollo (hollo or hol-lo'), v- i- [imp. & p. p. Hol- 
loed (-lod) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Holloing.] To halloo. 

Hol-loa' (hol-16 7 or hollo), interj., n., & v. i. Same 
as Hollo. 

Hollow (hollo), a. [AS. holh a hollow, hole. Cf. 
Hole.] 1. Having an empty space or cavity ; not solid. 
2. Gaunt ; sunken. 3. Rever orated from a cavity, or 
resembling a reverberated sound ; deep ; muffled. 4. 
Not sincere or faithful ; false. 

Syn. — Concave ; sunken ; low ; vacant ; empty ; void ; 
false ; faithless ; deceitful ; treacherous. 

Hollow, n. 1. A cavity; an unfilled space within 
anything ; a hole ; an excavation. 2. A low spot ; a de- 
pressed part of a surface ; a concavity. 

Hollow, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Hollowed (-lod) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Hollowing.] To make hollow ; to excavate. 

Hollow, adv. Wholly ; completely ; utterly. [Collog.] 

Hol-low' (hol-lo 7 ), interj. & v. [See Hollo.] Hollo. 

Hollo w-neart'ed (-hart'ed), a. Insincere; deceit- 
ful ; not sound and true ; decayed within. 

Hollow-ness, n. State or quality of being hollow. 

Holly (holly), n. [AS. holen, holegn ; akin to G. 
hulst, W. celyn, Gael, cuilionn, 
It. cuileann.J 1. (Bot.) An 
evergreen tree or shrub, having 
glossy green leaves, bearing 
berries that turn red or yellow. 
2. (Bot.) The holm oak. 

Holly-hock (-hok), n. [OE. 
holihoc ; holi holy -f- hoc mal- 
low, AS. Aoc] (Bot.) A species 
of Althaea bearing flowers of 
various colors. 

Holm (horn), n. [OE.,prob. 
from AS. holen, E. holly. ] 
(Bot.) A common evergreen 
oak, of Europe. 

Holm (horn), n. [AS. holm, 
usually meaning, sea, water; 
akin to G. holm.] 1. An islet 
in a river. 2. Low, flat land. 

Hol'o- (h51'o-). A combining 
form fr. Gr. Sack, whole. 

Hol'o-blas'tic (-blSs'tlk), a. [Holo- + blast + -tc.T. 




Holly (Hex Aqui/olium). 
Reduced. 



&, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, ii, y, short ; een&te, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, caje, arm, ask, all, final. 



HOLOCAUST 



409 



HOMOLOGATE 



{Biol.) Undergoing complete segmentation ; composed 
entirely of germinal matter ; — said of eggs. 

Hol'O-cauSt (h51'o-kast), n. [L. holocanstum, Gr. 
6X.QKav<rrov, neut. of oAoxavoros burnt whole ; bAos whole 
+ Kavaro<: burnt.] 1. A burnt sacrifice ; an offering, 
the whole of which was consumed by fire. 2. [Not au- 
thorized by careful writers.] Loss of many lives by fire. 

Hol/O-Ciyp'tiC (-krTplTk), a. [Holo- -f- Gr. Kpunreiv 
to conceal.] Wholly or completely concealing ; secret. 

Hol'o-graph (-graf ), n. [L. holographus entirely auto- 
graph, Gr. 6Adyoa<£o? ; oAos whole -f- ypd<f>et.v to write.] 
A document wholly in the handwriting of the person 
whose act it purports to be. [holograph, j 

Hol'o-graph'ic (-graf'Tk), a. Of, pert, to, or being, a j 

Hol O-pho'tal (-fo'tal), a. [Holo- + Gr. <pw, <j>uit6<;, 
light.] (Opt.) Causing no loss of light ; — applied to re- 
flectors which throw back light without perceptible loss. 

Hol o-phras'tic (-fraVtTk), a. [Holo- + Gr. <ppa£et.v to 
speak.] Expressing a phrase or sentence in a single word. 

Hol'O-phytlc (-fit'tk), a. [Holo- + Gr. <\>vtov a 
plant.] Wholly or distinctively vegetable. 

Hol o-thu'ri-an (-thu'rT-an), a. [From L. holothuria, 
pi., a sort of water polyp, Gr. 6Ao0oupioi>.] (Zo'ol.) Of or 
pertaining to the Holothurioidea, a class of echinoderms, 
including the sea cucumbers, trepang, and b$che de mer. 

I! Hol o-thu ri-oi'de-a (-thu'rT-oi'de-a), n. pi. [NL. 
See Holothurian, and -on>.] (Zool.) A class of echino- 
derms having a more or less elongated body, and a 
circle of tentacles around the mouth. 

Hol'ster (hol'ster), n. [D. holster; akin to AS. helan 
to conceal.] A leathern pistol case for horsemen. 

Holt (holt), n. [AS. holt; akin to G. hols.'] 1. A 
piece of woodland ; esp., a woody hill. 2. A deep hole 
in a river ; also, a cover, or hiding place. 

Holy (holy), a. [Compar. Holier (-lT-er) ; superl. 
Holiest.] [AS. halig, fir. hsel health, salvation, happi- 
ness, fr. hal whole, well ; akin to G. heilig.] 1. Set 
apart to the service or worship of God ; hallowed ; sa- 
cred. 2. Spiritually sound ; pure in heart ; godly ; pious. 

Holy office, the Inquisition. — Holy of holies (Script.), 
the innermost apartment of the Jewish tabernacle or 
temple. — Holy One, the Supreme Being. — Holy Saturday 
(Eccl.), the Saturday immediately preceding the festival 
of Easter. —Holy Thursday. (Eccl.) (a) (Episcopal Ch.) 
Ascension day. (6) (R. C. Ch.) The Thursday in Holy 
Week; Maundy Thursday. — Holy water (Gi: & R. C. 
Churches), water which has been blessed by the priest 
for sacred purposes. — Holy Week (Eccl.), the week be- 
fore Easter, in which the passion of our Savior is com- 
memorated. — Holy writ, the sacred Scriptures. 

Ho / ly-day / (-da 7 ), n. 1. A religious festival. 2. A 
holiday. 

Holy-Stone' (-ston'), n. (Naut.) A stone used by 
seamen for scrubbing the decks of ships. 

Ho / ly-Btone / , v. t. (Naut.) To scrub with a holystone. 

Hom'agO (hom'aj ; 48), n. [OF. homage, homenage, 
deriv. of L. homo a man, LL. also, a client, vassal.] 
1. (Feud. Law) A symbolical acknowledgment made by 
a feudal tenant to his lord on receiving investiture of 
fee, that he was his man, or vassal. 2. Respect or rev- 
erential regard; esp., respect paid by external action; 
obeisance. 3. Reverential worship ; devout affection. 

Syn.— Fealty ; submission ; reverence ; honor; respect. 

Home (horn ; 110), n. [AS. ham • akin to G. heim, 
Goth, haims village.] One's own dwelling place ; esp., the 
house in which one lives with his family ; habitual abode 
of one's family ; also, one's birthplace. Used also Fig. 

Syn. — Tenement ; house ; dwelling ; abode ; domicile. 

Home, a. 1. Of or pertaining to one's dwelling or 
country ; domestic. 2. Close ; personal ; pointed. 

Home, adv. 1. To one's home or country. 2. Close ; 
closely. 3. To its place ; to the end of a course. 

Home'-bred' (-brgd'), a. 1. Bred at home ; domes- 
tic ; not foreign. 2. Not polished; rude; uncultivated. 

Homeless, a. Destitute of a home. — Home'less- 
ness, n. [cheerful ; cozy ; friendly. I 

Homelike 7 (-Hk'), a. Like a home ; comfortable ; | 

Homely (-ly), a. [Compar. Homelier (-lT-er) ; superl. 
Homeliest.] 1. Belonging to, or like, home ; domestic ; 
familiar ; intimate. [Archaic] 2. Plain ; unpretending ; 
also, uncomely ; not handsome. — Home li-ness. n. 

Home'made' (-mad'), a. Made at home, either in a 
private family or in one's own country. 

Ho'me-o-path (ho'nie-o-pa'th), n. A practitioner of 
homeopathy. 

Ho me-O-pathlc (ho'me'-o-pa'thTk), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to homeopathy, or according to its principles. 

Ho me-op'a-thist (ho / me-5p'a-thTst), n. A believer 
in, or practitioner of, homeopathy. 



Ho'me-op'a-thy (ho / me - -5p / a-th$r),n. [Gr.o^oiojrofleia 
likeness of condition or feeling ; o^ioioslike (fr. 6/u.dssauie) 
-f- iroBt.lv to suffer. See Pathos.] (Med.) The theory and 
its practice that disease is cured by remedies which pro- 
duce on a healthy person effects similar to the symptoms 
of the complaint under which the patient suffers, the 
remedies being usually administered in minute doses. 

Ho'mer (ho'mer), n. [Heb. khomer.] A Hebrew 
liquid measure containing fifty-five gallons, two quarts, 
one pint ; also, a dry measure of six bushels, two pecks, 
four quarts. 

Homeric (ho-mSr'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to Homer, 
the famous Greek poet ; resembling his poetry. 

Home'sick/ (hSm'sYk'), a. Pining for home ; in a 
nostalgic condition. — Home'sick-ness, n. 

Home'spun (-spun), a. Spun or wrought at home ; 
hence, coarse ; plain ; inelegant ; rude. 

Home'spun, n. Cloth made at home. 

Home'stead (-sted), n. The home place ; a home and 
the inclosure or ground immediately connected with it ; 
specif, (in law) : (a) A home place exempted from levy 
and execution. (6) A parcel of ICO acres of public lands 
settled under the homestead laws of the U. S. 

Home'stead-er (-er), n. One who has a homestead in 
public lands under the homestead laws. [Local, U. S.] 

Home'ward (-werd), a. Being in the direction of home. 

Home'ward (-werd), ) adv. In the direction of one's 

Home'wards (-werdz), ) home, town, or country. 

Homl-ci dal (hSml-sI'dal), a. Pertaining to homi- 
cide ; murderous. 

Homl-Clde (homl-sid), n. [F. , f r. L. homicidium , f r. 
homieida a man slayer ; homo man -+- caedere to cut, 
kill.] 1. The killing of one human being by another. 
2. One who kills another ; a manslayer. 

Homl-letlc (-ISt'Tk), ) a. 1. Social. [R.] 2. Of 

Homl-letlc-al (-T-kal), j or pert, to homiletics. 

Homl-letlcs (-iks), n. Art of preaching. 

Hom'i-list (hom'i-llst), n. One who prepares homilies. 

Homl-ly (h5m'T-ly), n. [LL. homilia, Gr. 6/iiAi'a 
communion, assembly, converse; sermon, fr. 6/xiAos an 
assembly, fr. 6/u.os same.] 1. A discourse or sermon to an 
audience. 2. A serious or tedious exhortation in private. 

Homing (homing), a. Home-returning ; — of car- 
rier pigeons. 

Homl-ny (homT-ny), n. [From N. A. Indian auhu- 
minea parched corn.] Maize hulled and broken, and pre- 
pared for food by being boiled in water. [U. S.] 

Hom'mock (hum'muk), n. A small eminence of a 
conical form, of land or of ice. 

Ho'mo- (ho'mo- or hom'o-). A combining form from 
Gr. 6/u.ds, one and the same, common, joint. 

Ho mo-cen'tric (-sen'trik), a. [Gr. 6/u6/cevTpo? ; 6p.6t 
the same + itevrpov center.] Having the same center. 

Ho-modlO-mal (ho-mod'ro-mal), 1 a. [Homo- -f Gr. 

Ho-mod'ro-mous (-mus), | 6p6/w>? a course, 

running.] 1. (Bot. ) Running in the same direction ; — as 
said of stems twining roimd a support. 2. (Mech.) Mov- 
ing in the same direction ; — said of a lever or pulley in 
which the resistance and the actuating force are both on 
the same side of the fulcrum or axis. 

Ho mce-o-path'ic, a., Ho mce-op'a-thy, n. Same as 
Homeopathic, Homeopathy. 

Ho-mog'a-mOUS (ho-mog'a-mus), a. ^ [Gr. o/xoyanos 
married together; 6/ao? the same + ya^os marriage.] 
(Bot.) Having all the flowers alike, as a thistle. 

Ho-mog'a-my (-my), n. State of being homogamous. 

Ho mo-ge'ne-al (-je'ne-arl), a. Homogeneous. 

Ho'mo-ge'ne-OUS (-je'ne-us), a. [Gr. opo-yei/ifr ; 6/lios 
the same + yeVos race, kind.] Of the same kind or na- 
ture ; consisting of similar parts, or of elements of like 
nature. — Ho'mO-ge-nel-ty (-je-nel-ty), n. — Ho mo- 
ge'ne-ous-ness, n. 

Ho'mo-gen'e-siS (-jen'e-sls), n. [Homo- -f genesis.] 
(Biol.) Reproduction in which the successive generations 
are alike. 

Ho-mog'e-nouS (ho-m5j r e-nus), a. (Biol.) Similar in 
structure, due to descent from a common progenitor. 

Ho-mog'e-ny (-n^), n. [Gr. 6/aoyeVeia ; 6/uo? the same 
+ yeVos race, kind.] (Biol.) The correspondence of 
common descent ; homology. 

Ho-mog'O-nous (ho-m5g'o-nus), a. [Gr. o/mdyoi/o?. 
See Homogeneous.] (Bot.) Having all the flowers of a 
plant alike in respect to the stamens and pistils. 

Ho / moi-OU'si-an(ho / moi-ou'sY-an), n. [Gr. 6/uoiouo-ios, 
6/uoioovo-w)?, of like substance ; o/uoios -f- ovaia being, 
essence.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who held that the Son was 
of like, but not the same, substance with the Father. 

Ho-mol'O-gate (ho-m51'o-gat), r. /. [LL. homologare, 



K 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sins, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HOMOLOGICAL 



410 



HOOP 






Gr. onoXoyui- to agree.] (Civ. Law) To 
How; to confirm. [homology.] 

Ho mo-log'ic-al (ho ino-loyi-kcil), a. Of or pert, to] 

Ho-mol'O-gOUS vho-moTo-gus), a. [Gr. o/uoAoyo? 

agreeing ; 6/u<k same — Aoyos speech, proportion. Aeyeie 

Having the same relative position, proportion, 

r structure. [gous to something else, j 

Hom'O-logne ^hoin'o-log"), ft. That which is homolo-| 

Ho-mol'0-gy ^ho-mol'o-jy), n. Quality of being ho- 
mologous ; correspondence ; relation. 

Ho mo-mor phy ( 1 h<5'mo-m6r'f5'), n. [Homo- -f Gr. 
rm.] (Biol.) Similarity of external characters. 

Hom'o-nym (.houi'S-nlin), n. An homonymous word. 

Ho mon'y-mous U'5-mou'i-mus), a. [L. homoni/mus, 
Gr. 6^u>vvfj.o^ ; 6/ud? the same -j- owfxa, for oro^ia name.] 
1. Haviug the same name ; standing in the same rela- 
tion. 2. Having the same name, but different meaning 
or relations ; hence, ambiguous. 

Ho-mon'y-my (-my), ft. State of being homonymous. 

Ho mo-OU'si-an (ho'rno-ou'sT-an), ?i. [Gr. ofioovaios : 
6fjLo; same -j- ovo-ia being, substance.] (Eccl. Hist.) One 
who accepted the Nicene creed, and maintained that the 
Son had the same substance with the Father. 

Ho mo-phon'ic t,hoin6-f5n'Tk), ) a. [Gr. omo^ujios ; 

Ho-moph'o-nous (ho-niof'6-nus), J 6^.6? same -j- ^mivij 
sound, tone.] 1. (M us.) (a) Originally, unisonous ; 
monodic. (b) Now, characterized by plain harmony, 
note against note. 2. Expressing the same sound by a 
different combination of letters. [nous. I 

Ho-moph'O-ny (-ny). ft. Quality of being homopho- 1 

Ho'mo-plas my (ho'mo-plazmy), n. [Homo- -f Or. 
n-Aacr/ia anything formed, fr. Trkao-aeiv to mold.] (Biol.) 
Resemblance between different plants or animals due to 
similar surrounding circumstances. [plasmy. 

Ho mo-plas'tic (-plas'tik), a. Of or pert, to homo- 

Ho'mo-ty pal (ho'uio-ti'pal), a. (Biol.) Of the same 
type of structure ; pertaining to a homotype. 
" Hom'O-type (honi'6-tip), ft. [Homo- + type-] (Biol.) 
That which has the same fundamental type of structure 
with something else. 

Hone (hon), n. [AS. han.~\ A stone of a fine grit 
used for sharpening cutting instruments, esp. razors. 

Hone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honed (bond) ; p. pr. & 
lb. ft. Honing.] To sharpen on, or with, a hone. 

Hon'est (5n'est), a. [OF. honeste, L. honestus, fr. 
honos, honor, honor. See Honor.] 1. Decent ; honor- 
able. 2. Characterized by integrity or fairness and 
straightforwardness in conduct, thought, speech, etc. ; 
upright ; just ; truthful ; sincere ; faithful ; not false. 
3. Genuine in character or quality ; not fraudulent ; not 
spurious. 4. Chaste ; virtuous. — Hon'est-ly . adv. 

Syn. — Upright; ingenuous; trusty; equitable; fair; 
just ; rightful ; frank ; candid ; genuine. 

Hon'es-ty (on'es-ty), ft. Quality or state of being 
honest ; integrity ; probity. 

Hon'ey (hun'j 1 ), n. [AS. hunig ; akin to G. konig.~\ 
1. A sweet, viscid fluid, esp. that collected by bees from 
the flowers of plants. 2. That which is sweet or pleas- 
ant, like honey. 3. Sweet one ; — a term of endearment. 

Hon'ey, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Honeyed (-id) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Honeying.] To talk fondly ; to use endearments ; 
also, to act or be obsequious ; to fawn. 

Hon'ey, v. t. To make sweet or agreeable. 

Hon'ey-bag' (-bag'), n. The receptacle for honey 
in a honeybee. 

Hon'ey-bee 7 (-be 7 ), n. (Zo'ol.) Any bee of the genus 
Apis, which lives in communities and 
collects honey. 

Hon'ey-comV (-kom'), n. [AS. hu- 
nigcarnb. See Honey, and 1st Comb.] 
1. A mass of hexagonal waxen cells, 
formed by bees, for holding their honey 
and their eggs. 2. Any substance per- 
forated with cells like a honeycomb. 

Hon'ey-combed' (-komd'),a. Formed 
or perforated like a honeycomb. 

Hon'ey-dew' (-du'), n. A sweet sub- 
stance, found on the leaves of trees and 
other plants in small drops. 

Hon'ey-moon' (-moon'), n. The first 
month after marriage. 

Hon'ey-snc'kle (-suk/kn), n. [See 
Honey, and Suck.] (Bot.) One of sev- 
eral species of flowering plants, much 
admired for their beauty, and some for their fragrance. 

Hong (hong), n. [Chinese hang, dial, hong, a mercan- 
tile house.] A mercantile or storage establishment or 
factory for foreign trade in China. 




Honk (h5nk), n. [Of imitative origin.] (Zo'ol.) The 
cry of a wild goose. 

Hon'or (5n'er), n. [OF., fr. L. honor, honos.] 1. 
Esteem due or paid to worth ; high estimation ; respect ; 
reverence. 2. Excellence of character ; high moral 
worth; specif., in men, integrity; trustworthiness; in 
women, purity; chastity. 3. A nice sense of what is 
right, just, and true, with corresponding course of life. 
4. Distinguished position ; high rank. 5. Fame ; repu- 
tation; credit. 6. A mark of respect. 7. A cause of 
respect and fame. 8. A title applied to the holders of 
certain honorable civil offices, or to persons of rank. 

9. pi. Academic or university prizes or distinctions. 

10. pi. { Whist) The ace, king, queen, and jack of trumps. 
Affair of honor, a dispute to be decided by a duel, or the 

duel itself. — Debt of honor, a debt contracted by a verbal 
promise, or by betting or gambling. — Honors of wart Mil.), 
distinctions granted to a vanquished enemy. — On one's 
honor, on the pledge of one's honor. 

Hon'or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honobed (-erd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Honoring.] 1. To regard or treat with honor ; to 
treat with deference and submission ; of the Supreme 
Being, to reverence ; to worship. 2. To dignify ; to ele- 
vate in rank. 3. (Com.) To accept and pay when due. 

Hon'or-a-ble (on'er-a-b'l), a. 1. Worthy of honor ; 
estimable; illustrious. 2. High-minded; actuated by 
principles of honor, justice, or rectitude. 3. Proceeding 
from an upright and laudable motive or cause. 4. Con- 
ferring honor. 5. Performed or accompanied with marks 
or ceremonies of honor. 6. Having good character ; re- 
spectable. 7. An epithet of respect or distinction. — 
Hon'or-a-ble-ness. n. — Hon'or-a-bly (-bly), adv. 

I Hon o-ra'ri-um (on'6-ra'ri-um), ) n. [L. honorari- 

Hon'or-a-ry (on'er-a-ry), ( urn.] 1. A fee 

offered to professional men for their services. 2. (Law) 
An honorary payment, usually for services for which it is 
not usual or lawful to set a price. 

Hon'or-a-ry, a. [L. honorarius, fr. honor honor.] 
1. Done as a sign or evidence of honor. 2. Conferring 
honor, esp. without emolument. 3. Holding a title or 
place without rendering service or receiving reward. 

Hon'or-er (-er), n. One who honors. 

Hoo (hoo or ho), interj. Hurrah ! 

-hood (-ho~6d). [OE. hod, had, hed, hede, etc., person, 
rank, order, condition, AS. had; akin to G. -heit, D. 
-heid, Goth, haidus manner. Cf. -head.] A termination 
denoting state, condition, quality, character, totality, as 
in manhood, childhood, knighthood, brotherhood. 

Hood (h66d), n. [AS. hod; akin to G. hut, and E. 
hat.~\ 1. A covering or garment for the head or the head 
and shoulders, often attached to the body garment. 2. 
Anything resembling a hood in form or use. 

Hood (hdod). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. HooDrNG.] To cover with, or as with, a hood. 

Hood'lum (hoodlum), n. A young rowdy. [Colloq.] 

Hood'wink (h56d'wink), v. t. 1. To blind by cover- 
ing the eyes. 2. To deceive by a false show ; to trick. 

Hoof (hoof), n. [AS. hof; akin to G. huf.) 1. The 
horny substance or case that covers or terminates the 
feet of certain animals, as horses, oxen, etc. 2. A hoofed 
animal ; a beast. 

Hoof/bound' (-bound'), a. (Far.) Having a dry and 
contracted hoof, which occasions pain and lameness. 

Hook (hook), n. [AS. hoc.'] 1. A piece of metal, or 
other hard material, formed in a curve or an angle, for 
catching, holding, etc. 2. A sickle : billhook. 

By hook or by crook, one way or other. 

Hook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooked (hdokt) ; p. pr. & 
ib. n. Hooking.] 1. To fasten with a hook or hooks ; to 
catch, seize, capture, or hold, with, or as with, a hook, 
esp. with a disguised or baited hook ; hence, to secure by 
artifice ; to insnare. 2. To steal. [Colloq.~\ 

Hook. v. i. To bend ; to curve as a hook. 

Hook'ah (hook'a), n. [Per. or Ar. huqqa.~\ A pipe 
with a long, flexible stem, so arranged that the smoke is 
cooled by passing through water. 

Hooked (h66kt or hook'ed), a. 1. Shaped like a 
hook. 2. Provided with a hook or hooks. [hooked. [ 

Hook'ed-ness (hook'gd-nes), n. State of being! 

Hook'ey (hdok'y), n. See Hockey. 

Hoop (hoop or h56p), n. [OE. hope; akin to D. hoep, 
hoepcl.~\ 1. A pliant ring of wood or metal for binding 
together the staves of casks, tubs, etc. 2. A ring ; a cir- 
cular band. 3. A circle, or combination of circles of 
elastic material, formerly used for expanding the skirts 
of ladies' dresses ; — chiefly in the plural. 

Hoop iron, iron in thin narrow strips, used for m a kin g 
hoops. — Hoop skirt, Hoop petticoat. See Hoop, n., 3. 

Hoop. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooped (hoopt or hdopt) ; 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



HOOP 



411 



HOROGRAPHY 



p. pr. & vb. n. Hooping.] 1. To bind or fasten with 
hoops. 2. To clasp ; to encircle ; to surround. 

Hoop (hoop), v. i. [OE. houpen ; prob. f r. houp, an 
inter j. used in calling.] 1. To utter a loud sound imita- 
tive of the word, by way of call or pursuit ; to shout. 2. 
To whoop, as in whooping cough. 

Hoop, v. t. 1. To drive or follow with a shout. 2. To 
call by a shout or peculiar cry. [hoopoe. | 

Hoop, n. 1. A shout; a whoop. 2. (Zo'dl.) The| 

Hoop'er (hoop'er or hoop'er), n. [See 1st Hoop.] One 
who hoops casks or tubs ; a cooper. 

Hoop'er (hoop'er), n. (Zo'dl.) [So called from its 
note.] The European whistling, or wild, swan. 

Hoop'oe (hoop'o), Hoop'00 (-oo), ft. [So called from 
its cry.] (Zo'dl.) A European bird, having a beautiful 
erectile crest. _ 

Hoo'sier (hoo'zher), ft. A nickname given to an in- 
habitant of the State of Indiana. [U. S.~\ 

Hoot (hoot), v. i. limp. & p. p. Hooted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Hooting.] [OE. hoten, houten, huten ; of uncer- 
tain origin.] 1. To cry out or shout in contempt. 2. To 
make the peculiar cry of an owl. 

Hoot, v. t. To assail with contemptuous cries, [owl. I 

Hoot, n. 1. A derisive cry or shout. 2. Cry of an| 

Hoove (hoov), n. [Allied to heave.'] A disease in 
cattle consisting in inflation of the stomach by gas. 

Hoov'en (hoov''n), ) a. Affected with hoove ; as, 

Ho'ven (ho'v'n), J hooven, or hoven, cattle. 

Hop (hop), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Hopped (hopt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ft. Hopping (-ping).] [AS. hoppian ; akin to G. 
hupfen.] 1. To leap; to move by successive leaps or 
skips as toads or birds do; to spring or jump on one 
foot. 2. To limp ; to halt. 3. To dance. 

Hop, n. 1. A leap on one leg ; a spring. 2. A dance ; 
esp., an informal dance or ball. [Colloq.~\ 

Hop, n. [OE. hoppe; akin to G. hop/en."] 1. {Bot.) 
A climbing plant, having a long, 
twining, annual stalk. 2. The 
catkin or fruit of the hop. 

Hop'bine' (hop'bln'), Hop'- 
bind' (hop'blnd'), n. The 
climbing stem of the hop. 

Hope (hop), ft. [AS. hopa ; 
akin to D. hoop, hope, MHG. 
hoffe.~\ 1. A desire of some good, 
accompanied with an expecta- 
tion of obtaining it, or a belief 
that it is obtainable. 2. One 
that furnishes ground of expec- 
tation of good. 3. That which 
is hoped for ; an object of hope. 

Hope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Hoped (hopt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Hoping.] 1. To entertain or 
indulge hope ; to expect. 2. 
To have or place confidence. H °P «*"»"*•« Lupulus). 

Hope, v. t. To have or cherish hopes of. 

Hope'ful (hop'ful), a. 1. Full of hope ; inclined to 
hope ; expectant. 2. Affording promise of good or of 
success. — Hope'ful-ly , adv. — Hope'ful-ness, n. 

Hope'less, a. 1. Destitute of hope ; despairing. 2. 
Giving no ground of hope ; desperate. — Hope'less-ly , 
■adv. — Hopeless-ness, «. 

Hop'lite (hopllt), ft. [Gr. ottAittj?, fr. 6ir\ov tool, 
weapon.] (Gr. Antiq.) A heavy-armed infantry soldier. 

Hop'per (hop'per), ft. [See 1st Hop.] 1. One who, 
or that which, hops. 2. A chute, box, or receptacle, for 
delivering or feeding any material, as to a grinding mill ; 
— often operated with a jolting motion. 3. (Naut.) A 
vessel for carrying waste, garbage, etc., out to sea. 

Hop'ple (hop'p'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoppled (-p'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Hoppling (-pling).] [From Hop.] 1. 
To impede by a hopple. 2. Fig. : To hamper. 

Hop'ple, ft. A fetter for horses, or cattle, when 
turned out to graze ; — chiefly used in the plural. 

Hop'scotch/ (-skoch'), «. A game, in which a player, 
hopping on one foot, drives a stone from one compart- 
ment to another of a figure scotched on the ground. 

Ho'ral (ho'ral), a. [L. horalis, fr. hora hour.] Of 
or relating to an hour, or to hours. 

Ho'ra-ry (ho'ra-ry), a. [LL. horarius, fr. L. hora 
hour. See Hour.] 1. Of or pertaining to an hour ; not- 
ing the hours. 2. Occurring once an hour ; hourly. 

Horde (hord), n. [F. fr. Turk, ordu, ordi, camp.] A 
wandering troop or gang ; esp., a nomad tribe. 

Horetound' (hoi/hound'), n. [AS. harhune ; har 
hoar, gray + hune horehound.] (Bot.) A plant which 
has a bitter taste, and is a weak tonic. 




Ho-ri'zon (ho-ri'zttn, formerly hSrl-zfin), n. [F., fr. 
L. horizon, fr. Gr. bpi^iav (sc. kvkAo?) bounding line, 
deriv. of bpos limit.] 1. The apparent junction of the 
earth and sky. 2. (Asiron.) A plane pausing through 
the eye of the spectator and at right angles to the verti- 
cal at a given place (the sensible horizon) ; also, a piano 
through the earth's center parallel to this. 3. (Geol.) 
The epoch or time during which a deposit was made. 

Artificial horizon, a level mirror, as the surface of mer- 
cury in a shallow vessel ; — used chiefly with th<- 
— Dip of the horizon (Asiron.), the vertical angle (due to 
the rotundity of the earth) contained between the sensi- 
ble horizon and a line to the visible horizon. 

Hor'l-ZOn'tal (hSr'I-zSn'tal), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
near, the horizon. 2. Parallel to the horizon ; on a level. 
3. Measured or contained in a plane of the horizon. — 
Hor'i-zon'tal-ly, adv. 

Horn (h&rn), n. [AS. horn ; akin to G. horn, Goth. 
haurn, W., Gael., & Ir. corn, L. comu, Gr. *e'pa?.] 1. 
A hard, projecting, and usually pointed organ growing 
upon the heads of certain animals, esp. of the ruminants, 
as cattle, goats, and the like. 2. The antler of a deer, 
which is of bone throughout. 3. (Zo'dl.) Any natural 
projection or excrescence from an animal, resembling a 
horn in substance or form. 4. Something made of a horn, 
or in resemblance of a horn ; as : (a) A wind instrument 
of music ; originally, one made of a horn, (b) A drinking 
cup, or beaker, as having been originally made of the 
horns of cattle. 5. One of the curved ends of a crescent. 
6. The tough, fibrous material of which true horns are 
composed ; also, any similar substance, as the hoof 
crust of cattle. 7. (Script.) A symbol of strength, 
power, glory, exaltation, or pride. 8. An emblem of a 
cuckold ; — used chiefly in the plural. 

To haul in one's horns, to withdraw some arrogant pre- 
tension. [Colloq.] 

Horn (horn), v. t. 1. To furnish with horns ; to give 
the shape of a horn to. 2. To cuckold. [Obs.~\ 

Horn'beam' (-bem'), n. (Bot.) A species of tree hav- 
ing a smooth gray bark and very hard wood. 

Horn'bilP (-biP), n. (Zo'dl.) Any one of numerous 
species of birds of 
Asia, Africa, and the 
East Indies, remark- 
able for having a 
more or less horn- 
like protuberance 
on the upper side of 
the beak. 

Horn'blendc 
( h6rn ' blend ' ) , n . 
[G., fr. horn horn + 
blende blende . ] 
(Min.) A common 
black, or dark green 
or brown, variety of 
amphibole. 

Horn/book/ (h6rn'- 
book'), ft. 1. A 
primer ; - so called Indian HornbiU (Bu 
because formerly hav- 
inga horn cover. 2. A manual ; a handbook. 

Horned (hSrnd), a. Furnished with a horn or horns, 
or with a hornlike process or part. 

Horn toad (Zo'dl.), any one of several lizards having 
several hornlike spines on the head, and a scaly body. 

Hor'net (hSr'net), n. [AS. hymet ; akin to G. homiss.] 
(Zo'dl.) A large, strong wasp. 
Its sting is very severe. 

Horn'-mad/ (-mSd'), a. 
Quite mad ; — raving crazy. 

Hor'no-tine (hSr'n6-tTn), n. 
[L. hornotinus of this year.] 
A yearling ; a bird of the year. _ 

Horn'pipe 7 (-pip'), n. (Jfus.) -3- 
(a) An instrument of music 
formerly popular in Wales, White-faced Hornet ( Vespa 
consisting of a wooden pipe, maculata). 

with holes. The open end was sometimes made of horn. 
(6) A lively tune for dancing adapted to this instrument. 
(c) A dance performed to such a tune. 

Horn'stone' (-stonO, «• (Min.) A variety of quartz, 
closely resembling flint, but more brittle. 

Hofn'y (-f), a. [Compar. Hornieb (-T-er) ; superl. 
Horniest.] 1. Having horns or hornlike projections. 
2. Composed of, or like, horn. 3. Hard ; callous. 

Ho-rog'ra-phy (ho-r5g'ra-f£), ft. [Gr. <opa hour -f 
-graphy.~\ 1. An account of the hours. 2. Art of con- 
structing instruments for marking the hours. 




carat us). 




K 



fSrn, recent, drb, r^ide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HOROLOGE 



412 



HOSPITABLY 



HofO-lOge (h5r'S-15j). r>. [Through F. & Lat. fr. Gr. 
ipoAoyioi- ; iopa hour 4- Aryctv to say, tell.] A timepiece. 

Hor o-log'ic-al (,-loyi-kal), a. Relating to a horologe, 
or to horology. 

Ho-roro-glst (lio-r51'o-jIst), n. One versed in horology. 

Ho-rol'o-gy (,ho-r51'6-jy), n. The science of measur- 
ing time, or of constructing timepieces. 

Ho-rom'e-try (ho-r5m^e-tr^), n. [Gr. wpa hour -(- 
WHflf ] The art, practice, or method of measuring time 
bv hours and subordinate divisions. 

"Hor'O-SCOpe (h5r'o-skop), n. [Through F. & L. fr. 
Gr. wpocTKon-o?, adj., observing hours or times, esp._ the 
hour of birth, n., a horoscope; oipa hour -f~ aiconeiv to 
observe.] (Astrol.) (a) The representation of the as- 
pect of the heavens at the moment of a person's birth, 
by which the astrologer prophesied the events of the per- 
son's life, (b) The diagram of the twelve houses, or signs 
of the zodiac, used for the purposes of such prediction. 

Ho-ros'CO-py (h6-r5sl£o-p^), it, 1. Art or practice 
of casting horoscopes, with a view to predicting events. 
2. Aspect of the stars at the time of a person's birth. 

Hor'rent (hor'rent), a. [See Horbok.] Bristling. 

Hor'ri-ble (h5r'rT-b'l), a. [OF., fr. L. horribilis, fr. 
horrere. See Horror.] Exciting, or tending to excite, 
horror. — Hor/ri-ble-ness, n. — Hor'ri-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Dreadful; frightful; fearful; terrible; awful; 
terrific; shocking; hideous; horrid. 

Hor 'rid (hor'rld), a. [L. horridus. See Horror.] 
1. Rough ; rugged ; bristling. [Archaic] 2. Fitted to 
excite horror ; horrible ; dreadful ; frightful ; hence, 
very offensive. — Hor'rid-ly , adv. — Hor'rid-ness, n. 

Syn.— Hideous; alarming ; awful ; terrific ; abominable. 

Hor-rif'iC (hor-riflk), a. [L. horrificus; horrere to 
be horrible + -ficare. See -fy.] Horrifying ; frightful. 

Hor'ri-fy (h5r'ri-fi), v. t. limp. & p. p. Horrified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Horrifying (-fi'ing).] To cause 
to feel horror ; to strike or impress with horror. 

Hor'ror (hbr'rer), n. [L., fr. horrere to bristle, to 
shiver, to be dreadful or terrible.] 1. A bristling up. 
[Archaic] 2. A shaking, shivering, or shuddering. 3. 
A shuddering with terror and detestation. 4. That which 
excites horror or dread, or is horrible. 

The horrors, delirium tremens. [Colloq.] 

Horse (hSrs), n. [AS. hors ; akin to G. ross, Icel. 
hross.] 1. (Zool.) A hoofed ± 

quadruped of the genus Equus; lz • 

esp., the domestic horse used for wTTi^ -= 

drawing, carrying, bearing a /fcml ^J®X6 V 




Horse. 
1 Ear ; 2 Forelock ; 3 Forehead ; 4 Eye ; 5 Eye Pit ; 6 Nose ; 
7 Xofetril ; 8 Point of Nose ; 9 Lip ; 10 Nether Jaw ; 11 
Cheek ; 12 Poll ; 13 Mane ; 14 Withers ; 15 Parotid Glands ; 
16 Throat ; 17 Neck ; 18 Jugular Vein ; 19 Shoulder ; 20 
Breast ; 21 Ribs ; 22 Back ; 23 Loin ; 24 Hip ; 25 Flank ; 
26 Belly ; 27 Haunch ; 28 Thigh ; 29 Buttock ; 30 Stifle ; 31 
Leg ; 32 Tail ; 33 Hock or Hough ; 34 Canon or Shank 
Bone ; 35 Arm ; 36 Knees ; 37 Passage for the Girths ; 38 
Elbow ; 39 Shank ; 40 Bullet ; 41 Pastern ; 42 Coronet ; 43 
Foot ; 44 Hoof ; 4.5 Fetlock. 

rider, etc. 2. The male of the genus horse, in distinction 
from the female or mare. 3. Mounted soldiery ; cavalry ; 
— used as a collective. 4. A frame with legs, used to 
Bupport something. 5. Anything on which one rides as 
on a horse; a hobby. 6. (Mining) A mass of earthy 
matter, or rock, inclosed between branches of a vein. 

Horse car. (a) A railroad car drawn by horses, (b) A 
car fitted for transporting horses. — Horse cloth, a cloth 
to cover a horse. —Horse mackerel (Zool.), any one of 
various fishes ; esp. : (a) The common tunny. (6) The 
bluefish. <c> The scad. — Horse railroad, a railroad on 
which the cars are drawn by horses. 

Horse (h6rs), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Horsed (hSrst) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Horsoio.] 1. To provide with a horse, or 



with horses. 2. To bestride. 3. To carry on the back. 

4. To place on the back of another, or on a wooden 

horse, etc., to be flogged ; to subject to such punishment. 

Horse'back' (hGrs'bSk'), n. 1. The back of a horse. 

2. (Geol.) An extended ridge of sand, gravel, and bowl- 
ders, in a half-stratified condition. 

Horse -chest'nut (-chgs'nut), n. (Bot.) (a) The 
large nutlike seed of a species of ^Esculus (JE. Hippo- 
castanum), formerly ground, and fed to horses ; — whence 
the name. (6) The tree itself. The native American 
species are called also buckeyes. 

Horse / fly / (-fh7), n. (Zool.) Either of several dipte- 
rous insects that sting horses and suck their blood. 
[See Illusts. under Diptera, and Breezefly.] 

Horse' Guards' (gardz'). (Mil.) A body of cavalry 
so called ; esp., a British regiment, which furnishes 
guards of state for the sovereign. 

Horse'hair' (-htr'), n. A hair of a horse, esp. one 
from the mane or tail ; also, such hairs collectively. 

Horse'-Jock'ey (-jok'jf), n. 1. A rider and trainer 
of race horses. 2. A trainer and dealer in horses. 

Horse'laugh' (-laf'), n. A loud, boisterous laugh. 

Horse'-leech' (-lech'), n. 1. (Zool.) A large leech 
which attacks the lips and mouths of horses. 2. A farrier. 

Horse'-lit ter (-lifter), n. A litter borne by horses. 

Horse'man (-man), n. 1. A rider on horseback ; one 
skilled in horsemanship. 2. (Mil.) A cavalryman. 

Horse'man-ship, n. Act or art of riding, and of 
training and managing horses ; manege. 

Horse'play' (-pla'), n. Rude, boisterous play. 

Horse' pow'er (pou'er). 1. The power which a horse 
exerts. 2. (Mach.) A unit of power, equal to the power 
that must be exerted in lifting 33,000 pounds at the rate 
of one foot per minute, or 550 pounds at the rate of one 
foot per second, etc. 3. A motor worked by a horse. 

Horse'-rad'ish (-rSd'ish), n. (Bot.) A plant having 
a root of a pungent taste, — used as a condiment. 

Horse'rake' (-rak^, n. A rake drawn by a horse. 

Horse'shoe' (-shoo'), n. 1. An iron shoe for horses t 
nailed to the hoof. 2. Anything shaped like a horseshoe. 

3. The limulus, or horseshoe crab. See Limulus. 
Horse'tail' (-tal'), n. 1. (Bot.) A leafless plant 

(Equisetum) with hollow and rushlike stems. [See 
Equisetum.] 2. A Turkish standard, denoting rank. 

Horse'Whip' (-hwip'), n. A whip for horses. 

Horse'whip', v.t. To flog or chastise with a horsewhip. 

Horse'WOm'an (-wo"6m'an), n. A woman who rides 
on horseback, or one skilled in horsemanship. 

Hors'y (-f), a. Pertaining to, or suggestive of, a 
horse, or of horse racing. [Colloq.] 

Hor'ta-tive (h6r'ta-tiv), a. [L. hortativus, fr. hortari 
to incite, exhort, fr. hori to urge.] Giving advice; ad- 
visory ; exhortative. 

Hor'ta-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Giving exhortation or advice ; 
encouraging ; exhortatory ; inciting. 

Hor'ti-CUl'tur-al (h6r'tT-kul'tur-al ; 135), a. Of or 
pertaining to horticulture. 

Hor'ti-CUl'ture (hSr'ti-kul'tur ; 135), n. [L. hortus 
garden + cultura culture.] The cultivation of a garden 
or orchard ; art of cultivating gardens or orchards. 

Hor'ti-CUl'tUT-ist (h6r'tT-kultnr-Tst ; 135), n. One 
who practices horticulture. 

II Hor'tus sic'CUS (hoVtus efk'kus). [L., a dry gar- 
den.] An herbarium. 

Ho-san'na (ho-zan'na), n. ; pi. HosANNAs(-naz). [Gr. 
uio-avvd, f r. Heb. hoshVah nnd save now, save, we pray ; 
hoshia'' to save -4- na, a particle.] A Hebrew exclama- 
tion of praise to the Lord, or an invocation of blessings. 

Hose (hoz), n. ; pi. Hose, formerly Hosen (ho'z'n). 
[AS. hose; akin to G. hose breeches.] 1. Close-fitting 
trousers or breeches reaching to the knee. 2. A stock- 
ing or stockings. 3. A flexible pipe for conveying fluids, 
esp. water, from a faucet, hydrant, or fire engine. 

Ho'sier (ho'zher), n. One who deals in hose or stock- 
ings, or in goods knit or woven like hose. 

Ho'sier-y (-y), n. 1. The business of a hosier. 2. 
Stockings, in general ; goods knit or woven like hose. 

Hos'pice (h5s'pes), n. [F., fr. L. hpspitium hospi- 
tality, place where strangers are entertained, fr. hospes 
stranger, guest. See Host a landlord.] A convent or 
monastery which is also a place of refuge or entertain- 
ment for travelers, as in the Alps. 

Hos'pi-ta-ble (-pT-ta-b'l), a. 1. Receiving and enter- 
taining strangers or guests kindly, generously, and gratu- 
itously ; marked by hospitality. 2. Proceeding from, or 
indicating kindness and generosity to, guests and stran- 
gers ; generous to strangers. — Hos'pl-ta-ble-ness, n. — 
Hos'pl-ta-bly, adv. 



a, e, 1, 5, ii, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; wnate, Svent, Idea, Obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



HOSPITAL 



413 



HOUSS 



Hos'pi-tal (hos'ptt-al), n. [LL. hospitale, fr. L. hos- 
pitalis relating to a guest, fr. hospes guest. See Host a 
landlord.] A building or other place in which the sick, 
injured, or infirm are received and treated. 

Hos'pl-tal-er, n. 1. One living in a hospital, to re- 
ceive the poor, the sick, and strangers. 2. One of an order 
of knights who built a hospital at Jerusalem, A. d. 1042. 

Hos'pi-tal-i-ty (h5s'pT-t51-i-ty), n. Act or practice of 
one who is hospitable. 

II Hos'po-dar' (hSs'po-daV), n. [A Slav word ; cf. 
Buss, gospodare lord, master.] A title formerly borne 
by the princes or governors of Moldavia and Wallachia. 

Host (host), n. [LL. hostia, L. hostia sacrifice, vic- 
tim, from hostire to strike.] (R. C. Ch.) The conse- 
crated wafer, which in the Mass is offered as a sacrifice. 

Host, n. [OF. host, ost, fr. L. hostis enemy, LL., 
army.] 1. An army. 2. A multitude ; throng. 

Host, n. [OF. hoste, oste, fr. L. hospes a stranger, 
guest, also, the entertainer, a host ; origin uncertain.] 
One who receives or entertains another, whether gratui- 
tously or for compensation ; an entertainer ; a landlord. 

Hos-tage (h5s'taj), n. [OF. hostage, ostage, deriv. of 
L. hospes guest, host.] A person given as a pledge or 
security for the performance of conditions. 

Hos'tel (-tSl), n. [OF. hostel, LL. hospitale, fr. L. 
hospitalis. See Hospital.] An inn. [Archaic} 

Hos'tel-er (-er), n. The keeper of a hostel or inn. 

Hos'tel-ry (-ry), n. An inn ; lodging house. [Archaic] 

Host'ess (host-es), n. A female host, or innkeeper. 

Hos'tile (hos-til), a. [L. hostilis, from hostis enemy. 
See Host an army.] Belonging or appropriate to an 
enemy. — Hos'tile-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Warlike ; inimical ; unfriendly ; antagonistic ; 
opposed ; adverse ; opposite ; contrary ; repugnant. 

Hos-til'i-ty (hos-tll-i-ty), n. 1. State of being hos- 
tile. 2. A hostile deed ; esp. in pi., acts of warfare. 

Syn. — Animosity ; enmity ; opposition ; violence ; ag- 
gression; contention; warfare. 

Hos'tler (hos-ler or os'le'r), n. [OE. hosteler, osteler, 
innkeeper. See Hostel.] 1. An innkeeper. [06s.] 
2. One in charge of horses at an inn or stable ; groom. 

Hot (h5t), a. [Compar. Hotter (-ter ; superl. Hot- 
test (-tSst).] [AS. hat; akin to G-. heiss.] 1. Having 
much sensible heat; very warm. 2. Characterized by 
heat, ardor, or animation. 3. Lustful; lewd. 4. Ac- 
rid; pungent. 

Syn. — Burning ; fiery ; fervid ; glowing ; eager ; vio- 
lent ; furious ; ardent ; irascible ; hasty ; excitable. 

Hot. See Hote. [Obs.] 

Hot'bed' (-bed'), n. 1. (Gardening) A glass-covered 
bed of earth heated by fermenting manure or other sub- 
stances. 2. A place which favors rapid growth. 

Hotch'pot' (hSch'pof), ) n. [F. hochepot, fr. hocher 

Hotch-potch 7 (-poch'), J to shake + pot pot ; both 
of Dutch or German origin.] 1. A confused mixture ; a 
atew of various ingredients. 2. (Law) A blending of 
property for equality of division. 

Hot-coc'kles (hot-kok'k'lz), n. [Hot -f- cockle, cockle 
being perh. corrupt, fr. knuckle.] A childish play, in 
which one covers his eyes, and guesses who strikes him. 

Hote (hot), v. t. & i. [pres. & imp. Hatte, Hot, etc. ; 
p. p. Hote, Hoten, Hot, etc. See Hight.] [See Hight.] 
[Obs.] 1. To command ; to enjoin. 2. To promise. 3. 
To be called or named. 

Hotel' (ho-tel-), n. [F. hotel, OF. hostel. See Hos- 
tel.] 1. An inn or public house, of the better class. 
2. In France, the town residence of a person of wealth. 

II Ho-tel'-de-ville' (6'tal'de-vel'), n. [F.] A city 
hall or townhouse. 

II Hotel' -Dieu' (6'tal'dye-), n. [F.] A hospital. 

Hot'-headVed (hot'hgd'ed), a. Fiery ; rash ; vehement. 

Hot-house' (-hous'), n. A house kept warm to shel- 
ter tender plants. 2. A bagnio. [Obs.~\ 

Hot'ly, adv. In a hot manner. 

Hot/ness, n. Quality or state of being hot. 

Hot-press' (-pres'), v. t. To apply heat to, in con- 
junction with mechanical pressure. 

Hot-spur- (-spur'), n. A rash, hot-headed man. 

Hou-dah (hou-da), n. See Howdah. 

Hough (hSk), n. Same as Hock, a joint. 

Hough, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Houghed (h5kt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Houghing.] Same as Hock, to hamstring. 

Hound (hound), n. [AS. hund ; akin to G. hund.] 
1. (Zo'dl. ) A variety of dog used for hunting, esp. one 
which hunts by scent. 2. A despicable person. 

Hound, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Hounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Hounding.] 1. To incite to pursuit. 2. To hunt or 
chase with, or as with, hounds. 




Hound-fish' (hound-fish'), n. (Zo'dl.) Any one of 
several small sharks. 

Hound' S'-tongue' (houndz't&ng'), n. (Bot.) A bi- 
ennial weed (Cynoglossum officinale), with soft tongue- 
shaped leaves, and an offensive odor. 

Hour (our), n. [L. hora, fr. Gr. ipo. See Yeah.] 

1. Sixty minutes. 2. The time of the day, as indicated 
by a timepiece. 3. Fixed or appointed time ; conjunc- 
ture. 4. pi. (R. C. Ch.) Certain prayers to be re- 
peated at stated hours of the day. 

To keep good hourB, to be regular in going to bed early. 

Hour-glass' (our-glas'), n. An instrument for meas- 
uring time, esp. the interval of an hour, by 
the running of sand, mercury, etc., out of 
one section of a glass vessel into another. 

Hou'ri (hou-rl), n. ; pi. Houris (-rlz). 
[Per. hurl, hura, hur ; akin to Ar. ahwar 
beautiful-eyed, black-eyed.] A nymph of 
paradise ; — so called by the Mohammedans. 

Houi'ly (our'ty), a. Happening or done 
every hour ; occurring hour by hour ; re- 
newed hour by hour. [continually. I 

Hour'ly , adv. Every hour ; frequently ; | 

House (hous), n. (AS. hus; akin to G. Hourglass. 
haus.] 1. A structure for habitation or shelter ; esp., a 
building for man to dwell in ; dwelling ; mansion. 2. 
Household affairs ; domestic concerns. 3. A household ; 
also, a family including ancestors, descendants, and kin- 
dred. 4. A body of men united in a legislative capacity ; 
also, a quorum of such a body. 5. (Com.) A firm, or 
commercial establishment. 6. An inn ; hotel. 7. (Aslrol.) 
A twelfth part of the heavens. 8. An audience. 

To keep house, to maintain an independent domestic es- 
tablishment. 

House (houz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Housed (houzd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Housing.] 1. To take or put into a 
house ; to put under a roof or covering ; to shelter. 

House, v. i. To abide ; to dwell ; to lodge. 

House-break ing (hous'brak'ing), n. Act of breaking 
open and entering, with a felonious purpose, the dwelling 
house of another. [as a family. I 

House-hold' (-hold'), n. Those who dwell together! 

House-hold', a. Belonging to the house and family ; 
domestic. [family. I 

House-hold er (-er), n. The master or head of a| 

House-keep er (hous'kep'er), n. 1. A householder. 

2. One who does, or oversees, the work of keeping house. 

3. One who stays much at home. [R.~\ 
House'keep ing, n. 1. Act of keeping house. 2. 

Care of domestic concerns. 3. Hospitality. [Obs.] 

Hou'sel (hou'zel), n. [AS. husel; akin to Icel. husl.] 
The eucharist. [Archaic] 

House'leek' (hous'lek'), n. (Bot.) A succulent plant 
common on old walls and roofs. 

House-less, a. Destitute of a . 
house ; homeless. 

House-line' (-lln-), n. (Naut.) 
A small three-stranded rope for seiz- 
ing, etc. 

House-maid' (-mad'), n. A fe- 
male servant employed to do house- Houseleek (Semper- 
work, esp. to take care of the rooms. v,nim tectorvm). 

House-room' (-room-), n. Room or place in a house. 

House'warm'lng (-warm'fng), n. A feast or merry- 
making made on taking possession of a new house. 

House-Wife' (hous'wif), n. 1. The mistress of a 
family. 2. (Usually pronounced huz-Tf.) A little case 
or bag for materials used in sewing, etc. ; a hussy. 3. A 
forward wench ; a hussy. [R.] 

House'wife'ly (hous'wIFly), a. Pertaining or appro- 
priate to a housewife ; domestic ; economical ; prudent. 

House-Wil'er-y (hous'wlf'er-y), n. The domestic 
business of the mistress of a family. 

House-work' (-wfirk'), n. Work belonging to house- 
keeping ; esp., kitchen work, sweeping, scrubbiug, etc. 

Hous-ing (houz'ing), n. [From House. In some 
senses confused with the following word.] 1. A putting 
or receiving under shelter. 2. That which shelters or 
covers. 3. (Arch.) (a) Space hollowed out to admit the 
insertion of something, (b) A niche for a statue. 4. 
(Mach.) A support to hold something in place. 5. (Xctut.) 
(a) The part of a mast or bowsprit beneath the deck. 
(6) A covering or protection, (c) A houseline. 

Hous'ing, n. [From Houss.1 1. A saddlecloth ; a 
horse cloth ; in pi. , trappings. 2. An appendage to the 
hames or collar of a harness. 

Houss (hous), 7i. [F. housse, deriv. of OHG. hidst ; 
akin to E. holster.] A saddlecloth. [Obs.] 




K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



HOVE 



414 



HUMANENESS 



> 



Hove (hov). imp. & ;>. p. of Hex vs. 

Hov'el (hOT^Slfc n. [OE. hovel, horil. prob. a dim. fr. 
,'iise.] 1. An open shed for sheltering cattle, 
.. cting produce. 2. A poor cottage ; a hut. 

Hov'el. r'. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoveled (-eld) or -elled ; 
I :b. n. Hoveling or -elling.] To put in a hovel. 

Ho'ven ^hob'v'n), <?. Affected with hoove, the disease. 

Hov'er (huv'er), r. i. [imp. S: p. p. Hovered (-erd) ; 
/>. pr. A vb. n. Hovering.] [OE. hoveren, and hoven, 
j>rob. orig., to abide, linger, and fr. AS. ho/ house.] 1. 
To hang fluttering in the air, or on the wing. 2. To hang 
about : to move to and fro near a place. 

How (hdn), adv. [AS. hu, fr. same root as hira, hwret, 
who, what. See Who.] 1. In what manner or way ; by 
what means. 2. To what degree or extent ; in what 
proportion. 3. For what reason. 4. In what state, con- 
dition, or plight. 5. By what name or title. 

Cgp"" Hon: is used in each sense, interrogatively, inter- 
jectionally, and relatively ; it is also often employed to 
emphasize an interrogation or exclamation. 

!l How-adj'i (hou-Sj'y), n. [Ar.] 1. A traveler. 2. 
A merchant ; — because in the East merchants were for- 
merly the chief travelers. 

How-be'it (hou-beTt), co7ij. [How + be + «.] Be 
it as it may ; although ; albeit ; yet ; but ; however. 

How'dah (hou'da), n. [Ar. Jiawdaj.] A seat or pa- 
vilion fastened on the back of an elephant. 

How'el (hou'el), n. A tool used by coopers for smooth- 
ing and chamfering their work, esp. the inside of casks. 

How-ev'er (hou-ev'er), adv. 1. In whatever manner, 
way, or degree. 2. At all events ; at least ; in any case. 

How-eVer, conj. Nevertheless ; notwithstanding ; 
yet; still; though; howbeit. 

Syn. — At least ; nevertheless ; yet. — Of these words, 
all of which have an adversative sense, hoicever is the 
most general, and leads to a final conclusion or decision. 
At least points out that in the conclusion reached the ut- 
most concession has been made. Nevertheless denotes 
that though the concession be fully made, it has no bear- 
ing on the question. Yet signifies that however extreme 
the fact conceded may be, the consequence which might 
naturally be expected does not and will not follow. 

How'itz-er (hou'Tts-er), n. [G. haubitze, formerly 
hauffnitz, Bohem. hauf- c y— - x 

nice, orig., a sling.] 
{Mil.) A short, light, 
large-bore cannon, in- 
tended to throw large 
projectiles with compara- 
tively small charges. v ; — i 

Howl (houl), v. i. Howitzer ; — showing the piece 
[imp. & p. p. Howled with Vent upright, and so turned 
(hould) ; p. pr. & vb. n. as t0 show lruum ° ns < c c >- 
Howling.] [OE. houlen, hulen; akin to G. lieulen.] 1. 
To utter a loud, protracted, mournful sound or cry, as 
dogs and wolves often do. 2. To cry aloud ; to wail. 

Howl, v. t. To utter with outcry. [wail. I 

Howl, n. Act of howling, or the sound so made ; a | 

Howl'et (-et), n. [Equiv. to owlet, influenced by 
howl."] (Zo'61.) An owl ; an owlet. 

How'SO-ev'er (hou'so-eVer), adv. & conj. [How + 
so + ever.] In whatever manner or degree ; however. 

Hoy (hoi), 7i. [D. keu, or Flem. hui.] (Naut.) A 
small coasting vessel, usually sloop-rigged. 

Hoy, interj. [D. hui.] Ho ! halloo ! stop ! 

Hoy'den (hoi'd'n), n. Same as Hoiden. 

Hub (hub), n. [See 1st Hob.] 1. The central part of 
a wheel ; the nave. 2. The hilt of a weapon. 3. A pro- 
tuberance or projecting obstruction. [U. S.] 4. A 
mark at which quoits, etc., are cast. 5. A screw hob. 

Hub'ble-bub'ble (hub'b'l-biib'b'l), n. A tobacco 
pipe, so arranged that the smoke passes 
through water, making a bubbling noise, 
whence its name. 

HubOrab (-bfib), n. [Cf. Whoop.] A 
tumult ; uproar. 

HuVby (-by), a. Full of hubs or pro- 
tuberances. [U. S.] 

Huck'a-back (huk'a-bak), n. [Perh. 
orig., huckster' 1 s wares.] A kind of linen 
cloth with raised figures. 

HucTrie (huk'k'l), n. [Perh. dim. of 
Prov. E. hack a hook.] 1. The hip ; the „ 
haunch. 2. A projecting bunch or part. Hubble-bubble. 

HucTde-backed' (-baktf), a. Round-shouldered. 

Huckleberry (-beVi-y), n. [Cf. Whoetlebeery.] 
(hot.) The edible black or dark blue fruit of several spe- 
cies of American shrubs (Gaylussacia) nearly related to 
the blueberries ; also, the shrub itself. 



c^m 




Huckster (huk'ster), n. [OD. heuksler ; akin to D. 
huiken to stoop, bend ; — the peddler being named from 
his stooping under his load.] 1. A peddler ; a hawker. 
2. A mean, trickish fellow. [bargains. I 

Huck'ster, V. i. To deal in small articles, or in petty | 

Huck'ster-er (-er), n. A huckster. 

Hud'dle (hud'd'l), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Huddled (-d'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Huddling (-dling).] [Etym. uncertain.] 
To crowd together confusedly ; to press in disorder. 

Hud'dle, v. I. 1. To crowd (things) together. 2. To 
do, make, or put, in haste or roughly. 

Hud'dle, n. A crowd ; a confused mass ; tumult. 

Hud'dler (-dler), n. One who huddles things together. 

Hue (hu), n. [OE. hew, heow, color, shape, AS. hiw, 
heow.] Color or shade of color ; tint ; dye. 

Hue, n. [OE. hue, huer, to hoot, shout, prob. fr. OF. 
hu an exclamation.] A shouting or vociferation. 

Huo and cry (Law), a loud outcry with which felons 
were anciently pursued; later, a written proclamation 
requiring all persons to aid in retaking an escaped felon. 

Hued (hud), a. Having color, or such a color. 

Huff (huf), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Hupped (hfift) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Huffing.] [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To swell; to 
puff up. 2. To treat insolently or arrogantly ; to bully. 

Huff, v. i. 1. To enlarge ; to swell up. 2. To blus- 
ter ; to take offense. [rage. 2. A boaster. I 

Huff, n. 1. A fit of disappointed petulance or anger ; | 

Huff'i-ness (-T-nes), n. The state of being huffy. 

Huffish, a. Disposed to be blustering or arrogant ; 
petulant. — Huff'lsh-ly, adv. — Huff'ish-neSB, n. 

Huff'y (-y), a. 1. Puffed up. 2. Characterized by 
arrogance or petulance ; easily offended. 

Hug (hug), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hugged (hugd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Hugging.] [Prob. of Scand. origin.] 1. 
To cower ; to crouch. [Obs.~\ 2. To cuddle. [Obs.~\ 

Hug, v. t. 1. To press closely within the arms ; to 
embrace. 2. To hold fast ; to cling to ; to cherish. 3. 
(Naut.) To keep close to. 

Hug, n. A close embrace or clasping with the arms. 

Huge (huj), a. [Compar. Huger (hu'jer) ; superl. 
HuGEST(-jest).] [OF. ahuge, ahoge.] Very large ; enor- 
mous ; excessive. — Huge'ly, adv. — Huge'ness, n. 

Syn.— Gigantic ; colossal ; immense ; prodigious ; vast. 

Hug'ger-mug'ger (hug'ger-mug/ger), n. [Scot, hug- 
grie-muggrie.~\ Privacy; secrecy. [Archaic] 

Hug'ger-mug'ger, a. 1. Secret ; clandestine ; sly. 
2. Confused ; disorderly ; slovenly ; mean. 

Hu'gue-not (hu'ge-not), n. [F. ; prob. named after 
some reformer.] (Eccl. Hist.) A French Protestant of 
the period of the religious wars in France in the 16th 
century. [guenots in France, i 

Hu'gue-not-ism (-T z'm), n. The religion of the Hu- 1 

Hulk (hulk), n. [OE. hulke a heavy ship, AS. hulc a 
light, swift ship.] 1. The body of a decked vessel ; esp., 
an old dilapidated vessel. 2. A clumsy ship. 3. Any- 
thing bulky or unwieldy. 

Hulk'ing, Hulk'y (-y), a. Bulky ; unwieldy. [#.] 

Hull (hul), n. [OE. hul, hoi, shell, husk, AS. hulu ; 
akin to G. hulle husk, case, AS. helan to conceal.] 1. 
The outer covering of anything, esp. of a nut or of grain ; 
husk. 2. (Naut.) The frame or body of a vessel. 

Hull, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Hulled (hiild) ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. Hulling.] 1. To take off the hull or hulls of. 2. To 
pierce the hull of , as a ship, with a cannon ball. 

Hul-lo' (hul-lo'), interj. See Hollo. 

Hull'y (hul'y), a. Having or containing bulls. 

Hum (hum), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hummed (humd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Humming (-ming).] [Of imitative origin.] 
1. To make a low, prolonged sound, like that of a bee in 
flight ; to drone ; to murmur ; to buzz. 2. To make a 
nasal sound, like that of the letter m prolonged; to 
mumble ; to drone. 3. [Cf. Hum, interj.] To make an 
inarticulate sound, like A'rw; to hem. 4. To have the 
sensation of a humming noise. [cajole. [Low] I 

Hum. ?'. t. 1. To sing, etc., with shut mouth. 2. To I 

Hum, n. A humming, or the noise so made ; drone. 

Hum, interj. & n. [Cf. Hem, interj.] Ahem ; hem ; 
an inarticulate sound implying doubt and deliberation. 

Hu'man (hu'man), a. [L. hum anus ; akin to homo 
man.] Of or belonging to man or mankind ; having the 
qualities or attributes of a man. 

Humane' (hu-man'), a. [L. humanus. See Human.] 
1. Pertaining to man. [Obs.] 2. Having a disposition 
to treat other human beings or animals with kindness ; 
kind ; benevolent. 3. Humanizing ; exalting ; tending to 
refine. — Hu-mane'ly , adv. — Hu-mane'ness, n. 

Syn.— Kind; sympathizing; benevolent; mild; com- 
passionate ; gentle ; tender ; merciful. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



HUMANISM 



415 



HUNK 



Hu'man-ism (hu'nifln-Tz'm). n. 1. Human nature or 
disposition ; humanity. 2. Study of the humanities. 

Hu'man-ist, n. 1. One who pursues the study of the 
humanities, or polite literature. 2. One versed in 
knowledge of human nature. 

Hu man-is'tic (-Is'tTk), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
humanity. 2. Pertaining to polite literature. 

Hu-man'i-ta'rl-an (hu-m2n ■ l-ta'rwm), a. 1. Of or 
pert, to humanitarianism. 2. Philanthropic. [Recent] 

Human i-ta'ri-an, n. 1. {Theol.) One who denies 
the divinity of Christ. 2. One who bases ethical obliga- 
tions on human relations. 3. A philanthropist. — Hu- 
man i-ta'rl-an-ism ( -Tz'm), n. 

Hu-man'i-ty (hu-nian'i-ty). n. 1. Quality of being 
human or humane. 2. Mankind collectively. 3. Mental 
cultivation ; liberal education. 4. pi. ("With the) The 
branches of polite or elegant learning, as language, rhet- 
oric, poetry, and the ancient classics. 

Hu'man-ize (hu'nicm-iz), r. t. & i. To render or be- 
come human or humane. 

Hu'man-ly, adv. In a human manner. 

Hu'man-ness. n. Quality or state of being human. 

Hum'ble (hilin'b'l), a. [Compar. Humbler (-bier) ; 
superl. Humblest (-blest).] [F., fr. L. hum His on the 
ground, low, fr. humus the earth, ground.] 1. Being 
near the ground ; not pretentious or magnificent ; unpre- 
tending ; unassuming. 2. Thinking lowly of one's self ; 
claiming little for one's self : lowly : weak ; modest. 

To «at humble pie, to submit passively to insult or hu- 
miliation ; to apologize abjectly : — alluding to a pie, made 
of humbles, formerly served to servants at a hunting feast. 

Hum'ble, v. t. limp. & p. p. Humbled (-b*ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ?z. Humbllvg (-bling).] To make humble ; to abase. 

Syn.— To lower : humiliate; disgrace: degrade. 

Hum'ble-bee / (-be), n. [OE. humbilbee, hombulbe ; 
perh. akin tohum.] (Zodl.) The bumblebee. 

Hum'ble-ness. n. Quality or state of being humble. 

Hum'bler (-bier), n. One that humbles. [a deer. I 

Humbles (-b'lz), n. pi. [See Nombles.] Entrails of 

Hum'bly, ado. With humility ; lowly. 

Hum'bug/ (hum'bug'). n. [Prob. fr. Awn to deceive 
-f OE. bug a frightful object. See Bug.] 1. A trick by 
cajolery ; a hoax. 2. A spirit of deception ; cajolery. 
3. A deceiver ; an impostor. 

Hum'bug , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humbugged (-bugd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Humbugging (-ging).] To deceive ; to 
impose on ; to cajole ; to hoax. 

Hum'bug ger-y (-ger-y), n. Practice of imposition. 

Hum'drum (-drum 7 ), a. Monotonous ; dull. 

Hum'drum . n. 1. A dull fellow ; a bore. 2. Mo- 
notonous and tedious routine. 

Hu'mer-al (hu'mer-al), a. [L. humerus the shoulder.] 
(Anat.) Of or pertaining to the humerus. 

II Hu'me-rus (hu'me-rus), n. ; pi. Humeri (-ri). [L.] 
(Anat.) (a) The bone of the upper part of the arm or 
fore limb. [See Illust. of Skeleton.] (b) The fleshy 
part surrounding this bone. 

Hu'mid (hu'mid), a. [L. hionidus, fr. humere to be 
moist : akin to Gr. iiypds, Skr. uksh to wet.] Containing 
sensible moisture ; somewhat wet ; damp ; moist. 

Hu-mid'i-ty (hu-mid'i-ty). ?!. Moisture; dampness. 

Hu-mil'i-ate (hu-nnl'i-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hu- 
miliated (-a ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Humiliating.] [L. 
humiliare, p. p. -atus. See Humble.] To reduce to a 
lower position ; to degrade ; to humble ; to mortify. 

Hu-mil i-a'tion (hu-inTFI-a'shun), n. Act of humili- 
ating, or state of being humiliated. 

Hu-mil'i-ty (-mil'T-ty), n. State, quality, or act of being 
humble or submissive ; lowliness of mind ; humbleness. 

Sy~n. — Lowliness; humbleness: meekness; modestv : 
diffidence. —Diffidence is a distrust of our powers, com- 
bined with a fear lest our failure should be censured. 
Modesty, without supposing self -distrust, implies an ab- 
sence of over-confidence and self-assertion. Humility 
consists in rating our claims low. in being willing to waive 
our rights, and take a lower place than might be our due. 

Hum'ming bird (hum'ming berd). (Zodl.) Anyone 
of a family (Trochilid^e) 
of American birds 
which are mostly of 
very small size, and are 
noted for their very 
brilliant colors and pe- 
culiar habit of hovering 

about flowers while vi- ^83 |^^ ___ 5 

brating their wings 
very rapidly with a 
humming noise. Rubv and Topaz Hummin- Bird 

Hum'mOCk (hum'- (Chn/tolampi* nioschitu.f). 




milk), n. [Prob. a dim. of Hcmf.] 1. A rounded knoll 
or hillock. 2. A ridge or pile of ice on an ice held. 3. 
Timbered land. See Hammock. [Southern U. .*.] 

Hum'mock-y (huin'mGk-y), a. Abounding in hum- 
mocks. 

Hu'mor (hu'mer or u'-), n. [OF., fr. L. humor, umor< 
moisture, fluid, fr. AtMkJTC, umtre, to be moj 
Humid.] 1. Moisture; esp., a moisture or fluid of ani- 
| inal bodies. 2. {Med. ) A vitiated or morbid animal fluid, 
j such as often causes an eruption on the skin. 
of mind (formerly supposed to depend on the character 
or combination of the fluids of the body) ; disposition ; 
I temper ; mood. 4. pi. Varying states of mind ; ca- 
prices ; whims. 6. That quality of the imagination 
I which gives to ideas an incongruous or fantastic turn, 
and tends to excite laughter or mirth : faeetiousness. 

Out of humor, dissatisfied ; displeased ; in an unpleasant 
frame of mind. 

Syp.— Wit; satire; pleasantry; temper: disposition; 
mood ; framej whim : fancy ; caprice. See Wit. 

Hu'mor (hu'mer or u'-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humored 
(hu'merd or u'-) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Humoring.] To com. 
ply with the humor of ; to adjust matters so as to suit the 
peculiarities, caprices, etc., of ; to indulge ; to jrratify. 

Syn. — See Gratify. 

Hu'mor-al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to the humors. 

Hu'mor-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. (Med.) The abandoned 
theory attributing diseases to a disordered condition of 
the body humors. 2. Humorousness. 

Hu'mor-ist, n. 1. (Med.) A believer in humorism. 
2. One who has some peculiarity or eccentricity of char- 
acter, which he indulges in odd or whimsical ways. 3. 
One who has a facetious fancy or genius ; a wag ; a drolL 

Hu'mor-OUS (-us), a. 1. Moist ; humid ; watery. 
[Obs.~\ 2. Subject to be governed by humor or caprice ; 
moody. 3. Full of humor; jocular; exciting laughter ; 
playful. — Hu'mor-ous-ly, adv. — Hu'mor-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Jocose ; facetious ; witty : pleasant ; merry. 

Hu'mor-some (-sum), a. Humorous. 

Hump (hump), n. [Cf . D. homp a lump.] A protuber- 
ance ; esp., the protuberance formed by a crooked back. 

Hump 'back' (-bak'), n. 1. A back with a hump. 

2. A person having such a back ; a hunchback. 3. 
(Zodl.) A whale, characterized by a hump on the back. 

HumpTjacked' (-bakt'), a. Having a humped back. 

Humped (humpt), a. Having a hump, as the back. 

Humph (humf ), inter j. [Of imitative origin.] An 
exclamation denoting surprise, or contempt, doubt, etc. 

Hump'y (hump'y), a. Full of humps or bunches. 

I Hu'mus (hu'mus), n. [L., earth.] Soil formed by 
the decomposition of animal or vegetable matter. 

Hunch (hunch), ;;. [Perh. akin to huckle ; cf. hump, 
bunch, hunk.'] 1. A hump. 2. A lump ; a thick piece. 

3. A push or thrust, as with the elbow. 

Hunch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Huscbed (huncht 1 * : p. 
pr. & vb. n. Hun-chtsg.] 1. To push or jostle, as with 
the elbow. 2. To thrust out in a lump. 

Hunch'back' (-bak')? n. [Cf. Humpback.] A back 
with a hunch or hump : also, a hunchbacked person. 

Hunch'backed' (-bakt'), a. Having a humped back. 

Hun'dred (hun'dred). >i. [AS. hundred a territorial 
division ; hund hundred — a word akin to L. ratio reck- 
oning ; akin to L. centum, Gr. e/card?, Skr. eata.~\ 1. The 
number of ten times ten ; also, a symbol representing 
this number. 2. A division of a county in England, — 
prob. orig., one of a hundred families, or freemen. 

Hun'dred, a. Ten times ten ; five score. 

Hun'dredth (hundredth), a. 1. Coming last of a 
hundred successive individuals or units. 2. Forming one 
of a hundred equal parts into which anything is divided. 

Hun'dredth. » . A hundredth part. 

Hun'dred-weight (,-dred-wat \ n. A denomination 
of weight containing in most of the United States 100 
pounds avoirdupois, and in England 112 pounds. 

Hung (hune). imp. & p. p. of Haxg. 

Hung beef, the fleshy part of beef slightly salted and 
hung up to dry : dried beef. 

Hun'ger Oi^D'ger). n. [AS. hungor ; akin to G. hun- 
ger.'] 1. A craving or desire for food. 2. Any strong 
or eager desire. 

Hun'ger. v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Hungered (-gerd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Huxgerlng.] 1. To crave, or cause to 
crave, food. 2. To desire eagerly ; to long. 

Hun'gry (-gry\ a. [Compar. Hungrier (-grT-er) ; 
superl. Hungriest.] 1. Feeling hunger ; having a keen 
appetite : hence, having an eager desire. 2. Showing 
hunger or a craving desire. 3. Not rich or fertile ; bar- 
ren : starved. —Hun'grl-ly (.-grl-ly), <7<fr. 

Hunk Uiunk). n. [Cf. Hunch.] A chunk. [Colloq.] 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, tlrn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



HUNKER 



416 



HYBRIDIZE 



) 



Hon'ker (hHn'ker), h. Orig., a member of the con- 
servative section Q< the Democratic party in New York ; 
hence, one opposed to pro g ra m . [Political Cant, U. S.~\ 

Hanks (hanks), v. [Etym. uncertain.] A miser. 

Hunt (,h u,lt>l > r ( - [<»>P~- & P- P- Hunted ; p. pr. & 
luxTiXG.] [AS. huntian to hunt; origin uncer- 
tain.] 1. To search for or follow after, as game or wild 
animals ; to pursue for the purpose of catching or killing. 
2. To search diligently after ; to seek. 3. To exercise 
in the chase, as hounds. 4. To traverse in pursuit of game. 

Hunt, r. i. 1. To go out in pursuit of game ; to 
course with hounds. 2. To seek ; to pursue ; to search. 

Hunt. . 1. Pursuit of wild animals ; chase; search. 
2. Game secured. [06s.] 3. An association of hunts- 
men. 4. A district or county hunted over. 

Hunt'er (-er), n. 1. One who hunts wild animals. 

2. A dog that scents game, or is trained to the chase. 

3. A horse trained for hunting, esp. a thoroughbred. 
4- One who hunts or seeks after anything, as if for game. 

Hunting (hunt'Tng), n. The pursuit of game. 

Hunt 'r ess (-re's), n. A woman who hunts. 

Hunts'man (hunts'niau), n. 1. One who hunts. 2. 
The person whose office it is to manage the chase or look 
after the hounds. 

Hur'dle (hGr'd'l), n. [AS. hyrdel ; akin to G. hiirde, 
L. cratis, Gr. Kvprta, Skr. krt to spin, crt to bind, connect.] 
1. A texture of wattled twigs, osiers, or withes and stakes, 
used for various purposes. 2. In England, a sled or crate 
on which criminals were formerly drawn to the place of 
execution. 3. An artificial barrier, over winch men or 
horses leap in a race. 

Hur'dy-gur'dy 
(hur'd^-gur'dy), n. 
[Prob. of imitative 
origin.] A stringed 
instrument in which Hurdy-gurdy. 

the sound is produced by the friction of a wheel turned 
by a crank, instead of by a bow. 

Hurl (hfirl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurled (htirld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Hurling.] [OE. hurlen, hourlen ; prob. 
contracted fr. OE. hurtlen to hurtle.] To send whirling 
or whizzing through the air ; to throw with violence. 

Hurl, Y. k To hurl something ; to throw. 

Hurl. n. Act of hurling ; a cast ; a fling. 

Hurl'er (-er), n. One who hurls. [uproar. I 

Hurly (hurly), n. [Cf. F. Hurler to howl.] Noise ; | 

Hurly-burly (-bGrly), n. [Reduplicated fr. Hurly.] 
Tumult ; bustle ; confusion. 

Hurrah' ) (hur-ra'), interj. A word used as a shout 

Hur-ra' J of joy, triumph, applause, or welcome. 

Hur-rah'. n. A cheer ; a shout of joy, etc. 

Hurrah', v. i. To utter hurrahs. 

Hur'ri-cane (hur'rT-kan), n. [Sp. huracan; orig. a 
Carib word meaning, high wind.] A storm of extreme 
fury, with sudden changes of the wind. 

Hur'ried (hur'rid), a. 1. Urged on ; hastened ; 
working at speed. 2. Done in a hurry ; hence, imper- 
fect ; careless. — Hur'ried-ly, adv. — Hur'ried-ness, n. 

Hur'ri-er (-rT-er), n. One who hurries or urges. 

Hur'ry (-ry), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurried (-rid) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Hurrying.] [OE. horien ; prob. imitative.] 
1. To hasten ; to urge on ; to quicken. 2. To impel to 
precipitate action. 3. To cause to be done quickly. 

Syn. — To precipitate ; expedite ; accelerate ; urge. 

Hur'ry, v. i. To move or act with haste. [fusion. I 

Hur'ry, n. Act of hurrying ; urgency ; bustle ; con- 1 

Syn. — Haste; speed; dispatch; pressure. See Haste. 

Hurt (hurt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurt ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Hurting.] [OE. hurten; prob. fr. OF. hurter, heurter, 
to knock, thrust ; of uncertain origin.] 1. To wound or 
bruise painfully. 2. To damage ; to injure ; to harm. 
3. To wound the feelings of ; to annoy ; to grieve. 

Hurt, n. 1. A painful wound, bruise, or the like. 2. 
An injury causing pain of mind or conscience. 3. In- 
jury ; damage ; detriment ; harm ; mischief. 

Hurt'er (-er), n. One who hurts or does harm. 

Hurt'ful (-ful), a. Tending to impair or damage. — 
Hurt'ful-ly, wiv. — Hurt'ful-ness. n. 

Hur'tle (hur't'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hurtled (-t'ld) ; 
J>. pr. & vb. n. Hurtling f-tlTng).j [OE. hurtlen, freq. 
of hurten. See Hurt, v. t.] 1. To meet with violence 
or shock ; to clash ; to jostle. 2. To move rapidly ; to 
whirl. 3. To make a sound as of confused clashing. 

Hur'tle (hur't'l), v. t. To push ; to jostle ; to hurl. 

Hur'tle ber'ry (-beVr^), n. See Whortleberry. 

Hurtless (hurt'lSs), a. Harmless ; also, unhurt. 

Hus'band Oiuzlwnd), n. [AS. husbonda master of 
the house ; hus house + bunda, bonda, householder, 



husband.] 1. A husbandman. 2. A frugal person ; an 
economist, [P.] 3. A man who has a wife. 

A ship's husband (Nattf.), an agent representing the 
owners of a ship, who manages its expenses and receipts. 

Hus'band (hus'band), v. t. limp. &p. p. Husbanded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Husbanding.] To direct and manage 
with frugality ; to spend, or use, with economy. 

Hus'band man (-man), n . A farmer ; an agriculturist. 

Hus'band-ry (-ry), n. 1. Care of domestic affairs ; 
economy ; thrift. 2. Business of a husbandman. 

Hush (hush), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hushed (hfisht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Hushing.] [OE. huschen, hussen, prob. 
of imitative origin.] 1. To make or become still or 
quiet ; to silence ; to calni. 2. To appease ; to soothe. 

Hush, n. Stillness ; silence ; quiet. 

Hush money, money paid to secure silence. 

Hush, a. Silent ; quiet. 

Husk (husk), n. [Prob. for hulsk, and fr. same root 
as hull a husk.] The external covering or envelope of 
certain fruits or seeds, esp. (U. S.) of ears of maize. 

Husk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Husked (huskt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Husking.] To strip off the husk. [drily. I 

Hus'ki-ly (hus'ki-ly), adv. In a husky manner;! 

Hus'ki-ness, n. State or quality of being husky. 

Husk'ing (husk'ing), n. 1. Act or process of strip- 
ping off husks, as from maize. 2. A meeting of neigh- 
bors or friends to assist in husking maize. [U. S.~\ 

Husk'y (-y), a. [From Husk, to.] Abounding with 
husks ; consisting of husks ; resembling husks. 

Hus'ky (hus'ky), a. [Prob. for husty ; cf. OE. host 
cough, AS. hwosta.] Rough in tone ; hoarse ; raucous. 

Hussar' (huz-zar'), n. [Hung, huszar, from husz 
twenty, because, in the fifteenth century, every twenty 
houses were to furnish one horse soldier.] (Mil.) Orig., 
one of the national cavalry of Hungary and Croatia ; 
now, one of the light cavalry of European armies. 

Hus'sy (huz'zy), n. [Contr. fr. Huswdte.] 1. A 
housewife. [Obs.~\ 2. A forward wench ; jade ; — con- 
temptuous. 3. A frolicsome or sportive girl ; — jocose. 

Hus'sy, n. [From Icel. husi a case, prob. fr. hus 
house.] A case or bag. See Housewife, 2. 

Hus'tingS (hus'tingz), n. pi. [AS. husting assembly ; 
of Scand. origin.] 1. A former court of several cities of 
England. 2. Any temporary court for the election of 
members of Parliament ; also, the platform from which 
candidates addressed the electors. [Eng.~\ 

Hus'tle (hus'U), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hustled 
(-'Id) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Hustling (-ling).] [D. hutselen 
to shake, fr. hutsen to shake.] To shake together in 
confusion ; to push, jostle, or crowd rudely. 

Hus'wiie (huz'zif or huz'wlf), n. [OE. huswif ; hus 
house -f- wif wife.] 1. A female housekeeper ; a thrifty 
woman. 2. A worthless or pert woman. [Obs.~\ 3. 
[See Hussy a bag.] A case for sewing materials. 

Hus'wlfe-ry (-ry), n. The business of a housewife. 

Hut (hut), n. [OE. hotte; akin to E. hide, v.] A 
small house, hovel, or cabin ; a mean dwelling. 

Hut, v. t. & i. To place in huts ; to live in huts. 

Hutch (huch), n. [F. huche, LL. hutica.~\ 1. A 
chest, box, coffer, bin, coop, or the like, for holding 
something. 2. A measure of two Winchester bushels. 

Huz-za' (huz-za'), interj. A word used as a shout of 
joy, exultation, approbation, or encouragement. 

Huz'za, n. A shout of huzza ; a cheer ; a hurrah. 

Huz-za', v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huzzaed (-zad') ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Huzzaing.] To shout huzza ; to cheer. 

Hy'a-Clnth (hi'a-sTnth), n. [L. hyacinthus a kind of 
flower, also, a kind of gem ; as a proper name, a beautiful 
youth beloved by Apollo, f r. Gr. idmvOos, 'YolkivOos. The 
hyacinth was fabled to have sprung from the blood of 
Hyacinthus.'] 1. (Bot.) A bulbous plant (Hyacinthus) 
bearing beautiful spikes of fragrant flowers. The name 
is also applied to other flowers. 2. (Min.) A red variety 
of zircon, sometimes used as a gem. [hyacinth. I 

Hy/a-cin'thlne (-sin'thTn), a. Pert, to, or like, the| 

Hy'a-des (hi'a-dez), ) n. pi. [L. Hyades, Gr. 'YdSes-] 

Hy'ads (hi'adz), ) (Astron.) A cluster of five 
stars in the face of Taurus, supposed by the ancients to 
indicate rainy weather when they rose with the sun. 

Hy-»'na (ht-e'na), n. (Zool.) Same as Hyena. 

Hy'a-line (hl'a-lin), a. [Gr. vaAii/os, fr. voAoj glass.] 
Glassy ; like, or consisting of, glass ; transparent. 

Hy'a-line, n. 1. The sea or the atmosphere. [Poetic] 
2. (Biol.) The pellucid substance of developing cells. 

Hyl>rid (hi'brid or hib'rid), n. [L. hybrida, hibrida.] 
(Biol.) The offspring of the union of two distinct species. 

Hybrid, a. Produced from the mixture of two species. 

Hyl)rid-ize (-iz), v. t. To render hybrid. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final, 



HYDAGE 



417 



HYENA 




Hydra (3) (B. fus- 
ca). m Mouth ; 
* Tentacles ; abc 
Three Buds in 
different stages 
of development. 



Hyd'age(Md'aj), n. (Law) A land tax. SeeHiDAGE. 

Hy'da-tid (hi'da-tid or hld'a-), n. [Gr. voWs, -c'fio?, 
a kind of watery vesicle, fr. vSu>p water.] (Zool.) A 
membranous sac or bladder filled with a pellucid fluid, 
found in the bodies of animals, but unconnected with the 
tissues. It is usually formed by parasitic worms. 

Hy'da-toid (hi'da-toid or hid'a-), a. [Gr. vSutp, vSoto?, 
water -f- -oid.~\ (Anat.) Resembling water ; watery. 

Hy'dr- (hi'dr-). See Hydro-. 

Hy'dra (hi'dra), n. ; pi. E. Hydras (-draz), L. Hydr*: 
(-die). [L. hydra, Gr. vSpa; akin to v6\op water.] 1. 
(Class. Myth.) A water serpent or monster represented 
as having many heads, any of which, when cut off, was 
immediately succeeded by two others, unless the wound 
was cauterized. 2. Hence, a terrible monster ; also, an 
evil having many sources, not to be overcome by a single 
effort. 3. (Zool.) Any one of a genus (Hydra) of small 
fresh-water animals, remarkable for 
the fact that if the body be divided in 
pieces each piece will grow into a com- 
plete hydra. They are usually found 
attached to sticks, stones, etc., by a 
basal sucker. 4. (Astron.) A south- 
ern constellation of great length, lying 
southerly from Cancer, Leo, and Virgo. 

Hy-dran'ge-a ( hi-dran'je-a ), n. 
[NL., fr. Gr. vStap water -J- ayyeioi/ 
vessel, capsule.] (Bot.) A genus of 
shrubby plants bearing large heads of 
showy flowers. 

Hy'drant (hi'drant), n. [Gr. vSpai- 
veiv to irrigate, fr. vSuip water.] A dis- 
charge pipe at which water may be 
drawn from the mains of waterworks. 

Hy'drate (hi'drat), n. [Gr. iiSup 
water.] (Chern.) (a) A compound 
formed by the union of water with some 
other substance, (b) A substance which 
does not contain water as such, but has its constituents 
so arranged that water may be eliminated. 

Hy-drau1ic (ht-dra'lik), a. [Through F; & L. fr. 
Gr. vSpavAi/cd?, fr. i/SpavAi?, vfipauAo?, a water organ ; 
vSiap water -f~ avAos flute, pipe.] Of or pertaining to 
hydraulics, or to fluids in motion ; conveying, or acting 
by, water ; as, an hydraulic clock, crane, or elevator. 

Hydraulic cement, a cement which will harden under 
water. — Hydraulic press, a hydrostatic press. — Hydraulic 
ram, a machine for raising water by means of the energy 
of the moving water of which a portion is to be raised. 

Hy-draulic-al (ht-dra/li-kal), a. Hydraulic. 

Hy-drau'lics (-liks), n. That branch of science, or of 
engineering, which treats of fluids in motion, esp. of water. 

Hy'dro- (hi'dro-), Hy'dr-. 1. A combining form from 
Gr. vSa>p, water (see Hydra). 2. (Chem.) A combining 
form of hydrogen, indicating hydrogen as an ingredient, 
as hydrocarbon ; or a reduction product obtained by 
hydrogen. 

Hy'dro-carlxm (-kar'bon), n. {Hydro-, 2 + carbon.'] 
(Chem.) A compound of hydrogen and carbon only. 

Hy'dro-ceph'a-lus (-sgf'a-lus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
v8poKecf>a\ov ; v5wp water -j- *e$aAjj head.] (Med.) 
Dropsy of the brain. 

Hy'dro-chlo'ric (-klo'rik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, 
or compounded of, chlorine and hydrogen gas. 

Hydrochloric acid (Chem.), hydrogen chloride; a color- 
less, corrosive gas, of pungent, suffocating odor. The 
commercial form is a strong solution in water. 

Hy'dro-dy-nam'ic (-dl-nam'ik or -dT-nSm'ik), ) „ 

Hy^dro-dy-nam'ic-al(-nam'T-kal), J °" 

Pertaining to, or derived from, the dynamical action of 
water, or any liquid. 

Hy'dro-dy-nam'ics (-iks), n. The principles of dy- 
namics, as applied to water and other liquids. 

Hy'dro-gen ( hi'dr o-jen), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -gen. So 
called because water is generated by its combustion. 
See Hydra.] (Chem.) A gaseous element, colorless, 
tasteless, and odorless, —the lightest known substance. 

Hy'dro-gen-ate (-at), v. t. (Chem.) To hydrogenize. 

Hy'dro-gen-ize (hi'dro-jen-iz), v. t. (Chem.) To com- 
bine or treat with, or subject to the action of, hydrogen. 

Hy-drog'6-nous (hi-dr5j'e-niis), a. Of or pertaining 
to hydrogen ; containing hydrogen. 

Hy-dTOg'ra-pher (ht-drog'ra-fer), n. One skilled in 
or who practices hydrography. 

Hy dro-graph'ic (hi'dro-grXf'Tk), ) a. Of or relating 

Hy'dro-graph'ic-al (-T-kal), j to hydrography. 

Hy-drog'ra-phy (ht-dr5g'ra-fy), n. [Hydro-, 1 + 
-graphy.] Art of measuring and describing the sea, 



lakes, rivers, and other waters, with their phenomena, 
or the contour of the land at the bottom of them. 

Hy'droid (hi'droid), a. [Hydra -\- -oid.] (Zool.) 
Related to, or resembling, the hydra ; of or pertaining 
to the Hydroidea. — n. One of the Hydroidea. 

II Hy droi'de-a (ht-droi'de-a), n. pi. [NL. See 
Hydra, and -oid.] (Zool.) An extensive order of Hy- 
drozoa or acalephs, including the hydras, the free-Bwim- 
ming hydromedoHB, and many marine attached forms. 

Hy^o-ki-net'lc (hl'dro-kl-ngtlk), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to the kinetics of fluids. 

Hy-drol'o-gy (ht-drWS-jy), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -logy.] 
The science of water, its properties, phenomena, and 
distribution over the earth's surface. 

Hy'dro-lyt'ic (M'drS-lTtlk), a. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. 
Au'eii/ to loose.] (Chem.) Tending to remove or separate 
water ; eliminating water. 

Hy'dro-man'cy (-mSn's^), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -mancy.] 
Divination by means of water. [ics of liquids. I 

Hy dro-me-chan'ics (-me-k_5n'Tks), n. The mechan- 1 

II Hy dro-me-du'sa (-me-du'sa), n. ; pi. Hydromedu- 
s^e (-se). [NL. See Hydra ; Medusa.] (Zool.) Any 
medusa or jellyfish produced by budding from a hydroid. 

Hy'dro-mel (hl'dro-mgl), n. [L. fr. Gr. v6>6>eAi ; 
v'Scop water -j- p.e'Ai honey.] A liquor consisting of honey 
diluted in water, and after fermentation called mead. 

Hy-drom'e-ter (ht-drom'e-ter), n. [Hydro-, 1 -f 
-meter.~\ (Physics) Any one of various forms of instru- 
ments used in hydronietry. 

Hy/dro-met'rlc (hl'dro-met'rlk), ) a. Of or pert, to 

Hy / dro-met , ric-al (-rl-k«l), ) hydrometry. 

Hy-drom'e-try (ht-drom'e-try), n. 1. Art of deter- 
mining the specific gravity of liquids, and thence the 
strength of liquors, saline solutions, etc. 2. Measure- 
ment of the velocity or discharge of running water. 

Hy'dro-path'ic (hl'dro-paWik), ) a. Of or pertain- 

Hy'dro-path'ic-al (-l-kol), ) ing to hydropathy. 

Hy-drop'a-thist (ht-drop'a-thist), n. One who prac- 
tices hydropathy ; a water-cure doctor. 

Hy-drop'a-thy (-thy), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. ndaxa-v, 
iraOelv, to suffer.] The water cure ; a mode of treating 
diseases by the copious and frequent use of pure water. 

Hy / dro-phoT>i-a (hi'dro-fo'bT-a), n. [L., fr. Gr. i-fipo- 
<£o/3ta; vSiop water + (J>6/3os fear.] (Med.) (a) An ab- 
normal dread of water, said to be a symptom of canine 
madness ; hence : (6) The disease caused by a bite from, 
or inoculation with the saliva of, a rabid creature ; rabies. 

Hy'dro-phob'ic (-fob'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to hy- 
drophobia ; producing or caused by rabies. 

Hy-drop'ic (ht-drop'Tk), ) a. [Gr. v8puiriK.6<;. See 

Hy-drop'ic-al (-T-k«l), j Dropsy.] Dropsical. 

Hy'dro-SCOpe (hl'dro-skop), n. [Hydro-, 1 -j- -scope.] 
1. An instrument designed to mark the presence of 
water, esp. in air. 2. An ancient kind of water clock. 

Hy'dro-stat'ic (-stat'Tk), ) a. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. 

Hy'dro-Stat'ic-al (-T-kol), ) o-rartKo'? causing to 
stand. See Static] Of or relating to hydrostatics ; 
pertaining to, or in accordance with, the principles of 
the equilibrium of fluids. 

Hydrostatic press, a machine in which great force, with 
slow motion, is communicated to a large plunger by 
liquid forced into the cylinder in which it moves. 

Hy dro-Stat'ics (-stat'Tks), n. (Physics) That branch 
of science which relates to the pressure and equilibrium 
of nonelastic fluids, as water, mercury, etc. 

Hy'dTOUS (hi'drus), a. [Gr. v8u>p water.] Contain- 
ing water ; watery. 

II Hy'dro-zo'a (hi'dro-zo'a), n.pl. [NL. See Hydro-, 
and Zoom.] A group or class of coelenterates ; the 
acaleph3. 

Hy-e'mal (ht-e'mal), a. [L. hyemalis, or better hie-, It. 
hyems, hie-, winter.] Belonging to, or done in, winter. 

Hy-e'na (ht-e'na), n. ; pi. Hyenas (-naz). [L. hyae- 
na, Gr. vaiva, orig., a sow, but usually, a Libyan wild 




Striped Hyena (Hyscna striata). 



K 



f Srn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sins, ink, then, thin. 

*27 



M 



HYGKIA 



418 



HYPOCHONDRIAC 



> 



» 



beast, prob.. the hyena, fr. vs hog.] (Zool.) Any one of 
several species of large but cowardly carnivorous niain- 
mals, which are nocturnal and feed chiefly on carrion. 

Hy-ge'ia (ht-jS*jA), n. [Gr. 'Yyi'eia. fr. vyteia, vyeia. 
health, fr. vyujs healthy.] {Classic Myth.) The goddess 
of health, daughter of Esculapius. 

Hy-ge'ian (ht-gBfyonV, a. Relating to Hygeia; of or 
pertaining to health." or its preservation. 

Hy'ge-ist, or Hy'gle-ist (hi'je-Tst), n. A hygienist. 

Hy gi-ene (hi'jl-en or hi'jen), n. That part of sanitary 
science which treats of the preservation of health. 

Hy gi-en'ic (hi jT-eu'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to health 
or hygiene : sanitary. 

Hy gl-en'ics. n. The science of health; hygiene. 

Hy'gi-en-ist (hi'jT-en-Tst), n. One versed in hj-giene. 

Hy'gTO-graph (hi'gro-graf), 7a. [Gr. vypos wet — 
-graph.] (Physics) An instrument for recording auto- 
matically variations of humidity of the atmosphere. 

Hy-giol'O-gy (hl-gr51'o-jy), n. [Gr. vypo? wet + 
•logy.] (Med.) The science of the fluids of the body. 

Hy-grom'e-ter (ht-groni'e-ter), n. [Gr. vypds wet + 
•meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the de- 
gree of moisture of the atmosphere. 

Hy gro-met'ric (hi'gro-me't'rlk), ) a. 1. Of or per- 

Hy gTO-met'rlc-al (-rT-kal), \ taining to hy- 

grometry ; made with, or according to, the hygrometer. 
2. Readily absorbing and retaining moisture. 

Hy-gTOm'e-try (hi-groni'e-try), n. That branch of 
physics which relates to the determination of the humid- 
ity of bodies, particularly of the atmosphere. 

Hy'gro-SCOpe (hl'gro-skop), n. [Gr. vypd? wet -j- 
scope.] (Physics) An instrument which indicates vari- 
ations in atmospheric moisture, but not its amount. 

HygTO-SCOp'ic (-skoplk), a. 1. Of or pertaining to, 
or indicated by, the hygroscope. 2. Readily imbibing or 
condensing moisture from the atmosphere. 

Hy'lism (hi'lTz'm), n. [Gr. v\v matter.] A theory 
which regards matter as the original principle of evil. 

Hy-lop'a-thism (hf-lop'a-thTz'm), n. [Gr. vkn — 
iraBelv to suffer.] The doctrine that matter is sentient. 

HylO-the-ism (hilo-the-Tz'm). n. [Gr. vkn matter 
-f- 0e6s God.] The doctrine that there is no God except 
matter and the universe ; pantheism. 

Hy lo-ZO'ism (hFlo-zoTz'm), n. [Gr. vkn matter -p 
£017 life.] The doctrine that matter possesses a species 
of life and sensation. 

Hy'men (hi'men), n. [Gr. vp.r,v skin, membrane.] 
(Anat.) The virginal membrane. 

Hy'men, n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Y^v.] 1. (Class. Myth.) 
The god of marriage. 2. Marriage. 

Hy rue-ne'al (-me-ne'al), I a. Of or pert, to marriage. 

Hy me-ne'an (-ne'an), j —n. A marriage song. 
Hy me-nop'te-ra (-nbyte-ra), n. pi. [XL., deriv. of 
Gr. ifji-qv membrane -f- irrepov wing.] (Zool.) An extensive 
order of insects which have four membranous wings, in- 
cluding the bees, ants, ichneumons, sawflies, etc. 

Hy me-nop'ter-al (-ter-al), \ a. (Zool.) Like, or char- 

Hy me-nop'ter-ous (-us), I acteristic of, the Hy- 
menoptera ; pert, to the Hymenoptera. [menoptera. | 

Hy me-nop / ter-an (-an), n. (Zool.) One of the Hy-| 

Hymn (him), n. [OE. hympne, ympne, L. hymnus, 
Gr. v/xvo?.] An ode or song of praise or adoration ; espe- 
cially, a religious ode. 

Hymn (him), r. t. limp. & p. p. Hystsed (himd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Htmmsg (himlng or him'ntng).] To 
praise or worship in song or by singing hymns ; to sing. 

Hym'nal (hTm'nal), n. A collection of hyruns. 

Hym'nlc (-nik), a. Relating to hymns. 

Hym'no-dy (-no-dy), n. [Gr. vp.vu>SCa; v/jlvos hjTnn 
+ t^Tj song.] Hymns, considered collectively. 

Hym-nog'ra-phy (blm-nog'ra-fy), 7?. [Gr. v/xt-o? -f 
-grnphy.] Art or act of composing hymns. 

Hym-nol'O-gy (-nol'6-jy), n. [Gr. v^vos hymn — 
-logy.] 1. A body or collection of hymns. 2. The 
study of hymns, or a treatise on hymns. 

Hy'o- (hi'o-). [See Hyoid.] A prefix used in anatomy, 
generally denoting connection with the hyoid bone or arch. 

Hy'oid (hi'oid), a. [Gr. voeioi??, fr. the letter Y — 
ctBoc form.] 1. Having the form of an arch, or of the 
Greek letter upsilon [Y]. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to 
the bony or cartilaginous arch (hyoid bone; see Illust. of 
Larynx) which supports the tongue. Sometimes applied 
to the tongue itself. [in pi. [Colloq.] | 

Hyp (hip), n. Abbrev. of Hypochondria ; — usually; 

Hyp, v. t. To make melancholy. [Colloq.] 

Hy-palla-ge (ht-paTla-je). n. [L., fr. Gr. vnakkayf, ; 
yro under + oAAao-o-eii/ to change.] (Gram.) A trans- 
ference of attributes from their proper subjects to others. 




Opposite cones 
with Hyper- 
bolas, a a. 



Hy'per- (hi'per-). [Gr. virip over, above ; akin to E. 
over.] 1. A prefix signifying over, above; also, above 
measure, abnormally great, excessive. 2. (Chem.) A 
prefix equivalent to super- or per-. [Obs.] 

Hy per-ae'mi-a (-e'mi-a), n. [XL., fr. Gr. vrrep over 
-f- o'ma blood.] (Med.) An excess or congestion of blood. 

Hy-perTx>-la (-bo-la), n. [Gr. vjrep/3oAT;. See Hy- 
perbole.] (Geom.) A curve formed by a 
section of a cone, when the cutting plane 
makes a greater angle with the base than 
the side of the cone makes. 

Hy-perT>0-le (-bo-le), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
v-rrepPokt], prop., an overshooting, deriv. 
of urrep over -j- fidkAeiv to throw.] (Rhet.) 
Exaggeration in expression through ex- 
citement, or for effect. 

Hy'per-bol'ic (hi P er-b51'Tk), ) a. Of. 

Hyper-bol'lc-al (-T-kal), f pert, 
to, or of the nature of, an hyperbola or 
hyperbole. — Hy per-bol'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Hy-pei"bo-lize (ht-per'bo-llz), v. i. & 1. 
To express with exaggeration ; to repre- 
sent hyperbolically. 

Hy per-bO / re-an (hFper-bo're-an), a. [Gr. i»Trep/36peos ; 
vTre'p over, beyond -j- jSope'a? the north wind.] Northern ; 
most northern ; hence, very cold ; frigid. — n. An in- 
habitant of the extreme Xorth. 

Hy per-cata-lec , tic (-kSt a-lek'tik). a. [L. hyper- 
caialecticus. See Hyper-, and Catalectic] (Pros.) 
Having a syllable or two beyond the regular measure. 

Hyper-crit'ic (-krit'ik), n. [Pref. hyper- -j- critic] 
One who is critical beyond measure or reason. 

Hy'per-crit'ic, Hy per-crit'ic-al (-T-kal), a. 1. Over 
critical ; carping ; captious. 2. Over nice or exact. 

Hy per-crit'i-Cism (-stz'm), n. Excessive or captious 
criticism. 

Hy-per'me-ter (hi-per'me-ter), n. [Gr. vjrepnerpos 
beyond .all measure : v-e'p over -j- p.erpov measure.] 
(Pros.) A hypercatalectic verse. 

I Hy'per-me-tro'pi-a (-me-trcVpT-a), ) n. [XL. hyper- 

Hy per-met'ro-py (-met'ro-py), __ i metropia, fr. 
Gr. u7re'p/xeTpos excessive -j- w\{/, wtto?, the eye.] A con- 
dition of the eye in which the rays of light focus behind 
the retina, so that vision for distant objects, although 
not better absolutely, is better than that for near objects ; 
far-sightedness. —Hy'per-me-trop'ic (-me-tropTk), a. 

Hy-per'tro-phy (ht-per'tro-fy), n. [Gr. vnep over -f- 
rpo§-r\ nourishment.] (Med. & Biol.) A condition of 
overgrowth or excessive development of an organ or part. 

Hy'phen (hl'fen), n. [L., fr. Gr. i^ev, fr. vfr ev 
under one, into one, together, fr. v~6 under -j- ev, neut. 
of et? one.] (Print.) A mark [thus, -], used to connect 
syllables or compound words. [hyphen. I 

' Hy'phen, v. t. To connect or separate by means of a| 

Hyp na-gog/ic (hTptoa-gojIk), a. [Gr. v-vos sleep + 
aywy^ a carrying away.] Leading to sleep ; — applied 
to the illusions of one who is half asleep. 

Hyp'no-gen'lc (-no-jenlk), a. [Gr. {Jttvos sleep -f- -gen 
-f- -ic.] (Physiol.) Pert, to production of hypnotic sleep. 

Hyp-nol/0-gy (hip-nol'o-jy), n. [Gr. Orrvo? sleep 4- 
-logy.] A treatise on sleep ; the doctrine of sleep. 

Hyp-not'ic (hip-notTk), a. [Gr. vttvutik.6<; inclined 
to sleep, putting to sleep, fr. v-nvovv to lull to sleep, fr. 
vttvo? sleep.] 1. Producing or tending to produce 
sleep ; soporific. 2. Of or pertaining to hypnotism ; 
being in a state of hypnotism ; liable to hypnotism. 

Hyp-not'ic. n. 1. An hypnotic agent ; a soporific. 
2. An hypnotic subject. 

Hyp'no-tism (hTp / no-tTz'm), n. [Gr. unros sleep.] 
A form of sleep or somnambulism brought on by arti- 
ficial means, in which there is an unusual suspension of 
some powers, and an unusual activity of others. 

Hyp'no-tize (-tiz), r. t. To induce hypnotism in. 

Hy'po- (hl'po- or hip / o-). [Gr. viro under, beneath ; 
akin to L. sub.] 1. A prefix signifying a less quantity, 
or a low state or degree, of that denoted by the word 
with which it is joined, or position under or beneath. 2. 
(Chem.) A prefix denoting that the element to the name 
of which it is prefixed enters with a low valence, or in a 
low state of oxidation, usually the lowest, into the com- 
pounds indicated. 

Hy'po (hi'po), n. Hypochondria. [Colloq.] 

Hyp'o-chon'dri-a(hTp/S-kon'drT-a),72. [XL.] (Med.) 
Hypochondriasis ; melancholy ; the blues. 

Hyp'O-Chon'dri-ac (-5k), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
hypochondria, or the hypochondriac regions. 2. Affected, 
characterized, or produced, by hypochondriasis. 

Hypochondriac region (Anat.), a region on either side of 



a. e, 1, o, n, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, vi, f, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, aak, all, finaL 



HYPOCHONDRIAC 



419 



IBIDEM 



the abdomen beneath the cartilages of the false ribs, be- 
side the epigastric, and above the lumbar, region. 

Hyp o-chon'dri-ac (hip'o-kon'drl-5k), n. One having 
hypochondriasis. 

Hyp'O-chon-dri'a-cal (-kon-dri'a-kal), a. Same as 
Hypochondriac, a., 2. — Hyp'o-chon-dri'a-cal-ly, adv. 

II Hyp'O-Chon-dri'a-SiS (-sis), n. [NL. So named 
because supposed to have its seat in the hypochondriac 
regions.] {Med. ) A mental disorder in which melancholy 
and gloomy views torment the affected person, particu- 
larly concerning his own health. 

II Hyp'O-chon'dri-um (-drT-iim), n. [L., fr. Gr. {wo- 
XovSptov, from un-oxoVSpios under the cartilage of the 
breastbone; vno under -f- x° v &P°s cartilage.] (Anat.) 
Either of the hypochondriac regions. 

Hy-poc'ri-sy (hT-pok'rT-sy), n. [Through F. & L. 
fr. Gr. vn-6/cpto-is acting on the stage, simulation, fr. 
viroKpiveaQai to answer on the stage, to play a part ; viro 
under -+- KpCveiv to decide.] Act or practice of a hypo- 
crite ; a feigning to be what one is not, or to feel what 
one does not feel ; a simulation of goodness. [virtue. I 

Hyp'O-Clite (hip'o-krit), n. A false pretender to | 

Syn. — Deceiver ; pretender; cheat. See Dissembler. 

Hyp'O-crit'iC (-krit'ik), a. Hypocritical. 

Hyp'O-CXit'ic-al (-T-kol), a. Of or pertaining to a 
hypocrite, or to hypocrisy. — Hyp'O-crit'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Hy'po-cy'Cloid (hl'po-si'kloid), n. [Pref. hypo- + 
cycloid.'] (Geom.) A curve traced by a point in the cir- 
cumference of a circle which rolls inside of a fixed circle. 

Hyp'O-der'mic (hTp/6-der'm.Tk), a. [See Hypo-, and 
Derma.] Of or pertaining to the parts under the skin. 

Hyp'O-gas'tric (-gas'trTk), a. [See Hypogastrium.] 
(Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hypogastric region. 

Hypogastric region, (a) The lower part of the abdomen. 
<6) An arbitrary division of the abdomen below the um- 
bilical and between the two iliac regions. 

Hyp / o-gene (hip'6-jen), a. [Pref. hypo- + -gene. 
(Geol.) Formed or crystallized at depths beneath the 
earth's surface ; — said of granite, gneiss, and other rocks. 

Hy-pog'y-nous (ht-poj'i-nus), a. [Pref. hypo- -f Gr. 
yvvrj woman, female.] (Bot.) Inserted be- 
low the pistil or pistils ; — said of sepals, 
petals, and stamens; having the sepals, 
petals, and stamens inserted below the 
pistil ; — said of a flower or a plant. 

Hy po-nas'tic (hi'po-nas'tTk), a. [Pref. 
hypo- -f- Gr. vacrros pressed close.] (Bot. ) 
Exhibiting a downward convexity caused 
by unequal growth. 

Hy po-phos'phite (-fit), n. (Chem.) A salt of hypo- 
phosphorous acid. 

Hy'po-phos-phor'ic (-f os-f or'Tk), a. [Hypo- + phos- 
phoric.'] (Chem.) Pert, to or containing phosphorus in 
a lower state of oxidation than in phosphoric compounds. 

Hy'pO-phOS'phor-OUS (-foVfor-iis), a. [Pref. hypo- 
-f- phosphorous.] ( Chem. ) Of or pert, to phosphorus in a 
lower state of oxidation than in phosphorous compounds. 

Hy-pos'ta-sls (hi-pos'ta-sTs), n. ; pi. Hypostases 
(-sez). [L., fr. Gr. viroo-Taats substance, deriv. of viro 
under + lo-ravai to stand.] 1. That which is the basis of 
anything ; a concept treated as an existing being or thing. 
2. (Theol.) Substance ; person ; — used by the early theo- 
logians of either the Father, Son, or Holy Spirit. 




Hypogynous 
stamens. 




Hy'po-stat'ic (hi/pS-stat/Tk), ) a. 1. Relating to hy- 

Hy'po-Stat'ic-al (-T-k/vl), J postasis, or sub- 
stance ; hence, constitutive, or elementary. 2. Per- 
sonal ; relating to the divine hypostases. 

Hy-pot'e-nuse ( ht - p5t ' e - huh ) , Hy-potb/e-nuse 
(-p5th'-), n. [L. hypotenusa, Gr. virorei- 
vova-a, prop., subtending, deriv. of vno 
under -+- reiVeii/ to stretch.] (Otom.) 
The side of a right-angled triangle that 
is opposite to the right angle. 

Hy-potb/e-cate (hi-p5th'e-kat), v. t. %, 
[imp. & p. p. Hypothecated (-ka'tSd) ; A „ 
p. pr. & vb. n. Hypothecating (-ka>- "° ll yv° tenusc - 
tTng).] [LL. hypothecate, p. p. -alus, fr. L. hypotheca 
pledge, deriv. of Gr. vnoTidevat to put down, pledge. See 
Hypothesis.] (Law) To subject, as property, to liabil- 
ity for a debt or engagement without delivery of posses- 
sion or transfer of title ; as ships, or other chattels. 

Hy-poth'e-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act or contract by 
which property is hypothecated. [anything. I 

Hy-poth'e-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. One who hypothecates! 

Hy-potb/e-nuse (-nus), n. Same as Hypotenuse. 

Hy-poth/e-sis (-sis), n. ; pi. Hypotheses (-sez). [NL., 
fr. Gr. vir60e<ri.s foundation, supposition, fr. viroTi&ivai to 
place under, un-6 under -\- TiQivai to put.] A supposi- 
tion ; something not proved, but assumed for argument, 
or to account for a fact or an occurrence. 

Syn. — Supposition ; assumption. See Theory. 

Hy'po-thet'ic (hl'po-thet'ik), ) a. Characterized by, 

Hy'po-thet'ic-al (-thet'T-kal), ) or of the nature of, 
an hypothesis ; conditional ; assumed without proof. — 
Hy'po-thet'ic-al-ly, adv. [with hypochondria. I 

Hyp'pish (hip'pTsh), a. [From Hyp.] Affected | 

Hyp-som'e-ter (hip-sSm'e-ter), n. [Gr. vi^os height 
-f- -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring 
heights by observation of barometric pressure. 

II Hy'rax (hi'rSks), n. [NL., fr. Gr. vpag shrew 
mouse.] (Zo'ol.) Any animal of a genus (Hyrax) includ- 
ing the daman, and the klipdas. 

Hy'son (hl's'n), n. [Chin, hi-tshun, lit., first crop, or 
blooming spring.] A fragrant kind of green tea. 

Hys'SOp (his'sup), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
vo-o-<o7ros, v<T<T(oirov, an aromatic plant, fr. Heb. esov.] 
(Bot.) A kind of plant the leaves of which have an aro- 
matic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. 

§3§r' The hyssop of the Scriptures is supposed to be a 
species of caper. 

Hys-te'ri-a (his-te'rT-a), n. [NL. See Hysteric] 
(Med. ) A nervous affection, occurring almost exclusively 
in women, in which the patient loses control over the 
emotions, becomes the victim of imaginary sensations, 
and often falls into paroxysms or fits. 

Hys-ter'ic (-ter'Tk), \ a. [L. hystericus, Gr. vcrrepi- 

Hys-ter'iC-al (-T-kal), | kos, fr. vorepathe womb.] 
Of or pertaining to hysteria ; affected with hysterics. 

Hys-ter'ics (-Tks), n. pi. (Med.) Hysteria. 

II Hys'te-ron pr/Ot'e-ron (his'te-ron prot'e-ron). 
[NL. ; Gr. ilo-repo? latter -f- 7rpoTepos before others.] 
(Rhet.) An inversion of the natural order of sense or 
logic ; as, valet atque vivit, " he is well and lives." 

Hys'ter-Ot'O-my (his'ter-ot'o-m^), n. [Gr. vffTepa. 
womb + refjiveiv to cut.] (Med.) The Cesarean section. 
See under Cesarean. 



I. 



I (i). 1. I, the ninth letter of the English alphabet, 
takes its form from the Phoenician, through the Latin 
and the Greek. Etymologically I is most closely related 
to e, y, j, g ; as in dint, dent ; beverage, L. bibere ; E. 
kin, AS. cymx ; E. thin, AS. pynne ; E. dominion, don- 
jon, dungeon. In English I has two principal vowel 
sounds, and three less common sounds. See Guide to 
Pronunciation, §§ 98-106. See J. 2. As a numeral, I 
stands for 1, II for 2, etc. 

I- (i-)) prefix. See Y-. 

I (i), pron. [poss. My (mi) or Mine (min) ; object. Me 
(me); pi. nom. We (we) ; poss. Our (our) or Ours (ourz) ; 
object. Us (us).] [AS. ic ; akin to G. i?h, L. ego, Gr. 
eyw, eyuv, Skr. aham.] The word with which a speaker 
or writer denotes himself. 

I-am'bic (1-am'bik), a. [See Iambus.] 1. (Pros.) 
Consisting of a short, or unaccented, syllable followed by 
a long, or accented, one. 2. Of or pertaining to iambics 
or iambic meter or verse. 



I-am'bic (t-Sm'bik), n. 1. An iambic foot or verse. 
2. A satirical poem (anciently written in iambic meter). 

I-am'bus (-bus), «. ; pi. JL. Iambi (-hi), E. Iambuses 
(-bus-ez). [L. iambus, Gr. lap.- 
/3os.] (Pros.) Afoot consisting 
of a short syllable followed by a 
long one, or of an unaccented 
syllable and an accented one. 

I-at'ric (t-at'rik), )a. [Gr. 

I-at'ric-al (-rT-koi), f iarpi- 
kos healing, fr. tarpds physician, 
fr. ia.<jQcu to heal.] Of or pert, 
to medicine, or to medical men. 

IT>ex (I'bSks), n. ; pi. E. Ibex- 
es (-ez), L. Ibices (lb'T-sez). [L., 
a kind of goat.] (Zo'dl.) Any 
of several species of wild goats. 




II 1-bi'dem (T-bI'dgin), 
[L.] In the same place. 



adv. 



Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex). 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, "full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, so, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



IBIS 



420 



IDEOGRAM 



, Gr. !/Sis ; of Egyptian origin.] 



> 




JT>is (PWft)t *> [X '6 

Any one of sev- 

•nl species of lun,wid< 

ing birds, feeding largely 
ou reptiles. [-able. 

-i-ble (-I-b»l> See 

-iCi,-ik). [L. -icus, Gr. 
-i«k.] 1. A suffix sig- 
nifying, in general, relat- 
r characteristic 
</.- as. historic, hygienic, 
telegraphic, etc. 2. 
(Chem.) A suffix, denot- 
ing that the element in- 
dicated enters into cer- 
tain compounds with its 
highest valence, or with a 
valence relatively higher 
than in compounds Sacred Ibis (Ibis -Ethiopica). 
where the name of the element ends in -ous ; as, ferric, 
sulphuric. It is also used in the general sense of per- 
taining to ; as, hydric, sodic, calcic. 

I-ca'ri-an (i-ka'rT-an), a. [From Gr. *I<capo?, the 
mythic son of Da?dalus, who, when flying on wings ce- 
mented with wax, mounted so high that the sun melted 
the wax, and he fell into the sea.] Soaring too high for 
safety, like Icarus ; adventurous in flight. 

Ice (is), n. [AS. 75 ; akin to G. eis.] 1. Water or any 
fluid frozen or solidified by cold. 2. Concreted sugar. 
3. Frozen cream, custard, etc. 4. A substance like ice. 

Ice blink [Dan. iisblink], a streak of whiteness on the 
horizon, caused by the reflection of light from ice not yet 
in sight. —Ice cream [for iced cream], cream, milk, or cus- 
tard, sweetened, flavored, and frozen. — Ice float, Ice floe, 
an extensive sheet of floating ice. — Ice house, a pit or 
building for storing ice. — Ice plant (Bot. ), a plant sprinkled 
with pellucid, watery vesicles, which glisten like ice. 

Ice, 9. t. limp. & p. p. Iced (1st) ; p-. pr. & vb. n. Icing 
(I'sTng).] To convert into, or to cover with, ice. 

Ice'berg' (is'berg'), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin. See 
Ice, and Berg.] A large mass of floating ice. 

Ice-lan'dic (is-la'n'dik), a. Of or pertaining to Ice- 
land, or its people. — n. The language of Iceland. 

Iceland moss' (is'land moV ; 115). (Bot.) A kind of 
lichen which furnishes a nutritious jelly. [of calcite. 1 

Iceland spar' (spar'). (Min.) A transparent variety | 

Ich-neu'mon (Ik-nu'mon), n. [X, fr. Gr. Ixvevnov 
(lit., the tracker; so called be- 
cause it hunts out the eggs of the 
crocodile), deriv. of i^fos foot- 
step.] 1. (Zo'dl.) A carnivorous 
mammal noted for destroying 
the eggs and young of the croco- 
dile as well as various snakes 
and lizards. 2. (Zo'dl.) A hy- 
menopterous insect the female 
of which deposits her eggs upon, or in 
other insects, upon which the larvae feed. 

Ich-nog'ra-phy (Tk-nog'ra-fy), n. [Gr. ixvoypacfrCa ; 
i^pos footstep -j- ypafyeiv to describe.] (Drawing) A 
horizontal section of a building or other object ; a ground 
plan ; a map ; also, the art of making such plans. 

I'chor (I'kor), n. [NX, fr. Gr. i X «>p-] 1. (Class. 
Myth.) The ethereal fluid circulating in the veins of the 
gods. 2. (Med.) A watery discharge from a sore. 

I'chor-OUS (I'kor-iis), a. Of or like ichor. 

Ich'thy-lc (Ik'thT-Tk), a. [Gr. ixOvs, -vo?, a fish.] 
(Zo'dl.) Like, or pertaining to, fishes. 

Ich'thy-ol'o-gy (-51'6-jf ), n. [Gr. i x 9v<; -f- -logy.'] The 
natural history of fishes. 

Ich thy-oph'a-gous (-5f'a-gus), a. [Gr. IxOvwjxxyos ; 
*X^" S "f- <}>a-yelv to eat.] Eating, or subsisting on, fish. 

: Icb/thy-or'nis (-Sr'nTs), n. [NX., fr. Gr. txWs fish + 
opvt? bird.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of toothed birds. 

Ich'thy-o-sanr (Yk'thT-o-sar), n. (Paleon.) One of 
the Ichthyosauria. 

Icb/thy-O-sau'ri-a (-sa/rT-a), n. pi. [NX., fr. Gr. 
iy0v's, -vos, a fish + <ravpo<; a lizard.] (Paleon.) An ex- 
tinct order of marine reptiles, some 30 feet in length. 
The vertebrae resemble those of fishes. 

I'ci-cle (I'sT-k'l), n. [AS. Isgicel ; is ice -f- gicel ici- 
cle.] A pendent, or hanging conical mass, of ice formed 
by the freezing of dripping water. 

I'ci-ly <V«T-ly), adv. In an icy manner ; coldly. 

I'ci-ness Ci'sl-ngs), n. State or quality of being icy. 

I'cing (i'slng), n. A coating or covering like ice. 

I-con'o-clasm (i-kSn'o-kla'z'm), n. [See Iconoclast.] 
The. doctrine or practice of the iconoclasts. 



Egyptian Ichneumon. 
i, the bodies of 



I I COn'O-clast (t-k5n'o-klXst), n. [Gr. eiitdjv image -4- 
j k\Slv to break.] 1. A breaker of images or idols. 2. One 

who attacks cherished beliefs; radical. — I-cono-clas'- 

tic (-klas'tlk), a. 

I CO-nog'ra-phy (i'ko-n&g'ra-fy-), n. [Gr. eiKovoypa- 
4>Ca a sketch ; etKiov an image + ypa<J>eii> to describe.] 
The study or art of representation by pictures or images. 

FCO-nOl'O-gy (-n51'o"-jy), n. [Gr. eiKOvoAoyi'a ; euaav 
an image + Aoyos discourse.] The discussion or descrip- 
tion of portraiture or of representative images. 

-ics (-Tks). A suffix used in forming the names of 
certain sciences, systems, etc., as acoustics, mathematics, 
dynamics, statistics, politics, athletics. 

flgp" Words ending in ics are plural in form, and pre- 
vious to the nineteenth century were construed as plurals ; 
but they are now generally treated as singular. 

Ic-ter'ic (Tk-ter'Tk), ) a. [L. ictericus, Gr. iKTepi/eos, 

Ic-ter/lc-al (-T-kal), j fr. (xrepos jaundice.] 1. Per- 
taining to, or affected with, jaundice. 2. Good against 
the jaundice. — n. A remedy for the jaundice. 

II Ic'tus (Tk'tus), n. [L., fr. icere, ictnm, to strike.] 

1. (Pros.) Stress of voice on an accented syllable. Cf. 
Arsis. 2. (Med.) A stroke or blow, as of the pulse. 

I'cy (I'sy), a. [Compar. Icier (I'si-er) ; superl. Ici- 
est.] [AS. Tsig. See Ice.] 1. Pertaining to, resembling, 
or abounding in, ice ; cold ; frosty. 2. Characterized 
by coldness, as of manner ; chilling. 

I 'd (id). A contraction from I would or I had. 

-ide (-id or -Id; 104). (Chem.) A suffix used to de- 
note : (a) The nonmetallic, or negative, element or radi- 
cal in a binary compound ; as, oxide, 'sulphide, chloride. 

(b) A compound which is an anhydride; as, glycolidc. 

(c) Any one of a series of derivatives. 

I-de'a (1-de'a), n. ; pi. Ideas (-az). [L., fr. Gr. ISea, 
fr. ISelv to see ; akin to E. wit.'] 1. The image of a 
visible object, that is formed by the mind ; also, a simi- 
lar image of any object, whether sensible or spiritual. 

2. A general notion, or a conception formed by generali- 
zation. 3. Hence : Any object apprehended, conceived, 
or thought of, by the mind. 4. A belief, opinion, or 
doctrine ; principle. 5. A plan or purpose of action. 6. 
A rational conception ; the complete conception of an ob- 
ject. 7. A fictitious object or picture of the imagination. 

Syn. — Thought ; sentiment; fancy; impression; ob- 
servation ; judgment ; view ; design ; intention ; model. 

I-de'al (i-de'al), a. 1. Existing in idea or thought ; 
conceptional ; mental. 2. Reaching an imaginary stand- 
ard of excellence. 3. Existing in imagination only ; un- 
real. 4. Teaching the doctrine of idealism. 

Syn. — Intellectual ; mental : visionary ; fanciful ; im- 
aginary ; unreal ; impracticable ; Utopian. 

I-de'al (i-de'al), n. A mental conception regarded as a 
standard of perfection ; a model of excellence, beauty, etc. 

I-de'al-ism (-al-Tz'm), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
ideal. 2. (Philos.) The system or theory that denies 
the existence of material bodies, and teaches that we 
have no rational grounds to believe in the reality of any- 
thing but ideas and their relations. 

I-de'al-ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of idealism. 

Ideality (i'de-Sl'T-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being ideal. 2. Capacity to form ideals. [izing. I 

I-deal-i-za'tion (i-de'al-T-za'shun), n. Act of ideal- 1 

I-de'al-ize (i-de'al-Iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Idealized 
(-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Idealizing (-I'zing).] To make 
ideal ; to give an ideal form, character, or value to. 

I-de'al-ize. v. i. To form ideals. 

I-de'al-ly, adv. In an ideal manner ; by means of ideas. 

I-de'at (t-de'at), ) n. [IX. ideatum. See Idea.] 

I-de'ate (-at), ) (3Ietaph.) The actual existence 
supposed to correspond with an idea. 

I'dem (I'dem), pron. or adj. [X] The same ; the 
same as above ; — often abbreviated id. 

I-den'tic-al (-ti-kal), a. [See Identity.] 1. The 
same ; not different. 2. Uttering sameness or the same 
truth. — I-den'tic-al-ly, adv. — I-den'tlc-al-ness, ». 

Syn. — See Synonymous. 

I-den'ti-fi-ca'tion (i-dSn'tT-fi-ka'shun), n. Act of 
identifying, or state of being identified. 

I-den'ti-fy (i-den'tT-fl)), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Identi- 
fied (-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Identifying (-fi'Ing).] [See 
Identity ; -ft.] 1. To make to be the same or to be one ; 
to treat as the same. 2. To establish the identity of. 

I-den'tl-ty (-ti-ty), n. [F. identiie, IX. identitas, fr. 
L. idem the same, from the root of is he, that.] 1. State 
or quality of being identical, or the same; sameness. 
2. Condition of being the same with something described 
or asserted, or of possessing a character claimed. 

I'de-O-. A combining form fr. Gr. ISea, an idea. 

I-de'o-gram (t-de'o-grSm), n. \Ideo- + -gram.] 1. 



a, e ; I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 6, 4, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



IDEOGRAPHIC 



421 



ILEUM 



An original, pictorial element of writing. 2. A symbol 
used for convenience, or for abbreviation ; as, 1, 2, 3, +, 
— , X, $, §, etc. 3. A phonetic symbol ; a letter. 

I'de-O-graph'ic (I'de-o-grSf'Ik), ) a. Pert, to an ideo- 

Fde-O-graph'ic-al (-T-kal), J gram ; representing 

ideas by symbols, independently of sounds. [tation. I 

Fde-Og'ra-phV (-5g'ra-fy), n. Ideographic represen-| 

I'de-Ol'o-gy (-51'6-j?), n. \_Ideo- + -logy.} 1. The 
science of ideas. 2. (Metaph.) A theory of the origin of 
ideas which derives them exclusively from sensation. 

Ides (idz), n. pi. [L. idus.~\ (Anc. Rom. Calendar) 
The fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October, and 
the thirteenth day of the other months. Also, sometimes, 
the eight days in the month of which the fifteenth or 
thirteenth is the last. 

Id'i-O- (Td'T-6-). A combining form from the Greek 
tSios, meaning private, personal, peculiar, distinct. 

Id'i-O-cy (Td'T-6-sy), n. [From Idiot.] Condition or 
quality of being an idiot. 

Id'i-O-graph (Td'T-6-graf), n. [Gr. iSio-ypa^os auto- 
graphic ; cSios one's own -\- ypafeiv to write.] A mark 
or signature peculiar to an individual ; a trade-mark. 

Id'i-om (id'i-um), n. [F. idiome, L. idioma, fr. Gr. 
tSiw/xa, fr. ISiovv to make one's own, f r. iSios one's own, 
peculiar.] 1. The syntactical or structural form pecul- 
iar to any language. 2. An expression conforming or 
appropriate to the peculiar structural form of a language ; 
in extended use, an expression sanctioned by usage, having 
a sense not agreeing with the logical sense of its struc- 
tural form. 3. Dialect ; a variant form of a language. 

Syn. — Dialect. — The idioms of a language belong to 
its very structure ; its dialects are varieties of expression 
ingrafted upon it in different localities or professions. 

Id i-o-niat'ic (Td'T-6-mat'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Id'i-O-mat'ic-al (-i-kal), J to, or conforming to, 

the mode of expression peculiar to a language. 

Id'i-o-path'ic (-pSth'Tk), ) a. (Med.) Pertaining to 

Id i-o-path/ic-al (-T-kal), J idiopathy ; characterizing 
a disease arising primarily. 

Id'I-op'a-thy (Td/T-op'a-th^), n. [Gr. iSto;ra0eia ; iSios 
peculiar -(- iraBelv, nd<rxeiv, to suffer.] 1. A peculiar, or 
individual, characteristic or affection. 2. (Med.) A mor- 
bid state not preceded or caused by any other disease. 

Id'ijO-syn'cra-sy (-6-sTn'kra-sy), n. [Gr. IStocruy/cpa- 
<rta; iSios peculiar -f- cruy*cpacris a mixing together.] A 
peculiarity of physical or mental constitution or temper- 
ament ; eccentricity. 

Id'i-Ot (Td'T-ot), n. [F., fr. L. idiota an ignorant per- 
son, Gr. tSiwnj?, also and orig., a private person, not 
holding public office, fr. ZSios proper, peculiar.] A nat- 
ural fool ; a natural ; an innocent ; also, a simpleton. 

Idl-Ot'ic (-ot'ik), ) a. Pertaining to, or like, an 

Id i-Ot'ical (-T-kal), J idiot. 

Id'i-Ot-ism ( : 5t-Tz'm), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
tSiamo>ios, fr. iSiam^eti/ to Use common language, fr. ISt- 
■cStt}?. See Idiot.] 1. An idiom. 2. Idiocy. 

I'dle (I'd'l), a. \Compar. Idler (i'dler) ; superl. 
Idlest (I'dlest).] [AS. idel vain, empty, useless ; akin 
to G. eitel.~\ 1. Of no account ; useless ; unprofitable ; 
silly. 2. Not called into active or appropriate service ; 
unemployed; inactive; doing nothing. 3. Given to rest 
and ease ; averse to labor. 

Syn. — Unoccupied ; vacant ; indolent ; sluggish ; 
slothful ; ineffectual ; futile ; frivolous ; vain ; trifling ; 
unimportant. — Indolent denotes habitual love of ease, a 
settled dislike of movement or effort ; idle is opposed to 
busy, and denotes a dislike of continuous exertion. Lazy 
is stronger and more contemptuous than indolent. 

I'dle, v. i. To lose or spend time in inaction. 

I'dle, v. t. To spend in idleness ; to waste. 

I'dlO-ness, n. State or quality of being idle. 

I'dler (l'dler), n. One who idles ; a lazy person. 

I'dly (i'dly), adv. In an idle manner ; ineffectually. 

I'dol (i'dol), n. [F. idole, L. idolum, fr. Gr. eiZiaKov, 
f r. elSos that which is seen, shape, figure, fr. \£elv to see.] 
1. An image of a divinity ; similitude of a false god. 2. 
An object of passionate devotion ; that which is greatly 
loved or adored. 3. False notion or conception. 

I-dol'a-ter (t-dol'a-ter), n. [See Idolatry.] 1. A 
worshiper of idols ; pagan. 2. Adorer ; great admirer. 

1-dol'a-tress (-tres), n. A female worshiper of idols. 

I-dOl'a-trize (f-d51'a-triz), v. i. & t. To idolize. 

I-d0l'a-tr0US (-trus), a. Of, pert, to, or of the nature 
of, idolatry ; given to idolatry. — I-dol'a-trous-ly, adv. 

I-dol'a-try (-try), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
eiSwAoAarpeia ; elSaikov idol -f- KarpeCa service.] 1. 
Worship of idols, images, or anything which is not God ; 
the worship of false gods. 2. Veneration ; respect or 
love which borders on adoration. 



[ imji. ft p. v. Idolized (-izd) ; 



I'dol-lze (i'd51-iz), v. t. 
p. pr. & vb. n. Idolizing (-i'zfng).] 1. To make an idol 
of ; to worship idolatrously. 2. To love to excess. 

I'dol-i'zer (-i'ser), n. One who idolizes ; an idolater. 

1-do'ne-ous (t-do^nfc-us), a. [L. idoneus.Ji Appro- 
priate ; suitable ; proper ; fit ; adequate, [ic.] 

I'dyl (i'dll), n. [Gr. el&v\ktov, fr. «!&>? form; lit., 
a little form or image. See Idol.] A short pastoral 
poem ; also, a narrative or descriptive poem written in 
an elevated and highly finished style. 

I-dyl'lic (t-dil'lik), a. Of or belonging to idyls. 

If (If), conj. [AS. gif; akin to D. of, or, whether, if, 
G. ob whether, if.] 1. In case that ; granting, allowing, 
or supposing that ; — introducing a condition or supposi- 
tion. 2. Whether ; — in dependent questions. 

Ig'ne-OUS (Tg'ne-us), a. [L. igueus, fr. ignis fire ; 
akin to Skr. agni.~\ 1. Pertaining to, or having the na- 
ture of, fire ; containing fire ; resembling fire. 2. (Geol.) 
Resulting from, or produced by, the action of fire. 

Ig-nes'cent (Tg-nes'seut), a. [L. ignescens, p. pr. of 
ignescere to become inflamed, fr. ignis fire.] Emitting 
sparks of fire when struck with steel ; scintillating. 

Ig-nip'O-tent (-mp'6-tent), a. [L. ignipolens ; ignis 
fire -\-polens powerful.] Presiding over fire ; also, fiery. 

II Ig'nis fat'U-US (Ig'nTs fSt'u-us) ; pi. Ignes patci 
(Yg'nez fat'u-i). [L. ignis fire + fatuus foolish ; — from \ 
its tendency to mislead.] A phosphorescent light that \ 
appears, in the night, over marshy grounds. 

Ig-nite' (Tg-nif), v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Ignited ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Igniting.] [L. ignilus, p. p. of ignire to 
ignite, fr. ignis fire.] 1. To kindle, or set on fire ; to 
take fire. 2. (Chem.) To subject to intense heat. 

Ig-nit'i ble (-T-b'l), a. Capable of being ignited. 

Ig-ni'tion (Tg-nTsh'iin), n. Act of igniting, or state of 
being ignited. 

Ig-no'ble (ig-no'b'l), a. [L. ignobilis ; pref. in- not 
+ nobilis noble.] 1. Of low birth or family ; not noble ; 
plebeian ; common. 2. Not honorable, elevated, or gen- 
erous ; base. — Ig-no'ble-ness, n. — Ig-no'bly, adv. 

Syn.— Degenerate ; degraded; mean; dishonorable; 
reproachful; disgraceful; shameful; infamous. 

Ig no-min'i-ous (Tg'no-min'T-us), a. 1. Marked 
with ignominy ; incurring public disgrace ; dishonorable. 
2. Deserving ignominy ; despicable. 3. Humiliating ; 
degrading. — Ig/no-min'i-OUS-ly, adv. 

Ig'no-min-y (lg'no-mln-y^, n. [L. ignominia igno- 
miny (i. e., a deprivation of one's good name); in- not 
-f- nomen name.] 1. Public disgrace or dishonor ; re- 
proach ; infamy ; opprobrium. 2. An infamous act. 

Ig no-ra'mus (Yg'no-ra'mus), n. [L., we are igno- 
rant. See Ignore.] 1. (Law) We are ignorant; — the 
word formerly written on a bill of indictment rejected 
by a grand jury for insufficiency of evidence. 2. (pi. 
Ignoramuses (-ez).) A stupid, ignorant person ; a dunce. 

Ig'no-rance (Ig'no-rans), n. State of being ignorant. 

Ig'no-rant (-rant), a. [F., fr. L. ignorans, -antis, p. 
pr. of ignorare. See Ignore.] 1. Destitute of knowl- 
edge ; uninstructed or uninformed. 2. Unconscious ; 
unaware. 3. Unknown. [_Obs.~\ 4. Resulting from 
ignorance; foolish; silly. — Ig'no-rant-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Untaught ; unenlightened; unlearned ; unlet- 
tered ; illiterate. —Ignorant denotes want of knowledge, 
either as to a single subject or information in general ; 
illiterate refers to an ignorance of letters, or of knowledge 
acquired by reading and study. 

Ig-nore' (Ig-nor'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignored 
(-nord') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ignoring.] [L. ignorare; in- 
not -f- root of gnarus knowing, noscere to become ac- 
quainted with.] 1. To be ignorant of. [Archaic'] 2. 
(Law) To reject as ungrounded ; — said of a bill of indict- 
ment. 3. Hence : To refuse to notice ; to disregard 
willfully. 

I-glia'na (T-gwa v na), n. [Sp., fr. native name in 
Hayti.] (Zo'61.) One of a genus 
of large American arboreal liz- . 
ards, usually green in color, and i 
feeding chiefly on fruits. 

Ih-lang'-ih-lang' (e- 
lang'e-laug'), n. [Ma- 
layan, flower of flowers.] 
A rich perfume, obtained 
from the flowers of an 
East Indian tree. 

II- (T1-). A form of In-, 
not, and In-, in. 

Il'e-ac (II 'e-Sk), a. 
(Anat.) Pert, toth^leum. 

|| Il'e-um (Tl'e-Gui), n. 




K 



uana (/. tuberculata). 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, slug, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ILEUS 



422 



ILLUSTRATE 



» 



) 



> 



[I*, flank.] (Anat.) The last, and usually longest, divi- 
sion of the small intestine. 

Ce-US (tl'J-ttfl). n. [NL., fr. Gr. etAeb?, <!Aeos, fr. 
roll up.] (Med.) A very painful morbid condi- 
tion due to intestinal obstruction. 

Ilex (i'lelcs), «. [L., holm oak.] (Bot.) (a) The 
holm oak. (b) A genus of evergreens including the 
common holly. [region of, the ilium. I 

Il'l-ac (Tl'i-Sk), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in the| 

Iliad (,ii'I-<7d). >i. A celebrated Greek epic ascribed 
to Homer, on the destruction of Ilium, the ancient Troy. 

I-UCic u-lis'Tk), a. [See Ilex.] Pert, to, or derived 
from, the holly (Ilex), and allied plants ; as, ilicic acid. 

Ill-O- (Il'T-6-). [From Ilium.] A combining form 
used in anatomy to denote connection with, or relation 
to, the ilium; as, ///o-femoral, i/i'o-lumbar, i7z'o-psoas. 

Il'i-um (Tl'T-um), 7i. [See Ileum.] (Anat.) The 
dorsal or upper part of the hip bone. See Skeleton. 

Ilk (Ilk), a. [Scot, ilk, OE. ilke the same, AS. ilea. 
Cf. Each.] Same; each; every. [Archaic] 

Of that ilk, denoting that a person's surname and the 
title of his estate are the same ; as, Grant of that ilk, i. e., 
Grant of Grant. 

Ill (II), a. [The comparative and superlative are sup- 
plied by worse (wfirs) and worst (wfirst), from another 
root.] [OE. ill, ille, Icel. illr.] 1. Contrary to good, in 
a physical sense ; contrary or opposed to advantage, hap- 
piness, etc. 2. Contrary to good, in a moral sense. 3. 
Sick ; unwell ; diseased. 4. Not accordant with rule, 
fitness, or propriety ; incorrect. 

Syn. — Bad ; evil ; wrong ; wicked ; rude ; inelegant. 

ELI (II), n. That which is ill ; evil of any kind ; mis- 
fortune ; calamity ; depravity ; wrong ; evil. 

Ill, adv. In an ill manner ; badly ; weakly. 

[gp^ When ill is used with a participial adjective as an 
epithet preceding the noun qualified they are commonly 
hyphened ; in other cases they are written separately. 

I '11 (El). Contraction for I tcill or I shall. 
Il-lapse 7 (Tl-laps'), v. i. [L. illabi, p. p. illapsus ; 

pref. (7- in + labi to fall, slide.] To fall or glide ; to pass. 

II -lapse 7 , n. A gliding or entrance of one thing into 
another ; also, a sudden descent or attack. 

Il-la'que-ate (-la'kwe-at), v. t. [L. illaqiieare, p. p. 
-atus ; pref. il- in + laqueare to insnare.] To insnare; 
to entrap; to catch, [R.~\ 

Il-la'tion (Il-la'shun), n. [L. illatio, fr. Hiatus, used 
as p. p. of inferre to bring in, but from a different root. 
See Tolerate.] Act or process or result of inferring 
from premises or reasons ; inference. 

Illa-tive (IFla-tiv), a. Of, pert, to, or denoting, il- 
lation ; inferential. — n. An illative particle, as for. 

H-laud'a-ble (Tl-lad'a-b'l), a. [See In- not, and Laud- 
able.] Not laudable ; not praiseworthy. 

HP-bred' (Il'bred'), a. Badly educated or brought 
up ; impolite ; uncivil ; rude. See Note under III, adv. 

Il-le'gal (Il-le'gal), a. [Pref. il- not -f legal.] Not 
according to, or authorized by, law ; unlawful ; illicit. 

LPle-gal'i-ty (Il'le-gal'i-ty), n. Quality or state of 
being illegal. [illegal or unlawful. I 

11-le'gal-ize (Tl-le'gal-iz), v. t. To make or declare | 

n-le'gal-ly, adv. In an illegal manner ; unlawfully. 

Il-le'gal-ness. n. Illegality ; unlawfulness. 

H-leg'i-ble (Tl-lSj'T-b'l), a. Incapable of being read ; 
not legible. — Il-legi-bill-ty (-bll'I-ty), Il-leg'i-ble- 
ness, n. — H-leg'i-bly, adv. [illegitimate. I 

LVle-git'i-ma-cy (Il'le-jitl-ma-s^), n. State of being 

II le-git'i-mate (-mat), a. 1. Not according to law or 
rule ; unlawful ; unauthorized ; irregular. 2. Born out 
of wedlock ; bastard. 3. Illogical. 4. Not genuine ; 
spurious. — Il'le-git/i-mate-ly, adv. 

11 le-git'i-mate (-mat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illegiti- 
mated (-ma'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Illegitimating.] To 
declare or prove to be born out of wedlock. 

LPle-git'i-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. Act of illegitimating. 

lU'-fa'VOred (ll'fa'verd), a. Wanting beauty or at- 
tractiveness ; deformed ; ugly ; ill-looking. 

Il-liVer-al (Tl-llt/er-al), a. [L. illiberalis ; pref. il- 
not -p liber alis liberal.] 1. Not liberal; not generous ; 
close ; mean. 2. Indicating a lack of breeding, culture, 
and the like. — Il-lib'er-al'i-ty (-H'I-ty), n. — Il-lib'- 
er-al-ly, adv. — H-lib'er-al-ness, n. 

n-lic'it (11-lTslt), a. [L. illicitus; pref. il- not + 
licitus, p. p. of licere to be allowed or permitted.] Not 
permitted or allowed ; prohibited ; unlawful. — Il-lic'- 
it-ly, a d\ ». — nilc'it-ness, n. 

n-llm'it-a-ble (-lTmlt-a-b'l), a. [Pref. il- not + lim- 
itable.] Incapable of being limited or bounded ; bound- 
lews. — Il-lim'it-a-ble-nesB, n. — U-lim'it-a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Luiutless; infinite; immense; vast. 



n-lit'er-a-cy (Tl-lTt'er-a-s?), n. 1. State of being il- 
literate ; ignorance. 2. A literary blunder. 

II lit'er-ate (Tl-lTt'er-St), a. [L. illiterate : pref. il- 
not -f- literatus learned.] Ignorant of letters or books ; 
unlearned ; unlettered ; uneducated. — Il-lit/er-ate-ly, 
adv. — n lit'er-ate-ness, n. 

Syn. — Untaught ; unscholarly. See Ignorant. 

Ill-na'tured (Tl'na'tfird; 135), a. 1. Of habitual 
bad temper ; peevish ; cross. 2. Dictated by, or indi- 
cating, ill nature. — 111' -na'tured-ly, adv. — Ill'-iia'- 
tured-ness, n. 

Ill'ness (Tl'n6s), n. [From III.] The condition of 
being ill ; disorder of health ; disease ; sickness. 

Syn. — Malady ; disease ; indisposition ; ailment. — 
Within the present century, there has been a tendency 
in England to use illness in the sense of a continuous dis- 
ease or disorder of health, and to confine sickness more 
especially to a sense of nausea. 

11-log'ic-al (Tl-loj'i-kal), a. Ignorant or negligent of 
the rules of logic ; being contrary to the rides of logic. 
— Il-log'ic-al-ly (T-kol-iy), adv. — Il-log'ic-al-ness, n. 

Ill'-starred' (Il'stwd'), a. Fated to be unfortunate. 

Iil'timed (Tl'timd'), a. Done, attempted, or said, at 
an unsuitable or unpropitious time. 

Ill'treat' (Il'tref), v. t. To treat cruelly or wrongly. 

Il-lude' (!l-lud'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Illuded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Illuding.] [L. illudere, illusion ; pref. il- in 
-f- ludere to play.] To play upon by artifice ; to excite 
and disappoint the hopes of. 

Il-lume' (Tl-lum'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illumed 
(-lumd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Illuming.] [See Illuminate.] 
To throw or spread light upon ; to illumine, [minated. i 

ll-lu'mi-na-ble (Il-lu'mT-na-b'l), a. That may be illu- 1 

11-lu'mi-nant (-naut), n. That which illuminates. 

11-lu'mi-nate (Tl-lu'mi-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Illuminated (-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Illuminating 
(-na'tlng).] [L. illuminare, p. p. -atus ; pref. il- in -f- 
luminare to enlighten, fr. lumen light.] 1. To make to 
be light ; to supply with light, lit. or fig. ; to brighten. 
2. To light up ; to decorate with artificial lights. 3. To 
adorn, as a book or page, with borders, initials, pictures, 
etc., in colors and gold. 4. To explain ; to elucidate. 

Il-lu'mi-nate (-nat), a. Enlightened. 

II 11-lu mi-na'ti (-na'tl), n. pi. [L. illuminatus, p. p.] 
Lit., those who are enlightened ; hence : 1. (Eccl.) 
Persons in the early church who had received baptism. 

2. (Eccl. Hist.) A sect, which sprung up in Spain about 
the year 1575, claiming special spiritual perfection. 

3. (Mod. Hist.) Members of certain 18th-century as- 
sociations in Europe, who expected by social reforms 
to perfect men and society. 4. Also : (a) An obscure 
sect of French Familists. (b) The Hesychasts, Mystics, 
and Quietists. (c) The Rosicrucians. 

Illu mi-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 1. Act of illuminating, 
or state of being illuminated. 2. An ornamented book 
or manuscript. 3. That which illuminates or gives 
light; brightness; splendor; esp., intellectual light or 
knowledge. 4. (Theol.) Inspiration. [or illustrate, j 

Il-lu'mi-na-tive (-na-tlv), a. Tending to illuminate! 

Il-lu'mi-na tor (-na'ter), n. 1. One who illuminates 
books, esp. manuscripts. 2. A condenser or reflector of 
light ; also, an illuminant. 

Il-lu'mine (Tl-lu'mTn), v. t. To illuminate. 

Il-lu'mi-ner (-ml-ner), n. One that illuminates. 

Il-lu'sion (Il-lu'zhun), n. [F. illusion, L. illusio, fr. 
illudere, illusum, to illude. SeelLLUDE.] 1. An unreal 
image presented to the bodily or mental vision ; a decep- 
tive appearance ; a false show ; mockery ; hallucination. 

B^p" Some modern physiologists distinguish between 
an illusion and a hallucination, regarding the former as 
originating with some external object, and the latter as 
having no objective occasion whatever. 
2. A plain, delicate lace, usually of silk, used for veils, 
scarfs, dresses, etc. 

Syn.— Delusion; deception; chimera; fallacy. — Illu- 
sion refers particularly to errors of the sense ; delusion to 
false hopes or deceptions of the mind. See Delusion. 

Il-lu'sion-ist. n. One given to illusion. 

Il-lu'sive (Tl-lu'sTv), a. Deceiving by false show. — 
Il-lu'sive-ly, adv. — U-lu'sive-ness, n. 

Il-lu'SO-ry (-so-ry), a. Deceiving, or tending to de- 
ceive ; fallacious ; illusive. 

Ii-lus'trate (Tl-lus'trat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illus- 
teated (-tra-tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Illustrating (-tra- 
tlng).] [L. illuslrare, p. p. -atus, fr. illustris bright. 
See Illustrious.] 1. To make clear, bright, or lumi- 
nous. 2. To exhibit distinctly or conspicuously. 3. To 
elucidate, explain, or exemplify, as by means of pictures, 
comparisons, or examples. 4. To adorn with pictures. 



a, e, 1, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, ftnite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ILLUSTRATION 



423 



IMMALLEABLE 



D'lus-tra'tion (Tl'lus-tra'shim), n. 1. Act of illus- 
trating; elucidation ; also, state of being illustrated. 2. 
That which illustrates ; as a comparison or a picture. 

n-lus'tra-tive (Tl-lus'tra-ti v), a. Tending or designed 
to illustrate, exemplify, or elucidate. 

Il-lus'tra-tor(-tra-ter),n. [L.] One who illustrates. 

Il-lus'tll-OUS (Il-lus'trT-us), a. [L. illustris, prob. 
for illuxtris; fr. il- in + the root of lucidus bright.] 1. 
Possessing luster or brightness ; brilliant ; luminous ; 
splendid. 2. Characterized by greatness, nobleness, etc. 
3. Conferring luster or honor ; renowned. — Il-lus'tri- 
ous-ly, adv. — Il-lus'tri-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Distinguished ; famous ; remarkable ; brilliant ; 
conspicuous ; noted ; celebrated ; signal ; eminent ; ex- 
alted ; noble ; glorious. See Distinguished. 

II lu-ta'tion (TFlu-ta'shun), n. [II- in + L. lutum 
mud.] Act of smearing the body with mud ; a mud bath. 

Illy (Il'ly), adv. 111. [Not fully approved.] 

I 'm (im). A contraction of J am. 

Im- (Im-). A form of the prefixes In- not, and In- in. 

Im'age (im'aj ; 48), n. [F.., fr. L. imago, imaginis, 
fr. root of imiiari to imitate.] 1. An imitation or simil- 
itude of any person, thing, or act, sculptured, drawn, 
painted, or otherwise made visible ; copy ; likeness ; ef- 
figy ; picture ; semblance. 2. Hence : An idol. 3. Show ; 
appearance ; cast. 4. A representation of anything to 
the mind ; fancy; conception; idea. 5. (Rhet.) A pic- 
ture, example, or illustration, often taken from sensible 
objects. 6. {Opt.) The figure or picture of any object 
formed at the focus of a lens or mirror. 

Im'age (im'aj ; 48), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Imaged (im'- 
ajd ; 48) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Imaging (-a-jing).] To repre- 
sent or form an image of. 

Im'age-ry (Tm'aj-r^), n. 1. Images or visible repre- 
sentations of objects ; images in general, or in mass. 2. 
Fig. : Unreal show ; appearance. 3. False ideas ; im- 
aginary phantasms. 4. Use of images in writing or 
speaking ; figures in discourse. [imagined. I 

Im-ag'i-na-ble (im-aj'T-na-b'l), a. Capable of being | 

Im-ag'i-nal (-nal), a. [L. imaginalis.] 1. Imagina- 
tive. 2. (Zool.) Of or pertaining to an imago. 

Im-ag'i-na-ry (-nt-rf), a. Existing only in imagina- 
tion or fancy ; not real ; fancied ; visionary ; ideal. — 
Im-ag'1-na-ri-ly (-ri-ly), adv. — Im-ag'i-na-rl-ness, n. 

Syn. — Fanciful ; chimerical ; unreal ; illusive. 

Im-ag i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 1. The power of the 
mind to create mental images of objects of sense previ- 
ously perceived. 2. The power to reconstruct or recom- 
bine the materials furnished by direct apprehension ; the 
fancy. 3. The power to recombine the materials fur- 
nished by experience or memory, for the accomplishment 
of an elevated purpose ; the power of conceiving and ex- 
pressing the ideal. 4. A mental image formed by the 
imagination as a faculty ; conception ; notion. 

Syn. — Conception ; idea ; conceit ; fancy ; device ; 
origination ; invention ; scheme ; design ; purpose ; con- 
trivance. — A distinction is now made between imagina- 
tion and fancy. Properly speaking, they are different 
exercises of the same general power — the plastic or cre- 
ative faculty. Imagination is the higher form of mental 
activity of the two. It creates by laws more closely con- 
nected with the reason ; it has strong emotion as its actu- 
ating and formative cause ; it aims at results of a definite 
and weighty character. Fancy is governed by laws of as- 
sociation which are more remote, and sometimes arbi- 
trary or capricious. Hence the term fanciful, which ex- 
hibits fancy in its wilder flights. It has for its actuating 
spirit feelings of a lively, gay, and versatile character ; it 
seeks to please by unexpected combinations of thought, 
startling contrasts, flashes of brilliant imagery, etc. 

Im-ag'i-na-tlve (Tm-aj'T-na-tiv), a. Proceeding from, 
and characterized by, or gifted with, imagination. — Im- 
ag'i-na-tive-ly , adv. — Im-ag'i na-tive-ness, n. 

Im-ag'ine (Tm-Sj'in), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imagined 
(-Tnd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Imagining.] [F. imaginer, L. 
imaginari, p. p. -atus, fr. imago image. See Image.] 
1. To form in the mind a notion or idea of ; to produce 
by the imagination. 2. To contrive in purpose; to 
scheme. 3. To think ; to believe. 

Syn. — To fancy; conceive; apprehend; think; be- 
lieve ; suppose ; opine ; deem ; plan ; scheme ; devise. 

Im-ag'ine, v. i. 1. To form images or conceptions ; 
to conceive ; to devise. 2. To think ; to suppose. 

Im-ag'ill-er (-Tn-er), n. One who imagines. 

II I-ma'go (i-ma'go), n. ; pi. Imagoes (-goz). [L. See 
Image.] 1. An image. 2. (Zool.) The final adult, and 
usually winged, state of an insect. 

II Imam' (T-mam'), ) n. [Ar. imam.~\ 1. Among 
II I-man' (T-man'), > the Mohammedans, a minis- 
II I-maum' (i-mam'), ) ter or priest. 2. A Moham- 



medan prince who, as a successor of Mohammed, has su- 
preme spiritual and temporal power. 

Dn bank' (Im-bank'), v. t. See Embank. 

Im-bank'ment (-uieut), n. See Embankment. 

Im bathe' (Tin-bath'), v. t. To bathe ; to immerse. 

Im'be-clle (Im'be-.sTl or -sel), a. [L. imbecUlis, aud 
imbecillus; of unknown origin.] Destitute of strength, 
whether of body or mind ; esp., mentally weak. — n. One 
who is imbecile. 

Syn. — Weak; feeble; feeble-minded; idiotic. 

Im'be-cil'i-ty (-sll'I-ty), n. Quality of being imbecile. 

Imbed' (Ini-bgd'), v. t. To sink or lay, as in a bed. 

Im-bibe' (Tm-bib'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbibed 
(-bibd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbibing.] [L. imbibere ; pref . 
im- in -f- bibere to drink.] To drink in ; to absorb ; to 
suck or take in ; to receive as by drinking. 

Im-bib'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, imbibes. 

Im/bi-bi'tion (Tm'bl-bTsh'un), n. Act or process of 
imbibing, or absorbing. 

Im-bit'ter (im-bit'ter), v. t. To make bitter ; hence, 
to make distressing ; to make sad, morose, sour, etc. 

Im-bit'ter-er (-er), n. One that imbitters. 

Im-bod'y (Tni-bod'y), v. t. & i. See Embody. 

Im-bold'en (im-bold"n), v. t. See Embolden. 

Im-bor'der (Tm-b6r'der), v. t. To furnish with a bor- 
der ; to form a border of. 

Im-bOS'om (Tm-bd"6z'um), v. t. 1. To hold in the 
bosom ; to cherish in the heart or affections. 2. To in- 
close or place in the midst of ; to surround or shelter. 

Im-bOW' (Tm-bo'), v. t. To make like a bow ; to 
curve ; to arch ; to vault ; to embow. 

Im-bow'er (-bou'er), v. t. & i. See Embowee. 

Im'bri-cate (lm'brl-kat), ) a. [L. imbricatus, p. p. of 

Im'bri-ca'ted (-ka'ted), } imbricare to cover with 
tiles, to form like a gutter tile, fr. imbrex, 
-ids, gutter tile, fr. imber rain.] 1. Bent 
and hollowed like a roof or gutter tile. 2. 
Lying over each other in regular order, so as 
to "break joints," like shingles on a roof , 
scales on leaf buds, or scales of fishes ; also, 
having scales so arranged. 

InVbri-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. An over- 
lapping of the edges, like that of tiles ; also, 
a pattern representing parts so overlapping. 

Im-brogl'io (Tm-brol'yo), n. ; pi. Im- 
broglios (-yoz). [It. See 1st Brodl.] 1. 
An intricate, complicated plot. 2. A com- 
plicated and embarrassing state of things ; a 
serious misunderstanding. 

Im-brown' (Tm-broun'), v. t. To make 
brown ; to obscure ; to darken ; to tan. 

Imbrue' (Tm-bru'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Imbrued (-brud') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbruing.] [Cf. OF. 
embruer to give to drink, soak (see pref. En-, 1, and 
Beverage), but also OE. enbrewen, enbrowen, to stain.] 
To wet or moisten ; to soak ; to drench, esp. in blood. 

Im-bnite' (Tin-brut'), v. t. & i. To degrade or sink 
to the state of a brute. 

Im-bue' (im-bu'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Imbued (-bud') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Imbuing.] [L. imbuere; pref. im- in -f- 
perh. a word akin to L. bibere to drink. Cf. Imbibe.] 1. 
To tinge deeply ; to dye ; to cause to absorb. 2. To cause 
to become impregnated. [supply with money. [Obs.~\ I 

Im-burse' (Tm-bfirs'), v. t. [Tret im- in + burse.] To| 

lm'i-ta-ble (Tm'i-ta-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being imi- 
tated or copied. 2. "Worthy of imitation. — Im'i-ta-ble- 
ness, Im'i-ta-bil'i-ty (-bTl'I-t?), n. 

Im'i-tate (-tat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imitated (-ta'- 
tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Imitating (-taking).] [L. imitari, 
p. p. -atus ; of unknown origin.] 1. To follow as a pat- 
tern, model, or example; to copy. 2. To produce a 
semblance or likeness of; to counterfeit; to copy. 3. 
(Biol.) To resemble in form, color, ornamentation, or in- 
stinctive habits, so as to derive an advantage thereby. 

Imi-ta'tion (Tm'i-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of imitating. 
2. That which is made as a copy ; likeness ; resemblance. 

Im'i-ta-tive (im'i-ta-tiv), a. 1. Inclined to imitate, 
copy, or follow; exhibiting imitation of a pattern or 
model ; not original. 2. Formed after a pattern or orig- 
inal.— Im'i-ta-tive-ly, adv. — Im'i-ta-tive-ness, n. 

Im'i-ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. [L.] One who imitates. 

Im-mac'u-late (Im-mak'u-lat), a. [L. immaculatus. 
See Im- not, and Maculate.] Without stain or blemish ; 
spotless; undefiled ; clean; pure. — Im-mac'U-late-ly, 
adv. — Im-mac'u-late-ness, n. 

Immaculate conception (R. C. Ch.), the doctrine that the 
Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin. 

Im-mal'le-a-ble (im-mai'le-a-b'l), a. Not malleable. 




K 



fSrn, recent, drb, mde, full, ftrn, food, frfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



I MM AXE 



424 



IMMURE 



> 



Im mane' i,ltn-man'), a. [L. immanis.'] Very great ; 
hu*e; vast. 
Im'ma-nence m'ma-ne'us), { ;i. State or quality of 
Im'ma-nen-cy (,-ntn-s5), J being immanent. 
Im'ma-nent f-nent), a. [L. i mnu mens, p. pr. of im- 

• . .; f to remain in or near ; pref. im- in -f- mature to 
remain.] Kemaiuing within ; inherent ; intrinsic ; inter- 
nal or subjective, [being humane. [i?.]| 

Im-man'i-ty (Jm-rnXn'T-ty), ?i. State or quality of I 

Im-man'u-el t,!m-inXn'u-Sl), ?i. [Heb. Hmmanuel, 
fr. 'im with -f- 8*8 us -j- e/ God.] God with us ; — au 
appellation of the Christ. 

Im ma-te / ri-al (Tni/ina-te'rT-fll), a. 1. Not consisting 
of matter; incorporeal; spiritual. 2. Without weight 
or rignifioanoe ; unimportant ; insignificant. — Im ma- 
te ri ally, adv. — Im ma-te'ri-al-ness. n. 

Syn. — lucousequeutial ; inconsiderable; trifliug. 

Im ma-te'ri-al-lsm (-Iz'm), n. 1. The doctrine that 
immaterial substances or spiritual beiugs exist, or are 
possible. 2. {Philos.) Any doctrine opposed to mate- 
rialism or phenomenalism ; esp., a system that maintains 
the -immateriality of the soul ; idealism. 

Im'ma-te'li-al-ist, n. {Philos.) One who believes in, 
or professes, immaterialism. [being immaterial. I 

Im ma-teTi-al'i-ty (-51'1-ty), n. State or quality of | 

Im mature' (-rua-tur'), a. [L. immaturus ; pref. 
im- not -f- malurus mature, ripe. See Mature.] Not 
mature ; not arrived at perfection or full development. 
— Im ma-ture'ly (tur'ly), adv. — Im ma-ture'ness, 
Im ma-tu'ri-ty (-tu'rl-ty), n. 

Im matured' (-turd'), a. Immature. 

Im-meas'ur-a-ble (im-mezh'ur-a-b'l), a. Incapable 
of being measured ; illimitable ; immensurable. — Im- 
meas'ur-a-bil'i-ty (bTi'i-ty), Im meas'ur-a -ble-ness, 
n. — Im-meas'ur-a-bly, adv. 

Im-me'di-ate (Tni-me'dT-at), a. [F. immediat. See 
Ik- not, and Mediate.] 1. Not separated in respect to 
place by anything intervening ; proximate. 2. Not de- 
ferred by an interval of time ; present. 3. Acting 
without the intervention of another object as a cause, 
means, or agency ; perceived, or produced, directly. 

Im-me / di-ate-ly (Tni-rne'di-at-ly), adv. 1. In an im- 
mediate manner ; proximately ; directly. 2. Promptly ; 
instantly ; at once. 3. As soon as. Cf. Directly, 7. 

Im-me'di-ate-ness, n. Quality of being immediate. 

Im me-lo'di-ous (Tm'ine-lo'dT-us), a. Not melodious. 

Im-mem'O-ra-ble (im-mem'6-ra-b'l), a. Not memora- 
ble ; not worth remembering. 

Im me-mo'ri-al (Trn / me-mo'rT-al), a. Extending be- 
yond the reach of memory, record, or tradition ; indefi- 
nitely ancient. — Im'me-mo/ri-al-ly, adv. 

Immense' (Tm-inens'), a. [L. immensus; pref. im- 
not -j- mensus, p. p. of metiri to measure.] Immeasura- 
ble ; unlimited. In commonest use : Very great ; vast ; 
huge. — Im-mense'ly, adv. — Im-mense'ness, Im- 
men'si-ty (-uien'si-ty), n. 

Syn. — Infinite ; illimitable ; unbounded ; unlimited ; 
prodigious ; enormous ; monstrous. See Ekormous. 

Im-men'su-ra-ble (Tm-men'shu-ra-b'l), a. Immeas- 
urable. — Im-men'su-ra-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), n. 

Im-merge' (Tm-merj'), v. t. [L. immergere ; pref. 
im- in -f- niergere to plunge. See Merge.] To immerse. 

Im-merse' (Tm-mers'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immersed 
(-inersf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Immersing.] [See Immerge.] 
1. To plunge into anything that surrounds or covers, 
esp. into a fluid. 2. To baptize by immersion. 3. To 
engage deeply ; to engross the attention of. 

Im-mer'sion (Tm-mer'shun), n. 1. Act of immersing, 
or state of being immersed. 2. (Astron.) The disappear- 
ance of a celestial body, by passing either behind another 
or into its shadow. 

Im-mesh' (Tm-mSsh'), v. t. To catch or entangle in, 
or as in, the meshes of a net. 

Im me-thod'ic-al (Tm'me-thod'i-kal), a. Not me- 
thodical; irregular; confused; disorderly. — lm/me- 
thod'ic-al-ly, adv. — Imme-thod'ic-al-ness, n. 

Im'ml-grant (Tm'mT -grant), n. One who immigrates. 

Irn'mi-grate (-grat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Immigrated 
(-gra'te'd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Immigrating (-gra'ting).] [L. 
immigrare, -alum; pref. im- in + migrare to migrate. 
Bee Migrate.] To come into a country of which one is 
not a native, for permanent residence. See Emigrate. 

Im'mi-gra'tlon (-gra'shiinV n. Act of immigrating. 

Im'mi-nence (lm'mT-nens), n. 1. State or quality of 
being imminent; a threatening, as of something about 
to happen. 2. Impending evil or danger. 

Im'mi-nent f-n*mt), a. [L. imminent, p. pr. of im- 
minere to project; pref. im- in -f- minere (in comp.) 



to project.] 1. Threatening to occur immediately ; im- 
pending. 2. Full of danger ; perilous. — Im'mi-nent-ly 
(Im'ml-ncnt-ly), adv. 

Sy ii. — Impending ; threatening ; near ; at hand. — Im- 
minent denotes that something is ready to fall or happen 
on the instant ; as, in /'////// inent danger of one's life. Im- 
pending denotes that something hangs suspended over 
us. and may so remain indefinitely; as, the impending 
evils of war. Threatening supposes some danger in pros- 
pect, but more remote ; as, threatening indications. 

Im-mis'ci-ble (im-mis'si-b'1), a. Not miscible. 

Im mis'sion (Tm-mlsb/un), n. Act of immitting. 

Im-mlt' (Tin-inTf), v. t. [L. immittere, immissum ; 
im- in + vdttere to send.] To inject ; to infuse. [P.] 

Im mit'i-ga-ble (Tm-mit'i-ga-b'l), a. [L. immitiga- 
bilis ; pref. im- not -f- mitigare to mitigate.] Not capa- 
ble of being mitigated. — Im-mlt'i-ga-bly, adv. 

Im-mo'bile (Tm-mo'bTl), a. [L. immobilis immovable ; 
pref. im- not -\- mobilis movable.] Incapable of being 
moved ; immovable ; fixed ; stable. — Im'mo-bil'i-ty 
(Tni'nio-bTl'T-ty), n. 

Im-mob'i-lize (Tm-mob'T-liz), v. t. [Pref. im- in + 
mobilize.'] To make immovable, as by the use of splints. 

Im mod'er-ate (-mod'er-at), a. [L. immoderatus ; 
pref. im- not -f- moderatus moderate.] Not moderate; 
exceeding just or usual and suitable bounds. — Im-mod'- 
er-ate-ly, adv. — Im-mod'er ate-ness, n. 

Syn. — Excessive ; exorbitant ; unreasonable ; extrav- 
agant ; intemperate ; inordinate. 

Im-mod'est (Ym-mod'est), a. [F. immodeste, L. im- 
modestus immoderate ; pref. im- not + modestus modest.] 
1. Immoderate. 2. Not modest. — Im-mod'est-ly, adv. 
— Im-mod'es ty (es-ty), n. 

Syn. — Indecorous ; indehcate; shameless; shameful; 
impudent ; indecent ; impure ; unchaste ; lewd ; obscene. 

Im'mo-late (Tm'mo-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immo- 
lated (-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Immolating.] [L. im- 
molare, p. p. -atus, orig., to sprinkle a victim with sacri- 
ficial meal ; pref. im- in -f- mola salted grits of spelt.] To 
sacrifice ; to offer in sacrifice ; to kill, for sacrifice. 

Im mo-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act of immolating, 
or state of being immolated. 2. That which is immo- 
lated ; a sacrifice. 

Im'mo-la tor (Tm'mo-la'ter), n. One who offers any- 
thing, esp. himself, in sacrifice. 

Im-mor'al (Tm-mor'al), a. Not moral ; inconsistent 
with good morals ; contrary to conscience or the divine 
law. — Im-mor'al-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Wicked ; sinful ; criminal ; vicious ; unjust ; 
dishonest ; depraved ; impure ; unchaste ; profligate ; 
dissolute ; abandoned ; licentious ; lewd ; obscene. 

Im'mo-ral'i-ty (im'mo-ral'i-ty), n. 1. State or 
quality of being immoral ; vice. 2. An immoral act or 
practice. 

Im-mor'tal (Tm-moVtal), a. [L. immortalis ; pref. 
im- not + mortalis mortal.] 1. Not mortal; exempt 
from liability to die. 2. Connected with, or pertaining to, 
immortality. 3. Destined to live in all ages of this world ; 
exempt from oblivion. — n. One who is immortal. 

Syn. —Eternal ; everlasting ; never-ending ; ceaseless ; 
perpetual ; continual ; enduring ; endless ; imperishable ; 
incorruptible ; deathless ; undying. 

Im mor-tal'i-ty (Tm'mor-tSl'T-ty), n. Quality or state 
of being immortal ; unending existence. 

Im-mor'tal-ize (Tm-mSr'tal-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Immortalized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Immortalizing 
(-FzTng).] To render immortal ; to exempt from oblivion. 

Im-mor'tal-ly , adv. In an immortal manner. 

Im mor-telle' (Tm'mor-teF), n. ; pi. Immortelles 
(-telz'). [F. See Immortal.] (BotJ) A plant with a 
conspicuous, dry, unwithering involucre. 

Im-mov'a-ble (Tm-moov'a-b'l), a. 1. Incapable of be- 
ing moved ; firmly fixed ; fast. 2. Steadfast in will or 
purpose ; unalterable ; unchangeable. 3. Not affected in 
feeling or by sympathy ; unimpressible ; impassive. 4. 
(Laiv) Not liable to be removed ; permanent in place or 
tenure. — Im-mov'a-bil'i-ty (-bTi'i-ty), im-mov'a-ble- 
ness, n. — Im-mov'a-bly, adv. 

Im-mov'a-ble, n. 1. That which is immovable. 2. pi. 
{Civil Law] Lands and things naturally or properly ad- 
herent thereto, as trees, buildings, seeds, manure, etc. 

Im-mu'ni-ty (Tm-mu'nT-ty), n. [L. immunilas, fr. 
immunis free from a public service ; pref. im- not + 
munis complaisant, obliging.] 1. Freedom or exemp- 
tion from any charge, duty, obligation, office, tax, im- 
position, penalty, or service ; a particular privilege. 2. 
Freedom ; exemption. 

Im-mure' (Tm-mur'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immttred 
(-murd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Immurikg.] [Im- in -f- mure.] 
To inclose within, or as within, walls ; to imprison. 



a, e, I, O; u, long ; a, £, i, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, £ vent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 






IMMUREMENT 



425 



IMPEND 



Im-mure'ment (Tni-niur'nient), n. Act of iuiniuring, 
or state of being immured. 

Im-mu'sic-al (Tni-mu'zT-kal), a. Unmusical. 

Im-mu'ta-ble (Tin-mu'ta-b'l), a. [L. immutabilis; 
pref. im- not + nmtabilis mutable.] Not mutable ; not 
capable or susceptible of change ; invariable. — Im-mu'- 
ta-bil'i-ty (-bll'T-t^), Im-mu'ta-ble-ness, n. — Im-mu'- 
ta-bly, adv. 

Imp (Trap), n. [OE. imp a graft, AS. impa; prob. fr. 
LL. impotus, Gr. e/A<£vTOs engrafted, fr. e^veiv to im- 
plant ; iv in + <]>veiv to produce.] 1. A shoot ; a graft. 
[Obs.] 2. Offspring ; child. [Obs.] 3. A young or infe- 
rior devil ; a puny demon. 4. Something added to a 
thing to lengthen it out or repair it. [Prov. Eng.] 

Imp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imped (Tmt ; 215) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Imping.] 1. To graft. [06s.] 2. (Falconry) To 
graft with new feathers; to splice (a broken feather). 
Hence, Fig. : To repair ; to strengthen. [Archaic] 

Im-pact' (Tm-p5kt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impacted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Impacting.] [From L. impactus, p. p. 
of impingere. See Impinge.] To drive close ; to press, 
wedge, or drive so as to fix firmly. 

Im'pact (Tm'pakt), n. 1. Collision ; forcible contact ; 
stroke. 2. (Mech.) The single instantaneous stroke of 
a body in motion against another body. 

Im-pac/tion (Tm-p5k'shun), n. Act of impacting. 

Im-pair' (Tin-p&r'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaired 
(-ptrd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Impairing.] [OF. empeirier, 
LL. impejorare ; pref. im- in -{- pejorare to make worse, 
fr. pejor worse.] To make worse ; to diminish in quan- 
tity, value, excellence, or strength. 

Syn. — To diminish; decrease; injure; weaken; en- 
feeble ; debilitate ; reduce ; debase ; deteriorate. 

Im-pair'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, impairs. 

Im-pair'ment (-ment), n. State of being impaired. 

Im-pale' (lm-pal'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaled 
(-paid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Impaling.] [See Empale.] 1. 
To pierce with a pale. See Empale. 2. To inclose, as 
with pales or stakes ; to surround. 3. {Her.) To join, 
as two coats of arms on one shield, vertically ; hence, to 
join in honorable mention. 

Im pale'ment (-ment), n. Act or result of impaling ; 
state of being impaled. 

Im-paJ/pa-ble (Tm-pal'pa-b'l), a. 1, 
Not palpable ; that cannot be felt ; ex 
tremely fine, so that no grit can be felt 
2. Not material ; intangible ; incorpo- 
real. 3. Not apprehensible, or readily 
apprehensible, by the mind ; unreal. — 
Im-pal'pa-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), n. — Im 

pal'pa-bly, adv. Impalement. 

Im'pa-na'tlon (lin'pa-na'shun), n. xm i' aie " ieu, < 
{Fr. LL. impanatus, p. p. of impanare to embody in 
bread; L. pref. im- -f- panis bread.] (Eccl.) The sup- 
posed real presence and union of Christ's material body 
and blood with the substance of the elements of the 
eucharist without a change in their nature. 

Im-pan'el (Tin-pan'gl), v. t. To enter in a list, or on 
a panel ; to enroll. — Im-pan'el-ment (-ment), n. 

Im-par'a-dise (Tm-par'a-dis), v. t. To put in a state 
like paradise ; to make supremely happy. 

Im-par'i-ty (Tm-p2r'T-ty), n. 1. Inequality; dis- 
parity ; disproportion. 2. Lack of comparison, corres- 
pondence, or suitableness ; incongruity. 

Impark' (Tm-park'), v. t. 1. To inclose for a park. 
2. To inclose or shut up ; to park. 

Im-parl' (Tm-parl'), v. i. [OF. emparler ; pref. em- 
(L. in) + parler to speak. See In, prep., and Parley.] 

1. To parley. [Obs.] 2. {Law) To have time before 
pleading ; to have delay for mutual adjustment. 

Im-par'lance (Tm-par'lans), n. 1. Parley. [Obs.] 

2. (Law) (a) Time given to a party before pleading, 
orig., to effect an amicable adjustment of the suit. (b) 
Hence, the delay or continuance of a suit. 

Im-part' (-part'), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Imparted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Imparting.] [OF. impartir, empartir, 
L. impartire, impertire ; im- in -f- partire to part. See 
Part, v.] 1. To bestow a share or portion of ; to give, 
grant, or communicate. 2. To make known ; to disclose. 

Syn. — To share ; yield ; confer ; convey ; reveal ; dis- 
close ; discover ; divulge. See Communicate. 

Im-part'er (Tm-parfer), n. One who imparts. 

Im-par'tial (Tm-par'shal), a. Not partial ; not favor- 
ing one more than another ; unprejudiced ; equitable ; 
just. — Im-par'tial-ly (-ly), adv. — Im-par'tial-ness, n. 
^ Im-par'ti-al'i-ty (Tm-par'shT-31'T-ty or Iin'par-shSl'- 
l-ty), n. Quality of being impartial ; freedom from bias. 

im-part'i-ble (Tin-part'T-b'l), a. 1. [From Impart.] 



isult of impaling ; 



Capable of being imparted. 2. [Im- not -j- partible.] Not 
partible ; indivisible. — Im-parM-bil'i-ty (Ira-parfl- 
bll'I-ty), n. 

Im-pass'a-ble (Tm-pas'a-b'l), a. Incapable of being 
passed ; not admitting a pa«sage. — Im pass'a ble 
ness, n. — Im-pass'a-bly, adv. 

Im-pas'si-ble (Tm-paVaT-b'l), a. [L. iiitpassibilis ; 
im- not -\- passibilis passable.] Incapable of suffering 
or of sympathy ; unfeeling, or not showing feeling ; be- 
ing without sensation. — Im-pas'sl-bil'i-ty (-bTl'I-tJ), 
a. — Im-pas'sl-ble-nesB, n. [Ooa. lArohateV 

Im-pas'sion (Im-p&8b/fin), v. t. To affect with pas-j 

Im-pas'sion-ate (-at), a. Strongly affected. 

Im-pas'sion-ate (-at), a. [Pref. im- not + passion- 
ate.] Without passion or feeling. 

Im-pas'sioned (Tm-pSsh'und), p. p. & a. Actuated 
or characterized by passion or zeal ; ardent ; excited. 

Im-pas'sive (Tm-p2s'sT v), a. Not susceptible of pain 
or suffering ; apathetic ; impassible. — Im-pas'sive-ly , 
adv. — Im-pas'sive-ness, n. 

Im'pas-ta'tion (-pSs-ta'sliun), n. Act of making into 
paste ; that which is formed into a paste or mixture. 

Im-paste' (Tm-pasf), v. t. To knead ; to make into 
paste ; to concrete. 

Im-pat'i-ble (Tm-pSt'T-b'l), a. [L. imputibllis ; pref. 
im- not -\-patibUis supportable.] Impassible ; unfeeling. 

Im-pa'tience (im-pa'shens), n. Quality of being im- 
patient ; want of patience. 

II Im-pa'ti-ens (-sht-gnz), n. [L., impatient.] (Bol.) 
A genus of plants, including the common lady's-slipper ; — 
so called because the elastic capsules burst when touched. 

Im-pa'tlent (-shent), a. [F. impatient, fr. L. impati- 
ens; pref. im- not + patiens patient.] 1. Not patient ; 
restless, because of pain, delay, or opposition ; eager for 
change, or for something expected. 2. Prompted by, or 
exhibiting, impatience. — Im-pa'tient-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Restless ; uneasy ; changeable ; hot ; eager ; 
fretful ; intolerant ; passionate. 

Im-pawn' (Tin-pan'), v. t. To put in pawn ; to pledge. 

Impeach' (Tm-pgch'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Impeached 
(-pechf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Impeaching.] [OF. empeechier 
to prevent, hinder, bar, L. impedicare to entangle ; pref. 
im- in -f- pedica fetter, fr. pes, pedis, foot.] 1. To im- 
pede ; to prevent. [Obs.] 2. To charge with a crime 
or misdemeanor ; to accuse ; esp. , to cite before a tribu- 
nal for judgment of official misconduct ; to arraign. 3. 
Hence, to charge with impropriety ; to dishonor ; to call 
in question. 4. {Law) To challenge or discredit the cred- 
ibility of, or the validity of. 

Syn. — To accuse ; arraign ; censure ; criminate ; in- 
dict ; impair ; disparage ; discredit. 

Im-peach'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be impeached. 

Im-peach'er (-er), n. One who impeaches. 

Im-peach'ment (-ment), n. Act of impeaching, or 
state of being impeached. 

Im-pearl' (Tm-perl'), v. t. To form into, or to deco- 
rate with, pearls, literally or figuratively. [Poetic] 

Im-pec'ca-ble (Tm-pek'ka-b'l), a. [L. impeccabilis ; / 
pref. im- not -\-peccare to err, to sin.] Not liable to sin; r 
exempt from the possibility of doing wrong. — n. One 
who is impeccable. — Im-pec'ca-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ty), n. 

Im-pec'can-cy (-kan-s^), n. Siulessness. 

Im-pec'cant (-kant), a. Sinless ; impeccable. 

Im'pe-CU'ni-OS'i-ty (Tm'pe-ku'nT-os'T-ty), n. State of 
being impecunious. 

Im pe-cu'm-ous (-ku'nT-us), a. [L. im- not -f- pecu- 
nia money.] Not having money ; poor. 

Im-pedV (-ped'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Impeding.] [L. imped ire, lit., to entangle the 
feet ; pref. im- in -\-pes, pedis, foot.] To hinder ; to stop 
or obstruct the progress, motion, activity, or effect of. 

Im-ped'i-ment (Tm-pgd'T-ment), h. That which im- 
pedes or hinders ; hindrance ; obstacle. 

Syn. — Obstruction ; difficulty ; incumbrance. 

Im-ped'i-tlve (Tm-pgd'T-tlv), a. Causing hindrance. 

Im-pel' (Tm-pgl'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impelled 
(-pgld'); p. pr. & vb. n. Impelling.] [L. impellere; 
pref. im- in -f- pellere, pulsion, to drive. See Pulse a 
beat.] To drive or urge forward or on ; to incite to ac- 
tion or motion ; to force. 

Syn. — To instigate ; induce ; influence ; actuate ; move. 

Im-pel'lent (-lent), a. Having the quality of impel- 
ling. — n. An impelling power or force. 

Im-pel'ler (-ler), n. One that impels. 

Impend' (-pgnd'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Impended; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Impending.] [L. impendere; pref. im- in 
-\-pe?idere to hang. See Pendant.] To hang over ; to 
be suspended above ; to menace. 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



IMPENDENCE 



426 



IMPIOUSNESS 



> 



Im-pend'ence (Ym-pffnd'eiiB), I n. State of impend- 

Im-pend'en-cy (,-tn-sy), J iug ; also, that which 

impends. 

Im-pend'ent (.-^ut^ O. Impending ; threatening. 

Impending.". Hanging over: threatening. 

Syn. — Imminent ; threatening. See Imminent. 

Im-pen'e-tra-ble (Im-pgn'e-tra-b'l), a. [L. impene- 
pref. im- not -j- penetrabilis penatrable.] 1. 
Incapable of being penetrated or pierced ; not to be en- 
tered ; impervious. 2. (Physics) Having the property 
Of preventing any other substance from occupying the 
same space at the same time. 3. Inaccessible, as to 
knowledge, reason, sympathy, etc. ; unimpressible. — 
Im-pen e-tra-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ty),Iin-pen'e-tra-ble-ness, 
n. — Im-pen'e-tra-bly, adv. [tent, j 

Impenitence (-T-tsns), n. State of being impeni-| 

Im-pen'i-ten-cy (-ten-sy), n. Impenitence. 

Im-pen'i-tent (-tent), a. [L. impaenitens ; pref. im- 
not -f paoiitens penitent.] Not penitent ; not repenting 
of sin ; not contrite ; being of a hard heart. — ?j. One 
who is not penitent. — Ini-pen'i-tent-ly. adv. 

Im-pen'nous (Tm-pe'n'nus), a. [L. pref. tin- not -f- 
penna wing.] (Zo'61.) Having no wings, as some insects. 

Im-per'a-tlve (Tin-pgr'a-tTv), a. [L. imperativus, fr. 
imperare to command ; pref. im- in -f- parare to make 
ready, prepare.] 1. Expressive of command ; containing 
positive command ; commanding ; authoritative. 2. Not 
to be avoided or evaded ; obligatory ; compulsory. 3. 
(Gr-am.) Expressive of command, entreaty, advice, or 
exhortation. — Im-per'a-tive-ly , adv. 

Im-per'a-tlve, n. (Gram.) The imperative mood; 
also, a verb in the imperative mood. [ble. |\R.] I 

Im per-ceiv'a-ble (Tni'per-sev'a-b'l), a. Impercepti- 1 

Im'per-cep'ti-ble (-sgp'tT-b'l), a. Not perceptible; 
not to be cognized by the senses ; not discernible by the 
mind. — Im / per-cep / ti-bil'i-ty (bTi'i-ty), Im/per-cep'- 
tl-ble-ness. n. — Im'per-cep'ti-bly, adv. 

Im-per'fect (Tm-per'fekt), a. [L. imperfectus ; pref. 
im- not -j- perfectus perfect.] 1. Not perfect ; defective ; 
deficient. 2. Wanting in some elementary organ that is 
essential to successful or normal activity. 3. Not fulfill- 
ing its design ; esthetically or morally defective. 

Imperfect number (Math.), one either greater or less than 
the sum of all its divisors. —Imperfect tense ( Gram.), a tense 
expressing past time and incomplete action. 

Im-per'fect, n. (Gram.) The imperfect tense ; or the 
form of a verb denoting the imperfect tense. 

Im per-f ec'tion (Tm-per-f ek'shun), n. Quality or state 
of being imperfect ; also, faulty part ; blemish. 

Syn. — Defect ; deficiency ; incompleteness ; fault ; 
failing ; weakness ; frailty ; foible ; blemish ; vice. 

Im-per'fect-ly (iin-per'fgkt-ly), adv. In an imperfect 
manner. [perfect. I 

Im-per'fect-ness, n. Quality or state of being im-| 

Im-per'fo-rate (Tm-per'f6-rat), ) a. [See In- not, and 

Im-per'fo-ra'ted (-ra'tgd), J Perforate.] Not 

perforated ; having no opening or aperture. 

Im-pe'ri-al (Tm-pe'ri-al), a. [OF. emperial, fr. L. 
imperialis, fr. imperium command, sovereignty, empire. 
See Empire.] 1. Of or pertaining to an empire, or to 
an emperor ; hence, royal ; sovereign ; supreme. 2. Of 
superior or unusual size or excellence. 

Im-pe'ri-al, n. 1. The tuft of hair on a man's lower 
lip and chin ; — so called from the style of beard of Napo- 
leon III. 2. An outside seat on a diligence. 3. A lug- 
gage case on the top of a coach. 4. Anything of unusual 
size or excellence. 5. A gold coin of Russia worth ten 
rubles, or about eight dollars. 6. A kind of fine cloth 
brought into England from the East in the Middle Ages. 

Im-pe'ri-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. The power or character 
of an emperor ; imperial authority ; the spirit of empire. 

Im-pe'rl-al-ist. n. One who favors imperialism. 

Im-pe'ri-al'i-ty (-51'T-ty), n. 1. Imperial power. 2. 
An imperial right or privilege. 

Im-pe'ri-al-ly, adv. In an imperial way. 

Im-per'll (-pgrll), v. t. To put in peril ; to endanger. 

Im-pe'rl-OUS (-pe'rl-iis), a. 1. Imperial. \_Obs.~\ 2. 
Haughty ; arrogant ; overbearing. 3. Imperative ; com- 
pelling.— Im-pe'rl-ous-ly, adv.— Im-pe'ri-ous-ness. n. 

Syn. — Dictatorial; domineering; lordly; tyrannical; 
despotic ; authoritative ; pressing. — An imperious person 
commands with an air (usually offensive) of indisputable 
authority ; one who is lordly assumes a lofty air in order 
to display his importance ; one who is domineering gives 
orders in a way to make others feel their inferiority. 

Im-per 'ish-a-ble (Tm-pgrTsh-a-b'l), a. Not perisha- 
ble ; enduring permanently ; indestructible. — Im-per - 
lah-a-bil'i-ty (-bTll-ty), Im-per'ish-a-ble-ness, n.- 
Im-per'ish-a-bly, adv. 



Im per'me-a-ble (Tm-per'me-a-b'l), a. Not permea- 
ble; impervious. — Im-per'me-a-bil'i-ty (-bli'i-ty), Tm. 
per'me-a-ble-ness, ». — Im-per'me-a-bly, adv. 

Iin-per'son-al (lin-per'sun-al), a. [L. impersonalis ; 
pref. ml- not + personalis personal.] Not personal ; 
not representing a person ; not having personality. — Tm - 
per son-al'i-ty, n. — Imper'son-al ly, adv. 

Impersonal verb (Gram.), a verb used with an indeter- 
minate subject, commonly, in English, with it. 

Im-per'son-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imperson- 
ated (-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Impersonating.] 1. To 
endow with the form of a living being. 2. To ascribe 
the qualities of a person to ; to personify. 3. To assume 
the character of ; to personate. [impersonating. I 

Im-per son-a'tion (Tni-peVsun-a'shun), n. Act of | 

Im-per'son-a tor (Im-per'sun-a'ter), n. One who im- 
personates ; an actor ; a mimic. 

Im-per'spl-cu'1-ty (Im-peVspi-ku'i-ty), n. Want of 
perspicuity; vagueness; ambiguity. 

Im per-spic'u-ous (Tm'per-spTk'u-us), a. Not per- 
spicuous ; obscure ; vague. [suasible. I 

Im per-sua'si-ble (-swa'sT-b'l or -zi-b'l), c. Not per-[ 

Im-per'ti-nence (Tm-per'tT-nens), n. 1. Act, state, 
or quality of being impertinent ; irrelevance ; unfitness. 
2. That which is impertinent, as language or conduct ; 
rudeness; incivility. 

Im-per 'ti-nen-cy (-nen-sy), n. Impertinence. 

Im-per'ti-nent (-nent), a. [F., fr. L. imperlinens, 
-entis; pref. im- not + pertinens pertinent.] 1. Not 
pertinent ; not pertaining to the matter in hand ; not to 
the point ; irrelevant ; inapplicable. 2. Contrary to, or 
offending against, the rules of propriety or good breed- 
ing; guilty of, or prone to, rudeness or incivility. 3. 
Trifling ; inattentive ; frivolous. 

Syn. — Rude ; officious ; intrusive ; saucy ; unmanner- 
ly ; meddlesome ; disrespectful ; impudent ; insolent. — 
A person is officious who obtrudes his offices or assistance 
where they are not needed ; he is impertinent when he in- 
termeddles in things with which he has no concern. The 
former shows merely want of tact, the latter a want of 
breeding, or, more commonly, a spirit of impudence. A 
person is rude when he violates the proprieties of social 
life either from ignorance or wantonness. 

Dn-per'tl-nent-ly, adv. In an impertinent manner. 

Im'per-turb'a-ble (Tm/per-tfirb'a-b'l), a. [L. imper- 
turbabilis ; pref. im- not -f perturbare to disturb.] In- 
capable of being disturbed or disconcerted. — Im'per- 
turb'a-bil'i-ty (bil'i-t^), n. — Im'per-turb'a-bly, adv. 

Im-per tur-ba'tlon (!m-peVtur-b5'shun), n. Free- 
dom from perturbation. 

Im-per'vi-a-ble (Tm-per'vT-a-b'l), a. Impervious, [i?.] 

Im-per'vi-OUS (-per'vi-us), a. [L. impervius. See 
Im- not, and Pervious.] Not pervious ; impenetrable ; 
impermeable. — Im-per'vi-ous-ly, adv. — Im-per'vi- 
ous-ness, n. 

Im'pe-trate (Tm'pe-trat), v. t. [L. impetrare, p. p. 
-atus; pref. im- in -j- patrare to bring to pass.] To ob- 
tain by request or entreaty. [ity of being impetuous. I 

Im-pet'U-OS'i-ty (Tm-pet'u-os'!-ty), n. State or qual- 1 

Im-pet/u-OUS (Tm-pet'u-us ; 135), a. [F. impetueuz, 
L. impetuosus. See Impetus.] 1. Rushing with force 
and violence ; moving with impetus ; forcible ; violent. 
2. Vehement in feeling ; hasty ; passionate ; furious. — 
Im-pet'u-ous-ly, adv. — Im-pet'u-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Rapid; precipitate; raging; fierce. 

Im'pe-tus (Tm'pe-tus), n. [L., fr. impetere to rush 
upon, attack ; pref. im- in + petere to fall upon, seek. 
See Petition.] 1. The property possessed by a moving 
body by virtue of its weight and its motion ; the force 
with which any body is driven or impelled ; momentum. 
2. Fig. : Impulse ; incentive ; vigor ; force. 

Im'phee (Tm'fe), n. (Bot.) The African sugar cane. 

Im-pi'e-ty (Tm-pi'e-ty), n. [L. impietas, fr. impius 
impious.] 1. Quality of being impious ; want of piety; 
ungodliness ; wickedness. 2. An impious or wicked act. 

Impinge' (Tm-pTnj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impinged 
(-pinjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Impinging (-pin'jing).] [L. 
impingere, p. p. impactus ; pref. im- in -f- pangere to 
fix, strike.] To fall or dash against ; to touch upon ; to 
strike ; to hit. 

Im-pinge'ment (-ment), n. Act of impinging. 

Im'pi-ous (lm'pT-us), a. [L. impius; pref. im- not 
-\-pius pious.] Not pious; wanting piety ; irreligious; 
irreverent toward God ; ungodly; prof ane. — Im'pi-OUS- 
ly, adv. — Im'pl-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Irreligious ; profane. — Irreligious is negative, 
impious and profane are positive. An indifferent man 
may be irreligious ; a profane man is irreverent ; an im- 
pious man is wickedly and boldly defiant in the strong- 
est sense. 



a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; i, 6, 1, 6, fi, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



IMPISH 



427 



IMPOTENCY 



Imp'ish (impish), a. Having the qualities, or show- 
ing the characteristics, of an imp. — Imp'ish-ly , adv. 

Im pla'ca-ble (Im-pla'ka-b'l), a. [L. implacabilis ; 
pref. im- not -\- placabilis placable.] Not placable ; not 
to be appeased ; incapable of being pacified ; inexorable. 
— Im-pla ca-bil'1-ty (-bTl'I-ty), Im-pla'ca-ble-ness, 
n. — Im-pla'ca-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Unappeasable ; irreconcilable ; unrelenting ; re- 
lentless; unyielding. 

Implant' (Im-planf), v. t. To plant, or infix, for the 
purpose of growth ; to instill ; to introduce, [planting. I 

Im plan-ta'tion (Tra'plan-ta'shun), n. Act of ini-| 

Im-plau'si-ble (Tin-pla/zT-b'l), a. Not plausible. 

Im-plead' (Tm-pled'), v. t. & i. {Law) To sue or prose- 
cute at law ; hence, to accuse ; to impeach. — lm-plead'- 
er (-er), n. 

Im/ple-ment (Tm'ple-ment), n. [LL. implemenlum 
accomplishment, fr. L. implere, impletum, to fill up, 
complete ; pref. im- in -\- plere to fill.] That which fills 
a want; esp., an instrument or utensil, as supplying a 
requisite to an end. 

Im-ple'tion (Tm-ple'shun), n. [L. impletio.~\ 1. Act 
of filling, or state of being full. 2. That which fills up. 

Im'plex (Tm'plgks), a. [L. implexus, p. p. of implec- 
tere to infold ; pref. im- in + plectere to plait.] Intri- 
cate ; entangled ; complicated ; complex. 

Im'pli-cate (Tni'plT-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impli- 
cated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Implicating.] [L. im- 
plicare, p. p. -atus, to involve ; pref. im- in -f- plicare to 
fold.] 1. To infold ; to interweave. 2. To bring into 
connection with ; to involve ; to connect ; — implying 
blame. 

Im pli-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of implicating, 
or state of being implicated. 2. Act of implying, or that 
which is implied but not expressed ; an inference. 

Im'pli-ca-tive (-ka-tiv), a. Tending to implicate; 
implicating. —Im'pli-ca-tive-ly, adv. 

Im-plic'it (Tm-plTs'Tt), a. [L. implieitus, p. p. of im- 
plicare to entangle, attach closely. See Implicate.] 
1. Infolded ; entangled. [06s.] 2. Tacitly comprised ; 
implied. 3. Completely engaged ; trusting ; unques- 
tioning. — Im-plic'it-ly, adv. — Im-plic'it-ness, n. 

Im-plied' (Tm-plid'), n. Virtually involved or in- 
cluded ; tacitly conceded ; inferential. — Im-pli'ed-ly 
(Tm-pli'ed-ly), adv. 

Im plo-ra'tion (Tm'plo-ra'shun), n. Act of imploring. 

Im-plore' (Tm-plor'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implored 
(-plord') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Imploring.] [L. implorare; 
pref. im- in + plorare to cry aloud.] To call upon, or 
for, in supplication ; to pray to, or for, earnestly. 

Syn. — To beseech; supplicate; crave; entreat; beg; 
solicit ; petition ; pray ; request ; adjure. 

Im-plor'er (-plor'er), n. One who implores. 

Im-plo'sion (Trn-plo'zhun), n. [Formed by substitu- 
tion of pref. im- in, for pref. ex- in explosion.'] 1. A 
bursting inwards, as of a vessel from which the air has 
been exhausted. 2. (Phon.) A sudden compression of 
the air in the mouth, as in uttering p, t, or k, at the end 
of a syllable (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 159, 189). 

Im-plo'sive (-si v), a. {Phon. ) Formed by implosion. 

Im-ply' (Tm-plI'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Implied (-plld') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Implying.] [From the same source as 
Employ.] 1. To infold or involve. [Obs.] 2. To in- 
volve in substance or essence, or by fair inference, or by 
construction of law, when not expressed in words ; to 
include virtually. 

Syn. — To involve ; include ; comprise ; import ; mean ; 
denote ; signify ; betoken. See Involve. 

Im-pol'1-cy (-pol'T-sy), n. Quality of being impolitic. 

Im po-lite' (Tm'po-lit'), a. [L. impolitus unpolished ; 
pref. im- not -\- polilus, p. p. of polire to polish, refine.] 
Not polite ; wanting in good manners. — InVpo-lite'ly, 
adv. — Im'po-lite'ness. n. 

Im-pol'l-tic (Tm-pol'i-tTk), a. [Pref. im- not + poli- 
tic.] Not politic ; unwise ; indiscreet ; inexpedient. 

Im-pon'der-a-ble (-pon'der-a-b'l), a. Not ponderable ; 
without sensible or appreciable weight. — Im-pon'der-a- 
Ml'i-iy (-bTl'T-t^), Im-pon'der-a-bie-ness, n. 

Im-pone' (Tm-pon'), r. t. [L. imponere, impositum, 
to place upon ; pref. im- in -f- ponere to place.] To 
stake ; to wager ; to pledge. [Obs.] [imporous. I 

Im po-ros'i-ty (Tm/po-ros'T-ty), n. Quality of being | 

Im-por'OUS (Tm-por'us), a. Destitute of pores ; very 
close or compact in texture ; solid. 

Im-port' (Tm-port'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imported ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Importing.] [L. importare to bring in, to 
occasion, to cause ; pref. im- in -f-porlare to bear.] 1. 
To bring in from abroad ; esp., to bring into a place or 



country from a foreign country. 2. To imply ; to sig- 
nify. 3. To be of consequence to ; to concern. 

Syn. —To denote; mean; signify; imply; indicate; 
betoken ; interest ; concern. 

Im'port (Im'port), n. 1. Merchandise imported; — 
generally in the pi. 2. Purport ; meaning ; significa- 
tion. 3. Importance ; consequence. [imported. I 

Im-port'a-ble (Tm-port'a-b'l), a. Capable of being | 

Im-por'tance (Tm-por'taus), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being important ; consequence ; weight ; moment ; sig- 
nificance. 2. Import; meaning; subject. [Obs.) 3. 
Importunity. [Obs.] 

Im-por'tant (Im-p6r'tont), a. [F. important. See 
Import, v. t.] 1. Full of, or burdened by, import. [Obs.] 
2. Carrying or possessing weight or consequence ; of 
valuable content or bearing ; significant ; weighty. 3. 
Bearing on ; forcible. [Obs.] 4. Importunate ; urgent. 
[Obs.] — Im-por'tant-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Weighty ; momentous ; significant ; essential ; 
necessary ; considerable ; influential ; serious. 

Im/por-ta'tion (Im'por-ta'shun), n. 1. Act or prac- 
tice of importing. 2. That which is imported ; imported 
commodities. 

Im-port'er (Tm-porfer), n. One who imports. 

Im-por'tu-na-cy (-p6r'tu-na-sy), n. Quality of being 
importunate. 

Im-por'tu-nate (Tm-pSr'tu-nat), a. [See Importune.] 

1. Unreasonably solicitous ; overpressing in request or 
demand ; urgent ; teasing. 2. Unendurable. [R.] — 
Im-por'tu-nate-ly, adv. — Im-por'tu-nate-ness, n. 

toVpor-tune' (im'p5r-tun'), a. [F. imporlun, L. im- 
portunus, lit., hard of access ; pref. im- not + a deriva- 
tive fr. root of portus harbor.] 1. Inopportune. [Obs.] 

2. Troublesome ; persistent ; urgent. [Obs.] 
Im / por-tune / , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Importuned 

(-tund') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Importuning.] 1. To request 
or solicit, with urgency ; to press with pertinacity ; hence, 
to tease ; to worry. 2. To import. [Obs.] 

Impor-tun'er (-tun'er), n. One who importunes. 

Im'por-tU'ni-ty (-tu'nT-t^), n. Quality of being im- 
portunate ; pressing or pertinacious solicitation. 

Im-pos'a-ble (im-poz'a-b'l), a. That may be imposed. 

Im-pose / (Im-poz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imposed 
(-pozd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Imposing.] [F. imposer; pref. 
im- in + poser to place. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To lay on ; 
to set or place ; to put ; to deposit. 2. To lay as a charge, 
burden, obligation, command, etc. ; to enjoin ; to levy ; 
to inflict. 3. (Eccl.) To lay on, as the hands, in con- 
firmation and ordination. 4. {Print.) To arrange on a 
table and lock up in a chase for printing ; — said of col- 
umns or pages of type, forms, etc. 

Im-pose'. v. i. To practice tricks or deception. 

To impose on or upon, to put up a trick on ; to delude. 

Im-pos'er (-er), ». One who imposes anything. 

Im-pos'ing, a. 1. Laying as a duty ; enjoining. 2. 
Adapted to impress ; impressive ; commanding. 3. De- 
ceiving ; deluding ; misleading. — Im-pos'ing-ly, adv. 
— Im-pos'ing-ness, n. 

Im po-si'tion (lin'po-zTsh'un), n. [F., fr. L. impo- 
sitio the application of a name to a thing. See Impone.] 
1. Act of imposing. 2. That which is imposed. 3. An 
excessive, arbitrary, or unlawful exaction ; hence, a trick 
or deception put or laid on others. 

Syn. — See Deception. 

Im-po^si-bil'i-ty (Tm-pos/sT-bil'T-t^), n. 1. Quality 
of being impossible. 2. An impossible thing. 

Im-pOS'si-ble (Tm-pos'si-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. impossi- 
bilis ; pref. im- not + possibilis possible.] Not possible ; 
incapable of being done, of existing, etc. ; impracticable ; 
not feasible. — Im-pos'si-bly, adv. 

Syn. — See Impracticable. 

Im'post (Tm'post), n. [OE., fr. LL. impostus, fr. L. 
impositus, p. p. See Impone.] 1. That which is imposed 
or levied ; a tax, tribute, or duty ; esp., a tax laid by gov- 
ernment on goods imported into a country. 2. {A reft.) 
The top member of a pillar, pier, wall, etc., upon which 
the weight of an arch rests. [See Plust. of Arch.] 

Syn. — Tribute ; excise ; custom ; duty ; tax. 

iin-postliu-mate (Tm-p5st'hu-mat), v. i'., Iinjpost'- 
hu-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. , Im-post'hume (-hum), n. 
Corruptions of Apostemate, Apostemation, Aposteme. 

Im-pos'tor (Tm-p5s'ter), n. [L., fr. imponere. See 
Impone.] One who imposes upon others ; one who as- 
sumes a character or title not his own, so as to deceive. 

Im-pos'ture (-tur), n. Act or conduct of an impos- 
tor ; deception practiced under a false character. 

Syn. — Cheat ; fraud ; trick ; imposition ; delusion. 

im'po-tence (Tm'po-tens), ) n. Quality or state of 

Im'po-ten-cy (-ten-sy), ) being impotent. 



K 



f8rn, recent, Orb, ryde. full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



IMPOTENT 



428 



IMPROVEMENT 



> 






Im'po-tent Ctm*p6"-taa*), a. [F., fr. L. impotens. 
i ei. i»i- uot -7- potent potent, powerful.] 1. Not 
\\ anting power, strength, or vigor, whether phys- 
ic. il, intellectual, or moral: weak; feeble; infirm. 2. 
Wanting the power of self-restraint ; uncontrolled. 3. 
Wanting the power of procreation; unable to 
copulate : sometimes, barren. — Im'po-tent-ly , adv. 

Impound' m -l 10UU d'). '• '• To shut up or place in 
an inclosure called a pound ; hence, to hold iu the cus- 
tody of a court. 

iin-pov'er-ish (Tm-poVer-Tsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Impoverished (-Tsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Impoverishing.] 
.ovrir; pref. em-(h. tin) -f- poire poor, F.pauvre. 
See Poor, and -ish.] 1. To make poor ; to reduce to pov- 
erty or indigence. 2. To exhaust the strength, richness, 
or fertility of. 

Im-pov'er-ish-ment (-nient), n. Act of impoverish- 
ing, or state of being impoverished. 

Im-prac ti-ca-bil'i-ty (-praTt/tT-ka-bll'T-ty), ». 1. 
State or quality of being impracticable. 2. An imprac- 
ticable thing. 

Im-prac'ti-ca-ble (Tm-prak'tT-ka-b'l), a. 1. Not prac- 
ticable ; incapable of being performed, or accomplished 
by the means employed, or at command ; impossible. 2. 
Not to be overcome, persuaded, or controlled by any rea- 
sonable method ; unmanageable ; intractable. 3. Inca- 
pable of being used or availed of. — Im-prac'ti-ca-ble- 
ness, n. — Im-prac'ti-ca-bly, adv. 

Syn.— Impossible ; infeasible. — Speaking generally, 
a thing is impracticable when it can not be accomplished 
by any human means at present possessed; a thing is 
impossible when the laws of nature forbid it. 

Im-prac'ti-cal (-kal), a. Not practical. 

Im'pre-cate (Tm'pre-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impre- 
cated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Imprecating (-ka'tlng).] 
[L. imprecari, p. p. -atits; pref. im- in, on -\- precari to 
pray. See Pray.] 1. To call down by prayer, as some- 
thing hurtful or calamitous. 2. To' invoke evil upon ; to 
curse ; to swear at. 

Im pre-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of imprecating. 

Syn. — Malediction ; curse ; execration ; anathema. 

Im'pre-ca-tO-ry (Tm'pre-ka-t6-ry), a. Of the nature 
of, or containing, imprecation. 

Im-pregn' (Tm-pren'), v. t. To impregnate. [Obs.~\ 

Im-preg'na-ble (Tm-preg'na-b'l), a. [F. imprenable ; 
pref. im- not -j- prenable pregnable, fr. prendre to take, 
L. prehendere.~\ Not to be stormed, or taken by assault ; 
incapable of being subdued ; unconquerable. — Im-preg 7 - 
na-bil'i-ty (-bll'T-ty), Im-preg'na-ble-ness. n. — Im- 
preg'na-bly, adv. [of being impregnated. I 

Im-preg'na-ble (Tm-preg'na-b'l), a. {Biol.) Capable! 

Im-preg'nate (Tm-preg'nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Im- 
pregnated (-na-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Impregnating (-na- 
ting).] [LL. impraegnare, p. p. -atus, fr. L. im- in -f- 
praegnans pregnant.] 1. To make pregnant ; to get 
with child or young. 2. (Biol.) To fertilize ; to fecun- 
date. 3. To render fruitful or fertile in any way; to 
imbue. 4. To infuse particles of another substance into ; 
to communicate the quality of another to. 

Im-preg'nate (-nat), a. Impregnated ; made prolific. 

Im preg-na'tion (Im'preg-na'shun), n. 1. Act of im- 
pregnating, or state of being impregnated ; fecundation. 
2. That with which anything is impregnated. 3. Inti- 
mate mixture ; infusion ; saturation. 

Im/pre-sa'ri-0 (em'pra-sa're-o), n. ; pi. Impresarios 
(-oz). [It., from impresa enterprise.] The projector, 
manager, or conductor, of an opera or concert company. 

Im/pre-SCrip'ti-ble (Tm'pre-skrTr/tT-b'l), a. 1. Not 
capable of being lost or impaired by neglect, by disuse, 
or by claims founded on prescription. 2. Not dependent 
on external authority ; self-evidencing ; obvious. 

Im-press' (Tm-preV), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impressed 
(-prgst'j ; p. pr. & vb. n. Impressing.] [L. imprimere, 
p. p. impressus; pref. im- in, on + premere to press. 
See Press to squeeze.] 1. To press, stamp, or print 
something in or upon ; to mark by pressure, or as by 
pressure. 2. To produce by pressure, as a mark, stamp, 
image, etc. 3. Fig. : To fix deeply, as in the mind ; to 
imprint. 4. To take by force for public service. 

Im'press (Tra'prgs), n. 1. Act of impressing. 2. A 
mark made by pressure ; an indentation ; imprint ; re- 
sult produced by pressure or influence. 3. Character- 
istic ; mark of distinction ; stamp. 

Im-press'i-ble Cprgsl-b'l), a. Capable of being im- 
pressed ; susceptible ; sensitive. — Im-press'i-bil'i-ty, 
Im-press'i-ble-ness, n. — Im-press'1-bly, adv. 

Im-pres'sion (Im-prgsh'un), n. 1. Act of impressing, 
or htate of being impressed. 2. That which is produced 



or caused by, or as by, pressing ; mark ; stamp ; 
tation ; image, etc. 3." Influence or effect on the senses 
or the intellect ; hence, interest ; concern. 4. An indis- 
tinct notion, remembrance, or belief. 5. Impressive- 
ness; emphasis of delivery. 6. (Print.) The pressure 
of a printing surface, as type or an engraving, on the 
paper, or the result of such pressure, as regards its ap- 
pearance ; also, a single copy as the result of printing, or 
the whole edition printed at a given time. 

Im-pres'sion-a-ble (Tm-prgsh'un-a-b'l), a. Liable or 
subject to impression ; susceptible ; impressible. 

Im-pres'sion-ism (-Tz'm), n. (Fme Arts) The theory 
or method of suggesting an effect or impression without 
elaboration of the details. [ism. I 

Im-pres'sion-ist, n. One who adheres to impression-! 

Im-presS'ive (Tni-prgs'Iv), a. Making, or tending to 
make, an impression ; adapted to excite attention and 
feeling, or affect the conscience. — Im-press'ive-ly , adv. 
— Im-press'ive-ness, n. 

Im-press 'ment (Tin-pres'ment), n. Act of seizing for 
public use, or of impressing into public service. 

Imprest' (Tni-prgsf), v . t. [Pref. im- -\- prest.} To 
advance on loan. 

Im'prest (im'prest), n. A kind of earnest money ; 
loan ; — specif., money advanced for some public service. 

II Im pri-ma'tur (Tm'prT-ma'tur), n. [L., let it be 
printed.] (Law) A license to print or publish a book. 

Im-pri'mis (Tm-pri'mTs), adv. [L., for in primis 
among the first; in in -{-primus first.] In the first 
place ; first in order. 

Im-print' (Tm-prTnt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imprinted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Imprinting.] [F. empreint, p. p. of em~ 
preindre to imprint, fr. L. imprimere to impress, im- 
print. See Impress.] 1. To mark by pressure ; to im- 
press ; to indent ; to stamp. 2. To stamp or mark, as 
letters on paper, by means of type, plates, stamps, or the 
like. 3. To fix indelibly or permanently, as in the mind 
or memory ; to impress. 

Im/print (Tm'print), n. 1. Act of imprinting. 2. 
Whatever is impressed or imprinted ; specif., the name 
of the printer or publisher (usually) with the time and 
place of issue, as in the title-page of a book. 

Im-pris'on (Im-prTz''n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impris- 
oned (-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Imprisoning.] [OF. enpri- 
soner ; pref. en- (L. in) + prison. See Prison.] 1. To 
put in prison or jail. 2. To limit or restrain in any way. 

Im-pris'on-ment (-ment), n. Act of imprisoning, or 
state of being imprisoned ; confinement ; restraint. 

Syn. — Incarceration; custody; durance. 

Im-prob'a-bil'i-ty (Tm-prob'a-bihT-ty), n. Quality or 
state of being improbable ; also, anything improbable. 

Im-prob'a-ble (Im-prob'a-b'l), a. Not probable ; un- 
likely to be true, or to come to pass. — Im-prob'a-ble- 
ness, n. — Im-prob'a-bly, adv. 

Im-prob'i-ty (Tm-prob'I-ty), n. Lack of probity. 

Im-promp'tU (Tm-promp'tu), adv. or a. [F. impromp- 
tu, fr. L. in promptu in readiness, at hand ; in in -f- 
'promptus readiness. See Prompt.] Offhand; without 
previous study ; extemporaneous ; extempore. 

Im-promp'tu, n. Something made or done impromptu. 

Im-prop'er (-propter), a. Not proper ; not suitable ; 
not becoming ; inappropriate. — Im-prop / er-ly, adv. 

Im-pro'pri-ate (im-pro'prl-at), v. t. [Pref. im- in -{- 
L. propriatus, p. p. See Appropriate.] 1. To appro- 
priate. [Obs.~\ 2. (Eng. Eccl. Law) To place the 
profits of (ecclesiastical property) in the hands of a lay- 
man for care and disbursement. 

Im-pro pri-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act of impropriating ; 
also, property impropriated. 

Im/pro-pri'e-ty (Tm / pr6-pri'e-ty), n. 1. Lack of pro- 
priety ; quality of being improper. 2. Anything im- 
proper. 

Im-prov'a-ble (Tm-proov'a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
improved ; ameliorable ; serviceable. - — Im-prov'a-ble- 
ness, n. — Im-prov'a-biy, adv. 

Im-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Improved (-proovd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Improving.] [Pref. in- in -\- prove, as in 
approve."] 1. To make better ; to increase the value or 
good qualities of. 2. To use or employ to good purpose ; 
to turn to profitable account ; to make practical applica- 
tion of, as a doctrine or theory ; to utilize. 

Syn. — To better ; meliorate ; ameliorate ; advance ; 
heighten ; mend ; correct ; rectify ; amend ; reform. 

Im-prove', v. i. 1. To grow better ; to advance or 
progress in what is desirable ; also, to advance in any 
way. 2. To increase ; to be enhanced ; to rise in value. 

Im-prove'ment (-proov'ment), n. 1. Act of improv- 
ing ; advancement or growth ; progress toward what is 



a? e, 1, o, u, long ; a, fi, I, 5, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



IMPROVER 



429 



INADMISSIBLY 



better; melioration. 2. State of being improved ; also, 
that which is improved. 3. Increase ; growth ; advance. 
4. That which makes a thing more useful or valuable ; 
esp., pi., betterments of real estate. 

Im-prov'er (lm-probv'er), n. One who, or that which, 
improves. [ing improvident. I 

Im-prov'I-dence (Tm-prbVi-dens), n. Quality of be- 1 

Im-prov'i-dent (-dent), a. Not provident ; not pro- 
viding for the future. —Im-prov'i-dent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Inconsiderate ; negligent ; careless ; heedless ; 
shiftless; prodigal; wasteful. 

Im-prov'i-sate (Tm-prbVi-sat), v. t. & i. [See Im- 
provise.] To improvise. 

Im-prov'i-sa'tion (-sa/shun), n. Act or art of impro- 
vising ; also, that which is improvised ; an impromptu. 

InVpro-vise' (Im'pr6-viz'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Improvised (-vizd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Improvising.] [F. 
improviser, It. improvvisare, fr. improvviso unprovided, 
sudden, extempore, L. improvisus ; pref . im- not -j- pro- 
visus foreseen, provided.] 1. To compose, recite, or 
sing extemporaneously, esp. in verse ; to extemporize ; 
also, to play upon an instrument, or to act, extempora- 
neously. 2. To bring about, arrange, provide, or make, 
on a sudden, or without previous preparation. 

Im'pro-vis'er (-viz'er), n. One who improvises. 

II Im'prov-vi'sa-to're (em/prov-ve'za-to'ra), n. ; pi. 
-ri (-re). [It. See Improvise.] One who improvises. 

II Im / prOV-vi / Sa-tri'ce (em/prov-v^za-tre'cha), n. ; pi. 
-ci (-che). [It.] A woman who improvises. 

Im-pru'dence (Tm-pru/dens), n. Quality or state of 
being imprudent ; also, an imprudent act. 

Im-pru'dent (-dent), a. [L. imprudens; pref. im- 
not -f- prudens prudent.] Not prudent ; wanting in pru- 
dence or discretion ; indiscreet ; injudicious ; not attentive 
to consequences ; improper. — Im-pni'dent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Indiscreet ; incautious ; ill-advised ; unwise ; 
heedless ; improvident ; careless ; rash ; negligent. 

Im'pu-dence (Tni'pu-dens), n. Quality of being im- 
pudent ; impolite assurance ; want of modesty. 

Syn. — Shamelessness ; audacity ; insolence ; effront- 
ery ; sauciness ; impertinence ; pertness ; rudeness. — 
Impudence refers more especially to an offensively for- 
ward spirit in which an action is performed. Effrontery 
applies to some gross and public exhibition of shameless- 
ness. Sauciness refers to a sudden pert outbreak of im- 
pudence, especially from an inferior. 

Im'pu-dent (-dent), a. [L. impudens, -entis ; pref. 
im- not -f- pudens ashamed, modest, p. pr. of pudere to 
feel shame.] Bold, with contempt or disregard of oth- 
ers ; unblushingly forward ; wanting modesty. — Im'pu- 
dent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Shameless ; audacious ; brazen ; bold-faced ; 
pert ; immodest ; rude ; saucy ; impertinent ; insolent. 

Im'pu-dic'i-ty (-dis'T-ty), n. [L. impudicus immod- 
est ; pref. im- not + pudicus modest.] Immodesty. 

Impugn' (im-pun'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Impugned 
(-pund') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Impugning.] [F. impugner, fr. 
L. impugnare ; pref. im- not -f- pugnare to fight.] To 
attack by words or arguments ; to contradict ; to assail ; 
to call in question ; to gainsay. 

Im-pugn'a-ble (im-pun'a-b'l or im-pug'na-b'l), a. 
Capable of being impugned ; that may be gainsaid. 

Im-pugn'er (Tm-pun'er), n. One who impugns. 

Im-pugn'ment (-ment), n. Act of impugning. 

Im'pulse (Tin'puls), n. [L. impulsus, fr. impellere. 
See Impel.] 1. Act of impelling, or driving onward with 
sudden force ; impulsion ; force so communicated as to 
produce motion suddenly. 2. Motion produced by a 
sudden or momentary force. 3. A mental force which 
simply and directly urges to action ; sudden motive ; mo- 
mentary or transient influence of appetite or passion. 

Syn. — Incentive ; feeling ; incitement ; instigation. 

Im-pul'sion (Tra-pul'shun), n. 1. An impelling ; state 
of being impelled ; sudden application of motive force ; 
also, the impelling force ; impulse. 2. Influence acting 
unexpectedly or temporarily on the mind ; impulse. 

Im-pul'sive (-siv), a. 1. Having power to drive or 
impel ; giving an impulse ; moving ; impellent. 2. Actu- 
ated by impulse or by transient feelings. 3. (Mech.) 
Acting momentarily ; not continuous ; — said of forces. 
— Im-pul'sive-ly, adv. — Im-pul'sive-ness, n. 

Im-pu'ni-ty (Tm-pu'nT-ty), n. [L. impunitas, fr. im- 
punis without punishment ; pref. im- not + poena pun- 
ishment.] Exemption or freedom from punishment, 
harm, or loss. 

Im-pure' (Tm-pur'), a. 1. Not pure ; not clean ; con- 
taining something which is unclean, unwholesome, or 
foreign ; adulterated. 2. Defiled by sin or guilt ; un- 
holy. 3. Unchaste ; lewd ; obscene. 4. (Script.) Not 



purified according to the ceremonial law of Moses. 6. 
{Language) Not accurate; not idiomatic. — Im-pure'ly 
(Tm-pur'iy), adv. — Im-pure'ness, n. 

Im-pu'ri-ty (Tm-pu'rT-ty), n. 1. State or quality of 
being impure. 2. That which is, or which renders any- 
thing, impure. 

Im-pur'ple (Tm-pQr'p'l), v. t. To color or tinge with 
purple ; to make red or reddish . 

Im-put'a-ble (-put'a-b'l), a. That may be imputed. — 
Im-put'a-ble-ness, n. — Im-put'a-bly, "dr. 

Im'pu-ta'tlon (Tm'pu-ta'shun), n. Act of imputing or 
charging ; also, anything imputed or charged. 

Im-put'a-tive (Tm-put'a-tTv), a. Transferred by im- 
putation ; that may be imputed. 

Impute' (Ym-puf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imputed; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Imputing.] [F. imputer, L. imputare to 
bring into the reckoning, charge, impute ; pref. 
+ putare to reckon, think.] 1. To charge ; to ascribe ; 
to attribute ; to set to the account of ; to charge to one 
as the author, responsible originator, or possessor ; — 
generally in a bad sense. 2. (Theol.) To adjudge as one's 
own (the sin or righteousness of another). 

Syn. — To ascribe; attribute; charge; reckon; con- 
sider ; imply ; insinuate ; refer. See Ascribe. 

Im-put'er (Tni-put'er), n. One who imputes. 

In- (in-). [See In, prep. Cf. Em-, En-.] A prefix 
from Eng. prep, in, also from Lat. prep, in, meaning 
in, into, on, among ; as, inbred, inborn, inroad ; incline, 
inject, intrude. In words from the Latin, in- regularly 
becomes il- before I, ir- before r, and im- before a labial ; 
as, illusion, irruption, imbue, immigrate, impart. In- is 
sometimes used with a simple intensive force. 

In- (in-). [L. in-; akin to E. un-. See Un-.] An 
inseparable prefix, or particle, meaning not, non-, un- ; 
as, inactive, incapable, inapt. In- regularly becomes il- 
before I, ir- before r, and im- before a labial. 

-in. A suffix. See the Note under -ine. 

In, prep. [AS. in ; akin to D. & G. in, Icel. i, Sw. & 
Dan. i, Olr. & L. in, Gr. ev.~\ The specific signification 
of in is situation or place with respect to surrounding, 
environment, encompassment, etc. In its different appli- 
cations, it approaches some of the meanings of, and some- 
times is interchangeable with, within, into, on, at, of, and 
among. It is used with reference to («) space or place ; 
(&) circumstances or conditions ; (c) a whole including or 
comprising the part spoken of ; (d) physical surroundings, 
personal states, etc. ; (e) character, reach, scope, or in- 
fluence considered as establishing a limitation ; (/) move- 
ment or tendency toward a certain limit or environment ; 
— sometimes equivalent to into ; (g) a limit of time. 

In that, because ; for the reason that. — In the name of, 
in behalf of ; on the part of ; by authority. 

Syn. — Into ; within ; to ; on ; at. See At. 

In, adv. Not out ; within ; inside. 

In, the preposition, becomes an adverb by omission of 
its object, leaving it as the representative of an adverbial 
phrase, the context indicating what the omitted object is. 

In certain cases in has an adjectival sense ; as, the in 
train (i. e., the incoming train) ; compare up grade, down 
grade, undertow, afterthought, etc. 

In, n. [Usually in the pl.~\ 1. One who is in office. 
2. A reentrant angle ; nook ; corner. [being unable. I 

In'a-bil'i-ty (Tn'a-bTl'i-ty), n. Quality or state of j 

Syn. — See Disability. 

In^C-cess'i-ble (-ak-ses'T-b'l), a. Not accessible ; not 
to be reached, obtained, or approached. — In access i- 
bil'i-ty (-bii'i-ty), In'ac-cess'i-ble-ness, n. — In'ac- 
cess'i-bly, adv. 

In-ac'CU-ra-cy (Tn-ak'ku-ra-sy), n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing inaccurate. 2. That which is inaccurate. 

In-ac'CU-rate (-rat), a. Not accurate ; not according 
to truth ; inexact ; erroneous. — In-ac'CU-rate-ly, adv. 

In-ac'tion (Tn-ak'shun), n. Want of action ; inactiv- 
ity ; idleness ; rest. 

In-ac'tive (-tlv), a. 1. Not active ; incapable of or 
not disposed to action or effort ; not producing results ; 
inert. — In-ac'tive-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Inert ; dull ; sluggish ; idle ; indolent ; slothful ; 
lazy. See Inert. 

In'ac-tiv'i-ty (Tn/ak-tTVT-ty), n. State or quality of 
being inactive. 

In-ad'e-qua-cy (Tn-a'd'e-k\va-s$f), n. Quality or state 
Of being inadequate ; insufficiency. 

In-ad'e-quate (-kwat), a. Not adequate ; unequal to 
the purpose ; insufficient ; deficient. — In-ad'e-quate-ly, 
adv. — In-ad'e-quate-ness, n. 

In'ad-mis'si-ble (-mis'sT-b'l), a. Not admissible ; not 
proper to be admitted, allowed, or received. — In ad- 
mis si-bil'i-ty (bTl'T-t5), n. — Inad-mis'si-bly. adv. 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, uxn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



INADVERTENCE 



430 



INCASEMENT 



i 



) 



) 



In ad-vert'ence (Jn 5d-vert'ifns). ( n. Quality or state 

In ad-vert'en-cy ^n-sy\ J of being inadver- 

tent ; defect, mistake, or fault, caused by being inadvertent. 

Byn. — See Inattention. 

In ad-vert'ent (wM-TOrfent), a. Not turning the 
miud to a matter; heedless; careless; negligent; inat- 
tentive. — In ad- vert'ent-ly, adv. 

In-af'fa-ble un-Xf'fa-b'l), a. Not affable. 

In-al'Ien-a-We (Jn-al'yeu-a-b'l), a. Incapable of be- 
iii£ alienated, surrendered, or transferred to another; 
not alienable. — In-al ien-a-bil'i-ty (bTi'i-ty),ln-arien- 
a-ble-ness. n. — In-al'ien-a-bly, adv. 

In-a mo-ra'ta (en-a'nio-ra'ta), n. [It. in7ia7norata, 

fern., innatnorato, masc, p. p. of innamorare to inspire 

with love. See Enamor.] A woman in love ; a mistress. 

In-a mo-ra'to (en-a'mo-ra'to), ft. ; pi. Inamoratos 

(-toz). [See Inamorata.] A male lover. 

In and in, a. & adv. Applied to breeding from a 
male and female of the same parentage. 

Inane' (Tn-an'), a. [L. ina?iis.~} Without contents ; 
empty ; void of sense or intelligence ; purposeless ; point- 
less : "characterless ; useless. — Inanely , adv. [dull. I 

In-an'i-mate (-an'i-niat), a. Not animate ; lifeless ; | 

In a-ni'tlon (ln'a-ntsh'un), n. [F., fr. L. inanitio 
emptiness, fr. inanire to empty, fr. inanis empty.] State 
of being inane ; emptiness ; want of fullness ; hence, 
specif., exhaustion from lack of nourishment. 

In-an'i-ty (Tn-anl-ty), n. 1. Inanition ; vacuity ; 
emptiness. 2. Want of seriousness ; aimlessness ; frivol- 
ity. 3. An inane, useless thing or pursuit ; a vanity. 

In ap-peas'a-ble (In'Sp-pez'a-b'l), a. Incapable of 
being appeased or satisfied ; unappeasable. 

In-ap'pe-tence (Tn-5p'pe-tens), ) n. Want of appe- 

In-ap'pe-ten-cy (-ten-s> T ), J tency or desire. 

In-ap'pli-ca-ble (in-5p'plT-ka-b'l), a. Not applica- 
ble ; incapable of being applied ; not adapted. — In-ap'- 
pli-ca-bil'i-ty (-bli'i-ty), In-ap'pli-cable-ness, n.— 
In-ap'pli-ca-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Unsuitable ; unsuited ; unadapted ; inappropri- 
ate ; inapposite ; irrelevant. 

In-ap pli-ca'tion (-ka'shiin), n. Want of application. 

In-ap'po-site (In-5p'p6-zit), a. Not apposite. 

In / ap-pre / ci-a-ble (Tn'ap-pre'shl-a-b'l), a. Not ap- 
preciable. 

In-ap'pre-hen'si-ble (Tn-Sp^pre-hen'sT-b'l), a. Not 
apprehensible ; unintelligible ; inconceivable. [able. I 

In ap-proacb/a-ble (-proch'a-b'l), a. Not approach-! 

In'ap-pro/pri-ate (-pro'prT-at), a. Not appropriate. 

In-apt' (Tn-aptO, a. Unapt ; not apt ; unsuitable. 

In-apt/i-tUde (ln-aptT-tud), n. Want of aptitude. 

In-arch' (In-arch'), v. t. To graft by uniting, as a 
scion, to a stock, without separating either from its root 
before the union is complete. 

In'ar-tiC'U-late (Tn'ar-tik'u-lat), a. 
Not articulate ; specif. , not uttered with 
intelligible distinctness. — In'ar-tic'n- 
late-ly (-lat-ly), adv.— In'ar-tic'u-late- 
ness, n. 

In-ar'tl-fl'clal (Tn-ar'ti-fTsh'al), a. 
Not artificial ; artless. 

Inas-mucn' (Tn'Sz-much'), adv. [In 
-+- as -f- much.'] In like degree ; in like 
manner ; seeing that ; considering that ; 
since ; because ; — followed by as. 

Syn. — See Because. 

In at-ten'tion (Tn'St-ten'shun), n. Inarching. 
Want of attention, or failure to pay attention ; disregard ; 
heedlessness ; neglect. 

Syn.— Inadvertence; negligence; carelessness; remiss- 
ness ; thoughtlessness. — Inadvertence implies uninten- 
tional oversight rather than neglect ; inattention implies 
a willful failure to give heed to what is directly before us. 

In'at-ten'tlve (Tn'St-tSn'tiv), a. Not attentive ; not 
fixing the mind on an object ; heedless ; careless. — In'- 
at-ten'tive-ly, adv. — In'at-ten'tive-ness, n. 

In-an'dl-ble (In-a'dT-b'l), a. Not audible. — In-au'- 
dl-ble-ness. n. — In-an'di-bly, adv. 

In-au'gu-ral (-gft-ral), a. Pertaining to, or done at, an 
inauguration. — n. An inaugural address. [U. S.~\ 

In-an'gu-rate (-rat), a. [L. inaugurare, p. p. -atus, 
to take preliminary omens from the flight of birds ; 
hence, to consecrate, inaugurate, or install, with such 
divination ; pref . ire- in -(- augur are, augur ari, to augur.] 
Invested with office ; inaugurated. 

In-au'gn-rate (-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inaugura- 
ted (-ra'te'd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inaugurating (-ra'ttng).] 

1. To induct into office in a formal manner ; to install. 

2. Xo cause to begin, esp. with formality or solemn cere- 
mony ; hence, to set in action or progress ; to initiate. 




In au gu-ra'tion (Tn- 
gurating. 



-ra'shun), n. Act of inau- 
[to inauguration. I 



In-au'gu-ra-tO-ry (-ra-to-ry" ), a. Suited or pertaining | 

In aus-pi'cious (In'as-pTsh'us), a. Not auspicious; 
ill-omened ; unfortunate ; unlucky ; unfavorable. — Tn/- 
aus-pl'cious-ly, adv. — In aus-pi'cious-ness, n. 

In'be ing (lu'be'Tng), n. Inherent existence. 

In'board / (Tu'bord'), a. & adv. 1. (Naut.) Inside the 
line of a vessel's bulwarks or hull. 2. (3Iech.) Toward 
the inside. 

In'born' (Tn'bSrn'), a. Born in or with; implanted 

by nature ; innate ; inherent ; natural. [to inspire. I 

" In-breathe' (In-breth'), v. t. To infuse by breathing ; | 

In'bred 7 (In'brgd'), a. Bred witliin ; innate. 

In breed' (Tn-bred'), v. t. 1. To produce or generate 
within. 2. To breed in and in, or from closely related 
animals of the same stock. 

In'ca (Tn'ka), n. An emperor or monarch of Peru 
before, or at the time of, the Spanish conquest. 

In-cage' (Tu-kaj'), v. t. To confine in, or as in, a cage. 

In-cal'CU-la-ble (Tn-kal'ku-la-b'l), a. Not capable of 
being calculated ; beyond calculation ; very great. — In- 
caTcu-la-bil'i-ty (bli'i-ty), In-cal'cu-la-ble-ness, n. 
— In-cal'CU-la-bly, adv. [calescent. I 

In'ca-les'cence ( I n- ka-lgs'sens) , n . State of being in- 1 

In'ca-les'cen-cy (-sen-sy), n. Incalescence. 

In ca-les'cent (-sent), a. [L. incalescens, -entis, p. pr. 
of incalescere to grow hot.] Increasing in heat. 

In'can (In'kan), a. Of or pertaining to the Incas. 

In can-des'cence (Tn'kan-dgs'sens), n. State of be- 
ing incandescent; a white heat, or luminous whiteness 
caused by intense heat. 

In cari-des'cent (-sent), a. [L. incandescens, -entis, 
p. pr. of incandescere to become warm or hot ; pref. in- 
in -j- candescere, incho. fr. candere to be of a glittering 
whiteness.] White, glowing, or luminous, with intense 
heat ; hence, shining ; brilliant. 

In can-ta'tion (Tn'kan-ta'shiin), n. [L. incantatio, fr. 
incantare to chant a magic formula over one. See En- 
chant.] Act of enchanting by magic ceremonies; en- 
chantment ; also, a formula of words for that purpose. 

In-ca'pa-bil'i-ty (ln-ka'pa-bil'i-ty), n. Quality of 
being incapable ; incapacity. 

In-ca'pa-ble (Tn-ka'pa-b'l), a. 1. Not capable ; want- 
ing in ability or qualification for the purpose or end in 
view ; not large enough to contain or hold. 2. Not ca- 
pable of being brought or induced to do or perform ; — 
used with reference to some evil. 3. Not in a state to 
receive or experience ; not susceptible. 4. (Law) Le- 
gally unqualified or disqualified ; being under legal inca- 
pacity. — In-ca'pa-ble-ness, n. — In-ca'pa-bly , adv. 

Syn. — Incompetent ; unfit ; unable ; insufficient ; in- 
adequate ; deficient ; disqualified. See Incompetent. 

In ca-pa'cious (Tn'ka-pa'shus), a. Not capacious. 

In ca-pac'i-tate (Tn'ka-pSs'i-tat), v. t. To deprive of 
capacity ; to make incapable ; to disable ; to disqualify. 

In'ca-pac'i-ty (Tn'ka-pSs'i-ty), n. Want of capacity, 
whether physical, mental, moral, or legal. 

Syn. — Inability ; incapability ; incompetency ; unfit- 
ness ; disqualification ; disability. 

In-car'cer-ate (in-kar'ser-at), v. t. [imp. &p.p. In- 
carcerated (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Incarcerating 
(-a'ting).] [Pref. in- in + L. carceratus, p. p. of car- 
cerare to imprison, fr. career prison.] 1. To imprison ; 
to confine in a jail or prison. 2. To confine ; to hem in. 

In-car'cer-ate (-at), a. Imprisoned. 

In-car cer-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act of incarcerating, 
or state of being incarcerated. 

In-car'na-dine (Tn-kar'na-din), a. [F. incarnadin, 
It. incarnatino ; L. pref. in- in -j- caro, carnis, flesh.] 
Flesh-colored ; of a carnation or pale red color. [Obs.~] 

In-car'na-dine, v. t. To dye red or crimson. 

In-car'nate (-nat), a. [L. incarnatus, p. p. of incar- 
nare to incarnate, pref. in- in -f- caro, carnis, flesh.] In- 
vested with flesh ; embodied in a human nature and form. 

In-car'nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incarnated 
(-na-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Incarnating (-na-ting).] To 
clothe with flesh; to embody in flesh; to invest, as 
spirits, ideals, etc., with a human form or nature. 

In car-na'tion (ln'kar-na'shun), n. 1. Act of incar- 
nating, or state of being incarnated. 2. An incarnate 
form ; a personification. " [to grow ; healing. I 

In-car'na-tive (Tn-kar'na-tTv), a. Causing new flesh | 

Incase' (In-kas'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Incased (-kasf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Incasing.] [F. encaisser ; pref. en- (L. 
in) -f caisse case.] To inclose in a case ; to inclose. 

In-case'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act or process of incasing ; 
state of being incased. 2. Case, covering, or inclosure. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, $vent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



DECATENATION 



431 



INCLINE 



In-cat'e-na'tlOn (Tn-kSt-;' ua'shfin), n. [L. in- in + 
catena chain.] Act of linking together; enchaining. [/?.] 
In-cau'tious ( Mius), a. Not cautious ; not circum- 
spect. — In-cau'tibns ly , adt . — In-cau'tious-ness, n. 
Syn. — Unwary ; indiscreet : inconsiderate ; impru- 
dent ; impolitic ; careless ; heedless ; thoughtless. 

In'ca-va'tlon (tn'ka-*a'shiin), n. [Deriv. of L. in- 
cavare to hollow.] Act of making hollow ; also, a hollow. 
In-cen'dl-a-rism (Tn-sgn'dX-a-rTz'm), n. Act or prac- 
tice of maliciously setting fires ; arson. 

In-cen'di-a-ry (-a-ry), n. 1. One who maliciously 
sets fire to a building or other valuable property. 2. 
One who excites sedition or revolution ; an agitator. 

In-cen'di-a-ry, a. [L. incendiarius, fr. incendium a 
fire, conflagration. See Incense to inflame.] 1. Of or 
pertaining to incendiarism. 2. Inflammatory ; seditious. 
In-cense' (Tn-sSns'), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Incensed 
(-sensf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Incensing.] [L. ineendere, p. 
p. incensus ; pref. in- in -f- root of candere to glow. See 
Candle.] 1. To kindle. {Obs.~\ 2. To inflame with anger. 
Syn. — To enrage ; exasperate ; provoke ; anger ; irri- 
tate ; heat ; fire ; instigate. 

In'cense (ln'sSns), v. t. To perfume with, or as if 
with, incense. 

In'cense (Tn'sens), n. [F. encens, L. incensum, deriv. 
of ineendere to burn.] 1. Perfume or odors exhaled 
from spices and gums when burned in celebrating reli- 
gious rites or as an offering to some deity. 2. The ma- 
terials so used. [provoke. I 
In-cen'sive (Tn-sSn'sTv), a. Tending to excite or| 
In-cen'tive (Tn-sen'tTv), a. [L. incentivus, from inci- 
nere to strike up or set the tune ; pref. in- -f- canere to 
sing.] Inciting ; rousing to action ; stimulative. 

In-cen'tive, n. That which moves or influences the 
mind, or operates on the passions. 

Syn. — Motive; spur; stimulus; incitement; encour- 
agement ; inducement ; influence. 

In-cep'tlon (-sep'shiin), n. [L. inceptio, fr. incipere 
to begin ; pref. in- in -f- caper e to take.] Beginning ; 
commencement ; initiation. [eating beginning. I 

In-cep'tive (-tiv), a. Beginning ; expressing or indi- 1 
In-cer'ti-tUde (-ser'tT-tud), n. Uncertainty ; doubt. 
In-ces'san-cy (-sSs'san-sy), n. Quality of being in- 
cessant. 

In-ces'sant (-sant), a. [L. incessans, -antis ; pref. 
in- not + cessare to cease.] Continuing or following 
without interruption. — In-ces'sant-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Unceasing ; uninterrupted ; unintermitted ; un- 
remitting ; ceaseless ; continual ; constant ; perpetual. 

In'cest (Tn'sest), n. [F. inceste, L. incestum, fr. in- 
cestus unchaste ; pref. in- not + castus chaste.] The 
crime of sexual commerce between persons related with- 
in the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited by law. 

In-ces'tU-OUS (Tn-ses'tu-iis ; 135), a. Guilty of in- 
cest ; involving, or pertaining to, the crime of incest. — 
In-ces'tu-ous-ly, adv. — In-ces'tu-ous-ness, n. 

Inch (inch), n. [AS. ynce, L. uncia the twelfth part, 
inch, ounce. See Ounce a weight.] 1. A measure of 
length, the twelfth part of a foot. 2. Hence, a small 
distance or degree. 
In-chant' (Tn-chant/), v. t. See Enchant. 
Inch/meal' (-meP), n. [See Meal a part, and cf. 
Piecemeal.] A piece an inch long. 

Inch'meal', adv. Little by little ; gradually. 
In'cho-ate (Tn'ko-at), a. [L. inchoatus, better in- 
cohatus, p. p. of incohare to begin.] Recently begun ; 
only partly in existence or operation ; incomplete. 
In cho-a'tion (Tn'ko-a'shiin), n. Act of beginning. 
In-cho'a-tive (in-ko'a-tiv), a. Expressing or pertain- 
ing to a beginning ; inceptive. — n. An inchoative verb. 
Inch'worm' (Tnch'wGrm'), n. (Zool.) The larva of 
any geometrid moth. [See Illust. of Geometrid.] 

In'ci-dence (Tn'sT-dens), n. 1. A falling on ; incident. 
[065.] 2. (Physics) The direction „ 

in which a body, or a ray of light 
or heat, falls on a surface. 

Angle of incidence, the angle which 
a ray of light, falling on any sur- 
face, makes with a perpendicular to 
that surface ; also formerly, the 
complement of this angle. 

In'ci-dent (-dent), a. [L. inci- ABH Angle of Inci- 
dens, -entis, p. pr. of incidere to dence ; CBH An- 
fall upon ; pref. in- in, on -f cadere * le of Reflection, 
to fall.] 1. Falling or striking, as a ray of light upon a 
surface. 2. Coming or happening accidentally ; casual ; 
fortuitous. 3. Liable to happen ; hence, naturally hap- 
pening or appertaining. 4. (Law) Dependent upon, or 
appertaining to, another thing, called the principal. 





In'cl dent (Tn'sl-dent), n. 1. That which falls out : 
event ; casualty ; occurrence. 2. An accidental or sub- 
ordinate action or event. 3. (Law) A thing appertaiung 
to, passing with, or depending on, another, called the 
principal. 

Syn. — Circumstance ; event ; fact ; adventure ; con- 
tingency ; chance ; accident ; casualty. 

In ci-den'tal (Tu'sT-dSn'tal), a. Happening as an 
occasional event, without regularity ; coming without 
design ; hence, not of prime concern. — In-ci-den'tal-ly, 
adv. — In'cl-den'tal-ness, n. 

Syn. — Accidental ; casual ; fortuitous ; contingent ; 
chance ; accessory ; collateral. 
In Ci-den'tal, n. An incident. 
In-cin'er-ate (Tn-sTn'er-at), v. t. {imp. & p. j>. Incin- 
erated (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Incinerating (-a'ting).] 
[LL. incinerare, p. p. -atus ; L. in- in -f- cinis, cineris, 
ashes.] To burn to ashes ; to consume ; to burn. 

In-cln'er-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act of incinerating, or 
state of being incinerated ; cremation. 
In-cip'i-ence (-sip'T-ens), ) n. Beginning ; commence- 
In-cip'1-en-cy (-en-sy), J ment ; incipient state. 
In-cip'i-ent (-ent), a. [L. incipiens, p. pr. of ineioere 
to begin. See Inception.] Beginning to be, or to show 
itself; commencing; initial. — In-clp'1-ent-ly, adv. 

In-cise 7 (Tn-siz'), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Incised (-sizd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Incising.] [L. iucisus, 
p. p. of incidere to incise ; pref. in- in, 
on + caedere to cut.] 1. To cut in or 
into ; to carve ; to engrave. 2. To gash 
or wound with a sharp instrument. 

In-Ci'sion (Tn-sTzh'un), n. 1. Act 
of incising. 2. The separation of the 
parts made by incising ; a cut ; a gash. 
In-ci'sive (Tn-si'sTv), a. 1. Having 
the quality of cutting or penetrating, 
as with a sharp instrument ; hence, 
sharp ; cutting ; sarcastic ; biting. 

In-ci'sor (Tn-sl'zer), n. (Anal.) One of the teeth in 
front of the canines in either jaw. See Tooth. 
In-ci/SO-ry (Tn-si'so-r^), a. Incisive. 
In-cit'ant (In-si'tant), a. [L. incitans, -antis, p. pr. 
See Incite.] Inciting ; stimulating. — n. A stimulant. 
Inci-ta'tion (Tn'sT-ta'shun), n. 1. An inciting. 2. 
That which incites to action ; incitement ; motive. 

In-cite' (Tn-sif), v. t. {imp. &p. p. Incited (-si'tSd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Inciting.] [L. incitare ; pref. in- in -f- 
citare to rouse, stir up.] To move to action ; to stir up ; 
to rouse ; to spur or urge on ; to stimulate ; to instigate. 
Syn. — Excite ; spur ; goad ; arouse ; move ; urge ; 
provoke ; encourage ; prompt ; animate. See Excite. 

In-cite'ment (Tn-shVment), n. 1. Act of inciting. 2. 
That which incites the mind ; motive ; incentive. 
In-cit'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, incites. 
In'ci-vil'i-ty (Tn'si-vTl'T-ty), n. 1. Quality or state 
of being uncivil ; want of courtesy. 2. Any act of rude- 
ness or ill breeding. 
In-civ'ism (Tn-sTv'Tz'm), n. Want of civism. [i?.] 
In-Clasp' (Tn-klasp'), v. t. To clasp within; to em- 
brace or encircle. 

In-clave' (Tn-klaV), a. [L. in- + clavare to fasten 
with nails.] (Her.) Resembling a 
series of dovetails ; — referring to a 
line of division. 

In-clenVen-cy (Tn-klgm'en-sy), n. 
State or quality of being inclement. 

Syn. — Harshness; severity; cru- 
elty ; rigor ; roughness ; storminess ; boisterousness. 

In-clem'ent (Tn-klem'ent), a. [L. inclemens ; pref. 
in- not + clemens mild. See Clement.] 1. Not clem- 
ent ; destitute of a mild and kind temper ; unmerciful ; 
severe ; harsh. 2. Physically severe or harsh ^generally 
restricted to the elements or weather) ; rough ; stormy ; 
unfavorable. — In-clem'ent-ly, adv. 

In-clin'a-ble (in-klln'a-b'l), <7. 1. Inclining; leaning; 
tending. 2. Having a direction or propensity of will or 
feeling; disposed. 

In'cli-na'tion (Tn'klT-na'shun), n. 1. Act of inclin- 
ing, or state of being inclined ; a leaning. 2. A tend- 
ency towards another body or point. 3. (Geom.) The 
angle made by two lines or planes. 4. A leaning or 
tendency of the mind, feelings, preferences, or will ; 
propensity ; favorable disposition. 

Syn. — Bent ; tendency ; proneness ; bias ; proclivity ; 
propensity ; prepossession ; predilection ; attachment. 

In-clln'a-tO-ry (Tn-klln'a-to-ry), a. Having the qual- 
ity of leaning or inclining. 

Incline' (Tn-klln'), v. ?'. {imp. & p. p. Inclined 
(-kliud) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inclining.] [OF. encliner, in- 



A Fess Inclave on 
both sides. 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



INCLINE 



432 



INCONGRUITY 







'.. inclinare : pref. in- in -j- clinare to bend, in- 
cline.] 1. To deviate from a line, direction, or course, 
toward an object ; to lean ; to tend. 2. Fig. : To lean 
or tend, in an intellectual or moral sense ; to be disposed ; 
bo have a tendency. 3. To bow ; to incline the head. 

»> ii. — To lean : slope ; slant ; tend ; bend. 

In cline' (In-klhi'), v. t. To cause to incline, or have 
an inclination. 

Inclined plane (Afcch.), a 
plane that makes an oblique 
angle with the plane of the 
horizon ; a sloping plane ; — 
one of the mechanical pow- _a_- 
ers. so called. ,. 

In-Cline'. n. An inclined -"> Alined P^ne. 

plane : an ascent or descent ; a grade or gradient ; a slope. 

In-clin'er (Tn-klin'er), n. One that inclines. 

In-Clip' vin-klip'). v. t. To clasp ; to inclose. 

In-clois'ter (Tn-klois'ter), v. t. To confine as in a 
cloister ; to cloister. 

In-close 7 (Tn-kloz'), V. t. [See Enclose.] 1. To sur- 
round : to shut in ; to confine on all sides ; to encompass. 
2. To put within a case, envelope, or the like. 3. To 
separate from common grounds by a fence. 

In-clos'er (-kloz'er), n. One that incloses. 

Lnclo'sure (Tn-klo'zhur ; 135), n. 1. Act of inclos- 
ing : state of being inclosed. 2. That which is inclosed 
or placed within something ; a space inclosed or fenced 
up. 3. That which incloses ; a barrier or fence. 

Include' (Tu-klud'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Included ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Including.] [L. includere, inclusion ; 
pref. i»- in -j- claudere to shut.] 1. To confine within ; 
to hold ; to contain ; to inclose. 2. To comprehend or 
comprise, as a genus the species, the whole a part, a reason 
the inference ; to embrace. 3. To end. [Obs.~\ 

In-clu'sion (Tn-klu'zhun), n. Act of including, or 
state of being included. 

In-clu'sive (-siv), a. 1. Inclosing ; surrounding. 2. 
Comprehending the stated limits or extremes ; as, from 
Monday to Saturday inclusive. — In-Clu'sive-ly , adv. 

In-COg' (Tn-kog'). adv. Incognito. [Colloq.~\ 

In-COg'1-tant (-kojT-tant), a. Thoughtless, [R.~\ 

In-cog'i-ta-tive (-ta-tTv), a. Not cogitative. 

In-cog'ni-ta (In-kog'nT-ta), n. [See Incognito.] 1. 
A woman unknown or in disguise. 2. State of being in 
disguise. 

La-COg'ni-tO (-to), a. or adv. [It. incognito, masc, 
incognita, fern., L. incognitus unknown. See In- not. 
and Cognition.] Without being known ; in disguise ; 
under an assumed character or title. 

In-COg'ni-tO, n. ; pi. Incognitos (-toz). 1. One un- 
known or in disguise. 2. State of being in disguise or 
not recognized. 

In CO-ner'ence (Tn'ko-her'ens), ) n. Quality or state 

In'CO-her'en-cy (-en-sy), J of being incoher- 

ent ; also, that which is incoherent. 

In'co-her'ent (-ent), a. 1. Not coherent ; wanting 
cohesion ; loose ; unconnected. 2. Wanting agreement ; 
incongruous ; inconsistent ; logically disconnected. — 
In'co-her'ent-ly, adv. — In co-her'ent-ness, n. 

In com-bus'ti-ble (-koni-bfis'tT-b'l), a. Not combus- 
tible ; not capable of being burned, decomposed, or con- 
sumed by fire ; uninflammable. — In'com-bus'ti-bil'i-ty 
(-bTlT-ty), In corn-bus 'ti-ble-ness. n. — In'com-bus'- 
ti-bly, adv. 

In'come (In'kum), n. 1. A coming in. [_Obs.~\ 2. 
Inspiration ; influence, [i?.] 3. That gain which pro- 
ceeds from labor, business, property, or capital of any 
kind ; revenue ; receipts ; salary ; esp., annual receipts 
from property. 4. {Physiol.) That which is taken into 
the body as food. 

In'com ing. a. 1. Coming in ; accruing. 2. Com- 
ing in, or following, as occupant or possessor. 

In'com ing. n. Act of coming in ; arrival. 

In com-men'su-ra-ble (-kom-mSn'shu-ra-b'l), a. Not 
commensurable ; having no common measure or stand- 
ard of comparison. — In'com-men'su-ra-bil'i-ty (-bTl'- 
l-ty ), In com-men'su-ra-ble-ness. n. — In com-men'- 
su-ra-bly. adv. 

In com-men'su-ra-ble. n. One of two or more quan- 
tities which have no common measure. 

In com-men'su-rate (-rat), a. 1. Not commensu- 
ommensurable. 2. Not of sufficient measure or 
cxtf-nt ; not adequate. — In'com-men'su-rate-ly, adv. 
— In com-men'su-rate-ness. n. 

In commode' CTn'kSm-mod'), r. t. [imp. & p. p. 

Incommoded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Incommoding.] [F. incom- 

L. incommodare, fr. incommodus inconvenient ; 



in- not + commodus coi 
inconvenience to ; to dist 

Syn. — To annoy : di 
commodate ; inconveniei 

In com-mo'di-ous (In 
dious ; not affording ease 
com-mo'di-ous-ly. adv. 



To give trouble or 
scommode ; to worry. 
»uble ; molest ; disac- 
let; vex; plague. 
T-us), a. Not commo- 
K-nt ; annoying. — Tn'- 

-mo'di-ous-ness, n. 



In com-mu'ni-ca-ble (-mu'ni-ka-b'l), a. Not com- 
municable ; incapable of being imparted to others. — In'- 
com-mu'nl-ca-bil'i-ty (-bli'T-ty), In'com-mu'ni-ca- 
ble-ness. v. — Incom-mu'ni-ca-bly, adv. 

In com-mu'ni-ca-tive (-ka-tlv), a. Not communi- 
cative : reserved ; silent ; hence, not disposed to hold 
fellowship or intercourse with others ; exclusive. — In'- 
com-mu'ni-ca-tive-ly, adv. — In'com-mu'ni-ca-tive- 
ness, n. 

In com-mut'a-ble (-mu'ta-b'l), a. Not commutable ; 
not capable of being exchanged with, or substituted for, 
another. — In'com-mu ta-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), n. 

In-com'pa-ra-ble (Tn-kom'pa-ra-b'l), a. Not compa- 
rable ; admitting of no comparison with others ; match- 
less ; peerless ; transcendent. — In-COm'pa-ra-ble-ness, 
n. — In-com'pa-ra-bly, adv. 

In com-pas'sion-ate (ln'kom-pSsh'iin-at), a. Not 
compassionate ; void of pity or of tenderness ; remorse- 
less. — In com-pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. — In'com-pas'- 
sion-ate-ness. n. 

In compatible (Tn-kom-pSt'i-b'l), a. Not com- 
patible ; incapable of harmonious combination or coex- 
istence ; inconsistent. — In'com-pat'i-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), 
In com-pat'i-ble-ness. n. — In'com-pat'i-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Incongruous ; dissimilar ; irreconcilable : un- 
suitable ; inharmonious ; repugnant. See Inconsistent. 

In-com'pe-tence (Tn-kom'pe-tens), \ n. Quality or 

In-com'pe-ten-cy (-ten-sy), j state of being 

incompetent. 

Syn. — Inability: insufficiency: inadequacy; disqual- 
ification ; incapability : unfitness. 

In-com'pe-tent (iu-kom'pe-tent), a. 1. Not compe- 
tent ; wanting in adequate strength, power, capacity, 
means, qualifications, or the like. 2. {Law) Wanting 
the legal qualifications ; disqualified ; inadmissible. 3. 
Not lying within one's capacity, or authorized power; 
not permissible. — In-COm'pe-tent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Incapable ; unable : inadequate ; insufficient ; 
inefficient ; disqualified ; unfit ; improper. — Incompetent 
is a relative term, denoting a want of the requisite quali- 
fications for performing a given act, service, etc. •- in- 
! capable is absolute in its meaning, denoting want of 
power, either natural or moral. 

In'com-plete' (Tn'kom-plef), a. Not complete ; not 
filled up ; not finished ; not having all its parts, or not 
having them all adjusted ; imperfect ; defective. — In'- 
com-pletely, adv. — In'com-plete'ness, n. 

In com-ple'tion (-ple'shun), n. Want of completion. 

In com-pli'ance (-pli'ans), n. Quality, state or act 
of being incompliant ; obstinacy. 

In ccm-pli'ant (-ant), a. Not compliant ; unyielding 
to solicitation or command ; stubborn. 

In com-pos'ite (-poz'Tt), a. Not composite ; simple. 

In-com pre-hen'si-ble (-pre-hen'sT-b'l), a. 1. Not ca- 
pable of being comprehended or contained within limits. 
2. Not capable of being contained or understood by the 
mind. — In-com'pre-hen si-bU'i-ty (bil'i-ty), In-com - 
pre-hen'si-ble-ness, n.— In-compre-hen'si-bly, adv. 

In-com pre-hen'sive (-si v), a. Not comprehensive ; 
not capable of including or of understanding. — In-conV- 
pre-hen'sive-ly, a. — In-com pre-hen'sive-ness. n. 

In com-press'i-ble (-pres'i-b'l), a. Not compressible ; 
incapable of being reduced by force or pressure into a 
smaller compass or volume. — In'com-pressl-bil'i-ty 
(-bTl'T-ty), In com-press'i-ble-ness. n. 

In'com-put'a-ble (-put'a-b'l), a. Not computable. 

In'con-ceal'a-ble (-sel'a-b'l), a. Not concealable. 

In'con-ceiv'a-ble (-sev'a-b"l), a. Not conceivable ; 
incapable of being conceived by the mind. — In con- 
ceiv'a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), In con-ceiv'a-ble-ness. n. — 
In'con-ceiv'a-bly, adv. 

In con-clu'sive (-klu'sTv), a. Not conclusive; not 
closing or settling a point in debate, or a doubt. — In'- 
con-clu'sive-ly. adv. — In'con-clu'sive-ness, n. 

Jn'^nipS'^fhil e r ( ; d ^ : i S r V1) ' } «• Not condensable. 
In'con-den'si-ble (-si-b'i), ) 

In con-gen'ial (-jen'yfrl). a. Uncongenial, [i?.] 

In-con'gru-ence (Tn-kon'gru-ens), n. Incongruity. 

In-con'gru-ent (-ent), a. Incongruous. 

In'con-gru'i-ty (Tn / k5n-gru r T-ty or In'kon-), n. 1. 
Quality or state of being incongruous ; want of congru- 
ity ; impropriety. 2. That which is incongruous. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, £, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



INCONGRUOUS 



433 



INCREASE 



In-COn'gru-OUS (Tn-k5n'gru-us), a. Not congruous ; 
not capable of harmonizing or readily assimilating. — In- 
con'gru-ous-ly, adv. — In-con'gru-ous-ness, n. 

Syn.— Unsuitable; inharmonious; disagreeing ; ab- 
surd ; inappropriate ; unfit ; improper. See Inconsistent. 

In con'se-quence (Tn-k5u'se-kwgns), n. Quality or 
state of being inconsequent ; inconclusiveness. 

In-con'se-quent (Tn-kon'se-kwgnt), a. Not following 
from the premises ; not characterized by logical method ; 
illogical ; of no consequence. — In-con'se-quent-ly , adv. 

In-con se-quen'tial (-kwen'slml), a. Not regularly 
following from the premises ; hence, irrelevant ; unim- 
portant. — In-con se-quen'tial-ly, adv. 

In'con-sid'er-a-ble (Tn'kon-sTd'er-a-b'l), a. Not con- 
siderable ; unworthy of consideration ; unimportant ; 
small ; trivial. — In con-sid'er-a-ble-ness, n. — In'- 
con-sid'er-a-bly, adv. 

In'con-sid'er-ate (Tn'kon-sTd'er-at), a. Not consid- 
erate ; hasty ; careless ; thoughtless ; heedless. — In'- 
con-sid'er-ate-ly, adv. — In con-sid'er-ate-ness, n. 

In con-sid er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Want of considera- 
tion ; inconsiderateness. 

In con-sist'ence (-sTs'tens), n. Inconsistency. 

In con-sist'en-cy (-ten-sy), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being inconsistent. 2. That which is inconsistent. 

In con-sist'ent (Tn'kon-sTs'tent), a. 1. Not consist- 
ent ; showing inconsistency ; irreconcilable ; discordant ; 
at variance, esp. as regards character, sentiment, or ac- 
tion. 2. Not exhibiting uniformity of sentiment, steadi- 
ness to principle, etc. ; unequal ; fickle ; changeable. — 
In consistently, adv. 

Syn. — Incompatible ; incongruous ; irreconcilable ; 
discordant; repugnant; contradictory. —Things are in- 
congruous when they are not suited to each other, so that 
their union is unbecoming ; inconsistent when they are 
opposed to each other, so as to render it improper or 
wrong ; incompatible when they can not coexist. Incon- 
gruity attaches to the modes and qualities of things ; in- 
compatibility attaches to their essential attributes ; incon- 
sistency attaches to the actions, sentiments, etc., of men. 

In'con-sol'a-blet-sol'a-b'l),^ Notconsolable; grieved 
beyond susceptibility of comfort ; disconsolate. — In'con- 
sol'a-ble-ness, n. — In'con-sol'a-bly, adv. 

In-con'so-nance (Tn-kon'so-nans), ) n. Want of con- 

In-con'so-nan-cy (-nan-sy), J sonance. 

In-con'so-nant (-nant), a. Not consonant or agree- 
ing ; inconsistent ; discordant. — In-con'so-nant-ly, adv. 

Incon-spic'U-OUS (Tn'kon-spTk'u-tis), a. Not con- 
spicuous or noticeable ; hardly discernible. — In'con- 
spic'u-ous-ly, adv. — In'con-spic'u-ous-ness, n. 

In-con'stan-cy (Tn-kon'stan-sy), n. 1. Quality or 
state of being inconstant. 2. An inconstant act. 

In-con'stant (Tn-kon'stant), a. Not constant ; not 
stable or uniform ; subject to change of character, ap- 
pearance, opinion, purpose, etc. — In-con'stant-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Mutable ; fickle ; volatile ; unsteady ; unsta- 
ble ; changeable ; variable ; wavering ; fluctuating. 

In con-sum'a-ble (Tn'kon-sum'a-b'l), a. Incapable 
of being consumed. — In con-sum'a-bly , adv. 

In'con-test'a-ble (-tgst'a-b'l), a. Not contestable ; 
that cannot be called in question or controverted ; indis- 
putable. — In'con-test'a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), In con- 
test'a-ble ness, n. — In'con-test'a-bly, adv. 

In-con'ti-nence (-kon'tT-nens), ) n. Quality or state of 

In-con'ti-nen-cy (-tT-nen-sy), J being incontinent. 

In-con'ti-nent (-nent), a. 1. Not continent ; not re- 
straining the passions or appetites, esp. the sexual appe- 
tite ; unchaste ; lewd. 2. (Med.) Unable to restrain 
natural evacuations. 

In-COn'ti-nent, n. One who is unchaste. 

In-con'ti-nent-ly, adv. 1. In an incontinent manner. 
2. Immediately ; at once ; forthwith. \_A rchaic~\ 

In'con-trol'la-ble (-trol'hi-b'l), a. Not controllable ; 
uncontrollable. — In'con-trol'la-Dly, adv. 

In-con'tro-ver'ti-ble (-tro-ver'tT-b'l), a. Not contro- 
vertible ; too clear or certain to admit of dispute. — In- 
con'tro-ver ti-bil'i ty (-bTl'T-ty), In-con tro-ver'ti-ble- 
ness, n. — In-con'tro-ver'ti-bly, adv. 

In con-ven'ience (Tn'kon-ven'yens), n. 1. Quality 
or state of being inconvenient ; want of convenience ; 
unsuitableness ; inexpediency. 2. That which gives 
trouble or uneasiness. 

In con-ven'ience, v. t. To cause inconvenience to. 

In'con-ven'ient (-yent), a. 1. Not becoming or suit- 
able ; unfit; inexpedient. 2. Not convenient ; giving 
trouble, uneasiness, or annoyance ; hindering progress 
or success. — In'con-ven'ient-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Unsuitable ; uncomfortable ; awkward ; unsea- 
sonable ; inopportune ; incommodious ; disadvantageous ; 
troublesome ; cumbersome ; embarrassing. 



In con vert'i ble (Tn'k5n-veif T-b'l), a. Not convert- 
ible; not capable of being transmuted into, or exchanged 
tor, something else. — In'con-vert'1-bll'i-ty (-bliT-ty), 
In-con vert'i ble ness, n. — In'con-vert'i-bly, adv. 

In con vin'ci ble (-vln'si-b'l), u. Not oomrindble ; 
incapable of being convinced. — In'COn-Vln'ci-bly, adv. 

In-CO'ny (Tn-ko'ny or In-kon'y), a. [CI. Canny.] 
Unlearned; artless; pretty; delicate. [Ob.s.] 

In'CO-b'r'di-nate (Tn'ko-or'dT-nat), a. Not coordinate. 

In'CO-br'di-na'tion (-na'sliun), n. Want of coordina- 
tion ; lack of harmonious adjustment or action. 

In-cor'po-rate (Tn-k6r'p6-rat), a. 1. Not consisting 
of matter ; not having a material body ; incorporeal. 2. 
Not incorporated ; not existing as a corporation. 

In-cor'po-rate, a. [L. incorporate, p. p. -atus; pref. 
in- in -f corporure. to make into a body.] Corporate ; 
incorporated; made, or united in, one body ; embodied. 

In-cor'po-rate (-rat), v. t. [ imp. & />. p, Incorpora- 
ted (-ra/tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Incorporating (-ra'thig).] 
1. To form into a body ; to combine, as different ingre- 
dients, into one consistent mass. 2. To give a material 
body or form to; to embody. 3. To unite with, or 
introduce into, a mass already formed. 4. To blend ; to 
assimilate ; to combine into a mass, structure, or organi- 
zation, whether material or mental. 5. To form into a 
legal body, or body politic ; to constitute into a corpora- 
tion recognized by law. 

In-cor'po-rate, v. i. To becqme incorporated. 

In-cor'po-ra ted (-ra'tgd), a. United in one body ; 
formed into a corporation ; made a legal entity. 

In-cor po-ra'tion (Tn-kSr'po-ra'shiin), n. 1. Act of 
incorporating, pr state of being incorporated. 2. A body 
incorporated ; a corporation. 

In-cor'po-ra tor (-ra'ter), n. One of the original 
members of a legal corporation. 

In'cor-po're-al (Tn'kor-po're-al), a. 1. Not corporeal ; 
not having a material body or form ; immaterial ; un- 
substantial ; bodiless ; spiritual. 2. (Law) Existing 
only in contemplation of law ; not capable of actual vis- 
ible seizin or possession. — In'cor-po're-al-ly (-po're- 
al-ly), adv. [being incorporeal. I 

In-corpo-re'i-ty (Tn-k6r'po-re'T-ty), n. Quality of | 

In'COr-rect' (Tn'kor-rgkf), a. Not correct; not ac- 
cording to a copy, model, or rule ; not in accordance 
with truth or with duty or morality ; unbecoming ; im- 
proper. — In'cor-rect'ly, adv. — - In cor-rect'ness- n. 

Syn. — Inaccurate; erroneous; wrong; faulty. 

In-COr'ri-gl-ble (Tn-kor'rT-jT-b'l), a. Not corrigible ; 
incapable of being corrected or amended ; irreclaimable. 
— In-cor'ri-gi-bil'i-ty (bTl'T-ty), n. 

In-cor'ri-gi-ble (-jT-b'l), n. One who is incorrigible. 
— In-cor'ri-gi-ble-ness, ».— In-cor'ri-gi-bly, adv. 

In'cor-rupt' (Tn'kor-riipt'), a. Not corrupt; unim- 
paired ; unmarred ; undenled ; pure ; honest. 

In / COr-rupt'i-ble(-rup'tT-b'l),a. 1. Not corruptible ; 
incapable of decay or dissolution. 2. Incapable of being 
bribed or morally corrupted. — In'cor-rupti-bil'i-ty 
(-bTl'T-ty), In/cor-rupt'i-ble-ness, n.— In'cor-rupt 'i- 
Dly, adv. [being incorrupt. 

In'COr-rup'tion (-rup'shun), n. State or quality of. 

In'COr-rupt'ive (-rup'tTv), a. Incorruptible. 

In'cor-rupt'ly (-rupt'ly), adv. Without corruption. 

In'cor-rupt'ness, n. Quality of being incorrupt. 

In-cras'sate (Tn-krSs'sat), v. t. & i. [L. mcrassara, 
p. p. -atus ; pref. in- in -f- crassus thick.] To make or 
become thick or thicker ; to thicken. 

In-cras'sate (-sat), ) a. Made thick or thicker ; 

In-cras'sa-ted (-sa-ted), ( tliickencd ; inspissated. 

In'cras-sa'tion (Tn'krSs-sa'shuu), n. Act or process 
of incrassating, or state of being incrassated. 

In-cras'sa-tive (Tn-kras'sa-tTv), a. Incrassating. 

In-creas'a-ble (Tn-kres'a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
increased. — In-creas'a-ble-ness, n. 

In-crease' (Tn-kres'), V. i. & t. [imp. S: p. p. In- 
creased (-kresf) ; p. pr. & vb. ». Increasing.] [OF. 
encreistre, fr. L. increscere; pref. in- in + creacere to 
grow.] 1. To become, or cause to become, greater or 
more in size, quantity, number, degree, value, intensity, 
power, reputation, wealth, etc. ; to grow ; to augment ; 
to advance. 2. To multiply by the production of young. 
3. (Astron.) To show more of the surface ; to wax. 

Syn. — To enlarge ; extend: multiply; expand; de- 
velop; heighten; amplify; raise; enhanoe; spread; ag- 
gravate ; magnify. — Increase is a very general term, used 
with reference to many qualities of which most of its 
synonyms refer to, or especially emphasize, a few or one 
or two only ; enlarge refers particularly to increase in 
size, literal or figurative ; extend refers particularly to 
compass or largeness of boundaries. 



K 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

*28 



M 



INCREASE 



434 



INDEFINITE 



K 

f 



In'crease (Tn'kres or Tn-kres'). »• 1- Act, process, 
or state at increasing ; addition or enlargement; aug- 
mentation ; growth. 2. That which is added to the 
original stock by augmentation or growth ; produce ; 
profit : interest. 3. Progeny ; issue ; offspring. 

Enlargement : extension ; growth ; develop- 
ment ; increment : addition ; accession ; production. 

In-creas'ing-ly. adv. More and more. 

In cre-ate' tjn kre-at'), V. t. To create within, [i?.] 

In'cre-ate (Tn'kre-at), \ a. [L. increatus. See In- 

In'cre-a ted (-a'tgd), J not; Create.] Uncreated. 

In-cred'i-ble (Tn-kredl-b'l), a. Not credible; too 
Improbable to admit of belief. — In-cred'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'- 
1-tyV In-cred'i-ble-ness, n. — In cred'i-bly, adv. 

in cre-du'li-ty (Tn/kre-du'lT-ty), n. State or quality 
of being incredulous ; skepticism ; unbelief ; disbelief. 

In-cred'U-lOUS (Tn-kred'u-liis ; 135), a. 1. Not credu- 
lous ; indisposed to believe ; unbelieving. 2. Indicating 
disbelief. — In-cred'u-lous-ly , adv. — In-cred'u-lous- 
ness. n. [ing; to cremate. I 

In'cre-mate (Tn'kre-rnat), v. t. To consume by burn-| 

In'cre-ment (Tn'kre-mfnt), ?;. [L. incrementum. See 
Increase.] 1. Act or process of increasing; growth; 
augmentation ; enlargement. 2. Matter added ; in- 
crease ; produce; production. 3. (Math.) The increase 
of a variable quantity or fraction from one value to its 
next ascending value. 

In-cres'cent (Tn-kres'sent), a. [L. increscens, -entis, 
p. pr. See Increase.] Increasing; growing; augment- 
ing ; swelling ; enlarging. 

In-crim'i hate (Tn-krim'T-nat), v. t. [LL. incrimi- 
nare, p. p. -atus ; in- in -)- criminare, -ari, to accuse of 
a crime.] To charge with a crime or fault ; to criminate. 

In-crust'Cin-krust'), v. t. [L. incrustare ; pref. in- in 
+ crtt stare to cover with a crust.] To cover or line with 
a crust, or hard coat. 

In-crus'tate (Tn-krus'tat), a. Incrusted. 

In crus-ta'tion (Tn'krus-ta'shun)', n. 1. An incrusting; 
state of being incrusted. 2. A hard coating upon a surface. 

In'cu-bate (Tn'ku-bat), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Incu- 
bated (-ba'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Incubating (-ba'ting).] 
[L. incnbare, p. p. -atus, to lie on ; pref. in- in, on -f- 
cubare to lie down.] To sit, or sit on ; as on eggs for 
hatching. 

Incu-ba'tion (-ba'shun), n. 1. A sitting on eggs for 
the purpose of hatching young. 2. (Med.) The devel- 
opment of a disease from its causes. 

In'cu-ba'tor (InMiu-ba'ter), n. That which incubates ; 
esp., an apparatus for hatching eggs by artificial heajt. 

In'cu-bus (Tn/ku-bus), n. ; pi. E. Incubuses (-ez), L. 
iNCUEi(-bl). [L., the nightmare. Cf. Incubate.] 1. A 
kind of demon. 2. (Med.) The nightmare. 3. Any op- 
pressive encumbrance or burden. 

In-cul'cate (Tn-kuFkat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incul- 
cated (-ka-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inculcating (-ka-ting).] 
[L. inculcare, p. p. -atus, to tread on ; pref. in- in, on -f- 
caleare to tread, fr. calx the heel.] To teach and re- 
peatedly impress ; to urge on the mind. 

Syn. — To instill ; infuse ; implant ; engraft ; impress. 

In cul-ca'tion (Tn'kul-ka'shun), n. A teaching and 
impressing by frequent repetitions. 

In-cul'ca-tor (-kul'ka-ter), n. One who inculcates. 

In-cul'pa-ble (-pa-b'l), a. Blameless ; innocent. — 
In-cul'pa-ble-ness. n. — In-cuTpa-bly, adv. 

In-cul'pate (Tn-kul'pat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incul- 
pated (-pa-ted) : p. pr.&vb. n. Inculpating (-pa-ting).] 
[LL. inculpare, p. p. -atus ; pref. in- in + culpa fault.] 
To involve or implicate in guilt ; to blame ; to accuse. 

In'cul-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. Blame ; crimination. 

In-cul'pa-tO-ry (Tn-kill'pa-to-ry), a. Imputing blame ; 
criminatory. 

In-CUlt' (Tn-kulf), a. [L. incultus ; pref. in- not -f- 
cultus, p. p. of colere to cultivate.] Untilled ; unculti- 
vated ; crude ; rude ; uncivilized. 

In-cum'ben-cy (Tn-kum'ben-sy), n. 1. State of being 
incumbent. 2. That which is incumbent. 3. State of hold- 
ing a benefice ; full possession and exercise of any office. 

In-cum'bent (-bent), a. [L. incumbens, -entis, p. pr. 
of incumbere to lie down upon, press upon ; pref. in- in, 
on — cumbere (in comp.), akin to cubare to lie down.] 
1. Lying ; resting ; reclining ; superimposed. 2. Ly- 
ing, resting, or imposed, as a duty or obligation ; obliga- 
- always with on or upon. 

In-cum'bent, n. A person in possession of an office. 

In-cum r ber (-ber), r. t., In-cum'brance (-brans), n. 
Bee Encumber, Encumbrance. 

In cu-nab'u-lum (Tn'ku-naVu-lum), n. ; pi. Incu- 
nabula (-la). [L. incunabula cradle, origin. See 1st 



In- ; Cunabula.] A work of art or of human industry, 
of an early epoch ; esp., a book printed before a. d. 1500.' 

In-cur' (Iu-kfir'),r. /. [imp. &p. p. Incurred (-kGrd') • 
p. pr. & vb. n. Incurring (-kQr'ring).] [L. incurrere 
to run into or toward ; pref. iri- in -f- currere to run.] 
To meet or fall in with, as something inconvenient, 
harmful, or onerous ; to become liable or subject to ; to 
bring down upon one's self ; to encounter ; to contract. 

In-cur'a-ble (Tn-kur'a-b'l), a. Not capable of being 
cured ; not admitting or capable of remedy or correction ; 
remediless. — In-cur'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ty ), In-cur'a-ble- 
ness, n. — In-cur'a-bly, adv. 

Sy ii. — Irremediable; irretrievable; irreparable. 

In-cur'a-ble, n. A person diseased beyond cure. 

In-cu'ri-ous (In-ku'rT-fis), a. Not curious or inquisi- 
tive ; without care for or interest in ; inattentive. — Tn - 
cu'ri-ous-ly, ad v. — In-cu'ri-ous ness, n. 

In-cur'sion (Tn-kfir'shun), n. [L. incursio. See In- 
cur.] A running into ; hence, an entering into a terri- 
tory with hostile intention ; a predatory inroad. 

Syn. —Invasion; inroad; raid; foray; sally; attack; 
onset; irruption. 

In-cur 'si ve (-siv), a. Making an incursion; inva- 
sive ; aggressive ; hostile. 

In-cur'vate (-vat), a. [L. incurvatus, p. p. of incur- 
vare to crook ; pref. in- in + curvus bent.] Curved. 

In-cur'vate (-vat), v. t. To turn ; to bend ; to crook. 

In cur-va'tion (In'kur-va'shun), n. Act of curving, 
or state of being curved. 

In-curve' (Tn-kurv'), v. t. To bend ; to curve. 

! In'cus (ln'kiis), n. [L., anvil.] 1. An anvil. 2. 
(Anat.) The anvil bone of the ear. See Ear. 

In-cuse' (Tn-kuz'), } v. t. [L. incussus, p. p. of incxi- 

In-cuss' (Tn-kus'), j tere to strike. See 1st In-, and 
Concuss.] To form, or mold, by striking or stamping. 

In-cysf (Tn-sTsf), v. t. See Encyst. 

In-dart/ (Tn-darf), v. t. To pierce, as with a dart. 

In-debt' (Tn-def), v. t. [F. endeller ; pref. en- (L. 
in) -\- F. dette debt.] To bring into debt or under obli- 
gation ; — chiefly used in the participle indebted. 

In-debt'ed. a. 1. Brought into debt; held to pay- 
ment or requital; beholden. 2. Placed under obliga- 
tion of gratitude. 

In-debt'ed-ness. n. 1. State of being indebted. 2. 
The sum owed ; debts, collectively. 

In-de'cen-cy (-de'sen-sy), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being indecent. 2. That which is indecent. 

In-de'cent (-sent), a. Not decent ; offensive to mod- 
esty and delicacy ; improper ; unseemly. — In-de'cent- 
ly, adv. 

Syn. — Unbecoming ; indecorous ; indelicate ; immod- 
est ; gross ; shameful ; impure ; obscene ; filthy. 

In de-cid'u-ous (Tn'de-sTd'u-us), a. Not deciduous or 
falling ; perennial. [pherable. I 

In de-ci'pher-a-ble (Tn'de-si'fer-a-b'l), a. Not deci-| 

In de-ci'sion (Tn'de-sTzh'un), n. Want of decision; 
wavering of mind ; irresolution ; vacillation ; hesitation. 

In'de-ci'sive (-sI'sTv), a. 1. Not decisive ; not bring- 
ing to a final or ultimate issue. 2. Irresolute ; wavering. 
— In'de-ci'sive-ly, adv. — In'de-ci'sive-ness. n. 

In de-clin'a-ble (-klln'a-b'l), a. (Gram.) Not declin- 
able ; not inflected. — In'de-clin'a-bly, adv. 

In de-co'rous (Tn'de-ko'rus or In-dek'o-rus), a. Not 
decorous ; violating good manners ; out of place. — In'- 
de-co'rous-ly . adv. — In'de-co'rous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Unbecoming ; unseemly ; unbefitting ; rude ; 
coarse ; impolite ; uncivil : ill-bred. 

In de-CO'rum (Tn'de-ko'rfim), n. 1. Want of deco- 
rum ; impropriety of behavior. 2. An indecorous or un- 
becoming action. 

In-deed' (Tn-ded'), adv. [Prep, in -f- deed.] In real- 
ity ; in truth ; in fact ; verily ; truly ; — used in a vari- 
ety of senses. Sometimes used as an interjection. 

In'de-fat'i-ga-ble (Tn'de-fSt'T-ga-b'l), a. [L. indefa- 
tigabilis.'] Incapable of being fatigued ; unwearying. — 
In de-fat'i-ga-ble-ness. «.— In'de-fat'i-ga-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Unwearied ; untiring ; persevering ; persistent. 

In de-fea'si-ble (-fe'zT-b'l), or. Not defeasible ; in- 
capable of being annulled or made void. — In de-f ea si- 
bil'i-ty (bii'T-ty), 7i. ~ In'de-fea'si-bly. adv. 

In'de-fect'i-ble (-f^gktl-b'l), a. Not defectible; un- 
failing. 

In'de-fect'ive (-fSk'tiv), a. Not defective ; perfect. 

In'de-fen'si-ble (-fen'sT-b'l), a. Not defensible ; un- 
justifiable ; untenable. — In de-fen'si-bly , adv. 

In de-tin'a-ble (-fin'a-b'l), a. Incapable of being de- 
fined or described ; inexplicable. — In'de-fln'a-bly. adv. 

In-def'i-nlte (In-dgfl-nTt), a. 1. Not definite; not 
limited, defined, or specified ; not explicit ; not precise. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, fined. 



INDEFINITELY 



435 



INDICATE 



; approximate. 
(Bot.) Property 



2. Having no determined or certain limits ; large and 
unmeasured, though not infinite; unlimited. — In-del'- 
i-nlte-ly (Tn-dgf'T-nYt-r?), adv. — In-defi-nite-ness, n. 

Syn. — Inexplicit; vague; uncertain; unsettled ; in- 
determinate ; loose ; equivocal ; inexact 

In'de his'cence (Tn'de-hTs'sens), n. 
or state of being indehiscent. 

Inde-hls'cent (-sent), a. (Bot.) Not dehiscent; re- 
maining closed at maturity. 

In-del'I-ble (Tn-dgl'T-b'l), a. [L. indelebilis; pref. 
in- not -f- delebilis capable of being destroyed. See 
Dele.] That can not be removed, washed away, blotted 
out, or effaced ; incapable of being canceled or forgotten. 
— Indelibility (-bii'I-ty), In-del'i-ble-ness, n. — 
In-del'i-bly, adv. 

Syn. —Fixed; fast; permanent; ineffaceable. 

Ill-del'i-ca-cy (Tn-del'i-ka-sy), n. Quality of being 
indelicate ; want of delicacy ; also, that which is offen- 
sive to refined taste or purity of mind. 

In-del'i-cate (-kat), a. Not delicate ; wanting deli- 
cacy ; offensive to good manners, or to purity of mind ; 
coarse ; rude. — In-del'i-cate-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Indecorous ; unbecoming ; unseemly ; rude ; 
coarse ; broad ; impolite ; gross ; indecent ; offensive ; im- 
proper ; unchaste ; impure ; unrefined. 

In-denVni-fi-ca'tion (ln-dgm'm-f T-ka'shun), n. 1. Act 
or process of indemnifying ; the state of being indemni- 
fied. 2. That which constitutes indemnity. 

In-dem'ni-fy (Tn-dgni'm-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. In- 
demnified (-fid) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Indemnifying (-fi'ing).] 
[L. indemnis unhurt ( in- not + damnum hurt, damage) 
+ -fy-1 1- To save harmless ; to secure against loss or 
damage ; to insure. 2. To make restitution or compen- 
sation for ; to reimburse ; to compensate. 

In-dem'ni-ty (-ty), n. 1. Security; insurance; ex- 
emption from loss or damage, past or to come ; immunity 
from penalty ; amnesty. 2. Indemnification, compen- 
sation, or remuneration for loss, damage, or injury. 

In/de-mon'Stra-ble (Tn'de-mon'stra-b'l), a. Incapa- 
ble of demonstration. — In'de-mon'stra-ble-ness, n. 

In-den'i-zen (Tn-dgn'i-z'n), v. t. To naturalize. 

Indent' (in-denf), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Indented ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Indenting.] [OF. endenter, LL. inden- 
ture, fr. L. in -f- dens, dentis, tooth.] 1. To notch; to 
jag ; to cut into points like a row of teeth. 2. To dent ; 
to stamp or to press in ; to impress. 3. [Cf. Indenture.] 
To indenture; to apprentice. 4. (Print.) To begin (a 
line or lines) at a greater or less distance from the margin. 

In-dent', v. i. 1. To be cut, notched, or dented. 

2. To crook or turn; to zigzag. 3. To contract; to 
bargain or covenant. 

In-dent' (Tn-dgnf), n. 1. A cut or notch in the mar- 
gin of anything. 2. A kind of certificate of debt former- 
ly issued by the United States government. 

In den-ta'tion (ln'dgn-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of indent- 
ing, or state of being indented. 2. A notch, recess, or 
depression. 

In-dent'ed (Tn-dgnt'gd), a. 1. Cut in the edge into 
points or inequalities, like teeth ; jagged ; notched ; 
also, dented on the surface ; sinuous ; undulating. 2. 
Apprenticed ; indentured. — In-dent 'ed-ly, adv. 

In-den'ture (Tn-den'tur ; 135), n. 1. Act of indent- 
ing, or state of being indented. 2. (Law) A mutual 
agreement in writing between two or more parties, where- 
of each party has usually a counterpart or duplicate. 

^T' Indentures were originally duplicates notched or 
cut so as to correspond to each other. 

In-den'ture, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Indentured (-turd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Indenturing.] 1. To indent ; to make 
hollows, notches, or wrinkles in. 2. To bind by inden- 
tures or written contract. 

In de-pend'ence (Tn'de-pgnd'ens), n. 1. State or 
quality of being independent. 2. Sufficient means for a 
comfortable livelihood. 

In de-pend'en-cy (-en-sy), n. 1. Independence. 2. 
(Eccl.) Doctrine and polity of the Independents. 

In de-pend'ent (-ent), a. 1. Not dependent; not 
subject to control by others ; not relying on others ; 
not subordinate. 2. Affording a comfortable livelihood. 

3. Expressing or indicating the feeling of independence ; 
free ; easy ; bold. 4. Separate ; exclusive ; irrespective. 
6. (Eccl.) Belonging or pertaining to, or holding to the 
doctrines or methods of, the Independents. 

Syn. — Free ; uncontrolled ; separate ; uncoerced ; self- 
reliant ; bold ; unconstrained ; unrestricted. 

In de-pend'ent, n. 1. (Eccl.) One who believes in 
the self-government of each organized .church independ- 
ent of all ecclesiastical authority. 2. (Politics) One who 
is independent in his voting for candidates. 



In'de-pend'ent ly (Tn'de-pgud'ent-iy), adv. In an 
Independent manner. 

In de scrib'a-ble (-skrib'a-b'l), a. Incapable of being 
described. —In de-scrib'a-bly, adv. 

Inde-scrip'tive (-skrlp'tTv), a. Not descriptive. 

In'de-struc'ti-ble (-struk'tl-b'l), a. Not destructible ; 
incapable of decomposition, or of being destroyed. —In' - 
de-struc/ti-bil'i-ty (-bli'T-ty), In'de-struc'tl-ble-ness, 
n. — In'de-struc'ti-bly, adv. 

In'de-ter'mi-na-ble (-ter'mT-na-b'l), a. Not deter- 
minable ; not to be definitely known, ascertained, de- 
fined, or limited. — In'de-ter'mi-na-bly, 

In de-ter'mi-nate (-uat), a. Not determinate ; not 
certain or fixed ; indefinite ; not precise. — In'de-ter'- 
mi-nate-ly, adv. — In de-ter'mi-nate ness, n. 

In'de-ter'mi-na'tion (-teVmi-na'shiin), n. 1. Want 
of determination; unsettled state, as of the mind. 2. 
Want of fixed or stated direction. 

In de-vo'tion (-vo'shun), n. Want of devotion. 

In'de-VOUt' (-vouf), a. Not devout. 

In'dex (Tn'deks), n. ; pi. E. Indexes (-gz), L. Indices 
(Tn'dT-sez). [L.] 1. That which points out ; that which 
shows, indicates, manifests, discloses, informs, or di- 
rects ; hence, a pointer or a hand that directs to any- 
thing, as the hand of a watch, a movable finger, scale, 
etc. 2. Specif., in printing, a sign [figr*] used to direct 
particular attention to a note or paragraph. 3. A table 
for facilitating reference to topics, names, and the like, 
in a book. 4. (Anat.) The second digit ; the forefinger ; 
index finger. 5. (Math.) The figure or letter which 
shows the power or root of a quantity ; the exponent. 
[In this sense the plural is always indices.'] 

Index expurgatorius [L.], or Expurgatory index, a cata- 
logue of books from which passages marked as against 
faith or good morals must be removed before Roman 
Catholics can read them. 

In'dex (Tn'deks), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indexed (Tn'- 
dekst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Indexing.] To provide with an 
index or table of references ; to put into an index. 

In'dex-er (-er), n. One who makes an index. 

In-dex'ic-al (Tn-deks'T-kal), a. Of or pert, to an index. 

In'dex-ter'i-ty (Tn'dgks-ter'I-ty),n. Want of dexterity. 

In'di-a (Tn'dT-a or Tnd'ya), n. [See Indian.] A coun- 
try in Southern Asia ; esp. , Hither India, or Hindostan. 

India ink, a nearly black pigment brought chiefly from 
China, used for water colors. It consists of lampblack or 
ivory black and animal glue. The true India ink is sepia. 
— India paper, a variety of Chinese paper, of smooth but 
not glossy surface. — India rubber. See Caoutchouc. 

Dl'di-a-man (Tn'dT-a-man or Tnd'ya-), n. A large 
vessel used in the India trade. 

In'di-an (Tn'dT-an or Ind'yan), a. [From India, fr. 
Indus, a river in Asia, deriv. of OPers. Hindu, the land 
on the Indus, Skr. sindhu river, the Indus.] 1. Of or 
pertaining to India proper ; also to the East Indies, or, 
sometimes, to the West Indies. 2. Of or pertaining to 
the aborigines, or Indians, of America. 3. Made of 
maize or Indian corn. [U. £.] 

Indian corn. Same as Maize. — Indian 
cucumber (Bot.), a plant of the U. S., hav- 
ing a rootstock that tastes like cucum- 
bers. See Illiist. under Verticxllate. — 
Indian file, single file, one following after 
another, — among Indians the usual way 
of traversing woods. — Indian meal, meal 
made from Indian corn. — Indian millet y 
(Bot.), a tall annual grass (Sorghum nil- j 
gare), having many varieties, among 
which are broom corn, durra and the Chi- 
nese sugar cane. — Indian pipe (Bot.), a 
low, fleshy, waxy-white herb (Monotropa 
uniflora), growing in clusters in dark 
woods. — Indian summer, in the United 
States, a period of warm and pleasant j 
weather late in autumn. — Indian tobacco 
(Bot.), a species of Lobelia. — Indian turnip (Bot.), an 
American plant of the genus Arissema with an intensely 
acrid, turnip-shaped root ; as the jack-in-t he-pulpit. 

In'di-an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of India. 2. 
One of the aboriginal inhabitants of America ; — so called 
from the once supposed identity of America with India. 

In'di-a rub'ber (-a rub'ber). See Caoutchoi-c. 
In'di-cant (Tn'dT-kant), a. Serving to indicate, as a 
remedy ; indicating. — w. That which indicates. 

In'di-cate (Tn'di-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indicated 
(-ka'tgd); p. pr. & vb. n. Indicating (-ka'tTng).] [L. 
indicare, p. p. -atus ; pref. in- in -f- dicarc to proclaim ; 
akin to dicere to say.] 1. To point out; to direct to a 
knowledge of ; to show ; to make known. 2. (Med.) To 
point out, as the proper remedy, by symptoms. 
Syn. — To show; mark; signify; denote; discover; 




K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



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436 



INDIVIDUALITY 



evidence ; evince ; manifest ; declare : specify ; explain ; 
exhibit; present; reveal; disclose; display. 

In dl-ca'tion cln'dl-ka'shlinV >i. 1. Act of indicating. 
2- That which serves to indicate or point out ; mark ; 
token ; sign ; symptom ; evidence. 

In-dic'a-tive (Tu-dYk'a-tTv), a. Pointing out ; giving 
intimation or knowledge of something not visible or ob- 
vious. — In-dic'a-tive-ly. adv. 

Indicative mood (Oram.), that mood or form of the verb 
which indicates, that is. simply affirms, denies, or inquires. 

In'di-ca tor (-ka ter), 71. One that shows or points 
out ; specif., an apparatus or instrument for showing the 
varying of a machine or moving part, or of a force. 

ih'di-ca-tO-ry (Tn'dT-ka-to-ry), a. Serving to show or 
make known ; showing ; indicative ; signifying. 

Indices (TnMT-sez), n. pi. See Index. 
In-di'ci-a (Tn-dTsh'i-a), 71. pi. [L.] (Law) Discrimi- 
nating marks; signs; tokens; indications ; appearances. 

In-dict' (-dlt')> r. t. [imp. & p. p. Indicted (-dit'Sd) ; 

f). pr. & vb. n. Indicting.] [See Indite.] 1. To write. 
Obs.~\ 2. (Law) To charge with a crime, in due form 
of law. by the finding or presentment of a grand jury. 

In-dict'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Subject to indictment. 

In-dict'er (Tn-dit'er), 71. One who indicts. 

In-dic'tion (Tn-dTk'shfin), ?i. A cycle of fifteen years. 

In-dict'ment (Tn-dit'ment), n. 1. Act of indicting, 
or state of being indicted. 2. (Laic) The formal state- 
ment of an offense, as framed by the prosecuting author- 
ity of the State, and found by the grand jury. 3. An 
accusation in general ; a formal accusation. 

In-dict'or (-or), n. (Law) One who indicts. 

In-dii'ier-ence (Tn-dTffer-ens), n. Quality or 6tate of 
being indifferent ; lack of interest or significance. 

In-dif'fer-en-cy (-en-sy), n. Indifference. 

Indifferent (Tn-dTf'fer-ent), a. 1. Not making a 
difference; involving no preference, concern, or atten- 
tion ; of no account ; without significance or importance. 
2. Neither particularly good, nor very bad ; passable ; 
mediocre. 3. Not inclined to one side, party, or choice 
more than to another; neutral; impartial. 4. Feeling 
no interest, anxiety, or care, respecting anything; un- 
concerned ; inattentive. — In-dil'f er-ent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Careless ; negligent ; unconcerned ; disinter- 
ested ; apathetic : insensible ; cold ; lukewarm. 

In-dif fer-ent-ism (-Tz'm), n. State of indifference, 
esp. to religious truth ; agnosticism. [poverty. I 

In'di-gence (TnMT-jens), ??. State of being indigent ; | 

In'di-gen-cy (TnMT-jen-sy), n. Indigence. 

In -dig'e-nous (Tn-dTj'e-nus), a. [L. indigenus, in- 
digena, fr. OL. indu (fr. in in) + root of L. gig7iere to 
beget.] 1. Native ; produced, growing, or living, natu- 
rally in a country or climate. 2. Inherent ; innate. 

In'di-gent (TnMT-jent), a. [F., fr. L. indigens, p. pr. 
of indigere to need, fr. OL. indu (fr. in in) + L. ege7-e to 
be needy.] 1. Wanting ; void. [06s.] 2. Destitute of 
property or means of comfortable subsistence ; needy ; 
poor; necessitous. — In'di-gent-ly, adv. 

In di-gest'ed, a. 1. Not digested ; undigested. 2. 
Not resolved ; not methodical; crude. 3. (Med.) (a) 
Not suitable for healing, (b) Not ripened or suppurated. 

In digestible (-jgstT-b'l), a. Not digestible. — In / - 
di -gestl-ble-ness. n. — In di-gestl-bly, adv. 

In di-ges'tion (Tn/dT-jes'chun ; 10G), ?i. Lack of 
proper digestive action ; dyspepsia ; incomplete or dif- 
ficult digestion. 

In-dign' (Tn-din'), a. [L. indignus ; pref. in- not -f- 
dignus worthy. See Dignity.] Unworthy; degrading. 

In-dig'nant (-dTg'nant), a. [L. indigna7is, -a7itis, p. 
pr. of indignari to be indignant, fr. indignus. See In- 
dign.] Affected with indignation; wrathf ul ; irate. — 
In-dig'nant-ly, adv. 

In dig-na'tion (Tn'dTg-na'shun), n. The feeling ex- 
cited by that which is unworthy, base, or disgraceful ; 
anger mingled with contempt, disgust, or abhorrence. 

Syn. — Anger: ire; wrath; fury; rage. See Anger. 

In-dig'ni-ty (Tn-dTg'nT-ty), n. Any action toward 
another which manifests contempt for him ; an offense 
against personal dignity ; contumely. 

In'di-go (Tn'dT-go), n. ; pi. Indigoes (-goz). [F., fr. 
L. indicum indigo, fr. Lndicus Indian.] 1. A kind of 
deep blue, — one of the seven prismatic colors. 2. 
(Chem.) A blue dyestuff obtained from several plants 
belonging to very different genera and orders. 

In'di-go (Tn'dT-go). a. Having the color of, pertain- 
ing to. or derived from, indigo. 

Indigo bird (Z06L). a small North American finch, the 
iiiale of which is indigo blue. 

Indirect' (Tn'dT-rgkf), a. 1. Not direct; deviating 
from a direct line or course ; circuitous. 2. Not tend- 



ing to an aim, purpose, or result by the plainest course, 
or by obvious means, but obliquely or consequentially. 

3. Not straightforward or upright ; tending to mislead. 

4. Not resulting directly from a thing, but more or less 
remotely connected with or growing out of it. — Indi- 
rectly (Tn'dT-rekt'ly), adv. — In'di-rect'ness, n. 

In di-rec'tion (-rgk'shun), n. Oblique course or 
means ; dishonest practices ; indirectness. 

In discernible (In'dlz-zern'i-b'l), a. Not discern- 
ible ; imperceptible ; not discoverable or visible. 

In dis-cerp'i-ble (-dTs-serp'I-b'l), In'dis-cerp'ti-ble 
(-tT-b'l), a. Not discerpible ; inseparable. [06s.] 

In-dis'ci-plin-a-ble (Tn-dTs'sT-plIn-a-b'l), o. Not dis- 
ciplinable, [i?.] [coverable. I 

In dis-cov'er-a-ble (Tn'dTs-kOv'er-a-b'l), a. Uudis-| 

In discreet' (-kief), a. Not discreet. — In dis- 
creetly, adr. — in dis-creet'ness. n. 

In'dis-crete' (-kref), a. 1. Indiscreet. [06s.] 2. 
Not discrete or separated ; compact ; homogeneous. 

In dis-cre'tion (-krSsh'On), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being indiscreet. 2. Indiscreet act or behavior. 

In discriminate (-krlm'i-nat), a. Not discrimi- 
nate ; wanting discrimination ; not making distinction ; 
confused ; promiscuous. — In'dis-criml-nate-ly, adv. 

In dis-crim i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Want of discrim- 
ination or distinction ; impartiality. 

In dis-pen'sa-ble (-pen'sa-b'l), a. Not dispensable ; 
impossible to be omitted, remitted, or spared ; requisite. 
— In dis-pen'sa-ble-ness, ». — Indis-pen'sa-bly, adv. 

In dis-pose' (Tn/dTs-poz'), v. t. 1. To render unfit 
or unsuited ; to disqualify. 2. To make somewhat ill. 
3. To disincline ; to render averse or unfavorable. 

In-dis po-si'tion (Tn-dTs'po-zTsh'un), n. 1. State of 
being indisposed ; disinclination. 2. A slight disorder 
or illness. 

In dis'pu-ta-ble (Tn-dTs'pu-ta-b'l), a. Not disputable ; 
incontrovertible ; too evident to admit of dispute. — In- 
dis'pu-ta-ble-ness, 77. — In-dis'pu-ta-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Incontestable ; unquestionable ; undeniable ; 
indubitable ; certain ; positive ; undoubted ; sure. 

In-dis'so-lu-ble (-so-lu-b'l), a. 1. Not dissoluble; 
not capable of being liquefied ; insoluble. 2. Perpetually 
binding or obligatory ; firm ; stable. — In-dis'SO-lu-bil'- 
i-ty (-bll'i-ty), In-dis'so-lu-ble-ness, n. — In-dis'so-lu- 
bly, adv. 

In dis-solv'a-ble (Tn'dTz-zolv'a-b'l), a. Not dissolv- 
able ; incapable of separation ; perpetually binding. 

In'dis-tinct' (In/dTs-tTnkt'), a. 1. Not distinct or 
distinguishable. 2. Obscure to the mind or senses ; not 
clear ; not definite ; imperfect ; faint. 

Syn. — Undefined ; indistinguishable ; obscure ; indefi- 
nite ; vague ; ambiguous ; uncertain ; confused. 

In dis-tinc'tion (-tlnk'shun), 71. Want of distinction 
or distinguishableness f confusion ; uncertainty. 

In dis-tinc'tive (-tiv), a. Having nothing distinctive ; 
common. [uer. I 

In distinctly (-tinkt'ly), adv. In an indistinct man-j 

In dis-tinct'ness, n. Quality of being indistinct. 

In dis-tin'guish-a-ble (-tin'gwTsh-a-b'l), a. Not dis- 
tinguishable ; not capable of being discriminated or dis- 
cerned. — In'dis-tin'guish-a-bly, adv. 

In-dite' (Tn-dif), V. t. {imp. & p. p. Indited ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Inditing.] [OF. enditer to indicate, write, in- 
form, and endicte7- to accuse ; both fr. LL. indictare to 
show, to accuse, fr. L. i7idicei-e to proclaim, announce ; 
pref. in- in -f- dicere to say.] 1. To compose ; to write ; 
to be author of. 2. To invite or ask. [06s.] 

In-dite'ment (-ment), n. Act of inditing. 

In-dit'er (-dit'er), n. One who indites. 

In'di-um (Tn'di-iim), n. [NL. See Indigo.] (Chei7i.) 
A rare metal, resembling zinc in physical properties and 
aluminium in chemical relations. Its spectrum has two 
characteristic indigo-blue lines. 

In'di-vid'u-al (-vTd'fi-ol ; 135), a. [L. individutu in- 
divisible ; pref. in- not -f- dividuus divisible, fr. dividere 
to divide.] 1. Not divided, or not to be divided ; exist- 
ing as one distinct being or object; single; one. 2. Of 
or pertaining to one only ; peculiar to, or characteristic 
of, a single person or thing. 

In'di-vid'U-al', n. A single person, animal, or thing 
of any kind ; esp., a human being ; a person. 

In di-vid'u-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Quality of being in- 
dividual; individuality; personality. 2. An excessive 
or exclusive regard to one's personal interest ; selfishness. 

In'di-vid'U-al'i-ty (-Sl'T-ty), n. 1. Quality or state 
of being individual or constituting an individual. 2. 
Character or property appropriate or peculiar to an indi- 
vidual ; distinctive character. 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, flni, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



INDIVIDUALIZE 



437 



INDUSTRIAL 



In di-Vid'U-al-ize (Tn'dT-vTd'u-al-iz), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Individualized (-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Individual- 
izing (-i'zing).] To mark or distinguish as an individual. 

In'di-vid'u-al-ly, adv. In an individual manner or 
relation ; as an individual or individuals ; separately. 

In'dl-vid'U-ate (-at), v. t. To distinguish from others 
of the species ; to endow with individuality. 

In'di-vid'U-a'tion (-vid'u-a'shun), n. Act of individ- 
uating or state of being individuated. 

In di-vis'i-ble (-viz'T-b'l), a. 1. Not divisible ; not 
separable into parts. 2. {Math.) Incommensurable. — 
In'di-vis'i-ble-ness, n.— In'di-vis'i-bly, adv. 

In di-vis'i-ble, n. That which is indivisible. — In'- 
di-visi bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-t?), n. 

In'dO- (Tn'do-). [From L. Indus East Indian.] A 
prefix signifying Indian (i. e., East Indian). 

In'dO-Chi-nese' (-chi-nez' or -nes'), a. Of or per- 
taining to Indo-China (i. e., India beyond the Ganges). 

In-dOC'i-ble (In-dos'T-b'l), a. Incapable of being 
taught, or not easily instructed ; dull ; intractable. — In- 
doe i-bil'i-ty (bii'I-ty), In-doc'i-ble-ness, n. 

In-doc'ile (Tn-dos'il or -do'sil), a. Not teachable ; in- 
disposed to be taught, or to be disciplined ; intractable. 

In'dO-cil'i-ty (Tn'd6-sTl'T-ty), n. Quality or state of 
being indocile ; dullness of intellect ; intractableness. 

In-dOC'tli-nate (Jn-dok'trT-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Indoctrinated (-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Indoctrina- 
ting.] [Pref. in- in -J- L. doctrina doctrine.] To in- 
struct in the rudiments or principles of learning, or of 
a branch of learning ; to imbue with learning. 

In-doc tri-na'tioh (-na'shun'), n. Act of indoctrina- 
ting, or the state of being indoctrinated. 

In'dO-Eu'ro-pe'an (Tn'do-u/ro-pe'an), a. Aryan ; — 
applied to those languages of India and Europe derived 
from the prehistoric Aryan language ; also, of or pertain- 
ing to the people or nations who speak these languages. 

In'dO-Ger-man'ic (-jer-man'Tk), a. 1. Same as Ar- 
yan, and Indo-European. 2. Pertaining to, or denoting, 
the Teutonic family of languages as related to the San- 
skrit, or derived from the Aryan language. 

In'do-lence (Tn'do-lens), n. Quality or state of being 
indolent ; indisposition to labor. 

In'dO-lent (-lent), a. [Pref. in- not + L. dolens, 
-entis, p. pr. of dolere to feel pain. See Dolorous.] 1. 
Free from toil, pain, or trouble. [Obs.~\ 2. Indulging 
in ease: avoiding labor and exertion. 3. (3Ied.) Caus- 
ing little or no pain or annoyance. — In'do-lent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Lazy; slothful; listless; inactive. See Idle. 

In-dom'i-ta-ble (Tn-dom'i-ta-b'l), a. [L. indomitabi- 
lis ; in- not -(- domitare, intens. fr. domare to tame. See 
Tame.] Not to be subdued ; untamable ; invincible. 

In'dOOr' (In'dor'), a. Done or being within doors ; 
within a house or institution ; domestic. 

In'doors' (Tn'dorz' or ln'dorz'), adv. "Within the 
house ; — usually separated, in doors. 

In-dors'a-ble (Tn-d6rs'a-b'l), a. Capable of being in- 
dorsed ; transferable by indorsement ; convertible. 

In-dorse' (Tn-d6rs'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indorsed 
(-d6rsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Indorsing.] [LL. indorsare. 
See Endorse.] 1. To cover the back of ; to lade. [Obs.~\ 
2. To write upon the back or outside of a paper or let- 
ter, as a direction or address. 3. {Law & Com.) To 
write one's name, alone or with other words, upon the 
back of (a paper), for the purpose of transferring it, or 
to secure its payment ; to guarantee the payment, ful- 
fillment, or validity of, or to certify something upon the 
back of (a check, writ, etc.). 4. To give one's name or 
support to ; to sanction. [indorsed. I 

In dor-see' (-d6r-se'), n. One to whom a paper is | 

In-dorse'ment (Tn-d6"rs'ment), n. 1. Act of indors- 
ing. 2. That which is written on the back of a note, 
bill, or other paper ; a writing, (usually) upon the back 
of a negotiable instrument, by which it is assigned and 
transferred. 3^ Sanction, support, or approval. 

In-dors'er (-er), n. The person who indorses. 

In-dow'ment (-dou'ment), n. See Endowment. 

In'drawn (Tn'dran'), a. Drawn in. 

In-du'bi-OUS (Tn-du'bT-us), a. 1. Not dubious ; cer- 
tain. 2. Not doubting ; unsuspecting. 

In-duTri-ta-ble (-ta-b'l), a. Not dubitable or doubt- 
ful. — In-du'bi ta-ble-ness, n. — In-du'bi-ta-bly, adv. 

In-duce' (Tn-dus'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Induced 
(-dust') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inducing (-du'sing).] [L. indu- 
cere, inductum ; pref. in- in -f- ducere to lead.] 1. To 
lead on ; to influence ; to prevail on. 2. To bring on ; 
to effect ; to cause. 3. (Physics) To produce by induc- 
tion. 4. (Logic) To conclude by induction. 
Syn.— To move ; instigate ; urge ; impel ; incite ; actuate. 



In-duce'ment (Tn-duVment), n. 1. Act of inducing, 
or state of being induced. 2. That which induces ; mo- 
tive ; consideration. 3. (Law) Matter stated by way of 
introduction to the main allegations of a pleading. 

Syn.— Motive; reason; influence. See Motive. 

In-du'cer (-du'ser), n. One who,or that which, induces. 

In-du'ci-ble (-sT-b'l), a. Capable of being induced. 

In-duct' (Tu-dukf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inducted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Inducting.] [L. inductus, p. p. of indu- 
cere. See Induce.] 1. To bring in; to introduce; to 
usher in. 2. To put formally in possession of an office. 

In-duc'tlle (-duk'tilj, a. Not ductile. [inductile. I 

In'duc-til'i-ty (in'diik-til'I-ty), n. Quality of being| 

In-duc'tion (In-diik'shun), n. 1. Act or process of 
inducting or bringing in ; introduction ; beginning. 2. 
(Logic) Act or process of reasoning from a part to a 
whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individ- 
ual to the universal ; also, the result or inference so 
reached. 3. (Physics) The property or process by which 
one body having electrical or magnetic polarity produces 
it in another body without direct contact. 

Syn. — Deduction. — In induction we observe a suf- 
ficient number of individual or particular facts, and, on 
the ground of analogy, formulate general principles or 
laws applying to all of the same class. This kind of 
reasoning is common in physical sciences. In deduction 
we begin with & general (proven or assumed) truth, and 
seek to connect it with some particular case by means of 
a middle term, or class of objects, known to be equally 
connected with both, affirming of the latter the dis- 
tinctive qualities of the former. This is the syllogistic 
method. By induction Franklin established the identity 
of lightning and electricity ; by deduction he inferred 
that dwellings might be protected by lightning rods. 

In-duc'tion-al (Tn-duk'shiin-al), a. Pertaining to, or 
proceeding by, induction ; inductive. 

Inductive (in-duk'tiv), a. 1. Leading or drawing ; 
persuasive ; tempting. 2. Leading to, proceeding by, 
derived from, or using, induction. — In-duct'ive-ly, adv. 

In-duct'or (Tn-duk'ter), n. 1. One who inducts an- 
other into office. 2. (Elec.) The inducing part of an 
electrical apparatus. 

In-due' (in-du'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indued (-dud') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Induing.] [L. induere to put on, clothe, 
fr. OL. indu (fr. in- in) -f- root of L. exuere to put off, 
divest.] 1. To put on, as clothes ; to draw on. 2. To 
clothe ; to invest ; hence, to endow ; to supply, as with 
mental qualities. [dued. I 

In-due'ment, n. Act of induing, or state of being in- 1 

Indulge' (In-dulj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indulged 
(-duljd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Indulging (-dul'jing).] [L. 
indulgere to be kind or tender to one.] 1. To be compla- 
cent toward ; to give way to ; not to oppose or restrain ; 
to yield to ; to gratify by compliance. 2. To grant as 
by favor ; to bestow in concession. 

Syn. — See Gratify. 

In-dulge', v. t. To indidge one's self ; to gratify one's 
tastes or desires, esp. in wrong or questionable acts. 

In-dul'gence (in-dul'jens), n. 1. Act of indulging or 
humoring ; quality of being indulged. 2. An indulgent 
act; favor granted; gratification. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Re- 
mission of the temporal punishment due to sins, after 
the guilt of sin has been remitted by repentance ; absolu- 
tion from the censures and public penances of the church. 

In-dul'gen-cy (Tn-dul'jen-sy), n. Indulgence. 

In-dul'gent (-jent), a. Prone to indulge ; compliant. 
— In-dul'gent-ly, adv. 

In-dul'ger (-jer), n. One who indulges. 

In'dU-rate (Tn'du-rat), a. [L. induratus, p. p. of in- 
durare. See Endure.] Hardened ; not soft ; indurated. 

In'dU-rate (-rat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Indurated 
(-ra'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Indurating.] 1. To make or 
become hard. 2. To make unfeeling or obdurate. 

In'dU-ra'tion (Tn'du-ra'shun), 
n. Act or process of indurating ; 
state or quality of being indurated. 

II In-du'sl-um (Tn-du'shT-um or 
-zhT-um), n. ; pi. Indusia (-a). 
[L., an under garment, fr. induere 
to put on. ] (Bot. )(a)A collection 
of hairs united so as to form a 
sort of cup, and inclosing the 
stigma of a flower, (b) The im- 
mediate covering of the fruit dots 
or sori in many ferns, usually a 
thin scale attached to a veinlet. 

In-dus'tri-al (Tn-dus'trT-ol), a. 
Consisting in industry ; pertain- 
ing to industry, or the arts and products of industry. 




K 



Part of Frond, show- 
ing Indusium cover- 
ing Sporangia. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



INDUSTRIALISM 



438 



INEXTIRPABLE 



i 



) 



> 



In-dus'tri-al-ism (Tn-diis'trT-<7l-Tz'm), n. 1. Devo- 
tion to industrial pursuits. 2. The principles or policy 
applicable to industrial pursuits or organized labor. 

In-dus'tri-al-ly, adv. With reference to industry. 

In-dus'tri-OUS (,-us), a. Given to industry ; constant- 
ly, regularly, or habitually occupied; busy; diligent. — 

In dus'tri bus-ly. adv. — In-dus'tri-ous-ness, ?i. 

Syn. - See Diligent. 

In'dus-try (Ju'dus-try), n. [L. industria; cf. indus- 
tr: U diligent ; of uncertain origin.] 1. Habitual dili- 
gence in any employment or pursuit ; steady attention 
to business. 2. Auy department or branch of art, occu- 
pation, or business. 

Syn. — Diligence ; assiduity ; perseverance ; activity ; 
laboriousness ; attention. See Diligence. 

In'dwelT (Tn'dwgl'), v. t. & i. To dwell in. 

In'dwell'er (-er), n. An inhabitant. 

-ine (-in, -en, or -in ; 104). 1. (Chem.) A suffix indi- 
cating that those substances of whose names it is a part 
are basic, and alkaloidal in their nature. 2. {Organ. 
Chem.) A suffix, used to indicate hydrocarbons of the 
second degree of nnsaturation ; i. e., members of the 
acetylene series. 

C3F = ' All organic bases, and basic substances (especially 
nitrogenous substances), are systematically written with 
the termination -me; as, quinine, morphine, etc. All 
indifferent and neutral substances, as proteids, glycer- 
ides, glucosides, etc., should commonly be spelled with 
-in ; as, gelatin, amygdah'n, etc. This rule has no appli- 
cation to those numerous commercial or popular names 
with the termination -ine ; as, gasolme, vaselme, etc. 

In-e'bri-ant (Tn-e'brT-ant), a. & n. Intoxicant. 

In-e'bri-ate (Tn-e'brT-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inebri- 
ated (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inebriating (-a'tlng).] 
[L. inebriare, p. p. -alus; pref. in- in -f- ebriare to make 
drunk, fr. ebrins drunk.] 1. To make drunk ; to intox- 
icate. 2. Fig. : To exhilarate or elate as if by spirituous 
drink ; also, to stupefy. 

In-e'bri-ate (-at), a. Intoxicated ; drunk ; stupefied. 
— n. One who is drunk or intoxicated ; esp., an habit- 
ual drunkard. 

In-e bri-a'tion (-a'shun), n. State of being inebri- 
ated ; intoxication. Also used figuratively. 

Syn. — See Drunkenness. 

In'e-bri'e-ty (Tn'e-bri'e-ty), n. Inebriation. 

In-ed'it-ed (Tn-gd'Tt-gd), a. Not edited ; unpublished. 

Ineffable (in-gf'fa-b'l), a. Incapable of expression 
in words ; unspeakable ; unutterable. — In-ef'fa-bil'i-ty 
(-bll'i-ty), In-ef'fa-ble-ness, n. — Ineffably, adv. 

In ef-f ace'a-ble (Tn'gf-fas'a-b'l), a. Incapable of be- 
ing effaced ; indelible. — In'ef-f ace'a-bly , adv. 

In'ef-fect'ive (-fgk'tTv), a. Not effective; ineffec- 
tual. — In'ef-fect'ive-ly, adv. — In'ef-fect'ive-ness, n. 

In ef-fec'tu-al (-fek'tu-al ; 135), a. Not producing 
the proper effect ; without effect. — In'ef-fec'tU-al-ly, 
adv. — Inef-fec'tu-al-ness, n. 

Syn. — Inefficient ; useless ; inefficacious ; vain ; fruit- 
less ; unavailing ; futile. 

In-ef I er-ves'cent (Tn-gf'fer-vgs'sent), a. Not effer- 
vescing. 

In-ef fer-ves'ci-ble (-sT-b'l), a. Not effervescent. 

In-ef fi-ca'cious (-fT-ka'shus), a. Not efficacious ; in- 
adequate; incompetent; inefficient; impotent. — In-ef '- 
fl-ca'cious-ly, adv. — In-ef fi-ca'clous-ness, n. 

In-ef'fl-ca-cy (Tn-gf'fi-ka-sy), n. Want of power to 
produce the desired or proper effect ; inefficiency. 

In'ef-fi'cien-cy (Tn'gf-fTsh'en-sy), n. Quality of being 
inefficient ; inefficacy ; incapacity. 

In ef-fi'cient (-fish'ent), a. Not efficient ; not pro- 
ducing the effect intended or desired ; inefficacious ; in- 
disposed to effective action. — In-ef-f i'cient-ly, adv. 

In'e-las'tic (-e-15s'tTk), a. Not elastic. 

In'e-las-tic'i-ty (-lSs-tTsT-ty), n. Want of elasticity. 

In-el'e-gance (Tn-gl'e-gans), ) n. 1. Quality of being 

In-el'e-gan-cy (-gan-sy), 1 inelegant. 2. Any- 
thing inelegant. 

In-el'e-gant (-gant), a. Not elegant; deficient in 
beauty, polish, grace, etc. — In-el'e-gant-ly, adv. 

In-eH-gi-ble (-T-ji-b'l), a. Not eligible ; not qualified 
to be chosen for an office ; not desirable. — In-el'i-gi- 
bll'i-ty (-bTi'T-ty), n. — In-el'i-gi-bly, adv. 

In-ept' (Yn-gpf), a. [L. ineptus ; prefix in- not -f- 
aptus apt, fit.] 1. Not apt or fit ; unfit ; unsuitable ; 
improper ; unbecoming. 2. Silly ; useless ; absurd. — 
In-ept'ly, adv. — In-ept'ness, n. 

In-ept'1-tnde f-T-tud), n. Quality of being inept. 

In'e-qual'1-ty (Tn'e-kw51'T-ty), n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing unequal; lack of uniformity; disparity; diversity. 
2. Unevenness ; want of levelness. 3. Variableness ; 



I inconstancy. 4. Inadequacy ; incompetency. 6. (Alg.) 
An expression consisting of two unequal quantities, with 
the sign of inequality ( > or < ) between them. 

In-eq'ui-ta-ble (Tn-gk'wT-ta-b'l), a. Not equitable. 

In-eq'ui-ty (-ty), n. Want of equity ; injustice. 

In'e-rad'i-ca-ble (Tn'e-rSd'i-ka-b'l), a. Incapable of 
being eradicated or rooted out. — In'e-rad'i-ca-bly, adv. 

In-er'ra-ble (Tn-gr'ra-b'l), a. [L. inerrabilis. See 
In- not, and Err.] Incapable of erring ; infallible. 

In-ert' (Tn-erf), a. [L. iners, inertis, unskilled, idle ; 
pref. in- not -+- ars art.] 1. Destitute of the power of 
moving itself, or of active resistance to motion impressed. 

2. Indisposed to move or act ; sluggish ; dull ; indolent. 

3. Not having or manifesting active properties ; power- 
less for an expected or desired effect. 

Syn. —Inactive; dull; passive; indolent; sluggish; 
slothful ; lazy ; dead ; lifeless ; irresolute ; stupid ; sense- 
less; insensible. —Inactive implies merely absence of ac- 
tivity ; inert implies indisposition or incapacity for activ- 
ity, and sluggishthe same, but more strongly. 

In-er'ti-a (in-er'sln-a), n. [L., idleness, fr. iners idle. 
See Inert.] 1. (Physics) That property of matter by 
which it tends when at rest to remain so, and when in 
motion to continue in motion, and in the same straight 
line. 2. Inertness ; want of energy ; sluggishness. 

In-ert'ly (-ert']y), adv. Without activity ; sluggishly. 

In-ert'ness. n. The quality or state of being inert. 

In-es'ti-ma-ble (-gs'ti-ma-b'l), a. Incapable of being 
estimated; esp., too valuable or excellent to be measured 
or fully appreciated. — In-es'ti-ma-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Incalculable ; invaluable ; priceless. 

In-ev'i-ta-ble (Tn-gv'T-ta-b'l), a. Not evitable ; inca- 
pable of being shunned ; unavoidable ; certain. — In-ev'- 
i-ta-ble-ness, n. — In-ev'i-ta-bly, adv. 

In 7 ex-act' (Tn'ggz-akt'), a. Not exact ; not precisely 
correct or true ; inaccurate. — In'ex-actly, adv. — In'- 
ex-act'ness, n. 

In ex cit'a-ble (-slt'a-b'l), a. Not susceptible of ex- 
citement; dull; lifeless; torpid. 

Ir- sx-cus'a-ble (-gks-kuz'a-b'l), a. Not excusable; 
unjustifiable. — Inex-cus'a-ble-ness, n. — In'ex-cus'- 
a-bly, adv. 

In'ex-er'tlon (ln'ggz-er'shun), n. Want of exertion ; 
want of effort ; defect of action ; indolence ; laziness. 

In'ex-haust'ed (Tn'ggz-ast'gd), a. Not exhausted; 
not emptied or used up ; not spent ; unexhausted. 

In'ex-hanst'i-ble (-I-b'l), a. Incapable of being ex- 
hausted, emptied, or used up ; unfailing. — In'ex-haust - 
i-btl'i-ty (-T-biit-ty), In'ex-haust'i-ble-ness, n. — In- 
ex-haust'i-bly, adv. 

In'ex-ist'ent (-Tst'ent), a. [Pref. in- not -f existent.] 
Not having being ; not existing. [innate. I 

In'ex-ist'ent, a. [Pref. in- in + existent.'] Inherent ; | 

In-ex'O-ra-ble (Tn-eks'o-ra-b'l), a. Not to be per- 
suaded or moved by entreaty or prayer ; firm ; deter- 
mined ; unyielding ; unchangeable ; inflexible ; relent- 
less. — In-ex'o-ra-ble-ness, n. — In-ex'o-ra-bly, adv. 

In ex-pe'di-ence (-pe'dT-ens), ) n. Quality or state of 

In'ex-pe'dl-en-cy (-en-sy), j being inexpedient. 

In'ex-pe'di-ent (-ent), a. Not expedient ; not tending 
to promote a purpose or result ; inadvisable ; improper ; 
unsuitable to time and place. — In ex-pe'di-ent-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Unwise ; impolitic ; imprudent ; indiscreet ; un- 
profitable ; unfit ; inadvisable ; disadvantageous. 

In'ex-pen'sive (-pgn'siv), a. Not expensive ; cheap. 

In ex-pe'ri-ence (-pe'rT-ens), n. Absence or want of 
experience ; lack of experimental knowledge. 

In'ex-pe'ri-enced (-enst), a. Not experienced. 

In'ex-pert' (-perf ), a. Not expert ; not skilled. 

In-ex'pi-a-ble (Tn-eks'pi-a-b'l), a. 1. Admitting of 
no expiation. 2. Implacable. [Archaic] 

In-ex'pli-ca-ble (in-eks'plT-ka-b'l), a. Not explica- 
ble ; incapable of being explained or accounted for. — 
In-expli-ca-bU'i-ty (bTi'T-ty), In-ex'pli-ca-ble-ness, 
n. — In-ex'pli-ca-bly, adv. 

In'ex-plic'it (Tn'gks-plTs'it), a. Not explicit ; vague. 

In'ex-plor'a-ble (-plor'a-b'l), a. Incapable of being 
explored, searched out, or discovered. 

In'ex-press'i-ble (-prgs'T-b'l), a. Not capable of ex- 
pression or utterance in language ; ineffable ; indescrib- 
able. — In' ex-press'i-bly, adv. 

In'ex-press'ive (-Tv), a.- Without expression or 
meaning ; dull ; unintelligent.— In' ex-press'ive-ness, n. 

In'ex-pug'na-ble (-pug'na-b'l or -pun'a-b'l), a. In- 
capable of being subdued by force ; impregnable. — In'- 
ex-pug'na-bly, adv. 

In'ex-tin'guish-a-ble (-tin'gwTsh-a-b'l), a. Not ex- 
tinguishable ; unquenchable. [extirpated. I 

In'ex-tlr'pa-ble (-ter'pa-b'l), a. Not capable of being | 



i e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, d, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, &bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



INEXTRICABLE 



439 



INFIDEL 



In-ex'tri-ca-ble (Tn-gkB'trT-ka-b'l), a. Incapable of 
being extricated or disentangled ; hopelessly involved. — 
In-ex'tri-ca-ble-ness, n. — In-ex'tri-ca-bly, adv. 

In-eye' (-!'), v. t. To ingraft, as a tree or plant, by 
the insertion of a bud or eye ; to inoculate. 

In fal li-bil'i-ty (In-fSl'11-Mll-ty), n. Quality or state 
of being infallible, or exempt from error ; inerrability. 

Papal Infallibility (E. C. Ch.), the dogma (decreed by an 
ecumenical council in 1870) that the pope can not, when 
acting in his official character of supreme pontiff, err in 
denning a doctrine of Christian faith or rule of morals. 

In-fal'li-ble (Tn-f51'lT-b'l), a. 1. Not fallible; not 
capable of erring. 2. Indubitable ; sure ; certain. 3. (E. 
C. Ch.) Incapable of error in defining doctrines of Chris- 
tian faith or rules of morality. — In-fal'li-ble-ness, n. 
— In-f al'li-bly, adv. 

In'fa-moilS (Tn'fa-mus), a. 1. Of very bad report ; 
having a reputation of the worst kind ; notoriously vile. 
2. Causing or producing infamy ; scandalous to the last 
degree. 3. (Laiv) Branded with infamy by conviction of 
a crime. — In'fa-mous-ly, adv. — In'fa-mous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Detestable ; odious ; scandalous ; disgraceful ; 
base ; vile ; shameful ; ignominious. 

In'fa-my (In'fa-niy), n. [L. infamia, fr. infamis 
infamous ; pref. in- not -\- fama fame.] 1. Total loss 
of reputation ; public disgrace ; dishonor. 2. Extreme 
baseness or vileness. 3. (Law) That loss of character, 
or public disgrace, which a convict incurs, and by which 
he is at common law rendered incompetent as a witness. 

In'fan-cy (Tn'fan-sy), n. [See Infant.] 1. State or 
period of being an infant ; early childhood. 2. First age 
of anything. 3. (Law) State of one under age, or under 
the age of twenty-one years ; nonage ; minority. 

In'fant (Tn'fant), n. [L. infans; pref. in- not -\-fari 
to speak.] 1. A young babe ; sometimes, a child several 
years of age. 2. (Law) A person not of full age ; minor. 

In'fant (In'fant), a. 1. Of or pertaining to infancy ; 
tender ; not mature. 2. Intended for young children. 

II In-fan'ta (Tn-fSn'ta ; Sp. en-fan'ta), n. [Sp. & Pg. s 
fern, of infante.'] A title borne by each of the dau hters 
of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest. 

!l In-fan'te (-ta), n. [Sp. & Pg.] A title borne by 
each of the sons of the kings of Spain and Portugal, ex- 
cept the eldest or heir apparent. 

In-fan'ti-cide (Tn-fan'tl-sid), n. [L. infanticidium 
child murder ; infans, -antis, child -f- caedere to kill.] 

1. The murder of an infant born alive ; child murder. 

2. [L. infanticida.] One who kills an infant. 
In'fan-tile (In'fan-til or -til), a. Of or pertaining to 

infancy, or to an infant; childish. 

In'fan-tine (-tin or -tin), a. Infantile ; childish. 

In'fan-try (Tn'fan-try), n. [F. infanterie, It. infante- 
ria, fr. infante infant, servant, foot soldier, fr. L. infans, 
-antis, child ; foot soldiers being formerly the servants 
and followers of knights.] (Mil.) A body of soldiers 
serving on foot ; foot soldiers. 

In-fat'U-ate (Tn-f at'fi-at ; 135), a. [L. infatuatus, p. 
p. of infatuare to infatuate ; pref. in- in -(- faluus fool- 
ish.] Infatuated. 

In-fat'U-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infatuated 
(-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Infatuating.] 1. To make 
foolish ; to affect with folly. 2. To inspire with a fool- 
ish and extravagant passion. 

In-fat u-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of infatuating ; state 
of being infatuated ; folly ; also, that which infatuates. 

In-fea'si-ble (-fe'zT-b'l), a. Not capable of being 
done or accomplished ; impracticable. — In-fea'si-bil'- 
1-ty (bii'T-ty), In-fea'si-ble-ness, n. 

In-fect' (Tn-fekf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infected ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Infecting.] [L. infectus, p. p. of inficere 
to put or dip into, to stain, infect ; pref. in- in -f- facere 
to make.] 1. To taint with morbid matter or any pes- 
tilential or noxious substance or effluvium by which dis- 
ease is produced. 2. To communicate infection to. 3. 
To corrupt ; to contaminate. 4. (Law) To contaminate 
with illegality or to expose to penalty. 

Syn. — To poison ; vitiate ; pollute ; defile. 

In-fect'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, infects. 

In-fec/tion (Tn-fek'shiin), n. 1. Act or process of 
infecting. 2. That which infects ; any effluvium, miasm, 
or pestilential matter by which an infectious disease is 
caused. 3. State of being infected ; a prevailing dis- 
ease ; epidemic. 4. That which taints or corrupts mor- 
ally. 5. Sympathetic communication of like qualities or 
emotions; influence. 

Syn. — Contagion. —Infection is often used in a defi- 
nite and limited sense of the transmission of affections 
without direct contact of individuals or immediate appli- 
cation or introduction of the morbific agent, in contra- 



distinction to contagion, which then implies transmission 
by direct contact. 

In lec'tious (Tn-fgk'shfiH), a. 1. Having qualities that 
may infect ; communicable or caused by infection ; pes- 
tilential ; epidemic. 2. Corrupting ; vitiating ; demoral- 
izing. 3. (Law) Contaminating with illegality. 4. Ca- 
pable of being easily diffused ox spread ; sympathetic. — 
Infectious ly, adv. — Infectiousness, n. 

Syn. — See Contagious. 

In-fect'lve (Tu-fgk'tTv), a. Infectious. 

In'fe-cun'di-ty (Tu'fe-kun'dT-ty), n. Want of fecun- 
dity ; barrenness ; sterility ; unproductiveness. 

In fe lic'1-tOUS (TnTe-lTs'I-tiis), a. Not felicitous; 
not fortunate or appropriate in application. 

hVfe-lic'1-ty (-ty), n. 1. State or quality of being 
infelicitous ; unhappiness ; misery ; inappropriateuess. 
2. That (as an act, word, etc.) which is infelicitous. 

In-fer' (Tn-fer'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Inferred (-ferd') 
p. pr. & vb. n. Inferring.] [L. inferre to bring into, 
bring forward, occasion, infer ; pref. in- in -f- ferre to 
carry, bring.] 1. To adduce ; to allege ; to offer. [Obs.~\ 
2. To derive by deduction or by induction ; to conclude 
or surmise from facts or premises ; to accept or derive, 
as a consequence, conclusion, or probability. 3. To 
show; to manifest. [Obs.~\ [inferred. I 

In-f er'a-ble (Tn-f er'a-b'l or Tn-f 6r'-), a. That may be | 

In'fer-ence (Tn'fer-ens), n. 1. Act or process of infer- 
ring by deduction or induction. 2. That which is in- 
ferred ; a truth or proposition drawn from another ad- 
mitted or supposed to be true ; conclusion ; deduction. 

Syn. — Conclusion; deduction: consequence. — An in- 
ference is literally that which is brought in ; and hence, 
a deduction or induction from premises, — something 
which follows as certainly or probably true. A conclusion 
is stronger than an inference ; it shuts us up to the result, 
and terminates inquiry. We infer what is particular or 
probable ; we conclude what is certain. In a chain of rea- 
soning we have many inferences, which lead to the ulti- 
mate conclusion. 

In fer-en'tial (-gn'shal), a. Deduced or deducible by 
inference. — In'fer-en'tial-ly, adv. 

In-fe'ri-or (Tn-fe'rT-er), a. [L., compar. of inferus 
that is below, underneath, the lower ; akin to E. under.] 
1. Lower in place, rank, excellence, etc. ; subordinate ; 
beneath. 2. Poor or mediocre. 3. (Astron.) (a) Nearer 
the sun than the earth is. (b) Below the horizon. 4. 
(Bot.) (a) Situated below some other organ. (6) On the 
side of a flower next to the bract; anterior. 5. (Mil.) 
Junior or subordinate in rank. — In-fCri-or-ly, adv. 

In-fe'ri-or, n. A person lower in station, rank, intel- 
lect, etc., than another. 

In-fe'ri-or/i-ty (-or'T-ty), n. State of being inferior. 

In-fer'nal (Tn-fer'nal), a. [¥., fr. L. infernalis, fr. 
infernus that which lies beneath, the lower.] 1. Of or 
pert, to, or suitable for, the lower regions, — inhabited, 
according to the ancients, by the dead. 2. Of or pertain- 
ing to, resembling, or inhabiting, hell ; suitable for hell, 
or to the inhabitants of hell ; hellish ; diabolical. 

Infernal machine, a machine or apparatus maliciously 
designed to explode, and destroy life or property. — In- 
fernal Btone, lunar caustic ; — formerly so called. 

Syn. — Tartarean; Stygian; hellish ; devilish ; diabol- 
ical ; satanic ; fiendish ; malicious. 

In-fer'nal-ly, adv. In an infernal manner. 

In-fer'ri-ble (Tn-fer'rT-b'l or Tu-fer'-), a. Inferable. 

In-fer'tile (Tn-fer'tTl or -til), a. Not fertile ; barren. 

In'fer-til'i-ty (Tn'fer-tTl'T-t^), n. Unproductiveness. 

Infest' (Tn-fgsf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infested ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Infesting.] [L. infestare, fr. infestus dis- 
turbed, hostile, troublesome ; in in, against + root of de- 
fender e. See Defend.] To trouble greatly by numbers 
or by frequency ; to frequent and molest or harass. 

In'fes-ta'tion (Tn'fes-ta'shSn), n. Act of infesting, or 
state of being infested ; molestation ; vexation. 

In-fest'er (Tn-fgst'er), n. One that infests. 

ta/feu-da'tion (In'fS-da'shon), n. [LL. infeudaiio, 
fr. infeudare to enfeoff. See Feud a fief.] 1. (Lau) 
Act of putting one in possession of an estate in fee. 2. 
The granting of tithes to laymen. 

In-flb'U-la'tlon (Tn-fTb'u-la'shun), n. [L. infibulare, 
infibulatum, to clasp ; in- in -f- fibula clasp, buckle.] Act 
of clasping, or fastening, as with a buckle or padlock. 

In'fl-del (Tn'fT-dd), a. [L. infidelis; pref. hi- not + 
fidelis faithful, fr. fides faith.] Not holding the faith ; 
esp., not believing in the inspiration of the Scriptures, 
and the supernatural origin of Christianity. 

In'fl-del, n. One who does not believe in the prevail- 
ing religious faith ; esp., one who does not believe in the 
divine origin and authority of Christianity. 

Eg^* Infidel is also used by English writers to translate 



K 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



INFIDELITY 



440 



INFORM 



the word used by Mohammedans in speaking of Chris- 
.:id other disbelievers in Mohammedanism. 

Unbeliever ; freethinker ; deist ; atheist ; 
-rio. 

In fl-del'i-ty (Tn'fY-deTi-t£), n. 1. Quality or state 
of being an iuridel. 2. Unfaithfulness to the marriage 
vow. 3. Unfaithfulness to a charge, or to moral obliga- 
tion ; treachery : deceit. 

In-fiTter (In-fnter), r. t. & i. To filter or sift in. 

Infiltrate l-tiat), v. i. & t. To enter by penetrating 
pores or interstices ; to filter into or through something. 

In fU-tra'tion (Jn'fTl-tra'shun), n. 1. Act or process 
of infiltrating. 2. The substance which has infiltrated. 

Infinite (Tn'fT-mt), a. [L. infinitus. See In- not, 
and Finite.] Unlimited or boundless, in time or space. 
2. Without limit in power, capacity, knowledge, or ex- 
cellence. 3. Indefinitely large or extensive. 4. (dfath.) 
Greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind. 
5. {Mi/s.) Capable of endless repetition. 

Syn. — Boundless; immeasurable; illimitable ; inter- 
minable; limitless; unlimited; endless; eternal. 

In'fi-nite. n. 1. That which is infinite ; boundless 
space or duration ; infinity. 2. (Math.) An infinite 
quantity or magnitude. 3. An infinity ; an incalculable 
or very great number. 4. The Infinite Being ; God. 

In'fi-nite-ly, adv. 1. Without bounds or limits ; be- 
yond assignable limits. 2. Exceedingly ; vastly. 

In'fi-nite-ness, n. State or quality of being infinite. 

In fin-i-tes'i-mal (in'f Tn-T-tesT-inal), a. [Cf . F. infi- 
nitesimal.'} Infinitely or indefinitely small ; less than any 
assignable quantity or value ; very small, —n. (Math.) 
An infinitesimal quantity. 

In-tinl-tive (-f Tn'T-tTv), a. Unlimited ; undefined. 

Infinitive mood (Gram.), that form of the verb which 
merely names the action, and performs the office of a 
verbal noun. 

In-fin'i-tive, n. (Gram.) An infinitive form of the 
verb ; a verb in the infinitive mood ; the infinitive mood. 

In-tin'i-tude (-tud), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
infinite, or without limits ; infiniteness. 2. Infinite ex- 
tent ; immensity ; infinity. 3. Countless number. 

In-fin'i-ty (Tn-fTn'i-t^), n. [L. infinitas; pref. in- 
not -{-finis boundary, limit, end.] 1. Unlimited extent 
of time, space, or quantity ; eternity ; boundlessness ; 
immensity. 2. Unlimited capacity, energy, excellence, 
or knowledge. 3. Endless or indefinite number ; great 
multitude. 4. (Math.) A quantity greater than any as- 
signable quantity of the same kind. 5. (Geom.) That 
part of a line, plane, or space, infinitely distant. 

In-firm' (-ferm'), a. [L. infirmus. See In- not ; and 
Fiem, a.] 1. Not firm or sound ; weak. 2. Weak of mind 
or will ; irresolute. 3. Not solid or stable ; insecure. 

Syn. — Debilitated ; sickly ; feeble ; decrepit ; weak ; 
enfeebled ; irresolute ; vacillating ; imbecile. 

In-firnVa-ry (ln-ferrn'a-ry), n. A hospital, or place 
where the infirm or sick are treated. 

In-firm'i-ty (-i-ty), n. 1. State of being infirm ; fee- 
bleness ; an imperfection ; esp. , an unsound or unhealthy 
condition ; a malady. 2. A personal frailty or failing. 

Syn. — Debility ; imbecility; weakness; feebleness; 
failing ; foible ; defect ; disease ; malady. See Debility. 

Infirmly , adv. In an infirm manner. 

In-firm'ness, n. Infirmity ; feebleness. 

In-fix' (Tn-fikV), v. t. [L. infigere, p. p. infixus; pref. 
in- in + figere to fix.] 1. To set ; to fasten or fix by 
piercing or thrusting in. 2. To implant ; to inculcate. 

Inflame/ (In-flam'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Inflamed 
f-flaind') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflaming.] [OF. enflamer, 
L. inflarnmare, inflammatum ; pref. in- in -f- flammare 
to flame, ix.fiamma flame.] 1. To set on fire ; to kin- 
dle ; to fire. 2. Fig. : To excite to intense or excessive 
action or heat. 3. To provoke to anger or rage ; to in- 
cense. 4. (Med.) To produce congestion of the blood 
vessels in, with consequent swelling, heat, pain, and de- 
velopment of morbid tissue. 

Syn. — To irritate ; exasperate ; enrage ; anger ; arouse. 

Da-flame', V. i. To grow morbidly hot, congested, or 
painful ; to become angry or incensed. [inflames, j 

In-flam'er (Tn-flam'er), 7i. The person or thing that 

In-fiam'ma-ble (Tn-flam'ma-b'l), a. 1. Capable of 
being easily set on fire ; combustible. 2. Excitable ; ir- 
ritable ; irascible.— In-flam'ma-bll'i-ty (-bT11-ty), In- 
Qam'ma-ble-ness, n. — In-flam'ma-bly, adv. 

In'flam-ma'tion (Tn'flam-ma'shiin), n. Act of inflam- 
ing, or state of being inflamed, [ducing inflammation. I 
In-flam/ma-tO-ry (-to-iy), a. Tending to inflame ; in- 1 
Inflate' (In-flat'), />. a. [L. inflatus, p. p. of inflate 
to inflate ; in- in + flare to blow.] Blown in ; inflated. 
Inflate', v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Inflated ; p. pr. 



& vb. n. Inflating.] 1. To swell or distend with air or 
gas ; to dilate ; to expand. 2. Fig. : To'cau6e to be elated 
or self-important. 3. To cause to become unduly ex- 
panded or increased. 

In-flat'ed (Tu-flat'gd), a. 1. Filled with, or as with, air 
or gas ; blown up ; distended. 2. Turgid ; bombastic ; 
pompous. [of being inflated. I 

In-fla'tion (In-tia'shun), n. Act of inflating, or state | 

In-fiect' (Tn-fl6kt'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Inflected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Inflecting.] [L. inflectere, inflexum; 
pref. in- in -\- flectere to bend.] 1. To turn from a di- 
rect line or course ; to bend ; to incline ; to deflect. 2. 
(Gram.) To vary, as a word in its terminations; to de- 
cline ; to conjugate. 3. To modulate, as the voice. 

In-flec'tion (Tn-flek'shun), n. 1. Act of inflecting ; 
state of being inflected. 2. A bend ; fold ; curve ; twist. 
3. (Gram.) The variation which words undergo to mark 
case, gender, number, comparison, tense, person, mood, 
voice, etc. 4. Modulation of voice ; specif. : (3fus.) (a) 
Any change in the pitch or tone of the voice, (b) A de- 
parture from the monotone, or reciting note, in chanting. 

In-flec'tion-al (-dl), a. Of or pertaining to inflection ; 
having, or characterized by, inflection. 

In-flect'ive (Tn-flek'tT v), a. Capable of, characterized 
by, or pertaining to, inflection ; inflectional. 

In-flex' (Tn-fleks'), v. t. [Cf. Inflect.] To bend. 

In-flexed' (Tn-fleksf), a. (Bot.) Bent inwards. 

In-flex'i-ble (in-fleks'i-b'1), a. 1. Not capable of be- 
ing bent ; stiff ; rigid ; firm ; unyielding. 2. Firm in will 
or purpose ; not to be changed or altered. 3. Incapable 
of change; unalterable. — In-flex'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-tjr), 
ln-flex'i-ble-ness, n. — In-flex'i-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Unbending ; rigid ; immutable ; inexorable ; 
pertinacious ; obstinate ; stubborn ; unrelenting. 

In-flict' (Tn-flTkf), v. t. limp. &p. p. Inflicted; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Inflicting.] [L. infligere, p. p. -ictus, pref. 
in- in, on -j- fligere to strike.] To give, cause, or pro- 
duce by striking, or as if by striking ; to apply forcibly ; 
to lay or impose ; to cause to bear, feel, or suffer. 

In-flict'er (-er), n. One who inflicts. 

In-fllC'tion (Tn-flik'shun), n. 1. Act of inflicting or 
imposing. 2. That which is inflicted or imposed. 

In-flict'ive (In-flik'tTv), a. Causing infliction; act- 
ing as an infliction. 

In flo-res'cence (Tn'flo-res'sens), n. [L. inflorescens, 
p. pr., deriv. of pref. in- + florescere to begin to blos- 
som. See Florescent.] 1. A flowering; the putting 
forth and unfolding of blossoms. 2. (Bot.) (a) Mode of 
flowering, or the general arrangement and disposition of 
the flowers, (b) An axis bearing only flower buds. 

In'flu-ence (Tn'flu-ens), n. [F. influence, fr. L. in- 
fluens, -entis, p. pr. See Influent.] 1. A flowing in 
or upon; influx. [06s.] 2. Hence, in general, the 
bringing about of an effect, physical or moral, by a grad- 
ual process; agency, force, or tendency of any kind 
which affects, modifies, or sways. 3. Power or author- 
ity arising from elevated station, excellence of character 
or intellect, wealth, etc. 4. (Elec.) Induction. 

Syn. — Control; persuasion; ascendency; sway; su- 
premacy ; mastery ; character ; reputation ; prestige. 

In'flu-ence, V. t. limp. & p. p. Influenced (-enst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Influencing (-en-sing).] To control or 
move by power, physical or moral ; to affect by gentle 
action ; to modify, bias, or sway ; to exert influence over 
or upon ; to move ; to persuade ; to induce. 

In'f lu-en-cer (-ser), n. One that influences. 

In'flu-ent (-ent), a. [L. influens, -entis, p. pr. of in- 
fluere, influxum, to flow in ; pref. in- in -j- fluere to 
flow.] 1. Flowing in. 2. Influential. [06s.] 

In'flu-en'tial (Tn'flu-en'shal), a. Exerting or possess- 
ing influence or power ; potent ; efficacious ; effective. — 
In'flu-en'tlal-ly, adt. 

In'flu-en'zaC-za),^. [It.] (Med.) An epidemic affec- 
tion characterized by acute nasal catarrh, or by inflam- 
mation of the throat or the bronchi, and usually by fever, 
— formerly attributed to the influence of the stars. 

In'flllX' (ln'fluks'), n. [L. influxus, fr. influere.~\ 
1. A flowing in. 2. A coming in, esp. in abundance ; 
infusion ; introduction. 3. That which flows or comes in. 

In-fold' (in-fold'), v. t. 1. To wrap up or cover with 
folds ; to envelop ; to inclose ; to involve. 2. To embrace. 

Inform' (-f6rm'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Informed 
(-f6rmd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Informing.] [OF. enformer, 
L. informare ; pref. in- in -\-formare to form, shape, fr. 
forma form.] 1. To give form or shape to ; to imbue 
and actuate with vitality ; to animate ; to mold ; to fash- 
ion. 2. To communicate knowledge to ; to apprise. 

Syn. — To acquaint ; tell; teach; instruct; enlighten. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final 



INFORM 



441 



INGRAIN 



Inform (Tn-f6rm'), v. t. 1. To take form. [06s.] 2. 
To give intelligence or information ; to tell. 

In-form'al {-al), a. Not formal ; not in the official, 
usual, or established form ; unceremonious ; unofficial. 

Infor-mal'i-ty (Yn'fSr-nial'I-ty), n. 1. State of being 
informal ; want of regular, prescribed, or customary form. 
2. An informal act or proceeding. [manner. I 

In-form'al-ly (In-fo"rm'«l-iy), adv. In an informal | 

In-form'ant (Tn-f6rm'ant), n. One who informs. 

In'for-ma'tion (Tn'f or-ma'shun), n. 1. Act of inform- 
ing, or communicating knowledge or intelligence. 2. 
News, advice, or knowledge, communicated or acquired 
in any way; intelligence. 3. {Law) A proceeding in 
the nature of a prosecution for some offense against the 
government, instituted and prosecuted, really or nomi- 
nally, by some authorized public officer. 

Iii-form'er (Tn-fSrm'er), n. One who informs. 

II In'fra (Tn'fra), adv. [L.] Below ; beneath ; under ; 
after ; — often used as a prefix. 

Infract' (Tn-frakf), v. t. [L. infractus, p. p. of in- 
fringere. See Infringe.] To break ; to infringe. [22.] 

In f rac'tion (Tn-frak/shun), n. Act of breaking ; 
breach ; violation ; nonobservance ; infringement. 

In-fract'or (Tn-frSkt'er), n. A violator ; a breaker. 

In fra-lap-sa'ri-an (ln'fra-lSp-sa'rT-an), n. [Infra + 
lapse.] {Eccl. Hist.) A Calvinist who considers the de- 
cree of election as contemplating the apostasy as past, 
and the elect as being fallen and guilty when elected. 

In fra-mun'dane (Tn'fra-mun'dan), a. Lying or 
situated beneath the world. [franchise. I 

In-fran'chise (Tn-fran'chTz or -chiz), v. t. To en-| 

In-fran'gi-ble (-jT-b'l), a. 1. Not capable of being 
broken or shattered. 2. Not to be infringed. — In-fran'- 
gi-bil'i-ty (-bll'T-ty), Infran'gi-ble-ness, n. 

In-fre'quence (Tn-fre'kwens), ) n. State of being in- 

In-fre'quen-cy (-kwen-sjf), j frequent. 

In-fre'quent (-kwent), a. Seldom happening ; rare ; 
uncommon ; unusual. — In-fre'quent-ly , adv. 

In-fringe' (Tn-frTnj'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Infringed 
(-frinjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Infringing (-frin'jing).] [L. 
infringer e ; pref . in- in -\-frangere to break. ] To break ; 
to violate ; to transgress ; to neglect to fulfill or obey. 

In-fringe', v. i. 1. To violate some contract, rule, or 
law ; to offend. 2. To encroach ; to trespass. 

In-fringe'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of infringing ; 
breach ; violation. 2. An encroachment on a patent, 
copyright, or other special privilege ; a trespass. 

In-frin'ger (-jer), n. _ One who infringes. 

In'fu-mate (Tn'fu-uiat), v. t. [L. infumare, p. p. 
-attis ; pref. in- in -\-fumare to smoke.] To dry by ex- 
posing to smoke. 

In / fun-dlb'U-lar (Tn/fun-dTVu-ler), ) a. [See Infun- 

In fun-dib'u-late (-dib'u-lat), J debdxum.] Hav- 

ing the form of a funnel ; pertaining to an infundibulum. 

II In fun-dib'u-lum (-lum), n. ; pi. L. -la (-la), E. 
-lums (-liimz). [L. , a funeral, f r. inf under e to pour in ; 
pref. in- in -f- J 'under -e to pour.] A part of an animal or 
plant having the shape of a funnel ; as the structure con- 
necting the base of the brain with the pituitary body, 
the expanded end of a bronchial tube, etc. 

In-fu'ri-ate (Tn-fu'rl-at), a. [It. infuriato, p. p. of 
infuriare; pref. in- -\- It. & L. furia fury.] Enraged; 
furiously angry. 

In-fu'ri-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infuriated 
(-a'tSd) ; p. pr. &'vb. n. Infuriating.] To render furi- 
ous ; to enrage ; to exasperate. 

In-fUS'cate (-fiis'kat), v. t. [L. infuscare, p. p. -atus : 
in- in -\-fuscare to darken.] To darken ; to blacken. 

In-fuse' (Tn-fuz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infused (-fuzd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Infusing.] [L. infusus, p. p. of infun- 
dere; pref. in- in -\-fundere to pour, p. p. fusus.] 1. 
To pour in, as a liquid ; to pour (into or upon). 2. To 
instill, as principles or qualities; to introduce. 3. To 
inspire ; to animate ; to fill. 4. To steep in water or 
other fluid without boiling ; to soak. 

In-fu'si-ble (Tn-fu'zi-b'l), a. 1. [From Infuse, v.] 
Capable of being infused. 2. [Pref. in- not -{-fusible.] 
Not fusible ; incapable or difficult of fusion, or of being 
dissolved. — In-fu'sl-bil'i-ty (-MlT-ty), In fu'si-ble- 
ness, n. 

In-fu'sion (Tn-fu'zhun), n. 1. Act of infusing, pour- 
ing in, or instilling; instillation. 2. That which is in- 
fused ; suggestion. 3. {Pharmacy) The liquid extract 
obtained by infusing. 

In-fu'sive (-siv), a. Inspiring ; influencing. 

II In fu-so'ri-a (Tn'f u-so'rT-a), n. pi. [NL. ; — so called 
because found in infusions left exposed to the air. See 
Infuse.] {Zool.) A class of minute Protozoa, which are 



distinguished by having vibrating cilia, with which they 
obtain their fuu<l and swim about. [Sei- Illust. of Monad.] 
In'fu-80'ri-al (Tn'fu-Ho'rl-al), a. {Zool.) Belonging to 
oamp 



the Infusoria 
of, or containing, Infusoria. 
-ing (-Tng). 1. [For 
OE. -and. -end, -i,ul, AS. 
-ende; akin to Goth. -and-. 
L. -ant-, -ent-, Gr. -ovt-.] 
A suffix used to form pres- 
ent participles; as, sing- 
ing, playing. 2. [OK. 
-ing, AS. -ing, -ung.) A 
suffix used to form nouns 



mm 



Infusorial Earth. Very much 
enlarged. 



from verbs, and signifying the act of; the result of the 

act; as, ridm^r, dying, feelijig. It has also a secondary 

collective force; as, shippmgr, clothing. 3. [Ai 

A suffix formerly used to form diminutives ; as, lording, 

farthing. 

In'gath'er-ing (Tn'gSth'er-Tng), n. Act or business 
of gathering or collecting anything ; esp., harvest. 

In-gel'a-ble (Tn-jgl'a-b'l), n. Not congealable. 

In-gem'i-nate (Tn-jSni'T-nat), v. t. [L. ingemtnore, p. 
p. -atus; pref. in- in -f geminare. See Geminate.] To 
redouble or repeat ; to reiterate. [tion. I 

In-gem'i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Repetition ; reitera- 1 

In-gen'der (Tn-jen'der), v. t. See Engender. 

In-gen'er-a-ble (Tn-jSn'er-a-b'l), a. Not generable; 
incapable of being engendered or produced ; original. 

In-gen'er-ate (-at), a. [Fr. L. ingenerare. See Engen- 
der.] Generated within ; inborn ; innate. [gender. I 

In-gen'er-ate (-at), v. t. To generate within ; to en-| 

In-gen'i0US (Tn-jen'yus), a. [L. ingeniosus. fr. in- 
genium innate or natural quality, natural capacity, gen- 
ius.] 1. Possessed of genius, or the faculty of inven- 
tion ; having an aptitude to contrive, or to form new 
combinations. 2. Proceeding from, pertaining to, or 
characterized by, genius or ingenuity ; of curious design 
or mechanism. 3. Witty ; shrewd ; adroit ; keen ; sa- 
gacious. — In-gen'ions-ly, adv. — In-gen'ious-ness, n. 

In'ge-nu'i-ty (Tn/je-nu'i-ty), n. 1. State or quality 
of being ingenious ; quality or power of ready invention ; 
skill in devising or combining. 2. Curiousness, or 
cleverness in design or contrivance. 

Syn. — Inventiveness ; ingeniousness ; skill; cunning; 
cleverness; genius. — Ingenuity is a form of genius, and 
cleverness of talent. The former implies invention, the 
latter a peculiar dexterity and readiness of execution. 

In-gen'U-OUS (in-jgn'u-us), a. [L. ingenuus inborn, 
freeborn, noble, frank ; pref. in- in + root of gignere to 
beget.] 1. Of honorable extraction ; freeborn ; noble. 
2. Noble ; generous ; magnanimous ; honorable ; up- 
right; high-minded. 3. Free from reserve, disguise, 
equivocation, or dissimulation ; open ; frank. — In-gen'- 
u-ous-ly, adv.— In-gen'u-ous-ness, n. 

In'ge-ny (Tn'je-ny), n. [L. ingenium.'] Natural tal- 
ent ; wit ; ingenuity. [Obs.~\ [germinate. I 

In-ger'mi-nate (Tn-jer'mT-nat), v. t. To cause to| 

In-gest' (in-jgsf), v. t. [L. ingestus, p. p. of ingerere 
to put in ; pref. in- in + gerere to bear.] To take into, 
or as into, the stomach or alimentary canal. 

II In-ges'ta (-jes'ta), n. pi. [NL.] Substances intro- 
duced into the body by the stomach or alimentary canal. 

In-ges'tion (-chun), n. {Physiol.) The act of ingest- 
ing ; a taking or putting into the stomach. 

In'gle (Tn'g'l), n. [Gael. & It. aingeal fire.] Flame ; 
blaze ; a fire ; a fireplace. [Obs. or Scot.'] 

In-glo'ri-OUS (Tn-glo'rT-us), a. [L. inglorius ; pref. 
in- not + gloria glory, fame.] 1. Not glorious ; not 
bringing honor or glory ; obscure ; humble. 2. Shame- 
ful ; disgraceful ; ignominious. — In-glo'ri-OUS-ly. adv. 
— In-glo'ri-OUS ness, n. 

In'gOt (In'gSt), n. [Prob. fr. AS. in in -f- gedtan to 
pour.] A bar or wedge of steel, gold, or other malleable 
metal, cast in a mold ; a mass of unwrought cast metal. 

Ingraft' (Tn-graff), v. t. 1. To insert, as a scion of 
one tree, shrub, or plant in another for propagation ; fig., 
to insert or introduce in such a way as to make a part of 
something. 2. To subject to the process of grafting. 

In-graft'ment (-m^nt), n. 1. Act of ingrafting. 2. 
The thing ingrafted ; a scion. 

In'grain' (Tn'gran'), a. [Pref. in- in -j- grain kermes.] 
1. Dyed with grain, or kermes. [Obs.] 2. Dyed before 
manufacture ; — said of the material of a textile fabric ; 
hence, in general, thoroughly inwrought ; forming an 
essential part of the substance. 

Ingrain carpet, a double, or two-ply, carpet. 

In'grain', n. An ingrain fabric, as a carpet. 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sins, ink, then, thin. 



M 



INGRAIN 



442 



INITIATE 



) 



In'graln (fafgrb' or lu-gran'), ''• t- 1. To dye with 
or in mia or kermes. 2. To dye in the grain, or before 
in;nnti.utiue. 3. To work into the natural texture or 
Into the mental constitution of ; to imbue ; to infix deeply. 

In'grate (In'grBf ), ». An ungrateful person. 

In-grate'ful (in-grfifefal), </. [L. ingratus ingrateful 

(ptof. in- not -f- gratus beloved, grateful) -f -/«/.] 1. 

ill ; uuappreciative. 2. Distasteful ; offensive. 

In-gra'ti-ate (,Tn-gra'shT-at), v, t. [imp. S: p. p. In- 
gkai'iateo (-a tfid); p. pr. & vb. n. Ingratiating (-&'- 
tTng).] [Pref. in- in -f- L. gratia favor.] To introduce 
or commend to the favor of another ; to bring into favor ; 
to insinuate ; — used reflexivety. 

Ingratitude (Tn-grXt'i-tud), n. Want of gratitude ; 
uiuhankfulness ; ungratefulness. 

In-grave' ^ in-grav'),j\ t. To engrave, [i?.] 

In-gre'dl-ent \in-gre'dT-eut), n. [F. ingredient, L. 

-s, -ends, entering into, p. pr. of ingredi to go 

into, to enter ; pref. in- in -J- gradi to go.] That which 

enters into a compound, or is a component part of any 

combination or mixture ; an element ; a constituent. 

In'gress (Tn'gre's), n. [L. ingressus, fr. ingredi. See 
Ingredient.] 1. Act of entering ; entrance. 2. Power, 
liberty, or means, of entrance or access. 

In-gres'sion (In-gresh'un), n. Act of entering. 

In-gross' (Tn-gros'), v. t. See Engross. 

In'growing (ln'gro'Tng), a. Growing, or appearing 
to grow, into some substance. 

In'gui-nal (Tn'gwT-nal), a. [L. inguinalis, fr. inguen, 
inguinis, the groin.] (Anat. & 3fed.) Of or pertaining 
to, or in the region of, the groin. 

In-guli' (Tn-gulf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingulfed 
(-gulff) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ingulfing.] To swallow up or 
overwhelm in, or as in, a gulf ; to cast into a gulf. 

In-gur'gi-tate (Tn-gfir'jT-tat), v. t. & i. [Deriv. of L. 
in- in -j- gurges, -gitis, whirlpool, gulf.] 1. To swallow, 
devour, or drink greedily ; to guzzle. 2. To swallow up. 

In-gur gi-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of ingurgitating ; 
that which is so swallowed. 

In-hab'it (Tn-haVTt), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Inhabited ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Inhabiting.] [OF. enhabiter, L. inha- 
bitare ; pref. in- in -f- habitare to dwell.] To live or 
dwell in ; to occupy, as a place of settled residence. 

In-hab'it. v. i. To dwell ; to abide. [habitable. I 

In hab'it-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be inhabited ; | 

In-hab'it-a-ble, a. Not habitable. 

In-hab'it-ance (Tn-hab'Tt-ans), ) n. Act of inhabit- 

In-hab'it-an-cy (-an-sy), j ing, or state of be- 

ing inhabited ; the condition of an inhabitant. 

In-hab'it-ant (-ant), n. One who dwells permanently 
in a place, as distinguished from a transient lodger or vis- 
itor ; specif., one having a legal settlement in a town. 

Inhab i-ta'tion (Tn-hal/T-ta'shun), n. Act of inhab- 
iting, or state of being inhabited ; indwelling. 

In-hab'it-a-tive-ness (Tn-haVTt-a-tTv-nes), n. (Phre- 
nol.) A tendency to permanent residence in a place. 

In-hal'ant (Tn-hal'ant), a. Inhaling ; used for inhal- 
ing. — n. An apparatus more usually called an inhaler ; 
that which is to be inhaled. [that which is inhaled. 

In ha-la'tion (Tn'ha-la'shun), n. An inhaling ; also, | 

In-hale' (Tn-haP), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Inhaled (-hald') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Inhaling.] [L. inhalare to breathe 
upon ; pref. in- in -f- halare to breathe.] To breathe or 
draw into the lungs ; to inspire. 

In-hal'ent (-hal'ent), a. Used for inhaling. 

In-hal'er (-er), n. 1. One who inhales. 2. An ap- 
paratus through or from which something may be in- 
haled, as for medicinal purposes. 

In har-mon'ic (Tn'har-mSn'Tk), ) a. Not harmonic ; 

In har-mon'ic-al (-T-kal), ) inharmonious. 

In'har-mo'ni-ous (-ino'nT-us), a. 1. Not harmoni- 
ous ; unmusical ; discordant. 2. Conflicting ; jarring. — 
In'har-mo'ni-ous ly, adv.— In har-mo'nl-ous-ness, n. 

In-hearse' (Tn-hers'), v. t. To put in, or as in, a hearse. 

In-here' (in-her'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inhered 
(-herd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Inhering.] [L. inhaerere ; 
in- in -j- haerere to stick.] To be inherent ; to stick (in) ; 
to be fixed or permanently incorporated ; to belong. 

In-her'ence (-her'ens), ) n. State of inhering ; in- 

ln-her'en-cy (-en-af), ) nateness. 

In her'ent (-ent), a. Permanently existing ; naturally 
pertaining to ; inalienable. —In-her'ent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Innate; inborn; native; natural; inbred; in- 
wrought; inseparable; essential; indispensable. 

In-her'it (Yn-hgrTt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inherited ; 
P- 'pr. & vb. n. Inheriting.] [OF. enheriter to appoint 
afc an heir, L. inhereditare ; pref. in- in + hereditare to 
inherit, fr. here* heir.] 1. (Law) To take by descent 



from an ancestor ; to take or receive, as a right or title, 
by law from an ancestor at his decease. 2. To receive 
or take by birth ; to have by nature. 3. To come into 
possession of ; to possess ; to own. 

In-her'it (in-her'it), V. i. To take or hold a posses- 
sion, property, estate, or rights by inheritance. 

In-her'it-a-ble (Tn-h6r'It-a-b'l), a. 1. Capable of be- 
ing inherited ; transmissible or descendible. 2. Capable 
of being transmitted naturally from parent to child. 3. 
Capable of taking by inheritance, as an heir. 

In-her'it-ance (-ans), n. 1. Act or state of inherit- 
ing. 2. That which is or may be inherited ; a heritage. 
3. A permanent or valuable possession or blessing, esp. 
one received without purchase. 4. Possession ; owner- 
ship. 5. (Law) An estate received by descent as heir to 
another, or which may be transmitted to an heir. 

In-her'it-or (-er), n. One who inherits ; an heir. 

In her'it-ress (-rSs), n. An heiress. 

In-her'it-rix (-riks), n. Same as Inheritress. 

In-he'Sion (Tn-he'zhiin), n. [L. inhaesio. See In- 
here.] State of existing, or being inherent, in something. 

In-hib'it (Tn-hib'Tt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhibited ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Inhibiting.] [L. inhibere, p. p. inhibitus ; 
i?i- in -f- habere to hold.] 1. To check; to hold back; 
to restrain. 2. To forbid ; to prohibit ; to interdict. 

In hi bi'tion (Tn'hi-bTsh'un), n. Act of inhibiting, or 
state of being inhibited ; restraint ; prohibition ; embargo. 

In-hib'i-tO-ry (Tn-hTb'i-t6-ry), a. Of or pertaining to, 
or producing, inhibition ; prohibitory. 

In-hos'pi-ta-Dle (-hos'pi-ta-b'l), a. 1. Not hospitable ; 
not disposed to show hospitality to strangers or guests. 
2. Affording no shelter or sustenance ; barren ; cheerless. 
— In hos'pi-ta-ble-ness, n. — In hos'pi-ta-bly , adv. 

In-hos'pi-tal'i-ty (-tal'T-ty), n. Want of hospitality. 

In-hu'man (in-hu'man), a. Destitute of the kindness 
and tenderness natural to a human being ; characterized 
by, or attended with, cruelty. — In-hu'man-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Cruel ; unfeeling ; pitiless ; merciless ; savage ; 
barbarous ; brutal ; ferocious ; ruthless ; fiendish. 

In hu-man'i ty (ln'hu-mSn'i-ty), n. Quality or state 
of being inhuman. 

In-hu'mate (Tn-hu'mat), v. t. [L. inhumare, p. p. 
-atus ; pref. in- in -f- humare to cover with earth.] To 
inhume ; to bury ; to inter. 

In hu-ma'tion (Tn'hu-ma'shun), n. Act of inhuming. 

In-hume' (in-hum'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhumed 
(-humd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhuming.] To bury ; to inter. 

In-im'i-cal (Tn-Tm'i-kal), a. [L. inimicalis, fr. inimi- 
cus unfriendly, hostile ; pref. in- not -\- amicus friendly.] 

1. Having the disposition or temper of an enemy ; un- 
friendly ; unfavorable ; — chiefly applied to private en- 
mity, hostile being used in case of public enmity. 2. Op- 
posed in tendency, influence, or effects ; antagonistic ; 
incompatible. — In-im'i-cal-ly (-kal-ly), adv. 

In-im'i-ta-ble (-ta-b'l), a. Not capable of being imi- 
tated, copied, or counterfeited ; surpassingly excellent ; 
matchless; unique. — In-im'i-ta-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ty), In- 
im'i-ta-ble-ness, n. — In-im'i-ta-hly, adv. 

In-iq'ui-tous (Tn-ik'wT-tus) , a. Characterized by iniq- 
uity ; unjust ; wicked. — In-iq'ui-tous-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Wicked ; wrong ; unjust ; unrighteous ; nefari- 
ous ; criminal. — Wicked is the generic term. Iniquitous 
is stronger, denoting a violation of the rights of others, 
usually by fraud or circumvention. Nefarious is still 
stronger,implying a breach of the most sacred obligations. 

In-iq'ui-ty (-ty), n. [F. iniquite, L. iniquitas, ine- 
quality, unfairness, injustice, fr. iniquus ; pref. in- not 
-f- aequus. See Equal.] 1. Absence of, or deviation 
from, just dealing ; want of rectitude or uprightness ; 
unrighteousness ; wickedness. 2- An iniquitous act or 
thing ; a wrong ; a sin ; a crime. 3. A character in the 
old English moralities personating some vice. 

In-i'tial (Tn-Tsh'al), a. [L. initialis, from initium 
entrance, beginning, fr. inire to go into, to enter, begin ; 
pref. in- in-f-z>e to go.] 1. Of or pertaining to the be- 
ginning ; marking the commencement ; incipient. 2. 
Placed at the beginning ; standing at the head, as of a 
list or series. — In-i'tial-ly, adv. 

In-i'tial, n. The first letter of a word or a name. 

In-i'ti-ate (-T-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Initiated (-&'• 
tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Initiating (-a'ting).] [L. initiare, 
p. p. -atus, fr. initium. See Initial.] 1. To introduce 
by a first act ; to originate ; to commence ; to begin. 

2. To instruct in the rudiments or principles ; to intro- 
duce. 3. To introduce into a society or organization ; 
esp., to admit to a secret order with mysterious rites. 

In i'ti-ate (-at), a. 1. Untried; new. [Obs.'j 2. 
Begun ; commenced ; introduced ; newly admitted. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, f, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, c£re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



INITIATION 



443 



INNOCUOUS 



In-Mi-a'tlon (Tn-Tsh'I-a'shun), n. 1. Act of initiating, 
or process of being initiated. 2. The form or ceremony 
used in initiating a new member of any society. 

In-i'ti-a-tive (Tn-lsh'?-a-tlv), a. Serving to initiate ; 
inceptive ; initiatory ; introductory ; preliminary. 

In-i'ti-a-tive, n. 1. An introductory step or move ; 
an originating or beginning. 2. Right or power to intro- 
duce a new measure or course of action, as in legislation. 

In-i'ti-a-tO-ry (-a-to-rjr), a. Suitable for an introduc- 
tion or beginning ; serving or designed to initiate ; intro- 
ductory ; prefatory. 

Inject' (Tn-jSkf), v ' '• [imp. & p. p. Injected ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Injecting.] [L. injectus, p. p. of inicere, 
injicere, to throw in ; pref. in- in -\- jacere to throw.] 1. 
To throw in ; to dart in ; to force in. 2. Fig. : To offer ; 
to propose ; to instill. 3. (Anat.) To fill (a vessel, cavity, 
or tissue) with a fluid or other substance. 

In-jec'tion (In-jek'shun), n. 1. Act of injecting or 
throwing in. 2. That which is injected ; esp., a liquid 
medicine forced into a cavity of the body. 3. {Steam 
Eng.) Act of throwing cold water into a condenser to 
produce a vacuum. 

In-Ject'OT (m-jekfer), n. One that injects. 

In-join' (Tu-join'), v. t. [Obs.] See Enjoin. 

In ju-di'cious (Tn'ju-dTsh'us), a. 1. Not judicious ; 
wanting in sound judgment. 2. Not according to sound 
judgment or discretion. — In 7 ju-di'cious-ly , adv. — In'- 
Ju-di'cious-ness, ». 

Syn. — Indiscreet; inconsiderate; undiscerning ; in- 
cautious ; unwise ; rash ; hasty ; imprudent. 

In-junc'tion (Tn-junk'shfin), n. [L. injunclio, fr. in- 
jungere, injunclum, to enjoin. See Enjoin.] 1. An 
enjoining ; act of directing, commanding, or prohibiting. 
2. That which is enjoined ; order ; mandate ; decree ; 
precept ; direction. 3. {Law) A writ or process, granted 
by a court, requiring a party to do or forbear something. 

In' jure (In'jur ; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injured 
(-jurd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Injuring.] [L. injuriari, fr. 
injuria injury ; or perhaps fr. E. injury, or F. injure 
injury. See Injury.] To do harm to ; to hurt ; to dam- 
age ; as : (a) To hurt or wound, as the person ; to im- 
pair soundness of, as health. (6) To damage or lessen 
the value of, as goods or estate, (c) To slander, tarnish, 
or impair, as reputation or character, (d) To impair or 
diminish, as happiness or virtue, (e) To give pain to, as 
the sensibilities or the feelings ; to grieve ; to annoy. 
(/) To impair, as the intellect or mind. 

Syn. — To mar ; spoil ; sully ; wrong ; maltreat ; 
abuse ; insult ; affront ; dishonor. 

In'Jur-er (-j6r-or), n. One who injures or wrongs. 

In-Ju'ri-OUS (Tn-ju'rT-us), a. 1. Unjust ; wrongful ; 
iniquitous. [Obs.] 2. Causing injury or harm ; hurtful ; 
harmful; mischievous. —In-Ju'ri-OUS-ly, adv. — In-Ju.'- 
ri-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Harmful ; hurtful ; pernicious ; mischievous ; 
baneful ; deleterious ; noxious ; ruinous ; detrimental. 

In'ju-ry (Tn'ju-ry), n. [L. injuria, fr. injurius in- 
jurious, wrongful, unjust; pref. in- not + jus, juris, 
right, law, justice.] 1. Any damage or hurt done to a 
person or thing ; detriment to, or violation of, the per- 
son, character, feelings, rights, property, or interests of 
an individual. 2. That which injures. 

Syn. — Harm ; hurt ; damage ; loss ; impairment ; det- 
riment ; wrong ; evil ; injustice. 

In-jus'tice (Tn-jus'tls), n. 1. Want of justice and 
equity ; violation of another's rights ; inequity ; wrong ; 
unfairness ; imposition. 2. An unjust act or deed. 

Ink (Tnk), n. [OF. enque, L. encaustum the purple red 
ink with which the Roman emperors signed their edicts, 
Gr. eyicav<TTOv, fr. ey/cavcr-ros burnt in, encaustic, fr. 
iyKaietv to burn in.] A fluid, or a viscous preparation, 
used in writing or printing. 

Sympathetic ink, a writing fluid of such a nature that 
what is written remains invisible till acted upon by a 
reagent. 

Ink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inked (Tnkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Inking.] To supply with ink ; to mark or color with ink. 

Ink'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, inks. 

Ink'horn' (-horn'), n. [Ink -f- horn.'] A small bottle 
of horn formerly used for holding ink ; an inkstand. 

Ink'i-ness (-T-n6s), n. State or quality of being inky. 

In'kle (Tn'k'l), n. [Prob. the same word as lingle, 
the first I being mistaken for the definite article in 
French. See Lingle.] A kind of tape or braid. 

In'kle. v. t. [OE. inclen to hint ; cf. Dan. ymte to 
whisper.] To guess. [Prov. Eng.] 

In'kllng (Tn'klTng), n. A hint ; an intimation. 

Ink'stand' (Tnk'stand'), n. A small vessel for ink. 

Ink'y {-f), a. Of or like ink ; soiled with ink ; black. 



In-lace' (Tn-laV), v. t. To work in, as lace ; to em- 
bellish with lacelike work ; also, to lace or enlace. 

In-laid' (Tn-liid'), i>. p. of Inlay. 

In'land (Tu'laud), a. 1. Being within the land ; more 
or less remote from the ocean or from open water ; in- 
terior. 2. Limited to the land, or to inland routes ; not 
passing on, or over, the sea. 3. Domestic ; not foreign. 

In'land, n. The interior part of a country. 

In'land, adv. In, into, or towards, the interior. 

In'land-er (-er), ?i. One who lives inland. 

In-lay' (Tn-la'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Inlaid (-lad') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Inlaying.] To lay within ; hence, to in- 
sert in a groundwork of other material. 

In'lay' (Tn'la 7 ), n. Matter or pieces of wood, ivory, 
etc., inlaid, or prepared for inlaying. 

In-lay'er (Tn-la'er), n. One who works at inlaying. 

Inlet (ln'let), n. 1. A passage by which an inclosed 
place may be entered ; entrance. 2. A bay or recess ; 
a narrow strip of water running into the land or between 
islands. 3. That which is let in or inlaid. [terior. I 

In'ly (in'ly), a. [AS. intic. See In.] Internal; in- 1 

In'ly, adv. Internally ; within ; in the heart. 

In'mate' (In'maf), n. [In + mate an associate.] A 
fellow lodger; esp., an occupant of an asylum, prison, 
etc. ; also, one who occupies or lodges in any place. 

In-mesh' (Tn-meW), v. t. To bring within, or catch 
in, meshes, as of a net ; to enmesh. 

In'most' (Tn'mostf), a. [AS. innemest, a double su- 
perlative form fr. inne within, fr. in in. The modern 
form is due to confusion with most.] Deepest within ; 
farthest from the surface or external part ; innermost. 

Inn (in), n. [AS. in, inn, house, inn, from AS. in in ; 
akin to Icel. inni house. See In.] 1. A place of shelter ; 
hence, dwelling. [Obs.] 2. A house for the lodging and 
entertainment of travelers ; tavern ; public house ; hotel. 
3. The town residence of a nobleman or distinguished 
person. [Eng.] 4. One of the colleges (societies or 
buildings) in London for law students and barristers. 

Inn, v. t. To get in ; to in. See In, v. t. 

In'nate (Tn'nat or Tn-nat'), a. [L. innatus ; pref. in- 
in -f- natus born, p. p. of nasci to be born.] 1. Inborn ; 
native ; natural. 2. (Metaph.) Originating in, or de- 
rived from, the constitution of the intellect, as opposed 
to what is acquired from experience. 3. (Bot.) Joined 
by the base to the very tip of a filament ; as, an innate 
anther. — In'nate-ly, adv. — In'nate-ness, n. 

In-nav'i-ga-ble (Tn-nav'T-ga-b'l), a. Not navigable. 

In'ner (In'ner), a. [AS. innera, a compar. fr. inne 
within, fr. in in.] 1. Further in ; interior ; internal ; 
not outward. 2. Of or pertaining to the spirit or its phe- 
nomena. 3. Not obvious or easily discovered ; obscure. 

In'ner-most' (-most'), a. [A corruption of inmost 
due to influence of inner.] Farthest inward ; inmost. 

In-ner/vate (Tn-ner'vat), v. t. [See Innerve.] (Anat.) 
To supply with nerves. 

In'ner-va'tion (Tn'ner-va/shun), n. 1. Act of in- 
nerving. 2. (Physiol.) Special nervous activity ; the 
nervous influence necessary for the maintenance of life, 
and the functions of the various organs. 3. (Anat.) The 
distribution of nerves in an animal, or to any of its parts. 

In-nerve'(in-nerv'), v. t. [Pref. in- in + nerve.] To 
give nervous energy to ; to invigorate ; to stimulate. 

Inn'holder (Tn'hold'er), n. One who keeps an inn. 

In'ning (Tn'mng), n. [AS. innung, fr. in in, prep. 
&adv.] 1. Ingathering ; harvesting. [Obs.] 2. State 
or turn of being in ; specif., in cricket, baseball, etc., the 
turn or time of a player or of a side at the bat ; — often 
in the pi. Hence : The turn or time of a person, or a 
party, in power. 3. pi. Lands recovered from the sea. 

Inn'keep'er (Tn'kep'er), n. An innholder. 

In'no-cence (Tn'no-sens), n. [See Innocent.] State 
or quality of being innocent. 

In'no-cen-cy (In'no-sen-sy), n- Innocence. 

In'no-cent (in'no-sent), a. [F., fr. L. innocens, 
-entis; pref. in- not -f- nocens, p. pr. of nocere to harm, 
hurt.] 1. Not harmful ; free from that which can in- 
jure ; innoxious; innocuous; harmless. 2. Free from 
sin; not tainted morally ; pure; upright. 3. Free from 
the guilt of a particular crime or offense ; not guilty ; 
blameless. 4. Simple ; artless ; foolish. 5. Lawful ; 
permitted. 6. Not contraband ; not subject to for- 
feiture.— In'no-cent-ly. ado. 

Syn. — Guiltless ; inoffensive ; spotless ; immaculate ; 
pure ; unblamable ; faultless ; guileless. 

In'no-cent, n. 1. An innocent or guiltless person. 
2. An unsophisticated person ; as a child or simpleton. 

In-noc'U-OUS (In-n5k'u-us), a. [L. innocuus; i?i- not 
-\-nocuus hurtful, fr. nocere to hurt.] Harmless; pro- 



4 



f Srn, recent, drb, r|)de, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



INNOCUOUSLY 



444 



INSCRIBE 



> 



din-ing no ill effect; innocent. — In-n0C'U-0US-ly (Tn- 
nSk'ft-fis-iy), adv. — In-noCu-ous-ness, n. 

In-nom'i-nate (-nom'I-uSt), a. [L. w mtminat us; 

?iomi»are to name.] Having no name; 

specif. (Anat.). designating a part otherwise unnamed; 

innominate bone, or hip bone. 

In'no-vate (In'no-vat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innovated 

(-va USd) : p. pr. & rb. n. Innovating (-va'tTng).] [L. 

innovare, p. p. -atus ; pref. in- in + novare to make 

new, fr. novus new.] 1. To bring in as new. [Archaic] 

2. To alter by introducing something new ; to remodel. 
[Archaic] 

In'no-vate, v. i. To introduce novelties or changes. 

In no-va'tion (Tn'no-va'shun), n. 1. Act of inno- 
vating. 2. A change effected by innovating. 

In'no-va tor (-va'ter), n. One who innovates. 

In-nox'ious (Tn-nok'shus), a. 1. Not noxious; not 
hurtful ; harmless. 2. Free from crime ; pure ; innocent. 

— In-nox'ious-ly. ad v. — In-nox'ious-ness, n. 

In nu-en'do(Tn nu-en'd6),?i. ; pi. Innuendoes (-doz). 
[L.. by intimation, by hinting, gerund, of innuere, innu- 
tum, to give a nod, to intimate ; pref. in- in, to -j- nuere 
(in comp.) to nod.] 1. An oblique hint ; a remote allu- 
sion or reference ; insinuation. 2. (Laic) An averment 
employed in pleading to the application of matter other- 
wise unintelligible. 

Syn. — Suggestion ; hint ; intimation ; implication ; 
representation. — An innuendo is an equivocal allusion so 
framed as to point distinctly at something injurious to 
the character or reputation of the person referred to. An 
insinuation turns on no such double use of language, but 
consists in artfully suggesting to the mind imputations of 
an injurious nature without making any direct charge. 

In-nu'mer-a-ble (Tn-nu'nier-a-b'l), a. Not capable of 
being counted, enumerated, or numbered, for multitude ; 
hence, indefinitely numerous ; of great number. — In- 
nu'mer-a ble-ness, n. — In-nu'mer-a-bly, adv. 

In'nu-tri'tion (ih/nu-trish'un), n. Want of nutrition. 

In nu-tri'tious (-trlsh'us), a. Not nutritious. 

In-nu'tri-tive (Tn-nu'trT-tTv), a. Innutritious. 

In'OD-serv'ant (In'oh-zerv'ant), a. Not observant; 
heedless. — In ob-serv'ance (-ons), n. [she. I 

In'OD-tru'sive (-tru'siv), a. Not obtrusive ; unobtru- 1 

In-oc'u-late (Tn-ok'u-lat), v. t. limp. & p. p. Inocu- 
lated (-la'ted) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Inoculating (-la'ting).] 
[L. inoculare, p. p. -atus, to ingraft ; pref. in- in, on + 
oculare to furnish with eyes, f r. oculus an eye, also, a bud. 
See Ocular.] 1. To bud ; to graft, as the bud of a 
plant in another plant. 2. To insert a foreign bud into. 

3. (Med.) To communicate a disease to (a person) by 
inserting infectious matter in the skin or flesh. See 
Vaccinate. 4. Fig. : To introduce into the mind ; — 
used especially of harmful ideas or principles. 

In-OC'U-late, v. i. 1. To graft by inserting buds. 2. 
To communicate disease by inoculation. 

In-oc'u-la'tlon (-la'shfin), n. Act or art of inoculating. 

In-OC'u-la'tor (Tn-ok'u-la'ter), n. One who inoculates. 

In-o'dor-OUS (-oMer-us), a. Not odorous ; odorless. 

In of-fen'sive (ln'of-fen'sTv), a. 1. Not offensive ; 
causing no uneasiness, annoyance, or disturbance. 2. 
Harmless ; doing no mischief. — In of-f en'sive-ly . adv. 

— In'of-fen'sive-ness, n. 

In of-fi'cial (-fTsh'al), a. Not official ; not having of- 
ficial authority ; private; informal.— In'of-fi'cial-ly,atft'. 

In of-fi'cious (-flsh'us), a. 1. Not officious ; not 
civil. \Obs.] 2. (Law) Regardless of natural obliga- 
tion ; contrary to natural duty ; unkind. 

In-op / er-a-tive (Tn-op'er-a-tTv), a. Not operative ; 
not active ; producing no effect. 

In-op / por-tune' (Tn-op'pSr-tun'), a. Not opportune ; 
unseasonable. — In-op'por-tune'ly, adv. 

In op-press'ive (Tn'op-pres'Tv), a. Not oppressive. 

In-op'u-lent (In-op'u-lcnt), a. Not opulent or rich. 

In-or'di-na-cy (in-6r'dT-na-sy), n. State or quality 
of being inordinate ; excessiveness ; immoderateness. 

In-or'di-nate (-nat), a. Not limited to rules pre- 
scribed, or to usual bounds; excessive ; immoderate. — 
In-or'di-nate-ly, adv. — In-or'di-nate-ness. n. 

In or-gan'ic (Tn'o'r-gan'Tk), a. Not organic; devoid 
of an organized structure ; unorganized ; lifeless. 

In'or-gan'lc-al (-T-kal), a. Inorganic. 

In-or'gan-lzed (Tn-8r'gc/n-izd), a. Inorganic. 

In-OS'CU-late (Tn-5s'ku-lat), v. i. & t. 1. To unite by 
on or contact ; to anastomose. 2. To intercom- 
ate ; to unite intimately ; to interjoin. 

In-08'CU-la'tlon (-la'shfin), n. Act of inosculating ; 
connection of vessels or passages, so that their contents 
pass from one to the other. 



In'0-Site (Tn'o-sit), n. [Gr. I?, c»/6s, muscle.] (Physiol. 
Chem.) A white crystalline substance with a sweet taste 
found in certain animal and vegetable substances. 

In' Quest (In'kwgst), n. [OF. enqueste, LL. inquesta, 
for inquisita, fr. L. inquisitus, p. p. of inquirere. See 
Inquire.] 1. Inquiry ; search. [E.~] 2. (Laic) (a) 
Judicial inquiry ; official examination, esp. before a jury. 

(b) A body of men assembled under authority of law to 
inquire into any matter; a jury; esp., a coroner's jury. 

(c) The finding of a jury. [disquietude. I 
In-qui'e-tude (Tn-kwI'e-tud), n. Disturbed state ;| 
In-quir'a-ble (In-kwir'a-b'l), a. Subject to inquiry. 
In-quire' (in-kwir'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inquired 

(-kwird') ; p. pr. & rb. n. Inquiring.] [OF. enquerre, 
L. inquirere, inquisitum ; pref. in- in -j- quaerere to 
seek.] 1. To ask a question; to put queries. 2. To 
make examination. [asking. I 

Inquire', v. t. To ask about ; to seek to know by J 

In-quir'er (-er), n. One who inquires. 

In-quir'y (Tn-kwir'^), n. 1. Act of inquiring; in- 
terrogation ; a question or questioning. 2. Search for 
truth, information, or knowledge ; investigation. 

Syn. — Interrogation ; interrogatory; question; query ; 
scrutiny; investigation; research; examination. 

In qui-si'tion (ln'kwi-zTsh'Qn), n. 1. Act of inquir- 
ing; inquiry; examination; investigation. 2. (Law) 
(a) Judicial inquiry ; inquest. (6) The finding of a 
jury. 3. (E. C. Ch.) A tribunal for the examination 
and punishment of heretics, established in 1235. 

In'qui-si'tion-al (-al), a. Pert, to inquiry or inquisi- 
tion ; inquisitorial ; also, of or pert, to the Inquisition. 

In-quis'i-tive (In-kwiz'T-tl v), a. 1. Disposed to quiz, 
esp. in matters not concerning the inquirer ; inclined to 
impertinent curiosity. 2. Given to examination ; curious. 
— In-quis'i-tive-ly, adv. — In-quis'i-tive-ness, n. 

Syn. — Inquiring ; prying ; meddling ; intrusive. — 
Curious denotes a feeling, and inquisitive a habit. We 
are curious when we desire to learn something new ; we 
are inquisitive when we set ourselves to gain it by inquiry 
or research. Prying implies inquisitireness, and is more 
commonly used in a bad sense, as indicating a desire to 
penetrate into the secrets of others. 

In-quis'i-tor (-ter), n. 1. An inquisitive person, [i?.] 
2. (Law) One whose official duty it is to examine and 
inquire, as coroners, sheriffs, etc. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A 
member of the Court of Inquisition. 

In-quis'i-to'ri-al (-to'rT-al), a. 1. Pertaining to in- 
quisition ; making rigorous and unfriendly inquiry ; 
searching. 2. Pert, to the Court of Inquisition, or resem- 
bling its practices. — In-quis'i-to'ri-al-ly , adv. [rails. I 

In-rail' (Tn-ral'), v. t. To rail in ; to inclose as with | 

In'road' (In'rod'), n. A sudden or desultory incur- 
sion or invasion ; raid ; encroachment. 

In / sa-lu'bri-0US (Tn'sa-lu'bri-us), a. Not salubrious ; 
unwholesome. — In'sa-luTm-ty (-bri-ty), n. 

In-san'a-ble (-san'a-b'l), a. Incapable of being healed. 

In-sane' (In-san'), a. 1. Not sane ; deranged in mind ; 
delirious. 2. Used by, or appropriated to, insane per- 
sons. 3. Causing insanity, [i?.] 4. Characterized by 
insanity or the utmost folly ; unpractical. — In-sane'ly . 
adv. — In-sane'ness, n. [healthy. I 

In-san'i-ta-ry (Tn-san'i-tt-ry), a. Not sanitary ; un-| 

In-san i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Lack of sanitation. 

In-san'i-ty (in-san'T-ty), n. 1. State of being in- 
sane ; madness ; lunacy. 2. (Law) Such a mental con- 
dition as, either from the existence of delusions, or from 
incapacity to distinguish between right and wrong, with 
regard to any matter under action, does away with in- 
vidual responsibility. 

Syn. — Lunacy ; madness : derangement : alienation ; 
aberration ; mania : delirium ; frenzy : monomania ; de- 
mentia. — Insanity is the generic term for all such dis- 
eases; lunacy has now an equal extent of meaning, 
though once used to denote periodical insanity ; madness 
has the same extent, though originally referring to the 
rage created by the disease ; derangement, aberration, 
alienation, are popular terms for insanity ; delirium, ma- 
nia, and frenzy denote excited states of the disease; 
dementia denotes the loss of mental power by this means; 
monomania is insanity upon a single subject. 

In-sa'tia-ble (Tn-sa'sha-bT or -shi-a-b'l), a. Not satia- 
ble ; incapable of being satisfied. — In-sa'tia-bil'i-ty 
(bil'I-ty), In-sa'tia-ble-ness, ».— In-sa'tia-bly, adv. 

In-sa'tl-ate (Tn-sa'shT-at), a. Insatiable. — In-sa'ti- 
ate-ly, adv. — In-sa'ti-ate-ness, n. 

In'sa-tl'e-ty (Tn'sa-tl'e-ty), n. Insatiableness. 

In'scient (Tn'sbent), a. [Pref. in- in + L. sciens know- 
ing.] Having knowledge ; intelligent. [22.] [scribed. I 

In-scrib'a-ble (Tn-skrib'a-b'l), a. That may be in-| 

In-scribe / (Tn-skriV), v. t. (imp. & p. p. Inscribed 



a, e, 1, 0, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; Ben&te, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



INSCRIBER 



445 



INSISTENT 



(-skrlbd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inscribing.] [L. inscribere. 
See 1st In-, and Scribe. J 1. To write or engrave ; to 
imprint. 2. To mark with letters, characters, or words. 
3. To assign or address to ; to dedicate informally. 4. 
To imprint deeply; to impress. 5. (Geom.) To draw 
within so as to meet yet not cut the boundaries. 

In-scrib'er (Tn-skrib'er), n. One who inscribes. 

In-scrip'tion (-skrip'shun), n. 1. Act or process of 
inscribing. 2. That which is inscribed. 3. An address, 
consignment, or informal dedication. 

In-SCrip'tive (-tlv), a. Bearing inscription ; of the 
nature of an inscription. [record. I 

In-scroll' (in-skrol'), v. t. To write on a scroll ; to | 

In-scru'ta-ble (Tn-skru'ta-b'l), a. [L. inscrulabilis. 
See In- not, and Scrutiny.] Incapable of being searched 
into and understood by inquiry or study ; obscure ; in- 
comprehensible. — In-scru'ta-bil'i-ty (-Ml'I-ty), in- 
scru'ta-ble-ness, n. — In-scru'ta-bly, adv. 

In-sculp' (Tn-skfilp'), v. t. [L. insculpere. See 1st In- ; 
Sculptor.] To engrave ; to sculpture. \_Obs.~\ [seam. I 

In-seam' (In-sent'), v. t. To press or mark with a| 

In-sec'a-ble (Tn-sek'a-b'l), a. [L. insecabilis ; pref. 
in- not -\- secabilis that may be cut.] Incapable of being 
divided by cutting ; indivisible. 

In'sect (Yn'sekt), n. [F. insecle, L. insectum, fr. in- 
sectus, p. p. of insecare to 
cut in. See Section ; — 
orig. applied to certain 
small animals, whose bodies 
appear cut in, or almost di- 
vided.] 1. (Zo'dl.) One of 
the Insecta; esp., one of 
the Hexapoda. 2. (Zo'dl.) 
Any air-breathing arthro- 
pod, as a spider or scorpion. 
3. {Zo'dl.) Any small crus- 
tacean, or, loosely, any one 
of various small inverte- 
brates. 4. Fig. : Any small, 
trivial, or contemptible per- 
son or thing. 

II In-sec'ta (In-sek'ta), n. 
pi. [NL. See Insect.] 
(Zo'dl.) 1. One of the 
classes of Arthropoda, in- 
cluding those that have one An insect ; one of the Orthop- 
pair of antennae, three pairs tera - 

of mouth organs, and a Antennas ;& Eyes ; c Head ; 
breathe air by organs along ^"^^M^SSS ! 
the sides of the body. 2. h Middle Legs ; i Posterior 
In a more limited sense, Wings ; o Anterior or First 
the Hexapoda alone. 3. In Wings ; j Posterior Legs ; k 
the most general sense, the Abdomen ; I Tibia ; m Tarsus. 
Hexapoda, Myriapoda, and Arachnoidea, combined. 

In-sec'ti-cide (-tl-sld), n. [Insect -f- L. caedere to 
kill.] An agent for destroying insects. [insects. I 

In-sec'tlle (Tn-sek'tTl), a. Of, or of the nature of, | 

In-SOC'tion (-shun), n. A cutting in ; incision. 

II In'sec-tiv'O-ra (ln'sek-tiv'o-ra), n. pi. [NL., from 
L. insectum insect + vorare to devour.] (.Zo'dl.) An 
order of mammals which feed principally upon insects. 

In-sec'ti-vore (Tn-sSk'tT-vor), n. [F.] (Zo'dl.) One 
of the Insectivora. 

In'sec-tiv'o-rous (Tn'sek 
tTv'6-riis), a. Feeding or sub 
sisting on insects ; carnivo 
rous. 

In se-cure' (Tn'se-kur'), a. 
1. Not secure ; apprehensive of danger or loss. 2. Not 
effectually guarded, protected, or sustained ; exposed to 
danger. — In se-cure'ly , adv. — In-se-cure'ness, n. 

In'se-CU'ri-ty (-ku'rT-ty), n. State or quality of being 
insecure. [tute of sense. I 

In-sen'sate (-sSn'sat), a. Wanting sensibility ; desti- 1 

In-sen'si-ble (-sT-b'l), a. 1. Destitute of the power 
of feeling or perceiving ; wanting bodily sensibility. 2. 
Not susceptible of emotion or passion ; void of feeling. 
3. Incapable of being perceived by the senses ; impercep- 
tible. Hence, progressing by imperceptible degrees. — 
In-sen'si-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ty), n. — In-sen'si-bly, adv. 

Syn.— Imperceivable; dull; stupid; torpid; numb; apa- 
thetic; stoical; indifferent; unsusceptible; hard; callous. 

In-sen'ti-ent (-shT-ent or -shent), a. Not sentient. 

In-sep'a-ra-ble (Tn-sep'a-ra-b'l), a. 1. Not separable ; 
incapable of being separated or disjoined. 2. (Gram.) 
Invariably attached to some word, stem, or root ; as, the 
inseparable particle un-. — In-sep'a-ra-bil'i-ty (-bil'T- 
ty), in-sep'a-ra-ble-ness, n. — In-sep'a-ra-bly, adv. 




Insectivore ; a Shrew (Sorex 
Thomsoni). 



Insert' (Tn-sSrt'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Inserted ; p. pr. 
& vb, n. Inserting.] [L. inserere, ]<■ p. insertu$i pref. 
in- in -+- serere to join, connect. See Series.] To set 
within something; to introduce. 

In ser'tion (Tn-ser'shfin), n. 1. An inserting. 2. 
State or mode of being inserted or attached. 3. That 
which is set in or inserted, as a narrow strip of lace, etc. 

In'set (Tn'set), n. 1. That which is inserted or set 
in ; an insertion. 2. (Bookbinding) One or more sepa- 
rate leaves inserted in a volume before binding. 

In'shore' (Tn'shor'), a. Being near or moving towards 
the shore. — adv. Towards the shore. 

In-shrine' (Tn-shrin'), v. t. See Enshrine. 

In'side' (Tu'sid'), prep, or adv. Within the sides of ; 
in the interior ; contained within. 

In'side', a. 1. Being within ; included or inclosed in 
anything ; interior ; internal. 2. Adapted to the interior. 

Inside track, the inner part of a race course ; hence, collo- 
quially, advantage of place, facilities, etc. , in competition. 

In'side', n. 1. The part or thing within ; interior 
portion ; content. 2. pi. The inward parts ; entrails. 

In-sid'i-OUS (In-sid'i-Qs), a. [L. insidiosns, fr. in- 
sidiae an ambush, fr. insidere to sit in ; pref. in- -\- sederc 
to sit.] 1. Lying in wait to insnare ; watchful in order 
to betray. 2. Characterized by treachery and deceit. — 
In-sid'i-ous-ly, adv. — In-sid'i-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Crafty; wily; artful; sly; designing; guile- 
ful ; circumventive ; treacherous ; deceitful ; deceptive. 

In'sighf (In'sif), n. 1. A sight or view of the inte- 
rior ; a deep inspection or view ; introspection. 2. 
Power of acute observation and deduction ; penetration. 

In-Sig'ni-a (Tn-sTg'ni-a), n. pi. [L. insigne, pi. insig- 
nia, fr. insignis distinguished by a mark ; pref. in- in -+- 
signum a mark, sign.] 1. Distinguishing marks of au- 
thority, office, or honor ; badges ; tokens. 2. Typical 
and characteristic marks or signs. 

Insignificance (in'slg-nif'1-kans), n. State or 
quality of being insignificant. 

In'sig-nif'i-can-cy (-knn-sy), n. Insignificance. 

In'sig-nifi-cant (-kant), a. 1. Not significant ; void 
of signification, sense, or import ; meaningless. 2. Hav- 
ing no weight or effect ; answering no purpose ; deserving 
no consideration. — In'sig-nii'i-cant-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Unimportant ; immaterial ; inconsiderable ; 
small ; inferior ; trivial ; trifling ; mean ; contemptible. 

In'sin-cere' (In'sin-ser'), a. Not sincere ; not being 
in truth what one appears to be ; having a deceptive ap- 
pearance or import. — In'sin-cerely, adv. 

Syn. — Dissembling ; hollow ; hypocritical ; deceptive ; 
deceitful ; false ; disingenuous ; untrustworthy. 

In'sin-cer'i-ty (-ser'i-ty), n. Want of sincerity. 

In-sin'U-ate (In-sln'u-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insinu- 
ated (-a/ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Insinuating.] [L. insinu- 
are, p. p. -atus; pref. in- -\- sinus the bosom.] 1. To in- 
troduce gently or slowly, as by a winding or narrow pas- 
sage, or a gentle, persistent movement. 2. To introduce 
by slow, gentle, or artful means. 3. To hint ; to sug- 
gest, as something derogatory. 

In-sin'u-ate, v. i. 1. To creep, wind, or flow in. 2. 
To ingratiate one's self. 

In-sin'U-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act or process of in- 
sinuating. 2. Art or power of gaining good will by a 
prepossessing manner. 3. That which is insinuated. 

Syn. — Hint ; intimation ; suggestion. See Innuendo. 

In-sin'U-a-tive (in-sin>u-a-tiv), a. 1. Stealing on or 
into the confidence or affections. 2. Using insinuations. 

In-sln'U-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who insinuates. 

In-sin'U-a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry), a. Insinuative. 

In-Sip'id (Tn-sTp'Td), a. [L. i?isipidus ; pref. i';i- not 
-f sapidus savory, fr. sapere to taste.] 1. Wanting in 
the qualities which affect the organs of taste ; without 
taste or savor ; vapid ; tasteless. 2. Wanting in spirit, 
life, or animation ; uninteresting ; weak ; dull ; lifeless. 
— In sip'ld ness, n. — In-sip'id-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Spiritless; unanimated ; flat; stale; pointless. 

In / Si-pid'i-ty (!n's!-pid'T-ty), n. Quality or state of 
being insipid. 

In-slst' (In-sTst'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Insisted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Insisting.] [F. insister, L. insistere to set foot 
upon, follow, persist ; pref. in- in -f- sisiere to stand.] To 
take a stand and refuse to give way ; to hold to some- 
thing firmly or determinedly ; to persist in demanding. 

Syn. — Persist. —Insist implies some alleged right, as 
authority or claim. Persist may be from obstinacy alone, 
and either with or against rights. 

In-Sist'ence (-ens), v. Quality of insisting; act of 
insisting ; persistence ; urgency. 

In-Sist'ent (-ent), a. 1. Standing or resting on some- 
thing. 2. Insisting; persistent; persevering. 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



IXSITION 



446 



INSTIGATION 



In-si'tlon (Yn-sTsh'nn or Tn-sTzh'nn), n. [Deriv. of 
L. pre!, in- in ", to sow.) The insertion 

of .» Baton in a stock ; Ingraftment. 

In-snare' (In-anfef / ), v. t. 1. To snare ; to catch in a 
nan : bo take by artificial means. 2. To involve in dif- 
riculties or perplexities; to inveigle ; to entangle. 

In-snar'er (-snSr'er), n. One who insnares. 

In-SO-bri'e-ty (Tn'so-bri'e-ty), n. Want of sobriety, 
moderation, or calmness ; intemperance; drunkenness. 

In-so'cia-ble (Tu-so'sha-b'l), a. Not sociable or com- 
panionable ; unsociable ; taciturn. 

In'so-late (Tn's6-lat), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Insolated 
(-H ted) : p. pr. & vb. n. Insolating.] [L. i?isolare, 
p. p. -atus ; in- in -f- sol sun.] To dry in, or to expose 
to, the sun's rays ; to ripen or prepare in that way. 

In so-la'tion (Tn'so-la'shiin), n, 1. An insolating. 
2. (Med.) (a) A sunstroke. (6) A sun bath. 

In'SOle' (Tn'sol'), n. The inside sole of a boot or shoe ; 
also, a strip placed inside the shoe for warmth or ease. 

In'so-lence (in'so-lens), n. 1. Quality of being in- 
solent ; arrogant contempt ; brutal impudence. 2. In- 
solent conduct or treatment ; insult. 

In'so-lent (-lent), a. [F., fr. L. insolens, -ends, pref. 
in- not -(- solens accustomed, p. pr. of solere to be accus- 
tomed.] 1. Novel ; unusual. [Obs.~\ 2. Haughty and 
contemptuous or brutal in behavior or language ; grossly 
rude or disrespectful. 3. Proceeding from or character- 
ized by insolence. — In'SO-lent-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Overbearing; insulting; abusive; offensive; 
saucy ; impudent ; audacious ; pert ; impertinent ; rude ; 
reproachful ; opprobrious. — Insolent literally implies a 
violation of the established rules of social intercourse, 
and hence gross disregard for the feelings of others. In- 
sulting denotes a personal attack, either in words or 
actions, indicative either of scorn or triumph. 

In-sol'u-ble (Tn-sol'ii-b'l), a. 1. Not soluble ; impossi- 
ble or hard to be dissolved. 2. Not explainable ; insolva- 
ble. — In-soru-biTl-ty (-bTl'i-t^), In-sol'u-ble-ness, n. 

In-SOlv'a-ble (-solv'a-b'l), a. 1. Not solvable ; insol- 
uble ; admitting no solution or explanation. 2. Incapa- 
ble of being discharged, as debts. 3. Not capable of be- 
ing loosed or disentangled ; inextricable. [insolvent. | 

In-SOl'ven-cy (in-s51'ven-sy), n. (Law) State of being | 

In-sol'vent (In-sol'vent), a. (Laic) (a) Not solvent ; 
not having sufficient estate to pay one's debts ; unable to 
pay one's debts as they fall due in the ordinary course 
of trade and business, (b) Not sufficient to pay all the 
debts of the owner, (c) Relating to persons unable to 
pay their debts. 

In-sol'vent, n. (Laic) One who is insolvent. 

In-som'ni-a (in-s5m'nT-a), n. [L., fr. insomnis sleep- 
less ; pref. in- not -)- somnus sleep.] Want of sleep ; in- 
abUity to sleep ; wakefulness ; sleeplessness. 

In-som'ni-ous (-us), a. Restless ; sleepless. 

In-som'no-lence (-n6-lens), n. Sleeplessness. 

In so-much' (Tn'so-much'), adv. So; to such a de- 
gree ; in such wise. Cf. Inasmuch. 

In-spect' (In-speW), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Inspecting.] [L. inspicere, p. p. inspee- 
tus ; pref. in- in -f- specere to look at, to view. See Spy.] 
1. To look upon ; to view closely and critically ; to ex- 
amine ; to scrutinize ; to investigate. 2. To view and 
examine officially ; to oversee ; to superintend. 

In-spec'tion (Tn-spek'shun), n. 1. An inspecting ; 
close or careful scrutiny ; investigation. 2. Act of over- 
seeing ; official examination or superintendence. 

In-spect'or (-ter), n. One who inspects ; a superin- 
tendent ; a supervisor ; an overseer. 

In-spect'or-ship (Tn-spSk'ter-shYp), n. The office or 
the district within the jurisdiction of an inspector. 

In-spect'ress, n. A female inspector. [sphere. I 

In-sphere / (Yn-sfer'), v. t. To place in, or as in, a| 

In-spir'a-ble (Yn-spir'a-b'l), a. Capable of being in- 
spired or drawn into the lungs ; inhalable ; respirable. 

Inspi-ra'tion (Yn'spY-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of inspir- 
ing or breathing in ; breath ; specif. (Physiol.), the 
drawing of air into the lungs. 2. Act or power of ex- 
ercising an elevating or stimulating influence upon the 
intellect or emotions ; the result of such influence ; the 
influence which quickens or stimulates. 3. (Theol.) A 
hupernatural divine influence on the prophets, apostles, 
or nacred writers, by which they were qualified to com- 
municate moral or religious truth with authority ; also, 
the truth so communicated. [aiding, inspiration. I 

In-spir'a-tO-ry (In-splr'a-to-r^), a. Pertaining to, or| 

Inspire' (Yn-splr'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspired ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. Inspiring.] [OF. enspirer, inspirer, fr. L. 

irupirare ; pref. in- in + spirare to breathe.] 1. To 



breathe into ; to animate. 2. To infuse by, or as if by, 
breathing. 3. To draw in by the operation of breathing ; 
to inhale. 4. To affect with, or influence by, inspiration. 

Inspire' (Yn-spir'), v. i. To draw in breath ; to inhale. 

In-spir'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, inspires. 

In-spir'it (Yn-spYr'Yt), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Inspirited ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Inspiriting.] To infuse life or spirit into. 

Syn. — To enliven ; invigorate ; exhilarate ; animate ; 
cheer ; encourage ; inspire. 

In-spis'sate (Yn-spYs'sat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspis- 
sated (-sa-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspissating (-sfi-ting).] 
[L. inspissare, p. p. -atus ; pref. in- + spissare to thicken, 
fr. spissus thick.] To thicken or bring to greater con- 
sistence, as fluids by evaporation. 

In-spis'sate (-sat), a. Thick or thickened ; inspissated. 

In spis-sa'tion (Yn'spYs-sa'shun), n. Act or process 
of inspissating, or state of being inspissated. 

In'Sta-Ml'i-ty (Yn'sta-bYl'Y-tjf), n. 1. Quality or state 
of being unstable; want of stability; liability to give 
way or to fail. 2. Lack of determination or fixedness. 

Syn. — Inconstancy ; fickleness ; changeableness ; wa- 
vering ; unsteadiness ; unstableness ; insecurity. 

In-sta'ble (Yn-sta'b'l), a. Not stable ; not standing 
fast or firm ; unstable ; mutable ; inconstant. 

Install' (Yn-stal'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Installed 
(-staid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Installing.] [F. installer, 
liL.'installare, f r. pref. in- in -f- OHO. stal a place, stall, 
G. stall, akin to E. stall.] 1. To set in a seat ; to estab- 
lish in a place. 2. To place in an office, rank, or order ; 
to invest with any charge by the usual ceremonies ; to 
instate ; to induct. 

In stal-la'tion (Yn'stol-la'shun), n. 1. An installing. 

2. (Mech.) A whole system of machines, apparatus, and 
accessories arranged for practical working. 

In-stall'ment (Tn-stal'ment), n. 1. Act of installing ; 
installation. 2. The seat in which one is placed. [Obs.~\ 

3. A portion of a debt, or sum of money, which is divided 
into portions that are made payable at different times. 

In'stance (Tn'stans), 7i. 1. Act or quality of being 
instant or pressing ; urgency ; solicitation ; suggestion. 
2. Occasion; order of occurrence. 3. That which offers 
itself or is offered as an illustrative case ; an example. 

4. A token ; a sign ; a symptom or indication. 
Syn. — Example ; case. See Example. 

In'stance (Tn'stans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instanced 
(-stanst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Instancing (-stan-sing).] To 
mention as a case or example ; to refer to ; to cite. 

In'Stant (Tn'stant), a. [L. instans, -antis, p. pr. of 
instare to stand or press upon ; in- in, on -f- stare to 
stand.] 1. Pressing; urgent; importunate; earnest. 
2. Immediate ; without delay. 3. Present ; current ; — 
now used only in dates, to indicate the current month. 

In'Stant, n. 1. A point in duration ; a moment. 2. 
A day of the present or current month; as, the sixth 
instant ; — an elliptical expression equivalent to the 
sixth of the month instant. [being instantaneous. I 

In-Stan'ta-ne'i-ty (Tn-stan'ta-ne'i-ty ), n. Quality of | 

In stan-ta'ne-ous (in'stan-ta'ne-us), a. 1. Done or 
occurring in an instant, or without any perceptible dura- 
tion of time. 2. At or during a given instant. — In'- 
stan-ta'ne-ous-ly, adv. — In stan-ta'ne ous-ness, n. 

II In-stan'ter (Tn-stSn'ter), adv. [L., vehemently, 
earnestly. See Instant.] Immediately ; instantly. 

In'stant-ly (in'stant-ly), adv. 1. Without the least 
delay or interval ; at once ; immediately. 2. With ur- 
gency or importunity ; earnestly ; pressingly. 

Syn. — Directly ; immediately ; at once. 

In-State' (Tn-staf), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Instated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Instating.] To set, place, or establish, as 
in a rank, office, or condition ; to install ; to invest. 

In-stau'rate (-sta'rat), v. t. [L. instaurare, p. p. -atus. 
See 1st In-, and Store.] To renew or renovate. 

In stau-ra'tion (Tn'sta-ra'shun), n. Restoration after 
decay, lapse, or dilapidation; renewal; repair. 

In-stead' (Tn-sted'), adv. [Pref. in- -f stead place.] 
In the place or room. 

In'step (Tn'step), n. 1. The arched portion of the 
human foot next in front of the ankle joint. 2. That 
part of the hind leg of the horse and allied animals be- 
tween the hock, or ham, and the pastern joint. 

In'stl-gate (Tn'stT-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insti- 
gated (-ga'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Instigating (-gating).] 
[L. instigare, p. p. -atus ; pref. in- in + a root akin to E. 
stick.] To goad or urge forward ; to set on ; to provoke ; 
to incite ; — used chiefly with reference to evil actions. 

Syn. — To stimulate ; spur ; tempt ; impel ; encourage. 

In sti-ga'tion (Tn'stT-ga'shun), n. Act of instigating, 
or state of being instigated. 



a, e, I, o, \x, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, &, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



INSTIGATOR 



447 



INSURE 



In'sti-ga'tor (Tn'stT-ga'ter), n. One who instigates. 

In-Still' (Tn-stll'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instilled 
(-stlld'); p. pr. & vb. n. Instilling.] [L. instillare, 
-alum; pref. in- in -f slillare to drop, fr. stilla a drop.] 
To drop in ; to pour in drop by drop ; hence, to impart 
gradually ; to infuse slowly. 

Syn. — To inspire ; implant ; inculcate ; insinuate. 

In'Stil-la'tion (ln'stil-la/shun), n. Act of instilling ; 
also, that which is instilled ; instillment. 

In-stlll'er (Tn-stTFer), n. One who instills. 

In-StilI'ment (-ment), n. Act of instilling ; also, 
that which is instilled ; instillation. 

In-Stinct' (Tn-stTnkt'), a. [L. instinctus, p. p. of in- 
stinguere to instigate, incite.] Urged or stimulated from 
within ; imbued ; animated ; alive ; quick. 

In'stinct (Tn'stTnkt), n. 1. Natural inward impulse ; 
unconscious, involuntary, or unreasoning prompting to 
any action. 2. (Zo'ol.) Specif ., the natural, unreasoning 
impulse by which an animal is guided to the performance 
of any action, without thought of improving the method. 
3. A natural aptitude or knack ; a predilection. 

In-Stinc'tive (in-stTnk'tiv), a. Of or pertaining to 
instinct ; derived from, or prompted by, instinct ; of the 
nature of instinct. — In-Stinc'tive-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Natural ; voluntary ; spontaneous ; original ; 
innate ; inherent ; automatic. 

In'sti-tute (In'stT-tut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insti- 
tuted (-tu'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Instituting.] [L. in- 
stituere, p. p. 'tutus; in- in -f- statuere, a causative fr. 
stare, statum, to stand.] 1. To set up ; to ordain. 2. To 
found ; to organize. 3. To begin ; to commence. 4. (Eccl. 
Law) To invest with the spiritual charge of a benefice. 

Syn. — To originate ; begin ; commence ; establish ; 
found ; erect ; organize ; appoint. 

In'sti-tUte, n. 1. That which is instituted, established, 
or fixed. 2. Hence : An elementary principle ; a precept, 
maxim, or rule, recognized as authoritative ; usually in 
the pl.f a collection of such principles and precepts; 
esp., a comprehensive summary of legal principles and 
decisions. 4. A society established for the promotion of 
learning, philosophy, art, science, etc. ; a college. 

In'Sti-tU'tion (-tu'shun), n. 1. Act or process of in- 
stituting. 2. That which is instituted; as: (a) Estab- 
lished order, method, or custom ; enactment ; ordinance. 
(b) An established or organized society or corporation ; 
a foundation ; also, a building or the buildings used by 
such organization, (c) Anything characteristic of, and 
persistent in, social or national life or habits. 

In sti-tu'tion-al (-a\), a. 1. Pert, to, or treating of, 
institutions. 2. Instituted by authority. 3. Elementary. 

In'Sti-tU'tion-a-ry (-a-ry), a. 1. Relating to an in- 
stitution, or to institutions. 2. Elemental ; rudimentary. 

In'sti-tU'tlve (-tiv), a. 1. Tending or intended to 
institute ; having the power to establish. 2. Established. 

In'Sti-tU'tor (-tu'ter), n. One who institutes. 

In-StXUCt' (Tn-strukf), a. [L. instructus, p. p. of in- 
slruere to furnish, instruct ; in- in, on -f- struere to build.] 
[Obs.~\ 1. Arranged; furnished. 2. Instructed. 

In-struct' (Tn-strukf), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Instructed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Instructing.] 1. To form by commu- 
nication of knowledge ; to impart knowledge or informa- 
tion to ; to enlighten ; to inform. 2. To furnish with 
directions ; to advise ; to command ; to train. 

Syn. — To teach ; educate ; discipline ; direct : enjoin. 

In-struct'er (In-struk'ter), n. See Instructor. 

In-struct'i-ble (-tT-b'l), a. That may be instructed. 

In-Struc'tion (-shun), n. 1. An instructing, teaching, 
or furnishing with knowledge. 2. That which instructs, 
or with which one is instructed ; as : (a) Precept ; infor- 
mation ; teachings. (b) Direction ; order ; command. 

Syn. — Education ; advice ; counsel. See Education. 

In-struc'tion-al (-rcl), a. Pertaining to instruction ; 
educational. 

In-struct'ive (-tiv), a. Serving to instruct or inform. 
— In-struct'ive-ly, adv. — In-struct'ive-ness, n. 

In struct/or (-ter), n. One who instructs ; a teacher. 

In-Struct'ress (-tres), n. A woman who instructs. 

In'stru-ment (Tn'stru-ment), n. [F., fr. L. instrumen- 
tum. See Instruct.] 1. Means by which work is per- 
formed or result effected ; tool ; utensil ; implement. 
2. A contrivance or implement by which musical sounds 
are produced. 3. (Law) A writing, as the means of 
giving formal expression to some act. 4. One that is 
made a means. 

Syn. — Tool ; implement ; utensil ; machine ; appa- 
ratus ; medium ; channel ; agent. 

In'Stru-men'tal (-men'terl), a. 1. Acting as an in- 
strument ; serving as a means ; conducive ; helpful ; 
serviceable. 2. (Mus.) Pertaining to, made by, or pre- 



pared for, an instrument, esp. a musical instrument. 3. 
(Gram.) Applied to a case expressing means or agency. 

In stru-men'tal 1st (In'stru-meu'tal-T.st), n. One who 
plays upon an instrument of music. 

Instru-men-tal'i-ty (-men-tai'l-ty), «• Quality of 
being instrumental ; that which is instrumental ; means. 

In' stru-men'tal ly (-men'tal-ly), adv. 1. By means 
of an instrument or agency ; as means to an end. 2. 
With instruments of music. 

In stru men-ta'tion (-niSn-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of 
using or adapting as an instrument ; a combination of 
instruments. 2. (Mus.) (a) The arrangement of a mu- 
sical composition for performance by a number of differ- 
ent instruments ; orchestration, (b) The act or manner 
of playing upon musical instruments. [mentalist. 

In'stru-men tist (Tn'stru-men'tTst), n. An instru- 

In SUb-Jec'tion (ln'sub-j^k'shun), n. Want of sub- 
jection or obedience ; a state of disobedience. 

In sub-or'di-nate (-6r'dT-nat), a. Not submitting to 
authority ; disobedient ; rebellious ; mutinous. 

In sub-or di-na'tion (-oVdT-na'shun), n. Quality of 
being insubordinate ; disobedience to lawful authority. 

Insufferable (Tn-suf'fSr-a-b'l), a. Incapable of 
being suffered, borne, or endured ; insupportable ; un- 
endurable ; intolerable. — In-suf'fer-a-bly, adv. 

In SUI-fi'cience (in/siif-fTsh'<?ns), n. Insufficiency. 

In'suf-fi/cien-cy (-en-sy), n. Quality or state of being 
insufficient. 

In suf -fi'cient (Tn/suf-fTsh'ent), a. 1. Not sufficient ; 
not enough ; inadequate to any need, use, or purpose. 

2. Wanting in strength, power, ability, capacity, or 
skill ; incompetent ; unfit. — In'SUI-fi'cient-ly, adv. 

In suf-fla'tion (-fla'shun), n. [L. insufflatio. See In- 
in, and Sufflation.] Act of breathing on or into any- 
thing ; esp. : (a) (R. C. Ch.) The breathing upon a person 
in the sacrament of baptism to symbolize the inspiration 
of a new spiritual life, (b) (Med.) Act of blowing (a 
gas, powder, etc. ) into a cavity of the body. 

In'su-lar (Tn'su-ler), a. [L. insidaris, fr. insula 
island. See Isle.] 1. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, 
an island. 2. Of or pertaining to the people of an is- 
land ; narrow ; circumscribed ; illiberal. [insular. I 

In'SU-lar'i-ty (-lar'T-ty), n. State or quality of being | 

In'su-late (in'su-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insu- 
lated (-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Insulating (-la'ting).] 
[L. insulatus insulated, fr. insula island.] 1. To place 
in a detached situation ; to isolate ; to separate. 2. 
(Elec. & Thermotics) To prevent transfer of electricity 
or heat to or from bodies by using nonconductors. 

In'su-lated (Tn'su-la'ted), p. a. 1. Standing by it- 
self ; separated ; isolated. 2. (Elec. & Thermotics) 
Separated from other bodies by means of nonconductors. 

3. (Astron.) Situated at so great a distance as to be be- 
yond the effect of gravitation. [of being insulated. I 

In SU-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. Act of insulating, or state | 

In'SU-la'tor (Tn'su-la/ter), n. One that insulates. 

In'su-lite (-lit), n. (Elec.) An insulating material. 

In'sult (In'sult), n. [L. insidtus, fr. insilire to leap 
upon. See Insult, v. t.~\ 1. A leaping on ; attack. [Obs.~] 
2. Gross abuse offered to another ; affront ; indignity. 

Syn. — Abuse ; outrage ; contumely. See Affront. 

In-Sult' (In-sult'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insulted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Insulting.] [F. insul/er, L. insidtare, 
freq. fr. insilire to leap into or upon ; pref. in- in, on + 
salire to leap.] 1. To leap upon; to attack. [Obs.] 
2. To attack by treating with abuse, insolence, indig- 
nity, or contempt, by word or action ; to abuse. 

In-sult'. v. i. 1. To leap or jump. 2. To exult. 

In-SUlt'er (Tn-sult'er)^ n. One who insults. 

In-SU'per-a-ble (Tn-su'per-a-b'l), a. That can not be 
passed over or overcome. — In-SU'per-a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T- 
ty), In-su'per-a-ble-ness, n. — In-su'per-a-bly. adv. 

Syn. —Impassable; insurmountable; unconquerable. 

In sup-port'a-ble (Tn'sup-port'a-b'l), a. Incapable 
of being supported or borne ; unendurable. — In sup- 
port'a-ble-ness, n. — In'sup-port'a-bly, adv. 

In-sur'a-ble (Tn-shur'a-b'l), a. Capable of being in- 
sured against loss, death, etc. ; proper to be insured. 

In-sur'ance (Tn-shur'ans), n. 1. Act of insuring, or 
assuring, against loss or damage by a contingent event. 

2. The sum paid for insuring property or life ; premium. 

3. The sum for which life or propertyis insured. 
In-sure' (Tn-shur'), ?'. t. [imp. & p. p. Insured 

(-shurd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Insuring.] [OE. ensuren, 
prob. for assuren, by a change of prefix. See 1st In-, 
and Sure.] 1. To make sure or secure. 2. Specif., to 
secure against a loss by a contingent event, on certain 
stipulated conditions, or at a given rate or premium. 



\ 



I 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



INSURE 



448 



INTENT 



Insure' (In-shur 7 ), t . i*. To underwrite : to make in- 
surance. 

In-safer, n. One who. or that which, insures. 

In sur gent i^-jrotX (7. [L. insvrgens, p. pr. of insur- 
rin up; pre:. j'n- in — surgere to rise. See 
Surge.] Rising in opposition to civil or political author- 
ity, or against an established government : rebellious. — 

. One who is insurgent : a rebel. See Rebel. 

In sur-mount'a -ble (,-mount'a-b'l), a. Incapable of 
rmounted. passed over, or overcome. — In sur- 
mount a-ble-ness. .. — In sur-mount'a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Insuperable ; impassable ; invincible. 

In SUT-rec'tion (In sur-rtfk'shiln), n. [L. insurrectio, 
fr. insurgere. See Insurgent.] A rising against civil or 
political authority, or an established government. 

Syn. — Sedition ; revolt ; rebellion : mutiny. — .Sedition 
is the raising of commotion in a state without aiming at 
open violence against the laws. Insurrection is a rising 
to prevent by force of arms the execution of law 
is a casting off the authority of a government, with a view 
to put it down by force. Rebellion is an extended revolt. 

in snr-rec'tion-al {-a\). a. Of or pert, to insurrection. 

In sur-rec'tion-a-ry (-a-ry). a. Pertaining to, or char- 
acterized by. insurrection ; rebellious ; seditious. 

In SUT-rec'tion-Lst. n. One who favors insurrection. 

In SUS-cep'ti-ble (-sep'tT-b'l), a. Not susceptible ; 
not capable of feeling or of being affected. — In SUS- 
cep ti-bil'i-ty (-bTll-ty), n . — In sus-cep'ti-bly , adv. 

In-tact' (Tn-takf), a. [L. intactus ; in- not -f- tactus. 
p. p. of tangere to touch.] Untouched, esp. by anything 
that harms or defiles ; uninjured ; complete ; perfect. 

In-tagl'io (Tn-tal'y6 ; It. en-taTyo), "•/ pi- E. In- 
taglios (-yoz). It. Intagli (-l'ye). [It., fr. intagliare to 
carve; pref. in- in -f- tagliare to carve.] A cutting or 
engraving ; a figure made by cutting into the surface of 
the material ; hence, a gem or the like so carved. 

In-tan 'gi-ble (Tn-tan'jT-b'l), a. Not tangible; inca- 
pable of being touched : not perceptible to the touch. — 
In-tan gi-bil'i-ty (-bTll-ty), In-tan'gi-ble-ness. n. — 
In-tan'gi-bly. adv. 

In-tan'gle (ln-tan/g "1), v. t. See Entangle. 

In'te-ger (Tn'te-jer), n. [L. integer untouched, whole, 
entire. See Entire.] A complete entity ; a whole num- 
ber, in contradistinction to a fraction or a mixed number. 

In'te-gral (in'te-gral), a. 1. Complete ; perfect ; un- 
injured; whole; entire. 2. Essential to completeness; 
pertaining to, or serving to form, an integer. 3. {Math. ) 
(a) Of, pertaining to, or being, a whole number. (6) 
Pertaining to, or proceeding by, integration. 

In'te-gral, n. 1. A whole": a whole number: an in- 
dividual. 2. {Math.) An expression which, being differ- 
entiated, will produce a given differential. 

In'te-gral-ly (Tn'te-gral-ly), adv. In an integral man- 
ner ; wholly ; completely ; also, by integration. 

In'te-grant (-grant), a. Being an integral part. 

In'te-grate (Tnle-grat), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Inte- 
grated (-gra'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Integrating (-gra- 
ting).] [L. integrare, p. p. -at us, fr. integer. B 

tire.] 1. To form into one whole ; to complete : 
to renew. 2. To indicate the whole of . 3. {Math.) To 
find the integral of. [integrating. I 

In te-gra'tion (Tn'te-gra'shun), n. Act or process of | 

In-teg'ri-ty (In-teg'rT-ty), n. [L. iniegritas. See 
Integer.] 1. State or quality of being entire or com- 
plete: unbroken state. 2. Moral soundness; honesty; 
uprightness ; rectitude. 3. Unimpaired, unadulterated, 
or genuine state ; purity. 

Ln-teg'u-ment (Tn-tlg'u-m^t), n. [L. integumen- 
tum, fr. integere to cover ; pref. in- in, on — iegere to 
cover.] That which naturally invests or covers another 
thing ; specif. {Anat.), a covering which inv 
body, as the skin, or a membrane that invests a part. — 
In-teg u-men'ta-ry '-men'ta~rv 

In'tel-lect (Tn'tSl-lekt), n. [L. intellectus, fr. intel- 
ligere. inUUectum, to understand ; inter between — Iegere 
to gather, choose. See Legend.] (Metaph.) The part 
or faculty of the human soul b} T which it knows, as dis- 
tinguished from the power to feel and to will : the 
thinking faculty : the understanding. [ess. [ 

In tel-lec'tidn MeTi'shun). n. A mental act or proc- ! 

In tel-lec'tlve C-tTv). a. 1. Of or pertaining to the 
• : intellectual. 2. Intelligent : rational. 3. Ca- 
pable of being perceived by the understanding only. 

In tel-lec'tu-al (-tt-a\ ; 135), a. 1. Belonging to, or 
performed by, the intellect ; mental. 2. Endowed with 
intellect ; characterized by intelligence. 3. Suitable for 
exercising the intellect ; perceived by the intellect. 4. 
Relating to the understanding ; treating of the mind. 



In'tel-lec'tU-al (Tu tel-lgk'tu-al), n. The intellect ; a 
mental power. 

In tel-lec'tu-al-ism i>Tz"ni), n. 1. Intellectuality. 
2. The doctrine that knowledge is derived from pure 
reason. [believes in intellectualism. j 

In tel-lec / tn-al-ist (-Tat), ». One who overrates or| 

In tel-lec'tu-al'i-ty (-all-tv), n. Intellectual powers ; 
possession of intellect ; quality of being intellectual. 

In tel-lec'tu-al-ly, adv. iii an intellectual manner. 

In-telli-gence un-tel'lT-jens). ?!. 1. Act or state of 
knowing. 2. Capacity to know or understand ; the intel- 
lect. 3. Information communicated; news; notice; 
advice. 4. Knowledge acquired ; general information. 
5- An intelligent being or spirit. 

Syn. — Understanding : intellect : instruction : advice ; 
notice; notification: news: information: report. 

In-telli-gen-cer (-j? n-ser), n. One who, or that which, 
sends or conveys intelligence or news ; a messenger. 

Intelligent (Tn-tel'li-jent), a. [L. intelli^. 
iis, p. pr. of intelligere. See Intellect.] Possessed of, 
or endowed with." intelligence ; understanding; know- 
ing ; sensible. [the intelligence. 

Intel li-gen'tial (-jen'shal), a. Of or pertaining to 

In-telli-gent-ly (Tn-tellT-jent-ly), adv. In an intel- 
ligent manner ; with intelligence. 

Intelligible (in-tel'lT-ji-b"l). a. Capable of beingun- 
derstood or comprehended. — In-tel li-gi-bil'i-ty (-biT- 
l-tyi. Intel li-gi-ble-ness,?i. — In-telli-gi-bly. adv. 

Syn. — Comprehensible ; perspicuous ; plain : clear. 

In-tem'per-ance (Tn-teni'per-ans), n. 1. Act of be- 
coming, or state of being, intemperate : excess in any 
kind of action or indulgence. 2. Specif. : Habitual or 
excessive indulgence in alcoholic liquors. 

In-tem'per-ate (-at), a. 1. Not temperate ; indulging 
any appetite or passion to excess. 2. Specif., addicted 
to an excessive or habitual use of alcoholic liquors. 3. 
Excessive ; inordinate ; violent ; immoderate. — In-tem'- 
per-ate-ly. adv. — In-tem'per-ate-ness. n. 

In-tend' (in-tend'), v. t._ p. Intended ; 

b. n. Inte>": attendee to be atten- 

tive. F. entendre, fr. L. intendere. inienium, and inten- 
sum, to intend, attend, extend ; pref. in- in -j- iendere to 
stretch. See Tend.] 1. To stretch; to straiL 
[06*.] 2. To bend or turn; to direc" 
chaic'] 3. To fix the mind upon ; to be intent upon ; to 
have in the mind as a purpose or design ; to design. 

Syn.— To purpose: mean ; plan: conceive; contemplate. 

In-tend'an-cy (-an-sy), n. The office or employment 
or territorial district of an intendant. 

In-tend'ant {-ant), n. [F.] One in charge of some 
public business ; a superintendent. 

In-tend 'ed, a. 1. Purposed ; designed. 2. Betrothed ; 
affianced. [lover. I 

In-tend 'ed. n. One who is betrothed; an affianced | 

In-tend'er | -er), n. One who intends. 

In-tend'ment (-mfnt . ?;. 1. Intention ; design : pur- 
pose. 2. {Lau) The true meaning or intention of a 
law, or of any legal instrument. 

In-ten'i-ble (In-tenl-bT), a. [In- not -f- L. tenere to 
hold.] Incapable of holding or containing. [06*.] 

In-ten'sa-tive (In-ten'sa-tTv), a, Intensifying. 

In-tense' Ln-tSrasS), •. ~L. vtfautu stretched, tight. 
See Intend.] 1. Strained ; tightly drawn : hence, very 
intent or earnest. 2. Extreme in degree : excessive ; 
immoderate. — In-tensely. adv. — In-tense'ness. n. 

In-ten si-fi-ca'tion (Jn-ten si-H-ka'si.:- 
intensifying. [which intensifies. I 

In-ten'sl-fi er (Tn-tSn'sT-fi er\ n. One who or that| 

In-ten'si-fy (-C), v. t. A- i. limp. & p. p. Intensi- 
fied (-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. iNTENsiFTrNG.] {Intense -f- 
-fy.~\ To render or become intense, or more intense. 

In-ten'sion (Tn-ten'shun), n. 1. A slraining. stretch- 
ing, or bending : state of being strained. 2. Increase of 
power or energy of any quality or thing. 3. Z : i: 
Mefaph.) The collective attributes, qualities, or marks 
that make up a complex general notion. 

In-ten'si-tive (-sT-tiv), a. Intensifying : intensive. 

In-ten'si-ty (Tn-ten'sT-ty), n. 1. State or quality of 
being intense ; intenseness"; extreme degree. 2. {Phys- 
ics) The amount or degree of energy with which a force 
operates or a cause acts; effectiveness. 3. ^Photog.) 
The degree or depth of shade in a picture. 

In-ten'sive (-sTv), a. 1. Stretched : that can be in- 
tensified. 2. (Gram.) Serving to give force or empha- 
sis. — In-ten'sive-ly. <:</?. — In-ten 'sive-ness. n. 

In-tent' < Tn-tent'i. a. [L. intentus. p. p. of intendere. 
See Intend.] 1. Closely directed : strictly attentive ; 
bent ; — said of the mind, thoughts, eyes. etc. 2. Hav- 



a, e\ I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all. 



INTENT 



449 



INTEREST 



ing the mind closely directed to or bent on an object ; 
eager in pursuit. 

In-tent' (Tn-t5nt'), n. A turning the mind toward an 
object ; hence, design ; intention ; meaning ; drift ; aim. 

In-ten'tion (Tn-ten'shmi), n. [See Intend.] 1. A 
stretching or bending of the mind toward an object ; 
closeness of application. 2. A determination to do a 
certain thing. 3. The object toward which the thoughts 
are directed. 4. (Logic) Any mental apprehension of an 
object. 

To heal by the first intention (Surg.), to cicatrize, as a 
wound, without suppuration. — To heal by the second in- 
tention (Surg.), to unite after suppuration. 

Syn. — Design; purpose; object; aim; intent; drift; 
purport ; meaning. See Design. 

In-ten'tion-al (-al), a. Done by intention or design. 
— In-ten'tion-al-ly («l-ly), adv. 

In-ten'tioned (-shfind), a. Having designs ; — chiefly 
used in composition ; as, well-intentioned. 

In-tent'ly (ln-tent'ty), adv. In an intent manner. 

In-tent'ness, n. State or quality of being intent. 

In'ter- (Tn'ter-). [L. inter, prep., among, between, a 
compar. form of tit in ; akin to intra, intra, within, Skr. 
antar between, in, and E. m.] A prefix signifying among, 
between, amid ; as, interact, znterarticular, intermit. 

In-ter/ (Tn-ter'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Interred (-terd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Interring (-ring).] [OF. enterer, LL. 
interrare ; L. pref. in- iu -f- terra the earth.] To de- 
posit and cover in the earth ; to bury ; to inhume. 

In'ter-act' (Tn'ter-akf), n. A short act or piece be- 
tween others. 

In'ter-act', v. i. To act upon each other. 

In ter-ac'tion (-aVshim), rc. 1. Intermediate action. 
2. Mutual or reciprocal action or influence. 

In ter-a'gent (-a'jent), n. An intermediate agent. 

In'ter-breed' (-bred'), v. t. & i. To breed by crossing 
different stocks of animals or plants. 

In-ter'ca-lar (Tn-ter'ka-ler), a. Intercalary. 

In-ter'ca-la-ry (-ka-la-ry), a. [L. intercalaris, inter- 
calarius. See Intercalate.] 1. (Chron.) Inserted or 
introduced among others in the calendar ; — now applied 
particularly to the odd day (Feb. 29) inserted in the cal- 
endar of leap year. 2. Inserted among others ; addi- 
tional; supernumerary. 

In-ter'ca-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercalated 
(-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercalating (-la'ting).] [L. 
intercalare, p. p. -atus ; inter between -f- calare to call, 
proclaim.] 1. (Chron.) To insert, as a day or other por- 
tion of time, in a calendar. 2. To insert among others, 
as a verse in a stanza. 

In-ter'ca-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of intercalating. 

In'ter-cede' (-sed'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interceded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Interceding.] [L. intercedere, interces- 
sum; inter between -f- cedere to pass.] 1. To intervene. 
[Obs.~\ 2. To act between parties with a view to recon- 
cile differences ; to make intercession ; to mediate. 

In ter-ced'ent (-ent), a. [L. intercedens, p. pr. of in- 
tercedere.'] Passing between ; mediating ; pleading, [i?.] 

In'ter-ced'er (-er), «. One who intercedes. 

In'ter-cel'lu-lar (-sel'u-ler), a. Lying between cells 
or cellules ; as, intercellidar substance, space, or fluids. 

In'ter-cen'tral (-sen'tral), a. Between centers. 

In'ter-cept' (-sept'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Intercepted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Intercepting.] [L. inter cipere, p. p. in- 
tercepts ; inter between -f- caper e to seize.] 1. To take 
or seize by the way, or before arrival at the destined place. 
2. To obstruct or interrupt the progress of ; to stop ; to 
hinder or oppose. 3. To interrupt communication with, 
or progress toward. 4. (Math. ) To include between. 

In'ter-cept'er, n. One who, or that which, intercepts. 

In ter-cep'tion (-sep'shfin), n. Act of intercepting. 

In ter-ces'sion (-sesh'Qn), n. Act of interceding ; 
mediation. 

In / ter-ces'Sor(-ses , ser),n. [See Intercede.] 1. One 
who goes between, or intercedes ; a mediator. 2. (Eccl.) 
A bishop who, during a vacancy of the see, administers 
the bishopric till a successor is installed. 

In'ter-ces'SO-ry (-ses'so-ry), a. Pertaining to, of the 
nature of, or characterized by, intercession ; interceding. 

In ter-change' (-chanj'), v. t. 1. To put each in the 
place of the other ; to give and take mutually ; to recip- 
rocate. 2. To cause to follow alternately ; to vary. 

In ter-change', v. i. To make an interchange. 

In'ter-change (Tn'ter-chanj'), n. 1. A mutual inter- 
changing ; reciprocal giving and taking ; exchange. 2. 
Barter ; commerce. 3. Alternation ; a mingling. 

In / ter-Change / a-ble (-chanj'a-b'l), a. 1. Admitting 
of exchange or mutual substitution. 2. Followiug each 



other in alternate succession. — Inter-change'a-bll'l- 
ty (Tn'ter-chauj'a-bTl'T-ty), In'ter-change'a-ble-negs, 
n. — In ter change'a bly, adv. 
In ter-cip'i ent (Tn'ter-sIpT-ent), a. [L. inicrcipfmu, 

-ent is, p. pr. of ini? r cipere. See Intercept.] Ini 
ing; stoppiug. — «. One who, or that which, ini 

In ter-clude' (-klud'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inter- 
ceded; p. pr. & ib. 7i. Intehclcding.] [L. 
dere, interc/nsunt ; inter between -f claudere to shut.] 
To shut off or out ; tojntercept ; to interrupt. 

In'ter-clu'slon (-klu'/i.un), v. Interception. 

In ter-COl le'gi ate (-kol-le'jl-at), a. Existing or car- 
ried on between colleges or universities. 

In / ter-co-lo / ni-al (-kft-UPhY-al), a. Pertaining to, or 
existing between or among, colonies. [col'. 

In'ter-CO-lum'nar (-ku-lum'ner), a. Being I 

In ter-co-lum ni-a'tion (-nT-H'shun), n. (Arch.) The 
clear space between two columns, at the bottom. 
. C^" The usual different measures of intercolumniation 
m terms of the diameter of the shaft, taken at the 
are : Pycnostyle, of one and a half diameters ; Systyle, of 
two diameters ; Diastyle, of three diameters. 

In ter-com'mon (-k5m'nnm), V. i. [OF. entrecom- 
muner. See Inter-, and Common.] 1. To share with 
others; to participate. [Obs.~\ 2. (0. Eng. Laic) To 
graze cattle promiscuously in the commons of each other. 

In ter-com-mu'ni-cate, v. t. To communicate mutu- 
ally ; to interchange. [communication. | 

In ter-com -muni-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Mutual | 

In ter-com-mun'ion (-mun'yun), n. Mutual com- 
munion. 

In'ter-com-mu'ni-ty (-niu'nT-ty), n. Intercommu- 
nication ; community of possessions, etc. [tion. I 

Inter-con-nec'tion (-uek'shuu), n. Mutual connec-| 

In ter-con ti-nen'tal (-kon'tT-ngu'tal), a. Between 
or among continents ; carried on between continents. 

In'ter-COn-vert'i-ble (-kon-vert'I-b'l), a. Convert- 
ible the one into the other. 

In ter-cos'tal (-kos'tal), a. (Anat. & Physiol.) Be- 
tween the ribs ; of or pert, to the parts between the ribs. 

In'ter-course (Tn'ter-kors), n. [OF. entrecours com- 
merce, exchange, L. intercursus, fr. intercurrere to run 
between. See Inter-, and Course.] A comminghng; 
intimate connection or dealings between persons or na- 
tions ; esp., interchange of thought and feeling. 

Syn. — Communication ; connection ; commerce ; com- 
munion ; fellowship ; familiarity ; acquaintance. 

In'ter-cross' (-kros'; 115), v. t. & i. 1. To cross 
each other, a« lines. 2. (Biol.) To fertilize by the im- 
pregnation of one species or variety by another. 

In'ter-cross' (ln'ter-krSV), 72. The process or result 
of cross f ertilization between different species or varieties. 

In'ter-cur'rence (Tii'ter-kur'rens), n. A passing or 
running between ; occurrence. 

In'ter-cur'rent (-rent), a. [L. intercurrens, p. pr. See 
Intercourse.] Rivnning between or among ; intervening. 

In ter-de-pend'ence (-de-pend'ens), n. Mutual or 
reciprocal dependence. 

In'ter-de-pend'ent (-^nt), a. Mutually dependent. 

In'ter-dict' (Tn'ter-dlkt'), n. [OF. entredit, fr. L. 
interdiction, fr. interdicere to interpose, prohibit ; inter 
between -f- dicere to say.] 1. A prohibitory order or 
decree ; a prohibition. 2. (i?. C. Ch.) A prohibition of 
the pope from administering the offices or enjoying the 
privileges of the church. 

In'ter-dict' (Tn'ter-dlkt'), v. t. [imp. S: p. p. Inter- 
dicted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Interdicting.] 1. To forbid; 
to prohibit or debar. 2. (Eccl.) To cut off from the 
enjoyment of religious privileges. 

Inter-dic'tion (-dlk'shun), n. Act of interdicting; 
prohibition ; prohibiting decree ; curse ; interdict. 

In'ter-dict'ive (-dik'tTv), a. Prohibitory. 

In'ter-dlct'O-ry (-dtk'to-ry), a. Belonging to an in- 
terdiction ; prohibitory. 

In'ter-est (Tn'ter-est), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interested 
(-est-ed) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Interesting.] [Froi 
ess'd, p. p., fr. F. interesser, L. ititeresse. See Inter- 
est, «.] To engage the attention of ; to awaken curiosity 
in ; to excite emotion or passion in. 

Syn. — To concern ; excite ; attract ; entertain : en- 
gage ; occupy : hold. 

In'ter-est, n. [OF. interest, fr. L. interest it interests, 
fr. interesse to be between, to be different, to make a 
difference, to be of importance ; inter between + esse to 
be.] 1. Excitement of feeling accompanying special at- 
tention to some object ; concern. 2. Participation in 
advantage, profit, and responsibility ; share ; portion ; 
part. 3. Advantage, personal or general ; profit . bene- 
fit. 4. Premium paid for the use of money, — usually 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
'29 



M 



INTERESTED 



450 



INTERNAL 



) 



reckoned as a percentage. 5. Any excess of advantage 
above an exact equivalent for what is given or rendered. 
6- The persons interested in any matter, collectively. 

In'ter-est-ed (Intgr 8a t 8 d ), a. 1. Having emotion 
•..excited. 2- Having an interest ; concerned. 

In'ter-est-ing. a. Engaging the attention ; exciting, 
or adapted to excite, interest, curiosity, or emotion. — 
In'ter-est-ing-ly, adv. — In'ter-est-lng-ness, n. 

In ter-fere' (In'ter-fer'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inter- 
fered (,-ferd') ; p- pr. & vb. n. Interfering.] [OF. en- 
la strike each other; entre between (L. inter) + 
OY.ferir to strike, fr. L. ferire. See Ferula.] 1. To 
come in collision ; to be in opposition ; to clash. 2. 
To intermeddle ; to interpose. 3. To strike one foot 
•gainst the opposite foot or ankle in using the legs. 
4. (Physics) To act reciprocally so as to augment, 
diminish, or otherwise affect one another. 5. (Patent 
Law) To have opposing claims that cover the same 
ground ; to claim the same invention. 

In ter-fer'ence (-ens), n. 1. Act or state of interfer- 
ing. 2. (Physics) The mutual influence, under certain 
conditions, of two waves or vibrations of any kind. 

In ter-fer'er (-fer'er), n. One who interferes. 

In-ter'flu-ent (Tn-ter'flu-ent), ) a. [See Inter-, and 

In-ter'flu-OUS (Tn-ter'flu-us), j Fluent.] Flowing 
between or among ; intervening. 

In'ter-ful'gent (Tn'ter-ful'jent), a. Shining between. 

In'ter-fuse' (-fuz'), v. t. [L. interfusus, p. p. of in- 
terfundere; inter -\- fundere to pour.] 1. To pour or 
spread between or among ; to diffuse. 2. To spread 
through ; to pervade, [R.] 3. To mix together. 

In'ter-fu'sion (-fu'zhun), n. Act of interfusing, or 
state of being interfused. [tween or alternately. I 

Inter-grave 7 (-grav'), v. t. To grave or carve be-| 

In'ter-im (in'ter-Tm), n. [L., fr. inter between -f 
im, an old accusative of is he, this, that.] The mean- 
time ; time intervening ; interval between events, etc. 

In-te'ri-or (Tn-te'rl-er), a. [L., compar. fr. inter be- 
tween.] 1. Being within any limits, inclosure, or sub- 
stance ; inside i internal; inner. 2. Remote from the 
frontier or shore ; inland. 

In-te / rl-or, n. 1. The internal or inner part of a 
thing; the inside. 2. The inland part of a country, 
state, or kingdom. 

In-te'ri-or'i-ty (-5rT-ty), n. State of being interior. 

In-te'ri-or-ly (-er-ly), adv. Internally ; inwardly. 

In ter-ja'cence (Tn'ter-ja'sens), ) n. State of being 

In'ter-Ja'cen-cy (-ja'sen-sy), } interjacent ; inter- 
vention ; that which lies between. 

In'ter-Ja'cent (-sent), a. [L. interjacens, -enlis, p. pr. 
of inter jacere to lie between ; inter between -j- jacere to 
lie.] Lying or being between or among ; intervening. 

In'ter-Ject' (-jSkf), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Interjected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Interjecting.] [L. interjectus, p. p. of 
inierjicere to interject ; inter between -f- jacere to 
throw.] To throw in between ; to insert ; to interpose. 

In'ter-ject', v. i. To come between ; to interpose. 

In ter-jec'tion (-jek'shun), n. 1. Act of interjecting ; 
also, that which is interjected. 2. (Gram.) A word or 
form of speech thrown in to express emotion or feeling. 

In ter-jec'tion-al (-al), a. 1. Thrown in between other 
words or phrases ; parenthetical. 2. Pertaining to, or 
having the nature of, an interjection. 

In'ter-lace 7 (-las'), v. t. & i. To unite, as by lacing 
together ; to intertwine. 

In ter-lace'ment (-ment), n. An interlacing; state 
of being interlaced ; also, that which is interlaced. 

In'ter-lard' (-lard'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Interlarded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Interlarding.] [F. entrelarder. See 
Inter-, and Lard.] 1. To place lard or bacon amongst. 
[Obs] 2. Hence : To insert between ; to mix or mingle. 

In'ter-lay' (-la'), V. t. To lay among or between. 

In'ter-leaf' (Tn'ter-lef'), n. A leaf inserted between 
other leaves ; a blank leaf inserted, as in a book. 

In'ter-leave' (-lev'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interleaved 
(-levd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Interleaving.] [Pref. inter- 
+ leaf.'] To insert a leaf or leaves in ; to bind with 
blank leaves inserted between the others. 

In'ter-llne' (-Hn'), v. t. 1. To write or insert between 
lines already written or printed, as for correction or ad- 
dition. 2. To arrange in alternate lines. 

In'ter-lln'e-al (-lTn'e-al), ) a. Contained between 

In ter-lin'e-ar (-er), j lines ; inserted between 

lines ; containing interlineations. 

. In'ter-lin'e-a'tion (-lln'e-a'shun), n. 1. Act of inter- 
lining. 2. That which is inserted between lines. 

Inter-link' (-link'), v. t. To link together. 

In'ter-llnk' fTn'ter-link'), n. A connecting link. 



In'ter-lOCk' (Tn'ter-15k'), v. i. & t. To unite with one 
another ; to lock into one another ; to interlace firinlj . 

In ter-lo-cu'tion (-16-ku'shun), n. [L. interlocutio. 
fr. interloqui, p. p. -locutus, to speak between; inter -j- 
loqui to speak.] 1. Interchange of speech; dialogue. 
2. (Laic) An intermediate act or decree before final deci- 
sion. 3. Hence, intermediate argument or discussion. 

In'ter-loc'U-tor (-15k'u-ter), n. One who takes part 
in dialogue or conversation ; a questioner. 

In'ter-lOC'U-tO-ry (-15k'u-to-ry), a. 1. Consisting of, 
or having the nature of, dialogue ; conversational. 2. 
(Law) Intermediate; not final or definitive. 

In'ter-lope' (Tn'ter-lop'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inter- 
loped (-lopf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Interloping.] [See In- 
terloper.] To traffic without a proper license ; to in- 
trude ; to forestall others ; to intermeddle. 

In'ter-lo'per (-lo'per ), n. [In ter- + D. looper runner, 
fr. loopen to run ; akin to E. leap.] One who interlopes ; 
one who unlawfully intrudes upon a property, or an 
office ; one who interferes wrongfully or officiously. 

In ter-iu'cent (-lu'sent), a. Shining between. 

In'ter-lude (Tn'ter-lud), n. [LL. interludium ; L. 
inter between -j- ludus play, fr. ludere to play.] 1. A 
short entertainment between the acts of a play, or be- 
tween two plays. 2. An old form of English drama, usu- 
ally short and farcical. 3. (Mus. ) A short piece of instru- 
mental music played between the parts of vocal music. 

Inter-lu'nar (-lu'ner), \a. [Inter- + lunar.] Pert. 

In'ter-lu'na-ry (-na-ry), ) to the time when the moon, 
at or near its conjunction with the sun, is invisible. 

In ter-mar'riage (-mar'rTj) n. Connection by mar- 
riage ; reciprocal marriage, as between two families. 

In ter-mar'ry (-mar'ry), v. i. To become connected 
by marriage between their members ; as families, etc. 

In ter-med'dle (-mSd'd'l), v. i. To meddle officiously ; 
to interpose or interfere improperly. 

In ter-med'dler (-dler), n. One who meddles. 

In / ter-me'di-a-cy (-me'dT-a-sy), n. Interposition. 

In ter-me'di-al (-cl), a. Intermediate. 

In'ter-me'di-a-ry (-a-ry), a. Intermediate. — n. One 
that is intermediate ; a go-between. 

In ter-me'di-ate (-dl-at), a. Being in the middle place 
or degree, or between two extremes ; intervening ; inter- 
posed ; interjacent. — In'ter-me'di-ate-ly, adv. 

In'ter-me'di-ate (-at), v. i. To intervene. 

In ter-me di-a'tion (-a'shun), n. An intermediating. 

In'ter-me'di-a'tor (-me'di-a'ter), n. A mediator. 

In-ter'ment (Tn-ter'ment), 7i. Act or ceremony of in- 
terring a dead body ; burial ; sepulture ; inhumation. 

In-ter'mi-na-ble (In-ter'mT-na-b'l), a. Not termi- 
nable ; admitting no limit. — In-ter'mi-na-ble-ness. n. 
— In-ter'mi-na-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Boundless ; endless ; limitless ; illimitable ; im- 
measurable ; infinite ; unbounded '; unlimited. 

In ter-min'gle (Tn'ter-mTn'g'l), v. t. & i. To mingle 
or mix together ; to intermix. 

In ter-rnis'sion (Tn'ter-mTsh'un), n. 1. Act or state 
of intermitting ; disuse ; discontinuance. 2. Cessation 
for a time ; an intervening period of time. 

Syn. — Cessation ; interruption ; interval ; pause ; stop ; 
rest ; suspension ; remission ; respite. 

In'ter-mis'sive (-mis'sTv), a. Intermittent. 

In'ter-mit' (-mif), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Inter- 
mitted (-ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Intermitting.] [L. in- 
ter mitt ere ; inter between + mittere, missum, to send.] 
To stop or cease for a time, or at intervals ; to interrupt. 

In ter-mit'tence (-tens), n. Intermission. 

In ter-mit'tent (-tent), a. Coming and going at in- 
tervals ; alternating ; recurrent ; periodic. — n. An 
intermittent disease. — In'ter-mit'tent-ly, adv. 

In ter-mix' (-mlks'), v. t. & i. To intermingle. 

In ter-mix'ture (-tfir; 135), n. 1. A mass formed 
by mixture. 2. An additional ingredient. 

In ter-mon'tane (-mon'tan), a. [See Inter-, and 
Montanic] Between mountains. 

In ter-mun'dane (-mun'djin), a. Being between worlds 
or orbs. [P.] [closed by walls. I 

In'ter-mu'ral (-mu'rol), a. Lying between walls ; in- 1 

In-tern' (Tn-tern'), v. t. [F. interner, fr. L. internus, 
a. See Internal.] To put for safe keeping in the in- 
terior of a place or country ; to confine to one locality. 

In-ter'nal (Tn-ter'nal), a. [L. internus ; akin to in- 
terior. See Interior.] 1. Inward ; interior ; being 
within any limit or surface ; inclosed. 2. Derived from, 
or dependent on, the thing itself ; inherent. 3. Per- 
taining to its own affairs or interests; domestic, as 
opposed to foreign. 4. Pertaining to the inner being 
or the heart ; spiritual. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, &, f, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, Quite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



INTERNALITY 



451 



INTERSTICE 



In'ter-nal'i-ty (Tn/ter-naVT-ty), n. State of being in- 
ternal. 

In-ter'nal-ly (Tn-ter'ncrl-ly), adv. 1. Inwardly ; with- 
in the envelopment or boundary of a thiug ; within the 
body. 2. Hence : Mentally ; spiritually. 

In'ter-na'tion-al (Tn'ter-naWun-al), a. 1. Between 
or among nations ; common to, or affecting, two or more 
nations. 2. Of or concerning the association called the 
International. 

Inter-na'tion-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. State or principles 
of international interests and intercourse. 

In'ter-na'tion-al-lze (-iz), v. t. To make international 
in scope or interest. 

In ter-ne'cine (-ne'sTn or -sin), «. [L. internecinus 
deadly, fr. internecare to kill; inter between -j- necure to 
kill.] Involving mutual slaughter ; mutually destructive. 

In-tern'ment(Tn-tern'ment), n. [See Intern.] Con- 
finement within narrow limits, or in the interior. 

In'ter-node' (Tn'ter-nod'), n. [L. internodium ; in- 
ter between -j- nodus knot.] 1. (Bot.) The space be- 
tween two adjacent nodes or points of the stem from 
which the leaves properly arise. 2. (Anat.) A part 
between two adjacent joints. 

In'ter-nun'ci-o (-nun'shT-6 or -sh6), n. ; pi. -cios (-oz 
or -shoz). [L. internuntius ; inter -f- nuntius, nuncius, 
messenger.] 1. A messenger between two parties. 2. A 
representative of the pope ranking next below a nuncio. 

In'ter-0 / ce-an'ic (-o'she-an'ik), a. Between oceans. 

In'ter-pel' (-pel'), v. t. [L. interpellare , -alum ; inter 
between + pellare (in comp.), akin to peilere to drive.] 
To interrupt ; to intercede with. [06s.] 

In'ter-peldant (-pellant), a. Interpelling ; inter- 
rupting. — n. One who, or that which, interpels. 

In'ter-pel'late (-lat), v. t. To question imperatively, 
as a public official ; — generally said of a legislative body. 

In'ter-pel-la'tion (-pel-la'shim), n. 1. Act of inter- 
rupting; interruption. 2. Act of interposing or inter- 
ceding; intercession. 3. Act of interpellating; per- 
emptory questioning. 4. An official summons or citation. 

In'ter-play' (-pla 7 ), ». Mutual action or influence. 

In'ter-plead' (m'teEr-pled'), v. i. (Law) To plead 
against each other, or go to trial between themselves, as 
the claimants in an interpleader. 

In'ter-plead'er (-er), n. 1. One who interpleads. 2. 
(Law) A proceeding to enable a person, against whom a 
claim is made by two or more parties, to compel them to 
litigate the right or title between themselves, he being 
then responsible to the successful party. 

In-ter'po-late (Tn-ter r po-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. In- 
terpolated (-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Interpolating.] 
[L. interpolare, p. p. -atus, fr. inlerpolus, inlerpolis, fal- 
sified, polished up ; inter between -j- polire to polish.] 1. 
To renew. [0Z>s.] 2. To alter or corrupt, as a book or a 
text, by the insertion of new matter. 3. (Math.) To fill 
up intermediate terms of, as of a series, according to the 
law of the series ; to introduce (a term) in a partial series. 

In-ter / p0-la'ti0H (Tn-teVp6-la'shun), n. 1. Act of 
introducing or inserting anything, esp. that which is 
spurious or foreign. 2. That which is introduced or in- 
serted. 3. (Math.) The finding of intermediate terms of 
a series from a few given terms of the series. 

In-ter/po-la'tor (-ter), n. One who interpolates. 

In ter-pos'al (Tn'ter-poz'al), n. Act of interposing. 

In'ter-pose' (-poz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interposed 
(-pozd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Interposing.] [F. interposer. 
See Inter-, and Pose.] 1. To place between. 2. To 
thrust in ; to intrude ; to introduce. 

In / ter-pose / , v. i. 1. To be or come between. 2. To 
step in between parties at variance ; to mediate. 3. To 
utter a sentiment by way of interruption. 

Syn. — To intervene ; intercede ; mediate ; interfere ; 
intermeddle. — Interpose does not, like intermeddle, nec- 
essarily imply impertinence or officiousness ; interfere, 
implies an intrusion into the affairs of another which is 
unjustifiable unless one's rights are interfered with. 

In'ter-pos'er (-poz'er), n. One that interposes. 

In'ter-po-sl'tion (-po-zTsh'Qn), n. 1. Act of inter- 
posing, or state of being interposed ; mediation. 2. The 
thing interposed. 

In-ter'pret (Tn-ter'pret), bl t. [imp. & p. p. In- 
terpreted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Interpreting.] [F. inter- 
preter, L. interpretari, p. p. -atus, fr. interpres inter- 
preter, agent ; inter between + (prob.) root of pretium 
price.] 1. To tell the meaning of ; to expound ; to 
translate orally into intelligible language ; to decipher ; 
to define. 2. To show by illustrative representation. 

Syn. — To translate ; explain ; solve ; render ; expound ; 
elucidate; decipher; unfold; unravel. 

In-ter'pret, v. i. To act as an interpreter. 



In terpre-ta'tlon (Tn-ter'prf-ta'ahOu). n. 1. Act of 
interpreting. 2. The sense or rendering given by an in- 
terpreter ; meaning. 

Syn. — Explanation; solution; translation; version; 
construction ; sense ; exposition ; rendering ; definition. 

In-ter'pre-ta-tlve (ti-tlv), a. 1. Designed or fitt«d 
to interpret ; explanatory. 2. According to interpreta- 
tion ; constructive. [interprets. I 

In-ter'pret-er (-prSt-er), n. One who or that which! 

In ter-punc'tion (-punk'shan), n. [L 
fr. inter pungere, -punctual, to interpoint.] Punctuation. 

In'ter-re'gent (-re'jent), n. A person who discharge* 
the royal functions during an interregnum. 

In ter-reg'num (-reg'nOm), n. [L., fr. inter between 
-f- regnum dominion, reign.] 1. The time a throne ia 
vacant between the death or abdication of a sovereign 
and the accession of his successor. 2. Any period dur- 
ing which, for any cause, the executive branch of a 
government is suspended or interrupted. 

In'ter-re-lat'ed (-re-lat'gd), a. Having a mutual or 
reciprocal relation or parallelism ; correlative. 

In'ter-re-la'tlon (-re-la'shiin), n. Correlation. 

In-ter'rer (Tn-ter'rer), n. One who inters. 

In'ter-rez 7 (Tn'ter-rSks'), n. ; pi. E. Interrexes (Tn'- 
ter-rSks'Sz), L. Interreges (-re^jez). [L., fr. inter be- 
tween -j- rex king.] An interregent, or a regent. 

Inter ro-gate (Tn-tSr'ro-gat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Interrogated (-ga'te'd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Interrogat- 
ing (-ga'ting).] [L. interrogate, p. p. -atus; inter be- 
tween -f- rogare to ask.] To question formally ; to ex- 
amine by asking questions ; to question. 

In-tef'ro-ga'tion (Tn-teVro-ga'shun), n. 1. Act of 
interrogating or questioning. 2. A question put ; an 
inquiry. 3. A character [?] indicating that the sen- 
tence with which it is connected is a question. 

In'ter-rog'a-tive (Tn'ter-rSg'a-tTv), a. Denoting a 
question; expressed in the form of a question. — n. 
(Gram.) A word used in asking questions; as, who? 
what? which? why ? — In'ter-rog'a-tive-ly, adv. 

In-ter'ro-ga'tor (Tn-ter'ro-ga'ter), n. One who asks 
questions ; a questioner. 

In'ter-rOg'a-tO-ry (ln/ter-rSg'a-to-ry), n. A formal 
question ; specif. (Law), a question asked in writing. 

In'ter-rog'a-tO-ry (-to-r^), a. Containing, express- 
ing, or implying, a question. 

In'ter-nrpf (ln'ter-rupf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. In- 
terrupted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Interrupting.] [L. inter- 
ruptus, p. p. of interrumpere to interrupt ; inter between 
-j- rumpere to break.] 1. To break into or between ; to 
interfere with the current or motion of. 2. To divide ; 
to separate ; to break the monotony of. 

In'ter-rupf ed-ly, adv. With interruptions. 

In'ter-rupt'er (-er), n. One that interrupts. 

In ter-rup'tion (Tn'ter-rur/shun), n. 1. Act of in- 
terrupting, or state of being interrupted ; a breach or 
break. 2. Obstruction; stop; hindrance. 3. Tempo- 
rary cessation ; intermission ; suspension. 

In'ter-rupfive (-rup'tiv), a. Tending to interrupt. 

In / ter-SCap / U-lar (-skar/u-ler), a. Situated between 
the scapulae or shoulder blades, or between the shoulders. 

In'ter-SCrlbe 7 (-skrHV), V. t. [L. interscribere ; int<>r 
between + scribere to write.] To write between. [R.] 

In ter-se'cant (-se'ka'nt), a. Intersecting. 

Inter-sect' (-sekt'), *'■ t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Inter- 
sected ; p. pr. & vb. n. Intersecting.] [L. iniersecare, 
p. p. -sectus; inter + secare to cut.] To cut into or be- 
tween ; to cut or cross mutually ; to divide into parts. 

In'ter-sec'tion (-sek'slmn), n. Act, state, or place of 
intersecting. 

In'ter-space' (Tn'ter-spasO. n. Intervening space. 

In'ter-sperse' (m'ter-spers'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. In- 
terspersed (-spersf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Interspersing.] 
[L. i?iterspersus interspersed ; inter between, among + 
sparge re to scatter.] 1. To scatter or set here and 
there among other things. 2. To diversify or adorn 
with things placed at intervals. 

In'ter-sper'sion (-sper'shun), n. Act of interspersing, 
or state of being interspersed. 

In'ter-State (Tn'ter-stat'), a- Pertaining to, existing 
between, or including, different States. [stars. I 

In'ter-Stel'lar (-stel'ler), a. Between or among the| 

In^er-Stella-ry (-st51'la-ry), <7. Interstellar. 

In-ter'stice (Tn-teVstTs), n. [L. interstitium a pause, 
interval; inter between -f sistere to set, fr. stare to 
stand.] 1. That which intervenes between one thing 
and another ; esp., a space between things closely set, or 
between the parts which compose a body ; crevice ; hole ; 
interval. 2. An interval of time. 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rnde, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tnen, thin. 



M 



INTERSTITIAL 



462 



INTRANSITIVE 



In ter-stl'tlal (In t?r-stT$h'<?l), a. Of or pertaining to 
Intarstima ; intermediate ; within the tissues. 

In ter-tex'ture (,-tfks'tur ; 135), n. Act of interweav- 
ing, or state of being interwoven ; that which is iuter- 
« oven. [or within the tropics. I 

In ter-trop'ic-al (-trSp'T-kfll), a. Situated between j 

In ter-twine' (-twin'), v. t. & i. To unite by twining. 

In ter-twist' (-twist'), r. t. To twist together. 

In'ter-val (IntSr-val), n. [L. intervallum ; inter be- 
tween -j- vallum a wall.] 1. A space between things; 
a void space intervening between any two objects. 2. 
Space of time between any two points or events. 3. A 
brief time between the recurrence of similar states. 4. 
[Mus.) Difference in pitch between any two tones. 

In'ter-vale ) (-vol), n. A tract of low ground between 

In'ter-val ) hills, or along the banks of a stream, 
enriched by the overflowings of the river, or by deposits 
from adjacent hills. [Local, U. S.~\ 

In ter- vallum (-vSl'lfim), ».; pi. E. Intervallums 
(-liimz), L. Intervalla (-la). [L.] An interval, [R.~\ 

In'ter-vene' (-ven'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intervened 
(-vend') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Intervening.] [L. intervenire, 
intervention, fcr intervene, to hinder; inter between -f- 
venire to come ; akin to E. come.] 1. To come or be be- 
tween persons or things. 2. To occur, fall, or come, be- 
tween points of time or events. 3. To interpose. 4. In 
a suit to which one has not been made a party, to put for- 
ward a defense of one's interest in the subject matter. 

In'ter-ven'er (-veu'er), n. One who intervenes. 

In ter-ven'tion (-ven'shun), n. Act of intervening. 

In'ter-vlew (Tu'ter-vu), n. [F. enlrevue, fr. entrevoir 
to see imperfectly, to have a glimpse of, s'entrevoir to 
visit each other. See Inter-, and View.] 1. A mutual 
sight or view ; a meeting face to face ; usually, a formal 
or official meeting ; a conference. 2. A conversation, or 
questioning, for the purpose of eliciting information for 
publication; the published statement so elicited. [Recenf] 

In'ter-view, r. t. To have an interview with. [Recent] 

In'ter-Vlew'er (-vu'er), n. One who interviews. 

In'ter-VOlve' (-volv'), v. t. [Pref. inter- + L. volvere, 
volutum, to roll.] To involve ; to twist or coil together. 

In'ter-weave' (Tn'ter-weV), v. t. 1. To weave to- 
gether ; to intertwine. 2. To intermingle. 

In-tes'ta-ble (Tn-tes'ta-b'l), a. (Law) Not capable, 
qualified, or competent to make a testament or will. 

In-tes'ta-CV (-ta-sy), v. State of being intestate. 

In-tes'tate (-tat), cr. [L. intestatus; pref. in- not + 
testatus, p. p. of testari to make a will.] 1. Not having 
made a valid will ; being without a will. 2. Not dis- 
posed of by will. 

In-tes'tate, n. (Law) A person who dies intestate. 

In-tes'tl-nal (-tT-nal), a. Of or pertaining to the 
intestines of an animal. 

In-tes'tine (Tn-teVtTn), a. [L. intestinus, fr. intus on 
the inside, within, fr. in in.] 1. Internal ; inward. 2. 
Domestic ; not foreign ; — applied usually to that which 
is evil. 3. Depending upon the internal constitution of 
a body or entity ; subjective. 

In-tes'tine, n. 1. (Anat.) That part of the alimentary 
canal between the stomach and the anus. 2. pi. The 
bowels ; entrails ; viscera. [enslave. | 

In-thrall' (in-thral'), v. t. To reduce to bondage ; to | 

In-thrall'ment (-ment), n. Act of inthralling, or state 
of being inthralled ; servitude ; bondage ; vassalage. 

In-throne' (Tn-thron'), v. t. Same as Enthrone. 

In'ti-ma-CV (In'tT-ma-s^), n. State of being intimate ; 
close familiarity or association ; nearness in friendship. 

In'tl-mate (Tu'tT-mat), a. [Formerly intime, L. inti- 
mus, a superl. corresponding to the compar. interior. The 
form intimate is due to confusion with intimate, v. t.] 

1. Innermost ; inward ; internal ; deep-seated ; hearty. 

2. Near ; close ; direct ; thorough ; complete. 3. Close 
in friendship or acquaintance ; familiar ; confidential. 

In'ti-mate, n. An intimate friend or associate. 

In'tl-mate (-mat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intimated ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. Intimating.] [L. intimare, p. p. -atus, 

to put into, to make known, from intimus the inmost. 

See Intimate, a.] 1. To announce. [065.] 2. To sug- 

j.scurely or indirectly ; to hint ; to suggest. 

In'tl-mate-ly (-mat-ty), adv. In an intimate manner 

In'ti-ma'tion (Tn/tT-ma'shun), n. Act of intimatin 
also, the thing intimated. 

In-tim'l-date (Tn-timT-dat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. In 
timidated (-da'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Intimidating (-da'- 
tiuK)-] [LL. intimidare, p. p. -atus ; pref. in- in -f- 
timidui fearful, timid.] To make timid or fearful; to 
deter, as by threats ; to dishearten ; to daunt. 

Syn.— To dispirit ; frighten; terrify; cow. 



In tim i-da'tion (Tn-tYm'T-da'shun), n. Act of intim- 
idating : state of being intimidated. 

In-tit'ule (Tn-tit'ul), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intituled 
(-uld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Intituling.] [See Entitle.] To 
entitle ; to give a title to. 

In'tO (Yn'tob), prep. [In -f- <o.] To the inside of ; 
within ; — used in various meanings ; as, to imply : (a) 
entrance or a passing in ; (6) a looking into or penetra- 
tion ; (c) insertion or inclusion ; (d) a passing from one 
form, condition, or state to another. 

In tol'er-a Die (Tn-t51'er-a-b'l), a, Not tolerable ; un- 
endurable ; insufferable ; insupportable ; unbearable. — 
In-tol'er-a-ble-ness, n. — In-tol'er-a-bly, adv. 

In-tol'er-ance (-ana), n. Quality of being intolerant. 

In-tol'er-ant (-ant), a. 1. Not enduring ; not able to 
endure. 2. Not tolerating or permitting difference of 
opinion or sentiment, esp. in religious matters ; unjustly 
impatient of the opinion of those who disagree with us ; 
unforbearing ; bigoted. — In-tol'er-ant-ly, adv. 

In-tol'er-ant, n. An intolerant person ; a bigot. 

In-tOl'er-a'tion (-a'shfin), n. Intolerance. 

In-tomb' (Tn-toom'), v. t. To bury ; to entomb. 

In'to-nate (Tn'to-nat), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Into- 
nated (-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Intonating (-na'ting)^" 
[See Intone.] 1. (Mus.) To sound the tones of the mu- 
sical scale ; to practice the sol-fa. 2. To modulate the 
voice, or to utter in a musical, sonorous, and measured 
manner ; to intone ; to chant. 

In to-na'tion (-na'shun), 7i. (Mus.) (a) Act of sound- 
ing the tones of the musical scale. (6) Singing or play- 
ing with regard to the correctness of the tones, (c) An 
intoning ; a reciting in a musical prolonged tone. 

In-tone' (Tn-ton'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Intoned 
(-tond') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Intoning.] [LL. intonare, in- 
tonatum; pref. in- in -j- L. tonus tone.] To utter, or to 
modulate the voice, with a musical or prolonged note 
or tone ; to chant ; to intonate. 

In-tor'sion (Tn-t6r'shun), n. [See Intoet.] A wind- 
ing, bending, or twisting. 

In-tort' (Tn-tSrf), v. l. [imp. &p.'p. Intorted ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Intorting.] [L. intorquere, p. p. intortus ; pref. 
in- in -{- torquere to twist.] To intertwist ; to twine ; to 
wreathe ; to wTing. 

In-tor'tion (Tn-tSr'shun), n. See Intorsion. [agent. I 

In-tox'i-cant (Tn-toks'T-kant), n. An intoxicating! 

In-IOX'i-cate (-kSt), a. [LL. intoxicatus, p. p. of in 
toxicare to drug or poison ; pref. in- in + L. toxicum 
arrow poison, Gr. to£ikov, fr. to£i/cos pertaining to a bow.] 
1. Intoxicated. 2. Overexcited, as with joy or grief. 

In-tox'i-cate (-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intoxicated 
(-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Intoxicating (-ka'tTng).] 1. 
To poison ; to drug. 2. To make drunk ; to inebriate. 
3. To excite to a transport ; to elate excessively. 

In-tox i-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of intoxicating, 
or state of being intoxicated. 

Syn. — Drunkenness ; inebriation ; inebriety ; ebriety ; 
infatuation ; delirium. See Drunkenness. 

II In'tra- (In'tra-). [L. intra, prep., within, on the 
inside ; akin to inter. See Inter-.] A prefix signifying 
in, within, interior. 

In-tract'a-ble (Tn-trSkt'a-b'l), a. Not tractable ; not 
easily governed, managed, directed, or taught ; unman- 
ageable ; unruly ; headstrong.— In-tract'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'- 
T-ty), In-tract'a-ble-ness, n. — In-tract'a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Stubborn ; perverse ; obstinate ; refractory ; 
cross ; violent ; ungovernable ; indocile ; unteachable. 

In-tra'dOS (Tn-tra'dos), n. [F., fr. L. intra within -f- 
F. dos the back, L. dorsum.] (Arch.) The interior 
curve of an arch. [See Illust. of Extrados.] 

In tra-fu'sion (Tn'tra-fu'zhun), n. [Pref. intra- -f L, 
f under -e, fusum, to pour.] Act of pouring into a vessel ; 
specif. (Med.), the introduction of a substance into a 
blood vessel. [the margin. I 

In tra-mar'gin-al (-mar'jTn-al), a. Situated within | 

In tra-mun'dane (-mun'dan), a. Being within the 
material world ; — opposed to extramundane. 

In tra-mu'ral (-mu r ral), a. 1. Being within the walls, 
as of a city. 2. (Anat. & Med.) Being within the sub- 
stance of the walls of an organ. 

*" In-trans'i-gent (Tn-trSns'i-jent), a. [F. intransi- 
geant; pi-ef. in- not + L. transigere to agree.] Refusing 
compromise ; uncompromising ; irreconcilable^ 

In-trans'i-gen-tes (-jSn-tez ; Sp. en-tran'se-han'tas), 
n. pi. [Sp.] (Spanish Politics) The extreme radicals. 

In-tran'si-tive (Tn-tran'si-tTv), a. (Gram.) Not tran- 
sitive ; expressing an action or state that is limited to 
the agent or subject, or, in other words, an action which 
does not require an object to complete the sense. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, £vent, tdea, ftbey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



INTRANSITIVELY 



453 



INTUSSUSCEPTED 



In-tran'si-tive-ly (In-tran'sT-tTv-ty), adv. (Gram.) 
Without au object following ; in the maimer of an in- 
transitive verb. [transmissible. I 

Intrans-mis'si-ble (In'tr5ns-mTs'sT-b'l ), a. Not| 

In'trans-mut'a-ble (-inut'a-b'l), a. Not capable of be- 
ing transmuted. — In'trans-mu ta-bil'i-ty (-bll'I-ty), n. 

In-trap' (Tn-trXp'), v. t. See Entrap. 

In'tra-pa-ri'e-tal (Tn'tra-pa-ri'e-t«l), a. Situated or 
occurring within an inclosure ; private ; secludf ' 

In'tra-ter'ri-tO'ri-al (-tSr'rT-to'rT-al), a. W^lnn the 
territory or a territory. 

In'tra-u'ter-ine (-u'ter-Tn or -In), a. Within the 
uterus or womb ; as, intrauterine hemorrhage. 

In-treat' (Tn-tref), v. t. See Entreat. 

Intrench' (Tn-trSnch'), v. t. 1. To make trenches in 
or upon ; to cut ; to furrow ; to trench. 2. To surround 
or fortify with a trench or with intrenchments. 

Intrench', v. i. To invade ; to encroach ; to enter 
on, and take possession of, that which belongs to another. 

In-trench/ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of intrenching or 
state of being intrenched. 2. (Mil. ) Any defensive work 
consisting of at least a trench or ditch and a parapet. 3. 
An encroachment or infringement. 

In-trep'id (Tn-trep'Td), a. [L. intrepidus. See In- 
not, and Trepidation.] Not trembling or shaking with 
fear ; fearless ; bold ; brave ; undaunted. 

In'tre-pld'i-ty (Tn'tre-pTd'T-ty), n. Quality or state 
of being intrepid ; fearless bravery ; valor ; fortitude. 

Syn. — Courage ; gallantry. See Heroism. 

In-trep'id-ly (-trep'Td-ty), adv. In an intrepid manner. 

In'tri-ca-cy (Tn'tr T-ka-sy), n. State or quality of being 
intricate ; that which is intricate or involved. 

In'tri-cate (Tn'trl-kat), a. [L. intricatus, p. p. of in- 
Iricare to entangle, perplex. See Extricate.] Entan- 
gled ; involved ; perplexed ; complicated ; difficult to un- 
derstand, follow, arrange, or adjust. — In'tri-cate-ly, 
adv. — In'tri-cate-ness, n. 

Syn. — Complex ; complicated. — A thing is complex 
when it is made up of parts ; it is complicated when those 
parts are so many, or so arranged, as to make it difficult 
to grasp them; it is intricate when it has numerous 
windings and confused involutions hard to follow out. 

In-trigue' (Tn-treg'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intrigued 
(-tregd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Intriguing.] [F. intriguer, 
OF. intriguer, L. intricare. See Intricate.] 1. To 
form a plot or scheme ; to contrive to accomplish a pur- 
pose by secret artifice. 2. To carry on a secret and illicit 
love or amour. 

In-trigue', n. 1. A complicated plot or scheme in- 
tended to effect some purpose by secret artifice ; strata- 
gem. 2. The plot of a play or romance. 3. A secret 
and illicit love affair ; an amour ; a liaison. 

Syn. — Plot; scheme; conspiracy; machination. 

In-trigU/er (Tn-treg'er), n. One who intrigues. 

In-trigu'er-y (-y), n. Arts or practice of intrigue. 

In-trin'sic (Tn-trTn'sTk), a. [L. intrinsecus inward, 
on the inside ; intra within -f- secus beside ; akin to E. 
second.] Inward ; internal ; hence, true ; genuine ; real ; 
essential ; inherent ; not merely apparent or accidental. 

In -trin'sic al (-sT-kal), a. Intrinsic. 

In-trin'si-cal'i-ty (-sT-kal'T-ty), n. The quality of 
being intrinsic ; essentialness ; genuineness ; reality. 

In-trin'sic-al-ly (Tn-trTn'sI-kal-ly), adv. Internally ; 
in its nature ; essentially ; really ; truly. 

In-trin'sic-al-ness, n. Quality of being intrinsic. 

In'tro- (Tn'tro-). [L. intro, adv., inwardly, within. 
See Inter-.] A prefix signifying within, into, in, in- 
ward; as, introduce, introreceTption, tn/rothoracic. 

In tro-ces'sion (Tn'tro-sesh'iin), n. [L. introcedere, 
introcessum, to go in; intro within -|- cedere to go.] 
(Med.) A depression, or Jn ward sinking of parts. 

In'tro-djice' (In'tro-dus'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intro- 
duced (-dust') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Introducing (-du'sTng).] 
[L. introducere, introductum ; intro within -f- ducere to 
lead.] 1. To lead, bring, or usher in. 2. To put (some- 
thing into a place) ; to insert. 3. To lead to and make 
known by formal announcement or recommendation ; 
hence, to cause to be acquainted. 4. To bring into no- 
tice, practice, cultivation, or use. 5. To open to notice ; 
to begin ; to present ; to preface. 

In tro-du'cer (-du'ser), n. One that introduces. 

In'tro-duc'tion (-duk'shun), n. 1. Act of introducing. 

2. Act of formally making persons known to each other. 

3. The introductory part of a book or discourse ; pre- 
liminary matter ; preface ; proem ; exordium ; also, an 
introductory treatise ; a guide. 

In'tro-duc'tive (-tTv), a. Serving to introduce ; in- 
troductory. — In'tro-duc'tive-ly, adv. 



In tro-duc'to-ry (Tn'tro-duk'tS-ry), a. Serving to in- 
troduce something else ; preliminary ; prefatory. 

In-tTO'it (Tu-tro'It), n. [L. intruitus, fr. iutroire to 
go into, to enter ; intro within -f- ire to go.] 1. A go- 
ing in. 2. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A psalm nms or chanted 
immediately before the collect, epistle, and gospel, and 
while the priest is entering within the rails of the altar. 
(b) A part of Scripture read by the priest 
diately after ascending to the altar. 3. (Eng. Ch.) An 
anthem or psalm sung before the Communion service. 
4. Any composition of vocal music appropriate to the 
opening of church services. [nutting. 

In'tro-mis'sion (In'tro-mTsh'un), 7i. Act of intro- | 

In'tro-mit' (-unf), v. t. [imp. at p. p. Intromitted; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Intromiting.] [L. mtromittm 
mm; intro- -f- mitlere to send.] 1. To send in or put in ; 
to insert or introduce. 2. To allow to pass in ; to admit. 

In-trorse / (Tn-tr6rs'), a. [L. introrsus inward, coutr. 
from introversus. See Introvert.] (Hot.) Turning or 
facing inward, or toward the axis. 

Introspect' (Tn'tro-spekf), v. t. [L. introspicere, 
p. p. -spectus ; intro within + specere to look.] To look 
into or within. 

In tro-spec'tion (-spSk'shun), n. A view of the in- 
terior ; a looking inward ; specif., self-examination ; the 
cognition by the mind of its own acts and states. 

In'tro-spec'tlve (-tTv), a. Tending to or involving 
introspection ; inspecting ; self-conscious. 

In'tro-ver'sion (-ver'shun), n. Act of introverting, 
or state of being introverted. 

In'tro- vert' (-vert'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Introverted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Introverting.] [Pref. intro- + L. ver- 
tere, versum, to turn.] To turn, bend, or direct inward. 

In-trude' (Tn-trud'), v. i. [L. intrudrre, intrusum ; 
pref. in- in + trudere to thrust, akin to E. threat.] To 
thrust one's self in ; to come or go in without invitation, 
permission, or welcome ; to encroach ; to trespass. 

In-trude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intruded ; p. pr. & 
#6. n. Intruding.] To thrust or force in or upon ; esp., 
to force (one's self) in without leave or welcome. 

Syn. — To obtrude; encroach; infringe; intrench; 
trespass. See Obtrude. 

In-trud'er (Tn-trud'er), n. One who intrudes. 

In-tru'sion (in-tru'zhun), n. 1. Act of intruding; 
esp. , the forcing (one's self) into a place without right or 
welcome ; encroachment. 2. (Geol.) The penetrating of 
one rock, while in a plastic or melted state, into the cavi- 
ties of another. 3. (Law) The entry of a stranger, after 
a particular estate of freehold is determined, before the 
person who holds in remainder or reversion has taken 
possession. 4. (Scotch Ch.) The settlement of a minister 
over a congregation without their consent. 

In-tru'slon-ist, n. One who intrudes ; esp., one who 
favors the intrusion of a clergyman. 

In-tru'sive (Tn-tru'sTv), a. Apt to intrude ; charac- 
terized by intrusion ; entering without right or welcome. 
— In-tru'sive-ly, adv. — In-tru'sive-ness. n. 

In-trust' (Tn-trusf), v. t. To deliver (something) in 
trust ; to deliver to (another) something in trust. 

Syn. —To commit ; consign ; confide. See Commit. 

In'tU-i'tion (Tn'tu-Tsh'un), n. [L. intuit us, p. p. of 
intueri to look on ; in- in, on + tueri to see, witch, pro- 
tect.] 1. Direct apprehension or cognition ; immediate 
knowledge, as in perception or consciousness involving 
no reasoning process ; quick or ready insight or appre- 
hension. 2. Any object or truth discerned by direct 
cognition ; esp. , a first or primary truth. 

In'tU-i'tion-al (-o\), a. Pertaining to, derived from, 
or characterized or perceived by, intuition ; intuitive. 

In'tU-1'tion-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. (Met a ph.) The doc- 
trine that the recognition of primary truth is intuitive. 

In'tU-i'tion-al-ist, n. A believer in intuitionalism. 

In'tu-i'tion-ism (-Tz'm), n. Same as Intuitionalism. 

In'tu-i'tion-ist, n. Same as Intuitionalist. 

In-tU'I-tlve (Tn-tu'T-tTv). a. 1. Seeing clearly. 2. 
Knowing or perceiving by intuition. 3. Received, 
reached, obtained, or perceived, by intuition. — In-tU'I- 
tlve-ly, adv. [and wrong are intuitive. I 

In-tU'l-tiv-ism (-Tz'm ). n. Doctrine that ideas of right | 

In'tu-mesce' (Tn'tu-me's'), v. i. [L. tntumeaoere; 
pref. in- in -f- tumescere to swell up.] To enlarge or 
expand with heat ; to swell. 

In tu-mes'cence (-mes'sens), n. 1. Act or process of 
swelling or enlarging ; also, state of being swollen ; ex- 
pansion ; tumidity. 2. Anything swollen or enlarged. 

In tu-mes'cent (-sfnt), a. Swelling up ; expanding. 

In'tus-sus-cep'ted (Tu'tus-sus-sSp'te'd), a. [See In- 
tussusception.] Received into some other tiling or part. 



K I 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, 'urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



INTUSSUSCEPTION 



454 



INVERTED 



In tUS-SUS-cep'tion (Tn't&s-siis-se'p'shim), n. [L. tn- 
ius within -r susception.] 1. The reception of one part 
within another. 2. [MecL) Abnormal reception of a part 
of a tube, by inversion and descent, within a contiguous 
part of it. 3. (Physiol.) Act of taking foreign matter, as 
food, into a living body ; process of nutrition, [gether. I 

In-twine' (Tn-twin'), v. t. & i. To twine into or to- 1 

In-twlst' (Tn-twTsf), r. t. To twist into or together. 

In U-en'do un u-?u'do), ;;. See Innuendo. 

In'u-lin Ow'u-liu)- »• [From NL. Inula Helenium, 
the elecampane.] (Chem.) A substance of very wide 
occurrence, intermediate between starch and sugar. 

In-um'brate (In-3m / bx5t), v. t. [L. kmmbratutjjp. p. 
of imunbrare to shade.] To shade ; to darken. [06s.] 

In-unc'tion (-unk'shQn), n. [L. inunctio, fr. iiutngere, 
inututum, to anoint. See 1st In-, and Unction.] Act 
of anointing, or the state of being anointed. 

In-un'date (-Gn'dat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inundated 
(-da-tecl) ; p. pr. S: vb. n. Inundating.] [L. inundare, 
p. p. -atus ; pref. in- in + undare to rise in waves, to 
overflow, fr. undo, a wave.] To cover with, or as with, 
a flood ; to overflow ; to deluge ; to flood. 

In uil-da'tion (Tn'un-da'shun), n. 1. Act of inunda- 
ting, or state of being inundated. 2. An overspreading 
of any kind ; a superfluous abundance. 

Inurbane' (Tn'fir-ban'), a. Not urbane; uncivil; 
unpolished : rude. — In ur-bane'ly, adv. 

In ur-ban'i-ty (-ban'i-ty), n. Want of urbanity or 
courtesy ; unpolished manners or deportment ; rudeness. 

In-ure' (Tn-ur'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indeed (-urd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. ?i. Inuring.] [From pref. in- in + we 
use, work.] To apply in use ; to train ; to discipline ; to 
harden ; to habituate ; to practice habitually. 

In-ure', v. i. To. pass into use ; to take or have effect ; 
to be applied ; to serve to the use or benefit of. 

In-ure'ment (-ment), n. Act of inuring ; use; prac- 
tice ; discipline ; habit ; custom. [intomb. I 

In-urn' (Yn-firn'), v. t. To put in an urn ; hence, to] 

In U-til'i-ty (Tu^u-til'i-ty), n. Want of utility ; use- 
lessness ; unprofitableness. 

In-vade' (Tn-vad'), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Invaded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Invading.] [L. invadere, invasura ; pref. 
in- in + vadere to go ; akin to E. wade.'] 1. To go into 
or upon ; to enter. [Obs.] 2. To enter with hostile in- 
tentions or with a view to conquest or plunder. 3. To 
attack ; to infringe ; to encroach on ; to violate. 

In-vade', v. i. To make an invasion. 

In-vad'er (-vad'er), n. One who invades. 

In-vag'i-nate (Tn-vSjI-nat), v. t. To insert as in a 
sheath ; to produce intussusception in. 

In-vag'i-nate (-nat), ) a. (Biol.) (a) Sheathed. 

In-vag'i-na'ted (-na'ted), ) (b) Having one portion 
of a hollow organ drawn back within another portion. 

In-vag'1-na'tlon (-na'shun), n. [L. pref. in- in -)- 
vagina sheath.] (Biol.) (a) State of being invaginated. 
(b) One of the methods by which the germinal layers of 
the ovum are differentiated. 

In'va-lid (in'va-lid), n. [F. invalide, fr. L. invalidus, 
a., infirm, weak. See In- not, and Valid.] A person 
who is weak and infirm ; esp., one in chronic ill health. 

In'va-lid. a. Not well ; feeble ; infirm ; sickly. 

In'va-lid, v. t. 1. To make or render invalid or in- 
firm. 2. To classify or enroll as an invalid. 

In-valid (In- valid), a. [Pref. in- not -f- valid.] 1. 
Of no force, weight, or cogency ; not valid ; weak. 2. 
(Lav:) Having no force, effect, or efficacy; void; null. 

In-val'i-date (Tn-val'T-dat), v. t. {imp. & p. p. In- 
validated (-da't&i) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Invalidating.] To 
render invalid ; to destroy the authority of. 

In-val i-da'tion (-da'shun), n. Act of invalidating, or 
state of being invalidated. [valid ; infirmity. I 

In'va-lid-ism (Tn'va-Hd-Tz'm), n. State of an in-j 

In'va-lid'i-ty (Tn/va-lTd'T-ty), n. Want of validity or 
cogency ; want of legal force or efficacy ; invalidness. 

In-val'id-ness (Tn-vSl'Td-ngs), n. Invalidity. 

In-val'or-ons (-er-us), a. Not valorous ; cowardly. 

In-val'U-a-ble (-u-a-b'l), a. Valuable beyond estima- 
tion ; inestimable ; priceless. — In-val'U-a-bly, adv. 

In-va'ri-a-ble (Tn-va'rT-a-b'l), a. Not variable ; un- 
alterable ; unchangeable ; unchanging ; always uniform. 

— In-va ri-a-bil'i-ty (-blll-ty), In-va'ri-a-ble-ness, n. 

— In-va'ri-a-bly, adv. [tity. I 
In-va'ri-ant (-ant), n. (Math.) An invariable quan-| 
In-va'Slon (Tn-va'zhun), n. Act of invading ; en- 
croachment ; trespass ; hostile incursion. 

Syn.— Incursion; irruption; inroad. 
In-va'sive (-slv), a. Tending to invade ; character- 
ized by invasion ; aggressive. 



In-vec'ted (Tn-vgk'tSd), a. [L. invectus carried in. 
See Inveigh.] (Her.) Having a bor- 
der or outline composed of arcs of 
circles with the convexity outward. 

In-vec'tive (-tiv), a. [L. inveo- 
tints. See Inveigh.] Characterized Invected. 

by invective ; critical ; satirical ; railing. 

In-vec'tive, n. An expression which inveighs against 
a person ; severe censure or reproach ; violent accusation. 

Syn. — Satire ; sarcasm ; railing ; diatribe. See Abuse. 

In-veigb/ (Tn-va'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inveighed 
(-vad') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inveighing.] [L. invehere, in- 
vectum, lit., to bring against; pref. in- in -f- vehere to 
carry. See Vehicle.] To utter censorious and bitter 
language ; to use invectives ; to declaim or rail. 

In-veigh'er (-er), n. One who inveighs. 

In-vei'gle (In-ve'g'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inveigled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inveigling (-gling).] [Prob. fr. . 
F. aveugler to blind, to delude, fr. aveugle blind, OF. 
aveugle, avugle, properly, without eyes, fr. L. ab -J- 
oculus eye.] To lead astray, as if blind ; to entice ; to 
insnare ; to seduce ; to wheedle. 

In-vei'gle-ment (-ment), n. Act of inveigling, or 
state of being inveigled ; that which inveigles. 

In-vei'gler (-gler), n. One who inveigles. 

In-ven'om (in-ven'um), v. t. See Envenom. 

In-vent' (Tn-venf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invented; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Inventing.] [L. inventus, p. p. of inve- 
nire to come upon, to find, invent ; pref. in- in -j- venire 
to come.] 1. To come upon. [Obs.] 2. To discover, 
as by study or inquiry ; to find out ; to devise ; to con- 
trive or produce for the first time. 3. To frame by the 
imagination ; to fabricate, mentally. 

Syn. — To design; concoct; elaborate. See Discover. 

In-vent'er (-er), n. One who invents. 

In-vent'i-ble (-i-b'l), a. Capable of being invented. 

In-ven'tion (Tn-ven'shun), n. 1. Act of inventing. 
2. That which is invented ; an original contrivance or 
construction ; a device. 3. Thought ; idea. 4. A fab- 
rication to deceive ; a fiction ; a falsehood. 5. Faculty 
of inventing ; imaginative faculty. 

In-vent'ive (in-vent'iv), a. Able and apt to Invent ; 
quick at contrivance ; ready at expedients. — In-vent'- 
ive-ly, adv. — In-vent'ive-ness, n. [an originator. I 

In-vent'or (-er), n. One who invents ; a contriver ; | 

In'ven-tO'ri-al (In'ven-to'rl-al), a. Of or pertaining 
to an inventory. — In'ven-tO'll-al-ly, adv. 

In'ven-tO-ry (Tn'vgn-to-ry), n. [L. inventarium. See 
Invent.] A list of the property of which a person or es- 
tate is found to be possessed ; hence, an itemized list of 
goods or valuables, with their estimated worth. 

Syn. — Register ; schedule; catalogue. See List. 

In'ven-tO-ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inventoried (-rid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Inventorying.] To make an inventory 
of ; to insert or register in an account of goods. 

in-vent'ress (Tn-vSnt'res), n. A woman who invents. 

In've-rac'I-ty (Tn've-ras'i-ty), n. Want of veracity. 

In-verse' (Tn-vers'), a. [L. inversus. See Invert.] 
Opposite in order, relation, or effect; reversed; in- 
verted ; reciprocal. — In-versely, adv. 

In-ver'sion (Tn-ver'shun), n. 1. Act of inverting. 
2. A reversed position or arrangement of things ; trans- 
position. 3. (Chem.) Act or process by which cane 
sugar is split up into grape sugar and fruit sugar ; also, 
less properly, the process by which starch is converted 
into grape sugar ; — a term referring to the difference in 
the rotation of the plane of polarization. 

In- vert' (Tn-verf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inverted ; p. 
pr. &vb. n. Inverting.] [L. interfere, inversum ; pref. 
in- in + vertere to turn.] 1. To turn over ; to put up- 
side down ; to place in a contrary way ; to reverse. 2. 
{Chem.) To decompose by, or subject to, inversion. 

In'vert (Tn'vert), a. (Chem.) Subjected to the proc- 
ess of inversion ; inverted ; converted. [brate. I 

In-ver'te-bral (Tn-ver'te-bral), a. (Zo'ol.) Inverte-1 

II In-ver'te-bra'ta (In-veVte-bra'ta), n. pi. [NL. See 
In- not, and Vertebrate.] (Zo'ol.) The division of the 
animal kingdom including all except the Vertebrata. 

In-ver'te-brate (Tn - ver ' te- 
brat), a. (Zo'ol.) Destitute of a 
backbone ; having no vertebrae ; 
of or pert, to the Invertebrata. 
— n. One of the Invertebrata. 

In-ver'te-bra'ted (-bra'tSd), 
a. Having no backbone. 

In-vert'ed (in-vert'gd), a. T nver ted Arch. 

Changed to a contrary order or 
direction ; reversed ; characterized by inversion. 




a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, H, f, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, Unite, care, arm, aak, all, finaL 



INVERTIBLE 



455 



INVULNERABLENESS 



In-vert'i-ble (Tn-vert'T-b'l), a. [From Invert.] Ca- 
pable of being inverted or turned. 

In-vert'i-ble, a. [Pref. in- not + L. vertere to turn -f- 
•ible.] Incapable of being turned or changed. 

In-vest' (Tn-vgsf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invested; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Investing.] [L. investire, investitum ; 
pref. in- in + vestire to clothe. See Vest.] 1. To put 
garments on ; to clothe ; to dress ; to array. 2. To place 
in possession of rank, dignity, office, or estate ; to en- 
dow. 3. To surround or attend. 4. {Mil.) To surround 
or hem in with troops ; to lay siege to. 5. To lay out 
(as money) in business to obtain an income or profit. 
In-vest', v. i. To make an investment, as of money. 
In-ves'ti-gate (Tn-vgs'tT-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. In- 
vestigated (-ga/tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Investigating.] 
[L. investigate, p. p. -atus; pref. in- in + vestigare to 
track, trace.] To inquire and examine into with care 
and accuracy ; to find out by careful inquisition. 
In-ves'ti-gate, v. i. To make investigation. 
In-ves ti-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Act or process of in- 
vestigating. 

In-ves'ti-ga-tive (Tn-vgs'tT-ga-tTv), a. Given to in- 
vestigation ; inquisitive ; curious ; searching. 
In-ves'ti-gator (-ga'ter), n. One who investigates. 
In-vest'1-ture (in-vgst'i-tur ; 135), n. 1. Act or cer- 
emony of investing, or state of being invested ; also, the 
right of so investing. 2. That with which anyone is in- 
vested or clothed. 

In-vest'ment (-ment), n. 1. An investing ; state of be- 
ing invested. 2. That with which anyone is invested ; a 
vestment. 3. An investing of money or capital, or the 
money or capital invested, or that in which it is invested. 
In-vest'or (-er), n. One who invests. 
In-vet'er-a-CV (Tn-vefer-a-sy), n. [From Inveter- 
ate.] 1. Firm establishment by long continuance; — 
usually in a bad sense. 2. Malignity ; spitefulness. 

In-vet'er-ate (Tn-vgfer-at), a. [L. inveteralus, p. p. 
of inveterare to render old ; pref. in- in + veins, veteris, 
old.] 1. Long-established. [Obs.] 2. Firmly estab- 
lished by long continuance ; obstinate. 3. Having a con- 
firmed habit or habits. 4. Malignant ; virulent ; spite- 
ful. — In-vet'er-ate-ly, adv. — In-vet'er-ate-ness, n. 

In-vid'i-OUS (Tn-vid'T-iis), a. [L. invidiosus, fr. in- 
vidia envy. See Envy.] 1. Envious. [Obs.] 2. Likely 
to incur or produce ill will, or to provoke envy ; hateful. 
— In-vid'i-ous-ly, adv. — In-vid'i-ous-ness, n. 
In-vig'i-lance (Tn-vTj'T-lans), ) n. Want of vigilance ; 
In-vig'i-lan-cy (-lan-s^), J carelessness. 

In-vig'or-ate (-vlg'er-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invig- 
orated (-a/ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Invigorating.] [Pref. 
in- in + vigor."] To give vigor to ; to give more energy to. 
Syn. — To refresh ; animate ; exhilarate ; stimulate. 
In-vig'or-a'tlon (-a'shun), n. Act of invigorating, or 
state of being invigorated. 

In-vin'ci-ble (Tn-vTn'sT-b'l), a. Incapable of being 
conquered, overcome, or subdued ; unconquerable ; in- 
superable. — In- vin'ci-bil'i-ty (-bil'T-t^), In-vin'ci-ble- 
ness, n. — In-vin'ci-bly, adv. 

In-vi'O-la-ble (Tn-vi'6-la-b'l), a. 1. Not violable ; not 
susceptible of hurt, wound, or harm ; not susceptible of 
being profaned or corrupted ; sacred ; holy. 2. Unvio- 
lated ; undefiled. 3. Not capable of being broken or vi- 
olated. — In-vl'o-la-bil'i-ty (-Mil-ty), In-vi'o-la-ble- 
ness, n. — In-vi'o-la-bly, adv. [late. I 

In-vi'O-la-cy (-sy), n. State or quality of being invio- 1 
In-vi'o-late (Tn-vi'o-lat), ) a. [L. inviolatns. See In- 
In-vl'o-la'ted (-la'ted), J not, and Violate.] 1. 
Not violated; uninjured; unhurt; unbroken. 2. Not 
corrupted, defiled, or profaned ; chaste ; pure. — In-vi'- 
o-late-ly (-lat-iy), adv. — In-vi'o-late-ness, n. 

In-vis'i-ble (in-vTz'i-b'l), a. Incapable of being seen ; 
not visible. — n. An invisible person or thing; specif., 
God, the Supreme Being. — In-vis'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'T-ty), 
In-vis'1-ble-ness, ». — In-vis'i-bly, adv. 

In'vi-ta'tion (Tn'vT-ta'shQn), n. 1. Act of inviting ; 
solicitation ; the requesting of a person's company. 2. 
A document, or spoken words, by which one is invited. 

In-vi'ta-tO-ry (Tn-vi'ta-to-r^), a. Using or containing 
invitations. 

In-vite' (Tn-vif), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Invited ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. Inviting.] [L. invitare. See VrE.] 1. To 

ask ; to request ; to bid ; to summon ; esp., to ask to an 

entertainment or visit ; to request the company of. 2. To 

tempt with opportunity ; to induce by pleasure or hope. 

Syn. — To solicit; bid; call; ask; summon; allure; 

attract; entice; request; persuade. 

In-Vlte', v. i. To give invitation. 

In-vit'er (-vifer), n. One who, or that which, invites. 




In-Vit'ing (Tn-vitTng), a. Alluring ; tempting. — In- 
vit'lng ly, adv. — In yit'lng-ness, n. 

In'vo-cate (Tn'vd"-kat), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Invocated 
(-ka'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Invocatino (-ka'tTng).] [L. 
invocare, p. p. -atus. See Invoke.] To invoke; to call 
on, or for, in supplication ; to implore. 

In vo-ca'tlon (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act or form of calling 
for the assistance or presence of some superior being; 
esp., prayer to a divine being ; earnest entreaty. 2. (Law) 
A call or summons ; esp., a judicial call or order. 

In'VOice' (Tn'vois'), n. [F. envois things sent, goods 
forwarded, pi. of envoi a sending or things sent, f r. < n- 
voyer to send. See Envoy.] 1. (Com.) A written 
account of the particulars of merchandise shipped, with 
the value or prices and charges annexed. 2. The lot or 
set of goods as shipped or received. 

In'voice', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invoiced (-voisf) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Invoicing (-voi'slng).] To make a written list 
or account of, as goods ; to insert in a priced list. 

In-voke' (Yn-vok'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Invoked 
(-vokf); p. pr. & vb. n. Invoking.] [F. mvoquer, L. 
invocare; pref. in- in, on + vocare to call, fr. vox voice.] 
To call on for aid or protection ; to address in prayer ; 
to solicit or demand by invocation ; to implore earnestly. 
In-VOl'U-cel (Tn-v51'u-sgl or In'vo-lu'sgl), n. [Dim. 
of involucre.'] (Bot.) A secondary or small involucre. 

In'VO-lu'cro (rn'vo-lu/ker), n. [L. involucrum a cov- 
ering, wrapper, fr. involvere 
to wrap up, envelop. See 
Involve.] (Bot.) A whorl 
or set of bracts around a 
flower, umbel, or head. 

In'vo-lu cred (-kerd), a. 
(Bot.) Having an involucre, 
as umbels, heads, etc. 

In-vol'un-ta-ry (-r^), a. 
1. Not having will or the 
power of choice. 2. Not 
under the control of the will ; 
not voluntary. 3. Not pro- a In ™ lu cre ; b b Involucels. 
ceeding from choice ; compulsory. — In-VOl'un-ta-rl-ly, 
adv. — In-vol'un-ta-rl-ness (Tn-v5l'un- 
ta-ri-nSs), n. 
In'VO-lute (Tn'vo-lut), ) a. [L. involu- 
In'VO-lu'ted (-lu'ted), J tus, p. p. See 
Involve.] 1. (Bot.) Rolled inward from 
the edges. 2. (Zool.) (a) Turned inward Section of an 
at the margin, (b) Rolled inward spirally. Involute Leaf. 
In'VO-lute, n. (Geom.) A curve which is traced by 
the end of a string when being wound upon another 
curve, or unwound from it. c 

In'VO-lu'tion (In'vo-lu'shun), n. 1. 
Act of involving or folding. 2. State of 
being involved ; complication ; entangle- 
ment. 3. That in which anything is 
involved; envelope. 4. (Gram.) The 
insertion of one or more clauses between 
the subject and the verb, in a way that 

complicates the construction. 5. „ 

(Math.) Act or process of raising ^^7^ Tut 
a quantity to any power assigned ; W o UIU i f r0 m the Evo- 
multiplication of a quantity into lute ABC. 
itself a given number of times. 

In-volve' (Tn-v51v'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Involved 
(-volvd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Involving.] [L. involrtre, 
involutum, to roll about, wrap up ; pref. tn- in + volvere 
to roll.] 1. To roll or fold up ; to wind round ; to en- 
twine. 2. To envelop completely ; to cover ; to hide. 
3. To complicate or make intricate, as in grammatical 
structure. 4. To connect with something as a natural 
or logical consequence or effect ; to imply. 5. To take 
in ; to gather in. [R.] 6. To envelop, infold, entangle, 
or embarrass. 7. To engage thoroughly. 8. (Math.) 
To raise to any assigned power ; to multiply, as a quantity, 
into itself a given number of times. 

Syn. — To imply; include; implicate; entangle; over- 
whelm. — Imply refers to the drawing of inferences, and 
is opposed to express, or set forth ; thus, an implied en- 
gagement is one fairly to be understood from the words 
used or the circumstances of the case, though not set 
forth in form. Involve goes beyond the mere interpre- 
tation of things into their necessary relations. 

In-VOlve'ment (-v51v'ment), n. Act of involving, or 
state of being involved. 

In-VUl'ner-a-ble (Tn-viil'ner-a-b'l), a. 1. Incapable 
of being wounded, or of receiving injury. 2. Unanswer- 
able ; irrefutable. —In-vul'ner-a-bil'i-ty (-bll'T-ty), In- 
vul'ner-a-ble-ness, n. 





K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sine, ink, then, thin. 



M 



1 



IN WALL 



456 



IRONSIDES 



In-wall' (.In-wal'), ''■ '• To inclose or fortify with, or 
a-- with. a will. 

In'wall (In'wal \ n. An inner wall. 

In'ward (In'wera), a. [AS. imceard, inneweard, in- 

.'. fr. innan, inne, within (fr. in in; see In) + 

tlu> suffix -urard, E. ■ward.'] 1. Being or placed within ; 

inner ; interior. 2. Seated in the mind, heart, spirit, or 

soul. 3. Intimate; private. [Obs. or Archaic] 

In'ward, Ik An inward person or thing; esp., pi., 
the inner parts or organs of the body ; the viscera. 

In'ward (Tn'wSrdT, ( adv. [See Inward, or.; -wards.] 

In'wardS (-w&ds), I 1. Toward the inside ; toward 
the center or interior. 2. Into, or toward, the mind or 
thoughts ; inwardly. 

In'ward-ly (Tu'werd-ly), adv. 1. In the inner parts ; 
internally. 2. Toward the center ; inward. 3. In the 
heart or mind ; privately ; secretly. 

In'ward-ness. n. 1. Internal or true state; essen- 
tial nature. 2. Heartiness ; earnestness. 

In'wardS (Tn'werdz), adv. See Inward. 

In-weave' (Tn-w ev'), v. t. To weave in or together. 

In-WOrk' (Tu-wfirk'), v. t. & i. To work in or within. 

In-wrap' (Tn-rap'), v. t. To wrap up ; to infold. 

In-wreathe' (Tn-reth'), v. t. To surround as with a 
wreath. 

In-WTOUght' (Tn-raf), p. p. or a. Wrought in or 
among other things ; wrought or adorned in texture. 

I'O (I'o), n. ; pi. Ios (i'oz). [L. ; cf. Gr. i<i.] An ex- 
clamation of joy or triumph ; — often iuterjectional. 

I'O-date (i'o-dat), n. (Chtm.) A salt of iodic acid. 

I-Od'ic (t-od'Tk), a. [See Iodine.] (Chem.) Pertain- 
ing to, or containing, iodine ; specif., denoting those 
compounds in which it has a relatively high valence. 

I'O-dide (I'6-did o?--dId), n. (Chem.) A binary com- 
pound of iodine, or one that may be regarded as binary. 

I'O-dine (I'o-dln or -den ; 104), n. [Gr. UoSvs violet- 
like ; lov a violet -f- elSos form ; — in allusion to the vio- 
let color of its vapor.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element, 
occurring always in combination, as in the iodides. 

I'O-dize (I'o-diz), v. t. To treat or impregnate with 
iodine or its compounds. 

I'O-do- (I'6-do-), I'od- (i'od-). (Chem.) A prefix, or 
combining form, indicating iodine as an ingredient. 

I-od'o-form (t-od'o-f8rni), n. [lodo- -f formjL] 
(Chem.) A crystalline, volatile substance, used in medi- 
cine as a healing and antiseptic dressing. 

-Ion (-yiin ; 106). [L. -io, ace. -ionem.] A noun suf- 
fix denoting act, process, result of an act or a process, 
thing acted upon, state, or condition; as, doniinitm, con- 
tagion. See -tion. 

I'on (x'on), n. [Gr. lov, neut. p. pr. of ieVai to go.] 
(Elec. Chem.) One of the elements which appear at the 
respective poles when a body is subjected to electrolysis. 

I-O'ni-an (t-o'nT-an), a. [L. Ionius. See Ionic] Of 
or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians ; Ionic. 

I-on'ic (f-onlk), a. [L. Ionicus, Gr. 'Iwvikos, fr. 'Io>- 
via Ionia.] 1. Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians. 
2. (Arch.) Pertaining to the Ionic order of architecture. 
Its distinguishing feature is a capital with spiral volutes. 
[See Illust. of Capital.] 

Ionic, or Ionian, mode < J/u.s.), an ancient mode, supposed 
to correspond with the modern major scale of C. —Ionic 
type, a kind of heavy-faced type. 

[tp^ This is Nonpareil Ionic. 

I-on'ic, n. 1. (Pros.) (a) A foot consisting of four 
syllables : either two long and two short, or two short 
and two long, (b) A verse or meter consisting of Ionic 
feet. 2. The Ionic dialect. 3. (Print.) Ionic type. 

I-O'ta (t-o'ta), n. [L., fr. Gr. lura. See Jot.] 1. The 
ninth letter of the Greek alphabet (i) corresponding with 
Eng. i. 2. A very small quantity or degree ; jot ; particle. 

I U (I o u). [i. e., I owe you.] A duly signed paper 
having on it these letters, with a sum named, — in use in 
England as an acknowledgment of a debt ; a due bill. 

Ij/e-cac (Tp'e-k5k), n. An abbreviation of Ipecacu- 
anha, and in more frequent use. 

Ip'e-cac'U-an'ha (Tp'e-kSk'u-an'a), n. [Pg. ipecacu- 
anha, fr. Braz. ipe-kaa-guena, prop., a creeping plant 
that causes vomiting.] (Med. & Bot.) The root of a 
Brazilian herb, largely employed as an emetic ; also, the 
plant itself ; also, a medicinal extract of the root. 

Ir- (Tr-). A form of the prefix in-. See In-. 

I'ra-cund (I'ra-kund), a. [L. iracundus, fr. ira an- 
ger.] Irascible; choleric. 

I-ras'ci-ble (f-raVsT-b'l), a. [L. irascibilis, fr. irasci 
to be angry, ira anger.] Prone to anger ; choleric ; irri- 
table. — I-ras'ci-hil'i-ty (-bli'T-t?), I-ras'cl-ble-ness, 
«• — I-ras'ci-bly, adv. 




I-rate' (t-raf), a. [L. iratus, fr. irasci to be angry.] 
Angry ; incensed ; enraged. [Becent] 

Ire (Ir), n. [F., fr. L. ira.] Anger ; wrath. [Poet.] 

Syn. — See Anger. 

Ire'fnl (Ir'ful), a. Full of ire ; angry ; wrathful. 

I-ren'ic (t-ren'Ik), I a. [Gr. eipijvucd? peaceful, fr. 

I-ren'ic-al (-T-k«l), ] elprjinj peace.] Fitted or de- 
signed to promote peace ; pacific ; conciliatory. 

Iri-da'ceous (Tr'I-da'shus), ) a. [From NL. Iris, 

I-rid'e-OUS (i-rid'e-iis), J Iridis, the Iris.] (Bot.) 

Pertaining to, or resembling, a large natural order of en- 
dogenous plants (Iridacese), which includes the genera 
Iris, Ixia, Crocus, Gladiolus, etc. [being iridescent. I 

Ir i-des'cence (Tr'i-deVsens), n. Quality or state of | 

Ir i-des'cent (-sent), a. [L. iris, iridis, the rainbow.] 
Having colors like the rainbow; exhibiting a play of 
changeable colors ; nacreous ; prismatic. 

I-rid'i-um (i-rid'I-uni), n. [NL., fr. L. iris, iridis, 
rainbow ; — from the iridescence of some of its solutions.] 
( Chem . ) A rare metal resembling platmum, but harder. 

I'ris (i'ris), n. ; pi. E. Irises (-ez), L. Irides (TrT-dez). 
[L. iris, iridis, the goddess, Gr. tpis, TpiSo?, iris.] 1. 
(Class. Myth.) The goddess of the rainbow, and swift- 
footed messenger of the gods. 2. The rainbow. 3. A 
prismatic play of colors. 4. (Anat.) The colored con- 
tractile membrane perforated by 4;he pupil of the eye. 
5. (Bot.) A genus of plants having showy flowers and 
bulbous or tuberous roots, of which the flower-de-luce 
(fleur-de-lis), orris, and other spe- 
cies of flag are examples. 

I'ri-scope (I'rT-skop), n. [Iris + 
-scope.] A toy for exhibiting the u, 
prismatic tints by means of films. vi 

I'rish (I'rish), a. [AS. Irisc, fr. ^ \, y , 
Iras the Irish.] Of or pert, to Ire- \ ' 

land or its inhabitants ; produced in 
Ireland. 

Irish moss, (a) (Bot.) Carrageen. 
(b) A preparation of the same made 
into a blanc mange. — Irish potato, 
the ordinary white potato, a favorite 
food in Ireland. 

I'rish, 72. si?ig. &pl. 1. pi. The 
natives or inhabitants of Ireland, 
esp. the Celtic natives or their de- 
scendants. 2. The language of the IriB ( 5 )- 
Irish. 3. An old game resembling backgammon. 

Frish-ism (-Tz'm), n. An Irish idiom ; an Hibemicism. 

I'rish-man (-man), n. A man born in Ireland or of 
the Irish race ; an Hibernian. 

I'rish-ry (-ry), n. The Celtic people of Ireland. 

Irk (erk), v. t. [OE. irken to tire, become tired ; of un- 
certain origin.] To weary ; to give pain to ; to annoy ; — 
used only impersonally at present. 

Irk'some (erk'sum), a. Disagreeable or troublesome 
by reason of its nature or quality ; wearisome ; annoy- 
ing. — Irk'some-ly, adv. — Irk'sbme-ness, n. 

I'ron (l'urn), n. [AS. iren, lse?i, isei-n ; akin to D. 
ijzer, G. eisen.] 1. (Chem.) The most common and 
most useful of the metals. Iron when pure, or on a fresh 
surface, is a gray or white metal. It is very malleable 
when hot. Specific gravity, pure iron, 7.86 ; cast iron, 
7.1. 2. An instrument or utensil made of iron. 3. pi. 
Fetters ; chains ; handcuffs ; manacles. 4. Strength ; 
power ; firmness ; inflexibility. 

I'ron (l'urn), a. 1. Of, or made of, iron ; consisting 
of iron. 2. Resembling iron in color. 3. Like iron in 
hardness, strength, endurance, insensibility, etc. 

Iron works, a furnace where iron is smelted, or a forge, 
rolling mill, or foundry, where it is worked. 

I'ron, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ironed (I'urnd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ironing.] 1. To smooth with an instrument of 
iron. 2. To shackle with irons ; to fetter or handcuff. 
3. To furnish or arm with iron. 

I'ron-bound' (-bound'), a. 1. Bound as with iron ; 
rugged. 2. Rigid; mryielding. 

I'ron-clad (-klad'), a. 1. Clad in iron ; protected or 
covered with iron. 2. Rigorous ; exacting. [Colloq.] 

I'ron-clad', n. A naval vessel having the parts above 
water covered and protected by iron or steel armor. 

I'ron-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, irons. 

I-ron'ic (i-ronlk). a. Ironical. 

I-ron'ic-al (t-ronT-kol), a. 1. Pertaining to irony ; 
containing, expressing, or characterized by. irony. 2. 
Addicted to the use of irony. — I-ron'io-al-ly, adv. — 
I-ron'ic-al-ness, n. [hardware. I 

I'ron-monger (-mun'ger), n. A dealer in iron or I 

I'ron-sides' (-sidz'), n. A cuirassier or cuirassiers ; 
also, veteran soldiers ; specif., Cromwell's cavalry. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



IRONSMITH 



457 



IRRITABILITY 



Fron-smith' (i'urn-smlth'), n. A worker in iron. 

Fron-Stone' (-ston'), n. A hard, earthy ore of iron. 

I'ron-ware' (-war'), n. Articles made of iron. 

Fron-WOOd' (-wood'), n. (Bot.) A tree with unusu- 
ally hard, strong, or heavy wood, as the hornbeam and 
the hop hornbeam. 

I'ron-work' (-wflrk'), n. That which is made of iron ; 
— a general name of such parts or pieces of a building, 
vessel, carriage, etc., as consist of iron. 

Fron-y (i'urn-y), a. 1. Consisting of iron ; iron, [i?.] 

2. Resembling iron in some physical property. 
Fron-y (i'run-y), n. [L. ironia, Gr. elpunveia dissim- 
ulation, fr. elpuiv a dissembler in speech, fr. eipeii> to 
speak.] 1. Dissimulation ; ignorance feigned to con- 
found or provoke an antagonist. 2. A sort of humor, 
ridicule, or light sarcasm, which adopts a mode of speech 
the meaning of which is contrary to the literal sense of 
the words. 

Ir-ra'di-ance (Tr-ra'dT-ans), 1 n. 1. Act of irradiating. 

Ir-ra'di-an-cy (-«n-sy), j 2. That which irradi- 

ates ; lustre ; splendor. 

Ir-ra'di ant (-ant), a. Irradiating or illuminating. 

Ir-ra'di-ate (-at), v. t. [L. irradiare, p. p. -alus. See 
In- in, and Radiate.] 1. To throw rays of light upon ; 
to illuminate ; to make lustrous. 2. To enlighten intel- 
lectually ; to illuminate. 3. To animate by heat or 
light. 4. To radiate, shed, or diffuse. 

Ir-ra'di-ate. v. i. To emit rays ; to shine. 

Ir-ra'di-ate (-at), a. Illuminated ; irradiated. 

Ir-ra'di-a'tion (-a'skiin), n. 1. Act of irradiating, or 
state of being irradiated. 2. Illumination ; brilliancy. 

3. (Opt.) The apparent enlargement of a bright object 
seen upon a dark ground. 

Ir-ra'tion-al (Tr-rash'fin-al), a. 1. Not rational ; void 
of reason. 2. Not according to reason ; absurd; foolish. 
3. (Math.) Not capable of being exactly expressed by 
an integral number, or by a vulgar fraction ; surd. — 
Ir-ra'tion-al ly, adv. — Ir-ra'tion-al-ness. n. 

Ir-ra'tion-al'i-ty (-51'1-ty), n. Quality or state of 
being irrational. [being reclaimed. I 

Ir re-claim'a-ble (Tr're-klam'a-b'l), a. Incapable of | 

Ir-rec'on-ci'la-ble (Tr-rek'on-si'la-b 1), a. Not recon- 
cilable ; incompatible ; disagreeing. — Ir-rec'on-cMa- 
ble-ness. n. — Ir-rec'on-ci'la-bly , adv. 

Ir're-COV'er-a-ble (-kuv'er-a-b'l), a. Not capable of 
being recovered, regained, or remedied ; irreparable. — 
Ir're-cov'er-a-ble-ness, n. — Ir're-cov'er-a-bly, adv. 

IrTe-deem'a-ble (Trre-dem'a-b'l), a. Not redeema- 
ble ; that cannot be redeemed ; not payable in gold or 
silver ; not convertible into coined money ; — used esp. 
of notes, issued as currency, and not convertible into 
coin at will. — Ir're-deem/a-biri-ty (-bTl'T-ty), Ir're- 
deem'a-ble-ness, n. — Irre-deem'a-bly, adv. 

IrTe-du'Cl-ble (-du'sT-b'l), a. Incapable of being re- 
duced, or brought into a different state or form. 

Ir-ref ra-ga-ble (Tr-ref'ra-ga-b'l), a. Not refragable ; 
not to be gainsaid, denied, refuted, or overthrown ; incon- 
trovertible ; irrefutable. —Ir-ref'ra-ga-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T- 
ty), Ir-ref'ra-ga-ble-ness, n. — Ir-ref'ra-ga-bly , adv. 

Syn. — Unanswerable ; indisputable; undeniable. 

Ir're-fran'gi-ble (-fran'jT-b'l), a. Not refrangible ; 
that can not be refracted. 

iTre-fut'a-ble (Tr're-fut'a-b'l or Tr-ref'u-ta-b'l), a. 
Incapable of being refuted or disproved ; indisputable. — 
Ir're-fut'a-ble-ness, ». — Ir're-fut'a-bly, adv. 

Ir-reg'U-lar (Tr-reg'u-ler), a. Not regular ; not con- 
forming to a law, method, or usage recognized as the 
general rule ; not conformable to nature, to the rules of 
moral rectitude, or to established principles ; not 
straight ; not uniform. 

Syn. — Immetliodical; unsystematic; abnormal; un- 
natural ; anomalous ; erratic ; devious ; crooked ; ec- 
centric ; unsettled : uneven ; variable ; changeable ; desul- 
tory ; disorderly ; wild ; immoderate ; intemperate. 

Ir-reg'U-lar, n. One not regular ; esp., a soldier not 
in regular service. 

Ir-reg'U-lar'i-ty (-lar'T-ty), n. State or quality of 
being irregular ; that which is irregular. 

Ir-reg'U-lar-ly (-ler-ly), ndv. In an irregular manner. 

Ir-rel'a-tive (Tr-rel'a-tTv), a. Not relative ; without 
mutual relations ; unconnected. — Ir-rel'a-tive-ly, adv. 

Ir-rel'e-vance (-e-vans). n. Irrelevancy. [vant. 

Ir-rel'e-van-cy (-e-v<7n-sy ). n. Quality of being irrele- 1 

Ir-rel'e-vant (-v«nt), a. Not relevant ; not applica- 
ble or pertinent ; foreign ; extraneous. — Ir-rel'e-vant- 
ly, adv. 

Ir're-liev'a-ble (Tr're-lev'a-b'l), a. Not admitting re- 
lief ; incurable ; hopeless. 



Ir re-li'gion (Tr're-lij'Hn), n. [L. irreligio. See Ls- 
not.] State of being irreligious ; want of religion. 

Ir re-li'glous (-Hj'us), a. 1. Destitute of religion ; 
not controlled by religious motives or principles; un- 
godly. 2. Indicating [rreligiofl : profane ; wicked. — Ir'- 

re-11'gious-ly, adv. — Ir re ll'gious ness, n. 

Syn. — See Impious. 

irre-me'di-a-ble (Tr're--meMI-a-b'l), a. Not to be 
remedied, corrected, or redressed; incurable.— Irre- 
me'di able ness, n. — Ir're-me'dl-a-bly, adv. 

Ir re mis'si ble (-n.Ts'sT-b'l), a. Not remissible ; un- 
pardonable. — Irre-mis'si ble-ness, n. — Ir're-mls'- 
si-bly, adv. 

Ir re-mov'a ble (-inoov'a-b'l), a. Not removable ; im- 
movable ; inflexible. — Ir're-mov'a-bly, adv. [able. I 

Ir re-mu'ner-a-ble (-mu'ner-a-b'l), a. Not remuner-| 

Ir-rep'a-ra-ble (Tr-rgp'a-ra-b'l), a. Not reparable ; 
not capable of being repaired, regained, or remedied ; ir- 
retrievable ; irremediable. — Ir-rep'a-ra-bil'i-ty (-bll'T- 
ty), Ir-rep'a-ra-ble-ness, «. — Ir-rep'a-ra bly 

Ir re-peal'a ble (Tr're-pel'a-b'l), a. Not repealable. — 
Ir re-peal'a-ble-ness, n. — Ir're-peal'a-bly, adv. 

Ir-rep re-hen'si-ble (Tr-rep/re-heu'sl-b'l), a. Not rep- 
rehensible; blameless; innocent. 

Ir re-press'i-ble (Tr're-prgs'T-b'l), a. Not capable of 
being repressed or controlled. — Ir're-press'i-bly, a>iv. 

Ir re-proach'a-ble (-proch'a-b'l), a. Not reproacha- 
ble ; above reproach ; upright ; blameless. — Ir're- 
proach'a-ble-ness, n. — Ir re proach'a bly, adv. 

Ir're-prov'a-ble (-proov'a-b'l), a. Incapable of being 
justly reproved ; irreproachable ; blameless ; upright. — 
irre-prov'a-ble-ness, n. — Ir're-prov'a-bly, adv. 

Ir're-Sist'ance (Tr're-zTst'ans), fl. Nonresistance. 

Ir're-sist'i-ble (-zTst'T-b'l), a. That can not be suc- 
cessfully resisted or opposed ; resistless ; overpowering. 

— Ir re-sisti-bil'i-ty (bTl'T-ty), Ir're-sist'i ble-ness, 
n. — Ir're-sist'i-bly, adv. 

Ir-res'O-lu-ble (Tr-rgz'o-lu-b'l), a. Incapable of being 
dissolved or resolved into parts ; insoluble. 

Ir-res'O-lute (-lut), a. Not resolute ; not decided or 
determined ; wavering ; given ,to doubt or irresolution. 

— Ir-res'o-lute-ly, adv. — Ir-res'o-lute-ness, n. 
Syn. — Wavering; vacillating; undetermined; unde- 
cided ; unsettled ; fickle ; changeable ; inconstant. 

Ir-res o-lu'tion (-rgz'o-lu'shun), n. Want of resolu- 
tion ; fluctuation of mind, as between hope and fear. 

Ir're-SOlv'a-ble (Tr're-zolv'a-b'l), a. Incapable of be- 
ing resolved ; not separable into component parts. 

Ir're-speCtive (-spek'tTv), a. Being without regard 
for conditions, circumstances, or consequences; unbiased; 
independent ; impartial. — Ir're-spec'tlve-ly, adv. 

Ir-res'pi-ra-ble (Tr-res'pT-ra-b'l or Tr're-splr'a-b'l), a. 
Not respirable; unfit for respiration; not having the 
qualities necessary to support animal life. 

Ir re-spon'si-ble (Tr're-spon'sT-b'l), a. 1. Not respon- 
sible ; not liable or able to answer for consequences ; in- 
nocent. 2. Not to be trusted. —Ir're-sponsi-bil'1-ty 
(-bTl'T-ty), 7i. — Ir're-spon'si-bly, adv. 

ll re-spon'sive (-sTv), a. Not responsive ; not able, 
ready, or inclined to respond. 

Ir / re-ten'tiv,e (-ten'tTv), a. Not retentive. 

Ir're-trace'a-ble (-tras'a-b'l), a. Not retraceable. 

IrTe-triev'a-ble (-trev'a-b'l), a. Not retrievable: ir- 
recoverable; irreparable; irremediable; incurable. — Ir'- 
re-triev'a-ble-ness. n. — Irre-triev'a-bly. adv. 

Ir-rev'er-ence (Tr-rev'er-ens), ?i. State or quality of 
being irreverent ; want of proper reverence. 

Ir-rev'er-ent (-ent), a. Not reverent ; showing a want 
of reverence. — Ir-rev'er-ent-ly. adv. 

Ir're-vers'i-ble (-vSrsT-b'l), a. 1. Incapable of being 
reversed or turned about or back ; incapable of being 
made to run backward. 2. Incapable of being r 
recalled, revoked, repealed, or annulled. — Jx re-vers'i- 
ble-ness. n. — Ir re-vers'i-bly. adv. 

Ir-rev'O-ca-ble (Tr-rev'o-ka-b'l). a. Incapable of be- 
ing revoked or recalled; unchangeable; irreversible; 

unalterable. — Ir-revo-ca-bil'1-ty (-Mll-ty), Ir-rev'o- 
ca ble-ness. »■ — Ir-rev'o-ca-bly. adv. 

Ir'ri-gate (Tr'rf-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irrigated 
(-ga'ted); /;. pr. & vb. n. Irrigating (-ga'tlng).] [L. 
irrigate, p. p. -at us ; ir- in + rigare to water.] 1. To 
water ; to wet ; to moisten. 2. (Agric.) To water (land) 
by causing a stream to flow over or through it. 

Ir'ri-ga'tion (-gafahon), ??. Act or process of irri- 
gating ; state of beintr irrigated. 

Ir-rlg'u-OUS (Tr-rTg'u-us), a. [L. irriguus.~] [06s.] 
1. Watered; watery; moist. 2. Gently pervading. 

Ir'ri-ta-bil'i-ty (Tr'rT-ta-bTl'T-tJ). u. 1. State or qiu-.l- 



K 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rijde, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



IRRITABLE 



458 



ISOMERIC 



ity of being irritable ; quick excitability ; petulance ; fret- 
fulness. 2. (1'hysiol.) A natural susceptibility, charac- 
teristic of all living organisms, tissues, and cells, to the 
Influence of certain stimuli. 3. (Med.) A condition of 
morbid excitability of an organ or part of the body. 

Ir'ri-ta-ble (Ir'rl-ta-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being irri- 
tated. 2. Very susceptible of anger or passion. 3. 
(Physiol.) Capable of being excited to action by stimuli. 
4- (Med.) Unduly sensitive to irritants or stimuli. — Ir'- 
ri-ta-ble hess, n. — Ir'ri-ta-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Excitable ; irascible ; touchy ; fretful ; peevish. 

Ir'ri-tant (-tout), «. Irritating ; producing irritation 
or inflammation. — n. That which irritates or excites. 

Ir'ri-tate (-tat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irritated (-ta 7 - 
tSd) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Irritating (-ta'ting).] [L. irrita- 
tus, p. p. of irritarr ; of doubtful origin.] 1. To increase 
the action or violence of; to stimulate. 2. To excite 
anger or displeasure in ; to tease ; to vex. 3. (Physiol.) 
To produce irritation in ; to stimulate ; to cause to con- 
tract. 4. (Med.) To make morbidly excitable, or over- 
sensitive ; to fret. 

Syn. — To fret ; inflame ; excite ; provoke ; tease ; 
vex ; exasperate ; anger ; incense ; enrage. 

Ir'ri-ta'tlon (-ta'shvin), n. Act of irritating, or state 
of being irritated. 

Ir'ri-ta-tive (Tr'rT-ta-tTv), a. 1. Serving to excite or 
irritate ; irritating. 2. Accompanied with, or produced 
by, increased action or irritation. 

Ir'ri-ta-tO-ry (-ta-to-ry), a. Exciting ; irritating. 

Ir-rupt'ed (Tr-rupt'ed), a. [L. irruptus, p. p. of ir- 
rumpere to break in. See In- in, and Rupture.] Broken 
with violence. 

Ir-rup'tion (Tr-rup'shiin), n. A bursting in ; a sud- 
den, violent rushing into a place ; invasion ; inroad. 

Ir-rup'tive (Tr-riip'tTv), a. Rushing in or upon. 

Ir'ving-ite (er'ving-it), n. (Eccl.) A member of a re- 
ligious sect founded by the Rev. Edward Irving (about 
1830), highly ritualistic in worship, and looking for the 
speedy coming of Christ ; —commonly so called. 

Is- (is-). See Iso-. 

Is (iz), v. i. [AS. is; akin to G. & Goth, ist, L. est, 
Gr. eart, Skr. asii.] The third person singular of the 
verb be, in the indicative mood, present tense. See Be. 

I'sa-gon (I'sa-gSn), n. [Gr. to-o? equal -f- yu>via angle.] 
(Math.) A figure or polygon whose angles are equal. 

II I'sa-tis (I'sa-tTs), n. [L., a kind of plant, Gr. itrdns 
woad.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs, some species of which 
yield a blue dye similar to indigo ; woad. 

Is'chi-ac (TsOiT-ak), a. (Anat.) Ischial. 

Is'chi-al (Ts'kT-al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to 
the ischium or hip ; ischiac. 

II Is'chi-on (Ts'kT-on), I n. [L., Gr. ivxiov.] (Anat.) 

II Is'chi-um (-iim), J The buckle bone. 

-ise (-iz). See -ize. 

-ish (-Tsh). [AS. -isc ; akin to G. -isch, OHG. -isc, 
Goth. & Dan. -isk, Gr. -iV/cos.] A suffix used to form ad- 
jectives from nouns and from adjectives. It denotes re- 
lation, resemblance, similarity, and sometimes has a 
diminutive force ; as, selfish, boyish, brutish ; -whitish. 

-ish. [OE. -issen, fr. F. -is-, -iss- (found in the pres- 
ent participle, etc., of certain verbs, as finir to finish, 
fleurir to nourish), LL. isc-, corresponding to L. -escere, 
an inchoative ending.] A suffix used to form verbs ; as, 
abolish, cherish, finish, furnish, garnish, impoverish. 

Ish'ma-el-ite (Tsh'ma-el-It), n. A descendant of Ish- 
mael (the son of' Abraham and Hagar), of whom it was 
said, " His hand will be against every man, and every 
man's hand against him." Hence : One at enmity with 
society ; a wanderer ; a vagabond ; an outcast. 

Fsin-glass (I'zTn-glas), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. D. 
huizenblas ; huizen sturgeon + bias bladder.] 1. A semi- 
transparent, whitish, and very pure form of gelatin, 
chiefly prepared from air bladders of sturgeons. 2. (Min.) 
A popular name for mica, esp. when in thin sheets. 

Is'larxi (Tz'lam), n. [Ar. islam obedience to the will 
of God, submission.] 1. The religion of the Mohamme- 
dans ; Mohammedanism. 2. The whole body of Moham- 
medans, or the countries which they occupy. 

Islam-ism (-Tz'm), n. The faith, doctrines, or re- 
ligious system of the Mohammedans ; Mohammedanism. 

Is lam-it'ic (-Yt/ik), a. Of or pertaining to Islam. 

Island il'hvnd), n. [AS. 1 gland, egland, eglond ; ig, 
eg, island (akin to ea water) -+- land, lond, land. The s 
is due to confusion with isle.~\ 1. A tract of land sur- 
rounded by water, and smaller than a continent. 2. 
Anything regarded as resembling an island. 

Island, v. I. 1. To cause to be or resemble an island. 
2. To furnish with an island or with islands. 



Is'land-er (iland-er), n. An inhabitant of an island. 

Isle (il), n. [OF. isle, L. insula.'] 1. An island. 
[Poetic] 2. (Zo'dl.) A spot within another of a differ- 
ent color. 

Isle, v. t. To island ; to encompass. [Poetic] 

Is'let (W5t), n. A little island. 

-ism (-Tz'm). [F. -isme, or L. -ismus, Gr. -to>i6s.] 
A suffix indicating an act, a process, the result of an act 
or a process, a state ; also, a characteristic (as a theory, 
doctrine, idiom, etc.) ; as, baptism, galvanism, organism, 
hypnotism, socialism, sensualism, Anglicism. 

Ism, n. [See -ism, above.] A doctrine or theory ; 
especially, a wild or visionary theory. 

Fso- (i'so-), Is- (is-). [Gr. l<ros equal.] A prefix or 
combining form, indicating identity, or equality ; the 
same numerical value ; as in isopod, isomorphous, iso- 
chromatic. Specif. : (a) (Chem.) Applied to certain com- 
pounds having the same composition but different prop- 
erties. (6) (Organic Chem.) Applied to compounds of 
certain isomeric series in whose structure one carbon 
atom, at least, is connected with three other carbon 
atoms ; — contrasted with neo- and normal. 

Fso-bar (i'so-bar), n. [Iso- -f- Gr. fidpos weight.] 
(Phys. Geog.) A line marking places upon the surface of 
the earth where the height of the barometer at sea level 
is the same either at a given time, or for a certain period 
(mean height). [equal pressure. I 

Fso-bar'ic (I'so-bar'Tk), a. (Phys. Geog.) Denoting! 

Fso-bar'O-met'ric (I'so-baVo-mgt'rik), a. [Iso- + 
barometric] Indicating equal barometric pressure. 

Fso-bath'y-therm (-bSth'T-therm), n. [Iso- + Gr. 
paOvs deep -f- 6ep[j.rj heat.] (Phys. Geog.) A line con- 
necting the points on the surface of the earth where a 
certain temperature is found at the same depth. 

Fso-Cheim (I'so-klm), n. [Iso- -f Gr. x e 'M<*> X et l a<i|/ > 
winter.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting places on the 
earth having the same mean winter temperature. 

Fso-chro-mat'iC (-kro-maVTk), a. [Iso- -\- chromatic] 
Opt.) Having, or connecting parts having, the same 
color. 

I-soch'ro-nal (f-sok'r6-nal), a. [See Isochronous.] 
Uniform in time ; of equal time ; performed in equal 
times ; recurring at regular intervals. 

Fso-Chron'ic (Pso-krSn'Tk), a. Isochronal. 

I-SOCh'ro-nism (t-sok'ro-nTz'm), n. State or quality 
of being isochronous. 

I-SOCh'ro-nous (-nus), a. [Gr. icroxpovo? ; taos equal 
-f- xpovos time.] Same as Isochronal. 

Fso-chro us (i'so-kro'iis), a. [Iso- -f Gr. xpoa color.] 
(Bot.) Having the same tint or color throughout. 

Fso-cli'nai (I'so-kli'nal), ) a. [Iso- + Gr. KAiVeiv to 

I so-clin'ic (-klin'ik), \ incline.] Of or pertain- 
ing to, or indicating, equality of inclination or dip. 

Fso-cryme (I'so-krlm), n. [iso- + Gr. K pv/x6g cold.] 
(Phys. Geog.) A line connecting points on the earth's 
surface having the same mean temperature in the cold- 
est month of the year. 

Fso-di'a-bat'ic (-dl'a-bat'Tk), a. [Iso- + Gr. Sta/Sou- 
vetv to pass through.] (Physics) Pertaining to the re- 
ception or the giving out of equal quantities of heat. 

Fso-di'a-met'ric (-met'rik), a. [Iso- + diametric] 
(Bot.) Having the several diameters nearly equal. 

Fso-dy-nam'iC (-dt-nam'Tk), a. [Iso--\- dynamic] 
Of, pertaining to, having, or denoting, equality of force. 

Fso-ge'O-therm (-je'o-therm), n. [Iso- + Gr. yfj the 
earth -j- 6epfx.r) heat.] (Phys. Geog.) A line or curved 
surface passing beneath the earth's surface through 
points having the same mean temperature. 

Fso-gqn'ic (-gon'Ik), a. [Iso- + Gr. ymvla angle.] 
Pertaining to, or noting, equal angles. 

Fso-hy'e-tose' (i'so-hl'e-tos'), a. [Iso- + Gr. vcto? 
rain.] (Phys. Geog.) Of or pertaining to lines connect- 
ing places on the earth's surface which have the same 
mean annual rainfall. 

Fso-late (I'so-lat or Ts'o-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iso- 
lated (-la'ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Isolating (-la'ting).] 
[It. isolare, p. p. -ato, fr. isola island, L. inmla.] 1. To 
place in a detached situation ; to separate from others. 
2. (Elec) To insulate. 3. (Chem.) To make pure; to 
obtain in a free state. 

Fso-la'tion (-la'shQn), n. Act of isolating, or state of 
being isolated ; separation ; loneliness. 

Fso-la'tor (-ter), n. One that isolates. 

I-SOl'O-gOUS (i-sol'o-giis), a. [Iso- -f Gr. Aoyo? pro- 
portion.] (Chem.) Having similar proportions, similar 
relations, or similar differences of composition ; as groups 
or series which differ by a constant difference. 

Fso-mer'ic (T/so-mgrTk), a. [Iso- + Gr. /nepo? part.] 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, £vent, tdea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ISOMERISM 



459 



ITINERANT 



(Chem.) Having the same percentage composition ; — 
said of two or more different substances which contain 
the same ingredients in the same proportions by weight. 

I-SOm'er-ism (i-s5m'er-Iz'ni), n. (Cheiu.) State, 
quality, or relation, of two or more isomeric substances. 

rso-met'ric (-mgt'rik), ) a. [Iso- -j- Gr. p.erpou meas- 

rso-met'ric-al (-rl-kal), ) ure.] 1. Pertaining to, 
or characterized by, equality of measure. 2. {Crystal- 
log.') Noting, or conforming to, that system of crystalli- 
zation in which the three axes are of equal length and at 
right angles to each other ; cubic. 

Isometrical projection, a species of orthographic projec- 
tion, in which but a single plane of projection is used. 

I'SO-morph (i'so-m6rf ), n. A substance similar to an- 
other in crystalline form and composition. 

I so-mor'phism (-mor'f Tz'm), n. ( Crystallog. ) A simi- 
larity of crystalline form between substances of similar 
composition. 

Fso-per i-met'ric-al (Pso-peVT-meVrT-kal), a. [Gr. 
tcro7repi/u.6Tpos ; uros equal -f- irepifxerpov circumference.] 
(Geom.) Having equal perimeters or circumferences. 

Fso-per-im'e-try (-per-Tm'e-try), n. {Geom.) The 
science of figures having equal perimeters or boundaries. 

I'SO-pod (I'so-pod), a. (Zobl.) Having the legs simi- 
lar in structure ; belonging to the Isopoda. — n. One of 
the Isopoda. 

II I-SOp'O-da (t-sop'o-da), n. pi. [NL. See Iso-, and 
-poda.] (Zobl.) An order of sessile-eyed Crustacea, 
usually having seven pairs of legs, similar in structure. 

I-SOS'ce-les (f-sos'se-lez), a. [L., fr. Gr. 
io-oo-/ceAi}s ; itros equal -f- tr/ceAo? leg.] (Geom.) 
Having two legs or sides that are equal ; — said 
of a triangle. 

Fso-Stem'O-nOUS (Ps6-stem'6-nus), a. 
[Iso- + Grr. <rrfnx.(ov thread.] (Bot.) Haviug 
exactly as many stamens as petals. 

I'SO-there (i'so-ther), n. [Iso- -f Gr. 0epo? 
summer.] 




Isosceles 

Triangle. 

(Phys. Geog.) A line connecting points on 
the earth having the same mean summer temperature. 

I'SO-therm (-therm), n. [Iso- + Gr. Oep^-n heat, fr. 
flepjuos hot.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting or marking 
points on the earth having the same temperature. 

I so-ther'mal (i'so-ther'inal), a. Of or relating to 
equality of temperature or to isotherms. 

Fso-trop'ic (-trop'Ik), a. [Iso- -+- Gr. rpoinj a turn- 
ing.] (Physics) Having the same properties in all direc- 
tions ; specif., equally elastic in all directions. 

I-SOt'ro-py (t-sot'ro-py), n. Quality of being isotropic. 

Is'ra-el-ite (lz'ra-el-it), n. [Deriv. of Heb. Yisrael, 
i. e., champion of God; sarah to fight -\- el God.] A 
descendant of Israel, or Jacob ; a Hebrew ; a Jew. 

Is'ra-el-it'ic (lz'ra-gl-Tt'Tk), \a. Of or pertaining to 

Is'ra-el-i'tish (Tz'ra-ei-i'tTsh), J Israel, or to the Is- 
raelites ; Jewish ; Hebrew. 

Is'SU-a-ble (ish'u-a-b'l), a. 1. Leading to, producing, 
or relating to, an issue ; capable of being made an issue 
at law. 2. Lawful or suitable to be issued. 

Is'SU-ance (-«ns), n. Act of issuing, or giving out. 

Is'sue (Tsh'u), n. [OP. issue, eissue, fr. issir, eissir, 
to go out, L. exire ; ex out of, from -+- ire to go ; akin to 
Gr. levai, Skr. i.] 1. Act of passing or flowing out ; a 
moving out from any enclosed place ; egress. 2. Act of 
sending out, or causing to go forth ; issuance. 3. That 
which passes, flows, or is sent out; the whole quantity 
sent forth or emitted at one time. 4. Progeny'; a child 
or children ; offspring. In law, all lineal descendants. 
5- Produce of the earth, or profits of land, tenements, or 
other property. 6. A discharge or flux, as of blood. 7. 
(Med.) An artificial ulcer made to produce the secretion 
and discharge of pus. 8. The final outcome or result ; 
conclusion ; event ; hence, contest ; test ; trial. 9. A 
point in debate or controversy on which the parties take 
affirmative and negative positions. 10- (Law) In plead- 
ing, a single material point of law or fact affirmed on the 
one side and denied on the other. 

At issue, in controversy ; disputed ; opposing or con- 
testing; hence, at variance; disagreeing.— Issue pea, a 
pea, or similar round body, used to maintain irritation in a 
wound, and promote the secretion and discharge of pus. 

Is'sue, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Issued (Tsh'ud) ; p. pr. & 
vb. ii. Issuing.] 1. To pass or flow out; to run out, as 
from any inclosed place. 2. To go out ; to sally forth. 
3. To proceed, as from a source. 4. To proceed, as 
progeny ; to be derived or descended. 5. To extend ; 
to pass or open. 6. To be produced as an effect or re- 
sult ; to arise ; to proceed. 7. To close ; to end ; to ter- 
minate. 8. (Law) In pleading, to come to an issue. 

Is'sue, v. t. 1. To send out ; to put into circulation. 



2. To deliver for use. 3. To send out officially ; to de- 
liver by authority. 

Is'SU-er (Ish'u-er), n. One who issues or pnhHrtM 
-1st (-1st). LGr. -icmjs: of. P. •iite.] A noun suffix 

denoting an agent, or dorr, one who practices, n believer 

in; as, theorist; UOC&alist J MmwaWrf. 

Isth'mi-an (Ts'inY-an or 1st'-), a. Of or pertaining to 
an Isthmus, esp. to the Isthmus of Corinth, in Greeoe. 

Isth'mus (Is'inus or 1st'-), n. ; pi. \wrtaanm (-Sz). 
[L. isthmus, Or. lotf/trfe neck, isthmus.] {Geog 

or narrow slip of land joining two continents or uniting 
a peninsula to the mainland. 

It (It), pron. [OE. it, hit, AS. hit. See He.] The 
neuter pronoun of the third person, corresponding to 
the masculine pronoun he and the feminine the, and hav- 
ing the same plural (they, their or theirs, them). 

ASP* The possessive form its is modern. 

It is used, — 1. As a substitute for any noun of the 
neuter gender. 2. As a demonstrative, esp. to point to 
that which is about to be stated, named, or mentioned, 
or to refer to that which is apparent or well known. 3. 
As an indefinite nominative for an impersonal verb. 4. As 
a substitute for such general terms as, the state of af- 
fairs, the condition of things, etc. 5. As an indefinite 
object after some verbs, or after a substantive used hu- 
morously as a verb. 

I-taPian (T-taPyan), a. Of or pertaining to Italy, or 
to its people or language, —n. A native or inhabitant 
of Italy ; also, the language of the Italians. 

I-tal'ian-ize (-iz), v. i. 1. To play the Italian; to 
speak Italian. 2. To render Italian in any respect. 

I-taPic (-Tk), a. 1. Relating to Italy or to its people. 
2. Applied esp. to a kind of type in which the letters 
slope toward the right ; — so called because dedicated to 
the States of Italy by the inventor, Aldus Mauutius, 
about the year 1500. 

I-taPic, n. (Print.) An Italic letter, character, or 
type ; — often in pi. Also, collectively, Italic letters. 

I-tal'i-cism (-i-slz'm), n. 1. A phrase or idiom pe- 
culiar to the Italian language. 2. The use of Italics. 

I-taPi-cize (-siz), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Italicized 
(-sizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Italicizing (-si'zlng).] To print 
in Italic characters ; to underline written letters or words 
with a single line (to note that italics are intended). 

Itch (ich), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itched (Icht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Itching.] [OE. icchen, jicchen, AS. giccan ; 
akin to G. jucken.~\ 1. To have an uneasy sensation in 
the skin, which inclines the person to scratch. 2. To 
have a constant desire or teasing uneasiness ; to long. 

Itch, n. 1. (Med.) An itching, blistery eruption pro- 
duced by a parasitic mite. 2. Any itching eruption. 3. 
A sensation in the skin occasioned, or resembling that 
occasioned, by the itch eruption. 4. A constant irrita- 
ting desire. 

Itch'y (-f), a. Infected with the itch, or with an 
itching sensation. — Itch'i-nesS (-T-ngs), n. 

-ite (-it). [From Gr. -i'ttjs, -Ztis.] 1. A suffix denot- 
ing one of a party, a sympathizer with or adherent of, 
and the like, and frequently used in ridicule ; as, a Mil- 
\erite ; a Benthamite. 2. A suffix used in naming min- 
erals ; as, chlorite, bare'te. 3. (Chcm.) A suffix used to 
denote the salts formed from those acids whose names 
end in -ous ; as, sulplvite, from sulphurow.s- acid. 

Ftem (i'tem), adv. [L.] Also ; as an additional article. 

I'tem, n. 1. An article ; a separate particular in an ac- 
count. 2. A short newspaper article ; paragraph. 

I'tem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Itemed (i'tSmd) : p. pr. S: 
vb. n. Iteming.] To make a note or memorandum of. 

I'tem-ize (-iz), v . t. To state in items, or by particu- 
lars. [Local, r. S.~\ 

It'er-ant (Tt'er-ant), a. Repeating ; iterating. 

It'er-ate (-at), v. t. [L. iterare, p. p. -atus, fr. Uerum 
again, prop, a compar. from the stem of is he, that.] 
[imp. S: p. p. Iterated (-a'ted) ; p. }>r. &; vb. n. Iter- 
ating.] To utter or do a second time or many times; 
to repeat. [second time ; repetition. I 

It'er-a'tion (-a'shiin). n. Recital or performance a! 

It'er-a-tive (Tt'er-a-ttv), a. Repeating. 

I-tin'er-a-cy (t-tTn'er-a-sy) : -i- Act or practice of 
itinerating ; itinerancy. 

I-tin'er-an-cy (-an-sy), n. [See Itinerant.] 1. A 
passing from place to place. 2. A discharge of official 
duty involving frequent change of residence; also, a 
body of persons who thus discharge official duty. 

I-tin'er-ant (-flnt), a- [LL. itinerant, -antis, p. pr. of 
itinerare to make a journey, fr. L. iter, itineris,\\:\y, jour- 
ney.] Passing or traveling about a country; going or 
preaching on a circuit ; wandering. 



fi 



m$ 



K 



fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, Urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



ITINERANT 



460 



JACK 



I tln'er-ant (t-tTn'er-<7nO. n. One who travels from 
place to place, esj>. ■ preacher ; one who is unsettled. 

I-tin'er-a-ry (-fc-ry), a. Itinerant; traveling; pass- 
ing from place to place ; done on a journey. 

I tin'er-a-ry. n. An account of travels, or a register 
of places and distances as a guide to travelers. 

I-tin'er-ate (-at), v. i. To travel from place to place 
or on a circuit. 

-i'tls (-i'tls). [Gr. -itij, orig. fern, adjective suffix.] 

A suffix used in medical terms to denote an inftamma- 

sease of; as, arthritis, bronchitis, phreui/i,s. 

Its llts). Possessive form of It, pron. [It. I 

It-self (it-self). The neuter reciprocal pronoun of J 

I 've (iv). Colloquial contraction of / have. 

-ive (-Tv). [L. -ivtu.] An adjective suffix signifying 
relating or belonging to, of the nature of, tending to; as 
affirmative, active, conclusive, corrective, diminutire. 

I'vied (i'vid), a. [From Ivy.] Overgrown with ivy. 

I'vo-ride (i'v6-rid or -rid), n. An ivorylike compound. 

I'VO-iy (l'vo-ry), n. [OE. ivori, F. ivoire, fr. L. 
tborcus made of ivory, fr. ebur, eboris, ivory.] 1. The 
hard white substance constituting the tusks of the ele- 
phant ; also, in commerce, the substance of the tusks of 
the hippopotamus and walrus, the hornlike tusk of the 
narwhal, etc. 2. A tusk of the elephant, etc. 3. Any 
carving executed in ivory. 

Ivory nut (Bot.), the nut of a species of palm, which 
yields a whitish, closegrained, albuminous substance, re- 
sembling the finest ivory. 

I'VO-ry-bill' (i'vo-ry-bil'), n. (Zo'dl.) A large, hand- 
some, North American woodpecker (now rare). 

I'VO-ry-type' (i'vo-ry -tip'), n. (Photog.) A picture 



produced by superposing a very light, tinted, translucent 
print upon a stronger print, so as to give the effect of a 
photograph in natural colors. 

I'vy (i'vj>), n. [AS. Ifig; akin to OHG. ebawi, ebah, 
G. epheu.~\ (Bot.) A climbing plant 
common in Europe, with dark, glossy, 
evergreen leaves, small yellowish flow- 
ers, and black or yellow berries. 

American ivy (Bot.), the Virginia 
creeper. — English ivy (Bot.), the ivy 
proper. [U. 8.} — German ivy (Bot.), a 
creeping plant ( Senecio scandens) with 
smooth, succulent stems, and fleshy, 
light-green leaves. — Ground ivy (Bot.), 
gill (Nepeta Glechoma).— Ivy bush (Bot. ), 
the mountain laurel. — Japanese ivy «- 
(Bot.), a climbing plant (Ampelopsis *£ 
tricuspidata), closely related to the Vir- 
ginia creeper. — Poison ivy (Bot.), a poi- 
sonous American woody creeper (Rhus 
Toxicodendron), with trifoliate leaves, 
and greenish-white berries. 

Ix'tle ) (iks'tle), n. (Bot.) A Mexi- 

Ix'tli J can name for a variety of Agave rigida, yield- 
ing a strong coarse fiber ; also, the fiber itself. 

-ize (-iz). [F. -iser, L. -izare, Or. -i£eu>.] A verb suf- 
fix signifying to make, to do, to practice. 

WW In the case of certain words the spelling with -ise 
(after analogy with F. -iser) is the usual form ; as, cate- 
chr.se, criticise. With regard to most words, however, 
which have this suffix there is a diversity of usage, some 
authorities spelling -ise, others (as in this book) -Ize. 

Iz'zard (Tz'zerd), n. [Formerly ezed, prob. fr. F. et 
zede and z.] The letter z ; — formerly so called. 




J. 






J (ja). J is the tenth letter of the English alphabet. 
It is a later variant form of the Roman letter I, used 
originally to express the sound of English y in yet. The 
forms J and I have, until a recent time, been used inter- 
changeably. J is etymologically most closely related to 
i, y,g ; as in jot, iota ; jest, gesture ; join, jugular, yoke. 
See I. Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 179, 211, 239. 

Jab (jab), v. t. [Cf. Job.] To thrust ; to stab ; to 
punch. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.~\—n. A thrust or stab. 

JabTier (jab'ber), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Jabbered 
(-berd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Jabbering.] [Cf. Gibber, Gab- 
ble.] To talk or utter rapidly, indistinctly, or unintel- 
ligibly ; to chatter. [uttered ; gibberish. I 

Jab'ber, n. Rapid or incoherent talk, indistinctly! 

Jab'ber-er (-er), n. One who jabbers. 

Jab'i-rtl (jab'i-roo ; Pg. zha v be-roo'), n. [Braz. jabi- 
ru,jaburu.~\ (Zo'dl.) One of several large wading birds, 
allied to the storks in form and habits. 

Jab'Ot (jab'o ; F. zha'bS'), n. [F.] 1. Orig., a 
kind of ruffle worn by men on the bosom of the shirt. 
2. An arrangement of lace or tulle, worn by women. 

Jac'a-na' (j5k'a-na v ; Pg. zha'ka-na'), n. [Cf. Sp. 
jacania.~\ (Zo'dl.) Any 
one of several wading 
birds belonging to the 
genus Jacana and sev- 
eral allied genera, all of 
which have spurs on the 
wings. 

Jac'co-net (-ko-ngt), 
n. See Jaconet. 

Ja'cinth(ja'sTnth). n. 
[F. jacinlhe.] See Hya- 
cinth. 

Jack (jSk), n. [Pg. 
j'i'-'i, Malayalam lsjaka.~\ 
(Bot.) A large tree com- 
mon in the East Indies, 
closely allied to the 
breadfruit. [Written 




(a) A device to pull off boots, (b) A sawhorse or saw- 
buck, (c) A machine or contrivance for turning a spit. 
(d) A hood or other device placed over a chimney or vent 
pipe, to prevent a back draught, (e) In hunting, the 
pan or frame holding the fuel of the torch used to attract 
game at night ; also, the light itself. 5. A portable ma- 
chine variously constructed, 
for exerting great pressure, or 
hf ting or moving a heavy body 
through a small distance. The 
name is often given to a jack- 
screw, which is a kind of jack. 

6. The small bowl used as a 
mark in the game of bowls. 

7. The male of certain ani- 
mals, as of the ass. 8. (Zo'dl. ) 

(a) A young pike ; a pickerel. 

(b) A large, California rock 
fish, (c) The wall-eyed pike. 

9. (Naut.) A flag, containing 
only the union, without the fly. 

10. The card also called the knave in a suit of playing 
cards. See Bower. 





American Jack 



British Jack. 



also jok.l 

- b 



South American Jacana 
(J. sjjinosa). 



Jack (jSk), n. [F. Jacques James, L. Jacobus, Gr. 
'Io/cw/Sos, Heb. Ya'aqob Jacob; prop., seizing by the 
liecl ; hence, a supplanter.J 1. A familiar nickname of, 
or substitute for, John. 2. An impertinent or silly fel- 
low ; a simpleton ; also, a servant ; a rustic. 3. A sailor. 
[CoUoq."] 4. A mechanical contrivance, an auxiliary 
machine, or a subordinate part of a machine, rendering 
convenient service, and often supplying the place of a 
boy or attendant who was commonly called Jack ; as : 



Jack boots, boots reaching above the knee, — worn in 
the 17th century by soldiers, afterwards by fishermen, 
I etc. —Jack Frost, frost personified as a mischievous per- 
son. — Jack plane, a joiner's plane used for coarse work. — 
Jack pot (Poker Playing), the name given to the stakes, 
contributions to which are made by each player succes- 
sively, till such a hand is turned as shall take the " pot," 
which is the sum total of all the bets.— Jack rabbit (Zo'ol.), 
any one of several species of large American hares, hav- 
ing very large ears and long legs. — Jack timber (Arch.), 
any timber, as a rafter, rib, or studding, which, being in- 
tercepted, is shorter than the others. — Jack towel, a towel 
hung on a roller for common use. — Jack-at-a-pinch. (a) 
One called upon to take the place of another in an emer- 
gency, (b) An itinerant parson who conducts an occa- 
sional service for a fee. — Jack-at-all-trades, one who can 
turn his hand to any kind of work. — Jack-in-the-pulpit, 
(Bot.), the American plant Arissema triphyllum, or Indian 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, \, 5, H, f, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



JACK 



461 



JAMESTOWN WEED 





See Jack- wit h-a- 



turnip, in which the upright spadix is inclosed by an 
overhanging spathe. — Jack-with-a-lantern, 
Jack-o'-lantern, (a) An ignis fatuus ; a will-o'- 
the-wisp, (b) A lantern made of a pumpkin 
so prepared as to show in illumination the 
features of a human face, etc. — Yellow Jack 
(i\'aut.), the yellow fever; also, the quaran- 
tine flag. 

Jack (jSk), 17. i. To hunt game at night 
by means of a jack. [jacks. I 

Jack, DL t. To move or lift, by a jack or| 

Jack, n. [F. jaque, jacque.] A coarse 
mediaeval coat of defense, esp. a leathern 
one. 

Jack'al 7 (jSk'al'), n. [Pers. shaghal.] (Zo'ol.) Any 
one of several species 
of carnivores inhabiting 
Africa and Asia, related 
to the dog and wolf. 

Jack'-a-lent (jak'a- 
lent), n. A stuffed pup- 
pet to be pelted in Lent ; 
hence, a simple fellow. 

Jack'a-napes' (jak'a- 
naps'), "• [For Jack o' 
(= of) apes ; prop. , a man 
who exhibits apes.] 1. A 
monkey; an ape. 2. A Jackal (Cams awrev*). 

coxcomb ; an impertinent or conceited fellow. 

Jack'ass 7 (-as'), "• 1- The male ass; a donkey. 2. 
A conceited dolt ; a perverse blockhead. 

Jack'daW (-da/), n. (Zo'ol.) See Daw, n. 

Jack'et (jak'etj, n. [F. jaquette, dim. of jaque. See 
3d Jack, b.] 1. A short coat without skirts. 2. A 
covering for anything. 

Jack'et. v. t. To put a jacket or covering on. 

Jack' Ketch' (kech'). [Origin uncertain.] A public 
executioner, or hangman. \_Eng.~\ 

Jack'knife 7 (-nlf')i n. A large, strong clasp knife for 
the pocket ; a pocket knife. 

Jack'-O' -Ian tern (-oMan'tern), n 
lantern, under 2d Jack. 

Jack'pud ding (-pud'dTng), «. A buffoon. 

Jack'screW (-skru/), n. A jack in which a screw is 
used. See Illust. of 2d Jack, n., 5. 

Jack'snipe' (-snip'), n. {Zo'ol.) (a) A small species 
of European snipe, (b) 
A small species of Ameri- 
can sandpiper. 

Jack'stay' (jak'sta'), 

n. (Xaut.) A rail stretching 
along a yard of a vessel, to 
which the sails are fastened. 
Jack'stone 7 (-ston'j, n. 
One of five pebbles or pieces 
used in a child's game called 
jackstones. 

Jack'straw' (-stra/), n. 
1. An effigy stuffed with straw ; hence, a man without 
property or influence. 2. One of a set of straws or of strips 
of ivory, bone, wood, etc., for playing a child's game. 

Jac'O-bae'an lil'y (jak'6-be'an lTFy). [See Jacobe- 
an.] (Bot.) A bulbous plant (Amaryllis, or Sprekelia, 
formosissima) from Mexico, with a red, lilylike flower. 
Ja-CO / be-an (ja-ko'be-au), ( a. [From L. Jacobus 
Ja-CO'bi-an (-bT-an), J James. See 2d Jack.] 

Of, pert, to, or designating, a style of architecture and 
decoration prevailing in the time of James I., of England. 
Jac'o-bin (jak'o-bTn), n. [F. See 2d Jack, Jacobite.] 
1. (Eccl. Hist.) A Dominican friar; — so named be- 
cause, before the French Revolution, that order had a 
convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris. 2. One of a so- 
ciety of violent agitators in France, during the revolu- 
tion of 1789, who met in the convent of the Jacobins. 
Hence : a plotter against an existing government. 

Jac O-bin'ic (-bTn'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to the 
Jac'O-bin'ic-al (-T-kal), | Jacobins ; revolutionary. 
Jac'O-bin-ism' (jaTt'o-bTu-TzW), n. The principles 
of the Jacobins ; violent and factious opposition to legit- 
imate government. 

Jac'o-bite (-bit), n. [L. Jacobus James. See 2d 

Jack.] (Eng. Hist.) A partisan or adherent of James 

the Second, after his abdication, or of his descendants. 

Jac'O-bit'ic (-bTt'Tk), ) a. Of or pert, to the Jaco- 

Jac O-bit'ic-al (-T-kal), ( bites. [the Jacobites. I 

Jac'0-bit-ism (ja'k'6-bit-Iz'in'), n. The principles of | 

Ja-COTjus (ja-ko'biis), n. ; pi. Jacobuses (-Sz). [See 

Jacobite.] An English gold coin, of the value of 

25 shillings sterling, struck in the reign of James I. 




European Jacksnipe 
(Limnocryijtes gullhuda). 



Jac'O-net (jSkM-nSt), n. [F.jaconas.] A thin cotton 
fabric, between cambric and muslin. 

Jac tl ta'tlon (jilk'tr-ta'shun), it. [L. jactilare to 
utter in public, freq. from jnctare to throw, boast, freq. 
ir.jucere to throw.] 1. (Law) Vain bo 
claims repeated to the prejudice of another. 2 
Rortla— flOM, as in delirium. 

Jac'u-late(-u-lat), t. t. [L.j'iculatus,p.p. See Ejacu- 
late.] To throw, out, or hurl. 

Jac'U-la'tion (-la'alum), n. Act of jaculatiug. 

Jac'U-la-tO-ry (-la-tu-rj-), a. Ejaculatory. 

Jade (jad), n. [F., fr. Sp. jade, fr. piedra de ija<i<i 
stone of the side, fr. ij<ulu side, pain in the tide 
of L. ilia flanks), — the stone being supposed to cure 
this pain.] {Mm.) A kind of hard and tough stour, 
commonly of a pale to dark green color. 

Jade, >i. [OE. jade ; of. l'rov. E. gaud, Icel. jaldn a 
mare.] 1. A mean or tired horse. 2. A vicious woman ; 
sometimes, a worthless man. 3. A young woman. 

Jade, v. /. [imp. & p. p. Jaded; p. pr. & rb. n. 
Jading.] 1. To treat like a jade. [06*.] 2. To ex- 
haust by overdriving or overwork ; to tire out. 

Syn. — To fatigue ; tire; weary; harass. 

Jade'ite (jad'it), n. (Min.) A kind of jade. 

Jad'ish, a. 1. Vicious ; — applied to a horse. 2. 
Unchaste ; — applied to a woman. 

Jag (jag), n. [Prob. of Celtic origin.] 1. A notch ; a 
cleft; a barb; a ragged protuberance. 2. A fragment. 

Jag, v. /. [imp. & p. p. Jagged (jagd) ; p. pr. . 
Jagging (-glng).] To cut into notches or teeth ; to notch. 

Jag, n. [Scot. jag. jaug, a leather bag or wallet, a 
pocket.] A small load, as of hay or grain in the straw, 
or of ore. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] 

Ja'ger (ya'ger), n. [Q.jager a hunter, a sportsman. 
Cf. Yager.] 1. (Mil.) A sharpshooter. 2. (Zo'ol.) Any 
one of several species of gulls which pursue other s( e- 
cies and force them to disgorge their prey. 

Jag'ged (jag'ggd), a. Having jags ; having rough, 
sharp notches, protuberances, or teeth ; cleft. — Jag'- 
ged-ly, adv. — Jag'ged-ness, n. 

Jag'ger-y (-y), n. [Hind. jagn.] Raw palm sugar. 

Jag'gy (-gy), a. Having jags ; notched ; uneven. 

Ja-guar' (ja-gwaV or jag'wiir; Pg. zha-gwar'), n. 
[Braz. yagoara.] (Zo'ol.) A 
large and powerful feline ani- 
mal, x*auging from Texas and 
Mexico to Patagonia. 

Jail (jal), ». [OF. gaolc, 
gaiole, jaiole, LL. gabiola, 
dim. of gabia cage, for L. 
ca vea cavity, cage. ] A prison , 
esp. one for persons guilty of 
minor offenses or held for fu- 
ture judicial proceeding. 

Jail bird, a prisoner ; one who 
has been imprisoned. [Slano] 

Jail,!'./. To imprison, [i?.] 

Jail'er (-er), n. The keeper 
of a jail or prison. 

Jakes (jaks), n. [Prob. fr. 
F. Jacques.'] A privy. 

Jal'ap (jSl'ap), n. [From 
Jalapa, a town in Mexico. 
whence it was first obtained.] 
(Med.) The tubers of a Mexi- 
can climbiug plant, — used as 
a purgative medicine. 

Jam, !-. t. [imp. & p. p. Jammed (jSmd) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Jamming.] [Prob. from same source as champ.] 
1. To press ; to crowd ; to wedge in. 2. To 
crush or bruise. [Colloq.] 

Jam, ». 1. A crowd ; crush. 2. An injury 
caused by jamming. [Colloq.] 

Jam, n. [Prob. fr. jam, v. ; but cf. Ar. 
jamad ice. jelly.] A preserve of fruit boiled 
with sugar and water. 

Jamb (j5m), n. [F. jambe a leg, jamb* de 
force a principal rafter.] (Arch.) The vertical 
side of any opening ; hence, any narrow verti- 
cal surface of wall. 

Jambes (jamz), ) n. pi. [From F. 

Jam'beux (zh5m'bdt>), I jambe. a 
leg.] (Ancient Armor) Armor for the 
leg below the knee. 

James'town' weed' (jamz'toun' 
wed')- (Bot.) The poisonous thorn apple 
or Datura stramonium, a rank weed 
early noticed at Jamestoicn, Virginia. 




Jajruar ( Filis onca). 




i 



K / 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



JANGLE 



462 



JEHU 



\ 



Jan'gle yanVn. r. /. & t. [imp. & p. p. Jangled 
(•fid) ; /»• p>- 4 <l>- »■ .'angling (-gang).] [OF. jangler 
to r.ul. quarrel; of Dutch or German origin.] 1. To 
sound or cause to sound harshly or discordantly. 2. To 
talk idly ; to prate ; to gossip. 3. To quarrel in words ; 
to w rankle. [Idle talk. I 

Jan'gle. n. 1. Discordant sound; wrangling. 2.| 

Jan'gler (.-glevl. n. One who jangles. 

Jan'is-sa-ry (jan'Ts-sa-ry), ». See .Janizary. 

Jan'i tor (,-T-ter). ;;. [L.. ir.janua a door.] A door- 
keeper : a porter ; one who has the care of a building. 

Jan'i tress (,-tres). n. A female janitor. 

Jan'i-za-ry (jan'T-za-ry), n- [F. janissaire, fr. Turk. 
yeni-ts/uri new soldiers or troops.] A Turkish soldier 
of ■ privileged class, suppressed in lS'JU. 

Jan'sen-ism (j5u'sen-Tz'm), n. (Eccl. Hist.) The 
doctrine of the Jansenists. 

Jan'sen-ist. n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Cornelius 
Jansen (of the 17th century) who taught doctrines deny- 
ing free will and the possibility of resisting divine grace. 

Jant (jant), v. i. See Jaunt. 

Jan'U-a-ry (jan'u-a-ry), n. [L. Januarius, fr. Jan us, 
the two-faced god of the sun and the year.] The first 
month of the year, containing thirty-one days. 

Japan' (ja-pan'), n. [From japan, the country.] 
Work varnished and figured in the Japanese manner ; 
also, the varnish or lacquer used in japanning. 

Ja-pan', a. Of or pertaining to Japan, or to the lac- 
quered work of that country. 

Ja-pan' (ja-pan'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Japanned (ja- 
p5nd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Japanning.] 1. To cover with 
a coat of hard, brilliant varnish ; to lacquer. 

Jap a-nese' (jap'a-nez' or -nes'), a. Of or pertaining 
to Japan, or its inhabitants. 

Jap a-nese'. n. sing. & pi. 1. A native or inhabitant 
of Japan; collectively, the people of Japan. 2. sing. 
The language of the people of Japan. 

Ja-pan'ner (.ja-pXn'ner), n. One who japans articles. 

Jape (jap), n. [Prob. from the same source as gab.'] 
A jest ; a jibe ; a trick. 

Ja-phet'ic (ja-fet'Tk), a. Pertaining to, or derived 
from, Japheth, one of the sons of Noah. 

Ja-pon'i-ca (ja-pon'T-ka), n. [NL., Japanese, fr. Ja- 
ponia Japan.] (Bot.) A species of Camellia, native of 
Japan, bearing beautiful red or white flowers ; loosely, 
one of many other species of different genera. 

Jar (jar), n. [See Ajak.] A turn. [Only in phrase.] 

On the jar, on the turn ; ajar, as a door. 

Jar (jar), n. [F. jarre, Sp. jarra, from Ar. jarrah 
ewer.] 1. A deep, broad-mouthed vessel of earthenware 
or glass. 2. The measure of what is contained in a jar. 

Jar, v . i. [imp. & p. p. Jarred (jard) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Jarring (-ring).] [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To sound 
harshly or discordantly. 2. To clash ; to interfere ; to 
quarrel ; to dispute. 

Jar, v . i. 1. To cause to tremble ; to shake ; to shock. 

Jar, n. 1. A rattling, tremulous vibration or shock ; 
a shake ; a harsh sound ; a discord. 2. Clash of interest 
or opinions ; collision ; discord. 3. A regular vibration. 

II Jar di niere' (zhar'de'nySr'), n. [F., fem. of jar- 
dinier gardener.] An ornamental stand or receptacle for 
plants, flowers, etc. 

Jar'gon (jar'gon), n. [F.] Confused, unintelligible 
language ; gibberish ; hence, cant language, or slang. 

Jar'gon (jar'gon), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jargoned 
(-gond) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Jargoning.] To utter jargon. 

Jar'gon, n. [F.] {Min.) A variety of zircon. 

I! Jarl (yarl), n. [Icel., chief. See Earl.] A chief; 
an earl ; in English history, one of the leaders of the 
Danes or Norsemen. 

Jas'mine (jaVmin), n. 
[F. jasmin, Sp. jazmin, Ar. 
yasmtn, Pers. yasmin.'] 
(Bot.) A shrubby plant 
bearing flowers of a pecul- 
iarly fragrant odor. 

Cape jasmine, or j 
mine, a Chinese shrub 
fragrant white flowers. 
# Jas'per (-per), n. [OF. 
jatpre, jaspe, L. iospis, 
Or. t<xT7ri?.] (Min.) A va- 
riety of quartz, of red, yel- 
low, and other dull colors. 
It admits of a high polish. 

Jannce (jans), v. i. [Si 
Jounce.] jo ride hard; 
to jounce. [Obs.] Jasmine (J. officinale) 




moo 



Jann'dice (jan'dTs), n. [OF. jaioiisse, fr. jaune yel- 
low, fr. L. galbin us yellowish, f r. galbus yellow. ] ( Med. ) 
A morbid condition characterized by yellowness of the 
eyes, skin, and urine. 

Jaun'dlce, v. t. To affect with jaundice ; to color by 
prejudice or envy ; to prejudice. 

Jaunt (jant), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jaunted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Jaunting.] [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To ramble 
here and there ; to stroll. 2. To ride on a jaunting car. 

Jaunting car, a kind of vehicle used in Ireland, in which 
the passengers ride sidewise, sitting back to back. 

Jaunt, n. Excursion; ramble; short journey. 

Jaun'ty (jan'ty), o. [Compar. Jauntier (-ti- 
er) ; sitperl. Jauntiest.] [Formerly spelt janty, 
fr. F. geniil. See Gentle.] Airy ; showy; finical ; 
hence, characterized by an affected or fantastical 
manner. — Jaun'ti-ly (jan'tl-ly), adv. — Jaun'ti- 
ness, n. 

Java sparrow (ja'vaspSr'ro). (Zobl.) A species 
of finch, native of Java, very commonly kept as a 
cage bird. [light hand spear. I 

Jave'lin (jav'lTn), «. [F.javeline.~\ A sort of | 

Jaw (ja), n. [A modification of Chaw.] 1. 
(Anat.) (a) One of the bones which form the 
framework of the mouth. (6) Hence, also, the 
bone itself with the teeth and fleshy covering, (c) 
PL, the mouth. 2. Fig. : Anything resembling 
the jaw of an animal in form or action ; esp.,pl., 
the mouth or way of entrance. Jave- 

Jaw, v. i. & t. To scold ; to clamor. [Lotc] lln - 

Jay (ja), n. [F. geai, OF. gai, jai, perh. fr. OHG. 
gahi swift.] (Zool.) Any one of numer- 
ous species of birds allied to the crows, 
but smaller, often handsomely colored, 
and usually having a crest. 

JayTiawk'er (ja'-hak'er), n. A name 
given (1861-65) to an 
unenlisted, armed 
man or guerrilla. 

[U. s.-\ 

Jeal'ous (jel'us), a. 
[OF. jalous, deriv. of 
L. zelus. See Zeal.] 

1. Zealous; anxiously 
watchful ; solicitous. 

2. Apprehensive ; sus- 
piciously watchful. 

3. Exacting exclusive 
devotion ; intolerant 
of rivalry. 4. Dis- European Jay (Garrulns glan- 
posed to suspect riv- darnta). 

airy in matters of interest and affection ; painfully sus- 
picious of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover. — 
Jeal'ous-ly, adv. — Jeal'ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Suspicious ; anxious ; envious. — Susjricious is 
a wider term than jealous. We suspect aperson when we 
distrust his honesty and imagine he has some bad design. 
We axe jealous when we suspect him of aiming to deprive 
us of what is our own, and what we dearly prize. 

Jeal'OUS-y (-y), n. Quality or state of being jealous. 

Jean (jan), n. [Prob. named from Genoa, the place.] 
A twilled cotton cloth. 

Jeer (jer), n. [Cf. Gear.] (Naut.) (a) A gear ; a 
tackle, (o) pi. Tackles for hoisting the lower yards. 

Jeer, V. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Jeered (jerd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Jeering.] [Prob. fr. D. gekscheren to jeer, 
lit., to shear the fool ; gek a fool + scheren to shear.] 
To utter or address with sarcastic reflections ; to use 
taunting language ; to scoff. 

Syn. — To sneer ; scoff ; taunt ; flout ; gibe ; mock. 

Jeer, n. A railing remark or reflection ; scoff ; taunt ; 
biting jest ; flout ; jibe ; mocker}'. 

Jeer'er (-er), n. A scoffer ; railer ; mocker. 

Jef f er-so'ni-an (jef'fer-so'nT-crn), a. Of or pertaining 
to Thomas Jefferson, or to his policy or political doc- 
trines. 

Je-hO'vah (je-ho'va), n. [Heb. usually yehovah, some- 
times yehorih.] A Scripture name of the Supreme Being, 
which was not pronounced by the Jews. 

Je-ho'viSt (je-ho'vist), n. 1. One who maintains 
that the vowel points of the word Jehovah, in Hebrew, 
are the proper vowels of that word. 2. The writer of 
the passages of the Old Testament, esp. those of the Pen- 
tateuch, in which the Supreme Being is styled Jehovah. 

Je ho-vis'tic (je'ho-vis'tik), a. Relating to, or con- 
taining, Jehovah, as a name of God. 

Je'nu (je'hu), n. [From Jehu, son of Nimshi. 
2 Kings ix. 20.] A driver ; especially, one who drives 
furiously. [Colloq.'] 




a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



JEJUNE 



463 



JIG 



Jejune' (je-jun'), a. [L. jejunus fasting, hungry, 
barren.] 1. Lacking matter ; empty ; void of substance. 
2. Void of interest ; barren ; meager ; dry. — Je-June'ly , 
adv. — Je-June'ness, n. 

|| Je-jU/num (je-ju'niim), n. [NL., fr. L. jejunus 
empty, dry.] {Anat.) The division of the small intes- 
tine between the duodenum and ileum, — usually found 
empty after death. [sistence of jelly. I 

Jellied (jSl'lid), a. Brought to the state or con-| 

Jelly (-ly), n. [Formerly, (jelly, gely, F. gelee jelly, 
frost, fr. geler to freeze, L. gelare. See Gelid.] 1. 
Anything gelatinous ; a viscous, translucent substance in 
a condition between liquid and solid. 2. The juice of 
fruits or meats boiled with sugar to an elastic consistence. 

Jel'ly, v. i. limp. & p. p. Jellied (-lid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Jellying.] To become jelly or like jelly. 

Jelly-fish / (-fish'), n. (Zobl.) A marine animal 
having a jellylike appearance. See Medusa. 

Jen'net (jen'net), n. [F. genet, Sp. jinete, orig., a 
mounted soldier, Ar. zenata a tribe of Barbary cele- 
brated for its cavalry.] A small Spanish horse ; a genet. 

Jen'net-ing, n. [Prob. deriv. of F. Jean John, so 
named as becoming ripe about St. John's day, June 24.] 
A variety of early apple. 

Jen'ny, n. [A corruption of Gin an engine.] A ma- 
chine for spinning a number of threads at once. 

Jeop'ard (jSp'erd), v. t. limp. & p. p. Jeoparded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Jeoparding.] [From Jeopardy.] To 
put in jeopardy ; to expose to loss or injury ; to imperil. 

Syn. — To hazard; risk; imperil; endanger; expose. 

Jeop'ard-ize (-iz), v. t. limp. & p. p. Jeopardized 
(-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeopardizing (-i'zlng).] To ex- 
pose to loss or injury ; to risk ; to jeopard. 

Jeop'ard-OUS (-us), a. Perilous ; hazardous. 

Jeop'ard-y (-f), n. [OE. jupartie, jeuparli, OF. jeu 
parti an even game ; jeu, jit, (L.jocus jest) -4- F. parlier 
to divide, L. partire to divide.] Exposure to death, loss, 
or injury ; hazard ; danger ; peril. 

Jer-bo'a (jer-bo'a), n. [Ar. yarbu.~\ (Zo'dl.) A spe- 
cies of small jumping rodent. 

Jer e mi'ad ) (jeVe-ml'ad), n. 

Jer e-mi'ade ) [From Jere- 
miah, the prophet.] A tale of 
sorrow, disappointment, or com- 
plaint. 

Jerk (jerk), v. t. [Corrupted 
from Peruv. charqui dried beef.] 
To cut into long strips and dry in 
the sun. 

Jerk, v. t. limp. & p. p. Jerked 
(jerkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Jerking.] 
[Akin to Yerk.] 1. To give a quick 
and suddenly arrested thrust, push, 
pull, or twist, to ; to yerk. 3. To 
throw with a quick and suddenly 
arrested motion of the hand. 

Jerk, v. i. 1. To make a sudden motion ; to move 
with a start, or by starts. 2. To flout with contempt. 

Jerk, n. 1. A short, sudden pull, thrust, push, 
twitch, or similar motion. 2. A sudden start or spring. 

Jerk'er (-er), n. One who jerks. 

Jer'kin (jer'kin), n. [Dim. of D. jurk a frock.] A 
jacket or short coat ; a close waistcoat. 

Jerk'y (jerk'y), a. Moving by jerks and starts ; char- 
acterized by abrupt transitions. 

Jer'sey (jer'z^), n. ; pi. Jerseys (-ziz). [From Jer- 
sey, the Channel Island.] 1. The finest of sorted wool ; 
also, fine yarn of wool. 2. A kind of knitted jacket ; 
a close-fitting jacket of an elastic fabric. 3. One of a 
breed of cattle in the Island of Jersey. [estine. I 

Je-ru'sa-lem (je-ru'sa-lem), n. The chief city of Pal-| 

Jerusalem artichoke. [Perh. a corrupt, of It. girasole, 
i. e., sunflower, or turnsole.] (Bot.) (a) An American 
species of sunflower whose tubers are sometimes used 
as food. (6) One of the tubers themselves. 

Jess (j§s), n. [OF. gies, gies, prop. pi. of giet, get, jet, a 
throwing, jess. See 2d Jet.] (Falconry) A short strap 
round the leg of a hawk, to which the leash was attached. 

Jes'sa-mine (jes'sa-min), n. Same as Jasmine. 

Jest (jest), n. [OE. jeste, geste, deed, action, story, 
OF. geste, LL. gesta, orig., exploits, neut. pi. from L. 
gestics, p. p. of gerere to bear, perform.] 1. Something 
done or said in order to amuse ; a joke ; a witticism. 2. 
The object of laughter or sport ; a laughingstock. 

Jest, v. i. limp. & p. p. Jested ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Jesting.] To make merriment by words or : 
joke ; to make light of anything. 

Syn. — To joke ; sport ; rally ; banter 




Jerboa. 



actions 



Jest'er (jSsfer), n. 1. A buffoon ; a court fool. 2. 
One addicted to jesting, or light and amusing talk. 

Jes'u-lt (jgz'u-Tt), n. [F. Jesuit*-, Bp. Jetuita.} (R. 
C. Ch.) One of a religious order (The Society of Jesus) 
founded by Ignatius Loyola, and approved in 1640. 

Jes'U-lt'ic (-Tt'Ik), ) a. 1. Of or pertaining to the 

Jes'U-it'ic-al (-I-kal), J Jesuits, or to their princi- 
ples and methods. 2. Designing ; deceitful ; crafty ; — 
used opprobriously. — Jes'U-it'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Jes'U it-ism (jeV.'u-Tt-Tz'm), n. 1. The principles 
and practices of the Jesuits. 2. Cunning; do 
used opprobriously. 

Jet (jSt), n. [OF. jct,jayet, L. gagates, fr. Gr. yaya- 
7tjs ; — so called from Tayas or l'ayyai, a town and rivet 
in Lycia.] (Min.) A variety of lignite, of a very com- 
pact texture and velvet-black color. 

Jet, n. [F. jet, OF. get, giet, L. jactus a throwing, 
ix.jacere to throw.] A shooting forth; a spouting; a 
spurt ; also, that which issues in a jet. 

Jet, v . i. {imp. & p. p. Jetted (-t5d) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Jetting.] To shoot forward or out; to project; to 
jut out ; to spout. 

Jet'sam {-mm), ) n. [Deriv. of F. jeter to throw.] 

Jet'SOn (-sun), ) 1. (Mar. Lair) Goods which sink 
when cast into the sea. 2. See Jettison, 1. 

Jet/ti-ness (-tT-ngs), n. The state of being jetty. 

Jet'ti-son (-sun), n. [See Jetsam.] 1. {Mar. Law) 
The throwing overboard of goods from necessity to lighten 
a vessel in danger. 2. See Jetsam, 1. 

Jet'ty (jet'ty), a. Made of jet, or like jet in color. 

Jet'ty, n. [F. jetee a pier, a jetty. See 2d Jet.] 1. 
(Arch.) A part of a building that jets or projects be- 
yond the wall below. 2. A wharf or pier extending from 
the shore. 3. (Hydra ul. Engin.) A structure of wood 
or stone extended into the sea or a river ; a mole. 

Jew (ju or_ ju), n. [OF. Juis, pi., through L. & Gr. fr. 
Heb. Yehudah Judah.] Orig., one of the tribe of Judah ; 
after the return from the Babylonish captivity, any mem- 
ber of the new state ; a Hebrew ; an Israelite. 

Jew'el (ju'el or ju'el), n. [OF. jowl, juel, joiel, dim. 
oijoie joy, jewel. See Joy.] 1. An ornament of dress 
usually made of a precious metal, and having enamel or 
precious stones as a part of its design. 2. A precious 
stone ; a gem. 3. An object of special affection. 

Jew'el, v. t. limp. & p. p. Jeweled (-81d), or Jew- 
elled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeweling, or Jewelling.] To 
dress, adorn, deck, or supply with, or as with, jewels. 

Jew'el-er (-er), n. One who makes, or deals in, 
jewels, precious stones, and similar ornaments. 

Jew'el-ler-y (-ler-y), n. See Jewelry. 

Jew'el-ry (-ry), n. 1. Art or trade of a jeweler. 2. 
Jewels, collectively. 

Jew'ess, n. 2 fem. of Jew. A Hebrew woman. 

Jew'ish (ju'ish or ju'-), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
characteristic^ of, the Jews or their customs ; Israelitish. 

Jew'ry (ju'ry or ju'ry), n. Judea; also, a district 
inhabited by Jews ; a Jews' quarter. 

Jew's'-harp' (juz'harp' or juz'-), n. IJeic + harp; 
perh. corrupt, fr. jaw's harp.'] A 
kind of instrument of music, held 
between the teeth when played. 

Jez'e-bel (jez'e-bSl), n. [From 
Jezebel, Heb. Izebel, wife of 
Ahab.] A bold, vicious woman ; 
a termagant. 

Jib (jib), n. [Named from its shifting from side to 
side. See Jibe.] 1. (Naut.) A triangular sail set upon 
a stay or halyard extending from the foremast or fore- 
topmast to the bowsprit or the jib boom. 2. (Mach.) 
The projecting arm of a crane. 

Jib boom (JVotrf.), a spar or boom which serves as an ex- 
tension of the bowsprit. 

Jibe (jib), v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Jibed (jlbd) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Jibing (jib'Tng).] [Cf. Dan. gibbe, D. gijpen, 
v. i.] 1. (Naut.) To shift, as the boom of a fore-and-aft 
sail, from one side of a vessel to the other when the wind 
is aft or on the quarter. 2. (Xauf.) To change the course 
of (a ship) so as to shift the boom. 3. To agree ; to 
harmonize. IColloq.l [stant. IColloq.U 

Jii'fy (jiff?), n. [Etym. uncertain.] Moment : in- 1 

Jig (jig), n. [OF. gigue a stringed instrument, a kind 
of danced of German' origin.] 1. (MtlS.) A light, brisk 
musical movement, in a rhythm of triplets, commonly 
six-eighths. 2. A lively dance, to such a movement. 3. 
A trolling bait, consisting of a bright spoon and a hook 
attached. 4. (Mach.) A small machine or handy tool. 

Jig, v. t. 1. To sing to the tune of a jig. 2. To trick 
or cheat ; to delude. 3. (Mining) To sort or separate. 




Tew's-harp. 



K 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tben, tnin. 



M 



JIG 



464 



JOKE 



\ 



Jig (jTg\ v. i. To dance a jig ; to skip about. 

Jig'ger (jlg'g3r)i "• [ A corrupt, of Chigre.] (Zool.) 
IM 01 ilea which burrows beneath the skin. 

Jig'ger, n. [See Jig, n. & v.] 1. One who, or that 
which, jigs. 2. (Pottery) (a) A potter's wheel. (6) A 
tool by which vessels are shaped on a potter's wheel. 3. 
i light tackle, consisting of a double and 
siugle block and the fall. (6) A small yawl-rigged fish- 
ins: vessel. [Xew E)i<j.~] (c) A supplementary sail. 

Jigger mast. (Xaut. ) (n) The after mast of a four-masted 
vessel. (Id The small mast set at the stern of a yawl- 
tigged boat. 

Jig'gle (-g'l), 9. i. [Freq. of Jig.] To wriggle or frisk 
about ; to move awkwardly ; to shake up and down. 

Jill (jll), «. See Gill, a sweetheart. 

Jill'-flirt' (-fieri/), n. A giddy or wanton woman. 

Jilt (jilt), n. [Contr. fr. Scot, jillet a giddy girl, dim. 
of Scot. & E. jill.] A coquette ; a flirt. 

Jilt, 0. t. [imp. St p. p. Jiltkd ; p. pr. & vb. n. Jilt- 
ing.] To cast off capriciously or unfeelingly, as a lover. 

Jilt. V. i. To play the jilt ; to practice deception in love. 

Jim'my (jim'my), n. A short crowbar used by 
burglars in breaking open doors. 

Jimp (jimp), a. Neat ; handsome ; elegant. See Gimp. 

Jim'son weed' (jiin'sun wed')- Jamestown weed. 
[Local, U. S.] 

Jin'gle (jin'g'l), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Jingled 
(-g'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Jingling (-gling).] [OE. gin- 
gelen, ginglen ; prob. akin to E. chink.] 1. To sound 
or cause to sound with a clinking or tinkling noise ; to 
tinkle. 2. To rhyme, with little sense or meaning. 

Jin'gle, 7i. 1. A jingling sound, or that which makes 
a jingling sound. 2. A correspondence of sound in rhymes, 
esp. when the verse has little merit ; hence, the verse itself. 

Jin'gO (jin'go), n. ; pi. Jingoes (-goz). [Said to be a 
corruption of St. Gingoulph.] 1. A word used as a joc- 
ular oath. 2. A statesman who pursues, or who favors, 
an aggressive, domineering policy in foreign affairs. 
[Cant, Eng.] [Jingoes. [Cant, Eng.]\ 

Jin'gO-ism (-Tz'm), n. The policy or qualities of the| 

Jin'nee (jin'ne), n. ; pi. Jinn (jTn). [Ar.] (Arabian 
& Mohammedan Myth.) A genius or demon. 

Jin'ny road' (jin'ny rod')- [Cf. Gin an engine.] 
(Mining) An inclined road on which loaded cars descend 
by gravity, drawing up empty ones. 

Job (job), n. [Prov. E. job, gob, n., a small piece of 
wood, v., to stab.] 1. A sudden thrust or stab ; a jab. 

2. A piece of chance or occasional work ; any definite work 
undertaken in gross for a fixed price. 3. A public trans- 
action done for private profit ; a corrupt official business. 
4. A situation, or opportunity of work. [Colloq.] 

Job (job), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jobbed (jobd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Jobbing.] 1. To strike or stab with a pointed 
instrument. 2. To thrust in, as a pointed instrument. 

3. To do or cause to be done by separate portions or 
lots ; to sublet (work). 4. (Com.) To buy and sell, as a 
broker ; to purchase of importers or manufacturers for 
the purpose of selling to retailers. 5. To hire or let by 
the job or for a period of service. 

Job, v. i. 1. To do chance work for hire ; to work 
by the piece. 2. To turn public matters to private ad- 
vantage. 3. To carry on the business of a jobber in 
merchandise or stocks. 

Job'ber (job'ber), n. One who jobs anything. 

Job'ber-y (-y), n. Act or practice of jobbing. 

Jock'ey (jok'y), n. ; pi. Jockeys (-Tz). [Dim. of Jack, 
Scot. Jock ; orig., a boy who rides horses. See 2d Jack.] 
1. A professional rider of horses in races. 2. A dealer 
in horses ; a horse trader. 3. A cheat. 

Jock'ey, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jockeyed (-Yd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Jockeying.] To act the jockey toward ; to 
play the jockey ; to cheat ; to trick. 

Jock'ey-ism (-Tz'm), n. The practice of jockeys. 

Jo-cose' (jo-kos r ), a. [L. jocosus, fr. jocus joke.] 
Given to jokes and jesting ; containing a joke, or abound- 
ing in jokes ; merry ; sportive ; humorous ; facetious. — 
Jo-cose / ly, adv. — Jo-cose'ness, n. [jocoseness. I 

Jo-COS'i-ty (j6-k5s'T-t^), n. A jocose act or saying ; | 

Joc'U-lar (jok'fi-ler), a. [L. jocularis, fr. joculus, 
dim. of jocus joke.] Given to jesting ; jocose ; sportive. 
— Joc'u-lar-ly, adv. 

Joc'u-lar'i-ty (-lSrT-ty), n. Jesting ; merriment. 

Joc'mid (jSk'Qnd), a. [L. jocundus, jucundus, orig., 
helpful, fr. juvare to help.] Merry ; gay ; sportive. — 
JoCund-ly, adv. — Joc'und-ness, n. 

Jo-cun'dl-ty (jo-kun'dT-t^), n. State or quality of 
being jocund ; gayety ; sportiveness. 

Jog (jog), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jogged (j5gd) ; p. pr. 




& vb. n. Jogging (-ging).] [OE. joggen ; cf. W. gagi to 
shake.] 1. To push or shake with the elbow or hand. 

2. To suggest to ; to notify ; to remind. 3. To cause to 
jog ; to drive at a jog. 

Jog (j5g), V. i. To move by jogs, like those of a slow 
trot ; to move slowly, leisurely, or monotonously. 

Jog, n. 1. A jogging ; slight shake ; jolt. 2. An ir- 
regularity in motion or form ; hitch ; break in continuity. 

Jog trot, a slow, regular, jolting gait. 

Jog'ger (jog'ger), n. One who jogs. 

Jog'gle (j5g'g'l), v. I. [iinp. & p. p. Joggled (-g'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Joggling (-gling).] [Freq. of Jog.] 1. 
To shake slightly ; to cause to shake or totter ; to jostle ; 
to jog. 2. (Arch.) To join by means of joggles. 

Jog'gle, v. i. To shake or totter ; to slip out of place. 

Jog'gle, n. (Arch.) A notch or tooth in the joining 
surface of buildimg material to prevent slipping. 

John Do'ree (jon do're), John Do'ry (-ry). [John 
(or F. jaune yellow) + 
Doree, Dory.] (Zool.) 
An oval, compressed, 
European food fish, in 
color yellow and olive, 
with golden, silvery, and 
blue reflections. 

John'ny-cake' (jon'- 
ny-kak'), n. A kind of 
bread made of the meal 
of maize (Indian corn). 
[U. S.] 

Join (join), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Joined (joind) ; John Doree ^eusjaber). 

p. pr. & vb. n. Joining.] [F. joindre, fr. L. jungere to 
yoke, bind together, join ; akin to jugum yoke.] 1. To 
bring together, lit. or fig. ; to place in contact ; to con- 
nect ; to unite ; to add ; to append ; to annex. 2. To 
associate one's self to ; to unite with. 3. To unite in 
mai-riage. 4. To accept, or engage in, as a contest. 

Syn. — To combine ; consociate ; couple ; link. See Add. 

Join, v. i. To be contiguous, close, or in contact ; to 
come together ; to form a union. 

Join'der (-der), n. [F. joindre.] 1. A joining. 2. 
(Laic) Acceptance of an issue tendered in law or fact. 

Join'er, n. 1. One that joins. 2. One whose occupa- 
tion is to make articles by joining pieces of wood ; one 
who does the woodwork for the finishing of buildings. 

Join'er-y (-y), n. Art, work, or trade, of a joiner. 

Joint (joint), n. [F., fr. joindre, p. p. joint. See 
Join.] 1. The place or part where two things or parts 
are joined or united; junction. 2. A joining, or the 
place of joining, of two things or parts so as to admit of 
motion ; an articulation ; a hinge. 3. The part or space 
included between two joints, knots, nodes, or articula- 
tions. 4. Any large piece of meat, as cut by the butcher 
for roasting. 5. (Geol.) A plane of fracture transverse 
to the stratification. 6. The means whereby the meet- 
ing surfaces of pieces in a structure are secured together. 

Joint, a. 1. Joined ; united ; combined ; concerted. 
2- United, joined, or sharing with another or others; 
acting in common. 3. Shared by, done or effected by, 
or affecting, two or more ; held or done in common. 

Joint-stock company (Law), a species of business associa- 
tion, generally with many members, having a capital 
divided, or to be divided, into shares, the shares owned by 
any member being usually transferable without the con- 
sent of the rest. — Joint tenancy (Law), a tenure by two or 
more persons of estate by unity of interest, title, time, 
and possession, under which the survivor takes the whole. 

Joint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jolnted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Jointing.] 1. To unite by a joint or joints ; to fit to- 
gether. 2. To join ; to connect ; to unite ; to combine. 

3. To provide with a joint or joints ; to articulate. 4. To 
separate the joints of ; to disjoint. 

Joint, v. i. To fit by, or as if by, joints. 

Joint'er (joinfer), n. One who, or that which, joints. 

Joint'ly, adv. In a joint manner ; together. 

Joint'ress (-res), n. A woman who has a jointure. 

Join'ture (join'tfir; 135), n. [F. jointure a joint, 
orig., a joining, L. junctura, fr. jungere to join.] (Law) 
An estate settled on a wife, which she is to enjoy after 
her husband's decease, for her own life at least, in satis- 
faction of dower. 

Join'ture (join'tur), v. t. To settle a jointure upon. 

Joist (joist), n. [OF. giste, fr. gesir to lie. See Gist.] 
(Arch.) A piece of timber laid horizontally, or nearly so, 
to which the planks of the floor, or the laths or furring 
strips of a ceiling, are nailed. 

Joist, v. t. To fit or furnish with joists. 

Joke (jok), n. [L. jocus.] 1. Something said for the 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, fcbey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finoL 



JOKE 



465 



JUDGE 



enke of exciting a laugh ; a jest ; a witticism. 2. Some- 
thing not said seriously ; something done in sport. 

Joke (jok), r. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Joked (jokt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Joking.] To make jokes upon ; to rally ; 
to banter. 

Jok'er (jok'er), n. 1. One who makes jokes or jests. 
2. (Card Playing) See Best bower, under 2d Bower. 

Jolli-fl-ca'tion (jol'lI-fT-ka'slmn), 72. [Jolly + L. 
-ficare. See -fy.] A merrymaking. [Colloq.~\ 

Jol'li-ly (jol'lT-ly), adv. In a jolly manner. 

Jol'li-ness. n. Jollity ; noisy mirth. 

Jol'li-ty (-ty), n. [From Jolly.] Noisy mirth ; gay- 
ety ; merriment ; festivity ; hilarity. 

Jol'ly (jol'ly), a. [Compar. Jollier (-lT-er); superl. 
Jolliest.] [OF. joli, jol if, joyful, merry ; of Scand. 
origin.] 1. Full of life and mirth; jovial; joyous; 
merry ; mirthful. 2. Expressing mirth ; exciting mirth 
and gayety. 3. Of fine appearance ; handsome ; excel- 
lent ; agreeable. [Now mostly colloq.~\ 

Jolly-boat' (-bof), n. [A corruption of Dan. jolle 
yawl, or of D. jol yawl + E. boat. See Yawl the boat.] 
(Xaut.) A boat of medium size belonging to a ship. 

Jolt (jolt), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Jolted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Jolting.] [Prob. fr. jole, joll, jowl, and orig. 
meaning, to knock on the head.] To shake with short, 
abrupt risings and fallings. 

Jolt, n. A sudden shock or jerk ; a jolting motion. 

Jolt'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, jolts. 

Jon'gleur (jon'gler ; F. zhQx'gler'), ) n. [F. jongleur. 

Jon'gler (jon'gler), j See Juggler.] 

1. In the Middle Ages, a person who, for hire, recited or 
sang verses. 2. A juggler ; a conjurer. 

Jon'quil ) (jon'kwil), n. [F. jonquille, fr. L. jun- 

Jon'quille \ cits a rush, because it 
has rushlike leaves.] (Bot.) A species 
of Narcissus having long, rushlike 
leaves, and yellow or white flowers. 

Jo'ram (jo'ro'm), n. See Jorum. 

Jo'rum (jo'rum), n. [Etym. uncer- 
tain.] A large drinking vessel ; also, 
its contents. [Colloq. Eng.~\ 

JOSS (jos), n. [Chinese, corrupt, fr. 
Pg. deos God, L. deus.~\ A Chinese 
household divinity ; a Chinese idol. 

Joss house, a Chinese temple for wor- 
ship. — Joss stick, a perfumed reed or 
the like, — burned by the Chinese before an idol. 

Jos'tle (jos''l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jostled (-'Id) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Jostling (-ling).] [Dim. of Joust, ■?'.] To 
run against and shake ; to push, crowd, or bump against. 

Jos'tle, v. i. To push ; to crowd ; to hustle. 

Jos'tle, n. A crowding or bumping together. 

Jot (j5t), n. [L. iota, Gr. luira the letter t (E. i, Heb. 
yod), the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet.] An 
iota : a point ; a tittle ; the smallest particle. 

Jot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Jot- 
ting.] To set down ; to make a brief note of. 

Joule (joul), n. [From the English physicist, James 
P. Joule.'] (Elec.) The amount of work done, or heat 
generated, in one second by one watt, — used as a unit. 

Jounce (jouns), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jounced 
(jounst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Jouncing. [OF. jancer.] To 
jolt ; to shake, esp. by rough riding or driving. 

Jounce, n. A jolt ; a shake ; a hard trot. 

Jour'nal (jfir'n^l), n. [F., prop, a., daily, fr. L. di- 
tirnalis diurnal, fr. diurnus the day, fr. dies day.] 1. A 
diary ; an account of daily transactions and events. 
Specif. : (a) (Bookkeeping) A book of accounts for the 
entry of daily transactions, (b) (JVaut.) A daily register 
of the ship's course, distance, etc. (c) (Legislature) The 
record of daily proceedings, kept by the clerk, (d) A 
newspaper published daily ; hence, any periodical telling 
of passing events ; periodical ; magazine. 2. (Mach.) That 
portion of a rotating piece which turns in a bearing or box. 

Jour'nal-ism (jGr'nal-Tz'm), 7i. The periodical col- 
lection and publication of current news ; the business of 
managing, editing, or writing for, journals or newspapers. 

Jour'nal-ist, n. One whose business is journalism. 

Jour'nal-ize (jfir'nal-iz), v. t. To enter in a journal. 

Jour'nal-ize. V. i. To work at journalism. 

Jour'ney (-ny), n. ; pi. Journeys (-nlz). [OF. jornSe, 
jurnee, day, day's work or journey, fr. jorn,jurn, day, 
fr. L. diurnus. "See Journal. J Travel or passage from 
one place to another ; fig. , a passage through life. 

Syn. — Tour ; excursion : trip ; expedition ; pilgrimage. 

Jour'ney, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Journeyed (-ntd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Journeying.] To travel from place to place ; 
to go from home to a distance. 




Jonquil 



Jour'ney-man (jOr'n^-man), n. Formerly, a man 
hired to work by the day ; now, commonly, one who haa 
mastered a handiemft or trade. [neyman. I 

Jour'ney- work (-wGrk'), n. Work done by a jour-| 

Joust (just), v. i. [OF. ju.strr, jouster, joster, fr. L. 
juxta near to, fr. root of jungere to join.] To engage in 
mock combat on horseback, as two knights ; to tilt. 

Joust, 7i. A mock combat on horseback ; a tilt. 

Joust'er. r/. One who jousts or tilts. 

Jove (jov), 7i. [L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, OL. Jovis, 
noiu. & gen. for I)jovis.~\ Jupiter. 

Bird of Jove, the eagle. 

Jo'vl-al (jo'vtwd), a. [F., fr. L. Jovialis pert, to Jove. 
The planet Jupiter was thought to make those born under 
it joyful or jovial.] 1. Of or pert, to Jupiter. [Obs.] 
2. Characterized by mirth or jollity. — Jo vl-al'i-ty 
(-Sl'T-ty), n. — Jo'vi ally, adv. - Jo'vl-al-ness. n. 

Syn. — Merry ; joyous ; gay ; festive ; mirthful ; glee- 
ful ; jolly ; hilarious. 

Jo'vi-an (-an), a. Of or pertaining to Jupiter. 

Jowl (jol), n. [For older chole, chaul, AS. reafl jaw.] 
The cheek ; the jaw. 

Cheek by jowl, side by side ; in close proximity. 

Jowl'er (jol'er or jouKer), n. (Zo'61.) A dog with 
large jowls, as the beagle. 

Joy (joi), n. [OF. joye, joie, goie, L. gaudia, pi. of 
gaudium joy, fr. gaudere to rejoice, to be glad.] 1. The 
passion or emotion excited by the acquisition or expecta- 
tion of good ; gladness ; exhilaration of spirits ; delight. 

2. That which causes joy or happiness. 3. The sign or 
exhibition of joy ; gayety ; mirth ; merriment ; festivity. 

Syn. — Pleasure ; happiness ; exultation : transport ; 
felicity ; ecstasy ; rapture ; bliss ; gayety ; hilarity. 

Joy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Joyed (joid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Joying.] To rejoice ; to be glad ; to delight ; to exult. 

Joy, v. t. To give joy to; to gladden. [06.?.] 

Joy'ance (-^ns), n. Enjoyment ; gayety ; joyfulness. 

Joy'ful (-ful), a. Full of joy ; having or causing joy ; 
joyous. — Joy'ful-ly. adv. — Joy'ful -ness. n. 

Joyless, a. Not having joy ; not causing joy ; uuen- 
joyable. — Joyless-ly, adv. — Joyless-ness, 72. 

Joy'OUS (-us), a. Experiencing joy ; affording or in- 
spiring joy. — Joy'ous-ly, adv. — Joy'ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Merry ; lively ; blithe ; gleeful : gay ; glad ; 
mirthful ; festive ; joyful ; happy ; blissful ; delightful. 

Ju'bi-lant (ju'bT-lant), a. [L.jubilans, -antis, p. pr. 
oijubilare to shout for joy.] Uttering songs of triumph ; 
triumphant ; exulting. — JuTji-lant-ly, adv. 

Ju'bi-la'te (ju'bT-la'te or -la'te), n. [L., imperat. 
oijubilare to shout for joy.] 1. The third Sunday after 
Easter ; — the introit is the 66th Psalm, beginning in the 
Latin version with "Jubilate Deo." 2. A name of the 
100th Psalm; — so called from its opening word in the 
Latin version. [rejoicing; exultation. I 

Ju'bl-la'tion (-la'shun), 72. A triumphant shouting ; | 

Ju'bi-lee (ju'bT-le), 72. [F. jubile, L. jubilueus, Gr. 
uo/3t7Acuo?, fr. Heb. yobel the blast of a trumpet, also, the 
grand sabbatical year, which was announced by sound of 
trumpet.] 1. (Jewish Hist.) Every fiftieth year, at 
which time all the slaves of Hebrew blood were liberated, 
and all lands alienated during the whole period reverted 
to their former owners. 2. The joyful commemoration 
of the fiftieth anniversary of any event. 3. (B. C. Cti.) 
A church ceremony celebrated at Rome, at stated inter- 
vals, latterly of twenty-five years ; a plenary and extraor- 
dinary indulgence granted by the sovereign pontiff to the 
universal church. 4. A season of general joy. 

Ju-da'ic (ju-da'Tk 1 ), I a. [L. Judaicus, fr. Judaea, 

Ju-da'lC-al (-T-k«l), 1 the country Judea.] Of or 
pertaining to the Jews. — Ju-da'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Ju'da-ism (jli'da-Tz'm). 22. The religious doctrines 
and rites of the Jews as enjoined in the laws of Moses ; 
also, conformity thereto. 

Ju'da-ist, n. One who believes and practices Judaism. 

Ju'da-ize (jii'da-iz), v. i. & t. To conform or couvert 
to Judaism. 

Ju'da-i'zer (-1 zer^i, 72. One who conforms to Judaism ; 
specif., pi. (Ch. Hist.), those Jews who accepted Chris- 
tianity but still adhered to the law of Moses. 

Judge (jiij), n. [OF. juge. fr. jugier to judge, L. 
judicare. fr. judex judge ; jus law or right + dicare to 
proclaim.] 1. (Laic) A public officer invested with 
authority to hear and determine litigated causes. 2. One 
qualified to decide on the merits of a question, or on the 
quality or value of anything; connoisseur; expert ; critic. 

3. A person appointed to decide in a trial of skill, speed, 
etc., between two or more parties; umpire. 4. (Jewish 
Hist.) One of the supreme magistrates who governed 



K 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
30 



M 



JUDGE 



466 



JUNIOR 



II more than four hundred years. 6. pi. The 
title of the seventh book of the Old Testament. 

Judge Advocate (Mil. & SavX a person appointed to 
act as"" prosecutor at a court-martial. 

>\ d. Umpiw : arbitrator : referee. — A judge, in the 
a magistrate appointed to determine ques- 
tions of law. An umpire is a person selected to decide 
between two or more who contend for a prize. An arbi- 
oae chosen to allot to two contestants their por- 
tions of a claim, usually on grounds of equity and common 
sense. A /■( fare is one to whom a matter is referred for 
adjustment. Arbitrations and references are sometimes 
voluntary, sometimes ordered by court. 

Judge (jnj). v. i- [imp. & p. p. Judged (jfijd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Judging.] 1- To hear and determine, as in 
causes on trial. 2. To sit in judgment or condemnation ; 
to assume to act as judge. 3. To form an opinion by 
comparison of facts, qualities, or ideas. 

Judge. 9. t. 1. To hear and determine by authority. 

2. To examine and pass sentence on; to try; to doom. 

3. To arrogate judicial authority over ; to be censorious 
toward. 4. To determine upon inquiry or deliberation ; 
to esteem ; to think ; to reckon. 

Judg'er (juj'er). n. One who judges. 

Judge'ship (juj'shTp), n. Office of a judge. 

Judg'ment (juj'ment), n. 1. Act of judging ; specif . , 
the operation of the mind, involving comparison and 
discrimination, by which opinions are formed as to the 
values and relations of things. 2. The power or faculty 
of performing such operations ; esp., when unqualified, 
the faculty of judging or deciding rightly, justly, or 
wisely ; good sense. 3. The result of judging ; decision, 
determination, or sentence of a judge ; opinion. 4. A 
calamity regarded as sent by God ; a providential punish- 
ment. 5. (Theol.) The final award ; the last sentence. 

Syn. — Discernment; award; estimate; criticism: 
discrimination ; intelligence ; understanding. See Taste. 

Ju'di-ca-tive (ju'dl-ka-tlv), a. Having power to 
judge ; judicial. 

Ju'di-ca-tO-ry (ju'dT-ka-to-ry), a. Pertaining to the 
administration of justice ; dispensing justice ; judicial. 

Ju'di-ca-tO-ry, n. 1. A court of justice ; a tribunal. 
2. Administration of justice. 

Ju'di-ca-ture (-tur ; 135), n. [F., fr. LL. judicatura .] 
1. State or profession of those employed in administer- 
ing justice ; also, the administration of justice. 2. A 
court of justice. 3. Jurisdiction of a judge or court. 

Ju-di'cial (ju-dTsh'al), a. 1. Pertaining or appro- 
priate to courts of justice, or to a judge ; practiced, or 
conformed to, in administering justice ; sanctioned or 
ordered by a court. 2. Fitted or apt for judging. 3. Be- 
longing to the judiciary, as distinguished from legis- 
lative, administrative, or executive. — Ju-di'cial-ly, adv. 

Ju-di'cia-ry (-a-ry or -T-a-ry), a. Of or pertaining to 
courts of judicature, or legal tribunals ; judicial. — n. 
That branch of government in which judicial power is 
vested ; judges, taken collectively. 

Ju-di'cious (ju-dlsh'us), a. 1. Judicial. [06s.] 2. 
Directed or governed by sound judgment ; having sound 
judgment ; wise ; prudent ; sagacious ; discreet. — Ju- 
di'cious-ly, adv. — Ju-di'cious-ness, n. 

Jug (jug), n. [Prob. fr. Jug, a corruption of, or 
nickname for, Joanna.'] 1. A vessel, usually of coarse 
earthenware, with a swelling belly and narrow mouth, 
and having a handle on one side. 2. A pitcher ; a ewer. 
{Eng.-\ 3. A jail. [Slang] 

Jug (jug), v. t. 1. To seethe or stew, as in a jug. 2. 
To imprison. [Slang] 

Jug, v. i. 1. To utter a sound resembling this word, 
as certain birds do. 2. To collect together in a covey. 

Jug'ger-uaut' (jug'ger-nat/), n. [Skr. jagannatha 
lord of the world.] One of the names under which 
Vishnu, in his incarnation as Krishna, is worshiped by 
the Hindoos. 

Bag""" At certain times the idol is drawn from the temple 
by the multitude, on a high car with sixteen wheels, 
under which fanatics formerly threw themselves. 

Jug'gle (jug'g'l), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Juggled (-g'ld) ; 
p. pr. & rl. n. Juggling (-gling).] [OE. juglen. See 
Juggler.] 1. To play tricks by sleight of hand ; to con- 
jure. 2. To practice artifice or imposture. 

Jug'gle, v. t. To deceive by trick or artifice. 

Jug'gle, n. 1. A trick by sleight of hand. 2. Im- 
posture ; deception. 3. A block of timber cut to a length. 

Jug'gler Cjug'gler), n. [OF. jogleor, jugleor, fr. L. 
focutator a jester, joker, fr. joculari to jest, joke, deriv. 
of jocus jest, joke.] 1. One who practices or exhibits 
tricks by sleight of hand ; one skilled in legerdemain ; a 
conjurer. 2. A deceiver ; a cheat. 

Jug'gler-y (-f), n. Art, act, or practice of a juggler. 



Ju'gU-laT (ju'gu-ler), a. [L. jugulum the collar 
bone, the throat, akin to jungere to yoke, to join.] 
(Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the throat or neck, (b) 
Of or pertaining to the jugular vein. — n. One of the 
large veins which return the blood from the head to the 
heart, on each side of the neck. 

Juice (jus),_w. [OF. juse broth, gravy, juice, L. jus; 
akin to Skr. yusha.] The characteristic fluid of any veg- 
etable or animal substance, esp. of fruits ; the fluid part 
which separates from meat in cooking. 

Jui'cy (ju'sy), a. [Compar. Juicieh ; superl. Juiciest.] 
Abounding with juice ; succulent. — Jui'ci-ness. n. 

Ju'jube_(ju'jub), n. [F., fr. L. zizyphum, Gr. ^vfyov, 
Per. zizajun, zayzafun.] The sweet and edible drupes 
(fruits) of several Mediterranean and African trees. 

Jujube paste, the dried or inspissated jelly of the jujube; 
also, a confection made of gum arabic sweetened. 

Ju'lep (jix'lep), n. [F. L fr. Sp.julepe, fr. Ar. & Per. 
julab, jullab, fr. Per. gulab rose water and julep ; gul 
rose + ab water.] 1. A refreshing drink flavored with 
aromatic herbs; esp. (Med.), a sweet, demulcent, acidu- 
lous, or mucilaginous mixture, used as a vehicle. 2. A 
beverage composed of some spirituous liquor, with sugar, 
pounded ice,_and sprigs of mint. [U. S.] [Caesar. I 

Jul'ian (jul'yan), a. Pert, to, or derived from. Julius [ 

Julian calendar, the calendar as adjusted by Julius Cae- 
sar, in which the year was made to consist of 365 days, 
each fourth year having 366 days. — Julian epoch, the 
epoch of the commencement of the Julian calendar, or 46 
b. c. — Julian period, a chronological period of 7,980 years. 
— Julian year, the year of 365 days, 6 hours, adopted in the 
Julian calendar, superseded by the Gregorian year. 

Ju-ly' (ju-ll'), n. [L. Julius ; — Caius Julius Caesar 
was born in this month.] The seventh month of the year. 

Ju'mart (ju'm'art), n. [F.] The fabled offspring of 
a bull and a mare. 

Jum'ble (jiim'b'l), v. t. & ?'. [imp. & p. p. Jumbled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Jumbling (-bling).] [Prob. fr. 
jump, i. e., to make to jump, or shake.] To mix in a 
confused mass ; to put, throw, or unite together without 
order. [thin, sugared cake. I 

Jum'ble, n. 1. A confused mixture. 2. A small, j 

Jumt>ler (-bier), n. One who confuses things. 

Jump (jump), n. [Cf. F. jupe a skirt.] (a) A kind 
of loose jacket for men. (b) pi. A bodice worn instead 
of stays by women in the 18th century. 

Jump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jumped (jumt ; 215) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Jumping.] [Akin to OD. gumpen, diaL G. 
gumpen, jumpen.] 1. To spring free from the ground 
Dy the muscular action of the feet and legs ; to spring ; 
to bound ; to leap. 2. To move as if by jumping ; to 
bounce ; to jolt. 3. To coincide ; to agree ; to accord. 

Jump (jump), v. t. 1. To pass by a spring or leap ; 
to overleap. 2. To cause to jump. 

Jump, n. 1. A jumping; leap; spring; bound. 2. 
The space traversed by a leap. 3. (Mining) A dislocation 
in a stratum; fault. 4. (Arch.) An abrupt interruption 
of level in a piece of brickwork or masonry. 

Jump seat, (a) A movable carriage seat, (b) A carriage 
constructed with a seat which may be shifted so as to 
make room for a second seat. — Jump welding. See under 
Welding. 

Jump'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, jumps. 
2. A long drilling tool. 3. A rude kind of sleigh. [U. S.] 
4. (Zool.) The larva of the cheese fly. [ment.J 

Jump'er, n. [See 1st Jump.] A loose upper overgar- 1 

Jun-ca'ceoUS (jun-ka'shus), a. [L. juncus a rush.] 
(Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or like, a natural order of plants 
(Juncaceie), including the common rush (Juncus). 

Junc'tion (junk'shun), n. [L. junciio, fr. jungere to 
join.] 1. A joining, or state of being joined ; union; com- 
bination ; coalition. 2. Place or point of joining. Specif., 
the place where lines of railway meet or cross. 

Junc'ture (-tur ; 135), n. [L. junctura, fr. jungere to 
join.] 1. Line or point at which two bodies join ; joint ; 
articulation ; seam. 2. A point of time ; crisis ; exigency. 

June (jun), n. [L. Junius. So called either from 
Junius, the name of a Roman gens, or from Juno, the 
goddess.] The sixth month of the year. 

June'ber'ry (-ber'ry), n. (Bot.) (a) The small apple- 
like berry of a genus (Amelanchier) of American trees. 
(b) The shrub or tree which bears this fruit. 

Jun'gle (jun'g'l), n. [Hind, jangal ; Skr. jangala 
desert.] A dense growth of brushwood, reeds, vines, etc. 

Jun'gly (-gly), a. Consisting of jungles ; abounding 
with jungles ; of the nature of a jungle. 

Jun'ior (jun'yer), a. [L., contr. ir.juvenior, compar. 
of juvenis young.] 1. Less advanced in age than an- 
other ; younger. 2. Lower in standing or in rank ; later 



a, S, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, li, y, short ; senate, 3vent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



JUNIOR 



467 



JUSTNESS 




Junk. 



in office. 3. Composed of juniors. 4. Belonging to a 
younger person, or an earlier time of life. 

Junior (juu'yer), n. 1. A younger person. 2. Hence : 
One of a lower or later standing ; specif., in American 
colleges, one in the third year of his course ; in some 
institutions, one in the first year, in others, one in the 
second year, of a three years' course. [junior. I 

Jun-ior'i-tyJ jun-yor'T-ty), n. State or quality of being | 

Ju'ni-per (ju'ni-per), n. [L. juniperus, prop., youth- 
producing, and so called from its evergreen appearance, 
from the roots of E. juvenile, and parent.'] (Bot.) A 
kind of cone-bearing, evergreen shrub or tree. 

Junk (junk), n. [Pg. junco junk, rush, L. juncus a 
bulrush, of which ropes were once made.] 1. Pieces of 
old cable or old cordage. 2. Old iron, or other metal, 
glass, paper, etc. 3. (Naut.) Hard salted beef. 

Junk bottle, a stout bottle made of thick dark glass. 

Junk, n. [Pg. junco ; cf . Jav. & Malay jo?ig, ajong, 
Chin. chwan.~] (Xaut.) 
A large vessel, without 
keel or prominent stem, 
and with huge masts in 
one piece, used by the 
Chinese, Japanese, etc. 

Jun'ket (jun'kgt), n. 
[Formerly also juncate, 
fr. It. giuncata cream 
cheese made in a rush 
basket, fr. L. juncus a 
rush.] 1. A cheese cake ; 
a sweetmeat. 2. A feast ; 
an entertainment. 

Jun'ket, v. i. To feast ; 
to banquet ; sometimes 
opprobriously, feasting by public officers at public cost. 

Jun'ket, v. t. limp. &p. p. Junketed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Junketing.] To give entertainment to ; to feast. 

Ju'no (ju'no), n. ; pi. Junos (-noz). [L.] (Rom. 
Myth.) The sister and wife of Jupiter, thequeen of heaven. 

Bird of Juno, the peacock. 

Jun'ta (jun'ta), n. [Sp., fr. L. junctus joined, p. p. 
of jungere to join.] A council; a tribunal; esp., the 
grand council of state in Spain. 

Jun'tO (-to), n. ; pi. Juntos (-toz). [Sp. junto united.] 
A secret council to deliberate on public affairs ; a number 
of men combined for party intrigue ; a faction ; a cabal. 

Jupe (jup), n. Same as Jupon. 

Ju'pi-ter (ju'pi-ter), n. [L., fr. Jovis pater. See 
Jove.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The supreme deity ; Jove. 2. 
(Astron.) One of the planets, being the brightest except 
Venus, and the largest of them all. 

Ju-pon' (ju-pon' ; F. zhu'p&N'), ) n. [F. jupon, fr. 

Jup-pon' (jup-p5n'), ) jupe skirt, Sp. al- 

juba a Moorish garment, Ar. jubba.~\ 1. A long sleeve- 
less jacket worn over the armor in the 14th century. 
2. A petticoat. 

Ju-ras'sic (ju-raVsTk), a. (Geol.) Of the age of the 
middle Mesozoic ; — named from certain rocks of the 
Jura mountains. — n. The Jurassic period or formation. 

Ju'rat (ju'rSt), n. [Prov. F. jurat, fr. L. juratus 
sworn, p. p. of jurare to swear.] 1. A person under 
oath; specif., an officer in certain municipal corpora- 
tions in England. 2. (Law) The final memorandum or 
certificate, showing when, before whom, and (in English 
practice) where, an instrument was sworn to or affirmed. 

Ju-rid'ic (ju-rTd'Ik), ) a. [L. juridicus ; jus, juris, 

Ju-rid'ic-al (-T-kal), J law -)- dicare to pronounce.] 
Pertaining to a judge or to jurisprudence ; acting in the 
distribution of justice ; used in courts of law ; legal. 

Ju ris-con'sult (ju'ris-kon'sult), n. [L. juriseonsul- 
tus ; jus, juris, right + consulere, consultum, to consult.] 
(Law) A man learned in the civil law ; a jurist. 

Ju ris-dic'tion (-dik'shun), n. [L. jurisdictio ; jus, 
juris, right, law -f- dictio a saying, speaking.] 1. (Law) 
The legal power, right, or authority of a particular court 
to hear and determine causes. 2. Authority of a sover- 
eign power to govern or legislate ; power or right of ex- 
ercising authority. 3. Sphere of authority; the limits 
within which any power may be exercised. [diction. I 

Ju'ris-dic'tion-al (-«1), «• Of or pertaining to juris- 1 

Ju ris-pru'dence (-pru'dens), n. [li.jurisprudentia ; 
jus, juris, right, law -J- prudentia a foreseeing, pru- 
dence.] Science of juridical law ; knowledge of the laws, 
customs, and rights of men in a state or community. 

Medical jurisprudence, that branch of juridical law which 
concerns questions of medicine. 

Ju ris-pru'dent (-dent), a. Understanding law ; skilled 
in jurisprudence. 



Juris pru-den'tial (ju'rls-pru-dgn'shal), a. Of or 
pertaining to jurisprudence. 

Ju'rist (ju'rlst), n. [F. juriste, LL. jurista, fr. L. 
jus, juris, right, law.] One versed in the law, esp. in 
the civil law ; a writer on civil and international law. 

Ju'ror (ju'rer), n. [F. jureur one who takes oath, L. 
juralor, it. jurare to swear.] A member of a jury. 

Ju'ry (ju'rj), a. [Etym. uncertain.] (Naut.) For 
temporary use ; — applied to a temporary contrivance. 

Ju'ry (ju'ry), n. [OF. jure* an assize, fr. jurer to 
swear, L. jurare, jurari.] 1. (Law) A body of men se- 
lected and sworn according to law to inquire into and 
try any matter of fact, and to render a true verdict ac- 
cording to the evidence. 2. A committee for determin- 
ing relative merit or awarding prizes, as at an exhibition. 

Ju'ry-man (-man), n. One impaneled on a jury. 

Just (just), a. [F. juste, L. Justus, fr. jus right, law, 
justice; orig., that which is fitting; akin to Skr. yu to 
join.] 1. Conforming or conformable to rectitude or 
justice ; not violating right or obligation ; upright ; 
righteous ; honest ; true. 2. Conformed to the truth of 
things, to reason, or to a proper standard ; exact ; nor- 
mal ; reasonable ; due. 3. Rendering, or disposed to 
render, to each one his due ; equitable ; fair ; impartial. 

Just, adv. 1. Precisely ; exactly ; — in place, time, 
or degree ; neither more nor less than is stated. 2. 
Closely ; nearly ; almost. 3. Barely ; merely ; scarcely ; 
only ; by a very small space or time. 

Just now, the least possible time since ; a moment ago. 

Just, v. i. & n. See Joust. 

Jus'tiCO (jus'tis), n. [F., fr. L. justitia, fr. Justus 
just.] 1. Quality of being just ; conformity to the prin- 
ciples of righteousness and rectitude in all things. 2. 
Conformity to truth and reality in expressing opinions 
and in conduct. 3. The rendering to every one his due ; 
that which is due to one's conduct or motives. 4. Agree- 
ableness to right. 5. A person duly commissioned to 
hold courts, or to try causes and administer justice. 

Syn. — Equity ; law ; right ; rectitude ; honesty ; in- 
tegrity ; uprightness : fairness ; impartiality. — Ab- 
stractly considered justice and equity are the same: but 
human laws, though designed to secure justice, are ot 
necessity imperfect, and in their administration must 
necessarily sometimes fail in securing this end. Courts 
of equity are intended to obviate those injustices which 
arise from the inflexibility of the rules of the courts of 
laic, or, as they are sometimes called, courts of justice. 
Rectitude, in its widest sense, is one of the most compre- 
hensive words in our language, denoting absolute con- 
formity to the rule of right in principle and practice. 
Justice refers more especially to the carrying out of law, 
and the giving to others their due. 

Jus'tice-ship (-tls-ship), n. Office of a justice. 

Jus-ti'ci-ar (-tizh'i-er), n. Same as Justiciary. 

Jus-ti'ci-a-ry (-i-a-ry o;--a-ry), n. (Old En g. Law) 
An old name for the judges of the higher English courts. 

Jus'ti-fi'a-ble (-fi'a-b'l), a. That may be justified. — 
Jus'ti-fi'a-ble-ness, n. — Jus'ti fl ably, adv. 

Syn. — Defensible ; vindicable ; warrantable; excusa- 
ble ; exculpable ; authorizable. 

Justi-fi-ca'tion (juVti-fT-ka'shiin), n. A justifying, 
or state of being justified ; defense ; vindication. 

Jus-tii'i-ca-tive (j&s-tif'i-ka-tlv), a. Having power 
to justify ; justificatory. [fies ; a justifier. I 

Jus'ti-fi-ca'tor (jus'tT-fi-ka'ter), n. One who jnsti-| 

Jus-tif'i-ca-tO-ry (jus-tif'I-ka-to-iy), a. Vindicatory ; 
defensory ; justificative. 

Jus'tl-fl'er (jus'tT-fi'er), n. One who justifies. 

Jus'ti-fy (jus'tl-fT), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justified 
(-fid) ; p. pr.&vb. n. Justifying (-H'Tng).] [Y.justijier, 
L. justificare ; Justus just -f- -ficare (in comp.) to make.] 
1. To prove or show to be just ; to vindicate ; to main- 
tain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, pro- 
priety, or duty. 2. To pronounce free from guilt or 
blame ; to absolve ; to exonerate ; to clear. 3. (Theol.) 
To treat as if righteous and just ; to pardon ; to excul- 
pate ; to absolve. 4. (Print.) To make even or true, as 
lines of type, by proper spacing ; to adjust, as type. 

Jus'ti-fy, v. i. 1. (Print.) To form an even surface 
or true line with something else ; to fit exactly. 2. 
(Law) To take oath to the ownership of sufficient prop- 
erty to qualify one's self as bail or Burety. 

Jus'tle (jiiV'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Justled (-'Id) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Justling (-ling).] [Freq. of Joust, Just, 
v. i.] To run or strike against each other ; to jostle. 

Jus'tle, V. t. To force by running against ; to push ; 
to drive ; to jostle. 

Jus'tle, r). An encounter or shock ; a jostle. 

Just'ly (jvist'ly), adv. In a just manner ; rightly. 

Just'ness, n. Quality of being just ; fairness ; equity. 



K 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fo~ot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



JUT 



468 



KEELER 



Jut ufi*\ ''• '• V'»P- * P- P- Jpttbd (-t6d); p. pr. 
A Jitting.] [A corruption of Jet.] To shoot out 

or forward ; bo project beyond the main body. 

Jut. »■ That which projects or juts : a projection. 

Jute (jut), n. [Hind. Jut, Skr. jilta matted hair.] 
no, strong fiber of an East Indian plant; also, 
the plant itself. 

Jut'ty (jufty), a. [See Jetty, Jut, Jet.] A projec- 
tion in a building ; also, a pier or mole ; a jetty. 

Ju ve-nes'cence(ju v$-neVsens), n. A growing young. 

Ju ve-nes'cent (,-s<>nt), a. [L. juvenescens, p. pr., 
deriv. of juvenis young.] Growing or becoming young. 



Ju've-nile (ju've-nTl), a. [L. juvenilis, fr. juvenis 
young; akin toE. young.] 1. Young; youthful. 2. Of 
or pertaining to youth. — Ju've-nile-ness. n. 

JSy ii. — Puerile; boyish; childish. See Youthful. 

Ju've-nile, n. A young person or youth. 

Ju've-nil'i-ty (-uTl'I-ty), n. 1. Youthfulness. 2. 
Manner or character of youth ; a youthful trait. 

Jux ta-pose' (juks'ta-poz'), v. t. To juxtaposit. 

Jux ta-pos'it (-poz'Tt), v. t. [L,.jnxta near +positus, 
p. p. of ponere to put.] To place in close connection. 

Jux ta-po-si'tion (-po-zTsh'Qn). n. A placing or be- 
ing placed in nearness or contiguity, or side by side. 



K. 



K (ka), the eleventh letter of the English alphabet, is 
a nonvocal consonant. The form and sound of the letter 
K are from the Latin, which received it through the 
Greek, from a Phoenician source, the ultimate origin prob- 
ably being Egyptian. Etymologically K is most nearly 
related to c. g. h (which see). See Guide to Pronuncia- 
tion, §* 240, 178, 179, 185. 

Ka ; di (ka'dl ; Turk, ka'de), 1 n. A Turkish judge. 

Kadi- -'ter (ka'dT-Ss'ter), J See Cadi. 

Kail (kal), n. (Bot.) Same as Kale. 

Kai'ser (kl'zer), n. [G., fr. L. Caesar.] The ancient 
title of emperors of Germany, assumed by King William 
of Prussia, and by the Austrian sovereigns. 

Ka'ka (ka'ka), n. [So named from its note.] (Zobl.) 
A large New Zealand parrot remarkable for having ac- 
quired the habit 1 feeding upon the flesh of lambs. 

Ka ka-po' (ka/ka-po'), n. (Zobl.) A singular noctur- 
nal parrot native of New Zealand. 

Kale (kal), n. [Scot., fr. Gael. cal.~\ (Bot.) A vari- 
ety of cabbage which does not form a head. 

Ka-lei'dO-phon (ka-li'do-f on), ) n. [Gr. KaAos beauti- 

Ka-lei'do-phone (-fon), ) ful -f- elfios appear- 

ance, form -f- (j>a>vrj sound.] (Physics) An instrument 
for making visible, in the motion of a point of light, the 
paths or curves corresponding with musical vibrations. 

Ka-lei'do-SCOpe (-skop), n. [Gr. /caAds beautiful + 
eifios form -f- scope.'] An instrument containing loose 
bits of colored glass, etc., and having reflecting surfaces 
eo arranged as to exhibit them in beautiful symmetrical 
forms, varying with their changes in position. 

Ka-lei do-scop'ic (-skop'Tk), 1 a. Of, pertaining to, 

Ka-lei do-scop'ic-i:l (-T-kal), J or formed by, a ka- 
leidoscope ; variegated. 

Kal'en-dar (kal'en-der), n. See Calendar. 

Kal'en-der (kai'en-der, n. See 3d Calender. 

Kal'ends (-endz), n. Same as Calends. [wort. 1 

Kali (ka'lT), n. [See Alkali.] (Bot.) The glass- 1 

Kalii (ka'lif), n. See Call>h. 

Ka-lig'e-nous (ka-lTj'e-nus) n. [Kali -\- -genous.] 
Forming alkalies with oxygen, as some metals. 

Kali-urn (ka'lT-um), n. [XL. /ee Kali.] (Chem.) 
Potassium ; — so called by the German chemists. 

Kal'mi-a (kSl'mT-a), n. [NL. Named in honor of 
Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of 
North American shrubs with poisonous eve. green foliage 
and corymbs of showy flowers. 

Ka-loy'er (ka-loi'er), n. See Calotek. [mine. I 

Kal'so-mine (kal'so-min), n. & v. t. Same as Calci-| 

Kam (kam), a. [Fr. Celtic] Crooked ; awry. [Obs.] 

Ka-mala (ka-ma'la), n. (Bot.) The red dusty hairs 
of the capsules of an East Indian tree used for dyeing 
silk. It is violently emetic. 

Ka'mi-chi (ka'me-che), n. (Zo'ol.) A South Ameri- 
can bird often domesticated and kept with poultry, 
which it defends against birds of prey. 

Kam-Sin', Khamsin' (kam-sen'), n. [Ar. 
khamsin, deriv. of khamsin fifty.] 
A hot southwesterly wind in 
Egypt* coming from the Sahara, 
and blowing for about 50 days, 
from April till June. 

Ka-nack'a (ka-nSk'a), Ka-na'- 
ka (ka-na'ka), n. [Native name, 
prop., a man.] A native of the 
Sandwich Islands. 

Kan'ga-roo' 

(ka"n/ga-roo'), n. 

[Said to be the na- 
Oiant Kangaroo ( Macropw major). ti ve name .] (Zobl. ) 
Any one of numerous species of jumping marsupials in- 
habiting Australia, New Guinea, and adjacent islands. 




(Zobl.) A large, green. 




Katydid ( CyrtophyUus concavus). 
To 



Ka'o-lin 1 (ka'6--Hn), n. [Chin, kaoling.] (Min.) A 

Ka'o-line ) very pure white clay, used to form the 
paste of porcelain ; China clay. 

Ka'rob (ka'rob), n. [Cf. Carat.] The twenty-fourth 
part of a grain, —a weight used by goldsmiths. 

Ka-tab'O-lism (ka-taV6-lTz'm), n. [Gr. Kara down 
-f fidWew to throw.] (Physiol.) Destructive or down- 
ward metabolism ; regressive metamorphism. — Kat a- 
bol'ic (kat/a-bol'Tk), a. 

Ka'ty-did' (ka'ty-dTd'), 
arboreal, orthopterous in- 
sect of the Locust family, 
common in the United 
States. During the sum- 
mer and autumn, in the 
evening, the males make, 
with stridulating organs 
at the base of the front 
wings, a shrill sound, 
resembling Katy-did, 
whence the name. 

Kay'ak (ka'Sk), n. 
(Naut.) A light skin canoe. 

Kayles (kalz), n. pi. 
[Akin to G. kegel.] Nine- 
pins. \_Prov. Eng.~\ 

Keb'lah (keb'la), n. 
[Ar. qibla.] The point 
toward which Mohamme- 
dans turn in praying, being 
the direction of the tem- 
ple at Mecca. 

Keck (kek), v. i. [Cf. dial. G. kbcken, token.] 
heave or to retell, as in an effort to vomit. [R.] 

Keck. n. An effort to vomit ; queasiness. [R-] 

Kec/kle (kek'k'l), v. i. & n. See Keck, v. i. & n. 

Kec'kle. v. t. [imj). & p. p. Keckled (-k'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Keckling (-kling).] (Naut.) To wind old rope 
or chains around, as a cable, for protection. 

Keck'sy (kek'sy), n. [Properly pi. of kex. See Kex.] 
(Bot.) The hollow stalk of an umbelliferous plant. 

Kedge (kej), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Kedged (kgjd) : p. 
pr. &.vb. n. Kedging.] [Etym. uncertain.] (Naut.) To 
move (a vessel) by carrying out a kedge in a boat, drop- 
ping it overboard, and hauling the vessel up to it. 

Kedge, n. (Xaul.) A small anchor used whenever 
a large one can be dispensed with. 

Kedg'er (kej'er), n. (Naut.) A small anchor ; a kedge. 

Keel (kel). v. t. & i. [See Cool.] To cool. [Obs.] 

Keel, n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. (Shipbuilding) The 
timber or combination of timbers or plates extending 
from stem to stern along the bottom of a vessel, and 
supporting the vessel's framework. 2. Fig. : The whole 
ship. 3. A kind of coal barge used on the Tyne ; also, a 
barge load of coal. [Eng.] 4. (Bot.) The two lowest 
petals of the corolla of a papiliona- 
ceous flower, inclosing the stamens and 
pistil. 5. (Nat. Hist.) A projecting 
ridge along the middle of a flat or 
| curved surface. 

Keel boat, (a) A covered freight 
boat, with a keel, but no sails. [ West- 
ern U. S.] (b) A low, flat-bottomed 
freight boat. 

Keel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Keeled 
(keld) ; p. pr. & vb. v. Keeling.] 1. To traverse with 
a keel ; to navigate. 2. To turn up the keel ; to show 
the bottom. 

Keel'age (-aj), n. The right of demanding a duty or 
toll for a ship entering a port ; also, the duty or toll. 

Keel'er (kel'er), n. 1. One employed in managing a 




Keel (Bot.). 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, 6bey, finite, tare, arm, ask, all, flnaL 



KEELFAT 



469 



KESTREL 




a Keelson 



c False 



superl. 



coal keel. [Eng.] 2. A small or shallow tub; esp. 
(Naut.), one used for holding materials for calking ships. 

Keel'fat' (kel'fSt'), n. [Keel to cool + fat a large 
tub, a vat.] (Brewing) A vat for cooling wort, etc 

Keel'haul' (-hal'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keelhauled 
(-hald') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Keelhauling.] [2d keel + haul.] 
(Naut.) To punish by hauling under the keel of a ship, 
by ropes attached to the yardarms on each side. 

Keeling (ke'lTng), a. [Cf. IceL keila.] (Zool.) A cod. 

Keel'son (kel'siin), n. [Akin to S\v. kolsvin, Dan. 
kfolsviin, G. kielschwein ; of 
uncertain origin.] (Ship- 
building) A piece of timber 
or structure of plates laid on 
the middle of the floor tim- 
bers over the keel, and bind- 
ing the floor timbers to the 
keel. 

Keel'vat' (kel'vaV), n. See Keelfat. 

Keen (ken), a. [Compar. Keener (-er) 
Keenest.] [OE. kene sharp, bold, AS. cene bold ; akin 
to G. kiihn.] 1. Sharp; having a fine edge or point. 2. 
Acute of mind ; having or expressing mental acuteness. 

3. Bitter ; piercing ; stinging ; severe ; — used of lan- 
guage, also of wind, cold, etc. 4. Eager ; vehement ; 
fierce. — Keenly, adv. — Keen'ness, n. 

Syn. — Prompt ; ardent ; sharp ; acute ; cutting ; pene- 
trating ; biting ; sarcastic ; satirical ; shrewd. 

Keep (kep), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kept (kept) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Keeping.] [AS. cepan to keep, regard, desire, 
take.] 1. To hold; to restrain from departure or re- 
moval ; to retain in one's power or possession. 2. To 
cause to remain in a given situation or condition ; to 
maintain unchanged. 3. To have in custody; to take 
charge of ; to have the care of ; to conduct ; to manage. 

4. To preserve from danger, harm, or loss; to guard. 

5. To preserve from discovery or publicity, as a secret. 

6. To record transactions, accounts, or events in, as 
books ; also, to enter (as accounts, records, etc.) in a 
book. 7. To supply with meals, lodging, etc. 8. To 
have in one's service ; to have and maintain. 9. To 
have habitually in stock for sale. 10. To continue in, 
as a course or mode of actiou ; to hold to ; to be faithful 
to ; to observe ; to perform. 11. To confine one's self 
to ; to remain in ; hence, to haunt ; to frequent. 

To keep company with, to associate with ; also, to pay 
court to, or accept attentions from, with a view to mar- 
riage. [Colfoq.] — To keep house, to occupy a separate 
house or establishment, as distinguished from boardinu. 

Syn. — To retain ; detain ; reserve ; preserve ; hold ; 
restrain; maintain; sustain; support; withhold. — Keep 
is the generic term, and is often used where retain or pre- 
serve would too much restrict the meaning. Retain de- 
notes that we keep or hold things, as against influences 
which might deprive us of them, or reasons which might 
lead U3 to give them up. Preserve denotes that we keep 
a thing against agencies which might lead to its being 
destroyed or broken in upon. 

Xeep (ke'i), v. i. 1. To remain in any position or 
state ; to ab ; le ; to stay. 2. To last ; to remain unim- 
paired. 3. To reside for a time ; to dwell. [Now local 
or colloq.~\ 4. To be in session, as school. [Colloq.] 

Keep, n. 1. Act or office of keeping ; custody ; guard ; 
care ; heed ; charge. 2. State of being kept ; hence, 
the resulting condition ; case. 3. Means or provisions 
by which one is kept ; maintenance ; support. 4. That 
which keeps or protects; fortress; castle; soecif., the 
strongest and most secure part of a castle. [See Must. 
of Castle.] 

Keep'er (kep'er), n. One who, or that which, keeps. 

Keeping, n. 1. A holding ; restraint ; custody ; 
guard ; charge ; care ; preservation. 2. Maintenance ; 
support ; provision ; feed. 3. Conformity ; congruity ; 
harmony ; consistency. 

Keeping room, a family sitting room. [Local] 

Keep'sake 7 (-sak'), n. Anything kept, or given to be 
kept, for the sake of the giver ; a token of friendship. 

Eeeve (kev), n. [AS. cyf, fr. L. cupa a tub, cask.] 
A vat or large tub. 

Keeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keeved (kevd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Keeving.] To set in a keeve. 

Keg (keg), n. [Earlier cag, Icel. kaggi.] A small 
cask or barrel. 

IlKeit-lO'a (kit-lo'a), n. [Native name.] (Zool.) A 
black, two-horned, African rhinoceros. 

Keloid (keloid), a. [Gr. ktjAtj tumor -f -oid.] (Med. ) 
Designating a variety of tumor forming hard, flat, irreg- 
ular excrescences upon the skin. — n. A keloid tumor. 

Kelp (kelp), n. [Formerly kilpe ; of unknown origin.] 
1. ' The calcined ashes of seaweed, — formerly used in 



the manufacture of glass. 2. (Bot.) Any large blackish 

Kel'pie I (keTpy), n. [Cf. Gael, cnlpmh a 

Kel'py ( heifer, steer, colt, co/pu u cow or 
horse.] (Scotch Myth.) An imaginary spirit of 
the waters, horselike in form, vulgarly believed to 
warn those who are to be drowned. 

Kelt (kglt), n. Same M Celt, one of Celtic race. 

Keller (kgl'ter), n. [Etym. uncertain.] Regu- 
lar order or proper condition. [Colloq.] 

Keltic (kSlt'lk), a. 8t n. Same as CWUTU 

Ken (kSn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kenned (kgnd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Kenni.no.] [AS. criutait to make 
known, or fr. related Icel. henna to know ; akin 
toG. kennen to know ; orig., a causative coir.-pon,]- 
iug to AS. cunnnn to know.] To know ; to under- 
stand ; to recognize ; to descry. [A rchaie or 8cot. ] 

Ken, n. Coguizauce ; view ; esp., reach of sight 
or knowledge. 

Ken'nel (-nSl), n. [OE. kenel, deriv. of ... ,_ 
L. cants dog.] 1. A house for a dog or for (x2a*wWa 
dogs. 2. A pack of hounds, or a collection laccharinu). 
of dogs. 3. The hole of a fox or other beast. 

Ken'nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kenneled (-ngld) or 
Kennelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Kenneling or Kennelling.] 
To lie or lodge ; to dwell, as a dog or a fox. 

Ken'nel, V. t. To put or keep in a kennel. 

Ke'no (ke'uo), n. [F. quine five winning numbers, 
fr. L. quint five each, quinoue five.] A gambling game, 
— a variety of lotto. [U. S.] 

Ken'tle (kgn't'l), n. (Com.) See Quintal. 

Kentledge (kgnt'lgj), n. [OF. cant edge, D. kant. 
See Cant angle.] (Xaut.) Pigs of iron used for ballast. 

Kept (kept), i»ip. & p. p. of Keep. 

Ke-ramlc (ke-rSm'Tk), a. Same as Ceramic. 

Ker'a-tin (kgr'a-tTn), n. [Gr. Kepas, -oltos, horn.] 
(Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, or mixture, 
forming the chemical basis of horn, hair, nails, etc. 

Kerb (kerb), n. See Curb. 

Ker'chlef (ker'chlf), n. [OE. coverchef, OF. cuevre- 
chief, couvrechef, a head covering, fr. couvrir to cover ~- 
chief head. See Cover, and Chief.] A square of tine 
linen worn by women as a head covering ; hence, any- 
thing similar in form or material, worn for ornament. 

Kerf (kerf),w. [AS. cyrfa. cutting off, fr. ceor/an to cut. 
See Carve.] A notch, channel, or slit made by sawing. 

Ke'rite (ke'rit), n. [Gr. Kepas horn.] A vulcanized 
rubber-like compound of tar or asphaltum with oils. 

Ker'mes (ker'mez), n. [Ar. & Per. qirmiz. See 
Crimson.] (Zool.) The dried bodies of the females of a 
scale insect, allied to the cochineal insect, found on spe- 
cies of oak near the Mediterranean. They yield a color- 
ing matter analogous to carmine. 

Kern (kern), n. [Ir. ceathamach.] 1. Alight-armed 
foot soldier of the ancient militia of Ireland and Scot- 
land. 2. (0. Eng. Law) An idler; a vagabond. 

Kern, n. (Type Founding) A part of the face of a 
type which projects beyond the body, or shank. 

Kern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kerned (kenul) : p. pr. & 
vb. n. Kerning.] ( Type Founding) To form with a kern. 

Kern, n. [See Quern.] A hand mill. See Qttsbn. 

Ker'nel (ker'nel), it. [AS. cyrml, fr. com grain. See 
Corn.] 1. The essential part of a seed ; all that is within 
the seed walls; the edible substance in the shell of a 
nut ; hence, anything included in a shell, husk, or integu- 
ment. 2. A single seed or grain. 3. A small mass around 
which other matter is concreted ; nucleus. 4. The central, 
substantial or essential part of anything : gist ; core. 

Kernel, v. i. To form into or produce kernels. 

Ker'0-sene' (kgr'6-senO, «• [Gr. ktjpo? wax.] An oil 
used for illuminating purposes, formerly obtained from 
the distillation of mineral wax, bituminous shale, etc., 
now chiefly by the distillation of petroleum. 

Ker'sey (ker'zy). n. : pi. Kerseys i-zTzV [Prob. from 
the town of Kersey in Suffolk. Bug.] A kind of coarse, 
woolen cloth woven from wool of long staple. 

Ker'sey-mere 
(-mer), ». [For 
cassinnre, con- 
founded with 
kersey.] SeeCAs- 

SIMERE. 

Kes'trel (kSs'- 
trel 1 ). n. [Etym. 
uncertain.] (Zo- 
ol.] A small, 
slender Euro- 
pean hawk. 




( 



Kestrel (. Falco alaudarims). 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



KETCH 



470 



KILLING 






Ketch (k?ch\ Ik [Prob. corrupted fr. Turk. qaiq.] 
| \ Ail almost 

obsolete form of ves- 
sel, with a mainmast 
ami a mizzemnast. 

Ketch, 9. t. [See 
Catch.] To catch. 
[06*. in spelling, and 
colloq. in pronuncia- 
tion.] 

KetCh'up(-iip),/!. 
A sauce. See Catch- 
up. 

Ke'tone (ke'ton), 
n, [Cf. Acetone.] 
(C/»,n.) One of a 
large class of organic 
substances, which in 
general are colorless 




Ketch. 




Kettledrum. 

2. A dry 



volatile liquids having a pungent ethereal odor. 

Ket'tle (kSt't'l), n. [OE. ketel; akin to G. kessel ; of 
uncertain origin.] A metallic vessel, with a wide mouth, 
used for heating and boiling water or other liquids. 

Ket'tle-drum' (-drum'), n. 1. (Mus.) A drum of thin 
copper in the form of a hemispher- 
ical kettle, with parchment 
stretched over the mouth. 2. An 
informal social party at which a 
light collation is offered, held in 
the afternoon or early evening. 

Kev'el (kev'el), n. [Prov. E.] 

1. (Xaut.) A strong cleat to which 
large ropes are belayed. 2. A stone 
mason's hammer. 

Kex (keks), n. [W. cecys, pi., 
hollow stalks.] 1. (Bot. ) A weed ; a kecksy 
husk or covering. 

Key (ke), n. [F. quai a bank or wharf on the side of 
a river, OF. caye sandbank, rock, or islet in the sea ; both 
of Celtic origin.] 1. A ledge of rocks near the surface 
of the water ; a low island. 2. A bank or wharf. 

Key, n. [OE. key, kay, AS. cseg.] 1. An instrument 
by means of which the bolt of a lock is shot or drawn. 

2. An instrument which is turned like a key in fastening 
or adjusting any mechanism. 3. That part of an instru- 
ment or machine which serves as the means of operating 
it. 4. A position or condition which affords entrance, 
control, or possession, etc. Hence, that which serves to 
unlock, open, discover, or solve something unknown or 
difficult. 5. That part of a mechanism which serves to 
lock up, make fast, or adjust to position. 6. {Arch.) (a) 
A piece of wood used as a wedge, (b) The last board of 
a floor when laid down. 7. (Masonry) (a) A keystone. 
(b) That part of plastering which is forced through be- 
tween the laths. 8. (Mach.) (a) A wedge to unite or 
adjust two or more pieces ; a cotter ; a forelock. (6) A 
bar, pin, or wedge, to secure a crank, pulley, coupling, 
etc., upon a shaft, and prevent relative turning. 9. (Bot.) 
An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing. 
10. (3fus.) (a) A family of tones whose regular mem- 
bers are called diatonic tones, (b) The keynote. 11. Fig : 
The general pitch or tone of a sentence or utterance. 

Key (ke), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keyed (ked) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Keying.] To fasten or secure firmly ; to fasten or 
tighten with keys or wedges. [quayage. I 

Key'age (ke'aj), n. [See 1st Key.] Wharfage ; | 

Keyboard' (ke'bord'), n. The whole arrangement, 
or one range, of the keys of an organ, typewriter, etc. 

Keyed (ked), a. Furnished with keys ; as, a keyed 
instrument ; also, set to a key, as a tune. 

Key'hole' (ke'hol'), n. A hole or aperture for a key. 

Key'note 7 (ke'not'), n. 1. (Mus.) The tonic or first 
tone of the scale in which a piece or passage is written ; 
the fundamental tone of the chord, to which all the mod- 
ulations of the piece are referred. 2. The fundamental 
fact or idea ; that which gives the key. 

Key'stone' (ke'ston'), «. (Arch.) The central or top- 
most ^tone of an arch. [See Illust. of Arch.] 

Key' tone' (ke'ton'). (Mus.) See Keynote. 

Khallff fkalif), n. See Caliph. 

Kham-sin' (kam-sen'), n. Same as Kamsin. 

Khan (kan ; kh = h guttural), n. [Pers. & Tart, khan.'] 
King ; prince ; chief ; governor ; — so called among the 
Tartars, Turks, and Persians, and where they have ruled. 

Khan, n. [Per. khan, khanah, house, tent, inn.] An 
Eastern inn or caravansary. 

Khan'ate (-at), n. Dominion or jurisdiction of a khan. 
Khe'dive' (kS'dev'), n. [F. khedive, Peru, khediw a 



prince.] A governor or viceroy ; — a title granted in 
1867 by the sultan of Turkey to the ruler of Egypt. 

Kibe (kib), n. [W. cib a cup, husk ; cibwst chilblains ; 
cib + gwst sickness.] A crack in the flesh occasioned 
by cold ; an ulcerated chilblain. 

Kibed (kibd), a. Chapped ; affected with chilblains. 

Kick (ktk), v. t. limp. &p. p. Kicked (klkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Kicking.] [W. cicio, fr. cic foot.] To strike, 
thrust, or hit violently with the foot. 

To kick the beam, to fly up and strike the beam ; — said 
of the lighter arm of a loaded balance ; hence, to be found 
wanting in weight. 

Kick, v. i. 1. To thrust out the foot or feet with vio- 
lence ; esp., to strike backward, as a horse does. Hence, 
fig. : To show ugly resistance or hostility. 2. To recoil ; 
— said of a musket, cannon, etc. 

Kick, n. Act of kicking ; esp., a blow with the foot. 

Kick'er, n. One that kicks. [rect singular. I 

Kick'shaw (kik'sha/), n. See Kickshaws, the cor-| 

Kick'shaws (-shaz'), n. ; pi. Kickshawses (-gz). 
[Corrupt, fr. F. quelque chose something, fr. L. qualis of 
what kind (akin to E. which) -\- suffix -quam -f- causa 
cause, in LL., a thing.] 1. Something fantastical; a 
toy. 2. A titbit ; a delicacy. 

Kid (kid), n. [Of Scand. origin ; akin to G. kits.'] 1. 
(Zo'ol.) A young goat. 2. A child or infant; hence, a 
person easily imposed on. 3. A kind of leather made of 
the skin of the young goat, or of the skin of rats, etc. 
4. £>£. Gloves made of kid. {Colloq.] 5. A small wooden 
mess tub in which sailors receive their food. 

Kid, v . i. [imp. &p. p. Kidded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Kid- 
ding.] To bring forth young ; — said of a goat. 

Kid'der-min ster (kld'der-mTn'ster), n. A kind of 
ingrain carpeting, named from an English town. 

Kid'dle (-d'l), n. [Cf. LL. kidellus, Armor, kidel.] 
A kind of basketwork weir in a river, for catching fish. 

Kid'dy (-dy), v. t. To deceive ; to outwit. [Slang] 

Kid'ling (-Hng), n. [Kid -f- -ling.] A young kid. 

Kid'nap' (kid'nap'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kidnaped 
(-napf) or Kidnapped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Kidnaping or 
Kidnapping.] [Kid a child -f- Prov. E. nap to seize, to 
grasp.] To take by force or fear, and against one*s will, 
with intent to carry to another place. [naps anyone. I 

Kid'nap er (-er), or Kid'napper, n. One who kid- 1 

Kid'ney (-ny), n. [OE. kidnei, kidnere, fr. Icel. koiSr 
belly, womb -f- OE. nere kidney; akin to G. niere.] 1. 
(Anat.) A glandular organ which excretes urea and other 
waste products. 2. Habit ; disposition ; sort ; kind. 

Kidney bean, a sort of bean so named from its shape. 

Kid'ney-form' (kld'ny-f6rm'), )a. Shaped like a 

Kid'ney-Shaped (-shapf), j kidney ; reniform. 

Kid'ney-wort' (-wfirf ), n. (Bot.) (a) 
A kind of saxifrage, (b) The navelwort. 

Kier (klr), n. [Icel. ker a tub.] A 
large bleaching tub or vat. 

Kil'der-kin (kil'der-kin),??. [OD. kin- 
deken, orig., a little child, fr. kind child.] 
A small barrel; an old liquid measure 
containing 18 English beer gallons. 

Kill (kll), n. [D. ML] A channel or Kidney-Shaped 
arm of the sea ; river ; stream. Leaf. 

Kill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Killed (kild) : p. pr. & vb. 
n. Killing.] [OE. kitten, kellen, cullen, to kill, strike; 
of uncertain origin.] 1. To deprive of life, animal or 
vegetable ; to put to death. 2. To destroy ; to ruin. 
3. To cause to cease ; to quell ; to still. 4. To destroy 
the effect of ; to neutralize. 

Syn. — To murder; assassinate; slay; butcher; de- 
stroy. — To kill does not necessarily mean any more than 
to deprive of life. To murder is to kill with malicious 
forethought and intention. To assassinate is to murder 
suddenly and by stealth. 

Kill'dee' (kll'de'), \n. [Named from its notes. ~} (Zo'ol.) 

Kill'deer' (-der'), } A small American plover. 

Kill'er (kil'er), n. 1. One that kills. 2. (Zo'ol.) A 
voracious, toothed whale, which attacks, and is reputed 
to kill, right whales. 





Killer (Zo'ol.) (Orca gladialor). 
Killi-fish (killi-fish)) n. (Zo'ol.) See Minnow, 2. 
Kil'li-ki-nick' (-kl-nik'), n. See Kinndxinic. 
Kill'ing (kll'Ing), a. Lit., that kills; fatal; colloq., 
conquering; captivating; irresistible.— Kill'ing-ly, adv. 



a, g, i^ 5, u, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, event, idea, &bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



KILN 



471 



KINK 



Klin (kll), n. [AS. cyln, cylen; akin to Icel. kylna ; 
prob. f r. same source as E. coal.} A large stove or oven ; 
a furnace of brick or stone, or a heated chamber, for hard- 
ening, burning, or drying anything. 

Kiln'-dry' (-drl'), v. t. To dry in a kiln. [ogram. I 

Kl'lO (ke'16), n. ; pi. -los (-loz). [F.] Abbr. of Kil- 

Kil'o-gram (kli'o-gr5m), Kil'o-gramme, n. [F. ki- 
logramme; pref. kilo- (fr. Gr. xi'Atoi a thousand) -4- 
gramme. See 3d Gram.] A measure of weight, being a 
thousand grams, equal to 2.204(5 pounds avoirdupois. 

Kil'O-gram-me'ter (kll'o-grSin-me'ter or kll'o-grSm'- 
me-ter), KiTo-gram-me tre, n. (Mech.) A unit of en- 
ergy or work, being that necessary to raise a kilogram 
the height of a meter, in the latitude of Paris. 

Kil'O-li ter (kll'6-le'ter or kl-151'l-ter), Kil'o-li'tre, 
n. [F. kilolitre. See Kilogram, Liter. ] A measure of 
capacity equal to a cubic meter, or 1,000 liters; or to 
35.315 cubic feet, 220.04 imperial gallons, or 264.18 Amer- 
ican gallons of 231 cubic inches. 

Kil'O-me'ter (kTl'6-me'ter or kl-lom'e-ter), Kil'o- 
me'tre, n. [F. kilometre. See Kilogram, and Meter.] 
A measure of length, being 1,000 meters. It is equal to 
3,280.8 feet, or .62137 of a mile. 

Kil'o-stere' (kll'6-ster' or -star'), n. [F. kilostere. 
See Kilogram, Stere.] A measure of solidity or vol- 
ume, equal to 1,000 cubic meters, or 35,315 cubic feet. 

Kilt (kilt), n. [OGael. cealt clothes, or rather perh. fr. 
Dan. kilte op to tuck up.] A kind of petticoat, reach- 
ing from the waist to the knees, worn in the Highlands 
of Scotland by men, and in the Lowlands by young boys. 

Kilt'ed. a. 1. Having on a kilt. 2. Plaited after the 
manner of kilting. 3. Tucked or fastened up. 

Kll'ter (kll'ter), n. See Kelteb. 

Kilt'ing (kilt'ing), ii. (Dressmaking) A perpendicular 
arrangement of overlapping, flat, single plaits. [bent. 1 

Kim'bo (klm'bo), a. [Cf. Akimbo.] Crooked; arched ; | 

-kin (-kin). [Of Low German origin; cf. G. -chen, 
LG. -ken.'} A diminutive suffix; as, mani&m; la.va.bkin. 

Kin, n. [AS. cynn kin, kind, race, people ; akin to 
cennan to beget, OHG. kunni kin, race, G. kind a child, 
L. genus kind, race, L. gignere to beget, Gr. ylyveotiat. 
to be born.] 1. Relationship, consanguinity, or affinity ; 
connection by birth or marriage ; kindred. 2. Relatives ; 
persons of the same family or race. 

Kind (kind), a. {Compar. Kinder (-er) ; superl. Kind- 
est.] [AS. cynde, gecynde, natural, innate, prop, an old 
p. p. from the root of E. kin.~\ 1. Natural; native. 
[Obs.} 2. Having feelings befitting our common nature ; 
congenial ; sympathetic. 3. Showing tenderness or good- 
ness ; benevolent ; gracious. 4. Proceeding from, or 
characterized by, goodness, gentleness, or benevolence. 

Syn. — Benign ; beneficent ; bounteous ; propitious ; 
generous ; forbearing ; indulgent ; tender ; humane ; 
compassionate ; good ; lenient ; clement ; mild ; gentle ; 
bland ; obliging ; friendly ; amicable. See Obliging. 

Kind, n. 1. Nature ; natural disposition. [Obs.} 2. 
Race ; genus ; species ; generic class. 3. Nature ; style ; 
character ; sort ; fashion ; variety ; description ; class. 

In kind, in the produce or designated commodity itself, 
as distinguished from its value in money. 

Syn. — See Sort. 

Kin'der-gar ten (kln'der-gar'ten), n. [G., fr. kinder 
(pi. of kind child) -(- garten garden.] A school for in- 
structing young children, by cultivating the normal apti- 
tude for exercise, play, observation, imitation, and con- 
struction ; — so called from this method having been first 
introduced in rooms opening on a garden, [dergarten. I 

Kin'der-gart ner (-gart'ner), n. A teacher in a kin- 1 

Kind'-heart'ed (klnd'hart'ed), a. Having kindness 
of nature ; sympathetic. — Kind'-heart ed-ness. n. 

Kin'dle (kln'd'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kindled (-d'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Kindling (-dling).] [Icel. kyndill candle, 
torch ; prob. fr. L. candela, E. candle.'} 1. To set on fire ; 
to cause to begin burning ; to ignite ; to light. 2. Fig. : 
To rouse ; to provoke ; to excite to action ; to incite. 

Syn. — To enkindle ; inflame ; excite ; arouse ; stir up. 

Kin'dle (kin'd'l), v. i. To be kindled. 

Kin'dler (-dler), n. One who, or that which, kindles. 

Kind'li-ness (kindll-nSs), n. Quality or state of 
being kindly. 

Kln'dling (kin'dling), n. 1. Act of igniting or inflam- 
ing. 2. pi. Materials, easily lighted, for starting a fire. 
, Kind'ly (klnd'ly), a. [Compar. Kindlhsr '(-11-er) ; 
superl. Kindliest.] [AS. cyndelic. See Kind, n.} 

1. According to the kind or nature ; natural. [/?.] 

2. Humane ; sympathetic ; hence, benevolent ; kind ; 
helpful. 3. Favorable ; auspicious ; beneficent. 

Kind'ly, adv. In a kind manner. [2. A kind act. | 
Kind'ness, n. 1. State or quality of being kind. | 



Kin'dred (kln'drgd), n. [OE. kinrede, kynrede, kun- 
rvdmi (with excrescent d), fr. AS. cynn kin, race -f- 
-rmden, akin to AS. rmdan to advise.] 1. Relationship 
by birth or marriage ; consanguinity. 2. Relatives by 
blood or marriage, esp. tin; former. 

Syn. — Kin; kinsfolk; kinsmen; relations; affinity. 

Kin'dred, '/. Related ; congenial ; of the like nature. 

Kine (kin), ;/. pi. [For older kyeit, formed like oxen, 
fr. AS. cy, itself pi. of cu cow. See Cow.] Cows. 

Kine-mat'ic (kTn'S-mXt'Tk or ki'uS-), | it. Of or per- 

Kin'e-mat'iC-al (-mSt'I-kal), | taining to 

kinematics. 

Kin e-mat'ics (-Iks), n. [Gr. KiVij/xa, Ku^a™*, mo- 
tion, fr. Kwtlv to move.] (Physics) The science which 
treatsof motions considered in themselves, or apart from 
their causes; the comparison and relation of motions. 

Kine'pox' (kin'pSks'), n. (Med.) See Cowpox. 

Ki net'ic (kl-ugt'Tk or kt-), «. [Gr. k^tikos, from 

Kiveiv to move.] (Physics) .Moving or causing motion. 
Ki-net'ics (-Iks), «. (Physics) Same as Km 
King (king), n. [AS. cyng, cyning ; akin to G. I.onig, 
and fr. root of E. kin.} 1. A chief ruler ; sovereign ; 
a monarch. Used also figuratively. 2. A playing card 
having the picture of a king. 3. The chief piece in the 
game of chess. 4. A crowned man in the game of draughts. 
5. pi. The title of two books in the Old Testament. 

King-at-arms, or King-of-arms, the chief heraldic officer of 
a country. —King of terrors, death . — King's Bench (Law) 
formerly, the highest court of common law in England 
(so called because the king used to sit there in person). — 
The king's English, correct or current language of good 
speakers ; pure English. —King's evil, scrofula ;— so called 
because formerly supposed to he healed by the touch of a 
king. 

King, v. t. To supply with a king ; to make royal. [/?.] 

Kingbird (-berd), n. (Zool.) A small American bird, 
a species of flycatcher, noted for its 
courage in attacking larger birds, 
even hawks and eagles. 

Kingbolt' (-bolt'), n. A vertical 
iron bolt by which the forward axle 
of a vehicle or the trucks of a rail- 
road car are connected with the 
other parts. 

King'craft' (-kraff), n. The 
craft of kings ; the art of governing 
as a sovereign ; royal policy. 

King'cup' (-kup'), n. (Bot.) The 
common buttercup. 

King'dom (klng'dum), n. [AS. cyningdom. See King, 
and -dom.] 1. Rank, quality, state, or attributes of a 
king; royal authority ; dominion. 2. Territory or coun- 
try subject to a king or queen ; realm. Fig. : The sphere 
in which one is supreme. 3. An extensive scientific 
division distinguished by leading or ruling characteris- 
tics ; a principal division. 

Syn. — Empire ; monarchy ; sovereignty ; domain. 

King'fish' (-fish'), n. (Zool.) (a) An American ma- 
rine food fish, of the Atlantic coast, (b) The opah. 

King'fish'er (klng'flsh'er), n. (Zool.) Any one of 
numerous species of birds constituting the family Alce- 
dinidse. Most of them feed upon fishes which they cap- 
ture with the beak by diving. [See Illust. of Laughing 
Jackass, under Laughing.] 

Kinglet (-let), n. 1. A little or a weak king. 2. 
(Zool.) Any one of several species of small singing birds. 

Kingly (klng'ly), a. [Compar. Kikglier (,-11-er) ; 
superl. KiNGLiEST.] Belonging to, suitable to, or be- 
coming, a king ; directed or administered by a king. — 
Kingii-ness, n. 

Syn.— Regal : royal ; monarchical : imperial : august ; 
sovereign; noble: splendid. — Kingly is Angl< 
and refers especially to the character of a king ; regal is 
Latin, and now relates more to his office. 

King'-post' (-post'), n. (Carj>. ) A member of a com- 
mon form of truss, as a 
roof truss. It is strictly 
a tie, intended to pre- 
vent the sagging of the 
tiebeam in the middle. 

King'ship (klng'- 
shlp), n. State, office, 
or dignity of a king. 

King' truss' (trBV). 
(Carp.) A truss with a king-post. 

Kink (kink), n. [D. fctnJb a bend, or Sw. kink.} 1. 
A twist or loop in a rope or thread, caused by a sponta- 
neous doubling or winding upon itself ; a close loop or 
curl. 2. A crotchet ; a whim ; a caprice. \_Colloq.} 




Kingbird 
(Tyrannus tyrannus). 




K King-post 



fern, recent, drb, r^ide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



KINK 



472 



KNEEPAN 



■ 



) 



Kink (kTiik), v. i. [imp. & />• ;>• Kinked (kTnkt) ; p. 
: a Kinking.] To form into a kink or kinks. 

Kink'y vkink'$-\ a. Full of kinks ; liable to kink. 

Kin nl-ki-niC\kIn nT-kt-nlk'), »• [American Indian, 
lit., a mixture.] Prepared leaves or bark of certain 
plants, used by some American Indians for smoking ; 
also, a plant so used. 

Ki'no (kl'no), n. The dark red dried juice of certain 
plants, used in tanning, in dyeing, and in medicine. 

Ki-nol'0-gy (kT-noVo-jy 'or kt-), n. [Gr. Ktvelu to 
move + -'".w] That branch of physics which treats of 
the laws of motion, or of moving bodies. 

Kins 'folk (kTuz'fok'), n. Relatives; kindred; kin. 

Kin'shlp (kln'shlp), n. Family relationship. 

Kins'man (kTnz'man), n. One related by blood. 

Kins'wom an (kTnz'woorn'an), n. A female relative. 

Kint'lidge (kTut'lij), n. {Xaut.) See Kentledge. 

Ki-OSk' (ke-5sk'), n. [Turk, kiushk, kibshk, Per. 
kus/ik.] A Turkish open summer house or pavilion. 

Kip (kip), n. The hide of a young or small beef crea- 
ture, or leather made from it ; kipskin. 

Kip'per (kip'per), n. [D. kippen to hatch.] 1. {Zool.) 
A salmon after spawning. 2. Such a salmon split, salted, 
and dried or smoked, — it not being good when fresh ; 
also, any salmon so cured. [Scot.] [smoking. I 

Kip'per, v. t. To cure by splitting, salting, and| 

Kip'skin' (kTp'skTn'), n. [Kip + ski7i.~\ Leather 
prepared from the skin of young or small cattle. 

Kirk (kerk), 7i. [Scot. See Church.] A church or 
the church ; esp., the Church of Scotland. [Scot.] 

Kirk'man (kerk'nion), n. 1. A clergyman or officer 
in a kirk. [Scot.] 2. A member of the Church of 
Scotland. [Scot.] 

Kir'mess (ker'ines), n. [D. kermis ; cf. G. kirmes ; 
prop. , church mass.] In Europe, particularly in Belgium 
and Holland, an outdoor festival and fair ; in the U. S., 
generally an indoor entertainment and fair combined. 

Kir sch' was ser (kersh'vas'ser), n. [G., fr. kirsche 
cherry + wasser water.] An alcoholic liquor made by 
distilling the fermented juice of the small black cherry. 

Kir'tle (ker't'l), n. [AS. cyrtel.] A garment of vari- 
ous kinds ; as an upper garment, an outer petticoat, etc. 

Kis'met (kis'met), n. [Fer.qismat.] Fate. [Oriental] 

Kiss (kis), v. t. &i. [imp. &p.p. Kissed (kist) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Kissing.] [AS. cyssan, fr. coss a kiss ; of un- 
certain origin; akin to G. kuss.] 1. To salute with the 
lips, as a mark of affection, reverence, submission, for- 
giveness, etc. 2. To touch gently or lightly. 

Kiss. n. 1. A kissing; a salutation with the lips. 2. 
A small piece of confectionery. 

Kiss'er (-er), n. One who kisses. 

Kiss'ing-crust (-krusf), n. The portion of the crust 
of a loaf which has touched another loaf in baking. 

Kit (kit), n. [See Kitten.] A kitten. 

Kit, n. [Cf. AS. cytere harp.] A small violin. 

Kit, n. [Cf. D. kit a large bottle, OD. kitte beaker.] 
1. A large bottle. 2. A wooden tub or pail, smaller at 
the top than at the bottom. 3. A basket. [Prov. Eng.] 
4. A box for working implements ; hence, a working out- 
fit. 5. A group of separate parts, things, or individuals ; 
— used with whole, and generally contemptuously. 

Kit'cat' (-kaV), a. Designating a canvas used for por- 
traits of the size of twenty-eight or twenty-nine inches 
by thirty-six ; — so called because that size was adopted 
for portraits painted of the members of a famous London 
club, called the Kitcat Club. 

Kit'cat', n. A kind of game played by striking, with a 
stick, a small double-pointed piece of wood, called a cat. 

Kitch'en (kTch'en), n. [AS. cycene, L. coquina, de- 
riv. of coquere to cook. See Cook.] 
1. A cookroom ; the room of a house 
appropriated to cookery. 2. A 
utensil for roasting meat. 

Kitch'en-er, n. A kitchen ser- 
vant ; a cook. 

Kitch'en -maid' (-mad'), n. A 
female kitchen servant. 

Kitch'en middens (kTch'gn 
mTd'd'nz). [Dan. Lj'dkeknmdddings 
kitchen leavings.] Relics of neo- 
lithic man found on the coast of 
Denmark, consisting of mounds of 
shells ; also, similar mounds found 
in North America. 

Kite (kit), n. [AS. cyta.] 1. 
{Zool. ) A kind of raptorial bird hav- 
ing longer wings than the hawks, 
and usually a forked tail. 2. Fig 




European Kite. 
One who is rapa- 



[OE. kiton, a dim. of cat.] A 



cious. 3. A light frame covered with paper or cloth, for 
flying in the air at the end of a string. 4. {Naut. ) A 
lofty sail, carried only when the wind is light. 5. Ficti- 
tious commercial paper used for raising money or to sus- 
tain credit. [Cant] 

Kite (kit), v. i. To make or utter kites. See Kite, 5. 
[Cant] [known.] Acquaintance ; kindred. I 

Kith (kith), n. [AS. cydSe, cyS, native land, fr. cuS\ 

Kith and kin, kindred more or less remote. 

Kit'ten (kit't'n), n. 
young cat. 

Kit'ten, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Kittened (-t'nd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Kittening.] To bring forth ; as a cat. 

Kit'ti-wake (-tT-wak), n. {Zool.) A white, three- 
toed northern gull, with black-tipped wings. 

Klep to-ma'ni-a (klep'to-ma'm-a), n. [Gr. kAc'ttttj? 
thief + E. mania.] A propensity to steal, claimed to be 
irresistible. [kleptomania. I 

Klep to -ma'ni-ac (-5k), n. A person affected with 

Klick (klik), n. & v. See Click. 

Klip'das (klTp'dSs), n. [D. klip cliff -f das badger.] 
A small South African mammal, also called rock rabbit. 

Klip'fish' (klir/fish'), n. Dried cod, exported from 
Norway. 

Knab (nab), v. t. [See Nab, v. t.] 1. To seize with 
the teeth ; to gnaw. 2. To nab. [Colloq.] 

Knack (nak), v. i. [Prob. of imitative origin.] To 
crack ; to chink ; also, to speak affectedly. [Prov. Eng.] 

Knack, n. 1. A petty contrivance ; knickknack. 2. A 
readiness in performance ; skill ; facility ; dexterity. 
3. Something requiring skill or dexterity ; trick. 

Knack'er (-er), n. A maker of knickknacks, toys, etc. 

Knag (nag), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A knot in wood ; 
a protuberance. 2. A wooden peg for hanging things 
on. 3. The prong of an antler. [temper. I 

Knag'gy (nag'gy), a. Knotty ; rough ; fig., rough in| 

Knap (nap), n. [AS. cnaep, enstpp.] A. swelling ; 
knob ; button ; hence, rising ground ; summit. 

Knap, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Knapped (napt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Knapping.] [D. knappen to chew, bite, crack, 
seize ; prob. imitative.] 1. To bite. [Obs. or Prov. 
Eng.] 2. To strike smartly ; to rap ; to snap. 

Knap'sack (-saV), n. [D. knapzak; knappen to eat 
+ zak a bag.] A case of canvas or leather, 
for carrying on the back a soldier's or 
traveler's necessaries. [Gnarl. 

Knarl (narl), n. A knot in wood. See 

Knave (nav), n. [AS. cnafa boy, 
youth.] 1. A boy: esp., a boy servant ; 
hence, any male servant. [Obs.] 2. A 
tricky, deceitful fellow ; villain ; rascal ; 
rogue. 3. A certain playing card. 

Syn. — Cheat ; scoundrel ; miscreant. v , 

KnaVer-ytnaVer-y^Ti. 1. Practices ^ na P saclc - 
of a knave ; dishonesty ; trickery ; knavish action. 
pi. Roguish or mischievous tricks. 

Knav'ish, a. 1. Like or characteristic of a knave ; 
given to knavery; trickish. 2. Mischievous; roguish; 
waggish. — Knav'ish-ly, adv. — Knav'ish-ness, n. 

Knead (ned), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Kneaded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Kneading.] [AS. cnedan ; akin to G. kneten.] To 
work and press into a mass, usually with the hands ; esp., 
to work into a well mixed mass, as the materials of bread. 

Knead'er (-er), n. One who kneads. 

Knee (ue), n. [AS. cneo, cneow ; akin to G. knie, L. 
genu, Gr. -yot/u, Skr. janu.] 1. In man, the joint in the 
middle part of the leg. 2. {Anat.) {a) The joint, or 
region of the joint, between the thigh and leg. {b) In 
the horse and allied animals, the carpal joint, corre- 
sponding to the wrist in man. [See lllust. of Horse.] 
3. {Mech. & Shipbuilding) A piece of timber or metal 
formed with an angle somewhat in the shape of the human 
knee when bent. 4. A bending of the knee, as in token 
of respect or courtesy. 

Knee'cap' (ne'kap'), n. 1. {Anat.) The kneepan. 
2. A cap or protection for the knee. 

Knee'-deep' (ne'depO, a. 1. Rising to the knees; 
knee-high. 2. Sunk to the knees. [to the knees. | 

Knee'-high' (nelu'), a. Rising or reaching upward | 

Knee'joint (ne'joinf), n. 1. The joint of the knee. 
2. {Mach.) A toggle or toggle joint. 

Kneel (nel), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knelt (nelt) or 
Kneeled (neld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Kneeling.] [OE. knelen. 
See Knee.] To fall or rest on or to bend the knees. 

Kneel'er (-er), n. 1. One who kneels or who worships 
by or while kneeling. 2. A cushion or stool to kneel o». 

Knee'pan' (ne'pSn'), n. {Anat. ) A roundish, flattened 
bone in front of the knee joint ; the patella ; the kneecap. 




2. 



, e, I, o, u., long ; &, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, 8 vent, idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



KNEEPIECE 



473 



KNUCKLE 




Knee'piece' (ue'pes'), n. A piece shaped like a knee. 

Knell (ngl), n. [AS. cnyll, it. cnyllan to sound a bell. ] 
The stroke of a bell tolled at a funeral or a death ; a 
death signal; fig., a warning of, or a sound indicating, 
the passing away of anything. 

Knell, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knelled (ngld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Knelling.] To sound as a knell ; hence, to sound 
as a warning or evil omen. 

Knelt (nglt), imp. & p. p. of Kneel. 

Knew (nu), imp. of Know. [of short breeches. I 

Knick'er-bOCltfers (mk'er-b5k'erz), n. pi. A style [ 

Knick'knack' (nlk'nak'), »• [See Knack.] A trine 
or toy ; a bawble ; a gewgaw. 

Knick'knacker-y (-er-y), n. Knickknacks. 

Knife (nlf), n. ; pi. Knives (nivz). [AS. cnlf ; akin 
to D. knijf.] 1. Any one of various cutting instruments 
consisting of a thin blade fastened to a handle. 2. A 
sword or dagger. 

Knife, v. t. 1. (Hort.) To prune with the knife. 
2. To cut or stab with a knife. [Low] 

Knight (nit), n. [AS. eniht, cneoht, a boy, youth, at- 
tendant, military follower ; akin to G. 
knecht.~\ 1. A young servant or mili- 
tary attendant. [Obs.] 2. (a) In 
feudal times, a man-at-arms serving 
on horseback and admitted to a certain 
military rank with special ceremonies, 
including an oath to protect the dis- 
tressed, maintain the right, and live a 
stainless life ; hence : (b) A champion ; 
a partisan ; a lover, (c) One on whom 
knighthood, a dignity (not hereditary) 
next below that of baronet, is con- 
ferred by the sovereign, entitling him 
to be addressed as Sir. [Eng.] 3. A 
piece used ix the game of chess, usu- 
ally bearing a horse's head. 

Knight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Knighted ; p.pr.&vb. n. Knighting.] 
To dub or create (one) a knight. 

Knight'age (-aj), n. The body of 
knights, collectively. 

Knight' bach'e-lor (nit' bSch'e- 
ler ) ; pi. Knights bachelors ( nits' 
bSch'e-lerz). A knight of the most 
ancient, but the lowest, order of English knights, and 
not a member of any order of chivalry. 

Knight' ban'ner-et (ban'ner-gt) ; pi. Knights ban- 
nerets. A knight who carried a banner, who possessed 
fiefs to a greater amount than the knight bachelor. 

Knight'-er'rant (-gr'rant), n. ; pi. Knight-errants, 
or Knights-errant. A knight wandering in search of 
adventures, for the display of prowess and generosity. 

Knight'-er'rant-ry (-ry), n. The character or ac- 
tions of wandering knights ; chivalry. 

Knlght'head 7 (nit'hgd'), n. (Naut. ) A bollard timber. 

Knight'hood (-ho~6d), n. 1. Dignity or condition of a 
knight ; hence, chivalry. 2. The whole body of knights. 

Knight'ly, a. Of or pertaining to a knight ; becom- 
ing a knight ; chivalrous. — Knight' li-ness (-lT-nes), n. 

Knight'ly, adv. In a manner becoming a knight. 

Knight' Tem'plar (tem'pler) ; pi. Knights templars 
(nits' tem'plerz). See Templar, n., 1 and 3. 

Knit (nit), v. t. &i. [imp. & p. p. Knit or Knitted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Knitting.] [AS. cnyttan, fr. cnotta knot. 
See Knot.] 1. To form into a knot, or into knots. 2. 
To form by the interlacing of yarn or thread in loops by 
means of needles. 3. To join; to unite closely ; to en- 
gage ; hence {Med.), to cause to grow together. 4. To 
draw together ; to wrinkle. 

Knits (nits), n. pi. [Prob. same word as nit a louse's 
egg.] (Mining) Small particles of ore. 

Knit'ter (uTt'ter), n. One who, or that which, knits. 

Knit'ting (nTt'tTng), n. 1. The work of a knitter; 
knitted work. 2. Union formed by knitting. 

Knives (nivz), n., pi. of Knife. See Knife. 

Knob (nob), n. [Variant of Knop.] 1. A hard pro- 
tuberance ; a bunch; a lump. 2. (Arch.) See Knop, 2. 

Knob'by (-by), a. Full of, or covered with, knobs. 

Knock (nok), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knocked (n5kt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Knocking.] [AS. cnocian, cnucian ; 
prob. imitative.] 1. To drive or be driven against 
something ; to clash. 2. To strike or beat ; to rap. 

To knock up, to fail of strength ; to give out ; to desist. 
— To knock off, to cease. — To knock under, to yield. 

Knock (nSk), v . t. 1. To strike forcibly ; to move or 
force by striking. 2. To strike or rap upon for admittance. 

To knock down, to assign to a bidder at an auction, by, 



Knight in full Ar- 
mor, 2 (a). 



To knock up, to beat or tire 
[CollOQ.] 




Knots. 

a Sinjrlc Knot i I, Double 
Knot ; c Fi_'iirc ot g 
Knot ; il Overhand 
Knot ; e Bowlin e 
Knot ; /' Single Bow- 
knot ; g Loop Knot : 
// Granny Knot: i 
Square or" Reel Knot. 



or as by, a blow or knock, 
out ; to fatigue completely 
Knock (ii6k),rt. Act of knocking; blow; ■tro! 

Knock'down 7 (nOk'doun'), n. A felling by a knock. 

Knock'er (-8r), n. (hie who, or chut which, knocks. 

KllOCk'-kneed' (-nS6V), a. Having the legs bent iH- 

ward bo that the kneea touch in walking. 
Knoll (nol), /(. [as. cnoll; akin to G. fori 

A little round hill ; mound ; the top or ci own of a hill. 
Knoll (nol), v. 1. [in, j t . X p. p. KVOLLBO (nold; ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. Knollinu.] [oe. knoUen, AS. cnyllan. Ewe 

Knell.] To toll ; to proclaim, or summon, by ringing. 
Knoll, v. i. To sound, as a bell ; to knell. 

Knop (nop), u. [OE. knop, knoppe: cf. G. knop/.'] 
1. A knob; bud; bunch; button. 2. (Arch.) Any 
boldly projecting sculptured ornament ; esp., a linial. 

Knot (not), n. [AS. cnotta; akin to G. knolcuA 1. 

(a) A lump, loop, - 
or fastening made 
by tying or en- 
tangling together 
the parts or ends 
of one or more 
threads, cords, 
ropes, etc., or by 
tying or entan- 
gling a thread, 
cord, rope, etc., 
upon itself. [See 
Must, of Hitch 
and of Wall knot, under Wall.] 

(b) An ornamental tie, as of a rib- 
bon. 2. A bond of union ; con- 
nection ; tie. 3. A difficulty ; 
perplexity. 4. A figure of interlaced lines. 5. A clus- 
ter ; group ; clique. 6. A portion of a branch of a tree 
that forms a mass of woody fiber running at an angle 
with the grain of the main stock. Also, a protuberant 
joint in a plant. 7. A knob, lump, swelling, or pro- 
tuberance. 8. (Naut.) (a) A division of the log line, 
equal to T £ ff of a nautical mile, serving to show the ra- 
pidity of the vessel's motion, each knot being propor- 
tioned to a mile as 30 s.econds is to an hour. Hence : (b) 
A nautical mile, or 6080.27 feet. 9. A kind of epaulet. 
10. (Zool.) A kind of sandpiper. 

Knot, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Knotted ; p. pr. A: vb. 
n. Knotting.] 1. To tie in, or form into, a knot or knots ; 
to entangle. 2. To unite closely ; to knit together. 

Knot'graSS' (-grasO, «. (Bot.) (a) A common weed 
with jointed stems (Polygonum aviculare) ; kuotweed. 
(b) The dog grass. 

Knot'ty (.-ty), a. [Compar. Knottier (-tl-er) ; sm- 
perl. Knottiest.] 1. Full of knots; knotted. 2. Dif- 
ficult; intricate; perplexed. — Knot'ti-ness. >>■ 

Knot'weed' (not'wed'), n. (Bot.) See Knotgrass (a). 

Knout (nout or noot), n. [Russ. knut' ; prob. of 
Scand. origin. See Knot.] A kind of whip for Hogging 
criminals, formerly much used in Russia. 

KnOUt, v. t. To punish with the knout. 

Know (no), v. t. [imp. Knew (nu) ; p. p. Known 
(non); p. pr. & vb. n. Knowing.] [AS. cnawan ; akin 
to Icel. kna to be able, L. gnoscerr, noscere, to know, 
Gr. yryi'ioo-Keu', Skx.jnd; fr. root of E. can, v. i., ken.] 
1. To perceive or apprehend clearly and certainly ; to 
understand. 2. To be convinced of the truth of ; to be 
fully assured of. 3. To be acquainted with ; to possess 
experience of. 4. To recognize ; to discern the charac- 
ter of. 5. To have sexual commerce with. 

To know how, to understand the manner, way, or means ; 
to have requisite information or intelligence. 

Know, r. i. To have knowledge ; to understands 

Know'a-ble (no'a-b'l), a. That may be known. 

Know'ing-ly, adv. With knowledge ; consciously. 

Knowledge (n51'gj), n. [Know -f- a suffix orig. 
same as Icel. Iri/cr game, play, and akin to AS. Inc.] 

1. Act or state of knowing ; certain apprehension : cog- 
nition. 2. That which is or may be known ; a cognition ; 
— chiefly in pi. 3. That which is gained and preserved 
by knowing ; acquaintance ; enlightenment ; learning. 
4. Familiarity of actual experience ; practical ■bill, 5. 
Scope of information ; cognizance. 

Syn. — See Wisdom. 

Known (n5n), /'• p- of Know. 

Knuc'kle (nuk'k'l), «. [AS. cancel ; akin to G. fai'd- 
ch'l knuckle, knoehen bone.] 1. The joint Of a tinker, 
esp. when made prominent by the closing of the fingers. 

2. The kneejoint, or middle joint, of either leg of a 
quadruped, esp. of a calf. 3. (Mec/i.) The joining parts 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, tiru, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sine, >'jk, tlien, thin. 



M 



KNUCKLE 



474 



LABORIOUS 



Knuckle Joint. 



of a hinge through which the pin or rivet passes; a 
knaekta joint. 4. A metal shield for the hand fur- 
uisheil with points and forming an ugly weapon. [iSZa7i<7] 

Knuckle joint (IfacA.), a kind'of hinge joint. 

Knnr.lrlediflk'k'D. r. i. [imp. 
& p.p. K.Ni/eKLELH-k"ld) : p. pr.& 
r(>. ?i. Knuckling (-kllng).] To 
yield ; to submit. 

Knur (uQr), u. [See Knurl.] 
A knurl. 

Knurl (nGrl), ??. [SeeGNARL.] A contorted knot in 
wood ; a crossgrained protuberance ; a nodule. 

Knurl (nfirl), v. I. To ridge ; to mill. 

Knurled (nGrld), a. 1. Full of knots; gnarled. 2. 
Milled, as the head of a screw, or the edge of a coin. 

Knurl'y (nfirl'y), a. Full of knurls; hard ; tough. 

KoT)alt (ko'bSlt), n. See Cobalt. 

KCDOld (ko'bold ; G. ko'bSlt), n. [G.] A kind of 
domestic spirit in German mythology. 

Kohl (kol), n. [See Alcohol.] A preparation of 
soot, used by Eastern women to darken the eyelids. 

Kohl'-ra bi (kol'ra/bi), n. ; pi. -rabies (-biz). [G. 
Cf. Cole, Rape the plant.] 
{Bot.) A variety of cabbage. 

Koo'dOO (kooMob), n. 
{Zo'ol.) A large South Afri- 
can species of antelope. 

K O'p eck ( ko'pek ), n. 
[Russ. kopeika.] A Russian 
coin, 100 of which make a 
rouble, or about GO cents. 

Ko'ran (ko'ran_ or ko- 
ran'), n. [Ar. qoran. See 
Alcoran.] The Scriptures 
of the Mohammedans, con- 
taining the professed revela- 
tions to Mohammed. . Vienna Kohl-rabi. 

Kos'mos (koz'mos), n. See Cosmos. 




Ko-tOW' (ko-tou'), n. [Chinese, knock head.] The 
prostration made to superiors by knocking the forehead 
on the ground. 

Ko-tOW', v. i. To perform the kotow. 

Kou'miss (kob'mis), n. [Russ. kumys ; of Mongolian 
origin.] An intoxicating fermented or distilled liquor 
orig. made by the Tartars from mare's or camel's milk. 

Kow-tOW' (kou-tou'), 7i. & v. i. Same as Kotow. 

Kraal (krSl or kral), n. [D. ; prob. same word as E. 
corral.] 1. A collection of huts within a stockade ; 
also, a single hut. [South Africa'] 2. An inclosure 
into which wild elephants are driven. [Ceylon] 

Kra'ken (kra'kgn), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A fabu- 
lous Scandinavian sea monster. 

Kreel (krel), n. See Creel. 

Krem'lin (krem'lin), n. [Russ. kremle.] The citadel 
of a town or city, esp. that of Moscow. [Russia] 

Kre'0-sote (kre'o-sot), n. See Creosote. 

Kreut'zer (kroit'ser), n. [G. kreuzer.] A small 
(disused) copper coin of South Germany; also, one of 
Austria. 

II Ku'du (kob'dob), n. {Zo'ol.) See Koodoo. 

Ku klux' (ku'kluks'), n. A secret political organiza- 
tion active in the Southern States in the repression of 
the political power of the freedmen for a time after the 
close of the Civil War in the U. S. [Koumiss. I 

Ku'mish (kob'nush), Ku'miss (kob'mis), n. See| 

Ky'an-ize (kl'Sn-Iz), v. t. [From Mr. Kyan, the in- 
ventor of the process.] To render (wood) proof against 
decay by saturating with a solution of corrosive sublimate. 

Kym'rlc (kTm'rik), a. & n. See Cymric, a. & n. 

Kym'ry (-ry), n. See Cymry. 

Kyr i-o-log'ic (kTr'T-o--loj'ik), 

Kyr'i-o-log'ic-al ( -T-kal), 

Kythe, Kithe (kith), v. t. [imp. Kydde, Kidde (kid'- 
de) ;p.p. Kythed (kithd), Kid ; p. pr. &vb. n. Kything.] 
[AS. cySan, fr. cuS known. See Uncouth.] To make 
known ; to show ; to declare. [Obs. or Scot.] 



See Curiologic. 



V 



S 

) 



I 



3on-/K 



L (el). 1. L is the twelfth letter of the English alpha- 
bet, and a vocal consonant. Its form and value are from 
the Greek, through the Latin, the fbrm of the Greek let- 
ter being from the Phoenician, and the ultimate origin 
prob. Egyptian. Etymologically, it is most closely re- 
lated to r and u; as in piJgrim, peregrine, couch (f r. L. coJ- 
Jocare), awburn (fr. LL. aJburnus). See Guide to Pro- 
nunciation, § 241. 2. As a numeral, L stands for fifty. 

L (el), n. 1. An extension, properly one at right an- 
gles to the length, of a main building; a wing. 2. 
(Mech.) A short right-angled pipe fitting. 

La (la), n. (Mus.) A syllable applied to the sixth tone 
of the scale in solmization. 

La (la), inter j. An exclamation of surprise ; — com- 
monly followed by me. [Low] 

II Lab'a-rum (laVa-runi), n. ; pi. Labara ( 
[L.] The standard adopted by the Emperor Con- 
stantine after his conversion to Christianity. 

Lab'e-fac'tion (-e-fSk'shun), n. A labefying ; decay. 

Lao'e-fy (laVe-fl), v. t. [L. labefacere; labare to tot- 
ter -\- facer e to make.] To weaken or impair. [R.] 

La'bel (la^bel), n. [OF. label sort of ribbon or fringe ; 
of uncertain origin.] 1. A slip of silk, paper, parch- 
ment, etc., affixed to anything to indicate the contents, 
ownership, destination, etc. 2. A slip of ribbon, parch- 
ment, etc., attached to a document to hold the appended 
seal ; also, the seal. 3. A writing annexed by way of 
addition. 4. {Gothic Arch.) The rectangular projecting 
molding over openings in mediaeval architecture. 

La'bel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Labeled (-beld) or La- 
belled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Labeling or Labelling.] To 
affix a label to ; to mark with a name, etc. 

1 LaTli-a (la'bT-a), n. pi. See Labium. 

La'bl-al (-al), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the labia 
or to the lips. 2. (Mus.) Furnished with lips. 3. 
( PI i on files) (a) Articulated, as a consonant, mainly by 
the lips, (b) Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the 
lip opening. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§11, 178. 

La'bl-al, n. {Phonetics) A labial letter or character. 

La'bi-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. {Phonetics) Quality of being 
labial. 

La'bl-al-lze (la'bT-al-Iz), v. t. {Phonetics) To modify 
by contraction of the lip opening. 

LaTri-al-ly, adv. With, or by means of, the lips. 




La'bi-ate (-at), a. {Bot.) (a) Having the limb of a 
tubular corolla or calyx divided into 
two unequal parts, one projecting over 
the other like the lips of a mouth, as in 
the snapdragon and catnip. (6) Be- 
longing to a natural order of plants, of 
which the mint, sage, and catnip are _. 
examples. Labiate CoroUa - 

La'bi-a ted (-a/tgd), a. {Bot.) Same as Labiate, a. (a). 

La bi-o-den'tal (la'bT-6-den'tal), a. [Labium + den- 
tal.] {Phonetics) Formed or pronounced by the co- 
operation of the lips and teeth, as/ and v. 

La'bi-O-na'sal (la'bT-o-na'zal), a. [Labium -j- nasal.] 
{Phonetics) Formed by the lips and the nose. 

II La'bi-um (la'bT-um), n. ; pi. L. Labia (-a), E. La- 
biums (-uniz). [L.] 1. A lip, or liplike organ or part. 

2. The lip of an organ pipe. 3. pi. {Anat.) The folds 
of integument at the opening of the vulva. 4. {Zo'dl.) 
The organ of insects which covers the mouth beneath. 

La'bor (la'ber), n. [OF. labour, labor, labur, L. labor.] 

1. Physical toil or bodily exertion, esp. when fatiguing, 
irksome, or unavoidable, in distinction from sportive 
exercise ; work. 2. Intellectual exertion ; mental effort. 

3. That which demands effort ; task. 4. Travail ; the 
pangs and efforts of childbirth. 

Syn. — Drudgery ; industry; painstaking. See Toil. 

La'bor, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Labored (la'berd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Laboring.] 1. To exert muscular strength ; to 
put forth physical effort ; to work painfully or in sub- 
jection; to toil. 2. To exert one's powers of mind in the 
prosecution of any design. 3. To do one's work under 
conditions of difficulty ; to move slowly, as against op- 
position, or under a burden. 4. To be in travail. 

La'bor, v. t. 1. To work at; to work; to cultivate. 

2. To form, perfect, carry on or urge with effort. 
Lab'O-ra-tO-ry (lSb'6-ra-to-ry), n. [Shortened fr. an 

older elaboratory, fr. elaborate.] The workroom of a 
chemist ; also, a place devoted to experiments in any nat- 
ural science. 

La'bored (la'berd), a. Bearing marks of labor and 
effort ; elaborately wrought ; not easy or natural. 

La'bor-er (la'ber-er), n. One who performs labor, 
esp. labor requiring strength rather than skill. 

La-bO'ri-OUS (la-bo'rT-us), a. 1. Requiring labor; 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, event, idea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



LABORIOUSLY 



475 



LADDER 



toilsome ; tiresome. 2. Devoted to labor ; industrious. 
— La-bc'rious-ly (la-bo'ri-Qs-ly>), adv. — La-bo'ri-ous 
ness, n. [feldspar. I 

Lab'ra-dor'ite (15b'ra-d8r-it), n. (Min.) A kind of 
II La'brum (la'brfim), n. ; pi. L. Labra (-bra), E. 
Labrums (-brumz). [L.] 1. A lip or edge. 2. (Zool.) 
An organ in insects serving as an upper lip. 

La-bur'num (la-bflr'num), n. [L.] (Bot.) A small 
leguminous tree (Cytisus Laburnum), native of the Alps. 
Lab'y-rinth (lSb'I-rTnth), n. [L. labyrinthus, Gr. 
Aa/3u'pii/dos.] 1.. An edifice or place full of intricate 
passageways. 2. Any object or arrangement of an in- 
tricate form or nature. 3. A bewildering difficulty. 
4. (Anat.) The internal ear. See Ear. 

Syn. — Maze ; confusion ; intricacy ; windings. — Maze 
is less restricted in its figurative uses than labyrinth, 
which latter is usually applied to some physical object 
with intricate passageways, or windings and turnings. 

Lab'y-rin'thi-an (-rin'thi-an), a. Pert, to, or re- 
sembling, a labyrinth ; intricate ; intricately winding. 
Lab'y-rin'thic (-thik), ) a. Like or pertaining 

Lab'y-rin'thic-al (-thT-kal), j to a labyrinth. 
Lab'y-rill'thine (15b'T-rTn'thTn), a. Labyrinthian. 
Lac (18k), II Lakh (lak), n. [Hind, lak, lakh, laksh, 
Skr. laksha mark, sign, lakh.] One hundred thousand ; 
also, a vaguely great number. [East Indies'] 

Lac, n. [Per. lak.] A resinous substance produced 
mainly on the banyan tree, by exudation from an insect. 
Lace (las), n. [OF. laz, dim. lacet, fr. L. laqueus 
noose, snare.] 1. That which binds or holds ; a string, 
cord, or band, used in drawing and holding together 
parts of a garment, of a machine belt, etc. 2. A fabric 
of fine threads of linen, silk, cotton, etc. 

Lace, v. I. & i. [imp. & p. p. Laced (last) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Lacing (la/sing).] 1. To fasten or unite with a 
lace or laces. 2. To adorn with narrow strips or braids. 
Lac'er-ate (las'er-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacerated 
(-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lacerating (-a'ting).] [L. 
lacerare, p. p. -atus, fr. lacer lacerated.] To tear ; to 
rend ; to mangle. Hence, fig. : To afflict ; to torture. 
Lac'er-ate (la's'er-at), ) a. 1. Rent ; mangled. 2. {Bot. 
Lac'er-a'ted (-a/tgd), ] &Z06I.) Having jagged edges. 
Lac er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. A lacerating. 2. A 
breach or wound made by lacerating. [lacerate. I 

Lac'er-a-tive (las'er-a-tiv), a. Lacerating, or able to | 
Lach'es (laWez), ) n. [OF. lachesse, fr. lache lax, 
Lache (lash), ( indolent, ultimately fr. L. laxus, 

E. lax.] (Law) Neglect ; negligence ; remissness ; neg- 
lect to do a thing at the proper time. 

Lach'ry-mal (15k'rT-inal), a. [From L. lacrima, im- 
properly lachryma, a tear ; akin to E. tear (of the eye).] 
Of or pertaining to tears ; specif. (Anat.), secreting tears. 
— n. A lachrymatory. 

Lach'ry-ma-tO-ry (-ma-to-ry), n. (Rom. Antiq.) A 
kind of bottle found in sepulchers in which it was sup- 
posed that the tears of mourners were collected. 

Lach'ry-mose' (-mos'), a. Generating tears; given 
to shedding tears ; tearful. [A lace. I 

La'cing (la'sing), n. 1. Act of one who laces. 2.| 
La-cin'i-ate (la-sin'T-at), ) a. [L. lacinia flap of a 
La-cln'i-a'ted (-a' ted), J garment.] 1. Fringed. 
2. (Bot. & Zool.) Cut into narrow, irregular lobes. 

Lack (15k), n. [OE. lak; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
Blame ; fault. [Obs.] 2. Deficiency ; want ; need ; 
destitution; failure. 

Lack, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Lacked (12kt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Lacking.] To be without or deficient in ; to want ; 
to need. 
Lack, v. i. 1. To be wanting. 2. To be in want. 
Lack'a-dai'si-cal (lSk'a-da'zT-kal), a. [From Lacka- 
daisy, interj.~] Affectedly pensive ; languidly sentimen- 
tal. —Lack' a-dai'si-cal-ly, adv. 

Lack'a-dai sy (lak'a-da'zy), interj. [From Lacka- 
day, interj.] An expression of languor. 

Lack'a-day' (-da'), interj. [Abbrev. fr. Alackaday.] 
Alack the day ; alas ; — expressing sorrow, regret, etc. 
Lack'er (lXk'er), n. & v. See Lacquer. 
Lack'ey (lak'y), n. pi. Lackeys (-Tz). [F. laquais ; 
of uncertain origin.] An attending male servant; a 
footman ; a servile follower. 
Lack'ey, v. t. & i. To attend or serve as lackey. 
Lack'lus ter (-lus'ter), a. Wanting luster. 
La-con'ic (la-k5n'Tk), i a. 1. Expressing much in 
La-con'ic-al (-T-kal), J few words, after the manner 
of the Laconians or Spartans ; brusque ; epigrammatic ; 
pointed. 2. Characteristic of, or like, the Spartans; 
hence, stern ; cruel ; unflinching. — La-con'ic-al-ly , adv. 
' Syn. — Short ; brief ; concise ; sententious ; pithy. — 



( tmctse means without irrelevant or superfluous matter ; 
it is the opposite of diffuse, laconic means conciee, with 
pithiness, sometimes with bruno,ueiie»s. 

La-con'i-cism (la-kSn'T-siz'in), n. Same as I. <, 
Lac'o-nlsm (lak'o-niz'm), ,i. 1. l, 
An instance of laconic style or expression. [or 
Lac'O-nize (15k'o-nuj, r. i. To be laconic ii, 
Lac'quer (lXk'er), n. [F. lucre a sort of wealing wax, 
Pg. lucre, fr. lucu, K. lac] A varninh, counting of a 
solution of shell-lac in alcohol ; alho, any one of various 
other varnishes, esp. a tough varnish of tin Jap 

Lac'quer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. La(;o.lehkl> (lgk'Srd); 
p.pr. & vb. n. Laco.ueri.no.] To cover with lacquer. 
Lac'quer-er (-er), n. One who lacquers. 
II La crl-mo'so (la'kre-mo'zo), u. [It. See Lachry- 
mose.] (Mus.) Plaintive; mournful. 

La-CrOSSe' (la-kr5s'; 115), n. [V. lu cross?, lit., the 
crosier, hooked stick.] A game of ball, originating 
among the North American Indians, in which each player 
carries a long-handled racket, called a "crosse," with 
which the ball is caught and tossed or carried. 
Lac'ry-mal (laVrl-mal), a. & n. See Lachrymal. 
Lac'tant (laK'tant), a. [L. lactam, p. pr. of laelare 
to suck, fr. luc, laclis, milk.] Suckling ; giving suck. 

Lactate (-tat), n. [L. lac, laclis, milk.] (Chem.) A 
salt of lactic acid. 

Lac-ta'tion (lSk-ta'shQn), n. A giving suck ; the se- 
cretion and yielding of milk by the mammary gland. 

Lac'te-al (laVte-ul), a. 1. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, milk; milky. 2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Pertaining 
to, or containing, chyle. —n. (Anut.) One of the 
lymphatic vessels which con- 
vey chyle from the small in- 
testine to the thoracic duct. 
Lac'te-an(-an),a. Lacteal. 
Lac'te-OUS(-us),«. Milky; 
resembling milk ; lacteal. 

Lac-tes'cence ( lSk-teV- 
sens), n. 1. State or quality 
of producing milk or latex. 
2. (Bot.) Latex. 

Lac-tes'cent (-sent), a. 
[L. lactescens, p. pr. of lac- 
tescere to turn to milk, deriv. 
of lac, lactis, milk.] Pro- 
ducing milk or latex. 

LaCtic (15k'tTk), a. [L. 
lac, lactis, milk.] (Physiol. 
Chem.) Of or pertaining to 
milk ; procured from whey. 
Lac-tlf'er-ous (l5k-tTf'er- 
Qs), a. [L. lac milk -{- 
-ferous.] Bearing or contain- 
ing milk or latex. 
Lac-tif'ic (-tif'Tk), ) a. 
Lac-tif'ic-al (-T-kal), ( [L. 
lac milk -\- facere to make.] 
Producing milk. 

Lac'tin (lSk'tin), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Lactose. 
Lac-tom'e-ter (lSk-tSm'e-ter), n. [L. lac, lactis. milk 
-f- -meter.] An instrument for estimating the purity or 
richness of milk. 

Lac'tO-SCOpe (ISk'tS-skop), n. [L. luc milk -f -scope.] 
A lactometer by which estimates are made from the 
opacity of the milk. 

LaCtOSe' (-t5V), n. (Physiol. Ch>m.) Sugar of milk 
or milk sugar; a crystalline sugar present in milk. 

II La-CU'na (la-kii'na), n. ; pi. L. L.kcvs.k (-nS); E. 
Lacunas (-naz). [L., pit, lake. fr. locus lake.] A .-mall 
opening ; a small pit or depression ; a small blank space ; 
a gap or vacancy ; a hiatus. 

La-CU'nar (-ner), n. [L.] (Arch.) (a) A ceiling or 
under surface, esp. if made up of sunken panels, (b) 
One of the sunken panels in such a ceiling. 

Lac'U-nose' ()Xk'jj-nos ). I «. (Biol.) Furrowed or 
La-CU'nous (14-ku'has), I pitted ; having lacuna?. 
La-cus'tral (la-kus'tn/l), {a. [L. lacus lake.] Pound 
La-CUS'trine (-trfn), 1 in, or pertaining to, lakes 

or ponds, or growing in them. 
Lacustrine dwellings. See Lake dwelling*, under Lake. 
Lac'WOrk' (litk'werk'). "• Ornamentation by means 
of lacquer painted, carved, or colored. 

Lad (ISd), n. [OE. luddr. of Celtic origin.] 1. A 

boy ; youth ; stripling. 2. A companion ; comrade ; mate. 

Lad'a-num (lild'a-num). n. [L. ladanum, Gr. XdSavov, 

Xr/Savou. fr. AtjSoi/, name of a shrub, mastic] A gum 

resin gathered from certain Oriental shrubs. 

Lad'der (-der), n. [AS. hinder, HUBdder; akin to D. 




Lacteals and Adjacent Parts. 

a Aorta ; b Thoracic Duct ; 
c Lymphatic or Lacteal 
Glands lying in the Mesen- 
tery and connected with 
each other and with the 
Thoracic Duct by the Lac- 
teals /.- (I Radicals of the 
Lacteals in the wall of the 
intestine l : <i Lanre Lac- 
teals separated from the 
Mesentery. 



fern, recent, drb, riide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sins, ink, then, thin. 



M 



LADDIE 



476 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA 






I 
) 

> 




ladder, G. Iriter, and fr. root of E. foot, v.] A frame 
at and descent, consisting of two side pieces with 
cross pieces for steps 

Lad 'die (Ud'dY), n. A lad ; a male sweetheart. [&co/.] 

Lads (lid), r. /. [imp. Laded; p. p. Laded, Laden 
(Kd*n) ; p. pr. A rb. n. Lading.] [AS. hhuian to heap, 
load, draw (water); akin to G. laden to load, Goth. 
afA/<;/xm.] 1. To load ; to put a burden or freight on or 
in. 2. To throw in or out, with a ladle or dipper; to dip. 

Laden (lad"n\ p. & a. Loaded ; freighted ; burdened. 

Lading (lidang), n. 1. Act of loading. 2. That 
which constitutes a load; freight; burden. [mestizo. I 

II La-di'no (la-de'no), n. ; pi. -nos (-noz). [Sp.] A| 

La'dle (15'd'l), n. [AS. hUrdel, fr. hladan to load. 
See Lade, v. /.] 1. A cuplike spoon, often of large size, 
with a long handle, used in lading, dipping, or carrying 
materials, esp. liquids. 2. The float of a mill wheel. 

La'dle (la'd'l), v. t. limp. & p. p. Ladled (-d'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Ladling (-dling).] To take up aud con- 
vey in a ladle ; to dip with, or as with, a ladle. 

La-drone' (la-dron'), n. [Sp. ladron, L. latro, Gr. 
Adrpis servant.] A robber ; a pirate ; hence, a rascal. 

La'dy (la'dy), n. [AS. hlsefdige, hlw/die ; AS. hlaf 
loaf -f- a r oot of uncertain origin, possibly akin to E. 
dairy.'] 1. The female head of a household. 2. A 
woman having proprietary rights or authority ; mistress ; 
■ — a feminine correlative of lord. 3. A woman to whom 
one is devoted or bound ; a sweetheart. 4. A woman of 
social distinction or position. In England, a feminine 
title corresponding to lord. 5. A woman of refined or 
gentle manners. 6. A wife ; — not now in approved 
usage. 7. (Zool.) The triturating apparatus in the 
stomach of a lobster. 

Our Lady, the Virgin Mary. 

La'dy-bird' (-berd'), n. [Equiv. to, bird 
of Our Lady.] (Zool.) Any one of numer- 
ous species of small beetles which feed on 
aphids, or plant lice. [Ladybird. I 

La'dy-bug' (-bug'), n. (Zool.) Same as| 

La'dy Day' (da'). The day of the an- 
nunciation to the Virgin Mary, March 25. 

La'dy-kin (-kin), n. [Lady -\- -kin. ] A 
little lady or dear lady ; — once applied, in the corrupt 
form Lakin , to the Virgin Mary. 

La'dy-llke' (-Ilk'), a. 1. Like a lady ; well-bred ; 
elegant ; refined. 2. Becoming or suitable to a lady. 
3. Delicate ; effeminate. 

La'dy-love' (-luv'), n. A sweetheart or mistress. 

La'dy' S fin'ger (la'diz fin'ger). 1. pi. (Bot.) The 
kidney vetch. 2. (Cookery) A variety of small cake. 

3. A long, slender variety of the potato. 

La'dy-Ship (la'dT-ship), n. Rank or position of a lady. 

La'dy's sfip'per (la'diz slip'per). (Bot.) An orchida- 
ceous plant, the labellum of which resembles a slipper. 

La'dy's smock' (smok'). (Bot.) The cuckooflower (a). 

La'dy's tra'ces (tra'sez), La'dies' tress'es (tres'ez). 
(Bot.) Any one of several species of orchidaceous plants 
bearing white flowers set in spirals. 

Laem'mer-gey'er, n. (Zool.) See Lammergeir. 

Laev'U-lose' (lev'u-los'), n. (Chpm.) See Levulose. 

Lag (lag), a. [Of Celtic origin.] Slow; tardy; 
hence, last. [Obs.~\. 

Lag, n. 1. One who lags ; the last one. [Obs.~\ 2. The 
last in rank ; the lowest class. 3. Amount of retardation, 
as of a valve in a steam engine, in opening or closing. 

4. A stave of a cask, cylinder covering, etc. 

Lag screw, a kind of iron screw with a bolt head. 

Lag, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Lagged (lagd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Lagging (-ging).] To walk or move slowly; to stay 
or fall behind : to linger or loiter. 

Lag, v. I. To cover with lags. See Lag, n., 4. 

La'ger (la'ger), n. Lager beer. 

La'ger beer' (ber'). [G. lagpr bed, storehouse -f- 
tier beer.] A kind of beer, originating in Germany ; — so 
called from its being stored for some months before use. 

Lag'gard (lag'gerd), a. [Lag -f- -ard.] Slow ; slug- 
gish ; backward. — n. One who lags ; a loiterer. 

Lag'ger (-ger), n. A laggard. 

Lag'gtng (-ging), n. 1. The covering of a steam 
cylinder ; esp., an outer one of lags. 2. Lags collectively. 

La-goon' (la-goon'), n. [It. or Sp. laguna, L. lacuna 
ditch, pool, pond, lacus lake.] 1. A shallow sound, 
channel, or lake, esp. one into which the sea flows. 2. 
A lake in a coral island. 

La-gune' (la-gun'), n. See Lagoon. 

La'ic Ha'Tk), | a. [L. laicuis. See Lay laic] Of 

La'ic-al (-T-kffl), f or pert, to a layman or the laity. 

La'ic, n. A layman. 



Laid (lad), imp. & p. p. of Lay. 

Laid paper, paper marked with parallel lines or water 
marks, as if ribbed, from parallel wires in the mold. 

Lain (Ian), p. p. of Lie, v. i. 

Lair (ISr), n. [AS. leger ; akin to E. lie.'] A place 
in which to lie or rest ; esp., the couch of a wild beast. 

Laird (lard), n. [See Lord.] A lord ; a landholder, 
esp. one who holds land directly of the crown. [Scot.] 

II Lais sez faire' (la'sa' far'). [F., let alone.] Non- 
interference ; — an axiom of some political economists, 
deprecating attempts by government to foster or regu- 
late commerce, industries, etc., by bounty or restriction. 

La'i-ty (la'I-ty), n. [See Lay, b.] The lay people, as 
distinguished from the clergy or nonprofessional people. 

Lake (15k), n. [F. lague, fr. Per. See Lac] A i ig- 
nient formed by combining some coloring matter, usually 
by precipitation, with a metallic oxide or earth. 

Lake, n. [AS. lac, L. lacus ; akin to AS. lagu lake, 
sea.] A large body of water, not a part of the ocean, 
contained in a depression of the earth's surface. 

Lake, or Lacustrine, dwellings (Archseol.), dwellings built 
over a lake, sometimes on piles, and sometimes on rude 
foundations kept in place by piles; specifically, such 
dwellings of prehistoric times. 

Lake'let (-ISt), n. A little lake. 

II Lakh (lak), n. Same as Lac, one hundred thousand, 

La'kin (la'kin), n. See Ladykin. 

Lal-la'tion (lal-la'shun), n. [L. lallare to sing lalla, 
or lullaby.] An enunciation of the letter r like I. 

La'ma (la'ma), n. (Zool.) See Llama. 

La'ma, n. [Tibet, blama (pronounced la'ma) a chief, 
a high priest.] A priest or monk of Lamaism. 

The Grand Lama, or Dalai Lama [lit., Ocean Lama], the 
supreme pontiff in the hierarchy of lamaism. 

La'ma-ism (-Tz'm), n. A modified form of Buddhism. 

La-marck'i-an (la-mark'i-an), a. Pertaining to, or 
involved in, the doctrines of Lamarckism. 

La-marck'ism (-Tz'ni), n. [From Lamarck, a distin- 
guished French naturalist.] (Biol.) The theory that 
structural variations, characteristic of species and gen- 
era, are produced in animals and plants by the direct 
influence of physical environments, and esp., in the case 
of animals, by use or disuse of certain organs. 

Lamb (lam), n. [AS. ; akin to G. lamm.~\ 1. The 
young of the sheep. 2. An innocent, gentle, or un- 
sophisticated person. 

Lamb of God, The Lamb (Script.), the Savior Jesus Christ, 
in allusion to the paschal lamb. —Lamb's wool, (a) The 
wool of a lamb, (b) Ale mixed with the pulp of roasted 
apples ; — probably from the resemblance of the pulp of 
roasted apples to lamb's wool. [Obs.] 

Lamb (15m), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lambed (lamd) ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Lambing.] To bring forth a lamb or lambs. 

Lam'ba-tive (lam'ba-tiv), a. [L. lambere to lick. 
See Lambent.] Taken by licking with the tongue. 

Lam'ba-tive, n. A lambative medicine. 

II Lamb'da (lam'da), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Ad>/3Sa.] The 
Greek letter A, A, corresponding with English L, 1. 

Lamb'doid (-doid), a. [Gr. Aa/u./36oei5»?s, fr. Aa/aj35a 
lambda + etSoc shape.] Shaped like the letter lambda (A). 

Lam'bent (ISm'bent), a. [L. lambens, -entis, p. pr. 
of lambere to lick ; akin to E. lap."] 1. Playing on the 
surface ; gliding over. 2. Twinkling ; flickering. 

Lamb'kin (lam'kin), n. A small lamb. 

Lam'bre-quin (15m'ber-kTn), n. [F. Cf. Label.] 

1. A kind of pendent scarf or covering for the helmet. 

2. A piece of ornamental drapery pendent from a shelf 
or from the casing above a window. 

Lamb'skln (ISm'skTn'), n. The skin of a lamb; 
esp., a skin dressed with the wool on. 

Lame (lam), a. [Compar. Lamer (-er) ; superl. Lam- 
est.] [AS. lama; akin to G. lahm.~\ 1. (a) Moving 
with pain or difficulty on account of injury, defect, or 
temporary obstruction of a function. (6) Somewhat dis- 
abled by reason of the imperfect action of a limb ; crippled. 
2. Hence, hobbling ; limping ; inefficient ; imperfect. 

Lame (lam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lamed (lamd) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Laming.] To make lame. 

La-mel'la (la-mel'la), n. ; pi. L. Lamellae (-le), E. 
Lamellas (-laz). [L., dim. of lamina plate, leaf, layer.] 
A thin plate or scale. — Lam'el-lar (lam'el-ler), a. 

Lam'el-late (lSm'el-lat), ) a. Composed of, or fur- 

Lam'el-la'ted (-la'ted), ) nished with, lamelbe. 

La-mel'li-branch (la-m51'lT-brank), n. (Zool.) One 
of the Latoellibranchia. Also used adjectively. 

II La-mel'li-bran'chi-a (-bran'kT-a), > n. pi. [NL. See 

II La-mel'li-bran'cht-a'ta (-a'ta), j Lamella, and 
Branchia.] (Zool.) A class of Mollusca including all 
those that have bivalve shells, as the clams, oysters, etc 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, a, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, tinite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



LAMELLICORN 



477 



LANDLORD 



La-mel'li-COm (la-m61'lY-k8rn), a. {Lamella + L. 
cornu horn.] (Zobl.) (a) Terminating in a group of flat 
lamellae ; — sajd of antennae, (b) Having such antenna'. 

Lame'ly (lam'ly), adv. In a lame manner. 

Lame'ness, n. State or quality of being lame. 

La -merit' (la-mSnt'), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. La- 
mented; p. pr. & vb. ?i. Lamenting.] [F. lamenter, L. 
lamentari, fr. lamenium a lament.] To express or feel sorl 
row ; to mourn ; to bemoan ; to bewail. — La-ment'er, n. 

Syn. — See Deplore. 

Lament', n. 1. Grief or sorrow expressed in cries ; 
a wailing ; a plaint. 2. An elegy or mournful ballad. 

Lam'en-ta-ble ( l&m'en-ta-b'l ), a. 1. Expressing 
griei ; mourning ; sorrowful. 2. Fitted to awaken la- 
ment ; pitiable ; deplorable. 3. Miserable ; pitiful ; pal- 
try. — Lam'en-ta ble-ness, n. — Lam'en-ta-bly, adv. 

Lam en-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. Act of lamenting. 

Lam'i-na (lam'T-na), n. ; pi. L. -nm (-ne), E. -NAS 
(-naz). [L. Cf. Lamella.] 1. A thin plate or scale ; 
a layer or coat lying over another. 2. (Bot.) The blade 
of a leaf ; the expanded portion of a petal or sepal. 

Lam'i-na-ble (lain'T-na-b'l), a. Capable of being split 
into laminae, or of being pressed into a thin plate. 

Lam'i-nar (-ner), ) a. In, or consisting of, a thin 

Lam'i-nal (-nal), J plate or plates. 

Lam'i-nate (-nat), a. Consisting of, or covered with, 
laminae, or thin plates, scales, or layers. 

Lam'i-nate (-nat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Laminated 
(-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Laminating (-na'ting).] 1. 
To separate into thin plates or layers. 2. To form into 
a thin plate, as by rolling. 

Lam i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Process of laminating, 
or state of being laminated. 

Lam'i-nif'er-OUS (-mf'er-us), a. [Lamina -f- -ferons.] 
Having a structure consisting of laminae, or thin layers. 

Lam'mas (lam'mas), n. [AS. Mammesse, hlafmsesse, 
loaf feast, or feast of first fruits ; hlaf loaf -(- msessp 
mass ; — from an old Anglo-Saxon feast held on August 
first (now August twelfth).] The first day of August. 

Lam'mer-geir (lam'mer-glr), ) ra. [G-. lammergeier ; 

Lam'mer-gei er (-gi'er), j lamm, pi. t'&mmer, 
lamb -f- geier vulture.] (Zo'dl.) A very large vulture of 
Southern Enrope, Asia, and Northern Africa. 

Lamp (lamp), n. [F. 
lampe, L. lampas, -adis. fr. 
Gr. Ao/A7ra5, -aSo?, torch, 
fr. Aa/iurcn/ to give light, to 
shine.] 1. A light-pro- 
ducing vessel, instrument, 
or apparatus ; esp., one 
with a wick for burning an 
inflammable liquid. 2. Fig.: 
Anything regarded meta- 
phorically as performing 
the uses of a lamp. 

Safety lamp, or Davy lamp, 
a miner's lamp in which the 
flame is surrounded by a 
wire gauze, preventing the 
ignition of gases. 

Lam'pad (lam'pad), n. 
[Gr. Aa/xn-as. See Lamp.] 
Lamp ; candlestick. [-??•] 

Lam'pas (la"m'pfls), n. [F. lampas."] An inflam- 
mation and swelling of the soft parts of the roof of the 
mouth in the horse. 

Lamp'black' (lamp'blak'), n. [Lamp -\- black.] The 
fine impalpable soot obtained from smoke. 

Lam'per eel' (lam'per el'). (Zo'dl.) See Lamprey. 

Lam'pers (lam'perz), n. See Lampas. 

Lamp'light' (-lit'), n. Light from a lamp. 

Lamp'light'er (-er^ n. One that lights a lamp. 

Lampoon' (15m-poon'), n. [F. tampon a drinking 
song, fr. lampons let us drink, — the burden of such a 
song, fr. lamper to guzzle ; of German origin. Prob. so 
called because drinking songs often contain personal 
Blander or satire.] A personal satire in writing. 

Lam-poon', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lampooned (-poond') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Lampooning.] To subject to abusive rid- 
icule expressed in writing ; to defame ; to satirize. 

Lam-poon'er (-er), n. The writer of a lampoon. 

Lam'prey (lXm'pry), n. [F. lamproie, LL. lampreda, 
lampetra, from L. tambere to lick 4- petra rock, stone.] 
(Zo'dl.) An eel-like marsipobranch inhabiting the sea and 
rivers. The lampreys have around, sucking mouth, with- 
out jaws, set with numerous minute teeth, and cling to 
Btones. 

La'na-ty (la'na-ry), n. A place for storing wool. 



. [L. lanafitx, fr. lana wool.] 
Woolly ; covered with 



1 




Lammergoir 
(Gypactus barbatns). 



La'nate (la'nit), 

La'na-ted (-nit-ted), 
downy hairs. 

Lan'cas-te'ri-an (Kg/Uto-Wrf-an), a. Of or 
pertaining to a system of Instruction followed by 
one .Joseph Lancaster, In which advanced pupils 

teach those below thou. 

Lance (lens), n. [OB. launce, V. Umce, fr. L. 

lancea.l 1. A weapon, consisting ol B long shaft 
Or handle and a steel blade or bead ; I 
2. A soldier armed with a lance ; a lancer. 

Lance, '. t. [imp. \- p. p. Lurcm (lanst); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Lancing (lan'slng).] 1. To 
pierce with a lance, or any similar weapon. 2. 
To open with a lancet. 3. To throw in the man- 
ner of a lance. 

Lance' fish' (lans' flfsb/). (Zo'dl.) A slender 
marine fish of the genus Ammodytet. 

Lance'let (-lSt), n. [Lance -f -let.] (Zoul.) 
The Amphioxus. 

Lan'ce-o-late (lSn'aM-ltt), Lan'ce-o-la ted 

(-la'tgd), a. [L. taneeolatiu, ft. /aureola a little 

ance. See Lance.] Bather narrow, tapering Lance. 

to a point at the apex, and sometimes at the base alto. 

Lan'cer (lan'.ser), n. 1. One who lan- 
soldier who carries a lance. 2. pi. (Dancing) A 
set of quadrilles of a certain arrangement. 

Lan'cet (lSn'sgt), n. [P. lanceUe, dim. of 
lance lance.] A surgical cutting instrument, 
commonly sharp-pointed and two-edged. 

Lancet arch (Arch.), a narrow pointed arch. 

Lance'wood (lans'wdodV), n. (Hot.) A tough, 
elastic wood, often used for archery bows, fish- 
ing rods, etc. ; also, the tree producing it. 

Lanch (lanch), v. t. [imp. &. p. j>. Lanthed 
(lancht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lanching.] [See 
Launch, Lance.] To throw, as a lance; to launch. 

Lan'ci-nate (ISn'sT-nat), v. t. [L. land/, arc. J 
p. p. -alus.~\ To tear ; to lacerate ; to pierce or c £e a f 
stab. 

Lan ci na'tion (-na'shun), n. A tearing ; laceration. 

Land (land), n. [AS. land, lond ; akin to G. land.] 
1. The solid part of the surface of the earth. 2. Any 
portion of the surface of the earth, considered by itself, 
or as belonging to an individual or a people. 3. Ground, 
in respect to its nature or quality ; soil. 4. The inhab- 
itants of a country ; a nation or people. 5. The main- 
land, in distinction from islands. 6. (Law) Any ground 
with its appurtenances ; real estate. 

Land, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Landed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Landing.] 1. To set or go on shore from a vessel ; to 
disembark ; to debark. 2. To catch and bring to shore ; 
to capture. 3. To set down after conveying ; to cause 
to fall, or to alight, at the end of a flight or course. 

Lan'dam-man (lan'dam-mSn), n. [G. landamman ; 
land land, country -f- ammann for amtmann bailiff.] 

1. A chief magistrate in some of the Swiss cantons. 

2. The president of the diet of the Helvetic republic. 
Lan'dau (lan'da), n. [From the town Landau in Ger- 
many.] A four-wheeled covered vehicle, the top of which 
can be turned down, so as to make an open carriage. 

Land'ed (ISnd'gd), a. 1. Having an estate in land. 
2. Consisting in real estate or land. 

Land'fair (land'fal'), n. 1. A sudden transference 
of property in land by the death of its owner. 2. 
\jVaut.) Sighting or making land when at sea. 

Land'flOOd (-fliid'), n. A freshet overflowing land. 

Land'grave' (-graV), n. [G. landgraf; land land -f- 
graf earl, count.] A German nobleman of the rank of 
an English earl or a French count. 

Land-gra'vi-ate (land-grs7vT-St), n. The territory, 
office, jurisdiction, or authority of a landgrave. 

Land'gra-vine (ISnd'gra-vin), n. [G. landarSftn.'] 

The wife of a landgrave. 

Land'hold'er (-hSld'Sr), n. A holder, owner, or pro- 
prietor of land. — Land'hold ing. n. & a. 

Land'ing, v. 1. A going or bringing on shore. 2. A 

place for discharging passengers or freight. 3. (Arch.) 
The level part of a staircase, at the top of a flight of 
stairs, or connecting one flight with another. 

Land'la'dy (ISnd'la'dy). ;;. 1. A woman having real 
estate which she leases. 2. The mistress of an inn or 
lodging house. [with land.l 

LandlOCk' (-15k"), V. i. To inclose, or nearly inclose, | 

LandlO'per (-lo per), n. Same as Landlouper. 

Landlord' (-16rd'), n. [See Land; Lord.] 1. The 
lord of a manor, or of land ; owner of real estate which 
he leases. 2. The master of an inn or lodging house. 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fo"bt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



LANDLORDISM 



478 



LAPFUL 



) 
) 



Landlord ism (lSnd'lGrd Yz'm), n. State or charac- 
terises of a landlord ; specif., in Great Britain, relation 
of landlords to tenants, esp. as regards agricultural lands. 

Land'loup er (-loor/er), n. [D. landlooper ; land laud 
to run.] A vagabond; vagrant. 

Landlubber (-lubber), n. [Prob. fr. Ict7id + lub- 
l>rr.~\ (Xaut.) One who passes his life on land; — so 
called among seamen in contempt or ridicule. 

Land'man (-man),*. 1. A man who lives or serves 
on land. 2. (./-"«(;) An occupier of land. 

Land'mark (-mfcrk'), n. 1. A mark to designate the 
boundary of land. 2. Any conspicuous object on land 
that serves as a guide. 

Land'owner (-on'er), n. An owner of land. 

Land'-poor (-poor'), a. Pecuniarily embarrassed 
through owning much unprofitable land. [Colloq.] 

Land'scape (-skap), n. [D. landschap ; land land 
-j- -schap, equiv. to E. -ship.] 1. A portion of land or 
territory which the eye can comprehend in a single view. 
2. A picture representing a scene by land or sea, actual 
or fancied. 3. The pictorial aspect of a country. 

Land slip (-slip'), In. 1. The slipping down of a 

Land'slide (-slid'), j mass of land from a mountain, 
bill, etc. 2. The land which slips down. 

Lands'man (landz'nian), n. 1. One who lives on the 
land. 2- (Xaut.) A sailor on his first voyage. 

II Land'sturm (lant'stoorm'), n. [G. See Land ; 
Storm.] That reserve force in Germany which is called 
out last. 

Land'tag' (-tag'), n. [G. See Land, and Day.] 
The diet or legislative body. 

Land'ward (-werd), adv. & a. Toward the land. 

|i Land'wehr' (lant'var'), n. [G., fr. land country + 
wehr defense.] That part of the army, in Germany and 
Austria, which after the usual military service is, in time 
of peace, exempt from duty, except occasional drill. 

Lane (Ian), n. [AS. lane, lone ; akin to D. laan.~] A 
passageway, as between fences or hedges, which is not 
traveled as a highroad ; any narrow way. 

Lan'grage (lan'graj), ) n. A kind of chain or canister 

Lan'grel (lan'grel), j shot formerly used at sea for 
tearing sails and rigging. 

Lan'guage (lan'gwaj ; 48), n. [F. langage, fr. L. 
lingua the tongue, hence, speech, language ; akin to E. 
tongue.'] 1. Any means of conveying or communicating 
ideas ; specif., human speech. 2. The expression of 
ideas, as by writing. 3. The forms of speech, or the 
methods of expressing ideas, peculiar to a particular 
nation. 4. Manner of expression ; style. 5. The inar- 
ticulate sounds by which animals inferior to man express 
their feelings or their wants. 6. The suggestion, by ob- 
jects, actions, or conditions, of ideas associated there- 
with. 7. The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to 
an art or department of knowledge. 8. A race, as dis- 
tinguished by its speech, [i?.] 

Syn. — Speech ; tongue ; idiom ; dialect ; phraseology ; 
diction ; discourse ; conversation ; talk. — Language is 
generic, denoting, in its most extended use, any mode of 
conveying ideas; speech is the language of articulate 
sounds ; tongue is the Anglo-Saxon term for language, 
esp. for spoken language. Idiom denotes the forms of 
construction peculiar to a particular language ; dialects 
are local varieties of expression among people speaking 
substantially the same language. 

Lan'guid (lSn'gwid), a. [L. languidus, fr. languere 
to be faint or languid. See Languish.] 1. Drooping 
or flagging from exhaustion ; indisposed to exertion ; 
without animation. 2. Slow in progress ; tardy. 3. 
Promoting or indicating weakness or heaviness. — Lan'- 
guid-ly, adv. — Lan'guid-ness, n. 

Syn. — Feeble; weak; faint; sickly; pining; exhaust- 
ed ; weary ; listless ; heavy ; dull ; heartless. 

Lan'guish (-gwish), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Languished 
(-gwTsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Languishing.] [F. languir, 
L. languere. See -ish.] 1. To be or become languid. 
2. To assume an expression of weariness or tender grief, 
appealing for sympathy. 

Lan'guish, n. See'LANouisHMENT. \_Obs. or Poetic] 

Lan'guish-er (-er), n. One who languishes. 

Lan'guish-ing, a. That languishes ; becoming lan- 
guid; amorously pensive. — Lan'guish-ing-ly, adv. 

Lan'guish-ment (-m<mt), n. 1. State of languishing. 
2. Tenderness of look or mien ; amorous pensiveness. 

Lan'guor (-gwer), w. [0¥.langour,lL. languor. See 
Languish.] 1. A state of exhaustion and languor. 2. 
Listless indolence ; dreaminess. 

Syn. — Feebleness; weakness: faintness ; weariness; 
dullness ; heaviness ; lassitude ; listlessness. 

Lan'iard (laVyerd), n. See Lanyaed. 



La'ni-a-ry (la'nY-a-iy), a. [L. Ia7iiarius, deriv. of 
Umiare to tear in pieces.] (Anat.) Used or adapted for 
tearing ; lacerating ; tearing. 

La-nii'er-ous (la-nlfer-Qs), a. [L. lanifer ; lana 
wool + ferre to bear.] Bearing or producing wool. 

La-nig'er ous (la-uTj'er-Hs), a. [L. laniger ; lana 
wool -4- gerere to bear.] Bearing or producing wool. 

Lank (15nk), a. [Compar. Lankeb (-er); superl. 
Lankest.] LAS. hlanc] Slender and thin ; not well 
filled out ; not plump ; shrunken ; lean. — Lankly, adv. 
— Lank'ness, n. [(-T-ngs), n. I 

Lank'y (-$), a. Somewhat lank ; lean. — Lankl ness | 

Lan'ner (lan'ner), n. f. ) [F. lanier, OF. also, lasnier. 

Lan'ner-et (-et), n. m. J Cf. Lanyard.] (Zool.) A 
long-tailed falcon of Europe, Asia, and Africa. 

Lans'que-net (lans'ke-ngt), n. [F., fr. G. landsknecht, 
properly, a foot soldier ; land country + knecht boy, ser- 
vant.] 1. A German foot soldier in foreign service in 
the 15th and 16th centuries ; a soldier of fortune. 2. A 
kind of game at cards. 

Lant (li£nt),??. [Cf. Lance.] {Zool.) Any one of sev- 
eral species of a genus of small, slender, marine fishes. 



Lant (Ammodytes Americanns). 

Lan'ter-loo' (lan'ter-loc/), n. An old name of Loo (a). 

Lan'tern (lan'tern), n. [F. lanterne, L. lanterna, 

latema, from Gr. KafjLnnjp light. See Lamp.] 

1. Something inclosing a light, and protecting 
it from wind, rain, etc., — sometimes portable, 
sometimes fixed. 2. (Arch.) (a) An open 
structure of light material set upon a roof, (o) 
A smaller cupola crowning a larger one. 

Dark lantern, a lantern with a single opening 
which may be closed so as to conceal the light.— 
Lantern pinion, Lantern wheel (Mach.), a kind of 
pinion or wheel having cylindrical bars or trun- 
dles, instead of teeth ; — so called as resembling 
a lantern in shape. — Magic lantern, an optical 
instrument inclosing a light, for producing 
greatly magnified pictures from slides. a form of 

Lan'tern-Jawed' (-jad'), a. Having long, Lantern, 
thin jaws. 

Lan'tha-num (-tha-nuni), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Kavdaveiv to 
lie hid, to be concealed.] (Chem.) A rare element of 
the group of the earth metals, allied to aluminium. 

Lan'yard (lan'yerd), n. [F. laniere thong, strap, OF. 
lasniere, fr. lasne strap, thong, L. lacinia lappet, flap, 
edge of a garment.] 1. (Xaut.) A short piece of rope 
or line for fastening something in ships. 2. (Mil.) A 
cord used in firing cannon with a friction tube. 

Lap (lap), n. [AS. Iseppa ; akin to D. lap patch, 
piece, G. lappen.] 1. The loose part of a coat ; skirt; 
apron. 2. Edge ; border ; hem. 3. The part of the 
clothing that lies on the knees or thighs when one sita 
down ; that part of the person thus covered ; fig. , a place 
of rearing and fostering. 4. That part of any substance 
or fixture which extends over, or lies upon, or by the 
side of, a part of another. 5. State of being in part ex- 
tended over or by the side of something else. 6. One 
circuit around a race track. 7. (Mach.) A piece of 
soft metal used to hold a cutting or polishing powder. 

Lap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lapped (ISpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Lapping.] 1. To rest or recline in, or as in, a lap. 

2. To cut or polish with a lap. 

Lap, v. t. [OE. lappen to fold ; perh. a variant of 
wrappen, E. wrap.] 1. To fold ; to bend and lay over 
or on something. 2. To wrap or wind around something. 

3. To infold ; to hold as in one's lap ; to cherish. 4. To 
lay or place so as to partly or wholly cover something 
else ; to lay together one partly over another ; also, to 
be partly over, or by the side of. 

Lap, v. i. To be turned or folded ; to lie partly upon 
or by the side of something, or of one another. 

Lap, v. i- [AS. lapian; akin to LG. lappen, L. lam- 
bere.] 1. To drink or feed by licking up something. 2. 
To make a sound like that produced by taking up drink 
with the tongue. 

Lap, v. t. To take into the mouth with the tongue. 

Lap, n. Act or sound of lapping with. [ of a table. I 

LaplJOard^-bord'),^. Aboard used on the lap in place | 

Lap'dog' (-dSg'), n. A small dog fondled in the lap. 

La-pel' (la-p61'), n. [Dim. of Lap a fold.] That part 
of a garment which is turned back ; specif., the lap of 
the front of a coat in continuation of the collar. 

Lap'ful (lSr/ful), n. ; pi. Lapfuls (-fulz). As much 
as the lap can contain. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, £, i, d, u, y, short ; senate, dvent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



LAPIDARIAN 



479 



LARYNX 



Lap'I-da'rl-an (lap'T-da'rT-an), a. Inscribed on stone. 

Lap^-da-ry (lSr/T-da-ry), n. [L. lapidariui, fr. lapi- 
darius pert, to stone, fr. lapis, -idis, stone.] An artificer 
who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones ; hence, 
a dealer or connoisseur in gems or precious stones. 

Lap'i-da-iy, a. 1. Of or pert, to the art of cutting 
stones. 2. Of or pert, to monumental inscriptions. 

Lap i-des'cence (lap'I-deVsens), n. 1. State or qual- 
ity of being lapidescent. 2. A stony concretion. 

Lap i-des'cent (-sent), a. [L. lapidescens, p. pr., deriv. 
of lapis, -idis, stone.] Growing or turning into stone. — 
n. Any substance which has the quality of petrifying. 

Lapi-dif'ic (dif ik), ) a. [L. lapis stone -{- face re 

Lap'i-dif'ic-al (-T-k«l), j to make.] Lapidifying. 

La-pid'i-ly (la-pid'I-f t), v. t. & i. To convert or turn 
into stone or stony material. 

Lap'i-dist (lap'T-dist), n. A lapidary. [Lazuli. I 

La'pis laz'u-li (la'pis laVu-11). (Mi/n.) Same as| 

Lap'per (lap'per), n. One who, or that which, laps. 

Lap'pet (lap'pSt), n. [Dim. of Lap a fold.] A small 
decorative fold or flap, esp. of lace or muslin. 

Laps'a-ble (laps'a-b'l), a. Lapsible. 

Lapse (laps), n. [L. lapsus, fr. labi, p. p. lapsus, to 
slide, to fall.] 1. A gliding, slipping, or gradual falling ; 
an unobserved or imperceptible progress or passing away. 
2. A slip ; fault ; a falling in morals. 3. (Law) Termina- 
tion of a right or privilege by neglect to use it, or failure 
of some contingency. 4. (Theol.) A fall or apostasy. 

Lapse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lapsed (lapst) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Lapsing.] 1.- To pass slowly and smoothly down- 
ward, backward, or away ; to slip ; to glide. 2. To slide 
or slip in moral conduct ; to fail in duty. 3. (Law) To 
terminate by negligence, or failure of some contingency. 

Lapse, v. t. To allow to lapse. 

Laps'i-ble (laps'T-b'l), a. Liable to lapse. 

Lap'stone (lap'ston'), n. A stone for the lap, on 
which shoemakers beat leather. 

Lap'Streak' (-strek'), ) a. Having overlapping boards ; 

Lap'strake' (-strak'), j clinker-built ; — said of boats. 

Lap'wing' (lap'wing'), n. [AS. hleapewince ; hleapan 
to leap -f- (prob.) a word akin to AS. 
wincian to wink, wancol wavering.] (Zool.) 
A small European bird of the Plover fam- 
ily, having a rapid, irregular flight, 

Lar (lar), n. ; pi. Lakes 
(la'rez), sometimes Laes 
(larz). [L.] (Rom. Myth.) 
A tutelary deity ; a de- 
ceased ancestor regarded 
as a protector of the fam- 
ily. Hence, Fig. : Hearth 
or dwelling house. 

Lar'board' (lar'bo'rd' or 
-berd), n. [Lai-- is of un- 
certain origin. See Board, 
n., 8.] (Naut.) The left- 
hand side of a ship to one on board and facing the bow ; 
port ; — opposed to starboard. [mitting larceny, j 

Lar'ce-nous (-se-nQs), a. Constituting larceny ; com- 1 

Lar'ce-ny (-ny), n. [F. larcin, OF. larrecin, L. latro- 
cinium, fr. latro robber, mercenary.] (Law) The un- 
lawful taking and carrying away of things personal with 
intent to deprive the owner of the same ; theft. 

Larch (larch), n. [From L. larix, -ids, Gr. Aapi£.] 
(Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, having deciduous 
leaves, in fascicles. 

Lard (lard), n. [F., pig's 
fat, L. lardum, lariduvi.~\ 
1. Swine's flesh. [Obs.~] 2. 
The fat of swine ; also, this 
fat melted and strained. 

Lard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Larded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Larding.] 1. To stuff or 
dress with lard or bacon. 2. 
To fatten. 3. To smear with 
fat. 4. To mix or garnish 
with something ; to interlard. 

Lar-da'ceous (1 a r - d a ' - 
alms), a. Of or like lard. 

Lard'er (lard'er), n. A 
room or place where meat 
and other food are kept before they are cooked. 

Lard'er-er (-er), n. One in charge of the larder. 

Lar'don (lar'don), Lar-doon' (lar-doon'), n. [F. lar- 
don.l A bit of pork or bacon used in larding. 

Lard'y (lard'y), a. Of, pert, to, or like, lard. 

II La'res (la'rez), n. pi. See Lar. 




Lapwing ( Vanellus a-istatux). 




European Larch. 



Large (ISrj), a. [Compar. Larger (lar'jer) ; superl. 
Largest.] [F., fr. L. largus.] 1. Exceeding most other 
tilings of like kind in bulk, capacity, quantity, nuperrieial 

di mens ions, or Dumber of constituent units. 

I if ' Wot linear dimensions, and men extent, ijreai, 

and not large, is used as a qualifying word. 
2. Abundant : ample. 3. Full of statement ; diffuse ; 
profuse. 4. Having broad sympathies and K<-i'^roun im- 
pulses ; comprehensive. 5- (Xau.t.) Crossing the line of 
a ship's course in a favorable di rection ; — said of the wind. 

— Largely, adv. — Large'ness, ». 

At large, (a) Without restraint or confinement, (b) 
Diffusely ; fully ; in the full extent. 

Syn. — Big; bulky; huge; capacious; comprehen- 
sive ; plentiful ; populous ; copious ; diffusive ; liberal. 

Lar'gess ! (lar'jea), n. [P. largesse, fr. large. See 

Lar'gesse f Large, «.] A present ; gift ; bounty. 

II Lar-ghet'to (lar-geVw), «. A- adv. lit., dim. of 
largo largo.] (Mas.) Somewhat slow or slowly. 

IlLar'gO (lar'go), a. & adv. [It., large, L. largus.] 
(Mus. ) Slow or slowly. 

Lar'i-at (lar'T-Xt), n. [Sp. la reata the rope.] A long, 
slender rope made of hemp or strips of hide, esp. one 
with a noose, — used as a lasso, and for picketing a 
horse. [Mexico & Western U. &.] 

Lar'i-at, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lariated ; p. j>r. & vb. n. 
Lariating.] To lasso; to fasten or catch with a lariat. 
[Western U. £.] [time. [Colloq.V 

Lark (lark), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A frolic ; a jolly| 

Lark, n. [OE. larke, laverock, AS. laioeree; akin to 
G. lerche.~\ (Zool.) Any one of numerous species of 
singing birds. The true 
larks have very long hind 
claws, and, usually, dull, 
sandy brown colors. 

Lark, v. i. To catch larks. 

Lark'spur (-spGr), n. 
(Bot.) A genus of plants 
having showy flowers, and a 
spurred calyx. 

Lar'mi-er (lar'mT-er), n. 
[F., fr. larme tear, L. lacri- 
mal (Anat.) See Tearpit. 

La'roid (la'roid), a. [NL. larusgull -\--oid.] (Zool.) 
Like or belonging to the Gull family (Laridae). 

Lar'rup (lar'rup), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Larruped 
(-rfipt) ; p.pr.&vb. n. Larruping.] [Etym. uncertain.] 
To beat or flog soundly. [Prov. or Colloq.] 

Lar'um (-um), n. See Alarum, and Alarm. 

Lar'va (lar'va), ii. ; pi. L. Larvae (-ve), E. Larvas 
(-vaz). [L. larva specter, mask.] 
(Zool.) 1. Any young insect from the 
time that it hatches from the egg 
until it becomes a pupa, or chrysalis. 2 




Skylark (.!/«»'/" a, 



■i R8U). 




LarviE of Insects. 



Caterpillars, grubs, maggots, etc. 
are forms of larvae. 2. The early, 
immature form of any animal subject 
to metamorphosis. 

Lar'val (-vol), a. (Zool.) Of or 
pertaining to a larva. • „ Apodal L ar va of 

Lar'Va-ted (lar'va-tSd), a. [L. Carpenter Bee :M.tp- 

larvalus bewitched. See Larva.] idopteroig Larva of 
Masked ; clothed as with a mask. Currant Borer. 

Lar'yn-ge'al (lar'Tn-je'al or la-rTn'je-«l), a. [Fr. Lab- 
ynx.] Of, pert, to, or 
used upon, the larynx. 

||Lar'yn-gi'tis(lar'- 
Tu-ji'tTs), n. [NL. See 
-itis.] (Med.) Inflam- 
mation of the larynx. 

La -ryn' go -scope 
(la-rln'go-skop), n. 
[Larynx -j- -scope.'] 
(Surg.) An instrument 
for observing the 
larynx. 

Lar'yn-got'o-my 
(lar'In-g5t'6-my), n. 
[Gr. kapvyyoTOixia ; 
Aapvy£ larynx + t«- . 

uyeii/tocut.] (Sura.) Hyoidbonei b Thyroid c*rti 
A /.nttiiiir inrn thp lar- Cricoid cartilage. B \ iew from above 
A cutting into cne ax- whon ToJce ^ lu , in , proihlCl . a , „ r^i 

ynx from the outside of the tongue , j, Kpj-iottisvorviniich 
Of the neck. foreshortened ; c Fain vocal cords 

Lar'ynx (laVTnks), above the vocal eorda d. C Similar 
11 TNL fr. Gr7 \d- Vlt ' w when no voice is heinj; jiroduced. 
pvyf, -tryyo?.] (Anat.) The expanded upper end of the 
windpipe or trachea, containing the vocal cords. 




Unman Larynx. 
A Outside view from the right I 



fgrn, recent, drb, r U de, full, firn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, iuk, then, tliin- 



M 



LASCAR 



480 



LATITUDINARIAN 



) 
> 



Las 'CAT (laVkiir or las-kiir'). n. [Fer. & Hind. Ioshkar 
an :inny. an interior artillery man. cooly, native sailor.] 
A native sailor, employed in European vessels; also, a 
camp follower. [East Indies'] 

Las-civ'i-OUS (Hb^I'v'I-asVj a. [L. lasciria wanton- 
ness, ir. UuctVUS wanton.] Wanton ; lewd ; lustful. — 
Las-civ'i-ous-ly, adv. — Lascivious -ness, n. 

Lash (Ksh)i »■ [OE. lasc/ie; origin uncert.] 1. 
The thong or braided cord of a whip. 2. A stroke with 
a whip. 3. A stroke of satire or sarcasm. 4. An eyelash. 

Lash (Ubh), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Lashed (lSsht) ; 
p. pr. & ii>. n. Lashing.] 1. To strike, whip, or scourge 
with, or as with, a lash. 2. To throw out with a jerk or 
quickly. 3. To satirize ; to censure with severity. 

Lash. v. t. [Cf. D. lasschen to join, lasch joint.] To 
bind with a rope, cord, thong, or chain, so as to fasten. 

Lash'er (-er). ?;. One who whips or lashes. 

Lash'er. n. 1. A piece of rope for binding or fasten- 
ing one thing to another. 2. A weir in a river. [Eng.~\ 

Lass (las), n. [OE. lasse ; prob. of Celtic origin.] A 
young woman ; a girl ; a sweetheart. 

Las'sie (15s' si), n. A young girl ; a lass. [Scot.] 

Las'si-tude (las'sT-tud), n. [L. lassitude-, fr. lassns 
faint, weary.] A condition of the body, or mind, when 
:ts voluntary functions are performed only by a strong 
exertion of the will ; languor ; debility ; weariness. 

Las'so (las'so), n. ; pi. Lassos (-soz). [Sp. lazo, L. 
laqueus. See Lace.] A rope or long thong of leather with 
a running noose, used for catching horses, cattle, etc. 

Las'SO, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lassoed (-sod) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Lassoing.] To catch with a lasso. 

Last (last), a. [OE. last, latst, contr. of latest, superl. 
of late.] 1. Being after all others similarly classed or 
considered ; final ; hindmost ; farthest. 2. Next before 
the present. 3. Supreme ; highest in degree ; utmost. 
4. Lowest in rank or degree. 5. Most unlikely ; least fit. 

Last, adv. 1. At or for the last time. 2. In conclu- 
sion ; finally. 3. At a time next preceding the present. 

Last, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lasted ; p. pr. & rb. n. 
Lasting.] [AS. Isestan to perform, follow, last, fr. last, 
ISest, course ; akin to G. leisten to perform. See 4th Last.] 
1. To continue in time ; to endure. 2. To endure use, 
or continue without impairment or exhaustion. 

Last, n. [AS. last trace, track, footstep; akin to D. 
leest a last, G. leisten, Goth, laists track, way; from a 
root signifying, to go.] A wooden block shaped like the 
human foot, on which boots and shoes are formed. 

Last, v. t. To shape with a last ; to fit to a last. 

Last, n. [AS. hlsest, fr. hladan to lade ; akin to G. 
last. See Lade.] 1. A load ; a heavy burden ; hence, 
a certain weight or measure, generally estimated at 4,000 
lbs. 2. The burden of a ship ; a cargo. 

Last'age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. The lading of a ship ; also, 
ballast. 2. Room for stowing goods, as in a ship. 

Lasting, a. Existing or continuing a long while. 

Syn. — Durable ; permanent; unending; enduring. 

Last'ing, n. 1. Continuance; endurance. 2. A spe- 
cies of very durable woolen stuff, used for women's 
shoes. 3. Act or process of shaping on a last. 

Last'ing-ly, adv. In a lasting manner. 

Lastly, adv. 1. In the last place. 2. At last. 

Lat a-ki'a (lat'a-ke'a), n. [Turk., — from the place 
where raised.] A superior Turkish smoking tobacco. 

Latch (lach), r. 1. [Cf. F. lecher to lick (of German 
origin). Cf. Lick.] To smear ; to anoint. [Obs.] 

Latch, n. [OE. lacche, fr. lacchen to seize, AS. laec- 
can.] 1. A lace ; a snare. [Obs.] 2. A movable piece 
to hold something, as a door or gate, in place by entering 
a notch or cavity. 

Latch, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Latched (IScht) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Latching.] To catch or fasten by a latch. 

Latch'et (lach'gt), n. [Deriv. of F. lacet lace, dim. 
of lacs. See Lace.] The string that fastens a shoe. 

Latch'ing, n. (Xaut.) A loop on the head rope of a 
bonnet, for attaching it to a sail. [Usually in pi.] 

Latch/string' (-string'), n. A string for raising the 
latch of a door from the outside. 

Late (lat), a. [Compar. Later (lifer), or Latter 
(lSt'ter) ; superl. Latest (lat'Sst), or Last (last).] [AS. 
lift ; akin to G. loss lazy, slack, and to E. let to permit.] 
1. Coming after the time when due, or after the usual or 
proper time ; slow ; tardy. 2. Far advanced toward the 
end or close of a particular period. 3. Existing or 
holding some position not long ago, but not now ; lately 
deceased, departed, or gone out of office. 4. Not long 
past ; recent. 5. Continuing or doing until a late hour. 

Late. odr. At a late time or period. 

Of late, in time not long past ; lately. 



La- teen' (la-ten'), a. (Xaut.) Of or pertaining to a 
peculiar rig used in the Mediterranean and adjacent 
waters, esp. on the northern coast of Africa. See below. 

Lateen Bail. [F. voile latine ; properly, Latin sail.] 
(Jan/.) A tri- 
angular sail, 
extended by a 




Vessel with Lateen Sails. 

Late'ness (lat'nSs), n. State or quality of being late. 

La'tent (la'tent), a. [L. latens, -entis, p. pr. of la- 
tere to lie hid or concealed.] Not visible or apparent ; 
hidden ; secret ; dormant. — La'tent-ly, adv. 

Latent heat (Physics), the heat which disappears or be- 
comes concealed in a body while producing some change, 
as evaporation, in it other than rise of temperature. 

Lat'er (lat'er), fr. Compar. of Late, a. & adv. 

Lat'er-al (lat'er-al), a. [L. lateralis, fr. lotus, lateris, 
side.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sides. 2. Directed 
to the side. — Lat'er-al-ly, adv. 

Lat'er-an (-em), n. The church and palace of St. 
John Lateran, in Rome, — the highest in rank of all 
Roman Catholic churches. In this church several eccle- 
siastical qouncils (Lnteran councils) have been held. 

La-tes'cent (la-tes'sent), a. [L. latescens, -entis, 
p. pr. of latescere to be concealed, fr. latere to be hid.] 
Slightly withdrawn from view or knowledge. 

Lath (lath ; 59), n. ; pi. Laths (lathz). [OE. laththe, 
latlhe, latte, AS. Ivetla ; akin to G. latte.] One of the 
narrow strips of wood nailed to the rafters, studs, or floor 
beams of a building to support tiles, plastering, etc. 

Lath (lath), v. t. To cover or line with laths. 

Lathe (lath), n. [Origin uncertain.] 1. A machine 
for shaping articles, by cutting them with a tool while 
they are revolved. 2. The movable swing frame of a loom. 

Lath'er (ISth'er), n. [AS. lea&or niter, in lea&oruyrt 
soapwort ; perh. akin to E. lye.] 1. Foam or froth 
made by moistened soap. 2. Foam from profuse sweating. 

Lath'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lathered (-erd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Lathering.] To spread over with lather. 

Lath'er, v. i. To form lather, or froth like lather. 

Lath'y (lath'y), a. Like a lath ; long and slender. 

Lat'i-cif'er-OUS (lat'T-sif'er-us), a. [L. latex, laticis, 
a liquid -f- -ferous.] (Bot. ) Containing the latex ; — ap- 
plied to the tissue or tubular vessels of plants. 

Lat'i-Clave (lat'i-klav), n. [L. laticlavus, laticla- 
vium; latus broad -4- clavus nail, stripe.] (Rom. An- 
tiq.) A broad stripe of purple on the fore part of the 
tunic, worn as an emblem of the office of senator. 

Lat'in (lat'Tn), a. Of or pert, to Latium, or to the 
Latins, a people of Latium, or to their language ; Roman. 

Latin Church (Eccl. Hist.), the Roman Catholic Church, 
as distinct from the Greek Church. 

Lat'in, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Latium ; a 
Roman. 2. The language of the ancient Romans. 3. 
(Eccl.) A member of the Roman Catholic Church. 

Lat'in-ism (-Tz'm), n. A Latin idiom. 

Lat'in-ist, n. One skilled in Latin ; a Latin scholar. 

La-tin'i-ty (la-tin'T-ty), n. The Latin tongue, style, 
or idiom ; specif., purity of Latin style or idiom. 

Lat'in-ize (lat'Tn-iz), v. I. To cause to be of a Latin 
form or character. 

Lat'ish (latlsh), a. Somewhat late. [Colloq.] 

Lat'i-tude (lat/T-tud), n. [F., fr. L. latitudo, fr. lotus 
broad, wide, for older st latus.] 1. Extent from side to 
side ; breadth ; width. 2. Room ; space ; freedom ; hence, 
looseness; laxity. 3. Extent or breadth of signification, 
application, etc. ; extent of deviation from a standard, 
as truth, style, etc. 4. Extent ; size ; amplitude ; scope. 
5. (Geoff.) Distance north or south of the equator, meas- 
ured on a meridian. 6. (Astron.) The angular distance 
of a heavenly body from the ecliptic. 

Lari-tU'di-nal (lSt/T-tu'dT-nol), a. Of or pertaining 
to latitude ; in the direction of latitude. 

Lat'i-tU'di-na'ri-an (-tu'dT-na'rT-nn), a. Not re- 
strained ; not confined by precise limits, standards, or 



a» e, I, o, vi, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



LATITUDINARIANISM 



481 



LAW 



'm), n. 



doctrines ; lax. — n. One liberal in views or doctrines ; 
specif., a person not strictly orthodox in religion. 

Lat / i / tu-dl-na / ri-an-ism(iat'T-tuMT-na'rl-an-iz 

A latitudinarian system, belief, or condition 

II La-tri'a (la-tri'a), n. [L., fr. Gr. \arpda, fir. Aarpi? 
servant.] The highest kind of worship, or that paid to 
God. [water-closet. I 

La-trine' (la-tren'), n. [L. latrina.'] A privy, or I 

-latry. Suffix from Gr. Aarpei'a, worship. 

Lat'ten (lSt'tgn), n. [OF. laton; origin uncertain.] 
A kind of hammered sheet brass ; hence, sheet metal. 

Lat'ter (laVter), a. [OE. later, teller, compar. of lot 
late.] 1. Later ; more recent ; coming or happening 
after something else. 2. Of two things, the one men- 
tioned second. 3. Recent ; modern. 4. Last ; final, [i?.] 

Lat'ter-day' saint' (-da 7 sant'). A Mormon ; — the 
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints being the 
name assumed by the whole body of Mormons. 

Lat'ter-ly, adv. Lately ; of late ; recently. 

Lat'tice (lat'tTs), n. [F. latlis lathwork, fr. latte lath. 
See Lath.] Any work of wood or metal, made by cross- 
ing laths, or thin strips, and forming a network. 

Lat'tice, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Latticed (-tist) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Latticing (-ti-sing).] 1. To make a lattice of. 
2. To close with latticework ; to furnish with a lattice. 

Laud (lad), n. [L. laus, laudis. Cf. Allow.] 1. 
High commendation ; praise ; honor. 2. A part of di- 
vine worship, consisting chiefly of praise ; — usually in 
the pi. 3. Music or singing in honor of any one. 

Laud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lauded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Lauding.] Tojpraise in words ; to celebrate ; to extol. 

Laud'a-ble (lad'a-b'l), a. 1. Worthy of being lauded ; 
praiseworthy; commendable. 2. (Med.) Healthy ; nor- 
mal ; not noxious. — Laud'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ty), Laud'- 
a-ble ness. n. — Laud'a-bly, adv. 

Lau'da-num (la/da-num), n. [Orig. the same word 
as ladanum, labdanum.] Tincture of opium. 

Lau-da'tion (la-da'shun), n. Act of lauding. 

Laud'a-tO-ry (lad'a-to-ry), a. Of or pert, to praise, 
or its expression. — n. That which contains praise. 

Laud'er (-er), n. One who lauds. 

Laugh (laf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laughed (laft) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Laughing.] [OE. laughen, laghen, lauhen, 
AS. hlehhan, hlihhan, hlyhhan, hliehhan ; akin to G. 
lachen.~\ 1. To show mirth, satisfaction, or derision, by 
the muscles of the face, usually accompanied by explo- 
sive or chuckling sounds. 2. Fig. : To be or appear 
gay, cheerful, mirthful, or brilliant. 

To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh secretly ; to have the 
thought or emotion provoking laughter, while preserving 
a serious expression. — To laugh out of the other corner (or 
aide) of the mouth, to weep or cry ; to feel regret, vexation, 
or disappointment after hilarity or exaltation. [Slang] 

Laugh, v . t. 1. To affect or influence by laughter or 
ridicule. 2. To express by laughter. 

Laugh, n. An expression of mirth peculiar to the 
human species ; the sound of laughing ; laughter. 

Laugh'a-ble (laf'a-b'l), a. Fitted to excite laughter. 
— Laugh'a-ble-ness, n. — Laugh'a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Droll ; ludicrous ; mirthful ; comical. 

Laugh'er (-er), n. One who laughs. 

Laugh'ing (laf'ing), a. & n. from Laugh, v. i. 

Laughing gas {Chem.), an oxide of nitrogen, NOH; — so 
called from the exhilaration and laughter which it some- 
times produces 
when inhaled. — 
Laughing jackass 
(Zool.), the great 
brown kingfisher 
of Australia. 

Laughingly, 

adv. With laugh- 
ter or merriment. 
Laugh'ing-stock^-stok'), 

n. An object of ridicule. 

Laugh'ter (-ter), n. A 
movement (usually involun- 
tary) of the muscles of the 
face, particularly of the lips, 
with a peculiar expression of 
the eyes, indicating merri- 
ment, satisfaction, or deri- 
sion, and usually attended 
by a sonorous expulsion of 
air from the lungs. 
Launch (lanch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Launched 
(lancht); p. pr. & vb. n. Launching.] [OF. lanchier, 
var. of lancier, F. lancer, fr. lance lance. See Lance.] 
1. To throw, as a lance ; to hurl ; to let fly. 2. To 




Laughing Jackass 
(Dacelo gigas). 



cause to move into the water ; to set afloat. 3. To send 
out ; to start in a career or course ; to pat in operation. 

Launch (lanch), V. i. To move swiftly, as a hhip elid- 
ing from the stocks into the water ; to plunge ; to rush. 

Launch, n. 1. A launching. 2. [Cf. Sp. lantha.) 
(Xaut.) The boat of the largest size belonging to a ship 
of war ; also, any open boat of large size. 

Laun'der (liinMer;, n. [Contracted fr. OE. lavender, 
through P. & LL. fr. L. iavare to wash. Bee Lave.] 

1. A washerwoman. [06s.] 2. (Mining) A trough to I»- 
ceive powdered ore, or to carry water to the stamps, etc. 

Laun'der, r. t. [imp, St p. p. Laundered (-derd) ; 
p. )>r. 8t vb. ». Laundering.] To wash, as clothes; to 
wash and iron. 

Laun'der-er (-er), n. One whose business is laundering. 

Laun'dress (-drgs), )i. A woman who lauuders. 

Laun'dry (-di'jf), n. 1. A washing. 2. A place where 
laundering is done. [business. I 

Laun'dry-man (-man), n. A man who launders as a| 

Lau're-ate (la're-at), a. [L. laureates, fr. la urea 
laurel tree, fr. laureus of laurel, fr. laurus laurel.] 
Crowned, or decked, with laurel. 

Poet laureate, formerly, an officer of the king's house- 
hold, who composed an ode annually for the king's birth- 
day, and on other occasions ; now, a poet officially given 
such honorary title, the office being a sinecure. [Ewj.] 

Lau're-ate, n. One laurel-crowned ; poet laureate. 

Lau're-ate-ship, n. State or office of a laureate. 

Lau're-a'Uon (-a'shun), n. A crowning with laurel ; 
act of conferring an academic degree, or honorary title. 

Lau'rel (la'rgl), n. [OF. lorier, laurier, deriv. of L. 
laurus.'] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Latu -us) having 
aromatic lanceolate leaves, witlr clusters of small, y* 1- 
lowish white flowers. The name is given to various other 
plants having some resemblance to the true laurel. 2. 
A crown of laurel ; hence, honor ; fame ; — esp. in the pL 

American laurel, or Mountain laurel, Kalmia lati/oli", 
an evergreen shrub with poisonous foliage.— Ground laurel, 
trailing arbutus. — Sheep laurel, Kalinin vinjustijulia, 
a poisonous shrub smaller than the mountain laurel. 

Lau'res-tine (la'res-tln), n. [NL. laurus tinus, fr. 
L. laurus the laurel -+- tinus laurestine.] (Bot.) An 
evergreen shrub or tree (Viburnum Tinus) of the south 
of Europe, which flowers during the winter months. 

La'va (la'va), n. [It. lava lava, orig. in Naples, a 
torrent of rain overflowing the streets, fr. It. & L. lavure 
to wash.] The melted rock ejected by a volcano. 

Lav'a-tO-ry (laVa-to-ry), a. Laving; washing, or 
cleansing by washing. [2. A lotion. I 

Lav'a-tO-ry, n. 1. A place or vessel for washing. | 

Lave (lav), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Laved (lavd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Laving.] [F. laver, L. Iavare, akin to luere, 
Gr. Aoveiv.] To wash ; to bathe. [out. [06$.]| 

Lave, v. t. [OE. laven.~\ To lade; to dip or pour| 

Lav'en-der (laVen-der), n. [F. lavande, It. lavanda 
lavender, a washing, fr. L. Iavare to wash. So called 
because it was used in bathing and washing.] 1. (Bot.) 
An aromatic plant common in the south of Europe. 

2. The pale, purplish color of lavender flowers. 
Lav'er (la'ver), n. 1. A vessel for laving or washing ; 

a large basin. 2. (Script.) (a) A vessel in the Jewish 
tabernacle where the priests washed their hands and 
feet, (b) One of several laving vessels in Solomon's 
Temple. 3. That which washes or cleanses. 

La'ver, n. The fronds of certain marine alga? used as 
food, and for making a sauce called laver sauce. 

Lav'ish (lav'Tsh), a. [Akin to lave to lade out.] 
1. Expending or bestowing profusely : profuse ; prodi- 
gal. 2. Superabundant; excessive. — Lav'ish-ly, adv. 
— Lav'ish-ness, ». 

Lav'ish, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Lavished (-Taht) ; ;;. pr. 
& vb. n. Lavishing.] To expend or bestow with profu- 
sion ; to use with prodigality ; to squander. 

Lav'ish-ment (-m<?nt), n. Act of lavishing. 

Law (la), n. [AS. lagu, from the root of E. lie to be 
prostrate';'— literally, that which is laid, set, or fixed.] 
1. In general, a rule of being or of conduct, established 
by an authority able to enforce its will. 2. In morals : 
The will of God as the rule for the disposition and con- 
duct of all responsible beings. 3. The Jewish Q] 
code, and that part of Scripture where it is written. 
4. In human government : (a) An organic rule establish- 
ing and defining the conditions of the existence of a state 
or community, (b) Any rule of conduct enforced by the 
controlling authority. 6. In philosophy and physics : 
A rule of being, operation, or change, so certain and 
constant that it is conceived of as imposed by the will of 
God or by some controlling authority. 6. In mathe- 
matics : The rule according to which anything proceeds ; 



£8rn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, so, sing, ink, then, thin. 
*31 



M 



LAWFUL 



482 



LEADER 



I 

) 
) 



mode or order of sequence. 7. In arts, works, prunes, 
. rules of const ruction, or of procedure, con- 
forming to the conditions of success ; a principle, maxim, 
or usage. 8. Collectively, the whole body of rules re- 
lating to one subject, or emanating from one source; 
hence, legal science ; jurisprudence. 9. Trial by the laws 
of the land ; litigation. 

Syn. Statute ; ordinance ; regulation ; edict ; decree. 

Law'ful (la/ful), a. 1. Conformable to law ; legiti- 
mate ; competent. 2. Constituted or authorized by law; 
rightful. — Law'ful-ly, adv. — Law'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Legal; constitutional; regular; rightful. 

Law'giVer (la'gTv'er), n. One who makes laws. 

Lawless, a. 1. Contrary to, or unauthorized by, 
law ; illegal. 2. Not subject to law, or indifferent to 
law : unrestrained ; unregulated. — Lawlessly, adv. 
— Lawlessness, n. 

Law'mak er (-inaVer), n. A legislator ; a lawgiver. 

Lawn (Ian), n. [F. lande heath ; of Celtic origin.] 
1. An open space between woods. 2. Ground (usually 
about a house) covered with grass kept closely mown. 

Lawn, n. [Earlier laune lynen, i. e., lawn linen; 
prob. from the town Laon in France.] Avery fine linen 
(or sometimes cotton) fabric with a rather open texture. 

Lawn'y (lau'y), a. Having a lawn ; like a lawn. 

Lawn'y. «. Made of lawn, or fine linen. 

Law'suit (la'suf), n. An action at law ; any legal 
proceeding before a court for the enforcement of a claim. 

Law'yer (la'yer), n. [Law -f -yer.~\ One versed in 
the laws ; one whose profession is to conduct lawsuits for 
clients, or to give legal advice. 

Lax (laks), a. [Compar. Laxer (-er) ; superl. Lax- 
est.] [L. laxus.~\ 1. Not tense, firm, or rigid ; slack ; 
loose. 2. Not strict or stringent ; not exact ; equivocal. 
3. Having a looseness of the bowels ; diarrheal. 

Syn. — Vague ; unconfined ; dissolute ; licentious. 

Las, n. A looseness ; diarrhea. 

Lax-a'tion (laks-a'shiin), n. [L. laxalio, deriv. of 
laxus loose, slack.] Act of loosening, or state of being lax. 

Lax'a-tive (laks'a-tlv). a. 1. Having a tendency to 
loosen or relax. 2. (Med.) Having the effect of opening 
the intestines, and relieving from constipation. — n. 
(Med. ) A laxative medicine. 

Lax'i-ty (laks'i-ty), n. State or quality of being lax. 

Laxly, adv. In a lax manner. 

Lax'ness. n. The state of being lax ; laxity. 

Lay (la), imp. of Lie, to recline. 

Lay, a. [F. lai, L. laicus, Gr. Aai'jeo? of the people, 
lay, fr. Aaos, Aea>?, people.] 1. Of or pert, to the laity, 
as distinct from the clergy. 2. Not belonging to, or 
emanating from, a particular profession ; unprofessional. 

Lay brother (R. C. Ch.), one received into a convent 
under the three vows, but not in holy orders. 

Lay, n. [OF. lei, F. hi law. See Legal.] [065.] 
1. Faith ; creed. 2. A law. 3. Obligation ; vow. 

Lay (la), n. [OF. lai, lais, prob. of Celtic origin.] 
1. A song ; a simple lyrical poem ; a ballad. 2. A mel- 
ody ; any musical utterance. 

Lay (la), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Laid (lad) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Laying.] [OE. leggen, AS. lecgan, causative, fr. 
licgnn to lie ; akin to G. legen. See Lie to be prostrate.] 
1. To cause to lie down, to be prostrate, or to lie against 
something ; to put or set down. 2. To place in position ; 
to arrange with regularity. 3. To prepare ; to contrive ; 
to provide. 4. To spread on a surface. 5. To cause to 
be still ; to calm ; to suppress ; to exorcise. 6. To de- 
posit, as a wager ; to stake ; to risk. 7. To bring forth 
and deposit. 8. To apply ; to put. 9. To impose, as a 
burden, punishment, tax, command, duty, etc. 10. To 
impute ; to charge; to allege. 11. To present or offer. 
12. (Law) To state ; to allege. 13. (Rope, Making) To 
put the strands of (a rope, a cable, etc.) in their proper 
places and twist or unite them. 

To lay heads together, to consult. — To lay in, to store ; 
to provide. — To lay one's self out. to strive earnestly. — 
To lay out. (a) To expend. (b> To display ; to discover, 
(c) To plan in detail ; to arrange, (a) To prepare for 
burial, (e) To exert. — To lay to. (a) To charge upon; 
to impute. <bi To apply with vigor, (c) (Nauf.) To check 
the motion of fa vessel). — To lay to heart, to feel deeply ; 
to consider earnestly. — To lay up. (a) To store ; to reposit 
for niture use. <b) To confine ; to disable, (c) To dis- 
mantle, and retire from active service, as a ship. — To lay 
waste, to destroy ; to make desolate. 

Syn. — See Put, v. t., and the Note under 4th Lie. 

Lay, r. i. 1. To produce and deposit eggs. 2. (Kant.) 
To take a position ; to come or go. 3. To wager ; to bet. 

To lay about, or To lay about one, to strike vigorously 
in all directions. 



tack. 



To lay on, to strike ; to beat ; to at- 
To lay out, to purpose ; to plan. 



Lay (la), n. 1. That which lies or is laid or is con- 
ceived of as having been laid or placed ; row ; layer. 2. 
A wager. 3. (a) A job, price, or profit. [Prov. Eng.~\ 
(b) A share of profits. [U. S.~\ 4. A lea of yarn. 

Lay figure, (a) A jointed model of the human body 
that may be put in any attitude. (6) A mere puppet. 

Lay'er (la'er), n. 1. One that lays. 2. [Prob. a cor- 
ruption of Laie.] That which is laid ; a stratum ; one 
thickness, course, or fold laid over another. 3. A shoot 
or twig of a plant, not detached from the stock, laid 
under ground for propagation. 4. An artificial oyster bed. 

Lay'man (-man), n. One of the laity, in distinction 
from the clergy ; hence, a man not belonging to a partic- 
ular profession, in distinction from those who do. 

La'zar (la'zar), n. [OF. lazare, fr. Lazarus the beg- 
gar. Luke xvi. 20.] A person infected with a filthy or 
pestilential disease ; a leper. 

Laz'a-ret' (laVa-ref), ) n. [F. lazaret, or It. lazze- 

Laz a-ret'to (-to), j retto.'] A public hospital or 
pesthouse for diseased persons, esp. lazars. 

Laze (laz), v. i. [See Lazy.] To be lazy. [Colloq.~\ 

Laze, v. t. To waste in sloth ; to idle. [Colloq.~\ 

La'zi-ly (la'zT-ly), adv. In a lazy manner. 

La'zi-ness. n. State or quality of being lazy. 

Laz'u-li (laz'u-li), n. [F. & NL. lapis lazuli, LL. 
lazulus, lazurius, lazur, fr. same Oriental source as E. 
azure.'] (Min.) A mineral of a fine azure-blue color, 
usually in small rounded masses ; lapis lazuli. 

Laz'u-lite (-lit), n. [From Lazuli.] (Min.) A min- 
eral of a light indigo-blue color. 

La'zy (la'zy), a. [Compar. Lazier (-zT-er) ; superl. 
Laziest.] [OE. lasie, laesie, of uncertain origin.] 1. 
Disinclined to action or exertion ; shirking labor ; idle. 
2. Inactive; slothful; slow; sluggish. 

Syn. — See Idle. 

Laz za-ro'ni (laz'za-ro'nT ; It. l'aVsa-ro'ne), n. pi. 
[It.] Homeless idlers in Naples living by chance work or 
begging, whose refuge is the Hospital of St. Lazarus. 

Lea (le), n. [Cf. Lay, n., thing laid.] A measure of 
yarn, — for linen, 300 yards ; for cotton, 120 yards. 

Lea, n. [AS. leah, led ; akin to Prov. G. loh bog, 
morass, grove.] A meadow or sward land ; a grassy field. 

Leach (lech), n. [See Lye.] 1. A quantity of wood 
ashes, through which water passes imbibing the alkali. 
2. A tub or vat for leaching ashes, bark, etc. 

Leach, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Leached (lecht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Leaching.] 1. To remove or lose the solu- 
ble constituents from by the action of percolating water 
or other liquid. 2. To dissolve out. 

Leach'y (-y), a. Permitting percolation ; porous. 

Lead (led), n. [AS. lead ; akin to G. loth plummet, 
small weight.] 1. (Chern.) A heavy, pliable, inelastic 
metal, having a bright, bluish color, but easily tarnished. 
Sp. gr. 11.37. 2. An article made of lead or an alloy of 
lead; as: (a) A plummet, (b) (Print.) A thin strip of 
type metal, (c) Sheets of lead for covering roofs. 3. A 
small cylinder of black lead or plumbago, tised in pencils. 

Black lead, graphite or plumbago ; — so called from its 
leadlike appearance and streak. — Lead pencil, a pencil of 
which the marking material is graphite (black lead). 

Lead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leaded ; p. pr. & rb. n. 
Leading.] 1. To cover, fill, fit, or affect with lead. 2. 
(Print.) To place leads between the lines of. 

Lead (led), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Led (led) : p. pr. & 
vb. n. Leading.] [AS. laedan (akin to G. leiten), causa- 
tive fr. AS. lihan to go.] 1. To guide or conduct with 
the hand, or by physical contact or connection. 2. To 
show the way, esp. by going with or in advance of. Hence, 
fig. : To direct ; to counsel. 3. To conduct or direct 
with authority. 4. To precede ; hence, to be foremost or 
chief among. 5. To draw or direct by influence : to induce ; 
to entice ; to allure. 6. To guide or conduct one's self 
in ; hence, to proceed in the way of. Also, to cause (one) 
to go or follow in (a certain course). 7. (Cards & Dom- 
inoes) To begin a game, round, or trick, with. 

Lead (led), v. i. 1. To guide or conduct ; to have 
precedence or preeminence ; to be first or chief. 2. To 
tend or reach in a certain direction, or to a certain place. 

To lead off or out, to go first ; to begin. 

Lead, n. 1. Act of leading or conducting ; guidance ; 
direction. 2. Precedence ; advance position ; also, the 
measure of precedence. 3. (Cards & Dominoes) Act or 
right of playing first ; the card, suit, or piece, so played. 
4. An open way in an ice field. 5. (Mining) A lode. 
6. (Xaui.) The course of a rope from end to end. 

Lead'en (16d"n), a. 1. Made of lead ; of the nature 
of lead. 2. Like lead in color. 3. Heavy ; dull ; sluggish. 

Lead'er (led'er), n. One that leads or conducts ; guide ; 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, €, i, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



LEADERSHIP 



483 



LEATHERY 




conductor. Specif. : (a) (Mus.) A conductor of a band, 
orchestra, or choir in music. (b) (Xaut.) A block pierced 
with suitable holes for guiding ropes, (c) A horse placed 
in advance of others, (d) The first, or the principal, ed- 
itorial article in a newspaper, (e) (Print.) (a) A type 
having a dot or short row of dots upon its face. (/>) pi. 
A row of dots, periods, or hyphens. 
Leadership (led'er-ship), n. Office of a leader. 
Lead'ing (lSd'Ing), n. Lead, or articles of lead, col- 
lectively ; lead work. 

Lead'ing (led'Tng), a. Guiding; directing; control- 
ling; foremost. — Lead'ing-ly, adv. 
Lead'ing, n. Act of leading, guiding, or directing. 
Leads'man (lgdz'man), n. (Naut.) The man who 
heaves the lead. 

Leaf (lef), n. ; pi. Leaves (levz). 
[AS. Ie6f; akin to D. loof foliage, G. 
lanb.~\ 1. (Bot.) A colored, usually 
green, expansion growing from the side 
of a stem or rootstock ; one of the 
parts of a plant which collectively con- 
stitute its foliage. 2. (Bot.) Any 
special organ of vegetation in the form 
of a lateral outgrowth from the stem. 
3. Something which is like a leaf in 
being wide and thin and having a flat 
surface, or in being attached to a larger 
body by one edge or end ; as : (a) A 
part of a book or folded sheet contain- 
ing two pages, (b) A side, division, Leaf, 
or part, that slides or is hinged, as of b Blade ; p Petiole, 
window shutters, folding doors, etc. ° r . Leafstalk ; st 
(c) A hinged or removable part of the stipules. 
top of a table, (d) A very thin plate ; as, gold leaf, 
(e) A portion of fat lying in a separate fold or layer. 
(/) One of the teeth of a pinion, esp. when small. 

Leaf, v. € [imp. & p. p. Leafed (left) ; p. pi: & vb. n. 
Leaping.] To produce leaves ; to leave. 
Leafage (lef'aj ; 48), n. Leaves, collectively ; foliage. 
Leafed (left), a. Having (such) a leaf or (so many) 
leaves ; — used in composition. 
Leaf i-ness (lef'T-nes), n. State of being leafy. 
Leafless, a. Having no leaves or foliage. 
Leaflet (-let), n. 1. A little leaf ; also, a little 
printed leaf. 2. (Bot.) A division of a compound leaf. 
Leafstalk (-stak'), n. The stalk of a leaf, [leaves. I 
Leafy (-y), a. Full of, abounding in, or made of, | 
League (leg), n. [Deriv. of LL. leuga, leuca, of Celtic 
origin.] A measure of length varying in different coun- 
tries from about 2.4 to 4.6 English statute miles of 5,280 
feet each, and used (as a land measure) chiefly on the 
continent of Europe, and in Spanish America. 

B3P* The marine league of England and the U. S. equals 
3 marine, or geographical, miles of 6,080.27 feet each ; the 
English land league equals 3 English statute miles. 

League (leg), n. [F. ligue, LL. liga, fr. L. ligare to 
bind.] An alliance or combination of two or more na- 
tions, parties, or persons, for the accomplishment of a 
purpose by continued united action ; coalition. 
Syn. — Confederacy ; confederation ; compact. 
League (leg), v. i. & t. limp. & p. p. Leagued (legd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Leaguing (le'ging).] To unite in a league. 
Lea'guer (le'ger), n. A member or supporter of a 
league. 

Lea'guer, n. [D. leger camp, bed, couch, lair. See 
Lair.] The camp of a besieging army ; a camp in general. 
Leak (lek), n. [Akin to D. lek leaky, a leak, G. leek ; 
cf. AS. hlec leaky.] 1. A crack, crevice, fissure, or hole 
which admits water or other fluid, or lets it escape. 2. 
Entrance or escape of a fluid through such an aperture. 
To spring a leak, to open or crack so as to let in water. 
Leak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaked (lekt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Leaking.] 1. To let water or other fluid in or 
out through a hole, crevice, etc. 2. To enter or escape, 
as a fluid, through a hole, crevice, etc. 
To leak out, to be divulged gradually or clandestinely. 
Leak, v. t. To permit to pass through a leak. 
Leak'age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. A leaking ; also, the quan- 
tity that leaks. 2. (Com.) An allowance of a certain 
rate per cent for waste by leaking. 

Leak'y (-y), a. [Compar. Leakier (-T-er); super!. 
Leakiest.] That leaks ; permitting water or other fluid 
to leak in or out. — Leak'tness (-I-ngs), n. 

Leal (lei), a. [OF. leial. See Loyal.] Faithful; 

loyal; true. [holding a dog. I 

Leam (lem), n. [See Leamer.] A leash or strap for| 

Leam'er (-er), n. [F. limier, OF. liemier, fr. L. liga- 

men band, bandage. See Lien.] A dog held by a leam. 



Lean (len), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaned (lend), some- 
times Leant (lgnt); ;/. pr. A vb. n. Leaning.] [AS. 
hlinian, hleonian, v. I. ; akin to 0. lehnen, L. (no/more, 

Gr. fcAt'eeic] 1. To incline, deviate, or bend, from a 
vertical position j to be thus inclining OF deviating. 2. 
To incline in opinion or desire ; to conform in conduct. 
3. To rest or rely for rapport, comfort, etc. 

Lean, V. t. To cause to lean ; to incline ; to support. 

Lean (len). a. [Compar. Leaner (-er) ; sit perl. Lean- 
est.] [OK. lene, as. i,i-.i ne; prob. akin to K. lean, v. i.] 

1. Wanting Mesh ; destitute of or deficient in fat; not 
plump. 2. Wanting fullness, richness, sufficiency, or 
productiveness; deficient in quality or content*. 

Syn. — Slender ; spare; thin; meager; lank; skinny; 
gaunt ; scant ; barren ; bare ; mean. 

Lean (len), n. That part of flesh which consists prin- 
cipally of muscle without the fat. 

Lean'ly, adr. Meagerly ; without fat or plumpness. 

Lean'neSS, ». State or quality of being lean. 

Lean'-to 7 (len'tod'), n. {Arch.) A shed or slight 
building placed against the wall of a larger structure 
and having a single-pitched roof. 

Leap (lep), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaped (lept), rarely 
Leapt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Leaping.] [AS. hleapan to leap, 
run ; akin to G. lav/en, Cf. Lope.] 1. To spring clear 
of the ground, with the feet ; to jump ; to, vault. 2. To 
spring or move suddenly, as by a jump or by jumps ; to 
bound. Also Figuratively. 

Leap, V. 1. 1. To pass over by a leap or jump. 2. To 
copulate with ; to cover. 3. To cause to leap. 

Leap, n. Act of leaping, or space passed by leap- 
ing ; a jump ; a spring ; a bound. 

Leap'er (lep'er), n. One who, or that which, leaps. 

Leap'frog' (-frog'), n. A play among boys, in which 
one stoops and another leaps over him. 

Leap 7 year' (yer'). Bissextile; every fourth year 
which leaps over a day more than a common year, giving 
to February twenty-nine days. 

Learn (lem), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Learned (lernd), or 
Learnt (lernt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Learning.] [AS. leorn- 
ian; akin to G. lernen; fr. root of AS. Imran to teach.] 

1. To gain knowledge or information of ; to fix in the 
mind ; to acquire skill in. 2. To teach. [Obs. or Pro\\\ 

Learn, v. i. To acquire knowledge or skill ; to receive 
information or instruction. 

Learn'ed (-Sd), a. Of or pert, to learning ; possess- 
ing, or characterized by, learning, esp. scholastic learn- 
ing ; erudite. —Learn'ed-ly, adv. — Learn'ed-ness, n. 

Leam'er (-er), n. One who learns ; a scholar. 

Learn'ing, n. 1. Acquisition of knowledge or skill. 

2. Knowledge or skill received by instruction or study ; 
erudition. 3. That which may be learned ; esp., knowl- 
edge taught in the schools ; literature ; science. 

Lease (les), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Leased (lest) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Leasing.] [F. laisser, OF. laissier, to leave, 
transmit, L. laxare to loose, fr. laxus loose, wide.] 1. To 
grant to another by lease the possession of ; to let ; to 
demise. 2. To hold under a lease ; to take a lease of. 

Lease (les), n. 1. A demise or letting of lands, tene- 
ments, or hereditaments to another for life, for a term of 
years, or at will, usually for a specified rent or compen- 
sation. 2. The contract for such letting. 3. Any tenure 
by grant or permission ; the term of such tenure. 

Lease'hOld' (les'hold'), a. Held by lease. 

Lease'hold', n. Tenure by lease ; specif., land held as 
personalty under a lease for years. — Lease'hold er. n. 

Leash (lesh), n. [OF. lesse, LL. laxa, fr. L. la. 
1. A thong of leather, or a cord, by which a falconer 
holds his hawk, or a courser his dog. 2. (Sporting) A 
brace and a half ; three creatures of a kind. esp. grey- 
hounds, foxes, bucks, or hares : hence, three in general. 

Leash, v. I. To tie together, or hold, with a leash. 

Least (lest), a. [OK.' last, lest, AS. ISsast, 
superl. of liessaless.~\ [Uaedaaraperl. oi little.] Smallest, 
in size or degree; shortest; lowest; most unimportant. 

Least, adv. In the smallest or lowest degree. 

Least' ways' (lest'waV), \ adr. At least ; at all 

Least'wise' (lest'wiz ), I events. [(W/07.] 

Leath'er (leth'erf, 11. [AS. letter; akin to G. Irder.] 
The skin of an animal, tanned or otherwise dressed for 
use ; also, dressed hides, collectively. 

Leath'er-back (-bilk ). ;(. (ZoiA.) A large sea turtle 
having no bonv shell on its back. 

Leath'er-et (le'th'er-e't), Leath er-ette' (l?rl> er-et'). 
n. [Leather -\- -el, F. -ette.~\ An imitation of leather, 
made of paper and cloth. 

Leath'ern (.-em), a. Made, or consisting of, leather. 

Leath'er-y (-er-y), a. Resembling leather ; tough. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rade, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, ^o, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



LEAVE 



484 



LEGACY 



Leave (lev), ». t [''»;>• & ;>• />• Leaved (levd) ; p. pr. 
A : o inc.. ] To send out leaves j to leaf. 

Leave, ». [Oh. leve, focve, AS. /«•<//,• akin to fao/ 
dear, E. lief, G. urlaub leave. "See Lief.] 1. 
Liberty granted by which restraint or illegality is re- 
moved; permission: license. 2. Act of leaving or de- 
parting ; farewell : adieu ; — used chiefly in the phrase, 
to take leave, i. e., literally, to take permission to go. 

Leave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Left (ISft) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Li-.aving.] [OE. levc/i, AS. l;ej(vi, fr. laf remnant, 
heritage ; akin to E. live.'] 1. To withdraw one's self 
from ; to depart from. 2. To let remain unremoved or 
undone. 3. To cease, desist, or abstain, from. 4. To 
desert ; to forsake ; hence, to relinquish. 5. To let be 
or do without interference. 6. To deposit; to deliver ; 
to commit ; to submit. 7. To have remaining at death ; 
hence, to bequeath. 

To leave off, to desist from ; to forbear ; to stop. 

Syn. — To quit; abandon; give up ; forego ; resign; 
surrender ; forbear. See Quit. 

Leave, v. i- 1. To depart ; to set out. \_Colloq.~\ 
2. To cease ; to desist ; to leave off. 

To leave off, to cease ; to desist ; to stop. 

Leaved (levd), a. [From Leaf.] Bearing or having 
a leaf or leaves ; having folds ; — used in combination. 

Leav'en (lev"n), n. [F. levain, L. levamen allevia- 
tion, mitigation; but taken in the sense of, a raising, 
that which raises, fr. levare to raise.] 1. A portion of 
fermenting dough which mixed with a larger portion 
makes the whole mass light by fermentation ; hence, any 
substance that produces fermentation, as in dough or 
liquids ; yeast ; barm. 2. Anything which makes a gen- 
eral assimilating change in the mass. 

Leav'en, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Leavened (-'nd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Leavening (-'n-Tng).] 1. To make light by the 
action of leaven. 2. To imbue ; to infect ; to vitiate. 

Leav'en-ing (-'n-Tng), n. 1. Act of leavening. 2. 
That which leavens or makes light. 

Leaves (levz), n. ; pi. of Leaf. 

Leavings (Iev'Tugz), n. pi. 1. Things left ; rem- 
nants ; relics. 2. Refuse ; offal. 

Lech'er (lech'er), n. [OF. lecheor, lecheur, gormand, 
glutton, libertine, parasite, fr. techier to lick ; of Teu- 
tonic origin. See Lick.] A man given to lewdness, or 
to illicit sexual indulgence. 

Lech'er, v. i. To practice lewdness. 

Lech'er-er (-er), n. A lecher. 

Lech'er-OUS (-us), a. Addicted to lewdness ; lustful. 
— Lech'er-ous-ly, adv. — Lech'er-ous-ness, ». 

Lech'er-y (-y), n. Free indulgence of lust ; lewdness. 

Lec'i-thin(les'i-thTn),«. [Gr.A«i0osyolk.] (Physiol. 
Chem.) A nitrogenous phosphorized substance found in 
the animal body, and esp. in nerve tissue, yolk of eggs, 
and white blood corpuscles. 

Lec'tern (lek'tern), n. See Lecturn. 

Lec'tion (lek'shun), n. [L. lectio, fr. tegere, lecturn, 
to read.] 1. (Eccl.) A lesson, esp. of Scripture, read in 
divine service. 2. A reading ; a variation in the text. 

Lec'tion-a-ry (-a-ry), n. (Eccl.) A book or a list of 
lections, for reading in divine service. 

Lec'ture (-tfir; 135), n. [F. lecture, LL. leclura, fr. 
L. legere, tectum, to read.] 1. A discourse on any sub- 
ject, esp. a formal or methodical one for instruction. 

2. A reprimand or formal reproof from one in authority. 

3. (Eng. Universities) A rehearsal of a lesson. 
Lec'ture, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Lectured (-turd) ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. Lecturing.] 1. To read or deliver a lecture to. 
2. To reprove formally and with authority. 

Lec'ture, v. i. To deliver a lecture or lectures. 

Lec'tur-er, n. One who lectures ; an assistant preacher. 

Lec'turn (lSk'turn), n. [LL. lectrinurn, fr. lectrum ; 
cf. L. legere, tectum, to read.] A reading desk, in some 
churches, from which the lections, or Scripture lessons, 
are chanted or read ; hence, a reading desk. 

Led (lSd), imp. & p. p. of Lead. 

Ledge (lSj), n. [Akin to AS. licgan to lie. See Lie 
to be prostrate.] 1. A Bhelf on which articles may be 
laid ; also, that which resembles such a shelf. 2. A shelf, 
ridge, or reef, of rocks. 3. A layer or stratum. 4. (Min- 
ing) A lode. 6. (Shipbuilding) A piece of timber to sup- 
port the deck, placed athwartship between beams. 

Ledg'er (-er), n. [Akin to D. legger layer, daybook 
(fr. teggen to lay), E. ledge, lie.~\ 1. A book in which a 
summary of accounts is preserved ; the final book of 
record in business transactions. 2. (Arch.) (a) A large 
flat fctone, esp. one laid over a tomb, (b) A horizontal 
timber supporting floor timbers, scaffolding, etc. 

Ledger line. For Leger line. See under 3d Leger. 



Ledg'y (lSj'J), a. Abounding in ledges ; consisting of 
a ledge or reel. 

Lee (le), n. [F. lie; of uncertain origin.] Tl.iit 
which settles at the bottom, as of a cask of liquor (esp. 
wine) ; sediment ; dregs ; — now only in the pi. 

Lee, n. [OE. lee shelter, akin to AS. hied, hledw, shel- 
ter, 1). lij lee.] 1. A place or side protected from the 
wind; shelter; protection. 2. (Naut.) The region, as 
one stands on shipboard, toward which the wind blows. 

Lee, a. (Naul.) Of or pertaining to the part or side 
opposite to that against which the wind blows. 

Lee r board / (le'bord'), n. A board, or frame of planks, 
lowered over the lee side of a vessel to lessen her leeway 
when closehauled, in the same way as a centerboard. 

Leech (lech), n. & v. See Leach. 

Leech, n. [Cf. LG. leik, Icel. lik, Sw. lik boltrop.'.] 
(Saut.) The border or edge at the side of a sail. 

Leech, n._ [OE. leche, Iteche, physician, AS. lse.ee ; 
akin to AS. lacnian to heal.] 1. A physician or surgeon. 
[Archaic] 2. (Zo'Ol.) Any one of numerous anuulose 




Medicinal Leech (Hinulo merfici- 
inilis). a Ocelli ; b Ventral side ; 
c Acetabulum. 



worms, esp. those used in medicine for sucking blood. 
3. (Surg.) A glass tube adapted for drawing blood. 

Leech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leeched (lecht) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Leeching.] 1. To treat as a surgeon ; to doctor. 
[Archaic] 2. To bleed bj' the use of leeches. 

Leek (lek), n. [AS. ledc ; akin to D. look, G. lauch.] 
A plant resembling the onion, but stronger in flavor. 

Leer (ler), a. [OE. lere ; akin to G. leer.] [Obs. or 
Prov. Eng.] Empty ; destitute ; wanting ; as : (a) Empty 
of contents, (b) Destitute of a rider; and hence, led, 
not ridden, (c) Wanting sense or seriousness ; frivolous. 

Leer, n. [OE. lere cheek, face, look, AS. hleor cheek, 
face.] 1. The cheek; hence, complexion; appearance. 
[Obs.] 2. A distortion of the face, or an indirect glance 
of the eye, conveying a sinister or immodest suggestion. 

Leer, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Leered (lerd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Leering.] To look or entice with a leer or 
leers ; to cast a sidelong lustful or malign look. 

Lees (lez), n. pi. Dregs. See 1st Lee. 

Leet (let), n. [LL. tela; perh. deriv. of L. lis, litis, a 
lawsuit.] (Eng. Hist.) A court-leet ; the jurisdiction of 
a court-leet ; the day on which a court-leet is held. 

Lee'ward (le'werd or lu'erd), a. (Xaut.) Pert, to, cr 
toward, the side or region toward which the wind blows. 
— n. The lee side ; the lee. — adv. Toward the lee. 

Lee'way' (le'wa'), n. Leeward drift of a vessel. 

Left (ISi't), imp. & p. p. of Leave. 

Left, a. [OE. left, lift, luft ; of uncertain origin.] 
Of or pertaining to that side of the body in man on which 
the muscular action of the limbs is usually weaker than 
on the other side. Also said of the corresponding side 
of the lower animals. 

Left, n. 1. That part of surrounding space toward 
which the left side of one's body is turned. 2. Those 
members of a legislative assembly (as in France) who 
are in the opposition. They have their seats at the lelt- 
hand side of the presiding officer. 

Left'-hand' (left'hand'), a. Situated on the lelt; 
nearer the left hand than the right. 

Left'-hand ed, a. 1. Having the left hand or arm 
stronger and more dexterous than the right. 2. Clumsy ; 
sinister ; insincere. 3. Having a direction contrary to 
that of the hands of a watch when seen in front. 

Left-handed marriage, a morganatic marriage. 

Left'-hand ed-ness. In. State or quality cf 

Left'-hand i-ness (-T-ngs), 1 being left-handed. 

Leg (leg), n. [Icel. leggr ; akin to Dan. Iseg calf cf 
the leg.] 1. A limb or member of an animal used to 
support the body ; esp., that part between the knee and 
foot. 2. That which resembles a leg in form or use ; 
esp. , a supporting member. 3. The part of any article of 
clothing which covers the leg. 4. (Naut.) The course and 
distance made by a vessel on one tack or between tacks. 

Leg bail, escape from custody by flight. [Slang] 

Leg'a-cy (leg'a-sy), n. [Deriv. of L. legare to be- 
queath. See Legate.] 1. A gift of property by will, o?p. 
of money or personal property ; a bequest. Also F z. 
2. A business with which one is trusted by another ; 
a commission. [Obs., except in certain phrases] 



a, e, I, o, u., long ; a, 6, 1, 5, A, f, short ; senate, fcvent, tdea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, fmaL 



LEGAL 



485 



LEMUR 



Le'gal (le'gal), a. [L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, law.] 
1. Created by, permitted by, in conformity with, or re- 
lating to, law ; lawful. 2. (Theol.) (a) According to the 
law of works, as distinguished from free grace ; resting 
on works for salvation. (6) Accordingto the Mosaic dis- 
pensation. 3. (Law) Governed by the rules of law as 
distinguished from rules of equity. 

Legal tender, that currency, which the law authorizes 
a debtor to tender and requires a creditor to receive. 

Syn. — Constitutional ; legitimate ; licit ; authorized. 

Le'gal-ism (-Tz'm), n. Strict conformity to law. 

Le'gal-ist, n. One who practices or advocates strict 
conformity to law ; in theology, one who holds to the 
law of works. See Legal, 2 (a), [legal. I 

Le-gal'i-ty (le-gXl'T-ty ), n. State or quality of being | 

Le'gal-ize (le'gal-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legalized 
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Legalizing (-i'zing).] 1. To 
make legal. 2. (Theol.) To interpret or apply legally. 

Le'gal-ly, adv. In a legal manner or spirit. 

Leg'ate (lSg'ut), n. [L. legatus, fr. legare to commis- 
sion, to depute, fr. lex, legis, law. See Legal.] 1. An 
ambassador or envoy. 2. An ecclesiastic representing 
the pope and invested with the authority of the Holy See. 
3. {Rom. Hist.) (a) An official assistant to a general or to 
the governor of a province. (b) Under the emperors, a 
governor sent to a province. [acy is bequeathed. I 

Leg' a- tee' (leg'a-te'), n. (Law) One to whom a leg-| 

Leg'ate-ship (leg'at-ship), n. Office of a legate. 

Leg'a-tine (-a-tin), a. 1. Of or pert, to a legate. 2. 
Made by, proceeding from, or under sanction of, a legate. 

Le-ga'tion (le-ga'shun),rc. 1. The commissioning one 
person to act for another. 2. A legate, or envoy, and 
the persons associated with him in his mission; or, in 
stricter usage, a diplomatic minister and his suite. 3. The 
official residence of a foreign diplomatic minister. 4. A 
district under the jurisdiction of a legate. 

Le-ga'to (le-ga'to), a. [It., tied, joined, fr. legare 
to tie, bind, L. ligare.] (Mus.) Connected ; tied ; — 
noting a smoothly gliding performance of successive 
tones. It is often indicated by a tie or ligature. 

II Leg'a-tor' (leg'a-tcV), n. [L.] (Law) One who be- 
queathes a legacy. 

Leg'end (lej'end or le'jSnd), n. [OF. legende, LL. 
legenda, fr. L. legendus to be read, fr. legere to read, 
gather; akin toGr. Aeyeii/ to gather, speak.] 1. That 
which is appointed to be read ; esp., a chronicle of the 
lives of saints. 2. A story respecting saints, esp. one of a 
marvelous nature. 3. Any wonderful old story not veri- 
fiable by history ; myth ; fable. 4. An inscription, motto, 
or title, esp. one on a coin, or under an engraving. 

Leg'end-a-ry (!ej'en-da-ry), a. Of or pert, to a legend 
or to legends ; like, or consisting of, legends. — n. A 
book of legends ; a tale ; also, one who relates legends. 

Leg'er (lej'er), n. [See Ledger.] A ledger. 

Leg'er, a. Lying or remaining in a place ; resident. 

Leg'er, a. [F. leger, deriv. of L. levis light in weight.] 
Light ; slim ; trivial. [Obs., except in special phrases] 

Leger line (Mus.), a line added above or below the staff 
to extend its compass. 

Leg er-de-main' (-de-man'), n. [F. leger light, nimble 
-f- de of + main hand, L. manus.] Sleight of hand ; 
a trick of sleight of hand ; any artful deception or trick. 

Legged (legd or leg'ged), a. [From Leg.] Having 
(such or so many) legs ; — used in composition. 

Leg'ging (leg'ging), { n. [From Leg.] A cover for 

Leg'gin (leg'gin), ) the leg, like a long gaiter. 

Leg'horn (-h6rn), n. A plaiting of straw of a kind of 
Italian wheat, used for bonnets and hats; — so called 
from Leghorn, the place of exportation. 

Leg'i-ble (lej'T-b'l), a. [L. legibilis, fr. legere to read.] 
Capable of being read or deciphered ; distinct to the eye ; 
plain ; hence, apparent ; discernible. — Leg'i-bil'i-ty 
(bTl'i-ty), Leg'i-ble-ness, n. — Leg'i-bly, adv. 

Le-gif'ic (le-jTf'Ik), a. [L. lex, legis, law -f -ficare 
(in comp.) to make.] Of or pertaining to making laws. 

Le'gion (le'jiin), n. [OF. legion, fr. L. legio, fr. 
legere. See Legend.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of foot 
soldiers and (about one tenth) cavalry consisting of from 
about four thousand to about six thousand men. 2. A 
military force ; army. 3. A great number ; multitude. 

Le'gion-a-ry (-a-ry), a. Belonging to, or consisting of, 
a legion or legions, or an indefinitely great number. 

Le'gion-a-ry, n . A member of a legion. 

Leg'iS-late (lej'Ts-lat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Legis- 
lated (-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Legislating (-la'ting).] 
[See Legislator.] To make or enact a law or laws. 

Leg is-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of legislating; the 
laws enacted. 



Leg'is-la-tlve (lgj'Ts-la-tlv), a. 1. Making, or hav- 
ing the power to make, a law or laws ; lawmaking. 2. 
Of or pert, to the making of laws ; suitable to legislation. 

Leg'is-la'tor (lgj'Ts-la'ter), n. [L. legis lalor, prop., 
proposer of a law ; lex, legis, law -f- lator proposer, fr. 
latus. See Tolerate.] A lawgiver ; a maker of laws for 
a state or community ; member of a legislative body. 

Legislature (lgj'Is-la'tuT ; 135), n. The body of 
persons in a state or kingdom invested with power to 
make and repeal laws ; a legislative body. 

Le'gist (le'jTst), n. [Deriv. of L. lex, legis, law.] One 
skilled in the laws ; a writer on law. 

Le-git'i-ma-cy (le-jlt'l-ma-s^), n. State or quality of 
being legitimate. 

Le-git'i-mate (-mat), a. [LL. legitimatus, p. p. of 
legitimate to legitimate, fr. L. legitimus legitimate, fr. lex. 
See Legal.] 1. Accordant with law or with established 
legal forms and requirements ; lawful. 2. Lawfully be- 
gotten ; born in wedlock. 3. Authorized ; real ; genu- 
ine. 4. Conforming to known principles, or accepted 
rules.— Le-git'i-mate-ly, adv . — Le-git'i-mate-ness, n. 

Le-git'i-mate (-mat), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Legitimated 
(-ma/ ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Legitimating (-ma 7 ting).] 
To make legitimate, lawful, or valid ; esp., to establish 
in the position of a legitimate person before the law. 

Legit i-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. Act of legitimating. 

Le-git'i-mist (-mist), n. 1. One who supports legiti- 
mate authority, esp. hereditary monarchy as a divine 
right. 2. Specif., a supporter of the claims of the elder 
branch of the Bourbon dynasty to the crown of France. 

Le-git'i-mize (le-jlt/i-miz), v. t. To legitimate. 

Leg'ume (leg'um or le-gum'), n. [F. legume, L. legu- 
men, fr. legere to gather. So called because they may be 
gathered without cutting. See Legend. ] 1. (Bot . ) A pod 
dehiscent into two pieces or valves, 
and having the seed attached at one . 
suture, as that of the pea. 2. pi. 
The fruit of leguminous_plants. Legume. 

Le-gU'mi-nous (le-gu'mT-nus), a. 1. Pertaining to 
pulse ; consisting of pulse. 2. (Bot.) Belonging to, or like, 
a very large natural order of plants which bear legumes. 

Lei'sure (le'zhur ; 135), n. [OF. leisir, orig., per- 
mission, fr. L. licere to be permitted. See License.] 1. 
Freedom from occupation or business ; vacant time. 
2. Time at one's command ; convenient opportunity ; 
hence, convenience ; ease. 

Lei'sure-ly (le'zhur-ly), a. Characterized by leisure ; 
taking abundant time ; not hurried. — Lei'sure-ly . adv. 

Le'man (le'man or lem'on), n. [OE. lemman, lef- 
man ; AS. leof dear + mann man.] A sweetheart, of 
either sex ; — usually in a bad sense. [Archaic] 

Lem'ma (lem'ma), n. ; pi. L. Lemmata (-ma-ta), E. 
Lemmas (-maz). [L., fr. Gr. AtJ/u/u-ci anything received, 
an assumption, fr. Aa/u.^ai/eiv to take, assume.] A prop- 
osition demonstrated or ac- 
cepted for immediate use in 
the demonstration of some 
other proposition. 

Lem'ming(lem'mlng),w. 
[Nor. lemming, lemende.] 
(Zool.) A small arctic ro- 
dent, resembling a mead'ow 
mouse in form. 

^W~ The common Northern European lemming makes 
occasional devastating 
migrations in enormous 
numbers from the moun- 
tains into the lowlands. 

Lem'on (lem'un), n. 
[F. limon, Per. Umun ; cf. 
Ar. alimun.] (Bot.) An 
oval or roundish fruit re- 
sembling the orange, and 
containing a pulp usually 
intensely acid ; also, the 
tree bearing this fruit. 

Lemonade' (lem/iin- 
ad'), n. [F. Umonade.] 
A beverage made of lemon 
juioe. sugar, and water. 

Le'mur (le'mur), n. 
[L., a ghost, specter. So 
called on account of its 
habit of going abroad by 
night.] (Zool.) One of a 
family of nocturnal mam- 
mals allied to the mon- 
keys, but of small size, and with a sharp, foxlike muzzle. 




Lemming (Myoilt s lemmus). 




Lemur (Le?nur ulbir'rons). 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



LEMURES 



486 



LEST 



) 
> 



i* Lem'n-res (l?ui'u-rez ; E. le'murz), n. pi. [L. See 
Lkmvk.] Spirits or ghosts : specten. 

Lend (Knd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lent (lSut) ; p. pr. & 
Lending.] LAS. Ixmtn, fr. Ixn loan; akin to 
G. lehtien to lend. See Loan.] 1. To allow the cus- 
tody or possession and use of, on condition of the return 
of the same, or, sometimes, of an equivalent in kind ; to 
grant the temporary use of. 2. To afford ; to furnish. 
3. To let for hire or compensation. 

Lend'er (,-er), /;. One who lends. 

Length (I&ogth), n. [AS. lengd, fr. long, long, long. 
See Long, o.] 1. The longest, or longer, dimension of 
any object ; extent from end to end. 2. A portion of 
space or of time considered as measured by its length. 

3. Quality or state of being long ; extent ; duration. 

4. A single piece or subdivision of a series. 5. Detail 
or amplification ; continuance. 

Length'en (-'n), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Lengthened 
(-*nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lengthening (-'u-Tng).] To ex- 
tend in length ; to make or become longer. 

Length'ways' (-waz'), ) adv. In the direction of the 

Length'Wise' (-wlz'), ) length ; longitudinally. 

Length'y (-y), «• [Compar. Lengthier (-T-er); su- 
perl. Lengthiest.] Having length ; rather or too long. 

Le'ni-ence (le'iri-ens or len'yens ; 106), ) n. Quality 

Le'ni-en-cy (le'nT-en-sy or len'yen-sy), J or state of 
being lenient ; lenity ; clemency. 

Le'ni-ent (le'ni-ent or len'yent), a. [L. leniens, 
-ends, p. pr. of lenire to soften, fr. lenis soft, mild.] 
1. Relaxing ; softening ; assuasive. 2. Mild ; merciful. 
— Le'ni-ent-ly, adv. 

Len'i-fy (leu'T-fi), v. t. [L. lenis soft, mild -f -fy.~] 
To assuage ; to soften ; to mitigate ; to alleviate. 

Len'i-tive (-tiv), a. Having the quality of softening 
or mitigating, as pain or acrimony ; assuasive ; emollient. 

Len'i-tive, n. 1. (Med.) (a) A medicine that has the 
quality of easing pain or preventing irritation, (b) A 
mild purgative. 2. That which tends to allay passion, 
excitement, or pain ; a palliative. 

Len'i-ty (-ty), n. State or quality of being lenient ; 
mildness of disposition ; gentleness of treatment. 

Syn. — Tenderness ; softness ; clemency ; mercy. 

Lens (lgnz), n. ; pi. Lenses (-ez). [L. lens a lentil. 
So named from the resemblance in shape of a double con- 
vex lens to the seed of a lentil.] (Opt.) A piece of glass, 
or other transparent substance, ground with two oppo- 
site regular surfaces, and commonly used in optical in- 
struments for changing the direction of rays of light, and 
thus magnifying objects, or otherwise modifying vision. 

Gg^" Of spherical lenses, there are six varieties, as shown 
in section in the . , ,, 

figures: viz., a a b c d e f 

plano-concave : b 
double-concave ; c 
piano - convex ; d 
double-convex; e 
converging conca- 
vo-convex, or con- 
vergingmeniscus; 
/ diverging con- 
cavo-convex, or di- 
verging meniscus. 

Lent (lent), imp. & p. p. of Lend. 

Lent, n. [AS. lengten, lencten, spring, lent; akin to 
D. lente, G. lenz.~\ (Eccl.) A fast or period of forty 
days beginning with Ash Wednesday and continuing 
till Easter, commemorative of the fast of our Savior. 

Lent'en. a. 1. Of or pertaining to Lent, or suitable to 
Lent. 2. Spare ; plain ; somber ; not abundant or showy. 

Len'ti-cel (Ign'tT-sgl). n. [F. lenticelle, dim. fr. L. 
lens, lends, a lentil.] (Bot.) (a) One of the small, oval 
spots on the stem or branch of a plant, from which the 
inner tissues may protrude or roots may issue, (b) A 
small, lens-shaped gland on the under side of some leaves. 

Len-tic'u-lar (lSn-tTk'6-ler), a. [L. lendcularis, fr. 
lei ticula lentil.] Resembling a lentil in size or form; 
Bhaped like a double-convex lens. [freckly ; scurfy. ' 

Len-tig'i-nous (-ti jf-nus), a. Of or pert, to lentigo ; | 
Len-ti'gO (lgn-tl'go), ti. [L., fr. lens, lends, lentil.] 
(Med.) A freckly eruption on the skin; freckles. 

Len'til(lgn'tTl),n. [F. lentille, fr. L. lenticula, dim. of 
lens, lends, lentil.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant, of small 
size, common in the fields in Europe. Also, its seed. 

Len-tis'CUS (lSn-tis'kus), | n. [L. lentiscus, lenlis- 

Len'tisk (lgn'tTsk), ] cum.'] (Bot.) The mastic. 

Len'toid (lgn'toid), a. [L. lens, lends -f -oid.~] 
Having the form of a lens ; lens-shaped. 

Le'o (\Wt), n. [L, Hon.] (Astron.) The Lion ; the fifth 
aign of the zodiac, marked thus [£1] in almanacs, etc. 




Lenses. 




Leopard (Felis leopardas). 



Le'o-nine (le'6-nin), a. [L. leoninus, fr. leo, leonis, 
lion.] Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the lion. 

Leop'ard (lgp'erd), n. [OF., fr. L. leopardus, fr. Gr. 
AeoTrapSos* AeWlion-j-7rap6ospard.] (Zool.) 
A large, savage, car- 
nivorous mammal of 
the Cat family, of a 
yellow color with 
black markings. 

Lep'a-doid 
( -a-doid ), n. 
[Lepas-\--oid.'] 
(Zool. ) A 
barnacle of the 
genus Lepas, 
or family Le~ 
pad idie. 

Lep / al (lSp'al), n. [Gr. Ae7ris a scale.] (Bot.) A 
sterile transformed stamen. 

II Le'pas (le'pSs), n. [L., a limpet, fr. Gr. Aen-as.] 
(Zool.) Any one of various species of Lepas, a genus of 
pedunculated barnacles ; a goose barnacle. 

Lep'er (lep'er), n. [OE. lepre leprosy, F. lepre, L. 
leprae, lepra, fr. Gr. AeVpa, fr. Aerrpos scaly, fr. Ae'n-os 
scale, AeTreif to peel.] A person affected with leprosy. 

Lep'er-OUS (-er-Qs), a. Leprous; poisonous. 

I! Lep'i-dO-den'dron (-T-d6-den'dron), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
AeTTi's, -i'Sos, a scale + SevSpov tree.] (Paleon.) A genus of 
fossil trees having the exterior marked with scars, pro- 
duced by the separation of the leafstalks. 

Lep/i-dop'ter (lep'i-dop'ter), n. (Zool.) One of the 
Lepidoptera. 

II Lepl-dop'te-ra (-d5p'te-ra), ». pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
Aen-i'?, -t'fios, a scale + mepov a feather, wing.] (Zool.) 
An order of insects, which includes the butterflies and 
moths. They have broad wings, covered with minute 
overlapping scales, usually brightly colored. 

Lep i-do-si'ren (-do-sl'ren). n. [Gr. Aen-ts, -CSos, a scale 
+ <reip)jj/ a siren.] (Zool.) A South American eel-shaped 
fresh-water ganoid fish, having both gills and lungs. 

Lep'o-rine (lgp'6-rin or -rin), a. [L. leporinus, fr. 
lepus, leporis, hare.] (Zool. ) Of or pertaining to a hare ; 
like, or characteristic of, a hare. 

Lep'rose' (lgp'rosO, a. [See Leprous.] (Nat. Hist.) 
Covered with thin, scurfy scales. 

Lep'ro-sy (lgp'ro-sy), n. [See Leprous.] (Med.) A 
cutaneous disease which first appears in the form of 
small spots. It is incurable, and is probably contagious. 
The term leprosy in the Bible is probably used for several 
unrelated contagious diseases. 

Lep'rous (-rus), a. [OF. leprous, lepros, fr. L. lepro- 
sus, fr. lepra. See Leper.] 1. Infected with leprosy; 
pertaining to or resembling leprosy. 2. (Nat. Hist.) 
Leprose. — Lep'rous-ly, adv. — Lep'rous-ness, n. 

Lese'-maj'es-ty (lez'maj'gs-ty), n. See Leze majesty. 

Le'sion (ll'zhun), n. [F. lesion, L. laesio, fr. laedere, 
laesum, to injure.] An injury. Specif. : (a) (Civil Law) 
Loss from breach of contract, (b) (Med.) Any morbid 
change in exercise of functions or texture of organs. 

-less (-les). [AS. leas loose, false ; akin to G. los 
loose, Goth, laus empty, vain, and also to E. loose, lose.] 
A privative adjective suffix, denoting without, destitute 
of, not having ; as witness, childless, fatherless. 

Less, a. [OE. lesse, AS. Isessa ; a compar. from a lost 
positive form. Less serves as the comparative of little.'] 
Smaller ; not so large or great ; not so much. 

Less, adv. Not so much ; in a smaller or lower degree. 

Less, n. 1. A smaller portion or quantity. 2. The 
inferior, younger, or smaller. 

Les-see 7 (lgs-se'), n. (Laiv) The person to whom a 
lease is given, or who takes an estate by lease. 

Less'en (lgs r n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Lessened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lessening.] [From Less, a.] To 
make or become less, as in size, number, value, rank, etc. 

Syn. — To diminish ; reduce ; abate ; decrease ; lower ; 
impair ; weaken ; degrade. 

Less'er (-er), a. [Less + compar. suffix -er (in which 
r is from an original s).] Less ; smaller ; inferior. 

Les'son (les's'n), n. [OE. lessoun, F. lecon, fr. L. 
lectio a reading, fr. legere to read, collect.] 1. Anything 
read or recited to a teacher by a pupil or learner. 2. 
That which is learned or taught by an express effort : in- 
struction ; precept ;*doctrine. 3. A portion of Scripture 
read in divine service for instruction. 4. A reproof ; re- 
buke; warning. 

Les'son, v. t. To teach ; to instruct. [a lease. I 

Les'sor (les'sor or lgs-s6r'), n. (Law) Onewhogives| 

Lest (lgst), conj. [OE. leste, fr. AS. 8y Ixs <5e the 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, abort ; eenate, Svent, Idea, dbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



-LET 



487 



LEVY 



less that, where Sy is the instrumental case of the defi- 
nite article, and <Se is an indeclinable relative particle, 
meaning, that, who, which. See The, Less.] 1. For fear 
that ; that . . . not ; in order that . . - not. 2. That 
(without the negative particle) ; — after certain expres- 
sions denoting fear or apprehension. 

-let (-ISt). [F. -el (L. -ellus) -f -et, as in E. bracelet.] 
A noun suffix having a diminutive force ; as in streamlet, 
wavelet, armlet. 

Let (ISt), V. t. [AS. lettan to hinder, fr. Iset slow. See 
Late.] To retard ; to hinder ; to oppose. [Archaic] 

Let, n. A retarding ; obstacle ; impediment ; delay ; 
— archaie except in without let or hindrance. 

Let, v. I. [imp. & p. p. Let (Letted (lgt'tgd), Obs.) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Letting.] [AS. lietan; akin to G. las- 
sen, and L. lassus weary.] 1. To leave ; to relinquish ; 
to abandon. [Obs. or Archaic, except with alone or be.] 
2. To cause ; to make ; — with the infinitive in active 
form but in passive sense. [Obs.] 3. To permit ; to al- 
low ; to suffer. 4. To allow to be used or occupied for a 
consideration ; to lease ; to rent ; to hire out. 5. To give, 
grant, oi\assign, as a work, privilege, or contract. 

HEIP 3 ' The active form of the infinitive of let, as of many 
other English verbs, is often used passively ; a house to 
let (i. e., for letting, or to be let). In the imperative 
mood, before the first person plural, let is hortative. 

To let alone, to leave ; to withdraw from ; to refrain 
from interfering with. — To let blood, to cause blood to 
flow ; to bleed. —To let loose, to remove restraint from. 

Let, v. i. To be let or leased ; as, the farm lets for 
$500 a year. See note under Let, v. t. 

To let up, to become less severe ; to cease. [Colloq.] 

Letch (lech), v. & n. See Leach. 

Le'thal (le'thal), a. [L. lethalis, letalis, fr. lethum, 
letum, death.] Deadly ; mortal ; fatal.— Le'thal-ly, adv. 

Le-thar/gic (le-thar'jik), ) a. Pertaining to, affected 

Le-thar'gic-al (-jT-kal), ) with, or resembling, 
lethargy ; morbidly drowsy ; dull ; heavy. 

Leth'ar-gy (leth'ar-jy), n. [Througli F. & L. fr. Gr. 
\r)6apyia, fr. \rj6apyos forgetful, fr. AtjAtj forgetfulness.] 

1. Morbid drowsiness ; continued or profound sleep. 2. 
Indifference. 

Le'the (le'the), n. [L., fr. Gr. Xr^dn.] 1. (Class. 
Myth.) A river of Hades whose waters when drunk 
caused forgetfulness of the past. 2. Oblivion ; a draught 
of oblivion ; f orgetf ulness. — Le-the'an (le-the'an), a. 

Le thif/er-ous (le-thTf'er-iis), a. [L. lethifer, fr. 
lethum death + ferre to bring.] Deadly ; fatal. 

Let'ter (let'ter), n. One who lets. 

Let'ter, n. [F. lettre, OF. letre, fr. L. litlera, litera, 
fr. linere, litum, to smear, — tablets smeared with wax 
being used to write upon.] 1. A mark or character used 
to represent a sound, or an articulation of human speech. 

2. A written or printed communication ; an epistle. 

3. Verbal expression ; literal statement or meaning. 4. 
(Print.) A single type ; type, collectively ; a style of type. 
5. pi. Learning ; erudition. 

Let'ter, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Lettered (-terd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Lettering.] To impress or mark with letters. 

Lettered (lgt'terd), a. 1. Educated ; versed in liter- 
ature. 2. Of or pertaining to learning or literature ; 
learned. 3. Inscribed or stamped with letters. 

Let'ter-er (lgt'ter-er), n. One who letters. 

Let'ter-press' (lgfter-prgs'), n. Print ; esp., print 
impressed directly from types ; reading matter, in dis- 
tinction from illustrations. 

Let'tuce (let'tTs), n. [OE. letuce ; origin uncertain.] 
(Bot.) A composite plant used_as salad. 

Leu'CO- (lu'ko-), Leuc- (luk-). [Gr. Aev/cos white.] 
A combining form signifying white, colorless ; specif. 
(Chem.), denoting an extensive series of colorless organic 
compounds, obtained from other colored compounds. 

Leu'COr-rlMB'a (lu'kor-re'a), n. [Leuco- + Gr. petw 
to flow.] (Med.) A diseased discharge of mucus from 
the vagina. 

Le-vant' (le-vanf), n. [It. levante, lit., the east, 
where the sun rises, fr. levare to raise.] 1. The coun- 
tries about the eastern part of the Mediterranean. 2. A 
levanter. 

Levant', v. i. [Cf. Sp. levantar to roam.] To run 
away from one's debts. [Colloq. Eng.] [terranean. I 

Le-vant'er, n. A strong easterly wind of the Medi- 1 

Le-vant'ine (le-vant'In or lgv'ant-In), a. Of or per- 
taining to the Levant, —n. 1. A native or inhabitant 
of the Levant. 2. A kind of stout twilled silk fabric. 

Lev'ee (leVe ; often lgv-e' in U. S.\, n. [F. lever, fr. 
lever to raise, se lever to rise.] 1. A rising. 2. A morn- 
ing assembly or reception of visitors ; hence, any general 
or somewhat miscellaneous gathering of guests. 



One form of Spirit Level. 
pr. & vb. n. Leveling 



4 ^^ 



Lev'ee (leVe or lgv-e'), n. [F. levee, fr. lever to raise.] 
An embankment to prevent inundation; sometimes, the 

steep bank of a river. [U. S."\ 

Lev'el (lgv'Sl), n. [OF. tivel, fr. L. libella level, 
water level, a plumb level, dim. of libra pound, measure 
for liquids, balance, water poise, level.] 1. A line or sur- 
face which is everywhere parallel to tin- surlace of still 
water, — hence being a curved surface, the earth being 
round. 2. A horizontal line or plane. 3. An approx- 
imately horizontal line or surface at a certain degree 
of altitude, or distance from the center of the earth. 4. 
Hence, fig., a certain position, rank, standard, degree, 
quality, character, etc., conceived of as in one of several 
planes of different elevation. 5. (Mech. &Surv.) An in- 
strument by which to find a horizontal line, or adjust 
something with reference to a horizontal line. 

LeVel (lgv'gl), a. 1. Having 
a level surface ; being at or on a 
level ; having the same level ; 
flat ; horizontal ; even. 2. Well 
balanced ; just. [Colloq.] 

Lev'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Leveled (-Sid) or Levelled ; p. 

or Levelling.] 1. To make level ; to bring to a cer- 
tain or common level ; to even. 2. To bring to a lower 
level ; hence, to overthrow. 3. To bring to a horizontal 
position, as a gun ; hence, to aim; to direct. 

Lev'el, v. i. To level a gun, spear, or other weapon ; 
fig., to direct the eye, mind, or effort. 

Lev'el-er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, levels. 
2. One who would remove social inequalities ; a socialist. 

Lev'el-lv, adv. In an even or level manner. 

Lev'el-ness, n. State or quality of being level. 

Le'ver (le'ver or lgv'er), n. [OF. leveor, prop., a 

lifter, fr. OF. & F. lever to raise, L. levare ; *. 

akin to levis light.] (Mech.) A rigid piece ^ . >, 

capable of turning about one point, or axis \k\ 

(the fulcrum), and in which are two or more v^ 

other points where I , 

forces are applied, — 

used for transmitting 

and modifying force 

and motion. 

^ Lev'er-age(lev'er- 

aj or le'ver-aj), n. 

Action of a lever ; 

mechanical advantage gained by the lever. f£k 

Lev'er-et (lgv'er-gt), n. [F. levraut, dim. of ** 

lievre hare, L. lepus.] A hare in its first year. 

Lev'er-WOOd' (lgv'er- wood'), n. (Bot.) The American 
hop hornbeam, a small tree with very tough wood. 

Lev'i-a-ble (lev'T-a-b'l), a. That may be levied. 

Le-vi'a-than (le-vi'a-than), n. [Heb. livyriihan.] 

1. (Script.) An unidentified aquatic animal. 2. The 
whale, or a great whale. 

Lev'i-gate (lgv'i-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Levigated 
(-ga'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Levigating.] [L., p. p. of 
levigare, p. p. -atus, fr. levis smooth.] To make smooth, 
as : (a) To reduce to an impalpable powder or paste. 
(b) To polish, (c) To make smooth in action. 

Lev'1-gate (-gat), a. Made smooth, as if polished. 

Levl-ga'tion (lgv'T-ga'shun), n. Act of levigating. 

Lev'i-tate (Igv'T-tat), v. t. & i. [See Levity.] To 
rise or raise ; to tend to rise. 

Lev'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Lightness ; buoyancy ; 
act of making light or buoyant. 

Le'vlte (le'vlt),?i. 1. (Bib. Hist.) One of the tribe or 
family of Levi ; a descendant of Levi ; esp., a subordinate 
to the priests. 2. A priest ; — in contempt or ridicule. 

Le-vit'iC-al (le-vTt'i-kol), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
a Levite or the Levites. 2. Priestly. 3. Of or per- 
taining to, or designating, the law contained in the book 
of Leviticus. [the Old Testament. I 

Le-Vlt'i-CUS (-T-kus), n. The third canonical book of | 

Lev'i-ty (lev'T-ty), «. [L. levUas, fr. levis light in 
weight; akin to levare to raise.] 1. Relative lightness. 

2. Lack of gravity and earnestness in deportment or 
character ; frivolity ; fickleness. 

Syn.— Inconstancy ; thoughtlessness; unsteadiness; 
inconsideration ; volatility; rlightiness. 

Le'VO- (le'vo-). A prefix fr. L. laerus, meaning: (a) 
Perl, to, or toward, the left ; as, le rorotatory. (b) (Opt. 
& Chem.) Turning the plane of polarized light to the 
left; as, tevotartaric (acid) ; Itfvogyratorj (crystals), etc. 
'Lev'U-lose' (lgv'u-losO, »• [See Levo-.] (Chem.) A 
sirupy variety of sugar, occurring in honey, ripe fruits, 
etc. It rotates the plane of polarization to the left. 

Lev'y (-$), n. [Contr. fr. eleven pence or eleven penny.] 



Levers. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, tlieu, thin. 



M 



LEVY 



488 



LIBRARY 



*k 



) 
) 



Formerly, the Spanish real (= 12$ cents), valued at eleven 
pome when the dollar was rated at 7*. Gd. [Local U. SJ] 

Lev'y (Mv^), "■ [E. ^'<<- fr. lerer to raise. See 
Lives. 1 1. A levying or collecting by authority. 2. 
That which is levied, as an army, tribute, etc. 3. {Law) 
The taking or seizure of property on executions to satisfy 
judgmental or on warrants for the collection of taxes. 

Levy in mass [F. Icccc en masse], a requisition of all 
able-bodied men lor military service. 

Lev'y, r. t. {imp. & p. p. Levied (lgv'Td) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Levying.] 1. To raise; to collect, as by enroll- 
ment, conscription, etc., for forming an army. 2. To 
raise or collect by assessment; to exact by authority. 
3. {Laic) {a) To gather or exact. (») To take or seize 
on execution ; to collect by execution. 

To levy war, to make or begin war ; to attack. 

Lev'y, v. J. To make a levy. 

Lewd (lud), a. [Compar. Lewder (-er) ; superl. 
Lewdest.] [OE. lewed, lewd, lay, ignorant, vile, AS. 
lie iced laical, belonging to the laity.] 1. Belonging to 
the lower classes; idle; vicious. [Archaic'] 2. Pro- 
ceeding from, involving, or given to indulgence of, lust ; 
lustful ; libidinous. — Lewdly, adv. — Lewd'ness, 11. 

Syn. — Licentious ; profligate ; dissolute ; sensual ; 
unchaste ; impure ; lascivious ; lecherous ; rakish. 

Lew'is (lu'is), ) n. 1. A kind of iron, dovetailed 

Lewis-son (-sun), J tenon. 2. A kind of shears 
used in cropping woolen cloth. 

Lex'ic-al (leks'T-kal), a. Of or pertaining to a lexi- 
con, to lexicography, or words ; conforming to a lexicon. 

Lex i-cog'ra-pher (-T-kog'ra-fer), n. [Gr. Ae|i/coypa- 
<f>os ; kegiitov dictionary + ypdfaiv to write. See Lexi- 
con.] The author or compiler of a lexicon or dictionary. 

Lex 1-co-graph'ic (-ko-graf'Ik), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Lex i-co-graph'ic-al (-I-kal), j to lexicography ; 
according to lexicography. 

Lex i-cog'ra-phy (-kog'ra-fy), n. Art, process, or 
occupation of making a lexicon or dictionary. 

Lex i-COl'0-gy (-kol'o-jy), n. [Gr. Ae£i/coV lexicon + 
•logy.] Science of the derivation and meaning of words. 

Lex'i-COn (leks'i-kon), n. [Gr. Ae£i(cdV (sc. /3<./3Aiof ), 
neut. of Ae£ixds belonging to words, fr. Ae'£is speech, 
word, phrase, fr. keyeiv to speak.] A vocabulary, or 
book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words 
in a language or of a considerable number of them, with 
the definition of each ; a dictionary. 

Ley (11), n. [Obs.~\ See Lye. 

Ley 'den Jar' (li'd'n jar'). ) {Elec.) A kind of glass 

Ley'den phi'al (fl'al). J jar or bottle used to 
accumulate electricity, — invented in Leyden, Holland. 

Leze' maj'es-ty (leV maj'Ss-ty). [F. lese-majeste, 
fr. L. laesus injured + majeslas majesty.] {Law) Any 
crime committed against the sovereign power. 

Li (le), n. 1. A Chinese measure of distance, being 
about one third of a mile. 2. A Chinese copper coin. 

Li'a-bil'i-ty (li'a-bTl'i-ty), n. 1. State of being liable. 
2. That for which one is liable, esp. a money obligation. 

Li'a-ble (li'a-b'l), a. [From F. Her to bind, L. ligare."] 
1. Bound or obliged in law or equity. 2. Exposed (to a 
certain contingency or casualty, more or less probable). 
— Li'a-ble-ness, n. 

Syn. — Accountable ; responsible ; answerable ; bound ; 
subject ; obnoxious ; exposed. — Liable refers to a future 
possible or probable happening which may not actually 
occur ; subject refers to an existing state or condition. 
One whose father was subject to attacks of the gout is 
himself liable to have that disease. Men are constantly 
subject to the law, but liable to suffer by its infraction. 

I Li ai son' (le'a'zSN'), n. [F., fr. L. ligatio, fr. ligare 
to bind.] A union, or bond of union ; an intimacy ; esp., 
an illicit intimacy between a man and a woman. 

Li-ane' (lt-an'), )n. [F. liane.] {Bot.) A luxuriant 

Li-a'na (ll-a'na), J woody plant, climbing high trees 
and having ropelike stems. 

Li'ar (IT'er), n. One who lies or falsifies. 

Li'as (ll'as), n. [Etym. uncertain.] {Geol.) The lowest 
of the three divisions of the Jurassic period, — being in 
Europe a series of marine limestones. 

Li-ba'tion (lt-ba'shun), n. [L. libatio, fr. libare to 
taste, to pour out as an offering.] Act of pouring a 
liquid, as wine, either on the ground or on a victim in sac- 
rifice, in honor of some deity : also, the liquid so poured. 

Li'bel (H'bSl), n. [L. libellus a little book, pamphlet, 
libel, lampoon, dim. of liber inner bark of a tree ; also 
(because the ancients wrote on this bark), writing paper 
or parchment, and hence, a book or treatise.] 1. Any 
defamatory writing ; a lampoon ; a satire. 2. {Law) A 
malicious publication expressed either in print or in 
w riting, or by pictures, effigies, or other signs, tending 



to expose another to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule. 

3. {Law) The crime of issuing a malicious defamatory 
publication. 4. {Civil Law & Courts of Admiralty) A 
written declaration or statement by the plaintiff of his 
cause of action, and of the relief he seeks. 

Li'bel (li'bgl), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Libeled (-bgld) or 
Libelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Libeling or Libelling.] To 
subject to a libel ; to defame, or expose to public hatred, 
contempt, or ridicule, by a libel. 

Li'bel-ant (-ant), n. One who libels. 

Li'bel-er (-er), n. One who libels. 

Li'bel-ous (li'bSl-us), a. Containing or involving a 
libel ; defamatory. — Li'bel-OUS-ly, adv. 

Li'ber (li'ber), n. [L. See Libel.] {Bot.) The inner 
bark of plants, lying next to the wood. 

Lib'er-al (lib'er-al), a. [F. liberal, L. liberalis, fr. 
liber free.] 1. Free by birth ; hence, befitting a free- 
man or gentleman ; refined ; noble ; independent ; free ; 
not servile or mean. 2. Bestowing in a large and noble 
way ; generous. 3. Bestowed in a large way ; bountiful ; 
ample ; profuse. 4. Not strict or rigorous ; not restricted 
to the literal sense ; free. 5. Not narrow or contracted 
in mind ; not selfish ; catholic. 6. Free to excess ; re- 
gardless of restraints. 7. Not bound by orthodox tenets 
or established forms in political or religious philosophy ; 
friendly to great freedom in the constitution or adminis- 
tration of government. 

Syn. — Generous ; munificent ; beneficent ; large ; free. 
— Liberal is freeborn, and generous is highborn. The for- 
mer implies largeness of spirit in giving, judging, acting, 
etc. ; the latter a self-sacrificing spirit that finds its enjoy- 
ment in consulting the feelings and happiness of others. 

Lib'er-al, n. One who is liberal in political or relig- 
ious matters. 

Lib'er-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. The principles and methods 
of liberals ; specif., the principles of the Liberal party. 

Lib'er-al-ist, n. A liberal. 

Lib er-al'i-ty (-al'I-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being liberal ; a liberal act. 2. A gift ; gratuity. 

Lib'er-al-ize (lib'er-al-Iz), v. t. To make liberal. 

Lib'er-al-ly, adv. In a liberal manner. 

Lib'er-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Liberated (-a'tSd) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Liberating (-a'ting).] [L. liberare, p. p. 
-alus, fr. liber free.] To deliver from restraint or bond- 
age ; to set at liberty ; to free ; to disengage ; to release. 

Lib er-a'tion (llVer-a'shun), n. Act of liberating, or 
state of being liberated. [liberates. I 

Lib'er-a'tor (lib'er-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, | 

Lib'er-tine (-tin), n. [L. libertinus freedman, from 
libertus one made free, fr. liber free.] 1. {Rom. Antiq.) 
A manumitted slave ; a freedman ; also, the son of a 
freedman. 2. One free from restraint ; one who acts 
according to his impulses and desires; now, specif., one 
who gives rein to lust ; a rake ; a debauchee. 

Lib'er-tine, a. Dissolute ; licentious ; profligate. 

Lib'er-tin-ism (-tin-Tz'm), n. State of being a lib- 
ertine; specif., licentiousness; debauchery; lewdness. 

Lib'er-ty (lib'er-ty), n. [F. liberie, fr. L. libertas, fr. 
liber free.] 1. State of a free person ; exemption from 
subjection to the will of another claiming ownership of 
the person or services ; freedom. 2. Freedom from re- 
straint upon locomotion. 3. Permission granted ; leave. 

4. Privilege ; exemption ; franchise ; immunity enjoyed 
by prescription or by grant. 5. The place within which 
certain immunities are enjoyed, or jurisdiction is exer- 
cised. [Eng.~] 6. A certain amount of freedom ; also, 
the place or limits within which such freedom is exer- 
cised. 7. A privilege or license in violation of the laws 
of etiquette or propriety. 8. The power of choice ; free- 
dom from compulsion or constraint in willing. 

Syn. — Leave ; permission ; license. — Liberty fre- 
quently implies a previous restraint, or merely a partial 
removal of restraint, while freedom implies the simple, 
unrepressed exercise of our powers. 

Li-bid'i-nous (li-bid'i-nus), a. [L. libidinosus, fr. 
libido, libidinis, pleasure, desire, lust, fr. libet, lubet, it 
pleases.] Having lustful desires ; characterized by lewd- 
ness. — Li-bid'i-nous-ly, adv.— Li-bid'i-nous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Lewd; lustful; lascivious; unchaste; impure; 
sensual ; licentious ; lecherous ; salacious. 

Li'bra (li'bra), n. [L.] {Astron.) The Balance; 
the seventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters at 
the autumnal equinox in September, — marked thus [=£=] 
in almanacs, etc. [or charge of a library. I 

Li-bra'ri-an (lt-bra'ri-an), n. One who has the care| 

Li'bra-ry (li'bra-r^), n. [F. librairie bookseller's 
shop, book trade, formerly, a library, fr. libraire book- 
seller, L. librarius, fr. liber book. See Libel.] 1. A 
considerable collection of books kept for use, and not as 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 6, ix, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, unite, c£,re, arm, ask, all, final. 



LIBRATE 



489 



LIFELESSNESS 



merchandise. 2. A building or apartment appropriated 
for holding such a collection. 

Li'brate (li'brat), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Librated (-bra- 
tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Librating.] [L. librare, p. p. -atus, 
to balance, fr. libra a balance.] To vibrate as a balance 
does before resting in equilibrium ; hence, to be poised. 

Li'brate, v. t. To poise ; to balance. 

Li-bra'tion (lt-bra'shun), «. 1. A librating. 2. 
(Astron.) A real or apparent libratory motion. 

Li'bra-tO-ry (ll'bra-to-rjf ), a. Balancing ; moving like 
a balance, as it tends to an equipoise or level. 

Li-bret'tist (lT-bret'tTst), n. One who makes a libretto. 

Li-bret'tO (li-brgfto ; It. le-brat'to"), n. ; pi. E. -tos 
(-toz), It. -ti (-te). [It., dim. of libro book, L. liber.] 
(Mus.) (a) A book containing the words of an opera or 
extended piece of music, (b) The words themselves. 

Lice (lis), n. ; pi. of Louse. 

Li'cense (li'sens), n. [F. licence, L. licentia, fr. licere 
to be permitted.] 1. Authority given to do or forbear 
any act ; specif. , a formal permission from the proper au- 
thorities to do what without such permission would be 
illegal ; leave ; liberty. 2. The document granting such 
permission. 3. Excess or abuse of liberty ; disregard of 
law, propriety, or strict conformity to fact or rule. 

Li'cense (li'sens), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Licensed (II'- 
senst) ; p. pr. & vb. ft. Licensing.] To permit or author- 
ize by license ; to give license to. [given. I 

Li cen-see' (H'sen-se'), n. One to whom a license is J 

Li'cens-er (ll'sens-er), n. One who gives a license. 

Li-cen'ti-ate (li-sen'shi-at or -shat; 106), n. [LL. 
licentiatus, fr. licentiareto permit, fr. L. licentia license.] 
1. One who has a license to exercise a profession. 2. On 
the continent of Europe, a university degree intermediate 
between that of bachelor and that of doctor. 

Li-cen'tious (-shus), a. 1. Characterized by license ; 
excessive ; abusive of freedom. 2. Unrestrained by law 
or morality ; lawless ; immoral ; lewd. — Li-cen'tiOUS- 
ly, adv. — Li-cen'tious-ness. n. 

Syn. — Unrestrained; uncurbed; unruly; riotous; 
ungovernable ; wanton ; profligate ; dissolute ; lax ; 
loose ; sensual ; impure ; unchaste ; lascivious ; immoral. 

Lich (Hch), n. [AS. Re body.] A dead body. [Obs.] 

Lien gate, a covered gate through which the corpse was 
carried to the church or burial place. [Prov. Eng.] 

Li'chen (li'kgn), n. [L., fr. Gr. Aei X >j^.] 1. (Bot.) 
•One of a class of cellular, flowerless plants, having no 
distinction of leaf and stem. They derive their nourish- 
ment from the air, and generate by means of spores. 2. 
{Med.) A name given to several varieties of skin disease. 

Li'chen-ous (li'ken-us), a. Of, pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, lichens ; abounding in lichens. 

Lic'it (lis'it), a. [L. licitus, f r. licere. See License.] 
Lawful. — Lic'it-ly, adv. -Lic'it-ness, n. 

Lick (lik), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Licked (likt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Licking.] [AS. liccian; akin to G. lecken, L. 
lingere, Gr. Aei'xeu/, Skr. lift, rih.] 1. To draw or pass 
the tongue over. 2. To lap ; to take in with the tongue. 

Lick, n. 1. A stroke of the tongue in licking. 2. A 
quick stroke with a brush or the like. [Colloq.~\ 3. A 
place where salt is found on the surface of the earth, to 
which wild animals resort to lick it up. [U. S.] 

Lick, v. t. [Cf. OSw. I'dgga to place, strike, prick.] 
To flog ; to conquer. [Colloq. or Low'] 

Lick, ft. A slap ; a quick stroke. [Colloq.'] 

Lick'er-ish (lik'er-Tsh), a. [Cf. Lecherous.] 1. 
Eager ; greedy. 2. Appetizing ; dainty. 3. Lecherous ; 
lustful. — Lick'er-ish-ly, adv. — Lick'er-ish-ness, n. 

Lick'-spittle (-spit't'l), n. A flatterer ; a toady. 

Lic'o-rice (lTk'6-ris), n. [OE. licoris, through Old 
French, fr. L. liquiritia, corrupted fr. glycyrrhiza, Gr. 
y\vKvppt£a ; y\vicvs sweet 4" pC£a root.] 1. (Bot.) A 
kind of plant, the root of which abounds with a sweet 
juice. 2. The inspissated juice of licorice root. 

Lic'tor (Hk'tor), n. [L.] (Bom. Antiq.) An officer 
who bore an ax and fasces, as ensigns of his office. 

Lid (lid), ft. [AS. Mid, fr. hlidan (in comp.) to cover, 
shut ; akin to G. augenftd eyelid.] 1. That which covers 
the opening of a vessel ; a movable cover. 2. Eyelid. 

Lie (K), ft. See Lye. 

Lie (II), ft. [AS. lyge; akin to G. luge. See 3d LrE.] 
1. A falsehood uttered or acted to deceive ; an inten- 
tional violation of truth. 2. A fiction ; fable ; untruth. 
3. Anything which misleads or disappoints. 

To give the lie to. (a) To charge with falsehood, (b) To 
reveal to be false. — White lie, a euphemism for a lie which 
one finds an excuse for telling. 

Syn. — Untruth ; fiction ; deception. — A man may 
state what is untrue from ignorance or misconception. 
Every lie is an untruth, but not every untruth is a lie. 



Lie (II), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lied (lid) ; p. pr. & vL n. 
Lying (li'Tng).] [OE. lien, Iqen, le^en, leojen, AS. Iro- 
gaii ; akin toD. lieyen, Q. liigen, Goth, liugun.] To utter 
a lie ; to tell a falsehood with an intention to <!• i 

Lie, v. i. [imp. Lav (la); p. p. Lain (Ian), (Lien 
(li'en), Obs.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lying.] [OE. lien, liggen, 
AS. licgan; akin to D. liggen, G. liegen, Both. Ugan t L. 
leclus bed, Gr. Ae^os bed, A«'£ao-0ai to lie.] 1. To rest 
extended on the ground, a bed, or any support ; to be, 
or to put one's self, in a horizontal position, or nearly so. 

2. To be situated ; to occupy a certain place. 3. To 
abide ; to remain for a time ; to continue. 4. To be or 
exist ; to belong ; to consist. 5. To lodge ; to sleep. 
6. To be still or quiet, like one lying down to rest. 7. 
(-^£"0 To be sustainable, as an action. 

B^p* Through ignorance or carelessness speakers and 
writers often confuse the forms of the two distinct verbs 
lay and lie. Lay is a transitive verb, and has for its pret- 
erit laid; as, he told me to lay it down, and I lad it 
down. Lie is intransitive, and has for its preterit lay ; 
as, he told me to lie down, and I lay down. 

To lie to (Naut.), to stop or delay ; esp., to head as near 
the wind as possible in a gale ; — said of a ship. 

Lie (II), ft. The position or way in which anything 
lies ; the lay, as of laud or country. 

Lief (lef), a. [AS. led/; akin to G. lieb, and E. love.] 
Dear; beloved. [Obs., except in poetry] 

Lief, adv. Gladly ; willingly ; freely ; — now used 
only in the phrases, had as lief, and would as lie J. 

Liege (lej), a. [F. lige, LL. ligius, legius, liege, un- 
limited, complete, prob. of German origin.] 1. Sover- 
eign ; independent ; having authority or right to alle- 
giance. 2. Serving an independent sovereign or master ; 
faithful; loyal. 

Liege (lej), n. 1. A free and independent person; 
specif., a sovereign. 2. A liege subject ; a liegeman. 

Liege 'man (-man), n. Same as Liege, a., 2. 

Lien (len or li'en), n. [F. lien band, bond, tie, fr. L. 
ligamen, fr. ligare to bind.] (Law) A legal claim; a 
charge upon real or personal property for the satisfac- 
tion of some debt or duty. 

Li'er (H'er), n. One who lies down. 

Lieu (lu), n. [F., OF. also liu, leu, lou, fr. L. locus.] 
Place ; room ; stead ; — used only in the phrase in lieu of. 

Lieu-ten'an-cy (lu-ten'an-s^), n. The office, rank, or 
commission, of a lieutenant. 

Lieu-ten'ant (lu-ten'ant), n. [F., fr. lieu place -f 
tenant holding, p. pr. of tenir to hold, L. lenere.] 1. An 
officer who supplies the place of a superior in his ab- 
sence. 2. (a) A commissioned officer in the army, next 
below a captain. (6) A commissioned officer in the 
British navy, in rank next below a commander, (c) A 
commissioned officer in the United States navy, in rank 
next below a lieutenant commander. 

Agp* Lieutenant is often used, either adjectively or in 
hyphened compounds, to denote an officer next in rank 
below another specified. 

Lieu-ten'ant gen'er-al (jSn'er-al). An army officer, in 
rank next below a general and next above a major general. 

Lieu-ten 'ant-ship, n. Same as Lieutenancy. 

Lieve (lev), a. Same as LrEP. 

Life (llf ), n. ; pi. Lives (Uvz). [AS. lif; akin to D. 
lij'f body, OHG. lib life, G. leib body, and E. lire, v.] 
1. State of being which begins with generation, birth, or 
germination, and ends with death ; also, the time during 
which this state continues. 2. Sometimes, of human 
beings, the deathless quality or existence of the soul. 

3. (Philos.) The vital force, whether regarded as phys- 
ical or spiritual. 4. The potential or animating princi- 
ple, also, tbe period of duration, of anything that is 
conceived of as resembling a natural organism in struc- 
ture or functions. 5. A certain way or manner of living ; 
hence, human affairs. 6. Animation ; spirit ; vivacity ; 
vigor ; energy. 7. That which imparts or excites spirit 
or vigor. 8. The living or actual form, person, thing, 
or state. 9. A person ; a living being. 10. Th. 

of animal nature. 11. An essential constituent of life ; 
esp., the blood. 12. A history of the acts and events of a 
life ; a biography. 13. Enjoyment in the right use of the 
powers; happiness in the favor of God ; heavenly felicity. 
14. Something dear to one as one's existence ; a darling. 

Life'blood 7 (Hf'bl&d'), n. 1- The blood necessary to 
life. 2. Fig. : That which pives strength and energy. 

Life'boat' (-bot'), n. A strong, buoyant boat especially 
designed for saving the lives of shipwrecked people. 

Life'-giv'ing (-gTVTng), a. Giving life or spirit. 

Life'less. "• Destitute of life ; spiritless; powerless; 
dull. — LifCless-ly, adi . — Life'less-ness. n. 

Syn. — Dead ; soulless ; inanimate ; torpid ; inert ; in- 



tern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, mk, then, thin. 



M 



LIFELIKE 



490 



LIGNIFY 



r 



> 



ny,. ^uH- henw; unanimated ; spiritless; frigid; 
poJnOess; vapid : ti.it ; tast, 

Lifelike Q&ttk \ .'• Like a living being ; appearing 
as if alive ; resembling life. 

Life long (40ng ), "• Lasting through life. 

Life'-pre-serv er (HFprfcafr^Sr), ft. An apparatus 
for preventing drowning by buoying up the body. 

Lifetime \-tini ), n. The time that life continues. 

Lilt (lift), r. t. ['"';'• A p. P. Lifted; p. pr. & vb. 
.; Lifting.] [Ieel. hjpta, fr. lopt air ; akin to G. htjtcn : 
— prop., to raise into the air.] 1. To move in a direc- 
tion opposite to that of gravitation ; to bring up from a 
lower place to a higher ; to raise ; to elevate. 2. To 
raise, elevate, exalt, or improve, in rank, condition, esti- 
mation, character, etc. 3. [Perh. a different word, and 
akin to Goth, hlijtus thief.] To steal; to carry off by 
theft (asp. cattle). [Old Eng. & Scot.] 

To lift up the hand. (Script.) (a) To take, an oath. (6) 
To pray. (C) To engage in duty. —To lift up the heel 
«g»in»t."to treat with insolence or unkindness. 

Lilt. f. i. 1. To try to raise something. 2. To rise ; 
to become or appear raised or elevated. 

Lift, H. 1. Act of lifting ; that which is lifted. 2. 
The space or distance through which anything is lifted. 
3. That bv means of which a person or thing lifts or is 
lifted. 4." (Shoemaking) A layer of leather in the heel. 

Liit'er (-er), 7i. One who, or that which, lifts. 

Lig'a-ment (llg'a-nient), n. [L. ligamentum, fr. li- 
gare to bind.] 1. Anything that ties or unites one thing 
or part to another ; bandage ; bond. 2. (Anat.) A sup- 
porting or connecting band or fold ; specif., a tough con- 
necting band or plate of dense, fibrous, connective tissue. 

Lig a-men'tal (-uign'tal), la. Composing, or of the 

Lig a-men'tOUS (-tus), J nature of, a ligament. 

Li/gan(li'gan), ?i. [Etym. uncertain.] (Law) Goods 
sunk in the sea, with a buoy attached in order that they 
may be found again. [dage. I 

Li'gate (li'gat), v. t. To tie with a ligature ; to ban-| 

Li-ga'tion (lt-ga'shun), n. 1. A binding; state of 
being bound. 2. That which binds ; bond ; connection. 

Lig'a-ture(lTg'a-tur),72. 1. A binding. 2. Anything 
that binds; band; bandage. 3. (Surg.) (a) A thread or 
string for tying blood vessels, (b) A thread or wire used 
to remove tumors, etc. 4. State of being bound or stiff- 
ened. 5. (3fus.) A curve or line joining notes ; a slur. 
6. (Print.) A double character, or a type consisting of 
two or more characters united, as se, fi, ffl. 

Lig'a-ture (lTg'a-tur), v. t. (Surg.) Toligate ; to tie. 

Light (lit), n. [AS. leoht; akin to G. licht, L. lux 
light, lucere to shine, Gr. Aevxos white, Skr. rue to shine.] 

1. That agent, force, or action in nature by the opera- 
tion of which upon the organs of sight, objeGts are ren- 
dered visible or luminous. [Sea Must, of Refraction.] 

2. That which furnishes, or is a source of, light. 3. Day ; 
esp., the dawn of day. 4. The brightness of the eye or 
eyes. 5- The medium through which light is admitted, 
as a window, or window pane. 6. Life ; existence. 7. 
Open view ; public observation ; publicity. 8. The power 
of perception by vision. 9. Mental or spiritual illumina- 
tion ; enlightenment ; knowledge ; information. 10. 
Prosperity ; happiness ; joy ; felicity. 11. Manner or 
degree of illumination ; appearance due to the particular 
facta and circumstances presented to view; also, the 
light or illuminated part of anything. 12. One who is 
conspicuous or noteworthy. 

Northern lights, the aurora borealis. 

Light (lit), a. [Compar. Lighter (-er) ; superl. 
Lightest.] 1. Having light ; not dark or obscure ; bright ; 
clear. 2. White or whitish ; not of a deep shade. 

Light, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lighted (-gd) or Lit (lit) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Lighting.] 1. To set fire to; to cause 
to burn ; to ignite ; to kindle. 2. To give light to ; to 
illuminate. 3. To attend or conduct with a light. 

Light, v. i. 1. To become ignited ; to take fire. 2. 
To be illuminated ; to brighten. 

Light, a. [Compar. Lighter (-er) ; superl. Lightest.] 
[AS. liht, leoht ; akin to G. leicht.] 1. Having little, or 
comparatively little, weight; not heavy. 2. Not burden- 
some. 3. Easy to be endured or performed ; not severe. 
4- Easy to be digested ; also, containing little nutriment. 
5. Not heavily armed ; armed with weapons of little 
weight. 6. Not encumbered ; unembarrassed ; hence, 
swift. 7. Not deeply laden; not sufficiently 
oallarted. 8. Slight; not important. 9. Well leavened. 
10. Not copious or heavy. 11. Not strong or violent ; 
moderate ; having an easy, graceful manner ; delicate. 
12. Wanting dignity or solemnity ; frivolous; unsubstan- 
tial ; volatile ; unsettled ; hence, giddy ; deranged ; also, 



wanton ; unchaste. 18. Not of legal weight ; clipped ; 
diminished. 14. Loose ; sandy ; easily pulverized. 

Light cavalry, Light horse (Mil.), light-armed soldiers 
mounted on strong and active horses. —Light infantry, in- 
fantry soldiers selected and trained for rapid evolutions. 
— To make light of, to treat as of little consequence. 

Light (lit), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lighted (-gd) or Lrr 
(lit) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lighting.] [AS. llhtan to alight, 
orig., to relieve (a horse) of the rider, fr. llht light. 
See Light not heavy.] 1. To dismount ; to descend, as 
from a horse ; to alight. 2. To descend from flight, and 
rest, perch, or settle. 3. To come down suddenly and 
forcibly ; to fall. 4. To come by chance ; to happen. 

Liglit'en (Hfn), v. i, [imp. &p. p. Lightened (-'nd); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Lightening.] To descend ; to light. 

Lighten, v. i. [OE. lighlenen. See 1st Light.] 1. 
To dart, as lightning ; to shine with, or like, lightning ; 
to flash. 2. To grow lighter ; to brighten ; to clear. 

Lighten, v. t. 1. To make light ; to light ; to illu- 
minate. 2. To emit or disclose in, or as in, lightning. 

Lighten, v. t. [See Light not heavy.] 1. To make 
less heavy ; to relieve of part of a burden. 2. To make 
less burdensome or afflictive ; to alleviate. 3. To cheer. 

Lighter (lifer), n. One who, or that which, lights. 

Lighter, n. [D. ligter, fr. ligt, E. light, not heavy.] 
(Naut.) A large boat or barge, mainly used in unloading 
or loading vessels. 

Lighter, v. t. To convey by a lighter. 

Lighter-age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. Price paid for convey- 
ance of goods on a lighter. 2. Act of unloading into, or 
conveying by, a lighter. [who manages, a lighter. I 

Lighter-man (-man), n. A person employed on, or| 

Light-fin gered (lit' fin/gerd), a. Dexterous in tak- 
ing and conveying away ; thievish ; pilfering. 

Light-iOOt (-fdotO, ) a. Having a light, springy 

Light-footed, ) step ; nimble ; active. 

Light-hand'ed (lit'hSnd'gd), a. (Naut.) Not having 
a full complement of men. 

Light-head ed (-hgd'gd), a. 1. Disordered in the 
head ; dizzy ; delirious. 2. Thoughtless ; volatile ; fickle. 

Light-hearted (-hart'gd), a. Free from grief or 
anxiety ; gay ; cheerful ; merry. 

Lighthouse 7 (-hous'), n. A 
building with a light at 
the top, erected to guide 
mariners at night. 

Lightly, adv. In a 
light manner ; — used in 
various senses corre- 
sponding with those of 
the adjective light, not 
heavy. See 5th Light. 

Light'-mind'ed 
(-mind'gd), a. Unset- 
tled ; unsteady ; volatile ; 
not considerate. 

Lightness, n. State 
or quality of being light 
or not heavy. Lighthouse. 

Syn. — Levity ; volatility ; inconstancy ; unsteadiness ; 
giddiness ; flightiness ; airiness ; gayety ; liveliness ; 
agility ; nimbleness ; briskness ; ease ; facility. 

Lightness, n. State or quality of being light. 

Lightning (lit'ning), n. [For lightening, fr. lighten 
to flash.] A discharge of atmospheric electricity, ac- 
companied by a vivid flash of light. 

Lights (lits), n. pi. [So called from their lightness."] 
The lungs of an animal or bird. 

Light-Ship 7 (lit'ship/), n. (Naut.) A vessel carrying 
at the masthead a brilliant light, and moored off a shoal 
or place of dangerous navigation as a guide for mariners. 

Lightsome (lit'sum), a. 1. Having light; lighted; 
bright. 2. Gay ; airy ; cheering ; exhilarating. — Light- 
some-ly, adv. — Lightsome-ness, n. [for kindling. I 

Light wood' (-wd6d'), n. Pine wood for torches or| 

Lign -aToes (lin'ai'oz or lig-nal'oz), n. [OE. ligne 
aloes, fr. L. lignum wood + aloe aloe.] Aloes wood, or 
agallochum. That mentioned in the Bible (Num. xxiv. 
6) is perhaps a different tree. 

Lig'ne-ous (l!g'ne-us), a. [L. ligneus, fr. lignum 
wood.] Of, or resembling, wood ; woody. 

Lig'ni-fl-ca'tion (lig'nT-fT-ka'shun), n. (JBot.) A 
change in a cell wall by which it becomes harder, — sup- 
posed to be due to an incrustation of lignin. 

Llg'ni-form (lTg'n!-f6rm), a. [L. lignum wood + 
-form.] Like wood. 

Lig'ni-fy (-fi), v. t. & i. [L. lignum wood + -fy.] 
(Bot.) To make or become ligneous. 




a, e, i, <>, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, Quite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



LIGNIN 



491 



LIMITATION 




Lig'nin (lTg'nYn), n. [L. lignum wood.] (Bot.) A 
substance characterizing wood cells and differing from 
cellulose in its conduct with certain chemical reagents. 

Lig'nite (lig'nit), n. (Min.) Mineral coal retaining 
the texture of the wood from which it was formed. 

II Lig'num-vi'tae (-num-vi'te), n. [L., wood of life ; 
lignum wood -j- vita, genitive vitae, life.] (Bot.) A tree 
found in the warm latitudes of America, having very 
hard and heavy wood. 

Lig'ule (-ul), n. [L. ligula, lingula, 
little tongue, dim. of lingua tongue.] 
{Bot.) (a) The thin and scarious projec- 
tion from the upper end of the sheath 
of a leaf of grass. (b) A strap-shaped 
corolla of composite flowers. 

Lig'ure (lig'ur), n. [L. ligurius, Gr. Aiyvpiov, equiv. 
to Heb. leshem.] A kind of precious stone. 

Lik'a-ble (lik'a-b'l), a. That can be liked ; attractive. 

Like (lik), a. [Compar. Liker (lik'er) ; superl. Lik- 
est.] [AS. gelic, fr. pref. ge- -\- lie body, and orig. 
meaning, having the same body or appearance, and hence, 
like ; akin to G. gleich. Cf. Lich.] 1. Having the 
same, or nearly the same, appearance, qualities, or char- 
acteristics ; resembling ; similar ; alike. 2. Equal, or 
nearly equal. 3. Having probability ; probable ; likely. 
4. Inclined toward ; disposed to. 

Had like (with the infinitive), had nearly ; came little 
short of. 

Sgp^Such combinations as bell-like, ball-like, etc., are 
hyphened. 

Like, n. 1. That which is like another ; copy. 2. A 
liking ; a preference ; inclination ; — usually in pi. 

Like, adv. 1. In a manner bike or similar to that of. 

Jgp^ Like, as here used, is regarded by some grammari- 
ans as a preposition. 

2. In a like or similar manner. 3. Likely ; probably. 
Like, v . t. [imp. &p. p. Liked (Ukt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

Liking.] 1. To suit ; to please. [06s.] 2. To be pleased 
with in a moderate degree ; to approve ; to enjoy. 

Like, v. i. 1. To be pleased ; to choose. 2. To come 
near ; to escape narrowly. [Colloq.~\ 

Like'a-ble (lik'a-b'l), a. See Likable. 

Like'li-hood (-lT-hot>d), n. Appearance of truth or 
reality ; probability ; verisimilitude. 

Like'li-ness, n. Likelihood ; probability. 

Likely, a. [Compar. Likelier (lik'lT-er) ; superl. 
Likeliest.] [That is, like-like. See Like, a.] 1. "Worthy 
of belief ; probable ; credible. 2. Having or giving rea- 
son to expect ; — followed by the infinitive. 3. Such as 
suits; agreeable; handsome. 4. Having such qualities 
as make success probable ; promising. 

Like'ly, adv. In all probability ; probably. 

Lik'en (lik''n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Likened (-'nd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Likening.] To allege, or think, to be 
like ; to represent as like ; to compare. 

Like'ness, n. 1. State or quality of being like ; re- 
semblance ; similarity. 2. Appearance or form ; guise. 

3. That which is like ; a portrait. 

Like'wise' (lik'wiz'), adv. & conj. [See Wise, w.] 
In like manner ; also ; moreover ; too. 

Lik'ing, n. Inclination ; desire ; pleasure ; preference. 

Li'lac (lllak), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. lllak, fr. Per. lilaj, 
lilanj, nilaj, indigo plant, or from kindred lilak bluish, 
the flowers being named from the color.] 1. {Bot.) A 
shrub of the genus Syringa. 2. A light purplish color 
like that of the flower of the purplish lilac. 

Lil i-a'ceous (lTl'I-a'shus), a. [L. liliaeeus, fr. lili- 
um lily.] (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to plants of the 
lily kind. (6) Like the blossom of a lily in general form. 

Lil'led (lil'Td), a. Covered with, or having many, lilies. 

Lil lip-u'tian (lil'lT-pu'shan), n. 
1. One of a diminutive race de- 
scribed in Swift's " Voyage to Lilli- 
put." 2. Hence : A person or thing 
of very small size. 

Lil ii-pu'tian, a. 1. Of or per- 
taining to the imaginary island of 
Lilliput, or to its inhabitants. 2. 
Hence : Of very small size ; dimin- 
utive; dwarfed. 

Lilt (lilt), v. i. & t. [Etym. uncer- 
tain.] 1. To do with animation and 
quickness. [Prov. Eng.~\ 2. To sing 
or utter with spirit and liveliness. 

Lilt, n. 1. Animated motion ; 
spirited rhythm; sprightliness. 2. 
A lively song, tune, or dance. 

Lil'y (1T1^), n. [AS. lilie, L. lilium, Gr. Aeiptov.] 




Lily {Lilium candi- 
durti). 



1. (Bot.) A plant and flower of a genus (Lilium) of en- 
dogenous bulbous plants, having a regular perianth of six 
colored pieces, six stamens, and a superior three-celled 
ovary. 2. (Bot. ) Any one of numerous plants resembling 
a true lily. 

Lily of the valley (Bot.), a low perennial herb with fra- 
grant, white flowers. —Water lily (Bot.), the Nymvhma, 
a water plant with floating, roundish leaves, and large, 
usually white, flowers. 

Li'man (li'nian), n. [F. limon, fr. L. limus slime.] 
The deposit of slime at the mouth of a river ; slime. 

Li-ma'tion (11-ma'shQn), n. [L. limatus, p. p. of 
limare to file, fr. lima file.] Act of filing or polishing. 

Li/ma-ture (li'ma-tur ; 135), n. 1. Act of filing. 2. 
That which is filed off ; filings. 

Limb (11m), n. [AS. Urn; akin to Icel. limr limb, 
Urn branch of a tree.] 1. A part of a tree which extends 
from the trunk and separates into branches and twigs ; 
a large branch. 2. An arm or a leg of a human being ; 
a leg, arm, or wing of an animal. 3. A thing or person 
regarded as a part or member of, or attachment to, some- 
thing else. [dismember. I 

Limb, v. t. 1. To supply with limbs. [J?.] 2. To| 

Limb, n. [L. limbics border.] A border or edge, as : 
(a) (Bot.) The upper spreading part of a monopetalous 
corolla, or of a petal, or sepal; blade. (6) (Astron.) 
The border or edge of the disk of a heavenly body . (c ) The 
graduated margin of an arc or circle, in an anglemeter. 

Limbed (llmd), a. Having limbs. 

Lim'ber (lTm'ber), n. [For limmer, Icel. limar 
branches, boughs, pi. of Urn. See 1st Limb.] 1. (Mil.) 
The detachable, wheeled fore part of a gun carriage. 2. 
pi. (Naut.) Gutters or conduits on each side of the keel- 
son to afford a passage for water to the pump well. 

Lim'ber, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Limbered (-berd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Limbering.] (Mil.) To attach to the limber. 

To limber up, to attach the limber to a gun carriage. 

Lim'ber, a. [Akin to Limp, a.] Easily bent; flexi- 
ble; pliant; yielding. — Lim'ber-ness, n. 

Lim'ber, v. t. To make flexible or pliant. 

Lim'bO (lTm'bo), ) n. [L. limbus border, edge, in 

Lim'bus (-bus), j limbo on the border.] 1. (Scho- 
lastic Theol.) An extramundane region where certain 
classes of souls were supposed to await the judgment. 

2. Hejace : Any place of restraint or confinement ; a 
prison. 3. (Anat.) A border or margin. 

Lime, n. [Formerly line, for earSer lind. See Lin- 
den.] (Bot.) The linden tree. 

Lime, n. [F. lime; of Persian origin. See Lemon.] 
(Bot.) A fruit and tree allied to the lemon, but smaller. 

Lime, n. [AS. Urn ; akin to G. leim, L. Urn us mud, 
linere to smear, and E. loam.~\ 1. Birdlime. 2. (Chem.) 
Oxide of calcium ; the white or gray, caustic substance, 
often called quicklime. 

Lime, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Llmed (llmd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Liming.] 1. To smear with a viscous substance, as 
birdlime. 2. To entangle ; to insnare. 3. To treat with 
lime, as hides or land. 4. To cement. 

Lime'kiln (Km'kTl / ), n. A kiln or furnace in which 
limestone or shells are burned and reduced to lime. 

Lime'stone' (-ston'), n. A rock consisting chiefly of 
calcium carbonate. Marble is crystalline limestone. 

Lime'wa ter (-wa/ter), n. Water impregnated with 
lime ; esp., (Med.) an artificial solution of lime. 

Li-miC'O-line (ll-mTk'o-lTn), a. [Deriv. of L. limus 
mud + colere to dwell.] (Zo'ol.) Shore-inhabiting; of 
or pertaining to the Limicolse, a group of birds embra- 
cing the plovers, sandpipers, snipe, ruff, etc. 

Lim'it (lTm'Tt), n. [From L. limes, limit is ; or fr. E. 
Limit, v.~\ 1. That which terminates, circumscribes, re- 
strains, or confines ; bound, border, or edge ; utmost 
extent. 2. The space, time, or thing, defined by limits. 

3. (Logic & Metaph.) A determining feature; a differ- 
ential. 4. (Math. ) A determinate quantity which a vari- 
able one continually approaches, but never equals. 

Syn. — Boundary ; termination ; restriction ; confine. 

Lim'it (lim'it). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limited ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Limiting.] [F. limiter, L. limitare, fr. limes, 
limitis, limit.] To terminate, circumscribe, bound, or 
restrict, by a limit or limits. 

Lim'it-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being limited. 

Lim'i-ta ry (lTm'i-ta-r£), a. 1. Placed at the limit, 
as a guard. 2. Confined within limits. 3. Limiting, 
or tending to limit ; restrictive. 

Lim'i-tate (-T-tat), a. Bounded by a distinct line. 

Lim i-ta'tion (-ta'shOn), n. 1. Act of limiting ; state 
of being limited. 2. That which limits ; a restriction ; 
a qualification. 3. A limited space or time within or 



fern, recent, orb, ro.de, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



LIMITED 



492 



LINGUISTICAL 



) 



) 
) 



durinc which something dbm be or must be done. 4. 
<d limited by statute after 
. enforce his claims by suit. 
Limited Confined within limits; 

narrow . circumscribed; restrioted. 

Limit*! company, a stock company in which the liabil- 
ity of each shareholder is limited. [Eny.] 
Linilt-er (-er). it. One w ho, or that which, limits. 
Limit-less..;. Having bo limits j boundless. 
Lim'mer ^Hni'mer). "• [F. Hmier. See Leamer.] 
1. A leamer. 2. A mongrel. 3. A low fellow ; also, a 
1 
T.lTnn film), ». t. limp. &p.p. Limned (llmd) \p.pr. 
Limning (lTm'nliig or lTm'Ing).] [OE. limnen, 
, F. < >ilumi?ier, LL. illuminare to paint. See 
IwnmuXB.] 1. To draw or paint. 2. To illumine 
with ornamental figures, letters, or borders. 

Lim'ner (llm'uer), n. Painter; artist; esp.: (a) A 
portrait painter, (b) An illuuiinater of books. [Archaic] 
Li mon-lte (Ii'm5n-It), n. [Gr. \einu>v a moist grassy 
meadow.] [Mm.) An important ore of iron oc- 
curring in pieces of a dark brown color, or in the form 
lowish brown powder. It includes bog iron. 
Limp (limp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Limped (Unit ; 215) ; 
A t ft. ri. Limping.] [Etym. uncertain.] To halt ; 
to walk lamely. 
Limp, n. A halt ; act of limping. 
Limp. a. [Cf. Icel. limpa limpness.] 1. Flaccid ; 
flabby, as flesh. 2. Lacking stiffness ; flimsy. 
Liinp'er (-er), n. One who limps. 
Lim'pet OTui'pe't), n. [Prob. deriv. of L. lepas, -adis, 
Gr. Ae7ras, -afio?.] (Zool.) 1. Any hat-shaped, or conical, 
gastropod shell. 2. Any one of many species of marine 
shellfish mostly found adhering to rocks, between tides. 
Lim'pid (-pid), a. [L. limpidus ; akin to Gr. Ad/xn-eii' 
to shine.] Characterized by clearness or transparency ; 
clear. — Lim-pid'i-ty (lim-pid'i-ty), Lim'pid-ness, n. 

Syn. — Clear : transparent ; pellucid ; lucid ; pure ; 
crystal ; translucent ; bright. 

Limp'ness (Hmr/nSs), n. Quality or state of being 
limp. 
Limr/sy (-sy), 1 a. [See Limp, a. ; and cf. W. llymsi 
Lim'sy (ltm'sj'), J having a fickle motion, weak.] 
Limp; flimsy. [Local, U. <S.] 
Lim'u-lus (lini'u-lus), 
n. ,• pi. Limuli (-li). [L., 
dim. of limits sidelong.] 
{Zool.) The only existing 
genus of 
the class 

Merostomata, which in- 
cludes the extinct trilobites. 
Lim'y (Um'y), a. 1. 
Smeared with, or consisting 

of, lime ; viscous. 2. Con- Limulus, or Horseshoe Crab, 
taining lime ; resembling lime. 

Lin (lTn), n. [Ir. linn, or Gael, linne; in senses 2 and 
3 prob. fr. AS. hlynn torrent.] 1. A pool or collection of 
water. 2. A waterfall, or cataract. 3. A steep ravine. 
Lin'a-ment (-a-ment), n. [L. linamentum, fr. linum 
flax.] (Surg.) Lint, esp. for dressing wounds or ulcers. 
Linch'pin' (lTnch'pin'), n. [AS. lynis axletree -f- E. 
pin.] A pin to prevent the wheel of a vehicle from slid- 
ing off the axletree. 
Llnd (lind), n. The linden. 

Lin'den (lln'den), n. [Orig. an adj. from lind linden 

Si lind; akin to G. linde. Cf. Lime linden.] 

</ ) A handsome tree, common in Europe, ha\ing 

cymes of light yellow flowers, and large cordate leaves. 

(I) In America, the basswood. 

Line (lin), n. [OE. lin. See Linen.] 1. Flax ; linen. 
[Obi.] 2. The longer and finer fiber of flax. 

Line, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Lined (lind) ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. Lining. 1 [See Line flax.] 1. To cover the inner sur- 

2. To put something inside of ; to fill. 3. To 

place persons or things along the side of for security or 

to fortify. 

Line, n. [AS. line cable, prob. fr. L. linea a linen 

thread, string, fr. linum flax, linen, cable.] 1. A linen 

thread or string ; a slender, strong cord ; also, a cord of 

kness ; rope ; hawser. 2. A more or less thread- 

i k. as of pen or graver ; any long mark. 3. The 

Mowed by anything in motion ; hence, a road or 

4. Directum. 6. A row of letters, words, etc., 

or printed. 6. A short letter; a note. 7. 

. rene. 8. Course of conduct, thought, occupa- 

9. {Math.) That which has length, but 

MdtB or thickness. 10. The exterior limit; 




boundary ; contour ; outline. 11. A threadlike crease 
marking the face or the hand. 12. Lineament ; feature ; 
figure. 13. A straight row ; a continued series or rank. 
14. A succession of ancestors or descendants ; family ; 
race. 15. A connected series of public conveyances ; 
hence, an established arrangement for forwarding mer- 
chandise, etc. 16. (Geog.) (a) A circle of latitude or of 
longitude, as represented on a map. (b) The equator. 
17. A measuring line or cord ; specif., a long tape, or a 
narrow ribbon of steel, etc., for measuring. 18. (Script.) 

(a) That which was measured by a line ; hence, allotted 
place of abode, (b) Instruction ; doctrine. 19. (Mack.) 
The proper relative position or adjustment of parts, with 
reference to smooth working. 20. The track and road- 
bed of a railway ; railroad. 21. (Mil.) (a) A row of men 
who are abreast of one another ; — opposed to column. 

(b) The regular infantry of an army. 22. (Fort.) (a) A 
trench or rampart, (b) pi. Dispositions made to cover 
extended positions, and presenting a front in but one di- 
rection to an enemy. 23. (Trade) A series of various 
qualities and values of the same general class of articles. 
24. A wire or system of wires by which telegraphic or 
telephonic communication is made. 25. A measure of 
length ; one twelfth of an inch. 

Line of beauty (Fine Arts), an abstract line supposed to 
be beautiful in itself and absolutely , — differently rep- 
resented, often as a kind of elongated £. 

Line, v. t. 1. To mark with a line or lines. 2. To 
read or say line by line. 3. To form into a line ; to align. 

Lin'e-age (lln'e-aj ; 48), n. [F. lignage, fr. L. linea 
line.] Descent in a line from a common progenitor; 
progeny; race. 

Lin'e-al (lTn'e-ol), a. 1. Descending in a direct line 
from an ancestor ; hereditary. 2. Inheriting by direct 
descent ; having the right by direct descent to succeed 
(to). 3. Composed of lines. 4. Of or pertaining to a 
line ; measured on a line ; linear. — Lin'e-al-ly , adv. 

Lin'e-a-ment (-a-ment), n. One of the outlines, ex- 
terior features, or distinctive marks, of a body or figure, 
particularly of the face ; feature ; form ; mark. 

Lin'e-ar (-e-er), a. Of or pertaining to a line ; con- 
sisting of lines ; in a straight direction ; lineal. 

Lin'e-ate (Hn'e-St), ) Marked with lines 

Lin'e-ated (-a'ted), J a - marKea ™ lti - lmea - 

Lin e-a'tion (-a'shfin), n. Delineation ; a line or lines. 

Line'man (lin'mSn), n. 1. One who carries the line 
in surveying, etc. 2. A man employed to examine the 
rails of a railroad, or to repair telegraph lines. 

Lin'en (lin'en), a. [OE. See Linen, ».] 1. Made 
of linen. 2. Resembling linen cloth ; white ; pale. 

Lin'en, n. [Prop, an adj. from OE. lin flax, AS. lin 
flax, whence linen made of flax ; akin to G. lein, leinen, 
L. linum, Gr. kivov.] 1. Thread or cloth made of flax or 
(rarely) of hemp. 2. Underclothing, esp. the shirt, as 
being, in former times, chiefly made of linen. 

Lin'er (lin'er), n. 1. One who lines. 2. One of a reg- 
ular line of packet vessels ; also, a line-of -battle ship. 

-ling (-ling). [AS. -ling.~\ A noun suffix, commonly 
having a diminutive or a depreciatory force ; as in duck- 
ling, gosling, hireling, fosterling, firstling, underling. 

-ling. [AS. -linga, -lunga."] An adverbial suffix mean- 
in a (specified) state or direction ; as, darkling, f\a.tling. 

Ling (ling), 7i. [OE. lenge ; — named from its being 
long."] (Zool.) A large, marine, gadoid fish of Europe 
and Greenland. The name is also given to several other 
fishes. [vulgaris). I 

Ling, n. [Icel. lyng.~\ (Bol.) Heather (Calluna] 

Lin'ger (lTn'ger), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lingered 
(-gerd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lingering.] [AS. lengan to 
prolong, put off, fr. lang long.] To delay ; to loiter ; to 
be slow in going or deciding ; to hesitate. 

Syn. — To»lag ; saunter ; delay ; tarry ; stop ; hesitate. 

Lin'ger-er (-er), n. One who lingers. 

Lin'go (lin/go), n. [L. lingua tongue, language. See 
Lingual.] Language ; speech ; dialect. [Slang] 

Lin gua-den'tal (lin'gwa-dgn'tal), a. [L. lingua 
tongue + E. dental.) (Phonetics) Formed or uttered 
by the joint use of the tongue and teetl^or the gum 
just above the front teeth), as the letters aand t. 

Lin'gual (-gwal), a. [L. lingua tongue.] Of or pert, 
to the tongue ; uttered by the aid of the tongue ; glossal. 
— re. A consonant formed by the aid of the tongue, 
as t, d, th, and n. 

Lin'gui-f orm (lin'gwT-f 8rm), a. [L. lingua + -form . ] 
Having the form of the tongue ; tongue-shaped. 

Lin'guist (-gwist), n. A person skilled in languages. 

Lin-guis'tic (itn-gwTs'tTk), Lin-gnis'tic-al (-tT-kol), 
a. Of or pertaining to language or linguistics. 



a, fc, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



LINGUISTICS 



493 



LISP 



Lin- guis 'tics (lTn-gwiB'tTks), n. The science of lan- 
guages. 

Lin'i-ment (lin'i-ment), n. [L. linimentum, fr. linire, 
linere, to besmear. Cf. 3d Lime.] A liquid or semiliquid 
preparation, applied to the skin by friction. 

Lining (Hn'Tng), n. [See 2d Line.] 1. Act of one 
who lines. 2. That with which anything is lined. 

Link (link), n. [Prob. deriv. of Lunt a torch, match.] 
A torch of tow and pitch, or the like. 

Link, n. [AS. hlence ; akin to Sw. lank.] 1. A single 
ring or division of a chain. 2. Hence : Anything which 
connects separate things ; tie ; bond. 3. Anything 
doubled and closed like a link of a chain. 4. (Kinemat- 
ics) Any one of the elementary pieces of a mechanism, 
by which relative motion of other parts is produced and 
constrained. 5. (Mach.) Any intermediate rod or piece 
for transmitting force or motion. 6. (Surveying) The 
length of one joint of Gunter's chain, or 7.92 inches. 
7. (Chem.) A bond of affinity, or a unit of valence. 

Link (link), v. t. & i. [imp. &^p. p. Linked (linkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Linking.] To connect or unite with a link 
or as with a link ; to join ; to attach ; to unite ; to couple. 

Link'age (lTnk'aj ; 48), n. Act of linking ; state of 
being linked ; also, a system of links. 

Link'boy' (-boi'), \n. [See 1st Link.] A boy or man 

Link'man (-man), ) that carried a link or torch. 

Lin-n%'an I (lin-ne'an), a. Of or pertaining to Lin- 

Lin-ne'an j nseus, the celebrated Swedish botanist. 

Linnaean system (Bot.), the system in which the classes 
are founded mainly upon the number of stamens, and the 
orders upon the pistils ; the artificial or sexual system. 

Lin'net (lTn'net), n. [So called because it feeds on 
the seeds of flax and hemp. 
See Linen.] (Zo'ol.) Any 
one of several species of 
sparrowlike singing birds. 

Li-no'le-um ( 1 1 - n o ' l e- 
um), n. [L. linum flax + 
oleum oil.] 1. Linseed oil 
hardened by oxidation. 2. 
Floor cloth made by laying 
hardened linseed oil mixed 
with ground cork on canvas. 

Lin'seed' (lin'sed'), n. 
[OE. lin flax -fseed.] (Bat. ) American Redpoll Linnet. 
The seeds of flax, from which linseed oil is obtained. 

Lin'sey-wool'sey (-sy-wdol'sy), n. Cloth made of 
linen and wool, mixed. —a. Made of linen and wool; 
hence, of different and unsuitable parts ; mean. 

Lin'StOCk (-stok), n. [Corrupt, fr. luntstoch, D. lont- 
stok ; lont, E. lunt -j- stok stick.] A pointed forked staff, 
to hold a lighted match for firing (old-fashioned) cannon. 

Lint (lint), n. [Prob. fr. AS. linet flax, hemp, fr. lin 
flax.] 1. Flax. 2. Linen scraped or otherwise made 
into a soft, downy substance for dressing wounds and 
sores ; loosely, any fine ravelings, down, fluff, or fibers. 

Lin'tel (lin'tel), n. [OF., fr. LL. lintellus, dim. fr. 
L. limes limit.] (Arch.) A horizontal member spanning 
an opening, and carrying the superincumbent weight. 

Li'on (li'un), n. [F. & OF. lion, L. leo, -onis, akin to 
Gr. AeW.] 1. (Zo'ol.) A very large, carnivorous, feline 





Male African Lion (Felis leo). 
mammal found in Southern Asia and in Africa. 2. (As- 
tron.) Leo. 3. An object of great interest and curiosity. 

Li'on-el (-S1), n. [OF., dim. of lion.'] A young lion. 

Ll'on-ess, n. [OF. lionesse.~\ (Zo'ol.) A female lion. 

Li'on-ize (-Iz), v. t. 1. To treat or regard as a lion. 
2. To show the lions or objects of interest to. 



Lip (lTp), n. [AS. lippa ; akin to G. lippe, lefze, L. 
labium, labrum.] 1. One of the two fleshy folds which 
surround the orifice of the mouth in man and many other 
animals. Hence, as being used in speech, the mouth, or 
all the organs of speech, and sometimes, speech itself. 
2. An edge of an opening ; a thin projecting part. 

Lip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lipped (llpt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Lipping (-pTng).] To put the lips to ; hence, to kiss. 

Li-poth'y-my (lt-p5thT-my), n. [Gr. \ino6vnla. ; fr. 
keCneiv to leave + Qv/jlos life.] A fainting ; swoon. 

Lipped (lTpt), a. Having a lip or lips ; having a raised 
or rounded edge resembling the lip. 

Lip'pi-tude (lip'pT-tud), n. [L. lippitudo, fr. lippus 
blear-eyed.] Soreness of eyes ; blearedness. 

Liq'ua-ble (llk'wa-b'l), a. [L. liquabilis, fr. liquare 
to melt.] Capable of being melted. 

Li-qua'tion (li-kwa'shun), n. 1. Act or process of 
melting. 2. (Metal.) Same as Eliquation. 

Liq ue-fa'cient (lTk'we-fa'sh«?nt), n. 1. That which 
serves to liquefy. 2. (Med.) An agent which increases 
the secretions. 

Liq ue-f ac'tion (-fXk'shun), n. Act or process of liq- 
uefying, or state of being liquefied. [liquefied. I 

Liq'ue-fi able (ltk'wS-fi/a-b'l), a. Capable of being | 

Liq'ue-fy (-fi), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Liquefied 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Liquefying (-fi'Tng).] [F. lique- 
fier, L: liquere to be liquid -f -ficare to make. See Liq- 
uid ; -ft.] To melt ; to dissolve ; specif., to melt by heat. 

Li-ques'cen-cy (li-kwes'sen-sy), ». Quality or state 
of being liquescent. 

Li-ques'cent (-sent), a. [L. liquescens, p. pr. of li- 
quescere to become liquid.] Tending to become liquid ; 
inclined to melt. [matic alcoholic cordial, j 

II Liqueur' (le'ker'), n. [F. See Liquor.] Anaro-| 

Liq'uid (lik'wid), a. [L. liquidus, fr. liquere to be 
fluid or liquid.] 1. Flowing freely like water ; fluid ; 
not solid. 2. (Physics) Being in such a state that the 
component parts move freely among themselves, but do 
not tend to separate from each other ; neither solid nor 
aeriform. 3. Flowing or sounding smoothly. 

Liq'uid, n. 1. A liquid substance. 2. (Phon.) A 
letter which has a flowing sound, or which flows smoothly 
after a mute ; as, I, r, m, and n. 

Liq'uid-am bar (lTk'wid-aWber), n. [Liquid + am- 
ber.] 1. (Bot.) A kind of tall tree having star-shaped 
leaves, and woody, burlike fruit, one variety being the 
sweet gum. 2. The balsamic juice yielded by this tree. 

Liq'uid-am ber, n. Liquidambar. 

Liq'ui-date (lTk'wi-dat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liqui- 
dated (-da'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidating.] [LL. 
liquidare, p. p. -atus, fr. L. liquidus liquid, clear.] 
1. (Law) To determine by agreement or by litigation 
the precise amount of (indebtedness). 2. In an ex- 
tended sense : To ascertain the amount, or the several 
amounts, of, and apply assets toward the discharge of 
(indebtedness). 3. To pay off, as an indebtedness. 
4. To make clear and intelligible. 

Liq ui-da'tion (lik'wT-da'shun), n. Act or process of 
liquidating ; state of being liquidated. 

To go into liquidation (Law), to assign to a trustee one's 
assets and accounts, so as to settle one's accounts. 

Liq'ui-dator (liq'wT-da'ter), n. 1. One who, or that 
which, liquidates. 2. An officer appointed to conduct 
the winding up of a company. [being liquid. | 

Li-quid'i-ty (li-kwTd'T-ty), n. State or quality of | 

Liq'Uid-ly, adv. In a liquid manner ; flowingly. 

Liq'uid-ness, n. Quality or state of being liquid. 

Liq'uor (lik'er), n. [OF. licur, F. liqueur, fr. L. 
liquor, fr. liquere to be liquid.] 1. Any liquid substance, 
as water, milk, blood, sap, etc. 2. Specif., alcoholic 
or spirituous liquid, either distilled or fermented. 3. 
(Pharm.) A solution of a medicinal substance in water. 

Liq'uor-ice (lik'er-Ts), n. See Licorice. 

II Li'ra (le'ra), n. ; pi. Lire (-ra). [It.] An Italian 
coin equivalent in value to the French franc. 

II Lir i-O-den'dron (lTr'i-6-den'dron), n. ; pi. Lmio- 
dendra (-dra). [NL., fr. Gr. XeCpLov lily -f SevSpov tree.] 
(Bot.) A genus of large and very beautiful trees of North 
America, having smooth, shining leaves, and handsome, 
tuliplike flowers ; tulip tree ; whitewood. 

Lir'i-poop (lir'T-pobp), n. [OF. liripipion, liripion, 
LL. liripipium ; of uncertain origin.] 1. A pendent 
part of the old clerical tippet ; afterwards, a tippet ; a 
scarf. [Obs.] 2. Acuteness; smartness. [Obs.~] 

Lisle' thread' (HI' thrgd'). A hard twisted cotton 
thread, originally produced at Lisle, a city of France. 

Lisp (lisp), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Lisped (ITspt) •, 
p. pr. & vb. n. Lisping.] [AS. wfisp stammering, lisp- 



fSrn, recent, orb, r^ide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



LISP 



494 



LITHOTINT 



> 

> 

? 



) 
> 



tag' akin to G. lisptln.] 1. To give „? and ■ the sound 
of <*,- — a defect common among children. 2. To speak 
i articulation; to pronounce with a lisp. 
neak licsit.uinclv or timidly. 

Lisp (Kn), h. The habit or act of lisping. 

Lisp'er (,-er), n. One who lisps. 

Lis'som ((lls'sum), (i. [For Lithesome.] 1. Supple; 

Lis'some ) hthesome. 2. Light ; nimble. — Lis'- 
some ness. •>■ 

List (U«*)i "• L F - l ' ct \ LL - 'Woe, pi., fr. L. liciiim 
girdle.] A line inclosing or forming the extremity of a 
place of combat; hence {pi.), the ground or field in- 
Oloaofl for a race or combat. 

To enter the liBta, to accept a challenge ; to contend. 

List, !■ >■ St t. [See Listen.] To listen; to listen or 
hear to. [Poetic] 

List. 9. i. [AS. li/stan, fr. lust. See Lust.] 1. To de- 
sire or choose ; to please. 2. (Naut.) To lean ; to incline. 

List, n. (Xaut.) An inclination to one side. 

List, n. [AS. list a list of cloth ; akin to D. lijst, G. 
In sense 3 through F. liste.] 1. The woven 
border or selvedge of cloth ; hence, a strip of cloth ; a 
fillet. 2. A limit or boundary; a border. 3. A roll or 
catalogue, that is, a row or line. 4. {Arch.) A little 
square moulding; a fillet. 5. {Carp.) A narrow strip 
of wood, esp. sapwood, cut from a plank, board, etc. 

Syn. — Roll ; catalogue ; register ; inventory ; ached 



ule. — A list is properly a simple series of names, etc. 
is might naturally be made on a strip of paper. A 
roll was originally a list of names of persons belonging to 



a public body (as Parliament, etc.), which was rotted up 
and put among its archives. A catalogue is a list of per- 
sons or things arranged in order, and usually containing 
some description of the same. A register is designed for 
record or preservation. An inventory is a list of articles 
on hand, as in a store of goods, or in the estate of a de- 
ceased person. A schedule is a formal list or inventory. 

List (list), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Listed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Listing.] 1. To sew together, as strips of cloth. 2. 
To cover with list, or with strips of cloth ; to put list on. 
3. To place in a list ; to enroll. 4. To engage, as a sol- 
dier ; to enlist. 5. {Carp.) To cut away a narrow strip, 
as of sapwood, from the edge of (a board, etc.). 

List, v. i. To enlist in public service. 

List'el (ITs'tel), n. [F. listel.] Same as List, n. , 4. 

Lis'ten (lis"n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Listened (-'nd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Listening.] [AS. hlystan; akin to hlyst 
hearing, and E. loud.~\ 1. To give close attention so as to 
hear ; to hearken ; to attend. 2. To give heed ; to obey. 

Lis'ten-er (-er), n. One who listens ; a hearkener. 

List'er (lisfer), n. One who makes a list or roll. 

Lis'ter-ism (lTs'ter-Tz'm), n. {Med.) Systematic use 
of antiseptics in surgical treatment ; — from Joseph Lis- 
ter, an English surgeon. 

Listless, a. [OE. listles, lustles. See Lust.] Hav- 
ing no desire or inclination ; indifferent ; spiritless. — 
Listlessly . adv. — List'less ness, n. 

Syn. — Heedless; careless; uninterested; languid. 

Lit (lit), a form of the imp. &p. p. of Light. 

Lit'a-ny (lit'a-ny), n. [OE. & OF. letanie, L. litania, 
Gr. \iraveia, fr. Xiraveveiv to pray.] A form of respon- 
sive supplication in public worship, in which the clergy 
leads and the congregation responds alternately. 

Li'tchi' (le'che'), n. {Bot.) The nutlike fruit of a 
tree native to China {Nephelium Litchi), having a rough 
but tender shell, an aromatic pulp, and a single large seed. 

-lite (-lit). See -lith. 

Li'ter ) (le'ter), n. [F. litre, Gr. \irpa a silver coin.] 

Ll'tre ) A measure of capacity in the metric system, 
being a cubic decimeter, equal to 61.022 cubic inches, or 
2.113 American pints, or 1.76 English pints. 

Lit'er-al (lit'er-al), a. [F. literal, L. literalis, fr. lit- 
ter a, Utera, a letter.] 1. According to the letter or verbal 
expression ; real ; not figurative or metaphorical. 2. Fol- 
lowing the letter or exact words ; not free. 3. Consist- 
ing of, or expressed by, letters. 4. Unimaginative ; 
matter-of-fact ; — applied to persons. [resentation. I 

Lit'er-al-lsm (-Tz'm), n. Literal interpretation or rep- 1 

Lit'er-al-ist, n. One who adheres to the letter or ex- 
act word ; a strict interpreter. [literal. I 

Lit'er-al'i-ty (-31T-ty), n. State or quality of being | 
. Lit'er-al-ize nifer-al-fz), v. t. To make literal ; to 
interpret according to the strict meaning of the words. 

Llt'er-al-ly, adv. In a literal manner. 

Lit'er-al-ness, n. Quality or state of being literal. 

Llt'er-a-ry (lifer-i-r^), a. [L. litterarius, literarius.] 

t Ji'; rtainin K 1°' or devoted to, literature or learning. 

Idt er-ate (-at;, a. Instructed in learning, science, or 
literature ; learned ; lettered. 



Lit'er-ate (lifer-at), n. 1. One educated, but not hav- 
ing a university degree. [Eng.~\ 2. A literary person. 

II Lit e-ra'ti (lTt'e-ra'ti), n. pi. See Literatus. 

II Lit e ra'tim (-tlni), adv. [LL.] Letter for letter. 

Lit er-a'tion (llt'er-a'shun), n. Act or process of 
representing by letters. 

Lit , er-a / tor(lTt'er-a'ter),n. [L.] 1. One who teaches 
the letters or elements of knowledge. 2. A student of 
literary trifles. 3. A learned person ; a literatus. 

Llt'er-a-ture (lTfer-a-tur ; 135), n. [F. litterature, 
L. litteratura, literatura, learning, grammar, writing, fr. 
littera, litem, letter. See Letter.] 1. Learning ; ac- 
quaintance with letters or books. 2. Literary produc- 
tions collectively. 3. The class of writings distinguished 
for beauty of style, as poetry, essays, or history ; belles- 
lettres. 4. The occupation of doing literary work. 

Syn. — Science ; learning ; erudition ; belles-lettres. 
See Science. — Literature often embraces all composi- 
tions except those upon the positive sciences (mathe- 
matics, etc.) ; but it is also often restricted to belles-lettres, 
or works of taste and sentiment, as poetry, eloquence, 
history, etc., as distinct from learning or what is taught 
in the schools, or from erudition, or knowledge of the 
more recondite branches of learned inquiry. 

II Lit e ra'tus (lit'e-ra'tus), n. ; pi. -ti (-ti). [L.] A 
learned man ; a man versed in literature ; — chiefly in pi. 

-lith (-lith), -lite (-lit). Combining forms from Gr. 
Ai'0oj, a stone;— used chiefly in naming minerals. 

Lith'arge (lith'arj), n. [¥., fr. L. lithargyrus, Gr. 
kiOdpyvpos scum of silver ; Ai'0os stone + apyvpos silver. 
It is found in silver-bearing lead ore.] {Chem.) Lead 
monoxide, a yellowish red substance obtained from lead. 

Lithe (lith), a. [AS. lide, for UntSe tender, gentle ; 
akin to G. lind, L. lenis soft, lenlus flexible.] 1. Mild. 
[06s.] 2. Pliant ; flexible ; limber ; supple. — Lithely, 
adv. — Llthe'ness, n. 

Lithe'some (lith'sum), a. [See Lithe, a.] Pliant ; 
flexible ; supple ; nimble ; lissom. — Lithe'some-ness, n. 

Lith'i-a (lith'i-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Ai0os stone.] 
{Chem.) The oxide of lithium, an alkaline caustic. 

Lith'ic (lTth'ik), a. [Gr. Ai0ik6s of or belonging to 
stones, fr. Ai0os stone.] 1. Of or pert, to stone. 2. {-Med.) 
Pertaining to the formation of uric-acid concretions 
(stone) in the bladder and other organs, —n. A medi- 
cine which tends to prevent stone in the bladder. 

Lith'ic, a. [From Lithium.] {Chem.) Pertaining to 
or denoting lithium or some of its compounds. 

Lith'i-um (lith'T-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Atfetos of 
stone, fr. Ai0o? stone.] {Chem.) A soft, silver-white 
metal, widely disseminated, though in small quantities. 

Lith'o- (lith'6-). A combining form fr. Gr. Ai0os, stone. 

Lith'O-gen'e-sy (-jen'e-sy), n. [Litho- + Gr. yeVeo-i? 
genesis.] The science of the origin of minerals. 

Lith'o-graph (lith'o-graf), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Litho- 
graphed (-graft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lithographing.] 
[Litho- -\- -graph."] To trace on stone by lithography. 

Lith'O-graph, n. A print made by lithography. 

Li thog'ra-pher (lT-thog'ra-fer), n. One who litho- 
graphs. 

Lith'O-graph'ic (lTth'o-grSf'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Lith o-graph'ic-al (-i-kal), ) to lithography ; 

made by lithography. — Lith O-graph'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Li-thOg'ra-phy (lT-th5g'ra-fy), n. Art or process of 
putting designs or writing, with a greasy material, on 
stone, and of producing printed impressions therefrom. 

Lith'oid (lith'oid), \a. [Litho- + -oid.~\ Like a 

Ll-thoid'al (lT-thoid'al), ) stone; of stony structure. 

Little-logic (lTth/S-loj'Tk), ) a. 1. {Geol.) Of or pert. 

Lith/o-log'ic-al (-T-kal), j to the natural charac- 
ter of a rock. 2. Of or pert, to lithology. 

Li-thol'0-gist (lT-th51'o-jist), n. One who is skilled 
in lithology. 

Li-thol'O-gy (-jyl, n. [Litho- + -logy.) 1. The sci- 
ence which treats of rocks, as regards their mineral con- 
stitution, classification, and mode of occurrence. 2. 
{Med.) A treatise on stones found in the body. 

Littl'O-man'cy (lTth'o-mSn'sy), n. [Litho- -f -mon- 
ey.] Divination by means of stones. 

Lith'o-phane (lith'6-fan), n. [Litho- + Gr. $aiVeii> 
to reveal.] Porcelain impressed with figures which be- 
come distinct by transmitted light. 

Lith'o-pho-tog'ra-phy (-f6-t5g'ra-f^), n. [Litho- + 
photography.] Same as Photolithography. 

Lith'o-phyll (lTth'6-ffl), n. [Litho- + Gr. <j>vMov 
leaf.] A fossil leaf or impression of a leaf. • 

Lith'o-phyte (-fit), n. [Litho- + Gr. <f>vrov plant.] 
{Zool.) A hard, or stony, plantlike organism. 

Lith'o tint (lith'6-tint), n. [Litho- -f- tint.] A kind 
of lithography giving the effect of a tinted drawing. 



»> e, i, o, u, long ;&,£,!, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



LITHOTOME 



495 



LIVING 



Lith'O-tome (Hth'S-tom), n. [Gr. Ai0ot6>os cutting 
stones ; Ai'0o? stone + refxvei.v to cut.] 1. A natural stone 
appearing as if cut by art. 2. (Surg.) A kind of instru- 
ment used in lithotomy. 

Li-thofo-my (lI-th5t'o-m^), n. (Surg.) Operation, 
art, or practice of cutting for stone in the bladder. 

Lith'O-trip sy (llth'S-trTp/sy), n. [Litho- + Gr. rpi- 
fieiv to rub, grind.] (Surg.) Operation of crushing a 
stone in the bladder with an instrument ; lithotrity. 

Li-thOt'ri-ty (H-th5t'rI-ty), n. [Litho- + L. terere, 
tritum, to grind.] (Surg.) Same as Lithotripsy. 

Lith'O-type (hth'6-tip), n. A kind of stereotype plate 
made by lithotypy ; also, that which is printed from it. 

Lith'o-type, v. t. To prepare for printing with plates 
made by the process of lithotypy. 

Li-thOf y-py (lT-th5t'i-py), n. [Litho- -f -typy.] Art 
or process of making a kind of stereotype plate, by press- 
ing into a mold, taken from a page of type or other 
matter, a hot composition of gum shell-lac, fine sand, 
tar, and linseed oil. 

Lif i-gant (lit'i-gant), a. [L. litigans, -antis, p. pr.] 
Disposed to litigate ; contending in law ; engaged in a 
lawsuit. — n. A person engaged in a lawsuit. 

Lif i-gate (-gat), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Litigated 
(-ga'ted) ;p.pr.& vb. n. Litigating. ] [See Litigation. ] 
To make the subject of a lawsuit ; to contest in law. 

Lit i-galion (-ga'shun), n. [L. litigatio, fr. litigare 
to litigate ; lis, litis, lawsuit -f- agere to carry on.] Act 
or process of litigating ; suit at law ; judicial contest. 

Li-tf gious (lt-tij'us), a. [L. litigiosus, fr. litigium 
dispute, quarrel, fr. litigare. See Litigation.] 1. In- 
clined to judicial contest ; quarrelsome ; contentious ; 
fond of litigation. 2. Subject to contention ; disputable ; 
doubtful. 3. Of or pertaining to legal disputes. — Li-tf- 
gious-ly, adv. — Li-ti'gious-ness, n. 

Lit'mus (lit'mus), n. [D. lakmoes ; lak lacquer -|- 
moes fruit, pap.] (Chem.) A dye-stuff extracted from 
certain lichens, as a blue amorphous mass. It is turned 
red by acids and restored to its blue color by alkalies. 

Li'tre (le'ter), n. [F.] Same as Litek. 

Lifter (lifter), n. [F. litiere, LL. lectaria, fr. L. 
leetus couch, bed.] 1. A bed or stretcher for carrying 
a person. 2. Straw, hay, etc., scattered, as bedding for 
animals ; also, a covering of straw for plants. 3. Things 
lying scattered about ; scattered rubbish ; hence, dis- 
order ; untidiness. 4. The young brought forth at one 
time, by a sow or other multiparous animal. Also Fig. 

Lifter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Littered (-terd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Littering.] 1. To supply or cover with litter. 
2. To strew with scattered articles or rubbish. 3. To 
give birth to ; to bear ; — said of brutes. 

Lifter, v.i. To produce a litter. 

II Lif t^ra'teur' (le'ta'raaer'), n. [F.] One who 
occupies himself with literature ; a literatus. 

Lif tie (-t'l), a. [The comparative is supplied by less, 
or, rarely, lesser, the superlative usually by least."] [AS. 
lytel, Utel, lyt ; akin to D. luttel.~\ 1. Small in size or ex- 
tent ; diminutive. 2. Short in duration ; brief. 3. Small 
in quantity or amount ; not much. 4. Small in dignity, 
power, or importance ; insignificant ; contemptible. 5. 
Small in force or efficiency ; weak ; slight. 6. Narrow 
in views or sympathies ; mean ; illiberal. 

Lif tie, n. That which is little ; a small quantity, 
amount, space, size, degree, or the like. 

A little, to or in a small degree ; to a limited extent ; 
somewhat ; for a short time. 

Lif tie, adv. In a small quantity or degree ; not 
much ; slightly ; somewhat. 

Lif tle-ness, n. State or quality of being little. 

Lif to-ral (lit/ to-ral), a. [L. littoralis, litoralis, from 
littus, litus, the seashore.] 1. Of or pert, to a shore, as 
of the sea. 2. (Biol.) Inhabiting the seashore, esp. the 
zone between the high-water and low-water marks. 

Lif U-rate (-ti-rat), a. [L. lituratus, p. p. of liturare to 
erase, fr. lilura a blur.] (Zo'61.) Having indistinct spots. 

Li-tur'gic (li-tfir'jik), ) a. Pertaining to, or of the 

Li-tur'gic-al (-jT'kal), J nature of, a liturgy ; of or 
pertaining to public prayer and worship. 

Li-tur'gics (li-tfir'jiks), n. Science of worship ; his- 
tory, doctrine, and interpretation of liturgies. 

Lif ur-gist (lit'ur-jist), n. One who favors or ad- 
heres strictly to a liturgy. 

Lifur-gy (-jy), n. [F. liturgie, LL. liturgia, Gr. 
AeiTovpyta public worship ; from roots of Adds, Aews, peo- 
ple, and epyov work.] 1. An established formula for pub- 
lic worship, or the entire ritual for public worship in a 
church which uses prescribed forms. 2. (R. C. Ch.) 
All forms and services for the celebration of Mass. 



Live (llv), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Lived (II vd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Living.] [AS. libban, lifian; akin to G. l<bm, 
Icel. Ufa to live, to remain, Goth, liban to live, E. leave 
to forsake, and life, Skr. lip to anoint ; the first sense 
prob. being, to stick.] 1. To be alive ; to have life. 

2. To pass life or time in a certain manner, as to habits, 
conduct, or circumstances. 3. To abide ; to dwell ; to 
reside. 4. To be or continue in existence ; to survive ; 
to remain ; to last. 5. To enjoy or make the most of 
life. 6. To feed ; to subsist ; to be nourished or sup- 
ported. 7. To have a spiritual existence ; to be quick- 
ened and actuated by divine influence or faith. 8. To 
be maintained in life ; to acquire a livelihood. 

Live, v. t. 1. To spend, as one's life ; to pass. 2. 
To exemplify in one's manner of life ; to practice. 

Live (llv), a. [Abbrev. fr. Alive.] 1. Having life ; 
alive ; living ; hence, active ; vigorous ; earnest ; having 
power ; exerting energy. 2. Being ignited. 

Live oak (Bot.), a species of oak of the Southern U. S., 
highly esteemed for ship timber. 

Lived (livd), a. Having life ; — used in composition. 

Livelihood (h~v'li-hd6d), n. [OE. livelode, liflode, 
prop., course of life, life's support, fr. AS. lif life -\- lad 
way, maintenance.] Subsistence or living, as dependent 
on some means of support ; support of life ; maintenance. 

Livelihood, n. [Lively + hood.] Liveliness. [06s.] 

Live'li-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being lively or 
animated. 2. Appearance of life, animation, or spirit. 

3. Effervescence, as of liquors. 

Syn. — Sprightliness ; gayety ; animation ; vivacity ; 
smartness ; briskness ; activity. — Liveliness is an habit- 
ual feeling of life and interest ; gayety refers more to a 
temporary excitement of the animal spirits; animation 
implies a warmth of emotion and a corresponding vivid- 
ness of expression ; vivacity a feeling akin to liveliness, 
but more animated. 

Livelong' (liv'long' ; 115), a. [For UfeCong. ] Whole ; 
entire ; long in passing ; — used of time. 

Lively (livly), a. [Compar. Liveldzr (-lT-er) ; su- 
perl. Liveliest.] [Fovlifely. See Ldte, and-LY.] En- 
dowed with or manifesting life ; living. Hence, brisk ; 
active ; spirited ; vigorous ; vivid ; glowing. 

Syn. — Quick ; nimble ; smart ; active ; alert ; sprightly ; 
animated ; prompt ; earnest ; strong ; energetic ; viva- 
cious ; blithe ; gleeful ; airy ; gay ; jocund. 

Lively, adv. In a Lively manner. 

Liv'er (liv'er), n. 1. One that lives. 2. A resident. 

Liv'er, n. [AS. lifer ; akin to G. leber.] (Anat.) A 
very large glandular and vascular organ in the visceral 
cavity of all vertebrates. [in composition. I 

Liv'ered (liv'erd), a. Having (such) a liver ; — used | 

Liv'er-worf (-wfirf), n. (Bot.) 1. A species of 
Anemone, with a three-lobed leaf. 2. Any one of various 
species of scale mosses. 

Liv'er-y (-y), n. [F. livree, formerly, a gift of clothes 
to one's servant, prop., a thing delivered, fr. livrer to 
deliver, L. liberare to set free. See Liberate.] 1. (Eng. 
Law) (a) Act of delivering possession of lands or tene- 
ments, (b) The writ by which possession is obtained. 
2. Release from wardship ; deliverance. 3. That which 
is delivered out statedly or formally, as clothing, food, 
etc. ; esp. : (a) The peculiar dress by which the servants 
of a nobleman or gentleman are distinguished, (b) Hence, 
also, the peculiar dress or garb appropriated by any as- 
sociation or body of .persons to their own use ; also, the 
whole body of persons wearing such a garb, (c) Hence, 
any characteristic dress or outward appearance, (d) 
An allowance of food statedly given out ; a ration, (e) 
The feeding, stabling, and care of horses for compensa- 
tion ; boarding. (/) The keeping of horses to be hired 
temporarily ; state of being so kept. 4. A low grade of 
wool. 

Liv'er-y, v. I. To clothe in, or as in, livery. 

Liv'er-y-man (-man), n. 1. One who wears a livery. 
2. A freeman of the city, in London, entitled to wear 
the distinguishing dress or livery of the company to 
which he belongs. 3. One who keeps a livery stable. 

Liv'er-y Sta'ble (sta'b'l). A stable where horses are 
kept for hire, and where stabling is provided. 

Lives (livz), n. ; pi. of Life. 

Livid (liv'id), a. [L. lividus, from livere to be livid.] 
Black and blue ; grayish blue ; discolored, as flesh by con- 
tusion. — Li-vidl-ty (li-vTdT-ty), n. — Livld-ness, n. 

Living (living), a. 1. That lives ; being alive ; hav- 
ing life. 2. Active ; lively ; vigorous. 3. Issuing con- 
tinually from the earth ; flowing. 4. Quickening ; in- 
vigorating. 6. Ignited; burning. 

Living, n. 1. State of one who, or that which, 
lives ; life ; existence. 2. Manner of life. 3. Means of 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



LIVRE 



496 



LOCATE 



> 



J 



> 



subsistence : estate. 4. Act of living, or living comfort- 
ably. 5- The benefice of a clergyman. [Kng.] 

Li'VTO Oe'^er ; /'. Ifrr'), n. [F M fr. L. //ora a pound 
Of twelve ounces.] A former French money of account, 
afterward ■ silver com. equal to 90 sous. 

Lix iv'i al (nkfr-lW-al), a. [L. lixivius, fr. fir ashes, 
1 Impregnated with, consisting of, or of the nature 
of. alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes. 2. Of the 
color of lve ; resembling lye. 

Lix-lv'i ate (-»tV I a. 1. Of or pert, to lye or lix- 

Lix iv'i-a ted (,-a t?d N , I ivium ; of the quality of alka- 
s. 2. Impregnated' with salts from wood ashes. 

Lix iv'i-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lixiviated (-a'- 
tfd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lixiviating (-a'tlng).] To extract 
the alkaline salts from by a washing process ; to leach. 

Lix iv i-a'tion (-a'shui)). n. The process of lixiviating. 

Lixivium (,-um), n. [L.] Any solution obtained 
bv lixiviation. 

Liz ' ard 
(llz'erd), n. 
[OF. lesarde, 
L. I a cert a, 
lacertus.} 1. 

one° ofnume/ Green Lizard i^aceria viridis). 

ous species of reptiles most of which have an elongated, 

scaly body, with four legs, and a long 

tail. [See Musts, of Iguana, and Gila 

Monster.] 

Lla'ma (la'ma ; Sp. lya'ma), 7?. 
[Peruv.] (Zo'dl.) A South American 
ruminant, allied to 
the camels, but 
much smaller. 

Lla'no ( la 'no ; 
Sp. lya'no), n. ; pi. 
-Nos(-noz). [Sp., 
plain, level.] An 
extensive plain 




[Spanish A m erica] 
Lo (lo), interj. 




[OE. lo, loic.~\ 
Look ; see ; behold ; 

° Loach (loch), n. Llama ( Altchenia Kama). 

[F. loche.) (Zo'ol.) A fresh-water fish of the Carp kind. 

Load - lod), 7i. [OE. lode load, way ; properly the same 
word as E. lode, but confused with lade, load, v.] 1. A 
burden ; that which is laid on or put in anything for 
conveyance ; a weight. 2. Quantity which can be or usu- 
ally is carried or drawn ; cargo ; lading. 3. That which 
burdens, oppresses, or grieves the mind or spirits. 4. 
The charge of a firearm. 

Load, r. 1. [imp. & p. p. Loaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Loading.] 1. To lay a load or burden on or in; to 
charge with a load, as a gun ; to furnish with a lading or 
cargo ; hence, to add weight to, so as to oppress or em- 
barrass. 2. To adulterate or drug. [Canf] 

Loaded dice, dice with one side made heavier than the 
others, so that the opposite side will come up oftenest. 

Load'er (lod'er), n. One who, or that which, loads. 

Load'Star', Lode'Btar' (lod'star'), n. [Load, lode -f 
ttar.] A star that leads ; esp., the polestar. 

Load'stone', Lode'stone' (-ston'), n. [Load, lode -\- 
stone.~] (Min.) A piece of polarized magnetic iron ore. 

Loaf Oof), n. ; pi. Loaves (lovz). [OE. lof, laf, AS. 
hlaf ; akin to G. laib.~\ Any thick lump or cake ; esp., 
a large regularly shaped or molded mass, as of bread. 

Loaf, v. i. & I. [imp. & p. p. Loafed (loft) ; p. pr. 
ct rb. n. Loafing.] [G. lav fen to run. See Leap.] To 
spend time in idleness ; to idle ; to lounge or loiter. 

Loafer (-er), n. One who loafs ; a lounger. 

Loam Horn), n. [AS. lam; akin to G. lehm and E. 
lime. 1 ] 1. A kind of soil ; an earthy mixture of clay and 
-•and, with organic matter to which its fertility is chiefly 
lie. 2. (Founding) A mixture of sand, clay, and other 
materials, used in making molds. 

Loam. V. t. To cover, smear, or fill with loam. 

Loam'y (-$■), a. Consisting of loam, or of the nature 
of loam. 

Loan pSn), n. [AS. Ian, lien, fr. Ie6n to lend ; akin to 

D. leen loan, fief, G. lehen fief, leihsn to lend, L. linquere 

to leave, Gr. AetVeti/.] 1. Act of lending ; permission to 

2. That which one lends or borrows ; esp., a sum of 

lent at interest. 

Loan. r. t. [imp. & p. p. Loaned (lond) ; p. pr. & 
';•] To lend ; — sometimes with out. 

Loath (15th), a. [AS. laS hostile, odious; akin to 



r 



G. leid.] 1. Odious. [Obs.] 2. Filled with disgust or 
aversion ; averse ; unwilling ; reluctant. 

Loathe (loth), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loathed (lothd) ; 
p. pr. & rb. 7i. Loathing.] 1. To feel extreme disgust 
at, or aversion for ; to feel nausea at. 2. To dislike 
greatly ; to abhor ; to detest or hate. 

Loath'er (loth^er), n. One who loathes. 

Loath'ful (-ful), a. 1. Full of loathing ; hating ; ab- 
horring. 2. Causing a feeling of loathing ; disgusting. 

Loath'ing, 7?. Feeling of one who loaths something. 

Loathly (loth'ty), adv. Unwillingly ; reluctantly. 

Loath'ness (loth'nes), n. Unwillingness ; reluctance. 

Loath'some (loth'siim), a. Fitted to cause loathing. 
— Loath'some-ly , adv. — Loath'some-ness, n. 

Loaves (lovz), n. ; pi. of Loaf. 

Lob (15b), n. [W. Hob a lump, a blockhead.] 1. A 
dull, heavy person. 2. Something thick and heavy. 

Lob, r. /. To let fall heavily or lazily. 

Lo'bate (lo^bat), ) a. Consisting of 

Lo'ba-ted (-ba-ted), j lobes ; having 
lobes. — Lo'bate ly (lo'bat-ly), adv. 

Lob'by (lob'b^), n. [LL. lobium, lobia, \ W^ST 
laubia, a covered portico fit for walking, a~< J ( 
fr. OHG. louba. See Lodge.] 1. (Arch.) \Mb<^ 
A passage or hall of communication, esp. J I". 
when large enough to serve also as a wait- 
ing room. 2. That part of a hall of legisla- _ 
tion not appropriated to the official use of Lobate Leaf • 
the assembly ; hence, collectively, those who frequent 
such a place to transact business with the legislators ; any 
persons, not members of a legislative body, who 6trive to 
influence its proceedings by personal agency. [U. &.] 
3. (Naut.) An apartment or passageway in the fore part 
of an old-fashioned cabin under the quarter-deck. 4. 
(Agric.) A confined place for cattle, near the farmyard. 

Lob'by, r. i. [imp. & p. p. Lobe-dsd (-bid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Lobbying.] To address or solicit members of a 
legislative body in order to influence its action. [U. S.J 

Lob'by-ist, n. A person who lobbies. 

Lobe (lob), n. [F. lobe, Gr. Ao/36?.] Any projection or 
division, especially one of a somewhat rounded form. 

Lobed (lobd), a. Having lobes ; lobate. 

Lo-be'li-a (IS-be'lT-a or lS-bel'ya ; 106), n. [NL. So 
called from Lobel, botanist to King James I.] (Bot.) A 
genus of plants, of which Indian tobacco, used in med- 
icine, and the cardinal flower are species. 

Lob'lolly (lob'151'lJO, n. [Etym. uncertain.] Gruel ; 
porridge ; — so called among seamen. 

Loblolly tree (Bot.), any one of several West Indian trees, 
having more or less leathery foliage. 

Lob'scouse' (lob'skous'), n. [Lob + course.'] (Naut.) 
A combination of meat with vegetables, bread, etc., usu- 
ally stewed. 

Lob's ter 
(lob'ster), n . 
[AS. loppestre, 
lopystre, prob. 
corrupted f r. L. 
locusta a ma- 
rine shellfish, a 
locust.] (Zo'ol.) 
Any large long- 
tailed crusta- 
cean used as 
food, esp. one 
of the genus 
Homarus. 

Lob'U-lar (-u-ler), a. Like a lobule ; pertaining to a 
lobule or lobules. [lobe. I 

Lob'ule (-ul), n. A small lobe ; a subdivision of a | 

Lo'cal (lo'kal), a. [L. localis, fr. locus place.] Of or 
pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or 
portion of space : restricted to one place or region. 

Lo'cal, n. (Railroad) A train for the accommoda- 
tion of a certain district. [U. £.] 

Lo'cal-ism (lo'kol-Tz'm), n. 1. State or quality of 
being local. 2. A local idiom, phrase, or custom. 

Lo-cal'i-ty (lo-kaTT-t^), n. 1. State of belonging to 
or being contained within definite limits. 2. Situation ; 
position ; place ; habitat. 3. (Phren.) Faculty of re- 
membering the relative positions of places. 

Lo cal-i za'tion (lo'kol-T-za'shun), n. Act cf localiz- 
ing, or state of being localized. 

Lo'cal-ize (lo'kol-iz), v. t. To make local ; to fix in, 
or assign to, a definite place. 

Lo'cal-ly, adv. With respect to place ; in place. 

Lo'cate (lo'kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Located (-ka- 
tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Locating.] [L. locare, p. p. -atus, 




American Lobster (H. Americanus). 



it., e, I, o, u, long ; H, 6, 1, 6, H, y, short ; senate, £vent, tdea, tthcy, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



LOCATE 



497 



LOG 



fr. locus place.] 1. To place; to set in a particular 
spot or position. 2. To designate the site or place of ; 
to define the limits of. [settle. \_Colloq.~] 

Lo'cate (lo'kat), v. i. To place or set one's self ; to; 

Lo-ca'tion (16-ka'shGn), n. 1. Act or process of lo- 
cating. 2. Situation ; place ; locality. 3. A tract of 
land designated in place. [U. 5.1 4. (a) (Civil Law) 
A leasing on rent. (b) (Amer. Law) The fixing of the 
Bite of a piece of land, according to the description 
given in an entry, plan, map, etc. 

Loc'a-tive (15k'a-tTv), a. (Gram.) Indicating place. 

Lo-cel'late (16-sSl'lat), a. [L. locellus compartment, 
dim. of locus place.] (Bot.) Divided into secondary com- 
partments or cells. 

Loch (15k), n. [Gael. & Olr. loch. See Lake a body 
of water.] A lake ; a bay or arm of the sea. [Scot.~\ 

Loch (15k), n. [F. looch, Ar. la'uq, fr. la'uq to lick.] 
(Med.) A medicine to be taken by licking with the tongue. 

Lock (15k), n. [AS. locc ; akin to Dan. lok, G. locke.'] 
A tuft, tress, or ringlet of hair ; a flock of wool, hay, etc. 

Lock, n. [AS. loc inclosure, the fastening of a door, 
fr. lucan to lock, fasten ; akin to OHG. luhhan.~\ 1. Any- 
thing that fastens ; specif., a fastening in which a bolt is 
moved by a key. 2. A fastening together; a state of 
being fixed or immovable. 3. A place from which egress 
is prevented. 4. The works which confine the water of a 
stream or canal. 6. An inclosure in a canal with gates 
at each end,— used in raising or lowering boats as they 
pass from one level to another. 6. That part or ap- 
paratus of a firearm by which the charge is exploded. 
7. A device for keeping a wheel from turning. 

Lock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Locked (15kt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Locking.] 1. To fasten with, or as if with, a lock ; 
to make fast ; to provide with a lock. 2. To prevent in- 
gress to, or exit from, by fastening a lock or locks of. 3. 
To fasten in or out ; to secure (confine or exclude) by, 
or as if by, locks. 4. To link together ; to clasp closely. 

Lock, v. i. To become fast, as by means of a lock or 
by interlacing. 

Lock'age (15k'aj ; 48), n. (Canals) (a) Materials for, 
or the works of, a lock, (b) Toll paid for passing a lock, 
(c) Amount of elevation and descent made by a lock. 

Locked'-Jaw' (15kt'ja/), n. See Lockjaw. 

Lock'er (lSk^er), n. 1. One that locks. 2. A drawer, 
cupboard, or chest, esp. one in a ship, that maybe locked. 

Lock'et (-§t), n. [F. loquet latch, dim. of OF. loc 
latch, lock; of German origin. See 2d Lock.] 1. A 
small lock; a catch or spring to fasten a necklace or 
other ornament. 2. A little case for a miniature or a 
lock of hair, usually attached to a necklace or watch chain. 

Lock'Jaw (-ja/), n. (Med.) See Tetanus. 

Lock'OUt/ (-out'), n. The closing of a workshop by an 
employer, usually in order to bring the workmen to terms. 

Lock'smith' (15k'smTtb/), n. One who makes or 
mends locks. 

Lock' step' (step'). A mode of marching by a body 
of men going one after another as closely as possible, in 
which the leg of each moves at the same time with the 
corresponding leg of the person before him. 

Lock' stitch' (stich'). A kind of sewing-machine 
stitch formed by the locking of two threads together. 

Lock'up 7 (-up'), n. A place where persons under ar- 
rest are temporarily locked up ; a watchhouse. 

II Lo'co (lo'ko), adv. [It.] (Mus.) A direction to re- 
turn to the proper pitch. 

Lo'CO, n. [Sp. loco insane.] (Bot.) A plant growing 
in the Southwestern U. S. which is said to poison horses 
and cattle, first making them insane. 

Lo'CO-fO'CO (lo'ko-fo'ko), n. [Of uncertain etym.] 
1. A friction match. [U. S.~\ 2. A nickname formerly 
given to a member of the Democratic party. [Z7. S.~\ 

Lo'co-mo'tion (-mo'shun), n. [L. locus place -f- motio 
motion.] Act or power of moving from place to place. 

Lo'co-mo tive (lo'ko-mo'tTv), a. 1. Moving from 
place to place ; able to change place. 2. Used in pro- 
ducing motion. 

Lo'co-mo tive, n. A locomotive engine ; a self-pro- 
pelling wheel carriage, esp. one bearing a steam boiler and 
steam engines which drive the wheels. 

Lo'co-mo tive-ness (-mo'tiv-ngs), ) n. The power of 

Lo'CO-mo-tiv'i-tV (-rno-tiv'T-ty), J changing place. 

Lo co-mo'tor (lo'ko-mo'tSr), a. Of or pertaining to 
locomotion. 

Loc'U-lar (15k'u-ler), a. [L. locularis.'] (Bot.) Of or 
pertaining to the cell or compartment of an ovary, etc. 

Loc'u-lose' (-los'), ) a. [L. Iqculosus, fr. loculus a 

Loc'u-lous (-lus), ) compartment, dim. of locus 
place.] Divided by internal partitions into cells. 



Lo'CUB (lo'kus), n. / pi. Loci (lo'si) & Loca (lo'ka). 
PL, place.] 1. A place; a locality. 2. (Math.) The 
line or surface described by a point or line moving ac- 
cording to some determinate law. 

Lo'cust (lo'kust), n. [L. locusta locust, grasshopper.] 
1. (Zo'61.) Any one of numerous species of long-winged, 




Migratory Locust ( (Edipoda migratoria). 
migratory, orthopterous insects, allied to the grasshop- 
pers. 2. (Bot.) See Locust tree. 

Locust bean (Bot.), the sweet pod of the carob tree. 

Lo'cust tree' (tre^. [Etym. of locust uncertain.] 
(Bot.) A large North American tree producing large, 
slender racemes of white, fragrant flowers. 

Lo-CU'tion (16-ku'shQn), n. [L. locutio, fr. loqui to 
speak.] Speech ; discourse ; phrase ; mode of expression. 

Lode (lod),7i. [AS. lad way, fr. USan to go. See Lead 
to guide ; cf. Load burden.] 1. A water course ; reach of 
water. 2. (Mining) A metallic vein ; any regular vein. 

Lode'Star' (lod'staV), n. Same as Loadstae. 

Lode'stone' (-ston'), n. (Min.) Same as Loadstone. 

Lodge (15j), n. [F. loge, LL. laubia porch, gallery, 
fr. OHG. louba, G. laube, arbor, bower, fr. laub foliage. 
See Leaf.] 1. A shelter in which one may rest ; as : (a) 
A shed; a hut. (b) A small dwelling house, as for a 
gatekeeper, (c) A den or cave, (d) The meeting room 
of an association ; hence, the body of members, (e) The 
chamber of an abbot, prior, or head of a college. 2. (Min- 
ing) A widened space at the mouth of a level next the 
shaft. 3. A family of North American Indians, or the 
persons who usually occupy an Indian lodge. 

Lodge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lodged (lojd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Lodging (15j'ing).] 1. To rest or remain in a lodge 
house, or other shelter ; to stay ; to abide ; esp., to sleep 
at night. 2. To fall or lie down, as grass or grain. 
3. To come to a rest ; to stop and remain. 

Lodge, v. t. 1. To give shelter or rest to ; esp., to 
furnish a sleeping place fort hence, to receive ; to hold. 

2. To drive to shelter. 3. To deposit for keeping or 
preservation. 4. To cause to stop or rest (in) ; to infix. 
5. To prostrate. 

To lodge an information, to enter a formal complaint. 

Lodge'ment (15j'nient), n. See Lodgment. 

Lodg'er (15j'er), n. One who, or that which, lodges ; 
one who occupies a hired room in another's house. 

Lodg'ing, n. 1. Act of one that lodges. 2. A place 
of rest, or of temporary habitation; esp., a sleeping 
apartment. 3. Abiding place ; harbor ; cover. 

Lodg'ment (-ment), n. 1. A lodging, or state of being 
lodged. 2. An accumulation of things deposited or rest- 
ing in a place. 3. (Mil.) The occupation and holding of 
a position ; intrenchment thrown up in a captured posi- 
tion. 

Loft (15ft ; 115), n. [Icel. lopt air, heaven, loft, upper 
room ; akin to G. luft, Goth, luftus air. Cf. Lift, v. & «.] 
That which is lifted up ; elevation. Hence : (a) The room 
or space next under a roof. (6) A gallery in a church, 
hall, etc. (c) A floor or room above another ; story. 

Loft'y (-yi, a. {Compar. Loftier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Loftdsst.] [From Loft.] 1. Lifted high up ; having 
great height ; towering ; high. 2. Fig. : Elevated in 
character, rank, bearing, language, etc. ; exalted ; noble ; 
characterized by pride ; haughty. — Loft'i-lv (-T-ly), 
adv. — Loft'i-ness, ». 

Syn. — Tall ; high ; exalted ; dignified ; stately ; ma- 
jestic ; sublime ; proud ; haughty. See Tall. 

Log (15g), n. [Icel. lag a felled tree, log ; akin to E. 
lie to be prostrate.] 1. A bulky piece of wood not shaped 
by hewing or sawing. 2. [Perh. of different origin.] 
(Naut.) An apparatus for measuring the 
rate of a ship's motion through the water. 

3. Hence : The record of the rate of a 
ship's speed or daily progress ; log book. 

Log book, or Logbook (Xaut.), a book in 
which is entered the daily progress of a ship 
at sea, with notes on the weather, etc. — Log Log, 2. 
cabin, Log house, a cabin or house made of 
logs. — Log line (Xaut.), a line or cord about a hundred 
and fifty fathoms long, fastened to the log-chip. 

Log, v. i. To engage in the business of cutting or 
transporting logs for timber ; to get out logs. [U. S.~\ 




fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, f&bt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
32 



M 



LOGACEDIC 



498 



LONGITUDE 



) 
> 



Log a »d 'iC (loe A-Sd'Tk), U. [Or. AoyaoiSixos ; Aoyos 
prose — ioioS/song.] {Or.Prvs.) Composed of dactyl* 
and trochees so arranged as to produce a movement like 
that of ordinary speech. 

Log'a-rlthm (las'4-rYth'm), n. [Gr. Aoyos word, ac- 
roportioo — apitfjuo? number.] {Math.) One of 
a class of auxiliary numbers designed to abridge arith- 
calculations, by the use of addition and subtrac- 
tion in place of multiplication and division. The relation 
to common numbers is that of an arith- 
s to a geometrical series. 

Log a-rith'mic (IBs a-rTth'mik), ) a. Of or pertain- 

Log a -rith'mlc-al (-rTth'ml-kal), J ing to loga- 

rithms ; consisting of logarithms. 

Log'-chip 7 (-chip ■"). ?i. (Xaitt.) A piece of board in 
the form of a quadrant attached to the log line. 

Log'ger (15g'ger), /(. One engaged in logging. [U. S.] 

Logger-head (-hBd X n. [Log + head.'] 1. A block- 
head ; a numskull. 2. (Xaut.) An upright piece of 
round timber, in a whaleboat, round which a turn of the 
line is taken when it is running out too fast. 3. {Zool.) 
A very large marine turtle of the Atlantic Ocean. 4. 
{Zool.) An American shrike similar to the butcher bird. 

To be at loggerheads. To fall to loggerheads, or To go to 
loggerheads, to quarrel ; to be at strife. 

Log'gla (15d'ja), n. [It. See Lodge.] {Arch.) Ah 
elaborately designed, roofed, open gallery. 

Log'ic (lojlk), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. AoyiKTj 
(sc. rex^v), fr. Aoyueos belonging to speaking or reason, 
fr. Aoyos speech, reason, Ae'yeif to say, speak.] 1. The 
science or art of exact reasoning, or of pure and formal 
thought, or of the laws according to which the processes 
of pure thinking should be conducted ; correct reason- 
ing. 2. A treatise on logic. 

Log'lc-al (-T-kal), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or used in, 
logic. 2. According to the rules of logic. 3. Skilled 
in logic. — Log'ic-al-ly. adv. — Log'ic-al-ness, n. 

Lo-gi'ciail (lo-jlsh'an), n. A person skilled in logic. 

Lo gis'tics (-jts'tlks), n. [Gr. Aoyun-ucds skilled in 
calculating, Aoyi£eo-0ai to calculate, fr. Aoyos word, num- 
ber, reckoning.] 1. {Mil.) That branch of the military 
art which embraces the details of moving and supplying 
armies. 2. {Math.) A system of arithmetic, in which 
numbers are expressed in a scale of 60. 

Log'O-gram (15g'6-gr5m), n. [Gr. Aoyos word -j- 
-gram.~] A word letter : a phonogram, that, for the sake 
of brevity, represents a word ; as, | , that is, t, for it. 

Log'O-graph'ic (ISg'o-grSf'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Log O-gTapn'ic-al (-T-kal), j to logography. 

Lo-gOg'ra-phy (16-gog'ra-fy), n. [Gr. Aoyoypa^ia a 
writing of speeches. See Logic ; -graph.] 1. A method 
of printing in which whole words or syllables, cast as sin- 
gle types, are used. 2. A mode of reporting speeches by 
a number of reporters, each taking down a part only. 

Lo-gom'a-Chy (-g5m'a-kjf), n. [Gr. Xoyofxax^a ; Aoyos 
word -J- flaxy fight, battle, contest.] 1. Contention in 
words or about words. 2. A game of word making. 

Log'O-type (15g'6-tip), n. [Gr. Aoyos -f- -type.] 
{Print.) A single type, containing two or more letters. 

Log'roll' (-rol'), v. i. & t. To engage in logrolling ; to 
accomplish by logrolling. — Log'roll'er, n. [Cant, U. S.] 

Log'roll'ing, n. 1. {Logging) Act or process of roll- 
ing logs to the stream which floats them to the sawmill 
or to market. In this labor neighboring camps of log- 
gers assist each other. [U. S.] 2. Hence : A combin- 
ing to assist one another ; — sometimes used of a disrep- 
utable mode of securing political ends. [Cant, U. S.] 

Log'-ship 7 (log'shipO, n. {Naut.) The log-chip. 

Log'wood' (-wood'), n. [So called from being im- 
ported in logs.] The red heart wood of a South Ameri- 
can tree, used in dyeing, and also in medicine. 

-lo^gy (-lo-j^). [Gr. -Aoyta, fr. Aoyos word, discourse, 
fr. Ae'yeiv to speak.] A combining form denoting a dis- 
course, treatise, doctrine, theory, science; as, theology, 
geology, biology, mineralogy. 

Lo'gy (UPgy), a. [From D. log.] Heavy or dull in 
motion or thought. [U. S.] 

Loin (loin), n. [OE. loine, OF. logne, fr. L. lumbus 
loin.] That part of a human being or quadruped which 
extends on either side of the spinal column between the 
hip bone and the false ribs. [See Must, of Beef.] 

Lol'ter Ooi'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loitered (^terd) ; 
p. pr. & vh. n. LorrERrKG.] [D. leuleren.] To be slow 
in moving : to spend time idly ; to lag behind ; to delay. 

"jri.~ To linger ; delay ; lag ; saunter : tarry. 

Lol'ter-er f-er), n. One who loiters ; an idler. 

Loll (HI), v. i. [imp, & p t JK lolled (151d) ; p. pr. 
Lolling.] [Cf. Icel. lolla to loll, loll, lolla, lazi- 



I ness, OD. lollen to sit over the fire, and E. lull.] 1. To 
! act lazily or indolently ; to recline at ease ; to lean. 
2. To hang extended from the mouth, as the tongue of a 
dog. 3. To let the tongue hang from the mouth. 

Loll (151), v. t. To let (the tongue) hang from the 
mouth. 

Lol'lard (lollerd), n. [LL. Lollardi, Lullardi, from 
Walter Lolhardus, a German.] {Eccl .Hist.) {a) One of 
a sect of early reformers in Germany. (6) One of the 
followers of Wyclif in England. 

Loll'er (lSl^er), n. 1. One who lolls. 2. A Lollard. 

Lolli-pop (lol'l!-p5p), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A kind 
of sugar confection. 

Lom'bard (lSm'berd), n. [F., fr. the Longobardi or 
Langobardi, i. e., Longbeards, a German people who set- 
tled in Lombardy.] 1. A native of Lombardy. 2. A 
money lender or banker ; — so called because the business 
of banking was first carried on, in London, by Lombards. 

Lo'ment (lo'ment), n. [L. lomentum a mixture of 
bean meal and rice, 
used as a cosmetic 
wash,fr. lavare, lotum, 
to wash.] {Bot.) An Loment. 

elongated pod, consisting, like the legume, of two valves, 
but divided transversely into small single-seeded cells. 

Lone (Ion), o. [Abbrev. fr. Alone.] 1. Being without a 
companion ; also, sad from lack of companionship ; lonely. 
2. Unmarried, or widowed. [Archaic] 3. Being apart 
from other things of the kind. 4. Unfrequented by 
human beings ; solitary. 

Lonely, a. [Compar. Lonelier (-li-er) ; superl. Lone- 
liest.] [Shortened fr. alonely. See Alone.] 1. Seques- 
tered from company or neighbors ; solitary ; retired. 
2. Alone ; forsaken. 3. Not frequented by human be- 
ings. 4. Depressed or sad from the consciousness of 
being alone. — Lone'H-ness (-lT-nes), n. 

Syn. — Solitary ; lone ; lonesome ; retired ; unfre- 
quented ; sequestered ; secluded. See Solitude. 

Lone'some (-sum), a. [Compar. Lonesomer (-er) ; 
superl. Lonesomest.] 1. Secluded from society ; not 
frequented by human beings ; solitary. 2. Conscious 
of, and somewhat depressed by, solitude. — Lone 'some- 
ly, adv. — Lone'some-ness, n. 

Long (long ; 115), a. [Compar. Longer (lon'ger) ; su- 
perl. Longest (-gest).] [AS. long, long ; akin to G. lang, 
Goth, laggs, L. longus.] 1. Drawn out in a line, or in 
the direction of length ; protracted ; extended. 2. 
Drawn out or extended in time ; continued to a great 
length. 3. Slow in passing; lingering. 4. Distant in 
time ; far away. 5. Extended to any specified measure ; 
of a specified length. 6. Far-reaching ; extensive. 

In the long run, in the whole course of things taken to- 
gether ; eventually. — Long price, the full retail price. — 
To be, or go, long of the market, To be on the long aide of 
the market, etc. (Stock Exchange), to hold or dealm stock 
for a rise in price. [Cant] 

Long (long ; 115), n. 1. {Phonetics) A long sound, 
syllable, or vowel. 2. The longest dimension ; the 
greatest extent ; — in the phrase, the long and the short 
of it, that is, the sum and substance of it. 

Long, adv. 1. To a great extent in space. 2. To a 
great extent in time ; during a long time. 3. At a point 
of duration far distant, either prior or posterior. 4. 
Through the whole extent or duration. 5. Through an 
extent of time, more or less ; — only in questions. 

Long, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Longed (longd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Longing.] [AS. langian to lengthen, to stretch 
out the mind after, to long, to crave, fr. lang long. See 
Long, a.] 1. To feel a strong or morbid desire or crav- 
ing ; to wish with eagerness. 2. To belong. [Obs.] 

Long-boat' (-bot/), n. {Naut.) Formerly, the largest 
boat carried by a merchant vessel. 

LongT)OW' (-bo 7 ), n. The ordinary bow, not mounted 
on a stock. Also, sometimes, such a bow of about the 
height of a man. 

To draw the longbow, to tell large stories ; to exaggerate. 

Longe (lunj), n. [Abbrev. fr. Allonge.] 1. A thrust. 
See Lunge. 2. The training ground for a horse. 

Lon-gev'i-ty ( lon-jev'I-ty ), n. [See Longevous.] 
Length of life. 

Lon-ge'vous (ISn-jeMis), a. [L. longaevus ; longus 
long -f- aevum age.] Living a long time ; of great age. 

Long'hand' (long'hSnd'), n. The written characters 
used in the common method of writing. 

Long'-head'ed (-h5d'5d), a. Having unusual fore- 
sight or sagacity. — Long'-headed-ness. n. 

Long'ing (ISng'Tng ; 115), n. Feeling of one who longs. 

Long'ish (-Tsh), a. Somewhat long ; moderately long. 

Lon'gi-tude (lon'jT-tud), n. [F., fr. L. longitudo, fr. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ;&,«,!, 5, fi, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, ftbey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



LONGITUDINAL 



499 



LORD 



longus long.] 1. Length. 2. (Geog.) The arc or portion 
of the equator intersected between the meridian of a given 
place and the meridian of some other place from which 
longitude is reckoned. 3. (Astron.) The distance in de- 
grees, reckoned from the vernal equinox, on the ecliptic, 
to a circle at right angles to the ecliptic passing through 
the heavenly body whose longitude is designated. 

Lon gi-tu'di-nal (lon'jT-tu'dl-nal), a. 1. Of or per- 
taining to longitude or length. 2. Extending in length ; 
running lengthwise. — Lon gl-tu'di-nal-ly , adv. 

Long' prim'er (long' prim'er). (Print.) A kind of 
typ e, in size between small pica and bourgeois. 

O^pr 3 Tliis line is printed in long primer. 

Long'shore 7 (-shor'), a. [Abbrev. from Alongshore.] 
Of or pertaining to the seashore or to a seaport. 

Long'shoreman (-man), n. A laborer employed 
about the wharves of a seaport. 

Long'-sight'ed (-sit'e'd), a. 1. Able to see objects at 
a great distance. Fig. : Having great foresight ; saga- 
cious. 2. Hypermetropic. — Long'-sight ed-ness, u. 

Long'-suf 'fer-ance (-siif'f er-ans), n. Forbearance to 
punish or resent. 

Long'-suf 'f er-ing, a. Patient ; not easily provoked. 

Long'-suf 'fer-ing, n. Long patience of offense. 

Long'-wlnd'ed (-wind'ed), a. Long-breathed; hence, 
tediouslyhmg in speaking. — Long'- wlnd'ed-ness, n. 

Loo (loo), n. [For older lanterloo, F. lanturelu, Ian- 
turlu, name of the game ; orig. , the refrain of a vaude- 
ville.] (a) An old game played with five, or three, cards 
dealt to each player from a full pack. (b) A modifica- 
tion of the game of " all fours." 

Loo, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Looed (lood) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Looing.] To beat in loo by winning every trick. 

Looliy (-by), n. [Cf. Lob.] A clumsy fellow ; lubber. 

Loof (loof or luf), n. [See Luff.] (Naut.) The part 
of a ship's side where the planking begins to curve to- 
ward bow or stern. 

Loof, v. i. (Naut.) See Luff. 

Look (156k), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Looked (156kt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Looking.] [AS. locian ; akin to G. lugen."] 

1. To direct the eyes for the purpose of seeing some- 
thing ; to direct the eyes. 2. To direct the attention ; 
to consider. 3. To seem ; to appear. 4. To face ; to 
front. 5. In the imperative : see ; behold ; take notice. 
6. To wait as one watching ; to expect ; to anticipate. 

To look out, to be on the watch ; to be careful. 

Look, v. t. 1. To look at ; to turn the eyes toward. 

2. To expect. [Obs.~\ 3. To influence or subdue by 
looks or presence. 4. To express or manifest by a look. 

To look up, to search for or find out by looking. 

Look (156k), n. 1. Act of looking ; glance ; sight ; 
view. 2. Expression of the eyes and face ; manner. 3. 
Hence : Appearance ; aspect. 

Look'er (-er), n. One who looks. 

Look'ing-glass' (-glas'), n. A glass mirror. 

Look'OUt' (-out'), n. 1. A careful looking or watch- 
ing for anything. 2. The place from which such ob- 
servation is made. 3. A person watching. 

Loom (loom), n. [OE. lome, AS. geloma utensil, imple- 
ment.] 1. A frame or machine for interweaving yarn or 
threads into a fabric. 2. A certain part of an oar. See Oar. 

Loom, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Loomed (loomd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Looming.] [OE. lumen to shine, prob. fr. Icel. 
Ijoma; akin to AS. leoma light, and E. light.'] To ap- 
pear (at a distance) above the surface either of sea or 
land, or to appear enlarged, or distorted and indistinct, 
esp. from atmospheric influences. Used also Fig. 

Loom, n. State of looming; esp., an appearance of 
elevation or enlargement of a distant object. 

Loon (loon), n. [Scot, loun, loon; akin 
to OD. loen a dolt ; prob. akin to E. tee.] 
A sorry fellow ; rogue. 

Loon, n. [For older loom, Icel. lomr.~\ 
(Zo'ol.) Any one of several aqua- 
tic, web-footed, northern birds 
noted for their expertness in div- 
ing, and swimming under water. 

Loop (loop), n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. 
lub loop, lub to bend.] 1. A fold 
or doubling of a thread, rope, 
etc., through which another 
thread, cord, etc., or a hook can 
be passed ; an eye, as of metal ; 
staple ; noose ; bight. 2. A small, 
narrow opening ; a loophole. 3. 
Any looplike curve. 

Loop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Looped (loopt) ; p. pr. & 




Loon ( Urinator imoer). 



vb. n. Looping.] To make a loop of or in ; to fasten with 
a loop or loops. 

Loop'hole' (loop'hol'), n. 1. (Mil.) A small opening 
through which weapons may be discharged. 2. A hole 
or aperture that gives passage or escape. 

Loop / holed / (-hold'), a. Provided with loopholes. 

Loop'llght' (-Hf), n. A small opening or window. 

Loose (166s), a. [Compar. Looser (-er) ; superl. 
Loosest.] [Icel. lauss ; akin to D. los, AS. leas false, 
deceitful, G. los loose, Goth, laus, and E. lose."] 1. Un- 
bound ; untied ; unsewed ; not attached, fastened, or con- 
fined. 2. Free from constraint or obligation. 3. Not 
tight or close. 4. Not dense, compact, or crowded. 
5. Not precise or exact ; vague. 6. Not strict in morals 
or principles ; hence, dissolute ; unchaste. 7. Uncon- 
nected ; rambling. 8. Lax ; not costive. 

Loose (166s), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loosed (loost) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Loosing.] 1. To untie or unbind ; to free 
from fastening ; to set free. 2. To release from a bur- 
den or obligation ; to disengage ; hence, to absolve ; to 
remit. 3. To relax ; to loosen ; to make less strict. 

Loose'ly, adv. In a loose manner. 

Loos'en (166s''n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Loosened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Loosening.] [See Loose, v. t."] 
To make or become loose ; to loose. 

Loos'en-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, loosens. 

Loose'ness, n. State or quality of being loose. 

Loose'Strife' (-strlf), n. (Bot.) (a) Any one of sev- 
eral species of a genus (Lysimachia) of plants, having 
small star-shaped flowers, (b) Any species of the genus 
Lythrum, having purple or crimson flowers. 

Loot (loot), n. [Hind, lut, fr. Skr. lotra, loplra, booty, 
lup to break, spoil.] 1. Act of plundering. 2. Plunder; 
booty ; esp., booty taken in a conquered or sacked city. 

Loot, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Looted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Looting.] To plunder ; to carry off as plunder or a prize 
lawfully obtained by war. 

Loot'er (155t'er), n. One who loots ; a plunderer. 

Lop (lop), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lopped (lopt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Lopping (-ping).] [Prov. G. luppen to cut, geld, 
or OD. luppen.] To cut off, as the end of anything, or 
a superfluous part ; to shorten by cutting off the ends. 

Lop, n. That which is lopped from anything. 

Lop, v . i. To hang downward ; to be pendent. 

Lop, v. t. To let hang down. 

Lop, a. Hanging down ; pendent. 

Lope (lop), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loped (lopt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Loping.] [See Leap.] 1. To leap ; to dance. 
[Prov. Eng.~\ 2. To move with a lope. [U. S.] 

Lope, n. An easy, running gait, consisting of long 
strides or leaps. [U. S.~\ 

Lop'er (lop'er), n. One that lopes. [U. S.~\ 

Loph'O-branch (lof'6-brSnk), a. [Gr. Ao^ia crest 
or tuft -f- /3payx tov S iU '] (Zo'ol.) Of or pertaining to 
the Lophobranchii, an order of teleostean fishes, includ- 
ing the Hippocampus and pipefishes. 

Lop'per (lop'per), n. One who lops or cuts off. 

Lop'per, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Loppered (-perd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Loppeeing.] [Cf. Prov. G. liibbem, levem, 
G. luppe, lab, rennet.] To turn sour and coagulate from 
too long standing, as milk. 

Lop'sid ed (-sid'gd), a. [Lop + side.] 1. Leaning 
to one side because of some defect. 2. Unbalanced ; ill 
proportioned ; full of idiosyncrasies. 

Lo-qua'cious (16-kwa'shus), a. [L. loquax, -acis, 
talkative, fr. loqui to speak.] 1. Talkative ; garrulous. 
2. Apt to blab and disclose secrets. — Lo-qua'cious-ly, 
adv. — Lo-qua'cious-ness, n. 

Lo-quac'i-ty (16-kwas'T-ty), n. Habit or practice of 
talking continually or excessively ; garrulity. 

Lord (ISrd), n. [AS. klaford, for hlaficeard, i. e., 
bread keeper; hlaf bread, loaf -f- weardian to look 
after, to ward.] 1. One who has power and authority ; 
a master ; a ruler ; a prince ; a proprietor, as of a manor. 
2. A titled nobleman, whether a peer of the realm or 
not ; a bishop, as a member of the House of Lords ; by 
courtesy, the son of a duke or marquis, or the eldest son 
of an earl ; in a restricted sense, a baron, as opposed to 
noblemen of higher rank. [Eng.] 3. A title bestowed 
on these persons, and also on certain official persons ; as, 
lord chamberlain, lord chief justice, etc. [Eng.] 4. A 
husband. 5. (Feudal Law) One of whom a fee or estate 
is held ; the male owner of feudal land. 6. The Supreme 
Being ; Jehovah. 7. The Savior ; Jesus Christ. 

Lords spiritual, the archbishops and bishops who have 
seats in the House of Lords. — Lords temporal, the peers of 
England ; also, sixteen representative peers of Scotland, 
and twenty-eight representatives of the Irish peerage. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fcibt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



M 



LORD 



500 



LOVE 



) 
> 



Lorf (MW), 9. '• ['•'>;'• * />• /'• Lobokd ; P pr. & rb. n. 
16*00 l the lord ; to domineer. 

Lord lug. •■ [I-ord + -in g, 3.] [06s.] 1. The son 
of ■ lord. 2. A lordling. [petty lord. J 

Lord ling (-line:'), «. [Zorrf -f- -/j'ho\] A little or| 

Lordly. * [Compar. Lordlier (-lT-er) ; superl. Lord- 
\_Lord -f- -ly.] 1. Suitable for a lord ; of or per- 
taiuing to I lord ; resembling a lord ; heuce, noble : honor- 
able. 2. Proud : haughty ; imperious. — Lordliness, n. 
. - See Imperious. 

Lord'ly. <ici'( . In a lordly manner ; imperiously. 

Lord'ship O^rd'shTp), n. 1. State of beiug a lord ; 
hence (with his or your), a title applied to a.lord (except 
an archbishop or a duke, who is called Grace). 2. The 
territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction ; a manor. 
3. Dominion : power ; authority. 

Lore (lor). 7i. [F. lore, L. lorum thong.] (Zo'dl.) 
The space betweeu the eye and bill, in birds, ami the 
corresponding region in reptiles and fishes. 

Lore. «. [AS. lar, fr. Iseran to teach. See Learn.] 

1. That which is or may be learned or known ; knowl- 
edge gained ; often, the whole body of knowledge pos- 
sessed by a people, or pertaining to a particular subject. 

2. Instruction ; wisdom ; advice ; counsel. 

Lorette 7 (lo'reV), n. [F.] In France, a woman 
supported in idleness by her lovers. Many of them re- 
sided near the church of Notre Dame de Lorette, in Paris. 

Loret-tine 7 (l^ret-ten'), n. (R. C. Ch.) One of an 
order of nuns founded in 1812 at Loretto, in Kentucky. 

Lorgnette' (ISr'nygt' or ISrn-yet'), n. [F.] An 
opera glass ; pi., elaborate double eyeglasses. 

Lor 'i-cate (15r'T-kat), v. t. [L. loricare, p. p. -atus, 
to clothe in mail, fr. lorica a leather cuirass, fr. lorum 
thong.] To cover with some protecting substance, as 
with lute, a crust, coating, or plates. [plates. I 

Lor 'i-cate (-kat), a. Covered with a shell or exterior | 

Lor'1-keet (15rT-ket), n. (Zo'dl.) Any one of numer- 
ous species of small brush-tongued parrots or lories. 

Lorn (ISrn), a. [P. p. of OE. leosen. See Lose.] 
1. Lost; ruined. [Archaic] 2. Forsaken; bereft. 

Lor'rle } (lor'iy), n. ; pi. Lorries (-rlz). [Prob. from 

Lor'ry ) lurry to pull.] A small cart or wagon for 
a tramway ; also, a truck for shifting luggage. 

Lo'ry (lo'ry), n. [Hind. & Malay, lurl, nun."] (Zo'dl.) 
Any one of many species of small parrots. 

Los'a-ble (looz'a-b'l), a. Such as can be lost. 

Lose (lobz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lost (lost ; 115) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Losing (looz'Tng).] [OE. losien to loose, 
be lost, lose, AS. losian to become loose ; akin to OE. 
leosen to lose, p. p. loren, lorn, AS. ledsan, p. p. loren (in 
comp.), G. \erlieren, L. lucre to loose, Gr. \vew, Skr. lu 
to cut.] 1. To part with unintentionally or unwillingly ; 
to be deprived of. 2. To cease to have ; to suffer dimi- 
nution of. 3. Not to employ or enjoy ; to waste ; to 
squander. 4. To wander from ; to miss. 5. To ruin ; 
to destroy. 6. To cease to see or to know the where- 
abouts of ; to become unconscious of. 7. To fail to ob- 
tain, enjoy, or win ; hence, to fail to apprehend. 8. To 
cause to be deprived of ; to cause to fail of having. 

Lose, v. i. To suffer loss, disadvantage, or defeat; 
to be worse off, esp. as the result of any kind of contest. 

Los'el (lobz'Sl), n. [From root of Lose.] A loser by 
sloth or neglect ; a worthless person. [Archaic] 

Los'en-ger (15z'<?n-jer), n. [OF. losengier, losengeor, 
fr. losengier to flatten, deriv. of L. laus praise.] A flat- 
terer; a deceiver; a cozener. [Obs.] 

Los'er (looz'er), n. One who loses. 

Loss (15s ; 115), n. [AS. los loss, losing, fr. ledsan to 
lose. See Lose, v. t.~\ 1. Act of losing; failure; de- 
struction ; privation. 2. State of losing or having lost ; 
privation, defect, harm, etc., which ensues from losing. 

3. That which is lost or from which one has parted ; 
waste. 4. State of being lost. 5. (Mil.) Killed, 
wounded, and captured persons, or captured property. 

Lost (15st; 115), a. [Prop. p. p. of OE. losien. See 
Loss, r.t.~\ 1. Parted with unintentionally or unwilling- 
ly ; gone from possession, enjoyment, profit, perception, 
sensibility, or consciousness. 2. Past recovery; irrevo- 
cably gone astray. 3. Ruined ; destroyed. 

Lot 05t;, n. [AS. hint ; akin to hledtan to cast lots, 
D. let, G. loos.') 1. That which happens without human 
design or forethought ; chance ; accident ; hazard ; for- 
tune ; fate. 2. Anything (as a die or slip of paper) used 
in determining a question by chance. 3. The part, or 
fate, which falls to one, as it were, by chance. 4. A 
separate portion ; a number of things taken collectively. 
o. A distinct portion or plot of land. 6. A large quan- 
tity or number ; a great deal. [Colloq.] 




Flower of one species of 
Lotus (a) (JS'elumbium 
luteum). 



Lot (15t), v. t. To allot ; to sort ; to portion. [J?.] 

Lote (lot), n. [L. lotus. Cf. Lotus.] (Bot.) A large 
tree (Celtis australis), of Southern Europe. It has a 
hard wood, and bears a cherrylike fruit. 

Loth (loth), a., Loth'ly, a. & adv., Loth'some (lotb/- 
sthn), a., etc. See Loath, Loathly, etc. 

Lo'tion (lo'shiin), n. [L. lotio, fr. lavare, lotum, to 
wash, lave.] 1. A washing, esp. of the skin to render it 
fair. 2. A liquid preparation for bathing. 

Lo'to (lo'to), n. See Lotto. 

Lo'tos (lottos), n. [NL.] (Bot.) See Lotus. 

Lot'ter-y (15t'ter-^), n. [Lot + -er -f -y.] A scheme 
for the distribution of prizes by lot or chance ; a gam- 
bling device. Fig. : An affair of chance. 

Lot'to (15t't6), n. [F. loto or It. lotto, prop., a lot ; of 
G. origin. See Lot.] A game of chance, played with cards. 

Lo'tus (lo'tus), n. [L. lotus, Gr. Awto's.] 1. (Bot.) 
(a) A name of several kinds of 
water lilies, (b) The lotus of 
the lotus-eaters, probably the 
Zizyphus Lotus, a tree found 
in Sicily, Portugal, Spain, and 
Northern Africa, the fruit of 
which is mildly sweet. It was 
fabled by the ancients to make 
strangers who ate of it forget 
their native country, or lose all 
desire to return to it. (c) The 
lote, or nettle tree, (d) A 
genus of leguminous plants 
resembling clover. 2. (Arch.) 
An ornament in Egyptian architecture, generally said to 
have been suggested by the Egyptian water lily. 

Loud (loud), a. [Compar. Louder (-er) ; superl. 
Loudest.] [AS. Mud; akin to G. laut, L. -clutus, in 
inclutus, mclitus, celebrated, renowned, cluere to be 
called, Gr. kAvto? loud, itkveiv to hear, Skr. cru.~\ 1. 
Having, making, or being a strong or great sound ; noisy. 
2. Clamorous ; boisterous ; vociferous. 3. Emphatic ; 
urgent. [Colloq.] 4. Ostentatious; gaudy. [Slang] 

Syn. — Obstreperous; turbulent; blustering. 

Loud, adv. With loudness ; loudly. 

Loudly, adv. In a loud manner. 

Loud'ness. n. Quality or state of being loud. 

Lough (lok), n. [See 1st Loch.] A loch or lake ; — 
so spelt in Ireland. 

Lou'is d'or' (loo'T dor'). [F., gold louis.] A former 
gold coin of France nominally worth twenty shillings. 

Lounge (lounj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lounged (lounjd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Lounging (loun'jing).] [OE. luhgis a 
tall, slow, awkward fellow, OF. longis, longin; of uncer- 
tain origin.] To pass time indolently ; to stand, sit, or 
recline, or saunter, in an indolent manner. 

Lounge, n. 1. An idle gait or stroll ; state of reclin- 
ing indolently ; a place of lounging. 2. A piece of fur- 
niture upon which one may sit or recline. 

Loun'ger (loun'jer), n. One who lounges ; an idler. 

Louse (lous), n. ; pi. Lice (lis). [AS. lus, pi. lys ; 
akin to G. laus.] (Zo'dl.) (a) Any one of numerous spe- 
cies of small, wingless, suctorial, parasitic insects, (b) 
By extension, any one of various small parasites. 

Lous'y (louz'^), a. 1. Infested with lice. 2. Mean ; 
contemptible. [ Vulgar] — Lous'My (louz'i-ljf ), adv. — 
Lous'i-ness, ». 

Lout (lout), v. i. [AS. lutan ; akin to Icel. luta, OHG. 
luzen to lie hid.] To bend ; to bow ; to stoop. [Archaic] 

Lout, n. A clownish, awkward fellow ; a bumpkin. 

Loutish, a. Clownish ; rude ; awkward. — Lout'ish- 
ly, adv. — Lout'ish-ness. n. 

Lou'ver I (loo'ver), n. [OF. lover, lovier; ovVouvert 

Lou'vre ) the opening, f r. p. p. of ovrir, ouvrir, to 
open.] (Arch.) A small lantern. See Lantern, 2 (a). 

Louver boards or boarding, sloping boards set to shed rain- 
water outward, as in belfry windows. 

Lov'a-ble (luv'a-b'l), a. Worthy of 
or exciting love. 

Lov'age (luv'aj), n. [F. liveche, fr. 
L. levisticum, ligusticum, a plant indige- 
nous to Liguria, lovage, fr. Ligusticus 
Ligurian, Liguria a country of Cisalpine 
Gaul.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant, 
sometimes used in medicine as an aro- 
matic stimulant. 

Love (luv), n. [AS. lufe, lufu ; akin 
to E. lief, believe, L. lubet, libet, it 
pleases, Skr. lubh to be lustful.] 1. A 
feeling of strong and admiring attach- 
ment ; affection ; tenderness. 2. Esp. 




a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 5,*fc, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 8bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final 



Louver Board- 
ing. 

tender or pas- 



LOVE 



501 



LUCKY 



donate affection for one of the opposite sex. 3. Court- 
ship ; — chiefly in the phrase to make love, i. e. , to woo. 
4. Strong liking or desire ; fondness ; friendship ; affec- 
tion; good will. 5. Due gratitude and reverence to 
God. 6. The object of affection. 7. Cupid, the god of 
love ; sometimes, Venus. 8- Nothing ; no points scored 
on one side ; — used in counting score at tennis, etc. 

Love apple (Bot.), the tomato. — Love bird (Zool.), any 
one of several species of small, short-tailed parrots, or 
parrakeets, celebrated for the affection which they show 
for their mates. — Love feast, a religious festival, held 
by some religious denominations in imitation of the agapx 
of the early Christians. — Love knot, a knot or bow, as of 
ribbon, used as a token of love. — Love potion, a draught 
intended to excite love, or sexual desire.— To play for love, 
to play a game without stakes. 

Love (liiv), v. t. &i. limp. &p.p. Loved (luvd) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Loving.] To have love for ; to feel love. 

Loveless, a. 1. Void of love. 2. Not lovable. 

Loveliness, n. State or quality of being lovely. 

Lovelock 7 (-15k 7 ), n. A long lock of hair hanging 
prominently by itself ; an earlock. 

Lovelorn' (-lorn 7 ), a. Forsaken by one's love. 

Lovely (luv'ly), a. {Compar. Lovelier (-lT-er) ; 
superl. Loveliest.] 1. Having such an appearance as 
excites, or is fitted to excite, love ; beautiful ; charming ; 
very pleasing. 2. Having qualities of any kind which 
excite, or are fitted to excite, love or friendship. 

Syn. — Beautiful ; charming ; delightful ; delectable ; 
enchanting ; lovable ; amiable. 

Lov'er (-er), n. One who loves ; specif., a male per- 
son who loves another of the opposite sex. 

Love'-Sick 7 (luv'sTk 7 ), a. 1. Languishing with love 
or amorous desire. 2. Originating in, or expressive of, 
languishing love. — Love'-sick/ness, n. [mercy. I 

Lovlng-kind 7 ness (-kind'nes), n. Tender regard ; | 

Low (15), v. i. [imp.& p. p. Lowed (lod) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Lowing.] [AS. hlowan; akin to D. loeijenJ\ To 
making the calling sound of cows and other bovine ani- 
mals ; to moo. [animals. I 

Low, n. The calling sound of cows and other bovine | 

Low (15), a. [Compar. Lower (-er) ; superl. Lowest.] 
[OE. low, louh, lah, Icel. lagr ; akin to D. laag, and E. 
lie to be prostrate.] 1. Occupying an inferior position 
or place ; not high or elevated. 2. Not rising to the 
usual height. 3. Near the horizon. 4. Sunk to the far- 
thest ebb of the tide. 5. Beneath the usual or remunera- 
tive rate or amount, or the ordinary value ; cheap. 6. 
Not loud. 7. (Mus.) Depressed in the scale of sounds; 
grave. 8. (Phon.) Made, as a vowel, with a low position 
of part of the tongue in relation to the palate. See Guide 
to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 10, 11. 9. Near, or not very far 
from, the equator. 10. Numerically small. 11. Wanting 
strength or animation; dejected. 12. Depressed in 
condition ; humble ; submissive. 13. Not exalted in 
morals or thought ; mean ; vulgar ; base ; dishonorable. 
14. Deficient in vital energy ; feeble ; weak. 15. Mod- 
erate ; not intense. 16. Smaller than is reasonable or 
probable. 17. Not rich or nourishing ; plain ; simple. 

Low Church. See High Church, under High.— Low Coon- 
tries, the Netherlands. — Low steam, steam having a low 
pressure. — Low Sunday, the Sunday next after Easter. — 
Low water, the lowest point of the ebb tide ; a low stage 
of the water in a river, lake, etc. — Low wine, a liquor 
containing about 20 per cent of alcohol. 

Low, n. {Card Playing) The lowest trump. 

Low, adv. 1. In a low position, manner, or state. 
2. In time approaching our own. 

Low'er (lS'er), a. Compar. of Low, a. 

Low'er, v. i. & t. limp. & p. p. Lowered (lo'erd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Lowering.] [From Low, a.] To be- 
come, or to permit or cause to become, low or lower ; to 
let descend ; to reduce or grow less in height, strength, 
rank, value, or the like ; to depress ; to humble. 

Low'er (lou'er), v. i. limp. & p. p. Lowered (-erd) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. Lowering.] [OE. lowren, luren; cf. D. 
loeren, LG. luren, G. lauern to lurk, to be on the watch.] 
1. To be dark, gloomy, and threatening ; — said of the 
sky, clouds, weather, etc. 2. To frown ; to look sullen. 

Low'er-case 7 (lS'er-kas 7 ), a. (Print.) Pertaining to, 
or kept in, the lower case ; — used to denote the small 
letters, in distinction from capitals and small capitals. 

Low'er-V (lou'er-^), a. Cloudy ; gloomy ; lowering. 

Lowland (15'land), n. Land which is low with re- 
spect to the neighboring country ; a low country. 

Lowli-lV, adv. In a lowly place or manner. [J?.] 

Lowli-ness, n. State or quality of being lowly. 

Lowly (151^), a. ICompar. Lowlier (-lT-er) ; superl. 
Lowltest.] \Low, a. + -ly.~\ 1. Not high ; not ele- 
vated in place ; low. 2. Low in rank or social impor- 



tance. 3. Not lofty or sublime ; humble. 4. Having a 
low esteem of one's own worth ; humble ; meek. 

Lowly (15'ly), adv. 1. In a low manner ; humbly; 
meekly ; modestly. 2. In a low state ; meanly. 

Low'-mlnd'ed (-mind 7 8d), a. Disposed to baseness. 

Low'-neckea 7 (lo'nSkt 7 ), a. Cut low in the neck ; — 
said of a woman's dress. 

Low'ness, n. State or quality of being low. 

Low'-pres'sure (15'pr6sh 7 ur), a. Having, employ- 
ing, or exerting, a low degree of pressure. 

Low'-spir it-ed (15'spTr'It-e'd), a. Deficient in ani- 
mation and courage ; dejected ; depressed ; not sprightly. 

Low'-Stud'ded (15'stud 7 d6d), a. Furnished or built 
with short studs. 

Lox'O-drom'lc (lSks/o-drSm'Tk), a. [Gr. Ao£6? slant- 
ing + Spdjios a course.] Pert, to sailing on rhumb lines. 

Loxodromic curve or Uno(G'eom.), aline onasphere, mak- 
ing an equal angle with every meridian ; rhumb line. 

Lox o-drom'ics (-Iks), n. The art or method of sail- 
ing on the loxodromic or rhumb line. 

Loy'al (loi'al), a. [F. loyal, OF. loial, leial, L. lega- 
lis, fr. lex, legis, law.] 1. Faithful to law ; faithful and 
true to the lawful government or sovereign. 2. True to 
any person or persons to whom one owes fidelity, esp. in 
love and friendship ; faithful to a cause or a principle. 

Loy'al-ist, n. One who adheres to his sovereign, or to 
lawful authority, esp. in times of revolt or revolution. 

Loy'al-ly, adv. In a loyal manner ; faithfully. 

Loy'al-ty (-ty), n. State or quality of being loyal. 

Syn. — Allegiance ; fealty ; fidelity. See Allegiance. 

Loz'enge (loz'enj), n. [F. lozange, losange ; k 
of uncertain origin.] 1. A figure with four equal / \ 
sides, and two acute and two obtuse angles ; / \ 
rhomb. 2. Anything having such a form; specif., \ J 
a small cake of sugar and starch, flavored, and \ / 
often medicated, — originally made in this form. V 

Lu (lu), n. & v. t. See Loo. Lozenge. 

Lub'ber (lut/ber), n. [Cf. Sw. lubber. ] A heavy, 
clumsy, or awkward fellow ; a clown. 

Lub'ber-ly, a. Like a lubber ; clumsy ; awkward. 

LubTier-ly , adv. Clumsily ; awkwardly. 

Lu'bric (lu'brTk), ) a. [L. lubricus.) 1. Smooth ; 

Lu'brlc-al (-bri-kal), J slippery, [i?.] 2. Lasciv- 
ious, [i?.] [which lubricates. I 

Lu'bri-cant (hi'brT-kant), a. Lubricating. — n. That | 

Lu'bri-cate (-kat), v. t. [L. lubricare, p. p. -atus, fr. 
lubricus smooth.] To make smooth or slippery. 

Lu bri-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of lubricating. 

Lu'bri-calor (lu 7 brT-ka 7 ter), n. One that lubricates. 

Lu-bricl-ty (lu'brTs'T-ty), n. [L. lubricitas.'] 1. 
Smoothness; freedom from friction. 2. Slipperiness ; 
instability. 3. Lasciviousness ; lechery. 

Lu'bri-COUS (lu'brT-kus), a. Lubric. 

Lu bri-fi-ca'tion (-fT-ka/shun), ) n. [L. lubricus 

Lu bri-faclion (-fak'shun), ) smooth -\-facere 
to make.] Act of lubricating, or making smooth. 

Luce (lus), n. [OF. lus.] (Zo'ol.) A full grown pike. 

Lu'cen-cy_Qu'sen-sy), n. Quality of being lucent. 

Ln'cent (lu'sent), a. [L. lucens, p. pr. of lucere to 
shine, fr. lux, lucis, light.] Shining ; resplendent. 

Lu'cern (-sera), or Lu'cerne, ft. [F. luzeme.] (Bot.) 
A kind of leguminous plant cultivated for fodder. 

Lu-cer'nal (lu-seVnal), a. [L. lucerna lamp.] Of 
or pertaining to a lamp. 

Lu'cid (lu'sid), a. [L. lucidus, fr. lux, lucis, light.] 
1. Shining ; bright ; resplendent. 2. Clear ; clearly pre- 
sented ; easily understood. 3. Not darkened or confused 
by delirium or madness ; marked by the regular opera- 
tions of reason. — Lu'cid-ly, adv. — Lu 7 cid-ness. n. 

Syn. — Luminous ; transparent ; sane ; reasonable. 

Lu-Cidl-ty (lu-sid'T-ty), n. Quality of being lucid. 

Lu'ci-fer (lu'si-fer), n. [L., bringing light, n., the 
morning star, fr. lux, lucis, light -j- ferre to bring.] 
1. The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning 
star; — applied in Isaiah by a metaphor to a king of 
Babylon. 2. Hence, Satan. 3. A common friction match. 

Lu-cif'er-OUS (lu-sifer-us), a. Giving light. 

Ln-clflc (-ik), a. [L. lucificus ; lux, lucis, light -f- 
facere to make.] Producing light. 

Luck (luk), n. [Akin to D. luk, geluk, G. gliick, Icel. 
lukka.] That which happens to a person ; chance ; hap; 
fate ; fortune ; often, good fortune. [lucky. I 

Luckless, a. Being without luck ; unfortunate ; un-| 

Luck'y (luk'y), a. \_Compar. Luckdsr (-T-er) ; superl. 
Luckiest.] 1. Favored by luck ; fortunate. 2. Pro- 
ducing, or resulting in, good by chance, or unexpectedly. 
— Luckily (-i-lyj, adv. — Luckiness, n. 

Syn. — Successful ; fortunate ; prosperous ; auspicious. 



fgrn, recent, Orb, rude, full, um, food, fdot, oat, oil, chair, go, sing;, ink, then. thin. 



M 



LUCRATIVE 



502 



LUNG 



) 
> 



Lu'cra-ttve (Wtoi-tlr), a. [L. lucradcus, fr. lucrari 
tin.] Yielding lucre ; profitable.— 
Lu'cra-tlvedy .<)</<• 

Lucre vlu'ker), h. [F. Jucrf, L. /t/crw/H.] Gain m 
goods ; profit : riches ; — often in an ill sense. 
Lucubrate (.lu'ku-brat), v. i. [L. lucubrare. p. p. 
;it.] To study by candlelight or a lamp. 
Lu CU-bra'tlon (,-bra'shihi), ;;. 1. Act of lucubrating ; 
tuxturnal study ; meditation. 2. That which is com- 
posed bf night," or by meditation in retirement ; hence 
any literary composition. 
Lu'cu-lent (lu'ku-lfut), a. [L. luculentus, from lux, 

it.] Lucid; clear; transparent; luminous. 
Lu'di crous (lu'dT-krus), a. [L. ludicrus, or ludicer, 
from Indus play, sport, fr. ludere to play.] Adapted to 
excite laughter, without scorn or contempt ; sportive. 

— Lu'di-crous-ly, adv. — Lu'di-crous-ness. n. 
Sjn.— Laughable : burlesque ; comic ; droll ; ridiculous. 

— We call a thing ludicrous when it tends to produce 
laughter; laughable when the impression is somewhat 
stronger ; ridiculous when more or less contempt is min- 
gled with the merriment created. See Risible. 

Lulfi.luf), n. [OE. lof; of uncertain origin.] {Naut.) 
(a) The side of a ship toward the wind. (b) Act of sail- 
ing a ship close to the wind, (c) The roundest part of a 
ship's bow. (d) The forward or weather leech of a sail. 

Luff (lui ), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Luffed (luft) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Luffing.] (Naut.) To turn the head of a vessel 
toward the wind ; to sail nearer the wind. 

Lug (lug), n. [Sw. lugg the forelock.] 1. The ear, 
or its lobe. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.} 2. That which pro- 
jects like an ear, as a handle, a part through which a 
support is fastened, or against which anything bears. 

Lug. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lugged (lugd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Lugging (lug'glng).] To pull with force ; to drag 
along ; to carry with difficulty. 

Lug, n. 1. A lugging; thing lugged. [Colloq.] 

Lug, n. [Etym. uncert.] A rod or pole. [Prov.Eng.~i 

Chimney lug, or Lug pole, a pole on which a kettle is hung 
over a fire. 

Lug'gage (lug'gaj ; 48), n. [From 3d Lug.] That 
which is lugged ; anything cumbrous and heavy ; esp. , a 
traveler's trunks, baggage, etc., or their contents. 

Syn. — Plunder ; baggage. 

Lug'ger (-ger), n. (Naut.) A small vessel having two 
or three masts, and carrying 
lugsails. 

Lug'sail' (-sal'),n. (Naut.) 
A square sail bent upon a yard 
that hangs obliquely to the 
mast and is raised or lowered 
with the sail. 

Lu-gu'bri-ous (lu-gu'brT- 
Qs), a. [L. lugubris, fr. lu- 
gere to mourn.] Mournful; 
indicating sorrow, often ridic- 
ulously or feignedly ; doleful ; 
woful ; pitiable.— Lu-gu'brl- 
ous-ly, adv. — Lu-gu'bri- 
ous-ness, n. 

Lug' worm' (lug'wurm'), 
n. [1st lug-\- worm.} (Zo'ol.) 
A large marine annelid hav- 
ing a row of tufted gills along each side of the back. 

Luke (luk), a. [Prob. fr. obs. lew ; origin uncertain.] 
Moderately warm ; tepid. [Obs.~\ 

Luke'warm/ (-warm'), a. [From luke + warm.'] 
Moderately warm ; tepid ; not ardent ; cool ; indifferent. 

— Luke'warmly, adv. — Luke'warm'ness, n. 

Lull (liil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lulled (luld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Lulling.] [Akin to OD. lullen to sing to sleep, 
G. lullen ; of imitative origin.] To cause to rest by 
soothing ; to compose ; to calm ; to soothe ; to quiet. 

Lull, v. i. To become gradually calm ; to subside. 

Lull, n. 1. Power or quality of soothing ; that which 
soothes. [R.~\ 2. A temporary calm. 

Lull'a-by Oul'a-bi), n. [From Lull, v. t.~\ A song to 
quiet babes or lull them to sleep ; that which quiets. 

Lum-ba'go (lum-ba'go), n. [L., fr. lumbus loin.] 
(Med.) Rheumatic pain in and about the loins. 

Lum'bar (lum'ber), ) a. [L. lumbus loin.] (Anat.) 

Lum'bal (!um'b«l), \ Of, pert, to, or near, the loins. 

Lum'ber (lum'ber), n. [Prob. fr. Lombard (see Lom- 
bard, — a lumber room being orig. a room where the 
Lombard pawnbroker stored his pledges.] 1. A pawn- 
broker's shop. 2. Old or refuse household stuff ; things 
cumbrous, or bulky and useless, or of small value. 3. 
Timber sawed or split for use. [U. S.~\ 

Lum'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lumbered (-berd) 




Three-masted Lugger. ' 



pr. & vb. n. Lumbering.] 1. To heap together in disor- 
der. 2. To fill or encumber with lumber. 

Lum'ber (liim'ber), v. i. 1. To move heavily, as if 
burdened. 2. [Cf . dial. Sw. lomra to resound.] To rum- 
ble. 3. To cut logs or timber in the forest. [U. S.] 

Lum'ber-er (-er), n. A lumberman. [U. S.~\ 

Lum'ber-man (-man), n. One who is engaged in lum- 
bering as a business or employment. [U. S.~\ 

Lu'mi-na-ry (lu'niT-na-ry), n. [F. luminaire, L. lu- 
m inure a church light or lamp, fr. lumen, luminis, light, 
fr. lucere to shine, lux, lucis, light.] 1. Any body that 
gives light; esp., one of the heavenly bodies. 2. One 
who illustrates any subject, or enlightens man. 

Lu'mi-nif'er-OUS (lu'niT-nTf'er-us), a. [L. lumen light 
+ -f crous.} Producing or transmitting light. 

Lu'ml-nos'i-ty (-nos'i-ty), n. Quality or state of be- 
ing luminous ; luminousness. 

Lu'ml-nous (lu'ml-nus), a. [L. luminosus, fr. lumen 
light.] 1. Shining; emitting or reflecting light; bril- 
liant ; bright. 2. Illuminated ; full of light ; bright. 
3. Enlightened ; intelligent ; also, clear ; lucid ; intelli- 
gible. — Lu'mi-nous-ly, adv. — Lu'mi-nous-ness, n. 

Lump (lump), 7i. [Cf. OD. lompe piece, mass.] 1. 
A small mass of matter of irregular shape ; an irregular 
or shapeless mass. 2. A mass or aggregation of things. 

Lump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lumped (lumt ; 215) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Lumping.] 1. To throw into a mass. 2. To 
take in the gross ; to speak of collectively. 

Lump'ish, a. Like a lump ; inert ; gross ; heavy ; 
dull. — Lump'ish-ly , adv. — Lump'ish-ness, n. 

Lump'y (-y), a. [Compar. Lumpier (-i-er) ; superl. 
Lumpiest.] Full of lumps, or small compact masses. 

II Lu'na (lu'na), n. [L.] The moon. 

Lu'na-cy (lu'na-sjf), n. [See Lunatic] Insanity; 
properly, insanity broken by intervals of reason, — former- 
ly supposed to be influenced by the changes of the moon. 

Syn. — Derangement ; craziness ; mania. See Insanity. 

Lu'nar (lu'ner), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the moon. 
2. Resembling the moon ; orbed. 3. Measured by the 
revolutions of the moon. 4. Influenced by the moon. 

Lunar caustic (Med. Chem.), nitrate of silver (anciently 
called luna) prepared for a cautery. — Lunar cycle. Same 
as Metonic cycle, under Metonic. — Lunar month. See 
Month. — Lunar year, the period of twelve lunar months, 
or 354 days, 8_hours, 48 minutes, and 34.38 seconds. 

Lu'nate (lu'nat), ) a. [L. lunatus, deriv. of luna 

Lu'na-ted (-na-ted), ) the moon.] Crescent-shaped. 

Lu'na-tic (lu'na-tik), a. [L. lunaticus, fr. luna the 
moon.] 1. Affected by lunacy ; insane ; mad. 2. Of, 
pertaining to, or suitable for, an insane person. 

Lu'na-tic, n. A person affected by lunacy. 

Lu-na'tiOU (lu-na'shun), n. Time from one new moon 
to the next, — average length 29 d., 12 h., 44 in., 2.9 s. 

Lunch (lunch), n. [Of uncertain etym.] A luncheon ; 
specif., a light repast between breakfast and dinner. 

Lunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lunched (luncht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Lunching.] To take luncheon. 

Lunch'eon (lunch'iin), n. [From Lunch.] 1. A lump 
of food. [Prov. Eng.~\ 2. A portion of food taken be- 
tween regular meals ; an informal or light repast. 

Lunch'eon, v. i. To take luncheon. 

Lune (lun), n. [L. luna moon.] 1. Anything in the 
shape of a half moon. [R.\\ 2. (Geom.) A crescent. 

Lu-nette 7 (lfi-nef), n. [F., dim. of lune moon, L. 
luna."] 1. (Fort.) A detached bastion. 2. (Far.) A 
half horseshoe. 3. A kind of watch crystal more than 
ordinarily flattened ; also, a species of convexo-concave 
lens for spectacles. 4. A felt cover for the eye of a vicious 
horse. 5. (A rch.) Any semicircular or segmental surface. 

Lung (lung), n. [AS. lunge ; akin to G. lunge.} (Anat.) 
An organ for aerial respiration; — commonly in the pi. 

The lungs are shown 
turned away from the 

middle line, with the per- Va 

icardium and fat re- • tWM ^ \S3/^fS '^v^S^Z^flt 
moved to show the heart n- 
and great blood vessels. 
a a Upper and Lower 
Lobes of Left Lung ;bbb 
Upper, Middle, and Low- 
er Lobes of Right Lung ; 
c Windpipe or Trachea, 
dividing below into 
Bronchi going to Right 
and Left Lung ; d Right 
Auricle ; e Right Ven- 
tricle ; / Left Auricle ; 
a Left Ventricle ; h i 
Superior and Inferior 
Vena Cava ; k Arch of 
Aorta ; I Descending 
Aorta ; m. Pulmonary Artery ; n Left Pulmonary Artery, Vein, 
and Bronchus ; o Right Pulmonary Artery, Vein, and Bronchus. 




Lungs and Heart of Man seen from 
in front. 



a, e, 1, o, a, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, ix, y, short ; Benite, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final 



LUNGE 



503 



LUXURY 






Lunge (lunj), n. [Abbrev. fr. Allonge.] A sudden 
thrust or pass. 

Lunge, v. i. To make a lunge. 

Lunge, v. t. To cause to go round in a ring, as a 
horse, while holding his halter. 

Lung'wort 7 (-wfirf), ft. (Bot.) (a) A European herb 
(Pulmonaria officinalis) ; — so called from the spotted 
appearance of the leaves, (b) Any plant of the genus 
Meriensia, a genus nearly related to Pulmonaria. 

Lu'ni-form (lu'nT-f6rm), a. [L. luna moon + -form.] 
Resembling the moon in shape. 

Lu'ni-SO'lar (lu'ni-so'ler), a. [L. luna moon -f- E. 
solar.'] Resulting from the united action, or pertaining 
to the mutual relations, of the sun and moon. 

Lunt (lunt), n. [D. lont; akin to G. lunte. Cf. Link 
a torch.] The match cord formerly used in firing cannon. 

Lu'nu-lar (lu'nu-ler), a. [From L. lunula, prop., a 
little moon.] Crescent-shaped. 

Lu'nu-late (-nu-lat), ) a. Resembling a small cres- 

Lu'nu-la'ted (-la'tSd), ) cent. 

Lu'nule (lu'nul), n. [F., fr. L. lunula.] Anything 
crescent-shaped ; a crescent-shaped part or mark. 

Lu'ny (lu'ny), a. [Shortened fr. Lunatic] Crazy ; 
mentally unsound. [Low, U. S.] 

II Lu'per-ca'li-a (lu'per-ka'lT-a), n. pi. [L. lupercalis, 
fr. Lupercus the Lycean Pan, so called fr. lupus a wolf, 
because he kept off the wolves.] {Rom. Antiq.) A feast 
of the Romans in honor of Lupercus, or Pan. 

Lu'pine (lu'pTn), n. [L. lupinus, lupinum, appar- 
ently deriv. of hipus wolf.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant 
the seeds of which are used for food. 

Lurch (lfirch), v. t. [L. lurcare, lurcari.] To swallow 
or eat greedily ; to devour ; hence, to swallow up. \_Obs.] 

Lurch, n. [OF. lourche name of a game ; as adj., de- 
ceived, embarrassed.] 1. An old game played with dice 
and counters. 2. A double score, in cribbage, for the 
winner when his adversary has been left in the lurch. 

To leave one in the lurch, (a) In the game of cribbage, 
to leave one's adversary so far behind that the game is 
won before he has scored thirty-one. (b) To leave one 
behind ; hence, to abandon a person in a difficulty. 

Lurch, n. [Cf. W. llerch, Here, a frisk.] A sudden 
Toll of a ship to one side ; hence, a swaying or staggering. 

Lurch (lurch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lurched (lfircht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Lurching.] To roll or sway suddenly. 

Lurch, v. i. [Variant of Lurk.] 1. To withdraw to 
one side, or to a private place ; to lurk. 2. To dodge ; 
to play tricks. 

Lurch'er (-er), n. 1. One that lurches or lies in wait ; 
a poacher. 2. (Zool.) One of a breed of mongrel dogs 
which hunt silently, and are often used by poachers. 

Lurch'er, n. [L. lurco, lurcho, a glutton. See 1st 
Lurch.] A glutton ; a gormandizer. [Obs.] 

Lure (lur), n. [OF. loire, loirre, loerre, F. leurre lure, 
decoy ; of G. origin.] 1. A birdlike contrivance used by 
falconers in recalling hawks. 2. Any enticement ; decoy. 

Lure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lured (lurd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Luring.] To draw to a lure ; to allure, entice, or decoy. 

Lu'rid (lu'rTd), a. [L. luridus.] Pale yellow ; ghastly 
pale ; wan ; gloomy ; dismal. 

Lurk (lfirk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lurked (lfirkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Lurking.] [OE. lurken, lorken, prob. a 
dim. from the source of E. lower to frown.] 1. To lie 
hid ; to lie in wait. 2. To keep out of sight. 

Lurk'er (-er), n. One who lurks. 

Lus'cious (liish'us), a. [Prob. for lustious, fr. lusty.] 
1. Sweet ; delicious to the taste ; excessively sweet or 
rich. 2. Cloying ; fulsome. — Lus'cious -ly , adv. — 
Lus'cious-ness, n. [culence. I 

Lush (lush), a. [Cf. Luscious.] Full of juice or sue- 1 

Lust (lust), n. [AS. lust, lyst, pleasure, longing ; akin 
toG. lust.] 1. Pleasure ; inclination. [Obs.] 2. Long- 
ing desire ; eagerness to have or enjoy ; — in a bad sense. 
3. Licentious craving ; sexual appetite. 4. Virility. [Obs.] 

Lust (lust), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Lusted ; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. Lusting.] To have an eager, passionate, and esp. an 
inordinate or sinful, desire. 

Lust'er (-er), ft. One who lusts. 

Lus'ter ) (lus'ter), n. [L. lustrum.] A period of five 

Lus'tre ) years ; a lustrum. 

Lus'ter, ) n. [F. lustre, fr. L. lustrare to purify, go 

Lus'tre, J about (like the priests at the lustral sacri- 
fice), traverse, survey, illuminate, fr. lustrum a purifica- 
tory sacrifice. But lustrare to illuminate is perh. a differ- 
ent word, and akin to L. lucere to shine.] 1. Brilliancy ; 
splendor ; brightness ; glitter. 2. Renown ; splendor ; 
distinction ; glory. 3. A candlestick, chandelier, giran- 
dole, or the like. 4. (Min.) The appearance of the sur- 



face of a mineral due to peculiarities of reflection. 6. A 
substance which imparts luster. 

Lust'ful (lust'ful), a. 1. Full of, exciting, or charac- 
terized by lust. — Lust'ful-ly, adv. — Lust'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Sensual ; fleshly; carnal; inordinate; licen- 
tious ; lewd ; unchaste ; impure ; libidinous ; lecherous. 

Lus'ti ly, adv. In a lusty or vigorous manner. 

Lus'ti ness, n. State of being lusty ; vigor ; strength. 

Lus'tral (liis'tral), a. [L. lustralis, fr. lustrum. See 
Lustrum.] 1. Of, or pertaining to, or used for, purifi- 
cation. 2. Of or pertaining to a lustrum. 

Lus'trate (-trat), v. t. [L. lustrare, p. p. -atus. See 
Lustrum.] To make clear or pure, as from crime or pes- 
tilence, by means of a propitiatory offering ; to purify. 

Lus-tra'tion (lus-tra'shun), ft. Act of lustrating. 

Lus'tre (lus'ter), ft. Same as Luster. 

Lus'tring (lus'trtng), n. [F. lustrine; deriv. of L. 
lustrare. See 3d Luster.] A kind of glossy silk fabric. 

Lus'trous (lus'triis), a. Bright ; shining ; luminous. 
— Lus'trous-ly , adv. — Lus'trous-ness, n. 

Lus'trum (-truni), n. ; pi. E. Lustrums (-trumz), L. 
Lustra (-tra). [L. Cf. 2d & 3d Luster.] A lustration; 
esp., the quinquennial purification of the whole Roman 
people by the censors. Hence : A period of five years. 

Lust'y (lust'y), a. [Compar. Lustdzr (-T-er) ; superl. 
Lustiest.] Exhibiting lust or vigor ; stout ; strong ; 
vigorous ; robust ; healthful ; able of body. 

Lut'a-nist (lut'a-mst), n. [LL. lutanista, fr. lutana 
lute.] A person that plays on the lute. 

Lu-ta'tion (lu-ta'shun), ft. Act of luting vessels. 

Lute (lut), ft. [L. lutum mud, clay.] 1. (Chem.) A 
cement of clay, or the like, for sealing joints or openings 
in apparatus, or for coating the bodies of retorts, etc. 
2. A packing ring, as of rubber, for fruit jars, etc. 

Lute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Luted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Luting.] To close or seal with lute. 

Lute, ft. [OF. leut, fr. Ar. al'ud; al 
the -|- 'ud wood, timber, staff, stick, 
lute.] (Mus.) A stringed instrument 
formerly much in use. 

Lute, v. i. & t. To sound, as a lute ; 
to perform on a lute, or as on a lute. 

Lu'te-OUS(lu'te-us), a. [L. 
luteus, fr. lutum dyer's broom, 
weld, used as a yellow dye.] 
Yellowish; buff. 

Lu-tes'cent (lu-tes'sent), a. 
Of a yellowish color. 

Lute'string' (lut'strTngO, 
n. Corruption of Lustring. 

Lu'ther-an (lu'ther-an), a. 
(Eccl. Hist.) Of, pertaining to, or adhering to, Luther, 
or the doctrines of Luther or the Lutheran Church. — n. 
One who adheres to the doctrines of Luther or the Lu- 
theran Church. 

Lu'ther-an-ism \ (-Tz'm), n. The doctrines of Luther 

Lu'ther-ism i or of the Lutheran Church. 

Lu'thern (lu'thern), ft. [F. lucarne, fr. L. lucerna 
lamp, deriv. of lux light.] (Arch.) A dormer window. 

Lut'lng (lut'Tng), ft. {Chem.) See Lute, a cement. 

Lux'ate (luks'at), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Luxated (-a-ted) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. Luxating (-a-ting).] [L. luzare, p. p. 
-atus.] To displace, or remove from its proper place, as 
a joint ; to put out of joint ; to dislocate. 

Lux-a'tion (luks-a'shun), ft. Act of luxating, or state 
of being luxated ; dislocation. 

Lux-U'ri-ance (lugz-u'rT-ans or luks- ; 132), n. State 
or quality of being luxuriant. 

Lux-u'ri-an-cy (-an-s^), n. Luxuriance. 

Lux-U'rl-ant (-ant), a. [L. luxurians, p. pr. See 
Luxuriate.] Exuberant in growth ; rank ; excessive ; 
very abundant. — Lux-U'rl-ant-ly, adv. 

Lux-U'ri-ate (-at), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Luxuriated 
(-a/tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. w. Luxuriating.] [L. luzuriari, 
-are, p. p. -atus. See Luxury.] 1. To grow exuber- 
antly ; to grow to superfluous abundance. 2. To feed or 
live luxuriously. 3. To indulge with unrestrained de- 
light and freedom. [riating. I 

Lux-U'ri-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act or process of luxu- 1 

Lux-U'rl-OUS (lugz-u'ri-us or luks- ; 132), a. [See 
Luxury.] Of or pertaining to luxury. — Lux-U'xl-OUS- 
ly, adv. — Lux-u'ri-ous-ness, ft. 

Lux'U-ry (lQk'shu-ry), n. [L. luxuria, fr. luxus.] 
1. A free indulgence in anything expensive which grati- 
fies the appetites or tastes. 2. Anything which pleases 
the senses, but is rare or costly. 

Syn. — Voluptuousness ; epicurism; effeminacy; sen- 
suality ; dainty ; delicacy ; gratification. 




Lute. 



f Srn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



-LY 



504 



MACAROON 






[OR. -lie rig. same word as E. 

\es and adverbs, and 

Ly'tan-UlTOpe 1,1: [Gr. AvKavflpajTro? ; 

■ •■■6ptwoi man.] 1. A human being fabled 
to hare : . iuto a wolf ; a werewolf. 2. One 

affected with lycauthropy. 

Ly-can'thro-py .lt-kiu'thro-py), "• [Gr. \vKar€p*>- 
I The supposed act of turning one's self or another 
:,:o a wolf. 2 kind of erratic melau- 

•.: which the patient imagines himself a wolf. 

Lyceum vlt-se'iku), n. ; pi. E. Lyceums (-Qinz). L. 

/I, Gr. XvKeiov, so named after the 

neighboring temple of 'A-oAAojv AvKtios, prob. deriv. of 

Aicot wolf.] 1. A place of exercise with covered walks, 

. ;s"rbs of Athens, where Aristotle taught. 2. A 

apartment used for instruction by lectures or 

..us. 3. A higher school, in Europe. 4. An 

association for debate and literary improvement. 

Lych'nis Gik'uls), '»• [L., a kind of red flower, Gr. 
_<ruus of Old World plants of the 
Pink family, mostly bearing brilliantly colored flowers. 

Ly co-per'don (li k6-per'don), ri. [NX., fr. Gr. 
Av*os wolf -j- irep&ecrdai to break wind.] (Bot.) A genus 
of fungi the spores of which are thrown out in a smoke- 
like dust when the plant is burst. [Lycopodium. I 

Ly'CO-pod (U'ko-pSd), n. {Bot.) A plant of the genus| 

Ly co-po'di-nm (liko-po'dl-um), n. [XL., from Gr. 
Avkos wolf — -ovs. -ooos. a foot.] (Bot.) A genus of 
mosslike plants : club moss. 

Lycopodium powder, a fine powder or dust composed of 
the spores of Lycopodium, and similar plants. 

Lyd'i-an (lidl-an), a. Of or pertaining to Lydia, a 
country of Asia Minor, or to its inhabitants ; hence, soft : 
effeminate ; — said esp. of one of the ancient Greek modes 
or keys, the music in which was pathetic or voluptuous, j 

Lye (li). ft. [AS. leah.~\ A strong, caustic, alkaline \ 
solution of potassium salts, made by leaching wood ashes. 

Ly-gO'di-um (lt-go'dT-um), n. [XL., fr. Gr. kvyuSrp 
flexible ; Avyos a willow twig -(- etoos form.] {Bot.) A 
genus of ferns with twining or climbing fronds, 

Ly ing (lilng), p. pr. & rb. n. of Lie, to speak falsely. \ 

Lying, p. pr. & rb. n. of Lie, to be horizontal. 

Lying to iSaut. >, having the sails so disposed as to coun- 
teract each other. 

Ly'iag-in' (-in'), n. 1. State attending childbirth ; 
confinement. 2. Act of bearing a child. 

Lym (11m ). or LymTiOUnd (-hound'), n. [See Leam, 
andHorxD.] A dog held in a leam ; a bloodhound. [Obs.j J 

Lymph (Hmf), n. [L. lympha.~\ 1. A spring of wa- 
ter; hence, water, or a pure, transparent liquid. 2. 
(Anat.) An alkaline, coagulable, colorless fluid, contained 
in the lymphatic vessels. 3. {Med. ) A fibrinous material 
exuded from the blood vessels in inflammation. 

Lym-phat'ic (lim-f5tTk), a. [L. lymphaticus dis- j 
tracted, frantic, fr. lymphare to water, dilute, make 
mad. See Lymph.] Of, pert, to, containing, or convey- 
ing, lymph. — n. {Anat.) One of the absorbent vessels 
which carry lymph and discharge it into the veins. 

Lyn-ce'an (lin-se'an), a. [See Lysx.] (Zool.) Of 
or pertaining to the lynx. 

Lynch (ltnch), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Lynched (lincht) ; 
p. pr. & to. n. Lynching." To punish by lynch law. 



Lynch'er (llnch'er), n. One who assists in lynching. 

Lynch' law 7 (la ). Act or practice by private per- 
sons of inflicting punishment, esp. death, for crimes or 
offenses, without due process of law ; — said to be de- 
rived from a Virginian named Lynch, who did this. 

Lynx (links), n. [L. lynx, lyncis, Gr. Avy£; akin to 
AS. lox, G. luchs.] {Zool.) Any one of several speciee 
of feline animals. ^^a»^^ 



* X 



Canada Lynx (Felis Canadensis). 



Having acute sight, 
[F., fern, of lyonnais of 




Lyre (Jfu*.). 



Lynx'-eyed' (llnks'idO, <*• 

Ly on naise' (le onaz'), a. 
Lyous.] {Cookery) Designating potatoes 
boiled, cut into small pieces, aua heated 
in oil or butter. They are usually fla- 
vored with onion and parslev. 

Ly'ra (li'ra), n. [L.] {Astron.) 
A northern constellation, containing Al- 
pha Lyric or Vega, a white star of the 
first magnitude. 

Ly'rate (H'rat), ) a. L\Te-shaped; 

Ly'ra-ted (-ra-ted). j spatulate. 

Lyre (lir), n. [OF. lire, L. lyra, Gr. 
Avpa.] 1. (Mus.) A kind of harp much 
used by the ancients, as an accompani- 
ment to poetry. 2. {Astron.) Lyra. 

Lyre' hird' (Ur' herd'). (Zool.) An Australian bird, 
the male of which is remarka- 
ble for having very long tail 
feathers, which, when spread, 
take the form of a lyre. 

Lyr'ic (lirTk), ) a . 1. Of 

Lyr'ic-al (-T-kal), j or per- 
taining to a lyre or harp. 2. 
Fitted to be sung to the lyre ; 
hence, also, appropriate" for 
song ; — said esp. of poetry 
which expresses the individ- 
ual emotions of the poet. 

Lyr'ic, n. A lyric poem or 
verse ; a lyrical composition. 
-Lyr'ic-al-ly (-I-kal-ly ), adr . 

Lyrist, n . A player on the 
harp or lyre ; a composer of 
lyrical poetry. Lyre Bird (Jfenura superba). 

iLys'sa (lis'sa), n. [XL. 
See Lytta,] {Med.) 1. Hydrophobia. 2. pi. Pustules 
supposed to form under the tongue in hydrophobia. 

Lyt'ta (lTt'ta), ft. ; pi. Lytt.e (-te). [L.. a worm 
said to grow under the tongue of dogs, and to cause ca- 
ninemadness.fr. Gr. Avtto., Avo-o-a, lit., madness.] {Anat.) 
; A fibrous and muscular band lying within the longitudi- 
nal axis of the tongue in many mammals, as the dog. 




M. 



) 



H (5m). jL M, the thirteenth letter of the English , 
alphabet, is a vocal consonant. See Guide to Pronun- I 
ciation, §§ 178-180, 242. The letter M is derived through | 
Latin and Greek from the Phoenician, and ultimately, 
probabiy. from the Egyptian. Etymologically M is re- ■ 
lated to n, as in lime, lfnden ; emmet, ant ; also to b. , 
2. As a numeral, M stands for one thousand. 

M, n. 1. (Print.) A quadrat, the face or top of which ! 
is a perfect square ; also, the size of such a square in 
f type, used as a unit of measurement. 
Jf. Mamma.] A child's word for Mother. 
Ma'am (mam or mam), n. Colloq. contr. of Madam. 
Ma-ca'co 'ma-ka'ko), n. [Cf. Pg. macacoA (Zool. ) 
Any one of several species of lemurs, as the ruffed lemur. 
Ma-ca'cna ''ina-ka'kus). n. TOf African origin.] 
A genus of short-tailed monkeys of Asia and the 
Ea«t Indie*. * 

Mac-ad'am-lxe 'mSk-Sd'am-iz). t. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Macadamized f-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Macadamizing. ] 



[From J. L, Macadam, the inventor.] To cover, as a 
road, with small, broken stones, so as to form a smooth, 
hard, convex surface. 

Mac a-ro'ni ( niSk'a-ro'nT), n. ; pi. Macabon: 
or Macaeoxies. [Prov. It. macaroni, It. maccheroni, 
fr. Gr. fuueapia happiness, later, a funeral feast, fr. fuueap 
blessed.] 1. Long slender tubes made of a paste chiefly 
of wheat flour, and used as food. 2. A medley ; some- 
thing droll or extravagant. 3. A fool ; also, a fop. 

Mac a-ro'ni-an (-ro'm-on), ) a. 1. Perta inin g to, or 

Mac a-ron'ic -I'mTk), I like, macaroni (orig. a 
dish of mixed food) ; hence, mixed ; confused ; jumbled. 
2. Specif., designating, or pertaining to, a kind of bur- 
lesque composition. 

Mac a-ron'ic. n. 1. A confused heap of things; a 
jumble. 2. A kind of mock Latin composition. 

MaCa-roon' '-roon'). n . [F. macaron. It. maccherone. 
See Macaboxi.] A small cake, composed chiefly of the 
white of eggs, almonds, and sugar. 



f€rn, recent, drb, r\jde, full, urn, food, fcTot, out. oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



MACAW 



505 



MADREPORE 




Mace (mas), 






Ma-Caw' (nia-ka/), n. [From the native name in the 
Antilles.] (Zool.) "Any of several species of large parrots 
native of tropical America. 
Mac'ca bees (mSk ' ka - 
bez), n. pi. Two apocryphal 
books which give accounts 
of Jewish affairs in or about 
the time of the Maccabean 
princes (1G8-161 b. a). 
Mac'ca-boy(-ka-boi), ) 
Mac'co-boy(-ko--boi), J "■ 
[From a district in the Island 
of Martinique, where it is 
made.] A kind of snuff. 
n. [F. macis, L. mads, 
macir, Gr. /oiaxep.] (Bol.) A kind of spice ; 
the aril which partly covers nutmegs. 

Mace, n. [OF. mace, fr. root of L. 
mateola mallet.] 1. A heavy staff or club 
of metal, anciently used as a weapon for 
breaking armor. 2. Hence : A staff borne 
by, or carried before, a magistrate as , 
an ensign of his authority. 3. An officer t|i 
who carries this emblem. 4. (Bil- f^^ 
Hards) A rod_used in playing billiards. ^aT 
Ma'cer (ma'ser), n. A mace bearer. ' 
Mac'er-ate (m3s'er-at), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Macebated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Macebating.] [L. maceratus, p. p. of mace- 
rare to make soft, weaken, enervate.] To soften, 
or separate the parts of, by steeping in a liquid, 
with or without heat. 

Mac'er-a'tion (maVer-a'shun), n. Act or proc- 
ess of macerating. 

|jMa-che'te (ma-cha'ta), n. [Sp.] A large 
heavy knife, often two or three feet in length, — Mace, 
used as a hatchet, as to cut a way through thickets. 

Mach i-a-vel'ian (mak'i-a-vel'yan ; 106), a. [From 
Machiavel, an Italian writer on statecraft.] Of or per- 
taining to Machiavel, or to his supposed principles ; hence, 
characterized by duplicity or bad faith; crafty, — n. 
One who adopts Machiavelism. 
Macb/i-a-vel-ism (ra5k'T-a-vel-Tz'in), ) n. Political 
Mach i-a-vel'ian-ism (-vel'yan-Tz'm), j artifice, in- 
tended to favor arbitrary power. 

Mach i-CO-la'tion (ma'ch'i-ko-la'shun), n. [Of uncer- 
tain etym.] 1. {Mil. Arch.) An opening between the 
corbels which support a projecting parapet, or in the 
floor of a gallery or the roof of a portal, for shooting or 
dropping missiles upon assailants attacking the base of 
the walls. Also, the construction of such defenses ; de- 
fenses, in general, when of this character. [See Illust. 
under Battlement, and under Castle.] 2. Act of dis- 
charging missiles or burning or melted substances upon 
assailants through such apertures. 

Mach/i-nate (uiak'T-nat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mach- 
inated (-na'tSd); j>. pr. &vb. n. Machinating (-na'tTng).] 
[L. machinari, p. p. -atus. See Machine.] To plan ; to 
contrive ; esp., to scheme to do harm ; to plot. 

Mach i-na'tion (mak'T-na'shun), n. 1. Act of mach- 
inating. 2. That which is devised ; a hostile or treach- 
erous scheme ; an artful design or plot. 

Mach'i-na tor (mak'T-na/ter), n. One who machi- 
nates ; one who plots ; schemer ; plotter. 

Ma-Chine' (ma-shen'), n. [F., fr. L. machina ma- 
chine, engine, device, trick, Gr. uLr\\avr), from /a>?X os 
means, expedient. Cf. Mechanic] 1. In general, any 
combination of bodies so connected that their relative 
motions are constrained, and force and motion may be 
transmitted and modified ; esp. , a construction in which a 
combination of moving parts or simple mechanical ele- 
ments work together to transmit or modify force, or to 
apply it to the production of some desired mechanical 
effect or work. 2. Any mechanical contrivance. 3. 
Fig., a person controlled by another's will, or a collec- 
tion of individuals working as an organized force. 4. 
Supernatural agency in a poem. 

Ma-chin'er-y (-er-y), n. 1. Machines, in general, or 
collectively. 2. The working parts of a machine, engine, 
or instrument. 3. The means and appliances by which 
anything is kept in action or a desired result is obtained ; 
specif., the supernatural means by which the action of a 
poetic or fictitious work is carried on. 

Ma-chin'ist, n. A constructer of machines and en- 
gines ; one skilled in working with them. 
Mac'in-tosh (mSk'Tn-to'sh), n. Same as Mackintosh. 
Mack'er-el (inak'er-el), n. [OF. maquerel, prob. 
deriv. of L. macula a spot.] (Zool.) Any individual of 



several species and genera of active oceanic fishes, moBt 
of which are prized for food. x j 

I 




Common Mackerel. 

Mackerel Bky, or Mackerel-back sky, a sky flecked with 
small white clouds. 

Mackintosh (maVin-tBsh), n. A waterproof outer 
garment ; — so called from the name of the inventor. 

Mac'kle (mSk'k'l), n. Same as Macule. 

Mac'rame" lace' (rnSk'ra-nia las')- A coarse lace 
made of twine, used especially in decorating furniture. 

Mac'ro- (maVro-). [Gr. /naxpos long.] A combining 



form signifying long, large, great. 
Mac'ro-cosm (ni3k'ro-k 



koz'ui), n. [Macro- -(- Gr. 
Koo-fxos world.] The great world ; that part of the uni- 
verse which is exterior to man. See Mickocosm. 

Ma-crom'e-ter ( ma-kr5m'e-ter ), n. [Macro- -\- 
-meter.~\ An instrument for determining the size or dis- 
tance of inaccessible objects by means of reflectors. 

Ma-cru'roilS (nia-kru'rus), a. [Gr. p.oxpos long -f- 
ovpa tail.] (Zool.) Having a long tail ; specif., designating 
a subdivision of decapod Crustacea, having a long abdo- 
men. It includes the lobster, shrimp, etc. 

II Mac'U-la (in5k'u-la), n. ; pi. Macule (-le). [L., 
spot, stain, blot.] A spot, as on the skin, or on the sun. 

Mac'U-late (-lat), a. [L. maculatus, p. p. of macu- 
lare to spot. See Macula, n.] Marked with spotB or 
maculae ; blotched ; hence, defiled ; impure. 

Mac'U-late (-lat), v. t. To spot ; to stain ; to blur. 

Mac u-la'tion (niak'u-la'shun), n. Act of spotting ; 
spot; blemish. 

Mac'ule (-ul), n. [F.] A blur or spot ; esp. (Print.), 
an appearance of a double impression. 

Mac'ule, v. t. To blur ; esp. (Print.), to blur or dou- 
ble an impression from type. 

Mad (m3d), a. [Compar. JVIaddeb (-der) ; superl. 
Maddest (-dest).] [AS. gemaed, gemad, mad ; akin to 
Icel. meiSa to hurt, Goth, gamdids broken.] 1. Disor- 
dered in intellect ; crazy ; insane. 2. Excited beyond 
self-control ; inflamed by desire, passion, or appetite ; 
furious. 3. Proceeding from, or indicating, fury or folly. 
4. Having hydrophobia ; rabid. 5. Angry. [Colloq.~\ 

Mad, v. t. To make mad or furious ; to madden. 

Mad, n. [AS. ma8a.~\ (Zool.) An earthworm. 

Mad'am (mSd'orm), n. ; pi. Madams, or Mesdames (E. 
meVdamz). [See Madame.] A gentlewoman ; — form of 
address given to a lady, esp. an elderly or married lady. 

II Ma'dame' (ma/dam'), n. ; pi. Mesdames (ma'dam'). 
[F., fr. ma my (L. mea) -)- dame dame.] My lady ; — a 
French title formerly given to ladies of quality ; now, in 
France, given to all married women. 

Mad'cap' (inad'kapO, n. A person of wild behavior ; 
an excitable, rash, violent person. 

Mad'den (mSd'd'n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Mad- 
dened (-d'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Maddening.] To make 
or become mad ; to drive to madness ; to enrage. 

Mad'der (-der), n. [OE. mader, AS. msedere.'] (Bot.) 
A plant the root of which is much used in dyeing red. 

Mad'ding (-ding), a. Affected with madness ; raging. 

Mad'dish (-dish), a. Somewhat mad. 

Made (mad), imp. & p. p. of Make. 

II Ma^e-moi'selle' (ma / d'mwa / zel , ) ) n. ; pi. Mesde- 
moiselles (ma 7 -). [F., fr. via my, f. of mon -j- demoi- 
selle a young lady.] A French title of courtesy given to 
a girl or an unmarried lady ; — equivalent to Miss. 

Mad'house' (mad'hous'), n. A house where insane 
persons are confined ; a bedlam. i"/fH 

Madly (mad'ly), adv. In a ^T^ «£K 

mad manner. rJc-, 

Mad'man (-man), n. Aluha- y 
tic ; a crazy person. 

Mad'ness, n. State or quality N&9^Q^^H* 
of being mad. ' s<^- 

Ma-don'na (ma-d5n'na), n. ; 4 
[It., my lady. See Donna.] 1. ^V^vU 
My lady ; — a term of address in 2 .""„* 
Italian formerly equivalent to -ff V* 
Madame. 2. [pi. -nas (naz).] ** v. iV.^JjP 
A picture of the Virgin Mary. <- ■■•*- *^"-SJ 

Mad're-pore (m5d're-por), n. Madrepore of Florida. 
[F. madrepore; origin uncertain.] End of a Branch. 
(Zool.) Any coral of the Madrepora, a genus of reef corals 
mostly elegantly branched ; formerly, any stony coral. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



{ 



MADKIER 



506 



MAGNIFICENTLY 



Ma-drier' (mA-drf or m.Wri-er), v. [F., deriv. of L. 

materm hunker.] A thick plank, used for some mechau- 

poaa ; a*p.i ;» beam supporting earth, as in mines. 

Mad fi-gal (mla'rl-gal), n. [It. madrigale ; of uucer- 

,,u.] A little amorous poem containing some 

and di 



tender 



ielic;ite, though simple, thought. 



) 
) 



Ma dro'na (.ma-dro'nya), n. [Sp. madrono.'] (Bot.) 
A small evergreen tree or shrub of California, baving a 
smooth lurk] thick shining leaves, and edible red berries. 

Mael'strom (.mal'strum), n. [Xorw.. a whirlpool.] 
A whirlpool on the coast of Norway. Also used Fig. 

Ma es-tO'SO {.m'd e"s-to'zo). a. & adv. [It.] (Mas.) 
Majestic or majestically ; — a direction to performers. 
Ma-es'tro (nuk-tatri), ;;. [It., fr. L. magister 
A master in any art, esp. In music ; a composer. 

Mag a-zine' (mSg'a-zen'), n. [F. magasin, deriv. of 
Ar. makhzan, almakhzan, a storehouse, granary, or 
cellar.] 1. A receptacle in which anything is stored, 
esp. supplies for war. 2. A building or room for storing 
powder. 3. A chamber in a gun for holding a number 
of cartridges. 4. A pamphlet published periodically con- 
taining miscellaneous papers or compositions. 

Mag'da-len (niagMa-lSn), n. [From Mary Magda- 
litioually reported to have been the repentant 
sinner forgiven by Christ.] A reformed prostitute. 

Ma-gen'ta (ina-jen'ta), n. (Chem.) An aniline dye 
producing a shade of red; also, the color; — so called 
from Magenta, in Italy, in allusion to the battle fought 
there about the time the dye was discovered. 

Mag'got (inag'gut), 7i. ["W. macai, pi. maceiod, ma- 
giod, a worm or grub.] 1. (Zo'61.) The footless larva of 
any fly. 2. A whim ; an odd fancy. 

Mag/gOt-y (-y)> a - 1- Infested with maggots. 2. 
Full of maggots or whims ; capricious. 

Ma'gl (ma'ji), n. pi. [L., pi. of Magus, Gr. Md- 
■yos ; of Per. origin.] A caste of priests, philosophers, 
and magicians, among the ancient Persians ; hence, any 
holy men or sages of the East. 

Ma'gi-an (-jT-an), a. Of or pert, to the Magi. — n. 
One of the Magi ; a priest or adherent of Zoroastrianism. 

Mag'ic (niaj'Ik), n. [OF. magique, L. magice, Gr. fj.a- 
yiKr) (sc. re'xi'i?), fr. nayacos.] The pretended art of pro- 
ducing effects by the aid of supernatural beings, or de- 
parted spirits, or by a mastery of secret forces in nature. 

Syn. — Sorcery ; witchcraft ; necromancy ; conjura- 
tion; enchantment; incantation. 

Mag'ic (majlk), ) a. [L. magicus, Gr. /xayucos, fr. 

Mag'ic-al (-I-kal), | /mayos. See Magi.] 1. Pertain- 
ing to the hidden wisdom supposed to be possessed by the 
Magi ; relating to the occult powers of nature, and the 
producing of effects by their agency. 2. Performed by, 
or proceeding from, occult and superhuman agencies ; 
hence, imposing or startling in performance ; having ex- 
traordinary properties. — Mag'ic-al-ly , adv. 

Ma-gl'cian (ma-jish'an), n. One skilled in magic ; 
an enchanter ; a sorcerer or sorceress ; a conjurer. 

Ma-gilp 7 (ma-gllp'), Ma-gUph' (ma-gTlF), n. Megilp. 

Mag / is-te > ri-al (mXj'Ts-te'rT-al), a. [L. magisterius 
magisterial. See Master.] Of or pertaining to a master 
or magistrate, or one in authority ; commanding ; au- 
thoritative. Hence : Overbearing ; dictatorial ; dogmatic. 
— Mag is-te'ri-al-ly, adv.— Mag'is-te'ri-al-ness. n. 

Syn. — Stately ; august ; pompous ; dignified ; lofty ; 
official ; imperious ; lordly ; proud ; haughty ; domineer- 
ing ; despotic ; dogmatical ; arrogant.— One who ismagis- 
t»rial assumes the air of a master toward his pupils ; one 
who is dogmatical lays down his positions in a tone of 
authority or dictation ; one who i&arroganl insults others 
by an undue assumption of superiority. 

Mag'is-tra-cy (mSjIs-tra-sy), n. 1. Office or dignity 
of a magistrate. 2. The collective body of magistrates. 

Mag'is-tral (-tral), a. 1. Pertaining to a master ; 
magisterial. 2. Commanded or prescribed by a magister, 
esp. by a doctor ; hence, effectual ; sovereign. 

Mag'is-trate (-trat), n. [L. magistrates, fr. magis- 
ter master. See Master.] A person clothed with power 
as a public civil officer. 

Mag'ma (mag'ma), n. [L., fr. Gr. fiay/Ma, fr. /xdvaeiv 
ze, knea<L] 1. Any crude, pasty mixture ; specif.: 
< Med.) (n) A thick residuum obtained from certain sub- 
stances after the fluid parts are expressed, (b) A salve 
or confection of thick consistency. 2. (Geol.) (a) The ! 
molten matter within the earth, (b) The glassy base of I 
an eruptive rock. 3. (Chem.) The amorphous ground 
maw, as distinguished from crystals. 

Mag'na Char'ta (-na kiir'ta). [L., great charter.] 
Brent Charter, so called, obtained by the English 
I rom King John, a. d. 1215. 2. Hence, aconstitu- 
lieh guarantees fundamental rights and privileges. 



Mag na-nim'i-ty (mag'ua-nTui'i-ty), n. Quality of 
being magnanimous ; that quality of mind which leads 
one to encounter danger and trouble with tranquillity and 
firmness, to disdain injustice, meanness and revenge, and 
to act and sacrifice for noble objects. 

Mag nan'i mous (inag-n5n'T-iniis), a. [L. magnani- 
nuts; magnus great -j- animus mind.] 1. Great of mind ; 
elevated in soul or in sentiment ; raised above what is 
low, mean, or ungenerous ; of lofty and courageous spirit. 
2. Dictated by or exhibiting nobleness of soul ; honor- 
able ; noble ; not selfish. — Mag-nan'i-mous-ly, adv. 

Mag'nate (mag'nat), n. [F. ma gnat, L. (pi.) magna- 
tes, magnati, fr. magnus great.] A person of rank; a 
person of distinction in any sphere. 

Mag-ne'si-a (niag-ne'zhT-a or -shT-a), n. [L. Magne- 
sia, fern, of Magnesius of the country Magnesia, Gr. t; 
Mayiojcri'a Aiflos a magnet.] (Chem.) A light, white, 
earthy substance, consisting of magnesium oxide. 

Mag-ne'sian (-zhan or -shan), a. Pertaining to, char- 
acterized by, or containing, magnesia or magnesium. 

Mag-ne'sic (-sik or -zik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, 
or containing, magnesium. 

Mag-ne'si-um (mag-ne'zhT-um or -slu-urn), n. [NL. 
See Magnesia.] (Chem.) A light, silver- white metal, 
malleable and ductile, which burns with a blinding light. 

Mag'net (mag'net), n. [OF. magnete, L. magnes, 
-etis, Gr. MaycTji-is Ai'0o? a magnet, metal that looked 
like silver, prop., Magnesian stone, fr. Gr. Mayvrja-ia, a 
country in Thessaly.j 1. The loadstone ; a species of 
iron ore which attracts iron and some of its ores, and, 
when freely suspended, points to the poles. 2. (Physics) 
A piece of steel or iron to which the peculiar properties 
of the loadstone have been imparted. 

Field magnet, a magnet used to produce and maintain a 
magnetic field. 

Mag-net/ic (mag-net'Ik), ) a. 1. Pertaining to the 

Mag-net 'ic-al (-T-kal), j magnet ; possessing the 
properties of the magnet, or corresponding properties. 
2. Of or pertaining to, or characterized by, the earth's 
magnetism. 3. Capable of becoming a magnet ; suscep- 
tible to magnetism. 4. Fig. : Capable of exciting sympa- 
thetic passion and inducing attachment. 5- Having, sus- 
ceptible to, or induced by, animal magnetism, so called. 

— Mag-net'ic-al-ly, adv. — Mag-net'ic-al-ness, n. 
Mag-net'ics (-iks), n. Science of magnetism. 
Mag'net-ism (mag'net-Tz'm), n. 1. Property, quality, 

or state, of being magnetic ; the manifestation of the 
force in nature which is seen in a magnet. 2. The 
science treating of magnetic phenomena. 3. Power of at- 
traction ; power to excite the feelings and win affection. 

Animal magnetism, a force alleged to be more or less 
analogous to magnetism, and to be produced in animal 
tissues and to pass from one body to another with or with- 
out actual contact. See Mesmerism, Hypnotism. 

Mag'net-ist. n. One versed in magnetism. 

Mag'net-ite (-it), n. (Min.) An oxide of iron which 
is readily attracted by a magnet, and sometimes possesses 
polarity, being then called loadstone. 

Mag'net-ize (mag'net-iz), v . t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Mag- 
netized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Magnetizing (-i'zing).] 

1. To become, or cause to become, magnetic. 2. To at- 
tract as a magnet attracts, or like a magnet. 3. To bring 
under the influence of animal magnetism. 

Mag'net-i'zer (-i'zer), n. One that magnetizes. 

Mag'net-O- (mag'net-o-). [See Magnet.] A prefix 
meaning pertaining to, produced by, or in some way 
connected with, magnetism. 

Mag'net-O-e-lec'tric (-e-lek'trlk), ) a. Pertaining to, 

Mag'net-O-e-lec'tric-al (-tri-kal), ) or character- 
ized by, electricity developed by the action of magnets. 

— Mag net-o-e / lec-tric'i-ty (-e'lek-trls'T-ty), n. 
Mag^et-om'e-ter (mSg'net-om'e-ter), n. [Magneto- 

-f- -meter.'] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the 

intensity or effect of magnetic forces. [magnified. I 

Mag'ni-fi/a-'ble (mag'nT-fi'a-b'l), a. Such as can be 
Mag-nif'ic (mag-nif'Tk), ) a. [L. magnificus ; ma- 
Mag-nif'ic-al (-T-kal), ) gnus great -f facere to 

make.] Grand ; splendid ; illustrious. [065. or Archaic] 
I 1 Magnificat (-T-kat), n. [L., it magnifies.] The 

song of the Virgin Mary, (Luke i. 46) ; — so called because 

it commences with this word in the Vulgate. 
Magnificence (-sens), n. [F., fr. L. magnificentia. 

See Magnific] State or quality of being magnificent. 
Mag-nif'i-cent (-sent), a. 1. Doing grand things; 

admirable in action ; displaying great power or opulence. 

2. Grand in appearance ; splendid; pompous. — Mag- 
nil'i-cent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Glorious ; majestic ; sublime. See Grand. 



a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, c£re, arm, ask, all, final. 



MAGNIFIER 



507 



MAINTAINER 



Mag'ni-fi'er (mag'ni-fi'er), n. One that magnifies. 

Mag'ni-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Magnified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Magnifying (-fi'Tng).] [F. magnifier, 
L. magnificare. See Magnific] 1. To make great, or 
greater ; to increase the dimensions of ; to amplify ; to 
enlarge, either in fact or in appearance. 2. To increase 
the importance, dignity, or influence of. 3. To laud ; to 
extol. [Archaic'] 4. To exaggerate. [they are. I 

Mag'nl-f y , v. i. To cause objects to appear larger than | 

Mag-niTo-quence (mag-ml'6-kwens), n. Quality of 
being magniloquent ; pompous discourse. 

Mag-nil'O-quent (-kwent), a. [L. magnus great + 
loquens, -entis, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Speaking pom- 
pously ; using swelling discourse ; grandiloquent. — Mag- 
nil'o-quent-ly, adv. 

Mag'ni-tude (mSg'nT-tud), n. [L. magnitude-, from 
magnus great.] 1. Extent of dimensions; size; — ap- 
plied to things having length, breadth, and thickness. 2. 
(Geom.) That which has one or more of the three dimen- 
sions, length, breadth, and thickness. 3. Anything of 
which greater or less can be predicated, as time, weight, 
force, etc. 4. Greatness ; grandeur. 5. Importance. 

Mag-no'lI-a(mSg-no'lT-a),n. [NL. Named after Pierre 
Magnol, a French botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of American 
and Asiatic trees, with aromatic bark and large, sweet- 
scented, whitish or reddish flowers. 

Mag'pie (mSg'pi), n. [OE. & Prov. E. magot pie, 
maggoty pie, fr. Mag, Maggot, equiv. to Margaret (and 
fr. F. M argot, old dim. of Marguerite), and 
common name of the magpie. Marguerite 
is fr. L. margarita pearl, Gr. juapyaptVrjs, 
prob. of Eastern origin. See Pie magpie.] 
(Zo'61.) Any one of numerous species 
birds allied to the 
jays, but having 
a long graduated 
tail. 



Mag'uey(ma"g'- 

ra; Sp. ma-ga'e), 



wa 

n. [Sp. maguey, 
Mexican maguei 
and metl.] (Bot.) 
The century plant. 







European Magpie (Pica pica). 
See Agave. 
Ma-ha-ra'Jah (ma-ha-ra'ja), n. [Skr. mahdrdja; 
mahat great + raja king.] A sovereign prince in India ; 

— a title given also to other persons of high rank. 
Mah'dl (ma'de), n. [Ar., guide, leader.] Among 

Mohammedans, the last imam, or leader of the faithful. 

Mahl'-stick/ (mal'stTk'), n. See Maul-stick. 

Ma-hOg'a-ny (ma-hog'a-ny), n. [From the South 
American name.] A large tree found in tropical Amer- 
ica ; also, its hard, beautifully veined wood. 

Ma-hom'ed-an (ma-hom'ed-an), ) n. See Mohamme- 

Ma-hom'et-an (ma-hom'et-an), | dan. 

II Ma-hont' (ma-hoof), n. [Hind, mahawat, Skr. 
mahamatra; mahat great + malra measure.] The 
keeper and driver of an elephant. [East Indies'] 

Maid (mad), n. [Abbrev. fr. Maiden.] 1. An un- 
married woman ; esp., girl ; virgin. 2. A female servant. 

Maid of honor, a female attendant of a queen or royal 
princess, —usually of noble family, and having only nom- 
inal or honorary duties. 

Maid'en (mad''n), n. [AS. msegden, dim. of AS. 
msegS, fr. mago son, servant ; akin to G. magd, mddchen, 
maid, Goth, magus boy, child, magaps virgin.] 1. An 
unmarried woman ; a girl or woman who has not expe- 
rienced sexual intercourse ; virgin ; maid. 2. An instru- 
ment resembling the guillotine, formerly 
used in Scotland for beheading crimi- 
nals. 3. A machine for washing linen. 

Maid'en, a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
a maiden, or to maidens ; suitable to, or 
characteristic of, a virgin. 2. Never 
having had sexual intercourse ; virgin ; 

— said usually of a girl or woman. 3. 
Fresh ; innocent ; unpolluted. 

Maiden assize (Eng. Law.), an assize at 
which there is no criminal prosecution. — 
Maiden name, the surname of a woman before her mar- 
riage. — Maiden speech, the first speech made by a person, 
esp. in a public body. 

Maid'en hair' (-haT'), n. (Bot.) A kind of fern hav- 
ing very slender, graceful stalks. 

Maid'en-head (-hed), n. 1. State of being a maiden ; 
maidenhood ; virginity. 2. The hymen. 

Maid'en-hood (-hddd), n. 1. State of being a maid or 
a virgin,; virginity. 2. Freshness ; unpolluted state. 

Maid'en-ly, a. Like a maid ; suiting a maid ; maiden- 
like ; gentle ; modest ; reserved. — Maid'en-li-ness. n. 




Maiden (2). 



Maid'en-ly (mad"n-iy), adv. In a maidenlike manner. 

Maid'hood (inad'hdod), n. Maidenhood. 

Maid'serv'ant (-serv'ant), n. A female servant. 

Ma-leu'tic (ma-u'tTk), I a. [Gr. ^.atevmcos, fr. /xata 

Ma-ieu'tic-al (-tT-k«l), \ midwife.] 1. Serving to 
assist childbirth. 2. Fig. : Aiding, or tending to, the 
definition and interpretation of thoughts or language. 

Mai'ger (ina'geri, n. (Zo'61.) The meagre. 

Mai'gre (lna'ger), a. [F. See Meagee.] Belonging 
to a fast day or fast ; as, a maigre day. 

Mai/hem (ina'hgin), n. See Maim, and Mayhem. 

Mall (mal), n. [F. maille, OF. also maaille, LL. 
medalia. See Medal.] 1. A small coin. [06s.] 2. 
Tribute. [06*.] 

Mail, n. [OE. maile, maille, F. maille a ring of mail, 
mesh, network, a coat of mail, fr. L. macula spot, mesh.] 

1. A flexible fabric of interlinked metal rings for defen- 
sive armor. 2. Hence, any armor or protective covering. 

Mail, v. t. To arm or protect with mail. 

Mail, n. [OE. male bag, OF. male, OHG. malaha, 
malha, wallet.] 1. A bag. [06s.] 2. The bag or bags 
with the letters, papers, etc., therein, conveyed under 
public authority from one post office to another ; the 
whole system of such conveyance. 3. That which comes 
or goes in the mail. 

Mail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mailed (maid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Matling.] To deliver, or deposit for transmission, 
by mail ; to post. [U. S.] 

Mail'a-ble (mal'a-b'l), a. That is admissible into the 
mail. [U.S.] 

Mailed (maid), a. (Zo'61.) Protected by an external 
coat or covering of scales or plates. 

Mailed, a. [See 2d Mail.] Spotted ; speckled. 

Maim (mam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maimed (mamd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Maiming.] [OE. maimen, OF. mahai- 
gnier, mehaignier, meshaignier.] 1. To deprive of the 
use of a limb. 2. To mutilate ; to cripple ; to disable. 

Maim, n. [OF. mehaing. See Maim, v.] The priva- 
tion of the use of a limb or member of the body ; specif., 
mayhem. Also used figuratively. 

Main (man), n. [F. main hand, L. manus.] 1. A 
hand or match at dice. 2. The largest throw in a match 
at dice ; a throw at dice within given limits, as in the 
game of hazard. 3. A match at cockfighting. 

Main, n. [AS. msegen strength, power, force ; akin 
to OHG. magan, Icel. megin, and to E. may, v.] 1. 
Strength; force; might; violent effort. [065., except 
in certain phrases.] 2. The chief or principal part ; the 
main or most important thing. [06s., except in spe- 
cial uses.] 3. Specif. : (a) The great sea, as distinct 
from an arm, bay, etc. ; ocean. (6) The continent, as 
distinguished from an island ; mainland, (c) A principal 
duct or pipe, as distinguished from lesser ones; esp. 
(Engin.), a principal pipe leading to or from a reservoir. 

Main, a. [From 2d Main.] 1. Very strong; also, 
vast ; huge. [06s.] 2. Unqualified ; sheer. [06s.] 
3. Principal ; chief ; first in size, rank, importance, etc. 

By main strength, by sheer strength.— Main deck (Naut.), 
the deck next below the spar deck ; the principal deck. 

Mainland' (-land'), n. The continent ; principal land. 

Main'ly, adv. 1. Very strongly; mightily. [06s.] 

2. Principally; chiefly. 

Main'mast' (-mast'), n. (Naut.) The principal mast. 

Mainprise (man'priz), n. [F. main hand -f- prise a 
taking.] (Law) (a) An obsolete writ commanding the 
sheriff to take sureties for the prisoner's appearance, and 
let him go. (6) Deliverance of a prisoner in this way. 

Main'sail' (man'sal' ; among seamen man's'l), n. 
(Naut.) The principal sail in a ship or other vessel. 

Main'sheet' (man'shef), n. (Naut.) One of the ropes 
by which the mainsail is hauled aft and trimmed. 

Main'spring' (-spring'), n. The principal spring in 
a piece of mechanism ; esp., the moving spring of a watch 
or clock. Hence : The chief or most powerful motive. 

Main'stay' (-sta'), n. 1. (Naut.) The stay extending 
from the foot of the foremast to the maintop. 2. Main 
support ; principal dependence. 

Main-tain' (infin-tan'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Main- 
tained (-tand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Maintaining.] [F. 
maintenir, prop., to hold by the band ; main hand (L. 
manus) + F. tenir to hold, L. tenere.] 1. To hold or 
keep in any particular state ; to support ; to sustain ; to 
uphold. 2. To keep possession of ; to hold and defend. 

3. To continue. 4. To bear the expense of ; to supply 
with what is needed. 5. To affirm ; to support or de- 
fend by argument. — Main-tain'er (-er), n. 

Syn. — To assert ; vindicate ; allege. 

tain'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be maintained. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, Urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



MAINTENANCE 



508 



MALEDICTION 



) 




W 

Maize (Zea Mays). 
compar. of magnus 



Main'te-nance ^uian't^-mins), n. 1. Act of main- 
support ; defense ; vindication. 
. support* ; means of suste- 
J v.i officious or unlawful inter- 

depending between others, by as- 
trty with money or means to carry it on. 

Main t "•'•) The platform about the 

bead of the mainmast in square-rigged vessels. 

Main' yard (.yard ')• [NauL) The yard on which 
the n"""* 5 *' 1 is extended, supported by the mainmast. 

Maize (ml; kriS, fr. Haytiau mahiz or 

mahis.] (Bot.) A large species of 
. !• ly cultivated 
as a forage and food plant ; Indian 
corn. Abo, its seed. 

Ma Jes'tic i.ma-jes'tik), a. Pos- 
t o tiin g or exhibiting majesty : of 
Ugnity, stateliuess, or im- 
g grandeur. 

- August ; sublime ; mag- 
nificent : regal ; royal ; pompous ; 
stately ; dignified ; elevated. 

Ma Jes'tic-al (ina-jeVti-kal), a. 
Majestic. — Ma-Jes'tic-al-ly, adv. 
— Ma-jes'tic-al-ness. n. 

Maj'es-ty <,mSj'es-ty), »• [F. 
majeste, L. majestas, fr. an old 
compar. of magnus great.] 1. 
Dignity and authority of sovereign 
power"; exalted dignity, whether 
proceeding from rank, character, 
or bearing ; imposing loftiness ; 
stateliness. 2. Hence, with the 
possessive pronoun, the title of an 
emperor, king, or queen. 

Ma-jol'i-ca ( ina-jolT-ka ), n. 
lit . ] A kind of pottery with opaque 
glazing and showy decoration. 

Ma'Jor (ma'jef), a. [L. major, 
great.] 1. Greater in number, quantity, or extent. 2. 
Of greater dignity ; more important. 3. (Mus.) Greater 
by a semitone, either in interval or in difference of pitch. 

Ma'Jor. ft. 1. (Mil.) An officer next in rank above a 
captain and next below a lieutenant colonel ; the lowest 
field officer. 2. (Laic) A person of full age. 3. (Logic) 
That premise which contains the major term, i. e., the 
first proposition of a regular syllogism. 

Ma Jor-do'mo (nia'jer-do'mo), n. [Through Sp. or 
It. fr. LL. majordomus ; L. major greater -f- domus 
house.] A steward ; also, a chief minister or officer. 

Ma'Jor gen'er-al (je'n'er-al). An officer of the army 
holding a rank next above that of brigadier general and 
next below that of lieutenant general. 

Ma-Jor'i-ty (ma-j5rT-t$-), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being major or greater ; superiority. Specif. : (a) Mili- 
tary rank of a major, (b) State of being of full age. 
2. The greater number ; more than half. 3. Amount or 
number by which one aggregate, as of votes, exceeds an- 
other aggregate with which it is contrasted. 

Ma-jus'cule (ma-juVkul), n. [L. majuscula, fem. fr. 
majusculus somewhat great, dim. of major great.] A 
capital letter ; esp., one used in ancient manuscripts. 

Make (mak). r. t. [imp. & p. p. Made (mad) ; p. pr. 
& ib. n. Making.] [AS. macian ; akin to D. maken, G. 
mat-hen. Cf. Match.] 1. To cause to exist; to bring 
into being ; to form ; to produce ; to create. Hence : (a) 
To form of materials ; to fabricate, (b) To produce, as 
something artificial, unnatural, or false, (c) To bring 
about ; to be the cause or agent of ; to effect, do, perform, 
or execute, (d) To execute with the requisite formal- 
► ; To get, as profit ; to acquire. (/) To find, as 
the result of calculation, computation, measurement, 
weighing, etc. (g) To travel over, (h) To put in a de- 
fcirf d or desirable condition ; to establish. 2. To cause 
to be or become ; to put into a (designated) state. 3. 
To cause to appear to be ; to esteem, suppose, or represent. 
4. To require ; to compel ; to force ; to cause. 5. To 
: to be, or to be capable of being, changed or 
formed into. 6. To compose, as parts, ingredients, or 
materials ; to constitute ; to amount to. 7. To reach ; 
to attain ; to arrive at. 

To mate believe, to pretend ; to feign ; to Bimulate. — To 

B*ke bold, to take the liberty ; to venture. — To make no 

f ia *L* a ^' to be a matter of indifference. — To make out. 

: to discover ; to decipher. (b> To prove ; 

^ettfhhrh. ' To make complete or exact. — To make 

To increase the quantity of sail already 

To 6Ct sail. — To make strange, to act in an 

y manner or as if surprised ; to treat as strange. 



— To make up. (a) To collect into a sum or mass. (6) To 
reconcile ; to compose, (fi) To supply what is wanting in ; 
to complete, (d) To compose : to shape, prepare, or fab- 
ricate, (ej Toniakegood. (J) To adjust, or to arrange for 
settlement, (a) To dress and paint for a part, as an actor. 

Make t,iuak). t . i. 1. To manage ; to interfere. 2. To 
proceed ; to tend ; to move ; to go. 3. To tend ; to con- 
tribute ; to have effect. 4. To increase ; to accrue. 

To make as if, or To make as though, to pretend that ; to 
make believe. — To make out, to succeed ; to be able at 
last ; to make shift. — To make up, to become reconciled 
or friendly. — To make up for, to compensate for. 

Make, n. Structure; texture; constitution of parts ; 
construction ; shape ; form. 

Make'-be-lieve' (-be-lev'), n. A feigning to believe ; 
a mere pretense ; a fiction. — a. Feigned ; insincere. 

Mak'er (-er), n. 1. One who makes ; specif., the Cre- 
ator. 2. (Law) The person who makes a promissory note. 

Make'shift (ruak'shTft'), n. A temporary expedient. 

Make'-up / (-up'), n. The way a thing is made up or 
constituted ; specif., manner of dress or disguise. 

Make'weight 7 (-watf), n. That which is thrown into 
a scale to make weight ; something of little account 
added to supply a deficiency or fill a gap. 

Mai- (m51-). A prefix in composition denoting ill, or 
evil, F. mal, L. male, adv., fr. mains bad, ill. In some 
words it has the form male-. See Malice. 

Mal'a-Chlte (mal'a-kit), n. [Fr. Gr. /xaAax*? a mallow, 
from its resembling the green color of the leaf of mal- 
lows.] (Min.) Native hydrous carbonate of copper. 

MaTa-Coro-gy (-kol'o-jy)i n. [Gr. na\aic6s soft -f- 
-logy.~\ Science of the structure and habits of mollusks. 

Mal admin is-tra'tion (-M-min'is-tra'shun), n. Bad 
administration ; bad management of affairs. 

MaTa-droit' (mSl'a-droit'), a. [F.] Not adroit; 
clumsy; awkward; unskillful. — Mal'a-droitly, adv. — 
Mal a-droit'ness. n. 

Mal'a-dy (mal'a-dy), n. [F. maladie, fr. rnalade ill, 
sick, OF. also, malabde, fr. L. male habitus, i. e., ill- 
kept, not in good condition. See Malice ; Habit.] 1. 
Any disease of the body ; esp. , a lingering or deep-seated 
disorder. 2. A moral or mental defect or disorder. 

Syn. — Disorder ; distemper; sickness; ailment; dis- 
ease ; illness. See Disease. 

I! Malaise' (vak'ltz'), n. [F., fr. mal ill + aise ease.] 
(Med.) An indefinite feeling of uneasiness, or sickness. 

Mal'an-ders (niai'an-derz), n. pi. [F. malandres, fr. 
L. malandria pustules on the neck.] (Far.) A scurfy 
eruption in the bend of the knee of the fore leg of a horse. 

Mal'a-pert (-a-pert), a. [OF. malapert unskillful, 
| ill-bred ; mal ill -f- apert open, adroit, intelligent, L. 
apertus, p. p. of aperire to open.] Bold ; forward ; im- 
pudent ; saucy ; pert. — n. A malapert person. — Mal'* 
a-pertly, adv. — Mal'a-pert ness, n. 

Mal-ap'ro-pOS' (niSl-ap'ro-po 7 ), a. & adv. [F. mal a 
propos ; mal evil -j- a propos to the purpose.] Unsea- 
sonable or unseasonably ; unsuitable or unsuitably. 

Malar (ma'ler), a. [L. mala cheek.] (Anat.) Of or 
pert, to, or designating, the cheek bone ; jugal. 

Ma-la'rl-a (ma-la'rt-a), n. [It., contr. fr. mala aria 
bad air.] 1. Air infected with some noxious substance 
capable of engendering disease; esp., an unhealthy ex- 
halation from the soil, producing fevers; miasma, 2. 
(Med.) A morbid condition produced by exhalations 
from decaying vegetable matter in contact with moisture, 
giving rise to fever and ague, and other symptoms. 

Ma-la'ri-al (-al), Ma-la'ri-an (-an), Ma-la'ri-ous 
(-us), a. Of or pertaining to, or infected by, malaria. 

MaTas-sim i-la'tion (mSl'Ss-sim/i-la'shun)^. (Phys- 
iol. ) Imperfect assimilation. 

Mal-con for-ma'tion (mal-kon/for-ma'shun), n. Im- 
perfect, disproportionate, or abnormal formation. 

Mal'con-tenr (mSl'kon-tent / ), a. [F., fr. mal ill -f- 
content content.] Discontented; esp., dissatisfied with 
the government. — n. One who is malcontent. 

Mal'con-tent'ed (mal'kon-tent'ed), a. Malcontent. 

Male- (mal- or mSl-e-). See Mal-. 

Male (mal), a. [F. male, OF. masle, mascle, fr. L. 
masculus male, masculine, dim. of mas a male.] 1. Of 
or pertaining to the sex that begets or procreates young ; 
not female. 2. (Bot.) Capable of producing fertiliza- 
tion, but not of bearing fruit. 3. Consisting of males. 
4. {Mech.) Adapted to enter and fit another correspond- 
ing piece (the female piece) which is hollow. 

Male rhyme, a rhyme in which only the last syllables 
agree, as laid, afraid, dismayed. 

Male, n. A male animal or plant. 

Mal e-dic'tion (mSFe-dik'shun), n. [L. maledictio, 
fr. maledictus, p. p. of maUdicere to speak ill ; male 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, £vent, Idea, Sbey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



MALEFACTOR 



509 



MAMMIFORM 



ill -\-dicere to say, speak.] A proclaiming of evil against 
some one ; a cursing ; a curse or execration. 

Syn. — Cursing ; curse; execration; imprecation; de- 
nunciation ; anathema. — Malediction is the most general 
term, denoting bitter reproach, or wishes and predictions 
of evil. Curse implies the desire or threat of evil de- 
clared upon oath, or in the most solemn manner. Impre- 
cation is literally the praying down of evil upon a person. 
Execration is literally a putting under the ban of excom- 
munication. In ordinary usage, the last three words 
describe profane swearing, execration being the strongest. 

Mal'e-fac'tor (mai'e-fSk'ter), n. [L., fr. malefacere 
to do evil ; male ill -\-facere to do.] An evil doer. 

Syn. — Evil doer ; criminal ; culprit ; felon ; convict. 

Mai e-fac'tress (-trSs), n. A female malefactor. 

Ma-lev'o-lence (ma-leVo-lens), n. Quality or state 
of being malevolent ; ill will. 

Ma-lev'O-lent (-lent), a. [L. malevolens, -entis ; male 
ill -f- volens, p. pr. of velle to be disposed, to wish.] 
Wishing evil ; disposed to injure others ; rejoicing in an- 
other's misfortune. — Ma-lev'o-lent-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Ill-disposed ; envious ; mischievous ; malicious ; 
evil-minded ; spiteful ; malignant ; rancorous. 

Mal-fea'sance (m51-fe'zans), n. [F. malfaisance, fr. 
malfaisant injurious, doing ill ; mal ill, evil -j- faisant 
doing, p. pr. of /aire to do.] (Laiv) The doing of an 
act which a person ought not to do ; an illegal deed. 

Mal f or-ma'tion (mal'for-ma'shun), n. Ill formation ; 
abnormal or wrong structure. 

Malic (ma'lik), a. [L. malum an apple.] (Chem.) 
Pertaining to, or obtained from, apples ; as, malic acid. 

Mal'ice (mXl'Ts), n. [F., fr. L. malitia, fr. mains bad, 
ill, evil.] 1. Enmity of heart ; a spirit delighting in 
harm or misfortune to another ; malignant design of evil. 
2. {Law) Any wicked or mischievous intention ; wanton 
disregard of the rights or safety of others ; willfulness. 

Syn. — Spite ; ill will ; malevolence ; grudge ; pique ; 
bitterness; animosity; malignity; maliciousness; ran- 
cor ; virulence. See Spite. — Malice is a stronger word 
than malevolence, which may imply only a desire that 
evil may befall another, while malice desires, and per- 
haps intends, to bring it about. Malignity is intense and 
deep-seated malice. 

Ma-li'cious (rna-lish'us), a. 1. Indulging or exerci- 
sing malice ; harboring ill will or enmity. 2. Proceeding 
from hatred or ill will; dictated by malice. 3. {Law) 
Wrongful and done intentionally without just cause or 
excuse. — Ma-li'cious-ly , adv. — Ma-li'cious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Mischievous ; envious ; malevolent ; invidious ; 
bitter; malignant; rancorous; malign. 

Malign' (ma-lin'), a. [L. malignus, for maligenus, 
i. e., of a bad nature ; malus bad -j- root of genus kind.] 

1. Having an evil disposition toward others ; malevolent ; 
malicious. 2. Unfavorable ; unpropitious ; pernicious. 

Malign', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maligned (-Hnd') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Maligning.] To speak great evil of; to 
traduce ; to defame ; to slander ; to vilify ; to asperse. 

Ma-lig'nance (nia-IIg'nans), I n. State or quality of 

Ma-lig'nan-ey (-nan-sy), J being malignant ; ma- 
lignity ; malice. 

Ma-lig'nant (-nant), a. [L. malignans, -antis, p. pr. 
of malignare, malignari, to do or make maliciously. 
See Malign.] 1. Actuated by extreme malevolence or 
enmity ; virulently inimical ; bent on evil ; malicious. 

2. Characterized or caused by evil intentions ; perni- 
cious. 3. (Med. ) Tending to produce death ; virulent. 
— Ma-lig'nant-ly, adv. 

Ma-lign'er (■ma-lin'er), n. One who maligns. 

Ma-lig'ni-ty (-lig'nT-ty), n. 1. State or quality of be- 
ing malignant ; malignancy. 2. Virulence ; deadly quality. 

Syn. — See Malice. 

Ma-lign'ly (ma-linly^), adv. In a malign manner. 

Ma-lin'ger (ma-lin'ger), v. i. To act the part of a 
malingerer ; to feign illness or inability. 

Ma-lin'ger-er (-er), n. [F. malingre sickly, prob. fr. 
mal ill -f- OF. heingre, haingre, thin, infirm, fr. L. aeger.] 
One who feigns, induces, or protracts illness in order to 
avoid doing his duty. [gerer. I 

Ma-lin'ger- y (-J), n. Spirit or practices of a malin- 1 

Mal'i-SOn (mal'T-z'n), n. [OF. maleicon, L. male- 
dictio. See Malediction.] Malediction. [Poetic] 

Mal'kin (ma'kin). n. [Dim. of Maud, the proper 
name.] 1. Orig., a kitchenmaid; a slattern. 2. A mop 
made of clouts. 3. {Mil.) A mop or sponge attached to 
a jointed staff for swabbing out a cannon. 

Mall (mal), n. [F. mail, L. malleus.] 1. A large 
wooden beetle ; a maul. 2. An old game. See Pall-mall. 

3. (m51) A public walk ; a level shaded walk. 

Mall (mal), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malled (maid) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Malling.] To beat with a mall ; to maul. 



Mal'lard (mXl'lerd), n. [F. malart, fr. male male -f- 
-art = -ard. See Male, a., and -abd.] 1. (Zo'dl.) A 
drake. 2. (Zo'dl.) A large wild duck, from which the 
domestic duck has descended. 

Mal'le-a-ble (-le-a-b'l), a. [F. malleable, fr. LL. mal- 
lear e to hammer.] Capable of being extended or shaped 
by beating with a hammer, or by the pressure of rollers. 
-Mal'le-a-bil'1-ty (-MlT-ty), Malle-a ble-ness, n. 

Malleable Iron, iron that is capable of extension or of 
being shaped under the hammer ; decarbonized cast iron. 

Mal'le-ate (-at), v. t. [L. malleatus hammered, fr. 
malleus hammer.] To hammer ; to beat thin. 

Mal'let (mal'lgt), n. [F. maillet, dim. of mail. See 
Mall a beetle.] A small maul with a short handle. 

HMal'le-UB (mal'le-Gs), n. ; pi. Mallei (-i). [L., 
hammer.] (Anat.) The outermost of the three small 
auditory bones, or ossicles. [See Illusl. of Eae.] 

Mallow (m51'16), \ n. [AS. mealwe, fr. L. malva, 

MallOWS (-loz), ] akin to Gr. /u.aAt£ x iJ.] (Bot.) A 
genus of plants (Malva) having mucilaginous qualities. 

Mal'ma (mSl'ma), n. (Zo'dl.) A spotted trout inhab- 
iting Northern America, west of the Rocky Mountains. 

Malm'sey (mam'zy), n. [F. malvoisie, It. malvasia, 
malvagia, fr. Malvasia, or Napoli di 3Ialvusia, in the 
Morea.] A kind of sweet wine. 

Mal-0'dor (mSl-o'der), n. An offensive odor. 

Mal-O'dor-OUS (-us), a. Offensive to the sense of 
smell; ill-smelling. — Mal-0'dor-OUS-ness, n. 

Mal-pi'ghi-a'ceous (-pi'gi-a'shus), a. (Bot. ) Of, pert, 
to, or resembling, a natural order of tropical trees and 
shrubs (Malpighiacese), some of them climbing plants. 

Mal-prac'tice (m51-pr2k'tis), n. [Mal- + practice.] 
Evil practice ; illegal or immoral conduct ; specif ., wrong 
or unprofessional treatment by a physician. 

Malt (malt), n. [AS. mealt; akin to G. malz, and E. 
melt.] Barley or other grain, steeped and dried in a 
kiln, thus forcing germination until the saccharine prin- 
ciple has been evolved. 

Malt, v. t. & i. To make or turn into malt. 

Mal-thu'sian (inal-thu'zhan), a. Of or pertaining to 
the political economist, the Rev. T. R. Malthus, or con- 
forming to his views, — n. A follower of Malthus. 

JS3T' Malthus held that population tends to increase 
faster than its means of subsistence can be made to do, 
and hence that the lower classes must necessarily suffer 
more or less from lack of food, unless an increase of pop- 
ulation be checked by prudential restraint or otherwise. 

Malt'man (-man), n. A man whose occupation is to 
make malt. [to treat roughly. I 

Maltreat' (mSl-tref), v. t. To treat ill ; to abuse ; | 

Mal-treat'ment (-ment), n. Ill treatment ; abuse. 

Malt'ster (malt'ster), n. A maltman. 

Mal-va'ceotlS (mal-va'shus), a. [L. malvaceus, fr. 
malva mallows.] (Bot.) Pert, to, or like, a natural order 
of plants (3falvacese), of which the mallow is the type, 
and including the cotton plant and hollyhock. 

Mal'ver-sa'tion (rnSFver-sa'shun), n. [F., fr. mal- 
verser to be corrupt in office, fr. L. male ill + versari to 
occupy one's self, vertere to turn.] Evil conduct ; fraud- 
ulent practices ; corruption in office. 

Mam (mam), n. An abbreviation of Mamma. 

Ma-ma' (ma-ma' or ma'ma), n. See Mamma. 

Mam'a-luke (m3m'a-luk), n. Same as Mameluke. 

Mam'e-luke (-e-luk), n. [F. mamelouk, fr. Ar. mam- 
luk a purchased slave or captive ; lit., possessed.] One of a 
body of mounted soldiers in Egypt, recruited from slaves 
converted to Mohammedanism, — suppressed in 1811. 

Mam-ma' (ma-ma' or ma'ma), n. [From the infan- 
tine word ?«a.] Mother ; — a word of tenderness and 
familiarity. 

Mam'ma (rnam'ma), n. ; pi. -JdJE (-me). [L.] (A7iat.) 
A glandular organ for secreting milk ; breast ; udder ; bag. 

Mam'mal (-mal), n. [L. mammaHs belonging to the 
mamma breast.] (Zo'dl.) One of the Mammalia. 

II Mam-ma'li-a (niain-ina'li-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. L. 
mammalis.] (Zo'dl.) The highest class of Vertebrata. 
The young are nourished for a time by milk, or an anal- 
ogous fluid, secreted by the mother. [or mammals. I 

Mam-ma'li-an (-an), a. Of or pert, to the Mammalia | 

Mam-mal'O-gy (-m31'o-jy), n- [Mamma breast + 
-logy.] The science which relates to mammals. 

Mam'ma-ry (mSm'ma-rj?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertain- 
ing to the mammse or breasts. 

Mam'mi-fer (-ml-fer), n. (Zo'dl.) A mammal. 

Mam-mil'er-OUS (m5m-mTfer-Qs), a. [2d mamuia + 
-ferous.] Having breasts ; of or pert, to the Mammalia. 

Mam'mi-form (mSm'mi-f6rm), a. [Mamma breast 
-{- -form.] Having the form of a breast or breasts. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



MAMMILLARY 



510 



MANE 



) 



Mam'miMa ry ^nam'mTl-lS-ry). <*. Of, pertaining 
or roaeinbliug, the breast or the nipple. 

(mln/mtin), n. [L. mammona, Gr. /ua/u- 

ruhes, Syr. vuunoiid.'] Riches; wealth; the god 

> lu's. personifiea. 

M.im mon-ist (-1st), I n. One devoted to the acquisi- 

Mam'mon-ite (,-it). I tion of wealth or the service 

Of M.unmon. 

Mam-mose' (.uiam-mos'). <'• [li.maminosus.'] {Bot.) 

: the form of the breast ; mammiform. 

Mam'moth vmain'niSth), /). [Russ. mamont, ma- 

. Tartar mamma the earth. Certain Tartar 

iieved that the mammoth worked its way in the 

earth like a mole.] (Zool.) An extinct, hairy elephant, 

of enormous size, remains ot which are found in the 

northern parts of the Old and the New Worlds. 




720 



ill 



! 



Restoration of Mammoth (Elcjihas primigenius). 

Mam'moth (mam'ni5th), a. Resembling the mam- 
moth in size ; very large ; gigantic. 

Man (man), n.; pi. Men (men). [AS. mann, man, 
monn, mon ; akin to G. mann, Skr. manu, manus.~\ 1. A 
human being ; — opposed to beast. 2. Esp. : An adult 
male person. 3. The human race ; mankind. 4. The 
male portion of the human race. 5. One having in a 
high degree the distinctive qualities of manhood. 6. An 
adult male servant ; also, vassal ; subject. 7. A term of 
familiar address. 8. Married man ; husband. 9. One, or 
any one, indefinitely. 10. One of the pieces with which 
certain games, as chess or draughts, are played. 

Man at arms, a former designation for a soldier fully 
armed. — Man of straw, a puppet ; one who is controlled 
by others ; also, one who is not responsible pecuniarily. 

Man (uian), v. t. \_imp. & p. p. Manned (mand) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Manning.] 1. To supply or equip with 
men. 2. To prepare for efficiency ; to fortify. 3. To 
tame ; to domesticate. \_Obs.~} 

Man'a-cle (man'a-k'l), n. [OF. manicle, deriv. of L. 
manus hand.] A handcuff; a shackle for the hand or 
wrist : — usually in the pi. 

Man'a-cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manacled (-k'ld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Manacling (-kling).] To put handcuffs 
upon ; to restrain with, or as with, shackles. 

Man 'age (man'aj), n. [F. manege, It. maneggio, fr. 
maneggiare to manage, fr. L. manus hand.] A handling or 
management, esp. of a horse. \_Obs.~\ 

Man'age (mah'aj), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Managed 
(-ajd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Managing (-a-jing).] 1. To have 
under control and direction ; to conduct ; to treat ; to 
handle. 2. Hence : Esp., to guide by careful or delicate 
treatment ; to make subservient by artful conduct. 3. 
To train in the manege, as a horse. 4. To treat with 
care ; to husband. 5. To bring about ; to contrive. 

Syn. — To direct ; govern ; control ; wield ; order ; 
contrive ; concert ; conduct ; transact. 

Man'age, V. i. To direct affairs or business. 

Man'age-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Such as can be managed ; 
governable ; tractable. — Man age a-bil'1-ty (-b!l'i-t£), 
Man'age-a-ble-ness, n. — Man'age-a-bly , adv. 

Man'age-ment, n. 1. Act or art of managing ; man- 
ner of treating, directing, or using, for a purpose. 2. Busi- 
ness dealing ; negotiation. 3. Judicious use of means to 
accomplish an end ; cunning practice ; — often in a bad 
sense. 4. Managers ; directors ; board of managers, as 
of a corporation or association. 

Syn. — Conduct ; administration ; government ; direc- 
tion ; guidance ; care ; charge ; contrivance ; intrigue. 

Man'a-ger f-a-jer), n. One who manages. 

Man'a-kln f-u-kin), n. [Prob. native name.] {Zool.) 
Any one of numerous small birds, mostly natives of Cen- 
tral and South America. 

Man'a-kln, n. A dwarf. See Manikin. 

Man'a-tee' (mSn'M&), n. [Sp. manati, from the na- 



tive name in Haiti.] {Zool.) Any one of a genus of 
large, aquatic, her- 
bivorous animals. 




American Manatee (Trichechus Americanus). 

Man'chet (nian'ch5t), n. Fine white bread. [Archaic] 

Man chi-neel' (man'chT-nel'), n. [Sp. manzanillo, 
fr. manzana an apple, fr. L. malum Matianum a kind of 
apple.] {Bot.) A euphorbiaceous tree of tropical Amer- 
ica, having a poisonous, apple-like fruit. 

Man'cl-ple (man'sl-p'l), n. [From OF. mancipe 
slave, servant (with I inserted, as in participle), fr. L. 
mancipium. See Emancipate.] A steward ; a purvey- 
or, particularly of a college or Inn of Court. 

-man'cy (-mSn'sy). [Gt. fjiavreCa divination.] A com- 
bining form denoting divination; as, aleuromancy, chiro- 
mancy, necromancy, etc. 

I! Man-da'mus (rnan-da'mus), n. [L., we command, 
fr. mandare to command.] {Law) A writ issued by a 
superior court and directed to some inferior tribunal, or 
to some corporation or person exercising authority, com- 
manding the performance of some specified duty. 

Man aa-rin' (man'da-ren'), n. [Pg. mandarim, from 
Malay mantrl minister of state, prop, a Hind, word, fr. 
Skr. mantrin a counselor, mantra a counsel, man to 
think.] 1. A Chinese public officer or nobleman ; a civil 
or military official in China and Annam. 2. {Bot.) A 
small kind of orange, with easily separable rind. 

Man'da-ta-ry (man'da-ta-r^), n. 1. One to whom a 
mandate has been given or granted. 2. {Law) A species 
of gratuitous bailment. 

Man'date (mSn'dat), n. [L. mandatum,ix. mandare 
to commit to one's charge, order, orig., to put into one's 
hand ; manus hand + dare to give.] 1. An official or 
authoritative command; a commission. 2. {Canon 
Law) A rescript of the pope, requiring the installation of 
a person therein named in a benefice. 

Man'da-tO-ry (man'da-to-ry), a. Containing a com- 
mand; preceptive; directory. 

Man'da-tO-ry, n. Same as Mandatary. 

Man'di-ble (-di-b'l), n. [L. mandibula, mandibulum^ 
fr. mandere to chew.] 1. {Anat.) {a) The bone, or 
principal bone, of the lower jaw. {b) Either the upper 
or the lower jaw in the beak of birds. 2. {Zool.) The 
anterior pair of mouth organs of insects, crustaceans, and 
related animals. [See Illust. of Mosquito.] 

Man-dib'u-lar (man-dib'u-ler), a. Of or pertaining 
to a mandible ; like a mandible. — n. The mandible. 

Man'do-lin \ (man'do-lin), n. [F. mandoline, through 

Man'do-line ) It. fr. L. 
pandura. See Bandore.] 
{Mus.) A small instrument 
resembling the lute. 

Man'drake (man'drak), 
n. [AS. mandragora, L. 
mandragoras, fr. Gr. /u.av- 
6>aydpas.] {Bot.) 1. Alow 
plant of the Nightshade 
family, having a fleshy 
root, often forked, and fan- 
cifully likened to a man. 
2. The May apple. \U. S.~\ 

^T* The mandrake of 
the Bible is unidentified. 

Man'drel (man'drgl), n. 
[F. mandrin, prob. deriv. 
of L. mamphur a bow drill.] 
inserted in the work to 
shape it, or to hold it, 
as in a lathe, (o) The 
live spindle of a turn- 
ing lathe ; the revolving 
arbor of a circular saw. 

Man'drlll (-dril), n. 
{Zool.) A large West Af- 
rican baboon {Cynoceph- 
alus, orPapio, mormon). 

Mane (man), n. [AS. 
manu ; akin to G. mdhne, 
AS. mene necklace, Gr. 
fxai/o?, n&wos, Skr. 




Root and Branch of Mandrake. 
{Mach.) {a) A bar of metal 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, J, 6, u, y, short ; MnSte, gvent, Idea, 6bey, Unite, c£xe, arm, ask, all, final. 



MANEGE 



511 



MANIPULATION 



manya neck muscles.] The long hair growing on the neck 
of some quadrupeds, as the horse. 

Ma-nege' (ma-nazh'), n. [F. manege. See Manage, 
n.] 1. Art of horsemanship, or of training horses. 2. 
A school for horsemanship, and for training horses. 

li Ma'nes (ma'nez), n. pi. [L.] {Rom. Antiq.) The 
benevolent spirits of the dead, esp. of dead ancestors, 
regarded as family deities and protectors. 

Ma-neu'ver ) (ina-noo'ver), n. [F. manoeuvre, OF. 

Ma-nceu'vre I manuevre, LL. manopera, lit., hand 
work ; L. manus hand + opera, fr. opus work.] 1. 
Management; dexterous movement; specif., a military 
or naval evolution. 2. Adroit proceeding ; stratagem. 

Ma-neu'ver, ) v. i. [imp. & p. p. Maneuvered 

Ma-n<BU'vre, J (-verd), or Manoeuvred ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. Maneuvering (-ver-Tng), or Manoeuvring (-vring).] 
1. To perform a movement or movements in military or 
naval tactics. 2. To manage adroitly ; to scheme. 

Ma-neu'ver, ) v. t. To change the positions of, as of 

Ma-noeu'vre, ) troops or ships. 

S!"°i U '^w K gr ; gr )' \ n. One who maneuvers. 

Ma-nceu'vrer (-vrer), ) 

Man'ful (man'ful), or. Showing manliness, or manly 
spirit ; hence, brave ; courageous ; resolute ; noble. — 
Man'ful-ly, adv. — Man'ful-ness, n. 

Man'ga-nese' (naan'ga-nes'), n. [F. manganese, It. 
manganese ; prob. corrupted fr. L. magnes, because of 
its resemblance to the magnet. See Magnet.] (Chem.) 
A hard, grayish white metal obtained by reduction of its 
oxide. It fuses with difficulty, but is easily oxidized. 

Man-gan/ic (inan-gan'Tk), a. {Chem.) Of, pertain- 
ing to, resembling, or containing, manganese, esp. in its 
highest valence. See -ic. 

Mange (manj), n. [See Mangy.] {Vet.) The scab or 
itch in cattle, dogs, and other beasts. 

Man'gel-WUr'zel (man'g'l-wftr'z'l), n. [G., cor- 
rupted fr. mangoldwurzel ; mangoldbeet-{-tvurzel root.] 
{Bot.) A kind of large field beet, used as food for cattle. 

Man'ger (man'jer), n. [F. mangeoire, fr. manger to 
eat, fr. L. manducare, fr. mandere to chew.] 1. A 
trough or open box for fodder. 2. {Naut.) The fore 
part of the deck, having a bulkhead athwart ships to 
keep back water which enters the hawse holes. 

Man'gi-ly (-ji-ly), adv. In a mangy manner ; scabbily. 

Man'gi-ness, n. State or quality of being mangy. 

Man'gle (rnSn'g'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mangled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. &"v6. n. Mangling (-glTng).] [Freq. fr. 
OE. manken to maim, AS. mancian, in bemancian to mu- 
tilate, fr. L. mancus maimed.] 1. To cut or bruise with 
repeated blows or strokes ; to lacerate ; to mutilate. 2. 
To mutilate or injure in making, doing, or performing. 

Man'gle, n. [D. mangel, f r. OF. mangonel a machine 
for throwing stones, LL. manganum, Gr. /xdyyapov a 
military engine, axis of a pulley. ] A machine for smooth- 
ing sheets, tablecloths, clothing, etc., by roller pressure. 

Man'gle, v. t. To smooth with a mangle. 

Man'gler (-gler), n. One who mangles. 

Man'gO (man/go), n. ; pi. Mangoes (-goz). [Pg. 
manga, fr. Tamil mankay.~\ 1. The fruit of an East 
Indian tree related to the cashew. 2. A green musk- 
melon stuffed and pickled. 

Man'go-nel (man'go-nSl), ». [OF. See Mangle, ra.] A 
disused military engine for throwing stones and javelins. 

Man'gO-nize (-niz), v. t. [L. mangonizare, fr. mango 
slave dealer.] To furbish up ; to trick out. [R.~\ 

Man'gO-Steen (-sten), ) n. [Malay mangusta, man- 

Man'gO-Stan (-stan), J gis.~\ {Bot.) A tree of the 
East Indies which bears a delicious fruit also called 
mangosteen, of the size of a small apple. 

Man'grove (nian'grov), n. [Malay manggimanggi.'] 
{Bot.) A tree inhabiting muddy 
shores of tropical regions, and 
spreading by sending down 
aerial roots, which eventually 
become new stems. 

Man'gy (man'jyj, a. [Corn- 
par. Mangier (-ji-er) ; superl. 
Mangiest.] [F. mange, p. p. 
of manger to eat. See Man- 
ger.] Infected with the 
mange ; scabby. 

Man-ha'den (mSn-ha'd'n), 
n. See Menhaden. 

Man'hole' (man'hol'), n. Common Mangrove (Rhi- 
A hole through which a man 
may descend or creep, as into 
a drain, sewer, etc. 

Man'hood (-hood), n. 1. State of being man as a 




zophora Mangle), with 
aerial roots descending 
from trunk and branchei 



human being, or a man as distinguished from a child or 
a woman. 2. Manly quality ; courage ; resolution. 

Ma'ni-a (ma'nl-a), n. [L. mania, Gr. navia, fr. /xat- 
veaOai to rage.] 1. Violent derangement of mind ; in- 
sanity. 2. Excessive or unreasonable desire. 

Syn. — Insanity ; derangement ; madness ; lunacy ; 
alienation ; aberration ; delirium ; frenzy. See Insanity. 

Ma'nl-ac (ma'nT-Sk),a. [V.maniaque. See Mania.] 
Raving with madness ; affected with mania ; insane. 

Ma'ni-ac (ma'nl-a'k), n. A raving lunatic ; a madman. 

Ma-ni'a-cal (ma-qi'a-kal), a. Affected with, or char- 
acterized by, madness ; maniac. — Ma-nl'a-cal-ly, adv. 

Man'i-chae'an (maVT-ke'an), Man i-che'an, Man'l- 
Chee (m5n'T-ke), n. A believer in the doctrines of Manes, 
a Persian (third century a. d.), who taught that Light 
is the source of Good, and Darkness the source of Evil. 

Man i-chae'aii, Man'i-Che'an (-ke'an), a. Of or per- 
taining to the Manichaeans. 

Man'i-chae-ism, Man'i-che-ism (manl-ke-Tz'm), n. 
The doctrines of the Manichaeans. 

Man'i-cnre (man'T-kur), n. [F., fr. L. manus hand 
-j- curare to cure.] A person who makes a business of 
taking care of people's hands, especially their nails. 

Man'i-fest (man'T-fSst), a. [F. manifeste, L. mani- 
fests, lit., struck by the hand, hence, palpable ; manus 
hand + fender e (in comp.) to strike.] Evident to the 
senses, esp. to the sight ; apparent ; hence, apparent to 
the mind ; plain ; palpable. 

Syn. — Open; clear; apparent; evident; visible; con- 
spicuous ; plain ; obvious. — What is clear can be seen in 
all its bearings ; what is plain can be seen readily ; what 
is obvious lies directly in our way, and necessarily arrests 
our attention ; what is evident is seen so clearly as to re- 
move doubt ; what is manifest is very distinctly evident. 

Man'i-fest, n. A list or invoice of a ship's cargo to 
be exhibited at the customhouse. 

Man'i-fest, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Manifested (-fest-ed) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Manifesting.] 1. To show plainly, 
either to the eye, or commonly to the mind. 2. To ex- 
hibit the manifests of ; to declare at the customhouse. 

Syn. — To reveal ; declare ; evince ; make known ; 
disclose ; discover ; display. 

Man i-fes-ta'tion (-fes-ta'shun), n. Act of manifest- 
ing or disclosing, or state of being manifested ; also, that 
which manifests ; exhibition ; revelation. 

Man'i-fest-ly (-fest-ly), adv. In a manifest manner. 

Man'i-fest-ness, n. Quality of being manifest. 

Man i-fes'to (man'T-fes'to), n. ;pl. Manifestoes (-toz). 
[It. manifesto. See Manifest, n. & a.] A public dec- 
laration, usually of a prince or sovereign, showing his 
intentions, or proclaiming his opinions and motives. 

Man'i-fold (-fold), a. [AS. manigfeald. See Many ; 
Fold.] 1. Various in kind or quality ; many in number ; 
multiplied. 2. Exhibited at divers times or in various 
ways. — Man'i-fold'ly, adv. — Man'i-fold'ness, n. 

Manifold writing, a process by which several copies are 
simultaneously made. 

Man'i-fold, v. t. To take copies of by the process of 
manifold writing. [Shaped like the hand. I 

Man'i-form (-fSrm), a. [L. manus hand -|- -form.'] \ 

Man'i-kin (-kin), n. [OD. manneken. See Man, and 
-kin.] 1. A little man; dwarf; pygmy. 2. A model of 
the human body, commonly in detachable pieces. 

Ma-nil' a (ma-nil'a), a. Same as Manilla. 

Ma-nil'la (ma-mlla), Ma-nil'a, a. Of or pertaining 
to Manilla or Manila, capital of the Philippine Islands. 

Manilla hemp, a fibrous material obtained from an East 
Indian plant allied to the banana. — Manilla paper, a du- 
rable brown or buff paper made of Manilla hemp. 

Ma'ni-OC (ma'ni-ok), n. [Pg. mandioca, fr. Braz.] 
{Bot.) The tropical plants from which cassava and tapioca 
are prepared ; also, cassava. 

Man'i-ple (man'T-p'l), n. [L. manipulus, maniplus, 
a handful, a certain number of soldiers ; manus hand -j- 
root of plere to fill, plenus full.] 1. A handful. [i2.] 
2. A division of the Roman army numbering sixty men 
exclusive of officers; a company. 3. Orig., a napkin; 
later, an ornamental band or scarf worn upon the left 
arm of a priest in the Roman Catholic Church. 

Ma-nip'U-lar (ma-nTp'u-ler), a. 1. Of or pertaining 
to the maniple, or company. 2. Manipulatory. 

Ma-nip'u-late (-lat), v. t. & i. ^imp. Sz p. p. Manip- 
ulated (-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Manipulating (-la'- 
ting).] [LL. manipulare, p. p. -atus, to lead by hand, fr. 
L. 77ianipulus. SeeMAND?LE.] 1. To treat, work, or oper- 
ate with the hands, esp. with skill ; to handle. 2. To con- 
trol or manage ; also, to manage artfully or fraudulently. 

Ma-nip u-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. Act or process of 
manipulating, or state of being manipulated. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



MANIPULATOR 



512 



MANUSCRIPT 



) 
> 



Ma-nip'U-la tor (uia-nTp'u-la'ter), n. One who ma- 

Man'l-to(man'l-to).Man'i-tou (-too).Man'i-tu (-too), 
it, whether pood or evil ; — a name among 
BOOM tribes of American Indians. 

Han kind' (mln kind'), n. 1. The human race ; man. 
2 Man, a* distinguished from woman. 

Man'ly. «. [wmjpor. Manlier (-lT-er) ; super!. Man- 
liest.] Having qualities becoming to a man ; not child- 
ish or womanish ; brave : resolute. — Man'li ness, 7i. 

s>n. Bold; daring; valorous; courageous; un- 
daunted : hardy ; dignified. 

Man'ly, oxf*. In a manly manner. 

Man'na (mXn'na), n. [L., fr. Gr. ixdwa, Heb. man.] 

1. (Script.) The food supplied to the Israelites in their 
journey through the wilderness of Arabia ; hence, divinely 
supplied food. 2. (Bot.) Any of certain edible lichens 
of Arabia and Africa. 3. (Bot. & Med.) A sweetish, lax- 
ative exudation from several trees and shrubs. 

Man'ner (-ner), n. [F. maniere, fr. OF. manier, adj., 
manual, skillful, handy, deriv. of L. manus hand.] 1. 
Mode of action ; way of performing or effecting anything. 

2. Characteristic mode of acting, carrying one's self, etc. 
Specif. : (a) Customary method of acting ; habit. (b)pl. 
Carriage ; behavior ; also, becoming behavior, (c) Style 
of writing or thought ; artistic peculiarity. 3. Certain 
degree or measure. 4. Sort ; kind ; style. 

To make one's manners, to make a courtesy ; to salute. 

Syn. — Mode; custom; habit; deportment ; fashion ; 
air ; look ; mien ; aspect ; appearance. See Method. 

Man'nered (-nerd), a. 1. Having a certain way, esp. 
a polite way, of behaving. 2. Affected with mannerism. 

Man'ner-ism (-ner-Tz'ni), n. A characteristic mode 
or manner carried to excess, esp. in literature or art. 

Man'ner-ist, n. One addicted to mannerism. 

Man'ner-ly, a. Showing good manners; civil; re- 
spectful ; complaisant. — Man'ner-li-ness. n. 

Man'ner-ly, adv. With good manners. 

Man'nlsh (-nish), a. [Man -f -ish.~\ 1. Resembling 
a human being in form or nature ; human. 2. Manlike ; 
masculine. — Man'nish-ly. adv. — Man'nish-ness, n. 

Ma-n<BU'vre (ma-noo'ver), n. & v. See Maneuver. 

Man'-of-war' (man'ov-war'), n. ; pi. Men-of-war. 
A government vessel employed for the purposes of war, 
esp. one of large size ; a ship of war. 

Man-of-war bird (Zodl.), the frigate bird ; also applied to 
the skua gulls, and to the wandering albatross. 

Ma-nom'e-ter (ma-n5m'e-ter), n. [Gr. /u.avds thin, 
rare -f" -meter.] An instrument for measuring the ten- 
sion or elastic force of gases, steam, etc. ; a pressure gauge. 

Man'O-met'ric (man'o-me't'rik), ) a. Of or pert, to 

Man o-met'ric-al (-ri-kal), J the manometer. 

Man'or (mSn'er), n. [OE. maner, OF. maneir habi- 
tation, village, prop, inf., to stay, dwell, fr. L. manere. 
It was the permanent residence of the lord and his ten- 
ants.] 1. (Eng. Law) The land belonging to a lord or 
nobleman. 2. (American Law) A tract of land occu- 
pied by tenants who pay a fee-farm rent to the proprietor. 

Manor house, or seat, the house belonging to a manor. 

Ma-no'ri-al (ma-no'ri-al), a. Of or pert, to a manor. 

Man'rope' (man'rop'), n. (Naut.) One of the side 
ropes to the gangway of a ship. 

Man'sard roof/ (man'sard roof). 
[From its inventor, Francois Mansard, or 
Mansart, a French architect.] (Arch.) 
A roof having on all sides two slopes, the 
lower one steeper than the upper one. 

Manse (mans), n. [LL. mansa, mansus, 
mansum, farm, fr. L. manere, mansum, 
to dwell.] 1. A dwelling house, esp. one 
with land attached. 2. A parsonage. [Scot.] 

Man'serv'ant (man'serv'ant), n. /A male servant. 

Man'sion (-shun), n. [OF. mansion, fr. L. mansio a 
staying, a habitation, fr. manere, mansum, to stay, to 
dwell ; akin to Gr. M«Veij/.] 1. Dwelling place. [Obs. or 
Archaic'] 2. The house of the lord of a manor; manor 
house ; hence : Any house of considerable size or preten- 
sion. 3. (Aslrol. ) A twelfth part of the heavens ; a house. 

Mansion house, specif., in London and some other cities, 
the Lord Mayor's official residence. 

Manslaughter (man'sla'ter), n. 1. The slaying of 
a human being ; destruction of men. 2. (Law) The un- 
lawful killing of a man, either in negligence or inciden- 
tally to the commission of some unlawful act, but without 
specific malice, or upon a sudden excitement of anger. 

Man'teau' dnaN'to' ; E. mSn'to), n. ; pi. F. Man- 
teaux (max'to'), K - Manteacs (mSn'toz). [F. See 
Mantle, n.] A woman's cloak or mantle. 

' /tel CmSn't'lj, n. [See Mantle.] (Arch.) The 




Mansard Roof. 




finish around a fireplace, covering the chimney-breast ; 
esp., a shelf above the fireplace, and its supports. 

Man'tel-et (mau'tei-St), n. [F., dim. of manteau, OF. 
mantel. See Mantle.] 1. A short cloak worn by women. 
2. (Fort.) A musket-proof shield of rope, wood, or metal 
to protect sappers, or gunners at embrasures. 

Man'tel-piece (maii't'1-pes'), n. Same as Mantel. 

Man'tel-shelf ' (-shSlf), n. The shelf of a mantel. 

Man'tel-tree' (-tre 7 ), n. (Arch.) The lintel of a fire- 
place when of wood, as frequently in early houses. 

Man-tll / la(m5u-tTl'la),7i. [Sp. See Mantle.] 1. A 
lady's light cloak or cape. .2. A kind of veil, covering 
the head and falling down upon the shoulders. 

II Man'tls (man'tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. juaim? a prophet.] 
(Zodl. ) Any one of 
numerous species 
of voracious or- 
thopterous insects 
remarkable for 
their slender gro- 
tesque forms, and 
for holding their 
stout anterior legs Mantis (^antts rehgwsa). Nat. size, 
in a manner suggesting hands folded in prayer. 

Man'tle (nian't'l), n. [OE. mantel, OF. mantel, fr. L. 
mantelhim, mantelum, a cloth, napkin, cloak, mantle; 
prob. from manus hand + root of tela cloth.] 1. A 
loose over-garment; cloak. Hence, fig., a covering or 
concealing envelope. 2. (Zodl.) (a) The external fold, 
or folds, of the soft, exterior membrane of the body of a 
mollusk. [See Illust. of Oyster.] (6) Any free, outer 
membrane, (c) The back of a bird with the folded 
wings. 3. (Arch. ) A mantel. 

Man'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mantled (-t'ld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Mantling (-tling).] To cover or envelop ; to cloak. 

Man'tle, v. i. 1. To unfold and spread out the wings, 
like a mantle ; — said of hawks. Also used figuratively. 
2. To spread out ; — said of wings. 3. To spread over 
the surface as a covering ; to overspread. 4. To gather, 
assume, or take on, a covering. [passers. [Eng.] I 

Man'trap' (mSn'trap'), n. A trap for catching tres-| 

Man'tU-a (mau'tu-a or man'tu), n. [After the Italian 
city Mantua.] A woman's mantle or gown. [Obs.] 

Man'tU-a-mak'er (-mak'er), n. One who makes 
dresses, cloaks, etc., for women ; a dressmaker. 

Man'U-al (man'u-erl), a. [F. manuel, L. manualis, 
fr. manus hand.] Of or pertaining to the hand ; done or 
made by the hand. — Man'U-al-ly, adv. 

Manual exercise (Mil.), the exercise by which soldiers 
are taught how to handle their weapons. 

Man'U-al- n. 1. A small book, such as may be carried 
in the hand, or conveniently handled; handbook. 2. 
(Mus.) A keyboard of an organ or harmonium. 3. (Mil.) 
A prescribed exercise in the handling of a weapon. 

Man'U-fac'tO-ry (-fak'to-ry), n. A building or place 
where anything is manufactured ; a factory. 

Manu-fac'ture (-tur ; 135), n. [L. manus the hand 
-\-factura a making, iv.facere to make.] Operation of 
making wares or any products by hand, by machinery, 
or by other agency ; also, anything so made. 

Man u-fac'ture. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manufactured 
(-turd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Manufacturing.] 1. To make, 
as wares, by hand, by machinery, or by other agency. 
2. To work, as raw or partly wrought materials, into 
suitable forms for use. [turing something. I 

Man u-f ac'ture, v. i. To be employed in manufac- 1 

Man u-fac'tur-er (-er), n. One who manufactures. 

Man'u-mis'sion (-mtsh'un), n. Act of manumitting. 

Manumit' (-mtf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manumitted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Manumitting.] [L. manumitlere, manu- 
missum ; manus the hand + miitere to send, to send off.] 
To release from slavery_; to liberate ; to free, as a slave. 

Ma-nur'a-ble (ma-nur'a-b'l), a. Capable of receiving 
a fertilizing substance. 

Ma-nure' (ma-nur'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manured 
(-nurd') ; p. pr. &vb. n. Manuring.] [Contr. fr. OF. ma- 
nuvrer to cultivate by manual labor. See Maneuver.] 
1. To cultivate by manual labor. [Obs.] 2. To apply 
manure to ; to enrich with a fertilizer. 

Ma-nure 7 , n. Any matter which makes land produc- 
tive ; a fertilizing substance. 

Ma-nur'er (-er), n. One who manures land. 

Man'U-SCript (mSn'u-skript), a. [L. manu scriptus. 
See Manual ; Scribe.] Written with or by the hand. 

Man'u-script, n. [LL. manuscriptum. See Manu- 
script, a.] 1. A literary or musical composition writ- 
ten with the hand. 2. Writing, as opposed to print. 
Abbrev. MS., plural MSS. 



i, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, 6vent, idea, 6bey, unite, c£re, arm, ask, all, final. 



MANY 



513 



MARINE 



Ma'ny (mgn'^), a. or pron. [More and most, which 
are used for the comparative and superlative degrees, are 
from a different root.] [OE. mani, moni, AS. manig, 
msenig, monig ; akin to D. menig, G. manch.] Consist- 
ing of a great number ; numerous ; multiplied ; not few. 

Many a, a large number taken distributively ; each one 
of many. — The many, the majority. See Many, n. 

Syn. — Frequent ; manifold ; various ; divers ; sundry. 

Ma'ny, n. 1. The populace; the common people; 
the majority of people, or of a community. 2. A large 
or considerable number. 

Ma'ny-plies (-pllz), n. [Many, adj. -j- plies, pi. of 
ply a fold.] (Anat.) The third division in the stomach 
of ruminants ; — so called from the numerous folds in its 
mucous membrane. See Ruminant. 

Man za-ni'ta (man'za-ne'ta), n. [Sp., dim. of man- 
zana an apple.] (Bot.) Any one of several shrubs of 
California, Oregon, etc., bearing clusters of red berries. 

Map (m5p), n. [From F. mappe, in mappemonde map 
of the world, fr. L. moppa napkin, signal cloth, — a 
Punic word.] 1. A representation of the surface of the 
earth, or of some portion of it ; also, such a representa- 
tion of the celestial sphere, or of some part of it. 2. 
Anything which represents graphically a succession of 
events, states, or acts ; a chart. 

Map, v. I. limp. & p. p. Mapped (mSpt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Mapping (-ping).] To represent by a map ; hence, 
fig., to sketch ; to plan. 

Ma'ple (ma'p'l), n. [AS. mapolder, mapulder, mapol ; 
akin to Icel. m'dpurr.] {Bot.) A tree of the genus Acer, 
including about fifty species. 

Mar (mar), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marred (mard) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Marring.] [AS. merran, myrran (in comp.), to 
obstruct, impede, dissipate ; akin to OHG. marrjan.] 

1. To make defective ; to do injury to, esp. by cutting 
off or defacing a part ; to damage ; to disfigure ; to de- 
face. 2. To spoil ; to ruin. [figurement. I 

Mar, n. A mark or blemish by violence ; injury ; dis- 1 

Mar'a-bOU' (maVa-bod'), n. [F.] 1. (Zobl.) A large 

stork, esp. the African species which furnishes plumes. 

2. One having five eighths negro blood. [Louisiana] 
Mar a-nath/a (mar'a-nath'a), u. [Aramaic maran 

athd.] "Our Lord cometh," — an expression used by 
St. Paul (1 Corinthians xvi. 22). This word has been 
used in anathematizing persons for great crimes. 

II Ma ra-SChi'no (ma'ra-ske'no), n. [It., fr. marasca, 
amarasca, a sour cherry, L. amarus bitter.] A liqueur 
distilled from fermented cherry juice. 

Ma-ras'milS (ma-raz'mus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. napa- 
(Tfjios, fr. napo-Lveiv to quench, as fire ; pass., to die away.] 
(Med.) A kind of consumption ; atrophy; phthisis. 

Maraud' (ma-rad'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marauded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Marauding.] [F. marauder, fr. maraud 
vagabond, OF. marault ; of uncertain origin.] To rove 
in quest of plunder ; to make an excursion for booty ; to 
plunder. — Ma-raud'er (-er), n. 

Mar'ble (mar'b'l), n. [F. marbre, L. marmor, fr. Gr. 
/xap/xapo?, fr. fiapfiatpeiv to sparkle, flash.] 1. A mas- 
sive, compact, crystalline limestone ; a variety of calcite, 
capable of being polished and used for architectural and 
ornamental purposes ; also, by extension, any of several 
other rocks of like use and appearance. 2. A thing made 
of, or resembling, marble, as a work of art. 3. A little 
ball of marble, or of some other hard substance, used as 
a plaything ; in the pi. a game played with marbles. 

Mar'ble, a. 1. Made of, or like, marble. 2. Cold ; 
hard ; unfeeling. 

Mar'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marbled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Marbling (-bling).] To stain or vein like mar- 
ble ; to variegate in color. [of marble. I 

Mar'ble-ize (-Iz), v. t. To stain or grain in imitation | 

MarTller (-bier), n. One whose business is to marble. 

Marc (mark), n. [F.] The refuse matter which re- 
mains after the pressure of fruit, particularly of grapes. 

Marc, n. [AS. marc; akin to G. mark.'] 1. A weight 
in Europe of various commodities, esp. of gold and silver. 
In France and Holland it was equal to eight ounces. 2. 
A coin formerly current in England and Scotland = (13s. 
4d.) 3. See 1st Mark, 2. 

Mar-ces'cent (mar-ses'sent), a. [L. marcescens, p. 
pr. of marcescere to wither, decay, fr. mar cere to wither.] 
(Bot.) Withering without falling off. 

March (march), n. [L. Martius mensis Mars' month, 
fr. Martius belonging to 3Iais, the god of war.] The 
third month of the year, containing thirty-one days. 

March, n. [F. marche; of German origin.] A ter- 
ritorial border or frontier ; a region adjacent to a bound- 
ary line ; a confine. 



March (march), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Marched (marcht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Marching.] [F. marcher, in OF. also, to 
tread, prob. fr. L. marcus hammer.] To move with 
regular steps, as a soldier ; to proceed in military order ; 
hence, to walk in a grave, deliberate, or stately manner. 

March, v. t. To cause to march. 

March, n. 1. A marching; a military progress. 2. 
Hence: Measured and regular advance ; steady progress. 
3. The distance passed over in marching. 4. A piece of 
music fitted to accompany the marching of troops. 

March'er (-er), n. One who marches. 

March'er, n. [See 2d March.] The lord or officer 
who defended the marches, or borders, of a territory. 

Mar'Chion-eSB (mar'shun-gs), n. [Deriv. of'LL. 
marchio marquis.] The wife or the widow of a marquis. 

March'pane (niarch'pan'), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 
A kind of sweet bread or biscuit. [Obs.] 

Mar'cid (mar'sid), a. [L. marcidus, fr. marcere to 
wither.] Pining; withered; producing emaciation. 

II Mar'di/ gras' (mar'de' gra'), n. [F., lit., fat Tues- 
day.] The last day of Carnival ; Shrove Tuesday. 

Mare (mSr), n. [AS. mere, myre, fem. of AS. mearh 
horse, akin to G. m'dhre, Ir. marc] The female of the 
horse and other equine quadrupeds. 

Mare, n. [AS. mara incubus.] (Med.) Sighing, inter- 
cepted utterance, with a sense of pressure across the chest, 
occurring during sleep ; — obsolete, except in nightmare. 

Mare'schal (mar'shal), n. [OF. mareschal. See 
Marshal.] (Mil.) A marshal. [Obs.] 

Mare's'-nest' (mSrz'ngst/), n. A supposed discovery 
which turns out to be a hoax ; something grossly absurd. 

Mare's'-tail' (-tal')i n. 1. A cirrus cloud, spreading 
out like a horse's tail, and believed to indicate rain. 
2. (Bot.) An aquatic plant of the genus Hippu- 
ris, having narrow leaves in whorls. 

Mar'ga-rin (maVga-rin), n. [So called, be- 
cause its acid crystallizes in pearly scales, from 
L. margarita a pearl.] (Physiol. Chem.) A 
fatty substance, extracted from animal fats 
and certain vegetable oils. 

Mar'gay (-ga), n. (Zool.) An American 
wild cat ranging from Mexico to Brazil. 

Marge (marj), n. [F. marge. See Margin.] 
Border ; margin ; edge ; verge. [Poetic] 

Mar 'gent (mar'jent), n. [OE. See Mar- 
gin.] A margin ; border ; brink ; edge. [Obs.] 

Mar'gln (-jin), n. [OE. margine, margent, 
L. margo, -ginis.] 1. A border ; edge ; brink; 
verge ; brim ; rim. 2. Specif. : The blank 
edge of a printed or written page. 3. (Com.) Common 
The difference between the cost and the sell- Mare's-taS 
ing price of an article. 4. Something allowed, {Hippvru 
or reserved, for contingencies. 5. (Brokerage) v " sans). 
Collateral security deposited with a broker to secure him 
from loss on contracts entered into by him on behalf of 
his principal. 

Mar'gin (mar'jTn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Margined 
(-jind) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Margining.] 1. To furnish with 
a margin. 2. To enter in the margin of a page. 

Mar'gin-al (-«1), a. Of or pertaining to a margin. 

Mar'gin-ate (-at), ) a. [L. marginatus, p. p. of 

Mar'gin-ated (-a'ted), ( marginare to margin.] Hav- 
ing a margin distinct in appearance or structure. 

Mar-go'sa (mar-go'sa), n. [Pg. amargoso bitter.] 
(Bot.) A large tree (Melia Azadirachta) of India. Its 
bark is used as a tonic. A valuable oil is expressed from 
its seeds, and a tenacious gum exudes from its trunk. 

Mar'gra-vate (rnar'gra-vat), ) n. Territory or jurisd ic- 

Mar-gra'vi-ate (-gra'vT-at), I tion of a margrave. 

Mar'grave (mar'grav), n. [G. markgraf, prop., lord 
chief justice of the march ; mark march + graf earl, 
count, lord chief justice. ] 1. Orig. , a lord of the borders 
or marches in Germany. 2. The English equivalent for 
German markgraf ; marquis. [wife of a margrave. I 

Mar'gra-Vine (-gra-ven). n. [G. markgrdfin.] The) 

Mar'gue-rite (mar'ge-ret), n. [F.. a pearl, a daisy, 
L. margarita, Gr. /uapyapin)?.] (Bot.) The daisy ; some- 
times, the ox-eye daisy and the China aster. 

Mar'i-gold (m5r'I-gold), n. [Mary + gold.] (Bot.) 
Any one of several plants with golden yellow blossoms. 

Ma-llne' (ma-ren'), a. [L. marinus, fr. mare the sea. 
See Mere a pool.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sea, or to 
navigation or naval affairs ; naval; nautical. 2. (Geol.) 
Formed by the action of the currents or waves of the sea. 

Ma-rine', n. [F. mar in a sea soldier. See Marine, 
a.] 1. A soldier serving on shipboard. 2. The sum of 
naval affairs ; naval economy ; the collective shipping of 
a country. 3. A picture representing some marine subject. 







fern, recent, drb, r^ide, full, fkm, food, friot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
33 



MARINER 



514 



MARROW 



) 



> 



Mariner {mar'T-nPrl. n. A seaman or sailor. 

Ma ri-ol'a-try (ml rt-51'a-try), n. [Gr. Mapia Mary 

ship.] The worship of the Virgin Mary. 
Mar i-O-nette' (mb I-o-nSt'), n. [F. marionnette, 
prop, i aim. of Afaric Mary. ] A puppet moved by strings. 

Marian fmbfah), ». [Of. F. marais, LL. mariscus. 
See Marsh.] Low, wot ground ; a moor. [Archaic] 

Marital imaVI-tal), a. [¥., fr. L. marilalis, fr. ?/wr<'- 
{:..< belonging to marriage, n., a husband. See Marry, 
r.] Of or pertaining to a husband. 

Marl-time (maVI-tim), a. [L. viaritimus, fr. mare 
the sea. See Mere a pool.] 1. Bordering on, or situ- 
ated near, the ocean ; connected with the sea by site, in- 
terest, or power. 2. Of or pertaining to navigation and 
naval affairs, or to shipping and commerce by sea ; marine. 

Mar jo ram (.mar'jo-rrtin), n. [OE. majoran, F. mar- 
iolaine, LL. majoraca, fr. L. amaracus, amaracum, Gr. 
oMoLpajcos, afiapaxof.] (Bot.) A genus of mintlike plants 
(Origanum). The sweet marjoram is peculiarly aromatic 
and fragrant, and much used in cookery. 

Mark (mark), n, [See 2d Marc] 1. An old weight 
and coin. See Marc. 2. A German coin and money of 
account equal to 23.8 cents of United States money. 

Mark, n. [AS. mearc ; akin to D. merk, G. marke, 
Ieel. mark.] 1. A visible sign ; esp., a line, point, stamp, 
figure, or the like, drawn or impressed ; a token ; a trace. 
2. A character (usually a cross) made as a substitute for 
a signature by one who can not write. 3. A fixed object 
serving for guidance. 4. A discoloration, scratch, scar, 
stain, etc. 5. A significative token ; symptom ; trace ; 
token ; attribute. 6. A thing aimed at ; what one seeks to 
hit or reach. 7. Preeminence ; high position ; distinction. 

Syn. — Impress ; impression ; stamp ; print ; vestige ; 
track; characteristic; evidence ; proof; badge ; indication. 

Mark, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Marked (markt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Marking.] 1. To put or make a mark upon ; to 
make recognizable by a mark. 2. To be a mark on ; to 
designate ; to indicate. 3. To keep account of ; to enu- 
merate and register. 4. To notice or observe ; to note. 

Syn. — To remark ; notice ; regard \ heed ; show ; be- 
token ; denote ; characterize ; stamp ; imprint ; impress ; 
brand. 

Mark, v. i. To take particular notice ; to observe 
critically ; to note ; to remark. 

Mark'er (inark'er), n. One who or that which marks. 

Mar'ket (market), n. [Akin to D. markt, G. markt; 
both fr. L. mercatus trade, market place, fr. mercari, 
p. p. -atus, to traffic, merx, mercis, ware, merchandise.] 

1. A meeting of people, at a stated time and place, for 
traffic by private purchase and sale, and not by auction. 

2. A public place or a large building where a market is 
held ; esp., a place where provisions are sold. 3. Oppor- 
tunity for selling ; a place where such opportunity exists. 
4. Exchange ; traffic. 5. The market price of anything. 
Hence : Value ; worth. 6. (Eng. Law) The privilege 
granted to a town of having a public market. 

Mar'ket, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marketed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Marketing.] To deal in a market. 

Mar'ket, v. I. To expose for sale in a market; to 
traffic in ; in an extended sense, to sell in any manner. 

Marliet-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Suitable or lawful to be 
aold. 2. That can be sold ; salable. 

Marl£et-er (-er), n. One who attends a market. 

Marks'man (marks'man), n. [Earlier markman ; 
mark -f- man.'] 1. One skillful to hit a mark with a mis- 
sile. 2. {Law) One who makes his mark for a signature. 

Marl (marl), v. t. [See Marlin.] (Naut.) To cover, 
as part of a rope, with marline, or a small line. 

Marl, n. [OF. marie, LL. margila, dim. of L. marga 
marl.] A mixed earthy substance consisting of car- 
bonate of lime, clay, and sand. 

Marl, v. t. To overspread or manure with marl. 

Mar-la'ceous (mar-la'shus), a. Resembling marl. 

Marline (mar'lin), n. [LG. marlien, marling, or D. 
marling, marlijn, fr. D. marren to tie.] (Naut.) A small 
line composed of two strands a little twisted, used for wind- 
ing around ropes and cables, to protect them from wear. 

Marline spike, Marling spike (Naut.), an iron tool taper- 
ing to a point, used to 
separate the strands of 
a rope in splicing and 
in marling. 

Marline, v. t. To 
wind marline around. 

Marl'y (marl'?), a. 
Consisting of, like, or 
abounding with, marl 



A Sailmakers' Marline Spike, with 
handle; li Jack Tar's Marline 
Spike. 



Mar'ma-lafle (mar'ma-lad), n. [F. marmelade, Pg. 
marmelada, fr. marmelo a quince, fr. L. melimelum 




Marmoset 
(Midas chrysomelus). 




European Marmot 
(Arctomys marmotta). 



honey apple, Gr. /ueAi>TjW a sweet apple ; /xe'Ai honey -f- 
/uijAov apple.] A preserve or 
confection made of the pulp of 
fruit, boiled with sugar. 

Mar-mo're-al (niiir-mo're- 
a\), Mar-mo're-an (-an), a. [L. 
marmoreus, fr. marmor mar- 
ble.] Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, marble ; made of marble. 

Mar'mose' (niar'inos'), n. 
[F.] (Zool.) A species of small 
opossum. 

Mar'mo-set' (mar'mo-zet'), 
n. [F. marmouset a grotesque 
figure, an ugly little boy.] 
(Zool.) Any one of numerous 
species of small South American 
monkeys. They have long fur, 
and a hairy, nonprehensile tail. 

Mar'mot (mar'niSt), n. [It. marmotta, marmotto, 
prob. fr. L. mus 
montanus, or mus 
montis, lit., moun- 
tain mouse or rat.] 
1. (Zool.) A ro- 
dent about the size i 
of a rabbit. The' 
common American 
species is the wood- 
chuck. 2. Any of 
several species of spermophiles ; also, the prairie dog. 

Maroon' (rua-robn'), n. [F. marron, abbrev. fr. Sp. 
cimarron wild, fr. cima summit of a mountain ; hence, 
negro cimarron a runaway negro that lives in the moun- 
tains.] In the West Indies and Guiana, a fugitive slave, 
or a free negro, living in the mountains. 

Maroon', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marooned (-roond') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Marooning.] To put ashore on a desolate 
island or coast. 

Maroon' (ma-robn'), a. [F. marron chestnut-colored, 
fr. marron a French chestnut, It. marrone.] Having 
the color called maroon. 

Maroon', n. 1. A brownish or dull red, esp. of a 
scarlet cast. 2. An explosive shell ; a marron. 

Mar'plot' (m'ar'plof), n. One who, by his officious 
interference, mars or frustrates a design or plot. 

Marque (mark), n. [F. marque, in leitre de marque 
letter of marque, marque here prob. meaning, border, 
boundary, and being of German origin. See March bor- 
der.] (Law) A license to pass the limits of a jurisdic- 
tion, or boundary of a country, in order to make reprisals. 

Letters of marque, Letters of marque and reprisal, a li- 
cense granted by a government to a private person to 
cruise at sea and make prize of the enemy's ships and 
merchandise ; sometimes, the ships so commissioned. 

Mar-quee / (mar-ke'), n. [F. marquise; prob. orig., 
tent of the marchioness.] A large field tent. 

Mar'quess (mar'kwes), n. A marquis. 

Mar'quet-ry (mar'ket-ry), n. [F. marqueterie, fr. 
marqueter to inlay, fr. marque mark ; of G. origin. See 
Mark a sign.] Inlaid work ; work inlaid with pieces of 
wood, shells, ivory, and the like, of several colors. 

Mar'quis (mar'kwis), n. [F. marquis, OF. markis, 
marchis, LL. marchensis ; of German origin. See March 
border.] A nobleman in England, France, and Germany, 
of a rank next below that of duke. 

Mar'quis-ate (-kwiz-at or -kwis-at), n. Seigniory, 
dignity, lordship, or territory of a marquis. 

II Mar'quise' (mar'kez'), n. [F.] A marchioness. 

Mar'rer (m'ar'rer), n. One who mars or injures. 

Mar'riage (mXr'rfj), n. [F. mariage. See Marry, 
v. t.] 1. Act of marrying, or state of being married ; 
wedlock ; matrimony. 2. A feast made on the occasion 
of a marriage. 3. Any intimate or close union. 

Syn. —Matrimony; wedlock; wedding; nuptials.— 
Marriaqe is properly the act, and matrimony the state. 
Wedlock is the Anglo-Saxon term for matrimony. 

Mar'riage-a-ble (mar'ri j-a-b'l), a. Fit for, or legally 
capable of, marriage.— Mar'rlage-a-bill-ty (-a-bil'T-ty), 
n. — Mar'riage-a -ble-ness, n. 

Mar'ried (-rid), a. 1. Being in the state of matri- 
mony ; wedded. 2. Of or pertaining to marriage. 

Mar-ron' (ma-robn'), n. [See Maroon, a.] 1. A 
chestnut color ; maroon. 2. (Pyrotechny & Mil.) A kind 
of bomb. [Maroon. I 

Mar-roon' (mar-roon'), n. & v. Same as 1st and 2d | 

Mar'row (mar'ro), n. [OE. marou, maruh, AS. mearg, 

earh; akin toG. mark, Skr. majjan.] 1. (Anat.) The 



mearh 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



MARROW 



515 



MASCULINE 



tissue which fills the cavities of most bones ; the medulla. 
2. The essence ; the best part. 

Mar'row (inar'ro), v. t. To fill with, or as with, mar- 
row or fat ; to glut. 

Mar 'row-bone' (-bon'), n. A bone containing marrow ; 
ludicrously in pi., knee bones or knees. 
Mar 'row-fat (-fSt), n. A rich, late variety of pea. 
Mar'row-y (-y), a. Full of marrow ; pithy. 
Mar'ry (niSr'r^), v. I. & i. [imp. & p. p. Married 
(-rid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Marrying.] [F. marier, L. mari- 
tare, fr. maritus husband, fr. mas, mans, a male.] 1. 
To unite in matrimony. 2. To join according to law, (a 
man) to a woman as his wife, or (a woman) to a man 
as her husband. 3. To dispose of in wedlock ; to give 
away as wife. 4. To take for husband or wife. 5. Fig. : 
To unite in the closest and most endearing relation. 

Mar'ry, inter j. Indeed ! in truth ! — said to be a short 
form of an oath by the Virgin Mary. [Obs.] 

Mars (inarz), n. [L. Mars, gen. Mariis.] 1. {Rom. 
Myth.) The god of war and husbandry. 2. (Astron.) 
One of the planets of the solar system, the fourth in order 
from the sun, or the next beyond the earth. It is con- 
spicuous for the redness of its light. 

Marseilles' (mar-salz'), »• A fabric formed of two 
series of interlacing threads, thus forming double cloth, 
quilted in the loom ; — first made in Marseilles, France. 

Marsh (marsh), n. [AS. mersc, fr. AS. & E. mere 
lake.] A tract of soft wet land, commonly covered par- 
tially or wholly with water ; fen ; swamp ; morass. 

Marsh hawk (Zo'ol.), a species of hawk or harrier, native 
of both America and Europe. —Marsh hen (Zo'ol.), a rail. 
— Marsh mallow (Eot.), a plant (Altheea officinalis) common 
in marshes near the seashore, whose root is a demulcent. 

Mar'shal (mar'shal), n. [OF. mareschal, LL. mari- 
scalcus, fr. OHG. marah-scalc (G. marschall) ; marah 
horse -j- sea/observant.] 1. Orig. , a groom. [Obs.] 2. 
An officer of high rank, charged with the arrangement of 
ceremonies, the conduct of operations, or the like ; as, 
specif. : (a) A harbinger ; a pursuivant. (b) One who 
regulates rank and order at a feast or any other assem- 
bly, (c) The chief officer of arms, whose duty it was, in 
ancient times, to regulate combats in the lists, (d) 
(France) The highest military officer. In other countries 
of Europe a marshal is a military officer of high rank, 
and called field marshal, (e) (Amer. Law) A ministerial 
officer, appointed to execute the process of the courts of 
the United States, and perform various duties, similar to 
those of a sheriff. The name is also sometimes applied 
to certain police officers of a city. 

Mar'shal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marshaled (-shald) or 
Marshalled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Marshaling or Marshal- 
ling.] 1. To dispose in order ; to arrange in a suitable 
manner. 2. To direct, guide, or lead. 

Mar'shal-er (-er), n. One who marshals. 

Mar'shal-ship, n. Office of a marshal. 

Marsh'i-ness (marsh'T-nes), n. State of being marshy. 

Marsh mar'i-gold (uiar'i-gold). (Bot.) A perennial 
plant (Caltha palustris), growing in wet places and bear- 
ing bright yellow flowers. 

Marsh'y (-y), a. 1. Like a 
marsh ; wet ; boggy ; fenny. 2. 
Pert, to, or produced in, marshes. 

Mar'si-po-branch (mar'sl-po- 
brSnk'), n. (Zo'ol.) One of the 
Marsipobranchia. 

II Mar si-po-bran'chi-a (mar'- 
sT-po-bran'ki-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. 
Gr. /uapo-i7ros a pouch -j- (3pd.yxi.ov 
a gill.] (Zo'ol.) A class of Verte- 
brata, lower than fishes, charac- 
terized by their purselike gill 
cavities, cartilaginous skeletons, 
absence of limbs, and a suckerlike 
mouth destitute of jaws. It in- 
cludes the lampreys and hags. 

Mar-SU'pI-al (mar-su'pl-al), a. 
(Zo'ol.) Having a pouch for carrying the 
young ; of or pertaining to the Marsupialia. 

Mar-SU'pi-al, n. (Zo'ol.) One of the Marsupialia. 

H Mar-su pi-a'li-a (-a'll-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. L. mar- 
supiuni a pouch, purse, Gr. fj.apa~viri.ov, dim. of fj.dpov-ros, 
/mapo-in-os.] (Zo'ol.) A subclass of Mammalia, including 
nearly all the mammals of Australia and the adjacent 
islands, together with the opossums of America. The 
female generally carries the young for some time after 
birth in an external pouch, or marsupium. 

Mar-su'pl-ate (-at), a. (Zo'ol.) Related to or resem- 
bling the marsupials ; having a pouch for the young. 




Marsh Marigold, 
reduced. 



immature 






Mart (mart), n. Contr. of Market, [traffic. [06j.]| 

Mart, v. t. A i. To buy or sell in, or as if in, a mart ; to| 

Mar-tellO tOW'er (mar-tello tou'er). [It. martello 
hammer. Prob. so called because originally mounting 
an alarm bell struck with a hammer.] (Fort.) A build- 
ing of masonry, generally circular, usually erected on 
the seacoast, with a revolving gun on the summit. 

Mar'ten (miir'tSn), w. (Zo'ol.) A bird. See Martin. 

Mar'ten, n. [F. martre, marie, LL. martures (pi.), 
fr. L. martes ; akin to AS. mearS, meard, G. mauler.] 
1. (Zo'ol.) Any one of several fur-bearing carnivores 
closely allied to the sable. 2. The fur of the marten. 

Mar'-texf (mar'tSkst'), n. A blundering preacher. 

Mar'tlal (mar'shal), a. [F., fr. L. martiaHs of or 
belonging to Mars, the god of war.] 1. Of, pertaining 
to, or suited for, war ; military. 2. Warlike ; brave. 
3. Pertaining to, or resembling, Mars. 

Martial law, the law administered by the military power 
of a government, when it has superseded the civil author- 
ity in time of war, or when the civil authorities are unable 
to enforce the laws. It differs from military law, which 
is the code of rules for the regulation of the army and 
navy alone, either in peace or in war. 

Syn. — Warlike. 

Mar'tin, n. [F., fr. proper name Martin.'] (Zo'ol.) 
Any one of several species of swallows, usually having the 
tail less deeply forked than the common swallows. 

Mar'ti-net' (mar'ti-net'), n. [So called from a French 
army officer.] A strict disciplinarian ; a rigid adherent 
to details of discipline, or to forms and fixed methods. 

Mar'tin-gale (-tin-gal), ) n. [F. martingale; of un- 

Mar'tln-gal (-gal), ) certain origin.] 1. A strap 

fastened to a house's girth, passing between his fore legs, 
and fastened to the bit, or now more commonly ending 
in two rings, through which the reins pass. It is intended 
to hold down the head of the horse, and prevent him 
from rearing. 2. (Xaut.) A lower stay of rope or chain 
for the jib boom or flying jib boom, fastened to, or reeved 
through, the dolphin striker. Also, the dolphin striker 
itself. 3. (Gambling) The act of doubling, at each 
stake, that which has been lost on the preceding stake ; 
also, the sum so risked. [Cant] 

Mar'tin-mas (-mas), n. [St. 3fartin + mass religious 
service.] (Eccl.) The feast of St. Martin, — November 11. 

Mart'let(mart'let),?i. [See Martin the bird.] (Zo'ol.) 
The European house martin. 

Mar'tyr (niar'ter), ». [AS., fr. L. martyr, Gr. fidprvp, 
ndprvs, prop., a witness.] 1. One who by his death 
bears witness to the truth of the gospel. 2. Hence, one 
who sacrifices his life, his station, etc., for the sake of 
principle, or to sustain a cause. 

Mar'tyr, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Martyred (-terd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Martyring.] 1. To put to death for adhering 
to some belief, esp. Christianity. 2. To persecute ; to 
torment ; to torture. 

Mar'tyr-dom (-dum), n. [Martyr -~-dom.] 1. State 
or death of a martyr. 2. Affliction ; torment ; torture. 

Martyr-O-lOg'ic (-6-loj'ik), } a. Of or pert, to mar- 
Mar tyr-0-lOg'ic-al (-T-kal), j tyrology or martyrs. 

Mar'tyr-ol'O-gist (-ol'6-jlst), n. One who writes a 
martyrology. 

Mar'tyr-ol'O-gy (-jy), n. [Martyr -f- -logy.] A his- 
tory or account of martyrs ; a register of martyrs. 

Mar'vel (niar'vel), n. [F. merveille, fr. L. mirabilia 
marvels, fr. mirabilis wonderful, fr. ?» irari to wonder at.] 
That which causes wonder ; prodigy ; miracle. 

Mar'vel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marveled (-vgld) or 
Marvelled ; p.pr. & vb. n. Marveling or Marvelling.] 
To be struck with surprise or wonder ; to wonder. 

Mar'vel-OUS (-us), a. 1. Exciting wonder or sur- 
prise ; astonishing ; wonderful. 2. Partaking of the 
character of miracle, or supernatural power ; incredible. 
— Mar'vel-ous-ly, adv. — Mar'vel-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Wonderful; astonishing; surprising; strange; 
improbable; incredible. — We speak of a thing as uon- 
derful when it awakens our surprise and admiration ; as 
marvelous when it is so much out of the ordinary course 
of things as to seem nearly or quite incredible. 

Mas'cle (mSs'k'l), n. [OF. mascle, L. macula. See 
Mail armor.] (Her.) A lozenge voided. 

Mas'COt 1 (mSs'k5t), n. [Through French fr. Pr. 

Mas'COtte ) mascot a little magician.] A person 
who, or anything which, is supposed to bring good luck. 

Mas'CU-line (mSs'ku-lin), a. [L. mascidinus, fr. mas- 
cidus male, manly, dim. of mas a male.] 1. Of the male 
sex ; not female. 2. Having the qualities of a man ; 
suitable to, or characteristic of, a man ; not feminine or 
effeminate; virile. 3. (Gram.) Having the inflections 
of, or classed with, words pertaining especially to or 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, siug, ink, then, thin. 



MASCULIXELY 



516 



MASTIFF 



) 
) 



designating male beings, as distinguished irom feminine 

Bm flmim, — Mas'cu line-ly (miCs'kti-lTn- 

15-1, adv. — Mas'cu-line ness. >i. [being masculine. I 

' Mas CU-lin'i-ty (-Hnl-ty), ;;. State or quality of | 

Mash v mash\ ?>. [Akin to G. nitisch, maisch.'] A 
mass of mixed ingredients voduced to a soft pulpy state 
by boating or pressure ; a mass of anything in a soft pulpy 
state. Specif, (fireicing), ground or bruised malt, or 
meal steeped in hot water. 

Mash. r. t. [hup. & p. p. Mashed (mSsht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Mashing.] To convert into a mash ; to bruise ; 
to crush. — Mash'er (-Sr), /;. 

Mash'y {-f), a. Produced by crushing or bruising; 
resembling, or consisting of, a mash. 

Mask (mask\ n. [F. masque, LL. masca, mascha, 
mascus, fr. Ar. maskharat buffoon, fool, pleasantry, fr. 
sakhira to ridicule, to laugh at.] 1. A cover, or partial 
cover, for the face, used for disguise or protection. 
2. That which disguises ; a pretext or subterfuge. 3. A 
festive entertainment where all wear masks ; a masquer- 
ade ; hence, revel ; frolic. 4. A dramatic performance, 
once in vogue, in which the actors wore masks and repre- 
sented mythical or allegorical characters. 5. {Arch.) A 
grotesque head or face, used to adorn keystones, foun- 
tain spouts, etc. 6. (Fort.) (a) A redoubt which pro- 
tects the caponiere. (b) A screen for a battery. 

Mask, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Masked (maskt) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Masking.] To cover or protect with a mask; 
hence, to disguise ; to cover ; to hide. 

Mask, v. i. 1. To take part in a masquerade. 2. To 
wear a mask ; to be disguised in any way. 

Mask'er (mask'er), n. One who wears a mask. 

Mas'lin (mazlin or mas'-), 71. [From OE. missellane, 
miscellane. See Miscellaneous.] A mixture of differ- 
ent materials ; esp. : (a) A mixture of metals resembling 
brass. (b) A mixture of different sorts of grain. 

Mas'lin, a. Composed of different materials or sorts. 

Ma'son (nia's'n), n. [F. macon, LL. macio, matlio, 
macerio; of uncertain origin.] 1. One whose occupa- 
tion is to build with stone or brick ; also, one who pre- 
pares stone for building purposes. 2. A Freemason. 

Ma-son'ic (ma-s5n'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to Free- 
masons, or to their craft or mysteries. 

Ma'son-ry (ma's'n-ry), n. 1. Art or occupation of a 
mason. 2. The work or performance of a mason. 3. 
That which is built by a mason. 4. Freemasonry. 

Mas o-ret'ic (maV6-ret'ik), ) a. Of or relating to the 

Mas O-ret'ic-al (-T-kal), j Masora, a Jewish crit- 
ical work on the text of the Hebrew Scriptures, composed 
in the eighth and ninth centuries. 

Masque (mask), n. A mask ; a masquerade. 

Mas quer-ade' (mas'ker-ad'), n. [F. mascarade. See 
Mask.] 1. An assembly of persons wearing masks, and 
amusing themselves with dancing, conversation, etc. 2. 
Acting or living under false pretenses ; disguise. 

Mas quer-ade', v. i. limp. & p. p. Masqueraded ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Masquerading.] 1. To take part in a mas- 
querade. 2. To make a show of being what one is not. 

Mas'quer-ad'er (-ad'er), n. One who masquerades. 

Mass (mas), n. [AS. msesse, LL. missa, from L. mit- 
tere, missum, to send, dismiss ; — from the use in the an- 
cient churches, of the words: "Ite, missa est" [sc. 
ecclesia], to dismiss those who had participated. See 
Missile.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) The sacrifice in the sacra- 
ment of the Eucharist, or the consecration and oblation 
of the host. 2. (Mus.) The portions of the Mass usu- 
ally set to music, considered as a musical composition. 

High mass, mass with incense, music, the assistance of a 
deacon, etc. 

Mass, n. [F. masse, L. massa; akin to Gr. fxa^a 
a barley cake, fr. /xdacreiv to knead.] 1. A quantity of 
matter or aggregation of particles cohering together or 
constituting one body or quantity, usually of consider- 
able size. 2. (Phar.) A medicinal substance made into 
a lump, of consistency suitable for making pills. 3. A 
large quantity ; a sum. 4. Bulk ; magnitude ; body ; size. 
6. The principal part ; the main body. 6. (Physics) 
The quantity of matter which a body contains, irre- 
spective of its bulk or volume. 

The masses, the great body of the people, as contrasted 
with the higher classes ; the populace. 

Mass, v. t. To form or collect into a mass or masses. 

Mas'sa-cre (mSs'sa-ker), n. [F., fr. LL. mazacrium; 
Prov. G. mefzgern, metzgen, to kill cattle.] The 






killing of a considerable number of human beings under 
circumstances of atrocity or cruelty. 

Syn. — Butchery ; carnage. — Massacre emphasizes the 
large number and helplessness or innocence of those 



killed ; butchery, the cold-blooded cruelty in the killing ; 
carnage points to the heaped-up bodies of the slain. ' 

Mas'sa-cre (rnXs'sa-ker), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Massa- 
cred (-kerd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Massacring (-krlng).] To 
kill (human beings) in considerable numbers cruelly or 
needlessly ; to butcher ; to slaughter. 

Mas'sage (niXs'saj ; F. ma'sazh'), n. [F.] A rub- 
bing or kneading of the body, esp. for remedial purposes. 

Mas'si-COt (mas'sl-kot), n. [F.] (Chem.) Lead pro- 
toxide, PbO, in the form of a yellow amorphous powder. 
It is used as a pigment. 

Mass'i-ness (mas'I-nSs), n. State or quality of being 
massy ; ponderousness. 

Mass'ive (mas'Tv), a. 1. Forming, or consisting of, 
a large mass ; compacted ; weighty ; heavy ; massy. 2*. 
(Min.) In mass ; having a regular form. — Mass'ive-ly , 
adv. — Mass'ive-ness, n. 

Mass'y (mas'y), a. [Compar. Massder (-T-er); su- 
perl. Massiest.] Compacted into, or consisting of, a 
mass ; ponderous ; bulky and heavy. 

Mast (mast), n. [AS. masst, fern. ; akin to E. meat."} 
The fruit of the oak and beech, or other forest trees. 

Mast, n. [AS. masst, masc. ; akin to G. mast, Icel. 
mastr.'] (Naut.) A pole or spar, set upright in a boat or 
vessel, to sustain the sails, yards, rigging, etc. 

Mast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Masted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Masting.] To furnish with a mast or masts. 

Mast'er (-er), n. (Naut.) A vessel having (so many) 
masts ; — used only in compounds ; as, a two-master. 

Mas'ter (mas'ter), n. [OF. maistre, mestre, F. maitre, 
fr. L. magister, orig. a double comparative fr. root of 
magnus great, akin to Gr. jueyas.] 1. A male person 
who has more or less complete authority and control over 
one or more living beings or inanimate things ; a govern- 
or, ruler, director, leader, manager, employer, or owner. 
2. One who has attained great skill in the use or appli- 
cation of anything. 3. A title given by courtesy, now 
commonly pronounced mister, except when given to boys. 
4. A young gentleman; a lad. 5. (Naut.) The com- 
mander of a merchant vessel ; the captain. In the navy, 
a commissioned officer of low rank, who formerly had 
immediate charge of sailing the vessel. 6. A person 
holding an office of authority among the Freemasons, or 
other civic society, esp. the presiding officer. 

Master key, a key adapted to open several locks differing 
somewhat from each other ; fig., a rule or principle of 
general application. — Master stroke, a masterly achieve- 
ment ; a consummate action. 

Mas'ter (mas'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mastered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mastering.] 1. To become the 
master of ; to subject to one's will, control, or authority ; 
to subdue. 2. To become an adept in. 

Mas'ter-ful (-ful), a. 1. Inclined to play the master ; 
domineering. 2. Having or indicating the skill or power 
of a master. — Mas'ter-ful-ly, adv. 

Mas'ter-ly, a. 1. Suitable to, or characteristic of, a 
master. 2. Imperious ; domineering ; arbitrary. 

Mas'ter-ly, adv. With the skill of a master. 

Mas'ter-piece' (-pes'), n. Anything done or made 
with extraordinary skill ; a supreme achievement. 

Mas'ter-Ship, n. 1. State or office of a master. 2. 
Mastery; superiority. 

Mas'ter-y (-y), n. 1. Position or authority of a mas- 
ter ; dominion ; supremacy. 2. Victory ; preeminence ; 
triumph. 3. Act or process of mastering ; state of hav- 
ing mastered. 

Mast'head' (-hSd'), n. (Naut.) Top or head of a mast. 

Mas'tic (m5s'tik) v w. [F., fr. L. mastiche, mastichum, 
Gr. /Aaori'xT?, fr. ixaaaaOat to chew, because of its being 
used in the East for chewing.] 1. A resin exuding from 
a shrubby tree (Pistacia Lentiscus) of the islands and 
coasts of the Mediterranean ; also, the tree itself. 2. A 
cement composed of burnt clay, litharge, and linseed oil. 

Mas'ti-ca-ble (-tT-ka-b'l), a. That may be masticated. 

Mas'ti-cate (mSs'tT-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Masti- 
cated (-ka'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Masticating (-ka/ting).] 
[L. masiicare, p. p. -atus, prob. fr. mastiche mastic] To 
grind with, or as with, the teeth and prepare for swal- 
lowing and digestion ; to chew. 

Mas'ti-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of masticating. 

Mas'ti-ca'tor (-ka/ter), n. 1. One who masticates. 
2. A machine for cutting material into pieces. 

Mas'ti-ca-tO-ry (mas'ti-ka-to-ry), a. Chewing ; 
adapted to perform the office of chewing food. 

Mas'ti-ca-tO-ry, n. (Med.) A substance to be chewed 
to increase the flow of the saliva. ' 

Mas'tich (-tik), n. See Mastic. 

Mas'tiff (mas'tTf),n. [Prob. fr. Prov. E. masty, adj., 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



MASTLIN 



517 



MATRICIDAL 




Mastiff. 



large, n., a great dog.] (Zo'dl.) A breed of large dogs 
noted for strength aud courage. 

Mast'lin (in5st'lTn), n. See Maslin. 

Mas'to-don (maVto-dBn), n. [Gr. ma- 
cros breast -j- oSoik, 
0861/Tos, a tooth. So 
called from the coni- 
cal projections upon 
its molar teeth.] 
(Paleon.) An extinct 
genus of mammals 
closely allied to and 
generally larger than 
the elephant. 

Mas'toid (m £ s ' - 
toid), a. [Gr. /aaoro- 
eiSrj? ; /nao-ros the 
breast -f- elfio? form.] 
{Anal.) (a) Resem- 
bling the nipple or the 
breast ; — applied spe- 
cifically to a process of the temporal bone behind the ear. 
(b) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the mastoid process. 

Mas-tol'o-gy (mSs-tSl'o-j^), n. [Gr. /uao-To? the 
breast -j- -logy.l The natural history of Mammalia. 

Mas tur-ba'tion (maVtux-ba'skun), n. [L. mastur- 
bari, p. p. -atus, to practice onanism.] Self-pollution. 

Mast'y (inast'y), a. [See 1st Mast.] Full of mast. 

Mat (mat), n. [AS. matt, mealt, fr. L. matta a mat 
made of rushes.] 1. A fabric of sedge, rushes, husks, 
straw, or similar material, used for wiping shoes, for 
covering a floor, etc. 2. Any similar fabric, for various 
uses. 3. Anything growing thickly, or closely inter- 
woven. 4. A11 ornamental border put under the glass 
which covers a framed picture. 

Mat, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Matted (maVted) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Matting.] 1. To cover or lay with mats. 
2. To twist, twine, or felt together ; to entangle. 

Mat'a-dore ) (maVa-dor ; Sp. ma/ta-d6r'), n. [Sp. 

Mat'a-dor ) matador, prop., a killer, fr. matar to 
kill, L. mactare to kill.] 1. The killer; the man ap- 
pointed to kill the bull in bullfights. 2. (Card Playing) 
In quadrille or omber, the three principal trumps. 

Ma-tan'za (ma-tan'za ; Sp. ma-tan'tha), n. [Sp.] A 
place where animals are slaughtered for their hides and 
tallow. [Western IT. S.l 

Match (mSch), n. [OE. macche, F. meche, fr. L. 
myxa a lamp nozzle, Gr. /xv'£a mucus, nostril, a lamp 
nozzle.] Anything used for catching and retaining or 
communicating fire ; esp., a small splint of wood dipped 
at one end in a substance easily ignited by friction. 

Match, n. [OE. macche, AS. gemsecca ; akin to ge- 
maca, and to OHG. gimah suitable, convenient ; fr. root 
of E. make, v.] 1. A person or thing equal or similar to 
another; one able to cope with another; an equal; a 
mate. 2. A bringing or coming together of two parties 
suited to one another, as for a union, a contest, or the 
like. Specif. : (a) A contest to try strength or skill, or 
to determine superiority. (b) A marriage. 3. A candi- 
date for matrimony. 4. Equality of conditions in contest 
or competition. 5. Suitable or harmonious combination. 

Match, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matched (mScht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Matching.] 1. To be a mate or match for ; to 
rival or oppose successfully; to equal. 2. To bring a 
match, or equal, against. 3. To make or procure the 
equal of, or that which corresponds with. 4. To make 
equal, proportionate, or suitable; to adapt, fit, or suit 
(one thing to another). 5. To marry ; to give in marriage. 
6. To fit together, or make suitable for fitting together. 

Match, v. i. 1. To be united in marriage ; to mate. 
2. To be of equal or similar size, figure, color, or quality ; 
to correspond. 

Match'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being matched. 

Match'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, matches. 

Matchless, a. Having no equal ; unequaled. — 
Match'less-ly, adv. — Matchless-ness, n. 

Matchlock' (-15k/), n. A gunlock containing a match 
for firing the priming ; hence, a musket so fired. 

Match'mak er (-mak'er), n. 1. One who makes 
matches for burning. 2. One who contrives marriages. 

Match'mak ing, a. Busy in contriving marriages. 

Mate (mat), n. & v. (Chess) Same as Checkmate. 

Mate, n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. One of two (or rarely 
more) customarily associated or combined ; companion ; 
associate ; specif. , a husband or wife ; one of a sexual 
pair. 2. A suitable companion ; match ; equal. 3. 
\Naut.) An officer in a merchant vessel ranking below the 
oaptain. In the navy, a subordinate officer or assistant. 



Mate (mat), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Mated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Mating.] 1. To match ; to marry. 2. To match one's 
self against ; to oppose as equal. 

Mate, v . i. To be or become a mate or mates. 

Mate'less, a. Having no mate. 

Ma-te'ri-al (ma-te'rT-al), a. [L. materialis, fr. ma- 
teria stuff, matter.] 1. Consisting of matter; not spir- 
itual ; corporeal ; physical. 2. Hence : Pertaining to, 
or affecting, the physical nature of man ; relating to the 
body. 3. Of solid or weighty character ; of conse- 
quence; important; essential. 4. (Logic) Pertaining 
to the matter, as opposed to the form, of a thing. 

Ma-te'rl-al, n. The substance or matter of which 
anything is made or may be made. 

Ma-te'ri-al ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. The doctrine of mate- 
rialists. 2. Devotion to the material nature and its 
wants, or to material interests. 

Ma-te'ri-al ist (nia-te'ri-al-Tst), n. 1. One who de- 
nies the existence of spiritual substances or agents, and 
maintains that spiritual phenomena, so called, are the 
result of some peculiar organization of matter. 2. One 
who holds to the existence of matter. 

Ma-te'ri-al-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), 1 a. Of or pertaining 

Ma-te'ri-al-is'tic-al (-ti-kal), j to materialism. 

Ma-te / rl-al'i-ty (-Sl't-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being material ; corporeity. 2. Importance. 

Ma-te'ri-al-i-za'tion (-21-T-za'shun), ». Act of mate- 
rializing, or state of being materialized. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ize (ma-te'rT-al-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Materialized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Materializing 
(-i'zing).] 1. To invest with the properties of matter. 
2. To regard as matter. 3. To occupy with material 
interests. 4. (Spiritualism) To make visible in, or as 
if in, a material form ; — said of spirits. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ize, v. i. To appear as a material form ; 
to take substantial shape. [Colloq.~] 

Ma-te'ri-al-ly, adv. In a material state, manner, or 
degree. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ness, n. State of being material. 

II Ma-te'ri-a med'i-ca (ma-te'rT-a mgd'T-ka). [L. 
See Matter ; Medical.] 1. Material or substance used 
in the composition of remedies ; — a general term for all 
substances used as curative agents. 2. That branch of 
medical science which treats of such substances. 

II Ma'te'Ti'el' (ma'ta're'al'), n. [F.] That in a com- 
plex system which constitutes the materials, or instru- 
ments employed ; — distinguished from personnel. 

Ma-ter'nal (ma-ter'nal), a. [F. maternel, L. mater- 
nus,ix. mater mother.] Of or pertaining to a mother; 
belonging to a mother ; motherly. — Ma-ter'nal-ly , adv. 

Ma-ter'ni-ty (-nT-tjr), n. [F. maternite.] State of 
being a mother ; character or relation of a mother. 

Math (math), n. [AS. mseS ; akintOTOawara to mow, 
G. mahd math.] A mowing, or that which is gathered 
by mowing. [Obs., except in composition] 

Math/e-mat'ic (mSth'e-mat'ik), a. [F. mathema- 
tique, L. mathematicus, Gr. /u.a0i7/u.aTtxos disposed to 
learn, belonging to learning or the sciences, esp. to math- 
ematics, f r. /jLd$7)iJ.a learning, pi. n<xBrjfi.a.Ta things learned, 
learning, science, esp. mathematics, fr. fj.a9f.lv, ixavOaveiv, 
to learn.] Mathematical. 

Math e-mat'ic-al (-i-kal), a. Of, or pert, or accord- 
ing to, mathematics ; hence, theoretically precise ; accu- 
rate. — Math'e-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. [mathematics. I 

Math e-ma-ti'cian (-ma-tTsh'an), n. One versed in| 

Math e-mat'ics (-inaViks), n. That science, or class 
of sciences, which treats of the exact relations existing 
between quantities or magnitudes, and of the methods 
by which, in accordance with these relations, quantities 
sought are deducible from quantities known or supposed. 

Matin (mSt'Tn), n. [F., fr. L. matutinum morning, 
matutinus of morning, Matuta goddess of the morning.] 
1. Morning. [Obs.~\ 2. pi. Morning worship or service, 
esp. prayers or songs. 3. Time of morning service ; the 
first canonical hour in the Roman Catholic Church. 

Mat/in, a. Of or pert, to the niorninsr, or to matins. 

Mat'i-nCe' (mSt'T-iia'; F. ma'te'na'), n. [F, fr. 
matin.'] A reception, or a musical or dramatic entertain- 
ment, held in the daytime. 

Ma-trass' (ma-traV or mXt'rSs), n. [F. matras ; of 
uncertain origin.] ( Chem . ) A round-bottomed glass flask 
having a long neck. 

Mat 'r ess (maVrSs), n. See Mattress. 

Ma'tri-arch (ma'trT-ark), n. [L. mater mother -f- 
-arch.~\ The mother and ruler of a family or of her de- 
scendants ; a ruler by maternal right. 

Ma'trice (ma'tris or inaVrTs), n. Matrix. [cide. I 

Mat'ri-ci'dal (maVrT-sI'dal), a. Of or pert, to matri-| 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



MATRICIDE 



518 



MAXILLA 






. 



) 



Mat'ri-cide ^uXt'rT-sidl, m. 1. [L. matrMdium ; 
naterwvikiY till.] The murder of a mother 

iihl. 2. [L. matricida.] One who murders one's 
,-:her. 

Ma-tric'u late una-trTk'u-lat), r. t. [imp. & p. p. 

Matriculated (-15 te\l) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Matriculating.] 

a public roll. dim. of matrix mother, also, 

a public register.] To euter in a register; specif., to 

admit to membership in a body or society, esp. in a col- 

niversitv. by enrolling the name in a register. 

Ma-tric'u-late. v. »'. To go through the process of 
itrioulated. 

Ma-trlc U-la'tion (-la'shQn), n. Act of matriculating ; 
state of being matriculated. 

Mat ri-mo'ni-al (ma't'rT-mo'nT-tfl), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to matrimony or marriage ; derived from marriage ; 
nuptial ; hymeneal. — Mat ri-mo'ni-al-ly, adv. 

>yn. — Connubial ; conjugal; sponsal : spousal. 

Mat'ri-mo-ny (nntt'ri'-ino-uy), ?i. [OE. matrimoine, 
through OF. fr. L. matrimonium, fr. 7?) ater mother.] 1. 
The union of man and woman as husband and wife. 
2. A kind of game at cards. 

Syn.— Marriage ; wedlock. See Marriage. 

Ma'trix (nia'triks), n. ; pi. Matrices (m5t'rT-sez). 
[L.. fr. mater mother.] 1. {Anat.) The womb. 2. 
Hence, that which gives form or origin to anything ; as : 
(a) (Mech.) A die ; a mold. (6) {Mm.) The earthy or 
stony substance in which metallic ores or crystallized 
minerals are found, (c) pi. (Dyeing) The five simple 
colors, black, white, blue, red, and yellow. 3. (Biol.) 
The lifeless portion of tissue between cells. 

Ma'tron (nia'trun), n. [F. rnatrone, L. matrona, fr. 
mater mother.] 1. A wife or a widow, esp. one who 
has borne children ; a woman of motherly manners. 
2. A housekeeper, esp. one in a public institution ; a 
head nurse in a hospital. [body of matrons. I 

Mat'ron-age (-&]), n. 1. State of a matron. 2. A| 

Mat'ron-al (ni5t'run-crl or matrun-al), a. Of or per- 
taining to a matron ; grave ; motherly. 

Mat'ron-ize (-iz), v. t. 1. To make a matron of ; to 
make matronly. 2. To act as a matron toward. 

Ma'tron-ly (ma'trun-l^), a. 1. Advanced in years ; 
elderly. 2. Like, or befitting, a matron ; grave ; sedate. 

Matte (mat), n. [F. ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
(Metallurgy) A partly reduced copper sulphide. 2. A 
dead or dull finish, as in gilding. [burnished. [ 

Mat'ted (mSt'tSd), a. Having a dull surface ; un- 

Mat'ter (-ter), n. [F. matiere, fr. L. materia.] 1. 
That of which anything is composed ; constituent sub- 
stance ; material. 2. That of which the sensible uni- 
verse and all existent bodies are composed ; body ; sub- 
stance. 3. That with regard to, or about which, anything 
takes place or is done. 4. That of which one has to treat, 
or with which one has to do ; concern ; affair ; business. 
6. Affair worthy of account ; thing of consequence ; 
— chiefly in the phrases what matter?, no matter, etc. 
6. Inducing cause or occasion ; difficulty ; trouble. 7. 
Amount ; portion ; space ; — often indefinite. 8. Pus ; 
purulent substance. 9. (Metaph.) That which is perma- 
nent, or is supposed to be given, and in or upon which 
changes are effected by psychological or physical proc- 
esses and relations; — opposed to form. 10. (Print.) 
Written manuscript, or any copy ; also, type set up. 

Mat'ter (mSt'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mattered 
f-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mattering.] To be of impor- 
tance ; to import ; to signify. 

Mat'ter-of-fact' (-5v-f3kt'), a. Adhering to facts ; 
not fanciful or imaginative ; commonplace ; dry. 

Mat'ter-y (-y), a. 1. Full of substance or matter; 
important. 2. Generating or containing pus. 

Mat'ting (-ting), n. [From Mat, v. t. & i.] 1. Act 
of making a mat ; the process of becoming matted. 
2. Mats in general, or collectively ; a matlike fabric ; a 
kind of carpeting made of straw, etc. 3. Materials for 
mats. 4. An ornamental border. 

Mat'tlng, n. [See Matte.] A dull, lusterless sur- 
face in certain of the arts. 

Mat'tock f-tuk), n. [AS. rnattuc; cf. W. rnatog.] An 
implement for digging and grubbing, having one blade 
like an adz and the other like a narrow ax or a pick. 

Mat'tress C-trSs), n. [OF. maleras, LL. matratium, 
f r. Ar. mafrah place where anything is thrown, what is 
thrown under something, fr. taraha to throw.] 1. A 
quilted bed ; a bed stuffed with hair, moss, or other ma- 
terial fastened in place. 2. (Hydraulic Engin.) A mass 
of interwoven brush, poles, etc., to protect a bank. 

Mat'U-rant fraaVu-rant), n. (Med.) A medicine, or 
application, which promotes suppuration. 



I Mat'U-rate (mat'u-rat), v. t. & i. {imp. &p. p. Matu- 

I rated (-ra'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Maturating (-ra'tlng).] 

[L. maturare, p. p. -atus, fr. maturus mature.] 1. To 

J bring or come to ripeness or maturity. 2. To promote 

the perfect suppuration of (an abscess) ; to suppurate. 

Mat u-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. Process of maturating. 

Mat'u-ra-tive (mXt'u-ra-tlv), a. Conducing to, or 
promoting, maturation. 

Ma-ture' (rna-tur'), a. [Compar. Maturer (-er) ; 
superl. Maturest.] [L. maturus.] 1. Brought by nat- 
ural process to completeness of growth and develop- 
ment; full-grown; ripe. 2. Completely worked out; 
fully prepared ; perfected. 3. Of or pertaining to a 
I condition of full development. 4. Come to, or in a state 
! of, completed suppuration. 

| Syn.— Ripe ; perfect; completed; digested; ready.— 
Mature and ripe both describe fullness of growth. Ma- 
ture indicates the completed process ; ripe, the result. 

Ma-ture' (ma-tur'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matured 
(-turd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Maturing.] To bring or hasten 
to maturity ; to ripen ; to complete. 

Ma-ture', v. i. 1. To advance toward maturity ; to 
become mature. 2. To become due, as a note. 

Ma-ture'ly, adv. In a mature manner. 

Ma-ture'ness, n. State or quality of being mature. 

Mat u-res'cent (mSt/fi-res'sent), a. [L. malurescens, 
p. pr., deriv. of maturus mature.] Approaching maturity. 

Ma-tU'ri-ty (ma-tu'ri-ty), n. State or quality of be- 
ing mature or having matured. 

Mat'U-ti'nal (mSt'u-ti'nal), a. [See Matin.] Of or 
pertaining to the morning ; early. 

Maudlin (mad'lin), a. [From Maudlin, a contr. of 
Magdalen, OE. "Maudeleyne, who is drawn by painters 
with eyes swelled and red with weeping.] 1. Tearful ; 
exciting to tears ; excessively sentimental ; weak and 
silly. 2. Drunk, or somewhat drunk. 

Mau'ger ) (ma'ger),^>rep. [OF. maugre,malgre. See 

Mau'gre j Mal-; Agree.] In spite of; in opposi- 
tion to ; notwithstanding. [hammer or beetle. I 

Maul (mal), n. [See Mall, n.] A heavy wooden | 

Maul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mauled (maid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Mauling.] To beat with, or as with, a maul. 

Maul'-stick' (mal'stik'), n. [G. malerstock, lit., 
painter stick.] A stick used by painters as a hand rest. 

Maund (mand or mand), ) v. i. & t. [Cf. F. mendier 

Maund'er (-er), J to beg, E. mendicant.] 

1. To beg. [065.] 2. To mutter ; to mumble ; to grumble. 
Maund'er-er (-er), n. One who maunders. 
Maun'dril (man'drll), n. [Cf. Mandrel.] (Coal 

Mining) A pick with two prongs, to pry with. 

Maun'dy Thurs'day (man'dy thfirz'da ; 48). [OE. 
maunde a command, OF. mande, L. mandatum (see Man- 
date) ; — so called from the ancient custom of washing 
the feet of the poor on this day, as a fulfillment of the 
"new commandment," John xiii. 5, 34.] (Eccl.) The 
Thursday in Passion week, or next before Good Friday. 

Mau SO-le'um (ma/so-le'um), n. ; pi. E. -leums (-umz), 
L. -LEA(-a). [L., fr. Gr. /xavo-ukelov, fr. Mau<rcoAo? Mau- 
solus, king of Caria, to whom his widow erected a stately 
monument.] A magnificent tomb, or stately sepulchral 
monument. 

Mauve (mov), n. [F., mallow, L. malva. So named 
from the color of the petals of the common mallow.] A 
color of a delicate purple, violet, or lilac hue. 

Mav'er-lck (maVer-Tk), n. A bullock or heifer that 
has not been branded, and is unclaimed or wild ; — said 
to be from Maverick, the name of a cattle owner in Texas 
who neglected to brand his cattle. [Southwestern U. 5.] 

Ma'vis (ma'vls), n. [F. mauvis, Arm. railvid, Corn. 
melhuez.l (Z'ool.) The European song thrush. 

Maw (ma), n. [OE. mawe, AS. maga stomach ; akin 
to G. magen.~\ A stomach ; in birds, the craw ; — now 
used only of the lower animals. 

Mawk (mak), n. [OE. mauk, maSck, Icel. maSkr ; 
akin to E. mad earthworm.] 1. A maggot. [Scot.] 2. 
A slattern. [Prov. Eng.~\ 

Mawldn (ma'kin), n. See Malkin. 

Mawk'ish (inaklsh), a. [Orig., maggoty. See 
Mawk.] 1. Apt to cause satiety or loathing ; nauseous. 

2. Easily disgusted : squeamish ; sentimentally fastidious. 
— Mawk'ish-ly, adv. — Mawk'ish-ness, n. 

Maw'worm' (ma'wfirm'), n. [Maw -\- worm.] (Zool.) 
Any intestinal worm found in the stomach. 

I! Max-ilia (mSks-Tl'la), n. ; pi. Maxtlle (-le). [L., 
dim. of mala jaw, jawbone.] 1. (Anat.) The bone of 
either the upper or the under jaw; usually, the bone, 
or principal bone, of the upper jaw. 2. (Zool.) One of 
the lower or outer jaws of arthropods. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



MAXILLAR 



519 



MEANDER 



Max'U-lar (ni5ks'Tl-ler), ) a. Of, pert, to, or desig- 

Max'il-la-ry (-l£-ry), J nating, the maxilla. 

Max-il'li-ped (mSks-IllT-pgd), n . [Maxilla + L. pes, 
pedis, foot.] (Zo'dl.) One of the mouth appendages of 
Crustacea, situated next behind the maxilhe. 

Max'im (niSks'Tm), n. [F. maxime, L. maxima (sc. 
sententia), the greatest (i. e., weightiest) proposition or 
axiom, fr. maximus greatest, superl. of magnus great.] 
1. An established principle or proposition ; an axiom of 
practical wisdom ; adage ; proverb ; aphorism. 2. (Mus.) 
The longest note formerly used, equal to two longs. 

Syn. — Axiom ; apothegm ; saying. See Axiom. 

Max'i-mum (-T-mum), n. ; pi. Maxima (-ma). [L., 
neut. from maximus. See Maxim.] The greatest quan- 
tity or value attainable in a given case ; or the greatest 
value attained by a varying quantity. 

Max'i-mum, a. Greatest in quantity, value, or degree. 

May (ma), v. limp. Might (mlt).] [AS. pres. mseg 
I am able, pret. meahte, mihte; akin to D. mogen, G. 
mogen, Icel. mega, Goth. magan.] An auxiliary verb 
qualifying the meaning of another verb, by expressing : 
(a) Ability, competency, or possibility ; — now oftener 
expressed by can. (b) Liberty ; permission ; allowance. 

(c) Contingency or liability; possibility or probability. 

(d) Modesty, courtesy, or concession, or a desire to 
soften a question or remark, (e) Desire or wish. 

May, n. [F. Ma i, L. 3faius ; — so named in honor of 
the goddess dlaia (Gr. Mala), daughter of Atlas and 
mother of Mercury by Jupiter.] 1. The fifth month of 
the year. 2. Fig. : The springtime of life. 3. (Bot.) 
The flowers of the hawthorn ; also, the hawthorn. 

May apple (Bot.), the fruit of the American plant Podo- 
phyllum pelt at urn ; also, the plant itself. —May beetle, 
May bag {Zo'dl.), any one of numerous species of large bee- 
tles that appear in the winged state in May. — May Day, 
the first day of May. — May queen, a girl or young woman 
crowned queen in the sports of May Day. 

May'be (ma'be), adv. [For it may be.] Perhaps; 
possibly ; peradventure. 

May'floWer (ma'flou'er), n. {Bot.) In England, the 
hawthorn ; in New England, the trailing arbutus. 

May'hap (ma'hap), adv. Perhaps. [Prov. or Dial.'] 

May'hem (ma'hem), ». [Same word as Maim.] (Law) 
The maiming of a person by depriving him of the use of 
any member necessary for defense or protection. 

Maying (ma'Ing), n. The celebrating of May Day. 

Ma'yon'naise' (nia/yo'naz'), n. [F.] A sauce com- 
pounded of raw yolks of eggs beaten up with olive oil, 
and seasoned. Also, a dish dressed with this sauce. 

May'or (lna/er), n. [F. maire, fr. L. major greater, 
higher, compar. of magnus great.] The chief magistrate 
of a city or a borough. [a mayor. I 

May'or-al-ty (-al-ty), n. Office, or term of office, of | 

May'or-ess (ma'er-Ss), n. The wife of a mayor. 

May 'pole' (ma'pol 7 ), n. A tall, wreathed pole about 
which the rustic May-day sports were had. 

May'weed 7 (ma/wed'), n. (Bot.) (a) A strong-scented 
composite plant (Anthemis Cotula), native of Europe, but 
now common in the United States, (b) The feverfew. 

Ma-za'ma (ma-za'ma), ) n. (Zo'dl.) A goatlike ante- 

Ma-za'me (ma-za'ma), j lope which inhabits the 
Rocky Mountains. 

Maz'ard (maz'erd), n. [Cf. F. merise a wild cherry.] 
(Bot.) A kind of small black cherry. 

Maz'ard, n. [Etym. uncertain.] The jaw ; the head 
or skull. [065.] 

Maze (niaz), n. [OE. mase; origin uncertain.] 1. 
Confusion of thought ; perplexity ; uncertainty; bewilder- 
ment. 2. A confusing and baffling network, as of paths. 

Syn. — Labyrinth ; intricacy. See Labyrinth. 

Maze (maz), v. t. To perplex greatly ; to amaze. 

Maz'er (-er), n. [OE. maser, akin to Icel. mdsurr ma- 
ple.] A large drinking bowl, — orig. of maple. [Obs.] 

Ma-ZOl'0-gy (ma-zol'6-jy), n. [Gr. fxa^6<s breast + 
-logy.] Same as Mastology. 

Ma-ZOUl'ka (ma-zobr'ka), ) n. A Polish dance, or the 

Ma-ZUrta (ma-zflr'ka), j music for it. 

Ma'zy (ma'zj), a. [From Maze.] Perplexed with 
turns and windings ; winding ; intricate ; confusing ; per- 
plexing. — Ma'zi-ly (ma'zT-ly), adv. — Ma'zi-ness, n. 

Me (me), pers. pron. [AS. me, dat. & ace, mec, ace. 
only ; akin to D. mij, G. mich, Icel. & Goth, mik, L. me, 
Gr. fie, ipe, Skr. ma, mam.] The person speaking, re- 
garded as an object (direct or indirect) ; myself. 

Mead (med), n. [OE. mede, AS. meodo ; akin to G. 
met, meth, "W. medd, Gr. ixeOv wine, Skr. madhu honey, 
a sweet drink.] 1. A fermented drink made of water 
and honey with malt, yeast, etc. 2. A drink composed 
of a flavoring sirup and water. [U.S.] 




Mead (med), n. [AS. mS,d. See Meadow.] Meadow. 

Mead'OW (inSd'6"), n. [AS. meadu; akin to mSd, 
and to G. matte.] 1. A tract of land, usually low or 
level, producing grass which is mown for hay. 2. Low 
land near rivers or the sea covered with coarse grass or 
rank herbage. 

Mead'OW, a. Of or pertaining to a 
meadow ; of the nature of a meadow. 

Mea d o w 
grass (Bot.), 
any one of 
several 
grasses of the 
genus Poa, com- ■ 
mon inmeadows. 
and valued for 
hay and for pasture. 
—Meadow ]&t1l(Zo'61.), 
any species of Slur- 
nella, a genus of Meadow Lark. 

American birds allied to the starlings. 

Mead'ow-sweet' (-awStf ), ) n. (Bot.) Any one of sev- 

Mead'OW-WOrt' (-wOrt/), { eral species of Spirsea, 
esp. the shrubby, white- or pink-flowered S. salicifolia, 
and the herbaceous, white-flowered S. Ulmaria. 

Mead'OW-y (mSd'o-jf), a. Of or pertaining to mead- 
ows ; resembling, or consisting of, meadow. 

Mea'ger ) (me'ger), a. [OE. megre, F. maigre, L. 

Mea'gre J macer; akin to G. mager.] 1. Destitute 
of, or having little, flesh ; thin ; lean. 2. Destitute of 
richness, fertility, strength, or the like. — Mea'ger-ly, 
Mea'gre-ly, adv. — Mea'ger-ness, Mea'gre-ness, n. 

Syn. — Thin ; lean ; lank ; gaunt ; starved ; hungry ; 
poor ; emaciated ; scanty ; barren. 

Meal (mel), n. [OE. mele, AS. msel ; akin to E. meal 
repast.] A part ; fragment ; portion. [Obs.] 

Meal, n. [OE. mel ; akin to E. meal a part, G. mal 
time, mahl meal, Goth*, mel time, and E. measure.] The 
portion of food taken at a particular time for the satis- 
faction of appetite ; repast ; act or time of eating a meal. 

Meal, n. [OE. mele, AS. melu, melo ; akin to D. meel, 
G. mehl, also to L. molere to grind, Gr. ixvKrj mill, and 
E. mill.] Grain (esp. maize, rye, or oats) coarsely ground 
and unbolted ; also, a kind of flour made from beans, 
pease, etc. 

Meal'i-ness (-T-ngs), n. Quality or state of being 
mealy. [meal. I 

Meal'time' (-tim'), n. The usual time of eating a| 

Meal'y (-y), a. [Compar. Mealier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Mealiest.] 1. Having the qualities of meal ; soft, dry, 
and friable. 2. Overspread with something like meal. 

Meal'y-mouthed' (-mouthd'), a. Using soft words ; 
plausible ; unwilling to tell the truth in plain language. 

Mean (men), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meant (ment) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Meaning.] [OE. menen, AS. msenan to recite, 
tell, intend, wish ; akin to G. meinen, and to E. mind.] 

1. To have in the mind, as a purpose ; to intend ; to 
design. 2. To signify ; to import. 

Mean (men), a. [Compar. Meaner (-er) ; superl. 
Meanest.] [OE. mene, AS. maene wicked ; akin to man, 
a., wicked, n., wickedness, G. meineid perjury.] 1. 
Destitute of distinction or eminence ; common ; humble. 

2. Low-minded ; base ; spiritless. 3. Of little value or 
account. 4. Of poor quality. 5. Penurious ; stingy. 

Syn. — Ignoble; abject; beggarly; wretched; de- 
graded ; degenerate ; vulgar : vile ; servile ; menial ; 
froveling ; slavish ; dishonorable ; disgraceful ; shameful ; 
espicable ; contemptible ; paltry ; sordid. 

Mean, a. [OE. mene, OF. meiien, fr. L. medianus. a,, 
middle, fr. medius ; akin to E. mid.] 1. Occupying a 
middle position ; middle; intermediate. 2. (Math.) Aver- 
age ; having a value intermediate between extremes. 

Mean, n. 1. That which is mean, or intermediate ; 
the middle point, place, rate, or degree. 2. (Math.) A 
quantity having an intermediate value between several 
others, from which it is derived, and of which it expresses 
the resultant value. 3. That through which, or by the 
help of which, an end is attained ; — usually in the plural 
form means, but often construed as singular. 4. pi. 
Hence : Resources ; property, revenue, or the like, con- 
sidered as the condition of easy livelihood, or an instru- 
mentality at command for effecting a purpose. 

By all means, certainly ; without fail. — By any means, 
in any way ; possibly : at all.— By no means, or By no man- 
ner of means, not at all ; certainly not ; not in any degree. 

Me-an'der (me-5n'der), ?!. [L. Maeander, orig., a 
river in Phrygia, proverbial for its many windings, Gr. 
MatavSpos] 1. A winding, crooked, or involved course. 
2. A tortuous or intricate movement. 

Me-an'der, v. t. & i. To wind, turn, or twist. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sine, ink, then, thin. 



MEANING 



520 



MEDIC 



) 



Meaning (■ln J Tng) l "■ 1- That which is meant or 
intituled ; purpose ; aim. 2. That which is signified ; 
Meaning less, a. — Meaningly, adv. 

Meanly, adv. [From 2d MIAN.] In a mean manner. 

Meanness. .". 1. State or quality of being mean ; 
want of excellence ; stinginess. 2. A mean act. 

Meant (meat), imp. & p. p. of Mean. 

sz^™*- i - T,,e taterveni " g etoe - 

Meantime. \adv. In the intervening time ; during 

Mean 'while . I the interval. 

Mea'sle (m5^'l)i n, [OF. »iesel, deriv. of L. miser. 
HER.] A leper. [O&S.] [sles, 3.1 

Mea'sle. «. {Zo'ol.) A tapeworm larva. See2dMEA-| 

Mea'sles (.me'z'lz). ». Leprosy ; also, a leper. \_Obs.~\ 

Mea'sles. n. : pi. in form, but used as .singular in 
senses 1 & _. [D. Hiazeleii ; akin to G. masern, pi., and 
. and orig. meaning, little spots.] 1. {Med.) A 
contagious febrile disorder, marked by an eruption of red 
spots. 2. (i'eter. Med.) A disease of cattle and swine 
in which the flesh is filled with the embryos of different 
varieties of the tapeworm. 3. pi. (Zool.) The larvae of 
any tapeworm (Tienia) in the cysticercus stage, when 
contained in meat. 

Mea'sly (me'ziy), a. Infected with measles. 

Meas'ur-a-ble (ine'zh'ur-a-b'l), a. 1. Capable of be- 
in t measured or computed. 2. Moderate ; not excessive. 
— Meas'ur-a ble-ness, n. — Meas'ur-a-bly , adv. 

Meas'ure (lnezh'ur; 135), n. [F. mesure, L. men- 
sura, fr. metiri, mensus, to measure ; akin to E. meter.] 
1. A standard of dimension; bence, a rule by which 
anything is adjusted or judged. 2. An instrument by 
means of which size or quantity is measured. 3. The 
dimensions or capacity of anything, reckoned according 
to some standard. 4. A quantity determined by a 
standard ; a stated or limited quantity or amount. 5. 
Moderation ; due restraint. 6. Determined extent ; limit ; 
due proportion. 7. Undefined quantity ; extent; de- 
gree. 8. Regulated division of movement, or one of the 
regular divisions ; as in music, poetry, dancing, etc. 9. 
(Arilh.) A number which is contained in a given num- 
ber a number of times without a remainder. 10. A step 
or definite part of a progressive course or policy ; a 
means to an end. 11. Act of measuring ; measurement. 
12. pi. (Geol.) Beds or strata. 

Meas'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Measured (-urd) ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Measuring.] 1. To ascertain by use of a 
measuring instrument ; to take the dimensions of ; hence, 
to estimate ; to judge of ; to appraise. 2. To serve as 
the measure of. 3. To adjust by a rule or standard. 
4. To allot or distribute by measure. 

Meas'ure, v. i. 1. To make a measurement or meas- 
urements. 2. To result, or turn out, on measuring. 3. 
To be of a certain extent, size, or quantity, according to 
a standard measure. 

Meas'ured (-urd), a. Regulated or determined by, 
or as if by, a standard. 

Meas'ure-less (-ur-lSs), a. Without measure ; un- 
limited ; immeasurable. — Meas'ure-less-ness, n. 

Meas'ure-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act or result of meas- 
uring; mensuration. 2. Extent, size, capacity, amount, 
or quantity ascertained by measuring. 

Meas'ur-er (-ur-er), n. One who measures. 

Meat (met), n. [AS. mete; akin to D. met hashed 
meat, G. mettwuxet Bausage, Goth, mats.] Food, in gen- 
eral. Hence, the edible part of anything. Specif. : The 
flesh of animals used as food ; esp. , animal muscle. 

I! Me-a'tus (me-a'tus), n. sing. &pl. ; E. pi. Meatuses 
(-€z). [L., a passage, fr. meare to go.] (Anat.) A natu- 
ral passage or canal ; as, the external auditory meatus. 

Meat'y (met/y), a. Abounding in meat. 

Mechanic (me-k5n'Tk), n. An artisan ; an artificer ; 
one skilled or employed in working with machines or tools. 

Mechanic (nie-k£n'Tk), a. [F. mecanique, L. me- 
chanietu, Gr. /u^ai/i/cds, fr. /jnffxavrj a machine.] 1. Hav- 
ing to do with the application of the laws of motion in the 
art of constructing or making things. 2. Of or pertain- 
ing to a mechanic or artificer, or to the class of artisans. 

Me-chan'ic-al (me-kSn'T-kal), a. 1. Pertaining to, 
governed by, or in accordance with, mechanics, or the 
uwi of motion. 2. Of or pertaining to a machine or to 
machinery or tools; made or formed by a machine or 
with tools. 3. Done as if by a machine ; proceeding 
automatically, or by habit, without special intention or 
reflection. 4. Obtained by trial, by measurements, etc. ; 
approximate ; empirical. — Me-chanlc-al-ly, adv. — 
Me-chanlc-al-ness, n. 

Mechanical power«, certain simple instruments which con- 




Mechanical Powers. 
1 Lever ; 2 Inclined Plane ; 3 
Wheel and Axle ; 4 Screw ; 
5 Pulley ; 6 Wedge. 



vert a force acting through a given space into a greater 
tone acting through a 
smaller space, or vice versa. 

Mech a-ni'cian (mgk'a- 
nisb/an),n. One skilled in 
the theory or construction 
of machines ; a machinist. 

Mechanics (me-kan'- 
Iks), n. That science, or 
branch of applied mathe- 
matics, which treats of the 
action of forces on bodies. 

Mech'an-ism (mSk'an- 
Iz'in), n. 1. The arrange- 
in eut or relation of the 
parts of a machine ; the 
parts of a machine, taken 
collectively. 2. Mechan- 
ical operation or action. 

Mech'an-lst, n. A 
mechanician. 

Me cho'a can (me-cho'- 
a-kan ; Sp. ma-cho-a-kan'), 
n. A species of jalap, of 
feeble properties, obtained from Michoacan, in Mexico. 

Me-conlc (me-kon'Ik), a. [Gr. /at/kwvikos belonging 
to the poppy, fr. (jltjku)v the poppy.] Pertaining to, or 
obtained from, the poppy or opium ; specif. (Chem.), des- 
ignating an acid related to aconitic acid, found in opium. 

Med'al (med'al), n. [F. medaille, It. medaglia, deriv. 
of L. metallum metal. See Metal.] A piece of metal 
in the form of a coin, struck with a device, and intended 
for a memento or reward. 

Med'al, v. t. To honor or reward with a medal. 

Med'al-ist, n. 1. A person skilled in, or studious of, 
medals ; a collector of medals. 2. A designer of medals. 
3. One who has gained a medal. [or to medals. I 

Me-dal'lic (me-dSl'lik), a. Of or pert, to a medal, | 

Me-dal'lion (me-dSl'yiin), n. [F. medaillon, It. me- 
daglione.'] 1. A large medal or memorial coin. 2. A 
tablet bearing a figure or figures represented in relief. 

Med'dle (med'd'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Meddled 
(-d'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Meddling (-dling).] [OE. med- 
len to mix, OF. medler, mesler, deriv. of L. miscere to 
mix.] 1. To mix. [Obs.~\ 2. To interfere or busy 
one's self improperly with another's affairs ; specif., to 
handle or disturb another's property without permission. 

Med'dler (-dler), n. One who meddles ; a busybody. 

Med'dle-some (med r d'l-sum), a. Given to meddling ; 
officiously intrusive. — Med'dle-some-ness, n. 

Me'di-ae'val (me'di-e'val), a. [L. medius middle -f- 
aevum age.] Of or relating to the Middle Ages. 

Me di se'val ism (-Tz'm), n. The method or spirit of 
the Middle Ages ; devotion to the institutions and prac- 
tices of the Middle Ages. 

Me'di-al (me'di-al), a. [L. medialis, fr. medius mid- 
dle.] Of or pertaining to a mean or average ; mean. 

Me'di-an (me'di-an), a. [L. medianus, fr. medius 
middle.] Being in, or running through, the middle. 

Me'di-ant (-ant), n. [L. medians, p. p. of mediare to 
halve.] (3Ius.) The third note above the keynote. It 
divides the interval between the tonic and dominant into 
two thirds. 

Me'di-ate (me'di-at), a. [L. mediatus, p. p. of medi- 
are, v. t., to halve, v.,i., to be in the middle.] 1. Being 
between the two extremes ; middle ; intermediate. 
2. Acting by means, or by an intervening cause or in- 
strument ; not immediate. 

Me'di-ate (-at), v. i. 1. To intervene. [R.~\ 2. To 
interpose between parties, as the equal friend of each, 
esp. to reconcile differences. 

Me'di-ate, v. t. To effect by mediation. 

Me'di-ate-ly (-at-ly), adv. In a mediate manner. 

Me'di-ate-ness, n. State of being mediate. 

Me'di-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of mediating; inter- 
position ; intervention ; intercession. 

Me'di-a-tive (-a-tiv), a. Pertaining to mediation. 

Me'di a-tize (me'di-a-tlz), v. t. To cause to act 
through an agent or to hold a subordinate position ; to 
make mediately dependent. 

Me'di-ator (-a'ter), n. One who mediates ; esp., one 
who interposes for reconciliation ; intercessor. 

Me'di-a-tO'ri-al (-a-to'rT-al), a. Of or pertaining to a 
mediator, or to mediation. [mediator. I 

Me'di-a'tor-shlp (me'di-a'ter-ship), n. Office of a| 

Me'di-a-tO-ry (me'dl-a-to-r^), a. Mediatorial. 

Medic (mSd'Tk), n. [L. medica, Gr. ixrt&tKri (sc. Troa) 
a kind of clover introduced from Media, from MijSikos 



u, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, X, 5, tt, y, short ; sen&te, 6 vent, tdea, obey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



MEDICABLE 



521 



MEGATHERIUM 



Median.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant of the genus Medi- 
oago. M. saliva is the lucern. [medicated or healed, i 

Med'i-ca-ble (mgd'T-ka-b'l), a. Capable of being | 

Med'ic-al (-T-kal), a. [LL. medicalis, L. medictu be- 
longing to healing, fr. mederi to heal.] 1. Of, pertain- 
ing to, or having to do with, the art of healing disease, 
or the science of medicine. 2. Containing medicine ; 
medicinal. — Med'ic-al-ly , adv. 

Med'i-ca-ment (-T-ka-inent), n. [L. medicamentum, 
fr. medicare to heal.] A medicine ; a healing application. 

Med'i-cate (-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Medicated 
(-ka'tgd) ;, p. pr. & vb. n. Medicating (-ka'ting).] [L. 
medicare, medicari, p. p. -alus.] 1. To tincture or im- 
pregnate with anything medicinal ; to drug. 2. To treat 
with medicine. [eating. I 

Med i-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act or process of medi- 1 

Med'i-ca-tive (med'T-ka-tTv), a. Medicinal. 

Me-dic'i-nal (me-dis'I-nal), a. [See Medicine.] 1. 
Having curative or palliative properties ; used or acting 
as a medicine. 2. Of or pertaining to medicine ; med- 
ical. — Me-dic'i-nal-ly, adv. 

Med'i-cine (nied'i-sin), n. [L. medicina (sc. ars), fr. 
medicinus medical, fr. medicus physician. See Medical.] 
1. The science which relates to the prevention, cure, or 
alleviation of disease. 2. Any substance administered 
in the treatment of disease. 3. A philter. [Obs.~\ 

Med'i-cine, v. t.' To give medicine to ; to affect as a 
medicine does ; to remedy ; to cure. 

Me'di-e'val, Me'di-e'val-ism, Me / di-e / val-ist. Same 
as Mediaeval, Medlevalism, etc. 

Me'di-0 / cre (nie'di-o'ker), a. [F. mediocre, L. medi- 
ocris, fr. medius middle.] Of a middle quality ; moder- 
ately good ; indifferent ; ordinary. 

Me / di-OC'ri-ty (-ok'rT-ty), n. Quality of being mediocre. 

Med'i-tate (mSd'T-tat), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Meditated 
(-ta'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Meditating.] [L. meditari, 
p. p. -atus.~\ To keep the mind in a state of contempla- 
tion ; to think seriously ; to muse ; to cogitate ; to reflect. 

Med'i-tate, v. t. 1. To contemplate ; to keep the 
mind fixed upon ; to study. 2. To purpose ; to design ; 
to plan in the mind. 

Syn. — To consider ; ponder ; weigh ; revolve ; study. 
— We meditate a design when we are looking out or wait- 
ing for the means of its accomplishment ; we contemplate 
it when the means are at hand, and our decision is nearly 
or quite made. To intend is stronger, implying that we 
have decided to act when an opportunity may offer. 

Med'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of meditating ; re- 
flection ; musing. 

Med'i-ta-tive (uied'i-ta-tTv), a. Disposed to medi- 
tate, or to meditation.— Med'i-ta-tive-ly, adv.— Med'- 
i-ta-tive-ness, n. 

Me'di-um (uie'dl-uni), n. ; pi. L. Media (-a), E. Me- 
diums (-Gmz). [L. medium the middle, fr. medius mid- 
dle.] 1. That which lies in the middle, or between other 
things ; intervening body or quantity. Hence, specif. : 
(a) Middle place or degree ; mean. (b) (3Iath.) See 
Mean, (c) (Logic) The mean or middle term of a syllo- 
gism. 2. A substance through which an effect is trans- 
mitted from one thing to another. Hence : That through 
or by which anything is accomplished, conveyed, or 
carried on ; specif., a person through whom the action 
of another being is said to be manifested and transmitted. 
3. (Paint. ) The liquid vehicle with which dry colors are 
ground and prepared for application. 

Me'di-um, a. Having a middle position 
or degree ; mean ; intermediate ; medial. 

Med'lar (med'ler) , n. [OE. medler, OF. 
meslier, L. mespilum, Gr. fj.eaiTiX.ov, fx.e- 
o-7tiAt}.] A kind of tree; also, its fruit, 
which is not eaten till it has begun to decay. 

Med'ley (-ly), n. ; pi. Medleys (-ITz). 
[OF. meslee, medlee, mellee. See Meddle.] 

1. A mixture ; jumble ; hodgepodge. 2. 
(Mus.) A composition of passages taken 
from different compositions ; a potpourri. - 

Med're-gal (nied're-gal), n. (Z'ool.) An edible" fish 
of the Southern U. S. and the West Indies. 

Me-dul'la (nie-dul'la), n. [L.] 1. (Anat.) The mar- 
row of bones ; also, the deep or inner portion of a part. 

2. (Bot.) Pith of plants. 

II Medulla oblongata [L., oblong medulla] (Anat.), the 
posterior part of the brain connected with the spinal cord. 

Me-dul'lar (-ler), a. See Medullary. 

Med'ul-la-ry (mgd'ul-la-ry), a. 1. (Anat.) (a) Pert. 
to, consisting of, or like, marrow, (b) Pertaining to the 
medulla oblongata. _2. (Bot.) Filled with pith. 

HMe-du'sa (me-du'sa), n. [L., fr. Gr. Me'Sovo-a.] 1. 
(Class. Myth.) The Gorgon; or one of the Gorgons, 




Med'ley, 




■lek, ' ' ' ■nYM 

11 




whose hair was changed into serpents. 2. [ pi. -sx (-Be).] 
(Zo'ol. )Any free-ewimming 



acaleph ; a jellyfish. 

Meed (med), n. [AS. 
vied, meord ; akin to G. 
miethe hire, Gr. fxtadoi, 
Skr. nudlui.] 1. That 
which is bestowed or ren- 
dered in consideration of, 
merit ; reward ; recoin- - 
pense. 2. Merit or 
sert ; worth. 

Meek(mek),«. [Com- 
pur. Meeker (-er) ; superl. 
Meekest.] [OE. 
meoc ; akin to D. muih 
1. Mild of temper ; not 
vain, or haughty, or re- 
sentful ; humble. 2. Evin- 
cing mildness of temper, Covered-eyed Medusa, 
or patience. — Meek'ly, <i<lv. — Meek'ness. n. 

Syn.— Submissive ; yielding ; unassuming. See Gentle. 

Meer/schaum (mer'sham), n. [G., lit., sea foam; 
prob. fr. meer sea -|- schaiim foam.] 1. (Mia.) A fine, 
white, claylike mineral, being a hydrous silicate of mag- 
nesia. It is manufactured into tobacco pipes, cigar hold- 
ers, etc. 2. A tobacco pipe made of this mineral. 

Meet (met), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Met (mSt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Meeting.] [AS. melan, fr. mot, gemot, a meet- 
ing ; akin to Goth. gamotjan.~] 1. To join, or come in 
contact with ; esp., to come upon or against, front to 
front. 2. To confront in conflict ; to encounter hostilely. 

3. To come close to ; to come within the presence, in- 
fluence, or recognition of. 4. To perceive ; to experi- 
ence ; to suffer. 5. To equal ; to satisfy. 

Meet, v. i. 1. To come together by mutual approach, 
esp. from opposite directions. 2. To have an encounter 
or conflict. 3. To assemble together; to congregate. 

4. To agree ; to harmonize ; to unite. 

Meet, n. An assembling, esp. of huntsmen for the 
hunt ; also, the persons assembled ; the place of meeting. 

Meet, a. [OE. mete fitting, moderate, scanty, AS. 
msete moderate ; akin to gemet fit, meet, metan to mete, 
and G. mdssig moderate, gemass fitting.] Suitable ; fit ; 
proper ; appropriate ; qualified ; convenient. 

Meet'ing, n. 1. A coming together. 2. A junction, 
crossing, or union. 3. A congregation ; a convention. 4. 
An assembly for worship ; — in England, applied dispar- 
agingly to the worshiping assemblies of Dissenters. 

Syn. — Conference; assembly; company; conven- 
tion ; congregation ; junction ; confluence ; union. 

Meet'lng-house' (-nous'), n. A house of worship ; a 
church ; in England, a church of Dissenters. 

Meet'ly, adv. Fitly ; suitably ; properly. 

Meet'ness, n. Fitness ; suitableness ; propriety. 

Meg- (meg-), Meg'a- (meg'a-), Meg'a-lo- (-15-). [Gr. 
/Aeyas, gen. /xeyaAov, great.] Combining forms signifying : 
(a) Great, extended, powerful, (b) (Metric System, 
JZlec, Mech., etc.) A million times, a mill ion of. 

Meg / a-ce-phal'ic(meg / a-se-f51'ik), ) a. [Mega-+Gr. 

Meg a-ceph/a-lous (-sSF a-lus), j /ce^aArj head.] 
(Biol.) Having a large head, or a large flower head. 

Meg'a-dyne (-din), n. [Mega- -f- dyne.~\ (Physics) 
A measure of force, amounting to one million dynes. 

Meg/a-leth'o-scope (-leth'o-skop), n. [Mega* -f 
alethoscope.~] An optical apparatus in which pictures 
are viewed through a large lens with stereoptical effects. 

Meg'a-lo- (meg'a-lo-). See Meg-. 

II Meg a-lo-sau rus (-sa'rus). n. [NL., fr. Gr. /xe'ya?, 
fieyd\7], great -j- aavpog lizard.] (Paleon.) An extiuct, 
gigantic, carnivorous dinosaur. 

Meg'a-me'ter I (mSg'a-me'ter or nie-gam'e-ter), n. 

Meg'a-me'tre ) [Mega- -f- meter, metre.'] In the 
metric system, one million meters. 

Meg'am'pere' (meg'aN'par'), n. [Mega,- -j- ampere.} 
(Elec.) A million amperes. 

Meg'a-phone (meg'a-fon), n. [Mega- -f- Gr. (Jujktj 
voice.] A device to assist hearing at long distances. 

Meg'a-scope (meg'a-skop). n. [Mega- + -scope.] A 
modification of the magic lantern, used esp. for throw- 
ing a magnified image of an opaque object on a screen. 

Meg'a-seme (mgg'a-sem), a. [Mega- -f- Gr. oSj/xa 
sign, mark.] (Anat. ) Having the orbital index relatively 
large ; having the orbits narrow trausversely. 

Meg'a-there (mSg'a-ther), ) n. [NL. mega the- 

ft Meg'a-the'ri-um (-the'rT-iim), ) rium, fr. Gr/juteyas 
great -+- Orjplou beast.] (Paleon.) An extinct gigantic 
quaternary mammal, allied to the ant-eaters and sloths. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, firn, food, foot, out, oil, cnair, go, sing, ink, then, 



MEGILP 



522 



MEMORANDUM 



> 



Me*Up'lu»f-c"pM. Me-gUph'(iuf-p^').n- (Paint.) 
impound of Unseed oil and mastic varnish, 
vehicle for colors. 
Megohm (mSg'Sm ), n. [Manx- + oAm.] (£7ec\) 

lectrical resistance : one million ohms. 

Megrim (mPgrYm), n. [F. migraine, through L. fr. 

:,ui- hall -r upavLov skull.] 1. A kind of 

..i rvous headache, usually periodical and confined 

le of the head. 2. A whim ; a humor ; pi., low 

spirits. 3. pi. [Far*) A sudden vertigo in a horse. 

Megrim. n. [Etyiu. uncertain.] (Zool.) The Brit- 

.ldrisli. 
Mein'e I (men's), n. [OF. maisniie, maisnie. See 
Mein'y I Menial.] A family, including servants, 
etc. ; household ; retinue ; hence, a company. [Obs.~] 
Mei'o-cene (mi'i-aen), a. (Geol.) Miocene. 
Mel an-cho'li-a (meTSn-ko'lT-a), n. [L. See Mel- 
ancholy.] [Med.) A kind of mental unsoundness. 

Mel'ari-chol ic (nieTan-kQl'Ik), a. Given to melan- 
choly : melancholy : dejected ; unhappy. [ancholy. I 
Mel'an-chol i-hess. n. State or quality of being mel-| 
Mel'an-chol-y (-kol-y), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
(neAay^oAi'a ; /xeAas, -avos, black -f- \oAtj gall, bile.] 

1. Depression of spirits ; deep dejection ; gloominess. 

2. Great and continued depression of spirits, accompa- 
nied by morbid brooding, delusions, etc., amounting to 
mental unsoundness ; melancholia. 

Mel'an-chol-y, a. 1. Depressed in spirits ; dejected ; 
gloomy ; dismal : disconsolate. 2. Producing grief and 
dejection ; calamitous ; afflictive. 

Syn. — Sad; dispirited; low-spirited; down-hearted; 
unhappy ; hypochondriac ; heavy ; doleful ; afflictive. 
M6 lange' (uiaTaNzh'), n. [F.] Mixture ; medley. 

Mel'a-nism (inel'a-niz'ni), n. [Gr. /ue'Aas, -ai/os, 
black.] 1. An undue development of dark-colored pig- 
ment {melon in) in' the skin or its appendages. 2. (Med.) 
Black jaundice. 

Me-lan'O-type (uie-lan'6-tlp), n'. [Gr. /u.e'Aas, -avos, 
black -f- -type."] (Photog.) A positive picture produced 
on a surface of black varnish, coating a thin plate of iron. 

i Melee' (rua'la'), n. [F., fr. meler to mix.] A con- 
fused fight ; a hand to hand conflict ; an affray. 

Mel'i-lOt (mgl1-15t), n. [F. melilot, L. melilotus, fr. 
Gr. /j.e\i\tiiTO<;, ixeki\o>TOv, a kind of clover ; /xe'Ai honey + 
Kioto's lotus.] (Bot.) Any species of 3felilotus, a genus 
of leguminous herbs having a vanillalike odor ; sweet 
clover ; hart's clover. 

Mel'io-rate (rnel'yo-rat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Meliorated (-ra'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Meliorating.] 
[L. meliorare, p. p. -atus, fr. melior better.] To make 
or grow better ; to improve ; to soften ; to make more 
tolerable. 

Merio-ra'ter (-ra'ter), n. Same as Meliorator. 

Mel io-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. Act of meliorating, or 
state of being meliorated. 

Mel'io-ra'tor (mel'yo-ra'ter), n. One who meliorates. 

Mel-lif'er-OUS (nigl-lTfer-us), a. [L. melUfer ; mel, 
mellis, honey -\- ferre to bear.] Producing honey. 

Mel-lif'ic (-Tk), a. [L. mel, mellis, honey -f- -ficare 
(in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Producing honey. 

Mel li-fl-ca'tion (rneTli-fl-ka'shun), n. [L. mellifi- 
care to make honey.] The production of honey. 

Mel-lif'lu-ence (mSl-lTf'lu-ens), n. A flow of sweet- 
ness, or a sweet, smooth flow. 

Mel-lii/lu-ent (-ent), a. [L. mellifluens. See Mellif- 
luous.] Flowing as with honey ; smooth ; mellifluous. 
— Mel-Wlu-ent-ly, adv. 

Mel-lif'lu-ous (-us), a. [L. mellifluus ; mel, mellis, 
honey (akin to Gr. /u.e'Ai, Goth, milip) + fluere to flow.] 
Flowing as with honey ; smooth ; flowing sweetly or 
smoothly. — Mel-lii lu-ous-ly, adv. 

Mellow Cmel'16), a. [Compar. Mellower (-er) ; su- 

Jitrl. Mellowest.] [OE. melue; cf. AS. mearu soft.] 
,. Soft or tender by reason of ripeness ; having a tender 
palp. 2. Hence: (a) Easily worked ; not hard or rigid. 
• h) Subdued ; soft ; delicate ;— said of sound, color, flavor, 
*tyle,etc. 3. "Well matured ; genial ; jovial. 4. Slightly 
intoxicated. — MellOW-ly, adv. — Mel'low-ness, n. 

Mellow, v. t. {imp. &p.p. Mellowed (-lod) ; p. pr. 
■ .Mellowing.] To make or become mellow. 

Mel'low-y (■$•), a. Soft ; unctuous. 

Mel'o-co-ton' I (mSl'6-ko-toon'), n. [Sp. melocoton 

Mel'o-co-toon' ] a kind of peach tree and its fruit, 
L. malum cotonium, or cotonea, or Cydonia, a quince, 
or quince tree, lit., apple of Cydonia, Gr. fATJAov Kv&o- 
vun>.~\ (Bot.) (a) A quince, (b) A kind of peach having 
one side deep red, and the flesh yellow. 

Me-lo'de-on (me-l^de-un), n. [NL., fr. Gr. /ueAuSos 



musical. See Melody.] 1. (Mus.) A kind of small reed 
organ. 2. A music hall. 

Me-lod'iC (ine-15d'ik), a. Of or pertaining to melody ; 
melodious. 

Me-lo'di-ous (me-lo'dT-us), a. Containing, or pro- 
ducing, melody; musical; agreeable to the ear by a 
sweet succession of sounds. — Me-lo'di-OUS-ly, adv. — 
Me-lo'di ous-ness, n. [melodies. I 

Mel'o-dlst (mel'6-dlst), n. A composer or singer of | 

Mel'o-dize (-diz), v. t. & i. To make melodious ; to 
form into, or set to, melody ; to make melody or melodies. 

Mel o-dra'ma (mgl'6-dra'ma or -dra'nia), n. [F. mi- 
lodrame, fr. Gr. /ite'Aos song -f- Spafia drama.] A kind of 
drama having a musical accompaniment to intensify the 
effect of certain scenes ; esp. now, a drama abounding in 
romantic sentiment and agonizing situations, with musical 
accompaniment. In opera, a passage in which the or- 
chestra plays while the actor speaks. 

Mel o-dra-mat'ic (-dra-mSt'ik), a. Of or pertaining 
to melodrama ; unnatural in situation or action. — Mel'- 
o-dra-mat'ic-al-ly (-T-kol-ly), adv. 

Mel'o-dy (nie"l'6-dy), n. [F. melodie, L. melodia, fr. 
Gr. /ueAwfiia a singing, choral song, fr. /xeAwSos musical ; 
fxe'Aos tune -f- ojStj song. See Ode.] 1. A sweet or agree- 
able succession of sounds. 2. {3Ius.) A rhythmical suc- 
cession of single tones so related together as to form a 
musical whole. 3. The air or tune of a musical piece. 

Syn. — See Harmony. 

Mel'on (mel'un), n. [F., fr. L. melo, for melopepo an 
apple-shaped melon, Gr. fir)\oirenu>v ; /xtjAov apple + 
Tren-wy a species of large melon.] (Bot.) The juicy fruit 
of certain plants of the gourd kind, as the muskmelon, 
watermelon, and citron melon ; also, the plant itself. 

Melon thistle, or cactus (Bot.), a species of cactus having 
a fleshy and usually globose stem, and small pink 
flowers. [See Must, under Cactus.] 

Melt (melt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Melted (obs. p. p. 
Molten (niol't'n) ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Melting.] [AS. 
meltan ; akin to Gr. /ae'Afietv, E. malt J] 1. To reduce from 
a solid to a liquid state, as by heat ; to liquefy. 2. Hence : 
To soften, as by a warming or kindly influence ; to relax. 

Syn. — To liquefy ; fuse ; thaw ; mollify ; soften. 

Melt, v. i. 1. To become liquid. 2. To become ten- 
der, mild, or gentle ; to be softened or mollified. 3. To 
lose distinct form ; to be dissipated ; to blend. 

Melfa-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being melted. 

Melt'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, melts. 

Mel'ton (mel'tun), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind 
of stout w T oolen cloth without raised nap. 

MemTaer (mSm'ber), n. [F. membre, fr. L. mem- 
biiim.~\ 1. (Anat.) A part of an animal capable of perform- 
ing a distinct office ; organ ; limb. 2. Hence, apart of a 
whole ; an independent constituent of a body ; as : (a) A 
part of a discourse, sentence, or verse ; a clause, (b) 
(Math.) Either of the two parts of an algebraic equation, 
connected by the sign of equality, (c) (Engin.) Any es- 
sential part of a framed structure, (d) (Arch.) Any part 
of a building, whether constructional or decorative, (e) 
One of the persons composing a society, community, etc. 

Mem'ber-Ship, n. 1. State of being a member. 2. 
The collective body of members, as of a society. 

Mem bra-na'ceous (mem'bra-na'shus), a. 1. Same 
as Membranous. 2. (Bot.) Thin and rather soft or pliable. 

Mem'brane (mem'bran), n. [F., fr. L. membrana 
the skin covering the members of the body, fr. L. mem- 
brwm. See Member.] (Anat.) A thin layer or fold of 
tissue, serving to cover or line some part or organ. 

Mem-bra'ne-ous (mgm-bra'ne-Qs), a. Membranous. 

Mem'bra-nous (mem'bra-nus), a. 1. Of, pertaining 
to, or resembling, membrane. 2. (Bot.) Membranaceous. 

Me-men'to (me-men'to), 71. ; pi. -tos (-toz). [L., re- 
member, imperat. of meminisse to remember.] That 
which reminds or recalls to memoi-y ; a souvenir. 

Mem'olr (mSm'wSr or mem'-),or^>Z.Mem'oirs (-w5rz), 
n. [F. memoir e, m., memorandum, fr. memoire, f., 
memory, L. memoria. See Memory.] 1. A memorial 
account; an account of transactions or events as they 
are remembered by the writer. 2. A biography ; often, 
an informal biography. 3. A record of investigations ; 
the journals and proceedings of a society. 

II Mem'O-ra-bil'i-a (m6m/6-ra-bT11-a), n. pi. [L.] 
Things worthy of remembrance ; also, the record of them. 

Mem'0-ra-ble (mgm'o-ra-b'l), a. [L. memorabUis.~\ 
Worthy to be remembered ; very important or remarka- 
ble. — Mem'o-ra-ble-ness, n. — Mem'o-ra-bly, adv. 

Mem o-ran'dum (-ran'dum), n. ;pl. E. -dums (-dumz), 
L. -da (-da). [L., something to be remembered, ueut. 
of memorandus, fut. pass. p. of memorare.'] 1. A record 



a> e, i, o, u, long j a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; Ben&te, Svent, Idea, obey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



MEMORIAL 



523 



MERCANTILE 



or note to help the memory. 2. {Law) A brief or in- 
formal note in writing of some transaction, or an out- 
line of an intended instrument or statement. 

Me-mo'rl-al (ine-mo'rl-ttl), a. [F. memorial, L. 
memorialis, fr. memoria. See Memory.] 1. Serving to 
preserve remembrance ; commemorative. 2. Contained 
in memory. 3. Mnemonic. 

Memorial Day. Same as Decoration Day. [ U. 8.] 

Me-mo'ri-al, n. 1. Anything intended to preserve 
the memory of a person or event; a monument. 2. A 
written representation of facts, addressed to the govern- 
ment, to a society, etc. 3. (Diplomacy) A species of 
informal state paper, much used in negotiation. 

Me-mo'ri-al-ist, n. One who submits a memorial. 

Me-mo'ri-al-ize (-Iz), v. t. To address by a memorial. 

Mem'o-rize (mgm'o-riz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Memo- 
rized (-rizd) ; p. pi: & vb. n. Memorizing (-rl'zing).] 
To commit to memory ; to learn by heart. 

Mem'O-ry (-ry), n. [OF. memoire, memorie, fr. 
L. memoria, fr. memor mindful.] 1. The faculty of the 
mind by which it retains the knowledge of previous 
thoughts, impressions, or events. 2. The retention and 
recognition of past ideas or facts ; remembrance. 3. 
The time within which past events can be or are remem- 
bered. 4. Something, or an aggregate of things, re- 
membered ; posthumous fame. 

Syn. —Remembrance ; recollection; reminiscence. — 
Memory is the generic term, denoting the power by which 
we reproduce past impressions. Remembrance is an ex- 
ercise of that power when things occur spontaneously to 
our thoughts. In recollection we make a distinct effort 
to collect again, or call back, what we know has been for- 
merly in the mind. Reminiscence is a conscious process 
of recalling past occurrences, but without that full refer- 
ence to particular things which marks recollection. 

Men (men), n., pi. of Man. 

Men'ace (mgn'as ; 48), n. [F. , f r. L. minaciae threats, 
menaces, fr. minax, -acts, projecting, threatening, minae 
projecting points, threats.] The show of an intention to 
inflict evil ; a threat or threatening ; indication of evil. 

Men'ace (men'as ; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Menaced 
(-ast) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Menacing (-a-sing).] 1. To ex- 
press or show an intention to inflict evil or injury upon ; 
to threaten. 2. To make a threat of. 

Men'ace, v. i. To present threatening indications. 

Men'a-cer (-a-ser), n. One who menaces. 

II Md'nage' (ma'nazh'), n. See Manege. 

Men-ag'er-ie (men-Szh'er-y or me-nSj'er-i), n. [F. 
menagerie, fr. menager to keep house, menage house- 
hold. See Mansion.] 1. A place where animals are kept 
and trained. 2. A collection of wild or exotic animals, 
kept for exhibition. 

Mend (mend), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mended ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Mending.] [Abbrev. fr. Amend.] 1. To repair 
after partial decay, injury, or defacement; to put in 
shape or order again. 2. To alter for the better ; to re- 
form ; to improve ; to better. 

Syn. — To help ; emend ; amend ; correct ; rectify. 

Mend, v. i. To grow better ; to become improved. 

Mend'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being mended. 

Men-da'ci0US (mgn-da'shus), a. [L. mendax, -ads, 
lying.] 1. Given to deception or falsehood ; lying. 2. 
False ; counterfeit ; containing falsehood. — Men-da'- 
cious-ly, adv. — Men-da'clous-ness, n. 

Men-dac'i-ty (mgn-das'I-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being mendacious ; habit of lying. 2. A falsehood ; a lie. 

Syn. — Lying ; deceit ; untruth ; falsehood. 

Mend'er (mgnd'er), n. One who mends. 

Men'di-can-cy (men'dT-kan-sy), n. State or quality 
of being mendicant. 

Men'dl-cant (-kant), a. [L. mendicans, -antis, p. pr. 
of mendicare to beg, fr. mendicus beggar, indigent.] 
Practicing beggary; begging; living on alms. — n. A 
beggar ; specif., a begging friar. 

Men-dic'I-ty (men-dis'T-ty), to. [L. mendicitas.] The 
practice of begging ; the life of a beggar ; mendicancy. 

Men-ha'den (mgn-ha'd'n), n. (Zool.) An American 
marine fish of the Herring family chiefly valuable for its 
oil and as a component of fertilizers. 

Men'ial (men'yal or me'nT-al ; 106), a. [OE. meneal, 
fr. meine, maine, household, OF. maisniee, maisnie, IjL. 
mansionaticum. See Mansion.] 1. Belonging to a ret- 
inue or train of servants ; performing servile office ; 
serving. 2. Pert, to servants ; servile ; mean. 

Menial, n. A menial person ; esp., a domestic servant. 

Men in-gi'tis (mgn'Tn-ji'tTs), n. [NL. fr. Gr. nijviy£, 
-tyyos, a membrane -f- -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the 
membranes of the brain or spinal cord. 

Me-nis'CUS (me-nTs'kus), n. ; pi. L. Menisci (-si), E. 



Meniscc&bs (-kfis-gz). [NL., fr. Gr. /atjj/ioxo?, dim. of 
/xt}w7 moon.] 1. A crescent. 2. (Opt.) See under Lens. 

Men'1-ver (mgn'T-ver), n. Same as Miniveb. 

Men'non 1st (mgn'n5n-l8t), I n. (Ecd. Hist.) One of 

Men'non-lte (mgn'n5n-it), ] a small denomination 
of Christians (so called from Menno Simons, of Fries- 
land) who believe that there is no original sin, that in- 
fants should not be baptized, and that Christians ought 
not to take oath, hold office, or render military service. 

Me-nol'O-gy (me-n51'&-jjr), n. [Gr. firjv month -f- 
-logy.~\ 1. A register of months. 2. (Gr. Church) A brief 
calendar of the lives of the saints for each day in the year. 

Men'O-pause (mgn'6-paz), n. [Gr. \vl\v month -f- 
naveiv to cause to cease.] '(Med.) The period of natural 
cessation of menstruation. 

II Men/o-po'ma (-po'ina), ) n. [NL. menopomu , fr. 

Men/0-pome (njen'6-porn), ) Gr. /xeVeif to remain -(- 
n-i/xa lid.] (Zool.) The hellbender. 

Men'sal (mgn'sal), a. [L. mensalis, fr. mensa table.] 
Belonging to the table ; transacted at table. 

Men'sal (nign'sal), a. [L. mensis month.] Occur- 
ring once in a month ; monthly. 

II Men'ses (mgn'sez), n. pi. [L. mensis month, pi. 
menses months, and the monthly courses of women.] 
(Med.) The catamenial or menstrual discharge of women. 

Men'Stm-al (mgn'stru-al), a. [L. menstrualis.] 1. 
Recurring once a month ; monthly ; gone through in a 
month. 2. Of or pertaining to the menses. 3. Of or 
pertaining to a menstruum. 

Men'stru-ant (-ant), a. [L. menstruans, p. pr. of 
menstruare to menstruate, fr. meuslruus.] Subject to 
monthly flowing or menses. 

Men'stru-ate (-at), v. i. To discharge the menses; 
to have the catamenial flow. [of menstruating. I 

Men'Stru-a'tlon (-a'shun), n. Act, state, or period | 

Men'stru-OUS (-stru-us), a. [L. menstruus, fr. men- 
sis month.] 1. Having the monthly flow or discharge. 
2. Of or pertaining to the monthly flow. 

Men'stru-um (-um), n. ; pi. E. Menstrutjms (-umz), 
L. Menstrua (-a). [See Menstruous.] Any substance 
which dissolves a solid body ; a solvent. 

Men'SU-ra-ble (mgn'shu-ra-b'l), a. [L. mensurabilis, 
fr. mensurare to measure, fr. mensura measure.] Capa- 
ble of being measured ; measurable. — Men'SU-ra-bll'I- 
ty (bil'T-ty), Men'su-ra-ble-ness, n. 

Men'SU-ral (-ral), a. Of or pertaining to measure. 

Men'SU-ra'tlon (nien'shu-ra'shun), n. 1. Act, proc- 
ess, or art, of measuring. 2. That branch of applied 
geometry which gives rules for finding lengths, areas, or 
volumes, from certain simple data of lines and angles. 

-ment (-ment). [F. -ment, L. -mentum.'] A suffix de- 
noting that which does a thing ; an act or process ; the 
result of an act or process ; state or condition. 

Men'tal (mSn'tal), a. [L. mentum the chin.] (Anat.) 
Of or pertaining to the chin ; genian. 

Men'tal, n. (Zool.) A plate or scale covering the 
mentum or chin of a fish or reptile. 

Men'tal, a. [F., fr. L. mentalis, fr. mens, mentis, the 
mind ; akin to E. mind.'] Of or pertaining to the mind ; 
intellectual. — Men'tal-ly, adv. [mind. ' 

Men-tal'i-ty (men-tal'T-t^), n. Quality or state of 

Men'thol (inen'thol), n. [L. mentha mint + -ol. 
(Chem.) A white, crystalline, aromatic substance re- 
sembling camphor, extracted from oil of peppermint. 

Men'tion (men'shun), n. [F., fr. L. mentio,'fv. root 
of meminisse to remember. See Mind.] A speaking or 
notice of anything, — usually in a brief or cursory manner. 

Men'tion (mgn'shun), v. I. [i?np. & p. p. Mentioned 
(-shund) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mentioning.] To make men- 
tion of ; to speak briefly of ; to name. 

Men'tion-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Fit to be mentioned. 

Men'tor (mgn'tor), n. [From Mentor, the counselor 
of Telemachus.] A wise counselor or monitor. 

II Menu' (me-nu'), n. [F., slender, thin, minute. See 
Minute.] The details of a banquet ; a bill of fare. 

Meph is-to-phe'li-an (mgf'Ts-to-fe'lT-an or -fel'yon), 
a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the devil Mephistopheles. 

Me-phlt'ic (me-flt'Tk), ) a. [L. mephiticus, fr. mephi- 

Me-phit'ic-al (-T-kal), { tis mephitis.] 1. Tending 
to destroy life ; poisonous ; noxious. 2. Ill smelling. 

II Me-phi'tls (me-fl'tTs), n. [L. mephitis.] Noxious, 
pestilential, or foul exhalations from decomposing sub- 
stances, filth, or other source. 

Meph'1-tlsm (mSf'T-tiz'm), n. Same as Mephitis. 

Mer'can-tile (merman-til), a. [F. & It. fr. L. mer- 
cans, -antis, p. pr. of mercari to traffic] Of or pertaining 
to merchants, or the business of merchants ; commercial. 

Syn. — Commercial. — Commercial is a wider term than 



fSrn, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



MERCENARILY 



524 



MERRIMENT 






) 



mercmttih. Iu its stricter use. commercial relates to the 
. and other business connected with 
mtry, that is. the exchange of corn- 
applies to the sale of uier- 
« hen brought to market. 

ry'l. a. [F. mcrcenairc, fr. 

reward. See Mekcv.] 

g for reward ; serving for pay ; paid ; hired ; 

. venal. 2. Hence : Greedy of gain ; sordid ; 

selfish.'— Mer'ce-na-ri-ly, adv. — Mer'ce-na-ri-ness, ». 

Bj n. - Bea Venal. 

Mer'ce-na-ry. n. One who is hired; esp., a soldier 
hired into foreign service. 

Mer'cer (,-ser), n. [F. merrier, fr. L. inerx, mercis, 
merchandise.] A dealer in silks or woolens. \_Eng.~\ 
Mer'cer-y HP), »• The trade or goods of mercers. 
Mer'chan-dise (-chan-dii), n. [F. marchundise, OF. 
tndue.] 1. The objects of commerce; wares; 
oinmodities. 2. Trade ; traffic. 
Mer'chan-dise, v . i- & t. To buy and sell ; to trade ; 
to carry on commerce. 

Mer'chant (-chant), n. [OF. marcheant, marchant, 
fr. LL. mercuians, -antis, p. pr. of mercatare to negoti- 
ate, L. mercari to traffic, fr. merx, mercis, wares.] 

1. One who traffics on a large scale, esp. with foreign 
couutries; trader. 2. A shopkeeper. [ U. S. & Scot.] 

Mer'chant, a. Of or pert, to trade or merchandise. 

Mer'chant-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Fit for market ; such as 
is usually sold in market ; sometimes, a technical desig- 
nation for a particular kind or class. [in commerce. I 

Mer'chant-man (-man), n. A vessel that is employed | 

Mer'chant-ry (-ry), n. 1. Merchants collectively. 

2. The business of a merchant ; merchandise. 
Mer'ci-ful (uier'si-ful), a. [Mercy + -/«?.] 1. FuU 

of mercy ; disposed to pity and spare offenders. 2. Com- 
passionate. — Mer'ci-ful-ly, adv. — Mer'ci-ful-ness, n. 

Syn.— Compassionate ; tender; humane; gracious; 
kind : mild : clement ; benignant. 

Mer'ci-less, or. Destitute of mercy; pitiless; ruth- 
less. — Mer'ci-less-ly, adv. — Mer'ci-less-ness, n. 

Syn. — Cruel ; unmerciful ; barbarous ; savage. 

Mer-CU'ri-al (mer-ku'rT-ol), a. [L. mercurialis, fr. 
Mercurius Mercury.] 1. Having the qualities attributed 
to the god Mercury ; swift ; sprightly ; fickle ; volatile ; 
changeable. Also, money-making ; crafty. 2. Of or 
pertaining to, or containing, the metal mercury. 

3. {Med.) Caused by the use of mercury. 
Mer-cu'ri-al-ize (-iz), v. t. 1. (Med.) To affect with 

mercury. 2. (Photography) To treat with mercury. 

Mer-CU'ri-al-ly, adv. In a mercurial manner. 

Mer-CU'ric (nier-ku'rik), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining 
to, or derived from, or containing, mercury, esp. in its 
highest valence. See -ic. 

Mer-CU'rous (mer-ku'rus), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining 
to, or derived from, or containing, mercury, esp. in its 
lowest valence. See -or/s. 

Mer'cn-ry (mer'ku-ry), n. [L. Mercurius ; akin to 
merx wares.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) A Latin god of com- 
merce and gain, — treated by the poets as identical with 
the Greek Hermes. 2. (Chem.) The heavy, opaque, 
glistening liquid metal, commonly called quicksilver. 
Sp. gr. 13.6. 3- (Astron.) The one of the planets of the 
solar system nearest the sun. 4. A carrier of tidings ; a 
messenger. 5. (Bot.) (a) A plant, the leaves of which 
are sometimes used for spinach, in Europe, (b) Any 
one of certain climbing plants, esp. poison ivy. [17. S.~\ 

Mer'cy (mer's^), n. [F. merci, L. merces, -cedis, 
hire, reward, in LL., equiv. to misericordia pity, mercy.] 
1. Compassionate treatment of an offender or adversary ; 
clemency ; willingness to spare or to help ; grace ; com- 
passion. 2. An act of clemency, compassion, or favor. 

-mere f-mer). [Gr. /ae'pos part.] A combining form 
meaning part, portion. 

Mere (mer), n. [AS. mere mere, sea ; akin to G. meer, 
W. mor, It. & Gael, muir, L. mare.] A pool or lake. 

Mere, n. [AS. gemsere.] A boundary. 

Mere, a. [Superl. Merest. The comparative is rarely 
or never used.] [L. merus.] 1. Unmixed ; pure ; ab- 
solute; unqualified. 2. Only this, and nothing else; 
simple ; bare. 

Merely, adv. 1. Purely; absolutely ; solely. 2. 
Hot otherwise than ; simply ; only ; barely ; scarcely. 

Mer'e-tri'clOUS (mSr'e-trTsh'tts), a. [L. merelricius, 
from meretrix, -ids, a prostitute, lit., one who earns 
money, i. e., by prostitution, fr. merere to earn, gain.] 
1. Of or pertaining to prostitutes ; having to do with 
harlots ; lustful. 2. Resembling the arts of a harlot ; 
alluring by false show; tawdry. — Mer'e-tri'ciOUS-ly, 
Mer e-trl'clous-ness, n. 



Mer-gan'ser (mer-gan'ser), n. [Sp. mergansar, fr. 
merge diver (L. mergus, fr. mergere to dive) + ansar 
goose, L. ONMT.] (Zo'dl.) Any of several species of 
fowls, allied to ducks, but having a sharply serrated bill. 

Merge (uierj), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Merged 
(merjd) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Merging (uier'jlng).] [L. mer- 
gere, mersum.~\ To be or cause to be swallowed up; to 
immerse ; to sink or be sunk ; to absorb. 

Mer'ger (mSr'jer), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
merges. 2. (Law) An absorption of one estate, or one 
contract, in another, or of a minor offense in a greater. 

Me-rid'i-an (me-rid'i-an), a. [F. meridien, L. me- 
ridianus pertaining to noon, fr. meridies noon, midday, 
for older medid ies ; mediits mid + dies day.] 1. Being 
at, or pert, to, midday ; belonging to, or passing through, 
the highest point attained by the sun in his diurnal 
course. 2. Of or pertaining to the highest point or cul- 
mination. 

Me-rid'i-an, n. 1. Midday; noon. 2. Hence: The 
highest point ; culmination. 3. (Astron.) A great circle 
of the sphere passing through the poles of the heavens 
and the zenith of a given place. It is crossed by the sun 
at midday. 4. (Geog.) An imaginary great circle on 
the surface of the earth, passing through the poles and 
any given place. 

Magnetic meridian, a great circle passing through the 
zenith and coinciding in direction with the magnetic 
needle. — Meridian of a globe, or Brass meridian, a gradu- 
ated circular ring of brass, in which the artificial globe is 
suspended and revolves. 

Me-rid'i-0-nal (-6-nal), a. 1. Of or pert, to the 
meridian. 2. Having a southern aspect ; southerly. 

II Me / llngue' (F. me'raN'g' ; E. ni6-rang'), n. [F.] 
A delicate pastry made of powdered sugar and the whites 
of eggs whipped up, and with jam or cream added. 

Me-ri'no (mg-re'no), a. [Sp. merino moving from 
pasture to pasture, fr. merino a royal judge and superin- 
tendent of sheep walks, LL. merinus, fr. majorinus, i. e., 
major villae, fr. L. major greater. See Mayor.] 1. Of or 
pert, to a variety of sheep with very fine wool, originally 
bred in Spain and driven in large flocks from one pas- 
ture to another. 2. Made of the wool of this sheep. 

Me-ri'no, n. ; pi. Merinos (-noz). [Sp.] 1. (Zo'dl.) 
A breed of sheep. 2. A fine 
fabric of merino wool. 

Mer'it (mer'it), n. [F. 
merite,li. meritum, fr. merere, 
mereri, to merit.] 1. Quality 
or state of deserving well or 
ill, esp. well ; desert ; worth ; 
excellence. 2. Reward de- 
served ; any mark or token of 
excellence or approbation. 

Mer'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Merited ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mer- Merino. 

iting.] To earn by service or performance ; to have a 
right to claim as reward ; to deserve ; sometimes, to de- 
serve in a bad sense. 

Mer'it-ed-ly, adv. By merit ; deservedly. 

Mer'i-tO'ri-OUS (-I-to'ri-us), a. Possessing merit ; de- 
serving of reward or honor ; worthy of recompense. — 
Mer'i-to'rious-ly, adv. — Meri-to'ri-ous-ness, n. 

Merl ) (merl), n. [F. merle, L. merula, merulus."] 

Merle I (Zo'dl.) The European blackbird. 

Merlin (nieVlm), n. [OE. merlion, F. emerillon.'] 
(Zo'dl. ) A small European falcon. 

Merlon (-Ion), n. [F. ; origin uncert.] (Fort.) One of 
the solid parts of a battlemented parapet : a battlement. 

Mer'maid (mer'mad), n. 
[AS. mere lake, sea. See 
Mere lake, and Maid.] A 
fabled marine creature, typ- 
ically represented as having 
the upper part like a woman, 
and the lower like a fish. 

Mer'man (-man), n. The 
male corresponding to mer- 
maid; a sea man, or man fish. 

Mer'O-blast (mer'o- 
blSst), n. [Gr. /ue'pos part 

-f -blast.] (Biol) An ovum - ^ Mermaid . 
consisting of both a germi- *-jv»** 

nal portion and an albuminous, or nutritive, one. 

Mer o-blas'tic (-blaVtTk), a. (Biol.) Consisting only 
in part of germinal matter. 

-merous. [-mere + -ous.~\ An adjective suffix mean- 





I ing of or having such or so many parts. 

! Mer'ri-ment (mgr'rl-ment), n. Gayety ; mirth ; frolic. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



MERRY 



525 



METAGE 



Mer'ry (mer'ry), a. [Compar. Merrier (-rT-er) ; su- 
perl. Merriest.] [AS. merge, myrige, pleasant ; of un- 
certain origin.] 1. Laughingly gay ; overflowing with 
good humor and good spirits ; jovial ; sportive. 2. 
Cheerful ; happy. 3. Causing laughter, mirth, or delight. 
— Mer'ri-ly (-rl-ty), adv. — Mer'ri-ness, n. 

Syn. — Cheerful ; blithe ; lively ; sprightly ; vivacious ; 
gleeful ; joyous ; mirthful ; jocund ; sportive ; hilarious. 
Mer'ry-an'drew (-an'dru), n. A buffoon; a zany; 
esp., one who attends a mountebank or quack doctor ; — 
said to have originated from one Andrew Borde, an Eng- 
lish physician who gained patients by facetious speeches. 
Mer'ry-gO'-round' (-go-round'), n. Any revolving 
contrivance, a3 a ring of hobbyhorses, for affording 
amusement. 

Mer'ry -mak ing (-mak'Tng), a. Making or producing 
mirth; convivial; jolly. — n. Act of making merry. 

Mer'ry-thought' (-that'), n. The forked bone of a 
fowl's breast ; f urculum ; wishbone. 
Mes- (mes-). See Meso-. {western U. S.] I 

II Me'sa (inS'sa), n. [Sp.] A high tableland. [South- \ 
II Mescal' (mas-kal'), n. [Sp.] A distilled liquor 
prepared in Mexico from a species of agave. 

Mes dames' {F. ma'dam'; E. mez'damz), n., pi. of 
Madame and Madam. 

Me-seems' (ine-semz'), v. impers. [imp. Meseemed 
(-senid').] It seems to me. [Poetic'] 

Mes'en-ceph'a-lonCmeVSn-sef'a-lon), n. ['N'L. See 
Meso-; Encephalon.] {Anat.) The middle segment of 
the brain ; midbrain. [mesentery. 

Mes en-terlc (-ter'Tk), a. {Anat.) Pertaining to a 
iiMes-en'te-ron(mes-eu'te-ron), 7i. [NL. See Meso-, 
and Enteron.] {Anat.) All that part of the alimentary 
canal which is developed from the primitive enteron. 

Mes'en-ter-y (mes'en-ter-y), n. [Gr. fiea-evTeptov ; 
/Lte'cros + evrepov intestine.] {Anat.) The membranes, or 
one of them, which connect the intestines and their ap- 
pendages with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity. 

Mesh (mesh), n. [AS. masc, msescre ; akin to D. maas, 
masche.~\ 1. The opening or space inclosed by the threads 
of a net between knot and knot, or the threads inclosing 
such a space ; network ; net. 2. {Gearing) The engage- 
ment of the teeth of wheels, or of a wheel and rack. 
Mesh, v. t. To catch in a mesh. 
Mesh, v. i. {Gearing) To engage with each other. 
Me'sial (me'zhal), a. [Gr. peaos middle.] {Anat.) 
Middle ; median ; in, or in the region of, the plane 
dividing the body into right and left halves. 
Mes-mer'ic (mez-iner'Tk), ) a. Of, pertaining to, or 
Mes-mer'ic-al (-T-kal), ) induced by, mesmerism. 
Mes'mer-ism (niez'nier-Tz'm), n. [From Mesmer, 
who first brought it into notice at Vienna, about 1775.] 
The art of inducing an extraordinary or abnormal state 
of the nervous system, in which the actor claims to con- 
trol the actions, and communicate directly with the mind, 
of the recipient. [mesmerism. I 

Mes'mer-ist. n. One who practices, or believes in, | 
Mes mer-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. Act of mesmeriz- 
ing ; state of being mesmerized. 

Mes'mer-ize (inez'iner-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mes- 
merized (-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mesmerizing (-i'zing).] 
To bring into a mesmeric state. 
Mes'mer-i'zer (-i'zer), n. One who mesmerizes. 
Mesne (men), a. [Cf. Mean intermediate.] {Law) 
Middle ; intervening. 

Mes'O- (mes'o-), Mes- (mes-). [Gr. /xe'cros middle.] A 
combining form denoting in the middle, intermediate ; 
specif. {Chem.), denoting a type of hydrocarbons. 

Mes'o-blast (-blSst), n. [Meso- + -blast.] {Biol.) 
{a) The mesoderm. (o) The cell nucleus ; mesoplast. 

Mes'o-carp (-k'arp), n. [Meso- + -carp.] {Bot.) The 
middle layer of a pericarp with three distinct or dissim- 
ilar layers. 

Mes o-ce-phal'ic (-se-fal'Tk), a. [Meso- + cephalic] 
{Anat.) {a) Of or pertaining to, or in the region of, the 
middle of the head. (&) Having the cranial cavity of 
medium capacity, (c) Having the ratio of the length to 
the breadth of the cranium a medium one. 

Mes'O-derm (-derm), n. [Meso- + -derm.] {Biol.) 
{a) The layer of the blastoderm between the ectoderm 
and endoderm ; mesoblast. {b) The middle body layer 
in some invertebrates, (c) The middle layer of tissue in 
some vegetable structures. 

Mes 6-gas'tric (mes'o-gaVtrTk), a. [Meso- -f- gastric] 
{Anat.) Of or pertaining to the middle region of the 
abdomen, or of the stomach. 

Mes'o- plast (mes'6-plast), n. [Meso- + -plast.] 
{Biol.) The nucleus of a cell ; mesoblast. 



Mes'O-thO'rax (m5s'6-tho'r5ks), n. [Meso- 4- thorax.] 
{Zo'61.) In inaeett, the middle segment of the thorax. 
[See Must, of Insect.] 

Mes 0-ZO'lc (-zo'Ik), a. [Meso- -i- Gr. fry life, fr. 
<JVj«> to live.] {Geol.) Belonging, or relating, to the 
secondary or reptilian age, or the era between the Paleo- 
zoic and Cenozoic. — n. The Mesozoic age or formation. 

Mes-qui'te (liies-ke'taj, Mes-qult' (nigs-kef), n. [Sp. 
mez'juilc] {Bot.) Either of two species of Prosopis, 
trees of southwestern North America. P. julijlora, or 
the honey mesquite, bears sweet pulpy pods, and P. 
pubescens, or the screw-pod mesquite, is a smaller tree 
having spiral pods used as fodder. 

Mess (mgs), n. [OF. mes, LL. missum,^. p. of mittere 
to put, place (e. g., on the table), L. mittere to send.] 
1. A quantity of food set on a table at one time, or pro- 
vided for one meal. 2. A number of persons who eat 
together, and for whom food is prepared in common. 

3. The milk given by a cow at one milking. [U. S.] 

4. [Perh. corrupt, fr. OE. mesh for mash.] A disagree- 
able mixture or confusion of things. [Colloq.] 

Mess (mgs), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Messed (mSst) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Messing.] To take meals with a mess. 

Mess, v. t. To supply with a mess. 

Mes'sage (mgs'saj ; 48), n. [F., fr. LL. missaticum, 
fr. L. mittere, missum, to send.] 1. Any notice, word, 
or communication, sent from one to another. 2. Specif., 
an official communication, not made in person. 

Mes'sen-ger (-sen-jer), n. [OF. messngier. See 
Message.] 1. One who bears a message. 2. {Xaut.) A 
hawser having its two ends lashed together. 

Syn. — Carrier ; intelligencer ; courier ; harbinger ; 
forerunner ; precursor \ herald. 

Mes-si'ah (mes-si'a), n. [Heb. mashiakh anointed, 
f r. mashakh to anoint. ] The expected king and deliverer 
of the Hebrews ; the Savior ; Christ. 

Mes-si'ah-shlp, n. State, character, or office of the 
Messiah. [Messiah. | 

Mes'si-an'ic (mes'sT-an'Tk), a. Of or relating to the | 

Mes-si'as (mes-si'as), n. [LL., fr. Gr. Metrcrta?. See 
Messiah.] The Messiah. 

II Mes'si'dor' {F. ma'se'dor' ; E. mes'sT-dor), n. [F., 
fr. L. messis harvest.] See Vendemiaire. 

Mes'sieurs (mesh'yerz ; F. ma'sye'), n. pi. [F. ; pi. 
of monsieur.] Sirs ; gentlemen ; — abbrev. to Messrs., 
which is used as the plural of 3Ir. 

Mess'mate 7 (mes'maf), n. An associate in a mess. 

Mes'suage (mes'swaj ; 48), n. [Cf. OF. mesuage, 
deriv. of L. mansio. See Mansion.] {Laic) A dwelling 
house, with the adjacent buildings and lands appropri- 
ated to the use of the household. 

Mes-tee' (mes-te 7 ), n. [See Mestizo.] The offspring 
of a white person and a quadroon. [ West Indian] 

Mes-ti'no (mes-te'no), n. ;pl. -nos (-noz). See Mestizo. 

Mes-ti'ZO (-zo), n. ; pi. -zos (-zoz). [Sp., deriv. of 
L. mixtus mixed.] The offspring of an Indian or a negro 
and a person of European stock. [Spanish America] 

Met (met), imp. & p. p. of Meet. 

Met'a- (met'a-), Met- (met-). [Gr. nerd between, with, 
after ; akin to E. mid in midwife.] 1. A prefix meaning 
between, with, after, behind, over, about, reversely. 2. 
{Chem.) A prefix denoting: {a) Other; duplicate; cor- 
responding to ; resembling; hence, metameric (b) {Or- 
ganic Chem.) That two replacing radicals, in the benzene 
nucleus, occupy the relative positions of 1 and 3, 2 and 4, 
3 and 5, 4 and 6, 5 and 1, or 6 and 2. See Ortho-, and 
Para-, (c) {Inorganic Chem.) Having less than the 
highest number of hydroxvl groups ; — said of acids. 

Me-tab'a-sis (me-tab'a-sis), n . ; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL. , 
deriv. of Gr. fMerd over -J- fiaiveiv to go.] {Bhet.) A 
transition from one subject to another. 

Me-tab'0-lism (-6-lTz'm), n. {Physiol.) The act or 
process by which hiving tissues or cells assimilate the nu- 
tritive material brought to them by the blood (construc- 
tive metabolism), or by which they transform their cell 
protoplasm into simpler substances, fitted for excretion 
or for some special purpose (destructive metabolism). 

Met'a-car'pal (mSt'a-kar'ivd), a. {Anal.) Of or per- 
taining to the metacarpus. — n. A metacarpal bone. 

Met'a-car'pus (-pus), n. [NL., deriv. of Gr. /Ltera 
after -j- Kopn-os wrist.] {Anat.) That part of the skeleton 
of the hand or forefoot beween the carpus and phalanges. 
[See Must, of Skeleton.] 

Me-tach'ro-nism (me-tsfk'ro-ntz'm), n. [Gr. ^.era- 
Xpovo? after the time ; /oiera beyond -f- xpo*' ? time.] 
The error of placing an event after its real time. 

Met'age (met'aj ; 48), B. [From Mete, r.] 1. Meas- 
urement, especially of coal. 2. Charge for measuring. 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



METAGENESIS 



526 



METENCEPHALON 



} 
) 



Met a-gen'e-sis (mW a-jen^-sTs), n. [Pref. meta- -f- 
t lie chance of form which one ani- 
- undergoes in a series of successively pro- 
duced individuals, extending from the one developed 
from the ovum to the final perfected individual. 2. 
Alternation of sexual and asexual or gemmiparous 
it ions. [agrammatism. I 

Met'a-gram'ma-tlsini,m?t'a-grSm , ma-tIz'm), n. An-| 

Met'al v 1 "? 1 ' 1 '! (>/ " nigfl), n. " [F. metal, L. metallum 
metal, mine. Gr. p.craX\ov mine.] 1. (Chem.) An ele- 
mentary substance whose oxide or hydroxide has basic 
rather than acid properties, as contrasted with the non- 
metals, or metalloids, from which, however, the metals 
are not sharply distinguished ; popularly, any one of cer- 
tain hard, fusible metals, as gold, silver, copper, iron, 
tin. lead, zinc, nickel, etc., or a mixture of them, or an 
alloy. 2. The substance of which anything is made ; 
material ; hence, constitutional disposition ; character ; 
temper. 3. Courage ; spirit ; mettle. 4. Broken stone 
for macadamizing roads or ballasting railroads. 5. The 
effective power or caliber of guns carried by a vessel of 
war. 6. Glass in a state of fusion or unwrought. 

Met'al, r. t. To cover with metal. 
Met a-lep'sis (mgt'a-lSp'sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). 
[L., deriv. of Gr. /xeTaAa/x/3di'eii' to take in exchange.] 
(Bhet.) The union of two or more tropes of a different 
kind in one word. 

Me-talUc (ine-taVlTk), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a 
metal; of the nature of metal; resembling metal. 2. 
(Chem.) Basic; antacid; positive. See Metal, 1. 

Met al-lii'er-OUS (ingt/al-lTfer-iis), a. [L. metal- 
lifer- ; metallum -j- ferre to bear.] Yielding metals. 

Me-tal'li-fonn (me-taili-fSrm), a. [L. metallum 
■j- -form.] Having the form or structure of a metal. 

Met'al-line (ingt'al-lin), a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining 
to, or resembling, a metal ; metallic, (b) Impregnated 
with metallic salts ; chalybeate. [i2.] [metals. I 

Met'al-list (-list), n. A worker, or one skilled, in| 

Met'al-log'ra-phy (-15g'ra-fy), n. [L. metallum metal 
+ -graphy.] Science or art of metals and metal work- 
ing ; also, a treatise on metals. 

Met'al-loid (met'al-loid), n. [L. metallum metal + 
-oid.~\ (a) Formerly, the metallic base of a fixed alkali, 
or alkaline earth. (b) Now, any one of several elemen- 
tary substances which in the free state are unlike metals, 
and whose compounds possess or produce acid, rather 
than basic, properties ; a nonmetal. 

Met'al-loid, a. 1. Having the appearance of a metal. 
2. (Chem.) Having the properties of a nonmetal. 

Met al-lur'gic (mgt'al-lGr'jTk), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Met al-lur'gic-al (-jT-kal), J to metallurgy. 

Met'al-lur gist (ingt'al-luVjTst), n. One who works 
in metals, or is skilled in metallurgy. 

Met'al-lur'gy (-jy), n. [F. metallurgies fr. L. metal- 
lum metal, Gr. fieraWov a mine + the root of epyov work.] 
Art of working metals ; sometimes, only the process of 
extracting metals from their ores. 

Met'a-mere (-a-mer), n. [Pref. meta- + -mere."] 
(Biol.) One of successive parts in animals or plants ; one 
of a series of similar parts that follow one another in a 
vertebrate or articulate animal, as in an earthworm. 

Met a-mer'ic (mgt/a-mgrlk), a. [Pref. meta- + Gr. 
nepos part.] 1. (Chem.) Having the same elements 
united in the same proportion by weight, and with the 
same molecular weight, but possessing a different molec- 
ular structure and different properties. 2. (Biol.) Of, 
pertaining to, or characterized by, metameres. 

Me-tam'er-ism (me-tam'er-Tz'm), n. State or quality 
of being metameric. 

Met a-mor'phic (met'a-mGr'fTk), a. 1. Subject to 
metamorphosis ; changeable ; variable. 2. Causing a 
change of structure. 3. (Geol.) Pertaining to, produced 
by, or exhibiting, certain changes which minerals or 
rocks may have undergone since their original deposition, 
esp. recrystallization under the influence of heat. 

Met a-mor'phism (-fiz'm), n. ( Geol. ) State or quality 
of being metamorphic ; recrystallization of sedimentary 
heat, pressure, etc. 

Met a-mor'phose (-fto), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meta- 

MOEPHOHED (-fost) \ p. pr. & vb. 71. METAMORPHOSING.] 

ge into a different form ; to transmute. 
Met'a-mor'phose. n. Metamorphosis. 
Met'a-mor'pho-sis f-fo-sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., fr. 
Gr. M*Tafi6p<i(uais. fr. fxera/ii.op<j>oi)a-0ai to be transformed ; , 

ond, over -f- /xop^ form.] 1. Change of form 
or structure; transformation. 2. (Biol.) A change in J 
the form or function of a living organism by a natural I 
process of growth or development; esp., that form of ' 



sexual reproduction in which an embryo undergoes a 
series of marked changes of external form. 3. (Physiol.) 
The change of material of one kind into another through 
the agency of the living organism. 

Met'a-phor (meVA-fer), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
fjieraxpopa, fr. ixercKpepeiv to transfer ; /uerd over -j- (pepetv 
to bear.] (Ehet.) The transference of the relation be- 
tween one set of objects to another set for the purpose 
of brief explanation ; a compressed simile. 

[giP'The statement, "that man is a fox," is a meta- 
phor ; but " that man is like a fox," is a simile. 

Met'a-phor'ic (-f or'Tk), ) a. Of, pertaining to, or 

Met a-phor'ic-al (-T-kal), j comprising, a metaphor ; 
figurative ; tropical. — Met'a-phor'ic-al-ly, adv. — Met'- 
a-phor'ic-al-ness, n. 

Met'a-phrase (niet'a-fraz), n. [Gr. /xerd^pao-i?, from 
fiera<ppa£etv to paraphrase ; ixera over -f- <f>pa$eiv to speak.] 
1. A verbal translation. 2. Repartee. 

Me-taph'ra-sis (ine-tSf'ra-sTs), n. Metaphrase. 

Met'a-phrast (ingt'a-frSst), n. A literal translator. 

Met'a-phras'tic (-frSs'tlk), ) C1 orliteral 

Met'a-phras'tic-al (-tT-kal), \ a ' Llose ' or nteraI - 

Met'a-phys'iC (-fTz'Tk), n. Metaphysics. 

Met'a-phys'ic, a. Metaphysical. 

Met/a-phys'ic-al (-T-kal), a. 1. Of or pert, to meta- 
physics. 2. According to rules or principles of metaphys- 
ics. — Met'a-phys'ic-al-ly, adv. [in metaphysics. I 

Met'a-phy-si/cian (inet'a-fT-zTsh'an), n. One versed | 

Met'a-phys'iCB (-fTz'Iks), n. [Gr. jtiera to. <pv<riica 
after those things which relate to external nature, after 
physics, fr. /xerd beyond, after -)- (pvcriicos relating to 
external nature, natural, physical, fr. <pv<rt.s nature ; — a 
term first used for that part of the writings of Aristotle 
which came after the part which treated of physics."} 1. 
The science of real as distinguished from phenomenal be- 
ing ; ontology ; also, the science of being, with reference 
to its abstract and universal conditions; philosophy in 
general. 2. Hence : The scientific knowledge of mental 
phenomena ; mental philosophy ; psychology. 

Met'a-plasm (mgt'a-plaVm), n. [Deriv. of Gr. /xerd 
over + jrAdaaeiv to mold.] (Gram.) A change in the 
letters or syllables of a word. 

Me-tas'ta-sls (me-tSs'ta-sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., 
transition, deriv. of Gr. ^icrd after, about -J- Icrravai to 
place.] 1. (Theol.) A spiritual change. 2. (Med.) A 
change in the location of a disease. 3. (Physiol.) Me- 
tabolism, [caused by, metastasis. I 

Met'a-Stat'ic (mgt'a-staVTk), a. Of, pertaining to, or | 

Met'a-tar'sal (mgfa-tar'sal), a. (Anat.) Of or per- 
taining to the metatarsus. — n. A metatarsal bone. 

Met'a-tar'SUS (-tar'sus), n. ; pi. -si (-si). [NX. See 
Meta-; Tarsus.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton of 
the hind or lower limb between the tarsus and phalan- 
ges. [See Ulust. of Skeleton.] 

Me-tath'e-sis (me-tSth'e-sis), n. / -ses (-sez). [L.,fr. 
Gr. iLerdOeo-is, deriv. of pera over, about -f- TiBevai to 
place.] 1. (Gram.) Transposition, as of letters or sylla- 
bles. 2. (Chem.) Act, process, or result of exchange, 
substitution, or replacement of atoms and radicals. 

Met'a-thet'ic (met'a-thgt'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Met'a-thet'ic-al (-T-kal), j to metathesis. 

Met'a-thO'rax (-tho'rSks), n. [XL. See Meta-; 
Thorax.] (Zo'ol.) The posterior segment of the thorax 
in insects. [See Ulust. of Insect.] 

II M^ta'yer' (F. ma'ta'yi' ; E. me-ta'yer), n. [P., 
deriv. of L. medius middle.] One who cultivates land 
for a share (usually one half) of its yield, receiving tools, 
seed, etc., from the landlord. \_France & Italy"] 

I! Mefa-ZO'a (mgt'a-zo'a), n. pi. [NX., fr. Gr. juerd 
after + £<Zov an animal.] (Zo'ol.) Those animals (includ- 
ing nearly all except the Protozoa) in which the protoplas- 
mic mass constituting the egg is converted into cells, 
which are metamorphosed into the tissues of the body. 

Met'a-ZO'an (-an), n. (Zo'ol.) One of the Metazoa. 

Met'a-ZO'ic (-Tk), a. Of or pertaining to the Metazoa. 

Mete (met), v. t. limp. &p. p. Meted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Meting.] [AS. metan ; akin to G. messen, L. ?nodus, Gr. 
fieSeiv to rule, E. measure.] To find the quantity, dimen- 
sions, or capacity of by a rule or standard ; to measure. 

Mete, n. Measure; limit; boundary; — chiefly in pi. 

Me-temp sy-cho'sis (me-tgmp/sT-ko'sTs), n. [NL., 
fr. Gr. neTep.\lr6x<»(ris ; /xerd beyond, over + e/x^vx " 1 ' to 
animate ; kv in -f- \jruxn soul.] The passage of the soul, 
as an immortal essence, at the death of the animal body 
into another living body ; transmigration of souls. 

Met/en-ceph'a-lon (mgt'gn-sgf'a-lSn), n. [Met- -f- 
encephalon.] (Anat.) The posterior part of the brain, 
including the medulla ; the afterbrain. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finoL 



METEOR 



527 



MEW 




Me'te-Or (me'te-er), n. [F. meteore, Gr. txeriupou, pi. 
ixereojpa things in the air, fr. /xerc'copo; higli in air, fxerd 
beyond + ewpa, auipa, suspension in the air, fr. aeipeiv 
to lift up.] 1. Any phenomenon or appearance in the 
atmosphere, as clouds, rain, hail, snow, etc. 2. Specif. : 
A transient luminous body or appearance seen in the at- 
mosphere, or in a more elevated region. 

Me'te-or'ic (-Sr'Ik), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a me- 
teor, or to meteors ; atmospheric. 2. Influenced by the 
weather. 3. Flashing ; brilliant ; transient ; like a meteor. 

Me'te-or-ite (me'te-er-It), 7i. (Min.) A mass of stone 
or iron which has fallen to the earth 
from space ; an aerolite. 

Me'te-or'o-graph (-5r'5-graf ), n. 
[See -graph.] An instrument to 
register meteoric changes. 

Me'te-or-oid (me'te-er-oid), n. 
[Meteor -f- -oid.~\ {Astron. ) A small 
body moving through space, which 
on entering the earth's atmosphere 
would be deflagrated and appear as Section of a piece of a 
a meteor. Meteorite, or Mete- 

Me'te-or'o-Me(mevte-5r'6--iit),7i. ^J™" t ' at 8ra s 
iMeteor + -lite.] A meteoric stone ; Widmanstatten i ig- 
an aerolite ; a meteorite. 

Me te-or'o-log'ic (-15j'Tk), ) a. Of or pert, to the 

Me'te-or'O-log'ic-al (-T-kfll), j atmosphere and its 
phenomena, or to meteorology. [in meteorology. I 

Me'te-or-ol'O-gist (-er-51'6-jTst), n. A person skilled | 

Me'te-Or-Ol'O-gy (-]f), n. [Gr. /oteTecopoAoyia ; /neTewpo? 
-f- Adyos discourse.] The science which treats of the 
atmosphere and its phenomena, particularly of its varia- 
tions of heat and moisture, of its winds, storms, etc. 

-me'ter (-me'ter). [L. metrum measure, or the allied 
Gr. /xerpov. See Meter rhythm.] A suffix denoting that 
by which anything is measured. 

Me'ter (me'ter), n. [From Mete, v.] 1. One that 
metes or measures. 2. An instrument for measuring, 
and usually for recording automatically, quantity. 

Me'ter, n. A line above or below a hanging net, to 
which the net is attached in order to strengthen it. 

Me'ter ) (me'ter), n. [F. metre, L. metrum, fr. Gr. 

Me'tre ) jtieVpov ; akin to Skr. ma to measure.] 1. 
Rhythmical arrangement of syllables or words into verses, 
stanzas, strophes, etc. ; rhythm ; measure ; verse. 2. A 
measure of length, equal to 39.37 English inches, the 
standard of linear measure in the metric system of weights 
and measures. See Metric system, under Metric. 

Meth'ane (ineth'an), n. [Myristic + ether -\- -ane.] 
(Chem.) A light, colorless, gaseous, inflammable hydro- 
carbon ; marsh gas. 

Me-theglin (nie-theg'lin), n. [W. meddyglyn ; medd 
mead + llyn liquor, juice.] A fermented beverage made 
of honey and water ; mead. 

Me-thinks' (me-thinks'), v. impers. [imp. Methought 
(-that').] [AS. pyncan to seem, me pynceS, mepuhte, 
OE.'me thinheth, me thoughte. See Me, and Think.] It 
seems to me ; I think. See Me. [R., except in poetry] 

Meth'od (meth'ud), n. [F. methode, L. methodus, 
fr. Gr. fxe6oS(K method, investigation following after; 
ju.erd after -f- 6S6s way.] 1. An orderly procedure or 
process ; regular manner of doing anything ; hence, man- 
ner ; way ; mode. 2. Orderly arrangement, elucidation, 
development, or system. 

Syn. — Order ; system ; rule ; regularity ; way ; man- 
ner ; mode ; course ; process ; means. — Method implies 
arrangement ; mode, mere action or existence. Method 
is a way of reaching a given end by a series of acts which 
tend to secure it ; mode relates to a single action, or to 
the form which a series of acts, viewed as a whole, ex- 
hibits. Manner is literally the handling of a thing ; and 
has a wider sense, embracing both method and mode. 

Me-thod'ic (me-thod'Tk), ) a. 1. Arranged with re- 

Me-thod'ic-al (-T-kal), J gard to method ; disposed 
in a suitable manner, or in a manner to illustrate a sub- 
ject, or to facilitate practical observations. 2. Proceed- 
ing with regard to method ; systematic. — Me-thod'ic- 
al-ly, adv. — Me-thod'ic-al-ness, n. 

Meth'O-dism (meth'o-diz'm), n. (Eccl.) The system 
of doctrines, polity, and worship, of the Methodists. 

Meth'o-dlst (-dist), n. 1. One of an ancient school 
of physicians who founded their practice on theory. 2. 
(Theol.) Any member of a certain sect of Christians ; — 
originally so called from the methodical strictness of its 
members in religious duties. 3. A person of strict piety ; 
one who strictly observes religious duties. [odists. I 

Meth'O-dlst, a. Of or pertaining to the sect of Meth- 1 

Meth o-dis'tic (-dis'tik), ) a. Of or pert, to Metho- 

Meth o-dis'tic-al (-tT-kal), ) dists, or Methodism. 



Meth'od lze (mgth'5d-iz), r. t. {imp. & p.p. Meth- 
odized (-izd); p. pr. &. vb. 7i. Methodizing (-I'zlugj.] 
To reduce to method ; to dispose in due order. 

Meth'od-i/zer (-i'zer), ?i. One who methodizes. 

Me-thOUght' (uit-that'), imp. of Methinks. 

Meth'yl (meWIl), n. [See Methylene.] (Chem.) 
A hydrocarbon radical, appearing in many derivatives. 

Meth'yl-ene (-en), n. [F. methylene, from Gr. fxidv 
wine -f- vAt> wood ;— coined to correspond to wood 
( Chem. ) A hydrocarbon radical, regarded as a component 
of certain derivatives of methane. 

Me-ton'lc (ine-ton'Tk), a. Pertaining to, or discovered 
or proposed by, Melon, the Athenian; specif., designa- 
ting a period of 19 years after which the new and the full 
moons return to the same day of the year. 

Met'0-nym-ic (mgt'6-nTm'rk), ) a. Used by way of 

Met'O-nym'ic-al (-T-kal), } metonymy. 

Me-ton'y-my (me-ton'T-mJ), n. [L. metonyinia, Gr. 
jueTuii/u/xux ; p.erd, indicating change -j- 01071a, for woy-a. 
a name.] (Jthet.) A trope in which one word is put for 
another that suggests it. 

Met'0-pe (mSt'o-pe), n. [NL., fr. Gr. /xeTomj ; ixtrd 
between -f- on-rj opening.] (Arch.) The space between 
two triglyphs of the Doric frieze. 

Me-top'lC (me-t5p'Tk), a. [Gr. txiruynov the fore- 
head.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the forehead or 
frontal bones ; frontal. 

Met'0-pos'CO-py (met'o-p5s'k6-py), n. [Deriv. of Gr. 
ixewirov forehead -f- <ricoirelv to view.] The study of phys- 
iognomy. 

Me'tre (me'ter), n. See Meter. 

Met'rio (mSt'rik), a. [L. metricus, Gr. jaerptKo?. 
See Meter rhythm.] 1. Relating to measurement ; in- 
volving measurement. 2. Of or pert, to the meter as a 
standard of measurement, or to the decimal system of 
measurement of which a meter is the unit. 

Metric system, a system of weights and measures orig- 
inating in France. The principal unit is the meter (see 
3d Meter). From this are formed the are, the liter, the 
stere, the gram, etc. These units, and others derived from 
them, are divided decimally, and larger units are formed 
from multiples by 10, 100, 1,000, and ln,000. The successive 
multiples are designated by the prefixes, deca-, hecto-, 
kilo-, and myria- ; the successive parts by deci-, centi-, 
and milli-. The prefixes mega- and micro- are sometimes 
used to denote a multiple by one million, and the mil- 
lionth part, respectively. 

Met'ric-al (-rT-kal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to meter ; 
arranged in meter ; consisting of verses. 2. Of or per- 
taining to measurement, esp. by the metric system. — 
Met'ric-al-ly, adv. [to metrology. I 

Met'ro-log'ic-al (-ro-loj T-kal), a. Of or pertaining| 

Me-trol'O-gy (me-trol'o-jy), n. [Gr. fxirpov measure 
+ -logy.] The science, or a system, of weights and 
measures. 

Met'ro-nome (met'ro-nom), n. [Gr. fxerpov measure 
+ vepew to assign.] A pendulum instrument for beat- 
ing time to music. 

Met'ro-nym'ic (met'ro-nTm'Tk), a. [Gr. /j.vrpwvv- 
nxi/cos; juijttjp mother + bvvp.a, for bvofxa. name.] De- 
rived from the name of one's mother, or other female 
ancestor. — n. A metronymic appellation. 

Me-trop'O-liS (me-trop'6-lls), n. [L., fr. Gr. ^rpo- 
ttoAis ; ju.^tt)p mother -f- 7r6Ai? city.] 1. The mother city ; 
chief city of a kingdom, state, or country. 2. (Eccl.) 
The seat, or see, of the metropolitan, or highest church 
dignitary. 

MetTO-pol'i-tan (met'ro-pol't-tan), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to a metropolis or metropolitan. 

Met'ro-pol'i-tan, n 1. The presiding bishop of a 
country or province. 2. (Lat. Church) An archbishop. 
3. (Gr. Church) A bishop whose see is a civil metropolis. 

-me-try (-me-try). [See -meter.] A suffix denoting 
the art, process, or science, of measuring. 

Met'tle (met't'l), n. [E. metal,— in allusion to the 
temper of the metal of a sword blade.] Quality of tem- 
perament ; spirit, as regards honor, courage, ardor, etc. 

Met'tled (-t'ld), a. Having mettle ; high-spirited. 

Met'tle-some (mSt't'1-sum), a. Full of spirit ; pos- 
sessing constitutional ardor ; fiery. — Met'tle-some-ly . 
adv. — Met'tle-some-ness, n. 

Mew (mu), n. [AS. mtew, akin to G. move.] (Zool.) 
A gull, esp. the common British species. 

Mew, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Mewed (mud) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Mewing.] [OE. muen, F. muer, fr. L. mutare 
to change, fr. movere to move. See Move.] To shed or 
cast ; to grow new feathers or a new skin ; to molt. 

Mew, n. 1. A cage for hawks while mewing ; a coop 
for fattening fowls ; hence, (usually pi.) a place of con- 



fgrn, recent, drb, r^ide, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



MEW 



528 



MIDGET 



) 



jt or shelter. 2. A stable or range of stables for 
the royal stables in Loudon, built on the 
: the kind's mews for liawks. Usually in pi. 

Mew (mtt),». t. [From Mew a cage.] To shut up ; to 
utino, as in a cage or other inclosure. 

Hew. 9. i- iOi imitative origin.] To cry as a cat. 

Mew. «• The common cry of a cat. [child. I 

Mewl imiin. r. ;'. [Cf. Miaul.] To cry, as a young | 

Mewl'er Mw)i »• One that mewls. 

Mews (box), ». ting. & pi. [Prop. pi. of 3d Mew.] 
An alley where there are stables ; a confined place. [Eng.] 

Mez-caT (mta-kSl r ), n. Same as Mescal. 

Mez'za-nlne v iueVz&-uYn ; F. mad'za'nen'), n. [F. 

riv. of It. mezzo middle, half.] (Arch.) 

as Entresol. (b) A partial story not on the 

same level with the story of the main part of the edifice. 

Mez'za VO'ce (inSd'za vo'cha). [It., lit., middle or 

half voice.] (Mas.) With a medium fullness of sound. 

Mez'zo (me'd'zo), a. [It., fr. L. medias middle.] 
See Mid, a.'j (Mus.) Mean ; not extreme. 

Mez'Z0-r3-be / V0 (mez'zo-re-le'vo). n. Mezzo-rilievo. 
Mez'ZO-ri-lie'VO (-re-lya'v6), n. [It.] Middle or 
moderate relief ; sculpture in which the relief of the fig- 
ures is between that of alto-rilievo and that of basrelief. 

Mez'zo-so-pra'no (-so-pra'no), a. {Mus.) Having a 
compass between soprano and contralto, as a woman. — 
;;. A mezzo-soprano voice or a person with such a voice. 

Mez'zo-tint (niez'zo-tint), n. A manner of engraving 
by drawing upon a roughened surface, and then removing 
the roughness. Also, an engraving so produced. 

Mez ZO-tin'tO (meVzo-tin'to ; It. lngd'zo-ten'to), n. 
[It. mezzo half -f- Unto tinted.] Mezzotint. 

Mi-as'ma (inf-az'ina), n. ; pL -mata (-ina-ta). [NL., 
fr. Gr. fjiiaafJLa defilement, fr. fxiaiveiv to pollute.] In- 
fectious particles or germs floating in the air ; malaria. 

Mi-as'mal (-mal), a. Containing miasma ; miasmatic. 

Mi as-mat 'ic (rni'az-mat/Tk), ) a. Containing, pert, to, 

Mi as-mat'ic-al (-T-kal), J or caused by, miasma. 

Miaul' (me-oul'), v. i. [Cf. F. mictuler, and E. mew.] 
To cry as a cat ; to mew ; to caterwaul. 

Mi'ca (mi'ka), n. [L. mica crumb, grain, particle.] 
{Mm.) The name of a group of minerals characterized 
by highly perfect cleavage, so that they readily separate 
into very thin leaves, more or less elastic and transparent. 

Mi-ca'ceous (mi-ka'shiis), a. Pertaining to, or con- 
taining, mica ; splitting into laminae or leaves like mica. 

Mice (mis), «. , pi. of Mouse. 

Mich ) (niTch), v. i. [OE. michen ; origin uncertain.] 

Miche J To lie hid ; to skulk. [Obs. or Colloq.] 

Mich'ael-mas (mik'Sl-mas), n. [Michael -f- mass re- 
ligious service.] The feast of the archangel Michael, 
celebrated on September 29th. Hence, colloq., autumn. 

Mich'er (mich'er), n. One who miches. [Obs.] 

Miclde (mTk'k'l), a. [AS. micel, mycel ; akin to L. 
magnus, Gr. /xe'yas.] Much ; great. [Old Eng. & Scot.'] 

Mi cren-ceph'a-lOUS (mi'krgn-sef'a-lus), a. [Micr- 
-f Gr. ey<ce<£aAo? brain.] Having a small brain. 

Mi'cro- (mi'kro- or mtk'ro-), Mi'cr-. [Gr. /xi«p6s 
small.] A combining form signifying : (a) Small, little, 
trivial, slight, (b) (Metric System, Elec, Mech., etc.) 
A millionth part of . 

Mi/crobe (mi'krob or mik'rob), n. [Gr. fu*po? little 
-f- /3to? life.] (Biol.) A microscopic organism ; — partic- 
ularly applied to bacteria, and esp. to pathogenic forms. 
Mi'cro-COC'CUS (nii'kro-kok'kus), n. ; pi. Micrococci 
(-si). [NL. See Micro-, and Coccus.] (Biol.) A genus 
of bacteria in the form of minute globular or oval cells. 

Mi'cro-COSm (-kSz'm), n. [Through F. & L., fr. Gr. 
Mi*po? small -f k6<tij.os world.] A little world ; a min- 
iature universe. Hence, a man. 

Mi'cro-COS'mic (-koz'mTk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Mi cro-cos'mic-al (-mT-k</l), f the microcosm. 

Mi cro-far'ad (-fSr'Xd), n. [Micro- -f- farad.] (Elec.) 
The millionth part of a farad. 

Mi-crog'ra-phy (mi-krSg'ra-fy - or mi-), n. [Micro- 
+ -graphy.] The description of microscopic objects. 

Ml-crohm' (ml-krom' or mi-), n. [Micr- -f- ohm.] 
(Eire.) The millionth part of an ohm. 

Mi-crol'0-gy (mi-kr51'6-jy' or mi-), n. [Micro- + 
-logy.] 1. That part of science which treats of micro- 
scopic objects, or depends on microscopic observation. 
2. Attention to petty items or differences. 

Mi-crom'e-ter (ml-kr5m'e-ter or mi-), n. [Micro- + 
-meter.] An instrument, used with a telescope or mi- 
croscope, for measuring minute distances or angles. 

Mic'ron (mTk'rSn), n. [NL., fr. Gr. /ou/cpo? small.] 
) The millionth part of a meter. 

Mi crob"r'gan-ism (mi'kro-Sr'gan-Tz'm), n. [Micro- 




Microi-cope. a Eyepiece ; 
b Objective ; c liack and 
Pinion for coarse adjust- 
ment of focus ; d Screw 
for fine adjustment ; m 
Mirror ; s Stage. 



+ organism.] (Biol.) Any microscopic form of life ; esp., a 
bacterial organism supposed to cause infectious diseases. 

Micro-phone (mi'kro-fon), n. [Micro- -j- Gr. tfrnvrj 
sound, voice.] (Physics) An instrument for intensifying 
and making audible very feeble sounds. 

Mi cro-pho'to-graph (nri'kro-fo'to-graf or imk'ro-), 
n. [Micro- -f- photograph.] 1. A microscopically small 
photograph, etc. 2. A photomicrograph. 

Mi'cro-phyte (nii'kro-fit or mTk'ro-), n. [Micro- + 
■phyte.] (Boi.) A very minute plant, such as the germs 
of various infectious diseases are believed to be. 

Mi'cro-pyle (-pil), n. [Micro- + Gr. nvkr) gate, ori- 
fice.] (Biol.) (a) An opening in the membranes sur- 
rounding the ovum, by which nutrition is assisted and 
the entrance of the spermatozoa permitted. (b) An 
opening in the outer coat of a seed, through which the 
fecundating pollen enters the ovule. 

Mi'cro-scope (mi'kro-skop or mik'ro-), n. [Micro- 
+ -scope.] An optical instru- 
ment for making an enlarged im- 
age of an object too minute to 
be viewed by the naked eye. 

Mi'cro-SCOplC (-sk5p'Tk), ) 

Mi'cro-scop'ic-al(-i-kal), ) a ' 
1. Of or pertaining to the micro- 
scope or to microscopy ; made 
with a microscope. 2- Able to 
see extremely minute objects. 
3. Very small ; visible only by 
the aid of a microscope. — Mi'- 
cro-scop'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Mi'cro-volt' (-volt'), n. [Mi- 
cro- -f- volt.] (Elec.) The mil- 
lionth part of one volt. 

Mi'cro-we'her (-va'ber), n. 
[Micro- + weber.] (Elec.) The 
millionth part of one weber. 

Mic tu-ri'tion (mik'tfi-rish'- 
un), n. [L. micturire to desire 
to urinate, desid. fr. mingere, mictum, to urinate.] Act 
of urinating ; also, a morbidly frequent passing of urine. 

Mid (mid), a. [Compar. wanting ; superl. Midmost.] 
[AS. midd; akin to D. mid (in coinp.), L. medius, Gr. 
/xeVoj, Skr. madhya.] 1. Denoting the middle part. 2. 
Occupying a middle position ; middle. 3. (Phon.) Made 
with a somewhat elevated position of some certain part 
of the tongue, in relation to the palate. 

Mid, prep. See Amid. 

Mid'day' (mTd'da'), n. [See Mid, a., Day.] The 
middle part of the day ; noon. Also used adjectively. 

Mid'den (-d'n), n. [Cf. Dan. mbgdynge, E. muck, and 
dung.] 1. A dunghill. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An accumu- 
lation of refuse about a dwelling place, esp. on the sup- 
posed site of the dwelling places of prehistoric tribes. 

Mid'dle (-d'l), a. [AS. middel ; akin to D. middel, 
G. mittel. See Mn>, a.] 1. Equally distant from the 
extremes either of a number of things or of one thing ; 
mean ; medial. 2. Intermediate ; intervening. 

Middle Ages, the time between the decline of the Roman 
Empire and the revival of letters. Hallam regards it as 
beginning with the 6th and ending with the 15th century. 

Mid'dle, n. The point or part equally distant from 
the extremities ; an intervening point or part ; the midst ; 
central portion ; specif., the waist. 

Syn. — See Midst. 

Mid'dle-aged (-ajd'), a. Being about the middle of 
the ordinary age of man ; between 30 and 50 years old. 

Mid'dle-ground' (-ground'), n. (Paint.) That part 
of a picture between the foreground and the background. 

Mid'dle-man (-m5n), n. 1. An agent between two 
parties ; a broker ; a go-between ; any dealer between the 
producer and the consumer. 2. A commoner. [Eng.] 

Mid'dle-most' (-most'), a. Being in, or nearest, the 
middle. 

Mid'dling (-dling), a. Of middle rank, state, size, or 
quality ; about equally distant from the extremes. 

Mid'dlingS (-dlingz), n. pi. A combination of the 
coarser parts of ground wheat with the finest bran, sep- 
arated from the fine flour and coarse bran in bolting. 

Mid'dy (-df), n. A colloquial abbrev. of Midshipman. 

Midge (mlj), n. [OE. migge, AS. myege ; akin to 
G. mucke.] (Zo'dl.) 1. Any one of many small, delicate, 
long-legged flies which do not bite. 2. A very small fly, 
abundant in parts of North America, noted for the irri- 
tating quality of its bite. 

Midgut (mij'gt), n. [Dim. of Midge.] 1. (Zobl.) A 
minute bloodsucking fly. [Local, U. S.] 2. A very 
diminutive person. 






a, e, i, o, u, long ; &, £, I, 5, u, y, short ; sen&te, &vent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



MIDHEAVEN 



529 



MILKSOP 



Mld / heav / en (inld'heV'n), n. 1. The midst or mid- 
dle part of heaven or the sky. 2. (Aslron.) The meridian. 

Mid'land (-laud), a. 1. Being interior ; distant from 
the coast. 2. Surrounded by the land. 

Mid'most' (-most'), a. Middle ; middlemost. 

Mid'night' (-nit'), n. The middle of the night; 
twelve o'clock at night. Also used adjectively. 

Mid'rib' (mld'rir/), n. {Bot.) A continuation of the 
petiole, extending from the base to the apex of the lamina 
of a leaf. 

Mid'riff (-rTf), n. [AS. midhrif ; midd mid, middle 
-j- hrif bowels, womb.] {Anat.) See Diaphragm, n., 2. 

Mid'shlp/man (-ship 7 man), n. (a) Formerly, a kind of 
naval cadet, in a ship of war, whose business was to carry 
orders, messages, reports, etc., for the officers. (6) In 
the English naval service, the second rank attained by a 
combatant officer after a term of service as naval cadet, 
(e) In the U. S. navy, the lowest grade of officers in line of 
promotion, being graduates of the Naval Academy. 

Passed midshipman, formerly, a naval cadet who had 
served his time, passed his examinations, and was await- 
ing promotion ; — now called, in the United States, mid- 
shipman; in England, sublieutenant. 

Mid'ships', adv. (Xaut.) Amidships. 

Midst (midst), n. [From middest, in the middest, for 
older fa middes (see -s, adv. suff.), or still older a midde. 
See Mid, and cf. Amidst.] 1. The interior or central 
part or place ; the middle. 2. Fig. : State of being sur- 
rounded or beset ; the press ; the burden. 

[3P* The expressions i?i our midst, in their midst, etc., 
are avoided by some good writers, the forms in the midst 
of us, in the midst of them, etc., being preferred. 

Syn. — Middle.— Midst in present usage commonly de- 
notes a part or place surrounded or enveloped by other 
parts or objects (see Amidst) ; while middle is used of 
the center of length, or surface, or of a solid, etc. 

Midst, prep. In the midst of ; amidst. 

Midst, adv. In the middle, [i?.] [summer. I 

Mid'summer (inid'surn/nier), n. The middle of | 

Mid'way 7 (-wa 7 ), n. The middle of the way ; a mid- 
dle way. — a. Being in the middle of the way or dis- 
tance. — adv. In the middle of the way or distance. 

Mid'wife' (-wh7), n. [OE. midwif, fr. AS. mid with 
(akin to Gr. nerd) -f- wif woman, wife. Properly, the 
woman or wife who is attendant upon a woman in child- 
birth.] A woman who assists in childbirth. 

Mid'wife'ry (-wlf'ry" or -wif-ry), n. Act, art, or 
practice of assisting in childbirth ; obstetrics. 

Mid'win'ter (-wTn'ter), n. The middle of winter. 

Mien (men), n. [F. mine; of uncertain origin.] As- 
pect ; manner ; bearing. 

Miff (mif ), n. [Cf . Prov. G. muff sulkiness.] A petty 
falling out ; a tiff ; a quarrel ; offense. 

Miff, v. t. To offend slightly. [Colloq.] 

Might (mit), imp. of May. 

Might, n. [AS. meaht, mint, fr. root of magan to be 
able, E. may.'] Force, energy, or power of any kind, 
whether of body or mind ; means or resources to effect 
an object ; strength ; ability ; capacity. 

Might'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. 1. In a mighty manner ; with 
might : vigorously. 2. To a great degree ; very much. 

Might'i-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being mighty. 
2. Highness ; excellency ; — with a possessive pronoun, a 
title of dignity. 

Might'y (niit'y), a. [Compar. Mightteb (-T-er) ; 
super! . Mightd3st.] [AS. meahtig, mihtig ; akin to G. 
m'dchtig, Goth, mahteigs.] 1. Possessing might ; having 
great power or authority. 2. Accomplished by might ; 
hence, extraordinary ; wonderful. 3. Denoting an ex- 
traordinary degree or quality in respect of size, charac- 
ter, importance, consequences, etc. 

Might'y, adv. In a great degree ; very. [Colloq.] 

Mignonette' (nnn'yun-et'), n. [F. mignonnette, 
dim. of mignon darling.] {Bot.) A plant {Reseda odo- 
rata) having fragrant greenish flowers with orange-col- 
ored stamens. 

Migraine' (mT-gran'), n. [F.] Same as Megrim. 

Mi'grate (ml'grat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Migrated 
(-gra-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Migrating (-gra-ting).] [L. 
migrare, p. p. -atus.~\ 1. To change one's place of resi- 
dence, esp. from one country to another. 2. To pass 
periodically from one region or climate to another for 
feeding or breeding ; — said of animals. 

Mi-gra'tion (lnt-gra'shun), n. Act of migrating. 

Mi'gra-tO-ry (nil'gra-to-ry), a. 1. Removing regu- 
larly or occasionally from one region or climate to an- 
other. 2. Hence, roving ; wandering ; nomad. 

Mi-ka'do (mT-ka'do), n. [Jap.] The popular desig- 
nation of the hereditary sovereign of Japan. 



Mil'age (nuVtj ; 48), n. Same as Mileage. 

Milch (milch), a. [OE. inilche ; akin to G. melk, 
E. milk.] Giving milk ; — now applied only to beasts. 

Mild (mild), a. [Compar. Milder (-e"r) ; superl. 
Mildest.] [AS. mildt; akin to G. mild, Goth, milds.] 
Gentle ; pleasant ; kind ; soft ; bland ; clement ; hence, 
moderate in degree or quality ; — the opposite of harsh, 
severe, irritating, violent, disagreeable, etc. ; — applied 
to persons and tilings. 

Mil'dew (nill'du), n. [AS. melededw ; akin to G. 
mehlthau ; prob. orig. meaning, honeydew. See Mellif- 
luous, and Dew.] {Hot. ) A growth of minute powdery or 
webby fungi on various diseased or decaying substances. 

Mil'dew, v. t. & i. {imp. & p. p. Mildewed (-dud) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mildewing.] To taint with mildew. 

Mildly (niild'ly), adv. In a mild manner. 

Mild'ness, n. Quality or state of being mild. 

Mile (mil), ??. [AS. mil. fr. L. mil/ia, initio, pi. of 
mille a thousand, i. e., millia passman a thousand paces.] 
A measure of distance equal (in England and the U. S.) 
to 320 poles or rods, or 1,7C0 yards, or 5,280 feet. 

Z3T' In other countries the length of a mile in yards is, 
in Norway, 12,182; in Brunswick, 11,816; in Sweden, 11,- 
660 ; in Hungary, 9,1&) ; in Switzerland, 8,548 ; in Austria, 
8,297 ; in Prussia, 8,233 ; in Poland, 8,100 ; in Itai 
in Spain, 1,522; in the Netherlands, MM. 

Geographical, or Nautical, mile, one sixtieth part of a 
degree at the equator, or 6,(i30.2T feet. —Roman mile, a 
thousand paces, equal to 1,614 yards English measure. — 
Statute mile, a mile conforming to statute, that is, in Eng- 
land and the United States, a mile of 5,250 feet. 

Mile'age (inil'aj ; 48), n. 1. An allowance per mile 
for traveling expenses. 2. Aggregate distance in miles. 

Mile'post' (-post/), n. A post, or one of a series of 
posts, set up to indicate distance in miles. [post. I 

Mile'stone 7 (mfl'ston'), n. A stone serving as a mile-| 

Mil'foil (mil'foil), n. [F. mille-feuille. L. millefo- 
lium; mille thousand -{-folium leaf.] {Bot.) A com- 
mon composite herb {Achillea Millefolium) ; yarrow. 

Mil'ia-ry (inTl'ya-ry), a. [L. n'liliarius, fr. milium 
millet.] 1. Resembling millet seeds. 2. {Med.) Ac- 
companied with an eruption like millet seeds. 

Mil'i-tant (-T-tant), a. [L. militant, -ant is, p. pr. of 
militare to be a soldier.] Engaged in warfare ; fighting ; 
combating ; serving as a soldier. — Mil'i-tant-ly, adv. 

Mil'i-ta-ri-ly (-ta-rT-ly), adv. In a military manner. 

Mil'i-ta-rism (-riz'm), n. 1. A military condition or 
system. 2. The spirit and traditions of military life. 

Mil'i-ta-ry (-r$-), a. [L. militaris, militarius. fr. miles, 
militis, soldier.] 1. Of or pert, to soldiers, to arms, or 
to war ; belonging to, engaged in, or appropriate to, the 
affairs of war. 2. Performed or made by soldiers. 

Military law. See Martial lau; under Martial. 

Mil'i-ta-ry, n. The whole body of soldiers : soldiery ; 
militia ; troops ; the army. 

Mil'i-tate (inil'i-tat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Militated 
(-ta'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Militating (-ta ting).] [L. 
militare, militatum, to be a soldier, fr. miles soldier.] 
To make war ; to fight ; to contend. 

Mi-li'tia (niT-lish'a), n. [L., military service, sol- 
diery, fr. miles.] In the widest sense, the whole military 
force of a nation, serving or available ; specif., the body 
of citizens enrolled for military instruction and discipline, 
but not subject to actual service except in emergencies. 

Mi-li'tia-man (lni-lTsh'a-nia'n), n. One who belongs 
to the militia. 

Milk (milk), 72. [AS. meoluc, meoloe, meolc. mile; 
akin to D. melk, G. milch, G. melken to milk, L. mul- 
gere, Gr. a^eXyeiv.] 1. {Physiol.) A white fluid secreted 
Dy the mammary glands of female mammals for the nour- 
ishment of their young. 2. {Bot.) A kind of juice or 
sap, usually white in color, found in certain plants ; 
latex. 3. An emulsion made by bruising seeds. 

Milk tooth {Anat.), one of the temporary first set of 
teeth in young mammals ; in man there are twenty. 

Milk, v. t. [_imp. & p. p. Milked (milkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Milking.] 1. To draw or press milk from the 
breasts or udder of, by the hand or mouth. 2. To draw 
from the breasts or udder. 

Milk. v. i. To draw or to yield milk. 

Mllk'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, extracts 
milk. 2. A cow or other animal that gives milk. 

Milk'i-ly (-Uy)j (.'(/c. In a milky manner. 

Milk'i-ness, n. State or quality of being milky. 

Milk'maid (-mad'), »• A woman who milks cows, or 
who is employed in the dairy, [livers it to customers, j 

Milk'man "(-man), n. A man who sells milk, or de-| 

Milk'sop' (-sop), n. A piece of bread sopped in milk ; 
fig., an effeminate or weak-minded person. 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

34 



MILK VETCH 



530 



MINARET 



) 
> 



Milk' vetch' (milk' vech ■■). {Hot.) A leguminous 
btTb ( j phyllos) of Europe and Asia, sup- 

posed to llMlIMM »e secretion of milk in goats ; some- 
times, am- of the numerous species of Astragalus. 

Milkweed (,-wed ). n. (Bot.) A plant (of the genus 
- or the genus A cerates) abounding in a milky 
and having its seeds attached to silky down. 

Mllk'wort (-wtbrtQ, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants 
(FolvgaLi). of which P. vulgaris was supposed to have 
the power of producing a flow of milk in nurses. 

Milk/y (-vl. a. 1. Consisting of. or containing, milk. 
2. Like, or somewhat like, milk. 3. Yielding milk. 
4. Mild : tame ; spiritless. 

Milkv Way. (Astro*.) See Galaxy, 1. 

Mill (mil), n. [L. mille thousand. Cf. Mile.] A 
monev of account equal to y^g of a dollar. \U. S.] 

Mfll. n. [OE. mille, milne. AS. myln, mylen ; akin 
to G. miihle, Icel. mylna; all prob. fr. L. molina, fr. 
mola millstone ; prop., that which grinds, akin to molere 
to grind.] 1. A machine for grinding or comminuting 
any substance, as grain, by rubbing and crushing it be- 
tween two hard, rough, or indented surfaces. 2. By ex- 
tension, any one of various machines, for crushing, press- 
ing, polishing, sawing, stamping, etc. 3. A building or 
collection of buildings with the machinery by which man- 
ufacturing is done. 4. A pugilistic encounter. [Cant~\ 

Mm race, the canal in which water is conveyed to a mill 
wheel ; also, the current of water itself. — Mill tail, the 
water which flows from a mill wheel after turning it, or 
the channel in which the water flows. — Mill wheel, the 
water wheel that drives the machinery of a mill. 

Mill, r. t. limp. & p. p. Milled (mild) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Milling.] 1. To reduce to fine particles in a mill; 
to grind ; to comminute. 2. To shape, finish, or trans- 
form by passing through a machine. 3. To make a raised 
border around the edges of, or to cut fine grooves or in- 
dentations across the edges of, as a coin, or a screw 
head ; also, to stamp in a coining press ; to coin. 4. 
To full, as cloth. 5. To beat witlTthe fists. [Cant] 

Mill, v. i. To swim under water ; — said of air-breath- 
ing animals. 

MiU'dam' (-dSm'), n. A dam to raise the water of a 
water course to a height sufficient to turn a mill wheel. 

Mil'Je-fi-O're glass' (mTlle-fi-o're glas'). [It. mille 
thousand + fiore flower.] Slender rods or tubes of col- 
ored glass fused together and embedded in clear glass. 

Mil le-na'ri-an (mil'le-na'rT-an), a. Consisting of a 
thousand years ; of or pert, to the millennium, or to 
the Millenarians. —n. One who believes that Christ will 
personally reign on earth a thousand years ; a Chiliast. 

Mil'le-na-ry (-r^), a. [L. millenarius, fr. milleni a 
thousand each, fr. mille a thousand.] Consisting of a 
thousand: millennial, —n. The space of a thousand years. 

Mil-len'ni-al (mil-len'nT-al), a. Of or pertaining to 
the millennium, or to a thousand years. 

Mil-len'ni-al-ist,H. 1. Same as Millenarian. 2. A 
believer in the universal prevalence of Christianity for a 
long period. 

Mil-len'ni-um (-um), n. [XL., fr. L. mille thousand 
-*- annus year.] A thousand years; esp., the thousand 
years mentioned in Revelation xx, during which holiness 
is to be triumphant throughout the world. 

Mil'le-ped (mTlle-pSd), n. [L. mille peda ; mille a 
thousand -f- pes, pedis, foot.] (Zo'ol.) A inyriapod with 
many legs. 

Mille-pore (mTHe-por), n. [L. mille thousand + 
porta pore.] (Zo'ol.) A coral having the surface nearly 
smooth, and perforated with very minute, unequal pores, 
or cells. The animals are hydroids, not Anthozoa. 

Mill'er (rnTl'er), n. 1. One who keeps or attends a 
flour mill or gristmill. 2. A milling machine. 3. (Zo'ol.) 
A moth, or one of the Lepidoptera : — so called because 
the wings appear dust}', like a miller's clothes. 

Miller's thumb (Zo'ol.), any one of several small fresh- 
water fishes of the genus Uranidea. 

Mlller-ite (miller- 
it;, n. A believer in 
the doctrine of Wil- 
liam Miller (d. 1849), 
who taught that the 
end of the world and 
the second coming of Miller's Thumb (Uranidea gobio). 
Christ were at hand. 

Millesimal (mTl-leVT-mal), a. [From L. mille a 

L] Thousandth ; consisting of thousandth parts. 

Millet (mYllgt), n. [F., dim. of mil, L. milium; 

akin to Or. jxeAiVi?, AS. mil.'] (Bot.) Any one of several 

nd forage grasses bearing small, roundish grains. 




Milli- (mYlIT-). [From L. mille a thousand.] (Met- 
ric System, Elec, Mech., etc.) A prefix denoting a thou- 
sandth part of. 

Milll-a-ry (mTl'lT-a-rJ 1 ). a. [L. milliarius containing 
a thousand.] Of or pertaining to a mile, or to distances 
by miles ; denoting a mile or miles. — n. A milestone. 

|| Mil'lier' (me'iyi'). "• [ F -» fr- mille thousand.] A 
weight of the metric system, being one million grams. 

Milligram ( (mil'lT-gram), ??. [F. milligramme. 

Mil'li-gramme J See Milli- ; Gram.] (Metric Sys- 
tem) A thousandth part of a gram ; the weight of a cubic 
millimeter of water, or .01543 of a grain. 

Milli-li'ter \ (mll'lT-l^ter or ruTl-lTl'T-ter), n. [F. 

Mil'li-ll'tre J millilitre.] A thousandth part of a 
cubic liter ; a centimeter, or .061 of an English cubic inch, 
or .0338 of an American fluid ounce. 

Milli-me'ter ) (mTllT-me'ter or mTl-lim'e-ter), n. 

Milli-me'tre J [F. millimetre.] A thousandth part 
of a linear meter ; .03937 of an inch. 

Milliner (millT-ner), n. [From Milaner an inhab- 
itant of Milan, in Italy ; hence, a man from Milan who 
imported women's finery.] 1. Formerly, a man who 
dealt in women's finery. [Obs.] 2. A person, usually a 
woman, who makes, trims, or deals in women's headgear. 

Mil'li-ner-y (-n§r-y), n. 1. Articles made or sold by 
milliners. 2. The business or work of a milliner. 

Million (inTl'yun), n. [F., fr. LL. millio, fr. L. mille 
a thousand.] 1. The number of ten hundred thousand, 
or a thousand thousand, — written 1,000,000. 2. An in- 
definitely large number. 

Mil lion-aire' (mTl'yun-ar'), n. [F. millionnaire.] 
One whose wealth is counted by millions of francs, dol- 
lars, or pounds ; a very rich person. 

Millionth (mil'yunth), a. Being the last one of a 
million of units or objects counted in regular order from 
the first of a series or succession ; being one of a million. 
— n. The quotient of a unit divided by one million ; one 
of a million equal parts. 

Milli-ped (-lT-ped), n. (Zo'ol.) Same as Mtlleped. 

Milli-Stere (-ster or -star), n. [F. millistere, from 
milli- milli- + stere a stere.] A liter, or cubic decimeter. 

Mill'rea' (mTi're^), Mill'ree', Mill'reis' (-res'), n. 
See Milreis. 

Mill'stone 7 (mil'ston'), n. One of two circular stones 
used for grinding grain or other substance. 

Mill'wright' (-rhV), n. A mechanic whose occupa- 
tion is to build mills, or to set up their machinery. 

Mil'reiS 7 (ruH'reV ; Pg. mel'ra'es), n. [Pg. mil reis, 
i. e., one thousand reis ; mil thousand -f- reis, pi. of real 
rei.] A Portuguese money of account rated in the treas- 
ury department of the United States at one dollar and 
eight cents ; also, a Brazilian money of account rated at 
fifty-four cents and six mills. 

Milt (milt), n. [AS. milte; akin to D. milt, G. milz.] 
(An at.) The spleen. 

Milt, n. [Akin to E. milk.] (Zo'ol.) (a) The sper- 
matic fluid of fishes, (b) The testes, or spermaries, of 
fish when filled with spermatozoa. 

Milt, v. t. To impregnate (the roe of a fish) with milt. 

Mime (mim), n. [L. mimus, Gr. /u.?/u.o?, akin to /xi- 
fjieloticu to imitate, to mimic] 1. A kind of drama in 
which real persons and events were represented in a 
ridiculous manner. 2. An actor in such representations. 

Mi-metlc (rui-metTk), ) a. [Gr. /u.t/u.TjTiK6?, fr. /u.i- 

Mi-metlc-al (-I-kal), ] pelo-dai to imitate.] 1. 
Apt to imitate ; given to mimicry ; imitative. 2. (Biol.) 
Characterized by mimicry. 

Mimic (mim'Tk), ) a. [L. mimicus, Gr. /z.imi*6?, fr. 

Mimlc-al (-T-korl), ) /nl/ao? mime. See Mime.] 1. 
Imitative ; mimetic. 2. Consisting of, or formed by, 
imitation ; imitated. [buffoon. 1 

Mimic, n. One who imitates or mimics; esp., a| 

Mimic r. t. limp. & p. p. Mimicked (-Ikt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Mimicking.] 1. To imitate or ape for sport : to 
ridicule by imitation. 2. (Biol.) To assume a resem- 
blance to (some other organism of a totally different 
nature, or some surrounding object) as a means of pro- 
tection or advantage. 

Syn. — To ape ; imitate ; counterfeit ; mock. 

Mimlck-er (-Tk-er), n. One who mimics ; a mimic. 

Mimlc-ry (-Tk-r^), n. Act, practice, or state of one 
who or that which mimics. 

B Ml-mo'sa (mt-mo'sa), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fxi^o? imita- 
tor.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants, including 
the sensitive plants. 

Min'a-ret (min'a-r5t), n. [Sp. minarete, Ar. mana- 
rat lamp, lantern, lighthouse, turret, fr. nar to shine.] 
(Arch.) A slender, lofty tower attached to a mosque and 



a, e, I, o, xL, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, 4, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, fcbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



MINATORY 



531 



MINISTRANT 



surrounded by one or more projecting balconies, from 
which the summons to prayer is cried. 

Min'a-tO-ry (mln'a-tS-ry), a. [L. minalorius, fr. 
minari. See Menace.] Threatening ; menacing. 

Mince (mins), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minced (mlnst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mincing (mln'sTng).] [Of uncertain 
origin, but prob. akin to L. minor small, lainuere to di- 
minish.] 1. To cut into particles ; totchop fine. 2. To 
suppress or weaken the force of ; to extenuate ; to tell 
by degrees, instead of directly and frankly ; to clip. 

Mince, V. i. 1. To walk with short steps ; to walk in 
a prim, affected manner. 2. To affect delicacy in manner. 

Mince, n. A short, precise step ; an affected manner. 

Mince'— meat' (-met/), n. Minced meat ; a chopped 
mixture of boiled meat, suet, apples, etc., for pies. 

Mince' pie' (pi')- A pie made of mince-meat. 

Mind (mind), n. [AS. mynd, gemynd ; akin to OHG. 
minna memory, love, G. minne love, L. mens, mentis, 
mind, Gr. nevos, Skr. manas mind, man to think.] 1. 
The intellectual or rational faculty in man ; the under- 
standing ; the intellect ; also, the entire spiritual nature ; 
the soul. 2. The state, at any given time, of the facul- 
ties of thinking, willing, choosing, and the like ; as : (a) 
Opinion ; judgment ; belief, (b) Choice ; inclination ; 
liking ; intent ; will, (c) Courage ; spirit. 3. Memory ; 
remembrance ; recollection. 

Mind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Minding.] 1. To fix the mind or thoughts on ; to con- 
sider ; to heed ; to mark ; to note. 2. To occupy one's 
self with ; to attend to. 3. To obey. 4. To have in mind ; 
to purpose. 5. To put in mind ; to remind. [Archaic] 

Mind, v. i. To give attention or heed ; to obey. 

Mind'ed, a. Disposed ; inclined ; having a mind. 

Mind'er (mind'er), n. 1. One who minds or watches 
something. 2. One to be attended; specif., a pauper 
child intrusted to a private person. [Eng.] 

Mlnd'ful (-f ul), a. Bearing in mind ; regardful ; atten- 
tive ; heedful. — Mind'f ul-ly , adv. — Mind'f ul-ness . n. 

Mine (mm), pron. & a. [OE. min, f r. AS. min ; akin 
to D. mijn, G. mein, and E. me.] Belonging to me ; my. 
Used as a pronominal adjective in the predicate. Also, 
in the old style, used attributively, instead of my, before 
a noun beginning with a vowel. 

Gg^* Mine is often used absolutely, the thing possessed 
being understood. 

Mine, v. i. [F. miner, L. minare to drive animals, in 
LL. also, to lead, conduct, dig a mine, akin to L. minari 
to threaten.] To dig a mine, pit, or tunnel in the earth ; 
to get ore, metals, coal, or precious stones, out of the 
earth ; to dig a passage or cavity under anything in order 
to overthrow it by explosives or otherwise. 

Mine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mined (mind) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Mining.] 1. To dig away or remove the substratum 
or foundation of ; to lay a mine under ; to sap ; hence, 
to ruin or destroy by slow degrees or secret means. 2. 
To dig into, for ore or metal. 3. To get, as metals, out 
of the earth by digging. 

Mine, n. 1. A subterranean cavity or passage ; esp. : 
(a) A pit or excavation in the earth, from which metallic 
ores, precious stones, etc., are taken by digging. (6) 
(Mil. ) A cavity or tunnel made under a fortification or 
other work, for the purpose of destroying it with some 
explosive agent. 2. Any place where ore, metals, or 
precious stones are got by digging or washing the soil. 
3. Fig. : A rich source of wealth or other good. 

Mih'er (mln'er) , n. One who constructs or works in 
a mine or mines. 

Min'er-al (min'er-al), n. [F. mineral, LL. minerale, 
fr. minera mine. See Mine, v. i.] 1. An inorganic spe- 
cies or substance occurring in nature, having a definite 
chemical composition. 2. Anything which is neither 
animal nor vegetable. 

Min'er-al, a. 1. Of or pert, to minerals ; consisting 
of a mineral or minerals. 2. Impregnated with minerals. 

Min'er-al-ist, n. A mineralogist. [R.] 

Min er-al-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. A mineralizing. 

Min'er-al-ize (-Iz), v. t. To transform into, or im- 
pregnate with, a mineral. 

Min'er-al-ize. v. i. To go on an excursion for ob- 
serving and collecting minerals ; to mineralogize. 

Min'er-al-i zer (-i'zer), n. An element which is com- 
bined with a metal, thus forming an ore. 

Min er-al-og'ic-al (mYn'er-al-oj'T-kal), a. Of or per- 
taining to mineralogy. 

Miri er-al'o-gist (-Sl'o-jTst), n. One versed in miner- 
alogy ; one devoted to the study of minerals. 

Min'er-al'O-gize (-jiz), v. i. To mineralize. 

Min'er-al'O-gy (-j^), n. [Mineral + -logy.'] 1. The 



science which treats of, and classifies, minerals. 2. A 
treatise or book on this science. 

Mi-nette' (niT-ngt'), n. The smallest of the regular 
sizes of portrait photographs. 

Min'e-ver (mTn'o-ver), n. Same as Miniveb. 

Min'gle (mln'g'l), v. t. [irnji. & j>. p. .Mingled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. A vb. n. Mingling (-glliig).] [From OE. 
mengen, AS. mengan; akin to D. \- G. mengen, Icel. 
menga and E. among.] 1. To combine or join, as an in- 
dividual or part, with other parts, but commonly so as to 
be distinguishable in the product ; to confuse ; to con- 
found ; to mix. 2. To associate or unite in society or 
by marriage ; to intermarry. 3- To make or prepare by 
mixing the ingredients of. 

Min'gle, v. i. To become mixed or blended. 

Min'gler (-gler), n. One who mingles. 

Min i-a'ceous (mln'I-a'shus), a. Of the color of 
minium or red lead ; miniate. 

Min'i-ate (mTn'T-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Miniated 
(-a'tSd) ; p. pr. &vb. n. Miniating (-a'tlng).] [L. mi- 
niare, p. p. -atus. See Minium.] To paint or tinge with 
red lead or vermilion. Also, to decorate (a manuscript) 
with letters of this color. 

Min'i-ate (-at), a. Of or pertaining to the color of 
red lead or vermilion ; painted with vermilion. 

Min'i-a-ture (niTn'T-a-tur or min'T-tur), n. [It. mi- 
niatura, fr. L. miniare. See Miniate, v.] 1. Orig., a 
painting in colors such as those of mediaeval manuscripts ; 
in modern times, any very small painting ; esp., a portrait. 

2. Greatly diminished size or form ; reduced scale. 
Min'i-a-tnre, a. Being on a small scale ; much re- 
duced from the reality. 

Min'ie ball' (min'i bal'). [From the inventor, Cap- 
tain Minii, of France.] A conical rifle bullet, with a 
cavity in its base plugged with a piece of iron, which on 
firing expands the sides to fit the grooves of the barrel. 

Min'ie ri'fle (ri'f '1). A rifle adapted to minie balls. 

Min'i-fy (mTn'i-fi), v. t. [L. minor less -f- -fy.] 1. 
To make small or smaller ; to lessen. 2. To degrade by 
speech or action. 

Min'i-kin (-kin), n. [OD. minneken a darling, dim. 
of minne love ; akin to E. mind.] 1. A little darling ; a 
favorite ; a minion. [Obs.] 2. A little pin. [Obs.] 

Min'im (-Tin), n. [F. minime, L. minimus the least, 
smallest, a superl. of minor. See Minor.] 1. Anything 
very minute ; — applied to animalcules, and the like. 2. 
The smallest liquid measure, 
equal to about one drop ; the 
sixtieth part of a fluid drachm. 

3. (Mus.) A time note, for- 
merly the shortest in use 
half note. 

Min'i-mize (min'i-mlz), v. 




Minims (8). 



t. [imp. & p. p. Minimized 
(-mizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Minimizing (-mi'zing).] To re- 
duce to a minimum. 

Min'i-mum (-mfim), n. ; pi. Minima (-ma). [L., fr. 
minimus. See Minim.] The least quantity assignable 
or possible in a given case ; hence, a thing of small con- 
sequence ; a trifle. 

Min'ion (min'yun), n. [F. mignon, fr. OHG. minni 
love, G. minne. See Mind.] 1. A loved one. [Obs.] 2. 
An obsequious or servile dependent or agent. 3. (Print. ) 
A kind of type, in size between brevier and nonpareil. 

^^Tliis line is printed in ?ninion type. 

Min'ish (mTn'Tsh), v. t. [OE. menu sen, F. menuiser, 
deriv. of L. minutus small. See Minute, a.] To 
diminish ; to lessen. [Obs.] 

Min'is-ter (min'Ts-ter), n. [F. ministre, fr. L. mi- 
nister, orig. a double comparative fr. root of minor less, 
and hence, an inferior, a servant.] 1. A servant ; an 
officer or assistant of inferior rank ; hence, an agent, an 
instrument. 2. One to whom the sovereign or executive 
head of a government intrusts the management of affairs 
of state. 3. A representative of a government at a foreign 
court or seat of government. 4. One who serves at the 
altar ; a pastor of a church. 

Syn. — Delegate ; official ; ambassador ; clergyman ; 
parson; priest. 

Min'is-ter, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Ministered (-terd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Ministering.] To furnish or apply ; to 
afford ; to supply ; to administer. 

Min'is-ter, v. i. 1. To act as a servant, attendant, or 
agent ; to serve. 2. To supply or do things needful. 

Min is-te'ri-al (-te'rT-al), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
ministry or service ; serving ; attendant. 2. Of or pert, 
to the office of a minister or to the ministry as a body, 
whether civil or sacerdotal. — Min is-te'ri-al-ly, adr. 

Min'is-trant (lnln'is-trant), a. [L. ministrans, -ant is, 



fern, recent, 6rb, r^ide. full, uxn, food, fo^t, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



MINISTRATION 



532 



MIRTHFULNESS 



) 
> 




p pr I Performing service as a minister ; attending ; 
: .; — One who ministers. 
Min is-tra'tion (min Is-tra'shun), >;. Act of minis- 
tering : service ; ministry. 

Minis-try v M n'ts-try). n. [L.ministeriinn.'] 1. Act 

of ministering : service. " 2. Hence : Agency ; iustrumen- 

3. Office, duties, or functions of a minister. 

4. The bodjf of ministers of state : also, the clergy, as a 

5 Administration ; rule ; term in power. 

Bilnl-um i-i-iim), n. [L. mhiium, an Iberian word, 

the Romans getting all their cinnabar from Spain.] 

A heavy, brilliant red pigment. 

Min'i-ver (min'T-ver), ?;. [OF. menuver, menuveir, 

menurair. a grayish fur; menu small -f- rail- a kind of 

. fur not certainly identified, highly esteemed in 

the Middle Aires. 

Minkumi}^. "• [Cf- 
2d Minx.] (Zodl.) A car- 
nivorous mammal, allied 
to the weasel. It yields 
a valuable fur. 

Min'ne-sing er 
(min'ne-slng'er), n. 
[G., fr. rwuu love -f- 
sinoen to sing.] A love- 
singer; specif., one of 
a class of German poets 
and musicians who 
nourished about A. d. 
1150-1350. American Mink (Putorius visoti). 

Min 'now (rnin'no), n. [OE. m enow ; of uncertain 
origin.] 1. (Zodl.) A small European fresh-water fish 
of the carp kind. 2. (Zodl.) Any one of numerous 
small American cyprinodont fishes found in fresh and in 
salt water. 

Min'ny (niin'ny), n. (Zodl.) A minnow. 

Mi'no bird' (uii'no berd'). [Hind. maina.~] (Zodl.) 
An Asiatic bird allied to the starlings. 

Mi'nor (mi'ner), a. [L. ; akin to AS. min small, G. 
minder less, L. minuere to lessen, Gr. ^ivvQeiv, Skr. mi 
to damage.] 1. Inferior in bulk, degree, importance, 
etc.; less; smaller; of little account. 2. (3Ius.) Less 
by a semitone in interval or difference of pitch. 

Mi'nor, n. 1. A person under age ; an infant ; in Eng- 
land and the U. S., one under twenty-one years of age. 
2. (Logic) The minor term, that is, the subject of the 
conclusion ; also, the minor premise, that is, the second 
proposition of a regular syllogism. 3. A Franciscan friar. 

Mi'nor-ite (ml'ner-it), n. A Franciscan friar. 

Mi-nor'i-ty (inT-nor'T-ty), n. 1. State of being a 
minor, or under age. 2. The smaller number. 

Min'o-taur (min'6-tar), n. [L. Minotaurus, Gr. Mt- 
vturaupos ; MiVws, the husband of Pasiphae -f- raupos a 
bull, the Minotaur being the offspring of Pasiphae and 
a bull.] (Class. 3fyth.) A fabled monster, half man and 
half buU. 

Min'ster (-ster), n. [AS. raynster, fr. L. monasteri- 
um. See Monastery.] (Arch.) A church of a monas- 
tery, or the church after the monastery has ceased to 
exist ; also, improperly, any large church. 

Min'strel (min'strel), n. [OF. menestrel, fr. LL. 
ministerialis servant, workman, fr. L. ministerium serv- 
ice. See Ministry.] One of an order of men of the 
Middle Ages who subsisted by the arts of poetry and 
music, and sang verses to the accompaniment of a harp 
or other instrument ; hence, a poet ; a bard ; a musician. 

Min'strel-sy (-sy), n. 1. The arts or occupation of a 
minstrel. 2. Minstrels collectively, or their songs. 

Mint (mint), n. [AS. minle, fr. L. mentha, Gr. fxivQa, 
fjiiv(ft).~\ (Bet.) Any one of several aromatic plants yield- 
ing odoriferous essential oils by distillation. 

Mint. n. [AS. mynet money, coin, fr. L. moneta the 
mint, coined money, fr. Moneta, a surname of Juno, in 
whose temple at Rome money was coined.] 1. A place 
where money is coined by public authority. 2. Hence : 
A place of unlimited supply ; the supply itself. 

Mint, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Minted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Xnmw.] 1. To make by stamping, as money ; to coin ; 
to make and stamp into money. 2. To invent ; to forge ; 
to fabricate : to fashion. 

Mint'age <"-aj), n. 1. The coin, or other production, 
ma^lr; in a mint. 2. The duty paid for coining. 

Mint'er (-3r), n. One who mints. 

Mint'-mas'ter (-mas'ter), n. The master or superin- 
tendent of a mint. 

Min'u-end (rnTn'u-5nd), n. [L. minuendus to be di- 
fr. minuere to diminish.] (Arith.) The num- 
m which another number is to be subtracted. 



Min'U-Ot (min'u-5t), n. [F., fr. menu small, L. mi- 
nut us small. So called on account of the short steps of 
the dance. See 4th Minute.] A kind of slow graceful 
dance, or a tune or air for it. 

Mi'nus (mi'nus), a. [L. See Minob, and cf. Mis-, 
pref. from the French.] (Math.) Less ; requiring to be 
subtracted; negative. 

Mi-nus'cule (niT-niis'kul), n. [L. minusculus rather 
small, fr. minus less.] 1. Any minute object. 2. A 
small Roman letter which is neither capital nor uncial ; 
a manuscript written in such letters. 

Min'Ute (min'it), n. [LL. minula a small portion, 
small coin, fr. L. minutus small. See 4th Minute.] 1. 
The sixtieth part of an hour; sixty seconds. 2. The 
sixtieth part of a degree ; sixty seconds. (Marked thus 
['] ; as, 10° 20'.) 3. A nautical or a geographic mile. 
4. A point of time ; moment. 5. Memorandum ; record. 

Min'ute. a. Of or pertaining to a minute or minutes ; 
occurring at or marking successive minutes. 

Minute gun, a discharge of a cannon repeated every min- 
ute as a sign of distress or mourning. 

Min'ute, v. t. To set down a short sketch or note of. 

Mi-nute' (mi-nuf), a. [L. minutus, p. p. of minuere 
to lessen.] 1. Very small ; fine ; slight ; inconsiderable. 
2. Particular ; precise ; circumstantial. 

Syn. — Little; diminutive; fine; critical; exact; de- 
tailed. — A circumstantial account embraces all the lead- 
ing events; a particular account includes even unim- 
portant events and movements ; a minute account omits 
nothing as to person, time, place, adjuncts, etc. 

Mi-nutely (mi-nut'ly), adv. In a minute manner ; 
exactly. [often and regularly. I 

Min'Ute-ly (min'it-ljf), adv. Every minute; very| 

Min'ute-man (-mSn), n. A militiaman who was to 
be ready to march at a moment's notice ; — a term used 
in the American Revolution. [nute. I 

Mi-nut e'ness (mi-nut'nes), n. Quality of being mi-| 

II Mi-nu'ti-a (nn-nu'shi-a), n. ; pi. Minutle (-e). 
[L.] A minute particular ; a small detail ; — chiefly in pi. 

Minx (minks), n. [Prob. of Low German origin, and 
akin to E. man.] A pert or a wanton girl. 

Min'y (niin'y), a. Abounding with mines ; like a mine. 

Mi'O-cene (mi'o-sen), a. [Gr. /aewoi/ less -\- k.o.lvo<; new, 
recent.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the middle division 
of the Tertiary. — n. The Miocene period. 

Mi'ra-ble (mi'ra-b'l), a. [L. mirabilis, fr. mirari to 
wonder. SeeMAEVEL.] Wonderful ; admirable. \_Obs.~\ 

Mir'a-Cle (inTr'a-k'l), n. [F., fr. L. miraculum, fr. 
mirari to wonder. See Marvel.] 1. A wonder or won- 
derful thing. 2. Specif. : An event or effect contrary 
to the established constitution and course of things ; a 
supernatural event. 3. A miracle play. 

Miracle play, one of the old dramatic entertainments 
founded on Christian legends or Biblical events. 

Mi-rac'U-lous (mi-rak'u-lus), a. 1. Of the nature of 
a miracle ; performed by supernatural power. 2. Super- 
natural ; wonderful. — Mi-rac'U-lOUS-ly, adv. — Mi- 
rac'u-lous-ness, n. 

Mi rage' (me'razh'), n. [F., fr. mirer to look at 
carefully, to aim, se mirer to look at one's self in a glass, 
to be reflected, LL. mirare to look at. See Mirror.] 
An optical effect, due to total reflection of light at the 
surface common to two strata of air differently heated, 
by which a reflected image of a distant object is seen, 
commonly in an inverted position. 

Mire (mir), n. [AS. mire, myre."\ An ant. [065.] 

Mire, n. [OE. mire, myre ; akin to Icel. myrr sw^ainp, 
Sw. myra marsh.] Deep mud ; wet, spongy earth. 

Mire, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Mired (mird) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Miring.] 1. To plunge, fix, or stick fast, in mud. 
2. To soil with mud or foul matter. 

Miriness (mir'T-nes), n. Quality of being miry. 

Mirk (merk), a. [See Murky.] Dark ; murky. 

Mirk, n. Darkness ; gloom ; murk. 

Mirk'y (-y), a. Dark ; gloomy. See Murky. 

Mir'ror (mir'rer), n. [F. miroir, OF. also mireor, 
deriv. of L. mirari to wonder. Cf. Marvel.] 1. A 
looking-glass or a speculum ; any polished substance that 
forms images by reflection of light. 2. That which 
gives a true representation ; hence, pattern ; exemplar. 

Mir'ror, V. t. [imp. &p. p. Mirrored (-rerd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Mirroring.] To reflect, as in a mirror. 

Mirth (merth), n. [AS. myrS, myrgcS, merhS, mirhS. 
See Merry.] Merriment ; gayety accompanied with 
laughter ; jollity. 

Syn. —Merriment ; joyousness ; gladness ; fun ; frolic ; 
glee ; hilarity ; festivity ; jollity. 

Mirth'ful (-ful), a. Full of, indicating, or inspiring 
mirth. — Mirth'ful-ly, adv. — Mirth'ful-ness, n. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, e"vent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



MIRTHLESS 



533 



MISERABLY 






Mirthless (merth'lgs), a. Without mirth. 

Mlr'y (inir'3?), a. [From 2d MmE.] Abounding with 
deep mud ; full of mire ; muddy. 

Mlr'za (nier'za ; Per. mer'z'a), n. [Per. mirza, ab- 
brev. fr. mlrzddeh son of the prince; mlr prince (Ar. 
amir, emir) -f- zadeh son.] The common title of honor 
in Persia, prefixed to the surname of an individual. 
When appended to the surname, it signifies Prince. 

Mis- (mis-). [AS. mis-; akin to D. mis-, G. miss-; 
orig., a p. p. fr. root of G. meiden to shun, AS. miSan. 
Also OF. mes-, F. me-, mes-, fr. L. minus less. The pre- 
fix from the French has been supplanted by the Anglo- 
Saxon form, which is now the one in use.] A prefix used 
adjectively and adverbially in the sense of amiss, icrong, 
ill, urongly, unsuitably. 

Mis-ac'cep-ta'tion (mTs-Xk'sep-ta'shQn), n. Wrong 
acceptation ; understanding in a wrong sense. 

Mis ad-ven'ture (mis'Sd-vgn'tur ; 135), n. Ill ad- 
venture ; mischance ; misfortune ; ill adventure. 

Mis allege' (mis'al-lgj'), v. t. To state erroneously. 

Mis al-li'ance (-li'ans), n. A marriage with a person 
of inferior rank or social station ; an improper alliance. 

Mis'an-thrope (mTs'an-throp), n. [Gr. iiHT&vOpunos ; 
luaelv to hate -f- avOpojirog a man.] A hater of mankind. 

Mis an-throp'ic (-throp'Tk), ) a. Hating or disliking 

Mis an-throp'ic-al (-i-kal), j mankind. 

Mls-an'thro-plst (-an'thro-pTst), n. A misanthrope. 

Mis-an'thro-py (-py), n. Hatred of, or dislike to, 
mankind. [application, j 

Mis-ap'pli-ca'tion (mis-ap'plT-ka'shun), n. Wrong | 

Mis'ap-ply' (uris'ap-pli'), v. t. To apply wrongly ; to 
use for a wrong purpose. 

Mis-ap'pre-hend' (mis-ap/pre-hgnd'), v. t. To take 
in a wrong sense ; to misunderstand. 

Mis-ap pre-hen'sion (rnis-ap/pre-hgn'shun), n. A 
mistaking or mistake; misconception; misunderstanding. 

Mis arrange' (mls'ar-ranj'), v. t. To place wrongly 
or improperly. 

Mis as-cribe' (-as-krib'), v. t. To ascribe wrongly. 

Mis as-sign' (-sin'), v. I. To assign wrongly. 

Mis become' (mis'be-kum'), v. t. Not to become ; 
to suit ill ; not to befit or be adapted to. 

Misbe-gOt' (-be-gof), )p. a. Unlawfully or irregu- 

Mis be-got'ten (-t'n), j larly begotten ; pernicious. 

Mis'be-have' (-hav'), v. t. & i. To behave ill ; to con- 
duct one's self improperly. [havior. I 

Mis be-hav'ior (-hav'yer), n. Improper or rude be-| 

Mis'be-lief (-lef), n. Erroneous or false belief. 

Mis'be-lieve' (-lev'), v. i. To believe erroneously, or 
in a false religion. — Mis'be-liev'er (-leVer), n. 

Mis'be-Stow' (-sto'), v. t. To bestow improperly. 

Mls-cal'cu-late (mis-kSl'ku'-lat), v. t. & i. To calcu- 
late erroneously ; to judge wrongly. — Mis-cal CU-la'- 
tlon (-la'shun), n. 

Mis-call' (nils-kal'), v. t. To call by a wrong name. 

Mis-car'riage (mTs-kar'rij), n. 1. Unfortunate event 
or issue of an undertaking ; failure. 2. Ill conduct ; 
evil or improper behavior. 3. Act of bringing forth be- 
fore the time ; premature birth. 

Mls-car'ry (-r^), v. i. 1. To carry, or go, wrong ; to 
fail of a destination or intended effect ; to be unsuccess- 
ful. 2. To bring forth young before the proper time. 

Mis-cast' (-kasf), v. t. To cast or reckon wrongly. 

Mis ce-ge-na'tion (niTs'se-je-na'shiin), n. [L. miscere 
to mix -f- the root of genus race.] A mixing of races ; 
amalgamation, as by intermarriage of black and white. 

II Mis cel-la'ne-a (niTs'sgl-la'ne-a), n. pi. [L. See 
Miscellany.] A collection of miscellaneous matters. 

Mis cel-la'ne-ous (-us), a. [L. miscellaneus, fr. mis- 
cellus mixed, fr. miscere to mix.] Mixed ; mingled ; 
consisting of several things, or of diverse sorts ; promis- 
cuous. — Mls'cel-la'ne-ous-ly, adv. — Mis-cel-la'ne- 
OUS-ness, n. [cellanies. I 

Mis'cel-la-nlst (mis'sel-la-mst), n. A writer of mis- 1 

Mis'cel-la-ny (-ny), n. [L. miscellanea, neut. pi.] 
A mass or mixture of various things ; a medley ; esp. , a 
collection of compositions on various subjects. 

Mis-chance' (-Chans'), 7i. Ulluck; illfortune; mishap. 

Syn. — Calamity ; misfortune ; misadventure ; mis- 
hap ; infelicity ; disaster. See Calamity. 

Mis-chance', v. i. To happen by mischance. 

Mis-charge' (-charj'), v. t. To charge erroneously. 

Mis'chief (mTs'chif), n. [OF. meschief ; pref. mes- 
(L. minus less) -j- chief end, head, F. chef chief.] 1. 
Harm; damage; esp., disarrangement of order; often, 
calamity ; mishap ; trivial evil caused by thoughtlessness, 
or in sport. 2. Cause of trouble or vexation ; trouble. 

Syn. — Damage; harm; hurt; injury; detriment; 



evil ; ill. — Damage is an injury which diminishes the 
value of a thing ; harm is an injury which causes trouble 
or inconvenience; mischief is an injury which disturbs 
the order and consistency of tilings. 

Mls'chlef-maker (mTs'chll-mak'er), n. One who 

excites quarrels or enmity. [enmity or quarrels. I 

Mis'chief— making, a. Causing mischief ; exciting | 

Mis'chie-vous (miroht-yas), «. Causing mischief; 

harmful; hurtful ; injurious. — Mis'chie-VOUS-ly, adv. 

— Mis'chie-vous ness, n. 

Syn. — Detrimental ; noxious ; pernicious ; destructive. 

Misch'na (mlah'na), n. See Mishna. 

Mis-choose' (niTs-chooz'), v. t. & i. To choose wrongly. 

Mls'ci-ble (nuVsT-b'D, a. [Of. F. miscible, fr. L. 
miscere to mix.] Capable of being mixed ; mixable. 

Mis ci-ta'tion (mls'st-ti/Bhan), n. Erroneous citation. 

Mis-Cite' (nits-sit'), v. I. To cite erroneously. 

Mis-Claim' (mis-klain'), n. A mistaken claim. 

Mls-col'or (mis-kul'er), v. t. To give a wrong color 
to ; figuratively, to set forth erroneously or unfairly. 

Mis compute' (mls'koni-put'), r. t. To compute erro- 
neously.— Mis-COm'pu-ta'tion (mi; s-k5m'pu-ta'shun),7i. 

Mis'con-ceive' (-k5n-sev'), v. t. & L To conceive 
wrongly ; to interpret incorrectly ; to misjudge. 

Mis con-cep'tion (-sgp'shiin), n. Erroneous concep- 
tion ; false opinion ; wrong understanding. 

Mis-con'duct (mis-k5n'dukt), n. Wrong conduct; 
bad behavior ; mismanagement ; misdemeanor ; offense. 

Mis con-duct' (mls'kSn-diikt'), r. t. & i. To con- 
duct amiss ; to mismanage ; to misbehave. 

Mis con-jec'ture (mls'k5n-jgk'tur ; 135), n. A wrong 
conjecture or guess. 

Mis construct' (mls'kon-strukt'), v. t. To construct 
wrongly ; to construe or interpret erroneously. 

Miscon-struc'tion (-struk'shun), n. Erroneous con- 
struction ; wrong interpretation. 

Mis-con'strue (mls-kon'stru), v. t. To construe 
wrongly ; to interpret erroneously. 

Mis-COUn'sel (mis-koun'sgl), v. t. To counsel wrongly. 

Mis-COUnt' (-kounf), v. t. & i. To count erroneously. 

— n. An erroneous counting. 

Mis'cre-ance (mis'kre-ans), ) n. Quality or state of 
Mis'cre-an-cy (-cm-sy), j being miscreant. 

Mis'cre-ant (mis'kre-ant), n. [OF. mescreant ; pref. 
mes- (L. minus less) + p. pr. fr. L. credere to believe.] 

1. One who holds a false religious faith. [Obs.~\ 2. One 
not restrained by Christian principles ; a villain. 

Mis'cre-ant, a. 1. Holding a false religious faith. 

2. Destitute of conscience ; unscrupulous. 
Mis'cre-ate' (-at'), v. t. To create badly or amiss. 
Mis-cue' (mis-ku'), n. {Billiards) A false stroke 

with a billiard cue, the cue slipping from the ball. 

Mis-date' (mis-daf), n. A wrong date. 

Mis-date', v. t. To date erroneously. 

Mis-deal' (-del'), v. t. & i. To deal or distribute 
wrongly. — n. Act of misdealing ; a wrong distribution. 

Mis-deed' (-ded'), n. An evil deed ; a wicked action. 

Syn. — Misconduct ; misdemeanor; fault; offense; 
trespass ; transgression ; crime. 

Mis de-mean' (mis'de-men'), v. t. To behave ill ; — 
with a reflexive pronoun. 

Misde-mean'or (-er), n. 1. Ill behavior ; evil con- 
duct ; fault. 2. (Laic) A crime less than a felony. 

Syn. — Misdeed ; misconduct ; misbehavior ; fault ; 
trespass ; transgression. 

Mis'di-rect' (mis'dT-rgkt'), v. t. To direct wrongly. 

Mis di-rec'tion (-rek'shun), n. 1. Act of directing 
wrongly, or state of being so directed. 2. (Law) An 
error of a judge in charging the jury. 

Mis-dO' (mTs-d6o'), v. I. To do wrongly. 

Mis-do', v. i. To do wrong ; to commit a fault. 

Mis-do'er (-er), n. A wrongdoer. 

Mis-do'ing, n. A wrong done ; a fault or crime. 

Mis-doubt' (mTa-donf), v. t. & i. To be suspicious 
of ; to have suspicion. [Obs.~\ [wrongly. I 

Mis-ed'U-cate (mTs-gd'u-kat ; 135), v.t. To educate | 

Mis'em-ploy' (mis'gm-ploi'), v. t. To employ amiss. 

Mis-en'try (mis-eu'try), n. An erroneous entry or 
charge. 

Mi'ser (mi'zer), n. [L. miser wretched, miserable.] 
1. A wretched or despicable person. [06s.] 2. A cov- 
etous, grasping, mean person: esp., one having wealth, 
who lives like a pauper. 

Mis'er-a-ble (mTz'er-a-b'l), a. [F. miserable, L. mise- 
rabi!is,ir. miserari to lament, pity, fr. miser wretched.] 
1. Very unhappy ; wretched. 2. Causing unhappiness 
or misery. 3. Worthless ; despicable. — n. A miserable 
person. — Mis'er-a-ble-ness, n. — Mis'er-a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Abject; forlorn; pitiable; wretched; mean. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



MISERERE 



534 



MISSILE 



I BUse-re'r* (all f-re'r^. n. [L., have mercy, fr. 

MiSER.] 1. (It. 

, .:ii. being the 50th psalin in 

■.'. version, beginning with the word misrrere. 
, i'.ipted to the 60th psalm. 

Miserly t,nii'zer-ly), (i. Like a miser; very covet- 
ily ; mean. 

Misery (mlx'er-y), n. [OE. mtsov, L. miseria, fr. 
1 Great uuhappiuess ; extreme pain 
of body or mind; wretchedness; woe. 2. Cause of 
niiserv ; calamity ; misfortune. [roneously. 

Mis-es'ti-mate ^mis-eVtl-inat), r. /. To estimate er- ; 

Mis-iea'sance (-fe'zans), n. [OF. pref. mes- wrong 
isance doing, fr. /aire to do, L. 
A trespass; a wrong done; the im- 
proper doing of an act which a person might lawfully do. 

Mis-fit' v-iit'). n. 1. Act or state of fitting badly. 
tething that tits badly, as a garment. 

Mis-form'\-form'), v. t. " To make in an ill form. 

Mis for-ma'tion (niTs'fSr-nia'shiin). n. Malformation. 

Mis-for'tune (mTs-f6r 7 tuu). n. Bad fortune or luck; 
calamity ; evil accident : disaster ; mishap ; mischance. 

Mis-give' (mis-giv'), v. t. To give doubt and appre- 
hension to ; to impart fear to ; to make irresolute. 

Mis-giv'ing. n. Evil premonition ; doubt; distrust. 

Mis-got'ten ^-got't'n), a. Unjustly gotten. 

Mis-go v'ern (-guv'ern), v. t. To govern ill. 

Mis-gov'ern-ment (-ern-nient), n. Bad government. 

Mis-guide' (-gid'), v. t. To guide wrongly or astray. 

Mis-hap 7 (-h5p'), n. Evil accident ; misfortune. 

Mis-hear' (ruTs-her'), r. t. & i. To hear incorrectly. 

Mish'mash (nilsh'inash''), n. [Cf. G. misch-masck, 
fr : . to mix.] A hotchpotch. 

Mish'na (-na). n. [NHeb. mishnah, i. e., repetition, 
explanation, fr. Heb. shanah to repeat.] A collection or 
digest of Jewish traditions and explanations of Scripture ; 
the text of the Talmud. 

Mish'nic (-nlk), a. Of or pertaining to the Mishna. 

Mis im-prove 7 (mTs'im-proov 7 ), r. t. To use for a bad 
purrose ; to abuse ; to misuse. — Mis im-prove'ment, n. 

Mis in-form' (-Tn-f8rm'), v. t. To inform wrongly. — 
Mis-in for-ma'tion. n. — Mis in-f orm'er, n. 

Mis in-ter'pret (-ter'pret), v. t. To interpret errone- 
ously j to misconstrue. — Mis in-ter pre-ta'tion. n. — 
Mis in-ter'pret-er. i». 

Mis-Judge' (mis-juj'), v. t. & i. To judge wrongly. 

Mis-judg'ment (-juj'rnent), n. A wrong judgment. 

Mis-lay' (mis-la'), v. t. 1. To lay in a wrong place ; 
to ascribe to a wrong source. 2. To lay in a place not 
recollected ; to lose. 

Mi'sle (miz"l). v. i. limp. & p. p. Misled (-'Id) ; p. 
" . n. Mislixg (-ling).] [Prop, mistle, fr. mist.'] 
To rain in very fine drops ; to mizzle. 

Mi'sle. ?i . A fine rain ; a thick mist ; mizzle. 

Mis-lead' (mTs-led'), v. t. To lead into a wrong way 
or path ; to lead astray ; to deceive. 

Mis-lead'er (-er), n. One who leads into error. 

Mis-led' (-led'), -imp. &p. p. of Mislead. 

Misle-toe (mlz^l-to), n. See Mistletoe. 

Mla-like 7 (mis-Ilk'), v. t. & i. To dislike ; to disap- 
prove of ; to have aversion to. 

Mis-like 7 , n. Dislike ; disapprobation ; aversion. 

Mis-lik'er (-lik'er), n. One who dislikes. 

Misly (mizly), a. Raining in very small drops. 

Mis-make' (inTs-mak'), v. t. To make or form amiss. 

Mis-man'age (mTs-man'aj), v. t. & i. To manage ill 
or improperly. — Mls-man'age-ment (-ment), n. 

Mis-man'a-ger (-a-jer), n. One who manages ilL 

Mis-mark' (-mark'), v. t. To mark wrongly. 

Mis-match' f-mSch'), v. t. To match unsuitably. 

Mis-mate 7 (-mat'), v. t. To mate wrongly or ill. 

Mis-name' (-nam'), v. t. To call or name wrongly. 

Mls-no'mer (-ncVmer), n. [OF. pref. mes- amiss, 
wrong (L. minus less) 4- F. nommer to name, L. nomi- 
nare, fr. nomen name.] The misnaming of a person in a 
leeal instrument ; any wrong or inapplicable name or title. 

Mia'ob-Berve 7 (-Gb-zerv 7 ), v. t. To observe inaccu- 
rately. 

Mi-BOg'a-mist (mT-s5g'a-mTst), n. [Gr. fiiaelv to 
hate — yiifios marriage.] A hater of marriage. 

Mi-BOg'a-my (hut), n. Hatred of marriage. 

Ml-SOg'y-nist (rni-soj'T-nTst), n. [Gr. ni<royvvr)<> ! Mi- 
at{.v to hate -f- yvirff woman.] A woman hater. 

Mi-sog'y-nous (-nus), a. Hating women. 

Mi-sog'y-ny -nv). n. Hatred of women. 

Mis-pell' (mlB-peVj. v. t.. Mis-pend' f-pSnd'), v. t., etc. 
pol, MmrtBD, etc. 

Mis'per-suade / -r^r-swad'), v. t. To persuade amiss. 



Mis persua'Sion (mis'per-swa'zhun), n. A false per- 
suasion. 

Mis-place' (mls-plas'), v. t. To place wrongly or im- 
properly. — Mis-place'ment (-meut), n. 

Mis-plead' (.-pled'), v. i. To err in pleading. 

Mis-point' (-point'), V. t. To point improperly. 

Mis-praise' (-praz'), v. t. To praise amiss. 

Mis-print' (-print'), v. t. To print wrong. 

Mis-print'- n. A mistake in printing. 

Mis-prise' (-prlz'), v. t. To misprize. \Obs.~] 

Mis-prise', v. t. [OF. mesprise mistake, fr. mespris, 
inasc, mesprise, fern., pp. of mesprendre to mistake; 
pref. mes- amiss -f- prendre to take, L. prehendere.'] To 
mistake, \_0bs.~] 

Mis-pri'sion (-prlzh'uri), n. 1. Act of misprising; 
misapprehension; misconception; mistake. [Archaic] 

2. Neglect ; undervaluing ; contempt. [06s.] 3. (Lau) 
A neglect, negligence, or contempt. 

Misprision of treason, omission to notify the authorities 
of an act of treason, by one knowing of it. — Misprision of 
felony, concealment of a felony by one knowing of it. 

Mis-prize 7 (mis-priz'), v. t. [OF. mesprisier to de- 
spise ; pref. mes- amiss (L. minus less) ~- LL. pretiar* to 
prize, L. pretium price.] To slight or undervalue. 

Mis'pro-nounce' (mts/pro-nouns'), v. t. & i. To pro- 
nounce incorrectly. 

Mis pro-nun ci-a'tion (-nun'sl-a'shun or -sht-a'shun), 
n . Wrong or improper pronunciation. 

Mis pro-por'tion (-por'shun), v. t. To give wrong pro- 
portions to ; to join without due proportion. 

Mis quo-ta'tion (mis'kwo-ta'shun), n. Erroneous 
or inaccurate quotation. 

Mis-quote' (mis-kwof), v. t. & i. To quote errone- 
ously or incorrectly. 

Mis-read' (-red'), v. t. To read amiss ; to misunder- 
stand in reading. 

Mis re-cit'al (mis're-sit'al), n. An inaccurate recital. 

Mis re-cite' (-sit 7 ), v. t. & i. To recite erroneously. 

Mis-reck'on (niis-rek 7 'n), v. t. & i. To reckon 
wrongly ; to miscalculate. 

Mis-r eck'on-ing, n . An erroneous computation. 

Mis-rec'Ol-lect' (-rek'ol-lekt 7 ), v. t. & i. To have an 
erroneous remembrance of ; to suppose erroneously that 
one recollects. —Mis-rec'ol-lec'tion (-lek'shun), n. 

Mis re-late' (nils re-lat'), v.t. To relate inaccurately. 

Mis re-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Erroneous relation. 

Mis're-menVher (-mem'ber), v. t. & i. To mistake in 
remembering ; not to remember correctly. 

Mic-ren'der (ruTs-reu'der), v. t. To render wrongly ; 
to translate or recite wrongly. 

MiD're-port' (mis're-porf), v. t. & i. To report erro- 
neously. — n. An erroneous report. 

Mis-rep're-sent' (mls-rep're-zenf), v. t. & i. To rep- 
resent incorrectly, unjustly, or falsely. 

Mis-rep re-seh-ta'tion (-zgn-ta'shun), n. Untrue rep- 
resentation ; false or incorrect statement or account. 

Mis-rep're-sent'er (-zenfer), n. One who misrepre- 
sents, [govern. I 

Mis-rule' (mis-rul'), v. t. & i. To rule badly ; to mis- 1 

Mis-rule 7 , n. 1. Act or result of misruling. 2. Dis- 
order ; confusion ; tumult from insubordination. 

Miss (mis), n. ; pi. Misses (-sez). [Contr. fr. Mis- 
tress.] 1. A title of courtesy for a girl or a maiden 
woman. 2. A young unmarried woman or a girl. 

G^^ There is diversity of usage in the application of 
this title to two or more persons of the same name. We 
may write either the Miss Browns or the Misses Broicn. 

Miss, t. t. limp. & p. p. Missed (mist) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Missixg.] [AS. missan ; akin to G. missen, Icel. 
missa. See Mis-, pref.] 1. To fail of hitting, reaching, 
getting, finding, seeing, hearing, etc. 2. To omit : to fail 
to have or to do ; to go without; to dispense with. 3. To 
discover the absence or omission of ; to feel the want of. 

Miss, v. i. 1. To fail to hit ; to deviate from the true 
course. 2. To fail to obtain, learn, or find ; — with of. 

3. To err ; also, to be absent or deficient. [06s.] 
Miss, n. 1. Act of missing ; failure to hit, reach, 

find, obtain, etc. 2. Mistake ; error ; fault. 

Mls'sal (mls'sal), n. [LL. missale, liber missalis, fr. 
missa mass. See 1st Mass.] The book containing the 
service of the Mass for the entire year ; a Mass book. 

Mis 7 sel (miz'zel), n. Mistletoe. [06s.] 

Missel bird, Missel thrush (ZooL), a large European 
thrush which feeds on the berries of the mistletoe. 

Mis'sel-toe (-to), n. See Mistletoe. 

Mis-send' (-send'), v. t. To send amiss or incorrectly. 

Mis-serve' (-serv'). v. t. Sz i. To serve unfaithfully. 

Mis-shape' (-shap 7 ), v. t. To shape ill; to deform. 

Mis'sile (mis'sTl), a. [L missilis, fr. mittere, mis- 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, it, y, short ; een&te, e"vent, Idea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask. all, final. 






MISSILE 



535 



MITIGATIVE 



turn, to cause to go, to send, to throw.] Capable of be- 
ing thrown ; adapted for hurling or projecting. 

Mis'sile (inTs'sIl), n. A weapon thrown, or pro- 
jected or intended to be projected. 

Miss'ing (nils'Ing), a. [From Miss, v. i.] Absent 
from the place where it was expected to be found ; lost ; 
wanting ; not present when called or looked for. 

Mis'sion (inlsh'un), n. [L. missio, fr. miltere, mis- 
sum, to send.] 1. Act of sending, or state of being sent ; 
commission. 2. Business or duty on which one is 
sent. 3. Persons sent ; a delegation ; an embassy. 4. 
An association, organization, station, or residence of 
missionaries. 5. An organization for worship and work, 
dependent on one or more churches. 6. A course of 
extraordinary services to quicken the faith and zeal 
of the participants and to convert unbelievers. 

Syn. — Message ; errand ; commission ; deputation. 

Mis'sion-a-ry (mish'un-a-ry), n. One sent on amission, 
esp. to propagate religion. — a. Of or pert, to missions. 

Mis'sis (niis'sis), n. A mistress ; a wife. [Illiterate'] 

Miss'ish, a. Like a miss ; prim ; affected ; sentimental. 

Mis'sive (niis'si v), a. 1. Specially sent ; intended 
or prepared to be sent. 2. Missile. 

Letters missive, letters conveying to another the per- 
mission, command, or advice of a superior authority. 

Mis'sive, n. That which is sent ; a writing contain- 
ing a message. [wrongly. I 

Mis-speak' (-spek'), v. i. & t. To speak or utter | 

Mis-spell' (mis-spel'), v. t. To spell incorrectly. 

Mls-spell'ing, n. A wrong spelling. 

Mis-spend' (-spend'), v. t. To spend amiss or for 
wrong purposes ; to squander ; to waste. 

Mis-spent' (-spent'), imp. &p. p. of Misspend. 

Mis-state 7 (-statO, v. t. To state wrongly. 

Mls-State'ment (-ment), n. An incorrect statement. 

Mis-Step' (-step'), n. A wrong step ; error of conduct. 

Mis-step', v. i. To take a wrong step ; to go astray. 

Mis'sy (mis's^), n. An affectionate, or contemptuous, 
form of Miss ; young girl ; miss. —-a. Like a miss or girl. 

Mist (mist), n. [AS. mist; akin to D. mist, G. mist 
dung, Goth, maihstus, AS. migan to make water, L. min- 
gere, Gr. 6/uixcti', Skr. mih.] 1. Visible watery vapor sus- 
pended near the earth ; fog. 2. Coarse, watery vapor in 
visible particles, approaching the form of rain. 3. Hence, 
anything which causes dimness or obscurity. 

Mist flower (Bot.), a plant (Eupatorium ccelestinum) hav- 
ing heart-shaped leaves, and lavender-blue flowers. 

Mist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Misting.] To cloud ; to cover with mist ; to dim. 

Mist, v. i. To rain in very fine drops. 

Mis-tak'a-ble(mis-tak'a-b'l), a. Liable to be mistaken. 

Mis-take' (-tak'), v . t. [imp. &. obs. p. p. Mistook 
(-to6k') ; p. p. Mistaken (-tak''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mis- 
taking.] [Pref. mis- -f- take.] 1. To take in a wrong 
sense ; to misunderstand, misapprehend, or misconceive. 

2. To substitute erroneously in thought or perception. 

3. To misjudge. 

Mis-take', v. i. To err in knowledge, perception, opin- 
ion, or judgment ; to commit an unintentional error. 

Mis-take', n. A misunderstanding ; a fault in opinion 
or judgment ; an unintentional error of conduct. 

Syn. — See Blundeb. 

Mis-tak'en (-tak"n), p. a. 1. Being in error ; wrong 
in opinion. 2. Erroneous ; wrong. — Mis-tak'en-ly, adv. 

Mis-tak'er (-er), n. One who mistakes. 

Mis-teach' (-tech'), v. t. To teach wrongly. 

Mis-tell' (-tel'), v. t. To tell erroneously. 

Mis'ter (mis'ter), n. [See Master.] A title of courte- 
sy prefixed to the name of a man or youth. Abbrev. Mr. 

Mis'ter, n. [OF. mestier, f r. L. minister ium. See Min- 
istry.] 1. A trade, art, or 
occupation. 2. Blind ; sort. 
[Obs.] 3. Necessity. [Obs.] 

Mis-term'(mis-term'), v. I. 
To call by a wrong name. 

Mis'ter-y (mis'ter-^), n. 
See Mystery, a trade. 

Mist'i-ly(-tI-lyl,acZv. With 
mist ; darkly ; obscurely. 

Mis-time' (mis-tini'), v. t. 
To time wrongly ; not to adapt 
to the time. 

Mist'i-ness (mTst'I-nSs),7i. 
State of being misty. 

Mis'tle (mlz"l), v. L See 

"MlSLE. 

Mis'tle-toe (mTz''l-to), n. European Mistletoe. 

[AS. misteltan ; miste mistletoe -f tan twig ; akin to D. 




& G. mistel; and to D. teen.] (Bot.) A parasitic evergreen 
plant of Europe bearing a glutinous fruit. 

(Kgr^ In different regions various similar plants are 
called by this name. 

Mis'tral(niiVtn/l),?i. [F., fr. Provencal.] A violent, 
cold, northwest wind of southern France. 

Mis trans-late' (mls'trans-laf), v. t. To translate 
erroneously. — Mis trans-la'tion (-la'shfin), n. 

Mis-treat' (-trSV), V. t. To treat amiss ; to abuse. 

Mis-treat'ment (-ment), n. Wrong treatment. 

Mis'tress (mYs'trSs), u. [OF. muislresse, deriv. of 
L. mufjistru, fem. of magister. See Master.] 1. A 
woman having power, authority, or ownership ; the 
female head of a family, a school, etc. 2. A woman 
well skilled in anything. 3. A woman regarded with 
love and devotion ; a sweetheart. [Poetic] 4. A woman 
filling the place, but without the rights, of a wife ; a 
concubine. 5. A title of courtesy, now superseded by 
the contracted forms, Mrs., for a married, and Miss, for 
an unmarried, woman. 

Mis-tri'al (mls-tri'al), n. (Law) A false or errone- 
ous trial ; a trial which has no result. 

Mis-trust' (-trust'), n. Want of confidence or trust ; 
suspicion ; distrust ; foreboding. 

Mis-trust', v. t. 1. To regard with jealousy or sus- 
picion ; to distrust. 2. To forebode ; to surmise. 

Mis-trust'ful (-ful), a. Having or causing mistrust. 
— Mis-trust'ful-ly, adv. — Mls-trust'ful-ness, n. 

Mis-tune' (-tun'), v. t. To tune wrongly. 

Mist'y (mist'y), a. [Compar. Mistier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Mistiest.] 1. Accompanied with mist ; obscured by, or 
overspread with, mist. 2. Fig. : Dim ; obscure ; clouded. 

Mis-un'der-Stand' (nils-un'der-staud'), v. t. To un- 
derstand wrongly ; to misconceive ; to misconstrue. 

Mis-un der-stand'ing, n. 1. Mistake of the mean- 
ing ; error ; misconception. 2. Disagreement ; quarrel. 

Mis-US'age (inls-uz'aj ; 48), n. Bad treatment ; abuse. 

Mis-use' (-uz'), v. t. 1. To treat or use improperly ; 
to use to a bad purpose ; to misapply. 2. To abuse. 

Syn. — To maltreat : abuse; misemploy; misapply. 

Mis-use' (mis-us'), n. Wrong use ; misapplication. 

Mis-US'er (-uz'er), n. 1. One who misuses. 2. (Law) 
Unlawful use of a right. 

Mis-wed' (-wed'), v. t. To wed improperly. 

Mis-wor'ship (-wfir'shTp), n. False worship. 

Mis-yoke' (-yok'), v. t. To yoke improperly. 

Mite (mit), n. [AS. mite mite (in sense 1) ; akin to 
D. mijt, G. miete.] 1. (Zo'dl.) A minute arachnid of 
the order Acarina. 2. [D. mijt ; prob. same word.] A 
small coin formerly circulated in England, rated at about 
a third of a farthing; also, a small 
coin of ancient Palestine. 3. A small 
weight, — one twentieth of a grain. 
4. Any minute object or quantity. 

Mi'ter ) (mi'ter), n. [F. mitre, fr 

Mi'tre ) L. mitra headband, tur- 
ban, Gr. nirpa.] 1. A covering for 
the head, worn on solemn occasions 
by church dignitaries. 2. The sur- 
face forming the beveled end or edge 
of apiece where a miter joint is made ; 
also, a miter joint. 3. (Numis.) A , 
sort of base money or coin. The P °P e 8 Mlter " 

Miter joint, a joint formed by pieces matched and united 
upon a line bisecting the angle of junction, esp. when 
the pieces form a right angle. 

Mi'ter, ) v. t. [imp. &p. p. Mitered (-terd) 

Mi'tre, \ or Mitred; p. pr. & vb. n. Mi- 
tering (-ter-ing) or Mitring (-tring).] 1. To 
place a miter upon ; to adorn with a miter. 2. 
To match together by a miter joint ; to bevel 
the ends or edges of, as for a miter joint. 

Mi'tre' I v ' *" To unite in a miter J oiufc- 

Mi'ter- wort' (mi'ter-wGrt'), n. (Bot.) Any plant of 
the genus Mitella, — a genus of slender, perennial herbs 
with a pod slightly resembling a bishop's miter. 

Mit'1-ga-ble (mtt'i-ga-b'l), a. That may be mitigated. 

Mit'i-gant (-g«nt), a. Tending to mitigate. 

Mlt'i-gate (-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mitigated 
(-ga'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mitigating.] [L. mitigare, p. p. 
-atus; mitis mild, soft + root of agere to do, drive.] 
To make less severe, intense, harsh, rigorous, painful, 
etc. ; to soften ; to meliorate ; to diminish ; to assuage. 

Syn. — See Alleviate. 

Mit i-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Act of mitigating, or 
state of being mitigated. 

Mit'i-ga-tive (mltT-ga-tlv), a. Tending to mitigate. 




sp. wneu 

L 



Miter 
Joint. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



MITIGATOR 



536 



MODELING 



HUM ga tor (mltl-ga t8r), a. Oue that mitigates. 

Mitrailleuse'^ [F., fr. mitraiUer 

,>t, fr. mitrailh old iron, grapeshot, dim. 

mite.] (Mil.) A breech-loading machine 

gun having many barrels which can be tired siniultane- 

saively, anil rapidly. [miter. I 

Mitral (mitral), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a| 

Ml'tre (mPtSr), n. & v. See Miter. 

Mitt (nut), n. [Abbrev. fr. Mitten.] A mitten ; also. 
ing tor the wrist and hand and not for the fingers. 

Mitten ^mlt'tfu). n. [F. mi/aine, peril, of Celtic ori- 
gin.] A covering for the hand without distinct sheaths 
for the finders. 

To give the mitten to, to dismiss as a lover. [Colloq.] 
Mit'ti-mus t^ti-uins), n. [L., we send, fr. mittere 
to send.] (Law) (a) A warrant of commitment to 
\b) A writ for removing records from one court 
to another. 

Mix (.nilks), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Mixed (inTkst) (less 
properly Mixt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mixing.] [AS. mtsean ; 
akin to G. mischen, Gael, measg, L. miscere, mixtum, Gr. 
fj.i(ry€ii>, fxiyvvvai., Skr. micro mixed.] 1. To cause a 
promiscuous interpenetratiou of the parts of ; to mingle ; 
to blend. 2. To cause to be mingled or associated. . 3. 
To form or compound by mingling ingredients. 

Mix. ». i. 1. To become united or blended. 2. To 
associate : to mingle. 

Mix'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, mixes. 

Mis ti-lin'e-al (-tT-lTn'e-«l), ) a. [L. mixtus mixed 

Mix ti-lin'e-ar (-tT-lin'e-er), J + E. lineal, linear.-] 
Containing, or consisting of, lines of different kinds. [J?.] 

Mix'ture (unks'tur; 135), n. [L. rnixtura, fr. mis- 
cere, mixtum, to mix.] 1. Act of mixing, or state of 
being mixed. 2. That which is made by a process of 
mixing or mingling. Also, one of the ingredients of a 
mixed composition. 

Miz'zen (niTz'z'n), a. [It. mezzana, deriv. of mezzo 
middle. See Mezzo.] (Xaut.) Hindmost; nearest the 
Stern, — n. The hindmost of the fore and aft sails of a 
three-masted vessel ; also, a spanker. 

Miz'zen-mast (-mast), n. (Xaut.) The hindmost mast 
of a three-masted vessel, or of a yawl-rigged vessel. 

Miz'zle (uiiz'zT). v. i. [imp.&p. p. Mizzled (-z'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mizzling (-zllng).] [See Misle.] To 
rain in very fine drops. 

Miz'zle, n. Mist ; fine rain. 

Mne-mon'ic (ne-nion'Ik), ) a. (Gr. ixvt}ix.ovi.k6$, fr. 

Mne-mon'ic-al (-T-kal), J /x^/achi/ mindful, (xvaaOat. 
to remember.] Assisting the memory. 

Mne-mon'ics (ne-nion'Tks), n. Art of memory ; a sys- 
tem of precepts and rules intended to assist the memory. 

-mo (-mo). A suffix added to the names of certain 
numerals or to the numerals themselves, to indicate the 
number of leaves made by folding a sheet of paper. 

Mo'a (mo'a), n. [Native name.] (Zool.) Any one of 
several very large extinct species of 
wingless birds of Dinornis and related 
genera. 

Moan (mon), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Moaned (mond) ; p. pr. &vb. n. Moan- 
ing.] [AS. mienan.] To make a low 
prolonged sound of grief or 
pain. Also used Fig. 

Moan, v. t. To bewail 
audibly ; to lament. 

Moan, n. A low pro- 
longed sound, indicative of 
pain or of grief. 

Moat (mot), n. [OF. 
mote hill, dike, bank ; of 
uncertain origin. The 
name of moat, properly 
meaning, bank or mound, 
was transferred to the 
ditch adjoining ; cf. E. dike 
and ditch.] (Fort.) A deep 
trench around the rampart 
of a castle or other fortified 
place, sometimes filled with a Moa (Dinornis ingenx) ; b c Ap- 
water ; a ditch. ter >' x ' to Bhow "»tive size. 

Moat, v. t. To surround with a moat. 

Mob Cm5b), n. [L. mobile vulgus the movable com- 
mon people.] 1. The lower classes; the populace. 2. 
A rabble ; esp., an unlawful or disorderly throng. 

Mob. r. t. [imp. & p. p. Mobbed (m5bd) ; p. pr. & 
%l. n. Moebing.1 To crowd about and attack or annoy. 

MoVbish (-bfsb), a. Like a mob ; lawless. 

Mob / cap / f-kSp'), n. [D. mop^rnuts ; OD. mop a 




woman's coif + D. muts cap.] A plain headdress for 
women ; esp., one tying under the chin by a broad band. 
MoTbile (mo'bll), a. [L. mobilis, for movibilis, fr. 
mon re to move.] 1. Capable of being moved; not 
fixed ; movable. 2. Characterized by extreme fluidity. 

3. Excitable ; changeable ; fickle. 4. Exhibiting variety 
of expression. [mobile. I 

Mo-bil'i-ty (m6-bTl'I-ty ), n. Quality or state of being | 

Mob i li-za'tion (m5b'T-li-za'shun), n. A mobilizing. 

Mob'i-lize (in5b'i-llz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mobilized 
(-lizd) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Mobilizing (-li'zing).] To put in 
a state of readiness for active service in war. 

Mob-OC'ra-cy (mSb-ok'ra-s^), n. [Mob -f -cracy, as 
in democracy.] A condition in which the mob rules 
without respect to law r , precedents, or vested rights. 

Moc'ca-sin (mok'ka-sin), n. [An Indian word. Al- 
gonquin makisin.] 1. A shoe made of soft leather, the 
sole and upper part being customarily in one piece, — 
worn by the American Indians. 2. (Zool.) A poisonous 
snake of the Southern United States. 

Moccasin flower (Bot.), a species of lady's slipper (Cypri- 
pedium acaule) found in North America. The lower petal 
forms a rose-colored moccasin-shaped pouch. 

Mo'cna (m^ka), n. A variety of coffee brought from 
Mocha in Arabia. 

Mock (mok ; 115), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Mocked (niokt); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mocking.] [F. moquer, of uncertain 
origin.] 1. To imitate ; to mimic ; to deride by mimicry. 
2. To treat with scorn or contempt ; to jeer. 3. To 
disappoint the hopes of. 

Syn. — To ridicule ; taunt ; tantalize. See Deride. 

Mock, v. i. To make sport in contempt or in jest. 

Mock, n. An act of ridicule or derision ; a scornful 
or contemptuous act or speech ; a sneer ; a jibe ; a jeer. 

Mock, a. Imitating reality, but not real ; false ; 
counterfeit ; assumed ; sham. 

Mock'er (mok'er), n. One that mocks. 

Mock'er-y (-y), n. 1. A mocking, deriding, or expos- 
ing to contempt by mimicry or simulated earnestness. 
2. Insulting or contemptuous action or speech. 3. Sub- 
ject of laughter, derision, or sport. [ly, adv. I 

Mocking, a. Imitating ; mimicking. — Mock'ing- 1 

Mocking bird (Zool.), a North American singing bird 
remarka- 
ble for its 
exact im- 
itation s 
of the 

notes of Mocking Bird 
other (Mivnis polyglottos). 
birds. 

Mo'dal (mo'dal), a. 1. Of 
or pertaining to a mode or 
mood ; consisting in mode or 
form only ; relating to form. 2. (Logic & Metaph.) In- 
dicating, or pertaining to, some mode of conceiving exist- 
ence, or of expressing thought. — Mo'dal -ly. adv. 

Mo-dal'i-ty (mo-dSl'I-t^), n. Quality or state of be- 
ingmodal. 

Mode (mod), n. [L. modus a measure, due or proper 
measure, bound, manner, form ; akin to E. mete.] 1. 
Manner of doing or being ; method ; form ; fashion ; 
custom ; way ; style. 2. Popular custom ; fashion, esp. 
in the phrase the mode. 3. Variety ; gradation ; degree. 

4. (Metaph.) State of being ; form, as opposed to mat- 
ter. 5. (Logic) The form in which the proposition 
connects the predicate and subject, whether by simple, 
contingent, or necessary assertion. 6. (Gram.) Same as 
Mood. 7. (Mus.) The scale as affected by the various 
positions in it of the minor intervals. 

Syn. — See Method. 

Mod'el (mod'gl), n. [F. modele, deriv. of L. modulus 
a small measure, dim. of modus. See Mode.] 1. A 
miniature representation of a thing; sometimes, a fac- 
simile of the same size. 2. A pattern of something to be 
made. 3. An example for imitation. 4. A standard. 

5. Any copy, or resemblance. 6. A person who poses 
as a pattern to an artist. 

Mod'el, a. Suitable for a model or pattern. 

Mod'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modeled (-eld) or Mod- 
elled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Modeling or Modelling.] To 
plan or form after a pattern ; to form a model or pattern 
for ; to shape ; to mold ; to fashion. 

Mod'el, v. i. (Fine Arts) To design or imitate forms ; 
to do modeling. 

Mod'el-er (-er), n. One who models. 

Mod'el-ing, n. (Fine Arts) Act or art of making a 
model or a work of art from some plastic material. Also, 
in painting, drawing, etc., expression of solid form. 




E, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, 0., y, short ; senate, Svent, Mea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



MODERATE 



537 



HOLDER 



Mod'er-ate (m5d'er-at), a. [L. moderatus, p. p. of 
moderate, moderari, to moderate, regulate, control, fr. 
modus measure. See Mode.] Kept within due bounds ; 
observing reasonable hunts ; not excessive, extreme, vio- 
lent, or rigorous ; limited ; restraiued ; reasonable. 

Syn. — Sparing ; temperate ; frugal ; calm ; mild. 

Mod'er-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moderated 
(-a'tSd); p. pr. & vb. n. Moderating.] 1. To restrain 
from excess ; to keep or bring within bounds ; to qualify ; 
to lessen. 2. To preside over, direct, or regulate. 

Mod'er-ate, v. i. 1. To become less violent, severe, 
rigorous, or .intense. 2. To preside over an assembly. 

Mod'er-ate-ly (-at-ly), adv. In a moderate manner or 
degree. [ate. I 

Mod'er-ate-ness, n . Quality or state of being moder- 1 

Mod er-a'tion (inSd'er-a'shun), n. 1. Act of impos- 
ing due restraint. 2. State or quality of being moderate. 
3. Calmness of mind ; equanimity. 

I! Mod'e-ra'tO (m5d'g-ra't6), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) 
With moderate quickness ; moderately. 

Mod'er-a tor (mod'er-a'ter), n. One that moderates. 

Mod'er-a'tor-ship, n. The office of a moderator. 

Mod'ern (-em), a. [F. moderne, L. modernus; akin 
to modo just now, orig. abl. of modus measure ; hence, 
by measure. See Mode.] Of or pert, to the present time, 
or time not long past. —n. A person of modern times. 

Mod'ern-ism (-Iz'm), n. Modern practice ; a thing of 
recent date ; esp., a modern usage or mode of expression. 

Mod'ern-lst, n. One who admires the moderns. 

Mod ern-i-za'tion (niod'ern-T-za'shun), n. Act or 
process of rendering modern in style, habit, fashion, etc. 

Mod'ern-ize (uiod'em-Iz), v. t. To cause to conform 
to recent or present usage or taste. 

Mod'ern-ness, n. Quality or state of being modern. 

Mod'est (-est), a. [F. modeste, L. modestus, fr. mo- 
dus measure. See Mode.] 1. Restrained within due 
limits of propriety ; not presumptuous or obtrusive. 

2. Observing the proprieties of the sex ; free from undue 
f aniiliarity, indecency, or lewdness ; — said of a woman. 

3. Evincing modesty in the actor, author, or speaker. 

— Mod'est-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Reserved ; unobtrusive ; diffident ; bashful ; 
coy ; shy ; decent ; becoming ; chaste ; virtuous. 

Mod'es-ty (-es-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
modest ; humility respecting one's own merit. 2. Nat- 
ural delicacy or shame regarding personal charms and 
the sexual relation ; purity of thought and manners. 

Syn-— See Humility. 

Mod'i-cum (mod'i-kum), n. [L., fr. modicus mod- 
erate, fr. modics. See Mode.] A little ; a small quan- 
tity ; a measured supply. [to, modification. I 

Mod'1-fi'a-ble (niod'T-fi'a-b'l), a. Capable of, or kable | 

Mod i-fi-ca'tion (mM'i-f i-ka'shun), n. Act of modi- 
fying, or state of being modified ; change. 

Mod'i-fi'er (-fi'er), n. One that modifies. 

Mod'i-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modqted (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Modifying (-fi'Tng).] [F. modifier, L. 
modificare ; modus limit -)- -ficare. See Mode; -fy.] 

1. To change somewhat the form or qualities of ; to alter. 

2. To limit or reduce in exten* or degree ; to moderate. 
Mo-dlllion (uio-dil'yuu), n. [F. modillon, It. mo- 

diglione. Cf. Module, n.~\ (Arch.) The enriched 
bracket generally found under the cornice of the Corin- 
thian and Composite entablature ; — so called because of 
its arrangement at regulated distances. 

Mod'ish (mod'ish), a. According to the mode, or 
customary manner ; fashionable ; hence, conventional. 

— Mod'ish-ly, adv. — Mod'ish-ness, n. 

Mod'ist (mod'Tst), n. One who follows the fashion. 

II McKdiste' (uio'desf), n. [F.] A female maker of, 
or dealer in, articles of fashion, esp. of the fashionable 
dress of ladies. 

!i Mo'di-US (mo'di-us), n. ; pi. Modii (-1). [L.] (Rom. 
Antiq.) A dry measure containing about a peck. 

Mod'U-lar (m5d'u-ler; 135), a. Of or pertaining to 
mode, modulation, or module. 

Mod'U-late (mod'fi-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modu- 
lated (-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Modulating (-la'ting).] 
[L. modulari , p. p. -atus, fr. modulus a small measure, 
meter, melody, dim. of modus. See Mode.] 1. To form, 
as sound, to a certain key, or to a certain proportion. 
2. To vary or inflect in a natural, customary, or musical 
manner. [another. I 

Mod'U-late, v. i. (Mus.) To pass from one key to | 

Mod U-la'tion (-la'shim), n. 1. Act of modulating, or 
state of being modulated. 2. (Mus.) A change of key. 

Mod'U-la'tor (mod'u-la'ter), n. One that modulates. 

Mod'ule (mod'ul), n. [F., fr. L. modulus. See Mod- 



ulate.] 1. A model or measure. 2. (Arch.) The size 
of some one part, as the diameter or semi -diameter of 
the base of a shaft, taken as a unit of measure by which 
the proportions of other parts are regulated. 

Ii Mod'u-lus (in5d'u-lQs), n. ; pi. Moduli (-11). [L., a 
small measure.] (Math., Mech., & Physics) A quantity, 
coefficient, or constant, which expresses the measure of 
some specified force, property, or quality. 

Mo-gul' (uio-gul'), n. [Of Mongolian origin.] 1. A 
Mongolian. 2. (Railroad) A heavy freight locomotive. 

Great, or Grand, Mogul, the sovereign of the empire 
founded in Hindostan by the Mongols. Hence, a very 
important personage ; a lord. 

Mo'hair' (ino'haV), n. [F. moire; of uncertain ori- 
gin.] The long silky hair or wool of the Angora goat of 
Asia Minor ; also, a fabric made from this material. 

Mo-ham'med-an (mo-ha'in'uie'd-tfn), a. [From Mo- 
hammed, fr. At. muhdmmad praiseworthy.] Of or per- 
taining to Mohammed, or the religion and institutions 
founded by Mohammed. — n. A follower of Mohammed, 
the founder of Islamism ; one who professes Islamism. 

Mo-ham'med-an-ism I (-Iz'm), n. The religion, or 

Mo-ham 'med- ism ) doctrines and precepts, of 
Mohammed, contained in the Koran ; Islainism. 

Mo-ham'med-an-ize I (-Iz), v. t. To make conforma- 

Mo-ham'med-ize ] ble to Mohammedanism. 

Moi'dore (nioi'dor), n. [Pg. moeda d^ouro, lit., coin 
of gold.] A gold coin of Portugal = about 27s. sterling. 

Moi'e-ty (moi'e-ty), n. [F. moitie, L. medietas, fr. 
medius middle, half.] 1. One of two equal parts; a 
half. _ 2. An indefinite part ; a small part. 

Moil (moil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moiled (moild) ; p. pr. 
& vb. 7i. Moiling.] [OF. moillier, muiller, deriv. of L. 
mollis soft.] To daub ; to make dirty ; to soil ; to defile. 

Moil, v. i. To soil one's self with severe labor ; to 
work ; to toil ; to drudge. 

Moil, ft. A spot ; a defilement. 

II Moire (niwar), n. [F. Cf. Mohatb.] 1. Orig., a 
fine textile fabric made of goat's hair; afterwards, any 
textile fabric watered in calendering. 2. A watered, 
clouded, or frosted appearance produced upon either 
textile fabrics or metallic surfaces. 

Moire antique, a superior kind of thick, silk moire. 

Moist (moist), a. [OF. moiste, fr. L. muccidus, for 
mucidus, moldy, musty.] Moderately wet; damp; hu- 
mid ; not dry. 

Mois'ten (mois"n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moistened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Moistening.] 1. To make damp ; 
to wet in a small degree. 2. To soften ; to make tender. 

MoiSt'ness, n. Quality or state of being moist. 

Mois'ture (mois'tur ; 135), n. 1. A moderate degree of 
wetness. 2. That which moistens or makes damp or wet. 

Mo'lar (mo'ler), a. [L. moles mass.] (Mech.) Of or 
pertaining to a mass of matter. 

Mo'lar, a. [L. molaris, fr. mola mill, fr. molere to 
grind in a mill.] Having power to grind ; grinding ; 
also, of or pertaining to the molar teeth. — ?i. (A?iati) 
Any one of the teeth back of the incisors and canines. 

Mo'la-ry (-la-ry), a. Same as 2d Molar. 

Mo-las'ses (mo-las'sez), n. [F. melasse, fr. L. mel- 
laceus honeylike, mel, mellis, honey.] The viscid, un- 
crystallizable sirup which drains from sugar, in the 
process of manufacture ; any viscid, sweet sirup made 
from vegetable juice or sap. 

Mold Hmold), n. [AS. mo Ide; akin to G. mull, and 

Mould ) E. meal flour.] 1. Soft, friable earth ; esp., 
earth suited to the growth of plants ; soil. 2. Earthy 
material ; the matter of which anything is formed. 

Mold, ) n. [From the p. p. of OE. moulen to be- 

Mould, ) come moldy, to rot, prob. fr. Icel. mygla 
to grow musty.] (Bot.) A growth of minute fungi of va- 
rious kinds, forming on damp or decaying organic matter. 

Mold, { v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Molded or Mould- 

Mould, ) ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Molding or Moulding.] 
To become or make moldy ; to cause mold to grow upon. 

Mold, ) n. [OF. mole, F. moule, fr. L. modulus. 

Mould, ) See Model.] 1. The matrix, or cavity, in 
which anything is shaped ; also, the body or mass con- 
taining the cavity. 2. That to correspond with which any- 
thing is modeled or formed. 3. Cast ; shape ; character. 

Mold, ) v. t. 1. To form into a particular shape ; 

Mould, ( to shape ; to fashion. 2. To knead. 3. 
(Founding) To form a mold or matrix of. 

Mold'a-ble ) (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being molded 

Mould'a-ble j or formed. 

Mold r board / | (-bord'), n. The curved plate back of 

Mould'DOard' I the share of a plow. 

Mold'er, or Mould'er (-er), n. One that molds. 



fSrn, recent, drb, r|ide, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oiL chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



HOLDER 



538 



MONASTICALLY 




Moldings. 




Mold'er \ (xaHSMfi I [imp. & p. p. Mold- 

Mould'er I BUD (-3rd) or Mouldered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

nu or Mouldering.] [From 1st Mold.] To 
; to turn to dust by natural decay ; to waste away. 

So^fnels 1 <*■*& * State of bei "S mold >- 

Molding, I *. 1. Act or process of shaping iu or 

Moulding, t ou a mold, or of makiug molds. 2. 

Anything cast in a mold, or which appears to be so. 

v narrow surface, either sunk or projecting, 

t decoration. 

Mold'warp \ (mold'warp . . 
Mould'warp I «. [OE. mold- 

8 soil — utor- 
I i throw up.] (Zool.) See 
Mole, the animal. 

Mold'y )(-$)» a. [Compar. 

Mould'y I Moldiek (,-T-er) 
or Mocldiek ; superl. Moldiest 
or Mouldiest.] Overgrown with, 
OX containing mold, the fungus. b 

Mole (mol), n. [AS. mal ; niatium ; d Cavetto ; e 
akin to OHG. meil.~\ A spot, Scotia ; / Apophysis ; <j 
mark, or small permanent pro- Ovolo ; h Torus ; i Keed- 
tuberance on the human body. 1U = ; J Band - 

Mole. n. [L. mola.~\ A fleshy or other more or less 
60lid mass generated in the uterus. 

Mole. n. [F. mole, L. moles.'] A mound or mass of 
masonry or large stones, etc., laid in the sea before a 
port, to defend it from the violence of the waves. 

Mole, n. [OE. molle, either for moldwerp, or fr. root 
of E. mold soil.] (Zool.) An insect-eating animal, hav- 
ing minute eyes and ears, soft 
fur, and very large and strong 
fore feet. 

Mole, o. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Moled (mold) ; p. pr. & vb. ?i. 

Sl&SZ ""** '"' " «**-«—*. 

Mole'cast (-kasf), n. A little elevation of earth made 
by a mole ; a molehill. 

Mo-lec'u-lar (mo-leVu-ler), a. (Phys. & Chem.) 
Pertaining to, connected with, produced by, or consist- 
ing of, molecules. 

Mol'e-cule (mol'e-kul), n. [Dim. f r. L. moles a mass.] 
One of the very small invisible particles of which all 
matter is supposed to consist. 

Hole / hlll / (mol'hilO, n. A little hillock of earth 
thrown up by moles ; hence, an insignificant obstacle. 

Mole'skin (mol'skin'), n. Any fabric having a thick 
soft shag, like the fur of a mole. 

Mo-lest' (mo-lgst'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Molested ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Molesting.] [F. molester, L. molestare, 
fr. mdetttu troublesome, fr. moles a heavy mass, burden.] 
To trouble ; to disturb ; to interfere with ; to vex. 

Mol es-ta'tion (mol'gs-ta'shun or mo'les-), n. Act of 
molesting, or state of being molested. 

Mo-lest'er (mo-lesfer), n. One who molests. 

Mol'le-moke 7 (m511e-mok') t n. [Sw. mallemucke the 
stormy petrel.] (Zool.) Any one of several species of 
large, pelagic petrels and fulmars. 

Mol1ient (mol'yent or mol'lT-ent), a. [L. molliens, 
p. pr. of mollire to soften, fr. mollis soft.] Serving to 
soften ; emollient. — Mollient-ly . adv. 

Molli-fi'a-ble (-lT-fi'a-b'l), a. That may be mollified. 

Molli-fi-ca'tion (-fT-ka'shun), n. Act of mollifying, 
or state of being mollified. 

MolTi-fi'er (-er), n. One that mollifies. 

Molli-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mollified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mollifying (-fi'Tng).] [F. mollifier, L. 
mouifieare; mollis soft + -ficare to make. See -ft.] 
1. To soften ; to reduce the hardness, harshness, or as- 
perity of. 2. To assuage ; to pacify ; to calm. 

Mollusc (mollusk), n. (Zool.) Same as Mollusk. 
Mol-lus'ca(mol-lus'ka),n.p£. [NL. See Mollusk.] 
' Z'/'jL ) One of the grand divisions of the animal king- 
dom, including the Cephalopoda, the Gastropoda, and 
other classes. The Mollusca are generally more or less 
covered and protected by a calcareous shell, which may 
be univalve, bivalve, or multivalve. 

Mol-lus'can (-kan), a. {Zool.) Of or pertaining to 
jskB. — n. A mollusk ; one of the Mollusca. 

Mol-lus'coid f-koid), a. [Mollusca -f- -aid. ,] (Zool.) 
Resembling the true rnollusks. — n. A molluscoid animal. 

Mol-lus'cous frrifjl-lus'kus), a. (Zo'dl.) Molluscan. 

Mollusk (mfllufik), n. [L. mollusca a kind of soft 
h a thin shell, fr. molluscus soft, mollis soft.] 
l Zool.) One of the Mollusca. 



Molt | (molt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Molted or Moult- 

Moult ) ed ; p. pr. cc t b. n. Molting or Moulting.] 
[OE. mouten; L. mutare. See Mew to molt.] To shed 
or cast the hair, feathers, skin, horns, or the like. 

Molt, ) v. /. To cast, as the hair, skin, feathers, or 

Moult, ) the like ; to shed. 

Molt, or Moult, n. Act or process of molting. 

Mol'ten (inol't'n), a. [See Melt.] 1. Melted, esp. by 
great heat. 2. Made by a process of melting and casting. 

Mo-lyb'de-nite (ino-lib'de-nit), n. [L. mohjbdaena 
galena, Gr. p.o\v^6aiva, fr. fi.6Av/36os lead.] (Min.) A 
mineral occurring in soft, lead-gray, foliated masses or 

Moi'yb-de / num (m51 / Tb-de'num), n. [NL.] (Chem.) 
A rare element of the chromium group, occurring in 
nature in the minerals molybdenite and wulfenite. 

Mo'ment (nio'ment), n. [F., fr. L. momentum, for 
movimentum motion, moment, fr. movere to move.] 1. 
A minute portion of time ; instant. 2. Impulsive power ; 
momentum. 3. Importance, as in influence or effect. 
4. An essential element ; a deciding point, fact, etc. 

Syn. — Instant ; twinkling : consequence ; weight ; 
force ; value ; consideration ; signification ; avail. 

Mo'men-ta-ry (mo'men-ta-ry), a. Done in, or con- 
tinuing only, a moment ; lasting a very short time. — 
Mo'men-ta-ri-ly, adv. — Mo'men-ta-ri-ness, n. 

Mo'ment-ly (mo'rnent-ly), adv. 1. For a moment. 

2. In a moment ; every moment ; momentarily. 
Mo-men'tOUS (mo-mgn'tiis), a. Of moment or con- 
sequence ; very important ; weighty. — Mo-men'tOUS- 
ly, adv. — Mo-men'tous-ness. n. 

Mo-men'tum (-turn), n. ; pi. L. Momenta (-ta). E. 
Momentums (-tumz). [L. See Moment.] 1. (Mech.) 
The quantity of motion in a moving body, being propor- 
tioned to the quantity of matter multiplied into the veloc- 
ity ; impetus. 2. Essential or constituent element. 

Mon- (mon-). Same as Mono-. 

Mon'a-chal (m5n'a-kal), a. [L. monachus a monk. 
See Monk.] Of or pert, to monks or a monastic life. 

Mon'a-chism (-klz'm), n. The system and influences 
of a monastic life ; monasticism. 

Mon'ad (-3d), n. [L. monas, -adis, unit, Gr. /aoyas, 
-dfios, fr. /u.6j/os alone.] 1. 
An ultimate atom, or simple 
point. 2. (Zool.) One of 
the smallest of the Infuso- 
ria. 3. (Biol.) A primary 
cell, germ, or plastid. 4. 
(Chem.) An atom or radical 
whose valence is one. 

Mo-nad'ic (mS-nadlk), *! 
Mo-nad'ic-al (-T-kal), a. 
Of, pertaining to, or like, a 
monad. Monads {Zool.). 1 Monas gut- 

Mo-nan'dry (-nan'drv), tula * a b x 150, c x 1000 ; 2 
n. [Gr. movos alone + avr,p\ %%% * aW!oma > ^oxloO, 
avepos, a man. ] The posses- 
sion by a woman of only one husband at the same time. 

Mon'arch (mSn'ark), n. [F. monarque, L. monarcha, 
f r. Gr. /u.ovapx'??, fj.6vapxos ; /xows alone + «px et,/ to rule. 
See Aechi-.] 1. A sole or supreme ruler ; a sovereign ; 
an emperor, king, queen, prince, or chief. 2. One su- 
perior to all others of the same kind. 

Mo-nar'chal (m6-n*aVkal), a. Pertaining to a mon- 
arch ; suiting a monarch ; sovereign ; regal ; imperial. 

Mo-nar'chi-al (mo-nar'kT-al), a. Monarchic. 

Mo-nar'chic (mo-nar'kik), ) a. Of or pertaining to a 

Mo-nar'chlc-al (-kT-kal), j monarch, or to a mon- 
archy. — Mo-nar'chic-al-ly, adv. 

Mon'arch-ism (mon'ark-Tz'm), n. The principles of, 
or preference for, monarchy. [monarchy. I 

Mon'arch-ist, n. An advocate of, or believer in,| 

Mon'arch-y (mon'ark-y), n. 1. A state or govern- 
ment in which the supreme power is in the hands of a 
monarch. 2. A system of government by a monarch. 

3. The territory ruled over by a monarch ; kingdom. 
Mon as-te'ri-al (-Ss-te'rT-al), a. Of or pert, to a mon- 
astery, or to monastic life. — Mon'as-te'ri-al-ly, adv. 

Mon'as-ter-y (mon'as-ter-y), n. [L. monasterium, 
Gr. y.Qva.Q-rr\pi.Qv, fr. /aoi/aoTTj? monk, fr. [Lova^ew to be 
alone, fr. /now? alone.] A house of religious retirement, 
or of seclusion from ordinary temporal concerns, esp. 
for monks. 

Syn. — Convent ; abbey ; priory. See Cloisteb. 

Mo-nas'tic (mo-naVtik), n. A monk. 

Mo-nas'tlc (-nSs'tik), ) a. 1. Of or pert, to monas- 

Mo-nas'tic-al (-tT-kal), ) teries, or their occupants, 
rules, etc. 2. Like a monk. — Mo-nas'tic-al-ly , adv. 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, event, idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final- 



MONASTICISM 



539 



MONOGAMY 



Mo-nas'ti-clsm (nio-naVtT-sTz'm), n. Monastic life, 
system, or state. 

Mon a-tom'lc (in5n'a-t5in'Ik), a. [Mon- 4- atomic] 
(Ckem.) (a) Consisting of, or containing, one atom. (6) 
Having the equivalence or replacing power of an atom of 
hydrogen. 

Mon 'day (mun'da ; 48), n. [AS. monandag, i. e., 
day of the moon; akin to G. montag.] The second day 
of the week ; the day following Sunday. 

Mon'e-ta-iy (niGu'e-ta-r^), a. [L. monetarius belong- 
ing to a mint. See Money.] Of or pertaining to money, 
or consisting. in money ; pecuniary. [etizing. 

Mon'e-ti-za'tion (mun'e-ti-za'shun), n. Act of mon- 1 

Mon'e-tize (uiun'e-tiz), r. t. To convert into money ; 
to adopt as current money. 

Mon'ey (inuu'J), n. ; pi. Moneys (-Tz). [OF. moneie, 
fr. L. moneta. See Mint for coining.] 1. A piece of 
metal coined or stamped, and issued by the sovereign 
authority as a medium of exchange ; also, a number of 
such pieces collectively ; coin. 2. Hence, any currency 
usually and lawfully employed in buying and selling. 3. 
In general, wealth ; property. 

Mon'eyed (-id), a. 1. Supplied with money ; having 
money ; wealthy. 2. Converted into money ; coined. 
3. Consisting in, or composed of, money. 

Mon'ey-er (-T-er), n. An authorized coiner of money. 

Mon/ey-less, a. Destitute of money ; impecunious. 

Mon'ey-mak'ing, a. 1. Affording profitable returns ; 
lucrative. 2. Successful in gaining money. 

Mon'ey- WOIf (-wArf), »• (Bot.) A trailing plant 
with rounded, opposite leaves and solitary yellow flowers. 

Mon'ger (mun'ger), n. [AS. mangere, fr. mangian to 
trade.] A trader ; dealer ; — used chiefly in composition. 

Mon'ger, v. t. To deal in ; to traffic in. 

Mon'grel (mun'grel), n. [Prob. shortened fr. mon- 
ger el, and akin to E. mingle.'] The progeny resulting from 
a cross between two breeds ; anything of mixed breed. 

Mon'grel, a. Not of a pure breed ; mixed. 

Mo-nil'i-form (mo-nil'T-fSrm), a. [L. monile neck- 
lace 4- -form.] (Biol.) Jointed or constricted, 
at regular intervals, so as to resemble a string 
of beads. 

Mon'ish (mon'Tsh), v. t. [OE. monesten. 
See Admonish.] To admonish. [Archaic] 

Mon'ism (inon'Tz'm or mo'niz'm), n. [From 
Gr. p.6Vo? single.] (Metaph.) That doctrine 
which refers all phenomena to a single ultimate 
constituent or agent. 

Mon'ist, n. A believer in monism. 

Mo-nis'tic (mo-nTs'tik), a. Of, pertaining 
to, or involving, monism. 

Mo-ni'tlon (mo-nish'un), n. [F., fr. L. mo- 
nitio, from monere to warn, bring to mind ; 
akin to E. mind.] 1. Instruction or advice 



2. 



Moniliform 



Root (Bot.). 



given by way of caution ; an admonition, 
Information ; notice ; advice. 

Mon'i-tive (mon'T-tTv), a. Conveying admonition. 

Mon'i-tor (mon'T-ter), n. [L., fr. monere.] 1. One 
who admonishes. 2. Hence, specif., a pupil selected to 
look to, or instruct, other scholars. 3. [So called from 
the name given by Captain John Ericsson, its designer, 
to the first ship of the kind.] An ironclad war vessel, 
very low in the water, and having one or more armored 
revolving turrets, carrying heavy guns. 




The Monitor. 

Mon I-to'ri-al (-to'rl-al), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a 
monitor or monitors. 2. Done or performed by a moni- 
tor ; conducted or taught by monitors. [a monitor. I 

Mon'i-tor-ship (mSn'T-ter-shTp), n. Post or office of | 

Mon'i-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Giving admonition ; warning. 

Mon'i-tO-ry, n. Admonition ; warning. 

ffiKSS$£J:}- *««—■■ 

Monk (munk), n. [AS. munac, munec, munc, L. 
monachus, Gr. p-ova^o?, fr. p.6Vo? alone.] 1. One of a 
religious community of men inhabiting a monastery, and 
bound by solemn vows to a life of chastity, obedience, 
and poverty. 2. (Print.) A blotch or spot of ink on a 
printed page. [life or usage. I 

Monk'er-y (-er-y), n. The life of monks ; monastic | 



Mon'key (mfln'ky), n.; pi. Monkeys (-kTz). [Cf. 
Olt. monicchio, It. inomiino, dim. of monna an ape, also 
dame, mistress, contr. fr. madonna.] 1. (Zo'61.) In the 
most general sense, any one of the Quadrumana, a class 
of animals including apes, baboons, and lemurs. Specific- 
ally, any one of numerous species of the class (esp. such 




Heads of Monkeys, 
as have a long tail and prehensile feet) exclusive of apes 
and baboons. [See lllusts. of Entellcs, Capuchin, and 
Marmoset.] 2. A term of disapproval, ridicule, or con- 
tempt. 3. The weight of a pile driver or drop hammer. 

Monkey jacket, a short closely fitting jacket, worn by 
sailors. — Monkey rail (Xaut.), a second and fighter rail 
raised about six inches above the quarter rail of a ship. — 
Monkey wrench, a wrench or spanner with a movable jaw. 

Mon'key, v. t. & i. To act or treat as a monkey does. 

Mon'key-pot / (-p5t/), n. (Bot.) The fruit of two 
South American trees bearing large, pot-shaped, woody 
capsules containing delicious nuts. 

Monk'hood (-hood), n. 1. Character or state of a 
monk. 2. Monks collectively. 

Monkish, a. Like a monk, or pertaining to monks ; 
monastic. — Monk'ish-ness, n. 

Monks'hOOd' (munks'hoSd'), n. (Bot.) Aconite. 

Mon'O- (mon'o-), Mon- (m5n-). [Gr. p.6Vo?.] A prefix 
signifying one , single, alone ; as, mo7ioba.sic, mojwpoly. 

Mon'O-ba'sic (nion'o-ba'sTk), a. (Chem.) Capable of 
being neutralized by a univalent base or basic radical. 

Mon'O-car'pic (-kar'pTk), ) a. \_3fono- 4- Gr. /capn-o? 

Mon o-car'pous (-pus), J fruit.] (Bot.) Bearing 
fruit but once, and then dying. 

Mon'O-chord (mon'6-k6rd), n. [Deriv. of Gr. plovo- 
XopSos with but one string ; p.6i/os single -4- xopSrj string.] 
(dfus.) An instrument for experimenting upon the mathe- 
matical relations of musical sounds. 

Mon O-chro-mat'ic (-kro-mat'ik), a. Consisting of 
one color, or presenting rays of light of one color only. 

Mon'O-chrome (mon'o-krom), n. [Gr. /uoi/oxpw/uos of 
one color ; p-opo? single -f- XP^H- a color.] A painting or 
drawing in a single color. [eyeglass for one eye. I 

Mon'O-cle (mon'o-k'l), n. [F. See Monocular.] An| 

Mon o-cli'nal (mon / o-klI / nal), a. [See Monoclinic] 
(Geol.) Having one oblique inclination. 

Mon'O-clln'ic (-klm'ik), a. [Mono- + Gr. icMveiu to 
incline.] (Crystallog.) Having one oblique intersection. 

Mon'O-cot'y-le'don (-kot'I-le'dun), n. [Mono- -f- cot- 
yledon.] (Bot. ) A plant with only one cotyledon. 

Mo-noc'ra-cy (mo-nok'ra-sy), n. [Mono- + -cracy, 
as in democracy.] Government by a single person. 

Mo-noc'U-lar (mo-nok'u-ler), a. [L. monoculus ; Gr. 
juoVos single -j- L. oculus eye.] 1. Having only one eye ; 
using one eye only. 2. Adapted to be used with only 
one eye at a time. 

Mon'O-CUle (mSn'o-kul), n. (Zo'61). A small crusta- 
cean with one median eye. 

Mon O-dac'tyl-OUS (-dSk'til-us), a. [Gr. p.oi'oSa/cTvAo? ; 
/aovos single -4- &6.ktv\o<> finger.] (Zo'61.) Having but 
one finger or claw. 

II Mon o-del'phi-a (-del'fT-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
pu>!/os single 4- 8e\(pvs womb.] (Zo'61.) The Placentalia. 

Mon'O-diSt (mon'o-dist), n. A writer of a monody. 

Mon'O-dy (-d^), n. [L. monodia, Gr. ixovuSia, fr. 
IxovutSos singing alone ; p-opo? single -J- ojo't; song.] A 
poem in which a single mourner expresses lamentation ; 
a song for one voice. 

Mo-noe'cions (mo-ue'shus), a. [Mono- + Gr. oiicca 
house.] (Biol.) Having the sexes united in one indi- 
vidual, as when male and female flowers grow upon the 
same plant ; hermaphrodite. 

Mono-ga'mi-an (mon'o-ga'mi-an), ( a. Pertainingto, 

Mon o-gam'ic (-gSm'Ik), ) or involving, 

monogamy. 

Mo-nog'a-mist (in6-n5g'a-mTst), n. One who prac- 
tices or upholds monogamy. 

Mo-nog'a-mous (-mus), a. [L. monogamus having 
but one wife, Gr. ptoyoyeyxo? ; pidcos single + ya.(j.os mar- 
riage.] 1. Upholding, or practicing, monogamy. 2. 
(Zo'61. ) Mating with but one of the opposite sex. 

Mo-nog'a-my (-my), n. Single marriage ; marriage 
with but one person at the same time. Also, one mar- 
riage only during life. 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sine ink, then, thin. 



MONOGENESIS 



540 



MONT DE PIET£ 



) 
> 



a origin. ^ 

iin), n. [L. -v/fv/7^ 



Mon o-gen'e-sis i.ui?n o-jen'e-sTs\ tt. [Mono- -+- yen- 

H , 1 Qmmm ol origin ; esp. {Biol.), development of 

:. a single cell. 2. (Biol.) That form of 

reproduction which requires but cue parent. 

Mo-nog'e-nist (m4-n63*$-nlBtl, n. One who naain- 

. bat the human races are all of one species. 
Mo-nog'e-ny ^ino-noj'e-u5')> n. 1. Mouogenesis. 2. 
I lie doctrine that the members of the hu 
.11 a common origin 
Mon'o-gram (mSn'o-grii 
niuna; Gr.norossingl 
letter, fr. ypa^eiv to write _ 
acter or cipher composed of two or more / ' f 

oo mb i nw d so as to represent a Mono , r ,. im 
name, or a part of it (usually the initials). 

Mon'O-graph (-gnkf), n. [Mono- + -graph.} A writ- 
ten account of a single thing, or class of things. 
Mon o-graph/ic (mBn'o-grSf'ik), I a. Of or pertain- 
Mon o-graph'ic-al (-I-kal), j ing to a mono- 

graph, or to a mouography. 

Mo-nog'ra-phy (ino-nog / ra-fy),n. [Mono- -\- -graphy.} 

Representation by hues without color; outline drawing. 

Mon'O-lith (.mon'6-lith), n. [Deriv. of Gr. /u.oi/6At0os ; 

koi os single -)- Ai'0os stone.] A single stone, esp. one 

ahaped into a pillar or monument. 

Mon o-lith'ic (-lithlk), a. Of or pertaining to a mon- 
olith ; consisting of a single stone. 

Mon'O-logue (nion'6-log), n. [F., fr. Gr. fxovoKoyos 
speaking alone ; juoyos alone, single -f- Aoyos discourse, 
keyeLv to speak.] 1. A speech uttered by a person alone ; 
soliloquy; also, talk or discourse in company in the' 
strain of a soliloquy. 2. A dramatic composition for a 
single performer. 

Mon o-me/ni-a (-ma'ni-a), n. [Mono- -f mania.} De- 
rangement of mind in regard to a single subject only ; 
also, morbid concentration of interest upon one subject. 
Syn. — Insanity ; derangement ; mania. See Insanity. 
Men o-ma'ni-ac (-ak), n. A person affected by or 
having monomania. 
Mon'O-ma'ni-ac (mon'o-ma'm-ak), ) a. Affectedwith, 
Mon o-ma-ni'a-cal (-ma-ni'a-kal), \ caused by, or 
resulting from, monomania. 

Mon o-met'al-lism (-met'al-Hz'm), n. \_Mono- + 
metal.} The legalized use of one metal only in the stand- 
ard currency of a country, or as the standard of value. 

Mon o-met'ric (-met'rik), a. (Crystallog.) Same as 
Isometric. 

Mo-no'mi-al (m6-no'mT-al), n. [Gr. juovos alone. 
See Binomial.] (Alg.) A single algebraic expression 
unconnected with any other by the sign of addition, sub- 
traction, equality, or inequality. — a. Consisting of but 
a single term or expression. 

Mon'O-pet'al-OUS (nion'o-peVal-us), a. [Mono- -f- 
petal.} (Bot.) Having only one petal, or the corolla in 
one piece, or composed of petals cohering so as to form 
a tube or bowl. 

M on 'oph- thong (mon'of-thong), n. [Gr. yxoi>6#0oyyos 
with one sound ; /xoVos alone + <j>86yyos sound.] 1. A 
single uncompounded vowel sound. 2. A digraph. — 
Mon oph-thon'gal (mon'of-thon'gal), a. 

Mo-noph/y-Site (mo-nof'T-sit), n. [Gr. ixovofyvcrLrqs ; 
fioVos single -+- Averts nature.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of an 
ancient sect which maintained that the human and di- 
vine in Jesus Christ constituted but one composite nature. 
Mon'O-pode (mon'6-pod), n. One of a fabulous tribe 
or race of Ethiopians having but one leg and one foot. 

Mo-nop'o-list (mo-nop'6-list), n. One who monopo- 
lizes ; one who has a monopoly ; one who favors monopoly. 
Mo-nop'o-lize (-liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Monopolized 
(-lizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Monopolizing (-U'zTng).] To 
have or get a monopoly of. 
Mo-nop'o-li'zer (-li'zer), n. One who monopolizes. 
Mo-nop'o-ly (-1J), n. [L. monopolium, Gr. fxovo-rrd)- 
Aioy; /xoi'o? alone -j- nui^elv to sell.] 1. The exclusive 
power, right, or privilege of dealing in some article, or 
of trading in some market. 2. Exclusive possession. 
3. The thing to which the monopoly relates. [Collog.} 
Mo-nop'ter-al (mo-nop'ter-al), a. [Gr. /novon-repos ; 
ptofos only -j- nrepov wing, also, row of pillars.] (Arch.) 
Consisting of a single ring of columns supporting a roof ; 
— said esp. of a temple. 

Mon'op-tote (m5n'5p-tot or m6-n5p'-), n. [Deriv. of 

Gr. m-oVos single -J- ttojtos apt to fall, fallen.] (Gram.) 

1. A noun having only one case. 2. A noun having only 

ing for the oblique cases. 

Mon'or-gan'ic (moVor-gSnlk), a. [Mon- + organic.} 

Med.) Belonging to, or affecting, a single organ, 

gana. 



Mon o-sep'al-ous (inon'6--s6p'al-us), a. [Mono- + se- 
pal.} (Bot.) Having only one sepal ; or having the calyx 
in one piece, or composed of the sepals united in one piece. 

Mon'O-Stich (mon'6-stTk), n. [Deriv. of Gr. /xoVo? 
single + <m'x°s hue, verse.] A composition of one verse 
only. [metrical composition. I 

Mo-nOS'tro-phe (nio-nos'tro-f e), n. A monostrophic | 

Mon O-Stroph'iC (ui5n'6-str5f'Ik), a. [Gr. /uoiw-rpo- 
(/>i*cos ; novo? single -f o-rpo<f>rj strophe.] (Pros.) Having 
one strophe only ; not varied in measure. 

Mon'O-syl-lab'ic (-sil-15b'Tk), a. Being a monosylla- 
ble, or composed of monosyllables. — Mon'O-syl-lab'ic- 
al-ly (-T-kfll-ly), adv. 

Mon'O-syl'la-ble (mon'6-sTl'la-b'l), n. [Gr. /moi/oo-uA- 
Aa/3os. See Mono- ; Syllable.] A word of one syllable. 

Mon'o-the-ism (rnon'6-the-Tz'in), n. [3Iono- + Gr. 
0e6s god.] Doctrine or belief that there is but one God. 

Mon'o-the-ist, 7t. One who believes that there is but 
one God. [monotheism. I 

Mon'o-the-is'tic (-Is'tik), a. Of or pertaining to| 

Mon'o-tone (mon'S-ton), n. [See Monotonous.] A 
single unvaried tone or sound. 

Mo-not'o-nous (mo-not'6-nus), a. [Gr. /ulovotovos ; 
/u.oi/0? alone, single + rovos tone.] Uttered in one unva- 
rying tone ; continued with dull uniformity ; wearisome. 
— Mo-not'o-nous-ly, adv. — Mo-not'o-nous-ness, n. 

Mo-not'O-ny (-ny), n. 1. A frequent recurrence of 
the same tone or sound, producing a dull uniformity. 2. 
Any irksome sameness, or want of variety. 

|| Mono trem'a-ta (mon / 6-trem'a-ta), n. pi. [NL., fr. 
Gr. novo? single -)- rprjixa hole.] (Zool.) A subclass of 
Mammalia (including the duck mole) having a cloaca in 
which the ducts of the urinary, genital, and alimentary 
systems terminate, as in birds. The female lays eggs. 

Mon'O-treme (mon'6-trem), n. (Zool.) One of the 
Monotremata. 

Ii Mon sei gneiir' (F. mSN'sa'nyer' ; E. mon-sSn'yer), 
n. ; pi. Messeigneues (F. ma'sa'nyer' ; E. mes-sen'yerz). 
[F., fr. mon my -J- seigneur lord, L. senior older. See 
Senior.] My lord ; — a title in France of a person of 
high birth or rank. Abbrev. 3Igr. 

Mon-sieur' (F. mo-sye 7 ; E. jno-ser'), n. ; pi. Mes- 
sieurs (F. ma'sye' ; E. mesh'yerz). [F., fr. mon my 
+ sieur, abbrev. of seigneur lord.] 1. The common title 
of civility in France in speaking to, or of, a man ; Mr. or 
Sir. [Abbrev. M. or Mons. for the singular, and MM. or 
3fessrs. for the plural.] 2. The oldest brother of the 
king of France. 3. A Frenchman. [Contemptuous} 

|| Mon si-gno're (mon'se-nyo'ra), n. ; pi. Monsignori 
(-re). [It., my lord.] My lord ; — a high ecclesiastical 
dignity bestowed by the pope. Abbrev. Mgr. 

Mon-SOOn'' (mon-soon'), n. [Malay musim, fr. Ar. 
mausim a time, a season.] A wind blowing part of the 
year from one direction, alternating with a wind from 
the opposite direction ; — applied particularly to period- 
ical winds of the Indian Ocean. 

Mon'Ster (monaster), n. [F. monstre, fr. L. mon- 
strum, orig., a divine omen indicating misfortune ; akin 
to monstrare to show, and monere to warn.] 1. Some- 
thing of unnatural size, shape, or quality ; a prodigy ; an 
enormity ; a marvel. 2. Specif., an animal or plant de- 
parting greatly from the usual type. 3. Anything of 
unnatural or excessive ugliness, wickedness, or cruelty. 

Mon'Ster, a. Monstrous in size. 

Mon'strance (-strans), n. [LL. mon- 
strantia, fr. L. monstrare to show.] 
(Pi.. C. Ch.) A transparent pyx, in 
which the consecrated host is shown. 

Mon-stros'i-ty (mon-stros'I-ty), n. 
State of being monstrous ; that which 
is monstrous ; a monster. 

Mon'strous (mon'strus), a. [F. 
monstrueux, fr. L. monstruosus, fr. 
monstrum. See Monster.] 1. Hav- 
ing the qualities of a monster ; abnor- 
mal. 2. Extraordinary in a way to Monstrance, 
excite wonder, dislike, apprehension, repulsion, horror, 
etc. ; — said of size, appearance, color, sound, etc., or on 
account of ugliness, wickedness, etc. — Mon'strous-ly , 
adv. — Mon'strous-ness, n. 

Mon'strous, adv. Exceedingly ; very ; very much. 

Mon-tan'ic (mon-tanTk), a. [L. montanus, fr. mons, 
montis, mountain.] Of or pertaining to mountains ; 
consisting of mountains. 

II Mont' de^i'e^tS' (m6N' de pe'a'ta'). [F., fr. It. 
monte di pieta mount of piety.] One of certain public 
pawnbroking establishments for lending money at a low 
rate of interest to poor people. 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, fi., y, short j een&te, Svent, idea, iJbey, ilnite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



MONTEITH 



541 



MORAL 



Mon-teth' (mon-teW), Mon-teith' (-teth'), n. [From 
the iuventor.] A vessel in which glasses are washed. 

II Mont'gOl'fier' (F. m6N 7 goi'fya 7 ; B. m5nt-gollT-er), 
n. [From the name of the Frenchman who first made 
one.] A balloon which ascends by the buoyancy of air 
heated by a fire ; a fire balloon. 

Month (miinth), n. [AS. monS, monaS ; akin to 
mono, the moon.] One of the twelve portions into which 
the year is divided. Sometimes loosely, four weeks. 

Lunar month, the period of one revolution of the moon, 
esp. a synodical revolution or 29 d., 12 h., 44 m., 2.87 s. 

Monthly, a. 1. Continued a month, or performed 
in a month.' 2. Done, happening, payable, published, 
etc., once a month, or every month. — n. A publication 
which appears regularly once a month. — adv. Once a 
month ; in every month. 

Mon'ti-form (mSn'tT-fSrm), a. [L. mons, mantis, 
mountain -\- -form.] Resembling a mountain in form. 

Mon'u-ment (-u-inent), n. [F., fr. L. monumentum, 
fr. monere to remind, admonish.] Something which 
serves for remembrance ; a memorial; esp.: (a) A build- 
ing, pillar, stone, tomb, or the like, erected as a memorial. 
(6) Something serving to mark a boundary or limit. 

Mon u-meh'tal (mon'u-men 7 tcrl), a. 1. Of, pertain- 
ing to, or suitable for, a monument. 2. Serving aa a 
monument ; memorial. — Mon'U-menlal-ly^fltft. 

Moo (moo), v. i. limp. &p. p. Mooed (mood) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Mooing.] [Of imitative origin.] To make the 
noise of a cow ; to low ; — a child's word. 
MOO, n. The lowing of a cow. 

Mood (mood), n. [Var. of Mode.] 1. Manner ; style ; 
mode ; logical form ; musical style ; manner of action or 
being. (In these senses mode is preferable.) 2. (Gram.) 
Manner of conceiving and expressing action or being, as 
positive, possible, hypothetical, etc. Same as Mode. 

Mood, n. [AS. mod mind, heart, courage ; akin to G. 
muih, mut, courage.] Temper of mind ; temporary state 
of the mind in regard to passion or feeling ; humor. 

Mood'y (-y), a. [Compar. Mooddsr (-i-er) ; super!. 
Moodiest.] 1. Subject to varying moods, esp. to states 
of mind which are unamiable or depressed ; capricious. 
2. Hence : Out of humor ; peevish ; angry ; fretful ; 
also, abstracted and pensive ; sad ; gloomy ; melancholy. 
— Mood'Hy_(mood1-ly), adv. — Moodiness, n. 

Moon (moon), n. [AS. mono ; akin to G. ?no?id, Icel. 
viani, L. mensis month, Gr. \J-r\vr\ moon, ^v mouth, 
Skr. mas moon, month.] 1. The celestial orb which re- 
volves round the earth ; the satellite of the earth. 2. 
Any satellite. 3. The time of one revolution of the 
moon ; a month. 4. (Fort.) A crescentlike outwork. 
Moon'beanV (-bera 7 ), n. A ray of light from the moon. 
Moon/calf' (-kaf 7 ), n. 1. A monster ; a mass of fleshy 
matter generated in the uterus. 2. A stupid fellow. 

Moon'-eye 7 (-!'), n. An eye affected by the moon ; 
also, a kind of disease in the eye of a horse. 

Moon'-eyed' (-id'), a- Having eyes affected by the 
moou ; moonblind ; dim-eyed ; purblind. 

Moon'-faced 7 (-fast'), a. Having a round, full face. 
Moon'glade 7 (-glad'), n. The bright reflection of the 
moon's light on an expanse of water. [Poetic] 

Moonlight 7 (-lit 7 ), n. The light of the moon. — a. 
Occurring during, or characterized by, moonlight. 
Moonlit 7 (-lit'), a. Illumined by the moon. 
Moon'shine' (-shin'), n. 1. The light of the moon. 
2. Hence, show without substance or reality. 

Moon'shin'er (-shin'er), n. A person engaged in illicit 

distilling (which is largely done at night). [Cant, U. S.] 

Moon'Stone' (-ston'), n. (Min.) A nearly pellucid 

variety of feldspar, showing pearly or opaline reflections 

from within. It is used as a gem. 

Moon'struck/ (-struk 7 ), a. Affected by the supposed 
evil influence of the moon ; specif., lunatic ; crazy. 

Moon'WOrt 7 (-wfirt 7 ), n. (Bot.) (a) Either of two cru- 
ciferous plants, bearing large pods with round shining 
partitions. (6) Any one of several species of ferns hav- 
ing fronds with crescent-shaped segments. 

Moon'y (-y), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the moon. 2. 

Furnished with a moon. 3. Silly ; sentimental. [Colloq.] 

Moor (moor), n. [F. More, Moure, L. Maurus a Moor, 

an inhabitant of Mauritania, Gr. Mavpos.] 1. One of a 

mixed race inhabiting Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and 

Tripoli. 2. (Hist.) Any individual of the swarthy races 

of Africa or Asia which have adopted Mohammedanism. 

Moor, n. [AS. mor moor, morass ; akin to G. moor.] 

An extensive waste covered with patches of heath, and 

having a poor, light soil, but sometimes marshy, and 

abounding in peat ; a heath. 

Moor fowl. (Zo'dl.) (a) The European ptarmigan, or red 



grouse. (6) The European heath grouse. — Moor hea. 
(Zo'ol.) (a) The female of the moor fowl. (6) A gallinule, 
esp. the European species. 

Moor (moor), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moored (tnoord) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mooring.] [Prob. fr. D. marren to tie, 
fasten, or moor a ship.] 1. (Naut.) To fix or secure, as 
a vessel, by anchoring, or by cables. 2. Fig. : To secure, 
or fix firmly. 

Moor, v. i. To cast anchor ; to become fast. 

Moor'age (-aj ; 48), n. A place for mooring. 

Mooring, n. 1. Act of securing a ship by means of 
anchors or fastenings ; also, the anchors or fastenings so 
used. 2. pi. The place or state of a ship thus secured. 

Moorish, a. [See 1st Moor.] Of or pertaining to 
Morocco or the Moors ; in the style of the Moors. 

Moorish, a. [From 2d Moor.] Having the charac- 
teristics of a moor or heath. [moors. I 

Moorland (-land), n. Land consisting of a moor or| 

Moor 7 StoneM[-ston'), n. A species of English granite. 

Moor'y (moor 7 y), a. Of or pertaining to moors ; 
marshy; fenny; boggy; moorish. 

Moose (moos), n. [A native Indian name.] (Zo'ol.) 
A large animal of the Deer kind, native of the Northern 

United States 
and Canada. 
The adult male 
is about as large 
as a horse. 




American Moose (Alces mactiUs). 



Moot (moot), v. 
t. [imp. & p. p. 
Mooted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Mooting.] 
[AS. motion to as- 
semble for conver- 
sation, to discuss, 
fr. mot, gemot, an 
assembly ; akin to 
Icel. mot.] 1. To 
argue for and 
against; to de- 
bate ; to propose for discussion. 2. Specif. : To argue 
for practice ; to propound and discuss in a mock court. 

Moot, v. i. To argue or plead in a supposed case. 

Moot, ii. [AS. mot, gemot, a meeting ; — usually in 
comp.] 1. A meeting for discussion and deliberation ; 
esp. , a deliberative meeting of the people of a village or 
district, in Anglo-Saxon times. 2. [From Moot, r.] _ A 
discussion or debate, esp. in a fictitious case for practice. 

Moot case, a case or question to be mooted ; a disputa- 
ble case.— Moot court, a mock court, such as is held by 
students of law. —Moot point, a point to be debated. 

Moot, a. Subject, or open, to argument or discussion. 

Moot'er, n. A disputer of a mooted case. [mace. I 

Mop (mop), n. [See Mope.] A made-up face; gri-| 

Mop, n. [Etyni. uncertain.] An implement for wash- 
ing floors, or the like, made of a piece of cloth, of thrums, 
or of coarse yarn, fastened to a handle. 

Mop, v . t. [imp. <Sr p. p. Mopped (mopt) ; />. pr. & rb. 
?i. Mopping.] To rub or wipe with, or as with, a mop. 

MoplJOard 7 (-bord 7 ), ?i. (Carp.) A board nailed to 
the wall of a room next to the floor ; baseboard. 

Mope (mop), r. i. [imp. & p. p. Moped (mopt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Moping.] [Cf. D. moppen to pout, 
Prov. G. muff en to sulk.] To be dull and spiritless. 

Mope, n. A dull, spiritless person. 

Mopish (mopish), a. Dull: spiritless; dejected.— 
Moplsh-ly, adv. — Moplsh-ness. ». 

Mop'pet (mSp'pet), n. [From 2d Mop.] A rag baby ; 
also, in fondness, a little girl, or a woman. 

Mop'sey Wmop'sy), ». 1. A moppet. 2. A slat- 

Mop / sy ) ternly, untidv woman. 

liMo-quette' (mo-ket 7 ), n. [F.] A kind of carpet 
having a short velvety pile. 

llMor'a (m5r 7 a), n. [It.] A game of guessing the 
number of fiugers extended in a quick movement. 

Moraine' (mo-ran'), n. [F. ; of uncertain origin.] 
(Geol.) An accumulation of earth and stones carried for- 
ward and deposited by a glacier. See Glacier. 

Mor'al (mor 7 al), a. [F., fr. L. moralis, fr. mos, moris, 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, suug, ink, then, thin. 



MORAL 



542 



MORRIS 



m, habit, conduct.] 1. Relating to duty 

or obligation ; pertaining to those intentions and actions 

right and wrong, virtue and vice, are predicated, 

or to the rides by which such intentions and actions 

l be directed. 2. Conformed to accepted rules 

of "right conduct; virtuous; just. 3. Capable of right 

and wrong action ; subject to the law of duty. 4. Acting, 

I to act, upon or through one's moral nature. 

5. Supported by reason or probability ; practically suffi- 

6. Serving to teach or convey a moral. 

Mor'al i l m5r / <7l). n. 1. The doctrine or practice of the 

duties of life ; conduct ; behavior ; — usually in the plural. 

2. The practical lesson which anything is designed or 

fitted to teach ; a maxim. 

Morale' (ino'ral'), n. [F. See Moral, a.] The 
moral condition, or the condition as affected by consid- 
erations of duty ; mental state, as of a body of men. 

Mor'al-ist (mor'fll-Tst), n. 1. One who moralizes ; 
one who inculcates morality or virtue. 2. One who 
practices moral duties. 

Mo-ral'i-ty (mo-ral'T-ty), n. 1. Relation of conform- 
ity or nonconformity to the moral standard or rule. 

2. Quality of an action which renders it good or right. 

3. The doctrines or rules of moral duties ; ethics. 4. 
Rectitude of life ; conformity to the standard of right ; 
virtue. 5. A kind of play, which consisted of discourses 
in praise of morality between actors representing alle- 
gorical characters. [izing. I 

Mor al-i-za'tion (rnoVal-T-za'shun), n. Act of moral- 1 

Mor'al-ize (m<5r'ol-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moral- 
ized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Moralizing (-Fzlng).] 1. 
To apply to a moral purpose ; to explain in a moral 
sense ; to draw a moral from. 2. To lend a moral to. 
3. To render moraL 4. To affect the moral quality of. 

Mor'al-ize, v. i. To make moral reflections. 

Mor'al -i'zer (-i'zer), n. One who moralizes. 

Mor'al-ly, adv. 1. In a moral or ethical sense. 2. 
According to moral rules ; virtuously. 3. According to 
reason and probability. 

Mo-rass' (mo-ras'), n. [OE. rnarras, mareis, fr. F. 
marais, prob. fr. L. mare sea.] A tract of soft, wet 
ground ; a marsh ; a fen. 

Mo-ra'vi-an (ino-ra'vl-an), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a 
religious sect called the United Brethren, which formed a 
separate church in Moravia. 

Mor'bid (mSr'bTd), a. [L. vwrbidus, fr. morbus dis- 
ease : prob. akin to mori to die.] 1. Not sound and 
healthf ul ; induced by a diseased or abnormal condition. 
2. Of or pertaining to disease. — MorT)id-ly, adv. — 
MorTjld-ness, n. [being morbid. I 

Mor-bld'1-ty (mor-bTd'T-ty), n. Quality or state of | 

Mor-bil'ic (mSr-bifTk), ) a. [L. morbus disease + 

Mor-Dii'ic-al (-i-kol), ) -ficare to make. See -ft.] 
Causing disease ; generating a sickly state. 

Mor-bose' (-bos'), a. [L. morbosus, fr. morbus dis- 
ease.] Proceeding from disease ; morbid; unhealthy. 

Mor-da'cious (mor-da'shiis), a. [L. mordax, -ads, fr. 
morrlere, morsum, to bite.] 1. Biting; given to biting. 
2. Fig. : Scathing ; sarcastic. [dacious. I 

Mor-dac'i-ty (-d£sT-ty), n. Quality of being mor-| 

Mor 'dan t (nior'dant), a. [F., p. pr. of mordre to 
bite. L. mordere.] 1. Biting ; caustic ; sarcastic. 2. 
(Dyeing & Calico Printing) Serving to fix colors. 

Mor'dant; n. 1. Any corroding substance used in 
etching. 2. (Dyeing & Calico Printing) Any substance, 
as alum, which gives fixity to, or bites in, the dyes. 

Mor'dant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mordanted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Mordanting.] To subject to the action of, or im- 
bue with, a mordant. 

More (mor), a., compar. [Positive wanting; superl. 
Most (most).] [OE. more, mare, and (orig. neut. and 
adv.) mo, ma, AS. mara, and (as neut. and adv.) ma; 
akin to G. meter."] 1. Greater ; superior ; increased ; as 
in quantity, amount, degree, quality, numbers, etc. 2. 
Additional ; other. 

More, n. 1. A greater quantity, amount, or number. 
2. Something in addition ; something other and further. 

More, adv. 1. In a greater quantity ; in or to a greater 
extent or degree. 2. In addition ; further ; besides ; again. 

The more [see The, adv.], to a greater degree ; by an 
added quantity ; for a reason already specified. — The 

- r .r% . . . the more, by how much more . . . by so much more. 
Mo-reen' f rno-ren'), ra. [Cf. Mohair.] A thick woolen 

fabric, watered or embossed. [edible fungus. I 

Mor'el (moVel), n. [See MorilJ (Bot.) A kind of | 
Mor'el, n. [See Morelle.] (Bot.) 1. Nightshade ; 

— from its blackish purple berries. 2. Same as Morello. 
Mo-relle' Cmo-re'l'), n. [F., originally a feminine form 




of moreau black, OF. mord, fr. LL. morellus.] (Bot.) 
Nightshade. See 2d Morel. 

Mo-rel'lO (ino-rgl'lS), n. [Cf. It. morello blackish.] 
(Bot.) A kind of nearly black cherry, — used chiefly for 
preserving. 

More-o'ver (mor-o'ver), adv. [More -f over.] Be- 
yond what has been said ; further ; besides ; in addition. 

Syn. — Besides.— Moreover is stronger than besides and 
is properly used in solemn discourse, or when what is 
added is important. 

Moresque' (mo-re'sk'), a. [F., fr. It. moresco, or Sp. 
morisco. See Morris.] Of or pertaining to, or in the 
manner or style of, the Moors ; Moorish. — n. The Mo- 
resque style of architecture or decoration. 

Mor ga-nat'ic (m8r'ga-nSt'ik), n. [LL. matrimonium 
ad morganaticam, fr. morganatica a morning gift, a kind 
of dowry paid on the morning before or after the mar- 
riage, f r. OHG. morgan morning, in morgangeba morning 
gift. See Morn.] Pertaining to, in the manner of, or 
designating, a kind of marriage between a man of superior 
rank and a woman of inferior rank, in which it is stipu- 
lated that neither the latter nor her children shall enjoy 
the rank or inherit the possessions of her husband. 

Morgue (rn&rg), n. [F.] A place where the bodies of 
persons found dead are exposed for identification. 

Mor'1-bund (mor'I-bund), a. [L. moribundm, fr. mo- 
n>? to die.] In a dying state ; dying. 

Mor'll (mor'Tl), n. [F. morille.] 
(Bot.) A kind of edible fungus. 

Mo'ri-on (mo'rT-on or mor'i-on), n. 
[F., fr. Sp. morrion."] A kind of open 
helmet, without visor or beaver. 

Mo'ri-0-plas'ty (mo'rT-o-plas'ty), 
n. [Gr. fjioptov piece (dim. of /udpo? 
a part) -f- -plasty.] (Surg.) The res- 
toration of lost parts of the body. Morion with a Comb 

Mo-ris'CO (mo-.ris'ko-), a. [Sp.] Crest - 

Moresque. — n. A thing of Moorish origin ; as : (a) The 
Moorish language, (b) The morris dance, or one who 
dances it. (c) Moresque decoration or architecture. 

Mo'risk (mo'risk), n. Same as Morisco. 

Mor'ling (mSrllng), n. [Cf. F. mart dead, L. mor- 
tuus, fr. moriri to die.] Mortling. [Eng.] 

Mor'mon (-mun), n. (Eccl.) One of a sect in the 
United States, followers of Joseph Smith, who professed 
to have found an addition to the Bible, engraved on gold- 
en plates, called the Book of Mormon, published in 1830. 

Mor'mon-dom (-dum), n. The country inhabited by 
the Mormons ; the Mormon people, [of the Mormons. I 

Mor'mon-ism (-Tz'm), n. The doctrine and practices | 

Mor'mon-ite (-it), n. A Mormon. 

Morn (m6rn), n. [OE. morwen, morgen, AS. morgen ; 
akin to G. morgen, Goth, maurgins.] The first part of 
the day ; the morning ; — used chiefly in poetry. 

Morn'ing (morn'Tng), n. [OE. morning, morvsening. 
See Morn.] 1. The first or early part of the day, vari- 
ously understood as the earliest hours of light, the time 
near sunrise, the time from midnight to noon, from ris- 
ing to noon, etc. 2. The first or early part. 

Morn'ing, a. Pertaining to the morning. 

Morning star, any one of the planets when it precedes 
the sun in rising, esp. Venus. 

Mom'ing-glo'ry (-glo'ry), n. (Bot.) A climber (Ipo- 
mcea purpurea) with handsome, funnel-shaped flowers. 

Mo-roc'co (mo-rSk'ko), n. [From Morocco, the coun- 
try.] A fine kind of leather, prepared commonly from 
goatskin and tanned with sumac and dyed of various 
colors, — said to have been first made by the Moors. 

Mo-rose / (mo-ros'), a. [L. morosus, prop., excessively 
addicted to any particular way or habit, fr. mos, moris, 
manner, habit, way of life.] Of a sour temper ; ill- 
humored. — Mo-rose/ly, adv. — Mo-rose'ness, n. 

Syn. —See Harsh and Sullen. [shape, form. I 

-morph (morf). Combining form from Gr. (J.op4>ri\ 

Mor'pheus (mSr'fus or -fe-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. Mop^evj, 
prop., the fashioner, because of the shapes he calls up, fr. 
/xop(|)i7 shape.] (Class Myth.) The god of dreams. 

Mor'phi-a (-fT-a), n. [NX.] (Chem.) Morphine. 

Mor'phine (-fin or -fen), n. [From Morpheus.] 
(Chem.) A bitter white crystalline alkaloid found in 
opium, — much used as an anodyne. 

Mor-phog'e-ny (m5r-foj'e-ny), n. [Gr. /xop'W form 
-f- -geny.] (Biol.) History of the evolution of forms. 

Mor-"pnol'0-gy (mor-fol'6-j^), n. [Gr. floppy form -f- 
-logy.] (Biol.) That branch of biology which deals with 
the structure of animals and plants. 

Mor'rlce (mor'ris), n. Same as Morris. 

Mor'ris (mor'ris), n. [Sp. morisco Moorish, fr. Moro 



a, e, 1, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



MORROW 



543 



MOSTICK 



a Moor. ] 1. A Moorish dance, usually performed by a 
single dancer, who accompanies the dance with castanets. 

2. A dance formerly common in England, often performed 
in pageants, processions, and May games, the dancers as- 
suming characters of romance. 3. An old game played 
with counters, or men, placed at the angles of a figure 
drawn on a board or on the ground ; also, the board or 
ground on which the game is played. 

Mor'row (m5r'r6), n. [OE. morwe, moriven, AS. 
morgen. See Morn.] 1. Morning. [Obs.] 2. The day 
subsequent to any day specified or imderstood. 3. The 
day following the present ; to-morrow. 

Good morrow, good morning ; — a form of salutation. 

Morse (m6rs), n. [F. morse, Russ. morf.] {Zool.) 
The walrus. 

Mor'sel (mSr'sgl), n. [OF. morsel, deriv. of L. mor- 
sus a bite, fr. mordere to bite.] 1. A little bite or bit of 
food. 2. A small quantity or piece ; a fragment. 

Mort (mSrt), n. [F., death, fr. L. mors, mortis."] 1. 
Death ; esp., the death of game in the chase. 2. A note or 
series of notes sounded on a horn at the death of game. 

Mor'tal (m6r't«l), a. [F. mortel, L. mortalis, fr. mors, 
mortis, death, fr. moriri to die ; akin to E. murder.] 

1. Subject to death. 2. Destructive to life ; exposing to 
death ; deadly. 3. Fatally vulnerable ; vital. 4. Of or pert, 
to death. 5. Human ; belonging to man, who is mortal. 

Mor'tal, n. A being subject to death ; a human being. 

Mor-tal'i-ty (m5r-t51'T-ty), n. 1. State or quality of 

being mortal. 2. Human life ; the life of a mortal being. 

3. Those who are, or that which is, mortal ; the human 
race. 4. Death ; destruction. 5. AH the deaths in a 
given time or community ; also, the death rate. 

Mor'tal-ly (m6r'tal-ly), adv. 1. In a mortal manner ; 
so as to cause death. 2. In the manner of mortals. 3. 
In an extreme degree ; to the point of dying ; desperately. 

Mor'tar (mSr'ter), n. [OE. morter, AS. mortere, L. 
mortarium. See 2d Mortar.] 1. A vessel in which sub- 
stances are pounded or rubbed with a pestle. 2. {Mil.) 
A short piece of ordnance, used for throwing bombs, 
shells, etc., at high angles 
of elevation. 

Mor'tar, n. [OE. mortier, 
F. mortier, L. mortarium 
mortar, a large basin or 
trough in which mortar is 
made, a mortar for 
pounding in.} {Arch.) . - . ''til 
A building material 
made by mixing lime, 
cement, or plaster of Mortar on lts Bed - 

Paris, with sand and water, — used in masonry for join- 
ing stones, bricks, etc., also for plastering, etc. 

Mor'tar, v. t. To plaster or make fast with mortar. 

Mort'gage (mQr'gaj; 48), n. e [F. mort-gage ; mort 
dead (L. mortuus) -\- gage pledge. See Gage.] 1. {Law) 
A conveyance, or instrument for the conveyance, of 
property, upon condition, as security for the payment 
of a debt or the performance of a duty, and to become 
void upon payment or performance ; also, the written 
instrument by which the conveyance is made. 

JH^ 3 * Formerly the mortgagee took possession, and 
whatever profit the property might yield, it did not 
thereby redeem itself, but became lost or dead to the 
mortgageor upon breach of condition,— whence the name. 

2. State of being pledged. 

Mort'gage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mortgaged (-gajd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mortgaging (-ga-jing).] 1. {Law) To 
grant or convey by way of mortgage. 2. Hence : To 
pledge, lit. or fig. ; to subject to a claim or obligation. 

Mort/ga-gee' (raSr'ga-je'), n. {Law) The person to 
whom a mortgage is made or given. 

Mort'gage-Or 1 (m6r'ga-jer or mSr'ga-jSr'), n. {Law) 

Mort'ga-gor ) One who gives a mortgage. 

Mort'ga-ger (meVga-jer), n. {Law) A mortgagor. 

Mor'ti-fi-ca'tion (m6r'tT-fT-ka'shun), n. [See Mor- 
tify.] 1. Act of mortifying, or state of being mortified ; 
esp.: {a) {Med.) The death of one part of an animal 
body, while the rest lives ; gangrene. (6) Subjection of 
the passions and appetites, by penance, abstinence, or 
painful severities inflicted on the body, (c) Hence : Hu- 
miliation ; chagrin ; vexation. 2. That which mortifies ; 
cause of humiliation, chagrin, or vexation. 

Mor'ti-fi'er (mSr'ti-fi'er), n. One that mortifies. 

Mor'ti-fy (-fl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mortified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mortifying (-fFTng).] [F. mortifier, fr. 
L. mortifieare ; L. mors, mortis, death -\- -ficare to make.] 

1. To destroy the organic texture and vital functions of. 

2. To deaden by religious or other discipline ; to bring 




into subjection; to abase. 3. To affect with vexation, 
chagrin, or humiliation. 

Mor'ti-fy (mor'tl-fl), v. i. 1. To loBe vitality, as flesh ; 
to gangrene. 2. To deaden desires by religious or ascetic 
discipline ; to do penance. 3. To be subdued. 

Mor'tlse (rnSr'tls), n. [F. mortaise ; of uncertain 
origin.] A cavity cut into a piece of timber, or other 
material, to receive something (a tenon) shaped to fit it. 

Mor'tlse, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Mortised (-tlst) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Mortising.] 1. To cut or make a mortise in. 
2. To join or fasten by a tenon and mortise. 

Mort'llng (mSrt'lTng), n. [See Morling.] 1. An 
animal, as a sheep, dead of disease or privation. [Eng.] 
2. Wool plucked from a dead sheep. 

Mort'maln' (-man 7 ), n. [F. mort, morte, dead + main 
hand.] {Law) Possession of lands or tenements in, or 
conveyance to, dead hands, or hands that cannot alienate. 

Mor'tU-a-ry (mSr't6-£-r^ ; 135), n. [See Mortuary, 
a.] 1. A customary gift claimed by, and due to, the 
minister of a parish on the death of a parishioner. 2. A 
burial place. 3. A deadhouse ; a morgue. 

Mor'tU-a-ry (moVtfi-a-ry ; 135), a. [L. morluarius, 
fr. mortuus dead.] Of or pertaining to the dead. 

II Mor'u-la (m5r'u-la), n.; pi. Morula (-le). [NL., 
dim. of L. morum a mulberry.] {Biol.) The sphere or 
globular mass of cells {blastomeres), formed by the 
cleavage of the ovum in the first stages of development. 

Mo-sa'ic (mo-za'ik), n. [F. mosa'ique, deriv. of Or. 
Movo-eio? belonging to the Muses.] 1. {Fine Arts) A 
surface decoration made by inlaying small pieces in pat- 
terns. 2. A picture or design made in mosaic. 

Mo-sa'ic, a. Of or pert, to the style of work called 
mosaic ; composed of various materials or ingredients. 

Mo-sa'ic, a. Of or pertaining to Moses, the leader of 
the Israelites, or established through his agency. 

Mo-sa'ic-al (-i-kal), a. Mosaic (in either sense). 

Mos'cha-tel' (moVka-tgl'), n. [Gr. /uocrxo? musk. 
See Muscadel.] {Bot.) A plant {Adoza moschatellina), 
the flowers of which have a faint musky smell. 

Mosk (mosk), n. See Mosque. 

Mos'lem (moz'lem), n. ; pi. Moslems (-lemz), or col- 
lectively Moslem. [Ar. muslim, fr. salama to submit to 
God.] A Mussulman; an orthodox Mohammedan. — a. 
Of or pertaining to the Mohammedans ; Mohammedan. 

Mosque (mosk), n. [F. mosquee, Sp. mezquita, Ar. 
masjid, from sajada to bend, adore.] A Mohammedan 
church or place of religious worship. 

Mos-qui'to (mos-ke'to), n. ; pi. Mosquitoes (-toz). 
[Sp.,fr. mosca fly,L. musca.] 
{Zool.) Any one of various 
species of gnats. The fe- C= ===SS5^LP- 
males have a proboscis con- d~ 
taining fine, 



sharp, needle- 
like organs with which they <^= s==== ° s ^~^ 
puncture the skinof man and MoBquito . Side ^ of H ead, 
animals to suck the blood. mu ch. enlarged ; a Antenna ; 
[See Illust. of Wiggler.] e Eye ; 6 Labrum ; c Mandi- 

MOSS (mos ; 115), n. [OE. bles ; rf Maxilhe ; I Labium ; 
mos; akin to AS. meds, G. P I*bial Palpus. 
moos, L. muscus.] 1. {Bot.) {a) A cryptogamous plant 
with distinct stem and simple leaves. (6) Popularly, 
any one of many other small cryptogamic plants, esp. 
lichens. 2. A bog ; morass ; place containing peat. 

Moss pink, a plant of the wild Phlox kind, often culti- 
vated for : s handsome flowers. — Moss rose, a variety of 
rose having a mosslike growth on the stalk and calyx. 

MOSS, v . t. To cover or overgrow with moss. 

Moss'back' (mos'bSk'), n. A veteran partisan ; a 
bigoted conservative. [Political Slang, U. S.~\ 

Moss'bank'er (-bSnk'er), ) n. {Zool.) The men- 

Moss'bunk er (-bunk'er), ) haden. 

Moss'-grown' (-gron'), a. Overgrown with moss. 

Moss'i-ness (-T-nes), n. State of being mossy. 

Moss'troop'er (-troop'er), n. [Moss -\- trooper.] One 
of a class of marauders that formerly infested the boggy 
border country between England and Scotland. 

Moss'y (-y), a. [Compar. Mossier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Mosslest.] 1. Overgrown with moss ; abounding with 
or edged with moss. 2. Resembling moss. 

Most (most), a., superl. of More. [AS. mxst ; akin 
to G. meist, Goth, moists; a superl. corresponding to E. 
more.] 1. Consisting of the greatest number or quan- 
tity ; nearly all. 2. Greatest in degree. 

Ugjp" Most is used as a noun, the words part, portion, 
quantity, etc., being omitted. 

Most, adv. In the greatest or highest degree. 

Mos'tic. Mos'tick (mos'tik), n. [See Maul-stick.] 
A painter's maul-stick. 




fern, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, slug, ink, then, thin. 



MOSTLY 



544 



MOUNTAINOUS 



Mostly (mSstly V ad9. For the most part ; chiefly. 

Dirt S ;7. prts. »W. Mot, Mote, Moot 

.. Mote. Moots, vrrs. subj. Mote: imp. 
Must, t\] [Obs.] May; must ; might. 

So mot* it be, so be it ; — a phrase in some rituals. 

Mot («8t : mo, def- -), ». [F.] 1. A word ; a motto. 
2. A pithy or witty Baying, [4 Gallicism] 

Mote (mSft Bee 1st Mot. [Obs.] 

Mote. ... [Bee Moot, a meeting.] [06*., except in a 

few combinations or phrases.] A meeting of persons for 

a ; also, the body of persons meeting, or the 

meeting. [dust ; a speck. I 

Mote. n. [AS. mot.'] A small particle, as of floating! 

Motet' (m*-t8tO, »• [F., a dim. of mot word.] 
v composition adapted to sacred words in the 
elaborate church style ; an anthem. 

Moth (raflth ; 115). ft. A mote. [Obs.] 

Moth. ft. ; pi. Moths (m5thz ; 115). [AS. moSSe ; 
akin to G. motte.] 1. (Zool.) Any nocturnal lepidop- 
terous insect, or any not included among the butterflies. 
Z . Any one of various lepidopterous or other in- 

sects that destroy woolen and fur goods, etc., or their 
larva-. 3. Anything which gradually and silently eats, 
consumes, or wastes any other thing. 

Moth'-eat y (moth'ef ; 115), v. t. To eat or prey upon. 

Moth'er (muth'er), ?*. [AS. modor ; akin to G. mut- 
ter, L. mater, Gr. m 7 ? 1 "^ Skr. matr.] 1. Any female 
parent ; esp., a woman who has borne a child. 2. That 
which has produced or nurtured anything ; source of birth 
or origin. 3. An old woman or matron. [Familiar] 
4. The female superior or head of a religious house. 

Moth'er, a. Received by birth or from ancestors ; 
native ; natural ; also, acting the part, or having the 
place, of a mother. 

Mother wit, natural or native wit or intelligence. 

Moth'er, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Mothered (-erd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Mothering.] To adopt as a son or daughter ; 
to perform the duties of a mother to. 

Moth'er, n. [Akin to G. moder mold, mud, and to E. 
mud.] A film or membrane developed on the surface of 
fermented alcoholic liquids, as on vinegar. 

Moth'er. V. i. To become like, or full of, mother. 

Moth'er-hood (-hood), n. State of being a mother ; 
character or office of a mother. [husband or wife. 1 

Moth'er-ln-laW (-Tn-la/), n. The mother of one's] 

Moth'er-land/ (-land'), n. Country of one's ancestors. 

Moth'er-less, a. Destitute of a mother. 

Moth'er-ly, a. Of or pertaining to a mother ; like, 
or suitable for, a mother. — Moth'er-li-ness. n. 

Syn. —Maternal; parental. — Maternal is confined to 
the feelings of a mother toward her own children, but 
motherly, the more common term, has a secondary sense, 
denoting a care like that of a mother for her offspring. 

Moth'er-ly, adv. In the manner of a mother. 

Moth'er-of-pearl' (-ov-perl'), n. (Zool.) The hard 
pearly internal layer of several kinds of shells. 

Moth'er-WOrt' (-wtirt/), n. (Bot.) A la: : te herb, of 
a bitter taste, used popularly in medicine ; lion's tail. 

Moth'er-y (muth'er-y), a. Consisting of, containing, 
or resembling, mother (in vinegar). 

Moth'y (mSth'y), a. Infested with moths. 

Mo'tile (mo'tTl), a. [See Motive.] 1. (Biol.) Hav- 
ing powers of self-motion, though unconscious. 2. Pro- 
ducing motion. —Mo-til'i-ty (mc-tTl'T-ty), n. 

Mo/tion (mo'shun), n. [F., fr. L. motio, fr. movere, 
motum, to move.] 1. Act, process, or state of changing 
place or position ; movement. 2. Power of, or capacity 
for, motion. 3. Direction of movement ; course ; tend- 
ency. 4. Change in the relative position of the parts 
of anything ; action of the parts of a machine. 5. Move- 
ment of the mind, will, desires, or passions. 6. A pro- 
posal looking to action or progress ; esp., one made in a 
deliberative assembly or a court. 

Syn. — See Movement. 

Mo'tlon, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Motioned (-shund) ; p. 
pr. & xb. n. Motioning.] To make a significant move- 
ment or gesture. 

Mo'tlon, v. t. To direct or invite by a gesture. 

Mo'tlon-less, a. "Without motion ; being at rest. 

Mo/tlve (mo'tTv), n. [F. motif, LL. molivum, from 
moving, fr. L. movere, motum, to move.] 1. 
That which moves. 2. That which incites to action, or 
determines choice ; influential or controlling idea ; cause ; 
reason; inducement; object; purpose. 3. (Mus.) The 
t heme or subject. 

Syn. — Incentive; incitement; inducement; reason; 
■pur ; stimulus ; cause. — Motive is the word ordinarily 
n*ea in Hpeaking of that which determines the choice. 
we call it an inducement when it is attractive in its na 



ture. We call it a reason when it is more immediately 
addressed to the intellect in the form of argument. 

Mo'tive (mo'tTv), a. Causing motion ; having power 
to move, or tending to move. 

Mo'tlve-less, o. Destitute of a motive. 

Mo-tlv'i-ty (m6-tiv'I-ty), n. Power of moving or 
producing motion. 

Mot'ley (ni5t'l£), a. [OE. mottelee, motle ; cf. OF. 
mattele clotted, curdled, Prov. G. matte curd.] 1. Varie- 
gated in color ; party-colored. 2. Wearing party-colored 
clothing. 3. Composed of different or various parts ; 
discordantly composite. 

Motley, n. 1. A combination of distinct colors ; esp., 
the party-colored clothing worn by the professional fool. 

2. Hence, a jester ; a fool. [Obs.] 

Mot'mot (-mot), n. [So called from its note.] (Zool.) 
Any one of several species of long-tailed, passerine birds 
of the genus Momotus, having a strong serrated beak. 

II Mo'tO (mo'to), n. [It.] (Mns.) Movement, esp. 
with increased rapidity; — used esp. in the phrase con 
moto, with a quicker movement. 

Mo'tor (-ter), n. [L., fr. movere, motum, to move.] 1. 
One that imparts motion ; a source of power. 2. (Mach.) 
A machine by which a source of power is made available. 

Mo'tor (mo'ter), ) a. Causing or setting up 

Mo'tO-ry (iuo'to-ry), > motion ; pertaining to 

Mo-tO'rl-al (nio-to'n-crl), ) organs of motion. 

Mot'tle (mot't'l), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Mottled (-t'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mottling (-tling).] [From Mottled.] 
To mark with spots of different color, or shades of color. 

Mot'tle, n. A mottled appearance. 

Mot'tled (-t'ld), a. [From Motley.] Marked with 
spots of different colors ; variegated ; spotted ; dappled. 

Mot'tO (-to), n. ; pi. -toes (-toz). [It. motto a word, 
L. muttuni mutter, grunt ; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. 
(Her.) A significant sentence, phrase, or word borne on 
an escutcheon, or prefixed to an essay, chapter, canto, 
or the like. 2. A maxim. 

II Mou'choir^mob'shwar'), n. [F.] A handkerchief. 

Mou-ez'zin (moo-ez'zm), n. [F.] See Muezzin. 

Mought (mout), obs. imp. of May. Might. 

I'Mouille"' (moo'lya'), a. [F., lit., wet,] (Phon.) 
Applied to certain consonants having a " liquid " or soft- 
ened sound ; e. g., in French, I or II and gn (like the Hi 
in million and ni in minion) ; in Italian, gl and gn ; in 
Spanish, 11 and n ; in Portuguese, Ih and nh. 

Mould (mold), Mould'er (-er), Mould'y (-y), etc. 
See Mold, Molder, Moldy, etc. 

Mou-line' (ruoo-len'), ) a. [F. moulinet, orig., a 

M uli-net (nioo'lT-net), j little mill, dim. of mou- 
lin mill.] 1. The drum upon which the rope is wound 
in a capstan, crane, or the like. 2. In sword and saber 
exercises, a circular swing of the weapon. 

Moult (molt), v. & n. See Molt. 

Mound (mound), n. [AS. mund protection, hand.] 
An artificial hill or elevation of earth ; bulwark ; ram- 
part ; also, a similar natural elevation ; knoll. 

Mound, v. t. To fortify or inclose with a mound. 

Mound, n. [F. monde world, L. mundus.] A ball 
or globe forming part of the regalia of an emperor or 
other sovereign. [A mountain. I 

Mount (mount), n. [AS. muni, fr. L. mons, montis.] \ 

Mount, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mounted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Mounting.] [F. monter, fr. L. mons, montis, mountain.] 

1. To rise on high ; to tower aloft ; to ascend. 2. To 
get up on anything ; esp., to seat one's self on a horse. 

3. To attain in value ; to amount. 

Mount, v. t. 1. To get upon ; to ascend ; to climb. 

2. To place one's self on ; to bestride, as a horse. 3. To 
cause to be mounted; to furnish with horses or other 
animals for riding. 4. Hence : To put upon, or fit with, 
anything that sustains and fits for use or wear, as a gun 
on a carriage, a map on cloth, a sword with a hilt, scab- 
bard, etc. 5. To raise aloft. [mounted. I 

Mount, n. That upon which a person or thing is | 
Mount'a-hle (-a-b'l), a. Such as can be mounted. 
Moun'taln (moun'tTn), n. [F. monlagne , LL. mon- 
tanea, montania, fr. L. mons, montis, a mountain.] 1. A 
large mass of earth and rock, rising above the common 
level of the earth or adjacent land ; an eminence higher 
than a hill ; a mount. 2. pi. A range, chain, or group 
of such elevations. 3. Something of great bulk. 

Moun'taln (moun'tTn), a. 1. Of or pert, to a moun- 
tain or mountains ; found on, or peculiar to, mountains. 
2. Mountainous ; vast. [a mountain. I 

Moun'tain-eer' (moun'tin-er'), n. An inhabitant of | 
Moun'tain-OUS (-us), a. 1. Full of, or containing, 
mountains. 2. Like a mountain ; huge. 



> e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



MOUNTEBANK 



545 



MUCOUS 




White-footed Mouse. 
2. To watch for or 

to 



Mount'e-bank (mount'e-bXnk), n. [It. montimbanco, 
montambanco ; montare to mount -j- in on -t- banco 
bench.] 1. One who mounts a bench in a public place 
and vends medicines claimed to be infallible remedies ; 
quack doctor. 2. Any boastful pretender ; charlatan. 

Mount'er (-er), n. One who mounts. 

Mount 'ing. n. 1. The act of one that mounts. 
2. That by which anything is prepared for use, or set 
off to advantage ; equipment ; embellishment ; setting. 

Mourn (morn), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Mourned (mornd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mourning.] [AS. murnan.'] 1. To ex- 
press or feel grief or sorrow ; to grieve ; to lament. 
2. To wear the customary garb of a mourner. 

Mourn, V. t. 1. To grieve for ; esp., to lament the 
loss or death of ; to deplore ; to bemoan ; to bewail. 
2. To utter in a mournful manner or voice. 

Syn. — See Deplore. 

Moum'er (morn'er), n. One who mourns. 

Mourn'ful (-ful), a. Full of sorrow ; expressing, or 
intended to express, sorrow ; causing sorrow ; sorrowful ; 
doleful. — Mcurn'ful-ly, adv. — Mourn'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Lugubrious ; sad ; heavy ; grievous ; calamitous. 

Moum'ing. n. 1. A sorrowing ; lamentation ; sorrow. 
2. Garb, drapery, or emblems indicative of grief. 

Mourn'ing, a. 1. Grieving; sorrowing; lamenting. 
2. Signifying sorrow or grief ; indicating bereavement. 

Mouse (mous), n. ; pi. Mice (mis). [AS. mus, pi. mys; 
akin to D. muis, G. mans, L. mus, Gr. (ivs, Skr. mush 
mouse, tnush to steal.] 1. {Zo'dl.) Any one of numerous 
species of small rodents inhabit- 
ing houses and fields. 2. {Naut.) 
{a) A knob made on a rope to 
prevent a running eye from slip- 
ping, (b) Same as Mousing, 2. 

Mouse (mouz), v. i. [imp. 
p. p. Moused (mouzd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Mousing (mouz'ing).] 

1. To watch for and catch mice 
pursue anything in a sly manner ; to pry about. 

Mouse, v. t. {Naut.) To furnish with a mouse 
secure by means of a mousing. 

Mouse'hole' (mous'hoT), n. A hole made by a mouse, 
for passage or abode ; hence, a very small hole. 

Mous'er (mouz'er), n. One that mouses. 

Mous'ing, n. 1. Act of hunting mice. 2. {Xaut.) 
A turn or lashing of spun yarn or small stuff, or a me- 
tallic fastening, uniting the point and shank of a hook. 

Mous tache' (mods'tash'), n , [j\] Mustache. 

Mous'y (mouz'y), a. Infested with mice. 

Mouth (mouth), n. ; pi. Mouths (mouthz). [AS. muS ; 
akin to G. mund.~\ 1. The opening through which an 
animal receives food ; also, the cavity between the lips 
and the pharynx. 2. Hence : An opening affording en- 
trance or exit ; orifice ; aperture ; as : (a) The opening 
of a vessel by which it is filled or emptied, (b) The open- 
ing or entrance of any cavity, as a cave, pit, well, or den. 
(c) The opening through which the waters of a river, 
stream, or harbor are discharged. 3. A principal speaker ; 
a mouthpiece. 4. A wry face ; a grimace. 

Mouth (mouth), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mouthed 
(mouthd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mouthing.] 1. To take into 
the mouth ; to chew ; to devour. 2. To utter with a 
voice affectedly big or swelling. 

Mouth, v. i. 1. To speak with a loud, affected voice ; 
to vociferate ; to rant. 2. To kiss. 3. To make grimaces. 

Mouthed (mouthd), a. 1. Furnished with a mouth. 

2. Having (such) a mouth ; using the mouth or voice in 
a particular way ; — used only in composition. 

Mouth'ar (mouth'er), n. An affected speaker. 

Mouth'ful (mouth'ful), n. ; pi. Mouthfuls (-fulz). 
1. The portion put into the mouth at once. 2. Hence, 
a small quantity. 

Mouth'piece' (-pes'), n. 1. The part of an instrument 
to which the mouth is applied in using it. 2. An append- 
age to an opening of a pipe or vessel. 3. One who de- 
livers the opinion of others or of another ; spokesman. 

Mov'a-ble (niobv'a-b'l), a. [See Move.] 1. Capable 
of being moved ; susceptible of motion. 2. Changing 
from one time to another. — MoVa-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ty), 
Mov'a-ble-ness, n . — Mov'a-bly, adv. 

Mov'a-ble, n. 1. An article of property not fixed, or 
not a part of real estate ; generally, in pi. , goods ; wares ; 
furniture. 

Move (moov), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moved (moovd); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Moving.] [OF. moveir, L. movere.~\ 

1. To cause to change place or posture ; to set in motion. 

2. To excite to action by the presentation of motives ; to 
rouse ; to influence. 3. To arouse the feelings or pas- 



| sions of; esp., to excite to tenderness or compassion. 
4. To propose ; specif., to propose formally, for consid- 
eration and determination, in a deliberative assembly. 

Syn. — To stir ; agitate ; trouble ; affect ; persuade ; 
actuate ; impel ; prompt ; instigate ; incite ; induce ; offer. 

Move (mobv), v. i. 1. To change place or posture ; to 
stir; to go. 2. To act; to begin to act. 3. To change 
residence. 4. {Chess, Checkers, etc.) To change the 
place of a piece in accordance with the rules of the game. 

Move, n. Act of moving ; movement. 

Move'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of moving; change 
of place or posture ; progress ; advancement. 2. Mental 
action ; emotion. 3. Manner or style of moving. 4. 
{Mus.) {a) The rhythmical progression, pace, and tempo 
of a piece. (6) One of the several strains or pieces, 
each complete in itself, with its own time and rhythm, 
which make up a larger work. 5. {Mech.) A system of 
mechanism for transmitting or transforming motion. 

Syn. — Motion. — Motion expresses the general idea of 
not being at rest ; movement is oftener used to express a 
definite, regulated motion, esp. a progress. 

Mov'er (mobv'er), n. A person or thing that moves. 

Mov'ing, a. 1. Changing place or posture ; causing 
motion or action. 2. Exciting movement of the mind ; 
touching; pathetic. — Mov'ing-ly, adv. 

Mov'ing, n. Act of changing place or posture, esp. 
of changing one's dwelling place or place of business. 

Mow (mou), n. [F. moue pouting.] A wry face. 

MOW, n. [OE. mowe, AS. muga.~\ A heap or mass 
of hay or of sheaves of grain stowed in a bam. Also, 
the place in a barn where it is stowed. 

Mow, v. t. To pile and stow away in a mow. 

Mow (mo), v. t. [imp. Mowed (mod); p. p. Mowed 
or Mown (mon) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mowing.] [AS. mawan ; 
akin to G. m'dhen, L. metere to reap, mow, Gr. ajmac] 

1. To cut down, as grass, with a scythe or machine. 

2. To cut the grass from. 3. Fig. : To cause to fall in 
masses or swaths ; — with doivn. [a machine. I 

MOW, v. i. To cut grass, etc., with a scythe, or with| 

Mow'er (-er), n. One that mows ; mowing machine. 

Mown (mon), p. p. of Mow. 

Mox'a (moks'a), n. [A corruption of Japan, mogusa 
(pronounced mongsa) a caustic made from the plant 
yomogi.~\ {Med.) A soft woolly mass prepared from the 
young leaves of Artemisia Chinensis, and used as a 
cautery by burning it on the skin ; hence, any substance 
used in a like manner. 

Mo-zet'ta (mo-zet'ta), \ n. [It. mozzetta.~\ {R. 

Moz-zet'ta {It. mot-sat'ta), J C. Ch.) A cape with 
a small hood, — worn by the pope and other dignitaries. 

Mr. (mls'ter). The customary abbreviation of Mister. 

Mrs. (-sis). The customary abbreviation of Mistress. 

Much (much), a. [Compar. & superl. wanting, but 
supplied by More (mor), and Most (most), from another 
root.] [OE. moche, muche, miche, prob. same word as 
E. mickle.~\ Great in quantity ; long in duration ; also, 
formerly, many. 

Much, n. 1. A great quantity ; a great deal ; also, an 
indefinite quantity. 2. A thing uncommon or notice- 
able ; something considerable. 

Much, adv. To a great degree or extent ; greatly ; 
abundantly ; far ; nearly. 

Mu'cid (mu'sld), a. [L. mucidus, fr. L. mucus mu- 
cus.] Musty; moldy; slimy; mucous. 

Mu'ci-lage (mu'sT-lfij ; 4S), n. [F., fromL. mucilago 
a musty juice, fr. mucus mucus, slime.] 1. {Boi. Chem.) 
A gummy or gelatinous substance produced in certain 
plants by the action of water on the cell wall. 2. An 
aqueous solution of gum. 

Mu'ci-lag'i-nous (mu'si-laj'T-nus), a. 1. Of the na- 
ture of, or like, mucilage ; soft and viscid. 2. Of or 
pertaining to mucilage ; secreting or yielding mucilage. 

3. Soluble in water, but not in alcohol. — Mu'ci-lag'i- 
nous-ness, n. 

Mu-cip'a-rous (mu-sTp'a-ras), a. [Mucus -f L. pa- 
rere to produce.] Secreting or producing mucus. 

Muck (muk), n. [Icel. myki.~\ 1. Dung in a moist 
state ; manure. 2. Vegetable mold mixed with earth. 
3. Anything filthy or vile. 

Muck. v. t. To manure with muck. 

Muck'i-ness (-T-nes), n. Quality or state of being 
mucky ; miriness. 

Muck'worm 7 (-wfirm'), n. 1. {Zo'dl.) A larva or grub 
that lives in muck or manure. 2. Fig. : A miser. 

Muck'y (-y), a. Filthy with muck; miry. 

Mu'COUS (mu'kiis), a. [L. mucosus, fr. mucus mu- 
cus.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, mucus ; slimy. 
2. Secreting a slimy substance. 



( 



fern, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing;, ink, then, thin. 
35 



MUCRONATE 



546 



MULTICAVOUS 






Mn'cro-nate (nui'kro-nSt\ \ a. [L. mucronatus, fr. 

Mu'cro-na ted (-ni tM), t mucro a sharp point.] 
ibruptly in a sharp point. 

Mu'CUS (,-kuV\ n. [L. mucus, 

muceus.] 1- (i**f«WO A ***&& 

fluid secreted by membranes, 

which it moistens and protects. 

..) A gelatinous or slimy 

uce foimd in certain plants. 

Mud vimldl. n. [Akin to D. 
. G. moder mold.] Earth 
and water mixed so as to be soft 
and adhesive. Mucronate Leaflets. 

Mud. i. '• To make muddy or turbid ; to muddy. 

Mud'di-ly (niud'di-ly), adv. In a muddy manner. 

Mud'dl-ness. n. State or quality of being muddy. 

Mud'dle (mud'd'l), v. t. limp. & p. p. Muddled 
(-d'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Muddling (-dling).] [From 
Mud.] 1. To cloud or stupefy ; to intoxicate partially. 
2. To mix confusedly ; also, to perplex ; to mystify. 

Mud'dle, ». A state of being muddled. 

Mud'dy (-dy), a- [Compar. Mudddzr (-dT-er) ; su- 
perl. Muddiest.] 1. Abounding in mud ; besmeared with 
mud ; hence, earthy ; gross ; foul. 2. Turbid with, or 
as if with, mud ; not clear or bright. 3. Fig. : Confused ; 
cloudy in mind ; dull ; also, incoherent ; vague. 

Mud'dy, r. /. To make muddy. 

Mud'sill (niud'sll'), n. The lowest sill of a struc- 
ture, usually embedded in the soil. 

Mud'walf (-waF), n. (Zool.) The European bee-eater. 

Mu-ez'zin (nm-ez'zin), n. [Ar.] A Mohammedan 
crier of the hour of prayer. 

Muff (muf), n. [Cf. D. mof, G. muff, F. moufle mit- 
ten.] 1. A soft cover of cylindrical form worn by 
women to shield the hands from cold. 2. [Perhaps a 
different word ; cf. Prov. E. majfle to stammer.] A dull, 
stupid person. \_Colloq.~\ 3. [See 2.] (Baseball) A 
failure to hold a ball when once in the hands. 

Muff, v. f. [imp. & p. p. Muffed (miift) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Muffing.] To fumble ; to fail to hold, as a ball. 

Muf 'fin (muf 'fin), n. [From Muff.] A light, spongy, 
cylindrical cake, used for breakfast and tea. 

"Muffle (muf'f'l), n. The bare end of the nose be- 
tween the nostrils ; — used esp. of ruminants. 

Muffle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muffled (-fid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Muffling (-fling).] [See Muff.] 1. To wrap 
up in something that conceals or protects ; hence, to con- 
ceal or cover the face of ; to envelop. 2. To wrap with 
something to dull or deaden sound. 

Muffle, v. i. To speak indistinctly. 

Muffle, n. [F. moufle, prop., a mitten, from the re- 
semblance in shape.] 1. Anything with which another 
thing is muffled ; also, a boxing glove ; a muff. 2. An 
oven or a compartment of a furnace for protecting the 
contents from the direct action of fire. 

Muffler (-fler), n. 1. Anything used in muffling; 
esp., a scarf for protecting the head and neck from cold. 
2. A kind of boxing glove. 3. One who muffles. 

Mufti (mufti), n. ; pi. Muftis (-tlz). [Ar. mufti.] 
An official expounder of Mohammedan law. 

Mug (mug), n. [Cf. Ir. mugan a mug, mucog a cup.] 
A drinking cup, with a handle, — usually cylindrical. 

Mug'gy (mug'gy), a. [Compar. Muggdzr (-gl-er); 
superl. Muggd38T.] [Cf. Icel. mugga mist, mugginess.] 
1. Moist ; damp ; moldy. 2. Warm, damp, and close. — 
Mug'gi-ness, n. 

Mug'wump 7 (-wumry), ft. [Cf. Algonquin mugquomp 
a chief.] A bolter from the Republicans in the national 
election of 1884 ; an Independent. [Political Cant, U. S.] 

Mug'wump'er-y (-er-f), ) n. The acts and views of 

Mug'wump-ism (-Iz'm), j the mugwumps. [Po- 
litical Cant, U. S.] 

Mu-ham'mad-an (mu-ham'mad- 
<m), Mu-ham'med-an (mu-harn'mSd- 
an), a. & n. Mohammedan. 

Mu-laf to (mu-lSt't6), n. ; pi. Mu- 
lattoes (-toz). [Sp. & Pg. mulato, 
ruasc., mulala, fern., of a mixed breed, 
fr. mulo mule, L. mulus.] The offspring 
of a negress by a white man, or of a 
white woman by a negro. 

Mulberry (mffl'ber-ry), n. [OE. 
moolbery, murberie, AS. murberie, 
where the first part is fr. L. morum 
mulberry.] 1. (Bot.) The edible berry Black Mulberry ( M. 
or fruit of any tree of the genus Morus; ni,jra) - ReduCfed - 
also, the tree itself. 2. A dark purple color, like the hue 
of a black mulberry. 




Mulch (mulch), n. [Origin uncertain.] Half-rotten 
straw, or any like substance strewn on the ground to 
protect roots of plants. 

Mulch, r. t. To cover or dress with mulch. 

Mulct (ni&lkt), n. [L. mulct, multa.~\ A fine or 
penalty, esp. a pecuniary one ; forfeit. 

Syn. — Amercement ; forfeiture. 

Mulct, v- t. [imp. & p. p. Mulcted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Mulcting.] [L. mulctare, multare.] To punish by im- 
posing a fine or forfeiture, esp. a pecuniary fine. 

Mule (mul), n. [F., a she-mule, L. mida, fern, of mu- 
lus. Cf. AS. mul, fr. L. mulus."} 1. (Zool.) A hybrid 
animal; specif., one generated between an ass and a 
mare, sometimes between a horse and a she-ass. 2. {Bot. ) 
A hybrid. 3. A very stubborn person. 4. A machine, 
used in factories, for spinning cotton, wool, etc., into 
yarn or thread and winding it into cops. 

Mu'le-teer' (mu'le-ter'), n. [F. muletier, fr. mulet a 
mule, dim. fr. L. mulus.] One who drives mules. 

Muli-eb'ri-ty (mu'lT-eb'ri-ty), n. [L. muliebritas, 
fr. muliebi'is belonging to a woman, fr. mulier a woman.] 

1. State of possessing full womanly powers ; womanhood. 

2. Hence: Effeminacy; softness. 

Muf ish (mul'ish), a. Like a mule ; sullen ; stubborn. 
— Muf ish-ly, adv. — Muf ish-ness, n. [muslin. I 

Mull (mill), n. [Etym. uncert.] A thin, soft kind of I 

Mull, v. i. [See 2d Muller.] To work (over) men- 
tally ; to ruminate ; — usually with over. [Colloq. U. S.~] 

Mull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mulled (muld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Mulling.] [From mulled, for mold, taken as a 
p. p.] 1. To heat, sweeten, and enrich with spices. 
2. To dispirit ; to dull. 

Mull, n. An inferior kind of madder. 

Muf la-ga-taw'ny (muiaa-ga-ta/ny), n. [Tamil mila- 
gu-tannir pepper water.] An East Indian curry soup. 

Mullein (miil'lTn), n. [AS. molegn.] (Bot.) Any 
species of Verbascum, a genus of tall herbs having coarse 
leaves, and large flowers in spikes. 

Muf len (-len), n. (Bot.) See Mullein. 

MulPer (mul'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
mulls. 2. A vessel in which wine, etc., is mulled. 

Mulf er, n. [OE. mullen to pulverize, bruise ; prob. 
akin to E. mold soil.] A kind of pestle, flat at the 
bottom, used for grinding pigments or drugs on a slab. 

Muflet (mul'let), ft. [F. mulet, fr. L. mullus.] 
(Zool.) (a) Any one 




of numerous highly prized food fishes (genus Mugil). (b) 
Any species of the genus Mullus, including the mullet of 
the Romans, noted for the brilliancy of its colors. 

Muf ley (mdol'ljr), Moofley, n. [Cf. Gael, maolag 
a hornless cow, maol hornless.] 1. A mulley or polled 
animal. [U.S.'] 2. A cow. [Prov. Eng. ; U. S., a 
child's word.] 

Mulley (md611£), Moofley, a. Destitute of horns, 
although belonging to a species of animals most of which 
have horns ; hornless ; polled. [U.S.] [gatawny. I 

Muf li-ga-taw'ny (muflT-ga-ta'ny), n. See Mulla-| 

Mufll-grubs (mul'li-griibz), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 
A griping of the intestines ; hence, the sulks. [Slang] 

Muflion (mul'yun), n. [Corruption 
of F. moignon stump of a limb, stump, 
OF. moing mutilated.] (Arch.) (a) A /^y^ ^ 
slender bar or pier dividing the lights of llllLV.. ;^J i, 
windows, screens, etc. (b) An upright 
member of a framing. 

Mulse (muls), n. [L. mulsum (sc. 
vinum), fr. mulsus mixed with honey, 
p. p. of mulcere to sweeten, soften.] 
Wine boiled and mingled with honey. 

Mult-. See Multi-. 

Mul-tan'gu-lar (mul-tSn/gfi-ler), c. 
[L. multangulus.] Having many angles. 

Mufti- (mufti-), Mult- (mult-). [L. 
multus much.] A prefix signifying 
muck; many; several ; more than one. 

Muf ti-ax'i-al (muf ti-5ksl-al), a. [Multi- + axial] 
(Biol. ) Having more than one axis. 

Muf ti-ca'vous (-ka'vus), a. [L. multicavus ; multus 
+ cavus cavity, cavus hollow.] Having many cavities. 




TO 
Mullions. 
a a a a Mullions; 
bbb Transom. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, £, X, 5, u., y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, Obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



MULTICOSTATE 



547 



MUNICIPALLY 



Mul ti-COS'tate (niul'tT-k5s'tat), a. [Multi- + cos- 
tate.] Having numerous ribs, or costae, as a leaf. 

Mul ti-den'tate (-dSn'tat), a. [Multi- + dentate.] 
Having many teeth, or toothlike processes. 

Mul ti-dig'I-tate (-dlj'T-tat), a. [Multi- -f digitate.] 
Having many fingers, or fingerlike processes. 

MuTtl-fa'rl-OUS (-fa'rT-Qs), a. [L. muliifarius ; mul- 
tus much, many. Cf. Bifarious.] Having multiplicity ; 
having great diversity or variety ; manifold. — Mul'tl- 
fa'ri-ous-ly, adv. — Mul ti-f a'ri : ous-ness, n. 

Mul'ti-fid (niiil'tl-fTd), a. [L. multifidus ; multus 
much, many + findere to split.] (Bot.) Having many 
segments ; cleft into several parts by linear sinuses. 

Mul ti-f lo'rous (muytT-flo'rus), a. [L. midtiflorus.] 
(Bot.) Having many flowers. 

Mul'ti-fold (-fold), a. [Multi- + fold.] Many times 
doubled ; manifold ; numerous. 

Mul'ti-form (-fSrm), a. [L. multiformis; multus 
many -f- forma shape.] Having many forms, shapes, or 
appearances. — MuFti-form/i-ty (-fSrm'T-t^), n. 

MuFti-lat'er-al (mul'tT-laVer-al), a. [Multi- + lat- 
eral.] Having many sides ; many-sided. 

MuTti-lin'e-al (-lin'e-al), a. [Multi- + lineal.] Hav- 
ing many lines. 

Multi-lOC'U-lar (-15k'u-ler), a. [Multi- + locidar.] 
Having many or several cells or compartments. 

Mul-tiTd-quent (mul-tTPo-kwent), ) a. [L. multilo- 

Mul-til'O-quous (-kwus), j quus ; multus 

much, many -j- loqui to speak.] Speaking much ; very 
talkative ; loquacious. 

Mul-tip'a-rous (-tlp'a-rus), a. [Multi- -f- L. parere 
to produce.] Producing more than one at a birth. 

Mul-tip'ar-tite (mul-tip'ar-tit or muFti-par'tit), a. 
[L. multipartita ; multus m\ich,m.2<n.y -{- partitus, p. p., 
divided.] Divided into, or having, many parts. 

Mul'ti-ped (mul'ti-ped), n. [L. multipes; mxdtus 
many -f- pes, pedis, foot.] (Zool.) An insect having many 
feet. — a. Having many feet. 

Mul'ti-ple (mul'tT-p'l), a. [Cf. Quadruple, and Mul- 
tiply.] Containing more than once, or more than one ; 
consisting of more than one ; manifold ; repeated many 
times ; having several, or many, parts. 

Mul'ti-ple, n. {Math.) A quantity containing another 
quantity a number of times without a remainder. 

flgg^ A common multiple of two or more numbers con- 
tains each of them a number of times exactly. The least 
common multiple is the least number that will do this. 

Mul'ti-pli/a-ble (-pli'a-b'l), a. Capable of being mul- 
tiplied. 

Mul'ti-pli-ca-ble (-plT-ka-b'l), a. Multipliable. 

Mul'ti-pli-cand' (-plT-kSnd'), n. [L. multiplicandus 
to be multiplied.] (Math.) The number which is to be 
multiplied by another number, called the multiplier. 

Mul'ti-pli-cate (mul'ti-pli-kat or mul-tip'lT-kSt), a. 
[L. multiplicatus, p. p. See Multiply.] Consisting of 
many, or of more than one ; multiple ; multifold. 

Multi-pli-ca'tlon (mul'tT-plT-ka'shun), n. Act or 
process of multiplying, or state of being multiplied ; 
also (Math.), the rule by which the process is performed. 

Mul'ti-pli-ca-tive (mul'tT-plT-ka-tiv), a. Tending to 
multiply ; having the power to multiply. 

Mul'ti-pli-ca tor (-ka'ter), n. Same as Multiplier, 2. 

Mul'ti-pllc'i-ty (-plis'T-ty), n. Quality of being mul- 
tiple ; state of being many ; a multitude. 

Mul'ti-pli/er (mul'tT-pli'er), n. 1. One who, or that 
which, multiplies or increases number. 2. (3fath.) The 
number by which another number is multiplied. 

Mul'tl-ply (mul'ti-pli), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Multi- 
plied (-plid); p. pr. & vb. n. Multiplying (-pli'Tng).] 
[F. multiplier, L. multiplicare, p. p. -atus, fr. multiplex 
manifold. See Multitude, Complex.] 1. To increase in 
number ; to make more numerous ; to add quantity to. 
2. (3Iath.) To add (any given number or quantity) to 
itself a certain number of times ; to find the product of 
by multiplication. 

Mul'ti-ply, v. i. 1. To become greater in number ; 
to become numerous. 2. To increase in extent and in- 
fluence ; to spread. 

Mul-tip'o-tent (mul-tir/o-teut), a. [L. multipotens ; 
multus much -f- potens powerful.] Having manifold 
power, or power to do many things. 
• Mul'ti-tude (mul'tT-tud), n. [F., fr. L. midtitudo, 
multitudiJiis, fr. multus many ; origin unknown.] 1. A 
great number of persons collected together ; crowd ; as- 
sembly. 2. A great number of persons or things, taken 
collectively. 3. State of being many ; numerousness. 

Syn. — Throng ; crowd : assembly ; assemblage ; com- 
monalty ; swarm ; populace. See Throng. 



Mul tl-tu'di-na-ry (mfii'tT-tu'di-na-ry), a. Multitu- 
dinous. 

Mul ti-tu'dl-nous (-nus), a. 1. Consisting of a mul- 
titude ; manifold in number or condition. 2. Of or per- 
taining to a multitude. — Mul ti-tu'dl nous-ly , adv. — 
Mul tl-tu'dl-nous-ness, n. 

Mul-tiv'a-lent (mfil-tTv'a-lent), a. [Multi- + L. 
vatens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) (a) Having a 
valence greater than one. (b) Having more than one 
degree of valence. 

MuTti-valve (mul'tT-v5lv), n. (Zool.) Any mollusk 
which has a shell composed of more than two pieces. 

Mul'ti- valve (mfil'tl-v$lv), ) a. [Multi- 

MuWi-val'VU-lar (-v51'vu-ler), ) valvular.] 1. Hav- 
ing many valves. 2. (Zool.) Having more than two valves. 

Mul-tOC'U-lar (mul-t5k'u-ler), a. [Mult- + L. oculus 
eye.] Having many eyes, or more than two. 

Mum (mum), a. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Mumble.] 
Silent ; not speaking. — inter j. Be silent ! Hush ! 

Mum, n. [G. mumme, fr. Christian Mumme, who 
first brewed it in 1492.] A sort of strong beer. 

MumTble (mum'b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mumbled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mumbling (-blTng).] [OE. 
momelen; cf. Q. mummeln.] To speak with the lips 
partly closed, so as to render the sounds inarticulate and 
imperfect ; to mutter, as in sulkiness ; to chew something 
gently with closed lips. 

Mum/ble (mum'b'l), v. t. 1. To utter with a low, 
inarticulate voice. 2. To chew or bite gently, as one 
without teeth. 3. To suppress, or utter imperfectly. 

Mum'bler (miim'bler), n. One who mumbles. 

Mumm (mum), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mummed (mumd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mumming.] [D. mommen to mask, mom 
mask ; akin to G. mumme disguise ; prob. imitative, and 
akin to E. mum, mumble, a\luding to the indistinctness of 
speech of one talking from behind a mask.] To sport or 
make diversion in a mask or disguise ; to mask. 

Mumm'er (nium/er), n. One who mumms ; mime ; 
masker ; buffoon. 

Mum'mer-y (-f), n. 1. Masking ; frolic in disguise ; 
buffoonery. 2. Farcical show ; hypocritical disguise 
and parade or ceremonies. [mummifying. I 

Mum mi-fi-ca'tion (mum'mT-fT-ka'shun), n. Act of | 

Mum'mi-fy (-fi), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Mummified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mummifying (-fi'Ing).] [Mummy 
+ -fy.] To embalm and dry as a mummy; to make 
into, or like, a mummy. 

Mum/my (mum'my), n. [F. momie, f r. Per. mum iya, 
fr. mum wax.] A dead body embalmed and dried after 
the manner of the ancient Egyptians ; also, a body pre- 
served, by any means, in a dry state. 

Mum'my, v. t. To embalm ; to mummify. 

Mump (mump), v. i. [Akin to Mumble.] 1. To 
move the lips with the mouth closed ; to mumble. 2. To 
chatter unintelligibly. 3. To cheat ; to play the beggar. 

Mump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mumped (mumt ; 217) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Mumping.] 1. To utter imperfectly, 
brokenly, or feebly. 2. To work over with the mouth ; 
to mumble. 3. To cheat out of ; to impose upon. 

Mump'er (-er), n. A beggar ; a begging impostor. 

Mumpish, a. Sullen ; sulky. 

Mumps (mumps), n. [Cf. Mump, and Mumble.] 1. 
pi. Sullenness ; the sulks. 2. [Prob. so called from the 
patient's appearance.] (Med.) An infectious febrile dis- 
order attended by inflammation of the parotid glands. 

Munch (munch), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Munched 
(muncht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Munching.] [Prob. akin to 
Mumble.] To chew with a grinding, crunching sound ; 
to chew deliberately or in large mouthf uls. 

Muncb/er (munch^er), n. One who munches. 

Mun/dane (niun'dan), a. [L. mundanus, fr. inundus 
the world, an implement, toilet adornments, or dress.] 
Of or pert, to the world ; worldly ; earthly ; terrestrial. 

Mun-dif/1-cant (mun-dTf'T-kant), <r. [L. m undificans, 
p. pr., deriv. of mundus clean -f- -fieare to make. See 
-fy.] Serving to cleanse and heal. [cleansing. I 

Mundi-fi-ca'tion (mun'dT-fT-ka'shun), n. Act oft 

Mun-dif/i-ca-tive (mun-dTf'I-ka-tTv), a. Cleansing. 

Mun'go (mim'go), n. A fibrous material obtained by 
deviling rags or the remnants of woolen goods. 

Mu-nic'i-pal (mu-nls'T-pal), a. [L. municipalis, fr. 
municipium a free town, fr. municeps a free citizen; 
munia official duties, functions -f- capere to take.] 1. 
Of or pert, to a city or corporation having the right of 
administering local government. 2. Of or pert, to a 
state, kingdom, or nation. — Mu-nicl-pal-ly, adv. 

Mu-nic'i-pal'i-ty (-pXl'T-ty), n. A municipal district ; 
a borough, city, or incorporated town or village. 



f3rn, recent, drb> nide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, tliin. 



MUNIFICENCE 



548 



MUSHROOM 



Mn-nif i-cence (mu-nTfi-snis). ». Quality or state of 
: : generous bounty ; lavish generosity. 
\ olence ; beneficence : liberality : gener- 
. , . bounteousuess. See Benkvoi i 

Munil'l-cent (-sent), <'• [L. munijiats ; m units serv- 
ice, pift make. Bee -fy.] Very liberal in 
giving or ueehiwlim ; lavish. — Mu-nii'i-cent-ly, adv. 
. - Bounteous : bountiful ; liberal ; generous. 

Mu'ni-ment (mu'nl-ment), n. [L. mitnimcntum, fr. 
I o fortify.] 1. That which supports or defends ; 
Id; place or means of defense; assistance. 2. 
V record : title deeds and papers. 

Mu-ni'tion (mu-nTsh'iin), n. [F., munition of war, L. 
munitio a fortifying, fortification, fr. munire to fortify, 
defend with a wall.] 1. Fortification ; stronghold. [Obs.] 
2. Whatever materials are used in war for defense or for 
annoying an enemy : military stores of all kinds. 

Mun-Jeet' (mun-jef), n. [Hind, majith a drug used 
for dyeing red.] A species of East Indian madder. 

IHunt'jac (miint'jXk), n. {Zo'dl.) Any one of several 
species of small Asiatic deer. 

Mu rae'na (mu-re'na), n. [L., fr. Gr. pvpaiva.] 
A genus of large eels lacking pectoral fins and 
having the dorsal and anal fins continuous. 

Mu'ral (niu'rfll), a. [F., fr. L. muralis, fr. murus 
wall.] 1. Of or pertaining to a wall. 2. Resembling a 
wall : perpendicular or steep. 

Mural circle (Astron.), a graduated circle, in the plane of 
the meridian, attached permanently to a perpendicular 
wall, —used for measuring arcs of the meridian. 

Mur'der (mfirMer), n. [AS. mor&or, fr. morS mur- 
der : akin to G. mord, L. mors, death, Gr. jSporos mortal, 
Skr. nif to dje, mrta death.] The offense of killing a 
human being with malice prepense or aforethought. 

Mur'der, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Murdered (-derd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Murdering.] 1. To kill (a human being) with 
premeditated malice. 2. To destroy ; to put an end to ; 
to ruiu by mutilation. 

Syn. — To kill : assassinate ; slay. See Kill. 

Mur'der-er (-er), n. One guilty of murder. 

Mur'der-ess, n. A woman who commits murder. 

Mur'der-OUS (-us), a. Of or pertaining to murder ; 
having the purpose or quality of murder ; involving 
murder ; bloody ; sanguinary. — Mur'der-OUS-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Bloodthirsty; fell; savage; cruel. 

Mure (mux), n. [L. murus.] A wall. [Obs.] 

Mure, r. t. To inclose in walls ; to immure. [acid. I 

Mu'ri-ate (mu'ri-at), n. {Chem.) A salt of muriatic | 

Mu'ri-a'ted (-a'ted), a. 1. Put in brine. 2. {Chem.) 
Combined or impregnated with muriatic or hydrochloric 
acid. 3. {Photog.) Prepared with chloride of silver 
through the agency of common salt. 

Mu ri-at'ic (-at/Tk), a. [L. muriaticus pickled, from 
mnria brine.] (CJiem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained 
from, sea salt, or from chlorine, one of the constituents 
of sea salt ; hydrochloric. 

Muriatic acid, hydrochloric acid. 

Mu'rine (-rTn), a. [L. murinus, fr. mus, muris, 
mouse.] {Zo'dl.) Pertaining to a family of rodents 
{Muridae) of which the mouse is the type. 

Murk (murk), n. Darkness ; mirk. [Archaic] 

Murk, n. The refuse of fruit, after the juice has 
beeng^tpressed. 

Murk'y (-y)» a. [Compar. Murkier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Murkiest.] [OE. mirke, merke, AS. myrce, rnirce ; akin 
to Icel. myrkr.] Dark ; obscure ; gloomy. — Murk'i-ly, 
adv. — Murk'i-ness, n. 

Mur'mur (mur'mur), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Murmured 
(-murd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Murmuring.] [F. murmurer, 
L. nivrmurare, murmurari, fr. murmur murmur; prob. 
imitative.] 1. To make a low, continued, confused noise, 
like bees, a stream of water, or the wind in a forest. 
2. To utter complaints in a low, half-articulated voice ; 
to feel or express dissatisfaction ; to grumble. 

Mur'mur, V. t. To utter or give forth in low or indis- 
■ ords or sounds. 

Mur'mur. n. The sound or act of one that murmurs. 

Mur'mur-er (-er), n. One who murmurs. 

Mur'mur-OUS (-us), a. Attended with, or exciting, 
murmurs; murmuring. [A rchnic or Poetic] 

Mur'rain (mur'rin), n. [OF. morine, fr. OF. morir, 
Ttwrtr, to die, L. mori, moriri.] {Far.) An infectious 
and fatal disease among cattle. 

Murre <mGr), n. {Zo'dl.) Any one of several species 
of r:orthem sea birds allied to the auks. 

Mur'rhlne (rnfir'rTn or -rln), a. [L. murrhinus, fr. 
1 Made of the stone or material called by the 
murrha; — applied to certain costly vases of 
eaoty and delicacy used in Rome as wine cups. 



Mur'za (mfir'za), a. One of the hereditary nobility 
among the Tartars, esp. one of the second class. 

II Mu'sa (mii'za), n. [NL., fr. Ar. mauz, mauza, bana- 
na.] {Bot.) A genus of herbaceous, endogenous plants 
of great size, including the banana and the plantain. 

Mus'ca-del (musHia-del'), n. [It. moscadelh, deriv. 
of LL. ynuscatellus, nutmeglike, dim. of muscatus smell- 
ing like musk, muscatum nutmeg.] See Muscatel, n. 

Mus'ca-dine (-din or -din), n. [See Muscadel.] 1. 
{Bot.) A name given to several very different kinds of 
grapes, but in America used chiefly for the scuppernong. 
2. {Bot.) A fragrant and delicious pear. [kellunge. I 

Mus'cal-longe (mus'kal-lonj), ??. {Zo'dl.) See Mus-| 

Mus 'car-din (mus'kar-dTn ; F. mu'skar'dSN'), n. [F., 
deriv. of L. muscus musk.] {Zo'dl.) The common Euro- 
pean dormouse ; — so named from its odor. 

Mus car-dine' (muVkar-den' ; F. mu'skar'den'), n. 
[F.] A disease which is very destructive to silkworms. 

Mus'cat (miis'kSt), n. [F. See Muscadel.] {Bot.) 
Any one of several varieties of Old World grapes, all hav- 
ing a somewhat musky flavor. 

Mus'ca-tel' (mus'ka-tel'), a. Of, pertaining to, desig- 
nating, or derived from, muscat grapes or similar grapes. 

Mus'ca-tel', n. 1. A common name for several varie- 
ties of rich sweet wine, made in Italy, Spain, and France. 
2. pi. A name for the finest raisins, dried on the vine. 

Mus'cle (mus''l), n. [F., fr. L. musculus muscle, lit- 
tle mouse, dim. of mus mouse. See Mouse. Cf. sense 3.] 

1. {Anat.) (a) An organ which, by its contraction, 
produces motion. (6) The contractile tissue of muscles. 

2. Muscular strength or development. [Colloq.] 3. [AS. 
muscle, ~L. musculus. See above.] {Zo'dl.) See Mussel. 

Mus'cled (mus'l'd), a. Furnished with muscles. 

Mus'coid (nms'koid), a. [Muscus + -aid.'] {Bot.) 
Mosslike ; resembling moss. 

Mus'CO-va'dO (mus'ko-va'do), a. [Corrupted fr. Sp. 
mascabado.] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, unre- 
fined or raw sugar. — n. Unrefined or raw sugar. 

Mus'co-vite (mus'ko-vit), n. A native or inhabitant 
of Muscovy or ancient Russia ; hence, a Russian. 

Mus'CO-vy duck' (-vy duk'). [Corrupt, fr. musk 
duck.] {Zo'dl.) A large duck, native of tropical America. 

Mus'CU-lar (-ku-ler), a. 1. Of or pert, to a muscle, 
or to a system of muscles ; consisting of, or constituting, 
a muscle or muscles. 2. Performed by, or dependent 
on, a muscle or the muscles. 3. Well furnished with 
muscles ; brawny ; hence, strong ; powerful ; vigorous. 

Mus'CU-lar'i-ty (-lSr'T-ty), n. State or quality of 
being muscular. 

Mus'cu-lar-ly, adv. In a muscular manner. 

Muse (muz), n. [From F. musse.] See Muset. 

Muse, n. [L. Musa, Gr. MoOcra.] 1. {Class. Myth.) 
Any one of the nine goddesses who presided over song 
and the different kinds of poetry, and also the arts and 
sciences. 2. A particular power and practice of poetry. 

Muse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mused (muzd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Musing.] [F. muser to loiter or trifle, orig., to 
stand with open mouth, fr. LL. musus, morsus, muzzle, 
snout, deriv. of L. mordere to bite.] 1. To think closely ; 
to meditate. 2. To be absent in mind. 

Syn. — To consider ; meditate ; ruminate. See Ponder. 

Muse, v. t. To think on ; to meditate on. 

Muse, n. Contemplation which abstracts the mind 
from passing scenes ; hence, absence of mind. 

Mus'er (muz'er), n. One who muses. 

Mu'set (mu'zet), n. [OF. musseite, dim. of musse, 
muce, hiding place, fr. mucier to hide.] A small hole or 
gap through which a wild animal passes ; a muse. 

Mu-sette 7 (mfi-zef), n. [F., dim. of OF. muse.] 1. 
A small bagpipe formerly in use, having a soft and sweet 
tone ; also, an air adapted to it. 2. A kind of rustic dance. 

Mu-se'um (mu-ze'um), n. [L. , a temple of the Muses, 
hence, a place of study, fr. Gr. novcrelov, fr. Movaa a 
Muse.] A repository or a collection of natural, scientific, 
or literary curiosities, or of works of art. 

Mush (mush), n. [Cf. G. mus porridge.] Meal (esp. 
Indian meal) boiled in water. 
[U. S.] 

Mush'room (mush'room), 
n. [OF. mouscheron ; of 
uncertain origin.] 1. {Bot.) 
{a) An edible fungus, pro- 
verbial for quick growth and 
decay. (6) Any large fun- 
gus ; a toadstool. Many spe- 
cies are very poisonous. 2. 
An upstart. 

Mush'room, a. Of, per- Mushrooms. 




a, e, S, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; een&te, £vent, Idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



MUSHY 



549 



MUTTER 



taining to, or resembling, mushrooms ; hence, shortlived ; 
ephemeral. [sentimental. I 

Mush'y (niush'y), a. Soft like mush; fig., weakly | 

Mu'sic (niu'zlk), n. [F. imcsique, fr. L. musica, Gr. 
fjiovaiKr) (sc. Texw)), any art over which the Muses pre- 
sided, esp. music] 1. The science and the art of tones, 
or musical sounds ; the art of combining tones in a man- 
ner to please the ear. 2. Melody or harmony. 3. Mu- 
sical notation ; the score. 4. Love of music ; capacity 
of enjoying music. 

Mu'sic-al (mu'zT-kal), a. Of or pertaining to music ; 
having the qualities of music, or the power of producing 
music ; devoted to music ; melodious ; harmonious. — n. 
A musicale. [Colloq.] — Mu'sic-al-ly , adv. — Mu'sic- 
al-ness, n. [party. [Colloq.~\\ 

II Mu'si'cale' (mu'ze'kal'), n. [F. ] A social musical | 

Mu-si'cian (mu-zish'an), n. One skilled in the art or 
science of music ; esp. , a skilled singer or player. 

Musk (musk), n. [F. muse, L. muscus, Per. musk, fr. 
Skr. mushka testicle, orig., a little mouse.] 1. A sub- 
stance obtained from a bag behind the navel of the male 
musk deer. It is remarkable for its powerful and endur- 
ing odor. Also, a similar secretion of various other ani- 
mals. 2. {Bot.) A name applied to several plants. 

Musk deer (Zool.), a small hornless deer of Central 
Asia. — Musk mallow, either of two plants having a musky 
smell, — Malva moschata, a species of mallow, and the 
Asiatic shrub abelmosk. — Musk ox (Zool.), an Arctic 
hollow-horned ruminant now existing only in America. 

Mus'kat (mus'kat), n. See Muscat. 

Mus'kel-lunge (inus'kSl-lunj), n. [From the Amer. 
Indian name.] {Zool.) A large American pike. 

Mus'ket (mus'ket), n. [F. mousquet, It. moschetto, 
formerly, a kind of hawk ; prob. akin to mosquito, the 
hawk prob. being named from its small size.] 1. (Zool.) 
The male of the sparrow hawk. 2. A species of firearm 
formerly carried by the infantry of an army. 

Mus ket-eer' (-er'), n. A soldier armed with a musket. 

Mus'ket-ry (-ket-ry), n. 1. Muskets, collectively. 
2. The fire of muskets. [being musky. I 

Musk'i-ness (musk'i-nes), n. Quality or state of | 

Musk'rael on (musk'mel'un), n. [Musk + melon.] 
(Bot.) The fruit of a gourdlike plant having a peculiar 
aromatic flavor. 

Musk'rat' 

(musk 'rat'), n. 
(Zool.) A North 
American, aquatic, 
fur-bearing rodent 
about the size of a 
cat. It has glands 
which secrete a 
musky substance. 

Musk'y (musk'- 
y), a. Having an Muskrat (Fiber zibethicus). 

odor of, or somewhat like, musk. 

Mus'lin (muz'lin), n. [F. mousseline, fr. Mossoul a 
city of Mesopotamia, Ar. Mausil, where it was first 
made.] A thin cotton cloth, white, dyed, or printed. The 
name is also applied to coarser and heavier cotton goods. 

Muslin delaine, a light woolen fabric for women's dresses. 

Mus'quash (muVkwSsh), n. [American Indian name.] 
(Zool.) The muskrat. 

Mus-qui'to (mfis-ke'to), n. {Zool.) See Mosquito. 

Mus'role ) (miiz'rol), n. [F. muserolle, fr. museau. 

Mus'rol J See Muzzle.] The nose band of a bridle. 

MUSS (mus), n. [Cf. OF. mousche fly, also, fr. L. 
musca fly.] A scramble ; confused struggle. 

MUSS, n. A state of confusion; — prob. variant of 
mess, but influenced by muss, a scramble. [_Colloq. U. S.~\ 

MUSS, v. t. To disarrange ; to rumple. \Colloq. U. £.] 

Mus'sel (muVs'l), n. [See Muscle, 3.] {Zool.) Any 
one of many species of marine and fresh-water shellfish. 

Mus'sul -man (mus'sul-man), n. ; pi. Mussulmans 
(-manz). [Ar. muslimin, pi. of muslim. See Moslem.] 
A Mohammedan ; a Moslem. 

Mus'sul-man-ism (-Tz'm), n. Mohammedanism. 

Muss'y (mus'y), a. [From 2d Muss.] Disarranged ; 
rumpled. [Colioq. U. S.~\ 

Must (must), v. i. or auxiliary. [OE. moste, a pret. 
generally meaning, could, was free to, pres. mot, moot, 
AS. moste, pret., mot, pres. ; akin to G. miissen to be 
obliged ; of unknown origin.] 1. To be obliged ; to be 
necessitated. 2. To be necessary or essential to a cer- 
tain quality, character, end, or result. 

Must, n. [AS., fr. L. mustum (sc. vinum), fr. mustus 
young, new.] 1. Expressed juice of the grape, or other 
fruit, before fermentation. 2. [Cf. Musty.] Mustiness. 




Must (niQst), v. t. & i. To make, or become, musty. 

Mustache' (mus-t&sh'), n. ; id. Mustaches (-Sz). [F. 
moustache, deriv. of Gr. /auctto^ upper lip and the beard 
upon it.] That part of the beard which grows on the 
upper lip ; hair left growing above the mouth, [tache. I 

Mus-ta'chlo (-tii'Hho), n. / pi. -chios (-«hoz). A mus-| 

Mus'tang (miis'tSug), n. [Sp. musleflo belonging to 
the graziers, strayed, wild.] (Zool.) The small, hardy, 
half-wild horse of the plains in Mexico, California, etc. 

Mus'tard (mus'terd), n. [OF. moustarde, fr. L. mus- 
tum must, — mustard was prepared for use by being 
mixed with must. See Must, n.~] 1. (Bot.) Any one of 
several cruciferous plants. 2. A pungent condiment 
made from the seeds of certain species. 

Mus-tee' (mus-te'), n. See Mestee. 

Mus'ter (mus'ter), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Mustered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mustering.] [OE. mustrm, 
prop., to show, OF. mostrer, monstrer, fr. L. monstrare 
to show. See Monster.] 1. To collect and display ; to 
assemble, as troops for parade, inspection, exercise, etc. 
2. Hence : To summon together ; to enroll in service. 

Mus'ter, n. 1. An assembling of troops, as for pa- 
rade, inspection, exercise, enrollment, etc. Hence, the 
whole number so assembled, or capable of service. 2. 
Any assemblage or display ; a gathering. 

Muster roll (Mil.), ar egister of all the men present or 
accounted for on the day of muster. — To pass muster, to 
pass inspection without censure. 

Mus'ty (mus'ty), a. [Compar. Mustier (-tT-er) ; su- 
perl. Mustiest.] [Prob. fr. L. mustum must.] 1. Foul, 
or sour, and fetid ; moldy. 2. Spoiled by age ; stale. 3. 
Dull ; heavy ; spiritless. — Mus'ti-ness, n. 

Mu'ta-ble (mu'ta-b'l), a. [L. mutabilis, fr. mutare to 
change. See Move.] 1. Capable of alteration ; subject 
to change ; changeable in form, qualities, nature, or pur- 
pose. 2. Inconstant ; unstable ; fickle. — Mu'ta-bil'- 
i-ty (-Ml'T-t^), Mu'ta-ble-ness, n. — Mu'ta-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Changeable ; alterable ; unstable ; unsteady ; 
unsettled ; wavering ; inconstant ; variable ; fickle. 

Mu-ta'tion (mu-ta'shun), n. [See Mutable.] Change; 
alteration, either in form or qualities. 

Mute (mut), v. t. [L. mutare to change. See Molt.] 
To cast off ; to molt. 

Mute, v. t. & i. [F. mutir, emeutir, OF. esmeltir, fr. 
OD. smelten, prop., to melt. See Smelt.] To eject the 
contents of the bowels ; — said of birds. 

Mute, a. [L. mutus.1 1. Not speaking ; uttering no 
sound ; silent. 2. Incapable of speaking ; dumb. 3. 
Not uttered ; silent ; also, produced by complete closure 
of the mouth organs which interrupt the passage of 
breath ; — said of certain letters. 

Syn. — Silent ; dumb ; speechless. — One is silent who 
does not speak ; one is dumb who can not, for want of the 
proper organs, or (fig.) who is held back from speaking by 
some special cause, as fear, astonishment, etc. 

Mute, n. 1. One who does not speak, from any cause. 
2. {Phon.) A letter which represents no sound ; a silent 
letter ; also, an element of speech formed by a position 
of the mouth organs which stops the passage of the 
breath ; as, p, b, d, g, k, t. 

Mute'ly, adv. In a mute manner ; silently. 

Mute'ness, n. Quality or state of being mute, 

Mu'ti-late (mu'ti-lat), a. [L. mutilalus, p. p. 
tilare to mutilate, fr. mutilus maimed.] 1. Di 
of an important part; mutilated. 2. (Zool.) 
finlike appendages or flukes instead of legs. 

Mu'ti-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p._p. Mutilated (-15'- 
tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mutilating (-la' ting).] To cut off 
or remove a limb or essential part of ; to maim ; to hack ; 
to render imperfect. [being mutilated. I 

Mu'ti-la'tion (-la'shun), n. A mutilating ; state of | 

Mu'ti-la'tor (mu'ti-la'ter), n. One who mutilates 

Mu'ti-neer' (mu'tT-ner'), n. 

Mu'ti-nous (mu'tT-nus), a. 
a state of mutiny ; seditious ; 
nous-ly, adv. — Mu'ti-nous-ness. n. 

Mu'ti-ny (-ny), n. [From mut in e to mutiny, fr. F. 
se mutiner, fr. mulin mutinous, fr. OF. meute riot, deriv. 
of L. movere to move.] 1. Tumult ; strife. [06*.] 2. 
Insurrection against constituted authority, esp. military 
or naval authority ; hence, generally, insubordination. 

Syn. — See Insurrection. 

Mu'ti-ny, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mutinied (-nYd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Mutinying (-nT-Tng).] To rise against, or refuse 
to obey, lawful authority in military or naval service ; to 
revolt against any rightful authority. 

Mut'ism (mut'Tz'm), n. State or habit of being mute. 

Mut'ter (mut'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Muttered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Muttering.] [Prob. imitative.] 



m li- 
ved 
ving 



One guilty of mutiny. 
Disposed to mutiny ; in 
insubordinate. — Mu'ti- 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, tliim 



81 



MUTTER 



550 



MYTH 



1. To utter words indistinctly in a low voice, esp. coin- 

. v expressions. 2. To sound with a low, 

Mut'ter (.mut'ter), i . /. To utter with imperfect ar- 

oaa, or with a low voice. 
Mutter. .'. Repressed or obscure utterance. 
Mut'ter-er (-5r), "• One who mutters. 
filut'ton (m&t't'uV n. [OF. moton, molton, a sheep, 
j transposition of / fr. L. mutilus 
ed.] The riesii of a sheep. 
Mutton chop, a rib of mutton for broiling, with the end 
of the bone M the smaller part chopped oft. 
Mu'tu-al (motft-ol; 135), a. [F. mutual, L. mutuus, 
hanged, borrowed, lent : akin to mutare to 
change.] 1. Reciprocally acting or related ; reciprocally 
receiving and giving or received and given ; reciprocal. 

2. Common; joint. — Mu'tU-al-ly , adv. 

Syn. - See Reciprocal. Usage now tends toward a 
careful discrimination between mutual and common. 

Mu tu-al'i-ty (-Xl'I-ty), n. Quality of correlation ; 
reciprocation; interchange; interdependence. 

Muz'zle (muz'z'l), n. [OF. musel, LL. musellus, fr. 

uorsus. See Muse, v. ?'.] 1. The projecting 

mouth and nose of a quadruped ; snout. 2. The mouth 

of a thing. 3. A fastening or covering for the mouth of 

an animal, to prevent eating or vicious biting. 

Muz'zle. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muzzled (-z'ld) ; p. pr. 
& xo. n. Muzzling (-zling).] To bind the mouth of, so 
as to prevent biting or eating. Also used figuratively. 

My (mi), a. & poss. pron. [OE. mi, fr. min. See 
Mr>"E.] Of or belonging to me ; — always attributive. 

My-celi-um (nil-se'lT-uni), n. [NL., fr. Gr. p.v'*o)s 
a mushroom.] (Bot.) The white threads or filamentous 
growth from which a mushroom or fungus is developed. 

My-COl'O-gy (mi-kol'o-jy), n. [Gr. /u.v<o?s fungus -j- 
-logy.~\ The branch of botany relating to fungi. 

My 'e-loid (mi'e-loid), a. [Gr. p.veA6? marrow -f -oid.] 
Resembling marrow in appearance or consistency. 

My'na (mi'na), n. [See Mino bird.] (Zoo!.) Any 
one of numerous species of Asiatic starlings. 

Myn-heer' (niTn-her'), n. [D. mijnheer.~\ The Dutch 
equiv. of Mr. or Sir ; hence, a Dutchman. [muscle. I 

My'o- (mi'6-). A combining form of Gr. p.0?, /uvos, a| 

My'O-graph (-graf), n. [Myo- + -graph.] (Physiol.) 
An instrument for determining and recording the differ- 
ent phases of a muscular contraction. 

My'oid (mi'oid), a. [Myo- + -oid.'] Composed of, 
or resembling, muscular fiber. 

My-ol'o-gy (ml-ol'o-jy), n. [3lyo- -{-.-logy.] That 
part of anatomy which treats of muscles. 

My'O-pa-thi'a (mi'o-pa-thi'a), n. [XL., fr. Gr. p.vs, 
/U.VOS, a muscle -f- 7n£crxeiv, iradelv, to suffer.] (Med.) 
Any affection of the muscles or muscular system. 

My 'Ope (mi'op), «. [F., fr. Gr. fivmxp, /nuwrros ; /xveiv 
to close -f- <*>>p, con-o?, the eye.] A person having myopia. 

My-o'pi-a (mt-o'pi-a), ?i. [NX. See Myope.] (Med.) 
Nearsightedness ; shortsightedness ; a condition of the eye 
in which the rays from distant objects are brought to a 
focus before reaching the retina. — My-op'ic (-op'ik), a. 

My'O-py (nil'6-py), n. (3fed.) Myopia. 

Myr'i-a- (mir'I-a-). [Gr. p.vpt.ds a myriad.] A prefix, 
esp. in the metric system, indicating ten thousand, ten 
thousand times. 

Myr'i-ad (-ad), n. [Gr. p.vpiaj, fivpiaSos, fr. /xvpios 
numberless, pi. p-vptoi ten thousand.] 1. The number 
of ten thousand ; ten thousand persons or things. 2. An 
indefinitely large number. — a. Being of a great, but 
indefinite, number. 

Myr'i-a-gram ) (-a-grSm), n. [See Myria-, and 3d 

MyT'i-a-gramme ) Gram.] A metric weight, con- 
: of 10.000 grams ; 22.0462 lbs. avoirdupois. 

Myr'i-a-li'ter \ (mTrT-a-le'ter or mlr'i-Sl'I-ter), n. 

Myr'i-a-li'tre 1 [See Myria- ; Liter.] A metric 
measure of 10,000 liters ; 2641.7 wine gallons. 

Myr'i-a-me-'ter | (mTrl-a-me'ter or niir'T-am'e-ter), 

Myr'i-a-me'tre ( n. [See Myria-, and Meter.] A 
metric measure of 10,000 meters ; C.2137 miles, [apoda. I 

Myr'i-a-pod (mir'T-a-pod), n. (Zool.) One of the Myri- 1 
Myr'i-ap'o-da (-ap'o-da), n. 
pl. [XL., f r. Gr. p.vp«>s number- 
les8 -^ -poda.~\ (Zool.) A class, 
or subclass, of arthropods, re- 
lated to the hexapod 
insects, having the body 
made up of numerous 
f-.imilar segments, near- 
ly all of which bear true 
jointed legs. 



^~m 



Myriapod. 
a Young Larva of lulus; much en- 
larged, b Adult lulus; nat. Bize. 




Myr'i-are (mTr'T-Sr), n. [F. See Myria-, and 2d 
Are.] A metric measure of surface containing ten 
thousand ares; 247.1 acres (nearly). 

i Myr'i-op'0-da (-5p'o-da), n. pl. See Myriapoda. 

Myr'i-O-ra'ma (mTr'I-o-ra'ma or -ra'ina), n. [Gr. 
p-vpi'os numberless + 6pa/xa a sight, fr. bpav to see.] A 
picture made up of separate smaller pictures admitting 
of combination in many different ways. 

Myr'mi-don (mer'mT-d5n), n. [L. Myrmidones, Gr. 
Mvp/uiSoVes, pl.] One of a fierce troop who accompanied 
Achilles to the Trojan war. Hence, one who executes 
cruel orders of a superior without protest or pity. 

My-rob'a-lan (mT-rob'a-lan or ml-), j n. [L. myroba- 

My-rob'O-lan (niT-r5b / 6-lan or mi-), j lanum a fruit 
from which a balsam was made, Gr. p.vpoj3dAai>o? ; p.vpov 
a sweet juice from plants, any unguent or sweet oil -j- 
/3dAavo? acorn or similar fruit.] A dried astringent fruit 
much resembling a prune, — used in tanning and dyeing. 

Myrrh (mer), n. [OF. mirre, L. myrrha, murra, Gr. 
p-vppa.] A gum resin, of an aromatic odor, and a bitter, 
slightly pungent taste. 

Myf'rhine (mir'rTn or mer'-), a. Murrhine. 

Myr'tle (mer'fl), n. [F. myrtil bilberry, prop., a 
little myrtle, deriv. of L. myrtus, 
p-v'pTos.] (Bot.) (a) Any species 
of the genus Myrtus, esp. M. com- 
munis, which has a shrubby, up- 
right stem, eight or ten feet high. 
The ancients considered it sacred to 
Venus, (b) Improperly, either the 
blue-flowered periwinkle or the yel- 
low-flowered moneywort. [U.S.] 

My-self ' (ml-self ' or mi-),pron. ; 
pl. Ourselves (our-sSlvz'). I or 
me in person ; — used for emphasis, 

and also, without emphasis, in- ;jjy rt i e (j/yr^us C om- 
stead of me, as the object of the mum*). 

first person of a reflexive verb. 

Mys'ta-gOgue (mis'ta-gog), n. [Gr. p-uo-raywyos ; 
P-vottj? one initiated in mysteries + aywyds a leader, 
ayav to lead.] 1. One who interprets mysteries, esp. of 
a religion. 2. One who keeps and shows church relics. 

Mys-te'ri-OUS (mis-te'rT-iis), a. Of, pert, to, or con- 
taining, a mystery ; difficult or impossible to understand. 
— Mys-te'ri-ous-ly, adv. — Mys-te'ri-ous-ness, n. 

Sym. — Obscure ; secret ; occult ; dark ; mystic ; cab- 
alistic ; enigmatical ; unintelligible ; incomprehensible. 

Mys'ter-y (mis'ter-y), n. [L. mysterium, Gr. fj.v<TTrj- 
Plov, fr. p.uo-77)s one initiated in mysteries.] 1. A pro- 
found secret ; something which has not been, or can not 
be, explained ; hence, specif., that which is beyond human 
comprehension. 2. A kind of secret religious celebra- 
tion, to which none were admitted except the initiated. 
3. pl. The consecrated elements in the eucharist. 4. 
Anything artfully made difficult ; an enigma. 

Mys'ter-y, n. [OE. mistere, OF. mestier, L. ministe- 
rium. See Mimstry.] 1. A trade ; handicraft ; hence, 
any regular business. 2. A dramatic representation of a 
Scriptural subject ; a dramatic composition of this nature. 

Mys'tic (mis'ttk), ) a. [L. mysticus, Gr. p.tio-rixds. 

Mys'tic-al (-tT-kal), ] See 1st Mystery.] I. Remote 
from or beyond human comprehension ; unknowable ; 
obscure ; mysterious. 2. Importing or implying mysti- 
cism ; involving some secret meaning ; allegorical ; em- 
blematical. — Mys'tic-al-ly, adv. — Mys'tic-al-ness, n. 

Mys'tic (mis'tik), n. One given to mysticism ; one 
who holds mystical views, interpretations, etc. 

Mys'ti-Cism (mts'ti-slz'm), n. 1. Obscurity of doc- 
trine. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of the Mystics, 
who maintained that they had direct intercourse with 
the divine Spirit, and acquired a knowledge of God and 
of spiritual things unattainable by the natural intellect. 
3. (Philos.) The doctrine that the ultimate elements or 
principles of knowledge or belief are gained by an act or 
process akin to feeling or faith. 

My s'ti-f i-ca'tion (-fT-ka'shun) , n. Act of mystifying, 
or state of being mystified. 

Mys'ti-fy (mls'tT-fi), v. t. limp. & p. p. Mysttfied 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Mystifying (-fi'Tng).] [F. mysti- 
fier, fr. Gr. p.uo-rrjs -f L. -ficare to make. See lBt Mys- 
tery; -fy.] 1. To involve in mystery ; to make obscure 
or difficult to understand. 2. To perplex the mind of. 

Myth (mith), n. [Gr. fj.i6os myth, fable, tale, talk-] 
1. A story of great but unknown age which originally 
embodied a belief regarding some fact or phenomenon of 
experience ; a popular fable which is or has been received 
as historical. 2. A person or thing existing only in im- 
agination, or whose existence is not verifiable. 



» 



a, e, 1, o, u, long ; a, £, I, 6, H, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, 6bey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



MYTHIC 



551 



NARCOTICAL 



Myth'lC (mith'Tk), ) a. Of, relating to, or of the 
Myth'ic-al (-I-kal), J nature of, a myth ; fabulous ; 

imaginary ; fanciful. — Mythlc-al-ly, adv. 

My-thog'ra-pher (mY-th5g'ra-fer), n. [Gr. ixvOoypd- 

<f>os ; fj.vdo<: + ypd<pei.v to write.] A composer of fables. 
Myth o-loglc (mlth/o-lSj'Tk), > a. Of or pert, to 
Myth'o-loglc-al (-i-kal), ) mythology or to 

myths ; mythical ; fabulous. — Myth'o-log'ic-al-ly , adv. 
My-thol'o-gist (mT-th51'o-jTst), n. One versed in, or 

who writes on, mythology or myths. 



My-thol'O-glze (mT-thSl'ft-jiz), v. i. 1. To explain, or 
write upon, myths. 2. To make and propagate myths. 

My-fhol'O-gy (inT-thol'i-tf), n. [Through F. & L. fr. 
Gr. (ivOoAoyla ; /xvflos myth -f- Adyos discourse.] 1. The 
science which treats of myths. 2. A body of myths. 

MyttVO-pcelc (mTth'6-pe'Ik), a. [Gr. /uvflowoio? mak- 
ing myths ; /u.C0os myth + noietv to uj 
producing mytlis ; giving rise to mythi 

Myx'lne (imks'Tn ; L. rnlks-i'ne), n. 
of marsipobranchs, including the hag. 



N. 



N (5n), the fourteenth letter of the English alphabet, 
is a vocal consonant. It has two sounds, as in run and 
ink. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 243-246. The let- 
ter N came into English through the Latin and Greek 
from the Phoenician, which probably derived it from the 
Egyptian as the ultimate origin. It is etymologically 
most closely related to M. See M. 

Nab (n5b), v. t. limp. &p. p. Nabbed (nSbd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Nabbing.] [Dan. nappe, or Sw. nappa.~\ To 
catch or seize suddenly or unexpectedly. [Colloq.] 

Na'bob (na'bob), n. [Hind, naioab, fr. Ar. nawab, pi. 
of na'ib a governor.] 1. A deputy or viceroy in India. 
2. One who returns to Europe from the East with im- 
mense riches ; hence, any man of great wealth. 

Nac'a-rat (n5k'a-r£t), n. [F., deriv. of Sp. ndcar 
nacre. See Nacre.] 1. A pale red color, ^tth a cast of 
orange. 2. Fine linen or crape of this color. 

Na'cre (na'ker), n. [F. ; cf. Sp. ndcar; of Oriental 
origin.] A pearly substance lining the interior of many 
shells, esp. mother-of-pearl. [bling, nacre ; pearly. I 

Na'cre-ous (na'kre-us), a. Consisting of, or resem-| 

Na'diT (na'der), n. [F., Sp., & It. nadir; all fr. Ar. 
naziru's samt nadir, prop., the point opposite the zenith 
(as samt), nazir meaning, corresponding to. Cf . Zenith.] 
That point of the heavens, directly opposite the zenith, 
and under the place where we stand. 

Nffl'vose' (ne'vos'), a. Spotted ; freckled. 

II Na'vus (ne'vus), n. ; pi. Nam (-vi). [L.] (Med.) 
A birthmark ; esp., a vascular tumor, as a dilated artery. 

Nag (n5g), n. [D. negge; akin to E. neigh.'] 1. A 
pony ; hence, any horse. 2. A paramour. [Obs.] 

Nag, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Nagged (nSgd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Nagging (-ging).] [Prob. akin to E. gnaw.] 
To tease in a petty way ; to fret pertinaciously. [Colloq.] 

Na'iad (na'ySd), n. [L. naias, -adis, ndis, -idis, Gr. 
va'Cds, vats, fr. vdeiv to flow.] (Myth.) A water nymph, 
— fabled to preside over some body of fresh water. 

Nail (nal), n. [AS. nsegel ; akin to G. nagel, L. unguis, 
Gr. oi/v£, Skr. nakha.~\ 1. (Anat.) The horny scale or 
plate of epidermis at the end of the fingers and toes of 
man and many apes. 2. (Zool.) The terminal homy 
plate on the beak of ducks, and other allied birds. 3. A 
slender, pointed piece of metal, used for fastening pieces 
of wood or other material together. 4. A measure of 
length, being two inches and a quarter. 

Nail, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Nailed (nald) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Nailing.] 1. To fasten with a nail or nails. 2. To 
fasten as with a nail ; hence, to catch ; to trap. 

Nail'er (-er), n. 1. A nail maker. 2. A nail driver. 

Nain'SOOk' (nan'sobk'), n. [From Nainsukh, a val- 
ley in Kaghan.] A thick sort of jaconet muslin. 

Native' (na'eV), a. [F. naif, fern, naive, fr. L. na- 
tivus innate, native.] Having native or unaffected sim- 
plicity ; ingenuous ; artless ; frank. — Naively, adv. 

II Nalve'te 7 (na/ev'ta'), n, [F.] Native simplicity ; 
ingenuousness ; artlessness. 

Na'ked (na'ked), a. [AS. nacod; akin to G. nackt, 
L. nudus, Skr. nagna.] 1. Having no clothes on ; nude ; 
bare. 2. Unprotected ; defenseless. 3. Destitute. 4. 
Open to view ; manifest ; undisguised. 5. Mere ; sim- 
ple ; plain. 6. (Bot.) Without pubescence, or the usual 
covering. 7. (Mus.) Not having the full complement of 
tones. — Na'ked-ly, adv. — Na'ked-ness, n. 

Nam'a-ble (nam'a-b'l), a. Capable of being named. 

Nam'ay-cush (nam'a-kush), n. [ Amer. Indian name. ] 
(Zool.) A very large North American lake trout. 

Nam'by-pam'by (nSn/b^-pa'm'by), n. [From Am- 
brose Phillips, in ridicule of his verses.] Talk or writ- 
ing which is weakly sentimental or affectedly pretty. — 
o. Affectedly pretty ; insipid. 

Name (nam), n. [AS. nama ; akin to G. name, L. no- 
men, Gr. 6voix.a, Skr. ndman.] 1. The title by which 



any person or thing is known or designated. 2. Reputed 
character ; reputation ; fame. 3. A race ; family. 

Syn. — Appellation ; title ; designation ; cognomen ; 
denomination; epithet. — Name is generic; appellation, 
although sometimes put for name simply, more properly 
denotes a descriptive term, used by way of marking some 
individual characteristic ; title is employed to point out 
one's rank, office, etc. ; denomination is to particular 
bodies what appellation is to individuals ; thus, the church 
of Christ is divided into different denominations. 

Name (nam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Named (naind) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Naming.] 1. To give a name to ; to de- 
nominate ; to term. 2. To mention or designate by name. 

Syn. —To denominate ; style ; call ; specify ; nominate. 

Nameless, a. Having no name ; that cannot be 
named or expressed. — Name'less-ly. adv. 

Namely, adv. 1. By name. [Obs.] 2. That is to 
say ; to wit ; videlicet. 

Name'sake' (nam'sak'), n. [For name's sake.] One 
that has the same name as another ; esp., one named out 
of regard to another. 

Nan-keen' (nan-ken'), n. [Originally manufactured 
at Nankin, in China.] A species of cloth, of a firm 
texture, made of a kind of brownish yellow cotton. 

Nap (nap), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Napped (napt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Napping (-ping).] [AS. hneeppian to take a 
nap, to slumber.] To have a short sleep ; to be drowsy ; 
to doze. Hence, to be unguarded or unprepared. 

Nap, n. A short sleep ; a doze ; a siesta. 

Nap, n. [AS. hnoppa ; akin to D. nop.] Woolly or 
villous surface of cloth, plants, etc. ; pile. [the neck, j 

Nape (nap), n. [Etym. uncertain.] The back part of | 

Naph'tha (nSf'tha or nap'tha), n. [L. naphtha, Gr. 
vd<f)da,ir. Ar. nafth,nifth.] (Chem.) (a) Crude) 
um; more commonly, a distillate obtained fron 
leum, lighter than benzine, (b) One of several 
volatile inflammable liquids obtained by the dis 
of certain carbonaceous materials. 

Naph'tha-lene (-len), n. (Chem.) A white, 
line, aromatic hydrocarbon, analogous to benzei 

Naph'tha-lin (-lin), \n. (Chem.)'..., 

Naph/tha-line (-ltn or -len), ) lene. 

Na'pi-form (na'pT-f6rm), a. [L. napus turnip -f 
-form.] (Bot.) Turnip-shaped. 

Nap'kin (ngp'kin), n. [Dim. of OF. nape 
a tablecloth, cloth, L. mappa. See Map.] 
A little towel, or small cloth, esp. one for 
wiping the fingers and mouth at table. 

Napless, a. Without nap ; threadbare. 

Napoleon (na-pole-5n), n. [From the 
Emperor Napoleon I.] A French gold coin 
of twenty francs. [having a nap. ' 

Nap'pi-ness (nSp'pT-nSs), n. Quality of 

Nap'py (-py), a. Inclined to nap ; sleepy 

Nap'py, a. Having a nap or pile. 

Nap'py, n. [AS. hnsep cup, bowl. SeeHANAPER.] A 
round earthen dish, with a flat bottom. 

Nar-cis'SUS (nar-sis'sus), n. ; pi. Narcissuses (-e"z). 
[L., fr. Gr. vapKto-tros, Ndpi«<rcros, fr. 
vdpicr) torpor, in allusion to the narcotic 
properties of the flower.] 1. (Bot.) A 
genus of plants comprising the daffodils 
and jonquils. 2. (Classical Myth.) A 
beautiful youth fabled to have been 
changed into the flower called Narcissus. 

Nar-COt'ic (-k5t'Tk), a. [Gr. vapxwTi- 
kos, fr. vapitovvto benumb, vapun torpor.] 
(Med.) Having the properties of, or op- 
erating as, a narcotic. — n. (Med.) A 
drug used to allay morbid susceptibility, relieve pain, and 
produce sleep, but which, in poisonous doses, causes stu- 
por, coma, or convulsions, and even death. 

Nar-COtlc-al (nar-k5t'i-k«l), a. Narcotic. 





Flower of Nar- 
cissus (.V. Ta- 
zetta). 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sins, iQ k , then, thin. 



N 



NARCOTINE 



552 



NATURAL 



JlAT'co-tlne (nSl'kft-tln or -tSn), ;i. (Chem.) Analka- 
ml in opium, lesi poisonous than morphine. 

. /. To imbue with, or subject to 
.. a narcotic. 

Nard u AS., fr. L. nonius, Gr. vdpSo^.'] 1. 

An aromatio East Indian plant of the Valerian 

2. Aii ointment prepared partly from this plant. 

Nar'gile (nar'gTl), ( n. [Per. narghil, prop., a cocoa- 

Nar'gi-len (-gf-l5)i I nut.] An apparatus for smok- 
o. in which the smoke is drawn through water. 

NaT-rate 7 t,u5r-rat' or uSr'rat), v. t. [imp. & j>. p. 
I'akrated ; p. pr. S: vb. n. Narrating.] [L. norrore, 
p. p. -atus.~\ To tell, rehearse, or recite, as a story ; to 
gin an account of; to relate ; to describe. [narrated. I 

Nar-ra'tion (-ri'shun), n. A narrating ; that which is | 

S> n. A.OCOUnt ; recital ; rehearsal ; relation ; descrip- 
. native ; story ; tale ; history. See Account. 

Nar'ra-tive (.nar'ra-tlv), a. 1. Of or pert, to narra- 
tion, or to the particulars of an event. 2. Apt or inclined 
to relate stories; garrulous. — Nar'ra-tive-ly, adv. 

Nar'ra-tive, n. That which is narrated ; a narration. 

Nar-ra'tor (uXr-ra'ter), ?i. One who narrates. 

Nar'row (uar'ro), a. [Compar. Narrower (-er) ; su- 
. Narrowest.] [OE. name, naru, AS. nearu; akin 
to OS. naru, naro.~\ 1. Of little breadth; not wide or 
broad. 2. Of little extent ; very limited. 3. Having 
but a little margin ; having barely sufficient space, time, 
or number ; — used with special reference to some peril 
or misfortune. 4. Limited as to means ; straitened. 5. 
Contracted ; illiberal ; bigoted. 6. Parsimonious ; nig- 
gardly ; selfish. 7. Scrutinizing ; close ; exact. 8. 
(Phon.) Formed (as a vowel) by a close position of some 
part of the tongue in relation to the palate ; or (according 
to Bell) by a tense condition of the pharynx. See Guide 
to Pronunciation, § 13. [usually in the pi. I 

Nar'row (nar'ro), n. A narrow passage ; a strait : — | 

Nar'row, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Narrowed (-rod) ; 
p pr. & vb. n. Narrowing.] To make or become nar- 
row ; to lessen the breadth of ; to contract. 

Nar'row-ly, adv. In a narrow manner. 

Nar'row-mind'ed (-mind'ed), a. Of narrow mental 
scope ; illiberal ; mean. — Nar'row-minded-ness, n. 

Nar'row-ness. n. State or quality of being narrow. 

Nar'wal (uar'wal), n. (Zo'ol.) See Narwhal. 

Nar'whal (-hwal), n. [Sw. or Dan. narhral ; akin to 
Icel. ndhvalr, and E. whale. The syllable nar- is of un- 




Karwhal (Monodon monoceros). 
certain origin.] (Zo'ol.) An arctic whale about twenty 
feet long. The male usually has one long, twisted tusk. 
Na'sal (na'zal), a. [F., fr. L. nasus the nose.] 1. 
(An at.) Of or pert, to the nose. 2. (Phon.) Having a 
quality imparted by means of the nose or the voice uttered 
through the nose. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 207, 
208. — n. An elementary sound uttered through the 
nose, or simultaneously through the nose and the mouth. 
Na-sal'i-ty (na-z31'T-ty), n. Quality of being nasal. 
Na'sal-lze (na'zal-iz), v. t. To render nasal, as sound. 
Na'sal-ly, adv. In a nasal manner ; by the nose. 
Nas'cent (naVsent), a. [L. nascens, -entis, p. pr. of 
be born.] Coming into being ; being developed. 
Na'so- (na'zo-). [L. nasus nose.] (Anat.) A combin- 
ing form denoting of or pertaining to, the nose. 
Nas'ti-ly (nas'ti-ly), adv. In a nasty manner. 
Nas'ti-ness. n. Quality or state of being nasty. 
Nas-tur'tion (nas-tfir'shiin), n. See Nasturtium. 
Nas-tur'tium (-shum ; L. -shT-um), n. [L. nastur- 
tium, fr. nasitortium, fr. nasus nose -f- torquere, tortum, 
to twist, torture, in allusion to its taste causing one to 
make a wry face.] (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants 
including several species of cress ; also, any plant of the 
genus. The fleshy fruits are used instead of capers. 

Nas'ty (nas'ty ), a. [Compar. Nastier (-tT-er ); superl. 
Nastiest.] [For older nasky ; cf. dial. Sw. naskug, nas- 
1. Offensively filthy ; foul ; disgusting. 2. Hence, 
looeely: Disagreeable : wet. 3. Indecent; obscene. 
Syn.— Filthy; foul; dirty. — "Natty usually implies 
or dampness as well as filth or foulness; dirty 
it necessarily imply filth or offensive matter. 
Na'tal dia't/d), a. [L. natalis, fr. natus, p. p. of 
t* born.] Of or pertaining to one's birth; ac- 
inc or dating from one's birth ; native. 
Syn. — Native ; natural. See Native. 
Na'tant (na'tant), o. [L. natans, -antis. fr. natare to 



swim, iutens. fr. nare to swim.] (Bot.) Floating or sub- 
mersed in water, as the leaves of many aquatic plants. 

Na-ta'tlon (na-ta'shun), n. Act of floating on the 
water ; swimming. [to swim ; swimming. I 

Na'ta-tO'ri-al tna'ta-to'rl-al), a. Inclined or adapted 
Na ta-to'ri-um (-am), n. [L.] A swimming bath. 

Na'ta-tO-ry (na'ta-t6-ry), a. Adapted for swimming. 

Natch (uaoh), n. [OF. nache fesse, LL. natica, fr. L. 
natis rump.] The rump of beef ; esp 4 , the lower and back 
part. 

Nath'less' (nSth'les'), adv. [OE. natheles, na the les, 
not the less. See No; THE,conj.~\ Nevertheless. [Archaic] 

Na'tion (na'shuu), n. [F., fr. L. natio nation, race, 
orig., a being born, fr. natus, p. p. of nasci, to be born, 
fr. same root as E. fcth.] 1. (Eihnol.) A part, or division, 
of the people of the earth, distinguished by common de- 
scent, language, or institutions; race; stock. 2. The 
body of inhabitants of a country, united under an inde- 
pendent government of their own. 3. A great number ; 
a great deal ; — by way of emphasis. 

Syn. — People ; race. See People. 

Na'tion-al (nSsh'un-al), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a 
nation ; public ; general. 2. Attached to one's own 
country or nation. 

Na'tion-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. State of being national ; 
national attachment; nationality. 2. A national trait 
or idiom. 3. National independence. 

Na'tion-al'i-ty (nSsh'un-all-ty), n. 1. Quality of 
being national ; patriotism. 2. National character. 3. 
A race or people ; a nation. 4. Existence as a distinct 
or individual nation. 5. State or quality of belonging to, 
or being connected with, a nation or government. 

Na'tion-al-ize (naWQn-al-Iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Nationalized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Nationalizing 
(-I'zing).] To make national ; to make a nation of. 

Na'tion-al-ly, adv. In a national manner or way. 

Na'tion-al-ness, n. Quality or state of being national. 

Na'tive (na'tiv), a. [F. natif, L. nativus, fr. nasci to 
be born, p. p. natus.~\ 1. Arising by birth ; born. [Obs.] 
2. Of or pertaining to one's birth ; natal. 3. Born in 
the region in which one lives ; grown or originating in 
the region where used or sold. 4. Original; primary. 
5. Conferred by birth ; due to origin ; inherent ; not 
acquired. 6. (Min.) (a) Found in nature ; not artificial. 

Syn. — Natural ; natal ; original ; congenital. — Nat- 
ural refers to the nature of a thing, or that which springs 
therefrom ; native, to one's birth or origin ; natal, to the 
circumstances of one's birth ; as, a natal day, or star. 
Native talent is that which is inborn ; natural talent is 
that which springs from the structure of the mind. Native 
eloquence is the result of strong innate emotion ; natural 
eloquence is opposed to that which is studied or artificial. 

Na'tive (na'tiv), n. A person or animal born in a 
place or country referred to ; an animal, a fruit, or vege- 
table, produced in a certain region. 

Na'tive-ly, adv. By natural condition ; naturally. 

Na'tive-ness, n. Quality or state of being native. 

Na-tiv'i-ty (na-ttvl-ty), n. 1. A coming into life or 
the world; birth; the circumstances attending birth. 

2. {Fine Arts) A picture representing or symbolizing 
the early infancy of Christ. 3. (Astrol.) A horoscope. 

Na'tri-um(na'trT-um),7i. [NL. See Natron.] (Chem.) 
The technical name for sodium. 

Na'tron (na'tron), n. [F.,fr. Sp. natron, Ar. natrun, 
nitrun."] (Min.) Native sodium carbonate. 

Nat'ty (nSt'ty), a. [Cf. Neat clean.] Neat; tidy; 
spruce. [Colloq.) — Nat'ti-ly, adv. — Nat'ti-ness. n. 

Nat'U-ral (nat'u-rfll ; 135), a. [F. naturel, fr. L. natu- 
ral is, fr. natura. See Nature.] 1. Fixed or deter- 
mined by nature ; according to nature ; essential ; not 
artificial, assumed, or acquired. 2. Conformed to the 
order, laws, or actual facts, of nature ; normal ; regular. 

3. Having to do with the existing system of things; 
within the scope of human reason or experience. 4. 
Conformed to truth or reality. 5. Born out of wedlock ; 
illegitimate. 6. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal 
nature. 7. (Math.) Belonging to, to be taken in, or re- 
ferred to, some system, in which the base is 1. 8. (Mus.) 
(a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the tones of 
the human voice. (6) Of or pertaining to a key which 
has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature. 

Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or de- 
scription of nature as a whole ; often, in a restricted sense, 
the sciences of botany and zoology collectively, and 
sometimes zoology alone. — Natural philosophy, originally, 
the study of nature in general ; in modern usage, that 
branch of physical science commonly called physics. — 
Natural scale (Mus.), a scale written without flats or 
sharps. — Natural science, natural history, in its broadest 
Natural selection (Biol.), a supposed operation of 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



NATURAL 



553 



NEARNESS 



natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to 
designed selection in breeding plants and animals, with 
reference to their environment, and resulting in the «tr- 
vival of the fittest. — Natural theology, or Natural religion, 
that part of theological science which treats of those evi- 
dences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme 
Being which are exhibited in nature. 

Syn. — See Native. 

Nat'U-ral (nat'u-ral; 135), n. 1. One born without 
the usual powers of reason or understanding ; an idiot. 

2. (Mus.) A character £ Q] used to contradict, or to re- 
move the effect of, a sharp or flat which has preceded it. 

Nat'U-ral-lsm (-Tz'm), n. 1. A state of nature ; con- 
formity to nature. 2. (Metaph.) The doctrine of those 
who deny a supernatural agency in the miracles and rev- 
elations recorded in the Bible, and in spiritual influ- 
ences ; also, any system of philosophy which refers the 
phenomena of nature to a blind force or forces acting 
necessarily or according to fixed laws. 

Nat'U-ral-ist, n. 1. One versed in natural history, 
esp. of animals. 2. One who believes in naturalism. 

Nat u ral is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. 1. Belonging to the doc- 
trines of naturalism. 2. Closely resembling nature. 

Nat u ral-i-za'tion (-rol-T-za'shun), n. Act or process 
of naturalizing ; also, state of being naturalized. 

Nat'u-ral-ize (nSt'u-ral-iz ; 135), v. t, [imp. & p. p. 
Naturalized (-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Naturalizing 
(-l'zTng).] 1. To make natural. 2. To confer the rights 
and privileges of a native subject or citizen on. 3. To 
receive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular. 4. 
To habituate ; to acclimate. 

Nat'u-ral-ize, v. i. 1. To become as if native. 2. 
To explain phenomena by natural agencies or laws. 

Nat'u-ral-ly, adv. In a natural way ; spontaneously. 

Nat'u-ral-ness, n. State or quality of being natural. 

Na'ture (na'tur ; 135), n. [F., fr. L. natura, fr. natus 
born, produced, p. p. See Nation.] 1. The existing 
system of things ; the creation ; universe. 2. The per- 
sonified sum and order of causes and effects ; the agen- 
cies which carry on the processes of creation or of being. 

3. The established or regular course of things. 4. Con- 
formity to that which is natural. 5. Native character ; 
inherent or essential qualities or attributes. 6. Hence : 
Kind ; sort ; character ; quality. 7. Physical constitu- 
tion or existence ; the natural life. 

In a state of nature, (a) Naked ; nude. (6) In a con- 
dition of sin ; unregenerate. (c) Untamed ; uncivilized. 

Na'tured (na'turd ; 135), a. Having (such) a nature. 

Naught (nat), n. [AS. nawiht, nauht, naht ; ne not 
-f- a ever -f- wiht thing, whit. See No ; Whit.] 1. 
Nothing. 2. The arithmetical character ; a cipher. 

Naught, adv. In no degree ; not at all. 

Naught, a. Of no value or account ; worthless ; bad. 

Naugh'ty (na'ty), a. [Compar. Naughtier (-tl-er) ; 
super I. Naughtiest.^ 1. Having nothing. [Obs.] 2. 
Good for nothing. iObs.~] 3. Hence, corrupt ; wicked. 
[ Archaic ] 4. Mischievous ; perverse ; froward. — 
Naugh'ti-ly (na'tT-ly), adv. — Naugh'ti-ness, n. 

Nau'ma-chy (-ma-ky), n. [Gr. vow/ua^ia ; vavs ship 
-f- pax 7 ) battle.] A naval battle ; esp., a mock sea fight. 

II Nau'pli-us (na/plT-us), n. ; pi. Nauplii (-1). [L., a 
kind of shellfish, fr. Gr. vaus ship + irkelv to sail.] 
(Zool. ) A crustacean larva having three pairs of locomo- 
tive organs, a median eye, and little or no segmentation 
of the body. 

Nau'se-a (na/she-a or -sha), n. [L., fr. Gr. vavaCa, 
fr. vavs ship. See Nave of a church.] Seasickness ; 
hence, any similar sickness of the stomach accompanied 
with a propensity to vomit ; loathing. 

Nau'se-ate (-at), v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Nauseated 
(-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Nauseating.] To feel or cause 
to feel nausea ; to sicken ; to loathe. 

Nau se-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of nauseating, or 
state of being nauseated. 

Nau'seous (na'shiis), a. Causing, or fitted to cause, 
nausea ; sickening ; loathsome ; disgusting. — Nau'seous 
ly, adv. — Nau'seous-ness, n. 

II Nautch (nach), n. [Hind, nach, fr. Skr. nrtya 
dance.] An entertainment consisting chiefly of dancing 
by professional dancing (or Nautch) girls. [India"] 

Nau'tlc-al (na'tT-kal), a. [L. nauticus, Gr. vclvtikos, 
fr. vavTrj? sailor, fr. vavs ship.] Of or pert, to seamen, 
the art of navigation, or ships. — Nau'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Naval ; marine ; maritime. See Naval. 

Nau'ti-lus (-15s), n. ; pi. E. Nautiluses (-6z), L. Nau- 
tili (-li). [L., fr. Gr. j>aim'Aos a sailor, also, a kind of 
shellfish which was supposed to have a membrane which 
served as a sail, fr. vavs ship.] 1. (Zo'ol.) The only 
existing genus of cephalopoda having four gills. It 




creeps over the bottom of tlie flea, not coming to the 
surface to swim or sail, as was 
formerly imagined. 2. The argo- 
naut ; — also called paper mm til us. 

Na'val (na'val), a. [L. navalii, 
fr. ?<r/r/.vship.] Having todo with 
shipping ; of or pertaining to ships 
or a navy ; consisting of ship-. 

Syn. — Nautical ; marine ; mari- 
time. — Naval is applied to vessels, 
or a navy, or things pertaining 
to them; nautical, to seamen Pearly Nautilus (l>. Section 
and the art of navigation. of Animal and Shell. 

Nave (nav), n. [AS. nafu ; akin to G. note, Skr. 
nabhi nave and navel.] The block in the center of a 
wheel through which the axle passes. 

Nave, n. [F. nef, fr. L. navis ship, to which the 
church was often likened.] {Arch.) The middle or body 
of a church, extending from the transepts to the principal 
entrances, or, if there are no transepts, from the choir to 
the principal entrance, but not including the aisles. 

Na'vel (na'v'l), n. [AS. nafela, fr. nafu nave ; akin 
to L. umbilicus, Gr. bfi<f>a\6q, Skr. nabhila.] 1. (Anal.) 
Umbilicus. 2. The central part or point of anything. 

Na'vew (na'vu), n. [OF. navel, navean, a dim. fr. L. 
napus navew.] (Bot.) A kind of small turnip. 

Na-vic'U-lar (na-vTk'u-ler), a. [L. navicularius, fr. 
navicula, dim. of navis ship.] Of, pertaining to, or 
resembling, a boat or ship. 

Nav'i-ga-ble (nav'T-ga-b'l), a. [L. navigabilis.~\ Ca- 
pable of being navigated. — Nav'i-ga-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ty), 
Nav'i-ga-ble-ness, n. — Nav'I-ga-bly, adv. 

Nav'i-gate (-gat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Navigated (-ga'- 
tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Navigating.] [L. navigare, p. p. 
-atus; navis ship + agere to move.] 1. To journey by 
water ; to go in a vessel or ship ; to perform the duties 
of a navigator ; to sail. 

Nav'i-gate, v. t. 1. To pass over in ships. 2. To 
steer, direct, or manage in sailing. 

Nav'i-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Act, science, or art of 
navigating ; also, state of being navigable. 

Nav'i-ga'tor (nav'T-ga'ter), n. [L.] One who navi- 
gates or sails ; esp., one skilled in the art of navigation. 

Nav'vy (-vy), n. [Abbrev. fr. Navigator.] A laborer 
on canals ; hence, a laborer on other public works. [Eng.) 

Na'vy (na'vy), n. [OF. navie, fr. L. navis ship.] 

1. A fleet of ships. 2. The whole of the war vessels 
belonging to a nation, collectively ; also, the body of 
officers and men attached thereto. 

llNa-wab' (na-wab'), n. [See Nabob.] A deputy 
ruler or viceroy in India ; also, a title of courtesy. 
Nay (na), adv. [Icel. nei; akin to E. no.] 1. No. 

2. Not this merely, but also. 

Nay, n. 1. Denial. 2. A negative vote or voter. 

Naz'a-rene' (naVa-ren'), n. 1. A native or inhab- 
itant of Nazareth. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an early sect 
of Judaizing Christians. 

Naz'a-rite (naVa-rlt), n. A Jew bound by a vow to 
practice extraordinary purity of life and devotion. 

Neap (nep), n. [Cf. Neb, Nape.] The tongue or pole 
of a cart or other vehicle drawn by two animals. [ U. S.~] 

Neap, a. [AS. nep&od neap flood.] Low ; as, neap 
tides, the lowest tides of the lunar month, which occur 
in the 2d and 4th quarters of the moon. See Tide. 

Ne'a-pol'1-tan (ne/a-pSl'i-tan), a. [L. Xcapolitanus, 
Neapolis Naples, Gr. NeflbroAi?, lit., New town.] Of or 
pertaining to Naples in Italy. 

Near (ner), adv. [AS. near, compar. of neah nigh. 
See Nigh.] 1. At a little distance, in place, time, man- 
ner, or degree ; not remote ; nigh. 2. Nearly ; almost ; 
well-nigh. 3. Closely ; intimately. 

Near (ner), a. [Compar. Nearer (-er) ; superl. Near- 
est.] 1. Not far distant in time, place, or degree ; not 
remote ; close at hand. 2. Closely connected or related. 

3. Close to one's interests, affection, etc. 4. Close to 
anything followed or imitated. 5. So as barely to escape 
injury or loss ; close ; narrow. 6. Next to the driver, 
when he is on foot. 7. Immediate ; direct ; close. 

Syn. — Nigh ; close ; short ; adjacent ; proximate ; 
contiguous ; present ; ready ; intimate ; f amiliar ; dear. 

Near, prep. Adjacent to ; close by ; nigh. 

Near, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Neared (nerd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Nearing.] To approach ; to come nearer to. 

Ne-arc'tic (ne-ark'tlk), a. [Xeo- -j- arctic.] Of or 
pertaining to a region of the earth's surface including all 
of temperate and arctic North America and Greenland. 

Near'ly, adv. In a near manner. 

Near'ness, n. State or quality of being near. 



i 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, oing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



NEARSIGHTED 



554 



NEEDY 



N ©AT Sight ©d (ner'sit e\l\ a. Seeing distinctly at 
- only; myopic; shortsighted. — Near'- 
sight ed-nest 

If eat (net), n. sin?. & pi. [AS. neat; akin to AS. 

I o make use of.] (Zool.) Cattle of the bovine or 

-tmguished from horses, sheep, and goats; 

an animal of the ox kind. [of that genus. I 

Neat. a. Of or pert, to the bovine genus, or to cattle I 

Neat. o. [Compar. Neater (-er) ; superl. Neatest.] 
:r. L. nifidus, fr. nitere to shine.] 1. Free from 
that which soils, denies, or disorders; clean; cleanly; 
tidy. 2. Simple and becoming; tasteful; trim. 3. 
Good of its kind ; pure ; unadulterated. 4. Excellent 
in character, skill, performance, etc. 5. Net. See Net, 
.... _. — Neat'ly, a* • — Neat'ness, n. 

'Neath (netii or ueth), prep, ft adv. Abbrev. of Be- 
neath. [Poetic] 

Neat'herd (uet'herd'). n. A cowherd. 

Neb (neb), n. [AS. nebb head, face ; akin to D. neb.} 
Nose ; mouth ; beak of a bird ; bill ; nib, as of a pen. 

Neb'u-la (ngb'u-la), n. ; pi. Nebula (-le). [L., cloud ; 
akin to G. nebel, Gr. re'^o?, Skr. nabhas.] (Astron.) (a) 
A misty or cloudlike object in the heavens, often resolv- 
able by the telescope into stars. (b) A hypothetical 
quantity of matter diffused through a great space. 

Neb'u-lar (-fer), a. Of or pertaining to nebulae ; of 
the nature of, or resembling, a nebula. 

Nebular hypothesis, an hypothesis according to which 
the stars or the bodies of the solar system have been 
evolved from a widely diffused nebulous form of matter. 

Neb'u-lose' (-15V), a. Nebulous ; cloudy. 

Neb u-los'i-ty (-15s'I-ty-), n. State or quality of being 
nebulous. 

Neb'u-lous (neVu-lus). a. Cloudy ; hazy ; misty ; neb- 
ular. — Neb'u-lous-ly, adv. — Neb'u-lous-ness, n. 

Nee es-sa'ri-an (ngs'gs-sa'rT-«n), a., Nee es-sa'ri-an- 
lsm (-Tz'm), n. See Necessitarian, Necessitarianism. 

Nec'es-sa-ry (ngs'gs-sa-ry), a. [L. necessarius, fr. 
necesse unavoidable, necessary ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
Such as must be ; impossible to be otherwise ; not to be 
avoided ; inevitable. 2. Hence, indispensable ; requi- 
site ; essential. 3. Acting from necessity or compulsion ; 
involuntary. — Nec'es-sa-ri-ly, adv. — Nec'es-sa-ri- 
ness. n . [privy ; a water-closet. ! 

Nec'es-sa-ry, n. 1. A thing that is necessary. 2. A | 

Ne-ces si-ta'rl-an (ne-sgs'sT-ta'rT-an), a. Of or per- 
taining to the doctrine of necessitarianism. — n. One 
who holds to the doctrine of necessitarianism. 

Ne-ces si- ta'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. The doctrine of 
philosophical necessity, esp. that the will is not free. 

Ne-ces'sl-tate (ne-sgs'sT-tat), r. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Necessitated (-ta'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Necessitating 
(-ta'ttng).] 1. To make necessary or indispensable. 
2. To force ; to compel. 

Ne-ces'sl-tOUS (-tus), a. 1. Very needy or indigent ; 
pressed with poverty. 2. Narrow ; pinching ; pinched. 
— Ne-ces'si-tous-ly, adv. — Ne-ces'sl-tous-ness, n. 

Ne-ces'si-tude (-tud), n. 1. A necessitous condition. 
2. Necessary connection or relation. 

Ne-ces'sl-ty (-tjf), n. [F. necessite, L. necessitas, fr. 
necesse. See Necessaey.] 1. Quality or state of being 
necessary, unavoidable, or indispensable. 2. State of be- 
ing necessitous ; indigence ; want. 3. That which is nec- 
requisite ; indispensable thing. 4. That which 
makes an act or an event unavoidable ; irresistible force ; 
compulsion ; fate. 5. (Metaph.) The subjection of all 
phnomena to inevitable causation ; necessitarianism. 

Syn. — See Need. 

Neck (ngk), n. [AS. hnecca ; akin to G. nacken, Icel. 
hnakki.] 1. The part of an animal which connects the 
head and the trunk. 2. Any part of an inanimate object 
corresponding to, or resembling, the neck of an animal ; 
as the long slender part of a decanter, bottle, etc., a long 
narrow tract of land connecting two larger tracts, etc. 

Neck/cloth' (ngk'klSth' ; 115), n. A piece of any fab- 
ric worn around the neck ; a cravat ; a scarf. 

Neck'er-chlef (ngk'er-chTf), n. [For neck kerchief.} 
A kerchief for the neck. 

Necklace (ngk'las ; 48), n. A string of beads, or any 
band or chain, worn around the neck as an ornament. 

Neck'tle' (-tV ), n. An article of dress for the neck, 
tied in front. 

Nec'ro-log'lc (ri5k / ro-l?5j'Tk), \ a. Of or pertaining to 

Nec'ro-log'ic-al f-T-kal), j necrology; of the 
nature of necrology. [account of deaths. | 

Ne-croro-glst ( ne-kr51'6-jTst), n. One who gives an | 

Ne-crol'O-gy {-ff), n. [Gr. veicpos a dead person -f- 
-l°QV-~\ An account or register of deaths or the dead. 




Nec'ro-man'cer (ngk'ro-rnSn'ser), n. One who prac- 
tices necromancy ; a sorcerer ; a wizard, 

Nec'ro-man cy (-sy), n. [OF. nigromance, fr. L. 
necromantia, Gr. veKpofiavreia ; veicpos a dead body -f- 
fjLavTfia divination. See -mancy.] The art of revealing 
future events by means of a pretended communication 
with the dead ; the black art ; hence, magic in general ; 
conjuration ; enchantment. 

Nee ro-man'tic (-mSn'tlk), )a. Of or pertaining to 

Nee ro-man'tic-al (-tT-kol), j necromancy. 

Ne croph'a-gan (ne-krSf a-gan), a. [See Necropha- 
gous.] (Zool.) Eating carrion. — n. 
(Zool.) Any species of a tribe (Xecro- 
phaga) of beetles which, in the larval 
state, feed on carrion ; a bm-ying beetle. 

Ne-croph'a-gous (gQs), a. [Gr. 
veKpo<£ayos eating corpses ; vexpos + 
^ayeiv to eat.] Eating carrion. 

Ne-crop'o-lis (ne-kr5p'o-lis), n. ; 
pi. -lises (-gz). [NX,., fr. Gr. veKpono- 
Ats; ve/cpos dead body -f- 7r6Ais city.] 
A city of the dead ; cemetery. 

l!Ne-cro'sis (-kro'sis), n. [NL., 
deriv. of Gr. i/expos dead body.] (Med.) 
Mortification cr gangrene, esp. of bone. 

Nec'tar (ngk'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. i>eVrap.] 1. (Myth. 
& Poetic) The drink of the gods ; hence, any delicious 
or inspiring beverage. 2. (Bot.) A sweetish secretion 
of blossoms from which bees make honey. 

Nec-ta're-al (ngk-ta're-al), a. 1. Nectareous. 2. 
(Bot.) Of or pertainingto a nectary. 

Nec-ta're-an (-an), a. Resembling nectar. 

Nec-ta're-ous (ngk-ta're-Qs), a. Of, pertaining to, 
containing, or like, nectar ; delicious. [of a plant. I 

Nec-ta'ri-al (-rT-al), a. Of or pert, to the nectary! 

Nec'tar-ine (ngk'ter-Tn), n. [See Nectar.] (Bot.) A 
smooth-skinned variety of peach. 

Nec'tar-OUS (-us), a. Nectareous. 

Nec'ta-ry (-ta-if ), n. (Bot.) That part of a blossom 
which secretes nectar. 

I! Ne'e (nti),p. p., fern. [F. , f r. L. nata, fern. p. p. See 
Nation.] Born; — used to introduce the name of the 
family to which a married woman belongs by birth. 

Need (ned), 7i. [AS. nedd , nyd ; akin to G. not, noth, 
Icel. nauSr, Goth, naups.'] 1. A state that requires sup- 
ply or relief ; necessity ; urgent want. 2. Want of the 
means of subsistence ; poverty ; destitution. 

Syn. — Exigency ; emergency ; strait ; extremity ; dis- 
tress ; indigence ; penury. — Necessity is stronger than 
need; it places us under positive compulsion. 

Need (ned), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Needed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Needing.] To be in want of ; to lack ; to require, as 
supply or relief. 

C^F" With another verb, need is used like an auxiliary, 
generally in a negative sentence, and in this use it under- 
goes no change of termination in the third person singu- 
lar of the present tense. 

Need, v. i. To be wanted ; to be necessary. 

Need'er (-er), n. One who needs anything. 

Need'ful (-ful), a. 1. Full of need. [Archaic] 2. 
Necessary for supply or relief ; requisite. — Need'fal-ly, 
adv. — Need'ful-ness, n. [manner ; necessarily. I 

Need'1-ly (nedT-ly), adv. In a needy condition or| 

Need'i-ness, n. State or quality of being needy. 

Nee'dle (ne'd'l), n. [AS. nsedl; akin to G. nodel, 
and to n'dhen to sew, L. nere to spin, Gr. ve'eii/.] 1. A 
small, sharp-pointed instrument of steel, with an eye to 
receive a thread, — used in sewing. 2. The magnetic 
needle. 3. A slender rod or wire used in knitting ; also, 
a hooked instrument used in netting, knitting, or crochet- 
ing. 4. (Bot.) One of the needle-shaped secondary leaves 
of pine trees. 5. Any slender, pointed object, like a needle. 

Magnetic needle, a slender bar of steel, magnetized and 
suspended so as to freely take the line of the magnetic 
meridian. — Needle gun, a firearm which explodes the 
cartridge by driving a slender needle, or pin, into it. 

Nee'dle, v. i. To assume the form of needles. 

Nee'dle-ful (-ful), n. ; pi. Needlefuls (-fulz). As 
much thread as is used in a needle at one time. 

Need'less (nedlgs), a. 1. Not wanted ; unnecessary. 
2. Being without cause, or sufficient cause ; groundless. 
— Needlessly, adv. — Needless-ness, n. 

Nee'dle-wom an (-wdom'an), n. A seamstress. 

Nee'dle-work' (-wfirkO, n. Work executed with a 
needle ; sewing ; also, the business of a seamstress. 

Needs (nedz), adv. [Orig. gen. of Need, used as an 
adverb. See -s, adv. suff.] Of necessity ; necessarily ; in- 
dispensably ; often with must, and equivalent to of need. 

Need'y (ned'^), a. [Compar. Needier (-T-er) ; superl. 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; &, 6, 1, d, II, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 8bey, Unite, c&re.iiirm, ask, all, final. 



NE'ER 



555 



NEOTERICAL 



Neediest.] Distressed by want of the means of living ; 
very poor ; indigent. See Necessitous. 

Ne'er (nar or nSr), ttdm. A contraction of Neveb. 

Ne-fa'rl-OUS (ne-fa'rl-Qs), a. [L. ne/arius, fr. nffas 
crime, wrong ; ne not -f- fat divine law ; akin to fori to 
speak.] Wicked in the extreme ; abominable ; iniqui- 
tous ; execrable ; atrocious ; impious. — Ne-fa'ri-OUS-ly , 
adv. — Ne-fa'ri-ons-ness, n. 

Ne-ga'tion (ne-ga'shiin), ft. [L. negalio, fr. negare 
to say no, to deny; ne not -f- the root of aio I say.] 
1. Act of denying"; assertion of the nonreality or un- 
truthfulness Of anything ; denial. 2. {Logic) Descrip- 
tion or definition by denial, exclusion, or exception. 

Neg'a-tive (nSg'ft-tlv), a. 1. Denying; implying, 
containing, or asserting, denial. 2. Not positive ; with- 
out affirmative statement or demonstration ; indirect. 
3. (Photog.) Of or pert, to, or designating, a picture 
called a negative. 4- {Chem.) Metalloidal ; uonmetallic. 

Negative electricity (Elec), the kind of electricity devel- 
oped upon resin or ebonite when rubbed, or appearing at 
that pole of a voltaic battery connected with the plate 
most attacked by the exciting liquid. — Negative quantity 
(Ala.), a quantity preceded by the negative sign, or stand- 
ing in the relation indicated by this sign to some other 
quantity. — Negative sign, the sign—, or minus. 

Neg'a-tive, n. 1. A proposition or word used to ex- 
press negation or denial. 2. The refusal or withholding 
of assent ; veto. 3. The relation or position of denial or 
opposition. 4. (Phoiog.) A picture upon glass or other 
material, in which the lights and shades of the original, 
and the relation of right and left, are reversed. 5. (Elect. ) 
The negative plate of a voltaic or electrolytic cell. 

Neg'a-tive, r. t. limp. & p. p. Negatived (-tlvd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Negativing.] 1. To prove unreal or un- 
true ; to disprove. 2. To reject by vote ; to refuse to 
enact or sanction. 3. To neutralize ; to counteract. 

Neg'a-tive-lv, adv. In a negative manner or form. 

Neg-lect' (nesr-lekf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neglected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Neglecting.] [L. neglegere, p. p. -lectus, 
prob. lit., not to pick up ; nee not -f- L. legere to gather.] 

1. Not to attend to with due care or attention ; to suffer 
to pass unimproved, unheeded, undone, etc. ; to omit. 

2. To forbear to treat with attention or respect ; to slight. 
Syn. — To overlook ; disregard ; contemn. See Slight. 
Neg-lect 7 , n. 1. Act of neglecting ; omission of 

proper attention ; culpable disregard ; slight. 2. State 
of being neglected. 

Syn. — Disregard; indifference. See Negligence. 

Neg-lect'er (-er), n. One who neglects. 

Neg-lect'ful (-ful), a. Full of neglect; heedless; 
careless ; negligent : inattentive ; indifferent. — Neg- 
lect'fnl-ly, adv. — Neg-lect'ful-ness. n. 

Neg li-gee' (neg'lT-zha' ; F. na'gle'zha'), n. [F. ne- 
glige, p. p.] An easy, unceremonious attire ; undress. 

Negli-gence (neg'lT-j?ns), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being negligent. 2. An act or instance of neglect. 

Syn. — Neglect ; inattention ; heedlessness ; remiss- 
ness : disregard: slight. — As now generally used (except 
in law'.., negligence is the habit, and neglect the act, of 
leaving things undone or unattended to. 

Negli-gent (-jent), a. Apt to neglect ; customarily 
neglectful ; culpably careless. — Neg'li-gent-ly, adv. 

Ne-gO'ti-a-ble (ne-go'shT-a-b'l or -sha-b'l), a. Capa- 
ble of being negotiated ; transferable by assignment or 
indorsement. — Ne-ga ti-a-bil'i-ty (-bill-ty), n. 

Ne-gO'ti-ate (-shT-at), v. i. [L. negoliatus, p. p. of 
negotiari, fr. negotium business ; nee not -|- olium lei- 
sure.] 1. To treat with another respecting purchase 
and sale or some business affair : to bargain or trade. 2. 
To hold intercourse respecting a treaty, league, or con- 
vention ; to conduct communications or conferences. 

Ne-go'ti-ate. ». t. [imp. &p.p. Negotlated (-a' ted); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Negotiating I -a ting).] 1. To carry on 
intercourse, communications, or dealings, concerning : to 
procure, or arrange for, by communications or dealings. 
2. To transfer for a valuable consideration ; to sell ; to 
pass. [negotiating, j 

Ne-gO'ti-a'tion (-shT-a'shiin), n. Act or process of | 

Ne-gO'ti-a'tor (-go / shT-a ter), n. One who negotiates. 

Ne'gress (ne'gres), ft. ; pi. Negresses (-ez). A black 
woman ; a female negro. 

Ne-gri/tO (ne-gri'to). n. : pi. Negritos (-toz). [Sp., 
dim. of negro black.] (Ethnol.) A degraded Papuan 
race, resembling negroes, but smaller. 

Ne'gro (ne'gro), ft. ; pi. Negroes (-groz). [Sp. or Pg., 
fr. negro black, L. nicer. ] A black man: esp., one of 
a race of very dark persons who inhabit the greater part 
of tropical Africa. — a. Of or pert, to negroes ; black. 

Ne'groid (negroid), a. [Xegro -f -oid.] 1. Charac 



teristic of the negro. 2. Resembling the negro or negroes ; 
of or pertaining to those who resemble the negro. 

Ne'gus (ne'gus), n. A beverage of wine, water, sugar, 
nutmeg, and lemon juice ; — so called, it is said, from its 
j first maker, Colonel Negus. 

Neigh (ua ), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Neighed (uad) ; p. pr. 

& rb. ft. Neighing.] [OE. neien, AS. hnsegun, prob. of 

I imitative origin.] To utter the cry of the horse ; to whinny. 

Neigh, n. The cry of a horse ; a whinny. 

Neighbor (na'ber), n. [AS. neahgebur ; neiih nigh 

-f- gebur a dweller, farmer ; akin to G. naekbar.] 1. A 

person who lives near another. 2. One who is near in 

sympathy or confidence. 3. One entitled to, or exhibit- 

I ing, neighborly kindness. 

Neighbor, a. Near ; adjoining ; adjacent ; neighboring. 

Neighbor, v. t. limp. &p. p. Neighbored (-berd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Neighboring.] To adjoin ; to border on ; 
to be near to. 

Neigh'bor-hood (-hdod), n. 1. Quality or state of 
I being a neighbor ; proximity. 2. A place near ; vicinity ; 
1 a region the inhabitants of which may be couuted as 
neighbors. Also, the people of such a region. 

Syn. — Vicinity ; vicinage.— Vicinity does not com- 
monly denote so close a connection as neighborhood. 

Neigh'bor-ing, a. Living or being near ; adjacent. 

NeighT>or-ly, a. Appropriate to the relation of 
neighbors ; kind ; civil ; social ; friendly. — adv. In a 
neighborly manner. — NeighTjor-li-ness, n. 

Nei/ther (ne'ther or ni'-), a. [AS. naivSer, nahuse- 
Ser ; na never, not -f- hicseder whether. The word has 
followed the form of either.] Not either ; not the one 
or the other. 

Nei'ther, conj. Not either ; — generally used to in- 
troduce the first of two or more coordinate clauses of 
which those that follow begin with nor. 

II Ne-lumT)0(ne-lum'bo),7i. [Ceyloneseword.] (Bot.) 
A genus of great water lilies, including the sacred lotus. 

Nem'a-tO- (nem'a-to-). A combining form from Gr. 
vVj/xa, vTj/uaTos, thread. 

Nem'a-toid (nem'a-toid), a. lXemato-~--oid.] (Zo'Ol.) 
Of or pertaining to the Xematoidea, or roundworms, an 
order of worms having long, round, and generally smooth 
bodies. — n. One of the Xematoidea. 

Nem'e-sis (nem'e-sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ne^eo-is. orig., 
distribution, fr. ve/xetv to distribute.] (Class. Myth.) 
The goddess of retribution or vengeance ; hence, retribu- 
tive justice personified ; divine vengeance. 

Nem'O-ral (nem'6-ral), a. [L. nemoralis. fr. nenv/s, 
nemoris, a wood.] Of or pert, to a wood or grove, [i?.] 

Ne'O- (ne^o-). [Gr. ve'os youthful, new. See New.] A 
prefix meaning neiv, recent, late ; in chemistry, designa- 
ting certain (metameric) hydrocarbons. 

Ne / 0-Chris-tian'i-ty (-kris-chan'i-ty or -krls'chl-an.'- 
I-ty), n. IXeo- + Christianity.} Rationalism. 

Ne 0-COS'mic (-koz'nilk), a. IXeo- -f cosmic] Of 
or pertaining to the universe in its present state. 

Ne'O-gen (ne'o-jen), n. IXeo- -\- -gen.] (Chem.) An 
alloy resembling silver. 

Ne O—Lat'in (ne'o-lStln), a. Pert, to or designating 
the Romance languages, as being mostly of Latin origin. 

Ne'O-lith'ic (ne'o-lTth'ik), a. IXeo- + -lith — -ic] 
(Archseol. & Geol.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an 
era characterized by late remains in stone. 

Ne'O-log'ic (-loj'ik). ) a. Of or pertaining to neol- 

Ne O-log'ic-al (-T-kal), ] ogy; employing new words. 

Ne-ol'O-gism (ne-ol'6-jiz'm)," n. 1. The introduction 
of new words, or the use of old words in a new sense. 
2. A new word, phrase, or expression. 3. A new doc- 
trine : specif., rationalism. 

Ne-ol'O-gist (-jistV 72. One who introduces a neolo- 
gism ; one who upholds, or adheres to, neologism. 

Ne-ol b-gis'tic (-jls'tlk), \ a x eo i oeical 

Ne-ol o-gis'tic-al (-tl-kol), i a - * eolo ^ cai - 

Ne-ol'O-gize (ne-ol'o-jiz), r. i. To introduce or uphold 
a neologism. 

Ne-ol'O-gy (-jy). n. [Xeo- -+■ -logy.] The introduc- 
tion of what is new in language or doctrines ; neologism. 

Ne'O-phyte (ne'o-fit), n. [L. neophylus. Gr. reo^uTos ; 
ve'os new -)- 0vr6s grown, fr. <}>veiv to grow.] 1. A new 
convert or proselyte. 2. A novice ; a tyro. 

Ne'O-plas ty \ne'6-plas ty), ft. IXeo- -f- -plasty.] 
(Physiol. & Med.) Restoration of a part by granulation, 
adhesive inflammation, or autoplasty. 

Ne / 0-pla'tO-nism (,-pla'to-nTz'm). n. IXeo- + Plato- 
nism.] A pantheistic, eclectic school of philosophy. 

Ne'o-ter'ic (ne o-te"rTk), \ a. [L. neotericus. Gr. i-ew- 

NVo-ter'iC-al (-I-k«l), J Tepuco?, fr. yeioTtpo?. corn- 
par, of re'o? young.] Recent in origin ; modern : new. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, iood, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, iiik, then, thin. 



N 



NKOTERISM 



556 



NEUROPTERAL 



Ne ot cr Ism (nt-oV**-****)! "• An innovation or 
. n neoteric word, phrase, or theory. 

Ne 6-trop'ic-al u 1 * 1 o-trop'T-k<il), a. [Nco- + irop- 
.■longing to, Ol denoting, a 
whico comprises most of South America, the 
Antilles, ami tropical North America. 

Ne pen'the (nt-pSntht), n. [From Gr. vrrn-cv6rj<; re- 
moving all sorrow ; nj- not + we'vOos sorrow, grief.] A 
drug used by the ancients to give relief from pain and 
; hence, anything soothing and comforting. 

Ne-pen'thes (,-thez). n. [NL.J Same as Nepenthe. 

Neph'a-lism (nSFa-Hi'm), n. [Gr. yr/<£aAio>i6s sober- 
ness, deriv. of i-7J</>eiv to drink no wine.] Abstinence 
from spirituous liquor. 

Neph e-lom'e-ter (ngf'e-lom'e-ter), n. [Gr. v€$e\r) a 
cloud -f- -meter.'] (Meteorol.) An instrument for meas- 
uring or registering the amount of cloudiness. 

Neph'ew (n^f'u ; M England ngv'u), n. [From F. 
nevett, OF. also, nevou, L. nepos; akin to AS. nefa, G. 
. r. vinoSes, pi., brood, young, Skr. nepat grand- 
son, descendant.] 1. A grandchild, or descendant. [Ar- 
chaic] 2. The son of a brother or a sister, or of a 
brother-in-law or sister-in-law. 

Neph'rite (ngf'rit), n. [See Nephritis.] (Min.) A 
kind of jade formerly worn as a cure for kidney diseases. 

Ne-phrit'ic (iie-fr"it'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to the 

Ne-phrit'ic-al (-T-krtl), J kidneys or urinary organs ; 
renal. — n. A medicine for kidney diseases. 

Ne-phli'tiS (ne-fri'tTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. ve<J>piTis, fr. 
ve<£pbs a kidney.] (3fed.) Inflammation of the kidneys. 

Nep'o-tism (ngp'6-tlz'in), n. [From L. nepos, nepotis. 
See Nephew.] Undue attachment to relations ; favor- 
itism shown to members of one's family. 

Nep'0-tlst (-tlst), n. One who practices nepotism. 

Nep'tune (ngp'tun), n. [L. Neptunus."] 1. {Rom. 
Myth.) The god of the waters, esp. of the sea. 2. 
(Astron.) The remotest known planet of our system. 

Nep-tU'ni-an (ngp-tu'nT-an), a. 1. Of or pertaining 
to the ocean or sea. 2. (Geol.) Formed by water or 
aqueous solution. 

Nep-tU'ni-an (ngp-tu'nT-an), ) n. One who adopts the 

Nep'tU-nist (ngp'tu-mst), ) Neptunian theory, so 
called ; that is, the theory that the rocks and strata of 
the earth were produced by the agency of water. 

Ne're-Id (ne're-Td), n. ; pi. E. Nereids (-Tdz), L. Ne- 
reides (ne-re'T-dez). (Class. Myth.) A sea nymph ; any 
one of the daughters of Nereus, an ancient sea god. 

Ner'O-li (ner'6-li), n. [F. neroli.~\ (Chem.) An es- 
sential oil of a strong odor, obtained from orange flowers. 

Nerv'ate (nerv'at), a. (Bot.) Same as Nerved, 2. 

Ner-va'tion (ner-va'shun), n. The arrangement of 
nerves and veins, esp. those of leaves ; neuration. 

Nerve (nerv), n. [F. nerf, L. nervus; akin to Gr. 
veiipov sinew, nerve.] 1. (Anat.) One of the bundles of 
fibers which transmit nervous impulses between nerve 
centers and various parts of the animal body. 2. A sinew 
or a tendon. 3. Physical force or steadiness. 4. Steadi- 
ness and firmness of mind ; self-command ; resolution ; 
fortitude. 5. (Bot.) One of the principal ribs of a leaf, 
esp. when extending straight from the base or the midrib. 
6. (Zool.) One of the veins in the wings of insects. 

Nerve (nerv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nerved (nervd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Nerving.] To give strength or vigor to ; 
to supply with force. 

Nerved (nervd), a. 1. Having nerves of a designated 
character; as, wesik-nerved. 2. (Bot. & Zool.) Having 
nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins. 

Nerve'less (nerv'lgs), a. Destitute of nerve or nerves. 

Nervine (nervln), a. (Med.) Having the quality of 
acting upon or affecting the nerves; quieting nervous 
excitement. — n. A nervine agent. 

Nerv'OUB(nerv'us),a. 1. Possessing nerve ; sinewy; 
strong ; vigorous. 2. Possessing or manifesting vigor of 
mind. 3. Of or pertaining to the nerves; seated in the 
nerve*. 4. Having the nerves weak, diseased, or easily 
excited ; easily agitated or annoyed ; excitable. — Nerv'- 
ous-ly . adv. — Nerv'ous ness, n. 

Nervous temperament, a condition of body characterized 
by a general predominance of mental manifestations. 

Nerv'ure (-fir), n. [F.] A nerve of a leaf, or of a 
•■viiit' of an insect. 

Nerv'y {-f), a. Possessing nerve ; strong; sinewy. 

Nes'cience (nesh'ens), n. [L. nescienlia, fr. nesciens, 
P pr. of neicire not to know; ne not -f- scire to know.] 
Want of knowledge ; ignorance ; agnosticism. 

-ness (-lie's). [AS. -ness, -nyss, -nys; akin to G. -nis, 
-nits, Goth. -dnassus.~\ A suffix used to form abstract 
nouns expressive of quality or stale. 



Nest (nSst), n. [AS. nest; akin to G. nest, L. nidus, 
for nisdus, Skr. 7iida resting place, nest.] 1. The recep- 
tacle prepared by a bird for holding her eggs and rear- 
ing her young. 2. Hence : The place in which the eggs 
of other animals, as insects, turtles, etc., are laid and 
hatched. 3. A snug, comfortable, or cozy residence ; 
retreat, or place of habitual resort. 4. Those who oc- 
cupy a nest or frequent a haunt ; brood ; society. 5. 
(Geol.) An isolated mass of any ore or mineral. 6. A 
collection of boxes, cases, or the like, of graduated size. 

Nest egg, an egg left in the nest to prevent the hen from 
forsaking it, and to induce her to lay more there. 

Nest (nSst), v. i. To build and occupy a nest. 

Nes'tle (n6s''l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nestled (-'Id) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Nestling (-ling).] [AS. nestlian.] 1. To 
lie close and snug, as a bird or a brood in a nest. 2. To 
move about in one's place, like a bird shaping her nest. 

Nes'tle, v. t. 1. To house, as in a nest. 2. To cher- 
ish, as a bird her young. 

Nes'tling (ngs'ling), n. A young bird in the nest. 

Nes-tO'ri an (ngs-to'ri-an), n. (Eccl. Hist.) An ad- 
herent of Nestorius, who maintained that the divine and 
the human natures were not merged into one in Christ. 

Net (nSt), n. [AS. net; akin to G. netz ; of uncertain 
origin.] 1. A fabric of twine, thread, or the like, 
wrought or woven in meshes, esp. one that is used for 
catching fish, birds, etc. 2. Fig. : Any device for catch- 
ing and holding ; a snare. 

Net, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Netted (-tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Netting.] 1. To make into a net or network. 2. To 
take in a net ; to snare. 3. To inclose or cover with a net. 

Net, v. i. To form network or netting ; to knit. 

Net, a. [F. See 3d Neat.] 1. Pure ; unadulterated ; 
neat. [i2.] 2. Not including superfluous, incidental, 
or foreign matter ; free from charges, deductions, etc. 

Net, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Netted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Net- 
ting.] To produce or gain as clear profit. 

Neth'er (neWer), a. [AS. ni&era, fr. the adv. niSer 
downward ; akin to neodan below, beneath, G. nieder, 
Skr. ni down.] Situated beneath, or in the lower part ; 
belonging to the region below ; lower ; under. 

Neth'er-most/ (-most'), a. Lowest. 

Net'ting (neVting), n. 1. Act or process of mak- 
ing nets or network. 2. A fabric, or a piece of network. 

Net'tle (net't'l), n. [AS. netele; akin to G. nessel.] 
(Bot.) A kind of plant covered with minute sharp hairs 
containing a poison that pro- 
duces a stinging sensation. 

Nettle rash (Med.) : an eruptive 
disease causing a stinging sensa- 
tion. 

Net'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Nettled (-t'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
-tling.] To fret or sting; to 
irritate or vex. 

Net/work' (-wfirk'), n. A 
fabric of threads, cords, or wires 
crossing each other at intervals, 
and secured at the crossings. 
Also used figuratively. 

Neu'ral (nu'ral), a. [Gr. vev- 
pov nerve.] (Aiiat. & Zool.) Re- 
lating to the nerves or nervous system ; of, pertaining 
to, or in the region of, the neural, or cerebro-spinal, axis. 

Neu-ral'gl-a (nu-rai'jT-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. vevpov 
nerve -j- dAyos pain.] (Med.) A disease, the chief 
symptom of which is acute pain, which follows the course 
of a nervous branch, and seems therefore to be seated in 
the nerve. — Neu-ral'gic (-jik), a. 

Neu-ra'tion (nu-ra'shun), n. (Biol.) Nervation. 

II Neu ri-lem'ma (nu'rT-lem'ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
vevpov nerve -f- Ae'/u./u.a skin.] (Anat.) (a) The delicate 
outer sheath of a nerve fiber. (6) The perineurium. 

Neu'ro- (nu'ro-). [Gr. vevpov nerve.] (Anat.) A com- 
bining form denoting a nerve, of or pertaining to a nerve 
or the nervous system. 

II Neu-rog'li-a (nu-r5g'lT-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. vevpov 
nerve -f y^o. glue.] (Anat.) The delicate connective 
tissue of the brain and spinal cord. [rology. I 

Neu-rol'O-gist (nu-rSl'o-jist), n. One versed in neu- 1 

Neu-rol'0-gy (-jy), n. [Neuro- + -logy.} The science 
which treats of the nervous system or its diseases. 

Neu-rop'a-thy (nu-r5p'a-thy), n. [Neuro- -f -palhy.'] 
(Med.) An affection of the nervous system or of a nerve. 

Neu-rop / ter (nu-r5p'ter), n. [Neuro- -f- Gr. 7rrepdv 
wing.] (Zool.) One of the Neuroptera, an order of 
hexapod insects having two pairs of large, membranous, 
net-veined wings. — Neu-rop'ter-al (-al), a. 




a, 5, 1, o, u, long ; a, £, I, 5, H, y, short ; senate, £vent, Idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



NEUROSIS 



557 



NICKNAME 



II Neu-ro'sis Jnu-ro'sTs), n. ; pi. Necroses (-sez). 
[NL., fr. Gr. vevpov nerve.] {Med.) A functional nerv- 
ous affection or disease ; that is, a disease of the nerves 
without any appreciable change of nerve structure. 

Neu-rot'iC (nu-r5t'Tk), a. [Gr. vevpov nerve.] Of or 
pertaining to the nerves ; seated in the nerves ; nervous. 

Neu-rot'ic, n. 1. A disease seated in the nerves. 

2. {Med.) Any toxic agent whose action is mainly di- 
rected to the great nerve centers. 

Neu-rot'O-my (-o-mjf), n. [Xeuro- -f -tomy.] 1. The 
dissection, or anatomy, of the nervous system. 2. {Med.) 
The division of a nerve for relieving pain. 

Neu'ter (nu'ter), a. [L., fr. ne not -f uter whether; 
akin to E. no and whether.'] 1. Neither the one thing 
nor the other ; on neither side ; impartial ; neutral. 
[Archaic] 2. {Gram.) {a) Having a form belonging 
more especially to words which are not appellations of 
males or females ; expressing or designating that which 
is, or is regarded as, of neither sex. (6) Intransitive. 

3. {Biol.) Having no generative organs, or imperfectly 
developed ones ; sexless ; — applied esp. to certain im- 
perfectly developed females of social insects, as of bees 
and ants. [animal, or part of speech. I 

Neu'ter, n. That which is neuter ; a neuter person, | 

Neu'tral (nu'trcrl), a. [L. neutralis.] 1. Not en- 
gaged on either side ; neuter ; indifferent. 2. Neither 
good nor bad ; not decided or pronounced ; being of a 
medium quality. 3. {Biol.) Neuter. 4. {Chem.) Hav- 
ing neither acid nor basic properties. 

Neu'tral (nvi'tral), n. A neutral person or nation. 

Neutrality (nu-tral'T-ty), n. 1. State or quality of 
being neutral ; indifference; specif. {International Law), 
the condition of a nation or government which takes no 
part in a war between other powers. 2. Those who are 
neutral ; a combination of neutral powers or states. 

Neu tral-i-za'tion (nu'trfll-T-za'shun), n. Act or proc- 
ess of neutralizing^ or state of being neutralized. 

Neu'tral-ize (mi'tral-iz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Neutral- 
ized (-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Neutralizing (-i'zlng).] 

1. To render neutral ; to reduce to a state of neutrality. 

2. To destroy the peculiar properties or opposite disposi- 
tions of ; to make inactive or inefficient ; counteract. 

Neu'tral-i zer (-i'zer), n. One that neutralizes. 

Neu'tral-ly, adv. In a neutral manner. 

Nev'er (nev'er), adv. [AS. nsefre ; ne not, no -f- sefre 
ever.] 1. Not ever ;. at no time, whether past, present, 
or future. 2. In no degree ; not in the least ; not. 

Never so, as never before ; ever so. 

Nev'er-inore' (-mor'), adv. Never again or hereafter. 

Nev'er-the-less' (-the-les'), adv. or conj. [See The, 
adv.] Not the less ; notwithstanding ; in spite of that. 

Syn. — However ; at least ; yet ; still. See However. 

New (nu), a. [Compar. Newer (-er) ; superl. Newest.] 
[AS. niwe, neowe ; akin to G. neu, Goth, niujis, Ir. nua, 
Gael, nuadh, L. novus, Gr. veos, Skr. nava.] 1. Having 
existed, or having been made, but a short time ; having 
originated or occurred lately ; recent ; fresh ; modern. 
2. Lately manifested or discovered, although existing 
before. 3. Having the state or quality of freshness ; 
also, changed for the better ; renovated ; unworn ; un- 
tried ; unspent. 4. Being of a race or ancestral line not 
long distinguished. 5. Not habituated ; unaccustomed. 

New Church, or New Jerusalem Church, the church holding 
the doctrines taught by Emanuel Swedenborg. 

Syn. — Novel ; recent ; fresh ; modern. See Novel. 

New (nu), adv. Newly ; recently. 

New'com'er (-kum'er), n. One who has lately come. 

New'el (uu'el), n. [OF. nual stone of fruit, fr. L. 
nucalis like a nut, fr. nux, nucis, nut.] {Arch.) The up- 
right post about which the steps of a circular staircase 
wind ; hence, in stairs having straight nights, the princi- 
pal post at the foot or angles of a staircase. 

New'fan'gled (fSn/g'ld), a. [New -f f angled, f r. obs. 
f angle to make, fr. obs. fang to catch.] 1. Newmade; 
formed with the affectation of novelty. 2. Disposed to 
change ; inclined to novelties. 

New fash'ioned (nu'fash'und), a. Made in a new 
form, or lately come into fashion. 

New'ish, a. Somewhat new ; nearly new. 

Newly, adv. 1. Lately; recently. 2. Anew ; afresh. 

New'-mod'el_(nu'm5d'ei), v. t. To remodel. 

New'ness (nu'ngs), n. Quality or state of being new. 

News (nuz), n. [From New; — a pi. in form, but 
construed as a singular.] 1. A report of recent occur- 
rences ; fresh tidings ; recent intelligence. 2. Some- 
thing before unknown. 

NewsT>oy' (-boi'), News'man (-man), n. A boy or 
a man who distributes or sells newspapers. 



News'mon'ger (nuz'mun'ger), n. One who deals in 
news ; one who is active in hearing and telling news. 

News'pa per (-pa'per), n. A public print that circu- 
lates news, advertisements, etc. 

News'room' (-room'), n. A room for the collecting 
or disseminating of news or newspapers. 

Newt (nut), n. [OE. eat, evete, AS. efete, with n pre- 
fixed, an ewt being understood as a newt.] {Zool.) Any 
one of several species of small, aquatic salamanders. 



< 




American Newt (Diemicli/lus virideanens). 

Next (ngkst), a., superl. of Nigh. [AS. netist, niehst, 
nylist, superl. of neah, E. nigh.] 1. Nearest in place. 
2. Nearest in time. 3. Adjoining in a series. 4. Near- 
est in degree, quality, rank, right, or relation. 

Next, adv. In the time, place, or order nearest or im- 
mediately succeeding. 

Nib (nib), n. [A variant of Neb.] A small pointed 
thing or part ; as the beak of a bird, the points of a pen, 
etc. ; prong ; neb ; a short pen. 

Nib, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Nibbed (nTbd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Nibbing.] To put a nib on ; to point, or repoint. 

Nib'ble (nlb'b'l), v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Nibbled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Nibbling (-bllng).] [Cf. Nip.] 
To bite or eat slowly or in bits ; to bite gently or cau- 
tiously. 

Nib'ble, n. A small or cautious bite. 

Nib'bler (-bier), n. One who, or that which, nibbles. 

Nice (nis), a. [Compar. Nicer (ni'ser) ; superl. 
Nicest.] [OE., foolish, fr. OF. nice ignorant, fool, fr. 
L. nescius ignorant ; ne ot -{- scius knowing, scire to 
know.] 1. Overscrupulous or exacting ; fastidious in 
small matters. 2. Delicate ; refined ; dainty ; pure. 3. 
Carefully discriminating. 4. Done or made with careful 
labor ; evidencing great skill ; exact ; fine ; exactly dis- 
criminated ; requiring close discrimination. 5. Pleas- 
ing ; agreeable ; gratifying ; excellent. [Loosely & 
Colloquially] — Nicely, adv. — Nice'ness. n. 

Syn. — Exquisite ; accurate ; correct : precise ; particu- 
lar ; punctilious ; squeamish ; finical ; effeminate ; silly. 

Ni'cene (m'sen or nl-sen'), a. Of or pertaining to 
Nice, a town of Asia Minor, or to the ecumenical council 
which there (a. d. 325) composed and adopted the Nicene 
Creed as a summary of Christian faith. 

Ni'ce-ty (ni'se-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
nice. 2. A delicate expression, act, mode of treatment, 
distinction, or the like ; a minute distinction. 

Niche (nich), n. [F., fr. It. nicchia, prop., a shell- 
like recess in a wall, fr. nicchio a shell- 
fish, mussel, fr. L. mytilus.] A cavity, 
hollow, or recess, generally within the 
thickness of a wall, for a statue, bust, 
or other erect ornament. 

Nick (nlk), 7i. [AS. nicor a marine 
monster; akin to G. nix.] {Northern 
Myth.) An evil spirit of the waters. 

Old Nick, the Evil One ; Devil. [Colloq.] 

Nick, n. [Akin to obs. nock a notch.] 
1. A notch cut into something. Hence, 
a broken or indented place in any edge 
or surface. 2. A particular point or 
place considered as marked by a nick. 

Nick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nicked 
(nlkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Nicking.] 1. To 
make a nick or nicks in ; to notch. 2. 
To mar ; to deface. 3. To suit or fit chitecturul Vase, 
into, as by a correspondence of nicks. 

Nick'el (nik'el), n. [G., fr. Sw. nickel, abbrev. fr. 
Sw. kopparnickel copper-nickel, it being thought to be a 
base ore of copper; — nickel being of uncertain origin.] 
1. {Chem.) A bright, silver-white metal. It is hard, 
malleable, and ductile. 2. A small coin made of or con- 
taining nickel ; esp., a five-cent piece. [Colloq. l~. S.] 

Nick el-if'er-OUS (nlk/gl-Ifer-us), a. [Xickel + 
-ferous.] Containing nickel. 

Nick'er nut' (nut'). A hard, rounded seed, rather 
smaller than a nutmeg, the fruit of woody climbers of 
the genus Csesalpinia. [nicker nuts. I 

Nick'er tree 7 (tre 7 ). {Bot.) The plant producing! 

Nick'nack (nlk'nSk'), n. See Knickknack. 

Nlck'name' (nlk'nam'), n. [OE. ekename surname, 
nickname, an ekename being for a nekename.] A name 
given in contempt, derision, or sportive familiarity. 




fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



NICKNAME 



558 



NINTH 



Nick'name (alkUbtf \ t • '• To give ■ nickname to. 

Ni-co'tlan (al-kPtohan), »• [F. nicotian*;— from 

u> introduced it into France, a. d. 1360.] To- 

r.*?*j 

Nic'o-tlne (ntk'ft-tln or -ten), i». [See Nicotian.] 
rhe active principle of tobacco, an intensely 
us alkaloid. 

Nic'tate (nlkttt), v. i. [L. tiictare, nictatum, from 
to beckon.] To wink ; to nictitate. 

Nic'ti-tate (nlktl-tit), V. i. To wink : to nictate. 

Nic ti-ta'tion (-ta'shon), n. Act of winking. 

Nid a-men'tal uild a-meu'tal), a. [L. nidamentum 
material for a nest, fr. iiulus uest. See Nest.] (Zool.) 
Of. pertaining to. or bearing, eggs or egg capsules. 

Nid'i-fl-cate (md'I-fi-kat). r. i. [L. nidificare, nidi- 

nidus nest + -ficare to make. See -fy.] To 

make a nest. [a nest. I 

Nid i-ti-ca'tion (nid'Y-fT-kl'ahttn), n. Act of building! 

Nid'U-lant (nld'u-l«nt), a. [L. nidulans, p. pr.] 1. 
Nestling, as a bird in its nest. 2. (Bot.) Lying loose in 
pulp or cotton within a berry or pericarp. 

Nid'u-late (-lat), v. i. [*L. nidulari, deriv. of nidus 
nest, j To make a nest. [nest. [£.]\ 

Nid U-la'tion (-la'shun), « . Time of remaining in the | 
Ni'dus (niMus), n. ; pi. Nidi (-di). [L.] A nest ; a 
breeding place, esp. of parasites or germs of a disease. 

Niece (nes), n. [OE. ?iece, F. niece, LL. nepiia, for 
L. neptis granddaughter, niece, akin to nepos. See 
Nephew.] 1. A relative. 2. A daughter of one's brother 
or sister, or of one's brother-in-law or sister-in-law. 

Niello (nI-8116), n. [It., deriv. of L. nigellus, dim. 
of niger black.] 1. A metallic alloy of a black color. 
2. Art, process, or method of decorating metal with in- 
laid designs of this alloy. 3. Any object so decorated. 

Nig'gard (nig'gerd), n. [Icel. hrioggr niggardly, 
stingy -j- -ard."] A person meanly close and covetous ; a 
miser. — or. Parsimonious ; stingy. 

Nig'gard-ly. a. Meanly covetous, avaricious, or par- 
simonious, in dealing with others ; stingy ; niggard. — 
adv. In a niggard manner. 

Syn. — Avaricious ; covetous; parsimonious; sparing; 
miserly ; penurious ; sordid ; stingy. 

Nig'ger (-ger), n. A negro; — vulgarly derisive or 
depreciative. 

Nigh (ni), a. \_Compnr. Nighee (-er) ; superl. Nigh- 
est, or Next (nekst).] [AS. neah, neh; akin to G. nah, 
a., nach to, after.] Not distant or remote in place, time, 
degree, kinship, circumstances, etc. ; near ; neighboring. 

Syn. — Close: adjacent; contiguous; present. 

Nigh, adv. 1. In a situation near in place or time, or 
in the course of events ; near. 2. Almost ; nearly. 

Nigh, prep. Near to ; not remote or distant from. 

Night (nit), n. [AS. neaht, niht ; akin to G. nacht, 
Ir. nochd, L. nox, noctis, Gr. vvi-, wktoj, Skr. nakla, 
nakti.] 1. The time from sunset to sunrise, esp. when 
there is no light of the sun. 2. Hence : (a) Darkness ; 
obscurity; concealment. (b) Intellectual and moral 
darkness ; ignorance, (c) A state of affliction ; adversity. 
(d) Death, (e) A lifeless or unenlivened period. 

Night fire, (a) Fire burning in the night. (6) Ignis 
fatuus ; Will-o'-the-wisp : Jack-with-a-lantern. — Night 
hawk (Zool.), an American bird allied to the goatsucker. 
It hunts the insects on which it feeds toward evening, on 
the wing. — Night soil, human excrement, — collected in 
cities by night. — Night walker, one who roves about at 
night; as: (a) A somnambulist, (b) A prostitute. 

Night'cap (-kSp 7 ), n. 1. A cap worn in bed, or in un- 
dress. 2. A potion of spirit drunk at bedtime. [Cant] 

Night'fall' (-fal'), n. The close of the day. 

Night'gown' '('-goun'), n. A loose gown used for un- 
dress : also, a gown used for a sleeping garment. 

Nightingale (nitln-gal), n. [AS. nihtegale ; niht 
night + gacan to 
sing, akin to £. 
yell.-\ (Zool.) (a) 
A small, brown and gray 
European bird that 
Bings at night, and is 
celebrated for the 
sweetness of its song. 
(6) A larger species of 
Eastern Europe ; the 
thrush nightingale. 

Nightlong' (-long'; 
115), a. Lasting all 
night. 

Nightly, a. Of or pertaining to the night, or to every 
night ; happening or done by night, or every night. 

Nightly, adv. At night ; every night. 




Nightingale (a) 
(Luscinia luscinia). 



Night'mare / (nit'mSr'), n . [Night + mare incubus.] 
1. A fiend or incubus formerly supposed to cause trouble 
in sleep. 2. A condition in sleep characterized by a 
sense of extreme uneasiness or discomfort or by frightful 
or oppressive dreams. 3. Hence, any overwhelming, 
oppressive, or stupefying influence. 

Night'shade' (nit'shad'), n. (Bot.) Any one of many 
species of the genus Sola?ium; esp., S. nigrum, or black 
nightshade, a low, branching weed with small white flow- 
ers, and black globular berries reputed to be poisonous. 

Deadly nightshade. Same as Belladonna (a). 

Ni-gres'cent (nf-gres'sent), a. [L. nigrescens, p. pr., 
deriv. of niger black.] Growing black ; approaching to 

Nig'ri-fi-ca'tion (nTg'rl-fi-ka'shun), n. [L. nigri fi- 
care to blacken ; niger black -f- -ficare. See -fy.] Act 
of making black, [R.] 

Ni'hil-ism (m'hll-iz'in), n. [L. nihil nothing.] 1. 
Nothingness ; nihility. 2. Skepticism as to all knowledge 
and all reality. 3. (Politics) The theories and practices 
of those devoted to the destruction of present political, 
religious, and social institutions. [teaches, nihilism. I 

Ni'hil-ist, n. One who advocates, believes in, or| 

Ni'hil-is'tic (ni'liTl-Ts'tlk), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
characterized by, nihilism. [being nothing. I 

Ni-hill-ty (nt-hil'T-tjf), n. Nothingness; state of | 

Nil (nil), n. & a. [L., a contr. of nihil.] Nothing ; of 
no account ; worthless. 

Nil'gau (nll'ga), n. (Zool.) See Nylghau. 

Nill (nil), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Nilled (mid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Nilling.] [AS. nillan, nyllan; ne not 
-j- willan to will.] Not to will ; to refuse. [Obs.~\ 

Will he, nill he, whether he wills or not ; willy nilly. 

Ni-lom'e-ter (nt-lom'e-ter), n. [Nile the river + 
-meter.] An instrument for measuring the periodical 
rise of water in the river Nile. [Nile. I 

Ni-lotlc (nt-15t'ik), a. Of or pertaining to the river | 

Niml)le (nim'b'l), a. [Compar. Nimblee (-bier); 
superl. Nimblest (-blest).] [OE. nimel ; prob. orig., 
quick at seizing, fr. nimen to take, AS. niman, akin to 
G. nehmen.] Light and quick in motion ; swift. — 
Nim'ble-ness. n. — Niml>ly, adv. 

Syn. — Agile; quick; active; brisk; lively; prompt. 

Nim'bus (mni'bus), n. ; pi. L. Nimbi (-bi), E. Nim- 
buses (-Sz). [L., rain storm, rain cloud, the splendor 
which enveloped the gods when they appeared on earth.] 
1. (Fine Arts) A circle, or disk, or any indication of 
radiant light around the heads of divinities, saints, etc. ; 
a halo. 2. (Meteor.) A form of rain cloud. See Cloud. 

Nin'com-poop (nTnli5m-p5op), n. [A corruption of 
non compos.] A. fool ; a silly or stupid person. [Low] 

Nine (nin), a. [AS. nigon, nigan ; akin to G. neun, 
Icel. niu, L. novem, Gr. euvea, Skr. navan ; of unknown 
origin.] Eight and one more ; one less than ten. 

Nine, n. 1. The number greater than eight by a unit ; 
nine units or objects. 2. A symbol representing nine 
units, as 9 or ix. 

The Nine, the nine Muses. 

Nine'fold' (-fold'), a. Nine times repeated. 

Nine'holes' (-holz'), n. pi. A game in which nine 
holes are made in the ground, into which a ball is bowled. 

Nine'pence (-pens), n. ; pi. Nenepences (-pen-sez). 
1. An old English silver coin, worth nine pence. 2. A 
New England name for the Spanish real, formerly cur- 
rent there, and valued at twelve and a half cents. 

Nine'pins (-pinz), n. pi. A game played by bowling 
at nine pins, or pieces of wood, set on end, to knock 
them down. 

Nine'teen' (-ten'), a. [See Nine, and Ten.] Nine 
and ten ; eighteen and one more. — n. The number 
greater than eighteen by a unit ; nineteen units or ob- 
jects ; also, a symbol for nineteen units, as 19 or xix. 

Nine'teenth' (-tenth'), a. 1. Following the eighteenth 
and preceding the twentieth. 2. Constituting or being 
one of nineteen equal parts into which anything is di- 
vided. — 7i. One of nineteen equal parts of anything; 
also, the one next in order after the eighteenth. 

Nine'tl-eth (nin'tT-e'th), a. 1. Next in order after 
the eighty-ninth. 2. Constituting or being one of ninety 
equal parts. — n. One of ninety equal parts of any- 
thing ; also, the next in order after the eighty-ninth. 

Nlne'ty (nin't^), a. Nine times ten ; eighty-nine and 
one more. — n. The sum of nine times ten ; the number 
greater by a unit than eighty-nine ; ninety units or ob- 
jects ; also, a symbol for ninety units, as 90 or xc. 

Nin'ny (nln'nj), n. [Cf. It. ninno, ninna, a baby.] 
A fool ; a simpleton ; a dunce. 

Ninth (ninth), a. [From Nine.] 1. Following the 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u., y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm. ask, all, final. 



NINTH 



559 



NODDY 




Cutting Nippers, 2. 



eighth and preceding the tenth; coming after eight 
others. 2. Being one of nine equal parts into which 
anything is divided. — Nintb/ly (nlnth'iy), adv. 

Ninth (ninth), n. 1. The quotient of one divided by 
nine ; one of nine equal parts of a thing ; the next after 
the eighth. 2. (Mus.) (a) An interval containing an oc- 
tave and a second. (6) A chord of the dominant seventh 
with the ninth added. [niobium. I 

Ni-O'bic (ni-o'blc), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to| 

Ni-o'bi-um (ni-o'bT-Qm), n. [NL., fr. L. & E. Niobe, 
daughter of Tantalus.] (Chem.) A rare element of the 
vanadium group. 

Nip (nip), n. [LG. & D. nippen to sip.] A sip or 
small draught ; a dram. 

Nip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nipped (nipt), less properly 
Nipt; p. pr. & vb. n. Nipping (-ping).] [OE. nipen ; 
cf. D. nijpen to pinch, also knippen to nip, pinch, G. 
kneipen, kneifen, to pinch, nip.] 1. To catch and in- 
close or compress tightly between two surfaces, edges, 
or points ; to pinch ; to close in upon. 2. To remove by 
pinching, biting, or cutting with two meeting edges ; to 
clip. 3. Hence : To blast, as by frost ; to destroy. 4. To 
vex or pain, as by nipping ; hence, to taunt. 

Nip, n. Act of nipping ; a pinch ; a clipping ; blast- 
ing ; fig., biting sarcasm ; taunt. 

Nip'per (mp'per), n. 1. One who, or that which, nips. 

2. pi. Small pinchers for holding, breaking, or cutting. 

3. pi. (Mach.) A device 
with fingers or jaws for 
seizing an object. 

Nip'ple (nTp'p'l), n. 
[Formerly neble, a dim. of 
Neb.] 1. (Anat.) The pro- 
tuberance through which milk is drawn from the breast 
or mamma ; a teat ; a pap. 2. Any small projection or 
article in which there is an orifice for discharging a fluid, 
or for other purposes. 3. (Mech.) A short pipe fitting, 
for connecting two other fittings. 

II Nir-va'na (ner-va'na), n. [Skr. nirvana.'] In the 
Buddhist system of religion, the final emancipation of 
the soul from transmigration, as by annihilation or by 
absorption into the divine. 

II Ni'san (ni'sSn), n. [Heb. nlsan.] The first month 
of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, formerly answering 
nearly to the month of April, now to March. 

II Ni'si (ni'si), conj. [L.] Unless ; if not. 

OUT" In legal proceedings, this word is used to indicate 
that any order, etc., shall take effect at a given time, un- 
less previously modified, or in some way abrogated. 

Nisi prius (Law), unless before;— a phrase applied to 
terms of court, held generally by a single judge, with a 
jury, for the trial of civil causes. 

Nit (nit), n. [AS. hnitu ; akin to G. niss.] (Zo'ol.) 
The egg of a louse or other small insect. 

Ni/ten-cy (ni'ten-sy), n. 1. [From L. nitens, p. pr. of 
nitere to shine.] Brightness. [R.] 2. [FromL. nitens, 
p. pr. of niti to strive.] Endeavor ; tendency. [R.] 

Ni/ter ) (ni'ter), n. [F. nitre, L. nit rum native soda, 

Ni'tre ) natron, Gr. vCrpov.] 1. (Chem.) A white, 
crystalline, semitransparent salt; potassium nitrate; 
saltpeter. 2. Natron. [06s.] 

Nit'id (nit'Td), a. [L. nitidus, fr. nitere. See Neat 
clean.] 1. Lustrous, [R.] 2. Gay ; spruce. [R.] 

Ni'trate (ni'trat), n. (Chem.) A salt of nitric acid. 

Ni'tre (ni'ter), n. (Chem.) See Niter. 

Ni'tric (ni'trik), a. [See Niteb.] (Chem.) Of, per- 
taining to, or containing, nitrogen. See -ic. 

Nitric acid, a strong, liquid acid, esp. in its highest va- 
lence, obtained by distilling a nitrate with sulphuric acid. 
It is powerfully corrosive. — Nitric oxide, a colorless poison- 
ous gas obtained by treating nitric acid with copper. 

Ni'tri-fy (-trl-fi), v. t. [Niter + -fy.] (Chem.) To 
combine or impregnate with nitrogen ; to convert, by 
oxidation, into nitrous or nitric acid. 

Ni'tro- (ni'tro-). 1. A combining form or an adjective 
denoting the presence of niter. 2. (Chem.) A combin- 
ing form (used also adjectively) designating certain com- 
pounds of nitrogen or of its acids. 

Ni'tro-gen (ni'tro-jen), n. [L. nitrum natron + -gen."] 
(Chem.) A colorless, gaseous, nonmetallic element, taste- 
less and odorless. It comprises four fifths of the atmos- 
phere by volume and is a constituent of all organized 
living tissues. 

Ni'tTO-gen-ize (-iz), v. t. (Chem.) To combine or im- 
pregnate with nitrogen or its compounds. 

Ni-trog'e-nous (nt-tr5j'e-nQs), a. (Chem.) Of, per- 
taining to, or resembling, nitrogen. 

Ni'tro-glyc'er-in (ni'tro-glis'er-Tn), n. [Xitro- + 
glycerin.] (Chem.) An extremely unstable and terribly 



explosive liquid, appearing like a heavy oil, and consist- 
ing of a mixture of several glycerin salts of nitric acid. 

Nl'trous (ni'trus), a. [See Niteb.] Of, pertaining 
to, containing, or resembling, niter, esp. in its lowest 
valence. See -ous. 

Nifty (nTt'ty), a. Full of nits. 

Niv'e-OUS (nlv'e-us), a. [L. niveus, fr. nix, nivis, 
snow.] Snowy ; resembling snow. 

Nix(nTks),n. ; fern. Nixe (nlks'e). [G. Cf. IstNiCK.] 
(Teut. Myth.) One of a class of water spirits, commonly 
described as of a mischievous disposition. 

Nls'ie (nlks'I), n. See Nix. 

No (no), a. [OF. no, non, the same word as E. none.] 
Not any ; not one ; none. 

No, adv. [OE. no, na, AS. no. ; ne not -f- a ever. AS. 
ne is akin to L. ne, Gr. itj-, Skr. na, and also to E. prefix 
un-.] Nay ; not ; not at all ; not in any respect or de- 
gree ; — expressing negation, denial, or refusal. 

No (no), n. ; pi. Noes (noz). 1. A refusal by use of 
the word no ; a denial. 2. A negative vote or voter. 

No-a'chi-an (no-a'kT-an), a. Of or pertaining to the 
patriarch Noah, or to his time. 

Nob (nob), n. [For Noble.] A nobleman. [Slang] 

Nob'Dy (-by), a. Stylish ; modish ; elegant ; showy ; 
aristocratic ; fashionable. [Sla?ig] 

No-bil'i-ty (nS-Ml'i-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of be- 
ing noble ; as in mind, character, birth, rank, title, etc. 

2. Those who are noble ; the collective body of nobleB 
or titled persons in a state ; the peerage. 

No'ble (no'b'l), a. [Compar. Nobler (-bier) ; super!. 
Noblest (-blest).] [F. noble, fr. L. nobilis that can be or 
is known, famous, highborn, noble, fr. noscere to know.] 

1. Possessing eminence, elevation, dignity, etc. ; exalted ; 
being above whatever is low, mean, degrading, or dishon- 
orable ; magnanimous. 2. Grand ; magnificent ; splendid. 

3. Of exalted rank ; of or pert, to the nobility ; highborn. 
Syn. — Honorable ; worthy ; dignified ; elevated ; su- 
perior ; sublime ; great ; eminent ; stately ; generous ; 
liberal ; free. 

NoTOle, n. 1. A person of rank above a commoner ; 
nobleman ; peer. 2. An English money of account, and, 
formerly, a gold coin, worth 6s. 8d. sterling, about §1.61. 

No'ble-man (-man), n. A noble ; a peer. 

No'ble-ness, n. Quality or state of being noble. 

No-bless' ) (no-bleV), n. [F. noblesse.] 1. Nobility. 

No-blesse' J [06s.] 2. The nobility ; the peerage. 

No'ble-wom an (no'b'l-woQm'an), n. A peeress. 

No'bly (no'bly), adv. 1. Of noble extraction. 2. In 
a noble manner. 3. Splendidly ; magnificently. 

No'bod-y (no'bod-y), n. [Xo, a. + body.] 1. No 
person ; no one ; not anybody. 2. Hence : A person of 
no influence or importance. [Colloq.] 

No'cent (no'sent), a. [L. nocens, p. pr. of nocere to 
hurt.] Doing hurt, or having a tendency to hurt ; noxious. 

Nock (nok), n. [See Notch.] 1. A notch. [06s.] 

2. (Xaut.) The upper fore corner of a boom sail or of a 
trysail. 

Noc-tam bu-la'tlon (nok-tam'bu-la'shun), n. [L. noz, 
noctis, night -f- ambulare to walk.] Somnambulism. 

Noc-tiVa-gant (-tiv'a-gflnt), a. [L. nox night 4- 
vagans, p. pr., roaming.] (Zo'ol.) Going about by night. 

NoCtO-graph (n5k'to-graf), n. [L. nox night + 
-graph.] A kind of writing frame for the blind. 

Noc'turn (-turn), n. [F. nocturne, fr. L. noclurnus, 
fr. nox, noctis, night.] 1. An act of religious service by 
night. 2. One of the portions into which the Psalter 
was divided, designed to be used at a night service. 

Noc-tUT'nal (nSk-tfir'nal), a. [L. noctumalis.] 1. 
Of, pertaining to, done or occurring in, the night. 2. Fly- 
ing or feeding at night. — Noc-tur'nal-ly, adv. 

Noc-turne' (nok-tflrn'), n. [F.] (Mus.) A night piece, 
or serenade. Also, a certain graceful and expressive 
form of instrumental composition. 

Nod (nod), ?•. i. [imp. & p. p. Nodded (-dgd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Nodding.] [OE. nodden ; cf. E. nudge.] 1. 
To bend or incline the upper part with a quick motion. 
2. To make a slight bow ; to make a motion of assent, of 
salutation, or of drowsiness, with the head. 3. To be 
drowsy or dull ; to be careless. 

Nod, v. t. 1. To incline or bend, as the head or top ; 
to make a motion of assent, of salutation, or of drowsi- 
ness with. 2. To signify by a nod. 

Nod, n. Act or motion of nodding. [node. I 

Nod'al (nod'fll), a. Of the nature of, or relating to, a | 

Nod'der (nSd'der), n. One who nods ; a drowsy person. 

Nod'dle (-d'l), n. [OE. nodil, nodle ; perh. fr. nod.] 
The head ; — used jocosely or contemptuously. 

Nod'dy (-dy), n. [Prob. fr. nod to incline the head.] 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fo*bt, out. oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



NODE 



560 



NONCE 




s$\ 



1. A simpleton; a fool. 2. (Zo'ol.) Anyone of several 

rn, and 

.tic fulmar. 

Node (uod\ n- 
perh. 
akin to E. knot.] 
1 A knot ; knob ; 
p ro t ube r a n o a ; 
swelling. 2. Specif.: 
.-,''(•/:.) One 
of the two points Noddy (Annus stoKdus; 

the orbit of a species o£ tern), 

a planet or comet intersects the ecliptic, or the orbit of 
a satellite intersects the plane of the orbit of its primary. 
(6) (Bot.) The joint of a stem, or the part where a leaf 
or seven] leaves are inserted, (c) {Dialing) A hole in 
the gnomon of a dial, through which the ray of light 
W) (Geom.) The point at which a curve crosses 
itself, (ej (Med.) A hard concretion 
or incrustation which forms upon bones ; 
sometimes, a swelling near a joint. (/) 
(Physics) A motionless point in a body 
vibrating by aliquot parts, as in a sono- 
rous string: a Node (Geom.). 

No-dose' (no-dos'), a. [L. nodosus.] 
Knotty ; having numerous or conspicuous knots or nodes. 

No-dos'i-ty "(n6-d5s'T-ty), ft. 1. Quality of being 
nodose. 2. A knot ; node. [nodule or knot. I 

Nod'U-lar (nod'u-ler ; 135), a. Of, pert, to, or like, a! 

Nod'ule (-51), ft. [L. nodulus, dim. of nodus knot.] 
A rounded, irregular mass ; a little knot or lump. 

Nod'U-lose 7 (-u-losO, \ a. (Bot.) Having small nodes 

Nod'u-lous (-lus), J or knots. 

No-et'ic (uo-et'Tk), 1 a. [Gr. voijtikos, fr. 

No-et'ic-al (-T-kal), ) voelv to perceive, 
vovs mind, intellect.] Intellectual. 

Nog (nog), n. [Abbrev. fr. Noggin.] 1. 
A noggin. 2. A kind of strong ale! 

Nog, ft. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A wooden 
block, built into a wall, as a hold for nails. 

2. A treenail. 
Nog, v. t. 1. To fill in with nogging. 2. 

To fasten with treenails. 

Nog'gin (-gin), n. [Ir. noigin, or Gael. 
noigean.] A small mug or cup. 

Nog'ging (-ging), n. [From Nog, v. t.] 
Rough brick masonry used to fill in the inter- 
stices of a wooden frame. 

Noise (noiz), n. [F., noisy strife, quarrel, fr. L. nausea 
seasickness, disgust. See Nausea.] 1. Sound of any 
kind ; esp. , loud, confused, or senseless sound ; clamor ; 
din. 2. Loud or continuous talk; rumor; report. 3. 
Music, in general ; a concert ; also, a band. [Obs.] 

Syn. — Cry; outcry; clamor; din; clatter; uproar. 

Noise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Noised (noizd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Noising.] To spread by rumor or report. 

Noise, v. i. To sound ; to make a noise. 

Noiseless, a. Making no noise or bustle; silent. 

— Noiselessly, adv. — Noiseless-ness, n. 
Nois'i-ly (noizl-ty), adv. In a noisy manner. 
Nois'1-ness, n. State or quality of being noisy. 
Noi'some (noi'sum), a. [For noysome, fr. noy for 

annoy. ~\ 1. Noxious to health ; hurtful ; destructive. 
2. Offensive to some sense, esp. to smell. — Noi'some- 
ly, adv. — Noi'some-ness, n. 

Syn. — Noxious ; unwholesome ; insalubrious ; mis- 
chievous ; destructive. — There is a tendency to make a 
distinction between noisome and noxious, applying noxious 
to things that inflict evil directly, and noisome to things 
that operate with a remoter influence. Noisome has the 
additional sense of disgusting. 

Nois'y Cnoiz'y), a. [Compar. Noisier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Noisiest.] 1. Making a noise, esp. a loud sound; clam- 
orous ; boisterous. 2. Full of noise. 

No-li'tion Cno-lTsh'Qn), n. [L. nolle not to will ; ne 

— telle to will.] Adverse action of will ; unwillingness. 

Nolle pros'e-qui (n51'le prSs'e-kwi). [L., to be 
unwilling to prosecute.] (Law) "Will not prosecute; — 
an entry on the record, denoting that a plaintiff wholly 
or partly discontinues his suit, or the attorney for the 
public a prosecution. 

Nom'ad (nSm'od), n. [L. nomas, -adis, Gr. vo/aa?, 
staring, roaming without fixed home, fr. vo/nos 
a paHture, f r. i/e>et^ to distribute, allot, drive to pasture.] 
One of a race or tribe that has no fixed location, but 
wanders from place to place in search of pasture or 
game. — a. Roving ; nomadic. 




No-mad'ic (no-inSd'Tk), a. Of or per gaining to nom- 
ads, or their way of life ; wandering. — No-mad'ic ally 
(-T-k«l-ly), adv. [nomad. I 

Nomad-ism (n5m'ad-Tz'ni), n. State of being a| 

No'-man's' land' (no'mSnz' land'). (A T aut.) A space 
amidships used to keep blocks, ropes, etc. ; a space on a 
ship belonging to no one in particular to care for. 

Nom'arch (nSm'ark), n. [Gr. ro/xds a district -j- 
-arehJ] The chief magistrate of a nome or nomarchy. 

Nom/arch-y (nom'ark-y), ft. A nome. 

Nom'bles (num'b'lz), ft. pi. [F. nombles, fr. L. lum- 
bulus, dim. of lumbus loin.] Entrails of a deer ; umbles. 

Nom'bril (nom'brTl), ft. [F., for OF. lombril, i. e., 
ombril, with the article, a dim. fr. L. umbilicus the 
navel.] (Her.) A point halfway between the fess point 
and the middle base point of an escutcheon. 

Nome (nom), n. [Gr. i/o/u.6s, fr. vefietv to distribute.] 
A province or political division ; a nomarchy. 

No'men-cla tor (no'men-kla'ter), n. [L., fr. nomen 
name -f- calare to call.] One who gives names to things, 
or who establishes a technical nomenclature. 

No'men-cla ture (no'men-kla/tur), ft. The technical 
names used in any particular branch of science or art, or 
by any school or individual. 

Nom'ic (nom'Tk), a. [Gr. i/o/uikos, fr. i/6/u.os a law, 
custom.] Customary ; ordinary. 

Nominal (nom'T-nal), a. [L. nominalis, fr. nomen, 
nominis, name. See Name.] 1. Of or pertaining to a 
name or names ; having to do with the literal meaning 
of a word ; verbal. 2. Existing in name only ; not real. 

Nom'i-nal, n. 1. (Gram.) A verb formed from a 
noun. 2. A name ; an appellation. [inalists. 1 

Nom'i-nal ism (-Tz'ni), n. The principles of the Nom- 1 

Nom'i-nal-ist. ft. (Metaph.) One of a sect of philoso- 
phers in the Middle Ages, who held that general con- 
ceptions, or universals, exist in name only. 

Nom'i-nal-ly, adv. By name, or in name only. 

Nom'i-nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nominated 
(-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Nominating (-na'ting).] [L. 
nominare, p. p. -atus, fr. nomen name.] 1. To name. 
[06s.] 2. To name, or designate by name, for an office 
or place ; to appoint ; esp., to name as a candidate. 

Nom i-na'tion (-na'shiin), n. Act of nominating; 
state of being nominated. 

Nom'i-na-tive (n5m'i-na-tiv), a. [L. nominativus.'] 
(Gram.) Naming; designating; — said of that case or 
form of a noun which stands as the subject of a finite 
verb.— n. The nominative case. — Nom'i-na-tive-ly, adv. 

Nomina tor (-na'ter), n. One who nominates. 

Noml-nee' (nom'T-ne 7 ), ft. [See Nominate, and -ee.] 
A person nominated by another, to an office, duty, etc. 

No-moc'ra-cy (n6-mok'ra-sy), n. [Gr. v6fj.os law -f- 
-cracy, as in democracy.] Government according to a 
system of law. 

No-mog'ra-phy (no-mog'ra-f^), n. [Gr. vofioypwfyia; 
voixos law -f ypd<f>eiv to write.] A treatise on laws. 

No-mol'O-gy (no-mol'o-jy), ft. [Gr. vo/uos law -(- 
-logy.] 1. The science of law; legislation. 2. The 
science of the laws of the mind. 

Non (non), a. No ; not. Se3 No, a. 

Non- (non-). [L. non, OL. noenu, noenum, fr. neoe- 
num, lit., not one. See None.] A prefix used in the 
sense of not ; un- ; in-. 

ffig^ The prefix non- may be joined to the leading word 
by means of a hyphen, or, in most cases, the hyphen may 
be dispensed with. 

Non ac-cept/arice (-Sk-sept'ans), n. A neglect or re- 
fusal to accept. 

Non'age (non'aj), ft. [Pref. non- + age.] Time of 
life before a person becomes of age ; minority. 

Non a-ge-na'ri-an (non'a-je-na'ri-an), ft. [L. nona- 
genarius containing ninety, fr. nonageni ninety each ; 
akin to novem nine.] A person ninety years old. 

Non a-ges'i-mal (-jes'Y-mal), w. [From L. nonage- 
simus ninetieth.] (Astron.) The highest point of the 
ecliptic above the horizon at any given moment, being 
ninety degrees from the points intersected by the horizon. 

Non'a-gon (non'a-g5n), n. [L. nonus ninth -j- Gr. 
ywi/ux angle.] (Math.) A figure or polygon having nine 
sides and nine angles. [appear. I 

Non'ap-pear'ance (non'ap-per'ans), ft. Failure to| 

Non'ap-point'ment (-point'ment), n. Neglect of mak- 
ing appointment ; failure to receive an appointment. 

Non'ar-riv'al (-3r-rlv'al), n. Failure to arrive. 

Nonat-tend'ance (-St-tgnd'ans), n. Failure to attend. 

Nonce (nons), n. [For the nonce, OE. for the nones, 
a corruption of for then ones, where ft in then is a relic 
of AS. m in Sam, dat. of the article and demonstrative 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1 , d, ii, y, short ; Benite, 8vent, idea, obey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



NONCHALANCE 



561 



NOR 



pronoun, E. the.'] The one or single occasion ; the pres- 
ent purpose ; — chiefly in the phrase for the nonce. 

II Nonchalance' (nGN'sha'liiNs'), n. [F.] Indiffer- 
ence ; coolness. 

II Non cha'lant' (noN'sha'laN'), a. [F., fr. non not -f- 
chaloir to concern one's self for, fr. L. calere to be warm 
or zealous, to be troubled.] Indifferent ; careless ; cool. 
— Non'cha-lant ly (n5n'sha-lant'iy), adv. 

Non-com'bat-ant (n5n-k5m'bXt-unt), n. {Mil.) Any 
person not a combatant ; any person connected with an 
army who is not required to fight, as a surgeon or chap- 
lain ; also, any one holding a similar position in the navy. 

Non com-rhis'sioned (nBn'kom-mTsb/tind), a. Not 
having a commission. 

Noncommissioned officer (Mil.), a subordinate officer not 
appointed by a commission from the chief executive or 
supreme authority of the State. 

Non com-mit'tal (-mYt'tal), n. A state of not being 
committed or pledged. Also used adjectively. 

Non com-pli'ance (-pli'ans), n. Failure to comply. 

II Non com'pos (n5n kom'pSs). ) [L.] Not of 

II Non COm'pos men'tis (mgn'tTs). ) sound mind. 

Non'con-cur' (non'kSn-kfir'), v. i. To refuse to concur. 

Non con-cur'rence (-kur'ivns), n. Refusal to concur. 

Non con-duct'ing (-duk'tTng), a. Not conducting; 
being a nonconductor. 

Non con-duct'or (-duk'ter), n. (Physics) A substance 
which is not a conductor, or is an imperfect conductor, 
as of heat, electricity, sound, or vibration. 

Non con-form'ing (-fdrm'Tng), a. Not conforming. 

Non con-form'ist, n. One who does not conform to 
an established church ; a dissenter. 

Non'con-form'i-ty (-i-ty), n. Neglect or failure of 
conformity, as to the established church in England. 

Non con-tent' (-tent'), n. (British House of Lords) 
One who gives a negative vote. Abbr. noncon. or non con. 

Non'de-script (non'de-skrTpt), a. [Non- -\- L. descrip- 
tus described.] Not hitherto described ; novel ; hence, 
odd ; abnormal. — n. A nondescript person or thing. 

None (nun), a. & pron. [AS. nan, fr. ne not -f- an 
one. See No, and One.] 1. No one ; not one ; not any- 
thing ; — frequently used also partitively, or as a plural, 
not any. 2. No ; not any. [Archaic as an adj.~\ 

II Non-e'go (nSn-e'go), n. [L., not I.] (Metaph.) 
The union of being and relation as distinguished from, 
and contrasted with, the ego. See Ego. 

Non e-lec'tric (-e-lek'trik), ) a. Not electric ; con- 

Non'e-lec'triCral (-trT-kal), j ducting electricity. 

Non-en'ti-ty (n5n-gn'tT-ty), n. 1. Nonexistence ; the 
negation of being. 2. A thing not existing. 3. A person 
or thing of little or no account. \_Colloq.~] 

Nones (nonz), n. pi. [L. nonae, so called because it 
was the ninth day (reckoned inclusively) before the ides, 
fr. nonus ninth, fr. novem nine.] 1. (Roman Cal.) The 
fifth day of the months January, February, April, June, 
August, September, November, and December, and the 
seventh day of March, May, July, and October. 2. [F. 
none, fr. L. See Noon.] (R. C. Ch.) The canonical of- 
fice, being a part of the Breviary, recited at noon (for- 
merly at the ninth hour, 3 p. m.). 

Non es-sen'tial (non'es-sen'shal), a. Not essential. — 
n. A thing not essential. 

None'such/ (nun'such'), n. A person or thing of a 
sort that there is no other such ; a thing that has no equal. 

Non ex-ist'ence (non'egz-Tst'ens), n. 1. Absence of 
existence ; nonentity. 2. A thing that has no existence. 

Non ex-ist'ent (-ent), a. Not having existence. 

Non-fea'sance (non-fe'zans), n. [Pref. non- + OF. 
faisance a doing, fr. faire to do.] (Law) An omission 
or neglect to do something, esp. a duty. 

Non ful-fill'ment (nSn'ful-fil'ment), n. Neglect or 
failure to fulfill. 

No-nil'lion (no-nil'yun), n. [L. nonus ninth -f- -illion, 
as in E. million.'] In French and American notation, a 
thousand octillions, or a unit with thirty ciphers an- 
nexed ; according to the English notation, a million oc- 
tillions, or a unit with fifty-four ciphers annexed. 

Non-ju'rant (non-ju'rant), a. Nonjuring. 

Non-Ju'ring (-ring), a. [Non- -f- F. jurer to swear, 
or L. jurare. See Jury.] Not swearing allegiance ; — 
applied to persons or the party in Great Britain that 
would not swear allegiance to "William and Mary. 

Non-ju'ror (non-ju'rer), n. (Eng. Hist.) One of those 
adherents of James II. who refused to take the oath of 
allegiance to William and Mary ; a Jacobite. 

Non met'al (non'met'al), n. (Chem.) Any one of the 
set of elements which possess, produce, or receive, acid 
rather than basic properties ; a metalloid. 



Non me tal'llc (non'me-tSl'lTk), a. 1. Not metallic. 
2. (Chem.) Resembling, or possessing the properties of, 
a nonmetal or metalloid, [serve. I 

Non'ob-serv'ance (-5b-zerv'ans), n. Failure to ob-| 
Non'pa-rell' (n5n'pa-reT), n. [See Nonpareil, «.] 
1. Something of unequaled excellence ; something peer- 
less ; anoneaucb. 2. (I'rinl.) A size of type. 

HQ^* This line is printed in the type called nonpareil. 
Non'pa-reil', a. [F., fr. non not -f- pareil equal, 
deriv. of L. par equal.] Having no equal ; peerless. 
Non-pay 'ment (non-pa'm'-nt). n. Failure to pay. 
Non per form'ance (non'per-iorm'ans), n. Failure to 
perform. 

Non'plus (non'plus), n. [L. non not -f plus more, 
further.] Insuperable difficulty ; puzzle ; quandary. 

Non'plus' (-plus'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nonplused 
(-plQsf) or Nonplussed; p. pr. & vb. ?t. Nonplising or 
Nonplussing.] To puzzle ; to confound ; to embarrass. 
Non prof es'slon-al (n5n'pro-fSsh'Qn-«l), a. Not pro- 
fessional ; contrary to professional usage. 

Non'-pros' (n5n'pr5s'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Non- 
prossed (-prosf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Nonprossing.] [Abbr. 
fr. L. non prosequitur he does not prosecute.] To de- 
cline or fail to prosecute ; to enter judgment against (a 
plaintiff who fails to prosecute). [nonresident. I 

Non-res'i-dence (non-rgz'I-dens), n. State of being! 
Non-res'i-dent (-dent), a. Not residing in a particu- 
lar place referred to. — n. A nonresident person. 

Non're-Sist'ance (non're-zlst'ans), n. The principles 
or practice of a nonresistant ; passive obedience. 

Non're-sist/ant (-«nt), a. Making no resistance. — n. 
One who maintains that no resistance should be made to 
constituted authority, even when unjustly or oppress- 
ively exercised ; also, one who holds that violence should 
never be resisted by force. 

Non'sense (n5n's§ns), n. [Pref. non- -j- sense.] 1. 
That which is not sense, or has no sense ; absurdity. 
2. Trifles ; things of no importance. 
Syn. — Folly; silliness; absurdity; trash; balderdash. 
Non-sen'si-cal (non-sSn'si-kal), a. Without sense; 
unmeaning ; absurd ; foolish ; irrational ; preposterous. 
— Non-sen'si-cal-ly , adv. — Non-sen'si-cal-ness. n. 

II Non seq'ui-tur (n5n sek'wT-tur). [L., it does not 
follow.] (Logic) An inference which does not follow 
from the premises. 
Non-sex'u-al (-seks'u-al), a. Sexless ; neuter. 
Non'such (non'such), n. See Nonesuch. 
Non'suit' (-suf), n. (Law) A neglect or failure by 
the plaintiff to follow up his suit. 

Non'suit', v. t. (Law) To determine, adjudge, or 
record (a plaintiff) as having dropped his suit, upon his 
withdrawal or failure to follow it up. 

Non-un'ion-ist (non-un'yun-Tst), n. One who does 
not belong, or refuses to belong, to a trades union. 

Non-us'er (-uz'er), n. 1. Failure to use. 2. (Law) 
Omission to use an easement or franchise or a right. 

Noo'dle (noo'd'l), n. [Cf. Noddle, Noddy.] A sim- 
pleton ; a blockhead ; a stupid person ; a ninny. [Low] 
Noo'dle, n. [G. nudel vermicelli.] Dough, made 
with eggs, cut into small pieces, and used in soup. 

Nook (ndbk), n. [OE. nok ; cf. Gael. & Ir. nine] A 
corner ; a recess ; a secluded retreat. 

No-bl'O-gy (no-ol'o-jy), n. [Gr. i/oos, vovs, the mind 
-f- -logy.] The science of intellectual phenomena. 

Noon (noon), n. [AS. non, orig., the ninth hour, fr. 
L. nona (sc. hora) the ninth hour, then applied to the 
church services (called nones) at that hour, the time of 
which was afterwards changed to midday.] 1. Midday, 
when the sun is in the meridian ; twelve o'clock in the 
daytime. 2. The highest point ; culmination. 
Noon (noon), a. Of or pertaining to midday. 
Noon'day' (-da'), n. & a. Same as Noon, n. St a. 
Noon'ing. n. A rest at noon ; a repast at noon. 
Noon'tide' (-tid'), n. [Noon + tide time.] Noon. 
Noose (noos or n6oz), n. [Prob. fr. OF. nous, norm 
sing, or ace. pi. of nou knot, L. nodus.] A running knot, 
or loop, which binds the closer the more it is drawn. 

Noose (nobz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Noosed (noozd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Noosing.] To tie in a noose ; to catch in 
a noose ; to entrap ; to insnare. 

No'pal (no'pfll), n. [Mexican nopalli.] (Bot.) A 
cactaceous plant, on which the cochineal insect feeds. 

Nor (n<5r), conj. [OE. nor, contr. from nothcr. See 
Neither.] A negative connective or particle, introdu- 
cing the second member or clause of a negative proposi- 
tion, following neither, or not, in the first member or 
clause. Sometimes neither is omitted, being implied by 
the use of nor, and sometimes nor is used in both clauses. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out. oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

36 



N 



NORIA 



562 



NOTE 







Xoria. 



No'ri-a < n5'rT-a\ n. [Sp., from Ar. na'ura.] A large 
..e*l for raising water by the ac- 
— used 

Norm ^nSrm), n. [L IMTM a rule.] 
or au authoritative staudard 
: j pe. 

Nor'mal ^noVnial). a. [L. normalis, 
fr. norma rule, pattern, carpenter's 
square/ L A eording to au estab- 
lished uorui, rule, or priuciple ; con- 
I to a type, staudard. model, or 
r form. 2. iGtom.) Perpendic- 
rming a right augle. Specific- 
■ or pertaining to, or designating, a normal. 

Normal school, a teachers" training school whose meth- 
ods of iustruction are to serve as a model for imitation. 

Syn. — Regular : ordinary. — Regular and ordinary re- 
fer rather to frequency or commonness; normal to con- 
formity to the chaiaeteristies which mark the species, to 
the standard of a healthy and natural condition. 

Nor'mal \u6r'inaK n. 1. (Geom.) Any perpendicu- 
lar. 2. (Geom.) A straight line or plane* drawn from 
any point of a curve or surface so as to be perpendicular 
to the curve or surface at that point. 

Nor'mal-ly, adv. In a normal manner. 

Nor'man (-man), a. [F. normand, of Scand. origin.] 
Of or pertaining to Normandy or to the Normans. — ;;. 
A native or inhabitant of Normandy. 

Norn (ndrn), \ n. [Icel. no'rn, pL norair.] 1. 

Nor'na i.nor'ua). I (Scandinavian Myth.) One of the 
three Fates. Past, Present, and Future. 2. A tutelary 
deity : a genius. 

Nor'roy (n5r / roi), n. [Lit., north king, fr. F. nord 
north ~ roi king.] (Her.) The most northern of the 
English Kings-at-arms. See King-at-arms. under Ktkg. 

Norse (nSrs), a. [Dan. Xorsk. fr. Nord north.] Of 
or pert, to ancient Scandinavia, or the language spoken 
by its inhabitants. — a. The Norse language, [vians. I 

Norse'man (-man), ?j. One of the ancient Scandina-| 

North (nSrth). n. [AS. nord ; akin to G. nord. Icel. 
nor<5r.~\ That one of the four cardinal points of the com- 
pass which is to the left hand of a person facing the east ; 
the direction opposite to the south. 

North, a. Lying toward the north ; situated at the 
north : proceeding toward, or coming from, the north. 

North pole, that point in the heavens, or on the earth, 
ninety degrees from the equator toward the north. — 
North star, the star toward which the north pole of the 
earth very nearly points, and which accordingly seems 
filed and immovable in the sky. 

North, adv. Northward. 

North, v. i. To turn or move toward the north. 

North east' (uSrth-'est' . n. The point between the 
north and east, at an equal distance from each. — a. Of 
or pertaining to the northeast ; proceeding toward, or 
coming from, that point. — adv. Toward the northeast. 

North east'er '-er . n. A storm, strong wind, or gale, 
coming from the northeast. 

North east'er-ly. a. Pertaining to the northeast. — 
adv. Toward the northeast. [east ; northeasterly. I 

North east'ern -era), a. Of or pert, to the north- 1 

North' east 'ward (-werd). j adv. Toward the 

North east'ward-ly (-werd-iy), t northeast. 

North'er (north 'er). n. A wind from the north. 

North'er-ly (north'er-lT). a. Of or pertaining to the 
north : toward or from the north : northern. — aa*r. 
Toward the north. — North'er-li-ness. n . [erly. j 

North'ern ('-era), a. Of or pert, to the north ; north- 1 

North 'ern-er (-er), n. One bora or living in the north. 

North'ern-most' (-snort > a. Farthest north. 

Northing. 1 6 ''• & Navigation,) Distance 

d from any point of departure or of reckoning, 

i on a meridian. 2. (Astron.) Distance of any 

heavenly body from the equator northward ; north 

declination. 

North 'man (n3rth'man), n. A Norseman. 

North'most' (-most ). a. Northernmost. 

North'warfl (nQrth'werd), a. Toward the north ; 
- north than to the east or west point. 

North'ward (-werd). | adv. Toward the north, or 

North'wards ''-werdz). ( in a northward direction. 

North'ward-ly. a. Having a northern direction. 

North'ward-ly. adv. In a northern direction. 

North west' (nor! The point in the hori- 

zon between the north and west, and equally distant j 
from each ; the northwest region. —a. Pertaining to, ! 
proceeding toward, or coming from, the northwest. — 
adv. Toward the northwest. 



North west'er (nSrth'wgsfer), n. A storm or gale 
from the northwest : a strong northwest wind. 

North west'er-ly. a. Toward, or from, the northwest. 

North west'em C-Sra), a. Of, pertaining to, or be- 
ing in, the northwest ; in a direction toward the north- 
west : coming from the northwest ; northwesterly. 

North west'ward (-werd), 1 adv. Toward the 

North west'ward-ly (-werd-ly), j northwest. 

Nor-we'gi-an (n5r-we'jT-an), a. [Cf. Icel. Xoregr, 
Norway. See North; Way.] Of or pertain- 
ing to Norway, its inhabitants, or its language. — n. A 
native of Norway ; also, the language spoken in Norway. 

Nose inoz), n. [AS. nosu ; akin to G. nase. L. nam*, 
flnr. tiara, nas.'J 1. (Anat.) The anterior extrem- 
ity of the head, containing the nostrils and olfactory cavi- 
ties : the olfactory organ. 2. Power of smelling ; hence, 
scent. 3. A projecting end or beak ; snout ; nozzle, 

Nose. r. t. [i?np. & p. p. Nosed (nozd) : p. pr. & vb. 
n. Nosisg.] 1. To smell; to scent ; hence, to track. 2. 
To push the nose against ; hence, to treat insolently. 

Nose (nos), v. i. 1. To smell; to sniff; to scent. 
2. To pry officiously into what does not concern one. 

Nosebleed (noz'bled'), n. A bleeding at the nose. 

Nose'gay (-ga ), a. [Note — obs. gay a gay thing.] 
A bunch of odorous and showy flowers ; a posy. 

No-SOl'O-gy (no-sol'o-jy), "n. [Gr. vocros "disease — 
-logy.'] 1. A systematic arrangement or classification 
of diseases. 2. That branch of medical science which 
treats of diseases, or of the classification of diseases. 

Nos-tal'gi-a (nos-t51'jT-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. I'dcrro? a 
return home — aA-yo? pain.] (Med.) Homesickness, esp. 
when melancholic. — Nos-tal'gic (-jik). a. 

Nos'tOC (nos'tok), n. [F.] (Bot.) A genus of algae, 
of which Sostoc commune is found on the ground, and 
is ordinarily not seen ; but after a rain it swells up into 
a conspicuous jellylike mass. 

Nos'tril (nos'tril). n. [AS. nospyrl ; nos for nosu 
nose — pyre! hole. See Thrtt.t,.] (Anat.) One of the 
external openings of the nose. 

Nos'trum (-trum). n. ; pi. Nostrums (-trumz). [Neut. 
sing, of L. noster ours, fr. nos we. ] A medicine of secret 
composition ; a quack medicine. 

Not (not), adv. [Same word as E. naught.] A word 
used to express negation, prohibition, denial, or refusal. 

Not a-bil'i-ty (not a-bil'I-ty), n. I. Quality of being 
notable. 2. A notable, or remarkable, person "or thing. 

Not'a-ble (not'a-Vl), a. [F., fr.' L. notabilis. fr. 
notare to mark, nota mark, note.] 1. Capable of being 
noted ; noticeable ; plain ; evident. 2. Worthy of note 
or notice : noted or distinguished. 

Not'a-ble (not'a-b'l), n. A person or thing of note. 

Not'a-bly, adv. In a notable manner. 

No-ta'ri-ai (no-ta'ri-al), a. Of or pertaining to a 
notary : done or taken by a notary. 

No'ta-ry (no'ta-ry). n. [L. notarius notary (in sense 
1), fr. nota mark.] 1. One who records in'shorthand 
what is said or done. 2. (Eng. & Am. Laic) A public 
officer who attests or certifies deeds and other writings, 
or copies of them, to make them authentic. 

No-ta'tion (no-ta'shQn), n. [L. notatio a marking, 
observing, fr. notare to mark, nota a mark.] 1. Act 
or practice of recording anything by marks, figures, or 
characters. 2. Any particular system of characters, 
symbols, or abbreviated expressions used in an art or 
science, esp. those used in arithmetic and algebra. 

Notch (noch). n. [Cf. 2d Nick.] 1. A hollow cut; 
nick : indentation. 2. A narrow, deep pass : defile. 

Notch, v. t. limp. & p. p. Notched (nocht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Notching. [ To cut notches in; to indent; 
also, to score by notches. 

Note (not;, n. [F.. fr. L. nota ; akin to noscere. See 
K.KOW.] 1. A mark or token : a visible sign ; a char- 
acteristic quality. 2. A mark, or sign, calling attention 
to. or giving evidence of, something. 3. A brief re- 
mark ; annotation : comment. 4. A memorandum ; 
minute. 5- Hence, pi. . a writing intended to be used in 
speaking ; also, a reporter's memoranda. 6. A short, in- 
formal letter : a billet. 7. A diplomatic communication. 
8. A written or printed paper acknowledging a debt, 
and promising payment. 9- {Mut.) (a) A character, 
variously formed," to indicate the length of a tone. 
Hence : '(b) A musical sound : tone ; tune, (c) A key of 
the piano or organ. 10. Observation ; notice ; heed. 
11. Reputation; distinction. 

Note of hand, a promissory note. 

Note (not), v. t. f Jmp. & p. p. Noted ; p. pr. & rb. 
n. Notixg.j 1. To notice with care : to observe : to re- 
mark ; to heed. 2- To record in writing. 3. To denote. 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; &, g, I, ft, tL, y, short ; senSte. gvent, Idea, Obey, finite, c&re. arm, ask, all, finoL 



NOTEBOOK 



563 



NUDE 



Notebook' (nofbSSk'), n. 1. A memorandum book. 

2. A book in which notes of hand are registered. 
Not'ed (-Sd), a. Well known by reputation or report ; 

eminent; celebrated.— Not'ed-ly, adv.— Not'ed-ness,". 

Note' pa per (not' pa'per). Writing paper not ex- 
ceeding in size, when folded once, five by eight inches. 

Not'er (not'er), n. One who takes notice. 

Note'wor'thy (-wfir'thy), a. Worthy of notice. 

Noth'ing (nuth'Tng), n. [From no, a. + thing.'] 1. 
Not anything ; no thing. 2. Nonexistence ; nonentity. 

3. A thing of no account or value, or of comparative un- 
importance ; a trifle. 4. (Arith.) A cipher ; naught. 

Noth'ing, adv. In no degree ; not at all ; in no wise. 

Noth'ing-ness, n. 1. Nihility ; nonexistence. 2. 
State of being of no value ; a thing of no value. 

No'tice (no'tTs), n. [F., fr. L. notitia a being known, 
knowledge, fr. noscere, notum, to know.] 1. Act of 
noting, remarking, or observing ; cognizance. 2. Intel- 
ligence ; knowledge given or received ; announcement ; 
warning. 3. An announcement, often accompanied by 
comments or remarks. 4. A writing giving information 
or warning. 5. Attention ; respectful treatment. 

Syn. — Attention ; regard ; remark ; note ; heed ; con- 
sideration ; respect ; civility ; intelligence ; advice ; news. 

No'tice, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Noticed (no'tist) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Noticing (no'tT-sing).] 1. To take note of ; to 
heed ; to pay attention to. 2. To take public note of ; 
to remark upon ; to make comments on. 3. To treat 
with attention and civility. 

Syn. — To remark; observe; perceive; see; mark; 
note ; mind ; regard ; heed ; mention. See Remark. 

No'tlce-a-ble (no'tis-a-b'l), a. Capable or worthy of 
being noticed. — No'tlce-a-bly, adv. 

No'tl-fi-ca'tion (no'tT-fT-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of no- 
tifying. 2. Notice given in words or writing, or by 
signs. 3. The writing which communicates information. 

No'ti-f y (no'tT-f i), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Notified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Notifying (-fl'ing).] [F. notifier, L. 
notificare; notus known -\- -ficare to make. See Know, 
and -fy.] 1. To make known ; to declare ; to publish. 

2. To give notice to ; to apprise. 

No'tlon (no'shun), n. [L. notio, fr. noscere.'] 1. 
Mental apprehension ; idea ; conception. 2. Sentiment ; 
opinion. 3. Ingenious device ; knickknack. [Colloq.] 

4. Inclination ; disposition. [Colloq.] 

No'tion-al (-al), a. 1. Consisting of, or conveying, 
notions or ideas. 2. Existing in idea only ; visionary. 

3. Given to foolish or visionary expectations ; whimsi- 
cal; fanciful. —No'tion-al-ly, adv. 

No'tO-chord (no'to-k6rd), n. [Gr. vdrov back -f- E. 
chord.] (Anat.) A cartilagelike rod in the vertebrate 
embryo, around which the vertebrae and part of the base 
of the skull are developed. [being notorious. I 

No'tO-ri'e-ty (no'to-ri'e-ty), n. Quality or state of | 

No-tO'ri-OUS (no-to'rl-us), a. [L. notorius pointing 
out, making known, fr. noscere, notum, to know.] Gen- 
erally known and talked of by the public ; evident ; — 
usually in an unfavorable sense. — No-tO'ri-OUS-ly, adv. 
— No-to'ri-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Distinguished ; remarkable ; conspicuous ; 
celebrated ; noted ; famous ; renowned. 

Not with-stand'ing (n5t'wTth-stand'ing),p?-ep. [Not 
-f- withstanding, p. pr.] Without prevention or obstruc- 
tion from or by ; in spite of. — adv. or conj. Neverthe- 
less ; however ; although. 

II Nou'gat' (noo/ga'), n. [F.] A cake, sweetmeat, or 
confection made with almonds or other nuts. 

Nought (nat), n. & adv. See Naught. 

Noun (noun), n. [OF., fr. L. nomen name. See 
Name.] {Gram.) A word used as the designation or ap- 
pellation of a creature or thing, existing in fact or in 
thought ; a substantive. 

Nour'ish (nur'Tsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nourished 
(-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Nourishing.] [OF. nurir, 
nurrir, norir, norrir, fr. L. nutrire.] 1. To feed and 
cause to grow ; to furnish with nutriment. 2. To sup- 
port ; to maintain. 3. To encourage ; to foster. 4. To 
cherish ; to comfort. 5. To educate ; to instruct. 

Syn. — See Nurture. 

Nour'ish, v. i. To promote growth. 

Nour'lsh-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being nourished. 

Nour'ish-er (-er), n. One that nourishes. 

Nour'ish-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of nourishing, or 
state of being nourished ; nutrition. 2. That which 
serves to nourish ; nutriment ; food. 

No-va'tion (no-va'shun), n. [L. novatio, fr. novus 
new.] 1. Innovation. [Obs.] 2. (Law) A substitution 
of a new debt or obligation for an old one. 



Nov'el (nSv'd ; 92), a. [OF., fr. L. novellus, dim. of 
novus new.] Of recent origin or introduction; new; 
hence, out of the ordinary course ; unusual ; strange. 

Syn. — New ; recent ; modern ; fresh ; strange ; un- 
common ; rare ; unusual. — Everything at its first occur- 
rence is new ; that is novel which is so much out of the 
ordinary course as to strike us with surprise. 

Nov'el, n. 1. That which is new or unusual ; a nov- 
elty. 2. A fictitious tale or narrative, professing to be 
conformed to real life, esp. one exhibiting the working 
of love. 3. pi. (Civil Law) The constitutions supple- 
mental to the Roman-law codes. [short novel, j 

Nov el-ette' (nbVeWSf), »• [Dim. of Novel, ».] a| 

Nov'el-lSt, n. A writer of a novel or novels. 

Nov'el-ty (-tj r )i n. 1. Quality or state of being novel. 
2. Something novel. 

No-vem'ber (n6-v5m'ber), n. [L. , the ninth month of 
the old Roman year, from novem nine.] The eleventh 
month of the year. [the number nine. 1 

Nov'e-na-ry (n5v'e-na-r^), a. Of or pertaining to] 

No-ven'ni-al (no-ve'n'nT-al), a. [L. ?wve?tnis ; novem 
-f- annus year.] Done or recurring every ninth year. 

No-ver'cal (no-ver'k«l), a. [L. novercalis, fr. norerca 
stepmother.] Of or pertaining to a stepmother. 

Nov'ice (nSv'Ts), n. [F., fr. L. novicius, vorliius, 
new, from novus new.] 1. One who is new in any busi- 
ness, profession, or calling ; beginner ; tyro. 2. One 
newly received into the church ; a new convert. 3. 
(Eccl.) One who enters a religious house as a probatiouist. 

No-vi'ti-ate (no-vish'T-at), n. 1. State or time of 
being a novice. 2. A novice. 

Now (nou), adv._ [OE. nou, nu, AS. nu, nu ; akin to 
G. nu, nun, Icel. nu, L. nunc, Gr. vv, vvv, Skr. nu, nu.] 
1. At the present time ; at this moment. 2. Very 
lately ; not long ago. 3. At a particular time referred 
to. 4. In present circumstances ; things being as they 
are or as stated to be ; — hence, used as a connective 
particle, to introduce an inference or an explanation. 

NOW, n. The present time or moment ; the present. 

Now'a-days' (nou'a-daV), adv. [For nou: on (OE. an) 
days. See A-, 1.] In these days ; at the present time. 

No'way' (no'wa / ), ) adv. [See -s, adv. suff.] In no 

No'ways' (-waz'j, ) manner or degree ; not at all. 

Now'el (no'el), n. [F. noyau, prop., a kernel. See 
Newel a post.] (Founding) (a) The core of a mold 
for casting a hollow object. (6) The bottom part of a 
mold or of a flask. 

No'where' (no'hwaV), adv. Not anywhere. 

No'wise' (-wiz')j adv. Not in any manner or degree. 

Nox'ious (nok'shus), a. [L. noxius, fr. noxa harm; 
akin to nocere to harm, hurt.] Hurtful ; harmful ; bane- 
ful ; pernicious ; injurious ; destructive ; unwholesome ; 
insalubrious. — Nox'ious-ly, adv. — Nox'ious-ness. n. 

Syn. — See Noisome. 

||Noy'au'(nwa v yo'),n. [F., prop., kernel. See Newel 
post.] A cordial of brandy, etc., flavored with the ker- 
nel of the bitter almond, or of the peach stone, etc. 

Noz'zle (noz'z'l), n. [A dim. of Nose.] Nose ; snout ; 
hence, a projecting vent of anything. 

NUD (nub), n. A jag ; knob ; also, point or gist, as of 
a story. [Colloq.] [or corn. [Colloq. U. S.] I 

Nuh'bin (-bin), n. A small or imperfect ear of maize | 

Nu'bile (nu'bil), a: [L. nubilis, fr. nubere to marry.] 
Of an age suitable for marriage ; marriageable. 

Nu'ca-ment (nu'ka-ment), n. [L. nucamenta fir cones, 
fr. mix, nucis, a nut.] (Bot.) A catkin or anient. 

Nu'ca-men-ta'ceous (-mgn-ta'shus), a. (Bot.) Nut- 
like in structure or in being indehiscent ; bearing one- 
seeded nutlike fruits. 

Nu'cle-al (nu'kle-rtl), 1 a. Of, pertaining to, or con- 

Nu'cle-ar (nu'kle-er), ) sisting of, a nucleus. 

Nu'cle-ate (-at), v. t. To gather, as about a nucleus. 

Nu'cle-ole (-ol), n. A nucleolus. 

Nu-cle'O-lUS (-kle'o-lus), 7i.; pi. -li (-11). [L.. dim. 
of nucleus.] 1. A little nucleus. 2. (Biol.) A small, 
rounded body in the nucleus of a cell or a protozoan. 

Nu'cle-US (nu'kle-us), n. ; pi. E. Nucleuses (-5z), L. 
Nuclei (-1). [L., a kernel, dim. fr. nux, nucis. nut.] 1. 
A kernel ; hence, a central mass or point about which 
matter is gathered : the central or material portion : — 
both lit. and fig. 2- (Biol.) A body (sometimes termed 
the endoplast), usually spheroidal, in a cell or a protozoan, 
distinguished from the surrounding protoplasm by a dif- 
ference in refrangibility and in behavior towards chem- 
ical reagents. 

Nu-da'tlon (nu-da'shQn), n. [L. nudatio, deriv. of 
nudus nudej Act of stripping, or making bare or naked. 

Nude (nud), a. [L. nudus. See Naked.] 1. Bare; 



( 



fern, recent, drb, rade, full, •urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



NUDELY 



564 



NURTURE 



naked: unclothed ; andnped. 2. (Laic) Not based on a 
- Nude'ly unul'lJ-V "ilv. — Nude'ness. r». 
Nudge (nBJ), r. t. [imp. & />• ;>. Nudged (nttjd) ; 
• :>ginc,.] [Etyni. uncertain.] To 
utly, to call attention or convey an intimation. 
Nudge. ;• A gentle push, or jog. as with the elbow. 
Nu'dl-ty (nu'dl-ty), »• 1- Quality or state of being 
jcedness. 2 That which is nude ; naked part ; 
art, a representation of a naked person. 
Nu'ga-tO-ry (nu'gi-tt-ry), a. [L. nugatorius, fr. nu- 
: title. Migafl jests, trifles.] 1. Trifling; vain; 
iutile : insignificant. 2. Of no force ; ineffectual. 

Nug'get\nug'g?t\ ;;. [Earlier niggot, prob. for nigot, 
Lump ; esp.. a native lump of precious metal. 
Nui'sance (nu'atma), n. [OF. noisance, nuisance, fr. 
aria guilt, fr. nocere to hurt, harm; akin to 
kill.] That which annoys or gives trouble and 
a ; that which is offensive or noxious. 
Null (ndl), a. [L. nullus not any, none : ne not -f- 
ullus any, a dim. of until one.] Of no legal or binding 
force or validity : of no efficacy ; invalid ; void ; useless. 
Nul li-fi-ca'tion (nril'lT-fT-ka'shun), n. A nullifying. 
NuTli-fi er (nuFH-fi er), n. One who nullifies, or 
maintains the right of a party to a contract to nullify it. 
Nulli-fy (-fi). v. t. {imp. & p. p. Nullified (-fid) ; p. 
, : . Nullifying (-fi'Tng).] [It.nullijicare; nul- 
lus none -\--ficare to make. See Null, a. ; -FY.] To make 
void or invalid : to deprive of legal force or efficacy. 
.Syn. — To revoke ; annul ; cancel. See Abolish. 
Nul'li-ty (jnil'lT-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
null ; nothingness. 2. That which is null. 

Numb (nam), a. [OE. nume, nome, prop., seized, 

taken, p. p. of nimen to take, AS. niman, p. p. numen.] 

Enfeebled in, or destitute of, the power of sensation and 

motion ; rendered torpid ; benumbed ; insensible. 

Numb. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Numbed (niimd) ; p. pr. & 

; . . Numbing (num'Tng).] To make numb ; to deprive of 

the power of sensation or motion ; to benumb ; to stupefy. 

Number (nuin'ber), n. [F. nombre, L. numerus ; 

akin to E. nomad.'] 1. That which admits of being 

counted or reckoned; a unit, or an aggregate of units. 

2. A collection of many individuals ; a multitude ; many. 

3. A numeral; a word or character denoting a num- 
ber. 4. Numerousness. 5. State or quality of being 
numerable or countable. 6. Quantity, regarded as an 
aggregate. 7. That which is regulated by count ; poetic 
measure ; hence, poetry, verse ; — chiefly used in the 
plural. 8. (Gram.) The distinction of objects, as one, 
or more than one, expressed (usually) by a difference in 
the form of a word. 9. (3fath.) Numerical value. 

Num'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Numbered (-berd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Numbering.] 1. To count; to reckon; to 
enumerate. 2. To reckon as one of a collection or mul- 
titude. 3. To give or apply a number or numbers to. 
4- To amount to ; to consist of in units. 

Syn. — To count ; enumerate ; calculate ; tell. 

NumT>er-er (-er), n. One who numbers. 

Num'ber-less, a. Innumerable ; countless. 

Numbers (-berz), n.,pl. of Number. The fourth book 
of the Pentateuch, containing the census of the Hebrews. 

Num/bles (num'b'lz), n. pi. See Nombles. 

Numb'ness (nuinjne's), n. State of being numb. 

Nu'mer-a-ble (nu'mer-a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
enumerated or counted. 

Nu'mer-al (-al), a. [L. nurneralis.~\ 1. Of, pertain- 
ing to, or consisting of, number or numerals. 2. Ex- 
pressing number. — n. A character or word used to ex- 
press a number. — Nu'mer-al-ly, adv. 

Nu'mer-a-ry (-&-rf), a. Belonging to a certain num- 
ber ; counting as one of a collection or body. 

Nu'mer-ate (-at), v. /. [imp. & p. p. Numerated 
f-a'ted;; p. pr. & vb. n. Numerating (-a'tlng).] [L. 
numerare, p. p. -ati/s.] (Arilh.) To divide off and read 
according to the rules of numeration, [or numerating. I 

Nu'mer-a'tion (-a'shfin), n. Act or art of numbering! 
.Z%T~ According to the " English " system of numera- 
tion, the billion is a million of millions, and each higher 
denomination is a million times the one preceding, etc. ; 
according to the system of the U. S. and of Continental 
Europe, the billion is a thousand millions, and each higher 
denomination is a thousand times the preceding. 

Nu'mer-a'tor (riu'irier-a'ter), n. 1. One who num- 
bers. 2. (Math.) The term in a fraction which indi- 
cates the number of fractional units that are taken ; — 
in a vulgar fraction, the term above a line ; in a decimal 
fraction, the number which follows the decimal point. 

Nu-mer'lc Cnu-mgrTk), 1 a. Belonging to number ; 

Nu-mer'ic-al (-T-kc/l), } denoting number ; ex- 
pressed by numbers. — Nu-mer'ic-al-ly, adv. 




Nummulite. a Side 
view, wita part of shell 
removed, b Section. 



Nu'mer-ous (nu'mer-us), a. Consisting of a great 
number of units or individual objects; being many. — 
Nu'mer-ous-ly, adv. — Nu'mer-ous-ness, n. 

Nu mis mafic (nu'nriz-mXt'Tk), ( a. [L. numisma, 

Nu mis-mat'ic-al (-m5t/!-kal), j nomisma, a coin, 
fr. Gr. vofiLiTfjia thing sanctioned by usage, current coin, 
fr. vo/jii^eiv to introduce a usage, fr. vo^os usage. See 
Nomad.] Of or pert, to coins; relating to numismatics. 

Nu mis-mat'ics (-Iks), n. The historical science of 
coins and medals. [numismatics. I 

Nu-mis'ma-tist (nu-mtz'nia-tTst), n. One skilled in| 

Nu mis ma-tol'o-gist (-tol'6-jist), n. A numismatist. 

Nu-mis'ma-tol'o-gy (-t51'6-j^), ft. [L. numisma, 
-at is + -fogy.'] Numismatics. 

Num'ma-ry (nfim'ma-ry), a. [L. nummariut, fr. 
nummus coin.] Of or relating to coius or money. 

Num'mu-lar (-mu-ler), ) a. 1. Of or pertaining to 

Num'mu-la-ry (-la-rj 7 ), ) coin or money ; pecuniary. 
2. Resembling a coin ; coin-shaped. 

Num mu-la'tion (num'mu-la'shun), n. (Physiol.) The 
arrangement of the red blood corpuscles in rouleaux. 

|i Num'mu-lite (-lit), ??. (Paleon.) Any one of a 
genus of extinct Tertiary Forami- 
nifera, having flat, round shells. 

Num 'skull (num'skul'), n. 
[Numb -j- skull."] A dunce ; a 
dolt; a stupid fellow. [Colloq.] 

Nun (nun), n. [AS. nunne, lr. 
L. norma nun, nonnus monk; of 
unknown origin.] 1. A woman 
devoted to a religious life, who 
lives in a convent under the vows of poverty, chastit}', 
and obedience. 2. A white variety of domestic pigeons. 

Nun'chion (nfin'chun), n. [OE. nonechenche, for 
noneschenche, prop., a noon drink; none, E. noon + 
schenchen, schenken, skinken, to pour, AS. scencan.] A 
portion of food taken at or after noon, usually between 
full meals ; a luncheon. 

Nun'cl-o (nun'shT-o), n. ; pi. Nuncios (-shi-oz). [It. 
nunzio, nuncio, fr. L. nuncius, nuntius, messenger.] 1. 
A messenger. [Obs.] 2. The permanent official representa- 
tive of the pope at a foreign court or seat of government. 

Nun'CU-pate (nun'ku-pat), v. t. [L. nuncupare, p. p. 
-atus.] To proclaim formally. [Obs.] 

Nun-CU'pa-tive (nun-ku'pa-tlv or niin'ku-pa'tiv), a. 
Oral ; not written. 

Nuncupative will or testament, a will or testament made 
by word of mouth only, before witnesses. 

Nun-CU'pa-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Nuncupative ; oral. 

Nun'di-nal (nun'dT-nal), ) a. [L. nundwudis, nundi- 

Nun'di-na-ry (-na-ry), j narius, deriv. of novem 
nine + dies day.] Of or pertaining to a fair, or to a 
market day, which among the Romans returned every 
nine days (every eight days by our reckoning). 

Nun'ner-y (nun'ner-y), n. A house in which nuns 
reside ; a convent. [low water lily. I 

II Nu'phar (nu'far), n. [Per. nufar.] (Bot.) The yel- 1 

Nup'tial (nup'shal), a. [L. nuptialis, fr. nuptiae 
marriage, fr. nubere, nuptum, prop., to cover, to veil, 
hence, to marry, as the head of the bride was covered 
with a veil.] Of or pertaining to marriage ; done or used 
at a wedding. — n. Marriage ; wedding ; — now only in pi. 

Nur, n., Nurl. v. t. See Knur, Knurl. 

Nurse (nflrs), n. [OF. nurrice, fr. L. nutricia, prop, 
fern, of nutricius that nourishes; akin to nutrix, -ids, 
nurse, fr. nutrire to nourish.] 1. One who nourishes, 
tends, or brings up ; one who has the care of young 
children, or of the sick or infirm ; esp., a woman who 
suckles an infant not her own. 2. One that brings up, 
rears, causes to grow, trains, fosters, or the like. 

Nurse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nursed (nfirst) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Nursing.] 1. To nourish ; to cherish ; to foster. 
2. To nourish at the breast ; to take care of ; to attend 
upon, esp. in sickness. 3. To manage with care and econ- 
omy, with a view to increase. [children. I 

Nurse'maid' (-mad'), n. A girl employed to attend | 

Nurs'er-y (-er-y), n. 1. Act of nursing. [Obs.] 2. The 
place, or apartment, in a house, appropriated to the care of 
children. 3. A place where young trees, shrubs, vines, 
etc., are propagated for transplanting. Also used fig. 

Nurs'er-y-man (-man), n. One who cultivates or 
keeps a nursery for trees, etc. 

Nursling (-ling), n. One who, or that which, is 
nursed ; an infant ; a fondling. 

Nur'ture (nfir'tur; 135), n. [OF. norriture, norre- 
ture, fr. L. nutritura a nursing. See Nourish.] 1. Act 
of nourishing or nursing ; tender care ; education ; train- 
ing. 2. That which nourishes ; food ; diet. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ti, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 






NURTURE 



565 



OATCAKE 



An instrument for 



Nur'ture (ntir'tur ; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nur- 
tured (-turd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Nurturing.] 1. To feed ; 
to nourish. 2. To educate ; to bring or train up. 

Syn. — To nourish ; nurse; cherish ; tend. —Nourish 
denotes to supply with food, or cause to grow. To nur- 
ture is to train up with a fostering care, like that of a 
mother. To cherish is to hold and treat as dear ; to love. 

Nut (nut), n. [AS. hnutu ; akin to G. ?iuss.~\ 1. 
(Bot.) A fruit consisting of a hard and indehiscent shell 
inclosing a kernel. 2. A block or small piece of metal, 
provided with an internal or female screw thread, used 
on a bolt, or screw. 

Nut tree, a tree that bears nuts. 

Nut, v. i. limp. & p. p. Nutted (-tSd) 
p. pr. & vb. n. Nutting.] To gather nuts. 

Nu'tant (nu'tr/nt), a. [L. nutans, p. pr., 
deriv. of nuere to nod.] Nodding ; having jjolt! a 
the top bent downward. 

Nu-ta'tion (nu-ta'shfin), n. 1. Act of nodding. 2 
(Astron.) A slight libratory motion of the earth's axis 
which varies its inclination to the plane of the ecliptic. 3 
The motion of a flower in keeping turned toward the sun 

Nut'-brown' (niit'broun'), a. Brown as an old nut 

Nut'crack'er (-krSk'er), n. 
cracking nuts. 2. 
(Zool.)A. European 
bird that feeds on 
nuts. 

Nut'gall' (-gal'), n. 
A more or less round gall 
resembling a nut, esp. 
one of those produced 
on the oak. 

Nut'hatch/ (-hach'), n. 
[OE. nuthake. See 2d 
Hack.] (Zobl.) Any one 
of several species of birds 
of the family Sittidse, and mostly of the genus Sitta. 
The nuthatches have sharp beaks, long wings, and short, 
rather square-tipped tails. 

Nut'hook' (-hd"6k'), n. 1. A hook at the end of a pole 
used in gathering nuts. 2. A thief who steals by means 
of a hook ; also, a bailiff who hooks or seizes malefactors. 

Nut'meg (-meg), n. [OE. notemuge ; note nut + OF. 
rmige musk, of the same origin as E. musk.'] {Bot.) The 
kernel of the fruit of the nutmeg tree, a native of the 
Molucca Islands. 

Nu'tri-a (nu'trT-a), n. [Sp. nutria an otter, fr. L. lu- 
tra, lytra.'] The fur of the coypu. 

Nu'tri-ent (nu'trT-ent), a. [li.%,utriens, p. pr. of nu- 
trire. See Nourish.] Nutritious ; promoting growth. 
— n. Any substance which has nutritious qualities. 




European Nutcracker 
(Xiicifruya caryocatactes). 



Nu'tri-ment (uu'trt-ment), n. 1. That which nour- 
Lthea ; food ; Aliment. 2. That which promotes growth. 

Nu tri men'tal (-men'tal), a. Nutritious. 

Nu-trl'tlon (nu-trlsh'uu), n. 1. (Physiol.) In the 
broadest sense, a process or series of processes by which 
the normal condition of life and growth of the living or- 
ganism as a whole (or of its component parts or organs) 
is maintained. 2. (Physiol.) In a more limited sense, 
the process by which the living tissues take up, from the 
blood, matters necessary either for their repair or for 
the performance of their healthy functions. 3. That 
which nourishes ; nutriment. 

Nu-trl'tious (-us), a. [L. nutricius, nutritius. See 
Nurse.] Nourishing ; promoting growth ; alimental. — 
Nu-tri'tious-ly,_"</r. — Nu-tri'tious-ness, n. 

Nu'tri-tlve (nu'tri-ttv), a. 1. Of or pert, to the proc- 
ess of nutrition. 2. Having the quality of nourishing ; 
nutritious.— Nu'trl-tive-ly, adv.— Nu'tri-tlve ness, n. 

Nut'shell' (uut'shgl'), n. 1. The shell of a nut. 2. 
Hence, a thing of little compass, or of little value. 

To be, or lie, in a nutshell, to be within a small compass. 

Nut'ty (iiut'ty), a. 1. Abounding in nuts. 2. Hav- 
ing a flavor like that of nuts. 

Nux' vom'i-ca (nuks' v5m'T-ka). [NL., fr. L. nux a 
nut -+- vomere to vomit.] The seed of an East Indian 
tree, from which strychnine and bruciue are obtained. 

Nuz'zle (nuz'z'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nuzzled (-z'ld) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Nuzzling (-zling).] [See Nurse.] 1. To 
nurse. [Obs.~\ 2. [Perh. for Nestle.] To nestle. 

Nuz'zle (niiz'z'l), v. i. [Dim. fr. Nose.] 1. To work 
with the nose, like a swine in the mud. 2. To go with 
head poised like a swine, with nose down. 3. [Cf. 
Nuzzle, v. /.] To hide the head ; to nestle. 

II NyCta-lO'pi-a (nlk'ta-lo'pi-a), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. 
vvKTako)^/ a person affected either with day blindness or 
wrth night blindness, and in the former ease derived fr. 
w$, wktos, night + atxp, <Ln6s, eye ; in the latter, fr. vv£ 
4- aAaos blind -f- co\j/.'] (Med.) (a) A disease of the eye, 
in consequence of which the patient can see well in a faint 
light, but not in a strong light ; day blindness, (b) Hem- 
eralopia, or night blindness, (c) Moonblink. 

Nyl'ghau ) (ml'ga), n. [Hind. & Per. nilgaw ; Per. 

Nyl'gau ) nil blue -f gaw cow.] (Zodl.) A large, 
grayish brown antelope of Northern India. 

Nymph (nimf ), n. [L. nympha nymph, bride, young 
woman, Gr. vvufa.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A goddess of 
the mountains, forests, meadows, or waters. 2. Hence : 
A lovely young girl ; a maiden. 3. (Zodl.) A chrysalis. 

Nymph'al (ninif'ol), a. Of or pertaining to a nymph 
or nymphs ; nympheam 

Nym-phe'an (nTm-fe'an), a. Of, pert, to, or appro- 
priate to, nymphs. 



O. 



(o). 0, the fifteenth letter of the English alphabet, 
derives its form, value, and name, through the Latin 
from the Greek O, this letter coming from the Phoenician, 
and possibly ultimately from the Egyptian. Etymolog- 
ically, the letter o is most closely related to a, e, and u ; 
as in E. bone, AS. ban ; E. broke, AS. brecan to break ; 
E. bore, AS. beran to bear ; E. dove, AS. dSfe ; tone, 
tune ; nwinber, F. nombre. The letter o lias several 
vowel sounds, and is used in several digraphs and diph- 
thongs. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 107-129. 

0, n. ; pi. O's or Oes (oz). 1. The letter O, or its 
sound, or something shaped like the letter. 2. Zero. [i2.] 

(o), interj. An exclamation of address ; also used 
fro express pain, grief, surprise, desire, fear, etc. 

dggp^ A distinction between the use of and oh is in- 
sisted upon by some, namely, that should be used only 
in direct address to a person or personified object ; and 
that Oh (or oh) should be used in exclamations where no 
direct appeal or address is made. The form 0, however, 
is, it seems, the one most commonly employed for both 
uses by modern writers and correctors for the press. 

dear, and dear me 1 [corrupted fr. F. Dieu ! or It. 
Dio! O God ! Dio mio ! O my God ! Wyman], ex- 
clamations expressive of various emotions. 

Oaf (of), n. [OE. auph, aulf, fr. Icel. dlfr elf. See 
Elf.] Orig., an elf's child ; a changeling; hence, a de- 
formed or foolish child ; a simpleton. 

Oafish, a. Like an oaf ; simple. — Oaf 'ish-ness. n. 

Oak (ok), n. [OE. oke, ok, ak, AS. ac ; akin to G. 
eiche.~\ (Bot.) Any tree or shrub of the genus Quercus, 
the fruit of which is the acorn ; also, the wood of the tree. 

Oak apple, a large, smooth, round oak gall. — To sport 



one's oak, to be "not at home to visitors," — signified by 
closing the outer (oaken) door of one's rooms. [Cant, 
Eng. Univ.] 

Oak'en (ok"n), a. Made or consisting of oaks or of 
the wood of oaks. 

Oak'um (ok'um), n. [AS. acumba ; pref. a- -f cem- 
ban to comb, camb comb.] The material obtained by 
picking into loose fiber old hemp ropes, — used for calk- 
ing seams, stopping leaks, etc. 

Oak'y (ok'y), a. Resembling oak ; strong. 

Oar (or), n. [AS. ar ; akin to Icel. ar.~\ 1. A kind 
of long paddle for impelling a boat, worked on a fulcrum 
called a rowlock. 2. An oarsman ; a rower. 



Spoon Oar. a Handle ; b Loom ; c Blade. 

Oar, v. t. & i. To row. 

Oar'lock' (orlSk'), n. (Xaut.) Same as Rowlock. 

Oars'man (orz'man), n. One who uses, or is skilled 
in the use of, an oar ; a rower. 

Oar'y (or'y), a. Formed like, or used as, an oar. 

O'a-sis (o'a-sTs or o-a'sis), n. ; pi. Oases (-sez). [L., 
fr. Gr. oacri?.] A fertile or green spot in a waste or 
desert, esp. in a sandy desert. 

Oast (ost), n. [AS. ast.~\ A kiln to dry hops or malt. 

Oat (ot), n. [AS. ata; of uncertain origin.] (Bot.) 
A well-known cereal grass and its edible grain ; — com- 
monly used in the pi. , and collectively. 

Oat'cake' (ot'kak'), n. A cake made of oatmeal. 



f grn, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



OATEN 



566 



OBLIGINGNESS 




Oat en k o:''n\ a. 1- Consisting of an oat straw or 

.;iueal. 
Oath ^.oth\ .•!. ; />/. Oaths (.othzV [AS. 53 ; akin to 
1. A solemn affirmation with an appeal to God 
ruth : a solemn affirmation by some sacred object, 
eless and blasphemous use of the name of the 
Heine, or anything divine or sacred. 
Oatmeal \,ot'uiel ), n. Meal made of oats. 
Ob- i^ob-V [L. 06, prep. Cf. En-.] A prefix signify- 
. !f/ore, against, rnerstli/, etc. ; also, as a 
simple intensive ; as in oMige, to bind to ; obstacle, some- 
inding before; object, lit., to throw against ; ob- 
ov.kte. reversely, or oppositely, ovate. Ob- is commonly 
assimilated before c. 1. a, and p, to oc-, of-, og-, and op-. 
Ob bli-ga'to (,6b ble-ga'to), a. [It., lit., bound.] 
Necessary ; — applied to voices or instruments 
rv to the just performance of a composition. 
Ob-cor'date (,3b-koVd£t), a. Heart-shaped, with the 
attachment at the pointed end. 

Ob 'du-ra-cy ( 5b'd u-ra-sy ) , n . Q uality 
or state of being obdurate; invincible 
hardness of heart. 

Ob'dU-rate (-rat), a. [L. obduratus, 
p. p. of obdurare to harden ; ob (see Ob-) 
— durare to harden, durus hard.] 1. 
Hardened in feelings, esp. against moral 
or mollifying influences ; hard-hearted ; 
stubbornly wicked. 2. Hard ; harsh ; 
rouch ; intractable. — Ob'dU-rate-ly, Obcordate Leaf- 

- Ob'du-rate-ness, n. lets of Oxahs. 

Syn.— Firm ; unbending ; inflexible ; unyielding ; stub- 
born ; obstinate; impenitent; callous. — Callous denotes 
a deadening of the sensibilities ; hardened implies a gen- 
eral and settled disregard for the claims of interest, duty, 
and sympathy; obdurate implies an active resistance 
against the pleadings of compassion and humanity. 

O-be'ah (o-be'a), n. Same as Obi. 

O-be'di-ence (o-be'dT-ens), n. 1. Act of obeying, or 
state of being obedient. 2. Words or acts signifying 
submission or compliance. 3. (Eccl.) The body of 
those who submit to a certain authority. 

O-beMi-ent (-fnt), a. [OF., fr. L. obediens, oboediens, 
-ends, p. pr. of obedire to obey. See Obey.] Subject in 
will or act to authority ; willing to obey ; submissive to 
restraint or command. — 0-be / dl-ent-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Dutiful ; respectful ; compliant ; submissive. 

O-bei'sance (6-be'sans or o-ba'-), n. [F. obeissance 
obedience.] A manifestation of obedience or deference ; 
homage ; a bow ; a courtesy. 

O-bei'sant (-sant), a. [F. obeissant, p. pr. of obeir to 
obey.] Ready to obey ; deferential ; submissive. 

OVe-lisk (ob'e-lisk), n. [L. obeliscus, Gr. o/3eA.ur*os, 
dim. of 60€A6s a spit, a pointed pillar.] 1. An upright, 
four-sided pillar, gradually tapering as it rises, and ter- 
minating in a pyramid. 2. {Print.) See Daggeb, n., 2. 

0-bese 7 (6-bes'), a. [L. obesus, that has eaten itself 
fat, p. p. ; ob (see Ob-) -\-edere to eat.] Excessively cor- 
pulent ; fat ; fleshy. — O-bese'ness. n. [obese. I 

O-bes'i-ty (6-beV!-ty), 72. State or quality of being! 

O-bey' (6-ba'). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obeyed (-bad') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Obeying.] [F. obeir, fr. L. obedire, oboedire ; 
ob (see Ob-) -f audire to hear.] 1. To execute the com- 
mands of ; to comply with the orders of. 2. To submit 
to the authority of. 3. To yield to the impulse, power, 
or operation of. 

O-bey'. r. i. To give obedience. 

O-bey'er (-er), n. One who yields obedience. 

Ob fus'cate (5b-fiis'kat), v. t. To darken ; to obscure ; 
to becloud ; hence, to confuse ; to bewilder. 

Ob fus-ca'tion (Sb/fus-ka'shun), n. Act of darkening 
or bewildering ; state of being darkened. 

Cbi (o'bi), n. 1. A kind of sorcery, practiced by West 
Indian negroes. 2. A charm or fetich. [ West Indies) 

O'bit Co'blt or 5bTt), n. [F., fr. L. obitus, fr. obire 

to go against, (sc. mortem) to die ; ob (see Ob-) -f- ire to 

1. Death; decease; the date of one's death. 2. A 

funeral office ; obsequies. 3. A service for the soul of a 

i person on the anniversary of his death. 

O-bit'U-al (6-bTt'u-^l: 13o), a. Of or pertaining to 
lays when obits are celebrated. 

O-blt'U-a-ry (-S-rjf), a. Of or pert, to the death of a 

O-blt'U-a-ry, n. 1. A biographical sketch or memoir. 
2. 'It. C. Ch.) A list of the dead, or of days for obits. 

Ob-Ject' (ftb-jeTtt'j, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Objected; p. 
T>r. & vb. n. Objecting.] [L. objicere, p. p. objectus ; ob 

tee Ob-; -j-jacere to throw.] 1. To set before ; to op- 



charge or by way of accusation or reproach ; to adduce 
as an objection or adverse reason. [objection. I 

Ob-Ject' (5b-jSkf), r. t. To make opposition ; to offer | 

Ob'ject (Gb'jSkt), n. 1. That which is put, or which 
may be regarded as put, in the way of some of the senses ; 
something visible or tangible. 2. That which is set, or 
may be regarded as set, before the mind so as to be appre- 
hended or known. 3. That by or toward which the mind, 
or any of its activities, is directed ; end ; aim ; motive ; 
final cause. 4. (Gram. ) A word, phrase, or clause toward 
which an action is, or is considered to be, directed. 

Object glass, the lens or system of lenses at the end of an 
optical instrument toward the object. — Object lesson, a 
lesson given by means of illustrative objects. 

Ob-jec'tion (ob-jgk'shun), n. 1. Act of objecting. 
2. That which is, or may be, presented in opposition ; 
adverse reason ; obstacle ; impediment. 

Syn. — Exception ; difficulty ; doubt ; scruple. 

Ob-jec'tion-a-ble (ob-jgk'shun-a-b'l), a. Liable to ob- 
jection ; offensive. — Ob-jec'tlon-a-bly, adv. 

Ob-]ec'tive (ob-j6k'tIv), a. 1. Of or pertaining to an 
object; specif. {Metaph.), outward; external; extrinsic. 
2. (Gram.) Pertaining to, or designating, the case which 
follows a transitive verb or a preposition. 

Objective point, the point or result to which the opera- 
tions of an army are directed. Hence, any aim or purpose. 

Syn. — Subjective. — Objective is applied to things ex- 
terior to the mind, and objects of its attention ; subjective, 
to the operations of the mind itself. Hence, an objective 
motive is some outward thing awakening desire ; a subjec- 
tive motive is some internal feeling or propensity. Ob- 
jective views are those governed by outward things; sub- 
jective views are produced or modified by internal feeling. 

Ob-Jec'tive, n. 1. (Gram.) The objective case. 2. 
An object glass. 3. An objective point. 

Ob-jec'tlve-ly, adv. In an objective manner or state. 

Ob-jec'tive-ness, n. Objectivity. 

Ob jec-tiv'i-ty (5b'jgk-tTv'i-ty), n. State, quality, 
or relation of being objective ; character of the object or 
of the objective. 

Ob'Ject-less, a. Having no object ; purposeless. 

Ob-ject'or (ob-jSkfer), n. One who objects. 

Ob-jUT'gate (5b-jGr'gat), v. t. [L. objurgare, p. p. 
-atus ; ob (see Ob-) + jurgare to quarrel, scold, iT.jus 
court.] To chide ; to reprove. [ting ; reproof. I 

Ob jur-ga'tion (ob'jur-ga'shun), n. Act of objurga-| 

Ob-jur'ga-to-ry (5b-jGr'ga-t6-rjr), a. Designed to ob- 
jurgate or chide ; containing or expressing reproof ; 
culpatory. [reversed order. I 

Ob-lan'ce-0-late (-lSn'se-6-lat), a. Lanceolate in the | 

Ob-late' (ob-laf or Sb'lat), a. [L. oblatus, used 
as p. p. of offerre to bring forward, offer, dedicate ; 
ob (see Ob-) + latus borne. See Tolerate.] 1. 
(Geom.) Flattened or depressed at the poles. 
2. (R. C. Ck.) Offered up; devoted; consecrated. 

Ob-la'tion (ob-la'shun), n. [See Oblate.] 1. 
Act of offering, or of making an offering. 2. An 
offering ; a sacrifice ; hence, a contribution. 

Ob'li-gate (ob'li-gat), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Obli- 
gated (-ga'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Obligating.] [L. 
obligare, p. p. -atus. See Oblige.] 1. To bring 
or place under obligation. 2. To bind to any act _ " 
of duty or courtesy by a formal pledge. ceoliue 

Ob'li-ga'tlon (-ga'shun),?i. 1. Act of obligating. Leaf. 
2. That which obligates or constrains ; the bind- 
ing power of a promise, contract, oath, or vow, or of law, 
or of moral duty. 3. Any act or condition by which a 
person becomes bound to do or forbear something. 4. 
State of being obligated or bound; state of being in- 
debted for a favor or kindness. 5. (Law) A bond with 
a condition annexed, and a penalty for nonfulfillment. 
Ob li-ga'to (ob'le-ga'to), a. [It.] See Obbligato. 

Obli-ga-tO-ry (ob'li-ga-to-ry), a. Binding in law or 
conscience ; imposing obligation ; requiring performance 
or forbearance. 

O-blige' (6-blfj'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Obliged (o-blijd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Obliging (6-bli'jing).] [OF. obligier, L. 
obligare; ob (see Ob-) + ligare to bind.] 1. To con- 
strain by physical, moral, or legal force; to put under 
obligation to do or forbear something. 2. To bind by 
some favor rendered ; hence, to do a favor to ; to please ; 
to gratify ; to accommodate. 

Obli-gee' (5b'l!-je'), n. The person to whom another 
is bound, or the person to whom a bond is given. 

O-bli'ger (6-bli'jer), n. One who obliges. 

O-bll'ging (-jlng), a. Putting under obligation ; dis- 
posed to oblige or do favors ; hence, helpful ; civil ; 
kind. — O-bli'glng-ly, adv. — O-bli'glng-ness, n. 
1 ; compl 



poae. [Obs.] 2. To offer in opposition as a criminal I Syn.— Civil; complaisant; courteous; kind. — One is 
a, e, X, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, &bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



OBLIGOR 



567 



OBSTACLE 



kind who desires to see others happy ; one is complaisant 
who endeavors to make them so in social intercourse by 
attentions calculated to please ; one who is obliyiuu per- 
forms some actual service, or has the disposition to do so. 

Ob'U-gor' (Sb'lT-gSr'), n. The person who binds him- 
self, or gives his bond to another. 

Oblique' (5b-lek' or -Ilk'), a. [F., fr. L. obliquus ; 
ob (see Ob-) + liquis oblique.] 1. Not erect or perpen- 
dicular ; slanting ; inclined. 2. Not 

straightforward ; indirect ; hence, per- 

verse ; disingenuous ; sinister. 3. Not ■ 

direct in descent ; collateral. — Ob-lique'- Oblique Lines. 
ly, adv. — Ob lique'ness, n. 

Oblique case (if ram.), any case except the nominative. 

Ob-lique', V. i. 1. To deviate from a perpendicular 
line. 2. (Mil.) To march in a direction oblique to the 
line of the column or platoon. [tion of being oblique. I 

Ob-liq'ui-ty (-lik'wT-ty), n. Quality, state, or rela-| 

Ob-lit'er-ate (ob-lTt'er-at), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Oblit- 
erated (-a 7 ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Obliterating.] [L. 
obliterare, p. p. -atus; ob (see Ob-) -j- litera, lillera, let- 
ter.] To erase or blot out, as a writing ; hence, to ef- 
face or destroy. 

Ob-lit/er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of obliterating, or 
state of being obliterated ; effacement ; extinction. 

Ob-liv'i-on (ob-llv'i-un), n. [L. oblivio, akin to ob- 
livisci to forget.] 1. Act of forgetting, or state of being 
forgotten; forgetfulness. 2. Amnesty. 

Syn. — See Forgetfulness. 

Ob-liv'i-OUS (-us), a. 1. Promoting oblivion; caus- 
ing forgetfulness. 2. Evincing oblivion ; forgetful. — 
Ob-liv'i-ous-ly, adv. — Ob-liv'i-ous ness, «. 

Oblong (ob'15ng ; 115), a. [L. oblongus ; ob (see Ob-) 
-f- longus long.] Having greater length than breadth, 
esp. when rectangular. — n. An oblong figure. — Ob'- 
long-ly, adv. — Oblong-ness, n. 

Oblong-ish (5b'long-Ish), a. Somewhat oblong. 

Oblo-quy (5b'lo-kwy), n. [L. obloquium, fr. obloqui 
to speak against ; ob (see Ob-) -f- loqui to speak.] Censo- 
rious speech ; language that casts contempt on men or 
their actions. 

Syn. — Reproach ; odium ; censure ; contumely ; gain- 
saying ; reviling ; calumny ; slander ; detraction. 

Ob-Iiox'ious (ob-nok'shus), a. (L. obnozius ; ob (see 
Ob-) -f noxius hurtful. See Noxious.] 1. Subject; lia- 
ble; amenable ; — with to. 2. Liable to censure; ex- 
posed to punishment ; blameworthy. 3. Offensive ; 
odious. — Obnoxiously, adv. — Ob-noxlous-ness, n. 

O'boe (o'boi or o'bo-a), n. [It., fr. F. hautbois. See 
Hautboy.] (Mus.) One of the higher wind instruments 
in the orchestra, with a double reed ; a hautboy. 



Oboe. 

O'bo-ist (o'bo-Tst), n. A performer on the oboe. 

I! Ob'O-lus (ob'6--lus), n. ; pi. Oboli (-li). [L., fr. Gr. 
6/3oAo5.] (Gr. Antiq.) (a) A small silver coin 
of Athens, worth about three cents, (b) An 
ancient weight, the sixth part of a drachm. 

Ob-O'vate (ob-o'vat), a. [Pref. ob- -f 
ovate.] (Bot.) Ovate with the narrow end 
downward. 

Ob-scone' (ob-sen'), a. [L. obscenus, ob- 
scaenus, obscoenus, ill looking, filthy.] 1. 
Offensive to chastity or modesty ; indecent ; 
impure ; lewd. 2. Foul ; filthy ; disgusting. 
— Obscenely, adv. — Ob-scene'ness, n. 

Ob-scen'i-ty (ob-sen'i-ty), n. Quality or 
state of being obscene ; that which is obscene ; lewdness. 

Ob-SCUr'ant (ob-skur'ant), n. [L. obscurans, p. pr.] 
One who obscures ; one who prevents enlightenment, or 
hinders the progress of knowledge. 

Ob-scur'ant-lsm (-Tz'm), n. The system or the prin- 
ciples of the obscurants. 

Ob-scur'ant-ist, n. Same as Obscurant. 

Ob SCU-ralion (ob'sku-ra'shun), n. Act of obscur- 
ing ; state of being obscured. 

Ob-scure' (ob-skur'), a. [Compar. Obscurer (-er) ; 
superl. Obscurest.] [L. obscurus, orig., covered ; ob 
(see Ob-) -f- a root probably meaning, to cover.] 1. Cov- 
ered over ; destitute of light or imperfectly illuminated ; 
dusky; dim. 2. Of or pertaining to darkness or night ; 
inconspicuous to the sight ; hence, remote ; retired ; un- 
noticed. 3. Not noticeable ; humble ; mean. 4. Not 
easily understood ; not plain ; not simple or legible ; ab- 
struse. 5. Not distinct ; clouded ; imperfect. 

Syn. — Dark ; darksome ; shadowy ; misty ; intricate ; 
difficult ; mysterious ; unknown ; indistinct. 




Ob-scure' (5b-skur'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obscured 
(-skurd') ; //. pr, A. VO. n. Obscuring.] To render ob- 
scure ; to darken ; to hide ; to make less visible, intelli- 
gible, legible, glorious, beautiful, or illustrious. 

Ob-SCUre'ly, adv. In an obscure manner. 

Ob-scure'ment (-ment), n. Obscuration. 

Ob-scure'ness, n. Obscurity. 

Ob-scur'er (ob-*kur'er), n. One who obscures. 

Ob-scu'ri-ty (5b-sku'rT-ty), n. Quality or state of be- 
ing obscure. 

Syn. — See Darkness. 

Ob'se-crate (5b'se-krat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obse- 
crated (-kra'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Obsecrating.] [L. 
obsecrare, p. p. -atus, prop., to ask on religious grounds; 
ob (see Ob-) -f- sacrare to declare as sacred, from sacer 
sacred.] To beseech ; to supplicate. [/?.] 

Ob se-cra'tion (-kra'shiin), n. Act of obsecrating. 

Ob-se'qul-OUS (ob-se'kwi-us), a. [L. obseqtiiosus, fr. 
obsequium compliance, f r. obsequi to be complaint ; ob 
(see Ob-) -f- sequi to follow.] 1. Compliant. [Obs.] 2. 
Compliant to excess ; servile ; cringing ; fawning. 3. [See 
Obsequy.] Funereal. [B.] — Ob-se'qul-OUS-ly, adv. — 
Ob-se'qui-ous-ness, n. 

Ob'se-quy (Sb'se-kw^), n. [L. obsequiae, pi., funeral 
rites, fr. obsequi. See Obsequious.] The last duty or 
service to a person, rendered after death ; hence, a rite 
or ceremony pertaining to burial ; — now only in pi. 

Ob-serv'a-ble (ob-zerv'a-b'l), a. Worthy or capable 
of being observed ; discernible ; noticeable. — Ob-serv'- 
a-ble-ness, n. — Ob-serv'a-bly, adv. 

Ob-serv'ance (-ans), n. 1. Act or practice of ob- 
serving or noticing with attention ; a heeding. 2. An 
act or ceremony, as of worship ; form ; practice ; custom. 

Syn. — Observation. — Observance denotes especially a 
strict or formal keeping or heeding, as of some rite or cer- 
emony ; observation denotes especially careful or atten- 
tive consideration or notice, as of some fact or passing 
event ; and, also, the result thereof, as a remark. 

Ob-serv'ant (-ant), a. 1. Observing ; taking notice ; 
watchful ; attentive. 2. Submissively attentive ; regard- 
ful ; mindful. — Ob-serv'ant-ly, adv. 

Ob ser-va'tion (Bb'zer-va'shun), n. 1. Act or fac- 
ulty of observing or taking notice ; technically, act of 
noting for scientific purposes some fact or occurrence ; 
also, the expression of the result. 2. The result of ob- 
serving ; view ; conclusion ; judgment. 3. Hence : An 
expression of such judgment ; remark ; comment. 

To take an observation (Naut.), to ascertain the altitude 
of a heavenly body, with a view to finding a vessel's place. 

Syn. — Notice ; attention ; note. See Observance. 

Ob-serv'a-tO-ry (ob-zerv'a-to-ry), n. 1. A place or 
building for making scientific observations, esp. on the 
heavenly bodies. 2. A place commanding a wide view. 

Ob-serve' (ob-zerv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Observed 
(-zervd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Observing.] [L. obserrare, 
observatum ; ob (see Ob-) -)- servare to save, keep, heed. 
See Serve.] 1. To take notice of by appropriate con- 
duct ; to keep ; to heed ; to comply with. 2. To notice 
with care ; to see ; to watch ; to discover. 3. To ex- 
press as what has been noticed ; to utter as a remark. 

Ob-serve', v. i. 1. To take notice; to attend. 2. 
To make a comment or remark ; to comment. 

Syn. — See Remark. 

Ob-serv'er (-er), ». One who observes. 

Ob-serv'ing, a. Giving particular attention ; habit- 
ually attentive to what passes. — Ob-serv'ing-ly, adv. 

Ob-sess' (ob-ses'), v. t. [L. obsidere, p. p. obsessus ; 
ob (see Ob-) -f- seder e to sit.] To besiege ; to beset ; to 
harass from without ; — said esp. of evil spirits. 

Ob-ses'sion (ob-sesh'un), n. State of being obsessed. 

Ob-sid'i-an (ob-sid'T-an), n. [L. Obsidia?ius lapis, so 
named, according to Pliny, after one Obsidius.] (Min.) 
A kind of glass produced by volcanoes. 

Ob-sid'i-O-nal (-o-n«l), a. [L. obsidiojialis. See Ob- 
sess.] Of or pertaining to a siege. 

Ob'SO-les'cence (oVso-lSs'sens), n. State or quality 
of being obsolescent. 

Ob'so-les'cent (-sent), a. [L. obsolescens, -ends, p. 
pr. of obsolescere to fall into disuse ; ob (see Ob-) -f- 
solere to use.] Going out of use ; becoming obsolete. 

Ob'SO-lete (ob'so-let), a. [L. obsolefus, p. p.] 1. No 
longer in use ; neglected. 2. (Biol.) Not very distinct ; 
rudimental. — Ob'so-lete-ly, adv. — Ob'so-lete-ness, n. 

Syn. — Ancient ; disused ; neglected. See Ancient. 

Ob'Sta-cle (Sb'sta-k'l), h. [F.,fr. L. obstaculum.fr. 
obstare to withstand, oppose ; ob (see Ob-) -j- stare to 
stand.] That which stands in the way, or opposes ; a 
hindrance ; an obstruction, physical or moral. 
Syn. — Impediment ; difficulty. See Obstruction. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



OBSTETRIC 



568 



OCCUPY 



Ob stet'ric (Bb-attfrlk), \ a. [L. obstetricius, fr. 06- 
Ob stetTic-al v-ri riz, -ids, a midwife, 

stand before.] Of or pertaining to und- 
, or the delivery of women in childbed. 

Ob ste-tri'cian (6Vat$-taTab/an), n. One skilled in 
> ; an accoucheur. 

Ob-stet'rics (.3b-st£t'iiks), n. The science of mid- 
wifery : the art of assisting women in childbirth. 

Ob'Sti-na-cy (,ob'sti-na-sy\ n. State or quality of 
being obstinate; unyielding disposition; stubbornness. 

>\ 11. -Pertinacity : firmness ; resoluteness; inflexi- 
bility; persistency; perverseuess ; contumacy. — Perti- 
mphasizes adherence to a thing, aim, etc. ; ob- 
emphasizes resistance to persuasion, attack, etc. 

Ob'sti-nate (,-uat). a. [L. obstinatus, p. p. of obsti- 
crsist in ; ob (see Ob-) + a word from the root 
to stand.] 1. Pertinaciously adhering to an 
opinion, purpose, or course ; not yielding to reason, ar- 
guments, or other means ; stubborn ; pertinacious ; head- 
strong. 2. Not easily subdued, removed, or cured. — 
Obstinately, adv. — Ob'sti-nate-ness, n. 

Syn. — Inflexible ; immovable ; persistent ; opinionated; 
unyielding ; refractory ; contumacious. See Stubborn. 

Ob-Strep'er-OUS (ob-strgp'er-tis), a. [L. obstreperus, 
from obi trepe r e to make a noise at ; ob (see Ob-) + 
strepere to make a noise.] Attended by, or making, a 
loud and tumultuous noise ; clamorous ; vociferous. — 
Ob-strep'er-ous-ly, adv. — Ob-strep'er-ous-ness, n. 

Ob-Struct' (ob-strukf), v. t. {imp. &p. p. Obstruct- 
ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Obstructing.] [L. obstruere, p. p. 
-structus ; ob against (see Ob-)-J- struere to pile up.] 1. 
To block up ; to stop up or close, as a way or passage ; 
to put an obstacle or impediments in. 2. To hinder 
from passing ; to stop ; to impede ; to retard. 

Syn. — To bar ; barricade ; stop ; arrest ; check ; inter- 
rupt ; clog ; chokej impede ; retard ; embarrass ; oppose. 

Ob-Struct'er (-er), n. One who obstructs or hinders. 

Obstruction (5b-struk'shun), n. 1. Act of obstruct- 
ing, or state of being obstructed. 2. That which ob- 
structs or impedes. 

Syn. — Obstacle ; bar ; barrier ; impediment ; clog ; 
check; hindrance. —An obstacle is something standing 
in the way ; an obstruction is something put in the way. 
Obstacle implies more fixedness and is the stronger word. 

Obstructionism (-Tz'm), n. Act or policy of ob- 
structing progress. — Ob-struc'tion-ist, n. [Recent] 

Ob-Struct'ive (-tTv), a. Tending to obstruct. — n. 
An obstructive person or thing. — Ob-Strnct'ive-ly, adv. 

Ob'Stru-ent (5b'stru-ent), a. [L. obstruens, p. pr. 
See Obstruct.] Causing obstruction ; blocking up. 

Ob-tain' (ob-tan'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtained 
(-tand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Obtaining.] [F. obtenir, L. 
obtinere ; ob (see Ob-) + tenere to hold.] To get hold 
of by effort ; to procure ; to acquire, in any way. 

Syn. — To attain; gain; procure; acquire; win; earn. 
— The idea of getting is common to all these terms. To 
gain is to get by striving ; and also to get an additional 
good or advantage in any way, as by chance. To obtain 
implies desire for possession, and some effort to achieve 
it. To acquire is more limited. We acquire what comes 
to us gradually in the regular exercise of our abilities, 
while we obtain what comes in any way, if we desire it. 

Ob-tain', v. i. To become held ; to be in the state of 
something gained or established ; to subsist ; to prevail. 

Ob-tain'a-ble (-a-o'l), a. Capable of being obtained. 

Ob-tain'er (-er), n. One who obtains. 

Ob-tain'ment (-ment), n. Act of obtaining. 

Ob-test' (5b-tSsf ), v. t. [L. obtestari; ob (see Ob-) + 
testari to witness, fr. testis a witness.] 1. To call to wit- 
ness. [J?.] 2. To supplicate. [R.] 

Ob-trnde' (5b-trud'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtruded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Obtruding.] [L. obtrudere, obtrusum ; 
ob (see Ob-) -J- trudere to thrust. See Threat.] 1. To 
thrust impertinently or unwarrantably. 2. To urge un- 
duly or against the will. 

Ob-trude', v. i. To thrust one's self upon a company 
or upon attention ; to intrude. 

To intrude. —Intrude implies less of boldness 

aiKl assurance than obtrude ; one may be unconscious that 

■"ding, but not that he is obtruding, as the latter 

implies a determination to thrust one's self, remarks, 

opinions, etc., upon others. 

Ob-trud'er (-trud'erj, n. One who obtrudes. 

Ob-tTU'slon CJ5b-tni'zhun), n. 1. Act of obtruding. 
2. That which is obtruded. 

Ob-tru'sive (-«Tv), a. Disposed to obtrude ; forward ; 
intrusive. — Ob-tru'sive-ly, adi >. — Ob-tru'sive-ness, n. 

Ob-tnnd' (5b-tund'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtunded ; 
p- ]>r. &. vb. n. Obtunding.] [L. obtundere, obtusum ; 
Oe-i — ttmdere to strike or beat.] To dull ; to 
blunt; to deaden; to quell. [Archaic] 



Ob-tuae' (ob-tiis'), a. [Compar. Obtuser (-er) ; superl. 
Obtusest.] [L. obtusus, p. p. See Obtund.] 1. Not 
pointed or acute ; blunt ; — said esp. of angles greater than 
a right angle. 2. Dull ; stupid. 3. Dull ; deadened ; as, 
obtuse sound. — Ob-tuse'ly, adv. — Ob-tuse'ness, n. 

Ob tuse'-an gled (-aVg'ld), \ a. Having an ob- 

Ob-tuse'-an gu-lar (-Sn/gu-ler), ) tuse angle. 

Ob-verse' (ob-vers'), a. [L. obversus, p. p. of obver- 
tere. See Obvert.] Having the base, or end next the 
attachment, narrower than the top, as a leaf. 

Ob'verse (St/vers), n. 1. The face of a coin or medal 
having the chief image or inscription upon it. 2. Any- 
thing necessarily involved in, or answering to, another. 

Ob-verse'ly (5b-vers'ly), adv. In an obverse manner. 

Ob-ver'sion (5b-ver'shim), n. 1. Act of turning to- 
ward or downward. 2. (Logic) Act of immediate infer- 
ence, by which we deny the opposite of anything. 

Ob-vert' (5b-verf), v. t. [L. obvertere ; ob (see Ob-) 
-f vertere to turn.] To turn toward. 

Ob'vi-ate (ob'vi-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obviated 
(-a'ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Obviating.] [L. obviare ; ob 
(see Ob-) -{- viare to go, fr. via way.] To intercept ; to 
remove from the way or path. 

Ob'vi-a'tion (ob/vT-a'shuu), n. Act of obviating, or 
state of being obviated. 

Ob'vi-OUS (ob'vT-iis), a. [L. obvius ; ob (see Ob-) + 
via way.] 1. Opposing; hence, exposed. [Obs.] 2. 
Easily discovered, seen, or understood; readily perceived; 
apparent. — Ob'vi-ous-ly, adv. — Ob'vi-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Plain ; clearj evident. See Manifest. 

Ob'vo-lute (ob'vo-lut), ) a. [L. obvolutus, p. p. of 06- 

Ob'vo-lu'ted (-lu'tSd), j volvere to wrap round; ob 
-\-volvere to xo\\.] Overlapping; contorted; convolute. 

Oc-ca'sion (ok-ka'zhun), n. [F., fr. L. occasio, fr. 
occidere, occasum, to fall down ; ob (see Ob-) -\- cadere 
to fall.] 1. A happening or coming to pass ; hence, oc- 
currence ; incident. 2. A favorable opportunity. 3. 
Accidental or incidental cause. 4. Need ; exigency ; re- 
quirement ; necessity. 5. A reason or excuse ; persuasion. 

On occasion, in case of need ; as convenience requires. 

Syn. — Need; incident; use. See Opportunity. 

Oc-ca'sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Occasioned (-zhund) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Occasioning.] To give occasion to; to 
cause ; to produce ; to induce. 

Oc-ca'sion-al (-al), a. Of or pert, to an occasion or to 
occasions ; not regular ; casual ; incidental. 

Oc-ca'sion-al-ly (ok-ka'zhun-al-ly), adv. In an occa- 
sional manner ; on occasion ; not regularly. 

Oc-ca'sion-er (-er), n. One that occasions. 

Oc-ca'sive (-slv), a. [L. occasivus, deriv. of occidere. 
See Occasion.] Of or pert, to the setting sun ; western. 

Oc'ci-dent (ok'sT-dent), n. [F., deriv. of L. occidere. 
See Occasion.] The place or direction where the sun 
last appears in the evening; the west; specif., Europe 
as opposed to Asia ; also, the Western hemisphere. 

Oc'ci-den'tal (-den'tal), a. Of, pertaining to, or sit- 
uated in, the Occident, or west ; western. [ciput. | 

Oc-cip'i-tal (ok-sTr/i-tal), a. Of or pert, to the oc-| 

OCci-put (5k'sT-put), n. ; pi. L. Occd?ita (Sk-sTp'i-ta), 
E. Occiputs. [L., fr. ob (see Ob-) + caput head.] 
(Anat.) The back, or posterior, part of the head or skull. 

Oc-Clude' (ok-klud'), v. t. [L. occludere, occlusum ; 
ob (see Ob-) -f- claudere to shut.] 1. To close. [R.] 
2. (Chem.) To take in and retain ; to absorb. 

Oc-clu'sion (ok-klu'zhiiu), n. Act of occluding, or 
state of being occluded. 

Oc-CUlt' (ok-kulf), a. [L. occultus, p. p. of occulere 
to cover up, hide ; ob (see Ob-) -f- a root prob. akin to 
E. hell.] Hidden from the eye or the understanding ; 
invisible ; secret ; concealed ; unknown. 

Oc-CUlt', v. t. To eclipse ; to hide from sight. 

Oc cul-ta'tion (Sk'kul-ta'shun), n. 1. (Astron.) The 
hiding of a heavenly body by the intervention of some 
other heavenly body. 2. Fig. : State of being occult. 

Oc-CUlt'ly, adv. In an occult manner. 

Oc'cult-ness, n. State or quality of being occult. 

Oc'cu-pan-cy (ok'ku-pan-s^), n. Act of occupying ; 



Oc'cu-pant (-pant), n. [L. occupans, p. pr. See Oc- 
cupy.] One who occupies ; one in actual possession. 

Oc CU-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. 1. Act or process of oc- 
cupying ; actual possession and control ; state of being 
occupied ; tenure ; use. 2. That which occupies or en- 
gages the time and attention ; one's principal business. 

Syn. — Occupancy ; employment ; avocation ; engage- 
ment ; vocation ; calling ; office ; trade ; profession. 

Oc'CU-pi'er (Sk'ku-pi'er), n. One who occupies. 

Oc'cu-py (ok/ku-pi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Occupied 



a, e, I, o, Q, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, £vent, tdea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



OCCUPY 



569 



OD 




(-pid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Occupying (-pi'Tng).] [F. oc- 
cuper, f r. L. occupure ; ob (.see Ob-) -f- a word akiu to 
eapere to take.] 1. To take or hold possession of; to 
hold or keep for use ; to possess. 2. To hold or rill the 
dimensions of ; to take up the room or space of. 3. To 
possess or use the time or capacity of ; to employ. 

Oc'CU-py (ok'ku-pi), v. i. 1. To hold possession ; to 
be au occupant. 2. To follow business ; to traffic 

Oc-cur' (5k-kGr'), v. 4. limp. & p. p. Occurred 
(-kGrd'); p. pi: & vb. n. Occurring (-kQr'ring).] [L. 
occurrere, occursum ; ob (see Ob-) -+- currere. See 
Course.] 1. To meet one's eye ; to be found or met 
with ; to present itself ; to offer ; to appear ; to happen. 
2. To meet or come to the mind ; to suggest itself. 

Oc-cur'rence (5k-kur'reus), n. 1. A coming or hap- 
pening. 2. Any incident or event. 

Syn. — See Event. 

Oc-cur'rent (-rent), a. Occurring or happening. 

O'cean (o'shun), ?i. [L. oceanus, Gr. oxeavos ocean.] 

1. The whole body of salt water on the surface of the 
globe. 2. One of the large bodies of water into which 
the great ocean is regarded as divided. 3. An immense 
expanse ; any vast or illimitable space or quantity. 

O'cean (o'shan), a. Of or pertaining to the ocean. 

ce-an'ic (o'she-an'Ik), a. Of or pertaining to the 
ocean ; found in or about the ocean. 

O-cel'la-ted (o-s61'la-ted or o'sel-la'ted) 
a. [L. ocellatus, f r. ocellus a little eye, dim 
of oculus an eye.] 1. Resembling an eye 

2. Marked with eyelike spots of color. 
I! O-cel'lUS (6-sellQs), n. ; pi. Ocel- Three Ocelli of 

LI (-11). [L., dim. of oculus eye.] a Common FIv. 
(Zool.) A little eye. % Co rn p oun d 

O'ce-lot(o'se-lot),n. [Mexican ocelotl.] ***• Enlar s e d- 
(Zool.) An American feline carnivore marked with black- 
ish ocellated 
spots. 

0'cher,0'chre 
(o'ker), n. [F. 
ocre, L. ochra, 
fr. Gr. u>x? a i fr- 
<Lxpos pale, pale 
yellow.] (3Iin.) 
(a) An impure 
earthy ore of iron 
or a ferruginous 
clay, used as a pig- 
ment in making Ocelot (Fehs partialis). 
paints, etc. (b) A metallic oxide occurring in earthy form. 

O'cher-OUS ) (-ker-us), a. Of or pertaining to ocher ; 

O'chre-ous 1 containing or resembling ocher. 

O'cher-y (o'ker-y), a. Ocherous. 

Och-lOC'ra-cy (5k-lok'ra-sy), n. [Gr. bx^oKparCa ; 
ox^os populace -}- Kparelv to rule, Kpdros strength.] A 
mobocracy. — Och lo-crat'ic (ok'16-kratlk), a. 

O'chre (o'ker), n. (Mm.) See Ocher. 

O'chre-ate (o'kre-at), ) a. [L. ochrea a leg- 

O'chre-a ted (-a'ted), ( ging.] 1. Wear- 
ing a legging; wearing boots; booted. 2. 
(Bot.) Provided with ochrese, or sheath- 
formed stipules, as rhubarb and knotgrass. 

O'chrey, O'chry (o'kry), a. See Ochert. 

-OCk (-uk). [AS. -tie.] A suffix used to 
form diminutives ; as, bullocfc, hillock. 

O'cra (o'kra), n. (Bot.) See Okra. 

Oc'ta- (ok'ta-). See Octo-. 

Oc'tad (5k'tad), n. [Gr. oktcls, -aSo?, the 
number eight.] (Chem.) An octavaleut atom gj^te 
or radical. 

Oc'ta-gon (ok'ta-gon), n. [Gr. bxTayuvos eight-cor- 
nered ; oKTa- (for oktu> eight) + ynvia an 
angle.] 1. (Geom.) A plane figure of eight 
sides and eight angles. 2. Any structure 
or place with eight sides or angles. 

Oc-tag'0-nal (5k-tag'6-ncrl), a. Hav- 
ing eight sides and eight angles. 

Oc ta he'dral (ok'ta-he'dral), a. Hav- 
ing eight faces or sides ; of, pertaining to, 
or formed in, octahedrons. Octagon. 

Oc ta-he'dron (-dron), n. [Gr. OKi-aeSpov, fr. oxi-ae 
6pos eight-sided; oktol- + e'Spa seat, base.] 
(Geom.) A solid bounded by eight faces. 

Oc-tam'e-ter (ok-t5m'e-ter), n. [Octa- 
-)- meter.'] (Pros.) A verse of eight feet. 

Oc-tan'dri-an (-tSn'drl-rtn), ( a. [Octo- 

Oc-tan'drous (-drus), ( + -an- 

drous.] (Bot.) Having eight distinct sta- 
mens. Octahedron 







Oc-tan'gu lar (5k-t3ri'gu-ler), a. [L. octangulus eight- 
cornered.] Having eight angles; eight-angled. 

OCtant (Sk't^nit), n. [L. octans, -antis, fr. octoeight.] 
1. (Geom.) The eighth part of a circle. 2. (Action. & 
Astrol.) The position or aspect of a heavenly body when 
half way between conjunction, or opposition, and quad- 
rature, or distant from another body 45 degrees. 3. A 
kind of instrument for measuring angles. 

Oc-tav'a-lent (5k-taV'a-leut), a. [See Octa-, and 
Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of eight. 

Oc'tave (Qk'tav), 7i. [F., deriv. of L. octo eight.] 1. 
The eighth day after a church festival, the festival day 
being included ; also, the week following a church festi- 
val. 2. (3fus.) (a) The eighth tone in the scale; the 
interval between one and eight of the scale, or any equal 
interval, (b) The whole diatonic scale itself. 3. (Poet.) 
The first two stanzas of a sonnet, consisting of four verses 
each. 4. A small cask of wine, the eighth of a pipe. 

Oc-ta'VO (5k-ta'vo"), n. ; pi. -vos (-voz). [L. in octavo ; 
in in -\- octavo, abl. of octa v us. See Octave.] A book 
composed of sheets each folded into eight leaves ; hence, 
the size of a book so made ; — usually written 8vo or 8°. 

Oc-ta'VO, a. Having eight leaves to a sheet. 

Oc-ten'ni-al (ok-tSn'ui-al), a. [L. octennium eight 
years; octo eight -j- annas year.] Happening every 
eighth year ; also, lasting a period of eight years. 

Oc-tet' (5k-tef), n. [From L. octo eight ; cf. E. duet.] 
(Mus.) A composition for eight parts. 

Oc-til'lion (ok-til'yuu), n. [L. octo eight -f -illioti, 
as in E. million.] According to method of numeration 
of France and the U. S., the number expressed by a unit 
with twenty-seven ciphers annexed. According to the 
English method, the number expressed by a unit with 
forty-eight ciphers annexed. See Numeration. 

Oc'tO- (ok'to-), Oc'ta- (ok'ta-). [L. octo eight, Gr. 
oktoj, with combining form 6/ctcl-.] Combining forma 
meaning eight. 

Oc-toT>er (ok-to'ber), n. [L., the eighth month of 
the primitive Roman year, which began in March, deriv. 
of octo eight.] The tenth month of the year. 

OCtO-dec'i-mo (5k'to-des'I-m6), a. [L. octodecim 
eighteen. See Octavo, Decimal, and -mo.] Having 
eighteen leaves to a sheet. 

0c to-ge-na'ri-an (ok'to-je-na'rl-an), n. A person 
eighty years, or more, of age. 

Oc-tOg'6-na-ry (ok-toj'e-na-ry or ok'to-je-), a. [L. 
octogenarius, from octogeni eighty each, octoginta eighty, 
fr. octo eight.] Being eighty years of age. 

Oc'tO-pod (ok'to-pocl), n. [Gr. oktcottovs eight-footed ; 
oktoS eight + 7rovs, 77-0609, foot.] (Zool.) One of a sub- 
order of Cephalopoda, having eia:ht arms about the head. 

Oc'tO-pus (5k'to-pus ; L. 5k-to'piis), n. [NL. See Oc- 
topod.] (Zool.) A 
genus of eight- 
armed cephalopods, 
some species of 
which are of large 
size. See Devilfish. 

Octoroon' (ok'- 

to-roon'), 7i. [L. 

octo eight + quad- 

roon.] The off- Octopus. 

spring of a quadroon and a white person. 

Oc'tO-Style (ok'to-stil), a. \_Octo- -f Gr. o-tuaos a pil- 
lar.] (A rch.) Having eight columns in front ; — said of a 
temple or portico. — 7;. An octostyle portico or temple. 

OCtO-syl-lab'ic (-sTl-13b'Tk), ) a. [See Octo-. and 

OCtO-syl-lab'ic-al (-I-kol), I Syllable.] Consist- 
ing of or containing eight syllables. 

Oc'tO-syMa-ble, ». A word of eight syllables. 

II Octroi' (ok'trwa'), n. [F.] 1. A privilege granted 
by the sovereign authority ; a concession. 2. A tax 
levied in money or kind at the gate of a French city on 
articles brought within the walls. 

Oc'tU-ple (ok'tij-p'l), a. [L. octuplus.] Eightfold. 

Oc'U-lar (ok'u-ler), a. [L. ocularis, -arius, fr. oculus 
eye.] 1. Depending on, or perceived by, the eye. 2. 
(^laT 1 .) Of or pert, to the eye ; optic. — OCu-lar-ly. adv. 

Oc'U-lar, 72. ( Opt.) Eyepiece of an optical instrument. 

Oc'U-late (ok'u-lat), \a. [L. oculatus,iv. oculus eye.] 

Oc'u-la ted (-la'tSd), I 1. Furnished with eyes. 2. 
Having spots or holes resembling eyes ; ocellated. 

Oc'u-li-form (-lT-f6rmV a. [L. oculus eye -j- -form.] 
In the form of an eye ; resembling an eye. 

Oc'U-list (5k'u-lTst), n. [L. oculus eye.] One skilled 
in treating diseases of the eye. 

Oc'u-lo-(3k'u-16-). A combining form fr. L. oadtiseye. 

Od (od or 5d), n. [G., fr. Gr. 680? passage.] (Phys- 



: 




fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, fim, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, irtk, then, thin. 



N 



ODALISQUE 



570 



OFFICE 







alleged force or natural power, said to produce 
lenomena of mesmerism. LdreAafc] 
6 da llsque' (/'. t da lesk j B. o'da-iisk ), n. [F., fr. 
chambermaid, fr od<i chamber.] A female 
slave or concubine in the harem of the Turkish sultan. 

Odd Rid), <r. [Compar. Odder (,-er) ; super!. Oddest.] 
I eel. oddi a tongue of land, a triangle, an 
cnld number (from the third or odd angle, or point, of a 
. orig.. a point, tip.] 1. Not paired with an- 
other, or remaining over after a pairing ; without a mate. 
2. Not divisible by 2 without a remainder ; not even. 3. 
Left over after a definite round number has been taken 
or mentioned ; extra. 4. Remaining over ; detached ; 
hence, occasional ; inconsiderable. 5. Different from 
what is usual or common ; singular ; peculiar ; strange. 

Syn.- Quaint; unmatched; unusual; queer; eccen- 
tric : fantastical ; droll ; comical. See Quaint. 

Odd' Fel low (,5d' fel'lo). A member of a secret or- 
der, or fraternity, styled the Independent Order of Odd 
Fellows, established for mutual aid and social enjoyment. 

Odd'l-ty (od'i-tj). n. 1. Quality or state of being 
odd. 2. That which is odd. 

Oddly, (nlv. 1. With a remainder, [R.] 2. Pecul- 
iarly : queerly ; strangely. 

Odd'ness. n. State or quality of being odd. 

Odds (5dz), n. sing. & pi. [See Odd, a.] 1. Differ- 
ence in favor of one and against another ; excess of one of 
two things or numbers over the other ; hence, excess of 
chances ; probability. 2. Quarrel ; dispute ; strife. 

At odds, in dispute ; at variance. 

Ode (od), h. [F., fr. L. ode, oda, Gr. cj'SjJ a song, 
contr. fr. aoiSrj, fr. aeiSeiv to sing.] A lyric poem ; esp., 
now, a poem of noble sentiment and dignity of style. 

Od'ic (od'ik or odlk), a. Of or pertaining to od. 

O'di-OUS (o'dT-us), a. Causing, deserving, or subject 
to, odium ; hateful ; offensive ; repulsive ; repugnant. — 
O'di-ous-ly, adv. — O'di-ous-ness. n. 

Syn. — Hateful ; detestable ; abominable ; disgusting ; 
loathsome ; invidious ; repulsive ; forbidding ; unpopular. 

O'di-um (o'dT-uni), n. [L., fr. odi Ihate.] 1. Hatred ; 
dislike. 2. Quality that provokes hatred ; offensiveness. 

Syn . — Hatred ; abhorrence ; detestation ; antipathy. 
-We exercise hatred; we endure odium. The former 
has an active sense, the latter a passive one. 

O-dom'e-ter (6-d5in'e-ter), ?i. [Deriv. of Gr. 666? way 
-f- iMerpov measure.] An instrument for measuring or 
registering distance traversed bv a revolving wheel. 

don-tal'gi-a (o'don-tXl'jT-a), n. [NX., fr. Gr. bSov- 
TaA-yt'a ; 66ov? tooth 4- aAyo? pain.] {Med.) Toothache. 

O-don'tO- (o-don'to-). A combining form from Gr. 
66ov?, o56Vtos, a tooth. 

O-don'toid (-toid), a. [Gr. 6801/1-061677?; 68ov? tooth 
+ e!8o? form.] (Anat.) Like a tooth in form. 

don-tol'o-gy (o'don-tol'o-jy), n. [Odonto- + -logy.'] 
The science which treats of the teeth. 

O-don'to-phore (o-don'to-for), n. [Odonto- -f- Gr. 
4>epeiv to bear.] (Zool.) A special structure, found in 
the mouth of most mollusks, except bivalves, supporting 
a chitinous, toothed radula ; also, the radula alone. 

O'dor (o'der), n. [OF., fr. L. odor ; akin to olere to 
smell, Gr. ofeii/.] Any smell, whether fragrant or offen- 
sive ; scent ; perfume. 

O'dor-ant (-ant), a. Yielding odors ; fragrant. 

dor-lfer-OUS (-Tfer-us), a. [L. odorifer ; odor 
odor + ferre to bear.] Bearing or yielding an odor ; 
usually, sweet of scent ; fragrant. 

G'dor-OUS (-us), a. Having or emitting an odor or 
scent, esp. a sweet odor ; fragrant. — O'dor-OUS-ly, adv. 
— O'dor-ous-ness, n. 

Ods (odz), inter j. A corruption of God's ; — formerly 
used in oaths andejaculatory phrases. 

Od'yl I (odTl), n. [Gr. 666? passage -f vArj matter.] 

Od'yle ( ( Ph ysics) The supposed force od. [Archaic] 

(Ec u-men'ic-al (ek'u-men'T-kfll), a. See Ecumenical. 
CE-de'ma (e-de'ma), n. [NL., from Gr. 01617/u.a a 
swelling, fr. ol&elv to swell.] (Med.) Dropsy of the sub- 
cutaneous cellular tissue. 

(En o-ma'ni-a (5n'o-ma'nT-a or e'no-), n. [XL., fr. 
Gr. oti/os wine -f - v-a-via mania.] (Med.) (a) Delirium 
tremens, (b) Dipsoinani? 

O'er for), prep. & adi. A contr. of Over. [Poetic] 

CE-Boph'a-gus. n.. (E so-phag'e-al. a., etc. Same as 
Esophagus. Esophageal, etc. 

GJs'tru-al Cgs'tru-al ), a. [See Oestrus.] (Physiol.) 
Of or y>ertaining to sexual desire. 

OEstrn-a'tiorK-a'shun), n. (Physiol.) State of being 
under ostrual influence. 

(Es'trus feVtrus), n. [L., a gadfly; also, frenzy, fr. 
Gr. olo-rpos gadfly ; hence, sting, fury, insane desire.] 



1. (Zool.) A genus of gadflies. 2. A vehement desire ; 
esp. (Physiol.), the periodical sexual impulse of animals. 

Of (5v), prep. [AS. o/oi, from, off ; akin to G. ab off, 
L. ab, Gr. ano, Skr. apa.] In a general sense, from, or 
out from ; proceeding from ; belonging to ; relating to ; 
concerning ; — used in a variety of applications. 

Off (5f ; 115), adv. [OE. of, orig. the same word as E. 
of, prep., AS. of, adv. & prep.] In a general sense, from 
or away from ; — denoting : (a) Distance or separation. 
(b) A removing or separating, (c) A leaving, abandon- 
ment, departure, abatement, interruption, or remission. 
(d) A different direction ; not on or towards ; away. 

Off (of; 115), interj. Away; begone; — a command. 

Off, prep. Not on ; away from. 

Off, a. 1. On the farther side ; most distant ; on the 
side of an animal or a team farthest from the driver when 
he is on foot, — in the United States, the right side. 

2. Designating a time when duty, business, or certain 
affairs are neglected or inactive. 

Offal (Sf'fal), «. [Off + fall.] 1. The rejected or 
waste parts of a butchered animal. 2. A dead body ; 
carrion. 3. Refuse ; rubbish. 

Of-fence' (of-fens'), n. See Offense. 

Offend' (of-fend'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Offended ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Offending.] [OF. offendre, L. offendere, 
offensum ; ob (see Ob-) -j-fendere (in comp.) to thrust, 
dash.] 1. To displease; to make angry; to affront. 2. 
To be disagreeable to ; to harm ; to pain ; to annoy. 



3. (Scjipt.) To oppose or obstruct in duty. [065.] 



D P C 



To transgress the moral or divine 
2. To cause dislike, anger, or vexation ; to 



Offend' 
law ; to sin. 
displease. 

Of-f end'er (-er), n. One who offends ; a wrongdoer. 

Of-fense' ) (5f-fgns'), n. [F., fr. L. offensa. See Of- 

Of -fence' j fend.] 1. Act of offending in any sense ; 
esp., a crime, sin, affront, or injury. 2. State of being 
offended or displeased ; anger ; displeasure. 

Syn. — Umbrage ; misdeed ; transgression ; delin- 
quency; fault; affront; indignity; outrage; insult. 

Of-fen'sive (-fen'siv), a. 1. Giving offense ; causing 
displeasure or resentment. 2. Giving pain or unpleas- 
ant sensations. 3. Attacking first; hence, used in at- 
tacking. — Of-fen'sive-ly, adv. — Of-fen'sive-ness, n. 

Syn. — Disagreeable ; distasteful ; obnoxious ; disgust- 
ing ; impertinent ; rude ; saucy ; opprobrious ; insulting ; 
insolent ; abusive ; assailant ; attacking ; invading. 

Of-fen'sive (5f-fSn'sTv), n. State, posture, or act, of 
one who offends or makes attack. 

Offer (offer), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Offered (-ferd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Offering.] [AS. offrian to sacrifice, fr. 
L. offerre ; ob (see Ob-) + ferre to bring.] 1. To present 
or sacrifice as an act of worship ; to present in prayer 
or devotion. 2. To bring to or before ; to present for 
acceptance or rejection. 3. To make a proposal of ; to 
suggest ; — with the infinitive as an objective. 4. To 
attempt ; to undertake. 5. To bid, as a price, reward, 
or wages. 6. To manifest offensively ; to threaten. 

Syn. — To propose ; propound ; move ; proffer ; ten- 
der ; sacrifice ; immolate. 

Offer, v. i. 1. To present itself ; to be at hand. 

2. To make an attempt ; — used with at. 

Offer, n. Act of offering ; that which is offered. 

Of fer-er (of'fer-er), n. One who offers. 

Of fer-ing, n. 1. Act of an offerer. 2. That which 
is offered, esp. in divine service ; sacrifice ; oblation. 

Offer-tO-ry (-to-rj), n. [LL. offertorium.] 1. (R. 
C. Ch.) (a) An anthem chanted, or a voluntary played 
on the organ, during the offering and first part of the 
Mass. (b) That part of the Mass which the priest reads 
just before offering up the elements for consecration, 
(c) The oblation of the elements. 2. (Ch. of Eng. & 
Prot. Epis. Ch.) (a) The Scripture sentences said or 
sung during the collection of the offerings, (b) The 
offerings themselves. 

Offhand' (of'hahd'), a. Instant; ready; extempo- 
raneous. — adv. In an offhand manner. 

Office (offTs), n. [F., fr. L. officium, for opifcium ; 
ops ability, wealth, help -f facere to do or make.] 1. 
That which a person does for, or with reference to, 
others ; customary duty, or a duty that arises from the 
relations of man to man. 2. A special duty, charge, or 
position, conferred by authority and for a public purpose. 

3. That which a thing performs or is intended or fitted 
to perform ; a function. 4. Place, house, or apartment 
in which public officers and others transact business. 
5. The persons collectively whose place of business is in 
an office. 6. pi. The apartments or out-buildings de- 
voted to the work and use of domestic servants. [Eng.] 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, 4, y, short ; Benate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, auk, all, finaL 



OFFICEHOLDER 



571 



OLEOMARGARINE 



7. {Eccl.) Any service other than that of ordination and 
the Mass ; any prescribed religious service. 

Little office (R. C. Ch.), an office recited in honor of the 
Virgin Mary. 

Office-holder (5f'f Ys-hSld'er), n. An officer. 

Of fl-cer (5f'fT-ser), n. One who holds an office, civil, 
military, or ecclesiastical. Specif. '.{U.S. Mil.) A com- 
missioned officer. 

Of 'fleer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Officered (-serd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Officering.] 1. To furnish with officers ; to 
appoint officers over. 2. To command as an officer. 

Of-fi'clal (5f-f ish'rti), a. 1. Of or pert, to an office or 
public trust. 2< Derived from the proper office or officer, 
or from proper authority. 3. {Pharm . ) Approved by au- 
thority ; sanctioned by the pharmacopoeia. Cf . Officinal. 

Of-fi'clal, n. One who holds an office; esp., a subor- 
dinate executive officer or attendant. 

Of-fi'cial-ism (-Tz'm), n. State of being official; a 
system of official government or of office routine. 

Of-ff Clal-Iy (-ly), adv. By the proper officer ; by vir- 
tue of, or in pursuance of, the proper authority. 

Of-fi'ci-ate (5f-fish'i-at), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Offici- 
ated (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Officiating.] To act as 
an officer in performing a duty or a public service. 

Of-flc'i-nal (5f-fTs'T-nal or of'fT-si'nal), o. [P., fr. L. 
officina workshop, deriv. of opus work -\- facere to do.] 
{Pharm. ) Kept in stock by apothecaries ; not specially 
compounded. Also, sometimes, official. 

Of-fi'cious (of-fish'us), a. 1. Disposed to serve ; obli- 
ging. [Archaic] 2. Impertinently volunteering serv- 
ices ; meddlesome ; interfering. — Of-fi'cious-ly , adv. 
— Of-fi'cious-ness, n. 

Syn. — See Impertinent. 

Offing (5f'Tng ; 115), n. [From Off.] That part of 
the sea at a distance from the shore, or where there is 
deep water ; also, distance from the shore. 

Offish, a. Shy or distant in manner. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Of f 'soour ing (Sf'skour'ing), n. Matter scoured off ; 
hence, refuse ; vile matter. [dross. I 

Off scum' (5f'skum'), n. Removed scum; refuse;! 

Offset' (5f'set'), n. [Off + set.] In general, that 
which is set off, from, before, or against, something ; 
as : 1. {Bot.) A short prostrate shoot, which takes root. 
2. A sum, account, or value set off against another sum 
or account, as an equivalent ; hence, anything which is 
given in exchange or retaliation ; a set-off. 3. A spur 
from a range of hills or mountains. 4. {Arch.) A hori- 
zontal ledge on the face of a wall. 5. (Surv.) A short 
distance measured at right angles from a line actually 
run to some point. 6. An abrupt bend, by which part of 
a rod or the like is made nearly parallel to the rest of it. 

Off-sef (of-sef or of'set'), v. t. To set off ; to balance. 

Offshoot' (of'shoof), n. That which shoots off, or 
separates from, a main stem or body. 

Offshore' (of'shor'), a. Being from the shore. 

Offspring' (5f'spring'), n. sing.&pl. [Off -\- spring.] 
A child or children ; progeny, however remote. 

Of-fus'cate (of-fus'kat), Of fus-ca'tion (of'fus-ka'- 
shun). See Obfuscate, Obfuscation. [Obs.] 

Oft (oft ; 115), adv. [AS. oft ; akin to G. oft; of un- 
certain origin.] Often. [Poetic] 

Often (ofn ; 115), adv. [Compar. Oftener (-er) ; 
superl. Oftenest.] [Formerly also ofte, fr. oft.] Fre- 
quently ; many times ; not seldom. 

Of ten, a. Frequent ; common ; repeated. [R.] 

Of ten-ness, n. Frequency. [Often ; many times. I 

Of'ten-times' (-timz'), adv. [See -s, adv. suff.]| 

Off times' (oft'timz'), adv. Often. 

O-gee' (o-je'), n. [F. ogive, augive, LL. augiva, of 
uncertain origin.] 1. {Arch.) A molding, the section of 
which is the form of the letter S, with the convex part 
above. [See Illust. of Molding.] 2. Hence, any similar 
figure used for any purpose. 

O'glve (o'jlv), n. [F. ogive, OF. augive a pointed 
arch.] {Arch.) The arch or rib which crosses a Gothic 
vault diagonally. 

O'gle (5'g'l), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Ogled (o'g'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Ogling (o'gling).] [From a Dutch word corre- 
sponding to G. dugeln to ogle, fr. auge eye.] To view 
or look at with side glances, as in fondness. 

O'gle, n. An amorous side glance or look. 

O'gler (5'gler), n. One who ogles. 

O'gli-o (o'lT-o or ol'yo), n. See Olio. 

O'gre (o'ger), n. [P., fr. Sp. ogro, fr. L. Orcus the 
god of the infernal regions ; also, the lower world.] An 
imaginary monster, who lived on human beings. 

O'gre-ish, a. Resembling an ogre. 

O'gress (o'gres), n. A female ogre. 



Oh (5), inter j. An exclamation expressing various 
emotions, esp. surprise, pain, sorrow, etc. See O. 

Ohm (om), n. [From the German electrician, G. S. 
Ohm.] {Elec.) The standard unit in the measure of 
electrical resistance, being the resistance of a circuit in 
which a potential difference of one volt produces a cur- 
rent of one ampere. 

0-ho' (6-ho'), interj. An exclamation of surprise, etc. 

-Old (-oid). [Gr. -o-ei'5»js, fr. et5o? form, akin to icW 
to see, and E. wit.] A suffix or combining form mean- 
ing like, resembling, in the form of. 

Oil (oil), n. [OF. oile, fr. L. oleum; akin to Gr. 
e\aiov.] Any one of a great variety of unctuous com- 
bustible substances, not miscible with water. 

To burn the midnight oil, to study or work late at night. 

Oil (oil), v. t: [imp. & p. p. Oiled (oild) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Oiling.] To smear, rub, or lubricate with oil. 

Oil'cloth' (-kl5th' ; 115), n. Cloth treated with oil or 
paint, and used for making garments, covering floors, etc. 

Oll'er (oil'er), n. 1. A dealer in oils. 2. One who, 
or that which, oils. 

Oll'i-ness (-T-n6s), n. Quality of being oily. 

Oil'let (-let), n. [See Eyelet.] {Arch.) A small 
opening or loophole, sometimes circular. 

Oil'man (-m5n), n. One who deals in oils ; formerly, 
one who dealt in oils and pickles. 

Oil'Stone' (-ston'), n. A variety of whetstone. 

Oil'y (-y), a. [Compar. Oiler (-T-er) ; superl. Oili- 
est.] 1. Consisting of oil ; containing oil ; having the 
nature or qualities of oil. 2. Covered with oil ; greasy ; 
hence, resembling oil. 3. Smoothly subservient; com- 
pliant ; plausible. 

Oint'ment (oint'ment), n. [OF. oignement, fr. F. 
oindre to anoint, L. iingere, unguere. The first t is due 
to the influence oi anoint.] That which serves to anoint ; 
any soft unctuous substance used for smearing or anoint- 
ing ; an unguent. 

O'ker (o'ker), n. {Min.) See Ocher. 

O'kra (o'kra), n. {Bot.) An annual plant whose green 
pods are much used for soups, stews, or pickles ; gumbo. 

-Ol (-51 or -51). [From alcohol] {Chem.) A suffix de- 
noting that the substance in the name of which it appears 
belongs to the series of alcohols or hydroxyl derivatives. 

01d(51d), a. [Compar. Older (-er) ; superl. Oldest.] 
[AS. aid, eald ; akin to G. alt, Goth, alpeis, L. alere to 
nourish.] 1. Not young ; advanced far in years or life. 

2. Not new or fresh ; having existed for a long time. 

3. Formerly existing ; preceding ; original. 4. Having 
(a certain) length of existence ; — designating the age of 
a person or thing. 5. Long practiced ; hence, experi- 
enced. 6. Long cultivated. 7. Worn out; weakened 
or exhausted by use. 8. Having the qualities of old age ; 
old appearing. 9. Old-fashioned ; customary ; hence, col- 
loquially, gay ; jolly ; also a term of familiarity in address. 

Old Nick, Old Scratch, the devil. — Old maid, a woman, 
somewhat advanced in years, who has never been mar- 
ried ; a spinster. — Old sledge, a game of cards, called also 
all fours, and high, low. Jack, and the game. — Old squaw 
{Zool.), a species of duck inhabiting the northern parts of 
both hemispheres. — Old World, the Eastern Hemisphere. 

Syn. — Aged ; ancient ; pristine : primitive ; antique ; 
antiquated ; old-fashioned ; obsolete. See Ancient. 

Old'en (51d"n), a. Old ; ancient. 

Old -fash'ioned (-fash'und), a. Formed according 
to old or obsolete fashion or pattern. 

Old'ish, a. Somewhat old. 

Old'ness, n. State or quality of being old ; old age. 

O'le-ag'i-nOUS (5'le-Sj'T-nus), a. [L. oleagimis the 
olive, fr. olea olive.] Having the nature or qualities of 
oil; oily; unctuous. — O'le-ag'i-nous-ness, v. 

O'le-an'der (-an'der), n. [F. oleandre, prob. a cor- 
rupt, fr. L. rhododendron. See Rhododendron.] {Bot.) 
A beautiful evergreen shrub having clusters of fragrant 
red or white flowers. Every part of the plant is danger- 
ously poisonous. 

O'le-as'ter (-Ss'ter), n. [L., fr. olea olive, olive tree.] 
{Bot.) {a) The wild olive tree, {b) Any species of the 
genus Elxagnus. See El.eagntts. 

O-le'fi-arit (6-le'fT-ffnt), a. [F. olefant ; L. oleum oil 
+ -ficare. Cf. -fy.] {Che7n.) Forming an oil. 

O'le-fine (5'le-fTn or -feu), n. {Chem.) Olefiant gas, 
or ethvlene. 

O'le-ic (o'le-ik), a. [L. oleum oil.] {Physiol. Chem.) 
Pertaining to, derived from, or contained in, oil. 

O'le-O-inar'ga-rine (-o-mar'ga-rTn or -ren), n. [L. 
oleum oil + E. margarine, margarin.] 1. A liquid oil 
made from animal fats. 2. An artificial butter made by 
churning this oil with milk. 

BS^p* Oleomargarine contains no margarin proper. 



fern, recent, drb, r\ide. full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin- 



N 



OLEOMETER 



572 



ON 



le-om'e-ter (o l?-oin'?-ter), n. [L. oleum oil + 

: iustrumeut for ascertaining the 
and purity of oil. 

01 er-a'c«OUS t,ol er-a'shusl, a. [L. oleraeeus, fr. olus, 

.naming to pot herbs ; having the 
a of herbs for cookery ; esculent. 
Ol-fac'tioni.ol-tak'shihi), m. [See Olfactoey.] (Phys- 

te sense of smell. 

01-fac'tive vM-tik'tTv), a. See Olfactory, a. 

01-fac'to-ry *,ol-fak'to-r$-\ a. [L. olfactus, p. p. oiolfa- 

I .i have a smell -j- facere to make.] 

Of, y>ert. to, or connected with, the sense of 

smell. — it. An olfactory organ ; also, the sense of smell. 

lib'a-num (o-lib'a-num\ n. [LL., fr. Ar. al-luba7i.~\ 

..nt ram resin; Oriental frankincense. 
Ol'i-garch (Slf-gSrk), ». A member of an oligarchy. 

01 i-gar'chal (51 i-gar'kal), a. Oligarchic. 

01 i-gar'chic (-kTk), \ a. Of or pertaining to 

01 i-gar'chic-al (-kl-kal), | oligarchy. [garchv. ] 

Ol'i-gar Chist (,ol'I-gar<kIst\ n. An advocate of oh-| 

Oil gar Chy (-ky), n. [Gr. 6\iyap X ia ; oAi'yo? few, 
little + ap\ei.v to rule, govern.] A form of government 
in which the supreme power is placed in the hands of a 
lew persons : also, those who form the ruling few. 

Ol'i-go- (ol'T-g<5-). A combining form from Gr. oAi'-yos, 
few, little, small. 

011-0 (.oli-o or ol'yo), n. [Sp. olla pot, a dish of 
boiled meat, fr. L. olla a pot, dish.] 1. A mixture ; a 
medley. 2. (Mu.) A collection of miscellaneous pieces. 

01'i-t0-ry (oll-to-ry), a. [L. olitorius, deriv. of olus, 
getables.] Of or pertaining to, or produced in, 
a kitchen garden ; used for kitchen purposes. 

01 i-va'ceous (ol'I-va'shus), a. [L. oliva olive.] Re- 
sembling the olive ; olive-green. 

Ol'ive (51'Tv), n. [F., fr. L. oliva, akin to Gr. eAaia.] 
1. (Bot.) (a) A tree pro- 
ducing oval, one-seeded 
drupes. Its branches are the 
emblems of peace. (6) The 
fruit of the olive, valued for 
pickles, and for its oil. 2. 
The color of the olive, a 
peculiar dark brownish or 
tawny green. 

Ol'ive, a. Of the color 
called olive. See Olive.?*.. 2. 

Olla (5114), n. [See 
Olio.] 1. A pot or jar hav- 
ing a wide mouth; a cinerary 
urn. 2. A olio ; an olla- 
podrida. 

Ol'la— po-dxi'da (-p6- 
dre'da),, [Split, rotten Twig of OH™ Tree ,with Fruit, 
pot. See Olio.] 1. A mix- 
ture of several kinds of meat chopped fine, and stewed 
with vegetables. 2. Any miscellaneous collection; an olio. 

0-lym'pi-ad (6-lim'pT-Sd), n. {Greek Ant iq.) A period 
of four years, being the interval from one celebration of 
the Olympic games to another, used by the ancient Greeks 
in reckoning time, beginning with the year 776 b. c. 

0-lym'pi-an (-an), ) a. Of or pertaining to Olympus, 

0-lym'pic (-plk), J a mountain of Thessaly, fabled 
;>« the seat of the gods, or to Olympia, a small plain in 
Elis. or to the Olympic games. 

-o'ma (-o'ma). [Gr. -<o/xa, -<V<""09.] -A- suffix used in 
medical terms to denote a morbid condition of some part. 
0-ma'SUm (o-ma'sum), n. [L.] (Anat.) The third 
division of the stomach of ruminants. 

OmT>er ) (omHjer), n. [Through F. & Sp. fr. L. homo 

Om'bre ) man.] A game at cards, usually played by 
thr«-e persons. 

Om-brom'e-ter (5in-br5m'e-ter), n. [Gr. o/u./3po? rain 
r.] (Meteorol.) A rain gauge. 

0-me'ga (6-me'ga or o'me-ga), n. [XL., fr. Gr. &> 
M«'ya. i. e., the great or long o.] 1. The last letter of 
t:if Greek alphabet. 2. The end; hence, death. 

Om'e-let (5m'e-lgt or Sralgt), n. [F. omelette, OF. 
"■mele/te, alumeU, alumelle.] Eggs beaten up with a 
little flour, etc., and cooked in a frying pan. 

O'men (o'mgn), n. [L. omen.'] An occurrence sup- 
P<yd to portend, or show the character of, some future 
prognostic ; presage ; augury. 

O'men. i U [Imp. & p. p. Omened (o'mgnd) ; p. pr. 

Ownmm.] To divine or to foreshow by signs or 

to have omens regarding ; to predict ; to augur. 

0-men'tnm (o-mgn'tfim), n. ; pi. Omenta (-ta). [L.] 
A free fold of the peritoneum, or one serving to 
t viscera, support blood vessels, etc. 




O'mer (o^mer), n. [Cf. Homee.1 A Hebrew measure, 
the tenth of an ephah. 

Om'i-nous (5m'i-nus), a. Of or pert, to an omen or 
omens ; significant ; portentous ; — chiefly in an unfavor- 
able sense. — Om'i-nous-ly. adv. — Om'i-nous-ness n. 

O-mis'si-ble (o-nils'sT-b'l), a. That may be omitted. 

0-mis'sion (6-mish'un), n. 1. Act of omitting; 
neglect or failure in propriety or duty. 2. That which 
is omitted or is left undone. 

0-mit' (6-mTf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Omitted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Omitting.] [L. omittere, omi-ssum ; ob (see 
Ob-) -f mitt ere to cause to go, let go, send.] 1. To let 
go ; to leave out ; to leave unmentioned. 2. To pass by ; 
to forbear or fail to perform or to make use of ; to neglect. 

0-mit'ter (6-mtt'ter), n. One who omits. 

Omni-. [L. omnis all.] A combining form denoting 
all. evprv. everywhere. 

Om'ni-bus (om'ni-bus), n. [L., for all, dat. pi. from 
omnis all.] A long four-wheeled passenger carriage; 
esp., one with seats running lengthwise. 

Omnibus bill, a legislative bill providing for various enact- 
ments or appropriations. [Parliamentary Cant, U. S.] 

Om ni-ia'ri-ous (om'nT-fa'rT-us), a. [L. omnifarius; 
omnis all -f- -farius. Cf. Bifariods.] Of all kinds. 

Om-nil'er-OUS (om-nifer-us), a. [L. omni/er ; omnis 
all — ftrre to bear.] All-bearing; producing all kinds. 

Om-nif'ic (-Tk), a. [Omni- -j- L. -ficare (in comp.) to 
make. See -fy.] All-creating. 

Om'ni-iorm (oni'n!-f6rni), a. [L. omniformis ; om- 
nis all -{-forma form.] Having everj' form or shape. 

Om'nl-par'i-ty (-pSr'i-ty), n. [Omni- -f- parity.] 
Equalit} - in every part ; general equality. 

Om-nip'a-rous (om-mp'a-rus), a. [From L. omnis 
all + parere to bring forth.] Producing all things. 

Om-nip'o-tence (om-nlp'o-tens), )n. 1. State of be- 

Om-nip'0-ten-cy (-ten-sy), j ing omnipotent ; 

almighty power ; hence, one who is omnipotent ; the 
Deity. 2. Unlimited power of a particular kind. 

Om-nip'O-tent (om-nir/6-tent), a. [¥., fr. L. omnipo- 
tens, -entis ; omnis all -f potens powerful, potent.] 
1. Able in every respect and for every work ; unlimited 
in ability ; all-powerful ; almighty. 2. Having unlimited 
power of a particular kind. — Om-nip / 0-tent-ly, adv. 

The Omnipotent, the Almighty ; God. 

Om ni-pres'ent (onynT-prez'ent), a. Present in all 
places at the same time ; ubiquitous. 

Om-nis'cience (om-ntsh'ens), n. Quality or state of 
being omniscient, — an attribute peculiar to God, 

Om-nis'cient (om-nlsh'ent), a. [Omni- -\-~L. sciens. 
See Science.] Having universal knowledge ; knowing 
all things ; infinitely wise. — Om-nis'cient-ly . adv. 

Om'ni-um (om'ni-um), n. [L., of all.] (Eng. Stock 
Exchange) The aggregate value of the different stocks 
in which a loan to government is now usually funded. 

Om'ni-um-gath'er-um (-gath'er-um), n. [A com- 
pound of L. omnium of all and E. gather.] A miscella- 
neous collection ; a medley. [Colloq. & Ifumorous] 

Om-niv'0-rous (om-nTv'6-rus), a. [L. omnivorus ; 
omnis all -j- vorare to eat greedily.] All-devouring ; 
eating indiscriminately ; esp. (Zool. ), eating both animal 
and vegetable food. — 0m-niv'0-r0US-ness, n. 

mo-phag'XC (o/mo-fSjIk), a. [Gr. w/xo^dyo? ; w>jl6s 
raw -j- <payelv to eat.] Eating raw flesh. 

Om-phal'ic (om-fallk), a. [Gr. bp.4>aALKos having a 
boss, bossy, fr. 6/n^xxA6s the navel.] (A?iat.) Of or per- 
taining to the umbilicus, or navel. 

On (on), prep. [AS. on, an ; akin to G. an, Icel. a, 
Goth, ana, L. an-, in anhelare to pant, Gr. ova.] A pre- 
fix denoting generally situation, motion, or condition 
with respect to contact or support beneath ; as : — 1. At, 
or in contact with, the surface or upper part of a thing, 
and supported by it. 2. To or against the surface of. 
3. By contact with the surface, upper part, or outside of 
anything ; hence, by means of ; with. 4. At or near ; 
adjacent to. 5. In'addition to ; beside. 6. In depend- 
ence on ; with confidence in ; hence, indicating the ground 
or support of anything. 7- At or in the time of ; during. 
8. At the time of, conveying some notion of cause or mo- 
tive ; hence, in consequence of, or following. 9. Toward ; 
for. 10. At the peril of. 11. By virtue of ; with the 
pledge of. 12. To the account of. 13. In reference or 
relation to. 14. Occupied with ; in the performance of. 
15. In the service of ; connected with. 

On, adv. 1. Forward ; onward. 2. Forward, in suc- 
cession. 3. In continuance ; without interruption or 
ceasing. 4. Adhering; not off. 5. Attached to the 
body, as clothing or ornament, or for use. 6. In prog- 
ress ; as, a game is on. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1. 5, 0., y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



ONANISM 



573 



OPENWORK 



O'nan-ism (o'nXn-Yz'm), n. \_Onan (Gen. xxxviii. 9).] 
Self-pollution. 

Once (wlins), adv. [OE. ones, anes, an adverbial form 
fr. one, on, an, one. See -s, adv. suff.] 1. By limita- 
tion to the number one ; for one time ; only. 2. At some 
one period of time. 3. At any one time. 

At once, (a) At the same point of time ; immediately. 
(b) At the same time ; simultaneously. 

One (w9n), a. [AS. an; akin to G. ein, W. un, L. 
unus, Gr. 00/17 the ace on dice. The same word as the 
indefinite article a, an.~\ 1. Being a single unit, or en- 
tire being or thing, and no more ; not multifold ; single ; 
individual. 2. Denoting a person or thing conceived or 
spoken of indefinitely; a certain. 3. Pointing out a 
contrast. 4. Undivided ; united ; constituting a whole. 
6. Single in kind ; the same ; a common. 

All one, of the same or equal nature, or consequence. — 
One day, on a certain day, not definitely specified. 

One, n. 1. A single unit. 2. A symbol representing 
a unit, as 1, or i. 3. A single person or thing. 

At one, in agreement or concord. 

One (wQn), indef. pron. Any person, indefinitely ; a 
person or body. 

O-nei'ro-crit'ic (o-nFro-krit'Ik), ) a, [Gr. oi/eipoAcpi- 

O-nei'rO-crit'ic-al (-T-krtl), ) tiko? ; bveipos a 

dream + /cpu-i/cd? critical.] Of or pertaining to the in- 
terpretation of dreams. 

O-nei'ro-man'cy (o-rn'ro-maVsy), n. [Gr. oceipos a 
dream -f- -mancy.~\ Divination by means of dreams. 

O'nel-roS'CO-py (o/ni-rBs'ko-py), n. [Gr. 6Veipos a 
dream -f- -scopy.~] The interpretation of dreams. 

One'ness (wuu'nes), n. State of being one ; unity. 

On'er-a-ry (on'er-a-ry), a. [L. onerarius, fr. onus, 
oneris, load, burden.] Fitted for, or carrying, a burden. 

On'er-OUS (on'er-Qs), a. [L. onerosus, fr. onus, oneris, 
a load, burden.] Burdensome ; oppressive. 

On'er-OUS-ly, adv. In an onerous manner. 

Qne'self (wim'self), pron. A reflexive form of the 
indefinite pronoun one. Commonly written one's self. 

One'-sid'ed (wun'sid'ed), a. Having one side only, 
or one side prominent ; hence, partial ; unjust ; unfair. 

Onion (un'yiin), n. [F„ ognon, fr. L. unio unity, a 
single large pearl, an onion.] (Bot.) A liliaceous plant, 
the bulbous root of which is a common article of food. 

On'ly (on'ly), a. [AS. anlic, i. e., onelike. See One, 
and Like.] 1. One alone ; single. 2. Alone in its class ; 
by itself. 3. Hence, fig. : Preeminent ; chief. 

Only (on'ly), adv. 1. In one manner or degree ; 
simply ; merely ; barely. 2. Exclusively ; solely ; whol- 
ly. 3. Singly ; without more. 

On'ly, conj. Save or except (that). 

On o mat b-pce'ia (on'6-maV6-pe'ya ; L. -pe'T-a), n. 
[L., fr. Gr. bvoiicnonoua, ; bvofx-a, bvonaTos, a name -f- 
Troteif to make.] The formation or use of words in imi- 
tation of sounds. 

On o-mat o-pce'ic (-pe'ik), a. Onomatopoetic. 

On'O-mat'O-po-et'ic (-po-et'Tk), a. Of or pertaining 
to onomatopoeia ; characterized by onomatopoeia. 

On'set' (on's^f), n. A rushing or setting upon ; an 
attack ; an assault ; a storming. 

On'slaught 7 (on'slaf), n. [OE. on on -f slaught, 
slaht, slaughter.] An attack ; a furious assault. 

On'tO (on'tdo), prep. On the top of ; upon ; on. 

On'to-gen'e-sls (on'to-jen'e-sis), ) n. [See Ontology ; 

On-tOg'e-ny (on-toj'e-ny), j -gent.] {Biol.) 

History of the individual development of an organism. 

On'tO-ge-net'ic (on'to-je-ngt'ik), a. Of or pertaining 
to ontogenesis. [ontology. I 

OntO-lOg'ic-al (-15j'T-krcl), a. Of or pertaining to I 

On-tOl'O-gy (on-tol'o-jy), n. [Gr. bvra, neut. pi., ex- 
isting (being) things + -logy.'] That department of the 
science of metaphysics which investigates and explains 
the nature and essential properties and relations of all 
beings, as such, or the principles and causes of being. 

II O'nus (o'nus), n. [L.] A burden ; an obligation. 

On'ward (5n'werd), a. Moving or advanced in a for- 
ward direction ; forward. 

On'ward, adv. Toward a point before ; forward. 

On'wardS (on'werdz), adv. [See -wards.] Onward. 

O'nyx (o'mks or Sn'Tks), n. [L., fr. Gr. or>v£ finger 
nail, a veined gem.] (Min.) Chalcedony in parallel layers 
of different colors. It is used for making cameos. 

O'b-gen'e-sis (o'o-jSn'e-sTs), n. [Gr. cJoV an egg -(- 
E. genesis.! (Physiol.) The development of the ovum. 

O'O-lite (o'o-lit), n. [Gr. woV an egg + -lite.'] (Geol.) 
A variety of limestone, consisting of small, round grains, 
resembling the roe of a fish. — 0'6-lit'ic (o'o-lit'Tk), a. 

O-bl'o-gy (o-51'6-J50, n. [Gr. cooV an egg + -logy.] The 




science of eggs, their coloring, size, shape, and number. 
— Oo-log'ic-al (o'o-loj'I-k</]). n. 

Oo'long (oo'lSng), n. [Chinese, green dragon.] A 
variety ofjblack tea resembling fjreen tea in flavor. 

Ooze (ooz), n. [OE. wose, AS. wase dirt, mire, mud, 
akin to wos juice, ooze, G. vasen.] 1. Soft mud or slime. 

2. Soft How ; spring. 3. The liquor of a tan vat. 
Ooze, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Oozed (oozd) ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. Oozing.] To flow or leak, or cause to now or leak, 
gently or gradually ; to percolate ; to seep. Also Fig. 

Ooz'y (ooz'y), a. Miry ; resembling ooze. 

O-pac'1-ty (o-paVT-ty), n. [L. opacitas.] State of 
being opaque. 

O'pah (o'pa), n. 
(Zobl.) A large fish, 
of the Atlantic Ocean, 
remarkable for its 
brilliant colors. 

O-pake' (6-pak'), 
a. See Opaque. 

O'pal (o'ik/1), n. 
[L. opalus: cf. Gr. ^B , T °' ,!lh , 

ottcUaW] (Min.) A ^(Lampruguttatm). 

mineral consisting, like quartz, of silica, but inferior to 
quartz in hardness and specific gravity. 

§3T* The precious opal presents a peculiar play of col- 
ors of delicate tints, and is highly esteemed as a gem. 

O'pal-esce' (-es'), v. ?'. To give forth a play of colors. 

O'pal-es'cence (o'p«l-gs'sens), n. (Mil.) State or 
quality of being opalescent. 

Opal-es'cent (-sent), a. Reflecting a milky or pearly 
light from the interior ; having an opaline play of colors. 

O'pal-ine (o'pcd-Tn), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, 
opal in appearance. [stance like opal. I 

O'pal-ize (-Iz), v. t. To convert into opal, or a sub-| 

O-paquC (o-pak'), a. [F., fr. L. opacus.] 1. Imper- 
vious to the rays of light ; not transparent. 2. Obscure ; 
not clear ; unintelligible. \_Colloq.] — O-paque'ness, n. 

Ope (op), a. & v. See Open, a. & r. [Poetic] 

O-pei'do-scope (6-pi'do-skop), n. [Gr. 6>//, on-os, voice 
+ etoos form + -scope.] (Physics) An instrument used 
for exhibiting the vibratory motions caused by sounds. 

O'pen (o'p'n), a. [AS. open; akin to G. offen.] 1. 
Free of access ; not shut up ; not closed. 2. Free to be 
used, enjoyed, visited, or the like ; not private ; public. 

3. Not closed or contracted ; extended ; expanded. 4. 
Hence : (a) Frank ; unreserved ; sincere ; unfeigned ; 
also, generous ; liberal ; bounteous, (b) Not concealed or 
secret ; exposed ; revealed ; apparent. 5. Not prevent- 
ing communication ; hence, not severely cold or inclem- 
ent ; mild. 6. Not settled or adjusted ; not withdrawn 
from consideration. 7. Free ; disengaged ; unappropri- 
ated. 8. (Phon.) (a) Uttered with a relatively wide 
opening of the articulating organs ; — said of vowels, (b) 
Uttered as a consonant, with the oral passage simply 
narrowed without closure, as in uttering s. 9. (Mus.) 
(a) Not closed or stopped with the finger ; — said of the 
string of an instrument, (b) Produced by an open string. 

Syn. — Unclosed ; uncovered ; unprotected ; exposed ; 
plain ; obvious ; evident ; public ; artless ; candid. 

O'pen (o'p'n), n. Open or unobstructed space on land 
or water ; land cleared of v trees. 

O'pen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Opened (o'p'nd) ; p. pr. 
&vb.n. Opening.] [AS. openian. SeeOPEX.o.] 1. To 
make or set open ; to render free of access ; to unclose. 
2. To unfold ; to spread ; to expand. 3. To disclose ; 
to reveal ; to explain. 4. To make known ; to discover ; 
also, to render available. 5. To enter upon ; to begin. 

O'pen, v. i. 1. To be or become open, unclosed, un- 
fastened, breached, parted, expanded, disclosed, etc. 2. 
To make a beginning ; to commence. 3. (Sporting) To 
bark on scent or view of the game. [door. I 

O'pen-air 7 (-aV), a. Taking place out of doors ; out- 1 

O'pen-er (o'p'n-er), n. One who, or that which, opens. 

O'pen-eyed' (-id'), a. Having eyes widely open ; 
watchful ; vigilant. 

O'pen-hand^d (-hand'ed), a. Generous ; liberal ; 
munificent. — O'pen-hand ed-ness . n . [erous. I 

O'pen-heart'ed (-hart'ed), a. Candid ; frank ; gen-j 

O'pen-lng, n. 1. Act or process of opening ; a begin- 
ning. 2. A place which is open or vacant ; breach ; hole. 

O'pen-ly, adv. 1. In an open manner ; publicly ; 
without secrecy. 2. Without reserve ; plainly ; evidently. 

0'pen-mouthed' (-mouthd'). a. Having the mouth 
open ; gaping ; hence, greedy ; clamorous. 

O'pen-ness, n. Quality or state of being open. 

O'pen-work 7 (-wfirk'), n. Work constructed with 
openings through its substance. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



OPERA 



574 



OPPRESSION 




Op'er-a (.op'er-al. *. [It., fr. L. opera pains, work, fr. 

. w ork, labor. ] 1. A drama, wholly or chiefly 

J iii musical forms, with appropriate action, cos- 

acenery, etc. 2. The score of a musical drama. 

3. The house where operas are exhibited. 

Op«r» bouffe IF. opti\i opera - boujf'e comic, It. buffo], 

Op»r» buffa [It.l, lignt, farcical, burlesque opera. — Opera 

gl&M, a short telescope with concave 

eve lenses of low power, usually 

made double. 

Op er-am'e-ter (op'er-Sm'e-ter), 
n. [L. 0JMM| operis, pi. opera work 
-J- -meter.] An instrument or con- 
trivance for measuring work done, 
esp. machine work. 

Op'er-ate (_-5t) ,«. i. [imp.&p. p. GlaB8- 
Operated (-a 'ted) ; p. pr. x vb. n. 
Operating.] [L. operatus, p. p. of operari to work, fr. 
opus, operis, work, labor.] 1. To exert power or strength, 
physical or mechanical ; to act. 2. To produce an ap- 
propriate physical effect, esp. {Med.) on the human sys- 
tem. 3. To exert moral power or influence. 4. {Surg.) 
To perform some manual act upon a human body, usually 
with instruments, with a view to restore soundness or 
health. 6. To speculate. [Brokers' Cant] 

Op'er-ate, V. t. 1. To produce ; to cause. 2. To put 
into, or to continue in, operation or activity ; to work. 

Op er-at'ic (-St'ik), | a. Of or pertaining to the 

Op er-at'ic-al (-!-kal), j opera or to operas. 

Op er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act, process, or method 
of operating. 2. An effect brought about in accordance 
with a definite plan. 3. {Math.) Some indicated trans- 
formation to be made upon quantities. 

Op'er-a-tive (5p'er-a-tlv), a. 1. Having the power 
of acting; hence, exerting force or producing effects, 
physical or moral. 2. Producing the designed effect ; 
efficacious, —n. A skilled worker ; an artisan. 

Op'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One that operates. [cover. I 

O-per'cu-lar (6-per'ku-ler), a. Pert, to or like a lid or | 

O-per'cu-late (-lat), ) a. [L. operculatus, p. p., 

O-per'CU-la'ted (-la'tSd), J deriv. of operculum lid.] 
Closed by, or having, an operculum. 

O-per'CU-ltun (-k'u-luni), n. ; pi. L. -la (-la), E. -lums 
(-luniz). [L., a lid, fr. operire to cover.] {Biol.) A lid- 
like growth or process, as that of a pitcherform leaf, or 
the protecting fold of the gills of most fishes, etc. 

Op'er-et'ta (orVer-gt'ta), n. [It., dim. of opera. - ] 
{Mus.) A short, light, musical drama. 

Op'er-ose' (op'er-os 7 ), a. [L. operosus, fr. opera. See 
Opera.] Wrought with labor ; laborious ; hence, tedious ; 
wearisome. — Op'er-osely, adv. — Op'er-ose ness, n. 

Oph'i-cleide (of'i-klld), n. [F. ophicleide, fr r 
o<2>u a serpent — kAei's, gen. 
KAeifios, key.] {Mus. ) A kind of 
large brass wind instrument. 

O-phid'i-a (6-fTd'I-a), n. 
pi. [NL., fr. Gr. o^ifiiov, dim. 
of 6<J>« a snake.] {Zo'61.) The 
order of reptiles which includes the serpents. 

O-phid'i-an (-an), a. {Zo'61.) Of or pertaining to the 
Ophidia ; belonging to serpents. — n . One of the Ophidia. 

phl-Ol'O-gy {o'fX-oYo-jf), n. [Gr. o^i? serpent + 
-logy.] Natural history which treats of the ophidians. 

6'phlte (o'fit), n. [Deriv. of Gr. o^t? serpent.] {Min.) 
Serpentine ; also, the variety verd-antique ; also, green 
porphyry ; — so called because mottled like a snake. 

O'phl-U-roi'de-a (-fT-u-roi'de-a), n. pi. [XL., fr. Gr. 
601? snake -j- ovpa tail -|- e!5o? form.] {Zo'61.) A class of 
star-shaped, slender-armed echinoderms. 

Oph thal'mi-a (5f-tbaTmi-a), n. [Deriv. of Gr. 
b4>9a.k(i6s the eye.] {Med.) Inflammation of the eye. 

Oph lhai'mo-scope (Sf-thaTnio-skop), n. [From Gr. 
6^0aA^6? eye -f- -scope.] {Physiol.) An instrument for 
viewing the interior of the eye. 

O'pi-ate (o'pT-at), n. [See Opium.] Any medicine con- 
taining opium, and inducing sleep or repose ; a narcotic. 

O-pine' (o-pin'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Opined 
(-pind') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Opining.] [L. opinari, p. p. 
-alus.] To have an opinion ; to judge ; to think. 

O-pin'ia-tlve (S-pTn'ya-tTv), a. Opinionative. 

O-pln'ion (o-pTn'yun), n. [F., fr. L. opinio.] 1. 
That which is opined ; a notion or belief stronger than 
impression, less strong than positive knowledge. 2. The 
judgTnent or sentiment which the mind forms of persons 
or things ; estimation ; sometimes, favorable estimation. 
3. ( Lav:) The formal decision, or conclusion, of a judge, 
an umpire, a counselor, etc. 

8yn. — Persuasion; idea; view. See Sentiment. 




Ophicleide 




Common Opossum 
(Didelphys Virginiana). 



O-pln'ion-a'ted (o-pIu'yfin-a'tSd), a. Stiff or obsti- 
nate in opinion. 

O-pin'ion-a-tive (-a-tTv), a. Opinionated. — 0-pin'' 
ion-a-tive-ly, adv. — O-pln'ion-a-tive-ness, n. 

O-pin'ioned (o-pln'yund), a. Opinionated ; conceited. 

O-pin'ion-ist (-yQn-Tst), n. An opinionated person. 

O'pi-um (o'pT-Qm), n. [L., fr. Gr. ottiov poppy juice, 
dim. of biros vegetable juice.] {Chem.) The narcotic in- 
spissated juice of the white poppy. 

Opium joint, a low resort of opium smokers. [Cant] 

Op'O-del'dOC (5p'6-dSl'd5k), n. [So called by Paracel- 
sus.] A liniment made of soap, alcohol, and camphor. 

O-pos'sum (o-p5s'sQm), n. [Of N. American Indian 
origin.] {Zo'61.) An American 
marsupial of several species. 

Op'pi-late (op'pl-lat), v. t. 
[L. oppilare, p. p. -atus ; ob 
+ pilare to ram.] To crowd 
together ; to obstruct. [E.] 

Op-po'nen-cy (5p-po'nen- 
sf), n. The proposition of ob- 
jections to a tenet, as an ex- 
ercise for a degree. [Eng.] 

Op-po'nent (-nent), a. [L. 
opponens. -e?itis. p. pr. of op- 
ponere to set or place against, 
to oppose ; ob (see Ob-) + 
ponere to place. See Posi- 
tion.] Situated in front ; op- 
posite ; hence, opposing ; ad- 
verse ; antagonistic. 

Op-po'nent, n. One who opposes ; an adversary. 

Syn. — See Adversary. 

Op'por-tune' (op'por-tun'), a. [F. opportun, L. op- 
porttinus, lit., at the port ; ob (see Ob-) -f-a derivative of 
jwrtus harbor.] Convenient ; ready ; hence, seasonable ; 
timely. — Op'por-tune'ly, adv. — Op por-tune'ness, n. 

Op por-tun'ism (-tun'iz'm), n. Art or practice of 
taking advantage of opportunities, esp. with little regard 
for ultimate consequences. [Recent] 

Op'por-tun'ist, n. One who advocates or practices 
opportunism. [Recent] 

Op'por-tU'ni-ty (-tu'm-ty), n. Fit or convenient 
time ; suitable occasion ; chance. 

Syn. — Occasion ; convenience ; occurrence. — An oc- 
casion is that which falls in our way, or presents itself in 
the course of events ; an opportunity is a convenience or 
fitness of time, place, etc. , for the doing of a thing. Hence, 
occasions often make opportunities. The occasion of sick- 
ness may give opportunity for reflection. 

Op-pos'a-ble (op-poz'a-b'l), a. 1. That may be op- 
posed. 2. That may be placed opposite something else. 

Op-pose' (op-poz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Opposed 
(-pozd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Opposing.] [F. opposer. See 
Ob-; Pose.] 1. To place in front of; to set opposite. 
2. To put in opposition, with a view to counterbalance 
or countervail ; to set against. 3. To resist or antago- 
nize ; to confront ; to withstand. 4. To compete with. 

Syn. — To combat; withstand; contradict; deny; 
gainsay ; oppugn ; contravene ; check ; obstruct. 

Op-pose', v. i. 1. To be set opposite. 2. To make 
objection or opposition in controversy. 

Op-pos'er (-er), n. One who opposes ; an opponent. 

Op'po-site (op'po-zlt), a. [F., fr. L. oppositus, p. p. 
of opponere. See Opponent.] 1. Placed over against ; 
standing or situated in front ; facing. 2. Designating 
the other of two things which are entirely different; 
other. 3. Extremely different ; contrary ; repugnant ; 
antagonistic. — n. That which is opposed or contrary. 
— Op'po-site-ly, adv. — Op'po-site-ness, n. 

Op'po-si'tion (op/po-zTsh'un), n. 1. Act of opposing ; 
an attempt to check, restrain, or defeat; resistance. 
2. State of being placed over against ; situation so as to 
front something else. 3. Contrariety of sentiment, in- 
terest, or purpose ; antipathy. 4. That which opposes ; 
hence, the political party opposed to the party in power. 
5. {Astron.) The situation of a heavenly body with respect 
to another when directly opposite to (or 180° from) it. 

Op-pos'i-tive (5p-pozT-tTv), a. Capable of being put 
in opposition. 

Op-press' (5p-pr§s'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oppressed 
(-prgstf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Oppressing.] [LL. oppressare, 
fr. L. oppresses, p. p. of opprimere ; ob (see Ob-) -f pre- 
mere to press.] 1. To impose excessive burdens upon ; 
hence, to treat with unjust rigor or with cruelty. 2. To 
produce a sensation of weight in (some part of the body). 

Op-pres'sion (5p-prSsh'un), n. 1. Act of oppressing, 
or state or sense of being oppressed. 2. That which op- 
presses ; a hardship or injustice ; cruelty ; tyranny. 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; 4, 6, 1, d, ft, y, short ; senate, e"vent, tdea, 6bey, tlnite, care, arm, ask, all, final 



OPPRESSIVE 



575 



ORB 



Op-press'ive (5p-prSs'Tv), a. 1. Oppressing ; exercis- 
ing or causing oppression ; burdensome ; rigorous ; tyran- 
nical. 2. Heavy ; hard to be borne. — Op-press'lve-ly, 
adv. — Op-press'ive-ness, n. 
Op-press'or (5p-preVer), n. One who oppresses. 

Op-proT>ri-OUS (5p-pro'brI-Qs), a. 1. Expressive of 
opprobrium ; scurrilous. 2. Infamous ; despised. — Op- 
pro'bri-ous-ly, adv. — Op-pro'bri ous-ness, n. 

Op-pro'bri-um (-urn), n. [L., fr. ob (see Ob-) + pro- 
brum reproach, disgrace.] Disgrace; infamy; reproach 
mingled with contempt ; abusive language. 

Op-pugn' (5p-pun'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oppugned 
(-pund') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Oppugning.] [L. oppugnare ; 
ob (see Ob-) -j- pugnare to fight.] To fight against ; to 
attack ; to be in conflict with. [ing ; opposition. I 

Op-pug'nan-cy (op-pug'n«n-sy), n. Act of oppugn- 1 

Op-pug'nant (-nant), a. Hostile ; opposing ; warring. 

Op-pugn'er (Sp-pun'er), n. One who oppugns. 

Op'ta-tive (5p'ta-tTv), a. [L. optativus, fr. optatus, 
p. p. of optare to choose, wish.] Expressing desire or 
wish; as, the optative mood of a verb. — n. {Gram.) 
The optative mood or form of a verb. 

Op'tic (op'tik), n. The organ of sight ; an eye. 

Op'tic (op'tTk), ) a. [F. optique, Gr. oittlkos ; akin 

Op'tic-al (-tl-kal), ) to 6t//o,u.a<. I shall see, and to 
oo-o-e the two eyes, wi// face, L. oculus eye.] 1. Of or 
pert, to vision or sight. 2. Of or pert, to the eye ; ocular. 
3. Relating to the science of optics. — Op'tic-al-ly , adv. 

Op-ti'cian (op-tTsh'an), n. One who deals in optical 
glasses and instruments. 

Op'tics (5p'tTks), n. The science treating of the nature 
and properties of light, and the phenomena of vision. 

Op'tl-ma-cy (-tl-ma-s^), n. 1. Government by the no- 
bility. [i?.] 2. CoUectively, the nobility. [i2.] 

Op'ti-mate (-mat), a. [L. opti?nas, deriv. of optimus 
best.] Of or pert, to the nobility or aristocracy. [i2.] 

Op'tl-me (op'tt-me), n. [L., adv. fr. optimus the 
best.] One of those who stand in the second rank of 
honors in the University of Cambridge, England. 

Op'ti-mism (-miz'm), n. [L. optimus the best. See 
Option.] 1. {Metaph.) The opinion or doctrine that 
everything in nature is so ordered as to produce the high- 
est good. 2. A disposition to take the most hopeful view. 

Op'tl-mlst (-mist), n. One who holds to optimism. 

Op/ti-mis'tic (-mis'tik), a. 1. {Metaph.) Of or pert, 
to, or conforming to, optimism. 2. Hopeful ; sanguine. 

Op'tion (op'shun), n. [L. optio ; akin to optare to 
choose, and to optimus best.] 1. Power or right of choos- 
ing ; alternative. 2. The exercise of this power ; choice. 
3. {Stock Exchange) A stipulated privilege, given to a 
party in a time contract (as of buying or selling) of de- 
manding its fulfillment on any day within a specified limit. 

Syn. — Choice ; preference ; selection. — Choice is an 
act of choosing; option often means liberty to choose 
without constraint. 

Op'tion-al (-al), a. Involving an option ; depending 
on the exercise of an option ; discretional; — n. See 
Elective, n. — Op'tion-al-ly, adv. 

Op'u-lence (5p'u-lens), n. Quality or state of being 
opulent ; wealth ; riches ; affluence. 

Op'U-len-cy (-len'sy), n. See Opulence. 

Op'u-lent (-lent), a. [L. opulens, opulentus, fr. ops, 
opis, power, wealth, riches.] Having a large estate or 
property ; wealthy ; rich ; affluent.— Op'u-lent-ly , adv. 

II O'pus (o'pQs), n. ; pi. Opera (op'e-ra). [L. See 
Opera.] A work ; specif. {Mus.), a musical composition. 

-or. [L. -or.- sometimes through F. -or, -owr.] 1. A 
noun suffix denoting an act ; a state or quality ; as in 
error, fervor, pallor, candor, etc. 2. A noun suffix de- 
noting an agent or doer ; as in auditor, one who hears ; 
donor, one who gives. It is correlative to -ee. In general, 
-or is appended to words of Latin origin. See -er. 

Or (6r), conj. [OE. or, outher, other, auther, either, 
or, AS. aicSer, contr. from ahicseSer ; a aye + hwseSer 
whether.] A particle that marks an alternative. It 
corresponds to either. It often connects a series of words 
or propositions, presenting a choice of either of them. 

Or, prep. & adv. [AS. ser. See Ere, prep. & adv.} 
Ere ; before ; sooner than. [Oos.] 

Or ever, Or ere. See under Ever. 

Or, n. [F., fr. L. aurum gold.] {Her.) Yellow or gold 
color, — represented in drawing or engravingby small dots. 

Or'ach ) (5r'ach), n. [F. arroche, fr. L. atriplex, 

Or 'ache ) Gr. dTpa</>a£os.] {Bot.) Any one of a ge- 
nus {Atriplex) of low shrubs or herbs of the Goosefoot 
family, most of them with a mealy surface. 

Or'a-cle (or'a-k'l), n. [F., fr. L. oraculum, fr. orare 
to speak, utter, pray, fr. os, oris, mouth.] 1. The an- 




swer of a god, or some person reputed to be a god, to an 
inquiry respecting some affair or future event. 2. Hence : 
The deity by whom, or the place where, the answer was 
given. 3. The revelations, or messages delivered by God 
to the prophets ; also, the entire sacred Scriptures ; — 
usually in the plural. 4. {Jenish Antiq.) The sanctuary 
in the temple ; also, the temple itself. 6. One who com- 
municates a divine command ; an angel ; a prophet. 6. 
Any person reputed uncommonly wise. 7. A wise sen- 
tence or decision of great authority. 

O-rac'U-lar (o-raVu-ler), a. 1. Of or pertaining to an 
oracle ; uttering oracles. 2. Resembling an oracle in 
some way, as in solemnity, wisdom, authority, ambiguity, 
dogmatism.— O-rac'u-lar-ly, adv.— O-rac'u-lar-ness, n. 
O'ral (o'ral), a. [L. os, oris, mouth, akin to Skr. as.] 
1. Uttered by the mouth, or in words ; spoken, not writ- 
ten. 2. Of or pert, to the mouth. — O'ral-ly, adv. 
O-rang' (o-rang'), n. {Zo'61.) See Orang-outang. 
Or'ange (Sr'enj), n. [F., fr. Ar. naranj, Per. naranj, 
narang.~\ 1. The fruit of the tree Citrus 
Aurantium. It is usually round, and 
has a leathery rind. 2. {Bot.) The tree 
that bears oranges. 3. The color of an 
orange ; reddish yellow. 

Or'ange, a. Of or pertaining to an 
orange ; of the color of an orange ; red- 
dish yellow. 

Orangeade' (-ad'), n. [F.] A drink 
made of orange juice and water. 

Or an-geat' {E. 5r'an-zhSt' ; F. 
o'raN'zha'), n. [F.] Candied orange 
peel ; also, orangeade. Orange. 

Or'ange-ism (or'enj-Tz'm), n. Tenets or practices of 
the Orangemen, or attachment to them. 

Or'ange-man (-man), n. One of a Protestant secret 
society, organized in the north of Ireland in 1795 ; — 
named after "William, Prince of Orange. 

Or'an-ger-y (or'enj-er-y), n. An orange plantation. 
O-rang'-OU-tang' (6-rang'oo-tangO, n. [Malayan 
drang titan, i. e., man of the 
woods ; drang man -j- Titan a 
forest.] {Zo'61.) A large ar- 
boreal anthropoid ape, of 
Borneo and Sumatra. 

O-ra'tion (6-ra'shun), n. 
[L. oratio, fr. orare to speak, 
utter, pray.] An elaborate 
and dignified public dis- 
course ; esp., a discourse 
having reference to some 
special occasion, as a funeral, 
an anniversary, a cele- 
bration, etc. 

Syn. — Address; 
speech ; harangue. — 
Speech is the generic 
term for uttered lan- 
guage ; an address is a 
speech of more or less 
formality ; an oration 
is an elaborate and rhe- 
torical address ; an ha- 
rangue is a vehement 
appeal to the passions, 
or a noisy, disputatious 
speech. Orang-outang (Simia satt/rns). 

Or'a-tor (or'a-ter),». Adult Male ' 

[L.] 1. One who delivers an oration ; esp., one distin- 
guished for eloquence. 2. {Laic) In equity practice, one 
who prays for relief ; a petitioner or complainant. 

Or'a-tor'ic-al (-t5r'T-kal), a. Of or pert, to an orator 
or oratory ; rhetorical. — Or'a-tor'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Or'a-tO'ri-0 (5r'a-to'rT-o), n. [It., fr. L. oratorius be- 
longing to praying.] 1. {Mus.) A more or less dramatic 
text or poem, usually of a sacred theme, elaborately set 
to music, in recitative, arias, grand choruses, etc., to be 
sung with an orchestral accompaniment, but without ac- 
tion, scenery, or costume. 2. Performance or rendering 
of such a composition. 

Or'a-tO-ry (5r'a-to-r>'), n. 1. [L. oratorium.'] A place 
of orisons, or prayer; esp., a chapel or small room for 
private devotions. 2. [L. oratorio. ~\ The art of public 
speaking in an eloquent or effective manner ; eloquence. 
Orb (6rb), n. [F. or6e, fr. L. orbis circle, orb.] 1. A 
spherical body ; a globe ; esp., a sun, planet, or star. 2. 
One of the celestial spheres. 3. A circle ; an orbit. 
4. \_Poetic] {a) The eye, as luminous and spherical. (6) 
A revolving circular body ; a wheel. 
Syn. — Globe ; ball ; sphere. See Globe. 




a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, £, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



N 



ORB 



576 



ORDONNANCE 




Orb M*b), r: 1. S: I [imp. & p. p. Orbed (6rbd); 
lUDN.] 1. To form into an orb or cir- 

2. To encircle; to inclose, [PosKc] 

Or-Dlc'U-lar t,or-bik'u-lC»r), (7. [L. orbicularis, deriv. 
-.] Resembling or Banned like an orb ; spher- 
loml : circular ; orbiculate.— Or-biCu-lar-ly, adv. — Or- 
bic u lar-ness. ». 

Or-bic'U-late (,-latl, n. Tbat winch is orbiculate ; es- 
pecially, ■ solid the vertical section of which is oval, and 
the horizontal section circular. 

Or-bic'u-late (.or-luk'u-lut), | a. Being 
Or-bic'u-la ted (-15'tSd), ) in the 

form of an orb : orbicular. 

OrT)it (6r*bTt), n. [L. orbita track of 
a wheel, circuit, fr. orbit circle. See Orb.] 
1. (, .4,-7 ron. ) The path of a heavenly body 
in its periodical revolution. 2. (Anat.) 
The cavity in which the eye is situated. 
3. (ZooL) The skin which surrounds the 
eye of a bird. — Or'bit-al (-a\), a. 
' Ore (,ork), n. [L. orca.~\ (Zool.) The grampus. 

Or 'chard (Sr'cherd), n. [AS. ortgeard, wyrtgeard, 
lit., wortyard, i. e., a yard for herbs ; uyrt herb -f- geard 
yard. ] An inclosure containing fruit trees ; also, the fruit 
trees, collectively. 

Or'chard-lst, n. One who cultivates an orchard. 

Or'ches-tra (6r'kSs-tra), n. [L. orchestra, Gr. bp- 
XnvTpa, orig., the place for the chorus of dancers, fr. 
bpxeicr6ai to dance.] 1. The space in a theater between 
the stage and the audience, — now appropriated to a 
band of instrumental musicians. 2. The place in any 
public hall appropriated to a band of musicians. 3. 
(Mus.) A band of instrumental musicians performing in 
a place of public amusement. 4. (Mus.) The instru- 
ments employed by a full band, collectively. 

Or'ches-tral (6r'kgs-tral or 6r-kgs'-), a. Of or per- 
taining to an orchestra ; suitable for an orchestra. 

Or ches-tra'tion (61'kes-tra'shjin), n. (Mus.) Or- 
chestral treatment or arrangement of music. 

Or'chid (oVkTd), n. [See Orchis.] (Bot.) Any plant 
of the order Orchidacese. See Orchidaceous. 

Or chi-da'ceous (Sr'kl-da'shus), a. (Bot.) Pertaining 
to, or resembling, a natural order {Orchidacese) of endog- 
enous plants of which the genus Orchis is the type. The 
flowers are curiously shaped, often resembling insects. 

Or-chid'e-an (6r-kld'e-an), a. (Bot,) Orchidaceous. 

Or'chil (6r'kTl), n. See Archil. 

Or'chis (or'kis), n. ; pi. Orchises (-gz). [L., fr. Gr. 
opxi? a testicle, the orchis ; 
— so called from its tubers.] 
(Bot. ) A genus of endogenous 
plants growing in the North 
Temperate zone, and valued 
for their showy flowers. [See 
Ulust. of Epd?hyte.] 

Ordain' (6r-dan'), v. i. 
[imp. & p. p. Ordained 
(-dand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Or- 
daining.] [OF. ordener, fr. 
L. ordinare, fr. ordo, ordinis, 
order.] 1. To set in order; 
to regulate ; to establish. 2. 
To regulate, or establish, by Orchis (O. maculata), much 
appointment, decree, or law ; reduced. 

to constitute ; to institute. 3. To set apart for an of- 
fice ; to appoint. 4. (Eccl.) To invest with ministerial 
or sacerdotal functions. 

Or -dain'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being ordained ; 
worthy to be ordained or appointed. 

Or-dain'er (-er), n. One who ordains. 

Or'de-al (SVde-al), n. [AS. orddl, ordsel, a judgment ; 
orig., what is dealt out, or- being akin to E. a-. See A- 
(3); Deal.] 1. An ancient form of test to determine 
guilt or innocence, by appealing to a supernatural deci- 
sion. 2. Any severe trial or test ; a painful experience. 

Or'der (6r'der), n. [F. ordre, fr. L. ordo order.] 
1. Regular arrangement ; any methodical or established 
succession or harmonious relation. 2. Right arrange- 
ment ; a normal, correct, or fit condition. 3. The cus- 
tomary mode of procedure ; established system. 4. Con- 
formity with law or decorum; public quiet. 5. That 
which prescribes a method of procedure ; a rule or regu- 
lation. 6. A command ; a mandate ; a direction. 7. 
Hence : A commission to purchase, sell, or supply goods ; 
a direction, in writing, to pay money or do some act. 
8. A number of things or persons arranged in a fixed or 
suitable place, or considered with respect to relative po- 
sition ; a rank ; a row ; a grade ; a class ; also, a distinct 





Order Arms. 



character, kind, or sort. 9. A body of persons having 
some common honorary distinction or rule of obligation. 
10. An ecclesiastical grade or rank, as of deacon, priest, 
or bishop ; the office of the Christian ministry ; — often 
used in the pi. 11. (Arch.) The disposition of a column 
and its component parts, and of the entablature resting 
upon it, in classical architecture ; hence, a style or man- 
ner of architectural designing. The five classic orders 
are named, Boric, Ionic, Tuscan, Corinthian and Com- 
posite. [See Illust. of Capital.] 12. (Xat. Hist.) An 
assemblage of genera having certain important charac- 
ters in common. 13. (Math.) Rank ; degree. 

Syn.— Arrangement; management. See Direction. 

Or'der (6r'der), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ordered (-derd) ; 
p. pr. &v b. n. Ordering.] 1. To put in order. Hence, 
to regulate ; to dispose ; to rule. 2. To give an order 
to ; to command. 3. To give an order for ; to secure by 
an order. 4. (Eccl.) To admit to holy orders. 

Order arms (Mil. ). the command at which a gun is brought 
from "shoulder" to a position with the „. 

but resting on the ground ; also, the posi- 
tion taken at such command. 

Or'der, V. i. To give orders ; to issue 
commands. 

Or'der-er (-er), n. One who orders. 

Or'der-less, a. Being without order; 
disorderly. 

Or'der-ly, a. 1. Conformed to order : 
in order ; regular. 2. Observant of order, 
authority, or rule ; hence, obedient ; quiet ; 
peaceable. 3. Performed in good or es- 
tablished order. 4. Being on duty ; con- 
veying orders. — Or'der-li-ness. n. 

Orderly sergeant, the first sergeant of a 
company. 

Or'der-ly, adv. According to due order. 

Or'der-ly, n. (Mil.) A non-commis- 
sioned officer or soldier who attends a su- 
perior. 

Or'di-nal (-di-nol), a. [L. ordinalis, fr. ordo order.] 

1. Indicating order or succession. 2. Of or pertaining 
to an order. 

Or'di-nal, n. 1. A word or number denoting order or 
succession. 2. (Ch. of Eng.) The book of forms for 
making, ordaining, and consecrating bishops, priests, and 
deacons. 3. (R. C. Ch. ) A book containing the rubrics 
of the Mass. 

Or'di-nance (Sr'dT-nans), n. [OF. ordenance. See 
Ordain.] 1. Orderly arrangement. [Obs.~\ 2. A rule 
established by authority ; a statute, law, rescript, edict, or 
decree ; esp., a local law enacted by a municipal govern- 
ment. 3. (Eccl.) An established rite or ceremony. 

Or'di-na-ri-ly (-na-rT-ly), adv. According to estab- 
lished rules or settled method ; as a rule ; commonly. 

Or'di-na-ry (-na-ry),' a. [L. ordinarius, f r. ordo. See 
Order.] 1. According to established order ; regular. 

2. Common ; customary ; usual. 3. Of common rank, 
quality, or ability ; hence, commonplace ; inferior. 

Syn. — Normal ; common ; usual ; customary. See 
Normal. — Common implies a sharing or participation by 
many ; ordinary implies conformity to, or existence in, 
the natural or regular order or succession of events ; so 
that a thing, as a disease, may be common and yet not be 
ordinary. A thing is ordinary when it is apt to come 
round in the regular common order or succession of events. 

Or'di-na-ry, n. 1. (Law) (a) (Roman Law) An offi- 
cer who has original jurisdiction in his own right, (b) 
(Eng. Law) One who has immediate jurisdiction in mat- 
ters ecclesiastical ; also, a clergyman appointed to per- 
form divine service for condemned criminals, (c) (Am. 
Law) A judicial officer, having generally the powers of 
a judge of probate. 2. Anything in ordinary or common 
use. 3. A place where meals are served to all at a fixed 
price per meal ; also, a meal so served. 4. (Her.) Any 
one of several simple charges or bearings in constant use. 

In ordinary, (a) In constant service, (b) (Naut.) Out 
of commission and laid up ; — said of a naval vessel. 

Or'di-nate (6r'd!-nat), a. [L. ordinatus, p. p. See 
Ordain.] Orderly ; regular. — n. (Geom.) One of the 
elements by which a point is referred to a system of rec- 
tilineal axes. See Abscissa. 

Or di-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act of ordaining, ap- 
pointing, or setting apart, esp. to an ecclesiastical office ; 
state of being ordained, appointed, etc. 

Ord'nance (oTd'nans), n. [From OE. ordenance, re- 
ferring orig. to the bore or size of the cannon. See Or- 
dain.] Cannon, mortars, and howitzers ; artillery ; some- 
times, all weapons and appliances used in war. 

Or'don-nance (6r'd5n-nans), n. [F.] (Fine Arts) 
The relative disposition of the parts of a composition. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, ftbey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 






ORDURE 



577 



ORNATENESS 



Or'dure (Sr'dur ; 135), n. [F. ordure, OF. ord filthy, 
fr. L. horridus horrid.] Dung ; excrement. 

Ore (or), n. [AS. ora; of uncertain origin.] The 
native form of a metal, whether free or combined. 

O're-ad (o're-Sd), n. [L. Oreas, -adis, deriv. of Gr. 
opo? mountain.] (Class. Myth.) One of the nymphs of 
mountains and grottoes. 

O're-ide (o're-Id), ft. See Oroide. 

Or'gan (Sr'gan), n. [L. organum, Gr. bpyavov ; akin 
to E. work.] 1. An instrument or medium by which 
some important action is performed, or an important 
end accomplished. 2. (Biol.) A natural part in an ani- 
mal or a plant, capable of performing some special action 
which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. 
3. A component part performing an essential office in 
the working of any complex machine. 4. A medium of 
communication between one person or body and another. 
5. (Mus.) A wind instrument containing numerous pipes, 
filled from a bellows, and played upon with keys. 

Or'gan-die ) (-d^), n. [F. organdi.] A kind of trans- 

Or'gan-dy ) parent, light muslin. 

Or-gan'ic (6r-g5n'ik), a. 1. Of or pertaining to an 
organ or its functions, or to objects consisting of organs, 
or containing them ; exhibiting characters peculiar to 
living organisms. 2. Instrumental. [i2.] 3. Forming 
a whole composed of organs. Hence : Of or pertaining 
to a system of organs ; inherent in, or essential to, a 
certain organization. 4. Pertaining to, or denoting, any 
one of the large series of substances which, in nature or 
origin, are connected with vital processes. 

Or-gan'ic-al (6r-g£n'i-kal), a. Organic. — Or-gan'- 
ic-al-ly, adv. — Or-gan'ic-al-ness, n. 

Or'gan-ism (6r'gan-Tz'in), n. 1. Organic structure ; 
organization. 2. A living body, vegetable or animal. 

Or'gan-ist, n. (Mus.) One who plays on the organ. 

Or/gan-i / za-ble (Sr'gan-i'za-b'l), a. Capable of being 
organized ; capable of forming living tissue. 

Or gan-i-za'tion (-T-za'shiin), n. 1. An organizing; 
state of being organized. 2. An organism. 

Or'gan-ize (6r'gan-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Organized 
(-Izd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Organizing.] To make organic ; 
to give an organic structure, form, order, or life to ; to 
arrange or constitute in a system or working plan. 

Or'gan-i zer (-I'zer), n. One who organizes. 

Or'ga-no-. [See Organ.] A combining form denot- 
ing relation to, or connection with, an organ or organs. 

Or/ga-no-gen'e-SlS (oVga-no-jen'e-sis), n. [Organo- 
-\- genesis."] (Biol.) The origin and development of organs. 

Or'ga-nog'e-ny (-noj'e-ny), n. (Biol.) Organogenesis. 

Or/ga-nog'ra-phy (-nog'ra-fy), n. [Organo- + -gra- 
phy.~\ A description of the organs of animals or plants. 

Or / ga-nol'0-gy (-nol'6-jy), n. [Organo- + -logy.] The 
science of organs or of organic structure. 

Or'gan-zine (6r'gan-zTn), ». [F. organsin.] A kind 
of silk twisted like a rope with different strands. 

Or'gasm (Sr'gaz'in), n. [F. orgasme.] (Physiol.) 
Eager or immoderate excitement or action ; esp. , the 
height of venereal excitement. 

Or'geat (Sr'zhat ; F. oVzha'), n. [F., fr. orge barley, 
L. hordeum.] A flavoring sirup, prepared formerly with 
a decoction of barley, now with an emulsion of almonds. 

Or'gy (6"r'jy), n. ; pi. Orgies (-jiz) ; — usually in pi. 
[F. orgie, L. orgia, Gr. op-yia ; akin to E. work.] 1. A 
sacrifice accompanied by certain ceremonies in honor of 
some pagan deity, esp. of Dionysus, or Bacchus. 2. 
Drunken revelry ; a carouse. 

Or'i-Chalch (or'i-k&lk), n. [L. orichalcum, Gr. bpet- 
XoAkos ; opos mountain -j- x aAK ° s brass.] A kind of 
brasslike alloy. 

O'ri-el (o'rT-51), n. [OF. oriol gallery, corridor, LL. 
oriolum portico, hall, prob. fr. L. aureolus gilded. See 
Oriole.] (Arch.) A bay window. 

O'ri-ent (-ent), a. [F., fr. L. oriens, -entis, p. pr. of 
oriri to rise.] 1. Rising, as the sun. 2. Eastern ; ori- 
ental. 3. Bright ; pure ; perfect ; pellucid. 

O'ri-ent, n. 1. The part of the horizon where the sun 
rises ; the east. 2. The countries of Asia or the East. 

0'ri-ent (-ent), v. t. To define the position of, in rela- 
tion to the orient or east ; hence, to find the bearings of. 

ri-en'tal (o'rT-eu'tal), a. Of or pert, to the Orient 
or East; eastern, —n. A native or inhabitant of the 
Orient or East ; an Asiatic. 

ri-en'tal-lsm (-Tz'm), n. 1. Any system, doctrine, 
custom, etc. , peculiar to Oriental people. 2. Knowledge 
or use of Oriental languages, history, literature, etc. 

O'rl-en'tal-lst, n. 1. An Oriental. 2. One versed in 
Eastern languages, literature, etc. 

O'ri-en'tal-Ize (-Sn'tal-iz), v. t. To render Oriental. 



O'ri en tate (o'rT-gn-tat), v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. 
Orientated (-ta'tgd); p. pr. &l vb. n. Ouikntating.] 
1. To place, move, or turn toward the rising sun or the 
east. 2. To arrange in order, or so as to exhibit relations. 

ri en-ta'tion (o'rT-gn-ta'ahun), n. 1. Act ox proc- 
ess of orientating or orienting. 2. The tendency of a 
revolving body, when suspended in a certain way, t«» 
bring the axis of rotation into parallelism with the 
earth's axis. 3. An aspect or fronting to the east. 

Or'i-fice (5r'i-fTs), n. [F., fr. L. orijicium; os, oris, 
mouth -\-facere to make.] A mouth or aperture ; opening. 

Or'i-llamb ) (-flam),n. [F.oriflamine.OV.orijbimbe; 

Or'i-llamme i L. aurutn gold -f- flamma flame.] 

1. The ancient royal standard of France, — a red flag 
borne on a gilded lance. 2. A standard in battle. 

Or'i-gln (or'i-jln), n. [F. origine, L. origo, -igfnfa, 
fr. oriri to rise, become visible.] 1. The first existence 
or beginning of anything; the birth. 2. That from 
which anything primarily proceeds. 

Syn. — Commencement ; rise; source; spring; foun- 
tain ; derivation ; cause ; root ; foundation. — Origin de- 
notes the rise or commencement of a thing ; source pre- 
sents itself under the image of a fountain flowing forth 
in a continuous stream of influences. 

O-rig'1-nal (6-rTj'i-nfll), «. 1. Pertaining to the ori- 
gin or beginning ; preceding all others ; primitive ; pri- 
mary ; pristine. 2. Not copied, imitated, or translated ; 
new ; genuine. 3. Suggestive of new thoughts or com- 
binations ; inventive. 4. Before unused or unknown. 

O-rlg'1-nal, n. 1. Origin ; commencement ; source. 

2. That which precedes all others of its class ; archetype ; 
first copy. 3. An original thinker or writer. 4. A per- 
son of marked eccentricity. \_Colloq.] [iug original. I 

O-rlg'1-nal'i-ty (-nal'T-ty), n. Quality or state of be- 1 

O-rig'1-nal-ly (6-rTj'T-nal-iy), adv. At the time, or 
by virtue, of origin_; in an original manner ; primarily. 

O-rlg'1-nate (-nat), v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Origi- 
nated (-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Originating.] To give 
origin to ; to begin, or cause to begin, to exist. 

O-rig i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act, process, or mode 
of originating. 

O-rlg'i-na-tive (6-rTj'i-na-tTv), a. Having power, or 
tending, to originate, or bring into existence ; originating. 

O-rig'1-na'tor (-na'ter), n. One who originates.. 

O-ril'lon (o-ril'lon), n. [F., deriv. of L. auris an 
ear.] (Fort.) A protecting semicircular projection made 
at the shoulder of a bastion. 

O'rl-ole (o'rT-ol), n. [OF. oriol, F. loriot (for Voriol), 
fr. L. aureolus golden, dim. of aureus golden, 
fr. aurum gold.] (Zool.) (a) Any one of vari- 
ous species of Old World singing birds usually 
conspicuously colored with 
yellow and black, (b) In 
America, any one of several 
species of the genus Icte- 
rus, which includes the 
Baltimore oriole. 

O-ri'on (o-rl'on), n. 
[L., from Gr. 'ftpiW, 
o r i g . , a celebrated 
hunter in the oldest 
Greek mythology. ] 
(Astron.) A large and bright constellation on the equator. 

Or'l-SOn (orT-zun), n. [OF., fr. L. oratio. See Ora- 
tion.] A prayer ; supplication. IPoetic] 

Ork (6rk), n. (Zool.) See Orc. 

Orlop (6r'15p), n. [D. overloop the upper deck, fr. 
overloopen to run over. See Over, and Leap.] (Aaut.) 
The lowest deck of a vessel, esp. of a ship of war. 

Or'mo-lu' (Sr'mo-lu'), n. [F. or moulu ; or gold (L. 
aurum) -\- moulu, p. p. of moudre to grind, L. molere.] 
Brass made to resemble gold by the use of more than the 
ordinary proportion of copper. 

Or'na-ment (6r'na-ment), n. [F. ornement, fr. L. 
omamentum, fr. ornare to adorn.] That which embel- 
lishes or adorns ; embellishment ; decoration. 

Or'na-ment (-mgnt), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Ornamented ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. Ornamenting.] To adorn ; to embellish. 

Syn. — See Adorn. 

Or na-men'tal (&Vna-mSn'tal), a. Serving to orna- 
ment ; characterized by ornament ; beautifying. — Or'- 
na-men'tal-ly, adv. 

Or'na-men-ta'tion (-mSn-ta'shun), n. 1. An orna- 
menting ; state of being ornamented. 2. An ornament. 

Or-nate' (6r-naf), a. [L. ornaius. p. p. of ornare to 
adorn.] 1. Adorned; decorated; beautiful. 2. Finely 
finished, as a style of composition. — Or-nate'ly, adv. — 
Or-nate'ness, n. 




European, or Golden. Oriole 
(Oriolus ffcilbula). 



firn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



87 



N 



ORNITHIC 



578 



OSCULANT 



) 
> 



Ornithic (ftr-altVTk), «• [Gr. opm, oputo, a bird.] 
Of or pertaining to birds; as, ornithic fossils. 

Or'nl-tho-. [CI. Krn.] A combining form fr. Gr. bp- 
Jb(i a bird. 

Or nl-tho-log'ic (6r nT-tho-loj'Ik), ( a. Of or pertain- 

Or ni-tho log'ic-al (-13j'I-kal), . j ing to omithol- 

[nithology.l 
' Or ni-thol'0-gist (-thol'o-jist), n. One skilled in or- 1 

Or ni thol'O-gy (-jf)»». [Ornitho- + -logy.'] That 
branch of zoology which treats of the natural history of 
birds and their "classification. 

Or nl-tho-rhyn'chus i.6r nT-tho-rTn'k&s ; L. Sr-rh 7 -), 
•i. NL.. ir. Gr. opi'i?, opviOos, a bird -j- pvy\os snout, 
Zo'ul.) The duck mole. See under Duck. 

Or 6-graph'ic (^ro-gr&f'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Or o-graph'ic-al t,-T-k<7l), j orography. 

O-rog'ra-phy l,o-rog'ra-f$-), n. [Gr. opos mountain -f- 
-grnphy.] The science which treats of mountains. 
" O'roide (o'roid), n. [F. or gold (L. aurit7n) + Gr. 
e'So? form.] An alloy, chiefly of copper and zinc or tin, 
resembling gold in color and brilliancy. [orology. I 

Or O-log'ic-al (or'o-lSj'T-kal), a. Of or pertaining to| 

0-rol'O-gist (6-r51'o-jTst), n. One versed in orology. 

0-rol'O-gy (-jy), n. [Gr. Spos mountain -f- -logy.] 
The science or description of mountains. 

O'ro-tunQ 7 (o'ro-tund'), a. [L. os, oris, the mouth -j- 
rotundus round, smooth.] Characterized by fullness, 
clearness, and smoothness ; ringing and musical ; — said 
of the voice or manner of utterance. 

Or'phan (6r'f«n), n. [L. orphanus, Gr. bpfyavos, akin 
to L. orbus destitute.] A child bereaved of both father 
and mother ; sometimes, also, a child who has but one 
parent living. — a. Orphaned. 

Or'phan, v. t. To cause to become an orphan. 

Or'phan-age (-aj ; 4S), n. 1. State of being an or- 
phan ; orphanhood ; orphans, collectively. 2. An insti- 
tution for orphans. 

Or-phe'an (Sr-fe'an or 6r'fe-an), a. Of or pertaining 
to Orpheus, the mythic Thracian poet and musician. 

Or'phic (or'iTk), a. [Gr. 'Opened?.] Pertaining to 
Orpheus ; Orphean. 

Or'pi-ment (6r'pT-ment), n. [F.,fr. L. auripigmen- 
tum ; auriira gold -f- pigmentum pigment.] (Chem.) 
Arsenic sesquisulphide, produced artificially and also 
occurring naturally as a yellow crystalline mineral. 

Or'pln (oVpin), n. [F., orpiment, also, the plant 
orpine. See Orpiment.] 1. A yellow pigment of various 
degrees of intensity, approaching also to red. 2. (Bot. ) 
The orpine. 

Or'pine (Sr'pTn), n. [F. orpin the genus of plants 
which includes orpine ; — from the yellow blossoms of a 
common species (Sedurn acre). See Orpiment.] (Bot.) A 
purple-flowered variety (Sedum telephium) of stonecrop. 

Or're-ry (or're-ry), ft. [So named in honor of the Earl 
of Orrery.] An apparatus to illus- 
trate the relative size, periodic mo- 
tions, positions, orbits, etc. , of bodies 
in the solar system. 

Or'ris (5r'ris), ft. [Prob. cor- 
rupt, fr. It. ireos iris.] (Bot.) A 
species of Iris (Iris Florentina). 

Or'ris (or'ris), n. 1. [Contr. from 
or/rays, or from arras.] A sort of gold or silver lace. 
2. A peculiar pattern in which gold or silver lace is worked. 

Ort (6Tt), ft. [Akin to LG. ort, ortels, OFries. ort, 
OD. oorete, ooraete ; prob. from the same prefix as in E. 
ordeal -f- a word akin to eat.] A morsel left at a meal ; 
a fragment ; refuse ; — commonly used in the pi. 

Ortho-. [Gr. hpQ6% straight.] A combining form sig- 
nifying straight, right, irpright, correct, regular. 

Or'tho-dOX (6r'th6-dSks), a. [L. orthodoxus, Gr. bp66- 
6ofo? ; bpdos right, true -f- 86£a opinion, Soicelv to think.] 
1. Sound in opinion or doctrine, esp. in religious doctrine ; 
hence, holding the Christian faith. 2. According or con- 
gruous with the doctrines of Scripture, the creed of a 
church, etc. 3. Approved ; conventional. — Or'thO-dOX'- 
ly. adv. — Or'tho-dox ness, w. 

Or'tho-dox'y (-f), n. Quality or state of being ortho- 
dox in faith, belief, doctrine, etc. 

Or'tho-drom'ic (-dromTk), a. [Ortho- -j- Gr. Spap.elv 
to run.] Of, pert, to, or denoting, the art of orthodromy. 

Or'tho-drom'ics Mks), n. Art of sailing in a direct 
course, or on the arc of a great circle. 

Or'tho-drom'y CGr'tho-drom^), n. Act or art of sail- 
ing on a gTeat circie. 

Ortho-epic f-e'r/ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to or- 

Or tho-ep'ic-al '-T-kal), j thoepy. [thoepy. j 

Or'tho-e-plst (Gr'tho-e-pTst), n. One skilled in or-| 




Orrery. 



Or'thO-6-py (Sr'tho-e-pJ), n. [Gr. opfloeVcia ; 6p0d ? 
right + en-os word.] Art of uttering words correctly ; 
correct pronunciation; also, any (given) mode of pro- 
nunciation. 

Or-thog'a-my (8r-th5g'a-my;), n. \_Ortho- + Gr. ya/nos 
marriage.] (Bot.) Direct fertilization in plants. 

0r-th0g'na-th0US (-na-thus), a. [Ortho- + Gr. yvdOos 
the jaw.] (Anat.) Having the front of the head, or the 
skull, nearly perpendicular. 

Or'tho-gon (6r'tho-g5n), ra. [Ortho- + Gr. yuvia. 
angle.] (Geom.) A rectangular figure. — Or-thog'o-nal 
(6r-thog'6-nal), a. [orthography. I 

Or-thog'ra-pher (6r-th5g'ra-fer), ft. One versed in| 

Or'tho-graph'ic (or'tho-grSf'Ik), ) a. 1. Of or pert. 

Or tho-graph'ic-al (-I-kc/1), j to orthography ; 

also, correct in spelling. 2. (Geom.) Of or pertaining 
to right lines or angles. — Or'tho-graph'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Or-thOg'ra-phy (6r-th5g'ra-fJ),ft. tThrough OF. & L. 
fr. Gr. 6p6oypa<pCa, deriv. of bpOos right -f- ypdtpeiv to 
write.] 1. Art or practice of writing words, according 
to standard usage ; conventionally correct spelling ; also, 
mode of spelling. 2. The part of grammar which treats 
of this art. 3. A drawing in correct projection. 

Or'tho-pedlc (Qr'thS-pSdlk), I a. (Med.) Pert, to, or 

Orlho-ped'ic-al (-T-kal), j used in, orthopedy. 

Or-thop'e-dy (6r-th5p'e-dy), ft. [Ortho- -f Gr. tt<us, 
TraiSds, a child.] (Med.) Art or practice of curing de- 
formities of children, or, by extension, of adults. 

II Or-thop / te-ra (6r-thop'te-ra), ft. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. 
bpOos straight -f- nrepov feather, wing.] (Zool.) An order 
of mandibulate insects including grasshoppers, locusts, 
etc., in which the anterior wings are usually thickened 
and protect the posterior wings, which are larger and fold 
longitudinally like a fan. — Or-thop'ter-OUS (ter-us), a. 

Or'tive (Sr'tlv), a. [L. ortivus, fr. oriri, ortus, to 
rise.] Of or relating to the time or act of rising ; eastern. 

Or'tO-lan (6r'to-lan), n. [F., fr. It. ortolano ortolan, 
gardener, fr. L. hortulanus gardener, fr. hortidus, dim. 
of hortus garden. So called because it frequents the 
hedges of gardens.] (Zo'oL) (a) A European singing 
bird about the size of the lark, (b) In England, the 
wheatear. (c) In America, the sora, or Carolina rail. 

-O-ry (-o-ry). 1. [L. -orius.] An adjective suffix 
meaning of or pertaining to, serving for ; as in auditory, 
prohibitory. 2. [L. -orium.] A noun suffix denoting 
that which, pertains to, or serves for; as in ambulato?y, 
factory. 

O'ryx (o'riks), n. [XL., from Gr. opv£ a kind of ga- 
zelle or ante- 
lope.] (Zool.) 
A genus of Af- 
rican ante- 
lopes which 
includes the 
gemsbok. 

OS (os), ft. ; 
p I . Osae 
(o'sar). [Sw. 
ds ridge, pi. 
dsar.] (Geol.) 
One of the 
ridges of sand 
or gTavel found 
in Sweden, etc. 

O'sage or'ange (o'saj or'Snj). (Bot.) An ornamen- 
tal tree closely allied to the mulberry (Morus) ; also, its 
orangelike but inedible fruit. 

Os'cil-late (5s'sTl-lat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Oscillated 
(-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Oscillating (-la'ting).] [L. 
oscillare to swing, fr. oscillum a swing, a swinging 
puppet.] 1. To move backward and forward ; to vi- 
brate ; to swing ; to sway. 2. To act or move in a fickle 
or fluctuating manner. 

Os'cil-la'tion (5s'sTl-la'shun), ft. Act of oscillating ; 
fluctuation ; variation. 

Os'cil-la-tO-ry (Ss'sil-la-to-r^), a. Moving, or char- 
acterized by motion, backward and forward ; swinging ; 
oscillating ; vibratory. 

II Os'ci-nes (-sT-nez), n. pi. [L. oscm, -inis.] (Zool.) 
Singing birds ; a group of the Passeres. 

Os'ci-tan-cy (-tan-sy), n. 1. Act of gaping or yawn- 
ing. 2. Drowsiness ; dullness ; sluggishness. 

Os'ci-tant (-tant), a. 1. Yawning ; gaping. 2. Sleepy ; 
dull ; sluggish. — Os'ci-tant-ly. adv. 

Os'ci-tate (-tat), v. i. [L. oscitare ; os the mouth + 
citare, v. intens. fr. ciere to move.] To gape ; to yawn. 

Os'cl-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of yawning or gaping. 

Os'CU-lant (5s'ku-lant), a. 1. Osculating; kissing; 




Oryx {Oryx bea(nx). 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, it, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, tmite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



OSCULATE - 



579 



OTIOSE 




Oscules of a Sponge. 
Enlarged. 



hence, meeting ; clinging; adhering closely. 2. (Biol.) 
Intermediate in character, or being on the border, be- 
tween two genera, groups, families, etc., thus forming a 
connecting link. 

Os'cu-late (5s'kfi-lat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Oscu- 
lated (la/tSd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Osculating.] [L. oscu- 
lari, p. p. -atus, to kiss, fr. osculum kiss, dim. of os 
mouth.] 1. To kiss. 2. (Geom.) To touch closely, so 
as to have a common curvature at the point of contact. 

Os cu-la'tlon (-la'shSn), n. Act of kissing ; quality 
or state of being osculant. 

Os'CU-la-tO-ry (-la-to-r^), n. Of, pertaining to, or 
characterized by, osculation. 

Os'cule (5s'kul), n. [L. osculum little mouth.] (Zo'ol.) 
One of the excurrent aper- 
tures of sponges. 

-0S6 (-os). [L. -osus. Cf. 
-ous.] 1. A suffix denoting 
full of, containing, having 
the qualities of, like; as in 
verbose, full of words ; pilose, 
hairy ; globose, like a globe. 
2. (Chem.) A suffix indica- 
ting that the substance to the 
name of which it is affixed is 
a member of the carbohy- 
drate group ; as in cellulose, 
sucrose, dextrose, etc. 

O'sier (o'zher), n. [F. 
osier. ] ( Bot. ) A kind of wil- 
low or one of its twigs, — much used in basket work ; 
sometimes, any kind of willow. 

Os'man-11 (oz'm2n-lT), n. ; pi. Osmanlis (-ITz). [So 
called from Osman. See Ottoman.] A Turkish official ; 
one of the dominant tribe of Turks ; loosely, any Turk. 

Os'mic (5z'mTk), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived 
from, or containing, osmium, esp. in its higher valence. 
See -ic. 

Os'mi-ous (oz'mT-us), a. (Chem.) Denoting certain 
compounds of osmium in its lower valence. See -ous. 

Os'mi-um (oz'mT-um), n. [Gr. ba(j.rj a smell, odor, 
akin to o^eiv to smell. So named from the strong odor 
of one of its compounds.] (Chem.) A rare, hard metal of 
the platinum group. It is the heaviest substance known. 

Os'mose (Sz'mos or os'-), n. [Gr. a>o>id?, equiv. to 
wo-is impulse, fr. <a9elv to push.] (Chemical Physics) 
(a) The tendency in fluids to mix, or become equably 
diffused, when in contact. (6) The action produced by 
this tendency, as where the fluids pass through an inter- 
vening membrane. — Os-mot'ic (oz-mot'ik or 5s-), a. 

Os-mo'sis (oz-mo'sis or os-), n. Osmose. 

Os'prey \ (os'pra), n. [Through OF. fr. L. ossifraga. 

Os'pray ) See Ossifrage.] (Zo'ol.) Thefishhawk. 

Os'se-in (-se-in), n. [L. os bone.] (Physiol. Chem.) 
The organic basis of bone tissue. [tlebone. I 

Os'se-let (-ISt), n. [F.] A little bone; specif., a cut- 1 

Os'se-ous (-us), a. [L. osseus, from os, ossis, bone.] 
Composed of bone ; resembling bone ; forming bone. 

Os'si-cle (os'si-k'l), n. [L. ossiculum, dim. of os, 
ossis, a bone.] A little bone. 

Ossiferous (-sif'er-us), a. [L. os, ossis, a bone -f- 
-ferous.] Containing or yielding bone. 

Os-sif'ic (-Tk), a. [L. os, ossis, bone -f- facere to 
make.] Capable of producing, or of changing into, bone. 

Os si-ii-ca'tion (oVsT-fT-ka'shun), n. [See Ossify.] 
1. (Physiol. ) Formation of bone ; process of forming bony 
tissue. 2. State of being changed into a bony substance ; 
also, a mass or point of ossified tissue. 

Os'si-frage (-fraj), n. [L. ossifraga osprey, fr. ossi- 
fragus bone breaking ; os, ossis, a bone -f- frangere, 
fractum, to break.] (Zo'ol.) (a) The lammergeir. (6) 
The young of the sea eagle or bald eagle. [06s.] 

Os'si-fy (os'si-fi), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Ossified 
(-fid) ; p. pr..& vb. n. Ossifying (-fi'Tng).] [L. os, ossis, 
bone -j- -fy.] 1. (Physiol.) To form into bone ; to 
change from soft tissue into bone. 2. Fig. : To harden. 

Os-slv'0-rous (os-siv'o-rus), a. [L. os, ossis, bone -f- 
vorare to devour.] Feeding on bones ; eating bones. 

Os'SU-a-ry (os'shu-a-r^), n. [L. ossuarium, deriv. of 
os, ossis, bone.] A charnel house. [06s.] 

Os'te-al (os'te-al), a. [Gr. oo-reW a bone.] Osseous. 

Os'te-in (-in), n. [Gr. bcrreov bone.] Ossein. 

Os-ten'si-ble (Ss-ten'sT-b'l), a. [From L. ostensus, 
p. p. of ostendere to show, prop. , to stretch out before ; 
fr. prefix o6s- (old form of 06-) + tendere to stretch.] 
1. That may be shown. 2. Shown ; exhibited ; avowed; 
professed ; apparent ; — often opposed to real or actual. 
— Os-ten si-bil'i-ty (-Mll-ty), n. — Os-ten'si bly , adv. 



Os ten'sion (Ss-ten'shfin), n. (Eccl.) The showing of 
the sacrament un the altar for adoration. 

Os ten'sive (-slv), a. Showing; exhibiting. — Os- 
ten'sive ly. 

Os'tent (Ss'tent or 5s-tent'), n. [L. ostentus.] 1. Ap- 
pearance ; air ; mien. 2. Manifestation ; token ; portent. 
Os'ten-tate (5s't6n-tat or 5s-t6n'tat), v. t. [L. osten- 
tare, p. p. -atus, v. Intent, fr. O^enaere."] To exhibit 
boastingly ; to display pretentiously. 

Os'ten-ta'tion (Os'tgn-ta'shQn), n. An ambitious dis- 
play ; unnecessary show ; pretentious parade. 
Syn. — Pomp ; pompousness ; vaunting. See Parade. 
Osten-ta'tious (-8h0s), a. Fond of, or evincing, os- 
tentation ; unduly conspicuous ; pretentious ; boastful. — 
Os ten-ta'tious-ly, adv. — Os ten-ta'tlous ness, n. 
Os'te-O-. A combining form of Gr. hajiov, a bane. 
Os'te-O-Clast (5s'te-o-kl5st), n. [Otteo- + Gr. K\av 
to break.] 1. (Physiol.) One of a kind of very large cells 
with many nuclei found in the marrow of bones. They 
are supposed to be concerned in the absorption of the bone 
matrix. 2. A surgical instrument for breaking a bone. 

Os'te-0-gen (5s'te-S-jSn), n. [Osteo- + -gen.~\ (Phys- 
iol.) The soft tissue which ultimately ossifies. 
Os'te-0-gen'e-siS (-jeVe-sTs), ) n. [See Osteo-, and 
Os'te-Og'e-ny (Ss'te-5j'e-n^), ) Genesis.] (Physiol.) 
The formation or growth of bone. [bone ; bonelike. I 

Os'te-Oid (os'te-oid), a. [Osteo- -f -oid.~] Resembling | 
Os'te-ol'O-ger (-51'o-jer), n. Same as Osteologist. 
Os'te-oPo-gist (-51'o-jTst), n. One skilled in osteology. 
Os'te-Ol'O-gy (-jy), n. [Osteo- + -logy.] The science 
which treats of the bones of the vertebrate skeleton. 

Os'te-0-plas'ty (-6-plaVty), n. [Osteo- + -plasty.'] 
(Med.) A process by which loss of a bone is remedied. 

Os'te-oro-my (Ss'te-St'o-my), n. [Osteo- + -tomy.] 
The anatomical or surgical cutting or dissection of bones. 
Ost'ler (os'ler), n. See Hostler. 
Os-tO'sis (os-to'sTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. bariov a bone.] 
(Physiol.) Bone formation ; ossification. 

Os-tra'cean (-tra'shan), n. [L. ostrea an oyster. See 
Oyster.] (Zo'ol.) Any one of a family of bivalves of 
which the oyster is the type. 

Os'tra-clsm (Ss'tra-sTz'm), n. [See Ostracize.] 1. 
(Gr. Antiq.) Banishment by popular vote, — a means 
adopted at Athens to rid the city of a person whose talent 
and influence gave umbrage. 2. Banishment ; exclusion. 
Os'tra-cize (-siz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ostracized 
(-sizd) \ f p. pr. & vb. n. Ostracizing (-sizing).] [Gr. 
bcrrpaKL^eiv, fr. otrrpaKov a tile, a tablet used in voting, a 
shell.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) To exile by ostracism. 2. To 
banish from society ; to cast out from favor. 

Os'trich (os'trich), n. [OF. ostruche, ostruce, L. avis 
struthio; avis bird -f- struthio ostrich, fr. Gr. 
<7Tpov#iW, fr. <npov96s bird, sparrow.] (Zo'ol.) A 
large, two-toed bird which can not fly,but runs very 
swiftly. The adult male is about eight feet high. 
Os'tro-gOth (os'tro-goth), n. [L. Ostrogothi, 
pi. See East, and 
Goth.] One of the 
Eastern Goths. 

Ot'a-cous'tic (5t'a- 
kous'tik or o'ta-), a. 
[Oto--\- acoustic] As- 
sisting the sense of 
hearing. 

!! O-tal'gi-a (S-tXl'- 
jT-a), n. [NL.. fr. Gr. 
oiTakyta. ; ov?. tiros, ear 
+ aAyo? pain. ] (Med. ) 
Pain in the ear. 

Oth'er(nth r er),/;ro7?. 
& a. [AS. ocSer ; akin to 
G.tf?!(fcr,Skr. antara; — 
orig. a comparative.] 

A. ri o„ 0**0 («««, ca«m. g£ffi J%. S3 

pl.] 1. Different from that which, or the one who. has 
been specified ; not identical ; second of two. 2. Not this, 
but the contrary ; opposite. 3. Alternate ; second. 

The other day. not long ago ; recently. 

Oth/er (lith'er), adv. Otherwise. 

Oth'er-where' (-hwaV), adv. Elsewhere. 

Oth/er-Wise' (-wiz'), adv. 1. In a different manner ; 
differently ; contrarily. 2^ In other respects. 3. In 
different circumstances ; under other conditions. 

O'tiC (o'tlk), a. [Gr. oitiko?, fr. ov?, <Lt6s, the ear.] 
Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the ear. 

O'ti-ose' (o'shT-os'), a. [L. otiosus, fr. otium ease.] 
Being at leisure or ease ; unemployed ; indolent ; idle. 




f grn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



OTO- 



580 



OUTFALL 







OtO- (5't*-V [Or. oi'?. liroj. the car.] A combining 
r situation near or in, the ear. 

O-toc'o-nite ^-tok'o-niO. n. [O/o- -J- Gr. kovis dust.] 
:iss of otoliths. ^e) An otolith. 

O'to-cyst (VWWfat), h. [Olo- -f eyst.] {Zo'61. S: 
Ln auditory cyst or vesicle; one of the simple 
\ organs of many invertebrates. 

O'tolith (6t*-lTth), 1 n. [0/o- + -/i7A, -///<?.] (J»u/.) 

O'tO-lite (Ctft-Bt), t One of the small bones or par- 
ticles of hard substance in the internal ear. 

0-tol'0-gy(o-tM'o-jy\ h. [0(o- -f -logy.'] The branch 
Doe which treats of the ear and its diseases. 

O'to-scope (,o'to-skop or 5t'o-), n. [Oto- + -scope.] 
An instrument for examining the condition of the ear. 

OPtar f&VtSr), n. See Attar. 

Ot'ter (oVtSr), >i. [AS. otor ; akin to G. otter, Gr. 
; or serpent, hydra. 
Skr. udra otter, and to E. 
trater.] 1. {Zo'61.) An 
aquatic, carnivorous ani- 
mal of several species. 
They have webbed toes, 
and feed on fish. 2. {Zo'61.) 
The larva of the ghost 
moth. [Attar. I 

Ot'tO (ot'tS), n. See| "" ""^ 36 

OPtO-man (-man), a. <-... , T . „ 
[F.. fr. Othoman.Othman, 0tter (Z "' ra Canadensis). 
or Osman, a sultan who assumed the government of Tur- 
key about a. d. 1300.] Of or pert, to the Turks ; Turkish. 

Ot'to-man, n. ; pi. Ottomans (-manz). 1. A Turk. 
2. A stuffed seat without a back, — orig. used in Turkey. 

p Ou bli ette' (oo/ble'et'), n. [F., deriv. of L. oblivisci, 
p. p. oblitus, to forget.] A dungeon with an opening 
only at the top. 

Ouch (ouch), 7). [OE. ouch, nouck {a nouch being 
taken for an ouch), fr. OF. nusche, nousche, clasp, LL. 
nusca, fr. OHG. nuscha.] A socket or bezel holding a 
gem ; hence, a jewel or ornament worn on the person. 

Ought (at), n. & adv. See Aught. 

Ought, imp., p. p., or auxiliary. [Orig. the preterit 
of the verb one. OE. oughte, aughte, ahte, AS. ahte.] 
1. Owed ; also, owned. [Obs.] 2. To be bound in 
duty or by moral obligation. 3. To be necessary, fit, 
becoming, or expedient ; to behoove. 

Syn. — Should. — Ought and should both imply obliga- 
tion ; but should may imply merely an obligation of pro- 
priety, expediency, etc., and ought denotes an obligation 
of duty. 

Ounce (ouns), n. [F. once, fr. L. uncia a twelfth, the 
twelfth part of a pound or of a foot.] 1. The sixteenth 
part of a pound avoirdupois, or 437% grains. 2. {Troy 
Weight) The twelfth part of a troy pound. 

Fluid ounce. See under Fluid, n. 

Ounce, n. [F. once; of uncertain origin.] {Zo'61.) 
An Asiatic feline 
quadruped re- 
sembling the 
leopard in size, 
and somewhat in 
color, but having 
longer fur. 

Our (oar), pos- 
sessive pron. 
[AS. ure;akinto 
~E.us.] Of or pert, 
to us ; belonging 
to us. See I. 

~^sf When the noun is not expressed, ours is used in 
the same way as hers for her. yours for your, etc. 

-our C-er). [OF. -our.] See -OR. 

Ou-rang'-OU-tang' (6o-rang'6o-tang/), n. {Zo'61.) See 
Orang-outang, [raphy. I 

Ou ra-nog'ra-phy (ou'ra-n5g'ra-fy), n. See Uranog- | 

Ou-rol'o-gy (ou-r51'o-jy), »• See Urology. 

Ou-ros'co-py (ou-r5s'ko-py), n. [Gr. ovpov urine -f- 
-scopy.] Urology. 

Ours fourz), possessive pron. See Note under Our. 

Our-selves' (our-sSlvz'),p?wi. ; sing. Ourself (-sSIP). 
An emphasized form of the pronoun of the first person pi. 

C^~The form ourself is used only in the regal or 
formal style after we or us, denoting a single person. 

-OUB (-us). [OF. fr. L. -OSUS or -vs. Cf. -ose.] 1. An 
adjective suffix meaning full of, abounding in, having, 
possessing the qualities of, like ; as in gracious, arduous, 
riotous, poisonow.?, piteows, joyous, etc. 2. 
A suffix denoting that the element indicated by 
the name bearing it has its lowest valence or a valence rela- 
tively lower than that denoted by the termination -ic. 



akin to G. amsel.] 




Ring Ousel 
(.Turdus torquatus). 




Ounce (Felis uncia). 



Ou'sel (oVz'l), n. [AS. Csle, 
{Zo'61.) One of several spe- 
cies of European thrushes, t_ 
esp. the blackbird, and the 1 
mountain, or ring, ousel. 

Water ousel, the Euro- 
pean dipper, or the Amer- 
ican dipper. 

Oust (oust),??. See Oast. 

Oust, v. t. [imp. & p. 
p. Ousted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Ousting.] [OF. osier ; 
origin uncertain.] 1. To 
take away ; to remove. 2. 
To eject ; to turn out. 

Oust'er (-er), n. A put- 
ting out of possession ; dispossession ; ejection ; disseizin. 

Out (out), adv. [AS. ut, and ute, utan, fr. ut; akin to 
G. aus, Icel. ut, Skr. ud.] In its original and strict sense, 
out means from the interior of something ; beyond the 
limits or boundary of something ; in a position or rela- 
tion which is exterior to something ; — opposed to in or 
into. It is used in a variety of applications, as: — 1. 
Away ; off ; from a certain or a usual place. 2. Beyond 
the limits of concealment, confinement, privacy, con- 
straint, etc. 3. Beyond the limit of existence, continu- 
ance, or supply; to the end; completely. 4. Beyond 
possession, control, or occupation ; — used of office, busi- 
ness, property, knowledge, etc. 5. Beyond the bounds 
of what is true, reasonable, correct, proper, common, 
etc. ; in error ; in a wrong position or opinion ; in a state 
of disagreement. 6. Not in the state or turn of the 
play for counting or gaining scores. 

Out and out. (a) adv. Completely ; wholly ; openly. (6) 
adj. Without any reservation or disguise ; absolute. [As 
an adj. written also md-aiid-out.] — Out of, a phrase which 
may be considered either as composed of an adverb and a 
preposition, each having its appropriate office in the sen- 
tence, or as a compound preposition. — Out cf one's head, 
in a wandering state mentally ; delirious. [Colloq.] — Out 
of one's time, beyond one's period of minority or appren- 
ticeship. — Out of print, not in market, the edition printed 
being exhausted. — Out of season, untimely ; inopportune. 

— Out of sorts, wanting certain things ; unsatisfied ; un- 
well ; unhappy ; cross. — Out of temper, irritated ; angry. 

— Out of the way. (a) On one side ; hard to reach or find ; 
secluded, (b) Improper ; unusual ; wrong. — Out of time, 
not in proper time. 

Out, n. 1. One that is out ; esp., one out of office ; — 
generally in the plural. 2. A place or space outside of 
something ; a corner ; a projecting angle ; an open space. 
3. {Print.) An omission in setting up copy. 

Out, inter j. Expressing a desire to be rid of; — with 
the force of command ; go out ; begone ; away ; off. 

Out-act' (out-akf), v. t. To surpass or exceed in acting. 

Out-ar'gue (-ar'gu), v. t. To surpass in argument. 

Out-bal'ance (-bal'ans), v. t. To more than balance. 

OuPbOund' (oufbound'), a- Outward bound. 

OuPbowed' (-bod'), a. Convex ; curved outward. 

Oufbreak' (-brak'), n. A breaking out or forth ; 
eruption. [bursts forth. I 

Outbreaking, n . Act of breaking out, or that which | 

OuPbuild ing (-blld'ing), n. A building separate 
from, and subordinate to, the main house ; an outhouse. 

OuPbursP (-bfirsP), n. A bursting fc*rth. 

OuPcasP (-kasP), a. Cast out ; degraded. — n. One 
cast out or expelled, as from home, country, or society ; 
hence, often, a degraded person ; a vagabond. 

OuPcome' (-kum' ),n. That which comes out of, or fol- 
lows from, something else ; issue ; restUt ; consequence. 

OuPcrop' (-kr5p0, n. {Geol.) The outcropping of 
strata ; also, the inclined strata itself which appears at 
the surface. 

Out-crop 7 (out-kr5p'), v. i. {Geol.) To come out to 
the surface of the ground ; — said of strata. 

OuPcry' (ouPkrF), n. 1. A vehement or loud cry, as 
distress or alarm ; clamor. 2. Sale at public auction. 

Out-dare' (out-daV), v. t. To surpass in daring. 

Out-do 7 (-doo / ), v. t. To surpass in doing ; to excel. 

OuPdooP (out'doP), a. [For out of door.] Being, 
or done, in the open air or outside. [out of doors. I 

OuPdoors' (out'dorz' or ouPdorz'), adv. Abroad ;| 

OuPer (ouPer), a. [Compar. of Out.] [AS. utor, 
compar. of ut, adv., out.] Being on the outside ; exter- 
nal ; farthest or farther from a certain place or center. 

OuPer-mosP (-mosP), a. Being on the extreme ex- 
ternal part ; farthest outward. [tenance ; to brave. 

Out-face' (out-fas'), v. t. To face or look out of coun- 

OuPfalP (-fftl')i «• Tne mouth of a stream; 
charging end of a drain, culvert, etc. 



the dia- 



a, e, i, o, tt, long ; a, e, I, ft, fl, y , short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



OUTFIELD 



581 



OVARIAN 






Out'field' (out'feld'), n. A field beyond or outside of 
a designated space, as that outside of the curtilage of a 
homestead, that outside of the diamond in baseball, etc. 

Out'fit (-fit), n. A fitting out, or equipment, as of a 
ship for a voyage, or of a person for an expedition ; the 
allowance, expenses, or articles for equipment. 

Outfitter (-fTt'ter), n. One who furnishes outfits. 

Out-flank' (out-flSnk'), v. t. (Mil.) To go beyond, or 
be superior to, on the~ttank ; to turn the flank of. 

Out-frown' (-froun'), v. t. To frown down. 

Out-gaze' (-gaz'), v. t. To gaze beyond ; to overbear 
by gazing ; to outface. 

Out-gen'er-al (-jSn'er-al), v. t. To exceed in general- 
ship ; to outmaneuver. 

Out-give' (-giv'), v. t. To surpass in giving. 

Out-go' (-go'), v. t. To go beyond ; to outdo. 

Out'go' (out'go'), n. ; pi. Outgoes (-goz'). That 
which goes out, or is paid out ; outlay ; expenditure. 

Out'gO'er (-go'er), n. One who goes out or departs. 

Out-grow' (out-gro'),v. t. 1. To surpass in growing. 
2. To grow too large, wise, or old, for. 

Out'growth' (out'groth'), n. That which grows out 
of anything ; excrescence ; offshoot ; hence, result. 

Out'guard / (-gard'), n. {Mil.) A guard of troops at 
a distance from the main body of an army. 

Out-Her'Od (out-her'iid), v. t. To surpass (Herod) in 
wickedness ; to exceed in anything offensive. 

OutllOUSe' (out'hous'), n. A small house or building 
at a little distance from the main house ; outbuilding. 

Out'ing, n. Act of going out ; an airing ; an excursion. 

Out-land'ish (out-lXnd'ish), a. 1. Foreign ; not na- 
tive. 2. Hence : Strange ; barbarous ; uncouth ; clown- 
ish. — Out-land'ish ly, adv. — Out-land'ish ness, n. 

Out-last' (out-lasf), v. t. To exceed in duration. 

Out-laugh' (out-laf), v. t. 1. To outdo in laughing. 
2. To discourage or discomfit by laughing. 

Out'laW (out'la'), n. A person excluded from the 
benefit of the law," or deprived of its protection. 

Out'law', v. t. 1. To deprive of the benefit and pro- 
tection of law ; to proscribe. 2. To deprive of legal force. 

Out'law'ry (-ry), n. Act of outlawing, or state of 
being an outlaw. 

Out'lay' (-la 7 ), n. Expenditure. 

Out-learn' (out-lern'), v. t. 1. To excel or surpass in 
learning. 2. To exhaust knowledge of. 

Outlet' (out'lef), n. A passage out ; exit ; vent. 

Out'U'er (-ll'er), n. 1. One who does not live where 
his office, or business, or estate, is. 2. That which lies, 
or is, away frbm the main body. 

Out/line' (-lin'), n. 1. (a) The line which marks the 
outer limits of a figure ; contour. (b) In art : A line 
drawn for indicating the boundary of a figure, without 
shading, (c) A sketch composed of such lines. 2. Fig. : 
A general sketch of any scheme, plan, or argument, etc. 

Syn. — Sketch ; draught ; delineation. See Sketch. 

Outline , v. I. To make an outline of. 

Out-live' (out-llv'), v. t. To live beyond ; to survive. 

Out'look' (out'lotik'), n. 1. A looking out ; watch. 2. 
One who looks out ; also, the place from which one looks 
out. 3. The view obtained by one looking out ; prospect. 

Out'ly'ing (-li'Tng), a. Lying or being at a distance 
from the central part, or the main body ; being on, or 
beyond, the frontier ; exterior ; remote ; detached. 

Out-march' (out-march'), v. t. To surpass in marching. 

Out-meas'ure (-mgzh'ur), v. t. To exceed in measure. 

Out'most' (out'most'), a. [AS. utemest, a superl. fr. 
file out.] Farthest from the middle or interior ; farthest 
outward ; outermost. 

Out'ness (-nes), n. 1. State of being out or beyond ; 
separateness. 2. (dfelaph.) Quality of being external; 
objectivity. [ber. I 

Out-num'ber (out-num'ber), v. I. To exceed in num- J 

Out'-of-door' (out'ov-dor'), a. Being out of the 
house ; outdoor. 

Out'-of-the-way', a. See under Out, adv. 

Out-play' (out-pla'), v. I. To excel or defeat in playing. 

Out'port' (out'porf), n. A harbor or port at some 
distance from the chief town or seat of trade. 

Out'post' (-post'), n. (Mil.) (a) A post without the 
limits of a camp, or at a distance from the main body of 
an army, (b) The troops placed at such a station. 

Out'pour' (-por'), n. A flowing out; a free discharge. 

Out'put' (out'put'), n. That which is put out, dis- 
charged, or produced. 

Out'rage (out'raj), n. [F. outrage; OF. outre, oltre, 
beyond (L. tdtra) -j- -age, as in courage, voyage.] In- 
jurious violence or wanton wrong done to persons or 
things ; a gross violation of right or decency. 



Out'rage (out'raj), v. t. limp. & p. p. Outraged 
(-rajd) ; p. pr. &, vb. n. Outraging.] To commit outrage 
upon ; to subject to violence or excessive abuse ; specif., 
to commit an indecent assault upon (a girl or woman). 

Out ra'geous (out-ra'jGs), a. Of the nature of an 
outrage ; involving or doing an outrage. — Out-ra'geous- 
ly, adv. — Out ra'geous ness. n. 

Syn. — Violent; furious; exorbitant; excessive; atro- 
cious ; monstrous ; wanton ; nefarious ; heinous. 

Out-rank' ^out-rSnk'), v. t. To exceed in rank. 

II Ou'tr6' (oo'tra'), a. [F. , p. p. of outrer to exaggerate, 
fr. L. ultra beyond. See Outrage.] Being out of the 
common course or limits ; extravagant ; bizarre. 

Out-reach' (out-rech'), v. t. To reach beyond. 

Out-ride' (-rid'), v. t. To surpass in riding. 

Out'rid'er (out'rid'er), n. A servant on horseback at- 
tending a carriage. 

Out'rig'ger (-rig'ger), n. Any spar, projecting timber, 
or other contrivance extended from the side of a build- 
ing, a boat, a mast, etc., for temporary use. 

Out'rlght' (-rlf), adv. 1. Immediately ; without de- 
lay ; at once. 2. Completely ; utterly. 

Out-root' (out-roof), v. t. To eradicate ; to extirpate. 

Out-run' (-run'), v. t. To leave behind in running ; to 
run faster than. Also used figuratively. 

Out-sail' (-sal'), v. t. To excel or outstrip in sailing. 

Out-sell' (-sel'), v. t. 1. To exceed in amount of sales. 
2. To exceed in the price of selling. [ning. I 

Out'set' (out'sSf), n. A setting out ; starting ; begin- 1 

Out-Shine' (out-shin'), v. i. To shine forth. 

Out-Shine', v. t. To excel in splendor. 

Out'side' (out'sid'), n. 1. The external part of a thing ; 
that which is superficial ; exterior ; surface. 2. The part 
or space which lies without an inclosure. 3. The furthest 
limit, as to number, quantity, extent, etc. ; utmost. 

Out'side', a. Of, pertaining to, or denoting, the out- 
side ; external ; exterior ; superficial. 

Out'side', adv. or prep. On or to the outside (of) ; 
without ; on the exterior. 

OUt'sid'er (out'sld'er), n. One not belonging to the 
concern, institution, party, etc., spoken of. [Recent] 

Out'skirt' (out'skerf), n. A part remote from the 
center ; outer edge ; border ; — usually in the pi. 

Out-SOar' (out-sor'), v. t. To soar beyond or above. 

Out-span' (-span'), v. t. & i. [D. uitspannen.] To 
unyoke or disengage, as oxen from a wagon. [S. Africa] 

Out-speak' (-spek'), v. t. 1. To exceed in speaking. 
2. To speak openly or boldly. 3. To express more than. 

Out-spoten (-spo'k'n), a. Speaking, or spoken, free- 
ly, openly, or boldly. — Out-spo'ken-ness, n. 

Out-spread' (-spred'), v. t. To spread out. 

Out-Stand' (-stand'), v. i. To stand out, or project. 

Out-Stand', v. t. 1. To withstand. 2. To stay beyond. 

Out-Stand'ing, a. That stands out; undischarged; 
uncollected ; not paid. [face down. I 

Out-Stare' (-star'), v. t. To overcome in staring ; to | 

Out-Stretch' (-strech'), v. t. To stretch out, 

Out-Strip' (-strip'), v. t. To go faster than ; to out- 
run ; to advance beyond ; to leave behind. 

Out-talk' (-tak'), v. t. To overpower by talking ; to 
exceed in talking ; to talk down. 

Out-Vie' (-vi'), v. t. To exceed in vying. 

Out-VOte' (-vof), v. t. To defeat by votes. 

Out-walk' (-wak'), v. t. To excel in walking. 

Out'wall' (out'wal'), n. The exterior wall. 

Out'ward (-werd)', ) adv. [Sees, adv. sujf'.] From 

Out'wards (-werdz), j the interior part ; but ; to the 
outside or exterior ; beyond ; off ; away. 

Out'ward, a. 1. External ; exterior ; hence, mani- 
fest ; public. 2. Tending outward.— Out'ward ly. adv. 
— Out'ward-ness, n. 

Out'wards (-werdz), adv. See Outward, adv. 

Out-wear' (out-waV), v. 1. To wear out ; to outlast. 

Out- weigh' (-wa'), v. t. To exceed in weight or value. 

Out-Wit' (-wit'), v. t. To surpass in wit or cunning. 

Out-WOrk' (-wfirk'), v. t. To exceed in working. 

Out'work' (out'wfirk'), n. (Fort.) A minor defense 
constructed beyond the main body of a work. 

Ou'zel (oo'z'l), n. (Zo'61.) Same as Ousel. 

II O'va (o'va), n. pi. See Ovum. 

O'val (o'wrl), a. [F. ovale, fr. L. ovum egg.] Having 
the figure of an egg ; oblong and curvilinear, s~^ 
with one end broader than the other, or with / \ 
both ends of about the some breadth ; elliptical. / \ 

O'val, n. An oval body or figure. I 

O'val-ly (o'val-ly), adv. In an oval form. \^^J 

O-va'ri-an (6-va'rT-ffn), \ a. Of or pertaining 

O-va'ri-al (6-va'rT-al), ) to an ovary. 



•; 



Oval. 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



OVARY 



582 



OVERLAYING 



N 



O'va-ry (8**-*Jf)i ». DSI* ovarium, fr. L. ovum egg.] 

1 lh.U part Of tlu> pistil 

contains the seed, aud in 
owering plants develops into 
the fruit 2.' (Xo6L & -4mjr.) The 
MMUttal female reproductive organ 
in which the ova are produced. 

Cvate (o'vfit\ a. Shaped like 
an Bgg or the longitudinal section 
of an' agg, with the" lower extremity 
broadest. 

Cva-ted (o'vS-te'd), a. Ovate. 

O-va'tlon (o-va'shiin), 71. [L. 
otatio, fr. ovare to exult, rejoice, 
triumph in au ovation.] 1. (Rom. 

Antia.) A lesser kind of triumph Ovary of Tilia Ameri- 
cana (Linden, or Rns*. 




wood; 

O.witr 
cle or Torus ; bSection 



ood). a Pistil (en- 
larged), with Recepta- 



of Ovary. showing two 
Cells with Ovules. 




Ovenbird and Nest (Fiirnariusfuliginosus). 



allowed to a commander for a vic- 
tory. 2. Hence : Popular homage. 

Ov'en (Hv''n), n. [AS. ofen ; 
akin to D. oven, G. ofen, Gr. invos, 
Skr. nkha pot.] A place arched 
over and used for baking, heating, or drying ; hence, any 
structure which may be heated for baking, drying, etc. 

Ov'en-bird' (-herd'), n. (Zool.) Any one* of several 
species of 
birds which 
construct 
curious oven- 
shaped nests. 

O'ver (o'- 
ver), prep. 
[AS. o/er ; 
akin to G. 
ub e r , L. 

super, Gr. vnep, Skr. upari.~\ 1. Above, or higher 
than, in place or position, with the idea of covering. 2. 
Across ; from side to side of. 3. Upon the surface of ; 
hither and thither upon. 4. Above ; — as in dignity, 
condition, value, or station. 5. During the whole time 
of. 6. Above the perpendicular height or length of, 
with an idea of measurement. 7. Beyond ; in addition 
to ; more than. 8. Above, implying superiority or suc- 
cess after a contest. 

O'ver (o'ver), adv. 1. From one side to another; 
across ; crosswise. 2. From one person or place to an- 
other regarded as on the opposite side of a space or bar- 
rier ; also, at, or on, the opposite side. 3. From begin- 
ning to end ; throughout the course, extent, or expanse 
of anything. 4. Above or across the brim. 5. Beyond 
a limit ; hence, superfluously ; with repetition. 6. In a 
manner to bring the under side to or towards the top. 
7. At an end ; in a completed or finished state. 

Over against, opposite ; in front. — Over and above, in a 
manner, or degree, beyond what is supposed, defined, or 
usual ; besides ; in addition. — Over and over, repeatedly ; 
again and again. — To throw over, to abandon ; to betray. 

O'ver, a. Upper; covering; superior; also, excess- 
ive ; too much or too great ; — chiefly in composition. 

O'ver-a-bound' (o'ver-a-bound'), v. i. To abound 
more than enough. 

O'ver-act' (-Skf), v. t. & i. To act or perform to ex- 
cess ; to exaggerate in acting ; to go to excess in acting. 

O'ver-alls (o'ver-alz), n. pi. 1. Loose trousers worn 
over others to protect them. 2. Waterproof leggings. 

O'ver-arch/ (o'ver-arch'), v. t. & i. To make an arch 
over ; to span with an arch. 

O'ver-awe' (-a/), v. t. To subjugate or restrain by awe. 

O'ver-baFance (-bal'crns), v. t. 1. To exceed equality 
with ; to outweigh. 2. To cause to lose equilibrium. 

O'ver-bal'ance (o'ver-bal'ans), n. More than an 
equivalent. [come ; to subdue. I 

O'ver-bear' (o'ver-bSr'), v. t. To bear down ; to over-| 

O'ver-bear', v. i. To bear fruit or offspring to excess. 

O'ver-bear'ing, a. 1. Overpowering ; subduing. 2. 
Aggressively haughty ; arrogant; domineering. — O'ver- 
bear'ing-ly, adv. — 0' ver-bear'ing-ness, n. 

O'ver-bld' (-bid'), v.t. To bid beyond, or in excess of. 

O'ver-blow' (-bio'), v. t. To blow away; to dissipate. 

O'ver-board' (o'ver-bord'), adv. Over the side of a 
ship ; hence, from on board of a ship, into the water. 

O'ver-bttlld' (o'ver-blld'), v. t. 1. To build over. 2. 
To build too much ; to build beyond the demand. 

O'ver-bur'den (-bQr'd'n), v. t. To burden to excess. 

O'ver-car'ry (-kar'if), v. t. & i. To carry too far. 

O'ver-cast' (-kasf), v. t. 1. To cast or cover over ; 

to cloud ; to darken. 2. To rate too high. 3- 

(Sewing) To take loose stitches over, as a raveling edge. 

Over-charge 7 (-ch'arj'), v. t. & i. 1. To charge or 



load too heavily; to burden. 2. To make too great a 
charge for or against ; to charge too much. 

O'ver-charge (o'ver-charjO, n. 1. An excessive load 
or burden. 2. An excessive charge in an account. 

ver-cloud' (o'ver-kloud'), v. t. To cover or over- 
spread with, or as with, clouds ; to becloud ; to overcast. 

O'ver-coat' (o'ver-kof), n. A coat worn over the 
other clothing ; a greatcoat ; a topcoat. 

O'ver-come' (o'ver-kfim'), v. t. 1. To get the better 
of ; to obtain advantage over. 2. To pass over. [Ob$.~] 

O'ver-come', v. i. To be superior or victorious. 

O'ver-dC (-doo'), v. t. 1. To do too much. 2. To over- 
task, or overtax ; to fatigue. 3. To cook too much. 

O'ver-do', v. i. To labor too hard ; to do too much. 

O'ver-dose' (-dos'), v. t. To dose to excess. 

O'ver-dose' (o'ver-dos'), n. An excessive dose. 

O'ver-draw' (o'ver-dra'), v. t. 1. To exaggerate ; to 
overdo. 2. (Banking) To make drafts upon or against, 
in excess of the proper amount. 

O'ver-dress' (-dr6s'), v. t. To dress to excess. 

O'ver-drive' (-driv'), v. t. & i. To drive to excess. 

O'ver-due' (-du'), a. Due and more than due; de- 
layed beyond the proper time of arrival, payment, etc. 

O'ver-eat' (-ef), v. t. & i. To eat to excess. 

O'ver-fall' (o'ver-faF), n. 1. A waterfall. [06s.] 
2. (Naut.) A turbulent surface of water, caused by 
strong currents setting over submerged ridges ; also, a 
dangerous submerged ridge or shoal. [to surfeit. I 

O'ver-feed' (o'ver-fed'), v. t. &i. To feed to excess ;| 

(Vver-flOW' (-flo'), v. t. 1. To cover with, or as with, 
water or other fluid ; to spread over ; to overwhelm. 
2. To flow, or cause anything to flow, over the brim of. 

O'ver-flOW', v. i. 1. To run over the bounds. 2. To 
be superabundant ; to abound. 

0'ver-flOW / (o'ver-flo'), n. 1. Act of overflowing; 
inundation; also, that which overflows; hence, abun- 
dance. 2. An outlet for the escape of surplus liquid. 

O'ver-freight' (o'ver-frat'}, v. t. To put too much 
freight in or upon. [ment. I 

O'ver-garment (o'ver-gar'ment), n. An outer gar- 1 

O'ver-ground' (-ground'), a. Situated above ground. 

O'ver-grow' (o'ver-gro'), v. I. To grow over; esp., 
to cover with a rank growth. 

O'ver-gTOW', v. i. To grow beyond the proper size. 

O'ver-hand 7 (o'ver-hanoV), n. Upper hand; mastery. 

O'ver-hand', a. 1. (Sewing) Over and over; — ap- 
plied to a style of sewing, or to the seam so made. 2. 
(Baseball, Cricket, etc.) Done (as pitching or bowling) 
with the hand higher than the elbow, or the arm above, 
or higher than, the shoulder. 

0'ver-hand / , adv. In an overhand manner or style. 

O'ver-hang' (o'ver-hang'), v. t. & i. To hang over ; 
to cause to jut or project over ; to jut over. 

O'ver-hang' (o'ver-hSngO, n. That which juts out or 
projects ; a projection. 

O'ver-haul' (o'ver-hal'), v. t. 1. To haul or drag 
over ; hence, to turn over for examination ; to inspect. 
2. To gain upon in a chase ; to overtake. 

O'ver-haul' (o'ver-haF), \n. A strict examination 

O'ver-haul'ing, ^ j for correction or repair. 

O'ver-head' (o'ver-hSd'), adv. Aloft; above; in or 
on the roof or ceiling ; in a higher story ; in the zenith. 

O'ver-hear' (-her'), v. t. 1. To hear more of (any- 
thing) than was intended to be heard ; to hear by acci- 
dent or artifice. 2. To hear again. 

0'ver-hung' (o'ver-hung'), a. 1. Covered over ; or- 
namented with hangings. 2. Suspended from above or 
from the top. 

O'ver-is'sue (-Tsh'u), n. An excessive issue ; an issue 
as of notes or bonds, exceeding the proper limit. 

O'ver-is'sue (o'ver-ish'u), v. t. To issue in excess. 

O'ver-jOV' (o'ver-joi'), v . t. To make excessively joyful. 

O'ver-la'bor (-la'ber), v. t. 1. To cause to labor ex- 
cessively. 2. To labor upon excessively ; to refine unduly. 

O'ver-lade' (-lad'), v. t. To load with too great a 
cargo ; to overburden. 

O'ver-land' (6 y ver-lSnd / ), a. Being, or accomplished, 
over the land, instead of the sea. — adv. By, upon, or 
across, land. 

O'ver-lap' (o'ver-ISp'), v. t. & i. To lap over ; to lap. 

O'ver-lap' (o'ver-l&y), n. The lapping, or the measure 
of the lapping, of one thing over another. 

O'ver-lay' (o'ver-la'), v. t. To lay, or spread, some- 
thing over or across ; hence, to cover ; to burden. 

O'ver-lay' (o'ver-la 7 ), n. 1. A covering. 2. (Printing) 
A piece of paper pasted upon the tympan sheet to 
strengthen the impression. 

O'ver-lay'lng, n. A superficial covering ; a coating. 



a > e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, A, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, ftbey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



OVERLEAP 



583 



OVERWEIGHT 



O'ver-leap' (o / ver-lep / ), v . t. To leap over or across ; 
hence, to omit ; to ignore. 

O'ver-learn'Od (S'ver-lern'e'd), a. Too learned. 

O'ver-lie' (o'ver-li'), V. t. To lie over or upon ; specif., 
to suffocate by lying upon. 

ver-load' (-lod'), v. t. To load or fill to excess. 

O'ver-load' (o'ver-lod'), ». An excessive load ; the 
excess beyond a proper load. 

O'ver-lOOk' (o'ver-ldok'), v. t. 1. To look down upon, 
or view from a higher position ; to rise above so as to 
command a view of. 2. Hence : To supervise ; to watch 
over ; sometimes, to observe secretly. 3. To inspect ; to 
examine carefully or repeatedly. 4. To look past or by 
without seeing ; hence, to refrain from bestowing notice 
or attention upon ; to neglect ; to excuse. [another. I 

O'ver-lord' (o'ver-16ro7), n. One who is lord over| 

O'ver-ly, a. Careless ; superficial. [Archaic] 

O'ver-ly, adv. In an overly manner. [Archaic] 

O'ver-march' (o'ver-inarch'), v. t. & i. To march too 
far, or too much ; to exhaust by marching. [subdue. I 

ver-mas'ter (-mas'ter), v. t. To overpower ; to | 

O'ver-match' (-mSch'), v. t. To be more than equal 
to or a match for ; hence, to vanquish. 

O'ver-match/ (o'ver-mach'), n. One superior in power ; 
also, an unequal match. [or estimate too largely. I 

ver-meas'ure (o'ver-mSzh'ur), v. t. To measure! 

O'ver-meas ure (o'ver-nie'zh'ur), n. Excessive meas- 
ure ; excess beyond true or proper measure ; surplus. 

O'ver-mod'est (-ruod'est), a. Modest to excess. 

O'ver-much' (-much'), a. Too much. —adv. In too 
great a degree ; too much. — n. An excess ; a surplus. 

O'ver-nice' (-nis'), a. Excessively nice ; fastidious. 

O'ver-night' (-nit'), n. The previous evening. [R.] 

O'ver-night', adv. In the fore part of the night last 
past ; also, during the whole night. 

O'ver-pass' (o'ver-pas'), v. I. 1. To go over or beyond ; 
to cross. 2. To omit ; to overlook ; to disregard. 

O'ver-pay' (-pa'), v. t. To pay or reward excessively. 

O'ver-per-SUade' (-per-swad'), v. t. To persuade or 
influence against one's inclination or judgment. 

O'ver-plus (o'ver-plus), n. [Over + L. plus more.] 
That which remains beyond a given quantity ; surplus. 

O'ver-ply' (o'ver-pll'), v. t. To ply to excess ; to over- 
work, [to cause to yield. I 

O'ver-pow'er (-pou'er), v. t. To exceed in power ; | 

Syn. — To overbear ; overcome ; vanquish ; defeat ; 
crush ; overwhelm ; overthrow ; rout ; conquer ; subdue. 

O'ver-press' (-pres'), v. t. To bear upon excessively 
or irresistibly. 

O'ver-prize' (-priz'), v. t. To overvalue. 

O'ver-pro-duc'tion (o'ver-pro-duk'shun), n. Excess- 
ive production. 

O'ver-proof (-proof), a. Containing more alcohol 
than proof spirit ; stronger than proof spirit. 

O'ver-rake' (o'ver-rak'), v. t. (Naut.) To rake over, or 
sweep across, from end to end. 

O'ver-rate/ (-rat'), v. t. To rate or value too highly. 

O'ver-reach' (-rech'), v. t. 1. To reach above or be- 
yond in any direction ; to reach too far. 2. To outwit ; 
to cheat by cunning deceit. — ver-reach'er (-er), n. 

O'ver-ride' (-rid'), v. t. 1. To ride over or across ; to 
trample down. 2. To destroy ; to annul. 3. To ride, 
as a horse, beyond its strength. [righteous. I 

O'ver-right'eous (o'ver-ri'chus), a. Excessively] 

O'ver-rule' (o*ver-rul'), v. t. 1. To rule over. 2. To 
rule or determine in a contrary way ; to decide against. 

3. {Law) To supersede, annul, or rule against. 
O'ver-run' (-run'), v. t. 1. To run over ; to grow or 

spread over in excess ; to invade and occupy. 2. To sur- 
pass in running ; to outrun. 3. To extend in part beyond. 

4. To abuse or oppress as if by treading upon. 5. {Print.) 
To carry or extend over or back, as type, iffifp. one line 
or page into the next after, or next before. 

O'ver-run', v. i. To run, pass, extend, or flow over or 
by something ; to be beyond, or in excess. [excess. I 

O'ver-scru'pu-lous (-skru/pft-lus), a. Scrupulous to | 
O'ver-sea' (o'ver-se'), a. Beyond the sea ; foreign. 

S!™™^?!^ \odv. Over the sea; abroad. 
O'ver-seas' (-sez'), j ' 

O'ver-see' (o'ver-se'), V. t. 1. To superintend ; to 
watch over ; to direct. 2. To omit or neglect seeing. 

O'ver-seer' (-ser' or -se'er), n. One who oversees ; a 
superintendent ; a supervisor. 

O'ver-sell' (-seT), v. t. 1. To sell for more than. 
2. To sell beyond means of delivery. [Brokers' 1 Cant] 

Oversold market (Brokers' 1 Cant), a market in which 
stocks or commodities have been sold "short" to such 
an extent that it is difficult to obtain them for delivery. 




O'ver-set' (o'ver-seV), v. t. 1. To turn or tip over 
from an upright, or a proper, position ; to upset. 2. To 
cause to fall or to fail ; to subvert ; to overthrow. 

O'ver-set' (o'ver-sgf), n. An upsetting ; overturn. 

Over-shade' (o'ver-sliad'), v. t. To overshadow. 

ver-shad'ow (-shaa'ft), v. t. 1. To throw a shadow, 
or shade, over ; to darken ; to obscure. 2- Fig. : To 
dim or eclipse by superiority. [outshine. I 

O'ver-shlne' (-shiu'),j;. t. 1. To shine over. 2. To| 

O'ver-shoe' (o^ver-shoo'), n. A shoe that is worn over 
another for protection ; esp., an India-rubber shoe. 

O'ver-Shoot' (o'ver-shoof), v. t. & i. 1. To shoot or 
fly over or beyond. 2. To pass swiftly over. 

Overshot wheel, a vertical water wheel which is turned 
by water which shoots over the 
top of it. 

O'ver-Sight' (o'ver-sif), n. 1. 
Watchful care ; superintendence; 
general supervision. 2. An over- 
looking ; omission ; error. 

Syn. — Inspection ; inadvert- ij 
ence ; neglect ; mistake. 

O'ver-sklrt' (-skerf), n. An 
upper skirt, shorter than the 
dress, and usually draped. 

O'ver-slaugh/ (-shy), n. [D. 
overslag.] A bar in a river. 
[Local, U. S.] 

O'Ver-Sleep' (-slep'), v. t. & i. Overshot Wheel. 

To sleep beyond (a fixed or usual time), or too long ; — 
often used reflexively. [cover. I 

Over-spread' (-sprSd'), v. t. To spread over; to| 

O'ver-State' (-staf), v. t. To state too strongly. 

ver-state'ment (-ment), n. Exaggerated statement. 

O'ver-Stay' <-sta'), v. t. To stay beyond the time or 
the limits of. [to transgress. I 

O'ver-Step' (-step'), v. t. To step over or beyond ;| 

O'ver-StOCk' (-st5k'), v. t. To fill or stock in excess. 

O'ver-stO'ry (o'ver-sto'r^), n. (Arch.) The clearstory, 
or upper story, of a building. [strain too much. I 

O'ver-Strain' (o'ver-stran'), v. t. & i. To stretch or| 

O'vert (o'vert), a. [OF. overt, p. p. of ovrir to open ; 
of uncertain origin.] 1. Open to view ; public ; appar- 
ent. 2. (Law) Not covert ; public ; manifest. 

[J^* In criminal law, an overt act is an open act done 
in pursuance and manifestation of a criminal design, — the 
mere intent not being punishable without such act. 

O'ver-take' (o'ver-tak'), v. t. 1. To come up with; 
to catch up with. 2. To come upon from behind ; to 
discover ; to capture. 

O'ver-tax' (-taks'), v. t. To tax or to task too heavily. 

O'ver-throw' (-thro'), v. t. 1. To throw over; to 
overturn ; to upset. 2. To cause to fall or to fail ; to 
make a ruin of. 

Syn. — To demolish ; prostrate ; destroy : ruin ; sub- 
vert ; overcome ; conquer ; defeat ; beat ; rout. 

O'ver-throw' (o'ver-thro 7 ), n. Act of overthrowing; 
state of being overthrown ; ruin. 

O'ver-thwart' (o'ver-thwarf), a. 1. Transverse in 
position ; hence, opposite. 2. Perverse ; adverse. 

O'ver-thwart', prep. Across ; from side to side of. 

O'ver-timC (-tlm'), n. Time beyond, or in excess of, 
a limit ; esp., extra working time. 

O'vert-ly (o'vert-ly), adv. Publicly ; openly. 

O'ver-tone' (o'ver-ton'), n. [A translation of G. ober- 
ton. See Over; Tone.] (3fus.) One of the harmonics 
faintly heard with and above a tone as it dies away ; one 
of the natural harmonic scale of tones. 

O'ver-top' (o'ver-top'), v. t. 1. To exceed in height. 

2. To transcend ; to transgress. 3. To dwarf or obscure 
by superior excellence. 

O'ver-trade' (-trad'), v. i. To trade or buy beyond the 
means of paying or beyond the demands of the market. 

O'ver-ture (o'ver-tur; 135), n. [OF. overture, fr. 
ovrir. See Overt.] 1. An opening; hence, disclosure. 
[Obs.] 2. A proposal ; a formal offer or proposition. 

3. (Mus.) A composition, for a full orchestra. 
O'ver-turn' (o'ver-tfirn'), v. t. 1. To turn or throw 

from a basis, foundation, or position ; to overset. 2. To 
subvert ; to destroy ; to overthrow. 3. To overpower. 

O'ver-tum' (o'ver-tfirn'), n. Act of overturning, or 
state of being overturned ; overthrow. 

O'ver-val'ue (o'ver-vSl'u), v. t. To value excessively. 

O'ver-ween' (-wen'), v. i. To think too arrogantly ; 
hence, to be egotistic, arrogant, or rash, in opinion. 

O'ver-weigh' (-wa'), V. t. To exceed in weight. 

O'ver-weight' (o'ver-waV), n. 1. Weight over and 
above what is required. 2. Superabundance of weight ; 
preponderance. 



> \ 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing:, ink, then, thin. 



N 



OVERWHELM 



584 



OYEZ 



(Anal.) A 



Ovoid. 



ver-whelm' (8 ver-hwe" lm'). r. '• 1- To cover over 
completely, as by a great w»Te; to submerge; to in- 
lumerse and bear down ; to over- 
to bury. 2. To impend over threateningly. 

V6T- whelm 'lng-ly. »'</r. Iu a manner to overwhelm. 

ver-work' (-wtokOj ' • *- * '• 1- To work too 
much or too long. 2. To fill too full of work. 3. To 
te all over. 

O'ver-work (5'ver-wfirk ■'), 71. "Work in excess of the 

pulated. or proper time or quantity; extra 

work : excessive labor. [Of or pert, to an egg. I 

O-vlc'U-lar t,o-vik'u-ler), a. [L. orum egg.] (Biol.)l 

O'vi-duct w'v;-dukt\ ». [Oruin + tfi/c/.] (Anal.) A 
tube, or duct, for the passage of ova from the ovary to 
the part where further development takes place. 

O'vl-fonn (,0'vl-form), a. [Oruni -f- -fonn.] (Biol.) 
Having the form or figure of an egg ; egg-shaped. 

O'vlne t,o'vin), a. [L. orinus, fr. oris sheep.] Of or 
pertaining to sheep ; consisting of sheep. 

vl-par'i-ty (o'vl-part-ty ), n. Quality of being ovip- 
arous : generation by means of ova. 

O-vip'a-rous (o-vip'a-rus), a. [L. oriparus; orum 
egg — parere to bring forth.] (Physiol.) Producing 
young from eggs ; as, an oriparous animal, in which the 
egg is generally hatched after exclusion from the animal. 

Vi-pos'it "(o'vT-p5z'it), v. i. & t. To lay or deposit 
(eggs) : — said esp. of insects. 

vi-pos'i-tor (-p5zT-ter), n. [L. orum egg -\-posilor 
a placer.] (Zool.) The organ with which many insects 
and some other animals deposit their eggs. 

O'vi-sac (o^vT-sak), n. [Orum -f- sac.'] (Anat.) A 
sac containing an ovum or ova. 

O'VOid (o'void), )a. {Ovum-{--oid.] 

O-void'al (o-void'erl), ) Like an egg in 
shape ; egg-shaped ; ovate. — n. An ovoid solid. 

O'VO-lO (o'vo-lo), 7?. [It. ovolo, uovolo, fr. 
L. OVUM an egg.] (Arch.) A round, convex 
molding. [See IUust. of Molding.] 

0-VOl'O-gy (6-vol'o-jy), n. [Orum + -logy.] 
That branch of natural history which treats of eggs. 

/ V0-Vi-vip / a-r0US (o'vo-vt-vTp'a-riis), a. [Orum -f- 
viriparous.] (Biol.) Oviparous, but hatching the egg 
while in the body. 

vu-la'tion (-vu-la'shun), n. (Physiol.) Formation of 
ova. or eggs, in the ovary, and the discharge of the same. 

O'vule (oA-ul), n. [Dim. of L. or urn an egg.] (Biol.) 
(a) The rudiment of a seed, (b) An ovum. 

O'vum (o'vum), n. ; pi. L. Ova (-va), E. Ovums 
(-viimz). [L., an egg.] (Biol.) A more or less spherical 
and transparent mass of granular protoplasm, which de- 
velops into a new individual like the parent ; an egg, 
spore, germ, or germ cell. 

Owe (o), r. t. {imp. & p. p. Owed (od), (Ought (at) 
obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Owing (o'Tng).] [AS. agan to 
have ; akin to G. eigen, a., own, Icel. eiga to have, Goth. 
aigan, Skr. Ic.] 1. To possess ; to have ; to own. {Obs.] 
2. To have or possess, as something derived or bestowed ; 
to be indebted or obliged for. 3. Hence : To have or be 
under an obligation to restore, pay, or render (some- 
thing) in return or compensation for something received. 
4. To have an obligation to on account of something 
done or received ; to be indebted to. [Equal. {Obs.] I 

Ow'el (o'Sl), a. [OF.,F. egal,ir. L. aequalis.] (Law)\ 

Ow'el-ty (-ty), n. (Law) Equality ; — sometimes 
written orelty and oreally. 

Ow'ing (o'Tng), p. p. & a. [Used in a passive sense 
for owed (AS. agen. See Own).] 1. Had or held under 
obligation of paying ; due. 2. Had or experienced as a 
consequence, result, issue, etc. ; ascribable ; — with to. 

Owl (oul), n. [AS. ulc; akin to G. eule.] (Zool.) 
Any one of several species of raptorial birds, mostly noc- 
turnal in their habits. They have 
large eyes and ears, and a conspicuous 
circle of feathers around each eye. 

Owl, v. i. {imp. & p. p. Owled 
Could) : p. pr. & vb. n. Owling.] To 
cany on a contraband trade. {Eng.] 

Owl'et (-St), n. [Dim. of Owl.] 
[Zodl.) A small owl ; specifically, a 
certain species of. Europe, and the 
flammulated owlet of California ; a 
young owl. [acteristic of, an owl. i 

wl'lsh, a. Resembling, or char- 
Own (on) r. t. {imp. & p. p. 
Owned (Son) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Own- 
rao.] [OE. unnen to grant, permit, 

Med with, AS. unnan to Flammulated Owlet 
grant; akin to G. gonnen ; of (Megascops flammeolus) 




uncertain origin.] To grant ; to acknowledge ; to admit 
to be true ; to confess. 

Own (on), a. [AS. agen, p. p. of agan to possess; 
akin to G. eigen.] Belonging to ; belonging exclusively 
or especially to ; peculiar. [rightful title to. I 

Own, v. t. To hold as property; to have a legal or| 

Own'er (on'er), n. One who owns. 

Own'er-ship. n. State of being an owner; right to 
own ; legal or just claim or title. 

Ox (5ks), n. ; pi. Oxen (5ks''n). [AS. oxa ; akin to 
G. ochs, ochse, Skr. ukshan ox, bull.] (Zool.) The male 
of bovine quadrupeds, esp. the domestic animal when 
castrated and full grown. 

Ox-al'ic (Sks-Sl'ik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, de- 
rived from, or contained in, oxalis; specif., designating 
an acid found in oxalis. 

Ox'a-lis (oks'a-lTs), n. [L., a kind of sorrel, Gr. 
o£aAts, fr. 6£v's sharp, pungent, acid.] (Bol.) A 
of plants, mostly herbs, with acid-tasting leaves. 

Ox'DOW' (-bo'), n. A separable part of a yoke, curved 
to fit around an ox's neck. 

Ox'eye' (-10, «• [Ox + eye.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The ox- 
eye daisy, (b) A species of camomile ; corn camomile, (c) 
Any one of a genus (Buphthalmum) of composite, yellow- 
flowered plants. 2. (Zool.) (a) A titmouse. [Pror. Eng.] 
(b) The dunlin, (c) A kind of bright-colored fish. 

Ox'-eyed' (-id'), a. Having large, full eyes. 

Ox'fly' (-AT'), n. (Zool.) The gadfly of cattle. 

Ox'id (oks'id), 7i. (Chem.) See Oxide. 

Ox'i-date (-T-dat), v. t. (Chem.) To oxidize. 

Ox i-da'tion (-da'shun), n. (Chem.) Act or process 
of oxidizing, or state or result of being oxidized. 

Ox'ide (oks'id or -id), n. [F. ozygene oxygen + acwfe 
acid.] (Chem.) A binary compound of oxygen with an 
atom^fradical, or a compound regarded as binary. 

UX'i-di'za-ble (-I-di'za-b'l), a. That may be oxidized. 

Ox'i-dize (-diz), v. t. & i. {imp. & p. p. Oxidized 
(-dizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Oxidizing.] (Chem.) To com- 
bine with oxygen, or subject to the action of oxygen, or 
of an oxidizing agent. [promotes oxidation. 1 

Ox'i-di/zer (-di-'zer), n. An agent that oxidizes, or| 

Oxlip 7 (Sks'llpO, n. [AS. ozanslyppe. See Ox, and 
Cowslip.] (Bot.) The great cowslip. 

Ox'y- (5ks'I-). (Chem.) A prefix, also used adjec- 
tively, designating a compound containing oxygen. 

Ox'y-ac'id (-aVId), n. {Oxy- (a) -f- acid.] (Chem.) 
An acid containing oxygen. 

Ox'y-gen (oks'I-jen), n. [F. oxygene, fr. Gr. 6£us 
sharp, acid + root of yiyve<r8ai to be born. So called 
because originally supposed to be an essential part of 
every acid.] 1. (Chem.) A gaseous element occurring 
in the free state in the atmosphere, of which it forms 
about 21 per cent by volume. It is chemically very 
active ; is indispensable in respiration, and forms about 
eight ninths by weight of water. 2. Chlorine used in 
bleaching. {Manufacturing name] 

Ox'y-gen-ate (-5t), v. t. {imp. & p 1 p. Oxygenated 
(-a'tSd) ; p. pr. &vb. n. Oxygenating (-a'tlng).] (CJiem.) 
To unite, or cause to combine, with oxygen ; to oxidize. 

Ox'y-gen-a'tion (-a'shun), n. (Chem.) Act or proc- 
ess of oxygenating. 

Ox'y-gen'ic (-jen'Tk), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, con- 
taining, or resembling, oxygen ; producing oxygen. 

Ox'y gen-ize (-Iz), v. t. (Chem.) To oxidize. 

Ox-yg'e-nous (oks-Tj'e-nus), a. Oxygenic. 

Ox'y-gon (oksl-gon), n. [Gr. 6£us sharp + yiavia an 
angle.] (Geom.) A triangle having three acute angles. 

Ox'y-hy'drO-gen (-hl'dro-jen), a. [See Oxy- (a).] 
(Chem.) Of or pert, to a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen. 

Ox'y-mel (oksl-mel), n. [L. oxymeli, Gr. 'b£v».eki ; 
6£vs acid -f- M e '*' honey.] (3fed.) A mixture of honey, 
water, vinegar, and spice, boiled to a sirup. 

Ox'y-salt' (oks'T-salf), n. {Oxy- (a) -f- salt .] (Chem.) 
A salt of an oxyacid. 

Ox'y-tone (oks'I-ton), a. [Gr. 6£utovos : 6fv? sharp 
-J- Toi/o? tone.] Having an acute sound; (Or. Gram.) 
having an acute accent on the last syllable. 

Ox'y-tone, n. An oxytone sound or word. 

O'yer (o'yer), 7!. [Anglo-F., a hearing, fr. OF. oir, to 
hear, L. audire. See Audible.] (Law) A hearing or an 
inspection, as of a deed, bond, etc. 

Oyer and terminer (Law.), a term used in England in 
commissions to judges of assize directing them to " hear 
and determine " cases brought before them. In the U. S. 
the phrase designates certain criminal courts. 

O'yez' (o'yeV), interj. [Anglo-F. oyez hear ye. See 
Oyer.] Hear ; attend ; — a term used by criers of courts 
to secure silence before making a proclamation. 



a, e, i, u, u, long ; a, £, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final 



OYLET 



585 



PAD 



Oylet (oi'lSt), n. See Eyelet, and Oilet, 
Oys'ter (ois'ter),n. [OF. j, ," 

oistre, L. ostrea, ostreum, Gr. ., 

ooTpeoi/.] (Zool.) Any one of t '(_v. 

a genus (Ostrea) of marine V 

bivalve mollusks which are 

a common article of food. 
Oyster with the Upper Lobe of 

Mantle removed, a Muscle; 6 

Gills; cc' Mantle; d Palpi; e 

Mouth ; h Anus ; i Intestine ; 

I Liver. 
Oyster plant. (Bot.) (a) A plant ( Tragopoaonporrifnlius) 

the root of which, when cooked, somewhat resembles the 




oyster in taste; salsify ; —called also vegetable oyster. 
(b) A seashore plant (Mertensm maritima), of Northern 
Europe, America, and Asia, the fresh leaves of which 
have a strong flavor of oysters. 

O'zone (o'zon or 6-zon'), n. [Gr. 5£wf smelling, p. pr. 
of b£ew to smell.] (Chem.) A colorless gas (0 3 ) obtained 
as an allotropic form of oxygen, containing three atoms 
in the molecule. It is a strong oxidizer, and has a chlo- 
rine-like odor. 

O'zo-nize (yzo-nlz), v. t. (Chem.) (a) To convert 
into ozone, as oxygen, (b) To treat with ozone. 

O'zo-nous (o'zo-uus or is-zo'nus), a. Pertaining to, or 
containing, ozone. 



P (pe), the sixteenth letter of the English alphabet, is 
a nonvocal consonant whose form and value come from 
the Latin. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 247, 248, and 
184-195. Etymologically P is most closely related to 6, 
/, and v ; as hobble, hopple ; /ather, paternal ; recipient, 
receive. See B, F, and M. 

Pa (pa), n. A shortened form of Papa. 

Pab'U-lar (pSb'u-ler), a. [L. pabularis.~\ Of, per- 
taining to, or fit for, pabulum or food ; affording food. 

Pab'u-lum (-liim), n. [L. ; akin to pascere to pasture.] 
Nutriment ; food ; nourishment ; hence, sustenance. 

Pa'ca (Pg. pa'ka ; E. pa'ka), n. [Pg., fr. native name.] 
(Zool.) A small South American rodent allied to the 
Guinea pig. [cable. [-R.]| 

Pa'ca-ble (pa'ka-b'l), a. [L. pacare to pacify.] Pla-| 

Pa'cate (pa'kat), a. [L. pacatus, p. p. ot pacare to 
pacify, iv.pax,pac is, peace.] Appeased ; pacified. [R.] 

Pa'ca-ted (pa'ka-tSd), a. Pacified ; pacate. 

Pace (pas), n. [F. pas, fr. L. passus step, pace.] 1. 
A step ; also, the length of a step. 

dglP* Ordinarily the pace is estimated at 2£ linear feet ; 
but in measuring distances at 3 feet or 3 T 3 3 feet. 
2. Manner of stepping ; gait ; walk. 3. Specif. , a kind of 
fast amble ; rack. 4. (Arch.) A broad step or platform. 

Pace, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paced (past) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Pacing (pa'sing).] 1. To go ; to walk ; specif., to move 
with measured steps. 2. To move by lifting the legs on 
the same side together, as a horse. 

Pace, v. t. 1. To walk over with measured steps. 2. 
To measure by steps or paces. 3. To develop the pace 
or paces of. 

Pa'cer (pa'ser), n. One who, or that which, paces. 

Pacha' (pa-sha'), n. [F.] See Pasha. 

Pa-chalic (pa-sha/lik), a. & n. See Pashalic. 

II Pa-chi'si (pa-che'zT), Par-che'si (par-che'zT), n. 
[Hind., fr. pachis twenty-five, the highest throw.] A 
game, somewhat like backgammon, originating in India. 

Pa-chom'e-ter (pa-kom'e-ter), n. [Gr. ira^o? thick- 
ness -f- -meter.] An instrument for measuring thickness. 

Pach'y- (pSk'T-). [Gr. naxvs thick.] A combining 
form meaning thick ; as, pachyderm. 

Pach/y-derm (pak'i-derm), n. [Gr. Tra^'Sep^o? 
thick-skinned ; wa^us thick -j- Sep^a skin.] (Zool.) One 
of a group of hoofed mammals (Pachydcrmata) distin- 
guished for the thickness of their skins, including the 
elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tapir, horse, and 
hog. — Pach'y-der'ma-tOUS (-der'ma-tQs), a. 

Pa-chym'e-ter (pa-klm'e-ter), n. [Pachy- -f •meter.'] 
Same as Pachometer. 

Pa-cif'ic (pa-sif'Tk), a. [L. pacificus. See Pacify.] 
Of or pertaining to peace ; suited to make or restore 
peace ; of a peaceful character ; conciliatory. 

Syn. — Appeasing; tranquil; reconciling; mild. 

Pa-cif'i-ca'tion (pa-sif'T-ka'shun or pas'T-fT-), n. Act 
or process of pacifying ; reconciliation. 

Pa-cif'i-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. One that pacifies. 

Pa-cif'i-ca-tO-ry (pa-sTFT-ka-to-ry), a. Tending to 
make peace ; conciliatory. 

Pac'i-fi/er (paVT-fi'er), n. One who pacifies. 

Pac'i-fy (-fl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pacified (-fid) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Pacifying (-fl'Tng).] [F. pacifier, L. paci- 
ficare; pax, pads, peace -4- -ficare (in comp.) to make. 
See -fy.] To make to be at peace ; to appease ; to calm ; 
to still ; to quiet ; to tranquilize. 

Pa-cin'i-an (pa-sin'T-an), a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining 
to, or designating, the small oval bodies terminating some 
of the sensory nerves, discovered by Filippo Pacini, an 
Italian physician of the 19th century. 

Pack (p5k), n. [Akin to G. pack, Icel. pakki.] 1. A 
bundle to be carried, esp. on the back ; a load for an 



animal. 2. [Cf. Peck, n.] A number or quantity equal 
to the contents of a pack ; hence, a multitude ; a burden. 
3. A number or quantity of connected or similar things ; 
specif., a mass of floating ice made up of pieces driven 
together ; a full set of playing cards, or the assortment 
used in a particular game ; a number of dogs kept for 
hunting together, etc. 4. An envelope or wrapping of 
sheets used in hydropathic practice. 

Pack animal, an animal, as a horse, mule, etc. , employed 
to carry packs. — Pack horse, a horse used as a pack ani- 
mal. — Pack saddle, a saddle made for supporting the load 
on a pack animal. — Pack staff, a staff for supporting a 
pack. — Pack thread, strong thread or small twine used for 
tying packs or parcels. 

Pack (pak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Packed (pSkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Packing.] 1. To make a pack of ; to arrange 
closely and securely in, or as in, a pack. 2. To fill in 
the manner of a pack ; hence, to fill closely ; to crowd. 
3. To sort and arrange (the cards) in a pack so as to 
cheat ; hence, to bring together or make up unfairly and 
fraudulently. 4. To load with a pack ; hence, to load ; 
to encumber. 5. To send away with baggage or belong- 
ings; esp., to send away peremptorily or suddenly. 6. 
To transport on the backs of animals. [Western U. S.] 
7. (Hydropathy) To envelop in a wet or dry sheet, 
within numerous coverings. 8. (Mech.) To render imper- 
vious, as by filling or surrounding with suitable material. 

Pack, v. i. 1. To make up, or admit of being made 
up, in packs, bales, or bundles ; to stow securely. 2. To 
gather in flocks or schools. [Eng.] 3. To depart in 
haste ; — generally with off or away. 

Pack'age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. Act or process of packing. 
2. A bundle made up for transportation. 3. A charge 
made for packing goods. 

Pack'er (-er), n. A person whose business is to pack 
things ; esp., one who packs food for preservation. 

Pack'et (-et), n. [F. paquet, dim. fr. LL. paccus, fr. 
same source as E. pack.] 1. A small pack or package ; 
a little bundle or parcel. 2. Originally, a government 
vessel for carrying dispatches and mails ; hence, a vessel 
employed in conveying dispatches, mails, passengers, and 
goods, and having fixed days of sailing ; a mail boat. 

Pack'et, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Packeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Packeting.] 1. To make up into a packet or bundle. 
2. To send in a packet or dispatch vessel. 

Pack'et, v. i. To ply with a packet or dispatch boat. 

Pack'fong 7 (-fong'), n. [Chin, peh tung.] (Metal.) 
A Chinese alloy of nickel, zinc, and copper. 

Pack horse. See under 1st Pack. 

Pack'house / (-hous'), n. Warehouse for storing goods. 

Pack'ing, n. 1. Act or process of one who packs. 

2. Any material used to pack, fill up, or make close. 
Pack'man (pSk'mSn), n. A peddler. 

Pack saddle, Pack thread. See under 2d Pack. 

Pack'wax' (-wSks'), n. (Anat.) Same as Paxwax. 

Pack'way' (-wa 7 ), n. A path for pack animals. 

Pact (pSkt), n. [L. pactum, fr. paciscere to make a 
bargain or contract, fr. pacere to settle, or agree upon.] 
An agreement ; a league ; a compact ; a covenant. 

Pac'tion (pSk'shun), n. [L. pnctio. See Pact.] An 
agreement; a compact. [P.] — Pac'tion-al (-«1), a. 

Pac-tl'tious (pSk-tTsh'us). a. Settled by a pact. 

Pad (pSd), n. [D. pad. See Path.] 1. A footpath ; 
a road. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. An easy-paced horse. 

3. A highwayman on foot ; a footpad. 
Pad, v. i. To travel heavily or slowly. 

Pad, n. [Perh. akin to Pod.] 1. A soft, or small, 
cushion ; a cushionlike mass. 2. A kind of cushion 
for writing upon, or for blotting; a block of paper. 
3. (Zool.) A cushionlike thickening of the skin on the 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, iiik, then, thin. 



N 



PAD 



r*6 



PAINTING 



da of the toes of animals. 4. A floating leaf of 

lily or similar plant 

Pad (p*d), : • '• L '"'/.'• & p. p. Tadded ; p. pr. & vb. ft. 

Pai<i>isg.1 1. To stult ; to furnish with a pad or pad- 

2. {Calico Printing) To mordant uniformly. 

Padding (-ding), n, 1. Act or process of one who 

S;»ds. 2. Tiie material with which anything is padded. 
. Interior matter used to extend a book, essay, etc. 

Pad'dle (pldM'l), v. i. [imp. &j/. p. Paddled (-d'ld) ; 

. & :1>. ft. Paddling (-dlTng).] [Prob. a dim. fr. 

of. also pad to tread.] To dabble in water with 

hands or feet ; to use a paddle, or something as a paddle, 

in swimming, in propelling a boat, etc. 

Pad'dle, v. t- 1. To pat or stroke amorously, or 
gently. 2. To propel with, or as with, a paddle or pad- 
dles. ' 3. To tread upon ; to trample. [Frov. Eng.~\ 

Pad'dle, ft. 1- An implement with a broad blade, 
used without a fixed fulcrum in propelling and steering 
boats. Also, the blade of such an implement, or some- 
thing like it. 2. One of the broad boards at the rim of 
a water wheel. 4. A small gate in sluices or lock gates. 

Paddle box, the structure inclosing the upper part of a 
paddle wheel. — Paddle wheel, a propelling wheel of a steam 
vessel, having paddles (or floats) on its circumference. 

Pad'dle-fish (-fish'), n. (Zool.) A large, slender 
ganoid fish found in the rivers of the Mississippi Valley, 
having a snout shaped like the blade of a paddle. 

Pad'dler (-dler), n. One who, or that which, paddles. 

Pad'dOCk (pSd'duk), n. [OE. padde toad, frog -f 
-ock.~\ {Zool.) A toad or frog. 

Pad'dOCk, n. [Corrupted fr. Parrock.] A small in- 
closure for pasture ; esp., one adjoining a stable. 

Pad'dy (pSd'dy), n. 1. [Corrupted fr. St. Patrick, 
the tutelar saint of Ireland.] A jocose or contemptuous 
name for an Irishman. 2. [Of Canarese or Malay origin.] 
{Bot.) Unhusked rice ; — so called in the East Indies. 

Paddy bird. (Zool.) See Java sparrow. 

Pad'e-li'on (pad'e-ll'un), n. [F. pas de lion lion's 
foot.] (Bot.) Lady's mantle, a plant with lobed leaves. 

Padlock' (padlok'), n. [Origin of pad- uncertain.] 
1. A portable lock with a bow which is usually jointed 
at one end so that it can be opened, the other end be- 
ing fastened by the bolt. 2. Fig. : A curb ; a restraint. 

Padlock, v. t. To fasten with, or as with, a padlock. 

Pad'nag' (pad'nag'), n. [1st pad -f- nag.] An am- 
bling nag. 

I! Pa-dro / ne (pa-dro'na), n. ; pi. It. Padroni (-ne), E. 
Padrones (-naz). [It. See Patron.] 1. A patron ; a 
protector. 2. A man who imports, and controls the 
earnings of, Italian laborers, street musicians, etc. 

Pad'U-a-SOy' (pSd/u-a-soi' or pSd'u-soi'), n. [Etym. 
uncertain.] A rich and heavy silk stuff. 

Pa?' an (pe'an), n. [L. paean, Gr. Tratdv, fr. Tlaidv the 
physician of the gods, later, Apollo.] 1. Orig., a hymn 
in honor of Apollo ; later, a song addressed to other dei- 
ties. 2. Any loud and joyous song ; a song of triumph. 

P* do-gen'e-sis (pe'do-jen'e-sTs),?*. [Gr. 7rats, 7raiS6s, 
child + E. genesis.'] (Zool.) Reproduction by young or 
larval animals. 

PaVon (pe'on), n. [L. paeon, Gr. naiuv paean, paeon, 
equiv. to naidv. See Rean.] (Anc. Poet.) Any foot of 
four syllables, one long and three short. 

Pae'O-ny (pe'6-ny), n. (Bot.) See Peony. 

Pa'gan (pa'gan), n. [L. payanus countryman, peas- 
ant, villager, a pagan, fr. pagus a district, canton, coun- 
try.] One who worships false gods ; idolater ; a heathen ; 
one neither a Christian, a Mohammedan, nor a Jew. 

Syn. — Gentile ; heathen ; idolater. — Gentile was ap- 
plied to the other nations of the earth as distinguished 
from the Jews. Pagan was the name given to idolaters 
in the early Christian church, because the villagers, be- 
ing most remote from the centers of instruction, remained 
a long time unconverted. Heathen has the same origin. 
Pagan is now more properly applied to rude and uncivi- 
lized idolaters, while heathen embraces all idolaters. 

Pa'gan, a. Of or pertaining to pagans ; idolatrous. 

Pa'gan-ish (pa'gan-Tsh), a. Pagan ; heathenish. 

Pa'gan-ism (-Iz'm), n. State of being pagan ; pagan 
characteristics, belief, or worship. 

Pa'gan-ize (pa'gan-Iz), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pa- 
ganized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Paganizing (-I'zTng).] 
To render or become pagan or heathenish. 

Page (paj), n. [F., fr. It. paggio, LL. pagius, fr. Gr. 
iraiSlov, dim. of nal<;, 7r<xtS6s, a boy, servant.] A serving 
boy ; formerly, a youth attending a person of high de- 
gree, as a position of honor and education. 

Page, n. [F., fr. L. pagina.] One side of a leaf of 
a Vxjok or manuscript. 
Page, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paged (pajd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 




Chinese Pagoda. 



Paging (pa'jTng).] To mark or number the pages of, as 
a book or manuscript ; to furnish with folios. 

Pag'eant (pXj'ent or pa'jent), n. [OE. pagent, pagen, 
orig., a movable scaffold or stage, hence, what was ex- 
hibited on it, fr. LL. pagina, akin to pangere to fasten.] 
1. A theatrical exhibition ; a spectacle. 2. Any elab- 
orate spectacular exhibition or display. 

Pag'eant-ry (-ry), n. Scenic shows or spectacles, 
taken collectively ; spectacular quality ; splendor. 

Syn. — Pomp; parade; show; display; spectacle. 

Paginal (pXj'I-nal), a. [See 2d Page.] Consisting 
of pages, as books. 

Pag i-na'tion (pXj'T-na'shfin), n. Act or process of 
paging a book ; also, the characters so used. 

Pa-gO'da (pa-go'da), n. [Pg. pagoda, pagode, fr. 
Hind. & Per. but-kadah a house of idols, or abode of God ; 
Per. but an idol + kodak a house, a temple.] 1. A term 
by which Europeans designate religious temples and tow- 
erlike buildings of the Hindoos and 
Buddhists of India, Farther India, 
China, and Japan. 2. [Prob. so 
named from the image of a pagoda 
or a deity stamped on it.] A gold 
or silver coin, of various kinds and 
values, formerly current in India. 

Pa-gU'ri-an (pa-gu'rT-an), n. [L. 
pagurus a kind of crab, Gr. ira- 
yovpos.] (Zool.) Any one of nu- 
merous species of decapod crusta- 
ceans, which mostly live in the 
abandoned shells of univalve mol- 
lusks ; a hermit crab. [See Illust. 
under Commensal.] 

Pah (pa), interj. Same as Bah. 

Paid (pad), imp., p. p. & a. of 
Pay. 

I; Pai-Ja'ma (pi-j'a'ma), w. Pyjama. 

Pail (pal), n. [AS. psegel ; akin to G. pegel measure 
of wine.] A vessel of wood or metal, usually cylindrical 
and having a bail, — used esp. for carrying liquids. 

Pail'ful (-ful), n. ; pi. Pailfuxs (-fulz). The quantity 
that a pail will hold. 

Pain (pan), n. [F. peine, fr. L. poena penalty, tor- 
ment, pain ; akin to Gr. ttolvti penalty.] 1. Punishment 
suffered or denounced ; penalty. 2. Any uneasy sensa- 
tion in animal bodies ; bodily distress ; ache ; smart. 3. 
pi. Specif., throes of childbirth. 4. Mental distress. 

Pain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pained (pand) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Paining.] To inflict pain upon ; to afflict with un- 
easy sensations or distress of any degree of intensity. 

Syn. — To disquiet ; trouble ; afflict ; grieve ; aggrieve ; 
distress; agonize; torment; torture. 

Pain'ful (-ful), a. 1. Full of or causing pain. 2. Re- 
quiring toil. — Pain'ful-ly, adv. — Pain'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Disquieting ; troublesome ; afflictive ; distress- 
ing ; grievous ; laborious ; toilsome ; difficult ; arduous. 

Pai'nim (pa'mm), n. [Through OF. & LL. fr. L. 
paganus. See Pagan.] A pagan ; infidel. 

Painless (pan'les), a. Free from pain ; without pain. 

Pains (panz), n. Labor ; toilsome effort ; care or 
trouble taken ; — commonly used with a singular verb. 

Pains'tak er (-tak'er), n. One who takes pains. 

Pains'tak ing, a. Careful in doing ; diligent ; faith- 
ful ; attentive, —n. Act of taking pains ; carefulness. 

Paint (pant), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Painted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Painting.] [OE. peinten, fr. F. peint, p. p. of 
peindre to paint, fr. L. pingere, pictum.~\ 1. To cover 
with coloring matter ; to apply paint to. 2. Fig. : To 
adorn or beautify with colors. 3. To represent by means 
of colors or hues applied to a surface. 4. Fig. : To rep- 
resent to the mind ; to describe vividly. 

Syn. —To color ; picture ; depict ; portray ; delineate ; 
sketch ; draw. See Stain. 

Paint, v. i. 1. To practice the art of painting. 2. 
To color one's face, esp. by way of beautifying it. 

Paint, n. 1. (a) A pigment or coloring substance. 
(b) The same prepared with a vehicle, as oil, for applica- 
tion to a surface. 2. A cosmetic ; rouge. 

Paint'er, n. One whose occupation is to paint. 

Paint'er (panfer), n. [OE. pantere a noose, snare, 
F. pantiere, LL. panthera, L. panther a hunting net, fr. 
Gr. 3ra.v8ripa. ; was all + 0r)p beast.] (Naut.) A rope at 
the bow of a boat, used to fasten it to anything. 

Paint'er, n. (Zool.) Corruption of Panther. 

Painting, n. 1. Act or employment of one who 
paints. 2. (Fine Art) A work of art in which objects 
are represented in color on a flat surface ; a picture. 

Syn. — See Picture. 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, firn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



PAINTY 



587 



PALINGENESY 



Paint'y (pant'J), a. Unskillfully painted ; also, hav- 
ing too much pigment applied to the surface. [Cant] 

Pair (p£r), n. [F. paire, LL. pariu, L. paria, pi. of 
par pair, fr. par, adj., equal.] 1. A number of things 
resembling one another, or belonging together ; a set ; 
as, a pair of stairs. [Obsolescent except as to stairs.] 
2. Two things of a kind, similar in form, suited to each 
other, and intended to be used together. 3. Two of a 
sort ; a span ; a yoke ; a couple ; a brace. 4. A married 
couple. 5. A single thing composed of two pieces fitted 
to each other and used together. 6. Two members of 
opposite parties or opinion, as in a parliamentary body, 
who mutually agree not to vote on a given issue. [Par- 
liamentary Cant] 7. (Kinematics) In a mechanism, 
two elements or bodies which are so applied to each 
other as to mutually constrain relative motion. 

Pair royal (pi. Pairs royal), three things of a sort ; — 
used esp. of playing cards in some games, as cribbage. 
Four of a kind are called a double pair royal. 

Pair, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Paired (pSrd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Pairing.] 1. To be joined in pairs; to couple; to 
mate, as for breeding. 2. To suit ; to fit, as a counter- 
part. 3. Same as To pair off. See phrase below. 

To pair off, to separate in a pair or in pairs. 

Pair, v. t. To unite or join in a pair or pairs. 

II Pais' (pa/e'), n. [OF. pais country.] (O.E.Law) 
The country : the people of the neighborhood. 

Cg^* A trial per pais is a trial by the country, that is, 
by a jury ; and matter in pais is matter so triable. 

Pal (pal), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A mate ; a partner ; 
esp., an accomplice or confederate. [Slang] 

Pal'ace (pal'as ; 48), n. [F. palais, fr. L. palatium, 
fr. Palatium, the hill at Rome on which Augustus had 
his residence.] 1. Residence of a sovereign. 2. Offi- 
cial residence of a bishop or other distinguished person- 
age. 3. Any unusually magnificent or stately house. 

Pal'a-din (pal'a-din), n. [F., fr. It. paladino, fr. L. 
palatinus an officer of the palace.] A knight-errant ; a 
distinguished champion. 

PalaB-O- (pa'le-6-). See Paleo-. 

PalaB-O-type (pa'le-6-tip), n. [Palseo- + -type.] 
(Phon.) A system of representing all spoken sounds by 
means of the printing types in common use. 

I Pa-lzes'tra (pa-les'tra), n. See Palestra. 

Pa-la? ti-ol'o-gy (-le'shl-ol'6-jy), n. [Palseo- + aeti- 
ology.] The science which explains, by the law of causa- 
tion, the past condition and changes of the earth. 

Pal'an-quin' (pal'an-ken'), n. [F., fr. Pg. palan- 
quim, Javan. pa- 

langki, deriv. of ^ & -^y Sroi 

Skr. par yank a, 
palyanka, bed, 
couch.] An in- 
closed carriage or 
litter, borne on the 
shoulders of men 
by means of two 
projecting poles. 

Pal'a-ta-bl© Palanquin, 

(-a-ta-b'l), a. Agreeable to the palate or taste ; savory ; 
pleasing. — Pal'a-ta-ble-ness. n. — Pal'-a-ta-bly, adv. 

Pal'a-tal (-tal), a. Of, pertaining to, or formed by, 
the palate. — n. (Phon. ) A sound uttered, or a letter pro- 
nounced, by the aid of the palate, as the letters k and y. 

Pal'ate (pal'at; 48), n. [L. palatum.] 1. (Andt.) 
The roof of the mouth. 

5g§T"The fixed portion is called the hard palate; the 
soft curtain at the back the soft palate. 
2. Relish ; taste ; liking, literally or figuratively. 

Pa-la'tial (pa-la'sh«l), a. [See Palace.] Of or per- 
taining to a palace ; suitable for a palace ; magnificent. 

Pa-lat'i-nate (pa-lafT-nat), n. The province, seign- 
iory, or dignity of a palatine. 

Pal'a-tine (pal'a-tin), a. [F. palatin, L. palatinus, 
fr. palatium. See Palace.] Of or pert, to a palace, or 
a high officer of a palace ; hence, having royal privileges. 

Count palatine, County palatine. See under Count, and 
County. 

Pal'a-tine (pal'a-tin), n. 1. A count palatine. 2. 
The Palatium, or Palatine hill, in Rome. 

Pal'a-tine, a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the palate. 
— ra. (A not.) A palatine bone. 

Pa-la'ver (pa-1'a'ver), n. [Through Sp. or Pg. fr. L. 
parabola parable, LL., word. See Parable.] 1. Talk; 
esp., idle or beguiling talk ; flattery. 2. In Africa, a par- 
ley with the natives ; hence, public deliberation ; debate. 

Pa-la'ver, v. t. & i. [imp. &p.p. Palavered (-verd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Palavering.] To make palaver with, or 
to ; to talk idly or deceitfully ; to cajole ; to flatter. 




Pa-la 'ver-er (pa-la'ver-er), n. One who palavers. 

Pale (pal), a. [Compar. Paler (pal'er; ; superl. Pal- 
est.] [F. pale, fr. palir to turn pale, L. palUre to be or 
look pale.] 1. Wanting in color ; dusky white ; pallid ; 
wan. 2. Not bright or brilliant ; dim. 

Pale, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Paled (paid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Paling.] To turn pale ; to lose, or lessen in, color 
or luster. 

Pale, n. [F. pal, fr.-L. palus. See Pole a stake.] 
1. A pointed stake or a perpendicular slat used in fen- 
cing ; a picket. 2. A boundary ; a limit ; a fence ; a 
palisade. 3. A limited region or place ; an inclosure. 
4. A stripe or band, as on a garment. 5. ■ 
broad perpendicular stripe in an escutcheon, equally dis- 
tant from its two edges, and occupying one third of it. 

Pale. v. t. To inclose with pales, or as with pales. 

!!Pale-a (pa'le-a), n. ; pi. Pale.* (-e). [L., chaff.] 

1. (Bot.) (a) The interior chaff or husk of grasses, (b) 
One of the chaffy scales or bractlets growing on the re- 
ceptacle of many compound flowers, as the sunflower. 

2. (Zool.) A pendulous process of the skin on the throat 
of a bird, as in the turkey ; a dewlap. [with chaff. I 

Pa'le-a'ceous (-a'shus), a. (Bot. ) Chaffy ; furnished | 

Pa'le-arc'tic (-ark'tlk), a. [Paleo- + arctic] Be- 
longing to a region of the earth's surface which includes 
all Europe to the Azores, Iceland, and all temperate Asia. 

Palely (pal'ly), adv. In a pale manner. 

Pale'ness (pal'nes), n. Quality or state of being pale. 

Pale-0- or Pa'lffl-O- (pa'le-o-). [Gr. rraAoud?, adj.] 
A combining form meaning old, ancient. 

Pa'le-O-graph (-graf), n. An ancient manuscript. 

Pale-Og'ra-pher (-bg'ra-fer), n. One skilled in pale- 
ography. 

Pale-O-graph'ic (-6-grai'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Pa'le-O-graph'ic-al (-T-kol), ) to paleography. 

Pa'le-Og'ra-phy (-og'ra-fy), n. [Paleo- + -graphy.] 
1. An ancient manner of writing ; ancient writings, col- 
lectively. 2. The art or science which is concerned with 
the investigation and interpretation of ancient writing. 

Pa'le-O-lith'ic (-o-l?th'ik), a. [See Paleo-, and 
Ltthic] (Geol.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an era 
marked by early stone implements. 

Pa'le-Ol'O-gy (-ol'o-j^), n. [Paleo- -f -logy.] The 
study of antiquities, esp. prehistoric ; archaeology. 

Pa'le-on-tOl'O-gy (-on-tol'6-jy), n. [See Paleo-, and 
Ontology.] The science which treats of the ancient life 
of the earth or of fossils remaining from it. 

Pa / le-0-ZO / ic (-o-z5 v ik), a. [Paleo- -\-Gx. £wfi life.] 
(Geol.) Of, pert, to, or designating, the older division of 
geological time in which life is known to have existed (in- 
cluding the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous ages). 

Pa-les'tra (pa-les'tra), n. ; pi. L. Palestr.e (-tre), 
E. Palestras (-traz). [Gr. -rrakaiarpa, fr. naKaCetv to 
wrestle.] (Antiq.) (a) A wrestling school; hence, a 
gymnasium, (b) The exercise of wrestling. 



Pa-les'tric-al (-trT-kerl), 



palestra, or wrestling. 




Pal'e-tOt (pal'e-to ; F. paPto'), n. [F. paletot, OF. 
palletoc ; of uncertain origin.] (a) An overcoat, (b) A 
lady's outer garment, — of varying fashion. 

Pal'ette (pal'et), n. [See Pallet a thin board.] 
(Paint.) A thin tablet with a 
thumb hole for holding it, on 
which a painter mixes pigments. 

Palette knife, a knife with a very 
flexible steel blade and no cutting 
edge, rounded at the end, used by 
painters to mix colors. 

Pal'frey (pal'fry), n. [OF. 
palefrei, deriv. of L. paraveredus 

an extra horse ; Gr. jrapd beside + L. veredi/s a post 
horse.] 1. A saddle horse for the road, or for state 
occasions. 2. A small saddle horse for ladies. 

Pal'grave (-grav), n. See Palsgrave. 

Pal'imp-sest (pal'Tmp-sest), n. [L. palimpsestus, Gr. 
7raAi'w.i/njo-TO? scratched or scraped again ; rrdAii' again -f- 
\lrrjv to rub.] A parchment which has been written upon 
twice, the first writing having been erased. 

Pal'in-drome (-Tn-drom), n. [Gr. naXuSponos running 
back agaiu.] A word, verse, or sentence, that is the 
same when read backward or forward. 

Pal'ing (pal'Tng), n. Pales, in general ; a fence formed 
with pales or pickets ; a limit : an inclosure. 

Palin-gen'e-sis (paTTn-jgn'e-sis), ) n. [Gr. TraAryye- 

Pal'in-gen'e-sy (-je"n'e-s^), ( vecria ; ndXiv 

again + -yeVeo-is birth.] 1. A new birth ; a regeneration. 
2. (Biol.) That form of evolution in which truly ances- 



ISrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PALINODE 



588 



PALMISTRY 



v. i. [imp. &p. p. Palled (paid) ; p. pr. A: vb. 
ing.] [Either for appall, or fr"." F. palir to grow 



tral characters are reproduced in development ; original 
t ; sometimes, abrupt metamorphosis. 

Pall-node (pU1-n5d)i >t- [Gr. iraAu'uoYa ; ndXiv 
•fain -f- o ; '»7 ■ *on>:.j 1. An ode retracting a former 
oue ; also. ■ repetition of MB ode. 2. A retraction. 

Palisade' 1-eSd'), »■ IF. palissade, fr. L. palus 
pale.] 1. {Fort.) A long stake, one end of which is set 
tirmlv in the ground ami the other sharpened ; also, a 
fence Of such stakes. 2. Any fence made of pales. 

Pal i-sade'. r. t- [imp. & p. p. Palisaded ; p. pr. & 
ib. n. Palisading.] To surround, inclose, or fortify, 
with palisades. 

Palish (pEKIsh). <i. Somewhat pale or wan. 

Pall (pal). ». [AS. pal, fr. L. pallitim cover, pall.] 

1. An outer garment ; a cloak or mantle. 2. (R. C. Ch.) 
Same as Pallium. 3. A large cloth, esp. a heavy black 
doth, thrown over a coffin, sometimes, also, over a tomb. 
4. (Eccl.) A piece of cardboard, covered with linen and 
embroidered on one side, — used to put over the chalice. 

Pall, V. (. To cloak. [R.l 

Pall 
n. Pallin 

pale (see Pale, a.).] To become vapid, tasteless, dull 
or insipid ; to lose strength, life, spirit, or taste. 

Pall, f. t. To make insipid ; also, to satiate ; to cloy. 

Pal-la'dl-um (p51-la'dl-uui), n. [L., fr. Gr. UaWdSiov, 
fr. LTaAAas, -a6os, Pallas.] 1. (Gi: Antiq.) Any statue 
of the goddess Pallas; esp., the famous statue on the 
preservation of which depended the safety of ancient 
Troy. 2. Hence : That which affords effectual protec- 
tion or security ; a safeguard. 

Pal la'di-um, n. [NL.] (Chem.) A rare metal of the 
light platinum group ; — so named in 1804 by Wollaston 
from the asteroid Pallas, discovered in 1802. 

Pain>ear-er (pal'bar-er), n. One of those who attend 
the coffin at a funeral, and formerly carried the pall. 

Pallet (pSl'lgt), ?i. [F. paillet a heap of straw, fr. 
paille straw, fr. L. palea chaff.] A small and mean 
bed ; a bed of straw. 

Pallet, n. [F. palette, orig., a fire shovel, dim. of L. 
pala a shovel, spade.] 1. (Paint.) Same as Palette. 

2. (Pottery) (a) A wooden implement used by potters, 
etc., for forming their works, (b) A potter's wheel. 

3. (Gilding) An instrument used to take up gold leaf 
from the pillow, and to apply it. 4. (Mach.) (a) A 
click or pawl for driving a ratchet wheel, (b) One of 
the series of disks or pistons in the chain pump. 5- (Ho- 
rology) One of the pieces or levers connected with the 
pendulum of a clock, or the balance of 
a watch, which receive the immediate Ps^T-T^^P 
impulse of the scape-wheel, or balance 
wheel. 

Pal'li-al (-lT-al), a. [L. pallium a 
mantle. See Pall.] (Zool.) Of or 
pertaining to, or produced by, a man- 
tle, esp. the mantle of mollusks. 

Palliate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Palliated (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pal- Pallet (5). 
liattng.] [L. palliatns, fr. pallium Anchor Escape- 
cloak.] 1. To cover with excuses ; to ment ; PP Pallets. 
extenuate. 2. To reduce in violence ; to mitigate. 

Syn. — To cover; cloak; hide; extenuate; conceal.— 
As used of wrong action cloak implies complete conceal- 
ment ; extenuate, an endeavor to show that something is 
less culpable than it has been supposed to be ; palliate, an 
endeavor to conceal or cover, at least in part, the enor- 
mity of a wicked act. This naturally leads us to soften 
some of its features, and thus palliate approaches extenu- 
ate till they have become nearly or quite identical. 

Pal li-a'tlon (-a'shun), n. Act of palliating, or state 
of being palliated. 

Palli-a-tive (p5PlT-a-tTv), a. Serving to palliate. 

PalH-a-tlve (p5FlT-a-tiv), n. That which palliates. 

Palli-a-tO-ry (-to-rf ), a. Palliative ; extenuating. 

Pallid (-ltd), a. [L. pallidus, fr. pallere to be or 
look pale.] Deficient in color ; pale ; wan. — Pallid-ly, 
ad* — Pallid-ness, n. 

PalH-um (pXPH-um), n. ; pi. L. Pallia (-a), E. 
Palliums (-umz). [L. See Pall the garment.] 1. (Ave. 
Costume) A kind of large, square, woolen cloak. 2. (R. 
C. Ch.) A band of white wool, worn on the shoulders, 
with four purple crosses worked on it ; a pall. 3. (Zool.) 
(a) The mantle of a bivalve, (b) The mantle of a bird. 

PalP-mall' (pePmgP), n. [OF. palemail, It. pallama- 
glio; palla a ball (of German origin, akin to E. ball) -f- 
rn'jglio hammer, fr. L. malleus.'] A game formerly com- 
Kngland, in which a wooden ball was driven with 
a mallet through a hoop or ring. Hence, the mallet 
uaed, or the place where the game was played. 





Palm ( Geonoma gracilis). 



Pallor (paPler), n. [L., fr. pallere to be or look 
pale.] Paleness; want of color. 

Palm (pain), «• [F. paume, L. palma, Gr. 7raAd/j.Tj ; 
akin to Skr. pani hand, and E./untofe.] 1. (Anat.) The 
inner part of the hand between the bases of the fingers 
and the wrist. 2. A lineal measure equal either to the 
breadth of the hand or to its length from the wrist to 
the ends of the fingers; a hand, — used in measuring a 
horse's height. 

E3p" This measure varies arbitrarily, being different in 
each country, and occasionally varying in the same. 
3. (Zool.) The broad flattened part of an antler. 4. 
(Naut.) The flat inner face of an anchor fluke. 

Palm (pain), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palmed (pamd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Palming.] 1. To manipulate with, or 
conceal in, the palm of the hand ; to juggle. 2. To im- 
pose by fraud, as by sleight of hand. 

Palm, n. [AS. palm, L. palma; — so named fr. the 
leaf resembling a hand.] 

1. (Bot.) Any one of the 
order (Palmse or Pal- 
macese) of endogenous 
trees. They are peren- 
nial woody plants, often 
of majestic size, and 
usually with the trunk 
erect and not branched. 
[See II lusts, under 
Cocoa, Date, etc.] 2. 
A branch or leaf of the 
palm, anciently borne or 
worn as a symbol of vic- 
tory or rejoicing. 3. 
Hence : Any symbol or 
token of superiority, suc- 
cess, or triumph ; also, 
victory ; triumph ; su- 
premacy. 

llPal'ma Chris'ti 
(pal'ma kris'ti). [L. , palm of Christ.] (Bot. ) A tropical 
perennial plant (Ricinus communis) with ornamental 
foliage ; — called also castor-oil plant. 

Pal'mar (paPmer), a. 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or 
corresponding with, the palm of the hand. 2. (Zool.) 
Of or pertaining to the under side of the wings of birds. 

Pal'ma-ry (pal'ma-ry), a. (Anat.) Palmar. 

Pal'ma-ry, a. Worthy of the palm ; preeminent. 

PaPmate (pSPmat), ) a. Having the shape of the 

PaPma-ted (-ma-ted), j hand ; resembling a hand 
with outspread fingers ; specif. 
(Zool.), having the anterior toes 
united by a web ; webbed. — 
Pallnate-ly (-mat-ly), adv. 

Palm'crist ( pamlirist ), n. 
The palma Christi. 

Palmed (pamd), a. Having 
or bearing a palm or palms. 

Palm'er (pam'er), n. 1. One 
who palms or cheats, as at dice. 

2. A wandering religious votary ; 
esp., one who bore a branch of 
palm as a token that he had visited the Holy Land. 

Palm'er- worm' (-wfirm'), n. (Zool.) (a) Any hairy 
caterpillar which appears in great numbers, devouring 
herbage, and wandering about like a palmer. (6) In 
America, the larva of any one of several moths, which 
destroys the foliage of fruit and forest trees. 

Pal-mette' (pal-mef), n. [F., dim. of palme a palm.] 
(Arch.) A kind of conventional floral ornament. 

Pal-met'to (pSl-mSt't*), n. 
[Dim. of Palm the tree.] (Bot.) 
Any palm of several genera and 
species growing in the West Indies 
and the Southern United States ; 
esp. , in the U. S. , the cabbage tree 
of Florida and the Carolinas (Cha- 
mserops Palmetto). 

Pal-mifer-OUS (pal-mTfer-us), 
a. [L. palmifer ; palma a palm -f- 
ferre to bear. ] Bearing palms. 

PaPmi-ped (p21'mT-pgd), a. [L. 
palmipes, -edis, broad-footed ; pal- 
ma 1st palm + pes foot.] (Zool.) 
Web-footed.— n. A web-footed bird. 

PaPmls-ter(-mTs-ter), n. [From 
1st Palm.] One who practice* pal- 
mistry. 

PaPmis-try (-try), "• 1- Art or practice of dmmng 




Palmate Leaf. 




Palmetto (Sahal Pal 



a. e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, H, f, short ; sen&te, gvent, tdea, &bey, finite, c&re, arm, aak, all, finoL 



PALM SUNDAY 



589 



PANEL 



fortunes or character by the lines in the palm of the 
hand ; chiromancy. 2. A dexterous trick of the hand. 

Palm' Sun'day (pam' sfin'da). (Eccl.) The Sunday 
next before Easter ; — so called in commemoration of 
our Savior's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, when the 
multitude strewed palm branches in the way. 

Palm'y (-y), a. 1. Bearing palms ; derived from 
palms. 2. Worthy of the palm ; successful. 

Pal-my'ra (pXl-mi'ra), n. {Bot.) A species of palm 
native along the northern shores of the Indian Ocean. 

Palp (p51p), n. {Zool.) Same as Palpus. 

Pal'pa-ble (pSl'pa-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. palpdbUis, fr. 

palpare to feel,' stroke.] 1. Perceptible by the touch. 

"2. Easily or readily perceived and detected ; plain ; 

obvious ; gross. — Pal'pa-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ty), Pal'pa- 

ble-ness, n. — Pal'pa-bly, adv. [feeling. I 

Pal-pa'tion (p&l-pa'shun), n. Act of touching or| 

II Pal'pe-bra (pXl'pe-bra), n. ; pi. Palpebr*: (-bre). 
[L.] {Zool.) The eyelid. — Pal'pe-bral (-bral), a. 

Palped (pXlpt), a. {Zool.) Having a palpus. 

II Pal'pi (pSl'pi), n., pi. of Palpus. 

Pal'pi-tant (pal'pT-tant), a. Palpitating ; trembhng. 

Pal'pi-tate (-tat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Palpitated 
(-ta/tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Palpitating (-ta'ting).] [L. 
palpitare, palpitatum, v. intens. f r. palpare. See Palpa- 
ble.] To beat rapidly and more strongly than usual ; 
to pulsate violently, as the heart ; to throb ; to flutter. 

Pal pi-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of palpitating. 

II Pal'pus (-pus), n. ; pi. -pi (-pi). [NL. See Palp.] 
(Zool.) A feeler ; esp., one of the jointed sense organs at- 
tached to the mouth organs of insects, crustaceans, etc. 

Pals'grave' (palz'graV), n. [D. paltsgraaj ; palls 
palace (L. palatiiim) -f- graaf count.] {Ger. Hist.) A 
count or earl who had the superintendence of a royal 
household in Germany. [of a palsgrave. I 

Pals'gra-vine' (-gra-ven'), n. The consort or widow | 

Pal'Sled (pal'zid), a. Affected with palsy ; paralyzed. 

Pal'sy (pai'zy), n. [OF. paralesie, L. paralysis. 
See Paralysis.] {Med.) Paralysis, complete or partial. 

Pal'sy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palsied (-zid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Palsying.] To affect with palsy, or as with palsy ; 
to deprive of action or energy ; to paralyze. 

Pal'ter (-ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paltered (-terd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Paltering.] [See Paltry.] To act insin- 
cerely or deceitfully ; to play false ; to shift ; to trifle. 

Pai'ter-er (-er), n. One who palters. 

Pal' try (-tr^), a. [Compar. Paltrier (-tri-er) ; su- 
per?. Paltriest.] [Cf. Prov. E. paltry rubbish, LG. 
palterig ragged, palte, palter, a rag.] Mean ; vile ; 
worthless ; contemptible ; pitiful ; trifling. — Pal'tri-ly 
(pal'trT-1^), adv. — Pal'tri-ness, n. 

Syn. — See Contemptible. 

Pa-lu'dal (pa-lu'dal), a. [From L. palus, -udis, a 
marsh.] Of or pertaining to marshy places ; as, paludal, 
or malarial, fever. [swamps. I 

Pal/U-di'nal (pal'u-di'nol), a. Inhabiting ponds or| 

Pal'U-dine (pal'u-din), a. [L. palus, paludis, a 
marsh.] Of or pertaining to a marsh. 

Pa-lus'tral (pa-lus'tral), a. [L. paluster, -ustris.~\ 
Of or pertaining to a bog or marsh ; boggy. 

Fa-lus'trine (-trin), a. Of, pertaining to, or living 
in, a marsh or swamp ; marshy. 

Pal'y (pal'y), a. Pale ; wanting color ; dim. [Poetic] 

Pal'y, a. [See Pale a stake.] {Her.) Divided into 
four or more equal parts by perpendicular lines of two 
different tinctures. [Pompano. I 

II Pam'pa-no (pam'pa-no), n. [Sp.] {Zool.) Same as 1 

P am 'pas (pam'paz ; Sp. pam'pas), n. pi. [Sp., fr. 
Peruv. pampa plain.] Vast plains in the center and 
south of the Argentine Republic in South America. 

Pampas grass {Bot. ), a tall ornamental grass with a sil- 
very-white, silky head. It is a native of the pampas. 

Pam'per (pXm'per), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Pampered 
(-perd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pampering.] [Cf. LG. pampen, 
slampampen, to live luxuriously, pampe thick pap.] 1. 
To feed luxuriously ; to glut. 2. To indulge to excess. 

Pam'per-er (-per-er), n. One who pampers. 

Pam'phlet (pani'flet), n. [OE. pamflet, pamfilet, 
paunflet, prob. fr. OF. Pamflette, the Old French name 
given to Pamphilus, a poem in Latin verse of the 12th 
century, pamphlets being named from the popularity of 
this poem.] 1. A writing; book. 2. A small book of a 
few sheets of printed paper, stitched together, often with 
a paper cover, but not bound ; hence, a brief essay. 

Pam / pb.let-eer' (-er'), n. A writer of pamphlets. 

Pam'phlet-eer', V. i. To write or publish pamphlets. 

Pan- (pan-), Pan'ta- (-ta-), Pan'to- (-to-). [Gr. ™?, 
m., nav, neut., gen. ^ai/Tos, all.] Combining forms sig- 




nifying all, every; as, panorama, pantheism, panto- 
graph, pantograph. Pan- becomes pam- before 6 or p. 

Pan (pXn), n. [OE. panne, AS. panne ; origin uncer- 
tain.] 1. A shallow, open diah or vessel, usually of 
metal, employed for many uses. 2. The part of a flint- 
lock which holds the priming. 3. The skull ; the brain- 
pan ; the cranium. 4. The hard stratum of earth that 
lies below the soil. See Hard pan, under Hard. 5. A 
natural basin containing salt or fresh water or mud. 

Pan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Panned (p5nd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Panning.] {Mining) To separate, as gold, from dirt 
or sand, by washing in a kind of pan. [U. S.] 

Pan, v. i. 1. {Mining) To yield gold in, or as in, the 
process of panning. 2. To turn (out) in results ; to give 
in return. [Slang, U. S.~\ 

Pana-ce'a (pSn'a-se'a), n. [L., fr. Gr. iravaKeta, fr. 
na.va.Kris all-healing ; 7ras, nav, all -f dfceto^ai to heal.] 
A remedy for all diseases ; a universal medicine. 

Panache' (pa-nash'), n. [F., fr. L. penna a feather.] 
A plume or bunch of feathers. 

Pa-na'da (pa-na'da), ) n. [Sp. panada, fr. L. panis 

Pa-nade' (pa-nad'), | bread.] Bread boiled in wa- 
ter to a pulp, and sweetened or flavored. 

Pa^-A-mer'i-can (paVa-mer'T-kan), a. Of or per- 
taining to both North and South America. 

Pan -An'gli-can (-an'gll-kan), a. {Eccl.) Belonging 
to, or representing, the whole Church of England, and 
sometimes the Protestant Episcopal Church of the U. S. 

Pan'cake' (-kak'), n. A thin cake of batter fried in 
a pan or on a griddle ; a griddlecake ; a flapjack. 

Pan'cre-as (pSn'kre-as), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ndyicpeas ; 
nag, nav, all -f- Kpea? flesh, meat,] {Anat.) A gland 
connected with the intestines of nearly all vertebrates, 
secreting a juice into the intestines which is a powerful 
aid in digestion. — - Pan'cre-at'ic (-St'Tk), a. 

Pan'dar (pan'der), n. Same as Pander. 

Pan-de'an (pan-de'«n), a. Of or relating to the god 
Pan ; as, Pandean pipes, a kind of primitive wind instru- 
ment, said to have been invented by Pan. 

Pan'dect (pSn'dekt), n. [Gr. Trai/Se/c-njs 
all-receiving, all-containing ; 7ra?, 7rai/, all -|- 
SexecrOat to receive.] 1. A comprehensive 
treatise. 2. pi. The digest of the Roman 
law made by order of the emperor Justinian. 

Pan-dem'ic (p5n-dem'Tk), a. [Gr. niv- 
8r]fj.os ; nas, nav, all -■{- 5r}ju.os people.] Affecting a whole 
people ; everywhere epidemic. 

Pan de-mo'ni-um (pan / de-mo / nT-um), n. [NL., fr. 
Gr. na<; all + Saifxuiv demon.] 1. The council chamber 
of demons. 2. A lawless, riotous place or assemblage. 

Pan'der (pan'der), n. [From Pandarus, a leader in 
the Trojan army, said to have procured for Troilus the 
possession of Chryseis.] 1. A male bawd ; a pimp ; a 
procurer. 2. Hence, one who ministers to the evil de- 
signs and passions of another. 

Pan'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pandered (-derd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Pandering.] To play the pander for. 

Pan'der, v. i. To act the part of a pander. 

Pan'dore (pan'dor or pan-dor'), n. [F. See Bandore.] 
A bandore. 

Pan'du-rate (pan'du-rat), ) a. [L. 

Pan-du'ri-form (-du'ri-fQrm), ) pan- 
dura a pandore + -form. ] Fiddle-shaped. 

Pane (pan), n. [OE. pan part, portion, 
F. pan a skirt, lappet, part of a wall, side, 
fr. L. pannus cloth, rag ; akin to E. vane.~\ 
1. A division ; a distinct piece or com- 
partment of any surface ; a patch. 2. One 
of the openings in a slashed garment, 
showing the bright stuff within ; the piece 
of stuff so shown. 3. {Arch.) {a) One side or face of a 
structure. (6) The glass in one compartment of a win- 
dow sash. 4. One of the flat surfaces, or facets, of any 
object having several sides. 

Paned (pand), a. Having panes. 

Pan'e-gyr'iC (pan'e-jir'Yk), n. [See Panegyric, a.~\ 
A formal or elaborate encomium ; laudation. 

Syn. — See Eulogy. 

Pan'e-gyr'ic (pau'e-jir'Tk), ) a. [L. panegyricus, 

Pan'e-gyr'ic-al (-T-kal), ) Gr. n-ai/TjyupiKds, fr. 
nav-qyvpLs an assembly of the people, a high festival ; nas, 
nav, all -\- ayupi?, ayopa, an assembly.] Containing 
praise or eulogy ; encomiastic ; laudatory. — Pan'e-gyr'- 
ic-al-ly, adv. [panegyric ; a eulogist. I 

Pan'e-gyr'ist (pan'e-jTr'Tst), n. One who delivers a| 

Pan'e-gy-rize (-jT-rlz), v. t. & i. To write or deliver 
a panegyric upon ; to eulogize ; to indulge in panegyrics. 

Pan'el (pan'Sl), n. [Orig., a little piece ; OF. panel, 



Pandean 
Pipes. 




Pandurifo'm 
Leaf. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PANEL 



590 



PAPER 




Panicle. 



MMttt, dim. Of pan. See Paste.] 1. (Arch.) A sunken 
;;eut with raised margins, molded or otherwise, 
lings, wainscotings, etc. 2. (Laic) A piece of 
parchment. Vr a schedule, containing the names of per- 
son* summoned as jurors by the sheriff ; hence, the whole 
tl pad beneath a saddletree to prevent 
4. (Joinery) A board having its edges inserted 
groove of a surrounding frame. 5. (Masonry) 
One of the faces of a hewn stoue. 6. (Painting) A slab 
or plank of wood upon which, instead of canvas, a picture 
i. 7. A portion of a framed structure between 
it posts or struts, as in a bridge truss. 

Pan'el (pin**!), r. t. {.imp. & p. p. Paneled (-Sid) or 
Panelled : p. pr. ft vb. n. Paneling or Panelling.] To 
D or with panels. 

Pan'el-work' (-wfirk'), »• (Arch.) Wainscoting. 

Pang vpSng'*. n. [Prob. for older prange. Cf. Prong.] 
A pnroxysm of extreme pain or anguish ; a throe. 
Syn. — Agony : anguish ; distress. See Agony. 

Pan'gO-lin (p5n/go-lTn), n. [Malay pangidang.] 
(Zool.) Any one of several species and genera of animals 
of Africa and Asia, which are covered with imbricated 
scales, and feed upon ants. 

Pan'ic(pSn'Tk),??. [L.pan icion.] (Bot.) A plant of the 
genus Panicum ; also, the edible grain of some species. 

Panic a. [Gr. TraviKos of or pertaining to Tlav Pan, 
the god to whom the causing of sudden fright was as- 
cribed.] Extreme or sudden and causeless ; unreason- 
able ; — said of fear or fright. 

Pan'ic n. A sudden, overpowering fright; esp., a 
groundless fright ; extravagant apprehension of evil. 

Pan'i-cle (-T-k'l), n. [L. panicula a tuft on plants, 
dim. of panns the thread wound on a 
bobbin.] (Bot.) A pyramidal form of 
inflorescence. [vet of a horse, f 

Pan-nade' (pan-nad'), n. The cur-] 

Pan'nier (pan'yer or -nt-er), n. [F. 
panier, fr. L. panarium bread basket, 
fr. panis bread.] 1. A bread basket ; 
a basket (commonly one of a pair) for 
carrying fruit or other things on a 
horse or an ass. 2. A kind of bustle. 

Pan'O-plied (p5n'6-plTd), a. Dressed 
in panoply. 

Pan'O-ply (-ply). »• C Gr - iravotrkia ; rra?, nav, all -f- 
orXoi' tool, implement, in pi., armor, arms.] Defensive 
armor in general ; a full suit of defensive armor. 

Pan O-ra'ma (pSn'6-ra'ina or -ra'ma), n. [NL., fr. 
Gr. rras, nav, all -j- opapia sight.] 1. A complete view- 
in every direction. 2. A picture presenting a view of ob- 
jects in every direction, as from a central point. 3. A 
picture representing various scenes by being unrolled. 

Pan 0-ram'ic (-rSnilk), ) a. Of, pertaining to, or 

Pan o-ram'ic-al (-T-kol), j like, a panorama. 

Pan'sy (pSn'zy), n. [F. pensee thought, pansy, fr. 
penser to think, L. pensare to weigh, ponder. See Pen- 
sive.] (Bot.) A species of violet ( Viola tricolor) and its 
blossom, originally purple and yellow. 

Pant (pant), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Panted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Panting.] [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To breathe 
quickly or in a labored manner ; to gasp. 2. Hence : 
To long ; to desire earnestly. 3. To palpitate, or throb ; 
— said of the heart. 4. To sigh ; to languish. [Poetic] 

Pant. v. t. To breathe forth in panting ; to gasp out. 

Pant, n. Act of panting. 

Pan'ta- (pan'ta-). See Pan-. 

Pan'ta-graph (-graf), n. See Pantograph. 

Pan'ta-let'(p5n'ta-lgt'),H. [Dim. of Pantaloon.] One 
of the legs of the loose drawers worn by children and 
women ; particularly, the lower part of such a garment. 

Pan'ta-loon' (-loon'), n. [F. pantalon, fr. It. panta- 
lone, a masked character in Italian comedy, who wore 
breeches and stockings combined in one garment, from 
Pantaleone, patron saint of Venice, also used as a nick- 
name, fr. Gr. TiavTaXioiv, lit., all lion, a Greek personal 
name.] 1. A ridiculous character, or an old dotard, in 
Italian comedy ; also, a buffoon in pantomimes. 2. pi. A 
man's garment consisting of breeches and stockings in 
one. 3. pi. In recent times, same as Trousers. 

Pan'the-ism (p5n'the-iz'm), n. [Pan- + theism.'] 
The doctrine that God consists in the combined forces 
and laws manifested in the existing universe. 

Pan'the-lst, n. One who holds to pantheism. 

Pan'the-is'tic f-Ts'tlk), ) a. Of, pertaining to, or 

Pan the-is'tic-al C-tT-kal), ( founded in, pantheism. 

Pan-the'on fpXn-the'3n or p5n'the-5n), n. [L., fr. 
Gr. irav€(i.ov (sc. itpov), fr. ndvQeios of all gods ; ira<;. nav. 
fle'os a god.] 1. A temple dedicated to all the 





Pantograph. 



a!] 



gods ; esp., the building so called at Rome. 2. The col- 
lective gods of a people, or a work treating of them. 

Pan'ther (pan'ther), n. [F. panthere, L. panthera, 
Gr. nivOnp.] (Zool.) (a) 
A large dark-colored va- 
riety of the leopard, (b) 
In America, the cougar ; 
sometimes, the jaguar. 

Pan'ther- ess. n. A 
female panther. 

Pan'tilC (-til')- n. 
[Pan -f tile.] (Arch.) 
A form of roofing tile. 

Pan'tler (pan'tler), n. 
[See Pantry.] The sub- 
ordinate, in a great fam- 
ily, who has charge of Panther (a) 
the pantry. [Obs.~\ (Felis leopard us, or par dm). 

Pan'tO- (p5n't6-)._ See Pan-. [for the foot. I 

Pan-tO'fle (pSn-too'f '1), 7i. [F.pantoufle.~\ A slipper | 

Pan'to-graph (pan'to-graf), n. [Panto- -f -graph.) 
An instrument for copying plans, maps, 
etc., on a reduced or an enlarged scale. 

Pan'to-graph'ic (graf- 
Tk), Pan'to-graph'ic-al 
(-T-kal), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to a pantograph or 
pantography. 

Pan-tog'ra-phy (pan- 
tog'ra-fy), n. General de- 
scription ; entire view. 

Pan-tol'o-gy (-tol'S-jy), 
n. [Panto- -f- -logy.] A 
systematic view of all 
branches of human knowl- 
edge. 

Pan'to-mime (pSn'to-mim), n. [F., fr. L. pantomimvs, 
Gr. 7rai'7o/ui/xos, lit., all-imitating. See Pan-, and Mime.] 
1. One who acts his part by gesticulation or dumb show 
only. 2. A dramatic representation given wholly or 
partly in dumb show ; hence, dumb show, generally. 

Pan to-mim'ic (-nilm'Ik), ) a. Of, pertaining to, or 

Pan to-mim'ic-al (-I-kal), } like, pantomime. 

Pan / tO-SCOp / ic (-skop'Tk), a. [Panto- -f- -scope -f -ic] 
Designating eyeglasses or spectacles divided into two seg- 
ments, the upper one for distant vision, and the lower 
one for near vision. 

Pan'try (pan'try), n. [F.paneterie, fr. LL. panetarius 
baker, deriv. of L. panis bread.] An apartment or closet 
in which bread and other provisions are kept. 

Pan'UT-gy (pan'ur-jy), a. [Gr. 7ravovpyi'a, deriv. of 
■tra.%. 77 av, all -j- epyov work.] Skill in all kinds of work 
or business ; craft. [P.] 

Pap (pap), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. (Anat.) A nipple ; 
a teat. 2. Anything nipplelike. 3. [Prob. of different 
origin.] A soft food for infants, made of bread boiled 
or softened in milk or water ; hence, contemptuously, 
nourishment or support from official patronage. 

Pa-pa' (pa-pa' or pa'pa), n. [F. & L.; cf. Gr. jrowras, 
TrdTrjra?.] 1. A child's word for father. 2. A parish 
priest in the Greek Church. 

Pa'pa-cy (pa'pa-sy), n. [LL. papatia, fr. L. papa a 
father, bishop.] 1. Office, dignitj', or jurisdiction of the 
pope. 2. The popes, collectively. 3. The Roman Catho- 
lic religion ; — commonly used opprobriously. 

Pa'pal (pa'pal), a. [F., fr. L. papa bishop.] Of or 
pertaining to the pope of Rome or to the Roman Catholic 
Church ; proceeding from, or pronounced by, the pope. 

Pa-pav'er-OUS (pa-paVer-us), a. [L. papaver poppy.] 
\ Of. pertaining to, or of the nature of, the poppy. 

Pa-paw' (pa-pa'), n. [Prob. fr. native name.] 1. 

■ (Bot.) A tree (Carica Papaga) of tropical America ; 

! also, its dull orange-colored, melon-shaped, edible fruit. 

! 2. (Bot.) A tree (Asimina triloba) of the western and 

southern U. S. ; also, its sweet edible fruit. 

Pa'per (pa'per), n. [F., papier, fr. L. papyrus papy- 
rus, Gr. TTairvptK.] 1. A substance made of fibrous 
material in thin sheets or leaves, for various uses. 2. A 
' sheet, leaf, or piece of such substance. 3. A printed or 
I written instrument ; document, essay, etc. 4. A news- 
paper ; journal. 5. Negotiable evidences of indebtedness ; 
I notes ; bills of exchange, etc. 6. Decorated hangings or 
j coverings of paper for walls. 7. A paper containing (usu- 
| ally) a definite quantity of something. 

Business paper, checks, notes, drafts, etc.. given in pay- 
ment of actual indebtedness :— opposed to accommoda- 
tion paper. — Paper credit, credit founded upon evidences 
i of debt, such as promissory notes, duebills, etc. —Paper 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PAPER 



591 



PARADISIACAL 




hanger, one who covers walls with paper hangings. — Pa- 
per hanging, figured or ornamented paper for covering the 
walls of apartments, etc. ; wall paper. — Paper money, 
notes or bills, usually issued by government or by a bank- 
ing corporation, promising payment of money, and cir- 
culated as the representative of coin. — Paper nautilm. 
(Zo'ol.) See Argonauta. 

Pa'per (pa'per), v. t. limp. &p. p. Papered (pa'perd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Papering.] 1. To cover with paper ; to 
furnish with paper hangings. 2. To inclose in paper. 

Pa'per-y (-J), a. Like paper, as in texture. 

i 1 Pa'pler'-ma'chd' (pa/pya'ina/sha'), n. [F. papier 
mache, lit., mashed paper.] A hard, strong substance 
made of paper pulp, mixed with size or glue, etc. 

Pa-pil io-na'ceous (pa-pTl'yo-na'shfis), a. [L. papilio 
butterfly.] 1. Resembling the butterfly. 2. 
(Bot.) Having a winged corolla somewhat re- 
sembling a butterfly. 

Pa-pil'la (-pll'la), ».; pi. Papillje (-le). 
[L., nipple.] Any minute, nipplelike pro- 
jection. Papilionaceous 

Pap'il-la-ry (pap'Tl-la-if ), a. Of, per- Flower, 
taining to, or resembling, a papilla or papillae ; papillose. 

Pap'il-lose' (pap'il-losO, a. Covered with, or bearing, 
papillae ; resembling a papilla or papillae ; papillary. 

Pap'il-lote (lot), n. [F., fr. papillon butterfly.] A 
curl paper for the hair. 

Pap'il-l0U8 (-lQs), a. Papillary ; papillose. 

Pa'pism (pa'ptz'm), n. [See Pape, Pope.] Popery ; 
— an offensive term. 

Pa'plst (pa'pist), n. A Roman Catholic ; — offensively 
applied to Roman Catholics by their opponents. 

Pa-pis'tic (pa-pis'tik), ) a. Of or pertaining to the 

Pa-pis'tiC-al (-ti-kal), j Church of Rome and its 
doctrines and ceremonies ; — used disparagingly. 

Pa-poose' (pa-poos'), |n. A young child of North 

Pap-poos© 7 (pap-poos'), j American Indian parentage, 
esp. one of parents still living after Indian customs. 

Pap-pose' (pap-poV or pap'poV), a. {Bot. ) Furnished 
with a pappus ; downy. 

Pap'pOUS (pap'pus), a. {Bot.) Pappose. 

Pap'pus (pap'pus), n. [L., an old man or grand- 
father ; hence, a substance re- 
sembling gray hairs, Gr. ndn- 
7tos.] (Bot.) The hairy or 
feathery appendage of the 
seeds of thistles, dandelions, 
and similar plants; also, the 
scales, awns, or bristles which 
represent the calyx in other 
plants of the same order. 

Pap'py (-py), a. [From Achenes with Pappus. 
Pap soft food.] Like pap ; soft ; succulent ; tender. 

Pap'ule (pap'ul), n. [L. papula.] A pimple. 

Pa-pyr'O-graph (pa-pir'6-graf), n. [Papyrus -f 
-graph.] An apparatus for multiplying writings, etc. 

Pa-py'rus (pa-pi'riis), n.; pi. Papyri (-ri). [L., fr 
Gr. 7rarrvpos.] 1. {Bot.) A tall rush- 
like plant of the Sedge family, former- 
ly growing in Egypt, and now found 
in Abyssinia, Syria, Sicily, etc. 2. 
The material upon which the ancient 
Egyptians wrote. It was formed by 
cutting the stem of the plant into 
thin longitudinal slices which were 
gummed together and pressed. 3. A 
manuscript written on papyrus ; esp., 
pi., written scrolls made of papyrus. 

Par (par), n. [L. par, adj., equal.] 
1. Equal value ; equality of nominal 
and actual value ; the value expressed 
on the face or in the words of a cer- 
tificate of value, as a bond or other 
commercial paper. 2. Equality of 
condition or circumstances. 

At par, at the original price ; neither 
at a discount nor at a premium. — On a Panvrus 

par, on a level ; in the same condition, l y 

circumstances, rank, etc. — Par value, face value. 

Par'a- (par'a-). [Gr. napd beside.] 1. A prefix sig- 
nifying alongside of, beside, beyond, against, amiss. 2. 
(Chem.) A prefix denoting: (a) Likeness, similarity, or 
connection, or that the substance resembles, but is dis- 
tinct from, that to the name of which it is prefixed ; also, 
an isomeric modification, (b) Specifically : (Organ. 
Chem.) That two groups or radicals substituted in the 
benzene nucleus are opposite, or in the respective posi- 
tions 1 and 4 ; 2 and 5 ; or 3 and 6. Cf. Meta-. Also 
used adjectively. 







Par'a-ble (pSr'a-b'l), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
7rapa/3oA7J a placing beside, comparison, parable, deriv. of 
napd -f- /3dAAccp to throw.] A comparison; similitude; 
specif., a short fictitious narrative of something which 
mi^ht occur, by means of which a moral is drawn. 

Syn. — See Apologue. 

Pa-rab'0-la(pa-r5b'6--la),n. [NL.,fr. Gr. 
napafioKy) ; — so called because its axis is 
parallel to the side of the cone. See Para- 
ble.] (Geom.) (a) A kind of curve ; the 
conic section formed by the intersection of 
the surface of a cone with a plane parallel 
to one of its sides, (b) One of a group of 
curves defined by the equation y = ax a , 
where n is a positive whole number or a , 
positive fraction. l aral >ola. 

Par'a-bol'ic (paVa-b51Tk), ) a. 1. Of the nature of a 

Par/a-DOl'ic-al (-T-kal), J parable ; expressed by 
a parable or figure ; allegorical. 2. (Geom.) Having the 
form or nature of a parabola ; pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, or generated by, a parabola. 

Pa-rab'O-loid (pa-rSt/o-loid), w. {Parabola + -oid.~\ 
(Geom.) The solid generated by the rotation of a parab- 
ola about its axis. 

Par'a-cel'sl-an (paVa-sSl'sT-an or -shr/n), a. Of, per- 
taining to, or in conformity with, the practice of Para- 
celsus, a Swiss physician of the 15th century. 

Par'a-cen'tric (-sen'trik), \ a. [Pref. para- + cen- 

Par'a-cen'tric-al (-trT-kal), J trie, -ical.] Deviating 
from circularity ; changing the distance from a center. 

Par'a-chute (-shut), n. [F., fr. parer to ward off, 
guard -j- chute a fall.] 1. A con- 
trivance somewhat in the form of 
an umbrella, by means of which a 
descent may be made through the 
air from a balloon, or any eminence. 
2. (Zo'ol.) A web or fold of skin 
which extends between the legs of 
certain mammals. 

Par'a-clete (-klet), n. [Gr. na- 
pa/tArjTos, deriv. of napd beside -\- 
nakelv to call.] An advocate ; one 
called to aid ; hence, the Consoler, 
Comforter, or Intercessor ; — a 
term applied to the Holy Spirit. 

Pa-rade' (pa-rad'), n. [F., fr. Sp. parada a halt, an 
assembling for exercise, place where troops assemble to 
exercise, fr. parar to stop, to prepare. See Pare, v. t. ] 
1. The ground where a military display is held, or troops 
are drilled. 2. (Mil. ) An assembly and display of troops, 
in full equipments, for inspection or evolution before some 
superior officer ; review. 3. Pompous show ; formal dis- 
play or exhibition. 4. That which is displayed ; show ; 
spectacle ; the movement of any body marshaled in mil- 
itary order. 5. Posture of defense ; guard. [A Galli- 
cism] 6. A public walk ; promenade. 

Parade rest, a position of rest for soldiers, in 
which, however, they are required to be si- 
lent and motionless. 

Syn. — Ostentation; display: show. — Pa- 
rade is a pompous exhibition of things for the 
purpose of display : ostentation now general- 
ly indicates a parade of virtues or other qual- 
ities for which one expects to be honored. 

Pa-rade' (pa-rad'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pa- 
raded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Parading.] 1. To 
exhibit in a showy or ostentatious manner; 
to show off. 2. To assemble and form ; to 
cause to maneuver or march ceremoniously. 

Pa-rade', v. i. 1. To make an exhibition 
or spectacle of one's self, as by walking in a 
public place. 2. To assemble in military 
order for evolutions and inspection. 

Par'a-digm (par'a-dTm), n. [Through F. Parade Rest 
& L. fr. Gr. napaSetypa, deriv. of napd be- 
side + SeiKvvvou. to show.] 1. (G?-am.) An example of 
a conjugation or declension, showing a word in all its 
forms. 2. (Rhet.) An illustration, as by a parable. 

Par'a-di-sa'ic (par'a-dT-sa'Tk), j a. Same as Para- 

Par'a-di-sa'ic-al (-sa'T-kal), | disiac. 

Par'a-dise (paVa-dls), n. [L. paradisus, fr. Gr. napd- 
Seto-o? park, paradise, fr. Zend, pairidaeza an inclosure ; 
pairi around (akin to Gr. nepi) -(- diz to throw up, pile 
up.] 1. The garden of Eden. 2. Heaven. 3. A place 
of bliss ; hence, a state of happiness. 4. (Arch.) An open 
space within a monastery or adjoining a church. 

Par a-dis'i-ac (paVa-dis'T-5k), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Par'a-di-si'a-cal (-di-sl'a-kal), j to paradise ; suita- 
ble to, or like, paradise. 



Parachute. 




fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PARADOX 



592 



PARASANG 



Par's do* (pir*i dMrrt, n. [Through F. .£• L. fr. Gr. thing else. 2. Fig. : To make to conform to something 

wa^ajofor ; wapa beyond, contrary to — 6o*eti' to think, else in character, motive, aim, or the like. 3. To equal ; 

imagine.] A tenet or proposition contrary to received to match ; to correspond to. [being parallel. [ 

m assertion or sentiment seemingly coutradic- Par'al-lel-ism (par'al-lgl-fz'm). n. Quality or stat.- of 

appoaad to common sense. Par al-lel 'o-gram (-iei'6-grani), n. [Gr. napaXXrjko 

Pax a-dOX'iC-al t,par a-d5ks'I-kul), a. 1. Of the na- ypafXfiov ; napd\\r)\o<; parallel -f- ypdfyeiv 
tun* of a paradox. 2. Inclined to paradoxes, or to tenets to write.] (Geom.) Aright-lined quad- 
er notions contrary to received opinions. — Par ados'- rilateral figure, whose opposite sides are 

ic-al-ly. '</«'• —Par a-dox'ic-al-ness. ft. ' parallel, and consequently equal. / 

Par'ai-fln (plr'If-iYn), Par'af-fine (-fin or -fen), n. | Par al-lel o-pi'ped (-pi'p8d),n. [Gr. L ~ 

[P. parajtint, fr. L. parum too little -j- ajfinis akin. So 7rapaAA77A.e7ri7reSov, fr. jrapdAAijAos par- 



r 




Parallelogrum 

allel + enineSov a plane surface, deriv. of erri on 

| ground.] (Geom.) A solid the faces of 

which are six parallelograms, the opposite 

I pairs being parallel and equal to each other. 

Par al-lel o-pip'e-don (-pTp'e-d5u), n. 

i [2 S; 3 «,vJ?^ al i e V OP - P 1f ( J;- V w rn Parallelepiped. 

Pa-raTo-gism (pa-rXl'o-jiz'm), n. [Gr. 

jrapoAoytcr/u.os, deriv. of napd -f- Aoyi£ccr0at to reason.] 
(Logic) A reasoning contrary to logical rules. 

Pa-ral'O-gy (-jf), n. [Gr. 7rapaAoyi'a.] Paralogism. 

Pa-ral'y-siS (pa-r51'I-sTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. jrapaAv<ri?, 
f r. napaXveiv to loosen, dissolve, or disable at the side ; 
7rapd beside -f- Aveii/ to loosen.] (Med.) Abolition of 
function, whether complete or partial ; esp., the loss of 
the power of voluntary motion, with or without that of 
sensation, in any part of the body ; palsy. Also used fig. 

Par'a-lyt'ic (paVa-Ht'Tk), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or af- 
fected with, paralysis, or palsy. 2. Inclined to paralysis. 

Par'a-lyt'ic, ft. A person affected with paralysis. 

Par a-lyt'ic-al (-T-kol), a. Paralytic. 

Par'a-ly-za'tioil (-lT-za'shun), n. Act or process of 
paralyzing, or state of being paralyzed. 

Par'a-lyze (par'a-liz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Paralyzed 

(-llzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Paralyzing (-li'zTng).] 1. To 

affect or strike with paralysis or palsy. 2. Fig. : To un- 

A distinct part or section of a discourse I nerve ; to destroy or impair the energy of 

Par a-mag-net'ic (paV5-m5g-net'Tk), a 



named in allusion to its chemical inactivity.] (Chem.) 
A white waxy substance, resembling spermaceti, ob- 
tained from coal tar. wood tar, petroleum, etc. 

Pax a-gen'e-sis (.pSr a-jeVe-sIs), ft. [Pref. para- -4- 
(Mi*.) The science which treats of minerals 
with special reference to their origin. 

Par a-gen'ic (-Ik), a. [Pref. para- -f the root of -yeVo? 
birth.] (Biol. ) Originating in the character of the germ ; 
— said of peculiarities of structure, character, etc. 

Par a-go'ge (.par'a-go'je), n. [L., fr. Gr. napayoifq, 
deriv. of napd beside -J- a-yeiv to lead.] (Gram.) The 
addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word. — 
Par a-gog'ic (-g5j'Tk), Par a-gog'ic-al (-T-kol), a. 

Par'a-gon (par'a-gon), n. IOF., prob. fr. Gr. irapa- 
Kovdy to rub against ; napd beside -j- dieovr) whetstone.] 

1. A match ; an equal. 2. A pattern of excellence or 
perfection. 3. (Print.) A size of type between great 
primer and double pica. 

Par'a-gon. v. t. 1. To compare ; to parallel. [06s.] 

2. To serve as a model for ; to surpass. \_Obs.~\ 
Par'a-graph (par'a-graf), n. [Through F. & LL. fr. 

Gr. napdypa<f>os (sc. ypafip.r)) a line or stroke drawn in the 
margin, deriv. of napd beside + ypd<peiv to write.] 1. 
Orig., a marginal mark or note ; now, the character % 
commonly used as a reference to a footnote, or to indicate 
a division. 2 

or writing; — sometimes noted by the mark *", but 
usually by starting it on a new line with an indentation. 

3. A brief composition, remark, or item of news, com- 
plete in one typographical section or paragraph. 

Par'a-graph, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Paragraphed 
(-graft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Paragraphing.] 1. To divide 
into paragraphs. 2. To express in a paragraph. 

Par'a-graph'er (-graf'er), ft. A writer of paragraphs. 

Para-graph'ic (paVa-grSffk), "l a. Pertaining to, or 

Par'a-graph'ic-al (-gri£FT-kal), J consisting of , a par- 
agraph or paragraphs.— Par'a-graph'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Par'a-keet' (pSr'a-kef), n. Same as Parrakeet. 
Par a-leip'sis (par a-lip'sTs). n. [NT,., fr. Gr. napd- 
A€ii//i5, deriv. of napd beside -j- \eineiv to leave.] (Rhet.) 
A figure by which a speaker artfully pretends to pass by 
what he really mentions. 

Par a-lip'sis MTp'sTs). w. [XL.] See Paraletpsis. 

Par al-lac'tic (par'al-lSk'tYk), \ a 

Par'al-lac'tic-al (ti-kal), 



[Pref. para- 
-J- magnetic.} Magnetic, as opposed to diamagnetic. 

Bar'a-mount (pSr'a-mount), a. [OF. par amont 
above ; par through, by (L. per) -j- amont above.] Hav- 
ing the highest rank or jurisdiction ; superior to all others ; 
chief; supreme; preeminent. — Par'a-mount-ly, adv. 

Par'a-mount. r>. The highest or chief. 

Par'a-mour (-moor), n. [F. par amour, lit., by or 
with love. See Par, and Amour.] A lover, of either sex 
(now only in a bad sense) ; one who takes the place, with- 
out possessing the rights, of a husband or a wife. 

Pa-ra' nut 7 (pa-ra' nut'). (Bot.) The Brazil nut. 

Par'a-nymph (par'a-nimf ), n. [L. paranymphus, Gr. 
napdwp.<f>oi ; napd beside, near -j- vv/x<pri a bride.] 1. 
(Gr. Antiq.) An attendant of a bridegroom or a bride. 
2. Hence : An ally ; a supporter or abettor. 

Par'a-pet (-pet), n. [F., fr. It. parapetto, fr. parare 
Of or pertaining ! to guard (L. parare to prepare) + petto breast, L. pee- 
to a parallax. ftM.] 1. (Arch.) A low wall, esp. one protecting the edge 



Par'al-lax (paVrd-lSks), n. [Gr. napaMagis mutual ! of a'platform, bridge, etc. 2. (Fort.) A breastwork, 
inclination of crossing lines, deriv. of napd beside, beyond Par'aph (pSr'af), n. [F. paraphe, parafe, contr.fr. 
— dwdo-o-eiv to change.] 1. The apparent difference in paragraphed A flourish at the end of a signature, — 
the position of an object as viewed from two points, i formerly a safeguard against forgery, [paraphernalia. I 
2. (Astron.) The apparent difference in position of a Par'a-pher'nal (par'a-fer'nal), a. Of or pert. to| 



body (as a star) as seen from some point on the earth's 
surface, and from some other conventional point. 

Par'al-lel (-151), a. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. TrapoA- 
AtjAos ; napd beside 4- dAA^Aau' of ^^^^mmmmm^mm 
one another, fr. aAAo? other.] 1. ■■■■■^■■■i 
(Geom.) Extended in the same 



Parallel Lines. 



direction, and in all parts equally distant. 

HP* Curved lines or curved planes are said to be par- 
allel when they are in all parts equally distant. 
2. Having the same direction or tendency ; being in 
accordance (with) ; tending to the same result. 3. Con- 
tinuing a resemblance through many particulars. 

Par'al-lel (paVrd-leT). n. 1. A line or surface which, 
throughout its whole extent, is equidistant from another. 
2. Direction conformable to that of another line. 3. 
ty continued through many particulars or essen- 
tials. 4. A comparison made as to similarity. 5. A coun- 
terpart. 6. (Geog.) One of the imaginary circles on the 
of the earth, parallel to the equator, marking lati- 
o, the corresponding line on a globe or map. 7. 
One of a series of long trenches by which a be- 
force approaches a fortress. 8. (Print.) A char- 
Dg of two parallel vertical lines (thus, ) 
> text as a reference to a note similarly marked. 
Par'al-lel. r. t. limp. & p. p. Paralleled (-lSld) ; p. 
'■ F.ALLELING (-lel'Tng).] 1. To place or set 
■o as to be parallel ; to place so as to be parallel to some- 



Par'a-pher-nali-a (-fer-nalT-a or -naYya ; 106), n. pi. 
[LL. paraphernalia bona, fr. L. parapherna, pi.. Gr. 
napd<f>epva ; napd beside -j- <pepvri a bride's dowry, fr. 
<£e'peiv to bring.] 1. (Law) Something reserved to a 
wife over and above her dower, — chiefly apparel and 
ornaments. 2. Ornaments ; finery ; equipments. 

Par'a-phrase t(par'a-fraz), n. [L. paraphrasis, Gr. 
napd$pa<ri.<;. from Trapo(f>pd^eiv to say the same thing in 
other words ; 7rapd beside -f- fypd&iv to speak.] A re- 
statement of a text, passage, or work, expressing the 
meaning of the original in another form ; a free transla- 
tion or rendering. 

Par'a-phrase. v. t. & i. {imp. & p. p. Paraphrased 
(-frazd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Paraphrasing.] To translate 
or express with latitude ; to express in paraphrase. 

Par'a-phra'ser (-fra'zer), n. One who paraphrases. 

Par'a-phrast (-frSst). n. A paraphraser. 

Par'a-phras'tic (-frSs'tik), ( a. Paraphrasing ; of 

Par'a-phras'tic-al (-ti-kal). I the nature of para- 
phrase ; not literal : free. — Par'a-phras'tic-al-ly, adv. 
Par'a-ple'gl-a (par'a-ple'ji-a), )n. [XL. paraplegia, 

Par'a-ple'gy (pSr'a-ple'jy), ) deriv. of Gr. napd 
+ -Aijo-o-eiv to strike.] (Med.) Palsy of the lower half 
of the body. — Par'a-pleg'ic (-plej'Tk or -ple'jlk), a. 

Par'a-quet' (par'a-kef), ) n. [See Paroquet.] (Zool.) 

Par / a-qui'to(-ke / t6), ) See Parrakeet. 

Par'a-sang (pSr'a-sSng), n. [Gr. napavdyyus ; fr. an 



a, 5, 1, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, n, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



PARASELENE 



593 



PARISH 



Old Persian source.] A Persian measure of length, equal 
to somewhat more than three and a half miles. 

II Pafa-se-le'ne (paVa-se'-le'ne), n. ; pi. Paraselene 
(-ne). [NL., fr. Gr. napd beside 4" ceA^i^mooi).] (Me- 
teor.) A mock moon ; an image of the moon which some- 
times appears at the intersection of two lunar halos. 

Par'a-sl tal (pSr'a-si'tal), a. (Bot. & Zool.) Of or 
pertaining to parasites ; parasitic. 

Par'a-site (-sit), n. [F., fr. L. parasitus, Gr. rrapa- 
triTos, lit., eating beside, or at the table of, another ; 
■n-apa. beside + a-irelv to feed, fr. <tito? wheat, food.] 1. 
One who secures a living by flattery ; hanger-on ; toady ; 
sycophant. 2.' (Bot.) A plant attached to, and obtain- 
ing its nourishment from, another plant or an animal. 
3. (Zool.) An animal which lives on or in the body of 
some other animal, or which habitually steals the food 
or appropriates the nest of another. 

Par'a-Sit'ic (-sYt'Yk), ) a. Of, pert, to, or like, a 

Par'a-sit'ic-al ( -T-kal), J parasite. — Par a-sit'ic- 
al-ly. adv. — Par a-sit'Ic-al-ness, n. [of a parasite A 

Par'a-sl'tism (-si'tYz'm), n. State, behavior, or act, | 

Par'a-SOl/ (paVa-sSl'), n. [F., fr. Sp. or Pg. parasol, 
or It. parasole ; deriv. of L. parare to prepare -\- L. sol 
sun.] A kind of small umbrella used by women as a 
protection from the sun. 

Par'a-syn-thet'ic (-sYn-thgt'Yk), a. [See Paka-, and 
Synthetic] Formed from a compound word. 

Par1)0ll' (par'boil'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parboiled 
(-boild') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Parboiling.] [OF. parbouillir 
to cook well ; par through (L. per) -f- bouillir to boil, 
L. bullire. The sense has been influenced by E. part.] 

1. To boil or cook thoroughly. [Obs.~\ 2. To boil in 
part ; to cook partially by boiling. 

Par'buc kle (par'buk'k'l), n. A kind of looped pur- 
chase or sling for hoisting or lowering a cylindrical bur- 
den, as a cask. [parbuckle. I 

Par'DUC'kle, v. I. To hoist or lower by means of a | 

Par'cel (par'sgl or -sd ; 92), n. [F. parcelle a small 
part, dim. fr. L. pars. See Part, n.] 1. A fragment ; 
part ; portion ; piece. 2. An indiscriminate or indefinite 
number, measure, or quantity. 3. A number or quantity 
of things put up together ; bundle ; package ; packet. 

Par'cel, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Parceled (-sgld or -sdd) 
or Parcelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Parceling or Parcel- 
ling.] 1. To divide and distribute by parts or portions. 

2. To make up into a parcel. 

Par'cel, a. & adv. Part or half ; in part ; partially. 

Par'cel-ing, n. (Naut.) Strips of tarred canvas 
wound about a rope. 

Par'ce-na-ry (par'se-na-r^), n. [See Parcener, Part- 
nek.] (Law) The holding or occupation of an estate 
which is inherited by two or more persons. 

Par'ce-ner (-ner), n. [OF. pareonnier, parsonnier, 
fr. parzon, parcun, pardon, part, portion, fr. L. par- 
titio a division.] (Law) A coheir, or one of two or more 
persons to whom an estate of inheritance descends jointly. 

Parch (parch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pakched (parcht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Parching.] [OE. perchen to pierce, 
hence used of piercing heat, OF. perchier, var. of percier, 
F. percer. See Pierce.] 1. To burn the surface of ; to 
scorch. 2. To shrivel with heat or drought. 

Parch, v. i. To become scorched ; to be very dry. 

Parch'ment (-ment), n. [F. parchemin, LL. perga- 
menum, L. pergamena, fr. L. Pergamenus of Pergamus 
an ancient city of Asia Minor, where parchment was 
early used.] The skin of a sheep, calf, or other animal, 
prepared for writing on. [leopard ; panther. I 

Pard (pard), n. [L. pardus,Gr.ndp8os.~\ (Zool.) A| 

Par'don (par'd'n), n. [F., fr. pardonner to pardon, 
deriv. of L. per through, perfectly -j- donare to give, 
present.] 1. Act of pardoning, or state of being par- 
doned. 2. An official warrant of remission of penalty. 

3. (Law) A release, by a sovereign, or officer having 
jurisdiction, from the penalties of an offense. 

Syn. — Forgiveness ; remission. See Forgiveness. 

Par'don, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pardoned (-d'nd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Pardoning.] 1. To absolve from the con- 
sequences of a fault or the punishment of crime ; to ex- 
cuse. 2. To remit the penalty of (a fault or crime). 
3- To refrain from exacting as a penalty. 

Syn. — To forgive ; overlook ; acquit. See Excuse. 

Par'don-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Admitting of pardon or for- 
giveness ; hence, venial ; excusable. — Par'don-a-ble- 
ness, n. — Par'don-a-bly, adv. 

Par'don-er (-er), n. One who pardons. 

Pare (par), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pared (pSrd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Paring.] [F. parer to pare, to curry, to clear, 
to parry, ward off, fr. L. parare to prepare.] 1. To cut 



or shave off the superficial substance or extremities of. 

2. To remove or to separate by cutting or shaving (off). 

3. Fig. : To diminish the bulk of ; to reduce ; to lessen. 
Par e-gor'ic (paVe-g5r'Yk), a. [Gr. Traprjyopiicos, fr. 

naprjyopo<; soothing; napd beside -f- ayopd assembly.] 
Mitigating ; soothing pain. — n. (Med.) A medicine that 
mitigates pain ; specif., camphorated tincture of opium. 

Pa ren/chy-ma (pa-rSn'kT-ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. na- 
peyxvpa, deriv. of napd -f iv in -j- xelu to pour.] (Biol.) 
The soft, cellular substance of plants and animals. 

Par'ent (par'ent or par'ent), n. [L. parens, -enlis ; 
akin to parere to bring forth.] 1. One who begets, or 
brings forth, offspring ; a father or a mother. 2. That 
which produces ; cause ; source ; author. 

Par'ent-age (-aj), n. Desceut from parents or ances- 
tors ; parents or ancestors considered with respect to 
their rank or character ; extraction ; birth. 

Pa-ren'tal (pa-rgn'ttfl), a. 1. Of or pert, to a parent 
or parents. 2. Becoming to, or characteristic of, parents ; 
tender; affectionate; devoted. — Pa-ren'tal-ly, '/</'. 

Pa-ren'the-sis (pa-rgn'the-sYs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). 
[NL., fr. Gr. napev0e<ri<; ; deriv. of napd beside -+- ei/ in-j- 
TiOevai to place.] 1. A word, phrase, or sentence, by way 
of comment or explanation, inserted in, or attached to, 
a sentence grammatically complete without it. It is 
often inclosed within curved lines or dashes. 2. (Print. ) 
One of the curved lines [( )] so used. 

Par/en-thet'lc (paVgn-thgt'Yk), I a. 1. Of, pertain- 

Par'en-thet'ic-al (-Y-kcrl), ) ing to, or of the 

nature of, a parenthesis. 2. Using or containing paren- 
theses. — Par'en-thet'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Par'er (paVer), n. One who, or that which, pares. 

II Par'e-Sls (pSr'e-sYs), n. [NL., from Gr. Trapecn?, 
deriv. of napd from -f JeVai to send.] (Med. ) Incomplete 
paralysis, affecting motion but not sensation, [paresis. I 

Pa-ret'ic (pa-rgt'Tk), a. Of, pert, to, or affected with. | 

Par'get (par'jgt), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pargeted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Pargeting.] [OE. pargeten, also tpar- 
geten, sparchen : of uncertain origin.] To coat with par- 
get ; to lay on plaster. 

Par'get, n. 1. Gypsum or plaster stone. 2. Plaster, 
as for lining the interior of flues, or for stuccowork. 

Par'get-ing, n. Plasterwork ; esp. : (a) A kind of 
decorative plasterwork. (b) The plastering inside of flues. 

Par-hellc (par-he'lik), a. Of or pertaining to parhelia. 

Parhelion (par-hel'yun or -he'lY-5n), n. ; pi. -helia 
(-ya or -lY-a). [Gr. napy\\iov ; napd beside -f- rjAios sun.] 
A mock sun appearing in the form of a bright light, 
sometimes near, and sometimes opposite to, the sun. 

Par'i- (pSr'Y-). [L. par, paris, equal.] A combining 
form signifying equal ; as, j>aWdigitate, pan'pinnate. 

Pa'ri-ah (pa'ri-a), n. [From Tamil paraiyan, pi. 
paraiyar, one of the low caste, fr. parai a large drum, 
because they beat the drums at certain festivals.] 1. One 
of an aboriginal people of Southern India, regarded by 
the four castes of the Hindoos as of very low grade. 
2. An outcast ; one despised by society. 

Pa-ri'al (pa-rl'al), n. See Pair royal, under Pair, n. 

Pa'ri-an (pa'rY-an), a. [L. Parvus.] Of or pert, to 
Paros, an island in the iEgean Sea noted for its marble. 

Pa'ri-an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Paros. 2. A 
ceramic ware, resembling unglazed porcelain biscuit. 

Pa-ri'e-tal (pa-ri'e-tal), a. [L. parietalis, fr. paries, 
-ietis, a wall.] 1. Of or pertaining to a wall ; hence, 
pertaining to buildings or the care of them. 2. Resident 
within the walls or buildings of a college. 3. (Anat.) (a) 
Of or pertaining to the parietes. (b) Of, pertaining to, or 
designating, certain boues (see Illust. of Skeleton) which 
form the upper and middle part of the cranium, between 
the frontals and occipitals. 

Pa-ri'e-tal, n. (Anat.) One of the parietal bones. 

llPa-ri'e-tes(-tez),?i.p/. [L./w^-awall.] l.(A/iat.) 
The walls of a cavity or an organ. 2. (Bot.) The sides 
of an ovary or of a capsule. 

Par'ing (par'Yng), n. 1. Act of cutting off the sur- 
face or end. 2. That which is pared off. 

Par'is (pSr'is), n. [From Paris, the son of Priam.] 
(Bot.) A plant common in Europe (Paris quadri/olia), 
much resembling three-leaved nightshade. 

Par'ish (pSr'Ysh), n. [Through OF. fr. L. paroehia, 
corrupted fr. paroecia, Gr. napoiicCa, fr. jrapoueos dwelling 
beside or near ; n-apa beside + oikos a house, dwelling.] 
1. (Eccl. & Eng. Law) (a) That circuit of ground com- 
mitted to the charge of one parson or vicar, or other 
minister having cure of souls therein, (b) The same 
district, constituting a civil jurisdiction, as respects the 
poor, taxes, etc. 2. An ecclesiastical society ; also, 
loosely, the territory in which the members of a congre- 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, tkrn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, 

38 



go, SI 



ng, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PARISH 



594 



PARSIMONIOUS 



ptfcuti^ [r. 

i« r»g on ding to i 
Parish ;.*r:> 
Pa-riaalon-er 



J. In Louisiana, a civil division 

States. 
i>i or pert, to a parish ; parochial. 
-t-r). n. Cue who belongs 
• , OTM I IIHirlfUl with, .1 pariah. 

Par i-syl-Ublc ipar T-sIl-lSblk). \ a. [Pa- 

Par 1-syl-lablc -al I tabic, -ieal .] 

Having the same number of syllables in all it* inflections. 

Parl-ty vpirT-ty i. n. [L. paritas. fr. par equal.] 
Quality or state of "being equal or equivalent ; close cor- 
respondence : analogy. 

Park tp*rk). n. [AS. pearroc. or perh. rather fr. F. 
:h of the same (uncertain) origin.] X. {Eng. 
\ iece of ground inclosed, and stored witn beasts 
of the chase, which a man may have by prescription, or 
the king's grant. 2. A tract of ground* kept in its natu- 
ral state, about or adjacent to a residence. 3. A piece 
of ground, in or near a city or town, inclosed and kept 
for ornament and recreation. 4. {MB.} A space occu- 
pied by the animals, wagons, pontoons, etc. , when brought 
together : also, the objects themselves, as grouped. 

Park. t. t. [imp. & p. p. Paused (parkt): p. pr. & 
1 To inclose in a park, or as in a park. 
To bring together in a compact body. 

Parlance '.paVkms'.. ~S ] F- i r - """■ parler to speak. 

See Pablby.] Conversation: talk: diction; phrase. 

Parle pari), r. t. [F. parler.^ To talk : toparle 

Parley (.par'ly-). n.; pi. Parleys i-ITz). [F. parler 
speech, talk. fr. parler to speak. IX. parabolare. fr. L. 
parabola parable, in LL.. word. See Parable.] Mu- 
tual discourse or conversation ; discussion : hence, an 
oral conference with an enemy, as in regard to a truce. 

Parley. 9. i. limp. &p.j-. Parleyed <-lid) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Parleying. j To speak with another : to con- 
fer orally ; hence, specif., to confer orally with an enemy. 

Parlia-ment (parlT-inent). n. [F* parlement. fr. 
parler to speak. See Parley.] 1. A formal conference 
on public affairs : a general council: esp., an assembly 
of representatives of a nation or people having authority 
to make laws. 2. Specif.: (a) The House of Lords and 
the House of Commons, constituting the legislature of 
Great Britain and Ireland. (6) In France, before the 
Revolution of 17S9. one of the several chief courts. 

Par lia-men-ta'ri-an (-nien-ta'rT-<7n!. a. Of or per- 
taining to Parliament. — n. \,{I2ng. Hist. ) One who ad- 
hered to the Parliament, in opposition to King Charles I. 
2. One versed in the rules and usages of Parliament or 
similar deliberative assemblies. 

Par lia-men'ta-ry 1. Of. pert. to. 

or done by. Parliament. 3- According to the rules and 
usages of Parliament or of deliberative bodies. 

Parlor (parler). n. [F. parloir, LL. parlatorium. 
See Parley.] A room for business or social conversation. 
for the reception of guests, etc. : in England, sometimes, 
the family sitting room as distinguished from the drawing- 
room, and sometimes the dining room : in the United 
miuonly. a drawing-room. 

ParlOUS • par'lus i. t. [A contr. fr. PERTLors.] 1. At- 
2. Bold: keen. [06*.] 

Par me-san' par me-zan''. a. [F. parmetan. It. par- 
Of or pertaining to Parma in Italy. 

Par-nas'sian | -nash'<m). a. [L. Parnassius. fr. Par- 
Br. riapi>ao-6?. a mountain in Greece sacred to 
Apollo and the I r pertaining to Parnassus. 

Pa-ro'chi-al (pa-ron 

See Parish.] Of or pertaining to a parish ; 
. to a parish. Hence, limited : narrow. 

Pa-rodlc i pa-rodTk). I a. Having the "character of 

Pa-rod 'ic-al ' -T-k^l). J parody, [one who parodies, j 

Par'O-dist | par'o-dTst ). n. One who writes a parody ; | 

Par'O-dy [1 -on"ia. Gr. TrafxaSia: wapdbe- 

Ji-fi a song.] A writing in which the language or 

sentiment of an author is mimicked by way of burlesque. 

Par'O-dy. . t. [tap. &p.p. Parodied ("did) : p.pr. & 
PiMDma] To write a parody on : to burlesque. 

Par'o-ket -UK ZeSi.) See Paboqcet. 

Parol .:. of Parole.] (Laur) Oral 

declaration ; also, a writing not under seal. 

Pa-rol'. a. Given or done by word of mouth : oral : 
al*o. given by a writing not under seal. 

Pa-role' pa- - Parley." 1 

"Word of promise ; word of honor ; plighted faith : esp. 

honor, to fulfill stated condi- 

ttehword given only to officers of 

3 L Oral declaration. See Pabol. 

Pa-role'. a. See Parol, a. 

Pa-ro". '.r.oLED f-rold'): p. pr. 

| To liberate on parole 



Par O-no-ma'si-a (par o-n6-ma'zhT-4). n. [L.. fr. 
Gr. 7Tapoj Ofxaaia: deriv. of irapa beside — ovofM 
A play upon words : punning. 

Par"o-no-mas'tic I -lift mlf/Hk), I a. Of or pert, to 

Par O-no-mas'tic-al ^-inis'tl-kal). J paronomasia 

Par'O-nym (paVft-nlm), n. A paronymous word. 

Pa-ron'y-m0US t.pa-r5ul-mus), a. [Gr. TrapuiWfjLO*: ; 
rropa beside, near — 6»-oua a name.] Having the same 
derivation : also, having a similar sound, but different 
orthography and meaning ; — said of certain words. 

!"■ ■<■*! ■■ ( Hijf). n. Quality of being paronymous ; 
1 also, the use of paronymous words. 

Par'O-quet ^par'o-ket \ n. [F.perroquet. or Sp. pe- 
nqnito; both prob. orig. meaning, little Peter. See Par- 
rot."; (Zo'ol.) Same as Pabbaeeet. 

Pa-rot'id (.pa-rStTd), a. [L. parotic, -idu. 
pturt?. -iios: irapa beside — ovs. turo?, ear.] (Anat.) 
^tuated near the ear : — applied esp. to one of the 
salivary glands, (b) Of, pertaining to. or in the region 
of. the parotid gland, —n. The parotid gland. 

Par'OX-ysm (pSr'oks-Tz'm). n. [F. paroxysme. Gr. 
irapo^vo-Mo?. fr. jrapo£uveu- to sharpen, irritate : rrapa 
beyond — 6£v»-eiv to sharpen, fr. 6£us sharp.] 1. | M 
The fit. attack, or exacerbation, of a disease that occurs 
at intervals, or has decided remissions or intermissions. 
2. Any sudden and violent emotion ; convulsion : fit. 

Par ox-ys'mal I -Iz'mal), a. Of the nature of a par- 
oxysm : characterized or accompanied by paroxysms. 

Par-ox'y-tone (par-oksl-ton). n. [See Para-, and 
Oxyt Gram.) A word having an acute ac- 

cent on the penult. 

Par-quet' par-ka' or -kef), n. [F. See PABorETBY.] 
1. A body of seats on the floor of a music hall or t.. 
nearest the orchestra : the pit. 2. Same as Pabqcetby. 

Par'quet-ry i . parqueterie, it. par- 

inlaid flooring, fr. parquet, dim. of jxirc inclosure. 
See Pabe.] An inlay of different colored woods in geo- 
metric or other patterns. — used especially for floors, 

Par-quette 7 (pa:- » Parquet. 

Parr pit . a, [Ot Ir. bradan a salmon.] (Zdol.) 
Bg salmon when it has dark transverse bands. 

Par'ra-keet - par'ra-ker . Par'a-keet , n. ^See Paro- 
one of numerous sr e 
of small parrots having a graduated tail. 

Par'ri-cidal (P*rfri 
Of or pert, to parricide : guilty 
of parricide. 

Par'ri-cide par'- 
n. [F T-icida ; 

p>if*r father — eaedere to 
. kill.] 1. Prop., one who 
murders one's own father ; 
in a wider sense, one who 
murders any ancestor. 2. 
! [L. parricidiumJ] Act or 
crime of murdering one's 
father or an ancestor. 

Partook (pSr'ruk). 




Carolina Parrakeet 
CaroKmemis). 



'-rue. pearroc.' A 
croft, or small field : a paddock. [Pror. Eno.~\ 

Par 're [Pratu fr. F. Pierrot, dim. of 

Pierre P -ot is also the name of the spar- 

row.] (Zool.) In a general sense, any bird of the order 
Psittaci. Specif, (as distinguished from the parrakeets, 
macaws, and lories) certain species which have a short 
rounded or even tail, and often a naked space on the 
cheeks. Many species readily learn to repeat words and 
phrases. See Tllusts. of Coceatoo and Macaw. 

Par 'rot A To repeat by rote, or chatter like 

a parrot. 

Par'ry I'par'ry). r. /. [imp. & p. p. PARBirr 
p. pr. & vb. it. Parbyikg. p. p. of parer. 

See Pabe. r. /.] 1. To ward off ; to stop, or to turn 
aside. 2. To avoid : to evade, 

Par'ry. . To ward off or evade something. 

Par'ry. n. A warding off. as of a blow ; hence, fig., a 
defensive move in debate or other intellectual encounter. 

Parse iparsi. 9. t. {imp. & p. p. Parsed (pli 

.-.;r>'G.] [L. pars a part ; part orationis 
a part of speech.] (Gram,) To resolve into its elements, 
as a sentence : to analyze and describe grammatically. 

Par'see (par's! or 'par-seO. n. [Hind, i Per. pars! 
a Persian, a fire worshiper. _ 1. One of the adherents 
of the Zoroastrian religion; fire worshiper. 2. T ": ■? 
Iranian dialect of much of the religious literature of the 
Psiu mi a [Parsees, 

Par'see-ism -Tz'rr. . n . Religion and customs of the 

Par Si-mo 'ni-OTlS l par sT-mo'nl-us). c. Exhibiting 



a, e, L o, ii. long ; a, e. I. 5, ft. y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask. all. final. 



PARSIMONIOUSLY 



595 



PARTITION 



parsimony; frugal to excess. — Par si-mo'ni-ous-ly 
(par'sl-mo'iil-us-ly), adv. — Par si-mo/ni-ous-ness, ». 

Syn. — See Avaricious. 

Par'si-mo-ny (par'sl-mo-ny), u. [L. parsimonia, 
parcimonia ; cf. parcere to spare, partus sparing.] 
Closeness or sparingness in expending money; — gener- 
ally in a bad sense ; excessive frugality ; niggardliness. 

Syn. — Covetousness ; stinginess. See Economy. 

Parsley (pars'lj-), n. _: ... petroselinum, 

Gr. 7reTpo<re'Ati'oi' ; jrerpo? stone -j- <ri\i.vov parsley.] 
(Bot.) An aromatic umbelliferous herb, having finely 
divided leaves, — used in cookery and as a garnish. 

Pars'nip (pars'nip), n. [OE. parsnepe, through 
French fr. L. pastinaca.] (Bot.) The edible root of the 
cultivated form of a biennial, umbelliferous plant which 
is very poisonous in its wild state ; also, the plant itself. 

Par'son (par's'n), n. [OF. persone, LL. persona 
(sc. ecclesiae). fr. L. persona a person. See Person.] 
1. (Eng. Eccl. Laic) A person who represents a parish 
in its ecclesiastical and corporate capacities ; hence, the 
rector or incumbent of a parochial church. 2. Any 
one who is in orders, or is licensed to preach ; a preacher. 

Par 'son-age (-aj), n. 1. {Eng. Eccl. Law) A por- 
tion of lands, tithes, and offerings, for the maintenance 
of a parson. 2. The glebe and house, or the house only, 
owned by a parish or ecclesiastical society, and appro- 
priated to the use of the incumbent or settled pastor. 

Part (part), n. [L. pars, gen. partis."] 1. One of the 
portions into which anything is divided, or regarded as 
divided ; something less than a whole. 2. Hence, specif. : 
(a) An equal constituent portion, (b) A member ; an or- 
gan ; an essential element, (c) A constituent of character 
or capacity ; quality ; faculty ; talent ; — usually in the pi. 
(d) Quarter ; region ; district ; — usually in the pi. 3. 
That which is assumed by, or falls to, one in a division 
or apportionment ; share ; lot ; duty ; office. 4. Hence, 
specif. : (a) One of the opposing sides in a conflict or 
controversy, (b) A particular character in a play, or, 
fig., in real life, (c) (3Ius.) One of the different melo- 
dies of a concerted composition, which together compose 
its harmony ; also, the music for each voice or instrument. 

In good "part, favorably; acceptably; in a friendly 
manner. — In ill part, unfavorably ; with displeasure. — 
In part, in some degree ; partly. — Part and parcel, an essen- 
tial or constituent portion ; — a reduplicative phrase. — 
Part of speech ( Gram.) a sort or class of words of a particu- 
lar character or office in the construction of sentences. 

Syn. — Portion ; section : division ; fraction ; fragment ; 
piece ; share : constituent. See Portion, and Section. 

Part, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Parting.] [F. partir, L. partire, p. p. partitus, fr. pars 
a part. ] 1. To divide ; to separate into distinct parts ; to 
sever. 2. To divide into shares ; to allot ; to apportion. 

3. To remove from contact or contiguity ; to sunder. 

4. Hence : To hold apart ; to intervene betwixt. 5. To 
separate by extraction, elimination, or secretion. 

To part company, to separate, as companions. 

Part, v. i. 1. To be broken or divided ; to become 
separated ; to go asunder. 2. To go away ; to take 
leave ; hence, to die. 3.«To perform an act of parting ; 
to relinquish a connection. 4. To partake. [Obs.] 

Part'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. See Partible. 

Par-take 7 (par-tak'), v. i. [imp. Partook (-tdW) ; 
p. p. Partaken (-tak''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Partaking.] 
[Part -\- take.] 1. To take a part or share in common 
with others ; to participate ; to share. 2. To have some- 
thing of the properties, character, or office (of). 

Par-take 7 , V. t. To have a part or share in ; to share. 

Par-tak'er (-er), n. One who partakes ; participator. 

Part'er (partner), n. One that parts. 

Par-terre / (par-tar' or -tSr'), n. [F., fr. par on, by 
(L. per) -f- terre earth, ground, L. terra.] 1. (Hort.) An 
ornamental arrangement of flower beds, with intervening 
turf or walks. 2. The parquet. [France] 

Par the-no-gen'e-sis (paVthe-no-jen'e-sis), n. [Gr. 
TrapfleVo? a virgin + E. genesis.] 1. (Biol.) The produc- 
tion of new individuals from virgin females without the 
intervention of the male element. 2. (Bot.) The pro- 
duction of seed without fertilization. — Par the-no-ge- 
net'ic (-je-net'ik), a. [Parthenogenesis. I 

Par the-nog'e-ny (-noj'e-nv), n. (Biol.) Same as I 

Par'tial (par'shal), a. [F., fr. LL. partialis, fr. L. 
pars, gen. partis, a part.] 1. Of, pert, to, or affecting, 
a part only ; not general or total. 2. Inclined to favor 
one party or one side more than the other ; biased. 3. 
Having a predilection; inclined to favor unreasonably. 
4. (Bot.) Pertaining to a subordinate portion. 

Par'tl-al'i-ty (par'shi-511-ty or -shSl'T-ty). n. 1. Qual- 
ity or state of being partial. 2. Special taste or liking. 



Par'tlal-ly (par'sh«l-lj?), adv. 1. In part ; not to- 
tally. 2. With undue hias of mind ; with unjust favor. 

Part'i-ble (p:irt'T-b'l), a. Admitting of being parted ; 
divisible ; separable. — Part i bil'i-ty (-blll-ty), n. 

Par-tlc'i-pant (par-tls'T-pant), a. [L. participant, 
p. pr.] Sharing; participating. — n. Participator. 

Par-tlc'1-pate (piir-tTsT-pat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Par- 
ticipated (-pa'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Participating.] 
[L. participare, p. p. -atus ; pars, partis, part -j- capere 
to take.] To have a share in common with others ; to 
take a part ; to partake. 

Par-tic 1-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. Act or state of par- 
ticipating, [participating. I 

Par-tic'i-pa-tive (par-tlsT-pS-tTv), a. Capable of | 

Par-tic'i-pa'tor (-pa'ter), n. One who participates. 

Parti-cip'i-al (par'tl-sip'I-al), a. [See Participle.] 
Having, or partaking of, the nature and use of a partici- 
ple ; formed from a participle. — n. A participial word. 
— Par tl-cip'i-al-ly, adv. 

Par'ti-ci-ple (par'tl-sT-p'l), n. [F. participe, L. par- 
ticipium, fr. particeps participant ; pars, gen. partis, 
part -f- capere to take.] (Gram.) A part of speech par- 
taking of the nature of both verb and adjective ; a form 
of a verb, or verbal adjective, modifying a noun, but tak- 
ing the adjuncts of the verb from which it is derived. 

Par'ti-Cle (par'tT-k'l), n. [L. particula, dim. of pars, 
gen. partis, a part.] 1. A minute part or portion of 
matter ; little bit ; atom ; jot. 2. Any very small por- 
tion or part; the smallest portion. 3. (B. C. Ch.) A lit- 
tle piece of consecrated host. 4. (Gram.) A subordinate 
word that is never inflected (a preposition, conjunction, 
interjection) ; also, a word used only in composition. 

Par'ti-col'ored, a. Same as Party-colored. 

Par-tic'U-lar (par-tlk'ti-ler), a. [F. particulier, L. 
particularis. See Particle.] 1. Relating to a particle, 
part, or portion. 2. Of, pert, to, or belonging to, a sin- 
gle person, class, or thing; not general; not common. 
3. Separate or distinct by reason of superiority. 4. Con- 
cerned with, or attentive to, details ; hence, nice ; fas- 
tidious. 5. (Laic) Containing a part only ; limited ; 
also, holding a limited estate. 6. (Logic) Forming a 
part of a genus ; relatively limited in extension. 

Syn. — Sole ; single ; individual ; respective ; appropri- 
ate ; personal ; singular ; important ; peculiar ; especial ; 
specific ; precise ; critical ; circumstantial. See Minute. 

Par-tlC'U-lar (par-tTk'u-ler), n. 1. A separate or dis- 
tinct member of a class, or part of a whole ; an individ- 
ual fact, point, circumstance, detail, or item. 2. Pecul- 
iar trait or character. [Obs.] 

In particular, specially ; peculiarly ; particularly. 

Par-tic'U-lar-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. A minute descrip- 
tion. [B.] 2. (Theol.) The doctrine of particular elec- 
tion. 3. (German Politics) Devotion to the interests of 
a part of the empire rather than to the whole. 

Par-tic'U-lar-lst, n. One who holds to particularism. 

Par-tic'U-lar'i-ty (-lar'T-ty), n. 1. State or quality 
of being particular ; distinctiveness ; minuteness in de- 
tail. 2. That which is particular. [particularizing, j 

Par-tiCU-lar-i-za'tion (-ler-T-za'shun), n. Act of I 

Par-tic'U-lar-ize (-iz), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Par- 
ticularized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Particularizing 
(-FzTng).] To enumerate in detail; to make especial 
mention of ; to detail minutely. 

Par-tlc'u-lar-ly, adv. In a particular manner. 

Parting (parting), a. [From Part, v.] 1. Serving 
to part ; dividing ; separating. 2. Given when depart- 
ing. 3. Departing. 4. Partible. 

Part'ing, n. 1. A parting, or state of being parted. 
2. A separation ; leave-taking. 3. A surface or line of 
separation. 

Par'ti-san (par'tT-z^n), n. [F., fr. It. partigiano. 
See Party.] 1. An adherent, esp. an ardent adherent, 
to a party or faction. 2. (MB.) Any member of a body 
of detached light troops making forays. 

Par'ti-san, a. 1. Adherent to a party or faction. " 
2. (Mil.) Serving as a partisan. 

Par'ti-san, n. [F. pertuisane; origin doubtful.] A 
kind of halberd or pike ; also, a truncheon : a staff. 

Par'ti-san-ship, n. State of being adherent to a 
party ; feelings or conduct appropriate to a partisan. 

Par'tite (par'tit), a. [L. partitus. p. p. of partire to 
part, divide.] (Bot.) Divided nearly to the base, as a leaf. 

Par-ti'tion (par-tTsh'un , l. n. [F., fr. L. partiiio.] 
1. Act of parting or dividing : state of being parted. 2. 
That which divides or separates; specif., an interior 
wall dividing one part of a house, an inclosure, or the 
like, from another. 3. (Laic) The severance of com- 
mon or undivided interests, esp. in real estate. 



fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PARTITION 



596 



PASSAGE 



Par-ti'tion (plir-tlsh'iuO. r. /. limp. & p. p. Parti- 
-&nd); ;». pr. & vb. n. Partitioning.] 1. To 
to parts or shares; to divide and distribute. 
3. To divide into distinct parts by lines, walls, ete. 

Pax-ti'tion-ment (-ment), «• Aet of partitioning. 

Par'tl-tive (ptotl-tYv), a. (Gram.) Denoting a part. 
A word expressing partition, or denoting 
a part. —Par'tl-tive ly. adi : 

Partly. adr. In part ; not wholly. 

Part'ner (pavt'ner), n. [For parcener, influenced by 
1. One who has a part in anything with an- 
other; partaker; sharer. Hence: (a) A husband or a' 
wife, (b) Either one of a couple who dance together, (c) 
A member of a business firm. 2. pi. (Xaut.) A strength- 
ening framework surrounding an opening in a deck. 

>\ ii. ■ Associate ; colleague ; coadjutor ; confederate ; 
partaker; participator; companion; comrade; mate. 

Part'ner-ship, v. 1. State of being a partner. 2. 
Joint possession or interest. 3. An alliance or associa- 
tion, or contract of alliance, of persons for the prosecu- 
tion of an undertaking or a business on joint account ; 
company: firm. 4. {Arith.) See Fellowship, n., G. 

Par-took' (par-took'), imp. of Partake. 

Par'tridge (par'trTj). n. [OF. pertris, perdriz, L. 
perdix, -icis, fr. Gr. 7re'p8i£.] (Zo'dl.) 1. Any one of 
numerous species of small, gallinaceous birds of the Old 




European Gray Partridge (Per 
dix cinerea). 



Mass-ena Partridge of the 
United States (Cyrtonix 
Montezumse). 



World. [Seelllust. of Francolin.] 2. (o) Any of several 
species of quail-like birds. (b) The ruffed grouse. \U. £.] 

Partridge berry. (Bot.) (a) The scarlet berry of a trail- 
ing American plant (Mitchella repens) having roundish 
evergreen leaves, and white fragrant flowers ; also, the 
plant itself, (b) The fruit of the creeping wintergreen ; 
also, the plant itself. — Partridge wood, (a) A variegated 
wood obtained from tropical America, (b) The wood of 
a kind of palm, used for walking sticks, etc. 

Par-tU/ri-en-cy (par-tu'rT-en-sy), n. Parturition. 

Par-tU'li-ent (-ent), a. [L. parturiens, p. pr. deriv. 
of parere, partum, to bring forth.] Bringing forth, or 
about to bring forth, young ; fruitful. 

Par'tU-ri'tlon (par'tu-rish'un), n. Act of bringing 
forth, or being delivered of, young ; childbirth. 

Par'ty (par't^), n. [F. parti andpartie, fr. F. parlir 
to part, divide, L.partire, partiri. See Part, v.~\ 1. A 
part or portion. [06s.] 2. A number of persons united 
in opinion or action, considered as a separate body ; esp. , 
one of the parts into which a people is divided on ques- 
tions of public policy. 3. A part of a larger body or 
company ; a detachment ; esp. (Mil.), a small body of 
troops dispatched on special service. 4. A number of 
persons invited to a social entertainment ; also, the en- 
tertainment itself. 5. One concerned or interested in an 
affair ; participator. 6. The plaintiff or the defendant 
in a lawsuit. 7. Hence, any person regarded as being 
opposed or antagonistic to another. 8. Cause ; side ; 
interest. 9. A person. [Now accounted a vulgarism.] 

Party wall, (a) (Arch.) A wall built upon the dividing 
line between two adjoining properties, (b) (Law) A wall 
that separates adjoining houses. 

Par'ty, a. [F. parti divided.] 1. Partial. 2. Of or 
pertaining to a party or faction. 

Par'ty-COl'ored } (-kuTerd), a. Colored with differ- 

Par'ti-COl'ored ( ent tints ; variegated. 

Par've-nu/ (par've-nu' ; F. par've-nu'), n. [F., prop. 
p. p. of parvenir to attain to, to succeed, L. pervenire to 
come to ; per through -f- venire to come.] An upstart ; 
a man newly risen into notice. 

Par'vls ) (par'vTs), n. [F. parvis, fr. LL. paravisus, 

Par'vise ] fr. L. paradisus. See Paradise.] A 
court of entrance to, or an inclosed space before, a 
church ; hence, a church porch. 

Pasch (p£sk), J n. [AS. pascha, L. pascha, Gr. 

I Pas'cha (paVka), ] naox*, fr - Heb - pesach, fr. pa- 
I'lrh to pan over.] The passover ; the feast of Easter. 

Pasch flower. See Pasque flovier, under Pasque. 

Paa'chal (paVkal), a. [L. paschalis.] Of or per- 
taining to the passover, or Easter. 



Pash (nSsh), v. t 

smash. [06s.] 




[Etym. uncertain.] To strike ; to 
[ingblow. lObs.) | 

Pash, n. 1. The head, [i?.] 2. A heavy or crush- 1 

Pa-sha' (pa-sh'a'), n. [Turk. pasha, basha.~\ An hon- 
orary title given to civil and military officers of high 
rank in Turkey. [pasha. I 

Pa-Sha'lic C-lTk), n. [Turk.] The jurisdiction of a| 

Pa-shaw (pa-sha'), n. See Pasha. 

Pasque (p5sk), n. [OF. pasque.} See Pasch. 

Pasque flower (Bot.), any one of several 
species of anemones with purplish blos- 
soms. They appear about Easter. 

Pas'quin (pSs'kwTn), n. [It. pasquino 
a mutilated statue at Rome ; — so called 
from a witty cobbler or tailor, near 
whose shop the statue was dug up. On 
this statue it was customary to paste 
satiric papers.] A lampooner; also, a 
lampoon. See Pasquinade. 

Pas'quin-ade' (pSs'kwTn-ad'), n. A 
lampoon or satirical writing. 

Pass (pas), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Passed 
(past) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Passing.] [F. 
passer, LL. passare, fr. L. passus step, 
or from pandere, passum, to spread out, 
lay open.] 1. To go ; to move ; to pro- 
ceed ; to be transferred from one point 
to another. 2. To move or be transferred 
from one state to another ; to change Pasque Flower 
possession ; to undergo transition. 3. . (.Anemone. Nut- 
To disappear ; to vanish ; to depart ; talhana). 
specif., to die. 4. To come and go in consciousness; 
hence, to take place ; to occur progressively or in suc- 
cession. 5. To go by or glide by, as time ; to be spent. 
6. To go from one person to another ; hence, to obtain 
general acceptance ; to be current. 7. To advance 
through all the steps or stages necessary to validity or 
effectiveness ; to receive legislative sanction ; to be en- 
acted. 8. To go through any inspection or test success- 
fully ; to be acceptable or tolerable. 9. To go unheeded, 
neglected, or unopposed. 10. To go beyond bounds; 
to be excessive ; to surpass. [065.] 11. (Fencing) To 
make a lunge or pass; to thrust. 12. (Card Playing) 
To decline to play in one's turn ; in euchre, to decline to 
make the trump. 

To pass on or upon, (a) To happen to ; to affect, (b) 
To determine about ; to give judgment or sentence upon. 

Pass (pas), v. t. 1. In simple, transitive senses ; as : 

(a) To go by, beyond, over, through, across, or the like. 

(b) Hence : To spend ; to live through ; to have experi- 
ence of. (c) To go by without noticing; to disregard. 
(d) To transcend; to exceed, (e) To go successfully 
through, as a trial, test, etc. ; to obtain the formal sanc- 
tion of, as a legislative body. 2. In causative senses; 
as : (a) To cause to move or go ; to send ; to transmit ; 
to deliver; to make over. (6) To cause to pass the lips ; 
to utter ; hence, to promise ; to pledge, (c) To cause to 
go by ; to make an end of ; to finish, (d) To cause to 
advance by stages of progress ; to carry on to a success- 
ful result ; specif. , to give legal or official sanction to ; 
to ratify ; to enact. («) To put in circulation ; to give 
currency to. (/) To cause to obtain entrance, admis- 
sion, or conveyance. 3. To emit from the bowels. 4. 
(Fencing) To make, as a thrust, punto, etc. 

Pass, n. 1. An opening, road, or track, esp. through 
or over some dangerous or otherwise impracticable bar- 
rier. 2. (Fencing) A thrust or push. 3. A movement 
of the hand over or along anything. 4. State of things ; 
condition ; predicament. 5. Permission or license to go 
and come ; passport ; a ticket permitting free transit or 
admission. 6. Fig. : A thrust ; sally of wit. 

Pass book, (a) A book in which a trader enters articles 
bought on credit, and which he then passes or sends to 
the purchaser, (b) See Bank book. 

Pass'a-ble (pas'a-b'l) , a. Such as may be passed , or al- 
lowed to pass. — Pass'a-Dle-ness, n. — Pass'a-bly , adv. 

Pas-sade' (p£s-sad'), I n - l F - passade.] 1. 

Pas-sa'do (-sa'do or -sa'do), ) (Fencing) A pass or 
thrust. 2. (Man.) A turn of a horse on the same spot. 

Syii. — Navigable ; acceptable ; current ; tolerable ; 
admissible ; moderate ; mediocre. 

Pas'sage (pSs'saj ; 48), n. [F. See Pass.] 1. Act 
of passing ; movement from point to point ; a going 
by, over, across, or through. 2. Transit by means of 
conveyance ; journey ; right, liberty, or means, of pass- 
ing ; conveyance. 3. Price paid for the liberty to pass ; 
fare. 4. Removal from life ; decease. 5. Way ; road ; 
path. Hence, a hall; a corridor. 6. A continuous 
course, process, or progress ; a connected or continuous 



a, 5, 1, o, C, long ;&,«,!, 5, ii, y, short ; 



fcvent, Idea, 5bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PASSANT 



597 



PAT 



series. 7. A particular portion constituting a part of 
something continuous. 8. A pass or an encounter. 

Syn. — Vestibule ; hall ; corridor. See Vestibule. 

Pas'sant (E. pSs'sant j F. pa'saN'), a. [F., p. pr.] 
{Her. ) Walking ; — said of any animal represented on 
an escutcheon as walking with the dexter paw raised. 

II Pas'se"', masc. HpaVsa'), a. [F.] Past; gone by; 

II Pas'S^e', fern. ) past one's prime ; worn ; faded. 

Passe-men'terie (E. pas-mgn'trT ; F. pa's'maN't're'), 
n. [F.] Beaded embroidery for women's dresses. 

Pas'sen-ger (pSs'sSn-jer), n. [OE. & F. passager. 
See Passage.] 1. A passer or passer by ; a wayfarer. 
2. A traveler by some established conveyance. 

II Passe 7 par tout' (pas' par'tob'), n. [F., from passer 
to \>a.ss -\-parlout everywhere.] 1. That by which one 
can pass anywhere. [Obs.~\ 2. A master key ; a latch- 
key. 3. A light picture frame or mat, aa of cardboard, — 
sometimes holding several pictures. 

Pass'er (pas'er), n. One who passes ; a passenger. 

II Pas'se-res (pXs'se-rez), n. pi. [NIi., fr. L. passer a 
sparrow.] (Zool.) An order, or suborder, of birds, in- 
cluding all singing birds, and more than half of all the 
known species. — Pas'ser-ine (paVser-Tn or -in), a. 

Pas'si-ble (p5s'sT-b'l), a. [See Passion.] Susceptible 
of feeling or suffering, or of impressions from external 
agents.— Pas'sibil'1-ty (-bTi'T-t^), Pas'si-ble-ness, n. 

II Pas'sim (pas'sim), adv. [L.] Here and there ; 
everywhere. 

Passing, adv. Exceedingly ; surpassingly. 

Pas'sion (pash'un), n. [F., fr. L. passio, fr. pati, 
passus, to suffer.] 1. A suffering or enduring ; specif., 
the suffering of Christ between the time of the last 
supper and his death. 2. State of being acted upon ; — 
opposed to action. 3. Susceptibility of impressions from 
external agents. [R.~\ 4. State of the mind or of any 
faculty when powerfully acted upon by something ex- 
ternal ; any emotion or sentiment (specif., love or anger) 
in abnormal or controlling activity ; extreme or inordinate 
desire ; also, the capacity or susceptibility of being so 
affected. 5. Passion week. See Passion week, below. 

Passion flower (Bot.), any flower or plant of a genus 
(Passiflora) so named from a fancied 
resemblance of parts of the flower to 
the instruments of our Savior's cruci- 
fixion. — Passion play, a mystery play, in 
which the scenes connected with the 
passion of our Savior are represented 
dramatically. — Passion Sunday (Eccl.), 
the fifth Sunday in Lent, or the second 
before Easter. — Passion week, the last 
week but one in Lent, or the second 
preceding Easter. 

Syn.— Feeling ; emotion.— When any 
feeling or emotion, esp. anger or love, 
completely masters the mind, we call it 
a passion. The mind, in such cases, is ^ S10n a J'ower 
considered as having become the pas- 
sive instrument of the feeling. 

Pas'sion-ate (-at), a. 1. Capable or susceptible of 
passion; easily moved or agitated ; specif., easily moved 
to anger ; quick-tempered. 2. Characterized by passion ; 
expressing passion ; ardent in feeling or desire. — Pas'- 
sion-ate-ly, adv. — Pas'sion-ate-ness, n. 

Pas'sion-less (p£sh'un-les), a. Void of passion ; calm. 

Pas'sion-tide' (-tid'), n. [Passioti + tide time.] The 
last fortnight of Lent. 

Pas'slve (paVsiv), a. [L. passivus. See Passion.] 
1. Not active, but acted upon ; suffering or receiving 
impressions or influences. 2. Being without emotion or 
excitement ; patient; unresisting. 3. (Chem.) Inactive ; 
inert. 4. (Med.) Designating certain morbid condi- 
tions, characterized by relaxation and deficient vitality. 
— Pas'sive-ly, adv. — Pas'sive-ness, n. 

Passive verb, or Passive voice (Gram.), a verb, or form of 
a verb, expressing the effect of the action of some agent. 

Syn. — Quiescent ; unopposing ; enduring ; submissive. 

Pas-siv'i-ty (pas-siv'T-t^), n. 1. Passiveness. 2. 
(Physics) Inertia. 

Pass'-key' (pas'ke 7 ), n. A master key. 

Pass'Cver (pas'o'ver), n. [Pass -\- over.] (Jewish 
Antiq.) (a) A feast instituted to commemorate the 
sparing of the Hebrews in Egypt. (See Exodus xii.) 
(6) The sacrifice offered at the feast of the passover. 

Pass'port (pas'port), n. [F. passeport, orig., a per- 
mission to leave or enter a port ; passer to pass -4- port 
port.] 1. Permission to pass ; a document, given by the 
competent officer, permitting the person therein named 
to travel unmolested from place to place. 2. A document 
carried by neutral merchant vessels to certify their na- 
tionality and protect them from belligerents ; a sea letter. 




(Passiflora cse- 
rulea), reduced. 



3. A license for the removal of persons and effects from 
a hostile country ; a safe-conduct. 4. Fig. : Anything 
securing advancement and general acceptance. 

Pas'sus (paVsfis), n. ; pi. L. Pasbos, E. Pabbusm 
(-6z). [L., a step.] A division or part ; canto ; fit. 

Pass'word' (pas'wflrd'), n. A word to be given before 
a person is allowed to pass ; watchword ; countersign. 

Past (past), a. [From Pass, t».] Of or pertaining to 
a former time or state ; gone by ; elapsed ; ended ; spent. 

Past, n. A former time or state. 

Past, prep. 1. Beyond, in position, or degree ; fur- 
ther than ; beyond the reach or influence of. 2. Be- 
yond, in time; after. 3. Above; more than. [/?.] 

Past, adv. By ; beyond. 

Paste (past), n. [OF., fr. L. pasta, fr. Gr. jrao-nj bar- 
ley broth.] 1. A soft composition, as of moistened flour 
or earth. 2. Specif., in cookery, pastry dough. 3. A 
kind of cement made of flour and water, starch and water, 
etc. 4. A vitreous composition, used in making imita- 
tions of gems. 5. A soft confection. 6. (Min.) The 
mineral substance in which other minerals are imbedded. 

Paste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Pasting.] To unite by means of paste. [board. I 

Paste r board / (-bord), n. A thick, stiff kind of paper) 

Pas'tel (pas'tgl), n. [F. Cf. Pastil.] 1. A crayon 
made of a paste of color ground with gum water. 2. 
(Bot.) A plant affording a blue dye ; also, the dye itself. 

Past'er (pasfer), n. 1. One who pastes. 2. A slip 
of paper, usually bearing a name, to be pasted by the 
voter over another name on a ballot. [Cant, U. S.] 

Pas'tern (pSs'tern), n. [OF. pasturon, fr. pasture a 
tether for beasts while pasturing ; prop., a pasturing. 
See Pasture.] 1. That part of the foot of the horse, 
and allied animals, between the fetlock and the coffin 
joint. [See Ulust. of Horse.] 2. A shackle for horses 
while pasturing. 

Pas'til (paVtil), \ n. [F. pastille, L. pastillus a 

Pas-tille' (pas-tel'), ) little loaf, a lozenge, dim. of 
pastus food. See Pasture.] 1. (Pharmacy) A small 
aromatic cone or mass made of a paste of gum, cinna- 
mon, etc. 2. An aromatic or medicated lozenge. 

Pas'time' (pas'tim'), n. [Pass -f- time.] That which 
amuses, and serves to make time pass agreeably ; amuse- 
ment; diversion. 

Syn. — Entertainment ; recreation ; sport ; play. 

Pas'tor (-ter), n. [L., fr. pascere,pastum, to pasture.] 

1. A shepherd. 2. A guardian; a keeper; (Eccl.) a 
minister having the charge of a church and parish ; one 
having the care of souls. 3. (Zool.) A species of starling. 

Pas'tor-age (-aj ; 48), n. Pastorate. 

Pas'tor-al (-al), a. 1. Of or pertaining to shepherds ; 
hence, relating to rural life and scenes. 2. Relating to 
the care of souls, or to the pastor of a church. 

Pastoral staff (Eccl.), a staff, usually of the form of a 
shepherd's crook, borne as an official emblem by a bish- 
op, abbot, abbess, or other prelate. See Crosier. 

Pas'tor-al (pas'ter-al), n. 1. A poem representing 
the life and maimers of shepherds ; idyl ; bucolic. 2. 
(Jilts.) A composition for instruments of a simple, soft 
style. 3. (Eccl.) A letter of a pastor to his charge. 

II Pas'tO-rale (paVtS-ra'la), n. [It.] 1. (JIus.) A 
composition in a soft, rural style. 2. A kind of dance 
or figure in a dance. [ner. I 

Pas'tor-al-ly (pas'ter-al-ly), adv. In a pastoral man- 1 

Pas'tor-ate (-at), n. Office or state of a pastor. 

Pas'tor-ship, n. Pastorate. 

Pas'try (pas'try), n. Articles of food made of paste, 
or having a crust made of paste, as pies, tarts, etc. 

Pas'tUT-age (pas'tfir-aj ; 48), n. 1. Grazing ground; 
pasture. 2. Grass growing for feed ; grazing. 3. The 
business of feeding or grazing cattle. 

Pas'ture (pas'tur; 135), n. [OF., fr. L. pastura, fr. 
pascere,pastum, to pasture, to feed.] 1. Food. [Obs.] 

2. Grass growing for the food of cattle ; the food of 
cattle taken by grazing. 3. Grass land for cattle, 
horses, etc. ; pasturage. 

Pas'ture, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pastured (-turd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Pasturing.] To feed, esp. to feed on 
growing grass ; to supply grass as food for ; to graze. 

Pas'tur-er (-er), n. One who pastures. 

Pas'ty (pas'tjf), a. Like paste. 

Pas'ty, n. [OF. paste. See Paste.] A meat pie, 
often baked without a dish. 

Pat (pSt), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Patted (-t5d) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Patting.] [Etyra. uncertain.] To strike gently 
with the fingers or hand ; to stroke lightly ; to tap. 

Pat, n. 1. A light, quick blow or stroke with the fin- 
gers or hand ; a tap. 2. A small mass shaped by pats. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, -flum, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PAT 



598 



PATRIMONY 



fttCptt),* [F.tym. uncertain.] Exactly suitable ; 
fit : couveuieut ; timely. — adv. In a pat maimer. 
Patch (pioh), n. [OF.. paeeAe ; of uncertain origin.] 

1. A piece of cloth, or other material, fixed on a garment 
to repair or strengthen it. 2. Hence : A small piece of 
anything used to repair a breach. 3. A small piece of 
Be stuck on the face, or neck, to hide a defect, or 
to heighten beauty. 4. Kg. : Anything likened to a 
patch ; a small piece of ground ; tract ; plot. 5. A paltry 
follow ; rogue : ninny. " \_Obs. or Colloq.] 

Patch, r. t. & i. limp. &p.p. Patched (pScht) ; p.pr. 
Patching.] 1. To mend by sewing on a piece 
or pieces of cloth, leather, or the like. 2. To fasten a 
patch or patches on. 3. To make of pieces ; to put to- 
gether or repair hastily or clumsily. — Patch'er (-er), n. 

Patch'er-y (-y), n. Botehery ; covering of defects. 

Patchouli II (pa-choo'li), n. [Prob. of East Indian 

Pa-tCh0U'ly ) origin.] 1. (Bot.) A miutlike plant 
of the East Indies. 2. The perfume made from this plant. 

Patch'work' (pSch'wGrk'), n. Work composed of 
pieces sewed together, esp. of various colors and figures.} 

Patch'y (-y), a. Full of, or covered with, patches. 

Pate (pat), n. [Cf. LG. & Prov. G. pattkopf, patzkopf, 
scabby head; patt,patz, scab + kopf head.] The head 
of a person. [Now generally used in contempt.] 

Pat'ed (pat'ed), a. Having a pate ; — in composition. 
Patella (pa-tgl'la), n. ; pi. --lie {-Ye). [L., dim. of 
patina. See Paten.] 1. A small dish, pan, or vase. 2. 
{Anat.) The 4 kneepan. [See Must, of Skeleton.] — Pa- 
tellar (-ler). a. 

Pat'en (pat'Sn), n. [LL. patina, patena, f r. L. patina, 
patena, a pan.] 1. A plate. [Ofo.] 2. (Eccl.) The 
plate on which is placed the consecrated bread in the 
Eucharist, or the host during the Mass. [ent. 

Pa'ten-cy (pa'ten-sy" or pSt'-), n. State of being pat-[ 

Pat'ent (pat'ent or pa'tent), a. [L. patens, -entis, 
p. pr. of patere to be open.] 1. (Oflener pa'tent in this 
sense) Open ; expanded ; evident ; apparent ; manifest ; 
public. 2. Open to public perusal ; — said of a document 
conferring some right or privilege ; as, letters patent. 3. 
Appropriated or protected by letters patent ; patented. 
4. (Bot.) Spreading. 

Patent right (Law), the right, granted by the sovereign, 
of exclusive control of an invention or of some business of 
manufacture, or of the sale of certain articles, or of cer- 
tain offices or prerogatives. 

Pat'ent, n. 1. A letter patent, or letters patent ; an 
official document, issued by a sovereign power, conferring 
a right or privilege on some person or party. Specifically: 
(a) A writing securing to an inventor, for a term of years, 
the exclusive right to his invention, (b) A document 
making a grant and conveyance of public lands. 2. The 
right or privilege conferred by such a document. 

Pat'ent, V. t. [imp. &p.p. Patented ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
Patenting.] To grant by patent; to make the subject 
of a patent ; to secure or protect by patent. 

Pat'ent-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be patented. 

Pat/ent-ee' (pat'en-te' or paten-te'), n. One to whom 
a patent is granted. [ly ; evidently. I 

Pa'tent-ly (pa'tent-ljf ; see Patent, a., 1), adv. Open- 1 

I! Pa'ter-la-mil'i-as (pa'ter-fa-milT-Ss), 7i. ; pi. Pa- 
tresf Amelias (pa'trez-). [L., fr. pater father -|- f ami- 
lias, gen. oifamilia family.] The head of a family. 

Pa-ter'nal (pa-ter'nal), a. [L. paternus, fr. pater a 
father.] 1. Of or pertaining to a father ; like, or becom- 
ing to, a father. 2. Derived from a father ; hereditary. 

Paternal government (Polit. Science), government which 
assumes a quasi-fatherly relation to the people, in regu- 
lating their business and social affairs. 

Pa ter'nal-ism (-Tz'm), n. (Polit. Science) The the- 
ory or practice of paternal government. 

Pa-ter'nal-ly, adv. In a paternal manner. 

Pa-ter'ni-ty (-nX-tf), n. 1. Relation of a father to 
bis children ; fatherhood. 2. Derivation or descent from 
a father ; male parentage. 3. Origin ; authorship. 

Pa'ter-nos'ter (pa'ter-nSs'ter), n. [L., Our Father.] 
The Lord's prayer ; — so called from the first two words 
of the Latin version. 

Path (path), n. ; pi. Paths (pathz). [AS. pseS, paS ; 
akin to G. pfad; of uncertain origin.] 1. A trodden 
way ; footway. 2. A course or track ; route. 

Pa-thetlc (pa-thSt'Ik), a. [Gr. naBr/Tocos, fr. -KaBzlv, 
rroaxeu/, to suffer. See Pathos.] Affecting or moving 
the tender emotions, esp. pity or grief ; full of pathos. 

Pa-thet'ic-al r-T-k«i), «. Pathetic. [R.l — Pa-thet'- 
ic-al-ly. adv. — Pa-thet'ic-al-ness, n. 

Pathless (path'lgs), a. Having no beaten path or 
way ; untrodden ; impenetrable. 



Pa-thog'e-ny (pa-th5j'e-nyl, n. [Gr. Troflo? suffering 
+ root of Gr. -yevw born.] (Med.) The generation, and 
method of development, of disease ; also, that branch of 
pathology which treats thereof. 

Pa thog no-monlc (pa-thbg'no-mon'Tk), a. [Gr. 
na6oyi>(0(j.ov<.K6s skilled in judging of diseases ; jrdtfos a dis- 
ease -)- yvutfjioviKos skilled.] (Med.) Specially or deci- 
sively characteristic of a disease. 

Pa-thog'no-my (-my), ». [Gr. rrdflos passion + yvw/uii) 
judgment.] Expression of the passions; science of the 
signs by which human passions are indicated. 

Path O-log'ic (path'6-loj'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Path o-log'ic-al (-15j'I-kal), J pathology. — Path - 
O-loglc-al-ly, adv. [pathology. I 

Pa-thol'O-gist (pa-thSl'o-jist), n. One skilled in| 

Pa-thol'0-gy (-if), n. [Gr. jratfos a suffering, disease 
-\--logy.~\ (Med.) The science which treats of diseases, 
their nature, causes, progress, symptoms, etc. 

Pa'thos (pa'thos), n. [L., from Gr. Traflos a suffering, 
passion, fr. naSelv, rrdo-xeiv, to suffer.] That quality or 
property of anything which excites emotions and pas- 
sions, esp. tender emotions ; pathetic quality. 

Path'way' (path'wa'), n. A footpath ; a beaten track ; 
any path or course. Also used figuratively. 

-path'y. [Gr. rrdflos suffering.] A suffix or combining 
form signifying : (a) feeling, as in &nt\pathy, sympathy; 
(b) disease, malady, as in neuropathy ; (c) on analogy of 
homeopathy, theory of cure of diseases, as in hydropathy. 

Pa'tience (pa'shens), n. 1. State or quality of being 
patient ; power of suffering or enduring with fortitude. 
2. Act or power of calmly or contentedly waiting for 
something due or hoped for ; forbearance. 3. Persever- 
ance. 4. (Card Playing) Solitaire. 

Syn. — Resignation.— Patience implies the quietness or 
self-possession of one's own spirit under sufferings, 
provocations, etc. ; resignation implies submission to the 
will of another. 

Pa'tient (pa'shent), a. [F., fr. L. pattens, -entis, p. 
pr. of pati to suffer.] 1. Having the quality of endur- 
ing ; physically able to suffer or bear. 2. Undergoing 
pains, trials, or the like, without murmuring or fretful- 
ness. 3. Constant in pursuit or exertion ; persevering. 
4. Expectant with calmness, or without discontent ; not 
hasty. 5. Forbearing; long-suffering. 

Pa'tient, n. 1. One who, or that which, is passively 
affected ; a passive recipient. 2. A person under med- 
ical or surgical treatment. — Pa'tient-ly, adv. 

Pat'in (pat/In), Pat'ine, n. A plate. See Paten. 

Pat'i-na (p5t'i-na ; It. pa'te-na), n. [It., fr. L. patina. 
See Paten.] 1. A dish or plate of metal or earthenware. 
2. (Fine Arts) The color or incrustation which age gives 
to works of art ; esp., the green rust on metals. 

Pat'ness (pat'nSs), n. Fitness or appropriateness. 

Pa'tois' (pa^twa'), n. [F.] An illiterate or provin- 
cial form of speech. 

Pa'tri arch (pa'trT-ark), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
Trarptdpx'js, fr. narptd lineage, esp. on the father's side, 
race (narrip father) -j- apxos chief, fr. dp^etv to rule.] 

1. The father and ruler of a family ; — usually applied 
to heads of families in ancient history, esp. in Biblical 
and Jewish history. 2. (B. C. Ch. & Gr. Ch.) A digni- 
tary superior to the order of archbishops. 3. A vener- 
able old man ; an elder. — Palri-ar'chal (-ar'kal), a. 

Pa'tri-ar'chate (pa'trT-ar'kat), n. 1. Office, dignity, 
jurisdiction, or government of a patriarch. 2. The res- 
idence of an ecclesiastical patriarch. 

Pa'tri-arch'y (-ark'y), n. 1. Jurisdiction of a patri- 
arch ; patriarchship. 2. Government by a patriarch. 

Pa-tri'cian (pa-trish'an), a. [L. patricius, fr. patres 
fathers or senators, pi. oi pater.'] 1. (Bom. Antiq.) Of 
or pert, to the Roman patres or patricians. 2. Of or 
pert, to a person of high birth ; noble ; not plebeian. 

Pa-tri'cian, n. 1. (Bom. Antiq.) Orig., a member of 
any of the families constituting the populus Bomanus, or 
body of Roman citizens, before the development of the 
plebeian order ; later, one who, by right of birth or by 
special privilege conferred, belonged to the nobility. 2. 
A person of high birth ; a nobleman. 

Pat'ri-cide (p5t'rl-sid), n. [L. paler father + caedere 
to kill.] 1. One who murders his own father. 2. The 
crime of one who murders his own father. 

Pat'rl-mo'ni-al (-mo'nT-al), a. Of or pertaining to a 
patrimony ; inherited from ancestors. — Pat/ri-mo'ni- 
al-ly, adv. 

Pat'ri-mo-ny (pat'rl-mo-n^), n. [L. patrimonium, 
fr. pater father.] 1. A right or estate inherited from 
one's father, or, in a larger sense, from any ancestor. 

2. Formerly, a church estate or endowment. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, J, 5, 4, y, short ; sen&te, fcvent, Idea, 5bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



PATRIOT 



599 



PAWN 



Pa'trl-Ot (pa'trT-5t), n. [F. patriote, fr. Gr. na.rjii.il>- 
tjjs a fellow-couutrymau, f r. Trorpio? established by fore- 
fathers, fr. narrip father.] One who loves his country, 
and zealously supports its authority and interests. 

Pa'tri-Ot, a. Patriotic. 

Pa'tri-Ot'ic (-5t'Tk), a. Iuspired by patriotism ; actu- 
ated by love of one's country. [al-ly, adv. I 

Patri-ot'ic-al (-f-k«l), a. Patriotic. — Pa'tri-ot'ic- 1 

Pa'tri-ot-ism (pa'tri-ot-Iz'm), n. Love of one's coun- 
try ; the virtues and actions of a patriot. 

Pa'trist (pa'trist), n. One versed in patristics. 

Pa-tris'tic Cpa-tr!s'tlk), I a. Of or pert, to the Fathers 

Pa-tris'tic-al (-tT-kal), \ of the Christian church. 

Pa-tris'tics (-tlks), n. Historical theology treating 
of the lives and doctrines of the Fathers of the church. 

Pa-trol/ (pa-trol'), v. i. limp. & p. p. Patrolled 
(-trold') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Patrolling.] [F. patrouiller, 
0. & Prev. F. patouiller to paddle, paw about, patrol, fr. 
patte a paw.] To go the rounds along a chain of sentinels ; 
to traverse a police district or beat. [ambulating. I 

Pa-trol', v. t. To go the rounds of ; to guard by per- 1 

Pa-trol', n. 1. {Mil.) (a) Agoing of the rounds along 
the chain of sentinels and between the posts, by a guard. 
(b) The guard who goes the rounds for observation. 2. 
Any perambulation of a particular line or district to guard 
it ; also, the men thus guarding. 

Pa-trol'man (pa-trol'inan), n. One who patrols. 

Pa'tron (pa'trun), n. [F., fr. L. patronus, fr. pater a 
father.] 1. One who protects, supports, or countenances ; 
a defender. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A master who had 
freed his slave, but still retained some paternal rights 
over him. (b) A man of distinction under whose protec- 
tion another person placed himself, (c) An advocate or 
pleader. 3. One who encourages or helps a person or a 
cause. 4. (Eccl. Law) One who has the gift and dis- 
position of a benefice. [Eng.~\ 5. A guardian saint. 

Pa'tron. a. Doing the duty of a patron ; giving aid 
or protection ; tutelary. 

Pat'ron-age (p2t'run-aj), n. 1. Special countenance 
or support ; favor, encouragement, or aid. 2. Business 
custom. {Commercial Cant"} 3. Guardianship ; tute- 
lary care. 4. The right of nomination to political office ; 
also, the offices, contracts, honors, etc., which a public 
officer may bestow by favor. 5. (Eccl. Law) Right of 
presentation to a benefice ; advowson. [helper. I 

Pa'tron-OSS (pa'trun-es), n. A female patron or| 

Pat'ron-ize (pSt'run-iz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Patron- 
ized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Patronizing (-i'zing).] 1. 
To act as patron toward ; to support ; to favor ; to aid. 
2. To trade with. [Commercial Cant] 3. To assume 
the air of a patron, or of a superior and protector, to- 
ward ; — used in an unfavorable sense. — Pat'ron-i zer 
(-i'zer), n. 

Pat'ro-nym'lc (-nlm'ik), a. [L. patronymicus, Gr. 
irarpuivviJiiKos ; irarrjp father -j- ovo/xa name.] Derived 
from ancestors, as a name ; expressing the name of an- 
cestors. — ■ n. A modification of the father's name borne 
by the son ; an ancestral name ; also, a family name. 

Pat'ro-nym'ic-aM-T-kal), a. Same as Patronymic. 

Pa-troon' (pa-troon'), n. [D. patroon a patron. See 
Patron.] One of the proprietors of certain tracts of 
land with manorial privileges and right of entail, under 
the old Dutch governments of New York and New Jersey. 

Pat'ten (pSt'ten), n. [F. patin a high-heeled shoe, 
fr. patte foot.] A clog or sole of wood, usually supported 
by an iron ring, worn to raise the feet from the wet. 

Pat'tened (-tend), a. Wearing pattens. 

Pat'ter (pSt'ter), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Pattered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pattering.] [Freq. of Pat to 
strike gently.] 1. To strike with a quick succession of 
slight, sharp sounds. 2. [Perh. for paternoster.] To 
mutter; to mumble; also (Colloq.), to talk glibly; to 
chatter. 

Pat'ter, n. 1. A quick succession of slight sounds. 
2. Glib and rapid spech. 3. Cant of a class ; patois. 

Pat'tern (-tern), n. [F. patron patron, also, pattern. 
See Patron.] 1. Anything proposed for imitation ; ar- 
chetype ; exemplar. 2. A part showing the figure or 
quality of the whole ; specimen ; sample. 3. Stuff suffi- 
cient for a garment. 4. Figure or style of decoration ; 
design. 5. Anything made to serve as a guide to cut- 
ting or forming objects. 6. (Founding) A model around 
which a mold of sand is made, to receive the melted metal. 

Pat'tern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patterned (-ternd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Patterning.] 1. To make or design ac- 
cording to a pattern ; to copy ; to model ; to imitate. 
2. To serve as an example for ; also, to parallel. 

To pattern after, to imitate ; to follow. 



Pat'ty(pSt'ty),n. [Y.pate. SeePABTY.] A little pie. 

Pat'ty-pan (-pan'), n. A pan for baking patties. 

Pat'u-lous (pSt/u-lfis), a. [L. patulus, It. patere to 
be open, extend.] Open ; expanded ; slightly spreading. 

Pau'ci-ty (pa'sT-tJ), n. [L. puucilas, fr. paucus few, 
little.] 1. Fewness ; smalluess of number ; scarcity. 
2. Sinallness of quantity ; insufficiency. 

Pau'gie I (pa/gy), n. [Corrupt, of Amer. Indian mi*h- 

Pau'gy ( cuppauoij. See Sclp.] (Zool.) The Bcup. 

Paul (pal), n. See Pawl. 

Paul, n. An Italian silver coin. See Paolo. 

Pau'line (pa'lin), a. [L. Paulinus, fr. Puulus Paul.] 
Of or pertaining to the apostle Paul, or his writings. 

Paul'ist (pal'Tst), n. (£. C. Ch.) A member of The 
Institute of the Missionary Priests of St. Paul the Apos- 
tle, founded in 1858. 

Paunch (panch or panch), n. [OF. panche, L. pan- 
lex, panlicis.l (Anut.) The belly and its contents; the 
abdomen ; also, the first stomach of ruminants. 

Pau'per (pa'per), n. [L. See Poor.] A poor per- 
son ; esp., one dependent on private or public charity. 

Pau'per-ism (-Iz'm), n. State of being a pauper; 
state of paupers as a class. 

Syn. — Poverty; penury; destitution. See Poverty. 

Pau'per-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. Act of pauperizing. 

Pau'per-ize (pa'per-iz), v. t. To reduce to pauperism. 

Pause (paz), n" [F., fr. L. pausa. See Pose.] 1. A 
temporary stop or rest ; interruption ; suspension ; ces- 
sation. 2. Temporary inaction or waiting ; hesitation ; 
suspense ; doubt. 3. A brief arrest or suspension of 
voice in reading or speaking ; also, a mark in printing to 
indicate the place and nature of such a pause ; punctu- 
ation mark. 4. (Mus.) A hold. See 4th Hold, 7. 

Pause, v- i. [imp. & p. p. Paused (pazd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Pausing.] 1. To stop or cease for a time ; to in- 
termit speaking or acting ; to stop ; to wait ; to rest. 
2. To hesitate ; to delay. [R.~\ 

Syn.— To intermit; stay; tarry: hesitate; demur. 

Pave (pav), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Paved (pavd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Paving.] [F. paver to pave, LL. pavqre, fr. L. 
pavire to beat or tread down.] To lay or cover, as a 
street, path, or floor, with brick, stone, cement, or other 
solid material in order to make a firm surface for per- 
sons, horses, or vehicles to go upon. Also used fig. 

Pave'ment (paVmeut), n. That with which anything 
is paved ; a floor or covering of solid material for travel- 
ing upon ; a paved road or sidewalk ; a tiled floor. 

Pav'er (pav'er), n. One who lays pavement. 

Pav'ier (paVyer), n. A paver. 

Pa-Vil'ion (pa-viPyiin), n. [F. pavilion, fr. L. papilio 
a butterfly, also, a tent.] 1. A temporary movable hab- 
itation ; large tent ; marquee ; esp., a tent raised on posts. 
2. (Arch.) A single body or mass of building, contained 
within simple walls and a single roof. 3. A covering ; 
a canopy ; fig., the sky. [in, a tent or tents. I 

Pa-vLl'ion, v. t. To furnish or cover with, or shelter | 

Pav'ing (paving), 71. 1. Act or process of laying a 
pavement. 2. A pavement. 

Pav'ior (-yer), 71. 1. One who paves. 2. A rammer 
for driving paving stones. 3. A brick or slab for paving. 

Pa-vise' (pa-vez'), n. [OF. pavaix.] (Mil. Antiq.) 
A large shield covering the whole body. 

Pav'0-nine (pav'o-nin), a. [L. pavo- 
ninus, fr. pavo a peacock.] 1. (Zool.) 
Like, or pertaining to, the peacocks, or 
a peacock. 2. Resembling in colors a 
peacock's tail ; iridescent. 

Paw (pa). 71. [OE. pawe, pone, 
OF. poe.) " 1. Foot of a quadruped 
having claws. 2. The hand. [Jocose] 

Paw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pawed 
(pad); p. pr. & vb. n. Pawing.] 1. 
To pass the paw over : to stroke with J 
the paws ; hence, to handle fondly or 
rudely. 2. To scrape or beat with the ^~~3^ 
forefoot. p " 

Paw, v. i. To draw the forefoot "vise, 

along the ground ; to beat or scrape with the forefoot. 

Pawl (pal), 71. [W. pawl pole, stake.] (Mach.) A 
pivoted tongue, or sliding bolt, on one part of a machine, 
adapted to fall into notches, or spaces, on another part, 
so as to permit motion in one direction and prevent it in 
the reverse ; catch, click, or detent. 

Pawl, v. t. To stop with a pawl ; to drop the pawls of. 

Pawn (pan), n. [OF. peon, poon, LL. pedo a foot 
soldier, fr. L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Chess.) A man or piece 
of the lowest rank. 

Pawn, n. [OF. pan pledge, assurance, skirt, piece, 




fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PAWN 



600 



PEARL 



fr. L. paniMMi See Tank.] 1. Anything delivered or 
deposited as security, as for the payment of money bor- 
rowed, oi of a debt ; a pledge. 2. State of being pledged. 

Pawn U\au), r. /. [imp. & p. p. Fawned (pfffidj ; p. pr. 
& vb. u. Fawning.] To give or deposit in pledge, or as 
security for the payment of money borrowed ; to put in 
pawn : to pledge ; hence, to stake ; to ha. aid. 

Pawn'bro ker (4»rB kSri, n. One who makes a busi- 
ness of lending money on the security of personal prop- 
erty pledged or deposited in his keeping. 

Pawn'bro king, n. The business of a pawnbroker. 

Pawn-ee' (pfp-SQ, n. Oue to whom a pledge is de- 
livered as security. 

Pawn'er (nira), } n. {Lair) One who pawns or 

Pawn-or' [pf)n-6r / ) 1 J pledges anything as security. 

Paw paw' (pf) pa'), «• (Bot.) See Papaw. 

Pax (pftks), n. [L. p<u peace. See Feace.] 1. (Eccl.) 
The kiss of peace ; also, the embrace in the sanctuary 
now substituted for it at High Mass in Roman Catholic 
churches. 2. (P. C. Ch.) A tablet or board, on which 
is a represeutatiou of Christ, of the Virgin Mary, or of 
some saint, and which, in the Mass, was kissed by the 
priest and then by the people, in mediaeval times ; an 
osculatory. 

Pax'wax' (pSks'wSks'), n. [For fax wax, fr. AS. feaz 
hair ■{- ueaxau to grow.] (Anal.) The strong ligament 
of the back of the neck in quadrupeds. 

Pax'y-wax y (-y-waks'y), n. (Anat.) See Paxwax. 

Pay (pa), v. t. [OF. peter, fr. L. picare to Hitch, pix 
pitch.] (Xaut.) To cover with tar, pitch, ■ a water- 
proof composition ; to smear. 

Pay, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Paid (pad 1 * ,*p. pr. & vb. n. 
Paying.] [F. payer, fr. L. pacare tt' pacify, appease, 
fr. pax. pads, peace.] 1. To satisfy, or content ; specif., 
to satisfy for service rendered, property delivered, etc. ; 
to compensate ; to remunerate ; to recompense. 2. 
Hence, fig. : To requite ; to reward or punish. 3. To dis- 
charge, as a debt or obligation, by giving or doing what 
is due or required. 4. To discharge or fulfill, as a duty. 
5. To give or offer without an implied obligation. 

To pay off. (a) To make compensation to and discharge. 
(b> To retort or revenge upon; to punish, (c) To allow 
to run off : to unwind. —To pay out (Xaut.), to pass out ; 
hence, to slacken ; to allow to run out. 

Pay, v. i. 1. To discharge a debt ; to recompense ; to 
requite. 2. Hence, to be remunerative or profitable. 

Pay, n. 1. Satisfaction; content. 2. An equivalent 
or return for money due, goods purchased, or services 
performed ; salary or wages ; recompense ; payment. 

Pay'a-ble (pa'a-b'l), a. 1. That may, can, or should 
be paid. 2. (Law) (a) That may be discharged or 
settled by delivery of value, (b) Matured ; now due. 

Pay-ee' (pa-e'), n. The person to whom money, or a 
bill or note, is to be, or has been, paid. 

Pay'er (pa'er), n. One who pays ; specifically, the per- 
son by whom a bill or note has been, or should be, paid. 

Pay'mas'ter (pa'mas'ter), n. One who pays ; specif., 
an officer or agent whose duty it is to pay salaries, wages, 
etc., and keep account of the same. 

Pay'ment (payment), n. 1. Act of paying. 2. That 
which is paid ; reward ; recompense : requital ; return. 

Pay'nim (pa'nTm), n. & a. See Painim. 

Pea (pe), n. [OF. pets. See Poise.] The sliding 
weight on a steelyard. 

Pea. n. ; pi. Peas (pez) or Pease (pez). [OE. pese, 
fr. AS. pisa, or OF. peis, F. pais ; both fr. L. pisum. 
The final s was misunderstood in English as a plural 
ending.] 1. (Bol.) A plant and its fruit (of the genus 
Pisum) of many varieties, much cultivated for food. 

^T" When a definite number, more than one, is spoken 
of, the plural form peas is used ; as, nine peas ; but, in a 
collective sense, the form pease is preferred. 
2. Also (Southern U. S.), the seed of several other legumi- 
nous plants. 

8weet pea <Bot.), the annual plant Lathyrus odoratus ; 
also, its many-colored, sweet-scented blossoms. 

Peace (pes), n. [OF. pais, paiz, pes, L. pax, pads, 
akin to pacere,pacisd, to make an agreement.] State of 
quiet or tranquillity ; calm ; repose ; specif. : (a) Exemp- 
tion from, or absence of, war. (b) Public quiet, order, 
and content in obedience to law. (c) Tranquillity of mind 
or conscience. (d) Reconciliation ; harmony ; concord. 

Peace offering, (a) (Jewish Antiq.) A voluntary offering 
to God in token of devout homage and of a sense of 
friendly communion with Him. <b> A gift or service of- 
fered as satisfaction to an offended person. — Peace officer, 
a civil officer whose duty it is to preserve the public peace. 

Peace'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Being in or at peace; free 
from, or not disposed to, war, disorder, or excitement ; ! 



not quarrelsome. — Peace'a ble-ness (pes'a-b'1-ngs), n. 
— Peace'a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Peaceful; pacific; tranquil; quiet; mild; un- 
disturbed ; serene ; still. — Peaceable refers to the spirit 
or disposition of an individual, nation, etc., towards 
others ; peaceful, to its own internal condition irrespec- 
tive of others. 

Peace'ful (-fi.il), a. 1. Possessing or enjoying peace ; 
not disturbed by war, tumult, or anxiety. 2. Not dis- 
posed or tending to war, tumult, or agitation ; pacific ; 
mild. — Peace'ful-ly, adv. — Peace'ful-ness. n. 

Syn. — See Peaceable. 

Peace'maker (-niak'er), n. One who reconciles par- 
ties that are at variance. — Peace'mak ing, n. 

Peach (pech), v. I. [See Appeach, Impeach.] To 
accuse of crime ; to inform against. [Obs.~\ 

Peach, v. i. To turn informer ; to betray one's accom- 
plice. [Obs. or Cant] 

Peach, n. [OF. pesche, fr. LL. persica, L. Persicum 
(sc. malum), lit., Persian apple.] (Bot.) A well-known 
high-flavored juicy fruit ; also, the tree which bears it. 

Peach'-COl'ored (pecb'kuFerd), a. Of the color of a 
peach blossom. [peafowl. I 

Pea'chick' (pe'chTk'), n. (Zodl.) The chicken of the | 

Peach'y (pech'y), a. Resembling a peach or peaches. 

Pea'cock (pe'kok'), n. [OE. peeok. Pea- in this 
word is from AS. pea, pawa, peacock, fr. L. pavo, prob. 
of Oriental origin. See Cock the bird.] 1. (Zodl.) The, 
male of any pheasant RT ^ 

of the genus Pavo. 

ASP" The upper tail 
coverts are capable of 
erection, and are beau- 
tifully marked. 
2. Iu common usage, 
the speciesingeneral,or 
collectively ; a peafowl. 

Pea'fowl' (pe'fouF), 
n. (Zodl.) Any pheas- 
ant of the genus Pavo ; 
a peacock or peahen. 

Pea'hen' (pe'hgn'), 
n. (Zodl.) The female 
peafowl. 

Pea'-Jack'et (pe'- 
jSk'gt), n. [Prob. fr. 
D. pij, pije, a coat of 
a coarse woolen stuff.] 
A thick, loose woolen jacket, or coat, much worn by 
sailors in cold weather. 

Peak (pek), n. [AS. peac, perh. of Celtic origin.] 
1. A point ; the sharp end or top of anything that 
terminates in a point. 2. The top, or one of the tops, of 
a hill, mountain, or range, ending in a point ; often, the 
whole hill or mountain, esp. when isolated. 3. (Naut.) 

(a) The upper aftermost corner of a fore-and-aft sail. 

(b) The narrow part of a vessel's bow, or the part of the 
hold within it. (c) The extremity of an anchor fluke. 

Peak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peaked (pekt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Peaking.] 1. To rise or extend into a peak or 
point ; to appear as a peak. 2. To acquire sharpness 
of figure or features ; hence, to look thin or sickly. 3. 
[Cf . Peek.] To pry ; to peep slyly ; to peek. 

Peak, v. t. (Naut. ) To raise to a position perpendic- 
ular, or more nearly so. 

Peaked (pekt or pek'gd), a. 1. Pointed; ending in 
a point. 2. (Oftener pek'ed) Sickly; thin. [Colloq.~\ 

Peal (pel), n. [Abbrev. of F. appel a call, appeal, ruf- 
fle of a drum, fr. appeller to call, L. appellare. See Ap- 
peal.] 1. A loud sound, or a succession of loud sounds, 
as of bells, thunder, etc. 2. A set of bells tuned to each 
other ; also, the changes rung on such a set. 

Peal, v . i. [imp. & p. p. Pealed (peld) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Pealing.] 1. To utter or give out loud sounds. 2. 
To resound ; to echo. 

Peal, v. t. 1. To utter or give forth loudly ; to cause 
to give out loud sounds. 2. To assail with sound. 

Pe'an (pe'an), n. A song of triumph. See P,ean. 

Pea'nut (pe'niit), n. (Bol.) The well-known fruit of 
a trailing leguminous plant ; also, the plant itself. 

Pear (pSr), n. [AS. peru, L. pirum.} (Bot.) The 
fleshy pome, or fruit, of a rosaceous tree (Pyrus commu- 
nis) ; also, the tree which bears this fruit. [Pukl. I 

Pearl (perl), v. &v. Fringe or border. [06a.] See| 

Pearl stitch. See Purl stitch, under Pxjel. 

Pearl, n. [F. perle, LL. perla, prob. deriv. of L. 
pirum pear.] 1. (Zodl.) A shelly concretion, usually 
rounded, and of a brilliant luster, found in certain bivalve 
mollusks, esp. the pearl oysters and river mussels. Some 




Peacock. 



il ; e, I, o, fi, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u., y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PEARL 



601 



PEDESTAL 



Some pearls are prized as jewels. 2. Fig. : Something 
resembling a pearl ; something very precious. 3 Nacre, 
or mother-of-pearl. 4. (Print.) A size of type, between 
agate and diamond. 

OS"* This line is printed in the type called pearl. 

Pearl white, (a) Basic bismuth nitrate, or bismuth sub- 
chloride. (6) A variety of blued white lead. 

Pearl (perl), v. t. 1. To set or adorn with pearls, or 
with mother-of-pearl. Used also fig. 2. To cause to re- 
semble pearls ; to make into small rounded grains. 

Pearl, v. i. 1. To resemble pearl or pearls. 2. To 
dive or hunt for pearls. 

Pearl-a'ceous (perl-a'shus), a. Resembling pearl or 
mother-of-pearl ; pearly in quality or appearance. 

Pearl'ash' (perPash'), n. (Chem.) A substance ob- 
tained from wood ashes, and consisting principally of po- 
tassium carbonate, and having a strong alkaline reaction. 

Pearl'flsh' (-fish/), n. (Zool.) Any fish whose scales 
yield a pearl-like pigment used in making false pearls. 

Pearl'y (-y), a. 1. Containing pearls; abounding 
witlL, or yielding, pearls. 2. ResembUng pearl or pearls. 

Pear'main (par'nian), n. (Bot.) Any one of several 
kinds of apples. 

Peart (pert), a. [A variant of Pert, a.] Active ; live- 
ly ; brisk ; smart. [O. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.~\ 

Peas'ant (pez'ant), n. [OF. pa'isant, patsan, fr. pays 
country, fr. L. pagus the country. See Pagan.] A rus- 
tic ; esp. , one of the lowest class of tillers of the soil in 
European countries. 

Syn. — Countryman; rustic; swain: hind. 

Peas'ant-ry (-ry), ». Peasants, collectively. 

Peas'cod 7 (pez'kod/), n. The pod of the pea. 

Pease (pez), n. ; obs. pi. Peases (-ez), Peasen (-en). 
[See Pea.] 1. A pea. 2. A plural form of Pea. See Pea. 

Peat (pet), n. [Origin uncertain.] A substance of 
vegetable origin, partially decayed, forming a kind of turf 
or bog. It is often used for fuel. [in, peat. I 

Peat'y (pet'y), a. Like, composed of, or abounding I 

Pe'ba (pe'ba), n. [Cf. Pg. peba.~] (Zool.) A species 
of armadillo which is found from Texas to Paraguay. 

Peb'ble (pet/b'l), n. [AS. papolstan.'] 1. A small 
roundish stone ; esp. , a stone rounded by the action of 
water. 2. Transparent and colorless rock crystal. 

Peb'ble, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Pebbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Pebbling.] To grain (leather) so as to cover with small 
rounded prominences. [collectively. ] 

Peb'ble-stone' (-ston'), n. A pebble ; also, pebbles | 

Peb'bly (-bly), a. Full of pebbles ; pebbled. 

Pe-can' (pe-kSn'), n. [Cf. F. pacane the nut.] (Bot.) 
A species of hickory, growing in North America ; also, 
its fruit, a smooth, oblong nut. 

Pec/a-ry (pek'a-r^), n. (Zool.) See Peccary. 

Pec'ca-ble (pek'ka-b'l), a. [See Peccant.] Liable 
to sin. — Pec'ca-bil'i-ty (-bil'T-ty), n. 

Pec ca-dil'lo (-dll'lo), n. ; pi. Peccadillos (-loz). 
[Sp., dim. of pecado a sin, fr. L. peccatum. See Pec- 
cant.] A slight trespass ; a petty fault. 

Pec'can-cy (pSk'kan-s^), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being peccant. 2. A sin ; an offense. 

Pec'cant (-kant), a. [L. peccans, -antis, p. pr. of 
peccart to sin.] 1. Sinning; guilty of transgression ; 
criminal. 2. Morbid ; corrupt. — Pec'cant-ly, adv. 

Pec'ca-ry (-ka-r^), n. [From the native South Ameri- 
can name.] (Zool.) An American 
pachyderm about the size of a small 
hog. 

II Pec-ca'vl (pSk-ka'vi). [L.] I 
have sinned ; — used colloquially. 

Pec'co (pek'ko), n. See Pekoe. 

Peck (pek), n. [Etym. uncer- 
tain.] 1. The fourth part of a 
bushel ; a dry measure of eight 
quarts. 2. An indefinitely large 
quantity or number. 

Peck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Pecked (pekt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Pecking.] [See Pick, ».] 1. To strike or jab with the 
beak. 2. Hence : To strike, or dig into, with a pointed 
instrument, esp. with repeated quick blows. 3. To seize 
with, or as with, the beak ; to bite : to eat. 4. To make 
by striking with the beak or a pointed instrument. 

Peck, v. i. 1. To make strokes with the beak, or 
with a pointed instrument. 2. To pick up food with the 
beak ; hence, to eat. [stroke. I 

Peck (pek), 7i. Act of pecking; a quick, sharp] 

Peck'er (-er), n. 1. One that pecks. 2. A pick. 

Pec'ti-nal (-tT-nal), a. [L. pecten comb.] Of or per- 
taining to a comb ; resembling a comb. 




Collared Peccary. 



Pec'tl-nate (pSk'tl-nit), i a. [L. pecHnahu, p. p. t 

Pec'tl-nated (-na'tSdj, J deriv. of pecten, -htU, a 
comb.] Resembling the teeth of a comb ; comblike. 

Pec'to-ral (-t6-r«l), a. [L. pectoralU, fr. pea 
the breast.] 1. Of or pertaining to the breast, or chest. 

2. Relating to, or good for, diseases of the chest or 
lungs. 3. (Zool.) Having the breast conspicuously 
colored. 

Pec'tO-ral, n. 1. A covering or protection for the 
breast. 2. (Eccl.) (a) A breastplate, esp. that worn by 
the Jewish high priest, (b) A clasp or a cross worn on 
the breast. 3. A medicine for diseases of the chest organs. 

Pec'ul (pgk'ul), n. See Piccl. 

Pec'u-late (pSk'6-Ht), v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Peculated 
(-la'tSd); p. pr. & vb. n. Peculating.] [L. peculari, 
p. p. -atus ; akin to E. peculiar.'] To appropriate to one's 
own use public property ; to embezzle. [lating. I 

Pec'U-la'tion (-la'shun), ii. Act or practice of pecu- 1 

Pec'u-la'tor (pgkju-la'ter), n. One who peculates. 

Pe-CUl'iar (pe-kul'yer), a. [L. peculiaris, fr. pe- 
culium private property ; akin to E. pecuniary.] 1. 
One's own ; belonging solely or especially to an individ- 
ual* 2. Particular ; individual ; special ; appropriate. 

3. Unusual ; singular ; rare ; strange. 

Syn. — Special ; especial. — Peculiar implies that a 
thing is distinctively one's own, and hence implies a 
degree of personal interest. Special and especial mark 
simply the relation of species to genus, and denote that 
there is so ething in this case more than ordinary. 

Pe-CUl'l* ? n. That which is peculiar ; a sole or ex- 
clusive property 

Pe-CUl'iar'i-t} (pe-kuFyar'T-tjf), n. 1. Quality or 
state of being pec .liar; individuality ; singularity. 2. 
That which is peculiar. [to set apart, [i?.] I 

Pe-CUl'iar-ize (pe-kul'yer-Iz), v. t. To make peculiar ; | 

Pe-CUl'iar-ly, adv. In a peculiar manner. 

Pe-cul'iar-ness , n . Quality or state of being peculiar. 

Pe-CUIi'ia-ry (pe-kun'ya-ry), a. [L. pecuniarily, fr. 
pecunia money, orig., property in cattle, iv.pecus cattle.] 
1. Relating to money ; monetary. 2. Consisting of 
money. — Pe-CUn'ia-rHy, adv. 

Ped'a-gOg'ic (ped'a-goj'Tk), n. See Pedagogics. 

Ped'a-gOg'ic (-goj'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to a 

Ped'a-gOg'ic-al (-T-kal), } pedagogue ; suited to, or 
characteristic of, a pedagogue. 

Ped'a-gog'ics (-Tks), n . The science or art of teaching. 

Ped'a-gOg-ism (ped'a-gog-Tz'm), n. System, occupa- 
tion, character, or manner of pedagogues. 

Ped'a-gOgue (ped'a-gog), n. [Through F. & L. fr. 
Gr. Tratfiaycoyos ; iralg, — aiSos, boy -f- ayeiv to guide.] 
1. (Gr. Antiq.) A slave who led his master's children to 
school, and had charge of them generally. 2. A teacher 
of children ; a schoolmaster. 3. One who by teaching 
has become formal, positive, or pedantic in his ways. 

Ped'a-gCgy (ped'a-go'jy), n. Pedagogism. 

Pe'dal, a. [L.pedalis, iv. pes, pedis, foot.] 1. (pe'dal) 
Of or pertaining to the foot, or to feet. 2. (pecPal) Of 
or pertaining to a pedal ; having pedals. 

Ped'al (pgd'al), n. (Mech.) A lever or key acted on 
by the foot, as in the organ ; a treadle, as in a bicycle. 

Ped'ant (ped'ant), n. [F. pedant, It. pedante, fr. G-r. 
iraiSeveiv to instruct, fr. irals boy.] 1. A schoolmaster. 
[06s.] 2. One who makes a vain display of learning. 

Pe-dan'tic (pe-dan'tTk), \ a. Of, pertaining to, or 

Pe-dan'tlC-al (-ti-kal), t characteristic of, a pedant ; 
ostentatious of learning. — Pe-dan'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Ped'ant-ry (ped'ant-ry), n. The acts or ways of a 
pedant ; vain ostentation of learning. 

Ped'ate (ped'at), a. [Deriv. of L. pes, pedis, a foot.] 
(Bot.) Palmate, with the 
lateral lobes cleft into two 
or more segments ; — said of 
a leaf. — Ped'ate-ly, adv. 

Ped'dle (ped'd'i). v. i. 
\_imp. & p. p. Peddled 
(-d'ld) ; p.pr. & vb. ». Ped- 
dling (-dling).] [From 
Peddler.] 1. To travel 
about, esp. from house to house, 
To do a small business ; to be busy about trifles. 

Ped'dle. v. t. To sell from place to place or house to 
house; to hawk ; hence, to retail in very small quantities. 

Ped'dler (-dler), n. [OE. pedlere, pedlare, also ped- 
dare, iv. OE. ped basket ; origin unknown.] One who 
peddles ; traveling trader ; hawker. [peddler. I 

Ped'dler-y (-y\ n. Trade, goods, or business, of a| 

Ped'es-tal (pSd'ea-tal), n. [Sp., fr. L. pes, pedis, 
foot — OHG. stal standing place, station ; akin to E. 




Pedate Leaf, 
with wares for sale. 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sins, ir l k i then, thin. 



N 



PEDESTRIAN 



002 



PELL 



Stat!.'] (Arch.) The base or foot of a column, statue, 
rase, lamp, or the like ; the structure on which a eoluimi, 
UlUSt. Of COLUMN.] 
Pe-des'tri-an (,pc-d0=.'trl-t/u), a. Going ou foot ; done 

Pe-des'tri-an, n. A walker ; oue who goes on foot. 

Pe-des'tri-an- ism (,-Ti'm), «. Art or practice of a 
.in. [travel ou foot. 

Pe-des'tri-an-ize (-is), ». «'• To practice walking ; to | 

Ped'i- (pMf-), Ped'o- (pSd**-). [See Foot.] Coin- 
biuiug forms from L. pes, pedis, foot ; as, jL>e</<palp. 

Ped'i-cel (pSdT-aeT), n. [F. pedicelle. fr. L. pediculus 
little foot. dim. of JW foot.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A stalk sup- 
porting one dower or fruit. See Flower, (b) A sleu- 
oer support of any special organ. 2. (Zoo!.) A slender 
stem bv which certain of the lower animals or their eggs 
in attached. 3. (Anat.) The part of a vertebra joining 
the neural arch to the centrum. See Vertebra. 

Ped'i-cle (-k'l), n. Same as Pedicel. [like a foot. I 

Ped'i-fornn.ped'T-form),a. [Pedi- + -form.] Shaped! 

Ped'i-gree (-gre), n. [Origin unknown.] A line or 
record of ancestors ; descent ; lineage ; genealogy. 

Ped'i-ment (ped'T-uient), n. [L. pes, pedis, foot. See 
Foot.] {Arch.) Orig., in classical architecture, the tri- 
angular space forming the gable of a simple roof ; hence, 
a similar form used as a decoration, as over porticoes, 
windows, etc. — Pedi men'tal (-lngn'tal), a. 

Ped'i-palp (ped'I-palp), n. [See Pedi-, and Palpus.] 
»ne of a division (Pedipalpi) of Arachnida hav- 
ing the second pair of mouth organs modified so as to 
be leglike or terminated by a claw, including whip scor- 
pions and allied forms. 

Pedlar, Pedler (pgdler), n. See Peddler. 

Pe do-bap' tism (pe / d6-Mp , tiz'm), n. [Gr. 7raZs, 
?rai66?, child -f- E. baptism. ] Baptism of infants or 
small children. [tism. I 

Pe do-bap'tist (-tist), n. One who holds to pedobap- 1 

Pe-dom'e-ter (pe-dom'e-ter), n. [Pedi-, pedo- + -me- 
ter. ~\ (Mech.) An instrument for indicating the number 
of steps taken in walking. 

Pe-dun'cle (pe-dun'k'l), n. [Deriv. of L. pes, pedis, 
a foot.] 1. (Bot.) The stem or stalk that sup- 
ports the flower or fruit of a plant, or a cluster 
of flowers or fruits. 2. (Zool.) A sort of stem 
by which certain shells and barnacles are at- 
tached to other objects. 3. (Anat.) A band of 
nervous or fibrous matter connecting different 
parts of the brain. [ported on, a peduncle. I 

Pe-dun'cled (-k'ld), a. Having, or sup-| 

Pe-dun'cu-lar (-ku-ler), a. Of or pertaining 
to a peduncle ; growing from a peduncle. 

Pe-dun'CU-iate (-ku-lat), i a. Having a 

Pe-dun'cu-la'ted (-la'tgd), j peduncle; 
growing on a peduncle. 

Peek (pek), v. i. [OE. piken.~] To look 
slyly ; to peep. [Colloq.] [peep. I redun- 

Peek'a-DOO (-a-boo), n. A child's game ; bo- | w * 

Peel (pel), n. [F. pelle, L. pala.] A spadelike or 
paddle-shaped implement, variously used ; also, a T- 
shaped implement used by printers and bookbinders. 

Peel, v. t. [F. piller to pillage. See Pill to rob.] 
To pillage. [06s.] 

Peel, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Peeled (peld) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Peeling.] [F. peler to pull out the hair, to peel, fr. 
L. pilore to deprive of hair, fr. pilus a hair.] 1. To strip 
off the skin, bark, or rind of ; to flay ; to decorticate. 
2. To strip or tear off ; to remove by stripping. 

Peel, v . i. To lose the skin, bark, or rind ; to come 
off. as the skin, bark, or rind does. 

Peel. n. The skin, bark, or rind. 

Peel'er (pel'er), n. One who peels. 

Peel'er, n. A nickname for a policeman ; — so called 
from Sir Robert Peel. [British Slang'] 

Peen (pen), n. [Cf. G. pinne pane of a hammer.] 
(a) A round-edged, or hemispherical, end to the head of 
a hammer or sledge. (6) The sharp-edged end of the 
head of a mason's hammer. 

Peep (pep), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Peeped (pept) : p. pr. 
& vb. ri. Peeping.] [Of imitative origin.] 1. To cry, 
a- a chicken hatching or newly hatched ; to chirp ; to 
cheep. 2. To begin to appear; to look forth from con- 
cealment. 3. To look cautiously or slyly ; to peer. 

Peep, n. 1. Act of peeping. Specif. : (a) The cry of 
a young chicken ; a chirp, (b) First outlook or appear- 
2. A sly look; a peek. 3. (Zool.) (a) Any small 
sandpiper, (b) The European meadow pipit. 

Peep'er (pSpfSr), n. 1. A chicken; a young bird. 
2. A prying person ; a spy. 3. The eye. [Slang] 



Pee'pnl tree' (pe'piil tre 7 ). [Hind, plpal, Skr. pip. 
pala.] (Bot.) A sacred tree of the Buddhists (Ficus 
religiosa), which attains great size. 

Peer (per), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peered (perd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Peering.] [OF. parir, pareir, equiv. to 
L. parere.] 1. To appear. [Poetic] 2. [Etym. uncer- 
tain.] To look narrowly or curiously or intently ; to peep. 

Peer, n. [OE. per, OF. per, fr. L. par equal.] 1. One 
of the same rank, endowments, etc. ; equal ; match ; 
mate. 2. A comrade ; associate. 3. A nobleman. 

House of Peers, The Peers, the British House of Lords. 
— Spiritual Peers, the bishops and archbishops, or lords 
spiritual, who sit in the House of Peers, or Lords. 

Peer'age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. Rank or dignity of a peer. 
2. The nobility, collectively. 

Peer'ess, n. The wife of a peer ; a woman ennobled 
in her own right, or by right of marriage. 

Peerless (perles). a. Having no peer or equal.— 
Peer'less-ly, adv. — Peerless-ness, n. 

Peert (pert), a. Same as Peart. 

Pee'vish (pe'vish), a. [OE. pevische ; of uncertain 
origin.] 1. Habitually fretful ; apt to complain ; petu- 
lant. 2. Expressing fretfulness and discontent. — Pee / - 
vish-ly, adv. — Pee'vish-ness, n. 

Syn. — Querulous ; cross : ill-tempered ; testy ; cap- 
tious ; discontented. See Petulant. 

Pee'vit (pe'vit), Pee'wit (-wit), n. (Zool.) See Pewit. 

Peg (peg), n. [OE. pegge.] A wooden pin or nail. 

Peg, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Pegged (pegd) ; p. pr. & ^6; 
n. Pegging.] 1. To put pegs into ; to fasten with, or as 
with, pegs. 2. (Cribbage) To score with a peg. 

Peg, v. i. To work diligently, as one who pegs shoes. 

Peg'ger (peg'ger), n. ' One who fastens with pegs. 

Peg'ma-tite (-ma-tit), n. [From Gr. irfiy^a some- 
thing fastened together, in allusion to the quartz and feld- 
spar in graphic granite.] (31in.) (a) Graphic granite. 
(b) More generally, a coarse granite occurring in veins. 

Pe-jor'a-tive (pe-jor'a-tiv), a. [F. pejoratif, fr. L. 
pejor, used as compar. of malus evil.] Implying or im- 
puting evil ; depreciatory ; disparaging ; unfavorable. 

Pek'oe (pek'6 or pe'ko), n. [Chin, pih-haou.] A 
kind of black tea. 

Pel'age (pel'aj ; 48), n. [F. pelage, fr. L. pilus hair.] 
(Zool.) The covering, or coat, of a mammal. 

Pe-la'gi-an (pe-la'ji-an), a. [L. pelagius, Gr. ttcAoi- 
■yio?, fr. ne\ayos the sea.] Marine ; pelagic. 

Pe-la'gi-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Pelagius, 
a British monk, who denied the doctrines of hereditary 
sin, of the connection between sin and death, and of con- 
version through grace. 

Pe-la'gi-an-ism (-Iz'm), n. The doctrines of Pelagius. 

Pe-lag'ic (-laj'ik), a. Of or pertaining to the ocean ; 
esp., the ocean distant from coasts. 

Pel / ar-gO'ni-um (pel'ar-go'nT-um), a. [NL., fr. Gr. 
irekapyos a stork.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants of the 
order Geraniacese, differing from the Geranium in hav- 
ing a spurred calyx and irregular corolla. 

Pe-las'gi-an (pe-las'jl-an), ) a. 1. Of or pert, to the 

Pe-las'gic (pe-laVjik), j Pelasgians, an ancient 
roving people of Greece. 2. (Zool.) Wandering. 

PePe-can (pel'e-kan), n. (Zool.) See Pelican. 

Pel'er-ine (pel'er-In or -en), n. [F. pelerine a tippet, 
fr. pelerin pilgrim, fr. L. peregrinus alien.] A woman's 
cape ; esp., a fur cape longer in front than behind. 

Pelf (pelf), n. [OE. i)elfir booty, OF. pel/re, akin to 
pelfrer to plunder.] Money; riches; lucre; gain; — 
generally conveying the idea of something ill-gotten or 
worthless. It has no plural. 

P elfish, a. Of or pertaining to pelf. 

PePi-can (pel'T-kan), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
neXeK&v, woodpecker, also a kind of 
pelican, fr. nekeicav to hew with an 
ax, fr. 7re'A.eKu? ax.] 1. (Zool.) Any 
one of several species of large, web- 
footed birds which 
have attached to 
the bill a pouch for 
storing fishes. 

Pe-lisse' (pe- 

les'), n. [F. , deriv. 

of L. pellis a skin.] 

An outer garment 

of fur, or lined with 

fur; a lady's outer 

garment, made of Spectacled Pelican (Pelecanus con- 

silk or other fabric. spicillatus). 

Pell (pel), n. [OF. pel, L. pellis a skin.] 1. A skin 
or hide. 2. A roll of parchment ; a parchment record. 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, H, f, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 5bey, Unite, care, arm, aek, all, final. 



PELLET 



603 



PENITENTIARY 




Pellet (pSllgt), u. [F. pelote, deriv. of L. pila a ball.] 
A little ball. 

Pelll-Cle (pgl'lT-k'l), n. [L. pellicula, dim. of pellis 
akin.] A thin skin or film. 

Pelli-tO-ry (pgl'lT-to-rjf), n. [OF. paritoire, L. pari- 
etaria, deriv. of paries, parielis, a wall.] (Bot.) Any 
one of the several species of the genus Parieturia, — low, 
harmless weeds of the Nettle family. 

Pel'li-tO-ry, n. [Sp. peliire, fr. L. pyrethrum, fr. Gr. 
7rvpe6pov a hot spicy plant, fr. nip fire.] (Bot.) (a) A 
composite plant (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) of the Mediter- 
ranean region., having finely divided leaves and whitish 
flowers. (b) The similar plant feverfew. 

Pell'-mell' (pel'mgl'), n. See Pall-mall. 

Peli'mell', adv. [F. pele-mele.] In utter confusion ; 
with confused violence. 

Pel-lu'cld (pel-lu'sid), a. [L. pellucidus ; per (see 
Pes-) -}- lucidus clear, bright.] Transparent ; clear ; 
limpid ; translucent ; not opaque. — Pel-lu'cid-ly, adv. 

Pellu-cid'i-ty (pel'lu-sld'i-ty), \n. Quality or state 

Pel-lu'cid-ness (pgl-lu'sid-ngs), ) of being pellucid. 

Pelt (pSlt), n. [Etym. uncertain.] The skin of a beast 
with the hair on, either raw or cured. 

Pelt, v. t. limp. & p. p. Pelted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Pelting.] [OE. pelten, pulten, pilten, to thrust, throw, 
strike ; origin uncertain.] 1. To assail with pellets or 
missiles. 2. To use as a missile. 

Pelt, n. A blow or stroke from something thrown. 

Pel'tate (pel'tat), ) a. [From L. pelta a shield, Gr. 

Pel'ta-ted (-ta-tgd), J neAry.] Shield- 
shaped ; (Bot. )having the stem or support at- 
tached to the lower surface, instead of at the 
base or margin.— Pel'tate-ly (-tat-ly), adv. 

Pelt'ry (pelt'ry), n. [F. pelleterie.] 
Pelts or skins, collectively ; furs, [pelvis. I 

Pel'vic (pgl'vik), a. Of or pert, to the | 

Pel'vis (pel'vis), n. [L., a basin, laver.j 
(Anat.) The cartilaginous or bony arch (the v 
pelvic arch) by which the hind limbs of ^ eltate 1 ^ eaI - 
vertebrates are articulated to the rest of the skeleton, 
together with the vertebrae to which it is attached. 

Pem'mi-can (pgm'niT-kan), n. Among the North 
American Indians, meat cut in thin slices, divested of fat, 
and dried in the sun. Also, such meat pounded, mixed 
with fat, and compressed in cakes or bags. 

Pen (pen), n. [OF. penne, pene, fr. L. penna.] 1. 
A feather; also, a wing. [Obs.~\ 2. An instrument 
used for writing with ink, formerly made of a reed, or of 
the quill of a bird. Also, a stylus or other instrument for 
scratching or graving. 3. Fig. : A writer, or his style. 

Pen, v. t. limp. & p. p. Penned (pend) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Penning.] To write ; to compose and write down. 

Pen, f. t. [imp. & p. p. Penned (pend) or Pent 
(pgnt) : p. pr. & vb. n. Penning.] [AS. pennan in on- 
pennan to unfasten ; prob. akin to pin.'] To shut up, as 
in a pen or cage ; to coop up, or shut in ; to inclose. 

Pen, n. A small inclosure. 

Pe'nal (pe'nal), a. [L. poenalis, fr. poena punish- 
ment.] Of or pertaining to punishment, to penalties, or 
to crimes and offenses : as : (a) Enacting or threatening 
punishment, (b) Incurring punishment ; subject to a 
penalty, (c) Inflicted as punishment ; used as a means 
of punishment. — Pe'nal-ly , adv. 

Pe'nal-ize (pe'nal-iz), v. t. To make penal. 

Pen'al-ty (pgn'al-ty), n. 1. Penal retribution ; pun- 
ishment for crime or offense. 2. Forfeiture; fine. 3. 
A handicap. ISporting Cant] 

Pen'ance (pgn'ans), n. [OF. penance, peneance, L. 
paenitentia repentance. See Penitence.] 1. Repent- 
ance. lObs.] 2. (Eccl.) A means of obtaining the re- 
mission of sins by the performance of expiatory rites, 
voluntary submission to punishment, etc. 

Pen'ance, v. t. To impose penance on. 

li Pe-na'tes (pe-na'tez), n. pi. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) 
The household gods of the ancient Romans. 

Pence (pens), n., pi. of Penny. See Penny. 

H Pen chant' (paN'shaN'), n. [F., fr. pencher to 
bend.] Inclination ; decided taste ; bias. 

Pen'cil (pen'sil), n. [OF. pincel, deriv. of L. penis a 
tail.] 1. A small, fine brush used by painters. 2. A 
slender piece of black lead, slate, etc., used for drawing or 
writing. 3. Fig. : An artist's ability or peculiar manner. 
4. A collection of lines or rays having a common point. 

Pen'cil, i . t. limp. & p. p. Penciled (-slid) or Pen- 
cilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Penciling or Pencilling.] To 
write or mark with a pencil ; to paint or draw. 

Pen'ciled (pen'sild), a. 1. Painted, drawn, or marked 
with, or as with, a pencil. 2. Radiated. 



Pen'craft' (pgn'kraff), n. 1. Penmanship; skill in 
writing. 2. Art of literary composition. 

Pend'ant (pgnd'ant), n. [F., orig. p. pr. of p'ndre 
to hang, L. peialere.] 1. Something which hangs or de- 
pends ; something suspended ; a hanging ornament or dec- 
oration; also, an appendix or addition. 2. (Fine Arts) 
One of a pair ; a counterpart. [pendent or pending. I 

Pend'en-cy (-«?n-sy), n. Quality or state of being! 

Pend'ent (peud'ent), a. [L. pendens, -entis, p. pr. of 
pendere to haug.] 1. Supported from above; depend- 
ing ; pendulous. 2. Jutting over ; overhanging. 

Pen-den'tive (pgn-dgn'tlv), a. [F. pendentij.] 
(Arch.) (a) The vaulted portion supporting a cupola in 
a building, (b) That part of a groined vault supported 
by, and springing from, one pier or corbel. 

Pend'lng(pgndlng), a. Not yet decided ; continuing. 

Pending, prep. During. 

Pen'du-lons (pgn'du-lusj, a. [L. pendulus, fr. pen- 
dere to hang.] 1. Depending ; hanging ; swinging. 2. 
Wavering, [i?.] 3. (Bot. ) Inclined downwards.— Pen'- 
du-lons-ly, adv. — Pen'du-lous ness n. 

Pen'du-lum (-lum), n. [NL., fr. L. pendulus. See 
Pendulous.) A body so suspended from a fixed point 
as to swing freely to and fro. 

Pen'e-tra-ble (pen'e-tra-b'n, a. Capable of being 
penetrated. — Pen' e-tra-biTi-ty (-bll'l-ty), Pen'e-tra- 
ble-ness, n. — Pen'e-tra-bly, adv. 

I! Pen'e-trali-a (-tra'lT-a), «. pi. [L.] 1. The inner- 
most parts, esp. of a temple or palace. 2. Hidden things 
or secrets ; privacy ; sanctuary. 

Pen'e- trance (pen'e-trans), ) n. Penetrating power 

Pen'e-tran-cy (-tran-sy), ] or quality. 

Pen'e-trant (pen'e-trant), a. Having power to enter 
or pierce ; penetrating ; sharp ; subtile. 

Pen'e-trate (-trat), v. l. limp. & p. p. Penetrated 
(-tra'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Penetrating.] [L. pene- 
irare, p. p. -atus ; akin to penitus inward, inwardly.] 
1. To enter into ; to pierce. 2. To affect profoundly ; 
to move deeply. 3. To pierce into by the mind ; to dis- 
cern the secret or mystery of ; to understand. 

Pen'e-trate, V. i. To pass ; to make way ; to pierce. 

Pen'e-tra'tion (-tra'shun), n. Act or process of pen- 
etrating ; also, the mental faculty of penetrating. 

Syn. — Discernment ; sagacity ; acuteness ; sharpness ; 
oUscrimination. See Sagacity. 

Pen'e-tra-tive (-trt-tiv), a. Tending to penetrate; 
having a penetrating quality. — Pen'e-tra-tive-ness, n. 

Pen'gnin (pen'gwTn), n. [Origin uncertain.] 1. 
(Zo'61.) Any one of an order of marine birds which are 
covered with short, thick feathers, almost scalelike on 
the wings, which are without true quills. They are un- 
able to fly, but use their wings to aid in diving. 2. (Bot. ) 
The egg-shaped fleshy fruit of a West Indian plant of 
the Pineapple family ; also, the plant itself. 

Pen'hold'er (pen'hold'er), n. A handle for a pen. 

Pen'i-cil (pgn'T-sil), n. [L. penicillum, penicillus, 
prop., a painter's brush.] (Sled.) A tent or pledget for 
wounds or ulcers. 

Pen i-cil 'late (-sTllat), a. (Biol.) Having the form 
of a pencil ; furnished with a pencil of fine hairs. 

Pen-in'SU-la (pen-Tn'su-la ; 135), n. [L., fr. paene 
almost -{- insula island.] A portion of land nearly sur- 
rounded by water, and connected with a larger body by 
a neck, or isthmus. — Pen-in'SU-lar (-ler), a. 

Pe'nis (pe'nis), n. [L.] (Anat.) Male generative organ. 

Pen'i-tence (pen'I-t<rns), n. Quality or state of being 
penitent ; sorrow for sins or faults. 

Pen'i-tent (-t^nt), a. [Through F. fr. p. pr. of L. 
paenitere, poenitere, to cause to repent, to repent.] 
Sincerely affected by a sense of guilt, and resolved on 
amendment of life ; repentant ; contrite. 

Penl-tent, n. 1. One who repents of sin. 2. One 
under church censure, but admitted to penance. 3. One 
under the direction of a confessor. 

Pen'i-ten'tial (-ten'shal), a. Of or pertaining to pen- 
itence, or to penance ; expressing penitence. 

Penl-ten'tia-ry (-sha-ry). a. 1. Relating to penance, 
or to the rules and measures of penance. 2- Expressive 
of penitence. 3. Used for punishment, discipline, and 
reformation. 

Pen'1-ten'tla-ry. n. 1. A small building in a monas- 
tery where penitents confessed. 2. That part of a 
church to which penitents were admitted. 3. (R. C. 
Ch.) An office of the papal court which examines cases 
of conscience, confession, absolution from vows, etc., 
and delivers decisions, dispensations, etc. 4. A house 
of correction, in which offenders are confined for pun- 
ishment, discipline, and reformation. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PENITENTLY 



604 



PENURIOUSNESS 




Three Forms of Pen- 
nants. 



Penl-tent-lyU* 11 '^ 1 ' ut-lyV''"'''- In a penitent manner. 

Penknife [pSn'nll \ n> A small pocketknife; for- 
merly. ■ knife used for making and mending quill pens. 

Pcu'man (•man), n. One who uses the pen ; a writer 
or writing mister; also, an author. 

Pen'man-ship. n. The use of the pen iu writing ; the 
i mi; ; ^tyle or manner of writing; chirography. 

Pen'nant (-mint), n. [OP, pawn, fr. L. penna 
feather.] (Xaut.) (a) A small 
flag ; pennon. (o) A rope or strap 
to which a purchase is hooked. 

Pen'nate v p?n'nat), ) a. 

Pen'na-ted (pgn'ud-tgd), J [L. 
tua feathered, winged, fr. 
leather, wing.] Winged ; 
plume-shaped ; pinnate. 

Pen'ni-less (pen'nl-lgs), a. 
[From Pes ny.] Destitute of 
money ; poor. — Pen'ni-less- 
ness. n. [a pinion, j 

Pen'non (pgn'nun), n. A wing ; j 

Pen'non, n. [See Pennant.] A flag or streamer. 

Pen'ny (pgn'nj'), a. [Perh. a corruption of pun, for 
pound.] Denoting pound weight for one thousand 
(nails) ; — used in combination. 

Pen'ny, n. ; pi. Pennies (-nlz) or Pence (pens). Pen- 
nies denotes the number of coins; pence the amount of 
pennies in value. [AS. penig, pening, pending ; akin to 
G. pfennig ; of uncertain origin.] 1. An English coin, 
formerly of copper, now of bronze, the twelfth part of 
an English shilling in account value, and equal to about 
two cents. 2. Any small sum or coin. 3. Money, in 
general. 4. (Script.) See Denarius. 

Penny post, a post carrying a letter for a penny ; also, a 
mail carrier. — Fenny wise, wise or prudent only in small 
matters ; saving small sums while losing larger. 

Pen'ny (pgn'ny), a. Worth or costing one penny. 

Pen'ny-a-lin'er (-a-lln'er), n. One who furnishes 
matter to public journals at so much a line ; a hack writer. 

Pen'ny-roy'al (-roi'al), n. [A corruption of OE. pul- 
iall royal. OE. puliall is fr. L. puleium, or pulegium 
regiuin (so called as being good against fleas), fr. pulex a 
flea ; and royal is a translation of L. regium, in puleium 
regiuin.'] (Bot.) An aromatic herb (Mentha Pulegium) 
of Europe ; also, a North American plant (Hedeoma 
pulegioides) resembling it in flavor. 

Pen'ny-weight' (-wat/), n. A troy weight containing 
twenty-four grains, or the twentieth part of an ounce. 
It was anciently the weight of a silver penny. 

Pen'ny- worth 7 (-wfirth/ ; colloq. pgn'nurth), n. 1. As 
much as can be bought for a penny. 2. Hence : Due re- 
turn for money laid out ; bargain. 3. A trifle. [ogy. I 

Pe-nol/o-gist (pe-nol'6-gist), n. One versed in penol- 1 

Pe-nol'O-gy (-jy), n. [Gr. 77011/17, or L. poena, punish- 
ment -f- -logy.] The science or art of punishment. 

Pen'sUe (pen'sTl), a. [L. pensilis, fr. pendere to 
hang.] Hanging; pendent. — Pen'sile-ness, n. 

Pen'sion (pen'shun), n. [F., fr. L. pensio payment, 
fr. pendere, pensum, to weigh, to pay ; akin to pendere 
to hang.] 1. A stated allowance to a person in consid- 
eration of past services, esp. one from the government 
to retired public officers, disabled soldiers, etc. 2. A 
sum of money paid to a clergyman in lieu of tithes. 
[£ng.] 3. (pas'syQN') A boarding house or boarding 
school in France, Belgium, Switzerland, etc. 

Pen'sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pensioned (-shund) ; 
p. or. & vb. n. Pensioning.] To grant a pension to. 

Pen'sion-a-ry (-a-rjf ), a. 1. Maintained by a pension ; 
receiving a pension. 2. Consisting of a pension. 

Pen'sion-a-ry, n. 1. One who receives a pension ; a 
pensioner. 2. A municipal magistrate in Holland. 

Pen'sion-er (-er), n. 1. One in receipt of a pension ; 
hence, fig., a dependent. 2. One of a band of gentle- 
men who attend the British sovereign on state occasions, 
and receive a pension. 3. [Cf. F.pensionnaire one who 
pays for his board.] In the university of Cambridge, 
Engl a nd , one who pays for his living in commons. 

Pen'sive (-sTv), a. [F. pensif, fr. penser to think, fr. 

I-. peasare to weigh, ponder, consider, v. intens. fr. pen- 

eigh.] 1. Thoughtful, sober, or sad ; favorable 

to musing. 2. Expressing or suggesting thoughtfulness 

with sadness. — Pen'sive-ly, adv. — Pen'sive-ness, n. 

Pen'stock' (pgn'stoV), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A 

mdnit for conducting water. 2. The barrel of a 

wooden pump. [or shut up ; confined. I 

Pent (pgnt), p. p. or a. [From Pen, v. t.] Penned! 

Pen'ta- fpSn'ti-). [Gr. nei/Ta-, a later combining form 

vn five.] A combining form denoting five. 



Pentalpha. 



Pen ta-cap'su lar (p6u'ta-kSp'su-ler), a. [Penhx- -f 
capsular.] (Bot.) Having five capsules. 

Pen'ta chord (pgn'ta-k6rd), n. [Deriv. of Gr. nepra- 
five -j- \opSr) string.] 1. An ancient instrument of mu- 
sic with five strings. 2. An order or system of five sounds. 

Pen'ta-Cle (pgn'ta-k'l), n. [Gr. nevre five.] A figure 
composed of two equilateral triangles intersecting so as 
to form a six-pointed star. 

Pen ta-cros'tic (pen'ta-krSs'tik), n. [Penta,- -f acros- 
tic] A set of verses so disposed that the name forming 
the subject of the acrostic occurs five times. 

Pen'tad (pgn'tSd), n. [Gr. vevrds, -dSos, five, fr. 
ncvTe, a., five.] (Chem.) Any element, atom, or radical, 
having a valence of five. —a. Having a valence of five. 

Pen'ta-gon (-ta-gon), n. [Gr. irevrdytavov ; irevra- (see 
Penta-) -f- ywvCa angle.] (Geom.) A plane figure having 
five angles, and, consequently, five sides ; any figure hav- 
ing five angles. [ners or angles. I 

Pen-tag'O-nal (pgn-tag'o-nal), a. Having five cor-| 

Pen'ta-gram (pgn'ta-gram), n. [Gr. nevTaypap.fj.ov. 
See Penta-, and -gram.] A pentacle or a pentalpha. 

Pen ta-graph'ic (-grSf'ik), ) a. Corrupted fr. Pan- 

Pen ta graph'ic-al (-i-kal), J tographic, Panto- 
graphical. 

Pen'ta-he'dral (pgn'ta-he'dral), a. Having five sides. 

Pen'ta-he'dron (-he'dron), n. {JPenta- + Gr. eSpa 
seat, base.] A solid figure having five sides. 

II Pen-tal'pha (pgn-tSl'fa), n. [NL., fr. Gr. n-eVToA^o. 
See Penta- ; Alpha.] A five-pointed star 
resembling five alphas joined at the bases. 

Pen-tam'er-OUS ( pen-tam'er-us ), a. 
\_Penta- + Gr. /xe'pos part.] (Biol.) Di- 
vided into, or consisting of, five parts ; also, 
having parts arranged in sets of five. 

Pen-tam'e-ter (-e-ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
7revTdp.eTpos ; nevra- (see Penta-) -j- p.erpov 
measure.] (Gr. & L. Pros.) A verse of five feet. 

Pen'ta-Stich (pgn'ta-stTk), n. [Gr. TreyTaorixos of 
five verses ; nevra- (see Penta-) -J- cri'xos verse.] A com- 
position of five verses. 

Pen'ta-Style (-stll), a. \Penta- -f Gr. o-rvko? a pil- 
lar.] (Arch.) Having five columns in front. — n. A 
portico having five columns. 

Pen'ta-teuch (-tuk), n. [L. pentateuchus, Gr. irevrd- 
revxos ; irevra- (see Penta-) -f- revxos implement, a book, 
akin to revx eiv to prepare.] The first five books of the Old 
Testament, collectively. — Pen'ta-teu'chal (-tu'kal), a. 

Pen'te-COSt (-te-k5st ; 115), n. [L. pentecoste, Gr. 
ncvTqKocrrri (sc. y]p.ipa) fiftieth day, Pentecost, fr. Trevrrj- 
/coo-tos fiftieth, fr. nevT^KOVTa fifty, fr. irevre five.] 1. 
A solemn festival of the Jews ; — so called because cele- 
brated on the fiftieth day (seven weeks) after the second 
day of the Passover. By the later Jews it was generally 
regarded as commemorative of the gift of the law on the 
fiftieth day after the departure from Egypt. 2. A fes- 
tival of the Roman Catholic and other churches in com- 
memoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the 
apostles, which occurred on the day of Pentecost. 

Pen'te-COS'tal (-kos'tal), a. Of or pertaining to Pen- 
tecost or to Whitsuntide. 

Pent'house' (pent'hous'), n. [Corrupt, fr. obs. pen- 
tice, fr. F. appentis. See Append.] A shed or roof slop- 
ing from the main wall or building, as over a door ; a 
lean-to.— a. Leaning; overhanging. 

Pen'tile' (pen'tll 7 ), n. See Pantile. 

Pent'roof (pgnt'roof/), n. [F. pente slope + E. roof, 
or f rom penthouse roof.] See Lean-to. 

Pe'nult (pe'nQlt or pe-nult'), n. [For Penultima.] 
(Gram. & Pros.) The last syllable but one of a word. 

Pe-nnl'ti-ma (pe-nul'tT-ma), n. [L., fr. penultimus, 
paen-, last but one ; paene almost -j- ultimus last.] 
Same as Penult. [penult. T 

Pe-nul'ti-mate (-mat), a. Last but one. — n. The| 

Pe-num'bra (pe- 
num'bra), n. [NL., fr. 
L. paene almost -+- 
umbra shade.] 1. An 
incomplete or partial 
shadow. 2. ( Astron. ) 
The shadow cast, in an 
eclipse, where the light 
is partly, but not wholly, 
cut off by the intervening body.— Pe-num'bral (-bral), a. 

Pe nu'ri-ous (pe-nu'rT-Qs), a. 1. Characterized by 
penury ; excessively sparing in the use of money ; sordid ; 
niggardly. 2. Not bountiful or liberal; scanty. — Pe- 
nu'ri-ous-ly, adv. — Pe-nn'ri-ons-ness, n. [cious. 

Syn. — Covetous ; parsimonious ; stingy. See Avari- | 




Penumbra. 
S Sun ; M Moon ; CBDC Um- 
bra ; CBH CD1 Penumbra. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, $vent, Idea, 6bey, Unite, c4re, arm, ask, all, final. 



PENURY 



605 



PERCUSSION 




Pen'U-ry (pSn'u-ry), n. [L. penuria ; of uncertain 
origin.] Absence of resources ; want ; privation ; in- 
digence ; extreme poverty ; destitution. 

Pe'on (pe'on), n. [Sp. peon, or Pg. peUo, one who 
travels on foot, a foot soldier, a pawn in chess. See 
Pawn.] 1. A foot soldier ; a policeman ; also, an office 
attendant. [Indict] 2. A day laborer ; a servant ; esp., 
in some of the Spanish American countries, a debtor 
held by his creditor in a form of qualified servitude, to 
work out a debt. 3. (Chess) See 1st Pawn. 

Pe'O-ny (pe'6-n^), n. [OF. pione, L. paeonia, Gr. 
traiinvia, fr. IlaiW, llatdu, the god of healing.] (Bot.) 
A plant bearing large showy flowers ; also, its flower. 

Peo'ple (pe'p'l), n. [OF. pueple, fr. L. populus.] 

1. The collective body of persons who compose a com- 
munity, tribe, nation, or race. 

JSP" People is occasionally used in the plural form 
(peoples), in the sense of nations or races. 

2. Persons, generally ; folks. 3. The mass of a commu- 
nity, as distinguished from a special class; the com- 
monalty ; the vulgar. 4. With a possessive pronoun : 
(a) One's ancestors or family ; kindred ; relations, (b) 
One's subjects ; fellow citizens ; associates ; followers. 

Syn. — Nation. — We use people for the mass of the 
community of a state, as distinct from their rulers, and 
nation for the entire political body, including the rulers. 

Peo'ple, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Peopled (pe'p'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Peopling (pe'plTng).] To stock with people or 
inhabitants ; to fill as with people ; to populate. 

Pep'per (pSp'per), n. [AS. pipor, L. piper, fr. Gr. 
ire'rrepi, triirept. ; akin to Skr. 
pippala.] 1. A well-known, 
pungently aromatic condi- 
ment, the dried berry of 
an East Indian climbing 
plant (Piper nigrum). Also, 
the plant ; by extension, any 
plant of numerous related 
species. 2. Any plant of 
the genus Capsicum, or its 
fruit ; red pepper. 

Pep'per, v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Peppered (-perd) ; p. 

£r. & vb. n. Peppering.] _, 
. To sprinkle or season Black Pepper (Piper n^mm). 
with pepper. 2. Fig. : To shower missiles or blows upon. 

Pep'per-COrn' (pep'per-kSrnO, n. 1. A dried berry of 
the black pepper. 2. Anything insignificant ; a particle. 

Pep'per-grass' (-gras'), n. (Bot.) (a) A pungent va- 
riety of cress, often cultivated for table use. (b) Pillwort. 

Pep/per-idge (-Tj), n. (Bot.) A North American tree 
bearing very acid berries ; the common tupelo. 

Pep'per-mint (-mint), n. [Pepper -(- mint.'] 1. 
(Bot.) An aromatic and pungent plant (Mentha piperita), 
much used in medicine and confectionery ; also, an oil or 
an essence obtained from it. 2. A lozenge flavored with 
peppermint. 

Pep'per- WOrt' (-wurtf), n. (Bot.) Peppergrass (a). 

Pep'per-y (-f), a. 1. Of or pertaining to pepper; 
hot ; pungent. 2. Fig. : Hot-tempered ; choleric. 

Pep'sin (pgp'sin), n. [Gr. 7re\/as a cooking, digesting, 
fr. Trerrrei.v, ne<T<reiv, to cook, digest.] (Physiol. Chem.) 
A substance contained in the secretory glands of the 
stomach. It is the active agent in the gastric juice. 

Pep'tlC (pep'tik), a. [Gr. jreTTTiKo?. See Pepsin.] 1. 
Relating to digestion ; promoting digestion. 2. (Physiol. 
Chem.) Pertaining to pepsin; resembling pepsin; con- 
taining or yielding pepsin. 

Pep/tic, n. 1. An agent that aids digestion. 2. pi. 
The digestive organs. 

Pep/tics (-tlks), n. The science of digestion. 

Pep'tone (-ton), n. [Gr. nerrros cooked.] (Physiol. 
Chem.) The substance or substances into which albu- 
minous portions of the food are transformed by the gas- 
tric and pancreatic juices. [into peptone. I 

Pep'to-nize (pep'to-niz), v. t. (Physiol.) To convert! 

Pep'tO-noid (-noid), n. [Peptone + -oid.] (Physiol. 
Chem.) A substance related to peptone. 

Per- (per- or per-). [See Per.] 1. A prefix used to 
signify through, throughout, by, for, or as an intensive; 
as, perhaps ; perennial ; perforce ; joerf oliate ; perforate ; 
perspicuous ; perplex. 2. (Chem.) Orig., denoting that 
the element to the name of which it is prefixed exercises 
its highest valence; now, only that the element has a 
higher valence than in other similar compounds. 

Per (per), prep. [L.] Through ; by ; for ; for each. 

Per annum, by the year ; annually. — Per cent, Per centum, 
by the hundred ; in the hundred. — Per diem, by the day. 

Per'ad-ven'ture (per'Sd-ven'tur), adv. & conj. [F. 



par arenture.] By chance ; perhaps; it may be ; if; 
supposing. — Ji. Chance; hap; hence, doubt. 

Per-am'bu-late (per-am'bu-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Perambulated (-la'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Perambula- 
ting.] [L. perambidare, p. p. •atus ; per -f- ambulare 
to walk.] To walk through or over ; specif., to inspect 
officially the boundaries of, by walking over them. 

Per-am'bu-late, v. i. To walk about ; to ramble. 

Per am bu-la'tion (-la'shQn), n. A perambulating. 

Per am'bu-la tor (per-am'bu-la'ter), n. 1. One who 
perambulates. 2. A surveyor's instrument for measur- 
ing distances by means of a rolling wheel. 3. A kind of 
low carriage for a child. 

II Per'cale' (F. par'kal' ; E. per-kiil'), n. [F.] A fine 
cotton fabric, having a linen finish. 

Per-ceiv'a-ble (per-sev'a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
perceived; perceptible. — Per-ceiv'a-bly, adv. 

Per-ceive' (per-sev'), v. t. [imp. & p. j>. Perceived 
(-sevd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Perceiving.] [OF. percevoir, 
L. percipere, perceptum ; per (see Per-) -j- capere to 
take, receive.] 1. To obtain knowledge of through the 
senses; to see, hear, or feel. 2. To take intellectual 
cognizance of ; to note ; to remark ; to see ; to understand. 

Syn. — To discern; distinguish; observe; know. — Te 
perceive a thing is to apprehend it as presented to the 
senses or the intellect; to discern is to mark differences, 
or to see a thing as distinguished from others around it. 
Perceive implies less of effort than discern. 

Per-ceiv'er (per-seVer), 7i. One who perceives. 

Per-cent'age (per-sent'aj), n. [Per cent -f -age, as 
in average.] (Co?n.) A certain rate per cent ; the allow- 
ance, duty, rate of interest, etc., on a hundred. 

Per'cept (per'sSpt), n. [From L. percipere, percep- 
tum. See Perceive.] That which is perceived. 

Per-cep'ti-ble (per-sep'tT-b'l), a. Capable of being 
perceived ; cognizable ; perceivable. — Per-cep^ti-bil'i-ty 
(-bTl'i-t^), Per-cep'ti-ble-ness, n.— Per-cep'ti-bly , adv. 

Per-cep'tion (-shfin), n. 1. Act of perceiving. 2. 
(Metaph.) The faculty, or peculiar part, of man's consti- 
tution by which he has knowledge through the medium of 
the bodily organs ; act of apprehending material objects 
through the senses ; — distinguished from conception. 

Per-cep'tive (-tiv), a. Of, pertaining to, or having 
the faculty or power of, perception. 

Perch (perch), n. [F. perche, L. perca, fr. Gr. 7rep<oj.] 
(Zobl.) 1. Any fresh- 
water fish of several 
genera of the family 
Percidse. 2. Any one 
of numerous species 
of spiny-finned fishes 
resembling, more or 
less, the true perches. Common American Perch (1). 

Perch, n. [F. perche, L. pertica.] 1. A pole ; rod ; 
esp., a roost for fowls. 2. (a) A rod, either in length or 
in area, (b) A mass 16i feet long, 1 foot in height, and 
1£ feet in breadth, or 24f cubic feet ; — used in measuring 
stonework. 3. A carriage reach. 

Perch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perched (percht) : p. pr. 
& vb. n. Perching.] To alight or settle, as a bird ; to 
sit or roost. [py as, a perch. I 

Perch, v. t. To place or set on, or as on, or to occu-l 

Per-Chance' (per-chans'), adv. [F. par by (L. per) 
+ chance.] By chance ; perhaps ; peradventure. 

Perch'er (perch'er), n. One that perches. 

Per'che-ron (per'she-rou), n. [F.] Oue of a breed 
of horses originating in Perche, an old district of France. 

Per-cip'i-ence (per-sip'T-ens), ) n. The faculty or the 

Per-cip'i-en-cy (-en-sy), ) act of perceiving ; 

perception. 

Per-cip'1-ent (-ent), a. Having the faculty of percep- 
tion ; perceiving, —n. One that is percipient. 

Per'CO-late (per'ko-lat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Percolated (-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Percolating.] 
[L. percolare, p. p. -atus ; per through -f- colore to 
strain.] To pass through fine interstices, as a liquor ; 
to filter ; to strain. 

Per/co-la'tion (-la'shQn), n. Act or process of perco- 
lating ; filtration ; straining. 

Per'CO-la'tor (per'ko-la'ter), n. One that percolates. 

Per-cur'rent (per-kur'rent), a. [L. percurrens, p. pr. 
See Per ; Current.] Running through the entire length. 

Per-CUSS' (per-kiis'), v. t. & i. [L. perculere, p. p. 
-cussus; per -f quatere to strike.] To strike smartly. 

Per-CUS'sion (-kush'Qn), n. 1. Act of percussing, or 
striking smartly, esp. for the purpose of medical diagno- 
sis. 2. The effect of violent collision ; vibratory shock. 

Percussion cap, a priming cap used with a percussion 




fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PERCUSSIVE 



606 



PERICARP 



look. - P*rcuMion lock, the look of a gun that is tired by 
ssiou upon fulminating powder. 

Per cuss ive fjSr-kBe'iV), o, Peroutient. 

Per-ca'tient (jra'ahent), <?. Striking; having the 
power of striking. — •'• That wbiob strikes, or oan strike. 

Per-dltlon (per-dlahtto), n. [F.. fir. L. perditio, fr. 
. perd iiutn. to ruin, to lose : per + -den (in comp.) 
n put, akin to E. </<>.] Entire loss: utter destruction; 
ruin : esp., otter loss of the soul, or of final happiness. 

Per-du' | (pSr-do* or per'du), a. [F. perdu, perdue. 

Per-due' I p. p.. deriv. of L. perdere. See Per- 
dition.] 1. Lost to view; being in concealment or 
ambush ; close. 2. Accustomed to, or employed in, 
desperate enterprises ; hence, reckless ; hopeless. 

Per-dur'a-ble (per-dur'a-b'l), a. Very durable ; last- 
nt inning Jong. [Archaic] 

Per-dure' (-d5r0» % ?'. [L. perdurare ; per -f durare 
to last.] To last or endure a long time. [Archaic'] 

Per'e-gfTi-nate (per'e-grT-nat), V. i. [Jj. peregrinari, p. 
p. -atus. See Pilgrim.]" To travel from place to place, 
or from one country to another ; hence, to sojourn abroad. 

Per e-gri-na'tion (-na'shQn), n. A peregrinating; a 
wandering ; sojourn in foreign countries. [egrinates. I 

Per'e-fpl-na'tor (per'e-grT-na'ter), n. One who per-| 

Per'e-grine (-grin), a. Foreign ; not native ; exotic. 

Per'emp-tO-ry (per'emp-to-ry), a. [L. peremptorius 
destructive, deadly, decisive, final ; fr. peri mere to take 
away entirely, to destroy ; per (see Per-) -f- OL. emere 
to take.] 1. Precluding debate or expostulation; not 
admitting of question or appeal ; positive ; conclusive. 
2. Positive in opinion or judgment ; decided; dictatorial. 
— Per'emp-to-ri-ly, adv. — Per'emp-to-ri-ness, n. 

Syn. — Decisive ; positive ; absolute ; final ; authori- 
tative : express ; arbitrary ; dogmatical. 

Per-en'nl-al (per-en'nT-al), a. [L. perennis that lasts 
the whole year ; per through -f- annus year.] 1. Lasting 
or continuing through the year. 2. Continuing without 
cessation or intermission ; never' failing. 3. (Bot. ) Con- 
tinuing more than two years. — Per-en'ni-al-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Perpetual ; unceasing ; never failing ; endur- 
ing ; continual ; constant ; permanent ; uninterrupted. 

Per-en'nl-al, n. (Bot.) A perennial plant. 

Per'fect (per'fgkt), a. [OF. parfit, par/el, par/ait, 
L. perfectus, p. p. of perficere to finish, perfect ; per (see 
Per-) -f- facere to make, do.] 1. Brought to consumma- 
tion or completeness ; completed ; not defective or re- 
dundant ; without flaw, fault, or blemish ; without error ; 
mature ; whole ; pure ; sound ; right ; correct. 2. Certain ; 
sure. 3. {Bot.) Hermaphrodite; having both stamens 
and pistils. 

Perfect number (Arith.), a number equal to the sum of 
all it-8 divisors. —Perfect tense (Gram.), a tense which ex- 
presses an act or state completed. 

Syn. — Finished ; consummate ; complete ; entire : 
faultless ; blameless ; unblemished. 

Per'fect, n. {Gram.) The perfect tense, or a form in 
that tense. 

Per'fect (per'fekt or per-fekt'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Per- 
fected ; p. pr. & vb. n. Perfecting.] To make perfect ; 
to finish or complete, so as to leave nothing wanting. 

Syn. — To finish ; accomplish ; complete ; consummate. 

Per'fect-er (-er), n. One that perfects. 

Per-fect'1-ble (per-fek'tT-b'l), a. That may become, 
or be made, perfect. — Per-f ect'i-bll'1-ty (-bil'I-ty), n. 

Per-fec'tlon (-shun), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
perfect. 2- A quality, endowment, or acquirement com- 
pletely excellent ; an ideal faultlessness. 

Per-f ec'tion-ist, n. One pretending to perfection ; 
esp., one who believes that persons may and do attain to 
moral perfection and sinlessness in this life. 

Per-fect'lve (per-f 6k'tTv), a. Tending or conducing 
to make perfect. — Per-f ec'tlve-ly, adv. 

Per'fect-ly (per'fSkt-ry), adv. In a perfect manner 
or degree ; completely ; thoroughly ; faultlessly. 

Per'fect-ness, n. Quality or state of 
being perfect. 

Per-fl'cient (per-f Tsh'ent), a. [L. perfi- 
ciens, p. pr. See Perfect.] Making or do- 
ing thoroughly ; effectual. [R.] 

Per-fld'1-ons (per-f id'T-us), a. 1. Guilty 
of perfidy ; treacherous ; faithless. 2. In- 
volving, or marked by, perfidy. — Per-fid'i- 
oua-ly. adv. — Per-fid'i-ous-ness, n. 

Per'fl-dy (per'fT-dy), n. [h.perfidw, fr. 

L. parfldiu faithless; per + fides faith.] 

Art of violating faith or allegiance; viola- 

• i a promise or vow, or of trust re- 

'Tiithlessnesf,; treachery. Pr , rfn ,:. )( , 

Per-fCll-ate (per-fiHl-tt), a. [Prefer- Leaves 




-f- L. foliu m leaf. ] ( Bot. ) Having the basal part produced 
around the stem ; — said of leaves which the stem appar- 
ently passes directly through. 

Per'fO-rate (per'fo-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perfo- 
rated (-ra'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Perforating.] [L. per- 
J'orare, p. p. -atus ; per through + for are to bore.] To 
bore or pierce through ; to make a hole or holes through, 
or through the surface of. 

Per'fo-rate (-fo-rat), ) a. Pierced with a hole or 

Per'fO-ra'ted (-ra'tgd), ) holes, or with pores. 

Per'fo-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of perforating. 
2. A hole made by boring or piercing ; aperture. 

Per'fo-ra-tive (per'fo-ra-tlv), a. Having power to 
perforate or pierce. 

Per'fO-ra'tor (-ra'ter), n. One that perforates. 

Per-force' (per-f ors'), adv. [F. par (L.per) -j- foroe.] 
By force ; of necessity ; at any rate. 

Per-form' (per-f6rm'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Performed 
(-fSrmd') ; p.pr. &vb. n. Performing.] [OF. parfornir, 
parfournir, to complete ; OF. & F. par (see Par) -j-four- 
nir,furnir, to furnish, complete. See Furnish.] 1. To 
carry through ; to bring to completion ; to accomplish ; 
to execute ; to do. 2. To discharge ; to fulfill. 3. To 
represent ; to act ; to play. 

Syn. — See Accomplish. 

Per-form', V. t. To do, execute, or accomplish some- 
thing ; to acquit one's self in any business; esp., to act 
a part ; to play on a musical instrument. 

Per-form'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be performed. 

Per-f orm'ance (-ons), n. 1. Act of performing. 2. 
That which is performed or accomplished. 

Syn. — Completion ; consummation ; execution ; ac- 
complishment ; achievement ; production ; work ; act ; 
action ; deed ; exploit ; feat. 

Per-form'er (-er), n. One who performs. 

Per-f ume' (per-f um'), v, t. [imp. & p. p. Perfcmed 
(-fumd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Perfuming.] [F. perfumer; 
par, L. per (see Per-) -\-fumer to smoke, L. fumare, fr. 
fumus smoke.] To fill or impregnate with a perfume ; 
to scent. 

Per'fume (per'fum or per-fum'), n. 1. A pleasant 
odor ; fragrance ; aroma. 2. A substance that emits an 
agreeable odor. 

Per-fum'er (p@r-fum'er), n. 1. One that perfumes. 
2. One whose trade is to make or sell perfumes. 

Per-fum'er-y (-jf), n. 1. Perfumes, in general 2. 
Art of preparing perfumes. 

Per-f unc'to-ry (-f unk'to-ry), a. [L. perfunctorius, f r. 
perfunctus dispatched, p. p. of per fungi to discharge, 
dispatch ; per (see Per-) -{-fungi to perform.] 1. Done 
merely to get rid of a duty ; done in a careless and super- 
ficial manner ; characterized by indifference. 2. Hence : 
Mechanical ; indifferent ; listless ; careless. — Per-func'' 
to-ri-ly, adv. — Per-f unc'to-ri-ness, n. 

Per-fuse' (per-fuz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perfused 
(-fuzd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Perfusing.] [L. perfundere, 
p. p. -fusus ; per -f- fundere to pour.] To suffuse; to 
spread over ; to fill full or to excess. 

Per-fu'sion (-fu'zhun), n. Act of perfusing. 

Per-f u'sive (-stv), a. Adapted to perfuse. 

Per-haps' (per-haps'), adv. [Per -f hap chance.] 
By chance ; peradventure ; perchance ; it may be. 

Per/i- (per'T-). [Gr. nepC, prep.] A prefix used to 
signify around, by, near, over, beyond, or to give an in- 
tensive sense ; as, perimeter, the measure around. 

Pe'ri (pe'rT), n. ; pi. Peris - . Tz). [Per. perl a female 
genius, a fairy.] (Persian Myth.) An imaginary being, 
male or female, represented as a descendant of fallen an- 
gels, excluded from paradise till penance is accomplished. 

Per'i-anth (per'T-anth), n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. avflos 
flower.] (Bot.) The leaves of a flower generally, esp. 
when the calyx and corolla are not readily distinguished. 

Per'i-apt (-Spt), n. [Gr. nepCaiTTOv, deriv. of irepL 
about + anreiv to tie.] A charm ; an amulet. 

Per'i-blast (-blSst), a. [See Peri-, and -blast.] 
(Biol.) The protoplasmic matter which surrounds the 
entoblast, or cell nucleus, and undergoes segmentation. 

Per'i-car'di-ac (-kar'dT-Sk), ) a. (Anat.) Of or per- 

Per'i-car'di-al (-kar'dT-al), ) taining to the pericar- 
dium ; situated around the heart. 

Per'1-car'dl-an (-an), a. (Anat.) Pericardiac. 

Per'1-car'dl-um (-kar'dT-Sm), n. [NL., fr. Gr. irepi- 
icdpSiov, deriv. of wept about -f- KapSta heart.] (Anat.) 
The double baglike fold of 6erous membrane which in- 
closes the heart. 

Per'1-carp (per'T-karp), n. [Gr. trepiKaptnov ; irepi 
+ Kapnos fruit.] (Bot.) The ripened ovary ; the walls of 
the fruit. See Illusts. of Capsule, and Drupe. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, I, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PERICRANIUM 



607 



PERIWINKLE 



Per'l-cra'nl-um (pgr'T-kra'nT-iim), n. [NL.] (Anat.) 
The external periosteum of the cranium ; the region 
around the cranium. 

Per'I-derm (pSr'T-derm), n. 1. (Bot.) The outer 
layer of bark. 2. (Zodl.) The hard outer covering of 
hydroids and other marine animals. [olite. I 

Per'i-dot (peY'T-d5t), n. [F. peridot.-] (Min.) Chrys-| 

Per'i-do-tite (-do-tit), n. (Min.) An eruptive rock 
characterized by the presence of chrysolite (peridot). 

Per'i-gee (pSr'T-je), hi. [NL. perir/eum, fr. Gr. 

Per/i-ge'um (-je'um), J irepi about, near + y>) the 
earth.] (As/ron.) That point in the orbit of the moon 
which is nearest to the earth. 

Per/i-gord pie 7 (p6r'T-g6rd pi'). [From Perigord, a 
former province of France.] A pie made of truffles. 

Pe-rig'y-nous (pe-rlj'T-nus), a. [Pref. peri- + Gr. 
yvinj woman.] (Bot.) Having the ovary free, but the 
petals and stamens borne on the calyx ; — said of a flower 
such as that of the cherry or peach. 

Per/i-hel'ion (peVT-hel'yun or -helT-5u), ) n. ; pi. 

Per i-he'li-um (pgr'T-helT-um), j Perihe- 

lia (-hel'ya or -he'll-a). [NL., fr. Gr. nepl about, near 
-f TJAtos the sun.] (Astron.) That point of the orbit of 
a planet or comet which is nearest to the sun. 

Per'il (pgr'Tl), n. [F. peril, fr. L. pericidum, peri- 
clurn, akin to E./are.] Danger ; risk ; hazard ; exposure 
of person or property to injury, loss, or destruction. 

Syn. — Hazard ; risk ; jeopardy. See Danger. 

Per'il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Periled (-Tld) or Perilled ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Periling or Perilling.] To expose to 
danger ; to hazard ; to risk. 

Per'il-OUS (-us), a. Full of, attended with, or involving, 
peril. — Per'il-ous -ly, adv. — Per'il-ous -ness. n. 

Per-im'e-ter (pgr-Tm'e-ter), n. [Gr. Trepip-erpos ; nepi 
around -\-fierpov measure.] 1. (Geom.) The outer bound- 
ary of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides. 2. 
An instrument for determining the extent and shape of 
the field of vision. 
Per/i-met'ric (per'T-met'rik), ) a. Of or pertaining 
Pefi-met'ric-al (-rT-kal), ) to the perimeter, or 
to perimetry. [imeter. 

Per-im'e-try (per-Tm'e-try), n. Art of using the per- 
il Per/i-ne'um (pgr'T-ne'um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. nepi- 
vaiov, 7repiVeos.] (Anat.) The region traversed by the 
urinogenital canal and the rectum. 

I; Per/i-netl'ri-um (-nu'rT-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. vepi 
about -f- veupov a nerve.] (Anat.) The connective-tissue 
sheath which surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers. 

Pe'ri-Od (pe'rT-ud), n. [L. periodus, Gr. 7repioSos a 
going round, circumference, period of time ; nepC round, 
about -f- 666? a way.] 1. A portion of time as limited 
and determined by some recurring phenomenon, or some 
repeated action or course. 2. Hence : A stated and re- 
curring interval of time ; a certain series of years, months, 
days, etc.; cycle; age; epoch. 3. (Geol.) One of the 
great divisions of geological time. 4. The termination 
or completion of a revolution, cycle, series of events, or 
single event ; hence, limit ; end ; conclusion. 5. (Rhet.) 
A complete sentence, from one full stop to another. 
6. (Print.) The punctuation point [.] that marks the 
end of a complete sentence, or of an abbreviated word. 
Pe'ri-Od'ic (pe'ri-od'Tk), ) a. Of, pertaining to, or 
Pe / ri-Od'ic-al (-T-kal), j performed in, a period or 
periods ; proceeding or happening in a series of success- 
ive circuits ; acting, happening, or appearing, at fixed 
intervals ; recurring. — Pe'ri-Od'ic-al-ly, adv. — Peri- 
od 'ic-al-ness. n. 

Pe'ri-od'iC-al, n. A magazine or other publication ap- 
pearing at stated or regular intervals, [ing periodical. I 
Pe'ri-O-dic'i-ty (-o-dis'T-ty), n. Quality or state of be-| 
Peri-ce'cians (per'T-e / shernz), n. pi. [Gr. nepioLKOL ; 
irepi around 4- ol/co? house, dwelling.] Those who live on 
the same parallel of latitude but on opposite meridians. 

I! Per'i-OS'te-um (-os'te-um), n. [NL., deriv. of Gr. 
irepi around -f- bareov a bone.] (Anat.) The membrane 
of fibrous, connective tissue which closely invests all 
bones except at the articular surfaces. 

Per'i-pa-tet'ic (-pa-tgt'ik), a. [L. peripateticus, Gr. 
7rept7rar»jTt/c6?, deriv. of irepi about -j- iraretv to walk.] 
1. Walking about ; itinerant. 2. Of or pert, to the phil- 
osophy taught by Aristotle (who gave instruction while 
walking in the Lyceum at Athens), or to his followers. 

Per'i-pa-tet'ic, n. 1. One who walks about ; pedes- 
trian ; itinerant. 2. A disciple of Aristotle. 

Per/i-pa-tet'i-cism (-T-sTz'm), n. The doctrines or 
philosophical system of the peripatetics. 

Pe-riph'er-al (pe-rif'er-al), a. Of or pertaining to a 
periphery ; constituting a periphery ; peripheric. 



See Peripheral. 



Peri-pher'ic (pSr'T-fSrlk), 

Peri pher'ic-al (-T-kal), 

Pe-riph'er-y (pt-rTFer-y), n. [Gr. ntpuptpt ia ; nepi 
around -f- <pepeiv to bear, carry.] 1. The outsii 
perricial portions of a body; surface. 2. (Geom.) The 
circumference of a circle, ellipse, or other figure. 

Per'i-phrase (peYT-fraz), n. [Gr. 7rfpC<j>pacn<;, deriv. 
of nepi about -f- (f>pd£etv to speak.] (llliet.) A round- 
about, or indirect, way of speaking ; circumlocution. 

Per'i-phrase. v. t. & i. To express or speak by peri- 
phrase or circumlocution. 

llPe-riph'ra-sls (pe-rTf'ra-sTs), n. ; pi. Pertphrases 
(-sez). [L.] See Peiuphkase. 

Per'l-phras'tic (peVT-fraVtTk), ) a. Expressing, or 

Per i-phras'tic-al (-tl-kr/l), j expressed, in more 
words than are necessary ; characterized by periphrase ; 
circumlocutory. — Per i-phras'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Periphrastic conjugation {Gram.), a conjugation formed 
by the use of the simple verb with one or more auxiliaries. 

Pe-rip'ter-al (pe-rTp'ter-«l), «. [Gr. Trepi about -4- 
mepov feather, wing, row of columns.] (Arch.) Having 
columns on all sides ; — said of an edifice. 

Pe-rip'ter-OUS (-us), a. 1. (Arch.) Peripteral. 2. 
(Zobl.) Feathered all around. 

Per'i-SCOp'ic ( pgr'i-skSp'Tk ), a. [Pref. peri- -(- 
-scope.] Viewing all around, or on all sides. 

Per'ish (perish), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perished 
(-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Perishing.] [F. p&rir, L. 
perire to go or run through, come to nothing, perish ; 
per through + ire to go. See -ish.] To be destroyed ; 
to pass away ; to become nothing ; to be lost ; to die ; 
hence, to wither ; to waste away. 

Per'ish-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Liable to perish ; subject to 
decay, destruction, or death. — Per'ish-a-bil'i-ty (-bTP- 
T-ty), Per'ish-a-ble-ness, n. — Per'ish-a-bly. adv. 

Per'i-sperm (-T-sperm), n. [See Peri-; Sperm.] (Bot.) 
The albumen of a seed, esp. that outside the embryo sac. 

Per'i-spher'ic (-sfSr'Ik), 1 o. Exactly spherical ; 

Per'i-spher'ic-al (-T-kal), ) globular. 

II Per'i-spom'e-non (-spom'e-non), n. ; pi. Perispome- 
NA (-na). [NL., from Gr. TrepLO">rii>p.evos, pr. pass. p. of 
Trepio-Trav to draw around, to circumflex.] (Gr. Gram.) 
A word which has the circumflex accent on the last syl- 
lable, [ing of a spore. I 

Per'i-spore (per'i-spor), n. (Bot.) The outer cover-) 

Per'is-SO-dac'tyl (per'Ts-s6-d5k'tTl), n. [Gr. n-epto-- 
<t6<; odd (fr. 7repi over) + fia/crvAo? finger.] (Zo'ul.) One 
of the Perissodactyla, a division of ungulate mammals, 
including those that have an odd number of toes, as the 
horse, tapir, and rhinoceros. 

Per'i-Stal'tiC (-T-stal'tTk), a. [Gr. n-epto-TaA-riKos clasp- 
ing and compressing, fr. Trepto-TeWeLv to surround, wrap 
up; irepL round -j- <n-e'AAe«' to place.] (Physiol.) Desig- 
nating, or pert, to, the peculiar wormlike wave motion 
of the intestines and other similar structures. 

Per'i-Style (-stil), n. [L. peristylum, Gr. nepia-rv\ov, 
■n-epiuTv\oi ; nepi about + o-rvAo? a column.] (Arch.) A 
range of columns with their entablature, etc. ; specif., a 
complete system of columns, whether on all sides of a 
court, or surrounding a building ; hence, the larger and 
inner court of a Roman dwelling. [the peritoneum. I 

Perl-tO-ne'al (-to-ne'al), a. (Anat.) Of or pert. to| 

Per'i-to-ne'um (-um), n. [L., fr. Gr. 7reptT6i'atoi', 
7repiT6i/aios, deriv. of nepi around -f- reiveiv to stretch.] 
(Anat.) The smooth, serous membrane which lines the 
cavity of the abdomen, or the whole body cavity when 
there is no diaphragm, and, turning back, surrounds the 
viscera, forming a closed, or nearly closed, sac. 

II Per'i-tO-ni'tis (-ni'tis), n. [NL. See Peritoneum, 
and -rns.] (Med.) Inflammation of the peritoneum. 

Per-it'ro-pal (per-Tt'ro-pal or pgr'T-tro'pffl). a. [Gr. 
irepirponos, deriv. of nepi around -f- rpeneiv to turn.] 
1. Rotatory, [i?.] 2. (Bot.) Having 
the axis of the seed perpendicular to 
the axis of the pericarp. 

Per'i-Wig (pSr'i-wig), n. [OE. 
perrwige, perwicke, corrupt, fr. " 
perruqite. SeePERUKE.] 
A headdress of false 
hair, usually covering 
the whole head ; a wig. 

Per'i-wig, v. t. To 
dress with a periwig. 

Per'l-winkle (win'- 
k'l),?;. [From AS. pi?ie- 
wincla a shellfish, in 
which pine- is fr. L. pina, pinna, a kind of mussel. Cf. 
Winkle.] (Zool.) 1. Any species of a genus (Liitorina) 




Periwinkles (11. a American Peri- 
winkle, b Common European 
Periwinkle. Nat. size. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PERIWINKLE 



608 



PERROQUET 



of sm»U marine gastropod ahollflfthea. 2. Also (in Araer- 
il large univalves, 
win kle (pSr'T-wIn k'l), n. [AS. pervince, fr. L. 
trailing herb (Kmca minor) having 
es, and solitary blue or white flowers; also, 
of oilier species of 1'inca. 
Per'jure (peVjur : loo), i. I. limp. & p. p. Perjured 
.>. pr. & vb. ». Perjuring.] [F. parjurer, L. 
trare ; per through, over -f- jurarr to 
To cause to violate an oath or a vow ; to cause 
to take a false oath : to perjure ; — often used reflexively. 
>vn. — To forswear. —There is a tendency to restrict 
to that species of forswearing which constitutes 
the crime of perjury at law. 
Per'Jured (-jurd\ (7. Guilty of perjury ; forsworn. 
Per'jur-er (-jur-er). n. One guilty of perjury. 
Per'ju-ry (.per'jfi-ry), ?!. 1. False swearing. 2. (Law) 
At common law, a willfully false statement in a fact 
material to the issue, made by a witness under oath in a 
competent judicial proceeding. 
Perk (perk), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Perked (perkt) ; 
. b. n. Perking.] [Cf. W. percu.~\ To make trim 
or smart ; to straighten up ; to make a jaunty display of. 
Perk, v. i. To exalt one's self. 
Perk, a. Smart ; trim ; spruce ; jaunty ; vain. 
Perk, r. i. To peer ; to look inquisitively. 
Perk'y (perk'y), a. Perk ; pert ; jaunty'; trim. 
Per la'ceous (per-la'shus), a. [See Pearl.] Pearly. 
Perlid (per'lTd), n. (Zobl.) SeeSto?iejiy, under Stone. 
Per-llt'iC (per-lit'Tk), a. {Mm.) Pert, to or like 
pearlstone ; as, the perlitic structure of certain rocks. 
Per'ma-nence (per'nia-nens), ) n. Quality or state 
Per'ma-nen-cy (-nen-sy), J of being permanent. 
Per'ma-nent (-nent), a. [L. permanens, -entis, p. pr. 
of permanere to stay through, to last ; per + manere to 
remain. ] C ontinuing in the same state, or without change 
of form or character ; remaining unaltered or unre- 
moved; abiding ; fixed ; stable. — Per'ma-nent-ly, adv. 
Syn. — Lasting ; durable ; constant ; unending. 
Per'me-a-ble (per'me-a-b'l), a. Capable of being per- 
meated, or passed through ; yielding passage ; penetrable. 

— Per me-a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'!-ty), n. — Per'me-a-bly, adv. 
Per'me-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Permeated 

(-a ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Permeating.] [L. permeare, 
p. p. -atus ; per -f- meare to go, pass.] 1. To pass 
through the pores or interstices of; — applied esp. to 
fluids. 2. To pervade. 

Per'me-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of permeating. 

Per'mi-an (per'mi-an), a. [From the ancient king- 
dom of Permio, where the Permian formation exists.] 
(Geol.) Belonging or relating to the period, and also to 
the formation, next following the Carboniferous, and re- 
garded as closing the Carboniferous age and Paleozoic era. 

Per-mis'ci-ble (per-inTs'sT-b'l), a. [L. permiscere to 
mingle ; per -f- miscere to mix.] Capable of being mixed. 

Per-mls'si-ble (-st-b'l), a. That may be permitted. 

— Per-mis si-bil'i-ty (-bTi'T-ty), Per-mis'si-ble-ness, 
n. — Per-mis'si-bly, adv. 

Per-mis'sion (per-mish'un), n. Act' of permitting. 

Syn. — Leave; liberty; license; authorization. 

Per-mis'sive (-mis'slv), a. 1. Permitting ; granting 
leave or liberty. 2. Permitted ; tolerated ; suffered. — 
Per-mis'sive-ly, adv. 

Per-mit' (per-inTf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Permitted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Permitting.] [L. permittere, -viissum, 
to let through, to allow, permit ; per -j- mittere to let go, 
send.] 1. To consent to ; to tolerate ; to put up with. 
2. To grant license or liberty to ; to expressly authorize ; 
to give leave. 3. To resign ; to commit. 

Syn. — To allow ; let ; grant ; admit ; suffer : endure ; 
consent to. — Originally atlov: denoted a more decided as- 
sent than permit ; but the distinction is often disregarded 
by good writers. To suffer has a sttonger passive or nega- 
tive sense than to permit, sometimes implying against the 
will, sometimes mere indifference. To tolerate is to en- 
dure what is contrary to will or desire. To suffer and to 
Met ate are sometimes used without discrimination. 

Per-mit', V. i. To grant permission ; to allow. 

Per'mit (per'mTt or per-mit'), n. Warrant ; license ; 
leave; permission; specif., a written permission given 
by a person or persons having authority. [permit. I 

Per-mit'tance (per-mTt/t«ns), n. Act of permitting ; | 

Per-mit'ter (per-mit'ter), n. One who permits. 

Per mu-ta'tion (peVmt^ta'shun), n. 1. Act of per- 
muting ; exchange of one thing for another ; interchange. 
'(.) (a) The arrangement of any determinate 
of things, as units, objects, letters, etc., in all 
orders, one after the other. (6) Any one of such 
arrangements. 3. (Law) Barter ; exchange. 



Permute' (per-mut'), v. t. [L. per mu to re, permvta- 
tuin ; per -j- mitt a re to change.] 1. To interchange ; to 
transfer reciprocally. 2. To barter. [Obs.] 

Per-mut'er (-mut'er), n. One who permutes. 

Per'nan-cy (per'n«n-sy), n. [OF. prenance, deriv. of 
(Law) 



L. prehendere to seize.] 
as of rents or tithes in kind, 
Per-ni'ciOUS (per-nish'iis), a 



ad Perpendic- 
ular Line ; be 
Horizontal 
Line. 



A taking or reception, 

[L. perniciosus, from 
panicies destruction, from pernecare to slay outright; 
per + necare to kill.] Having the quality of injuring or 
killing : very mischievous ; baleful ; malicious ; wicked. 
— Per-ui'cious-ly, adv. — Per-ni'cious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Destructive ; ruinous ; deadly ; noxious ; inju- 
rious ; baleful : deleterious ; hurtful ; mischievous. 

Per noc-ta'tion (peVnSk-ta'shun), n. {Jj.pernoctatio, 
ir. pernoctare to stay all night; per-\-nox night.] Actor 
state of staying the whole night. [oration. [Colloq.'] j 
| Per'0-rate (pgr'6-rat), v. i. To make or deliver a per- 1 

Per'O-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. [L. peroratio, fr. pero- 
rare, -at urn, to speak from beginning to end ; per -f- orare / 
to.speak.] (Rhet.) The concluding part of an oration; 1/ 
esp., a final summing up. 

Per-OX'ide (per-oks'Td or -id), n. (Chem.) An oxide 
with more oxygen than another oxide of the same element. 

Per-pend'er (-pend'er), n. [F. parpaing, pierrepnr- 
paigne; of uncertain origin.] (3Iasonry) A large stone 
reaching through a wall and acting as a binder. 

Perpen-dic'U-lar (peVpen-dTk'u-ler), a. [L. perpen- 
dicularis, perpendicidarius, fr. perpen- 
diculum ; per -j- pendere to hang.] 1. 
Exactly upright or vertical ; being at right 
angles to the plane of the horizon. 2. 
(Georn.) Being at right angles to a given 
line or surface. — Per'pen-dic'U-lar-ly, 
adv. [line, direction, or plane. I 

Per pen-dic'u-lar, n. A perpendicular | 

Perpen-dic'u-lar'i-ty (lSr'i-t^), n. 
Quality or state of being perpendicular. 

Per'pend stone' (per'pend ston'). ) See Perpender. 

Per'pent Stone' (per 'pent ston 7 ). ) [petrated. i 

Per'pe-tra-ble (per'pe-tra-b'l), a. That may be per- ( 

Per'pe-trate (-trat), t. t. [imp. &p. p. Perpetrated 
(-tra'ted) ; p. j>r. & vb. n. Perpetrating.] [L. perpe- 
trare, p. p. -atus ; per -f patrare to perform.] To do or 
perform ; to carry through ; to commit ; to be guilty of. 

Per'pe-tra'tion(-tra'shun),». 1. Act of perpetrating. 
2. The thing perpetrated ; an evil action. 

Per'pe-tra'tor (-trater), n. One who perpetrates. 

Per-pet'U-a-ble (per-pet'u-a-b'l ; 135), a. That may 
be perpetuated. 

Per-pet'U-al (-al), a. [F. perpetuel, f r. L. perpetualis, 
fr. perpetuus, fr. perpes, -etis, lasting throughout.] 
Never-ceasing; continuing forever or for an unlimited 
time ; everlasting ; continuous. — Per-pet'U-al-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Continual ; unceasing ; endless ; unfailing ; in- 
cessant ; constant ; eternal. See Constant. 

Per-pet'u-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perpetuated 
(-a^ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Perpetuating.] [L. perpetuare, 
p. p. -atus. See Perpetual.] To make perpetual ; to 
cause to endure, or to continue, indefinitely ; to eternize. 

Per-pet'U-a'tlon (-a'shun), n. Act of perpetuating. 

Per'pe-tU'i-ty (per'pe-tul-ty), n. 1. Quality or state 
of being perpetual. 2. Something that is perpetual. 3 
Endless time. 4. (Annuities) (a) The number of years 
in which the simple interest of any sum becomes equal to 
the principal, (b) The number of years' purchase to be 
given for an annuity to continue forever, (c) A perpetual 
annuity. 5. (Law) The quality or condition of an estate 
by which it becomes inalienable, either perpetually or for 
a very long period ; also, the estate itself so perpetuated. 

Per-plex' (per-pleks'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Perplexed 
(-pleksf ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Perplexing.] [L. perplexari, 
ir.perplexus entangled, intricate ; per, intens. -\-plectere, 
plexum, to braid.] 1. To involve ; to entangle ; to make 
difficult to be unraveled or understood. 2. To subject to 
embarrassment or confusion ; to trouble with ambiguity, 
suspense, or anxiety. 3. To plague; to vex; to torment. 

Syn. — To entangle ; involve ; complicate ; embarrass ; 
puzzle ; bewilder ; confuse ; distract. See Embarrass. 

Per-plex'ed-ly (-ed-ly), adv. In a perplexed manner. 

Per-plex'i-ty (-\-tf), n. Quality or state of being per- 
plexed ; complication ; confusion ; bewilderment ; doubt. 

Per'qui-Site (per'kwT-zit), n. [L. perquisitum, fr. 
perquisilus, p. p. of perquirere to ask for diligently ; 
per + quaerere to seek. See Per ; Quest.] Something 
gained over and above the ordinary salary or fixed wages. 

PerTo-quet' (peVrS-kSf ; F. pa'rS'ka'), n. [F.] 
(Zo'61.) See Paroquet, Parrakeet. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PERRY 



609 



PERSUADABLY 



Per'ry (per'ry), n. [OF. peri, F. poire, fr. poire a 
pear, L. pirum.~\ Cider made from pears. 

Per'se-CUte (per'se-kut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perse- 
cuted (-ku'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Persecuting.] [F. per* 
secuter, L. persequi, persecutes, to pursue, prosecute ; 
per -j- sequi to follow, pursue.] To pursue in a manner 
to injure, grieve, or afflict; esp., to afflict, harass, pun- 
ish, or put to death, for adherence to a particular reli- 
gious creed or mode of worship. 

Per/se-CU'tlon (-ku'shQn), n. 1. Act or practice of 
persecuting. 2. State or condition of being persecuted. 

Per'se-CU'tor (per'se-ku'ter), n. One who persecutes. 

Per/se-ver'ance (peVse-ver'ans), n. A persevering. 

Syn. — Persistence ; steadfastness; constancy; stead- 
iness ; pertinacity. 

Per/se-vere' (-ver'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Persevered 
(-verd') ; p. pr. & vb. h. Persevering.] [F. per severer, 
L. per sever are, fr. perseverus very strict ; per -f- severus 
strict, severe.] To persist in any course, business, or en- 
terprise undertaken ; to maintain a purpose in spite of 
counter influences, opposition, or discouragement. 

Syn. — To continue ; persist. — Continue is generic, 
denoting simply to do as one has done hitherto. To per- 
severe is to continue in a given course in spite of dis- 
couragements, etc., from a desire to obtain our end. To 
persist is to continue from a determination of will not to 
give up, and often implies obstinacy in an unworthy cause. 

Per'se-ver'ing (-ver'Tng), a. Characterized by per- 
severance ; persistent. — Per'se-ver'ing-ly, adv. 

Per 'Si-C0t (per'sT-k5t; F. par'se'ko'), n. [F. See 
Peach.] A cordial made of the kernels of apricots, nec- 
tarines, etc., with refined spirit. 

II Per'si-flage' (F. par'se/flazh' ; E. peVsT-flazh), n. 
[F., fr. persifler to quiz, fr. L. per -f- F. siffler to whistle, 
hiss, L. sibilare, sifilare.] Frivolous or bantering talk ; 
a frivolous manner of treating any subject. 

Per-sim'mon (per-slm'niun), n. [Virginia Indian.] 
(Bot.) An American tree {Diospyros Virginiana) and its 
fruit. The fruit is like a plum in appearance, but is 
harsh and astringent until it has been exposed to frost. 

Per-sist/ (per-sist'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Persisted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Persisting.] [L. persistere ; per -f sistere 
to stand fixed, fr. stare to stand.] To stand firm ; to be 
fixed and unmoved ; to continue steadfastly ; to persevere. 

Syn. — See Persevere, and Insist. 

Per-sist'ence (-ens), ) n. 1. Quality or state of 

Per-sist'en-cy (-en-sy), } being persistent; staying 
quality ; hence, doggedness ; obstinacy. 2. Continu- 
ance of an effect after the cause which first gave rise to 
it is removed. 

Per-sist'ent (-ent), a. [L. persistens, -entis, p. pr.] 

1. Inclined to persist ; tenacious of position or purpose. 

2. (Biol.) Remaining beyond the period when parts of 
the same kind sometimes fall off or are absorbed ; per- 
manent. — Per-sist'ent-ly, adv. 

Per'son (per's'n), n. [OF. persone, L. persona, a 
mask (used by actors), a personage, part, a person, fr. 
personare to sound through ; per -}- sonar e to sound.] 

1. A character or part, as in a play ; an assumed char- 
acter. [Archaic] 2. The bodily form of a human 
being ; body. 3. A living, thinking being, as distinct 
from an animal or a thing ; a man, woman, or child. 4. 
A human being indefinitely ; one ; a man. 5. (Theol.) 
Among Trinitarians, one of the three subdivisions of the 
Godhead. 6. (Gram.) One of three relations (that of 
speaking, that of being spoken to, and that of being 
spoken of) pertaining to a noun or a pronoun, and also 
to the verb of which it may be the subject. 

Artificial, or Fictitious, person (Law), a corporation or 
body politic. 

Per'SOn-a-ble (per'sun-a-b'l), a. 1. Having a well- 
formed body, or person ; graceful ; comely ; presentable. 

2. (Laic) (a) Enabled to maintain pleas in court, (b) 
Having capacity to take anything granted. 

Per'SOn-age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. Form, appearance, or 
belongings of a person. 2. Character assumed or rep- 
resented. 3. A notable or distinguished person ; a con- 
spicuous or peculiar character. 

Per'son-al (-a\), a. 1. Pert, to human beings as dis- 
tinct from things. 2. Of or pert, to a particular person, 
or each of many individuals ; peculiar or proper to pri- 
vate concerns ; not public or general. 3. Pertaining to 
the bodily appearance ; corporeal. 4. Done in person, 
without the intervention of another. 5. Offensively re- 
ferring to an individual, his character, conduct, or pri- 
vate affairs. 6. (Gram.) Denoting person. 

Personal estate or property (Late), movables : chattels ; 
— opposed to real estate or property. It usually consists 
of things temporary and movable, including all property 



not of a freehold nature. — Personal pronoun ( Oram.), one 
of the pronouns /, thou, he, she, it. or their plurals. 

Per'son-al (peVsttn-al), n. \ Law) \ chattel. 

Per'SOn-al'1-ty (-51'I-ty),n. 1. That which constitutes 
distinction of person ; individuality. 2. Something said 
or written which refers to the person, conduct, etc., of 
someone, esp. if disparaging or offensive. 

Per'son-al-ize (per'sun-r/l-iz), v. t. To make personal. 

Per'son-al-ly, adv. 1. In a personal manner ; in or 
by bodily presence ; not by representative or substitute. 
2. With respect to an individual or individuality ; as re- 
gards the person ; individually ; particularly. 

Per'SOn-al-ty (-ty), n. (Law) Personal property. 

Per'son-ate (-at), v. t. [L. personare to cry out, LL., 
to extol. See Person.] To extol ; to praise. [Ol)S.~\ 

Per'son-ate, v. t. [From L. personaius masked.] 1. 
To assume the character of ; to act the part of ; hence, 
to counterfeit ; to feign. 2. To personify ; to typifv. 

Per'son-ate (-at), a. [I,, personaius masked.] (Bot.) 
Designating a bilabiate corolla having the throat nearly 
closed by a projection of the base of the lower lip. 

Per aon-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of personating. 

Per'son-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who personates. 

Per-SOn / i-li-ca'tion(per-s5n'T-fT-ka'shun),n. 1. A per- 
sonifying ; impersonation ; embodiment. 2. (Rhet.) A fig- 
ure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstract idea 
is represented as animated, or endowed with personality. 

Per-SOn'i-fi'er (-fi'er), n. One who personifies. 

Per-son'i-fy (-fl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Personified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Personifying (-fi'Tng).] [Person 
+ -/y-] !• To regard or represent as a person. 2- To 
be the embodiment of ; to impersonate. 

II Per'SOn'nel' (F. par'so'nal'; E. peVsQn-nSP), n. [F.] 
The body of persons employed in some public service. 

Per-spec'tive (per-spgk'tiv), n. [F. perspective, fr. 
perspectif, fr. L. perspicere, -spectum, to look through ; 
per -j- spicere, specere, to look.] 1. A glass through 
which objects are viewed. [Obs.~\ 2. That which is seen 
through an opening ; view ; vista. 3. The effect of dis- 
tance upon the appearance of objects, causing diminution 
in apparent size with increase of distance, indistinctness 
of outline, etc. 4. The art and the science of represent- 
ing this effect of diminution in size in delineating objects. 
5. A drawing in linear perspective. 

Per-spec'tive- Ka g/ 

ly (per-spgk'tlv- 
\f), adv. Accord- 
ing to the rules 
of perspective. 

Per - spec ' to- 
graph(-to-graf), 
n. [L. perspec- 
tus (p. p. of per- 
spicere to look 
through) -(- 
-graph.] An in- 
strument used in 
making perspec- 
tive pictures. Linear Perspective. 

Per ' Spi - Ca'- hh Horizon ; o Point opposite the eye ; no, 
CiOUS (per ' spi - bo, co, do, eo,fo, ho, to, jo, Vanishing lines, 
ka'shus), a. [L. perspicax, -acis, f r. perspicere. See Per- 
spective.] 1. Seeing clearly ; quick-sighted; sharp of 
sight. 2. Fig.: Of acute discernment ; keen. — Per spl- 
ca'cious-ly, adv. — Per spi-ca'cious-ness, n. [cious. i 

Per'spi-cac'i-ty (-kas'T-ty), n. State of being perspica- 1 

Per'spi-CU'i-ty (-ku'T-t#), n. 1. Quality of being per- 
spicuous ; distinctness. 2. Sagacity ; perspicacity. 

Syn. — Plainness ; lucidity. See Clearness. 

Per-spic'u-OUS (per-spTk'u-iis), a. [L. perspiemts, 
from perspicere to look through.] 1. Transparent. [Obs.~\ 
2. Clear to the understanding ; clear in thought or in 
expression ; not obscure or ambiguous. — Per-spic'U- 
ous-ly , adv. — Per-spic'uous-ness, n. 

Per-spir'a-ble (-splr'a-b'l), a. Capable of being per- 
spired. — Per-spir'a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), ». 

Per'spi-ra'tion (per'spi-ra'shun), ?i. 1. Act or proc- 
ess of perspiring. 2. Sweat. 

Per-spir'a-tive (pSr-spir'a-tiv), a. Perspiratory. 

Per-spir'a-to-ry (-to-ry), a. Of. pertaining to, pro- 
ducing, or performing the function of, perspiration. 

Per-spire' (per-splr'). v. /. & t. [imp. & p. p. Per- 
spired (-splrd'); /). pr. & vb. n. Perspiring.] [L. per- 
spirare to breathe through ; per -f- spirare.] (Phi/siol.) 
To excrete, emit, or evacuate, as fluids, through the pores 
of the skin ; to sweat ; also, to be so excreted. 

Per-suad'a-ble (-swad'a-b'l), a. Same as Persuasi- 
ble. — Per suad'a-ble-ness. ».— Per-suad'a-bly, adv. 




fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



39 



N 



PERSUADE 



610 



PETALOID 



[imp. S; p. p. Per- 
PttBUADCTO.] [L. pcrsuadere, 



\ 



Persuade' (piMwidO, 

IDAHD 

•e to advise.] To influence or 



\ , or make use of, argument, advice, entreaty, 
it ion, etc. ; to prevail on : to win over. 
y,yn. — To convince ; induce; allure; entice. 
Per-SUad'er (-erl. n. One that persuades. 
Per-sua'si-ble (-swa'st-b'l), <7. Capable of being per- 
suaded : persuadable. —Per-SUa'Si-bil'1-ty (-blll-ty), 

Per-sua'si-ble-ness. ».— Per-sua'si-bly, adv. 

Per-SUa'sion (-zlnui). n. 1. A persuading. 2. State 
of being persuaded ; settled opinion or conviction ; hence, 
creed ; belief. 3. Power or quality of persuading; per- 
suasiveness. 4. A persuasive, [i?.] 

Syn. - See Conviction. 

Per-sua'sive (-swa'siv), a. Tending to persuade ; 
having the power of persuading. — Per-sua'sive-ly, adv. 
— Per-sua'sive-ness. n. 

Per-sua'sive, n. That which persuades; an induce- 
ment ; an incitement ; an exhortation. 

Per-SUa'SO-ry (-so-r^), a. Persuasive. 

Pert (pert), a. [Aphetic form of OE. and OF. apert 
open, kuown, true, free, or impudent. See Apert.] In- 
decorously free, or presuming ; saucy ; bold ; impertinent. 

Per-tain' (per-tan'), r. i. [imp. & p. p. Pertained 
(-tand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pertaining.] [OF. partenir, fr. 
L. pertinere to reach, pertain ; per -4- tenere to hold. See 
Per- ; Tenacious.] 1. To belong ; to have connection or 
dependence, as an appurtenance, attribute, etc. ; to ap- 
pertain. 2. To have relation or reference. 

Per'ti-na'cious (peVtT-na'shiis), a. [L. pertinax, 
-acts ; per -\- tenax tenacious.] 1. Holding or adhering 
to any opinion, purpose, or design, with obstinacy ; per- 
versely persistent. 2. Resolute; persevering. — Per'ti- 
na'cious-ly, adv. — Per ti-na'cious-ness. n. 

Syn. — Obstinate ; stubborn ; inflexible : unyielding ; 
resolute ; determined ; firm ; constant ; steady. 

Per'ti-naCi-ty (-nas'i-ty)j n. Quality or state of be- 
ing pertinacious. 

Syn. — See Obstinacy. 

Per'ti-nence (-tT-nens), ) n. Quality or state of be- 

Per'ti-nen-cy (-nen-sy), ) ing pertinent. 

Per'ti-nent (per'tT-nent), a. [L. pertinens, -entis, p. 
pr. of pertinere. See Pertain.] Belonging or related to 
the subject or matter in hand ; fit or appropriate in any 
way. — Per'ti-nent-ly , adv. — Per'ti-nent-ness, n. 

Syn. — Apposite ; relevant ; suitable ; appropriate ; fit. 

Pertly (pert'ly), adv. In a pert manner. 

Pert'ness, n. Quality or state of being pert. 

Per-turb' (per-tfirb'), v. t. [L. perturbare, perturba- 
tum ; per -(- turbare to disturb, fr. turba a disorder.] 
To disturb ; to agitate ; to vex ; to trouble ; to disquiet. 

Per-turb'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Liable to be perturbed. 

Per'tur-ba'tion (peVtur-ba'shun), n. Act of perturb- 
ing, or state of being perturbed. 

Per-turb'er (-tfirt/er), n. One that perturbs. 

Per-tuse' (-tus'), ) a. [L. pertusus, p. p. of pertun- 

Per-tused' (-tusf), J dere to thrust or bore through ; 
per -f- tundere to beat.] Punched ; pierced with holes. 

Per-tU'sion (-tu'zhiin), n. A piercing or perforation. 

Per'uke (per'uk), n. [F. perruque, It. perrucca, par- 
rucca, fr. L. pilus hair.] A wig ; a periwig. 

Pe-rus'al (pe-ruz'al), n. Act of perusing or reading. 

Pe-ruse' (pe-ruz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perused 
(-ruzd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Perusing.] [Pref. per- 4- use.} 
To observe ; hence, to read through ; to read carefully. 

Pe-rus'er (-ruz'er), n. One who peruses 

Per-vade' (per-vad'), v. t. 
p. pr. & vb. n. Pervading.] 

per -f- vadere to go, to walk.]' 1. To pass or flow 
through, as an aperture, pore, or interstice ; to perme- 
ate. 2. To extend or be diffused throughout. 

Per-va'sion (-va'zhun), n. Act of pervading. 

Per-va'sive (-siv), a. Tending to pervade, or having 
power to spread throughout ; of a pervading quality. 

Per-verse' (per-vers'), a. [L. perversus turned the 
wrong way, not right, p. p. of pervertere. See Pervert.] 
1. Turned aside; hence, specif., turned away from the 
right ; willfully erring ; wicked ; perverted. 2. Obsti- 
nate in the wrong ; intractable ; hence, wayward ; con- 
trary. — Perversely, adv. — Per-verse'ness, n. 

Syn. — Froward ; untoward ; wayward ; stubborn ; un- 
governable ; cross ; petulant ; vexatious. — One who is 
froward is capricious, and reluctant to obey. One who 
l :" Perverse has a settled obstinacy of will, and likes or 
dislikes by the rule of contradiction to the will of others. 

Per-ver'sion (per-ver'shun), n. Act of perverting, or 
state of being perverted. [being perverse. I 

Per-ver'si-ty (per-ver'sT-t^), n. Quality or state of | 



[imp. & p. p. Pervaded ; 
[li. pervadere, pervasum ; 



Per-ver'sive (per-ver's!v), a. Tending to pervert. 

Per-vert' (-verf), !•• /• [imp. & p. p. Perverted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Perverting.] [F. pervertir, L. pervertere, 
pvrversam; per + vertere to turn.] 1. To divert. 
[Obs.~] 2. To turn from truth, rectitude, or propriety ; 
to divert from a right use, end, or way ; to lead astray ; 
to corrupt ; also, to misapply ; to misinterpret designedly. 

Per'vert (per'vert|, 7i. One who has been perverted. 

Per-vert'er (per-vert'er), n. One who perverts. 

Per-vert'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. Capable of being perverted. 

Per'vi-OUS (per'vT-Qs), a. [L. pervius ; per -\- via a 
way.] Admitting passage ; capable of being penetrated ; 
permeable. — Per'vi-OUS-neSB, n. 

Pes'age (peVaj ; 48), n. [F., fr. peser to weigh.] A 
fee, or toll, paid for the weighing of merchandise. 

II Pe-se'ta (pa-sa'ta), n. [Sp.] A Spanish silver coin, 
and money of account, equal to about nineteen cents. 

Pes'ky (pes'ky), a. [Etym. uncertain.] Pestering ; 
vexatious; troublesome. [Colloq. & Low, U. S.~\ 

I! Pe'SO (pa'so), n. [Sp.] A silver coin of Spain and 
Spanish America equal to from 75 cents to a dollar ; also, 
a pound weight. 

Pes'sa-ry (pgs'sa-ry), n. [L. pessarium, Gr. 7recr<r6?.] 
{Med.) (a) A device worn in the vagina, to keep the 
parts in place. (6) A vaginal suppository. 

Pes'si-mism (peVsT-miz'm), n. [L. pessimus worst, 
superl. of pejor worse.] 1. (Metaph.) The opinion or 
doctrine that everything in nature tends to the worst. 
2. A disposition to take the least hopeful view of things. 

Pes'si-mist (-mist), n. One given to pessimism. 

Pes'si-mist (pes'si-mist), ) a. Of, pert, to, or char- 

Pes'si-mis'tic (-mts'tik), j acterized by, pessimism. 

P'est (p5st), n. [L. pestisJ] 1. A fatal epidemic ; 
pestilence; specif., the plague. 2. One that is trouble- 
some, noxious, mischievous, or destructive ; nuisance. 

Pes ta-loz'zi-an (peVta-loz'zT-an or -15t'sT-an), a. 
Pert, to or designating a system of elementary educa- 
tion combining manual training with other instruction, 

— practiced by Jean Henri Pestalozzi, a Swiss teacher. 
Pes'ter (pes'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pestered (-terd); 

p. pr. & vb. n. Pestering.] [Abbrev. fr. impester, fr. 
OF. empaistrier, empestrer, to entangle the feet or legs, 
to embarrass ; pref. em-, en- (L. in in) -f- LL. pastorium, 
pastoria, a fetter for horses, fr. L. pastorius belonging 
to a herdsman, pastor herdsman.] To trouble ; to dis- 
turb ; to annoy ; to harass with petty vexations. 
Pes'ter-er, n. One who pesters. [being pestered. 1 
Pes'ter-ment (-ment), n. Act of pestering, or state of | 
Pest'hOUSe' (pest'hous'), n. A house or hospital for 
persons who are infected with any pestilential disease. 

Pes-tif'er-ous (pes-tlf'er-us), a. [L. pestiferus, pes~ 
tifer ; pestis pest + ferre to bear.] 1. Pest-bearing ; 
pestilential ; noxious to health ; infectious ; contagious. 
2. Noxious to peace, to morals^ or to society ; vicious ; 
hurtful ; destructive. — Pes-til 'er-OUS-ly, adv. 

Pes'ti-lence (pes'ti-lens), n. That which is pestilent ; 
specif., the plague ; hence, any virulent contagious or 
infectious epidemic disease. Also used fig. 

Pes'ti-lent (-lent), a. [L. pestilens, -entis, fr. pestis 
pest.] Pestilential ; noxious ; pernicious ; mischievous. 

— Pes'ti-lent-ly, adv. — Pes'ti-lent-ness, n. 
Pes'ti-len'tial (-ISn'shal), a. 1. Having the nature 

or qualities of a pestilence ; producing, or tending to pro- 
duce, pestilence. 2. Hence : Morally noxious or destroy- 
ing ; pernicious. — Pes'ti-len'tlal-ly, adv. 

Pes'tle (p§s"l), n. [OF. pestel, LL. pestellum, L. pis- 
tillum, f r. pisere,pinsere, to crush.] 1. An implement for 
pounding and breaking, or braying, substances in a mor- 
tar. 2. The leg and leg bone of an animal, esp. of a pig. 

Pes'tle (pes"l), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pestled 
(-'Id) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pestling (-ling).] To pound, pul- 
verize, bray, or mix with, or as with, a pestle. 

Pet (pSt), n. [Formerly peat; of uncertain origin.] 
1. A cade lamb. 2. Any person or animal especially 
cherished and indulged ; a fondling ; a darling ; often, a 
favorite child. 3. [Prob. alluding to the behavior of a 
spoiled child.] A slight fit of peevishness or fretfulness. 

Pet, a. Petted ; indulged ; admired ; cherished. 

Pet, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Petted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pet- 
ting.] To treat as a pet ; to fondle ; to indulge. 

Pet'al (pSt'al), n. [Gr. irirakov leaf, plate of metal, 
fr. TreVoAos broad, flat.] (Bot.) One of the leaves of the 
corolla, or the colored leaves of a flower. 

Pet'al-lsm (-Tz'm), n. [Gr. TreTaAta^ds, fr. ireraXov 
leaf.] (Gr. Antiq.) A form of sentence (with olive leaves 
for ballots) among the ancient Syracusans, similar to 
ostracism in Athens. 

Pet'al-Oid (pet'al-oid), a. [Petal -f- -oid.~\ Like a petal. 



") e, I, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, event, Idea, 6bey, anite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



PETALOUS 



611 



PH7ENOGAMOUS 



Pet'al-OUS (pgt'al-us), a. Having petals ; petaled. 

Pe-tar' (pe-tar'), n. See Pbtaed. [Obs.] 

Petard' (pe-tiird'), n. [F. petard, fr. peter to break 
wind, to explode, L. pedere, peditum.] (Mil.) A case 
containing powder to be exploded, esp. one formerly used 
for breaking down gates, barricades, etc. 

Pe-tau/rist (-ta'rYst), n. [Deriv. of Gr. n-eravp i'c|ei.i> to 
dance on a rope, fr. ireravpov pole, stage for ropedancers.] 
(Zool. ) Any one of numerous species of flying marsupials, 
including the flying mouse, and the phalangister. 

Pe-tech'1-al (pe-tgk'Y-al or pe-te'kY-al), a. [From 
LL. peleccia ; of uncertain origin. ] (Med. ) Characterized 
by, or pertaining to, certain small reddish or livid spots 
(petechias) appearing on the skin in malignant fevers. 

Pe'ter (pe'tSr), v. i. [Etyra. uncertain.] To become 
exhausted; to run out; to fail. [Slang, Tj. S.] 

Pe'ter-sham (-shSm), n. [Named after Lord Peter- 
sham.] A kind of rough, knotted woolen cloth. 

Pet'i-O-lar (pgt'Y-6-ler), ) a. (Bot.) Of or pert, to, or 

Pet'1-O-la-ry (-lS-r^), J proceeding from, a petiole. 

Pet'i-o-late (pStfY-S-iat), \ Havin „ astalk or Detiole 

Pet'i-o-la ted (-la'tgd), J * a&vm S a stain or petiole. 

Pet'I-Ole (-51), n. [F. petiole, f r. L. petiolus little foot, 
fruit stalk.] (Bot.) The footstalk of a leaf, connecting 
the blade with the stem. [See Must, of Leaf. ] 2. (Zool. ) 
A stalk or peduncle. 

Pet'it (pSt'y ; F. pe-te'), a. [F. See Petty.] Same 
as Petty. [Obs., except in legal language.] 

Petit jury, a jury of twelve men, impaneled to try causes 
at the bar of a court. — Petit larceny, the stealing of goods 
of, or under, a certain specified small value. 

Pe-ti'tion (pe-tYsh'un), n. [F. petition, L. pelilio, fr. 
petere, petitum, to beg, seek.] 1. A prayer; supplica- 
tion ; entreaty. 2. A formal written request addressed 
to an official person, or to an organized body. 

Pe-ti'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petitioned (-und) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Petitioning.] To make a prayer or re- 
quest to; to ask from; to solicit ; to entreat ; esp., to 
make a formal written supplication or application to. 

Pe-ti'tion, v. i. To make a petition or solicitation. 

Pe-ti/tion-a-ry (-ry), a. 1. Supplicatory; making a 
petition. 2. Containing a petition. 

Pe-ti'tion-er (-er), n. One who presents a petition. 

Pe-tre'an (pe-tre'an), a. [L. petraeus, Gr. irerpalos, 
fr. nerpa a rock.] Of or pertaining to rock. 

Pe'tre (pe'ter), n. Saltpeter. 

Pet'rel (pet'rgl), n. [F. petrel; a dim. of the name 
Peter, L. Petrus, Gr. irerpos a 
stone (John i. 42) ; —probably 
so called in allusion to St. 
Peter's walking on the sea.] 
(Zool.) Any one of numerous 
species of long-winged sea birds. 

Pe-tres'cence (pe-trgs'sens), 
n. Petrifaction. 

Pe-tres'cent (-sent), a. [L. « 
petra rock, stone, Gr. irerpa.] 
Petrifying ; converting into Leach's Stormy Petrel 
Stone. ( Oceanodroma leucorhoa). 

Pet'li-fac'tion (pSt'rY-fak'shQn), n. 1. Process of pet- 
rifying, or state of being petrified. 2. That which is petri- 
fied ; popularly, a body incrusted with stony matter. 

Pet'ri-fac'tive (-tYv), a. 1. Petrifying or tending to 
petrify. 2. Pert, to, or characterized by, petrifaction. 

Pe-trif/ic (pe-trYf'Yk), a. Petrifying ; petrifactive. 

Pet'ri-fi-ca'tion (pgt'rY-fY-ka'shun), n. Petrifaction. 

Pet'ri-fy (pgt'rY-fi), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Petrified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Petrdjying.] [L. petra rock, 
Gr. n-eVpa (akin to irerpos a stone) -\- -fy.~\ 1. To con- 
vert or turn into stone or stony substance. 2. To make 
or become callous or obdurate ; to stupefy ; to paralyze. 

Pet'ro- (pgfro-). A combining form from Gr. irerpa, 
a rock, nerpog, a stone ; as, petrology, petr oglyphic. 

Pe-trog'ly-phy (pe-trog'lY-fJr), n. [Petro- + Gr. y\v- 
<I>€lv to carve.] Art or operation of engraving on stone. 

Pe-trog'ra-phy (pe-trog'ra-fy), n. [Petro- + -graphy.] 
1. Art of writing on stone. 2. The scientific study and 
description of rocks. 

Pefro-la'tum (pgt'ro-la'tum), n. ( Chem. & Pharm. ) 
A semisolid, unctuous substance (similar to vaseline), 
without taste or odor, derived from petroleum. 

Pe-trole-um (pe-tro'le-iim), n. [NL., fr. L. petra a 
rock -f- oleum oil.] Rock oil, mineral oil, or natural oil. 
It is refined by distillation, and the products include 
kerosene, benzine, gasoline, paraffin, etc. 

II Ptf'tro'leur' (pa'tro'ler'), n. m. \ [F.] An incendi- 

II P6 / tr0 / leuse r (pa'tro'lez'), n. f. J ary who uses pe- 
troleum. 




Pet'ro-log'ic Otft'ro-lSj'rk), | '/. Of or pert, to pe- 

Pet'ro log'ic-al (-Y-k«l), { trology. [trology. I 

Pe-trol'o-gist Ox-trSl'o-jYat), n. One versed in pe-| 

Pe-trol'o-gy (-jy), n. [Petro- -\- -logy.} Same as 
Litholoqy. 

Pet'ro-nel (pgt'ro-nSl), n. [OF. petrinal, fr. petrine 
breast ; — so called because placed against the breast to 
fire.] A sort of portable firearm of the lf>th century. 

Pe-tro'sal (pt-tro'sul), a. [See Petrous.] (Anat.) 
Hard ; stony ; petrous ; as, the petrosal part of the tem- 
poral bone of man. 

Pe'trous (pe'trus), a. [L. petrosus, f r. petra a stone.] 
Like stone ; hard ; stony ; rocky. 

Pet'ti-coat (pgt'tY-kot), n. [Petty -f coat.] A loose 
undergarment hanging from the waist, worn by women. 

Pet'ti-fog (-f5g), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pettifogged 
(-fggd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pettifogging.] [Petty -\-Jog to 
pettifog.] To do a petty or tricky law business. 

Pet'ti-fOg, v. t. To argue trickily. [Collo'j.] 

Pet'ti-fog'ger (-fSg'ger), n. A lawyer whose practice 
is petty, or mean and tricky. [fogger. I 

Pet'ti-fog/ger-y (-f), n. Practice or arts of a petti- 1 

Pet'ti-ly, adv. In a petty manner ; frivolously. 

Pet'ti-ness, n. Quality or state of being petty. 

Pet'tish (-tYsh), a. [From Pet.] Fretful ; peevish ; 
moody. — Pet'tish-ly, adv. —Pet'tish ness. n. 

Pet'ti-toes (-ti-toz), n. pi. [Petty -f- toes.] The toes 
or feet of a pig, — often used as food. 

II Pet'tO (pgt'to), n. [It., fr. L. pectus.] The breast. 

In petto, in the breast ; hence, in secrecy ; in reserve. 

Pet'ty (-ty), a. [Compar. Pettier (-tY-er) ; superl. 
Petttest.] [OE. petit, F. petit; prob. of Celtic origin, 
and akin to E. piece.] Little ; trifling ; inconsiderable ; 
also, inferior; subordinate. 

Petty officer, a subofficer in the navy, corresponding to a 
noncommissioned officer in the army. 

Syn. — Diminutive ; trivial; unimportant; frivolous. 

Pet'ty-chaps (pgt'ty-chops), n. (Zool.) Any one of 
several species of small European singing birds, including 
the willow warbler and the golden warbler. 

Pet'ty- Whin (-hwYn), n. [Petty -f whin.] (Bot.) A 
prickly, leguminous plant of Europe (Genista Anglica). 

Pet'u-lance (pet'u-lans ; 135), I n. Quality or state 

Pet'U-lan-cy (pet'u-lan-sy), J of being petulant. 

Pet'u-lant (-lant), a. [L. petulans, -antis, prop., mak- 
ing slight attacks upon, from a lost dim. of petere to fall 
upon, to attack.] 1. Pert ; insolent. [Obs.] 2. Capri- 
ciously fretful; characterized by ill-natured freakish- 
ness; irritable. —Pet'U-lant-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Ill-humored ; peevish ; cross ; querulous. — 
Peevish implies the permanence of a sour, fretful tem- 
per ; petulant implies temporary or capricious irritation. 

Pe-tU'ni-a (pe-tu'nY-a), n. [NL., fr. Braz. petun to- 
bacco.] (^o^.) A genus of solanaceous herbs with funnel- 
form or salver-shaped corollas. 

Pew (pu), n. [OE. pewe, OF. puie parapet, balcony, 
f r. L. podium a height, a balcony in the circus, Gr. noSiov, 
dim. of 7rovs, n-oSd?, foot ; — hence the Latin sense of a 
raised place (orig. as a rest or support for the foot).] 
1. One of the compartments in a church which are sepa- 
rated by low partitions, and have long seats. 2- Any 
similar structure, as a money lender's stall. [06s.] 

Pe'wee (pe'we), n. [So called from its note.] 

1. (Zool.) A common American tyrant flycatcher. 

2. The woodcock. [Local, U. S.] 

Pe'wet (pe'wgt), n. (Zool.) Same as Pewit. 

Pe'wit (pe'wYt), n. [Prob. imitative.] (Zool.) (a) 
The lapwing, (b) The European blackheaded, or laugh- 
ing, gull, (c) The tyrant flycatcher ; pewee. 

Pew'ter (pu'ter), n. [OF. peutre, peautre, piautre ; 
of uncertain origin.] 1. A tough, but easily fusible, 
alloy, originally consisting of tin with a little lead, but 
afterwards modified by the addition of copper, antimony, 
or bismuth. 2. Utensils or vessels made of pewter. 

Pew'ter-er (-er), n. A worker in pewter. 

II Pfen'nig (pfgn'nig), n. ; pi. Pfennigs (-nYgz), G. 
Pfennigs (-nYg-g). [G. See Penny.] A small copper 
coin of Germany of which 100 are worth a mark. 

Pha'coid (fa'koid), a. [Gr. <£aKos a lentil + -oid.] 
Resembling a lentil ; lenticular. 

II Phae'no-ga'mi-a^ (fe'no-ga'mY-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. 
fyatve if to show -f- ya/uo? marriage.] (Bot.) The class of 
flowering plants including all which have true flowers 
with distinct floral organs, and bear true seeds. 

Phayno-ga'mi-an (-ga'mY-5n), > a. Same as Ph.enog- 

PhaVno-gam'ic (-gXm'Yk), j amous. 

Phae nog'a-mous (fe-ngg'a-mQs), u. (Bot.) Having 
true flowers with distinct floral organs ; flowering. 



fSrn, recent, 6rb, rvide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PHAETON 



612 



PHIAL 




Pha'e-ton " [F. phaeton a kind of car- 

Phaethon, sou of Helios (Phoebus), 

ained permission to drive.] A four- 

» heeled carriage (with or without a top>, open, or having 

. in front of tl.< 

Phag e-de'na vfaj ?-de'na). ;i. [Gr. ^aye'Satrou, fr. 

eat.] {Med.) Spreading, obstinate ulceration. 

Phag e-denlc (-dBntk), Phag e-den'ic-al (-T-kol), a. 

-pha-gOUS ^-ia-gus). [Gr. <£ayeutoeat.] Eating ; con- 

Pha-lan'ger (fa-15n'jer), n. [See Phalanx.] (Zodl.) 
of uuinerous species and 
. of arboreal marsupials. 
Pha-lan'ges Hez), n.,pl. 
ci Phalanx. 

Phal an-ste'ri-an (f5F5n- 
ste'riwn), a. Of or pertaining 
to phalausterism. — n. One 
who favors phalansterism. 

Pha-lan'ster-ism tfa-l5n'- 
ster-lzm), Phal an-steM- 
an-ism (, f 51 ' 5n - ste ' rT - an - 
T z ' m "i . n. A system of phalan- 
steries proposed by Fourier. 

Phal'an-Ster-y ( f 5 1 ' 5 n - Squirrel Phalanger. 

■tBr-jft, n. [F. phalanslere, fr. Gr. <J>dAay£ a phalanx + 
crrepeos firm, solid.] 1. An association or community 
organized on the plan of Fourier. See FormrEBiSM. 2. 
The dwelling house of a Fourierite community. 

Phalanx (fa'lanks or f51'5nks). n. ; pi. E. Pha- 
"«™ < v -ez), L. Phalanges (fa-lan'jez). [L., fr. Gr. 
<£<iAayf.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A body of heavy-armed in- 
lantry formed in ranks and files close and deep. 2. Any 
body of men formed in close array, or any firm combina- 
tion of people. 3. A phalanstery. 4. (Anat.) One of 
the digital bones of the hand or foot, beyond the meta- 
carpus or metatarsus. [See Tllust. of Skeleton.] 5. 
[pi. Phalanges.] (Bot.) A group or bundle of stamens. 

Pbal'a-rope (faPa-rop), n. [Gr. $aAap6s having a 
patch of white -f- 7rov?, ttoSos. a foot.] (Zodl.) Any 
species of several genera of small wading birds (the Gral- 
Ise). having lobate toes. [phallism. I 

Phal Tic (-lik), a. Of or pertaining to the phallus or | 

Phallism (-LTz'm), n. The worship of the genera- 
tive principle in nature, symbolized bv the phallus. 

Phallus (fal'lus), n. ; pi. Phalli (-11). [L. (in sense 
1). fr. Gr. <£aAA6?.] 1. The emblem of the generative 
power in nature. 2. (Anat.) The penis or clitoris. 

Phan'er-ite (fan'er-it), a. [Gr. <6arep6s visible, from 
Qatvew to bring to light.] Evident : visible. 

Phan'e-ro-ga'mi-a (fan'e-ro-ga'mT-a). n. pi. [XL., fr. 
Gr. (bavepos visible -J- ya/Lw>? marriage.] Same as Ph^eno- 

GAMIA. 

Phan er-o-gamlc (-er-o-gSmlk), ) a. (Bot.) Same as 

Phan er-og'a-mous (-5g'a-mus). ) Pjlenogamocs. 

Phan'tasm (fan'tSz'm). n. [L. phanlasma. See 
Phantom.] 1. An image formed by the mind, and sup- 
posed to be real or material ; sometimes, an optical illu- 
sion ; a phantom. 2. A mental image or representation 
of a real object ; a fancy ; a notion. 

Phan-tas ma-go'ri-a (fan-t5z ma-go'ri-a). n. [NX., 
fr. Gr. <S>avTa<TfLa. phantasm — dyopd assembly.] 1. An 
optical effect of moving or merging figures produced by a 
magic lantern. 2. Apparatus by which such an effect is 
produced. 3. Fig. : Medley of figures : illusive images. 

Phan-tas ma-go'ri-al (-al). I a. Of, pert, to, or like. 

Phan-tas ma-gor'ic (-gorlk). { phantasmagoria. 

Phan-tas'ma-gO-ry (-go-ry).n. See Phantasmagoria. 

Phan-tas'mal (-mol). a. Phantasmagorial. 

Phan-tas'tlc (fan-tiVtlk), Phan-tas'tic-al (-tas'tT- 
Fantastic. 

Phan'ta-sy (f5n'ta-sy). n. See Fantasy, and Fancy. 

Phan'tom (f5n'tum)I n. [OF. fantosme, tr.It.phan- 
' ,-r. 6dmacrfjM., fr. cWVeii> to show.] That which 
has only an apparent existence ; apparition ; specter ; 
phantasm : sprite : anv airv spirit : ideal image. 

Phari-sa'ic (fSr'T-salk), I a. 1. Of. pert. to. or 

Phar'i-sa'ic-al (-T-kal), ( like, the Pharisees. 2. 
Addicted to forms and ceremonies : ceremonial : 
formal; hence, hypocritical ; self-righteous. — Pilar i- 
sa'ic-al-ly. adt . — Phar i-sa'ic-al-ness. n. 

Phar'i-sa-ism (f5rT-sa-Tz'm). n. 1. The notions, 
•■--. and conduct of the Pharisees, as a sect. 2. 
■^ervance of external forms of religion, without 
piety : hypocritical self-righteousness. 

Pharisee (fSrl-se). n. [Deriv. of Heb. par ash to 
■e parate.] One of a party among the Jews, noted for a 
tstnct observance of rites, ceremonies, and traditions. 



Phar'ma-ceu'tiC (far'ma-su'tik), ) a. [L. pharma- 
Phar ma-ceu'tic-al (-tl-kal), j eeutieu «, Gr. 

(papnaxevTucos, f r. <j>apfj.oLKeveiv. ] Of or pert, to the knowl- 
edge or art of pharmacy. — Phar ma-ceu'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Phar ma-ceu'tics v-tiks), n. Pharmacy. 

Phar ma-ceu'tist v-tist), n. One skilled in pharmacy. 

Phar'ma-cist U'ar'nia-sist). n. A pharmaceutist 

Phar ma-col'o-gy (-kSPo-jJ-), n. [Gr. ^dpfiaxov drug 
-J- -logy.'] Knowledge of. or art of preparing, medicines. 

Phar ina-co-poe'ia (-ko-pe'ya), n. [XL., fr. Gr. 
(ftapp-axoTfoia the preparation of medicines : <f>dpfiajcov 
medicine — voieiv to make.] A book or treatise describ- 
ing the drugs, preparations, etc., used in medicine. 

Phar'ma-cy (-sy), n. [OF. farmacie. pharmacie, 
Gr. <)>apfj.auceCa, fr. ^ap/xaxeveii/ to administer medicines, 
fr. <j>dpnaKoi> medicine.] 1. Art or practice of preparing 
drugs ; art or science of compounding and dispensing 
medicines. 2. Drug store : apothecary's shop. 

Pha'ros (fa'ros), n. [L., fr. Gr. <£apos, fr. Qdpos an 
island in the Bay of Alexandria, where king Ptolemy 
Philadelphus built a famous lighthouse.] A lighthouse 
or beacon for the guidance of seamen. 

Phar'yn-ge / al (fSr'Tn-je'al 07-fa-rin'je-al), a. (Anat.) 
Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the pharynx. — 
n. (Anat.) A pharvngeal bone or cartilage. 

Pharyn-gi'tis'(far'in-ji'tis), n. [XL. See Phab- 
ynx, and -rris.] (Jfed.) Inflammation of the pharynx. 

Phar yn-gOt/O-my (-Tn-got'o-my), n. [Pharynx -f 
-tomy.] (Surg.) (a) Operation of making an incision into 
the pharynx, (b) Scarification or incision of the tonsils. 

Phar'ynx (far'Tnks), n.; pi. Phaeynges (fa-rin'jez). 
[XL., fr. Gr. <pdpuy^. -vyyo?.] (Anat.) The part of the 
alimentary canal between the cavity of the mouth and 
the esophagus. 

Phase (faz). n. ; pi. Phases (-ez). [Gr. <pd<ris. fr. 
(*>atveiv to make to appear.] 1. That which is exhibited 
to the eye ; visible appearance. 2. Any appearance or 
aspect of an object of mental apprehension. 3. (Astron.) 
A particular appearance or state in a regularly recur- 
ring cj-cle of changes in quantity of illumination or form 
of enlightened disk. 4. (Physics) Any one point or 
portion in a recurring series of changes. 

Pha'sel (fa'zel), n. [L. phaselus, phaseolus. Gr. 
(JhzotjAo?. cfxia-ioAos.] The French bean, or kidney bean. 

Pheas'ant (fez'ant), n. [OF. faisant, faisan. L. 
phasianus, Gr. oatnavo? (sc. Spins) the Phasian bird, 
pheasant, fr. 3>a(7i? a river in Colchis or Pontus.] 1. 
(Zodl.) Any one of numerous species of large gallina- 
ceous birds originally Asiatic. TSee IUust. under Raso- 
eial-1 2. (Zodl.) The ruffed grouse. [Southern U. S.] 




Golden Pheasant (Tfiaumaleapicta). 



Phe1>e (fe/be), n. (Zodl.) See Phcebe. 

Phen a-kis'to-scope (fen'a-kls'to-skop). n. [Gr. 
6evax«777?s a deceiver -f- -scope.} A revolving disk on 
which figures drawn in different attitudes are seen suc- 
cessivelv. so as to appear like a moving object. 

Phe'nix (fe'niks), n.; pi. Phentxes (-ez). [L. phoe- 
nix. Gr. ^xHfif .] (Gr. Myth.) A bird fabled to exist sin- 
gle, to be consumed by fire by its own act. and to rise 
again from its ashes. Hence, an emblem of immortality. 
Phen O-ga'mi-a (fen o-ga'mT-a or fe'no-), n. pi., 
Phe-nog'a-mous (fe-nog'a-rniis), a., etc. Same as 
Ph-enogamia. Ph^nogamocs. etc. 

Phe'nol (fe'nol). n. [Gr. <6atVeiv to show -f- alcoho/.] 
(Chem.) A crystalline substance, produced by the de- 
structive distillation of many organic bodies ; carbolic 
acid. It is of the type of alcohols, but has acid properties. 

Phe-nom'e-nal (fe-nom'e-nal), a. Relating to. or of 
the nature of. a phenomenon ; hence, extraordinary. — 
Phe-nom'e-nal-ly. adv. 

Phe-nom'e-non -non), n. ; pi. -na C-na). [L. phe- 
nomenon. Gr. <!>aiv6nevov. fr. 6aiVe<r0r.i to appear. (JxuWiv 
to show.] 1. An appearance ; anything visible ; what- 
ever, in matter or spirit, is apprehended by observation. 
2. That which is extraordinary or remarkable. 

Phe'nyl (fe'nil), n. [Gr. <patvciv to bring to light -f 
-vl. So called because it is a by-product of iUuminating 
gas.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical which is the basis 
of an immense number of aromatic derivatives. 

Phi'al (fPal), n. [F. fioU, L. phiala a shallow cup 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ix, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final 



PHIAL 



613 



PHONOTYPE 



or bowl, Gr. ^>iaAi). Cf. Vial.] A glass vessel or bottle, 
esp. a small bottle for medicines ; vial. [phial. I 

Phl'al (fl'al), v. I. To put or keep in, or as if hi, a| 

Phi-lan'der (f I-lan'der), V. i. [Gr. ^u'Aai/Spos fond of 
men ; <£i'Ao? loving -j- ii/rjp man.] To make love to women. 

Phil'an-throp'ictflFau-thrSp'Ik), )a. Of, pert, to, 

Phil an throp'ic-al (-I-kal), J or character- 

ized by, philanthropy. — Phil'an-throp'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Phl-lan'thro-piSt (fl-lan'thro-plst), n. [Gr. <pt\dv- 
Qpunros ; <£i'Ao? loving -j- avBpioiros man.] One who prac- 
tices philanthropy. 

Phi-lan'thro-py (-py), n. Love to mankind ; univer- 
sal good will ; desire and readiness to do good to all men. 

Phi-lat'e-ly (-lSt'e-ly), ». [Philo- -f Gr. dre'Aeia ex- 
emption from tax.] The collection of postage stamps of 
various issues. 

PhiThar-inon'ic (fll'har-mBn'Ik), a. [Philo- + Gr. 
apixovia harmony.] Loving harmony or music. 

Phil-hel'len-ism (-hgl'lgn-Iz'ni), n. Love of Greece. 

Phil-hel'len-ist, n. [Philo- + Gr. "EAAt)i> Greek.] A 
friend of Greece ; supporter of the cause of the Greeks. 

Phi-lip'pic (fl-lip'plk), n. Any one of the orations 
of Demosthenes, denouncing Philip, king of Macedon ; 
any discourse or declamation acrimoniously invective. 

Phi-lis'tine (fT-lTs'tin), n. 1. A native or an inhabit- 
ant of ancient Philistia, of southern Palestine. 2. A 
person deficient in liberal culture and refinement; one 
whose scope is limited to selfish and material interests. 

Phi-lis'tin-ism (-Tz'm), n. Condition, character, 
aims, or habits of the Philistines. See Philistine, 2. 

Philo-. A combining form from Gr. <f>i'Aos, loving, fond 
of, attached to ; as, philosophy, philotechnic. 

Phi-lol'O-ger (fT-151'6-jgr), n. A philologist. 

Phil o-log'ic-al (fTl'6-15j'I-kal), ) a. Of or pertain- 

Phil/O-log'ic (fil'o-loj'Tk), ) ing to philology. 

— Phil'o-log/ic-al-ly, adv. [ogy. I 

Phi-lol'o-gist (f i-lol'6-jist), n. One versed in philol- 1 

Phi-lol'o-gize (-jlz), v. i. To study, or make critical 
comments on, language. 

Phi-lol'O-gy (-j^), n. [L. philologia love of learning, 
interpretation, philology, Gr. <£tAoAo-yia, fr. <£iAdAoyos, 
orig., fond of talking ; $i'Aos loving -f- Adyos speech, dis- 
course.] 1. Criticism ; grammatical learning, [R.] 2. 
The study of language, esp. as a science. 

Phil'O-math (fll'o-mSth), n. [Gr. <£iAo/u,a0ijs ; <£iAos 
loving -f- fi.d8rj learning.] A lover of learning ; a scholar. 

Phi-lom'a-thy (fl-lom/a-th^), n. Love of learning. 

PhiTo-mel (fil'6-mgl), n. Nightingale. Same as 
Philomela, 1. [Poetic] 

Phil o-me'la (-nie'la), n. [L. philomela, Gr. <J>iAo- 
fA»}Aa, according to legend fr. $iAoju.jjAa Philomela, a girl 
who was changed into a nightingale.] 1. The nightingale. 
2. (Zool.) A genus of birds including the nightingales. 

PhU/O-pe'na (-pe'na), n. [Prob. corrupt, fr. G. viel- 
liebchen, LG. vielliebken, or D. veelliebken, a philopena, 
lit., much loved.] A present or gift made as a forfeit in 
a social game variously played ; also, the game itself. 

Phil o-pro-gen'i-tive-ness (-pr6-jen'T-tiv-ngs), n. 
[Philo- -f- L. progenies offspring.] (Phren.) The love 
of offspring. 

Phi-lOS'0-pher (fT-los'6-fer), n. / [Through F. &L. fr. 
Gr. 4>l\6<to4>os ; $i'Aos loving -f- o-o$ds wise.] One versed 
in or devoted to, or acting according to the rules of, 
philosophy. 

Philosopher's stone, an imaginary stone which the alche- 
mists formerly sought as the instrument of converting 
the baser metals into gold. 

Phil o-soph'ic (f Il'o-s'of 'Ik), \ a. Of or pertaining to* 

PhiTo-SOph'iC-al (-s5f'i-kal), ) philosophy ; versed 
in, or imbued with, the principles of philosophy ; hence, 
rational ; wise ; temperate ; calm ; cool. — PhiVo-soph'- 
ic-al-ly, adv. [ophy ; sophistry, i 

Phi-lOS'0-phism (f i-los'6-f Iz'ni), n. Spurious philos- 1 

Phi-lOS'O-phist (-fist), n. A pretender in philosophy. 

Phi-lOS'0-phize (-fiz), v. i. To reason like a philoso- 
pher ; to investigate and account for phenomena. 

Phi-lOS'O-phy (-fy), n. 1. Lit., the love of, inducing 
the search after, wisdom ; in actual usage, the knowl- 
edge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, 
causes and reasons, powers and laws. 2. A particular 
philosophical system or theory. 3. Practical wisdom ; 
calmness of temper and judgment ; equanimity ; forti- 
tude ; stoicism. 4. Reasoning ; argumentation. 

Phil'O-tech'nic (fil'o-tgk'nlk), ) a. [Philo- + Gr. 

PhiTo-tech'nic-al (-nl-kal), J rexvy an art.] Fond 
of the arts. [Jt.] 

Philter (f Tl'ter ) , n. [Through F. & L. f r. Gr. <pt\rpov, 
It. <f>i\elv to love, <f>i'Aos loving.] A love potion or charm. 



Phll'ter (fTl'tPi), r. t. \i„, p. A p. p. Phh-teued (-terd) ; 
p.pr, & rb. n. 1'hiltering.] 1. To impregnate or mix 
with a love potion. 2. To charm to love or sexual desire. 

Phiz (fiz), n. A contr. of Physiognomy. [Colloq.] 

Phle-bot'o mist (tit-bOt'o-mlst), n. {Med. ) One who 
practices phlebotomy. [vein. [R.]\ 

Phle bot'o-mize (-miz), v. t. To bleed by opening a| 

Phle-bot'o-my (-my), n. [Gr. 4>Aet//, <£A«/3d«, vein + 
-totny.] (Med.) Bloodletting by opening a vein. 

Phlegm (flSin), n. [F. phleyme, L. pldtgma, fr. Gr. 
(pKeyp-a a flame, inflammation, phlegm, fr. <p\eyti.u to 
bum.] 1. One of the lour humors ol which the ancients 
supposed the blood to be composed. 2. (Physiol.) Viscid 
mucus secreted in abnormal quantity in the respiratory 
and digestive passages. 3. Sluggishness of tern perament ; 
dullness ; want of interest ; indifference ; coldness. 

Phleg-mat'ic (flgg-uiaVik), a. 1. Abounding in 
phlegm. 2. Generating or causing phlegm. 3. Not 
easily excited ; cold ; dull ; sluggish ; heavy. 

Phleg-mat/ic-al (flgg-mSt'I-kal), n. Phlegmatic. 

Phleg-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. In a phlegmatic manner. 

Phleg'mon (flgg'mSn), n. [Gr. (f>keyp.oinj, fr. <£Ae'yei!/ 
to burn.] (Med.) Purulent inflammation of the areolar 
tissue. — Phleg'mon-ous (-us), a. 

Phleme (flein), n. (Stcrg. & Far.) See Fleam. 

Phlo-gis'tic (flo-jls'tik), a. 1. (Old Chevi.) Of or 
pertaining to phlogiston. 2. (3Ied.) Inflammatory. 

PhlO-gis'ton (fl6-jis't5n), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ^Abytards 
burnt, deriv. of <^Ad|, <£Aoyds, flame.] (Old Cham.) The 
hypothetical principle of Are, or inflammability. 

PhlOX (fl5ks), n. [L., a kind of flower, fr. Gr. <J>Ad£ 
flame, fr. ^Ae'yetv to burn.] (Bot.) A genus of American 
herbs, having showy red, white, or purple flowers. 

PhoeHse (fe'be), n. (Zool.) The tyrant flycatcher. 

Phoetras (-bus), ». [L., fr. Gr. fcotfos, fr. 4hh0O5 
pure, bright.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Apollo. 2. The sun. 

II Phce'nix (fe'niks), n. [L.] Same as Phenlx. 

Pho-na'tion (fo-na'shun), n. [Gr. 4>u>irj the voice.] 
Act or process by which sounds are articulated. 

Pho-nau'to-graph (fo-na/to-graf ), n. [Phono- + Gr. 
olvtos self -f- -graph.] (Physics) An instrument which 
is caused by sounds to produce a visible trace or record. 

Pho-net'ic (fo-net'ik), a. [Gr. ^moitjtiko?, fr. fpuvrj a 
sound, tone ; akin to Gr. <pdva.i to speak.] 1. Of or per- 
taining to the voice, or its use. 2. Representing sounds. 
— Pho-net'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Phonetic spelling, spelling in phonetic characters, each 
representing one sound only. 

Pho-net/ics (fo-ngt'Iks), n. 1. Doctrine or science 
of sounds, esp. those of the human voice ; phonology. 
2. The art of representing vocal sounds by characters. 

PhO'ne-tist (fo'ne-tlst), n. 1. One versed in pho- 
netics. 2. One who advocates a phonetic spelling. 

Phonic (fon'ik), a. Of or pertaining to sound ; of 
the nature of sound ; acoustic. 

Phon'ics (-Tks), n. Phonetics. 

Pho'no- (fo'no-). A combining form from Gr. <pu>m^, 
sound, tone ; as, phonograph, phonology. 

Pho'no-gram (fo'no-grSm), n. [Phono- + -gram.] 

1. A letter or character used to represent a particular 
sound. 2. A record of sounds made by a phonograph. 

Pho'no-graph (-graf), n. [Phono- + -graph.] 1. A 
character used to represent a sound, esp. in phonography. 

2. (Physics) An instrument for the mechanical registra- 
tion and reproduction of audible sounds. 

Pho-nog'ra-pher (fo-n5g'ra-fer), n. One versed in 
phonography ; one skilled in the use of the phonograph. 
Pho'no-graph'ic (fo'no-grXFTk), t a. Of or pertain- 
PhO'no-graph'ic-al (-grSf'I-kal), ) ing to phonogra- 
phy, or the phonograph.— Pho/no-graph'ic-al-ly, adv. 
PhO-nog'ra-phist (f6-n5g r ra-fTst), n. Phonographer. 
PhO-nog'ra-phy (-fy), n. [Phono- + -graphy.] 1. 
A description of the laws of the human voice, or of 
the sounds of speech. 2. A representation of sounds by 
distinctive characters ; commonly, a system of shorthand 
writing. 3. Art of constructing, or using, the phonograph. 
PhO-nol'O-ger (fo-n51'o-jer), n. A phonologist. 
Pho'no-log'ic (fo'no-lSj'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to 
PlWno-log'ic-al (-45j'I-kfl-l), ) phonology, [nology. | 
Pho-nol'O-gist (fo-n51'o-jTst), n. One versed in pho- 1 
Pho-nol'O-gy (-jy)i »• [Phono- -f- -logy.] Phonetics. 
Pho'no-SCOpe (fo'no-skop), n. [Phono- -\- -scope.] 
(Physics) (a) An instrument for observing or exhibiting 
the motions or properties of sounding bodies, (b) An 
instrument for producing luminous figures by the vibra- 
tions of sounding bodies. 

Pho'no-type (-tip), n. [Phono- -f type.] A type or 
character used in phonotypy. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6 bey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



N 



rHOXOTY VIC 



614 



PHRENOLOGY 



Pho no-typ'ic U"o ni-ttptk), 1 a. Of or pert, to a pho- 
PhO no-typ'iC-al (-I-kal), I DOtvpe or phouotypy. 
Pho-not'y-pist (tt-noVX-pXat or fo'im-tipTst), n. One 

u phouotypy. 

Pho-not'y-py (fo-n5t1-py or fo'uo-ti'py), n. A 
method of phonetic printing using ■ separate character 
elementary sound. 

-phore A combining form, or suffix (f rom Gr. <pepetu 
to Bear) signifying bearing, producing. 

Phos'phate ^fSs'fat), n. (Chem.) A salt of phos- 
phoric acid, [ousacid. I 

Phos'phlte Uos'iit). ??. (Chem.) A salt of phosphor- 1 

Phos'phor (.fos'fSr), n. [See Phosphorus.] 1. Phos- 
phorus. [()&«.] 2. The planet Venus, as the morning 
star ; Lucifer. [Poetic] 

Phos'phor-ate (at), v. t. (Chem.) To impregnate, or 
combine, with phosphorus or its compounds. 

Phos'phor-bronze' (-br5nz' or -bronz'), n. [Phos- 
bronxe.] (Metal.) A hard, strong variety of 
bronze obtained by melting copper with tin phosphide. 

Phos phor-esce' (fSs'fSr-es'), v. i. To be phosphor- 
escent. 

Phos phor-es'cence (-es'sens), n. 1. Quality, state, 
or act of being phosphorescent. 2. A phosphoric light. 

PhOS'phor-es'cent (-sent), a. Shining with a phos- 
phoric light ; luminous without sensible heat. 

Phos-phor'ic (fos-for'Ik), a. 1. (Chem.) Of or per- 
taining to phosphorus ; resembling, or containing, phos- 
phorus, esp. in a valence higher than in other compounds. 
See -ic. 2. Phosphorescent. 

Phos-phor'ic-al (-i-kal), a. ( Old Chem . ) Phosphoric. 

Phos'phor-ous (fos'for-us), a. (Chem.) Of or per- 
taining to phosphorus ; resembling or containing phos- 
phorus, esp. in a lower valence. See -ous. 

Phos'phor-us (-us), n. ; pi. Phosphori (-1). [L., the 
morning star, Gr. ^ojo-^opos, lit., light bringer ; <£>w? light 
-4- Qepeiv to bring.] 1. The morning star ; Phosphor. 
2. (Cheyn.) A poisonous, nonmetallic element of the 
nitrogen group, obtained as a white, or yellowish, translu- 
cent waxy substance. It is very active chemically, and 
unites with oxygen even at ordinary temperatures, giving 
a faint glow, — whence its name. 3. (Chem.) Hence, 
any substance which like phosphorus shines in the dark. 

Pho'to (fo'to), n. ; pi. Photos (-toz). A contraction 
of Photograph. [Colloq.] 

Pho'to- (fo'to-). A combining form from Gr. </><os, 
<f>ojTOi, light ; as photography, phototype, photometer. 

Pho tO-e-lec'tlic (pho'to-e-lek'trlk), a. [Photo- -f- 
electric.~\ Acting by the operation of electric light. 

Pho'tO-e-lec'tro-type (-e-lgk'tro-tlp), n. (Print.) An 
electrotype plate formed in a mold made by photo- 
graphing on prepared gelatin, etc. 

Pho'to-en-grav'ing (-en-grav'ing), n. [Photo- + 
engraving.'] The process of obtaining from the photo- 
graphic image an etched or engraved plate for printing ; 
also, a picture printed from the plate. 

Pho'to-graph (fo'to-graf), ». [Photo- + -graph.] A 
picture or likeness obtained by photography. 

Pho'tO-graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photographed 
(-graft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Photographing (-graf'Ing).] To 
take a picture or likeness of by means of photography. 

Pho'tO-graph, V. i. To make photographs, [graphs. I 

PhO-tOg'ra-pner (fo-tSg'ra-fer), n. One who photo- 1 

Pho ; tO-graph'iC (foao-grSf'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Pho to-graph'ic-al (-T-kal), j to photography ; 
obtained by photography. 

Pho-tOg'ra-phy (fo-tog'ra-fy), n. [Photo- -\- -graphy.] 
1. The science which relates to the action of light on sen- 
sitive bodies in the production of pictures, the fixation of 
images, and the like. 2. The art or process of producing 
pictures by this action of light. [graving. I 

Pho'tO-grav'ure (fo'to-grav'ur), n. [F.] Photo-en- 1 

Pho'to-heli-o-graph (-he'lT-o-grSf), n. [Photo- + 
hfj.iogroph.] (Physics) A modified kind of telescope 
adapted to taking photographs of the sun. 

Pho'to-lith'o-graph (-Hth'6-grSf ), n. [Photo- + lith- 
ograph.'] A lithographic picture or copy from a stone 
prepared by the aid of photography. [ography. I 

Pho'to-lith'o-graph, v. t. To produce by photolith- 1 

Pho'tO-li-thOg'ra-phy (-H-th5g'ra-fy), n. The art or 
process of producing photolithographs. 

Pho-tol'o-gy (fo-t51'6-tf), n. [Photo- + -logy.] The 
rloctrim; or (science of light ; optics. 

Pho-tom'6-ter (-tSni'e-ter), n. [Photo- -\- -meter.] 
An instrument for measuring the intensity of light. 

Pho-tom'e-try (-try"), n. That branch of science which 
treatH of the measurement of the intensity of light. 

Pho'tO-mi'cro-graph (fo'to -mi'kro-graf), n. [Photo- 



-f micro- -f -graph.] 1. An enlarged photograph of a 
microscopic object. 2. A microscopically small photo- 
graph of an object. 

Pho'to-phone (io'tt-ion), n. [Photo- -f- Gr. Qwrj 
sound.] (Physics) An apparatus for the production of 
sound by the action of rays of light. 

Pho'to-scope (fo'to-skop), n. [Photo- + -scope.] 
(Physics) Anything employed for the observation of light. 
Pho to-sciilp'ture (fo'to-skQlp'tur ; 135), n. [Photo- 
-f- sculpture.] A process in which, by means of a num- 
ber of photographs simultaneously taken from different 
points of view, rough models of a figure may be made. 

Pho'to-sphere (fo'to-sfer), n. [Photo- + sphere.] A 
sphere of light ; esp., the luminous envelope of the sun. 
— Pho to spher'ic (-sfSr'Ik), a. 

Pho'to-type (f o'to-tlp), n. [Photo- + -type.] A plate 
or block with a printing surface obtained from a photo- 
graph ; also, the process by which it is obtained. 

Pho'tO-typ'ic (fo'to-tlp'Tk), a. Of or pert, to a pho- 
totype or phototypy. [of producing phototypes. I 
Pho-tOt'y-py (fo-tot'T-pjf or fo'to-ti'py), n. Process! 
Phrase (fraz), n. [F., fr. L. phrasis diction, phrase- 
ology, Gr. <ppd<Tis, fr. <ppd£eiv to speak.] 1. A brief ex- 
pression, usually two or more words forming an expres- 
sion by themselves, or being a portion of a sentence. 2. 
A short, pithy expression, esp. one often employed ; an 
idiom. 3. A mode of speech ; diction ; expression. 4. 
(Mus. ) A short clause or portion of a period. 

Phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phrased (frazd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Phrasing.] To put in the form of a phrase ; to 
express in words, or in peculiar words ; to call ; to style. 
Phrase-0-log'ic (-loj'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 
Phrase-O-log'ic-al (-T-kal), j phraseology. 
Phra'Se-Ol'O-gy (-ol'6-jy), n. [Gr. <j>pd<ris, ^pacrews, 
phrase + -logy.] 1. Manner of expression ; peculiarity 
of diction ; style. 2. A phrase book. [R.] 
Syn. — Diction ; style. See Diction. 
Phra'try (fra'trjf), n. [Gr. (jtpdrpa, ^parpia.] (Gr. 
Antiq.) A subdivision of a phyle, or tribe, in Athens. 

Phre-at'iC (fre-aVIk), a. [Fr. Gr. <ppeap, -aros, well.] 

(Geol.) Subterranean; — applied to sources of wells. 

Phre-net'ic (-net'Tk), ) a. [L. phreneticus, fr. Gr. 

Phre-net'ic-al (-i-kal), j ^pevrjTt/cds, fr. <pprjv. See 

Frenzy.] Relating to phrenitis ; suffering from frenzy ; 

delirious ; mad ; frantic. — n. One who is phrenetic. 

Phren'ic (fren'ik), a. [Gr. <f>prjv midriff, heart, mind. 
See Frenzy.] (Anat.) Of or pert, to the diaphragm. 

II Phre-ni'tis (fre-nl'tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. (ppevlns, fr. 
<j>pr)p, <f>pei>6s.] (Med.) Inflammation of the brain, at- 
tended with acute fever and delirium. [logical. I 
Phren'O-lOg'ic (freVo-loj'ikcT-fre'no-), a. Phreno-| 
Phren'o-log'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Of or pert, to phrenol- 
ogy- — Phren'0-lOg'ic-al-ly, adv. [phrenology. I 
Phre-nol'O-gist (fre-nol'o-jTst), 7i. One versed in| 
Phre-nol'O-gy (-jy), n. [Gr. <j>priv, <j>pev6s, the mind 
-\- -logy.] 1. The science of the special functions of the 
several parts of the brain, or of the supposed connection 
between the various faculties of the mind and particu- 
lar organs in the brain. 2. In popular usage, the study 
based upon the hypothesis that the mental faculties, 
and traits of character, are shown by the conformation 
of the surface of the head or skull ; craniology. 

1 Amativeness ; 
2 Philoprogenitive- 
ness ; 3 Concentra- 
tiveness;3alnhab- 
itiveness ; 4 Ad- 
hesiveness ; 5 Com- 
bativeness ; 6 De- 
structiveness ; 6a 
Alimentiveness; 
7 Secretiveness ; 8 
Acquisitiveness ; 9 
Constructiveness ; 
10 Self-esteem ; 11 
Love of Approba- 
tion ; 12 Cautious- 
ness ; 13 Benevo- 
lence ; 14 Venera- 
tion ; 15 Firmness ; 
16 Conscientious- 
ness ; 17 Hope ; 18 
Wonder ; 19 Ideal- 
ity ; 19a (Not de- 
termined); 20 Wit ; 
21 Imitation ; 22 
Individuality ; 23 
Form ; 24 Size ; 25 
Weight; 26 Color- 




A Chart of Phrenology. 
Eventuality ; 31 Time ; 32 Tui 



der 

parison ; 35 Causality. 

forty-three " 



ig ; 27 Locality ; 

dumber ; 29 Or- 

mguage ; 34 Com- 

[Some raise the number of organs to 



u, c, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, €1, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



PHRENSY 



615 



PICADOR 




Phren'sy (frgn'zy), n. Same as Frenzy. 

Phthis'lc (tTz'Tk), n. Same as Phthisis. 

Phthis'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Of or pertaining to phthisis ; 
affected with phthisis ; wasting ; consumptive. 

Phthis'ick-y (-Tk-£), a. Having phthisis, or a symp- 
tom of it, as difficulty in breathing. 

Phthi'sis (thl'sTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. </>0icns, fr. <j>6ieiv to 
waste away.] {Med.) A wasting or consumption of the 
tissues ; usually, pulmonary phthisis, or consumption. 

Phy-lac'ter-y (fMXk'ter-y), n. [Through F. & L. fr. 
Gr. <fiv\aicTypiov, fr. <f)v\aKTrjp a watcher, guard, <f>v\do-- 
aeiv to guard.] 1. Any charm or amulet worn as a pre- 
servative from danger or disease. 2. A small, square 
box, made either of parchment or of 
black calfskin, containing slips of 
parchment or vellum on which are 
written the scriptural passages Exodus 
xiii. 2-10, 11-17, Deut. vi. 4-9, 13-22. 
They are worn by Jews on the head 
and left arm, on week-day mornings, Phylacteries, 
during the time of prayer. 3. Among the primitive 
Christians, a case for the relics of the dead. 

Phy'le (fi'le), n. ; pi. -l.e (-le). [NL., fr. Gr. fyvX-q. ] A 
local division of the people in ancient Athens ; clan ; tribe. 

Phyl'lO- (f IP16-). A combining form from Gr. <f>v\koi>, 
a leaf; as, phyllopod, phyllot&xy. [a leaf. I 

Pliyl'loid (-loid), a. [Phyllo- + -oid.} Resembling) 

Phyl-loph'a-gous (f Tl-lof'a-gus), a. [Phyllo- + Gr. 
^ayelv to eat.] (Zo'ol.) Subsisting on leaves ; leaf-eating. 

Phyl-loph'O-rous (-6-rus), a. IPhyllo- -f Gr. <£epeii/ 
to bear.] (Bot.) Leaf -bearing ; producing leaves. 

Phyl'lO-pod (fil'lo-pod), n. [Gr. <J>uAAov a leaf + 
-pod.'] (Zo'ol.) Any one of an order (Phyllopoda) of 
Entomostracans having flattened or leaflike legs. 

Phyl'lO-tax'y (-tSks'y), ) n. IPhyllo- + Gr. rdfa 

Phyl lo-tax'is (-taks'Ts), j order.] (Bot.) The order, 
or science of the order, of leaves on the stem. 

PhyPlOX-e'ra (fTl'loks-e'ra), n. [NL., from Gr. <J>va- 
Aoi> leaf + £r;p6s dry.] 1. (Zo'ol.) A small hemipterous 
insect allied to the aphids, very destructive of grapevines. 
2. The disease of the vine caused by this insect. 

Phy'lO-gen'e-Sis (fi'16-jen'e-sTs), ) n. [Gr. <f>v\oi> 

Phy-lOg'e-ny (ft-loj'e-ny), J tribe + root of 

Gr. yiyvecrdcu to be born.] The history of genealogical 
development ; the race history of an animal or vegetable 
type. — Phy'lO-ge-liet'ic (fl'lo-je-net'Tk), a. 

Phy-se'ter (fi-se'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. ^vcnjrnp, fr. 
<f>v<rav to blow.] 1. (Zo'ol.) The genus that includes 
the sperm whale. 2. A filtering machine operated by 
air pressure. 

Phys'ic (fTz'Tk), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. ^vaiK-q, 
fr. <J>vctik6s natural, f r. <£v<ris nature, fr. <pveiv to produce, 
grow ; akin to E. be.~\ 1. Art of healing diseases ; sci- 
ence or practice of medicine. 2. A remedy for disease ; 
medicine. 3. Specif., a medicine that purges; cathartic. 

Phys'ic, v. t. limp. &p. p. Physicked (-Tkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Physicking.] 1. To treat with physic ; esp., to 
purge. 2. To work on as a remedy ; to heal ; to cure. 

Phys'ic-al (-T-kal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to nature 
(as including all created existences) ; also, of or relating 
to natural or material things, or the bodily structure, as 
opposed to things mental, moral, spiritual, or imaginary ; 
material ; natural. 2. Of or pertaining to physics. 3. 
Perceptible through a bodily or material organization ; 
cognizable by the senses ; external. 

Phys'ic-al-ly, adv. In a physical manner ; according 
to the laws of nature or physics. 

Phy-si'cian (f T-zIsh'an), n. One skilled in physic ; a 
doctor of medicine. 

Phys'I-cist (fTz'I-sTst), n. 1. One versed in physics. 
2. (Biol.) A believer in the theory that the fundamental 
phenomena of life are to be explained upon purely chem- 
ical and physical principles. 

Phys'i-CO- (-ko-). [From Gr. (^uctikos natural, phys- 
ical.] A combining form, denoting relation to, or de- 
pendence upon, natural causes, or the science of physics. 

Phys'ics (flz'Iks), n. [See Physic] The science of 
nature, or of natural objects; esp., the science which 
treats of the causes (as gravitation, heat, light, magnet- 
ism, electricity, etc.) that modify the general properties 
of bodies ; natural philosophy. 

(HHP" Chemistry, though a branch of general physics, is 
commonly treated as a science by itself. 

Phys'i-Og-nom'ic (f Tz'T-og-nom'Ik), ) a. Of or pert, to 

Phys'i-Og-nom'ic-al (-T-kal), J physiognomy. 

Phys'i-Og-nom'ics (-Tks), n. Same as Physiognomy, 1. 

Phys'i-Og'no-mist (-5g'n6-mTst), n. One skilled in 
physiognomy ; one who tells fortunes by physiognomy. 



Phys'i-Og'no-my (fTz'T-og'n6-m£), n. [Through F. 
fr. Gr. <t>v<noyv<afjiOvia ; <f>v<rt<: nature -+- yvw/jiuv one who 
knows or examines, a judge, fr. yvuivai, yiyvuxrKeiv, to 
know.] 1. The art or science of discovering the char- 
acteristic qualities of the mind by the outward appear- 
ance, esp. by the features of the face. 2. The counte- 
nance, with respect to mental or moral character. 

Phys'i-og'ra-phy (-ra-ty), n. [Gr. ^uo-i? nature -f- 
-graphy.'] The science which treats of the earth's ex- 
terior physical features ; physical geography. 

Phys'i-Ol'o-ger (-ol'o-jer), n. A physiologist. 

Phys'i-O-log'lc (-o-15j'Tk), a. Physiological. 

Phys'i-O-log'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Of or pertaining to 
physiology. — Phys'i-O-log'ic-al-ly, aa*i>. [ology. I 

Phys'i-ol'o-gist (-ol'6-jTst), n. One versed in phyni- 1 

Physl-ol'o-gy (-Sl'o-j£), n. [L. physioloyia, Gr. 
<pv<rioA.o-j/ta ; <£v<us nature -j- Aoyos discourse.] The sci- 
ence which treats of the phenomena of living organisms ; 
the study of the processes of life, animal or vegetable. 

Phy-Sique' (fl-zek'), n. [F. See Physic] The nat- 
ural constitution, or physical structure, of a person. 

-phyte. A combining form or suffix (from Gr. <f>vrou, a 
plant) signifying plant, vegetable growth. 

Phy-tiVo-rous (ft-tTv'S-rus), a. [Phylo- -f L. vorare 
to eat greedily.] Feeding on plants or herbage. 

Phy'tO- (fi'to-). [See Physic] A combining form or 
prefix from Gr. (}>vt6v, a plant; as, ^Ay^ochemistry, or 
chemistry in relation to plants. 

Phy-tOg'ra-phy(fi-tog'ra-f^),7J. [Phyto- + -graphy.] 
The science of describing plants. [a plant ; plantlike. I 

Pliy'toid (fi'toid), a. {Phyto- -f -oid.] Resembling | 

Phy-toPo-gy (f i-tol'6-jy), n. IPhyto- + -logy.) The 
science of plants ; botany. [gous. | 

Phy'tO-phag'ic (fl'tS-fSj'Tk), a. (Zo'ol.) Phytopha-| 

Phy-toph'a-gous (f t-tof'a-gus), a. [Phyto- -f -pha- 
gous.] (Zo'ol. ) Feeding on plants ; herbivorous. 

Phy-toph'a-gy (-j^), n. The eating of plants. 

Pi (pi), n. [See Pica, Pie magpie, service book.] 
(Print.) A mass of type confusedly mixed or unsorted. 

Pi, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pied (pid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Pdsing (pi'Tng).] (Print.) To mix confusedly; to dis- 
arrange the type of. 

Pi-ac'U-lar (pt-ak'u-ler), ) a. [L. piacularis, fr. piare 

Pi-ac'u-lOUS (-lQs), j to expiate, pius pious.] 

1. Expiatory ; atoning. 2. Requiring expiation ; criminal. 

II Pi'a ma'ter (pl'a ma'ter). [NL., fr. L. pia (fern, 
of pius tender) -j- mater mother.] (Anal. ) The delicate, 
vascular membrane investing the brain and spinal cord. 

II Pi a-nis'si-mo (pe'a-nTs'sT-mo), a. [It.] (Mus.) 
Very soft ; — a direction to a performer. ( Abbrev. pp. ) 

Pi-an'ist (pT-an'Tst), n. A performer on the piano. 

II Pi-a'no (pe-a'no), a. & adv. [It.] (3fus.) Soft ; — 
a direction to a performer. (Abbrev. p.) 

Pi-an'O (pT-an'6), ) n. [It. piano soft (fr. L. 

Pi-an'O-fOT'te (-for'ta), ) planus even, smooth) -f 
forte strong, fr, L. fortis.] (Mus.) A well-known mu- 
sical instrument consisting of a series of wires, struck by 
hammers moved by keys. 

Pi-as'ter (pT-5s'ter), n. [F., through It. fr. L. em- 
plastrum. See Plaster.] A silver coin of Spain and 
various other countries. The Spanish piaster, or peso, 
is worth about 100 cents ; the Italian piaster, or scudo, 
was worth from 80 to 100 cents. The Turkish and Egyp- 
tian piaster are now worth about 45 cents. 

Pi-az'za (pT-5z'za), n. [It., fr. L. platea street, court- 
yard.] An open square in a European town ; hence 
(Arch.), an arcaded and roofed gallery ; a portico. 2. 
A veranda. [U. <$.] 

Pib'COrn 7 (pTb'kSrn), n. [W. pib pipe + corn horn.] 
(Mus.) A kind of Welsh wind instrument, with a horn 
at each end. 

PPbroch (pe'brok), n. [Gael, piobaireachd pipe mu- 
sic, deriv. of pioba bagpipe, fr. English. See Pipe, ?;.] 
A Highland air suited to some particular passion, esp. 
a martial air played on the bagpipe. 

Pi'ca (pi'ka), n. [L. pica a pie, magpie.] 1. (Zo'ol.) 
The genus that includes the magpies. 2. (Med.) A viti- 
ated appetite for what is unfit for food. 3. (R. C. Ch.) 
A service book ; — prob. so named in allusion to the 
mottled colors of the magpie. [Obs.~\ 4. (Print.) A 
size of type next larger than small pica (which is next 
larger than long primer), and smaller than English 



is line is printed in ^c«. 
H^p^This line is printed in small pica. 

II PiCa-dor' (pek'a-dor'), n. [Sp.] A horseman who 
excites the bull in a bullfight by pricking him. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, Urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PICAROON 



616 



PIEPLANT 



Pica-roon' (plk**- „Sp- picaron, aug. of 

-p. of wrecks. 

Pic a-yune' u^ k «-BbOi '•• [Gf Caribbean origin.] 
ocal, U. S.I 

PlC'ca-lil 11 (plkfka-lll 1T\ n. A pickle of vegetables 
— originally ma.le iu the East Indies. 
Pic'CO-l0 vpik'ko-io ; It. pekM, ;i. [It., small.] 
v small, shrill tiute. the pitch of which is an octave 
than the ordinary tiute. 

PiCe-OUS (plsflWiacr pish'us\ a. [L. piceus, fr. pir, 
pitch.] Of or pertaining to pitch ; pitchy. 

Pick (ptk>i t- t. [imp. A p. p. Picked (plkt) ; p. pr. 
I^cking.] [OE. picken. pikken, to prick, peck; 
akin to G. picken, F. piquer, W. pigo.~\ 1. To pitch. 
2 To peck at, as a bird with its beak ; to strike 
at with anything pointed ; to prick. 3. To separate or 
open by means of a sharp point or points. 4. To open 
(• lock), as by a wire. 5. To pull apart or away, esp. 
with the ringers; to pluck: to gather. 6. To remove 
something from with a pointed instrument, the fingers, 
or the teeth. 7. To choose ; to select ; to cull. 8. To 
take up ; esp., to gather from here and there ; to collect. 

Pick. V. i. 1. To eat slowly, sparingly, or by morsels ; 
to nibble. 2. To do anything nicely or carefully ; to 
choose carefully. 3. To pilfer. 

Pick, n. [F. pic. See Pick, ».] 1. A sharp-pointed 
tool for picking : — often used in composition. 2. A heavy 
irou tool, curved and sometimes pointed at both ends, 
wielded by a wooden handle inserted in the middle ; also, 
a pointed hammer used for dressing millstones. 3. Choice ; 
right of selection. 4. That which would be picked or 
chosen first ; the best. [ders. I 

Pick'a back (pik'a-baV), adv. On the back or shoul-| 

Pick'a-ninny (-nln'ny), n. [Cf. Sp. pequeno little, 
voting.] A small child ; esp., a negro or mulatto infant. 
[£T. 5. & West Indies'] 

Pick'a-pack' (-paV), adv. Pickaback. 

Pick'ax' \ (-5ks0, n. [A corruption of OE. pikois, 

Pick'axC ) pikeis, F. picois, fr. pic. See Pick, n.~\ 
A kind of pick with a point at one end and a transverse 
edge or blade at the other. 

Pickaback 7 (-bak'), adv. On the back ; pickaback. 

Picked (pikt ; often pTk'ed, esp. in senses 1 & 4), a. 
1. Pointed. 2. (Zodl.) Having a spine on the back ; — 
said of certain fishes. 3. Carefully selected ; chosen. 
4. Spruce. [05s.] — Pick'ed-ness (pTk'ed-nes), n. 

Pick-eer' (pik-er'), v. i. [F. picorer to go marauding, 
deriv. of L. peevs cattle.] To raid ; to maraud. [Obs.] 

Pick'er (pik'er), n. One that picks. 

Pick'er-el (-el),n. [Dim. of Pike.] 1. A young or 
small pike. [Obs.~\ 2. {Zodl.) {a) Any one of several 
species of fresh-water fishes of the genus Esox. esp. the 
smaller species. (b) The glasseye, or wall-eyed pike. See 
Wall-eye. 




Pickerel 
(Esox reticulatus) 

Pick'et (pik'et), n. [F. piquet, dim. of pique spear.] 
1. A stake sharpened or pointed. 2. A pointed pale, 
used in making fences. 3. [Prob. so called from the 
picketing of the horses.] {Mil.) A detached body of 
troops guarding an army from surprise. 4. Piquet. 

Picket guard (Mil.), a guard of horse and foot always in 
readiness in case of alarm. 

Pick'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picketed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Picketing.] 1. To inclose, fortify, or guard with a picket 
or pickets. 2. To tether to, or as to, a picket. 

PiCkle (-k'l), n. [Prob. dim. fr. Pick, v. t., alluding 
to the cleaning of the fish.] 1. (a) A brine for preserv- 
ing fish, meat, etc. (6) Vinegar, plain or spiced, used for 
preserving vegetables, fish, etc. 2. Any article of food 
preserved in brine or vinegar. 3. {Founding) A bath of 
dilute acid for cleaning or brightening metaL 

To be In a pickle, to be in a condition of embarrassment, 
• . or disorder. — To put a rod in pickle, to prepare 
a punishment or penalty for future application. 

Pic'kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pickled (-k'ld) ; p. pr. 
Pickling (-kling).] 1. To preserve or season 
m pickle ; to treat with a pickle. 2. To give a false 
appearance of antiquity to. 

Pic Ttler (pTk'kler). n. One who makes pickles. 

Picklock' CpTkloV), n. 1. An instrument for pick- 
2. One who picks locks ; a thief. 



Pick'pack 7 (pTk'paV), adv. Pickaback. 

Pick'pock et (-p5k'St), n. One who steals purses or 
other articles from pockets. [money from purses. | 

Pick'pursC (-pGrs'), n. One who steals purses, or| 

Pick'thank (-thank t. n. One who is officious to put 
another under obligation; hence, a flatterer. 

Pic'nic (pik'nik), n. [Cf. F. piquenique. See Pick, 
r.] Formerly, an entertainment at which each person 
contributed some dish to a common table ; now, an ex- 
cursion or pleasure party in which the members partake 
j of a repast (usually from food carried by themselves). 

Pic'nic (pik'nik), r. i. [imp. & 'p. p. Picnicked 
; (-ulkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Picnicking (-nTk-ing).] To go on 
i a picnic, or pleasure excursion ; to eat in picnic fashion. 

Pic'nick-er (-nlk-er). n. One who takes part in a picnic. 

Pi'cra (pi'kra), n. [L., fr. Gr. Tripos bitter.] {Med.) 
The powder of aloes with canella, — a cathartic. 

Pi'cric (pi'krik or pik'rik), a. {Chem.) Pertaining 
to, or designating, an intensely bitter organic acid. 

Pic-tO'li-al (pik-to'rT-al), a. [L. pictorius, fr. pictor 
a painter, fr. pingere to paint.] Of or pertaining to 
pictures ; illustrated by pictures ; forming pictures. — 
Pic-to'ri-al-ly, adv. 

Picture (pTk'tur ; 135), n. [L. pictura, fr. pingere, 
pictum, to paint.] 1. Art of painting. [Obs.] 2. A 
representation of anything produced by means of paint- 
ing, drawing, engraving, photography, etc. By exten- 
sion, a figure ; a model. 3. A representation, either to 
the eye or to the mind. 

Syn. — Painting. —A painting is a picture made with 
colored paints, usually applied moist with a brush. 

Picture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pictured (-turd ; 135) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Picturing.] To draw, paint, or make a 
likeness of ; to delineate ; to represent. 

PiCtur-esquC (-esk'), a. [It. pittoresco. See Pic- 
torial.] Forming, or fitted to form, a picture ; repre- 
senting with the clearness or ideal beauty appropriate to 
a picture ; graphic ; vivid. — PiCtUT-esque'ly, adv. — 
PiCtur-esque'ness, n. 

Pic'ul (pTk'ul), n. [Jav. & Malay pikul, fr. pikul to 
carry a burden ; n., a man's burden.] A varying Oriental 
commercial weight ; in China and Sumatra, 133i lbs. 

Pid'dle (ptd'd'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Piddled (-d'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Piddling (-dling).] [Etyin. uncertain.] 

1. To deal in trifles. [Obs.~\ 2. To be squeamishly 
nice abont one's food. 

Pid'dler (pTd'dTer), n. One who piddles. 

Pie (pi), n. [OE. pie, pye; origin uncertain.] An 
article of food consisting of paste baked with something 
in it or under it. 

Pie, n. [F.pie,~L. pica; origin uncertain.] 1. {Zodl.) 
(a) A magpie, {b) Any other species of the genus Pica, 
and of several allied genera. 2- {R. C. Ch.) The service 
book : — prob. alluding to the mottled colors of the bird. 

3. (Print.) Type confusedly mixed. See Pi. 
Pie, v. t. See Pi. 

Pienttald' (pi'bald'), a. [Pie the party-colored bird 
+ bald.'] 1. Having spots and patches, as of black and 
white; mottled; pied. 2. Fig.: Mixed. 

Piece (pes), n. [F. piece, LL. pecia, petia, petium, 
probably of Celtic origin.] 1. A fragment or part of 
anything separated from the whole ; part ; portion. 2. A 
definite portion or quantity, as of goods or work. 3. Any 
one thing conceived of as apart from other things of the 
same kind ; an individual article ; a definite performance ; 
esp. : (a) A literary or artistic composition, (b) A mus- 
ket, gun, or cannon, (c) A coin; formerly, specif., an 
English gold coin worth 22 shillings, {d) A fact ; item. 

4. An individual ; — often contemptuous. 5. {Chess) Qne 
of the superior men, as distinguished from a pawn. 

Of a piece, of the same sort, as if taken from the same 
whole ; like : — sometimes followed by with. 

Piece, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pieced (pest) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PmciNG (pe'sing).] 1. To make, enlarge, or 
repair, by the addition of a piece or pieces ; to patch. 

2. To unite ; to join ; to combine. 

Piece'meal' (-meF), adv. [OE. pecemele ; pece piece 
+ AS. mSelum, dat. pi. of mael part.] 1. In pieces ; in 
parts or fragments. 2. Piece by piece ; little by little. 

Piece'meal', a. Made up of parts or pieces ; single. 

PiecCmeal', n. A fragment ; a scrap. 

PiCcer (pe'ser), n. One who pieces. [or job. I 

PiecCwork / (pes'wfirk'), n. Work done by the piece I 

Pied (pid), imp. & p. p. of Pi, or Pie, v. 

Pied (pid), a. [From Pie the bird.] Variegated with 
spots of different colors ; party-colored ; spotted ; pie- 
bald. — Pied'ness. n. 

Pie'plant' (pi'plaht'), n. (Bot.) The garden rhubarb. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, 6bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



PIER 



617 



PILL 



Pier (per), n. [OF. piere a stone, fr. L. petra, Gr. 
Trerpa.] 1. (Arch.) (a) Any detached mass of masonry. 
(b) Any additional or auxiliary mass of masonry used to 
stiffen a wall. [See lllust. of Buttress.] 2. A project- 
ing wharf or landing place. 

Pier glass, a narrow mirror to be put up between win- 
dows. — Pier table, a table to stand between windows. 

Pierce (pers), c. t. limp. & p. p. Pierced (perst) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Piercing (per'sTng).] [P. percer, OF. per- 
cier, perchier, parchier ; origin uncertain.] 1. To thrust 
into, penetrate, or transfix, with a pointed instrument. 

2. To penetrate ; to pass into or through, esp. by force. 

3. Fig. : To affect deeply. 

Pierce, v. i. To enter ; to penetrate ; to make a way 
into or through something. 

Pierce'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be pierced. 

Pier'cer (per'ser), n. One that pierces. 

Pi-e'ri-an (pt-e'n-an), a. [L. Pierius, from Mount 
Pier us, in Thessaly, sacred to the Muses.] Of or per- 
taining to the Pierides, or Muses. 

Pi'e-tism (pi'e-tTz'm), n. 1. The principles of the Pi- 
etists. 2. Strict devotion ; also, affectation of devotion. 

Pi'e-tist (-tist), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a class of 
religious reformers in Germany in the 17th century 
who sought to revive declining piety in the Protestant 
churches ; hence, one who affects great piety. 

Pl'e-tls'tlc (-tis'tik), ) a. Of or pert, to the Pie- 
Pi e-tls'tic-al (-tT-kal), J tists ; affectedly religious. 

Pi'e-ty (pi'e-ty), n. [F. piete, fr. L. pietas piety, fr. 
■pius pious.] 1. Reverential and loving obedience to the 
will of God, and earnest devotion to his service. 2. 
Duty ; dutifulness ; affectionate reverence and service 
toward parents, relatives, benefactors, country, etc. 

Syn. — Sanctity ; godliness ; holiness. See Religion. 

Pig (pig), «. [Cf. D. big, bigge, LG. bigge, also Dan. 
pige girl, Icel. pika.~\ 1. The young of swine, male or 
female ; also, any swine ; a hog. 2. An oblong mass of 
cast iron, lead, or other metal. 

Pig iron, cast iron in pigs. — A pig in a poke (that is, 
bag), a blind bargain ; something bought or bargained for, 
without the quality or the value being known. [Colloq.] 

Pig, v. t. & i. 1. To farrow. 2. To huddle or lie to- 
gether like pigs, in one bed. 

Pi'geon (pTj'un), n. [F., fr. L. pipio a young chirp- 
ing bird, fr. pipire to chirp.] 1. (Zo'ol.) Any 
bird of the order Columbse, of which numer- 
ous species occur in nearly all parts of the 
world. 2. An unsuspecting victim of 
sharpers; gull. [_Slang~\ 

Pigeon berry (Bot.), the purplish 
black fruit of the pokeweed ; 
the plant itself. — Pigeon English, 
[perhaps a corruption of business^ 
English], a dialect employed 
in China as the medium of< 
communication between for- 
eign merchants and the Chi- , 
nese. Its base is English, with Rock Pigeon (CotamAa 
some Portuguese and Hindoostanee. '' 

Pi'geon-breast ed (-brest'gd), a. Having a sternum 
so prominent as to constitute a deformity. 

Pi'geon-hole' (-hoT), n. A small compartment in a 
desk or case for the keeping of letters, documents, etc. 

Pi'geon-hole 7 , v. t. To place in the pigeonhole of a 
case or cabinet ; hence, to lay aside indefinitely. 

Pi'geon-liVered (-lTv'erd), a. Timid; fearful. 

Pi'geon-ry (-*¥), Ji. A place for pigeons. [kept.l 

Pig'ger-y (pig'ger-y), n. A place where swine are| 

Pig'gln (-gin), n. [Scot. ; cf. Gael, pigean, dim. of 
pigeadh, pige, an earthen jar.] A wooden pail or tub 
with an upright stave for a handle, used as a ladle. 

Pig'gish (-gish), a. Relating to, or like, a pig ; greedy. 

Pig'-head'ed (-hed'Sd), a. Stupidly obstinate. 

Pight (pit), imp. &p. p. of Pitch, to throw ; — used 
also adjectively. Pitched ; fixed ; determined. [06*.] 

Pig'ment (pig'ment), n. [L. pigmentum, fr. root of 
pingere to paint.] 1. Any coloring matter from which 
dye, paint, etc., may be prepared. 2. (Physiol.) Any 
of the colored substances found in animal or vegetable 
tissues. 

Plg'my (pTg'my), n. Same as Pygmy. 

Pig'no-ra'tion (-no-ra/shun), n. [Deriv. of L. pignus, 
gen. -oris, -eris, pledge.] Act of pledging or pawning. 

Pig'nut (-nut), n. (Bot.) (a) See Groundnut (d). 
(b) The bitter-flavored nut of a species of hickory ; 
also, the tree itself. | 

Pig'Sty' (-stP), n. A sty for pigs. [or queue. I 

Pig'taiT (-taP), n. 1. The tail of a pig. 2. A cue, | 

Pig'weed' (-wed'), n. (Bot.) Any one of several an- 
nual weeds. 




Plica (pi'ka), n. (Zo'ol.) Any one of several species of 
rodents resembling small tailless rabbits. 

Pike (pik), ?i. [F. pique ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
(Mil.) A long wooden shaft or staff with a pointed steel 
head, — formerly a weapon of infantry. 2. A turnpike ; 
a toll bar. 3. (Zo'ol.) sing. &pl. A large, fresh-water, 
food fish (Esox lucius). 





Pilaster. 



Pike ( Eaox bimiis). 

Piked (pikt or ptk'Sd), a. Furnished with a pike ; 
ending in a point ; peaked ; pointed. 

Pike 'man (pik'nu/n), n. 1. A soldier armed with a 
pike. 2. A miner who works with a pick. 3. A keeper 
of a turnpike gate. 

Pike'staff (-staf), n. 1. The staff of a pike. 2. A 
staff with a spike in the end, to guard against slipping. 

Pi-las'ter (pT-laVter), n. [F. pilastre, deriv. of L. 
pila pillar.] (Arch.) A square column 
projecting from the surface of a wall. 

Pil'chard (pil'cherd), n. [Cf. Ir. pil- 
seir, W. pilcod minnows.] (Zo'ol.) A Eu- 
ropean food fish resembling the herring. 

Pile (pil), n. [L. pilus hair.] 1. A 
hair ; hence, the fiber of wool, cotton, and 
the like ; also, the nap, as of velvet. 
2. (Zo'ol.) A covering of hair or fur. 

Pile, n. [AS. pll arrow, stake, L. pi- 
lum javelin; but cf. also L. pila pillar.] 

1. A pointed timber, driven into the 
earth, for the support of a building, a 
pier, or other superstructure. 

Pile, v. t. To drive piles into ; to 
strengthen with piles. 

Pile, n. [F. pile, L. pila a pillar, a pier or mole of 
stone.] 1. A mass of things heaped together; a heap. 

2. A mass formed in layers. 3. A funeral pile ; a pyre. 
4. A large building, or mass of buildings. 5. (Iron 
Manuf.) A fagot. 6. (Elec.) A series of alternate disks 
of two dissimilar metals, as copper and zinc, laid together 
with disks, as of papers moistened with acid water be- 
tween them, for producing a current of electricity. 

Pile, v. t. limp. &p. p. Piled (pfld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Piling.] 1. To lay or throw into a pile ; to heap up ; to 
accumulate ; to amass. 2. To cover with a heap or heaps. 

Pi1e-ate (pile-at or pil'e-), | a. [L. pileatus, fr. pi- 

Pile-a'ted (-a'ted), j leus a felt cap.] 1. 

Having the form of a cap for the head. 2. (Zo'ol.) Hav- 
ing a crest covering the whole top of the head. 

Piled (pfld), a. [From 1st Pile.] Having a pile or nap. 

Piled, a. [From 4th Pile.] (Iron Manvf.) Formed 
from a pile or fagot. 

Pile-OUS (pl'le-us), a. [See Pilose.] Consisting of, 
or covered with, hair ; hairy ; pilose. 

Pil'er (pil'er), ju One who places things in a pile. 

Piles (pilz), n.pl. [L.j9t7aball.] (Med.) Hemorrhoids. 

Blind piles, hemorrhoids which do not bleed. 

Pi'le-US (pi'le-us), ii. ; pi. Pilei (-1). [L., a felt cap.] 
1. (Rom. Antiq.) A kind of skull cap of felt. 2. (Zo'ol.) 
The top of the head of a bird, from the bill to the nape. 

Pil'fer (pil'fer), v. i. & t. limp. & p. p. Pilfered 
(-ferd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pilfering.] [OF. pelfrer. See 
Pelf.] To steal in small quantities or values ; to filch. 

Pil'f er-er (-er), n. One who pilfers ; a petty thief. 

Pil-garHc (pTl-gar'lTk), n. [Etym. uncertain.] One 
who has lost his hair by disease ; a sneak or craven. 

Pil'grim (pTPgrim), n. [OE. pilgrim, pelgrim, pile- 
grim, pelegrim, fr. L. peregrinus a foreigner, fr. pereger 
abroad ; per through + ager land, field.] 1. A wayfarer ; 
traveler ; stranger. 2. One who travels far. or in strange 
lands, to visit some holy place or shrine as a devotee. 

Pil'grim-age (-aj ; 48), n. "The journey of a pilgrim. 

Syn.— Journey; tour; excursion; trip. 

Pil'i-form (pTPT-form), a. [L. pilus hair -f- -form.'] 
(Bot.) Resembling hairs or down. 

Pil'ing (pil'Tng). n. [See Pile a stake.] A. series of 
piles ; piles, considered collectively. 

Pill (pil), n. [Cf. Peel skin.] Peel ; skin. [06s.] 

Pill, v. t. [Cf. L. pilare to deprive of hair, and E. 
pill, n. (above).] 1. To make bald. [06s.] 2. To peel ; 
to skin. 

Pill (pil), v. t. & i. [F. piller, L. pilare.] Tc rob ; to 
plunder ; to peel. [06s.] 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PILL 



618 



PINFOLD 



Pill (pO)i ■> [F. pilule, L- pilula a pill, little ball, 

.» ball.] 1. A medicine in the form of a 

little ball, or small round mass, to be swallowed whole. 

2. Fig., something offensive or nauseous which must be 

1 or endured. 

Pillage (pTFttJ; 48), n. [F., fr. piller to plunder, 
let of pillaging; robbery; that which is 
taken bv a pillager ; esp., spoils of war ; plunder; booty. 
Plunder ; rapine ; spoil ; depredation. 

Pillage, i'. /. A' i. [imp. & p. p. Pillaged (-lajd ; 

b. n. Pillaging (-la-jing).] To strip of 

money or goods by open violence ; to plunder ; to spoil. 

Pilla-ger (-15-jer). n. One who pillages. 

Pillar (-ler), 7i. [F. pilier, LL. pilare, pilarium, 
pilarius, fr. L. pila a pillar.] 1. A firm, upright, insu- 
lated column or shaft, esp. one supporting a superstruc- 
ture; a pier, column, or post. 2. Fig., that which re- 
sembles such a pillar in appearance, character, or office ; 
a supporter or mainstay. 3. p/</«.) The center of the 
ring or manege ground, around which a horse turns. 

Pillared (-lerd), a. Supported or ornamented by pil- 
lars : resembling a pillar, or pillars. 

Pillion (pil'yuu), ?i. [It. pillin, pilliun, fr. Ir. & 
Gael, pill, peall, hide, prob. fr. L. pellis.] A panel or 
cushion saddle ; the under pad of a saddle ; esp., a pad 
behind a man's saddle, for a woman to ride on. 

PillO-ry (-lo-ry), Ji. [F.pilori; of uncertain origin.] 
A kind of frame for the public 
confinement and punishment 
of offenders. 

PillO-ry, r. t. [imp. & p. 
p. Pilloried (-rid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Pillorying.] 1. To set 
or punish in the pillory. 2. 
Fig., to expose to public scorn. 

Pillow (pillo), n. [OE. 
pilue, AS. pyle, fr. L. pulvi- 
nus.] 1. A support for the 
head of a reclining person; 
esp. , a soft cushion. 2. (Na ut. ) 
A block under the inner end of 
a bowsprit. 3. A kind of plain, 
coarse fustian. 

Pillow block (Much.), a block, 




Pillory. 



or standard, for supporting a journal. — Pillow sham, an or- 
namental covering for a pillow. — Pillow slip, a pillow case. 

Pillow (pillo), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Pillowed (-16d) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Pillowing.] To rest or lay, as on a pillow. 

Pillow-case 7 (-kas'), n. A covering for a pillow. 

Pi-lose' (pt-los' or pilos'), a. [L. pilosus, fr. pilus 
hair.] 1. Hairy; full of, or made of, hair. 2. (Zool.) 
Clothed thickly with pile or soft down. 3. (Bot.) Cov- 
ered with long, slender hairs ; resembling long hairs. 

Pi-losl-ty (pt-15s'!-ty), n. Quality of being pilose. 

Pilot (pilut), 72. [F. pilote, prob. fr. D. peillood 
sounding lead ; peilen to sound -j- lood lead, akin to E. 
lead. The pilot, then, is the lead man, i. e., he who 
throws the lead.] 1. (Naut.) One employed to steer a 
vessel ; helmsman ; steersman. 2. Specif., a person 
duly qualified and licensed to conduct vessels into and 
out of a port or in certain waters. 3. Fig. : A guide ; a 
director. 4. The cowcatcher of a locomotive. [U.S.'] 

Pilot bread, ship biscuit. — Pilot cloth, a coarse, stout 
kind of cloth for overcoats. — Pilot jack, a flag or signal 
hoisted by a vessel for a pilot. —Pilot jacket, a pea jacket. 

Pilot, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Piloted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Piloting.] To direct the course of ; to guide. 

Pilot-age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. Compensation made or al- 
lowed to a pilot. 2. Guidance, as by a pilot. 

Pilous (pilus), a. See Pilose. [pills. I 

Pil'u-lar (pil'u-ler), a. Of, pert, to, or like, a pill or| 

Pi-men'ta (pT-mSn'ta), n. (Bot.) Same as Pimento. 

Pi-men'tO (-to), n. [Sp. pimiento, pimienta, fr. L. 
pigmentum pigment, juice of plants ; hence, something 
epicy and aromatic. See Pigment.] (Bot.) Allspice. 

Pimp (pimp), n. [Etym. uncertain.] One who provides 
gratification for the lust of others ; procurer ; pander. 

Pimp, v. i. To act the pimp ; to pander. 

Pim'per-nel (pTm'per-nel), n. [F. pimprenelle; of un- 
certain origin.] (Bot) Any species of the genus Ana- 
gallis, of which the species A. arvensis has small flowers 
which speedily close at the approach of bad weather. 

Pim'pi-nel(-pT-n51),n. [See Pimpernel.] (Bot.) The 
burnet saxifrage. 

Pim'ple(pTm'p'l), n. [AS. 7>7/>eZwm to blister.] (Med.) 
Any small acuminated elevation of the skin. 

Pim'pled (-p'ld), a. Having pimples. 

Plm'ply (-ply), a. Pimpled. 



Pin (pin), v. t. [Cf. Pen to confine, or Pinfold.] To 
inclose ; to confine ; to pen ; to pound. 

Pin, n. [AS. pinn a pin, peg, fr. L. pinna a pinnacle, 
pin, feather, perh. not akin to penna feather.] 1. Apiece 
of wood, metal, etc., used as a fastening or support; a 
peg ; a bolt. 2. Esp., a small, pointed and headed piece 
of wire, largely used for fastening clothes, attaching pa- 
pers, etc. 3. Hence, a trifle. 4. That which resembles 
a pin in its form or use. 5. An ornament, as a brooch, 
fastened to the clothing by a pin. 6. pi. The legs. [Slang"] 

Pin money, an allowance of money, as that made by a 
husband to his wife, for private and personal expenditure. 
— Pin wheel, (a) A wheel in which the cogs are cylindrical 
pins set parallel to the axis, [b) (Fireworks) A small coil 
which revolves on a pin and makes a wheel of colored fire. 

Pin (pin), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Pinned (pmd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Pinning.] To fasten with, or as with, a pin; 
to join. 

Pin'a-fore 7 (pin'a-for'), w. [Pin + afore.] An apron 
for a child, to protect the front part of the dress ; a tier. 

Pin'cers (-serz), n. pi. [Cf. Y.pince.] See Pinchers. 

Pinch (pinch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinched (pincht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Pinching.] [F. pincer, probably fr. OD. 
pitsen to pinch.] 1. To press hard or squeeze between 
the fingers, the teeth, or any two hard bodies. 2. Fig. : 
To cramp ; to oppress ; to starve ; to distress. 

Pinch, v. i. 1. To act with pressing force ; to com- 
press ; to squeeze. 2. To spare ; to be niggardly. 

Pinch, n. 1. Act of pinching ; nip. 2. As much as 
may be taken between the finger and thumb ; a bit. 3. 
Pain. 4. A lever having a projection acting as a f ulcrum. 

At a pinch, On a pinch, in an emergency. 

Pinch'beck (-bek), n. [Said to be from the inventor.] 
Au alloy of copper and zinc, resembling gold. 

Pinch'er (-er), n. One that pinches. 

Pinch'ers (-erz), 7i. pi. [From Plnch.] A kind of in- 
strument for griping. 

Pinch'pen ny (-pen'ny),??. 
A miserly person. 

Pin'cush ion (pmlsdosh'- 
iin), n. A cushion for pins. Pinchers. 

Pin-darlc (pln-daVIk), a. Of or pertaining to Pin- 
dar, the Greek lyric poet ; after the irregular style and 
manner of Pindar. — n. A Pindaric ode. 

Pin-darlc-al (-I-kal), a. Pindaric. 

Pine (pin), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pined (pind) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Pining.] [AS. pinan to torment, fr. pin tor- 
ment, Jj. poena penalty.] 1. To afflict. [Obs.] 2. To 
grieve or mourn for. [B.] 

Pine, v. i. 1. To suffer. [Obs.] 2. To languish ; to lose 
flesh or vigor, esp. on account of suffering or longing. 

Syn. — To languish ; droop; flag; wither; decay. 

Pine, n. [AS. pin, L. pinus.] 1. (Bot.) Any tree of 
the coniferous genus 
Pinus, distinguished by 
having the primary 
leaves of the branchlets 
reduced to mere scales 
and the secondary ones 
needle-shaped. 

G3P* The spruces, firs, 
larches, and true ce- 
dars are now commonly 
assigned to other gen- 
era. 

2. The wood of the pine 
tree. 3. A pineapple. 

Pine marten. (Zool.) 

(a) A European weasel. 

(b) The American sable. 
Pi'ne-al (pi'ne-al or 

pin'e-ffl), a. [L. pinea 
the cone of a pine.] Of, 
pert, to, or resembling, 
a pine cone. White Pine (Pimus Strobus). 

Pineal gland (Anat.), a glandlike body in the roof of the 
third ventricle of the vertebrate brain. 

Pine'ap'ple (pin'ap/p'l),??. (Bot.) The tropical plant 
Ananassa sativa ; also, its fruit ; — 
so called from the resemblance of 
the latter to the cone of the pine tree. 

Pin'er-y (pin'er-y), n. 1. A forest 
or grove of pines. 2. A hothouse 
for growing pineapples. 

Pin'ey (pin'y), a. See Pint. 

Pinleath'er (pln'fgth'er), n. A 
feather not fully developed. 

Pin'fold' (-foldO, n. [For pind- 
fold. See 3d Pound ; 4th Fold.] A 
pound for stray domestic animals. 





Pineapple. 



a, e, i, o, G, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



PING 



619 



PIQUANCY 



Ping (pTng), n. [Prob. imitative.] The sound made 
■when a bullet strikes a solid or passes through the air. 

Ping, v. i.^ To make the sound called ping. 

Pln'ion (pTn'yiin), n. [OF. pignon a pen, gable, pinion 
(in sense 5), fr. L. pinna pinnacle, feather, wing.] 1. A 
feather ; a quill. 2. A wing. 3. The joint of a bird's 
wing most remote from the body. 4. A fetter for the 
arm. 6. (Mech.) A small cogwheel adapted to engage 
with a larger wheel, or rack. 

Pin'ion (pTn'yiin), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinioned 
{-yund) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pinioning.] 1. To bind or con- 
fine the wings of.- 2. To disable by cutting off the pin- 
ion joint. 3. To disable or restrain, as a person, by 
binding the arms ; hence, to confine ; to bind. 

Pin'ioned (-yund), a. Having wings or pinions. 

Pink (pink), n. [D. pink.] (Xaut.) A vessel with a 
very narrow stern. 

Pink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinked (plnkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Pinking.] [OE. pinken to prick, prob. nasalized 
form of piek.~\ 1. To pierce with small holes ; to cut the 
edge of in small scallops or angles. 2. To stab ; to pierce. 

Pink, n. A stab. 

Pink, n. 1. (Bot.) Any one of several caryophylla- 
ceous plants, or their flowers. 2. A red color like that 
of the common color of the flower. 3. Anything su- 
premely excellent ; embodiment ; perfection. 

Pink, a. Being of the color called pink. 

Pink eye (Med.), an epidemic variety of ophthalmia, 
marked by redness of the eyeball. 

Pink'root/ (-root 7 ), n. {Med.) The root of a perennial 
North American herb (Spigelia Marilandica) ; also, the 
plant. The root is a powerful vermifuge. 

Pink'Ster (-ster), n. [D. pinkster, pinksteren, fr. Gr. 
irevTr}Koo-rri. See Pentecost.] Whitsuntide. 

Pinkster flower (Bot.), the rosy flower of the Azalea nudi- 
flora ; also, the shrub itself. 

Pink'y (-y), n. (Naut.) See 1st Pink. 

II PhVna (pm'na), n. ; pi. Pinnae. [L., a feather.] 
1. (Bot.) (a) A leaflet of a pinnate leaf . (b) One of the 
primary divisions of a decompound leaf. 2. (Anat.) The 
auricle of the ear. 

Pin'nace (pln'nas ; 48), n. [F. pinasse ; fr. L. pinus, 
prop., a pine tree.] (Naut.) (a) A small vessel propelled 
by sails or oars, (b) A man-of-war's boat. 

Pin'na-cle (-na-k'l), n. [F. pinacle, L. pinnaculum, 
fr. pinna pinnacle, feather.] 1. {Arch.) 
An upright architectural member generally 
ending in a small spire. 2. Anything re- 
sembling, or likened to, a pinnacle. 

Pin'nate (pin'nat), ) a. [L. pinnatus 

Pin'na-ted (-na-ted), ) feathered.] 1. 
(Bot.) Consisting of several leaf- 
lets, or separate portions, ar- 
ranged on each side of a common 
petiole. 2. {Zool.) Having a 
winglike tuft of long feathers on 
each side of the neck. — Pin'- S 
nate-ly (-nat-ly), adv. 

Pin-nat'i-fid (pin-nat'T-fid), 
a. [L. pinnatus feathered -f- 
root of findere to split.] (Bot.) 
Divided pinnately, with the divi- 
sions not reaching the midrib. 

Pin-nat'i-ped (-ped), a. [L. pinnatus 
feathered -j- pes foot.] (Zool.) Having the 
toes bordered by membranes ; fin-footed. — 
tl. A pinnatiped bird. 

Pin'ner (pin'ner), n. One that pins. 

Pin'nule (pin'nul), n. [L. piunula, dim. of pinna 
feather.] (Biol.) A small pinnate subdivision or part. 

Pi-nole' (pT-nol'), n. 1. An aromatic powder used in 
Italy in the manufacture of chocolate. 2. Parched 
maize, ground, and mixed with sugar, etc. 

Pifi'on (pen'yon ; Sp. pe-nyon'), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) 
The edible seed of several species of pine ; also, the tree 
producing such seeds. 

Pint (pint), n. [F. pinte, fr. Sp. pinta spot, mark, 
pint, fr. pintar to paint ; a mark for a pint prob. having 
been made on or in a larger measure.] A measure of 
capacity, equal to half a quart, or four gills. 

Pin-ta'dO (pin-ta'do ; Sp. pen-ta'do), n. ; pi. -dos 
(-doz). [Sp., painted, fr.jozTi tar to paint.] (Zool.) Any 
bird of the genus Ntfmida, including the Guinea fowl. 

Pin'tail' (pin'tal'), n. 1. (Zool.) A northern duck, 
native of both continents. The male has a long, taper- 
ing tail. 2. (Zool.) The sharp-tailed grouse of the U. S. 

Pin'-tailed 7 (-tald'), a. (Zool.) Having a tapered 
tail, with the middle feathers longest ; — said of birds. 





Pinnacle. 



Pin'tle (pln't'l), n. [Dim. of Pin.] 1. A little pin. 
2. (Mech.) An upright pivot pin, as of a hinge. 

Pin'weed' (pln'wed'), n. (Bot.) Any species of a 
genus (Lechea) of low North American herbs with branch- 
ing stems, and very small leaves and flowers. 

Pin'wonn' (-wurm'), n. (Zool.) A small nematoid 
worm which is parasitic chiefly in the rectum of man. 

Pln'y (pin'y), a. Abounding with pines. 

Pi'o-neer' (pi'6-ner'), n. [¥. piormter. of. peonier, 
fr. OF. peon. See Pawn, in chess.] 1. {Mil.) A holdier 
detailed or employed to form roads, dig trenches, etc., as 
an army advances. 2. One who goes before, as into the 
wilderness, preparing the way for others to follow. 

Pi o-neer', v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pioneeeed 
(-nerd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pioneering.] To go before, and 
prepare, or open a way for ; to act as pioneer. 

Pi'0-ny (pl'6-ny), n. (Bot.) See Peony. 

Pi'OUS (pi'Qs), a. [L. pius.~\ 1. Of or pertaining to 
piety ; exhibiting piety ; reverential ; dutiful ; religious ; 
devout ; godly. 2. Practiced under the pretext of reli- 
gion ; prompted by mistaken piety. — Pi'ons-ly, adv. 

PiP (P1P)> n. [Deriv. of LL. pipila, f r. L. pituita slime, 
phlegm, the pip.] A contagious disease of fowls, charac- 
terized by an accumulation of mucus in the mouth. 

Pip, n. [Formerly pippin, pepin, F. pepin. Cf. Pip- 
pin.] (Bot~) A seed, as of an apple or orange. 

Pip, n. [Etym. uncertain.] One of the conventional 
figures or "spots" on playing cards, dominoes, etc. 

Pip, v. i. To chirp, as a chicken. See Peep. 

Pip'age (pip'aj), n. Transportation, as of petroleum, 
by a pipe conduit ; also, charge for such transportation. 

Pipe (pip), n. [AS. pipe, prob. fr. L. pipare, pipire, 
to chirp ; of imitative origin.] 1. A wind instrument of 
music, consisting of a tube or tubes of straw, reed, wood, 
or metal. 2. Any long tube or hollow body, esp. one 
used as a conductor of water, steam, gas, etc. 3. A 
small bowl with a hollow stem, — used in smoking tobac- 
co, etc. 4. The windpipe, or one of its divisions. 5. 
The peeping whistle, call, or note of a bird. 6. pi. The 
bagpipe. 7. A roll of accounts formerly used in the 
English exchequer ; — so called because put together like 
a pipe. 8. (Naut.) A boatswain's whistle ; also, the 
sound of it. 9. A cask usually containing two hogsheads, 
or 126 wine gallons ; also, the quantity which it contains. 

Pipe, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Piped (pipt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Piping.] 1. To play on a pipe or tubular wind instru- 
ment. 2. (Naut.) To call, give orders, etc., with a boat- 
swain's whistle. 3. To sound like a pipe ; to whistle. 

Pipe, v. l. 1. To perform or sound on or with a pipe. 
2. To call or direct by the boatswain's whistle. 3. To 
furnish with conducting pipes. [ish white color. I 

Pipe' clay' (kla 7 ). A plastic, unctuous clay of a gray- 1 

Pipe'clay', v. t. To whiten or clean with pipe clay. 

Pipe'layer (-la/ei-), ?*., or Pipe' layer. 1. One who 

lays conducting pipes. 2. (Polit. Cant) A politician who 
works in secret ; — in this sense, usually one word. [ V. S. ] 

Pipe'lay/ing, n., or Pipe' lay ingl The act or busi- 
ness of a pipelayer. 

Pip'er (pip'er), n. 1. (Mus.) One who plays on a 
pipe, esp. on a bagpipe. 2. (Zool.) (a) A common Euro- 
pean gurnard, (b) A species of spiny sea urchin. 

To pay the piper, to bear the cost, expense, or trouble. 

Pipe'stem' (pip'stgm'), n. The tube of a pipe. 

Pipe / Stone / (pip'ston / ), n. A kind of clay slate, 
carved by the Indians into tobacco pipes. 

Pi-pette' (pT-pef), n. [F., dim. of pipe.] A kind of 
small glass tube, for delivering measured quantities. 

Pip'ing (pip'ing), a. 1. Playing on a musical pipe. 
2. Peaceful ; favorable to, or characterized by, the mu- 
sic of the pipe rather than of the drum and fife. 3. 
Emitting a high, shrill sound. 4. Simmering ; boiling ; 
sizzling ; hissing ; — from the sound of boiling fluids. 

Pip'ing, n. 1. A small cord covered with cloth,— 
used as trimming for women's dresses. 2. Pipes, col- 
lectively. 3. The act of playing on a pipe ; the shrill 
notes of birds, etc. 4. A piece cut off to be set or 
planted ; a cutting ; also, propagation by cuttings. 

Pip'it (pip'Tt), n. [So named from its call note.] 
(Zool.) Any one of numerous species of small singing- 
birds closely resembling the true larks. 

Pip'kin, n. [Dim. of Pipe.] A small earthen boiler. 

Pip'pln (ptp'pin), n. [Prob. fr. OE. pippin a seed, 
as being raised from the seed.] (Bot.) (a) An apple 
from a tree raised from the seed, (b) Any one of sev- 
eral different kinds of apples. 

Pip'y (pip'y), a. Like a pipe ; hollow-stemmed. 

Pi'quan-cy (peHcon-sy or pik'an-s^), 7J. Quality or 
state of being piquant. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PIQUANT 



620 



PITIFUL 



Pl'quant (pfkaat or plk'dut), a. [F., p. pr. of piquo- 
or sting.] Stimulating to the taste; giving 
«e*t: tart; sharp; pungent. — Pi'quant-ly, adv. 

Pi que' (pi ka'), ». [F., p. p. of piquer to prick.] 
A cotton bono, figured in the loom. 

Pique (pek). ». [P., tit. piquer. See Pike.] 1. A 
feeling of hurt, vexation, or resentment, awakened by a 
social slight or injury ; stinging vexation. 2. Keenly 
felt desire ; a longing. 

Syn. — Irritation: grudge; spite. — Pique denotes a 
quick and often transient, but not malevolent, sense of 
resentment. Spite is a stronger term, denoting settled 
ill will or malice. Grudge goes still further, denoting 
cherished and secret enmity, with an unforgiving spirit. 

Pique, f . t. [imp. & p. p. Piqued (pekt) ; ;;. pr. & 

KJDTHS (pe'king).] 1. To wound the pride of ; 

to sting: to nettle: to offend. 2. To excite to action 

by causing resentment or jealousy ; to stimulate ; to 

prick. 3. To pride or value ; — used reflexively. 

Syn. — To displease; irritate; provoke; fret; goad. 

Pique, r. i. To cause annoyance or irritation. 

Pi-quet' (pe-kSf or pik'gt), n. [F.] A game at 
cards played between two persons, with thirty-two cards. 

Pi'ra-cy (pi'ra-sy), n. 1. Act or crime of a pirate. 
2. (Common Laic) Robbery on the high seas. 3. Fig.: 
"Willful infringement of copyright, or of the publishing 
of the literary property of another without his consent. 

Pi'rate (pi'rat ; 48), n. [L. pirata, Gr. wecpon/?, fr. 
neipav to attempt, undertake, from making attacks on 
ships, neipa an attempt, trial.] 1. One who commits 
piracy. 2. An armed vessel used for piracy. 

Pi'rate, V. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Pirated (-ra-t6d) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Pirating.] To play the pirate ; to prac- 
tice piracy on. 

Pi-rat'ic-al (pi-r5t'i-kal), a. Of or pert, to a pirate, 
or practicing piracy. — Pi-rat'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Pi-rogue' (pT-rog')., n. [Orig. an American Indian 
word.] A dugout canoe ; by extension, any small boat. 

PiTOU-ette' (pTr/oo-et'), n. [F.] 1. A whirling on the 
toes in dancing. 2. (Man.) The whirling of a horse. 

Pir'OU-ette / v. i. [imp. &p.p. Pirouetted (-et'ted) ; 
p. ]>r. & vb. n. Pirouetting.] To perform a pirouette. 

Pis'ca-ry (pis'ka-ry), n. [L. piscarius relating to 
fishing, fr. piscis a fish.] (Law) The right or privilege 
of fishing in another man's waters. 

Pis ca-to'ri-al (pTs'ka-to'rT-al), ) a. [L. piscatorius, 

Pis'ca-tO-ry (pTs'ka-to-rjf), } deriv. of piscis a 
fish.] Of or pertaining to fishes or fishing. 

Pis'ces (-sez), n. pi. [L. piscis a fish.] (Astron.) 

(a) The twelfth sign of the zodiac, marked X in almanacs. 

(b) A zodiacal constellation ; the Fish. [pisciculture. I 
Pis ci-CUl'tur-al (piVsT-kul'tur-al), a. Relating to | 
Pis'ci-CUl'ture (pTs'si-kinVtur ; 135), n. [L. piscis 

fish -4- E. culture.! The artificial breeding of fish. 

Pis ci-cul'tur-ist. n. One who breeds fish. 

Pish (pish), interj. An exclamation of contempt. 

Pish (pish), v. i. To express contempt. 

Pis'mire (pls'mir), n. [Piss -4- mire; named in allu- 
sion to the moisture discharged by it.] (Zo'ol.) An ant. 

Pi'SO-lite (pi'so-lite), n. [Gr. iriaov a pea -4- -lite.'] 
(Min.) A variety of calcite consisting of aggregated 
globular concretions about the size of a pea. 

Pis'sas-phalt (pis'sSs-fSlt), n. [L. pissasphaltus, Gr. 
7rK7<rd(r$aATOS ; irCaaa pitch -4- ao-^aA-ros asphalt.] (Min.) 
A Boft, black bitumen of the consistence of tar. 

Pis-ta'chio (pls-ta'sho), n. [It. pislacchio, fr. L. 
//(, Gr. mo-rdicr), ttktt6.ki.ov, fr. Per. pistah.] 
(Hot.) The nut of an oriental tree, containing a kernel 
of an almond-like taste. 

Pis'til (pTs'tTl), n. [L. pistillum, pistillus, pestle.] 
[Bot. ) The seed-bearing organ of a flower. See Flower. 

Pis 'til-late Mat), a. (Bot.) Having a pistil or pis- 
tils : — usually implying the absence of stamens. 

Pis'tol (-tul), n. [F. pistole, It. pistola ; prob. deriv. 
<A Pistoja, a town in Italy where pistols were first made.] 
The smallest firearm used, intended to 
be fired from one hand. 

Pis'tol. v. t. To shoot with a pistol. 

Pis-tole' (pis-toK), n. [F.] Any 
one of certain gold coins of various 
values formerly used in Europe. 

Pifl'to-let' (pTs'tS-lgt/), n. [F.] A 
i-tol. 

PiS'ton (pis'tun), n. [F. piston, fr. 

L. pffuere, pittum, to pound, to 

Hack.) A sliding piece which 

<-ith*r is moved by, or moves against, 

Piston. 




Pit (pit), n. [AS. pi/tt a pit, hole, L. puteus a well, 
pit.] 1. A large cavity or hole in the ground ; a cavity 
or depression in any body ; an indentation. 2. An 
abyss; esp., the grave, or hades. 3. A covered deep 
hole for entrapping wild beasts ; a pitfall. Also used 
figuratively. 4. Formerly, that part of a theater, on 
the floor of the house, below the level of the stage and 
behind the orchestra ; now, iu England, commonly, the 
part behind the stalls ; in the United States, the par- 
quet ; also, the occupants of such part of a theater. 6. 
An inclosed area for fighting gamecocks, dogs, etc. 6. 
[Cf. D. pit, akin to E. pith.'] (Bot.) The endocarp of a 
drupe, and its contained seed or seeds ; a stone. 

Pit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitted (-tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Pitting.] 1. To place or put into a pit or hole. 2. To 
mark with pits or depressions. 3. To introduce as an 
antagonist ; to match. 

Pit'a-pat' (pit'a-paV), adv. [Onomatopoetic] In a 
flutter ; with palpitation or quick succession of beats. — 
n. A light, repeated sound ; a pattering. 

Pitch (pich), n. [OE. pich, AS. pic, L. pix ; akin to 
Gr. 7rtWa. ] A black, sticky substance obtained by boil- 
ing down tar. 

Pitch pine (Bot.), any one of several species of pine, 
yielding pitch. 

Pitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitched (picht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Pitching.] 1. To cover over or smear with pitch. 
2. Fig. : To darken ; to blacken ; to obscure. 

Pitch, v. t. [OE. picchen ; akin to E. pick, pike.] 
1. To throw, generally with a definite aim or purpose ; 
to cast ; to hurl ; to toss. 2. To thrust or plant in the 
ground, as stakes or poles ; hence, to fix firmly with, or 
as with, poles ; to establish. 3. To set, face, or pave with 
rubble or undressed stones. 4. To fix or set the tone of. 

Pitched battle, a general battle in which the hostile 
forces have fixed positions. 

Pitch, v. i. 1. To fix or place a tent or temporary 
habitation ; to encamp. 2. To light ; to come to rest. 3. 
To fix one's choice. 4. To plunge or fall, esp. forward. 

Pitch, n. 1. A throw ; toss ; cast, as of something from 
the hand. 2. The extreme point or degree of elevation 
or depression ; hence, a limit or bound. 3. A descent ; 
fall ; thrusting down. 4. The point where a declivity be- 
gins ; hence, the declivity itself ; slant. 5. (Mus.) Rela- 
tive acuteness, gravity, or place of a tone. 6. (Mech.) 
The distance from center to center of certain parts, as of 
any two adjacent teeth of gearing, of two adjacent turns 
of the thread of a screw along the line of the axis, etc. 

Pitch pipe, a wind instrument used by choristers in reg- 
ulating the pitch of a tune. 

Pitch'-black/ (-blak'), a. Black as pitch or tar. 

Pitch'er (-er), n. One who pitches ; specif. (Baseball), 
the player who delivers the ball to the batsman. 

Pitch'er, n. [OF. pichier, OHG. pehhar, pehhari ; 
prob. of same origin as E. beaker.] A deep, wide-mouthed, 
vessel for liquids, with a spout or lip and a handle. 

Pitcher plant, any plant with the whole or a part of the 
leaves transformed into pitchers or cuplike organs. 

Pitch'fork/ (-fOrk'), n. A forklike tool used in spread- 
ing, lifting, or throwing hay, straw, etc. 

Pitch'y (-5 r ), a. 1. Partaking of the qualities of pitch ; 
resembling pitch. 2. Smeared with pitch. 3. Black ; 
pitch-dark; dismal. — Pitch'i-ness, n. 

Pit'e-OUS (ptt'e-us), a. [OF. pitos. See Pity.] 1. 
Pious. [Obs.] 2. Evincing pity. 3. Fitted to excite pity 
or sympathy ; wretched ; miserable. 4. Paltry ; mean ; 
pitiful. — Pit'e-ous-ly, ad v. — Pit'e-ous ness. n. 

Syn. — Sorrowful ; mournful ; affecting : doleful ; lam- 
entable ; woful ; rueful ; sad ; pitiable ; pitiful. 

Pit'falP (-faF), n. A pit deceitfully covered to en- 
trap wild beasts or men ; a trap of any kind. 

Pith (pith), n. [AS. piSa ; akin to D. pit pith, ker- 
nel.] 1. (Bot.) The soft spongy substance in the center 
of the stems of many plants. 2. (a) (Zo'ol.) The spongy 
interior substance of a feather, (b) (Anat.) Spinal cord ; 
marrow. 3. Hence : That which contains the strength 
or life ; the vital or essential part ; vigor. 

Pith'less. a. Destitute of pith, or of strength ; feeble. 

Pith'y (-f), a. [Compar. Pithier (-i-er) ; superl. 
Pithiest.] 1. Consisting wholly, or in part, of pith ; 
abounding in pith. 2. Having nervous energy; force- 
ful ; cogent. — Pith'i-ly (-My), adv. — Pith'i-ness. n. 

Pit'i-a-ble (pit'T-a-b'l), a. Deserving pity ; worthy 
of, or exciting, compassion ; miserable ; lamentable. — 
Pit'i-a-ble-ness, n.— Pit'i-a-bly, ado. 

Syn. — Sorrowful; woful; sad. See Piteous. 

Pit'l-er (-er), n. One who pities. 

Pit'i-ful (-ful), a. 1. Full of pity ; tender-hearted ; 
compassionate; kind; merciful; sympathetic. 2- Pite- 



a. e, I, o, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, fi, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PITIFULLY 



621 



PLAIN 



ous ; eliciting compassion. 3. To be pitied for littleness 
or meanness. — Pit'i-ful-ly (pTt'T-ful-ly), adv. —PiVi- 
ful-ness, n. 
Syn. — Despicable ; mean ; paltry. See Contemptible. 
Pit'i-less (pit'I-lSs), a. 1. Destitute of pity ; merci- 
less. 2. Exciting no pity. — Plt'i-less-ly, Otto. — Pit'i- 
less-ness. n. 

Pit'man (-man), n. 1. One who works in a pit. 2. 
(Much.) The connecting rod in a sawmill; also, some- 
times, in other machinery. 
Pit'pat' (pTt'pSf), n. & adv. See Pitapat. 
Pit'ta (pit'ta), n. (Zo'dl.) Any one of a large group 
of bright-colored, clamatorial, insectivorous birds. 

Pit'tance (plt'tans), n. [F. pitance ; origin uncer- 
tain.] 1. An allowance of food bestowed in charity ; 
hence, a small charity gift ; a dole. 2. A meager por- 
tion, allowance, or compensation. 

Pi-tU'i-ta-ry (pT-tu'I-ta-ry), a. [L. pituita phlegm.] 
(Anat.) (a) Secreting mucus or phlegm. (b) Of or per- 
taining to the pituitary body, a glandlike body of un- 
known function, situated in the sphenoid bone. 

Pi-tU'I-tOUS (pi-tu'T-tus), a. Consisting of, or resem- 
bling, mucus ; full of mucus ; discharging mucus. 

Pit'y (pit'y), n. [OF. pile, pilie, L. pietas piety, 
kindness, pity. See Pious.] 1. Piety. [065.] 2. A 
feeling for the distresses of others. 3. A reason or 
cause of pity, grief, or regret ; a thing to be regretted. 

Syn. — Compassion ; mercy; commiseration; condo- 
lence ; sympathy ; fellow-suffering ; fellow-feeling. — 
Sympathy implies a degree of equality in situation, cir- 
cumstances, etc. ; compassion is deep tenderness for an- 
other under severe misfortune : pity regards its object not 
only as suffering, but weak, and hence as inferior. 

Pit'y, v. t. limp. & p. p. Pitied (-Id) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Pitying.] To feel pity for ; to sympathize with. 

Pit'y, v. i. To be compassionate ; to show pity. 

Piv'Ot (piv'ut), n. [F.] 1. A fixed pin or short axis, 
on the end of which a wheel 
or other body turns. 2. The 
end of a shaft or arbor which 
rests and turns in a support. 
3. Hence, fig. : A turning 
point or condition ; that on 
which important results de- 
pend. 4. (Mil.) The officer 
or soldier around whom the 
line moves in wheeling. a Pivot, 1. 

Piv'Ot, v. t. To place on a pivot. 

Piv'Ot-al (-a\), a. Of or pertaining to a pivot or turn- 
ing point ; belonging to, or constituting, a pivot. 

Pis (plks), n. & v. See Pyx. 

Pix'y ) (-T), n. [For Pucksy, from Puck.'] 1. An old 

Pix'ie ) name for a fairy ; elf. 2. (Bot. ) A low 
creeping evergreen plant (Pyxtdanthera barbulata). 

Pla'ca-ble (pla'ka-b'l), a. [L. placabilis, fr. placare 
to pacify.] That may be appeased or pacified ; willing to 
forgive. — Pla'ca-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), Pla'ca-ble-ness, n. 

Placard' (pla-kard' or plak r ard), n. [F., fr. plaquer 
to lay or clap on, plaque tablet ; prob. fr. Dutch.] 1. A 
public proclamation. 2. A written or printed paper, 
posted, or to be posted, in a public place ; a poster. 

Pla-card', v. t. limp. & p. p. Placarded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Placarding.] 1. To post placards upon or with- 
in. 2. To announce by placards. 

Pla'cate (pla'kat), v. t. limp. & p. p. Placated 
(-ka-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Placating.] [L. placare, p. p. 
-atus ; akin to placer e to please.] To appease ; to pacify ; 
to conciliate. 

Place (plas), n. {¥., fr. L. platea a street, a court- 
yard, fr. Gr. 7rAaTeia street, prop. fern, of 7tA<itvs flat, 
broad ; akin to Skr. prthu.] 1. Any portion of space re- 
garded as measured off or distinct from all other space, 
or as appropriated to some definite object or use ; posi- 
tion ; ground ; site ; spot ; rarely, unbounded space. 2. 
A broad way in a city ; an open space ; area. 3. A posi- 
tion occupied and held ; dwelling ; mansion ; village. 
town, or city ; fortified town or post ; stronghold ; region 
or country. 4. Rank ; degree ; grade ; order of priority, 
advancement, dignity, or importance; esp., social rank 
or position ; also, official station ; occupation ; calling. 5. 
Vacated or relinquished space ; room ; stead. 6. A defi- 
nite portion or passage of a document. 7. Ordinal rela- 
tion ; position in the order of proceeding. 

To take place, to come to pass ; to occur. 

Syn. — Situation ; seat ; abode ; position ; locality ; lo- 
cation ; office ; employment ; charge ; function ; ground. 

Place, v. t. limp. & p. p. Placed (plast) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Placing (pla'slng).] 1. To assign to or put in a 
place ; to set in a given place, rank, etc. ; to fix ; to settle ; 



to locate. 2. To invest ; to loan. 3. To set ; to fix ; to 
repose. 4. To attribute ; to set down. [eminent. I 

Place'man (pl&faum), n. An office-holder of the gov-j 

Pla-cen'ta (pla-sen'ta), n. ; pi. L. Placenta (-te), E. 
Placentas (-taz). [L., a cake, deriv. of Gr. TrAdf, 
7rAa(c6s, anything flat.] 1. {Anut.) The vascular ap- 
pendage which connects the fetus with the parent. 2. 
(Bot.) The part of a pistil or fruit to which the ovules 
or seeds are attached. — Pla-cen'tal (-t«l), a. 

Pla'cer (placer), n. One who places or sets. 

Plac'er (plaVer ; 8p. pla-theV), n. [Sp.] A deposit 
of earth, containing valuable mineral in particles. [Jj. S.] 

II Pla'cet (pla'sgt), n. [L. placet it pleases.] A vote 
of assent, as of an ecclesiastical council. 

Plac'id (plSeTd), a. [L. placidus, orig., pleasing, fr. 
place re to please.] Pleased ; contented ; unruffled ; un- 
disturbed; serene; peaceful; tranquil; quiet; gentle; calm. 
— Plac'id-ly , adv. — Plac'id-ness. n . [iug placid. I 

Pla-cid'i-ty (pla-sTd'I-ty I, n. Quality or state of be-| 

Plack'et (plak'et), n. [F. plaquer to lay on. See 
Placard .] 1. A petticoat. [06*.] 2. The slit left in 
a petticoat or skirt for convenience in putting it on. 
3. A woman's pocket. 

PlaCoid (-oid), a. [Gr. n-Aaf , ttAouco?, a tablet — -oid.} 
(Zo'dl.) Platelike ; having irregular, platelike, bony scales, 
often bearing spines; pertaining to the placoids. — h. 
Any fish having placoid scales. 

Pla'gal (pla'gal), a. [F., fr. Gr. TrAayio? side wise.] 
(JSIus.) Having a scale running from the dominant to its 
octave ; — distinguished from authentic. 

Pla'gia-rism (pla'ja-rlz'ni or pla'jT-a-), n. 1. Act or 
practice of plagiarizing. 2. That which is plagiarized. 

Pla'gia-rist (-rist), n. One who plagiarizes. 

Pla'gia-rize (-rlz), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Plagia- 
rized (-rizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Plagiarizing.] To steal 
or purloin from the writings of another. 

Pla'gia-ry (-ry), n. [L. plagiarius a kidnaper, a literary 
thief, fr. plagium kidnaping.] 1. A kidnaper. (Obs.) 
2. A plagiarist. 3. Plagiarism ; literary theft. 

Pla'gia-ry, a. Practicing plagiarism. 

Plague (plag), n. [L. plaga stroke, plague ; akin to 
Gr. 7rA7jyi7.] 1. That which smites, wounds, or troubles ; 
blow; calamity. 2. (Med.) An acute, malignant, conta- 
gious fever of the Levant ; hence, any pestilence. 

Plague, v. t. limp. & p. p. Plagued (plagd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Plaguing.] 1. To infest or afflict with disease, 
calamity, or any natural evil. 2. Fig. : To vex ; to harass. 

Syn. — To torment; distress; afflict; annoy; tease; 
tantalize ; trouble ; molest : embarrass ; perplex. 

Pla'guer (pla'ger), 7i. One who plagues or annoys. 

Pla'guy (-gy)i o. Vexatious ; troublesome : torment- 
ing. IColloq.-]— Pla'gui-ly (-gt-ly), adv. IColloq.] 

Plaice (plas), n. [F. plaise, plais, prob. fr. L. pla- 
tessa.] (Zo'dl.) (a) A European food fish allied to the 
flounder, (b) A large American flounder. 

Plaid (plad ; in Scot, plad), n. [Gael, plaide, contr. fr. 
peullaid sheepskin, fr. peall a skin or hide.] 1. A rec- 
tangular garment or piece of cloth, usually of checkered 
material, — worn by both sexes in Scotland. 2. Goods 
of the pattern of a plaid or tartan ; a checkered pattern. 

Plaid, a. Having a pattern or colors which resemble 
a Scotch plaid ; checkered. 

Plaid'ed, a. 1. Of the material of which plaids are 
made ; tartan. 2. "Wearing a plaid. 

Plain (plan), v. i. & t. [OE. playne. pleyne, fr. F. 
plaindre. See Plaint.] To lament : to bewail. lArchaie~\ 

Plain, a. ICompar. Plainer (-er) ; superl. Plain- 
est.] [F., level, flat, fr. L. planus.] 1. "Without ele- 
vations or depressions ; flat ; level ; smooth ; even. See 
Plane. 2. Open ; unencumbered : equal ; fair. 3. Not 
intricate or difficult ; evident ; manifest ; obvious ; clear ; 
unmistakable. 4. (a) Void of ornament or embellish- 
ment, (b) Not conspicuous or pretentious, (c) Free 
from affectation or disguise. (</) Not luxurious; not 
highly seasoned, (e) Without beauty : not handsome ; 
homely. (/) Not variegated, dyed, or figured, (g) Not 
much varied by modulations. 

Plain song. Plain chant. (Afns.) (a) The Gregorian chant, 
or canto jermo; the prescribed melody of the Roman 
Catholic service, sung in unison, in tones of equal length. 
(b) A simple melody. 

Syn. — Artless : undisguised ; frank ; sincere ; honest ; 
candid ; ingenuous ; unembellished ; downright ; blunt ; 
simple ; distinct ; apparent. See Manifest. 

Plain, adv. In a plain manner ; plainly. 

Plain, n. Level or comparatively level laud ; usually, 
an open field or a broad stretch of land. 

Plain, v. t. 1. To plane or level. IE.] 2. To make 
plain or manifest ; to explain. 



fern, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sins, ink, then, thin. 



N 



FLAIX-PEALING 



G22 



PLASH 



Plain'-deal lng (pIIaMB tug), a. Fair and honest 
in business or conduct. 

Plain'laid (4£d \ a. (Xaut.) Laid in the ordinary 
way, .is .» rope. See Corpaoe. 

Plain'ly. id*. In a plain manner ; dearly. 

Plainness. >/. Quality or state of being plain. 

Plains'man (plEnVinan), n. A dweller in the plains. 

Plain'-spo ken (plan'spo'k'n), a. Speaking with plain, 
\ ed sincerity ; also, spoken sincerely. 

Plaint (plant), >i. [F. plainte, fr. L. )>langere,planc- 

beat, beat the breast, lament.] 1. Audible 

expression Of sorrow ; lamentation ; complaint ; hence, 

mournful song ; lament. 2. An accusation or protest 

on eeoount of an injury. 

Plain'tiff (plantlf), n. [OF. plaintif, prop., making 
complaint.] (Law) One who begins B personal action or 
suit to obtain a remedy for an injury to his rights. 

Plain'tive (,-ttv), a, [F. & OF. plaintif, deriv. of L. 
plangere. See Plaint.] 1. Repining ; complaining ; 
lamenting. 2. Expressive of sorrow or melancholy ; 
mournful. — Plain'tive-ly, adv. — Plain'tive-ness, n. 

Plait (plat ; colloq. plet), n. [OF. pie it, L. plicatum, 

JUictium, p. p. (Aplicare to fold, tikmto plectere to plait.] 
. A flat fold ; a doubling ; pleat. 2. A braid ; plat. 

Plait, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Plaited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Plaiting.] 1. To fold ; to double in narrow folds; to 
pleat. 2. To interweave ; to braid. 

Plan (plan), n. [F., fr. L. planus flat, level. Cf. 
Plain, a.) 1. A draught or form ; prop., a representa- 
tion drawn on a plane ; esp., a top view, or the represen- 
tation of a horizontal section of anything ; diagram. 2. 
A method of action or procedure devised, or described in 
language ; project. 3. A way of procedure ; custom. 

Syn. — Scheme ; draught ; delineation ; plot ; sketch ; 
project ; design ; contrivance ; device. See Scheme. 

Plan, r. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Planned (pland) ; p. 
pr. St vb. n. Planning.] 1. To form a plan of ; to 
draught ; to represent, as by a diagram. 2. To scheme ; 
to devise ; to contrive. 

Planch (planch), v. t. [F. planche a plank. See 
Plank.] To make or cover with planks. [Obs.] 

Planch'er (-er), n. [F.] 1. A plank ; wooden floor. 
[06.5.] 2. (Arch.) The under side of a cornice ; a soffit. 

Planch'et (-et), n. [F. planchetle a small board.] A 
flat piece of metal ; esp., a disk to be stamped as a coin. 

Plan'chette' (E. plan-shet' ; F. plaN'shet'), n. [F.] 
1. A circumferentor. 2. A tablet of wood on casters and 
with a pencil attached, — used in a kind of divination. 

Plane (plan), n. [F., fr. L. platanus, Or. nKaravos, 
fr. 7rAarv? broad ; — so called on account of its broad 
leaves and spreading form.] (Bot.) Any tree of the 
genus Platanus, including the American sycamores. 

Plane, a. [L. planus. See Plain, a.] Without ele- 
vations or depressions ; even ; level ; flat. 

CSP" In science, this word (instead of plain) is almost 
exclusively used to designate a flat or level surface. 

Plane, n. [F. plane, L. plana."] 1. (Geom.) A sur- 
face, real or imaginary, in which, if any two points are 
taken, a straight line joining them lies wholly in that 
surface ; a surface without curvature. 2. (Joinery) A 
cutting tool for smoothing boards or other surfaces of 
wood, for forming mold- 
ings, etc. 

Plane, v. t. [imp. &p. 
p. Planed (pland) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Planing.] To 
make smooth ; to pare off 
the surface inequalities. 

Plan'er (plan'er), n. 1. One that planes. 2. (Print.) 
A wooden block for forcing type to an even surface. 

Plan'et (plan'et), n. [F. planete, L. planeta, fr. Gr. 
7rAai/rjT>)5, and irAdi^?, a planet ; prop., wandering, fr. 
Trka.va.aQa.>. to wander, fr. irXavn a wandering.] (Astron.) 
A celestial body which revolves about the sun in an orbit 
of a moderate degree of eccentricity. [orrery. I 

Plan'e-ta'ri-um (plan/e-ta'ri-um), n. [NL.] An | 

Plan'et-a-ry (plah'gt-a-ry), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
the planets. 2. Consisting of planets. 3. (Astrol.) Un- 
der the dominion or influence of a planet. 4. Caused by 
planets. 5. Having the nature of a planet ; erratic ; re- 
volving ; wandering, [asteroid. I 

Plan'et-Old (pl5n'gt-oid), ». [Planet -f -oid.] An| 

Plane' tree' (plan' tre'). (Bot.) Same as 1st Plane. 

Plan'et-strick'en (plan'gt-strik/'n), ) a. Affected by 

Plan'et-struck' (plan'St-struk'), ( the influence 
Of planet*; blasts. 

Plan'gent (-jent), a. [L. plan gens, -entis,fr.plangere 
to beat. See Plaint.] Beating ; dashing. [J?.] 




Jack Plane. 



Plani-, Piano-. [L. planus.] Combining forms sig- 
nifying flat, level, plane. 

Pla-nim'e-ter (pla-nim'e-ter), n. [Plani- -j- -meter.} 
An instrument for measuring the area of any plane. 

Pla-nim'e-try (-try), n. Mensuration of planes. 

Plan'ish (plXn'Tsh), v. t. [OF. planir. See Plane, 
v., and -ish.] To make smooth or plane, as a metallic 
surface by light blows with a hammer. 

Plan'i-sphere (plan'T-sfer), n. [Plani- -\- sphere.] 
The representation of the circles of the sphere upon a 
plane ; esp., a representation of the celestial sphere upon 
a plaue with adjustable appendages, for showing the po- 
sition of the stars, planets, etc., for any given time. 

Plank (pklnk), n. [OF. planque, planche, fr. L. 
planca.] 1. A broad piece of sawed timber, thicker than 
a board. 2. Fig. : That which supports, as a plank does 
a swimmer. 3. A separate article in a declaration of 
principles, as of a political party. [Cant] 

To walk the plank, to walk along a plank laid across the 
bulwark of a ship, until one overbalances it and falls into 
the sea, —a pirate's method of disposing of captives. 

Plank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planked (plankt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Planking.] 1. To cover or lay with planks. 
2. To lay or pay, as on a plank or counter. [Colloq. 
U.S.] 3. To harden by felting. 4. To splice together, 
as slivers of wool. 

Plan'ner (plan'ner), n. One who plans; projector. 

Pla'no-. See Plani-. 

Pla'no-con'cave (-kon'kav), a. [Piano- + concave.] 
Plane, or flat, on one side, and concave on the other. 

Pla'no-con'vex (-kon'veks), a. [Piano- -f convex.] 
Plane, or flat, on one side, and convex on the other. 

Pla-nom'e-ter (pla-n5m'e-ter), 11. [Piano- + -meter.] 
An instrument for gauging or testing a plane surface. 

Plant (plant), n. [AS. plante, L. planta.] 1. A vege- 
table ; an organized living being, generally without feel- 
ing and voluntary motion, and having, when complete, a 
root, stem, and leaves. 2. A bush, or young tree ; a 
sapling; hence, a staff. 3. (Com.) The whole machin- 
ery and apparatus employed in carrying on a trade or 
mechanical business, sometimes including real estate. 

Plant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Planting.] 1. To put in the ground and cover, as seed 
for growth. 2. To set in the ground for growth. 3. To 
furnish, or fit out, with plants. 4. To generate ; to prop- 
agate. 5. To settle ; to establish with a permanent pop- 
ulation. 6. To set firmly ; to fix ; to set and direct. 

Plant, V. i. To perform the act of planting. 

Plan'tain (plSn'tan ; 48), n. [Cf. F. plantain-arbre, 
plantanier, Sp. pldnta- 
no, platano ; prob. same 
wordasj>Z<me the tree.] 
(Bot.) A tropical, tree- 
like, perennial herb 
(Musa paradisiaca) be- 
longing to the same 
genus as the banana, and 
bearing similar fruit ; 
also, the fruit itself. 

Plan'tain, n. [F., 
fr. L. plantago. Cf. 
Plant.] (Bot.) Any plant 
of the genus Plantago ; esp., 
a low weed with broad 
spreading radical leaves, and 
slender spikes of florets. 

Plan-ta'tion ( plan - ta ' - 
shun), n. 1. Act of planting. 
[R.] 2. A place planted ; 
esp. (U. S. & West Indies), 
a large estate cultivated for 
staple crops by laborers who 
live on the estate. 3. A colony. 

Plant'er (-er), n. 1. One that plants. 2. One who 
owns or cultivates a plantation. 3. A colonist. 

Plan'ti-grade (plSn'tT-grad), a. [L. planta sole of 
the foot + gradi to walk.] (Zool.) (a) Walking on the 
sole of the foot, (b) Having the foot so formed that the 
heel touches the ground when the leg is upright, —n. 
(Zool.) A plantigrade animal, as man. 

Plant'let (plant'let), n. A little Dlant. [embryo. I 

Plant'ule (-ul), n. [¥.] (Bot.) The germinating! 

II Plan'U-la (plan'u-la), n. [L., little plane.] (Biol.) 
An embryonic form intermediate between the morula 
and gastrula, and consisting of a vesicle filled with fluid. 

Plaque (plak), n. [F. See Placard.] A tablet used 
for ornament, or for painting pictures upon. [splash. I 

Plash (plSsh), n. [OD. plasch.] 1. A puddle. 2. A| 




Plantain Tree (Musa 
paradisiaca). 



a, 5, 1, o, Q, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, ahort ; senate, Svent, Idea, fcbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PLASH 



623 



PLAY 



Plash (plSsh), v. i. & I. To splash. 

Plash, v. t. [OF. plaissier, plessier, to bend.] To 
cut partly, or to bend and intertwine the branches of. 

Plash, n. A plashed branch of a tree. 

Plash'et (-et), n. [Plash -f- -et.~\ A pool ; a puddle. 

Plash'y (-f), «• [From 1st Plash.] 1. Watery; 
full of puddles ; splashy. 2. Specked ; spotted. 

Plasm (plSz'm), 11. [L. plus m a anything formed or 
molded, Gr. trkdaixa, -aT09, fr. nXdaaetv to form, mold.] 
1. A mold or matrix. [72.] 2. (Biol.) Same as Plasma. 

Plas'ma (plaVma), n. [See Plasm.] 1. (Mm.) A 
green variety of quartz. 2. (Biol.) Protoplasm. 3. 
Unorganized material ; elementary matter. 

Plas-mat'ic (plSz-mSt'Tk), ) a. (Biol.) Of or pert, to 

Plas-mat'lc-al (-T-kfll), ) plasma ; having the 
character of plasma ; containing or conveying plasma. 

Plas'mo-gen (-mo-jSn), n. [Plusma -+- -gen.] (Biol.) 
The living portion of protoplasm. [formed, growth. I 

-plast (-plSst). [See -plasty.] Suffix denoting thing] 

Plas'ter (plas'ter), n. [AS., a plaster (in sense 1), fr. 
L. emplastrum, Gr. efjurKaa-rpov, l/un-Acto-rov, fr. e/u.7rAd<r- 
<ret.v to daub on, stuff in ; ev in -f- irXda-a-eiv to mold.] 1. 
(3Ied.) An external, adhesive application of a consist- 
ency harder than ointment. 2. A composition of lime, 
water, and sand, for coating walls, ceilings, -and parti- 
tions. 3. Calcined gypsum, or plaster of Paris (origi- 
nally brought from a suburb of Paris), esp. when ground. 

Plas'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plastered (-terd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Plastering.] 1. To cover or overlay with 
plaster or a plaster. 2. Fig. : To smooth over ; to glaze. 

Plas'ter-er (-er), n. 1. One who plasters. 2. One 
who makes plaster casts. 

Plas'ter-ing, n. 1. Act or process of overlaying with 
plaster. 2. The plaster itself. 3. A covering of plaster. 

-plas-tic (-plas-tik). [See Plastic] A combining form 
signifying developing, forming, growing. 

Plas'tic (plSs'tik), a. [See -plastic] 1. Able to give 
form or fashion to a mass of matter. 2. Capable of being 
molded, formed, or modeled ; — used also fig. 3. Of or 
pert, to molding or modeling ; produced by, or appearing 
as if produced by, molding or modeling. 

Plastic surgery, surgery which is concerned with the 
repair or restoration of parts of the body. 

Plas-tic'i-ty (plas-tis'i-ty), n. Quality or state of be- 
ing plastic. 

Plas'tid (plaVtid), ) n. [Gr. TrAdori?, -iSo?, a 

Plas'tide (-tid or -tld), j creator.] 1. (Biol.) A 
formative particle of albuminous matter. 2. (Bot.) One 
of the minute granules found in the protoplasm of cells. 

Plas-tOg'ra-phy (pl5s-tog'ra-fy), n. [Gr. nXacnoypa- 
4>ia ; n-Aao-TOS molded -f- ypd<j>eiv to write.] 1. Art of 
forming figures in a plastic material. 2. Forgery. 

PI as' tr on (plas'tron), n. [F., fr. LL. plastra thin 
plate of metal. See Piaster.] 1. A leather pad worn 
by fencers over the breast. 2. (Anc. Armor) An iron 
breastplate. 3. (Anal.) The ventral shell of tortoises 
and turtles. 4. A trimming for a woman's dress-waist. 

-plas'ty (-plas'ty). [Gr. nkdcrveiv to mold, form.] A 
combining form denoting the act or process of forming, 
development, growth ; as, antoplasty. 

Plat (pl£t), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Platted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Platting.] [See Plait.] To braid ; to plait. 

Plat, n. Work done by platting or braiding ; a plait. 

Plat, n. [Cf. Plat fiat (which perh. caused this 
spelling), and Plot a piece of ground.] A small plot of 
ground laid out with some design, or for a special use. 

Plat, v. t. To lay out in plats or plots, as ground. 

Plat, a. [F.plat. See Plate, n.] Plain; flat. [Obs.] 

Plat'an (-an), n. [L. platanus.] The plane tree. 

Plat'band' (-band'), n. [F. plate-bande ; plat, plate, 
flat, level -f- bande a band.] 1. A border of flowers in a 
garden; hence, a border. 2. (Arch.) (a) A flat mold- 
ing, or group of moldings, (b) A list or fillet between 
the flutings of a column. 

Plate (plat), n. [OF. plate a plate of metal, a cuirass, 
fr. plat flat, Gr. 7rAaTv's.] 1. A flat, or nearly flat, piece 
of metal. 2. Metallic armor composed of broad pieces. 
3. Domestic vessels and utensils, wrought in gold or 
silver. 4. Metallic ware plated with precious metal. 5. 
A small, shallow vessel from which food is eaten at table. 

6. A piece of metal on which anything is engraved to be 
printed ; hence, an impression from the engraved metal. 

7. A page of stereotype, electrotype, etc., for printing 
from. 8. That part of an artificial set of teeth which 
fits to the mouth. 9. (Arch.) A principal horizontal 
timber supporting the ends of other timbers. 10. (Pho- 
tog.) A sheet of glass, porcelain, metal, etc., with a coat- 
ing that is sensitive to light. 



Plate (plat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Plating.] 1. To cover or overlay with gold, 
silver, etc. 2. To cover with plates of metal, for de- 
fense. 3. To adorn with plated metal. 4. To beat into 
thin, flat pieces, or lamina:. 5. To calender, as paper. 

Pla-teatl' (pla-to'), n. ; pi. V. Plateaux (F. -to'; E. 
-toz'), E. Plateaus (-toz'). [F., fr. OF. platel, prop., a 
little plate.] 1. A flat surface; eBp., a broad, level, ele- 
vated area of land. 2. A tray or salver. [fill a plate. I 

Plate'ful (plat'ful), n. ; pi. -fuls (-fulz). Enough to| 

Plat'en (plSt'en), n. [V. pluline, fr. plat flat.] 
(Much.) (a) The part of a printing press which presses 
the paper against the type, (b) The analogous part of a 
typewriter, on which the paper rests to receive an im- 
pression, (c) The movable table of a machine tool on 
which the work is fastened. 

Plat'er (plat'er), n. 1. One who plates articles with 
gold or silver. 2. A machine for calendering paper. 

Plat'form' (plSt'fSrm'), n. [Plat, a. -j- -form.'] 1. A 
plat; plan. [Obs.~\ 2. Any flat or horizontal surface, 
esp. one raised above some particular level ; raised floor 
or portion of a floor ; dais ; stage. 3. A declaration of the 
principles upon which a person, a sect, or a party pro- 
poses to stand ; a declared policy or system. 

Plat'i-na (plaVT-na or pla-te'na), n. [Sp. or NL. 
See Platinum.] (Chem.) Platinum. 

Plat'i-num (piat'I-num or pla-te'num), n. [NL., fr. 
Sp. platina, from plata silver, LL. plata a thin plate of 
metal.] (Chem.) A heavy, tin-white metal, ductile and 
malleable, but very infusible, and characterized by its 
resistance to strong chemical reagents. 

Plat'i-tUde (plaVi-tud), n. [F., fr. plat flat.] 1. Qual- 
ity or state of being flat, thin, or insipid ; staleness of ideas 
or language. 2. A truism; commonplace. [tudes. j 

Plat'i-tu'di-nize (-tu'di-nlz), v. i. To utter plati-| 

Pla-ton'iC (pla-ton'Tk), ) a. 1. Of or pertaining to 

Pla-ton'ic-al (-T-kal), ) Plato, or his philosophy, 
school, or opinions. 2. Pure ; passionless ; nonsexual ; 
philosophical. — Pla-ton'ic-al-ly , adv. 

Pla'tO-nism (pla'to-niz'm), n. 1. The doctrines or 
philosophy of Plato or of his followers. 2. An elevated, 
rational, and ethical conception of the laws and forces of 
the universe ; sometimes, imaginative philosophical no- 
tions. 

Pla'to-nist (-nTst), n. A follower of Plato. 

Pla'to-nize (-nlz), v. i. & t. To adopt, or accommo- 
date to, Platonism. 

Pla-tOOJX' (pla-toon'), n. [F. peloton a ball of thread, 
group of men, platoon, fr. pelole. See Pellet.] (Mil.) 
(a) Formerly, a body of men who fired together ; also, a 
small square of soldiers to strengthen the angles of a hol- 
low square, (b) Now, in U. S. service, half a company. 

Plat'ter (plat'ter), n. One who plats or braids. 

Plat'ter, n. [Probably fr. OF. platel, F. plateau. See 
Plateau.] A large, shallow table dish for food. 

Plat'y- (plat'jf-). A combining form fr. Gr. n-Aarvs, 
broad, wide, flat ; as, platypus. 

Plat'y-pUS (plSt'T-pus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. n\aru<; + 
jtou's foot.] (Zoo?.) The duck mole. See under Duck. 

Plat'y-rhine (plStT-rln), a. [Platy- + Gr. pi's, ptyos, 
nose.] (Anat.) Having the nose broad. 

Plau'dit (pla/dlt), n. [From L. plaadite do ye praise 
(said by players at the end of a performance). A mark 
or expression of applause ; praise bestowed ; acclamation. 

Syn. — Commendation ; approbation; approval. 

Plau'di-tO-ry (-dT-to-ry),o. Applauding; commending. 

Plau'sl-ble (pla/zT-b'l), a. [L. plausibilis praise- 
worthy, from plaiidere, plausum, to applaud, clap the 
hands, strike, beat.] 1. Worthy of being applauded. 
[065.] 2. Obtaining approbation ; apparently right or 
true. 3. Using arguments or discourse. — Plausi-bil'- 
i-ty (-bTl'T-t^), Plau'si ble ness. n. — Plau'si-bly. adv. 

Syn. — Specious. — Specious refers rather to the falsity 
(always implied by it) of that which is apparently fair or 
true ; plausible refers rather to the effect upon a person 
of that which appears reasonable or true, and yet is open 
to doubt ; and it does not necessarily imply falsity. 

Play (pla), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Played (plad) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Playing.] [AS. plegian, plegan, to play, akin 
to plega play, game, quick motion ; origin unknown.] 
1. To engage in sport or lively recreation ; to frolic : to 
sport. 2. To act with levity or thoughtlessness ; to trifle. 

3. To contend, or take part, in a game ; hence, to gamble. 

4. To perform on an instrument of music. 5. To act ; 
to behave; to practice deception. 6. To move in any 
way, esp. back and forth ; to operate ; to act. 7. To 
move gayly ; to wanton ; to disport. 8- To act on the 
stage ; to personate a character. 



f6rn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PLAY 



624 



PLENTY 



Play (.plP. »•• '• 1- To P ut <" action or motion. 2. 
To jvrfonu music upon. ' 3. To perform, U a piece of 
:, an instrument. 4. To hring into sportive or 
5. To act or perform (■ play); to act 
of ; to simulate. 6. To engage in, as a 
7- To control the play or movement of. 
Play. >i. 1. Amusement; sport; frolic; gambols. 
2. A contending or taking part in a game, or the game 
paring. 3. Action; use; employment ; exer- 
4. A dramatic composition. 5. The 
representation or exhibition of a drama. 6. Perform- 
ance on an instrument of music. 7. Motion ; move- 
ment ; hence, also, room for motion ; free and easy 
action. 8. Hence, liberty of acting ; license; scope. 

Pla'ya v.phi'ya'), ». [*Sp.] A beach ; strand ; in the 
Southwestern U. S., a broad, level spot, on which rain- 
water accumulates and subsequently evaporates. 
PlayTrill U'la'bll ).>;. A printed programme of a play. 
Play'day (,-da'), M. A day given to play or diversion. 
Play'er (,-er), n. One who plays. [playmate. I 

Play'fel low (-fello). n. A companion in play: a| 
Play 'ful (-ful), (7. Sportive: gamboling; frolicsome; 
indulging a sportive fancy ; humorous ; merry. — Play'- 
tul-ly. m&v. — Play'ful-ness. n. 
Play 'go er (-go er), ;<. One who frequents theaters. 
Play'gO ing. <?. Frequenting playhouses, [reation. I 
Play 'ground? (-ground'), n. A piece of ground for rec- 1 
PlayllOUse (-hoW), n. 1. A building for dramatic 
exhibitions ; theater. 2. A house for children to play in. 
Play'mate / (pla'maf), n. A playfellow. 
Play'tning 7 (pla'thTug'), n. A thing to play with ; a 
toy ; anything that serves to amuse. 
Play'wright (,-rit ), ?;. A maker or adapter of plays. 
Pla'za (E. plii'za : Sp. pla'tha), n. [Sp. See Place.] 
A public square in a city or town. 

Plea (pie), ft. [OF. plait, plaid, pi ft, LL. placitum 
judgment, decision, assembly, court.fr. L. placitum that 
which is pleasing, an opinion, fr. pi ace re to please.] 

1. {Law) That which is alleged by a party in support of 
his cause ; in a stricter sense, an allegation of fact, as 
distinguished from a demurrer ; in a still more limited 
sense, and in modern practice, the defendant's answer. 

2. (Law) A cause; an action or case at law. 3. An 
excuse ; apology. 4. An urgent prayer or entreaty. 

Pleach (plech), r. t. [Cf. OF. plaissier to bend, and 
also F. plisser to plait, L. plicare, plicitum, to fold or 
wind together.] To interweave ; to plash. [Obs.~\ 

Plead (pled), r. i. [imp. & p. p. Pleaded (colloq. 
Plead (plea) or Pled) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pleading.] [OF. 
plaidier, fr. LL. placitare, fr. placitum. See Plea.] 1. 
To argue or supplicate in support of, or in defense against, 
a claim. 2. {Law) To put in or make a plea in a case. 

Plead, v. t. 1. To discuss and attempt to maintain by- 
arguments or reasons ; to argue at the bar. 2. To allege 
or cite in a legal plea. 3. To allege or adduce in proof, 
support, or vindication ; to offer in excuse. 

Plead'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being pleaded. 

Plead'er (-er), n. One who pleads or draws up pleas. 

Plead'ing-ly. adv. In a pleading manner. 

Plead'ingS (-Tngz), n. pi. (Law) The mutual allega- 
tion? of the plaintiff and defendant until issue is joined. 

Pleas'ance (plSz'ans), n. [F. p!aisance.~\ [Archaic] 

1. Pleasure ; gayety. 2. A secluded part of a garden. 
Pleas'ant (plez'ant), a. [F. plaisant.~\ 1. Pleasing ; 

grateful to the mind or to the senses. 2. Cheerful ; 
humorous. — Pleas'ant-ly, adv. — Pleas'ant-ness, n. 

Syn. — Gratifying ; good-humored ; enlivening : gay ; 
lively ; merry ; jocose ; amusing ; sportive ; witty. — 
Agreeable is applied to that which agrees with, or is in 
harmony with, one's tastes, character, etc. Pleasant 
and pleasing denote a stronger degree of the agreeable. 
I refers rather to the state or condition ; pleasing, 
to the act or effect. Where they are applied to the same 
easing is more energetic than pleasant. 

Pleas'ant-ry (-ry), n. That which denotes or pro- 
motes pleasure or good humor ; merriment ; esp., play- 
fulness in conversation ; a jocose remark. 

Please (plez), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleased (plezd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Pleasing.] [OF. plaisir, fr. L. placere, 
akin to E. placate.] 1. To give pleasure to ; to gratify ; 
to content ; to satisfy. 2. To have or take pleasure in ; 
hence, to choose ; to wish ; to will. 3. To be the will 
or pleasure of ; to seem good to ; — used impersonally. 

Please, r. i. 1. To afford pleasure ; to be pleasant. 

2. To have pleasure ; to be willing. 

Pleas'er (-?r), n. One who pleases or gratifies. 
Pleas'lng, n. Giving pleasure; agreeable; delight- 
ful. — Pleas'lng-ly. adv. — Pleas'lng-ness, n. 
Syn . — Bee Pleas ant. 



Pleas'ur able (plSzh'ur-a-b'l ; 135). a. Affording 
pleasure ; gratifying; agreeable.— Pleas'ur-a-ble-ness, 
n. — Pleas'ur-a-hly, adv. 

Pleas'ure (plgzh'ur ; 135), n. [F. plaisir, orig. an in- 
finitive. See Please.] 1. The gratification of the senses ; 
agreeable sensations or emotions. 2. Amusement ; diver- 
sion; self-indulgence; frivolous or dissipating enjoyment ; 
hence, sensual gratification. 3. What the will dictates 
or prefers. 4. That which pleases ; favor ; gratification. 

At pleasure, by arbitrary will or choice. 

Syn.— Satisfaction; comfort; solace; joy; gladness; 
delight ; will ; choice ; purpose ; command ; kindness. 

Pleas'ure, V. t. To please or gratify. 

Pleas'ure, v. i. To take or pursue pleasure. 

Pleat (plet), n. & v. t. See Plait. 

Ple-be'ian (ple-be'yan), a. [L. plebeius, fr. plebs, pie- 
bit, the common people.] 1. Of or pert, to the Roman 
plebs, or common people. 2. Of or pert, to the common 
people; vulgar; common, — n. A plebeian person. 

Ple-be'ian-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
plebeian. 2. Conduct or ways of plebeians ; vulgarity. 

Pleh'l-scite (pleb'T-sit), n. [F. plebiscite, fr. L. ple- 
biscitum.] A vote by universal male suffrage. 

I Plec'trum (pleVtriini), n. [L., fr. Gr. ir\rJKTpov. fr. 
7rArjo-o-eif to strike.] A small instrument used in playing 
upon the lyre and other stringed instruments. 

Pled (pled), colloq. imp. & p. p. of Plead. 

Pledge (plej), n. [OF. plege, pleige, LL. plegium, 
pi ivium ; of uncertain origin.] 1. (Law) The deposit- 
ing of personal property by a debtor with a creditor as 
security for a debt or engagement ; also, the contract so 
created, or the property deposited. 2. A hypothecation 
without transfer of possession. 3. Anything given or 
considered as a security for the performance of an act ; 
a guarantee. 4. A promise or agreement to do or for- 
bear something ; specif., a written promise not to drink 
intoxicating liquors. 5. A sentiment ; toast ; health. 

Syn. — See Earnest. 

Pledge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pledged (plejd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Pledging.] 1. To deposit, as a chattel, in pledge 
or pawn. 2. To guarantee ; to engage ; to plight. 3. To 
bind or engage by promise or declaration. 4. To invite 
another to drink, by drinking of the cup first, and then 
handing it to him, as a pledge of good will ; hence, to 
drink the health of ; to toast. [given. I 

Pledg-ee' (plej-e'). n. The one to whom a pledge is| 

Pledge-or' ) (plgj-6r'), n. (Law) One who pledges, or 

Pledg-or' ) delivers anything in pledge ; a pledger. 

Pledg'er (plej'er), n. One who pledges. 

Pledg'et (-et), n. [Prov. E., a small plug.] 1. (Xaut.) 
A string of oakum used in calking. 2. (3Ied.) A com- 
press, or flat tent of lint, laid over a wound, ulcer, etc. 

Ple'iad (ple'yad). n. One of the Pleiades. 

Ple'ia-des (ple'ya-dez), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. HAeiafie;.] 
1. (Myth.) The seven daughters of Atlas and the nymph 
Pleione, fabled to have been made a constellation. 2. 
(Astron.) A group of small stars in the neck of Taurus. 

Pleis'tO-cene (plls'to-sen), a. [Gr. TrAelo-TO? most + 
K(uv6<; new.] (Geol.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, 
the epoch, or the deposits, following the Tertiary, and 
immediately preceding the age of man. 

Ple'na-ry (ple^na-ry), a. [LL. plenarius, fr. L. pie- 
n us full.] Fidl : entire; complete; absolute. — Ple'- 
na-ri-ly (-na-rT-ly), adv. — Ple^a-ri-ness, n. 

Plenary indulgence (R. C. Ch.), entire remission of tem- 
poral punishment due to, or canonical penance for, all sins. 

Ple-nip'O-tent (ple-nip'6-tent), a. [L. plenus full + 
potens, -entis, potent.] Possessing full power. [E.l 

Plen'i-po-ten'ti-a-ry (pleVT-po-ten'shi-a-rjr ), n . [LL. 
plenipotentiarius ; L. plenus full -J- potens, potentis, 
potent.] A person, esp. an ambassador, invested with 
full power to transact any business. 

Plen'1-po-ten'ti-a-ry, a. Containing or conferring 
full power ; invested with full power. 

Ple'nist (ple'nist), n. [L. plenus full.] One who 
holds that all space is full of matter. 

Plen'i-tude (plen'T-tud), n. [L. plenitudo, fr. plenus 
full.] Quality or state of being full or complete ; full- 
ness ; completeness ; abundance. 

Plen'te-OUS (-te-us), a. [Fr. Plenty.] 1. Containing 
plenty ; abundant ; sufficient for every purpose. 2. Yield- 
ing abundance ; fruitful. 3. Having plenty ; abounding ; 
rich. — Plen'te-ous-ly, adv. — Plen'te-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. —Plentiful; copious: full. See Ample. 

Plen'ti-ful (-tT-ful), a. 1. Containing plenty; copi- 
ous ; abundant ; ample. 2. Yielding abundance ; prolific ; 
fruitful. — Plen'ti-ful-ly, adv. — Plen'ti-ful-ness. n. 

Plen'ty (plgn'ty). n. [OF. plente, fr. L. plenitas. fr. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; aenate, Svent, tdea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PLEONASM 



625 



PLUG 



plenus full. See Full, a.] Full or adequate supply ; 
enough and to spare ; specifically, abundant productive- 
ness of the earth. 
Syn. — Abundance ; exuberance. See Abundance. 
Ple'O-nasm (ple'o-nXz'in), n. [L. )>leunasmus, Gr. 
7rAeofa(Tjui6s, fr. Tr\eovd£eiv to be more than enough, fr. 
7rAeW more, 71-oAus mucin] {Rhet.) The use of more words 
than are necessary to express the idea ; redundancy. 
Pie O-nas'tic (-n&s'tTk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 
Ple'O-nas'tic-al (-ti-ked), J pleonasm ; redundant. 
II Pie Si-o-sau'rus (ple'sl-o-sa/riis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
7rArj<rtos near -f- o-avpos liz- 
ard.] {Paleon.) A genus of 
extinct, Mesozoic marine 
reptiles ; any reptile of the 
genus. 




Skeleton of Plesiosaurus 
{Pltsiosaurm dolichodeirus). 



Pleth'O-ra (pleth'o-ra), ». [NL., fr. Gr. n\r)0uf>y, fr. 
n\rj6et.v to be or become full. Cf. Pleonasm.] 1. Over- 
fullness ; repletion ; esp., excessive fullness of the blood 
vessels. 2. Superabundance ; excess. 

Ple-thor'ic (pde-thor'Tk or plgth'o-rTk), a. Charac- 
terized by plethora ; having a full habit of body. 

Pleu'ra (plu'ra), n. ; pi. L. -r*: (-re), E. -ras (-raz). 
[NL., fr. Gr. nKevpd rib, side.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The 
smooth serous membrane covering the lungs and the ad- 
jacent surfaces, (b) The closed sac formed by this mem- 
brane about each lung, or the fold connecting each lung 
with the body wall. — Pleu'ral (plu'ral), a. 

Pleu'ri-sy (plu'ri-sy), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
irAevpiris (sc. vocros), fr. 7rAeupa rib, side.] {Med.) An 
inflammation of the pleura. 

Pleu-rit'ic (plu-rTt'Tk), ( a. {Med.) {a) Of or per- 

Pleu-rit'ic-al (-T-kort), j taining to pleurisy. (6) 
Suffering from pleurisy. 

Pleu'ro- (plu'ro-). [See Pleura.] A combining form 
denoting relation to a side ; specif., connection with, or 
situation in or near, the pleura ; as, pleuropneumonia. 

Pleu'ro-pneu-mo'ni-a (-nu-mo'nT-a), n. {Med.) In- 
flammation of the pleura and lungs ; esp., a variety con- 
stituting a contagious plague of cattle. 

Plex'i-form (pleks'T-f6rm), a. [Plettus a twining -f- 
•form.~\ Like network ; complicated. 

Plex'ure (pleks'ur ; 135), n. Act or process of inter- 
weaving ; that which is woven together. 

Plex'US (-us), n. ; pi. L. Plexus, E. Plexuses (-§z). 
[L., a twining, braid, fr. plectere, plexum, to twine, 
braid.] {Anat.) A network of vessels, nerves, or fibers. 

Pli'a-ble (pli'a-b'l), a. [F., fr. plier to bend, to fold. 
See Ply, v.} Capable of being plied, turned, or bent ; 
easy to be bent ; flexible ; pliant ; supple ; limber ; yield- 
ing ;— literally or figuratively. —Pli'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i- 
ty), Pli'a-ble-ness, w. — Pli'a-bly, adv. 

Pli'an-cy (-an-sy), a. Quality or state of being pliant. 

Pli'ant (-ant), a. [F. pliant, p. pr.] Readily yielding 
to force or pressure without breaking ; easy to bend ; 
flexible ; pliable ; lithe ; limber ; plastic ; — literally or 
figuratively. — Pli'ant-ly, adv. — Pli'ant-ness, n. 

Pli'cate (pli'kat), \ a. [L. plicatus, p. p. of plicare 

Pli'ca-ted (-ka-ted), j to fold.] Plaited ; folded like 
a fan. — Pli'cate-ly (-kat-ly), adv. [plait. | 

Pli-ca'tion (plt-ka'shun), n. A folding or fold; a| 

Plic'a-ture (plTk'a-tur ; 135), n. A fold ; a plication. 

Plied (plid), imp. &p. p. of Ply. 

Pli'ers (pll'erz), n. pi. [From 1st Ply.] A 
kind of pinchers, — used for bending, cutting, or 
holding objects. 

Plight (plit), v. l. [OE. plilen ; prob. 
deriv. of L. plectere J\ To weave ; to 
braid ; to fold ; to plait. [06s.] 

Plight, n. [OE. pliht danger, engage- 
ment, AS. pliht danger, fr. pledn to risk ; 
akin to G. pflicht.'] 1. That which is 
exposed to risk ; that which is plighted 
or pledged. 2. [Perh. fr. OF. plite,pliste, 
ploit, ploi, a condition.] Condition ; 
state ; — risk, or exposure to danger, 
often being implied. 

Plight, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Plighted ; Pliers. 

p. pr. & vb. n. Plighting.] 1. To 
pledge ; to give as a pledge for the performance of some 





act ; — never applied to property or goods. 2. To 
promise ; to engage ; to betroth. 

Pllght'er (plit'er), n. One that plights. 

Plinth (pltntli), it. [L. plinthut. Gr. ttAiV0os a brick, 
plinth.] {Arch.) In classical architecture, a vertically 
laced member immediately below the circular base of a 
column ; also, the lowest member of a pedestal ; hence, 
the lowest member of any base. See Illust. of Column. 

Pll'O-cene (pli'o-sen), a. [Gr. 7rA«uoi/ more -f- kcum>? 
receut.] {Geol.) Of, pertaining to, or characterizing, 
the most recent division of the Tertiary age. 

Plod (pl5d), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Plodded (-dgd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Plodding.] [Cf. Gael, plod a clod, a 
pool ; also, to pelt with clods.] 1. To travel slowly but 
steadily ; to trudge. 2. To toil ; to drudge. 

Plod'der (-der), n. One who plods ; a drudge. 

Plot (plSt), n. [AS. plot.'] 1. A small extent of 
ground ; plat. 2. {Surv.) A plan or draught, as of a field. 

Plot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plotted (-tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Plotting.] To make a plot, map, or plan, of. 

Plot, n. [Abb rev. from Complot.] 1. Any scheme or 
complicated plan or stratagem, usually for a treacherous 
and mischievous purpose. 2. A plan ; a purpose. 3. 
In fiction, a complication of related incidents which are 
gradually unfolded ; the story. 

Syn. — Intrigue; conspiracy; cabal; contrivance. 

Plot (plot), v. i. & t. To devise a plot ; to plan ; to 
scheme ; to devise ; to contrive secretly ; to conspire. 

Plot'ter (plot'ter), n. One who plots or schemes. 

Plough (plou), n. & r. See Plow. 

PlOV'er (pluv'er), n. [OF. plovier, prop., the rain bird, 
deriv. of L. pluvia 
rain, from pluere 
to rain.] 1. (Zo'dl.) 
Any one of numer- 
ous species of shore 
birds. 2. .{Zool.) 
Any grallatorial 
bird allied to, or 
resembling, the 
true plovers. 

Plow, Plough 
(plou), n. [OE. 
plonk, plou, AS. 
ploh; akin to G. 
pflug.~\ 1. A well-known implement for turning up the 
soil. 2. Fig. : Agriculture ; husbandry. 3. A joiner's 
grooving plane. 4. {Bookbinding) An implement for 
trimming or shaving off the edges of books. "5. {Astron.) 
Same as Charles's Wain. 

Plow, )v.t.& i. [imp. &p.p. Plowed (ploud) or 

Plough, ) Ploughed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Plowing or 
Ploughing.] 1. To turn up, break up, or trench with, 
or as if with, a plow ; to till with, or as if with, a plow ; 
to labor with, or as if with, a plow. 2. To furrow : to 
groove ; to run through, as in sailing. 

Plow'a-ble ) (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being plowed ; 

Pl0Ugh'a-ble ) arable. 

PlOW'boy' 1 (-boi'), n. A boy that drives or guides 

Plough'boy j a team in plowing ; a young rustic. 

PlOW'er, PlOUgh'er (-er), n. One who plows. 

Plow'man l(-man), 11. One who plows; hence, 

Plough'man { husbandman ; farm laborer ; rustic. 

Plow'share 7 ) (-shaV), n. The share, or cutting 

Plough'share' ) part, of a plow. 

Plow'tail' I,*;™ „ 

Plough'tail' J ( - taF >' n - 

Ploy (ploi), v. 1 
To form a column from a line of troops. 

Pluck (pluk), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Plucked (plukt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Plucking.] [AS. pluccian ; akin to G. 
pfliicken.'] 1. To pull ; to draw. 2. Esp., to pull with 
sudden force or effort, or to pull off or out with a 
twitch ; also, to gather ; to pick. 3. To strip of, or as 
if of, feathers. 4. {Eng. Universities) To reject at an 
examination for degrees. 

Pluck, n. 1. Act of plucking ; pull ; twitch. 2. 
The heart, liver, and lights of an animal. 3. Spirit ; 
courage ; indomitable resolution ; fortitude. 

Pllick'er, n. One who, or that which, plucks. 

Pluck'y (-y), a. [Compar. Pluckier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Pluckiest.] Having pluck or courage; courageous; 
spirited. — Pluck'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. — Pluck'i-ness. n. 

Plug (plug). »• [Akin to G.pfloek.~\ 1. Any piece, as 
of wood, metal, etc., used to stop or fill a hole ; stopple. 
2. A flat oblong cake of pressed tobacco. [U. S.~\ 

Plug, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Plugged (plugd); p. pr. 
& vb. n. Plugging (-ging).] To stop with a plug. 



Plover (1) (Charadriiu *[uatarola). 



The handle of a plow. 
[Prob. abbrev. fr. Deploy.] {Mil.) 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



40 



N 



PLUM 



626 



PLY 



® 



Plum (,plnm\ '<• L AS - P<8*»«i * r - L - prunum; akin 

vuVior.] 1. l^'e/.) The edible drupaceous fruit 

il species of trees of the genus Primus; also, 

the tree itself. 2. A raisin. 3. A handsome fortune 

or property : formerly {Cant). £100.000 sterling. 

Plum'age (plum'Sj), n. [F., fir. plume feather, L. 
pluma.] (,Zoi;/.1 The entire clothing ol feathers of a bird. 

Plumb (plum), ». [F. plomb, L. plumbum lead, a 
leaden ball or bullet.] A little mass of lead, or the like, 
attached to a line, and used to indicate a vertical direction. 

Plumb line, (a) The cord by which a plumb bob is sus- 
pended ; a plummet, (l^ A line directed to the center of 
gravity of the earth. — Plumb rule, a uarrow board with a 
plumb" line, used by builders and carpenters. ^^ 

Plumb. a- Perpendicular; vertical, — adv. In JJU 
a plumb direction ; perpendicularly. 

Plumb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plumbed (plumd) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Plumbing (pluui'ing).] 1. To 
adjust by or to a plumb line. 2. To sound with a 
plumb or plummet, as the depth of water ; hence, 
to sound ; to fathom ; to test. 3. To seal with 
lead. 4. To supply with a system of plumbing. 

Plum-bag'i-nous (pluni-baj'i-nus), a. Like 
plumbago : consisting of , or containing, plumbago. 

Plum-ba'gO (-ba'go), n. [L., fr. plumbum 
lead.] 1. {Min.) Same as Gbaphite. 2. {Bot.) 
A sreuus of herbaceous plants ; leadwort. Plumb 

Plum'be-an (plurn'be-rm), ) a. Of, or like, Rui e . 

Plum/be-ous (pluui'be-Qs), J lead. 

Plumb'er (pluni'er), n. One who works in lead ; esp., 
one who furnishes or fits lead pipes and other apparatus 
for the conve5 T ance of water, gas, or drainage in buildings. 

Plumb'er-y (-y ), ft. A place where plumbing is carried 
on ; lead works. 

Plum'bic (-bik), a. {Chem.) Of, pert, to, resembling, 
or containing, lead, esp. in its higher valence. See -ic. 

Plumb'ing (plum'iug), n. 1. The art or business of 
a plumber. 2. The lead or iron pipes, and bther appa- 
ratus, used by a plumber. 

Plum'bism (plihn'bTz'm), n. {3fed.) A diseased con- 
dition produced by the absorption of lead into the system. 

Plume (plum), n. [F., fr. L. pluma.] 1. A feather ; 
esp., a soft and downy, or a long and handsome, feather. 

2. A feather, or group of feathers, worn as an ornament. 

3. A token of honor or prowess; a prize or reward. 

4. {Bot.) A featherlike panicle. 

Plume. V. t. [imp. & p. p. Plumed (plumd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. ft. Pluming.] 1. To pick and adjust the plumes 
or feathers of ; to dress or prink. 2. To adorn with 
feathers or plumes. 3. To pride ; to vaunt ; to boast ; 
— used reflexively._ 

Plu'mi-pel (plu'mT-ped), a. [L. plumipes, -edis ; 
plumaiQ&thev-\-pesioot.] {Zool.) Having feet covered 
with feathers. — n. A plumiped bird. 

Plum'met (plum'met), n. [OF. plommet, fr. plom, 
plum, lead. See Plumb.] 1. A piece of lead attached 
to a line, used in sounding the depth of water. 2. A 
plumb bob or a plumb line. 3. Hence, any weight. 

Plu-mose 7 (plu-mos'), ) a. [L. plumosus, fr. pluma 

Plu'mous (plu'mus), | feather.] 1. Having feath- 
ers or plumes. 2. Feathery ; plumelike. 

Plump (plump), a. [Compar. Plumpeb (-er) ; superl. 
Plumpest.] [OE. plomp rude, clumsy ; prob. imitative.] 
"Well rounded or filled out ; full ; fleshy ; fat. 

Plump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Plumped (plumpt ; 215) ; 
p. pr. & rb. ft. Plumping.] 1. To grow plump ; to swell 
out. 2. To drop or fall suddenly or heavily, all at once. 
3. To vote a plumper. 

Plump, r. t. 1. To make plump. 2. To cast or let 
drop all at once. 3. To give (a vote), as a plumper. 

Plump, adv. Directly ; suddenly ; perpendicularly. 

Plumper (-er), ft. 1. One that plumps; esp., some- 
thing carried in the mouth to distend the cheeks. 2. 
{English Elections) A vote given to one candidate only, 
when two or more are to be elected, thus giving him the 
advantage over the others. 3. One who gives such a 
vote. [Eng.] 

Plump'ly, adv. Fully; roundly; plainly. [Colloq.] 

Plump'ness. n. Quality or state of being plump. 

Plump'y {-f). a. Plump ; fat ; sleek. 

Plu'mule (plu'mfil), ft. [L. plu- 
mvla. dim. of pluma a feather.] 1. 
(Bot.) The first bud, or gemmule, of 
a young plant. 2. {Zool.) {a) A down 
feather, (b) Aftershaft of a feather. 

Plum'y (plum'jf), a. Covered or 
1 with plumes, or as if with 
plumes; feathery. a Plumule 




Plun'der (plun'der), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plundered 
(-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Plundering.] [G. plibtdem to 
plunder, plunder frippery, baggage.] 1. To take the 
goods of by force, or without right ; to spoil. 2. To take 
by pillage or fraud. 

Syn. — To pillage ; despoil ; sack ; rifle ; strip ; rob. 

Plun'der, n. 1. A plundering. 2. That which is 
taken by one who plunders. 

Plun'der-er (-er), n. One who plunders or pillages. 

Plunge (plunj), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Plunged (plunjd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. Plunging (pluu'jing).] [OF. plongier, 
deriv. of L. plumbum lead. 1. To thrust into water, or 
into any substance that is penetrable ; to immerse ; to 
thrust. Also used fig. 2. To baptize by immersion. 

Plunge, v. i. 1. To thrust or cast one's self into 
water or other fluid ; to dive. Also used fig. 2. To 
pitch or throw one's self headlong or violently forward, 
as a horse does. 3. To bet or speculate heavily. [Cant] 

Plunge, ft. Act of one that plunges. 

Plun'ger (plun'jer), ft. 1. One that plunges ; diver. 
2. A solid cylinder used instead of a pistou or bucket. 

Plu'per'fect (plu'per'fekt), a. [L. plus more + per- 
fectus perfect.] Past perfect ; — said of the tense which 
denotes that an action or event was completed at or be- 
fore the time of another past action or event. — ft. The 
pluperfect tense ; also, a verb in the pluperfect tense. 

Plu'ral (plu'r«l), a. [L. pluralis, from p>lus, pluris, 
more.] Relating to, or containing, more than one ; des- 
ignating two or more. 

Plu'ral, ft. {Gram.) The form of a word which de- 
notes more than one ; a word in the plural form. 

Plu'ral-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
plural. 2. {Eccl.) The state of a pluralist. [Eng.] 

Plu'ral-ist, n. {Eccl.) A clerk or clergyman who 
holds more than one ecclesiastical benefice. [Eng.~\ 

Plu-ral'i-ty (plfi-ral'T-ty), ft. 1. State of being plu- 
ral ; a plural number. 2. The greater number ; a ma- 
jority ; also, the greatest of several numbers ; in elec- 
tions, the excess of the votes for one candidate over 
those for any one other candidate, — not necessarily, 
when there are more than two candidates, a majority. 

Plu'ral-ize (plu'r«l-iz), v. t. & i. 1. To make plural ; 
to express in or assume the plural form. 2. To multi- 
ply ; to make manifold, [P.] 

PlU'ral-ly, adv. In a plural manner or sense. 

Pluri-. [See Plus.] A combining form from L. plus, 
pluris, more, many ; as, plurip&rous. 

Plu-rip'a-rous (plu-rTp'a-rus), a. [Pluri- + L. parere 
to bring forth.] Producing several young at a birth. 

Plus (plus), a. [L., more ; akin to E. full.'] 1. 
{Math.) More, required to be added ; positive, as distin- 
guished from negative ; — opposed to minus. 2. Hence, 
in a literary sense, additional ; real ; actual. 

Plus sign (Math.), the sign [+] denoting addition, or a 
positive quantity. 

Plush (plush), ft. [F. pluche, peluche, fr. L. pilus 
hair.] A textile fabric with a nap or shag on one side, 
longer and softer than the nap of velvet. 

PlU-tOC'ra-cy (plu-tok'ra-sy), ft. [Gr. 5rAouT0*cpaTia; 
7tA.o0tos wealth -f- Kparelv to rule, fr. xparos strength.] 
A form of government in which the supreme power is 
lodged in the hands of the wealthy classes ; also, a con- 
trolling class of rich men. 

Plu'tO-crat (plu'to-krSt), ft. One of the plutocracy. 

Plu'tO-crat'ic (-krat'Tk), a. Of or pert, to plutocracy. 

Plu-tol'O-gy (plu-tol'o-jy), ft. [Gr. tt\ovtos wealth + 
-logy.'] The science which treats of wealth. 

PlU-tO / ni-an (plu-to'nT-aft), a. Plutonic. 

Plu-tO'ni-an (plu-to'nT-an), n. {Geol.) A Plutonist. 

Plu-ton'iC (-ton'Tk), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Pluto, 
the dark and gloomy god of the lower world ; Plutonian ; 
hence, pertaining to the interior of the earth ; subterra- 
nean. 2. Of, pertaining to, or designating, Plutonism. 

Plu'to-nism (plu'to-niz'm), ft. The theory that the 
successive rocks of the earth's crust were formed by ig- 
neous fusion. 

Plu'tO-nlst (-nist), ft. One who believes in Plutonism. 

Plu'vi-al (-vT-al), a. [L. pluvialis, fr. pluvia rain.] 
1. Of or pertaining to rain; rainy. 2. {Geol.) Pro- 
duced by the action of rain. 

Plu'vi-om'e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. [L. pluvia -f -meter.] 
A rain gauge. — Plu'vi-O-met'ric-al (-o-met'rT-kal), a. 

II PlU'vi'OSe' {F. plu've'oz' ; E. plu'vT-oz), n. [F. 
See Pluvious.] See Vendemiaire. 

Plu'vi-OUS (plu'vT-Qs), a. Abounding in rain ; pluvial. 

Ply (pli), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pldzd (plld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. Plying (piling).] [F. plier to fold, to bend. fr. 
L.plicare; akin to Gr. nXeKeiv, G. flechten.] 1. To 



a. e. I, o, u, long ; a, £, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, Obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PLY 



627 



POINT 



bend. [06s.] 2. To lay on closely, or in folds; to 
work upon steadily, or with repeated acts; to urge im- 
portunately. 3. To employ diligently. 4. To practice 
diligently ; to work at. 

Ply (l>li), v. i. 1. To bend. [Obs.] 2. To act, go, or 
work diligently and steadily; esp., to do something by 
repeated actions ; to go back and forth. 3. (Xaut.) To 
work to windward ; to beat. 

Ply, n. 1. A fold ; a plait ; a turn or twist, as of a 
cord. 2. Bent ; turn ; direction ; bias. 

Ply'er (-er), n. One that plies ; specif. : («) pi. A 
kind of balance to a drawbridge, (b) pi. I'liers. 

Pneu-mat'ic (nii-maVTk), Tft. [Gr. m/ey/nai-iKo?, fr. 

PneU-mat'lC-al (-T-k«l), J nuevfj.a, nvi\>ix.aTO<;, wind, 
air, nvelv to blow.] 1. Consisting of, or like, air ; gase- 
ous. 2. Of or pertaining to air, or to elastic fluids or 
their properties ; pertaining to pneumatics. 3. Moved or 
worked by the pressure or now of air. 4. (Biol.) Fitted 
to contain air ; having cavities filled with air. 

Pneu-mat'iCS (-iks), n. The science treating of the 
mechanical properties of air and other elastic fluids. 

Pneu'ma-tO- (nu'ma-to- or nu-mSt'o-). A combining 
form from Gr. Trvev^a, wvev/jLaTos, wind, air, breath, res- 
piration. 

Pneuma-tol'o-gy (-tol'o-jy), n. [Pneumato- -f- •logy.'] 
1. Pneumatics. 2. (Philos. & Theol.) Science of spirit- 
ual being, or spiritual phenomena of any description. 

Pneu'ina-tom'e-ter (-tom'e-ter), n. [Pneumato- + 
-meter.'] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the 
amount of force exerted by the lungs in respiration. 

Pneu'mo- (nu'mo-). A combining form from Gr. nvev- 
/uoji/, nvevixovos, a lung. 

Pneu mo-gas'tric (-gas'trik), a. [Pneinno- -\- gas- 
tric] (Anat.) Of or pert, to the lungs and the stomach. 

Pneu-mom'e-try (nu-moin'e-try), n. Measurement 
of the capacity of the lungs for air. 

Pneu-mo'ni-a (nu-mo'nT-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. irvev- 
ftovia, fr. irvev(JLu>v, pi. nvev/Aoves lungs, also, 7rAeu'jUtoi/, 
perh. the orig. form.] (Med. ) Inflammation of the lungs. 

Pneu-mon'ic (nu-inon'Tk), a. (a) Of or pertaining to 
the lungs ; pulmonic, (b) Of or pertaining to pneumonia. 

Poach (poch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poached (pocht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Poaching.] [F. pocher, lit., to place in 
a pocket, fr. poche pocket, pouch. See Pouch.] 1. To 
cook, as eggs, by breaking them into boiling water. 2. 
To rob of game ; to pocket and convey away by stealth, 
as game ; hence, to plunder. 

Poach, v. i. To steal or pocket game, or to carry it 
away privately, as in a bag ; to kill game contrary to law. 

Poach, v. t. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To stab ; to spear. 
[Obs.] 2. To force or plunge into anything. [Obs.] 
3. To make soft by trampling. 

Poach'ard (-erd), n. [From Poach to stab.] (Zool.) 
(a) A common European duck, (b) The American redhead. 

Poach'er (poch'er), n. One who poaches. 

Poach'y (-y), a. [From Poach to stab.] Wet and 
soft ; easily penetrated by the feet of cattle ; — said of land. 

Po'chard (po'cherd), n. (Zool.) See Poachard. 

Pock (pok), n. [OE. pokke, AS. pocc, poc] (Med.) 
A pustule in variolous and vaccine diseases. 

Pock'et (pok'et), n. [OF. poquette, dim. fr. poque, 
pouque; prob. of Teutonic origin. See 2d Poke.] 1. A 
bag or pouch, esp. a small one inserted in a garment. 2. 
(Com.) A large bag or sack used in packing various arti- 
cles. 3. Anything like a pocket in form or use. 

Pock'et (pok'et), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pocketed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Pocketing.] 1. To put, or conceal, in the pocket. 
2. To take clandestinely or fraudulently. 

Pock'et-book / (-book'), n. A small book or case for 
carrying papers, accounts, money, etc. , in the pocket. 

Pock'et-knife' (-nif'), n. A knife with one or more 
blades, which fold into the handle so as to admit of 
being carried in the pocket. 

Pock'mark (-mark), n. A pit made by smallpox. 

Pock'markety (-roarkf), a. Marked by smallpox. 

Pock'y (-y), a. Full of pocks ; affected with 
smallpox or other eruptive disease. 

Po'CO-CU-rail'te (po'ko-koo-ran'ta), n. [It. 
poco eurante caring little.] A careless person ; 
a trifler. \_R.] 

-pod (-pod). [See Foot.] A combining form 
or suffix from Gr. novs, 7rofios, foot ; as, decapod. 

Pod (pod), n. [Prob. akin to Pudding.] 1. A 
bag. [Obs.] 2. (Bot.) A capsule of a plant; 
esp., a legume ; a dry dehiscent fruit. 

Pod auger, or Pod bit, an auger or bit the 
channel of which is straight instead of twisted. 

Pod, v. i. To swell ; also, to produce pods. 



Pod. 



-po-da (-pft-da). A New Latin plural combining form 
or suffix from Gr. woxit, 7ro66s, foot. 

Po-dag'rlc (pft-dBg/rfk), | a. [Gr. jrofiaypiKo?, fr. no- 

Po-dag'ric-al (•z£kal), j idypa gout in the feet ; 

novi, 7ro66s, foot -f- dypa a catching.] 1. Pertaining to 

the gout ; gouty ; caused by gout. 2. Afflicted with gout. 

Pod'a-grous (pod'a-griis;, «. Gouty ; poda 

Po-des'ta (E. pft-deVti; It. p6-dts-ta7 
detta, fr. L. potettat power, magistracy.] A mayor, 
alderman, or other magistrate, in tome towns of Italy. 

Podge (p5j), n. [Cf. G. pattehe puddle, mire.] 1. 
A puddle ; a plash. 2. Porridge. [Prov. E/ig.] 

Podg'y (-y), a. Fat and short; pudgy. 

Pod'O- (pod'6-). [See Foot.] A combining form or 
prefix fr. Gr. novs, 7ro6os, foot ; as. podooaiQ, 

Pod'O-Carp (-kfirp), n. [Podo- -f Gr. Kaprros fruit.] 
(Bot.) A stein, or footstalk, supporting the fruit. 

Po'em (po'Sm), n. [L. poema, Gr. noi-qy.a, fr. noitiv 
to make, to compose, esp. in verse.] A metrical compo- 
sition ; a composition in verse, esp. one characterized l>y 
nobleness or beauty of imagination. 

Po'e-sy (po'e-s^), n. [P. poe.sie, deriv. of Gr. rroieti/ 
to make. Cf. Posy.] 1. Art of composing poems. 2. 
Poetry ; metrical composition ; poems. 

Po'et (po'St), n. [Gr. ttoitjtt??.] One skilled in, or 
having a particular genius lor, metrical composition ; 
the author of a poem ; an imaginative thinker or writer. 

Po'et-as'ter (-aVter), n. A dabbler in poetic art. 

Po'et-ess, n. A female poet. 

Po-et'ic (po-et'Tk), ) a. Of or pert, to poetry ; suit- 

Po-et'iC-al (-T-kol), ) able for, or expressed in*, poetry 
or poetic form ; suitable for writing poetry. — Po-et'ic- 
al-ly, adv. 

Po-et'ics (po-St'Tks), n. The art of poetry. 

Po'et-ize (po'et-iz), v. i. To write poetry ; to idealize. 

Po'et-ry (-ry), n. 1. Art of apprehending and inter- 
preting ideas by the faculty of imagination. 2. Imagi- 
native language or composition, whether expressed 
rhythmically or in prose. Specif. : Metrical composi- 
tion ; verse ; rhyme ; poems collectively. 

Poh (po), interj. An exclamation of contempt or dis- 
gust ; bah ! [being poignant. I 

Poign'an-cy (poin'an-sy), n. Quality or state of j 

Poign'ant (-flnt), a. [F., p. pr. of poindre to sting, 
fr. L. pungere to prick, sting.] 1. Pricking ; piercing ; 
sharp ; pungent. 2. Fig. : Pointed ; keen ; satirical. — 
Poign'ant-ly, adv. 

Point, n. [F., fr. L. punctum, puncta, fr. pungere, 
punctum, to prick.] 1. That which pricks or pierces; 
esp., the sharp end of a piercing instrument. 2. A sort 
of needle used by engravers, etchers, lace workers, and 
others ; also, a pointed cutting tool. 3. Anything which 
tapers to a sharp, well-defined termination. Specif. : A 
small promontory or cape. 4. The mark made by a 
sharp end ; a prick. 5. An indefinitely small space. 
Specif. : (Geom.) That which has position, but has 
neither length, breadth, nor thickness. 6. An indi- 
visible portion of time ; an instant ; hence, the verge. 
7. A mark of punctuation ; esp., a period ; hence, fig., 
an end, or conclusion. 8. Degree ; step ; stage ; hence, 
position or condition attained. 9. A salient feature ; 
characteristic ; peculiarity ; hence, a particular ; an 
item ; a detail. 10. Hence, specif. : The essential 
matter ; esp., the proposition to be established. 11. A 
small matter ; a trifie ; a punctilio. 12. (Mas.) A dot 
or mark used to designate certain tones or time ; in 
modern music, a dot placed at the right hand of a note, 
to raise its value, or prolong its time, by one half. 13- 
A fixed conventional place, as for reference, or for a 
zero of reckoning ; as, the solstitial point in the heav- 
ens ; the east point of the compass, etc. ; hence (Xaut.) 
the difference between two points of the compass. 14. 
(Anc. Costume) A string or lacer. 15. Lace wrought 
with the needle ; point lace. 16. pi. (Railways) A 
switch. [Eng.] 17. A hint ; a tip ; a pointer. [Cant, 
U. S.] 18. The attitude assumed by a pointer dog 
when he finds game. 19. (Type Making) A standard 
unit of measure for the size of type bodies, being one 
twelfth of the thickness of pica type. 20. A tyne or 
snag of an antler. 21. One of the spaces on a back- 
gammon board. 22. (Eencing) A movement executed 
with the saber or foil. 

Point (point), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pointed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Pointing.] 1. To shape to a point ; to sharpen ; 
— used also fig. 2. To direct toward an object ; to aim. 
3. Hence, to direct the attention or notice of. 4. To 
punctuate. 5. To mark (as Hebrew) with vowel points. 
6. To give particular prominence to ; to indicate. 7- To 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, slug, ink, then, thin. 



POINT 



628 



POLICE 



indicate or discover by ft fixed look, as game. 8. (Ma- 
ro till up and finish smoothly the joints of (a wall). 
9 ' v. ig) To cut with ft pointed tool. 

Point (point), V. i. 1. To direct the point of some- 
thing lor the purpose of designating an object. 2. To 
indicate the presence of game by a fixed and steady look, 
fts certain hunting dogs do. 3. {Med.) To approximate 
to the surface : to head : — said of an abscess. 

Point -blank' (-blink'), n. [F. point point + bUmc 

white.] 1. The white spot on a target. [0©*.] 2. (Mil.) 
(«) With all small arms, the second point in which the 
natural line of sight, when horizontal, cuts the trajectory. 
(I With artillery, the point where the projectile first 
strikes the horizontal plane on which the gun stands, the 
axis of the piece being horizontal. 

Point -blank', a. 1. Aimed directly at the mark. 2. 
Hence, direct ; unqualified. — adv. Iu a point-blank way. 

Point -de-vice' { (E. point de-vis' ; F. pwaVde-vez'), 

Point -de-vise' I a. [OE. at point devis; at at -f- 
point point, condition -f- devis exact, OF. devis fixed. 
See Device.] Uncommonly nice and exact ; precise. 

Pointed (point'ed), a. 1. Sharp; having a sharp 
point. 2. Characterized by directness, or pithiness of 
expression. —Point'ed-ly, adv. — Point'ed-ness. n 



Point'er (-er 
hand of a timepiece. 
(b) (Zool.) One of 
a breed of dogs 
trained to stop at 
scent of game, and 
with the nose point 
it out. (c) pi. (As- 
tron.) The two stars 
in the Great Bear, 
the line between 



One that points. Specif. : («) The 




Pointer. 



which points nearly in the direction of the north star. 

Pointless, a. Having no point or significance. 

Poise (poiz), n. [OF. pois, pels, fr. L. pensurn a por- 
tion weighed out, pendere to weigh out.] 1. Weight ; 
gravity ; heaviness. 2. The counterbalance or mass of 
metal used in weighing. 3. State of being balanced by 
equal weight or power ; equipoise ; balance ; equilibrium ; 
rest. 4. That which causes a balance ; a counterweight. 

Poise (poiz). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poised (poizd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Poising.] [OF. & F. peser to balance, OF. 
il peise, il poise, he weighs, fr. L. pensare, v. intens. fr. 
pendere to weigh.] 1. To balance ; to make of equal 
weight. 2. To hold or place in equilibrium. 3. To 
counterpoise ; to counterbalance. 4. To ascertain, as 
by the balance ; to weigh. [be balanced. I 

Poise, v. i. To hang in equilibrium or suspense ; to| 

Poi'SOn (poi'z'n), n. [F., fr. L. potio a drink, draught, 
potion, a poisonous draught, fr. potare to drink.] Any 
agent which, when introduced into the animal organism, 
is capable of producing a morbid, noxious, or deadly 
effect upon it. Used also figuratively. 

Poison ivy (Bot.), a common, poisonous, climbing plant 
(Rhus Toxicodendron) of North America. 

Syn. — "Venom; virus; bane; pest; malignity. — Poi- 
son usually denotes something received into the system 
by the mouth, breath, etc. Venom is something dis- 
charged from animals and received by means of a wound, 
as by the bite or sting of serpents. Hence, venom spe- 
cifically implies some malignity of nature or purpose. 

Poi'son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poisoned (-z'nd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Poisoning.] 1. To put poison upon or into ; to 
infect with poison. 2. To injure or kill by poison. 3. 
To taint ; to corrupt ; to vitiate. 

Poi'son, v. i. To act as, or convey, a poison. 

Poi'son-er (-er), n. One who poisons. 

Poi'son-OUS (-us), a. Having the qualities or effects 
of poison ; venomous ; baneful ; corrupting ; noxious. 

Poke (pok), n. (Bot.) A large North American herb 
bearing dark purple juicy berries, — used in medicine. 

Poke, n. [AS. poca,poha, pohha ; akin to Icel. poki.~\ 
1. A bag ; a sack ; a pocket. 2. A long, wide sleeve. 

Poke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poked (pokt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Poking.] [Cf. LG. poken to pierce, pok a dagger, D. 
poof:, G. pocken to beat, also Ir. poc a blow, Gael, puc to 
push.] 1. To thrust or push against or into with any- 
thing pointed ; hence, to stir up ; to excite. 2. To gore. 

To poke fun, to excite fun ; to joke ; to jest. [Colloq.] 

Poke, v. i. To search ; to feel one's way ; to grope. 

Poke, n. 1. A poking ; thrust ; jog. 2. A yoke with 
a pole projecting forward, for breachy cattle. [U. S.~\ 

Pok'er (pok'er), n. 1. One who pokes. 2. That 

which pokes or is used in poking ; esp., a metal rod for 

-'afire. [rived from brag. I 

Pok'er, n. [Etym. uncertain.] A game at cards de-| 



Pok'er (pok'er), n. [Cf. Dan. pokker the deuce, devil, 
also W. jiirca. jncci, a hobgoblin, and E. puck.] Any 
imagined frightful object ; a bugbear. [Volloq. U.S.] 

Poke'weed (pok'wed'), n. (Bot.) Same as 1st Poke. 

Pok'ey (po'ky), a. See Poky. 

Pok'y (po'ky), a. 1. Confined ; cramped. [Prov. 
Enq.~\ 2. Dull; tedious; uninteresting. [Colloq.~\ 

Po-lac'ca (po-lSk'ka), n. [It.] (Xaut.) A kind of 
vessel with two or three masts, used in the Mediterranean. 

Po-la'cre (po-lsi'ker), n. Same as Polacca. 

Po'lar (po'ler), a. 1. Of or pertaining to one of the 
poles of the earth, or of a sphere ; situated near, or pro- 
ceeding from, the region of one of the poles. 2. Of or 
pertaining to the magnetic pole. 3. (Geom.) Pertaining 
to, reckoned from, or having, a common radiating point. 

Polar forces (Physics), forces that are developed and act 
in pairs, with opposite tendencies or properties in the two 
elements, as magnetism, electricity, etc. — Polar lights, 
the aurora borealis or australis. 

Po-lar'i-SCOpe (p6-lar'i-skop), n. [Polar -f -scope.] 
(Opt.) An instrument used for polarizing light. 

Polar-is'CO-py (po'ler-is'ko-py), n. (Opt.) The art 
or process of making observations with the polariscope. 

Po lar-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. Pertaining to, or exhibit- 
ing, poles ; having a polar arrangement or disposition. 

P0-lar'i-ty (po-lar'i-ty), n. (Physics) That quality 
or condition of a body by virtue of which it exhibits 
opposite or contrasted properties or powers, in opposite 
or contrasted parts or directions; or a condition giving 
rise to a contrast of properties corresponding to a con- 
trast of positions. 

Po lar-i-za'tion (po'ler-T-za'shun), n. Act of polar- 
izing : the state of having polarity. 

Po'lar-ize (po'ler-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polabized 
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Polarizing (-i'zing).] To com- 
municate polarity to. — Polar-i'zer (-i'zer), n. 

Pole (pol), n. [AS. pal, L. palus, akin to pangere to 
fasten.] 1. A long, slender piece of wood, or of timber ; 
a long stem of a tree with the branches removed. 2. A 
measuring stick ; also, as a measure, a rod or perch. 

Pole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poled (pold) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Poling.] 1. To furnish with poles for support. 2. 
To convey on poles. 3. To impel by a pole or poles. 
4. To stir with a pole. 

Pole, n. [L. polus, Gr. ttoAos a pivot or 
hinge on which anything turns, an axis, a pole ; 
akin to nikeiv to move.] 1. Either extrem- 
ity of an axis of a sphere ; esp., one of the 
extremities of the earth's axis. 2. (Spherics) 
A point upon the surface of a sphere equally 
distant from every part of the circumference 
of a great circle. 3. (Physics) One of the op- 
posite or contrasted parts or directions in 
which a polar force is manifested. 

Pole'ax' 1 (pol'aks'), n. [OE. pollax. See 

Pole'axe' ) Poll head, and Ax.] An- 
ciently, a kind of battle-ax with a long handle ; 
later, an ax or hatchet with a short handle. 

Pole / cat / (pol'kaf), n. [Prob. fr. F. povle hen, be- 
cause it feeds on poul- 
try.] (Zool.)(a)Asma.]l 
European carnivore of 
the Weasel family. Its 
scent glands secrete a 1 
substance of an exceed- 
ingly disagreeable odor. 
(b) Any one of several 
other carnivores having 
a similar odor, as the 
skunk and the zorilla. 

Pol'e-march (pol'e-mark), n. [Gr. no\e^apxos ; ttoac- 
/u.09 war-j- apxos leader.] (Gr. Anliq.) In Athens, orig., 
the military commander-in-chief ; afterward, a civil mag- 
istrate who had jurisdiction over strangers and sojourners. 

Po-lem'ic (po-lem'Tk), a. [Gr. TroAe/xixos warlike, fr. 
rroAe/xo? war.] 1. Of or pertaining to controversy ; 
maintaining, or involving, controversy. 2. Engaged in, 
or addicted to, controversy ; disputatious. 

Po-lem'ic, v. 1. One engaged or skilled in polemics. 
2. A polemic argument or controversy. [adv. I 

Po-lem'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Polemic. — Po-lem'ic-al-ly , I 

Po-lem'ics (-Iks), n. Art or practice of disputation 
or controversy, esp. on religious subjects. [guide. I 

Pole / star / (pol'staV), n. 1. The north star. 2. A| 

Po-lice' (po-les'), n. [F., fr. L. politia the condition 
of a state, government, administration, Gr. TroAireta, f r. 
7roAtTeve<.i> to be a citizen, to administer a state, f r. nuKl-ny; 
citizen, fr. tt6\l<; city.] 1. The internal regulation, or the 




Poleax. 




European Polecat (Putorius 
jcetidus). 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, c£re, &rm, ask, all, final. 



POLICE 



629 



POLYGLOT 



administration of the laws and regulations, of a state, city, 
incorporated town, or borough- 2. The body of civil 
officers in a city, town, or district, organised tor lt.s pro- 
tection and the enforcement of its laws. 

Police' (po-les'), v. t. [imp, St p. p. Policed (-lest') ; 
p. pr. St ib. it. Policing.] To keep in order by police. 

Po-lice'man (-man), n. A member of a bod) of police. 

Pol'i-cy (p51'I-sy), n. [L. politia, Gr. 71-oAiTee'a. See 
Police, n.] 1. A system or method for the administra- 
tion of the affairs of a government, or of any institution. 
2. Management or administration based on temporal or 
material interest, rather than on principles of equity or 
honor ; hence, worldly wisdom ; cunning ; stratagem. 
3- Prudence or wisdom ; sagacity ; wit. 

Syn. — See Polity. 

Pol'i-cy, n. [F. police ; of uncertain origin.] 1. A 
ticket or warrant for money in the public funds. 2. The 
writing or instrument in which a contract of insurance 
is embodied. 3. A method of gambling by betting as to 
what numbers will be drawn in a lottery. 

Pol'ish (pSl'Tsh), r. t. St i. [imp. & p. p. Polished 
(-Ysht) ; /;. pr. & vb. n. Polishing.] [F. polir, L. polire. 
Cf. Polite ; -ish.] 1. To make or become smooth and 
glossy, usually by friction. 2. Hence, to refine ; to make 
elegant and polite. 

Pol'ish, n. 1. A polished surface ; a gloss or luster. 
2. Anything used to produce a gloss. 3. Fig. : Refine- 
ment ; elegance of manners. 

Pol'ish-er (-Tsh-er), n. One that polishes. 

Po-lite' (po-llf), a. [Compar. Politer (-er) ; superl. 
Politest.] [L. politus, p. p. of polire to polish.] 1. 
Polished. [Obs.] 2. Smooth and refined in behavior or 
manners ; well bred ; courteous : complaisant ; obliging ; 
civil. 3. Characterized by refinement, or a high degree 
of finish. — Politely, mlv.— Po-lite'ness, n. 

Syn. — Courteous ; affable ; urbane ; courtly ; elegant ; 
genteel ; refined. — Polite implies that ease and graceful- 
ness of manners which first sprung up in cities, connect- 
ed with a desire to please others by anticipating their 
wants and wishes, and studiously avoiding whatever 
might give them pain. Courteous manners (originally de- 
signating the politeness of courts) are shown more espe- 
cially in receiving and entertaining others, and implies a 
union of dignified complaisance and kindness. 

Pol'i-tiC (p51'T-tik), a. [L. politicus political, Gr. 
iroAiTiKo? the citizens or the state, fr. ttoA/'ttj? citizen. 
See Police.] 1. Political. 2. Pert, to, or promoting, a 
policy, esp. a national policy ; well-devised ; adapted to 
its end. 3. Sagacious in promoting a policy ; devoted 
to a scheme or system rather than to a principle ; hence, 
in a good sense, wise ; prudent ; sagacious ; in a bad 
sense, artful ; unscrupulous ; cunning. 

Syn.— Discreet : provident; wary; cunning. 

Po-lit'i-cal (po-lit'I-kal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
public policy, or politics ; relating to affairs of state or 
administration. 2. Of or pertaining to a party, or parties, 
in the state. — Po-lit'i-cal-ly, adv. 

Political economy, the science which treats of production 
and preservation of the material wealth of nations. 

Po-lit'i-Cas'ter (-kaVter), n. A petty politician. 

Pol'i-ti'cian (pol'T-tish'an), n. One versed or expe- 
rienced in the science of government ; a statesman ; spe- 
cif., one devoted to politics primarily for lus own ad- 
vancement'or for the success of a political party ; schemer ; 
an intriguer. 

Pol'i-tlc-ly (pol'T-Wk-ly), adv. In a politic manner. 

Pol'i-tiCS (-tiks), n. 1. The science of government. 
2. Management of a political party ; political trickery. 

Pol'i-ty (-ty), n. [L. politia. See 1st Policy.] The 
form or constitution under which the government of a na- 
tion or state, and hence of any institution, is organized. 

Syn. — Policy. — Policy and polity were originally the 
same words ; but polity is now confined to the form or 
structure of organization ; while policy is applied to the 
scheme of management. 

Pol'ka (pol'ka), n. [Pol. Polka a Polish woman.] 1. 
A dance of Polish origin. 2. (3fus.) A lively Polish 
dance tune in 2-4 measure, with the third quaver accented. 

Polka jacket, a kind of knit jacket worn by women. 

Poll (p51), n. [Gr. oi n-oAAot many, the rabble.] One 
who does not try for honors. [Cambridge Univ. Eng.] 

Poll (pol), n. [Akin to LG. polle head, crest of a 
bird, top of a tree.] 1. The head ; the back part of the 
head. 2. A list, register, or aggregate of heads or indi- 
viduals, esp. of qualified electors. 3. The casting or 
recording of the votes of registered electors. 4. pi. The 
place where the votes are cast or recorded. 5. The 
broad end of a hammer ; the but of an ax. 

Poll tax, a tax levied by the head ; a capitation tax. 

Poll, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Polled (pold) ; p. pr. & vb. 



n. Pollohj.] 1. To remove the poll of ; hence, to clip ; 
to lop ; to shear. 2. To cut off; to mow or crop. 3. 
To pay a i.al tax. 4. To enroll ; to enumer- 

ate one by one. 5. 1 * deposit, a* a vote; 

to elicit or call forth, aa votes or TOtavs. 6. To cut evenly 
without indentations, as a polled deed. 

To poll a Jury, to call upon each member for hifl concur- 
rence in a verdict rendered. 

Pollack (pftl'hik), n. [Cf. G. & I), politick, a 
poll<ty.~\ (Zool.) (n) A murine gadoid food fish of Europe 

[Polfaehius virens). (f>) The pollock. 

Pol'lard(pol'lSrd), n. [From Poll the head.] 1. A 
tree having its top cut off. 2. (Zool.) (a) J 
chub, (b) A stag that has cast its antlers, (c) A horn- 
less animal (cow or sheep). 

Pol'len (p51'len), n. [L. pollen fine flour.] 
The fecundating dustlike cells of the anthers of flowers. 

Poll'er (pol'er), u. One who polls. 

Pol'li-wig (pollY-wlg), I n. [OE. polwigle. Cf. Poll 

Pol'li-wog (-H-w5g), )' head ; Wiggle.] A tadpole. 

Pollock (-luk), n. [See Pollack.] (Zool.) A ma- 
rine gadoid fish (Pollachius carbonarius) allied to the cod. 

Pol-lUte' (p51-luf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pollcted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Polluting.] [L. polluere. p. p. pollutes, 
Pol- (only in coinp.) + lucre to wash.] 1. To make foul, 
impure, or unclean ; to desecrate. 2. To violate sexually. 
3. (Jewish Law) To render ceremonially unclean. 

Syn.— To defile: soil; contaminate; corrupt; taint; 
vitiate ; debauch ; dishonor ; ravish. 

Pol-lUt'er (-er), n. One who pollutes. 

Pol-lu'tion (p51-lu'shun), n. Act of polluting, or 
state of being polluted. 

Polly- WOg (p51'lT-w5g), n. (Zool.) A polliwig. 

Polo (po'lo), n. [Of Eastern origin ; prop., the ball 
used in the game.] 1. A game of ball of Eastern origin, 
resembling hockey, with the players on horseback. 2. 
A similar game played on skates. 

Polonaise' (po'16-uaz'), n. [F. polonaise, a.. Po- 
lish.] 1. The Polish language. 2. An article of dress 
for women, consisting of a body and an outer skirt in one 
piece. 3. (31us.) A stately Polish dance tune. 

Polt (polt), ?i. [Etym. uncertain.] A blow or thump. 

Pol-tTOOn' (pol-troon'), n. [F. poltron, It. polt roue, 
fr. poltro idle, lazy, also, bed, fr. OHG. polslar cushion, 
akin to E. bolster.] An arrant coward; a dastard; a 
craven ; a mean-spirited wretch. 

Pol-tTOOn'er-y (-er-^), n. Cowardice. 

Pol'y- (pol'T-). [See Full, a.] A combining form or 
prefix from Gr. n-oAv?, many ; as, polygon. 

Poly (po'ly), n. [L. polium a kind of plant.] (Bot.) 
A whitish, woolly plant (Teucrium Polium) of Europe. 

Pol'y-a-COUS'tic (-a-kous't!k or -kobs'tlk), a. [Poly- 
-f- acoustic] Multiplying or magnifying sound. 

Pol'y-an'dry (-an'dry), n. [Poly- + Gr. ai^p, irSpo?, 
man, male.] The possession by a woman of more than 
one husband at the same time. 

Pol'y-an'thUS (-an'thus), n. [NX., fr. Gr. n-oAvai'flo? 
rich in flowers ; 7roAus many + di/0os flower.] | fi 
The oxlip. (b) A species of Narcissus. See IS ABA ISSU8. 

Pol'y-ar'Chy (-ar'ky), n. [Pely- + -arcfiy.] A gov- 
ernment by many persons, of whatever order or ola>-. 

Pol'y-a-tOmlC (pol'I-a-tSm'Tk), a. [Poly- -)- atomic.'] 
(Chem.) Having more than one atom in the molecule. 

Pory-car'pic (-kaVptk), ( a. [Poly- — Gr. Kapir6<: 

PoPy-car'poUS (-pus), ) fruit.] (Bot.) (a) Bear- 
ing fruit repeatedly, or year after year, (b) Having 
several pistils in one flower. 

Po-lyg'a-mist (po-lTg'a-mist), n. One who practices 
polygamy, or justifies it. 

Po-lyg'a-mous (-mus), a. [Gr. 7roAuyoM09 living in 
polygamy; ttoAvs many -f- yaMO? marriage.] 1. Of or 
pertaining to polygamy ; characterized by. or practicing, 
polygamy. 2. (Zool.) Pairing with more than one fe- 
male. 3. (Bot.) Bearing both perfect (hermaphrodite) 
and unisexual flowers ; — said of a single plant. 

Po-lyg'a-my (-my), n. State or quality of being 
polygamous ; specif., having a plurality of husbands or 
(more usually) wives at the same time. 

Pol'y-gen'e-sis (p51 T-j?n'e-sTs), \ n. [See Poly-, and 

Po-lyg'e-ny (pS-lTj'o-ny). I Genesis.] (Biol.) 

The theory that living organisms originate in ditterent 
kinds of cells or embryos. 

Pol'y-ge-netlC (p51'I-je-n?t'Tk), a. Originating at 
various places or times; of or pert, to polygen 

Po-lyg'e nous (po-llj'e-ims), a. [Poly- -f- -genoits.] 
Consisting of, or containing, many kinds. 

Pol'y-glOt (p31'T-gl5t), a. [Gr. jroAuyAojTTo? many- 
tongued ; n-oAvs many + yAwrra, yA<I>o-cra, language.] 




fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



POLYGON 



630 



POMP 



I inincr, or made up of, several languages. 2. 

.or speaking, inany languages. — n . A polyglot 

• book. 

Pol'y-gon ip51'T-g5u\ n. [Gr. TroAvytoeor polygonal ; 
,nv - ywna angle] (Geom.) A plane figure 
.-.any angles, and consequently many sides ; any 
aring many angles. 

Po-lyg'o-nal (po41g i t-oal), a. Having many angles. 

Pol'y-graph (pJSt-grff), >*• [Gr. 7roAvypd(£o? writing 
muoh | jtoAvs much ■f-ypafr w to write.] 1. An instru- 
ment for multiplying copies of a writing. 2. In bibli- 
ography, a collection of different works. 
'Pol y-graph'ic (,-graf'Tkl. \a. 1. Pertaining to, or 

Pol y-graph'ic-al (-T-k«n, | employed in, polyg- 
raph}-. 2. Done with a polygraph. 

Po-lyg'ra-phy (pu-llg'ra-fy), ;?. [Gr. woAvypcu^ia : 
roAvs much -f- ypa^eiv to write.] Art or practice of 
. polygraph. 

Po-lyg'y-iiy (-lijT-ny), ??. [Poly- — Gr. yvcrj woman, 
wife.] State or practice of having several wives at once. 

Pol y-he / dral (,pol I-he'dral), la. (Geom.) Being a 

Pol y-hed'ric-al (-hgd'rl-kai), j polyhedron. 

Pol y-he r dron (-he'dron), n. ; pi. E. -drons (-dronz). 
L. -DBA (-dra). [NL., fr. Gr. iroAueSpos with many sides ; 
n-oAus many -j- eSpa. seat, side.] (Geom.) A body or solid 
contained by many sides or planes. 

Pol y-he'drous (-drus), a. Polyhedral. 

Po-lym'a-thy (.po-llm'a-thy),??. [Gr. TTokvp-aOia : tto- 
Avs much -f- /xafleiv, y.avQa.vzw, to learn.] Knowledge of 
many subjects. 

Pol y-mer'ic (pol'T-meVTk), a. [Poly- -j- Gr. ^e'pos 
part.] (Chem.) Having the same, percentage composition 
(that is, having the same elements united in the same 
proportion by weight), but different molecular weights. 

Po-lym'er-ism (po-lin/er-Tz'ni), n. (Chem.) State, 
quality, or relation of two or more polymeric substances. 

Pol'y-morph (pol f i-ni6rf), n. [Gr. TroAv/xop<^o? multi- 
form; iroAvs many -f- p.op^)ij form.] (Crystallog.) A 
polymorphous substance, or a crystal formed by it. 

Pol y-mor'phic (-rn8r'f Ik), a. Polymorphous. 

Pol y-mor'phism (-fiz'm), n. Quality or state of 
beng polymorphous. 

Pol y-mor'phous (-nioVfus), a. Having, or assum- 
ing, several distinct forms, characters, or styles ; specif. 
(Crystallog.), capable of crystallizing in various forms. 

Pol y-no'mi-al (-no'niT-al), n. [Poly- -r -nomial, as 
in binomial.'] (Alg.) An expression composed of two or 
more terms, connected by the signs plus or minus. 

Pol y-no'ml-al, a. 1. Containing many names or 
terms. 2. Consisting of two or more words ; having 
names consisting of two or more words. 

Pol' y-O-ra'ma (-o-ra'ina or -ra'ma), n. [Poly- + Gr. 
opafia view.] A view of many objects ; also, a sort of 
panorama. 

Pol'yp (polTp), n. [L. polypus, Gr. iroXvTrovs, troKv- 
-o6os, lit., many-footed ; jtoAvs many -f- novs, ttoBos, foot.] 
(Zool.) (a) One of the feeding, or nutritive, zooids of a 
hydroid or coral, (b) 
An anthozoan. (c) pi. 
Same as A>thozoa. 

Pol'y-phone (pol'- 
T-fon), n. A character 
or sign standing for 
more than one sound. 

Pol y-phon'ic (pol'- 
I-fonlk), a. [Gr. tto- 
Aiicttcoi/o? ; 7toAus many 

— oioia) sound.] 1. ^ &£^^*^Z~i~^~ ; ""'=^'~lv i 
Having a multiplicity x^^^^^^^^^f^^ 
of sounds. 2. Char- 
acterized by polyph- ^1^2*2*' <v 
on v. 3. (J/t/j.) Con- Polvp(a). Part of living Coral ehow- 
sUting of several me- ing three Polyps «,. 6, c » expanded. 
Iodic parts, progress- P*rtly expanded, and contracted. 
ing -imultaneously according to the laws of counterpoint. 

Po-lyph'O-nism (po-lTf'o-niz'm), n. Polyphony. 

Po-lyph'o-nous (-nus), a. Same as Polyphonic 

Po-lyph'O-ny (-ny), n- 1- Multiplicity of sounds, as 
in an echo. 2. Plurality of sounds and articulations ex- 
y the same vocal sign. 3. (Mus.) Polyphonic, 
or contrapuntal, composition. 

Pol'y-pite (poll-pit), n. (Zool.) A polyp. 

Pol'y-poid (p51'i-poid), a. [Polyp — -oid.] Like a 
polyp or polypus. [pus ; affected with polypus. I 

Pol'y-pous (poll-pus), a. Of the nature of a poly- 1 

Pol'y-pus (p51T-pus), n. ; pi. E. Polypuses C-ezj. L. 
-Pi'-plj. [L.] 1. (Zool.) Same as Polyp. 2. {Med.) A 
hypertrophic tumor, usually somewhat pear-shaped. 




Pol'y-SCOpe (p51'T-skop), n. [Gr. 7roAv<r»cojro? far- 
seeing; ttoAus much, many -r-a-Kon-eii' to view.] (Opt.) A 
glass which makes a single object appear as many. 

Pol y-sper'mous (-sper'invis), a. [Gr. 7roAu'(r7rep/uos ; 
jtoAu? + OTrepjxa seed.] (Bot.) Containing many seeds. 

Pol'y-Stome (pol'i-stom), a. [Gr. ttoAucttomos ; ttoAu? 
many — (rro^ia mouth.] (Zool.) Having many mouths. 

Pol'y-Style (-stil), a, [Gr. ttoAvotvAos with many 
columns ; 7roAus many -j- aruAos column.] (Arch.) Hav- 
ing many columns. — n. A polystyle hall or edifice. 

Pol y-syl-lab'iC (-sil-15b'ik), ) a. [Gr. 7roAuoT;AAa/3o? ; 

Poly-syl-lab'iC-al (-T-kal), ) ttoAv? many — crvA- 
Xafiri syllable.] Pertaining to, or being, a polysyllable ; 
containing polysyllables. 

Pol'y-sylla-bleC-sTl'la-b'l),?*. [Poly- 4- syllable.-] A 
word of mauj- syllables, or of more than three syllables. 

Pol'y-tech'niC (pol'I-tek'mk), a. [Gr. -nokvTexvo^ ; 
7roAvs many -J- Te'x»"? an art.] Comprehending, or relat- 
ing to, many arts and sciences. [chanic arts, j 

Poly-tech'nics (-niks), n. The science of the me-| 

Pol'y-thal'a-mous (-th51'a-mus), a. [Poly- — Gr. 
0oLAajotos chamber.] (Zool.) Many-chambered ; — applied 
to shells. 

Pol'y-the-ism (polT-the-Tz'ni), n. [Poly- -f Gr. 0eos 
god.] The doctrine of, or belief in, a plurality of gods. 

Pol'y-the-ist, n. A believer in polytheism. 

Pol'y-the-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), ) a. Of, pertaining to. or 

Pol y-the-is'tlc-al (-ti-kal), ) characterized by, pol- 
ytheism : professing or advocating polytheism. 

Pom'ace (pum'as), n. [L. pomum fruit, LL., apple.] 
Substance of apples, or of similar fruit, ground up. 

Po-ma'ceous (po-ma'shus), a. 1. (Bot.) (a) Like an 
apple or pear ; producing pomes, (b) Of or pertaining 
to a suborder (Pomeas) of rosaceous plants, which in- 
cludes the true thorn trees and the quinces, as well as the 
apples, pears, crabs, etc. 2. Like pomace. 

Po-made 7 (po-mad'), n. [F. pommade pomatum, OF. 
pomade cider, fr. L. pomum fruit, LL., an apple.] Per- 
fumed ointment ; esp., a fragrant unguent for the hair ; 
pomatum, — originally made from apples. 

Po-ma'tum (po-rna'tum), n. [See Pomade.] A per- 
fumed unguent or composition for the hair. 

Pome (pom), n. [L. pomum a fruit.] 1. (Bot.) A 
fruit composed of several cartilaginous or bony carpels 
inclosed in a fleshy mass, which is partly receptacle and 
partly calyx, as an apple or pear. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A metal 
ball filled with hot water, for warming the hands. 

Pome'gran/ate (pum'gran'at), n. [OF. pome de 
grenate, L. pomum a 
fruit + granatus grained, 
having many seeds.] 
(Bot.) The fruit of the 
Punica Granatum, a 
tree native to the 
Orient ; also, the tree it- 
self. The fruit is as large 
as an orange, and has a 
hard rind containing 
many seeds, each one 
separately covered with 
crimson, acid pulp. 

Pome'wa'ter (pum'- 
wa'ter), n. A kind of 
juicy apple. 

Po-mii'er-ous ( p o - 
mif ^er-us), a. [L. pom i- 
fer; pomum fruit — 
r>rre to bear.] (Bot.) Pomegranate. Flowering Branch ; 
(a) Bearing pomes, (b) aud ^ rmt ' whole and in secnon - 
Bearing fruits, or excrescences, resembling an apple. 

Pom'mel (pum'mel). n. [OF. poind, deriv. of L. 
pomum fruit.] A knob or ball ; an object resembling a 
ball in form ; as on the hilt of a sword, or on a saddlebow. 

Pom'mel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pommeled (-meld) or 
Pommelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pommellxg or Pommel- 
ling.] To beat soundly, as with the pommel of a sword. 

Po mo-log'ic-al (po/mo-lojl-kal), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to pomology. [gaged in pomology. I 

Po-mol'O-gist (po-mol'o-jTst), n. One versed or en-| 

Po-mol'O-gy (-jy), n. [L. pomum fruit — -logy.] 
The science of fruits ; a treatise on fruits ; the cultiva- 
tion of fruits and fruit trees. 

Pomp (pomp), n. [F. pompe. L. pompo. fr. Gr. ito/jutt) 
a sending, a solemn procession, pomp, fr. jre>^etvtosend.] 
1. An ostentatious and splendid procession : pageant. 2. 
I Show of magnificence ; exhibition of power. 

Syn. — Display : parade: pageant: pageantry; splen- 
] dor ; state ; magnificence ; ostentation : grandeur : pride. 




a e, 1, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; Benate, e"vent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



POMPADOUR 



631 



POPLIN 



Pom'pa-dour (p5rn'pa-do"or ; F. pSN'pa'dobr'), n. A 
crimson or pink color ; also, a style of dress cut low and 
square in the neck ; also, a mode of dressing the hair by 
drawing it straight back from the forehead over a roll ; — 
so called after the Marchioness de Pompadour of France. 

Pom'pa-no (p5m'pa-no), n. [Sp. pampauo.] (Zo'dl. ) 
1. Anyone of several species of brilliant-colored, marine 
food fishes. 2. A California food fish. 

Pom'pon (-p5n), n. [F.] 1. Any trifling ornament 
for a woman's dress or bonnet. 2. (Mil.) A tuft or ball, 
— sometimes worn by soldiers on the hat. [pompous. I 

Pom-pos'i-ty (pbni-pos'I-ttr), n. Quality of being | 

Pomp'OUS (pomp'us), a. [F. pompeux, L. pomposus. 
See Pomp.] 1. Displaying pomp; stately; showy with 
grandeur ; magnificent. 2. Ostentatious ; pretentious ; 
vainglorious.— Pomp'ous-ly, adv.— Pomp'ous-ness, n. 

Pon'cho (pon'oho), n. ; pi. Ponchos (-choz). [Sp.] 

1. A blanket-like cloak worn by the Spanish Americans. 

2. A trade name for camlets, or stout worsteds. 

Pond (p5nd), n. [Probably same word as pound.~\ A 
body of water, naturally or artificially confined, and usu- 
ally of less extent than a lake. 

Pon'der (p5n'der), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Pondered 
(-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pondering.] [L. ponder are, fr. 
pondus, ponderis, a weight, fr. pendere to weigh.] 1. 
To weigh. [06s.] 2. To weigh in the mind ; to deliber- 
ate upon ; to examine carefully ; to consider attentively. 

Syn. — To consider ; muse. — To consider is to contem- 
plate with fixed thought. To ponder is to dwell upon 
with long and anxious attention, with a view to some 
practical result. To muse is simply to think upon contin- 
uously with no definite object, or for the pleasure it gives. 

Pon'der, v. i. To think ; to deliberate ; to muse. 

Pon'der-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being weighed ; 
having appreciable weight. — Pon'der-a ble-ness, n. 

Pon'der-ance (-ans), n. Weight ; gravity. [R.~\ 

Pon'der-er (-er), n. One who ponders. [derous. I 

Pon'der-OS'i-ty (-os'T-ty), n. Quality of being pon- 1 

Pon'der-OUS (pon'der-us), a. [L. ponderosus, from 
pondus, -eris, a weight.] 1. Very heavy ; weighty. 
2. Important; momentous; forcible. 3. Heavy; dull 
wanting lightness or spirit. — Pon'der-OUS-ly , adv. 
Pon'der-ous-ness, n. 

Pond'fish' (pond'fish'), 
(Zo'dl.) Anyone of numerous 
species of American fresh- 
water fishes. 

Pone (pon), n. [Of Amer. 
Indian origin.] A kind of 
johnnycake. [Southern U.S.] 

Pon-gee' (pon-je'), n. [Of Common PondfTsh of New 
East Indian origin.] A fabric England (Lepomisgibbosus). 
of undyed silk from India and China. 

Pon'iard (pon'yeid), n. [F. poignard, fr. L. pugio, 
-onis.~\ A kind of dagger. [stab. I 

Pon'iard, v. t. To pierce with a poniard ; to | 

II Pons (ponz), n. [L., a bridge.] (Anat.) A 
bridge ; — applied to several parts which connect 
others, but esp. to a connecting bond (Pons Va- 
rolii) in the brain. See Brain. 

Pon'tiff (-tif), n. [F. pontife, L. pontifex, 
-ficis ; pons, pontis, a bridge -\- facer e to make.] 
A high priest, esp. : (a) (Jeivish Antiq.) The 
chief priest, (b) (R. C. Ch.) The pope. 

Pon-tif'ic (pon-tif'Ik), a. Pontifical. 

Pon-tif/ic-al (-T-kal), a. Of or pertaining to a 
pontiff ; hence, belonging to the pope ; papal. 

Pon-tif/ic-al, n. 1. A book containing the 
offices, or formulas, used by a pontiff. 2. pi. Poniard. 
The dress and ornaments of a pontiff. 

Pon-tif'i-cate (-kat), n. State or office of a pontiff. 

Pon-ton' (pon-tobn'), n. [F.] A pontoon. 

Pon-toon' (pon-toon'), n. [F. ponton, fr. L. ponto, 
-onis, fr. pons, pontis, a bridge.] 1. (Mil.) A portable 
float, used in building bridges quickly for the passage of 
troops. 2. (Naut.) A bargelike 
vessel for careening ships, 
drawing piles, etc. 

Po'ny (po'ny), n. [Gael. 
ponaidh.] 1. A small horse. 
2. Twenty-five pounds ster- 
ling. [Slang, Eng.J 3. A 
translation or a key used to 
avoid study. [College Cant] 

Poo'dle (pob'd'l), n. [G. 
pudel.~\ (Zo'dl.) A breed of 
dogs having curly hair. Poodle, 

Pooh (poo), interj. [Of 



— Pon'der-ous-ly, adv.— 




an r- X prf:B- 



imitative origin.] Pshaw ! pish ! nonsense ! 
sion of scorn, dislike, etc. 

Pooh'-pooh' (pob'poT/), v. t. To make light of ; to 
treat with contempt. [Colloq.] 

Pool (pool), n. [AS. pol ; akin to 1). poel, <i. p/u/tl.] 

1. A small and rather deep body of (usually; fresh water, 
as one supplied by a spring. 2. A small body of standing 
or stagnant water. 

Pool, n. [V. poule, prop., a hen. See Pullet.] 1. 
An aggregated stake to which each player has contrib- 
uted a share ; also, the receptacle lor the ntakes. 2. 
Either of several games at billiards; specif., a game of 
skill in pocketing the balls on a pool table. 3. Any 
gambling or commercial venture or combination in which 
several persons join upon terms fixed by agreement. 

Pool, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pooled (poold) ; p. pr. 
&vb.n. Pooling.] To put together or combine ; ton...ke 
a common interest of. 

P00l'er^-er), n. A stick for stirring a tan vat. 

Poop (poop), n. [V. poupe, fr. L. puppii.l (Naut. A 
deck raised above the after part of a vessel ; the hind- 
most part of a vessel ; also, a cabin covered by such a deck. 

Poop, v. t. (Naut.) To break over or strike in the 
poop or stern. 

Pooped (pobpt), p. p. & a. (Naut.) (a) Having a 
poop ; furnished with a poop, (b) Struck on the poop. 

Poor (poor), (i. [Compar. Poorer (-er ; 254) ; tuperl. 
Poorest.] [OF. povre, L. pauper.] 1. Destitute of 
property; wanting riches; needy; indigent. 2. (Law) 
So completely destitute of property as to be entitled to 
maintenance from the public. 3. Hence, in various ap- 
plications • Destitute of qualities desirable, or naturally 
to be expected ; as : (a) Wanting in plumpness ; lean ; 
emaciated, (b) Wanting in vigor ; feeble ; dejected, (c) 
Of little worth ; shabby ; mean, (d) Destitute of fertil- 
ity ; sterile ; — said of land, (e) Destitute of beauty, fit- 
ness, or merit. (/) Without prosperous conditions or 
good results; unfavorable; uncomfortable, (g) Inade- 
quate ; insufficient ; insignificant. 4. Worthy of pity or 
sympathy ; — a term of endearment, and sometimes of 
contempt. 5. Free from self-assertion ; meek. — Poor'- 
ly, adv. — Poor'ness, n. [lie paupers. I 

Poor 'house' (-hous'), n. A dwelling house for pub-| 

Poor'ly, a. Somewhat ill ; indisposed ; not in health. 

Poor'-spir'it-ed (-spir'Tt-gd), a. Of a mean spirit ; 
cowardly; base. — Poor'-spir it-ed-ness, n. 

Pop (p5p), n. [Of imitative origin.] 1. A small ex- 
plosive sound or report. 2. An unintoxicating beverage 
which expels the cork with a pop from the bottle. 

Pop corn, (a) Corn, or maize, of peculiar excellence for 
popping, (b) Corn which has been popped. 

Pop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Popped (popt) ; p. pr. & rb. 
n. Popping.] 1. To make a pop, or sharp, quick sound. 

2. To enter, issue, or move, with a sudden movement. 

3. To burst open with a pop, when heated over a fire. 
Pop, v. t. 1. To thrust or push suddenly ; to offer 

suddenly ; to bring suddenly and unexpectedly to notice. 
2. To cause to pop ; to cause to burst open by heat. 

Pop (pop), adv. Like a pop ; suddenly ; unexpectedly. 

Pope (pop), n. [AS. papa, L. papa father, bishop. 
Cf. Papa, Papal.] 1. The bishop of Rome, the head of 
the Roman Catholic Church. 2. A parish priest, or a chap- 
lain, of the Greek Church. 3. (Zo'ol. ) The ruff, — a fish. 

Pope Joan, a game at cards played on a board with 
compartments. — Pope's nose, rump of a bird. [ Collou.} 

Pope'dom (-dum), n. Office, dignity, or jurisdiction 
of the pope. 

Pop'er-y (-er-y), n. The doctrines and practices of 
the Roman Catholic Church ; — generally opprobrious. 

Pop'gun' (pop'giinO, n. A child's crun 
for shooting pellets with a popping noise 
by compression of air. 

Pop'in-Jay (pop'Tn-ja), n. [OE. pop- 
ingay, papejay, OF. papegai, papegaut; 
of uncertain origin.] 1. (Zo'ol.) (a) The 
green woodpecker, (b) A parrot. 2. A 
trifling, chattering fop or coxcomb. 

Pop'ish(pop'Tsh), a. Of, pert. to. or or- 
dained by, the pope, and hence, the Roman 
Catholic Church ; — often opprobrious. — 
Pop'ish-ly, adv. — Pop'ish-ness. ». 

Pop'lar (pop'ler), n. [OF. poptier, 
fr. L. populus poplar.] (Bot.) 1. Any 
tree of the genus Populus : also, its tim- 
ber. 2. The timber of the tulip tree. 
[U. S.] 

Pop'lin (pop'lin), 7?. [F. popeline.] Lombardy Pop- 
A fabric usually of silk and worsted. lurs - 




f§rn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



POPLITEAL 



632 



PORTCULLIS 




Poppy (Pajiaver Ehaeas), 
reduced. a Flower ; b 
Capsule. 



Pop-lit'e-al vp5p-llt'?-<:l>. a. [L. pophs, -itis, the ham.] 
Of, pertaining to, or iu the region of, the ham. 

Pop'per f pttp*p8r), «, A utensil for popping com. 

Pop'pet (pop'pe't), n. 1. See Puppet. 2. {Mach.) An 
upright support or snide fastened at the bottom only. 

Pop'pied (poypld), B. [See 1st Poppy.] 1. Inter- 
spersed with poppies. 2. Affected with poppy juice ; 
hence, fig., drowsy ; listless. 

Pop'py (,-py), »■ [AS. popig, L. papaver.] {Bot.) 
Anv plant belonging to a ge- 
nus {Papaver) of herbs with 
showy Bowers and a milky 
juice; also, a flower of the 
plant. It yields opium. 

Pop'py "(pop'py), | 

Pon'oy-head t-hSd'), \. 
[F. poupee doll. See Puppet.] 
(JrcA.) A raised ornament fre- 
quently in the form of a tinial. 

Pop'U-lace (p5p'u-las), n. 
[F.. through It. fr. L. pop id us. ] 
The common people ; the un- 
distinguished multitude. 
Syn. — Mob ; commonalty. 

Pop'U-lar (-ler), a. [L. pa- 
pillaris, fr.popttlits people.] 1. 
Of or pertaining to people in 
general. 2. Suitable to com- 
mon people ; easy to be com- 
prehended. 3. Adapted to the 
means of the common people ; hence, cheap ; common ; 
ordinary ; inferior. 4. Acceptable or pleasing to people 
in general. — Pop'u-lar-ly, adv. — Pop'u-lar-ness, k. 

Pop'U-lax'i-ty (-lar'i-ty), n. Quality or state of being 
popular. 

Pop'u-lar-ize (pop'u-ler-iz), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Pop- 
ularized (-izd) ; p.' pr. & vb. n. Popularizing (-I'zTng).] 
To make popular. 

Pop'u-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Populated (-la 7 - 
t£d) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Populating.] To furnish with in- 
habitants ; to cause to be inhabited ; to people. 

PopTi-la'tion (-la'shun), 7i. 1. Act or process of pop- 
ulating. 2. The people inhabiting a place or country. 

Pop'U-lOUS (pop'u-lus), a. Abounding in people ; 
thickly peopled or inhabited. — Pop'U-lOUS-ly, adv. — 
Pop'u-lous-ness. n. 

Por'ce-lain (p6r'se-lin), 72. [F.porcelaine, It. porcel- 
laua, orig., the porcelain shell or cowrie, deriv. of L. 
porcus pig, prob. alluding to resemblance of the shell in 
shape to a pig's back. Porcelain was called after this 
shell, either on account of its smoothness and whiteness, 
or because it was believed to be made from it.] A fine, 
translucent or semitranslucent kind of earthenware, sup- 
posed to have been first made in China. 

Porch (porch), n. [F. porcke, L. portions, fr. porta a 
gate, entrance, or passage.] 1. {Arch.) A covered and 
inclosed entrance to a building, whether within or with- 
out the main wall. 2. A portico. [Obs.~\ 

Por'cine (p8r'sin), a. [L. porcinus, fr. porcus a swine.] 
Of or pertaining to swine ; characteristic of the hog. 

Por'cu-pine (pSr'ku-pin), n. [OE. porkepyn, porpen- 
tine, OF. porc- 
espi, ir.L,.porcus 
Bwine -f- spina 
spine.] \.{Zobl.) 
Any species of an 
Old World genus 
(Hystrix) of ro- 
dents having the 
back covered 
with long, sharp, 
erectile spines or 
quills sometimes Common Porcupine (H;/stnx crtstata). 
a foot long. 2. (Zool. ) Any species of related American 
genera, which have shorter spines, and are arboreal in 
their habits. 

Pore (por), 72. [F., fr. L. porus, Gr. Tropo?.] 1. One 
of the minute orifices in an animal or vegetable mem- 
brane. 2. A minute opening or passageway ; interstice. 

Pore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pored (pord) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Poring.] [OE. poren, of uncertain origin.] To look 
or gaze steadily in reading or studying ; to fix the atten- 
tion ; to be absorbed. — Por'er (pSr'er), n. 

Por'gy (por'gy^), 72. [See Paugie.] (Zool.) (a) The 
scup. (b) The sailor's choice, or pinfish. (c) A sparoid 
food fish of the Gulf of Mexico, {d) The spadefish. (e) 
Any one of several species of surf fishes, of the Pacific 
coast of North America. 




Po'rism (po'rlz'rn), n. [Gr. iropiatxa a thing procured, 
a deduction, fr. nopi^eiv to provide.] 1. (Geom.) A 
proposition affirming the possibility of finding such con- 
ditions as will render a certain determinate problem 
indeterminate. 2. {Gr. Geom.) A corollary. 

Pork (pork), 72. [F. pore, it. porcus hog, pig.] The 
flesh of swine, fresh or salted, used for food. 

Pork'er(pork'er), 72. A hog. 

Por-nog'ra-phy (p6r-nog'ra-f f), n. [Gr. nopvri harlot 
-f -(jriipliij.~\ 1. Licentious painting or literature. 2. 
{Mid.) A treatise on prostitution. [porous. I 

Po-ros'i-ty ( po-r os'I-ty ) , 72 . Quality or state of beiug | 

Por'ous (por'Qs), a. Full of pores ; having interstices 
penetrable by fluids ; permeable by fluids. — Por'OUS-ly, 
adv. — Por'ous-ness, 72. 

Por phy-rit'ic (pSr'fT-rit'Tk), a. {Min.) Relating to, 
or like, porphyry ; consisting of a fine-grained base inter- 
spersed with prominent crystals. 

Por'phy-ry (por'f I-ry), n. [F. porphyre, L. porphy- 
ries, fr. Gr. nop^vpirrjs like purple, fr. nopfyvpa purple.] 
(Geol.) A rock consisting of a fine-grained base (usually 
feldspathic) through which crystals, as of feldspar or 
quartz, are disseminated ; — used loosely as the name of 
various rocks. There are red, purple, and green varie- 
ties, which are highly esteemed as marbles. 

Por'poise (pSr'pus), 72. [OF. porpeis, lit., hog fish, 
fr. L. porcus swine -4- piscis fish.] {Zool.) 1. A small 
cetacean closely allied to the dolphins, but having a 
shorter snout. 2. A true dolphin. 

Por'ridge (por'rij), 72. [Prob. corrupted fr. pottage.] 
A broth or thin pudding made by boiling some legumi- 
nous or farinaceous substance, or the meal of it, in water 
or in milk. 

Por'rin-ger (-rin-jer), 71. [OE. pottanger, for potta- 
ger. See Pottage.] A porridge dish ; esp., a child's 
bowl or cup. 

Port (port), n. [From Oporto, in Portugal, i. e., o 
porto the port.] A dark red or purple astringent wine 
of Portugal. 

Port, 72. [AS. port, L. portus.] 1. A place where 
ships may ride secure from storms ; a harbor ; a haven. 
2. A harbor where vessels discharge and receive cargoes ; 
a place of departure or destination. 

Port, 72. [F. porte, L. porta, akin to portus. See Port 
a harbor.] 1. A passageway ; gate; portal. [Archaic] 
2. {Naut.) An opening in the side of a vessel through 
which cannon may be discharged ; porthole. 

Port, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ported ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Porting.] [F. porter, L. portare to carry.] {Mil.) To 
place, or carry, as a musket in the 
position shown in the Illustration. 

Port, n. Manner in which a person 
bears himself ; deportment ; carriage ; 
bearing ; hence, style of living. 

Port, n. [Etym. uncertain.] 
(Naut.) The larboard or left side of a 
ship (looking from the stern to the 
bow). 

Port, v. t. {Naut.) To turn or put 
(the helm) to the left or larboard side. 

Port'a-ble (port'a-b'l), a. [L. 
portabilis, fr. portare to carry.] Ca- 
pable of being borne or carried ; eas- 
ily transported ; conveyed without 

difficulty. — Port a-bil'i-ty (-btl'- 
i-ty), Port'a ble-ness, 72. 

Port'age (port'aj ; 48), 72. [From 
2d Port.] {Naut.) A sailor's wages 
when in port or for a voyage. 

Por'tage (por'taj), n. [F.] 1. Act of carrying or 
transporting. 2. Price charged or paid for carriage or 
transportation. 3. A carry between navigable waters. 

Por'tage (por'taj), v. t. & «'. To carry (.goods, boats, 
etc.) overland between navigable waters. 

Por'tal (por'tal), 72. [OF. portal, LL. portale, fr. L. 
porta a gate.] 1. A door or gate ; hence, a way of en- 
trance or exit. 2. {Arch.) (a) The lesser gate, where 
there are two of different dimensions. (6) The archi- 
tectural composition which surrounds and includes a door- 
way or porch of a church. 

Port / cray'on(-kra'un), 72. [¥.porte-crayon.~\ A me- 
tallic handle with a 
clasp for holding a ^ gEZljj|> g 

kullls), 72. [OF. porte coulisse, cole'ice, a sliding door. fr. 
L. colare. cohttum. to filter, to strain. See Port a gate, 
and cf. Colander.] {Fort) A grating hung over the gate- 




Arms Port. 



a, e, 1, o, Uj long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, fina! 



PORTE 



633 



POSSESS 




way of a fortress, to be let down to prevent the entrance 
of an enemy. 

Porte (port; F. p6rt), n. [F. 
See Port a gate.] The government 
of the Turkish empire, officially called 
the Sublime Porte, from the gate 
{port) of the sultan's palace at which 
justice was administered. 

I! Porte'-co'chere' (pGrt'kS'shfir'), 

n. [F.] (Arch.) A doorway for ve- 
hicles into or through a building. 
Also, a porch over a driveway before 
an entrauce door. 

Porte'mon-naie' (pSrt/mttn-na 7 ), 
n. [F., fr. porter to carry + mon- 
naie money.] A pocket case for 
money. 

Por-tend' (p5r-tSnd'), v. t. [imp. 
& p. j>. Portended ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Portending.] [L. portendere, por- 
tentum, to foretell, to impend, fr. an 
old preposition -\- tender e to stretch.] 

1. To give previous indication of ; — 
now used esp. of unpropitious signs. 

Syn. — To foreshow ; foretoken ; 
betoken ; forebode ; augur ; presage ; ^Portcullis. .4 Chain 
foreshadow ; threaten. bv which the Port . 

Por-tent' (p5r-tgnt'), n. That ciillis is raised; BB 
which portends, or foretokens ; esp., Chains to Counter- 
that which portends evil. poises c c " 

Por-tent'OUS (-us), a. 1. Of the nature of a portent ; 
ominous. 2. Hence : Monstrous ; wonderful ; dreadful. 
— Por-tent'ous-ly, adv. — Por-tent'ous ness, ». 

Por'ter (por'ter), n. [F. poriier, L. portarius, from 
porta a gate, door.] A man who has charge of a door or 
gate ; a doorkeeper. 

Por'ter, n. [F. porteur, fr. porter to carry.] 1. A 
carrier ; one who carries burdens, luggage, etc. , for hire. 

2. A dark and rather bitter malt liquor, — said to have 
been first used chiefly by the London porters. 

Por'ter-age (-aj), n. The work or occupation of a 
porter ; also, money charged or paid for such work. 

Por'ter-house, n. A house where porter is sold. 

Porterhouse steak, a steak cut from a sirloin of beef, in- 
cluding the upper and under part. 

Port-fol'io (port-fol'yo or -fo'lT-6), n. [F.portefeuille ; 
porter to carry -\-feuille a leaf.] 1. A portable case for 
holding loose papers, etc. 2. Hence : The office and 
functions of a minister of state or cabinet member. 

Port'hole' (port'hoP), n. (Naut.) An embrasure in a 
ship's side. See 3d Port. 

Por'ti-co (por'tT-ko), n.; pi. Porticoes (-koz) or Por- 
ticos. [It., L. portions. See 
Porch.] (Arch.) A colonnade 
or covered ambulatory, esp. in 
classical architecture. 

Por'ti-COed (-kod), a. Fur- ; 
nished with a portico. 

II Por'tiere' (pSr'tyaV), n. I 
[F., fr. porie door.] A curtain i 
hanging across a doorway. 

Por'tion (por'shun), n. [F. 
f r. L. portio, akin to pars, par 
lis, a part.] 1. That which is Portico. 

divided off or separated, as a part from a whole. 2. A 
part considered by itself, though not actually separated. 

3. A part assigned ; allotment ; share ; fate. 4. The 
part of an estate given to a child or heir, or descending 
to him ; an inheritance. 5. A wife's fortune ; a dowry. 

Syn. — Division ; parcel ; quantity ; dividend. — Part 
is generic, having a simple reference to some whole. Por- 
tion has the additional idea of such a division as bears ref- 
erence to an individual, or is allotted to some object. 

Por'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Portioned (-shund) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Portioning.] 1. To separate or divide 
into portions ; to parcel ; to distribute. 2. To endow 
with a portion. 

Por'tion-er (por'shun-er), n. One who portions. 

Por'tion-lesS, a. Having no portion. 

Port'ly (port'ly), <r. [From Port demeanor.] 1. Hav- 
ing a dignified port or mien ; imposing. 2. Bulky ; cor- 
pulent. — Port'li-ness (-lT-nes), n. 

Syn. — See Stout. 

Port-man'teau (port-mSn'to), n. ; pi. Portmantfaus 
(-toz). [F. porte-manteau ; porter to carry -f- manteau 
mantle.] A bag or case, usually of leather, for carrying 
wearing apparel, etc., on journeys. 

Por'trait (por'trat), n. [F., orig. p. p. of portraire to 
portray.] 1. The likeness of a person, — or, more esp., 




of a face, — painted, drawn, or engraved. 2. Hence, any 

graphic or vivid delineation or description ol a j>ersou. 

Por'tral ture (poi'tri-tur ; 135), «. 1. A portrait ; 

a likeness ; hence, that which is copied from I 
ample or model. 2. Art or practice of making por- 
traits. 

Por-tray' (por-tra'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Portrayed 
(-trad'); p. pr.&vb. u. 1'ortuayino.] [OF. portraire, 
pourtraire, a. L. protrahere, protractum, to draw forth ; 
pro forth -f- (rah fie to draw.] 1. To paint or draw the 
likeness of. 2. Hence, fig., to describe in words. 

Por-tray'al (-"[), n. Act of portraying ; delineation. 

Por-tray'er (-er), n. One who portrays. 

II PortU-la'ca (L. por'tfi-Ia'ka ; E. por'tu-la'k'a), n. 
[L., purslane.] (Hot.) A genus of polypetaloua plants; 
also, any plant of the genus including common purslane 
(P. olereacea), and a cultivated species (/-*. annul ijiora). 

Pose (poz), ii. [F. pose, fr. poter. See Poo, < . t.\ 
The attitude or position of a person, or of any member 
of the body ; esp., a position assumed for effect. 

Pose, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Posed (pozd); p. pr. 
& vb. ii. Posing.] [F. poser to put, L. jxuixare to pause, 
in LL. also, to put, fr. L. pausa paut>e, Or. rrai/o-is, fr. 
naveiv to make to cease.] To place in or assume a pos- 
ture, attitude, or fixed position, esp. for the sake of effect 

Pose, v. I. [Shortened fr. appose, for oppose.] 1. 
To question. [Obs.~\ 2. To question with a view to 
puzzling ; to embarrass by questioning or scrutiny. 

Pos'er (poz'er), n. One who, or that which, poses. 

Pos'it (poz'It), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Posited ; p. pr. ,t 
vb. n. Positing.] [L. ponere, position, to place.] 1. To 
set firmly. 2. (Logic) To assume as real or conceded. 

Po-Sl'tion (po-zTsh'un), n. [F. position, L. posit io, f r. 
ponere, posit um, to put, place.] 1. State or manner of 
being posited, or placed ; attitude ; condition. 2. The spot 
where a person or thing is placed or takes a place. 3. 
Hence : ground of argument or controversy ; also, a 
principle laid down as the basis of reasoning ; proposition ; 
thesis. 4. Relative place or standing ; social or official 
rank; hence, office; post. 5. (Arith.) A method of 
solving a problem by one or two suppositions. 

Syn. — Situation ; station ; place ; posture ; assertion. 

Pos'Mlve (poz'i-tlv), a. [F. positif, L. positivus. 
See Position.] 1. Having a real position, existence, or 
energy ; existing in fact ; real ; actual. 2. Not de- 
pendent on changing circumstances or relations; abso- 
lute. 3. Definitely laid down ; explicitly stated. 4. 
Hence : Not admitting of any doubt, condition, qualifi- 
cation, or discretion ; compelling assent or obedience. 
5. Prescribed by express enactment or institution ; — 
said of laws. 6. Confident ; certain ; hence, dogmatic ; 

— said of persons. 7. Having the power of direct action 
or influence. 8. (Photog.) Corresponding with the 
original in position of lights and shades. 9. (Chem.) 
(a) Electro-positive, (b) Basic ; metallic ; not acid. 

Positive degree (Gram.), that state of an adjective or ad- 
verb which denotes simple quality, without comparison. 

Pos'i-tive, n. 1. That which is capable of being af- 
firmed ; reality. 2. That which settles by absolute ai>- 
pointment. 3. (Gram.) The positive degree or form. 
4. A positive photographic picture, electric plate, etc. 

Pos'i-tive-ly, adv. In a positive manner. 

Pos'i-tive-ness, n. Quality or state of being positive. 

Pos'i-tiv-ism (-Tz'm). »■ A system of philosophy 
which excludes the consideration of everything but the 
natural phenomena or properties of knowable things, and 
rejects all inquiries into causes. 

Pos'i-tiV-lst, n. A believer in positivism. 

Po-sol'O-gy (po-sol'o-jy), "• [Gr. n-dao? how much + 
-logi/.~\ (Med.) The science or doctrine of doses. 

Ii Pos'se com i-ta'tUS (p5s'se koni'T-ta'tiis). [L. posse 
to be able -j- LL. comtiatus county, fr. comes, com it is, 
count.] 1. (Law) The power of county, or the citizens 
who may be summoned by the sheriff "to assist in sup- 
pressing a riot, etc. 2. A throng; rabble. [Colloq.] 

ffgg^ The word posse is often used alone. 

Pos-sess' (poz-zeV or p5s-sSs'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Possessed (-zgsf or -s§st') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Possessing.] 
[L. possidere, p. p. possessus ; from an inseparable prep. 
-f- sedere to sit.] 1. To occupy in }>erson ; to hold or 
actually have in one's own keeping. 2. To have the 
legal title to ; to be master of ; to own ; to have. 3. To 
obtain possession of ; to accomplish ; to gain. 4. To en- 
ter into and influence ; to control the will of. 5. To put 
in possession ; to cause to have ; to acquaint ; to inform ; 

— now commonly used reflexively. 

Syn. — To have; hold; own. — Hare is the more gen- 
eral word ; possess usually implies more permanence or 



fgrn, recent, drb, mde, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



POSSESSION 



634 



POSTPONE 



■ control or ownership. A man does not 

e and children : they are (so to speak) part 

: or the same reason, we have the faculties 

of reason, understanding, will, sound judgment, etc. : 

they are exercises of the mind, not possessions. 

Pos ses'sion (pos-aSaVBn or pos-sesh'iin), n. 1. Act 
•possessing. 2. The thing possessed ; pi. prop- 
erty ; wealth ; dominion. 3. State of being possessed or 
controlled, as by an evil spirit ; madness; frenzy. 

Pos-sess'ive (,p5z-zes'Tv or pos-ses'iv), a. Of or pert. 

to possession ; having or indicating possession ; specif. 

(Grain.), denoting, or pertaining to, the case also called 

five ease. — n. {Gram.) The possessive case; also, 

-ive pronoun, or a word in the possessive case. 

Pos-sess'or (-er), n. One who possesses ; a proprietor. 

Pos-sess'O-ry (-6-ry), a. Of or pert, to possession, 
either as a fact or a right ; of the nature of possession. 

Pos'set U'5s'set), »• [W. posel.] A beverage of hot 
milk curdled bj* some strong infusion, as by wine. 

Pos'set, v. t. 1. To curdle ; to turn, as milk. [065.] 
2. To treat with possets ; to pamper, [i?.] 

Pos si-bil'i-ty (pos'si-bil'T-ty ), n. 1. Quality or state 
of being possible. 2. That which is possible ; contingency. 

Pos'Si-ble (pos'sl-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. possibilis, fr. 
posse to be able ; pot is able + esse to be.] Capable of 
existing or occurring, or of being conceived or thought 
of ; able to happen ; capable of being done ; — sometimes 
used to express mere possibility. 

Syn. — Practicable ; likely. See Practicable. 

Pos'si-bly, adv. In a possible manner ; by any possi- 
ble means ; by a chance ; perhaps. [Opossum. [ U. S.] I 

Pos'sum (pos'sum), n. A colloquial contraction for] 

Post- (post-). [L. post behind, after.] A prefix sig- 
nifying behind, back, after. 

Post (post), n. [AS. , fr. L. postis, akin to ponere, posi- 
tion, to place.] A piece of solid substance, fixed, or to 
be fixed, in an upright position, esp. as a support ; pillar. 

Post, n. [F. poste, LL. posta station, post (where 
horses were kept), prop., a fixed or set place, fern. fr. L. 
posit us placed, p. p. of ponere. See Position.] 1. The 
place at which anything is stopped, placed, or fixed ; a 
station. Specif. : (a) A station for travelers. (6) A 
military station, (c) The piece of ground to which a 
sentinel's walk is limited. 2. A messenger who goes 
from station to station ; an express; esp., one employed 
by government to carry letters and pareels ; postman. 3. 
An established conveyance for letters ; post office ; mail ; 
hence, the carriage by which the mail is transported. 4. 
A station, office, or position of service, trust, or emolu- 
ment. 5. A size of printing and writing paper. 

Post chaise, or Post coach, a carriage for the conveyance 
of travelers who travel post. — Post horse, a horse for the 
post. — Post office, (a) An office under governmental su- 
perintendence, where mail matter is received and dis- 
tributed, (b) The governmental system for forwarding 
mail matter. — Post town, (a) A town in which post 
horses are kept, (b) A town in which a post office is es- 
tablished. — To travel post, to travel by relays of horses. 

Post, v. t. limp. & p. p. Posted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Post- 
ing.] 1. To attach to a post or other usual place of affix- 
ing public notices ; to placard. 2. To hold up to public 
blame or reproach ; to denounce publicly. 3. To enter 
on a list, as for service or promotion. 4. To assign to a 
station ; to place. 5. {Bookkeeping) To carry, as an ac- 
count, from the journal to the ledger. 6. To mail. 7. 
To inform ; to give the news or details. 

Post, v. i. 1. To travel with post horses; fig., to 
travel in haste. 2. {Man.) To rise and sink in the sad- 
dle, with the motion of the horse. [Eng.] 

Post, adv. With post horses ; hence, in haste. 

Post'age (-aj), n. The price established by law to be 
paid for the conveyance of matter by a public post. 

Postage stamp, a governmental stamp required to be put 
uixm articles sent by mail in payment of the postage. 

Post'al (-a\), a. Belonging to the post office or mail 
service. 

Postal card, or Post card, a card sold by the government 
for tran smissi on through the mails, at a lower rate of 
postage than a sealed letter. — Postal note, a kind of 
money order payable to bearer, issued by the post office. 

Posfboy' (posfboi'), n. 1. One who rides post 
horses : a courier. 2. A boy who carries letters. 

Post'cap'tain (-kSp'tin), n. A captain of a war ves- 
e name appeared, or was "posted," in the sen- 
iority list of the British navy. 

Post com-mun'lon (post'korn-mun'yun), n. [Pref. 

union.] 1. {Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. 

Ch.\ The concluding portion of the communion service. 

2. (It. C. Ch.) A prayer or prayers which the priest 

says at Mass, after the ablutions. 



Post'date' (post'daf), r. t. [Yref. post- + date.} To 
date alter or later than the true date. 

Post di-lu'vi-al (-di-lu'vl-al), { a. [Pref. post- -f di- 

Post di-lu'vi-an (-an), J luvial, diluvian.] 

Being or happening after the flood in Noah's days. 

Post di-lu'vi-an, n. One who lived after the flood. 

Post'en try (post'gn'try), n. [Pref. post- + entry.] 
An additional or subsequent entry, as of goods omitted 
by mistake, at the customhouse. 

Post'er (-er), n. 1. A placard to be posted in public 
places. 2. One who posts bills. 

Post'er, n. 1. One who posts, or travels expeditiously ; 
a courier. 2. A post horse. 

Pos-te'ri-or (pos-te'ri-erj, a. [L. posterior, compar. 
of posterns coming after, f r. post after. ] 1. Later in time ; 
coming after ; — opposed to prior. 2. Situated behind ; 
hinder; — opposed to anterior. — Pos-te'ri-or-ly, adv. 

Pos-te ri-or'i-ty (-5r1-t£), n. State of being posterior. 

Pos-te'ri-ors (-erz), n. pi. The hinder parts. 

Pos-ter'i-ty (pos-ter'1-ty), n. [L. posteritas. See 
Posterior.] Offspring to the furthest generation ; lineal 
descendants collectively. 

Pos'tern (pos'tern), n. [OF. posterne, f r. L. posterula, 
fr. poster us coming after. See Posterior.] 1. Orig., a 
back door or gate; private entrance ; hence, any small door 
or gate. 2. {Fort.) A subterraneous passage between the 
ditches and the outworks. [posterior, back. I 

Pos'te-ro- (pos'te-ro-). A combining form meaning! 

Post ex-ist'ence (post/egz-ist'ens), n. Subsequent 
existence. 

Post 'fix (post'f Iks), n. [Pref. post- -f- -fix, as in pre- 
fix.] {Gram.) A suffix. 

Post-fix' (post-f Iks'), v. t. To annex ; specif. {Gram.), 
to annex, as a letter, to the end of a word ; to suffix. 

Post haste' (-hast'), n. Haste or speed in traveling, 
like that of a courier. — adv. With speed or expedition. 

Post'house' (post'hous'), n. 1. A house for the con- 
venience of the post, where relays of horses can be ob- 
tained. 2. A post office. 

Post'hu-mous (post'hu-mus), a. [L. posthumns, pos- 
tumus, prop. , last ; hence, late born, superl. of posterns, 
posterior. See Posterior.] 1. Born after the death of 
the father, or taken from the dead body of the mother. 
2. Published after the author's death. 3. Being or con- 
tinuing after one's death. — Post'hu-mous-ly, adv. 

Pos-til'ion (p5s-tll'yun), ?i. [F. postilion, It. pos- 
tiglione, f r. posta post. See 2d Post.] One who rides one 
of the horses of a coach or post chaise to guide them. 

Post'li-min'i-a-ry (post'H-mln'I-a-ry), a. Pertaining 
to, or involving, the right of postliminium. 

II Post li-min'i-um (post/lT-min'I-um), ) n. [L. post- 

Post-lim'i-ny (post-llin'1-ny), J liminium ; 

post after -f- limen, liminis, a threshold.] {Internal. 
Law) The right by virtue of which persons and things 
taken by an enemy in war are restored to their f ormer 
state when coming again under the power of the nation 
to which they belonged. 

Post'lude (post'lud), n. [Pref. post- -f -lude, as in 
prelude.] {Mus.) A voluntary at the end of a service. 

Post'man (-man), n. 1. A post or courier; a letter 
carrier. 2. {Eng. Law) One of the two barristers in the 
Court of Exchequer, who have precedence in motions ; — 
from the place where he sits. [post office on a letter. I 

Post'mark/ (-mark 7 ), n. The mark, or stamp, of a| 

Post'mark/, v. t. To mark wdth a postmark. 

Post 'mas ter (-mas'ter), n. 1. One who has charge 
of a post house ; one who supplies post horses. 2. Oue 
who has charge of a post office. 

Post'mas'ter-gen'er-al (-jen'er-al), n. The chief 
officer of the post-office department of a government. 

Post me-rid'i-an (-me-rid'I-an), a. [L. postmeridia- 
nus; post after -f meridianus. See Meridian.] Being 
in, or belonging to, the afternoon. (Abbrev. p. M.) 

I! Post-mor'tem (-mSr'teni), a. [L.] After death. 

Post-na'tal (-na'tal), a. [Post- + natal.] After birth. 

Post' note' (post' not'). {Com.) A note issued by a 
bank, payable at some future specified time, as distin- 
guished from a note payable on demand. 

Post-nup'tial (post-nup'shal), a. [Pref. post- -f nup- 
tial.] Being or happening after marriage. 

Post-oTjit (-o'blt or -ob'Tt), n., or Post-oTiit bond'. 
[Pref. post- -f obit.] {Law) A bond in which the obligor, 
in return for a certain sum of money, binds himself to pay 
a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the death of some 
specified individual from whom he has expectations. 

Post' Office (post' of/fTs), n. See under 2d Post, n. 

Post'paid' (-pad'), a. Having the postage prepaid. 

Post-pone 7 (post-pon'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postponed 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



POSTPONEMENT 



635 



POULTRY 



(-pond'); p. pr. & vb. n. Postponing.] [L. postponerr, 
postposition ; post after -f- ponere to place, pur.] 1. To 
defer to a future or later time ; to put oft" ; to delay. 2. 
To place after or below something, in respect to prece- 
dence, value, or importance. 

Syn. —To adjourn; defer; delay; procrastinate. 

Post-pone'ment (pftat-pSn'ment), n. A postponing. 

Post-pon'er (-er), n. One who postpones. 

Post-pran'dl-al (-pran'dwd), a. ["ref . jiost- -f- pran- 
dial.] Happening, or done, after dinner; after-dinner. 

Postscript (post'skrlpt), n. [Deriv. of L. postseri- 
bere to write after; post after -f- scribcre, to write.] A 
paragraph added to a letter after it is concluded and 
signed ; an addition to a book or composition after the 
body of it has been finished. [Abbrev. P. S.~\ 

Pos'tu-lant (poVtft-lont ; 135), n. [¥., fr. L. postu- 
lans, p. pr. of postulare. See Postulate.] One who 
makes a request or demand ; hence, a candidate. 

Pos'tU-iate (-lat), n. [L. postulatum a demand, prop, 
p. p. of postulare to demand.] 1. Something demanded 
or asserted ; esp., a position or supposition assumed with- 
out proof ; also, a self-evident truth ; a truth to which 
assent may be demanded or challenged without argu- 
ment or evidence. 2. (Geom.) The enunciation of a self- 
evident problem, in distinction from an axiom. 

Pos'tU-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postulated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Postulating.] 1. To assume without 
proof. 2. To take without express consent ; to assume. 

Pos'tU-la'tion (-la/shun), n. A postulating, or that 
which is postulated ; assumption ; suit. [tulate. I 

Pos'tU-la-tO-ry (-la-to-ry), a. Of the nature of a pos- 1 

Pos'ture (p5s'tur; 135), n. [F., fr. L. positura, fr. 
ponere, position, to place.] 1. The position of the body ; 
the situation or disposition of the several parts of the 
body with respect to each other, or for a particular pur- 
pose. 2. State ; arrangement ; disposition ; mood. 

Syn. — Attitude. 

Pos'ture, v. t. & i. To place in or assume a posture. 

Pos'tur-er (-er), n. One who postures. 

Po'sy (po'zy), n. [Contr. fr. Poesy.] 1. A brief 
poetical sentiment ; hence, a motto or legend ; esp., one 
inscribed on a ring. 2. [Prob. so called from the use of 
flowers as having an enigmatical significance. Wedg- 
icood.~\ A flower ; a bouquet ; a nosegay. 

Pot (pot), n. [Akin to LG. pott, D. pot, Icel. pottr, 
F.pot; of unknown origin.] 1. A metallic or earthen 
vessel of various forms and uses. 2. The quantity con- 
tained in a pot. 3. A metal or earthenware extension 
of a flue above the top of a chimney. 4. A crucible. 
5. A wicker vessel for catching fish, eels, etc. 

Pot companion, a companion in drinking. — Pot herb, any 
plant which is boiled for food. 

Pot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Potted (-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Potting.] To place or inclose in pots ; as : (a) To pre- 
serve seasoned in pots, (b) To set out or cover in pots. 
(c) To drain, as sugar, (d) (Billiards) To pocket. 

Po'ta-ble (po'ta-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. potabilis, fr. po- 
tare to drink ; akin to Gr. kotos a drinking, Skr. pa to 
drink.] Fit to be drunk ; drinkable. — n. A potable 
liquid ; beverage. — Po'ta-ble-ness, n. 

Pot'ash/ (pot'aW), n. [Pot + ash.] (Chem.) (a) 
Potassium hydroxide, a hard, white, brittle substance, 
strongly caustic and alkaline, (b) Impure potassium 
carbonate obtained by leaching wood ashes. 

Po-tas'sa (po-tas'sa), n. [NL., fr. E. potash.] 
(Chem.) Potassium hydroxide, commonly called caustic 
potash. [potassium. I 

Po-tas'sic (po-tas'sik), a. (Chem.) Of or pert, to | 

Po-tas'si-um (po-tas'sT-um), n. [NL. See Potassa, 
Potash.] (Chem.) An alkali element, occurring abun- 
dantly but always combined. It is a soft white metal 
lighter than water. 

Po-ta'tion (po-ta'shun), n. [L. polatio, fr. potare. 
See Potable.] 1. Act of drinking. 2. A draught. 3. 
A drink ; beverage. 

Po-ta'to (-to), n. ; pi. -toes (-toz). [Sp. 
patata potato, batata sweet potato, fr. native 
name in Haiti.] (Bot.) (a) A plant (Sola- 
num tuberosum) of the Nightshade family, 
or its esculent, farinaceous tuber. It is a 
native of South America, (b) The sweet 
potato (see below). 

Potato beetle, Potato bug. (Zo'ol.) (a) A bee- Potato Beetle 
tie (Doryphora decemlineala) which feeds (Doryphora 
upon the leaves of the potato ; — also called decemUneata). 
Colorado beetle, (b) The Lema trilineata, a 
smaller beetle less injurious than the preceding. — Sweet 
potato (Bot.), a climbing plant (Ipomoea Batatas) allied to 
the morning-glory, or its sweetish, farinaceous tuber. 




Pot'-beMied (pSt'beTlTd), a. Having a protuberant 
belly, like the bottom of I pot. [[Obs.] I 

Potch (purli i, ; . i. [Of. Poach to stab.] To thrust. I 

Po-teen' (po-ten'), it. [Of. Ir. pottAm I drink.] 
Whisky ; esp., Irish wliisky illicitly distilled. 

Po'ten-cy (po'tm-sy), "• Quality or state of being 
potent ; power; energy; Influence. 

Po'tent (pij't'iit), a. [L. potent ,-entis, p. pr. 
to be able, to hare power, fr. potts able, capable (akin to 
Skr. pott master) -• i 1. Producing great 

physical effects; forcible. 2. Saving great authority, 
control, or dominion. 3. Powerful, in an intellectual or 
moral sense ; having great influence. 

Syn. — Powerful ; mighty; puissant; strong; able; 
efficient; forcible; efficacious; cogent; influential. 

Po'ten-tate (-ten-tut), n. [LL. potentatus, ir. poten- 
tate to exercise power. See Potent, a.] One who is 
potent ; a prince, sovereign, or monarch. 

Po-ten'tial (pB-teVshal), a. 1. Being potent 
2. Existing in possibility, not in actuality. — Po-ten'- 
tial-ly, adv. 

_, Potential mood, or mode {Cram.), that form of the verb 
used to express possibility, liberty, power, etc., by the 
use of may. can, must, might, could, would, or should. 

Po-ten'tial, n. 1. Anything possible ; a possibility. 

2. (Elec.) The energy of an electrical charge measured by 
its power to do work, or with reference to some standard. 

Po-ten/ti-al'i-ty (-ten'shT-51'T-ty), n. Quality or state 
of being potential. [ergv. I 

Po'tent-ly (po'tent-ty ), adv. With great force or en- 1 

Po'tent-ness, n. Quality or state of being potent. 

Poth'er (poth'er), n. [Cf. D. peuteren to rummage.] 
Bustle ; confusion ; tumult ; flutter ; bother. [to fuss, i 

Poth'er, V. t. & i. To harass and perplex ; to worry ; | 

Pot'hook' (pot'hdok'), n. 1. An ^-shaped hook on 
which pots and kettles are hung over an open fire. 2. 
A written character curved like a pothook. 

Pot'hOUSe' (-hous'), n. An alehouse. 

Po'tion (po'shun), n. [L. potio, fr. potare. See Po- 
table.] A draught ; a dose, usually of a liquid medicine. 

Potluck' (pot'lfik'), n. Whatever may chance to be 
in the pot, or may be provided for a meal. 

Pot'pie' (-pi')? n. A meat pie boiled instead of baked. 

Pot'pour'ri/ (p^poo're'), n. [F., f r. pot pot -f pourri, 
p. p. of pourrir to rot, L. putrere.~\ A medley or mixture. 

Pot'sherd' (-sherdO, n. [Pot -f sherd.] A piece or 
fragment of a broken pot. 

Pot'tage (-taj ; 48), n. [F. potage, fr. pot pot.] Food 
made of vegetables or meat, or both, boiled until soft. 

Pot'ter (pot'ter), n. 1. One Vhose occupation is to 
make earthen pots or vessels. 2. One who pots meats 
or other eatables. 

Potter's field, a public burial place, esp. in a city, for 
paupers, criminals, etc. —Potter's wheel, a horizontal re- 
volving disk on which the clay is molded into form. 

Pot'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pottered (-terd) ; p. pr. 
&vb.n. Pottering.] [Etym. uncertain.] To busy one's 
self with trifles ; to labor with little energy or effect. 

Pot'ter-y (-ter-y), n. The vessels or ware made by 
potters, or the place where they are made ; earthenware. 

Pot'tlo (pSt't'l), n. [OF. potel, dim. of pot pot.] 1. 
A liquid measure of four pints. 2. A pot or tankard. 

3. A vessel or small basket for fruit. 

HPot'tO (pot'to), n. (Zo'ol.) A nocturnal, West Afri- 
can animal of the Lemur family ; the bush do\z. 

Pott's' dis-ease' (p5tz' diz-ez'). (Med.) Spinal ca- 
ries ; — so named from an English surgeon. 

Pot'-vaPiant (pot'val'y«nt), a. Having the courage 
given by drink. 

Pouch (pouch), n. [F. poche pocket, pouch ; prob. of 
Teutonic origin.] 1. A small bag; usually, a leathern 
bag. 2. That which is shaped or used like such a bag. 

Pouch, v. t. 1. To put or take into a pouch. 2. To 
swallow ; — said of fowls. 

Pouched (poucht), a. (Zo'ul.) Having a pouch or 
pouches. [chong tea, I 

Pou-Chong' (poo-shong''), /). A superior kind of BOO- 1 

Pou-drette' (poo-drSt'), n. [F., dim. of poudre dust.] 
A kind of manure made from dried night soil. 

Poult (polt), ii. [F. poulet, dim. of poule fowl.] A 
young chicken, partridge, grouse, or the like. 

Poul'ter-er (pol'ter-er), n. One who deals in poultry. 

Poul'tice (-tis), n. [L. puis, pi. pultes, a thick pap.] 
A soft composition, as of bread, to be applied to sores, 
boils, etc. 

Poul'tice, v. t. [imp. S: p. p. Poulticed (-tlst) ; p. pr. 
&: rb. n. Poulticing.] To apply a poultice to. 

Poul'try (-try), i). [From Poult.] Domestic fowls 
reared for the table, or for their eggs or feathers. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



POUNCE 



636 



PRACTISE 



Pounce (poms), ». pi ponce pumice, pounce, fr. L. 
: See Pumice.] 1. A fine powder formerly used 

b ink on manuscript. 2. A colored powder for 
g patterns through perforated designs. 

Pounce, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Pounced (pounst) ; p. pr. 
Pouncing.] To sprinkle or rub with pounce. 

Pounce. "• [Prob. through F. fr. L. pungere, punc- 
. . Cf. Pungent.] The claw or talon of a bird of prey. 

Pounce, v. t. To strike or seize with the talons. 

Pounce, v. i. To fall suddenly and seize with the 
daws. Also used figuratively. 

Pounced (pounst), a. Furnished with claws or talons. 

Poun'cet box (poun'sBt b5ks'). A box with a perfo- 
rated lid. for sprinkling pounce, or for holding perfumes. 

Pound (pound), v. t. limp. & p. p. Pounded; p. 
pr. S: vb. n. Pounding.] [OE. pounen, AS. punian to 
bruise.] 1. To strike repeatedly with some heavy in- 
strument : to beat. 2. To pulverize by beating, [beat. I 

Pound, v. i. To strike with repeated heavy blows ; to | 

Pound, n. [AS. pund an inclosure.] 1. An inclosure 
for the confinement of domestic animals taken in tres- 
passing, or going at large in violation of law. 2. A level 
stretch in a canal between locks. 

Pound, v. t. To confine in, or as in, a pound. 

Pound, n. : pi. Pounds (pouhdz), collectively Pound 
or Pounds. [AS. pund, fr. L. pondo, akin to pondus a 
weight, pendere to weigh.] 1. A certain weight ; esp. , the 
pound avoirdupois, containing 16 ounces, or 7,000 grains ; 
or the pound troy, containing 12 ounces, or 5,760 grains. 
2. Twenty shillings sterling, equal in value to about §4.86. 

Pound'age(-aj),??. 1. A sum deducted from a pound, 
or a certain sum paid for each pound ; a commission. 2. 
A subsidy, formerly granted to the crown on all goods 
exported or imported. \_Eng.~\ 3. {Law) The sum al- 
lowed to a sheriff or other officer upon the amount real- 
ized by an execution. 

Pound'age. n. [See 2d Pound.] Confinement of ani- 
mals in a public pound ; also, a charge for their release. 

Pound'al (-al), n. [From 4th Pound.] (Physics & 
Mech.) A unit of force, being the force which, acting on 
a pound avoirdupois for one second, causes it to acquire 
by the end of that time a velocity of one foot per second. 
It is equal to about half an ounce. 

Pound'er (-er), n. 1. One that pounds. 2. A person 
or thing, of a (designated) number of pounds in w-eight, 
value, capacity, etc. 

Pour (por), v. t. [imp.&p. p. Poured (pord) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Pouring.] [OE. pouren, origin uncertain.] 1, 
To cause to flow in a stream, either out of a vessel or into 
it. 2. To send forth as in a stream or a flood ; to emit. 

Pour, v. i. To flow, pass, or issue in a stream, or as 
a stream : to fall continuously and abundantly. 

Pour, n. A stream ; a flood. [Colloq.] 

Pour'er (por'er), 11. One who pours. 

Pous-sette 7 (poo-set/), n. [F., fr. pousser to push.] 
A movement, or part of a figure, in the contradance. 

Pout (poot), n. [F. poulet. See Poult.] The young 
of some birds, as grouse ; a young fowl. 

Pout (pout), n. [Cf. Eelpout.] (Zool.) An arctic fish 
allied to the cod, and also called whiting pout and bib. 

Horn pout, or Horned pout. (Zodl. ) See Bullhead (1). 

Pout, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pouted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Pouting.] [OE. pouten ; of uncertain origin.] 1. To 
thrust out the lips, as in sullenness or displeasure ; 
hence, to look sullen. 2. To protrude. [ness. I 

Pout, n. A protrusion of the lips; a fit of sullen- 1 

Pout'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, pouts. 
2. [Cf. pout, v., and G. jmter turkey.] (Zool.) A vari- 
ety of pigeon able to dilate its throat and breast. 

Pov'er-ty (pov'er-ty), n. [OF. poverte, fr. L. pau- 
pertas, fr. pauper poor.] 1. Quality or state of being 
poor or indigent ; scarcity of means ; indigence ; need. 
2. Any deficiency of needed elements or resources. 

Syn. — Indigence ; penury ; beggary ; need ; lack ; 
want : scantiness ; meagerness ; jejuneness. — Poverty is 
a relative term : what is poverty to a monarch, would be 
competence for a day laborer. Indigence implies extreme 
distress, and almost absolute destitution. Pauperism 
denotes entire dependence upon public charity, and 
therefore often implies a hopeless and degraded state. 

Pow'der (pou'der), n. [F. poudre, OF. also poldre, 
puldre, L. pv.lris,pulveris.~] 1. A substance in fine, dry 
particles; dust. 2. Gunpowder. 

Pow'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Powdered (-derd) ; p. pr. 
■ Powdering.] 1. To reduce to powder. 2. To 
sprinkle with or as with powder. 

Pow'der, v. i. 1. To become a powder. 2. To use 
on rhe hair or skin. [gunpowder is carried. I 

Pow'der-flask' (-der-flask'), n. A flask in which | 



Pow'der-horn' (pou'der-hSrn'), n. A horn in which 

gunpowder is carried. [is made. I 

Pow'der-mlll' (-mTP), n. A mill in which gunpowder! 

Pow'der-y (-}'), a. 1. Easily crumbling to pieces ; 
friable ; loose. 2. Sprinkled or covered with powder ; 
dusty. 3. Resembling powder ; consisting of powder. 

Pow'er (pou'er), n. [OF. poeir, pooir, fr. LL. potere, 
for L. posse, potesse, to be able, to have power.] 1. Ability 
to act, regarded as latent or inherent ; faculty of doing 
or performing something ; potency ; might. 2. Ability, 
regarded as put forth or exerted ; strength, force, or 
energy in action. 3. Capacity of undergoing or suffer- 
ing ; susceptibility. 4. The employment of strength ; 
the exercise of any kind of control ; influence ; do- 
minion ; sway ; command ; government. 5. The indi- 
vidual, institution, or government, which exercises con- 
trol. 6. A military or naval force ; an army or navy. 
7. A large quantity; a great number. [Colloq.~\ 8. 
(Mech.) (a) The rate at which mechanical energy is 
exerted or work performed, (b) A mechanical agent. 
[See III ust. of Mechanical Powers under Mechanical.] 
(c) Applied force. (Obsoles.) 9. (3Iath.) The product 
arising from the multiplication of a number into itself. 
10. (Optics) The degree to which a lens, mirror, or any 
optical instrument, magnifies. 11. (Law) An authority 
enabling a person to dispose of an interest vested either 
in himself or in another person. 12. Hence, vested 
authority to act in a given case. 

Pow'er-ful (-ful)i a. Full of power ; capable of pro- 
ducing great effects of any kind ; mighty ; forcible. — 
Pow'er-ful-ly, adv. — Pow'er-ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Strong ; potent ; efficacious ; energetic ; intense. 

Pow'er-less, a. Destitute of power, force, or energy. 

Pow'WOW' (pou'wou'), n. 1. A priest, or conjurer, 
among the North American Indians. 2. Conjuration 
attended with noisy rites. 3. Hence : Any assembly 
characterized by noise and confusion. [Colloq. U. S.~\ 

POX (p5ks), n. [For pocks, OE. pokkes. See Pock. 
Plural in form but used as a singular.] (Med.) Strictly, 
a disease characterized by pustules or eruptions ; specif., 
smallpox, chicken pox, or a vaccine or venereal disease. 

^W" Pox, when used without an epithet, formerly 
signified smallpox ; but it now signifies syphilis. 

POX, v. t. To infect with the pox, or syphilis. , 

Poz zu-o-la'na (pSt'sod-o-lK'na), Poz'zo-la'na (pof- 
so-), n. [It.] Volcanic ashes from Pozzuoli, in Italy, 
used in the manufacture of an hydraulic cement. 

Prac'ti-ca-ble (prak'tT-ka-b'l), a. [LL. practicare to 
act, transact, fr. L. practicus active. See Practical.] 
1. Capable of being done or accomplished with available 
means or resources ; feasible. 2. Capable of being used ; 
passable.— Prac'ti-cabil'i-ty (-bll'i-ty), n.— Prac'ti- 
ca-ble-ness, n.— Prac'ti-ca-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Possible. —A thing may be possible, i. e. , not for- 
bidden by any law of nature, and yet may not now be 
practicable for want of requisite means of performance. 

Prac'tl-Cal (-kal), a. [L. practicvs active, Gr. irpa- 
ktikos fit for doing, practical, active, fr. npdcraeLv to do.] 
1. Of or pert, to practice or action. 2. Capable of being 
turned to use or account ; useful. 3. Evincing practice 
or skill ; capable of applying knowledge to some useful 

end. — Prac'ti-cal-ly, adv. — Prac'tl-cal-ness, n. 

Practical joke, a joke which consists in an action; esp., 
a trick played upon a person. 

Prac'ti-cal'i-ty (-k211-ty), n. Quality or state of be- 
ing practical. 

Prac'tice (-tis), n. [F. pratique, formerly also, prac- 
tique, LL. practica, fr. Gr. npaKTiKrj, fr. npainiKos prac- 
tical.] 1. Frequently repeated or customary action : 
habitual performance ; usage ; habit ; custom. 2. Cus- 
tomary or constant use ; state of being used. 3. Actual 
performance ; application of knowledge. 4. Systematic 
exercise for instruction or discipline. 5. The exercise 
of any profession; professional business. 6. Artful 
management ; contrivance ; artifice. [Obs.~] 

Prac'tice, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Practiced (-tist) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Practicing (-tl-sing).] 1. To do or perform fre- 
quently, customarily, or habitually ; to make a practice 
of. 2. To exercise, or follow, as a profession, trade, art, 
etc. 3. To exercise one's self in, for instruction or disci- 
pline. 4. To put into practice ; to carry out ; to execute. 
5. To teach or accustom by practice ; to train. 

Prac'tice, V. i. 1. To perform certain acts frequently 
or customarily, as for instruction. 2. To learn by prac- 
tice ; to form a habit. 3. To try artifices or stratagems. 
4. To apply theoretical science or knowledge ; to exer- 
cise an employment or profession. 

Prac'ti-cer (-tT-ser), n. One who practices. 

Prac'tise (-tis), v. t. & i. See Practice. 



a, e, i, o, ii, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, H., y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, i 



final. 



PRACTITIONER 



637 



PREBEND 




Prac-ti'tion-er (prSk-tTsh'un-er), n. One who prac- 
tices; specif. : (a) One actually using or exercising the 
profession of law or medicine. (b) A sly or artful person. 

PKB-. A prefix. See Pre-. 
Praem u-ni're (prSiu'u-ni'r? er prfxnft-), n. [Cor- 
rupted fr. L. pntemunere to forewarn, cite. Bee Ai.M'.n 
ish.] (Eng. Laic) (o) The offense of introducing foreign 
authority (as of the Pope) into England. (©) The writ 
grounded on that offense, or penalty prescribed for it. 

Prae-no'men (pre-no'ingn), n. ; pi. L. P&bbokum 
(-n5m'T-na), E. Pr,enomens (-no'inSnz). [L., fr. prae be- 
fore -f- noma) name.] {Rom. Antiq.) The name of a 
person answering to our Christian name. 

PraB'tOr (pre'tSr), n. See Pretor. 

Prag-mat'ic (prag-mSt'Tk), ( a. [L. pragynaticusbusy, 

Prag-mat'ic-al (-T-k«l), \ active, pragmatic, Or. 
irpayij.a.Tiic6s, fr. npayp.a business, fr. irpaweiv to do.] 1. 
Of or pert, to business or to affairs ; businesslike ; prac- 
tical ; material. 2. Busy ; hence, officious ; fussy and 
positive ; meddlesome. 3. Philosophical ; dealing with 
causes, reasons, and effects, rather than with details. — 
Prag-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. — Prag-mat'ic-al ness. n. 

Prag-mat'ic, n. 1. One skilled in affairs. 2. A solemn 
public ordinance or decree. 

Prag'ma-tism (prXg'ina-tiViu), n. Quality or state 
of being pragmatic. 

Prai'rie (pra'rT), n. 
[F., deriv. of L. pratum 
a meadow.] 1. An ex- 
tensive tract of level or 
rolling land, destitute of 
trees, and covered with 
coarse grass. 2. A mead- 
ow ; esp., a so-called 
natural meadow. 

Prairie chicken (Zo'61.), 
either of several species 
of American grouse, in- 
habiting the prairies of 
the central and western , 
United States. — Prairie 0ne species of Prairie Chicken. 
dog (Zo'61.). a small American burrowing rodent allied to 
the marmots. It inhabits 
the plains west of the 
Mississippi. 

Praise (praz), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Praised 
(prazd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Praising.] [OF. prei- 
sier, prisier, L. pretiare Prairie Do? {Qmomis Luclovi- 
to prize, fr. pretium ciamis). 

price. See Price, n.] 1. To commend; to applaud ; to 
express approbation of ; to laud. 2. To extol in words 
or song ; to magnify ; — applied esp. to the Divine Being. 

Syn. — To laud ; eulogize ; celebrate ; glorify. — We 
may praise in the exercise of calm judgment ; we usually 
applaud from impulse, and on account of some specific 
act ; we extol under the influence of high admiration, and 
usually in strong, if not extravagant, language. 

Praise, n. 1. Act of praising ; commendation for 
■worth; approval expressed. 2. Homage to the Divine 
Being ; worship, esp. worship by song. 3. The object, 
ground, or reason of praise. 

Syn. — Encomium ; honor ; eulogy ; panegyric ; plaud- 
it ; applause ; acclaim : eclat ; commendation ; laudation. 

Prais'er (-er), n. One who praises. 

Praise'wor'thy (-wfir'thy), a. Worthy of praise or 
applause ; commendable. — Praise'WOr'thl-ly (-wfir 7 - 
thT-ly), ad v. — Praise' worthiness, n. 

Prance (prans), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Pranced (pranst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Prancing (pran'sing).] [OE. prauncen ; 
prob. akin to prank, v. t.] 1. To spring or bound, as a 
horse. 2. To ride on a prancing horse ; to ride ostenta- 
tiously. 3. To walk or strut about pompously. 

Pran'cer (pran'ser), n. A horse which prances. 

Prank (prXnk), v. t. & ?'. [imp. & p. p. Pranked 
(prankt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pranking.] [Cf. E. prink, also 
G. prangen to shine, to make a show.] To adorn in a 
showy manner; to dress, equip, or show off , ostentatiously. 

Prank, n. A gay or sportive action; a ludicrous, 
merry, or mischievous trick ; a caper ; a frolic. 

Prankish, a. Full of pranks ; frolicsome. 

Prase (praz), n. [Deriv. of Gr. itpaaov a leek.] 
(Min.) A variety of quartz of a leek-green color. 

Pra'se-0- (pra'se-6-). [Gr. Trpdcrtos leek-green, green, 
fr. npdo-ov a leek.] A combining form signifying green. 

Prate (prat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prated : p. pr. & 
vb. n. Prating.] [Akin to LG. & D. praten.} To talk 
much and to little purpose ; to babble. 

Prate, v. t. To utter foolishly and loquaciously. 





Southern Prnwn (Peneus 



I Prate (prat), w. Trifling talk ; unmeaning loquacitv. 

Prat'er (prittr), n. One irbo putes. 

Prat'lque ipWUT-k ; F. prs/ttk'), n. [F. I* 
tice.] 1 2 <;,,„., Primarily, lib- 

erty of ooarene; hence, a certificate, given aft 
plianee with quarantine regulations, permitting a ship to 
land passeugeri and • 

Prat'tle (prat'i'li. I . L \ t. [imp. A />. p. Prattled 
(-t'ld) ; p. pr. A il>. n. Prattling (-tllng). J I 
Prate.] To talk much and idly ; to prut.- ; hence, to 
talk lightly and artlessly, like a child ; to uttei I 
or fhil.lli-.iily. 

Prat'tle. n. Trifling or childish tattle ; empty talk. 

Prat'tler (-tlSr), ». One who pi 

Prav'i-ty (pravl-ty), n. [L. pravUa$ A fr. 
perverse.] Deterioration ; corruption ; esp., moral per- 
version ; depravity. 

Prawn (pran), n. [OR 

prone, of unknown origin.] 
(Zo'61.) Any one of numer- 
ous species of large, shrimp- 
like Crustacea, used 

Prax'is (prSksTs), n. 
[NL., fr.Gr. 7rpa£is, fr. npda- 
<reiv to do.] 1. Use; practice; training or discipline. 
2. An example, or a collection of examples, for practice. 

Pray (pra), v. i. [imp. a.- p. p. Prayed (priid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ». Praying.] [OF. preter, L. preeari, fr. prex, 
precis, prayer, request ; akin to Skr. praeh to ask.] To 
request with earnestness or zeal, as for something de- 
sired ; esp., to address the Supreme Being with adora- 
tion, confession, supplication, and thanksgiving. 

Syn. —To entreat ; supplicate ; beg ; implore ; invoke ; 
beseech ; petition. 

Pray, v. t. 1. To address earnest request to : to sup- 
plicate ; to entreat ; to implore ; to beseech. 2. To ask 
earnestly for ; to entreat for. 

Pray'er (pra'er), n. One who prays ; a supplicant. 

Prayer (prSr), n. [OF. preiore, fr. L. precarha ob- 
tained by prayer, fr. preeari to pray. See Pray. v. i.] 
1. Act of praying. 2. A petition or memorial addressed 
to a court or a legislative body. 3. The form of words 
used in praying ; a formula of supplication. 

Prayer book, a book containing devotional prayers. — 
Prayer meeting, a meeting or gathering for prayer to God. 

Syn. — Petition; orison; supplication ; entreaty : suit. 

Prayer'ful (-ful), a. Given to prayer ; devotional. 

Prayer'less (praVlSs), a. Not using prayer ; habit- 
ually neglecting prayer to God ; without prayer. 

Pre-, or Prae-. [L. prae, adv. and prep., before, akin 
to pro, and to E./or, prep.] A prefix denoting priority (of 
time, place, or rank). Pre- is sometimes used intensively. 

Preach (prech), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preached 
(precht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Preaching.] [OF. prtechier, 
precliier, fr. L. praedicare to proclaim : prae before -f- 
dicare to make known, dicere to say.] 1. To proclaim 
or publish tidings ; esp., to proclaim the gospel ; to de- 
liver a sermon. 2. To give serious advice on morals or 
religion. 

Preach, V. t. 1. To proclaim by public discourse ; 
to utter in a sermon or a formal religious discourse. 2. 
To inculcate in public discourse. 3. To deliver or pro- 
nounce. 4. To advise or recommend earnestly. 

Preach'er (-er), n. One who preaches. 

Preach'ment (-ni^nt). n. A religious harangue. 

Pre'a-dam'ic (pre'a-dSm'Tk). a. Prior to Adam. 

Pre-ad'am-ite (pre-aM'tnii-it), n. 1. An inhabitant 
of the earth before Adam. 2. One who holds that men 
existed before Adam. [before Adam. I 

Pre-ad'am-it'ic (-Tt'Tk), a. Existing or occurring | 

Fre ad-mon'ish (pre'Sd-montsh), v. t. To admonish 
previously. 

Pre-ad'mo-ni'tion (prt-Sd / mft-nIsh'un), n. Previous 
warning or admonition : forewarning. 

Pre'am'Dle (pre'am'b'n. n. [LL. praeambulum, de- 
riv. of L. praeambulare to walk before; pro* before + 
ambulare to walk.] An introductory portion ; preface ; 
specif., the introductory part of a statute, which states 
the reasons and intent of the law. 

Pre ap-point' (-Sp-poinf), r. t. To appoint previously. 

Pre'ar-range' (-Sr-ranj'), v. t. To arrange beforehand. 

Preb'end (prfib'Snd), ». [F. prebendc, fr. L. prae- 
benda. fr. L. praebire to hold forth, afford, allow, contr. 
fr. praehibere ; praebeiore — habere to have, hold. See 
Habit.] A payment or stipend; esp.. the maintenance 
granted to a clergyman out of the estate of a cathedral 
or collegiate church, with which he is connected, in con- 
sideration of his officiating at stated times in the church. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, slug, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PREBENDAL 



638 



PRECURSIVE 



Pre-ben'dal (prfc-WnMai), <7. Of or pert, to a preb- 
[enjoys a prebend. I 
Preb'en-da-ry (preV8n-dt-iy), n. A clergyman who I 
Pre-ca'ri-ous (prt-kS'rY-us), a, [L. preiwrius, fr. pre- 
en . to pr.n\ beg.] 1. Depending on the will or pleasure 
Of another"; held by courtesy. 2. Held by a doubtful 
tenure ; not to be depended on for certainty or stability. 

— Pre-ca'ri-ous-ly. ad% . — Pre-ca'ri ous-ness, n. 
Syn. — Uncertain; unsettled; unsteady; doubtful; 

dubious ; equivocal. — Precarious, which first signified 

" granted to entreaty," and, hence, "wholly dependent 

On the will of another," is a much stronger term than un- 

and came to be applied to such things as depend 

Wholly on future casualties. 

Prec'a-tive (prSk'a-tlv), | a. [L. precativus, precato- 

Prec'a-tO-ry (-t6-ry), j rius, fr. precari to pray.] 

Suppliant ; beseeching. 

Pre-cau'tion (pre-ka'slmn), n. [L. praecautio, fr. 

praecavere, -cautum, to' guard against ; prae before + ca- 

vere to be on one's guard.] Previous caution or care ; 

caution employed to prevent mischief or secure good. 

Also, an act done or measure taken to prevent future evil. 

Pre-cau'tion, V. t. To warn or caution beforehand. 

Pre-cau'tion-al (-al), a. Precautionary. [tion. I 

Pre-cau'tion-a-ry (-a-ry)j a. Of or pert, to precau-| 

Pre-cau'tious (-shtis), a. Taking or using precaution. 

— Pre-cau'tious-ly, ad v. — Pre-cau'tious-ness, n. 
Pre-cede' (pre-sed'), v. t. [imp. & vb. n. Preceded ; 

p. pr. & rb. n. Preceding.] [L. praecedere, praeces- 
sum ; prae before + cedere to go.] 1. To go or occur be- 
fore in time. 2. To go before in place, rank, or impor- 
tance. 3. To cause to be preceded ; to preface, [i?.] 

Pre-ced'ence (-ens), \ n. Act or state of preceding ; 

Pre-ced'en-cy (-en-sy), j antecedence ; priority. 

Syn. — Preeminence; preference; superiority. 

Pre-ced'ent (-ent), a. [L. praecedens, -entis, p. pr.] 
Going before ; anterior ; preceding ; antecedent. 

Prec'e-dent (pres'e-dent), n. Something done or said 
that may serve as an example ; an authoritative example. 

Syn. — Example ; antecedent. — An example is a similar 
case which may serve as a rule or guide, but has no au- 
thoritv of itself. A precedent comes to us from the past 
with the sanction of usage and of common consent. We 
quote examples in literature and precedents in law. 

Prec/e-dent-ed, a. Having, or authorized by, a prec- 
edent, [antecedently. I 

Pre-ced'ent-ly (pre-sed'ent-ly), adv. Beforehand ; | 

Pre-cen'tor (-sen'ter), n. [L. praecentor, fr. prae- 
cinere to sing before ; prae before + canere to sing.] A 
leader of a choir ; a directing singer ; specif., the leader 
of the choir in a cathedral. 

Pre'cept (pre'sept), n. [L. praeceptum, from prae- 
cipere to take beforehand, to instruct, teach ; prae before 
+ capere to take.] 1. Any commandment, instruction, 
or order intended as an authoritative rule of action ; esp., 
a command respecting moral conduct ; injunction ; rule. 
2. {Law) A species of writ or process. 

Syn. — Commandment ; injunction ; mandate ; law ; 
rule ; direction ; principle ; maxim. See Doctrine. 

Pre-cep'tive (pre-sep'tiv), a. Containing or giving 
precepts ; of the nature of precepts ; didactic. 

Pre-cep'tor (-ter), n. 1. One who gives commands, or 
makes rules ; specif. , the master of a school ; a teacher. 
2. The head of a preceptory among the Knights Tem- 
plars. — Pre'cep-to'li-al (pre'sep-to'rT-al), a. 

Pre-cep'tO-ry (pre-sSp'to-r^), a. Preceptive. 

Pre-cep'tO-ry, n. [LL. praeceploria an estate as- 
signed to a preceptor.] A religious house of the Knights 
Templars, subordinate to their temple in London. 

Pre-cep'tress (-tres), n. A female teacher. 

Pre-ces'slon (-sesh'un), n. [L. praecedere, -cessum, 
to go before. See Precede.] A going before, or forward. 

Precession of the equinoxes (Aslron.), the slow backward 
motion of the equinoctial points along the ecliptic. 

Pre-ces'sion-al (-«1), a. Of or pert, to precession. 

Pre'cinct (pre'sinkt), n. [LL. praecinctum, fr. L. 
praeeingere, -cinctum, to gird about, encompass ; prae be- 
fore -f- eingere to gird.] 1. The limit or exterior line 
encompassing a place ; boundary ; confine ; limit of juris- 
diction or authority. 2. A district limited by boundaries. 

Pre'cious (prSsh'Qs), a. [OF. precious, precius, L. 
pretiosutf fr. pretium price, worth, value. See Price.] 
1. Of great price ; costly. 2. Of great value or worth ; 
highly esteemed ; dear ; beloved. Also used ironically. 
— Pre'cious-ly , adv. — Pre'cious-ness, n. 

Prec'i-pice (preVT-pis), n. [F. precipice, L. praeci- 

pitiurn, fr. praeceps, -cipitis, headlong; prae before -(- 

caput, capitis, the head.] A headlong steep ; an abrupt 

declivity ; a cliff. [precipitated. I 

Pre-clp / i-ta-ble (pre-sTpf-ta-b'l), a. Capable of being | 



Pre-cip'i-tance (pre-sTp'Y-tans), ) n. Quality or state 

Pre-cip'i-tan-cy (-t(m-s^), ) of being precipi- 

tant or precipitate ; headlong hurry ; precipitation. 

Pre-cip'i-tant(-tant),a. [See Precipitate.] 1. Fall- 
ing or rushing headlong ; rushing recklessly. 2. Unex- 
pectedly or foolishly brought on or hastened ; hasty ; reck- 
less. — Pre-cip'i-tant-ly, adv. — Pre-cip'i-tant-ness, n. 

Pre-cip'i-tant, n. \Chem.) Any force or reagent 
which causes the formation of a precipitate. 

Pre-cip'i-tate (-tat), a. [L. praeeipitalus, p. p. of 
praecipitare to precipitate, fr. praeceps headlong. See 
Precipice.] 1. Overhasty ; rash. 2. Lacking due de- 
liberation or care; said or done too soon. 3. Falling, 
flowing, or rushing, with steep descent ; headlong. 

Pre-cip'i-tate, n. (Chem.) An insoluble substance 
separated from a solution (originally by settling to the 
bottom) in a concrete state by the action of some reagent 
added to the solution, or of some force, such as cold. 

Pre-cip'i-tate (-tat), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Precipi- 
tated (-ta'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Precipitating.] 1. To 
throw or dash headlong ; to cast down from a precipice 
or height. 2. To urge on with eager haste or violence ; 
to cause to happen, suddenly or too soon. 3. (Chem.) 
To separate in the form of a precipitate. [ner. I 

Pre-cip'i-tate-ly (-t at-ly ) , adv. In a precipitate man- 1 

Pre-cip'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of precipitating, 
or state of being precipitated ; great hurry ; rash, tumul- 
tuous haste ; impetuosity. 

Pre-cip'i-ta'tor (-sip'T-ta'ter), n. One who precipi- 
tates, or urges on with vehemence or rashness. 

Pre-cip'i-tOUS (-T-tus), a. 1. Steep, like a precipice. 
2. Headlong. 3. Hasty ; rash ; sudden ; precipitate. — 
Pre-cip'i-tous-ly, adv. — Pre-cipl-tous-ness, n. 

Pre-cise' (pre-sis'), a. [L. praecisus cut off, brief, 
concise, p. p. of praecidere to cut off in front, to cut off ; 
prae before -f- caedere to cut.] 1. Having determinate 
limitations; exactly or sharply defined or stated; not 
vague or equivocal. 2. Strictly adhering or conforming 
to rule ; very nice or exact ; punctilious in conduct or 
ceremony. — Pre-cise'ly, adv. — Pre-clse'ness, n. 

Syn. — Accurate ; exact ; definite ; correct; scrupulous ; 
punctilious ; particular ; nice ; formal. See Accurate. 

Pre-Ci'Sian (pre-sizh'an), n. An overprecise person ; 
one rigidly or ceremoniously exact in the observance of 
rules ; a formalist. 

Pre-ci'Sion (-sizh'Sn), n. Quality or state of being 
precise ; exact limitation ; definiteness. 

Syn. — Preciseness ; exactness ; accuracy ; nicety. — 
Precision is always used in a good sense ; as, precision of 
thought or language ; precision in military evolutions. 
Preciseness and precise sometimes imply unnecessary or 
overscrupulous precision in trifling matters. 

Pre-Clude' (pre-klud'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pre- 
cluded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Precluding.] [L. praecludere, 
praeclusum ; prae before -f- claudere to shut.] 1. To 
put a barrier before ; hence, to shut out ; to stop. 2. 
To shut out by anticipative action ; to prevent or hinder 
by necessary consequence or implication. 

Pre-Clu'sion (pre-klu'zhun), n. Act of precluding, or 
state of being precluded. 

Pre-Clu'sive (-siv), a. Precluding; shutting out; 
hindering. — Pre-clu'sive-ly, adv. 

Pre-CO'cious (pre-ko'shus), a. [L. praecox, -ocis, and 
praecoquus, fr. praecoquere to cook or ripen before- 
hand ; prae before -j- coquere to cook.] 1. Ripe or ma- 
ture prematurely, [i?.] 2. Developed more than is 
natural or usual at a given age ; too forward ; — used 
especially of mental forwardness. — Pre-CO'cioUS-ly, 
adv. — Pre-co'cious ness, Pre-coc'i-ty (kos'T-ty), n. 

Pre'COg-ni'tion (pre'kog-nTsh'un), n. [L. praecogni- 
tio, fr. praecognoscere to foreknow.] Previous cognition. 

Pre'con-ceit' (-kon-sef), n. An opinion or notion 
formed beforehand ; a preconception. 

Pre'con-ceive' (-seV), v. t. To conceive, or form an 
opinion of, beforehand. 

Pre'COU-cep'tion (-sep'shun), n. The act of precon- 
ceiving ; conception or opinion previously formed. 

Pre / C011-cert' (-serf), v. t. To concert or arrange be- 
forehand ; to settle by previous agreement. 

Pre-con'cert (pre-k5n'sert), n. A previous agreement. 

Pre-COn'SCioUS (-kon'shus), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
designating, a state before consciousness. 

Pre y con-sent' (pre'kon-sgnf), n. A previous consent. 

Pre^on-sign' (-sin'), v. t. To consign beforehand. 

Pre-con'Sti-tUte (pre-kon'stl-tut), v. t. To constitute 
or establish beforehand. [forehand. | 

Pre'con-tract' (pre'kon-trakf), v. t. To contract be- 1 

Pre-cur'sive (-kuT'sTv), a. Preceding ; introductory. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, €, i, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PRECURSOR 



639 



PREFECT 



Pre-OUr'SOr (pre-kGr'sei-), n. [L. praecursor, f r. prae- 
currere to run before ; prae-\- curre.re to run.] One that 
precedes an event, and indicates its approach ; forerun- 
ner; harbinger. 

Syn. — Predecessor ; messenger ; omen ; sign. 

Pre-Clir'SO-ry (-so-ry), a. Preceding as a precursor 
or harbinger ; indicating something to follow. [atory. I 

Pre-da'ceous(-da'shus), a. [L. nraed'aprey.] Pred-| 

Pred'a-to-ry (prgd'a-t6-ry), a. [L. praedatortus, fr. 
praedari to plunder, fr. praeda prey.] 1. Characterized 
by plundering ; practicing rapine ; plundering; pillaging. 
2. \Zobl.) Living upon other animals ; carnivorous. 

Pred'e-ces'SOr (pred'e-sSs'ser), n. [L. praedecessor ; 
prae before + decessor one who withdraws from the 
province he has governed, a retiring officer, fr. decedere. 
See Decease.] One who precedes ; one who has pre- 
ceded or given place to another in any state, office, etc. 

Pre-des'ti-na'ri-an (prS-deVtY-nS/rf-an), a. Of or 
pertaining to predestination. — n, A believer in, or sup- 
porter of, predestination. 

Pre-des'tl-nate (-nat), a. [L. praedest hiatus, p. p. of 
prctedestinare to predestine ; prae before -j- destinare to 
determine.] Predestinated ; foreordained ; fated. 

Pre-des'ti-nate (pre-dSs'tT-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Predestinated (-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Predestina- 
ting.] To predetermine or foreordain ; to ordain before- 
hand by an unchangeable purpose or decree. 

Syn. — To preordain ; decree ; predestine ; foredoom. 

Pre-des'ti-na'tion (pre-deVtT-na'shiin), n. 1. Act of 
predestinating. 2. (Tkeol.) The purpose of God from 
eternity respecting all events ; esp., the preordination of 
men to everlasting happiness or misery. 

Pre-des'ti-na'tor (-na'ter), n. 1. One who predesti- 
nates. 2. A predestinarian. [predestinate. I 

Pre-des'tine (-tin), v. t. To decree beforehand ; to | 

Pre'de-ter'mi-nate (pre'de-ter'niT-uat), a. Deter- 
mined beforehand. [termining. I 

Pre'de-ter'mi-na'tion (-na'shiin), n. Act of prede-| 

Pie'de-ter'mine (-nun), v. t. 1. To determine be- 
forehand. 2. To foredoom. 

Pre'di-al (pre'di-al), a. [L. praedium a farm, estate.] 
1. Consisting of land or farms ; landed. 2. Attached to 
land or farms. 3. Issuing or derived from land. 

Pred'i-ca-ble (pred'I-ka-b'l), a. Capable of being 
predicated ; affirmable ; attributable. — Pred'i-ca-bil'i- 
ty (-bil'i-ty), n. 

Pred'i-ca-Dle, n. 1. Anything affirmable of another ; 
esp. , a general attribute or notion as affirmable of, or ap- 
plicable to, many individuals. 2. {Logic) One of the 
five most general relations of attributes involved in logical 
arrangements, namely, genus, species, difference, prop- 
erty, and accident. 

Pre-dic'a-ment (pre-dTk'a-ment), n. [See Predicate.] 

1. A class or kind described by any definite marks ; hence, 
condition; peculiar situation or state, esp. an unfortu- 
nate or trying one ; plight. 2. {Logic) A category. 

Pred'i-cate (prgd'I-kat), v. t. limp. & p. p. Predi- 
cated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Predicating.] [L.prae- 
dicare, p. p. -atus. See Preach.] 1. To assert to be- 
long to something; to affirm (one thing of another). 

2. To found, as an argument ; to base. [U. S.~\ 
Pred'i-cate (-kat), n. [L. praedicatum, neut. p. p.] 

1. {Logic) That which is affirmed or denied of the sub- 
ject. 2. {Gram.) The word or words in a proposition 
which express what is affirmed of the subject. 

Syn. — Affirmation ; declaration. 

Pred'i-ca'tion (-ka'shiin), n. Act of predicating, or 
of affirming one thing of another ; affirmation ; assertion. 

Pred'i-ca-tive (-ka-tiv), a. Expressing predication ; 
affirming ; predicating. — Pred'i-ca-tive-ly, adv. 

Pred'i-ca-tO-ry (-ka-to-ry), a. Affirmative ; positive. 

Pre-dicf (pre-dikf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predicted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Predicting.] [L. praedicere, p. p. 
praedictus ; prae before -j- dicere to say, tell.] To tell 
or declare beforehand ; to prophesy ; to presage. 

Syn. — To prognosticate; forebode; foreshow. 

Pre-dict'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be predicted. 

Pre-dic'tion (pre-dik'sh&n), ii. Act of foretelling ; 
also, that which is foretold. 

Syn. — Prophecy ; prognostication ; foreboding ; au- 
gury; divination; soothsaying; vaticination. 

Pre-dict'ive (pre-dikt'Tv), a. Foretelling ; prophetic ; 
foreboding. — Pre-dict'ive-ly, adv. 

Pre-dicf or (-er), n. One who predicts ; a foreteller. 

Pre'di-leCtion (pre'dT-lSk'shiin), n. [Pref. pre- + 
L. dilectus, p. p. of diligere to prefer. See Diligent.] 
A previous liking ; a prepossession of mind in favor of 
something; partiality. 



Pre dls po'nent (prtVdts-pS'nent), a. Disposing be- 
forehand ; predisposing. 

Predispose' (-pOV), v. t. To dispose or incline be- 
forehand ; to girt ;i predisposition or Mas to. 

Pre-dls po sl'tlon (prt-dl»'p*-zl»h / nn), «. Actof pre- 
disposing, or state oi being prediepoeed ; prev i o us im-ii- 
nation, tendency, bias, or p ropen sity ; predilection. 

Pre-dom'i nance (prt-dowl-nans), n. Quality or 
sta*e of being predominant ; superiority ; ssoendency. 

Pre-dom'i-nan-cy (-nan-iy), «. Predominsj 

Pre-dom'i-nant(-n'nitj,^. [See Predominate.] Hav- 
ing the ascendency over others; superior in htrength, 
influence, or authority. — Pre-dom'i-nant-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Prevalent ; superior ; prevailing ; ntmvrtant ; 
ruling; reigning; controlling; overruling. 

Pre-dom'i nate (-nit), v. i. [imp. & j>. p. Predomi- 
nated (-na'tSd) ; jj. pr. & vb. u. Predominating. 

pre- -f- dominate.] To be superior in number, strength, 
influence, or authority ; to have controlling power or 
influence ; to prevail ; to rule. 

Pre dom i-na'tion (-na7shun), v. Act or state of pre- 
dominating ; ascendency ; predominance. 

Pre-doom' (pre-doom'), v. t. To foredoom. 

Pre-dor'sal (-dor's^l), a. {Aunt.) Situated in front 
of the back ; immediately in front, or on the ventral 
side, of the dorsal part of the vertebral column. 

Pre'e-lect' (pre'e-lSkf), V. t. To elect beforehand. 

Pre'e-lec'tion (-lek'shuu), n. Election beforehand. 

Pre-em'i-nence (pre-eui'I-nens), n. Quality or state 
of being preeminent. 

Pre-em'i-nent (pre-em'T-nent), a. [L. prae* 
-eiitis, p. pr. otpraeeminere to be prominent, to surpass. 
See Pre-, and Eminent.] Eminent above others ; prom- 
inent among those who are eminent ; superior in excel- 
lence ; surpassing, or taking precedence of, others. — 
Pre-em'i-nent-ly, adv. 

Pre-empt' (pre-emf; 215), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
Preempted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Preempting.] [See Preemp- 
tion.] To settle upon (public land) with a right ol pre- 
emption ; to take by preemption. 

Pre-emp'tion (-emp'shun ; 215), n. [Pref. pre- -f- 
emption. See Redeem.] Act or right of purchasing 
before others ; specif., the right of an actual settler 
upon public lands (particularly those of the United 
States) to purchase a certain portion at a fixed price in 
preference to all other applicants. 

Pre-empt'or (-emt'er ; 215), ii. One who preempts. 

Preen (pren), n. [AS. preon a clasp, bodkin ; akin to 
G. pfriem.~\ A forked tool used in dressing cloth. 

Preen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preened (prend) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Preening.] [See Preen, n., or cf. Prune.] To 
dress with, or as with, a preen ; to dress with the beak, 
as the feathers. 

Pre'en-gage' (pre'en-gaj'), v. t. To engage by previous 
contract ; to bind or attach previously ; to preoccupy. 

Pre'en-gage'ment (-ment), n. Prior engagement. 

Pre es-tab'lish (-es-tab'lish), v. t. To establish be- 
forehand, [hand. I 

Pre establishment (-mfnt), n. Settlement before-! 

Pre ex-am'ine (-ggz-5m'in), v. t. To examine before- 
hand. 

Pre'ex-isf (-Tst'), v. i. To exist previously. 

Pre'ex-ist'ence (-ens), n. Previous existence. 

Pre'ex-ist'ent (-ent), a. Existing previously. 

Preface (prgf'as ; 48), n. [F. preface, fr. L. prae- 
fatio, fr. praefari to speak or say beforehand ; pra< he- 
fore -\-fari, fatus, to speak.] 1. Something spoken as 
introductory to a discourse, or written as introductory 
to a book or essay ; preliminary remarks. 2. (7?. C. Ch.) 
The prelude or introduction to the canon of the UaSB. 

Proper preface (Ch. of Eng. & Prof. Epis. Ch.), a por- 
tion of the communion service, preceding the prayer of 
consecration, appointed for certain seasons. 

Syn. — Introduction; preamble; proem; prologue. 

Preface, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prefaced (-ast) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Prefacing.] To introduce by a preface ; to give 
a preface to. 

Pref a-cer (-a-ser), n. The writer of a preface. 

Pref a-to-ry (-4-to-ry), a. P« ruining to, or of the na- 
ture of, a preface ; introductory. — Pref a-tO-ri-ly, adv. 

Pre'iect (pre'fSkt), ?i. [L. praejectus, fr. Drae/eersw, 
p. p. of praeficere to set over ; prae before + Jacere to 
make.] 1. A Roman officer who controlled or superin- 
tended a particular command, charge, department, etc. 
2. A superintendent of a department having control of 
its police establishment, and extensive powers of munici- 
pal regulation. [France] 3. {Or. Ch. A R. C. Ch.) A 
title of certain dignitaries below the rank of bishop. 



fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PREFECTSHIP 



G40 



PREMISE 



Prefect-ship (prOTSkt-ahlp), n. Office, dignity, or 
tic* of a prefect. 

Pre lecture i,-f£k-tur), n. Office, position, or juris- 
• a prefect : also, his official residence. 

Pre-fer' (prfc-fe'r'), '"• '• [imp. & p- p- Preferred 
v-ierd'l : />. ;■•• i verring.] [F. _/>/■«. 

r v before -\-ferrt to bear or carry. See 1st 

1. To carry or bring forward, as for considera- 

eptaaoe, judgment, etc. ; to offer ; to present ; 

specially of a request, claim, charge, etc. 2. To 

cause to go before ; hence, to advance before others : to 

exalt: to promote. 3. To set above or before something 

else in estimation, favor, or liking ; to hold in greater 

favor : to choose rather. 

Preferred stock, stock which takes a dividend before 
other capital stock. 

> y n. — To choose ; elect ; select. See Choose. 

Pref'er-a-ble (prSPSr-Arb'l), a. Worthy to be pre- 
ferred or chosen before something else ; more desirable. 
-Pref er-a-bil'i-ty (-bii'I-ty), Pref'er-a-ble-ness, n.— 
Preferably, adv. 

Prel'er-ence (-t ns). n. 1. A preferring ; state of being 
preferred ; precedence : higher estimation ; choice ; also, 
power or opportunity of choosing. 2. Thing preferred. 

Pref er-en'tial (-en'shal), a. Giving, indicating, or 
having, a preference or precedence. 

Pre-fer'ment (pre-fer'nient). n. 1. A preferring : state 
of being preferred. 2. A position of honor or profit. 

Pre-fer'rer (-rer), n. One who prefers. 

Pre-fig u-ra'tion (-fig'u-ra'shtin), n. Act of prefig- 
uring, or state of being prefigured. [figuration. I 

Pre-fig'ur-a-tive (-f Tg'ur-a-tTv). a. Showing by pre- 1 

Pre-fig'ure (-ur ; 135), v. t. To show, suggest, or an- 
nounce, by antecedent types and similitudes; to fore- 
shadow. 

Pre-fig'ure-ment (-ment), n. Act of prefiguring; 
prefiguration ; also, that which is prefigured. 

Prefix' (pre-fiks'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prefixed 
(-f Ikst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Prefixing.] [L. praejigere, 
p. p. -jixus ; prae before -\-figere to fix.] 1. To put or fix 
before, or at the beginning of, another thing. 2. To set 
beforehand. [Obs.~\ 

Pre'fix (pre'flks), n. That which is prefixed; esp., 
one or more letters or syllables combined or united with 
the beginning of a word. 

Preg'na-ble (preg'na-b'l), a. [See Impregnable.] Ca- 
pable of being entered, or captured, [i?.] [pregnant. I 

Preg'nan-cy (-nan-sy), n. State or quality of being | 

Preg'nant (-nffnt), a. [L. praegnans, -antis ; prae 
before -f genere, gignere, to beget.] 1. Being with 
young, as a female ; having conceived ; great with young. 
2. Fig.: Heavy with important contents, significance, or 
issue : full of results; weighty.— Preg'nant-ly, adv. 

Pre-hen'si-ble (pre-hen'sT-b'l), a. That may be seized. 

Pre-hen'sile (-sTl), a. [Jj.prehetisus,-p. p. oiprehen- 
dere to lay hold of, seize ; pre- (equiv. to prae before) + 
hendere (in comp.), akin to E. get.} Adapted to seize or 
grasp ; seizing ; grasping. 

Pre-hen'sion (-shun), n. Act of taking hold, seizing, 
or errasping, as with the hand or other member. 

Pre-nen'SO-ry (si-rf), a. Prehensile. 

Pre his-tor'ic (pre'hls-tor'Tk), a. Of or pertaining ti 
a period before written history begins. 

Prejudge' (pre-juj'), v. t. [Pref. pre- 4- judge.] To 
judge before hearing, or before full and sufficient exami- 
nation ; to condemn beforehand. 

Pre-Judg'ment (-ment), n. Act of prejudging. 

Pre-ju'di-cal (-ju'dT-kal), a. Of or pertaining to the 
determination of some matter not previously decided. 

Pre-ju'di-cate (-kat), a. [L. praejudimtus, p. p. of 
praejudicare to prejudge ; prae before + judicnre to 
judge.] 1. Formed before due examination. 2. Biased 
by opinions formed prematurely ; prejudiced. 

Pre-Ju'di-cate (-kat), v. t. To determine beforehand, 
esp. to disadvantage ; to prejudge. 

Pre-ju'dl-cate-ly (-kat-ly), adv. With prejudice. 

Pre-ju'dl-ca'tlon (-ka'shun), n. Act of prejudicating. 

Prej'u-dlce (prgj'u-dis), n. [F. prejudice, L. praeju- 
dfcium; prae before -j- judicium judgment.] 1. Pre- 
judgment; an unreasonable predilection for, Or objection 
to, anything ; esp., an opinion or leaning adverse to any- 
thing, without just grounds, or before sufficient knowl- 
edge. 2. Mischief ; hurt ; damage ; injury ; detriment. 

fcyri. — Prejudgment ; prepossession; bias; harm: 
hurt ; damage ; detriment ; mischief ; disadvantage. 

PreJ'u-dice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prejudiced (-dist) ; 
p. pr. & i h. n. Prejudicing (-dt-sTng).] 1. To cause to 
have prejudice ; to prepossess with opinions formed 



without due knowledge or examination. 2. To obstruct 
or injure by prejudices, or by previous bias of the mind ; 
hence, generally, to hurt ; to damage. 

Prej'U-di'cial (prej'u-dtsh'ol), a. Tending to obstruct 
or impair ; hurtful ; injurious ; disadvantageous ; detri- 
mental : damaging. — PreJ/u-di/cial-ly. adv. — Prelu- 
dl'cial-ness. n. 

Prel'a-cy (prel'a-sj), n. [LL. praelatia. See Prel- 
ate.] 1. Office or dignity of a prelate ; church govern- 
ment by prelates. 2. The order of prelates, collectively. 

Prel'ate (prel'at; 4S), n. [F. prelat, LL. praelalus, 
fr. L. praelatus, used as p. p. of praeferre to prefer. See 
Elate.] A clergyman of a superior order, as an arch- 
bishop or a bishop ; a dignitary of the church. 

Prel'ate-ship, n. Office of a prelate. 

Pre-lat'ic (pre-lat'Ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to prel- 

Pre-lat'ic-al (-T-kal), ) ates or prelacy. 

Prel'a-tism (prel'a-tiz'm), ??. Prelacy; episcopacy. 

Prel'a-tist (-tist), n. One who supports or advocates 
prelacy ; hence, a high-churchman. 

Prel'a-tize (-tiz), v. t. To bring under the influence 
of prelacy. [functions, i 

Prel'a-tlze, V. ?'. To uphold or exercise prelatical| 

Pre-lect' (pre-lekf), r. (. & i. [L. praelectus, p. p. of 
p?-aelegere to read before. See Pre-, and Lection.] To 
read or discourse publicly. 

Pre-lec'tion (-lek'shun), n. A lecture or discourse 
read in public or to a select company. 

Pre-lec'tor (-ter), n. A lecturer. 

Pre li-ba'tion (pre'lt-ba'shun), n. [L. praelibatio, fr. 
praelibare to taste beforehand.] 1. A tasting before- 
hand, or by anticipation ; a foretaste. 2. A pouring 
out, or libation, before tasting. 

Pre-lim'i-na-ry (pre-lim'T-na-iy), a. [Pref. pre- — L. 
liminaris belonging to a threshold, fr. limen, liminis, 
threshold, entrance.] Introductory ; previous ; preced- 
ing the main discourse, design, work, or business ; prefa- 
tory. — Pre-lim'i-na-ri-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Introductory ; preparatory; prefatory; pro- 
emial ; previous ; prior ; precedent ; antecedent. 

Pre-lim'i-na-ry, n. That which is preliminary; in- 
troduction ; preface ; prelude. 

Prelude (prelud or prSFud), n. [F. prelude, fr. L. 
prae before + ludus play.] An introductory perform- 
ance, preceding and preparing for the principal matter ; 
esp. (Mils.), a strain introducing the theme or chief sub- 
ject : — recently often synonymous with overture. 

Syn. — Preface ; introduction ; prehniinary ; preamble ; 
forerunner; harbinger; precursor. 

Pre-lude' (pre-lud'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preluded ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. Preluding.] [L. praeludere, praelusum ; 
prae before + ludere to play.] To give a prefatory per- 
formance ; to serve as prelude. 

Pre-lude'. v. t. 1. To introduce with a previous per- 
formance. 2. To serve as prelude to. 

Pre-lu'sive (-lu'sTv), a. Of the nature of a prelude ; 
introductory. — Pre-lu'sive-ly, adv. 

Pre-lu'SO-ry (-so-ry), a. Introductory ; prelusive. 

Pre'ma-ture' (pre'ma-tuV or pre'ma-tur), a. [L. 
praematurus ; prae before -f maturus ripe.] 1. Mature 
or ripe before the proper time. 2. Happening, arriving, 
existing, or performed, before the proper or usual time ; 
too early. 3. Arriving or received without due authen- 
tication or evidence. — Pre'ma-turely, ad v. — Pre'ma- 
ture'ness. n. [ing premature. I 

Pre ma-tU'ri-ty (-tu'rT-ty), n. Quality or state of be-| 

Pre-med'i-tate (pre-med'i-tat), v. t. & i. To think 
on, and revolve in the mind, beforehand ; to contrive 
and design previously ; to meditate beforehand. 

Pre-med'i-tate-ly, adv. With premeditation. 

Pre-med'i-ta'tlon (-ta'shvin), n. Act of meditating. 

Pre'mi-er (pre'ml-er), a. [F., fr. L. primarius of 
the first rank, principal, fr. primus the first. See 
Prime, a."] 1. First ; chief ; principal. 2. Most ancient ; 
— said of the peer bearing the oldest title of his degree. 

Pre'ml-er (pre'mi-er or prem'yer), n. The first min- 
ister of state ; the prime minister. 

Pre'mi-er-ship. ". Office or rank of the premier. 

Prem'ise (prem'Ts), n. [F. premisse, fr. L. praemis- 
svs, p. p. of praemittere tp send before ; prae before -f 
mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. A proposition ante- 
cedently supposed or proved ; condition ; supposition. 
2. (Logic) Either of the first two propositions of a syllo- 
gism, from which the conclusion is drawn. 3. pi- (Laic) 
Matters previously stated or set forth ; esp., in a deed of 
land, all that precedes the habendum, expressing the 
grantor and grantee, the land conveyed, etc. 4. pi. A 
piece of real estate ; a building and its adjuncts. 



f5rn, recent, drb, rude, fuD, firn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tnen, thin. 



PREMISE 



641 



PRESBYTER 



Pre-mise' (pre-mlz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Premised 
(-mizd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Premising.] 1. To Mend be- 
forehand or prematurely. [Obs.] 2. To set forth before- 
hand, or as introductory to the main subject ; esp., to lay 
down premises on which rest subsequent conclusions. 

Pre-mise' (pre-miz'), V. t. To make a premise. 

Pre'mi-um (pre'mt-um), n. [L. praemium, orig., 
what one has got before or better than others ; prae be- 
fore 4- enure to take, buy.] 1. A reward or recom- 
pense ; a prize ; a bounty. 2. Something offered or given 
for the loan of money ; bonus. 3. A sum of money paid 
to underwriters for insurance. 4. A sum in advance of, 
or in addition to, the nominal or par value of anything. 

Pre-mon'ish (pre-m5n'Tsh), v. t. [Pref. pre- -j- mon- 
ish.~\ To admonish beforehand. [72.] 

Pre mo ni'tion (pre'mo-ulsh'un), n. Previous warn- 
ing, notice, or information; forewarning. 

Pre-mon/i-tO-ry (pre-inon'T-to-ry), a. Giving previ- 
ous warning or notice. — Pre-mon'i-to-ri-ly, adv. 

Pre-morse' (pre-mors'), a. [L. pracmorsus, p. p. of 
prm 'mordere to bite off ; prae before -f- mordere to bite.] 
Terminated abruptly, or as if bitten off. 

Prem/U-ni're (prgnv'u-nl're" or pre'mu-), n. (Laic) 
See Praemunire, [before birth. I 

Pre-na'tal (pre-na'tfll), a. Being or happening | 

Pre-no'men (pre-no'men), n. Same as Prjenomen. 

Pre-nom'i-nal (-nom'T-nal), a. Serving as a prefix in 
a compound name. 

Pre-nom'i-nate (-n5m'I-nat), a. [L. praenominatus, 
p. p. of praenominare to give the prenomen to, fr. prae- 
nomen prenomen.] Forenamed; named beforehand. [R.~\ 

Pre-nom'i-nate (-nat), v. t. To name beforehand. 

Pre-nom'i-na'tion (-na'shuii), n. Act of prenouii- 
nating ; privilege of being named first. 

Pre-note / (-not'), v. t. [L. praenotare ; prae before 
4- notare to note.] To note or designate beforehand. 

Pre-no'tion (-no'shun), n. [L. praenotio, fr. pranios- 
cere to foreknow; prae before 4- noscere, notion, to 
know.] Previous notion or thought ; foreknowledge. 

Pren'tice (pren'tls), n. Aphetic form of Apprentice. 
[Obs. or Colloq.~\ [of preoccupying. I 

Pre-OC'CU-pan-cy (pre-ok'ku-pan-sy), n. Act or right | 

Pre-OC'cu-pa'tion (-pa'shiin), n. Act of preoccupying, 
or state of being preoccupied ; prepossession. 

Pre-OC'CU-py (-pi), v. t. 1. To occupy, or take pos- 
session of, before another. 2. To engage, occupy, or en- 
gross the attention of, beforehand ; hence, to prejudice. 

Pre'or-dain' (pre'Sr-dan'), v. t. To ordain or appoint 
beforehand ; to foreordain. [decree. I 

Pre-or'di-nance (pre-oVdT-nans), n. Antecedent) 

Pre-or'di-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act of foreordain- 
ing ; previous determination. 

Prep'a-ra'tion (prep'a-ra'shun), 7i. 1. Act of pre- 
paring or fitting beforehand for a particular purpose, 
use, service, or condition ; a making ready. 2. State of 
being prepared or made ready. 3. That which makes 
ready ; a preparatory act or measure. 4. That which is 
prepared, made, or compounded by a certain process or 
for a particular purpose. 5. (31 us.) The holding over 
of a note from one chord into the next chord, where it 
forms a temporary discord ; the anticipation of a dis- 
cordant note in the preceding concord. 

Pre-par'a-tive (pre-par'a-tiv), a. Tending to prepare 
or make ready ; preparatory. — Pre-par'a-tive-ly, adv. 

Pre-par'a-tive, n. 1. That which has the power of 
preparing; that which prepares. 2. That which is done 
in the way of preparation. 

Pre-par'a-tO-ry (-to-iy), a. Preparing the way by pre- 
vious measures of adaptation ; introductory ; preparative. 

Pre-pare' (pre-paV), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prepared 
(-pSrd') ; p.pr. & vb. n. Preparing.] [F. preparer, L. 
praeparare ; prae before 4- parare to make ready.] I. 
To fit, adapt, or qualify for a particular purpose or con- 
dition ; to make ready. 2. To procure as suitable or 
necessary ; to get ready ; to provide. 

Syn. — To fit ; adjust ; adapt ; qualify ; equip ; pro- 
vide ; form ; make ; make ready. 

Pre-pare', V. i. 1. To make all things ready ; to put 
things in order. 2. To make one's self ready ; to get ready. 

Pre-pared' (-pa"rd'), a. Made fit ; adapted ; ready. — 
Pre-par'ed-ly (-p3r'6d-ly), adv. — Pre-par'ed-ness', n. 

Pre-par'er (-pSr'er), n. One that prepares. 

Pre-pay' (-pa'), v. t. To pay in advance. 

Pre-pay'ment (-ment), n. Payment in advance. 

Pre-pense / (pre-pSns'), v. t. [Pref. pre- + F. penser 
to think. See Pansy.] To premeditate. [Obs.] 

Pre-pense', a. Devised, contrived, or planned be- 
forehand ; preconceived ; premeditated ; aforethought. 



Pre-pollent (prt-poVtont), a. [L. praepollens, p. pr. 
otpraepollere to uu paea In power ; prae before + pollere 

to be powerful.] Having superior influence or | 
Pre pon'der ance (-pon'der-ons), l n. Quality 
Pre-pon'der-an-cy (-un-sy), j of Mag prepon- 

derant. 

Pre-pon'der-ant (•ant), a. Preponderating ; out- 
weighing ; overbalancing. — Pre-pon'der-ant-ly, ad\ . 
Pre pon'der-ate (-it), v. t. [imp. x p. p. Pai 

ATED (-a'ted) ; p. pi. X Vb. >l. PREPONDERATING.] [L. 

praeponderare, p. p. -atut. See Pre-, and Ponder.] 1. 
To outweigh ; to overpower by weight ; to exceed in 
weight ; to overbalance. 2. To overpower by stronger 
influence or power, moral or Intellectual. 

Pre-pon'der-ate, v. I To have greater weight ; 
hence, to incline or descend, as the scale of a balance ; 
fig., to exceed in Influence, power, etc. 

Pre-pon'der-a'tion (-a'shunj, n. Act or state of pre- 
ponderating ; preponderance. . 

Prep'o-sl'tlon (preyu-zTsh'fin), n. [L. prat 
fr. prueponere to place before; jtrae 4- ponere to put.] 
(Gram.) A particle used with a noun or pronoun (in 
English always in the objective case) to make a phrase 
limiting some other word; — so called because usually 
placed before the word with which it is joined. 

Prep'O-sl'tlon-al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to a prep- 
osition ; of the nature of a preposition. 

Pre-pos'i-tive (pre-p5z'l-tlv), a. (Gram.) Put before ; 
prefixed. — n. A prepositive word or syllable ; a prefix. 

Pre possess' (pre'pQz-zeV or -pQs-sSs'), v. t. [Pref. 
pre- -\- possess.] 1. To preoccupy, as land; to take 
previous possession of. 2. To preoccupy, as the mind or 
heart, so as to preclude other things ; hence, to bi a 
to induce a favorable opinion beforehand, or at the outset. 

Pre'pos-sess'ing, a. Tending to invite favor; at- 
tractive. — Pre'pos-sess'ing-ly, adv. 

Pre pos-ses'sion (-p5z-zesh'un or -pos-seWQn). n. 1. 
Preoccupation ; prior possession. 2. Preoccupation of 
the mind by an opinion, or impression, already formed ; 
previous impression ; bias. 

Syn. — Bent; inclination; psejudgment. 

Pre pos-sess'or (-pSz-zeVer or -pos-seslr), n. One 
who possesses, or occupies, previously. 

Pre-pos'ter-OUS (pre-p5s'ter-us), a . [L. praepoderus ; 
prae before 4- posterns coming after, latter.] 1. Con- 
trary to nature or reason ; not adapted to the end ; un- 
reasonably absurd ; perverted. — Pre-pos'ter-OUS-ly, 
adv. — Pre-pos'ter-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Irrational ; foolish ; monstrous. See Absurd. 

Pre'puce (pre'pus), n. [F. prepuce, L. praeputium.] 
(Anat.) The foreskin. 

Pre-raph'a-el-ism (pre-rSf'a-el-Tz'm), \ n. (Fine Arts) 

Pre-raph'a-el-i/Usm (-a-el-I'tlz'm), | The doctrine 
or practice of a school of modern painters who profess to 
be followers of the painters before Raphael, and advo- 
cate delicacy and minuteness of workmanship. 

Pre-raph'a-el-ite (-it), n. One who favors or prac- 
tices preraphaelitism. 

Pre-req'ui-site (-rSk'wY-zit), a. Previously required ; 
necessary as a preliminary. — ». Something previously 
required, or necessary to an end or effect proposed. 

Pre-rog'a-tlve (pre-r5g'a-tiv), n. [F. prerogative, it. 
L. praerogativa precedence in voting, preference, privi- 
lege, fr. praerogativus that is asked before others for his 
opinion, that votes before or first, fr. praerogare to ask 
before another; prae before + rogun- to ask.] 1. An 
exclusive or peculiar privilege ; prior and indefeasible 
right, — generally an official and hereditary right. 2. 
Precedence ; first rank. [Obs.] 

Syn.— Privilege; right. See Privilege. 

Pre-sage' (pre-saj'), v. t. [imp. & p. j>. Presaged 
(-sajd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Presaging.] [F. pri 
praesagire ; prae before 4- sagire to perceive acutely or 
sharply. See Sagacious.] 1. To have a presentimeut 
of ; to foreknow. 2. To foretell ; to foreshow. 

Pre'sage (pre'saj or prgs'aj), m. 1. Something which 
foreshows or portends a future event. 2. Power to look 
into the future, or the exercise of it ; foreknowledge. 

Syn. — Prognostic ; omen ; token ; sign ; presentiment. 

Pre-sa'ger (-sa'jer), n. One that presages. 

I! Pres / by-0 / pi-a (preVbT-o'pT-a), n. [NL., from Gr. 
7rpeV/3v? old 4- a>\fj, wjtos, eye.] (3fed.) Hypermetropia 
consequent upon advancing age. 

PresTby-ter (prSz'bT-ter or prSs'-), n. [L., an elder, 
fr. Or. 7rpe<7/3vTepo?. See PRresT.] 1. An elder in the 
early Christian church. 2. (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. 
Ch.) A priest. 3. (Presbyterian Ch.) A member of a 
presbytery. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 

41 



N 



PRESBYTERIAL 



642 



PRESS 



Pres by-te'li-al (preVbl-te'rT-al or pr&V-), a. Pres- 
bvreri.in. 

Pres by-te'ri-ail {-on), a. Of or pertaining to a pres- 
byter, or to ecclesiastical government by presbyters, or to 
presbvterianism. — n. One who maintains the validity 
of ordination and government by presbyters; a member 
of the Presbyterian church. 

Pres by-te'ri-an-ism (-Is*m), n. That form of church 
government which invests presbyters with all spiritual 
power, and admits no prelates over them ; also, the faith 
and polity of the Presbyterian church. 

Pres'by-ter-y (,prez'bT-ter-y or pr6s'-), n. 1. A body 
of elders in the early Christian church. 2. {Presbyterian 
indicatory consisting of all the ministers within 
a certain district, and one layman who is a ruling elder, 
from each parish or church. 3. {a) {Arch.) That part 
of the church reserved for the officiating priests. (6) 
The residence of a priest or clergyman. 

Pre'SCi-ence (pre'shl-ens or pre'shens), n. State or 
quality of being prescient ; foreknowledge ; foresight. 

Pre'SCl-ent (P r e'shT-ent or pre'sheut), a. [L. prae- 
scicns, -en/is, p. pr. of praeseire to foreknow ; prae be- 
fore + scire to know.] Having knowledge of coming 
events : foreknowing ; foreseeing ; conscious beforehand. 
— Pre'sci-ent-ly. adv. 

Pre-scribe' (pre-skrib'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pre- 
scribed (-skrlbd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Prescribing.] [L. 
prnescribere, praescriptnm ; prae before + scribere to 
write.] 1. To lay down authoritatively as a guide, direc- 
tion, or rule of action ; to dictate ; to appoint ; to direct. 
2. {Med.) To direct to be done or used as a remedy. 

Syn. — To order ; command; ordain; institute. 

Pre-SCribe', v. i. 1. To give directions ; to dictate. 
2- {Med.) To write or give medical directions ; to indi- 
cate remedies. 3. {Laic) To claim on the ground of im- 
memorial use and enjoyment. 

Pre-SCrib'er (-skrlb'er), n. One who prescribes. 

Pre'script (pre'skript), a. Directed ; prescribed. 

Pre'script, n. Direction ; pi-ecept ; model prescribed. 

Pre-scrip'ti-ble (pre-skrip'tT-b'l), a. Depending on, 
or derived from, prescription ; proper to be prescribed. 

Pre-scrip'tion (-shun), n. 1. Act of prescribing ; 
specif. {3Itd.), a direction of remedies for a disease with 
the manner of using them ; also, that which is prescribed. 
2. {Law) A claim or right of title to a thing by virtue of 
immemorial use.and enjoyment. 

Pre-scrip / tive (-tlv), a. {Laiv) Consisting in, or ac- 
quired by, immemorial or long-continued use and enjoy- 
ment. — Pre-scrip'tive-ly, adv. 

Pres'ence (prez'ens), n. 1. State of being present. 
2. The place in which one is present, esp. one of superior 
or exalted rank ; also, the room in which he receives per- 
sons. 3. All one's personal qualities ; person ; person- 
ality. 4. An assembly, esp. of persons of rank ; noble 
company. 5. Port ; mien ; personal appearance. 

Presence of mind, that state of the mind in which all its 
faculties are alert, prompt, and acting harmoniously. 

Pres'ent (prez'ent), a. [F. present, L. praesens, -en- 
lis, that is before one, in sight or at hand, p. p. of prae- 
esse to be before ; prae before -f- esse to be.] 1. Being 
at hand, within reach or call, within certain contem- 
plated limits. 2. Now existing, or in process; now in 
view, or under consideration. 3. Not delayed ; immedi- 
ate ; instant ; coincident. 4. Ready ; quick in emergency. 

Present tense {Gram.), the tense or form of a verb which 
expresses action or being in the present time. 

Pres'ent, n. 1. Present time. 2. pi. {Law) Present 
letters or instrument, as a deed of conveyance, a lease, 
etc. 3. {Gram. ) A present tense, or the form 
of the verb denoting the present tense. 

Pre-sent' (pre-zenf), v. t. [imp. &p. p. 
Presented ; p. pr. & vb. n. Presenting.] 
[F. presenter, L. praesentare. See Present, 
a.] 1. To bring or introduce into the pres- 
ence of some one,esp.of a superior ; to intro- 
duce formally. 2. To exhibit or offer to view 
or notice ; to set forth. 3. To pass or deliver 
over, esp. with ceremony. 4. To make a gift 
of; to bestow; to grant; to confer. 5. Hence: 
To bestow a gift upon ; to favor. 6. In spe- 
cific uses: (a) To nominate for an ecclesias- 
tical benefice, support at a public school, etc. 
{b) To lay before a public body, or an official, 
for consideration. (c)To lay before a court as 
an object of inquiry ; to find or represent ju- 
dicially, (d) To bring an indictment against, 
[r. ,S'.] (e) To aim or direct, as a weapon. „ 

Present arms (Mil), the command in re- Present Arms - 




sponse to which the gun is carried as shown in the Illustra- 
tion, — a token of respect in saluting a superior officer. 

Pres'ent (prSz'ait), n. Anything presented or given. 

Syn. — See Gift. 

Pre-sent'a-ble (pre-zent'a-b'l), «. Capable or admit- 
ting of being presented; suitable to be exhibited, rep- 
resented, or offered ; hence, fitted to be introduced to 
another, or to go into society. 

Pres en-ta'tion (prez'en-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of pre- 
senting, or state of being presented. 2. Hence, exhibition ; 
representation; appearance; show. 3. That which is 
presented or given. [22.] 

Pre-sent'a-tive (pre-zgnt'a-tiv), a. 1. {Eccl.) Having 
the right of presenting a clergyman to the bishop for in- 
stitution. 2. Admitting the presentation of a clergyman. 
3. {Metaph.) Capable of being directly known by, or 
presented to, the mind ; intuitive. 

Pres' en-tee' (prez'en-te'), n. One to whom something 
is presented ; also, one who is presented. 

Pre-sent'er (pre-zent'er), n. One who presents. 

Pre-sen'tient (-sen'shent), a. [See Pre-, and Sen- 
tient.] Feeling or perceiving beforehand. 

Pre-sen'ti-ment (pre-sen'ti-ment), n. [Pre- -f senti- 
ment.'] Previous sentiment, conception, or opinion ; esp., 
an antecedent conviction of future evil ; foreboding. 

Pres'ent-ly (prez'ent-ly), adv. 1. At present ; now. 
[O65.] 2. At once; without delay; forthwith; also, 
less definitely, soon ; after a little while ; by and by. 

Pre-sent'ment (pre-zent'ment), n. 1. A presenting, 
or state of being presented. 2. A setting forth to view ; 
delineation; exhibition. 3. {Law) {a) The notice taken 
by a grand jury of any offense from their own knowledge 
or observation, without any bill of indictment laid before 
them ; also, an official accusation presented to a tribunal 
by the grand jury in an indictment, or the act of offering 
an indictment ; also, the indictment itself. (6) The offi- 
cial notice of the surrender of a copyhold estate. 

Pre-serv'a-ble (-zerv'a-b'l), a . That may be preserved. 

Pres'er-va'tion (prez'er-va'shun), n. Act or process 
of preserving, or keeping safe ; state of being preserved ; 
security; safety. 

Pre-serv'a-tive (pre-zerv'a-tT v) , a . Having the power 
or quality of preserving ; tending to preserve. 

Pre-serv'a-tive, n. A preservative agent. 

Pre-serv'a-tO-ry, n. A room or apparatus in which 
perishable things, as fruit, etc., can be preserved. 

Pre-serve' (pre-zerv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preserved 
(-zervd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Preserving.] [F. preserver, 
from L. prae before + servare to save, preserve.] 1. To 
keep or save from injury or destruction ; to protect. 2. 
To save from decay by the use of some preservative agent, 
as sugar, salt, spices, etc., or by cold. 3. To maintain 
throughout ; to keep intact. 

Syn. — To keep ; save ; secure : uphold ; sustain ; de- 
fend ; spare ; protect ; guard ; shield. See Keep. 

Pre-serve 7 , v. i. 1. To make preserves. 2. To pro- 
tect game for purposes of sport. 

Pre-serve', n. 1. That which is preserved ; esp., 
fruit cooked with sugar. 2. A place in which game, fish, 
etc., are preserved for purposes of sport, or for food. 

Pre-serv'er, ». One who, or that which, preserves. 

Pre-Side' (-zld'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Presided ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Presiding.] [L. praesidere ; prae before -f- 
sedere to sit.] 1. To occupy the place of authority, as 
president, chairman, moderator, director, etc. 2. To 
exercise superintendence ; to watch over. 

Pres'i-den-cy (prgz'i-den-s^), n. 1. The function or 
state of one who presides ; superintendence ; control and 
care. 2. The office or term of office of president. 

Pres'i-dent, a. Presiding. [i2.] 

Pres'i-dent, n. [F. president, L. praesidens, -entis, p. 
pr.] One who is elected or appointed to preside ; a pre- 
siding officer, as of a legislative body. Specif. : (a) The 
chief officer of a corporation, company, society, etc. (6) 
The chief executive officer of certain republics. 

Pres i-den'tial (-dgn'shcTl), a. 1. Presiding or watch- 
ing over. 2. Of or pertaining to a president. 

Pres'i-dent-ship (prgz'T-dent-slrip), n. Office or dig- 
nity of president ; presidency. 

Pre-Sid'er (pre-zid'er), n. One who presides. 

Pre-sid'i-al (-sid'T-al), ) a. [L. praesidialis andprae- 

Pre-sid'i-a-ry (-t-ry), J sidiarius, fr. praesidium a 
presiding over, defense.] Of or pertaining to a garrison ; 
having a garrison. [to presage. I 

Pre-sig'ni-fy (-sTg'nT-fi), v. t. To signify beforehand ; | 

Press (prgs), v. t. [Corrupt, fr. prest a loan ; hence, 
earnest money given soldiers on entering service.] To 
force into service, esp. into naval service ; to impress. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, g, I, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, Obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PRESS 



G43 



PRETZEL 



(prSs), n. A commission to force men into 
public service, particularly into the n I 

Press gang, or Pressgang, a detachment of seamen em- 
powered to force meu into the naval service.— Press money, 
money paid to a man enlisted into public sen 

Press, p. t. [imp. x p. p. 1'ukssed (prest) ; p. pr. & 
vb. ?i. I'ressing.] [F. preut r, fr. L. pressure to 
premcre, pr,ssum, to press.] 1. To urge, or act upon, 
with force, as weight ; to act upon by poshing or thrust- 
ing, in distinction from pulling ; to bear upon ; to noaSM ; 
to compress. 2. To squeeze, in order to extract the juice 
or contents of ; to squeeze out, or express. 3. To squeeze 
with instruments or a machine, in order to shape, com- 
pact, make dense, or smooth. 4. To embrace closely ; 
to bug. 5, To oppress ; to straiten ; to distress. 6. To 
constrain; to force ; to compel. 7. To urge or inculcate 
with earnestness or importunity. 8- To drive with vio- 
lence ; to urge on. 

Press, V. i. 1. To exert pressure ; to bear heavily ; 
to push. 2. To make one's way with violence or effort ; 
to crowd. 3. To urge with vehemence or importunity. 

Press. ». 1. An apparatus or machine for use in 
pressing ; sometimes, the place or building containing a 
press or presses. 2. Specif., a printing press. 3. Art or 
business of printing and publishing ; hence, printed pub- 
lications collectively, esp. newspapers. 4. An upright 
case or closet for the safe keeping of articles. 5. Act of 
pressing or thronging forward. 6. Urgency of business 
or affairs. 7. A multitude ; crowd ; throng. 
Press'er, n. One who, or that which, presses. 
Press'gang' (-gang'), n. See under Id Press. 
Press'man (-man), /;. 1. One who attends to a press, 
esp. a printing press. 2. One who presses clothes. 

Press'man, n. One of a pressgang ; also, one pressed 
into the service. See Press gang, under 2d Press. 

Pres'SUre (presh'ur; 138), n. [OF., fr. L. pressura, 
fr. premere. See 3d Press.] 1. Act of pressing, or the 
state of being pressed ; compression ; a squeezing ; a 
crushing. 2. A constraining force or impulse of any 
kind. 3. Affliction; distress; grievance. 4. Urgency. 
5. Impression ; stamp ; character impressed. 

Press'work' (pres'wftrk/), n. Work done in printing 
by means of a press ; the art of so printing. 
Prest (prest), imp. & p. p. of Press. 
Prest, a. [OF., fr. L. praestus.~\ Prepared. [Obs.~} 
Prest money, money formerly paid to men when they 
enlisted in the British service, to bind them to be ready. 
Prest, n. [OF., fr. prester to lend, fr. L. praestare to 
stand before, to become surety for ; prae before + stare 
to stand.] Ready money ; a loan of money. [Obs.~\ 

Pres ti-dig i-ta'tion (preVtT-dij'T-ta'shun), n. Leger- 
demain ; sleight of hand ; juggling. 

Pres'ti-dig'i-ta'tor (pres'ti-dTj'T-ta/ter), n. [L. praesto 
ready -j- digitus finger.] One skilled in legerdemain or 
sleight of hand ; a juggler. 

Pres'tige (pres'tij ; F. preVtezh'), n. [F., fr. L. 
praestigium delusion, praestigiae jugglers' tricks.] 1. 
Delusion; illusion. [Obs.] 2. Weight or influence de- 
rived from past success, character, or reputation. 

Pres'tO (preVto), adv. [It. or Sp. See Prest, «.] 1. 
Quickly; immediately. 2. (3fus.) Quicker than allegro. 
Pre-sum'a-ble (pre-zum'a-b'l), a. That may be pre- 
sumed. — Pre-sum'a-bly. adv. 

Pre-sume' (-zum'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presumed 
(-zumd') ; p. pr. X vb. n. Presuming.] [F. presumer, 
L. praesumere, praesumptum ; prae before -j- sumere 
to take.] 1. To assume beforehand ; esp., to do or under- 
take without leave or authority. 2. To assume to be true, 
or entitled to belief, without examination or proof. 

Pre-sume', V. i. 1. To suppose or assume something 
on grounds deemed valid, though not amounting to proof ; 
to infer. 2. To venture, go, or act, by an assumption of 
leave or authority not granted ; to take liberties. 
Pre-sum'er (-er), n. One who presumes. 
Pre-sump'tion (-zump'shun ; 215), n. 1. Act of pre- 
suming. 2. Ground for presuming ; strong probability ; 
reasonable supposition. 3. That which is presumed but 
not demonstrated or certain. 
Syn. — Assumption : arrogance ; effrontery. 
Pre-SUmp'tive (pre-zump'tiv), a. Based on presump- 
tion or probability ; probable. — Pre-sump'tive-ly, adv. 
Pre-SUmp'tU-OUS (-ziimp'tu-iis; 135), a. [L. prae- 
sumptuosus.~\ 1. Full of presumption ; presuming ; 
audacious ; taking liberties unduly. 2. Founded on pre- 
sumption. 3. Done with bold design, rash confidence, 
or in violation of known duty ; willful. — Pre-SUmp'tU- 
ous-ly, adv. — Pre-sump'tu-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Overconfident : foolhardy ; rash ; presuming ; 
forward : arrogant ; insolent. 



I Pre'8Up-pOSe / 0' ,r ■'• To suppose before- 

hand ; tolmplj m antecedent ; to assume. 

Pre sup po si'tlon -slshtin), ;/. 

preanpp mx which ■ presnw 

Pretence' -tens' Pre tence'ful. </.. Pre tence'- 
less, a. 

Pretend' (prt-tend' 

p. pr. X lb. n. PUMIUSK.] [F. jn'f 

-.iiud.it.', 
assert \ j 1 

claim U>; to claim. 2. Toholdbefoi 
[Obs.] ^ 3. To hold oat, or re 

ward, or Offer, M true or real ; to BimuJ .• 

Pre-tend', P. L 1. To put in, or make, a claim, truly 
or falsely ; to allege a title. 2. To hold out the 
auce of being, possessing, or doinj; ; to profess ; t 

Pre-tend'ed. ". Making 
false. — Pre-tend'ed-ly, adv. [fai- 

Pre-tend'er -Ti . /<. One who preteu I 
Pre-tense' / ipiv-tens'), „. [Li. 
Pre-tence' ) praetentu*, p. p. of praetendere. See 
Pretend.] 1. Act of laying claim; the claim 1 
sumption; pretension. 2. Act of hoi. ling out. • 
ing, to others something false or feigned ; simulation. 
3. That which is pretended ; pretext ; f.-int. 

Syn. — Mask ; appearance ; color ; show ; pretext: ex- 
cuse. — A pn tdis> is .something held out as real when it 
is not so. A pretext is something woven up to 
conceal one's true motives, feelings, or re 
is often, but not always, used in i 

Pre-ten'sion (-ten'sliun). /*. 1. Act of pretending, or 
laying claim. 2. A claim made, whether true "i 

Pre-ten'tious (-shus), a. Full of pretension; pre- 
suming ; assuming. — Pre-ten'tious-ly, adv. — Pre- 
ten'tious-ness. ?*. 

Pre'ter- (pre'ter-). [L. prneter past, beyond, oritr. a 
compar. of prae before. See For, prep.~\ A pre! 
ryingjMuf, bit. beyond, more than ; as, preternatural. 
Pre ter-hu'man (-hu'nvni). a. More than human. 
Pre 7 ter-im-per 'feet (pre ter-Tm-per'lekt), a. X n. 
(Gram.) Old name of the tense also called imp* 

Prefer -1st (prefer-Tst or pre'ter-), n. [Pref. preter- 
-\ — ist.~\ 1. One whose chief interest is in the past. 
2. (Theol.) One who believes the prophecies of the 
Apocalypse to have been already fulfilled. 

Pret'er-it (prefer-Tt or pre'ter-Tt), a. [L. praetrritus, 
p. p. of praeterire to go by ; praeter beyond, by 
go.] 1. (Gram.) Past; — applied to a tense expressing 
an action or state as past. 2. Wholly past. [/'.] 

Pret'er-it, n. (Gram.) The preterit tense; also, a 
word in the preterit tense. 
Pret'er-ite (-it), a. & n. Same as Preterit. 
Pre^ter-i'tion (pre'ter-Tsh'mi), n. 1. A passing ; state 
of being past. 2. (Bhet.) A figure by which, in pretend- 
ing to pass over anything, a brief mention of it is made. 

Pre ter-mis'sion (pre ter-niish'un), 7i. Act of passing 
by or omitting ; omission. 

Pre'ter-mit' (-mit'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pretermit- 
ted: p. pr. X vb. n. Pretermitting.] [Lb praet erm i i 
tere, praetermissum ; praettrbeyond -f- mittere to seud.] 
To pass by ; to omit ; to disregard. 

Pre'ter-nat'U-ral (-naVd-ral; 135), a. Beyond or 

different from what is natural, or according to the regular 

course of things : extraordinary; irregular : abnormal. — 

Pre^ter-nat'u-ral-ly, adv. — Pre ter-nat'u ral-ness. ». 

Syn. — See Supernatural. 

Pre'text (pre'te'kst or pre-tekst'), ;j. [F. j/rtferte, L. 
praetextum, fr. praetextus. p. p. of weave 

before, allege as an excuse ; prae before — ' 
weave.] Ostensible reason or motive assigned or - 
as a color or cover for the real reason or motive. 
Syn. — Excuse; semblance: disguise. See Pretense. 
Pre'tor (pre'tor), n. [L. prut tor. fr. pi 
fore ; prae before— ire to go.] (Bom. Antig.) A kind 
of high civil magistrate. [judicial. I 

Pre-to'ri-an (pre-to'rT-ffn), a. Of or pert, to a pretor ; | 
Pret'ty (prtt'ty), a. [Compar. Prettier (-tT-erl : su- 
perl. Prettdzst.] [AS. pnettig t prtetig, crafty, sly. akin 
to priet, prsett, deceit, trickery.] 1. l'leasing by deli- 
cacy or grace ; neat or elegant without elevation or 
grandeur; attractive but not strictly beautiful. 2. Mod- 
erately large ; considerable. 3. Affectedly nice : foppish. 
4. Mean; despicable; contemptible; — an ironical use. 

— Pret'ti-ly (ti-iy\ adv. — Pret'ti-ness. 

Syn.— Elegant : neat: tine. See Handsome. 

Pret'ty. adv. In some degree : moderately : consid- 
erably : rather: almost; — less emphatic than ten/. 

Pret'zel (pret'sei). n. [G. pret:el. bretzel.'] A kind 
of German biscuit in the form of a twisted ring. 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PREVAIL 



644 



PRIG 



Pre-vaiT (pr?-val'\ v. t. limp. & p. p. Prevailed 
(_ V a]d' , n. Prevailing.] [Through F. fr. 

before — valere to be strong, able, 
I To overcome ; to gain the victory or su- 
suoceed. 2. To be in force; to have cur- 
's revalenoe ; to obtain. 3. To persuade or induce. 

Pre-vail'ing. a. 1. That prevails ; efficacious ; persua- 
sive. 2. Predominant; prevalent. — Pre- vail'ing-ly, adv. 

>> ii. — Sec Prevalent. 

Prev'a-lence ij>rev'a-hns), n. Quality or state of be- 
ing prevalent. 

Prev'a-len-cy (-ten-sj-), n. Prevalence. 

Prev'a-lent (-tent), a. [L. praevalens. -entia] p. pr. 
See Prevail.] 1. Gaining advantage or superiority ; 
having superior force, influence, or efficacy. 2. Most 
generally received or current ; also, generally or exten- 
sivelv existing ; widespread ; prevailing. 

Syn. — Prevailing : predominant ; successful ; effica- 
cious ; powerful. — What customarily prevails is preva- 
* prevalent fashion. What actually prevails is 
prevail in <j : as. the prevailing winds are west. Hence, 
prevailing is the livelier and more pointed word, since 
it represents a thing in action. 

Prev'a-lent-ly, adv. In a prevalent manner. 

Pre-var'i-cate (pre-var'l-kat). v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Prevaricated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Prevaricating.] 
[L. praevaricari, p. p. -atus, to walk crookedly, to col- 
lude : prae before -j- varicare to straddle, fr. varicus 
straddling, varus bent.] To shift or turn from one side 
to the other, or from truth ; to speak or act equivocally. 

Syn. — To equivocate ; quibble ; shuffle. — He who 
equivocates uses words which have a double meaning, so 
that in one sense he can claim to have said the truth, 
though he does in fact deceive, and intends to do it. He 
who prevaricates talks all round the question, hoping to 
" dodge " it, and disclose nothing. 

Pre-var i-ca'tion (-ka'shiin), n. 1. A prevaricating ; 
deviation from the truth and fair dealing. 2. A secret 
abuse in the exercise of a public office. [varicates. j 

Pre-var'i-ca'tor (pre-vSrl-ka'ter), n. One who pre-| 

Pre-ven'i-ent (-ven'I-ent or -yent), a. [L. praeveni- 
ens, p. pr.] Going before ; preceding ; hence, preventive. 

Pre- vent' (pre- vent'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prevented ; 
p. pr. A: vb. n. Preventing.] [L. praevenire, jiraeven- 
tum ; prae before + venire to come.] 1. To go before ; 
to precede ; to direct. [Obs.~] 2. To intercept; to hin- 
der ; to frustrate ; to stop ; to thwart. 

Pre-vent'a-ble (pre-vent'a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
prevented or hindered.— Pre-vent'a-Dil'i-ty (-a-bil'i-ty). 

Pre-vent'a-tive (-ttv), n. A preventive. 

Pre-vent'er (-er), n. 1. One who prevents. 2. 
(Xaut.) An auxiliary rope to strengthen a mast. 

Pre-ven'tion (-ven'shun) , n . A preventing ; a hinder- 
ing : obstruction, as of action or approach ; a thwarting. 

Pre-vent'ive (pre-vgnt'Tv), a. That prevents ; tend- 
ing to defeat or hinder ; obviating ; preventing the access 
of. — Preventively, adv. 

Pre-vent'ive, n. That which prevents, hinders, or 
obstructs ; that which intercepts access ; in medicine, 
something to prevent disease. 

Pre'vi-OUS (pre'vT-Qs), a. [L. praevius going before, 
leading the way ; prae before + via the way.] Going 
or happening before in time ; antecedent ; prior. — Pre'- 
vl-ous-ly, adv. — Pre'vi-ous-ness, n. 

Syn.— Preceding; anterior; foregoing; former. 

Pre- Vise' (pre-viz'), v. t. [L. praevisus, p. p. olprae- 
videre to foresee ; prae before + videre to see. See 
Vision.] 1. To foresee, [i?.] 2. To warn. 

Pre-vl'sion (-vizh'iin), n. Foresight ; prescience. 

Prey (pra), n. [OF. preie, L. praeda, probably for 
praeheda. See Prehensile.] 1. Anything, as goods, 
etc., taken or got by violence or in war ; spoil ; booty ; 
plunder. 2. That which is or may be seized by animals 
or birds to be devoured ; hence, a person given up as a 
victim. 3. Act of devouring other creatures ; ravage. 

Prey, V. i. [imp. &p. p. Preyed (prad) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Preying.] To take booty ; to gather spoil ; to ravage ; 
to take food by violence. 

Toprey on or upon, (a) To despoil ; to pillage ; to rob. 
(&) To H^ize and devour, (c) To cause to pine away. 

Prey'er f-er), n. One who, or that which, preys. 

Price (prls), n. [OF. pris, L. prelium.'] 1. The sum 
of money at which a thing is valued ; that for whicli 
something is bought or sold, or offered for sale. 2. 
Value ; worth. 3. Reward ; recompense. 

Price, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Priced (prist) ; p. pr. & 
vb. i.. Pricing.] 1. To set a price on ; to value. 2. To 
aak the price of. [Colloq.] 

Priceless, a. 1. Too valuable to admit of being ap- 
praised ; invaluable. 2. Of no value. [.£.] 



Prick (prTk), r. [AS. prica, pricca,pricu.~\ 1. That 
which pricks, penetrates, or punctures ; pointed instru- 
ment ; goad ; spur, etc. ; point. 2. A pricking, or sen- 
sation of being pricked ; a sharp, stinging pain. 3. A 
mark made by a pointed instrument ; puncture ; point. 

Prick (prik), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pricked (prlkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Pricking.] 1. To pierce with a sharp, 
pointed instrument or substance ; to make a puncture in, 
or to make by puncturing. 2. To fix by the point ; to 
attach or hang by puncturing. 3. To designate by prick- 
ing. 4. To trace or form by pricking ; to mark by punc- 
tured dots. 5. To ride or guide with spurs ; to spur ; to 
goad. 6. To affect witli sharp pain ; to sting. 7. To 
make sharp ; to raise, as something pointed ; — said esp. 
of the ears of an animal. 

Prick, r. i. 1. To be punctured ; to suffer or feel a 
sharp pain, as if pricked. 2. To spur on. 3. To become 
sharp or acid ; to sour. 4. To aim at a point or mark. 

Prick'-eared' (prik'erd'), a. (Zo'dl.) Having erect, 
pointed ears ; — said of certain dogs. 

Prick'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, pricks ; a 
pointed instrument ; a sharp point. 

Prick'et (-et), n. [Perhaps so called from the state 
of his horns.] {Zo'ol.) A buck in his second year. 

Prick'ing, n. 1. Act of piercing or puncturing with 
a sharp point. 2. A sensation of being pricked. 

Pric'kle (prlk'k'l), n. [AS. pricele, pride. See 
Prick, m.] A little prick ; a small, sharp point. 

Pric'kle, v. t. To prick slightly, as with prickles. 

Prick'li-ness (prik'li-nes), n. Quality of being prickly. 

Prickly, a. Full of sharp points or prickles ; armed 
or covered with prickles. 

Prickly pear (Boi.), any one of sev- 
eral plants of the cactaceous genus 
Opimtia, consisting of fleshy, leaf- 
less, usuallj T flattened, and often 
prickly joints inserted upon each 
other. The edible fruit is a large 
pear-shaped berry containing mauy 
flattish seeds. 

Pride (prid), n. [AS. pryte ; akin 
to Icel. prySa to adorn.] 1. Qual- 
ity or state of being proud ; inor- 
dinate self-esteem. 2. A sense of 
one's own worth, and abhorrence 
of what is beneath or unworthy of 
one ; elevation of character ; — in a 
good sense. 3. Haughty bearing , Prickly Pear 
and conduct ; insolent exultation ; ^puntta Tuna). 
disdain. 4. That of which one is proud. 5. Show ; 
ostentation ; glory. 6. Highest pitch ; loftiness ; glory. 

Syn. — Self-exaltation ; conceit ; hauteur ; haughti- 
ness ; lordliness ; loftiness. — Pride is high or excessive 
esteem of one's self for some real or imagined superiority, 
as rank, wealth, talents, character, etc. Vanity is the 
love of being admired, praised, exalted, etc., by others, 
usually resulting in an ostentatious display in superfi- 
cialities, as beauty, dress, wealth, etc. ; one may have 
great pride, however, without displaying it. 

Pride, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prided ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Priding.] To indulge in pride ; — used reflexively. 

Pri'er (prl'er), n. [From Pry.] One who pries ; one 
who inquires narrowly and searches, or is inquisitive. 

Priest (prest), n. [AS. preost, fr. L. presbyter, Gr. 
7rpeo-(3vTepos elder, older, n., an elder, compar. of rrpe'o-y3u5 
an old man.] 1. {Christian Church) A presbyter or 
elder; a minister ; specif.: (a) (E. C. Ch. & Gr. Ch.) 
One authorized to consecrate the host and to say Mass, 
esp. one of the lowest order possessing this power. (6) 
(Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.) One who belongs to the 
intermediate order between bishop and deacon. 2. One 
who officiates at the altar, or performs the rites of sacri- 
fice ; one who acts as a mediator between men and the 
divinity or the gods in any form of religion. 

Priest'cralt' (-kraff), n. Priestly policy ; esp., fraud 
or imposition in religious concerns for selfish ends. 

Priest'ess . n. A woman who officiated in sacred rites 
among pagans. 

Priest'Hood (-hd5d), n. 1. Office or character of a 
priest ; the priestly function. 2. Priests, collectively. 

Priestly (-1}'), a. Of, pert, to, or befitting, a priest 
or the priesthood ; sacerdotal. — Priestli-ness. n. 

Priest'-rid'den (-rtd'd'n), a. Controlled or oppressed 
by priests. 

Prig (prig), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Prigged (prTgd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Prigging.] [Var. of Prick.] To haggle in bar- 
gains. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.~\ [steal. [Cant}\ 

Prig, v. t. 1. To cheapen. [Scot.] 2. To filch or| 

Prig, n. 1. A pert, conceited, pragmatical fellow. 
2. A thief ; a filcher. [Cant] 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, 5', short ; senate, £vent, Idea, obey, nnite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



PRIGGISH 



645 



PRINCIPALITY 



Prig'gish (prig'gish), a. Like a prig ; conceited ; prag- 
matical. — Prig'gish-ly, ndr. — Prig'glsh-ness, n. 

Prim (prim), a. [OF. prim, prut, prime, principal, 
sharp, piercing, fr. L. primus first.] Formal ; precise ; 
affectedly neat or nice. 

Prim, V. t. [Imp. & p. p. Primmed (prtmd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Primming.] To deck with great nicety. 

Pri'ma-cy (prl'ma-sjr), n. [LL. primatia, fr. L. pri- 
rnas, -atis, one of the first, chief, fr. primus first.] 1. 
State of being prime or first, as in time, place, rank, etc. 



[/?.] 2. Office, rank, or character of a primate. 
II Pri'ma don'na (pre'ma dSn'na) ; pi. E. 
donnas (-naz), It. Prime (-ma) donne (-na). [It., fr. 



prima, prima, the first -f- donna lady, mistress.] The 
first or chief female singer in an opera. 

II Pri'ma fa'ci-e (pri'ma fa'shl-e). [L., fr. abl. of 
primus first -f- abl. of fades appearance.] At first view ; 
on the first appearance. 

Prima facie evidence (of a fact) (Laic), evidence which is 
sufficient to establish the fact unless rebutted. 

Pri'mage (-muj j; 4S), n. [F ] (Com.) A charge in 
addition to the freight ; orig., a gratuity to the captain. 

Pri'mal (-mal), a. [LL. prhnalis, fr. L. primus the 
first.] First; primary; original; chief. 

Pri'ma-ry (pri'ma-ry-), a. [L. primarius, fr. primus 
first.] 1. First in order of time or development or in 
intention ; primitive ; fundamental ; original. 2. First 
in order, as being preparatory to something higher. 3. 
First in dignity or importance ; chief ; principal. — Pri'- 
ma-ri-ly (-ri-lf), adv.— Pri'ma ri-ness, n. 

Primary meeting, a meeting of citizens at which the first 
steps are taken towards the nomination of candidates, etc. 

Pri'ma-ry, n. 1. That which stands first in order, 
rank, or importance ; a chief matter. 2. A primary 
meeting; a caucus. 3. pi. (Zo'dl.) Certain feathers on 
a bird. See Illust. of Bird. 

Pri'mate (-mat), n. [F. primal, L. primas, -ad's, one 
of the first, chief, fr. primus the first.] The chief eccle- 
siastic in a national church ; one who presides over other 
bishops in a province ; an archbishop. [a primate. I 

Pri'mate-ship (pri'mat-ship), n. Office or dignity of | 

Prime (prim), a. [F., fr. L. primus first, a superl. 
corresponding to the compar. prior former.] 1. First in 
order of time ; original ; primeval ; primitive ; primary. 
2. First in rank, degree, dignity, authority, or impor- 
tance. 3. First in excellence ; of highest quality. 4. 
Early; blooming. [Poetic] 5. Lustful; lewd. [Obs.] 
6. Marked or distinguished by a mark ['] called a pri me 
mark. 

Prime meridian (Astron.), the meridian from which lon- 
gitude is reckoned, as the meridian of Greenwich or 
Washington. — Prime minister, the responsible head of a 
ministry or executive government ; — applied particularly 
to that of England. — Prime mover. (Mech.) (a) A natural 
agency applied by man to the production of power. (b) 
An engine, or machine, designed to receive and transmit 
force supplied by some natural source, (c) Fig. : The 
original or the most effective force in any undertaking or 
work. — Prime number (Arith.), a number exactly divisible 
by no number except itself or unity, as 5, 7, 11. — Prime 
vertical (Astron.), the vertical circle which passes through 
the east and west points of the horizon. 

Prime (prim), n. 1. The first part ; the earliest stage ; 
the beginning or opening, as of the day, the year, etc. 
2. The spring of life ; youth ; hence, full health, strength, 
or beauty ; perfection. 3. That which is first iD quality ; 
best part. 4. The morning; specif. (R. C. Ch.), the 
first canonical hour, succeeding to lauds. 5. (Fencing) 
The first of the chief guards. 6. (Arith.) A prime num- 
ber. 7. An inch, as composed of twelve seconds in the 
duodecimal system, — denoted by a prime mark [']. 

Prime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Primed (primd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Priming.] 1. To apply priming to, as a cannon ; 
to apply a primer to. 2. To lay the first color, coating, 
or preparation upon, as in painting. 3. To prepare : to 
instruct beforehand; to coach. [Colloq.] 4. (Math.) 
To mark with a prime mark. 

Prime, v. i. 1. To serve as priming for the charge of 
a gun. 2. To work so that foaming occurs from too vio- 
lent ebullition ; — said of a steam boiler. 

Prime'ly, adv. In a prime manner ; excellently. 

Prime'ness, n. Quality or state of being prime. 

Prim'er (prim'er), n. One who, or that which, primes ; 
esp., a cap, tube, or wafer containing percussion powder 
or other compound for igniting a charge of gunpowder. 

Prim'er (prim'er), n. [Orig., the book read at prime, 
the first canonical hour.] 1. Orig., a small prayer book 
for church service ; also, a work of elementary religious 
instruction. 2. A small elementary book for teaching 
children to read. 3. (Print.) A kind of type, of which 



there are two species ; one, long primer [see Long primes]; 
the other, great primer, three hizes larger than pica. 

Great primer type. 

Pri-me'val (prt-rnVval), a. [L. p% imaex m ; primus 

first -f- ae rum age.] Belonging to the first ages,; pristine; 
original; primitive; primary. — Pri-me'val-ly, adr. 

Priming (priming), u. 1. The powder or other 
combustible used to ignite a charge of gunpowder. 2. 
(I'aint.) The first coating, as of color or 

Prim'i-tive (priml-tlv), a. [L. jtrimitii us, fr. pri- 
mus first.] 1. Of or pert, to the beginning or origin, or 
to early times ; original ; primeval ; first. 2. Of or pert, 
to a former time ; old-fashioned ; characterized by sim- 
plicity. 3. Original ; radical ; not derived. 

Syn.— First; original; primary: radical; pristine; 
ancient ; primordial ; antiquated ; old-fashionedf 

Prim'i-tive, n. A word not derived from another. 

Prim'i-tive-ly, adt . 1. Originally; at first. 2. Pri- 
marily ; not derivatively. 3. According to the original 
rule or ancient practice. [tive. I 

Prim'i-tive-ness, n. Quality or state of being primi-| 

Prim'ly, adv. In a prim or precise manner. 

Prim'ness, n. Quality or state of being prim. 

Pri mo-ge'ni-al (pri'mS-je'nl-al), a. First born, 
made, or generated ; elemental. 

Primo-gen'i-tor (-jen'T-t5r), n. [LL., fr. L. primus 
first -j- genitor begetter.] The first ancestor ; forefather. 

Pri mo-genl-ture (-tur ; 135), n. [LL., fr. L. prim us 
first + genitura a begetting, birth, generation, fr. gem re. 
gignere, to beget.] 1. State of being the firstborn of 
the same parents. 2. (Eng. Law) The exclusive right 
of inheritance which belongs to the eldest son. 

Pri mo-genl-ture-ship (pri/mo-jenl-tur-shlp), n. 
State or privileges of the firstborn. 

Pri-mor'di-al (pri-m6r'dl-al), a. [L. primordialis, 
from primordium the first beginning; primus first -f- 
ordiri to begin a web, to begin.] 1. First in order ; of 
earliest origin. 2. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest 
beds of the Silurian age. 3. (Biol.) Originally or earliest 
formed in the growth of an individual or organ. 

Pri-mor'di-al, n. A first principle or element. 

Prim'rose' (prim'roz'), n. [F. primerole, deriv. fr. 
LL. primula, fr. L. primus first.] 
(Bot.) (a) An early flowering plant 
(Primula vulgaris) closely allied to 
the cowslip, (b) Any plant of the 
genus Primula. 

Evening primrose, an erect biennial 
herb (Enothera biennis), with yellow, 
vespertine flowers. 

Prince (prins), n. [F., fr. L. prin- 
ceps, -cipis, first, chief; primus first 
+ capere to take.] 1. The one of 
highest rank, place, or authority ; 
sovereign; monarch. 2. The son of Primrose il'rimu la 
a king or emperor, or the issue of a vtuaana). 

royal family. 3. A title belonging to persons of high 
rank, differing in different countries. 4. One at the 
head of a class or profession. 

Prince'dom (prlns'diini), n. The jurisdiction, sover- 
eignty, rank, or estate of a prince. 

Princely, a. 1. Of or relating to a prince ; regal ; 
royal. 2. Suitable for, or becoming to, a prince. — 
adv. In a princely manner. — Prince'li-ness ( -lT-nesV u. 

Prin'cess (prin'ses), n. 1. A female prince. 2. The 
consort of a prince. 

Princess royal, the eldest daughter of a sovereign. 

Prin-cesse' (prin-ses'), a. IF., a princess.] A lady's 
long, close-fitting dress made with waist and skirt in one. 

Prin'ci-pal (prTn'sI-pal), a. [F., fr. L. principalis.] 
Highest in rank, authority, character, importance, or de- 
gree ; most considerable or important ; chief : main. 

Prin'ci-pal, n. 1. A leader, chief, or head : one who 
takes the lead or who has controlling authority or in- 
fluence. 2. Hence : (Law) (a) The chief actor in a 
crime, or an abettor who is present at it, — as distin- 
guished from an accessory, (b) A chief obligor, prom- 
isor, or debtor, — as distinguished from a suretu. (c) One 
who employs another to act for him, — as distinguished 
from an agent. 3. A thing of chief or prime importance. 
4. (Com.) A capital sum of money, placed out at inter- 
est, due as a debt or used as a fund. 

Prin'ci-pall-ty (prin'sI-paTI-tJ), n. 1. Sovereignty ; 
supreme power ; hence, superiority ; predominance ; high, 
or the highest, station. 2. A prince ; one invested with 
sovereignty. 3. The territory or jurisdiction of a prince ; 
or the country which gives title to a prince. 




fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PRINCIPALLY 



646 



PRIZE 



Prin'ci-pal-ly (prTu'sT-p<;l-ly). adv. In a principal 
manner ; primarily : above all ; chiefly : mainly. 

Prin-cipl-a (prfn-alpf-A), «. pi. [L. pri/icipium.] 
First principles; elements. 

Prin'ci-ple Uirln'si-p'l\ ft. [F. pri/icipe, L. prin- 
cipium beginning, foundation, fr. prmeeps, -cipis. See 
Prince.] 1. A source, or origin : that from which any- 
thing proceeds; ultimate element, or cause. 2. An 
original faculty or endowment. 3. A fundamental 
truth ; maxim ; axiom ; postulate. 4. A settled rule of 
action: a governing law of conduct; esp., a right rule. 
5. (CJtaft.) Any original inherent constituent which 
characterizes a substance, or gives it its essential prop- 
erties, and which can usually be separated by analysis. 

Prin'ci-ple ^prTu'sT-p'l), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Princi- 
pled (,-p'ld) ; p.pr. & vb. 7). Princlpling (-pling).] To 
equip with principles ; to establish in certain principles. 

Prink (prink), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Prinked (prinkt) ; 
, rb. a. Prinking.] [Prob. nasalized fr. Prick.] 
To dress or adjust one's self for show ; to prank. 

Prink, v. t. To dress up ; to deck fantastically. 

Print (print), '• *■ 1>»>P- & P- P- Printed; p. pr. Sz 
rb. ft. Printing.] [Abbrev. fr. Imprint.] 1. To fix or 
impress, as a stamp, mark, character, idea, etc., into or 
upon something. 2. To make an impression, mark, 
characters, or the like, upon by pressure, or as if by pres- 
sure. 3. Specif. : To strike off an impression or impres- 
sions of, as from type, engraved plates, etc. ; hence, to 
do the typesetting, presswork, etc., of, as a book. 4. 
{Photog.) To take a copy from a negative. 

Print, v. L 1. To use or practice the art of typogra- 
phy : to do printing. 2- To publish a book or an article. 

Print, n. 1. A mark made by impression. 2. A stamp 
or die for making impressions. 3. That which receives 
an impression. 4. Printed letters ; the impression taken 
from type,- as to excellence, form, size, etc. 5. That 
which is produced by printing. Specif. : (a) An im- 
pression taken from an engraved plate, {b) A printed 
publication, (c) A printed cloth, {d) A photographic 
copy, or positive picture. 

In print, (a) In a printed form ; published. (6) To the 
letter ; accurately. — Out of print. See under Out. 

Print'er (-er), n. One who prints ; esp., one who 
prints books, newspapers, engravings, etc. 

Print 'ing, n. Act, art, or practice of impressing 
letters, characters, or figures on paper, cloth, or other 
material ; the business of a printer ; typography ; also, 
the art of producing photographic prints. 

Printing press, a press for printing books, newspapers, 
handbills, etc. 

Print'shop . n. A shop where prints are sold. 

Pri'or (primer), a. [L. prior former, previous, better, 
superior ; compar. corresponding to primus first, and 
pro for.] Preceding in the order of time ; former ; an- 
tecedent ; anterior ; previous. 

Pri'or, n. [OF. priour, prior, priur, fr. L. prior 
former, superior.] (Eccl.) The superior of a priory, 
next below an abbot in dignity. 

Pri'or-ate (-at), n. Dignity or office of a prior. 

Pri'or-ess, n. A lady superior of a priory of nuns. 

Pri-or'i-ty (prl-or'I-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of be- 
ing prior. 2. Precedence ; superior rank. 

Syn. — Antecedence ; precedence ; preeminence. 

Pri'or-ship (pri'er-ship), n. State or office of prior ; 
priorate. [by a prior or prioress. I 

Pri'o-ry (-6-ry), n. A religious house presided over | 

Pris'age (priz'aj ; 48), n. [OF., a valuing, fr. same 
source as E. prize.] The share of merchandise taken 
as prize at sea which belongs to the king or admiral. 

Prism (priz'm), n. [L. prisma, Gr. 7rpi'o>a, fr. npi- 
{Jetr, -rrpieiv, to saw.] 1. {Geom.) A solid whose bases 
or ends are any similar, equal, and parallel plane figures, 
and whose sides are parallelograms. 2. {Opt.) A trans- 
parent body, with usually three rectangular plane faces 
or sides, and two equal and parallel triangular ends or 
bases. [See Illust. of Refraction.] 3. {Crystallog.) A 
form the planes of which are parallel to the vertical axis. 

Pris-mat'ic (priz-mSt'Tk), | a. 1. Resembling, or per- 

Pris-mat'ic-al f-T-kal), } taming to, a prism. 2. 

1 or distributed by a prism ; formed by a prism. 

— Pris-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. [the form of a prism. I 

Pris'moid (priz'moid), n. A body that approaches to ! 

Pris'on <jjrlz"n), n. [F., fr. L. prehensio, prensio, a 
sizing, arresting, fr. prehendere, prendere, to lay hold 
ize. See Prehensile.] 1. A place where per- 
sona are confined, or restrained of personal liberty ; a 
confinement. 2. Specif., a building for the safe 
ly or confinement of criminals. 



Pris'on (priz''n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prisoned (-'nd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ?i. Prisoning.] To shut up in, or as in, a 
prison ; to imprison ; to restrain of freedom. 

Pris'on-er (-er), n. 1. One who is confined in a prison. 
2. A person under arrest, or in custody ; a captive. 

Pris'tlne (prls'tln), a. [L. pristi/ius, akin to p7-ior. 
See Prior.] Belonging to the earliest period or state ; 
primitive. 

Prith'ee (prith'e), i7iterj. A corruption oipray thee. 

Pri'va-cy (pri'va-sj), n. [See Private.] 1. State of 
being in retirement from the company or observation of 
others ; seclusion. 2. A place of seclusion from company 
or observation. 3. Concealment of what is said or done. 
4. A private matter ; a secret. 

Pri'vate (pri'vat ; 4S), a. [L. privatus peculiar to an 
individual, private, properly p. p. of privare to bereave, 
deprive, orig., to separate, fr. privus single, private.] 
1. Belonging to, or concerning, an individual person, 
company, or interest ; peculiar to one's self ; personal ; 
not public ; separate. 2. Sequestered from company or 
observation ; secret ; secluded ; solitary. 3 Not invested 
with, or engaged in, public office or employment. 4. 
Not publicly known ; not open ; secret. 

Pri'vate (pri'vat). ?i. 1. Privacy ; seclusion ; secrecy. 
[Archaic] 2. {Mil.) A soldier below the grade of a non- 
commissioned officer. 3. pi. The genitals. 

Pri'va-teer' (pri'va-ter'), n. 1. An armed private 
vessel licensed to cruise against the enemy. 2. The com- 
mander of a privateer. 

Pri'va-teer', v. i. limp. &p.p. Privateered (-terd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. 7i. Privateering.] To cruise in a privateer. 

Pri'vate-ly (pri'vat-ly), adv. In a private manner. 

Pri'vate-ness. 7i. State or quality of being private. 

Pri-va'tion (prt-va'shun), ?i. [L. privatio. See Pri- 
vate.] 1. Act of depriving, or taking away ; hence, the 
depriving of rank or office. 2. State of being deprived 
or destitute of something ; destitution ; need. 3. Con- 
dition of being absent ; absence ; negation. 

Priv'a-tive (priv'a-tTv), a. 1. Causing privation ; de- 
priving. 2. Consisting in the absence of something ; not 
positive; negative. 3. (Gram.) Implying privation or 
negation ; — applied to certain prefixes and suffixes. 

Priv'a-tive, n. 1. That of which the essence is the 
absence of something. 2. {Logic) A term indicating the 
absence of any quality which might be naturally or ration- 
ally expected. 3. {Gram.) A privative prefix or suffix. 

Priv'et (-et), n. [Prob. for primet. See Prim, a.] 
{Bot.) An ornamental European shrub {Ligustrum vul- 
gare) much used in hedges. 

Priv'i-lege (privl-lej), n. [F. privilege, L. pririle- 
giurn an ordinance or law against, or in favor of, an indi- 
vidual ; privus private -j- lex, legis, law.] A peculiar 
benefit, advantage, or favor ; a right or immunity not en- 
joyed by others or by all. 

Syn. — Prerogative : immunity ; franchise : right ; 
claim ; liberty. — Privilege, among the Romans, was 
something conferred upon an individual by a private law ; 
and hence, it denotes some peculiar benefit or advantage, 
some right or immunity, not enjoyed by the world at 
large. Prerogative, among the Romans,was the right of 
voting first ; and, hence, it denotes a right of precedence, 
or of doing certain acts, or enjoying certain privileges, to 
the exclusion of others. 

Priv'i-lege, v. t. [i'?np. & p. p. Privileged (-lejd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Privileging.] 1. To grant some particular 
right or exemption to. 2. To exempt ; to deliver. 

Pliv'i-leged (-lejd), a. Invested with a privilege ; 
enjoying a peculiar right, advantage, or immunity. 

Priv'i-ly. adv. In a privy manner ; privately. 

Priv'i-ty (-ty), n. [From Privy, a.] 1. Privacy : se- 
crecy ; confidence. 2. Joint knowledge with another of 
a private concern ; cognizance implying consent or con- 
currence. 3. A private matter or business; a secret. 
4. pi. The genitals. 5. {Lau-) A connection, or bond of 
union, between parties, as to some particular transaction. 

Priv'y (-y), a. [F. prive, fr. L. privatus. See Pri- 
vate.] 1. Of or pert, to some person exclusively : not 
public ; private. 2. Secret ; clandestine. 3. Admitted 
to knowledge of a secret transaction : secretly cognizant. 

Privy council (E/ig. Lau), the principal council of the 
sovereign, composed of the cabinet ministers, etc. 

Priv'y, n. {Lau-) A partaker; a person having an 
interest in any action or thing, — properly distinguished 
from a party. 

Prize (priz), n. [F. prise a seizing, hold, grasp, fr. 
pris, p. p. of prendre to take, L. pre7idere, prehendere; 
in some senses, either from, or influenced by, F. priz 
price.] 1. That which is taken from another; some- 
thing captured. 2. Hence, specif. : (a) {Law) Anything 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y» short ; senate, event, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PRIZE 



647 



PROCLIVE 



captured by a belligerent using the rights of war; esp., 
property captured at sea. (b) An honor or reward striven 
for in a competitive contest, (c) That which may be won 
by chance, as in a lottery. 3. Anything worth striving 
for. 4. A lever ; a pry. 

Prize fighter, one who fights publicly for a reward ; — 
applied esp. to a professional boxer or pugilist. — Prize 
ring, the ring or inclosure for a prize fight ; the system 
and practice of prize fighting. 

Prize (priz), v. t. To move with a lever ; to pry. 

Prize, v. t. limp. S: p. p. Prized (prizd) ; p. or. & 
vb. n. Prizing.] [F. priser, OF. prisier, jjreisier, fr. L. 
pretiare, fr. -pre'tium value. See Price.] 1. To set or 
estimate the value of ; to appraise. 2. To value highly. 

Prize, ». Estimation ; valuation. [065.] 

Priz'er, n. One who estimates value ; an appraiser. 

Pro- (pro-). [L. pro, or Gr. npo. See Pro.] A prefix 
signifying bejore, in front, forth, for , in behalf of , in place 
of, according to; as, propose, to place before; proceed, 
to go before or forward ; project, to throw forward ; 
prologue, part spoken before (the main piece) ; propel, 
p?ognathous ; provide, to look out for ; pronoun, a word 
instead of a noun ; proconsul, a person acting in place 
of a consul ; proportion, arrangement according to parts. 

Pro, adv. For, on, or in behalf of, the affirmative 
side ; — in contrast with con. 

Pro and con, for and against ; affirmative and negative. 
— Pros and cons, the arguments or reasons on both sides. 

Pro'a (pro'a), n. [Malay prdu, prahu.~\ (Naut.) A 
sailing canoe of the Malay Archipelago. It is long and 
narrow with one flat side to which a cigar-shaped log is 
attached by a frame. This side is always the leeward 
side in sailing. [the probabilists. I 

Prob'a-bil-ism (proVa-bll-iz'm), n. The doctrine of | 

Prob'a-Dil-ist, n. 1. One who maintains that cer- 
tainty is impossible, and that probability alone is to 
govern our faith and actions. 2. (Casuistry) One who 
maintains that a man may do that which has a probabil- 
ity of being right, or which is inculcated by teachers of 
authority, although other opinions may seem to him still 
more probable. 

Prob a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'I-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being probable. 2. That which is or appears probable. 
3. (Math.) Likelihood of the occurrence of any event in 
the doctrine of chances, or the ratio of the number of 
favorable chances to the total number of chances. 

Syn. — Likeliness; credibleness ; likelihood; chance. 

Prob'a-ble (prot/a-b'l), a. [L. probabilis, fr. probare 
to try, approve, prove.] 1. Having probability ; having 
more evidence for than against ; supported by evidence 
which inclines the mind to believe, but leaves some room 
for doubt ; likely. 2. Rendering probable ; supporting 
belief, but not demonstrating. — Prob'a-bly, adv. 

ProHJate (pro'bat), n. [From ~L.probatus, p. p of pro- 
bare to try, examine, prove. See Prove.] (Law) (a) 
Official proof ; esp. , the proof before a competent officer 
or tribunal of the authenticity of an alleged last will and 
testament ; also, a certified official copy of a will so 
proved, (b) The right or jurisdiction of proving wills. 

Pro'bate, a. Of or belonging to a probate, or court 
of probate. [of, as a will. I 

Pro'bate (-bat), v. t. To obtain the official approval | 

Pro-ba'tion (pro-ba'shun), n. Any proceeding de- 
signed to ascertain truth, to determine character, quali- 
fication, etc. ; examination ; trial. Also, period of trial. 

Pro-ba'tion-al (-a\), ) a. Of or pertaining to pro- 

Pro-ba'tion-a-ry (-a-ry), j bation ; serving for trial. 

Pro-ba'tion-er (-er), n. One undergoing probation ; 
a novice. [probationary. I 

Pro'ba-tive (pro'ba-t T v), a. Serving for trial or proof ; | 

Pro-ba'tor (pro-ba'ter), n. An examiner. 

Pro'ba-tO-ry (pro'ba-to-ry), a. 1. Serving for trial ; 
probationary. 2. Pertaining to, or serving for, proof. 

Probe (prob), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Probed (probd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ?i. Probing.] [L. probare. See Prove.] 
1. To examine with a probe. 2. Fig. : To search to the 
bottom ; to scrutinize. 

Probe, 7i. (Surg.) An instrument for examining or 
exploring a wound, ulcer, or cavity. 

Prob'i-ty (prob'T-ty), n. [F. probite, fr. L. probitas, 
f r. probus good, proper, honest.] Tried virtue or integ- 
rity ; approved moral excellence ; honesty ; rectitude. 

Syn. — Integrity ; uprightness. — Probity denotes un- 
impeachable honesty and virtue, shown especially by the 
performance of those obligations which the laws of the 
state do not enforce. Integrity denotes a whole-hearted 
honesty, and especially that which excludes all injustice 
that might favor one's self. It has a peculiar reference to 
uprightness in positions of trust toward others. 



Problem (prot/lgm), n. [F. probleme, L. problema, 
fr. Gr. jrpd/3ATj/xa anything thrown forward, a problem, 
f r. 7Tpo/3aAAei«/ to throw or lay before ; npo before -f- |3dA- 
Keiv to throw.] 1. A question proposed for solution ; 
hence, a matter difficult of solution or settlement ; a 
doubtful case. 2. (Math.) Anything which is required 
to b<- done. 

BE^*A problem is something to be done ; a theorem is a 
statement of something to be proved. 

Problem-at'ic(-5tTk), \a. Having the nature of 

Prob lem-at'ic-al (-T-k«l), J a problem ; not shown 
in fact ; questionable ; uncertain ; unsettled ; doubtful. 
— Prob'lem-at'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Pro-bos'cis (prfi-boVsis). n. ; pi. Proboscides (-sl- 
dez). [L., fr. Gr. 7rpo/3oc7x<.'? ; npo before -f- fioo-iceiu to 
feed, graze.] (Zo'61.) 1. A hollow organ or tube attached 
to the head, or connected with the mouth, of various an- 
imals ; snout ; trunk. 2. By extension, any one of vari- 
ous tubelike mouth organs of the lower animals, that can 
be everted or protruded. [See I Hurt, of Gastropoda.] 

Pro-ca'cious (pr6-ka'shus), a. [L. procax, -ari.s, lr. 
procure to demand.] Pert ; petulant ; saucy. [72.] 

Pro-ce'dure (pro-se'dur ; 135), n. 1. Act or manner 
of proceeding ; progress ; process ; operation ; conduct. 
2. A step taken ; an act performed ; a proceeding. 

Pro-ceed' (pro-sed'), v. i. [_imp. & p. p. Proceeded ; 
p. pr. & vb. 7i. Proceeding.] [F. proceder, fr. L.proce- 
clere, processum ; pro forward -f- cedere to move. See 
Cede.] 1. To move, pass, or go forward or onward ; to 
advance. 2. To pass from one point, topic, or stage, to 
another. 3. To issue or come forth as from a source or 
origin. 4. To begin and carry on a series of acts or 
measures ; to act by method. 5. To have application or 
effect ; to operate. 6. (Law) To begin and carry on a 
legal process. 

Syn. —To continue ; progress ; issue ; arise ; emanate. 

Pro-ceed'er (pro-sed'Sr), n. One who proceeds. 

Pro-ceed'ing, n. Act of one who proceeds ; one of 
the successive steps taken in a course of action. 

Syn. — Procedure ; measure ; step. See Transaction. 

Proceeds (pro'sedz), n. pi. That winch comes forth 
or results ; effect ; yield ; issue ; product. 

Pro'cel-la'ri-an (pro'sel-la'rT-an), n. [L. procella a 
storm.] (Zo'61.) One of a family of oceanic birds (Procel- 
laridae) including the petrels, fulmars, and shearwaters, 
often seen in large numbers in stormy weather. 

Proc/ess (pros'es), n. [F. proces, L. processus. See 
Proceed.] 1. Act of proceeding; continued forward 
movement ; procedure ; progress ; advance. 2. A se- 
ries of actions, motions, or occurrences ; continuous op- 
eration ; regular proceeding. 3. (Anat. & Zo'61.) Any 
marked prominence or projecting part, especially of a 
bone. 4. (Laic) The whole course of proceedings in a 
cause ; strictly, the means used for bringing the defend- 
ant into court to answer to the action. 

Pro-ces'sion (pro-sesh'iin), n. 1. Act of proceeding ; 
regular, orderly, or ceremonious progress. 2. That which 
is moving onward in an orderly, stately, or solemn man- 
ner ; a ceremonious train. 

Pro-ces'sion-al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to a pro- 
cession ; consisting in a procession. 

Pro-ces'sion-al, n. 1. (R. C. Ch.) A service book 
relating to ecclesiastical processions. 2. A hymn, or 
other selection, sung during a church procession. 

Pro-ces'sion-a-ry (-t-vf), a. Pertaining to a proces- 
sion ; consisting in processions. 

Pro-ces'sion-er (-er), n. 1. One who takes part in a 
procession. 2. A manual of processions. 

Pro'chro-nism (pro'kro-nTz'm), n. [Gr. npoxpovo? 
preceding in time ; 7rpo before -f- xpoVostime.] The dat- 
ing of an event before the time it happened. 

Pro-claim' (-klam'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proclaimed 
(-klamd / ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Proclaiming. ] [L. procla- 
mare; pro before, forward -f- clamare to call or cry out.] 
1. To make known by public announcement ; to promul- 
gate ; to declare. 2. To outlaw by public proclamation. 

Syn. —To publish ; announce. See Announce. 

Pro-claim'er (pro-klam'er), n. One who proclaims. 

Proc'la-ma'tion (prok'la-ma'shun),n. 1. Act of pro- 
claiming ; official or general notice ; publication. 2. 
That which is proclaimed. 

Pro-clit/ic (pro-klTt'Tk), a. [Gr. npoKkiveiv to lean 
forward ; npo forward + KAiVeii/ to incline.] {Gr. 
Gram.) Designating certain monosyllabic words so 
closely attached to the following word as not to have a 
separate accent. 

Pro-clive' (-kliv'), a. [L. prod iris inclined ; pro for- 
ward -{-clivus hill.] Having a proclivity ; prone, [i?.] 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PROCLIVITY 



648 



PROFANITY 



ill llllll II (|"ft IITiT tj) W 1- Inclination; pro- 

ness; natural tendency. 2- Readiness; 
\ . aptitude. 

Pro-consul (,pro-k5n'sfil), n. [L., fr. pro for + con- 
;1.] (Rom. Antig.) An officer who discharged 
the duties of a consul without being himself consul ; a 
governor of, or a military commander in, a province. 

Pro-COn'SU-lar ^,-su-ler), ( a. Of, pertaining to, or 

Pro-COn'SU-la-ry (,-la-rJ-), | governed by, a proconsul. 

Pro-con'su-late (-lat), >*• Office or jurisdiction of a 
proconsul. 

Pro-con sul-ship (-sul-shTp), n. Proconsulate. 

Pro-cras'ti-nate (-krSs'tl-uat), v. t. & i. [imp, & p. p. 
Procrastinated (,-na ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Procrastina- 
ting.] [L. procrastinare, p. p. -atus ; pro forward -f- 
crast tints of to-morrow, fr. eras to-morrow.] To put off 
or delay till to-morrow, or from day to day ; to be dila- 
torv about. 

Syn. — To postpone ; adjourn ; defer ; retard ; prolong. 

Pro-eras ti-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act or habit of 
procrastinating ; delay ; dilatoriness. [crastiuates. ) 

Pro-cras'ti-nator (-kraVtl-na ter), n. One who pro- 1 

PTO'cre-ant (pro'kre-ant), a. [L. procreans, p. pr. 
See Procreate.] Generating ; producing ; fruitful. 

Pro'cre-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Procreated 
(-a t?d) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Procreating.] [L. procreare, 
p. p. -atus; pro forth -j- creare to create.] To generate 
and produce ; to beget. 

Procre-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of procreating. 

Pro 'cre-a live (pro'kre-a'tlv), a. Having the power 
to beget ; generative. — Pro'cre-a tive-ness, n. 

Pro'cre-a tor (-a'ter), n. One who begets; a father 
or sire ; a generator. 

Pro-crus'te-an (pro-krus'te-an), a. Of or pertaining 
to Procrustes, or the mode of torture practiced by him ; 
hence, producing conformity by violent means. 

Pro-crus'tes (pro-krus'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. UpoKpov- 
<m??, fr. npoxpoveiv to stretch ; irpo forward + /cpoueiv 
to strike.] (Gr. Antiq.) A legendary highwayman, who 
tied his victims upon an iron bed, and either stretched, 
or cut off, their legs to adapt them to its length. 

PTOC'tor (prSk'ter), n. [OE. proketour, contr. fr. 
Procurator.] One employed to manage the affairs of 
another. Specif. : (a) (Eng. Law) A counsel employed 
in admiralty and ecclesiastical causes, (b) (Ch. of Eng.) 
A representative of the clergy in convocation, (c) An 
officer in a university or college whose duty it is to en- 
force obedience to the rules. 

Proc'tor-age (-aj), n. Management by a proctor. 

Proc-tO / ri-al (prok-to'rT-al), a. Of or pert, to a proctor, 
esp. an academic proctor ; magisterial. [a proctor. I 

Proc'tor-ship (prok'ter-shTp), n. Office or dignity of | 

Pro-eum'Dent (pro-kum'bent), a. [L. procumbens, 
-entis, p. pr. of procumbere to fall or lean forward ; pro 
forward + curnbere (in comp.), akin to cubare to lie 
down.] 1. Lying down, or on the face ; prone. 2. 
(Bot.) Lying on the ground, but without putting forth 
roots ; trailing ; prostrate. 

Pro-cur'a-ble (-kur'a-b'l), a. That may be procured. 

Proc'U-ra-cy (prok'ii-ra-sy), n. Office or act of a 
proctor or procurator ; management for another. 

ProCU-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of procuring; 
procurement. 2. Management of another's affairs. 3. 
An instrument making one the agent or proxy of an- 
other. 4. (Ch. of Eng.) Money paid to the ecclesiastical 
commissioners, formerly to the bishop or archdeacon, by 
an incumbent, as a commutation for entertainment at 
the time of visitation. 

Proc'U-ra'tor (prok'u-ra'ter), n. 1. (Laic) One who 
is the agent or proxy of another to manage his affairs. 
2. (Rom. Antiq.) A governor of a province under the 
emperors ; also, one who had charge of the imperial rev- 
enues in a province. 

Pro-cure 7 fpro-kur'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Procured 
C-kurd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Procuring.] [F. procurer, L. 
proeurare, procuratum, to take care of ; pro for + cu- 
rare to take care, fr. cura care.] 1. To bring into pos- 
•eaaioa ; to acquire ; to gain ; to get ; to obtain. 2. To 
contrive ; to bring about ; to effect ; to cause. 

Syn. — See Attain. 

Pro-cure', v. i. To pimp. 

Pro-cure'ment (-meat), n. Act of procuring. 

Pro-cur'er f-er), n. 1. One who procures anything. 
2. A pimp ; a pander. 

Pro-CUT'OSS, n. A female procurer, or pander. 

Prod fprocl), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A pointed in- 
• for pricking or puncturing ; as a goad or an 
awl. 2. A prick or stab with a pointed instrument. 



Prod (pr5d), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Prodded (-dgd) ; p. 
pr. S: rb. n. Prodding.] To thrust some pointed instru- 
ment into ; to prick ; hence, to goad ; to incite ; to worry. 

Prod'i-gal (pr5d'I-g«l), a. [L. prodigus, from pro- 
digere to drive forth, to squander away ; pro forward, 
forth + agere to drive.] Given to extravagant expendi- 
ture ; recklessly or viciously profuse ; lavish ; wasteful. 

Syn. — Extravagant ; squandering. See Profuse. 

Prod'i-gal, n. A prodigal person ; a spendthrift. 

Prodi-gal'i-ty (-T-g51'i-ty), n. Extravagance in ex- 
penditure, particularly of money ; excessive liberality. 

Prod'i-gal-ly (-gfll-ly), adv. In a prodigal manner. 

Pro-di'gi0US (pro-dij'iis), a. [L. prodigiosus. See 
Prodigy.] 1. Of the nature of a prodigy. 2. Extraor- 
dinary in bulk, extent, quantity, or degree ; very great ; 
vast. — Pro-di'gious-ly, adv. — Pro-di'gious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Huge ; enormous ; immense ; monstrous ; mar- 
velous ; amazing ; astonishing ; extraordinary. 

Prod'i-gy (pr5d'!-jy),n. [L. prodigium ; pro before -f 
(perh.) a word appearing in adagium adage.] 1. Some- 
thing extraordinary, or out of the usual course of nature, 
from which omens are drawn ; a portent. 2. Anything 
so extraordinary as to excite wonder or astonishment ; 
a marvel. 3. An abnormal development ; a monster. 

Syn. — Wonder ; miracle ; portent ; marvel ; monster. 

Pro'drome (pro'drom), n. [Gr. 7rp66po/uos running 
before; irpo before + Spafj.elv to run.] A forerunner; 
a precursor. 

Pro-duce 7 (pro-dus'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Produced 
(-dust') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Producing (-du'sing).] [L. 
producere, productum, to bring forward, beget, pro- 
duce ; pro forward, forth -\-ducere to lead.] 1. To lead 
forth ; to offer to view or notice ; to show. 2. To bring 
forth, as young, or as a natural product ; to bear ; to 
yield. 3. To cause to be or to happen. 4. To manufac- 
ture ; to make. 5. To yield or furnish ; to afford. 6. 
To lengthen ; to prolong ; to extend. 

Prod'uce (prod'us), n. That which is produced; 
product ; yield ; specif. , agricultural products. 

Pro-du'cer (pro-du'ser), n. One who produces. 

Pro-du'cl-ble (-sT-b'l), a. That may be produced. — 
Pro-du'ci-bil'i-ty (bTl'T-ty), Pro-du'ci-ble-ness, n. 

Prod'UCt (prod'ukt), n. [L. producius, p. p. of pro- 
ducere. See Produce.] 1. Anything that is produced. 
2. (Math. ) The number resulting from the multiplica- 
tion of two or more numbers. 

Syn. — Produce; production; fruit; result; effect; 
consequence ; outcome ; work ; performance. 

Pro-duc'tile (pro-duk'tTl), «. Extensible ; ductile. 

Pro-duc'tion (-shun), n. 1. Act or process of produ- 
cing. 2. That which is produced or made ; product, 

Syn. — Produce ; fruit; work; composition. 

Pro-duc'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Having the quality or 
power of producing ; yielding or furnishing results ; in- 
creasing the number or amount of products. 2. Bring- 
ing into being ; causing to exist ; producing ; origina- 
tive. 3. Producing, or able to produce, in large measure ; 
fertile ; profitable. — Pro-duc'tive-ly, adv. — Produc'- 
tive-ness, n. [state of being productive. I 

Pro'dUC-tiv'i-ty (pro / duk-tTv'T-ty), n. Quality or| 

Pro'em (pro'em), n. [L. prooemium, Gr. npooCpLtov ; 
7rpo before -f- ot/xos way, strain of a song.] Preface ; in- 
troduction ; preliminary observations ; prelude. 

Pro'face (pro'fas), inter j. [OF. prouface, proufasse ; 
prou profit + faire to make.] Much good may it do 
you ! — a familiar salutation or welcome. [Obs.~\ 

Prof / a-na'tion(prof / a-na'shun),7i. 1. Act of profan- 
ing sacred things ; desecration. 2. The act of treating 
with abuse, or with lack of delicacy. 

Pro-fane' (pro-fan'), a. [F., fr. L. prof anus, prop., 
before the temple, i. e., without the temple, unholy ; pro 
before -\-fanum temple. See Fane.] 1. Not sacred or 
holy ; not possessing peculiar sanctity ; unconsecrated ; 
hence, secular. 2. Unclean ; impure ; unholy. 3. Treat- 
ing sacred things irreverently ; irreverent. Hence : Tak- 
ing the name of God in vain ; blasphemous. 

Syn. — Temporal : worldly ; unsanctified ; unhallowed ; 
irreligious ; ungodlv ; wicked ; godless. See Impious. 

Pro-fane', v. t. [imp. & ;/. p. Profaned (-fand') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Profaning.] 1. To violate, as anything 
sacred ; to treat with abuse, irreverence, obloquy, or 
contempt ; to desecrate ; to pollute. 2. To put to a 
wrong or unworthy use ; to debase ; to defile. 

Pro-fane / ly, adv. In a profane manner. 

Pro-fane'ness. n. Quality or state of being profane. 

Pro-fan'er (-er), n. One who profanes, or is profane. 

Pro-fan'i-ty (pro-fanl-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being profane; esp., act of one who is blasphemous. 2. 
That which is profane ; profane language or acts. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, 8vent, idea, obey, unite, c£re, arm, ask, all, final. 



PROFERT 



649 



PROGRESSION 



Pro'fert (pro'fert), n. [L., he brings forward. See 
Proffer.] (Law) The production of a record or paper 
in open court, or an allegation that it is in court. 

Profess' (pro-fgs'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Professed 
(-fgsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Professing.] [F. profit, masc, 
professe, fern., professed (monk or nun), L. professus, 
p. p. of profiteri to profess ; pro before, forward -j- fa- 
teri to confess, own. See Confess.] 1. To make open 
declaration of ; to own or admit freely. 2. To make 
claim or pretense to ; hence, to put on or present an ap- 
pearance of. 3. To pretend, to knowledge of ; to hold 
one's self out as versed in ; to declare (one's Belf to be 
such or such). 

Pro-fess', v. i. To take a profession upon one's self 
by a public declaration ; to confess. 

Pro-fess'ed-ly (-fgs'gd-ty), adv. By profession. 

Prof es'sion (-fgsh'Qn), n. 1. Act of professing ; open 
declaration ; public avowal. 2. That which one pro- 
fesses ; declaration ; avowal ; claim. 3. That of which 
one professes knowledge ; the occupation, if not me- 
chanical, agricultural, or the like, to which one devotes 
one's self ; vocation ; employment ; also, the body of 
persons following such an occupation. 

ffiSP* The three professions, or learned professions, are, 
especially, theology, law, and medicine. 

Pro-fes'sion-al (-al), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or following, 
a profession, or calling ; conforming to the rules or stand- 
ards of a profession. 2. Engaged in by professionals. 

Pro f es'sion-al, n. A person who prosecutes anything 
professionally, or for a livelihood ; a professional worker. 

Pro fes'sibn-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. The following of a 
profession, sport, etc., as an occupation. 

Pro-fes'sion-al-ly, adv. In a professional manner 
or capacity ; by profession or calling. 

Pro-fess'or (pro-fgs'er), n. [L., a teacher.] 1. One 
who openly avows his sentiments or opinions ; esp., one 
who joins himself to the Christian church by public con- 
fession of faith. 2. A public teacher of any science or 
branch of learning, esp. in a university, college, or other 
seminary. [to a professor. I 

Pro f es-so'ri-al (pro'fgs-so'rT-al), a. Of or pertaining | 

Pro'fes-SO'ri-ate (-at), n. 1. The body of professors 
in a university or college. 2. A professorship. 

Pro-fess'or-ship (pro-fgs'er-ship), n. Office or posi- 
tion of a professor. 

Proffer (proffer), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proffered 
(-ferd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Proffering.] [F. prof ever, fr. 
L. proferre to bring forward, to offer ; pro forward + 
Jerre to bring.] 1. To offer for acceptance ; to propose 
to give. 2. To undertake, or propose to undertake. 

Proffer, n. 1. An offer made ; something proposed 
for acceptance by another. 2. Essay ; attempt. 

Prof fer-er (-er), n. One who proffers something. 

Pro-ffcience (pro-fTsh'ens), ) n. Quality or state of 

Pro-ff cien-cy (-en-sy), j being proficient. 

Pro-ffcient (pro-fTsh'ent), n. [L. proficiens, -enlis, 
p. pr. of proficere to go forward, make progress ; pro 
forward -f- facer e to make.] One who has made con- 
siderable advances in any business, art, science, or branch 
of learning ; an expert ; an adept. 

Pro-ffcient (pro-flsh'ent), a. Well advanced in any 
branch of knowledge or skill ; versed ; adept. 

Pro-ff Cient-ly, adv. In a proficient manner. 

Pro'file (pro'fil or -fel), n. [It. profilo, fr. L. pro be- 
fore -\-filum a thread, outline, shape.] 1. An outline, or 
contour ; also, a drawing showing the outline or contour 
of anything, esp. as shown by a section at right angles 
of an architectural member, or vertically of the ground. 
2. {Paint. & Sculp.) A human head represented side- 
wise ; the side face or half face. 

Pro'file, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Profiled (-ffld or -feld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Profiling.] 1. To draw the outline of ; 
to draw in profile. 2. (Mech.) To shape the outline of. 

Profit (profit), 7i. [F. , f r. L. profectus advance, prog- 
ress, profit,, fr. proficere, profectum. See Proficient.] 
1. Acquisition beyond expenditure ; hence, pecuniary 
gain in any transaction or occupation ; emolument. 2. 
Accession of good ; benefit ; avail ; gain. 

Syn. — Service ; improvement ; advancement ; gain. 

Profit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Profited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Profiting.] To be of service to ; to benefit ; to advan- 
tage ; to avail ; to aid. 

Profit, v. i. 1. To gain advantage ; to make improve- 
ment ; to improve. 2. To be of use or advantage. 

Prof it-able (-a-b'l), a. Yielding or bringing profit 
or gain ; lucrative ; useful ; beneficial. — Prof lt-a-ble- 

ess, n. — Prof it-a-bly, adv. 

Profit-less, a. Without profit ; unprofitable. 



Profligacy (profli-ga-sj), n. Quality or state of 
being profligate. 

Prof li gate (-gat), a. [L. profiigutus, p. p. of profit- 
gave to dash to the ground, to destroy ; pro before -j- a 
word akin to Jiigere to strike.] 1. Overthrown. [Obs.] 
2. Broken down in rectitude, principle, virtue, or de- 
cency ; openly and shamelessly immoral or vicious. — 
Profligately (gat-iy), adv. — Profligate neas, n. 

Syn.- Abandoned ; corrupt; dibbolutc ; vitiated; de- 
praved ; vicious ; wicked. See Abandonkd. 

Prof li-gate, n. One who is profligate. 

Pro-found' (prft-found'), a. [F. prtffond, L profun- 
dus ; pro before, forward + fundus bottom.] 1. De- 
scending far below the surface ; deep. 2. Intellectually 
deep ; reaching to the bottom of a matter ; thorough. 3. 
Characterized by intensity ; deeply felt. 4. Bending low ; 
exhibiting or expressing deep humility. — Pro-found'- 
ly , adv. — Prof ound'ness, n. [being profound. I 

Pro-fun'di-ty (-fun'dl-t^), n. Quality or state of | 

Pro-found' (pro-found'), n. 1. The deep; the sea; 
the ocean. 2. An abyss. 

Pro-fuse 7 (pro-fus'), a. [L. profusus, p. p. of pro- 
fundere to pour forth ; pro forth + fundere to pour.] 1. 
Pouring forth with fullness or exuberance ; bountiful ; 
exceedingly liberal. 2. Superabundant ; lavish. — Pro- 
fuse'ly, adv. — Pro-fuse'ness, n. 

Syn.— Lavish; exuberant; bountiful; prodigal; ex- 
travagant. — Lavish is stronger than profuse, and implies 
an unnecessary or wasteful degree of liberality or pro- 
fuseness. Prodigal is stronger still, denoting unmeas- 
ured or reckless profusion. 

Pro-fu'sion (-fu'zhun), n. 1. Act of one who is pro- 
fuse. 2. Abundance ; exuberant plenty ; lavish supply. 

Prog (pr5g), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Progged (progd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Progging.] [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To 
wander about and beg ; to seek advantage by mean shifts 
or tricks. [Slang] 2. To steal ; to filch. [Slang] 3. 
To prick ; to goad. [Scot.] 

Prog, n. 1. Victuals got by begging ; food ; supplies. 
[Slang] 2. A vagrant beggar. [Slang] 

Pro-gen'i-tor (pro-jgn'i-ter), n. [L. fr. progignere, 
progenitum, to bring forth, to beget ; pro forth -j- gig- 
nere to beget.] An ancestor in the direct line ; a fore- 
father. 

Pro-gen'i-tress (-tres), n. A female progenitor. 

Prog'e-ny (proj'e-irj), n. [F. progenie, fr. L. pro- 
genies. See Progenitor.] Descendants; children; off- 
spring ; race ; lineage. 

Prog-nath'iC (prog-nSthlk), ) a. [Gr. 

Prog'na-thous (pr5g'na-thQs or pr5g-na'-), ) p-no be- 
fore -\-yva.6o<; the jaw.] (Anat.) Having the jaws pro- 
jecting beyond the upper part of the face. 

Prog-no'siS (prog-no'sTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. rrpdyi'wo-is, 
deriv. of npo before -j- ytyvuaKeiv to know.] (Med.) Act 
or art of foretelling the course and termination of a dis- 
ease ; also, the outlook so afforded. 

Prog-nos'tic (-n5s'tik), a. Indicating something fu- 
ture by signs or symptoms ; foreshowing. 

Prog-nos'tic, n. That which prognosticates ; indica- 
tion ; omen ; hence, foretelling ; prediction. 

Syn. — Sign; omen; presage; token; indication. 

Prog-nos'ti-cate (-tT-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prog- 
nosticated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Prognosticating.] 
To indicate as future ; to foretell from signs or symp- 
toms ; to prophesy. 

Syn. .— To foreshow ; forebode; presage; predict. 

Prog-nos'ti-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. A prognostica- 
ting. 2. That which foreshows ; foretoken. [ticates. I 

Prog-nos'ti-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. One who prognos-| 

Pro'gram (pro'grSm), n. Same as Programme. 

Pro'gramme (pro'grSm), n. [L. programma a pub- 
lic proclamation, Gr. Trpoypa/x/aa, fr. irpoypdfyeiv to write 
in public ; irpo before, forth + yp£</>e<.f to write.] That 
which is written or printed as a public notice or adver- 
tisement ; a prospectus ; esp., a published outline of the 
order or nature of any public exercise or performance. 

Prog'ress (pr5g'res), n. [L. progressus, from pro- 
gredi, p. p. -gressus, to go forward ; pro forward + 
gradi to step, go.] 1. A moving or going forward ; ad- 
vance ; as : (a) In actual space. (6) In the growth of an 
animal or plant ; increase, (c) In business of any kind, 
(rf) In knowledge; in proficiency, (e) Toward ideal 
completeness or perfection. 2. A journey of state. 

Pro-gress' (pro-grgs'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Progressed 
(-grgsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Progressing.] To make prog- 
ress ; to continue onward in course ; to proceed ; to ad- 
vance ; to go on. 

Pro-gres'sion (-grgsh'Qn), n. 1. A progressing ; a 
proceeding in a course ; motion onward. 2. Course ; 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PROGRESSIONAL 



650 



PROMINENCY 



lapse or process of time. 3. (Math.) Regular 
or proportion*! advance iu increase OX decrease of num- 
bers. 4. (IfwO A regular wioo«nion of toues or chords. 

Arithmetical progression, a progression iu which the 
terms luoicnwi or increase by equal differences ; as 2, 4, 
6, 5 1 . etc. — Geometrical progression, a progression iu which 
the terms increase or decrease by equal ratios ; as -\ 4, 
B, 16, etc. —Harmonic progression, a progression iu which 
the terms are the reciprocals of quantities in arithmetical 
progression, as J, i- i, ^. etc. 

Pro-gres'slon-al (pro-gre'sh'iln-al), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to progression ; tending to, or capable of, progress. 

Pro-gTess'ive (-greVIv), a. Progressing, or tending to 
progress : proceeding onward ; evincing progress ; advan- 
cing.— Pro-gress'ive-ly, adv.— Pro-gress'ive-ness. n. 

Pro-hib'it (pro-hlt/it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prohib- 
ited ; p. pr. St vb. n. Prohibiting.] [L. prohibere, p. p. 
-/libit us ; pro before, forth -4- habere to have, hold.] 1. 
To forbid by authority ; to interdict. 2. To hinder ; to 
debar ; to prevent ; to preclude. 

Syn. — To forbid ; interdict ; debar ; prevent ; hinder. 
To forbid is Anglo-Saxon, and is more familiar ; to pro- 
hibit is Latin, and is more formal or official. 

Pro-hiblt-er (-er), n. One who prohibits or forbids. 

Pro hi bi'tion (pr6 v hT-bish'un), n. A prohibiting ; in- 
terdict ; specif., the forbidding by law of the sale (or 
manufacture and sale) of alcoholic liquors as beverages. 

Pro hi-bi'tion-ist. n. 1. One who favors prohibitory 
duties on foreign goods ; a protectionist. 2. One who 
favors prohibition in liquor selling. [prohibitory. I 

Pro-biVit-lve (pro-hTb'It-iv), a. That prohibits;) 

Pro-blVit-O-ry (-6-ry), a. Tending to prohibit, for- 
bid, or exclude ; implying prohibition ; forbidding. 

ProJ'ect (proj'ekt), n. [OF., fr. L. projeclus, p. p. of 
projicere to project; pro forward -f- jacere to throw.] 
That which is projected or designed ; something intended 
or devised. 

Syn. — Design ; scheme ; plan ; purpose. — A project 
is something of a practical nature thrown out for consid- 
eration. A design is a project when matured and settled 
as a thing to be accomplished. An ingenious man has 
many projects, but, if governed by sound sense, will be 
slow in forming them into designs. See also Scheme. 

Pro-Ject' (pro-jekf), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Projected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Projecting.] 1. To throw or cast for- 
ward ; to shoot forth. 2. To contrive ; to devise ; to 
scheme. 3. (Persp. ) To draw or exhibit, as the form 
of anything ; to delineate. 

PlO-ject', r. i. To shoot forward ; to extend beyond 
something else ; to be prominent ; to jut. 

Pro-Ject'ile (-11), a. 1. Projecting or impelling for- 
ward. 2. Caused or imparted by impulse or projection ; 
impelled forward. 

PTO-Ject'ile, n. 1. A body projected, or impelled for- 
ward, by force; esp., a missile for a firearm. 2. pi. 
(Mech.) A part of mechanics which treats of the motion, 
range, time of flight, etc., of projectile bodies. 

PTO-jec'tlon (-j§k'shun), n. 1. A throwing or shoot- 
ing forward. 2. A jutting out ; also, a part jutting out. 
3. A scheming or planning ; also, that which is planned ; 
contrivance ; design ; plan. 4. (Persp.) The representa- 
tion of something; delineation ; plan; esp., the repre- 
sentation of any object on a perspective plane. 

Pro-Ject'or (-je'kt'er), n. One who projects a scheme 
or design ; hence, a fanciful schemer. [a surface. I 

Pro-jec'ture (-jSk'tfir ; 135), n. A jutting out beyond | 

Pro-lapse 7 (pro-laps'), n. [L. prolapsus, deriv. of 
prolabi to fall forward.] (3fed.) The falling down of a 
part through the orifice with which it is naturally con- 
nected. 

Prolate (prolat), a. [L. prolatus, used as p. p. of 
proferre to bring forth. See Pro-, and Tolerate.] 
Stretched out ; extended ; esp., elongated in the direction 
of a line joining the poles. 

Prolog' (pro'leg'), n. [Pref. pro- for, in place of + 
leg.~\ (Zool.) One of the fleshy legs found on the abdom- 
inal segments of the larvae of Lepidoptera, sawflies, etc. 

Proleg'ate (pro'le'g'at ; 48), n. [L. prolegatus ; pro 
for -f legaius legate.] (Rom. Hist.) The deputy or sub- 
stitute for a legate. 

Prol'e-gom'e-non (prol'e-gSm'e-non), n. ; pi. -na 
(-na). [XL., fr. Gr. vpo\ey6fjLevov, deriv. of n-po before 
-f- Ac-yen/ to say.] A preliminary remark or observation. 

I Pro-lep'sis (pro-lgp'sTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. TrpoArj^is, 
deriv. of npo before -4- \afj.p6.pei.v to take.] 1. (Rhet.) 
(a) A figure by which objections are anticipated, (b) 
A first or assumed principle. 2. (Chron.) Prochronism. 

PTO-lep / tlc f-tlk), ) a. Of or pertaining to pro- 

Pro-lep'tic-al (-tl-kal), J lepsis ; anticipative. 



II Prole" taire' (prS'la'tSr'), n. [F. See Proletary.] 
One of the common people ; a low person ; also, the com- 
mon people as a class or estate in a country. 

Prol'e-ta'ri-an (prBl'S-ta'rl-an), a. [L. proletarius.~] 
Of or pertaining to the proletaries ; hence, mean ; vile ; 
vulgar. — n. A proletary. 

Prol e-ta'ri-at (-St), n. [F.] The indigent class in 
the State ; the body of proletaries. 

ProPe-ta'rl-ate (-at ; 48), n. The lower classes. 

Prol'e-ta-ry (prBl'e-ta-r^ or prole-), n. [L. proleta- 
rius, fr. proles offspring.] (Pom. Antiq.) A citizen of 
the lowest class, who served the state, not with property, 
but only by having children ; hence, a common person. 

Prolicide (pr51'i-sld or pro'lT-), n. [L. proles off- 
spring -)- caedere to kill.] The destroying of one's own 
offspring. 

Pro-lif'er-OUS (pro-lif'er-us), a. [L. proles offspring 
+ -ferous.] 1. (Pot.) Reproducing by the growth of a 
plant, or part of a plant, directly from an older one, or 
by gemmae, as a flower, branch, or frond. 2. (Zool.) (a) 
Producing young by budding, (b) Producing sexual zo- 
oids by budding, (e) Producing a cluster of branchlets 
from a larger branch ; — said of corals. 

Prolific (-Tk), a. [F. prolifique, fr. L. proles off- 
spring (pro forward + root of alere to nourish) -j- 
facere to make.] 1. Having the quality of generating ; 
producing young or fruit ; — usually with the implied idea 
of frequent or numerous production. 2. Serving to pro- 
duce ; fruitful of results ; active. 3. (Pot.) Proliferous. 

Pro-lif'lC-al (-T-kal), a. Producing young or fruit 
abundantly; fruitful^ prolific. — Pro-lif/ic-al-ly, adv . 

Pro-lif'ic-ate (-T-kat), v. t. To make prolific. 

Pro-lii i-ca'tion (-I-ka'shun), n. 1. The generation 
of young. 2. (Pot.) Proliferous reproduction. 

Pro-lif'ic-ness (pro-lif'Tk-nes), n. Quality or state 
of being prolific. 

Pro-lix' (pr6-llks r or prollks), a. [L. prolixus long, 
prolix, prob. fr. pro forward + liqui to flow.] 1. Ex- 
tending to a great length ; excessively particular in nar- 
ration or argument. 2. Tedious ; wearisome ; — applied 
to a speaker or writer. — Pro-lisly , adv. — Pro-lis'- 
ness, n. 

Syn. — Long ; diffuse ; prolonged ; protracted ; tire- 
some. — A prolix writer delights in circumlocution, ex- 
tended detaih and trifling particulars. A diffuse writer is 
fond of amplifying, and abounds in epithets, figures, and 
illustrations. Diffuseness often arises from an exuber- 
ance of imagination ; prolixity is generally connected 
with a want of it. 

Pro-lix'i-ty (-lTksT-ty), n. Quality of being prolix. 

Prol'O-CU'tor (prSl'o-ku'ter or pr6-15k'u-ter), n. [L., 
from proloqui, p. p. prolocutus, to speak out ; pro for -j- 
loqui to speak.] 1. One who speaks for another. 2. 
The presiding officer of a convocation. 

Prologue (pro'15g), n. [F., fr. L. prologus, fr. Gr. 
7rpoAoyos, fr. 7rpoAeyeiv to say beforehand ; wpo before 
-f- Ae'yec.»> to say.] The preface or introduction to a dis- 
course, poem, or performance ; esp., a discourse or poem 
spoken before a dramatic performance. 

Pro-long' (pro-long' ; 115), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Pro- 
longed (-longd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Prolonging.] [F. pro- 
longer, L. prolongate, p. p. -atus ; pro before, forth -f- 
longus long. See Long, a.] 1. To extend in space, 
length, or time ; to continue. 2. To postpone. 

Pro-Ion 'gate (-lon'gat), v. t. To prolong. 

Pro lon-ga'tion (pro/lon-ga'shun), n. 1. Act of pro- 
longing. 2. That which forms an additional length. 

Pro-long'er (pro-long'er ; 115), n. One that prolongs. 

Pro-lu'sion (-lu'zhun), n. [L. prolusio, fr. proludere 
to prelude ; pro before + ludere to play.] A trial before 
the principal performance ; a prelude ; hence, an intro- 
ductory essay or exercise. 

Prom / e-nade , (pr5m'e-nad' or -nad'), n. [F., fr. pro- 
rnener to lead, take for a walk, f r. L. prominare to drive 
forward ; pro forward + minare to drive animals.] 1. 
A walk for pleasure, display, or exercise. 2. A place 
for walking. 

Prom e-nade\ v. i. [imp. &p. p. Promenaded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Promenading.] To walk for pleasure, display, 
or exercise. 

Prom'e-nad'er (-er), n. One who promenades. 

Pro-me'the-an (pro-me / the-an), a. 1. Of or pert, to 
the mythical Prometheus, who was reputed to have made 
men fronnclay and endowed them with life by means of 
fire stolen from heaven, — for which he was punished by 
being bound to a rock, where a vulture preyed upon his 
liver. 2. Having a life-giving quality ; inspiring. 

Proml-nence (pr5m'T-nen6), Proml-nen-cy (-nen- 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, Bhort ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, tlnite, care, arm, ask, all, fined. 



PROMINENT 



651 



PROPAGANDISE! 



sf),n. 1. Quality or state of being prominent. 2. That 
which is prominent. 

Prom'i-nent (pr5m'T-nent), a. [L. prominens, -entis, 
p. pr. of prominere to jut out, to project ; pro before, for- 
ward + minere (in comp.) to jut, project.] 1. Standing 
out, or projecting, beyond the line or surface of some- 
thing ; protuberant ; being in high relief. 2. Hence : 
Distinctly manifest ; conspicuous. 3. Eminent ; distin- 
guished above others. — Promji-nent-ly, adv. [ness. I 

Pro'mls-CU'i-ty (pro'niTs-ku'T-ty), n. Promiscuous- 1 

Pro-mis'cu-ous (pio-inis'ku-us), a. [L. promiscuus ; 
pro before, for -(- miscere to mix.] 1. Consisting of in- 
dividuals united in a body or mass without order ; min- 
gled ; confused ; undistinguished. 2. Distributed or 
applied without order or discrimination ; common ; indis- 
criminate. — Pro mis'cu-ous-ly, adv. — Pro-mis'cu- 
ous ness. n. 

Prom'ise (prom'Ts), n. [F. promesse, L. promissum, 
fr. promittere, promissum, to put forth, foretell, prom- 
ise ; pro forward, for + mitlere to send.] 1. In general, 
a declaration, written or verbal, made by one person to 
another, which binds the person who makes it to do, or 
to forbear to do, a specified act. 2. (Law) An engage- 
ment, properly not one under seal, for the performance 
or nonperformance of some particular thing. 3. That 
which causes hope, expectation, or assurance ; esp. , that 
which affords expectation of future distinction. 4. Be- 
stowal, fulfillment, or grant of what is promised. 

Prom'ise, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Promised (-1st) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Promising.] 1. To engage to do, give, or make, 
or to refrain from doing, giving, or making, or the like ; to 
covenant ; to engage. 2. To afford reason to expect ; to 
cause hope or assurance of. v 3. To make declaration 
of or give assurance of ; to pledge or engage to bestow. 

Prom'ise, v. i. 1. To give assurance by a promise, or 
binding declaration. - 2. To afford hopes or expectations, 
— usually of good. [is made. I 

Prom'is-ee 7 (-§'), n. (Law) One to whom a promise! 

Prom'is-er (prom'Ts-er), n. One who promises. 

Prom'is-or (-6r), n. (Law) One who makes a promise. 

Prom'is-SO-ry (-s6-ry), a. Containing a promise or 
binding declaration of something to be done or forborne. 

Promissory note (Law), a written promise to pay to a per- 
son named, at a time specified, or on demand, or at sight, 
a certain sum of money, absolutely and at all events. 

Prom'on-tO-ry (proni'un-to-ry), n. [L. promontu- 
rium ; pro before + mons, montis, mountain.] (Phys. 
Geog. ) A high point of land or rock projecting into the 
sea beyond the line of coast ; headland ; high cape. 

Pro-mote' (pro-mof), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Promoted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Promoting.] [L. promovere, p. p. -motus ; 
pro forward -f- mover e to move.] 1. To contribute to 
the growth, enlargement, or prosperity of. 2. To exalt 
in station, rank, or honor. 

Syn. —To forward ; advance; further; patronize; 
help ; exalt ; prefer ; elevate ; dignify. 

Pro-mot'er (-mot'er), n. 1. One that promotes. 2. 
Specif. , one who sets on foot and organizes commercial 
or business enterprises. [of being promoted. I 

Pro-mo'tion (-mo'shun), n. Act of promoting ; state | 

Pro-mo'tive (-tiv), a. Tending to promote. 

Prompt (promt ; 215), a. [Compar. Prompter (-er) ; 
superl. Promptest.] [F., fr, i.promptus, prop. , brought 
forth, hence, evident, ready, p. p. of promere to bring 
forth ; pro forth -f- emere to take.] 1. Ready and quick 
to act as occasion demands ; responding on the instant ; 
immediate ; — said of persons. 2. Done or rendered 
quickly, readily, or immediately ; — said of conduct. 

Syn. —Ready; expeditious; quick; agile; alert; 
brisk ; nimble. — One who is ready is prepared to act at 
the moment. One who is prompt acts at the moment. 
One who is expeditious carries through an undertaking 
with constant promptness. 

Prompt, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Prompted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Prompting.] 1. To assist or induce the action of ; to 
move to action ; to instigate ; to incite. 2. To suggest ; 
to dictate. 3. To remind. 

Prompt'er (promfer), n. One who prompts. 

Prompt'i-tude (-T-tud), n. Quality of being prompt ; 
quickness of decision and action ; alacrity. 

Promptly, adv. In a prompt manner. [itude. I 

Prompt'ness, n. Quality of being prompt ; prompt- 1 

Pro-mul'gate (pro-inQl'gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pro- 
mulgated (-ga-tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Promulgating.] 
[L. promulgare, p. p. -atus ; of unknown origin.] To 
make known by open declaration, as laws, decrees, etc. 

Syn. — To publish ; declare ; proclaim. See Announce. 

Pro mul-ga'tion (pro'mul-ga'shun), n. Act of pro- 
mulgating. 



Pro'mul-gator (pro'mol-ga'ter), n. One who pro- 
mulgates, [publish or teach. I 
Pro-mulge' (pro-mfilj'), v. t. To promulgate ; to | 
Pro-mul'ger (-mGl'jer), n. One who prornulgee. 
Pro-na'tion(pr6-n5'shfin), n. [See Prone.] (/' 

(a) Act of turning the palmar surface of the forefoot 
downward, (b) That motion of the forearm whereby 
the palmar surface is turned downward, (c) The result- 
ing position of the limb. 

Prone (pron), a. [L. promts ; akin to Gr. n-p^s, Skr. 
pravana, and to L. pro forward.] 1. Bending forward ; 
inclined; not erect. 2. Prostrate; flat ; esp., lying with 
the face down. 3. Headlong ; running downward or 
headlong. 4. Sloping ; inclined ; not level. 5. Inclined; 
propense ; disposed ; — applied to the mind or affections, 
usually in an ill sense.— Pronely, adv.— Prone'ness, n. 

Prong (prSng; 115), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. Asharp- 
pointed instrument. 2. The tine of a fork, or of a similar 
instrument. 3. (Zool.) (a) A sharp projection, as of an 
antler, (b) The fang of a tooth. 

Prong'buck' (-buk'), n. (Zool.) (a) The springbuck. 

(b) The pronghorn. 

Prongliorn' (prong'hern'), n. (Zool.) An American 
antelope, native of the plains near the Rocky Mountains. 

Pro-nom'1-nal (pr6-n5m'T-n«l), a. [L. pronominal is. 
See Pronoun.] Belonging to, or partaking of the nature 
of, a pronoun. — Pro-nom'i-nal-ly, adv. 

Pro'noun (pro'uoun), n. [Pref. pro- -f noun : cf. L. 
pronomen. See Noun.] (Gram.) A word used instead 
of a noun or name, to avoid the repetition of it. 

Pro-nounce' (pro-nouns'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pro- 
nounced (-nounsf) ;p.pr. & vb. n. Pronouncing (-noun'- 
sing).] [F. prononcer, L. pronunciare ; pro before, forth 
+ nunciare, nuntiare, to announce.] 1. To utter artic- 
ulately ; to speak distinctly. 2. To utter officially or 
solemnly ; to deliver. 3. To utter rhetorically ; to de- 
liver. 4. To declare or affirm. 

Syn. — To deliver; utter; speak. 

Pro-nounce 7 , v. i. 1. To give a pronunciation ; to ar- 
ticulate. 2. To make declaration. [nounced. I 

Pro-nounce'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being pro-| 

Pronounced' (-nounsf), a. [F. prononce.] Strongly 
marked ; unequivocal ; decided. [A Gallicism] 

Pro-noun'cer (-noun'ser), n. One who pronounces. 

Pro-nun ci-a-men'to (pro-nun'sT-a-men't6), n. A 
proclamation or manifesto ; a formal announcement or 
declaration. 

Pro-nun ci-a'tion (pro-nun'sT-a'shun or -shT-a'-), n. 
A pronouncing ; utterance ; delivery. [nunciation. I 

Pro-nun'ci-a-tive (-shT-a-tiv), a. Of or pert, to pro- 1 

Pro-nun'ci-a'tor (-shT-a'ter), n. A pronouncer. 

Proof (proof), n. [OF. prove, proeve, fr. L. proba, fr. 
probare to prove. See Prove.] 1. Any effort, process, 
or operation designed to establish or discover a fact or 
truth; act of testing; test; trial. 2. That degree of 
evidence which produces belief. 3. Quality or state of 
having been proved or tried ; impenetrability of physical 
bodies. 4. Firmness of mind; stability not to be shaken. 
5. (Print.) A trial impression, as from type, taken for 
correction or examination. 6. (3Iath.) A process for 
testing the accuracy of an operation performed. 

Proof reader, one who reads, and marks corrections in, 
printer's proofs. 

Syn. — Testimony ; evidence ; reason ; argument ; 
trial ; demonstration. See Testimony. 

Proof, a. 1. Used in proving or testing. 2. Firm or 
successful in resisting. 3. Being of a certain standard 
as to strength ; — said of alcoholic liquors. 

Proofless, a. Wanting sufficient evidence to induce 
belief ; not proved. 

Prop (prop), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propped (pr5pt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Propping.] [Akin to LG. & D. proppen to 
cram, stuff, G. pfropfen ; of uncertain origin.] To sup- 
port, or prevent from falling, by placing something under 
or against ; (Fig. ) to sustain ; to maintain. 

Prop, n. That which sustains an incumbent weight ; 
that on which anything rests or leans for support ; a sup- 
port ; a stay. / [propagated. I 

Prop'a-ga-ble (pr5p'a-ga-b'l), a. Capable of being | 

Prop'a-gan'da (-gSn'da), n. [Abbrev. fr. L. de pro- 
paganda fide. See Propagate.] 1. (E. C. Ch.) (a) A 
congregation of cardinals charged with the management 
of missions, (b) The college of the Propaganda to edu- 
cate priests for missions. 2. Hence, any organization or 
plan for spreading particular doctrines or principles. 

Prop a-gan'dlsm (-dtz'm), n. Art or practice of prop- 
agating tenets or principles ; zeal in propagating one's 
own opinions. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, g;o, sins, ink* then, thin. 



N 



PROPAGANDIST 



652 



PROPOUND 



Prop a-gan'dist 'pr?pa-gan'dlst>, 
Otes himself to the spread of any sys 



n. One who de- 
rstem of principles. 
^rup. & p. p. 
Propagated (-ga te I A ti. n. Propagatlng. ] 

fL. pncpapart, p. p. -a/ttf ; akin to propages, propago, 
a slip, shoot.] 1. To continue or multiply by genera- 
tion, or successive production. 2. To spread or extend 
in space. 3. To spread from person to person ; to ex- 
tend the knowledge of. 4 To generate : to produce. 
To increase ; diffuse ; disseminate ; promote. 

Prop a-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Act of propagating. 

Prop'a-ga tor .... :?: . r.. One who propagates. 

Pro-pel' t,pro-peV), t . /. [imp. & p. p. Propelled 
p. pr. & tb. n. Propelling.] [L. propellere. 
propuuvm ; pro forward -i-peliere to drive.] To drive 
forward : to urge or press onward by force : to move. 

Pro-pel ler v-ler>. ri. 1. One that propels. 2. A con- 
trivance for propelling a steam vessel, usually a bladed 
screw at the stern, made to revolve by an engine. 3. A 
steamboat thus propelled ; a screw steamer. 

Pro-pend' (pro-pend'), r. i. [L. propendere, propen- 
tum ; pro forward, forth -f- pendere to hang.] To be 
favorably inclined or disposed ; to tend. [J?.] 

Pro-pense' (pro-pens'), a. [L. propensus, p. p. See 
PURD.] Leaning toward, in a moral sense ; prone. — 
pTo-pensely. ad r. — Pro-pense 'ness, >a. 

Pro-pen 'Sion r pen'shun), n. Propensity. 

Pro-pen'si-ty i-sl-ty \ n. Quality or state of being 
pt o p cnao ; natural inclination ; disposition to good or evil. 

Syn.— Bias: proclivity: proneness; bent; tendency. 

Propter (prSp'er). a. [F.propre, fr. L. proprius. Cf. 
Appropriate.] 1. Belonging to one ; one's own ; indi- 
vidual. 2. Belonging to the natural or essential con- 
stitution ; peculiar ; not common ; particular. 3. Befit- 
ting one's nature, qualities, etc. : suitable in all respects ; 
right ; fit : decent. 4. Becoming in appearance ; hand- 
some. [Archaic] 5- Pertaining to one of a species, but 
not common to the whole. 6- Rightly so called : strictly 
considered. — Prop'er-ly. c.dv. — Prop'er-ness, n. 

Prop'er-tied -r:d'\ a. Possessing property ; rich. 

Prop'er -ty -tv . r,. [OF. proprete property, fr. L 
proprietas. See Proper.] 1. That which is proper to 
anything ; a peculiar quality of a thing ; that which is 
inherent in a subject, or naturally essential to it : an at- 
tribute. 2. An acquired or artificial quality. 3. The 
exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a 
thing : ownership ; title. 4. That to which a person has 
a legal title, whether in his possession or not ; an estate. 
6. pi. All the adjuncts of a play except the scenery and 
the dresses of the actors ; stage requisites. 

Proph'e-cy (pr5fe-sy), n. [OF. profecie, L. pro- 
phetia, fr. Gr. xpocJiTreui, deriv. of «vxx£vrjjs prophet. 
See Prophet.] 1. A declaration of something to come ; 
a foretelling ; a prediction : esp. , an inspired foretelling. 
if.) A book of prophecies : a history. 3. Public 
interpretation of Scripture : preaching. 

Proph'e-Si er (^si'er), n. A prophet. 

Proph'e-sy (-si), r. /. limp. & p. p. Prophesied 
(-sid); p. pr. & tb. n. Prophesttsg (-si Tng).] 1. To 
foretell ; to predict. 2. To foreshow ; to herald. 

Proph'e-sy. r. i. 1. To utter predictions. 2. To 
: ruction in religious matters ; to preach ; to ex- 
hort ; to expound. 

Proph'et -e: . -;. [F. prophet*, L. propheia. fr. Gr. 
Tpo fo rtis, lit., one who speaks for another, esp. , one who 
interprets the will of a god to man, fr. irpo^ajvax to say 
beforehand ; vpo for, before — eW<u to say or speak.] 
1. One who prophesies : a predicter : a foreteller. 2. One 
inspired or instructed by God to speak in his name, or 
announce future events. 3. An interpreter, [i?.] 

Proph'et-ess, n. A female prophet. 

Pro-phetlc I . "pro-fet-lk «. | a. Containing, or pert, to, 

Pro-phetlc-al (-i-kal), I prophecy; foretelling. — 
Pro-phet'lc-al-ly. adv. — Pro-phet'ic-al-ness, «- 

Proph y-laCtic (pr5f T-15k'tTk or prof!-), u. (Med.) 
A medicine which preserves or defends against 
a preventive. 

Proph y-lac'tic (ISk'tlk), ) a. [Gr.», 

Proph y-lac'tic-al -tT-kil), ( deriv. of vp6 before 
+ ♦*A*<r<reu» to guard.] (Med.) Defending or preserv- 
ing from disease ; pre vet: 

Pro-pine' 'pro-pin' .--.:. 'L. propinare, Gr. vpovi- 
rtw ; *-po before -4- vtveir to drink.] 1. To pledge ; to 



•st. [06*.] 2. Hence, to give as a token. [06*.] 
Pro-pin 'qnj-ty (prfe-pTr/kwT-ty),*, [L. propinquUas. 
: propinqmu near, neighboring, fr. prope near.] Near- 
em, as in time, place, or relationship. 
Pro-piH-ate (-plabT-at), r. L [imp. &p. p. Propiti- 



ated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & tb. n. PaopiTunso.] [L. pro- 

] To; 



-i peam 



piiiare, p. p. -atus. fr. propitius favorable, 
and render favorable ; to conciliate. 

Pro-pi ti-a'tion (pro-pish i-a'sLuu . n. 1. A propiti- 
ating. 2. (Theol.) That which propitiates: atonement 
or atoning sacrifice : specif., that made by Christ. 

Pro-pi'ti-a tor (-pTahT-i ten, n. One who propitiates. 

Pro-pi'tl-a-tO-ry -.»-: _ -r.v i, a. That propitiates ; per- 
taining to, or employed in, propitiation ; expiatory. — n. 
(Jewish Antiq.) The mercy seat. 

Pro-pi 'tiotis [L. propitius; of uncer- 

tain origin.] 1. Convenient ; auspicious ; favorable ; 
kind. 2. Hence, gracious; merciful; helpful. — Pro- 
pi'tious-ly. adr 



r»yn. — Auspicious. — Auspicious (from the ancient 
idea of auspices, or omens denotes that a thing is " in- 
m "favored by incidental occur- 
rences." Propitious denotes that a thing efficaciously 
protects us in some undertaking, speeds our exertions, 
and decides our success. 

Pro-pone' pr?-pon'\ r. t. See PROPorxD. 

Pro-po'nent (pro-pS'nent), a. [L. proponens, p. pr.] 
Making proposals ; proposing. — n. One who makes a 
proposal, or lays downa proposition. 

Pro-por'tion (pro-por / shun), n. [F M fr. L. proportio ; 
pro before -f- port io part or share,] 1. The relation or 
adaptation of one portion to another, or to the whole, as 
respects magnitude, quantity, or degree : comparative 
relation; ratio. 2. Harmonic relation between parts, 
or between different things of the same kind ; symme- 
try. 3. Equal or proper share ; lot. 4. Apart consid- 
ered comparatively; a share, 5. (Math.) Equality or 
similarity of ratios, esp. of geometrical ratios. 

Pro-por'tion, r. /. [imp. & p. p. Pbopobtiosed 
(-shund) ; p. pr. & tb. n, Proportiosikg.] 1. To adjust 
in a suitable proportion, as one thing or part to another. 
2. To form with symmetry or suitableness. 3. To di- 
vide into equal or just shares ; to apportion. 

Pro-por'tion-a-ble (-a-b*l), a. Capable of being pro- 
portioned : also, proportional ; proportionate. — Pro- 
por'tion-a-ble-ness. :*. — Pro-pof tion-a bly. :•_ 

Pro-por'tion-al I -«1 >. a. 1. Having a due or suitable 
proportion. 2. Relating to, or securing, proportion. 3. 
(Math.) Constituting a proportion ; having the same, or 
a constant, ratio. 

Pro-por'tion-al. ;. (J/a/A.) Any number or quan- 
tity in a proportion. [being in proportion, j 

Pro-por tion-al'i-ty -al'I-ry . ?-.." State or quality of | 
o-por'shun-aUy), odr. In pro- 
adapted relat: 

I ; jst ed to so me t hin g 
tion ; proportional. — Pro-pOT / - 
tion-ate-ly. cdz. — Pro-por 'tion-ate-ness. r.. 

Pro-por'tion-ate -at... r. t. To make proportional; 
to proportion. 

Pro-pos'al prS-poi'al), a. That which is proposed. 

Syn. — Pr;±er : render : overture. See PBOPOsmos. 

Pro-pose / (pro-poz'), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Proposed 
(-posd'); p. pr. & tb. n. Proposikg.] [F. proposer; 
pref. pro- (L. pro for, forward) -f- poser to place.] 1. 
To set forth. [Obs.J 2. To offer for consideration, dis- 
cussion, acceptance, or adoption. 3. To set before one's 
self or others as a purpose formed ; hence, to purpose ; 
to intend. 

Pro-pose', r. i. 1, To form or declare a purpose or 
intention ; to design. 2. To offer one's self in marriage. 

Pro-pos'er ^-poz'er). n. One who proposes. 

Prop o-si'tion tprop c-zTsb/un), n. 1. Act of setting 
or placing before ; the act of offering. 2. That which is 
proposed ; a proposal. 3. A statement of religious doc- 
trine ; an article of faith ; creed. 4- (Gram. & Logic) 
A complete sentence, or part of a sentence consisting of 
a subject and predicate united by a copula. 5. (Math.) 
A statement of a theorem or of a problem. 

Syn.— Proposal ; offer ; statement ; declaration.— Prop- 
osition and proposal are both from the Latin verb pro- 
:■:■-.■- e,but :iev often denote i lilltanarf forms at srire^ cf 
a negotiation ; a proposition noting something presented 
for discussion or consideration ; a proposal some definite 
thing offered by one party to be definitely accepted or 
rejected by the other. 

Prop O-Si tion-al (-<d), o. Pertaimng to, or in the na- 
ture of, 



Pro-portion-al-ly 
portion : in due degi 

Pro-por'tion-ate 
else so as to be in pi 



Pro-ponafl/ (pro-pound'), ». #. limp. & p. p. Pao- 
pousDED : p. pr. & tb. n. Propocxdisg.] [From earlier 
propone, L. propomere, proposUum, to set forth, propose, 
propound ; pro for, before 4- ponere to put,] 1. To of- 
fer for consideration; to propose. 2- (Eccf.) To nomi- 
nate as a candidate for admission to a church. 



a, e, i, 5, u, long ; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



PROPOUNDER 



653 



PROSTHESIS 



Pro-pound'er (pr6"-pound'er), n. One who propounds. 

Pro-pri'e-ta-ry (-pri'e-ta-rj?), n. [L. promriaiaritu. 
See Propriety.] 1. A proprietor or owner. 2. A body 
of proprietors, collectively. 

Pro-pri'e-ta-ry, a. [L. proprietarius.] Belonging, or 
pertaining, to a proprietor ; owned. 

Proprietary articles, manufactured articles which some 
person or persons have exclusive right to make and sell. 

Pro-pri/e-tor (pro-pri'e-ter), n. [For older proprie- 
tary.'] One who has the legal right or exclusive title to 
■ anything ; an owner. 

Pro-pri'e-tor-ship (-ship), n. State of being proprietor. 

Pro-pri'e-tress (-tr8s), n. A female proprietor. 

Pro-pri'e-ty (-tf), n. [F. propriete, L. proprietas, fr. 
proprius one's own, proper. See Proper.] 1. Owner- 
ship ; property; also, peculiarity. [Obs.] 2. Quality 
or state of being proper ; suitableness to an acknowledged 
or correct standard or rule ; fitness ; appropriateness. 

Pro-pugn' (-pun'), v. t. [L. propugnare ; pro + pug- 
nare to fight.] To contend for ; to vindicate. [Obs.] 

Pro-pul'sion (-piil'shun), n. [See Propel.] 1. Act or 
process of propelling. 2. An impelling act or movement. 

Pro-pul'sive (-sTv), a. Tending, or having power, to 
propel ; driving on ; urging. 

Pro-pul'SO-ry (-so-r^), a. Propulsive. 

II Pro 7 ra'ta (pro 7 ra'ta). [L.] In proportion ; pro- 
portionately ; according to each one's share or interest. 

Pro-rate' (-rat'), V. I. [jimp. &p.p. Prorated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Prorating.] [From Pro rata.] To divide or 
assess pro rata. [U. S.~] [ing. [2?n<7.]| 

Pro'ro-ga'tion (pro'ro-ga'shun), n. Act of prorogu-| 

B3P" After an adjournment all things continue as they 
were at the time of the adjournment ; whereas, after a 
prorogation, bills not passed are as if never begun. 

Pro-rogue' (pro-rog'), v. t. {imp. &p. p. Prorogued 
(-rogd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Proroguing (-rog'Tng).] [F. 
proroger, L. prorogare, -atum ; pro forward -j- rogare 
to ask. See Rogation.] 1. To defer ; to delay ; to 
postpone. 2. To end the session of a parliament by an 
order of the sovereign. [Eng.~\ See Prorogation. 

Pro-rup'tion (-rup'shun), n. [L. proruptio, fr. pro- 
rumpere to break forth.] Act of bursting forth, [it.] 

Pro-sa'ic (pro-za'Tk), ) a. [L. prosaicus, from prosa 

Pro-sa'iC-al (-i-kal), j prose.] 1. Of or pertaining 
to prose ; unpoetical ; writing or using prose. 2. Dull ; 
unimaginative ; prosy. — Pro-sa'iC-al-ly, adv. — Pro- 
sa'ic-al-ness, n. 

Pro-sce'ni-um (pro-se'nT-um), n. ; pi. Proscenia (-a). 
[L. , f r. Gr, irpoo-Krjviov ; irpo before -\- <jici\vr\ stage. See 
Scene.] 1. (Anc. Theater) The stage. 2. {Modern 
Theater) The part of the stage in front of the curtain ; 
sometimes, the curtain and its framework. 

Pro-scribe' (-skrny), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proscribed 
(-skribd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Proscribing.] [L. proscri- 
bes, -scriptum, to publish, proscribe ; pro before + 
scribere to write. The sense of this word originated in 
the Roman practice of posting in public a list of persons 
doomed to death.] 1. To doom to destruction ; to out- 
law ; to exile. 2. To denounce and condemn ; to inter- 
dict ; to prohibit. 

Pro-scrib'er (-skrib'er), n. One that proscribes. 

Pro-scrip'tion (-skrip'shun), n. 1. A proscribing ; 
specif., in ancient Rome, an offer of a reward for the 
head of a political enemy. 2. State of being proscribed. 

Syn. — Outlawry ; denunciation ; interdiction. 

Pro-SCllp'tive (-ttv), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, proscription. 

Prose (proz), n. [F., fr. L. prosa, fr. prorsus, prosus, 
straight forward, straight on, for proversus ; pro forward 
-f- versus, p. p., turned. See Verse.] 1. The ordinary 
language of men ; language not in poetical measure or 
rhythm. 2. Hence, dull and commonplace discourse. 

Prose, a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, prose ; 
not in verse. 2. Uninspiring ; plain ; dull ; prosaic. 

Prose, v. t. & i. 1. To write in prose. 2. To write 
or talk in a dull, tedious, or prosy way. [prosecuted. I 

Pros'e-CU'ta-ble (pros'e-ku'ta-b'l), a. That may be| 

Pros'e-cute (pros'e-kut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prose- 
cuted (-ku'ted) ; p. pr. &vb. n. Prosecuting.] [L. pro- 
sequi, p. p. -secutus. See Pursue.] 1. To follow or pur- 
sue with a view to reach, execute, or accomplish ; to 
carry on ; to continue. 2. To seek to obtain by legal 
process. 3. (Law) To accuse of some crime or breach 
of law, or to pursue for redress or punishment, before a 
legal tribunal. [legal prosecution. I 

Pros'e-CUte, v. i. (Law) To institute and carry on a | 

Pros'e-CU'tion (-ku'shQn), n. 1. Act or process of 
prosecuting ; pursuit by efforts of body or mind. 2. 



(Tmw) (a) The institution and carrying on of a suit or 
cause in a court of justice, (b) The exhibiting on be- 
half of the government of formal charges against an 
offender before a legal tribunal, and pursuing them to 
final judgment, (c) The party by whom criminal pro- 
ceedings are instituted. 

Pros'e-CU'tor (prfis'e-ku'ter), n. One who prosecutes. 

Pros'e-lyte (pr5b'e-lit), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
TrpoenjAwTo?, adj., that has come, n., a newcomer, esp., 
a Jewish convert from heathenism ; npos toward, to -+- 
(prob.) the root of eAfleij/ to come.] A new convert; 
esp., a convert to some religion or religious sect, or to 
some particular opinion, system, or party. 

Syn. — See Convert. 

Pros'e-lyte, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proselyted (-H'tSd); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Proselyting.] To convert to some re- 
ligion, opinion, or system ; to bring over. 

Pros'e-ly-tism (-lT-tlz'm or -lt-tlz'm), n. Act or 
practice of proselyting. 

Pros'e-ly-tizeJ-tiz), v. t. To proselyte. [ously. I 

Pros'er (proz'er), w. One who talks or writes tedi-| 

Pros'i-ly (proz'T-ly), adv. In a prosy manner. 

Pros'i-ness (-nSs). n. Quality or state of being prosy. 

Pro-slav'er-y (pro-slav'er-y), a. [Pref. pro- -f- slav- 
ery. ] Favoring slavery. — n. Advocacy of slavery. 

Pro-SO'di-al (pro-soMT-al), a. Prosodical. 

Pro-SO'di-an (-so'dT-an), n. A prosodist. 

Pro-sod'ic-al (-s5d'I-kal), a. Of, pert, to, or accord- 
ing to the rules of, prosody. — Pro-SOd'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Pros'O-dist (pros'6-dlst), n. One skilled in prosody. 

Pros'O-dy (-dy), n. [L. prosodia the tone or accent 
of a syllable, Gr. npoa-^Sia a song sung to, or with, an ac- 
companying song, the accent accompanying the pronun- 
ciation ; 7rpds to -J- <?8tj song, ode. See Ode.] That part 
of grammar which treats of the quantity of syllables, of 
accent, and of the laws of metrical composition. 

ii Pros o-po-poe'ia (prSs'o-po-pe'ya), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
irpoaoiTroiroua. ; Trpocrttiirov face, person-)- noielv to make.] 
(Rhet.) A figure by which things are represented as per- 
sons, or deceased or absent persons are represented as 
present, speaking or acting. 

Pros'pect (pros'pgkt), n. [L. prospectus, fr. prospi- 
cere, prospectum, to look forward ; pro before, forward 
-f- specere, spicere, to look, to see.] 1. That which is 
embraced by the eye in vision ; view ; scene ; outlook. 
2. Esp., a picturesque or widely extended view ; land- 
scape ; hence, a sketch of a landscape. 3. Relative po- 
sition of the front of a structure ; face ; relative aspect. 
4. Act of looking forward ; foresight; anticipation. 5. 
That which is hoped for ; ground for hope or expectation. 

Pros'pect, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Prospected ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Prospecting.] To look over ; to explore or ex- 
amine for something. 

Pro-spec'tion (pro-spek'shun), n. Act of prospecting. 

Pro-spec'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Looking forward in time ; 
acting with foresight. 2. Being within view or consid- 
eration, as a future event or contingency ; expected. 

Pro-spec'tive (pro-spe'k'tiv), n. The scene before or 
around, in time or in space ; view ; prospect. 

Pro-spec'tive-ly, adv. In a prospective manner. 

Pros'pect-or (pr5s'pekt-er), n. One who prospects, 
esp. for minerals and precious metals. 

Pro-spec'tUS (pro-spek'tus), n. [L.] A summary 
view of something proposed ; esp., an authorized descrip- 
tion of an unpublished literary work. 

Pros'per (prSs'per), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Prospered 
(-perd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Prospering.] [Deri v. of L. 
prosper, prospencs, prosperous. See Prosperous.] To 
favor ; to render or be successful ; to thrive. 

Pros-per'i-ty (pr5s-pSr'T-t^), n. State of being pros- 
perous ; advance or gain in anything pood ^r desirable. 

Syn. — Thrift; weal; welfare; well being; happiness. 

Pros'per-OUS (pr5s'per-us), a. [L. prosperus or pro- 
sper, orig., answering to hope ; pro according to -f- root 
of sperare to hope.] 1. Tending to prosperity ; favoring ; 
auspicious ; favorable ; helpful. 2. Being prospered ; 
advancing in the pursuit of anything desirable ; thriving. 
— Pros'per-ous-ly, adv. — Pros'per-ous-ness. n. 

Syn. — Successful ; flourishing ; lucky. See Fortunate. 

Pros'tate (prSs'tat), a. [Gr. 7rpo<rraTrj? standing be- 
fore, deriv. of npo -f i<ndva.t to set.] (Anat.) Desig- 
nating a gland found in the males of most mammals, at 
the neck of the bladder where this joins the urethra. 

II Pros'the-siS (pr5s'the-sls), n. [L., fr. Gr. npoatic- 
o-is an addition, deriv. of n-pds to + TiOevai to place.] 1. 
(Stirg.) The substitution in the human body of some ar- 
tificial part. 2. (Gram.) The prefixing of one or more 
letters to the beginning of a word. 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



C 



PROSTITUTE 



654 



PROTOTYPE 



Pros'tl-tUte (proVtl-tut 1 ). r. t. [imp. & p. p. Pros- 

-tU *d); p. P': & fb. H. PROSTITUTING.] [L. 

p. -tutus ; pro before -f statuere to place.] 

\ r. as a woman, to a lewd use; to give up to 

lewdness for hire. 2. To devote to base or unworthy uses. 

Pros'ti-tute. o. Openly given up to lewdness; de- 
voted to base or infamous purposes. 

Pros'ti-tute, n. 1. A strumpet; a harlot. 2. One 
who oners himself to infamous employments for hire. 

Pros ti-tu'tion (-tu'ahttn), n. 1. Act or practice of 
prostituting the body for hire ; common lewdness of a 
woman. 2. Act of setting one's self to sale, or of de- 
voting to infamous purposes what is in one's power. 

Pr6s'ti-tU tor (pr5s'tl-tu'ter), n. One who submits 
himself, or offers another, to vile purposes. 

Pros'trate (pros'trat), a. [L. prostratus, p. p. of pro- 
stemere to prostrate ; pro before, forward -f- sternere to 
spread out, throw down.] 1. Lying with the body ex- 
tended on the ground or other surface. 2. Lying in a 
humble, lowly, or suppliant posture. 

Pros'trate (-trat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prostrated 
(-tra-te"d) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Prostrating.] 1. To lay flat ; 
to throw down ; to level ; to fell. 2. To overthrow ; to 
destroy; to ruin. 3. To cause to fall or bow down in 
humility or adoration ; — used reflexively. 4. To de- 
prive of strength ; to reduce to great weakness. 

Pros-tra'tion (pr5s-tra'shun), n. Act of prostrating, 
or state of being prostrated or prostrate. 

Pro'style (pro'stll), a. [L. prostylus, Gr. npoarvXos ; 
rpo before -f cttvAo? pillar, column.] (Arch.) Having 
columns in front. — n. A prostyle portico or building. 

Pros'y (proz'y), a. [Compar. Prosier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Prosiest.] 1. Of or pertaining to prose ; like prose. 
2. Dull and tedious in discourse or writing ; prosaic. 

Pro-tag'O-niSt (pro-tag'6-mst), n. [Gr. 7rpioTa-yo>- 
»/t<7~njs ; wpuiTos first + oLywvurrrjs actor, combatant, f r. 
aytov contest.] One who takes the leading part in a 
drama ; hence, the leader in a great scene, conflict, etc. 

I! Prot'a-sis (prot'a-sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. irporao-is, de- 
riv. of npo before + relveLv to stretch.] 1. A proposi- 
tion ; a maxim. 2. (Gram.) The introductory or subor- 
dinate member of a sentence, generally conditional. 3. 
The first part of a drama, poem, etc. ; introduction. 

Pro'te-an (pro'te-an), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, Proteus, a sea god of classical mythol- 
ogy who assumed different 6hapes at will. 2. Exceed- 
ingly variable ; readily assuming different shapes or forms. 

Pro-tect' (pro-tekf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Protecting.] [L. prolegere, p. p. -lectus, 
lit., to cover in front ; pro before -f- tegere to cover.] To 
cover or shield from danger or injury; to defend; to 
guard ; to preserve in safety. 

Syn. — To guard; shield; preserve. See Defend. 

Pro-tect r ing-ly, adv. In a protective manner. 

Pro-tec'tion (-tek'shun), n. 1. Act of protecting, or 
state of being protected. 2. That which protects or pre- 
serves from injury. Hence : A pass ; a safe-conduct ; a 
passport. 3. (Polit. Econ.) A theory, or a policy, of 
protecting the producers in a country from foreign com- 
petition in the home market by the imposition of such 
discriminating duties on goods of foreign production as 
will restrict or prevent their importation. 

Syn. — Preservation; defense; guard; shelter; ref- 
uge ; security ; safety. 

Pro-tec'tion-ism (-Tz'm), n. (Polit. Econ.) The doc- 
trine or policy of protection. [protection. I 

Pro-tec'tion-ist, n. (Polit. Econ.) One who favors] 

Pro-tect'ive (pro-tekt'iv), a. Affording protection ; 
sheltering ; defensive. 

Protective tariff (Polit. Econ.), a tariff designed to se- 
cure protection. See Protection, n., 3. 

Pro-tect'or (-er), n. One who protects ; specif. (Eng. 
Hist.), a regent during the sovereign's minority. 

Pro-tect'or-ate (-at), n. 1. Government by a pro- 
tector. 2. The authority assumed by a superior power 
to protect, and share in the management of the affairs 
of, an inferior or a dependent power. 

Pro-tect'or-ship, n. Office of a protector. 

pS2ffi.!£i; } -■ A woman wh0 protects - 

I Pro'tg'ge"' (pro'ta'zha'), n. m. \ [F., p. p. of pro- 
I Pro'tl'ge'e' (pro'ta'zha'), n. f. J teger. See Pro- 
tect.] One under the care and protection of another. 

Pro'te-id (pro'te-Td), n. [Gr. npwTos first.] (Physiol. 
Chem.) One of a class of amorphous, nitrogenous prin- 
ciples, usually containing a small amount of sulphur. 
Proteids make up the greater part of animal tissues and 
organs, and are important constituents of vegetables. 



Pro'te-in (pro'te-Tn), n. [Gr. npwros first.] (Physiol. 
Chem.) Alkali albumin, originally considered to be the 
basis of all albuminous substances ; — whence its name. 

Pro-tend' (pro-tSnd'), v. t. [L. protendere, proten- 
su?n ; pro forth + tendere to stretch.] To hold out ; to 
stretch forth. [Obs.~\ 

Pro-test' (-test'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Protested ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Protesting.] [F. protester, L. protestari ; 
pro before -j- testari to witness. See Testtfy.] 1. To 
affirm in a public or formal manner ; to declare solemnly. 
2. To make a solemn declaration expressive of opposition. 

Syn. — To assert ; aver ; attest ; testify. See Affirm. 

Pro-test', v. t. 1. To make a solemn declaration of ; 
to proclaim. 2. To appeal to as a witness. 

To protest a bill, note, or check (Laiv), to make a written 
declaration, in due form, on behalf of the holder, against 
all parties liable for any loss or damage by reason of the 
nonacceptance or nonpayment of the bill, note, or check. 

Pro'test (pro'test), n. 1. A solemn declaration of 
opinion, commonly a formal objection against some act ; 
esp., a written dissent from the proceedings of a legis- 
lative body. 2. (Law) (a) The instrument by which a 
bill, note, or check is protested. (6) A duly authenti- 
cated declaration made by the master of a vessel, upon 
his arrival in port after a disaster, protesting that any 
damage or loss sustained was not owing to the fault of 
the vessel, her officers, or her crew. 

Prot'es-tant (prSt'es-tant), n. [F., fr. L. protestans, 
-antis, p. pr. See Protest, v.~\ One who protests ; — 
orig., one of those who adhered to Luther, and made a 
solemn declaration of dissent from a decree against the 
reformers made by the Emperor Charles V. and the Diet 
of Spires, in 1529, and appealed to a general council; 
now popularly, any Christian not belonging to the Roman 
Catholic Church or the Greek Church. 

Prot'es-tant, a. 1. Protesting. 2. Of or pertaining 
to the faith and practice of those Christians who reject 
the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. 

Prot'es-tant-ism (-Tz'm), n. Quality or state of being 
protestant ; principles or religion of the Protestants. 

Prot'es-ta'tion (prot'e's-ta'shun), n. Act of making 
a protest ; a solemn declaration, esp. of dissent. 

Pro-test'er (pro-tSst'er), n. One who protests. 

Pro-thon'o-ta-ry (pro-th5n'o-ta-ry), or Pro-ton'o-ta- 

iy (pro-ton'-), n. [LL. protonotarius, fr. Gr. 7rpd>TOs 
first -f- L. notarius a shorthand writer, a scribe.] 1. A 
chief notary or clerk. 2. A register or chief clerk of a 
court in certain States of the U. S. 3. (R. C. Ch.) 
Formerly, one who had the charge of writing the acts of 
the martyrs; now, one of a college of twelve persons 
who register pontifical acts and keep a record of beatifica- 
tions. 4. (Gr. Ch.) The chief secretary of the patriarch 
of Constantinople. 

Pro-tho'rax (pro-tho'raks), n. [Pref . pro- -f thorax.'] 
(Zo'ol.) The first or anterior segment of the thorax in 
insects. [See Illust. of Insect.] 

Pro'tO- (pro'to-). [Gr. vpaiTos first, a superl. fr. Trpo 
before. See Pro-.] 1. A combining form or prefix sig- 
nifying first, primary, primordial; as, protoplast, proto- 
type, protozoan. 2. (Chem.) (a) Denoting the first or 
lowest of a series, or the one having the smallest amount 
of the element to the name of which it is prefixed. (6) 
Sometimes used like mono- to imply the presence in com- 
bination of only one atom, radical, or group. 

Pro'tO-COl (pro'to-kol), n. [Through F. &LL. fr. Gr. 
irpoiTOKoWov the first leaf glued to the rolls of papyrus 
and the notarial documents, on which the date was writ- 
ten ; 7rpwTos first + KoAAa glue.] 1. The original copy 
of any writing. 2. The minutes, or rough draught, of an 
instrument or transaction, as of an agreement. 

Pro'tO-mar'tyr (pro'to-mar'ter), n. [LL. See Proto- ; 
Martyr.] The first martyr, in any cause. 

Pro'tO-plasm (pro'to-piaVm), n. Proto- -f -plasm.] 
(Biol.) The viscid and more or less granular material of 
vegetable and animal cells, possessed of vital properties 
by which the processes of life go forward. 

Pro to-plas'mic (pro'to-plSz'mTk), a. 1. Of or per- 
taining to the first formation of living bodies. 2. (Biol.) 
Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, protoplasm. 

Pro'tO-plast (pro'to-plSst), n. [Gr. irpa>T6Tr\a<TTOt 
formed first ; irpSiros first + 7rAao-TOs formed.] 1. The 
thing first formed; the original. 2. (Biol.) A first- 
formed organized body ; the first individual, or pair of 
individuals, of a species. 

Pro'tO-type (pro'to-tip), n. [F., deriv. of Gr. 7rpa>T6- 
TV7ros ; 7rpwTos first + tvttos type, model.] An original 
or model after which anything is copied ; a primary 
form ; exemplar ; archetype. 



a, e, i, o, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, ftbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final 



PROTOZOA 



655 



PROVISION 





Protractor (2). 



II PrO'tO-ZO'a (pro'to-zo^a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. jrpi- 
tos first -+- 
^wov animal.] 
(Zool.) The 
lowest of the 
grand divisions 
of the animal 
kingdom. Each 
entire animal 
consists of a 
single cell 
which is vari- 

ouslymodified;' p ro tozoa. a Monosiga longirollis (x 900) 
but in many Hemwi>hrya gemmipara(X 60) ; t> One of the 
species a num- Contractile ^ acuolesof the same ; c Prehen- 
ber of these sile Tentacles; t/ Ciliated Embryo (x lOU). 
simple zooids unite to form a compound organism. 

Pro'tO-ZO'an (-on), a. (Zo'ul.) Of or pertaining to the 
Protozoa. — n. One of the Protozoa. 

Pro'tQ-ZO'iC (-Ik), a. 1. (Zool.) Of or pertaining to 
the Protozoa. 2. (Geol.) Containing remains of the ear- 
liest discovered life of the globe. 

II Pro / tO-ZO r dn (-5n), n. [NL.] (Zool.) (a) One of the 
Protozoa, (b) A single zooid of a compound protozoan. 

Pro-tract' (prg-trSkt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protract- 
ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Protracting.] [L. protrahere, p. p. 
-atus; pro forward -f trahere to draw.] 1. To draw out 
or lengthen in time or (rarely) in space ; to continue ; to 
prolong. 2. To delay; to defer. 3. (Surv.) To draw 
to a scale ; to plot. 4. (Zodl.) To extend ; to protrude. 

Pro-tract 'er (-er), n. A protractor. 

Pro-tract'ile (-11), a. Capable of being protracted. 

Pro-trac'tion (-trSk'shiin), re. 1. Act of protracting. 
2. A plot on paper. [ing ; delaying, j 

Pro-tract'ive (-trSkt'iv), a. Prolonging; continu-| 

Pro-tract'or (-er), re. 1. One that protracts. 2. A 
mathematical instrument for laying 
down and measuring angles. 3. (Anat.) 
A muscle which extends a part. 

Pro-trud'a-ble (pro-trud'a-b'l), a. 
Same as Protrusile. 

Pro-trude' (-trud'), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Protruded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Protruding.] [L.pro- 
trudere, -trusum ; pro forward -\--trudere to thrust.] 1. 
To thrust, drive, or shoot out or forward. 2. To thrust 
out, as through a narrow orifice or from confinement. 

Pro-tTU'sile (-tru'sll), a. Capable of being protruded or 
thrust out ; protractile ; protrusive, [being protruded. I 

Pro-tru'sion (-zhun), re. A protruding; state of | 

Pro-tTU'sive (-siv), a. 1. Thrusting or impelling for- 
ward. 2. Protrusile. — Pro-tru'sive-ly, adv. 

Pro-tuT)er-ance (pro-tu'ber-ans), 7i. That which is 
protuberant ; a swelling or prominence ; hump; elevation. 

Syn. — Projection. — Protuberance, unlike projection, 
implies that a rise from the surface of a thing is gradual. 

Pro-tu'ber-an-cy (-an-sy), n. Quality or state of be- 
ing protuberant. 

Pro-tulier-ant (-ant), a. [L. protuberans, -a?itis, p. 
pr. See Protuberate.] Prominent, or excessively prom- 
inent ; bulging beyond the surrounding or adjacent sur- 
face ; swelling. — Pro-tu'ber-ant-ly, adv. 

Pro-tuT)er-ate (-at), v. i. [L. protuberare ; pro for- 
ward -(- tuber hump.] To swell, or be prominent, be- 
yond the adjacent surface ; to bulge out. 

Pro-tU'ber-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of protuberating. 

Proud (proud), a. ICompar. Prouder (-er) ; superl. 
Proudest.] [AS. prut; akin to Icel. pruSr stately, 
handsome, Dan. prud handsome. Cf. Pride.] 1. Feel- 
ing or manifesting pride ; as : (a) Having excessive 
self-esteem ; hence, arrogant ; haughty ; lordly ; pre- 
sumptuous, (o) Having a feeling of high self-respect 
or self-esteem. 2. Giving reason or occasion for self- 
gratulation ; worthy of admiration ; grand ; splendid ; 
magnificent ; admirable ; ostentatious. 3. Excited by 
sexual desire ; — applied esp. to female animals. — 
Proudly, ad v. — Proud'ness, n. 

Proud flesh (Med.) a fungous growth or excrescence of 
granulations resembling flesh, in a wound or ulcer. 

Prov'a-ble (proov'a-b'l), a. Capable of being proved ; 
demonstrable^— Prov'a-ble-ness, n. — Prov'a-bly^ adv. 

Prove (proov), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proved (proovd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. re. Proving.] [OF. prover, fr. Tu.probare to 
try, approve, prove, fr. probus good, proper.] 1. To try 
or to ascertain by an experiment, or by a test or standard. 
2. To evince, establish, or ascertain, as truth, reality, or 
fact, by argument, testimony, or other evidence. 3. 
To ascertain or establish the genuineness or validity of ; 
to verify. 4. To know by trial ; to experience ; to suf- 



''rance. 2- The Pr* 



fer. 5. (Arith.) To test, evince, ascertain, or verify, as 
the correctness of any operation or result. 6 
ing) To take a trial impression, or proof, of. 

Syn. — To confirm ; manifest ; show ; demonstrate. 

Prove (proov ), i. i. 1. To make trial; to essay. 2. 
To be found by experience, trial, or result. 

Prov'en (probv''u), p. p. or a. Pro\ i 

Not proven (.Scots Laio, a verdict that the guilt of the 
aootued ia not made out, though not disproved. i 
teetl the prisoner from a second trial for the MUM ottence. 

II PrO'ven'C.al' (pri'viiN'saP), n. [F.]_ 1. A native 
or inhabitant of Provence in Pr. 
language. 

PTOV'en-der (pr5v'gn-der), n. [F. prorende, corrupt. 
of LL. praebenda a prebend. See Prebend.] Dry food 
for domestic animals, as hay, straw, corn, oats, or a 
mixture of ground grain ; feed. 

Prov'er (probv'er), n. One who, or that which, proves. 

Prov'erb (prSv^erb), n. [F. provrrbe, fr. L. 
bium ; pro for + verbum word. See Vekb.1 1. An old 
and common saying. 2. A striking or paradoxical asser- 
tion. 3. A subject of familiar or contemptuous reference. 

Syn.— Maxim; aphorism; apothegm; adage; saw. 

Pro-ver'bi-al (pro-ver'bl-rt/), a. 1. Mentioned or 
comprised in a proverb ; used as a proverb ; hence, com- 
monly known or considered. 2. Of or pertaining to prov- 
erbs ; resembling a proverb. 

Pro-ver'bi-al-isrn (-Tz'm), n. A proverbial phrase. 

Pro-verTJi-al-ist, n. One addicted to the use of prov- 
erbs ; one who composes, collects, or studies proverbs. 

Pro-ver'bi-al-ly, adv. In a proverbial manner; by 
way of proverb ; hence, commonly ; generally. 

Pro-vide / (-vid'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provided ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Providing.] [L. providere, provisum ; pro 
before -f- videre to see.] 1. To look out for in advance ; 
to get or prepare beforehand. 2. To supply ; to afford ; 
to contribute. 3. To furnish ; to supply. 4. To stipulate. 

Pro-vide 7 , v. i. 1. To procure supplies or means in 
advance ; to take measures of precaution. 2. To stipu- 
late previously. 

Pro-vid'ed (-vid'ed), conj. On condition ; by stipula- 
tion ; with the understanding ; if. 

Prov'i-dence (provl-dens), ?;. 1. Act of providing; 
a making ready ; preparation. 2. Foresight; care ; esp., 
the foresight and care which God manifests for his 
creatures; hence, God himself. 3. (Theol.) An event 
ordained by divine direction. 4. Prudence in the man- 
agement of one's concerns ; economy ; frugality. 

Prov'i-dent (prov'T-di?nt), a. [L. providens, -entis, 
p. pr. of providere. See Provide.] Foreseeing wants 
and making provision to supply them ; prudent. — Prov'- 
i-dent-ly, adv. — Prov'i-dent -ness. n. 

Syn. — Forecasting : cautious ; careful : frugal. 

Prov'i-den'tial (pr5v'T-den'shal), a. Effected by, or 
referable to, divine direction or superintendence. — 
Prov i-den'tial-ly, adv. 

Pro-vid'er (pro-vWer), n. One who provides. 

Prov'ince (prSv'Tns), n. [F., fr. L. provincia ; prob. 
fr. pro before, for -f- the root of vincere to conquer.] 
1. (Rom. Hist.) A conquered country beyond the limits 
of Italy, or originally of Rome. 2. A country dependent 
on a distant authority ; a portion of a state, esp. one re- 
mote from the capital. 3. A region of country ; tract ; 
district. 4. A region, esp. an ecclesiastical division, 
under the supervision or direction of any special person. 
5. The proper or appropriate business or duty of a per- 
son or body ; office; charge; jurisdiction; sphere. 

Pro-vin'cial (pro-vin'shol), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or be- 
ing, a province. 2. Exhibiting the ways or manners of 
a province ; countrified ; rude ; hence, narrow : illiberal. 

Pro-vin'cial, n. 1. A provincial person. 2. (E. C. 
Ch.) A monastic superior over the religious houses of 
the same fraternity in a given district. 

Pro-vin'Cial-ism (-Tz'm), n. A word, or a manner of 
speaking, or characteristic, peculiar to a province, or a 
district remote from the metropolis. 

Pro-vin'ci-al'i-ty (-vin / shl-51'l-ty), n. Quality or 
state of being provincial. 

Pro-Vi'sion (-vTzh'Qn), n. 1. Act of providing. 2. 
That which is provided or prepared ; measures taken be- 
forehand ; preparation. 3. Esp., a stock of food; — 
often in the pi. 4. That which is stipulated in advance ; 
condition; proviso. 5. (R. C. Ch.) Regular induction 
into a benefice. 6. (Eng. Hist.) A nomination by the 
pope to a benefice before it became vacant. 

Pro-vi'sion (pr6-vlzh'un), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Provi- 
sioned (-vTzh'und) ; £>. pr. & vb. n. Provisioning.] To 
supply with food ; to victual. 



a, e, i, 5, u, long ; a, £, I, 5, a, y, short ; senate, £ vent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PROVISIONAL 



656 



PSYCHIATRY 



Pro-vl'sion-al (pro'-vYzh'un-<7l) l a. Of the nature of a 
; serving as a provision for the time being ; 
Cmiuhthtj — Pro-vi'slon-al-ly, adv. 

Pro-vPso u^o-vi'zo), n. ; pi. Provisos (-zoz). [L., 
(it) being provided, abl. of provisos, p. p. of providers. 
Bm Tkovipe.] An article or clause, as in a statute, agree- 
ment, or contract, by which a condition is introduced. 

PTO-Vi'sor (,-zer)," ft. One who provides; as: (R. C. 

Ch.) (a) Purveyor, steward, or treasurer of a religious 

(b) One regularly inducted into a benefice. 

n,'.) One who gets or receives a papal provision. 

Pro-vi'S(Hry (-zo-rj-b a. 1. Of the nature of a pro- 
viso ; containing a proviso or condition. 2. Making tem- 
porary provision ; provisional. — Pro-vi'SO-ri-ly, adv. 

Prov O-ca'tlon (prSv'o-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of pro- 
voking to anger ; vexation. 2. That which provokes, or 
excites anger. 3. Incitement ; stimulus. 

Pro-VO'ca-tive (pro-vo'ka-tTv), a. That provokes. 

Pro-vo'ca-tlve-ness, n . Quality of being provocative. 

Pro-voke' (-vok'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provoked 
(-vokf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Provoking.] [F. provoquer, 
L. provocare to call forth ; pro forth -\- vocare to call, fir. 
tor, vocis, voice, cry, call.] To call forth; to call into 
being or action ; to stir up ; to excite ; esp., to incite, or 
incense to action, a faculty or passion. 

Syn. — To arouse ; awake ; anger. See Irritate. 

Pro-VOk'er (-er), n. One that provokes. 

Prov'OSt (prov'ust), n. [OF. provost, prevost, corrup. 
fr. L. praepositus placed before, chief, fr. praeponere 
to place before. See Preposition.] A person appointed 
to superintend, or preside over, something; the chief 
magistrate in some cities and towns. 

Provost marshal (often pronounced pro-v5') (Mil.), a 
military officer among whose duties is that of securing 
the prisoners confined on charges of a general nature. 

Prov'OSt-ship, n. The office of a provost. 

Prow (prou), n. [F. proue, L. prora, Gr. npwpa, 
akin to 7rp6 before.] The fore part of a vessel ; the bow ; 
the stem ; hence, the vessel itself. 

Prow, a. [Compar. Prower (-er) ; superl. Prowest.] 
[OF. prou, preu, fr. L. pro, prod, in prodesse to be use- 
ful.] Valiant; brave; gallant; courageous. [Archaic] 

Prow'ess (prou'es), 72. [OF. proece, proesce. See 
Prow, a.] Distinguished bravery ; valor ; military 
bravery and skill ; gallantry. 

Prowl (proul), r. t. [imp. &p.p. Prowled (prould) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Prowling.] [OE. prollen to search about ; 
of uncertain origin.] To rove over, through, or about in 
a stealthy manner ; esp., to search in, as for prey or booty. 

Prowl, v. i. To rove or wander stealthily, esp. for 
prey ; hence, to prey ; to plunder. 

Prowl'er (-er), n. One that prowls. 

Prox'i-mate (proks'T-inat), a. [L. proximatus, p. p. 
oiproximare to come near, to approach, iv.proximus the 
nearest, next, superl. of propior nearer, and prope, adv., 
near.] Nearest ; next immediately preceding or follow- 
ing. — Prox'i-mate-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Nearest; next; closest; immediate; direct. 

Prox-im'i-ty (prSks-Tml-t^), n. Quality or state of 
being next in time, place, causation, influence, etc. 

Prox'i-mo (pr5ks'T-m6). [L., on the next, abl. of 
proximus next.] In the next month after the present. 

Prox'y (-f), n. [Contr. from Procuracy.] 1. The 
agency or authority of one who acts for another, esp. in a 
legislative or corporate capacity ; also, the writing grant- 
ing such agency. 2. The person having such agency. 

Prox'y-ship, n. Office or agency of a proxy. 

Prude (pryid), n. [F., prudish, orig., discreet, modest ; 
shortened fr. OF. prudefeme, preudefeme, a discreet or 
excellent woman ; OF. preu, prou, excellent, brave -f- 
de of -f- feme woman.] A woman of affected modesty, 
reserve, or coyness ; one overscrupulous or sensitive. 

Pru'dence (pru/dens), n. Quality or state of being 
prudent ; carefulness ; hence, also, economy ; frugality. 

Syn.— Discretion; judgment. See Wisdom. 

Pru'dent (-dent), a. [L. prudens, -entis, contr. from 
provident. See Provident.] 1. Sagacious in adapting 
means to ends ; circumspect in action ; practically wise ; 
discreet. 2. Frugal ; economical ; not extravagant. 

Syn. —Cautious; considerate; judicious; provident. 

Prtl-den'tial (pru-d6n'shal), a. 1. Proceeding from, 
or characterized by, prudence ; prudent ; discreet. 2. 
Exercising prudence ; advisory ; superintending or exec- 
utive. — Pru-den'tial-ly, adv. 

Pru'dent-ly (pru/dent-ty), adv. In a prudent manner. 

Prud'er-y ( prjid'er-J), w. [F.pruderie. See Prude.] 
Quality or state of being prudish ; excessive or affected 
scrupulousness in speech or conduct. 



Prud'lsh (prudish), a. Like a prude ; very formal or 
precise ; affectedly severe in virtue. — Prud'ish-ly, adv. 

Pru'i-nose 7 (pru'T-noV), a. [L. pruinosus, fr. pruina 
hoarfrost.] Frosty ; covered with fine scales, hairs, dust, 
bloom, etc., so as to give the appearance of frost. 

Prune (prun), v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Pruned (prund) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Pruning.] [OE. proine, prob. fr.'F. pro- 
vigner to lay down vine stocks for propagation, deriv. of 
L. propago. See Propagate.] 1. To lop or cut off the 
superfluous parts, branches, or shoots of ; to shape or 
smooth by trimming ; to trim. 2. To cut off or cut out, 
as useless parts. 3. To preen ; to dress. 

Prune, V. i. To dress ; to prink ; — used humorously. 

Prune, n. [F. prune, from L. prunum a plum.] A 
plum ; esp., a dried plum, used in cookery. 

Prunella (pru-neTla), ) n. [F. prunelle.] A smooth 

Pru-nello (pru-nel'16), J woolen stuff, generally 
black ; a kind of lasting. 

Pru-nelle' (-nel'), n. [F. , dim. of prune. See Prune, 
n.] A kind of small and very acid French plum. 

Prun'er (prun'er), n. One that prunes. 

Pru'ri-ence'(pru/rT-<?ns), ) n. Quality or state of being 

Pru'ri-en-cy (-en-sy), ) prurient. 

Pru'ri-ent (-ent), a. [L. pruriens, -entis, p. pr. of 
prurire to itch.] Uneasy with desire ; itching, esp. 
with lust. 

Prus'sic (prus'slk or prus'slk), a. (Old Chem.) Des- 
ignating hydrocyanic acid ; — because Prussian blue is 
derived from it or its compounds. 

Pry (pri), n. [Corrupted fr. Prize a lever.] [Local, 
U. S. & Eng.\ 

Pry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pried (prid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Prying.] To raise or move, or attempt to raise or move, 
with a pry or lever; to prize. [Local, U. S. & Eng.~] 

Pry, v. i. [OE. prien. Cf. Peer to peep.] To peep 
narrowly ; to gaze or peer with scrutinizing curiosity. 

Pryth'ee (prith'e), inierj. See Prithee. 

Psalm (sain), n. [AS. sealm, L. psalmus, psalma, fr. 
Gr. ^aA/xos, i//aA/u.a, fr. xf/aWeiv to pull, twitch, to play a 
stringed instrument, to sing to the harp.] 1. A sacred 
song. 2. Esp., one of the hymns by David and others, 
collected into one book of the Old Testament; also, a 
modern metrical version of such a hymn. 

Psalmist (sam'Ist>, n. 1. A writer or composer of 
sacred songs; specif., King David. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A 
clerk, precentor, singer, or leader of music, in the church. 

Psal'mo-dist (sal'mo-dlst or sam'o-), n. One who 
sings sacred songs ; a psalmist. 

Psal'mo-dy (saVmo-dy or sam'o-), n. [Gr. ^aA/xaj5ia ; 
t//aV6s psalm -j- wSrJ song, ode.] Act, practice, or art of 
singing psalms or sacred songs ; also, psalms collectively. 

Psal'ter (sal'ter), n. [OF. sautier, psaltier, fr. L. 
psalterium. See Psaltery.] 1. The Book of Psalms ; 
specif., the Book of Psalms separately printed, or as 
printed in the Book of Common Prayer. 2. (R. C. Ch.) 
A rosary, consisting of a hundred and fifty beads, corre- 
sponding to the number of the psalms. 

Psal'ter-y (sal'ter-y), n. [OF. psallerie, L. psalteri- 
um psaltery, psalter, from Gr. xj/aknqpiov, fr. \j/dk\eiv. 
See Psalm.] A stringed instrument of music used by 
the Hebrews, the form of which is not known. 

Pseu'dO- (su'do-). [Gr. \]/ev8rjs false, akin to \f/ev8eiv 
to belie.] A combining form or prefix signifying false, 
counterfeit, pretended, spurious. Also used adjectively. 

Pseu'dO-doX (su'do-doks), a. [Gr. ^ev6o6o£os ; \jjev- 
Srjs false + 86£a an opinion.] Not true in opinion or 
doctrine ; false. — n. A false opinion or doctrine. 

Pseu'do-mor'phous (su'do-mo'r'fus), a. [Gr. t/jevSo- 
/AOp</>os ; xl/evSrjs false + M°P<H form.] Not having the 
true form. 

Pseu'do-nym (suMo-nTm), n. [See Pseudonymous.] 
A fictitious name assumed for the time, as by an author. 

Pseu-don'y-mous (su-donl-mus), a. [Gr. \JjevSu>w- 
/xo? ; i/htvSt?s false + owy-a name.] Bearing a false or 
fictitious name. 

Pshaw (sha), inierj. [Of imitative origin.] Pish ! 
pooh ! — an exclamation of contempt, disdain, dislike, etc. 

Pso'as (so'os), n. [Gr. \fi6a a muscle of the loin.] 
(Anat.) An internal muscle arising from the lumbar 
vertebrae and inserted into the femur. 

II Pso'ra (so'ra), n. [L., fr. Gr. xj/upa.] (Med.) A cu- 
taneous disease ; especially, the itch. 

Psy'che (sl'ke), n. [L., fr. Gr. *v*>? Psyche, fr. \}mxv 
the soul.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A lovely maiden, mistress 
of Eros, or Cupid, — regarded as personifying the soul. 
2. The soul ; mind. 3. [F. psyche. ~\ A cheval glass. 

Psy-ChPa-try (sf-ki'a-try), n. tGr. \lfu\rj mind -f 
larpeCa healing.] (Med.) Art of curing mental diseases. 



fSrn, recent, drb, ryde, full, -ftrn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



PSYCHIC 



657 



PUFF 




Psy'chic (siliik), ) a. [L. psychicus, Gr. ^vxiko?, 

Psy'chic-al (-kT-kal), ) fr. \pvxr) the soul, mind.] 1. 
Of or pertaining to the human soul, or to the living prin- 
ciple in man. 2. Of or pertaining to the mind, or its 
functions and diseases ; mental. 

Psy'chics (si'kiks), n. Psychology. 

Psy'chism (si'klz'm), n. (Philos.) The doctrine that 
all living beings are animated by a single universal fluid. 

Psy'cho- (sl'kS-). A combining form from Gr. «//ux^» 
soul, mind, understanding. 

Psy'Cho-log'ic (8i'k6-15j'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Psy'cho-log'ic-al (-T-kal), J psychology. — Psy'- 
cho log'ic-al-ly, adv. [devoted to, psychology. I 

Psy-chol'o-glst (st-k51'6-jTst), n. One versed in, or | 

Psy-chol'O-gy (si-kBl'S-j^), n. {Psycho- -f -logy.] 
The science of the human soul; specif., the systematic 
or scientific knowledge of its powers and functions. 

Psy'cho-man'cy (si'ko-niSn'sJr), n. {Psycho- -f 
•mancy.] Necromancy. 

Psy-chom'e-try (si-kom'e"-tr^), n. {Psycho- + -me- 
try.] (Physiol.) The art of measuring the duration, or 
time relation, of mental processes. 

Psy'ChO-phys'ics (si/ko-flz'Tks), n. {Psycho- + 
physics.] The science of the connection between nerve 
action and consciousness, or of the relations of the psy- 
chical and physical in their conjoint operation 
in man. — Psy'chO-phys'ic-al (-t-kal), a, 

Ptar'mi-gan (tar'mT-gan), n. 
[Gael, tarmachan.] (Zo'dl.) 
Any grouse of the genus La- 
gopus. The feet are completely 
feathered. Most of the species 
are brown in summer, but 
white, or nearly so, in winter. 

Pterl-dol'o-gy (teVT-dSl'o-- 

jf), n. [Gr. nrepCs, -iSos, fern 

-f- -logy.'] That branch of bot- fly^^k JSaJLSIa. ~T7T 

any which treats of ferns. 

Pter'O-dac'tyl (-6-dSk'tll), Ptarmigan ( Lagopus albus) 
n. [Gr.TrrepoVwing+SaKTvAos (in Winter), 

finger, toe.] (Paleon.) An extinct flying reptile. 

Pter'O-pod (tgr'6-pod), n. [Gr. nTepoirovs wing- 
footed; nrepov a wing -f- novg foot.] (Zool.) Any one 
of a class (Pteropoda), of Mollusca having broad, thin, 
winglike organs with which they swim. 

Pter/O-saur (ter'6-sar) n. [Gr. irrepov wing -f- crav- 
po? a lizard.] (Paleon.) A pterodactyl. 

Ptis'an (tiz'an), n. [L. ptisana, lit., peeled barley, 
Gr. ■kti<j6.vi\, fr. irTl<r<reii> to peel.] 1. A decoction of 
barley. 2. (Med.) An aqueous medicine, containing 
little, if any, medicinal agent. 

PtoPe-ma'ic (t51'e-ma'ik), a. Of or pert, to Ptolemy, 
the astronomer; specif., designating the system main- 
tained by Ptolemy, who supposed the earth to be fixed, 
with sun and stars revolving around it. 

Pty'a-lism (ti'a-liz'm), n. [Deriv. of Gr. irrvetv to 
spit.] Salivation, or an excessive flow of saliva. 

Pu'ber-ty (pu'ber-ty), n. [L. pubertas, fr. puber, 
pubes, adult.] The earliest age at which persons are 
capable of begetting or bearing children. 

Pulies (pu'bez), n. [L., the hair appearing on the 
body at puberty, fr. pubes adult.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The 
hair which appears on the lower part of the belly at the 
age of puberty, (b) Hence (as commonly used), the 
lower part of the belly. 2. (Bot.) The down of plants. 

Pu-bes'cence (pu-bSs'sens), n. 1. Quality of being 
pubescent. 2. A covering of soft short hairs or down. 

Pu-bes'cent (-sent), a. [L. pubescens, -entis, p. pr. of 
pubescere to become pubescent, fr. pubes.] 1. Arrived 
at puberty. 2. Covered with short soft hairs, or down. 

Pu'bic (pu'bik), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the 
pubes ; in the region of the pubes. 

Public (pub'lik), a. [L. publicus, poblicus, poplicus, 
fr. populus people.] 1. Of, or pert, or belonging to, the 
people ; relating to, or affecting, a nation, state, or com- 
munity. 2. Open to the knowledge or view of all ; com- 
mon ; notorious. 3. Open to common or general use. 

Public house, an inn, or house of entertainment for the 
public. 

Public, n. 1. The general body of mankind, or of a 
state or community ; people, indefinitely ; also, a par- 
ticular body of people. 2. A public house ; inn. {Scot.] 

In public, openly ; before an audience or the people. 

Publican (pub'lT-kan), n. [L. publicanus. See 
Public] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A farmer of taxes and pub- 
lic revenues ; hence, a collector of toll or tribute. 2. 
The keeper of a public house ; licensed retailer of liquors. 

Pub'li-ca'tion (pBb'lT-ka'shun), n. 1. A publishing. 



2. That which is published or made known; esp., any 
book, pamphlet, etc., ottered for sale or to public notice. 

Publicist (pub'lT-sIst), n. A writer on, or one who 
is versed in, the science of public right, the principles of 
government, the laws of nations, etc. [ing public. I 

Publicity (pub-lTs'I-ty ), n. Quality or state of be- 1 

Publicly (pfib'lTk-iy), adv. 1. In a public manner ; 
openly. 2. In the name of the community. 

Pub'lic-ness, n. Quality or state of being public or 
of belonging to the public ; publicity ; notoriety. 

Pub'lish (publish), v. I. {imp. & p. p. Published 
(-ITsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Publishing.] {V. publier, L. 
pitblic<ire,-atum. See Public ; -ish.] I. Toiiiakektiown 
to mankind, or to people in general ; to divulge ; to pro- 
mulgate or proclaim. 2. To make known by posting, or 
by reading in a church. 3. To send forth, as a book, 
newspaper, musical piece, etc., either for sale or for gen- 
eral distribution ; to print, and issue from the press. 
4. To utter, or put into circulation. {U. S.] 

Syn. — To advertise ; disclose ; reveal. See Announce. 

Publisher (-er), n. One who publishes. [tion. I 

Publishment (-ment), n. Act or process of publica- 1 

Puc-COOn' (puk-koon'), n. [From the American In- 
dian name.] (Bot.) Any one of several plants, as the 
bloodroot, yielding a red pigment. 

Puce (pus), a. [F., fr. puce a flea, L. pulez, pulicis.'] 
Of a dark brown or brownish purple color. 

Puck (puk), n. [OE. pouke; origin uncertain.] 
(Mediaeval Myth. ) A celebrated fairy ; — called also 
Robin Goodfellow, Pug, etc. 

Puck'er (-er), v. t. & i. {imp. &p. p. Puckered (-erd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Puckering.] [From Poke a pocket.] 
To gather or contract into small folds or wrinkles ; to 
corrugate. 

Puck'er, n. 1. A fold ; wrinkle ; collection of folds. 

2. Perplexity; confusion. {Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. 5.] 
Puck'er-y (-y), a. Puckering, or tending to pucker. 
Pud'den-ing (pud'den-Tng), n. [Prob. fr. pudden, for 

pudding, in allusion to its softness.] (Narit.) A quan- 
tity of rope-yarn, or the like, used as a fender. 

Pud'der (pud'der), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Puddebed 
(-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Puddering.] [Cf. Pother.] To 
make a tumult or bustle ; to splash ; to potter. 

Pud'der, v. t. To perplex ; to embarrass ; to confuse. 

Pud'der, n. A pother ; tumult ; turmoil ; bustle. 

Pud'ding (pud'ding), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A 
species of food of a soft or moderately hard consistence, 
variously made. 2. Anything resembling such a dish. 

3. An intestine ; esp., a sausage. 

Pudding stone. (Min.) See Conglomerate, n., 2. 
Pud'dle (pud'd'l), n. [OE. podel; of uncertain origin.] 

1. A small quantity of dirty standing water ; a small 
pool. 2. Clay, or a mixture of clay and sand, kneaded 
or worked, when wet, to render it impervious to water. 

Pud'dle, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Puddled (-d'ld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Puddling (-dling).] 1. To make foul or muddy. 

2. (a) To render dense and impervious, as clay or loam, 
by working when wet. (b) To make impervious by 
means of puddle ; to apply puddle to. 3. To subject 
(cast iron) to intense heat and frequent stirring in a re- 
verberatory furnace in the presence of oxidizing sub- 
stances, to convert it into steel (puddle steel) by freeing 
it from a portion of its carbon and other impurities. 

Pud'dler (-dler), n. One who puddles iron. 

Pud'dling (-dling), n. Act, art, or process of one who 
puddles iron or clay, loam, etc. [muddy ; foul. I 

Pud'dly (-dly), a. Consisting of, or like, puddles ;| 

Pu'den-cy (pu'den-s^), n. [L. pudens, p. pr. of pu- 
dere to be ashamed.] Modesty ; shamefacedness. 

Pudg'y (puj'y), a. Short and fat or sturdy ; podgy. 

Pu-diCi-ty (pu-dts'T-ty), n. [L. pudicilia. See Pu- 
dency.] Modesty ; chastity. 

Pueblo (pwgb'lo ; Sp. poo-a'blo), n. [Sp., a village, 
L. populus people.] A communistic building (usually 
of stone or adobe) erected by certain Indian tribes of 
Arizona and New Mexico. 

Pu'er-ile (pu'er-Tl), a. [L. puerilis, fr. puer a child, 
a boy.] Boyish ; childish ; trifling ; silly. — Pu'er- 
ile-ly, adv. — Pu'er-ile-ness, n. 

Syn. — See Youthful. 

Pu'er-ill-ty (-Tl-T-t5'), n. 1. Quality of being puerile. 
2. That which is puerile or childish ; puerile act. 

Pu-er'per-al (pu-er'per-al), a. [L. puerpera a lying-in 
woman ; puer child + parere to bear.] Of or pertaining 
to childbirth. 

Puff (puf), n. [Akin to G. & Sw. puff a blow, D. 
pof ; of imitative origin.] 1. A sudden and single 
emission of breath from the mouth ; hence, any sudden 



fSrn, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out. oil, chair, go, sine, ink, then, thin. 

*42 



N 



PUFF 



658 



PULVINATED 




Puffin (Fratercula 
arctica). 

[Obs.~] 4. A prosti- 



or short blast of wind ; I whiff. 2. Anything light and 

tfa air. Specif. : fo) A puffball. (©) A kind of 

stry. (c) A utensil of the toilet for dusting the 

■un ot hair with powder. 3. An exaggerated or empty 

Baton of praise, esp. one in a public journal. 

Pull tofi*)i '•• '• [<"•»• * /'• /'• Pi'ffed (puft) ; ^>. pr. 
fiFKiNG.J 1. To blow in puffs, or with short and 
sudden whiffs. 2. To blow, as an expression of scorn. 
3. To breathe quick and hard, or with puffs. 4. To 
swell with air. 5. To breathe in a swelling or pompous 
manner ; hence, to assume importance. 

Puff. r. t. 1. To drive with a puff, or with puffs. 2. 
To repel with words ; to blow at contemptuously. 3. To 
cause to swell or dilate ; to inflate ; to ruffle. 4. To in- 
flate with pride, flattery, self-esteem, or the like. 5. To 
praise with exasperation ; to flatter publicly. 

Puff ball' (pul'baF), n. (Bot.) A kind of ball-shaped 
fungus, full of dustlike spores when ripe. 

Puffer (-§r), n. 1. One who puffs. 2. One fraudu- 
lently employed by the owner or seller to bid on goods 
sold at auction. 3. (Zo'ol.) (a) A kind of fish which 
inflates its body, (b) The common, or harbor, porpoise. 

Puffin (-fin), n. [Akin to 
Puff.] (Zo'ol.) A species of arc- 
tic sea bird allied to the auk. 

Puffy (y),«. 1- Swelled with 
air, or anything soft ; bloated ; 
fleshy. 2. Hence, inflated ; bom- 
bastic. — Puff i-ness, n. 

Pug (pug), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Pugged (pugd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Pugging.] [Cf. G. pucken to 
thump, beat.] 1. To mix and 
stir when wet, as clay. 2. To 
fill or stop with clay or mortar. 

Pug, n. 1. Tempered clay. 
2. A mill for mixing and temper- 
ing clay. 

Pug, n. [Corrupted fr. Puck.] 

1. An elf. [065.] 2. A monkey. 
\_Colloq.~] 3. A crony ; a dear one. 
tute. 5. {Zo'ol.) One of a certain 
email breed of pet dogs, [pish ! ) 

Pugh (poo), interj. Pshaw ! j 

Pu'gil-ism (pu'jil-Tz'm), n. [L. 
pugil pugilist, akin to pugnus 
fist.] The practice of boxing, or 
fighting with the fist. 

Pu'gll-ist, n. One who fights 
with his fists ; esp. , a prize fight- 
er ; a boxer. 

Pu'gil-is'tlC (-Ts'tik), a. Of 
or pertaining to pugilism. 

Pug-na'cious (pug-na'shus), a. [L. pugnax, -ads, fr. 
pugnare to fight.] Disposed to fight ; quarrelsome. — 
Pug-na'cious-ly, adv. — Pug-na'cious-ness, n. 

Pug-nac'i-ty (-n5sT-ty), n. Inclination or readiness 
to fight ; quarrelsomeness. 

Pug' nose 7 (pug' noz'). A short, thick nose ; a snub 
nose. — Pug'-noseu 7 (-nozd'), a. 

Puh (pu), interj. The same as Pugh. 

Puis'ne (pu'ny), a. [See Puny.] 1. Later; also, 
petty; puny. \_Obs. j 2. {Law) Younger or inferior in 
rank ; junior ; associate. 

Pu'is-sance(pu'ts-sansorpu-Ts r -), n. [F. See Puis- 
sant.] Power; strength; might; force; potency. 

Pu'is-sant (-sant), a. [F., orig., p. pr. formed fr. L. 
posse to be able.] Powerful; strong; mighty; forcible. 
— Pu'is-sant-ly. adv. — Pu'is-sant-ness, n. 

Puke (puk), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Puked (pukt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Puking.] [Etym. uncertain.] To eject 
the contents of the stomach ; to vomit ; to spew. 

Puke, n. A medicine that causes vomiting. 

Puke, a. [Etym. uncertain.] Being of a (supposedly) 
blackish color ; — a word found in Shakespeare. 

Pul'chri-tude (puPkrT-tud), n. [L. pulchritudo, fr. 
pulcher beautiful.] Quality of appearance which pleases ; 
beauty ; comeliness ; grace ; loveliness. 

Pule (pul), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puled (puld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Puling.] [F. piauler ; origin uncertain.] 1. To 
cry like a chicken. 2. To whimper ; to whine. 

Pul'er (pul'er), n. One who pules ; a weak person. 

Pull ( pul), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Pulled (puld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Pulling.] [AS. pullian ; of uncertain origin.] 
L To draw ; to draw, or attempt to draw, toward one. 

2. To draw apart ; to tear ; to rend. 3. To gather with 
the hand, or by drawing toward one ; to pluck. 4. To 
move or operate by the motion of drawing towards one. 







mm 



5. (Horse Racing) To hold back, and so prevent from 
winning. [to tug ; to haul. I 

Pull (pul), v. i. To give a pull ; to move when pulled ; | 

Pull, n. 1. Act or effort of pulling or drawing with 
force. 2. A contest; a struggle. 3. A pluck; loss or 
violence suffered. [Poetic'] 4. A knob, handle, lever, 
etc., by which anything is pulled. 5. Act of rowing. 
[Colloq.] 6. Something in one's favor in a comparison, 
contest, or effort ; hence, means of influencing. [Slang'] 

Pull'back' (pul'bSk'), n. A drawback ; a hindrance. 

Pull'er (pul'er), n. One who, or that which, pulls. 

Pul'let (pul'ISt), n. [OF. polete, dim. oipoule a hen, 
fr. L. pulliis a pullet.] A young hen, or female of the 
domestic fowl. 

Pul'ley (pul'ly), n. , 
perhaps of Teu- 
tonic origin.] 



pi. PULLEY8 (-llz). 

iisr 



[F. poulie, 



Single Fixed 
Pulley. 




(Mach.) Awheel 
for transmitting 
or imparting 
power or for 
changing the di- 
rection of mo- 
tion, by means 
of a belt, cord, 
rope, or chain. 

Pul'li-cate 
(pul'lT-k£t), n. 
A kind of checked cotton or silk 
handkerchief. 

Pull'man car' (pul'man kaV). Fall and Tackle. 
[Named after Mr. Pullman, who I I 

introduced them.] A kind of sleeping car ; also, a palace 
car ; — often shortened to Pullman. 

Pul'mo-na-ry (pul'mo-na-ry), a. [L. pulmonarius, 
from pidmo, -onis, a lung ; of uncertain origin.] Of or 
pertaining to the lungs ; affecting the lungs ; pulmonic. 

Pul-mon'ic (pul-mon'Tk), a. Relating to, or affecting, 
the lungs ; pulmonary. 

Pulp (pulp), n. [L. pulpa flesh, pith, pulp of fruit.] 
A moist, slightly cohering mass, consisting of soft, undis- 
solved animal or vegetable matter ; as the central soft, 
sensitive tissue of teeth, the succulent part of fruit, etc. 

Pul'pit (pul'pit), n. [L. pulpitum.] 1. The elevated 
place in a church in which the clergyman stands while 
preaching. 2. The clergy, collectively ; also, preaching. 
3. A desk or platform for a public speaker. [uous. I 

Pul-pit-eer' (pul-pit-er'), n. A preacher ; —contempt- 1 

Pulp'OUS (ptilp'us), a. [See Pulp.] Containing pulp; 
pulpy. — Pulp'ous-ness, n. 

Pulp'y (-y), a. Like pulp ; consisting of pulp ; fleshy. 

II Pul'que (pul'ka), n. [Sp.] An intoxicating Mex- 
ican drink made from the juice of the agave. 

Pul'sate (pul'sat), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Pulsated (-sa- 
ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pulsating.] [L. pidsare, p. p. 
-atus, intens. fr. pellere to beat, drive.] To throb, as a 
pulse ; to beat, as the heart ; to move in vibrations or 
pulses, as the air. 

Pul'sa-tile (-sa-til), a. 1. Capable of being struck or 
beaten ; played by beating or by percussion. 2. Pulsa- 
ting ; throbbing. 

Pul-sa'tion (pul-sa'shun), n. A pulsating ; beat ; throb. 

Pul'sa-tive (pul'sa-tiv), a. Pulsating. [bing. I 

Pul'sa-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Capable of pulsating ; throb-] 

Pulse (puis), n. [OE. puis, L. puis, pultis, porridge 
of meal or pulse.] Leguminous plants, or their seeds, as 
beans, pease, etc. 

Pulse, n. [OF. pous, fr. L. pulsus (sc. venarum), fr. 
pellere, pulsum, to beat, strike.] 1. (Physiol.) The 
beating or throbbing of the heart or blood vessels, esp. 
of the arteries. 2. Any measured or regular beat ; oscil- 
lation ; vibration ; pulsation ; impulse ; beat ; movement. 

Pulse, v. i. To beat ; to move in pulses ; to pulsate. 

Pul'sion (pul'shun), n. Propulsion. [R.] [ized. I 

Pul'ver-a-ble (pul'ver-a-b'l), a. That can be pulver- [ 

PuPver-i-za'tion (-i-za'shun), n. Act of pulverizing. 

Pul'ver-ize (pul'ver-iz), v. t. &i. [imp. & p. p. Pul- 
verized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pulverizing (-i'zing).] 
[F. pidveriser, L. pulverizare, f r. pulvis dust.] To reduce, 
or be reduced, to fine powder or dust, as by beating. 

Pul'ver-1/zer (-I'zer), n. One that pulverizes. 

Pul'ver-OUS (-us), a. Consisting of dust or powder. 

Pul-ver'u-lent (pul-vgr'ti-lent), a. [L. pulverulentus, 
fr. pulvis, pulveris, dust, powder.] Consisting of, or re- 
ducible to, fine powder ; powdery ; dusty. 

Pul'vl-nate (pul'vT-nat), ) a. [L. pulvinatus, fr. pul- 

Pul'vl-na'ted (-na'tgd), j vinus cushion.] Curved 
convexly, or swelled ; cushion-like. 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, «, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, fcbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PUMA 



659 



PUPIL 



Pu'ma (pu'ma), n. [Peruv.] (Zo'ol.) A large tawny 
or brownish yellow American carnivore of the Cat kind. 




Puma (Felis concolor). 



Pum'ice (piim'Ts), n. [L. pumex, pumicis.~\ (Min.) 
A very light porous volcanic scoria. [like pumice. | 

Pu-mi'ceous (pu-mTsh'iis), a. Of or pert, to pumice ; | 

Pum'ice Stone 7 (piim'Ts ston'). Same as Pumice. 

Pum'mace (pum'nias), n. Same as Pomace. 

Pum'mel (-niSl), n. & v. I. Same as Pommel. 

Pump (pump), n. [Prob. so called as being worn for 
pomp or ornament.] A low shoe with a thin sole. 

Pump, n. [Of unknown origin. ] An hydraulic machine, 
variously constructed, for raising or transferring fluids. 

Pump, v. t. [imp, & p. p. Pumped (pumt ; 215) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Pumping.] 1. To raise with a pump. 2. 
To draw water, or the like, from, with, or as if with, a 
pump. 3. Fig., to draw out or obtain, as secrets or 
money, by persistent or artful questioning or plying. 

Pump, v. i. To work, or raise water with, a pump. 

Pump'er (puinp'er), n. One that pumps. 

Pump'er-nick'el (-nlk''!), n. [G-.] A sort of acid 
bread, made of unbolted rye. 

Pump'kln (-kin), n. [For older pompion, pompon, 
OF. pompon, L. pepo,peponis, Gv. iriTrmv, prop., cooked 
by the sun, ripe ; — so called because not eaten till ripe.] 
(Bot.) A well-known trailing plant and its fruit. 

Pun (pun), n. [Cf. Pound to beat.] A play on words 
which have the same sound but different meanings; a 
kind of quibble or equivocation. 

Pun, v . i. [imp. &p. p. Punned (pund) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Punning.] To make a pun or pups ; to play upon words. 

Punch (punch), n. [Hind, panch five, Skr. pancan. 
So called because composed of five ingredients.] A bev- 
erage composed of wine or distilled liquor, water (or 
milk), sugar, and the juice of lemon, with spice or mint. 

Punch, n. [Abbrev. fr. Punchinello.] The buffoon 
or harlequin of a puppet show. [or thing. I 

Punch, n. [Prov. E. Cf. Punchy.] A pudgy person | 

Punch, v. t. [OE. punchen; origin uncertain.] To 
thrust against ; to poke. 

Punch, n. A thrust or blow. [Colloq.~\ 

Punch, n. [Abbrev. fr. Puncheon.] A kind of tool, 
usually of steel, for stamping, cutting, perforating, etc. 

Punch, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Punched (puncht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Punching.] To perforate or stamp with an 
instrument by pressure, or a blow. — Punch/er (-er), n. 

Punch'eon (punch'un), n. [F. poincon awl, bodkin, 
crown, king-post, fr. L. punctio a pricking, fr. pungere 
to prick.] 1. A figured die or punch used by cutlers, 
goldsmiths, etc. 2. {Carp.) A short post; an interme- 
diate stud. 3. A split log or heavy slab with a smoothed 
face. [U. S.~\ 4. [F. poincon, perh. same as poincon 
awl. ] A cask containing S4, or sometimes 120, gallons. 

Pun'chi-nello (pun'chT-ngl'16), n. [It. pulcineUa ; 
origin uncertain.] A punch; buffoon; orig., a pudgy, 
hunchbacked, puppet-show character. [thick, or fat. I 

Punch'y (piincli'y), a. [Cf. 3d Punch.] Short and| 

Punc'tate (pfink'tat), 1 a. [From L. punctum point.] 

Punc'ta-ted (-ta-ted), J 1. Pointed ; ending in a 
point or points. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Dotted with small spots 
of color, or with minute depressions or pits. 

Punc-til'io (punk-tll'yo), n.; pi. -ios (-yoz). [Through 
It. or Sp. fr. L. punctum point.] A nice point of exact- 
ness in conduct or proceeding ; exactness in forms. 

Punc-til'ious (-yus), a. Attentive to punctilio ; exact 
in behavior, etiquette, or mutual intercourse ; precise. — 
Punc-til'ious-ly, adv. — Punc-til'ious-ness, n. 

Punc'tO (punk'to), n. [See Punto.] 1. A nice point 
of form or ceremony. 2. The point in fencing. 

Punc'tU-al (-tu-al ; 135), a. [F. ponctuel, fr. L. punc- 
tum point.] 1. Consisting in a point, [i?.] 2. Punctil- 
ious ; precise. 3. Appearing or done at, or adhering ex- 
actly to, a regular or appointed time ; precise ; prompt. 
— Punc'tu-al-ly, ad v.— Punc'tu-al-ness, n. 



Punc'tU-aTl-ty (punk'tu-aiT-ty' ; 135), n. Quality of 
being punctual. 

Punc'tu-ate (-at ; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punctu- 
ated (-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Punctuating.] To separate 
into sentences, clauses, etc., by points or stops which 
mark the grammatical, or other, relations of the parts. 

Punctu-a'tlon (-a'ahtiu), n. Act or art of punctuating. 

Punc'tU-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who punctuates. 

Punc'tu-late (-tu-lat), ) a. [L. ptmetulwn little 

Punc'tu-la ted (-la'tgd), J point.] Dotted ; spotted. 

Punc'ture (-tur ; 135), n. [L. pnnctura, fr. punge re, 
punctum, to prick.] 1. A puncturing. 2. A small hole 
made by a point ; slight wound, bite, or sting. 

Punc'ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punctueed (-turd); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Puncturing.] To pierce with a small, 
pointed instrument, or the like ; to prick. 

Pun'dit (pun'dit), n. [Hind, pundit, Skr. pnvdita a 
learned man.] A learned man ; a teacher ; esp., a Brah- 
man versed in the Sanskrit language, and in Hindooism. 

Pung (pung), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A kind of plain 
sleigh ; orig., a rude oblong box on runners. [U. S.] 

Pun'gence (pun'jens), n. [See Pungent.] Pungency. 

Pun'gen-CV (-jen-s^), n. Quality of being pungent. 

Pun'gent (pun'jent), a. [L. pungens, -entis, p. pr. of 
pungere, punctum, to prick.] 1. Causing a sharp sensa- 
tion, as of the taste, smell, or feelings ; pricking ; biting ; 
acrid. 2. Sharply painful ; severe; caustic; stinging. 
— Pun'gent-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Piercing ; sharp ; penetrating ; acute ; keen. 

Pu'nlc (pu'nik), a. [L. Punicus pertaining to Car- 
thage, or its inhabitants, fr. Poeni the Carthaginians.] 
Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the ancient Car- 
thaginians ; hence, faithless ; treacherous. [puny. I 

Pu'ni-ness (pu'nT-ngs), n. Quality or state of being | 

Pun'ish (pun'Tsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punished 
(-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Punishing.] [F. punir, fr. L. 
punire, punitum, akin to poena punishment. See Pain, 
and -ish.] 1. To impose a penalty upon ; to afflict for a 
crime or fault ; to chasten. 2. To inflict punishment for. 

Syn. — To chastise ; scourge ; discipline. See Chasten. 

Pun'lsh-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Deserving of, or liable to, 
punishment. — Pun'ish-a-ble-ness, n. 

Pun'ish-er (-er), n. One who inflicts punishment. 

Pun'ish-ment (-ment), n. 1. A punishing. 2. Pain, 
suffering, or loss inflicted because of a crime or offense. 

Pu'ni-tive (pu'nT-tTv), a. Of or pert, to punishment ; 
involving or inflicting punishment. [nitive. I 

Pu'ni-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Tending to punishment ; pu-| 

Punk (punk), n. [Cf. Spunk.] 1. Decayed wood or 
agaric used for tinder. 2. An artificial tinder. 

Pun'ster (pun'ster), n. One who puns ; a quibbler. 

Punt (punt), v. i. [Deriv. of L. punctum point.] To 
play at basset, baccara, faro, or omber ; to gamble. 

Punt, n. Act of playing at basset, baccara, faro, etc. 

Punt, n. [AS.,fr.li.po7ito. See Pontoon.] {Xaut.) 
A small, flat-bottomed boat with square ends. 

Punt, v. i. 1. To propel, as a boat, by pushing with 
a pole against the bottom. 2. (Football) To drop and 
kick (the ball) before it touches the ground. 

Punt, n. (Football) The act of punting the ball. 

Punt'er (-er), n. One who punts. 

Pun'tO (pun'to ; It. pobn'to), n. [It. punto, L. punc- 
tum point.] (Fencing) A point or hit. 

Pu'ny (pu'ny), a. [Compar. Punter (-nT-er) ; superl. 
Puniest.] [F. puine younger, OF. puisne; puis (L. 
post ; see Post-) + ne born, L. nalus.~] Imperfectly devel- 
oped in size or vigor ; small and feeble ; inferior ; petty. 

Pup (pup), n. [See Puppy.] (Zo'ol.) (a) A puppy. 
(6) A young seal. 

Pup, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pupped 
(pupt); p. pr. & vb. n. Pupping.] 
To bring forth pups. 

Pu'pa (pu'pa), n. ; pi. L. Pup.£ 
(-pe), E. Pupas (-paz). [L. pupa 
girl, doll, puppet, fern, of pupus." 
(Zo'ol.) Any insect in the stage of 
metamorphosis which usually next 
precedes the adult, or imago, stage. 

Pu'pate (pu'pat), v. i. (Zo'ol.) 
To become a pupa. 

Pu'pil (pu'ptl), n. [F.pupille, p a Le p idopter o Ua 

n. masc. & fern., L. pupillus, pu- ( salt . marsh Moth ), 
pilla, dim. of pupus boy, pupa not. size ; b Coleopter- 
girl.] 1. A youth or scholar of ™s (Ground Beetle), 
either sex under the care of an in- enlar S ed - 
structor or tutor. 2. A person under a guardian ; a ward. 
3. [F. pupille, n. fern.] (Anat.) The aperture in the iris. 

Syn. — Learner ; disciple ; tyro. — See Scholar. 




fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sine, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PUPILAGE 



660 



PURPOSELY 



Pu'pil-age (pu'p!l-aj ; 48), n. State of being a pupil. 

Pu'pil-la-ry (.-la-vj). a. Of or pert, to a pupil or ward. 

Pu-piv'o-rous (pO-pi v'o-rils), a. [Pupa -f L- vorare 
to devour.] ^Zo'ol.) Feeding on pup:v. 

Pup'pet (pttp'pSt). n. [OF. poupette ; origin uncert.] 
1. A small image in the human form ; doll. 2. A similar 
figure moved by hand or by a wire in a mock drama ; a 
marionette. 3.' One controlled by the will of another. 

Puppet show, a mock drama performed by puppets. 

Pup'pet-ry (-ry), n. Action or appearance like that 
of a puppet ; hence, mere form or show ; affectation. 

Pup'py (pup'py)" "• [F- poupee doll, puppet.] 1. 
(Zo'ol.) The young of a canine animal, esp. of the common 
dog ; a whelp. 2. A name of contemptuous reproach 
for a conceited and impertinent person. 

Pup'py-ism. (-Tz'm), n. Extreme meanness, affecta- 
tion, conceit, or impudence. 

Pur (pfir), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Poured (pfird) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Purring.] [Imitative.] To utter a low, mur- 
muring, continued sound, as a cat does when pleased. 

Pur, v. t. To signify or express by purring. 

Pur, n. The low, murmuring sound made in purring. 

PurTSlind' (-blind 7 ), a. [For pure-blind, i. e., wholly 
blind.] 1. Wholly blind. 2. Nearsighted, or dim- 
sighted. — PurT>lind'ly , adv. — Pufblind ness. n. 

Pur'chas-a-ble (pfir'chas-a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
bought or purchased ; hence, venal ; corrupt. 

Pur'chase (pfir'chas; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pur- 
chased (-chast) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Purchasing.] [OF. 
porchacier, purchacier, to pursue, to seek eagerly ; pour, 
por, pur, for (L. pro) -f- chacier to chase. See Chase.] 
1. To pursue and obtain ; to acquire by seeking ; to gain, 
obtain, or acquire. 2. To obtain by paying money or 
its equivalent ; to buy. 3. To obtain by any outlay, as of 
labor, danger, or sacrifice, etc. 4. {Law) (a) To acquire 
by any means except descent or inheritance. 5. To get 
a mechanical purchase upon, or apply a purchase to. 

Pur'chase (pfir'chas ; 48), n. 1. Act of purchasing ; 
acquisition of anything for a price. 2. That which is ob- 
tained, got, or acquired, by purchasing, esp. by buying. 
3. Any mechanical hold, or advantage, applied to the 
raising or removing of heavy bodies ; also, the apparatus, 
tackle, or device by which the advantage is gained. 

Pur'chas-er (-chas-er), n. One who purchases. 

Pure (pur), a. [Compar. Purer (-er) ; superl. Pur- 
est.] [F. pur, fr. L. purus; akin to putus pure, putare 
to clean, prune.] 1. Separate from all heterogeneous 
or extraneous matter ; clean ; clear ; mere ; simple ; un- 
mixed. 2. Free from moral defilement or guilt ; hence, 
innocent ; guileless ; chaste. 3. Free from that which 
harms, vitiates, weakens, or pollutes ; genuine ; real ; 
perfect. 4. {Script.) Ritually clean ; fitted for holy serv- 
ices. 5. {Phonetics) Of a single, simple sound or tone. 
— Purely, adv. — Pure'ness, n. 

Syn. — True ; unadulterated ; uncorrupted ; unsullied ; 
unstained ; stainless ; fair ; unspotted ; spotless ; incor- 
rupt ; unpolluted ; undefiled ; immaculate ; holy. 

II PuT^e' (pu'ra'), n. [F.] A dish made by boiling 
food to a pulp and rubbing it through a sieve. 

Pur'fle (pfir'f'l), v. t. [OF. pourfiler; pour for + fit 
a thread, L. filum.~\ To decorate with a wrought or 
flowered border ; to embroider. 

PUT-ga'tlon (pfir-ga'shiin), n. Act of purging. 

Pur'ga-tive (pfir'ga-tlv), a. Having the power or 
quality of purging ; cathartic. — n. {Med.) A purging 
medicine ; a cathartic. — Pur'ga-tive-ly, adv. 

Pur'ga-tO'ri-al (-to'ri-al), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Pur'ga-tO'ri-an (-an), J purgatory ; expiatory. 

Pur'ga-tO-ry (pfir'ga-to-rjr), a. Tending to cleanse ; 
cleansing ; expiatory. — n. A state or place of purifica- 
tion after death ; in the Roman Catholic creed, a place, 
or a state, in which souls are purified after death by expi- 
ating such offenses as do not merit eternal damnation, or 
in which they satisfy the justice of God for sins forgiven. 

Purge (pfirj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purged (pfirjd) ; p. 
pr.&vb.n. Purging (pfir'jTng).] [F. purger, L. pur gare ; 
purus pure + agere to make, to do.] 1. To cleanse, 
clear, or purify by separating and carrying off whatever 
is impure, heterogeneous, foreign, or superfluous. 2. 
{Med.) To operate on as, or by means of, a cathartic 
medicine. 3. To clarify ; to defecate, as liquors. 4. To 
clear from guilt, or defilement. 5. {Law) To clear from 
accusation, or the charge of a crime or misdemeanor, as 
by oath or in ordeal. 6. To remove in cleansing. 

Purge, v. i. 1. To become purged. 2. To have or 
produce frequent evacuations from the intestines. 

Purge, n. 1. Act of purging. 2. That which purges ; 
esp. , a cathartic medicine. 



Pur'ger (pfir'jer),_?>. One that purges. 

Pu ri fi-ca'tion (pu'rT-fT-ka'shiin), n. Act of purifying. 

Pu-rif'i-ca-to-ry (pu-rTf'I-ka-tS-ry), a. Serving or 
tending to purify ; purificative. 

Pu'ri-fi'er (pu'rl-fl'er), n. One that purifies ; cleanser. 

Pu'ri-fy (-fi), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Purified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PuRD?riNG (-fi'Tng).] [F. purifier, L. 
purificare ; purus pure -f- -ficare (in comp.) to make.] 
1. To make or become pure or clear from material defile- 
ment, admixture, or imperfection. 2. Hence, fig. : (a) 
To free from guilt or defilement, {b) To free from im- 
proprieties or_barbarisms. 

Purism (pur'Tz'in), n. Rigid purity ; affected purity 
or nicety, esp. in language. 

Pur'ist, n. One who cultivates, or affects, purism. 

Pu'ri-tan (pu'rT-tan), n. 1. {Eccl. Hist.) One who, 
in the time of Queen Elizabeth and the first two Stuarts, 
opposed traditional and formal usages of worship estab- 
lished by law; — orig., a term of reproach. 2. One 
scrupulous and strict in his religious life. 

Pu'ri-tan'ic (-tSn'Tk), ) a. Of, pertaining to, or like, 

Pu ri-tan'ic-al (-T-kal), J the Puritans, or their doc- 
trines and practice ; hence, strict ; overscrupulous. — 
Pu'ri-tan'ic-al-ly, adv. [tice of Puritans. I 

Pu'ri-tan-ism (pu'rT-tan-Tz'm), n. Doctrines or prac-| 

Pu'ri-ty (pu'rT-ty), n. [OF. purte, fr. L. puritas, fr. 
purus pure.] State of being pure. Specif.: {a) Freedom 
from foreign admixture or deleterious matter, (fc) Clean- 
ness ; freedom from foulness or dirt, (c) Freedom from 
guilt or defilement of sin ; innocence ; chastity, {d) Free- 
dom from sinister or improper views, (e) Freedom from 
foreign idioms, or improper uses of words or phrases. 

Purl (pfirl), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Purled (pfirld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Purling.] [Contr. fr. Purfle.] To decorate 
with fringe or embroidery. 

Purl, n. 1. An embroidered and puckered border ; a 
hem or fringe ; also, a pleat or fold. 2. An inversion of 
stitches in knitting, giving a ribbed or waved appearance. 

Purl, v. i. [Cf. Sw. porla, and E. pur to murmur as 
a cat. ] 1. To run swiftly round, as a small stream flowing 
among stones ; to eddy ; also, to make a murmuring 
sound, as water does in running over obstructions. 2. lo 
rise in circles, ripples, or undulations ; to curl ; to mantle. 

Purl, n. 1. A circle made by the motion of a fluid ; 
eddy; ripple. 2. A gentle murmur, as of a brook. 3. 
Malt liquor medicated or spiced. 

Purlieu (pfirlu), n. [Corrupted fr. OF. puralee, 
poralee; por (L. pro) -\- alee a going. See Pro-, and 
Alley.] 1. Orig., the ground near a royal forest, which, 
having been unlawfully added to the forest, was after- 
wards severed from it. 2. Hence, the outer portion of 
any place ; an adjacent district ; environs ; neighborhood. 

Purlin ) (-lin), n. [Etym. uncertain.] {Arch.) In 

Pur'line J roofs, a horizontal member supported on 
the principals and supporting the common rafters. [See 
lllust. of Roof.] 

Pur-loin' (pfir-loin'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pur- 
loined (-loind') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Purloining.] [OF. pur- 
loignier to retard, delay ; pier, por, for (L. pro) -f- loin 
far off (L. longe).~\ To take or carry away for one's self ; 
hence, to steal; to filch. — Pur-loin'er (-er), n. 

Pur'ple (pfir'p'l), n. [OF. purpre, L. purpura purple 
fish, purple dye, fr. Gr. iropfyvpa, orig., a shell from 
which purple dye was obtained.] 1. A color formed by 
mixing red and blue. 2. Cloth dyed purple, or a garment 
of that color ; esp., a purple robe emblematic of rank or 
authority. 3. Hence : Imperial sovereignty ; royal rank ; 
loosely, exalted station ; great wealth. 4. A cardinalate. 

Pur'ple, a. 1. Exhibiting or possessing the color 
called purple. 2. Imperial; regal. 3. Blood-red; bloody. 

Pur'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purpled (-p'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Purpling.] To make purple ; to dye purple. 

Pur'port (pfir'port), n. [OF. purport ; pur, pour, for 
(L. pro) -f- porter to bear, carry.] Design or tendency ; 
meaning ; import ; tenor. 

Pur'port, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purported ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Purporting.] To intend to show ; to mean ; to import. 

Pur'pose (pfir'piis) , n. [OF. purpos, pourpos, propos, 
L. proposilum. See Propound.] Object to be reached or 
accomplished ; view ; aim ; design ; intention ; plan. 

In purpose, Of purpose, On purpose, with previous de- 
sign; intentionally; purposely. 

Syn. — Design; end; intention; aim. See Design. 

Pur'pose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purposed (-piist) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Purposing.] To propose, as an aim, to one's 
self ; to intend ; to design ; to resolve. 

Pur'pose-less, a. Having no purpose or result. 

Pur'pose-ly , adv. With purpose or design ; on purpose. 



a, e, 1, 5, a, long ; a, 6, 1, ft, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, fcbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



PURPURE 



CGI 



PUTREFY 



Pur'pure (pur'pur), ♦. [L. purpura purple.] (Her.) 
Purple, — represented in engraving by diagonal lines 
from the right top to the left base. 

Purr (pQr), v. <& n. See Pub. 

Purse (pfirs), n. [OF. burse, horse, bourse, LL. bursa, 
fr. Gr. /3upcra hide, skin, leather.] 1. A small bag or 
pouch for carrying money ; hence, any receptacle for 
money carried on the person. 2. A treasury ; finances. 
3. Money offered as a prize, or collected as a present. 

Purae net, a fishing net, the mouth of which may be 
drawn together like a purse. 

Purse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pursed (pGrst) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Pursing;] 1. To put iuto a purse. 2. To con- 
tract like the mouth of a purse ; to pucker ; to knit. 

Purse'-proud' (-proud'), a. Proud of riches. 

Purs'er (-er), n. [See Purse; cf. Bursar.] 1. (Xaitt.) 
A former commissioned officer in the navy, now called 
paymaster. 2. A clerk on a vessel who keeps the accounts. 

Pur'si-ness (pfir'sT-nSs), n. State of being pursy. 

Purs'lain \ (pGrs'lan), n. [OF. porcelaine, pource- 

Purs'lane ) laine, corrupted fr. L. porcilaca for por- 
tulaca.~\ (Bol.) A succulent, annual plant, sometimes 
used as a pot herb and for salads. 

Pur-SU'a-ble (pfir-su'a-b'l), a. Capable of being, or 
fit to be, pursued, followed, or prosecuted. 

Pur-SU'ance (-ans), n. 1. Act of pursuing or prose- 
cuting. 2. State of being pursuant ; consequence. 

Pur-SU'ant (pfir-su'ant), a. [From Pursue.] Acting 
in consequence or in prosecution (of anything) ; hence, 
agreeable; following; according. — Pur-SU'ant-ly , adv. 

Pur-sue' (pur-su'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pursued 
(-sud') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pursuing.] [OF. porsivre, pour- 
suir, fr. L. prosequi ; pro forward + sequi to follow.] 
1. To foUow with a view to overtake ; to chase. 2. To 
seek. 3. To proceed along ; to advance in. 4. To pros- 
ecute ; to be engaged in. 5. To follow as an example ; 
to imitate. 6. To follow with enmity ; to persecute. 

Syn. — To follow ; chase ; seek ; persist. See Follow. 

Pur-sue', v. i. 1. To go in pursuit ; to follow. 2. 
To "go on ; to proceed, esp. in discourse. [A Gallicism] 

Pur-SU'er (-su'er), n. One who pursues. 

Pursuit' (-suf), n. 1. Act of pursuing ; chase ; 
prosecution. 2. Course of business ; occupation. 

Pur'sui-vant (pfir'swe-vant), n. [F. poursuivant.~\ 
1. {Heralds' 1 College) A functionary of lower rank than 
a herald, but discharging similar duties. 2. The king's 
messenger ; a state messenger. 

Pur'sy (pilr'sy), a. [OF. pourcif, poulsif, fr. pousser, 
poulser, to push, thrust. See Push.] Fat and short- 
breathed ; fat, short, and thick ; swelled with pampering. 

Pur'te-nance (pur'te-nans), n. Abbrev. fr. Appurte- 
nance. [Obs. or Archaic] 

Pu'ru-lence (pu'ru-lens), ) n. (Med.) Quality or state 

Pu'ru-len-cy (-len'-sy), j of being purulent ; also, 
purulent matter. 

Pu'ru-lent (-lent), a. [L. purulentus, fr. pus, puris, 
pus, matter.] (Med.) Consisting of or like pus, or mat- 
ter ; attended with suppuration. — Pu'ru-lent-ly, adv. 

Pur-vey' (pfir-va'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purveyed 
(-vad') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Purveying.] [OF. porveeir, 
porveoir, fr. L. providere. See Provide.] 1. To fur- 
nish or provide, as with a convenience, provisions, or the 
like. 2. To procure ; to get. [vision. I 

Pur-vey', v. i. To purchase provisions ; to make pro- 1 

Pur-vey'ance (pfir-va'ans), n. 1. A providing or pro- 
curing. 2. That which is provided ; provisions ; food. 

Pur-vey'or (-er), n. 1. One who provides victuals ; 
a caterer. 2. A procurer ; pimp ; bawd. 

Pur'view (pftr'vu), n. [OF. purveu, pourveu, pro- 
vided, p. p. of porveoir. See Purvey.] 1. (a) (Law) 
The body of a statute, as distinguished from the preamble, 
(b) Hence : The limit or scope of a statute. 2. Limit cr 
sphere of authority ; scope ; extent. 

PUS (pus), n. [L., akin to Gr. ttuos, irvov, and to E. 
foul.] (3fed.) The yellowish white, opaque, creamy mat- 
ter produced by the process of suppuration. 

Push (push), v . I. [imp. &p. p. Pushed (pusht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Pushing.] [F. pousser, fr. L. pulsar e, intens. 
fr. pellere, pidsum, to beat, push.] 1. To press with 
force ; to drive or impel by pressure. 2. To gore. 3. 
To press or urge forward. 4. To bear hard upon ; to 
embarrass. 5. To press with solicitation ; to tease. 

Push, v. i. 1. To make a thrust ; to shove. 2. To 
make effort ; to be energetic. 3. To burst out, as a bud. 

Push, n. 1. A thrust with the end of a thing. 2. Any 
thrust, impulse, or force applied ; shove. 3. An assault ; 
effort; attempt. 4. Aggressive energy. [Colloq.] 

Syn. — See Thrust. 



Push'er (push'Sr), n. One that pushes. 

Pu sil lanim'i ty (pu'sll-la-nlm'1-ty), n. Quality of 
being pusillanimous. 

Pu'sil-lan'l-mous (-lan'I-nifis), a. [L. ptuUlanimis; 
putUhu very little (dim. of pusus a little boy) -f- ani- 
mus the mind.] 1. Destitute of a manly or courageous 
strength and firmness of mind ; spiritless ; cowardly ; 
fainthearted ; timid. 2. Evincing, or characterized by, 
weakness of mind, and want of courage. — Pu'sil-lan'i- 
mous-ly, <«iv. — Pu sil-lan'i-mous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Dastardly ; meau-Hpirited ; weak; feeble. 

PUSS (pus), ft. [Cf. D. poet, Ir. & Gael, pus.] 1. A 
cat; — a fondling appellation. 2. A hare. 

Puss'y (-y), n. [Dim. of Puss.] 1. A pet name for 
a cat ; also, an endearing name for a girl. 2. A catkin 
of certain willows. 

Pus'sy (pOs'sy), a. Pursy. [Colloq. or Low] 

Pus'tU-lant (pus'tu-l«nt ; 135), a. [L. pustulans, p. 
pr. See Pustulate, v. t.] (Med.) Producing pustules. 

Pus'tU-lar (-ler), a. I. Of or pertaining to pustules. 
2. Covered with pustulelike prominences ; pustulate. 

Pus'tu-late (-lat), v. t. [L. pustulare, p. p. -atus, fr. 
pustula pustule.] To form into pustules, or blisters. 

Pus'tU-late (-lat), \ a. Covered with pustule-like 

Pus'tU-la'ted (-la'tSd), J prominences ; pustular. 

Pus-tU-la'tlon (-la'shun), n. Act of producing pus- 
tules ; state of being pustulated. 

Pus'tule (pus'tul ; 135), n. [L. pustula, and pusula.] 
(Med.) A vesicle or an elevation of the cuticle with an 
inflamed base, containing pus. 

Pus'tu-lous (-tu-lus), a. Resembling, or covered 
with, pustules ; pustulate ; pustular. 

Put, obs. Zdpers. sing. pres. of Put, coutr. fr. putteth. 

Put (put), n. [Cf. W. put any short thing.] A rus- 
tic ; a clown ; an awkward or uncouth person. 

Put (put), v. L [imp. & p. p. Put ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Putting.] [AS. potian to thrust.] 1. To move ; to im- 
pel ; to thrust; — nearly obsolete, except with adverbs. 

2. To bring to a position or place ; to place ; to lay ; to 
set ; fig., to cause to be or exist in a specified relation, 
condition, or the like. 3. To attach or attribute ; to 
assign. 4. To set before one for judgment, acceptance, 
or rejection ; fig., to assume ; to suppose. 5. To incite ; 
to entice ; to constrain. 6. To throw or cast with a kind 
of " overhand " pushing motion. 

To put to it, to distress ; to press hard ; to perplex. 

Syn. — To place ; set ; lay ; cause ; produce ; propose ; 
state. — Put is a general term, denoting merely to move 
to a place; place has more particular reference to the 
precise location ; set or lay often have special reference 
to the relative position of the parts of the object. 

Put (put ; often put in def. 2), v. i. 1. To steer ; to 
direct one's course ; to go. 2. To play a card or a hand 
in the game called put. 

To put about (Naut.), to change direction; to tack. — 
To put forth, (a) To shoot, bud, or germinate. (6) To 
leave a port or haven, as a ship. — To put in (Naut.), to 
enter a harbor ; to sail into port. — To put off, to go away ; 
esp., to leave land, as a ship. — To put up. (a) To take 
lodgings ; to lodge. (6) To offer one's self as a candi- 
date. — To put up with, to overlook ; to endure, without 
punishment, resentment, or expressed dissatisfaction. 

Put (put ; often pQt, esp. in def. 2), n. 1. A putting ; 
action ; thrust ; push. 2. A certain game at cards. 3. 
An option to " put" (deliver) a certain amount of stock, 
grain, etc., at a fixed price and date. [Brokers'' Cant] 

Pu'ta-tive (pu'ta-tTv), a. [L. putativus, fr. putare, 
palatum, to reckon, suppose, adjust, prune, cleanse.] 
Commonly thought or deemed ; supposed ; reputed. 

Pu'tid (pu'tld), a. [L. putidus. Cf. Putrid.] Rot- 
ten ; fetid ; stinking ; base ; worthless. 

Put'log' (put'lSg'), n. (Arch.) One of the short 
pieces of timber on which the planks forming the floor of 
a scaffold are laid. [lay ; excuse. I 

Put'-Off (put'Sf ; 115), n. A shift for evasion or de- 1 

Pu-tred'i-nous (pu-trgd'T-nQs), a. [L. putredo rot- 
tenness, fr. putrere to be rotten.] Proceeding from, or 
partaking of, the putrefactive process ; stinking ; rotten. 

Pu'tre-fac'tion (pu'tre-fSk'shGn), 72. Act or process 
of putrefying ; state of being putrefied ; also, that which 
is putrefied. 

Pu'tre-fac'tive (-tYv), a. 1. Of or pertaining to pu- 
trefaction. 2. Causing, or promoting, putrefaction. 

Pu'tre-fy (pu'tre-fT), r. t. A i. [imp. & p. p. Putrk- 
FDSD(-fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Putrefying (-fl'Tng).] [F. 
putrefier ; L. putrere to be rotten + -ficare (in comp.) 
to make.] 1. To render or become putrid ; to cause to 
decay offensively ; to rot. 2. To corrupt ; to make foul. 

3. To make, or become, morbid, carious, or gangrenous. 



fSrn, recent, 6rb, rydo, full, tkxn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, rjo, aing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



PUTRESCENCE 



662 



PYTHAGORISM 



Pn-tres'cence (pu-treVsms), n. State of being pu- 
tresoent i Rlao, putrescent matter. 

Pu-tres'cent |,pu-treVs<nt), a. [X putrescent, p. pr., 
derir. otpuirere.] Becoming putrid or rotten ; putrid. 

Pu-tres'cl ble (-sl-b'l), a. Capable of putrefaction. 

Pu'trid (putrid), a. [X putridus, fr. put re re to be 
rotten, fr. putcr, or putris, rotten, fr. putere to stink, to 
he rotten.] 1. Tending to decay ; decomposed ; rotten. 
2. Indicating, or proceeding from, a decayed state of 
animal or vegetable matter. — Pu'trid-ness, n. 

Putrid fever [Mad.), typhus fever. 

Pu-trid'i-ty (pu-trid'i-ty), n. Quality of being putrid. 

Pu'tri-fy (.pu'trl-fi), v. t. & i. To putrefy. 

Put'ter (put'ter), v. i. See Potter. 

Put'tock (put'tuk), n. [Etym. uncertain.] (Zo'ol.) 
(a) The European kite. (b) The buzzard. 

Put'ty (put'ty), n. [F. potee, fr. pot pot; what was 
formerly called putty being a substance resembling putty 
powder, and in part made of the metal of old pots.] A 
kind of thick paste or cement compounded of whiting 
and linseed oil, kneaded to the consistency of dough. 

Putty powder, an oxide of tin, or of tin and lead in vari- 
ous proportions, used in polishing glass, metal, etc. 

Put'ty. v. t. [imp. &p.p. Puttied (-tld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Puttying.] To cement or stop with putty. 

Put'-up' (put'up'), a. Arranged ; plotted. [Colloq.] 

Puz'zel (puz'zgl), n. [Cf. F. pucelle a virgin.] A 
harlot ; a drab ; a hussy. [Obs.] 

Puz'zle (puz'z'l), n. [For Opposal, in the sense of 
problem*.] 1. Something which perplexes or embarrasses ; 
esp., a toy or a problem contrived for testing ingenuity. 
2. State of being puzzled ; perplexity. 

Puz'zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Puzzled (-z'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Puzzling (-zllng).] 1. To perplex ; toconfuse ; 
to nonplus. 2. To make intricate ; to entangle. 3. To 
solve by ingenuity, as a puzzle. 

Syn. — To bewilder ; confound. See Embarrass. 

Puz'zle, v. i. 1. To be bewildered, or perplexed. 2. 
To work at, or as if at, a puzzle. 

Puz'zler (puz'zler), n. One that puzzles. 

II Py-ae'mi-a (pi-e'mT-a), n. [NX., fr. Gr. irvov pus -f 
at/ia blood.] (Med.) Blood poisoning produced by the 
absorption of morbid matters. — Py-ae'mlc (-mlk), a. 

I! Pyc'no-gon'i-da (pTk'n6-gon'i-da), n. pi. [NX, fr. 
Gr. itvkvos thick -\- yow knee.] (Zo'ol.) A class of 
marine arthropods in which the body is small and thin, 
and the eight legs usually very long. 

Pye (pi), n. See 2d Pie (6). 

Pye'bald' (piebald'), a. Piebald. 

Py 'garg (pi'gafg), n. [L. pygargus, Gr. Trvyapyos, lit. , 
white rump ; inryrj rump -f- dpyo? white.] (Zo'ol.) 1. A 
kind of quadruped, probably the addax. 2. The female 
hen harrier. 3. The sea eagle. 

Pyg'my (pig'my), ) a. Of or pert, to a pygmy ; 

Pyg-me'an (pig-me'cm), J dwarfish ; very small. 

Pyg'my, n. [X pygmaeus, Gr. 7rvy/xaios, fr. irvyy-ri 
the fist, the distance from the elbow to the knuckles.] 
1. (Class. Myth.) One of a fabulous race of dwarfs. 2. 
Hence, a short, insignificant person ; a dwarf. _ 

|l Py-Ja'ma (pi-ja'nia), n. [Hind. pae-jama.~\ In 
India and Persia, thin loose trowsers or drawers; in 
Europe and America, a kind of nightdress with legs. 

|i Py-lo'rus (pT-lo'rus), n. ; pi. Pylori (-ri). [X, fr. 
Gr. Truku>p6<; pylorus, gate keeper; trvKi} a gate -j- ovpos 
guardian.] (Anat.) The opening from the stomach into 
the intestine. — Py-lor'ic (pT-15r'ik), a. 

Pyr'a-lid (pir'a-lid), n. [L. pyralis, -idis, a kind of 
winged insect.] (Zo'ol.) Any one of a family (Pyrali- 
dse) of moths, mostly small, but some very injurious. 

Pyr'a-mid (pir'a-mid), n. [X pyramis, -idis, fr. Gr. 
Trvpaju's, -too? ; of Egyptian 
origin.] A solid with a trian- 
gular, square, or polygonal 
base, and triangular sides hav- 
ing a common vertex ; esp., a 
structure of this shape. 

Py-ram'i-dal (pT-rarnT- 
d<7l). a. Of or pert, to a pyra- 
mid ; in the form of a pyra- 
mid. — Py-ram'1-dal-ly , adv. Pyramids. 

Pyr'a-mid'lc (plr'a-mTdTk), Pyr'a-mid'lc-al (-T-kal), 
a. Of or pert, to a pyramid ; pyramidal. 

Pyre (pir), n. [L. pyra, Gr. irvpa, fr. trvp fire.] A 
funeral pile ; a combustible heap on which the dead are 
burned ; hence, any pile to be burnt. 

Py'rene (pi'ren), n. [NX. pyrena, fr. Gr. irvpr\v, irv- 
ptjvo?, the stone of fruit.] (Bot.) A nutlet resembling a 
eeed, or the kernel of a drupe. 




Py'rene (pi'ren), n. [Gr. TTvp fire.] (Chem.) One of 
the less volatile hydrocarbons of coal tar. 

Py-ret'ic (pt-rgt'Tk), a. [Gr. m/pero? heat, fever, from 
nip fire.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to fever ; febrile. 

Pyr'e-tol'O-gy (plr'e-t51'6-jy), n. [Gr. Trwperos fever 
+ -logy.] (Med.) A discourse or treatise on fevers. 

Pyr'i-fonn (pir'i-f 6rni), a. [L. pyrum, piruni, a pear 
-f- -for}?i.] Having the form of a pear ; pear-shaped. 

Pyr'ite (plrlt), n. ; pi. Pyrites (-its). [See Pyrites.] 
(Min.) A common mineral of a brass-yellow color and 
brilliant metallic luster ; iron pyrites. 

Py-ri'tes (pl-ri'tez), n. [X, fr. Gr. rrvpin;?, fr. irvp 
fire.] (Min.) Any one of a number of metallic minerals, 
sulphides of iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, and tin, of a 
white or yellowish color. 

Py-rit'iC (pl-rit'!k), ) a. (Mi)i.) Of or pertaining to 

Py-rit'ic-al (-T-kal), f pyrites ; consisting of pyrites. 

Pyro-, Pyr-. [Gr. Trip, rrvpos, fire.] Combining forms 
designating fire or heat; specif. (Chem.), used to imply 
an actual or theoretical derivative by the action of heat. 

Pyr'o-e'lec-tric'i-ty (-e'lgk-tris'I-ty), n. (Physics) 
Electricity developed by means of heat. 

Pyr'O-gen'ic (-jgn'ik), a. [Pyro- -f- -gen + -fc.] 
(Physiol.) Producing heat; — said of substances which 
elevate the temperature of the body. 

Py-rog'e-UOUS (pi-roj'e-niis), a. [Gr. irvp fire + 
-genous.'] Produced by fire ; igneous. 

Pyr'Og-UOS'tlc (pTr'Sg-nSs'tik), a. [Pyro- + Gr. 
■yiyvwo-Keii/ to know.] (Min.) Of, or pertaining to, char- 
acters developed by the use of heat. 

Py-rog'ra-phy (pt-rog'ra-fy), n. [Pyro- -j- -graphy.] 
A process of printing, ornamenting, or carving, by burn- 
ing with heated instruments. • 

Py-rol'O-gy (-r51'6-jy), n. [Pyro- + -logy.] That 
branch of physical science which treats of the properties, 
phenomena, or effects of_heat. 

Pyr'O-lu'site (ptr'6-lu'slt), n. [Pyro- + Gr. Kvew to 
loose, or Awis a loosing.] (3Iin.) An oxide of manga- 
nese which parts with its oxygen at a red heat. 

Pyr'O-man'cy (pir'o-man'sy), n. [Gr. irupofj.avTeia ; 
irvp fire -j- pLavrela divination.] Divination by fire. 

Pyr/o-ma'ni-a (-ma'nT-a), n. [Pyro- -f- mania.'] An 
insane disposition to incendiarism. 

Py-rom'e-ter (pt-rom'e-ter), n. [Pyro- -f -meter.] 
(Physics) 1. An instrument used for measuring the ex- 
pansion of solid bodies by heat. 2. An instrument for 
measuring degrees of heat above those indicated by the 
mercurial thermometer. 

Pyr'o-nom'ics (pTr'6-nom'iks), n. [Pyro- -f Gr. 
j/o/aos law.] The science of heat. 

Pyr'O-phone (pir'o-fon), n. [Pyro- + Gr. <pu>i/ij 
sound.] A musical instrument in which the tones are 
produced by flames of hydrogen, or Uluminating gas. 

Pyr'O-SCOpe (pir'o-skop), n. [Pyro- + -scope.] 
(Physics) An instrument for measuring the intensity of 
radiant heat, or the cooling influence of bodies. 

Pyr/O-tech'nic (pir'6-tek'nTk), ) a. [Pyro--\-technic, 

Pyr/o-tech'nic-al (-ni-kal), J technical.] Of or 
pertaining to fireworks, or the art of forming them. 

Pyr'O-tech'nics (-tgk'mks), n. Art of making fire- 
works ; the manufacture and use of fireworks. 

Pyr/O-tech'nist, n. One skilled in pyrotechny. 

Pyr/o-tech'ny (plr'o-tgk'n^), n. Same as Pyrotech- 
nics. 

Py-rot'lc (pt-rotTk), a. [Gr. irvpurucos, deriv. of TriJp 
fire.] Caustic, — ri. (Med.) A caustic medicine. 

Pyr'OX-ene (pir'5ks-en), n. [F. pyroxene, fr. Gr. 7rvp 
fire + ^eVos a stranger ; — because supposed to be rare 
in igneous rocks.] (Min.) A common mineral of many 
varieties, — all silicates of calcium and magnesium. 

Pyr'rhlc (pTr'rik), a. [Gr. 7n/ppi'x«>s belonging to the 
rrvppt'xij (sc. 6px7?o-is) a kind of war dance.] 1. Of or pert, 
to an ancient Greek martial dance. 2. (Pros.) Of or 
pert, to a pyrrhic, or pyrrhics ; containing pyrrhics. 

Pyr'rhlc, n. 1. An ancient Greek martial dance, to 
the accompaniment of the flute, its time being very quick. 
2. (Pros.) A foot consisting of two short syllables. 

Pyr'rho-nism (pTr'ro-niz'm), 7i. [From Pyrrho, the 
founder of a school of skeptics in Greece (about 300 B. c.).] 
Skepticism ; universal doubt. 

Pyr'rho-nlst (-nist), n. A skeptic. 

Pyth/a-gO're-an (ptth'a-go're-an or pT-thSg'o-re'an), 
a. Of or pertaining to Pythagoras (a Greek philosopher, 
born about 582 b. c. ) , or his philosophy, the central thought 
of which was the idea of number. 

Pyth'a-gO're-an, n. A follower of Pythagoras. 

Py-thag'o-rism (pl-thag'6-rlz'm), n. The doctrines 
taught by Pythagoras. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, tdea, dbey, CLnite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



PYTHIAN 



663 



QUADRUMANOUS 



Pyth'l-an (plth'T-an), a. [L. Pythius, Gr. nuflio? be- 
longing to Pytho, the older name of Delphi and its envi- 
rons.] Of or pertaining to Delphi, the temple of Apollo, 
or the priestess of Apollo, who delivered oracles at Delphi. 

Pytn'O-geu'ic (pTtn'o-jeu'Tk), a. [Gr. nvdeiv to rot -j- 
■yeVos origin.] Producing decomposition. 

Py'thon (pi'thSn), «• [L. Python the serpent slain 
near Delphi by Apollo, Gr. UvOuiv.] 1. (Zo'61.) Any of 
several species of very large snakes, allied to the boas. 

Pyth'O-ness (plth'S-uSs), n. [L. pythonissa. See 
Pythian.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) The priestess who gave orac- 
ular answers at Delphi in Greece. 2. Any woman sup- 
posed to have a spirit of divination ; a sort of witch. 

Py-thon'lc (pT-th5n'Tk), a. Prophetic; oracular; 
pretending to foretell. [ing. I 

Py th'o-nism (pi th'o-nTz'm), n. Equivocal prophesy- 1 

Pyth'O-nist (-nlst), n. A conjurer ; a diviner. 

Pyx (plks), n. [L. pyxis a box, Gr. ttv£ t's a box, esp. 



of boxwood, fr. ttv£o? the box tree or boxwood.] 1. (R. 
C. Ch.) The box, case, vase, or taber- 
nacle, in which the host is reserved. 

2. A box used in the British miut as a 
place of deposit for certain sample coins. 

3. (Xaut.) The box in which the com- 
pass is suspended ; the binnacle. 

Pyx (pTks), v. t. To test 
(coins) as to weight and 
fineness. [Eng.] 

II Pyx-id'1-um (plks-Td'- 

T-um), ft. ; pi. Pyxidia. (-a). 

[NL., fr. Gr. irv&hiov, dim. 

of 7tv£i« a box. See Pyx.] 

(Bot.) (a) A pod which divides circularly 

into an upper and a lower half, (b) The 

theca of mosses. 

Pyx'ie (plks'I), n. (Bot.) Same as Pixy. 




Pyx (l). 




Pyxidium (a;. 



a 



Q (ku), the seventeenth letter of the English alpha- 
bet, has but one sound (that of k), and is always followed 
by u, the two letters together being sounded like kw, 
except in some words in which the u is silent. See Guide 
to Pronunciation, § 249. The name (ku) is through the 
French from the Latin ; the form is through Latin and 
Greek from the Phoenician, the ultimate origin being 
Egyptian. Etymologically, q or qu is most nearly re- 
lated to c (ch, tch), p, g, and wh; as in cud, gwid, L. 
equus, ecus, horse, Gr. iWos, whence E. egwine, hippie ; 
L. gwod which, E. wh&t ; L. a^uila, E. ea^le ; E. kitchen, 
OE. kicAene, AS. cycene, L. cogwina. [night heron. I 

Qua'-bird' (kwa'berd' or kwa'-), n. The American | 

Quack (kwSk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quacked (kwSkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Quacking.] [Of imitative origin.] 1. To 
utter a sound like the cry of a duck. 2. To make vain 
.and loud pretensions ; to boast. 3. To act the part of 
a quack or pretender. 

Quack, n. 1. The cry of the duck, or one resembling 
it. 2. A boastful pretender to medical skill ; an igno- 
rant practitioner. 3. Hence, a charlatan. 

Quack, a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, quack- 
ery or quacks. [of a quack. I 

Quack'er-y (-er-^), n. The acts, arts, or pretensions! 

Quad (kw5d), n. (Print.) A quadrat. 

Quad, n. A quadrangle ; hence, a prison. [Cant] 

Quad'ra-ble (-ra-b'l), a. [See Quadrate.] (Math.) 
That may be squared, or reduced to an equivalent square. 

II Quad'ra-ges'i-ma (kwod/ra-jgs'T-ma), n. [L.,deriv. 
of quadraginta forty.] (Eccl.) The forty days of fast 
preceding Easter ; Lent. — Quad ra-ges'i-mal (-mal), a. 

Quadragesima Sunday, the first Sunday in Lent. 

Quad'ran gle (kw5d'r2n/g'l), n. [F., fr. L. quadran- 
gtuum ; quattuor four -+- angulus an angle.] 1. (Geom.) 
A figure having four angles, and consequently 
iour sides. 2. A square or quadrangular space 
or inclosure ; such a space or court surrounded 
by buildings. 

Quad-ran'gu-lar (kw5d-r5n'gu-ler) 




Having four angles, and consequently four Rectangular 
sides. Quadrangle. 

Quad'rant (kwod'rant), n. [L. quadrans, -antis, a 
fourth part, fr. quattuor four.] 1. (Geom.) The quarter 
of a circle, or of the circumference of a cir- 
cle, an arc of 90°. 2. An instrument for 
measuring altitudes, variously constructed 
and mounted for different specific uses in 
astronomy, surveying, gunnery, etc. 

Quad-ran'tal (kw5d-r5n'tal), a. Of or 
pertaining to a quadrant. a a Quadrants. 

Quad'rat (kwSd'rat), n. [F. quadrat, cadrat. See 
Quadrate.] (Print.) A block of type metal lower than 
the letters, — used in spacing, etc. [Abbrev. quad.'] 

Quad'rate (-rat), a. [L. quadratus squared, p. p., de- 
riv. of quadrus square, quattuor four. See Four.] 1. 
Having four equal sides, the opposite sides parallel, and 
four right angles ; square. 2. Produced by multiplying 
a number by itself ; square. 3. Square ; even ; bal- 
anced ; exact. [Archaic] 4. Squared ; suited ; corre- 
spondent. [Archaic] 

Quad'rate, n. 1. A quadrate figure ; a square. 2. 
(Astrol.) An aspect of the heavenly bodies in which they 
are distant from each other 90°. 

Quad'rate (-rat), v. i. To square ; to agree ; to suit ; 
to correspond. [Archaic] 



Quad'rate (kwSd'rat), v. t. To adjust (a gun) on its 
carriage ; also, to train (a gun) for horizontal firing. 

Quad-rat'lc (kw5d-r5t'Ik), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
a square, or to squares ; resembling a square ; square. 
2. (Crystallog.) Tetragonal. 3. (.^.) Pertaining to 
terms of the second degree. 

Quad-rat'ics (-Tks), n. (Alg.) That branch of alge- 
bra which treats of quadratic equations. 

Quad'ra-ture (kw5d'ra-tur ; 135), n. 1. (Math.) Act 
of squaring ; the finding of a square having the same 
area as some given curvilinear figure. 2. A quadrate ; 
a square. 3. (Astron.) The position of one heavenly 
body in respect to another when distant from it 90°. 

Quad-ren'ui-al (kw5d-r8u'nT-al), a. [L. quadrienni- 
um four years ; quattuor four + annus year.] 1. Com- 
prising four years. 2. Occurring once in four years, or 
at the end of every four years. — Quad-ren'ni-al-ly adv. 

Quad'li- (kw5d'rT-). [L., fr. quattuor four.] A com- 
bining form meaning four, four times, fourfold. 

Quad'ri-gem'i-nal (kwM'rl-jem'I-nal), ( a. [Quadri- 

Quad ri-gem'i-nous (-jem'T-nus), ) + L. ge- 

mini twins.] Fourfold ; having four similar parts. 

Quad rl-lat'er-al (kw5d/ri-iafer-al), a. [L. quadri- 
laterus. See Quadri-, and Lateral.] Hav 
ing four sides, and consequently four an 
gles; quadrangular. — n. (Geom.) A quad 
rilateral figure. 

Quad'ri-lit'er-al (-Ht'er-al), a. [Quad n 
rv- + literal.] Consisting of four letters. Quadrilateral. 

Quadrille' (kwa-dril' or ka-dril'), n. [F., deriv. of L. 
quadra a square, fr. quattuor four.] 1. A dance having 
five figures, in common time, four couples being in each 
set. 2. The appropriate music for a quadrille. 3. A 
game played by four persons with forty cards, the tens, 
nines, and eights being discarded. 

Quad-ril'lion (kw5d-rll'yun), 7i. [F., fr. L. quater 
four times, akin to quattuor four; — formed like mil- 
lion.] In the French notation, followed also upon the 
Continent and in the U. S., a unit with fifteen ciphers 
annexed ; in the English notation, the number produced 
by involving a million to the fourth power, or the number 
represented by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. 

Quad ri-no'mi-al (kwSd'rl-no'mT-al), n. [Quadri- -j- 
-nomial, as in binomial.] (Alg.) A polynomial of four 
terms connected by the signs plus or minus. 

Quad'ri-reme (kwod'rl-rem), n. [L. quadriremis ; 
quattuor four + remus an oar.] (Antiq.) A galley with 
four banks of oars or rowers. 

Quad'ri-syl la-ble (-sTiaa-b'l), n. [Quadri- -f- sylla- 
ble.] A word consisting of four syllables. 

Quad-riv'a-lent (kw5d-riv'a-l?nt), a. [Quadri- + L. 
valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a 
valence of four. 

Quad'ri-val'vu-lar (kw5d'rl-val'vfi-ler), a. Having 
four valves, parts, or folds. 

Quad-roon' (kw5d-roon'), n. [F. quarteron, or Sp. 
cuarteron. See Quarter a fourth part.] The offspring 
of a mulatto and a white person. 

II Quad-ru'ma-na (-ru'ma-na), ?!. pi. [XL., fr. L. 
quattuor four + manusa hand.] (Zo'dl.) A division of 
animals comprising the apes and monkeys ; — so called 
because the hind foot is usually prehensile, and the great 
toe opposable somewhat like a thumb. 

Quad-ru'ma-nous (kw5d-ru'ma-nus), a. (Zo'dl.) Hav- 
ing four hands ; of or pertaining to the Quadrumana. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, e\ X, 5, A, f, short ; 



S vent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, a&k, all, final. 



N 



QUADRUPED 



664 



QUARANTINE 



Quad'ra-ped (kw5d'ru-p?d), a. [L. quadnipes, -pe- 
four+pAt • foot.] Having four feet. — 71. 
\n animal having four feet ; esp., a nianimal. 

Quad-ru'pe-dal (,k\v5d-ru'pe-d<il), a. (Zo'dl.) Having 
four feet ; of or pertaining to a quadruped. 

Quad'ra pie (kwod'ru-p'l), a. [L. quadruplus, from 
quattuor four.] Fourfold. 

Quad'ra-ple. n. Four times the sum or number. 

Quad'ru-ple. v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Quadrupled 
(ryki) \ p. pr. & vb. n. Quadrupling (-pllng).] To mul- 
tiply, or be multiplied, by four ; to increase fourfold. 

Quad'ru-plex (-plSks), a. [L., from quattuor four + 
to fold.] Fourfold; folded or doubled twice. 

Quad-ru'pli-cate (kwod-ru'plT-kat), v. t. [L. quadru- 
p. p. -at us, fr. quadruplex fourfold.] To make 
fourfold ; to double twice ; to quadruple. 

Quad-ru'pli-cate (-kat), a. Fourfold ; doubled twice ; 
four times repeated. [eating. I 

Quad ru-pli-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of quadrupli- 1 

Quad'ru-ply (kw5d'ru-pl}'), adv. To a fourfold quan- 
tity ; so as to be, or cause to be, quadruple. 

" Quae're (kwe're), r. imperative. [L., imper. of quae- 
rere to seek.] Inquire ; question ; see ; — used to signi- 
fy doubt or to suggest investigation. 
" Quaff (kwaf ), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Quaffed 
(kwaft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Quaffing.] [For quach, fr. 
Gael. & Ir. cuach a drinking cup.] To drink with rel- 
ish ; to drink copiously of ; to swallow in large draughts. 

Quaff'er (-er), n. One who quaffs, or drinks largely. 

Quag (kwag), n. A quagmire. 

Quag'ga (kwag'ga), n. [Hottentot.] {Zo'dl.) A South 
African wild ass. 

Quag'gy (-g?), a. [See Quag, Quagmire.] Of the 
nature of a quagmire ; spongy ; boggy. 

Quag'mire' (-nilr'), n. [Quake + mire.'] Soft, wet, 
miry land, which shakes or yields under the feet. 

Syn. — Morass ; marsh ; bog ; swamp ; fen ; slough. 

Qua 'hog ) (kwa/hog), n. [Abbrev. fr. Narragansett 

Qua'haug j Indian poquauhock.] (Zo'dl.) An Amer- 
ican market clam ; the round clam. 

Quail (kwal), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quailed (kwald) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Quailing.] [AS. cwelan to die, perish ; 
akin to cwalu violent death, G. qual torment.] 1. To 
die ; to perish. [06s.] 2. To become quelled ; to sink 
under trial or apprehension of danger ; to lose heart ; to 
shrink ; to cower ; to flinch. 

Syn. —To quake; tremble; blench; succumb; yield. 

Quail, n. [OF. quaille, LL. quaquila, qualia, qualea ; 
of Dutch or German origin.] 
1. (Zo'dl. ) Any gallinaceous bird 
belonging to several allied genera 
of the Old World. 2. (Zo'dl.) 
Any one of several American 
species of partridges; esp., the 
bob white and the California 
quail. 3. (Zo'dl.) Any one of 
numerous species of Turnix and 
allied genera, native of the Old 
World. 4. A prostitute. 

Quaint (kwaut), a. [OE. 
queint, queynle, coint, prudent, European Quail (Coturnix 
wise, cunning, pretty, odd, OF. communis), a Adult ; 
cointe cultivated, amiable, agree- b Young, 
able, neat, fr. L. cognitus known, p. p. of cognoscere to 
know ; con + noscere (for gnoscere) to know.] 1. Char- 
acterized by ingenuity or art ; elegant ; graceful ; nice ; 
neat. [Archaic'] 2. Curious and fanciful ; affected ; 
odd ; whimsical ; antique ; archaic ; singular ; unusual. — 
Quaintly, adv. — Quaint'ness, n. 

Syn. — Odd ; antique.— Antique is applied to that which 
has come down from the ancients, or which is made to 
imitate some ancient work of art. Odd implies exception 
to general rules of calculation and procedure, or expecta- 
tion and common experience. In the current use of 
quaint, the two ideas of odd and antique are combined, 
and the word is commonly applied to that which is pleas- 
ing by reason of both these qualities. 

Quake (kwak), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quaked (kwakt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Quaking.] [AS. cwacian.] 1. To be 
agitated with quick, short motions ; to shake with fear, 
cold, etc. 2. To shake, vibrate, or quiver, either from not 
being solid, as soft, wet land, or from violent convulsion. 

Quake, n. A tremulous agitation ; a quick vibratory 
movement ; a shudder ; a quivering. 

Quak'er (kwak'Sr), n. 1. One who quakes. 2. A mem- 
ber of the Society of Friends ; — called Quakers, origi- 
nally, in derision, on account of the agitation produced 
by the powerful preaching of George Fox, the founder. 

Quaier gun, a dummy cannon made of wood or other 




material ; — so called because the sect of Friends, or 
Quakers, hold to the doctrine of nonresistance. 

Quak'er-ess (kwaklr-gs), n. A female Quaker. 

Quak'er-ish. a. Like or pertaining to a Quaker. 

Quak'er-ism (-Tz'iu), n. The peculiar character, man- 
ners, tenets, etc., of the Quakers. 

Quak'er-ly, a. Resembling Quakers. 

Qual'i-fi a-ble (kw51T-fi'a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
qualified ; abatable ; modifiable. 

Qual i-fi-ca'tion (-f l-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of qualify- 
ing, or state of being qualified. 2. That which qualifies ; 
specif., any natural endowment, or any acquirement, 
which fits a person for a place, office, or employment, etc. 

Syn. — Modification ; restriction; abatement. 

Qual'i-tied (-fid), a. 1. Fitted by accomplishments 
or endowments. 2. Modified ; limited. — Quall-fied'- 
ly, adv. — QuaTi-f ied ness, n. 

Syn. — Competent ; fit; adapted. — Competent usually 
refers to native endowments and general ability ; quali- 
fied to specific acquirements and training. 

Qual'i-fi/er (-fi'er), n. One that qualifies. 

Qualify (-fi), v. I. & i. [imp. &p.p. Qualified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Qualtfttng (-fi'Ing).] [F. qualifier, LL. 
qualificare, fr. L. qualis how constituted, as + -ficare to 
make. See -ft.] 1. To make or become such as is re- 
quired ; to give added or requisite qualities to ; to fit, as 
for a place, office, occupation, or character ; to supply 
with or obtain legal power or capacity, as by taking oath 
of office, giving a bond, etc. 2. To modulate ; to vary ; 
to regulate. 3. To reduce from a general, undefined, or 
comprehensive form, to a particular or restricted form ; 
to modify ; to limit. 4. Hence, to soften ; to abate ; to 
diminish. 

Syn. — To fit ; equip ; prepare ; adapt ; capacitate ; 
enable ; modify ; soften ; restrict ; restrain ; temper. 

Qual'i-ta-tive (-ta-tiv), a. Relating to quality ; hav- 
ing the character of quality. — Quall-ta-tive-ly, adv. 

Quality (-ty), n. [F.'qualile, L. qualitas, fr. qualis 
how constituted, as ; akin to E. which.] 1. State of be- 
ing of such and such a sort as distinguished from others ; 
nature or character relatively considered. 2. Special or 
temporary character; assumed or asserted rank, part, 
or position. 3. That which makes, or helps to make, 
anything such as it is ; distinguishing property, character- 
istic, or attribute. 4. An acquired trait; acquisition. 
5. Superior birth or station ; high rank. 

Syn. — Property ; peculiarity ; sort ; disposition ; tem- 
per. 

Qualm (kwam), n. [AS. cwealm death, slaughter, 
pestilence.] 1. A sudden attack of illness, faintness, or 
pain ; an agony. 2. Esp., a sudden sensation of nausea. 
3. A prick or scruple of conscience ; compunction. 

Qualmish, a. Sick at the stomach ; affected with 
nausea. — Qualmlsh-ly . adv. — Qualmlsh-ness, n. 

Quan'da-ry (kwon'da-ry or kw5n-da'ry), n. [Prob. 
fr. OE. wandreth, fr. Icel. vandraeSi difficulty, fr. vandr 
difficult.] A state of difficulty or perplexity; doubt; 
uncertainty. [die at one side. I 

Quan'net (kwon'net), n. A flat file having the han-| 

Quant (kwant or kwont), n. A punting pole with a 
broad flange to prevent it from sinking into the mud. 

Quanlic (kwon'tik), n. [L. quantus how much. See 
Quantity.] (Math.) A homogeneous algebraic function 
of two or more variables, in general containing only pos- 
itive, integral powers of the variables. 

Quan'ti-ta-tive (-tT-ta-tlv), a. Relating to quantity. 

Quan'ti-ty (kwon'tl-rjr), n. [F. quantite. L. quantitas, 
fr. quantus how great, how much, akin to E. how, who.] 
1. Attribute of being so much, and not more or less ; 
the property of being measurable, or capable of increase 
and decrease, multiplication and division ; greatness ; 
that which answers the question " How much ? " ; meas- 
ure ; amount ; bulk ; extent ; size. Hence, specif. : (a) 
(Logic) The extent or extension of a general conception ; 
also, its content or comprehension, (b) (Gram.) The 
measure of a syllable, (c) (Mus.) The relative duration 
of a tone. 2. That which can be increased, diminished, 
or measured ; esp. (Math.), anything to which mathe- 
matical processes are applicable. 3. A determinate or 
estimated amount; a sum or bulk; sometimes, a large 
portion, bulk, or sum. 

Quan'tum (kwSn'tum), n. ; pi. Quanta (-ta). [L., 
neuter of quantus how much.] Quantity ; amount. 

Quar'an-tine (kwor'an-ten), n. [F. quarantaine, OF. 
quaranteine, fr. F. quarante forty, L. quadraginta, akin 
to quattuor four.] 1. A space of forty days; — used of 
Lent. 2. Specif., the term, originally of forty days, dur- 
ing which a ship arriving in port, and suspected of being 
infected with a malignant contagious disease, is obliged 



a, e, l, it, u, long ; a, £, i, 5, il, y, short ; senate, $vent, idea, 6 bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



QUARANTINE 



665 



QUATERNARY 



to forbear intercourse with the shore ; hence, such re- 
straint or inhibition of intercourse ; also, the place where 
quarantined vessels are stationed. Hence, a restraint for 
like purposes on land, or the time of its duration, or place 
where the quarantined persons are stationed. 

Quarantine flag, a yellow Hag hoisted to give warning of 
an infectious disease. 

Quar an-tlne' (kw5r'an-ten'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Quarantined (-tend') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Quarantining.] 
To subject to quarantiiw ; to put under, or in, quarantine. 

Quar'rel (kw5r'rgl), n. [OF. quarrel, LL. quadreUtu, 
fr. L. quadras square.] 1. An arrow for a crossbow, 
— usually with a square head. [O&s.] 2. {Arch.) Any 
small quadrangular member ; as a square of glass, esp. 
when set diagonally. 3. A glazier's diamond. 4. A 
four-sided cutting tool having a diamond-shaped end. 

Quar'rel, n. [OF. querele, fr. L. querela, querella, a 
complaint, fr. queri to complain.] 1. A breach of con- 
cord, amity, or obligation; a disagreement; esp., an 
angry dispute ; brawl ; altercation ; wrangle. 2. Ground 
or cause of objection, dislike, difference, or hostility. 

Syn. — Broil ; squabble ; affray ; feud ; contest ; con- 
tention. 

Quar'rel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quarreled (-rSld) or 
Quarrelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Quarreling or Quarrel- 
ling.] 1. To violate concord or agreement; to be or 
become antagonistic. 2. To dispute angrily, or violently ; 
to wrangle ; to fight. 3. To find fault ; to cavil. 

Quar'rel-er (-er), n. One who quarrels. 

Quar'rel-some (-sum), a. Apt to quarrel ; given to 
brawls and contention ; irascible ; choleric. — Quar'rel- 
some-ly , adv. — Quar'rel some-ness, n. 

Syn. — Pugnacious ; irritable ; fiery ; petulant. 

3uar'rl-er (-rT-er), n. A worker in a stone quarry. 
uar'ry (kwSr'ry), n. [OF. quarre square, fr. L. 
quadratus. See Quadrate.] Same as 1st Quarrel. [Obs.~\ 

Quar'ry, n. [OF. cuiree, fr. cuir hide, fr. L. corium; 
the quarry given to the dogs being wrapped in the skin 
of the beast.] 1. (a) A part of the entrails of the beast 
taken, given to the hounds. (b) A heap of game killed. 
2. The object of the chase ; game hunted with hawks. 

Quar'ry, n. [OF. quariere, LL. quadraria a quarry, 
whence squared (quadrati) stones are dug, fr. quadratus 
square.] A place from which stone is taken for building 
or other purposes. 

Quar'ry, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Quabrdid (-rid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Quarrying.] To dig or take from a quarry. 

Quart (kwart), n. [F. quarle, n. fern., fr. quart fourth, 
fr. L. quartus the fourth.] 1. A measure of capacity; 
the fourth part of a gallon. 2. A vessel or measure con- 
taining a quart. [the same suit. I 

Quart (kart), n. In cards, four successive cards of | 

Quar'tan (kwar'tan), a. [F. quartain, in fievre quar- 
taine, L. quartanus, fr. quartus fourth.] Pert, to the 
fourth; occurring every fourth day, reckoning inclusively. 

Quar'tan, n. 1. {Med.) A quartan fever. 2. A 
measure, the fourth part of some other measure. 

Quar'ter (kwar'ter), n. [F. quartier, L. quartarius a 
fourth part, fr. quartus the fourth.] 1. One of four 
equal parts into which anything is divided , or is regarded 
as divided. Hence, specif. : (a) The fourth of a hundred- 
weight, (b) The fourth of a ton in weight, or eight 
bushels of grain ; also, the fourth part of a chaldron 
of coal, (c) (Astron.) The fourth part of the moon's 
period, (d) One limb of a quadruped, with the adjacent 
parts, (e) That part of a boot or shoe which forms the 
side, from the heel to the vamp. (/) (Far.) That part 
on either side of a horse's hoof between the toe and heel. 
(g) A term of study in a seminary, college, etc. ; prop., 
a fourth part of the year, (h) (Naut.) The after-part 
of a vessel's side, generally corresponding in extent with 
the quarter-deck ; also, the part of the yardarm outside 
of the slings, (i) (Her.) One of the divisions of an es- 
cutcheon when it is divided into four portions, (j) One 
of the four parts into which the horizon is regarded as 
divided ; a cardinal point ; a direction ; a region ; a ter- 
ritory, (k) A division of a town, city, or county ; a par- 
ticular district ; a locality. (I) (Arch.) A small upright 
timber post used in partitions ; — in the United States 
more commonly called stud, (m) (Naut.) The fourth 
part of the distance from one point of the compass to 
another, being the fourth part of 11° 15'. 2. Proper 
station ; specific place ; assigned position ; special loca- 
tion. Hence, specif. : (a) (Naut.) A station at which 
officers and men are posted in battle ; — usually in pl. 
(b) Place of lodging or temporary residence ; shelter ; 
entertainment; — usually in pl. (c) pl. (Mil.) A station 
or encampment occupied by troops ; a lodging for sol- 



diers or officers, (d) Treatment shown an enemy ; mercy ; 
esp., sparing the life of a conquered enemy. 

Quarter day, a day regarded as terminating a quarter of 
. hence, on.- (hi which any payment, esp. rent, 
becomes due. Quarter note LAftU.), a note equal in dura- 
tion to half a minim or a fourth of a semibi ■<- I 

Quar'ter (kwar'ter), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Quartered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. &, vb. n. Quartering.] 1. To divide into 
four equal parts. 2. To divide ; to separate; into parts 
or regions. 3. To iurnish with shell it, i-ntei lainment, 
line. 4. (Her.) To arrange (different coats of 
anna) upon one escutcheon. 

Quar'ter, v. i. To lodge ; to have a temporary abode. 

Quar'ter-age (-uj), n. Quarterly allow 

Quar'ter-deck' (-deV), n. (Naut.) That part of the 
upper deck abaft the mainmast, including the poop deck. 

Quar'ter-foil' (kwar'ter-foil'), n. [Quarter -f- /oil.] 
(Arch.) An ornamental foliation having four lobes, or 
foils. [See Illust. of Foil.] 

Quar'ter ing, a. 1. (Naut. ) Coming from a point well 
abaft the beam, but not directly astern ; — said of waves 
or any moving object. 2. (Much.) At right angles. 

Quar'ter-ly, a. 1. Containing, or consisting of, a 
fourth part. 2. Recurring during, or at the end of, 
each quarter. [quarter. I 

Quar'ter-ly, n. A periodical work published once a | 

Quar'ter-ly, adv. By quarters ; once in a quarter. 

Quar'ter-mas'ter (-mas'ter), n. 1. (Mil.) An officer 
whose duty is to provide quarters, transportation, pro- 
visions, etc., for troops. 2. (Naut.) A petty officer who 
attends to the helm, binnacle, signals, etc. 

Quartermaster general (Mil.), in the U. S., a staff officer, 
with the rank of brigadier general, over the quartermas- 
ter's department ; in Great Britain, an officer of high 
rank stationed at the War Office having similar duties ; 
also, a staff officer, usually a general officer, accompany- 
ing each complete army in the field. 

Quar'tern (kwar'tern), n. [F. quarteron, the fourth 
part of a pound, or of a hundred.] 1. A quarter. Spe- 
cif. : (a) The fourth part of a pint ; a gill, (b) The 
fourth part of a peck, or of a stone (14 lbs.). 2. A loaf 
of bread weighing about four pounds. 

Quar'ter-Staff' (-ter-staf), n. A long and stout staff 
formerly used as a weapon, — held with one hand in the 
middle, and the other between the middle and the end. 

Quar-tet' ) (kwar-tSf), n. [It. quartelto, dim. of 

Quar-tette' J quarto the fourth, fr. L. quartus the 
fourth.] 1. (Mus.) A composition for four voices or 
instruments ; also, the set of four persons who perform 
it. 2. (Poet.) A stanza of four lines. 

Quar'tO (kwar'to), a. [L. in quarto in fourth.] Having 
four leaves to the sheet ; of the form or size of a quarto. 

Quar'tO, n. ; pl. Quartos (-toz). Orig., a book of the 
size of the fourth of a sheet of printing paper ; now, a 
square or nearly square book, usually of large size. 

Quartz (kwarts), n. [G. quarz.] (Min.) A form of 
silica, or silicon dioxide (Si0 2 ), occurring in hexagonal 
crystals, commonly colorless and transparent; also in mas- 
sive forms varying in color and degree of transparency. 

Quartz'ltO (-it), n. (Min.) Massive quartz occurring 
as a rock ; a metamorphosed sandstone. [quartz. I 

Quartz'ose' (-os'), a. (Min.) Containing, or like, | 

Quartz'OUS (kwarts'iis), a. (Min.) Quartzose. 

Quartz'y (-y), a'. (Min.) Quartzose. 

Quash (kwosh), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Quashed (kwosht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Quashing.] [OF. quasser, fr. L. cussare 
to annul, fr. cassus empty, vain ; of uucertain origin.] 
(Law) To abate, annul, overthrow, or make void. 

Quash, v. t. [OF. quasser, fr. L. quassare to shatter, 
intens. fr. quatere, quassum, to shake, shatter.] 1. To 
beat down, or beat in pieces ; to crush. 2. To subdue ; 
to suppress or extinguish summarily and completely. 

Qua'sl (kwa'si). [L.] As if ; as though ; as it were ; 
in a manner ; in a certain sense or degree ; — used as an 
adjective, or a prefix. 

Quass (k\v5s), n. [Russ. kvas\~\ A thin, sour beer. 

Quas-sa'tion (kwXs-sa'shun), n, [L. quassatio. See 
Quash to crush.] A shaking, or state of being shaken. 

Quas'sl-a (kwBsh'T-a), n. [NL. From the name of a 
negro, Quassy, or Quash, who prescribed it.] The in- 
tensely bitter wood of several tropical American trees. 

Quas'stn (kwSs'sTn or kw$s'-), n. (Chem.) The bit- 
ter principle of quassia. 

Qua-ter'na-ry (kwa-teVna-ry), a. [L. quaternarius, 
deriv. of fr. quattuor four.] 1. Consisting of four; by 
fours, or in sets of four. 2. (Geol.) Later than, or sub- 
sequent to, the Tertiary. 

Qua-ter'na-ry, n. 1. The number four. 2. (Geol.) 
The Quaternary age, era, or formation. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



QUATERNATE 



666 



QUICK 



Qua ter'nate (kwa-ter'nfit), a. Composed of, or ar- 
111. sots of four : quaternary. 

Qua-ter'ni-on (,-ul-uu), n. [L. quaternio, fr. quaterni 
four e.u-h.] 1. The number four. [PoeHe] 2. A set of 
four things or persona. 3. A word of four syllables. 4. 
The quotient of two vectors considered as de- 
pen ding on four geometrical elements, and as expressible 
In a qiiadrinomial symbol. [four persons. I 

Qua-ter'ni-ty (,-ty), n. The union of four in one, as of | 

Quat'raln (KwOVrtn), n. [F., fr. quatre four.] 
A stanza of four lines rhyming alternately. 

Qua'ver (kwB'r&f), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quavered 
(-verd) | />. pr. & vb. n. Quavering.] [OE. quaven to 
shake : origin uncertain.] 1. To tremble ; to vibrate ; 
to shake. 2. Esp., to shake the voice, as in singing; 
also, to trill on a musical instrument. 

Qua'ver, 9. /. To utter with quavers. 

Qua'ver, n. 1. A shake, or tremulous vibration, of the 
voice or a musical instrument. 2. (3fus. ) An eighth note. 

Quay (ke), n. [F. quai. See Key quay.] A mole, 
bank, or wharf at which to load and unload vessels. 

Queach'y (kwech'y), a. [Etym. uncertain.] Yielding 
or trembling under the feet, as boggy ground ; shaking. 

Quean (kwen), ?;. [Orig., a woman, AS. cwene; akin 
to E. cuen. See Queen.] 1. A woman; a girl. [Obs. 
or Scot.] 2. A low woman ; a wench ; a slut. 

Quea'sy (kwe'zy), a- [Icel. kweisa pain.] 1. Sick 
at the stomach ; qualmish. 2. Fastidious ; squeamish ; 
easily disturbed ; unsettled ; ticklish. — Quea'si-ly 
(-zT-iy), adv. — Quea'si-ness, n. 

Queen (kwen), n. [AS. cwen wife, queen, woman ; 
akin to cwene, Gr. yvvri woman.] 1. The wife of a king. 
2. A woman who is the sovereign of a kingdom ; a fe- 
male monarch. Used also fig. 3. The fertile, or fully 
developed, female of social bees, ants, and termites. 4. 
(Chess) The most powerful piece in a set of chessmen. 
5. A playing card bearing the picture of a queen. 

Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king. — Queen dow- 
ager, the widow of a king. — Queen mother, a queen dowa- 
ger who is also mother of the reigning king or queen. — 
Queen regent, or Queen regnant, a queen reigning in her own 
right. —Queen's Bench, the name during the reign of a 
queen for the court called King's Bench during the reign 
of a king. See under King. — Queen's metal, an alloy 
somewhat like pewter. 

Queen, v. i. To act the part of a queen. 

Queenly, a. [AS. cwenlic feminine.] Like, "becom- 
ing, or suitable to, a queen. — Queen'li-ness (-lT-nes), n. 

Queen'-post' (-post/), n. (Arch.) One of two sus- 
pending posts in 
a roof truss, or 
other framed 
truss of similar 
form. 

Queer (kwer), 
a. [Compar. 
Queerer (-er) ; 
superl. Queer- 
est.1 TG. ouer Queen-post Roof. AB Tiebeam ; DG EF 
cross ohlirmP Queen-Posts ; DE Straining Piece ; AD 
cross, Oblique, % £ Principal Raf ters . AC £C Rafters. 
athwart, OU(j. 

twer, twerh, dwerah ; akin to AS. pweorh thwart, bent.] 
1. At variance with what is usual or normal ; differing 
in some odd way from what is ordinary ; odd ; singular ; 
strange ; whimsical. 2. Mysterious ; suspicious ; ques- 
tionable. \_Colloq.~\ — Queerly, adv. — Queer'ness, n. 

Queer, n. Counterfeit money. [Slang'] 

Quell (kwSl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quelled (kwSld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Quelling.] [See Quail to cower.] 1. 
To die. 2. To be subdued or abated ; to yield. [R.] 

Quell, v. t. [OE. quellen to kill, AS. cwellan, causa- 
tive of cuelan to die. See Quail to cower.] 1. To kill. 
[Obs.] 2. To overpower; to subdue; to put down; to sup- 
press. 3. To allay ; to cause to yield or cease ; to quiet. 

Syn. — To crush ; reduce ; repress ; calm ; pacify. 

Quell'er (-er), n. One who quells. 

Quench (kwSnch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quenched 
(kwgncht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Quenching.] [AS. cwencan 
in dcuencan, to extinguish utterly, causative of cwincan, 
acwincan, to decrease, disappear.] To extinguish ; to 
overwhelm ; to make an end of ; —said of flame and fire, 
of things burning, and fig. of sensations and emotions. 

Syn. — To extinguish ; still ; stifle ; allay ; cool ; check. 

Quench, v. i. To become extinguished or calm. 

Quench'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being quenched. 

Quench'er (-er), n. One that quenches. 

Quenchless, a. Incapable of being quenched. 

Quenelle' (ke-ngl'), n. [¥.] (Cookery) A kind of 
delicate forcemeat, commonly poached. 





Que-nouille train'lng (ke-nooV tranlng). [F. que- 
nouillc distaff.] (Hort.) A method of training trees or 
shrubs by tying down the branches and 
pruning. 

Quer'cit-ron (kwer'sTt-rfin), n. [F., 
the black oak ; L. quercus o&k-\- citrus 
the citron tree.] The yellow inner bark 
of the American black oak or yellow 
oak. 

Quer i mo'ni-ous (kwSr'I-mo'nT- 
us), a. [L. querimonia. See Queru- 
lous.] Complaining ; querulous ; apt 
to complain. 

Que'rist (kwe'rlst), n. [See Query.] 
One who inquires, or asks questions. 

Quern (kwern), n. [AS. cweorn, 
cwyrn.] A mill for grinding grain, the 
upper stone of which was turned by 
hand. 

Quer'u-ious (kwgr'fi-ltis), a. [L. 
querulus and querulosus, fr. queri to Quenouille Train- 
complain.] 1. Apt to find fault ; habit- Us- 
ually complaining. 2. Expressing complaint ; fretful ; 
whining.— Quer'u lous-ly, adv.— Quer'u-lous-ness. n. 

Syn. — Complaining ; bewailing ; lamenting ; whining ; 
mourning ; murmuring ; discontented ; dissatisfied. 

Que'ry (kwe'r^), n. [L. quaere, imperative sing, of 
quaerere, quaesitum, to seek or search for, to ask, in- 
quire.] 1. A question; an inquiry to be answered or 
solved ; hence, a doubt. 2. An interrogation point [?]. 

Que'ry, v. i. To ask questions ; to inquire ; to doubt. 

Que'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Queried (-rid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Querying.] 1. To put questions about ; to in- 
quire into. 2. To address questions to. 3. To doubt 
of. 4. To write " query " (qu., qy., or ?) against. 

Quest (kwest), n. [OF. queste, fr. L. quaerere, quae- 
situm, to seek for, to ask.] 1. Act of seeking, or look- 
ing after anything ; attempt to find or obtain ; search ; 
pursuit. 2., Request; desire; solicitation. 3. Those 
who make search or inquiry, taken collectively. 4. In- 
quest ; jury of inquest. 

Ques'tlon (kwes'chun), n. [F., fr. L. quaestio, fr. 
quaerere, quaesitum. See Quest, n.] 1. Act of asking ; 
interrogation ; inquiry. 2. Discussion ; debate ; hence, 
objection; dispute; doubt. 3. Investigation; specif., 
a judicial or official investigation ; also, examination 
under torture. 4. That which is asked ; inquiry ; in- 
terrogatory ; query. 5. Hence, a subject of investiga- 
tion, examination, or debate. 

Out of question, unquestionably. — Out of the question, 
beyond the limits of consideration ; not to be considered. 
— Previous question, a question put to a parliamentary as- 
sembly upon the motion of a member, in order to ascertain 
whether it is the will of the body to vote at once, without 
further debate, on the subject under consideration. 

Syn. — Point ; topic ; subject. 

Ques'tlon, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Questioned (-chund) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Questioning.] To ask questions. 

Ques'tlon, v. t. 1. To inquire of by asking questions ; 
to examine by interrogatories. 2. To doubt of ; to 
query. 3. To raise a question about ; to call in ques- 
tion. 4. To talk to ; to converse with. 

Syn. — To ask ; interrogate ; catechise ; doubt ; con- 
trovert ; dispute. — Inquire implies no authority in the 
one who asks ; interrogate implies repeated questions put 
in a formal or systematic fashion ; question has a wider 
sense than interrogate, and often implies an attitude of 
distrust or opposition on the part of the questioner. 

Ques'tion-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. That may be ques- 
tioned ; inviting inquiry. [R.] 2. Liable to question ; 
uncertain; doubtful; suspicious. — Ques'tion-a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Disputable ; debatable ; problematical. 

Ques'tlon-er (-er), n. One who asks questions. 

Ques'tor (kwes'tor), n. [L. quaestor, contr. fr. quae- 
sitor, f r. quaerere, quaesitum. See Quest.] (Rom. An- 
tiq. ) An officer who had the' management of the public 
treasure ; a receiver of taxes, tribute, etc. 

Queue (ku),n. [F. See Cue.] (a) A tail-like appen- 
dage of hair ; a pigtail, (b) A line of waiting persons. 

Quib (kwlb), n. [Cf. Quip.] A quip ; a gibe. 

Quib'ble (kwib'b'l), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A 
shift or turn from the point in question ; an evasion ; a 
cavil. 2. A pun ; a low conceit. 

Quib'ble, v. i. [imp. &p.p. Quibbled (-b'ld) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Quibbling (-bllng).] 1. To evade the point in 
question by artifice, play upon words, or caviling ; to trifle 
in argument or discourse. 2. To practice punning. 

Syn. —To cavil; shuffle; equivocate; trifle. 

Qulb'bler (-bier), n. One who quibbles. 

Quick (kwik), a. [Compar. Quicker (-er) ; superl. 



a, e, I, o, \i, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, 6 bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



QUICK 



667 



QUINSY 



Quickest.] [AS. civic, civicu, cwucit, cucu, living ; akin 
to L. vivus living, Gr. /3t'os life, Skr. jlva living.] 1. 
Alive ; living ; animate. 2. Characterized by life or 
liveliness ; animated ; sprightly ; agilo ; brisk ; ready. 
3. Speedy ; hasty ; swift ; not slow. 4. Impatient ; 
passionate ; hasty ; eager. 5. Fresh ; bracing ; sharp ; 
keen. 6. Sensitive ; perceptive in a high degree ; ready. 
7. Pregnant ; with child. 

Syn. — Speedy ; expeditious ; rapid ; prompt ; active ; 
nimble ; fleet ; alert ; lively ; sprightly. 

Quick (kwik), adv. In a quick manner ; quickly. 

Quick, n. 1. That which is quick, or alive ; a living 
animal or plant ; esp., the hawthorn, as a hedge plant. 
2. The life ; the mortal point ; a vital part ; the sensi- 
tive liviug flesh ; — used also figuratively. 

Quick'en (kwtk''n), v. t. (imp. & p. p. Quickened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Quickening.] 1. To make alive ; 
to vivify ; to revive or resuscitate ; hence, to excite ; to 
stimulate ; to incite. 2. To impart additional energy to ; 
to hasten ; to accelerate. 

Syn. — To revive ; resuscitate ; animate ; reinvigorate ; 
refresh ; sharpen ; expedite ; dispatch ; speed. 

Quick'en, v. i. 1. To come to life ; to show signs of 
life. 2. To move with increased activity ; to accelerate. 

Quick'en-er, n. One who, or that which, quickens. 

Quickaime / (kwik'limO, n. [See Quick, o.] (Chem.) 
Calcium oxide ; unslacked lime ; — so called because 
upon being wet ^develops great heat. 

Quick'ly, adv. Speedily ; with haste or celerity ; 
soon ; without delay ; quick. 

Quick'ness, n. Quality or state of being quick. 

Syn. — Celerity ; rapidity ; speed ; haste ; promptness ; 
dispatch ; swiftness ; agility ; briskness ; liveliness ; read- 
iness ; sagacity ; shrewdness ; sharpness ; keenness. 

Quick'sand / (-sand'), n. Sand readily yielding to 
pressure; esp., a deep mass of loose or moving sand 
mixed with water. 

Quick'set' (-sSf), n. A living plant set to grow, esp. 
for a hedge; specif., the hawthorn.— a. Made of quickset. 

Quick'set 7 , v. t. To plant with quicksets. 

Quick'-sight/ed (-sit/Sd), a. Having quick sight or 
acute discernment. — Quick'-sight ed-ness, n. 

Quick'sil ver (-sTFver), n. [Quick living + silver ; — 
so called from its fluidity and its resemblance to silver.] 
{Chem.) The metal mercury. 

Quick'step 7 (-stgr/), n. (Mus.) A lively, spirited 
march ; also, a lively style of dancing. 

Quick'-wit'ted (-wTt'tgd), a. Having ready wit. 

Quid (kwld), n. [See Cud.] A portion suitable to be 
chewed ; a cud. [equivocation. [065.] I 

Quld'dit (-d!t), n. [Cf . Quiddity.] A subtilty ; an | 

Quld'di-ty (-dT-ty), n. [LL. quidditas, fr. L. quid 
what, neut. of quis who.] 1. Essence, nature, or dis- 
tinctive peculiarity, of a thing. 2. A trifling nicety; a 
cavil ; a quibble. 

Quid'dle (kwid'd'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quiddled 
(-d'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Quiddling.] [L. quid what.] 
To waste time about trifles ; to putter ; to dawdle. 

Quid'dle (kwid'd'l), ) n. One who wastes his energy 

Quid'dler (-dler), } about trifles. 

Quid'nunc (-nunk), n. [L., what now?] One who 
knows, or pretends to know, all that is going on. 

Qui-esce' (kwi-es'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Qutesced 
(-Sat') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Qudsscing (-Ss'sTng).] [L. quies- 
cere, akin to quies rest, quiet.] To be silent, as a letter ; 
to have no sound. 

Jui-es'cence (-gs'sens), ) n. State or quality of be- 
jui-es'cen-cy (-sen-s^), J ing quiescent. 

jui-es'cent (-sent), a. [L. quiescens, -entis, p. pr.] 
1. Being in repose ; at rest ; still ; not moving. 2. Not 
ruffled withpassion ; not excited ; quiet ; dormant ; rest- 
ing. 3. (Gram.) Silent. — Qui-es'cent-ly, adv. 

Qui'et (kwi'et), a. [Compar. Quieteb (-er) ; superl. 
Quietest.] [L. quietus, p. p. of quiescere to rest, keep 
quiet ; akin to quies rest.] 1. In a state of rest or 
calm ; still. 2. Free from noise or disturbance ; hushed ; 
still. 3. Not excited or anxious ; calm ; placid. 4. Not 
giving offense ; not turbulent ; gentle ; mild ; meek ; 
contented. 5. Not showy ; not such as to attract atten- 
tion ; undemonstrative. 

Syn. — Tranquil ; unruffled ; smooth ; unmolested ; 
undisturbed ; peaceful ; peaceable. 

Qui'et (kwi'et), n. Quality or state of being quiet. 

Qui'et, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Quieted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Quieting.] To be, or cause to be, quiet. 

Qui'et-er (-er), n. One that quiets. 

Qui'et-lsm (-Yz'm), n. 1. Peace or tranquillity of 
mind; calmness ; indifference ; apathy. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) 
The syatem of the Quietists. 



Qul'et-lst (kwi'gt-Tst), n. (Eccl. Hist. ) One of a sect 

Of mystics who maintained that religion consists in apathy 
to worldly interests and anxieties and the passive con- 
templation of God and his attributes. 

Qui et-is'tlc (kwi'gt-Ys'tlk), a. Of or pertaining to 
the Quicti.-.ts, or to Quietism. 

Qui'et-ly, adv. In a quiet state or maimer. 

Qui'et neSB. n. Quality or state of being quiet. 

Qui'e tude (kwi'e-tud), n. Repose; quiet; tranquillity. 

Qui-e'tus(kwt-e'tus), u. [LL. quietus quit, dii 
L., at rest, quiet, dead. See Quiet, «.] Final discharge 
or acquittance, as from debt or obligation ; tliat which 
silences claims ; (Fig.), rest ; death. 

Quill (kwll), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. One of the 
large feathers of a bird's wing, or of the tail ; also, the 
stock of such a feather. 2. A writing Den made of such 
a stock. 3. (Zo'ul.) (a) A spine of the hedgehog or i>or- 
cupine. (b) The pen of a squid. 4. (Mus.) (a) A plec- 
trum, (b) The tube of a musical instrument. 6. Some- 
thing having the form of a quill. 

Quill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quilled (kwlld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Quilling.] 1. To plait in small cylindrical ridges, 
called quillings. 2. To wind on a quill. 

Quil'let (kwll'lgt), n. [L. quidlibet what you please.] 
Subtilty ; nicety ; quibble. 

Suill'ing (kwTl'Tng), n. 1. A band, as of linen, fluted, 
ed, or plaited so as to resemble a row of quills. 
2. One of these rounded plaits or flutings. 

Quilt (kwllt), n. [OF. cuilte, L. culcita a bed, cush- 
ion, mattress.] Anything that is quilted ; esp., a quilted 
bed cover or garment ; also, any outer bed cover. 

Quilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quilted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Quilting.] 1. To stitch or sew together at frequent in- 
tervals, so as to hold in place the layers of cloth and 
wadding of which a garment, comforter, etc., may be 
made. 2. To wad with warm, soft material. 3. To 
stitch or sew in lines or patterns. 

Quilt'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, quilts. 

Quilt'tng, n. Material for quilts. 

Quince (kwlns), n. [Prob. apl. from OE. quyne, coin, 
OF. coin, cooin, deriv. of Gr. 
urj\ov KvS(jjvtov a quince, fr. 
KvSuivla Cydonia, a city in 
Crete.] 1. The fruit of a 
shrub (Cydonia vulgaris) be- 
longing to the same tribe as 
the apple. 2. (Bot.) A quince 
tree or shrub. 

Quin-cun'cial (kwTn-kQn'- 
shal), a. [L. quincuncialis, 
fr. quincunx.] Having the 
form or arrangement of a 
quincunx. 

Quin'CUnx (kwin'kunks), 
n pL, fr. quinque five + Qumce ' 

uncia an ounce. The quincunx was marked by five 
small spots or balls.] 1. An arrangement of things by 
fives in a square or a rectangle, one being A ^ 

placed at each corner and one in the ^^ • 

middle; esp., such an arrangement of *"* 
trees. 2. (Bot.) An arrangement of the 
petals or sepals of a pentamerous flower 
so that two leaves are interior, two exte- 
rior, and one with one edge interior and 
the other exterior. 

Quin'i-a (kwin'T-a), n. [NL.] (Chem.) Quinine. 

Qui'nine (kwi'nin or kwl-nin' or kwT-uen'), n. [F., 
through Sp. fr. Peruv. Una, quina, bark.] (Chem.) An 
alkaloid extracted from the bark of several species of 
cinchona ; hence (Med.), any of the salts of this alkaloid 
employed as a febrifuge or antiperiodic. 

Quin'nat (kwin'nSt), n. [From native name.] (Zool.) 
The California salmon. 

Quinqua-ges'i-ma (kwTn'kwa-jgs'T-ma), a. [From 
L. quinquagesimus fiftieth ; akin to quinque five.] Fif- 
tieth ; designating the Sunday which is the fiftieth day 
before Easter, both days being included in the reckoning. 

Quin'que- (kwln'kwe-). [L. quinque fixe. See Five.] 
A combining form meaning jive, jive times, Jivej'old. 

Quin-quen'ni-al (kwTn-kwgn'nl-al), a. [L. qxinquen- 
nalis, quinquennis ; quinque + annus year.] Occurring 
once in five years, or at the end of every five years ; also, 
lasting five years. — h. A quiuquennial event. 

Quin'sy (kwTn'zJ), ft. [Contr. fr. squinanci/, F. esqui- 
nancie, L. cynanche sore throat, Gr. Kwdyxrj sore throat, 
dog quinsy, fr. kvo>v dog-|- ayx eu ' t0 ohoke.] (tied.) In- 
flammation and swelling of the throat, or parts adjacent, 
esp. of the fauces or tonsils, with inflammatory fever. 




4 

Quincunx. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, to, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



QUINT 



668 



QUOTE 



(Joint (kwYnt), ft. [F. quintc, fr. L. quintus, quinta, 
the fifth, 1. A set or sequence of five, as 

hi piquet. 2. (Mu .«.) The interval of a fifth. 

Quintain (kwlnfttn ; 48), ft. [F. quintaine, LL. quin- 
uueei tain origin.] An object to be tilted at. 

Quin'tal (-tal), ft. [F., fr. Sp. quintal, fr. Ar. ^6tfar 
a weight of 100 lbs., prob. fr. L. centenarius consisting of 
a hundred.] 1. A hundredweight, either 112 or 100 
pounds. 2. A metric measure of weight, being 100 kilo- 
grams, equal to 230.46 pounds avoirdupois. 

Quin'tan (kwlntan)i <'• [L. guintamu, fr. quintus 
fifth, quinque five.] Occurring as the fifth, after four 
others ; also, occurring every fifth day, reckoning inclu- 
sively. — n . {Med. ) A quintan fever. 

Qiiin-tes'sence (kwin-tSs'seus), n. [F., fr. L. quinta 
essentia fifth essence.] 1. The fifth or last and highest 
essence or power in a natural body. [06s.] 2. Hence : 
Pure or concentrated essence. 

Quintet' \ (kwin-tet'), n. [It. quintetto, dim. of 

Quintette' I quinto fifth, fr. L. quintus fifth.] 
(Mus.) A composition for five voices or instruments; 
also, the set of five persons who perform it. 

Quin'tile (kwln'til), n. [F. quintil aspect, fr. L. quin- 
tus the fifth.] (Astroji.) The aspect of planets when 
separated the fifth part of the zodiac, or 72°. 

Quin-til'lion (kwTn-til'yun), n. [From L. quintus 
fifth, after analogy of million.'] According to the French 
notation, which is used on the Continent and in America, 
the cube of a million, or a unit with eighteen ciphers 
annexed ; according to the English notation, the fifth 
power of a million, or a unit with thirty ciphers annexed. 

Quin'tu-ple (kwin'tu-p'l), a. [L. quintus fifth.] 
Multiplied by five ; increased five times ; fivefold. 

Quin'tU-ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quintupled (-p'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Quintupling (-pling).] To make fivefold. 

Quip (kwlp), n. [Cf. E. whip.] A smart, sarcastic 
turn or jest ; a taunt ; a severe retort ; a gibe. 

Quip, v. t. & i. To taunt ; to treat with quips ; to scoff. 

Quire (kwir), n. See Choib. [Obs.] 

Quire (kwir), n. [OF. quayer, cayer, caiier, a book of 
loose sheets, a quarter of a quire, LL. quaternus sheets 
of paper packed together, prop., four together, fr. L. 
quaterni four each, quattuor four.] A collection of 
twenty-four sheets of paper of the same size and quality, 
unfolded or having a single fold ; one twentieth of a ream. 

II Qui-ll'tes (kwi-ri'tez), n. pi. [L., fr. Cures, a Sa- 
bine town.] (Bom. Anliq.) Roman citizens. 

Quirk (kwerk), n. [Cf. W. chwiori to turn briskly, 
or E. queer.] 1. A sudden turn ; a starting from the 
point or line ; hence, an artful evasion or subterfuge ; a 
shift ; a quibble. 2. A smart retort ; a quibble ; a shal- 
low conceit. 3. (Building) A piece taken out of any 
regular ground plot or floor, for a court or yard. 
4. (Arch.) A small, deeply recessed channel used to give 
relief to a convex rounded molding. 

Quirk'ish (kwerk'ish), a. Con- 
sisting of quirks ; resembling a quirk, 

Quirk'y (-y), a. Full of quirks; 
tricky. 

Quit (kwit), a. [OE. quite, OF, 
quite See Quit, v., Quiet.] Re- QuirkMolding 
leased from obligation, charge, pen- ^ b 

alty, etc. ; free ; clear ; absolved ; acquitted. 

G3p" Sometimes colloquially used in the form quits. 

Quit, v. t. limp. & p. p. Quit or Quitted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Quitting.] [OF. quiter, quitier, cuitier, LL. qui- 
etare, fr. L. quietare to calm, to quiet, fr. quietus quiet.] 
1. To release from obligation, accusation, penalty, or 
the like ; to absolve ; to acquit. 2. To discharge, as an 
obligation or duty ; to requite ; to repay. 3. To meet 
the claims upon, or expectations entertained of ; — used 
reflexively. 4. To have done with ; to cease from ; to 
stop ; hence, to depart from ; to forsake. 

Syn. — To leave; relinquish; resign; abandon; sur- 
render. — Leave is a general term, signifying merely an 
act of departure ; quit implies a going without intention 
of return, a final and absolute abandonment. 

Quit, V. i. To go away ; to depart ; to cease. 

Quitch (kwTch), n. (Bot.) Same as Quitch gbass. 

Quitch' grass 7 (kwTch' gras'). [Properly quick grass, 
being probably so called from its vigorous growth, or 
from its tenacity of life.] (Bot.) A coarse perennial 
grass, which spreads rapidly and is a troublesome weed. 

Quit'clainV (kwlfklam'), n. (Law) A release or 
relinquishment of a claim ; a deed of release, the grantor 
generally covenanting only against persons who claim 
under himself. 

Quit 'Claim', v. t. (Law) To release by a quitclaim. 




Quite (kwit), adv. [F. quitte clear. See Quit, a.] 1. 
Completely ; wholly ; entirely ; totally ; perfectly. 2. To 
a great extent or degree ; very ; very much ; considerably. 

Quit'rent' (kwlt'rgnt'), n. (Law) (a) A rent re- 
served in granting land, payment of which quits the 
tenant from other service, (b) A fee-farm rent. [U. S.] 

Quits (kwfts), interj. See the Note under Quit, a. 

Quittance (-tons), n. Discharge from an obligation. 

Quiv'er (kwlv'er), a. [Cf. Quaver.] Nimble. [Obs.] 

Quiv'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quivered (-erd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Quivering.] [Cf. Quaver.] To shake or move 
with slight and tremulous motion ; to tremble ; to shiver. 

Quiv'er, n. Act or state of quivering ; tremor. 

Quiv'er, n. [OF. cuivre, cuevre, coivre, LL. cucurum, 
fr. OHG. chohhari; akin to AS. cocor, cocur, 
cocer.] A case or sheath for carrying arrows in. 

Quiv'ered (-erd), a. 1. Furnished with, or 
carrying, a quiver. 2. Sheathed, as in a quiver. 

II Qui' Vive' (ke' vev'). [F., fr. qui who 
+ vive, pres. subj. of vivre to live.] The chal- 
lenge of a French sentinel, or patrol. 

To be on the qui vive, to be on guard ; to be 
watchful. 

Quix-ot'ic (kwTks-otTk), a. Like Don Quix- 
ote ; romantic to extravagance ; absurdly chiv- 
alric ; apt to be deluded.— Quix-Ot'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Quiz (kwiz), n. [Said to have been coined 
by Daly, the manager of a Dublin playhouse, on y uiver< 
a wager that a new word of no meaning should be the 
common talk and puzzle of the city in twenty-four hours.] 
1. A riddle or obscure question ; an enigma ; a ridiculous 
hoax. 2. One who quizzes others. 3. An odd or absurd 
fellow. 4. An exercise, or a course of exercises, con- 
ducted as a coaching or as an examination. [Cant, IT. S.] 

Quiz, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quizzed (kwlzd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Quizzing (-zing).] 1. To puzzle ; to banter ; to 
make sport of, as by obscure questions. 2. To peer at. 
3. To instruct or examine in or by a quiz. [U. S.] 

Quizzing glass, a small eyeglass. 

Quiz, v. i. To conduct a quiz. [U. S.] 

Quiz'zer (-zer), n. One who quizzes ; a quiz. 

Quiz'zic-al (-zT-kal), a. Relating or given to quizzing ; 
of the nature of a quiz ; farcical. — Qulz'zic-al-ly, adv. 

Quod (kwod), n. [For quad, abbrev. of Quadrangle.] 
A quadrangle, as of a prison ; hence, a prison. [Slang] 

II Quodli-bet (-H-bgt), n. [L., what you please.] 1. 
A nice point ; a subtilty ; a debatable point. 2. (Mus.) 
A medley improvised by several performers. 

Quoif (kwoif or koif), n. & v. t. See Coif. 

Quoif'fure (kwoif'f ur or koif'-), n. See Coiffure. 

Quoin (kwoin or koin), n. [See Coin, and cf. Coigne.] 
1. (Arch.) Orig., a solid exterior angle, as of a building ; 
now, commonly, one of the selected pieces of material by 
which the corner is marked. 2. A wedgelike piece of 
stone, wood, metal, or other material, variously used. 

Quoit (kwoit or koit), n. [OE. coile; of uncertain 
origin.] 1. (a) A ring of iron to be pitched at a fixed 
object in play ; hence, any missile so used, (b) pi. A 
game played with quoits. 2. The discus of the ancients. 

Quoit, v. i. To throw quoits ; to play at quoits. 

Quon'dam (kwon'dam), a. [L., formerly.] Having 
been formerly ; former ; sometime. 

Quo'rum (kwo'rum), n, [L., of whom, gen. pi. of qui 
who ; — from certain Latin words used in the commission 
formerly issued to justices of the peace in England, 
designating certain justices without one " of whom " 
(quorum) no business of certain kinds should be done.] 
Such a number of the officers or members of any body as 
is competent by law or constitution to transact business. 

Quo'ta (kwo'ta), n. [LL., fr. L. quota (sc. pars), fr. 
quotus of what number, how many, fr. quot how many.] 
A proportional part or share. 

Quot'a-ble (kwot'a-b'l), a. Capable or worthy of be- 
ing quoted. — Quot'a-bil'i-tV (-bill-t^), n. 

Quo-ta'tion (kwo-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of quoting or 
citing. 2. That which is quoted or cited. 3. (Com.) 
The naming or publishing of the current price of stocks, 
bonds, etc. ; also, the price named. 

Quotation marks (Print.), two inverted commas placed 
at the beginning, and two apostrophes at the end, of a 
passage quoted from an author in his own words. 

Quote (kwot), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quoted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Quoting.] [OF. quoter to number, to quote, LL. quo- 
tare to divide into chapters and verses, fr. L. quotus. 
See Quota.] 1. To cite, repeat, or adduce ; as a passage 
from some author. 2. To cite a passage from ; to name 
as authority. 3. (Com.) To name the current price of. 

Syn. — To cite. — To cite was orig. to call into court as 



a, e, I, o, d, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, Bhort ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



QUOTER 



6G9 



RACK 



a witness, etc., and hence denotes bringing forward any 
thing or person as evidence. Quote usually (signifies to 
reproduce another's words ; but also, an appeal to some 
one as an authority, without adducing his exact words. 

Quot'er (kwot'er), n. One who quotes the words of 
another. 

Quoth (kwoth or kwiith), v. t. [AS. cweSan, imp. 
cwieS.] Said ; spoke; uttered ; — used only in the first 
and third persons in the past tenses. 

Quoth/a (-4), interj. [For quoth '« said he, 'a being 
corrupted from he.'] Indeed ; forsooth. 

Quo-tid'1-an (kwS-tld'I-crn), a. [L. quotidianus, fr. 



quotidie daily ; quolus how many -f- dies day.] Occur- 
ring or returning daily. — //. Anything returning daily ; 
em. (Med.), ■ quotidian fever or ague. 

Quo'tient (kwo'slu'nt), n. [F., fr. L. quolies how 
often, fr. quot how many. J 1. (Aiit/i.) 'J'he number re- 
sulting from the division of one numlx-r by an<i 
(A/;/. ) The result of any process inverse to multiplication. 

I! Quo' war ran'to (kwC wrBr-rlntt). [So called 
from the Law L. words quo warranto (by what author- 
its), used in the original Latin form of the writ.] (Lou ) 
A writ to Inquire by what warrant a person or a corpora- 
tion acts, or exercises certain powers. 



R. 



R (air). R, the eighteenth letter of the English alpha- 
bet, is a vocal consonant. It is sometimes called a semi- 
vowel, and a liquid. See Guide to Prun luicintion, §§ 178, 
179, and 250-254. The English letter derives its form 
through the Latin and Greek from the Phoenician, and 
probably ultimately from the Egyptian. Etymologically, 
R is most closely related to I, s, and n ; as in bandore, 
mando/e ; purp/e, L. purpura ; E. chapter, F. chapitre, 
L. capitu/um ; E. was, were ; hare, G. hase ; E. order, 
F. ordre, L. ordo, ordinis ; E. coffer, coffin. 

Rab'bet (raVbSt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rabbeted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Rabbeting.] [F. raboter to plane, robot a 
plane ; pref. re- re- -f- OF. abouter, aboter. See Abut.] 

1. To cut a rabbet in. 2. To unite the edges of, as 
boards, etc., in a rabbet joint. 

Rab'bet, n. 1. (Carp.) A longitudinal channel, 
groove, or recess cut out of the edge or face of any body. 

2. Same as Rabbet joint, below. 

Rabbet joint (Carp.), a joint formed by fitting a corre- 
sponding projecting member into a rabbet. 

Rab'bi (raVbl or -bT), n. ; pi. Rabbis (-biz or -biz) or 
Rabbies. [L., fr. Gr. pa/3/3i, Heb. rabl my master, from 
rab master, lord, teacher, akin to Ar. rabb.~\ Master ; 
lord ; teacher ; — a Jewish title of respect or honor for a 
teacher or doctor of the law. 
Rab'bin (rSb'bTn), n. [F.] Same as Rabbi. 
Rab-bin'ic (r5b-bTn'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to the 
Rab-bin'ic-al (-T-kal), J rabbins or rabbis, or to 
the opinions, learning, or language of the rabbins. 

Rab'bin-ism (rSb'bin-Tz'm), n. 1. A rabbinic ex- 
pression. 2. The teachings and traditions of the rabbins. 
Rab'bin-ist. n. One among the Jews who adhered to 
the Talmud and the traditions of the rabbins. 
Rab'bit (rab'bTt), n. [OE. rabet, akin to OD. robbe, 
robbeken.~\ (Zo'ol.) Any of the smaller 
species of the genus Lepus. The 
larger species are called hares. 

Welsh rabbit, a dish of which the 

chief constituents are toasted 

bread and toasted cheese. The 

name is probably a corruption of 

Welsh rare bit. 

Rab'ble (rSb'b'l), ». 
[Prob.fr. the noise it makes.] 
1. A tumultuous crowd of 
vulgar, noisy people ; a 
mob. 2. A confused dis- 
course ; a medley of voices. 
Rab'ble, v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Rabbled (-b'ld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Rabbling 
(-bling).] To insult, or as- 
sault, by a mob ; to mob. 
Rab-dol'0-gy (rSb-d51'6-jy), n. [Gr. pa/3Sos rod, stick 
-f -logy.] The method or art of performing arithmetical 
operations by means of Napier's bones, a set of rods, 
made of bone or other material, marked and arranged so 
as to facilitate the operations of multiplication and di- 
vision. 

Rab'do-man/cy (raVdo-maVsy), n. [Gr. pd/3So? rod 
+ -money.'] Divination by means of rods or wands. 

Rab'id (raVTd), a. [L. rabidus, fr. robere to rave.] 1. 
Furious ; raging ; extremely violent. 2. Excessively zeal- 
ous ; fanatical. 3. Affected with the distemper called 
rabies; mad. 4. (Med.) Of or pert, to rabies, or hydro- 
phobia. — Rab'ld-ly, adv. — Rab'id ness, n. [bia (b). I 
II Ra'bl-es (ra'bT-ez), n. [L.] Same as Hydropho-| 
II Ra'ca (ra'ka), a. [Gr. paxa, from Chaldee reka.] 
Lit., worthless ; — an ancient Jewish term of reproach. 

Raccoon' (rSk-koon'), n. [F. rafon, prop., a little 
rat, fr. rat rat.] (Zo'ol.) A North American nocturnal 




English Rabbit (Lej)us 
cunicuius). 




carnivore (Procyon lolor) allied to the bears, but much 

smaller, and having a long, full 

tail. 

Race(ras),n. [OF. raiz, 
L. radix, -icis.] A root. 

Race, n. [F. race, fr. 
OHG. reiza line, akin to 
E. write.] 1. The de- 
scendants of a common 
ancestor ; lineage ; breed ; 
stock. 2. Company ; herd ; 
breed. 3. (Bot.) A vari- 
ety of such fixed charac- 
ter that it may be propa- 
gated by seed. 4. That 
quality, or assemblage of Racoon ( Procyon lotor). 
qualities, which indicates origin or kind, as in wine ; 
hence, characteristic flavor ; smack. 

Syn. — Line; family; house; offspring; progeny. 

Race, n. [AS. rues a rush, running.] 1. A progress ; 
a course. 2. Esp., swift progress ; rapid course ; a run- 
ning. 3. Hence : A contest of speed in any way ; in the 
pi., usually, a meeting for contests in the running of 
horses. 4. Competitive action of any kind, esp. when 
prolonged ; hence, career ; course of life. 5. A strong 
or rapid current of water, or the channel or passage for 
such a current. 6. The current of water that turns a 
water wheel, or the channel in which it flows ; a mill race. 

Race horse, a horse bred or kept for running races. 

Race, v. i. [jimp. & p. p. Raced (rast) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Racing (ra'sing).] To run swiftly; to contend in a race. 

Race, v. l. 1. To cause to contend in a race ; to drive 
at high speed. 2. To run a race with. 

Rac'e-ma'tlon (raVe-ma'shun), n. [Deriv. of L. race- 
mus cluster of grapes.] A cluster or bunch, as of grapes. 

Ra-ceme' (ra-sem'), n. [L. racemus a 
bunch of berries, a cluster of grapes.] (Bot.) 
A flower cluster with an elongated axis ana 
many one-flowered, lateral pedicels. 

Rac'e-mif'er-OUS (raVe-mifer-us), a. [L. 
racemifer bearing clusters; racemus cluster 
-J- ferre to bear.] (Bot.) Bearing racemes. 

Rac'e-mose' (rSs'e-mos'), a. [L. racemosus 
full of clusters.] Resembling or growing in 
the form of a raceme. 

Rac'e-mous (rSs'e-mus or ra-se'-), a. See 
Racemose. 

Ra'cer (ra'ser), n. 1. One that races ; 
esp., a race horse. 2. (Zo'ol.) The common 
American black snake. 

Ra-chlt'ic (ra-kit'Tk), a. [See Rachitis.] 
(Med.) Of or pertaining to rachitis, or affected by ra- 
chitis ; rickety. 

iRa-chi'tis (ra-ki'tTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pox^i? (sc. 
voo-os), fr. paxis, -io?, the spine.] (Med.) The rickets. 

Ra'cial (ra'shal), a. Of or pertaining to a race or 
family of men. 

Ra'ci-ly (ra'sT-ly), adv. In a racy manner. 

Ra'ci-ness (rE'si-nee), n. Quality of being racy. 

Rack (rXk), n. Same as Arrack. 

Rack, n. [AS. hracca neck, hinder part of the head.] 
The neck and spine of a fore quarter of veal or mutton. 

Rack, 7i. [See Wreck.] A wreck ; destruction. 
[Obs., except in a few phrases.] 

Rack. ». [Prob. fr. Icel. rek drift.] Thin, flying, 
broken clouds, or any portion of floating vapor in the sky. 

Rack, v. i. To fly, as vapor or broken clouds. 

Rack, r. i. [imp. & p. p. Racked (rSkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Racking.] [Etym. uncertain.] To amble fast, 
causing a rocking or swaying motion of the body ; to 
pace ; — said of a horse. 



i 



Raceme. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



RACK 



G70 



RADIUS 



Rack vrSkV ?i. A fast amble. 

Rack. • . .-. [Of. OF. riii rnque wine squeezed from 
s. ] To draw oft from the lees or sediment, as wine. 
Rack. n. [Prob. fr. D. rck, rdbbank, a rack, rekken 
xo stretch : akin to G. reek, ;wA-bauk.] 1. An instru- 
niont or frame for stretching, extending, retaining, or 
displaying, something. Specif. : (a) A kind of engine of 
torture, (b) A device of various construction for hold- 
ing hay. grain, etc., supplied to beasts, (c) A frame on 
which articles are placed for keeping or display, ((f) 
(Xaut.) A piece or frame of wood, having several sheaves, 
through which the running rigging passes, (e) A distaff. 
2. [Seek.) A bar with teeth on its face, or edge, to 
work with those of a wheel, pinion, or worm. 

Rack. v. t. 1. To extend by force; to stretch or strain ; 
to rend : specif., to torture on, or as if on, the rack. 2. 
To stretch or strain, in a figurative sense; hence, to harass, 
or oppress by extortion ; to torment. 

Rack'er (vSk'er), n. One that racks. 

Rack'et (rSk'gt), n. [F. raquette ; of uncertain ori- 
gin.] 1. A somewhat elliptical hoop across which a net- 
work of catgut or cord is stretched. It is furnished with 
a handle, and is used in tennis and similar games. 2. A 
kind of snowshoe. \Canada~\ 3. A broad wooden shoe 
for a man or horse, to enable him to step on soft ground. 

Rack'et. v. t. To strike with, or as with, a racket. 

Rack'et, n. [Gael, racaid a noise, disturbance.] 
Confused, clattering noise ; din ; noisy talk or sport. 

Rack'et, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Racketed ; p. pr. &vb. 
n. Racketing.] 1. To make a confused noise or racket. 
2. To frolic. 

Rack'et-tail' (-tal'), »■ (Zodl.) 
Any one of several species of hum- 
ming birds, having two of the tail 
feathers very long and racket-shaped. 

Rack'et-y (-J), a. Making a tu- 
multuous noise. 

Rack'-rent' (-rent'), n. A rent 
of the full annual value of the tene- 
ment, or near it ; an excessive, or 
unreasonably high, rent. 

Rack'-rent'er (-er), n. 1. One 
subjected to paying rack-rent. 2. 
One who exacts rack-rent. 

II Ra con teur' (ra/kQN'ter'), n. 
[F.] A narrator. [et. 

Rac'quet (rSk'ket), n. See Rack _ 

Ra'cy (ra'sy), a. [Compar. Racier 
(-sl-er) ; superl. Raciest.] [From 
Race a tribe, family.] 1. Having a 
strong flavor indicating origin ; of 
distinct characteristic taste ; hence, 
fresh ; rich. 2. Hence : Peculiar 
and piquant ; fresh and lively. 

Syn. — Spicy ; spirited. — Racy refers primarily to that 
peculiar flavor which certain wines are supposed to derive 
from the soil ; and hence we call a style or production 
racy when it has an uncommon degree of natural fresh- 
ness and individuality ; spicy has reference to a spirit and 
pungency added by art. 

Rad'dle (rSd'd'l), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A long, 
flexible rod interwoven with others, in making a kind of 
hedge or fence. 2. A hedge or fence so made. 3. A 
wooden bar, with a row of upright pegs, used by domes- 
tic weavers to keep the warp of a proper width. 

Rad'dle, v. I. To interweave or twist together. 

Rad'dle, n. [Cf. Ruddle.] A kind of red pigment. 

Rad'dle, v. I. To paint with, or as if with, raddle. 

Ra'di-al (ra'dT-crl), a. [See Radius.] Of or pert, to 
a radius or ray ; consisting of, or like, radii or rays. 

Ra'dl-ance (-cms), ) n. Quality of being radiant ; 

Ra'di-an-cy (-an-sf), j brilliancy ; effulgence. 

Syn. — Luster; brilliancy; splendor; glare; glitter. 

Ra'di-ant (-ant), a. [L. radians, -antis, p. pr. of ra- 
tKare to emit rays, fr. radius ray.] 1. Emitting or pro- 
ceeding as from a center; resembling rays; radiating; 
radiate. 2. Esp., emitting rays of light or heat ; beam- 
ing. 3. Beaming with vivacity and happiness. 4. (Bot.) 
Having a raylike appearance. 

Ra'di-ant, n. A radiant 
point, line, or object. — Ra'- 
dl-ant-ly, adv. 

Ra'dl-a'ta(ra/dT-a'ta), n. 
pl. [NX., fr. radiatus, p. p.] 
\Zddl.) An extensive artificial 
group of invertebrates, hav- 
ing all the parts arranged ra- a Gorgonian ; b Starfish. 
dially around the vertical axis of the body, and the vari 




Racket-tail (Stega- 
nura Under woodii). 




Radiata. 



ous organs repeated symmetrically in each ray or sphero- 
mere. [See II lusts, of Actinia and Polyp.] 

Ra'di ate (ra'dT-at), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Radiated 
(-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Radiating.] [L. radiare, p. p. 
-atus, fr. radius ray.] 1. To emit rays ; to be radiant ; 
to shine. 2. To proceed in direct lines from a point or 
surface ; to issue in rays, as light or heat. 

Ra'di-ate, v. t. 1. To emit or send out in direct lines 
f rom a point or jpoints. 2. To enlighten ; to irradiate. [jR.] 

Ra'dl-ate (-at), a. 1. Having rays or parts diverging 
from a center. 2. (Bot.) Having large ray florets unlike 
the disk florets. 3. (Zodl. ) Belonging to the Radiata. 

Ra'dl-ate, n. (Zodl.) One of the Radiata. 

Ra'di-a ted (-a'tgd), a. 1. Emitted in rays or direct 
lines. 2. Formed of, or arranged like, rays or radii. 

Ra di-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act or process of radiating ; 
state of being radiated. 

Ra'di-a tor (-a'ter), n. That which radiates; esp., 
that part of a heating apparatus radiating the heat. 

Rad'1-cal (rad'I-kal), a. [F., fr. L. radicalis having 
roots, fr. radix, -ids, a root.] 1. Of or pertaining to the 
root ; proceeding directly from the root. 2. Hence : Of 
or pertaining to the origin, foundation, ultimate sources, 
principles, or the like ; original ; fundamental ; thorough- 
going ; extreme. 3. (Bot.) (a) Belonging to, or proceed- 
ing from, the root of a plant, (b) Proceeding from a 
rootlike stem, or one not rising above the ground. 4. 
(Philol.) Of or pert, to the root, or ultimate source of 
derivation. 5. (Math.) Of or pert, to a radix or root. 

Radical quantity (Alg.), a quantity to which the radical 
sign is prefixed; specif., a surd. — Radical sign (Math.), 
the sign V (originally the letter r, the initial of radix, 
root) placed before any quantity to denote that its root 
is to be extracted. 

Syn. — Primitive; original; natural; underived ; fun- 
damental ; unsparing ; entire. — A radical cure, reform, 
etc., is one which goes to the root of the matter ; and it is 
entire, in the sense that, by affecting the root, it affects 
in an appropriate degree the entire body nourished by 
the root ; but it may not be entire in the sense of making 
a change complete in its nature, as well as in its extent. 
A change may be both radical and entire, in every sense. 

Rad'1-cal (r5d'i-kal), n. 1. (Philol.) (a) Same as 
Radix, 1. (b) A primitive letter ; a letter that belongs 
to the radix. 2. (Politics) One who advocates radical 
changes in government or social institutions, esp. the 
leveling of inequalities of condition. 3. (Chem.) (a) A 
characteristic, essential, and fundamental constituent of 
any compound ; hence, sometimes, an atom, (b) Specif. , 
a group of two or more atoms, not saturated, so linked 
that their union implies certain properties, and regarded 
as a single atom. 4. (Alg.) A radical quantity. 

Rad'1-cal-ism (-Tz'm), n. Quality or state of being 
radical ; specif., social or political doctrines of radicals. 

Rad'i-cal-ly (rad'T-kal-ly), adv. In a radical manner. 

Rad'i-cal-ness, n. Quality or state of being radical. 

Rad'i-cant (-kant), a. [L. radicans, p. pr.] (Bot.) 
Taking root on, or above, the ground ; rooting from the 
stem. 

Rad'i-cate (-kat), v. t. To cause to take root ; to root. 

Rad'i-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. The process of taking 
root deeply. 2. (Bot.) The disposition of the roots. 

Rad'i-cel (r5d'i-sgl), n. [Dim. of Radix.] (Bot.) A 
small branch of a root ; rootlet. 

Rad'i-cle (rSd'i-k'l), n. [L. radicula, 
dim. of radix, -ids, root.] (Bot.) (a) 
The rudimentary stem of a plant from 
which the root is developed downward. 
(b) A radicel. 

Ra'di-i (ra'dT-i), n., pl. of Radius. 

Ra'di-o- (ra'dT-6-). A combining 
form indicating connection with, or rela- 
tion to, a radius or ray ; specifically 
(Anat.), with the radius of the forearm. 

Ra'di-om'e-ter (-5m'e-ter), n. [L. 
radius radius + -meter. ] 1. (Naut.) of L ar 'kspur. I 
A forestaff. 2. (Physics) An instru- Radicle ; 6 6 Co- 
ntent for measuring the mechanical ef- tyledons ; c Plu- 
f ect of radiant energy. mule ' d Rootlets. 

Rad'ish (rSd'Tsh), n. [F. radis, fr. L. radix, -ids, a 
root, esp., a radish; akin to E. wort.'] (Bot.) The pun- 
gent fleshy root of a well-known cruciferous 
plant ; also, the whole plant. 

Ra'di-us (ra'dT-us), n. ; pl. L. Radii (-i) ; 
E. Radiuses (-us-gz). [L., a staff, rod, » 
spoke of a wheel, radius, ray.] 1. (Geom.) 
A right line from the center of a circle to 
the periphery. 2. The exterior bone of the ° aaaiUS W- 
forearm. [See Blust. of Skeleton.] 3. A ray-like proc- 





a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



RADIX 



671 



RAJAH 




ess or growth, as one of the rays, or outer florets, of 
such plants as the sunflower and daisy. ^^^v 

Ra'dix (ra'dtks), n. ; pi. L. Radices * 
(rSd'T-sez), E. Radixes (ra'dlks-Sz). [L. 
radix, -ids, root.J 1. (Philol.) A primi- 
tive word ; radical ; root ; etymon. 2. 
(Math.) A fundamental number of any 
system ; a base. 

Raff (rftf), v. t. [OF. raffer; of G. ori- Radius (3) . 
gin.] To sweep or huddle together. I0bs.~\ 

Raff, n. 1. A promiscuous heap ; a large quantity ; 
refuse. 2. The rabble ; the mob. See Riffraff. 3. A 
low fellow ; a churl. 

Raffish (raf'Tsh), a. Worthless ; low. 

Raffle (rXf'f'l), n. [F. rafle; /aire rafle to sweep 
stakes, fr. rafter to sweep away, rafter tout to sweep 
stakes ; of German origin.] A kind of lottery, in which 
several persons pay, in shares, the value of something, 
and then determine by chance which shall have it. 

Raffle, v. i. limp. & p. p. Raffled (-fid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Raffling (-fling).] To engage in a raffle. 

Raffle, v. t. To dispose of by means of a raffle. 

Raft (raft), n. [Orig., rafter, spar, fr. Icel. raptr 
rafter.] 1. A collection of logs, boards, or the like, 
fastened together, either for conveyance on the water, 
or to serve as a support ; a float. 2. A collection of logs, 
fallen trees, etc., which obstructs navigation. [U. S.~\ 
3. [Perhaps akin to raft" a heap.] A large collection of 
people or things taken indiscriminately. [Sla?ig, U. S.~\ 

Raft, v. t. limp. & p. p. Rafted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Rafting.] To make into a raft ; to transport on, or in 
the form of, a raft. 

Raffer (raft'er), n. A raftsman. 

Raffer, n. [AS. rsefter; akin to E. raft, n.] (Arch.) 
Orig., any rough and somewhat heavy piece of timber. 
Now, commonly, one of the timbers of a roof which are 
put on sloping. [See Must, of Roof.] 

Rafts'man (raf ts'man), n. A man engaged in rafting. 

Rag (rag), n. [OE. ragge, prob. of Scand. origin.] 
1. A piece of cloth torn off ; a tattered piece of cloth ; a 
fragment. 2. pi. Hence, mean or tattered attire ; worn- 
out dress. 3. A shabby fellow ; a ragamuffin. 4. (Geol.) 
A coarse kind of rock. 

Rag wheel, a chain wheel ; a sprocket wheel. 

Rag a-muf fin (rag'a-muffTn), n. [Cf. Ragamofin, 
a demon in the old mysteries.] 1. A mean wretch. 2. 
A person wearing ragged clothing. IColloq.'] 

Rage (raj), n. [F., fr. L. rabies, fr. rabere to rave.] 
1. Violent excitement ; extreme vehemence of desire, 
emotion, or suffering, mastering the will. 2. Esp., over- 
mastering wrath ; fury. 3. That which is sought after, 
or prosecuted, with unreasonable or excessive passion. 

Syn. — Vehemence ; excitement ; passion. See Anger. 

Rage, v. i. limp. &p. p. Raged (rajd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Raging (ra'jTng).] 1. To be furious with anger or 
any passion. 2. To be violent and tumultuous ; to act 
or move furiously. 3. To ravage ; to prevail without re- 
straint, or with destruction or fatal effect. 

Syn. — To storm ; fret ; chafe ; fume. 

Rag'ged (rSg'ged), a. 1. Rent or worn into rags or 
tatters, or till the texture is broken. 2. Broken with 
rough edges ; jagged ; uneven. 3. Wearing tattered 
clothes. 4. Rough ; shaggy ; rugged.— Rag'ged-ly, adv. 

— Rag'ged-ness, n. 

Rag'lan (rag'km), n. A loose, large-sleeved overcoat ; 

— from Lord Raglan, an English general. [rags. I 
Rag'man (-man), n. A man who collects, or deals in, | 
Ra-gOUf (ra-goc/), n. [F. ragout, fr. ragouter to re- 
store one's appetite, fr. L. pref. re- re- -{-ad to -f- gustare 
to taste.] A dish made of pieces of meat, stewed, and 
highly seasoned. 

Rag'weed' (rSg'wed'), n. (Bot.) A common Ameri- 
can composite weed with finely divided leaves ; hogweed. 

Raid (rad), n. [Icel. reiS a riding, raid ; akin to E. 
road.] 1. A hostile or predatory incursion ; a sudden 
and rapid invasion by cavalry. 2. An attack or invasion 
in order to arrest, seize property, or plunder. 

Raid, v. t. limp. & p. p. Raided ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Raiding.] To make a raid upon or into. 

Raid'er (-er), n. One who engages in a raid. IU. S.~\ 

Rail (ral), n. [Akin to LG. & Sw. regel bar, bolt, G. 
riegel a rail, bar, or bolt.] 1. A bar of timber or metal, 
extending from one post or support to another. 2. (Arch.) 
A horizontal piece in a frame or paneling. 3. (Railroad) 
A bar of steel or iron, forming part of the track. 4. 
(Naut.) (a) The stout, narrow plank that forms the top 
of the bulwarks. (6) A light, fencelike structure of wood 
or metal at the break of the deck, and elsewhere. 




European Water Rail (Rallua 
oquaticuM). 



2. Rails 



Rail (ral), v. t. limp. & p. p. Railed (raid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Railing.] To inclose wjth rails or a railing. 

Rail, 7i. [F. rale, fr. ruler to have a rattling in the 
throat; of G. origin.] 
(Zo'61.) Any one of 
numerous species of 
limicoliue birds of the 
family Rallidie, esp. 
of the genus Hall its 
and closely allied gen- 
era, prized as game 
birds. 

Rail, v.i. l¥. mil- 
ler ; of uncertain ori- 
gin.] To use insolent 
and reproachful lan- 
guage ; to utter re- 
proaches ; to scoff. — 
Rail' er (-er), n. 

Railing, ?>. 1. A barrier of a rail or rails, 
in general ; also, material for rails. 

Rail' ler-y (rSl'ler-^ or ral'-), n. [F. raillerie. See 4th 
Rail.] Pleasantry or slight satire ; banter. 

Rail'road' (ral'rod'), ) n. 1. A road or way of one 

Rail'way' i-wa'), ) or more parallel series of 
iron or steel rails, for the wheels of vehicles to run on. 
2. The road, track, etc., with all the lands, buildings, 
rolling stock, franchises, etc., as a whole. 

GSF^ Railu-axj is the commoner word in England ; rail- 
road in the United States. 

Rai'ment (ra'ment), n. [Abbrev. fr. arraiment. See 
Array.] Clothing in general ; vesture ; garments. 

Rain (ran), n. [AS. regen ; akin to G. regen.~\ Wa- 
ter falling in drops from the clouds ; the descent of water 
from the clouds in drops. 

Rain gauge, an instrument for measuring the rainfall. — 
Rain water, water that has fallen from the clouds in rain. 

Rain, v. i. limp. & p. p. Rained (rand) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Raining.] 1. To fall in drops from the clouds, as 
water. 2. To fall or drop like water from the clouds. 

Rain (ran), v. i. 1. To pour or shower down from 
above. 2. To bestow in a profuse or abundant manner. 

Rain'DOW' (-bo'), n. A bow or arch exhibiting the 
colors of the spectrum, and formed by the refraction and 
reflection of the sun's rays in drops of falling rain. 

Rain'drop' (-drop'), n. A drop of rain. 

Rain'fall' (-fal'), n. Fall or descent of rain. 

Rain'y (-f), a. Abounding with rain ; wet ; showery. 

— Rain'i-ness (-T-ngs), n. 

Raise (raz), v. t. limp. &p.p. Raised (razd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Raising.] [OE. reisen, Icel. reisa, causative of 
risa to rise. See Rise.] 1. To cause to rise ; to bring 
from a lower to a higher place ; to elevate ; to lift ; to 
heave. Hence, fig. : (a) To elevate in rank, dignity, etc. ; 
to exalt ; to advance ; to enhance. (6) To increase the 
strength or vehemence of ; to excite ; to aggravate ; to in- 
tensify ; to heighten, (c) To elevate in degree according 
to some scale. 2. To cause to rise up, or assume an 
erect position or posture ; to set upright. Hence : — (a) 
To awaken ; to arouse. (6) To rouse to action ; to in- 
cite or excite, (c) To summon from the lower world ; 
to recall from death. 3. To give rise to; to originate, 
produce, cause, effect, or the like. Hence, specif. : — 
(a) To build up ; to erect, (b) To collect ; to levy ; to 
get together, (c) To cause to grow; to propagate as 
crops ; to breed and rear, as stock, (d) Also, to bring 
up, as children. ILocal U. £.] (e) To bring into being ; 
to produce ; to cause to appear. (/) To give rise to ; 
to set agoing ; to start, (g) To utter ; to strike up. (h) 
To bring to notice ; to submit for consideration. 4. To 
cause to rise, as by the effect of leaven. 5. (Xaut.) (a) 
To cause (the land or any other object) to seem higher 
by drawing nearer to it. (b) To let go ; — used in a com- 
mand. 6. (Laic) To create or constitute. 

To raise a blockade (Mil.), to break up or end a blockade. 

— To raise a siege, to give up or to stop a siege. 
Rais'er (raz'er), n. One who, or that which, raises. 
Rafsin (ra'z'n), n. [F.. fr. L. racemus cluster of 

grapes.] A grape dried in the sun or by artificial heat. 

Rais'ing (raz'Tng), n. 1. A lifting, setting up, eleva- 
ting, exalting, producing, or restoring to life. 2. Specif., 
the setting up of the frame of a building. [£ r . S.~\ 

II Rai S0n'n6' (ra'zo'na'), a. [F. raisoniie, p. p. of 
raiso?i?)er to reason.] Arranged systematically, or ac- 
cording to classes or subjects. 

Ra'jah (ra'ja or ra'ja), n. [Hind. rajd. Skr. rajan.] 
A native prince or king ; also, a landholder or person of 
importance in the agricultural districts, llndia] 



fSrn, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



RAKE 



G72 



RANDOM 



Rake (rik\ n. [AS. race ; akin to D. reek, G. rechev.] 
A toothed Implement lor collecting hay, or other light 
things, or for breaking and smoothing the earth. 

Rake. «•• /• [imp- at p. p. Raked (rakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Raking.] 1. To collect with a rake. 2. Hence: To 
collect or draw together with laborious industry ; to 
p-at her from a wide space or indiscriminately. 3. To 
■enpe or scratch with a rake. 4. To search through ; 
to scour: to ransack. 6. {Mil.) To enfilade ; to fire in 
the direction of the length of. 

Rake, c i. 1- To use a rake ; to go over or through 
anything with, or as if with, a rake ; to search minutely. 
2. To pass rudely ; to scrape along. 

Rake. n. [Cf. E. reach.] The inclination of anything 
from a perpendicular direction; esp. {Aaui.), the incli- 
nation of a mast or funnel. 

Rake, r. i. To incline from the perpendicular. 

Rake, n. [OE. rakel rash; cf. Icel. reika to wander.] 
A loose, disorderly, vicious man ; debauchee ; roue. 

Rak'er (i Sk'ei •), ?i. One that rakes. 

Rak'ish. a. 1. [See 6th Rake.] Dissolute ; lewd ; 
debauched. 2. [See 4th Rake.] {Naut.) Having a 
saucy appearance indicative of speed and dash. — Rak'- 
ish-ly, adv. — Rak'ish-ness, n. 

I! Rale (ral), n. [F. rale.] {Med.) An adventitious 
sound, usually of morbid origin, accompanying the nor- 
mal respiratory sounds. 

Ral'ly (ral'ly), v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Rallied 
(-lid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rallying.] [OF. roller, F. ral- 
lier, fr. L. pref. re- + ad -f- ligare to bind.] 1. To col- 
lect, and reduce or come to order, as troops dispersed ; 
to gather again ; to reunite. 2. To renew in or regain 
health or vigor ; to recuperate. 

Ral'ly, n. Act or process of rallying. 2. A political 
mass meeting. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Rally, v. t. & i. [F. rattier. See Rail to scoff.] To 
attack with or use raillery. 

Syn. — To banter ; ridicule ; satirize ; deride ; mock. 

Ral'ly, n. Good-humored raillery. 

Ram (ram), n. [AS. ramm, ram.] 1. The male of 
the sheep and allied animals. [See lllust. of Merino.] 
2. {Astron.) (a) Aries, the sign of the zodiac which the 
sun enters about the 21st of March, (fe) The constella- 
tion Aries, which does not now, as formerly, occupy the 
sign of the same name. 3. An engine of war used for 
butting or battering. Specif. : {a) In ancient warfare, a 
battering ram. (6) A heavy steel or iron beak of a steam 
war vessel ; also, a vessel carrying such a beak. 4. An 
hydraulic ram. 5. The weight which strikes the blow, 
in a pile driver, steam hammer, etc. 6. The plunger of 
an hydraulic press. 

Ram, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rammed (ramd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ramming.] 1. To butt or strike against ; to thrust 
or drive with violence. 2. To fill or compact by pound- 
ing or driving. 

Rama-dan' (r5m'a-dan'), n. [Ar. ramadan, or 
ramazan, prop., the hot month.] 1. The ninth Moham- 
medan month. 2. The great annual fast of the Mo- 
hammedans, kept during daylight in the ninth month. 

Ra'mal (ra'mal), a. [L. ramus branch.] Of or per- 
taining to a ramus or branch ; rameal. 

Ram'ble (ram'b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rambled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rambling.] [For rammle, fr. 
Prov. E. rame to roam.] 1. To roam carelessly or irreg- 
ularly ; to rove ; to wander. 2. To talk or write in a dis- 
cursive, aimless way. 3. To extend or grow at random. 

Syn. — To rove ; roam ; wander ; range ; stroll. 

Ram'ble, n. Act of roving or strolling ; an excursion. 

Ram'bler (-bier), n. One who rambles. 

Ra'me-al (ra'me-al), a. Same as Ramal. 

Ram'ie (rXm'e), n. [From Malay.] {Bot.) The grass- 
cloth plant ; also, its fine, strong fiber. 

Ram'i-fi-ca'tlon (ram'I-fl-ka'shun), n. 1. The proc- 
ess of branching, also, the mode of arrangement of 
branches. 2. A small branch or offshoot from a main 
fctock or channel. 3. A division into principal and sub- 
ordinate classes, or departments ; also, one of the subor- 
dinate parts. 4. The production of branchlike figures. 

Ram'i-fy (raml-fi), v. t. & i. [imp. &p.p. Ramified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ramifying (-fi'ing).] [F. rami- 
fier, deriv. of L. ramus a branch + -ficare to make. See 
-fy.] To divide into branches or subdivisions. 

Ram'mer (-mer), n. One that rams, or drives. 

Ramose' (ra-moV), a. [L- ramosus, from ramus a 
branch.] Branched, as the stem or root of a plant ; full 
of branches ; ramifying ; branching ; branchy. 

Ra'mous (ra'mus), a. Ramose. 

Ramp (ramp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ramped (ramt ; 




216) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ramping.] [F. ramper to creep, 
OF., to climb ; of German origin.] 1. To spring ; to leap ; 
to prance ; hence, to frolic ; to romp. 2. To move by 
leaps, or as if by leaps ; hence, to move swiftly. 3. To 
climb as a plant ; to creep up. 

Ramp (rSmp), n. 1. A leap ; spring ; hostile advance. 
2. [F. rampe.] {Arch.) {a) Any sloping member, other 
than a purely constructional one. (6) A short bend, 
slope, or curve, where a hand rail or cap changes its di- 
rection. 3. [F. rampe.] {Fort.) An inclined plane serv- 
ing as a communication between different interior levels. 

Ramp'age (rSmp'Sj ; 48), n. [See Ramp, v.] Violent 
or riotous behavior or emotion. [Prov. or Low] 

Ram-pa'geous (rSm-pa'jus), a. Characterized by vio- 
lence and passion ; unruly ; rampant. [Prov. or Low] 

Ramp'an-cy (r5mp'cn-s5), n. Quality or state of be- 
ing rampant. 

Ramp'ant (ramp'ant), a. [F., p. pr. of ramper to 
creep. See Ramp, v.] 1. Ramping ; 
leaping ; hence, raging ; furious. 2. 
Climbing ; rank in growth ; exuber- 
ant. 3. {Her.) Rising with fore paws 
in the air as if attacking. 

Ram'part (ram'part), n. [F. rem- 
parl, OF. rempar, f r. remparer to for- 
tify ; pref. re- re- -j- pref. en- (L. in) 
-f- parer to defend, prepare, L. parare 
to prepare.] 1. That which fortifies Llon Rampant, 
and defends from assault ; a defense or bulwark. 2. 
{Fort.) A broad embankment of earth round a place, 
upon which the parapet is raised. 

Syn. — Bulwark ; fence ; security ; guard. — Bulwark 
and rampart were formerly interchanged ; but bulwark 
is now more commonly applied to peculiarly strong out- 
works which project for the defense of the rampart, or 
main work. 

Ram'part, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ramparted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ramparting.] To protect with, or as with, ram- 
parts. 

Ram'pi-on(ram'pT-un),rc. [Etym. uncertain.] {Bot.) 
A plant {Campanula Rapunculus) of the Bellflower fam- 
ily, with a tuberous, esculent root ; also, any one of some 
other related genera. 

Ram'rod' (-r-od 7 ), n. The rod used in ramming home 
the charge in a muzzle-loading firearm. 

Ram'shac-kle (-shSk-k'l), a. [Etym. uncertain.] 
Loose ; disjointed ; falling to pieces ; out of repair. 

Ram'son (-z'n), n. [AS. hramsan, pi., akin to G. 
rams.'] {Bot.) A broad-leaved species of garlic. 

Ram'sted (-stgd), n. {Bot.) Toadflax; — so named 
from a Mr. Ramsted. [branch ; ramification. I 

I! Ra'mus (ra'miis), n. ; pi. -mi (-mi). {Kat. Hist.) A | 

Ran (ran), imp. of Run. 

Ran-ces'cent (rSn-ses'sent), a. [L. rancescens, p. 
pr., deriv. of rancere to be rancid.] Becoming rancid. 

Ranch (ranch), n. [See Rancho.] A tract of land 
used for grazing and the rearing of horses, cattle, or 
sheep ; a rancho. [Western U. S.] 

II Ran-che'ro (ran-cha'ro), n. ; pi. -ros (-roz). [Sp.] 
[Mexico & Western U. S.] 1. A herdsman ; a peasant 
employed on a ranch. 2. Owner and occupant of a ranch. 

Ranch/man (rSnch'man), n. A ranchero. [U.S.] 

II Ran'cho (ran'cho), n. ; pi. Ranchos (-choz). [Sp., 
prop., a mess, mess room.] 1. A rude hut where herds- 
men or farm laborers may live or lodge at night. 2. A 
large grazing farm. [Mexico & California] 

Ran'cid (rSn'sid), a. [L. rancidus, fr. rancere to be 
rancid or rank.] Having a rank smell or taste, from 
chemical change or decomposition ; sour ; musty.— Ran'- 
Cid-ly; adv. — Ran'cid-ness, n. [being rancid. I 

Ran-cid'i-ty (rSn-sTd'I-ty), n. Quality or state of | 

Ran'cor (rSn'ker), n. [OF. rancor, rancur, fr. L. 
rancor rancidity, rankness ; fig., an old grudge, rancor, 
fr. rancere to be rank or rancid.] The deepest malig- 
nity or spite ; inveterate hatred ; virulent malice. 

Syn. — Enmity ; ill will ; spite ; grudge ; animosity. — 
Enmity and rancor both describe hostility : but enmity 
may be generous and open, while rancor implies personal 
malice of the worst and most enduring nature. 

Ran'cor-ous (-us), a. Full of rancor ; caused by ran- 
cor ; implacably spiteful or malicious ; virulently mali- 
cious. — Ran'cor-ous-ly. adv. 

Rand (rand), n. [AS. rand, rond ; akin to G. rand.] 
1. A border; edge; margin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. 
A thin cut of beef taken from the side of the shoulder ; 
the rattle rand. 3. A thin inner sole for a shoe ; also, a 
leveling slip of leather applied to the sole before attach- 
ing the heel. 

Ran'dom (rSn'dum), n. [OF. randon force, violence, 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 5bey, Unite, care, axm, ask, all, final. 



RANDOM 



673 



RAPTORIAL 



rapidity; prob. of German origin.] 1. A roving mo- 
tion ; course without definite direction ; hazard ; chance. 

2. Distance to which a missile is cast ; range ; reach. 
Ran/dom (ranMQra), a. Going at random or by 

chance ; done or made at hazard ; left to chance. 

Rang (ring), imp. of Ring, v. t. & i. 

Range (ranj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ranged (ranjd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Ranging (ran'jTng).] [OF. rengier, it. 
renc row, rank ; of German origin. See Rank, n.] 1. 
To set in a row, or in rows ; to dispose in the proper 
order ; to rank. 2. To place among others in a line, 
row, or order ; — usually reflexively and figuratively. 

3. To arrange regularly. 4. To rove over or through. 
5. To sail or pass in a direction parallel to or near. 6. 
(Biol.) To be native to, or to live in ; to frequent. 

Range, v. i. 1. To rove at large ; to roam. 2. To 
have range ; to change or differ, within limits ; to be 
capable of projecting, or to admit of being projected, esp. 
horizontally. 3. To be placed in order ; to be ranked or 
classified. 4. To have direction. 5. (Biol.) To be na- 
tive to, or live in, a certain region. 

Syn. — To rove; roam; ramble; wander; stroll. 

Range, n. 1. A series of things in a line ; a row ; a 
rank. 2. An aggregate of individuals in one rank or 
degree ; an order ; a class. 3. The step of a ladder ; a 
rung. 4. A kind of cooking stove; esp., an extensive 
cooking apparatus set in brick work. 5. A wandering 
or roving ; a ramble. 6. That which may be or is ranged 
over. 7. Extent or space taken in by anything excur- 
sive ; reach; scope. 8. (Gun.) (a) The horizontal dis- 
tance to which a projectile is carried ; also, less prop- 
erly, the trajectory of a projectile, (b) A place where 
shooting is practiced. 9. In the public land system of 
the United States, a row or line of townships lying be- 
tween two successive meridian lines six miles apart. 

Ran'ger (ran'jer), n. 1. One who ranges. 2. A dog 
that beats the ground in search of game. 3. One of a 
body of mounted troops who range over the country, 
and often fight on foot. 4. The keeper of a public park 
or forest. [Eng.] 

Rank (rank), a. [Compar. Ranker (-er) ; superl. 
Rankest.] [AS. ranc strong, proud.] 1. Luxuriant in 
growth ; grown to immoderate height. 2. Raised to a 
high degree ; extreme ; gross ; utter. 3. Very rich and 
fertile. 4. Strong-scented ; rancid ; musty. 5. Strong 
to the taste. 

Rank, n. [OF. renc, f r. OHG. hring a circle, a circu- 
lar row, G. ring.~\ 1. A row or line ; range ; order ; tier. 

2. (Mil. ) A line of soldiers ranged side by side. 3. Grade 
of official standing, as in the army, navy, or nobility. 4. 
An aggregate of individuals classed together ; an order. 
5. Degree of dignity, eminence, or excellence ; station ; 
degree ; grade. 6. High social position ; distinction ; 
eminence. 

Rank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ranked (rankt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ranking.] 1. To place abreast, or in a line. 2. 
To range in a particular class, order, or division ; to class. 

3. To outrank. [U. S.~\ 

Rank, v. i. 1. To be ranged ; to be set or disposed, 
as in a particular class. 2. To have a certain rank. 

Rank'er (-er), n. One who ranks. 

Ran'kle (rSn'k'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rankled 
(k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rankling (-kling).] [From 
Rank, a.~\ 1. To grow rank or strong ; to be inflamed ; 
to fester. 2. To produce a festering or inflamed effect ; 
to cause a sore. 

Rankly (rankl^), adv. With rank or vigorous 
growth ; luxuriantly ; hence, coarsely ; grossly. 

Rank'ness, n. State or quality of being rank. 

Ran'sack (rSn'sXk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ransacked 
(-sSkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ransacking.] [Icel. rannsaka 
to explore ; rann house (akin to AS. rxsn plank) -f- root 
of ssekja to seek, akin to E. seek."] 1. To search thor- 
oughly ; to search every part of. 2. To pillage completely. 

Ran'som (ran'siim), n. [OF. rancon, raencon, fr. L. 
redemptio, fr. redimere to redeem. See Redeem.] 1. 
Release of a captive, or of captured property, by pay- 
ment of a consideration ; redemption. 2. The money 
or price paid for such release. 

Ran'som, v. I. [imp. & p. p. Ransomed (-siimd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Ransoming.] To redeem from captivity, 
servitude, or punishment, by paying a price ; to rescue ; 
to deliver. 

Ran'som-er (-er), n. One who ransoms or redeems. 

Rant (rant), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ranted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ranting.] [OD. ranten, randen, to dote, to be 
enraged.] To rave in violent, high-sounding, or extrav- 
agant language, without dignity of thought, 



Rant (rant), n. High-sounding language, without im- 
portance or dignity of thought ; bombast. 

Rant'er (-er), n. A noisy talker ; a raving declaimer. 

Ra nun cu-la'ceous (ra-nGn'kij-la'hliuH), a. [See Ra- 
nunculus.] (Hot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order 
of plants (Ranuneulaeem) of which the buttercup is the 
type, and which includes also the virgin's bower, the 
monkshood, larkspur, anemone, meadow rue, and peony. 

Ra nun'cu lus (ra-niin'ku-lus), n. ; pi. E. Ranuncu- 
luses (-e"z), L. Ranunculi (-11). [L., a little frog, a me- 
dicinal plant, dim. of rand a frog.] (Bot.) A genus of 
herbs, including the buttercups. 

Rap (rip), v. i. ft /. [Imp. & />. j>. Raited (rSpt); p.pr. 
& vb. n. Rapping.] [Akin to Sw. rappa to strike, rapp 
Btroke.] To strike with a quick, sharp blow ; to knock. 

Rap, n. A quick, smart blow ; a knock. 

Rap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rapped (rSpt), usually writ- 
ten Rapt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rapping.] [OE. rapen ; akin 
to G. raffen.~] 1. To snatch away ; to seize and hurry 
off. 2. To seize and bear away, as the mind or thoughts ; 
to transport out of one's self ; to affect with rapture. 

Rap, n. [Perhaps contr. fr. Raparee.] Any of the 
tokens that passed current for a half-penny in Ireland in 
the early part of the eighteenth century. 

Ra-pa'cious (ri-pa'shus), a. [L. rapaz, -acis, fr. ra- 
pere to seize and carry off . ] 1. Given to plunder ; seiz- 
ing by force. 2. Subsisting on prey, or animals seized by 
violence. 3. Avaricious ; grasping ; extortionate ; also, 
greedy; ravenous; voracious. — Ra-pa'cious-ly, adv. — 
Ra-pa'cious-ness, n. — Ra-pac'i-ty (ra-p5s1-ty), n. 

Rap'a-ree' (rSp'a-re'), n. See Rapparee. 

Rape (rap), n. [F. rape a grape stalk.] 1. Fruit, as 
grapes, plucked from the cluster. 2. The refuse of grapes 
or raisins from which the must has been expressed. 

Rape, n. [Akin to rap to snatch.] 1. Act of seizing 
and carrying away by force ; violent seizure ; robbery. 
2. (Law) Sexual connection with a woman without her 
consent, or with one not of the lawful age of consent. 

Rape, v. t. To commit rape upon ; to ravish. 

Rape, n. [L. rapa, rapum ; akin to Gr. pairv?.] 
(Bot.) Any one of several varieties of a plant of the 
Turnip kind grown for seeds and herbage. 

Ra'phe (ra'fe), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pa.<j>rj suture.] 
1. (Anat.) A line, ridge, furrow, or band of fibers, esp. 
in the median line. 2. (Bot.) Same as Rhaphe. 

II Raph'i-des (r5f'i-dez), n. pi. (Bot.) See Rhaphides. 

Rap'id (rap'id), a. [L. rapidus, fr. rapere to snatch 
or hurry away.] 1. Very swift or quick ; moving with 
celerity; fast. 2. Advancing with haste or speed; in 
quick sequence. — Rap'id-ly, adv. — Rap'id-ness, n. 

Rap'id, n. A part where a river flows with great 
swiftness, but without actual waterfall or cascade ; — 
usually in pi. [rapid. I 

Ra-pid'i-ty (ra-pid'T-t^), n. Quality or state of being | 

Syn. — Rapidness; haste; speed; celerity; velocity; 
swiftness; fleetness; quickness; agility. 

Ra'pi-er (ra'pT-er), n. [F. rapiere.] A slender 
pointed sword used only for thrusting. 

Rapine (rap'in), n. [F. rapine, fr. L. rapina, fr. 
rapere to seize and carry off by force.] 1. Act of plun- 
dering; spoliation; pillage. 2. Rape. [Obs.~\ 

Rap'pa-ree' (-pa-re'), n. A wild Irish plunderer, esp. 
one of the 17th century ; — so called from his carrying a 
half-pike, called a rapary. 

Rap-pee' (rap-pe'), n. [F. rapS, fr. raper to grate, 
to rasp.] A pungent kind of snuff. 

Rap'pel (rSp'pgl or rap-pSl'), n. [F.] (Mil.) The > 
beat of the drum to call soldiers to arms. 

Rap'per (rXp'per), n. One who, or that which, raps 
\ov knocks ; specif., the knocker of a door. 
J Rap-port' (rap-porf; F. ra/p6r'), 
n. [F.] Relation ; conformity ; cor- 
respondence ; sympathetic accord. 

Rap-SCal1ion(rap-sk51'yiin), n. 
Rascallion. [Colloq."] 

Rapt (rapt), imp. &p. p. of Rap, 
to snatch away. 

Rapt, a. 1. Snatched away ; 
hurried away or along. 2. Trans- 
ported ; absorbed ; entranced. 

Rap-tO'ri-al (rSp-to'rT-al), a. 
[From L. raptor a plunderer, fr. 
rapere to plunder.] (Zo'ul.) (a) 
Rapacious ; living upon prey ; — 
said esp. of certain birds, (b) 
Adapted for seizing prey; as the 
legs, claws, etc., of insects, birds, 
etc. (c) Of or pertaining to the Baptores, or birds of prey. 




Kaptores. 

Head nnd Foot of 

Raptorial Bird. 



mguage, without dignity ot thought. etc. (c) Ut or pertaining to the Jiaptores, or bird 

fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
43 



N 



RAPTURE 



674 



RATIFY 



Rapture (rJptur; 135\ n. [L. rapere, raptum, to 
by force.] State or condition of being rapt, or 
: i om one's self by agreeable excitement; 
DM Joy or pleasure : MOfcqr. 

>v ; transport ; deligbt ; exultation. 

Rap'ture. v. /• To enrapture. [Poetic] 

Rap'tur-OUS ^,-ns\ O. Ecstatic ; transporting ; feeling, 
ug, or showing rapture. — Rap'tur-OUS-ly. adv. 

Rare (rSr), O. [Compar. Rarer (rSr'er) ; super!. Rar- 
est.] [Of. AS. hrtr, or obs. E. ran early.] Nearly raw ; 
partially cooked ; not thoroughly cooked; undone. 

Rare", a. [Coynpar. Rarer (raVer) ; superl. Rarest.] 
[F., fr. L. rants thin, rare.] 1. Not frequent or com- 
mon ; unusual. Hence : Unusually excellent or valuable. 
2. Thinlv scattered ; dispersed. 3. Not thick or dense ; 
thin. 

Syn. — Scarce ; infrequent ; uncommon ; singular : ex- 
traordinary ; incomparable. — A thing is rare when few 
examples, "specimens, or instances of it are ever to be met 
with ; that is scarce, which, though usually abundant, is 
for the time being to be had only in small quantities. 

Rare'bit (rSr'bTt), n. A Welsh rabbit. See under 
Rabbit. 

Rar'ee-shOW' (raT^e-sho 7 ),^. [Contr.fr. rarity-show.] 
A show carried about in a box ; a peep show. 

Rar e-fac'tion (rSr'e-fSk'shun), n. Act or process of 
rarefying : state of being rarefied. 

Rar'e-fy (rart-fi), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Rarefied (-fid) ; 
p. pr. &. vb. n. Rarefying (-fFIng).] [F. rarefier ; L. 
rarus rare -+- -ficare to make. See -ft.] To make or 
become rare or less dense ; to expand or enlarge without 
the addition of new matter. 

Rarely (raVly), adv. 1. In a rare manner or degree ; 
seldom. 2. Finely ; excellently ; with rare skill. 
~ Rare'ness. n. State or quality of being rare. 

Rare'ripe (-rip'), a. [Obs. E. rare early -f- ripe.] 
Early ripe ; ripe before the usual season. — n. An early 
ripening fruit, csp. a kind of freestone peach. 

Rar'i-ty (r2r'T-ty), 72. 1. Quality or state of being 
rare. 2. A rare thing ; a thing valued for its scarcity. 

Ras'cal (ras^kal), n. [OE. rascaille rabble, prob. fr. 
OF. rascaille rabble, rubbish.] 1. One of the rabble ; 
the rabble. [Obs.] 2. A mean, trickish fellow; a 
rogue ; a scoundrel ; a trickster. 

Ras-cal'i-ty (ras-k51'T-ty), ?i. Quality or state of be- 
ing rascally, or a rascal ; mean trickishness ; base fraud. 

Ras-cal'lion (r5s-k51'yun), n. [From Rascal.] A 
low, mean wretch ; a rascal. 

Ras'cal-ly (raVkcrl-ly), a. Like a rascal ; trickish. 

Rase (raz), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Rased (razd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Rasing.] [F. raser, LL. rasare to scrape often, 
v. freq. fr. L. radere, rasum, to scrape, shave.] 1. To 
graze the surface of. [Obsoles.] 2. To rub out ; to erase. 
[Obsoles.] 3. To level with the ground ; to raze. 

Rash (rash), n. [OF. rasche eruption, scurf, deriv. of 
L. radere, rasum. See Rase.] (Med.) A fine eruption 
or efflorescence on the body, with little or no elevation. 

Rash, a. [Coynpar. Rasher (-er) ; superl. Rashest.] 
[Probably of Scand. origin.] 1. Sudden in action ; 
quick; hasty. [Obs.] 2. Esp. , overhasty in counsel or 
action ; precipitate : not prudent. 3. Uttered or under- 
taken with too much haste or too little reflection, -r 
Rashly, adv. — Rash 




Syn.— Precipitate ; head- 
long : headstrong ; fool- 
hardy ; hasty ; indiscreet ; 
heedless ; thoughtless ; in- 
cautious ; careless ; incon- 
siderate ; unwary. — A man 
is adventurous who incurs 
risk or hazard from a love 
of the arduous and the bold. 
A man is rash who does it 
from the mere impulse of 
his feelings, without count- 
ing the cost. A man is fool- 
who throws himself 
into danger in disregard or 
defiance of the conse- 
quences. 

Rash'er (-er), n. [Prob. 
fr. rn ah, a., as being hastily 
cooked.] A thin slice of 
bacon. 

Syn. — See Temerity. 

Ra-SO'ri-al (ra-zo'rT-al), 
a. [From NL. Rasores, fr. Head and Foot : a a of Domestic 
L,. radere, rasum, to fowl ; b b of Common Pheas- 
soratch.] (Zo'ol.) Of or ant : cc of Wild Turkey ; do/ 
pertaining to the Rasores, of Ptarmi S ai i- 



Rasorial Birds. 



or gallinaceous birds, as the peacock, domestic fowl, par- 
tridge, quail, and the like. 

Rasp (rasp), v. f. [imp. & p. p. Rasped (raspt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. 7i. Rasping.] [OF. rasper to grate, rasp, fr. OHG. 
raspun to scrape together.] 1. To rub, grate, or smooth 
with a rasp. 2. Hence, fig. : To grate harshly upon ; to 
offend rudely. [inences are points. I 

Rasp. n. A coarse file, on which the cutting prom- 

Rasp'ber-ry (r5z'ber-ry), n. [From E. rasp, in allu- 
sion to the apparent roughness of the fruit.] (Bot.) (a) 
The thimble-shaped fruit of several species of brambles. 
(6) The shrub bearing this fruit. 

Rasp / er (rasper), n. One that rasps ; a scraper. 

Ra'sure (ra'zhur; 135), n. [L. rasura, fr. radere, 
rasum, to scrape, to shave.] Act of rasing; erasure; 
obliteration ; also, the mark by which the erasure is made. 

Rat (rSt), 72. [AS. rset ; akin to G. raite, ratze, F. rat ; 
of unknown origin.] 1. {Zo'ol.) One of several species 
of small rodents, larger than mice, that infest houses, 
stores, and ships. 2. One who deserts his party or asso- 
ciates; hence, among trades-unionists, a scab. [Cant] 

Rat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ratted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Ratting.] 1. To desert one's party or associates from 
interested motives ; also, to work as a scab. 2. To catch 
or kill rats. 

Rat'a-ble (rat'a-b'l), a. That may be rated. — Rat a 
bil'l-ty (-bill-ty), Rat'a-ble-ness, n. — Rat'a-bly, adv. 

Rafa-fi/a (rat'a-fe'a), n. [F., fr. Malay arak arrack 
+ tafia a spirit distilled from molasses.] A spirituous 
liquor flavored with the kernels of cherries, apricots, 
peaches, or other fruit, spiced, and sweetened with sugar. 

Ra-tan' (ra-t3n'), n. See Rattan. 

Ratch (rach), n. [See Ratchet.] A ratchet wheel, 
or notched bar, with which a pawl or click works. 

Ratch'et (-St), n. [Prop. dim. fr. same word as rack 
the machine.] 1. A pawl, click, or detent, for holding 
or propelling a ratchet wheel, or ratch, etc. 2. A mech- 
anism composed of a ratchet wheel, or ratch, and pawl. 

Eatchet wheel (Mach.), a * 

toothed wheel, with which a 
reciprocating pawl engages 
to turn the wheel forward, 
or a stationary pawl to hold 
it from turning backward. 

Rate (rat), v. t. & i. 
[Perh. fr. E. rate to esti- 
mate ; but prob. f r. Sw. rata 
to blame.] To chide with 
vehemence ; to censure. ' 

Rate, 72. [OF., fr. L. 
rata (sc. pars), fr. ratus 
reckoned, p. p. of reri to 
reckon.] 1. Established portion or measure ; fixed al- 
lowance. 2. That which is established as a measure 
or criterion ; standard ; proportion ; ratio. 3. Relative 
price ; cost ; charge. 4. A tax on property for public 
use; esp., in England, a local tax. 5. (Xaut.) The class 
to which a war vessel belongs. 

Rate, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Rated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rat- 
ing.] 1. To value at a certain price or degree. 2. To as- 
sess for the payment of a rate or tax. 3. To settle the re- 
lative scale, rank, position, amount, value, or quality of. 

Syn. — To value ; appraise ; estimate ; reckon. 

Rate, v. i. 1. To be set or considered in a class ; to 
have rank. 2. To make an estimate. 

Rate'pay'er (-pa'er), n. One who pays rates or taxes. 

Rat'er (rafer), 72. One who rates. 

Rath (rath), n. [Ir. rath.] 1. A hill or mound. [Ire- 
land] 2. A kind of ancient fortification in Ireland. 

Rath ) (rath), a. & adv. [AS. hrasS, hrsed, quick.] 

Rathe J Coming before others, or before the usual 
time ; early ; soon ; betimes. [Obs. or Poetic] 

Rath'er (rSth'er), adv. [AS. hraSor, compar. of 
hraSe, hrse&e, quickly. See Rath, a.] 1. Earlier; 
sooner. [Obs.] 2. More readily or willingly ; prefera- 
bly. 3. On the other hand ; instead. 4. As preferable, 
or the more likely, of two alternatives conceived of; 
somewhat. 5. More properly ; more correctly speaking. 
6. In some degree ; somewhat. 

Had rather, or Would rather, prefer to ; prefers to. See 
Had rather, under Had. 

Rat i -fi-ca'tion (raVT-fT-ka'shiin), 72. Act of ratify- 
ing ; state of being ratified ; confirmation : sanction. 

Rat'i-fi'er (r3tT-fi'er), 72. One who ratifies. 

Rat'l-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ratified (-fid) ; p. 
pr. & vb. 72. Ratifying (-fi'ing).] [F. ratifier, fr. L. 
ratus rated, settled -f- -ficare to make. See -FY.] To 
approve and sanction ; to make valid ; to confirm ; to 
establish ; to settle. 




: Ratchet Wheel ; b Reciproca- 
ting Lever ; c Click, Pawl, or 
Ratchet, for communicating 
motion ; d Pawl, for prevent- 
ing backward motion. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, £, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, 5 vent, tdea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



RATIO 



675 



RAVINE 



Ra'ti-0 (ra'shT-o" or ra'shi), n. [L., fr. reri, ratus, to 
reckon, believe, think, judge.] 1. (Math.) The relation 
which one quantity or magnitude has to another of the 
flame kind ; — commonly expressed by the quotient of 
the division of the first by the second. 2. Hence, fixed 
relation of number, quantity, or degree ; rate ; proportion. 

Ra ti-OC'i-nate (raWT-Ss'I-nat), v. i- [L. raliocinari, 
p. p. -atus, fr. ratio.'} To reason, esp. deductively. 

Ra ti-oc'i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act or process of 
reasoning ; deductive reasoning. 

Ra ti-oc'i-na-tive (-oVT-na-tlv), a. Characterized by, 
or addicted to, ratiocination. 

Ra'tlon (ra'shiin or rash'un), n. [F., fr. L. ratio a 
reckoning, calculation, LL., ration. See Ratio.] 1. A 
fixed daily allowance of provisions for subsistence. 2. 
Hence, an allowance ; an allotment. 

Ra'tion-al (rSsh'un-ol), a. [L. rationalis. See Ratio, 
and Reason.] 1. Relating to the reason ; not physical ; 
mental. 2. Having reason, or the faculty of reasoning ; 
reasoning. 3. Agreeable to reason ; not extravagant, 
foolish, fanciful, or the like ; wise ; judicious. 

Rational quantity (Alg.), one that can be expressed with- 
out the use of a radical sign, or in exact parts of unity. 

Syn. — Sane ; sound ; intelligent ; reasonable ; sensi- 
ble; wise; discreet; judicious. —Rational refers to rea- 
son as a faculty of the mind ; reasonable refers to the ex- 
ercise of this faculty for practical purposes, and means, 
governed or directed ~by reason. 

Ra tion-a'le (rSsh'un-ale), n. An exposition of the 
principles of an opinion, action, etc. ; also, the principles 
themselves. 

Ra'tion-al-ism (rSsh'Qn-al-Tz'm), n. (Philos.) The 
theory or system that makes rational power the ultimate 
test of truth, as of religious beliefs, rather than revelation. 

Ra'tion-al-ist, n. One who holds to rationalism ; 
also, disparagingly, a false reasoner. 

Ra tion-al is'tic (-Ts'tik), ) a. Belonging to, or in 

Ra tion-al-is'tic-al (-ti-kal), ) accordance with, the 
principles of rationalism. 

Ra'tion-al'i-ty (-51'i-ty), n. Quality or state of being 
rational ; reasonableness. [or rationalistic. I 

Ra'tion-al-ize (rash'iin-al-iz), v. t. To make rational | 

Ra'tion-al-ize, v. i. To use, and rely on, reason in 
forming a theory, belief, etc., esp. in religion. 

Ra'tion-al-ly, adv. In a rational manner. 

Ra'tion-al-ness, n. Quality or state of being rational. 

Rat'lines \ (rSt'linz), n. pi. [Of uncertain origin.] 

Rat'lins j (Naut.) The small 
transverse ropes attached to the 
ehrouds and forming the steps of a 
rope ladder. 

Ra-toon' (ra-toon'), v. i. Same 
as Rattoon, v. i. 

Rats'bane' (rSts'ban'), n. [Rat 
-j- bane.} Rat poison ; esp., white 
arsenic. 

Rat'-tail' (rSt'tal'), a. Like a 
rat's tail in form. 

Rat-tan' (rat-tan'), n. [Malay 
rotan.} (Bot.) One of the long, 
slender, flexible stems of several 
species of palms. 

Rat-teen' (-ten'), n. [F. ratine.} Shrouds and Ratlines. 
A thick woolen stuff quilled or twilled. 

Rat'ten (rat't'n), v. i. [Prov. E. ratten a rat, hence, 
to do mischief like a rat.] To feloniously destroy or take 
away workmen's tools in a strike in order to prevent 
them from working, or to annoy them. 

Rafter (-ter), n. One who, or that which, rats. 

Rat/tie (-t'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rattled (-t'ld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Rattling (-tling).] [Akin to D. ratelen, 
G. rasseln, AS. hrsetele a rattle, in hrsetelwyrt rattle- 
wort.] 1. To make a quick succession of sharp, inhar- 
monious noises, as by the collision of hard and not very 
sonorous bodies shaken together ; to clatter. 2. To 
drive or ride rapidly. 3. To make a clatter in talking ; 
to chatter. [Colloq.} 

Rat'tle, v. t. 1. To cause to make a clattering sound. 
2. To assail or stun with a rattling noise. 3. Hence, to 
disconcert ; to confuse. [Colloq.} 4. To scold. 

Rat'tle, n. 1. A rapid succession of sharp, clattering 
sounds. 2. Noisy, rapid talk. 3. Any instrument or 
organ that produces a rattling noise ; esp. , a kind of 
child's toy. 4. A noisy, senseless talker ; a jabberer. 
6. The noise in the throat produced by the air in passing 
through mucus which the lungs are unable to expel. 

Battle rand. Same as Rand, 2. —Yellow rattle (Bot.), a 
yellow-flowered herb (Rhinanthus Crista-galli), the ripe 
seeds of which rattle in the inflated calyx. 





Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus, 
var. atrox). 



Rat'tle- WOrt' (rSt't'l-wGrt'), n. (Bot.) Same as Rat- 

TLEBOX. 

Rat'tle-head/ed, a. Noisy ; giddy ; unsteady. 

Rat'tler (-tier), n. One who, or that which, rattles. 

Rat'tle-snake (rSt't'l-snak'), n. (Zo'61.) Any one of 
several species of ven- 
omous American snakes 
which have horny joints 
at the end of the tail 
thatrattle when shaken. 
[See 77/?*.?/. of Fang.] 

Rat-toon' (rat-toon'), 
n. [Sp. retoTw.} A 
stem or shoot oi the 
second year's growth 
or later from the root 
of sugar cane. 

Rat-toon', v. i. To 
sprout or spring up 
from the root, as sugar 
cane. 

Rau'cl-ty (ra'sT-t?), 
n. Quality of being 
raucous ; hoarseness. 

Rau'COUS (ra'kus), 
a. [L. raucus.} Hoarse ; 
harsh ; rough. — Rau- 
COUS-ly, adv. 

Rav'age (rSv'aj ; 
48), n. [F., deriv. of L. rapere to ravish.] Desolation 
by violence ; violent ruin ; plunder ; desolation ; pillage. 

Syn. — Despoilment ; devastation ; spoil ; waste ; ruin. 

Rav'age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ravaged (-ajd) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Ravaging (-a-jing).] To lay waste by force; 
to commit havoc or devastation upon ; to despoil. 

Syn. —To despoil ; pillage ; plunder ; sack ; spoil ; dev- 
astate ; desolate ; destroy ; waste ; ruin. 

Rav'a-ger (-a-jer), n. One that ravages. 

Rave (rav), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raved (ravd) ; p.pr. 
&vb.n. Raving.] [F. rever ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
To wander in mind or intellect ; to be delirious ; to talk 
or act irrationally ; to be furious, or raging. 2. To rush 
wildly or furiously. 

Rave, v. t. To utter in madness or frenzy. 

Rav'el (raV'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raveled (-'Id) or 
Ravelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Raveling or Ravelling.] 
[OD. ravelen.} 1. To separate or undo the texture of ; to 
take apart ; to untwist, unweave, or unknit. 2. To undo 
the intricacies of ; to disentangle. 3. To pull apart, as 
the threads of a texture, and let fall in a tangled mass ; 
hence, to entangle ; to involve. 

Rav'el, v. i. To become untwisted or unwoven ; 
to be disentangled ; to be relieved of intricacy. 

Rave'lin (rav'lin), n. [F. ; of uncertain origin.] 
(Fort.) A detached 
work with two em- 
bankments which 
make a salient an- 
gle before the cur- 
tain, on the coun- 
terscarp. 

Ra'ven (ra'v'n), 
n. [AS. hrsefn; 
akin to G. rabe.} 
(Zool.) A black 
passerine bird, 
similar to the crow, 
but larger. 

Ra'ven, a. Of A A Bastions 
the color of the 
raven ; jet black. 

Rav'en (raV'n), 
n. [OF. ravine 
impetuosity, vio- 
lence.] 1. Rapine; rapacity. 2. Prey; food obtained by 
violence ; plunder. 

Rav'en, v. t. & i. 1. To obtain or seize by violence. 
2. To devour or prey with great eagerness. 

Rav'en-er (raV'ii-er), n. One that ravens. 

Rav'en-ing, n. Eagerness for plunder ; rapacity. 

Rav'en-OUS (rSv"n-us), a. 1. Furiously voracious; 
hungry even to rage. 2. Eager for prey or gratification. 
— Rav'en-ous-ly, adv. — Rav'en-ous-ness. n. 

Rav'lne 1 ( rSv " n )» n - & v - See 2d & 3d R AVEN - 
Ra-vine' (ra-ven'), n. [F. , fr. ravir to snatch away, 
L. rapere.} A deep and narrow hollow, usually worn 
by a stream or torrent of water ; gorge ; mountain cleft. 



< 




Ravelin. 
bb Curtain ; cc Tenailles ; 
dd Caponiere : e Ravelin ; F Redoubt 
in the Ravelin : <i>i Covered Way ; h h 
Reentering Places of Arms ; / / Re- 
doubts in same ; kk Ditch ; M Ditch of 
Ravelin ; mmmtn Glacis ; &>• Exterior 
Side ; ts Capital. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing-, ink, then, thin. 



N 



RAVISH 

[imp. 



676 



READY 



R 



RaVlsh (r5vTsh\ t 

to snatch away. See-isH.] 1 



Ravishing.] [F. ravir, 



Ravished 
fr. L. 
To seize and carry 
m by violence; to snatch by force. 2. To transport 
with Joy or delight ; to rap. 3. To rape (a woman). 

1> entrance 1 enrapture ; delight ; violate ; force. 

Rav'lsh-er (,-er), u. One who ravishes. 

Ravish ing. o. Rapturous ; transporting. 

Ravishment (-ment), ji. Act of ravishing; state of 
being ravished ; transport ; rapture ; ecstasy. 

Raw v ra1. «• [Compar. Rawer (-er) ; superl. Raw- 
est.] [AS. hiniic : akin to G. roh, L. crudus, Gr. Kpe'as 
tiesh.] 1. Not altered from its natural state ; not pre- 
pared by the action of heat; specif., not cooked. 2. 
Hence : Unprepared for use or enjoyment; immature; 
unripe ; unseasoned ; inexperienced ; unpracticed ; un- 
tried. 3. Being in the natural state ; untouched by art ; 
unwrought ; unfinished. 4. Not covered ; bare. Specif. : 
{a) Deprived of skin ; galled, (b) Sore, as if by being 
galled. 5. Disagreeably damp or cold ; chilly ; bleak. 

Raw material, material that has not been subjected to a 
(specified) process of manufacture. This term is relative 
in meaning ; thus, to the tanner hides are raw material ; 
to the shoemaker the tanned leather is raiv material. 

Raw, n. A raw place ; a galled or sore spot. 

RaWboned' (-bond'), a. Lean ; gaunt. 

Raw Tilde 7 (ra'hid'), n. A cowhide, or coarse riding 
whip, made of untanned (or raw) hide twisted. 

Rawly, adv. In a raw manner. 

Raw'ness, n. Quality or state of being raw. 

Ray (ra), v. t. & n. Obs. aphetic form of Array. 

Ray, n. [OF. rai, F. rais, fr. L. radius a beam of 
ray, staff, rod, spoke of a wheel.] 1. One of a number 
of lines or parts diverging from a common point or cen- 
ter, like the radii of a circle. 2. {Physics) (a) A line 
of light or heat proceeding from a radiant or reflecting 
point. (b) One of the component elements of the total 
radiation from a body ; any definite por- 
tion of the spectrum. 3. Sight ; percep- 
tion ; vision ; — from an old theory that 
sight was something which proceeded 
from the eye to the object seen. 

Bay flower or Eay floret (Bot.), one of the 
marginal flowers of the capitulum in such 
plants as the aster, daisy, sunflower, etc. 

Ray, v. t. &i. To shoot forth or out ; 




Ray Flower. 
Cf. Roach.] (Zool.) (a) 




to shine. [R.~\ 

Ray, n. [F. rate, L. raia 
Any one of numerous elas- 
mobranch fishes, includ- 
ing the skates, torpedoes, 
sawfishes, etc. 

Ray'less (rale's), a. 
Destitute of rays ; hence, 
dark ; blind. 

Raze (raz), v. t. [imp. 
&p. p. Razed (razd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Razing.] [F. 
raser. See Rase, v. t.~\ 
1. To erase ; to efface ; to 
obliterate. 2. To lay level 
with the ground. 

Syn. — To demolish; 
tlrow; s^ertfdestfoy; Stin g ^y <Baj hati s centrum). 
ruin. See Demolish. s Caudal Sting or Spine. 

Ra-zee 7 (ra-ze'), n. [F. vaisseau rasi, fr. raser. See 
Rase, v. t.~\ (Naul.) An armed ship having her upper deck 
cut away, and thus reduced to the next inferior rate. 

Razee', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Razeed (ra-zed') ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Razeeing.] To cut down to a less number of 
decks, and thus to an inferior rate or class, as a ship ; 
hence, to prune or abridge. 

Ra'Zor (ra'zer), n. A kind of keen-edged knife used 
in shaving the hair. 2. A tusk of a wild boar. 

Ra'zor-bill' (-bTF), n. (Zool.) A species of auk. 

Ra'zure (ra'zhur ; 135), n. 1. Act of razing or effa- 
cing, or state of being effaced ; obliteration. 2. An era- 
sure ; a change made by erasing. 

Re- (re-). [L. re-, older form (retained before vowels) 
red- ; sometimes through F. re-, re-.~] A prefix signifying 
b'ick, against, again, anew. The prefix re- is freely used 
in forming compounds, mostly of obvious signification. 

Re(ra). [It.] (Mus.) A syllable applied in solmization 
to the second tone of the diatonic scale of C ; in the Amer- 
ican system, to the second tone of any diatonic scale. 

Reach (rech), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Reached (recht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Reaching.] [AS. rsecan, rsecean, to ex- 
tend, stretch out ; akin to G. reichen.'] 1. To extend ; 



to stretch ; to thrust out ; to put forth. 2. H9nce, to de- 
liver by stretching out a member, esp. the hand ; to pass 
to another. 3. To attain or obtain by stretching forth 
the hand ; to extend so as to touch, strike, grasp, or the 
like. 4. To strike, hit, or touch with a missile. 5. 
Hence, to extend an action, effort, or influence to ; to 
penetrate to. 6. To extend to ; to stretch out as far as. 
7. To arrive at ; to come to. 8. To attain to ; to gain. 

Reach (rech), v. i. 1. To stretch out the hand. 2. To 
strain after something ; to make efforts. 3. To extend 
in dimension, time, amount, action, influence, etc., so as 
to touch, attain to, or be equal to, something. 4. (Naut.) 
To sail with the wind nearly abeam. 

Reach, n. 1. Act or power of reaching ; extent of ac- 
tion, influence, touch, etc. ; stretch ; expanse. 2. Hence, 
application ; influence ; result ; scope. 3. An extended 
straight or level portion of land or water. 4. An artifice 
to obtain an advantage. 6. The pole or rod which con- 
nects the hind axle with the forward bolster of a wagon. 

Re-act' (re-5kf), v. t. To act or perform again. 

Re-act' (re-akf), v. i. 1. To return or resist action 
by an opposite force. 2. To act upon each other ; to ex- 
ercise a reciprocal effect. 

Re-ac'tion (re-5k'shun), n. 1. Any action in resist- 
ing other action or force ; counter tendency ; reverse 
action. 2. (Chem.) The mutual or reciprocal action of 
chemical agents upon each other, or the action upon 
such chemical agents of some form of energy, as heat, 
resulting in a chemical change. 3. (Mech.) The force 
which a body subjected to the action of a force from an- 
other body exerts upon the latter body in the opposite 
direction. 4. An action of the mind or the nervous sys- 
tem induced by vital resistance to some other action ; as 
either depression subsequent to overexertion, or height- 
ened activity subsequent to depression or check. 5. Tend- 
ency in an opposite direction after revolution, reform, or 
any social or political movement. 

Re-ac'tlon-a-ry (-a-ry), a. Being, causing, or favoring 
reaction. — n. One who favors political reaction. 

Re-act'ive (re-Skt'Tv), a. Having power to react; 
tending to reaction ; of the nature of reaction. 

Read (red), n. Rennet. [Prov. Eng.~\ 

Read (red), v. t. [imp._& p. p. Read (rgd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Reading.] [AS. rsedan to read, advise, counsel, 
fr. raid advice, counsel, raedan (imperf. reord) to advise, 
guess; akin to G. raten, rathen.~\ 1. To advise. [Obs.~\ 
2. To interpret ; to explain. 3. To go over, as charac- 
ters or words, and utter aloud, or recite to one's self 
inaudibly ; to take in the sense of, as written language ; 
to peruse. 4. Hence, to know fully. 6. To understand 
by marks, features, etc. ; to learn by observation. 6. To 
make a special study of from books. 

Read, v. i. 1. To perform the act of one who reads. 
2. To appear or be expressed in writing or print. 

To read between the lines, to infer or detect a meaning 
implied, as distinguished from the apparent meaning. 

Read (red), imp. & p. p. of Read, v. t. & i. 

Read (red), a. Instructed or knowing by reading; 
versed in books ; learned. [reading. I 

Read'a-ble (red'a-b'l), a. Such as can be react ; worth | 

Read'er (red'er), n. 1. One who reads. 2. A book 
for practice in reading. 

Read'i-ly (red'T-ly), adv. In a ready manner. 

Read'1-ness, n. State or quality of being ready. 

Syn. — See Facility. 

Read'lng (red'Tng), n. 1. Act of one who reads ; pe- 
rusal ; also, printed or written matter to be read ; that 
which is read. 2. Study of books. 3. The way in which 
anything reads, or is made to read. 

Re ad-just' (re'ad-jiist'), v. t. To adjust or settle again. 

Re'ad-jUSt'er (-er), n. 1. One that readjusts. 2. One 
who advocates a refunding, and sometimes a partial re- 
pudiation, of the State debt. [Local U. S.~\ 

Re ad-mis'sion (-mish'iin), n. Act of admitting again, 
or state of being admitted again. 

Re'ad-mit' (-mTV), v. t. To admit again. 

Re ad-mit'tance (-tans),'w. Readmission. 

Read'y (red'y), a._ [Compar. Reamer (-T-er) ; svperl. 
Readiest.] [AS. rsede ; akin to D. gereed, bereid, G. 
bereit, Goth, gar aids fixed, arranged.] 1. Prepared, 
equipped, or supplied for what one is about to do or ex- 
perience ; prepared for immediate movement or action. 

2. Fitted or arranged for immediate use or enjoj'ment. 

3. Prepared in mind or disposition ; not reluctant ; will- 
ing ; inclined. 4. Not slow or hesitating ; quick in ac- 
tion or perception. 5. Offering itself at once ; at hand ; 
convenient ; near. 6. Being on the point ; about ; near ; 
— with a following infinitive. 7. (Mil.) A command in 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, Idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



READY 



677 



REASSURE 




Ready. 



the manual of arms at which the piece is cocked and held 
as in the Illustration. 

Syn. — Prompt ; expedi- 
tious ; speedy ; unhesitat- 
ing ; dexterous ; apt ; skill- 
ful ; handy ; expert ; facile ; 
easy ; opportune ; fitted ; 
prepared; disposed ; will- 
ing ; free ; cheerful. See 
Pbompt. 

Read'y (rSd'y), adv. In 
a state of preparation for 
immediate action ; so as to 
need no delay. • 

Read'y-made' (-mad'), 
a. Made already, or before- 
hand, in anticipation of 
need ; not made to order. 

Re affirm' (re'ai-fenn'), 
V. t. To affirm again. 

Re-a'gent (re-a'jent), n. 
(Chem.) A substance capa- 
ble of producing with another a reaction. 

Re'al (re'al), n. [Sp., fr. real royal, L. regalis. See 
Regal.] A small Spanish silver coin varying from 10 
to 12£ cents in value ; also, a denomination of money of 
account, nearly equal to five cents, which was formerly 
the unit of the Spanish monetary system. 

Re'al (re'al), a. [LL. realis, fr. L. res, rei, thing.] 1. 
Actually being or existing ;. not fictitious or imaginary. 

2. True; genuine; not artificial, counterfeit, or factitious. 

3. (Alg.) Having an assignable arithmetical or numerical 
value or meaning ; not imaginary. 4. (Law) Pertaining 
to things fixed, permanent, or immovable, as to lands. 

Real estate or property, lands, tenements, and heredita- 
ments ; property in houses and land. 

Syn. — Actual ; true ; genuine ; authentic. — Real rep- 
resents a thing to be a substantive existence, or a thing 
not imaginary; actual refers to it as acted or performed ; 
and, hence, when we wish to prove a thing real, we often 
say, " It actually exists." Actual, from this reference to 
what is being acted or done, sometimes implies present 
existence ; as, the actual state of affairs. 

Re-al'gar (re-51'ger), n. [F. realgar, Sp. rejalgar, Ar. 
rahj alghar powder of the mine. ] (Min. ) A brilliant red 
mineral consisting of arsenic sulphide ; red orpiment. 

Re'al-ism (re'al-Tz'm), n. 1. (Philos.) (a) As op- 
posed to nominalism, the doctrine that genera and spe- 
cies are real things or entities, existing independently of 
our conceptions. (b) As opposed to idealism, the doc- 
trine that in sense perception there is an immediate cog- 
nition of the external object. 2. (Art & Lit.) Fidelity 
to nature or to real life. 

Re'al-lst, n. One who believes in or practices realism. 

Re al-is'tic (-Ts'tik), a. Of, pertaining to, or in the 
manner of, the realists. 

Re-al'i-ty (re-al'I-ty), n. 1. State or quality of being 
real. 2- That which is real. 

Re'al-i za-ble (re'al-I'za-b'l), a. That may be realized. 

Re'al-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. Act of realizing, or 
state of being realized. 

Re'al-ize (re'al-Iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Realized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Realizing.] 1. To make real ; to con- 
vert from the imaginary or fictitious into the actual. 2. 
To cause to seem real ; to make one's own in apprehen- 
sion or experience. 3. To acquire as an actual posses- 
sion ; to gain ; to get. 4. To convert into actual money. 

Re'al-ize, v. i. To convert any kind of property into 
money, esp. property representing investments. 

Re'al-ly (re'al-ly), adv. In a real manner ; actually. 

Realm (rehn), n. [OF. reialme, roialme, deriv. of L. 
regalis royal. See Regal.] 1. A royal jurisdiction or 
domain ; a kingdom. 2. Hence, province ; region ; 
country ; domain ; department. 

Re'al-ty (re'al-ty), n. [Contr. from Reality.] (Law) 
(a) Immobility, or the fixed, permanent nature of real 
property. (6) Real estate ; real property. 

Ream (rem), n. [OF. rayme, fr. Ar. rizma a bundle, 
esp. of paper.] A bundle, package, or quantity of paper, 

•usually, twenty quires, or 480 sheets. 

Ream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reamed (remd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Reaming.] [Cf. G. r'dumen to remove, fr. raum 
room.] To enlarge or dress out with a reamer. 

Ream'er (-er), n. A tool, used with a twisting motion, 
for enlarging a round hole. 

Re-an'1-mate (re-5n'T-mat), v. t. To animate anew. 

Re an-nex' (re'Sn-nSks'), v. i. To annex again. 

Reap (rep), v . t. [imp. & p.p. Reaped (rept) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Reaping.] [AS. ripan to seize, reap.] 1. To 
cut, as with a sickle ; to gather, as a harvest, by cut- 



ting. 2. To gather ; to obtain, as a reward or harvest, or 
as the fruit of labor. 3. To clear of a crop by reaping. 

Reap (rep), v. i. To perforin the act or operation of 
one wlni reap« anything ; to gather a harvest. 

Reap'er (rep'er), n. 1. One who reaps. 2. A ma- 
chine lor reaping. 

Re ap-pear' (re'Sp-per'), v. i. To appear again. 

Reap-pear'ance (-ans), a. Act of reappearing ; sec- 
ond or new appearance. 

Re'ap-ply' (re'ap-pli'), v. t. & i. To apply again. 

Reap-point' (-point'), V. t. To appoint again. 

Rear (rer), n. [OF. riere behind, backward, fr. L. 
retro.] 1. The back or hindmost part ; that which is be- 
hind, or last in order. 2. Specif., the part of an army or 
fleet which comes last, or is Btationed behind the rest. 

Rear, a. Being behind, or in the hindmost part. 

Rear admiral, an officer in the navy, next below a vice 
admiral and above a commodore. —Rear guard (MU.), the 
division of an army that marches in the rear. 

Rear (rer), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reaeed (rerd) ; p. pr. 
&vb._n. Rearing.] [AS. rSiran to raise, rear, elevate, 
for rsesan, causative of 1 1san to rise. See Rise.] 1. To 
raise ; to lift up ; to cause to rise, become erect, etc. ; to 
elevate. 2. To erect by building ; to Bet up ; to con- 
struct. 3. To bring up to maturity, as young ; to educate ; 
to foster. 4. To breed and raise ; as, to rear cattle. 

Syn. — To lift ; elevate ; erect ; raise ; build ; establish. 

Rear, v . i. To rise up on the hind legs, as a horse. 

Rear'most' (-most'), a. Farthest in the rear ; last. 

Rear/mouse', Rere'mouse' (-mous'), n. [AS. Urire- 
mus; prob. fr. hreran to agitate -\-mus mouse.] (Zo'ol.) 
The leather-winged bat. 

Re'ar-range' (re'Sr-ranj'), v. t. To arrange again. 

Re / ar-range'ment (-mcnt), n. Act of rearranging; 
state of being rearranged. [rear guard. I 

Rear'ward' (rer'ward'), n. The rear of an army ; a| 

Rear'ward (-werd)',' a. & adv. At or toward the rear. 

Re / as-cend' (re'as-sSnd'), v. t. & i. To ascend or 
mount again. 

Re'as-cen'sion (-sSn'shiin), n. Act of reascending. 

Re'as-cent' (-sgnf), n. Returning or renewed ascent 
or ascension. 

Rea'SOn (re'z'n), n. [F. raison, fr. L. ratio, akin to 
G. rede speech, fr. reri, ratus, to reckon, believe, think.] 
1. A thought or a consideration offered in support of a 
determination or an opinion ; that which is offered or 
accepted as an explanation or proof. 2. The faculty or 
capacity of the human mind by which it is distinguished 
from the intelligence of the inferior animals ; the higher 
as distinguished from the lower cognitive faculties. 3. 
Due exercise of the reasoning faculty ; right intellectual 
judgment ; right conduct ; right ; propriety ; justice. 

By reason of, by means of ; on account of ; because of. 
— In reason, In all reason, in justice ; in a right view. 

Syn. — Argument ; ground ; principle ; sake ; account ; 
object ; purpose ; design. See Motive ; Sense. 

Rea'son (re'z'n), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Reasoned (-z'nd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Reasoning.] 1. To exercise the rational 
faculty ; to perform the process of deduction or of in- 
duction. 2. Hence : To carry on a process of deduction 
or of induction in order to convince or to coufute ; to 
argue. 3. To converse ; to compare opinions. 

Rea'son, v. t. 1. To arrange and present the reasons 
for or against ; to examine or discuss by arguments. 2. 
To persuade by reasoning or argument. 3. To overcome 
or conquer by adducing reasons. 4. To find by logical 
processes ; to explain or justify by reason or argument. 

Rea'SOn-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Having the faculty of 
reason ; rational. 2. Governed by reason ; thinking, 
speaking, or acting rationally, or according to the dictates 
of reason ; agreeable to reason. 3. Not excessive or im- 
moderate ; proper. — Rea'son-a-ble-ness. n. — Rea'- 
son-a-bly. adv. 

Syn. — Rational ; just ; honest : equitable ; fair ; suit- 
able ; moderate ; tolerable. See Rational. 

Rea'son-er (-er), n. One who reasons or argues. 

Rea'son-ing, n. 1. Act or process of adducing a rea- 
son or reasons. 2. That which is offered in argument ; 
course of argument. 

Syn. — Argumentation; argument. 

Re as-sem'ble (re'Ss-sgin'b'l), v. t. & i. To assemble 
again. 

Re'as-sert' (-serf), v. t. To assert again or anew. 

Re as-ser'tlon (-seVshun), n. A renewed assertion. 

Re assign' (-sin'), v. t. To assign back or again. 

Re / as-sume / (-sum'), v. t. To assume again or anew. 

Re as-sur'ance (re'a-sbur'ans), n. Assurance re- 
newed or repeated. 

Re as-sure' (re'Ss-shur'), v. t. To assure anew. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



REATTACHMENT 



678 



RECEPTACLE 



Re at-tach'ment t, r t' Xt-tXch'ineut), n. Act of reat- 

; being reattached. 
Re au mur' (rt 5 mur'l, <;. Designating the thermo- 
.ile adopted by Rend Antoine Ferchault de 
graduated that 0° marks the freezing point 
: he boiling point of water ; also, of or pert, to 
le. See Thermometer. (Abbrev. R.) 
Reave Mt), f. /. [imp. St p. p. Reaved (revd), 
Reft (ritftj ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reaving.] [AS. redjxan, 
• spoil, plunder, clothing, reofan to break ; akin 
to G. ra'ubcn to rob.] To take away by violence or by 
stealth: to despoil ; to bereave. [Archaic'] 
Re bap-tize' (rt 'bSp-tiz'), v. t. To baptize again. 
Re-bate' (rfc-batf), v. t. [F. rebaltre to beat again ; 
prat, re- re- — ba/lre to beat, L. batuere to beat, strike.] 
1. To blunt ; to turn back the point of. 2. To deduct 
from ; to make a discount from. [abatement. I 

Re-bate', n. 1. Diminution. 2. (Coin.) Deduction ;| 
Re-bate', n. S: v. See Rabbet. 
Re-bate'ment (-ment), n. A rabbet. See Rabbet. 
ReTaec (je'bek), n. [F., fr. It. ribeca, ribeba, fr. Ar. 
rabab a roundish musical instrument.] {Mus.) An ob- 
solete three-stringed instrument, played with a bow. 

Reb'el (reVel), a. [F. rebelle, f r. L. rebellis. See Re- 
bel, v. i.] Pertaining to rebels or rebellion ; rebellious. 
Reb'el, n. One who rebels. 

Syn. — Revolter ; insurgent. — Insurgent marks an 
early, and rebel a more advanced, stage of opposition to 
government. The former rises up against his rulers, the 
latter makes war upon them. 

Re-bel' (re-bel'), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Rebelled (-beld') ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Rebelling.] [F. rebeller, fr. L. rebel- 
la re to make war again, orig. used of conquered nations ; 
pref. re- again -f bellare to make war, fr. bellum war.] 
1. To renounce, and resist by force, the authority of the 
ruler or government to which one owes obedience. Also 
used fig. 2. To be insubordinate ; to revolt. 

Reb'el-dom (reb'el-dum), n. A region infested by 
rebels ; rebels, collectively ; also, conduct of rebels. 
Re-beHerKre-oeller), n. One who rebels ; a rebel. 
Re-bellion (re-bgl'yun), n. 1. Act of rebelling. 2. 
Open resistance to, or defiance of, lawful authority. 

Syn.— Sedition; revolt; mutiny; resistance; contu- 
macy. See Insurrection. 

Re-bellious (re-bgl'yus), a. Engaged in rebellion; 
of the nature of rebels or of rebellion. — Re-bellious-ly , 
adv. — Re-bel'lious-ness. n. 

Re-bound' (re-bound'), v. i. & t. To bound again, or 
back ; to spring back. 
Re-bound', n. Act of rebounding ; resilience. 
Re-bUff' (re-buf'), n. [It. ribuffo, deriv. of pref. ri- 
(L. re-) -j- buffo puff.] 1. A beating back ; a quick and 
sudden resistance. 2. Sudden check ; unexpected repulse. 
Re-buff', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rebuffed (re-buff) ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Rebuffing.] To beat back ; to check ; to 
repulse violently, harshly, or uncourteously. 
Re-build' (re-blld'), v. t. To build again. 
Rebuke' (re-buk'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rebuked 
(-bukf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rebuking.] [OF. rebouquier 
to dull, blunt ; of uncertain origin.] To check, silence, 
or put down, with reproof; to reprehend sharply and 
Bummarily. 
Syn. — To chide ; chasten ; restrain. See Reprove. 
Re-buke' (re-buk'), n. A direct and pointed reproof ; 
a reprimand ; also, chastisement ; punishment. 
Re-buk'er (-buk'er), n. One who rebukes. 
Re-bUT'y (re-bgr'ry), v. t. To bury again. 
Re'bus (re^bus), n. [L. rebus by things, abl. pi. of 
res a thing.] A mode of expressing words and phrases 
by pictures of objects ; hence, a form of riddle made up 
of such representations. 

Re-but' (re-buf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rebutted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Rebutting.] [OF. rebouter to repulse, drive 
back ; pref. re- -f- bouter to push, thrust.] 1. To drive 
or beat back ; to repulse. 2. {Law) To contradict, meet, 
or oppose by argument, plea, or countervailing proof. 

Re-buf, v. i. {Law) To make, or put in, an answer, 
as to a plaintiff's surrejoinder. 
Re-buf tal (-but'tal), n. (Laiv) Act of rebutting. 
Re-bufter (-ter), n. (Law) The answer of a defend- 
ant in matter of fact to a plaintiff's surrejoinder. 

Re-cal'cl-trant (re-k£l'sT-tr«nt), a. [L. recalcitrans, 
p. pr. of recalcitrare to kick back ; pref. re- re- -f- calci- 
Irare to kick, fr. calx heel.] Kicking back; hence, 
showing opposition ; refractory. 
Re-cal'cl-trate (-trat), v. i. To kick back ; to oppose. 
Re-cal'ci-tra'tlon (-tra'shfin), n. Opposition; re- 
fractoriness. 



Re-call' (re-kal'), v. t. 1. To call back ; to summon 
to return. 2. To revoke ; to take back ; to withdraw. 
3. To revive in memory. 

Re-call', n. A calling back ; a revocation. 

Re-canf (re-k5nf ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recanted ; 
p. pr. 8t vb. n. Recanting.] [L. recanlare, -atum, to re- 
call, recant ; pref. re- re- + canlare to sing. See Chant.] 
To withdraw or repudiate formally and publicly. 

Syn. — To retract; recall; revoke; abjure; disown; 
disavow. See Renounce. 

Re-canf, v. i. To revoke a declaration or opinion. 

Re can-ta'tion (re'kan-ta'shiln), n. Act of recanting ; 
a declaration contradicting a former one ; retraction. 

Re-canf er (re-k5nfer), n. One who recants. 

Re-ca-plf U-late (-ka-pTt'u-lat), v. t. & i. To capitulate 
again ; to repeat, as the principal heads or points in a 
discourse, argument, or essay ; to summarize. 

Re ca-pit u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of recapitula- 
ting ; a summary of matters already more fully presented. 

Re'ca-pit'U-la-tO-ry (-p!t'u-la-t6-ry), a. Of the na- 
ture of a recapitulation ; containing recapitulation. 

Re-cap'tiOU (re-kap'shun), n. {Law) Act of retaking ; 
reprisal ; the retaking of one's own goods, wife, or chil- 
dren, without force, from one who has them and wrong- 
fully detains them. 

Re-cap'ture (-tur ; 135), n. 1. Act of recovering by 
capture. 2. That which is captured back. 

Re-cap'ture, v. t. To capture again ; to retake. 

Re-casf (re-kasf), v. t. 1. To throw again. 2. To 
mold anew ; to reconstruct. 3. To compute, or cast up, 
a second time. 

Re-cede' (re-sed'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Receded ; p. pr. 
&vb.n. Receding.] [L. recedere, recessum; pref. re- 
re- + cedere to go, to go along.] 1. To move back ; to 
retreat ; to withdraw. 2. To withdraw a claim, preten- 
sion, or proposal. 

Syn. — To retire ; return ; retrograde ; desist. 

Re-cede' (re-sed'), v. t. [Pref. re- -f- cede.] To cede 
back to a former possessor. 

Receipt' (re-sef), n. [OF. recele, recepte, fr. L. re- 
cipere. See Receive.] 1. Act of receiving ; reception. 
2. Place of receiving. [Archaic] 3. A formulary ac- 
cording to the directions of which things are to be taken 
or combined; a recipe. 4. A writing acknowledging the 
taking or receiving of anything. 5. That which is re- 
ceived; income. 

Re-ceipf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Receipted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Receipting.] 1. To give a receipt for. 2. To put 
a receipt on, as by writing or stamping. 

Re-ceipf, v . i. To give a receipt, as for money paid. 

Re-ceiv'a-ble (re-sev'a-b'l), a. That may be received. 

Re-ceive' (re-sev'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Received 
(-sevd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Receiving.] [OF. receveir, 
recevoir, F. recevoir, fr. L. recipere; pref. re- re- -f- ca- 
pere to take, seize.] 1. To take, as something that is 
offered, given, sent, or paid ; to accept. 2. Hence : To 
gain the knowledge of ; to adopt or accept mentally. 3. 
To allow, as a custom, tradition, or the like. 4. To give 
(one) admittance to one's house, presence, company, or 
the like. 5. To hold ; to contain ; to have capacity for. 
6. To be affected by, or subject to. 

Syn. — To accept ; take ; retain ; admit. — Receive im- 
plies simply the act of taking ; accept often implies a tak- 
ing with approval, or for the purposes for which a thing 
is offered. 

Re-ceive', v. i. To receive visitors ; to be at home to 
receive calls. 

Re-ceiv'er (-er), n. 1. One who or that which takes 
or receives. 2. {Law) A person appointed, ordinarily 
by a court, to receive, and hold in trust, property subject 
to litigation, pending the suit ; a person appointed to take 
charge of the property in the interest of creditors. 

Re-ceiv'er-ship, n. State or office of a receiver. 

Re'cen-cy (re'sen-sy), n. State or quality of being re- 
cent ; newness ; late origin ; lateness in time ; freshness. 

Re-cense' (re-sgns'), v. t. [L. recensere; pref. re- 
again -)- censere to estimate.] To review ; to revise, [i?.] 

Re-cen'sion (re-sgn'shun), n. 1. Act of reviewing or 
revising. 2. A text established by critical revision. 

Re'cent (re'sent), a. [L. recens, -entis.] Of late ori- 
gin, existence, or occurrence ; not familiar, worn out, 
trite, etc.; fresh; novel; new; modern. — Re'cent-ly, 
I adv. — Re'cent-ness. n. 

Re-cep'ta-cle (re-sgp'ta-k'l), n. [F. , f r. L. receptacu- 
lum, fr. receplare, v. intens. fr. recipere to receive.] 1. 
That which serves, or is used, for receiving and contain- 
ing something ; a repository. 2. {Bot.) {a) The apex of 
the flower stalk, from which the organs of the flower grow, 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



RECEPTACULAR 



679 



RECOCTION 




or into which they are inserted. See Flower, (b) The 
dilated apex of a pedicel which serves as a 
common support to a head of flowers. 

Rec ep-tac'u-lar (reVe>t5k'u-ler), a. 
(Bot.) Pertaining to the receptacle, or 
growing on it. 

Re-cep'tl-ble (re-sep'tY-b'l), a. Such 
as may be received ; receivable. — Re- 
cep/tl-bll'i-ty (rS-sgp/tl-bTi'I-ty), n. 

Re-cep'tlon (-shun), n. 1. A receiving 
or taking ; receipt ; admission. 2. State of 
being received. 3. Act or manner of receiv- 
ing, or giving admission, etc., esp. of re- Receptacle of 
ceiving visitors ; entertainment ; hence, an Dandelion, 
occasion or ceremony of receiving guests, w it h a few 
4. Acceptance, as of a doctrine. Achenes left. 

Re-cep'tive (re-s6p'tiv), a. Able or inclined to take 
in, absorb, hold, or contain. — Re-cep'tive-ness, n. 

ReCep-tivl-ty (reVep-tTv'i-tJr or re/sSp-), n. State 
or quality of being receptive. 

Re-cess' (re-sSs'), n. [L. recessus, fr. recedere, reces- 
sion. See Recede.] 1. A receding or retiring ; a mov- 
ing back ; retreat. 2. State of being withdrawn ; seclu- 
sion ; privacy. 3. Remission or suspension of business 
or procedure ; intermission. 4. Part of a room formed 
by the receding of the wall, as an alcove, niche, etc. 5. 
A place of retirement, retreat, secrecy, or seclusion. 6. 
Secret or abstruse part. 

Re-cess', v. t. To make a recess in. 

Re-ces'slon (-sSsh'Qn), n. Act of receding, [back. I 

Re-ces'slon (re-), n. [Pref . re- -f- cession.'] A ceding | 

Re-ces'Slve (re-sSs'sTv), a. Going back ; receding. 

Re-charge' (re-charj'), v. t. & i. 1. To charge or ac- 
cuse in return. 2. To attack again. 

Re-char'ter (-char'ter), v. t. To charter again or anew. 

Re-Cheat' (re-chef), n. [F. requite, fr. requeter to 
hunt anew.] {Sporting) A strain on the horn to call 
back the hounds when they have lost track of the game. 

II Re-cher che? (re-shaT'sha'), a. [F.] Sought out 
with care ; choice. Hence : Of rare quality ; very fine. 

Re-Choose' (re-chobz'), v. t. To choose again. 

Re-Cid'1-vous (re-sid'i-vus), a. [L. recidivus, fr. re- 
cider e to fall back ; pref. re- re- -f- cadere to fall.] Lia- 
ble to backslide ; backsliding. 

Rec'i-pe (rSs'T-pe), n. [L., imperative of recipere to 
take back, receive.] A formulary or prescription for 
making some combination or preparation; a receipt; 
esp., a prescription for medicine. 

Re-Cip'1-ence (re-sIpT-ens), ) n. Quality or state of 

Re-cip'i-en-cy (-en-sy), J being recipient. 

Re-cip'i-ent (-ent), a. [L. recipiens, -entis, receiving, 
p. pr. of recipere to receive.] Receiving ; receptive. 

Re-cip'i-ent, n. A receiver ; one that receives. 

Re-Cip'ro-cal (-ro-kal), a. [L. reciprocus; of un- 
known origin.] 1. Recurring in vicissitude ; alternate. 
2. Done by each to the other ; given and received ; mu- 
tual. 3. Mutually interchangeable. 4. (Gram.) Re- 
flexive; — applied to pronouns and verbs. 5. (Math.) 
Used to denote several kinds of mutual relation. — Re- 
cip'ro-cal-ly, adv. — Re-cip'ro-cal-ness, n. 

Syn. — Mutual ; alternate. — The distinctive idea of 
mutual is, that the parties unite by interchange in the 
same act ; that of reciprocal is, that one party acts by 
way of return or response to something previously done 
by the other party. 

Re-cip'ro-cal, n. 1. That which is reciprocal to an- 
other thing. 2. (Arith. & Alg.) The quotient arising 
from dividing unity by any quantity. 

Re-cip'ro-cate (-kat), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Recipro- 
cated (-ka'te'd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reciprocating.] [L. 
reciprocare, p. p. -atus. See Reciprocal.] To move 
forward and backward alternately; to give and return 
mutually ; to act interchangeably ; to alternate ; to in- 
terchange. 

Re-cipTO-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of reciprocating. 

ReCi-proc'i-ty (reVT-pros'T-ty), n. 1. Mutual action 
and reaction. 2. Reciprocal advantages, obligations, or 
rights. 

Syn. — Reciprocation ; interchange ; mutuality. 

Re-ci'sion (re-sTzh'vin), n. [L. recisio, fr. recidere, 
recisum, to cut off ; pref. re- re- -f- caedere to cut.] Act 
of cutting off. 

Re-cit'al (re-sit'al), n. 1. Act of reciting ; narration. 
2. That which is recited ; story ; narration. 3. (Mus.) 
A vocal or instrumental performance by one person. 

Syn. — Rehearsal ; recitation ; description ; explana- 
tion ; enumeration ; detail ; narrative. See Account. 

Rec i-ta'tion (reVT-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of reciting. 
2. That which is recited. 



Recitative' (reVI-ta-tev'), n. (Mus.) A species of 
musical recitation resembling ordinary declamation ; 
also, a piece of music intended for such recitation. 

Re-Cite' (re-slf), v. t. [imp. &, p. p, RSCRBD ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Reciting.] [F. reciter, fr. L. recitare, recita- 
tum; pref. re- re- -f- cilure to call or name, to cite.] 1. 
To repeat, deliver, or rehearse, as something already pre- 
pared, written down, committed to memory, or the like. 
2. To tell over particularly ; to relate ; to narrate ; to 
recount. 3. To rehearse, as a lesson to an instructor. 

Syn. — To describe ; recapitulate; detail; number. 

Re-cite', V. i. To repeat, pronounce, or rehearse, 
something from memory, as before an audience. 

Re-Clt'er (-sit'er), n. One who recites. 

Reck (r6k), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recked (rSkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Recking.] [AS. reccan, recan, to care for ; akin 
to G. geruhen and E. reckon."] 1. To heed ; to regard. 
[Archaic"] 2. To concern ; — impersonal. [Poetic] 

Reck (rSk), v. i. To take heed; to care. [Archaic] 

Reckless, a. 1. Inattentive to duty; indifferent. 
2. Rashly negligent ; utterly careless or heedless. — 
Recklessly, adv. — Reek'less-ness, /. . 

Syn. — Mindless ; thoughtless ; negligent ; regardless ; 
unconcerned ; inattentive ; remiss ; rash. 

Reck'on (rSk"n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reckoned 
(-'ud) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Reckoning.] [OE. rekenen, AS. 
gerecenian to explain ; akin to G. rechnen, and to E. 
reck, rake, an implement ; the original sense prob. being, 
to bring together, count together.] 1. To count ; to 
enumerate ; to number ; also, to compute ; to calculate. 
2. To count as in a number, rank, or series ; to place by 
estimation ; to account ; to esteem. 3. To charge, attrib- 
ute, or adjudge to one, as having a certain quality or 
value. 4. To conclude, as by an enumeration and balan- 
cing of chances ; hence, to think ; to suppose. [Prov. 
Eng. & Colloq. IT. S.] 

Syn. — See Calculate. 

Reck'on, v. i. 1. To make an enumeration or- com- 
putation ; to engage in numbering or computing. 2. To 
make up accounts ; to settle ; to adjust relations of de- 
sert or penalty. 

Reck'on-er (-er), n. One that reckons or computes. 

Reck'on-ing, n. 1. Act of one who reckons ; result of 
reckoning or counting ; calculation. Specif. : (a) An ac- 
count of time, (b) Adjustment of claims and accounts. 
2. The charge made by a host at an inn. 3. Esteem ; ac- 
count ; estimation. 4. (Navigation) The calculation of a 
ship's position, either from astronomical observations, or 
from the log's record of the courses and distances sailed. 

Re-Claim' (re-klam'), v . t. To claim back ; to at- 
tempt to recover possession of. 

Re-claim' (re-klam'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reclaimed 
(-klamd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reclaiming.] [F. reclamer, 
L. reclamare, reclamatum, to cry out against ; pref. re- 
re- + clamare to cry out.] 1. To call back, as from flight 
or wandering ; to restrain by calling. 2. To reduce from 
a wild to a tamed state ; to bring under discipline. 3. 
Hence : To reduce to a desired state, as by discipline, 
labor, or cultivation. 4. To call back to rectitude from 
moral wandering or transgression ; to reform. 

Syn. — To reform ; recover ; restore ; amend ; correct. 

Re-Claim' (re-klam'), v. i. To cry out in opposition ; 
to remonstrate ; to contradict. 

Re-claim'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be reclaimed. 

Re-Claim'ant (-ant), n. One who reclaims ; one who 
contradicts. 

Re-Claim'er (-er), n. One who reclaims. 

Rec'la-ma'tion (rgkla-ma'shun), n. A reclaiming. 

Rec li-na'tion (rSk'lT-na'shun), n. Act of reclining, 
or state of being reclined. 

Recline' (re-klln'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. v. Re- 
clined (-klind') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reclining.] [L. re- 
dinar e ; pref. re- re- + clinare to lean, incline.] To 
cause or permit to lean, incline, rest, etc. ; to place or be 
in, or to assume, a recumbent position. 

Re-Close' (re-kloz'), v. t. To close again. 

Recluse' (re-klus'), a. [F. reclus, L. reclusus, fr. 
recludere, reclusum, to unclose, open, in LL., to shut 
up.] Sequestered; retired from the world or from 
public notice. — Re-clusely , adv. — Re-clnse'ness, n. 

Re-cluse 7 , n. A person who lives in seclusion, as a 
hermit or monk ; a religious devotee. 

Re-clu'sion (-klu'zhun), n. A state of retirement 
from the world ; seclusion. 

Re-clu'sive (-siv), a. Affording retirement. 

Re-coc'tion (re-k5k'shun), n. [From L. recoquere to 
cook again; pref. re- -\- coquere to cook.] A second 
preparation ; a vamping up. 



< 



fern, recent, orb, ru.de, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



RECOGNITION 



680 



RECOVER 



Rec og-ni'tion irfk 5g-uTsh'uu), n. [L. reeognitio. 
See RacooMtmAKCB.] Act of recognizing, or state of 
b*iH| rWMgniMd : acknowledgment ; notice. 

Rec'Og-hi za-ble (rSk'5g-niza-b'l Of re-k5g'uT-), a. 

Capable of being recognized. — Rec'Og nl za-bly, adv. 

Re-COg'ni-zance (re-k5g'nl-z<nis or re-koii'T-), n. [F. 

. OF. recognoissanee, deriv. of L. recogno- 

vet". it- re- -f cognoscere to know. See Know.] 

1. (Low) An obligation of record entered into before 
some court of record or magistrate duly authorized, con- 
ditioned upon the doing of some particular act. 

HF**Anioug lawyers the </ in this word is usually silent. 

2. A token ; symbol ; pledge. 3. Acknowledgment ; 
avowal : recognition. 

Rec'Og-nize (rgk'5g-niz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recog- 
nized (-mid) ; p. p>: & vb. n. Recognizing (-ni'zTng).] 
[From Recognizance.] 1. To know again; to recover 
or recall knowledge of. 2. To avow knowledge of ; to 
admit with a formal acknowledgment. 3. To acknowl- 
edge acquaintance with, as by bowing. 4. To show ap- 
preciation of. 5. {Law) To accept the recognizance of. 

Syn.— To acknowledge ; confess ; own ; allow ; concede. 

Rec'Og-nize, v. i. {Law) To enter into an obligation 
of record before a proper tribunal. 

Re-cog ni-zee' (re-kog'nl-ze' or re-kSn'I-), n. {Law) 
One in whose favor a recognizance is made. 

Rec'og-ni zer (rSk^g-ni'zer), n. One who recognizes. 

Re-cog ni-zor' (re-kog'nT-z6r' or re-kSn'T-), n. {Law) 
One who enters into a recognizance. 

Re-coil' (re-koil'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Recoiled 
(-koild') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Recoiling.] [F. reenter, fr. L. 
pref. re- re- -f- cuius the fundament.] 1. To start, roll, 
bound*, spring, or fall back ; to be driven or forced back- 
ward. 2. To draw back, as in alarm, repugnance, etc. ; 
to shrink. 

Re-COil', n. 1. A starting or falling back. 2. Specif., 
the backward movement of a firearm when discharged. 

Re-coil'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, recoils. 

Re-COln' (re-koin'), v. t. To coin anew or again. 

Re -collect' (re'kol-lgkf), v. t. [Pref. re- + collect.] 
To collect again. 

Rec'Ol-lect' (rek'51-lSkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recol- 
lected ; p. pr. & vb. n. Recollecting.] [Pref. re- -f- 
collect.'] 1. To recover or recall the knowledge of ; to 
remember. 2. Reflexively, to compose (one's self). 

Rec ol-lec'tion (-lek'shun), n. 1. Act of recollecting. 

2. Power of recalling ideas to the mind ; period within 
which things can be recollected. 3. That which is recol- 
lected. 

Syn. — Reminiscence ; remembrance. See Memory. 

Re combine' (reborn-bin'), v. t. To combine again. 

Re com-mence' (-mgns'), v. t. & i. , To commence 
again. 

Rec om-mend' (reVom-mgnd'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Recommended; p. pr. & vb. n. Recommending.] 1. To 
commend to the attention, care, approbation, or accept- 
ance of another. 2. To make acceptable ; to attract 
favor to. 3. To commit ; to give in charge. 

Rec om-mend'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Suitable to be recom- 
mended ; worthy of praise ; commendable. 

Rec om-men-da'tion (rgk'om-mSn-da'shun), n. 1. 
Act of recommending. 2. That which recommends, or 
commends to favor ; testimonial. 

Rec om-mend'a-to-ry (-mend'a-to-ry), a. Serving to 
recommend ; recommending ; commendatory. 

Rec om-mend'er (-er), n. One who recommends. 

Re / com-mit' (re'kom-mit'), v. U To commit again ; 
specif., to refer again to a committee. 

Recom-mit'ment (-ment), ) . . . „ Q „„ m - f f • 

Re'com-mit'tal (-t«l), \ n ' Act of recommitting. 

Rec'om-pense (rgk'Sm-pgns), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Recompensed (-pgnst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Recompensing 
(-pgn'slng).] [F. recompenser, LL. recompensare, fr. 
L. pref. re- re- -f- compensare to compensate.] 1. To 
render an equivalent to, for service, loss, etc. ; to requite. 

2. To return an equivalent for ; to atone for ; to pay for. 

3. To give in return ; to pay back. 

Syn. — To repay ; compensate ; reward ; remunerate. 

Rec'om-pense, n. Equivalent returned for anything 
done, suffered, or given ; suitable return. 

•Syn. — Repayment ; compensation ; remuneration ; 
amends ; satisfaction ; reward ; requital. 

Re'com-pose' (re'k5m-poz'), v. t. To compose again ; 
to form anew. — Re'com-pos'er (-er), n. [posing. I 

Re-com'po-si'tlon (re-k5m'p6-zTsh'un), n. A recom-| 

Rec'on-cila-ble (rek'5n-si'la-b'l), a. Capable of be- 
ing reconciled. — Rec'on-ci la-ble-ness, n. — Rec'on- 
ci'la-bly, adv. 



Rec'on-Cile' (r6k'5n-sil'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recon- 
ciled (-sild') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reconciling. J [F. recon- 
cilur, L. reconciliare ; pref. re- re- + conciliate to bring 
together, to unite.] 1. To cause to be friendly again ; to 
conciliate anew ; to bring back to harmony. 2. To bring 
to acquiescence, content, or quiet submission. 3. To 
make consistent or congruous. 4. To adjust ; to settle. 

Syn. — To placate ; propitiate; pacify; appease. 

Rec'on-cile ment (-ment), ?t. Reconciliation. 

Rec'on-ci ler (-si'ler), n. One who reconciles. 

Rec on-cil i-a'tion (-sll'I-a'shun), n. Act of recon- 
ciling, or state of being reconciled. 

Syn. — Reconcilement ; reunion ; pacification ; ap- 
peasement ; propitiation ; atonement ; expiation. 

Rec on-cil'i-a-to-ry (-sll'I-a-to-ry), a. Serving or 
tending to reconcile. 

Rec'on-dite (re"k'5n-dit or re-k5n'dlt), a. [L. recon- 
dilus, p. p. of recondere to put up again, to conceal ; 
pref. re- re- -f- condere to lay together.] 1. Hidden 
from the mental or intellectual view ; secret ; abstruse. 
2. Dealing in things abstruse ; profound ; searching. 

Re-con'nois-sance I (re-kon'nis-sans), n. [F. See 

Re-con'nais-sance ) Recognizance.] Act of recon- 
noitering ; preliminary examination or survey. Specif. : 
{Mil.) A preliminary examination or survey to obtain 
information necessary for directing military operations. 

Rec on-noi'ter ) (rek'on-noi'ter), v. t. [F. reconnoi- 

Rec on-noi'tre ) tre, a former spelling of reconnailre, 
deriv. of L. recognoscere. See Recognizance.] To ex- 
amine with the eye ; to make a reconnoissance. 

Re-con'quer (re-kon'ker), v. t. To conquer again. 

Re-con'quest (-kwgst), n. A second or repeated con- 
quest, [anew. I 

Re-con'se-crate (-kon'se-krat), v. t. To consecrate! 

Re'con-sid'er (re'kon-sid'er), v. t. To consider again. 

Re / con-sid / er-a'tion(-a'shun),?i. Act of reconsidering. 

Re'con-struct' (-strukf), v. t. To construct again. 

Re con struc'tion (-strfik'shun), n. 1. Act of con- 
structing again ; state of being reconstructed. 2. ( U. S. 
Politics) Act or process of reorganizing the governments 
of the States which had seceded during the Civil "War. 

Re con-struct'ive (-tiv), a. Tending to reconstruct. 

Re'con-vene' (-ven'), v. t. & i. To convene again. 

Re'con-vey' (-va'), v. t. To convey back. 

Recon-vey'ance (-va'ans), n. Act of reconveying. 

Re-cord' (re-k6rd'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recorded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Recording.] [F. recorder, fr. L. re- 
cordari to remember ; pref. re- re- -f- cor, cordis, the 
heart or mind.] 1. To recollect ; to recite ; to repeat. 
[Obs.~\ 2. To preserve the memory of by committing to 
writing, to printing, to inscription, or the like ; to make 
note of ; to register. 

Rec'ord (rek'erd), n. 1. The writing, inscription, or 
the like, by which anything is recorded ; a register. 2. 
Testimony ; witness ; attestation. 

Re-cord'er (re-k6rd'er), n. 1. One who records ; one 
whose duty it is to make official records. 2. The title 
of the chief judicial officer of some cities and boroughs. 

Re-cord'er-ship, n. The office of a recorder. 

Re-count' (re-kounf), v. t. To count or reckon again. 
— n. A counting again. 

Re-COUnt' (re-kounf), v. t. [F. raconter to relate, to 
recount ; pref. re- again -f- a (L. ad)'-\- confer to relate.] 
To tell over ; to relate in detail ; to enumerate. 

Re-COUD / ) (-kobp'), v. t. [F. recouper ; pref. re- re- 

Re-coupe' ) + couper to cut.] 1. {Law) To keep 
back rightfully (a part), as if by cutting off, so as to di- 
minish a sum due ; to deduct. 2. To get an equivalent 
or compensation for. 3. To reimburse ; to indemnify. 

Re-coup'ment (-ment), n. Act of recouping. 
I^" Recoupment applies to equities growing out of the 
same affair from which the principal demand arises. 

Re-course' (re-kors'), n. [F. recours, L. recursus a 
running back, return, fr. recurrere, recursum, to run 
back.] 1. A coursing back; return; retreat. [Obs.~\ 
2. Recurrence in difficulty, perplexity, need, or the like ; 
access or application for aid ; resort. 

Re-COV'er (re-kuv'er), v. t. To cover again. 

Re-COV'er (re-kuv'er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recovered 
(-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Recovering.] [OF. recovrer, fr. 
L. recuperare ; pref. re- re — |- a word of unknown ori- 
gin.] 1. To get or obtain again ; to regain. 2. To make 
good by reparation ; to retrieve. 3. To restore or revive ; 
to cure. 4. To overcome ; to get the better of. 5. To 
rescue ; to deliver. 6. To reach ; to come to. [Archaic] 
7. {Law) To gain as a compensation ; to obtain in return 
for injury or debt ; to gain by legal process. 
Syn. — To repossess; resume; recruit; heal. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, g, i, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, S vent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



f 



RECOVER 



681 



RED 



Re-COV'er (re-kuv'er), v. i. 1. To regain health after 
sickness ; heuce, to regain a former state after niisiortune, 
alarm, etc. 2. {Laic) To obtain a judgment ; to succeed 
in a lawsuit. [ered or regained. I 

Re-cov'er-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being recov-| 

Re-COV'er-er (-er), n. One who recovers. 

Re-COV'er-y (-y), n. 1. A l-ecovering. 2. In rowing, 
a regaining the proper position for making a new stroke. 

Rec're-ance (r8k're-«ns), «. Recreancy. [reant. I 

Rec're-an-cy (-«n-sy), n. Quality or state of being rec-| 

Rec're-ant (-aut), a. [OF., cowardly, fr. rtcroire, re- 
creirc, to forsake, discourage, regard as conquered, LL. 
recredere se to declare one's self conquered in combat ; 
hence, the idea of infamy ; L. pref. re- again, back + 
credere to believe ; hence, originally, to disavow one's 
opinion.] 1. Crying for mercy ; yielding ; cowardly ; 
craven. 2. Apostate ; false ; unfaithful. 

Rec're-ant, n. One who yields in combat, and begs 
for mercy ; a mean-spirited, cowardly wretch. 

Re / -cre-ate / (re'kre-af), v. t. To create anew. 

Rec're-ate (rgk're-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recreated 
(-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Recreating.] [L. recreare, p. p. 
-atus ; pref. re- re- -f- creare to create.] To give fresh 
life to ; to reanimate ; to refresh ; to cheer ; to amuse. 

Rec're-ate. v. i. To take recreation. 

Rec re-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of recreating, or state 
of being recreated ; that which refreshes the energies or 
spirit ; amusement ; sport ; diversion. [iug anew. I 

Re'-cre-a'tion (re'kre-a'shun), n. A creating or form- 1 

Re'-cre-a'tive (-a'tlv), a. Creating anew. 

Rec're-a'tive (rgk're-a'tlv), a. Tending to recreate 
or refresh ; reinvigorating ; giving relief after labor or 
pain; amusing \ diverting. — Rec're-a tive-ly, adv. — 
Rec're-a tlve-ness, n. 

Rec're-ment (rek're-ment), n. [L. recrementum ; 
pref. re- re- -f- cernere, cretum, to sift.] Superfluous mat- 
ter separated from that which is useful ; dross : scoria. 

Re-crim'i-nate (re-krim'T-nat), v. i. & t. To return 
one accusation with another ; to accuse or criminate in 
return. [counter accusation. I 

Re-crim i-na'tion (-na'shiin), n. A recriminating;! 

Re-crim'1-native (-na-tiv), a. Recriminatory. 

Re-crim'i-na'tOT (-na/ter), n. One who recriminates. 

Re-crim'i-na-tO-ry (-na-to-ry), a. Having the quality 
of recrimination ; retorting accusation ; recriminating. 

Re'cru-des'cence (re'kru-dgs'sens), I n. State or 

Re'cru-des'cen-cy (-des''sen-sy), J quality of be- 
ing recrudescent. 

Re cru-des'cent (-sent), a. [L. recrudescens, -entis, 
p. pr. of recrudescere to become raw again ; pref. re- re- 
-\- crudescere to become hard or raw.] 1. Growing raw, 
sore, or painful again. 2. Breaking out again after tem- 
porary abatement or suppression. 

Re-cruit' (re-kruf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recruited ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Recruiting.] [F. reenter, corrupted 
from an older reel titer, prop., to patch, to mend (a gar- 
ment) ; pref. re- -f- OF. chit piece, piece of cloth.] 1. 
To repair by fresh supplies ; to remedy lack or deficiency 
in. 2. Hence, to renew in strength or health ; to rein- 
vigorate. 3. To supply with new men, as an army ; 
also, to muster ; to enlist. 

Re-cruit', v. i. 1. To gain new supplies of anything 
wasted ; to gain health, flesh, spirits, or the like. 2. To 
enlist new soldiers. 

Re-cruit', n. 1. A supply of anything wasted or ex- 
hausted ; a reenforcement. 2. A newly enlisted soldier. 

Re-cruit'er, n. One who, or that which, recruits. 

Re-cruit'ment (-ment), n. Act or process of recruiting. 

Rec'tan gle (rSk'tSn'g'l), n. [F., fr. L. rectus right 
-f- angulus angle.] (Geom.) A four- 
sided figure having only right angles ; 
a right-angled parallelogram. 

Rec'tan gled (-g'ld), a. Rectan- 
gular. 

Rec-tan'gn-lar (rek-tSn'gu-ler), a. 



Rectangle. 



Right-angled ; having one or more right angles. 

Rec'ti- (rSk'tT-). [L. rectus straight.] A combining 
form signifying straight. 

Rec'ti fia-ble (rek'ti-fi'a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
rectified. [ation of rectifying. I 

Rec'ti-fi-ca'tion (reVtT-fT-ka'shun). n. Act or oper- 1 

Rec'ti-fi'er (rek'tT-fi'er), n. One that rectifies. 

Rec'ti-fy (-fi), ». t. [imp. & p. p. Rectified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Rectifying (-fi'Tng).] [F. rectifier, LL. 
rectificare : L. rectus right -f- -Jicare to make. See -FY.] 
1. To make or set right ; to correct ; to amend. 2. 
(Chem.) To refine or purify by repeated distillation or 
sublimation. 3. (Com.) To produce (as factitious gin 



or brandy) by redistilling low wines or ardent spirits, 

flavoring substances, etc., being added. 
Syn. — To amend; emend; correct; better; mend; 

reform ; redress ; adjust ; regulate ; improve. See Amend. 
Rec'ti-lin'e-al(rek'tT-lIu'e-rtl), ) a. [Recti- t lineal, 
Rec ti lin'e-ar (reVtr-lTu'S-er), ) linear.] Straight ; 

consisting of a straight line or lines ; bounded by straight 

lines. — Rectl-lln'e-al-ly, adv. — Rec ti-lln'e-ar-ly, 
adv. 

Rec'tl-tnde (rek'tl-tud), n. [L. rrctitudo, fr. rectus 
right, straight.] 1. Straightuess. [R.] 2. RiKhtness 
of principle or practice ; exact conformity to truth, or to 
the rules prescribed for moral conduct. 

Syn. — See Justice. 

Rec'tor (rgk'ter), n. [L., fr. regere. rectum, to lead 
straight, to rule.] 1. (a) (CA. of Eng.) A clergyman 
who has the charge and care of "a parish, and has the 
tithes, etc. (6) (Prot. Epis. Ch.) A clergyman in charge 
of a parish. 2. The head master of a public school. 
[Scot.~\ 3. The chief elective officer of some universities ; 
sometimes, the head of a college. 4. (R. C. Ch.) The 
superior officer or chief of a convent or religious house. 

Rec'tor-ate (-fit), n. Office or rank of a rector. 

Rec-tCrl-al (rgk-to'rl-al), a. Pert, to a rector or a 
rectory. [rector. I 

Rec'tor-ship (rek'ter-shlp), n. Office or rank of a| 

Rec'to-ry (-to-r^), n. 1. The province of a rector ; a 
parish church, parsonage, or spiritual living, with all its 
rights, tithes, and glebes. 2. A rector's mansion ; a 
parsonage house. 

Rec'tum (-turn), n. [NL., fr. L. rectus straight.] 
{Anat.) The terminal part of the large intestine, — for- 
merly supposed to be straight. 

Re-cum'bence (re-kum'bms), n. Act of leaning, 
resting, or reclining ; state of being recumbent. 

Re-CUm'ben-CV (-ben-sy), n. Recumbence. 

Re-cum'bent (-bent), a. [L. recumbens, -entis, p. pr. 
of recumbere ; prep, re- back -f- cumbere (in coinp.), akin 
to cubare to lie down.] Leaning ; reclining ; lying. Fig. : 
Resting ; inactive ; idle. — Re-CUm'bent-ly, adv. 

Re-cu'per-ate (-ku'per-at), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Recu- 
perated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Recuperating.] [L. re- 
cuperare, p. p. -atus. See Recover to get again.] To 
recover health ; to regain strength ; to convalesce. 

Re-CU per-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Recovery, as of any- 
thing lost, esp. of the health or strength. 

Re-CU'per-a-tive (-a-tiv), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Re-CU'per-a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry), 1 recuperation. 

Re-cur' (re-kfir'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Recurred 
(-kfird') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Recurring.] [L. recurrere ; 
pref. re- re- + currere to run.] 1. To come back ; to 
return again or repeatedly ; to come again to mind. 2. 
To occur at a stated interval, or according to some regu- 
lar rule. 3. To have recourse ; to go for help. 

Re-cur'rence (re-kur'rens), j n. Act of recurring, or 

Re-cur'ren-cy (-ren-sy), ) state of being recur- 
rent ; return ; resort ; recourse. 

Re-cur'rent (-rent), a. [L. recurrens, -entis, p. pr. of 
recurrere.] 1. Returning from time to time ; recurring. 
2. (Anat.) Running back toward its origin. 

Re-cur'vate (re-kfir'vat), a. [L. recurvatus. See Re-; 
Curvate.] (Bot.) Curved back or down ; recurved. 

Re-CUT'vate (-vat), v. t. To bend or curve back. 

Re / CUr-va'tion (re'kur-va'shun), n. Act of recurv- 
ing, or state of being recurved. [down. I 

Re-curve' (re-kfirv'), v. t. To curve or bend back or| 

Re-CUr'vi-ty (re-kfir'vl-ty)< n. Recurvation. 

Re-CUr'VOUS (-vus)._<7. Recurvate. 

Re-CU'san-cy (re-ku'zan-sy or rek'u-), n. State of 
being recusant. 

Re-CU'sant (-zent), a. [L. recusans, -antis, p. pr. of 
recusare to refuse ; pref. re- re- -)- causa a cause, pretext.] 
Obstinate in refusal ; specif., in English history, refusing 
to acknowledge the supremacy of the king in the church, 
or to conform to the established rites of the Church of 
England, —n. One who is recusant. 

Red (r8d), v. t. To put in order ; to make tidy ; also, 
to free from embarrassment. [Prov. Eng. & Scot."] 

Red, o. [Compar. Redder (-der) ; super!. Reddest.] 
[AS. read, redd ; akin to G. roth, rot, L. ruber, ru/us. 
Gr. epvBpos, Skr. ntdhira, rohita.~\ Of the color of 
blood, or of a tint or hue resembling that color ; as scar- 
let, crimson, vermilion, orange red, etc. 

Bed book, a book containing the names of all the persons 
in the service of the state. [Eng.] —Red tape, the tape 
used in public offices for tying up documents, etc. ; 
hence, official formality and delay. 

Red, n. A red color, or pigment. 



\ 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



REDACT 



682 



REDUCENT 



R 






Re-dact' (re-dXkt'\ v. f. [L. redigcre, p. p. -dactus ; 
again -f agar* to put iu motion, to drive.] 
To reduce bo form, as literacy matter ; to edit. 

Re-dac'tion (rf-daVshttn), n. Act of redacting; 
work produced by redacting ; a digest. 

Re-dac'tor (,-ter\ n. One who redacts ; an editor. 

Re-dan' i l ve-dXn'\ ft. [F., for OF. redent a double 
notching or jagging, fr. L. pref. re- re- + dens, dentis, a 
tooth.] 1. {Fort.) A work having two parapets whose 
faces unite so as to form a salient angle toward the enemy. 
2. A step or vertical offset in a wall on uneven ground, to 
keep the parts level. 

Red-ar'gue (rgd-ar'gu), v. t. [L. redarguere ; pref. 
red-, re-, re- -f- arguere to accuse.] To disprove ; to re- 
fute ; to convict. [Archaic] [American robin. I 

Red'breast (rSd'bresf), n. {Zool.) The European or| 

Red'den (rgd'd'n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Reddened 
(-d'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reddening.] To make or be- 
come red. [— Red'dish-ness, n. I 

Red'dish (-dish), a. Somewhat red ; moderately red. | 

Red-di'tion (rgd-dish'tin), n. [L. redditio, fr. reddere 
to give back, to return. See Render.] 1. Restitution ; 
surrender. 2. Explanation; representation, [i?.] 

Rede (red), n. [See Read, «.] 1. Advice. [Obs. or 
Scot.] 2. A word or phrase ; motto ; proverb. [Obs.] 

Re-deem' (re-dein'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Redeemed 
(-denid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Redeeming.] [F. redimer, L. 
redimere; pref. red-, re-, re- -f- emere, emptum, to buy, 
orig., to take.] 1. To purchase back ; to repurchase. 
2. Hence, specif. : {a) {Law) To recall or regain by per- 
forming or discharging a specified obligation or condition, 
as paying off a mortgage, the payment of a note, etc. 3. 
To ransom, liberate, or rescue by a payment. 4. {Theol.) 
Hence, to rescue and deliver from the bondage of sin and 
the penalties of God's violated law. 5. To make good 
by performing fully ; to fulfill. 6. To pay the penalty 
of ; to make amends for ; to atone for. 

Re-deem'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being re- 
deemed. 2. Subject to an obligation of redemption ; 
payable ; due. — Re-deem'a-ble-ness, n. [Christ. I 

Re-deem'er (re-dem'er), n. One who redeems; specif., I 

Re'de-liv'er (re'de-lTv'er), v. t. To deliver again. 

Re de-liv'er-ance (-ans), n. A second deliverance. 

Re'de-liv'er-y (-y), n. A redelivering. [again. I 

Re de-mand' (re'de-mand'), v. t. To demand back or | 

Re de-mand', n. A demanding back or again. 

Re-demp'tion (re-dgmr/shQn), n. Act of redeeming, 
or state of being redeemed ; ransom ; release ; rescue. 

Re-demp'tion-er (-er), n. One who redeems himself ; 
formerly, one who, wishing to emigrate from Europe to 
America, sold his services for a stipulated time to pay the 
expenses of his passage. 

Re-demp'tive (-tTv), a. Serving or tending to redeem. 

Re-demp'tor-ist (-ter-Tst), n. [F. redemptoriste.~\ 
{R. C. Ch.) One of the Congregation of the Most Holy 
Redeemer, the Fathers of which devote .themselves to 
preaching to the neglected. ~^xo redeem. I 

Re-demp'tO-ry (-to-ry ) , a. Paid for ransom ; serving | 

Red'-gum' (rgd'g&m'), n. [OE. reed gounde; AS. 
read red + gund matter, pus.] 1. {Med. ) An eruption of 
red pimples upon the face, neck, and arms, in early in- 
fancy ; tooth rash. 2. A name of rust on grain. 

Red'-hand' (rgd'hSnd'), ) a. or adv. Having hands 

Red'-hand ed (-hand'gd), J red with blood ; — said 
of a person taken in the act of homicide ; hence, fresh 
from the commission of crime. 

Red'head (-hgd), n. 1. A person with red hair. 2. 
{Zool.) An American duck esteemed as a game bird. 

Red'-hot' (-h5V), a. Red with heat ; heated to red- 
ness. Hence, fig., excited; violent. 

Red'in-gOte ( -In-got), n. [F., corrupt, fr. E. riding 
coat.] A long double-breasted outside coat for women. 

Re-din'te-grate (re-dln'te-grat), a. [L. redintegra- 
tus, p. p. of redintegrare to restore ; pref. red-, re-, re- 
-f- integrare to renew, fr. integer whole.] Restored to 
wholeness or a perfect state ; renewed. [to renew. I 

Re-din'te-grate (-grat), v. t. To make whole again ; | 

Re-dln'te-gra'tlon (-gra'shun), n. 1. Restoration to 
a whole or sound state ; renewal ; renovation. 2. {Psy- 
chology) The theory that objects which have been pre- 
viously combined as parts of a single mental state tend 
to recall or suggest one another. 

Re'di-rect' (re'dT-rgkf), a. {Law) Designating the 
reexamination of a witness, by the party calling him, after 
the cross-examination. 

Re'dis-trib'ute (-dTs-trTVut), v. I. To distribute again. 

Re-dis'trict (re-dts'trlkt), v. t. To divide into new 
districts. 



Red'-let'ter (rgd'lgt'ter), a. Of or pertaining to a red 
letter ; marked by red letters. 

Red-letter day, a day that is fortunate or auspicious ; — 
so called in allusion to the custom of marking holy days, 
or saints' days, in the old calendars with red letters. 

Red'ly, adv. In a red manner ; with redness. 

Red'ness, n. Quality or state of being red ; red color. 

Red'o-lence (rgd'o-lens), ) n. Quality of being redo- 

Red'O-len-cy (-len-sj), j lent ; fragrance. 

Red'o-lent (-lent), a. [L. redolens, -entis, p. pr. of 
redolere to emit a scent, diffuse an odor ; pref. red-, re-, 
re- -f olere to emit a smell. ] Diffusing odor or fragrance ; 
scented ; odorous. — Red'o-lent-ly , adv. 

Re-dou'ble (re-dGb''l), v. t. & i. To double again or 
repeatedly ; to augment greatly ; to multiply. 

Re-doubt' (re-douf), n. [F. redoute, fern., It. ridolto, 
LL. reductus, lit., a retreat, fr. L. reductus drawn back, 
retired, p. p. of reducere to lead or draw back. See 
Reduce.] {Fort.) {a) A small fort or outwork, com- 
monly erected for a temporary purpose, and without 
flanking defenses. (6) In permanent works, an outwork 
placed within another outwork. 

Re-doubt', v. t. [F.redotiter, formerly also redou bier; 
L. pref. re- re- -f- dubitare to doubt, in LL., to fear.] To 
stand in fear of ; to dread. [R.~\ 

Re-doubt'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Formidable ; terrible to 
foes ; hence, valiant ; — often contemptuous or burlesque. 

Redound' (re-dound'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Redound- 
ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Redounding.] [F. redonder, L. re- 
dundare ; pref. red-, re-, re- + undare to rise in waves, f r. 
unda wave.] 1. To roll back, as a wave or flood ; to 
flow back, as a consequence or effect ; to conduce ; to 
contribute ; to result. 2. To be in excess ; to overflow. 

Redound', n. Consequence ; result ; return. 

Red'OW-a (rgd r o-a), n. [F., fr. Bohemian.] Either 
of two Bohemian dances, — one in triple time, like a 
waltz ; the other in two-four time, like a polka. 

Red'poll 7 (-poF), n. {Zool.) {a) Any one of several 
species of small northern finches. The adults have the 
crown red or rosy. (6) The common European linnet. 

Re-draw' (re-dra'), v. t. & i. To draw again. 

Re-dress' (re-drgs'), v. I. To dress again. 

Re-dress' (re-drgs'), v. t. [F. redresser to straighten ; 
pref. re- re- + dresser to raise, arrange. See Dress.] 1. 
To put in order again ; to revise. [R.~] 2. To set right ; 
to repair ; to make amends for ; to remedy. 3. To make 
amends or compensation to ; to bestow relief upon. 

Re-dress', n. 1. A setting right, as of wrong, in- 
jury, or oppression ; hence, relief ; remedy ; indemnifi- 
cation. 2. One who, or that which, gives relief. 

Re-dress'al (re-drgs'al), n. Redress. 

Re-dress'er (-er), n. One who redresses. 

Re-dress'ive (-Tv), a. Tending to redress. 

Red'skin (rgd'skin'), n. A North American Indian ; 
— often contemptuous. 

Red'start' (-start'), n. [Red + start tail.] {Zool.) 
(a) A small, handsome 
European singing bird 
allied to the nightingale. 
(6) An American fly-catch- 
ing warbler. 

Red'-tape' (-tap/), a. 
Pertaining to, or character- 
ized by, official formality. 
See Red tape, under Red, a. . ^ „ T* 8 !" ,« > , 

Bft( i„ nn f/ \y^i\ r, (Jtnt\ American Redstart (Setcphaga 

KeatOp'(-top'),w. {Bot.) mtieilla). Male. 

A kind of grass {Agrostis 
vulgaris) highly valued for pasturage and hay. 

Reduce' (re-dus'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reduced 
(-dust') ; p. pr. &vb. n. Reducing (-du'sing).] [L. re- 
ducere, reductum; pref. red-, re-, re- + ducere to lead.] 
1. To bring to any inferior state, with respect to rank, 
size, quantity, quality, value, etc. ; to diminish. 2. To 
bring to terms ; to humble ; to conquer ; to subdue. 3. 
To bring to a certain state by grinding, pounding, knead- 
ing, rubbing, etc. 4. To bring into a certain order, ar- 
rangement, classification, etc. ; to bring under rides or 
to conditions and terms adapted to use in computation. 
5. {Arith.) To change the denomination or form of (a 
quantity or expression) without altering its value. 6. 
{Chem.) To bring to the metallic state by separating 
from impurities ; hence, to remove oxygen from ; to 
combine with, or to subject to the action of, hydrogen. 
7. {Med.) To restore to its proper place or condition. 

Syn. — To lessen ; decrease ; abate ; shorten ; curtail ; 
impair ; lower ; subject ; subjugate. 

Re-duce'ment (re-dus'ment), n. Reduction. 

Re-du'cent (re-du'sent), a. Tending to reduce. 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, $vent, Idea, dbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



REDUCER 



683 



REFERENCE 



Re-du'cer (re-du'ser), n. One that reduces. 

Re-du'ci-ble (-sl-b'l), a. Capable of being reduced. 

Re-duc'tion (re-duk'shiin), n. 1. Act or process of 
reducing ; state of being reduced ; also, the result of re- 
ducing. 2. (Astron.) The correction of observations lor 
known errors of instruments, etc. 

Syn. — Diminution ; decrease ; abatement ; curtail- 
ment ; subjugation ; conquest ; subjection. 

Re-dUC'tive (-tiv), a. Tending or able to reduce. 

Re-dun'dance (re-dun'd«ns), ) n. 1. Quality or state 

Re-dun'dan-cy (-dan-sjf), J of being redundant. 
2. That which is redundant or in excess. 

Re-dun'dant (-dant), a. [L. redundans, -antis, p. pr. 
of redundare. See Redound.] 1. Exceeding what is 
natural or necessary ; superabundant ; exuberant ; over- 
flowing. 2. Using too many words or images ; pleonastic. 
— Re-dun'dant ly, ado. 

Syn. — Superfluous; excessive; plentiful; copious. 

Re-du'pli-cate (re-du'pli-kat), a. Duplicate ; dou- 
ble ; doubled ; repeated. 

Re-du'pli-cate (-kat), v. t. 1. To redouble ; to mul- 
tiply ; to repeat. 2. (Grain.) To repeat the first letter 
or letters of (a word). See Reduplication, 2. 

Re-du pli-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of redupli- 
cating. 2. (Philol.) The doubling of a stem or syllable 
(more or less modified), esp. to express past time ; also, 
the added syllable. 

Re-du'pli-ca-tlve (-du'plT-ka-tiv), a. Double ; formed 
by reduplication ; reduplicate. 

Red'wing' (rgd'wlng'), n. (Zo'ol.) (a) A European 
thrush (Tardus iliacus) having its under wing coverts 
orange red. (b) A North American corvine bird (Age- 
laius phaeniceus) the male of which has a conspicuous 
patch of bright red on each wing. 

Red'wood' (-wood'), n. (Bot.) A gigantic coniferous 
tree (Sequoia sempervirens) of California ; also, its light 
and durable reddish timber. 

Ree (re), n. See Rei. 

Re-ech'O (re-gk'6), v. t. & i. To echo back or again. 

Re-ech'O, n. The echo of an echo ; a repeated echo. 

Reed (red), n. [AS. hreod ; akin to 6. riel, ried.~] 1. 
(Bot.) Any one of many tall and coarse grasses or grass- 
like plants, or one of their slender, often jointed, stems. 
2. A musical instrument made of the hollow joint of 
some plant ; a rustic or pastoral pipe. 3. An arrow, as 
made of a reed. 4. (3fus.) (a) A small piece of cane or 
wood attached to the mouthpiece of certain instruments, 
and set in vibration by the breath, (b) One of the thin 
pieces of metal, the vibrations of which produce the 
tones of certain instruments, as the melodeon, accordeon, 
etc. 5. (Weaving) A frame with parallel flat strips, 
between which the warp threads pass. 

Reedt)ird' (red'berd'), n. The bobolink. [struct. I 

Re-ed'i-fy (re-ed'i-fi), v. t. To edify anew ; to recon-| 

Reed'ing (red'Tng), n. 1. (Arch.) A small convex 
molding ; such mouldiiigs, collectively. [See lllust. under 
Molding.] 2. The nurling on the edge of a coin. 

Reed'y (-f), a. 1. Abounding with reeds; covered 
with reeds. 2. Harsh and thin in tone like a reed. 

Reef (ref), n. [Akin to D. rif, G. riff'.'] A chain or 
range of rocks lying at or near the surface of the water. 

Reef, n. [Akin to D. reef, G. reff, Sw. ref.'] (Xaut.) 
That part of a sail which is gathered or folded to the yard 
or boom, usually by means of ropes passing through eye- 
lets, in order to lessen its extent. 

Reef, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reefed (reft) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Reefing.] (Xaut.) To reduce the extent of (as a sail) 
by rolling or folding. 

Reefer (-er), n. 1. (Xaut.) One who reefs. 2. A 
close-fitting jacket or short coat of thick cloth. 

Reefy (-y), a. Full of reefs or rocks. 

Reek (rek), n. [AS. rec ; akin to G. riechen to smell.] 
Vapor ; steam ; smoke ; fume. 

Reek, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reeked (rekt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Reeking.] To emit vapor, usually that which is 
warm and moist ; to be full of fumes. 

Reek'y (-y). a. 1. Soiled with smoke or steam; 
smoky ; foul. 2. Emitting reek. 

Reel (rel), n. [Gael, righil.] A lively dance of the 
Highlanders of Scotland ; also, the music to the dance. 

Virginia reel, the common name in the United States for 
t the old English " country dance," or contradance. 

Reel, n. [AS. hreol.] A frame spool on which yarn, 
lines, or the like, are wound. 

Reel, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Reeled (reld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Reeling.] To wind upon a reel. 

Reel, v. i. [See 2d Reel.] 1. To walk unsteadily ; 
to stagger. 2. To have a whirling sensation ; to be giddy. 



Reel (rel), n. Act or motion of reeling or staggering. 

Re'e-lecf (re'e-lgkf), 1. /. To elect again. 

Re e-lec'tlon (-lgk'shun;, n. Election a second time. 

Re-el'i-gi-ble (re-gl'I-jr-b'l), a. Eligible again. 

Reemu-r-m), v. t. [Cf. Ream to make a hole in.] (Xaut.) 
To open (the seams of a vessel's planking) for the pur- 
pose of calking them. 

Re em-bark' 1 tl em-bark'), v. t. & i. To embark again. 

Reen-acf (le gn-5kt'), v. t. To enact again. 

Re en-act'ment (-Skt'ment), n. Act of reenacting. 

Re en-force' (-fors'), V. t. To strengthen with new 
force, assistance, material, or support ; esp., to strengthen 
with additional troops, or with additional ships. 

Re^n-force', n. Something which reenforces or 
strengthens. Specif. : (a) The thicker part of a cannon 
near the breech, (b) An additional thickness of canvas, 
cloth, or the like, around an eyelet, buttonhole, etc. 

Re'e'n-force'ment (re'gn-fors'ment), n. 1. Act of 
reenforcing, or state of being reenforced. 2. That which 
reenforces ; additional force, esp. military force. 

Reengage' (-gaj'), v. t. & i. To engage again. 

Re en-list' (-list'), v. t. & i. To enlist again. 

Re-en'ter (re-eu'ter), v. t. & ?'. 1. To enter again or 
anew. 2. (Engraving) To cut deeper, as engraved lines. 

Reentering angle, an angle of a polygon pointing inward. 

Re en-throne' (-thron'), v. t. To enthrone again. 

Re-en'trance (re-eVtrans), n. Act of entering again. 

Re-en'trant (-trant), a. Reentering ; directed inwards. 

Re-en'try (-try), n. A second or new act of entering. 

Reer'mouse' (rer'mous'), n . (Zo'ol. ) See Rearmouse. 

Re'es-tab'lish (re'gs-tab'lTsh), v. t. To establish 
anew ; to fix or confirm again ; to restore. 

Re'es-tablish-ment (-ment), n. Act of reestablish- 
ing ; state of being reestablished. 

Reeve (rev), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rove (rov) ; p. pr. & 
vb. 71. Reeving.] [See 2d Reef, n. & v. t.] (Xaut.) To 
pass, as the end of a rope, through any hole in a block, 
thimble, cleat, ringbolt, cringle, or the like. 

Reeve, n. [OE. reve, AS. gerefa. Cf. Sheriff.] An 
officer, steward, bailiff, or governor ; — used chiefly in 
compounds. 

Reeve, n. (Zo'ol. ) The female of the ruff. See Ruff. 

Re ex-am i-na'tion (re'egz-Sni'T-na'shun), n. Exami- 
nation again or anew. 

Re ex-am'ine (-Sm'In), v. t. To examine anew. 

Re ex-change' (re'eks-chanj'), v. t. To exchange 
anew ; to reverse (a previous exchange). 

Re'ex-porf (-port'), v. t. To export again, as what 
has been imported. [ported. I 

Re-ex'port (re-eks'port), n. Any commodity reex-| 

Re-fash'ion (re-fash'un), v. t. To fashion anew. 

Re-fecf (re-fekf), v. t. [L. reficere, p. p. -fectus ; pref. 
re- re- + facer e to make.] To restore after hunger or 
fatigue ; to refresh. [^1 rchaic] 

Re-fec'tion (re-fgk'shun), n. Refreshment after hun- 
ger or fatigue ; a repast ; a lunch. 

Re-f ec'tive (re-fek'tiv), a. Refreshing ; restoring. 

Re-fec'tive, n. That which refreshes. 

Re-fec'tO-ry (-to-ry), n. [LL. refectorium.] A room 
for refreshment; orig., a dining hall in monasteries or 
convents. 

Re-fer' (re-feV), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Referred (-ferd') ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Referring.] [F. referer, L. referre ; 
pref. re- re- -\-ferre to bear.] 1. To carry or send back. 
\_Obs.] 2. Hence : To send or direct away, or to another ; 
to make over, or pass over, to another, as for investiga- 
tion or decision of disputed facts. 3. To place in or un- 
der by a mental or rational process ; to assign to. 

Re-fer', v. i. 1. To have recourse ; to appeal ; to be- 
take one's self. 2. To have relation or reference ; to 
relate ; to point. 3. To carry the mind or thought ; to 
direct attention. 4. To direct inquiry for information or 
a guarantee of any kind. 

Syn. — To allude; advert; suggest: appeal. — We re- 
fer to a thing by specifically and distinctly introducing 
it into our discourse. We allude to it by introducing it 
indirectly or indefinitely, as by something collaterally 
allied to it. We advert to it by turning aside to consider 
it more at large. 

Ref er-a-ble (rgfer-a-b'l), a. Capable of being re- 
ferred ; assignable ; ascribable. 

Ref er-ee 7 (-5'), n. One to whom a thing is referred ; 
a person to whom a matter in dispute has been referred, 
in order that he may settle it. 

Syn. — Judge ; arbitrator ; umpire. See Judge. 

Refer-ence (rgfer-ens), n. 1. Act of referring, or 
state of being referred. 2. That which refers to some- 
thing ; a specific direction of the attention. 3. Relation ; 
regard ; respect. 4. One that is referred to. Specif. : 



i 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn. food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



KEFERRIBLE 



684 



REFRAME 



Of whom inquiries can be made as to the integ- 
rity, etc., of another. (6) A work, or a passage 
iu ■ work, to which one is referred. 

Re-fer'ri-ble (r*-fSr / rT4> , l) I </. Referable. 

Re tine' fittuf), v. t. limp. Sep, p. Refined (-find') ; 
. A vb. n. Refining.] [Pref. re- -\- fine to make 
Hue.] 1. To reduce to a tine, unmixed, or pure state ; 
to tree from impurities. 2. To make elegant or excel- 
lent ; to free from rudeness, vulgarity, vice, etc. 

Bj u. To purify ; clarity; polish; ennoble; perfect. 

Re-fine', v. i. 1. To become pure ; to be cleared of 
feculent matter. 2. To improve in accuracy, delicacy, 
or excellence. 3. To affect nicety or subtilty in thought 
or language. 

Re-fined' (-find'), a. Purified ; polished ; cultured ; 
delicate. — Re-fin'ed-ly (re-fin'Sd-ly), adv. — Re-fin'- 
ed-ness. n. 

Re fine'ment (re-fln'nient), n. 1. A refining ; quality 
or state of being refined. 2. That which is refined; 
also, something extremely or needlessly nice ; subtlety. 

Syn.— Purification \ polish ; politeness ; gentility ; ele- 
gance : cultivation ; civilization. 

Re-fin'er (-fln'er), n. One who, or that which, refines. 

Re-fin'er-y (-y), n. The building or apparatus for re- 
finiiie: or purifying, esp. metals and sugar. 

Re-fit' (re-fit'), v. t. 1. To fit or prepare for use 
again ; to repair. 2. To fit out or supply a second time. 

Re-fit', v. i. To obtain repairs or supplies. 

Re-fleet' (re-flgkf), v. t. [inip. & p. p. Reflected ; 
p. pr. & vb. 7i. Reflecting.] [L. refiectere, reflexum; 
pref. re- re- -j- fleeter -e to bend or turn. See Flexible.] 

1. To bend back ; to give a backward turn to ; esp., to 
cause to return after striking upon any surface. 2. To 
give back an image or likeness of ; to mirror. 

Re-flect', v. i. 1. To throw back light, heat, or the 
like. 2. To rebound ; to revert ; to return. 3. To 
throw or turn back the thoughts upon anything ; to con- 
template. Specif. : To attend earnestly to what passes 
within the mind ; to meditate. 4. To cast reproach ; to 
cause censure or dishonor. 

Syn. — To consider ; think ; cogitate ; meditate ; con- 
template ; ponder ; muse ; ruminate. 

Re-flect'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. Capable of being reflected. 

Re-flec'tion (re-flek'shQn), n. 1. Act of reflecting, 
or state of being reflected. Specif. : (a) The return of 
rays, beams, sound, or the like, from a surface, (b) The 
reverting of the mind to that which has already occu- 
pied it ; hence, also, that operation of the mind by which 
it is conscious of its own acts or states ; the capacity for 
judging rationally, esp. in view of a moral rule or stand- 
ard. 2. That which is produced by reflection. Specif. : 
(a) An image given back from a reflecting surface. (b) A 
part reflected, or turned back, at an angle, (c) Result 
of meditation; esp., thoughts suggested by truth. 3. 
Censure ; reproach cast. 

Angle of reflection, the angle which anything reflected 
from a surface makes with a perpendicular to the surface 
at that point. [See Must, under Incidence.] 

Syn.— Meditation; contemplation; rumination; cogi- 
tation ; consideration ; musing ; thinking. 

Re-flect'ive (re-flekt'Tv), a. 1. Throwing back images. 

2. Capable of exercising thought or judgment. 3. Ad- 
dicted to introspective or meditative habits. 4. (Gram.) 
Reflexive.— Re-flect'ive-ly, adv.— Re-flect'ive-ness, n. 

Re-flect'or (-er), n. One that reflects ; specif. : (Physics) 
(a) Something polished for reflecting light or heat, (b) 
A reflecting telescope, (c) A device for reflecting sound. 

Re'flex (re'fle'ks), a. [L. reflexus, p. p. of refiectere. 
See Reflect.] 1. Directed back ; attended by reflection ; 
retroactive ; introspective. 2. Produced in reaction, in 
resistance, or in return. 3. (Physiol.) Of, pertaining 
to, or produced by, stimulus or excitation without the 
necessary intervention of consciousness. 

Re'flex (re'fleks ; formerly re-fleks'), n. 1. Reflec- 
tion ; the light reflected from an illuminated surface to 
one in shade. 2. (Physiol.) An involuntary movement 
produced by reflex action. 

Re-flex' (re-fleks'), v. t. To reflect ; to turn back. 

Re-flex'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. Capable of being reflected, 
or thrown back. — Re-flex i-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-tjf), n. 

Re-flex'ive (-Tv), a. 1. Bending or turned backward ; 
reflective ; having respect to something past. 2. (Gram.) 
Having for its direct object a pronoun which refers to 
the agent or subject as its antecedent; — said of certain 
A pplied also to pronouns of this class. — Re-flex'- 
ive-ly , adv. — Re-flex'ive-ness, n. 

Re-flexly, adv. In a reflex manner ; reflectively. 

Reflu-ence (rSflfi-ens),. Ref'lu-en-cy (-en-sjf), n. 
Quality of being refluent ; a 'flowing back. 



Refluent (rgf'lu-eut), a. [L. refluens, p. pr. of re- 
fiuere to flow back ; pref. re- re- -j-fiuere to flow.] Flow- 
ing back ; returning ; ebbing. 

Re'flux' (re'tiuks'), a. Returning, or flowing back. 

Re'flux 7 , n. A flowing back ; ebb; reaction. 

Re-forge' (re-forj'), v. t. To forge again or anew; 
hence, to make over. 

Re-form' (re-f6rni'), v. t. [F. reformer, L. reformare; 
pref. re- re- -+- formare to form, from forma form.] To 
put into a new and improved form or condition ; to re- 
store to a former good state, or bring from bad to good. 

Syn. — To amend ; correct ; emend ; rectify ; mend ; 
repair ; better ; improve ; restore ; reclaim. 

Re-form', v. i. To return to a good state ; to amend 
or correct one's own character or habits. 

Re-form', n. Amendment of what is defective, vicious, 
corrupt, or depraved ; reformation. 

Syn. — Rectification ; correction. See Reformation. 

Re-form' (re-f 6rin'), v. t. & i. To give a new form to ; 
to form anew ; to take form again, or to take a new form. 

Ref or-ma'tion (ref'or-nia'shun), n. 1. A reforming, 
or state of being reformed ; change from worse to better. 
2. Specif. (Eccl. Hist.), the Protestant religious move- 
ment begun by Martin Luther early in the 16th century. 

Syn. — Reform ; amendment ; correction ; rectifica- 
tion. — Reformation is a more thorough and comprehen- 
sive change than reform. It is applied to subjects that 
are more important, and results in changes which are 
more lasting. A reformation involves, and is followed by, 
many particular reforms. 

Re -for-ma'tion (re'for-ma'shun), n. Act of forming 
anew ; a second forming in order. 

Re-form'a-tive (re-f8rni'a-tiv), c. Forming again ; 
having the quality of renewing form. 

Re-form'a-to-ry (-to-ry), a. Reformative. 

Re-form'a-tO-ry, n. An institution for promoting the 
reformation of offenders. 

Re-formed' (re-f6rrnd'), a. 1. Corrected ; amended ; 
restored to purity or excellence ; specif., designating the 
Protestant churches that separated from Luther on the 
doctrine of consubstantiation, etc., and carried the Ref- 
ormation, as they claimed, to a higher point. 2. Amended 
in character and life. 

Re-form'er (re-f6rm'er), n. One who effects or advo- 
cates a reformation or reform. 

Re-form'ist, n. A reformer. 

Re-found' (re-found'), v. t. To found anew. 

Re-found', imp. & p. p. of Refind, v. I. 

Re-fract' (re-frakf), v. t. limp. & p. p. Refracted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Refracting.] [L. refringere, p. p. -frac- 
tus; pref. re- re- -f frangere to break.] 1. To bend 
abruptly back ; to break off. 2. To turn from a direct 
course, as rays of light or heat, when passing from one 
transparent medium to another of different density. 

Re-frac'tion (re-frSk'shtin), n. Act of re- e 

fracting, or state or degree of being refracted. 

Refractive (re- 
frSkt'iv), a. Serv- 
ing or having power 
to refract; pertain- 
ing to refraction. 

Re-fract'or(-er), 
n. Anything that 
refracts. 

Re -frac' tO-ry • Refraction, 

(-frak'to-ry), a. 1. Solar Ray of Light, separated by a Prism 
Obstinate in diso- into the seven primarv colors, a Inci- 
bedience; co'ntu- dent Ray of Light; v Prism; cd Spec- 
macious ; stubborn ; t " aa ; v Violet ; i Indigo ; 6 Blue; g 
unmanageable. 2. Green; y lellow; ° ° range; r Re(L 
Resisting ordinary treatment ; difficult of fusion, reduc- 
tion, or the like. — Re-frac'to-ri-ly, adv. — Re-frac'to- 
ri-ness, n. 

Syn. — Perverse ; contumacious : unruly : stubborn ; 
obstinate ; unyielding ; ungovernable ; unmanageable. 

Ref'ra-ga-ble (rSf'ra-ga-b'l), a. [LL. refragabilis, 
fr. L. refragari to oppose.] Capable of being refuted. 

Refrain' (re-fran'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Refrained 
(-fraud') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Refraining.] [OF. refrener, 
fr. L. refrenare; pref. re- back + frenum bridle.] To 
hold back ; to restrain ; to keep within prescribed bounds ; 
to curb ; to govern. 

Refrain', v. i. To keep one's self from action or in- 
terference ; to hold aloof ; to forbear ; to abstain. 

Refrain', n. [F. refrain, fr. OF. refraindre, deriv. 
of L. refringere. See Refract.] A phrase or verse 
which recurs at the end of each of the separate stanzas 
or divisions of a poetic composition. 

Re-frame' (re-fram'), v. t. To frame again or anew. 




a, e, 1, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



REFRANGIBILITY 



685 



REGENT 



Re-fran'gi-ble (re-frSn'jT-b'l), ff. [See Refract.] That 
may be refracted. — Re-fran'gi bll'l-ty (-bll'I-ty), n. 

Re-fresh' (re-frgsh'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refreshed 
(-frSshf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Refreshing. ] [OF. re/reach ir ; 
pref. re- re- -\-fres fresh.] 1. To make fresh again ; to 
relieve from fatigue or depression ; to enliven anew ; to 
reanimate. 2. To make as if new ; to repair ; to restore. 

Syn. — To cool ; refrigerate; invigorate; revive; re- 
animate ; renovate ; renew ; recreate ; enliven ; cheer. 

Re-fresh'er (-er), n. 1. One that refreshes. 2. (Law) 
An extra fee paid to counsel in a protracted case. 

Re freshing, a. Reviving ; reanimating. — Re- 
fresh'ing-ly, adv. — Refreshing ness. «. 

Re fresh'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of refreshing, or 
state of being refreshed. 2. That which refreshes ; esp., 
an article of food or drink. 

Re-frig'er-ant (re-frTj'er-rtnt), a. [L. refrigcrans. 
See Refrigerate.] Cooling ; allaying heat or fever. — 
n. That which makes cool or cold. 

Re-frig'er-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refriger- 
ated (-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Refrigerating.] [L. re- 
frigerare, p. p. -atus ; pref. re- re- -+- Jrigernre to make 
cool, fr. frigus coolness.] To make or keep cold or cool. 

Re-frig'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act or process of re- 
frigerating or cooling ; state of being cooled. 

Re-frig'er-a-tive (re-frTj'er-a-tTv), a. Cooling ; allay- 
ing heat. —■». A refrigerant. 

Re-frig'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. That which refrigerates ; 
specif., a box or room for keeping food or other articles 
cool, usually by means of ice. 

Re-frin'gent (-frtn'jent), a. [L. refringens, p. pr. of 
refringere. See Refract.] Refractive ; refracting. 

"Reft (reft), imp. &p. p. of Reave. Bereft. 

Refuge (rgf'uj), n. [F. refuge, L. refugium, fr. re- 
fugere to flee back ; pref. re- -\-fugere.~] 1. Shelter or 
protection from danger or distress. 2. That which shel- 
ters or protects from danger, or from distress or calam- 
ity ; a stronghold ; a sanctuary. 3. An expedient to se- 
cure protection or defense. 

Syn. — Shelter ; asylum; retreat; covert. 

Refu-gee' (refu-je'), n. [F. refugie.~\ One who 
flees to a shelter, or place of safety ; esp., one who flees 
on account of religious or political persecution. 

Re-ful'gence (re-ful'jens), ) n. Quality or state of be- 

Re-ful'gen-cy (-jen-sy), j ing refulgent ; bril- 
liancy ; splendor ; radiance. 

Re-ful'gent (re-fiil'jent), a. [L. refulgens, p. pr. of 
refulgere to flash back ; pref. re- re- -f- fulgere to shine.] 
Casting a bright light ; radiant ; brilliant ; shining ; 
splendid. — Re-ful'gent-ly, adv. 

Re-fund' (re-fund'), v. t. To fund again ; to replace 
(a fund or loan) by a new fund. 

Re-fund' (re-fund'), v. t. [L. refundere ; pref. re- 
re- + fundere to pour.] 1. To pour back. [065.] 2. 
To give back ; to repay ; to restore. 

Re fur'nish (re-ffir'nish), v. t. To furnish again. 

Re-fus'a-ble (re-fuz'a-b'l'), a. That may be refused. 

Re-fus'al (-ffl), n. 1. Act of refusing. 2. Right of 
taking in preference to others ; choice of taking or re- 
fusing ; option. 

Re-fuse' (re-fiiz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refused (-fuzd'); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Refusing.] [F. refuser, either deriv. of 
L. refundere (see 2d Refund) or fr. L. recusare to de- 
cline, refuse, influenced by L. refutare to drive back, 
refute.] 1. To deny, as a request, demand, invitation, 
or command ; to decline to door grant. 2. {Mil.) To 
throw back, or cause to keep back, out of the regular 
alignment. 3. To decline to accept ; to reject ; to deny 
the request or petition of. 

Re-fuse', v. i. To deny compliance ; not to comply. 

Refuse (rgf'us), n. That which is refused or re- 
jected as useless ; waste or worthless matter. 

Syn. — Dregs ; sediment ; scum ; recrement ; dross. 

Refuse, a. Refused ; rejected ; hence, being of no 
value ; worthless. 

Re-fus'er (re-fuz'er), n. One who refuses or rejects. 

Re-fu'sion (re-fu'zhun), n. [Pref. re- -f- fusion.'] 
1. New or repeated melting. 2. Restoration. 

Re-fut'a-ble (re-fut'a-b'i), a. That may be refuted. 

Ref u-ta'tion (rgf'u-ta'shun), n. Act of refuting, or 
state of being refuted ; proof of falsehood or error. 

Re-fut'a-tO-ry (re-fiifa-to-ry), a. Tending to refute. 

Re-fute' (re-fuf), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Refuted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Refuting.] [F. refuter, L. refutare to repel, 
refute. Cf. Confute.] To disprove and overthrow by 
argument, evidence, or countervailing proof ; to prove 
to be false or erroneous. 

Syn. — To confute ; disprove. See Confute. 



Re-fut'er (re-f iit'er), n. One that refutes. 

Regain' (re-gan'), v. t. To gain anew ; to recover. 

Re'gal (rg'g'il), a. [L. regalis, fr. rex, regis, a. king.] 
Of or pertaining to a king ; kingly ; royal. 

Syn. — Kingly ; royal. See Kingly. 

Re-gale' (re-gal'), r. t. [imp. Sip. p. Regaled (-gald'); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Regaling.] [F. reguler, Sp. regular to 
regale, to caress, to melt; of uncertain origin.] To en- 
tertain in a regal or sumptuous manner, or with some- 
thing that delights ; to gratify ; to refresh. 

Re-gale', v. t. To feast ; to fare sumptuously. 

Re-gale'ment (-ment), n. Act of regaling ; anything 
which regales ; refreshment; entertainment. 

Re-ga'li-a (re-ga'll-a), n. pi. [LL., fr. L. rrgalis 
regal.] 1. That which belongs to royalty, 
(a) The rights and prerogatives of a king. (6) Royal 
estates and revenues, (c) Ensigns, symbols, or para- 
phernalia of royalty. 2. Hence, decorations or insignia 
of an office or order. [sovereign jurisdiction. I 

Re-gal'1-ty (re-gJU'T-ty), n. Royalty ; sovereignty ; | 

Re'gal-ly (re'grd-ty), adv. In a regal or royal manner. 

Re-gard' (re-gard'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Regarded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Regarding.] [F. regarder ; pref. re- re- -f- 
garder to guard, heed, keep. SeeGuARD.] 1. To keep in 
view ; to behold ; to view. 2. To observe attentively ; to 
give attention to. 3. To look upon, as in a certain re- 
lation ; to hold as an opinion ; to consider. 4. To con- 
sider and treat. 5. To treat as something of peculiar 
value, sanctity, or the like ; to care for. 6. To take 
into consideration ; to take account of. 7. To have re- 
lation to, as bearing upon ; to relate to. 

Syn. — To consider ; observe ; remark ; heed ; mind ; 
respect ; esteem ; estimate ; value. See Attend. 

Re-gard', n. 1. A look ; view ; gaze. 2. Attention 
of the mind with a feeling of interest ; heed ; notice. 
3. That view of the mind which springs from perception 
of value, estimable qualities, etc. ; respect ; esteem ; 
reverence ; affection. 4. State of being regarded, 
whether favorably or otherwise ; estimation ; repute. 
5. Consideration ; thought ; reflection ; heed. 6. Re- 
spect ; relation ; reference. 

ffg^* The phrase in regard of was formerly used as 
equivalent to on account of, but in modern usage is often 
improperly substituted for in respect to, or in regard to. 
7. Object of sight ; scene ; view ; aspect, [i?.] 

Syn. — Observance ; care ; concern ; attachment. 

Re-gard'ant (-«nt), a. [F.] Looking behind ; look- 
ing backward watchfully. 

Re-gard'er (re-gard'er), n. One who regards. 

Re-gard'ful (-ful), a. Heedful ; attentive ; observ- 
ant. — Re-gard'fui-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Mindful ; heedful ; attentive ; observant. 

Re-gard'lng, prep. Concerning ; respecting. 

Re-gard'less, a. Having no regard ; heedless. — Re- 
gard'less-ly, adv. — Re-gard'less-ness, n. 

Syn. — Heedless ; negligent ; careless ; indifferent ; 
unconcerned ; inattentive ; unobservant ; neglectful. 

Re-gath'er (re-g5th'er), v. t. To gather again. 

Re-gat'ta (re-gSt'ta), n. [It. regatta, regata.'] Orig., 
a gondola race in Venice ; now, a rowing or sailing race, 
or a series of such races. 

Re ge-la'tion (re'je-la'shun or rgj'e-), n. [Pref. re- 
+ L. gelatio a freezing.] {Physics) Act or process of 
freezing anew, or together, as two pieces of moist ice. 

Re'gen-cy (re'jen-s^), n. [See Regent, a.] 1. The 
office of ruler; rule; authority. 2. Esp., deputed or 
vicarious government. 3. A body of men intrusted with 
vicarious government. [generated. I 

Re-gen'er-a-cy (re-jen'er-a-sy\ Ji. State of being re-| 

Re-gen'er-ate (-at), a. [L. regenerare, p. p. -atus; 
pref. re- re- + generate to beget.] 1. Reproduced. 
2. {Theol.) Born anew; changed from a natural to a 
spiritual state. — Re-gen'er-ate-ness (-at-ngs), n. 

Re-gen'er-ate (re-jgn'er-at), V. t. 1. To generate or 
produce anew ; to reproduce ; to give new life, strength, 
or vigor to. 2. {Theol.) To cause to be spiritually born 
anew ; to implant holy affections in the heart of. Also 
used figuratively. [or state of being regenerated. I 

Re-gen er-a'tion (-a'shun), ». Act of regenerating,! 

Re-gen'er-a-tlve (re-jSu'er-a-tTv), a. Of or pert, to 
regeneration ; tending to regenerate. [renews. I 

Re-gen'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One that regenerates or| 

Re'gent (re'jent), a. [L. regens, -ends, p. pr. of re- 
vere to rule.] 1. Ruling; governing; regnant. 2. Ex- 
ercising vicarious authority. 

Re'gent, ». 1. One who rules or reigns, esp. vicari- 
ously. 2. One of a governing board ; a trustee or over- 
seer. 3. {Eng. Univ.) A resident master of arts of lesf 
than five years' standing, or a doctor of less than two. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



REGENTSHIP 



686 



REHEARSER 



R 



Re'gent-ship (rVJent-ahYp), n. Office of a regent. 
Re germinate (i^jSrtnl-nlt), v. i. To germinate 

Re-ger mi-na'tion (-jer ml-na'shun), n. A germinat- 
ing again or anew. 

Reg'i-ci dal (i€jf-al dal), a. Pertaining to regicide, 
or to one committing it ; resembling regicide. 

Reg'1-cide ^rgj'T-sid), n. [L. rex, regis, king + caedere 
to kill.] 1. One who kills or who murders a king ; specif. 
(Eng. Hist A, one of the judges who condemned Charles I. 
to death. 2. The killing or the murder of a king. 

R6 glme'(ri zhem'), "• [F. See Regimen.] Mode 
or system of rule or management ; character of govern- 
ment, or of the prevailing social system. 

Reg'i-men (rgj'I-mgn), ?i. [L. regimen, -inis, fr. re- 
gere to guide, to rule.] 1. Orderly government ; system 
of order ; administration. 2. Any regulation or remedy 
which is intended to produce beneficial effects by grad- 
ual operation ; esp. (Med.), a systematic course of diet. 

Reg'i-ment (-nient), n. [Through F. fr. L. regimen- 
tum government, fr. regere to guide, rule.] 1. Govern- 
ment. [06*.] 2. (Mil.) A military body, usually ten 
companies, commanded by a colonel. 

Reg i-men'tal (-mgn'tol), a. Belonging to, or con- 
cerning, a regiment, — n. pi. {Mil.) The uniform of a 
regiment ; military dress. 

Re'gion (re'jun), n. [F. region, fr. L. regio direc- 
tion, boundary line, region, fr. regere to guide, direct.] 
1. A portion of space or territory of indefinite extent ; 
country ; province ; district ; tract. 2. Neighborhood ; 
vicinity ; sphere. 3. The inhabitants of a district. 

Reg'is-ter (rgj'Ts-ter), n. [Through F. fr. L. regesta, 
pi., fr. regerere, regestum, to carry back, to register; 
pref. re- re- -f- gerere to carry.] 1. A written account 
or entry; memorial record; list or roll. 2. (Com.) A 
certificate issued by a customs officer to the owner of a 
vessel, containing its description and serving to show its 
nationality and ownership. 3. One who registers or 
records; esp., a public officer having such duties. 4. 
That which registers or records ; — specifically applied to 
various mechanical contrivances. 5. A kind of valve 
for regulating a supply of air, heat, etc. 6. (Print.) 
The correspondence of pages, columns, or lines on the 
opposite or reverse sides of a printed sheet ; or the 
proper adjustment of different impressions, esp. of col- 
ors. 7. (Mus.) (a) The compass of a voice or instru- 
ment ; a series of vocal tones of a given compass, (b) 
A stop or set of pipes in an organ. 

Syn.— Catalogue ; archives ; annals. See List. 

Reg'is-ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Registered (-terd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Registering.] 1. To enter in a register ; 
to record formally. 2. To enroll ; to enter in a list. 

Reg'is-ter, v. i. 1. To register one's name. 2. (Print.) 
To correspond in relative position. See Register, n., 6. 

Reg'is-ter-ship, n. The office of a register. 

Registrant (-trant), n. One who registers; esp., 
one who obtains a certain right or title by registering. 

Reg'is-trar (-trar), n. One who registers ; a keeper 
of records. 

Reg is-tra'tion (-tra'shun), n. A registering ; registry. 

Reg'is-try (rgj'is-try), n. 1. Act of registering any- 
thing ; enrollment ; registration. 2. The place where a 
register is kept. 3. A record ; a register. 

Reglet (rgg'let), n. [F. reglet, dim. of regie a rule, 
L. regula."] 1. (Arch.) A flat, narrow molding. 2. 
(Print.) A strip of wood or metal used to fill a blank. 

Reg'nan-cy (-nan-sy), n. State or quality of being 
regnant ; sovereignty ; rule. 

Reg'nant (-nant), a. [L. regnans, -antis, p. pr. See 
Reign.] 1. Exercising regal authority ; reigning ; sov- 
ereign. 2. Having the chief power ; ruling ; predomi- 
nant ; prevalent. 

Re-gorge' (re-gSrj 7 ), v - <• [F. regorger ; re- + gorger 
to gorge.] 1. To vomit up. 2. To swallow again. 

Re-grant' (re-grant 7 ), v. I. To grant back ; to grant 
again or anew. 

Re-grate 7 (re-graf), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Regrated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Regrating.] [F. regratter, lit., to scrape 
again. See Re-; Grate, v. '.] (Masonry) To freshen 
by removing the outer surface, as an old hewn stone. 

Re-grate', v. t. [F. regratter to regrate provisions ; 
of uncertain origin.] (Eng*. Law) To buy in large quan- 
tities, with the intention of selling the same again, in or 
near the same place, at a higher price. 

Re-grat'er C-er), n. One who regrates. 

Re'gress (re^grSs), n. [L. regressus, fr. regredi, re- 
gressus, to go back ; re- re- -\- gradi to go.] Act or lib- 
erty of passing back ; return ; retrogression. 



Re-gres'sion (re-grgsh'un), n. Act of passing back 
or returning ; retrogression ; retrogradation. [ing. I 

Re-gress'ive (re-grgs'Iv), a. Passing back ; return- 

Re-gret' (re-grgf), n. [F., fr. regretler, OF. regreter, 
to regret ; L. re- re--j- a word of Teutonic origin.] Pain 
of mind because of something done or experienced in the 
past, with a wish that it had been different ; grief ; sorrow. 

Syn. —Grief; concern; sorrow; lamentation; repent- 
ance ; penitence ; self-condemnation. — Regret does not 
carry with it the energy of remorse, the sting of compunc- 
tion, the saeredness of contrition, or the practical charac- 
ter of repentance. We even apply the term regret to cir- 
cumstances over which we have had no control, as the 
absence of friends. When connected with ourselves, it 
relates rather to unwise acts than to wrong or sinful ones. 

Re-gret', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regretted (-tgd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Regretting.] To experience regret on ac- 
count of ; to feel sorrow or dissatisfaction on account of 
(the happening or the loss of something). 

Re-gret'ful (-ful), a. Full of regret ; indulging in re- 
grets; repining. —Re-gret'ful-ly, adv. 

Re-gret'ta-ble (-ta-b'l), a. Admitting of, or deserv- 
ing, regret. — Re-gret'ta-bly, adv. 

Reg'u-lar (rgg'u-ler), a. [L. regularis, fr. regula a 
rule, fr. regere to guide, to rule. See Rule.] 1. Con- 
formed to a rule ; agreeable to an established rule, law, 
principle, custom, or type. 2. Governed by rule or rules ; 
not subject to unexplained or irrational variation ; order- 
ly ; methodical. 3. Constituted, selected, or conducted, 
in an established manner. 4. Thorough ; complete. [Col- 
loq.] 5. (Bot. & Zo'dl.) Having all the parts of the same 
kind alike in size and shape. 

Regular troops, troops of a standing or permanent army ; 
— distinguished from militia. 

Syn. — Normal ; orderly ; methodical. See Normal. 

Reg'U-lar (rgg'u-ler), 7i. 1. (E. C. Ch.) A member 
of a religious order or community who has taken the vows 
of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and who has been 
solemnly recognized by the church. 2. (Mil.) A soldier 
belonging to a standing army. [regular. I 

Reg'u-lar'i-ty (-lar'T-ty), n. State or quality of being| 

Reg'u-lar-ly (-ler-ly), adv. In a regular manner. 

Reg'u-lar-ness, n. Regularity. 

Reg'u-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regulated (-15'- 
tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Regulating.] [L. regulare, p. p. 
-atus, fr. regula. See Regular.] 1. To adjust by rule, 
method, or established mode ; to subject to governing 
principles or laws. 2. To put in good order ; to order. 

Syn. — To dispose; methodize; direct; rule; govern. 

Reg u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act of regulating, or 
state of being regulated. 2. A rule or order prescribed 
for management or government. 

Syn. — Rule ; method ; principle ; precept. See Law. 

Reg'U-la-tive (rgg'u-la-tiv), a. Tending to regulate. 

Reg'u-la'tor (-la'ter), n. 1. One that regulates. 2. 
(3fach.) A contrivance for regulating and controlling mo- 
tion. 3. A timepiece used as a standard of correct time. 

Reg'u-lus (-lus), n. ; pi. E. Reguluses (-ez), L. Reg- 
uli (-li). [L., a petty king, prince, dim. of rex, regis, a 
king.] 1. A petty king. 2. (Chem. & Metal.) The but- 
ton, globule, or mass of metal, which forms in the bottom 
of the cruoible in smelting and reduction of ores. 

Re-gur'gi-tate (re-gfir'jT-tat), v. t. & i. [LL. regur- 
gitare, regurgitatum ; L. pref. re- re- -f- gurges, -itis, a 
gulf.] To throw, pour, or surge back, as from a deep place. 

Re-gur'gi-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of flowing or 
pouring back by the orifice of entrance. 2. Act of swal- 
lowing again ; reabsorption. 

Re ha-bil'i-tate (re'ha-bTl'i-tat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Rehabilitated (-ta'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rehabilita- 
ting. ] To invest or clothe again with some right, author- 
ity, or dignity ; to reinstate ; to qualify again. 

Re ha-bil i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of rehabilitating, 
or state of being rehabilitated. 

Re-hash' (re-hash'), v. t. To hash or use over again. 

Re-hash', n. Something hashed or used over. 

Re-hear' (re-her'), v. t. To hear again. 

Re-hears'al (re-hers'al), n. Act of rehearsing. 

Re-hearse 7 (re-hers'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rehearsed 
(-hersf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rehearsing.] [OF. reherser, 
rehercier, to harrow over again ; pref. re- re- + hercier 
to harrow, fr. herce a harrow. See Hearse.] 1. To re- 
peat, as what has been already said ; to tell over again ; 
to recite. 2. To narrate ; to relate. 3. To recite or 
repeat in private for experiment and improvement, in 
preparation for a public representation. 

Syn.— To recapitulate ; recount ; detail ; describe ; telL 

Re-hearse 7 , v. i. To recite something for practice. 

Re-hears'er (-er), n. One who rehearses. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, £, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, event, idea, 6 bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



REI 



687 



RELAX 



Rel (re), n. ; pi. Reis (ra'Ts or rez). [Pg. real, pi. reis."] 
A Portuguese money of account, in value about one mill. 

II Reicns'rattV (riks'raV), n. [G.] The parliament of 
Austria (exclusive of Hungary, which has its Diet). 

II Reichs'stadt' (rlks'staf), n. [G.] A free city of 
the former German empire. 

II Relchs'tag' (rlks'tag'), n. [G.] The Diet, or House 
of Representatives, of the German empire, which is com- 
posed of members elected by the people. 

Rei'gle (re'g'l), n. [F. regie rule, fr. L. regula. See 
Rule.] A hollow cut or channel for guiding anything. 

Reign (ran), n. [OF. reigne, regne, fr. L. regnum, 
fr. rex, regis, a king, fr. regere to guide, rule.] 1. Royal 
authority ; supreme power ; sovereignty ; rule ; domin- 
ion. 2. The time during which a king, queen, or em- 
peror possesses supreme authority. 

Reign (ran), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reigned (rand) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Reigning.] 1. To possess or exercise 
sovereign power or authority ; to hold supreme power ; 
to rule. 2. Hence, to be predominant ; to prevail. 3. 
To have superior or uncontrolled dominion ; to rule. 

Syn.— To rule ; govern ; direct ; control ; prevail. 

Re im-burse' (re'Im-bfirs'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reim- 
bursed (-burst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reimbursing.] 1. To 
replace in a treasury or purse, as an equivalent for what 
has been taken ; to refund ; to pay back ; to restore. 
2. To pay back to ; to indemnify. 

Re'im -burse'ment (-bfirs'inent), n. A reimbursing. 

Re im-burs'er (-bfirs'er), n. Oue who reimburses. 

Re / im-port' (-port'), v. t. To import again ; to import 
what has been exported. 

Rein (ran), n. [F. rene, deriv. of L. relinere to hold 
back. See Retain.] 1. The strap of a bridle, by which 
the rider or driver governs the horse. 2. Hence, an in- 
strument or means of curbing, restraining, or governing. 

Rein, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Reined (rand) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Reining.] 1. To govern or direct with the reins. 
2. To restrain ; to control ; to check. 

Rein'deer (ran'deV), n. [Icel. kreinn reindeer (of 
Lapp or Finnish origin) -j- E. deer.~\ 
(Zo'dl.) A ruminant of the Deer 
family, found in the colder parts 
of both hemispheres. 

Re in-force' (re'Tn-fors'), v. t. 
See Rebnporce, v. t. 

Reins(ranz),n.pZ. 
[F. rein, pi. reins, 
fr. L. ren, pi. renes.~\ 
1. The kidneys ; also, 
the region of the 
kidneys ; loins. 2. 
Inward impulses ; af- 
fections and passions. 

R e in-spect' 
(re'In-spSkf), v. t. 
To inspect again. 

Rein-stall' 
(-stal'), v. t. To in- 
stall again. 

Re'in-state 7 (-stat'), v. t. To instate again. 

Re in-sur'ance (-shur'ans), n. 1. Insurance a second 
time or again. 2. A contract by which an insurer is in- 
sured against risk incurred in insuring somebody else. 

Re in- sure' (-shur'), v. t. To effect a reinsurance of. 

Re-in'te-grate (re-Tn'te-grat), v. t. To renew with re- 
gard to any state or quality ; to restore ; to reestablish. 

Re'in-vest' (re'Tn-vgst'), v. t. To invest again. 

Re in vest'ment (-vgst'ment), n. Act of reinvesting. 

Re in-vig^or-ate (-vTg'er-at), v. t. To invigorate anew. 

II Re'is (ra'Ts or rez), n. See Rei. 

Reis (ris), n. [Ar. ra'is head, chief, prince.] A com- 
mon title in the East for a person in authority. 

Re-is'sue (re-Tsh'u), v. t. & i. To issue a second time. 

Re-is'sue, n. A second or repeated issue. 

Re-it'er-ate (re-Ifer-at), v. t. To repeat again and 
again ; sometimes, to repeat. 

Syn. — To repeat ; recapitulate ; rehearse. 

Re-it' er-a'tion (-a'shvin), n. Act of reiterating ; that 
which is reiterated. 

Re-Ject'(re-jekt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rejected; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Rejecting.] [L. rejectus, p. p. of reicere, rejicere; 
pref. re- re- +■ jacere to throw.] 1. To cast from one ; 
to discard. 2. To refuse to receive or to acknowledge ; 
to repudiate. 3. To refuse to grant. — Re-ject'er (-er), n. 

Syn. — To repel ; renounce ; rebuff ; refuse ; decline. 

Re-Ject'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may or ought to be re- 
jected, [being rejected. I 

Re-Jec'tion (re-jSk'shQn), n. A rejecting; state of | 




European Reindeer (Rangifer 
tarandus). 



Rejoice' (rfc-jois'), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Rejoiced 
(-joist'); p. pr. & vb. n. Rejoicing (-joi'slng).] LOF. 
rexjti/tir, re.ynir, pref. re- te--\-esjouir, esjoir, to rejoice ; 
pref. M- (L. is-) -j- jouir, joi> . See Joy.] To feel, or 
cause to feel, joy ; to experience gladness in a high degree. 

Syn. - To delight ; joy ; exult ; triumph ; please ; cheer ; 
exhilarate ; deliyht. 

Re loi'cer (re-joi'aer), n. One who rejoices. 

Re Joi'cing (-sing), 7i. 1. Joy; gladness; delight. 
2. The expression of joy or gladness. 3- That which 
causes to rejoice. 

Re-joi'cing-ly, adv. With joy or exult ion, 

Re-Join' (rt-join'), v. t. 1. To join a^ain ; to unite 
after separation. 2. To join the company of agaiu. 3. 
To state in reply. 

Re-join', v. i. 1. To answer to a reply. 2. (Law) 
To answer, as the defendant to the plaintiff's replication. 

Re-Join'der (-der), it. 1. An answer, esp. to a reply. 
2. (Law) The defendant's answer to the plaintiff's rep- 
lication. 

Syn. — Reply ; answer ; replication. See Reply. 

Re-joint' ( re-joint'), v. t. 1. To reunite the joints of. 

2. Specif. (Arch.), to repair the joints of with fresh 
mortar. [amine. 

Re-judge' (re-jQj'),_v. t. To judge again; to reex-; 

Re-ju've-nate (re-ju've-nat), v. t. [Pref. re- + L. ju- 
venis young, youthful.] To render young again. 

Re-jU've-nes'cence (-nSs'sens), n. A renewing of 
youth ; state of being or growing young again. 

Re-ju've-nes'cent (-sent), a. Becoming, or causing 
to become, rejuvenated ; rejuvenating. 

Re-kin'dle (re-kin'd'l), v. t. & i. To kindle again. 

Re-laid' (re-lad'), imp. &p.p. of Relay. 

Re-lapse' (re-laps'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Relapsed 
(-lSpsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Relapsing.] [L. relabi, p. p. 
-lapsus; re- re- -j- labi to fall, slip, slide. See Lapse.] 
1. To slip back. [Obs.] 2. Fig. : To slide or turn back 
into a former state or practice ; — generally in a bad sense. 

3. (Theol.) To fall from Christian faith ; to backslide. 
Re-lapse', n. A sliding or falling back, esp. into a 

former bad state, either of body or morals ; state of hav- 
ing fallen back. 

Re-laps'er (-ISps'er), n. One who relapses. 

Re-late' (re-laf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Related ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Relating.] [F. relater to recount, LL. relatare, 
fr. L. relatus, as p. p. of referre. See Re- ; Tolerate.] 
1. To restore. [Obs.~\ 2. To recount ; to narrate ; to 
tell over. 3. To ally by connection or kindred. 

Syn. —To recite ; rehearse; report; detail; describe. 

Re-late', v. i. To have relation ; to pertain ; to refer. 

Re-lat'ed (-lat'gd), p. p. & a. 1. Allied ; kindred ; 
connected by blood or affinity. 2. Standing in relation 
or connection. 

Re-lat'er (-er), n. One who relates or narrates. 

Re-la'tion (re-la'shun), n. 1. Act of relating or tell- 
ing ; also, that which is related. 2. State of being re- 
lated or of referring; the being such and such with 
regard or respect to some other thing ; connection. 3. 
Reference ; respect ; regard. 4. Connection by con- 
sanguinity or affinity ; kinship. 5. A person counected 
by consanguinity or affinity. 6. (Laic) (a) The carrying 
back of, and giving effect or operation to, an act or pro- 
ceeding, as if it had happened or begun at a prior time. 
(b) The act of a relator at whose instance a suit is begun. 

Syn. — Recital ; rehearsal ; narration ; account ; narra- 
tive ; tale ; detail ; description ; kindred ; consanguinity ; 
affinity ; kinsman ; kinswoman. 

Re-la'tion-al (-o\), a. 1. Having relation or kindred ; 
related. 2. Indicating or specifying some relation. 

Re-la'tion-ship, n. State of being related. 

Rel'a-tive (rSl'a-tlv), a. 1. Having relation or refer- 
ence ; referring ; pertaining. 2. Resulting from connec- 
tion with, or reference to, something else ; not absolute. 
3. (Gram.) Indicating or expressing relation ; referring 
to an antecedent. — Rel'a-tive-ly, adi . — Rel'a-tive- 
ness, n. 

Rel'a-tive, ». One who, or that which, relates to, or 
is considered in its relation to, something else. Specif. : 
(a) A person connected by blood or affinity ; strictly, one 
allied by blood, (b) (Gram.) A relative pronoun. 

Rera-tiv'i-ty (-tlv'T-ty), n. State of being relative. 

Re-lat'or (re-lat'er), n. [L.] 1. One who relates ; a 
relater. 2. (Law) A private person at whose instance, 
or in whose behalf, the attorney-general allows an in- 
formation in the nature of a quo icarranto to be filed. 

Re-lax' (re-15ks'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relaxed 
(-lXksf) ; .P- pr. & vb. 71. Relaxing.] [L. rehuare ; 
pref. re- re- + laxare to loose, to slacken, from laxus 



i 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



RELAX 



688 



RELUCTANCY 



loose.] 1- To make lax or loose ; to slacken ; to loosen ; 
to open. 2. To make lannwe or rigorous. 3. Hence, 

to relieve the strain upon (.the mind, attention, etc.) ; to 
I o remit. 4. To relieve from constipation ; to open. 
To loose : abate ; mitigate ; ease ; unbend. 

Re-lax' (.re-hlks'). r. /. 1. To become lax, WOak, or 
loose. 2. To abate in severity. 3. To remit attention 
or effort : to become less diligent. 

Re-lax'a-ble (,-a-b'l), a. Capable of being relaxed. 

Relax-a'tion (ri lSks-a'shun), n. Act or process of 
relaxing, or state of being relaxed ; specif., indulgence 
in recreation, diversion, or amusement. 

Re-lay' (re-la'), »■ *• To lay again or a second time. 

Re-lay' (re-la'), v. [F. relais, fr. OF. relaissier to 
abandon, release, fr. L. relaxare. See Relax.] 1. A 
supply Of anything arranged beforehand for affording re- 
lief from time to time, or at successive stages ; provision 
for successive relief. 2. {Elec.) In various forms of 
telegraphic apparatus, a magnet which receives the cir- 
cuit current, and when magnetized by it brings into 
action the power of a local battery or opens a new circuit. 

Re-ieas'a-ble (re-les'a-b'l), a. That may be released. 

Re-lease' (redes'), v. t. To lease again. 

Re-lease' (redes'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Released (re- 
lest') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Releasing.] [OF. relaissier to 
release, to let free. See Relay, n., and Relax.] 1. To let 
loose again ; to free from restraint, confinement, or serv- 
itude ; to let go ; to loose ; to liberate. 2. To relieve 
from something that confines, burdens, or oppresses. 
3. {Lau) To let go, as a legal claim ; to relinquish. 

Syn. — To discharge; disengage; extricate; quit; acquit. 

Re-lease', n. 1. Act of letting loose or freeing, or 
state of being let loose or freed. 2. Relief from care, 
pain, or any burden. 3. Discharge from obligation or re- 
sponsibility ; acquittance. 4. {Laio) A giving up or relin- 
quishment of some right or claim. 

Syn. — Liberation ; freedom ; discharge. See Death. 

Re-leas'ee' (re-les'e'), n. One to whom a release is 
given. 

Re-lease'ment (-les'ment), n. A releasing ; release. 

Re-leas'er (-er), n. One who releases, or sets free. 

Re-leas'or (-or), n. One by whom a release is given. 

Rel'e-gate (rel'e-gat), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Relegated 
(-ga'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rblegating.] [L. relegare, 
p. p. -atus ; pref . re- re- -4- legare to send with a com- 
mission. See Legate.] To remove, usually to an infe- 
rior position ; to consign ; to transfer ; specif., to send 
into exile ; to banish. [being relegated. | 

Rel e-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. A relegating; state of | 

Re-lent' (re-lent'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Relented ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Relenting.] [F. ralentir, fr. L. pref. re- 
re- -4- ad to -4- lentus pliant, slow.] 1. To become less 
rigid or hard. [06s.] 2. To become less severe or 
intense ; to become less hard, harsh, cruel, or the like. 

Re-lent'less, a. Unmoved by appeals for sympathy 
or forgiveness ; implacable ; unyielding ; unpitying. — 
Relentlessly, adv. — Re-lentless-ness, n. 

Re lessee' (re'les-se'), n. See Releasee. 

Re'les-sor' (-s8r'), n. See Releasoe. 

Re-let' (re-let'), v. t. To let anew, as a house. 

Rel'e-vance (rel'e-vans), ) n. Quality or state of be- 

Rel'e-van-cy (-van-sy), ) ing relevant. 

Rel'e-vant (-vant), a. [F. relevant, p. pr. of relever 
to raise again, to relieve. See Relieve.] 1. Relieving. 
[R.~\ 2. Bearing upon, or properly applying to, the case 
in hand ; pertinent ; applicable. — Rel'e-vant-ly, adv. 

Re-li'a-ble (re-li'a-b'l), a. Suitable or fit to be relied 
on ; worthy of dependence or reliance ; trustworthy. — 
Re-H'a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty), Re-li'a-ble-ness, n. — Re- 
li'a-bly, adv. 

C^T* Exception has been taken to reliable, but it is 
analogous to laughable, available, dispensable, etc., all in 
good usage. 

Re-li'ance (-ans), n. 1. Act of relying, or state or 
quality of being reliant ; dependence ; confidence ; trust. 
2. Anything on which to rely ; dependence. 

Re-U'ant (-ant), a. Having, or characterized by, reli- 
ance; confident; trusting. 

Rel'lc (rel'ik), n. [F. relique, from L. reliquiae, pi., 
akin to relinquere to leave behind. See Relinquish.] 

1. That which is left after loss or decay; a remnant. 

2. The body from which the soul has departed : esp., 
the body, or some part of the body, of a deceased saint 
or martyr ; — usually in pi. 3. Hence, a memorial ; 
anything preserved in remembrance. 

Rel'ict (-Tkt), n. [L. relicta, f. of relietus, p. p. of re- 
Unquere. See Relinquish.] A widow. 

Relief (re-lef), n. [F. relief, prop., a lifting up, a 



standing out. See Relieve.] 1. Act of relieving, or 
state of being relieved ; removal, or partial removal, of 
any evil or burden. 2. Release from a post, or a duty. 

3. That which removes or lessens evil, pain, discomfort, 
uneasiness, burden of duty, etc. ; a relay. 4. {Sculp. & 
Arch.) The projection of a figure above the ground or 
plane on which it is formed. 5. {Paint.) The appear- 
ance of projection given by shading, shadow, etc., to any 
figure. 6. {Physical Geog.) The elevations and surface 
undulations of a country. 

Syn. — Alleviation ; mitigation ; aid ; help ; succor ; 
assistance ; remedy ; redress ; indemnification. 

Re-li'er (re-li'er), n. One who relies. [lieved. I 

Re-liev'a-ble (re-lev'a-b'l), a. That may be re-| 

Re-lieve' (ve-leV), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relieved 
(-levd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Relieving.] [F. relever to 
raise again, discharge, relieve, fr. L. relevare to lift up, 
raise, make light, relieve ; pref. re- re- -4- lavare to raise, 
fr. levis light.] 1. To cause to rise. [Obs.~\ 2. To 
cause to seem to rise ; to set off by contrast ; to intro- 
duce a contrast or variety into. 3. To raise or remove, 
as anything which depresses, weighs down, or crushes ; 
to render less burdensome or afflicting. 4. To give ease, 
comfort, or consolation to ; to support, strengthen, or 
deliver ; to ease of a burden or grievance. 5. To release 
from a post, station, or duty ; to put another in place of. 

Syn. — To alleviate ; assuage ; succor ; assist ; aid ; 
help ; support ; sustain ; ease ; mitigate ; lighten ; di- 
minish ; remove ; free ; remedy ; redress ; indemnify. 

Re-llev'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, relieves. 

Re-lie'VO (re-le'vo), n. [It. rilievo.'] See Relief, n., 4. 

Re-li'gion (re-lTj'un), n. [F., fr. L. religio ; of un- 
certain origin.] 1. The acts or feelings which result 
from a belief in the existence of a god, or of gods, having 
superior control over matter, life, or destiny ; a system 
of faith and worship. 2. Specif., the Christian faith and 
practice. 3. {E. C. Ch.) A monastic or religious order 
subject to a regulated mode of life ; the religious state. 

4. Strictness or fidelity in any practice, [i?.] 

EE^* Religion is subjective, designating the feelings and 
acts of men which relate to God ; theology is objective, 
denoting the science which investigates the existence, 
laws, and attributes of God. 

Re-li'gion-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. The practice of, or de- 
votion to, religion. 2. Affectation of religion. 

Re-li'glon-ist, n. A religious zealot. 

Re-li'glous (re-lij'us), a. [OF., fr. L. religiosus.'] 1. 
Of or pertaining to religion ; concerned with religion ; 
teaching, or setting forth, religion ; set apart to re- 
ligion. 2. Possessing, or conforming to, religion ; pious ; 
godly. 3. Scrupulously faithful or exact ; strict. 4. 
Belonging to a religious order ; bound by vows. — Re- 
li'glous-ly, adv. — Re-li'gious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Holy ; devout ; devotional ; conscientious ; rigid. 

Re-li'glous, n. A person bound by monastic vows. 

Re-lin'quish (re-lTn'kwTsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Re- 
linquished (-kwisht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Relinquishing.] 
[OF. relinquir, L. relinquere to leave behind ; pref. re- 
re- -f- linquere to leave. See Loan, and -ish.] 1. To 
withdraw from ; to desist from. 2. To give up. 

Syn. — To resign ; leave ; quit ; forsake ; abandon ; de- 
sert ; renounce • forbear ; forego. See Resign. 

Re-lin'quish-er (-er), n. One who relinquishes. 

Re-lin'quish-ment (-ment), n. Act of relinquishing. 

Rel'i-qua-ry (rgl'T-kwa-ry), n. [LL. reliquiariam, 
reliquiare. See Relic] A depositary, often a casket, in 
which relics are kept. 

Rel'ish (rel'Tsh), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Relished (-Tsht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Relishing.] [OF. relechier to lick or 
taste anew ; pref. re- re- -f- techier to lick. See Lecher.] 

1. To taste or eat with pleasure ; to like the flavor of ; 
hence, to enjoy. 2. To cause to taste agreeably. 

Rel'ish, v. i. To be appetizing ; to have a relish. 
Rel'ish, n. 1. A pleasing taste ; flavor that gratifies 
the palate ; hence, enjoyable quality ; power of pleasing. 

2. Savor ; quality ; characteristic tinge. 3. A taste for ; 
liking; fondness. 4. That whieh is used to impart a 
flavor ; specif., something taken with food to render it 
more palatable ; a condiment. 

Syn. — Taste; appetite; zest; gusto; delight. 

Rel'ish-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being relished. 

Re-luct' (re-lukf), v. i. [L. reluclatus, p. p. -atus ; 
pref. re- re- -f luctari to struggle, fr. lucta a wrestling.] 
To strive or struggle against anything ; to feel or show 
repugnance or reluctance. 

Re-luc'tance (re-luk'tons), ) n. State or quality of 

Re-luc'tan-cy (-tan-s^), j being reluctant ; re- 
pugnance ; aversion of mind ; unwillingness. 

Syn. — See Dislike. 



a, e, i, o, \x, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; Ben&te, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, aak, all, finoL 



RELUCTANT 



689 



REMITTOR 



Re-luc'tant (re-luk't<nit), a. [L. reluctans, -tantis, 
p. pr.] 1. Striving against ; opposed in desire. 2. Pro- 
ceeding from an unwilling mind ; granted with reluc- 
tance. — Re-luc'tantly, adv. 

Syn. — Averse ; unwilling ; loth ; disinclined ; repug- 
nant ; backward ; coy. 

Re-lume' (re-lum'), v. t. [OF. relumer, L. relumi- 
nare ; pref. re- re- -f- luminare to light.] To rekindle ; 
to light again. 

Re-lu'mine (re"-lu'niTn), v. /. 1. To light anew ; to 
rekindle. 2. To illuminate again. 

Re-ly' (re-ll'), v- i- [.imp. & p. p. Relied (-lid') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Relying.] [Pref. re- -f- He to rest.] To 
rest with confidence, as when satisfied of the integrity 
or ability of persons, or of the certainty of facts. 

Syn. — To trust ; depend ; confide ; repose. 

Re-main' (re-man'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Remained 
(-inand') ; p. pr. & vb. ft. Remaining.] [OF. remuindre, 
L. remanere ; pref. re- re- + mane re to stay, remain.] 

1. To stay behind while others withdraw or are removed ; 
to be left as not included or comprised. 2. To continue 
unchanged or undiminished ; to abide ; to endure. 

Syn. — To wait; tarry; rest; sojourn; dwell; last. 
Re-main', n. 1. State of remaining ;. stay. [06s.] 

2. That which is left ; relic ; remainder ; — chiefly in the 
pi. 3. Specif.,^/.: (a) A dead body, {b) Posthumous 
works, esp. literary works. 

Re-main'der (re-man'der), n. [OF. remaindre, inf. 
See Remain.] 1. Anything that remains, oris left, after 
the separation and removal of a part ; residue ; remnant. 
2. (Math.) The quantity or sum that is left after sub- 
traction, or after any deduction. 3. (Law) An estate 
in expectancy, which becomes an estate in possession 
upon the determination of a particular prior estate cre- 
ated at the same time, and by the same instrument. 

Syn. — Balance: rest; residue; remnant; leavings. 

Re-make' (re-inak'), v. t. To make anew. 

Re-mand' (re-inand'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Remanded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Remanding.] [F. remander to send word 
again, L. remandare ; pref. re- re- -|- mandare to commit, 
send word.] To recommit ; to send back. 

Rem'a-nent (rem'a-nent), a. [L. remanens, p. pr. 
of remanere. See Remain.] Remaining ; residual. 

Re-mark' (re-mark'), v. t. To mark again, or anew. 

Re-mark' (re-mark'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remarked 
(-markt') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Remarking.] [F. remarquer ; 
pref. re- re- + marquer to mark, marque a mark, akin to 
E. mark.'] 1. To mark in a notable manner; to distin- 
guish clearly. I0bs.~\ 2. To take notice of, or to ob- 
serve, mentally. 3. To express in words or writing, as 
observed or noticed ; to state ; to say. 

Syn. — To observe ; notice ; heed ;" regard ; note ; say. 
— To observe is to keep or hold a thing distinctly before 
the mind for some time. To remark is now usually simply 
to mark or take note of whatever may come up. To no- 
tice implies still less continuity of attention. A similar 
distinction is made between the corresponding nouns ob- 
servation, remark, and notice, expressing the results of 
the actions denoted by the verbs. 

Re-mark', V. i. To make a remark ; to comment. 

Re-mark', n. 1. Act of remarking; notice or ob- 
servation. 2. The expression, in speech or writing, of 
something remarked or noticed ; hence, also, a casual 
observation, comment, or statement. 

Syn. — Observation ; note ; comment ; annotation. 

Re-mark'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Worthy of being remarked 
or noticed ; hence, uncommon ; extraordinary. — Re- 
mar k'a-ble-ness. n.— Re-mark'a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Observable ; noticeable ; extraordinary ; unu- 
sual ; rare ; strange ; wonderful ; notable ; eminent. 

Re-mark'er (-er), n. One who remarks. 

Re-mar'ry (re-m5r'ry), v. t. & i. To marry again. 

Re-meas'ure (re-inezh'itr ; 135), v. t. To measure 
again. [remedied or cured. 

Re-me'di-a-ble (re-meMT-a-b'l), a. Capable of being 

Re-me'di-al (-«1), a. Affording a remedy ; intended 
for a remedy, or for the abatement of an evil. — Re-me'- 
di-al-ly, adv. 

Re-med'i-less (re-meM'T-les or r5m'e-dT-15s), a. Not 
admitting of a remedy ; incapable of being restored or cor- 
rected ; that cannot be cured or relieved. — Re-med'i- 
less-ly. adv. — Re-med'i-less-ness. ». 

Syn. — Incurable ; cureless ; irremediable ; irrecover- 
able ; irretrievable ; irreparable : desperate. 

Rem'e-dy (rein'e-dy), "• [L- rentedium ; re- re- -+- me- 
deri to heal, to cure.] 1. That which relieves or cures a 
disease. 2. That which corrects or counteracts an evil. 

Syn. — Cure ; restorative ; counteraction ; reparation ; 
redress ; relief ; aid : help ; assistance. 

Rem'e-dy, v. t. \_imp. &p.p. Remedied (-did) ; p. pr 



& vb. n. Remedyinq.] To apply a remedy to; to cure; 
to heal; to correct ; to count*- nut. 

Re mem 'be r (rc-me'm'bSr), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Rb- 
memberkd (-herd) j p. pr. A ib. n. Remembering.] [OF. 
remembrer, L. rememorari; prat. re- re- 
bring to remembrance, trom mm, or mindful.] 1. To 
have (a notion or idea) come into the mini again. M pre- 
viously perceived, known, or felt; to have a renewed 
apprehension of; to think again. 2. To be capable of 
recalling when required ; to keep in mind ; to attend to ; 
to think of. 3. To put in mind ; to remind ; — also used 
reflexively and impersonally. [Obs.] 4. To re. all to 
the mind of another. [men 

Re-mem'ber (re-mSm'ber), r. i. To exercise or have| 

Re-mem'ber-er (-er), n. One who remembers. 

Re mem'brance (-brans), n. 1. Act of remember- 
ing; state of being remembered. 2. Something remem- 
bered. 3. That which serves to keep in or bring to 
mind ; memento ; souvenir ; memorandum. 4. 1 
remembering ; period over which one's memory extends. 

Syn. — Recollection ; reminiscence. See Memory. 

Re-mem'bran-cer (-bran-ser), n. One who, or that 
which, serves to remind ; memento; memorial ; reminder. 

Rem'i-grate (rgm'T-grat or re-ml'grat), v. i. To mi- 
grate again or back ; to return. 

Rem 1-gra'tion (rgm'T-gra'shiln), n. A migrating; 
migration back to the place from which one came. 

Re-mind' (re-mind'), v. t. To put (one) in mind of 
something ; to bring to the remembrance, notice, or con- 
sideration of (a person). 

Re-mlnd'er (-er), n. One that reminds. 

Rem i-nis'cence (rgm'T-nts'sens). n. 1. Act or power 
of recalling past experience ; state of being reminiscent ; 
remembrance ; memory. 2. That which is remembered, 
or recalled to mind. 

Syn. — Remembrance ; recollection. See Memory. 

Rem i-nis'cent (-s<?nt), a. [L. reminiscens, -- 
pr. of reminisci to recollect ; pref. re- re- -f- a word akin 
to mens mind, memini I remember.] Recalling to mind, 
or capable of recalling to mind ; having remembrance ; 
reminding one of something. 

Rem'i-ped (rgm'T-pgd), a. [L. renins oar + pes, pe- 
dis, foot.] (Zobl.) Having feet or legs that are used 
as oars ; — said of certain crustaceans and some insects. 

Re-mise' (re-miz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remised 
(-mizd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Remising.] [F. remise sur- 
render, fr. remettre to put back, L. remittere. See Re- 
mit.] To send, give, or grant back; to resign or sur- 
render by deed. 

Re-miss' (re-mis'), c. [L. remissus, p. p of remit- 
tere to send back, relax. See Remit.] Not energetic 
or exact in duty or business ; not careful or prompt in 
fulfilling engagements ; lacking earnestness. 

Syn. — Slack ; dilatory ; slothful ; negligent ; careless ; 
neglectful ; inattentive ; heedless ; thoughtless. 

Re-mls'si-ble (re-mis'sT-b'l), a. That may be re- 
mitted or forgiven. 

Re-mis'sion(re-mTsh'uu). n. 1. A remitting, surren- 
dering, resigning, or giving up. 2. Discharge from what 
is due ; release ; pardon. 3. Diminution of intensity ; 
abatement ; relaxation. 4. A sending in payment ; re- 
mittance. 

Re-missly (rt-mTsly). adv. In a remiss manner. 

Re-miss'ness. ». Quality or state of being remiss. 

Re-mit' (re-mif), v. t. 'limp. & p. p. Remitted; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Remitting.] [L. remitter*! remission, 
to send back, to slacken, relax : pref. re- re- — mittere 
to send.] 1. To send back; to surrender. 2. (Com.) 
To transmit or send, esp. to a distance, as money. 
3. To send off or away ; to refer (one) ; to submit for 
judgment. 4. To make less violent : to abate. 5. To 
fergire ; to pardon. 6. To forbear to exact or enforce. 

Syn. — To relax ; release; abate; relinquish : absolve. 

Re-mit'. V. i. 1. To abate in force or in violence ; to 
abate ; to relax. 2. To send money, as in payment. 

Re-mit'ment (-ment), n. Act of remitting, or state 
of being remitted ; remission. 

Re-mit'tal (-teH. n. A remitting ; a giving up. 

Re-mit'tance (rS-mlftans), ». 1. Ait of transmit- 
ting money, bills, or the like, esp. to a distant place. 
2. The sum or thing remitted. 

Re-mit'tent ( re-nut 't^nO. a. Remitting; character- 
ized bv remission : having remissions. 

Remittent fever 'Med. ), a fever in which the symptoms 
temporarily abate at regular intervals, but do not cease. 

Re-mit'ter (-ter). n. One who remits. 

Re-mit/tor (-tor), n. {Law) One who makes a remit- 
tance ; a remitter. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
*44 



N 



REMNANT 



690 



RENDEZVOUS 



Rem'nant (r?m'nmit\ a. [OF. rcmanant, p. pr. of 
Remain.] Remaining. [R.~\ 

Rem'nant."- 1. That which remains after a part is 
removed, destroyed, used up, performed, etc. ; residue. 
ill portion ; slight trace ; fragment. 3. (Co?».) 
Ail unsold end of piece goods. 

>\ n. — Residue; rest: remains; remainder. 

Re-mod'el (.ve-mod'ell. v. t. To model or fashion anew. 

Re-mold' ( (rf-mJBd'), v. t. To mold or shape anew 

Re-mould' I or again ; to reshape. 

Re-mon e-ti-za'tioh (re-uiiin'e-tT-za'shun or -m5n'-), 
I of remonetizing. [money. I 

Re-mon'e-tize i-tiz), r. t. To restore to use as| 

Re-mon'strance t-ni5u'strans), n. Act of remon- 
strating ; a formal presentation of objections. 

Re-mon'strant (-straut), a. Inclined or tending to 
remonstrate; expostulatory. — n. One who remon- 
strates. 

Re-mon'strate (-strat), v. t. limp. & p. p. Remon- 
strated (-stra-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Remonstrating.] 
[LL. irmonstrare, p. p. -atus; L. pref. re- -f- mon- 
strare to show. See Monster.] To point out ; to mani- 
fest ; hence, to prove ; to demonstrate. [Obs.~\ 

Re-mon'strate. v. i. To present and urge reasons 
against an act, a measure, or a course of proceedings. 

Syn. — Expostulate. — The principal difference be- 
tween remonstrate and expostulate is that the latter is 
now used especially to signify remonstrance by a supe- 
rior or by one in authority. 

Re-mon'Stra-tor (-stra-ter), n. One who remon- 
strates. 

Re-mon'tant (-tant), a. [F.] {Hort.) Rising again ; 
— said of roses which bloom more than once in a season. 
Rem'O-ra (rgm'6-ra), n. [L.] 1. Delay ; hindrance. 
\_Obs.~\ 2. {Zool.) Any one of several species of fishes 
having a large sucking disk on the top of the head, by 
which they can cling firmly to sharks and other large 
fishes and to vessels. 




a Remora (Echeneis nancrates), clinging to a Sand Shark (&) 
(Carcharias littorah's). Drawn from living specimens. 

Re-morse' (re-m6rs'), n. [OF. remors, LL. remorsus, 
fr. L. remordere, remorsum, to bite again or back, to 
torment ; pref. re- re- -f- mordere to bite.] 1. The an- 
guish, like gnawing pain, excited by a sense of guilt ; 
compunction of conscience for past sins. 2. Sympathetic 
sorrow ; pity ; compassion. 

Syn. — Grief : compassion. See Compunction, Regret. 

Re-morse'ful (-mSrs'ful), a. Full of remorse. — Re- 
morse'ful-ly, adv. — Re-morse 'fulness, n. 

Re-morse'less, a. Being without remorse ; having 
no pity ; hence, insensible to distress. — Re-morse'less- 
ly, adv. — Re-morseless-ness, n. 

Syn. — Unpitying; pitiless; relentless; unrelenting; 
implacable ; merciless ; unmerciful ; savage ; cruel. 

Re-mote' (re-mot'), a. [Compar. Remoter (-er) ; su- 
per}. Remotest.] [L. remotus, p. p. of removere to re- 
move. See Remove.] 1. Removed to a distance ; not 
near ; far away ; distant. 2. Hence, removed ; not ap- 
parent ; not agreeing, according, or related ; — in various 
figurative uses. — Remotely, adv. — Re-mote'ness. n. 

Re-mo'tion (re-mo'shun), n. [See Remove.] 1. Act 
of removing. [Obs.~\ 2. Remoteness, [i?.] 

Re-mould' (re-mold'), v. t. See Remold. 

Re-mount' ( re-mount'), v. t. & i. To mount again. 

Re-mount', n. The opportunity of, or things neces- 
sary for, remounting; specif., a fresh riding horse. 

Re-mov'a-ble ( re-mob v'a-b'l), a. Admitting of being 
removed. — Re-mov'a-bil'i-ty (-bll'T-ty), n. [moved. I 

RyB-mov'al (-al),_w. A removing ; state of being re-| 

Re-move' (re-moov'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Removed 
(-mobvd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Removing.] [OF. removoir, 
L. removere, rernotum ; pref. re- re- + movere to move.] 
1. To move away from the position occupied ; to dis- 
place. 2. To cause to leave a person or thing ; to take 
away ; hence, to banish ; to destroy ; to kill. 3. To dis- 
miss or discharge from office. 

Re-move' (re-mobv'), v. i. To change place in any 
manner, or to make a change in place. 
. Syn . — Move. — The verb remove, in some of its applica- 
tions, is synonymous with move, but not in all. Thus we 
do not apply remove to a mere change of posture, with- 
out change of place or the seat of a thing, nor to a reg- 
ular, continued course or motion. 



Re-mOVe' (r e"-moov') , n . 1. Act of removing ; removal. 
2. State of being removed. 3. That which is removed. 
4. The distance or space through which anything is re- 
moved ; hence, a step or degree in any 6cale of gradation. 

Re-mov'er (-er), n. One who removes. 

Re-mu'ner-a-ble (re-nm'uer-a-b'l), a. Admitting, or 
worthy, of remuneration. 

Re-inu'ner-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remunera- 
ted (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Remunerating.] [L. re- 
imnierare, renuinerari, p. p. -atus; pref. re- re- -f 
ynunerare, mimerari, to give, present, fr. munus gift.] 
To pay an equivalent to for any service, loss, expense, or 
other sacrifice. 

Syn. — To reward ; recompense ; compensate ; satisfy ; 
requite ; repay ; pay ; reimburse. 

Re-mu'ner-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of remuner- 
ating. 2. An equivalent or reward given. 

Re-mu'ner-a-tlve (re-mu'ner-a-tTv), a. Affording re- 
muneration. — Re-mu'ner-a-tive-ly, adv. — Re-mu'- 
ner-a-tive-ness, n. 

Re-mu'ner-a-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Remunerative. 

I! Re-nais sance' (F. re-na'saNs' ; E. re-nas'sons), n. 
[F.j fr. renaitre to be born again.] A new birth, or 
revival. Specif. : (a) The transitional movement in 
Europe, marked by the revival of classical learning and 
art in Italy in the loth century, and the similar revival 
following in other countries, (b) The style of art which 
prevailed at this epoch. [Renaissance. I 

Re-nais'sant (re-nas'sont), a. Of or pertaining to the | 

Re'nal (re'nol), a. [L. renalis, fr. renes kidneys.] 
(A?iat.) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the kidneys. 

Ren'ard (rgn'erd), n. [F., the fox, the name of the 
fox in a celebrated epic poem ; of German origin, G. 
Reinhard, OHG. Reginhart, prop., strong in counsel; 
regin counsel + hart hard.] A fox ; — so called in fa- 
bles or familiar tales, and in poetry. 

Re-nas'cence (re-n£s'sens), n. 1. State of being re- 
nascent. 2. Same as Renaissance. 

Re-nas'cen-cy (-sen-sy), n. State of being renascent. 

Re-nas'cent (-sent), a. [L. renascens, p. pr. of re- 
nasci to be born again ; pref. re- re- + nasci to be born.] 
1. Springing or rising again into being ; being born 
again, or reproduced. 2. Renaissant. 

Ren-COn'tre (ren-kon'ter; F. raN'kgN'tr'), n. [F.] 
Same as Rencounter, n. 

Ren-coun'ter (ren-koun'ter), v. t. & i. [F. rencon- 
trer ; pref. re- + OF. encontrer to encounter. See En- 
counter.] To meet unexpectedly ; to encounter. 

Ren-coun'ter, n. 1. A meeting, of two persons or 
bodies; a collision; esp., a hostile encounter. 2. A cas- 
ual combat ; a sudden, unpremeditated contest. 

Syn. — Combat ; fight ; conflict ; collision ; clash. 

Rend (rend), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rent (rent) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Rending.] [AS. rendan, hrendan; origin un- 
certain.] 1. To tear asunder ; to split ; to burst. 2. 
To part or tear off forcibly ; to take away by force. 

Syn. —To tear; break; rupture; fracture; crack. 

Rend, v. i. To be rent or torn ; to separate ; to split. 

Rend'er (-er), n. One who rends. 

Ren'der (ren'der), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Renderbd 
(-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rendering.] [F. rendre, LL. 
rendere, fr. L. reddere ; pref. red-, re-, re- -f- dare to 
give.] 1. To return ; to pay back ; to restore. 2. To 
inflict, as a retribution ; to requite. 3. To give up ; to 
yield ; to surrender. 4. Hence, to furnish ; to con- 
tribute ; to deliver. 5. To cause to be, or to become. 
6. To translate from one language into another. 7. To 
interpret ; to set forth, represent, or exhibit. 8. To 
try out or extract (oil, lard, tallow, etc.) from fatty ani- 
mal substances. 9. To plaster, as a wall of masonry, 
without the use of lath. 

Ren'der, n. A return ; a payment of rent. 

Ren'der-a-ble, a. Capable of being rendered. 

Ren'der-ing, n. Act of one who renders ; that which 
is rendered. Specif. : (a) A version ; translation, (ft) In 
art, the presentation, expression, or interpretation of an 
idea, theme, or part. 

Ren'dez-VOUS (ren'de'-voo or raN'-), n. ; pi. Rendez- 
vouses (ren'de-voo/zez). [Rare in the plural.] [F. ren- 
dezvous, prop., render yourselves, repair to a place.] 
1. A place appointed for a meeting, or at which persons 
customarily meet. 2. Esp., the appointed place for 
troops, or for the ships of a fleet, to assemble. 3. A 
meeting by appointment. 

Ren'dez-VOUS (rSn'dg-voo or raN'-), v. i. & t. [imp. 
& p. p. Rendezvoused (-vood) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rendez- 
vousing (-voo-Tng).] To meet, assemble, or bring to- 
gether, at a particular place. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, f, 5, H, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, Idea, 6 bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



RENDITION 



691 



REPEAL 



ne-nege' (,re-ney or re-neg-;, v. i. a i. 
See Renegade.] To deny ; to disown, [i 

Re-new' (rt-nn'), v. t. {imp. & p. 
(-mid'); p. pr. & vb. n. Renewing.] 1. 




Ren-di'tion (rgn-dTsh'iin), n. [LL. rendere to ren- 
der. See Rendek.] 1. Act of rendering; esp., act of 
surrender, as of fugitives from justice ; also, surrender 
in war. 2. Translation ; rendering ; version. 

Ren'6-gade (ren'e-gad), n. [Sp. renegade, LL. rene- 
grtlus, fr. renegare to deny ; L. pref. re- re- -f negate to 
deny.] One faithless to principle or party; as: (a) An 
apostate. (6) A deserter, (c) A worthless or wicked 
fellow. 

Re-nege' (re-nej' or re-neg'). V. t. & i. [LL. renegare. 

[Obs.] 

p. Renewed 
To make new 
again ; to restore to freshness, perfection, or vigor. 2. 
Specif., to substitute for (an old obligation or right) a 
new one of the same nature. 3. To begin or do again ; 
to repeat. 4. (Theol.) To regenerate. [anew. I 

Re-new', v. i. Tojbecome new; to grow or begin | 

Re-new'a-ble (re-nu'a-b'l), a. That may be renewed. 

Re-new'al (-a\), n. Act of renewing, or state of be- 
ing renewed. 

Re-new'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, renews. 

Ren'i-form (reii'T-forin), a. [L. renes kidneys -j- 
-form.~\ Having the form or shape of a 
kidney. 

Re-ni'tence (re-ni'tens), ) n. State or 

Re-ni'ten-cy (-ten-sy), J quality of 
being renitent. 

Re-ni'tent (-tent), a. [L. renitens, -en- 
tis, p. pr. of reniti to resist ; re- re- + 
niti to struggle. 1. Resisting pressure or n _^ # „_ T „„* 
the effect of it. 2. Persistently opposed. Reniform Leaf - 

Ren'net (ren'nSt), n. [F. rainette, reinelte ; origin 
uncertain.] (Bot.) Any one of many varieties of apples. 

Ren'net, n. [AS. rinnan, rennan, to run. See Run.] 
The inner membrane of the fourth stomach of the calf ; 
also, an infusion, or other preparation of it, used for co- 
agulating milk. 

Renounce' (re-nouns'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Re- 
nounced (-nounsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Renouncing (-noun'- 
sing).] [F. renoncer, L. renuntiare, prop., to bring 
back word ; pref. re- re- -f- nunliare to announce, fr. 
nuncius, nuntius, a messenger.] 1. To declare against ; 
to reject or decline formally ; to disclaim ; to disavow. 
2. To reject deliberately ; to disown ; to dismiss ; to for- 
swear. 3. (Card Playing) To disclaim having a card of 
(the suit led) by playing a card of another suit. 

Syn. — To cast off ; deny ; abjure ; recant ; abandon ; 
forsake ; quit ; forego ; resign ; relinquish ; abdicate.— To 
renounce is to make an affirmative declaration of abandon- 
ment. To abjure is to renounce with, or as with, the so- 
lemnity of an oath. To recant is to renounce or abjure 
some proposition previously affirmed and maintained. 

Re-nounce'ment (-rnent), n. Act of disclaiming or 
rejecting ; renunciation. 

Re-noun'cer (re-noun'ser), n. One who renounces. 

Ren'O-vate (ren'6-vat), v. t. [L. renovare, p. p. -atus ; 
pref. re- re- -f- novate to make new, fr. novus new.] To 
restore to freshness or vigor ; to renew. 

Ren'O-va'tion (-va'shfin), n. Act or process of reno- 
vating ; state of being renovated or renewed. 

Re-nown' (re-noun'), n. [F. renom. See Noun, and 
cf. Renown, ».] 1. State of being much known and 
talked of ; fame ; celebrity. 2. Report of nobleness or 
exploits ; praise. 

Re-nown' (re-noun'), v. t. [F. renommer to name 
again, celebrate, make famous ; pref. re- re- + nommer 
to name, L. nominare, fr. nomen a name. See Noun.] 
To bestow renown upon. [065.] 

Re-nowned' (re-nound'), a. Celebrated for great 
achievements, for distinguished qualities, or for grandeur. 

Syn. — Famous; famed; distinguished; noted; emi- 
nent ; celebrated ; remarkable ; wonderful. 

Re-nown'ed-ly (re-noun'gd-ly), adv. With renown. 

Rent (rent), imp. & p. p. of Rend. 

Rent, n. [From Rend.] 1. An opening made by 
rending ; a break or breach made by force. 2. Fig. : A 
schism ; a rupture of harmony. 

Syn. — Fissure ; breach; disrupture ; rupture; tear; 
dilaceration ; break ; fracture. 

Rent, n. [F. rente, LL. renta, fr. L. reddita, fern, 
sing, or neut. pi. of redditus. p. p. of reddere to give back, 
pay. See Render.] 1. Income ; revenue ; pay ; toll. 
[065.] 2. (Law) A certain periodical profit, whether in 
money, provisions, chattels, or labor, issuing out of lands 
and tenements in payment for the use. 3. By extension, 
periodical payment for the use of personal chattels. 

Rent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rented; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Renting.] 1. To grant the possession and enjoyment of, 



for a rent ; to lease. 2. To take and hold under an 
agreement to pay rent. 

Rent (rent), v. i. To be leased, or let for rent. 

Rent'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may, or is fit to, be rented. 

Rent'al ("1), n. 1. A schedule, account, or list of 
rents, with the names of the tenants, etc. ; a rent roll. 
2. A sum total of rents. 

II Rente (riiNt), n. [F.] In France, interest payable 
by government on indebtedness ; (pi.) the bonds, shares, 
stocks, etc., which represent government indebtedness. 

Rent'er (rgnt'er), n. One who rents an e.-t 

Ren'ter (rSn'ter), v. /. [imp. & p. p. Rentehed 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rentering.] [F. renti. 
pref. re- re- -f- »» into, in -+- trahere to draw.] To sew 
together skillfully so that the seam is scarcely visible. 

Re-nun' ci-a'tion (re-nun'sl-il'shiin or -shi-3'shuu), n. 
[See Renounce.] Act of renouncing; disavowal. 

Syn. — Renouncement ; disownment ; disclaimer; re- 
jection ; abjuration ; recantation ; denial ; abandonment. 

Re-nun'ci-a-tO-ry (re-nun'shi-a-to-ry), a. Pert, to 
renunciation ; containing or declaring a renunciation. 

Re-organ-i-za'tion (re-dr'gfln-I-za'shun), n. Act of 
reorganizing ; a reorganized existence. [again. I 

Re-or'gan -ize (re-6r'gan-Iz), v. t. & i. To organize! 

Rep (rSp), n. [Prob. a corruption of rib : cf. F. reps.] 
A fabric made of silk, wool, or cotton, or of silk and wool, 
and having a tranversely corded or ribbed surface. 

Rep, a. Formed with a surface closely corded, or 
ribbed tranversely ; — applied to fabrics of silk or wool. 

Re-pair' (re-pSr'), v. i. [OF. repairier to return, fr. 
L. repatriate to return to one's country, pref. re- re- -\- 
patria native country, fr. pater father.] 1. To return.' 
[065.] 2. To go ; to betake one's self ; to resort. 

Re-pair', n. 1. Act of repairing. [R.~\ 2. Place to 
which one repairs ; resort, [i?.] 

Re-pair', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repaired (-pSrd') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Repairing.] [F. reparer, L. reparare; 
pref. re- re- -j- par are to prepare.] 1. To restore to a 
sound or good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or 
partial destruction ; to renew ; to restore ; to mend. 2. 
To make amends for, by an equivalent ; to indemnify for. 

Syn. — To recover; renew ; amend; retrieve; recruit. 

Re-pair', n. 1. Act of repairing ; restoration to a 
sound or good state ; supply of loss. 2. Condition with 
respect to soundness, perfectness, etc. [arable. I 

Re-pair'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That can be repaired ; rep-| 

Re-pair'er (-er), n. One that repairs. 

Re-pair'ment, n. A repairing ; state of being repaired. 

Re-pand' (ie-p5nd'), a. [L. repandus 
bent backward, turned up ; pref. re- re- 
+ pandus bent, crooked.] (Bot. & Zo'dl.) 
Having a slightly undulating margin. 

Rep'a-ra-ble (rep'a-ra-b'l), a. Capable 
of being repaired, or made good ; restorable. 

Rep / a-ra'tion(-ra'shun),n. 1. A renew- 
ing, restoring, etc. ; state of being renewed 
or repaired. 2. A making amends or giving 
satisfaction or compensation for a wrong, 
injury, etc. ; also, thing done or given. 

Syn. — Restoration ; repair ; restitution ; 
compensation ; amends ; satisfaction. 

Re-par'a-tive (re-par'a-tiv), a. Repair- Repand Leaf, 
ing, or tending to repair. — n. That which repairs. 

Rep'ar-tee' (rep'ar-te'), n. [F. repartie, fr. reparlir 
to reply, depart again ; pref. re- re- + partir to part, 
depart.] A smart, ready, and witty reply. 

Syn. — Retort ; reply. See Retort. 

Re-pass' (re-pas'), v. t. & i. To pass again ; to pass 
or travel over in the opposite direction. 

Re-past' (re-pasf), n. [OF. repast, LL. repastus. fr. 
L. repascere to feed again ; pref. re- re- + pascere. />as- 
tum, to pasture, feed.] 1. Act of taking food. 2. A 
meal ; any refreshment. 

Re-pay' (re-pa'), v. I. 1. To pay back ; to refund. 
2. To make return or requital for. 3. To pay a second 
time, as a debt. 

Syn. — To refund ; restore ; return ; recompense ; com- 
pensate ; remunerate ; satisfy : reimburse ; requite. 

Re-pay'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may, or ought to, be 
repaid. 

Re-pay 'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of repaying ; re- 
imbursement. 2. The money or other thing repaid. 

Re-peal' (re-pel'), v. t. '[imp. & p. p. Repealed 
(-peld') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Repealing.] [OF. rapeler to 
call back ; pref. re- re- + apeler to call, L. appellare. 
See Appeal.] 1. To recall. [O65.] 2. To revoke; to 
rescind or abrogate by authority. 

Syn. — To revoke ; rescind ; recall ; annul ; abrogate ; 
cancel ; reverse. See Abolish. 



i 




fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, so, sine, ink, then, thin. 



N 



REPEAL 



692 



REPORT 



Re-peal' (re-pelM. ?;. Revocation j abrogation. 

Re peal'a ble (rti-peVfc-b'l), a. Capable of being re- 
pealed j revocable ; aorogable : voidable. 

Re-peal'er *.-er\ n. One who repeals, or seeks a repeal. 

Re-peat' (-p5f)i ''• *■ I''"./'- * P- /'• Repeated ; p. pr. 

& rb. 11. Repeating.] [F. npticr, L. repetere ; pref . re- 

• fall upon, attack.] To go over again ; to 

attempt, do, make, or utter again ; to iterate ; to recite. 

Syn. To reiterate ; renew; relate; recapitulate. 

Re-peat', ». 1. Act of repeating; repetition. 2. 
That which is repeated. 3. {Mits.) A mark, or a series 
of dots, placed before and after, or often only at the end 
Of. ■ passage to be repeated in performance. 

Re-peat'ed-ly, adv. More than once ; again and again. 

Re-peat'er (-er), n. One that repeats. Specif. : {a) A 
watch with a striking apparatus. (6) A repeating fire- 
arm, (c) {Teleg.) An instrument for resending a tele- 
graphic message automatically at an intermediate point. 
(d) One who votes more than once at an election. [U. £.] 

Re-pel' (re-pgl'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Repelled (-pgld') ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Repelling.] [L. repellere, repulsum ; 
pref. re- re- -j- pellere to drive.] 1. To drive back ; to 
check the advance of ; to repulse. 2. To resist or oppose 
effectually. 

Syn. — To repulse ; resist ; oppose ; reject ; refuse. 

Re-pel'lence (-lens), )n. Quality of repelling ; re- 

Re-pellen-cy (-len-s^), ] pulsion. 

Re-pellent (-lent), a. [L. repellens, -ends, p. pr.] 
Driving back ; able or tending to repel. — n. That 
which repels. 

Re-pel'ler (-ler), n. One who, or that which, repels. 

Re'pent (re'pent), a. [L. repens, -entis, creeping, p. 
pr. of repere to creep.] 1. (Boi.) Prostrate and root- 
ing ; — said of stems. 2. {Zool.) Same as Reptant. 

Re-pent' (re-pgnf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Repented ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Repenting.] [F. se repentir; L. pref. 
re- re- -f- poenitere to make repent. See Penitent.] 1. 
To feel pain, sorrow, or regret, for what one has done or 
omitted to do. 2. To change the mind, or the course of 
conduct, on account of regret or dissatisfaction. 3. 
{Theol.) To be sorry for sin as morally evil, to turn from 
it, and seek forgiveness. 

Re-pent', V. t. 1. To feel pain on account of ; to re- 
gret. 2. Reflexively, to feel regret or sorrow. 3. To 
cause to have sorrow or regret ; — used impersonally. 
[Archaic] 

Re-pent'ance (re-pent'flns), n. Act of repenting, or 
state of being penitent; esp., contrition for sin. 

Syn . — Contrition ; regret ; penitence ; contriteness ; 
compunction. See Contrition, and Regret. 

Re-pent'ant (-ant), a. Expressing or feeling repent- 
ance. — Re-pent'ant-ly, adv. 

Re-pent'ant, ?! . One who repents ; a penitent. 

Re-pent'er (-er), n. One who repents. 

Re-peo'ple (re-pe'p'l), v. t. To people anew. 

Re per-cuss' (-kus'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repercussed 
(-kusf) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Repercussing.] [L. repercu- 
tere, p. p. -percussus ; pref. re- re- -f- percutere. See 
Percussion.] To drive or beat back ; hence, to reflect ; 
to reverberate. 

Re per-cus'sion (-kush'un), n. 1. Act of driving 
back, or state of being driven back ; reflection ; reverber- 
ation. 2. {Mus.) Rapid reiteration of the same sound. 

Re'per-CUSS'ive (-kus'Tv), a. 1. Tending or able to 
repercuss ; causing to reverberate. 2. Driven back ; 
rebounding ; reverberated. 

Repertoire' (F. ra'paVtwar'; E. rgp'er-twar), n. 
[F. See Repertory.] A list of pieces, parts, etc., which 
a company or a person is prepared to perform. 

Rer/er-tO-ry (rgp'er-to-ry), n. [L. repertorium, fr. 
reperire to find again ; pref. re- re- + parire, parere, to 
bring forth, procure.] 1. A place in which things are 
disposed in an orderly manner, so that they can be easily 
found. 2. A treasury ; a magazine ; a storehouse. 3. 
Same as Repertoire. 

Rep'e-tend' (rgp'e-tend'), n. [L. repetendus to be re- 
peated, fr. repetere to repeat.] {Math.) That part of a 
circulating decimal which recurs continually. 

Rep'e-ti'tion (rgp'e-tlsh'un), n. 1. Act of repeating. 
2. Pvficital from memory. 

Syn . — Iteration ; rehearsal. See Tautology. 

Rep'e-ti'tion-al (-al), \ a. Of the nature of, or con- 
Rep e-ti'tion-a-ryf-u-ry), j taiuing, repetition. \_R.~\ 

Rep / e-ti'tious (-tTsh'us), a. Repeating; containing 
repetition. [U. ,S'.] 

Re-pine' (rt-pln'j, r. i. [Pref. re- -\-pine to languish.] 
ane pining ; to indulge in envy or complaint ; to 
ijiunjjiir. — Re-pin'er (-er), n. 



Re-place' (re-plas'), v. t. 1. To place again ; to re- 
store to a former place, position, condition, or the like. 

2. To repay ; to restore. 3. To supply or substitute an 
equivalent for. 4. To take the place of ; to fulfill the 
end or office of. 5. To put in a new or different place. 

Re-place'a-ble (re-plas'a-b'l), a. Capable of being 
replaced. 

Re-place'ment (-ment), n. Act of replacing. 

Re-plant' (re-plSnf), v. t. To plant again. 

Re-plen'ish (re-plgn'Tsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Re- 
plenished (-Tsht) ; p. pr. & rb. v. Replenishing.] [OF. 
replenir ; L. pref. re- re- + plenus full. See Full, and 
-ish.] 1. To fill again ; hence, to fill completely. 2. To 
finish ; to complete. [Obs.~\ 

Re-plen'ish-ment (-ment), n. 1. A replenishing ; state 
of being replenished. 2. That which replenishes ; supply. 

Re-plete' (re-plef), a. [L. repletus, p. p. of replere to 
fill again, fill up ; pref. re- re- -\- pi ere to fill. See Plenty.] 
Filled again ; completely filled ; full ; charged ; abounding. 

Re-ple'tlon (re-ple'shQn), n. 1. State of being re- 
plete ; superabundant fullness. 2. {Med.) Plethora. 

Re-ple^ive (-tlv), a. Tending to make replete ; fill- 
ing.— Re-ple'tive-ly, adv. 

Re-plev'in (-plgv'in), n. [LL. replevina. See Re- 
plevy.] 1. {Law) A personal action which lies to recover 
possession of goods and chattels wrongfully taken or 
detained. 2. The writ by virtue of which goods and 
chattels are replevied. 

Re-plev'in, v. t. {Law) To replevy. 

Re-plev'y (-y), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Replevied (-id) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Replevying.] [OF. replevir, LL. reple- 
vire. See Pledge.] {Law) To take or get back by a 
special writ (chattels wrongfully taken or detained), 
giving security to try the right to them in a suit at law, 
and, in case of adverse judgment, to return the property. 

II RepOi-ca (rgp'lT-ka), n. [It. See Reply, v. & n.] 
{Fine Arts) A copy of a work of art, as of a picture or 
statue, made by the maker of the original. 

Rep'li-cant (rgpTT-kant), n. One who replies. 

Rep li-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. [L. replicatio. See Re- 
ply.] 1. An answer; a reply. 2. {Law Pleadings) 
The reply of the plaintiff, in matters of fact, to the de- 
fendant's plea in answer to the complaint or declaration. 

3. Return or repercussion, as of sound ; echo. 4. A 
repetition ; a copy. 

Syn. — Answer ; response ; reply ; rejoinder. 

Re-pli'er (re-pll'er), n. One who replies. 

Re-ply' (re-pli'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Replied (-plid') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Replying.] [OF. replier, F. repliquer, 
fr. L. replicare to fold back, make a reply ; pref. re- re- 
-f- plicare to fold.] 1. To make a return in words or 
writing ; to respond ; to answer. 2. {Law) To answer 
a defendant's plea ; to put in a reply. 3. Fig. : To do 
something in return for something done. 

Syn. —To answer ; respond; rejoin. 

Re-ply', v. t. To return for an answer. 

Re-ply', n. 1. That which is said, written, or done in 
answer to what is said, written, or done by another ; an- 
swer ; response. 2. {Law) Specif., in modern code plead- 
ing, the plaintiff's plea answering the defendant's answer 
to the complaint or claim. 

Syn. — Answer ; rejoinder ; response. — A reply is a 
distinct response to a formal question or attack in speech 
or writing. A rejoinder is a second reply (a reply to a 
reply) in a protracted discussion or controversy. Answer 
is used in the general sense of a mere response, and spe- 
cifically in the sense of a decisive and satisfactory confu- 
tation of an adversary's argument. 

Re-ply'er (-er), n. See Replier. 

Re-pol'ish (re-pSl'Tsh), v. I. To polish again. 

Re-port' (re-porf), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Reported ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Reporting.] [F. reporter to carry back, L. 
reportare ; pref. re- re- -f- portare to bear or bring.] 1. 
To bring back, as an answer ; to render an account of, as 
of something discovered, examined, or considered. 2. To 
relate; to tell; to circulate publicly. 3. To give an 
official account or statement of. 4. {Parliamentary 
Practice) To return or present as the result of an exam- 
ination or consideration of any matter officially referred. 
5. To make minutes or a verbatim record of, esp. for 
publication ; hence, to publish. 

Syn. — To relate ; narrate ; tell ; recite ; describe. 

Re-port', v. i. 1. To make a report, or response, in 
respect of a matter inquired of, a duty enjoined, or in- 
formation expected. 2. To furnish in writing an account 
or narrative for publication. 3. To present one's self, as 
to a superior officer, for orders or to do service. 

Re-port' (re-porf), n. That which is reported. Specif.: 
(a) An account or statement rendered ; relation. (5) A 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, H, y, short ; senate, £vent, Idea, fcbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



REPORTER 



693 



REPROBATION 



\ 



story or statement circulating by common talk ; rumor ; 
hence, fame ; reputation, (c) Sound ; noise ; esp., an ex- 
plosive noise, (d) An official statement of facts, verbal 
or written, (e) An account or statement of a judicial opin- 
ion or decision, or of a case at law ; also, /»/., the volumes 
containing such reports. (/) A sketch, or a fully written 
account, of a speech, debate, meeting, etc. 

Syn. — Account; relation; narration; detail; descrip- 
tion ; recital ; narrative ; story ; rumor ; hearsay. 

Re-port'er (re-port'er), n. One who reports; esp., 
one who reports proceedings of a court, or a legislature, 
and one who reports for a newspaper. 

Re'por-tO'ri-al (re'por-to'rl-al), a. Of or pertaining 
to a reporter or reporting. 

Re-pos'al (re-poz'al), n. Act or state of reposing. 

Re-pose' (re-poz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reposed 
(-pozd') ; p- pr. & vb. n. Reposing.] [F. reposer ; L. 
pref. re- re- -j- pausare to pause.] 1. To lay at rest ; to 
compose ; to rest ; — often reflexive. 2. To place, have, 
or rest ; to set ; to intrust. 

Re-pose' , v. i. 1. To lie at rest ; to rest. 2. Fig. : 
To abide without anxiety or alarms. 3. To lie; to be 
supported. 

Syn. —To recline ; couch ; sleep ; settle ; lodge ; abide. 

Re-pose', n. 1. A lying at rest ; sleep ; rest ; quiet. 
2. Rest of mind ; tranquillity ; also, a composed manner 
or deportment. 3. (Poetic) A rest ; a pause. 4. (Fine 
Arts) That harmony or moderation which affords rest 
to the eye, as opposed to a distracting or strained effect. 

Syn. — Rest; recumbency; reclination ; ease; quiet; 
quietness ; tranquillity ; peace. 

Re-posed' (re-pozd'), a. Composed ; calm ; tranquil. 
— Re-pos'ed-ly (-poz'6d-iy), adv. — Re-pos'ed-ness, n. 

Re-pOS'it (re-poz'Tt), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Reposited ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Repositing.] [L. repositus, p. p. of re- 
ponere to put back ; pref. re- re- -\- ponere to put.] To 
cause to rest or stay ; to lay away ; to store. 

Re-pos'i-tO-ry (re-p5z'T-t6-ry), n. [L. repositorium.] 
A place where things are or may be reposited, or laid up, 
for safety or preservation ; a depository. [sess again. I 

Re pos-sess' (re'poz-zes' or -p5s-seV), v. t. To pos- 1 

Re pos-ses'sion (re'pSz-zesh'un or -pos-sesh'un), n. 
Act or state of possessing again. 

Ii Repousse"' (re-poo 7 sa'), a. [F., p. p. of repousser 
to thrust back ; pref. re- -\-pousser to push.] (a) Formed 
in relief, as a pattern on metal, (b) Ornamented with 
patterns made in relief by pressing or hammering on the 
reverse side. — n. Repousse work. 

Rep re-hend' (re^re-hend'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Rep- 
rehended ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reprehending.] [L. repre- 
hendere, reprehensum, to hold back, seize, check, blame ; 
pref. re- re — |- prehendere to lay hold of.] To reprove 
or reprimand with a view of restraining, checking, or 
preventing ; to disapprove of. 

Rep're-hen'si-ble (-hen'sT-b'l), a. Worthy of repre- 
hension; culpable; censurable. — Rep're-hen'si-ble- 
ness, n. — Repre-hen'si-bly, adv. [disapproval. I 

Rep / re-hen'slon(-shun), n. Reproof ; censure ; blame ; | 

Syn. — See Admonition. 

Rep re-hen'sive (-hen'sTv), a. Containing reprehen- 
sion ; conveying reproof. — Rep re-hen'sive-ly , adv. 

Rep re-hen'SO-ry (-so-r^), a. Reprehensive. 

Re'-pre-sent' (re'pre-zenf), v. t. To present again. 

Rep're-sent' (rgp're-zSnf), v. t. [F. representee; L. 
repraesentare, repraesentatum ; pref. re- re- -f- praesen- 
tare to place before, present. See Present, v. £.] 1. To 
present again or anew; to exhibit the counterpart or 
image of ; to typify. 2. To portray by pictorial or plastic 
art. 3. To act the part or character of ; to personate. 4. 
To supply the place, perform the duties, or exercise the 
rights, of. 5. To bring before the mind ; to set forth ; 
sometimes, to describe. 6. To serve as a sign or symbol of. 
7. (Melaph.) To form or image again in consciousness. 

Rep're-sen-ta'tiOn (-zgn-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of rep- 
resenting, or state of being represented. 2. That which 
represents. Specif. : (a) A likeness, picture, or model. 
(6) A dramatic performance, (c) A description or state- 
ment, (d) The body of those who act as representatives 
of a community or society. 

Syn. — Description; show; delineation; portraiture; 
likeness ; resemblance ; exhibition ; sight. 

Re-pres'en-ta'tion (re-prgz'gn-ta'shun), n. A re-pre- 
senting ; state of being presented again ; new presentation. 

Rep y re-sent'a-tlve (rgp're-zgnt'a-tTv), a. 1. Fitted to 
represent ; exhibiting a similitude. 2. Bearing the 
character or power of another ; acting for another or 
others. 3. Conducted by persons chosen to act as depu- 
ties for the people. — Rep / re -sent'a-tive-ly, adv. — 
Rep re-sent'a-tlve-ness. n. 



Rep re-sent'a-tlve (rgp're-zgnt'a-tTv), n. 1. One that 
represents. 2. An authorized agent, deputy, or substi- 
tute; specif., a member of the lower or popular house in 
a State legislature, or in the Federal Congress. \U. «S\] 

Rep're-sent'er (-er), n. One who represents. 

Re-press' (re-preV), v. I. To press again. 

Re-press' (rt-preV), V. t. 1. To press back or down 
effectually ; to crush down or out. 2. Hence, to check; 
to restrain ; to keep back. 

Syn. — To overpower ; subdue ; suppress ; quell ; curb. 

Re-pres'slon (rc-prgsh'iln), n. Act of repressing, or 
state of being repressed ; check ; restraint. 

Re-press'ive (rS-prgs'I-v), a. Having power, or tend- 
ing, to repress. — Re-press'ive-ly, adv. 

Re-priev'al (re-prev'al), n. Reprieve. 

Re-prieve' (re-prev'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reprieved 
(-prevd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reprieving.] [OF. re- 
prover to blame, reproach, condemn, f r. L. reprobare to 
reject, condemn ; pref. re- re- -+- probare to try, prove.] 

1. To suspend the execution of sentence on ; to respite. 

2. To relieve for a time, or temporarily. 
Re-prieve' (re-prev'), n. 1. A temporary suspension 

of the execution of a sentence, esp. a sentence of death. 
2. Interval of ease or relief ; respite. 

Rep'ri mand (rgp'rt-mand), n. [F. reprimande, fr. 
L. reprimendtis, reprimenda, that is to be checked or 
suppressed, fr. reprimere to check, repress ; pref. re- re- 
-\-premere to press.] Severe or formal reproof. 

Rep'ri -mand, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Reprimanded ;p. pr. 
& vb. n. Reprimanding.] To reprove severely ; to censure 
formally or publicly ; to rebuke. 

Syn. — To reprehend ; chide ; blame. See Reprove. 

Re-print' (re-prlnf), v. t. To print again ; to print 
a new edition of. 

Re'print' (re'print'), n. A second or new impression 
or edition ; specif., a republication in another country. 

Re-pris'al (re-prlz'al), n. [F. represaille, deriv. of L. 
reprehendere, -hensum. See Reprehend.] 1. A taking 
from an enemy by way of retaliation or indemnity. 2. 
Anything so taken. 3. Act of inflicting suffering or death 
on a prisoner taken from an enemy in retaliation for an 
act of inhumanity. 4. Any act of retaliation. 

Re-prise 7 (re-priz'), n. [F. reprise, fr. reprendre, 
repris, to take back, L. reprehendere. See Reprehend.] 
1. A reprisal. [Obs.~\ 2. pi. (Law) Deductions and 
duties paid yearly out of a manor and lands. 3. A ship 
recaptured from an enemy or from a pirate. 

Reproach' (re-proch'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Reproached 
(-prochf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reproaching.] [F. reprocher, 
OF. reprochier ; deriv. of L. pref. re- again, back -f- 
prope near ; hence, orig., to bring near to, throw in 
one's teeth.] 1. To come back to, as a matter of blame. 
[Obs.~\ 2. To charge with a fault ; to censure severely 
or contemptuously ; to upbraid ; to chide. 

Syn. — To chide ; rebuke ; condemn ; revile ; vilify. 

Re-proach', n. 1. A reproaching ; censure mingled 
with contempt. 2. Cause of blame or censure ; shame ; 
disgrace. 3. Object of blame, censure, scorn, or derision. 

Syn. — Disrepute ; discredit ; dishonor ; opprobrium ; 
invective ; contumely ; reviling ; abuse ; vilification ; 
scurrility ; insolence ; insult ; scorn ; contempt ; igno- 
miny ; shame ; scandal ; disgrace ; infamy. 

Re-proach'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Deserving reproach. 

Re-proach'ful (-ful), a. 1. Expressing or containing 
reproach. 2. Occasioning or deserving reproach. — Re- 
proach'ful-ly, adv. — Re-proach'ful-ness, ». 

Syn. — Opprobrious; contumelious; abusive; offen- 
sive ; insulting ; contemptuous ; scornful ; insolent ; scur- 
rilous ; disreputable ; discreditable ; dishonorable ; shame- 
ful ; disgraceful ; scandalous ; base ; vile ; infamous. 

Rep'ro-bate (rgp'ro-bat), a. [L. reprobaius, p. p. of 
reprobare to disapprove, condemn. See Reprieve.] 1. 
Not enduring proof ; disapproved. [Obs.~\ 2. Abandoned 
to punishment ; hence, morally abandoned and lost ; 
given up to vice. 3. Of or pertaining to one who is 
given up to wickedness. 

Syn. — Abandoned; vitiated; depraved; corrupt; 
wicked ; profligate ; base ; vile. See Abandoned. 

Rep'ro-bate, n. One morally abandoned and lost. 

Rep'ro-bate (-bat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reprobated 
(-ba'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reprobating.] 1. To disap- 
prove with detestation ; to condemn as unworthy ; to dis- 
allow. 2. To abandon to punishment without hope of 
pardon. • 

Syn. — To condemn ; reprehend ; censure ; disown ; 
abandon ; reject. 

Rep'ro-bate-ness, n. The state of being reprobate. 

Rep ro-ba'tion (-ba'shun), n. Act of reprobating; 
state of being reprobated. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, oat, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



REPRODUCE 



694 



REQUISITION 



Re pro-duce' (i* prft-daa'), v. t. To produce again. 
To bring forward again. (b) To cause to exist 
Mitn (e) To produce mother, or others, of like kind or 
species, as by generation of offspring, (d) To make an 
image or other representation of ; to cause to exist again 
in the meniorv or the mind ; to copy. 

Re pro-duc'tlon (,-duk'shiin), ?;. 1. A reproducing; 
state of being reproduced. 2. That which is reproduced. 

Re pro-duc'tive (-*!▼), «• Tending, or pertaining, to 
reproduction ; employed in reproduction. 

Re pro-duc'to-ry (-to-r^), a. Reproductive. 

Re- proof (,re-proof), n. [OE. reproef. See Reprove.] 
1. Refutation. [Obs.) 2. An expression of blame or 
censure ; esp., blame expressed to the face ; reproach. 

Syn. — Admonition: reprehension; chiding; repri- 
mand ; rebuke ; censure ; blame. See Admonition. 

Re-prov'a-ble (-proov'a-b'l), a. Worthy of reproof or 
censure.— Re-prov'a-ble-ness, n.— Re-pro v'a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Blamable; blameworthy; censurable; repre- 
hensible ; culpable ; rebukable. 

Re-prov'al (-al),_«. Reproof. 

Reprove 7 (re-proov'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reproved 
(-proovd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reproving.] [F. reprouver, 
OF. reprover, fr. L. reprobate. See Reprieve.] 1. To 
convince. Also, to disprove. [Obs.~\ 2. To accuse as 
guilty ; to censure. 3. To express disapprobation of. 

Syn. — To reprehend ; chide ; rebuke ; scold ; blame ; 
censure. — Reprove, rebuke, and reprimand all signify the 
expression of disapprobation. Reprove implies greater 
calmness and self-possession ; rebuke implies a more ex- 
cited and personal feeling ; reprimand implies superior 
authority, and is esp. used of a formal and official act. 

Re-prov'er (re-prdov'er), n. One that reproves. 

Rep'tant (rep'tant), a. [L. reptans, -antis, p. pr. of 
■reptare, fr. repere to creep. See Reptile.] 1. (Bot.) 
Same as Repent. 2. (Zool.) Creeping; crawling; — 
said of reptiles, worms, etc. 

Rep'tile (rep'tll), a. [F., fr. L. replilis, fr. repere, 
reptum, to creep.] 1. Creeping; moving on the belly, 
or by means of small and short legs. 2. Hence : Grovel- 
ing ; low ; vulgar. 

Rep'tile, n. 1. (Zool.) An animal that crawls, or 
moves on its belly, as snakes do, or by means of small, 
short legs. 2. A groveling or very mean person. 

II Rep-til'i-a (rep-til'T-a), n. pi. [NL.] (Zool.) A 
class of air-breathing, oviparous vertebrates, usually cov- 
ered with scales or bony plates, — including the turtles, 
lizards, and serpents. 

Rep-til'i-an (-an), a. Belonging to the reptiles. 

Re-public (re-publik), n. [F. republique, L. res- 

rblica commonwealth ; res thing -\-publicus public] 
Common weal. [Obs.~\ 2. A state in which the sov- 
ereign power resides in the whole body of the people, and 
is exercised by representatives elected by them ; a com- 
monwealth. 

G^* Some ancient states called republics are now dis- 
tinctively called aristocracies. 

Republic of letters, literary or learned men, collectively. 

Re-public-an (-ll-kan), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a 
republic. 2. Consonant with the principles of a republic. 

Re-public-an (re-puVlT-kan), n. 1. One who favors 
or prefers a republican form of government. 2. (U. S. 
Politics) A member of the Republican party, so called. 
3. (Zo'dl.) (a) The American cliff swallow. The cliff 
swallows build their nests side by side, many together. 
(b) A South African weaver bird (Philetserus socius). 
These weaver birds build many 
nests together, under a large 
rooflike shelter, which they 
make of straw. 

Republicanism (-Tz'm), n. 
1. A republican form or system 
of government; the principles 
or theory of republican govern- 
ment, or adherence to or advo- 
cacy of them. 2. The principles 
and policy of the Republican Compound Nest of Repub- 
party, so called. [U. £.] lican ' much "duced. 

Re-public-an-ize (-Izl, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Republic- 
anized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Republicanizing (-i'- 
zTng).] To cause to be republican. 

Re-puVli-ca'tion (re-puttlT-ka'shun), n. Act of re- 
publishing ; that which is republished ; a reprint. 

Re-publish (re-puVlTsh), v. t. To publish anew; 

specif., to publish in one country (a work first published 

in another) ; also, to revive (a will) by reexecution or 

codicil. [to, be repudiated. I 

KO-pu'di-a-ble (re-pu'dl-a-b'l), a. That may, or is fit | 

Re-pu'di-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repudiated 




(-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Repudiating.] [L. repudiare, 
p. p. -atus, fr. repudium separation, divorce ; pref. re- 
re- -{-pudere to be ashamed.] 1. To cast off; to disa- 
vow ; to renounce ; to reject. 2. To divorce or discard. 
3. To refuse to acknowledge or to pay ; to disclaim. 

Re pu di-a'tion (re-pu'dT-a'shun), n. Act of repudia- 
ting, or state of being repudiated. 

Re-pu'di-a'tor Gpu'dT-a'ter), n. One who repudiates. 

Re-pugn'.(re-pun'), v. t. [F. repugner, L. repugnare, 
repugnatum ; pref. re- + pugnare to fight.] To fight 
against ; to resist. [R.~\ 

Re-pug'nance (-pfig'nans), ) n. State of being repug- 

Re-pug'nan-cy (-nan-sf), j nant ; esp., a strong in- 
stinctive antagonism. 

Syn. — Unwillingness ; hatred ; hostility ; irreconcila- 
bleness ; contrariety ; inconsistency. See also Dislike. 

Re pug'nant (-nant), a. Disposed to fight against ; 
hostile ; being at war or at variance ; also, distasteful in 
a high degree ; offensive. — Re-pug'nant-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Opposite ; opposed ; adverse ; contrary ; incon- 
sistent ; irreconcilable ; hostile ; inimical. 

Re-pulse' (re-puls'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repulsed 
(-pulsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Repulsing.] [L. repulsus, p. p. 
of repellere. See Repel.] To repel; to beat or drive 
back ; to cause to retreat. Also used figuratively. 

Re-pulse', n. 1. A repelling or driving back ; state 
of being repelled. 2. Fig. : Denial ; rejection ; failure. 

Re-pul'Sion (re-pul'shun), n. 1. Act or power of re- 
pulsing or repelling ; state of being repulsed or repelled. 
2. A feeling of violent offense or disgust ; repugnance. 

Re-pul'sive (-siv), a. 1. Serving, or able, to repulse ; 
repellent. 2. Cold ; forbidding ; offensive. — Re-pul'- 
Sive-ly, adv. — Re-pul'sive-ness, n. [back or again. I 

Re-pur'chase (re-pQr'chas ; 48), v. t. To purchase | 

Rep'U-ta-ble (rej/u-ta-b'l), a. Having, or worthy of, 
good repute ; held in esteem ; honorable ; respectable. 
— Rep'u-ta-ble-ness, n. — Rep'u-ta-bly, adv. 

Rep'U-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. 1. Estimation in which 
one is held ; character in public opinion. 2. Specif. : 
Favorable regard ; general credit ; good name. 

Syn. — Credit ; repute ; regard ; estimation ; esteem ; 
honor; fame. 

Re-pute' (re-put'), v. t, [imp. &p.p. Reputed ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Reputing.] [F. reputer, L. reputare to count 
over, think over ; pref. re- re- -\-putare to count, think.] 
To hold in thought ; to account ; to estimate ; to hold ; 
to think ; to reckon. 

Re-pute', n. 1. Character reputed or attributed ; pub- 
lic estimate. 2. Specif. : Good character or reputation. 

Re-put'ed-ly (-ed-ly), adv. In common opinion or 
estimation ; by repute. 

Re-quest' (re-kwesf), n. [OF. requeste, deriv. of L. 
requirere, requisitum, to seek again, ask for. See Re- 
quire.] 1. Act of asking for anything desired ; expres- 
sion of desire or demand ; solicitation. 2. Thing asked 
for or requested. 3. State of being desired or demanded. 

Syn. — Petition ; prayer ; supplication ; entreaty ; suit. 

Re-quest', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Requested ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Requesting.] 1. To ask for ; to express desire for ; 
to solicit. 2. To address with a request ; to ask. 

Syn. — To ask ; solicit ; entreat ; beseech. See Beg. 

Re-quick'en (re-kwTk"n), v. t. To quicken anew. 

Re'qui-em (re'kwT-em), n. [Ace. of L. requies rest, 
the first words of the Mass being " Requiem aeternam 
dona eis, Domine," give them eternal rest, O Lord; re- 
re- + quies quiet.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) A Mass said or sung 
for the Tepose of a departed soul. 2. Any grand musical 
composition performed in honor of a deceased person. 

Re-quir'a-ble (re-kwir'a-b'l), a. That may be required. 

Re-quire' (re-kwlr'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Required 
(-kwird') ; p.pr. &vb. n. Requiring.] [OF. requerre ; L. 
pref. re- re- + quaerere to ask.] 1. To insist upon having ; 
to claim as by right and authority ; to exact. 2. Fig. : 
To call for ; to need. 3. To ask as a favor ; to request. 

Syn. — To enjoin ; prescribe ; direct ; order ; demand. 

Re-quire'ment (-ment), ?i. 1. Act of requiring. 
2. That which is required or demanded ; something 
necessary; need. 

Re-quir'er (-kwir'er), n. One who requires. 

Req'ui-site (r6k'wT-zit), a. [L. requisittis, p. p. of 
requirere ; pref. re- re- -f- quaerere to ask.] Required by 
the nature of things, or by circumstances ; necessary ; 
indispensable. — Req'Ul-site-ly, adv. — Req'ui-site- 

I1GSS ft, 

Req'ui-site, n. That which is required, or is neces- 
sary ; something indispensable. 

Req'ui-si'tion (rgkAvT-zish'un), n. 1. Act of requir- 
ing or demanding, as of right. Specif. : (a) (Interna- 
tional Law) A formal demand made by one state or 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, 3 vent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



REQUISITION 



695 



KINIDUARY 



government upon another for the surrender or extradi- 
tion of a fugitive from justice, (b) An authoritative 
demand or an official application for supplies. 2. That 
which is required hy authority ; esp., a quota of supplies. 
3- A written or formal call ; a summons. [Am,] 

Req ui-si'tion (rSk'wT-zIsh'un), 1. t. To make a req- 
uisition on or for. 

Re-quit'a-ble (re-kwft'a-b'l), a. That may be requited. 

Re-quit'al (-a\), n. [From Requite.] Act of requit- 
ing ; also, that which requites. 

Syn. — Compensation ; recompense ; remuneration ; 
reward ; satisfaction ; payment ; retribution ; retaliation ; 
reprisal ; punishment. 

Re-quite' (re-kwif), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Requited ; p. 
j))\ & vb. n. Requiting.] [Pref. re- -\- quit.] To repay ; 
in a good sense, to recompense ; in a bad sense, to retaliate. 

Syn. — To repay ; reward ; pay ; compensate ; remu- 
nerate ; satisfy ; recompense ; punish ; revenge. 

Re-quit'er (-kwlt'er), n. Oue who requites. 

Rere'dos (reVdos), n. [From rear -f- F. dos back, L. 
dorsum."] (Arch.) (a) A screen or partition wall behind 
an altar. (b) The back of a fireplace. 

Re-sail' (re-sal'), v. t. & i. To sail again or back. 

Re-sale' (re-sal' or re'sal), n. A sale at second hand, 
or at retail ; also, a second sale. 

Re-scind' (re-sTnd'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rescinded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Rescinding.] [L. rescindere, l-eseissum ; 
pref. re- re- -f- seinde7-e to cut, split.] 1. To cut off ; to 
abrogate ; to annul. 2. Specif., to vacate or make void 
by the enacting authority or superior authority ; to repeal. 

Syn. — To revoke ; repeal ; abrogate ; annul ; recall ; 
reverse ; vacate ; void. 

Re-scis'sion (re-sTzh'Qn), n. Act of rescinding. 

Re-scis'SO-ry (re-sTz'6-ry or re-sis'-), a. Tending to 
rescind ; rescinding. 

Re-scribe' (re-skrir/), v. t. [L. rescribere, -scriptum. 
See Re-, and Scribe.] 1. To write back or in reply. 2. 
To write over again. 

Re'script (re'skrTpt), n. 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The an- 
swer of an emperor when formally consulted ; hence, an 
edict or decree. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The official written 
answer of the pope upon a question of canon law or 
morals. 3. A counterpart. 

Re-scrip'tive (re-skrTp'tTv), a. Pertaining to, or 
answering the purpose of, a rescript ; hence, deciding ; 
determining. 

Res'CU-a-ble (rgs'ku-a-b'l), a. That may be rescued. 

Res'cue (rgs'ku), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rescued (-kud) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Rescuing.] [OF. rescourre, rescurre, 
rescorre; L. pref. re- re- -f- excutere to shake or drive 
cut; ez out -(- quatere to shake.] To free or deliver from 
any confinement, violence, danger, or evil ; to liberate 
from actual restraint. 

Syn. — To retake ; recapture ; free ; release ; save. 

Res'cue, R. Act of rescuing; deliverance from re- 
straint, violence, or danger ; liberation. 

Rescue grass. [Etyni. uncertain.] (Bot.) A tall grass 
somewhat like chess, cultivated for hay and forage. 

Res'CU-er (-ku-er\ ?;. One who rescues. 

Re-search' (re-serch'), v. t. To search again or anew. 

Re-search' (re-serch'), n. Diligent inquiry or exami- 
nation in seeking facts; laborious or continued search 
after truth , inquiry ; scrutiny. [tinued care. I 

Re-search', v. t. To search or examine with con-| 

Re-seat' (re-set'), v. t. 1. To seat or set again. 2. 
To put a new seat, or new seats, in. 

Re-sect' (re-sgkt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Resecting.] [L. resecere, p. p. -sectus ; 
pref. re- re- + secare to cut.] To cut or pare off ; to 
remove by cutting. 

Re-seize' (re-sez'), v. t. 1. To seize or take posses- 
sion of again, or anew. 2. To put in possession again. 

Re-sei'zure (re-se'zhur ; 135), n. Act of reseizing. 

Re-sell' (re-sel'), v. t. To sell again ; to sell at retail. 

Re-sem'blance (re-zgn/blans), 7i. 1. Quality or state 
of resembling. 2. That which resembles, or is similar. 

Syn. — Likeness; similarity ; similitude; semblance; 
representation ; image. 

Re-sem'ble (re-zemVl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resem- 
bled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Resembling (-bling).] [F. 
ressembler ; pref. re- re- -f- sembler to seem, resemble, fr. 
L. similare, simulare, to imitate, fr. similis like, similar.] 
To be like or similar to ; to bear the similitude of, either 
in appearance or qualities. 

Re-send' (re-send'), v. t. To send again or anew. 

Re-sent' (re-zgnf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resented ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Resenting.] [F. ressentir ; L. pref. re- re- 
-f- sentire to feel.] 1. To be sensible of ; to feel ; now- 
only in a bad sense,, to feel to be, or consider as, an in- 



jury or affront ; to be indignant at. 2. To express or 
exhibit displaMan or indignation at. 

Re sent'lul (re-zgnt'f nl), «. Inclined to resent ; easily 
provoked to anger , irritable. — Re-sent'ful-ly. 

Re sent'ment (-mant), /<. 1. Act or state of resent- 
ing. 2. Hostility provoked by a wrong or injury ex- 
perienced ; animosity. 

!Syn. — Anger ; irritation ; vexation ; displeasure ; 
grudge ; indignation ; choh-r ; gall : ire ; wrath ; rage ; 
fury. — Aiiyer is the broader term, denoting a keen sense 
of disapprobation (usually with a desire to puuhdu for 
whatever we feel to be a wrong, whether to ourselves or 
others. Resentment is anger excited by a sense of per- 
sonal injury. Pride and selfishness are apt to aggravate 
this feeling till it changes into criminal animosity; and 
this is now commonly implied by the term. See Anger. 

Res er-va'tion (rgz'er-va'shuu), n. 1. Act of re- 
serving, or keeping back ; state of being reserved. 2. 
Something withheld. 3. A tract of the public land re- 
served for some special use. [U. S.] 

Mental reservation, a withholding, or failing to disclose, 
something that affects a statement, promise, etc., which, 
if disclosed, would materially change its import. 

Re-serv'a-tO-ry (re-zerv'a-to-ry ), n. A place in which 
things are reserved or kept. 

Re-serve / (re-zerv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reserved 
(-zervd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reserving.] [F. resener, L. 
reservare, -at urn ; re- re- + servare to keep.] 1. To keep 
back ; not to deliver, make over, or disclose. 2. Hence, 
to keep in store for future or special use. 3. To except. 

Re-serve', n. 1. Act of reserving, or keeping back. 
2. Restraint of freedom in words or actions. 3. That 
which is reserved. 4. Specif. : (a) A tract of land re- 
served, or set apart, for a particular purpose, (b) (Mil.) 
A force or body of troops kept for an exigency, (c) 
(Banking) Funds kept on hand to meet liabilities. 

Syn. — Reservation ; retention; limitation; backward- 
ness ; coldness ; shyness ; coyness ; modesty. 

Re-served' (-zervd'), a. 1. Kept for future or special 
use, or for an exigency. 2. Restrained from freedom in 
words or actions. — Re-serv'ed-lv (re-zerv'gd-ly), adv. 
— Re-serv'ed-ness, n. 

Re-serv'er (re-zerv'er), 7i. One who reserves. 

Res'er-VOir' (rSz'er-vwSr 7 ), 7i. [F. reservoir, fr. LL. 
reservatorium, fr. reservare. See Reserve.] A place 
where anything is kept in store ; esp. , a place where 
water is collected and kept for use when wanted. 

Re-set' (re-set'), v. t. To set again. [is reset. I 

Re'set (re'set), n. Act of resetting ; also, that which | 

Re-set'tle (re-set't'l), v. t. & i. To settle again. 

Re-set'tle-ment (-ment), n. Act of resettling, or 
state of being resettled. [second time. I 

Re-Ship' (re-ship'), v. t. & i. To ship again or a| 

Re-side' (re-zld'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resided ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Residing.] [F. resider,L. reside re ; pref. 
re- re- + sedere to sit.] 1. To dwell permanently or for 
a considerable time ; to have one's domicile or home. 
2. To inhere ; to lie or be as an attribute or element. 

Syn. — To sojourn ; abide ; remain ; live ; domicile. 

Res'i-dence (rgz'T-dens), n. 1. Act or fact of residing. 
2. Place where one resides; esp., a permanent home or 
domicile. 3. Place where anything rests permanently. 

Syn. — Domiciliation; sojourn; stay ; abode ; home ; 
dwelling ; habitation ; domicile : mansion. 

Res'i-den-cy (-den-sy), n. A political agency at a 
native court in British India ; also, a Dutch commercial 
colony or province in the East Indies. 

Res'1-dent (-dent), a. [F. resident, L. residens. -ends, 
p. pr. See Reside.] 1. Dwelling, or having an abode, 
in a place for a continued length of time ; residing on 
one's own estate. 2. Fixed ; stable. [Obs.~\ 

Res'i-dent. n. 1. One who resides. 2. A diplomatic 
representative at a foreign court ; — usually applied to 
ministers inferior in rank to ambassadors. 

Res i-den'tial (-dgn'slml). a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
a residence or residents. 2. Residing ; residentiary, [i?.] 

Res i-den'tia-ry (-dgn'sha-rj), a. Having residence. 

Res i-den'tia-ry, n. 1. One who is resident. 2. An 
ecclesiastic who keeps a certain resideuce. 

Re-sid'er (re-zld'er). n. One who resides in a place. 

Syn. —Inhabitant : inhabiter : dweller; sojourner. 

Re-sid'U-al (re-zid'u-«l), a. Pertaining to a residue ; 
remaining after apart is taken. — n. (Math.) (a) The 
difference of the results obtained by observation, and by 
computation from a formula, (b) The difference between 
the mean of several observations and any one of them. 

Re-sid'U-a-ry (-a-ry), a. Consisting of residue ; per- 
taining to the residue, or part remaining. 

Residuary clause {Law), that part of the testator's will in 
which the residue of his estate is disposed of. 



i 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



RESIDUE 



696 



RESPECT 



Residue ( i rez'T-du'). ft. [F. risidu, L. residuum, fr. 
residuus that is left behind, remaining, fr. residue to re- 
mind. Bee Keside.] 1. That which remains 
alter a part is taken, separated, removed, or designated, 
i That part of a testator's estate which remains 
kffeet payment of debts and specific devises and legacies. 

Syn. — Kest; remainder; remnant; balance; resid- 
uum ; remains ; leavings ; relics. 

Re-sid'u-um(,re-zid'5-um),?j. [L.] See Residue, 1. 

Re-sign' ^ re-sin'), r. /. To sign anew or again. 

Re-sign' (.re-ziu'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resigned 
(-zindM : /<• pr. & vb. ft. Resigning.] [F. resigner, L. 
resignare to unseal, annul, assign, resign ; pref. re- re--f- 
sipnarc to seal, stamp. See Sign.] 1. To sign back ; to 
return by a formal act ; to surrender. Hence, to give up ; 
to cease to maintain. 2. To relinquish ; to abandon. 

Syn. — To abdicate ; submit ; leave ; relinquish ; fore- 
go ; quit ; forsake ; abandon ; renounce. — To resign is to 
give up, as if breaking a seal and yielding all it had se- 
cured ; hence, it marks a formal and deliberate surrender. 
To relinquish is less formal, but always implies abandon- 
ment, and that the thing given up has been long an object 
of pursuit, or is advantageous, cherished, or desired. 

Res ig-na'tion (rez'Ig-na'shun), n. 1. Act of resign- 
ing or giving up ; surrender. 2. State of being resigned 
or submissive ; submission ; unresisting acquiescence. 

Syn.— Relinquishment ; forsaking ; abandonment ; ab- 
dication ; renunciation ; endurance. See Patience. 

Re-signed' (re-zind'), a. Submissive ; yielding. 

Re-sign'ed-ly (re-ziu'ed-ly), adv. With submission. 

Re-sign'er (re-zin'er), n. One who resigns. 

Re-sign'ment (-ment), n. Act of resigning. 

Re-sile' (re-zil'), v. i. [L. resilire to leap back. See 
Re-, and Salient.] To start back ; to recoil. 

Re-sil'i-ence (re-zTl'T-ens), ) n. 1. Act of springing 
. Re-sil'i-en-cy (-en-sf), J back, or rebounding. 
2. (Mech. & Engin.) Tbe mechanical work required to 
strain an elastic body to the elastic limit ; also, the work 
performed by the body in recovering from such strain. 

Re-sil'i-ent (-ent), a. [L. resiliens, p. pr.] Leaping 
back ; rebounding ; recoiling. 

Res 'in (rez'In), n. [F. resine, L. retina.'] Any one 
of a class of yellowish brown, inflammable solids, of vege- 
table origin, which are nonconductors of electricity, are 
of a vitreous fracture, and are soluble in ether, alcohol, 
and essential oils, but not in water ; specif., rosin. 

Res in-if 'er-ous (reVin-Tf'er-us), a. [Resin + -fer- 
ous.] Yielding resin. 

Res'in-ous (-us), a. Of or pert, to resin ; of the nature 
of resin. — Res'in-ous-ly, adv. — Res'in-ous-ness, n. 

Reginous electricity (Elec.),- electricity excited by rub- 
bing bodies of the resinous kind ; negative electricity. 

Res'in-y (-y), a. Like resin ; resinous. 

Re-sist' (re-zisf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resisted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Resisting.] [F. resister, L. resister e, pref. re- 
re- + sislere to cause to stand, fr. stare to stand. See 
Stand.] 1. To stand against ; to withstand ; to obstruct. 
2. To strive against ; to oppose. 3. To counteract, as a 
force, by inertia or reaction. 

Syn. — To withstand ; oppose ; hinder ; obstruct ; coun- 
teract ; check ; thwart ; baffle ; disappoint. 

Resist', v. i. To make opposition. 

Re-sist'ance (-ans), n. 1. Act of resisting; opposi- 
tion, passive or active. 2. (Physics) The quality of not 
yielding to force or external pressure. 3. {Elec. ) A cer- 
tain hindrance or opposition to the passage of an elec- 
trical current or discharge offered by conducting bodies. 

Re-sist'ant (-ant), a. Making resistance ; resisting. 
— n. One who, or that which, resists. 

Re-sist'er (-er), n. One who resists. 

Re-sist'i-ble (re-zTst'T-b'l), a. Capable of being re- 
sisted.-Re-sisM-bil'i-ty (-bll'T-ty), Re-slst'i-ble-ness, 
n. — Re-sist'i-bly, adv. 

Resistless, a. Incapable of being resisted ; irresist- 
ible. — Resistless-ly, adv. — Re-sist'less-ness, n. 

Res'o-lu-ble (rgz'o-lu-b'l), a. Admitting of being re- 
solved ; soluble. 

Res'0-lute (r6z'6-lut), a. [Cf. F. resolu. The L. re- 
tolutus, p. p., means, relaxed, enervated, effeminate. See 
Resolve, v. t. & ».] 1. Having a decided purpose ; fixed 
in a determination ; hence, bold ; firm ; steady. 2. Re- 
solving, or explaining ; as, the resolute Doctor Durand. 
[ Oft*-] — Res'o-lute-ly, adv. — Res'o-lute-ness, n. 

Syn.— Determined ; decided ; fixed ; steadfast ; steady; 
constant ; persevering ; firm ; bold ; unshaken. 

Reso-lu'tlon (-lu'shfin), n. 1. Act or process of 
resolving. Specif. : (a) Act of separating a compound 
into its elements or component parts, (b) Act of ana- 
lyzing a complex notion, or solving a difficult problem. 
2. State of being resolved, settled, or determined. 3. 



That which is resolved or determined. Specif. : A formal 
expression of the opinion or will of an official body or a 
public assembly, adopted by vote. 4. (Math.) Act or 
process of solving ; solution. 

Syn. — Decision ; analysis ; separation ; disentangle- 
ment ; dissolution ; resolvadness ; resoluteness ; firmness • 
constancy ; perseverance ; steadfastness ; fortitude ; bold- 
ness ; purpose ; resolve. See Decision. 

Re-solv'a-ble (re-z51v'a-b'l), a. Admitting of being 
resolved. 

Re-solve' (re-z51v'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resolved 
(-z51vd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Resolving.] [L. resolvere, p. p. 
resolutus, to untie, loosen, relax, enfeeble ; pref. re- re- 
+ solvere to loosen, dissolve.] 1. To separate the com- 
ponent parts of ; to reduce to the constituent elements. 
2. To reduce to simple or intelligible notions ; — said of 
complex ideas or obscure questions ; to explain ; hence, 
to clear up, or dispel. 3. To cause to perceive or under- 
stand ; to assure ; to make certain. 4. To determine or 
decide in purpose. 6. To declare or decide by a formal 
vote ; — followed by a clause. 6. (Math.) To solve, as a 
problem ; to find the answer to, or the result of. 7. (Med. ) 
To disperse or scatter. 

Syn. — To solve ; analyze ; unravel ; disentangle. 

Re-SOlve', v. i. [The sense " to be convinced, to de- 
termine " comes from the idea of loosening, breaking up 
into parts, analyzing, hence, determining.] 1. To be 
separated into its component parts or distinct principles. 

2. To melt ; to dissolve ; to become fluid. 3. To form a 
purpose ; esp., to determine after reflection. 

Syn. — To determine ; decide ; conclude ; purpose. 

Re-solve', n. 1. Act of resolving or making clear ; 
resolution ; solution. 2. That which has been resolved 
on or determined ; fixed purpose ; also, legal or official 
determination. 

Re-SOlved' (-zSlvd'), p. p. & a. Having a fixed pur- 
pose; determined; resolute; firm. — Re-SOlv'ed-ly (re- 
zolv'ed-ly), adv. — Re-solv'ed-ness. n. 

Re-soiv'ent (-ent), a. Having power to resolve ; solv- 
ent. — n. That which has the power of resolving. 

Re-SOlv'er (re-zolv'er), n. 1. That which decomposes, 
or dissolves. 2. That which clears up and removes dif- 
ficulties. 3. One who resolves, or forms a firm purpose. 

Res'O-nance (rgz'6-nans), n. 1. Act of resounding ; 
quality or state of being resonant. 2. (Acoustics) A pro- 
longation or increase of any sound. 

Res'0-nan-cy (-nan-sf), n. Resonance. 

Res'o-nant (-nant), a. [L. resonans, p. pr. of resonare 
to resound. See Resound.] Returning, or capable of 
returning, sound ; resounding. — Res'o-nant-ly , adv. 

Re-sorb' (re-s6rb'), v. t. [L. resorbere ; pref. re- re- 
-f- sorbere to suck or drink in.] To swallow up. 

Re-SOrb'ent (-ent), a. Swallowing up. 

Re-sort' (-z6rt'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Resorted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Resoeting.] [OF. resortir to withdraw, take 
refuge, LL. resortire; pref. re- re- -+- L. sortiri to draw 
lots, obtain by lot, f r. sors lot. The meaning is first to re- 
obtain (by lot), then to gain by appeal to a higher court, 
then to appeal, go for protection.] 1. To go ; to repair ; 
to betake one's self. 2. To have recourse ; to apply. 

Re-sort', n. 1. A going, or making application ; visit- 
ing or seeking ; recourse. 2. A place to which one be- 
takes himself habitually ; haunt. 3. Resource ; refuge. 

Re-sort 'er (-er), n. One who resorts ; frequenter. 

Re-sound' (re-sound'), v. t. & i. To sound again. 

Re-SOUnd' (re-zound'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Resounded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Resounding.] [OF. resoner, fr. L. reso- 
nare; pref. re- re- 4- sonare to sound, sonus sound.] 1. 
To sound loudly. 2. To be filled with sound ; to ring. 

3. To be echoed. 4. To be mentioned much and loudly. 
5. To echo or reverberate ; to be resonant. 

Re-SOUnd', v. t. 1. To throw back, or return, the 
sound of ; to echo ; to reverberate. 2. To praise or cel- 
ebrate with the voice, or with sounding instruments ; to 
spread the fame of. 

Syn. — To echo ; reecho ; reverberate ; sound. 

Re-source' (re-sors'), n. [F. ressource, fr. OF. res- 
sourdre, resourdre, to spring forth or up again ; pref. re- 
re- -f- sourdre to spring forth. See Source.] 1. That 
to which one resorts or on which one depends for supply 
or support ; resort ; expedient. 2. pi. Pecuniary means ; 
available means or capabilities of any kind. 

Syn. — Expedient; resort; means; contrivance. 

Re-source'ful (-fyl), a. Full of resources. 

Re-spect' (re-spgkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Respected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Respecting*.] [L. respectare, v. in tens, 
from respicere, respectum, to look back, respect ; pref. 
re- re- + specere, spicere, to look, to view.] 1. To take 
notice of ; to regard as worthy of special consideration ; 



a, e, I, o, ti, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, tt, y, short ; senate, event, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



RESPECT 



697 



RESTORATIVE 



hence, to care for ; to heed. 2. To regard with honor. 
3. To have regard to ; to relate to. 

As respects, as regards ; with regard to ; as to. 

Syn. — To regard ; esteem ; houor ; revere ; venerate. 

Re-spect' (re-spgkf), n. 1. A uoticing with attention ; 
particular consideration ; hence, care ; caution. 2. Es- 
teem ; consideration ; honor. 3. pi. An expression of 
respect or deference ; regards. 4. Relation ; reference ; 
regard. 5. Particular ; point regarded ; point of view. 

Syn.— Attention ; regard ; estimation. See Deference. 

Re-spect'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Worthy of respect ; 
hence, of good repute ; not mean. 2. Moderate in degree 
of excellence or in number. — Re-spect' a-bll'i-ty (-bll'- 
I-ty), Re-spect'a-ble-ness, n. — Re-spect' a-bly, adv. 

Respect r 3r (-er), n. One who respects. 

A respecter of persons, one who regards or judges with 
partiality. 

Re-spect 'ful (-ful), a. Marked or characterized by re- 
spect. — Re spect'f ul-ly, adv. — Respectfulness, n. 

Re-spect'ing, prep. With relation to ; regarding ; 
concerning. 

Respec'tive (re-spgk'tTv), a. 1. Noticing with at- 
tention ; hence, wary. [Obs.~\ 2. Looking toward ; 
having reference; relative, not absolute. 3. Relating 
to particular persons or things, each to each ; particular ; 
own. — Re-spec'tive-ly , adv. 

Re-spell' (re-spel'), v. t. To spell again. 

Re splr'a-ble (re-splr'a-b'l or rgs'pl-ra-b'l), a. Suita- 
ble for being breathed. 

Res pi-ra'tion (rgs'pT-ra'shun), n. Act or process of 
respiring. [spiratory. I 

Re-spir'a-tive (re-splr'a-tiv or rgs'pT-ra-tT v), a. Re- [ 

Res'pi-ra tor (rgs'pT-ra'ter), n. A device of gauze or 
wire, covering the mouth or nose, to prevent the inhala- 
tion of dust, smoke, or fumes, or to temper the air. 

Re-splr'a-tO-ry (re-splr'a-to-ry or rgs'pl-ra-to-rjr), a. 
(Physiol.) Of or pertaining to respiration. 

Re-spire' (re-spir'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Respired 
(-spird') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Respiring.] [L. respirare, 
respiratum ; pref. re- re- -j- spirare to breathe.] 1. To 
take breath again ; hence, to take rest or refreshment. 
2. (Physiol.) To breathe ; to inhale air into the lungs, 
and exhale it from them, successively. [breathe. I 

Re-spire 7 , v. t. To inspire and expire, as air; to| 

Res'pite (res'pit), n. [OF. respit, fr. L. respectus 
respect, regard, delay, in LL., the deferring of a day. 
See Respect.] 1. A putting off of that which was ap- 
pointed ; a postponement or delay. 2. Interval of rest ; 
pause ; delay. 3. (Laiv) Temporary suspension of the 
execution of a capital offender ; reprieve. 

Syn.— Interval ; stop ; cessation ; postponement ; stay. 

Res'pite, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Respited ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Respiting.] To give or grant a respite to. 

Re-splen'dence (re-splgn'dens), ) n. Quality of being 

Re-splen'den-cy (-den-s£), j resplendent. 

Re-splen'dent (-dent), a. [L. resplendens, -entis, 
p. pr. of resplendere to shine brightly ; pref. re- re- + 
splendere to shine.] Shining with brilliant luster ; very 
bright. — Re-splen'dent ly, adv. 

Respond' (re-spond'), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Responded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Responding.] [OF. respondre, fr. L. 
respondere, responsum ; pref. re- re- + spondere to 
promise.] 1. To say something in return ; to answer ; 
to reply. 2. To act in sympathy ; to accord ; to corre- 
spond. 3. To be answerable. [U.S.'] 

Syn. — To answer ; reply ; rejoin. 

Re-spond', n. 1. An answer. [R.] 2. (Eccl.) An 
anthem sung at intervals during the reading of a chapter. 

Re-spond'ent (-ent), a. Disposed or expected, to re- 
spond ; answering ; according ; corresponding. 

Re-spond'ent, n. One who responds. Specif. : (a) 
(Law) One who answers in certain suits or proceedings. 
(b) One who maintains a thesis in reply. 

I! Re spon-den'ti-a (re/spSn-den'shT-a), n. [NL.] 
(Commercial Law) A loan upon goods laden on a ship. 

Response' (re-sp5ns'), n. 1. Act of responding. 2. 
An answer or reply. 

Re-spon'sl-bll'i-ty (re-spon'sT-bil'T-ty), n. 1. State of 
being responsible, accountable, or answerable. 2. That 
for which anyone is responsible or accountable. 3. Abil- 
ity to answer in payment. 

Re-spon'si-ble (re-sp5n'sT-b'l), a. 1. Liable to re- 
spond ; likely to be called upon to answer ; accountable ; 
answerable; amenable. 2. Able to respond or answer 
for one's conduct or obligations. 3. Involving a degree 
of accountability on the part of the person concerned. 
— Re-spon'si ble-ness, n. — Re-spon'si-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Accountable ; answerable ; amenable. 

Re-spon'siVO (-siv), a. 1. That responds ; ready or 



inclined to respond. 2. Suited to something else ; cor- 
respondent. — Re spon'slve-ly (re-spSn'sIv-ly), adv. — 
Re spon'sive ness, u. 

Re-spon'SO-ry (re-sp5n'so-ry), a. Containing or mak- 
ing answer ; answering. 

Re-spon'so-ry, v. (Eccl.) (a) The answer of the 
people to the priest in alternate speaking, in church serv- 
ice, (b) A versicle sung in answer to the priest, or as 
a refrain, (c) An antiphonary ; a response book. 

Rest, n. [AS. rest, nest, rest; akin to G. rust.] 1. 
A state of quiet or repose ; cessation from motion or 
labor. 2. Hence, freedom from everything which 
wearies or disturbs ; peace ; security. 3. Sleep ; slum- 
ber ; hence, poetically, death. 4. That on which any- 
thing rests or leans for support. 5. A place where one 
may rest. 6. (Pros.) A caesura. 7. The striking of a 
balance at regular intervals in a running account. 8. 
(Mus. ) Silence in music or in one of its parts ; also, the 
character indicating such silence. 



m 

«J Whole 



*-*- 



-S: 



Whole. Half. Quarters. Eighth. Six- Thirty- Sixty- 
teeoth. second, fourth. 

Rests. 

Syn.— Pause ; intermission ; stop ; stay ; repose ; quiet ; 
ease ; quietness ; stillness ; tranquillity ; peacefulness. 

Rest (rSst), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rested ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Resting.] 1. To cease from action, motion, or ex- 
ertion, esp. from that which has caused weariness. 2. 
To be free from whatever wearies or disturbs. 3. To 
lie ; to repose ; to recline. 4. To stand firm ; to be sup- 
ported. 5. To sleep ; to slumber ; hence, poetically, to 
be dead. 6. To trust ; to rely ; to repose without anx- 
iety. 7. To be satisfied ; to acquiesce. 

To rest with, to be in the power of ; to depend upon. 

Rest, v. t. 1. To give rest to ; to quiet. 2. To place, 
as on a support ; to cause to lean. 

Rest, n. [F. reste, fr. rester to remain, L. restore to 
stay back, remain ; pref. re- re- -(- stare to stand, stay.] 

1. That which is left, or which remains after the separa- 
tion of a part ; remainder ; residue. 2. Those not in- 
cluded in a proposition or description ; others. 

Syn. — Remainder ; overplus; surplus; remnant; res- 
idue ; reserve ; others. 

Rest, v . i. To be left ; to remain ; to continue to be. 

Re-State' (re-staf), v. t. To state anew. 

Res'tau rant (rgs'to-rant), n. [F., fr. restaurer. See 
Restore.] An eating house. 

II Re staura teur' (ra'sto'ra'ter'), n. [F.] The keeper 
of an eating house or a restaurant. 

Rest'ful (rgst'ful), a. 1. Being at rest ; quiet. 2. 
Giving rest ; freeing from toil, trouble, etc. — Rest'f ul- 
ly, adv. — Rest/fulness, n. 

Res'ti-tUte (res'tT-tut), v. t. [L. restituere, p. p. 
restistutus; pref. re- re- + statuere to place. See Stat- 
ute.] To restore to a former state. [&.] 

Res'ti-tu'tion (rgs'tT-tu'shvin), n. 1. Act of restor- 
ing anything to its rightful owner, or of making good, or 
of giving an equivalent for any loss, damage, or injury. 

2. That which is offered or given in return for what has 
been lost, injured, or destroyed. 

Syn. — Restoration; return; indemnification; repara- 
tion ; compensation ; amends ; remuneration. 

Rest'ive (rgst'Iv), a. [OF. rest if, fr. L. restore to 
stay back, withstand, resist. See Rest remainder.] 1. 
Unwilling to go on ; stubborn ; drawing back. 2. Impa- 
tient under coercion or opposition ; refractory. 3. Un- 
easy ; restless ; averse to standing still ; — applied espe- 
cially to horses. — Rest'ive-ly, adv. — Rest'ive-ness, n. 

Restless, a. 1. Never resting ; unquiet ; uneasy. 
2. Eager for change; discontented. 3. Deprived of 
rest or sleep. 4. Passed in unquietness. 5. Not afford- 
ing rest. — Restlessly, adv. — Restlessness, n. 

Syn. — Unquiet ; uneasy ; disturbed ; disquieted ; 
sleepless ; agitated ; unsettled ; roving ; wandering. 

Re-stor'a-ble (re-stor'a-b'l), a. That may be restored. 

Res to-ra'tion (rgs'to-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of restor- 
ing ; state of being restored ; specif., recovery of health, 
strength, etc. 2. That which is restored or renewed. 

Syn. — Recovery ; replacement ; renewal ; renovation ; 
redintegration ; reinstatement ; reestabhshment ; return ; 
revival ; restitution ; reparation. 

Res'to-ra'tion-ist, n. One who believes in a tempo- 
rary future punishment and a final restoration of all to 
the favor and presence of God ; a Universalist. 

Re-Stor'a-tiVe (re-stor'a-tTv), a. Of or pertaining to 
restoration; having power to restore, — n. Something 
restorative, esp. a medicine. 



fSrn, recent, drb, mde, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, iiik, then, thin- 



N 



RESTORATOR 



698 



RETICULAR 



Res'tO-rator (r?s'to-ra terl, ?i. A restaurateur. 

Re-Store' (rtrtBtQ, c t. To store again. 

Re-store' (rfc-atCi*), '• '• C**P> * P- J>- Restored 

(rf.stoiv. I rb. n. Restoring.] [OF. restorer, 

• .- pref. re- re- + an unused word of un- 
certain etymology.] 1. To bring back to its former state ; 
to bring back from a state of ruin, decay, disease, or the 
like. 2. To give or bring back, as that which has been 
lost, or taken away; to replace. 3. To renew; to rees- 
tablish. 4. To give in place of, or as satisfaction for. 5. 
To make good ; to make amends for. 

Svn. — To return ; replace ; refund ; repay ; reinstate ; 
rebuild ; repair : revive ; recover ; heal ; cure. 

Re-Stor'er (-er), ?;. One who, or that which, restores. 

Re-strain' (,re-stran'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Restrained 
(-strand') ; p. pr. & rb. n . Restraining.] [F. restreindre, 
f r. L. rcstringere, restriction ; pref. re- re- + stringere to 
draw, bind, or press together.] 1. To draw back again ; 
to hold back from acting, proceeding, or advancing ; to 
prevent ; to repress or suppress ; to keep down ; to curb. 
2. To hinder from unlimited enjoyment. 3. To limit ; 
to restrict. 4. To withhold ; to forbear. 

Syn. — To check ; hinder ; stop ; withhold ; repress ; 
curb ; suppress ; coerce : restrict ; limit ; confine. 

Re-strain'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being restrained. 

Re-strain'ed-ly (-ed-ly), adv. With restraint. 

Re-strain'er (-er), n. One that restrains. 

Restraint' (-strant'), n. 1. Act or process of restrain- 
ing ; state of being restrained. "2. That which restrains. 

!syn. — Repression ; hindrance ; check ; stop ; curb ; 
coercion ; confinement ; limitation ; restriction. 

Re-strict', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restricted ; p. pr. & 
vb. ?u Restricting.] [L. restrictus, p. p. See Restrain.] 
To restrain within bounds ; to limit ; to confine. 

Syn.— To bound ; circumscribe ; repress ; curb ; coerce. 

Re-stric'tion (re-strik'shun), n. 1. Act of restrict- 
ing, or state of being restricted. 2. That which restricts. 

Re-Strict'ive (re-strlkt'iv), a. Serving or tending to 
restrict ; limiting. — Re-Stlict'ive-ly , adv.— Re-Strict'- 
ive-ness. n. 

Result' (re-zulf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resulted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Resulting.] [F. resulter, fr. L. resultare, 
-atum, to leap back, fr. resilire. See Resdle.] 1. To 
come out, or have an issue ; to terminate ; to have conse- 
quences. 2. To proceed, spring, or rise, as a consequence, 
from facts, arguments, circumstances, endeavor, etc. 

Syn. — To proceed ; spring ; rise ; arise ; ensue. 

Re-sult' (re-zulf), n. That which results; the con- 
clusion or end to which any course or condition of things 
leads, or which is obtained by any process or operation. 

Syn. — Consequence ; conclusion ; issue ; effect. 

Result'ant (-ant), a. Resulting or issuing from a 
combination ; existing or following as a result or conse- 
quence. — n. That which results; specif. (Mech.), a re- 
sultant force or motion. [sumed. I 

Re-sum'a-ble (re-zum'a-b'l), a. Capable of being re- 1 
R6 su md' (ra'zu'ma'), n. [F. See Resume.] A 
summing up ; a condensed statement ; an abridgment. 

Resume' (re-zum'), v . t. [imp. & p. p. Resumed 
(-zumd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Resuming.] [L. resumere, re- 
sumptum ; pref. re- re- + sumere to take.] 1. To take 
back. 2. To enter upon, or take up, again. 3. To begin 
again, as something which has been interrupted. 

Re-sump'tion (re-ziimp'shun), n. Act of resuming. 

Re-sump'tive (-tiv), a. Taking back ; resuming, or 
tending toward resumption. 

Re'SU-pine 7 (r^su-pin'), a. [L. resupinus ; pref. re- 
re- + supinus supine.] Lying on the back ; supine ; 
hence, careless. 

Re-sur'gent (re-sur'jent), a. [L. resurgens, -enlis, p. 
pr. See Resurrection.] Rising again, as from the dead. 

Res'ur-rect' (rgz'ur-rgkf), v. t. [See Resurrection.] 
1. To take from the grave ; to disinter. [Slang] 2. To 
restore to life ; to resuscitate. [Slang'] 

Res ur-rec'tion (-rSk'shun), n. [F., fr. L. resurrectio, 
fr. resurgere, resurrectum, to rise again ; pref. re- re- -f- 
turgere to rise. See Source.] 1. A rising again ; re- 
sumption of vigor. 2. Esp., the rising again from the 
dead ; resumption of life by the dead. 3. State of being 
risen from the dead ; future state. 

Resur-rec'tion-ist (rgz'ur-rgk'shiin-Tst), n. One who 
steals bodies from the grave, as for dissection. [Slang] 

Re'sur-vey' (re'sur-va'), v. t. To survey again or anew. 

Re-sur'vey (re-sur'va), n. A second or repeated sur- 
vey, [tates. I 

Re-SU8'ci-tant (re-sus'sT-tant), n. One that resusci- 1 

Re-sus'ci-tate f-tat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Resus- 
citated f-ta'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Resuscitating.] [L. 
rettucitnre, p. p. -atus ; pref. re- re- + suscitare to raise, 



rouse.] To revivify; to revive ; esp., to recover or re- 
store from apparent death. 

Re-sus ci-ta'tion (re-sQs'sT-ta'shun), n. A resusci- 
tating ; state of being resuscitated. 

Re-sus'ci-ta-tlve (-ta-tTv), a. Tending to resuscitate. 

Re-sus'ci-ta tor (-ta'ter), n. One that resuscitates. 

Ret (ret), v. t. [Akin to Rot.] To prepare for use, as 
flax, by separating the fibers from the woody part by a 
process of soaking, macerating, and other treatment. 

Re'tail (re'tal), n. [F. retaille piece cut off, shred, or 
OF. retail, fr. retailler to cut again; pref. re- re- -f- 
tailler to cut.] The sale of commodities in small quan- 
tities or parcels. 

Re'tail, a. Done at retail ; engaged in retailing goods. 

Re-tail' (re-tal'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Retailed (-tald'); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Retailing.] 1. To sell in small quanti- 
ties, as by the single yard, pound, gallon, etc. ; to sell 
directly to the consumer. 2. To distribute in small 
portions or at second hand ; to tell again or to many ; to 
report. [who retails. I 

Re-tail'er (re-tal'er, usually re'tal- in U. S.), n. One | 

Re-tain' (re-tan'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retained 
(-tand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Retaining.] [F. relenir, L. re- 
tinere; pref. re- re- + tenere to hold, keep.] 1. To 
continue to hold ; to keep in possession ; to restrain from 
departure, escape, or the like. 2. To keep in pay ; to 
employ by a preliminary fee paid ; to engage. 

Syn. — To keep ; hold ; restrain. See Keep. 

Re-tain'er (-er), n. 1. One that retains. 2. One re- 
tained or kept in service ; attendant. 3. {Law) (a) A 
withholding of what one has in his hands by virtue of 
some right. (6) A fee paid to employ a lawyer or coun- 
selor. 4. A keeping of dependents; state of being in 
dependence. 

Re-take' (re-tak'), v. t. 1. To take or receive again. 
2. To take from a captor ; to recapture. 

Re-tal'i-ate (re-tall-at), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Retali- 
ated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. &vb. n. Retaliating.] [L. retail- 
are, p. p. -atus ; re- re- -(- a word akin to talio retaliation.] 
To return the like for ; to return evil for (evil) ; — now 
usually in a bad sense. [return evil for evil. I 

Re-tal'i-ate, v. i. To return like for like ; specif. , to | 

Re-tal i-a'tion (re-tal'T-a'shun), n. Act of retaliating. 

Syn. — Requital ; reprisal ; retribution ; punishment. 

Re-tal'i-a-tive (-i-a-tiv), a. Some as Retaliatory. 

Re-tal'i-a-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Tending to, or involving, 
retaliation ; retaliative. 

Re-tard' (re-tard'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retarded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Retarding.] [L. retardare, retardatum; 
pref. re- re- + tardare to make slow, to delay, fr. tardus 
slow.] 1. To cause to delay ; to render slower in move- 
ment ; to impede ; to hinder. 2. To put off ; to postpone. 

Syn.— To obstruct; detain ; delay; procrastinate ; defer. 

Re tar-da'tion (re'tar-da'shun), n. 1. Act of retard- 
ing ; hindrance ; delay. 2. That which retards. 3. 
The extent or amount of retarding. 

Re-tard'er (re-tard'er), n. One that retards. 

Retch (rech or rech), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Retched 
(recht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Retching.] [AS. hrsecan to 
clear the throat, hawk, fr. hraca throat ; akin to G. 
rachen.] To try to vomit ; to strain, as in vomiting. 

Re-tell' (re-tel'), v. t. To tell again. 

Re-ten'tion (re-ten'shun), n. [L. retentio. See Re- 
tain.] 1. A retaining; state of being retained. 2. Power 
of retaining ; retentiveness. 3. A withholding ; restraint ; 
reserve. 4. Place of custody or confinement. 

Re-ten'tive (re-ten'tiv), a. Having power to retain. 
— Re-ten'tive-ly, adv. — Re-ten'tive-ness, n. 

Re'te-pore (re'te-por), n. [L. rete a net + poms 
pore. ] {Zo'61. ) Any one of sev- 
eral species of bryozoans which 
form delicate corals. 

Re'ti-a-ry (re'shT-a-ry), a. 
[Deriv. of L. rete a net.] 1. 
Netlike. 2. Constructing or 
using a web, or net, to catch 
prey. 3. Armed with a net ; 
hence, skillful to entangle. 

Ret'i-cence (rSfT-sens), n. 
Quality or state of being reti- 
cent. 

Ret'1-cent (-sent), a. [L. Retepore. 

reticens, p. pr. of reticere to 

keep silence ; re- -f- tacere to be silent.] Inclined to keep 
silent ; reserved ; uncommunicative. 

Ret'i-cle (-k'l), n. See Reticule, 2. 

Re-tic'U-lar (re-tik'u-ler), a. Having the form of a 
net, or of network ; formed with interstices. 




a, T-. I, o, u. long ; a, e\ I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



RETICULATE 



699 



RETROGRADATION 




Reticulate Leaf. 



Re-tlc'U-late (re-tTk'ti-lat), \ a. 1. Resembling net- 

Re-tic'U-la'ted (-la'tgd), | work ; netted. 2. Hav- 
ing veins, fibers, or lines crossing like 
tbe threads of a network. 

Re-tic'U-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Qual- 
ity or state of being reticulated ; that 
which is reticulated. 

Ret'1-CUle (r6t'I-kul), n. [F. reti- 
cule, L. reticulum, dim. of rete a net.] 

1. A little bag, orig. of network ; a 
woman's workbag or hand bag. 2. A 
system of wires or lines in the focus of 
a telescope or other instrument. 

Ret'i-form (rSt'T-fQrni), a. [L. rete a net -f- -form.'] 
Composed of crossing lines and interstices ; reticular. 

Ret'i-na (rStT-ua), 7i. [NL., fr. L. rete net.] (Anal.) 
The delicate membrane lining the inner, back part of the 
eye, in which the fibers of the optic nerve terminate. — 
Ret'i-nal (-ual), a. 

Ret'i-nue (rSt'T-nu), n. [OF. retenue, fr. retenir to 
retain. See Retain. ] A body of retainers, as of a prince ; 
train of attendants ; suite. 

Re-tire 7 (re-tir'), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. Retired (-tlrd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Retiring.] [F. retirer ; pref. re- re- + 
tirer to draw.] 1. To withdraw ; to take away. 2. To 
withdraw from circulation, or from the market ; to take 
up and pay. 3. To cause to retire ; specif., to designate 
as no longer qualified for active service. 

Re-tire' (re-tlr') v. i. 1. To go back or return ; to 
withdraw or retreat ; to go into privacy. 2. To give up 
active service. 3. To recede ; to fall or bend back. 4. 
To go to bed. 

Syn. — To leave ; depart ; secede ; retreat ; retrocede. 

Re-tire / ment (re-tir'nient), n. 1. Act of retiring, or 
state of being retired. 2. A place of seclusion or privacy. 

Syn. — Solitude ; withdrawment ; departure ; retreat ; 
seclusion ; privacy. See Solitude. 

Re-tir 'ing, a. 1. Reserved ; shy ; not obtrusive. 2. 
Of, pert, to, or causing, retirement ; suited to retirement. 

Re-tor'sion (re-t6r'shun), n. Same as Retortion. 

Re-tort' (re-t&W), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retorted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Retorting.] [L. retorquere, p. p. -tor- 
tus ; re- re- + torquere to turn, twist.] 1. To bend or 
curve back. 2. To throw back ; to reflect. 3. To re- 
turn, as an argument, accusation, censure, or incivility. 

Re-tort', v. i. To return or reply to, an argument or 
a charge ; to make a severe reply. 

Re-tort', n. 1. The return of, or reply to, an argu- 
ment, charge, censure, incivility, taunt, or 
witticism ; a quick and witty or severe re- 
sponse. 2. [F. retorte, fr. L. 
retort us, p. p. ; — so named from 
its bent shape. See Retort, 
v. t.~\ A vessel in which sub- 
stances are subjected to distil- 

£2? ffuSTiSfXJSE ™»U,ed K „o r ,. 

forms and materials for different uses. 

Syn. — Repartee ; answer. — A retort is a short and 
pointed reply, turning back on an assailant the argu- 
ments, censure, or derision he had thrown out. A rep- 
artee is usually a good-natured return to some witty or 
sportive remark. 

Re-tort'er (re-torfer), it. One who retorts. 

Re-tor'tlon (re-t6r'shun), n. Act of retorting. 

Re-tOUCh' (re-tuch'), v. t. To touch again, or re- 
work ; to revise. 

Re-trace' (re-tras'), v. t. 1. To trace back, as a line. 

2. To go back in or over (a previous course). 3. To 
trace over again ; to draw again. 

Re-tract' (re-trSkt'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Retracted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Retracting.] [F. retracter, L. retrac- 
tare, -alum, to handle again, reconsider, retract, fr. re- 
trahere, reiractum, to draw back. See Retreat.] 1. To 
draw back ; to draw up or shorten. 2. To recall, as a 
charge or statement ; to disavow ; to recant. 

Syn. — To recall; withdraw; rescind; revoke; un- 
say ; disavow ; recant ; abjure ; disown. 

Re-tract', v. i. 1. To draw back; to draw up. 2. 
To take back what has been said. 

Re-tract'lle (-T1), a. Capable of retracting or being 
retracted, as the claws of a cat. 

Re-trac'tion (re-trXk'shiin), n. Act of retracting, or 
drawing back ; state of being retracted. 

Re-tract'ive (re-trSktlv), a. Serving to retract ; of 
the nature of a retraction. — Re-tract'ive-ly, adv. 

Re-tract'or (-er), n. One that retracts. 

Re-treat' (re-tret'), n. [F. retraite, fr. retraire to 
withdraw, L. retrahere ; pref. re- re- -\- trahere to 




draw.] 1. Act of retiring or withdrawing one's self, 
esp. from what is dangerous or disagreeable. 2. Place 
to which anyone retires. 3. {Mil. A Naval) The retir- 
ing or withdrawing of an army, fleet, etc., from the 
enemy or from an advance position. 4. ( Feci, j A special 
season of withdrawal from ordinary duties for devotion 
to religious exercises. 

Syn. — Retirement ; departure ; withdrawment ; seclu- 
sion ; solitude; privacy; asyluui ; shelter; refuge. 

Re-treat' (re-tret'), v. i. limp. & p. p. Retreated; 
p. pr. A vb. n. Retreating.] To make a retreat ; to 
retire from any position or place ; to withdraw. 

Re-trench' (retrench'), »'• '• limp. & p. p. Re- 
trenched (-trenchf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Retremhi.no. 
[OF. rttrenchier ; pref. re- re- -f- tmnchier to cut. See 
Trench.] 1. To cut off ; to pare away. 2. To lessen ; 
to curtail; to restrict. 3. (Fort.) To furnish with a 
retrenchment. 

Syn. — To lessen ; diminish ; curtail ; abridge. 

Re-trench', v. i. To cause or suffer retrenchment ; 
specifically, to cut down expenses. 

Re-trench'ment (-meut), n. 1. Act or process of re- 
trenching; curtailment; reduction. 2. (Fort.) A work 
constructed within another ; an interior fortification. 

Syn. — Lessening ; diminution; abridgment. 

Re-tri/al (re-tri'«l), n. A second trial. 

Re-trlb'Ute (re-trTl/ut), v. t. [L. retnbuere, p. p. -bu- 
tus; pref. re- -f- tribuere to pay. See Tribute.] To pay 
back ; to requite. 

Ret ri-bu'tion (ret'rl-bu'shiin), n. 1. Act of retrib- 
uting ; repayment. 2. Return suitable to merits or de- 
serts, as of an action. 3. Specif., reward and punish- 
ment, as distributed at the general judgment. 

Syn. — Requital ; recompense ; payment ; retaliation. 

Re-trib'U-tive (re-trlb'u-tiv), » a. Of or pert, to 

Re-trib'U-tO-ry (-trtb'u-to-ry), ) retribution ; of the 
nature of retribution ; involving retribution, [trieved. I 

Re-triev'a-ble (re-trev'a-b'l), a. That may be re-| 

Re-triev'al (-al), n. Act of retrieving. 

Re-trieve' (re-trev'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Retrieved 
(-trevd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Retrieving.] [OE. retreven, 
OF. retrover to find again, recover ; pref. re- re- -f- trover 
to find. See Trover.] 1. To find again ; to recover ; 
to restore from loss or injury. 2. To recall; to bring 
back. 3. To remedy the evil consequences of ; to repair. 
4. To discover and bring in (game) ; — said chiefly of dogs. 

Syn. — To recover ; regain ; recruit ; repair ; restore. 

Re-trieve' (re-trev'), v. i. (Sport.) To discover and 
bring in game that has been killed or wounded. 

Re-triev'er (-trev'er), n. 1. One who retrieves. 2. 
A dog, or a breed of dogs, chiefly 
employed to retrieve game. 



i 




Retriever. 

Retro-. [L. retro, adv., backward, back. Cf. Re-.] 
A prefix or combining form signifying backunrd, back: 

Re'tro-act' (re'tro-Skt' or ret 'fo-)', v. i. To act back- 
ward, or in return ; to act upon something preceding. 

Re'tTO-ac'tion (-Sk'shun), n. Act of retroacting. 

Re'tTO-act'ive (-Ukt'Tv). a. Fitted or designed to re- 
troact ; affecting what is past ; retrospective. — Re tTO- 
act'ive-ly, adv. [grant back. I 

Re'tro-cede (re'tro-sed or ret'ro-). v. t. To cede or| 

Re'tro-cede, V. i- [L. retrocedere ; retro backward, 
back -J- cedere to go.] To go back. 

Re'tro-ces'sion (-sgsh'un), n. Act of retrocedimr. 

Re'tro-choir (-k«'ir), „. (Eccl. Arch.) Any extension 
of a church behind the high altar. 

Re'tro-flex (-flgks'), ) a. [See Retro-, and Flex.] 

Re'tro-flezed (-flSkst), ) Reflexed ; bent abruptly 
backward. 

Re'tro-fract (-frSkt), ) a. [See Retro-, and Frac- 

Re'tro- tract ed, I tion.] (Bot.) Bent abruptly 

back as if half broken ; refracted. 

Re tro-gra-da'tion (re'tro-gra-da'shun), n. Act of re- 
trograding ; state of being retrograde ; decline. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tnen, thin. 



N 



RETROGRADE 



700 



REVERY 



R 



Retro-grade (iVfcrG-giW or rgt'ro-), a. [L. retro- 
. from rttrogradi, p. p. -grttsus, to retrograde ; re- 
k — <;'«'</(' to step.] 1. (.4«<r0ft.) Apparently 
Moving backward, .uid contrary to the succession of the 
rfgDB, that is, from east to west, as a planet. 2. Tend- 
ing or moving backward ; contrary. 3. Declining from 
a better to a worse state. 

Retro-grade, p. i, [imp. S: p. p. Retrograded 
(,-gra d?d) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Retrograding.] 1. To 
move, or appear to move, backward. 2. Hence, to de- 
cline from a better to a worse condition. 

Re-tro-gres'sion (-grgsh'uu), n. Act or process of 
retrograding ; retrogradation. 

Re tro-gfes'sive (-grSs's!v),a. Tending to retrograde. 

Re'tTO-spect (r^'trt'-spSkt or rgt'ro-), v. i. [L. retro- 
i p ie ere ; retro back + specere, spectum, to look.] To 
look backward ; hence, to affect or concern what is past. 

Retro spect. n. A looking back on things past. 

Re tro-spec'tion (-spSk'shiin), n. The act, or the 
faculty, of looking back on things past. 

Re tro-spec'tive (-spgk'tTv), a. 1. Looking back- 
ward ; contemplating things past. 2. Having reference 
to, or affecting, what is past. — Re'tro-spec'tive-ly . adv. 

Re^tro-ver'sion (-ver'shQn), n. [See Retrovert.] A 
turning or bending backward ; also, state of being turned 
or bent backward. 

Re'tro-vert (re'tro-vert or rgt'ro-), v. t. [Pref. retro- 
-j- L. vert ere, versum, to turn.] To turn back. 

Re-try' (re-tri'), v. /. To try (esp. judicially) again. 

Ret'ting (rgt'tlng), n. Act or process of preparing 
flax for use by soaking, maceration, etc. See Ret. 

Re-turn' (re-tflni'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Returned 
(-tdrnd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Returning.] [F. retoumer ; 
re- re- -j- tourner to turn. See Turn.] 1. To turn back ; 
to go or come again to the same place or state. 2. To 
come back ; to appear again. 3. To reply ; to respond. 

Re-torn', v. I. 1. To bring, carry, send, or turn, back. 
2. To repay. 3. To requite. 4. To give back in reply ; 
to retort. 5. To render as a report; esp., to make offi- 
cial report of. 6. To convey into official custody. 

Syn. — To restore ; recompense ; render ; remit. 

Re-turn', n. 1. Act of returning. 2. That which is 
returned. Specif.: (a) A payment ; requital, (b) An 
answer, (c) An account, or formal report, (d) The profit 
on, or advantage received from, labor, investment, adven- 
ture, etc. 3. {Law) (a) The rendering back, or deliv- 
ery of, a writ, precept, or execution, to the proper offi- 
cer or court, (b) The indorsement on the document. 

Re-tum'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. That may be returned. 
2. {Law) Legally required to be returned, or rendered. 

Re-tuse / (re-tus'), a. [L. retusus, p. p. of retundere 
to blunt.] (Bot. & Zo'dl.) Having the end rounded and 
slightly indented. 

Re-un'ion (re-un'yun), n. 1. A second union ; union 
formed anew after separation, or discord. 2. An assem- 
bling of persons who have been separated. 

Re u-nite / (r^u-nit/ ), v. t. & i. To unite again. 

Re-val'U-a'tlon (re-val'u-a'shun), n. A second or 
new valuation. 

Re-vamp' (re-vamp 7 ), 1. t. To vamp again ; hence, to 
patch up ; to reconstruct. 

Re-veal' (re-vel'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revealed 
(-veld') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Revealing.] [F. reveler, L. 
revelare, revelatum, to unveil, reveal ; pref. re- re — |- 
relare to veil, fr. velum a veil.] To make known (that 
which has been concealed or kept secret) ; to disclose. 
Specif., to make known to man by divine agency. 

Syn. — To disclose ; divulge ; unveil ; uncover ; open ; 
discover ; impart ; show. See Communicate. 

Re-veal'a-ble (re-vel'a-b'l), a. That may be revealed. 

Re- veal 'er (-er), n. One that reveals. 

Re-veille (rg-val'ya ; in the U. S. service commonly 
rgVa-le'), n. [F. reveil, fr. reveiller to awake ; pref. re- 
re- — pref. es- (L. ex) -f- veiller to awake, watch, L. vigi- 
lare to watch.] (Mil.) The beat of drum, or bugle blast, 
about daybreak, to signal that it is time for the soldiers 
to rise, and for the sentinels to forbear challenging. 

Rev'el (rgv'gl), n. [OF. revel rebellion, disorder, 
feast, sport, fr. reveler to rebel, make merry, fr. L. rebel- 
lare. See Rebel.] A feast with loose and noisy jollity ; 
carousal. 

Rev'el, v. i. [imp. <ft p. p. Reveled (-Sid) or Rev- 
elled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reveling or Revelling.] [OF. 
rmt-Ur,} 1. To feast riotously; to carouse; to make 
iiif rry. 2. To move playfully ; to indulge unrestrainedly. 

Rev'e-ia'tlon (rgv'e-la'shun), n. 1. Act of reveal- 
irijr. 2. That which is revealed ; specif., the Bible ; also, 
the Apocalypse. 



Rev'el-er (rgv'gl-er), n. One who revels. 

Re-vel'lent (re-vgl'lent), a. [L. revellens, p. pr. of 
revtllere to draw back.] Causing revulsion ; revulsive. 

Rev'el-ry (rgv'gl-ry), ». Act of engaging in a revel ; 
noisy festivity. 

Revenge' (re-vSnj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revenged 
(-vgnjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Revenging (-vgn'jlng).] [OF. 
revengier ; pref. re- re- + vengier to avenge, revenge, L. 
vindicate. See Vindicate.] 1. To inflict harm in re- 
turn for (an injury, insult, etc.), or in vindication of 
(the injured person) ; to exact satisfaction for (one's 
self) under a sense of injury ; to avenge. 2. To inflict 
injury for, in a spiteful, wrong, or malignant spirit. 

Syn. — To avenge ; vindicate. — To avenge is to inflict 
punishment upon evil doer6 in behalf of ourselves, or 
others for whom we act ; to inflict pain for the sake of 
vindication or retributive justice. To revenge is to inflict 
pain or injury for the indulgence of resentful and mali- 
cious feelings. The former may at times be a duty ; the 
latter is one of the worst exhibitions of human character. 

Re-venge', n. 1. A revenging ; vengeance ; retaliation. 
2. Disposition, esp. malignant, to retaliate evil for evil. 

Re-venge'ful (-ful), a. Full of, or prone to, revenge ; 
vindicative ; malicious ; revenging ; wreaking revenge. 

— Re-venge / ful-ly, adv. — Re-venge'ful-ness, n. 
Re-ven'ger (re-vgn'jer), n. One who revenges. 
Rev'e-nue (rgv'e-nu), n. [F. revenu, OF. revenue, 

f r. revenir to return, L. revenire ; pref. re- re- + venire 
to come.] 1. That which returns, or comes back, from 
an investment ; income. 2. The annual yield of taxes, 
excise, customs, duties, rents, etc., which a government 
receives into the public treasury. 

Re-ver'ber-ant (re-ver'ber-ant), a. [L. reverberans, 
p. pr.] That reverberates ; reverberating. 

Re-vertier-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reverber- 
ated (-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reverberating.] [L. re- 
verberare, p. p. -atus ; pref. re- re- + verberare to lash, 
whip, beat, fr. verber a lash, whip, rod.] 1. To return 
or send back ; to echo ; to reflect. 2. To send or force 
back ; to repel from side to side. 

Re-ver'ber-ate, v. i. 1. To resound ; to echo. 2. To be 
driven back ; to be reflected or echoed. [verberating. I 

Re-Ver'ber-a'tion (-a'shun), «. Act or result of re- 1 

Re-vertjer-a-tive (re-ver'ber-a-tiv), a. Of the nature 
of reverberation ; tending to reverberate. 

Re-verter-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One that produces rever- 
beration ; specif.: (a) A reflector or reflecting lamp. (6) 
A reverberatory furnace. 

Re-ver1>er-a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry), a. Producing reverber- 
ation ; acting by reverberation ; reverberative. 

Reverberatory furnace, a furnace in which the flame, 
passing to the chimney, is thrown down by a low arched 
roof upon the materials operated upon. 

Re-vere 7 (re-ver'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revered 
(-verd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Revering.] [L. revereri ; 
pref. re- re- + vereri to fear.] To regard with rever- 
ence, or profound respect and affection mingled with 
awe or fear ; to venerate ; to reverence ; to adore. 

Rev'er-ence (rgv'er-ens), n. 1. Profound respect and 
esteem mingled with fear and affection, as for a holy be- 
ing or place ; disposition to revere. 2. Act of revering ; 
a token of respect or veneration ; an obeisance. 3. Rev- 
erend character ; dignity ; state. 4. A person entitled 
to be revered ; — a title applied to priests, etc. 

Syn. — Awe ; honor ; veneration ; adoration ; dread. — 
Reverence is essentially a strong sentiment of respect and 
esteem ; awe, a mixed feeling of sublimity and dread in 
view of something great or terrible, sublime or sacred 
(love or esteem not being necessarily implied) ; dread, an 
anxious fear in view of an impending evil; veneration, 
reverence in its strongest manifestation. Veneration is 
the highest emotion we exercise toward human beings. 

Rev'er-ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reverenced (-enst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Reverencing (-en-sing).] To regard or 
treat with reverence ; to venerate. 

Rev'er-end (-end), a. [F. reverend, L. reverendus.~\ 
1. Worthy of or entitled to reverence ; venerable. 2. A 
common title of respect for ecclesiastics ; — a clergyman 
is styled the reverend ; a dean, the very reverend ; a bish- 
op, the right reverend ; an archbishop, the most reverend. 

Rev'er-ent (-ent), a. [L. reverens, -enlis, p. pr.] 1. 
Disposed to revere ; impressed with reverence ; humble ; 
respectful. 2. Expressing reverence, veneration, devo- 
tion, or submission. — Rev'er-ent-ly, adv. 

ReVer-en'tial (-gn'shal), a. Proceeding from, or ex- 
pressing, reverence : having a reverent quality ; reverent. 

— Rev er-en'tial-ly . adv. 

Re-ver'er (re-ver'er), n. One who reveres. 
ReVer-le (rgv'er-T or rgv'er-e'), ) n. [F. reverie, fr. 
ReVer-y (rgv'er-^), j rever to dream, 



e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y , short ; senate, S vent, idea, Obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



REVERSAL 



701 



REVOLT 




rave, be light-headed.] 1. A loose or irregular train of 
thought occurring in musing or meditation ; deep mus- 
ing. 2. A vision. [R.~\ 

Re-ver'sal (re-ver'sm), n. Act of reversing. 

Re-verse' (re-vers'), (i. [OF. ?■<?/■< / .v, L. rt m-sus, p. p. 
of rerertere. See Revert.] 1. Turned backward or 
end for end ; having a contrary or opposite direction ; 
hence, opposite or contrary in kind. 2. (Bot. <& Zo'61.) 
Sinistrorse or sinistral. 

Re-verse' (re-vers'), n. 1. That which appears or is 
presented when anything is reverted or turned contrary 
to its natural direction. 2. That which is directly oppo- 
site or contrary to something else ; a contrary ; an op- 
posite. 3. Act of reversing; complete change; esp., a 
change from better to worse ; misfortune ; defeat. 4. 
The back side ; as, the reverse of a drum or trench ; the 
reverse of a coin, that is, the side opposite the obverse. 
See Obverse. 

Re-verse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reversed (-versf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Reversing.] 1. To turn back ; to 
cause to face in a contrary direction ; to cause to depart. 
2. To alter to the opposite. 3. To turn upside down. 
4. Hence, to overthrow ; to subvert. 5. {Law) To over- 
throw by a contrary decision ; to undo or annul for error. 

Reverse arms {Mil.), a command of the Manual of Arms 
directing the soldier to hold the piece 
as shown in the Illustration. 

Syn.— To overturn; overset; in- 
vert ; overthrow ; subvert ; repeal ; 
annul ; revoke ; undo. 

Re-verse'ly, adv. In a reverse 
manner ; on the other hand ; on the 
opposite. [reverses. ' 

Re-vers'er (-vers'er), n. One who 

Re-vers'i-ble (re-vers'T-b'l), . a. 
Capable of being reversed. — Re- 
vers'i-bly, adv. 

Re-ver'sion (re-ver'shun), n. 1. 
Act of reverting. [Obs. or /?.] 2. 
(Law) The returning of a residuary 
estate to the grantor or his heirs or 
assigns, by operation of law, after a 
limited grant has terminated ; hence, 
the residue or the right to the residue 
so returning. 3. Hence, a right to 
future possession or enjoyment ; suc- 
cession. 4. (Annuities) A payment which is not due, or 
a benefit which does not begin, until the happening of 
some event. 5. (Biol.) Atavism. 

Re-Ver'sion-a-ry (re-ver'slmn-a-ry), a. (Law) Of or 
pertaining to a reversion ; involving a reversion. 

Re-ver'slon-er, n. (Law) One who has a reversion. 

Re-vert' (re-verf), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Re- 
verted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reverting.] [L. revertere, re- 
version ; pref. re- re- -f- vertere to turn.] 1. To turn or 
change back, or to the contrary ; to reverse ; to undergo 
reversion. 2. To throw back ; to reflect ; to reverberate. 

Re-vert'er (-er), n. 1. One that reverts. 2. (Law) 
Reversion. 

Re-vert'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. Capable of being reverted. 

Re-vert'ive (-Tv), a. Reverting, or tending to revert. 

Rev'er-y (reVer-y), n. Same as Reverie. 

Re-vest' (re-vSst'), v. I. [OF. revestir, L. revestire ; 
pref. re- re- -f- vestire to clothe, fr. vestis a garment.] 
1. To clothe again ; to robe. 2. To vest again with pos- 
session or office. 

Re-vest', v. i. To take effect or vest again, as a title ; 
to revert to a former owner. 

Re- vet' (re-vgf), v. t. limp. <fe p. p. Revetted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Revetting.] [See Revetment.] (Afil. & 
Civil Engineering) To provide with a revetment. 

Re-vet'ment (-ment), n. [F. revetement the lining of 
a ditch, fr. revetir to clothe, L. revestire. See Revest.] 
(Mil. & Civil Engin.) A facing, as of stone, to sustain 
an embankment ; also, a retaining wall. 

Re-Vict'ual (re-vit"l), v. t. To victual again. 

Re-View' (re-vu'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reviewed 
(-vud') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reviewing.] [Pref. re- -\- view.~\ 
1. To view or see again, [i?.] 2. To go over and ex- 
amine critically or deliberately. Specif. : (a) To recon- 
sider ; to revise, (b) To write a critical notice of. (c) 
To make a formal or official examination of the state of, 
as troops, and the like, (d) (Law) To reexamine judi- 
cially. 3. To retrace ; to go over again. 

Re-view', v. i. To look back ; to make a review. 

Re-view', n. [F. revue, fr. revu, p. p. of revoir to 
see again, L. rev id e re ; pref. re- re- -f- videre to see.] 1. 
A second or repeated view ; a looking over again. 2. An 



Reverse Arms. 



examination with a view to amendment or improvement ; 
revision. 3. A critical examination of a publication, 
with remarks. 4. Aperiodic*] containing OTTOCS 

upon matter* of Interest 6. An inspection, as of troops 

under arms or of a naval force. 6. (Lair) The judicial 
examination of the proceedings of a lower court by a 
higher. 7- A lesson studied or recited for a Becond time. 

.Syn. — Reexamination ; resurvey ; retrospect ; sur- 
vey ; reconsideration; revisal; revise; revision. 

Re-view'er (re-vu'er), n. One who reviews; esp., a 
professional critic of book.-.. 

Re-vile' (it-vii'j, v. t. & i. [imp. x- />. j>. Ranuo 
(-vild') ; ]>. pr. & vb. n. Reviling.] [I'n-: OF, 

aviler to make vile, depreciate; a (I* ad) ■ pi/ Tile.] 
To address or abuse with opprobrious and contemptuous 
language. 

Syn. — To reproach; vilify; upbraid; calumniate. 

Re-vile'ment (•ment), n. A reviling ; reproach ; abuse. 

Re-Vil'er (-vil'er), n. One who reviles. 

Re-Vis'al (-viz'«l), n. Act of revising. 

Re-Vise' (re-viz'), v. t. [imp. ct p. p. Revised (-vizd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Revising.] [F. reviser, fr. L. <■ 
revisum, to see again; pref. re- re- -+- vie 
see.] 1. To look at again for the detection of errors; 
to reexamine ; to look over with care for correction. 2. 
To review, alter, and amend. 

Re- vise', n. 1. A review; revision. 2. (Print.) A 
proof sheet taken after the first or a later correction. 

Re-vis'er (-viz'er), n. One who revises. 

Re-vi'sion (re-vTzh'Qn), n. 1. Act of revising. 2. 
That which is made by revising. 

Syn. — Reexamination ; revisal ; revise ; review. 

Re-vi'sion-al (-a\), ) a. Of or pertaining to re- 

Re-vi'sion-a-ry (-a-rjf), J vision ; revisory. 

Re-Vis'it (re-vTz'Tt), v. t. To visit again. 

Re-vi'SO-ry (re-vi'z6-ry), a. Having the power or 
purpose to revise ; revising. 

Re-viv'al (-viv'al), n. Act of reviving, or state of being 
revived. Specif. : (a) Renewed attention to something. 

(b) Renewed performance of, or interest in, something. 

(c) Renewed interest in religion ; a period of religious 
awakening, (d) Reanimatioh from a state of languor 
or depression, (e) Renewed pursuit, or cultivation, or 
flourishing state, of something. (/) Renewed prevalence 
of something, (g) (Law) Restoration of force, validity, 
or effect ; renewal. [ligion. I 

Re-viv'al-ist, n. One who promotes revivals of re-| 

Re-vive' (re-viv'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Revived 
(-vivd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Reviving.] [F. revivre, L. re- 
viver e ; re- re- + vivere to live.] 1. To return to life; 
to become reanimated or reinvigorated. 2. Hence, to 
recover from oblivion, obscurity, neglect, or depression. 

Re-Vive', v. t. 1. To restore, or bring again, to life ; 
to reanimate. 2. To raise from coma, languor, or dis- 
couragement ; to bring into action after a suspension. 
3. Hence, to recover from neglect or disuse. 4. To re- 
new in the mind or memory ; to bring to recollection. 

Re-Viv'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, revives. 

Re-viv'i-fi-ca'tion (-vTv'T-fT-ka'shun), n. Renewal of 
life ; act of recalling, or state of being recalled, to life. 

Re-viv'1-fy (re-vTv'T-fi), v. t. To cause to revive. 

Rev'i-Vis'cent (rgv'T-vTs'sfnt), a. [L. reviviscens, 
p. pr. of reviviscere to revive ; pref. re- re- -\- viviscere, v. 
iucho. fr. vivere to live.] Able or disposed to revive ; re- 
viving. 

Rev'O-ca-ble (rSv'o-ka-b'l), a. Capable of being re- 
voked. — Rev'o-ca-ble-ness, n. — Rev'o-ca-bly, adv. 

Rev O-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of calling back, 
or state of being recalled ; recall. 2. Act by which one, 
having the right, annuls an act done, a power, authority, 
license, gift, or benefit given : repeal ; reversal. 

Re-VOke' (re-vok') v. t. [imp. & p. ]>. Revoked 
(-vokf); p. pr. & vb. n. Revoking.] [F. revoijiur. L. 
revocare ; pref. re- re- -j- vocare to call, from vox, van's, 
voice.] 1. To recall. [Obs.] 2. To annul, by recall- 
ing or taking back. 

Syn. —To abolish : recall: repeal; rescind : counter- 
mand : annul : abrogate : cancel ; reverse. See ASOI i-h. 

Re-VOke' (re-vok'). v. i. (Card Playing) To fail to 
follow suit when holding a card of the suit led, in viola- 
tion of the rule of the game. — /). Act of revoking. 

Re-VOlt' (re-volf or -v51t'), n. [F. rSvdte, It. rivolta, 
fr. rivolto, p. p. fr. L. nvolvere. vevolutum. See Re- 
volve.] A turning away; a revolting; esp., a renun- 
ciation of allegiance and subjection to a government. 

Syn. — Sedition ; rebellion; mutiny. See Insurrec- 
tion. 

Re- volt', v. i. [imp. &p. p. Revolted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Revolting.] 1. To turn away; specif., to turn away, 



£6rn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



KKVOLT 



702 



RHINO 



or shrink, with abhorrence. 2 Hence, to desert one 
party or leader for another ; eap., to renounee allegiance 
rtion. 3. To be disgusted, shocked, or grossly 
offended ; hence, to feel nausea ; — with at. 

Re- volt' (jo-volt ' or -vSlt'1, f- t. To do violence to ; to 
cause to turn away or shrink with abhorrence. 

Re-VOlt'er (•&), •'• One who revolts. 

Re-VOlt'ing, <.'. Causing abhorrence mixed with dis- 
gust ; loathsome. — Re-VOlt'ing-ly, adv. 

Rev'o-lute(,rev'o-lut).rr. [L. rcrolutus, p. p. See Re- 
volve.] (Bot. & ZoolA Rolled backward or downward. 

Rev o-lu'tion ^-lii'shun), r>. [L. rcvolutio. See Re- 
volve.] 1. Act of revolving ; motion of a body round a 
fixed point or line ; rotation. 2. Return to a point be- 
fore occupied, or to a point relatively the same. 3. 
Space measured by the regular return of a revolving 
body : the period made by the regular recurrence of a 
measure oi time, or by a succession of similar events. 
,.>.) The motion of any body, as a planet or 
satellite, in a curved line or orbit, until it returns to the 
same point again, or to a point relatively the same. 5. 
(Gro)ii.) The motion of a point, line, or surface about a 
point or line as its center or axis, in such a manner that 
a moving point generates a curve, a moving line a sur- 
face, and amoving surface a solid. 6. A total or radical 
change. 7. (Politics) A fundamental change in polit- 
ical organization ; esp. , the overthrow of one govern- 
ment, and the substitution of another, by the governed. 

Rev O-lu'tion-a-ry (-a-ry), a. Of or pert, to a revolu- 
tion in government ; tending to, or promoting, revolution. 

Rev O-lu'tton-iSt, n. One engaged in effecting a 
change of government ; a favorer of revolution. 

Rev o-lu'tion-ize (-Iz), v. i. limp. & p. p. Revolu- 
tionized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Revolutionizing 
(-i zing).] To change completely, as by a revolution. 

Re-volve' (re-v51v'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Revolved 
-(-v51vd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Revolving.] [L. revolvere, re- 
volution ; pref. re- re- -f- volvere to roll, turn round.] 1. 
To turn or roll round on, or as if on, an axis, like a wheel ; 
to have a motion of revolution ; to rotate. 2. To move 
in a curved path round a center. 3. To pass in cycles. 

Re-VOlve', v. t. 1. To cause to turn round. 2. Hence, 
to turn over and over in the mind ; to consider fully. 

Re-VOlv'er, n. One that revolves ; specif. , a firearm 
with several chambers or barrels revolving on an axis. 

Re-vul'sion (re-vul'shiin), n. [F. revulsion, L. re- 
vulsio, fr. revellere, revulsum, to pluck or pull away; 
pref. re- re- -f- vellere to pull.t 1. A strong pulling or 
drawing back ; withdrawal. 2. A sudden reaction, or 
complete change of feeling. [sion. I 

Re-VUl'sive (-siv), a. Causing, or tending to, revul- 1 

Re-ward' (re-ward'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rewarded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Rewarding.] [OF. rewarder, another 
form of regarder, of German origin. The original sense 
is, to look at, regard, hence, to regard as worthy, give a 
reward to.] To give in return, whether good or evil ; — 
commonly in a good sense ; to requite ; to recompense ; 
to repay ; to compensate. 

Re-ward', n. 1. That which is given in return for 
good or evil, esp. for some service or attainment ; rec- 
ompense ; requital. 2. Hence, the fruit of one's work. 

Syn. — Recompense ; compensation ; remuneration ; 
pay ; requital ; retribution ; punishment. 

Re- ward'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Worthy of reward. 

Re-ward'er (-er), n. One who rewards. 

Rey'nard (ra'nerd or rSn'erd), n. Same as Renard. 

Rhab-dol'o-gy (r3b-d51'o-j^), n. Same as Rabdologt. 

Rha-chid'i-an (ra-kidl-an), a. Of or pertaining to 
the rhachis. 

I Rha'chis (ra'kTs), n. ; pi. E. Rhachises (-5z), L. 
Rhachtdes (r5k'I-dez). [See Rachis.] 1. (Anat.) The 
spine. 2. (Bot. & Zool.), A central axis, stem, or cord ; 
as the midrib of a leaf, the shaft of a feather, etc. 

Rhad arnan'thine (rSd'a-man'thTn), a. Of or per- 
taining to Rhadamanthus, who in the Grecian mythology 
was one of the judges of the infernal regions ; suiting 
Rhadamanthus ; rigorously just. 

Rham-na'ceous (rSm-na'shQs), a. [From NL. Rham- 
nus, the typical genus, fr. Gr. pd/xi/os a kind of prickly 
shrub.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of 
shrubs and trees (Rhamnaceae, or Rhamnex) of which 
the buckthorn (Rhamnus) is the type. It includes also 
the New Jersey tea, the supple-jack, and one of the 
plants called lotus (Zizyphus). 

Rha'phe (ra'fe), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pa^r, seam.] (Bot.) 
The continuation of the seed stalk along the side of an 
anatropouB sac or ovule. [See lllust. of Seed.] 
Rhap-sod'lc (ra>s5d'Yk), Rhap-sod'lc-al (-T-kal), a. 



Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, rhapsody; hence 
confused ; unconnected. 

Rhap'SO-dist (rap'so-dTst), n. 1. Of the ancients, a 
reciter or composer of rhapsody; esp., a reciter of epic 
poetry. 2. Hence, one who recites or sings poems for a 
livelihood ; one who makes and repeats verses extempore. 
3. One who writes or speaks disconnectedly and with 
great excitement or affectation of feeling. 

Rhap'so-dize (-diz), v. t. & L To speak or write as a 
rhapsody, or in the manner of a rhapsody. 
( Rhap'SO-dy (iXp'so-dy), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
pa\f/u>8ia, fr. pa\\jwB6<s a rhapsodist ; pdnretv to sew to- 
gether, unite -f wSrj a song. See Ode.] 1. A recitation 
or song of a rhapsodist ; a portion of an epic poem adapted 
for recitation, or usually recited at one time. 2. A dis- 
connected series of sentences or statements composed 
under excitement. 3. (Mus.) A composition irregular 
in form, like an improvisation. 

Rhe'a (re'a), n. (Bot.) The ramie, or grass-cloth plant. 

Rhe'a, n. [L., a proper name.] (Zool.) Any one of 
three species of large South American ostrichlike birds. 

Rhe-mat'ic (re-niaVik), a. [Gr. pTj/aaTiKos of or for 
a verb, fr. prnj.a, prj/oiaros, a sentence.] (Gram.) Having 
a verb for its base ; derived from a verb. 

Rhen'ish (rSn'Tsh), a. [L. Rhenus the Rhine.] Of 
or pertaining to the river Rhine. —?i. Rhine wine. 

Rhe-om'e-ter (re-5m'e-ter), n. [Gr. peiv to flow + 
-meter.'] An instrument for measuring currents, esp. 
electrical currents, or the blood currents in the arteries. 

Rhe'o-scope (re'6-skop), n. [Gr. pelv to flow + 
-scope.] (Physics) An instrument for observing cur- 
rents, as of electricity. 

Rhe'o-stat (-st£t), n. [Gr. pelv + tnaros standing 
still.] (Elec.) A contrivance for adjusting or regulating 
the strength of electrical currents. — Rhe o-stat'ic, a. 

I! Rhe'sus (-sus), n. [L. Rhesus, a proper name, Gr. 
'Ptjctos.] (Zool.) An East 
Indian monkey held sacred 
by the Hindoos. 

Rhet'O-ric (ret'S-rik), n. 
[Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
prjTopiKo? rhetorical, orator- 
ical, fr. p^rwp orator, 
rhetorician.] 1. Art of 
composition ; esp., elegant 
composition in prose. 2. 
Oratory ; art of speaking 
with propriety, elegance, 
and force. 3. Hence, fine 
language or declamation 
without conviction or ear- 
nest feeling. 4. Fig. : The 
power of persuasion or at- 
traction ; that which allures 
or charms. 

Rhe-tOr'ic-al ( re-tor'T- 
kal), a. Of or pertaining 
to rhetoric ; according to, 
or exhibiting, rhetoric ; oratorical. — Rhe-tor 'ic-al-ly , 
adv. — Rhe-tor'ic-al-ness, n. 

Rhet'O-ri'cian (rSt/6-rish'an), n. 1. One well versed 
in the rules and principles of rhetoric. 2. A teacher of 
rhetoric. 3. An orator ; sometimes, an empty declaimer. 

Rheum (rum), n. [OF. reume, rheume, L. rheuma 
rheum, fr. Gr. pevp.a, fr. pelv to flow, akin to E. stream.] 
(Med.) A serous or mucous discharge, esp. one from 
the eyes or nose. 

Rheu-mat'ic (ru-mSt'Tk), a. [Gr. pev/xariKO? subject 
to a discharge or flux.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to rheu- 
matism ; affected with rheumatism ; causing rheuma- 
tism. — n. One affected with rheumatism. 

Rheu'ma-tism (ru/ma-tTz'm), n. [L. rheumatismus 
rheum, Gr. pevp.aTicrti.6s, fr. pevp.a.Ti£e<r8at. to have a flux, 
fr. pevjua. See Rheum.] (Med.) A general disease char- 
acterized by painful, often multiple, local inflammations, 
usually affecting the joints and the muscles. 

Rheum'y (rum'y), a. Of or pertaining to rheum'; 
abounding in, or causing, rheum ; affected with rheum. 

Rhig'o-lene (rig'o-len), n. [Gr. plyoq cold -f- L. ole- 
um oil.] (Chem.) A mixture of volatile hydrocarbons 
obtained in the purification of crude petroleum and used 
as a refrigerant. 

Rhi'nal (ri'nal), a. [Gr. pi's, pivds, the nose.] (Anat.) 
Of or pertaining to the nose or olfactory organs. 

RhLne'stone 7 (rln'stonO, n. A colorless stone of high 
luster, made of paste in imitation of a diamond. 

Rhl'no (ri'no), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Gold and 
silver, or money. [Cant] 




Rhesus (Macacus Rhesus). 
Female and Young. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, g, I, 5, H, y, short ; senate, £vent, Idea, 6 bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



RHINO- 



703 



RICEBIRD 



km 



Rhino-. A combining form fr. Greek pi?, pivos, nose. 

Rhi-noc'e-rOS (ri-uSs'e-r5s), ». [L., fr. Gr. pipoKe'pws, 
-WTO? ; pi?, pi- 
i/d?, the nose 
-+- icepas a 
horn.] (Zo- 
ol.) A pachy- 
derm, of 
which several 
living, and 
many extinct, 
species are 
known. They 
are large and 

powerful, and H " ' ._. * 

usually have Indian Rhinoceros CBJimoceroa Indicus). 
either one or ' 

two stout horns on the snout. 

Bhinoceros bird {Zool.), a large hornbill (Buceros), native 
of the East Indies. [See H lust, under Hornbill.] 

Rhi-nol'O-gy (-nol'6-jy), n. {Rhino- + -logy.] The 
science which treats of the nose, and of its diseases. 

Rhi no-plas'tic (rFno-plas'tik), a. [Rhino- + -plas- 
tic] (Surg.) Of or pertaining to rhinoplasty. 

Rhi'no-plas'ty (rl'no-plas'ty), n. {Rhino- f- -plasty.] 
(Surg.) The process of forming an artificial nose, from 
grafted portions of the adjacent flesh. 

Rhi 'no-pome (-pom), n. {Rhino- -f- Gr. irS>(j.a a lid.] 
(Zool.) Any bat of an Old-World genus (Rhinopoma) 
having a lidlike appendage on the nose, and a long tail 
extending beyond the web. 

Rhi zo-caf'pous (ri'zo-kar'pus), a. [Gr. pi£x root -f- 
*cap7rds fruit.] (Bot.) Having perennial rootstocks or 
bulbs, but annual flowering stems, — as all perennial 
herbs. 

II Rhi-zo'ma (rl-zo'ma), n. ; pi. Rhizomata (-ta). 
[NL.] (Bot.) Same as Rhizome. 

Rhi-zome 7 (rt-zom' or rl'zom), n. [Gr. pi£w/u.a the 
mass of roots (of a tree), stem, race, deriv. of pi£a a 
root.] (Bot.) A rootstock. 

Rhiz'o-pod (riz'6-pod or ri'zo-), n. (Zool. ) Any one of 
the Rhizopoda. 

II Rhi-zop'o-da (rt- 
zop'6-da), n. pi. [NL. , 
fr. Gr. pifa a root + 
-poda.~] (Zool.) An ex- 
tensive class of Proto- 
zoa, including those 
having pseudopodia, by Rhizopods. 

means of which they move about and take their food, — 
including the Heliozoa, Radiolaria, and Foraminif era. 

Rho'di-um (ro'dT-iiin), n. [NL., fr. Gr. p68ov rose. 
So called from the rose-red color of some of its solutions.] 
(Chem.) A rare element of the light platinum group. 

Rho do-den'dron ( ro'do-den'- 
dr5n), n. [L., fr. Gr. po86Sev8pov, 
lit., rose tree ; pdfiov rose -f- SevSpov 
tree.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs or 
small trees, often having handsome 
evergreen leaves, and remarkable 
for the beauty of their flowers. 

Rhod'o-mon-tade' (rod'S-mon- 
tad'), n. See Rodomontade. 

Rhomb (romb or rom), n. [L. 
^rhombus, Gr. pdp.j3os 
rhomb, a spinning 

top, magic wheel, fr. pep./3eii/ to turn or 
whirl round.] 1. (Geom.) An equilateral 
parallelogram. If the angles are equal it 
is usually called a square. 2. (Geom.) A 
Rhomb. rhombohedron. 

Rhombic (roin'bik), a. Shaped like a rhomb. 
_ Rhom bo-he'dron (rSm'bo-he'dron), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
pdjtt)3os rhomb + eSpa seat, base.] (Geom. 
& Crystallog.) A solid contained by six .^fP^s. 
rhomboids ; a parallelopiped. ^m \^ 

Rhomboid (rom'boid), n. [See Rhomb, " 
rand -oid.] (Geom.) An 
oblique - angled parallelo- 
gram like a rhomb, but hav- 

Rhomboid. ing ° nl y the °PP° site sides 
equal. 

Rhom'boid (rom'boid), a. Same as Rhomboidal. 

Rhom-boid'al (r5m-boid r al), a. Having, or approach- 
ing, the shape of a rhomboid. 

Rhom/bus (rom'bus), n. [L.] Same as Rhomb, 1. 

II Rhon'chus (rSn'kus), n. ; pi. Rhonchi (-kl). [L., a 
snoring, a croaking.] (Med.) An adventitious whistling 





Rhododendron. 



\ 



A" / 1 



'"^^ 



Rhombohe- 
dron. 



or snoring sound heard on auscultation of the chest when 
the air channels are partially obstructed ; in a wider 
.sense, any rSle. 

Rhu'barb (ru/barb), n. [Through F. fr. LL. rheubar- 
barum for rheum, barbarurn, Gr. pr\ov (and pa) rhubarb, 
from the river Rha (the Volga) on whose banks it grew. 
Originally, therefore, it was the barbarian plant from the 
Rha.] 1. (Bot.) Any one of several large, perennial 
herbs, the large and Heshy leafstalks of some of which 
are used in cookery. 2. (Med.) The root of several spe- 
cies, much used as a cathartic medicine. 

Rhumb (rum or rumb), n. [F. rumb, Sp. rumbo, or 
Pg.rumbo,rmno; of uncertain origin.] {Navigation) A 
line crossing successive meridians at a constant angle. 

Rhyme (rim), n. [OE. ryme, rime, AS. rim number.] 
1. An expression of thought in numbers, measure, or 
verse; a composition in verse ; poetry. 2. (Pros.) Cor- 
respondence of sound in the terminating words or sylla- 
bles of two or more verses. 3. Verses having this cor- 
respondence with each other ; a poem containing rhymes. 
4. A word answering in sound to another word. 

Rhyme, v. i. {imp. & p. p. Rhymed (rimd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Rhyming.] 1. To make rhymes or verses. 2. To 
accord in sound. 

Rhyme, v. t. 1. To put into rhyme. 2. To influence 
by rhyme. [tempt. I 

Rhym'er (rim'er), n. A versifier ;— of ten in con-| 

Rhyme'ster (nm'ster), n. A rhymer ; a poor poet. 

Rhythm (rith'm or rith'm), n. [F. rhylhme, L. 
rhythmus, fr. Gr. pvOpoq measured motion, measure, pro- 
portion, fr. pelv to flow.] 1. In the widest sense, a di- 
viding into short portions by a regular succession of mo- 
tions, impulses, sounds, accents, or the like, as in music, 
poetry, the dance, etc. 2. (3Ius.) Movement in musical 
time, with periodical recurrence of accent. 3. The har- 
monious flow of vocal sounds. 

Rhyth'mic (rith'mik or nth'-), \ a. [Gr. pt/0/aiKos.] 

Rhyth'mic-al (-mT-kal), J Pertaining to, or 

of the nature of, rhythm. — Rhyth'mic-al-ly, adv. 

Ri'al (re'al), n. A Spanish coin. See Real. {Obs.~\ 

Ri'al (ri'al), n. [From Royal.] A gold coin formerly 
current in England, worth from 10 to 15 shillings. 

Rib (rib), n. [AS. rib, ribb ; akin to G. rippe.] 1. 
(Anat.) One of the curved bones attached to the verte- 
bral column and supporting the lateral walls of the tho- 
rax. [See Illust. of Thorax.] 2. That which resembles 
a rib in form or use ; as : (a) (Shipbuilding) One of the 
supporting timbers or bars that branch outward and up- 
ward from the keel, (b) (Mach. & Structures) A strength- 
ening ridge, fin, or wing, (c) (Bot.) The chief nerve, or 
one of the chief nerves, of a leaf, (d) (Arch.) In Gothic 
vaulting, one of the primary structural members of the 
vault. 3. A wife. {Jocose] 

Rib, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Ribbed (ribd) ; p. pr. & rb. 
n. Ribbing.] 1. To furnish with ribs ; to form with ris- 
ing lines and channels. 2. To inclose, as with ribs. 

Rib'ald (rib'ald), n. [LL. ribaldus, of German ori- 
gin.] A low, foul-mouthed wretch ; a lewd fellow. 

Rib'ald, a. Low ; base ; mean ; filthy ; obscene. 

Rib'ald-ry (-ry), n. [OF.] The talk of a 
ribald ; indecency ; obscenity ; lewdness. 

Rib'and (-and), n. See Ribbon. 

Rib'band (rib'band), n. A ribbon. 

Rib'bOU (-bun), n. [OF. riban, prob. of 
German origin.] 1. A fillet or narrow woven 
fabric, used for decorative purposes. 2. A nar- 
row strip or shred. 3. pi. Driving reins. {Cant] 

Rib'bon. v. t. {imp. & p. p. Ribboned 
(-bund) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ribboning.] To adorn 
with, or as if with, ribbons ; to mark with stripes 
resembling ribbons. 

Rib'bon-man (-man), n. A member of a 
society of Roman Catholics in Ireland having a 
badge of green ribbon. 

-lie (-rik). [AS. rice kingdom, dominion. See 
Rich.] A suffix signifying dominion, jurisdic- 
tion, office. 

Rice (ris), n. [F. riz, L. oryza, Gr. opv£a, 
opv^ov, prob. fr. Persian.] (Bot.) A kind of 
cereal grass ; also, its seed, which forms a large 
portion of the food of the inhabitants of warm 
climates. 

Rice paper, a kind of thin, delicate paper, Beardless 
brought from China. It is made by cutting the ( Florida*) 
pith of a large herb into a sheet, which is flat- Rice, 
tened out under pressure. 

Rice'bird' (ris'berd'), n. (Zool.) (a) The Java spar- 
row, (b) The bobolink. 



fSrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, feod, ftfbt, out, oil, cnair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



RICH 



704 



RIG 



Rich frTeb), <»• [Compar. Richer (-er) ; super!. Rich- 
est. ] [AS. •(<>• rioli. powerful : akin to G. rrtcA ; from 
BMMDinf, ruler, king, probably borrowed from 
Celtic] 1. Having an abundance of material possessions; 
well supplied with land, goods, or money; wealthy; 
opulent ; affluent. 2. Hence, in general, well supplied ; 
abounding ; abundant ; copious; bountiful. 3. Productive 
or fertile." 4. Composed of valuable or costly materials 
or ingredients ; highly valued; precious; sumptuous; 
costly. 6. Abounding in agreeable or nutritive qualities ; 
high-seasoned; oleaginous; luscious and high-flavored. 
6. Not faint or delicate ; vivid. 7. Full of sweet and 
harmonious sounds. 8. Abounding in beauty. 9. Abound- 
ing in humor. [Colloq.] 

Rich'es v -e"z), n. pi. [F. richesse, fr. riche rich, of 
German origin. See Rich, a.] That which makes one 
rich ; an abundance of land, goods, money, or other prop- 
erty : wealth. — Richly, adv. — Rlch'ness, n. 

8 y n. — Opulence; affluence ; wealthiness ; richness; 
plenty ; abundance. 

Rick (rik), n. [AS. hredc a heap; akin to hrycce 
rick.] A stack or pile, as of grain or hay, usually pro- 
tected from wet with thatching. 

Rick, v. t. To heap up in ricks, as hay, etc. 

Rick'etS (-Sts), n.pl. [Of uncertain origin.] {Med.) 
A filth disease affecting children, which is characterized 
by a bulky head, crooked spine and limbs, depressed ribs, 
tumid abdomen, and short stature, together with clear 
and often premature mental faculties. 

Rick'et-y (-St-y), a. 1. Affected with rickets. 2. 
Feeble in the joints ; imperfect ; weak ; shaky. 

Ric'O-Chet' (rlk'6-sha' or rik'6-shgt'), n. [F.] A re- 
bound or skipping, as of a flat stone thrown along the 
surface of water. 

Ric'O-Chet', v. i. To skip with a rebound or rebounds, 
as a flat stone thrown along the surface of water. 

I! Ric'tus (rTk'tus), n. [L., the aperture of the 
mouth.] The gape of the mouth, as of birds; — often 
restricted to the corners of the mouth. 

Rid (rid), imp. & p. p. of Ride, v. i. [Archaic'] 

Rid, V. t. [imp. &p. p. Rid or Ridded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Ridding.] [AS. hredctan to deliver, liberate ; akin to 
G. retten.] 1. To save ; to rescue. [Obs.] 2. To free ; 
to clean ; to disencumber. 3. To make away with ; 
hence, to dispose of ; to dispatch ; to finish. [Archaic] 

Rid'dance (rTd'dcms), n. 1. Act of ridding or freeing ; 
deliverance. 2. State of being rid or free ; freedom. 

Rid'den (-d'n), p. p. of Ride. 

Rid'dle (rTd'd'l), n. [AS. hridder ; akin to G. reiter, 
L. cribrum.] 1. A sieve with coarse meshes. 2. A 
board having a zigzag row of pins between which wire is 
drawn to straighten it. 

Rid'dle. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riddled (-d'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Riddling (-dling).] 1. To separate, as grain 
from the chaff, with a riddle. 2. To perforate like a 
riddle ; to make many holes in. 

Rid'dle, n. [For riddels, s being misunderstood as 
the plural ending ; AS. rsedels ; akin to G. rdlhsel; fr. 
AS. riedan to advise, also, to guess. Cf. Read.] Some- 
thing proposed to be solved by guessing or conjecture ; 
enigma ; hence, anything ambiguous or puzzling ; puzzle. 

Rid'dle, v. t. To explain ; to solve ; to unriddle. 

Rid'dle, v. i. To speak ambiguously or enigmatically. 

Ride (rid), v. i. [imp. Rode (rod) (Rid [rid], archa- 
ic) ; p. p. Ridden (rid'd'n) (Rid, archaic) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Riding (rid'ing).] [AS. ridun ; akin to G. reiten.] 1. 
To be carried on the back of an animal, as a horse. 2. To 
be borne in a carriage. 3. To be borne on or in a fluid ; 
to float ; to lie. 4. To be supported in motion ; to rest. 
5. To manage a horse, as an equestrian. 6. To support 
a rider, as a horse ; to move under the saddle. 

Syn. — Drive. —Ride originally meant (and is so used 
throughout the English Bible) to be carried on horseback 
or in a vehicle of any kind. At present in England, drive 
is the word applied in most cases to progress in a carriage, 
while ride is appropriated to progress on a horse. 

Ride, v. t. 1. To sit on, so as to be carried. 2. To 
domineer over. 3. To convey, as by riding ; to make or 
do by riding. 

Ride, 72. 1. Act of riding; an excursion on horseback 
or in a vehicle. 2. A road or avenue for pleasure riding. 

Ri-deau' (re-do'), n. [F.] A small mound of earth ; 
a small ridge. 

Ri'dent (ri'dent), a. [L. ridens, p. pr. of ridere to 
laugh.] Laughing, [R.] 

Rid'er (rid'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, rides. 
Hence, fig. : Something extra or burdensome that is im- 
posed, or something which straddles or extends across 



another thing. 2. Formerly, a commercial traveler. 
[Lug.] 3. One who breaks or manages a horse. 4. An 
addition or amendment to a document attached on a 
separate piece of paper ; in legislative practice, an addi- 
tional clause annexed to a bill while in course of passage. 

Ridge (rlj), n. [OE. rigge the back, AS. hrycg ; akin 
to G. liicken.] 1. The back, or top of the back ; a crest. 
2. A range of hills or mountains ; any extended elevation 
between valleys. 3. A raised line or strip. 4. {Arch.) 
The intersection of two surfaces forming a salient angle ; 
esp. , the angle at the top between the sides of a roof or a 
vault. 

Ridge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ridged (rljd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ridging.] 1. To form a ridge of ; to furnish with 
or shape into a ridge or ridges. 2. To wrinkle. 

Ridge'ling (-ling), n. [Prov. E. riggilt, riggot.] A 
half-castrated male animal. [Ridgepole. I 

Ridge / piece' (-pes'), Ridge'plate' (-plat'), n. See| 

Ridge'pole' (-pol'), n. {Arch.) The timber forming 
the ridge of a roof, into which the rafters are secured. 
[See Illust. of Roof.] 

Ridg'y {-$), a. Having a ridge or ridges. 

Rid'i-cule (rid'T-kul), n. [F., fr. L. ridiculum a jest. 
See Ridiculous.] 1. An object of sport or laughter ; a 
laughing matter. 2. Remarks concerning a subject or a 
person designed to excite contemptuous laughter. 

Syn. — Derision ; banter ; raillery ; burlesque ; mock- 
ery ; irony ; satire ; sarcasm ; gibe ; jeer ; sneer. — Rid- 
icule usually signifies good-natured, fun-loving opposition 
without manifest malice, while derision is commonly 
bitter and scornful, and sometimes malignant. 

Rid'i-cule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ridiculed (-kuld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Ridiculing.] To laugh at mockingly ; to 
awaken ridicule toward. 

Syn. — To deride ; banter ; rally ; burlesque ; mock ; 
satirize ; lampoon. See Deride. 

Rid'i-cu ler (-ku'ler), n. One who ridicules. 

Ri-dic'u-lous (rT-dlk'u-lus), a. [L. ridiculosus, ri- 
diculus, fr. ridere to laugh.] Fitted to excite ridicule ; 
unworthy of serious consideration ; comical ; absurd. — 
Ri-dic'u-lous-ly, adv. — Ri-dic'u-lous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Laughable; risible; droll; comical; absurd; 
preposterous. See Ludicrous. 

Rid'ing (rid'ing), n. [For thriding, Icel. pri&jungr 
the third part, fr. priSi third ; akin to E. third.] One of 
the three jurisdictions into which the county of York, in 
England, is divided. 

Rid'ing, a. 1. Employed to travel ; traveling. 2. 
Pertaining to, or used for, riding. 

Rid'ing, n. Act or state of one who rides. 

Rife (rif), a. [AS. rif abundant, or Icel. rifr munifi- 
cent.] Prevailing; prevalent; abounding. — Riie'ly, 
adv. — Rife'ness, n. 

Riffle (rif'f'l), n. [Etym. uncertain.] {Mining) A 
trough or sluice having cleats, grooves, or steps across the 
bottom for holding quicksilver and catching particles of 
gold when auriferous earth is washed ; also, one of the 
cleats, grooves, or steps in such a trough. 

Rif 'f ler (-fler), n. A kind of curved file. 

Riffraff' (rif'raf ), n. [OE. rif and raf every parti- 
cle, OF. rif et raf. Cf. Raff, and 1st Rd?le.] Sweep- 
ings ; refuse ; the lowest order of society. 

Ri'fle (rl'f '1), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Rifled (-fid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Rifling (-fling).] [F. rifler to rifle, sweep 
away ; of uncertain origin.] 1. To seize and bear away 
by force ; to carry off. 2. To strip ; to pillage. 

Rifle, n. [Akin to Dan. rifle, or riffel, the rifle of a 
gun, a chamfer, and E. rive.] 1. A gun the barrel of 
which is spirally grooved on the inside, thus giving the 
ball a rotary motion and insuring greater accuracy of 
fire. 2. pi. {Mil. ) A body of soldiers armed with rifles. 
3. A strip of wood covered with emery or a similar ma- 
terial, used for sharpening scythes or sickles. 




Rifle. 

Ri'fle (rl'f 1), v. t. 1. To groove, esp. internally with 
spiral channels. 2. To whet with a rifle. [a rifle. I 

Ri'fle-man (-man), n. {Mil.) A soldier armed with] 

Ri'fler (ri'fler), n. One who rifles ; a robber. 

Rift (rift), obs. p. p. of Rive. 

Rift, n. [Dan. rift, fr. rive, E. rive.] 1. An opening 
made by riving or splitting ; cleft ; fissure. 2. A ford. 

Rift, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rifted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Rifting.] To cleave ; to rive ; to split. 

Rig (rig), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rigged (rigd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Rigging (-ging).] [Norweg. rigga to bind, to wrap 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii., y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



RIG 



705 



RING 



round, rig.] 1. To furnish with apparatus or pear ; to 
fit with tackling. 2. To dress ; to equip ; to clothe. 

Rig (rig), n. 1. {Naut.) The peculiar fitting in shape, 
number, and arrangement of sails and masts, distin- 
guishing different types of vessels. 2. Dress; esp., odd 
or fancifnl clothing. [Colloq.] [trick ; frolic. I 

Rig, n. [Cf. Wriggle.] A sportive or unbecoming | 

To run a rig, to play a trick ; to frolic wildly. 

Rig, v. t. To make free with ; hence, to steal ; to 
pilfer. [Obs. or Prov.] 

To rig the market {Stock Exchange^, to raise or lower 
market prices, as by some fraud or trick. [Cant] 

Rig'a-dOOn' (rTg'a-doon'), n. [F. rigodon, rigaudon.] 
A gay, lively dance for one couple. 

Ri-ges'cent (rT-jes'sent), a. [L. rigescens, p. pr. fr. 
rigescere to grow stiff.] Growing stiff or numb. 

Rig'ger (rig'ger), n. One who rigs. 

Rig'ging (-ging), n. Dress ; tackle ; esp. (]Yaut.), the 
ropes, chains, etc., that support the masts and spars of a 
vessel, and serve as purchases for adjusting the sails, etc. 

Right (rit), a. [AS. riht ; akin to D. regt, G. recht, 
L. rectus, p. p. of regere to guide, rule.] 1. Straight; 
direct ; not crooked. 2. Upright ; erect from a base ; 
having an upright axis. 3. Conformed to the constitu- 
tion of man and the will of God, or to justice and equity ; 
according with rectitude and duty ; just ; equitable. 4. 
Fit ; suitable ; proper ; correct. 5. Real ; actual ; not 
spurious. 6. According with truth; not mistaken or 
wrong ; correct ; true. 7. Most favorable or convenient ; 
fortunate. 8. Of or pertaining to that side of the body 
in man on which the muscular action is usually stronger 
than on the other side ; — opposed to left. Also applied 
to the corresponding side of the lower animals. 

J^** In designating the banks of a river, right and left 
are used always with reference to the position of one who 
is facing in the direction of the current's flow. 
9. Well placed or adjusted ; well regulated ; correctly 
done. 10. Designed to be placed or worn outward. 

Syn. — Perpendicular ; lawful; rightful; becoming. 

Right, adv. 1. In a right manner. 2. In a right or 
straight line ; directly ; hence, straightway ; immedi- 
ately ; next. 3. Exactly ; just. [Obs. or Colloq.~] 
4. According to the law or will of God ; in conformity 
to truth and justice ; righteously. 5. According to any 
rule of art ; correctly. 6. According to fact or truth ; 
actually ; truly ; really ; correctly ; exactly. 7. In a 
great degree ; very ; wholly ; unqualifiedly ; extremely. 

Right (rit), n. 1. That which is right or correct. 
Specif. : (a) The straight course ; adherence to duty. 
(b) Adherence to truth or fact, (c) A just judgment or 
action ; that which is true or proper ; justice ; upright- 
ness ; integrity. 2. That to which one has a just claim. 
Specif. : (a) That which one has a natural claim to ex- 
act, (b) That which one has a legal or social claim to 
do or to exact ; legal power, (c) That which justly 
belongs to one ; title ; claim ; interest ; ownership. 
,{d) Privilege or immunity granted by authority. 3. The 
right side ; the side opposite to the left. 4. In some 
legislative bodies of Europe (as in France), those mem- 
bers collectively who are conservatives or monarchists. 
See Center, 4. 5. The outward or most finished surface. 

Right, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Righted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Righting.] 1. To bring or restore to the proper or nat- 
ural position ; to set upright ; to make right or straight ; 
to correct. 2. To do justice to ; to restore rights to ; to 
assert or regain the rights of. 

Right, v. i. To recover the proper or natural condi- 
tion.or position ; to become upright. 

Right'-a-DOUt' (rit'a-boutor n. [Right, adv. -f 
about, adv.] A turning directly about by the right, so 
as to face opposite ; also, the quarter directly opposite. 

Right'-an gled (-an/g'ld), a. Containing a right an- 
gle or right angles. 

Right'eous (ri'chus), a. [AS. rihtwis; riht right + 
u- is wise, prudent.] Doing, or according with, that which 
is right ; yielding to all their due ; esp., free from wrong, 
guilt, or sin ; upright ; just ; virtuous ; godly. — Right'- 
eous-ly (ri'chus-ly), adv. — Right 'eous-ness. n. 

Syn. — Holy ; uncorrupt ; honest ; equitable ; rightful. 

Right'er (rifer), n. One who rights wrongs. 

Right'ful (-ful), a. 1. Consonant to, or based vypon, 
right or justice ; just. 2. Having the right or just 
claim. — Right'ful-ly, adv. — Rightfulness, n. 

Syn. — Just ; lawful ; true ; honest ; equitable ; proper. 

Right'-hand 7 (rit'hand 7 )* a. 1. Situated or being on 
the right; nearer the right hand than the left. 2. 
Chiefly relied on ; almost indispensable. 

Right-hand rope, rope laid up in the same direction as 
plain-laid rope. [See Tllust. of Cordage.] 



Right'-hand ed (rit'h5n<l'Sd), a. 1. Using the right 
hand habitually, or more easily than the left. 2. Having 
the same direction or course (as regarded from a partic- 
ular direction) as the movement of the hands of a watch 
seen in front". 3. (Zo'ol.) Having the whorls rising from 
left to right ; dextral ; — said of spiral shells. 

Rightly, adv. 1. Straightly ; directly. [Obs.~\ 2. 
According to justice ; according to the divine will or 
moral rectitude ; uprightly. 3. Properly ; fitly ; suita- 
bly ; appropriately. 4. According to truth or fact ; cor- 
rectly ; exactly. 

Right'ness. n. Quality or state of being right. 

Right' Whale 7 (hwal'). (Zool.) («) The bowhead, 
Arctic, or Greenland whale, — from whose mouth the best 
whalebone is obtained, (b) Any other whale that pro- 
duces valuable whalebone. 

Rig'ld (rTj'Td), a. [L. rigidns, fr. rigere to be stiff or 
numb.] 1. Resisting change of form ; firm ; stiff ; un- 
yielding ; not pliant ; not flexible. 2. Hence : (a) Not 
lax or indulgent ; severe ; inflexible ; strict, (b) Want- 
ing ease or elegance. — Rig'id-ly, adv. — Rig'id-ness. n. 

Syn. — Stiff ; un pliant ; inflexible ; unyielding ; strict ; 
exact ; severe ; austere ; stern ; rigorous ; unmitigated. 

Ri-gid'i-ty (rl-jTd'T-tJr), n. Quality or state of being 
rigid. 

Rig'ma-role (rig'ma-rol), n. [For ragman roll a long 
list of names, a devil's list or roll ; where ragman is of 
Scand. origin, and akin to AS. earg cowardly, and to E. 
man.] A succession of confused or nonsensical state- 
ments ; foolish talk ; nonsense. [Colloq.~\ 

II Ri'gor (L. ri'gor ; E. rTg'er), n. [L. See Rigor, 
below.] 1. Rigidity ; stiffness. 2. (Med.) Chilliness, 
with contraction of the skin ; convulsive shuddering or 
tremor, as in the chill preceding a fever. 

Rig'or (rTg'er), n. [OF. rigour, fr. L. rigor, fr. ri- 
gere to be stiff. See Rigid.] 1. The becoming stiff or 
rigid ; state of being rigid ; rigidity ; stiffness ; hard- 
ness. 2. (3fed.) See 1st Rigor, 2. 3. Severity of cli- 
mate or season ; inclemency. 4. Stiffness or severity of 
opinion or temper ; sternness ; hardness ; cruelty. 5. 
Exactness without allowance, deviation, or indulgence ; 
strictness. 6. Severity of life ; austerity. 

Syn. — Rigidness ; inflexibility ; harshness ; exactness. 

Rig'or-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Rigidity in principle or 
practice ; strictness". 2. Severity, as of style. 

Rig'or-OUS (-us), a. 1. Manifesting, exercising, or 
favoring, rigor ; stiff ; exact ; strict ; severe. 2. Severe ; 
intense ; inclement ; harsh. — Rig'or-OUS-ly, adv. — 
Rig'or-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Rigid ; inflexible ; unyielding ; austere ; stern. 

Rile (ril), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riled (rild) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Riling.] [See Roil.] [Prov. Eng. or Colloq. U. 
S.~\ 1. To render turbid or muddy ; to stir up ; to roll. 
2. To make angry ; to vex. 

II Ri-lie'vo (re-lya'vo), n. [It.] Same as Reltef, n., 5. 

Rill (ril), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A very small 
brook; a streamlet. 2. {Astron.) One of certain nar- 
row, crooked valleys seen on the surface of the moon. 

Rim (rim), n. [AS. rima, reoma, edge.] The border, 
edge, or margin of a thing, usually of something curving. 

Rim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rimmed (rimd) : p. pr. & 
vb. n. Rimming.] To furnish with a rim ; to border. 

Rime (rim), n. [AS. hrim.~\ White frost ; hoarfrost ; 
congealed dew or vapor. 

Rime, v. i. To freeze or congeal into hoarfrost. 

Rime, n. [Etym. uncertain.] Round of a ladder ; rung. 

Rime, n. & v., Rim'er, ». See Rhyme, Rhymer. 

U^F" This obsolete spelling is coming into use again. 

Rim'mer (rTm'mer), n. An implement for cutting, 
trimming, or ornamenting, the rim of anything. 

Ri-mose' (ri-mos'), o. [I*. rimosus, fr. rima a chink.] 
Full of rimes, fissures, or chinks. 

Rim'ple (rTm'p'l), n . & v. See Rcmple. 

Rim'y (rim'y), a. Abounding with rime ; frosty. 

Rind (rind), n. [AS. rind bark, crust of bread ; akin 
to G. rinde.~\ The external covering or coat, as of flesh, 
fruit, trees, etc.; skin; hide: bark; peel; shell. 

Rin'der-pest (rTn'der-pSst), n. [G., fr. rind, pi. Kin- 
der cattle -\-pest pest.] A highly contagious distemper 
or murrain, affecting neat cattle, and sometimes sheep 
and goats. [course or gutter. I 

Rin'dle (rin'd'l), n. [AS. rynele.] A small water| 

Ring (ring), v. t. [imp. Rang (rang) or Rung (rung) ; 
p. p. Rung; p. pr. & vb. n. Ringing.] [AS. hringan ; 
akin to OD. ringhen.~\ 1. To cause to sound, esp. by 
striking, as a metallic body. 2. To make (a sound), as 
by ringing a bell ; to sound. 3. To repeat often, loudly, 
or earnestly. 



fSrn, recent, 6rb, rude, frill, tim, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
45 



RING 



06 



RISK 



Ring (rlng\ r. i. 1. To Bound, as a bell or other so- 

ody, particularly a metallic one, does. 2. To 

i making music with bells. 3. To resound ; to 

be rilled with a ringing or reverbe r ating sound. 4. To 

5. To be rilled with report or talk. 

Ring. ')• 1- A Bound; esp., the sound of vibrating 
metals. 2. Any loud sound ; the sound of numerous 
voices; a sound continued, repeated, or reverberated. 
3. a chime, or set of bells harmonically tuned. 

Ring (ring), n. [AS. firing, firinc ; akin to G. ring."] 
1. A circle. 01 a circular line, or anything in the form of 
a circular line or hoop. 2. Specif., a circular ornament 
worn on the ringer. 3. A circular area for races or other 
sports : an arena. 4. An inclosed space in which pugilists 
tight : hence, fig., prize fighting. 5. A clique ; an exclusive 
combination of persons for a selfish purpose. 

Ring, ». t. [imp. & p. p. Ringed (rlngd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ringing.] 1. To surround or fit with a ring, or as 



2. {Hort.) To girdle. 

An eyebolt having a ring 





if with a ring ; to encircle 

RingTJOlf (-bolt') 
through the eye. 

Ring-bone (-bon'), n. {Far.) A morbid growth of 
bony matter between or on the pastern bones. 

Ring'dove' (-dfiV), n. {Zo'ol.) A European wild pigeon 
{Columba palumbus) having a 
white crescent on each side of 
the neck ; — whence the name. 

Rin'gent (rTn'jent), a. [L. 
ringens, -ends, p. pr. 
of rhigi to open wide 
the mouth.] {Bot.) 
Having the lips wide- 
ly separated and gap- 
ing like an open 
mouth. 

Ring'er (ring'er), 
n. One that rings. 

Ring'lead er (-led'er), n. The 
leader of a circle of dancers ; 
hence, the leader of persons act- 
ing together, esp. for unlawful 
purposes. European Ringdove. 

Ring'let (ring'let), n. 1. A small ring ; specif., a 
fairy ring. 2. A curl ; esp., a curl of hair. 

Ring 'mas ter (-mas'ter), n. One in charge of the 
performances (as of horses) within the ring in a circus. 

Ring'-necked (-ngkt'), a. {Zo'ol.) Having a well 
defined ring of color around the neck. 

Ring'-streaked (rTng'strekf), a. Having circular 
streaks or hues on the body. 

Ring'tail (-taF), n. {Zo'ol.) A bird having a dis- 
tinct band of color across the tail. 

Ring'WOrnV (-wurm'), n. {Med.) A contagious affec- 
tion of the skin due to the presence of a vegetable para- 
site, forming ring-shaped discolored patches. 

Rink (rink), n. [Scot, renk, rink, rynk, a course, a 
race ; prob. fr. AS. hring a ring. See Ring.] 1. The 
smooth and level extent of ice marked off for the game 
of curling. 2. An artificial sheet of ice for skating ; 
also, a floor prepared for skating on with roller skates, 
or a building with such a floor. 

Rinse (rins), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rinsed (rlnst) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Rinsing.] [OF. rincer, rinser, reinser, ra'in- 
cier ; of uncertain origin.] 1. To wash lightly ; to cleanse 
with a second or repeated application of water after 
washing. 2. To cleanse by the introduction of water. 

Rins'er (rins'er), n. One who, or that which, rinses. 

Riot (ri'ut), n. [OF. riote, of uncertain origin.] 1. 
Wanton or unrestrained behavior. 2. Excessive and 
expensive feasting. 3. {Law) The tumultuous disturb- 
ance of the public peace by an unlawful assembly of three 
or more persons in the execution of some private object. 

Ri'ot ( ri'ut), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rioted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Rioting.] To engage in a riot ; to be riotous. 

Ri'Ot-er (-er), n. One who riots. 

Ri'ot-ous (-us), a. 1. Involving, or engaging in, riot ; 
wanton ; unrestrained ; luxurious. 2. Partaking of the 
nature of an unlawful assembly or its acts ; seditious ; 
tumultuous. — Ri'ot-ous-ly, adv. — Ri'ot-ous-ness, n. 

Rip (rip), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Ripped (ript) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ripping.] [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To divide or 
separate the parts of, by cutting or tearing ; to tear out 
or off by violence. Also used figuratively. 2. To saw 
(wood) lengthwise of the grain or fiber. 

To rip oat, to rap out ; to utter violently. [Colloq.] 

Rip, n. 1. A rent made by ripping, esp. by a seam 
giving way ; a tear. 2. [Perh. a corruption of the first 
syllable of reprobate.] A term applied to a corrupt or 



worn out thing or person. [Slang] 3. A body of water 
made rough by the meeting of opposing tides or currents. 

Ri-pa'ri-ari (rT-pa'rT-<m), a. [L. riparius, fr. ripa a 
bank.] Of or pertaining to the bank of a river. 

Ri-pa'ri-OUS (-us), a. Growing on river banks. 

Ripe (rip), <t. [Compar. Riper (-er) ; si/perl. Ripest.] 
[AS. ripe; akin to G. Tfif.l 1. Ready for reaping or 
gathering ; mature ; — said of fruits, seeds, etc. 2. Ad- 
vanced to the state of fitness for use. 3. Having at- 
tained its full development ; mature ; perfected ; con- 
summate. 4. Maturated or suppurated; ready to 
discharge ; — said of sores, tumors, etc. 5. Ready for 
action or effect ; prepared. — Ripe'ly, adv. 

Syn. — Mature ; complete : finished. See Mature. 

Rir/en (ripf'n), V. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Ripened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ripening.] 1. To grow or make 
ripe ; to become or make mature, as fruit, flowers, etc. 
2. To approach, come, or bring to perfection ; to prepare. 

Ripe'ness (rip'nes), n. State or quality of being ripe. 

Rip'per (rip'per), n. One who, or that which, rips. 

Rip'ple (-p'l), n. [From Rip, v.~\ A toothed imple- 
ment for combing the seeds and seed vessels from flax, 
broom corn, etc. 

Rip'ple, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Rippled (-p'ld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RrpPLiNG (-pling).] [Cf. Rimple, Rumple.] 1. 
To become fretted, dimpled, or covered with little waves 
on the surface, as water. 2. To make a sound as of 
water running gently over a rough bottom, or of ripples 
breaking on the shore. [running water. I 

Rip'ple, v. t. To fret or dimple, as the surface of | 

Rip'ple, n. 1. The fretting or dimpling of the sur- 
face, as of running water. 2. A little wave or undula- 
tion ; a sound such as is made by little waves. 

Rip'ply (-ply), a. Having ripples ; as, ripply water ; 
hence, resembling the sound of rippling water. 

Rip'rap 7 (-rSpO, n. [Cf. Rap.] A foundation or sus- 
taining wall of stones thrown together without order. 

Rip'saW (-sa/), n. [See Rn>, v. t., 2.] {Carp.) A hand- 
saw used for cutting wood in the direction of the fiber. 

Rise (rlz), v. i. [imp. Rose (roz) ; p. p. Risen (riz"n) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Rising.] [AS. rtsan; akin to OHG. 
risan to rise, fall, G. reise journey.] 1. To move from 
a lower position to a higher ; to ascend ; to mount up, 
either actually or apparently. 2. To extend or be ex- 
tended upward ; to assume an erect or more erect atti- 
tude. Hence, fig. : To leave one's bed ; to arise ; also, to 
abandon a siege. 3. To emerge into sight ; to come 
forth ; to appear. Also, to become perceptible to other 
senses than sight. Hence, to have a beginning ; to origi- 
nate. 4. To increase in size, violence, force, or value, 
price, amount, etc. 5. Hence, fig. : (a) To become ex- 
cited, or hostile ; to rebel ; to make war. (6) To attain 
to a better social or official position, (c) To increase in 
dignity, interest, or power ; — said of style, thought, or 
discourse, {d) To come to mind ; to be suggested. 6. 
To come to life. 7. To terminate an official sitting ; to 
adjourn. 8. To ascend on a musical scale. 

Syn. — To arise ; mount ; ascend ; climb ; scale. 

Rise (ris or rlz), n. 1. Act of rising, or state of being 
risen. 2. Distance through which anything rises. 3. 
An elevation or apparent elevation, as of land. [Colloq.] 
4. Spring ; source ; origin. 5. Appearance above the 
horizon. 6. Increase ; advance ; augmentation. 7. Ele- 
vation or ascent of the voice ; upward change of key. 
8. The upward dart or spring of a fish to seize food. 

Ris'en (rTz"n), p. p. & a. from Rise. 

Ris'er (riz'er), n. 1. One who rises. 2. {Arch.) The 
upright piece of a stair from tread to tread ; hence, any 
small upright face. [risible. I 

Risi-bil'1-ty (riz'T-bil'T-ty), n. Quality of being | 

Ris'i-ble (rizf-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. risibilis, fr. ridere, 
risum, to laugh.] 1. Having the faculty or power of 
laughing ; disposed to laugh. 2. Exciting laughter ; 
amusing. 3. Used in, or expressing, laughter. 

Syn. — Ludicrous ; laughable ; amusing ; ridiculous. 
— Risible is generic, meaning laughable in general ; ludi- 
crous implies playfulness or sport ; ridiculous, contempt. 

Ris'i-bles (-b'lz), n. pi. FeeUngs of amusement ; 
features expressing amusement. [Colloq.'] 

Risk (risk), n. [F. risque, prob. a word first used 
among sailors, and a deriv. of L. resecare to cut off ; pref . 
re- re--)- secare to cut.] 1. Hazard; danger; peril ; ex- 
posure to loss, injury, or destruction ; jeopardy. 2. 
{Com.) Liability to loss in property. 

Syn. — See Danger. 

Risk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Risked (riskt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Risking.] 1. To expose to risk, hazard, or peril ; 
to venture ; to jeopard. 2. To incur the risk or danger of. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



RISKER 



707 



ROBIN 



Risk'er (risk'er), n. One who risks or hazards. 

Risk'y (-y), a. Attended with risk or danger. 

Ris'soid (ris'soid), n. [NL. Rissoa, the typical genus 
(fr. A. Risso, an Italian naturalist) -f- -oid.~\ (Zool.) Any 
one of very numerous species of small spiral gastropods. 

II Ris'SOle' (re'sol'), n. [F., fr. rissoler to fry meat 
till it is brown.] (Cookery) A small ball of rich minced 
meat or fish, covered with pastry and fried. 

Rite (rit), n. [L. ritus.] A prescribed or formal act 
of religion, or other solemn duty ; a ceremony. 

Syn. — Form; ceremony ; observance ; ordinance. 

Rit'or-nelle' (rTt'Qr-nel'), ) n. [It. ritomello, dim. 

II Ri/tor-nel'jo (re'tdr-nel'lo), J of ritorno return.] 
(Mus.) (a) A short return or repetition ; a concluding 
symphony to an air. (6) A short instrumental passage, 
in the course of a vocal piece ; an interlude. 

Rlt'u-al (rit'u-al ; 135), a. [L. ritualis, fr. ritus a rite.] 
Of or pertaining to rites or a ritual. 

Rit'u-al, n. 1. Collectively, the prescribed rites and 
ceremonies to be observed in performing divine service 
in a particular church or communion. 2. Hence, the 
code of ceremonies observed by an organization. 3. A 
book containing the rites to be observed. 

Rit'u-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. A system founded upon a 
ritual ; adherence to, or advocacy of the observance of, 
a ritual ; the principles and practices of those who favor 
the observance of a ritual. [practices ritualism. I 

Rit'u-al -ist (rit'fi-al-T st), n. One who advocates or | 

Rit'u-al-ly, adv. By rites, or by a particular rite. 

Riv'agO (rT v'aj ; 48), n. [F., fr. L. ripa bank, shore.] 
A bank, shore, or coast. [Archaic] 

Ri'val (ri'val), n. [F., fr. L. rivales, pi., two neigh- 
bors having the same brook in common, rivals, fr. rivus 
a brook.] One who is striving to reach or obtain some- 
thing which another is attempting to obtain, and which 
one only can possess ; a competitor. 

Syn. — Competitor ; emulator ; antagonist. 

Ri'val, a. Having the same pretensions or claims; 
standing in competition for superiority. 

Ri'val, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Rivaled (ri'vald) or Ri- 
valled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rivaling or Rivalling.] 1. To 
stand in competition with ; to strive to gain some object 
in opposition to. 2. To emulate. [being rival. I 

Ri'val-ry (ri'val-ry), n. Act of rivaling, or state of | 

Syn. — Emulation ; competition. See Emulation. 

Rive (riv), v. t. & i. [imp. Rived (rivd) ; p. p. Rived 
or Riven (riV'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Riving.] [Icel. rifa, 
akin to S w. r ifva to pull asunder, burst . ] To rend asunder 
by force ; to split ; to cleave. 

Riv'el (riv"l), v. t. [AS. geriflian.] To wrinkle; 
to shrivel. [Obs.~\ 

Riv'en (-'n), p. p. & a. from Rive. 

Riv'er (riv'er), n. One who rives or splits. 

Riv'er (riv'er), n. [F. riviere, deriv. of L. riparius 
of a bank or shore, f r. ripa bank, shore ; of uncertain 
origin.] 1. A large stream of water flowing in a bed or 
channel to the ocean, a sea, a lake, or another stream. 
2. Fig. : A large stream ; copious flow ; abundance. 

River horse (Zool.), the hippopotamus. 

Riv'ered (-erd), a. Supplied with rivers. 

Riv'et (riv'et), n. [F., fr. river to rivet ; origin un- 
certain.] A metallic pin or small bolt, usually with a 
head, used for fastening things together by beating down 
or clinching one or both of its ends. 

Riv'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riveted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Riveting.] 1. To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets. 
2. To spread out the end or point of by beating or press- 
ing. 3. Hence, to fasten firmly ; to make secure. 

Riv'et-er (-er), n. One who rivets. 

RiVu-let (riv'u-let), n. [Earlier rivolet, It. rivolello, 
a dim. fr. rivolo, L. rivulus, dim. of rivus a brook.] A 
small stream or brook ; a streamlet. 

Rix'-dollar (rTks'dol'ler), n. [Sw. riksdaler, or 
Dan. rigsdaler, or D. rijksdaalder, or G. reichsthaler, 
lit., dollar of the empire or realm, from words akin to E. 
rich, and dollar.'} A name given to several different 
silver coins of Denmark, Holland, Sweden, Norway, etc., 
varying in value from about 30 cents to $1.10; also, a 
British coin worth about 36 
cents, used in Ceylon and at 
the Cape of Good Hope. 

Roach (roch), n. (Zool.) 
A cockroach. 

Roach, n. [OE. roche; "" ! '8I^P H ^X 
origin uncertain.] (Zool.) ^ 

(a) A European fresh-water European Roach (Zeuciscus 
fish of the Carp family. (6) rutilus). 

An American chub ; fallfish. (c) The redfin, or shiner. 




Road (rod), n. [AS. rad a riding, that on which one 
rides, a road, fr. rldan to ride. See Ride.] 1. A jour- 
ney, or stage of a journey ; also, an inroad or incursion. 
[Obs~\ 2. An open way or public passage for vehicles, 
persons, and animals ; a track for travel. 3. A place 
where ships may ride at anchor at some distance off 
shore ; a roadstead. 

Syn. — Way ; highway ; street ; lane ; pathway ; route ; 
passage ; course. See Way. 

Road'bed' (rod'bgd'), n. In railroads, the foundation 
on which the superstructure (ties, rails, etc.) rests; in 
common roads, the whole material of construction. 

Road'stead (-st6d), n. [Road, 3 -f stead a place.] 
An anchorage off shore. Same as Road, 3. 

Road'ster (-ster), n. A horse accustomed to travel- 
ing, or suitable for use, on ordinary roads. 

Roam (rom), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roamed (romd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Roaming.] [OE. romen, ramen; of un- 
certain origin.] To go from place to place without any 
certain purpose or direction ; to rove ; to wander. 

Syn. — To wander ; rove ; range ; stroll ; ramble. 

Roam, v. t. To range or wander over. 

Roam, n. Act of roaming ; a wandering. 

Roam'er (-er), n. One who roams ; a wanderer. 

Roan (rou), a. [F. rouan.~\ 1. Having a bay, chest- 
nut, brown, or black color, with gray or white thickly 
interspersed ; — said of a horse. 2. Made of the leather 
called roan. 

Roan, n. 1. The color of a roan horse ; a roan color. 
2. A roan horse. 3. A kind of leather made from 
sheepskin and colored to imitate ungrained morocco. 

Roar (ror), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Roared (rord) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Roabing.] [AS. rarian; akin to G. rohren.] 
1. To cry with a full, loud, continued sound. Specif. : To 
bellow, as a beast. 2. To make a loud, confused sound, 
as of wailing, laughing, shouting, high winds, dashing 
waves, cannon, etc. 3. To be boisterous ; to be disorderly. 

Roar, v. t. To cry aloud ; to proclaim loudly. 

Roar, n. The act or sound of roaring. 

Roar'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, roars. 
Specif. : (a) A riotous fellow. (b) A horse which 
breathes hoarsely on account of disease. 

Roast (rost), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roasted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Roasting.] [OF. rostir ; of German origin.] 

1. To cook by exposure to radiant heat before a fire ; 
also, to cook in a close oven. 2. To cook by surround- 
ing with hot embers, ashes, sand, etc. 3. To dry and 
parch by exposure to heat. 4. Hence, to heat to excess ; 
to burn. 5. (Metal.) To dissipate by heat the volatile 
parts of. [process of being roasted. I 

Roast, v. i. 1. To roast food. 2. To undergo the| 

Roast, n. That which is roasted. 

Roast, a. Roasted. 

Roast'er (-er), n. 1. One who roasts meat. 2. A 
contrivance for roasting. 3. A pig, or other article of 
food, fit for roasting. 

Rob (r5b), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Robbed (r5bd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Robbing.] [OF. rober, of G. origin.] 1. To 
take from by force ; to plunder ; to pillage ; to steal from. 

2. (Law) To take the property of (any one) from his per- 
son, or in his presence, feloniously, and against his will, 
by violence or by putting him in fear. 3. To deprive of, 
or withhold from, unjustly or injuriously ; to defraud. 

Rob'ber (rSb'ber), n. One who robs. 

Syn. — Thief; depredator; despoiler ; plunderer; pil- 
lager ; rifler ; brigand ; freebooter ; pirate. See Thief. 

Rob'ber-V (-y), n. Act or practice of robbing ; theft. 

Syn. — Theft ; depredation ; spoliation ; despoilment ; 
plunder ; pillage ; larceny ; freebooting ; piracy. 

Robe (rob), n. [F., fr. LL. rauba a gown, dress, gar- 
ment ; orig., booty, plunder. See Rob, v. t.~\ 1. An 
outer garment ; a dress of a rich, flowing, and elegant 
style or make ; hence, a dress of state, rank, office, etc. 
2. A skin of an animal, esp. a skin of the bison, dressed 
with the fur on, and used as a 
wrap. [U. 5.] 

Robe (rob), V. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Robed (robd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Robing.] To invest with 
a robe or robes ; to dress ; to 
array. 

Rob'in (rob'Tn), n. [P., 
prop, a pet name for Robert, 
orig. meaning, fame-bright ; 
fr. OHG. Ruodperht ; ruod (in 
comp. ; akin to AS. hretS fame) European Robin (Erythacas 
+ beraht bright.] (Zool.) (a) rvhecula). 

A small European singing bird, having a reddish breast. 




fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fo~ot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



ROBIN REDBREAST 



708 



ROLL 



■ cer American singing bird {Mervla migratoria) 
the breast chestnut, or ilull red. 
Robin r*dbr*A*t. {MooL) (irt Tbe European robin. (6) 

merican robin, (e) The American bluebird. 
Rob'o-rant (rcVi-wntJ, a. [L. roborans, p. pr. of 
to strengthen. fr. robur, roboris. strength.] 
Strengthening. — n. (Med.) A strengthening medicine ; 
a tonic. 

Ro-bust' frt-buW), a. [L. robustus oaken, hard, 
strong, Ir. robur strength, a very hard kind of oak.] 1. 
Evincing strength; indicating vigorous health; sturdy; 
Strong; sonnd. 2. Violent; rough; rude. 3. Requiring 
strength or vigor. — Ro-bUSt'ly, <i<h:— Ro-bust'ness. n. 
Syn*— Strong : lusty ; sinewy ; muscular ; hale ; hearty ; 
rigorous; forceful. — Strong is much more general than 
u hieh latter implies such vigor and powers of 
endurance as are exhibited by a person with a compact, 
thick-set frame, and in the flush of health. 

Roche' alum (rok' 51' Bin). (Chem.) A kind of alum 
occurring in small fragments ; — so called from Rocca, in 
Syria, whence alum is said to have been obtained. 
Ro-Chelle' (rc-shel'), n. A seaport town in France. 
Rochelle powders. Same as Seidlitz powders. — Rochelle 
salt I Cht ni.). the double tartrate of sodium and potassium, 
employed as a mild purgative. 

Roch'et (r5ch'gt), n. [F., dim. fr. OHG. rocch coat, 
G. rock.] {Eccl.) A linen garment resembling the sur- 
plice, [distaff used in spinning. I 
Rock (r5k), n. [OE. rocke ; akin to G. rocken.] A| 
Rock, n. [OF. roke.~\ 1. A large concreted mass of 
stony material; a large fixed stone or crag. 2. (Geol.) 
Anv natural deposit forming a part of the earth's crust, 
whether consolidated or not, including sand, earth, clay, 
etc.. when in natural beds. 3. That which resembles a 
rock in firmness or fixedness. 4. (Zool.) The striped bass. 
Rock alum. [Prob. so called by confusion with F. roche 
a rock.] Same as Roche alum. — Rock candy, a form of 
candy consisting of crystals of pure sugar which are very 
hard, whence the name. — Rock crystal (Min.), limpid 
quartz. — Rock oil. See Petroleum. — Rock salt (Mm.), 
chloride of sodium (common salt) occurring in rocklike 
masses in mines ; salt dug from the earth; also, [TJ. S.], 
salt in large crystals, formed by evaporation. 
Syn. — See Stone. 

Rock (rok), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rocked (rokt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Rocking.] [AS. roccian.] 1. To cause to sway 
backward and forward, as a body resting on a support 
beneath. 2. To move as in a cradle ; hence, to put to 
sleep by rocking ; to still ; to quiet. 

Syn. — To shake; vibrate; sway; tremble; swing.— 
Rnck denotes a slower, less violent, and more uniform 
motion, or larger movements than shake. Rock implies 
support from beneath ; swing, suspension from above. 

Rock, v. i. To move or be moved backward and5f or- 
ward : to sway backward and forward. 
Rock'a-way (rok'a-wa), n. [Prob. from Rockaway 
beach, where it was used.] Orig., 
a kind of light, curtained car- 
riage ; now, a somewhat similar, 
but heavier, carriage inclosed, 
except in front. 
. Rock'er (-er), n. 1. 
).One that rocks. 2. One 
/of the curving pieces of 
wood or metal on which 
_. cradle, chair, etc., 
Rockaway. r0 cks. Also, a chair, cra- 

dle, wooden horse, etc. , mounted on such rockers. 
Rock'et (-St), n. [It. rocchetla, fr. rocca dis- 
taff ; of G. origin ; — from the resemblance in 
shape to a distaff.] A kind of firework consisting 
of a case for powder attached to a guiding stick, 
and intended to be projected through the air by 
the violent escape at the bottom of the case of the 
gases generated by the combustion of the powder. 
Rock'et, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rocketed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Rocketing.] (Sporting) To rise ' 
straight up when flushed ; — said of birds, usu- 
ally in the p. pr., or as an adjective. [Eng.~\ 

Rock'fisb/ (rSk'fTshO, n. (Zool.) Any one 
of various fishes locally so called. Specif. : (a) 
Any one of several California scorpaenoid fishes, 
of the genus Sebastichthys, which are among 
the most important of' California market Rocket! show- 
fishes, (b) The striped bass, (c) Any one j n£ , arrange- 
of several species of Florida and Bermuda merit of the 
[rroupc-rs of the genus Epinepheius. (d) Powder and 
The log perch. Fuse - 

Rock'ing-chair' (-chaV), n. A chair mounted on 
rockers, in which one may rock. 




R0Ck'W0rk / (rok'wGrk'), n. 1. (Arch.) Stonework 
with a broken and rough surface. 2. A rockery. 

Rock'y (-y), a. 1. Full of, or abounding in, rocks; 
consisting of rocks. 2. Like a rock. 3. Fig. : Unfeel- 
ing ; obdurate. 

Ro-CO'CO (r6-ko'kS), n. [F. ; of uncertain origin.] A 
florid style of ornamentation which prevailed in Europe 
in the latter part of the eighteenth century. 

Rod (r5d), n. [Same word as Rood.] 1. A straight 
and slender stick ; a wand ; hence, any slender bar, as 
of wood or metal. Specif. : (a) An instrument of pun- 
ishment or correction; fig., chastisement. (6) A kind 
of scepter, or badge of office ; hence, fig., power ; author- 
ity ; tyranny ; oppression, (c) A fish pole, (d) (Mach.) 
A connecting bar. (e) An instrument for measuring. 
2. A measure of length containing 16J feet. 
Rode (rod), imp. of Ride. 

Ro'dent (ro'dent), a. [L. rodens, -entis, p. pr. of ro- 
d ere to gnaw.] Gnawing; biting; corroding. 

Ro'dent, n. (Zool.) One of an order (Rodentia) of 
gnawing mammals comprising rats, squirrels, rabbits, etc. 
Rod'o -mont (rod'6-mont), n. [F., deriv. of It. Rodo- 
monte, a boasting hero in the "Orlando Furioso " of 
Ariosto, and the "Orlando Innamorato " of Bojardo ; 
prop., one who rolls away mountains ; Prov. It. rodare to 
roll away (fr. L. rota a wheel) + It. monte a mountain, 
L. mons.] A vain or blustering boaster ; a braggart. 

Rod'O-mon-tade' (-mon-tad'), n. [F.] Vain boast- 
ing ; vaunting ; rant. 
Rod o-mon-tade', v.i. To boast ; to bluster. 
Roe (ro), n. [AS. rah; akin to G. reh.] (Zool.) (a) 
A roebuck, (b) The female of any species of deer. 

Roe, n. [For roan, OE. rowne, akin to G. rogen; of 
uncertain origin.] (Zool.) The ova or spawn of fishes 
and amphibians, esp. when still in the inclosing mem- 
branes ; sometimes also, milt. 

Roe'buck' (ro'buk'), n. [1st roe + buck.} (Zool.) A 
small European and Asiatic deer having cylin- 
drical, branched antlers, forked at the tip. 

Ro-ga'tion (ro-ga'shvin), n. [L. rogatio, 
fr. rogare, rogatum, to ask, beg, supplicate.] 
1. (Rom. Antiq.) The demand, by the consuls 
or tribunes, of a law to be passed by the peo- 
ple ; a proposed law or decree. 2. (Eccl.) 
Litany ; supplication. 

Rogation days (Eccl.), the three days imme- 
diately preceding Ascension Day, on which the people, 
walking in procession, sang litanies of supplication. 

Rog'a-tO-ry (rog'a-to-ry), a. Seeking information; 
authorized to examine witnesses or ascertain facts. 

Rogue (rog), n. [F. rogue proud, haughty, supercil- 
ious.] 1. (Eng. Law) A vagrant ; an idle, sturdy beg- 
gar ; vagabond ; tramp. 2. A deliberately dishonest 
person ; knave. 3. One pleasantly mischievous or frolic- 
some. 4. An elephant that has separated from a herd 
and roams about alone, in which state it is very savage. 
Syn. — Vagrant ; cheat ; rascal ; scamp ; swindler. 
RogU/er-y (-er-y), n. 1. The practices of a rogue ; 
cheating. 2. Arch tricks ; mischievousness. 

Rogu'ish (rog'Tsh), a. 1. Resembling, or character- 
istic of, a rogue ; knavish. 2. Mischievous ; waggish. — 
Rogu'ish-ly, adv. — Rogu'ish-ness, n. 

Roil (roil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roiled (roild) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Roiling.] [Etym. uncertain.] [Prov. Eng. or 
Colloq. U.S.'] 1. To render turbid by stirring up dregs 
or sediment. 2. To disturb, as the temper ; to ruffle the 
temper of ; to perplex. 
Roint (roint), interj. [Obs.~\ See Aroint. 
Roist'er (roist'er), v. i. [Prob. fr. F. rustre boor, fr. 
L. rusticus rustic] To bluster ; to swagger ; to bully. 
Roist'er-er (-er), ». A blustering, turbulent fellow. 
Roke (rok), n. [See Reek.] 1. Mist ; smoke ; 
damp. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A vein of ore. [Prov. Eng.] 
Rok'y (rok'y), a. Misty ; foggy. [Prov. Eng.] 
Role (rol), n. [F. See Roll.] A part, or character, 
performed by an actor in a drama ; hence, a part or func- 
tion taken or assumed by any one. 

Roll (rol), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rolled (rold) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Rolling.] [OF. roeler, roler, deriv. of L. rotu- 
lus a little wheel, dim. of rota wheel.] 1. To cause to 
revolve by turning, esp. over and over ; to turn on an 
axis ; to revolve ; to impel forward by causing to turn 
over and over on a supporting surface. 2. To wrap 
round on itself; to form into a spherical or cylindrical 
body by causing to turn over and over. 3. To bind or 
involve by winding. 4. To drive or impel forward with 
an easy motion, as of rolling. 5. To utter copiously, esp. 
with sounding words. 6. To press, level, or form with 



(Zool.) A 

M 

Roebuck. 



5 3 e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



ROLL 



709 



ROOK 



a roll, roller, or rollers. 7. To move upon, or by means 
of, rollers or small wheels. 8. To beat with rapid, con- 
tinuous strokes, as a drum. 

Roll (rol), v. i. 1. To move as anything does which is 
rolled ; to move along a surface by rotation without slid- 
ing ; to turn over and over ; to revolve. 2. To be wound 
or formed into a cylinder or ball. 3. To perform a pe- 
riodical revolution. 4. To move, as waves or billows, 
with alternate swell and depression. 5. To incline from 
one side to the other, as a ship ; hence, to be tumbled 
about. 6. To beat a drum with strokes so rapid that 
they can scarcely be distinguished by the ear. 7. To 
make a loud rumbling noise. 

Roll, n. [F. role a roll (in sense 3), fr. L. rotidus a 
little wheel, LL., a roll, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See 
Roll, ».] 1. Act of rolling, or state of being rolled. 2. 
That which rolls ; a roller. Specif. : A revolving cylinder 
or cylinders used for crushing, pressing, forming, or 
smoothing something. 3. That which is, or may be, rolled 
up. Specif. : (a) A document ; a scroll. (b) Hence, 
an official register ; a record ; a list, (c) A quantity of 
cloth wound into a cylindrical form, (d) A kind of bread, 
often rolled or doubled upon itself. 4. A heavy, rever- 
beratory sound. 5. The beat of a drum with strokes so 
rapid as scarcely to be distinguished by the ear. 

Roll call, act, or time, of calling over a list of names. 

Syn. — Schedule ; catalogue ; inventory. See List. 

Roll'er (-er), ». 1. One that rolls; esp., a cylinder 
used in husbandry or the arts. 2. (Naut.) One of a series 
of long, heavy waves. 3. A small wheel, as of a caster, 
a roller skate, etc. 4. [Cf. F. rollier.] (Zool. ) Any one 
of numerous species (many brilliantly colored) of Old 
World birds of the Woodpecker family, which have the 
habit of suddenly turning over or "tumbling " in flight. 

Rol'lic (rol'lik), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Rollicked (-likt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Rollicking.] [Corrupt, fr. frolic, under 
the influence of roll."] To move or play in a careless, 
swaggering manner ; to frolic ; to sport. [Colloq.~\ 

Roll / ing-pin / (rol'ing-pin'), n. A cylindrical imple- 
ment for use in rolling paste or dough into sheets. 

Rolfy-poly (rol'y-po/ly), ». A kind of boiled or 
steamed fruit pudding rolled in a cylindrical form. 

Ro-ma'ic (ro-ma'Ik), a. [STGr. *Pa) M ai'/c6s.] Of or 
relating to modern Greece, and esp. to its language. 

Ro'man (ro'man), a. [L. Romanus, fr. Roma Rome.] 
1. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of Rome, or the Roman 
people. 2. Of or pert, to the Roman Catholic religion ; 
professing that religion. 3. (Print.) (a) Designating the 
upright letters or kind of type ordinarily used, as dis- 
tinguished from Italic, (b) Expressed in letters, not in 
figures, as I., IV., i., iv., etc. ; — said of numerals. 

Roman Catholic, of, pert, to, or adhering to, the religion 
of that church of which the pope is the spiritual head. 

Ro'man, n. 1. A native, inhabitant, or citizen, of 
Rome. 2. Roman type, letters, or print, collectively. 

Ro-mance' (r6-man.s'), n. [Through OF. fr. LL. Ro- 
manice in the Roman language, in the vulgar tongue, i. e., 
in the language sprung from Latin, the language of the 
Romans, and hence applied to fictitious compositions 
written in it; fr. L. Romanicus Roman, fr. Romanus 
Roman.] 1. A species of fictitious writing, originally 
composed in meter in the Romance dialects, and after- 
ward in prose ; hence, any fictitious and wonderful tale ; 
a sort of novel. 2. A wonderful adventure, or series of 
extraordinary events. 3. A dreamy, imaginative habit 
of mind. 4. Collectively, the languages (Romanic lan- 
guages), or rather the several dialects, which were origi- 
nally forms of popular or vulgar Latin, and have now de- 
veloped into Italian, Spanish, French, etc. 

Syn. — Fable; novel; fiction; tale. 

Ro-mance 7 , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romanced (-mansf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Romancing (-man'sing).] To write or 
tell romances ; to indulge in extravagant stories. 

Ro-man'cer (ro-nian'ser), n. One who romances. 

Ro man-esque' (ro'man-gsk'), a. 1. (Arch.) Some- 
what resembling the Roman ; — applied sometimes to the 
debased style of the later Roman empire, but esp. to the 
more developed architecture prevailing from the 8th cen- 
tury to the 12th. 2. Of or pert, to romance or fable. 

Ro-man'ic (ro-m2n'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to Rome or 
its people. 2. Designating, or pert, to, any or all of the 
various languages called Romance. See Romance, 4. 

Ro'man-lsm (ro'num-iz'rn), n. The tenets of the 
Church of Rome ; the Roman Catholic religion. 

Ro'man-ist. n. One who adheres to Romanism. 

Ro'man-ize (-iz), v. t. & i. 1. To Latinize. [i2.] 2. 
To convert or conform to the Roman Catholic religion or 
beliefs and ritual. 



Ro-man'tic (ro-raan'tTk), a. [F. romantique, fr. OF. 
romant. See Romance.] 1. Ot or pert, to romance, 
involving or resembling romance ; hence, fanciful ; mar- 
velous ; unreal. 2. Entertaining ideas and expectations 
suited to a romance. 3. Of or pert, to the style of the 
Christian and popular literature of the Middle Ages, as 
opposed to the classical antique. 4. Characterized by 
strangeness or variety ; suggestive of adventure ; pictur- 
esque ; — applied to scenery. — Ro-man'tic-ness. u. 

Syn. — Sentimental ; fanciful ; fantastic ; fictitious ; 
extravagant ; wild ; chimerical. See Sentimental. 

Ro-man'tic-al (tl-kal), a. Romantic. — Ro-man'tic- 
al-ly, udv. 

Ro-man'ti-cism (-tt-slz'm), n. State or quality of 
being romantic ; a fondness for romantic effects. 

Rom'a-ny (r5in'a-ny), n. [Gypsy romano, romani, 
ad]-> gypsy.] 1. A gypsy. 2. The gypsy language. 

Ro-maunt' (ro-mant'), n. A romantic story in verse. 

Rom'ic (rom'Tk),"«. A method of notation for all 
spoken sounds, proposed by Mr. Sweet; — so called be- 
cause it is based on the common Roma?i-letter alphabet. 

Rom'ish (rom'Tsh), a. Belonging or relating to Rome, 
or to the Roman Catholic Church ; — often disparaging. 

Romp (romp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romped (r5mt ; 
215) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Romping.] [Var. of Ramp.] To play 
rudely and boisterously ; to leap and frisk about in play. 

Romp, n. 1. A girl who indulges in boisterous play. 
2. Rude frolic ; rough sport. 

Romp'ish, a. Given to rude play ; inclined to romp. 
— Romp'ish-ly, adv. — Romp'ish-ness. n. 

Rondeau' (r5n-do' or rou'do), n. [F. rondeau, rondel, 
dim. fr. rond. See Round.] A species of lyric poetry 
containing a refrain, and a limited number of rhymes, 
both recurring by rule. 

Ron'del (ron'del), n. [F.] A rondeau; esp., a par- 
ticular form containing fourteen lines in two rhymes. 

Ron'do (rou'do), n. [It. rondo, fr. F. rondeau. See 
Rondeau.] 1. (3Ius.) A musical composition, commonly 
lively and cheerful, in which the first strain recurs after 
each of the other strains. 2- (Poetry) A rondeau. 

Ron'dure (ron'dur), n. [Cf. F. rondeur roundness.] 
1. A circle. [Obs.~\ 2. Roundness ; plumpness. [R.~] 

Ron'ion ) (riin'yun), n. [F. rogne scab, mange.] A 

Ron'yon ) mangy or scabby creature. 

Rood (rood), n. [AS. rod a cross ; akin to G. ruthe.~\ 
1. A representation in sculpture or in painting of the 
cross with Christ upon it. 2. A rod, or 5§ yards. [Prov. 
Eng.~\ 3. The fourth part of an acre, or 40 square rods. 

Roof (roof), n. [AS. hrof top, roof ; akin to Icel. hrof 
a shed under which ships are built or kept.] 1. (Arch.) 
The cover of any building. 2. That which resembles, or 
corresponds to, the covering or the ceiling of a house. 




Timbers in a Roof. 
aa Wall Plate : bb Tiebeam : c King Post ; d d Struts ; 
e e Principal Rafters ; ff Pole Plate : gg Purlin ; hh Ridge- 
piece, or Ridgepole ; i i Common Rafters. 

Roof, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roofed (rooft) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Roofing.] To cover with a roof ; fig., to shelter. 

Roofer (-er), ?;. One who puts on roofs. 

Roofing, n. 1. Act of covering with a roof. 2. Ma- 
terials of or for a roof. 3. The roof itself : fig., shelter. 

Roofless, a. Having no roof ; fig., shelterless. 

Roof tree 7 (-tre 7 ), n. The beam in the angle of a roof ; 
hence, the roof itself. 

Rook (rd8k), n. See Roke. 

Rook. v. L To squat ; to ruck. [Obs.~\ 

Rook (rook), n. [F. roc, fr. Per. & Ar. rokh or rukh.~] 
(Chess) One of the four pieces placed on the comer 
squares of the board ; a castle. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, f dot, out, oil, chair, go, slug, ink, then, thin. 



N 



ROOK 



710 



ROSEMARY 








Common Rook. 



Rook (iMk), «• [AS. AnV.l (Zool.) A European bird 
resembling 

the OfOW. but smaller. 2. A trick- 
. v he.it. [defraud. 

Rook. r. t. A i. To cheat ; to 

Rook'er-y (-er-y), ft. 1. The 
bleeding place of a colony of 
rooks ; also, the birds themselves. 
2. A bleeding place of other gre- 
garious birds, or of seals. 3. A 
dilapidated building with many 
rooms and occupants ; a cluster 
of dilapidated or mean buildings. 

Rook'y (-y), a. [See Roke.] 
Misty ; gloomy. [0fo.] 

Room (rooni), n. [AS. rum; akin to G. rauro,] 1. 
Space which may be occupied by or devoted to any ob- 
ject ; extent of place, great or small ; hence, a designated 
portion of space. 2. An apartment or chamber. 3. Posi- 
tion in society or office ; rank ; post ; station. lObs.] 
4. Possibility of admission ; opportunity to act. 

Syn. — Space ; compass ; scope ; latitude. 

Room, v. i. limp. & p. p. Roomed (roonid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Rooming.] To occupy a room or rooms ; to lodge. 

Room'er (-er), n. A lodger. \_Colloq.~] 

Room/mate 7 (-mat'), n. One of two or more occupy- 
ing the same room or rooms ; a chum. 

Room/y (rooni'y), a. Having ample room ; spacious. 
— Room'i-ly ( -T-ly), adv. — Room'i-ness, n. 

Roor'back \ (roor'bak), n. A defamatory forgery or 

Roor'bach j falsehood published for political pur- 
poses ; — so named in allusion to a forgery published in 
1S44, to injure James K. Polk, purporting to be an 
extract from the " Travels of Bar on Roorback. " [ U. S. ] 

Roost (roost), n. [AS. hrost.] 1. The pole or other 
support on which fowls rest at night ; a perch. 2. A 
collection of fowls roosting together. 

Roost, v . i. limp. & p. p. Roosted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Roosting.] 1. To sit, rest, or sleep, as fowls on a pole, 
limb of a tree, etc. 2. Fig. : To lodge ; to rest. 

Roost'er (-er), n. The male of the domestic gallina- 
ceous fowl ; a cock. [C. S.~] 

Root (root), v. i. [AS. wrotan ; akin to wrot a snout, 
trunk, G. russel.] 1. To turn up the earth with the 
snout, as swine. 2. Hence, to fawn servilely. 

Root, v. i. To turn up, or dig out, with the snout. - 

Root, n. [Icel. rot (for vrot) ; akin to E. wort.'] 1. 
(Bot.) (a) The underground portion 
of a plant, of whatever form. (6) 
The descending, and commonly 
branching, axis of a plant, increasing 
in length by growth at its extremity 
only, and having for its offices to fix 
the plant in the earth (except in some 
cases, as in some epiphytic orchids), 
to supply it with moisture and soluble 
matters, and sometimes to serve as 
a reservoir of nutriment for future 
growth. 2. An edible or esculent 
root. 3. That which resembles a 
root in position or function, esp. as a 
source of nourishment or support; 
that from which anything proceeds 
as if by growth or development. 
Specif. : (a) An ancestor or progeni- 
tor ; an ancestral stock. (b) A word 
from which other words are formed. 
(c) (Math.) That factor of a quan- 
tity which when multiplied into it- 
self will produce that quantity, (d) 
(Mus.) The fundamental tone of any chord, (e) The 
lowest place, position, or part. 

Root, v. i. limp. & p. p. Rooted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Rooting.] 1. To enter the earth, as roots; to begin to 
grow. 2. To be established. 

Root, v. t. 1. To plant and fix deeply in the earth, or 
as in the earth ; to implant firmly ; hence, to establish. 
2. To eradicate ; to ex- 
tirpate. 

Roofer (roofer), n. 
One that roots. 

Root'stock't-stSk'), 
n. (Bot.) A perennial 
underground stem, pro- 
ducing leafy stems or Rootstock. 

fl0 n^. 8 ^ eaCh y ^\\ « Flowering Stem of Solomon's Seal; 
ROOt'y (-?), a. Full l b Scars of former Stems ; c Ter- 
of roote. minal Bud. 




Root. 
aa Crown, or Head 
of Root ; b b Root- 
lets ; c c Fibers. 




Rope (rop), n. [AS. rap ; akin to G. reif ring, hoop.] 
A large, stout, twisted or braided cord, usually one not 
less than an inch in circumference. 

Rope ladder, a ladder made of ropes. 

Rope, v. i. limp. & p. p. Roped (ropt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Roping.] To be formed into rope ; to draw out or ex- 
tend into a filament or thread. 

Rope, v. t. 1. To bind, fasten, tie, or surround with 
a rope or cord. Hence : 2. To capture with a lasso. 
IColloq. U. S.] 3. To entice; to inveigle. ISlang, U. S.] 

Rope'band' (-bXnd'), n. (Naut.) A small piece of spun 
yarn or marline, to fasten the head of the sail to the spar. 

Rope'dan/cer (-dan'ser), n. An acrobat who per- 
forms on a rope extended through the air. 

Rop'er-y (-er-^), n. A place where ropes are made. 

Rope'walk' (rop'wak/), n. A long, covered walk, or 
a low, level building, where ropes are manufactured. 

Rop'y (-y), a. Capable of being drawn into a thread ; 
stringy ; viscous. — Rop'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. — Rop'1-ness, n. 

Ro-quet' (ro-ka'), v. t. [Etyni. uncertain.] (Croquet) 
To hit, as another's ball, with one's own ball. 

Ro-quet r , v. i. To hit another's ball with one's own. 

Ro'ric (ro'rik), a. [L. ros, roris, dew.] Of or per- 
taining to dew ; resembling dew ; dewy. 

Ror'qual (rSr^kwal), n. [Norw. rorqualus a whale 
with folds.] (Zool.) A very large North Atlantic whale- 
bone whale. 

Ro-sa'ceous (ro-za'shus), a. [L. rosaceus, fr. rosa 
rose.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Of, pert, to, or designating a natural 
order of plants (Rosacese) of which the rose is the type, 
and including plums, cherries, brambles, strawberry, 
hawthorn, apples, pears, etc. (b) Like a rose in shape or 
appearance. 2. Of a pure purplish pink color. 

Ros-an'Mine (roz-an'i-lin or -len), n. IRose -f ani- 
line.'] (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous base, CgoH^NgO, 
obtained by oxidizing a mixture of aniline and toluidine, 
as a colorless crystalline substance which forms red salts. 

Ro'sa-ry (ro'za-ry), n. [LL. rosarium a string of 
beads, L. rosarium x place planted with roses, fr. rosa- 
rius of roses, rosa a rose.] 1. A bed of roses, or place 
where roses grow. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A series of prayers 
arranged to be recited in order, on beads ; also, a string 
of beads by which the prayers are counted. 

SglF A rosary consists of fifteen decades. Each decade 
contains ten Ave Marias, marked by small beads, preceded 
by a Paternoster marked by a larger bead, and concluded 
by a Gloria Patri. Five decades make a chaplet. 

3. A chaplet ; a garland ; a series or collection. 
Rose (roz), imp. of Rise. 

Rose, n. [AS. rose, L. rosa, prob. akin to Gr. poSov.] 
1. A flower and shrub of which there are many species, 
mostly found in the northern hemisphere. 2. A knot of 
ribbon formed like a rose ; a rosette. 3. A rose window. 

4. A kind of nozzle. 5. The card of a mariner's compass ; 
also, a similar circular card used on other instruments. 6. 
The color of a rose ; rose-red ; pink. 

Kose window (Arch.), a circular window filled with orna- 
mental tracery. — Under 
the rose [a translation of 
L. sub rosa], in secret ; 
privately ; in a manner 
that forbids disclosure ; 
— the rose being among 
the ancients the symbol 
of secrecy, and hung up 
at entertainments as a 
token that nothing there 
said was to be divulged. 

Ro'se-ate (ro'ze-at), a. 

1. Full of roses ; rosy. 

2. Resembling a rose ; 
esp. , tinged with rose color. 

Rose / bay / (roz'ba/), n. 
lObs.] (b) Any shrub of the genus Rhododendron. 
IU. S.] (c) An herb (Epilobium spicatum) with showy 
purple flowers, common in Europe and North America. 

Rose'-COl / ored(-kul / erd), a. Having the 
color of a pink rose. Fig. : Extraordinarily 
or ideally beautiful. 

Rose'-cut' (-kutO, a. Cut flat on the 
reverse, with a convex face of triangular 
facets in rows ; — said of gems. 

Rose'ma-ry (roz'nia-ry), n. [L. rosmari- 
nus ; ros dew -\- marinus marine. In Eng- 
lish the word has been changed as if it meant 
the rose of Mary.] (Bot. ) A shrub (Rosmari- 
nus officinalis) native in the southern part of 
Europe, also in Asia Minor and in China. It 
has a fragrant smell, and a warm, pungent, 
bitterish taste. 




Rose Window. 
(Bot.) (a) The oleander. 




Rosemary. 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, il, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, &bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



ROSETTE 



711 



ROUND 



Ro-sette' (ro"-zgt'), »■ [F., dim. of rose a rose.] Some- 
thing resembling a rose ; specif., an imitation of arose by 
means of ribbon or other material, — used as an ornament 
or a badge. 

Rose' wa'ter (roz'wa/ter). Water tinctured with 
roses by distillation. 

Rose'-wa'ter, a. Of the odor of rose water ; hence, 
affectedly nice or delicate ; sentimental. 

Rose'wood/ (-wdbd'), n. A valuable cabinet wood of 
a dark red color, streaked and variegated with black, 
obtained from several tropical leguminous trees. 

Ros'i-cru'cian (roz'I-kru'slum), n. [Probably due to 
a German theologian, Johann Valentin Andrea, who in 
anonymous pamphlets called himself a knight of the 
Rose Cross (G. Rosenkreuz), using a seal with a St. An- 
drew's cross and four roses.] One who, in the 17th cen- 
tury and the early part of the 18th, claimed to belong to 
an ancient secret society of philosophers deeply versed 
in the secrets of nature. — a. Of or pert, to the Rosicru- 
cians, or their arts. 

Ros'i-ly (roz'T-ly), adv. In a rosy manner. 

Ros'in (roz'Tn), n. [Variant of Resin.] The amber- 
colored resin left after the distillation of turpentine. 

Ros'in, v. t. To rub with rosin. 

Ros'i-ness (roz'T-nSs), n. Quality of being rosy. 

Ros'in-y (roz'In-y), a. Like rosin, or having its qual- 
ities. 

ROSS (ros; 115), n. [Etym. uncertain.] The scaly 
matter on the bark of trees. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.~\ 

Ros'ter (ros'ter), n. [Etym. uncertain.] (MM.) A reg- 
ister or roll showing the order in which officers, enlisted 
men, companies, or regiments are called on to serve. 

Ros'tra (-tra), n. pi. See Rostrum, 2. 

Ros'tral (-tral), a. [L. rosiralis, fr. rostrum beak.] 
Of or pertaining to the beak or snout of an animal, or 
the beak of a ship ; resembling a rostrum, esp. the ros- 
tra at Rome, or their decorations. 

Ros'trate (ros'trat), I a. [L. rostratus.~\ 1. Hav- 

Ros'tra-ted (-tra-ted), J ing a process like the beak 
of a bird ; beaked. 2. Furnished or adorned with beaks. 

Ros'trum (-trum), n. ; pi. L. Rostba (-tra), E. Ros- 
trums (-trurnz). [L., beak, ship's beak, fr. rodere, rosum, 
to gnaw.] 1. The beak or head of a ship. 2. {pi. Ros- 
tra) (Rom. Antiq.) A stage or platform where orations 
were delivered ; orig., fehe one in the forum which, after 
the Latin war, was adorned with the beaks of captured 
vessels. 3. Hence, a stage for public speaking. 4. (Zool. ) 
Any beaklike prolongation, esp. of an animal's head. 

Ros'y (roz'y), a. [Compar. Rosier (-i-er) ; superl. 
Rosiest.] Resembling a rose, esp. in color; blushing; 
also, adorned with roses. 

Rot (rot), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Rotted ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
Rotting.] [AS. rotian; akin to G. rosten to steep flax.] 

1. To become decomposed by a natural process ; to de- 
cay. 2. Fig. : To decay ; to die ; to become corrupt. 

Syn. — To putrefy ; corrupt ; decay ; spoil. 
Rot, v. t. 1. To cause to rot. 2. See Ret. 
Rot, n. 1. Process of rotting ; decay ; putrefaction. 

2. (Bot.) A disease or decay in fruits, leaves, or wood, 
supposed to be caused by minute fungi. 3. [Cf. G. rotz 
glanders.] A kind of fatal distemper which attacks 
sheep and sometimes other animals. 

Ro'ta-ry (ro'ta-ry), a. [L. rota a wheel.] Turning, 
as a wheel on its axis ; pert, to, or resembling, the mo- 
tion of a wheel on its axis ; rotatory. 

Ro'tatO (-tat), a. [L. rotatus, p. p. 
of rolare to revolve, fr. rota wheel.] 
Having the parts spreading out like 
a wheel ; wheel-shaped. 

Ro'tate (-tat), v. i. & t. [imp. & 
p. p. Rotated (-ta-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. Rotate Corolla. 
n. Rotating.] 1. To turn, as awheel, round an axis ; to 
revolve. 2. To perform any act, function, or operation 
in turn ; to hold office in turn. 

Ro-ta'tlon (ro-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of rotating, or 
turning on an axis. 2. Any return or succession in a series. 

Ro'ta-tive (ro'ta-tiv), a. Turning, as a wheel ; rotary. 

Ro'ta-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. 1. Rotating ; turning ; rotary. 
2. Going in a circle ; following in rotation or succession. 

Rote (rot), n. [OF. rote, prob. of German origin.] 
(Mus.) An instrument similar to the hurdy-gurdy. 

Rote, n. [OF. rote, F. route, road, path.] A frequent 
repetition of forms of speech without attention to the 
meaning ; mere repetition. 

Rote, n. [Cf. Rut roaring.] The noise made by the 
surf of the sea dashing upon the shore. 

Roth'er (roth'er), a. [AS. hrySer.~] Bovine. — n. A 
bovine beast. [06s.] 




Rot'ten (rBt't'n), a. [Icel. rolinn. See Rot.] Hav- 
ing rotted ; putrid ; decayed. Hence : (a) Offensive to 
the smell ; fetid ; disgusting, (b) Not firm or trusty ; 
unsound ; unsafe. — Rot'ten-ly, adv. — Rot'ten ness, u. 

Rotten stone (Min.), a soft stone, used in grinding and 
polishing, and for cleaning metallic substances. 

Syn.— Putrefied; carious; defective ; unsound ; corrupt. 

Ro-tund' (ro-tund'), a. [L. rotund us. See Round.] 

1. Round ; circular ; spherical. 2. Hence, complete ; 
entire. — Ro-tund'ness, n. 

Ro-tun'da (ro-tun'da), n. [L. rotundus round.] 
(Arch.) A round building, esp. one round both outside 
and inside ; less properly, a large round room. 

Ro-tund'i-ty (r6-tund'I-ty), n. State or quality of 
being rotund ; roundness ; sphericity ; entirety. 

II Rou'ble (rob'b'l), n. A'coin. See Ruble. 

Rouche (roosh), n. See Ruche. 

II Rou'e"' (voo't'), n. [F., prop. p. p. of rouer to break 
upon the wheel.] A debauchee ; a rake. 

Rouge (roozh), a. [F., fr. L. rubeus red, akin to ru- 
bere to be red, ruber red. See Red.] Red. [22.] 

Rouge, n. [F.] 1. (Chem.) A red powder consist- 
ing cf ferric oxide, used in polishing. 2. A red cosmetic. 

Rouge, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Rouged (robzhd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Rouging (rob'zhing).] To paint or tint 
with rouge ; to use rouge upon. 

Rough (ruf), a. [Compar. Rougher (-er) ; superl. 
Roughest.] [OE. rou$, rou, row, rugh, ruh, AS. ruh ; 
akin to G. rauh, rauch.] 1. Having inequalities, small 
ridges, or points, on the surface ; not smooth or plain. 
Specif. : (a) Not level ; uneven. (b) Not polished ; un- 
cut ; — said of a gem. (c) Tossed in waves ; boisterous. 
(d) Marked by coarseness ; shaggy; ragged; disordered. 

2. Hence, fig., lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish ; 
not courteous, kind, or gentle ; harsh ; rude ; uncivil. 

3. Loud and hoarse ; offensive to the ear. 4. Tempest- 
uous ; boisterous ; stormy. 5. Hastily or carelessly 
done ; wanting finish ; incomplete. 

Rough, n. 1. A rude fellow ; a coarse bully ; a rowdy. 
2. The state of being unfinished or crude. 

Rough, adv. In a rough manner ; rudely ; roughly. 

Rough, v. t. 1. To render rough ; to roughen. 2. 
To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner. 

To rough it, to live without ordinary comforts. 

Rough/cast/ (-kast'), v. t. 1. To form or mold rudely. 
2. To plaster with the mixture called roughcast. 

Rough'cast', n. 1. A rude model or form. 2. A 
kind of plastering made of lime, with shells or pebbles. 

Rough'draw' (-dra/), v. t. To sketch roughly. 

Rough'en (ruf ''n_), v. t. & i. To make or become rough. 

Rough'heW (-hu'), v. t. To hew or shape roughly. 

Rough'ly, adv. In a rough manner. 

Rough'ness, n. Quality or state of being rough. 

Rough/rid er (ruf'rid/er), n. One who breaks horses. 

Rough'shod 7 (-shod'), a. Shod with shoes armed 
with points or calks. 

To ride roughshod, to proceed, or pursue a course, re- 
gardless of the pain or distress so caused to others. 

II Roulade' (robaad'), n. [F.] (3Ius.) A smoothly 
running passage of short notes sung upon one syllable. 

II Rouleau' (robao'), n. ; pi. F. Rouleaux (F. -15' ; 
E. -loz'), E. Rouleaus (-loz'). [F., a roll, dim. fr. role.'] 
A little roll ; esp., a roll of coins put up in paper. 

Rou-lette' (rod-let'), n. [F., prop., a little wheel or 
ball.] 1. A game of chance, in which a small ball is 
moved about on a circle divided into numbered spaces. 
2. (Fine Arts) A small toothed wheel used by engravers. 

Roun, Rown (roun), v. i. & t. [AS. rxmian, fr. run 
a rune. See Rune.] To whisper. [Obs.~\ 

Rounce (rouns), n. [Etym. uncertain.] (Print.) The 
handle by which the bed of a hand press is run in and 
out ; sometimes, the whole apparatus for moving the form. 

Round (round), v. i. & t. See Roun. [Ofes.] 

Round, a. [OF. roond, roont, reond, fr. L. rotundus, 
fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Rotund, Roundel, 
Rundle.] 1. Having every portion of the surface or 
of the circumference equally distant from the center; 
having a form approaching a spherical or a circular 
shape. 2. Having the form of a cylinder. 3. Having a 
curved outline or form. 4. Full ; complete ; not frac- 
tional ; approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, 
thousands, etc. ; — said of numbers. 5. Large ; hence, 
generous ; free. 6. Uttered or emitted with a full tone. 
7. (Phonetics) Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of 
the lip opening to a shape more or less round. See Guide 
to Pronunciation, § 11. 8. Outspoken; unqualified; not 
mincing. 9. Complete and consistent ; fair ; just. 

Round robin. [Perhaps F. rond round + ruban ribbon.] 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



ROUND 



12 



ROWLOCK 



50 



\ written instrument. as ■ petition, the signatures to 

which are made In • circle so a* not to indicate who signed 

Round turn (.V<;u!.\ one turn of a rope round a 

Umber, a belaying v>in. etc. —To bring up with a round 

turn, to stop abruptly. [lVlta.1 

Circular ; spherical ; globular ; globose ; orbicu- 
lar : orbed ; cylindrical : full ; plumy ; rotuud. 

Round (round), a. 1. Anything round, as a circle, a 
nig. 2. A series of changes or events ending 
where it began ; a series of like events recurring in con- 
tinuance. 3. A course of action or conduct performed 
In a Dumber Of persons in turn. 4. A series of duties or 
.ich must be performed in turn, and then re- 
peated. 5. A circular dance. 6. That which goes round 
a whole circle or company. 7. The step of a ladder ; run- 
die OX rung. 8. A course ending where it began ; circuit ; 
boat 9. (-V/7.) (,<r) A general discharge of firearms by a 
body Of troops, each soldier firing once, (b) Ammunition 
for firing a piece or pieces once. 10. (Mus.) A short 
vocal piece, like a catch, in which three or four voices 
follow each other in a species of canon in the unison. 

Round of beef, the part of the thigh between the rump 
and the leg. [See Illust. of Beef.] 

Round, adv. 1. On all sides ; around. 2. Circularly. 
3. In circumference. 4. From one side or party to an- 
other. 5. By or in, or as if in, a circuit; back to the 
starting point. 6. Through a circle, as of friends. 

Round, prep. On every side of, so as to encompass 
or encircle ; around ; about. 

Round, v. /. [imp. &p. p. Rounded ; p. pr. &vb. n. 
Rounding.] 1. To make circular, spherical, or cylin- 
drical ; to give a round or convex figure to. 2. To sur- 
round ; to encircle ; to encompass wholly or partially. 
3. To complete ; hence, to bring to a fit conclusion. 4. 
To make full, smooth, and flowing. 

To round up. in) (Naut.) To haul up. (b) To collect to- 
gether (cattle) by riding around them. [ Western U. S.] 

Round, v. i. 1. To grow round or full ; fig. , to attain 
to completeness. 2. To go or turn round ; to wheel about. 

To round to (Naut.), to turn the head of a vessel toward 
the wind. 

Round'a-bout' (-a-bouf), a. 1. Circuitous ; going 
round ; indirect. 2. Encircling ; comprehensive. 

Round'a-bout', n. 1. A kind of horizontal wheel on 
which children ride ; a merry-go-round. 2. A dance 
performed in a circle. 3. A short, close jacket worn by 
boys, sailors, etc. 

Roun'del (roun'del), n. [OF. rondel a roundelay, 
dim. fr. rond ; for sense 2, cf. F. rondelle a round, a 
round shield.] 1. (Mus.) A roundelay. 2. Anything 
having a round form ; a round figure ; a circle. 

Round'e-lay (round'e-la), n. [OF. rondelet, dim. of 
rondel. See Roundel.] 1. {Poetry) See Rondeau, and 
Rondel. 2. (Mus.) (a) A tune in which a simple strain 
is often repeated, (b) A dance in a circle. 3. Anything 
of a round form ; a roundel. 

Round'er (-er), n. One that rounds ; one who comes 
about frequently or regularly. [name for a Puritan. I 

Round'head' (round'hed 7 ), n. (Eng. Hist.) A nick-| 

Round'house' (-hous'), n. 1. A constable's prison. 
[Obs.~] 2. (JYaut.) (a) A cabin or apartment on the after 
part of the quarter-deck, having the poop for its roof. (b) 
A privy near the bow. 3. A house for locomotive engines, 
built around a turntable. [round ; roundish. I 

Rounding, a. Round, or nearly round ; becoming! 

Roundish, ff. Somewhat round.— Round'ish-ness, n. 

Round'let (-15t), n. A little circle. 

Roundly, adv. 1. In a round form or manner. 2. 
Openly ; peremptorily ; plumply. 3. Briskly ; with 
speed. 4. Completely ; vigorously ; in earnest. 5. With- 
out regard to detail ; comprehensively. 

Round'ness. n. Quality or state of being round. 

Round'-shoul'dered (-shdPderd), a. Having the 
shoulders stooping or projecting. 

Rounds'man (roundz'mGrn), n. A patrolman ; also, a 
policeman who acts as an inspector over the rounds of 
the j>atrolmen. 

Round'-up/ (-up/), n. The act of rounding up. See 
Round up, under Round, v. t. [Western U. S.~\ 

Round'worm' (round'wfirm'), n. (Zo'61.) A uema- 
toid worm. 

Rouse (rouz or rous), v. i. & t. [Perh. same word as 
rouse to start up, "buckle to."] (Naut.) To pull or 
haul strongly and all together, as upon a rope. 

Rouse (rouz), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A bumper in 
honor of a toast or health. [Obs.~\ 2. Carousal ; festival. 

Rouse, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Roused (rouzd) ; p. pr. 
&■ i >,. n. Rousing.] [Probably of Scand. origin.] 1. To 
start from a covert or lurking place. 2. To wake from 



sleep or repose. 3. To excite, or be excited, from a state 
of idleness, languor, stupidity, or indifference. 4. To 
put in motion ; to stir up ; to agitate. 

Rous'er (rouz'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
rouses. 2. Something very exciting or great. \_Colloq.~\ 

Rousing (.rouz'Ing), a. 1. Having power to awaken 
or excite. 2. Very great; astounding. [Colloq."] 

Roust (roust), v. t. To rouse ; to disturb. [Prov. 
Eng. & Local, U. S.~\ 

Roust'a bout (-a-bouV), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A 
laborer, esp. a deck hand, on a river steamboat ; in an 
opprobrious sense, a shiftless vagrant. [Western XJ. 5.] 

Rout (rout), n. [AS. hrutan to roar.] A bellowiug; 
a shouting ; clamor ; uproar ; disturbance ; tumult. 

Rout, v. t. [A variant of Root.] To scoop out with 
a gouge or other tool. 

To rout out. (a) To turn up to view ; to discover ; to 
find, (b) To turn out by force or compulsion. [Colloq.] 

Rout, n. [OF. route, LL. rupta, prop., a breaking, fr. 
L. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere to break.] 1. A troop ; a 
throng; esp., a traveling company. [Obs.~\ 2. A dis- 
orderly and tumultuous crowd ; a mob ; hence, the 
common people. 3. State of being disorganized and 
thrown into confusion ; — said especially of a defeated 
army ; also, act of defeating and breaking up an army. 4. 
(Law) A disturbance of the peace by persons attempting 
riot. 5. A fashionable assembly, or large evening party. 

Rout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Routed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Routing.] To put to rout ; to cause to fly in disorder. 

Syri. — To defeat ; discomfort ; overpower ; overthrow. 

Route (root or rout), n. [OF. & F. route, OF. rote, 
fr. L. rupta (sc. via), fr. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere to 
break; hence, lit., a broken or beaten way or path.] 
The course or way which is traveled or passed, or is to 
be passed ; a passing ; course ; road ; path ; march. 

Rou-tine' (rdo-ten'), n. [F., fr. route a path, way, 
road.] 1. A round or course of business, amusement, 
or pleasure, daily or frequently pursued or returning. 
2. Any regular course of action or procedure rigidly 
adhered to by mere force of habit. 

Rove (rov), v. t. [Perhaps from, or akin to, Reeve.] 
1. To draw through an eye or aperture. 2. To draw out 
into flakes ; to card, as wool. 3. To twist slightly. 

Rove, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roved (rovd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Roving.] [Cf. D. rooven to rob ; akin to E. reave.] 
1. To practice robbery on the seas. [Obs.~\ 2. Hence, 
to wander ; to ramble ; to range. 

Rove, v. t. To wander over or through. 

Rove, n. Act of wandering ; a ramble. 

Rov'er (rov'er), ?i. [D. roover a robber. See Rove, 
v. i.~] 1. A pirate. 2. A wanderer ; a rambler. 3. Hence, 
a fickle, inconstant person. 5. ( Croquet) A ball which 
has passed through all the hoops and would go out if it 
hit the stake, but which is continued in play. 

Row (rou), n. [Abbrev. fr. Rouse, n.~\ A noisy, 
turbulent quarrel or disturbance ; a brawl. [Colloq. ] 

ROW (ro), ra. [AS. raw, rsew.'] A series of persons or 
things arranged in a continued line ; line ; rank ; file. 

Row (ro), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rowed (rod) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Rowing.] [AS. rowan ; akin to L. remus oar, 
Gr. eper/aoi/, Skr. aritra.~] 1. To propel with oars, as a 
boat or vessel, along the surface of water. 2. To 
transport in a boat propelled with oars. 

Row, v . i. 1. To use the oar. 2. To be moved by oars. 

Row, n. Act of rowing ; excursion in a rowboat. 

Row'an (ro'an), »., or Row'an tree' (treV). [Etym. 
uncertain.] (Bot.) A European tree (Pyrus aucuparia) 
related to the apple, with pinnate leaves and bearing lit- 
tle bright red berries ; also, either of two American spe- 
cies of similar habit (P. Americana and P. sambuci folia). 

Rowl)Oat' (ro'bof), n. A boat designed to be rowed. 

Row'dy (rou'dy), n. [From Rout, or Row a brawl.] 
One who engages in rows, or noisy quarrels. 

Row'el (rou'gl), n. [OF. roele, rouele, prop., a little 
wheel, deriv. of L. rota a wheel.] 1. The little wheel of 
a spur, with sharp points. 2- A little flat ring or wheel 
on horses' bits. 3. (Far.) A seton for horses, made of 
hair or silk. [flesh of a horse. I 

Row'el, v. t. (Far.) To insert a rowel into, as the 

Row'en (rou'Sn), n. [Cf. E. rough, OE. row, rowe.~\ 
1. A stubble field left unplowed till late in the autumn, 
to be cropped by cattle. 2. The second growth of grass 
in a season ; aftermath. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.~\ 

Row'er (ro'er), n. One who rows with an oar. 

Rowlock (ro'lSk, colloq. rul'uk), n. [For oarlock ; 
AS. arloc, where the second part is akin to G. loch a hole, 
E. lock a fastening.] (Naut.) A contrivance at the gun- 
wale of a boat, serving as a fulcrum for an oar in rowing. 



a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ROYAL 



713 



RUFF 



Roy'al (roi'rtl), a. [OF. roial, reial, fr. L. rejjalis, fr. 
rex, regis, king.] 1. Kingly ; pertaining to the crown 
or the sovereign ; suitable for a king or queen ; regal. 
2. Noble; generous; magnificent; princely. 3. Under 
the patronage of royalty ; holding a charter granted by 
the sovereign. 

Syn. — Monarchical ; imperial ; kinglike ; august ; ma- 
jestic ; superb ; splendid ; illustrious ; magnanimous. 

Roy'al, n. {Xaut.) A smali sail immediately above 
the topgallant sail. [royalists. I 

Roy'al-ism (-Tz'm), re. The principles or conduct of | 

Roy'al-ist, re. An adherent of a king ; one attached 
to monarchical government. 

Roy'al-ly (roi'al-ly), adv. In a royal manner. 

Roy'al-ty (roi'al-ty), re. [OF. roialte, royaulte.] 1. 
State of being royal ; kingship ; kingly office ; sovereignty. 
2. The person of a king or sovereign ; majesty. 3. King- 
Jiness ; spirit of regal authority. 4. Domain ; province ; 
sphere. 5. The share or seigniorage which is due to a 
sovereign ; the tax exacted in lieu of such share. 6. 
Hence {Com.), a duty or percentage paid to the owner of 
a patent or a copyright for the use of, or the right to 
manufacture, the thing patented or copyrighted. 

Royn'ish (roin'Ish), a. [F. rogneux, from rogne scab, 
itch.] Mangy; scabby; hence, mean ; paltry. [06s.] 

Rub (rub), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Rubbed (rubd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Rubbing.] [Prob. of Celtic origin.] 1. To sub- 
ject to the action of pressure and friction. 2. To move 
over the surface of with pressure and friction ; to graze ; 
to chafe. 3. To cause to move with pressure and friction 
along a surface. 4. To spread a substance thinly over ; to 
smear. 5. To scour ; to burnish ; to polish ; to brighten ; 
to cleanse. 

Rub, v. i. 1. To move with pressure and friction. 
2. To fret ; to chafe. 3. To move or pass with difficulty. 

Rub, re. 1. Act of rubbing ; friction. 2. That which 
rubs ; that which tends to hinder or obstruct motion or 
progress ; that with which rubbing is done. 3. Some- 
thing grating to the feelings ; sarcasm ; joke. 

Rub'a-dUD' (rub'a-diiV), re. The sound of a drum 
when continuously beaten : hence, any clatter. 

Rub'ber (rub'ber), n. 1. One that rubs. Specif. : (a) 
An instrument or thing used in rubbing, polishing, clean- 
ing, etc. (b) Something that chafes or annoys ; hence, 
sarcasm ; rub. 2. In some games, as whist, the odd game, 
when there is a tie between the players ; also, a contest 
determined by the winning of the odd game. 3. India 
rubber. 4. An overshoe made of India rubber. \_Colloq.~\ 

India rubber, caoutchouc. 

Rub'bish (-bi-sh), re. [OE. roboics, robeux, rubble, 
deriv. of F. robe, probably in the sense of trash. See 
Robe.] Waste or rejected matter ; anything worthless ; 
trash ; ruins ; debris. 

Rub'bish-y (-y), a. Of the quality of rubbish ; trashy. 

Rub'ble (rub'b'l), re. [Deriv. of F. robe. See Rub- 
bish.] 1. Water-worn or rough, broken stones, broken 
bricks, etc., used in coarse masonry, or as filling. 2. 
Rough stone as it comes from the^quarry. 

Rub'ble-Stone 7 (-ston'), re. See Rubble, 1 and 2. 

Ru'be-fa'cient (ru/be-fa'shent), a. [L. rubefaciens, 
p. pr. of rubefacere to make red ; rubere to be red -f-/a- 
cere to make.] Making red. — n. {Med.) An external 
application which produces redness of the skin. 

Ru-bes'cence (ru-bes'seus), re. Quality or state of 
being rubescent. 

Ru-bes'cent (-sent), a. [L. rubescens, -entis, p. pr. of 
rubescere to grow red, fr. rubere to redden.] Growing 
red ; tending to redness. 

Ru bi-a'ceous (ru/bi-a'shus), a. [L. rubia madder, 
fr. rubeus red.] {Bot.) Of or pertaining to a very large 
natural order of plants {Rubiacese) named after the mad- 
der, including the coffee tree, the trees yielding Peruvian 
bark, and many plants noted for the beauty or the fra- 
grance of their blossoms. 

Ru'bi-cund (-kund), a. [L. rubicundus, fr. rubere to 
be red, akin to ruber red.] Inclining to redness ; ruddy. 

Ru-bid/i-um (ru-bid'i-um), re. [NL., fr. L. nibidus 
red ; — so called from its two dark red spectroscopic 
lines.] {Chem.) A rare, soft, yellowish white metal, 
analogous to potassium. [Making red. I 

Ru-bif 'ic (-bTf 'Tk), a. [L. ruber red -{-facere to make.] | 

Rubi-fi-ca'tion (ru/bi-fT-ka'shiin), re. A making red. 

II Ru-bi'gO (ru-bi'go), re. [L. rubigo, robigo, rust of 
metals, rust, blight.] {Bot.) Same as Rust, re., 2. 

Ru'ble (ru'b'l), re. [Russ. ruble.'] The unit of mone- 
tary value in Russia. In gold coin it is worth about 77 
■cents. The silver ruble is a coin worth about 60 cents. 

Rubric (ru'brTk), re. [OF. rubriche, fr. L. rubrica 



red chalk, the title of a law (because written in red), fr. 
ruber red.] That part of any work in the early manu- 
scripts and typography which was colored red. Hence, 
specif. : («) A titlepage, esp. the part giving the date and 
place of printing, {b) {Law Books) A statute, (c) 
{Liturgies) The directions and rules for the conduct of 
service ; also, an ecclesiastical or episcopal injunction ; 
— usually in thejtl. {d) Hence, that which is established 
or settled, as by authority. 

Ru'bric (ru'brTk), { a. 1. Colored in, or marked 

Ru'brlc-al (-brT-k«l), j with, red ; placed in rubrics. 
2. Of or pertaining to the rubric or rubrics. 

Ru'bri-cate (ru'bn-kat), a. Marked with red. 

Ru'bri-cate (-kat), v. t. To mark or distinguish with 
red ; to establish in a settled and unchangeable form. 

Ru'by (ru'by), re. [F. rubis, LL. rub/ mis. robinns, fr. 
L. rubeus red, akin to ruber.] 1. {Min.) A precious stone 
of a carmine red color, sometimes verging to violet. It 
is a crystallized variety of corundum. 2. The color of a 
ruby ; carmine red. 3. {Print.) See Agate, re., 2. [Eng.~\ 

Ru'by, a. Ruby-colored ; red. 

Ruche (roosh), re. [F., fr. OF. rusclie a beehive.] A 
plaited, quilled, or goffered strip of lace, net, ribbon, etc. 

Ruch'ing, re. A ruche ; ruches, collectively. 

Ruck (ruk), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rucked (rukt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. re. Rucking.] [Icel. hrukkast to wrinkle, 
hrukka wrinkle.] To draw into wrinkles ; to crease. 

Ruck, n. A wrinkle or crease, as in cloth ; a fold. 

Ruck, re. [Cf. Rick.] The common sort, whether 
of persons or things. [Colloq.] 

Ruc-ta'tion (ruk-ta'shim), n. [L. ructatio, fr. ructare 
to belch.] Act of belching wind. 

Rud (rud), re. [AS. rudu, akin to redd red.] 1. Red- 
ness. [Obs.] 2. Ruddle; red ocher. 3. {Zo'6l.)The rudd. 

Rudd (rud), re. [See Rud, n.] {Zool.) A fresh- water 
European fish of the Carp family. 

Rud'der (rud'der), re. [AS. roSer a paddle ; akin to 
G. ruder.] 1. {Naut.) The me- 
chanical appliance hinged to the 
sternpost by means of which a 
vessel is steered. 2. Fig. : That 
which guides or governs the course. 

Rud'der-less, a. Without a 
rudder. [ruddy manner. 

Rud'di-ly (-dl-ly), adv. In a| 

Rud'di-ness, re. Quality or 
state of being ruddy. 

Rud'dle (-d'l), re. [See Rud.] {Min.) Red ocher. 

Rud'dle, v. t. To mark with ruddle ; to rouge. 

Rud'dock (rud'duk), n. [AS. rudduc. See Rud, re.] 
{Zool.) The European robin. 

Rud'dy (-dy), re. \_Compar. Rudddsr (-dT-er) , superl. 
Ruddiest.] [AS. rudig. See Rud, re.] 1. Of a red 
color ; red, or reddish. 2. Of a lively flesh color. 

Rude (rud), a. [Compar. Ruder (-er) ; superl. Rud- 
est.] [F., fr. L. rudis.] Characterized by roughness ; 
unfinished ; unpolished ; raw ; lacking delicacy or refine- 
ment ; coarse ; harsh. — Rude'ly, adv. — Rude'ness, re. 

Syn. — Rough ; uneven ; shapeless ; unfashioned ; rug- 
ged ; uncouth ; inelegant ; rustic ; vulgar ; clownish ; raw ; 
unskillful ; untaught ; illiterate ; ignorant ; uncivil ; im- 
polite ; saucy ; impudent ; insolent ; surly ; currish ; churl- 
ish ; brutal ; uncivilized ; barbarous ; savage ; violent ; 
fierce ; tumultuous ; turbulent ; impetuous ; boisterous ; 
inclement ; severe. See Impertinent. 

Ru'di-ment (ru'di-ment), n. [L. rudimentum, fr. ru- 
dis unwrought, ignorant, rude.] 1. That which is un- 
formed or undeveloped ; an unfinished beginning. 2. 
Hence, an element or first principle of any art or science. 
3. {Biol.) An imperfect organ or part. 

Ru di-men'tal (-men'tfll), a. Rudimentary. 

Ru'di-men'ta-ry (-ta-ry), a. Of or pertaining to ru- 
diments ; consisting in first principles ; elementary ; in- 
itial ; imperfectly developed. 

Rue (ru), n. [F. rue, L. ruta, akin to Gr. pvrrj.] 1. 
{Bot.) A perennial plant, having a strong, heavy odor 
and a bitter taste. 2. Fig. : Bitterness ; disappointment ; 
grief; regret. 

Rue, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rued (rud) ; p. pr. & 
vb. re. Ruing.] [OE. re wen, reouwen, to grieve, AS. 
hreowan; akin to G. reuen.] To lament ; to regret ex- 
tremely ; to grieve for or over ; to repent ; to sorrow. 

Rue, re. Sorrow; repentance. [Obs.] 

Rue'ful (ru'ful), a. 1. Causing one to rue or lament ; 
woeful ; mournful ; sorrowful. 2. Expressing sorrow. — 
Rue'ful-ly, adv. — Rue'ful-ness, re. 

Ruff (ruf), re. [F. ronfle.] {Card Playing) Act of 
trumping, esp. when one has no card of the suit led. 




( 



a Tiller ; b Rudder. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



RUFF 



714 



RUMP 



Ruff \,ruO, v. i. A (. (Card Miying) To trump. 
Ruff. .'«•.] (Zool.) A small European 

f i wall wrtmr perch. 

Ruff.''. [Of r.noortain origin.] 1. A muslin or linen 
collar plaited, crimped, or tinted. 2. Something re- 
sembling such a collar. 3. An exhibition of pride or 
haughtiness. 4. A low, vibrating beat of a drum. 5. 

\. limiooline bird of 
Europe and Asia allied to the sand- 
pipers. The males during the 
breeding season have a large ruff of 
erectile feathers on the neck. (b) 
A variety of the domestic pigeou, 
having a ruff on its neck. 




Ruff (Pavoncella purrnax). 
a Male ; b Female, or Reeve. 



Ruff, v. t. [imp. S: p. p. 
BOTFBD (rfift) : p. pr. & rb. 
n. Ruffing.] To ruffle ; to 
disorder. 

Ruffe, n. (Zool.) Same 
as 3d Ruff. 

Ruffed (rfift), a. Fur- 
nished with a ruff. 

Ruffian (riif'yan or rfif'fi-an), re. [F. rvfien, OF. 
rvrfieu, ruffian, pimp, libertine, rake.] 1. A pimp. 
[Obs.] 2. A boisterous, cruel, brutal fellow ; a cutthroat. 

Ruffian, a. Brutal ; cruel ; murderous. 

Ruffian-ism (-Tz'm), re. Ruffianly qualities or conduct. 

Ruf fian-ly. a. Like a ruffian ; violent ; brutal. 

Ruffle (rfif'f'l), v. t. [imp.&p. p. Ruffled (-fid) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Ruffling (-fling).] [From 4th Ruff.] 
1. To make into a ruff ; to pucker ; to plait or fold ; to 
wrinkle. 2. To furnish with ruffles. 3. To roughen or 
disturb the surface of. 4. To erect in a ruff, as feathers. 

5. (Mil.) To beat with the ruff or ruffle, as a drum. 

6. To discompose : to agitate ; to disturb ; to confuse. 
Ruffle, r. i. [Perh. of different origin from ruffle to 

wrinkle.] 1. To be turbulent, [is!.] 2. To become dis- 
ordered ; to play loosely ; to flutter. 3. To be rough ; 
to jar ; to swagger. 

Ruffle, n. 1. That which is ruffled ; specif., a strip 
of lace or cloth plaited or gathered on one edge or in 
the middle ; a frill. 2. State of being ruffled ; agitation. 

3. (Mil.) Alow, vibrating beat of a drum, not so loud 
as a roll. [which rufflas. I 

Ruf fler (-fler), n. 1. One who ruffles ; bully. 2. That| 

Ru'fous (ru'fus), a. [L. rufus.] Reddish ; of a yel- 
lowish red or brownish red color ; tawny. 

Rug (rug), re. [Cf. Sw. rugg entangled hair, ruggig 
shaggy, prob. akin to E. rough.'] 1. A coarse, heavy 
frieze formerly used for garments. 2. A piece of thick, 
nappy fabric, commonly made of wool, — used variously. 

Rug'ged (rug'ged), a. [See Rug, re.] 1. Full of ir- 
regularities on the surface. 2. Not neat or regular. 3. 
Rough with bristles or hair ; shaggy. 4. Harsh ; hard ; 
rude ; coarse ; austere ; — used in various applications. 
5. Vigorous; robust; hardy. \_Colloq. IT. S.]~ Rug'- 
ged-ly (rug'ggd-ly), adv. — Rug'ged-ness, re. 

Syn. — Rough; uneven; wrinkled; cragged ; rude; 
harsh ; hard ; crabbed ; surly ; sour ; violent ; boisterous ; 
tumultuous ; stormy ; tempestuous ; inclement. 

Ru-gose' (ru-gos'), a. [L. rugosus, f r. ruga a wrinkle.' 
"Wrinkled ; full of wrinkles. [rugose. 

Ru-gos'i-ty (ru-gos'i-ty), re. Quality or state of being 

Ru'gous (ru/gus), a. Wrinkled ; rugose. 

Ru'in (ru'Tn), n. [F. ruine, fr. L. ruina, fr. mere, 
rutum, to fall with violence, to rush or tumble down.] 
1. Such a change of anything as destroys it, or entirely 
defeats its object, or unfits it for use. 2. That which is 
fallen down and become worthless from injury or decay ; 
esp., pi., the remains of a destroyed, dilapidated, or 
desolate house, fortress, city, or the like. 3. State of 
being decayed, or of having become ruined or worthless. 

4. That which promotes injury, decay, or destruction. 
Syn.— Destruction ; downfall; perdition ; fall; over- 
throw ; subversion ; defeat ; bane ; pest ; mischief. 

Ru'in, v. I. & i. [imp. & p. p. Ruined (ru'ind) ; p. pr. 
& ib. re. Ruining.] To bring or come to ruin ; to cause 
to fall to pieces and decay ; to bring to poverty or bank- 
ruptcy ; to impair seriously ; to overthrow. 

Ru'in-ate (-at), v. t. [LL. ruinare, p. p. -atus.~\ To 
demolish ; to subvert ; to ruin. [being ruined. I 

Ru'in-a'tion (-a'shun), re. Act of ruining, or state of | 

Ru'ln-er (-er), re. One who, or that which, ruins. 

Ru'in-ous (-us), a. 1. Causing, or tending to cause, 
ruin. 2. Characterized by ruin; ruined. — Ru'in-OUS- 
ly, adv. — Ru'in-ous-ness, re. 

Syn. — Dilapidated ; decayed; demolished; perni- 
cious ; destructive ; baneful ; wasteful ; mischievous. 



Rule (rul), re. [OF. riule, reule, fr. L. regula ruler, 
rule, fr. regere, rectum, to lead straight, to direct.] 1_ 
That wliich is prescribed as a guide ; a governing direc- 
tion. 2. Hence : (a) Uniform or established course of 
things, (b) Systematic method or practice ; a general 
principle. 3. Act of ruling ; administration of law ; 
government. 4. (a) A strip, as of wood, for use as a 
guide in drawing a line, esp. a straight line ; a ruler, (b) 
A measuring instrument. 5. (Print.) (a) A thin plate 
of metal used for printing lines, (b) A composing rule. 

Rule of three (Arith.), the rule of proportion. 

Syn. — Regulation ; law ; precept ; maxim ; canon ; 
order ; method ; direction ; control ; sway ; empire. 

Rule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruled (ruld) ; p. pr. & vb. 
re. Ruling.] 1. To control the will and actions of; to 
exercise authority or dominion over. 2. To control or 
direct by influence, counsel, or persuasion ; to guide. 
3. To establish or settle by, or as if by, a rule. 4. To> 
mark with lines made with a pen, pencil, etc., guided by 
a ruler or by a machine. 

Rule, v . i. 1. To have power or command ; to exer- 
cise authority; to establish a rule or rules. 2. (Com.). 
To be, as a rule. 

Rul'er (ruf er), re. 1. One who rules ; a governor. 
2. A strip used as a guide in drawing lines ; a rule. 

Rul'ing, a. 1. Exercising government or control ; 
holding sway. 2. Used in marking or engraving lines. 

Syn. —Predominant ; chief; controlling; directing;, 
guiding ; governing ; prevailing ; prevalent. 

Rum (rum), re. [Prob. shortened fr. Prov. E. rum- 
bullion a great tumult, formerly applied in the island of 
Barbadoes to an intoxicating liquor.] A kind of intoxi- 
cating liquor distilled from cane juice, or from molasses. 
Sometimes, colloquially, intoxicating liquor in general. 

Rum, a. [Old slang rome good ; possibly of Gypsy 
origin.] Old-fashioned; queer; odd. [Slang'] 

Rum'ble (rum'b'l), v. i. [OE. romblen, akin to G. 
rumpeln.] 1. To make a low, heavy, continued sound. 
2. To murmur; to ripple. 

Rum'ble, n. 1. A low, heavy, continuous sound like 
that made by heavy wagons or the reverberation of 
thunder. 2. A seat for servants, behind the body of a 
carriage. 3. A rotating cask or box in which small 
articles are smoothed or polished by friction. 

Rum'bler (-bier), n. One that rumbles. 

II Ru'men (ru'men), n. [L. rumen, -inis, the throat.] 

1. (A nat. ) The first stomach of ruminants. 2. The cud 
of a ruminant. 

Ru'mi-nant (-inT-nant), a. [L. 
ruminans, p. pr. See Ruminate.] 
(Zool. ) Chewing the cud ; chewing 
again what has been swallowed. — 
n. A ruminant animal. 

Ru'mi-nate (-nat), v. i. [imp. 
& p. p. Ruminated (-na'ted) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Ruminating.] [L. 
ruminari, p. p. -atus, fr. rumen, -sss^s*- \ft9 
-inis, throat.] 1. To chew the cud. 

2. Fig. : To muse ; to meditate ; 
to ponder ; to reflect. Stomach of a Rumi- 

Ru'mi-nate (-nat), v. t. 1. To ni 
chew over again. 2. Fig. : To med- 
itate or ponder over ; to muse on. 

Ru mi-na'tion (-na'shfin), n. 
Act or process of ruminating. 

Ru'mi nator (-na'ter), n. One 
who ruminates. 

Rum'mage (rum'maj; 48), n. 
room; hence orig., a making room, a packing away 
closely.] A searching carefully by looking into every 
corner, and by turning things over. 

Rum'mage, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rummaged 
(-niajd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rummaging (-ma-jing).] To 
search or examine thoroughly by turning over or remov- 
ing goods or other things ; to examine. 

Rum'ma-ger (-ma-jer), n. One who rummages. 

Rum'my (-my), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, rum. 

Ru'mor (ru'mer), n. [F. rumeur, L. rumor.] 1. A 
flying or popular report ; the common talk ; hence, pub- 
lic fame; notoriety. 2. A current 6tory without any 
known authority for its truth. 

Ru'mor, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Rumoeed (ru'merd) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Rumoring.] To report by rumor ; to tell. 

Ru'mor-er (-er), re. A teller of news, esp. false news. 

Rump (rump), n. [OE. rumpe ; akin to G. rumpf.] 
1. The end of the backbone of an animal, with the parts 
adjacent ; the buttock or buttocks. 2. Among butchers, 
the piece of beef between the sirloin and the aitchbone 




men ; m Manyplies or 
Omasum ; s Rennet 
Stomach, or Aboma- 
sum ; p Beginning of 
Intestine ; o End of 
Esophagus ; 7 Esopha- 
geal Groove. 

[For roomage, fr. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, 3vent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



RUMPLE 715 

3. Fig. : The hind or tail 



piece. [See Must, of Beep.] 
end ; a remnant. 

Rum'ple (rum'p'l), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Rumpled 
(-p'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rumpling (-pltng).] [Etym. un- 
certain ; cf. Rimple.] To make uneven ; to form into 
irregular inequalities ; to wrinkle ; to crumple. 

Rum'ple, n. A fold or plait ; a wrinkle. 

Rum/pus (-pas), n. A disturbance ; noise and confu- 
sion ; a quarrel. [Colloq.] 

Run (run), v. i. [imp. Ran (ran) or Run ; p. p. Run ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Running.] [AS. rinnan to flow (imp. 
ran, p. p. gerunnen), and iernan,irnan, to run (imp. orn, 
arn, earn, p. p. urnen) ; akin to G. rinnen.] 1. To move, 
proceed, advance, pass, go, come, etc., swiftly, smoothly, 
or with quick action ; — said of things animate or inani- 
mate. Hence, to flow, glide, or roll onward, as a stream, 
a snake, a wagon, etc.; to move by quicker action than in 
walking, as a person, a horse, a dog, etc.; — used in a 
great variety of specific applications involving voluntary 
or involuntary action. 2. In specific secondary senses : 

(a) To become a candidate. (b) To have course or direc- 
tion, (c) To pass from one state to another ; also, to pass 
in thought, (d) To continue, as in speech or thought. 
(e) To make numerous demands for payment. (/) To 
become fluid ; to melt. 3. Specifically : (a) Of a horse : 
To move rapidly in a gait in which each leg acts in turn 
as a propeller and a supporter, and in which for an in- 
stant all the limbs are gathered in the air under the body. 

(b) (Athletics) To move rapidly by springing steps so that 
there is an instant in each step when neither foot touches 
the ground. 

Run (rim), v. t. 1. To cause to run. 2. To pursue 
in thought. 3. To drive or force. 4. To fuse ; to shape ; 
to mold ; to cast. 5. To cause to be drawn ; to mark 
out ; to indicate. 6. To smuggle. 7. To go through or 
accomplish by running. 8. To encounter or incur, as a 
danger or risk. 9. To venture ; to risk. 10. To dis- 
charge ; to emit. 11. To conduct ; to manage ; to carry 
on. [Colloq. U. S.] 12. To tease with sarcasms and 
ridicule. [Colloq.'] 13. To sew, as a seam, by passing 
the needle through the material in a continuous line. 

Run (run), n. 1. Act of running. 2. A small stream. 
3. That which runs or flows in the course of a certain 
operation, or during a certain time. 4. A course; a 
series. 5. State of being current ; currency ; popular- 
ity. 6. Continued repetition on the stage. 7. A con- 
tinuing urgent demand. 8. A range or extent of ground 
for feeding stock. 9. (Naut.) The aftermost part of a 
vessel's hull where it narrows toward the stern, under 
the quarter. 10. Distance passed over ; also, direction 
of a course. 11. (Mus.) A roulade, or series of running 
tones. 12. Act of migrating, or ascending a river to 
spawn ; — said of fish ; also, an assemblage or school of 
fishes so migrating. 13. In some games, a complete cir- 
cuit or course made by a player, and enabling him to 
score, as the circuit of the bases in baseball. 14. A pair 
or set of millstones. 

At the long run, now, commonly, In the long run, in or 
during the whole process or course of things taken to- 
gether ; in the final result ; in the end ; finally. 

Run, a. Melted, or made from molten material ; cast. 

Run'a-gate (run'a-gat), n. [F. renegat, LL. renega- 
tus. See Renegade.] A fugitive ; apostate ; renegade. 

Run'a-way (run'a-wa 7 ), n. One that flees ; a fugi- 
tive ; also, act of fleeing. 

Run'a-way', a. Running away ; 

Run'ci-nate (run'sT-nat), a. [L, 
runcinare to plane off, fr. runci- 
na a plane.] (Bot.) Pinnately cut 
with the lobes pointing downwards, 
as the leaf of the dandelion. 

Run'die (run'd'l), n. [From 
Round; cf. Rondel.] 1. Around; 
a rung. 2. Something which ro- 
tates about an axis, as a wheel. 

Rune (run), n. [AS. run a rune, secret, mystery ; akin 
to G. rune.] 1. A letter, or character, belonging to the 
written language of the ancient Norsemen, or Scandi- 
navians. 2. pi. Old Norse poetry expressed in runes. 

Rung (rung), imp. & p. p. of Ring. 

Rung, n. [AS. hrung staff, pole.] 1. (Shipbuilding) 
A floor timber in a ship. 2. One of the rounds of a lad- 
der. 3. One of the stakes of a cart. 

Ru'nic (ru'nik), a. Of or pertaining to a rune, to 
runes, or to the Norsemen. 

Runlet (run'let), n. [Run + -let.] A little run or 
stream ; streamlet ; brook. 

Run'nel (-nel), n. [From Run.] A rivulet. 



RUST 



fleeing. 
runcinatus, p. 



p. of 



Runcinate Leaf. 



Run'ner (rQn'ner),ra. 1. One that runs ; racer. 2. A 
messenger. 3. One employed to solicit patronage, as for 
a steamboat, hotel, shop, etc. [Cant, U. S.] 4. (Bot.) 
A slender trailing branch which takes root at the joints 
or end and there forms new plants. 5. One of the pieces 
on which a sled or sleigh slides ; also, the part or blade 
of a skate which slides on the ice. 

Run'net (-n6t), n. See Rennet. 

Run'nlon (-yun), n. See Ronion. [loq. U. S.] I 

Run'round/ (-round'), n. A felon or whitlow. [Col-\ 

Runt (runt), n. [Scot, runt an old cow, an old, with- 
ered woman, a hardened stem or stalk, the trunk of a 
tree.] 1. (Zool.) Any animal which is unusually small, 
as compared with others of its kind. 2. A dwarf ; also, 
a mean person ; — used opprobriously. 

Runt'y (-f), a. Like a runt ; diminutive ; mean. 

Ru-pee' (ru-pe'), n. [Hind, rupiyah, fr. Skr. rupya 
silver, coined silver or gold.] A silver coin, and money 
of account, in the East Indies. 

HgHF* The valuation of the rupee of sixteen annas, the 
standard coin of India, by the United States Treasury de- 
partment, varies from time to time with the price of sil- 
ver. In 1895 it was rated at about 23 cents. 

Ruption (rup'shun), n. [L. ruptio. See Rupture.] 
A breaking or bursting open ; breach ; rupture. 

Rup'ture (rup'tur; 135), n. [L. ruptura, fr. rum- 
pere, ruptum, to break.] 1. A breaking apart or sepa- 
rating ; state of being broken asunder. 2. Breach of 
peace or concord between individuals. 3. (Med.) Hernia. 

Syn.— Fracture; break; burst; disruption; dissolution. 

Rup'ture, v. I. & i. [imp. &p. p. Ruptured (-turd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Rupturing.] To cause to undergo rup- 
ture ; to part by violence ; to break ; to burst. 

Rll/ral (ru'ral), a. [F., fr. L. ruralis, fr. rus, ruris, 
the country.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country, as 
distinguished from a city or town. 2. Of or pertaining 
to agriculture. — Ru'ral-ly, adv. — Ru'ral-ness, n. 

Syn. — Rustic. — Rural refers to the country itself. 
Rustic refers to the character, condition, taste, etc., of 
the original inhabitants of the country, who were gener- 
ally uncultivated and rude. 

Ru'ral-lst, n. One who leads a rural life. 

Ruse (ruz), n. [F., fr. OF. reiiser, rehuser, to turn 
aside, to shuffle, retreat, fr. L. recusare to refuse ; pref . 
re- again -f- causa cause.] An artifice; trick; strata- 
gem ; wile ; fraud ; deceit. 

Rush (rush), n. [AS. risce, akin to G. rusch ; probably 
fr. L. ruscum butcher's broom.] 1. (Bot.) Any one of 
many aquatic or marsh-growing endogenous plants with 
soft, slender stems. 2. The merest trifle ; a straw. 

Rush, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Rushed (rusht) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Rushing.] [OE. ruschen ; of uncertain 
origin.] 1. To move or push forward with impetuosity, 
violence, and tumultuous rapidity or haste. 2. To enter 
into something, or to urge on, with undue haste and ea- 
gerness, or without due preparation. 

Rush, n. 1. Act of rushing ; a moving or urging for- 
ward with rapidity and force or eagerness. 2. (Football) 
A rusher, one who runs with the ball. 

Rush'er (rush'er), n. One who rushes. 

Rush'i-ness (-T-nes), n. Quality or state of abound- 
ing with rushes. 

Rushlight 7 (-lit'), n. A rush candle, or its light; 
hence, a small, feeble light. [of rushes. I 

Rush'y (-y), a. 1. Abounding with rushes. 2. Made| 

Rusk (rusk), n. [Sp. ros^a de mar sea rusks, a kind 
of biscuit, rosea properly meaning, a screw, spiral.] 1. 
A kind of light, soft bread ; or, a kind of sweetened bis- 
cuit. 2. A kind of light, hard cake or bread, as for 
stores. 3. Bread or cake which has been made brown 
and crisp, and afterwards grated or pulverized. 

Russ (rus or rus), n. sing. & pi. 1. A Russian, or the 
Russians. [Mostly poetic] 2. The Russian language. 

Rus'set (rus'set), a. [F. rousset, dim. of roux red, 
L. russus ; akin to E. red.] Of a reddish brown color, 
or (according to some) a red gray ; also, of a yellowish 
brown color. 

Rus'set, n. 1. A russet color ; a pigment of a russet 
color. 2. Cloth or clothing of a russet color. 3. A 
country dress. 4. An apple, or a pear, of a russet color. 

Rus'set-ing, n. See Russet, n., 2 and 4. 

Rus'set-y (-y), a. Of a russet color ; russet. 

Rus'sian (riish'ffn or ru'shan), a. Of or pertaining to 
Russia, its inhabitants, or language, —n. A native or 
inhabitant of Russia ; the language of Russia. 

Rust (rust), n. [AS. rust; — named from its color, 
and akin to E. red.] 1. (Chem.) The reddish yellow 
coating formed on iron when exposed to moist air ; hence, 
any metallic film of corrosion. 2. (Bot.) A minute mold 



i 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 









N 



RUST 



716 



SABLE 



or fungus forming reddish or rusty spots on the loaves 
Alu \ & ., and ctlier grasses. 3. That which 

reaeniblea rust in appearance or effects. 

Rust (rflat), c. I. [imp. &p.p. Kvsted ; p.pr.&vb. n. 
1 To contract, or be affected with, rust. 
| generate in idleness. 

Rust, i • t. 1. To eause to contract rust. 2. Fig. : 
TO impair by time and inactivity. 

Rus'tic frfistTk), a. [L. rustic/is, fir. rt*«, ruris, the 
country.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country ; rural. 2. 
Rude;" awkward; unpolished. 3, Coarse; plain; 
simple. 4. Simple; artless; unaffected. 

5yn, Inelegant; untaught; awkward; rough; un- 
adorned: honest. See Rural. 

Rus'tic. »■ 1- An inhabitant of the country, esp. 
one rude, coarse, or dull ; a clown. 2. A person of 
rural simplicity of character. [Poetic] 

Rus'tic-al (-tl-kfld), o. Rustic. — Rus'tic-al-ly , adv. 
— Rus'tic-al-ness. n. 

Rus'ti-cate (riis'ti-kat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusti- 
cated (-ka t?d) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rusticating.] [L. 
. p. p. -atus.] To go into, or reside in, the coun- 
try : to ruralize. 

Rus'ti-cate. p. t. To compel to reside in the country. 

Rus ti-ca'tion (rus'ti-ka'shun), n. Act of rustica- 
ting, or state of being rusticated. 

Rus-tic'i-ty (rus-tis'T-ty), n. Quality or state of 
being rustic ; rustic manners ; rudeness ; simplicity. 

Rus'tic-ly (rus'tlk-ly), adv. In a rustic manner. 

Rust'i-ly (rust'T-ly), adv. In a rusty state. 

Rust'i ness. n. Quality or state of being rusty. 

Rus'tle (rus"l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rustled (-'Id) ; 
j>. pr. & vb. n. Rustling (-ling).] [AS. hristlan to 
rustle.] 1. To make a quick succession of small sounds, 
like the rubbing or moving of silk cloth or dry leaves. 
2. To bustle about. [Slang, Western V. S.] 

Rus'tle, v. t. To cause to rustle. 

Rus'tle, n. A quick succession or confusion of small 
sounds, like those made by shaking leaves or straw. 

Rus 'tier (rus'ler), n. One that rustles. 

Rust'y (rust'y), «■ [Compar. Rustdsr (-T-er) ; 
superl. rusTiEST.] 1. Covered or affected with rust. 



2. Impaired by inaction, disuse, or neglect. 3. Dis- 
colored and rancid. 4. Rust-colored ; dark. 5. Dis- 
colored ; stained; not cleanly kept ; filthy. 

Rut (riit), n. [Variant of Route.] A track worn by 
a wheel or by habitual passage of anything ; a groove in 
which anything runs. Also used figuratively. 

Rut, v. t. To make a rut or ruts in. 

Rut, n. [F. rut, OF. ruit, L. rugitus a roaring, fr. 
rugire to roar; — so called from the noise made by 
deer in rutting time.] 1. (Physiol.) Sexual desire 
of deer, cattle, and various other mammals ; heat ; also, 
the period during which the heat exists. 2. Roaring, as 
of waves breaking upon the shore ; rote. 

Rut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rutted ; p. pr. & vb. ?i. 
Rutting.] To be in heat ; — said of deer, cattle, etc. 

Ru'ta-ha'ga(ru / ta-ba'ga), n. (Bot.) A kind of turnip, 
commonly with a large, long or ovoid, yellow root. 

Ruth (ruth), n. [From Rue, v.] 1. Sorrow for the 
misery of another ; pity ; tenderness. [Poetic] 2. 
Cause of pity. [Obs.] 

Ru-the'ni-um (ru-the'ni-um), n. [NL. So named 
from the Ruthenians, a Little Russian people, as coming 
from Russia, the metal having been found in the Ural 
mountains.] (Chem.) A rare metal isolated as a hard, 
brittle, steel-grav, very infusible metal. 

Ruth'ful (ruth'ful), a. Full of ruth ; as : (a) Pitiful ; 
tender, (b) Full of sorrow, (c) Causing sorrow. 

Ruth'less. a. Having no ruth ; cruel ; pitiless. — 
Ruth'less-ly, adv. — Ruth'less -ness, n. 

Ru'tile (ru'til), n. [L. iixtilus red, inclining to yellow.] 
(Min.) A mineral usually of a reddish brown color, and 
brilliant metallic luster, occurring in tetragonal crystals. 

Rut'tish (rut'tish), a. Inclined to rut ; lustful ; libid- 
inous ; salacious. — Rut'tish-ness. n. 

Rut'ty (-ty), a. Ruttish ; lustful. 

Rut'ty 1 a. Full of ruts ; as, a rutty road. 

Rye (ri), n. [AS. ryge ; akin to G. rocken, roggen.] 
(Bot.) A grain yielded by a hardy cereal grass closely 
allied to wheat ; also, the plant itself. 

Rye grass, Italian rye grass. (Bot.) See under Grass. 

Ry'Ot (ri'ot). n. [Ar. & Hind. raHyat, same word as 
raHyah, fr. ra'a to pasture.] A peasant. [India] 



S. 



S (es) is the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet. ] 
It has two principal sounds; as in sack, tins ; and (that ! 
of z) as in is, wise. Besides these it sometimes has the I 
sounds of sh and zh, as in sure, measure. See Guide to 
Pronunciation, §§255-2Gl. The form and the name are j 
from the Latin, which got the letter through the Greek | 
from the Phoenician. The ultimate origin is Egyptian. 
S is etymologically most nearly related to c, z, t, and r ; 
as, in ice, OE. Lt; E. hence, OE. hennes; E. rase, rase; 
erase, rasor ; that, G. das ; E. reason, F. raison. L. ratio ; 
E. was, we?e : chair, chaise (see C, Z, T, and R). 

-S. 1. [OE. -es, AS. -as; perhaps in part also F. -s.] 
The suffix used to form the plural of most words. 2. 
[OE. -s, for older -th, AS. -&.] The suffix used to form 
the third person singular indicative of English verbs, — 
substituted for the earlier -th. 3. An adverbial suffix ; 
as in towards, needs, always, — orig. the genitive, or pos- 
sessive, ending. See -'s. 

-'S- [OE. -es, AS. -es.] The suffix used to form the 
possessive singular, and sometimes the possessive plural, 
of nouns. 

*S. A contraction for is or (colloquially) for has. 

Sa bae'an (sa-be'cm), a. & n. Same as Sabian. 

Sab'a-Oth (saVa-oth or sa-ba'oth), n. pi. [Heb. 
ttebcPdth, pi. deriv. of tsaba'' to go forth to war.] Armies : 
ho.-ts. 

Sab ba-ta'ri-an (saVba-ta'rT-an), n. [L. sabbatarius. 
See Sabeath.] 1. A strict observer of the Sabbath. 

2. One who observes the seventh day of the week (Satur- 
day) as holy. 

Sabt>ath (saVbath), n. [Through F., L., & Gr., fr. 
bbatfi , f r. shabath to rest.] 1. A season or day of 
rest ; one day in seven appointed for rest or worship, the 
observance of which was enjoined upon the Jews in the 
Decalogue, and has been continued by the Christian 
church with a transfer of the day observed from the last 
to the first day of the week. 2. The seventh year, ob- 
served among the Israelites as one of rest and festival. 

3. Fifr. : A time of rest, repose, or peaceful intermission. 
Syn. — Sunday. — Sabbath is not strictly synonymous 



with Sunday. Sabbath denotes the institution ; Sunday 
is the name of the first day of the week. The Sabbath 
of the Jews is on Saturday, and the Sabbath of most 
Christians on Sujiday. In New England, the first day of 
the week has been called "the Sabbath,'''' to mark it as 
holy time ; Sunday is the word now more commonly used 
in all parts of the U. S., as it is in England. 

Sab-bat'ic (sab-bat'ik), ) a. Of, pertaining to, or re- 

Sab-bat'ic-al (-i-k«l), ) sembling, the sabbath. 

Sab'ba-tism (sab'ba-tiz'm), n. Intermission 
of labor, as upon the Sabbath ; rest. 

Sa-be'an (sa-be'an), a. & n. Same as Sabian. 

SaHber ) (sa'ber), n. [F. sabre, G. sabel; of 

Sa'bre ) uncertain origin.] A sword with a 
broad and heavy blade, usually more or less curved . 

Sa'ber, ) v . t. [imp. & p. p. Sabered (-berd) 

Sa'bre, ) or Sabred (-berd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Sabering or Sabring (-bring).] To strike, cut, 
or kill with a saber. 

Sa'bi-an (sa'bT -an), a. [L. Sabaeus.] Of or , 
pertaining to Saba in Arabia, or to its religion, 
the worship of the heavenly bodies, — n. A wor- 
shiper of the heavenly bodies. 

Sa'bi-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. The worship of the 
sun, moon, and stars. 

SaTSle (sa'b'l), n. [OF. sable, LL. sabellum, fr. 
Russ. sobole.] 1. (Zobl.) A carnivorous animal of the 
Weasel family, native of 
northern latitudes. It is 
noted for its fine, soft, 
and valuable fur. 2. The 
fur of the sable. 3. A 
mourning garment. 4. 
(Her.) The tincture 
black ; — represented by 
crossing vertical and 
horizontal lines. American Sable (Mustela zibellina). 

Sa'ble (sa'b'l), a. Of 
the color of the sable's fur ; dark ; black. 

Sa'ble, v . t. To render sable or dark ; to drape darkly. 



Saber. 




a, e, 1, 5, VL, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, &bey, ffnite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



-■' 



SABOT 



717 



SADIRON 



fl Sa'bot' (sa'bo'), n. [F.] A kind of wooden shoe 
worn by the peasantry in European countries. 

Sa1>re (sa'ber), n. & v. See Saber. [gritty. I 

Sab'U-loUS (sSb'u-lus), a, [L. sabulosus.] Sandy; I 

Sac (sSk), n. [F., fr. L. saccus.] 1. See 2d Sack. 
2. (Biol.) A cavity, bag, or receptacle, usually containing 
fluid ; a sack. 

Sac-cade' (s5k-kad'), n. [F.] (Man.) A violent 
checking of a horse by one sudden pull of the reins. 

Sac'cate (sSk'kfit), a. [L. saccus a sack.] (Biol.) 
Having the form of a sack or pouch ; furnished with a 
sack or pouch, as a petal. 

Sac cha rii'er-ous (saVka-rTf'er-us), a. [L. saccha- 
ron sugar -f- -ferous.] Producing sugar. 

SaCcha-rim'e-ter (-rTm'e-ter), n. [L. saccharon su- 
gar -f- ■meter.'] An instrument for ascertaining the 
quantity of saccharine matter in any solution. 

Sac'cha-rlne (sXk'ka-rin or -iTn), a. [Through F. & 
L. fr. Gr. crd/c^ap, vdnxapov, Skr. carkara. Cf. Sugar.] 
Of or pertaining to sugar ; having the qualities of sugar ; 
producing sugar ; sweet. [impregnate with, sugar. I 

Sac'cha-rize (s£k'ka-riz), v. t. To convert into, or | 

Sac'cha-rom'e-ter (-roni'e-ter), n. A saccharimeter. 

Sac'cha-rose' (sak'ka-ros'), n. (Chem.) Sucrose. 

Sac/ci-form (sak'sT-fSrm), a. [L. saccus a sack -(- 
-form.'] {Biol.) Having the general form of a sac. 

Sac'er-do'tal (saVer-do'tal), a. [L. sacerdotalis, fr. 
sacerdos, -otis, a priest, fr. sacer holy, sacred.] Of or 
pertaining to priests, or to the order of priests ; priestly. 

Sach'el (sach'el), n. See Satchel. [ican Indians. I 

Sa'chem (sa'chem), n. A chief of a tribe of the Amer- 1 

II Sa chef (sa/sha'), n. [F., dim. of sac. See Sac] A 
scent bag or cushion, to be laid among garments. 

Sack (sak), n. [OE. seek, F. sec dry, fr.>L. siccus dry, 
harsh.] Any of various dry Spanish wines. \_Obs.~\ 

Sack, n. [AS. sacc, ssecc, L. saccus, Gr. <t6.kko<;, fr. 
Heb. sak.~\ 1. A bag for holding goods of any kind ; a large 
pouch. 2. A measure of capacity, — varying for different 
localities and substances. 3. [Perh. a different word.] 
A kind of garment worn by women, — originally, a cloak- 
like part of a dress hanging from the shoulders ; now, 
an outer garment with sleeves. 4. A kind of coat made 
without cross seams, worn by men. 5. (Biol. ) See Sac, 2. 

Sack, v. t. To put in a sack ; to bag. 

Sack, n. [F. sac plunder, pillage, orig., a pack, booty 
packed up, fr. L. saccus. See 2d Sack.] The pillage or 
plunder, as of a town ; devastation ; ravage. 

Sack, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Sacked (sakt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sacking.] To plunder or pillage, as a town or 
city ; to devastate ; to ravage. 

Sack'but (-but), n. [F. saquebute, OF. saqueboute ; fr. 
saquier%o pull + bolder to push; — from being length- 
ened and shortened.] (Mus.) A kind of brass wind instru- 
ment, which was lengthened or shortened to make the 
required tones ; — said to be the same as the trombone. 

^T* The sackbut of the Scriptures is supposed to have 
been a stringed instrument. 

Sackcloth (-kloth' ; 115), ?i. Cloth such as sacks are 
made of ; -coarse cloth ; anciently, a cloth or garment 
worn in mourning, distress, or penitence. 

Sack'er (-er), n. One who pillages, [sack will hold. I 

Sack'ful (-ful), n. ; pi. -fuls (-fulz). As much as a| 

Sack'ing, n. [AS. sseccing, fr. ssecc sack, bag.] Stout, 
coarse cloth of which sacks, bags, etc., are made. 

Sacque (sak), n. Same as 2d Sack, 3. 

Sac'ra-ment (sak'ra-ment), n. [L. sacr amentum, fr. 
sacrare to declare as sacred, sacer sacred.] 1. An oath ; 
the taking of a solemn vow. [065.] 2. (Theol.) One 
of the solemn religious ordinances enjoined by Christ to 
be observed by his followers; hence, specif., the Lord's 
Supper, where the most sacred vows are renewed by the 
Christian in commemorating the death of his Redeemer. 

ff Protestants apply the term sacrament to baptism 
esp. to the Lord's Supper. The Romish and Greik 
churches have five other sacraments, viz., confirmation, 
penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme unction. 

Sac ra -meil'tal (-mgn'tffl), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or of 
the nature of, a sacrament ) sacredly or solemnly binding. 
2. Bound by a sacrament. — Sac'ra-men'tal-ly, adv. 

Sac'ra-men-ta'ri-an (-men-ta'ri-an), a. Sacramental. 

Sac'ra-men'ta-ry (-men'ta-ry), a. Sacramental. 

Sa'cre (sa'ker), v. t. [F. sacrer.) To consecrate. [065.] 

Sa'cred (sa'kred), a. [Orig. p. p. of OE. sacren to 
consecrate, F. sacrer, fr. L. sacrare, fr. sacer sacred, 
cursed.] 1. Set apart by solemn religious ceremony ; 
made holy ; set apart to religious use. 2. Pert, to reli- 
gion or religious services. 3. Designated or exalted by a 
divine sanction ; entitled to extreme reverence ; hence, 



inviolable. 4. Consecrated ; dedicated. 5. Solemnly 
devoted, in a bad sense; accursed; baleful. [Archaic] 
— Sa'cred-ly (sa'krgd-iy), adv. — Sa'cred-ness, n. 

Syn. — Holy ; divine ; hallowed ; consecrated ; dedi- 
cated ; devoted ; religious ; venerable ; reverend. 

Sac'ri-flce (sSk'rl-fiz), n. [F. sacrifice, fr. L. sacri- 
ficium ; sa ccr sacred -f- facere to make. ] 1. The offer- 
ing of anything to God, or to a god ; consecratory rite. 

2. Anything consecrated and offered to God, or to a 
divinity. 3. Destruction or surrender of anything for 
the sake of something else ; hence, also, the thing so de- 
voted or given up. 

SaCri-flce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sacrificed (-flzd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sacrificing (-ll'zing).] 1. To make a 
sacrifice of ; to consecrate or present to a divinity by way 
of expiation, propitiation, or thanksgiving. 2. Hence, 
to destroy, surrender, or suffer to be lost, for the sake of 
obtaining something. 

Sac'ri-fice, v. i. To offer sacrifice. 

Sac'ri-fi'cer (-fi'zer), n. One who sacrifices. 

Sac'ri-fi'cial (-fftb/al), a. Of or pertaining to sacri- 
fice or sacrifices ; performing sacrifice. 

Sac'ri-lege (saVrT-lej), n. [F. sacrilege, L. sacrile- 
gium, fr. sacrilegus that steals, prop., gathers or picks 
up, sacred things ; sacer sacred + legere to gather.] The 
sin or crime of violating or profaniug sacred things. 

Sac ri-le'gious (-le'jiis), a. Violating sacred things ; 
polluted with sacrilege ; profane ; impious. — Sac'ri-le'- 
gious-ly, adv. — Sacri-le'gious-ness, n. 

Sac'ri-le / giSt (-le'jist), n. One guilty of sacrilege. 

Sa'cring (sa'knng), a. & n. from Sacre. 

Sacring bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus. 

Sa'crist (sa/krlst),n. [LL.sacritta , fr. L. sacer sacred.] 
A sacristan ; also, a person retained in a cathedral to copy 
out music for the choir, and take care of the books. 

Sac'ris-tan (sak'ris-tan), n. [F. sacristain. See 
Sacrist.] A sexton. 

Sac'ris-ty (-ty), n. An apartment in a church where 
the sacred utensils, vestments, etc. , are kept ; vestry. 

II Sa'crum (sa'krum), n. ; pi. Sacra (-kra). [NL.,fr. 
L. sacer sacred, os sacrum the lowest bone of the spine.] 
(Anat.) That part of the vertebral column which is di- 
rectly connected with, or forms a part of, the pelvis. 

Sad (sad), a. [Compar. Sadder (-der) ; superl. Sad- 
dest.] [OE. sad sated, tired, satisfied, firm, steadfast, 
AS. ssed satisfied, sated ; akin to G. satt, L. sat, satis, 
enough, Gr. d/j-evai. to satiate, aSrji/ enough.] 1. Sated. 
[Obs.] 2. Heavy ; hard. [Obs., except in a few phrases.] 

3. Dull ; gi-ave ; dark ; somber ; — of colors. 4. Serious ; 
sober; steadfast. [065.] 5. Affected with grief or un- 
happiness. 6. Afflicted ; calamitous ; causing sorrow. 
7. Hence, troublesome ; wicked. [Colloq.] 

Syn. — Sorrowful ; mournful ; gloomy ; dejected ; de- 
pressed ; cheerless ; downcast ; sedate ; grievous. 

Sad'den (sad'd'n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Saddened ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Saddening.] To make or become sad. 

Sad'dle (sad'd'l), n. [AS. sadol ; akin to G. sattel.] 
1. The seat for a rider, as upon a horse. 2. A padded 
part of a harness which is worn on a horse's back, fas- 
tened with a girth. 3. A piece of meat containing a part 
of the backbone of an animal with the ribs on each side. 

4. Something resembling a saddle, as in form or use. 
Saddle joint, in sheet-metal roofing, a joint made 

shown in the Illustration. 

Sad'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saddled 
(-d'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Saddling (-dltng).^ 
1. To put a saddle upon. 2. Hence : To ' 
load ; to burden with ; to encumber. Saddle Joint. 

Sad'dle-backed' (-baktO, a. 1. Having the outline 
of the upper part concave like the seat of a saddle. 2. 
Having a low back and high neck, as a horse. 

Sad'dle-bagS' (-bagz'), n. pi. Bags, united by straps 
or a band, one bag hanging on each side of the saddle. 

Sad'dle-bOW' (-bo'), n. The front bow or arch of a 
saddle, or the pieces which form the front. [saddle. I 

Sad'dle-Cloth 7 (-kloth' ; 115), n. The cloth under a | 

Sad'dler (-dler), n. One who makes saddles. 

Sad'dler-y (-y), n. 1. Materials for making saddles 
and harnesses. 2. The trade of a saddler. 

Sad'dle-tree' (-tre 7 ), n. The frame of a saddle. 

Sad'du-cee (sad'iS-se) 1 ??. [Through L. & Gr. fr. Heb. 
Tsadduklm ; — from Tsadok, the founder of the sect.] 
One of a sect among the ancient Jews, who denied the 
resurrection, a future state, and the existence of angels. 

Sad'du-cee ism (-se'Tz'm), \ n. The tenets of the 

Sad'du-Cism (-sTz'm), | Sadducees. 

Sad'i ron (sSd'I'um), n. [Probably sad heavy -f- iron.] 
An iron for smoothing clothes ; a flatiron. 



IU 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SADLY 



718 



SAIL 




Sadly (sSdljf), ad*. In a sad manner. 

Sad'Ui n or state of being sad. 

>> 11. Sorrow; hca>incss; dejection. See GRIEF. 

Saeng'er-fest (^n.c'er-f?st), «. [G.am«r/B(<] A 
o! singers ; :i German singing festival. 

Sale (aif), <>• [Compar. Safer (,-er) ; superi. Safest.] 
. fr. L. ratal*, akin to .to/us health, welfare, 
safety.]' 1. Free from harm, injury, risk, or peril ; safe; 
gponm ; « liole. 2. Securing from harm ; to be relied 
upon : not dangerous. 3. Incapable of doing harm; 
being in secure care or custody. 

Sale. ft. A place lor keeping things in safety; specif., 
a Strong ami fireproof receptacle for valuables. 

Sale'-con'duct v-kon'dukt), n. That which gives a 
Baft passage ; either (a) a convoy or guard, or (b) a writ- 
ing, pass, or warrant of security. 

Safe'guard v -gard''),w. 1. One that protects ; defense ; 
protection. 2. Convoy or guard. 3. Pass; passport. 

Safe'guard 7 , V. t. To guard ; to protect. 

Saie'-keep'lng (-kep'ing), n. A keeping in safety. 

Safety, adv. In a safe manner. — Safe'ness. n. 

Safe'ty l-ty), n. 1. Condition of being safe ; freedom 

from danger or hazard ; exemption from hurt, injury, or 

loss. 2. Hence, quality of making safe or secure, or of 

giving confidence, justifying trust, insuring against harm 

re. 3. Preservation from escape ; close custody. 

Safety valve, a valve held shut by a spring or weight and 
opening automatic- 
ally to permit the d ^ c 

escape of steam, or 
confined gas, wa- 
ter, etc., when the 
pressure becomes 
too great. 

Saf'flow'er 

(saf fiou'er), n. [P. 

saffenr, saflor, for 

saf ran saffron, in- Safety Valve. 

tluenced by fleur « Boiler ; b Valve ; clever ; d Fulcrum ; 

flower. 1 1. (Bot.) e Guide ; ./"Weight to hold Valve down. 

An annual composite plant (Carthamus tinctorius), the 

flowers of which are used as a dyestuff and in making 

rouge ; bastard, or false, saffron. 2. The dried flowers 

of this plant. 3. A dyestuff from these flowers. 

Saffron (-friin), n. [F. safran, fr. Ar. & Per. za? 
fai'an.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the Iris family (Crocus sati- 
rus) having blue flowers with large yellow stigmas; also, 
the dried stigmas of the plant, used in coloring. 2. An 
orange or deep yellow color. [yellow. I 

Saffron, a. Having the color of saffron; deep orange- 1 

Sag (sag), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sagged (sagd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Sagging (-ging).] [Akin to Sw. sacka to sink 
down. Cf. Sink, v. i.~\ 1. To sink, in the middle, by its 
weight or under pressure, below a horizontal line or 
plane ; hence, to lean, give way, or settle from a vertical 
position. 2. Fig. : To lose firmness or elasticity ; to 
droop ; to flag. 3. To loiter ; to drag or droop heavily. 

Sag, v. t. To cause to bend or give way ; to load. 

Sag, n. State of sinking or bending; sagging. 

Sa 7 ga (sa'ga), n. [Icel., akin to E. saw a saying.] A 
Scandinavian legend, or heroic or mythic tradition. 

Sa-ga'cious (sa-ga'shus), a. [L. sagax, -acis, akin to sa- 
gire to perceive keenly.] 1. Of quick sense perceptions ; 
keen of scent. 2. Hence, quick intellectually ; discern- 
ing and judicious ; knowing ; far-sighted ; shrewd ; sage ; 
wise. — Sa-ga'cious-ly, adv. — Sa-ga'cious-ness, n. 

Syn. — See Shrewd. 

Sa-gac'i-ty (-gaVT-ty), n. Quality of being sagacious. 

Syn. — Penetration ; shrewdness ; judiciousness. — 
Pen etration enables us to enter into the depths of an ab- 
struse subject, to detect motives, plans, etc. Sagacity 
adds to penetration a keen, practical judgment, which 
enables one to guard against the designs of others, and 
to turn everything to the best possible advantage. 

Sag'a-more (sag'a-mor), n. [Cf. Sachem.] The head 
of a tribe of American Indians ; a chief ; sometimes, a 
chief of the second rank, as distinguished from a sachem. 

Sage Csaj), n. [F. souge, L. salvia, fr. salvus saved, 
in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.] (Bot.) (a) A 
idarit (Salvia officinalis) with grayish green foliage, 
much used in flavoring meats, etc. ; often, any species of 
Salvia, (b) The sagebrush. 

Sage 'kSj), a. [Compar. Sager (sa'jer); superi. Sa- 
oest.] [F., fr. L. tapius, in nesapius unwise, fr. sapere 
to hr- trifle.1 1. Having nice discernment and powers of 
judging. 2. Proceeding from wisdom ; well judged. 3. 
Grave ; solemn. [J?.] — Sagely, adv. — Sage'ness, n. 

Syn. — Wise; sagacious; sapient; prudent; judicious. 

Sage, n. A wise man; esp., an aged man of sound 
judgment and prudence. 



Sage-brush' (saj'brush'), n. (Bot.) A low irregular 
shrub (Artemisia tridentata) of the Aster family. 

Sag'ger (sSg'ger), n. [See Seggar.] A seggar ; also, 
the clay of which seggars are made. 

Sag'i-nate (sayi-uat), v. t. [L. saginare, p. p. -atus, 
fr. sagina stuffing.] To make fat ; to pamper. [JR.] 

Sag'it-tal (sXj'It-tal), a. [L. sagitta au arrow.] 1. 
Of, pert, to, or like, an arrow ; furnished with an arrow- 
like appendage. 2. (Anat.) (a) Of, pertaining to, or 
designating, the suture between the two parietal bones in 
the top of the skull, (b) In the mesial plane ; mesial. 

II Sag'it-ta'ri-US (s5j/It-ta'rT-us), «. [L., lit., archer.] 
(Astron.) (a) The ninth sign of the zodiac, which the sun 
enters about November 22. (b) A zodiacal constellation, 
figured as a centaur shooting an arrow. 

Sag'it-ta-ry (sSj'it-ta-ry), n. (Myth.) A centaur. 

Sag'it-ta-ry, a. Pert, to, or resembling, an arrow. 

Sag'it-tate (-tat), a. 
Shaped like an arrowhead. 

Sa'gO (sa'go), n. [Malay. 
sagu.~\ A dry granulated 
starch prepared from the Sagittate Leaf, 

stems of several East Indian and Malayan palms. 

USa'hib (sii'heb), HSa'heb (-heb), n. [Ar. cahib 
master, lord, fern. cahibah.~\ A respectful title or appel- 
lation given to Europeans of rank. [India] 

Sa'ic (sa'Ik), n. [F. saique, Turk. shciika.~\ (Naut.) 
A kind of ketch very common in the Levant, which has 
neither topgallant sail or mizzen topsail. 

Said (sed), imp. & p. p. of Sat. 

Said, a. Before-mentioned ; already spoken of or 
specified ; aforesaid ; — used chiefly in legal documents. 

Sail (sal), n. [AS. segel, segl ; akin to G. segel.] 1. An 
extent of canvas or other fabric by which the wind is util- 
ized as a power for propelling vessels through the water. 

BE^' Sails are of two general kinds, fore-and-aft sails, 
and square sails. Square sails are always bent to yards, 
lying across the line of the vessel. Fore-and-aft sails are 
set upon stays or gaffs running fore and aft. 




A Fore-and-aft Sail : a Peak, or Head ; 6 Alter Leech ; c Clew 

d Tack ; e Luff, or Fore Leech ; /Nock. 
B Triangular Sail : a Head, or Peak ; b Leech ; c Clew ; d Tack 

eLuff. 
C Square Sail : a Head ; b Foot ; c c Leeches ; d d Head 

earing Cringles ; e e Clews ; / Second Reef-band (the Firs 

Reef-hand is above) ; 1 1 Outer Leech Lines ; 2 2 Inner Leech 

Lines ; 3 3 3 3 Buntlines. 




Sails of a Ship. 
a Flvintr Jib ; h Jib ; c Fore Topmast Staysail ; d Fore Course, 
or Foresail ; e Fore Topsail ; /Tore Topgallant Sail ; g Fore 
Roval: h Fore Skvsail ; i i Fore Roval Studding Sails;./.?' Fore 
Topgallant Studding Sails ; k Fore Topmast Studding Sail ; 
Main Course, or Mainsail ; m Main Topsail ; n Main Top- 
gallant Sail ; o Main Royal ; p Main Skysail ; q Main Royal 
Studding Sails ; r r Main Topgallant Studding Sails ; 8 Main 
Topmast Studding Sail ; t Mizzen Course, or Crossjack ; u 
Mizzen Topsail : v Mizzen Topgallant Sail: w Mizzen Royal; 
x Mizzen Skysail ; v Spanker, partly brailed in (the corre- 
sponding sails on the other masts are the Fore Trysail and 
Main Trysail ; 111 Clew Garnets ; 222 Clew Lines ; 3 
Throat Brail of Spanker ; 4 Middle Brail ; 5 Foot Brail. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, S vent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SAIL 



719 



SALINE 



2. Anything like, or likened to, a sail. 3. A sailing ves- 
sel ; a vessel of any kind ; craft. (In this sense, the 
plural has usually the same form as the singular.) 4. A 
passage, journey, or excursion on the water. 

Sail (sal), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sailed (said) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Sailing. ] 1. To be impelled or driven by the action 
of wind upon sails ; by extension, to be impelled on the 
water by any power. 2. To move through or on the water ; 
to swim. 3. To be conveyed in a vessel on water. 4. 
To begin a voyage. 5. To move or float through the air. 

Sail, v. t. 1. To move or travel upon by means of 
sails ; hence, to move or journey upon (water) in any way. 

2. To fly through ; to glide, or move smoothly, through. 

3. To direct or manage the motion of, as a vessel. 
Sail'a-ble (sal'a-b'l), a. Capable of being sailed over. 
Sail / boat / (-bot / ), n. A boat propelled by a sail or sails. 
Sail'clOth' (-kloth'), n. Duck or canvas for sails. 
Sail'er (-er), n. 1. A sailor, [iJ.] 2. A ship or 

other vessel ; — with a qualifying word. 

Sail'ing (sal'Tng), n. Act of one that sails ; specif. 
(Naut.), the art of managing a vessel ; navigation. 

Sail'or (-er), n. One who follows the business of nav- 
igating ships or other vessels. 

Syn. — Mariner ; seaman; seafarer. 

Sailor's choice. (Zo'dl.) (a) An excellent marine food fish 
of the Southern United States, (b) A species of grunt, of 
the Southern U. S. It is an excellent food fish. 

Sain'foin (san'foin), n. [F., prob. fr. sain wholesome 
(L. sanus ; see Sane) + foin hay (L. fcenum).~\ (Bot.) 
A leguminous plant (Onobrychis sativa) cultivated for 
fodder. 

Saint (sant), n. [F., fr. L. sanctus sacred, prop. p. 
p. of sancire to consecrate ; akin to sacer sacred.] 1. A 
holy or godly person ; any true Christian, as being con- 
secrated to God. 2. One of the blessed in heaven. 3. 
{Eccl.) One canonized by the church. [Abbrev. St.~\ 

Saint Anthony's fire, erysipelas ; — so called because it 
was supposed to have been cured by 
the intercession of Saint Anthony. — 
Saint Bernard (Zo'dl.), a breed of large, 
handsome 
dogs formerly 
bred chiefly 
at the Hos- 
pice of St. 
Bernard i n 
Switzerland 




—Saint Elmo's fire, aluminous, flamelike appearance, some- 
times seen in dark, stormy nights, at some prominent 
point on a ship. It is due to discharge of electricity. It 
takes its name from St. Elmo, the patron saint of sailors. 

— Saint John's-wort (Bot.), any plant of the genus Hyper- 
icum, most species of which have yellow flowers. — Saint 
Martin's summer, a season of mild, damp weather fre- 
quently prevailing during late autumn in England and the 
Mediterranean countries ; — from St. Martin's festival, 
occxirring on November 11. It corresponds to the Indian 
summer in America. — Saint Vitua's dance (Med.), chorea ; 

— from the supposed cures of this disease wrought on 
intercession to this saint. 

Saint (sant), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sainted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Sainting.] To make a saint of; to canonize. 

Saint/ed, a. 1. Consecrated ; sacred ; holy ; pious. 
2. Entered into heaven ; — a euphemism for dead. 

Saint'hood (-hdod), n. 1. State of being a saint. 2. 
Saints, collectively. 

Saint'ly, a. {Compar. Saintlier (-lT-er) ; superl. 
Saintliest.] Like a saint; becoming a holy person. — 
Saint 'li-ness (-lT-nes), n. 

Saint'ship, n. Character or qualities of a saint. 

Saith (seth), archaic 3d pers. sing.pres. of Say. 

Sake (sak), n. [OE. sake cause, also, lawsuit, AS. 
sacu strife ; akin to G-. sache thing, AS. sacan to strive.] 
Final cause ; end ; purpose of obtaining ; cause ; motive ; 
re ason ; interest ; concern ; account ; regard ; respect. 

dgg^The -s of the possessive case preceding sake is 
sometimes omitted for euphony. The plural sakes is 
often used with a possessive plural. 

Sa'ker (sa'ker), n. [F. sacre, prob. fr. Ar. caqr hawk.] 
1. (Zo'dl.) (a) A kind of falcon native of Southern 
Europe and Asia. (b) The peregrine falcon. \Prov. 
Eng.~\ 2. (Mil.) A small piece of artillery. 



HSal(s51),n. [L. See Salt.] (Chem. & Pharm.) Salt. 

Sal ammoniac, ammonium chloride, having a sharp, salty 
taste. — Sal soda (Chem.), sodium carbonate. 

II Salaam' (sa-lam'), n. Same as Salam. 

Sal' able (sal'a-b'l), a. [From Sale.] Capable of being 
sold; fit to be sold. — Sal'a-ble ness, n. — Sal'a-bly, adv. 

Sa-la'cious (sa-la'shus), a. [L. salax, -ads, fond of 
leaping, lustful, fr. salire to leap.] Having a propensity 
to venery ; lustful ; lecherous. — Sa-la'cious ly , adv. — 
Sa-la'cious-ness, n. 

Sa-lac'i-ty (sa-laVT-ty), n. Quality of being salacious. 

Sal'ad (sXl'ad), n. [F. salade, Olt. salala, fr. mlare 
to salt, fr. L. sal salt.] A relish of vegetables, dressed 
with salt, vinegar, oil, and spice ; also, a similarly dressed 
dish of chopped meat or fish with lettuce, etc. 

Sal'ae-ra'tUS (sSl'e-ra'tds), n. See Saleratus. 

Sal'al-ber/ry (sSl'Sl-beVry), n. [Prob. American In- 
dian.] (Bot.) The grapelike edible fruit of Gaultheria 
Shallon, an ericaceous shrub of the Western U. S. 

II Salam' (sa-lam'), n. [Ar. salam peace, safety.] A 
salutation or compliment of ceremony in the East ; a bow- 
ing very low and placing the right palm on the forehead. 

Sal'a-man'der (sai'a-maVder), n. [Through F. & L. 
fr. Gr. a-aKafxavSpa.] (Zo'dl.) 1. Any one of numerous 
species of scaleless uzardlike animals, related to the frogs. 




Spotted Salamander 
(AmblyMoma piatctatum), 

dgg^ Formerly, it was a superstition that the salaman- 
der could live in fire without harm. 

2. The pouched gopher of the Southern United States. 
Sal a-man'drine (sal'a-man'drm), a. Of, pertaining 

to, or resembling, a salamander ; enduring fire. 

Sal'a-ried (sal'a-rid), a. Receiving a salary ; paid by 
a salary ; having a salary attached. 

Sal'a-ry (-ry), n. [L. solarium salt money, money 
paid to soldiers for salt, deriv. of sal salt.] The recom- 
pense or consideration paid, or stipulated to be paid, to 
a person at regular intervals for services ; stipend ; hire. 

(IglF" Recompense for services paid at, or reckoned by, 
short intervals, as a day or week, is usually called ivages. 

Sal'a-ry, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Salaried (-rid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Salarying (-ri-ing).] To pay, or agree to pay, 
a salary to ; to attach a salary to. 

Sale (sal), n. [Icel. sala, sal, akin to E. sell.'] 1. Act 
of selling ; transfer of property for a valuable considera- 
tion, or for a price in money. 2. Opportunity of sell- 
ing ; demand ; market. 3. Auction. 

Sale'a-ble (-a-b'i), a., Sale'a-bly, adv., etc. See 
Salable, Salably, etc. [tubers of various orchids. I 

Sal'ep (sal'ep), n. [Ar. sahleb.'] The edible dried | 

SaFe-ra'tUS (sal'e-ra'tus), n. [NL. sal aeratus ; — so 
called because it is a source of fixed air (carbon dioxide). 
See Sal ; Aerated.] (Old Chem.) Aerated salt ; a white 
crystalline substance consisting of sodium bicarbonate: 

Sales'man (salz'man), n. One who sells anything. 

Sales'wom'an (salz'wdom'an), n. A woman whose 
occupation is to sell goods. 

Sale'work' (sal'wfirk'), n. Work or things made 
for sale; hence, work done carelessly or slightingly. 

Sal'ic (sSl'Tk), a. [F. salique, fr. the Saltan Franks, 
who, in the fifth century, formed a body of laws called in 
Latin leges Salicse.] Of or pert, to the Salian Franks, or 
the Salic law (so called), by which women were excluded 
from the inheritance of landed property. [salient I 

Sa'li-ence (sa'lT-ens), n. Quality or state of be ; ng| 

Sa'li-en-cy (-en-s^), n. Quality of being salient. 

Sa'li-ent (-ent), a. [L. salie7>s, -enlis, p. pr. of salire 
to leap.] 1. Moving by leaps or springs; leaping; 
bounding ; jumping. 2. Shooting out or up ; projecting. 

3. Hence, fig., forcing itself on the attention ; prominent ; 
conspicuous ; noticeable. — Sa'li-ent-ly, adv. 

Sa-lif'er-OUS (sa-li fer-iis), a. [L. sal salt -f -ferous.] 
Producing, or impregnated with, salt. 

Sal'i fi'a-ble (sal'T-fi'a-b'l), a. [See Salify.] Capable 
of neutralizing an acid to form a salt ; — said of bases. 

Sal'i-fy (-fi), v. t. [L.saZ-f -/?/.] (Chem.) (a) To com- 
bine or impregnate with a salt, (b) To form asalt with ; 
to convert into a salt. — Sal if i-ca'tion (-f T-ka'shun), n. 

Saline (salfn or sa-lln'), a. [F. salin, fr. L. sal salt.] 
1. Consisting of salt, or containing salt. 2. Of the qual- 
ity of salt ; salty. — Sa-line'ness (-lln'ne's), n. 

Saline (sa'lin or sa-lin'), n. A salt spring or bed. 



fere, recent, drb, rude, full, iirn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SALINITY 



720 



SALVABLE 







Salinity faMYnT-tfr), »• Salinenesa. 

SaltQUO (•Oik [F.] Salic. 

Sa il'va (afc-lPvA), u. [L.] (Physiol.) The secretion 
from the salivary fluids ; spittle. 

Sa-li'val (-TOl), </. Olivary. 

Salivary : ' ysiol.) Of or pertain- 

prodac ia g or carrying saliva. 

Salivate (-vit)i r. /. [im/i. A ,/>. p. Salivated 
(-rS'tSd) ; ;>• pr. X *b. n. Salivating.] [L. salivare, 
- a Saliva.] To produce an abnormal flow 
i in. as by the use of mercury. 

Sal i-va'tion J,-va'shun1. it. (Ptii/siol.) Act or process 
ing : an excessive secretion of saliva. [saliva. I 

Sa-li'vous vsa-li'vusl. (7. Pert, to, or of the nature of, | 

Sal'len-ders (aSyisn-den), n. pi. [F. solandres, so- 
(F<tr.) An eruption on the hind leg of a horse. 

Sal let (sffllft), n. [F. salade, fr. L. (cassis) caelata, 
fr. caelart. caelatum, to engrave ;— from the engraved 
figures.] A light kind of helmet, with or without a visor. 

Sallow (wit), »• [AS. sealh; akin to G. salweide, 
L. Mite, Gr. eAi'oj.] 1. The willow; willow twigs. 
2. {BoL) Any one of several species of willow, 
esp. those which do not have flexible shoots. 

SallOW. a. [Compar Sallower (-er) ; superl. Sal- 
lowest. J [AS. sal".] Having a yellowish color; of a 
pale color, tinged with yellow. — SallOW-ness, n. 

Sally (sSWy), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sallied (-lid) ; 
i >b. n. Sallying.] [F. saillir, fr. L. sal ire to 
leap, spring.] To leap or rush out ; to issue suddenly. 

Sally. «. 1- A leaping forth ; a darting ; a spring. 
2. A rushing forth ; a sudden eruption ; specif., an issuing 
of troops from a place besieged to attack the besiegers ; 
a sortie. 3. An excursion from the usual track ; digres- 
sion. 4. A flight of fancy, liveliness, wit, or the like. 
5. Wild gayety : frolic ; escapade. 

Sally Lunn' (lun'). [From the woman said to have 
first made them.] A tea cake slightly sweetened, and 
raised with yeast. 

Sal ma-giin'di (saTrna-gun'dT), n. [F. salmigondis ; 
of uncertain origin.] 1. A mixture of chopped meat and 
pickled herring, with oil, vinegar, pepper, and onions. 
2. Hence, a mixture of various ingredients ; olio ; med- 
ley : potpourri ; miscellany. 

Salm'on I'sam'un), n. [F. saumon, fr. L. salmo, 
-on is.] 1. (Zool.) Any one of several species of valu- 
able foodfishes of northern climates. They ascend from 
the sea to the head waters of rivers to spawn. 




Common Salmon of Europe and Eastern North America 
( Sal mo sal a r). 

2. A reddish yellow or orange color, like a salmon's flesh. 
Salmon trout. (Zool.\ (a) The European sea trout, (b) 
The American natnaycush. (c) Also, the adult black 
spotted trout, and the steelhead, and other large trout 
of the Pacific coast ; — locally so called. 

Salm'on, a. Of a reddish yellow or orange color, like 
that of the flesh of the salmon. 

Sa lon'<'sa'16>-'), n. [F. See Saloon.] Areception 
apartment ; hence, a fashionable party. 

Sa-loon' (sa-lobn'), n. [F. salon, fr. F. salle a large 
room, a hall, of German or Dutch origin.] 1. A spacious 
and elegant apartment for the reception of company or 
for works of art ; esp. , a hall for public entertainments or 
amusements. 2. Popularly, a public room for a specific 
use ; esp.. a barroom or grogshop. 

Sal'pa (s&Vpa), n. pfL. : cf. L. salpa a kind of 
stockfish.] (Zool.) A genus of tubular, free-swimming 
oceanic tunicates found in all the warmer latitudes. 
Sal'sa-fy (aH'sft-fy), n. (Bot.) Salsify. 
Sal'slfy fsSl'si-fyV. n. [F. aalsifis.] (Bot.) The oys- 
ter plant (Tragopogon porrifolius). 

Sal so/da '.-aTso'da >, n. See Sol soda, under Sal. 

_ Salt < -alt |, ■„. [AS. sealt ; akin to G. salz, L. sol, Gr. 

1. Chloride of sodium, a substance used for sea- 

Boniug food, preserving meat, etc. 2. Hence, flavor ; 

taste ; savor : seasoning. 3. Hence, also, piquancy ; wit ; 

4 A saltcellar. 5. A sailor ; — usually with old. 

6. (Chem.) The neutral compound formed by 

ii of an acid and a base. 7. Fig. : That which 

- from corruption or error. 8. pi. Any mineral 

■alt used as an aperient or cathartic. 



Salt (salt), a. [Compar. Salter (-er); superl. Salt- 
est.] 1. Of or pert, to salt; abounding in, or contain- 
ing, salt ; prepared or preserved with, or tasting of, salt ; 
salted. 2. Overflowed with, or growing in, salt water.' 
3. Fig. : Bitter ; sharp ; pungent. 4. Fig. : Lustful. 

Salt horse, salted beef. [«S/ang>] — Salt junk, hard salted 
beef for use at sea. [Slang] 

Salt, v. /. [imp. & p. p. Salted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Salting.] To sprinkle, impregnate, or preserve with salt. 

To salt a mine, to artfully deposit minerals in a mine in 
order to deceive purchasers regarding its value. [Cant] 

Sal'tant (sa"l't<mt), a. [L. saltans, p. pr. of sal tare to 
dance, v. intens. fr. satire to leap.] Leaping ; jumping ; 
dancing. 

Sal-ta'tion (s51-ta'shun), n. 1. A leaping or jump- 
ing. 2. Beating or palpitation. 3. (Biol.) An abrupt 
and marked variation in the condition or appearance of 
a species. [ing; saltatory. I 

Sal ta-to'ri-al (sal'ta-to'rT-ol), a. Relating to leap-| 

Sal'ta-to-ry (sal'ta-to-ry), a. Leaping or dancing;, 
having the power of, or used in, leaping or dancing. 

Salt'cel-lar (salt'sSl-ler), n. [OE. saltsaler ; salt -f 
F. saliere saltcellar, fr. L. sal salt.] Formerly, a large 
vessel, now, a small vessel, of glass or other material, used 
for holding salt on the table. 

Salt'er (-er), n. One who makes, sells, or applies salt. 

Salt'ern (-ern), n. A place where salt is made. 

Sal'tier (sal'ter). n. See Saltire. 

SaFti-grade (sal'tT-grad), a. [L. saltus a leap -f gradi 
to walk, go.] {Zool.) Having feet or legs formed for 
leaping, as the leaping spiders. 

Sal'tire (sal'ter), n. [F. sautoir, fr. LL. saltatorium 
a sort of stirrup, fr. L. saltatorius saltatory.] (Her.) A 
St. Andrew's cross, or cross in the form of an X. 

Saltish (salt'Tsh), a. Somewhat salt. 

Salt'ness (salt'nes), n. Quality or state of beins; salt. 

Salt'pe'ter ) (-pe'ter), n. [F. salpetre, NL. sal pe- 

Salt'pe'tre ) trae, lit. , rock salt ; — because it exudes 
from rocks.] (Chem.) Potassium nitrate, or niter, — a 
white crystalline substance of a cooling saline taste. 

Salt' rheum' (salt' rum'). (Died.) Any one of vari- 
ous cutaneous eruptions, esp. those of eczema. 

Salt'wort' (-wurtO, n. (Bot.) Any one of several 
plants which grow on the seashore, as glasswort. 

Salt'y (-y)> a. Somewhat salt ; saltish. 

Sa-lul)ri-OUS (sa-lu'bri-us), a. [L. salubris, or salu- 
ber, fr. salus health : akin to salvus safe, sound.] Fa- 
vorable to health ; healthful ; promoting health. — Sa- 
lutri-ous-ry, adv. — Sa-lu'bri-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Healthful: wholesome; healthy; salutary. 

Sa-lulm-ty (-ty), n. Quality of being salubrious. 

Sal'U-ta-ry (sal'u-ta-ry), a. 1. "Wholesome ; health- 
ful ; promoting health. 2. Promotive of, or contributing 
to, some beneficial purpose. — Sal'U-ta-ri-ly (-ri-ly), adv. 
— Sal'u-ta-ri-ness, n. 

Syn.— Salubrious: beneficial; advantageous: profitable. 

Sal U-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of saluting ; a greet- 
ing of good will, respect, or reverence ; also, that which 
is uttered or done in saluting or greeting. 

Syn. — Greeting ; salute ; address. — Greeting is the 
general word for all manner of expressions of recogni- 
tion made when persons meet or communicate with each 
other. Salutation more usually implies uttered respect 
or well wishing, and is used of expressions at parting as 
well as at meeting. Sahde is commonly used to denote a 
conventional demonstration not expressed in words. 

Sa-lU'ta-tO'ri-an (sa-lu'ta-to'rT-on), n. The student 
who pronounces the salutatory oration, — usually that 
member of the graduating class who ranks second in 
scholarship. [U. S.~\ 

Sa-lu'ta-tO-ry (-lu'ta-to-ry), a. Containing or express- 
ing salutation ; — applied esp. to the oration introducing 
the Commencement exercises, or similar exhibitions, in 
American colleges, —n. The salutatory oration. 

Sa-lute / (sa-luf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saluted : p. pr. 
& vb. n. Saluting.] [L. salutare, -atum, from salus, 
-utis, health, safety.] 1. To address, as with expressions 
of kind wishes and courtesy ; to greet ; to hail- 2. Hence,, 
to give a sign of good will ; to compliment by an act or 
ceremony, as a kiss, a bow, etc. 3. [MB. & Xaval) To 
honor by some conventional act, as by a discharge of 
cannon or small arms, by dipping colors, or by cheers. 

Sa-lUte' (sa-luf), n. 1. A saluting; salutation. 2. A 
sign, token, or ceremony, or other conventional act per- 
formed as an expression of good will, compliment, or re- 
spect, by one who salutes. 

Sa-lut'er (-lufer), n. One who salutes. 

Sal'va-ble (sal'va-b'l), a. [L. salvare to save, fr. 
salvus safe.] Capable of being saved. 



a, 5, 1, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SALVAGE 



721 



SANDALWOOD 



Sal'vage (sSl'vaj ; 48), n. [F., fr. OF. salver to save, 
It. L. salvare to save.] 1. Act of saving a vessel, goods, 
or life, from perils of the sea. 2. {Maritime Law) (a) 
The compensation allowed to persons who voluntarily 
assist in saving a ship or her cargo from peril. (ft) That 
part of the property that is saved from the peril. 

Sal-va'tlon (s51-va'shun), n. [F., fr. L. salvalio, fr. 
salvare to save.] 1. Act of saving; preservation or de- 
liverance from destruction, danger, or great calamity. 

2. (Theol.) The redemption of man from the bondage of 
sin and liability to eternal death. 3. That which saves. 

Salvation Army, an organization for Christian evangeli- 
zation, esp. among the degraded in cities. 

Sal-va'tion-ist, n. An evangelist : a member or a re- 
cruit of the Salvation Army. [be well.] Hail ! I 

II Sal/ve (-ve), inter j. [L., hail, imperat. of salvere to | 

Salve (sav), n. [AS. seal/ ointment; akin to G. 
salbe.] An adhesive composition or substance to be 
applied to wounds or sores. 

Salve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salved (savd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Salving.] To heal by applications or medica- 
ments ; to apply salve to ; hence, to heal ; to soothe. 

Salve (salv), v. t. & i. [See Salvage.] To save, as a 
ship or goods, from the perils of the sea. [Recent] 

Sal'ver (sal'ver), n. [Cf. Salvage.] A salvor. 

Sal'ver, n. [Sp. salva the tasting of viands before 
they are served, salver, f r. salvar to taste, f r. L. salvare to 
«ave.] A tray or waiter on which anything is presented. 

II Sal'vi-a (sal'vT-a). n. [L., sage.] (Bol.) A genus of 
plants including the sage. 

Sal'VO (sal'vo), n. ; pi. -vos (-voz). [L. salvo jure, 
lit., right reserved.] Exception; reservation; excuse. 

Sal'VO, n. [F. salve a discharge of heavy cannon, L. 
salve hail, imperat. of salvere to be well, akin to salvus 
well. See Safe.] 1. {Mil.) A concentrated fire from 
pieces of artillery ; a volley. 2. A salute paid by a vol- 
ley from a number of cannon. 

Sal'vor (-ver), n. [See Salvation, Save.] (Law) One 
who, without being under special obligation, assists in 
the saving a ship or goods at sea. 

Sa-ma'ra (sa-ma'ra or sam'- 
a-ra), n. [L. samara, samera, 
the seed of the elm.] {Bot.) A 
dry, indehiscent, usually one- 
seeded, winged fruit, as of the 
ash, maple, and elm. 

Sa-ma'ri-um (sa-ma'ri-um), 
n. [NL., fr. E. samarskite.~\ 
{Chem.) A rare metal of doubt- 
ful identity. 

Sa-mar'skite (sa-mar'skit), 
n. [After Samarski, a Russian.] 
{Min.) A kind of velvet-black mineral. 

Sam'bo (sani'bo), n. [Sp. zambo, sambo.] A negro; 
— colloquially or humorously so called ; sometimes, the 
offspring of a black person and a mulatto. 

Same (sain), a. [AS. same, adv. ; akin to Gr. 6/u.ds, 
Skr. sama, Gr. 6/u.otos like, L. simul at the same time ; 
similis like, and E. some, a., -some.] 1. Not different or 
other ; identical ; unchanged. 2. Being of like kind, spe- 
cies, sort, dimensions, etc.; corresponding ; similar ; like. 

3. Just mentioned, or just about to be mentioned. 
ffi^T" Same is commonly preceded by the, this, or that, 

and is often used substantively. In a comparative use it 
is followed by as or ivith. 

Same'ness. n. 1. State of being the same ; identity ; 
correspondence. 2. Hence, want of variety ; monotony. 

Syn. — Identity ; identicalness ; similarity ; oneness. 

Sa'mi-el (sa'rnT-el), n. [Turk, sam-yeli ; Ar. samm 
poison -4- Turk, yel wind.] A hot and destructive wind, 
in Turkey, identical with the simoom of Arabia. 

Sa'mite (sa'niit), n. [OF. samit, deriv. of Gr. e| six 
-4- hCtos a thread.] A species of silk stuff, or taffeta, gen- 
erally interwoven with gold. 

II Sa'mo-var (sii'mo-var), n. [Russ. samovar 1 .'] A 
kind of metal urn used in Russia for making tea. 

Samp (s;Cnip), n. [From American Indian sapac, 
■saupac, made soft, or thinned.] Maize broken or bruised, 
and cooked by boiling ; coarse hominy. 

II Sam/pan (sam'pan), n. A kind of Chinese boat from 
12 to 15 feet long, covered with a house. 

Sam'phire (sam'fir or sam'fer), n. [F. l'herbe de 
Saint Pierre.] {Bot.) {a) A fleshy, umbelliferous Euro- 
pean plant {Crithmum maritimum) growing among rocks 
along the seacoast, and used for pickles. (6) A species of 
glasswort {Salicornia herbaeea) ; marsh samphire. 

Sam'ple (sam'p'l), n. [OF. essample, example, fr. L. 
exemplum. See Example.] 1. Example ; pattern. [Obs.] 




a Double Samara of Moun- 
tain Maple; 6 Samara of 
White Elm. 



2. A part of anything presented for inspection, or shown 
as evidence of the quality of the whole ; a specimen. 

Syn. — Specimen ; example. See Specimen. 

Sam'ple (sSin'p'l), v. t. To take or test a sample or 
samples of. 

Sam'pler (-pier), n. 1. One who makes up samples 
for inspection ; one who examines samples, or by sam- 
ples. 2. A pattern; a specimen; esp., a collection of 
needlework patterns, as letters, borders, etc. 

San'a-ble (siSn'a-b'l), a. [L. sanabilis, fr. sanare to 
heal, fr. sanus sound, healthy.] Capable of being healed 
or cured ; susceptible of remedy ; curable. — San a-bil'- 
i-ty (-btl'T-ty), San'a-ble-ness. n. 

San'a-tive (s£n'a-tiv), a. Having the power to cure or 
heal ; tending to heal ; sanatory. — San'a-tive-ness. n. 

San a-to'rl-um (-to'rT-um), n. [NL. See Sanatory.] 
An establishment or resort for invalids ; a sanitarium. 

San'a-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. [L. sanalorius, fr. L. sanare 
to heal.] Conducive to health ; tending to cure ; heal- 
ing ; curative ; sanative. 

N3r* Sanatory signifies conducive to health, while sani- 
tary has the more general meaning of pertaining to health. 

Sane ti-fi-ca'tion (sSnk'tT-fT-ka'shun),^ A sanctify- 
ing ; state of being sanctified. [the Holy Spirit. I 

Sanc'ti-fi'er (-fi'er), n. One who sanctifies ; specif., | 

Sanc'ti-fy (-fl), v. t. limp. & p. p. Sanctified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctifying (-fl'Tng).] [F. sanctifier, L. 
sanctificare ; sanctus holy -4- -ficare to make. See Saint, 
and -fy.] 1. To make sacred or holy ; to set apart to a 
holy or religious use ; to hallow. 2. To make free from 
sin ; to purify. 3. To make efficient as the means of 
holiness. 4. To impart or impute sacredness, venerable- 
ness, inviolability, or the like, to ; to give sanction to. 

Sanc'ti-mo'ni-OUS (sank'ti-nio'nT-us), a. 1. Possess- 
ing sanctimony ; holy ; sacred ; saintly. 2. Making a 
show of sanctity ; hypocritically devout or pious. — Sane - 
ti-mo'ni-ous-ly, adv. — Sane ti-mo'nl-ous-ness, n. 

Sanc'ti-mo-ny (sank'tT-nio-ny)» n. [L. sanctimonia, 
fr. sanctus holy.] Holiness; sanctity; esp., outward or 
artificial saintliness ; hypocritical devoutness. 

Sanc'tion (-shun), n. [L. sanctio, fr. sancire, sanctum, 
to render sacred or inviolable, to fix unalterably.] 1. 
Solemn or ceremonious ratification ; official ratification by 
a superior of the act of some other person or body ; con- 
firmation ; approbation. 2. Anything done or said to en- 
force the will, law, or authority of another ; countenance. 

Syn. — Authorization ; authority ; countenance. 

Sanc'tion, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Sanctioned (-shund) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctioning.] To give sanction to; to 
ratify ; to confirm ; to approve. 

Sanc'ti-tude (-tT-tud), 7i. Holiness ; sacredness. [R.] 

Sanc'ti-ty (-ty), n. 1. State or quality of being sa- 
cred or holy ; holiness ; saintliness ; moral purity ; god- 
liness. 2. Sacredness : solemnity ; inviolability. 

Syn. —Piety; devotion; goodness; religiousness. 

Sanc'tU-a-ry (-tu-a-ry), n. [OF. saintuaire, fr. L. 
sanctuarium, fr. sanctus holy.] A sacred place ; a conse- 
crated spot ; a holy and inviolable site. Hence, a sacred 
and inviolable asylum ; a place of refuge and protection. 

Sanc'tum (sank'tum), n. [L., p. p. of sancire to con- 
secrate.] A sacred place ; hence, a place of retreat ; a 
room reserved for personal use. 

Sanc'tUS (-tus), n. [L. sanctus, p. p. of sancire.] 

1. {Eccl.) A part of the Mass, or, in Protestant churches, 
a part of the communion service, of which the first words 
in Latin are Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus [Holy, holy, holy]. 

2. {3£us.) An anthem composed for these words. 
Sanctus bell, a bell rung at the singing of the Sanctus, 

at the conclusion of the ordinary of the Mass, and at the 
elevation of the host. 

Sand (sand), n. [AS. sand ; akin to G. sand.] 1. Fine 
particles of stone, esp. of siliceous stone, but not reduced 
to dust. 2. A grain of sand. [R.] 3. The sand in the 
hourglass ; hence, a moment or interval of time. 4. pi. 
Tracts of land consisting of sand, as some deserts ; also, 
tracts of sand exposed by the ebb of the tide. 5. Cour- 
age ; pluck ; grit. [Slang] 

Sand (sand), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Sanding.] To sprinkle, cover, or mix, with sand. 

San'dal. n. Sandalwood. 

San'dal, n. [F. sandale, L. san- 
dalium, Gr. o-av8d\iov, dim. of aav- 
hakov.] {a) A kind of shoe con- 
sisting of a sole strapped to the 
foot, {b) A kind of slipper, (e) 
An overshoe with parallel openings 

a °San'd£-wS (**■**»■'). °»<*>«"°< s «*'" 
n. [F. sandal, santal, fr. Ar. candal, or Gr. travraXov i 




tiLxn, recent, arb, rude, full, ton, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, BLng, ink, then, thin. 
46 



N 



SA^DARAC 



722 



SAPPHIRE 



both ultimately fr. Skr. candana.] (Bot.) The fragrant, 
i heartwoodof certain East Indian and Polyne- 



(Geol.) 




the heartwood of either of two legumi- 

vs of liulia. being ■ heavy, dark red dyewood. 

San'da-rach ( ^n'da-rilk). h. [L. sandai-ara, Gr. 

San'da-rac 1 <r<w8apdicq.] 1. (Min.) Red sulphide 
of arsenic. 2. (Bot. Chem.) A white or yellow resiu ob- 
tained from ■ B.ubary tree, and pulverized for pounce. 

Sand'bag ger (stnd'blg gSr), n. An assaulter whose 
weapon is ■ bag rilled with Band, used as a club. 

Sand'ed. <'. 1. Covered or sprinkled with sand ; 
sandy ; barren. 2. Marked with small spots ; speckled. 

San'der-llng (sXnMer-lTng), 7i. [Sand + -ling.] 
V small gray and brown sandpiper (Calidris 
very common on Bandy beaches. 

Sanders (-derz), n. [See Sandal.] Sandalwood ; 
now. the red sandalwood only. 

Sand'glass (silnd'glas), 7(. An hourglass, [sandy. I 

Sand'i ness ( -I-nes), n. Quality or state of being | 

San'di-ver (san'dl-ver), «. [Etym. uncertain.] A 
whitish BCum cast up from the fused materials of glass. 

Sand'man (.sand'mauO, n. A person fabled to make 
children sleepy, so that they rub their eyes as if there 
were sand in them. 

Sand'pa per (-pa'per), n. Paper covered on one side 
with sand glued fast, — used for smoothing and polish- 
ing. — V. t. To smooth or polish with sandpaper. 

Sand'pi per (-pi'per), n. 1. (Zo'61.) Any one of nu- 
merous species of small, limicoline 
game birds. [See Musts, of Dunlin, 
and Upland Sandpiper.] 

Sand'stone' (-ston'), n. 
A rock made of sand 
more or less firmly 
united. 

Band'wich 

(-wlch), n. [Named 
from the Earl of Sand- 
wich.] Two pieces of 
bread and butter with 
a thin slice of meat, 
cheese, or the like, 
between them. Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macula- 

Sand'wich, v. t. ria). 

[imp. & p. p. Sandwiched (-wicht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sand- 
wiching.] To make into a sandwich ; also, fig., to insert 
between or form of alternate parts or things. 

Sand'wort' (-wGrf), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus 
Arenaria, — low, tufted herbs of the order Caryophylla- 
ceae. [See Must, under Flower.] 

Sand'y (-y), a. [Compar. Sandier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Sandiest.] [AS. sandig.~\ 1. Consisting of, abounding 
with, or resembling, sand ; full of sand. 2. Of the color 
of sand ; of a light yellowish-red color. 

Sane(san),«. [L. sanus.] 1. Being in a healthy con- 
dition ; not deranged ; acting rationally ; — said of the 
mind. 2. Mentally sound ; possessing a rational mind ; — 
said of persons. — Sanely, adv. — Sane'ness, n. 

Syn. — Sound ; healthy ; underanged ; unbroken. 

Sang (sang), imp. of Sing. 

San ga-ree' (sSn/ga-re'), n. [Sp. sangria, lit., bleed- 
ing, from sangre blood, L. sanguis."] Wine and water 
sweetened and spiced, — a favorite West Indian drink. 

l!Sang'-froid'(saN'frwa'), n. [F., cold blood.] Free- 
dom from agitation or excitement ; coolness ; calmness. 

San-guif'er-OUS (san-gwlfer-us), a. [L. sanguis 
blood -f- -ferous.] {Physiol.) Conveying blood. 

San'gui-fy (s5n'gwi-fi), v. t. [L. sanguis blood + 
•fy.~\ To produce blood from. 

San/gui-na-ry (-na-ry), a. [L. sanguinarius, fr. san- 
guis blood.] 1. Attended with much bloodshed ; bloody ; 
murderous. 2. Bloodthirsty ; cruel. — San'gui-na-ri-ly, 
adv. — San'gui-na-ri-ness, n. 

San'guine (sSn'gwTn), a. [F. sanguin, L. sangui- 
neus, fr. sanguis blood.] 1. Blood-red. 2. Character- 
ized by abundance and active circulation of blood. 3. 
Warm ; ardent. 4. Anticipating the best ; hopeful. — 
San'guine-ly, adv. — San'guine-ness, n. 

San'guine, v. t. To stain with blood ; to ensanguine. 

San-guin'e-ous (sSn-gwTn'e-us), a. 1. Abounding 
with blood : sanguine. 2. Of or pertaining to blood ; 
bloody ; constituting blood. 3. Blood-red ; crimson. 

San-guiv'o-rous (sXn-gwiv'o-rus), a. [L. sanguis. 
vorare to devour.] (Zo'61.) Subsisting upon 
Uopd ; — said of certain blood-sucking animals. 

SanTie-drin (hSn'hfe-drTn), \ n. [Heb. sanhedrin, fr. 

San'he-drim CsaVhe-drim), J Gr. avveSpiov ; <ruv 



with -f- eSpa a seat.] (Jewish Antiq.) The great coun- 
cil of seventy members and the high priest. 

San'i-cle (san'T-k'l), n. [F., fr. L. sanare to heal.] 
(Bot.) Any plant of an umbelliferous genus (Sanicula) 
reputed to have healing powers. 

II Sa'ni-es (sa'nT-ez), n. [L.] (Med.) A thin, serous 
fluid commonly discharged from ulcers or foul wounds. 

Sa'ni-ous (-us), a. [L. saniosus, fr. sanies.] (Med.) 
Pertaining to, like, or characterized by, sanies. 

San i ta'ri an (sSn'i-ta'rT-an), a. Sanitary. 

San i-ta'ri-an, n. An advocate of sanitary measures. 

San i-ta'ri-um (-ta'ri-um), n. [NL. See Sanitary.] 
A health station or retreat ; a sanatorium. 

San'i-ta-ry (sSn'T-ta-rJ), a. [L. sanitas health.] Of 
or pertaining to health ; designed to secure or preserve 
health ; hygienic. See the Note under Sanatory. 

San i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of reudering sanita- 
ry ; science of sanitary conditions ; hygiene. [sane. I 

San'i-ty (san'I-ty), n. Condition or quality of being] 

Sank (sank), imp. of Sink. 

San'nop (sSn'nop), ) n. A male Indian ; a brave ; — 

San'nup (-nup), { correlative of squaw. 

II Sans (saN ; E. sanz), prep. [F., fr. L. sine with- 
out.] Without ; destitute of. Rare as an English word. 

San'scrit (san'skrit), n. See Sanskrit. 

II Sans'-CUlotte' (F. saVku'lot' ; E. sanz'ku-lot/), n. 
[F., without breeches.] A fellow without breeches; — 
a name of reproach given in the first French revolution 
to the extreme republicans, who rejected breeches as 
peculiar to the aristocracy, and adopted pantaloons. 
Hence, an extreme republican ; a revolutionist. 

San'skrit (san'skrit), n. [Skr. Samsljta the Sanskrit 
language, lit., the polished or classical language, fr. sam- 
skrta wrought, perfect ; sam together (akin to E. same) 
-\- krta made.] The ancient language of the Hindoos, 
now used only as the literary and sacred dialect of India. 
— a. Of, pertaining to, or written in, Sanskrit. 

Sap (sap), n. [AS. ssep; akin to G. saft; of uncer- 
tain origin.] 1. The juice of plants of any kind. 2. 
The sapwood, or alburnum, of a tree. 

Sap rot, the dry rot. 

Sap, ». t. [imp. & p. p. Sapped (sapt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Sapping.] [F. saper, fr. sape a sort of scythe, LL. 
sappa a sort of mattock.] 1. To subvert by digging or 
wearing away ; to undermine. 2. (Mil.) To pierce with 
saps. 3. To make unstable or infirm ; to weaken. 

Sap, v . i. To proceed by mining, or making saps. 

Sap, n. (Mil.) A trench made toward a besieged 
place by digging under cover of gabions, etc. 

Sap'id (sap'id), a, [L. sapidus, fr. sapere to taste.] 
Having the power of affecting the organs of taste. — 
Sap'id-ness, n. [sapid. I 

Sa-pid'l-ty (sa-pTd'T-ty ), n. Quality or state of being | 

Sa'pi-ence (sa'pT-ens), n. Quality of being sapient. 

Sa'pi-ent (-ent), a. [L. sapiens, -eniis, p. pr. of sapere 
to taste, to have sense, to know.] Wise ; sage ; discern- 
ing ; — often in irony or contempt. — Sa'pi-ent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Sage ; sagacious ; knowing ; wise ; discerning. 

Sap'less (saples), a. 1. Destitute of sap ; not juicy. 
2. Fig. : Dry ; withered ; spiritless. 

Sapling (-ling), n. A young tree. 

Sap'o-dil'la (sap'o-dil'ia), n. [Sp. zapote, sapolillo, 
zapotillo, Mexican cvchit-zapotl.] (Bot.) A tall, ever- 
green, tropical American tree (Achras sapota) ; also, its 
edible fruit, also called sapodilla plum.. 

Sap'0-na'ceous (sap'o-na'shiis), a. [L. sapo, -onis, 
soap, of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. soap.] Resem- 
bling soap ; having the qualities of soap ; soapy. 

Sa-pon'i-fi-ca'tion (sa-pon'T-f i-ka'shun), n. Act, proc- 
ess, or result, of saponifying. 

Sa-pon'i-fy (-pou'T-fi), v. t. [imp. Szp.p. Saponified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Saponifying (-fl'Ing).] [L. sapo, 
-onis, soap + -fy.] To convert into soap, as tallow or 
any fat; hence (Chem.), to subject to any similar process, 
as that which ethereal salts undergo in decomposition. 

Sap'O-rif'ic (sap'6-rTf'Ik), a. [L. sapor taste -[-fa- 
cere to make.] Producing taste, flavor, or relish. 

Sap o-ta'ceous (sap/6-ta'shus), a. (Bot.) Of, pertain- 
ing to, or designating, a natural order (Sapotacese.) of 
(mostly tropical) trees and shrubs, including the star 
apple, the natural marmalade tree, the gutta-percha tree, 
and the sapodilla. 

Sap'per (sap'per), n. One who saps or undermines. 

Sap'phic (sSf'ik), o. 1. Of or pert, to Sappho, the 
Grecian poetess. 2. (Pros. ) Designating a certain kind of 
verse attributed to Sappho. — n. (Pros. ) A Sapphic verse. 

Sap'phire (saflr or -er), n. [F. saphir, fr. L. sap- 
phirus, Gr. croTr^eipos ; of Oriental origin.] 1. (Min.), 



a-, e, I, o, u., long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y> short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, tinite,. c&re, arm, ask, all, fimri. 



SAPPHIRE 



723 



SATINWOOD 



Native alumina, or aluminium sesquioxide ; corundum ; 
esp., the blue transparent variety of corundum, highly 
prized as a gem. 2. The color of the gem ; bright blue. 

Sap'phire (sSflr or -er), a. Of or like sapphire. 

Sap'phir-ine (s5f'er-in), a. Resembling sapphire, as 
in color ; made of sapphire. 

Sap'py (sSp'py), a. [Corn-par. Sappier (-pT-er) ; sic- 
perl. Sappiest.] [From 1st Sap.] 1. Abounding with 
sap ; full of sap ; juicy ; succulent. 2. Hence, young ; 
not firm ; weak ; feeble. 3. Weak in intellect. [Low] 
— Sap'pi-ness, n. 

Sap'sa-gO (s5p'sa-g6), n. [G. schabzieger; schaben 
to scrape -f- zieger whey.] A kind of Swiss cheese. 

Sap' wood' (sap'wood'), n. (Bot.) The alburnum, or 
part of the wood of any exogenous tree next to the bark. 

Sar'a-band (sXr'a-band), n. [Through F. & Sp. fr. 
Per. serbend a song.] A slow Spanish dance of Sara- 
cenic origin, to an air in triple time ; also, the air itself. 

Sar'a-cen (-sen), n. [L. Saracenus ; origin uncertain.] 
Anciently, an Arab ; later, a Mussulman ; in the Middle 
Ages, a Mohammedan hostile to the crusaders. 

Sar a-cen'ic (-sSn'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to the 

Sara-cen'ic-al (-T-kal), ) Saracens. 

Sar'casm (sar'kaz'ra), n. [F. sarcasme, L. sarcas- 
mus, Gr. o-ap/eaoyids, from o-apicd£eiv to tear flesh like 
dogs, to speak bitterly, fr. <mp£, trap/cos, flesh.] A satir- 
ical remark uttered with some degree of scorn or con- 
tempt ; a cutting jest ; taunt ; gibe. 

Sar-cas'tic (-kas'tTk), ) a. Expressing, or expressed 

Sar-cas'tic-al (-tT-kal), J by, sarcasm ; of the nature 
of sarcasm ; given to sarcasm. — Sar-cas'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Sarce'net (sars'nSt), n. [OF. sarcenet; origin un- 
certain.] A fine, thin, silk fabric, used for linings, etc. 

Sar'CO- (s'ar'ko-). A combining form from Gr. erap£, 
o-apitos, flesh ; as, sarcophagous, flesh-eating ; sarcology. 

Sar'co-carp (-karp), n. [Sarco- + -carp.] (Bot.) 
The fleshy part of a stone fruit, as of a plum. 

Sar'COde (sar'kod), n. [Gr. aapKuSv? fleshy ; <rap£ 
flesh -f- elfios form.] (Biol.) Protoplasm. 

Sar'CO-lOg'ic (sar'ko-loj'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Sarco-log'ic-al (-loj'T-kal), J sarcology. 

Sar-COl'O-gy (sar-kol'6-jy), n. [Sarco- + -logy.] 
That part of anatomy which treats of the soft parts. 

II Sar-CO'ma (sar-ko'ina), n. ;pl. L. -comata (-k5m'a-ta 
or -kS'ma-ta), E. -comas (-ko'maz). [NL., fr. Gr. adp- 
KutfjLa, fr. o-dpg flesh.] (3fed.) Formerly, any one of va- 
rious fleshy tumors ; now, a malignant growth made up 
of cells without any proper intercellular substance. 

Sar-COph'a-gOUS (-kof'a-gus), a. (Zo'ol.) Feeding on 
flesh ; flesh-eating ; carnivorous. 

Sar-coph'a-gus (-gus), n. ; pi. L. -gi (-ji), E. -guses 
(-gus-ez). [L., fr. Gr. <rap/co0ayos, prop. , eating flesh ; 
<rap£, craped?, flesh -f- <j>ayeiv to eat.] 1. A species of 
limestone used among the Greeks for making coffins. It 
soon consumed the flesh of bodies deposited in it. 2. A 
coffin or chest-shaped tomb of this stone ; hence, any 
stone coffin or coffin-shaped memorial stone. 

Sard (sard), n. [L. sarda, Gr. o-dp&iov, or crapSio?, 
deriv. of SapSeis Sardes of Lydia.] (Min.) A variety of 
carnelian, of a rich reddish yellow or brownish red. 

Sar 'dine (sar'den or sar-den'), n. [F., fr. L. sardina, 
sarda; so 
called from the 
island of Sar- 
dinia, Gr. 2ap- 
6w.] (Zo'ol.) 
Any one of sev- 
eral small spe- 

common^Pr?- Eur °P ean Sardine (Clupea pilchardus). 
served in olive oil for food, esp. the pilchard. 

Sar'di-us (sar'dT-iis), n. [L. sardius. See Saed.] A 
kind of precious stone, probably a carnelian. 

Sar-don'ic (sar-don'Tk 1 ), a. [F. sardoniqne, L. sardo- 
nius, Gr. aapSdvios, aapSov tos ; origin uncertain.] Un- 
natural ; insincere ; hence, mocking, malignant ; — ap- 
plied only to some facial semblance of gayety^ 

Sardonic grin or laugh, an old medical term for a spasm 
of the face muscles, causing appearance of laughter. 

Sar'do-nyx (sar'do-nTks). n. [L., fr. Gr. o-apSovvg. 
See Sard, and Onyx.] (Min.) A variety of onyx con- 
sisting of sard and white chalcedony in alternate layers. 

Sar-gas'SO (sar-gas'so), n. [Sp. sargazo seaweed.] 
(Bot.) A floating seaweed of the North Atlantic. 

Sark (sark), n. [AS. serce, syrce.~\ A shirt. [Scot.] 

Sark, v. t. (Carp.) To cover with sarking. 

Sark'ing (sark'Tng), n. [From Sark shirt.] (Carp.) 
Thin boards for sheathing. 




Sar'ment (sar'mSnt), n. [L. sarmentum twig, fr. 
sarpere to cut off.] (Bot.) A prostrate filiform stem or 
runner. 

Sar men tose' (saVmSn-tos' or sar-meVtos), a. [L. 
xarmenlosus.] (Bot.) (a) Long and filiform, and al- 
most naked, or having leaves only at the joints where 
it strikes root ; as, a sarmentose stem. (6) Bearing sar- 
ments ; sarmentaceous. 
Sar-men'tOUS (sar-mSn'tus), a. (Bot.) Sarmentose. 
Sar sa-pa-ril'la (sar'sa-pa-ril'la), n. [Sp. zarzapar- 
rilla ; zarza a bramble -j- a word of uncertain origin.] 
(Bot.) (a) Any plant of several tropical American species 
of Smilax. (b) The bitter mucilaginous roots of such 
plants, used in medicine. 

Sarse (eBra), n. [F. sas, OF. saas, LL. selatium, fr. 
L. seta a stiff hair.] A fine sieve. [Obs.~] 
Sarse, v. I. To sift through a sarse. [Obs.] 
Sar'sen (sSr'B&a), n. [Etym. uncertain.] One of 
the large sandstone blocks scattered over the English 
chalk downs. [Eng.] 
Sarse'net (sars'net), n. See Sarcenet. 
Sar-tO'ri-al (afir-t5'rl-al), a. [From L. sartor tailor, fr. 
sarcire, sartum, to patch.] 1. Of or pert, to a tailor or his 
work. 2. (Anat.) Pert, to, or designating, a certain 
muscle of the thigh, called the tailor' 1 s muscle. 

Sash (sSsh), n. [Pers. shast a sort of girdle.] A scarf 
or band variously worn ; belt ; girdle. 

Sash, v . t. To adorn with a sash or scarf. 
Sash, n. [F. chassis, fr. chasse shrine, frame, L. 
capsa. See Case a box.] 1. The framing in which the 
panes of glass are set in a glazed window or door. 2. In 
a sawmill, the rectangular frame for the saw. 

Sash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sashed (sasht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Sashing.] To furnish with a sash or sashes. 

Sa'sin (sa'sin), n. (Zo'ol. ) The Indian antelope, noted 
for its beauty and swiftness. 

Sas'sa-fras (sas'sa-fras), n. [F., fr. L. sarifraga 
saxifrage. See Saxterage.] (Bot.) An American tree 
of the Laurel family (Sassafras officinale) ; also, the bark 
of the roots, which has an aromatic smell and taste. 

Sas'sy bark' (sas'sy bark'). (Bot.) The bark of a 
West African leguminous tree used by the natives as an 
ordeal poison, and also medicinally. 
Sat (sat), imp. of Sit. 

Sa'tan (sa't«n; sat'fln, 065.), n. [Heb. saltan an ad- 
versary, fr. satan to be adverse, to persecute.] The 
grand adversary of man ; the Devil, or Prince of dark- 
ness ; the chief of the fallen angels ; the archfiend. 
Sa-tan'ic (sa-tan'Tk), ) a. Of or pert, to Satan ; hav- 
Sa-tanlc-al (-T-kal), ) ing the qualities of Satan ; 
devilish. — Sa-tan'ic-al-ly, «d?>. — Sa-tan'ic-al-ness, re. 
Satch'el (sach'el), n. [OF. sachel, fr. L. saccellus, 
dim. of saccus. See Sack a bag.] A little sack or bag. 
Sate (sat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Sating.] [Prob. shortened fr. Satiate.] To satisfy the 
desire or appetite of ; to satiate ; to glut ; to surfeit. 
Sate (s£t ; rarely sat), archaic imp. of Srr. 
Sateen' (sat-en'), n. [Cf. Satin.] A kind of dress 
goods made of cotton or woolen, with a glossy surface. 

Sat'el-lite (sat'el-llt), n. [F., fr. L. safeties, -it is, an 
attendant.] 1. An attendant of a prince or potentate ; 
hence, an obsequious dependent. 2. (Astron.) A second- 
ary planet which revolves about another planet. 

Sa'ti-ate (sa'shl-at ; 48), a. [L. satiare, p. p. -alus, 
fr. sat, satis, enough.] Filled to satiety ; glutted ; sated. 
Sa'ti-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satiated (-a'ted) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Satiating.] 1. To satisfy the appetite 
or desire of ; to feed to the full ; to sate. 2. To gratify 
to repletion or loathing ; to surfeit ; to glut. 

Syn. — To satisfy ; sate ; suffice ; cloy ; gorge ; overfill ; 
surfeit; glut. —To content is to make contented, even 
though every desire or appetite is not fully gratified. To 
satisfy is to appease fully the longings of desire. To sati- 
ate is to fill so completely that it is not possible to receive 
or enjoy more ; hence, to overfill ; to cause disgust in. 
Sa'ti-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Satiety. 
Sa-ti'e-ty (sa-tl'e-ty), n. State of being satiated or 
glutted ; fullness of gratification ; excessive gratification. 
Syn. — Repletion ; satiation ; surfeit. 
Safin (sat'Tn), n. [F., fr. It. setino, fr. seta silk, 
prob. fr. L. seta a bristle.] A glossy silk cloth, of a thick, 
close texture, and overshot woof. 

Sat'i-net' (sat'T-nef), n. [F., fr. satin. See Satin.] 
1. A thin kind of satin. 2. A kind of cloth made of cot- 
ton warp and woolen filling, used chiefly for trousers. 

Sat'in-WOOd'(-Tn-wdod'), w. (Bot.) The hard, lemon- . 
colored, fragrant wood of an East Indian tree ; also, the 
wood of a prickly ash of Florida and the West Indies. 



fSrn, recent, drb, ryide, full, flrn, food, fo"bt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tnen, tnin. 



N 



SATINY 



724 



SAVAGERY 



Sat In y (.sat'Tn-vi. *. Of oar like satin ; glossy. 
Sat'ire (wPIr; • ■•■ B*9- °/ t( '» ■•W r )i "• t L - ™' in1 , 

lanx) • dish of various kinds of 
lixture, medley, fr. «o/tir lull of food, sated, fr. 
. enough.] 1 A composition, generally poet- 
lot], holding op % tee or folly to reprobation ; an invective 
poena. 2. Keenneae and severity of remark ; caustioex- 
poaore to reprobation ; trenchant wit ; aa r caa m ; ridicule. 

Lampoon : irony ; pasquinade ; burlesque ; wit. 

Sa-tir'ic (sa-tlrTk), ( a. 1. Of, port, to, or of the na- 

Sa-tir'ic-al (.-i-kdR I tore of. satire. 2. Severe in 
language. — Sa-tir'ic-al-ly. adv. — Sa-tir'ic-al-ness, n. 

svm. -Cutting; caustic: poignant; sarcastic; iron- 
ical; bitter : reproachful ; abusive. 

Sat'ir-ist (.saVer-ist - ). n. One who satirizes; espe- 
ciallv, one who writes satire. 

Sat'ir-ize (4i), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satirized (-izd) ; 
.V vb. n. Satirizing (,-i'zing).] To make the sub- 
ject of satire. 

Sat is-fac'tlon (saVTs-faVshun), n. [F., fr. L. satis- 
faction fr. satitfacere. See Satisfy.] 1. A satisfying ; 
state of being satisfied. 2. That which satisfies or gratifies. 

Svn. — Contentment ; content ; gratification ; pleas- 
ure": recompense : compensation ; amends ; remunera- 
tion ; indemnification ; atonement. 

Sat is-fac'tO-ry (-t6-ry), a. 1. Giving or producing 
satisfaction; esp., relieving the mind from uncertainty, 
and enabling it to rest with confidence. 2. Making 
amends, indemnification, or recompense. — Sat/is-fac'- 
to-ri-ly (ri-iy). adi . — Sat is-fac'to-ri-ness, n. 

Sat'is-fi able (-fl'a-b'l), a. That may be satisfied. 

Sat'is-fi er (-er), ??. One who satisfies. 

Sat'is-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satisfied (-fid) ; 
v vb. n. Satisfying (-fi'Tng).] [OF. satisfier ; L. 
talis enough -f- -ficare to make. See Sad, a., and -fy.] 
1. In general, to fill up the measure of a want of (a per- 
son or a thing) ; hence, to gratify fully the desire of ; to 
make content. 2. To pay or give what is due to. 3. 
To answer or discharge, as a claim, debt, legal demand, 
or the like. 4. To free from doubt, suspense, or uncer- 
tainty ; to give assurance to ; to convince. 

Syh. — To satiate ; sate ; compensate. See Satiate. 

Sat'is-fy (satls-fl), v. i. 1. To afford full gratifica- 
tion. 2. To make payment or atonement ; to atone. 

Sa'trap (sa'trap or sat'rSp), n. [L. satrap>es, Gr. cra- 
rpd-Tj?, fr. OPers. khshatrapavan ruler.] The governor 
of a province in ancient Persia ; hence, a petty despot. 

Sa'trap-al (sa'trap-al or sat'ra-pal), a. Of or per- 
taining to a satrap, or a satrapy. 

Sa'trap-y (sa'trap-y or sat'ra-py), n. Office or juris- 
diction of a satrap. [saturated. | 

Sat'u-ra-ble (saVu-ra-b'l ; 135), a. Capable of being | 

Sat'U-rant (-rant), a. Impregnating to the full ; sat- 
urating. — n. (Chem.) A substance used to neutralize 
or saturate the affinity of another substance ; specif. 
{Med.), an antacid used to correct acidity of the stomach. 

Sat'u-rate (-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saturated (-ra 7 - 
ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Saturating.] [L. saturare, p. p. 
-atus, fr. satur full of food, sated. See Satire.] 1. To 
cause to become completely penetrated, impregnated, or 
soaked; to fill fully; to sate. 2. (Chem.) To neutralize 
by chemical combination with all that can be held. 

Sat'U-rate (-rat), p. a. Filled to repletion ; saturated. 

Sat u-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of saturating, or 
state of being saturated. 2. (Optics) Freedom from 
mixture or dilution with white ; purity ; — said of colors. 

Sat'ur-day (saVur-da ; 48), n. [AS. Saeterdseg, Sse- 
terndirg, Swternesdaeg, lit., Saturn's day, fr. L. Saturnus 
Saturn -j- AS. dseg day.] The seventh or last day of the 
week, following Friday and preceding Sunday. 

Sat'urn (s5t'urn), n. [L. Saturnus, lit., the sower, 
fr. serere, satum, to sow.] 1. (Roman Myth.) One of 
the elder and principal deities, the son of Ccelus and 
Terra (Heaven and Earth). 2. (Astron.) One of the 
planets of the solar 
system, next in mag- 
nitude to Jupiter, but 
more remote from the 
sun. It is surrounded 
by a remarkable sys- 
tem of rings, and has 
eight satellites. 

Sat ur-na'li-a 

f'^K^l ■—«*->• 

( Born. A ntiq. ) The festival of Saturn, celebrated as a pe- 
riod of unrestrained license and merriment. 2. An oc- 
casion when the passions or vices have riotous indulgence. 





Sat ur-na'li an (sXt'Gr-na'lT-«n), a. 1. Of or pertain- 
ing to the Saturnalia. 2. Riotously merry; dissolute. 

Sa tur'ni an (ea-tuVnl-on), a. 1. (lioman Myth.) 
Of or pert, to Saturn, whose age or reign, from his mild 
and wise government, is called the golden age. 2. Hence : 
Distinguished for peacefuluess, happiness, contentment. 
3. (Astron.) Of or pert, to the planet Saturn. 

Sat'ur nine (saViir-nin), a. 1. Born under, or in- 
fluenced by, the planet Saturn. 2. Heavy ; grave ; 
gloomy ; dull ; — the opposite of mercurial. 

Sa'tyr (sa'ter), n. [L. satyrus, Gr. aa-rvpo^.] (Class 
Myth.) A merry and lascivious syl- 
van deity or demigod, represented 
as part man and part goat. 

Sa-tyr'ic (sa-ttr'Tk), ) n. Of or 

Sa-tyr'ic-al (-T-kal), ) pertain- 
ing to satyrs ; burlesque. 

Sauce (sas), n. [F., fr. OF. 
sausse, LL. salsa, prop., salt pickle, 
fr. L. salsus salted, p. p. of satire 
to salt, fr. sal salt.] 1. A compo- 
sition of condiments and appetizing 
ingredients eaten as a relish ; esp., 
a dressing for meat, fish, puddings, 
etc. 2. Any garden vegetables 
eaten with meat. [Prov. Eng. & Satyr. 

Colloq. U. S.] 3. Stewed or preserved fruit eaten as a 
relish. [U. S.] 4. Sauciness ; impertinence. [Low] 

Sauce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sauced (sast) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Saucing (sa/sing).] 1. To add sauce to ; to sea- 
son ; to flavor. 2. To make poignant ; to give zest or 
interest to. 3. To be saucy to. [Colloq. or Low'] 

Sauce'box (-boks'), n. [See Sauce, and Saucy.] A 
saucy, impudent person ; esp., a pert child. [Colloq.] 

Sau'cer (sa/ser), n. [F. sauciere, fr. sauce. See 
Sauce.] 1. A small vessel for sauce. [Obs.] 2. A small 
dish in which a cup is set at table. 

Sau'cy (sa/sy), a. [Compar. Saucter (-sT-er) ; superl. 
Sauciest.] [From Sauce.] 1. Showing impertinent 
boldness or pertness ; transgressing decorum. 2. Ex- 
pressive of, or characterized by, impudence ; impertinent. 
— Sau'ci-ly, adi •. — Sau'ci-ness, n. 

Syn. — Impudent ; insolent; impertinent; rude. See 
also Impudence. 

Sauer'kraut' (sour'krout'), n. [G., fr. sauer sour + 
kraut cabbage.] Cabbage cut fine and allowed to fer- 
ment in a brine made of its own juice with salt. 

Saun'ter (san'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sauntered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sauntering.] [Prob. fr. F. 
s'araitxrer to adventure (one's self), through a shortened 
form s'auntrer. See Adventure.] To wander or walk 
about idly and in a leisurely or lazy manner. 

Syn. — To loiter ; linger ; stroll ; wander. 

Saun'ter, n. A sauntering, or a sauntering place. 

Saun'ter-er (-er), n. One who saunters. 

Sau'rel (sa/rel), n. (Zool.) Any one of a genus (Tra- 
churus) of carangoid fishes. 

li Sau'ri-a (sa/ri-a), n. j)l. [NL., fr. Gr. aavpos a liz- 
ard.] (Zool.) A division of Reptilia formerly established 
to include the lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurs and other 
groups, but by some now restricted to the Lacertilia, an 
order including the lizards, chameleons, ainphisbaeuas, etc. 

Sau'ri-an (-an), a. (Zool.) Of or pertaining to, or of 
the nature of, the Sauria. — n. One of the Sauria. 

Sau'ry (sa'ry), ?i. [Etym. uncertain.] (Zool.) A slen- 
der marine fish of Europe and America, having long, 
thin, beaklike jaws. 

Sau'sage (sa/saj ; 48), n. [F. saucisse, LL. salcitia, 
salsicia, fr. salsa. See Sauce.] An article of food con- 
sisting of meat (esp. pork) minced and highly seasoned, 
and usually inclosed in a cylindrical case or skin. 

II Sau W (so'ta'), p. p. of Sauter. 

II Sau'ter' (so'ta'), v. t. [F., prop., to jump.] To fry, 
as meat, in a hot pan greased with a little fat. 

SaVa-ble (sav'a-b'l), a. Capable of being saved. 

Sav'age (sSv'aj ; 48), a. [F. sauvage, OF. salvage, fr. 
L. silvaticus of a wood, wild, fr. silva a wood.] 1. Of or 
pert, to the forest ; remote from human abodes and culti- 
vation ; being in a state of nature ; wild. 2. Hence, des- 
titute of training or cultivation ; also, characterized by 
cruelty. — Sav'age-ly, adv. — Sav'age-ness. n. 

Syn. — Wild ; uncultivated ; untamed ; uncivilized ; 
rude ; brutish ; brutal ; barbarous ; cruel ; inhuman ; 
fierce ; pitiless ; merciless ; atrocious. See Ferocious. 

Sav'age, n. 1. A human being in his native state of 
rudeness. 2. A person of extreme, brutal cruelty. 

Sav'age-ry (-ry), n. 1. State of being savage. 2. Act 
of cruelty ; barbarity. 3. Wild growth, as of plants. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



SAVAGISM 



725 



SCABIOUS 



Sav'a-gism (saVa-jIz'm), n. State of being savage. 

Sa-van/na (sa-vXn'na), n. [Of American Indian ori- 
gin.] A tract of level land covered with herbage but des- 
titute of trees. 

II Sa vant' (sa'vaN'), n. ; pi. Savants (F. sa'vaN' ; E. 
sa/vanz'). [F., fr. suvoir to know, L. sapere.'] A man 
of learning ; one versed in literature or science. 

Save (sav), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saved (savd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Saving.] [OF. salver, sauver, L. salvare, fr. 
salvus saved, safe.] 1. To make safe; to preserve from 
injury, destruction, or evil of any kind ; to rescue. 2. 
(Theol.) Specif., to deliver from sin and its penalty. 3. 
To keep from being spent, lost, or wasted ; to lay up ; to 
reserve. 4. To prevent from doing something ; to spare. 
6. To obviate the necessity of ; to prevent ; to spare. 6. 
To hold possession or use of ; to escape loss of. 

To save appearances, to preserve a decent outside. 

Syn. — To preserve ; rescue ; deliver ; protect. 

Save, v. i. To prevent waste ; to be economical. 

Save, prep, or conj. [F. sauf, prop. adj. See Safe, 
a.] Except; excepting; not including ; reserving; saving. 

Syn. — See Except. 

Save'-all' (-aF), «• [.Save -f all.~\ Anything which 
saves fragments, or prevents waste or loss. 

Sav'er (saVer), n. One who saves. 

Savin, Sav'ine (saVin), n. [AS. safinse, savine, L. 
sabina herba.~\ (Bot.) (a) A coniferous shrub (Juniperus 
Sabina) with dark foliage, and small glaucous berries. (b) 
The North American red cedar {Juniperus Virginiana). 

Saving (saVIng), a. 1. That saves ; preserving ; res- 
cuing. 2. Not wasting ; frugal. 3. Incurring no loss, 
though not gainful. 4. Making reservation or exception. 

Sav'ing (saVIng), prep, or conj. ; but prop, a parti- 
ciple. With the exception of ; except ; excepting ; also, 
without disrespect to. [Exception ; reservation. I 

Sav'ing, n. 1. That which is saved or laid up. 2. | 

Savings bank, a bank in which savings or earnings are 
deposited and put at interest. 

Sav'ing-ly, adv. In a saving manner. 

Sav'ing-ness, n. Quality of being saving. 

Sav'ior (sav'yer), n. [OF. salveor, fr. L. salvator, fr. 
salvare to save.] 1. One who saves from destruction or 
danger. 2. Specif. : The (or our, your, etc.) Savior, he 
who brings salvation to men ; Jesus Christ. 

Sa'VOr (sa'ver), n. [OF. savor, savour, fr. L. sapor, 
fr. sapere to taste.] 1. That property of a thing which 
affects the organs of taste or smell ; taste and odor ; fla- 
vor ; relish ; scent. 2. Hence, specific flavor or quality ; 
characteristic property. 3. Sense of smell ; scent, [B.] 

Sa'VOr, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Savored (-verd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Savoring.] 1. To have a particular smell or 
taste ; — with of. 2. To partake of the quality or nature. 

Sa'VOr-less, a. Having no savor ; insipid. 

Sa'vor-y (-y), a. Pleasing to the organs of taste or 
smell. — Sa'vor-i-ly (-T-ly), adv. — Sa'vor-i-ness, n. 

Sa'VO-ry (sa'vo-ry), rc. [F. savoree.~] (Bot.) An aro- 
matic plant much used in cooking. 

Sa-VOV' (sa-voi'), n. [F. chou de Savoie cabbage of 
Savoy.] (Bot.) A variety of the common cabbage hav- 
ing curled leaves. 

Saw (sa), imp. of See. 

Saw, n. [AS. sagu ; akin to secgan to say.] 1. Speech ; 
command. [Obs.~\ 2. A saying ; proverb ; maxim. 

Saw, n. [AS. sage ; akin to G. sage, L. secare to cut.] 
A kind of cutting instrument consisting of a thin blade 
with a series of sharp teeth. 

Saw, v. t. [imp. Sawed (sad) ; p. p. Sawed or Sawn 
(san) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sawing.'] 1. To cut or separate 
with a saw. 2. To form by cutting with a saw. 3. To 
act or make motions like one sawing something. 

Saw, v. i. 1. To use a saw ; to practice sawing. 2. 
To cut, as a saw does. 3. To be cut with a saw. 

Saw'der (sa/der), n. Corruption of Solder. 

Soft sawder, seductive praise ; flattery ; blarney. [Slang] 

Saw'dust' (sa/dust'), n. Dust or bits made by the 
cutting of a saw. 

Saw'er (sa/er), n. One who saws ; a sawyer. 

Saw'fish/ (sa/fishO, n. (Zodl.) Any one of several 
species of elasmobranch fishes of a sharklike form, hav- 
ing an elongated snout witha row of toothlike structures 
along each edge. 




Sawfish (Pristis pectinatus). Ventral side. 
Saw'fly' (sa/flF), n. (Zodl.) Any one of numerous 



species of hymenopterous insects. The female usually 
has an ovipositor containing a pair of sawlike organs. 

Saw'horse' (sa/hSrs'), n. A kind of rack on which 
sticks of wood are laid for sawing by hand, [or lumber. I 

Saw'mll]/ (-mil'), n. A mill for sawing, esp. timber| 

Saw'-set' (sa/seV), n. An instrument used to set or 
turn the teeth of a saw a little sidewise. 

Saw'yer (sa/yer), ?t. [Saw-\- -yer.] 1. One who saws 
timber into pianks or boards, or wood for fuel. 2. A 
tree fallen into a stream so that its branches project above 
the surface of the water, and rock or sway in the cur- 
rent. [LI. S.] 

Sax'horn' (sSks'liSm'), n. (Mtts.) A name given to a 
numerous family of brass wind instruments with valves, 
invented by A. A. J. Sax, of Belgium and Paris. 

Saxl-ca'vous (-I-ka'vus), a. [L. saxum rock -f- ca- 
vare to make hollow.] (Zodl.) Boring, or hollowing out, 
rocks ; — said of certain mollusks. 

Sax-ic'o line (sSks-ik'o-lin), a. [L. saxum rock -f 
colere to inhabit.] (Zodl.) Stone inhabiting; pert, to, 
or like, the stonechats. 

Saxic'o-lous (-lus), a. [See Saxicoline.] (Bot.) 
Growing on rocks. 

Sax'i-frage (saks'i-fraj ; 48), n. [L. saxifraga, de- 
riv. of saxum rock + /ran gere to break.] (Bot.) Any 
plant of a genus (Saxifraga) of herbs growing in crevices 
of rocks in mountainous regions. 

Sax-if 'ra-gOUS (sXks-if'ra-giis), a. Dissolving stone ; 
esp., dissolving stone in the bladder. 

Sax'on (saks'un or -'n), n. [L. Saxo, pi. Saxones, from 
the Saxon national name.] 1. (a) One of a nation or 
people who formerly dwelt in the northern part of Ger- 
many, and who, with other Teutonic tribes, invaded and 
conquered England in the fifth and sixth centuries, (b) 
Anglo-Saxon, (c) A native or inhabitant of modern 
Saxony. 2. The language of the Saxons ; Anglo-Saxon. 
Also used adjectively. 

Sax'O-phone (saks'6-fon), n. [A. A. J. Sax the in- 
ventor (see Saxhorn) -f- Gr. (fxavrj tone.] (Mus.)A wind 
instrument of brass, containing a reed, and partaking of 
the qualities of a clarinet. 

Say(sa), n. [Aphetic for Assay.] [Obs.~\ 1. Trial by 
sample ; assay. 2. Tried quality ; proof. 3. Essay ; trial. 

Say, v. t. To try ; to assay. [Obs.~] 

Say, n. [OE. & F. saie, fr. L. saga, equiv. to sagum, 
sagus, a coarse woolen mantle.] [Obs.~\ 1. A kind of 
silk or satin. 2. A delicate kind of serge, or woolen cloth. 

Say, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Said (sed), contracted 
from sayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Saying.] [OE. segge?i f 
seyen, sayen, AS. secgan ; akin to G. sagen. Cf. Saw a 
saying.] 1. To utter or express in words ; to tell ; to 
speak ; to declare. 2. To repeat ; to rehearse ; to re- 
cite. 3. To state positively ; to assert ; hence, to be 
sure about. 4. To mention or suggest as an estimate, 
hypothesis, or approximation ; hence, to suppose. 

It is said, or They say, it is rumored ; people assert. 
— That is to say, that is ; in other words ; otherwise. 

Say, v. i. To speak ; to express an opinion ; to answer. 

Say, n. A speech; thing said. [Archaic or Colloq.~\ 

Say'ing (sa'Tng), n. That which is said ; a declara- 
tion ; a statement, esp. a proverbial one ; a saw. 

Syn. — Declaration ; speech ; adage ; maxim ; apho- 
rism ; apothegm ; proverb ; byword. 

'Sblood (zblud), inter j. An abbreviation of God's 
blood ; — used as an oath. [Obs.~\ 

Scab (skab), 7i. [OE. scab, scabbe, shabbe ; origin 
uncertain.] 1. An incrustation over a sore, wound, etc., 
formed by the drying up of the discharge. 2. The 
mange, esp. on sheep. 3. A fungous disease of potatoes. 
4. A mean, dirty fellow. [Loio~\ 5. A workman who 
works for lower wages than are fixed by the trades 
unions ; also, one who takes the place of a workman on 
a strike ; a rat. [Cant] 

Scab, v. i. [imp. &p.p. Scabbed (skSbd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Scabbing.] 1. To become covered with a scab. 2. 
To work as a scab ; to rat. 

Scab'bard (skab'berd), n. [OF. escaubers, escauberz, 
pi., scabbards ; prob. of German or Scand. origin.] The 
case for the blade of a sword, dagger, etc. ; sheath. 

Scabbed (skab'bed or skSbd), a. 1. Abounding or 
diseased with scabs. 2. Fig. : Mean ; vile. — Scab'bed- 
ness (skab'b6d-nes), n. 

Scab'by (-by), a. [Compar. Scabbier (-bT-er) ; superl. 
Scabbiest.] Affected with scabs or the scab ; full of 
scabs ; mangy. — Scab'bi-ly, adv. — Scab'bi-ness, n. 

Sca'bi-ous (ska'bi-us), a. [L. scabiosus, from scabies 
the scab.] Consisting of scabs ; rough ; itchy ; leprous. 

Sca'bi-ous, n. [See Scabious, a.] (Bot.) Any plant of 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



MWBROUS 



726 



SCANT 



a genus (Scabiosa) of plants resembling the Compositir, 
.\ log similar heads of flowers. 

Scabrous (.ska'hrn.-), <i. [L. seabnmu, fr. scober 
lOUgh] Bough to the loiu'li, like a rile. 

Scad (skid), m. [Gael. & lr. sgadan a herring.] 
eral small coraugoid fishes, esp. 
rus. 

Scaffold (akif'fftld), ft. [OF. esclio/ttult, eschafaut, 

/ • ,/ .• prob. orig. same word as E. cata- 

1. A temporary structure of timber, boards, 

etc. 2. Bpocif., ■ stage or elevated platform for the 

execution of a criminal. 

Scaffold, i . /. To furnish or uphold with a scaffold. 

Scaffolding.". 1. A scaffold; a supporting frame- 
work. 2. Materials for building scaffolds. 

Scagl-io'la i,skal-yo'la), n. [It. scagliuola, dim. of 
scale, a chip of marble.] An imitation of any 
veined and ornamental stone, as marble, made with 
gypsum, glue and chips of stone. 

Scal'a-ble (skal'a-b'l), a. Capable of being scaled. 

Sca : lade' (aka-15cK)i «• (-SCB.J See Escalade. 

Sca-lar'i-form (ska-lar'T-fSrin), a. [L. scalare, sca- 
laria. staircase, ladder + -form.'] Resembling a ladder 
in form or appearance. [rogue. [Sla?ig, U. S.~\ I 

Scal'a-wag (skal'a-wag), n. A scamp ; scapegrace ; | 

Scald (skald), v. t. [imp. St p. p. Scalded ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Scalding.] [OF. eschalder, eschauder, escauder, 
fr. L. excaldare ; ex + caldus, calidus, warm, hot.] 1. 
To burn with hot liquid or steam. 2. To expose to a 
boiling or violent heat. 

Scald, ft. A burn, or injury to the skin or flesh, caused 
by some hot liquid, or by steam. [the scab ; scabby. I 

Scald, a. [For scalled. See Scall.] Affected with | 

Scald, n. Scurf on the head. See Scall. 

Scald (skald or skald), n. [Icel. skald.'] One of the 
ancient Scandinavian poets and historiographers, — a 
reciter and singer of heroic poems, eulogies, etc. — 
Scald'ic (skald'Ik or skaWik), a. *• 

Scale (skal), n. [AS. scale ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
The dish of a balance ; hence, the balance itself ; an in- 
strument or machine for weighing. 2. pi. (Astron.) The 
sign or constellation Libra. 

Scale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scaled (skald) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Scaling.] To weigh, measure, or grade according 
to a scale or system ; to measure. 

Scale, n. [Etyin. uncertain.] 1. (Anat.) One of the 
small, thin, membranous, bony or horny pieces which 
form the covering of many fishes and reptiles, and some 
animals. 2. Hence, anything resembling in size and 
thinness the scale of a fish. 3. An incrustation deposited 
on the inside of a vessel in which water is heated. 

Scale, v. t. 1. To strip or clear of scale or scales. 2. 
To take off in thin layers or scales ; to pare off. 

Scale, v. i. To come off in scales or thin layers. 

Scale, ft. [L. scalae, pi., scala, staircase, ladder ; akin 
to scandere to climb.] 1. A ladder ; a series of steps. 
[Obs.~\ 2. Hence : Anything graduated, esp. when em- 
ployed as a measure or rule, or marked by lines at regu- 
lar "intervals. Specif. : (Mus.) The graduated series of 
all the tones, ascending or descending, from the keynote 
to its octave. 3. Gradation ; progressive series ; scheme 
of comparative rank or order. 4. Relative dimensions, 
without difference in proportion of parts. [ber up. I 

Scale, v. t. To climb by, or as if by, a ladder ; to clam- 1 

Scalene' (ska-len'), a. [L. scalenus, Gr. o-KaK-qvos.] 
(Geom.) Having the sides and angles unequal ; — said of 
a triangle. — n. (Geom.) A scalene triangle. 

Scal'er (skaTer), n. One thatremoves scales. 

Scal'i-ness (skal'T-neV). n. State of being scaly. 

Scall (skal), n. [Icel. skalli a bald head. Cf. Scald, 
a.] A scurf or scabby disease, esp. of the scalp. 

Scallion (skSl'yun), n. [OF. escalone, cschaloingne, 
L. eaepa Atealoma onion of Ascalon ; caepa onion 4- 
Ascalonhts of Atealo Ascalon, a town in Palestine.] 1. 
(Bot.) A kind of small onion native of Palestine; the 
shallot. 2. Any onion which does 
not " bottom out," but remains 
with a thick stem like a leek. 

Scallop (ekWafip), ■„. [OF. 
pe a shell ; prob. of German 
or Dutch origin, and akin to E. 
•Mfeof a fish.] 1. (Zool.) Any 
one of numerous species of ma- 
rine bivalve mollusks most of 
which have the shell radially 
ribbed, and the edge undulated. 
Ihfl large adductor muscle of Scallop ( Vola, or Janaira 
some of the species is much Jacobsew). 




used as food. 2. One of a series of segments of circles 
joined at their extremities, forming a border like the edge 
or surface of a scallop shell. 3. Oue of the shells of a 
scallop ; also, a scallop-shaped dish. 

Scallop (sk51'lup), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalloped 
(-lupt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Scalloping.] 1. To mark or 
cut the edge or border of into scallops. See Scallop, n . , 2. 
2. {Cookery) To bake in scallop shells or dishes ; to pre- 
pare with crumbs of bread or cracker, and bake ; as, scal- 
loped, or escalloped, oysters. 

Scalp (skSlp), n. [Origin uncert.] 1. That part of 
the integument of the head usually covered with hair. 
2. A part of the skin of the head, with the hair on it, cut or 
torn off from an enemy by the Indian warriors of North 
America, as a token of victory. 3. Fig. : The summit. 

Scalp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalped (skSlpt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Scalping.] 1. To deprive of the scalp. 2. (Surg.) 
To remove the skin of. 

Scalping iron (Sit7-g.) an instrument used in scraping 
foui and carious bones. 

Scalp, v. i. To make a small, quick profit by slight 
fluctuations of the market ; — said of brokers operating 
in this way on their own account. [Co?i<] 

Scal'pel (skSl'pgl), n. [L. scalpellum, dim. of scal- 
prum a knife, akin to scalpere to cut.] (Surg.) A small 
knife with a thin, keen blade, used by surgeons. 



One form of Scalpel. 

Scalp'er (skah/er), n. 1. One that scalps. 2. (Surg.) 
Same as Scalping iron, under Scalping. 3. One who 
buys and sells unused railroad tickets. [Cani~\ 

Scal'y (skal'y)* a. 1. Covered or abounding with 
scales. 2. Resembling scales, lamina?, or layers. 3. 
Mean ; disreputable. [Loic~\ 

Scanfble (skam'b'l), r. i. [imp. & p. p. Scambled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Scambling.] [Etym. uncertain.] 
1. To move awkwardly ; to be shuffling, irregular, or 
unsteady. 2. To move about pushing and jostling; to 
be rude and turbulent. 

Scanfbler (skam'bler), n. One who scambles. 

Scam'mo-ny (skam'mo-ny), n. [L. scammonia, scam- 
monea, Gr. o-Ka/a/atoi/ta.] (Bot.) A species of bindweed 
(Convolvulus scammonia); also, an inspissated sap ob- 
tained from its root. 

Scamp (skamp), n. [OF. escamper to make one's es- 
cape. See Scampeb.] A rascal; swindler; rogue. 

Scamp, v. t. [Cf. Scamp, n., or Scant, a., and 
Skimp.] To perform in a hasty, neglectful, or imperfect 
manner ; to do superficially. [Colloq.~\ 

Scam'per (skam'per), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Scampered 
(-perd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Scampering.] [OF. escamper 
to escape, to save»one's self ; L. ex from + campus the 
field (sc. of battle).] To run with speed ; to hurry off. 

Scam'per, n. A scampering; a hasty flight. 

Scan (skan), v. t. [imp. & p. jj. Scanned (skand) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Scanning.] [L. scandere, sconsum, to 
climb, to scan, akin to Skr. skand to leap.] 1. To mount 
by steps. [Obs.~\ 2. (P?-os.) To go through with, as a 
verse, marking and distinguishing the feet of which it is 
composed. 3. To examine with care : to scrutinize. 

Scan'dal (skan'dal), n. [F. scandale, fr. L. sca?ida- 
lum, Gr. o-icdv8aAov, a snare for an enemy, a stumbling 
block, offense, scandal.] 1. Reproach or reprobation 
called forth by what is regarded as wrong, criminal, 
heinous, or flagrant ; opprobrium or disgrace. 2. Re- 
proachful aspersion ; defamatory talk ; slander. 

Syn. — Defamation ; detraction ; calumn5 r ; shame. 

Scan'dal-ize (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scandalized 
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Scandalizing (-i'zing).] 1. To 
bring shame, disgrace, or reproach upon. 2. To re- 
proach ; to defame ; to slander. 

Scan'dal-ous (-us), a. 1. Giving offense to the con- 
science or moral feeliugs. 2. Disgraceful to reputation ; 
opprobrious. 3. Defamatory ; libelous. — Scan'dal- 
ous-ly . adv. — Scan'dal-ous-ness, n. 

Scan'dent (skan'dent), a. [L. scandens, -entis, p. pr. 
of scandere to climb.] Climbing. 

Scan'di-na'vi-an (skan'dT-na'vT-an), a. Of or per- 
taining to Scandinavia, that is, Sweden, Norway, and 
Denmark. — n. A native or inhabitant of Scandinavia. 

Scan'sion (skan'shun), 7?. [L. scansio, fr. scandere, 
scansum, to climb. See Scan. ] (Pros. ) Act of scanning. 

Scan-so'ri-al (skSn-so'rT-al), a. (Zool.) (a) Capable 
of climbing ; adapted for climbing, (b) Of or pert, to 
the group of birds called Scansores or climbers. 

Scant (skSnt), a. [Compar. Scantee (-er) ; superl. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u\, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



L 



SCANT 



727 



SCAVENGER 




a Scape of Plantain 
(Flantago). 



Scantest.] [Icel. skamt, neuter of skamr short.] 1. 
Not full, large, or plentiful ; scarcely sufficient ; meager ; 
not enough. 2. Sparing ; parsimonious ; chary. 

Syn. — See Scanty. 

Scant (skant), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Scanted ;p. pr. & vb. 
n. Scanting.] 1. To limit ; to straiten; to treat illiberally; 
to stint. 2. To make small, narrow, or scanty ; to curtail. 

Scant. V. i. To fail, or become less. 

Scant'i-ly (-T-iy), adv. In a scanty manner. 

Scant 'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being scanty. 

Scant'ling (-ling), n. [Cf. OF. eschantillon pattern. 
In some senses confused with scant, a.] 1. A fragment. 
[Obs.~\ 2. A piece of timber sawed or cut of a small size, 
as for studs, rails, etc. 3. A rough draught ; rude sketch. 

Scant'ly, adv. 1. In a scant manner; not fully or 
sufficiently ; penuriously. 2. Scarcely ; hardly ; barely. 

Scant'ness, n. Quality or state of being scant. 

Scant'y (-y), a. [Compar. Scantier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Scantiest.] [From Scant, a.] 1. Wanting amplitude 
or extent ; narrow ; small ; not abundant. 2. Somewhat 
less than is needed ; insufficient. 3. Penurious. 

Syn. — Scant ; poor ; deficient ; meagre ; scarce ; chary ; 
sparing ; parsimonious ; niggardly ; grudging. 

Scape (skap), n. [L. scapus shaft, stem, stalk.] 1. 
(Bot.) A peduncle rising from the 
ground or from a subterranean stem, 
as in the stemless violets. 2. (Arch.) 

(a) The shaft of a column, (b) The 
apophyge of a shaft. 

Scape, v. & n. Aphetic form of 
Escape. \_Obs. or Poetic] 

Scape'goat' (-got'), n. 1. (Jewish 
Antiq.) A goat upon whose head were 
symbolically placed the sins of the 
people, after which he was suffered to 
escape into the wilderness. 2. Hence, 
one that is made to bear blame for others. [person. I 

Scape'grace / (-gras'), n. A graceless, unprincipled | 

Scape'ment (-ment), n. Same as Escapement, 2. 

Scaph'Oid (skaf'oid), a. [Gr. aica^r) boat + -oid.~\ 
(Anat.) Resembling a boat in form ; boat-shaped. 

Scap'u-la (skap'u-la), n. ; pi. L. Scapula (-le), E. 
Scapulas (-laz). [L.] (Anat.) The principal bone of 
the shoulder girdle in mammals ; the shoulder blade. 
[See Illust. of Thorax.] [shoulder. I 

Scap'u-lar (-ler), a. Of or pert, to the scapula or the 

Scap'U-lar (skap'u-ler), \ n. [Through F. & LL. fr. 

Scap'U-la-ry (-u-la-ry), ) L. scapula shoulder blade.] 
1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A kind of loose sleeveless vestment. 

(b) Two pieces of cloth worn under the ordinary garb and 
over the shoulders as an act of devotion. 2. (Surg.) A 
supporting or retaining bandage passing over the shoulder. 

Scap , U-la-ry, a. Same as Scapular, a. 

Scar (skar), n. [OF. escare, L. eschara, fr. Gr. ea-xapa, 
hearth, fireplace, scab, eschar.] 1. A mark in the skin 
or flesh made by a wound or ulcer which has healed ; 
cicatrix ; hence, a mark left by injury ; blemish ; disfig- 
urement. 2. (Bot.) A mark left by the separation of a 
part, as on a stem or branch by the fall of a leaf or frond. 

Scar, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Scarred (skard) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Scarring.] To mark with or form a scar or scars. 

Scar, n. [Scot, scar, scaur, Icel. sker.~\ An isolated 
or protruding rock ; also, a bare place on the side of a 
mountain or steep bank of earth. 

Scar'ab (skaVab), ) n. [L. scarabaeus.] (Zo'dl.) 

Scar'a-bee 7 (-a-be 7 ), j Any one of numerous species 
of lamellicorn beetles, esp. the 
sacred, or Egyptian, species. 

II Scar'a-ba'US (skar'a-be'iis), 
n. [L.] (Zool. ) Same as Scarab. 

Scar'a-moucb/ (skar'a- 
mouch'), n. [F. scaramouche, It. 
scaramuccio, scaramuccia.~\ Orig., 
a boastful poltroon in the old Ital- 
ian comedy ; hence, a buffoon. 

Scarce (sk&Ts), a. [Compar. 
Scarcer (skar'ser) ; superl. Scar- 
cest.] [OF. escars, eschars, LL. 
scarpsus, excarpsus, for L. excerp- 
tus, p. p., picked. See Excerp.] 
Not plentiful or abundant ; being in 
small quantity in proportion to demand ; uncommon. 

Syn. — Rare ; infrequent ; deficient. See Rare. 

Scarce, ) adv. With difficulty ; hardly ; scantily 

Scarcely, ) barely ; but just. 

Scarce'ness (-nes), Scar'ci-ty (skar'sT-t^), n. Qual 
ity or state of being scarce ; dearth ; lack ; want. 

Syn. — Deficiency ; penury ; rareness ; infrequency. 




Egyptian Scarab 
(Scarabaeus sacer). 



Scare (skar), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scared (skfird) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Scaring.] [OE. skerren, skeren, Icel. 
skirra to bar, prevent, skirra.sk to shun, shrink from ; or 
fr. OE. ska-re, adj., scared, Icel. skjarr.~\ To frighten; 
to strike with sudden fear ; to alarm. 

Syn. — To alarm ; frighten ; startle ; affright ; terrify. 

Scare, n. Fright; esp., sudden fright produced by a 
trifling cause, or originating in mistake. [Collou.] 

Scare'crow' (-kro 7 ), n. 1. Anythiugset up to frighten 
crows from cornfields ; hence, anything terrifying with- 
out danger. 2. A person clad in rags. 

Scarf (sk'arf), n. ; pi. Scarfs, rarely Scarves (skarvz). 
[Etym. uncertain.] A light shawl or kerchief forthe neck, 
waist, or shoulders ; band ; sash ; also, cravat ; neckcloth. 

Scarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarfed (skarft) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Scarfing.] 1. To throw 011 loosely ; to put on like 
a scarf. 2. To dress with a scarf, or as if with a scarf. 

Scarf, v. t. [Sw. skarfva to eke out, to join together, 
skar/ a seam, joint.] (a) To form a scarf on the end or 
edge of. (b) To unite by a scarf joint. 

Scarf (skarf), n. (a) The part of an end or edge that 
is tapered off, rabbeted, or notched to form a scarf 
joint, (b) A scarf joint. 

Scarf joint, a joint made by overlapping and bolting or 
locking together the ends of two pieces of timber that are 
halved, notched, or cut away, so as to form a joint uni- 
form with the rest of the timber ; hence, any like joint, 
as in welding. [See Illust. under Welding.] 

Scarf'skin' (skarf 'skin'), n. (Anat.) The epidermis. 

Scar i-fi-ca'tion (skaVT-f 1-ka'shun), n. Act of scari- 
fying, [strument for scarifving. I 

Scar'i-fi-ca'tor (skar'T-fl-ka'ter), n. (Surg.) An in-| 

Scar'i-fi'er (-ii'er), n. 1. One that scarifies. 2. 
(Agric.) An implement for stirring and loosening the soil. 

Scar'i-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarifdzd (-fid) ; 
p.pr.&vb.n. Scarifying (-fi'Tng).] [F. scarifier, L. 
scarificare, scarifare, fr. Gr. a-KapL^aa-Oat to scratch up, 
fr. o-»capi#os a pointed instrument.] 1. To scratch or cut 
the skin of; esp. (Med.), to make small incisions in, so 
as to draw blood. 2. (Agric.) To stir the surface soil 
of, as a field. [let fever. I 

Scar'la-ti'na (skar'la-te'na), 7?. [NL.] (i»/etf.)Scar-| 

Scarlet (-let), n. [OF. escarlate, fr. Per. sakirlat.] 

1. A deep bright red tinged with orange or yellow, — 
of many tints and shades ; a vivid or bright red color. 

2. Cloth of a scarlet color. — a . Being of this color. 
Scarlet fever (Med.), a contagious febrile disease charac- 
terized by inflammation of the fauces and a scarlet rash. 

Scarp (skarp), n. [Aphetic form of Escarp.] 1. 
(Fort.) The slope of the ditch nearest the parapet. [See 
Illust. of Casemate.] 2. A steep declivity. 

Scarp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarped (skarpt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Scarping.] To cut down steeply. [wounds. I 

Scar'ry (skar'ry), a. Bearing scars or marks ofj 

Scar'ry, a. [See 3d Scar.] Like a scar, or rocky 
eminence ; containing scars. 

Scar'y (skar'y), a. [From Scare.] Subject to 
sudden alarm ; also, causing fright. [Collog. U.S."] 

Scath (skath), n. [Icel. skaSi ; akin to AS. scea&a, 
scaSa, foe, injurer, G. schade harm.] Harm ; damage ; 
injury ; hurt ; waste ; misfortune. 

Scathe (skath), ) v. t. [imp. &: p.p. Scathed (skathd 

Scath (skath), ) or skatht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Scath- 
ing (skath'Tng or skath'-).] To do harm to ; to injure ; 
to damage ; to waste ; to destroy. 

Scath'ful (skath'ful), a. Harmful ; doing damage. 

Scathless, a. Unharmed. 

Scat'ter (skat'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scattered 
(-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scattering.] [OE. scaieren. 
See Shatter.] 1. To strew about ; to sprinkle or place 
around or here and there. 2. To cause to separate in 
different directions; to disperse. 3. Hence, to frus- 
trate, disappoint, and overthrow. 

Syn. — To disperse ; dissipate : spread ; strew. 

Scat'ter, v. i. To disperse or separate. 

Scat'ter-brain', 71. A giddy or thoughtless person. 

Scaup (skap), n. [Scot, scalp. Cf. Scallop.] 1. Abed 
or stratum of'shellfish. [Scot.] 2. (Zool.) A scaup duck. 

Scaup duck (Zool.), any one of several species of north- 
ern ducks of the genus Aythya, or Fuligula, of which the 
adult males are, in large part, black. 

Scaur (skar), n. A precipitous bank or rock ; a scar. 

Scav'en-ger (skav'Sn-jer), n. [OE. scavager an offi- 
cer with various duties, originally attending to scavage, 
a toll exacted from stranger merchants exhibiting and 
selling goods, fr. AS. sce&ioian to look at, to inspect.] 
1. A person whose employment is to remove filth from 
the streets of a city. 2. Any animal which devours 
refuse, carrion, etc. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SCENE 



728 



SCHOOLMAN 



R 



Scene (sen), n. [L. scaena, scena, Gr. oxtj»t} covered 
it. stage.] 1. The structure on which a spec- 
libited; tlie stage. 2. One of the 
r other devices, used to give an appearance of 
the notion of ■ play. 3. So much of a play as 
passes without change of locality or time, or important 
, t character; hence, a subdivision of an act. 
4. The place, time, circumstance, etc., in which any- 
thing occurs, or is imagined to occur. 5. An assemblage 
ot objects presented to the view at once ; spectacle ; view. 
6. A 'landscape : scenery. 7. An exhibition of passion- 
ate or strong feeling before others ; a theatrical display. 

Scen'ex-y (-er-yi, /;. 1. Assemblage of scenes ; paint- 
ings and hangings representing the scenes of a play. 2. 
Sum of scenes or views ; general aspect of a landscape. 

Scen'ic (.se'n'ik or seu'Ik), ( a. Of or pertaining to 

Scen'ic-al (-T-k«l), J scenery ; of the nature 

Of scenery ; theatrical. 

Sce-nbg'ra-phy (,se-nog'ra-fy), n. [L. scaenographia, 
Gr. cT/ojroypa^i'a ; ckiji'j} scene -f- ypd<p€iy to write.] Art 
or act of representing a body on a perspective plane ; 
also, a representation of a body as it appears to the eye. 

Scent (sent), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scented ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Scenting.] [Orig. sent, fr. F. seniir to feel, to 
smell. See Sense.] 1. To perceive by the olfactory 
organs ; to smell. 2. To perfume. 

Scent, n. 1. That which, issuing from a body, affects 
the olfactory organs of animals ; odor ; smell. 2. Specif., 
the odor left by an animal on the ground in passing over 
it : hence, course of pursuit ; track of discovery. 3. The 
power of smelling ; the sense of smell. 

Scentless, a. Having no scent. 

Scep'ter ) (ser/ter), n. [F. sceptre, L. sceptrum, fr. 

Scep'tre ) Gr. aK-rj-n-rpov a staff to lean upon, a scep- 
ter.] 1. A staff or baton borne by a sovereign, as an ^ 
emblem of authority. 2. Hence, royal power or au- " 
thority ; sovereignty. 

Scep'ter, ( V. t. To endow or invest with the 

Scep'tre, ) scepter. 

Scep'tic (skSp'ttk), Scep'tic-al, Scep'ti-cism, 
etc. See Skeptic, Skeptical, Skepticism, etc. 

Sched'ule {sked'ul ; in England commonly 
shed'ul), ji. [F. cedule, formerly also schedule, 
L. sehedula, dim. of scheda strip of papyrus bark, 
leaf of paper ; akin to (or perh. from) Gr. <rxe'S?j tab- 
let, leaf.] A written or printed scroll or sheet of 
paper ; document ; esp., a formal list or inventory. 

Syn. — Catalogue ; list ; inventory. See List. 

Sched'ule, v. t. To form into, or place in, a 
schedule. 

Scheik (shek or shak), n. See Sheik. 

Sche-mat'ic (ske-mat'Ik), a. Of or per- 
taining to a scheme. 

Sche'ma-tism (ske'nia-tTz'm), n. [See 
Scheme.] 1. (Astrol.) Combination of the aspects of 
heavenly bodies. 2. Particular form or disposition of a 
thing ; outline of any systematic arrangement, [i?.] 

Sche'ma-tist (ske'ma-tTst), n. A projector ; schemer. 

Scheme (skem), n. [L. schema rhetorical figure, 
shape, figure, manner, Gr. erx^/xa, axyt JLaT °s> form, shape, 
outline, plan, fr. crxelf, exeiv, to have or hold, to hold 
out, sustain, check, stop.] 1. A combination of things 
connected and adjusted by design ; a system. 2. A plan 
or theory of something to be done ; a project. 3. Any 
lineal or mathematical diagram ; an outline. 4. (Astrol. ) 
A representation of the aspects of the celestial bodies for 
any moment or at a given event. 

Syn. — Plan; project; design; contrivance; purpose; 
device ; plot. — Scheme and plan are subordinate to de- 
sign : they propose modes of carrying designs into effect. 
Scheme is the least definite of the two, and lies more in 
speculation. Apian is drawn out into details with a view 
to being carried: into effect. As schemes are speculative, 
they often prove visionary ; hence the opprobrious use of 
the words schemer and scheming. Plans, being more 
practical, are more frequently carried into effect. 

Scheme, V. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Schemed (skemd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Scheming.! To make a scheme of ; to 
form a scheme ; to plan ; to design ; to project ; to plot. 

Schem'er (-er), n. One who schemes ; esp., a plotter. 

Schem'ing. a. Given to forming schemes ; intriguing. 

Schenk/beer 7 (shgnk'ber'), n. [G. schenkbier ; schen- 
lten to pour out -)- bier beer ; — so called because put on 
draught soon after it is made.] A mild German beer. 

Scher'Z0(skgr'ts6),n. [It.] (Mus.) A playful, hu- 
morous movement, commonly in 3-4 measure. 

Schilling (shilling), n. [G. See Shilling.] Any 
one of ^several small German and Dutch coins, worth from 
about one and a half cents to about five cents. 



A form of 
Scepter. 



Schism (slz^m), n. [OF. cisme, scisme, L. schisma T 
Gr. <r\i<rpia, fr. <T\i$eiv to split.] Division or separation; 
specif. (Eccl.), permanent division or separation in the 
Christian church ; the offense of seeking to produce di- 
vision in a church without justifiable cause. 

Schismatic (slz-inSt'ik), a. Of or pertaining to 
schism; implying schism; tending to schism. — n. One 
who separates from an established church or religious 
communion on account of a difference of opinion. 

Syn. — Heretic ; partisan. See Heretic. 

Schis-mat'ic-al (-m5t'T-kal), a. Same as Schismatic. 
— Schis-matlc-al-ly, adv. — Schismatic al ness. n. 

Schist (shist), n. [Gr. ax l(rr °s divisible, fr. ax^eiv to 
divide.] (Geol. ) Any crystalline rock admitting of ready 
division into slabs or slates. 

Schistose' (slns-tos'), 1 a. {Geol.) Of, pertaining to, 

Schist'OUS (shTst'iis), J or like, schist. 

Schiz'O- (skiz'o-). [Gr. ax&w to split, cleave.] A 
combining form denoting division or cleavage; as,, 
.serogenesis, reproduction by fission or cell division. 

Schol'ar (sk51'er), n. [AS. scolere, fr. L. scholaris 
belonging to a school, fr. schola a school.] 1. One who 
attends a school ; one who learns of a teacher ; pupil ; 
disciple ; learner ; student. 2. One engaged in the pur- 
suits of learning ; a learned person. 3. A man of books.. 
4. In English universities, an undergraduate who belongs 
to the foundation of a college, and receives support in 
part from its revenues. 

Syn. — Pupil ; learner ; disciple. — Scholar refers to. 
the instruction, and pupil to the care and government, of 
a teacher ; hence we speak of a bright scholar, and an. 
obedient pupil. 

Schol'ar-ly, a. Like a scholar ; showing the qualities 
or learning of a scholar. — adv. In a scholarly manner. 

Schol'ar-Ship, n. 1. Character and qualities of a 
scholar; erudition; learning. 2. Maintenance for a scholar. 

Syn. — Learning ; erudition ; knowledge. 

Scho-las'tic (sko-las'tik), a. [L. scholasticus, Gr. 
crxoAacTTi/cds, fr. axoAa^eii/ to have leisure, to give lec- 
tures, to keep a school, fr. crxoAij leisure, lecture, school.] 
1. Pertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a school, or schools ; 
scholarlike. 2. Of or pertaining to the schoolmen and 
divines of the Middle Ages. 3. Hence, characterized by 
excessive subtilty ; pedantic ; formal. 

Scho-las'tic, n. One who adheres to scholasticism or 
subtilties of the schools. [las'tic-al-ly, adv. I 

Scho-las'tic-al (-ti-kal), a. & n. Scholastic. — Scho- 1 

Scho-las'ti-cism (-tT-siz'm), n. The method or sub- 
tilties of the schools of philosophy ; scholastic philosophy. 

Scholiast (sko'lT-ast), n. [Gr. o-xoAicwmJs, fr. <rxo- 
Klov a scholium.] A.maker of scholiums ; a commentator 
or annotator. " [or his pursuits. I 

Scho li-as'tic (-as/tik), a. Of or pert, to a scholiast, | 

Scho'li-um (-um), n. ; pi. L. Scholia (-a), E. Scholi- 
ums (-umz). [NL.,fr. Gr. ax°Aiov, fr. o-xoAiy. See School.] 
A marginal annotation ; explanatory remark or comment. 

School (skool), n. [For Shoal a crowd.] A shoal ; a 
multitude. 

School, n. [AS. scolu, L. schola, Gr. crxoAiJ leisure, 
that in which leisure is employed, disputation, lecture, a 
school.] 1. A place for learned intercourse and instruc- 
tion ; a place for acquiring knowledge. 2. A place for 
the instruction of children. 3. A session of an insti- 
tution of instruction. 4. One of the mediaeval sem- 
inaries for teaching logic, metaphysics, and theology, 
characterized by academical disputations and subtilties of 
reasoning. 5- The room in English universities where 
examinations for degrees and honors are held. 6. An 
assemblage of scholars; a body of pupils. 7. The disci- 
ples or followers of a teacher ; those who accept the same 
teachings ; also, the canons, precepts, or teachings them- 
selves. 8- Fig. : Any means of knowledge or discipline. 

School, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Schooled (skoold) ;p.pr. 
& vb. n. Schooling.] 1. To train in an institution of 
learning ; to educate at a school ; to teach. 2. To tutor ; 
to chide and admonish ; to reprove ; to train. 

Schoolliook 7 (-book'), n. A book used in schools. 

School 'boy' (-boi'), n. A boy attending a school. 

School'fellow (-fSllo), n. An associate in school. 

School'girl' (-gerF), n. A girl attending a school. 

School'house' (-hous'), n. A house appropriated for 
the use of a school or schools, or for instruction. 

Schooling, n. 1. Instruction in school ; tuition. 2. 
Discipline ; reproof. 3. Compensation for instruction. 

School'man (-man), n. One versed in the niceties of 
academical disputation or of school divinity. 

HSF** The schoolmen were philosophers and divines of 
the Middle Ages who spent much time on points of nice 
and abstract speculation. 



a, e, I, o, u., long ; a, 6, 1, 5, it, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



SCHOOLMASTER 



729 



SCOOP 



School'master (skobl'mas'ter), 
sides over and teaches a school. 

School/mate' (skool'inaf), n. 

Schoolmistress (-mls'tres), n 
teacher. 



n. A man who pre- 
school. I 
A fellow scholar at | 
. A female school- 
draining school. 



School'-ship' (-ship'), n. A vessel used as a nautical | 

School'-teach'er (-tech'er), n. One who teaches or 
instructs a school. 

Schoon'er (skoon'er), n. [Supposed to be from scoon, 
a word locally used in New England to denote the act of 
making stones skip along the surface of the water. Cf. 
Scot, scon meaning the same ; also AS. scunian to avoid, 
shun, Prov..E. scun.~\ {Naut.) Orig., a small, sharp- 
built vessel, with two masts and fore-and-aft rig. Schoon- 
ers are now built which are large vessels with three, four 
and even six masts, all with fore-and-aft rig. 

Schoon'er, n. [D.] A large goblet or drinking glass, 
— used for lager beer or ale. [Z7. S.~) [maline. I 

Schorl (shSrl), n. [G. schorl.'] {Min.) Black tour-| 

Schorl'y (-y), a. Pertaining to, or containing, schorl. 

SchOt'tish \ (shot'tesh), n. [F. schottish, fr. G. 

Schot'tische j schottisch Scotch.] A Scotch round 
dance in 2-4 time, similar to the polka ; also, its music. 

Scl-ag'ra-phy (st-ag'ra-fy), n. [Gr. <TK.iaypa4>La, deriv. 
of (tki.6. shadow 4- ypafciv to delineate.] Art or science 
of delineating shadows as they fall in nature. 

Sci-at'ic (sf-St'ik), a. [F. sciatique, through L. fr. 
Gr. i<rx<-aS«cds, f r - Icrx^ov hip.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining 
to, in the region of, or affecting, the hip ; ischial ; ischi- 
atic. — n. {Med.) Sciatica. 

Sci-at'i-ca (-T-ka), n. [NL.] {Med.) Neuralgia of the 
sciatic nerve ; also, popularly, any one of various painful 
affections of the hip and the parts adjoining it. 

Sci-at'iC-al (si-at'T-kal), a. {Anat.) Sciatic. 

Sci'ence (si'ens), n. [F., fr. L. scientia, fr. sciens, 
-entis, p. pr. of scire to know.] 1. Knowledge ; knowl- 
edge of principles and causes ; ascertained truth or facts. 
2. Accumulated and established knowledge systematized 
and formulated with reference to the discovery of gen- 
eral truths or the operation of general laws ; comprehen- 
sive, profound, or philosophical knowledge, esp. when it 
relates to the physical world and its phenomena. 3. Any 
branch or department of systematized knowledge. 4. 
Art, skill, or expertness as a result of knowledge. 

Syn. — Literature; art; knowledge. — Science is liter- 
ary knowledge ; but more usually denotes knowledge sys- 
tematized and reduced to an orderly and logical arrange- 
ment, esp. the knowledge of ultimate principles, or of 
facts as explained by principles and laws. Literature is 
used narrowly as equivalent to belles-lettres ; more widely 
of all writings not included in science ; and sometimes to 
include all writings upon whatever subject. Art relates 
especially to skill and practice in the performance of 
something. 

Sci en-tit'ic (si'en-tif'Tk), a. [F. scientifique ;- L. sci- 
entia science 4- facer e to make.] 1. Of or pertaining to 
science ; used in science. 2. Agreeing with, or depend- 
ing on, the rules or principles of science. 3. Having a 
knowledge of science, or of a science. [al-ly, adv. I 

Sci'en-tif 'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Scientific. — Sci'en-tif 'ic- 1 

Sci'en-tist (si'en-tTst), n. One learned in science. 

Scil'i-cet (sTl'T-set), adv. [L., fr. scire licet you may 
know.] To wit ; namely ; — often abbrev. to sc, or ss. 

Scim'i-ter ) (sim'T-ter), n. [F. cimeterre; origin un- 

Scim'i-tar j certain.] A saber with a much curved 
blade having the edge on 
the convex side. 

II Scin-til'la(sm-til'la),tt. 
[L.] A spark ; an iota ; tittle. 

Scin'til -lant (sin'til-lant), Scimiter. 

a. [L. scintillans, p. pr.] Emitting sparks ; scintillating. 

Scin'til-late (-lat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scintillated 
(-UVted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Scintillating.] [L. scintil- 
lare, -atum, fr. scintilla spark.] 1. To emit sparks, or 
fine igneous particles. 2. To sparkle, as the fixed stars. 

ScuVtil-la'tion (-la/shim), n. 1. Act of scintillating. 
2. A spark or flash emitted in scintillating. 

Sci-og'ra-phy (sl-og'ra-fy), n. See Sciagraphy. 

Sci'O-lism (sl'o-liz'm), n. The knowledge of a scio- 
list ; varied, but superficial, knowledge. 

Sci'o-list (sl'o-list), n. [L. sciolus, dim. of scius 
knowing, fr. scire to know.] One who knows many 
things superficially ; a pretender to science. 

Sci-om'a-chy (st-om'a-ky), n. [Gr. aK.tafx.axia, <tklo- 
fiaxta; a-Kia. a shadow 4- ju^X 7 ? battle.] A fighting with 
a shadow ; an imaginary or futile combat. 

Sci'0-man cy (si'6-nian'sy), n. [Gr. oxia a shadow 4- 
-mancy.'] Divination by means of shadows. 

Sci'on (sl'un), n. [OF. don, prob. fr. scier to saw, 



fr. L. secare to cut.] 1. {Bot.) (a) A shoot or sprout of 
a plant ; a sucker. (6) A piece of a slender branch or 
twig cut for grafting. 2. Hence, a descendant ; an heir. 

Scl-Op'tic (st-op'tik), a. [Gr. ovcia shadow -f- otttiko? 
of sight. See Optic] ( Opt. ) Pert, to or designating an 
optical arrangement for forming images in a darkened 
room. 

Sci-op'tric (trTk), a. {Opt.) Scioptic. 

II Scire fa'ci-as (sl're fa'shT-as). [L., do you cause 
to know.] {Law) A judicial writ, founded on some rec- 
ord, requiring the adverse party to show cause why the 
one bringing it should not have advantage of such record, 
or why the record should not be annulled or vacated. 

Scir-rhos'i-ty (skir-rosl-t^), n. {Med.) A morbid 
induration, as of a gland ; state of being scirrhous. 

Scirrhous (skTr'rus), a. {Med.) Proceeding from 
scirrhus ; of the nature of scirrhus. 

Sclr'rhus (-rus), n. ; pi. L. Scirrhi (-ri), E. Scir- 
rhuses (-rus-ez).] [NL., fr. L. scirros, Gr. o-/ci'ppo?, 
cr/ctpo?, fr. o-Kippds, cnapo?, hard.] {Med.) {a) An indu- 
rated part. [06s.] {b) A kind of cancerous tumor. 

Scis'sel (s!s's61), n. [Cf. Scissile.] The clippings 
or remnants of metals in various mechanical operations. 

Scis'sil (sTs'sTl), n. Scissel. 

Scis'sile (-sil), a. [L. scissilis, fr. scindere, scissum f 
to cut, to split.] Capable of being cut smoothly. [i2.] 

Scis'sion (sizh'un), n. Act of dividing with an in- 
strument having a sharp edge. 

Scis'SOr (siz'zer), v. t. To cut with scissors. 

Scis'sors (-zerz), n. pi. [OF. cisoires, prob. fr. LL. 
cisorinm a cutting instrument, fr. L. caedere to cut.] 
A cutting instrument consisting of two blades, with han- 
dles, movable on a pin in the center. 

Scis'sure (sizh'ur), n. [L. scissura, fr. scindere, 
scissum, to cut.] A longitudinal opening in a body, 
made by cutting ; cleft ; fissure. 

Sclav (sklav or sklav), n., Sclav'ic (sklav'Tk or skla'- 
vlk), a. Same as Slav, Slavic, etc. 

II Scle-re'ma (skle-re'ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. <r/cA>jp6? 
hard.] {Med.) Induration of the cellular tissue. 

Scle-ren'chy-ma (-ren'kT-ma), n. [NL. ; Gr. <r/<ATjp6? 
hai-d4- -enchy ma. ] {Bot.) Vegetable tissue composed of 
cells with thickened or hardened walls, as in nutshells. 

II Scle-rO'ma (skle-ro'ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. aic\rip6? 
hard 4- -oma.~] {Med.) Induration of the tissues. 

II Scle-ro'siS (skle-ro'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. o-KA^ptoo-ij, 
fr. cr/cArjpos hard.] 1. {Med.) Induration ; hardening. 
2. {Bot. ) Hardening of the cell wall by bonification. 

Scle-rotlc (-rot'ik), a. [Gr. cr*cATjp6s hard.] 1. Hard; 
firm ; indurated ; — applied esp. to the outer coat of the 
eyeball. See Eye. 2. {3Ied. ) Affected with sclerosis. 

Scle-rot'ic, n. {Anat.) The sclerotic coat of the eye. 

Scobs (skobz), n. sing. & pi. [L. scobs, or scobis, 
fr. scabere to scrape.] 1. Raspings of ivory, hartshorn, 
metals, or other hard substance. 2. The dross of metals. 

Scoff (skof ; 115), n. [OE. scof ; akin to Icel. stcaup.~\ 
1. Derision ; mockery ; derisive or mocking expression 
of scorn, contempt, or reproach. 2. An object of scorn, 
mockery, or derision. 

Scoff, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Scoffed (skoft ; 115) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Scoffing.] To show, or treat with, insolent 
ridicule or mockery ; to manifest contempt by, or abuse 
with, derisive acts or language. — Scoffer (-er), n. 

Syn. — To sneer; mock; jibe; jeer. See Sneer. 

Scold (skold), v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Scolded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Scolding.] [Akin to G. schellen.] To find fault 
or rail with rude clamor ; to brawl ; to chide sharply or 
coarsely ; to rebuke with severity. [scolding ; brawl. I 

Scold, n. 1. One who scolds ; esp., a shrew. 2. A| 

Scold'er (-er), n. One who scolds ; a scold. 

Scol'lop (skol'lup), n. & v. See Scallop. 

Sconce (skons), n. [D. schans, OD. schantse, perh. 
fr. OF. esconse a hiding place, deriv. of L. absconder. 
See Abscond.] 1. A fortification. 2. A hut. 3. A 
piece of armor for the head ; helmet. 4. Fig. : The 
head ; skull ; also, sense ; discretion. [Colloq.'] 5. A 
poll tax ; mulct ; fine. 6. [OF. esconse ; a dark lan- 
tern, prop., a hiding place. See etymol. above.] A pro- 
tection for a light ; a lantern ; hence, a fixed hanging or 
projecting candlestick. 7. Hence, the circular tube, 
with a brim, in a candlestick, into which the candle is 
inserted. 8. A fragment of a floe of ice. 

Scoop (skoop), n. [OE. scope; of Scand. origin.] 
1. A large ladle for dipping liquids ; a utensil for bailing 
boats. 2. Any similar implement for dipping or shovel- 
ing up anything. 3. A place hollowed out ; basinlike 
cavity ; hollow. 4. A sweep ; stroke ; swoop. 5. Act 
of scooping, or taking with a scoop or ladle. 



fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 




N 



SCOOP 



730 



SCOURGE 



R 



Scoop (skffop), »'• '■ [imp. & p. p. Scooped (skoopt) ; 
...... Scooping. | 1- To take out or up with, or 

op ; to lade out. 2. To empty by lading. 
.; Jn hollow ; to e\ca\ate ; to form by digging or 

;ion. 

-scope (.-skopV [Gr. crKon-ot a watcher, spy. See 
A suffix usually signifying on instrument /w 
(with the eye) or obserring (in any way) ; as in 
. anemoscope. 

Scope\skop'», )i. [It. scopo, L. scopos a mark, aim, 
8t. <nmr& a watcher, mark, aim.] 1. That at which 
one aims; the thing or end to which the mind directs 
its view: hence, ultimate design, aim, or purpose; in- 
tention : drift : object. 2. Room or opportunity for 
free outlook or aim ; space for action ; range of view, 
intent, or action. 3. Length; extent; sweep. 

Sco'pe-loid (.sko'pe-loid), o. [NL. Scope! u. % typical 
genus t fr. Gr. oxon-eAo? headland) -+- -oid.l (Zool.) Like, 
pert, to, or designating fishes of the genus Scopelus, or f am- 
ily Seopelidm 1 which includes many small oceanic fishes, 
mostly phosphorescent. 

Scor'bute (skSr'but), n. [LL. scorbutus: cf. F. scor- 
but.~\ The scurvy. [Obs.] 

Scor-DU'tic (sk6r-bu'tTk), ) a. {Med.) Of or pertain- 

Scor-bu'tic-al (-tT-kal), J ing to scurvy ; resem- 
bling scurvy ; diseased with scurvy. 

Scorch (sk6rch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorched 
(sk6rcht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Scorching.] [OE. scorcken, 
prob. akin to scorcnen ; of uncertain origin.] 1. To 
parch or shrivel the surface of by heat ; to subject to so 
much heat as changes color and texture without consum- 
ing. 2. To affect painfully with heat, or as with heat. 
3. To burn ; to destroy by, or as by, fire. [to dry up. I 

Scorch, v. i. To burn, esp. on the surface ; to parch ; | 

Score (skor), n. [AS. scor twenty, lit., an incision ; 
akin to E. shear.] 1. A notch or incision; esp., one 
that is made as a tally mark ; hence, „a mark, or line, 
made for the purpose of account. 2. An account or 
reckoning ; bill ; hence, indebtedness. 3. Account ; 
reason ; motive ; sake ; behalf. 4. The number twenty, 
as being marked off by a score ; hence, pi., an indefi- 
nitely large number. 5. The number of points gained 
by the contestants, or either of them, in any game. 6. 
A line drawn; groove; furrow. 7- (Mus.) The original 
and entire draught, or its transcript, of a composition, 
with all the parts written on staves one above another ; 
— so called from the bar, which, in its early use, was 
drawn through all the parts. 

Score (skor), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scored (skord) ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Scoring.] 1. To mark with lines, scratches, 
or notches; to notch; to furrow. 2. Esp., to mark 
with significant lines or notches, for indicating or keep- 
ing account of something. 3. To mark or signify by 
lines or notches ; to keep account of ; to charge. 4. To 
make a score of, as points, in a game. — Scor'er (-er), n. 
Sco'ri-a (sko'rT-a), n. ; pi. Scorle (-e). [L., fr. Gr. 
<TKU)pia. fr. a-K(op dung.] 1. The recrement of metals in 
fusion, or the slag of metallic ores ; dross. 2. Volcanic 
cinders. [ria ; like scoria. 1 

Sco ri-a'ceous (sko'rT-a'shus), a. Of or pert, to sco-| 

Sco ri-fi-ca'tion (sko'rl-fT-ka'shun), n. (Chem.) Act, 
process, or result of scorifying, or reducing to a slag. 

Sco'ri-fi'er (sko'rT-fi'er), n. (Chem.) One who, or 
that which, scorifies; specif., a small flat bowl-shaped 
cup used in the first heating in assaying. 

Sco'ri-form (sko'rl-fQrm), a. In the form of scoria. 

Sco'ri-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorified (-fid) ;p. 
pr. & rb, n . Scorifying (-fi'Tng).] [Scoria + -fy.] 
(Chem.) To reduce to scoria or slag ; in assaying, to sep- 
arate from, or by means of, a slag. 

Scorn (skorn), n. [OF. escarn, escharn, eschar, of 
G. origin.] 1. Extreme and lofty contempt; haughty 
disregard. 2. Act or expression of extreme contempt. 
3. An object of extreme disdain, contempt, or derision. 

Syn. — Disdain ; derision ; contumely ; despite ; slight ; 
dishonor ; mockery. 

Scorn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorned (skSrnd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Scorning.] 1. To hold in extreme contempt; 
to despise ; to disdain. 2. To treat with extreme con- 
tempt ; to make the object of insult. 

Syn. — See Contemn. 

Scorn f skSrn), v. i. To scoff ; to act disdainfully. 

Scorn'er (-er), n. One who scorns; specif., a scoffer 
at religion. 

Scorn'ful C-ful), a. Full of scorn or contempt. — 
Scorn'rul-ly, adv. — Scorn'ful-ness, n. 

Scor'pi-on (skfrr'pT-un), n. [F., fr. L. scorpio, scor- 
'. cr.<op7rtos.] 1. (Zool.) Any one of numerous 




species of spiderlike creatures, having a flattened body, 
and a long, slender post-abdomen 
formed of six movable segments, 
the last of which terminates in a 
curved venomous sting. 2. 
(Script.) A painful scourge. 3. 
(Astron.) The eighth sign of the 
zodiac which the sun enters about 
October 23 [see Illust. of Zo- 
diac] ; also, a constellation 
drawn on the celestial globe in 
the figure of a scorpion. 

Scor'ta-tO-ry (sk6r'ta-t6-rjr), 
ct. [L. scorlator a fornicator, 
from scortari to fornicate, scor- 
tum a prostitute.] Pertaining to 
lewdness or fornication ; lewd. 

Scot (skot), n. [Cf. L. Scoli, 
pi., AS. Scoltas.~\ A native or 
inhabitant of Scotland ; a Scots- 
man, or Scotchman. 

Scot, n. [Icel. shot; or OF. 
escot, LL. scottum, scotum, from 
a kindred German word ; akin to 
E. shoot.! A portion of money Scorpion (Anclroctonus oc- 
assessed or paid; tax; mulct; ggg; —» -*£ 
fine; shot. 7as; c First Pair of Legs; 

Scotch (skoch), a. [Cf. Scot- p Comb; I Stigmata, or 
tish.] Of or pertaining to Scot- Openings of the Lung 
land, its language, or its inhabit- Cavities ; s Sting. 
ants ; Scottish. — n. The dialect or dialects of English 
spoken by the people of Scotland ; also, collectively, the 
people of Scotland. 

Scotch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scotched (skocht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Scotching.] [Etym. uncertain.] To shoulder 
up; to prop or block with a wedge, chock, etc., as a 
wheel, to prevent its rolling or slipping. 

Scotch, n. A chock, wedge, prop, or other support, 
to prevent slipping. 

Scotch, v. t. [Prob. same word as Scutch.] To cut 
superficially ; to wound ; to score. 

Scotched collops. a dish made of beef or veal cut thin, or 
minced, beaten flat, and stewed with onion, etc. 

Scotch, n. A slight cut or incision ; a score. 

Scotch/man (-man), n. A Scot ; a Scotsman. 

Sco'ter (sko'ter), n. [Cf. Prov. E. scote to plow up.] 
(Zool.) Any one of several species of northern sea ducks. 

Scot'-free' (skot'fre'), a. Free from payment of 
scot ; untaxed ; hence, unhurt ; clear ; safe. 

Sco'ti-a (sko'shT-a), n. [L., fr. Gr. cncorCa, lit., dark- 
ness, alluding to the shadow it casts.] (Arch.) A con- 
cave molding. [See Illust. of Base and of Molding.] 

Scot'O-graph (skot'6-graf), n. [Gr. o-kotos darkness 
-\- -graph.'] An instrument for writing without seeing. 

Scots (skots), a. [For older Scoftis Scottish.] Of or 
pert, to the Scotch ; Scotch ; Scottish, [to the Scotch. I 

Scotticism (skot'ti-sTz'm), n. An idiom peculiar! 

Scot'tish (-tish), a. [From Scot a Scotchman : cf. 
AS. Scytlisc] Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of 
Scotland, their country, or their language. 

Scoun'drel (skoun'drel), n. [Prob. from Prov. E. & 
Scotch scunner, scouner, to loathe, akin to E. shun.] A 
mean, worthless fellow ; rascal ; villain. 

Scoun'drel, a. Low ; base ; mean ; unprincipled. 

Scoun'drel ism (-Tz'm), n. Conduct of a scoundrel ; 
rascality. 

Scour (skour), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scoured (skourd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Scouring.] [Akin to D. schuren, G. 
scheuern ; of uncertain origin.] 1. To rub hard with 
something rough, for the purpose of cleaning ; to make 
clean or bright ; hence, to cleanse, as garments. 2. To 
purge. 3. To remove by rubbing or cleansing ; to 
sweep along or off, as by a current of water. 4. [Perh. 
deriv. fr. L. excurrere to run forth.] To pass swiftly 
over ; to brush along ; to traverse or search thoroughly. 

Scour, v. i. 1. To clean anything by, or as if by, rub- 
bing. 2. To have a diarrhoea. 3. To run swiftly ; to 
rove or range in pursuit or search of something. 

Scour, w. Diarrhoea or dysentery among cattle. 

Scour'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, scours. 
2. A rover or footpad ; a prowling robber. 

Scourge (skflrj), n. [F. escourgee, fr. L. excoriata 
(sc. scutica) a stripped off (lash), fr. excoriare to strip. 
See Excoriate.] 1. A lash ; a strap or cord; esp., a 
lash used to inflict pain or punishment ; whip. 2. Hence, 
a means of inflicting punishment or suffering ; an inflic- 
tion or affliction. 

Scourge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scourged (skdrjd) ; 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, fevent, tdea, 6bey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SCOURGER 



731 



SCREW 



p.pr. & vb. n. Scourging (sktir'jtng).] 1. To whip se- 
verely ; to lash. 2. To punish with severity ; to chas- 
tise. Also, to harass or afflict severely. 

Scour'ger (skfir'jer), n. One who scourges. 

Scouse (skous), n. (Naut.) A sailor's dish. Bread 
seouse contains no meat ; lobscouse contains meat, etc. 

Scout (skout), v. t. [Icel. skuta a taunt.] To reject 
with contempt ; to treat with ridicule ; to flout. 

Scout, n. [OF. escoute scout, spy, fr. escouter, escol- 
ter, to listen, to hear, fr. L. auscultare to listen to. See 
Auscultation.] One sent out to gain and bring in infor- 
mation, esp. of an enemy's movements or condition. 

Syn. — In a' military sense a scout is a soldier who does 
duty in his proper uniform ; a spy is one who in disguise 
penetrates the enemy's lines, or lurks near them, to ob- 
tain information. 

Scout, v. t. limp. & p. p. Scouted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Scouting.] 1. To follow, observe, watch, or look for, as 
a scout. 2. To pass over or through as a scout. 

ScOUt, v. i. To go on the business of scouting. 

Scow (skou), n. [D. schouiv.~\ (Naut.) A large flat- 
bottomed boat, having broad, square ends. 

Scowl (skoul), v . i. [imp. & p. p. Scowled (skould) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Scowling.] [Akin to Dan. skule.] To 
wrinkle the brows, as in frowning or displeasure ; to look 
sullen, angry, or threatening ; to lower. 

Scowl, v. t. 1. To look at or repel with a scowl. 2. 
To express by a scowl. 

Scowl, n. 1. A scowling ; look of sullenness or dis- 
content. 2. Hence, gloom ; dark or threatening aspect. 

Scrab'ble (skrab'b'l), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. 
Scrabbled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Scrabbling (-bling).] 
[Freq. of Scrape.] 1. To scrape, paw, or scratch with 
the hands ; to scramble. 2. To scribble ; to scrawl. 

Scrab'ble, n. A scrabbling ; scramble ; also, a scribble. 

Scrag (skrag), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. Some- 
thing thin, lean, or rough; esp., a bony neck piece of 
meat. 2. A ragged, stunted tree or branch. 

Scrag'ged (-ged), a. Scraggy. — Scrag'ged-ness, n. 

Scrag'gy (-gy), a. [Compar. Scraggier (-gi-er) ; 
superl. Scraggiest.] 1. Rough with irregular points. 

2. Lean and rough ; scragged. — Scrag'gi-ly (-gi-ly), 
adv. — Scrag'gi-ness, n. 

Scram'ble (skrSm'b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scram- 
bled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrambling (-bling).] 
[Freq. of Prov. E. scramb to rake together with the 
hands, or of scramp to snatch at.] 1. To clamber with 
hands and knees ; to scrabble. 2. To struggle eagerly 
or greedily with others for something thrown upon the 
ground. Also used figuratively. 

Scram'ble (skrani'b'l), v. t. 1. To collect by, or as if 
by, scrambling. 2. To prepare (eggs) for the table, by 
stirring the yolks and whites together while cooking. 

Scram'ble, n. Act of scrambling. 

Scram'bler (skram'bler), n. One who scrambles. 

Scrambling (-bling), a. Confused and irregular ; 
awkward. — Scram'bling-ly, adv. 

Scrap (skrap), n. [OE. scrappe, fr. Icel. skrap trifle, 
cracking. See Scrape, v. t.] 1. Something scraped off ; 
hence, a small piece ; bit ; fragment. 2. pi. The crisp 
substance that remains after trying out animal fat. 

Scrap'bOOk' (-boW), n. A book in which extracts 
cut from books and papers may be pasted and kept. 

Scrape (skrap), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Scraped (skrapt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Scraping.] [Icel. skrapa ; akin to G-. 
schrappen.] 1. To rub over the surface of with a sharp 
or rough instrument ; to abrade ; to roughen ; also, to 
smooth or clean. 2. To remove by rubbing or scraping. 

3. To collect by, or as by, a process of scraping. 4. To 
express disapprobation of by drawing the feet back and 
forth upon the floor. 

To scrape acquaintance, to get an acquaintance otherwise 
than by an introduction. 

Scrape, v. i. 1. To perform the operation of scraping 
anything. 2. To occupy oneself in laborious acquisition 
of small gains. 3. To play awkwardly and inharmoniously 
on a violin or like instrument. 4. To draw back the 
right foot along the ground or floor when making a bow. 

Scrape, n. 1. Act or result of scraping. 2. A dis- 
agreeable and^embarrassing predicament ; a difficulty. 

Scrap'er (-er), n. 1. An instrument with which any- 
thing is scraped. 2. One who scrapes. 

Scraping (skrap'ing), n. Something scraped off. 

Scrap'py (skrSp'py), a. Consisting of scraps ; fragmen- 
tary ; lacking unity or consistency. — Scrap'pi-ly, adv. 

Scratch (skrach), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scratched 
(skrScht) ; p. pr. &vb. n. Scratching.] [OE. cracchen ; 
of uncertain origin.] 1. To rub and tear or mark the 



surface of with something sharp or ragged. 2. To write 
or draw hastily or awkwardly. 3. To cancel by marking 
across ; hence, to erase ; to efface. 4. To dig or exca- 
vate with the claws. 

To scratch a ticket, to cancel one or more names of can- 
didates on a party ballot. [ U. 8.] 

Scratch (scrach), v. i. 1. To make scratches; to 
tear or dig with the claws or nails. 2. (Games) To score 
by some fortunate chance. [Cunt, U. &.] 

Scratch, n. 1. A break made by scratching ; a slight 
wound, mark, furrow, or incision. 2. (Pugilistic Matches) 
A line across the prize ring, up to which boxers are 
brought when they join fight ; hence, test, trial, or proof 
of courage. [Cant] 3. pi. (Far.) Minute, but tender 
and troublesome, excoriations, covered with scabs, upon 
the heels of horses. 4. A kind of wig. 5. (Gam inn) A 
play which scores by chance ; a fluke. [Cant, U. S.] 

Scratch, a. Made, done, or happening by chance ; ar- 
ranged with little or no preparation ; haphazard. [Slang'] 

Scrawl, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Scrawled (skrald) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Scrawling.] [Prob. corrupted fr. Scrab- 
ble.] To draw or mark awkwardly and irregularly ; to 
write hastily and carelessly. 

Scrawl (skral), n. Unskillful or inelegant writing. 

Scrawl'er (-er), n. One who scrawls. 

Scraw'ny (skra/ny), a. [Cf. Scrannel.] Meager; 
thin ; rawboned ; bony ; scranny. 

Screak (skrek), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Screaked (skrekt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Screaking.] [Cf. Icel. skrsekja.] To 
utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound ; to screech. 

Screak, n. A creaking ; screech ; shriek. 

Scream (skrem), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screamed 
(skreind) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Screaming.] [Icel. skrsema 
to scare, terrify.] To cry out with a shrill voice, as in 
fright or pain ; to shriek ; to screech. [screech. I 

Scream, n. A sharp, shrill cry, as of pain ; shriek ;| 

Scream'er(-er),?i. 1. One who screams. 2. (Zo'dl.) 
Any one of three species of South American birds having 
two spines on each wing, and the head either crested or 
horned, — including the kamichi. 

Screech (skrech), v. i. [imp: & p. p. Screeched 
(skrecht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Screeching.] [Also formerly, 
scritch, OE. striken, skrichen, schriken, of Scand. origin.] 
To utter a harsh, shrill cry ; to scream ; to shriek. 

Screech, n. A harsh, shrill cry ; shriek ; scream. 

Screech owl. (Zo'dl.) (a) A small American owl, either 
gray or reddish in color, (b) The European barn owl. 

Screed (skred), n. [Prov. E., a shred, the border of 
a cap. See Shred.] (Arch.) (a) A guiding strip of 
plaster of the proper thickness. (6) A wooden straight- 
edge used to lay across the plaster screed. 

Screed, n. 1. A breach or rent ; a breaking forth 
into a loud, shrill sound. 2. [Cf. also Gael, sgread an 
outcry.] An harangue ; a long tirade on any subject. 

Screen (skren), n. [OF. escrein, escran; of uncertain 
origin.] 1. That which shelters or conceals from view ; 
a shield or protection. 2. (Arch.) A dwarf wall or par- 
tition carried up to a certain height. 3. A surface, upon 
which an image is thrown, as by a magic lantern. 4. A 
coarse riddle or sieve. 

Screen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screened (skrend) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Screening.] 1. To provide with a shelter or 
screen ; to protect from inconvenience, injury, or danger 
with, or as if with, a screen. 2. To pass through a sift- 
ing screen. 

Screenings (-Tngz), n. pi. The refuse left after 
screening anything, as sand, coal, ashes. 

Screw (skru), n. [OE. scrue, OF. escroue, escroe, fe- 
male screw, L. scrobis trench.] 1. A 
cylinder, or a cylindrical perforation, 
having a continuous rib, called the 
thread, winding round it spirally at a 
constant inclination. The cylinder form 
is called the external, or male, screw, or, 
more usually, the screiv ; the cylindrical 
perforation is called the internal, or fe- 
male, screw, or, more usually, the nut. 
2. Specif., a kind of nail with a spiral 
thread and a head with a nick to receive 
the end of the screw-driver. 3. Any- 
thing shaped or acting like a screw ; Screw, a External, 
esp., a form of wheel for propelling or Male, Screw ; 
steam vessels. 4. A steam vessel pro- b Internal, or Fe- 
pelled by a screw instead of wheels. male « Screw. 
5. An extortioner ; a skinflint. 6. An instructor who 
examines with great severity ; also, a searching exami- 
nation. [Cant, American Colleges'] 7. An unsound or 
worn-out horse, useful as a hack. 8. (Math.) A straight 





fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SCHEW 



732 



SCULL 



line in space with which a definite linear magnitude 
termed the pitch la associated. 9- (Zool.) An amphi- 
pod crustacean ; as, the skeleton screw (CopreUo). 

Screw Jack. Same M .' tCXSCUW. - Screw pine titof.), an 
endogenous plant native of tropical lands from Africa to 
Polynesia ; — named from the BpiraJ arrangement of the 
pineapple-like leaves. — Screw propeller, a screw or spiral 
bl.uled wheel, used in the propulsion of steam vessels; 
also, a steam vessel propelled by a screw. —To put the 
screws, on, to use pressure upon, as for extortion ; 
to coerce. — To put under the screw or screws, to subject to 
pressure : to force. — Wood screw, a metal screw with a 
sharp thread of eoarse pitch, for use in wood. 

Screw (skxn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screwed (skrud) ; 
p. pr. A ib. n. Screwing.] 1. To turn, as a screw ; to 
press, fasten, or make firm, by means of a screw or 
screws, 2. To force ; to squeeze; to press, as by screws. 
3. Hence : To practice extortion upon ; to oppress. 4. 
To twist ; to distort. 5. To subject to a severe exami- 
nation. [Cant, American Colleges] 

Screw, r. (. 1- To be oppressive or exacting. 2. To 
turn one's self uneasily with a twisting motion. 

Screw'-driv'er (-driv'er), n. A tool for turning 
screws so as to drive them into their place. 

Screw'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, screws. 

Scrib'ble (skrlb'b'l), v. t. [Cf. Scrabble.] {Woolen 
Mamrf.) To card coarsely. 

Scrib'ble, v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Scribbled (-b'ld) ; 
/>. pr. & vb. n. Scribbling (-bling).] [From Scribe.] 
To write hastily or carelessly ; to scrawl. 

Scrib'ble, n. Hasty or careless writing. [hack. I 

Scrib'bler (-bier), n. One who scribbles ; a literary | 

Scribe (skrlb), n. [L. scriba, fr. seribere to write.] 

1. One who writes ; esp., an official or public writer ; a 
copyist. 2. (Jewish Hist.) A writer and doctor of the 
law ; one who read and explained the law to the people. 

Scribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribed (skribd) ; p. pr. 
& ib. n. Scribing.] 1. To write; to inscribe. [06s.] 

2. (Carp.) To cut according to marks made, so as to fit 
closely to an irregular surface. 3. To score or mark, as 
with compasses. 

Scrib'er (skiib'er),*w. A marking awl. 

Scrim (skrim), n. 1. A kind of light cotton or linen 
fabric. 2. pi. Thin canvas glued ou the inside of panels 
to prevent shrinking, checking, etc. 

Scrim'mage (-ma] ; 48), n. [Corrupt, fr. Skirmish.] 
Formerly, a skirmish ; now, a general row y ; a confused 
fight or struggle. 

Scrimp (akrimp), v. t. limp. & p. p. Scrimped 
(skrimt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrimping.] [Cf. Dan. 
skrumpe, G. schrumpfen, D. krimpen.] To make too 
small or short ; to scant ; to contract ; to shorten. 

Scrip (skrip), n. [OE. scrippe ; probably of Scand. 
origin.] A small bag ; a wallet. [Archaic] 

Scrip, n. [From Script.] 1. A small writing, certifi- 
cate, or schedule ; a piece of paper containing a writing. 
2. A preliminary certificate of a subscription to the cap- 
ital stock of a bank, railroad, or other company, or for a 
share of other joint property, or a loan. 3. Paper frac- 
tional currency. IColJoq. JJ. S.~\ 

Script (skrlpt), ii. [OE. scrit, L. scriptum a writing, 
fr. seribere, scriptum, to write.] 1. A writing. [Obs.] 

2. (Print.) Type made in imitation of handwriting. 

/Cut 'tvn-e. id feAvyv&d t^yi, ^/<yf,t^€. 

3. (Law) An original instrument or document. 4. 
Written characters ; style of writing. 

Scrip'iUT-al (skrTp'tur-«l ; 135), a. Contained in the 
Scriptures ; according to the Scriptures ; biblical. — 
Scrip'tur-al-ly, adv. — Scrip'tur-al-ness, n. 

Scrip'ture (-tur ; 135), n. [L. scriptura, fr. scrib'ere, 
scriptum, to write.] 1. Anything written ; a writing ; 
document ; inscription. 2. The books of the Old and the 
New Testament, or of either of them ; the Bible ; — chiefly 
in pi. 3. A passage from the Bible ; text. 

Scrip'tur-ist (-1st ; 135), n. One attached to, or versed 
in, the Scriptures. 

Scrive'ner i>krTv'ner or skrTV'n-er), n. [From older 

OF. eserivain, LL. scribanus, fr. L. seribere to 

write.] A professional writer ; one whose occupation is 

to draw contracts or prepare writings. 

Scrod CskroVl), | n. A young codfish, esp. when cut 

Scrode (skrod), J open on the back and dressed. 

[Local, C. S.] 

8crof'u-la (skrSf u-la), n. [L. scrofulae, fr. scrofa a 
br(ic<ling how; — why so called uncertain.] (Med.) A 
constitutional disease, generally hereditary, especially 
affecting the lymphatic glands. 



Scrof'U-lous (skrof'u-lQs), a. 1. Pert, to, or of the 
nature of, scrofula. 2. Diseased or affected with scrof- 
ula. — Scrof'u-lous-ly, adv. — Scrof u-lous-ness, n. 

Scroll (skrol), n. [A dim. of OE. scrotte, scrowe, 
OF. escroe, escroue, LL. scroa scroll ; prob. of Teutonic 
origin.] 1. A roll of paper or parchment ; a writing 
formed into a roll ; schedule; list. 2. (Arch.) An orna- 
ment formed of undulations giving off spirals or sprays. 
3. A mark or flourish added to a person's signature, in- 
tended to represent a seal, and inmost States of the U. S. 
allowed as a substitute for a seal. [ U. S.] 

Scro'ti-form (skro'tT-f6rin), a. [L. scrotum scrotum 
■{--form.] Purse-shaped; pouch-shaped. 

II Scro'tum (-timi), n. [L.] (Anat.) The bag or pouchl 
which contains the testicles. [wretch. lObs.] \ 

Scroyle(skroil),n. [Etym. uncertain.] A mean fellow; 

Scrub (skrub), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Scrubbed 
(skrubd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Scrubbing.] [OE. scrobben; 
prob. of Dutch or Scand. origin.] To rub hard ; usually, 
to rub with a wet brush, or with something coarse or 
rough, for the purpose of cleaning or brightening. 

Scrub, n. 1. One who labors hard and lives meanly ; 
a mean fellow. 2. Something small and mean. 3. A 
thicket or jungle. 4. (Stock Breeding) One of the com- 
mon live stock of a region, esp. when inferior in size, etc. 
[C- S.] [mean ; despicable. I 

Scrub, a. Of or pertaining to scrubs ; hence, inferior ; | 

Scrub'bed (-bed), a. Dwarfed or stunted ; scrubby. 

Scrub'ber (-her), n. One that scrubs. 

Scrub'by (-by), a. ICompar. Scrubbier (-bl-er) ; 
superl. Scrubbiest.] Of the nature of scrub ; small and 
mean ; stunted in growth. 

Scruff (skruf ), n. [Cf . Scuff.] The nape of the neck. 

Scrump'tious (skriimp'shus), a. [Etym. uncertain.] 
Nice ; particular ; fastidious ; excellent ; fine. ISlang] 

Scru'ple (skru'p'l), n. [L. scrupidus a small sharp 
or pointed stone, the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, a 
scruple, dim. of scrupus a rough or sharp stone, anxiety, 
uneasiness.] 1. A weight of twenty grains ; the third 
part of a dram. 2. Hence, a very small quantity ; a 
particle. 3. Unwillingness, doubt, or hesitation pro- 
ceeding from motives of conscience. 

Scru'ple, v. i. limp. & p. p. Scrupled (-p'ld) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Scrupling (-pling).] To be reluctant or to 
hesitate for the sake of conscience or expediency. 

Scru'ple, V. t. 1. To regard with suspicion ; to hesi- 
tate at; to question. 2. To excite scruples in. IB.] 

Scru'pler (-pier), n. One who scruples. 

Scru pu-los'i-ty (skru/pu-los'I-ty), n. Quality or state 
of being scrupulous ; doubt ; nice propriety ; precision. 

Scru'pu-lous (skru/pu-lus), a. 1. Full of scruples ; 
inclined to scruple ; nicely doubtfid. 2. Nice as to ex- 
actness or propriety ; careful ; cautious ; exact ; nice. — 
Scru'pu-lous-ly, adv. — Scru'pu-lous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Cautious ; careful; conscientious; hesitating. 

Scru'ti-nize (skru/tl-niz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scru- 
tinized (-nlzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrutinizing.] [From 
Scrutiny.] To examine closely ; to subject to scrutiny. 

Scru'ti-ny (-ny), n. [L. scrutinium, fr. scrutari to 
search carefully, orig., to search even to the rags, fr. 
scruta trash, trumpery.] Close examination ; minute in- 
spection ; critical observation. 

Scru-toire' (skru-twar'), n. See Escritoire. 

Scud (skud), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scudded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Scudding.] [Dan. skyde to shoot, push.] 1. To 
move swiftly, esp. as if driven on by something. 2. 
(Naut.) To run before a gale with little or no sail spread. 

Scud, n. 1. Act of scudding. 2. Loose, vapory clouds 
driven swiftly by the wind. 

II Scu'do (skoo'do), n.; pi. -di (-de). [It., crown, dollar, 
shield, fr. L. scutum shield.] (Com.) (a) A silver coin, 
and money of account, used in Italy and Sicily, worth 
about 96 cents ; also, a gold coin worth about the same. 
(b) A gold coin of Rome, worth about £15.70. 

Scuff (skuf ), v. i. limp. &p.p. Scuffed (skuft) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Scuffing.] [Cf. Sw. skuffa to shove, and E. 
shove.] To walk without lifting the feet ; to shuffle. 

Scuffle (skuf'f '1), v. i. limp. & p. p. Scuffled (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Scuffling (-fling).] [Freq. of -Scuff.] 
1. To strive or struggle with a close grapple ; to wrestle 
roughly. 2. To struggle confusedly or at haphazard. 

Scuffle, n. 1. A rough, haphazard struggle ; a dis- 
orderly wrestling. 2. Hence, a confused contest. 

Scuf fler (skuf fler), n. One who scuffles. 

Sculk (skiilk), Sculk'er (-er). See Skulk, Skulker. 

Scull (skill), n. [Origin uncert.] (Naut.) (a) A boat ; 
cockboat, (b) One of a pair of short oars worked by one 
person, (c) A single oar used at the stern to propel a boat. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, 6vent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SCULL 



733 



SEA COAL 




Scull (skul), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Sculled (skQld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sculling.] (Naut.) To impel with a pair 
of sculls, or with a single oar worked over the stern. 

Scull'er (-er), n. 1. A boat rowed by one man with 
two sculls, or short oars. [72.] 2. One who sculls. 

Scul'ler-y (skul'ler-y), n. [Probably orig., a place 
for washing dishes, and corrupted fr. OE. swilen to wash, 
AS. Sicilian.] A place where dishes, kettles, etc., are 
cleaned and kept ; also, a room attached to the kitchen, 
where the coarse work is done. 

Scullion (skfil'yun), n. (Bot.) A scallion. 

Scullion, n. [OF. escouillon a dishclout.] A servant 
who does menial services in the kitchen. 

Scul'pin (skul'pin), n. (Zool.) A kind of marine fish 
having a head armed with sharp 
spines, and a broad mouth. 

Sculp'tor (skulr/ter) n. [L., 
f r. sculpere, sculptum, to carve.] 
One who sculptures ; hence, an 
artist who designs works of l^P^ T \ 

SC Sculi'tress (-tres), n. Afe- Yellow S ,^% n r tf alliony - 
male sculptor. 

Sculp'tur-al (-tur-al ; 135), a. Of or pert, to sculpture. 

Sculpture (skulp'tur ; 135), n. [L. sculptural 1. 
Art of "carving, cutting, or hewing wood, stone, metal, 
etc., into statues, ornaments, etc., or of designing and 
modeling such works. 2. Carved work. 

Sculp'ture, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Sculptured (-turd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sculpturing.] To form or shape with the 
chisel, as wood, stone, or metal ; to carve ; to engrave. 

Scum (skum), n. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. Extraneous 
matter or impurities which form on the surface of 
liquids, as in boiling or fermentation ; also, scoria of 
molten metals ; dross. 2. Refuse ; recrement ; any- 
thing vile or worthless. 

Scum, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Scummed (skQmd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Scumming.] To take the scum from ; to skim. 

Scum, v. i. To form a scum. 

Scuin'ble (-b'l),r. t. [imp. &, p.p. Scumbled (-b'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Scumbling (-bliiig).] [Freq. of Scum.] 
{Fine Arts) To cover lightly with opaque color, so as to 
produce a softened effect. [scum. I 

Scum'mer (-mer), n. An instrument for taking off I 

Scun'ner (skun'uer), v. t. & %. [Cf. Shun.] To 
loathe, or cause to loathe. [Scot. &Pror. Eng.] v 

Scup (skup), n. [Coutr. fr. Am. Indian mishcup, fr. 
mishe-kitppi large, thick-scaled.] (Zool.) A marine food 
fish, common on the Atlantic coast of the United States. 

Scup'paug (-pag), n. [Contr. fr. Amer. Indian mish- 
cuppauog, pi. of mishcup.] (Zool.) See Scup. 

Scup'per (-per), n. [OF. escopir, escupir, to spit ; 
origin uncertain.] (JYaut.) An opening cut through the 
waterway and bulwarks of a ship, so that water falling 
on deck may flow overboard. 

Scup'per-nong (skup'per-nong), ii. A variety of grape 
of the Southern U. S., often cultivated. 

Scurf (skfirf), n. [AS. scurf, sceorf ; or from Scand.] 

1. Thin, dry scales or scabs upon the body ; dandruff. 

2. Hence, the foul remains of anything adherent. 3. 
Anything like flakes or scales adhering to a surface. 

Scurfy (-y), a. [Compar. Scurfier (-I-er) ; superl. 
Scurfebst.] Having or producing scurf ; covered with 
scurf ; resembling scurf . — Scurf'i-ness, n. 

Scur'rile (skur'rTl), a. [L. scurrilis, fr. scurra a buf- 
foon, jester.] Such as befits a buffoon or vulgar jester ; 
grossly opprobrious or lewdly jocose ; scurrilous. 

Scur-ril'i-ty (skur-rTl'T-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being scurrile. 2. That which is scurrile. 

Syn. — Abuse ; insolence ; vulgarity ; indecency. 

Scur'ril-ous (skur'rTl-us), a. [See Scurrdle.] 1. 
Using the low and indecent language of the meaner sort 
of people, or such as only the license of buffoons can 
warrant. 2. Containing low indecency or abuse ; foul ; 
vile. — Scur'ril-ous-ly, adv. — Scur'ril-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Opprobrious ; abusive ; reproachful ; insult- 
ing ; insolent ; offensive ; gross ; vile ; vulgar ; low ; foul ; 
foul-mouthed ; indecent ; scurrile ; mean ; obscene. 

Scur'ry (skur'ry), v. i. [Cf. Scour to run.] To 
hasten away or along ; to move rapidly ; to hurry. 

Scur'vy (skftr'vy), a. [Compar. Scurvier (-vT-er) ; 
superl. Scurviest.] [From Scurf ; cf. Scurvy, n.] 1. 
Covered or affected with scurf or scabs; specif., dis- 
eased with the scurvy. 2. Vile ; mean ; low ; vulgar ; 
contemptible. — Scur'vi-ly, adv. — Scur'vi-ness, n. 

Scur'vy, n. [Prob. from the same source as Scor- 
bute.] (Med.) A disease characterized by livid spots 
(due to extravasation of blood), spongy gums, and bleed- 




Scutate Leaf. 



ing from almost all the mucous membranes. It is occa- 
sioned by confinement, innutritious food, and hard labor, 
but especially by lack of fresh vegetable food. 

Scurvy grass. [.Scurvy 4 grass : or cf. Icel. skarfakZl 
scurvy grass.] (Bot.) A kind of cress (Cochle.aria offici- 
nalis) of northern regions, used as a remedy for scurvy. 

Scut (skiit), n. [Cf. Icel. skott a fox's tail.] (Zool.) 
The tail of a hare, deer, or other animal whose tail is 
short, esp. if carried erect ; hence, the animal itself. 

Scu'tate (sku'tat), a. [L. scutatus armed witli a shield, 
from scutum a shield.] 1. Buckler- 
shaped ; round, or nearly round. 2. 
(Zool.) Protected or covered by bony or 
horny plates, or large scales. 

Scutch (skHeh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Scutched (skiicht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Scutching.] [See Scotch to cut slight- 
ly.] 1. To beat or drub. [Old or Prov. 
Eng. & Scot.] 2. To separate the woody fiber from (flax, 
hemp, etc.) by beating ; to swingle. 3. To loosen and dress 
(the fiber of cotton or silk) by beating ; to free (fibrous 
substances) from dust by beating and blowing. 

Scutch, n. 1. A wooden instrument used in scutch- 
ing flax and hemp. 2. The woody fiber of flax. 

Scutch'eon (-fin), n. [Aphetic for Escutcheon.] 1. 
An heraldic escutcheon. 2. A shield around a keyhole. 

Scute (skut), n. [L. scutum a shield, a buckler.] 
(Zool.) A bony scale of a reptile or fish ; a large horny 
scale on the leg of a bird, or on the belly of a snake. 

Scu'tel-late (sku'tel-lat), ) a. [L. scutella salver.] 

Scu'tel-la ted (-la' ted), J 1. (Zool.) Formed like 
a plate or salver ; composed of platelike surfaces. 2. 
(Zool.) Having the tarsi covered with broad transverse 
scales ; — said of certain birds. 

Scu'ti-form (sku'tT-f6rni), a. [L. scutum shield -)- 
-form.'] Shield-shaped ; scutate. 

Scut'tle (skut't'l), n. [AS. scute! a dish, platter, fr. 
L. scutella, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish or platter.] 1. 
A broad, shallow basket. 2. A coal hod. 

Scut'tle, v. i. [For scudclle, fr. scud.] To scurry. 

Scuttle, n. A quick pace ; a short run. 

Scut'tle (skiit't'l), n. [OF. escoutille ; of uncertain 
origiu.] A small opening in an outside wall or covering, 
furnished with a lid or door ; also, the covering lid or door. 

Scut'tle, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Scuttled (-t'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Scuttling (-tling).] 1. To cut a hole or holes 
through the bottom, deck, or sides of (a vessel). 2. To 
sink by making holes through the bottom. 

Ii Scu'tum (sku'tum), n. ; pi. Scuta (sku'ta). [L.] 
(Pom. Antiq.) A kind of oblong shield. 

Scym'e-tar (sim'e-ter), n. See Scimiter. 

Scythe (sltb), n. [OE. sithe, AS. side, sigSe ; akin 
to G. sense scythe, E. saw.] 1. An instrument for mow- 
ing grass, grain, or the like, by hand, composed of a long, 
curving blade made fast to a long handle. 2. (Antiq.) 
A kind of blade attached to war chariots. 

Scythe'man (sith'man), v. One who uses a scythe. 

'Sdeath (sdgth), interj. [Corrupted fr. God's death.] 
An exclamation expressive of impatience or anger. 

Sea (se), n. [OE. see, AS. sse ; akin to G. see.] 1. 
One of the larger bodies of salt water, less than an 
ocean, on the earth's surface. 2. An inland body of 
water, esp. if large or if salt or brackish. 3. The ocean ; 
the whole body of salt water covering a large part of the 
globe. 4. The swell of the ocean or other body of wa- 
ter in a high wind : also, a single wave ; billow. 5. (Jew- 
ish Antiq.) A great brazen laver in the temple at Jerusa- 
lem. 6. Fig. : Anything resembling the sea in vastuess. 

Sea' an'chor (s5' an'ker). (Xaut.) A drag sail. See 
under Drag, n. 

Sea' a-nem'O-ne (se'a-nem'o-ne). (Zool.) Any one of 
numerous species of soft-bodied marine animals, some- 
what resembling flowers in shape and colors. See Actinia. 

Sea' bank (se' bank / ). 1. The seashore. 2. A bank 
or mole to defend against the sea. 

Sea'board (se'bSrdO, n. [Sea + board, F. bord, side.] 
The seashore ; seacoast. 

Sea' boat' (se' bot')- [AS. ssebat.] A boat or vessel 
adapted to voyages on the open sea ; hence, a vessel con- 
sidered with reference to her seaworthiness. 

Sea'-born' (se'born'), a. 1. Born of the sea ; produced 
by the sea. 2. Born at sea. [a bank by the sea. I 

Sea' breach 7 (se' brech')- A breaking or overflow of | 

Sea' call 7 (se kaf). (Zool.) The common seal. 

Sea' cap'tain (se' kap'tiu). The captain of a vessel 
that sails upon the sea. 

Sea' coal' (se' kol')- Mineral coal ; — formerly so 
called in the south of England because brought by sea. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SEACOAST 



734 



SEA ROVER 



Sea 'coast Iha shore or border of the 

losal to the tern w ooean. 

Sea' cow («■' ko " )• (*•**•) ( a ) The manatee, (fc) 
Thedugong. (c) The walrus. [holothurian. I 

Sea'cu'cum-ber t.se' ku'knm-ber). (Zo'ol.) Any large | 

Sea' dev'il (.se' d?\'*l). (Zo'ol.) (a) Any of the very 
-. boom of which weigh several tons. {b) Any 
alopod, as a giant squid. 

Sea' dog (aVd&g'I 1. (Zo'ol.) (a) The dogfish. 
oinmonseal. 2. An old sailor ; a salt. [Colloq.] 

Sea' dove (sv*dov ). (Zo'ol.) The little auk. 

Sea' ea'gle {tiff e'g'H. (Zo'ol.) Any one of several 
: Bun-eating eagles. 

Sea' el'e-phant t,?l'e-f(7ut). (Zo'ol.) A very large Ant- 
srctic asal, with a proboscis about afoot long, [sailor. I 

Sea'far er (sefaVer), »■ [Sea -{-fare.'] Mariner ;| 

Sea'far illg. a. Following the business of a mariner. 

Sea' feath'er (as? fgth'er). (Zo'ol.) Any gorgonian 
branches in a plumelike form. 

Sea' fight (se/fitf). A naval battle. 

Sea' fowl (se' foul ). (Zo'ol.) Any bird which habit- 
uallv frequents the sea : also, all such birds, collectively. 

Sea' gher'kin (seV ger'klu). (Zo'ol.) Any small hol- 
othurian resembling in form a gherkin. 

Sea'girt (seTgext ),a. Surrounded by the sea or ocean. 

Sea' god (se 7 g5d'). A marine deity ; a fabulous be- 
ing supposed to live in, or have dominion over, the sea. 

Sea' god'dess (-des). A female sea god. 

Sea'go ing (.se'ga lug), a. Going upon the sea, esp. 
upon the deep sea. 

Sea' green (se' gren'). The green color of sea water. 

Sea'-green , a. Of a beautiful bluish green color, 
like sea water on soundings. 

Sea' hare 7 (se' hSr'). {Zo'ol.) Any tectibranchiate 
mollusk of the genus Aplysia, some species of which 
throw out a purple fluid. 

Sea' hog' (se' hog')- {Zo'ol.) The porpoise. 

Sea' hol'ly (se' hol'ly). (Bot.) An evergreen sea- 
shore plant of the genus Eryngium. 

Sea' horse 7 (se' hors'). 1. A fabulous creature half 
horse and half fish. 2. {Zo'ol.) (a) The walrus. (6) 
Any fish of the genus Hippocampus. 

Sea'-island (sel'land), a. Of, pertaining to, or com- 
ing from, certain islands along the coast of South Caro- 
lina and Georgia ; as, sea-island cotton. 

Sea' kale (se' kal- ). (Bot.) A European cruciferous 
herb (C ramie mariiima) often used as a pot herb. 

Sea' king (se' king'). A Norse pirate chief. 

Seal (sel), n. [OE. sele, AS. seolh.] (Zo'ol.) An 




Common Seal (Phoca litulina). 

aquatic, carnivorous mammal inhabiting seacoasts, and 
found principally in the higher latitudes. 

Seal, n. [OE. seel, OF. seel, fr. L. sigillum a little 
image, seal, dim. of signum a mark, sign, or image.] 1. 
An engraved or inscribed stamp, used for making an im- 
pression in wax or other soft substance. 2. Wax, wafer, 
or other tenacious substance, set to an instrument, and 
impressed or stamped with a seal. 3. That which closes 
or makes secure ; esp., the wax or wafer used to fasten 
a letter or document. 4. That which confirms, ratifies, 
makes stable, or authenticates anything. 

Seal. v. (. [imp. & p. p. Sealed (seld) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Sealing.] 1. To set or affix a seal to ; hence, to au- 
thenticate : to confirm ; to establish. 2. To mark with 
a stamp, as an evidence of standard exactness, legal size, 
or merchantable quality. 3. To fasten with, or as with, 
a seal. Hence, to shut close ; to keep secure or secret. 

Seal'-brown' (sel'broun'), a. Of a rich dark brown 
color, like the fur of the fur seal after it is dyed. 

Sea' legs' Cse/ lSgz'). Legs adapted or accustomed to 
walking on an unsteady deck. [Sailors' Cant] 

Sea' leop'ard (af le'p'erd). (Zo'ol.) Any one of sev- 
potted seals. 

Seal'er (sel^r), n. One who seals writs orinstru-l 
weights and measures, etc. [ing seals. | 

Seal'er. '/•■ A mariner or a vessel engaged in captur- 

Sea' lev'el 'se' lSv'Sl). The level of the surface of 
the sea ; any surface on the same level with the sea. 



SeaTlng wax' (sel'Tng w5ks'). A compound of resin, 
pigments, etc., used for sealing letters, etc. 

Sea' li'on (se 7 li'iin). (Zo'ol.) Auy one of several large 
species of seals, native of the Pacific Ocean. 

Seam (sem), n. [OF. sain, fr. L. saginu a fattening.] 
Grease ; tallow ; lard. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 

Seam, n. [AS. seam; akin to G. saum. See Sew to 
stitch.] 1. The fold or line formed by sewing things to- 
gether. 2. Hence, a line of junction ; joint. 3. (Geol. 
& Mining) A narrow vein. 4. A scar; cicatrix. 

Seam, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Seamed (semd); p. pr. & 
vb. n. Seaming.] 1. To form a seam upon or of ; to join 
by sewing together ; to unite. 2. To line ; to scar. 3. 
To knit with a certain stitch, making raised lines. 

Seam, n. [AS. seam, LL. sauma, L. sagma a pack- 
saddle, fr. Gr. adyna.] A denomination of weight or 
measure. Specif.: (a) Of grain, eight bushels, {b) Of 
glass, 1'20 pounds. [Eng.] [nymph. I 

Sea'-maid (se'inad'), n. 1. The mermaid. 2. A seaj 

Sea'man (se'inari), n. A merman, [i?.] 

Sea'man (se'man), n. One whose occupation is to as- 
sist in managing ships at sea ; mariner ; sailor. 

Sea'man-Ship, n. The skill of a seaman. 

Sea'mark (se'rnark'), n. Any elevated land or object 
on land which serves as a guide to mariners. 

Sea' mew' (se' mu'). {Zo'ol.) A gull ; the mew. 

Sea' mile' (se' mil'). A geographical mile. 

Seamless, o. Without a seam. 

Seam'stress (sem'stres), n. [From older seamster, 
prop, fern., AS. seamestre. See Seam.] A woman whose 
occupation is sewing ; needlewoman. [showing seams. 1 

Seam'y (seni'y), a. Having a seam ; containing or | 

|l Stance' (sa'aNs'), n. [F., fr. L. sedens, -entis, 
p. pr. of sedere to sit.] A session, as of some public 
body; esp., a meeting of spiritualists to receive spirit 
communications, so called. 

Sea' net'tle (se' net't'l). A jellyfish, or medusa. 

Sea' 0t'ter(se' ot'ter). (Zo'ol.) An aquatic carnivore, 
allied to the common otter, found in the North Pacific. 

Sea' pie 7 (se 7 pi'). A dish of pastry and meat or fish, 
etc., cooked together in alternate layers. 

Sea'piece' (se'pes'), n. A marine picture. 

Sea'port' (se'port/), n. A port on the seashore, or 
one accessible for seagoing vessels. 

Sea' purse' (se' pfixs'). (Zo'ol.) The horny egg case of 
a skate, and of certain sharks. 

Sear, Sere (sex), a. [OE. 
seer, deriv. of searian to with- 
er ; akin to Gr. aveiv to parch, 
Skr. cush.] Dry ; withered ; no 
longer green; — applied to 
leaves. 

Sear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Seared (serd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Searing.] 1. To wither; to dry 
up. 2. To expose to a degree of 
heat such as changes the color 
or the hardness and texture of 
the surface ; to scorch ; to cau- t,,,,^ . r „„ nt QV .t» 
terize. 3. Fig. : To make cal- S %Siw5?c$oS£ 
lous. showing two nearly ma- 

Sear, n. [F. serre a grasp, ture eggs (a a) in their 
pressing, fr. L. sera. See natural position. 
Serey.] The catch holding the hammer in a gunlock. 

Search (serch). v. t. [imp. &p. p. Searched (sercht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Searching.] [OF. cerchier, L. circare, 
to go about, fr. L. circurn, circa, around.] 1. To look 
over or through, for the purpose of finding something ; to 
examine : to explore. 2. To look for ; to seek. 3. To 
probe. 4. To try ; to put to the test. 

Syn. — To scrutinize ; investigate ; pry into ; inquire. 

Search, V. i. To seek ; to look for something ; to 
make inquiry, exploration, or examination ; to hunt. 

Search, n . Act of searching. 

Search warrant (Law), a warrant authorizing an exami- 
nation or search of a house, or other place, for goods. 

Syn. — Scrutiny ; examination; exploration; investi- 
gation ; research ; inquiry ; quest ; pursuit. 

Search'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being searched. 

Search'er (-er), n. 1. One who searches or examines ; 
a seeker ; an inquirer ; an examiner ; a trier. 2. An in- 
strument used in searching or examining. 

Sear'cloth' (serHdoth' ; 115), n. Cerecloth. 

Sear'ed-ness (ser'ed-nes), n. State of being seared 
or callous. 

Sea' room' (se' room'). (Kant.) Space at sea for a 
vessel to maneuver or scud without peril of grounding. 

Sea' TOV'er (rov'er). A pirate or piratical vessel. 




;t, e, I, o, u, long ; ft, g, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, &bey, finite, c4re, arm, ask, all, final. 



SEA SERPENT 



735 



SECRETARY BIRD 



Sea' ser'pent (se' seVpent). (Zo'ol.) 1. Any marine 
snake. 2. A large marine animal of unknown nature, 
often reported to have been seen at sea. [rine mollusk. I 

Sea'shell' (se'shSl'), n. (Zo'ol. ) The shell of any ma- 1 

Sea'shore' (se'shor'), n. 1. The coast of the sea ; the 
land adjacent to the sea or ocean. 2. {Law) All the ground 
between ordinary high-water and low-water marks. 

Sea'sick' (se'slk'), a. Affected with seasickness. 

Sea'sick ness, n. The peculiar sickness, with nausea, 
caused by the pitching or rolling of a vessel. 

Sea'side' (se'sid'), n. The land bordering on, or adja- 
cent to, the sea ; the seashore. 

Sea' snake 7 (se 7 snak'). {Zo'ol.) Any one of many 
species of venomous aquatic snakes having a flattened 
tail and living entirely in the sea. 

Sea'son (se'z'n), n. [F. saison, prop., sowing time, 
fr. L. salio a sowing, fr. severe, salum, to sow, plant.] 1. 
One of the divisions of the year, marked by alterations 
in the length of day and night, or by distinct conditions 
of temperature, moisture, etc. 2. Hence, a period of 
time, longer or shorter ; esp., an appointed, suitable, or 
convenient time. 3. Seasoning. [Obs.~\ 

Sea'son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seasoned (-z'nd) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Seasoning.] 1. To render suitable or appro- 
priate ; to prepare ; to fit. 2. To habituate ; to inure. 
3. To prepare by drying or hardening, or the removal of 
natural juices. 4. To render agreeable ; to give zest or 
relish to ; to spice ; to flavor. 5. To qualify by admix- 
ture ; to temper. 

Sea'son, v . i. To become prepared, fitted, accustomed, 
or inured ; esp., to become dry and hard, as timber. 

Sea'son-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Occurring in due season or 
time ; suitable to the season ; opportune ; timely. — 
Sea'son-a-ble-ness, n. — Sea'son-a-bly, adv. 

Sea'son-er (-er), ~i. One that seasons, or gives a relish. 

Sea'SOn-ing, n. 1. That which is added to food to 
give it a higher relish ; condiment. 2. Hence, something 
added to enhance enjoyment or relieve dullness. 

Seat (set), n. [OE. sete, Icel. sseti; akin to E. sit.'] 

1. The place or thing upon which one sits ; hence, any- 
thing made to be sat in or upon. 2. The place where 
any person or thing is situated, resides, or abides ; site ; 
abode ; station ; post ; situation. 3. A right to sit ; reg- 
ular or appropriate place of sitting. 4. Posture, or way 
of sitting, on horseback. 5. (Mach.) A part or surface 
on which another part or surface rests. 

Seat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Seating.] 1. To place on a seat ; to cause to sit down. 

2. To station ; to establish ; to fix ; to settle. 3. To as- 
sign a seat to ; to assign the seats of. 4. To fix ; to set 
firm. 5. To put a seat in. 

Sea' turn' (se' tfirn'). A wind or mist from the sea. 

Sea' U'ni-corn (u'nT-k6rn). (Zo'ol.) The narwhal. 

Sea' ur'chin (ftr'chTn). {Zo'ol.) Any one of numerous 
species of echinoderms, which are covered, when living, 
with movable spines, often long and sharp. 

Sea' wall' (se' wal'). A wall, or embankment, to re- 
sist encroachments of the sea. 

Sea'wan (se'wan), ) n. [Of Algonquin Indian origin.] 

Sea'want (-want), J Shell beads which passed among 
the Indians as money. 

3gp = " Seawan was of two kinds : wampum, white, and 
suckanhock, black or purple, — the former having half 
the value of the latter. 

Sea'ward (se'werd), a. Directed or situated toward 
the sea. — adv. Toward the sea. 

Sea'weed' (se'wed'), n. 1. Popularly, any plant or 
plants growing in the sea. 2. (Bot.) Any marine plant 
of the class Algse. [See Ulust. of Kelp.] 

Sea'WOr'thy (se'wuVthy), a. Fit for a voyage ; wor- 
thy of being trusted to endure the ordinary perils of the 
sea. — Sea'wor thi-ness, n. 

Se-ba'ceous (se-ba'shiis), a. [NL. sebaceus. fr. L. 
sebum tallow, grease.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or se- 
creting, fat ; composed of, or resembling, fat. 

Se'cant (se'kant), a. [L. secans, -antis, p. pr. of se- 
care to cut.] Cutting ; dividing into two parts. 

Se'cant, n. 1. (Geom.) A line that cuts another ; 
esp., a straight line cutting a curve in two or more points. 
2. (Trig.) A right line drawn from the center of a circle 
through one end of a circular arc, and terminated by a 
tangent drawn from the other end ; also, the number ex- 
pressing the ratio of this line to the radius of the circle. 

Se-cede' (se-sed'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seceded; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Seceding.] [L. secedere, secessum; pref. 
se- aside -f- cedere to go.] To withdraw from fellowship, 
communion, or association ; esp., to withdraw from a 
political or religious body. — Se-ced'er (-er), n. 



Se-cern' (se-sern'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secerned 
(-sernd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Secerning.] [See Secrete.] 
To separate; to distinguish. 2. (Physiol.) To secrete. 

Se-ces'Slon (-sSsh'fin), n. 1. A seceding. 2. (U.S. 
Hist.) The withdrawal of a State from the national Union. 

Se-ces'sion-ist, n. 1. One who upholds secession. 
2. (U. S. Hist.) One who holds to the belief that a State 
has the right to separate from the Union at its will. 

Seck'el (s8k"l), n. [From a Mr. Secke.l.'] (Bot.) A 
small, reddish brown, sweet and juicy pear. 

Seclude' (se-klud'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Secluded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Secluding.] [L. secludere, teclutum; 
pref. se- aside -f- claudere to shut, close.] To shut up 
apart from others ; to withdraw into, or place in, solitude. 

Se-Clud'ed (-e\l), a. Shut up apart; withdrawn to, 
or being in, solitude. — Se-clud'ed-ly, adv. — Se-clud'- 
ed-ness, n. 

Se-clU'sion (se-klu'zhun), n. [See Seclude.] Act 
of secluding, or state of being secluded. 

Syn. — Solitude ; separation ; withdrawment ; retire- 
ment ; privacy. See Solitude. 

Se-Clu'sive (-siv), a. Tending to seclude ; secluding. 

Sec'ond (sek'und), a. [F., fr. L. secundus, prop., fol- 
lowing, fr. sequi to follow.] 1. Immediately following 
the first in order of place or time ; hence, occurring 
again ; another ; other. 2. Next to the first in value, 
power, excellence, dignitj', or rank ; secondary ; inferior. 

Sec'ond, n. 1. One that follows, or cornea after; 
one next and inferior, as in place, time, or rank. 2. 
One who attends another for his support; specif., one 
who acts as another's aid in a duel. 3. An article of mer- 
chandise of a grade inferior to the best ; esp. , pi. , a coarse 
or inferior kind of flour. 4. The sixtieth part of a minute 
of time or space, — the second regular subdivision. 5. In 
the duodecimal system of mensuration, the twelfth part 
of an inch or prime; line. 6. (Mus.) (a) The interval 
between any tone and the tone which is represented on 
the degree of the staff next above it. (b) The second 
part in a concerted piece ; often popularly, the alto. 

Second hand, the hand which marks the seconds on the 
dial of a watch or a clock. 

Sec'ond, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seconded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Seconding.] 1. To follow or attend in order to assist ; 
to act as the second of ; to assist ; to support ; to forward. 
2. Specif., to support, as a motion or proposal, by adding 
one's voice to that of the mover or proposer. 

Sec'ond-a-ry (-a-ry), a. 1. Succeeding next in order 
to the first ; of second place, origin, rank, etc. ; second ; 
subordinate ; inferior. 2. Acting by deputation or dele- 
gated authority. 3. (Zo'ol.) Pert, to the second joint of 
the wing of a bird. — Sec'ond-a-ri-ly , adv. — Sec'ond- 
a-ri-ness, n. 

Sec'ond-a-ry, n. 1. One who is secondary ; a delegate 
or deputy. 2. (Aslron.) (a) A secondary circle, (b) A sat- 
ellite. 3. (Zo'ol.) A secondary quill. [See Illust. of Bird.] 

Sec'ond-er (-er), n. One who seconds. 

Sec'ond-hand' (-hand'), a. 1. Not original or primary. 
2. Not new ; already possessed or used by another. 

Sec'ond-ly, adv. In the second place. 

Sec'ond-rate' (sek'und-raf), a. Of the second size, 
rank, quality, or value. 

Sec'ond-sight' (-sit'), n. The power of discerning 
what is not visible to the physical eye ; prophetic vision. 

Se'cre-cy (se'kre-s^), n. 1. State or quality of being 
secret. 2. Seclusion ; privacy ; retirement. 

Se'cret (se'kret), a. [¥., fr. L. secreius, p. p. of se- 
cernere to put apart, to separate. See Certain.] 1. 
Hidden ; concealed. 2. Withdrawn from general inter- 
course or notice ; secluded. 3. Secretive. [R.~\ 

Syn. — Retired ; unseen ; unknown ; private ; recon- 
dite ; latent ; covert ; clandestine ; privy. See Hidden. 

Se'cret, n. 1. Something concealed ; what is not re- 
vealed, or not to be revealed. 2. What is unknown or 
unexplained ; a mystery. 3. pi. The genitals. 

In secret, in a private place ; in privacy or secrecy. 

Sec're-ta-ry (sek're-ta-ry), n. [F. secretaire, LL. 
secretarius, orig. , a confidant, one intrusted with secrets, 
fr. L. secretum a secret.] 1. A person employed to write 
orders, letters, dispatches, public or private papers, rec- 
ords, and the like. 2. An officer of state whose busi- 
ness is to superintend and manage the affairs of a partic- 
ular department of government. 3. A piece of furniture, 
with conveniences for writing and for the arrangement of 
papers; an escritoire. 4. (Zo'ol.) The secretary bird. 

Secretary bird. [So called in allusion to the tufts of 
feathers at the back of its head, which were fancifully 
thought to resemble pens stuck behind the ear.] (Zo'ol.) 
A large, long-legged, raptorial bird, native of South Af- 



f ern, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SECRETARYSHIP 



736 



SEDITION 




. .uuralized in other tropical countries. It 
h prized on 

- habit of 

Sec re ta-ry-sbip 

ship), n. 

Tho ottoe, or the term 

of office, of a secretary. 

Se-crete' ^se-kretM, 

V. t. [i A 

CRETK1> . 

Sk> ketinl;.] [From L. t« r^^^ \. "^B 

t, i>. p. See Se- 
cret.] 1. To put in a 
place of hiding; to 
hide; to conceal. 2. 
(Phvsiol.) To separate Secretary Bird (Gypogeranus ser- 
froin the blood and pemtanm) attacking a Cobra. 
elaborate into a new substance ; to elaborate and emit. 

Syn. - To conceal ; hide. See Conceal. 

Se-cre'tion ^se-kre'shun), n. 1. Act or process of se- 
creting. 2- (Physiol.) Any substance secreted, as the 
saliva, bile, etc. 

Se-cret'ive (se-kret'Tv). a. Tending to secrete, or to 
keep secret or private. — Se-cret'ive-nesS, n. 

Se'cret-ly (se'kre"t-ly), adv. In a secret manner. 

Se'cret-ness, n. State or quality of being secret. 

Se-cre / tO-ry (se-kre'to-ry or se'kre-to-ry), a. 
(Physiol.) Secreting; performing, or connected with, 
the office of secretion. — n. A secretory vessel. 

Sect (sekt), n. [F. secte, L. secta, fr. sequi to follow.] 
Those following a particular leader or authority, or at- 
tached to a certain opinion ; in religion, the believers in 
a particular creed ; esp., a body of dissenters from an 
established church ; a denomination. 

Sec-ta'ri-an (sek-ta'rT-an), a. Pertaining to a sect, 
or to sects ; peculiar to a sect ; attached to a sect. — ft. 
One of a sect ; a member or adherent of a special school, 
denomination, or religious or philosophical party. 

Sec-ta'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), n. Quality or character of 
a sectarian ; excess of partisan or denominational zeal. 

Sec'ta-ry (sek'ta-ry), n. [F. sectaire. See Sect.] 
A sectarian ; a member or adherent of a sect ; dissenter. 

Sec'tile (-til), a. [L. sect His, fr. secare, sectum, to 
cut.] That can be cut, or (3fin.) cut smoothly. 

Sec'tion (-shun), n. [L. sectio, fr. secare, sectum, to 
cut.] 1. A cuttiug, or separation by cutting. 2. A part 
separated ; division ; portion. Specif. : (a) A distinct 
part or portion of a book or writing ; a subdivision ; hence, 
the character §, often used to denote such a division, (b) 
A distinct part of a country, community, class, or the 
like, (c) One of the portions, of one square mile each, 
into which the public lands of the United States are di- 
vided. 3. (Geom.) The figure made up of all the points 
common to a superficies and a solid which meet, or to two 
superficies which meet, or to two lines which meet. 4. 
(Xat. Hist.) A division of a genus. 5. (Mus.) A part of 
a musical period, composed of one or more phrases. 6. 
The description or representation of anything as it would 
appear if cut through by any intersecting plane. 

Syn. — Part ; portion ; division. — The English more 
commonly apply the word section to a part or portion of 
a body of men ; as, a section of the Whigs, etc. In the 
United States this use is less common, but another use, 
but little known in England, is very frequent, as in the 
phrases " the eastern section of our country," etc. 

Sec'tion-al (-a\), a. 1. Of or pert, to a section ; par- 
tial ; local. 2. Consisting of, or separable into, sections. 

Sec'tion-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. A disproportionate regard 
for the interests of a section of the country. [U. &.] 

Sec'Uon-al-ly. adv. In a sectional manner. 

Sec'tor (sgk'ter), 72. [L., prop., a cutter, fr. secare, 
tectum, to cut.] 1. (Geom.) A part of a 
circle comprehended between two radii and 
the included arc. 2. A mathematical in- 
strument used for plotting, etc. 3. An 
astronomical instrument used for measur- 
ing differences of declination too great for 
the compass of a micrometer. 

Sec'u-lar (seVu-ler), a. [L. taeeularis, ach Sector - 
ulum a race, generation, age, the times, the world.] 
I ing or observed once in an age or a century. 2. 

Pertaining to an age, or the progress of ages, or to a long 
period of time. 3. Of or pertaining to this present 
world; worldly. 4. (Eccl.) Not regular ; not bound by 
vows or rules. 5. Belonging to the laity ; lay. 

Sec'u-lar, n. 1. (Eccl.) (a) A secular ecclesiastic. 
lb) A church official whose functions are confined to the 
vocal department of the choir. 2. A layman. 





Sec'U-lar-ism (sgk'u-ler-Tz'm), n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing secular ; secularity. 2. Tenets of tlie secularists. 

Sec'u-lar-ist. «. One who theoretically rejects every 
form of religious faith and worship ; also, one who be- 
lieves that matters of civil policy should be managed 
without the introduction of a religious element. 

Sec'U-lar'i-ty (-lar'I-ty), n. Supreme attention to the 
things of the present life ; worldliness. 

Sec u lar-i-za'tion (se^u-ler-T-za'shun), n. Act of 
secularizing, or state of being secularized. 

Sec'u-lar-ize (s6k'u-ler-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sec- 
ularized (-izd) ; p.pr. &vb. n. Secularizing.] To make 
secular. — Sec'u-lar-ly, adv. — Sec'u-lar-ness. n. 

Sec'un-dine (-fin-din), n. 1. (Boi.) The second coat, 
or integument, of an ovule. 2. Afterbirth ; usually in pi. 

Se-cur'a-ble (se-kur'a-b'l), a. That may be secured. 

Se-cure 7 (se-kur'), a. [L. securus ; pref. se- without 
-f- cura care.] 1. Free from fear, care, distrust, or 
anxiety ; easy in mind. 2. Overconfident ; careless. 

3. Confident in opinion; not doubtful; certain; sure. 

4. Not exposed to danger ; safe. 

Syn. — Undisturbed ; assured ; heedless ; inattentive. 

Se-cure', v. t. [imp. &p. p. Secured (-kurd') ; p.pr. 
& rb. n. Securing.] 1. To make safe ; to guard ; to pro- 
tect. 2. To make certain ; to assure ; 
to insure. 3. To make fast. 4. To get 
possession of ; to acquire certainly. 

Secure arms (Mil.), a command and 
a position in the Manual of Arms, 
used in wet weather, in which the 
piece is held as shown in the Illust. 

Se-CUre1y, adv. In a secure 
manner. [of being secure. I 

Se-CUre'ness, n . State or quality | 

Se-cu'ri-ty (-ku'rT-ty), n. 1. 
State or quality of being secure. 2. 
One that secures or makes safe. 
Specif., something given or pledged 
as a guarantee, or made responsible 
for the fulfillment of an obligation ; 
pledge. 3. An evidence of debt or of 
property. 

Syn.— Protection ; defense ; guard ; 
shelter ; safety ; certainty ; ease ; as- 
surance ; carelessness ; confidence ; 
surety ; pledge ; bail. 

Se-dan/ (se-dan'), ft. 
in France.] A porta- 
ble chair or covered 
vehicle for carrying a 
single person, — usu- 
ally borne on poles 
by two men. 

Sedate' (se-daf), 
a. [L. sedalus, p. p. 
of sedare, sedatum, 
to allay, calm, causa- 
tive of sedere to sit.] 
Undisturbed by pas- 
sion or caprice ; not 
passionate or giddy. 
— Sedately, adv. — 
Se-date'ness. n. 

Syn. — Settled; 
composed; calm ; 
quiet ; tranquil ; still ; serene ; 
contemplative ; sober ; serious. 

Sed'a-tive (sgd'a-tiv), a. Tending to moderate or 
tranquilize ; specif. (Med.), allaying irritability and irrita- 
tion; assuaging pain. — n. (3Ied.) A sedative medicine. 

Sed'en-ta-ry (sed'en-ta-ry), a. [L. sedentorius, fr. 
sedere to sit.] 1. Accustomed to sit much or long. 2. 
Characterized by, or requiring, much sitting. 3. (Zobl.) 
Remaining in one place, esp. because attached to some 
object. — Sed'en-ta-ri-ly, adv. — Sed'en-ta-ri-ness, n. 

Sedge (sej), n. [AS. secg;— prob. named from its 
bladelike appearance, and akin to E. san:.~\ (Bot.) Any 
one of many species of plants having long gTasslike leaves 
usually with rough edges, often growing in dense tufts in 
marshy places. 

Sedg'y (sgj'y), a. Overgrown with sedge. 

Sed'i-ment (sedl-ment), n. [F. sediment, L. sedimen- 
tvm a settling, fr. sedere to settle.] Matter which sub- 
sides to the bottom from a liquid ; settlings ; lees ; dregs. 

Sed'i-men'ta-ry (-men'ta-ry), «• Of or pertaining to 
sediment : formed by, or of the nature of, sediment. 

Se-di'tion (se-dTsh'un), n. [OF., fr. L. seditio, orig., 
a going aside ; hence, an insurrectionary separation ; 
pref. se-, sed-, aside + itio a going, fr. ire, Hum, to go.] 



Secure Arms. 
[Said to be named from Sedan, 




Sedan, 
unruffled ; undisturbed ; 



a, e, I, C, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, fevent, tdea, 6bey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SEDITIONARY 



737 



SEIDLITZ POWDERS 



The raising of commotion in a state, not amounting to 
insurrection. 

Syn. — Riot ; rebellion ; revolt. See Insurrection. 

Se-di'tion-a-ry (se-dlsh'un-a-ry), n. A promoter of 
sedition. 

Se-dl'tious (-Hs), a. 1. Of or pert, to sedition ; of the 
nature of sedition. 2. Turbulent ; factious ; guilty of 
sedition. — Se-di'tlous-ly, ^i'. — Se-di'tlous-ness, n. 

Sed'litz (sed'lTts), a. Same as Seidlitz. 

Seduce' (se-dus'), v. t. [imp. &_p. p. Seduced (se- 
dust') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Seducing (-du'sing).] [L. sedu- 
cere, seductum ; pref. se- aside + du cere to lead.] 1. To 
draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty. 2. Spe- 
cif., to induce to surrender chastity. 

Syn. — To allure; entice; tempt; attract; mislead; 
decoy ; inveigle. See Allure. 

Se-duce'ment (-ment), n. Act or art of seducing. 

Se-du'cer (se-du'ser), n. One that seduces. 

Se-dU'ci-ble (-sT-b'l), a. Capable of being seduced. 

Se-duc/tion (se-diik'shun), n. 1. Act of seducing. 
2. That which seduces, or is adapted to seduce. 

Se-dUC'tive (-tlv), a. Tending to lead astray. — Se- 
duc'tive-ly, adv. _ [sedulous. I 

Se-du'li-ty (se-du'lT-ty), n. Quality or state of being | 

Sed'U-loUS (sed'u-lus ; 135), a. [L. sedidus, perh. fr. se- 
dere to sit.] Diligent in application or pursuit ; steadily in- 
dustrious. — Sed'u-lous-ly, adv. — Sed'u-lous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Assiduous ; diligent ; industrious ; laborious ; 
unremitting ; untiring ; unwearied ; persevering. 

See (se), n. [OF. se, sed, sied, fr. L. sedes a seat, or 
the kindred sedere to sit.] 1. A seat ; a site. [065.] 
2. Specif. : (a) A diocese ; the jurisdiction of a bishop. 
(b) The province or jurisdiction of an archbishop, (c) 
The seat, place, or office of the pope, or Roman pontiff. 
(d) The pope or his court at Rome. 

See (se), v. I. [imp. Saw (sa) ; p. p. Seen (sen) ; 
p- pr. & vb. n. Seeing.] [AS. seon ; akin to G-. sehen.] 
1. To perceive by the eye ; to behold ; to descry ; to 
view. 2. To perceive by mental vision ; to observe ; to 
discern; to understand ; to comprehend. 3. To watch; 
to regard attentively ; to look after. 4. To have an in- 
terview with; esp., to make a call upon ; to visit. 5. To 
meet or associate with ; hence, to have knowledge or ex- 
perience of. 6. To accompany in person ; to escort. 

See, v. i. 1. To have the power of sight. 2. Fig. : 
To have intellectual apprehension ; to perceive ; to un- 
derstand. 3. To be attentive ; to give heed. 

Seed (sed), n. ; pi. Seed or Seeds (sedz). [AS. ssed, 
fr. sawan to sow ; akin to G. saat. See Sow, v.] 1. (Bot.) 
(a) A ripened ovule, consisting of an embryo with one 
or more integuments, or coverings. By germination it 
produces a new plant, (b) Any 
small seedlike fruit. 2. (Physiol.) 
Semen ; sperm. 3. That from 
which anything springs ; first prin- 
ciple ; origin ; source. 4. The prin- 
ciple of production. 5. Progeny ; 
offspring ; children ; descendants. S ee d 
6. Race ; generation ; birth. 

Seed oyster, a young oyster, esp. 
when of a size suitable for trans- 
plantation. — Seed pearl, a small 
pearl of little value. — Seed vessel 
(Bot.), that part of a plant which 
contains the seeds ; a pericarp. 

Seed, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seeded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Seeding.] 1. To sow seed. 2. To shed the seed. 3. 
To grow to maturity, and to produce seed. 

Seed, v. t. To sprinkle with seed ; to sow. 

Seed'cake (-kak'), n. A sweet cake containing aro- 
matic seeds. 

Seed'i-ness (-T-nes), n. Quality or state of being 
seedy, or shabby. [Colloq.] 

Seed'-lac' (-lals/), n. A granular form of lac. [seed. | 

Seed'ling (-ling), n. (Bot.) A plant reared from the | 

Seed'man (-man), n. See Seedsman. 

Seeds'man (sedz'incrn), n. 1. A sower ; one who 
sows or scatters seed. 2. A person who deals in seeds. 

Seed'time' (sed'timO, n. The season for sowing. 

Seed'y (-y), a. [Compar. Seedier (-i-er) ; superl. 
Seemest.] 1. Abounding with seeds ; bearing seeds ; 
having run to seeds. 2. Old and worn out ; spiritless ; 
also, poor and miserable looking ; shabby. [Colloq.] 

Seeing (se'Tng), conj. (but originally a, present parti- 
ciple). In view of the fact (that) ; considering ; taking 
into account (that) ; inasmuch as ; since ; because. 

Seek (sek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sought (sat) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Seeking.] [AS. secan, secean ; akin to G. suchen, 
and E. sake.'] 1. To go in search of ; to try to find. 2. To 




larged. £ [i 



A Anatropous 
of Violet, en- 
! Same in Ver- 
tical Section ; e Cotyle- 
dons, and ca Caulicle 
(these two constituting 
the Embryo) : e Endo- 
sperm, or Albumen ; 
h Hilum ; r Rhaphe. 



inquire for ; to solicit. 3. To try to gain ; to strive after. 
4. To try to reach or come to ; to resort to. 

Seek (sek), v. i. To make search or inquiry. 

Seek'er (-er), n. One who seeks; thing used in seeking. 

Seel (sel), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Seeled (seld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Seeling.] [F. siller, ciller, fr. cil an eyelash, 
L. cditnn.~] 1. (Falconry) To close the eyes of, as a 
hawk, by drawing threads through the lids. 2. Hence, 
to close, as the eyes ; to blind. 

Seem (seni), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seemed (semd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Seeming.] [OE. semen to seem, to become, 
befit, AS. seman to satisfy, pacify, akin to E. same. The 
sense is probably due to the adj. seemly.] To appear, or 
to appear to be ; to have a show or semblance ; to strike 
one's apprehension or fancy as being. 

It seems, it appears ; it is understood as true ; it is said. 

Syn. — To appear; look. — To appear has reference 
more particularly to a thing's being presented to our view, 
visual or mental ; to seem is connected with the idea of 
semblance, and usually implies an inference of our mind 
as to the probability of a thing's being so. 

Seem/er (-er), n. One who has a certain seeming. 

Seem/ing, a. Having a semblance, whether with or 
without reality ; apparent ; specious ; befitting ; ostensi- 
ble. — Seem'ing-ly, adv. — Seem'ing-ness, n. 

Seem/ing, n. Appearance; show; semblance; fair 
appearance ; speciousness. 

Seemly (sem'ly), a. [Compar. Seemlier (-lT-er) ; 
superl. Seemliest.] [Icel. sxmiligr, fr. ssemr becoming, 
fit ; akin to samr same, E. same ; the sense being prop- 
erly, the same or like, hence, fitting.] Suited to the ob- 
ject, occasion, purpose, or character ; having appropri- 
ateness ; decent; suitable. — Seem'li-ness. //. 

Syn. — Becoming ; fit ; suitable ; proper ; appropriate ; 
congruous ; meet ; decent ; decorous. 

Seem'ly, adv. In a seemly manner ; becomingly. 

Seen (sen), p. p. of See. 

Seep (sep), or Sipe (sip), v. i. [AS. sipan to distill.] 
To soak through fine pores ; to ooze. [Scot. & U. S.~\ 

Seep'y (-y), or Sip'y , a. Oozy ; — applied to land. 

Se'er (se'er), n. One who sees. [prophet.] 

Seer (ser), n. [From See.] A f oreseer of events ; a| 

Seer'SUCk'er (-siik'er), n. A light fabric, originally 
made in the East Indies, of silk and linen, usually hav- 
ing alternating stripes, and a slightly puckered surface. 

See'saW (se'sa/), n. [Probably a reduplication of 
saw, to express the motion to and fro.] 1. A play among; 
children in which they move alternately up and down 
upon the ends of a plank balanced in the middle. 2. A 
plank adjusted for this play. 3. A vibratory or recipro- 
cating motion. 4. ( Whist) Same as Crossrufp. 

See'saw', v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Seesawed (-sad') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Seesawing.] To move with a reciproca- 
ting motion back and forth or up and down. 

See r saw / ,_ff. Moving up and down, or to and fro. 

Seethe (seth), v. t. [imp. Seethed (sethd) ; p. p. 
Seethed, Sodden (sod'd'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Seething.] 
[AS. seotSan ; akin to G. sieden.~\ To decoct or prepare 
for food in hot liquid ; to boil. 

Seethe, v. i. To be in a state of ebullition ; to boil. 

Se-gar' (se-gar'), n. See Cigar. 

Seg'gar (seg'ger), n. [Prov. E. saggard a seggar, 
contr. fr. safeguard.] A case or holder of fire clay, hi 
which fine pottery is baked in the kiln. 

Seg'ment (seg'nient), n. [L. segmentum, fr. secare 
to cut, cut off.] 1. One of the parts into which any body 
naturally separates or is divided ; a part divided or cut 
off; a section; a portion. 2. (Geom.) A part cut off 
from a figure by a line or plane ; esp. . that 
part of a circle contained between a chord / 
and an arc of that circle. [mentation. ' 

Seg'ment, v. i. (Biol.) To undergo seg- 

Seg-men'tal (seg-men'tal), a. Relating 
to, or being, a segment. 

Seg'men-ta'tion (seg'men-ta'shun), n. "^ Segment 
A dividing into segments ; specif. (Biol.), a ot a eircle ' 
division into segments by growth ; cell cleavage. 

Seg're-gate (seg're-gat), a. [L. segregatus, p. p. of 
segregare to separate ; pref. se- aside -f- grex, gregis, a 
herd.] Separate; segregated; select. 

Seg're-gate (-gati, v. t. & i. [hnp. & p. p. Segre- 
gated (-ga'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Segregating.] To sep- 
arate from others : to set or collect apart. 

Seg're-ga'tion (-ga'shiin), n. Act of segregating, or 
state of being segregated. [in Bohemia. I 

Seid'litZ (sed'litz), a. Of or pert, to Seidlitz, a village! 

Seidlitz powders, a kind of aperient powders prepared in 
two portions which being separately dissolved in water 
and then mingled make an effervescing drink. 




fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, fd~ot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
*47 



N 



SEIGNEUR 1AL 



738 



SELF-TAUGHT 



Seign eu'ri-al (sSn-iPrY-al), a. [F., fir. seigneur. See 

1 O! or pertaining to the lord of a manor ; 

manorial. 2. Vested with large powers ; independent. 

Seignior (sSn'Ve'r), ». [OF. seignor, deriv. of L. 

ler.] 1. A. lord; lord of a manor. 2. A title of 

address in Southern Europe, corresponding to Sir or il/r 

Seign'ior-age (-itj ; 48), n. 1. Something taken by 
virtue of sovereign prerogative ; specif., a charge or toll 
deducted from bullion brought to a mint to be coined 
the difference between the cost of a mass of bullion and 
the value as money of the pieces coined from it. 2. A 
share of the receipts of a business taken in payment for 
the use of a right, as a copyright or a patent. 

Seign'ior-al (-a\), a. Of or pertaining to a seignior. 

Seign'ior-y (->), n. Power, authority, or territory of 
a lord ; dominion ; manor. 

Seine (sen or sau), n. [Deriv. of L. sagena, Gr. 
<rayi)yrj.] {Fishing) A large net, one edge of which is 
provided with sinkers, and the other with floats. 

Seise (sez), v. t. See the Note under Seize, v. t. 

Sei'sin (se'zlu), n. See Seizin. 

Seis'mic (sTs'uiTk), ) a. [Gr. o-eio>i6s earthquake, fr. 

Seis'mal (sis'nifll), | aeieiv to shake.] Of or per- 
taining to an earthquake ; caused by an earthquake. 

Seis'mo-graph (-mo-graf), n. [Gr. o-eio>i6s earth- 
quake -J- -graph.] (Physics) An apparatus for register- 
ing the shocks and uudulatory motions of earthquakes. 

Seis-mol'0-gy (sis-mol'6-jy), n. [Gr. o-eio>6s an 
earthquake -f- -logy.] The science of earthquakes. 

Seiz'a-ble (sez'a-b'l), a. That may be seized. 

Seize (sez), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seized (sezd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Seizing.] [OF. seisir, saisir, of Teutonic ori- 
gin ; properly, to set, put, hence, to put in possession of ; 
akin to E. si/.] 1. To fall or rush upon suddenly and 
lay hold of ; to gripe or grasp suddenly ; to reach and 
grasp ; to catch hold of. 2. To take possession of by 
force. 3. To invade suddenly ; to take sudden hold of. 
4. (Law) To take possession of by virtue of a warrant 
or other legal authority. 5. To grasp with the mind ; to 
comprehend fully ; to apprehend. 6. (Naut.) To bind or 
fasten together with a lashing of small stuff, as yarn. 

C^" This word, by writers on law, is commonly writ- 
ten seise, in the phrase to be seised of (an estate), as also 
in composition, as disseise, disseisin. 

To be seized of, to have possession, or right of posses- 
sion. — To seize on or upon, to fall on and grasp ; to take 
possession of suddenly and forcibly. 

Syn. — To clutch ; snatch ; arrest ; take ; capture. 

Seiz'er (sez'er), n. One who, or that which, seizes. 

Sei'zin (se'zin), n. [F. saisine. See Seize.] 1. (Law) 
Possession ; possession of an estate of freehold, actual or 
constructive ; hence sometimes in the U. S., ownership. 
2. The thing possessed ; property. 

C^r^ Commonly spelt by writers on law seisin. 

Sei'zor (se'zer), n. (Law) One who seizes. 

Sei'zure (-zhur ; 135), n. 1. A seizing ; state of being 
seized. 2. Retention within one's grasp or power ; hold ; 
possession ; ownership. 3. That which is seized. 

Se'lah (se'la), n. [Heb. selah.] (Script.) A word of 
doubtful meaning, occurring frequently in the Psalms. 

Sel'dom (sel'dum), adv. [Usually compar. More sel- 
dom (mor') ; superl. Most seldom (most') ; sometimes 
Seldomer (-er), Seldomest.] [AS. seldan, seldon, sel- 
dum, fr. seld rare.] Rarely ; not often ; not frequently. 

Se-lect' ('e-lekt'), a. [L. selectus, p. p. of seligere to 
select ; se- aside -f- legere to gather.] Chosen from a num- 
ber ; hence, of special value or excellence ; choice. 

Se-lect', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Selected ; p.pr.& vb. n. 
Selecting.] To choose and take from a number; to 
take by preference from among others ; to cull. 

Se-lec'tion (se-lek'shun), n. 1. A selecting ; state of 
being selected ; choice. 2. That which is selected. 

Se-lect'man (-lgkt'man), n. Any one of a board of 
town officers chosen annually in the New England towns 
to transact the general public business of the town. 

Se-lect'ness, n. Quality or state of being select. 

Se-lect'or (-5r), n. One who selects. 

Sel'e-nite (sSl'e-nit), n. [L. selenites, Gr. creX-qvirq^ (sc. 
Ai0os), from creA^r; the moon. So called from a fancied 
resemblance to the moon.] (Mm.) A variety of gypsum 
occurring in transparent crystals or crystalline masses. 

Se-le'nl-um (se-le'nT-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. creA^r? 
moon. So called because of its chemical analogy to 



the 



tellurium i fr. L. tellus the earth), being, as it were, a 
companion to it.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element of the 
sulphur group, analogous to sulphur in its compounds. 

Sel'e-nog'ra-phy (sSl'S-nSg'ra-ty), n. [Gr. o-eArjvrj 
rnoon -f -graphy.] The science treating of the physical 
features of the moon. 



Self (sSlf ), a. [AS. self, seolf ; akin to G. selb.] Same ; 
particular ; very ; identical. [Obs., except in selfsame.] 

Self, n. ; pi. Selves (sSlvz). 1. The individual as the 
object of his own reflective consciousness ; a person as a 
distinct individual. 2. Hence, personal interest; self- 
ishness. 3. Personification ; embodiment. [Poetic] 

§3T' Self is united to certain personal pronouns and 
pronominal adjectives to express emphasis or distinction. 
It is also used reflexively. 

Self -a base'ment (-a-bas'nient), n. Abasement of 
one's self. [powers, or faculties. I 

Self -a buse' (-a-bus'), n. Abuse of one's own self, | 

Self -act'ing (-Skt'hig), a. Acting of or by one's self 
or by itself ; — said especially of an automatic machine. 

Self-COl'or (sglf'kfil'er), n. A color not variegated. 

Self-col'ored (-erd), a. Being of a single color. 

Self'— command' (-k5m-mand'), n. Control over 
one's own feelings, temper, etc. ; self-control. 

Self -con-ceil' (-kon-sef), n. Conceit of one's self ; 
an overweening self-esteem. See Egotism. 

Self -conceit' ed, a. Having self-conceit. 

Self -eon'fi-dent (-k5n'fT-dent), a. Confident of 
one's own strength or powers ; relying on one's own judg- 
ment or ability; self-reliant. — Self-con'fi-dence 
(-kon'fT-dens), n. — Self -con'fi-dent-ly, adv. 

Self -con'scious (-shus), a. 1. Conscious of one's 
acts or states as belonging to, or originating in, one's 
self. 2. Conscious of one's self as an object of the ob- 
servation of others.— Self -con'scious ness, n. 

Self -contained' (-tand'), a. 1. Having self-con- 
trol ; reserved ; uncommunicative ; wholly engrossed in 
one's self. 2. (Mach.) So built that the mutual rela- 
tions of the parts do not depend upon outside fastenings. 

Self -con tra-dic'tion (-kon'tra-dTk'shun), n. Act 
of contradicting one's self or itself ; a proposition con- 
sisting of two members contradicting each other. 

Self'-con-trol' (-kon-trol'), n. Control of one's self. 

Self'-de-fence' (-de-fens'), n. See Self-defense. 

Self-de-fense' (-fens'), n. The act of defending 
one's own person, property, or reputation. 

Self -de-ni'al (-ni'al), n. The denial of one's self ; 
forbearing to gratify one's own desires ; self-sacrifice. 

Self -esteem' (-gs-tem'), n. The holding a good 
opinion of one's self ; self-complacency. 

Self'-eVi-dent (-ev'i -dent), a. Evident without proof 
or reasoning. — Self'-ev'i-dent-ly, adv. 

Self -ex-ist'ent (-egs-ist'ent), a. Existing independ- 
ent of any other being or cause. 

Self'-gOV'ern-ment (-guv'ern-ment), n. 1. Govern- 
ment of one's self ; self-control. 2. Hence, government 
of a community, state, or nation by the joint action of the 
people constituting such body ; democracy. 

Self -in-dul'gent (-Tn-dul'jent), a. Indulging one's 
appetites, desires, etc., freely. [tage of one's self. I 

Self'-in'ter-est (-Tn'ter-est), n. Interest or advan-| 

Selfish (selfish), a. 1. Regarding one's own com- 
fort, advantage, etc., in disregard, or at the expense, of 
those of others. 2. (Ethics) Believing or teaching that 
love of self is the chief motive of human action. — Self '- 
ish-ly, adv. — Selfishness, n. 

Syn. — See Self-love. 

Selfless, a. Having no regard to self ; unselfish. 

Self-love' (-luV), n. Love of one's self ; desire of per- 
sonal happiness ; tendency to seek one's own advantage. 

Syn. — Selfishness. — Self-love denotes that general 
longing for good or for well-being common to all, and is 
neither good nor evil ; also, a voluntary regard for the 
gratification of desires, which is morally good or bad ac- 
cording as these desires are right or wrong. Selfishness 
is always voluntary and always wrong, being sought or 
indulged at the expense, and to the injury, of others. 

Self-made' (self'mad'), a. Made by one's self ; — 
designating one who has achieved success by his own 
talents or energies. 

Self-possessed' (-pSz-zesf or -pos-sSst'), a. Com- 
posed in mind, manner, etc. — Self -pos-ses'sion, n. 

Self'-re-li'ance (-re-ll'ans), n. Reliance on one's self. 

Self -re-proach' (-proch'), n. Reproach of one's self. 

Self-re-spect' (-specf), n. Respect for one's self. 

Self -right'eous (-ri'chus), a. Righteous in one's 
own esteem ; pharisaic. 

Self-sac'rl-fice (-sak'rT-flz), n. Act of sacrificing 
one's self, or one's interest, for others. 

Selfsame' (self'sam'), a. [Self, a. + same.] Pre- 
cisely the same ; the very same ; identical. 

Self'-SUf-fi'cient (-suf-fish'ent), a. 1. Sufficient for 
one's self without external aid or cooperation. 2. Over- 
weeningly confident of one's self ; hence, haughty. 

Self-taught' (-tat'), a. Taught by one's own efforts. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; ft, 6, ;, 5, fi, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, &bey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



SELF-WILL 



739 



SENILE 




Self'-Wlll' (sSlf'wTP), n. One's own will ; esp., 
obstinacy. [obstinate. | 

Sell' -Willed' (-wild'), a. Governed by sell-will ; | 

Sell (sel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sold (sold) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Selling.] [AS. sellan, syllan, to give, to deliver ; 
akin to E. sale.] 1. To transfer to another for an equiv- 
alent ; to dispose of in return for something, esp. for 
money. 2. To accept a price or reward for ; to betray. 
3. To impose upon ; to trick. [Slang] 

Sell, v. i. 1. To practice selling things. 2. To be sold. 

Sell,". An imposition ; a cheat ; a hoax. [Colloq.] 

Sel'lan-ders (sgl'lon-derz), ( n. pi. (Far.) Salleu- 

Sel'len-ders (sSl'len-derz), J ders. 

Sell'er (sSl'er), n. One who sells. 

Sel'ters wa'ter (sSl'terz wa'ter). A mineral water 
from Sellers, Germany. 

Selt'zer wa'ter (sglt'ser). See Selters water. 

Sel'vage I (sgl'vgj), n. [Self -j- edge, i. e., its own 

Sel'vedge j proper edge.] The edge of cloth which 
is woven in such a manner as to prevent raveling. 

Sel'vaged, Sel'vedged (sel'vejd), a. Having a selvage 

Selves (selvz), n., pi. of Self. 

Sem'a-phore (seni'a-for), ?i. [Gr. crfjua sign 
-4- fyepeiv to bear.] A signal telegraph ; an appa- 
ratus for signaling, as by lanterns, flags, etc. 

Sem/a-phor'ic (sgm'a-for'Ik), ) a. Of or 

Sem'a-phor'ic-al (-i-kai), j pert, to a 
semaphore ; telegraphic. 

Sem'blance (sem'blans), n. [F., fr. sembler 
to seem, resemble, L. similare, simulare 
Simulate.] 1. Seeming ; appearance ; show ; 
figure ; form. 2. Likeness ; resemblance, 
actual or apparent. ^ fori " of 

Sem'ble (-b'l), v. i. [F. sembler. See Sem- Sema P h °re- 
blance.] 1. To imitate. [Obs.] 2. (Law) It seems ; 
— chiefly used with reference to an opinion on some 
point not intended to be definitely settled in the cause. 

Se'mei-ol'o-gy (se'inl-ol'6-jy), or Se'mi-oro-gy, n. 
[Gr. crqueiov sign -f- -logy.'] The science or art of signs. 
Specif. : (a) (Med.) Symptomatology, (b) Art of using 
signs in signaling. 

II Se'men (se'men), n. ; pi. Semina (sem'T-na). [L., 
fr. root of serere, satum, to sow.] 1. (Bot.) A seed. 2. 
(Physiol.) The fecundating fluid of male animals ; sperm. 

Se-mes'ter (se-ines'ter), n. [G., fr. L. semestris half- 
yearly ; sex six + mensis month.] A period of six 
months ; esp., a term constituting half a college year. 

Sem'i- (seui'T-). [L. semi-; akiu to Gr. qpi-, Skr. 
sami-, AS. sam-.] A prefix signifying half, and some- 
times partly or imperfectly ; — used either with the 
hyphen or without it. [an'nu-al-ly, adv. j 

Sem i-an'nu-al (-an'u-al), a. Half-yearly. — Sem'i- [ 

Sem i-an'nu-lar (-ler), a. Semicircular. 

Sem'i-breve 7 (sem'I-brev'), n. (3fus.) A note of half 
the time of the breve ; a whole note, — the 
longest note now in general use. 

Sem i-cen-ten'ni-al (-sgn-tgn'nT-erl), a. 
Of or pert, to half of a century, or fifty 
years. Semibreves. 

Sem'i-Cir'cle (seni'T-ser'k'l), n. 1. The half of a circle. 
2. A body in the form of a semicircle. 3. An instrument 
for measuring angles. [half of a circle. I 

Sem'i-cir'CU-lar (-ku-ler), a. Having the form of | 

Sem'i-co Ion (-ko'lon), n. The punctuation mark [;] 
indicating a separation between parts or members of a 
sentence more distinct than that marked by a comma. 

Sem i-dem'i-qua ver (-dein'i-kwa'ver), n. (3fus.) A 
demisemiquaver ; a thirty-second note. 

Semi-di-am'e-ter (-di-Sm'e-ter), n. A radius. 

Sem i-di-aph'a-nous (-dt-af'a-niis), a. Translucent. 

Sem i-di-ur'nal (-dt-Gr'nal), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
accomplished in, half a day, or twelve hours ; occurring 
twice every day. 2. Pertaining to, or traversed in, six 
hours, or in half the time between the rising and setting 
of a heavenly body. 

Sem i-flu'id (-flu'Td), a. Imperfectly fluid. — n. A 
semifluid substance. 

Sem i-liq'uid (-lik'wid), a. Half liquid ; semifluid. 

Sem i-lu'nar (-lu'ner), a. Shaped like a half moon. 

Sem i-lu'nate (-nat), a. Semilunar. 

Sem'i-lune' (-lun'), n. (Geom.) The half of a lune. 

Sem'i-nal (sem'T-nal), a. [L. seminalis, fr. semen. 
See Semen. ] 1. Pert, to, containing, or consisting of, 
seed or semen. 2. Contained in seed ; holding the re- 
lation of seed, source, or first principle ; primary. 

Sem i-na'ri-an (sem'i-na'rT-an), ) n. A member of, 

Sem'i-na-rist (sem'T-na-rTst), ) or one educated in, 
a seminary; specif., one so educated for the priesthood. 



Semiquavers. 



Sem'i-na-ry (sSmT-na-rJ), n. [L. seminarium, fr. 
sem inaiias belonging to seed, fr. semen seed. See Semen.] 

1. A nursery for seed plants. [Obs.] 2. A place of edu- 
cation, as an academy, college, or university. 

Sem'i nate (-nat), v. t. [L. seminare, p. p. -atus, fr. 
semen, seminis, seed.] To sow; to propagate. [It-] 

Sem 1 na'tion (-na'shiin), n. 1. Act of sowing or 
spreading. [R.] 2. (Bot.) Natural dispersion of seeds. 

Sem i-nii'er-OUS (sSm'T-nlfer-us), a. [L. semen, 
seminis, seed -J- -ferous.] (Biol.) Seed-bearing; per- 
taining to, or connected with, the formation of semen. 

Sem i-nif/ic (-T-nTfTk), 1 a. [L. semen, seminis, seed 

Sem'i-nii'ic-al (-T-kol), ) -f-/«ceretomake.] (Biol.) 
Forming or producing seed or semen. 

Sem i-OC-ca'sion-al-ly (sgm'T-5k-ka'zhun-ol-ly), adv. 
Once in a while ; on rare occasions. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Sem'i-ped (sgm'T-pgd), n. [L. semipes, -pedis ; semu 
-\- pes foot.] (Pros.) A half foot in poetry. — Se-mip'- 
e-dal (se-mlp'e-dal), a. 

Sem'i-qua'ver (sgm'T-kwa'ver), n. 
(Mus.) A note of half the duration 
of the quaver ; a sixteenth note. 

Sem i-SOl'id (-sol'Id), a. Partially 
solid. 

Sem'i-spher'ic (-sfer'Tk), ) a. Having the figure of 

Sem i-spher'ic-al (-I-kol), | a half sphere. 

Sem-it'ic (sem-it'tk), a. Of or pert, to Shem or his 
descendants ; of or pert, to the division of the Caucasian 
race including the Arabs, Jews, and related races. 

Semitic languages, a group of Asiatic and African lan- 
guages, including Hebrew and Phoenician, Aramaic, As- 
syrian, Arabic, Ethiopic (Geez and Amhario. 

Sem'i-tone (sem'T-ton), n. (Mus.) Half a tone ; a 
half step ; — the name commonly applied to the smaller 
intervals of the diatonic scale. — Sem'i-ton'ic (-ton'Tk),a. 

Sem'i-VOW'el (-vou'el), n. (Phon.) (a) A sound in- 
termediate between a vowel and a consonant, or partak- 
ing of the nature of both, as English 10 and y. (b) A 
sign or letter representing such a sound. 

Sem'pi-ter'nal (sem'pT-ter'nffl), a. [L. sempiternus, 
fr. semper always.] 1. Being of never-ending duration. 

2. Being without beginning or end ; eternal. — Sem'pi- 
ter'ni-ty (-ter'nT-ty), n. 

Semp'stress (semp'stres), n. A seamstress. 

Sen (sen), n. A Japanese coin, worth about 8 mills. 

Sen'a-ry (sen'a-ry), a. [L. senarius, fr. seni six each, 
fr. sex six.] Of six ; belonging to six ; containing six. 

Sen'ate (sen'at ; 48), 11. [F. senat, fr. L. senatus, fr. 
senex, gen. senis, old, an old man.] 1. An assembly or 
council having the highesb deliberative and legislative 
functions. Specif. : (a) (Anc. Rom.) A body of elders 
appointed or elected from among the nobles, and having 
supreme legislative authority, (b) The upper and less 
numerous branch of a legislature in various countries, as 
in France and in the U. S. (c) In general, a legislative 
body ; a state council. 2. By extension, a governing or 
an advisory body in some educational institutions. 

Sen'a-tor (-a-ter), n. [OF.] A member of a senate. 

Sen'a-tO'ri-al (sen'a-to'ri-al), a. Of or pertaining to, 
or becoming to, a senator, or a senate. [of a senator. I 

Sen'a-tor-ship (sen'a-ter-ship), n. Office or dignity | 

Send (send), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sent (sent) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Sending.] [AS. senda?i ; akin to G. senden, AS. 
slcf journey, Icel. sinni a walk, journey, time.] 1. To 
cause to go in any manner ; to dispatch. 2. To give 
motion to ; to procure the going, transmission, or de- 
livery of. 3. To emit ; to impel ; to throw. 4. To 
cause to be or to happen : to bestow : to inflict. 

Send, v. i- To dispatch an agent or messenger. 

To send for, to request or require by message to come 
or be brought. 

Send, n. (Xaut.) The impulse of a wave by which a 
vessel is carried bodily. 

Sen'dal (sen'dal), 7?. [OF. cendal, LL. cendalum, Gr. 
aii'ScJi>v a fine Indian cloth.] A light thin stuff of silk. 

Send'er (seud'er), h. One who sends. [cent. I 

Se-nes'cence (se-nes'sfiis), n. State of being senes-| 

Se-nes'cent (-sent), a. [L. senescens, p. pr. of senes- 
cere to grow old, incho. fr. sen ere to be old.] Growing 
old ; decaying with the lapse of time. 

Sen'es-Chal (sSn'e-shal ; obs. sen'es-kfll), n. [OF. 
seneschal, LL. seniscalcus ; of Teutonic origin.] An 
officer of princes and dignitaries, in the Middle Ages, 
who had the superintendence of feasts and domestic cere- 
monies, and sometimes judicial and military powers. 

Se'nile (se'nil), a. [L. seriilis, from senex, gen. senis, 
old, an old man.] Of or pertaining to old age ; proceed- 
ing from, or characteristic of, old age. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



R 



SENILITY 740 

Se-niTl-ty (a**! Quality or state of being 

senile. 

Senior \.s?n'\er\ 0. [L. senior, compar. of senex, 
.>. old.] 1. Older than another; elder; hence, 
.. meed or prior in dignity, rank, or office ; supe- 
rior. 2. Belonging to the one] year of the regular course 
in American colleges, professional schools, etc. 

Senior. S. 1- A person senior to another. 2. An 
■ged person : an elder. 3. One in the senior year of a 
course of studies. \U. ft] [being senior. I 

Seniority (sen-yBrT-gf), »• The quality or state of | 

Sen'na (s&Vna), a. [Deriv. of Ar. sand or send.) 
1. [Aft d. ) The lea\ cs of several plants of the genus Cassia, 
used as a cathartic. 2. {Bot.) The plants themselves. 

Sen'night (sen/nit), n. [Coutr. fr. seven night.'] A 
week, j .I/c'/imVJ 

Sen'nit (sen'ult), n. [Seven + fcntf.] 1. (Naut.) A 

braided cord or fabric. 2. Plaited straw or palm leaves. 
Se-nor' (sa-nyoi'). ?i. [Sp.] A Spanish title of cour- 
tesy given to a man ; Mr. ; Sir ; also, a gentleman. 

Se-no'ra (sS-nyi'ra), n, [Sp.] A~"Spanish title of 
courtesy given to a lady ; Mrs. ; Madam ; also, a lady. 

Se no-ri'ta (sS'nyo-re'ta), n. [Sp.] A Spanish title 
Of courtesy for a young lady ; Miss ; also, a young lady. 

Sen'sate (sen'sat), ( a. [L. sensalus gifted with 

Sen'sa-ted (sen'ss-tBd), J sense, fr. sensus sense.] 
Felt or apprehended through a sense, or the senses, [i?.] 

Sen-sa'tion (sen-sa'shun), n. 1. (Physiol.) An im- 
pression, or the consciousness of an impression, made 
upon the mind, through the medium of a nerve or one of 
the organs of sense. 2. Feelings occasioned by objects 
that are not corporeal or material. 3. A state of greatly 
excited interest or feeling, or that which causes it. 

Syn. — Perception. — Sensation, as used in mental 
philosophy, denotes mere feeling, without the idea of an 
object ; perception denotes the mind's apprehension of 
some external object as occasioning that feeling. 

Sen-sa'tion-al (-«1), a. 1. Of or pertaining to sensa- 
tion. 2. Suited to excite great interest or emotion ; 
melodramatic ; emotional. 

Sen-sa'tion-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. (Metaph.) The 
doctrine that our ideas originate solely in sensation. 2. 
Sensational writing or speaking. 

Sense (sens), n. [L. sensus, fr. sentire, sensvm, to 
perceive, feel, fr. same root as E. send.~\ 1. (Physiol.) 
A faculty, possessed by animals, of perceiving external 
objects by means of impressions made upon certain organs 
of the bodj r , or of perceiving changes in the condition of 
the body. 2. Perception by the sensory organs of the 
body ; feeling. 3. Perception through the intellect ; ap- 
prehension ; recognition ; discernment. 4. Sound per- 
ception and reasoning ; also, that which is sound, true, 
or reasonable. 5. Opinion ; judgment ; notion. 6. 
Meaning ; import ; signification. 

Syn. — Understanding; reason. — The word sense is 
frequently used in philosophical writings specifically for 
the mind's acting in the direct cognition either of material 
objects (outer sense) or of its own mental states (inner 
sense); -understanding, for the logical faculty, i. e., the 
power of apprehending under general conceptions, or the 
power of classifying, arranging, and making deductions ; 
and reason, for the power of apprehending those first or 
fundamental truths or principles which are the conditions 
of all real and scientific knowledge, and which control the 
mind in all its processes of investigation and deduction. 

Sense, v. t. To perceive ; to recognize ; to under- 
stand the sense of. [_Obs. or Colloq.~\ 

Senseless, a. Destitute of, deficient in, or contrary 
to, sense ; without sensibility or feeling ; unconscious ; 
stupid ; foolish ; unwise ; unreasonable. — Senseless- 
ly, adv. — Senselessness, n. [being sensible. | 

Sen'si-bill-ty (sen'sT-bil'T-ty), n. Quality or state of j 

Sen'si-ble (sen'sT-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. sensibilis, fr. 
ense.] .1. Capable of being perceived by the 
hence, also, perceptible to the mind. 2. Having 
the capacity of receiving impressions from external ob- 
jects ; impressible. 3. Hence : Liable to impression from 
without ; easily affected ; having nice perception ; also, 
readily moved or affected by natural agents ; delicate. 4. 
Perceiving or having perception ; cognizant; persuaded. 
or containing sense or reason; gifted with 
common sense ; understanding. — Sen'si-ble-ness. n. 

Intelligent ; wise. — Sensible implies rather 

sound judgment and native shrewdness in conduct and 

matters of practical concern ; intelligent, a quick and 

aderstanding, i. '■., a ready, nice discrimination in 

difficult distinctions and matters of intellectual interest. 

Sen'si-bly, adv. In a sensible manner ; specif., so as 
ireeptfMS to the senses or to the mind ; apprecia- 
bly ; susceptibly ; sensitively. 



SENTIMENTAL 

Sen slf'ic (sSn-sTflk), a. [L. se7isijicus ; sensus sense 
-f- face re to make.] Exciting sensation. 

Sen'si-tive (sen'sT-tYv), a. 1. Having or exhibiting 
sense or feeling. 2. Having quick and acute sensibility ; 
easily affected or acted upon ; sensible. 3. Serving to 
affect the senses ; sensible. [7?.] 4. Of, pert, to, or de- 
pending on sensation. — Sen'si-tlve-ly, adv. — Sen'si- 
tive-ness, ». [ing sensitive.! 

Sen'Sl-tivl-ty (-tiv'T-ty), n. Quality or state of be-| 

Sen'sl-tize (sgn'sT-tlz), v. t. (Photog.) To render sus- 
ceptible of being easily acted on by actinic rays. 

Sen-SO'ri-al (sen-so'rl-al), a. Of or pert, to the sen- 
sorium. 

Sen-so'ri-um (-vim), n.; pi. E. -iums (-umz), L. -ia 
(-a). [L., fr. sentire, sensum, to perceive by the senses.] 
(Physiol.) The nervous center or centers to which im- 
pressions from the external world must be conveyed be- 
fore they can be perceived ; hence, the whole sensible 
nervous system, when animated. [rium. I 

Sen'so-ry (sen'so-ry), n. (Physiol.) Same as Senso-I 

Sen'SO-ry, a. (Physiol.) Of or pert, to the sensorium 
or sensation ; — esp. applied to certain nerves. 

Sen'su-al (-shu-fll ; 138), a. [L. sensuaiis, fr. sensus 
sense.] 1. Pert, to, consisting in, or affecting, the senses ; 
pert, to, or concerning, the body, in distinction from the 
spirit. 2. Hence, not spiritual or intellectual ; carnal ; 
worldly. 3. Luxurious ; voluptuous ; lewd. 4. Pert, or 
peculiar to the philosophical doctrine of sensualism. 

Sen'SU-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. State or character of 
one who is sensual; sensuality. 2. (Philos.) The doc- 
trine that all ideas not only originate in sensation, but 
are transformed sensations, copies, or relics of sensa- 
tions. 3. (Ethics) The regarding of the gratification of 
the senses as the highest good. 

Sen'su-al-ist, n. 1. One who is sensual. 2. One who 
holds to the doctrine of sensualism. 

Sen'SU-all-ty (-al'T-ty), n. Quality or state of being 
sensual ; free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleasures ; 
luxuriousness ; voluptuousness ; lewdness. 

Sen'su-al-ize (sen'shu-al-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sen- 
sualized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sensualizing (-I'zTng).] 
To make sensual ; to debase by carnal gratifications. 

Sen'SU-al-ly, adv. In a sensual manner. 

Sen'sii-al-ness. n. Sensuality; fleshliness. 

Sen'SU-OUS (seii'slm-iis), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
the senses, or sensible objects ; addressing the senses. 

2. Highly susceptible to influence through the senses. 

Sent (sent), imp. & p.p. of Send. 

Sen'tence (sen'tens), n. [F., fr. L. sententia, fr. sen- 
tire to discern, feel, think.] 1. (a) An opinion ; a de- 
cision ; a judgment, esp. an unfavorable one. (b) A 
philosophical or theological opinion ; a dogma. 2. (Law) 
The judgment of a court pronounced in a cause, — in com- 
mon law, restricted to the judgment in criminal cases. 

3. A short saying; a maxim. 4. (Gram.) A combina- 
tion of words which is complete as expressing a thought. 

Sen'tence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentenced (-tenst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sentencing (-ten-sing).] To pass sentence 
upon ; to pronounce judgment upon ; to doom. 

Sen-ten'tial (sen-ten'sh«l), a. 1. Comprising sen- 
tences. 2. Of or pertaining to a sentence. 

Sen-tenliOUS (sen-ten'shus), ff. Abounding with brief 
sentences full of meaning ; axiomatic ; terse and ener- 
getic in expression ; pithy. — Sen-tenliOUS-ly, adv. — 
Sen-ten'tious-ness, b, 

Senli-ence (sen'shl-ens or -shens), ) n. Quality or 

Sen'ti-en-cy (-shi-en-sjror-shen-sy), j state of be- 
ing sentient. 

Senli-ent (sen'shT-ent or -shait), a. [L. sentiens, 
-entis, p. pr. of sentire to discern, perceive.] Having a fac- 
ulty, or faculties, of sensation and perception ; specif. 
(Physiol.), especially sensitive. —«. A sentient being. 

Sen'ti-ment (-tT-ment), n. [OF. sentement, fr. L. sen- 
tire. See Sense.] 1. A thought prompted by passion 
or feeling ; feeling toward or respecting some person or 
thing. 2. Hence, any decision of the mind formed by de- 
liberation or reasoning ; opinion. 3. An expression of a 
thought ; maxim ; saying ; toast. 4. Sensibility ; feeling. 

Syn. — Thought ; opinion; notion ; sensibility ; feel- 
ing. — An opinion is an intellectual judgment ; feeling is 
an affection of pleasure or pain springing from the exer- 
cise of sentient and emotional powers ; sentiments^ he be- 
tween them, denoting settled opinions or principles in 
regard to subjects which interest the feelings strongly, 
and are presented more or less constantly in practical life. 
The word sentiment, in the singular, ordinarily leans still 
more to the side of feeling, and denotes a refined sensi- 
bility on subjects affecting the heart. 

Sen ti-men'tal (sgn'ti-men'tal), a. 1. Having, ex- 



a, e, 1, 0, «, long ; a, C, i, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, ftbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SENTIMENTALISM 



741 



SEQUIN 



pressing, or containing a sentiment or sentiments ; didac- 
tic. [Obsoles.'] 2. Inclined to sentiment ; having an ex- 
cess of sentiment or sensibility ; artificially or affectedly 
tender. 3. Addressed or pleasing to the emotions only. 

Syn.— Romantic. — Sentimental usually implies an 
error or excess of the sensibilities ; romantic, a vice of 
the imagination. 

Sen ti-men'tal-ism (senaT-inen'tal-Tz'm), ?t. Quality 
of being sentimental. [timeut or fine feeling. I 

Sen ti-men'tal-ist, n. One who has, or affects, sen- 1 

Sen ti men-tal'i ty (-men-tai'i-ty), n. Quality or 
state of being sentimental. [sensibility. I 

Sen ti-men'tal-ize (-mSn'tal-iz), v. i. To affect fiue| 

Sen ti-men'tal-ly, adv. In a sentimental manner. 

Sen'ti-nel (sSn'tl-nel; 92-94), n. [F. sentinelle ; 
prob. orig., a little path, the sentinel's beat, and akin to 
F. sente path, L. semita.~\ One who watches or guards ; 
specif. (Mil.), a soldier set to guard an army, camp, or 
other place, from surprise ; a sentry. 

Sen'ti-nel. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentineled (-neld) or 
Sentinelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sentineling or Sentinel- 
ling.] 1. To watch over like a sentinel. [72.] 2. To 
furnish with a sentinel or sentinels. 

Sen'try (-try), n. [Prob. fr. OF. senteret a little path. 
See Sentinel.] 1. {Mil.) A soldier placed on guard ; a 
sentinel. 2. Guard ; watch, as by a sentinel. 

Sentry box, a small house for a sentinel at his post. 

Se'pal (se'prtl or sep'al), n. [Formed in imitation of 
Petal.] (Bot.) A leaf or division of the calyx. [See II- 
lust. of Flower.] 

Sep'a-ra-ble (sep'a-ra-b'l), a. Capable of being sep- 
arated, disjoined, disunited, or divided. — Sep'a-ra-bil'i- 
ty (bil'l-ty), Sep'a-ra-ble-ness, ». — Sep'a-ra-bly, adv. 

Sep'a-rate (sep'a-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Separated 
(-rioted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Separating.] [L. separare, 
p. p. -atus ; pref . se- aside -f- parare to make ready, pre- 
pare.] 1. To disunite ; to divide ; to sever. 2. To come 
between ; to keep apart by occupying the space between. 
3. To set apart from others. 

Sep'a-rate, v. i. To part ; to become disunited. 

Sep'a-rate (-rat), p. a. 1. Divided from another or 
others ; disconnected. 2. Unconnected ; distinct. 3. 
Disunited from the body ; disembodied. — Sep'a-rate-ly , 
adv. — Sep'a-rat e-ness, n. 

Sep a-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. A separating ; state of 
being separated, or separate. [of a separatist. I 

Sep'a-ra-tism (sep'a-ra-tiz'm), n. Character or act| 

Sep'a-ra-tist (-tist), n. One who withdraws or sep- 
arates, esp. from a church ; dissenter ; nonconformist. 

Sep'a-ra tor (-ra'ter), n. One that separates. 

Sep'a-ra'trix (-ra'triks), n. ; pi. L. -trices (-ra-tri'- 
sez), -trixes (-ra'triks-ez). (Arith.) The decimal point ; 

— sometimes also applied to other marks of separation. 
Se'pi-a (se'pT-a), n. ; pi. E. Sepias (-az), L. Seple (-e). 

[L., fr. Gr. (rqnia the cuttlefish, or squid.] 1. (Zool.) 
The common European cuttlefish. 2. A pigment pre- 
pared from the ink, or black secretion, of the cuttlefish. 

Se'poy (se'poi), n. [Per. sipahi, fr. sipah army.] A 
native of India serving in the army of a European power. 

Sept (sept), n. [For Sect.] A clan or family, esp. of 
ancient Ireland, proceeding from a common progenitor. 

Sep'tangle (sep'tan/g'l), n. [Septi- + angle.} (Geom.) 
A heptagon. [J?.] 

Sep'tate (sep'tat), a. [L. septum, saeptum, partition.] 
Divided by a partition or partitions ; having septa. 

Sep-tem'ber (sep-teni'ber), n. [L., fr. septem seven, 

— as being the seventh month of the Roman year, which 
began with March.] The ninth month of the year. 

Sep'ten-a-ry (sep'ten-a-ry), a. [L. septenarius, fr. 
■septeni seven each, septem seven.] 1. Consisting of, or 
relating to, seven. 2. Lasting seven years. 

Sep-ten'nate (sep-ten'nat), n. A period of seven years. 

Sep-ten'ni-al (-nT-al), a. [L. septennium a period of 
seven years ; septem seven -f- annus year.] 1. Lasting 
or continuing seven years. 2. Happening or returning 
once in every seven years. — Sep-ten'ni-al-ly, adv. 

Sep-ten'tri-on (-trT-un), n. [L. septentrio, fr. septen- 
triones the seven northern stars called Charles's Wain ; 
prop., seven plow oxen ; septem seven -f- trio, orig., plow 
ox.] The north or northern regions. — Sep-ten'tli-on-al 
(-un-al), a. 

Sep-tet' } (sep-tSt'), n. [From L. septem seven ; like 

Septette' ) duet, fr. L. duo.~\ 1. A set of seven 
persons or objects. 2. (Mus.) A composition for seven 
instruments or seven voices. 

Sep'ti- (sep'tT-). A combining form from L. septem, 
meaning seven. [enth degree or order. I 

Sep'tic (-tik), a. r Septi- + -tc] (Math. ) Of the sev- 1 



Sep'tlc (sSp'tTk), ) a. [L. septicus, Gr. cnjn-TtKos, fr. 

Sep'tic-al (-tl-kal), ) arineiv to make putrid.] Able 
to promote putrefaction. — n. A septic substance. 

Sep'ti-ci'dal (sep'tf-si'dal), a. [Septum -f L. caedere 
to cut.] (Bot.) Dividing the partitions; — said of a 
method of dehiscence. [Having seven sides. I 

Septi-lat'er-al (-laVer-ol), a. [Sejjti- -f lateral.}] 

Sep-til'lion (sep-tYl'yfin), n. [F. septilion.fr. L. sep- 
tem seven, in imitation of 'million.'] According to the 
French method of numeration (which is followed also in 
the U. S.), the number expressed by a unit with twenty- 
four ciphers annexed. According to the English method, 
the number expressed by a unit with forty-two ciphers 
annexed. 

Sep'tU-a-ge-na'ri-an (sgp'tu-a-je-na'rT-r/n), n. A per- 
son who is seventy years of age ; a septuagenary. 

Sep'tu-ag'e-na-ry (sSp'tu-aj'e-nu-ry), a. [L. seplua- 
gniarius, fr. septuageni seventy each; akin to seplua- 
ginta seventy, septem seven.] Consisting of seventy ; 
also, seventy years old. — n. A septuagenarian. 

II Sep'tU-a-ges'i-ma (sep'tu-a-jes'T-ma), n. [NL., fr. 
L. septuagesimus seventieth.] (Eccl.) The third Sun- 
day before Lent, — about seventy days before Easter. 

Sep / tU-a-ges'i-mal (sep'tu-a-jes'I-nml), a. Consist- 
ing of seventy days, years, etc. ; reckoned by seventies. 

Sep'tU-a-gint (sep'tu-a-jTnt), n. [From L. septua- 
ginta seventy.] A Greek version of the Old Testament, 
so called because believed to be the work of seventy (or 
rather of seventy-two) translators. 

II Sep'tum (-turn), n. ; pi. Septa (-ta). [L. septum 
inclosure, fence, fr. sepire, saepire, to hedge in, inclose.] 
A wall separating two cavities; a partition, as between 
the cells of a fruit, the chambers of a shell, etc. 

Sep'tU-ple (-tu-p'l), a. [LL. septuplus."] Seven times 
as much ; multiplied by seven ; sevenfold. 

Sep'tU-ple, v. t. To multiply by seven ; to make seven- 
fold, or seven times as much or as many. 

Sep'ul-Cher ( (sep'ul-ker), n. [OF. sepulcre, fr. L. 

Sep'ul-chre ) sepulcfirum, fr. sepelire to bury.] The 
place in which the corpse of a human being is interred, 
or a place set apart for that purpose ; grave ; tomb. 

Sep'ul-cher ) (sep'ul-ker; formerly often se-pul'ker), 

Sep'ul-chre ) v. t. To bury ; to inter ; to entomb. 

Se-pul'chral (se-pul'kral), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
burial, to the grave, or to tombstones. 2. Unnaturally 
low and grave ; hollow in tone. 

Sep'ul-ture (sep'ul-tur ; 135), n. [F. sepulture, L. 
sepultura, fr. sepelire, sepidtum, to bury.] 1. Act of in- 
terring a human corpse ; burial ; interment. 2. Sepulcher. 

Se-qua'ciOUS (se-kwa'shus), a. [L. sequax, -acis, fr. 
sequi to follow.] 1. Inclined to follow a leader ; follow- 
ing ; attendant. 2. Hence, ductile ; pliant ; managea- 
ble. 3. Having or observing logical sequence. — Se- 
qua'cious-ness, n. — Se-quac'i-ty (se-kwfel-ty), n. 

Se'quel (se'kwel), n. [L. sequela, fr. sequi to follow.] 

1. That which follows ; succeeding part ; continuation. 

2. Consequence ; result. 

Se'quence (se'kwens), n. 1. State of being sequent ; 
succession ; order of following ; arrangement by regular 
succession or degrees. 2. That which follows or suc- 
ceeds as an effect ; consequence. 

Se'quent (se'kwent), a. [L. sequens, -ends, p. pr. of 
sequi to follow.] 1. Following; succeeding. 2. Fol- 
lowing as an effect ; consequent. 

Se-ques'ter (se-kwes'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Se- 
questered (-terd) ; p. /»-. & vb. n. Sequestering.] [F. 
sequestrer, L. sequestrare to give up for safe keeping, fr. 
sequester a depositary for a thing of disputed ownership.] 
1. (Laic) To separate from the owner for a time ; to take 
from parties in controversy and deposit with an indiffer- 
ent person ; to take possession of property, and hold it, 
pending the fulfillment of some obligation or duty, as 
the payment of a debt from the profits ; in international 
law, to confiscate. 2. To cause (one) to submit to the 
process of sequestration. 3. To set apart ; to separate 
from other things. 4- To seclude ; to withdraw. 

Se-ques'ter, v. i. 1. To withdraw. [Obs.~\ 2. (Law) 
To renounce (as a widow may) any concern with the es- 
tate of her husband. 

Se-ques'trate (-trat), v. I. To sequester. 

Seq ues-tra'tion (sek'wes-tra'shun or se'kwes-), n. 
Act of sequestering, or state of being sequestered. 

Seq'ues-tra'tor (-tra'ter), n. (Laiv) (a) One who 
causes property to be sequestered, (b) One to whom 
the keeping of sequestered property is committed. 

Se'quin (se'kwin), n. [F. sequin, It. zecchino, fr. 
zecea the mint, fr. Ar. sekkah, sikkah, die, stamp.] An 
old gold coin of Italy and Turkey, worth about §2.25. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 






SEQUOIA 

kwoi'a\ h. [NL. So called in honor 

i he Cherokee Indian.] 

\ genua of ooniferooi trees, 

oi two species, — the "big tree" of 

California, ami the redwood, both of 

.:t.»in an immense height. 

Se ragl'io ue-ral'yo or se-riil'yo), 
ti. [It. scrraglio, orig., an inclosure 
of ffffT J ~~. afterwards also, a palace, 
seraclio (bj confusion with Per. 
palace, an entirely different 
word), fr. ttrrar t to shut, fr. LL. 
:>ar for fastening doors, L. 
MPS.] 1. An inclosure. [06s.] 2. 
The palace of the Grand Seignior, or 
Turkish sultan, at Constantinople. 
3. A harem ; a place for keeping 
wives or concubines. 4. Hence, 
loosely, a house of debauchery. 

Se-ra'pe (sa-ra'pa), «. [Sp. Amer. 
sarape.'] A blanket or shawl worn 
bv the Spanish Americans. 

Ser'aph (sgr'af), n. ; pi. E. Shr- 
aphs (-afs), Heb. Seraphim (-a-fTm). 
[Heb. seraphim, pi.] One of an 
order of celestial beings, each having 
three pairs of wings. 

Se-raph'iC (se-raf'Tk), ) a. Of or 

Se-raph'ic-al (-T-kol), I pertain- 
ing to a seraph ; becoming, or suita- 
ble to, a seraph ; angelic ; sublime ; 
pure ; refined. — Se-raph'ic-al-ly, 
adv. — Se-raph'ic-al-ness, n. 

Ser'a-phim (ser'a-f Im), n. Hebrew 
pi. of Seraph. 

ZW Seraphims is a double plural. 

Ser'a-phine (-fen), n. [From 
Seraph.] (Mus.) A kind of wind in- 
strument whose sounding parts are 
metal reeds. The melodeon is a vari- Sequoia (Sequoia gi- 
. gantea), with large 

Se-rasTder(se-ras'ker),7!. [Turk. ; 
Per. ser chief -j- Ar. 'asker army.] A 
general in the Turkish army ; esp., the 
commander-in-chief or war minister. 

Sere (ser). «. Dry; withered. Same as Sear. 

i Serein' (se-ra~N'), n. [F. Cf. Serenade, ra.] (Me- 
leorol.) A mist, or very fine rain, which sometimes falls 
from a clear sky a few moments after sunset. 

Serenade' (ser'e-nad'), n. [F. serenade, It. sere- 
nata, prob. fr. L. serenus serene, misunderstood asfr. L. 
series late.] {3Ius.) Music sung or performed in the open 
air at night, esp. in compliment to some person. 

Ser'e-nade 7 , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Serenaded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Serenading.] To entertain with a serenade. 

Ser'e-nade', r. i. To perform a serenade. 

Ser e-nad'er (-nad'er), n. One who serenades. 

Se-rene 7 (se-ren'), a. [L. serenus.'] 1. Bright ; clear ; 
unobscured. 2. Calm; placid; unruffled. — Se-rene'- 
ly. adv. — Se-rene'ness, n. 

UW In several countries of Europe, Serene is given as 
a title to princes and the members of their families. 

Se-ren'i-ty (-ren'T-ty), n. Quality of being serene. 

Serf (serf), w. [F., fr. L. servus servant, slave.] A 
servant or slave employed in husbandry. 

Syn. — Slave. —A slave is the absolute property of his 
master ; a serf, strictly, is one bound to a certain estate, 
and thus attached to the soil, and only sold with it. 

Serfage (serf'aj ; 48), Serfdom (-dum), n. State of 
being a serf. 

Serfhood (-hood), Serflsm (-Tz'm), n. Serfage. 

Serge (serj), n. [F. serge, sarge, orig., a silken stuff, 
fr. L. s<-.riai, f. or neut. pi. of serious silken.] A woolen 
twilled stuff, used as material for clothing. [geant. I 

Ser'gean-cy (sar'jen-sy or ser'-), n. Office of a ser-| 

Ser'geant (sar'jent or ser'-), n. [F. sergent, fr. L. 
, p. pr. of servire to serve.] In England 
the spelling serjeant is usually preferred, except for mil- 
itary officers ; in the United States sergeant is common 
for civil officers also.] 1. Formerly, in England, an of- 
fieer nearly answering to the more modern bailiff of the 
hundred ; also, an officer (now called sergeant-at-arms) 
whose duty was to attend on the king, and on the lord 
high steward in court, to arrest traitors and other of- 
One of these officers, by allowance of the sov- 
ereign, now attends on each of the houses of Parliament, 
and another attends the Court of Chancery. 2. (Mil.) 
In a company, battery, or troop, a noncommissioned 



'42 



SERRATURE 



Pines and Firs be 
hind it. This one 
is " The Beauty of 
the Forest," said to 
be 325 feet high. 



officer next in rank above a corporal, whose duty is to 
instruct recruits in discipline, to form the ranks, etc. 

tj*r~ In the United States service the word sergeant is 
used as a part of the title of various other officers, as the 
quartermaster sergeant, who assists the quartermaster; 
the color sergeant, who carries the colors, etc. 
3. (Lair) A lawyer of the highest rank. [Eng.~\ 

Sergeant-at-arms, an officer of a legislative body, or of a 
deliberative or judicial assembly, who executes com- 
mands in preserving order and arresting offenders. 

Ser'geant-cy (sar'jent-sy or ser'-), n. Same as Ser- 

GEANCY. 

Ser'geant-ship, n. The office of a sergeant. 

Se'ri-al (se'ri-al), a. Of or pertaining to a series ; con- 
sisting of a series ; appearing in successive parts. 

Se'ri-al, n. A publication appearing in a series or 
succession of parts, as in the numbers of a periodical. 

Se'ri-al-ly, adv. In a series ; in a serial manner. 

Se ri-a'tim (-a'tim), adv. In regular order ; several. 

Se-ri'ce0US (se-rish'Gs), a. [L. serious silken, seri- 
cum silk, deriv. of Gr. Srjpes, the Chinese, celebrated ft»r 
their silks.] Of or pertaining to silk ; consisting of 
silk ; silky ; having the appearance of silk. 

Ser'i-cul'ture (sgr'i-kul'tur), n. [See Sericeous, and 
Culture.] The raising of silkworms. 

Se'ries (se'rez or se'ri-ez), n. [L. series, fr. severe, 
sertum, to join or bind together.] 1. A number of 
things or events standing or succeeding in order, and 
connected by a like relation ; sequence ; order ; course ; 
a succession of things. 2. (Biol.) Any comprehensive 
group of animals or plants including several subordinate 
related groups. 3. (Math.) An indefinite number of 
terms succeeding one another, each of which is derived 
from one or more of the preceding by a fixed law. 

Se'ri-o-com'ic (se'rT-6-kom'ik), f a. Both serious 

Se'ri-O-COm'ic-al (-T-kol), j and comical. 

Se'ri-ous (se'rT-us), a. [L. serius.~] 1. Grave in man- 
ner or disposition ; thoughtful ; solemn ; sedate. 2. Being 
in earnest ; not jesting or deceiving. 3. Important ; 
weighty. 4. Hence, giving rise to apprehension ; dan- 
gerous. — Se'ri-ous-ly, adi . — Se'ri-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Sober ; earnest ; momentous. See Grave. 

Ser'jeant (sar'jent or ser'-), Ser'jeant-cy. etc. See 
Sergeant, Sergeantcy, etc. 

Ser'mon (ser'niun), ti. [F. sermon, fr. L. sermo, 
-onis, a speaking; origin uncertain.] 1. A discourse. 
2. A discourse delivered in public for the purpose of re- 
ligious instruction, and grounded on a passage of Scrip- 
ture. 3. Hence, a serious address ; homily ; lecture. 

Ser'mon-ize (-iz), v. i. To compose or write a sermon 
or sermons ; to preach. — Ser'mon-i'zer (-i'zer), n. 

Se-ron' j (se-roon'), n. [Sp. seron a kind of pannier, 

Se-roon' j fr. sera a large pannier.] Same as Ceroon. 

Se-ros'i-ty (se-ros'T-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being serous. 2. (Physiol.) A serous fluid. 

Se'rous (se'rus), a. [See Serum.] (Physiol.) (o)Thin; 
watery ; like serum, (b) Of or pertaining to serum. 

Ser'pent (ser'pent), n. [F., fr. L. serpens, -entis (sc. 
bestia), fr. serpens, p. pr. of serpere to creep ; akin to 
Gr. epireiv, Skr. sarp.~\ 1. (Zo'ol.) Any ophidian reptile ; 
a snake, esp. a large snake. 

dElT" The serpents are mostly long and slender, and 
move partly by bending the body into undulations or 
folds and pressing them against objects, and partly by 
clinging to surfaces by the edges of their ventral scales. 
2. Fig. : A subtle, treacherous, malicious person. 3. A 
species of firework having a serpentine motion. 4. (^4s- 
tron.) An equatorial constellation represented as a ser- 
pent. 5. (Mus.) A kind of bass wind instrument. 

Ser 'pen-tine (ser'pen-tln), a. Re- 
sembling a serpent ; having the shape, 
motion, or qualities of a serpent ; sub- 
tle ; meandering ; sinuous ; zigzag. 

Ser'pen-tine, n. (Min.) A mineral 
or rock (chiefly a silicate of magnesi- 
um) usually of an obscure green color , 
often with a mottled appearance like a serpent's skin. 

Ser-ra'noid (sgr-ra'noid), n. [NL. Serranus, a typ- 
ical genus (fr. L. serra a saw) + -oid.] (Zo'ol.) Any fish 
of the family Serranidse, which includes the striped bass, 
the black sea bass, and many other food fishes. 

Ser'rate (sgr'rat), ) a. [L. serratus, fr. serra saw.] 

Ser'ra-ted (-ra-tgd), ) 1. Notched on the edge, like 
a saw. 2. (Bot.) Beset with teeth pointing forwards or 
upwards. 

Ser-ra'tion (ser-ra'shQn), n. 1. Condition of being 
serrate. 2. One of the teeth in a serrate edge. 

Ser'ra-ture (sgr'ra-tur ; 135), n. 1. A notching, as in 
a saw. 2. One of the teeth in a serrated edge ; serration. 




a, e, 1, 5, it, long ; a, 6, I y 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Sbey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



SERRIED 



743 



SET 



Ser'ried (ser'rld), a. [See Serry.] Crowded ; com- 
pact ; dense ; pressed together. 

Ser'ru-late (sSr'ru-lat), I a. [L. serrula little saw.] 

Ser'ru-la'ted (-la'ted), j Finely serrate. 

Ser'ry (-ry), v. t. [F. server, LL. serrare, serare, fr. 
L. sera bolt ; akin to severe to join.] To crowd ; to press 
together. [Now perh. only in form serried, p. p. or a.] 

Se'rum (se'rum), n. [L., akin to Gr. opos, Skr. sara 
curd.] {Physiol.) (a) The watery portion of certain 
animal fluids, as blood, milk, etc. (») A thin, watery 
fluid secreted by certain membranes of the body. 

Serv'ant (serv'ant), n. [F. servant, a. & p. pr. of ser- 
vir to serve, L. servire.~\ 1. One who serves, or does 
services ; esp., a person employed by another for menial 
offices or for other labor, and subject to his command. 
2. One in a state of subjection or bondage. 

Your humble servant, or Your obedient servant, phrases of 
civility often used in closing a letter. 

Serve (serv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Served (servd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Serving.] [OF. & F. servir, fr. L. ser- 
vire.~\ 1. To work for; to labor in behalf of; to exert 
one's self for ; hence, to be of use to ; to benefit ; to be 
in the employment of, as an inferior, domestic, serf, 
slave, hired assistant, etc. ; specif., in a religious sense, 
to obey and worship. 2. To act a secondary part under ; 
to minister to. 3. To wait upon; to attend; specif., to 
wait upon at table. 4. Hence, to bring forward, arrange, 
deal, or distribute, as a portion of anything, esp. of food 
prepared for eating. 5. To contribute or conduce to ; to 
promote. 6. To answer for in the place of, or be, (some- 
thing) to. 7. To treat ; to requite. 8. To work ; to 
operate. 9. (Law) (a) To make due service of (a writ, 
summons, etc.). (») To make legal service upon (a per- 
son). 10. To pass or spend, as time, esp. time of pun- 
ishment. 11. To copulate with ; to cover. 12. (Tennis) 
To lead off in delivering (the ball). 13. (Naut.) To wind 
spun yarn, or"the like, tightlyaround (a rope, cable, etc.) 
so as to protect it. 

Syn . — To obey ; minister to ; subserve ; promote ; 
aid ; help ; assist ; benefit ; succor. 

Serve (serv), v. i. To perform the act or part of one 
who or that which serves. [dishes ; salver. I 

Serv'er (-er), n. 1. One who serves. 2. A tray for | 

Service (serv'is),n., or Service tree'ttre 7 ). [Prop., 
the tree which bears serves, OE. serves, pi., service ber- 
ries, AS. syrfe service tree; akin to L. sorbus.] (Bot.) 
Any one of several trees and shrubs, including the rowan 
and shad bush, which bear small, edible berries. 

Serv'ice, n. [OF. servise, service, fr. L. servitium. 
See Serve.] 1. Act of serving ; occupation of a serv- 
ant ; labor or effort for the benefit of another, or at an- 
other's command. 2. Spiritual worship and obedience ; 
appropriate religious rites ; hence, a musical composition 
for use in churches. 3. Duty done or required ; offices; 
hence, official function ; hence, specif., military or naval 
duty. 4. Useful office ; advantage conferred ; beuefit ; 
avail. 5. Profession of respect ; acknowledgment of 
duty owed. 6. Act and manner of bringing food to the 
persons who eat it ; order of dishes at table ; also, a set 
or number of vessels ordinarily used at table. 7. (Laiv) 
The act of bringing to notice or notifying, either actually 
or constructively, in such manner as is prescribed by law. 

Serv'ice-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Doing service ; benefi- 
cial ; advantageous. 2. Capable of, or fit for, doing serv- 
ice ; hence, active; diligent. — Serv'ice-a-ble-ness, n. 
— Serv'ice-a-bly, adv. 

Serv'i-ent (-T-ent), a. [L. serviens, -ends, p. pr. See 
Serve.] Subordinate. [06s., except in law.] 

Servient tenement or estate (Law), that on which the 
burden of a servitude or an easement is imposed. 

Serv'ile (serv'Tl), a. [L. servilis, fr. servus a servant 
or slave.] 1. Of, pert, to, or befitting a servant or a 
slave ; slavish ; mean ; cringing ; fawning. 2. Hsld in 
subjection; dependent; enslaved. 3. (Gram.) (a) Not 
belonging to the original root. (6) Not itself sounded, 
but serving to lengthen the preceding vowel. — Serv'ile- 
ly, adv. — Serv'ile-ness, n. [servile ; servileness. I 

Ser-vil'l-ty (ser-vil'T-ty), n. Quality or state of being j 

Serv'i-tor (serv'T-ter), n. [L., fr. servire to serve.] 
1. One who serves ; servant ; adherent. 2. (Univ. of Ox- 
ford, Eng.) An undergraduate, partly supported by col- 
lege funds, whose duty it formerly was to wait at table. 

Serv'i-tor-ship, n. Office, rank, or state of a servitor. 

Serv'i-tude (serv'i-tud), n. [L. servitudo.] 1. State 
of voluntary or compulsory subjection to a master ; con- 
dition of a slave ; slavery ; bondage. 2. (Law) A right 
whereby one thing is subject to another thing or person 
for use or convenience, contrary to the common right. 




Ses'a-me (sSs'a-me), n. [L. sesamum, sesama, Gr. 
(x-qaaixov, oTjaa/uTj.] (Bot.) Either of two annual herba- 
ceous plants, from the seeds of which an oil is expressed ; 
also, the seeds, sometimes used as food. 

Open Sesame, the magical command which opened the 
door of the robbers' den in the Arabian Nights' tale of 
"The Forty Thieves ; " hence, a magical password. 

II Ses'qui- (ses'kwT-). [L., one and a half.] (Chem.) 
A combining form denoting that three atoms or equiva- 
lents of the substance to the name of which it is prefixed 
are combined with two of some other element or radical. 

Ses-quip'e-dal (sSs-kwTp'e-dal), ( a. [Ses- 

Ses qui pe da'li-an (seVkwT-pe-dalT-an), J qui- + 
pedal.'] Measuring or containing a foot and a half ; — 
sometimes humorously applied to long words. 

Sesqui-sul'phlde (-sul'fid or -fid), n. (Chem.) A 
sulphide containing three atoms of sulphur to two of the 
other ingredients. 

Ses'sile (sSs'sIl), a. [L. sessilis low, dwarf, fr. se- 
dere, sessum, to sit.] 1. Attached 
without any sensible projecting sup- 
port. 2. (Bot.) Resting directly 
upon the main stem or branch, with- 
out a petiole or footstalk. 

Ses'sion (sSsh'un), n. [L. sessio, 
fr. seder e, sessum, to sit.] 1. Act 
of sitting, or state of being seated. 
[A rchaic] 2. The actual sitting or 
assembly of a court, council, legisla- 
ture, etc., for the transaction of Se6S ii e Leaves, 
business; also, the pei-iod or term 
during which such sitting lasts. 3. In some of the U. S., 
a court of justices, held for granting licenses to innkeep- 
ers, laying out highways, etc. ; also, in England and the 
U. S., any one of several criminal courts. 

Church session, the lowest court in the Presbyterian 
Church, composed of the pastor and a body of elders. 

Ses'sion-al (-al), cr. Of or pert, to a session or sessions. 

Sess'pOOl/ (seVpool'), n. [Prov. E. suss swill, soss 
dirty mess -f- E. pool puddle.] Same as Cesspool. 

Ses'terce (ses'ters), w. [L. seslerthcs (sc. numrnus}, 
fr. sestertius two and a half ; semis half -(- tertius third.] 
(Rom. Anliq.) A Roman coin, in value the fourth part 
of a denarius, — worth about four cents. 

ffi^^ The sestertium equaled one thousand sesterces. 

Ses-tet' (ses-tef or ses'tet), n. [It. sestelto, fr. sesfo 
sixth, L. sextus, fr. sex six.] 1. (3Ius.) A piece of music 
composed for six voices or six instruments. 2. (Poet.) 
The last six lines of a sonnet. . 

Ses'tine (ses'tin), n. See Sextain. 

Set (set), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Set; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Setting.] [AS. seltan; akin to G. setzen; causative fr. 
root of E. sit. 2 1. To cause to sit ; to give site, place, or- 
a specified position to ; to place ; to put ; to fix. 2. Hence, 
to attach or affix. 3. To put in a certain state ; to cause 
to be. 4. To fix firmly ; to make fast, permanent, or 
stable. Specif. : (a) To obstruct ; hence, to embarrass. 
(6) To determine, or determine upon ; to fix upon ; hence, 
to make obstinate ; to render stiff, unpliant, or rigid, (c) 
To fix in the ground ; to plant, (d) To fix, as a precious 
stone, in a border of metal ; to place or fit in a frame. 
(e) To render stiff or solid ; esp., to convert into curd. 
5. To put into a desired position or condition ; to adjust ; 
to regulate ; to adapt. Specif.: (a) To put in order in 
a particular way ; to prepare, (b) To extend and bring 
into position ; to spread, (e) To reduce from a dislocated 
or fractured state ; to replace. 6. To stake at play ; to 
wager. 7. To fit with music ; to adapt. 8. To adorn 
with something infixed or affixed ; to stud ; to variegate. 
9. To value ; to rate ; — with at. 10. To point out the 
seat or position of, as birds ; — said of hunting dogs. 
11. To establish as a rule ; to furnish ; to prescribe. 

Syn. — See Put. 

Set (set), v. i. 1. To pass below the horizon ; to go 
down ; to decline ; to come to an end. 2. To place plants 
or shoots in the ground ; to plant. 3. To be fixed for 
growth ; to strike root ; to begin to germinate or form. 
4. To become fixed or rigid ; to be fastened. 5. To con- 
geal ; to solidify. 6. To have a certain direction in mo- 
tion ; to flow ; to tend. 7. To begin to move ; to go out 
or forth ; to start. 8. To indicate the position of game ; 
— said of a dog ; also, to hunt game by the aid of a setter. 
9. To apply one's self. 10. To fit or suit one; to sit. 
[Colloquially used, but improperly, for sit.'] 

Set, a. 1. Fixed in position ; immovable ; rigid. 2. 
Firm ; unchanging ; obstinate. 3. Regular ; uniform ; 
formal. 4. Established ; prescribed. 5. Adjusted ; ar- 
ranged ; formed ; adapted. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SET 



744 



SEVERALTY 



R 



Set -?t\ n. 1. Act of Betting, as of the sun or other 

: descent ; hence, close ; termination. 

which is set. placed, or fixed. Specif. : (a) A 

young pl»nt for growth. (*) (Meek.) Permanent change 

of figure In oonaequenoa ol excessive strain. (,<•) (Jhch.) 

A kind of punch. 3. [Peril, due to sect, seot] A num- 
ber of things or persons, ordinarily used, classed, or as- 

mtiiitori together; a definite series; assortment; suit; 

group; clique. 4. Direction or course ; bent. 
Collection ; series ; group. See Pair. 
Se'ta taStf Bar* (,-te). [L. seta, saeta, a 

bristle.] slender, more or less rigid, bristle- 

like organ or pan. 

Se-tk'ceous (st-ta'shtts), a. 1. Set with, or consisting 
of. bristles ; bristly. 2. Bristle-like, as in form. 

Set'back (seVbtt')> n. 1. {Arch.) An offset. 2. A 
backset : couutercurrent. [17. S.] 3. A backset ; check ; 
repidse ; relapse. [Collou. I'. S.~\ 

Se-tig'er-OUS (se-uj'er-us), a. [Seta -j- -gerous.~\ 
Covered with bristles : specif. (Bot.), tipped with a bristle. 

Set'-Off (set'of ; Ho), n. tSet-\-0ff.'] 1. That which 
is set off against another thing ; au offset. 2. That 
which is used to improve the appearance of anything ; 
an ornament. 3. {Laic) A counterclaim ; a cross debt 
or demand growing out of distinct matter. 4. (Arch.) 
Same as Offset, n., 4. 

Syn. — Ohset. — Offset originally denoted that which 
branches off or projects, but the term has long been used 
iu America in the sense of set-off. This use obtains to 
some extent in England. 

Se'ton (se't ? u), n. [F. seton, fr. L. seta bristle.] 
(Med. & Far.) A few silk threads or horsehairs, or a 
strip of linen or the like, introduced beneath the skin so 
as to form an issue ; also, the issue so formed. 

Se-tose' (se-tos'), ( a. [L. setosus, fr. seta bristle.] 

Se'tOUS (setus), ) Thickly set with bristles or 
bristly hairs. [bench with a back. I 

Set-tee' (set-te'), n. [From Set.] A long seat or| 

Set-tee', n. [F. scetie, scitie.~\ (Saut.) A vessel with 
a very long, sharp prow, carrying two or three masts 
with lateen sails, — used in the Mediterranean. 

Set'ter (set'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, sets. 
2. (Zodl.) A 




English Setter, 
position. 3. One who hunts victims for sharpers. 

Set'ting (-ting), n. 1. Act of one that sets. 2. Some- 
thing set in. 3. That in which something, as a gem, is set. 

Set'tle (set't'l), n. [OE. setel, setil, a seat, AS. setl. 
See Sit.] 1. A bench ; esp., a bench with a high back. 
2. A place made lower than the rest. 

Set'tle, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Settled (-t'ld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. r,. Settling (-tllng).] [OE. seilen, AS. setlan. See 
Settle, ?<.] 1. To place in a fixed or permanent condi- 
tion ; to make stable or firm; esp., to establish in life ; 
to fix in business, in a home, or the like. 2. To estab- 
lish in the pastoral office. [£". S.~\ 3. To render quiet ; 
to still ; to calm. 4. To clear of impurities by causing 
them to sink ; to clear ; — said of a liquid. 5. To restore 
or bring to a smooth, dry, or passable condition ; — said 
of the ground, of roads, etc. 6. To cause to sink ; to 
lower ; to depress ; hence, also, to render close or com- 
pact. 7- To determine, as something which is exposed 
to doubt or question ; to free from uncertainty or waver- 
ing. 8. To adjust ; to make up ; to pacify. 9. To ad- 
just, as accounts ; to liquidate; to balance. 10. Hence, 
to pay. \CoUoq.~\ 11. To colonize; to people. 

Syn. — To regulate ; arrange ; compose ; decide. 

Set'tle, r. i. 1. To become fixed or permanent ; to 
establish one's self or itself ; to assume a lasting form, 
condition, direction, etc. 2. To fix one's residence. 3. 
To become firm, dry, and hard, as the ground after the 
effects of frost have disappeared. 4. To clarify by de- 
positing matter held in suspension. 5. To sink gradu- 
ally ; to fall ; to subside. 9. To become calm ; to cease 
from agitation. 7. To adjust differences or accounts. 



Set'tle-ment (seVt'l-inent), n. 1. Act of settling, or 
state of being settled. Specif. : (a) Act of peopling ; 
state of being peopled ; colonization, (b) Act or process 
of adjusting or determining ; composure of doubts or dif- 
ferences ; liquidation of accounts, (c) Bestowal, or giving 
possession, under legal sanction, (d) (Laic) A disposi- 
tion of property for the benefit of some person or persons, 
usually through a trustee. 2. That which settles, or is 
settled, established, or fixed. Specif. : (a) A colony newly 
established ; a place or region newly settled. (b) That 
which is bestowed formally and permanently; esp., a join- 
ture made to a woman at her marriage; also, in the United 
States, a sum of money or other property formerly granted 
to a pastor iu addition to his salary. 3. (Arch.) (a) The 
gradual sinking of a building from any cause, (o) pi. 
Fractures or dislocatious caused by such settlement. 4. 
(Law) A settled place of abode ; a right growing out of 
residence which entitles one to maintenance if a pauper. 
Set'tler (sSt'tler), n. 1. One who settles. 2. Esp., 
one who establishes himself in a new region or a colony. 
Set'tling (-tllng), n. 1. Act of one that settles. 2. 
pi. That which settles at the bottom of a liquid ; lees ; 
dregs; sediment. [argument. [Colloq.']\ 

Set'-tO' (-too'), n. A contest, as in boxing, or in an| 
Sev'en (seV'n), a. [AS. seofo?i, seofan, seofen; akin 
to G. sieben, L. septem, Gr. enrd, Skr. saptan.~\ One 
more than six ; six and one added. 

Sev'en, n. 1. The number greater by oue than six ; 
seven units or objects. 2. A symbol for seven units, as 
7, or vii. 

Sev'en-fold' (-fold'), a. Repeated seven times ; in- 
creased to seven times the size or amount. 
Sev'en-fold', adv. Seven times as much or as often. 
Seven'night (sen'nit or -nit), n. A week ; any period 
of seven consecutive days and nights. 

Sev'en-SCOre' (sev"n-skor'), n. & a. Seven times 
twenty, that is, a hundred and forty. 

Sev'en-teen' (-ten'), a. [AS. seofontyne, i. e., seven- 
ten.'] One more than sixteen ; ten and seven added. 

Sev'en-teen', n. 1. The number greater by one than 
sixteen ; seventeen units or objects. 2. A symbol de- 
noting seventeen units, as 17, or xvii. 

Sev'en-teenth' (-tenth'), a. 1. Next in order after 
the sixteenth. 2. Constituting or being one of seven- 
teen equal parts of anything. 

Sev'en-teenth', n. 1. The next in order after the six- 
teenth ; one coming after sixteen others. 2. The quotient 
of a unit divided by seventeen ; one of seventeen equal 
parts of one whole. 3. (Mus.) An interval of two octaves 
and a third. 

Sev'enth (sev"nth), a. 1. Next in order after the 
sixth ; coining after six others. 2. Constituting or being 
one of seven equal parts of anything. 
Seventh day, the seventh day of the week ; Saturday. 
Sev'enth. n. 1. One next in order after the sixth. 
2. The quotient of a unit divided by seven ; one of seven 
equal parts of anything. 3. (Mus.) (a) An interval em- 
bracing seven diatonic degrees of the scale, (b) A chord 
which includes the interval of a seventh, whether major, 
minor, or diminished. 

Sev'enth-ly (-ly), adv. In the seventh place. 
SeVen-ti-eth (sev"n-tT-eth), a. 1. Next in order 
after the sixty-ninth. 2. Constituting or being one of 
seventy equal parts. 

Sev'en-ti-eth, n. 1. One next in order after the 
sixty-ninth. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by sev- 
enty ; one of seventy equal parts. [sixty-nine. I 
Sev'en-tV (-ty), «■ Seven times ten ; one more than] 
Sev'en-ty, n. 1. Seven times ten; seventy units or 
objects. 2. A svmbol for seventy units, as 70, or Ixx. 

Sev'er (sev'er), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Severed (-erd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Severing.] [OF. sevrer, severer, fr. L. 
separare. See Separate.] 1. To separate, as one from 
another ; to cut off from something ; to part or rend in 
anv way, esp. by violence. 2. To cut or break open or 
apart ; to disjoin. 3. To keep distinct or apart : to ex- 
cept ; to exempt. 4. (Laic) To disunite ; to disconnect ; 
to terminate. 

Sev'er, v. i. 1. To suffer disjunction ; to rend ; to 
separate. 2. To make a separation ; to distinguish. 

Sev'er-al (-a\), a. [OF. , f r. LL. separalis, f r. L. separ 
separate, different.] 1. Separate; distinct; particular; 
single. 2. Diverse ; different ; various. 3. Consisting 
of a number more than two, but not very many ; divers ; 
sundry. — SeVer-al-lV, adv. [not very many. I 

Sev'er-al, n. Persons or objects, more than two, but | 
Sev'er-al-tV (-t£), n. A state of separation from the 
rest, or from all others ; a holding by individual right. 



a, e, 1, o, u, long ; a, 6, J, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



SEVERANCE 



745 



SHADOW 



Sev'er-ance (seVer-ans), n. The act of severing, or 
the state of being severed ; partition ; separation. 

Se-vere' (se-verO, a. [Compar. Severer (-er) ; su- 
perl. Severest.] [L. severus.] 1. Serious in feeling or 
manner ; sedate ; grave ; austere. 2. Very strict in 
judgment, discipline, or government ; harsh ; rigorous. 
3. Rigidly methodical, or adherent to rule or principle ; 
exactly conformed to a standard. 4. Sharp ; afflictive ; 
distressing ; violent. 5. Difficult to be endured ; exact ; 
rigorous. — Se-vere'ly, adv. — Se-vere'ness, n. 

Syn. — Extreme ; critical. See Strict. 

Se-ver'i-ty (se-veVT-ty), n. Quality or state of being 
severe. Specif. : (a) Gravity or austerity, (b) Quality 
or power of distressing or paining, (c) Harshness ; cruel 
treatment ; sharpness of punishment, (d) Exactness ; 
rigorousness ; strictness. 

Sew (su), v. t. [See Sde.] To follow ; to sue. [0*5.] 

Sew (so), v . t. [imp. Sewed (sod) ; p. p. Sewed, 
rarely Sewn (son) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sewing.] [AS. sio- 
wian, slwian ; akin to L. suere, Gr. natr-aveiv, Skr. siv.] 
1. To unite or fasten together by stitches, as with a 
needle and thread. 2. To close or stop by sewing. 3. To 
inclose by sewing. [and thread. I 

Sew, v. i. To practice sewing ; to work with needle | 

Sew'age (su'aj ; 48), n. 1. Contents of a sewer or 
drain ; refuse carried off by sewers. 2. See Sewerage, 2. 

Sew'er (so'er), n. One who sews, or stitches. 

Sew'er (su'er), n. [Etym. uncertain.] Formerly, an 
upper servant, or household officer, who served at feasts. 

Sew'er, n. [OF. sewiere, seuwiere, deriv. of L. ex 
out -J- a deriv. of aqua water.] A drain or passage to 
carry off water and filth under ground. 

Sew'er-age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. The construction of a 
sewer or sewers ; also, a system of sewers. 2. See 
Sewage, 1. 

Sew'ing (so'Tng), n. 1. Act of one who sews. 2. 
That which is sewed with the needle. [six. I 

Sex- (seks-). A combining form from L. sex, meaning | 

Sex (sex), n. [L. sexus.] 1. The distinguishing pecul- 
iarity of male or female ; the physical difference between 
male and female. 2. Either of the two divisions of or- 
ganic beings distinguished as male and female. 

The sex, the female sex ; women, in general. 

Sex a-ge-na'ri-an (sgks'a-jt-na'rT-an), n. [See Sex- 
agenary.] A person who is sixty years old. 

Sex-ag'e-na-ry (sSks-Sj'e-na-ry or sSks'a-je-), a. [L. 
sexagenarius, fr. sexageni sixty each, akin to sexaginta 
sixty.] Pert, to, or designating, the number sixty ; pro- 
ceeding by sixties ; sixty years old. — n. A sexagenarian. 

II Sex a-ges'i-ma (slks'a-jes'i-ma), n. [L., fern, of 
sexagesimus sixtieth.] (Eccl.) The second Sunday be- 
fore Lent, — about the sixtieth day before Easter. 

Sex'a-ges'i-mal (-mal), a. Pertaining to, or founded 
on, the number sixty. 

Sex-en'ni-al (sSks-Sn'm-al), a. [L. sexennium a pe- 
riod of six years, sexennis of six years ; sex six -(- annus 
a year.] Lasting six years, or happening once in six 
years. — n. A sexennial event. — Sex-en'ni-al-ly , adv. 

Sex'tain (sSks'tan), n. [L. sextus sixth, fr. sex six.] 
(Pros.) A stanza of six lines ; a sestine. 

Sex'tant (-tant), n. 
[L. sextans, -antis, the 
sixth part of an as, fr. 
sextus sixth, sex six.] 1. 
<(Math.) The sixth part of 
a circle. 2. An instru- 
ment for measuring angu- 
lar distances between ob- 
jects, — used esp. at sea 
in ascertaining latitude 
and longitude. 

Sex-tet' (sSks-tef or 
sSks'tet), n. (Mus.) See 
Sestet. 

Sex'tile (-til), a. [F. 
sextil, fr. L. sextus sixth.] 
(Astrol.) Measured or in- 
dicated by sixty degrees. 
— n. (Astrol.) The aspect 
of two planets when dis- 
tant from each other 
sixty degrees, — marked 
thus: # 

Sex-tUlion (seks-til'- 
yun), n. [Formed (in 
imitation of million) fr. 
L. sextus sixth.] Accord- 
ing to the French method 




One form of Sextant, a Tele- 
scope for viewing the Images of 
the Sun through, and reflected 
from, the Horizon Glass; b Index 
or Large Mirror on upper end of 
Alidade ; c Back Shades or 
Screens of colored glass ; d Hori- 
zon Glass, one half transparent 
and one half mirror ; e Fore 
Shades or Screens of colored 
glass ; /Handle attached to back 
of Frame ; g Lower part of Ali- 
dade with Vernier ; h Graduated 
Arc or Limb ; i Microscope for 
reading the Vernier. 



of numeration (followed also in the U. S.), the number 
expressed by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. 
According to the English method, the number expressed 
by a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed. 

Sex'tO-dec'1-mo (aSks'to-deVI-ino"), a. [L. sextus- 
decimus sixteenth; sextus sixth -\-decinius tenth.] Having 
sixteen leaves to a sheet. See -mo. — n. ; pi. -mos (-moz). 
A sextodecimo book ; — usually written 16mo, or 10 . 

Sex'ton (-tun), n. [OE. sextein, contr. fr. sacristan.] 
An under officer of a church, whose duty is to care for the 
church, churcli vessels, and vestments, dig graves, etc. 

Sex'ton ship, n. The office of a sexton. 

Sex'ttl-ple (-tu-p'l), a. [Formed (in imitation of 
quadruple) fr. L. sextus sixth.] 1. Six times as much; 
sixfold. 2. (Mus.) Having six beats. 

Sex'U-al (sSks'u-al or sSk'shu-al ; 135), a. [L. sexu- 
alis, fr. sexus sex.] Of or pert, to sex, or the sexes ; 
peculiar to the distinction and office of male or female ; 
relating to the distinctive genital organs of the sexes. 

Sex u-al'i-ty (-Sl'I-ty), n. Quality of having sex. 

Sex'u-al-ly, adv. In a sexual manner or relation. 

II Sfor-zan'do (sf6r-tsan'd6), ) a. [It. sforzando, p. 

II Sfor-za'tO (sf6r-tsa'to), ) pr. ; s/orzalo, p. p.] 
(Mus.) Forcing or forced ; — a direction to execute a note 
with peculiar emphasis. (Noted by/z, sf, sfz, or >.) 

Shab (shSb), n. [OE. shabbe, AS. scstb. See Scab.] 
The itch in animals ; also, a scab. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.\ 

Shab'by (-by), a. [Compar. Shabbier (-bT-er) ; su- 
perl. Shabbiest.] [See Shab.] 1. Torn or worn to rags ; 
poor ; mean ; ragged. 2. Clothed with ragged, much 
worn, or soiled garments. 3. Mean ; paltry ; despicable. 
— Shab'bi-ly (-b!-ty), adv. — Shab'bi-ness, n. 

Shack (shak), n. [Cf. Scot, shag refuse of barley or 
oats.] 1. The grain left after harvest or gleaning ; also, 
nuts which have fallen. [Prov. Eng.~\ 2. Liberty of 
winter pasturage. [Prov. Eng.~\ 3. A shiftless fellow ; 
a vagabond ; a tramp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.~\ 

Shac'kle (shak/k'l), n. [Generally in the pi.] [AS. sca- 
cul, sceacul, fr. scacan to shake.] 1. Something which 
confines the legs or arms so as to prevent free motion ; 
gyve ; fetter. 2. Hence, that which checks or prevents 
free action. 3. A link for connecting railroad cars. 

Shac'kle, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Shackled (-k'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Shackling.] 1. To tie or confine the limbs of, 
so as to prevent free motion; to fetter; to chain. 2. 
Fig. : To impede ; to cumber. 3. To join by a link or 
chain, as railroad cars. [U. S."] 

Shad (shad), n. sing. &pl. [AS. sceadda kind of fish.] 
(Zool.) Any one of several species of food-fishes of the 
Herring family. 




Common Shad ' (Clupea sapidissima). 



Shad bush (Bot.), any of several species of shrubs or 
small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier, which 
blossom in the spring. 

Shad'dock (shSd'duk), n. [Said to be so called from 
a Captain Shaddock.'] (Bot.) A tree and its fruit, which 
is a large species of orange. 

Shade (shad), n. [OE. schade, shadewe, schadewe, 
AS. sceadu, scead ; akin to G. schatten.~\ 1. Comparative 
obscurity owing to interception or interruption of the rays 
of light. 2. Darkness ; obscurity. 3. An obscure place ; 
a secluded retreat. 4. That which intercepts light or the 
sun's rays ; screen ; protection ; shelter. 5. Shadow. 
[Poetic] 6. The soul separated from the body ; spirit ; 
ghost. 7. (Painting, Drawing, etc. ) The darker portion 
of a picture. 8. Degree or variation of color. 9. A 
minute difference or variation, as of thought, belief, etc. 

Syn. — Shadow. — Shade differs from shadoio as it im- 
plies no particular form or definite limit; whereas ^shadow 
represents in form the object which intercepts the light. 

Shade, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Shaded; p. pr. &vb. n. Shad- 
ing.] 1. To shelter, screen, or hide from the rays of light. 
2. To shelter ; to protect ; to screen. 3. To obscure ; to 
dim. 4. To paint in obscure colors ; to darken. 5. To 
mark with gradations of light or color. — Shad'er (-er), n. 

Shad'i-ly (-¥-1^), adv. In a shady manner. 

Shad'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being shady. 

Shad'OW (sliSd'6), n. [Orig. same word as Shads.] 
1. Shade within defined limits; comparative darkness 
caused on a surface by a body which intercepts the rays 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sine, ink, then, thin 



N 



SHADOW 



746 



SHAME 



of light. Sop Syn. under Shade, n. 2. Darkness ; 
shade: obseurin .' 3. A. shaded place; shelter; protec- 
OOlity. 4. A reflected image, as in a mirror or 
in water. 5. That which follows or attends a person or 
thing like ■ shadow. 6. A spirit ; ghost ; shade. [Obs.] 
7. An imperfect ami faint representation ; indistinct 
; hence, type. 8. A small degree ; a shade. 

Shad'ow (ahld'ft), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shadowed (-6d) ; 
. :!>. n, Shadowing.] 1. To cut off light from; 
to put in shade; to shade. 2. To protect front danger. 
3. To mark with gradations of light or color. 4. To rep- 
.liutly or imperfectly; hence, to represent typi- 
cally. 5. To" cloud j to cast a gloom over. 6. To attend 
closely and constantly ; to follow and watch. 

Shad'OW-y (,-y). a. 1. Full of shade or shadows; 
causing shade or shadow. 2. Hence, dark ; obscure ; 
gloomy; dim. 3. Faintly representative; hence, typi- 
cal. 4. Unsubstantial ; unreal. 

Shad'y (shad'y), a. [Compar. Shadier (-T-er) ; su- 
/« rl. Shadiest.] 1. Abounding in shade or shades ; over- 
spread with shade ; protected from the sun's rays ; also, 
causing shade. 2. Of or pertaining to shade or dark- 
ness ; hence, equivocal ; dubious or corrupt. [Colloq.'] 

Shaft (shaft), ft. [AS. sceafl; akin to G. schaft. 
Prob. orig., a shaven or smoothed rod.] 1. The slender, 
smooth stem of an arrow; hence, an arrow. 2. The 
long handle of a spear or similar weapon ; hence, the 
weapon itself. Fig.: Anything regarded as a shaft to be 
thrown or darted. 3. That which is likened to the stem 
or handle of an arrow or a spear ; a long, slender part, 
esp. when cylindrical ; as the stem of a plant, the pole 
of a wagon, the body of a column, etc. 4. Specif. 
(Mach.), a solid or hollow cylinder or bar, having one or 
more journals on which it rests, and intended to carry one 
or more wheels or other revolving parts and to transmit 
power or motion. 5. [Cf. G. schacht."] {Mining) A well- 
like excavation in the earth, vertical or nearly so, as in a 
mine. 6. A long passage for the admission or outlet of 
air. 7. The chamber of a blast furnace. 

Shag (shag), n. [AS. sceacga a bush of hair.] 1. 
Coarse hair or nap ; rough, woolly hair. 2. A kind of 
cloth having a long, coarse nap. 

Shag, v. L [imp. & p. p. Shagged (shXgd) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Shagging.] To make hairy or shaggy; hence, 
to make rough. 

ShagH}ark / (-bark'), n. {Bot. ) A rough-barked species 
of hickory ; also, its nut ; shellbark. 

Shag'gy (-gy), a. [Compar. Shaggier (-gi-er) ; 
superl. Shaggiest.] 1. Rough with long hair or wool. 
2. Rough ; rugged ; jaggy. — Shag'gi-ness, n. 

Shagreen' (sha-gren'), n. [F. chagrin, It. zigrino, 
f r. Turk, saghri the back of a beast of burden, shagreen.] 
1. A kind of grained, untanned leather made from skins 
of horses, asses, and camels. 2. The skin of various small 
sharks and other fishes having small, rough, bony scales. 

Shah (sha), n. [Per. shah.~\ The title of the supreme 
ruler in certain Eastern countries, esp. Persia. 

Shake (shak), v. t. [imp. Shook (shook) ; p. p. Shaken 
(shaken), (Shook, obs.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shaking.] [AS. 
scacan, sceacan; akin to OS. skakan to depart, to flee.] 
1. To cause to move with quick or violent vibrations ; 
to make to tremble or shiver ; to agitate. 2. Fig. : To 
weaken the stability of ; to cause to waver. 3. ( Mus. ) 
To give a tremulous tone to ; to trill. 4. To move or 
remove by agitating ; to rid one's self of. 

Syn. — See Rock. 

Shake, V. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibra- 
tory motion ; to tremble ; to shiver ; to quake ; to totter. 

Shake, n. 1. Act or result of shaking. 2. A fissure 
or crack in timber. 3. A fissure in rock or earth. 

Syn. — Agitation; tremble; quiver; shiver; trill. 

Shake'down' (shSk'doun'), n. A temporary bed, as 
one made on the floor or on chairs. 

Shak'er (-er), n. 1. A person or thing that shakes, 
or by means of which something is shaken. 2. One of a 
religious sect who do not marry ; — popularly so called 
from the movements of the members in a kind of dance 
which forms a part of their worship. 

C^F^They style themselves the "United Society of 
Believers in Christ's Second Appearing." 

Shak'er-ess, n. A female Shaker. 

Shak'1-ness (shakT-nSs), n. Quality of being shaky. 

Shak'o (shSk'6), n. [Hung. csak6.~] A kind of mili- 
tary cap or headdress. 

Shak'y (shak'y), a. [Compar. Shakier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Shakdzst.] 1. Shaking. 2. Full of shakes or cracks. 
3. Easily shaken ; tottering; unsound. [Colloq."] 
Shale (shal), n. [AS. scealu, scalu.] 1. A shell or 



husk ; a cod or pod. 2. [G. schale.~] (Geol.) A fine- 
grained, laminated, sedimentary rock, often friable. 

Shall (shSl), v. i. & auxiliary, [imp. Should (shdoa).] 
[AS. seal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. 
sculan; akin to G. sollen, AS. scyld guilt, G. schuld.] 
[Shall has no infinitive, imperative, or participle.] 1. To 
owe ; to be obliged. [06s.] 2. As an auxiliary, shall 
indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived 
from the person speaking ; as, you shall go ; he shall go ; 
that is, I order or promise your going. It thus ordinarily 
expresses, in the second and third persons,- a command, 
a threat, or a promise. It is also employed in the lan- 
guage of prophecy; as, "The day shall come when 
. . . ," since a promise or threat and an authoritative 
prophecy nearly coincide in significance. In shall with 
the first person, the necessity of the action is sometimes 
implied as residing elsewhere than in the speaker ; as, I 
shall suffer ; we shall see ; and there is always a less dis- 
tinct and positive assertion of his volition than is indi- 
cated by will. "I shall go" implies nearly a simple 
futurity; more exactly, a foretelling or an expectation 
of going, in which, naturally enough, a certain degree of 
plan or intention may be included. In a question, the 
relation of speaker and source of obligation is of course 
transferred to the person addressed; as, "Shall you 
go?" (answer, "I shall go"). After a conditional 
conjunction (as if, whether) shall is used in all persons 
to express futurity simply ; as, if I, you, or he shall say 
they are right. Should is everywhere used in the same 
connection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. 
It also expresses duty or moral obligation ; as, he should 
do it whether he will or not. In the early English, and 
hence in our English Bible, shall is the auxiliary mainly 
used, in all the persons, to express simple futurity. 

W£f Shall and will are often confounded by inaccurate 
speakers and writers. Say : I shall be glad to see you. 
Shall I do this ? (not Will I do this ?) See Will. 

Shal-lOOn' (shal-16on'), n. [F. chalon, fr. Chalons, 
in France, where it was first made.] A thin, loosely 
woven, twilled worsted stuff. 

Shal'lop (shSl'lup), n. [F. chaloupe, prob. fr. D. 
sloep. Cf. Sloop.] (Naut.) A boat. 

Shallot' (shal-lof), n. [OF. eschalote (for escalone). 
See Scallion.] (Bot.) Same as Scallion. 

Shal'low (shSl'lo), a. [Compar. Shallower (-er) ; 
superl. Shallowest.] [OE. schalowe, prob. orig., sloping 
or shelving.] 1. Not deep ; having little depth ; shoal. 
2. Not intellectually profound ; simple ; not wise or 
knowing; ignorant; superficial. — Shal'low-ness, ft. 

Shal'lOW, n. A place in a body of water where the 
water is not deep ; shoal ; flat ; shelf. 

Shal'low, v. i. To become shallow, as water. 

Shalt (shSlt), 2d per. sing, of Shall. 

Shal'y (shal'y), a. Resembling shale in structure. 

Sham (sham), «. [Orig. same word as Shame, hence, 
a disgrace, a trick.] 1. Any trick, fraud, or device that 
deludes and disappoints; delusion; imposture. 2. A 
false front, or covering. 

Sham, a. False ; counterfeit ; pretended ; feigned. 

Sham, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Shammed (shamd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Shamming.] 1. To deceive or delude with false 
pretenses. 2. To assume the manner and character of ; 
to imitate ; to ape ; to feign. 

Sham, v . i. To make false pretenses ; to feign. 

Sha'man (sha'man), n. [From native name.] A 
priest of Shamanism ; a wizard among the Shamanists. 

Sha'man-ism (sha'man-Tz'm), ft. The type of religion 
which once prevailed among all the Ural-Altaic peoples, 
and still survives in various parts of Northern Asia. 

Sha'man-ist, ft. An adherent of Shamanism. 

ShanVDle (shan/b'l), ft. [AS. scamel, sceamol, a bench, 
form, stool, fr. L. scamellum, dim. of scamnum bench.] 
1. (Mining) One of a succession of niches or platforms, 
to hold ore. 2. pi. A place where butcher's meat is sold 
or where animals are slaughtered. 

Sham'ble, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Shambled (-b'ld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Shambling (-bling).] [Cf. OD. schampelen 
to slip, schampen to escape.] To walk awkwardly and 
unsteadily, as if the knees were weak ; to shuffle along. 

Shame (sham), ft. [AS. scamu, sceamu ; akin to G. 
scham. ] 1. A painful sensation excited by consciousness 
of guilt or improper action. 2. Reproach incurred or 
suffered ; dishonor ; ignominy. 3. Cause or reason of 
shame. 4. The parts required by modesty to be covered. 

Shame, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Shamed (shamd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Shaming.] 1. To make or be ashamed ; to 
cause to have a sense of guilt or impropriety. 2. To 
cover with reproach or ignominy ; to disgrace. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, £vent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SHAMEFACED 



747 



SHAVE 




Shame'faced' (shani'fasf), a. [For shamefast ; AS. 
scamjitst. See Shame, n., and Fast firm.] Easily con- 
fused or put out of countenance ; diffident ; bashful ; mod- 
est. — Shame 'faced Ty, adv. — Shaine'f aced ness. n. 

^3r* The ordinary manifestations of shame are by the 
face, hence the orthography shamefaced. 

Shame'fast (-fast), </. [Archaic] See Shamefaced. 

Shame'ful (-ful), a. 1. Bringing shame or disgrace ; 
injurious to reputation. 2. Offensive to modesty ; in- 
decent. — Shame'ful-ly, adv. — Shame'ful-ness. n. 

Syn. — Disgraceful ; reproachful ; indecent ; unbe- 
coming ; degrading ; scandalous ; ignominious ; infamous. 

Shame'less, a- 1. Destitute of shame ; wanting 
modesty ; insensible to disgrace. 2. Indicating want of 
modesty, or sensibility to disgrace ; indecent ; immodest. 

— Shamelessly, adv. — Shame'less-ness, n. 
Syn. — Impudent ; unblushing ; audacious ; indelicate. 
Sham'mer (sham'ruer), n. One who shams. 
Sham'my (-nry), n. [F. chamois. See Chamois.] 1. 

(Zobl.) The chamois. 2. A kind of soft, pliant, oiled 
leather, prepared originally from chamois skin. 

Iham'oy } ( sh5m ' m y or soa-moi'), n. See Shammy. 

Sham-poo' (sham-poo')? v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sham- 
pooed (-pood') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shampooing.] [Hind. 
chdmpna to press, to squeeze.] 1. To press or knead 
the whole surface of the body of (a person), in connec- 
tion with the hot bath. 2. To wash thoroughly and rub 
the head of (a person), with soap, or a soapy substance. 

Sham-poo', n. Act of shampooing. 

Sham'rock (sham'rok), n. [Ir. scamrog, seamar, 
trefoil, white clover, white 
honeysuckle.] (Bot.) A tri- 
foliate plant used as a na- 
tional emblem by the Irish ; 

— orig. , probably, wood sor- 
rel (Oxalis Acetosella) ; but 
now the white clover, and the 
black medic. 

Shank (shank), n. [AS. 
scanca, sceanca, sconca, 
sceonca ; akin to G. schenkel 
thigh, shank.] 1. The part Shamrock, a Wood Sorrel ; 
of the leg from the knee to & White Clover ; c Black 
the foot ; the shin ; the shin Medlc - 
bone ; also, the whole leg. 2. Hence, that part of an in- 
strument, tool, or other thing, which connects the act- 
ing part with a handle or other part, by which it is 
held or moved. Specif. : (a) The middle part of an 
anchor. [See Ulust. of Anchor.] (b) A loop forming an 
eye to a button. 3. (Arch.) The space between two chan- 
nels of the Doric triglyph. 4. (Founding) A large ladle 
for molten metal, fitted with long bars for handling it. 
5. -(Print.) The body of a type. 6. (Shoemaking) The 
part of the sole connecting the front part with the heel. 
7. (Zobl.) A wading bird with long legs; as, the green- 
legged shank, or knot ; the yellow shank, or tattler. 

Shank'er (shank'er), n. (Med.) See Chancre. 

Shan't (shant). A contraction of shall not. [Colloq.~\ 

Shan'ty (shSn'ty), n. [Said to be fr. Ir. sean old -f- 
tig a house.] A small, mean dwelling. 

Shape (shap), v. t. [imp. Shaped (shapt) ; p. p. 
Shaped or Shapen (shap''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shaping.] 
[AS. sceapian. The p. p. shapen is from the strong verb, 
AS. scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, p. p. sceapen.] 1. To 
form or create ; esp., to make into a particular form. 2. 
To adapt to a purpose ; to adjust ; to direct. 3. To image ; 
to conceive ; to body forth. 4. To design ; to plan. 

Shape, n. 1. Character or construction of a thing as 
determining its external appearance; outward aspect; 
figure ; form ; guise. 2. That which has form or figure. 
3. Form of embodiment, as in words ; concrete embodi- 
ment. 

Shape'less. a. Destitute of shape or regular form ; 
misshapen. — Shapeless-ness, n. 

Shapely, a. [Compar. Shapelter (-lT-er) ; superl. 
Shapeliest.] Well-formed ; having a regular shape ; 
comely ; symmetrical. — Shape 'li-ness, n. 

Shap'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, shapes. 

Shard (shard), n. [AS. sceard, prop. p. p. fr. root of 
scera n to shear, to cut. See Shear.] 1. A piece or frag- 
ment of an earthen vessel, or of a like brittle substance. 
2. (Zobl.) The hard wing case of a beetle. 

Share (sh3r), n. [OE. schar, AS. scear, akin to G. 
schar, and to E. shear. ] The part of a plow which cuts 
the ground at the bottom of a furrow. 

Share, n. [OE. schare, AS. scearu, scant, fr. sceran 
to shear. See Shear, t\] 1. A certain quantity ; por- 



tion; division. 2. Esp., the part allotted or belonging 
to one. 3. One of a certain number of equal portions 
into which any property or invested capital is divided. 

Share (shSr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shared (shSrd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sharing.] 1. To part among two or more ; 
to divide. 2. To partake of, use, or experience, with 
others. 

Share (shSr), v. i. To have part ; to partake. 

Share'hold'er (-hold'er), n. One who holds or owns 
a share or shares in a joint fund or property. 

Shark (shark), n. [Of uncertain origin.] 1. (Zobl.) 
Any one of numerous ^^ species of elaamo- 




Man-eating Shark ( Cdr- 
charodon carcharias). 

branch fishes, found in all seas. Their skeletons are 
mostly cartilaginous. Most kinds are harmless ; but 
some are exceedingly voracious. [See Ulusts. of Ham- 
merhead, Thrasher, Remora.] 2. A rapacious, artful 
person ; a sharper. [Colloq.~\ 

Shark, v. t. [Of uncertain origin.] To pick or gather 
indiscriminately or covertly. [Obs.~] 

Shark, V. i. To play the petty thief ; to swindle. 

Sharp (sharp), a. [Compar. Sharper (-er) ; superl. 
Sharpest.] [AS. scearp ; akin to G. schar/.] 1. Hav- 
ing a very thin edge or fine point. 2. Terminating in a 
point or edge; somewhat pointed or edged. 3. Affect- 
ing the senses as if pointed or cutting ; keen ; penetra- 
ting ; pungent; acute. 4. (Mus.) (a) High in pitch; 
acute, (b) Raised a semitone in pitch, (c) So high as 
to be out of tune, or above true pitch. 5. Very trying 
to the feelings ; piercing ; severe ; cutting ; harsh. 6. 
Of keen perception ; having nice discrimination. 7. 
Eager in pursuit ; impatient for gratification. 8. Close 
and exact in dealing. 9. Steep ; precipitous ; abrupt. 
10. (Phonetics) Uttered in a whisper, or with the breath 
alone, without voice, as certain consonants. 

Syn. — Quick ; sagacious ; discerning ; shrewd ; witty ; 
ingenious ; sour ; acid ; tart ; acrid ; poignant ; biting ; 
acrimonious ; sarcastic ; bitter ; painful ; afflictive ; vio- 
lent ; fierce ; ardent ; fiery. 

Sharp, adv. 1. Sharply. 2. Exactly. [Colloq.'] 

Sharp, n. 1. (Mus.) (a) The character [g] used to 
indicate that the note before which it is placed is to be 
raised a half step, or semitone, in pitch, (b) A sharp 
tone or note. 2. pi. Same as Middlings, 1. 

Sharp, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Sharped (sharpt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Sharping.] (3Ius.) To raise or sing above 
the proper pitch, esp. a semitone above the natural tone. 

Sharp'en (sharpen), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Sharp- 
ened (- ; nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sharpening.] To make or 
become sharp or sharper. 

Sharp'er (-er), n. A person who bargains closely ; 
esp. , a cheat ; a swindler. See Swindler. 

Sharp'ie (sharp'!), n. (Naut.) A long, sharp, flat- 
bottomed centerboard boat, with one or two masts each 
carrying a triangular sail. 

Sharply, adv. In a sharp manner ; keenly ; acutely. 

Sharp'ness, n. Quality or state of being sharp. 

Sharp'-sef (-sSt'), a. Eager in appetite or desire. 

Sharp 'shoot' er (shoot'er), n. One skilled in sharp- 
shooting. 

Sharp'shoot ing. n. A shooting with great precision. 

Sharp'-sight ed (-slt'e'd), a. Having quick or acute 
sight. —Sharp'-sight ed-ness, n. 

Sharp'-wit/ted (-wit'ted), a. Having an acute or 
nicely discerning mind. 

II Shas'ter (sh5s'ter or shas'ter), ) n. [Skr. castra an 

II Shas'tra (shas'tra or shas'tra), ) order, fr. cas to 
order.] A treatise for authoritative instruction among 
the Hindoos, esp. one explaining the Vedas. 

Shat'ter (shat'ter), v. t. & i. limp. &p. p. Shattered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shattering.] [OE. schateren, 
scateren, to scatter, to dash, AS. scateran.'] 1. To dash, 
burst, or part violently into fragments. 2. To disorder ; 
to derange ; to render unsound. 

Shat'ter, n. A fragment of anything shattered; — 
used chiefly or solely in the phrase into shatters. 

Shat'ter-y (-y), a. Easily breaking into pieces. 

Shave (shav), v. t. [imp. Shaved (shavd) ; p. p. 
Shaved or Shaven (shav"n) ; p. pr. &: vb. n. Shaving.] 
[AS. sea/an, sceafan ; akin to G. schaben.] 1. To cut 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SHAVE 



748 



SHEET ANCHOR 



or paw off from the surface of a body with a razor or 

lg*d Instrument 2. To make bare or smooth by 

catting ofl elosely the surface, or surface covering, of; 

»>!>.. to remove the hair from with a razor. 3. To cut off 

thin slices from ; to cut in thin slices. 4. T pass close 

I toco lightly, in passing. 5. To plunder; to 

[Coltoo.] 

To §h»v» a not*, to buy it at a discount greater than the 

le.cal rate of interest. [Cant, U. S.] 

Shave (dtBr). v. i. To use a razor for removing the 
beard ; to cut closely ; hence, to practice extortion ; to 

Shave, m. 1- Act or result of shaving ; a thin slice ; 
shaving. 2. [AS. sea fa, sceafa, a sort of knife.] A hand 
tool consisting of a sharp blade with a handle at each end. 

Shaveling (,-ling), n. A man shaved ; hence, a monk, 
or other religious ; — used in contempt. 

Shav'er (-er), «. 1. One who shaves. 2. A boy ; little 
fellow. [Colloq.] 3. (Mech.) Atoolor machine for shaving. 

Shav'ing. n. 1. Act of one that shaves. 2. That 
which is shaved off ; a thin slice or strip. 

Shaw (sha), n. [OE. schaue, scha^e, thicket, grove, 
AS. scaga/] 1. A thicket ; a small wood or grove. [_Obs. 
or Prov. Eng. & Scot.} 2. pi. The leaves and tops of 
vegetables, as of potatoes, turnips, etc. [Scot.] 

Shawl (shal), n. [Per. & Hind, sfial.] A square or 
oblong garment of textile or netted fabric, used, esp. by 
women, as a loose covering for the neck and shoulders. 

Shawm (sham), n. [OF. chalemie, deriv. of L. cala- 
mus reed.] (Mus.) An obsolete wind instrument sup- 
posed to have resembled the clarinet or the hautboy. 

Shay (sha), n. A chaise. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] 

She (she), pron. [sing. nom. She ; poss. Her (her) 
or Hers (herz) ; obj. Her ; pi. nom. They (tha) ; poss. 
Their (th&r or thar) or Theirs (th&rz or tharz); obj. 
Them (them).] [OE. she, sche, scheo, scho, AS. se6, fern, 
of the definite article,_orig. a demonstrative pronoun; 
cf. G. sie, Gr. tj, Skr. sa, sya. Her and hers are from a 
different root. See Her.] 1. This or that female ; the 
woman understood or referred to ; the animal of the fe- 
male sex, or object personified as feminine, which was 
spoken of. 2. A woman ; a female ; — used substantively. 

Sheaf (shef), n. ; pi. Sheaves (shevz). [OE. sheef, 
shef, AS. sceaf; akin to G. schaub, and to E. shove.] 1. 
A bound bundle of grain stalks or straw. 2. Any col- 
lection of things bound together. 

Sheaf, v. t. & i. To make or form into sheaves. 

Shear (sher), v. t. [imp. Sheared (sherd) or Shore 
(shor) ; p. p. Sheared or Shorn (shorn) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Shearing.] [OE. sheren, scheren, to shear, cut, shave, 
AS. sceran, scieran, scyran; akin to G. scheren, Gr. 
Keipew.] 1. To cut, clip, or sever something from with 
shears or a like instrument. 2. To separate, sever, or 
clip, with, or as if with, shears. 

Shear, n. 1. A pair of shears ; — now always in the 
pi. See Shears. 2. A shearing ; — used in designating 
the age of sheep. 3. (Engin.) A stress which tends to 
cause contiguous parts to slide upon each other. 

Shear, v. i. To deviate. See Sheer. 

Shear'er (sher'er), n. One who shears. 

Shearling (-ling), n. A sheep but once sheared. 

Shears (sherz), n. pi. [See Shear.] 1. A kind of 
cutting instrument. Specif. : (a) The common instru- 
ment consisting of two blades connected by a pivot, — 
used for cutting cloth, paper, etc. (b) A similar instru- 
ment the blades of which are connected by 
a curved spring, — used for shearing sheep 
or skins. 2. Anything working like or in 
the form of shears; specif., a kind 
of apparatus for raising heavy 
weights. 

Shear'wa ter (sheVwa/ter), n. 
[Shear + water ; — so called from 
its running along the surface of 
the water.] (Zobl.) Any one of 
numerous long - winged oceanic 
birds allied to the petrels, but 
larger. 

Sheat'fish^shet'fTsh'),?*. [Etym. uncertain.] (Zobl.) 
A European siluroid fish allied to the catfishes. 

Sheath (sheth), n. [AS. scaeS, sceaS, sceS ; akin to 
G. xcheide and to E. shed, v. t. ; orig. meaning, to sepa- 
rate, to part.] 1. A case for the reception of a sword, 
hunting knife, or the like ; a scabbard. 2. Any sheath- 
hkf; covering, organ, or part. 

Sheathe (sheth), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheathed 
(hhethd) ; p. p r . & vo . n . Sheathing.] 1. To put into a 
fcb'-ath, case, or scabbard; hence, to inclose or cover 




with, or as if with, a sheath or case. 2. To fit or fur- 
nish, as with a sheath. — Sheath'er (sheth'er), n. 

Sheathing, n. That which sheathes. Specif. : (a) 
The covering of a ship's bottom and sides. (6) {Arch.) 
The first covering of boards on a frame house. 

Sheave (shev), n. [Akin to OD. schijve wheel, G. 
scheibe, Icel. ski/a slice.] A wheel on which a rope works, 
set in a block, mast, or the like ; the wheel of a pulley. 

Shed (she'd), n. [Same word as Shade.] A slight or 
temporary structure built to shade or shelter something. 

Shed, f. t. [imp. & p. p. Shed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Shedding.] [AS. scadan, sceadan, to part, to separate.] 

1. To part with ; to throw off, or give forth, from one's 
self ; to emit. 2. To throw off, as a natural covering of 
hair, feathers, or shell ; to cast. 3. To cause to flow off 
without penetrating. [a covering or envelope. I 

Shed, i'. i. To let fall the parts, as seeds ; to throw off | 

Shed, n. 1. Act of shedding or spilling; — only in 
composition. 2. That which parts, divides, or sheds. 3. 
(Weaviyig) The passageway between the threads of the 
warp through which the shuttle is thrown. 

Shed'der (-der), n. One who, or that which, sheds. 

Sheen (shen), a. [AS. sciene, scene, scyne, splendid, 
beautiful ; akin to G. sch'dn, and E. show.] Bright ; glit- 
tering; fair; showy; sheeny. [R., except in poetry.] 

Sheen, n. Brightness; splendor; glitter. 

Sheen'V (-y), a. Bright; shining; radiant; sheen. 

Sheep (shep), n. sing. & pi. [AS. seep, sceap ; akin 
to G. schaf, Skr. chdga goat.] 1. (Zo'dl.) Any one of 
several species of ruminants of the genus Ovis, native of 
the higher mountains of both hemispheres. [See Illust. 
of Merino.] 2. A weak, bashful, silly fellow. 3. Fig. : 
pi. The people of God, as being under the care of Christ, 
the great Shepherd. 

Sheep walk, a pasture for sheep ; a sheep run. 

Sheep'cot' (-kof), )n. A small inclosure for sheep ; 

Sheep'cote' (-koV), 1 a pen ; a fold. 

Sheeplold' (-fold'), n. A fold or pen for sheep. 

Sheep'hook/ (-botik'), n. A shepherd's crook. 

Sheepish, a. Like a sheep; bashful; over-modest; 
meanly or foolishly diffident ; timorous to excess. — 
Sheepishly, adv. — Sheeplsh-ness, n. 

Sheep's'-eye 7 (shepsl')) n - A modest, diffident look ; 
a loving glance ; — commonly in the pi. 

Sheeps'head (sheps'hed'), n. A valuable marine 
food-fish of the Atlantic coast of the U. S. [sheep. I 

Sheep'-shear'er (shej/sher'er), n. One who shears] 

Sheep'-shear ing (-ing), n. 1. Act of shearing sheep. 

2. A feast at the time of sheep-shearing. 
Sheep'skin' (-skin'), n. 1. The skin of a sheep ; or, 

leather prepared from it. 2. A diploma,— usually written 
or printed on parchment. [College Cant] 

Sheer (sher), a. [OE. schere, skere, pure, bright, 
Icel. skserr ; akin to AS. scir, G. schier, and E. shine.] 

1. Bright ; clear ; pure ; unmixed. 2. Very thin or 
transparent ; — applied to fabrics. 3. Obvious ; simple ; 
mere ; downright. 4. Straight up and down ; vertical. 

Sheer, v . i. [imp. &p. p. Sheered (sherd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Sheering.] [D. scheren to shear, cut, withdraw, 
warp. See Shear.] To decline or deviate from the line 
of the proper course ; to turn aside ; to swerve. 

Sheer, n. 1. (Naut.) (a) The longitudinal upward 
curvature of the deck, gunwale, and lines of a vessel. (6) 
The position of a vessel swinging clear at single anchor. 

2. A turn or change in a course. 3. pi. Shears. 
Sheet (shet), n. [AS. sceie, scyte, f r. sceat a projecting 

corner, a fold in a garment (akin to G. schoss bosom, 
flap) ; orig., that which shoots out, fr. root of AS. scedtan 
to shoot. See Shoot, v. t.] 1. In general, abroad, thin 
portion of any substance ; an expanded superficies. 
Specif. : (a) A broad piece of cloth ; esp., one used as a 
bedding next to the body, (b) A broad piece of paper ; 
hence, a letter ; a newspaper, etc. (c) A single signature 
of a book or a pamphlet, (d) A broad, thinly expanded 
portion of metal or other substance ; a plate ; a leaf, (c) 
A broad expanse of water, or the like. (/) A sail. 2. 
[AS. sceata. See Etym. above.] (Naut.) (a) A rope or 
chain which regulates the angle of adjustment of a sail. 
(6) pi. The space in the forward or the after part of a 
boat where there are no rowers. 

Sheet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Sheeting.] 1. To furnish with a sheet or sheets ; to 
wrap in, or cover with, or as if with, a sheet. 2. To ex- 
pand, as a sheet. 

Sheet' an'chor (shet/ Sn'ker). [OE. scheten to shoot, 
AS. sceStan. See Shoot, v. L] 1. (Naut.) A large anchor 
stowed on shores outside the waist of a vessel. 2- Any- 
thing regarded as a sure dependence in danger. 



5, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



SHEETING 



749 



SHILLING 



Sheeting (shet'Tng), n. 1. Cotton or linen cloth suit- 
able for bed sheets. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) A lining, as 
of planks or boards, for protecting an embankment. 

II Sheik (shek ; Ar. shik), n. [Ar. sheikh, shaykh, 
fr. shakha to be old.] The head of an Arab family, clan 
or tribe ; also, the chief magistrate of an Arab village. 
Also, a Mohammedan ecclesiastic of a high grade. 

Shek'el (skSk''l), ». [Heb. sheqel.] An ancient Jew- 
ish weight and coin. The gold shekel is supposed to have 
been worth about $5, the silver about sixty cents. 

She-ki'nah (she-ki'na), n. [Talmud shekinah, fr. sha- 
kan to dwell.] The visible majesty of the Divine Presence. 
Sheld (sheld), a. [From obs. var. of Shield.] Varie- 
gated. [Prov. Ehg.] 
Shel'drake' (shel'drak'), n. [Sheld + drake.] 1 
(Zo'61.) Any one of several species of large 
variegated Old World ducks ; esp., a spe- 
cies which somewhat resembles a goose 
in form and habit. 2. Any one of the 
American mergansers. 
Shelf (shSlf), n. ; pi. 
Shelves (shglvz). 
[AS. scylfe ; akin 
.to G. schelfe. In 
senses 2 & 3, 
perh. a different 
word (cf . Shelve, 




v. <£.).] l.(Arch.) 
A flat 



tablet or 
ledge of any ma- 
Sheldrake (1) (Tadorna Bellonii). terial set horizon- 
tally at a distance from the floor to hold objects. 2. A 
sand bank in the sea, or a rock, or ledge of rocks, render- 
ing navigation dangerous. 3. (Mining) A stratum lying 
very even ; a flat, projecting layer of rock. 

Shelf'y (-JO, a. Abounding in shelves or shallows. 

Shell (shgl), n. [AS. scell, scyll ; akin to E. skill.] 
1. A hard outside covering. Specif. : (a) The covering, 
or outside part, of a nut. (6) A pod. (c) The hard cov- 
ering of an egg. (d) (Zo'61. ) The hard covering of mol- 
lusks, crustaceans, and some other invertebrates ; also, of 
some vertebrates, as the tortoise, (e) (Zo'61.) Hence, any 
mollusk having such a covering. 2. (Mil.) A hollow 
projectile adapted for a mortar or a cannon, and contain- 
ing an explosive substance, ignited with a fuse 
or by percussion. 3. The case which holds 
the powder, or charge of powder and shot, used 
with breech-loading small arms. 4. Any slight 
hollow structure ; a framework. 5. An instru- 
ment of music, as a lyre, — the first lyre having 
been made, it is said, of a tortoise shell. 6. A 
kind of very light racing boat. 

Shell, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Shelled (sheld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Shelling.] 1. To remove the 
shell of ; to take out of the shell. 2. To sepa- 
rate the kernels of from the cob, ear, or husk. Section of 




3. To attack or bombard with shells. 



a Perc us- 



Shell, v. i. 1. To fall off, as a shell, crust, f^fled 
etc. 2. To cast, fall, or part from, the shell, Cannon, 
ear, or husk. 

Shell'-lac' } (shellaV), n. Lac in the form of thin 

Shellac' ) scales or plates. 

Shell'bark' (-bark'), n. (Bot.) See Shagbabk. 

Shell'er (shgFer), n. One who, or that which, shells. 

Shell'fish' (-fish'), n. (Zo'61.) Any aquatic animal 
whose external covering is a shell. [or other shells. I 

Shell'proof/ (-proof'), a. Capable of resisting bombs | 

Shell'work' (-wtirk'), n. Work composed of, or 
adorned with, shells. [shells or a shell. I 

Shell'y (-J), a. Abounding with shells ; consisting of | 

Shel'ter (shel'ter), n. [Origin uncertain.] 1. That 
which covers or defends from injury or annoyance. 2. 
One who protects ; guardian ; defender. 3. State of 
being covered and protected ; protection ; security. 

Syn. — Asylum ; refuge ; retreat ; sanctuary ; defense. 

Shel'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheltered (-terd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sheltering.] 1. To be a shelter for ; to provide 
with a shelter ; to shield ; to protect. 2. To screen or 
cover. 3. To betake to cover or a safe place ; — reflexive. 

Shel'ter, v. i. To take shelter. 

Shel'ter-less, a. Destitute of shelter or protection. 

Shel'tie (-«), Shel'ty (-ty), n. A Shetland pony. 

Shelve (shelv), v. t. 1. To furnish with shelves. 2. 
To place on a shelf. Hence : To put aside ; to dismiss. 

Shelve, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Shelved (shelvd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Shelving.] [Perh. fr. same source as Shallow.] 
To incline gradually ; to be sloping. [ively. | 

Shelving, n. Material for shelves ; shelves, collect- 



Shelv'y (shglv'^), a. Sloping gradually ; shelving. 

Shem-itlc (shSm-Tt'Ik), | a. Of or pertaining to 

Sheml-tlsh (shgm'I-tTsh), J Shem. See Semitic. 

Shend (shgnd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shbnt (sbSnt).] 
[AS. scendan, fr. sceand shame.] 1. To injure or Bpoil. 
[Obs.] 2. To revile ; to shame. [Archaic] 

She'ol (she'ol), n. [Heb. sheol.] The place of de- 
parted spirits ; Hades ; also, the grave. 

Shep / herd(sh6p'erd)7i. [See Sheep; Herd.] 1. A man 
employed in tending, feeding, and guarding sheep, esp. a 
flock grazing at large. 2. Pastor of a church ; curate. 

Shep'herd, v. t. To tend as a shepherd. [Poetic] 

Sheplierd-ess, n. A woman who tends sheep. 

Sherliet (sher'bSt), n. [Ar. sherbet, shorbet, sharbat, 
prop., drink, fr. shariba to drink.] 1. A drink made of 
the juice of some fruit, diluted, sweetened, and flavored. 
2. A flavored water ice. [sition. See Shard. I 

Sherd (sherd), n. A fragment ; — now only in compo- 1 

II Sher'eef (shgr'ef or shgr-ef), ) n. [Ar. shcrif no- 
il Sherlf (shgr'Tf or shgr-ef), J ble, holy, n., a 
prince.] A member of an Arab princely family de- 
scended from Mohammed through his daughter Fatima. 

Sheriff (shgr'Tf), n. [OE. shereve, AS. sctr-gerefa. 
See Shire ; Reeve.] The chief officer of a shire or 
county, — intrusted with the execution of the laws, the 
serving of writs, etc., and the preservation of the peace. 

Jgp^ The office of sheriff in England is judicial and 
ministerial. In the U. S., it is mainly ministerial. 

Sher'iff-al-ty («l-ty), Sherlff-dom (dum), Sherlff- 
ry (-ry), Sheriff-ship (ship), Sherlff-wick (wik), n. 
Office or jurisdiction of sheriff. 

Sherly (shgr'ry^), n. [So called from Xeres, a Span- 
ish town, x in Spanish having been formerly pronounced 
like sh in English.] A light-colored, dry Spanish wine. 

Sherry cobbler, a beverage prepared with sherry wine, 
water, lemon or orange, sugar, ice, etc. 

Shew (sho, formerly shu), v. t. & i. See Show. 

Shewlbread' (sho'brgd'). See Showbread. 

Shewn (shon), p. p. of Shew. 

Shib'bo-leth (shib'bS-lgth), n. [Heb. shibboleth ear 
of corn, stream.] 1. A word made a test to distinguish 
Ephraimites from Gileadites, the Ephraimites being un- 
able to pronounce sh. 2. Criterion ; test ; watchword. 

Shield (sheld), n. [AS. scield, scild, sceld, scyld ; 
akin to G. schild; of uncertain origin.] 1. A broad 
piece of defensive armor, carried on the arm, — formerly 
in general use in war. 2. Anything which protects or de- 
fends ; defense ; shelter ; protection ; hence, a protector 
or defender. 3. (Her.) The escutcheon or field on which 
are placed the bearings in coats of arms. 
[Seelllusl. of Escutcheon.] 4. Something 
resembling or having the form of a shield. 

Shield, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shielded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Shielding.] 1. To cover 
with, or as if with, a shield ; to defend ; to 
protect. 2. To ward off. 

Shift (shift), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Shifted; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Shifting.] [OE. shiften, Norman shield. 
schiften, lit., to divide, AS. set f tan to divide.] 1. To move 
or remove from one place to another. 2. To change the 
position of ; to alter the bearings of ; to turn. 3. To re- 
move and substitute another or others for ; to change. 
4. To put off or out of the way by some expedient. 

Shift, v. i. 1. To make a change or changes ; — used 
in senses corresponding to those of the transitive verb. 
2. To resort to expedients for accomplishing a purpose ; 
to manage. 3. To practice indirect or evasive methods. 

Shift, n. 1. A shifting. Specif. : (a) Change ; sub- 
stitution, (b) A turning from one thing to another; 
hence, often, an evasion; trick; fraud. 2. Something 
shifted; esp., a woman's under-garment ; chemise. 3. 
The change of one set of workmen for another ; hence, a 
spell, or turn, of work ; also, one set of workmen. 4. In 
building, the extent, or arrangement, of the materials 
that are placed in courses to break joints. 
To make shift, to contrive or manage in an exigency. 
Shift'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, shifts. 

Shif tl-ness, n. Quality or state of being shifty. 
Shiftless, a. Destitute of expedients, or not using suc- 
cessful expedients, esp; in providing for one's own support ; 
hence, lazy ; improvident ; thriftless. — Shif tless-ly . adv. 
— Shiftless-ness, n. [in expedients. I 

Shift'y (-$), a. Full of, or ready with, shifts ; fertile | 
Shil-lalah ) (shil-lala), n. An oaken sapling or 
Shil-lelah { cudgel ; any cudgel ; — from Shille- 
lagh, a place in Ireland famous for its oaks. [Irish] 

Shilling (shilling), n. [AS. scilling ; akin to G. 
schilling.] 1. An English silver coin, and money of ac- 




fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SHILL-I-SHALL-I 



750 



SHIP 



count, equal to twelve pence, or A of a pound, or about 
2. In the U.S., a denomination of money, dif- 
fering in value in different States. — in New England 
reckoned at I6| cents, in New York at 12£ cents. It is 
legally recognized. 3. The Spanish real, of the 
value of 12* cents ; — formerly locally so called. 

ShiU'-I-shall -I (ehlll-ehll'-i), \ adv. [A redupli- 

ShiTly-Shal ly (shll'I-shaTT), \ cation of shall 1.] 
In an irresolute, undecided, or hesitating manner. 

ShilTy-shal ly. P. >■ To hesitate : to act irresolutely. 

Shi'lolu$hi'lo , >. H. [Keb.shlldh, lit., rest.] [Script.) 
A word used bv Jacob on his deathbed, —interpreted 
variously, a* "Messiah," the city " Sbiloh," or "Rest." 



[imp. &p. p. Shimmered 



Shlly (shi'ly). adv. See Shyly. 

Shim'mer (ahlmfmlr), v. i. [imp. «s: p. p. 
(-merd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shimmering.] [AS. scimertan ; 
akin to G. schimmern.] To shine tremulously or inter- 
mittently ; to shine faintly : to glisten ; to glimmer. 

Shim'mer, n. A faint* tremulous light ; a glimmer. 

Shlm'my (-mj), 7). A chemise. [Col log.] 

Shin (shin), n. [AS. scina.] The front of the leg 
below the knee ; lower part of the leg ; shank. 

Shin, v. i. A /. [imp. & p. p. Shinned (shind) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ?i. Shinning.] To climb by embracing alternately 
with the arms and legs. [<S/rt«^] 

Shin'dy (-dj), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. An uproar ; 
disturbance ; row ; riot. [Slang] 2. Hockey; shinney. 

Shine (shin), r. i. [imp. &p.p. Shone (shon or shon) 
{archaic Shined (shind)) ; p. pr. & vb. ?». Shining.] 
[AS. sclnan; akin to G. schei7ien.] 1. To emit rtys of 
light ; to exhibit brightness or splendor. 2. To be bright 



girdle, fr. cingere to gird.] {Med.) A kind of herpes 
which spreads half way round the body. 

Shin'gling (shTn'glTng), n. 1. Act of covering with 
shingles; shingles, collectively. 2. {Metal.) Process of 
expelling scoriae and other impurities by hammering and 
squeezing, in making wrought iron. 

Shln'gly (-giy), a. Abounding with shingle, or gravel. 

Shin'ing (shin'Tng), a. That shines ; radiant ; splen- 
did ; lustrous ; bright ; distinguished ; illustrious. 

Syn. — Glistening ; resplendent ; effulgent ; brilliant ; 
glittering ; — Shining describes the steady emission orre- 
tiection of a strong light ; brilliant denotes a shining of 
great brightness, but with gleams or flashes; sparkling im- 
plies a fitful, dazzling light from radiant points or sparks. 

Shin'ney (shTn'ny), n. Hockey ; — so called because 
of the liability of the players to be struck on the shin. 

Shin'plaS'ter (-plas'ter),n. Formerly, a jocose term for 
a bank note greatly depreciated in value ; also, for a piece 
of paper money of a denomination less than SI. [U. <S.] 

Shin'tO (shin'to), 1 n. [Chin, shin god -f- tao way, 

Shin'tO-ism (-Tz'm), ) doctrine.] One of the two 
great systems of religious belief in Japan. Its essence is 
ancestor worship, and sacrifice to dead heroes. 

Shin'y (shin'y), a. [Compar. Shinier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Shiniest.] Bright ; luminous ; clear ; unclouded. 

-ship (^-shTp). [OE. -schipe, AS. -scipe ; akin to G. 
-schaft.~\ A suffix denoting state, office, dignity, profes- 
sion, or art ; as in lordship, friendship, horsemanship. 



FBHE1MJU. r-_- 




by reflected light ; to gleam ; to be glossy. 3. To be efful- 
gent in splendor or beauty. 4. To be eminent, conspic- 
uous, or distinguished for intellectual powers. 

Shine, v. t. To cause to shine by reflected light. 

Shine, n. 1. Quality or state of shining ; brightness ; 
luster ; gloss ; polish ; sheen. 2. Sunshine. 3. A lik- 
ing : a fancv. [Slang, U. 5.] 4. Caper ; antic. [Slang] 

Shin'er (-er), n. 1. One that shines. 2. {Zo'ol.) Any 
one of numerous species of small fresh- water fishes. 

Shi'ness (shi'ngs), n. See Shyness. 

Shln'gle (shTn'g'l), n. [Prob. from Norw. singl, sin- 
gling, coarse gravel.] {Geol.) Round, water worn, and 
loose gravel and pebbles. 

Shln'gle, n. [OE. shingle, shindle, fr. L. scindula, 
scandula."] 1. A thin piece of wood with one end thin- 
ner than the other, — used esp. for roofing. 2. A sign for 
an office or a shop. [Jocose, U. £.] 

Shln'gle, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Shingled (-g'id) ; p. pr. 
& tb. n. Shingling (-gltng).] 1. To cover with shingles. 

2. To cut (the hair) so that the ends are evenly exposed. 

3. To subject to the process of shingling, as iron. 
Shln'gler f-gler). n. One that shingles. 
8hln'gles (-glz), n. [OF. cengle girth, fr. L. cingulum 



Ship, n. [OE. ship, schip, AS. scip ; akin to G. schiff.] 
1. Any large seagoing vessel. 2. Specif., a vessel with 
a bowsprit and three masts, each composed of a lower 




Deck Plan of a Ship. 

I Port or Larboard Side: s Starboard Side; 1 Roundhouse or 
Deck House; 2 Tiller; S Gratimr; 4 Wheel: 5 Wheel Chains; 
6 Binnacle: 7 Mizzenmast; 8 Skylight; 9 Capstan: 10 Main- 
mast: 11 Pumps; 12 Galley or Caboose; 13 Main Hatchway; 
14 Windlass; S3 Foremast; 16 Fore Hatchway; 1. Bitts; 18 
Bowsprit: 19 Head Rail; 20 Bumkins; 21 Catheads on Port 
Bow and Starboard Bow: 22 Fore Chains; 23 Mam Chains; 
24 Mizzen Chains; 25 Stern. 

mast, a topmast, and a topgallant mast, and square-rigged 

on all masts. [See Illust. of Sail.] 
Ship carpenter, a carpenter who works as a ship-bunder. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



SHIP 



751 



SHOOT 



— Ship chandler, one who deals in cordage, canvas, and 
other furniture of vessels. — Ship money, an imposition 
formerly charged on the ports, towns, etc., of England, 
for providing ships for the king's service. 

Ship (ship), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipped (shlpt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Shipping.] 1. To put on board of a ship, or 
vessel of any kind, for transportation ; to send by water. 
2. Hence, in commerce, to commit to any conveyance for 
transportation. 3. Hence, to send away ; to get rid of. 
['Colloq.'] 4. To engage or secure for service on board a 
ship. 5. To receive on board ship. 6. To put in place. 

Ship, v. i. 1. To engage to serve on board of a ves- 
sel. 2. To embark on a ship. 

Shipboard' (-bord'), n. A ship's side ; hence, a ship. 

Shipbuilder (-blld'er), 7i. A person employed in 
building ships and other vessels. — Ship'build ing. n. 

Ship'load 7 (-lod'), n. The load, or cargo, of a ship. 

Ship'man (-man), n. A sailor. [Obs. or Poetic] 

Ship'mas ter (-master), n. The master of a ship. 

Ship / mate / (-mat'), n. A fellow sailor. 

Ship'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act or process of ship- 
ping. 2. That which is shipped. 

Ship'per (-per), n. One who ships goods. 

Ship'ping, n. 1. Act of one that ships. 2. The 
whole body of ships in one place, or of one port, country, 
etc. ; vessels, generally ; tonnage. 3. Navigation. 

Ship'shape / (-shapO, a. Arranged as befits a ship ; 
hence, trim ; tidy ; orderly. — adv. In a shipshape way. 

Ship'wreck' (-rek')» n. 1. The breaking in pieces, or 
shattering, of a ship or other vessel by casualty of the 
seas. 2. A wrecked ship, or its parts ; wreckage. 3. 
Fig. : Destruction ; ruin ; irretrievable loss. 

Ship'wreck', v. t. [imp. &■ p. p. Shipweecked 
(-rekf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shipwrecking.] 1. To destroy, 
as a ship at sea, by running ashore or on rocks or sand- 
banks, or by the force of wind and waves in a tempest. 
2. To cause to experience shipwreck, as sailors or pas- 
sengers. Hence, to destroy or ruin ; to wreck. 

Ship'wrlght' (-rif), n. A shipbuilder. 

Ship'yard' (-yard'), n. A place where ships are built 
or repaired. 

Shire (shir or sher ; as suffix in Eng. -sher, in the 
U. S. -shir or -sher), n. [AS. scire, scir, a division, 
province, county.] 1. A portion of Great Britain origi- 
nally under the supervision of an earl ; a territorial 
division, usually identical with a county, but sometimes 
smaller. 2. A division of a State, embracing several 
contiguous townships ; a county. [U. S.~\ 

Shirk (sherk), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Shirked (sherkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Shirking.] [Prob. var. of Shark.] 1. 
To procure meanly, as by petty fraud and trickery. 2. To 
avoid ; to neglect ; — implying unfaithfulness or fraud. 

Shirk, v. i. 1. To live by shifts and fraud. 2. To 
evade an obligation ; to avoid doing one's duty. 

Shirk, n. One who shirks. 

Shirk'er (-er), n. One who shirks. 

Shirr (sher), n. {Sewing) A series of close parallel 
runnings drawn up so as to make the material set full. 

Shirred (sherd), a. 1. (Sewing) Made or gathered 
into a shirr. 2. ( Cookery) Broken into an earthen dish 
and baked over the fire ; — said of eggs. 

Shirt (shert), n. [OE. schirte, sherte, schurte ; akin 
to G. schurz apron ; all prob. fr. root of E. short, as being 
orig. a short garment.] A loose under-garment for the 
upper part of the body ; — now commonly restricted to 
that worn by men and boys. 

Shirt, v. t. To cover or clothe with, or as if with, a shirt. 

Shirt'ing, n. Cloth, esp. cotton cloth, for shirts. 

Shit'tah (shlt'ta), Shit'tah tree 7 , n. [Heb. shittah, 
pi. shittim.] The tree that furnished the precious wood 
for the ark, tables, altars, boards, etc., of the Jewish 
tabernacle, — now believed to have been a species of 
acacia. [of the shittah tree. I 

Shit'tim (shit'tim), Shit'tim wood', n. The wood| 

Shive (shiv), n. [See Sheave, n.] 1. A slice. [Obs.] 
2. A splinter or fragment, as of the woody part of flax. 

Shiv'er (shiv'er), n. [From Shite.] One of the 
small pieces, or splinters, into which a brittle thing is 
broken by sudden violence ; — generally in the pi. 

Shiv'er, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Shivered (-erd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Shivering.] To break or separate into 
many small pieces, or splinters ; to shatter by a blow. 

Shiv'er, v. i. & t. [OE. chiveren, cheveren; of un- 
certain origin.] To tremble ; to vibrate ; to quiver ; to 
shake, as from cold or fear. 

Shiv'er, n. Act of shivering or trembling. 

Shiv'er-V (-f), a. 1. Tremulous. 2. Brittle. 

Shoal (shol), n. [AS. scolu, sceolu, a company, mul- 



titude, crowd ; prob. orig., a division.] A great multi- 
tude assembled ; crowd ; throng ; — said esp. of fish. 

Shoal (shol), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Shoaled (shold) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Shoaling.] To assemble in a multitude. 

Shoal, a. [Etym. uncert.] Of little depth ; shallow. 

Shoal, n. 1. A place where the water of a sea, lake, 
river, pond, etc., is shallow ; a shallow. 2. A sandbank 
or bar which makes the water shoal. [shallow. I 

Shoal, v. i. & t. To become, or cause to bec#me,| 

Shoal'y (-y), a. Full of shoals, or Bhallow places. — 
Shoal'i-ness, n. 

Shoat (shot), n. A young hog. Same as Shote. 

Shock (sh5k), n. 1. [OE. schokke; origin uncertain.] 
A pile or assemblage of sheaves of grain, set up in a field, 
the sheaves varying in number from 12 to 16 ; stook. 2. 
[G. schock.] (Com.) A lot consisting of 60 pieces. 

Shock, v. t. To collect, or make up, into a shock or 
shocks ; to stook. 

Shock, n. [Cf. D. schok a bounce, jolt, or leap, F. 
choc a shock.] 1. A sudden blow ; a collision or violent 
impulse ; a concussion ; also, the resulting, quivering or 
shaking. 2. A sudden agitation of the mind or feelings ; 
also, a sudden agitating or overpowering event. 3. (Med.) 
A sudden depression of the vital forces, marking some pro- 
found impression produced upon the nervous system. 4. 
(Elec.) The sudden convulsion of the muscles caused by 
the discharge, through the animal system, of electricity. 

Shock, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Shocked (sh5kt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Shocking.] 1. To give a shock to ; to cause to 
shake or waver ; hence, to strike against suddenly or 
with violence. 2. To strike with surprise, terror, hor- 
ror, or disgust ; to cause to recoil. 

Shock, n. [Cf. Shag.] 1. (Zool.) A dog with long 
hair or shag. 2. A thick mass of bushy hair. 

Shocking, a. Causing a shock, esp. sudden horror or 
disgust. — Shock'ing-ly, adv. — Shock'ing-ness, n. 

Shod (sh5d), imp. &p. p. of Shoe. 

ShOd'dy (-dy), n. [Origin uncert.] 1. A fibrous ma- 
terial made by tearing into fibers refuse woolen goods. 
2. An inferior fabric made wholly or largely of shoddy. 

Shod'dy, a. Made wholly or in part of shoddy ; hence 
(colloq.), not genuine ; sham ; pretentious. 

Shoe (shoo), n. ; pi. Shoes (shobz), obs. Shoon (shobn). 
[OE. sho, scho, AS. scoh, sceoh; akin to G. schuh ; origin 
unknown.] 1. A covering for the human foot, usually 
of leather. 2. Anything resembling a shoe in form, posi- 
tion, or use. Specif. : (c) A protecting plate or rim, as of 
iron, nailed to the hoof of an animal, (b) A strip, as of 
iron or steel, fastened to the bottom of the runner of a 
vehicle which slides on the snow, (c) Any one of various 
appliances to apply or receive friction, receive pressure, 
etc.; as a drag for a wagon, a socket for a rafter end, etc. 

Shoe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shod (shod) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Shoeing.] To furnish or protect with a shoe or shoes ; 
to put a shoe or shoes on. 

Shoe'black' (-bl5k'), n. One who polishes shoes. 

Shoe'hom ) (-h6rn'), n. A curved piece, as of 

Shoe'ing-horn' ) horn, used to facilitate the en- 
trance of the foot into a shoe. 

Shoe'mak j;r (-mak'er), n. A maker of shoes. 

Sho'er (shoo'er), 7i. One who furnishes or fits shoes. 

Sho'gun (sho'gobn), n. [Chiu. tsiang kiiin commander 
in chief.] A title (abolished in 1867) originally conferred 
by the Mikado on the military governor of eastern Japan. 
By gradual usurpation the Shoguns (known to foreigners 
as Tycoons) became the virtual rulers of Japan. 

Shole (shol), n. A plank fixed beneath an object, to 
protect it from injury, as under the end of a shore. 

Shone (shon or shon), imp. & p. p. of Shine. 

Shoo (shoo), interj. [Cf. G. scheuche7i to scare, drive 
away.] Begone ; — used esp. in frightening away fowls. 

Shook (shook), imp. & obs. or poet. p. p. of Shake. 

Shook, 7i. [Cf. 1st Shock.] (Com.) A set of the fin- 
ished parts necessary for the construction of something, 
as a barrel or chair, packed or bound together. 

Shoon (shoon), archaic pi. of Shoe. 

Shoot (shoot), it. [F. chute. See Chute. Confused 
with shoot to let fly.] An inclined plane down which 
timber, coal, etc. , are slid ; also, a narrow passage, in a 
stream, where the water rushes rapidly ; chute. [U. S.~\ 

ShOOt (shoot), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shot (sh5t) (Obs. 
Shotten) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shooting.] [AS. scotian, v. i., 
fr. sceolan ; akin to G. schiessen.] 1. To let fly, or cause 
to be driven, with force, as an arrow or a bullet. 2. To 
discharge, as a gun or bow, causing a missile to be driven 
forth. 3. To strike with a missile so discharged or let 
fly ; to kill or wound with a firearm. 4. To cast ; to 
hurl ; to discharge. 5. To push or thrust forward ; to 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SHOOT 



752 



SHOVE 



:o protrude. 6. v^"';'-) To plane straight ; to 
uiing. 7. To pass rapidly through, over, or 
under. 8. To color in spots or patches. 

Shoot (ihStt). f- »'• 1- To cause an engine or weapon 
to Jbeh M f ■ missile. 2. To discharge or emit a missile. 
3. To be .shot or propelled forcibly. 4. To have a quick 
darting motion. 5. To feel a quick, darting pain. 6. To 
bud : n sprout : hence, to grow ; to advance. 7. To 
change form suddenly ; esp., to solidify. 8- To protrude ; 
to jut : to project ; to extend. 

Shooting star (Astron.\ a starlike, luminous meteor that 
darts quickly across a portion of the sky and disappears. 

Shoot. •;. 1. Act of shooting ; discharge of a missile ; 
shot. 2. A young branch or growth. 3. A rush of 
water; a rapid. 4. [Perh. a different word.] A shoat. 

Shoot 'er l-Sr), »• One who, or that which, shoots. 

Shop (sh5p), n. [AS. sceoppa treasury, storehouse, 
booth ; akiu to set/pen shed.] 1. A building or apart- 
ment in which goods, wares, drugs, etc., are sold by re- 
tail. 2. A building in which mechanics or artisans work. 

Syn. — Store; warehouse. See Store. 

Shop, v. i. limp. & p. p. Shopped (shSpt) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Shopping.] To visit shops for purchasing goods. 

ShopTSOOk (-bdok'), n. A tradesman's account book. 

ShopTwy' (-boi'), n. A boy employed in a shop. 

Shop'gM (shop'gerl'), n. A girl employed in a shop. 

Shop-keeper (-kep'er), n. A trader who sells goods 
in a shop, or by retail. 

Shoplift er (differ), n. One who steals, or lifts, 
anything in a shop, or steals under pretense of buying. 

Shoplift ing, n. Larceny committed in a shop. 

Shop'man (-man), n. 1. A shopkeeper ; a retailer. 
2. One who serves or works in a shop. 

Shop 'per (-per), n. One who shops. [a shop. I 

Shop-wom' an (-wooDa'an), n. A woman employed in | 

Shop'worn' (-worn'), a. Somewhat worn or dam- 
aged by having been kept for a time in a shop. 

Shore (shor), imp. of Shear. 

Shore, n. [OE. schore ; akin to D. schoor.~\ A prop, 
brace, or support placed against 
the side of a structure, or beneath 
anything, to prevent it from sink- 
ing or sagging. 

Shore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Shored (shord) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Shoring.] To support by a shore 
or shores ; to prop. Ship on the Stocks, sup- 

Shore, n. [AS. score, prob. fr. P° rted bv Shores - 
scieran, and prop., part shorn off, edge. See Shear, v. t.~\ 
The coast or land adjacent to a large body of water. 

Shorl (sh6rl), n. (Min.) See Schorl. 

ShorTing (sh6r1Tng), n. The skin of a shorn sheep ; 
also, a sheep of the first year's shearing. \_Prov. Eng.~\ 

Shorn (shorn), p. p. of Shear. 

Short (shQrt), a. [Compar. Shorter (-er) ; superl. 
Shortest.] [AS. scort, sceorl; akin to Icel. skorta to 
lack.] 1. Not long ; having brief length or linear ex- 
tension. 2. Not extended in time ; having brief dura- 
tion. 3. Limited in quantity ; inadequate ; scanty. 4. 
Insufficiently provided ; inadequately supplied ; — usu- 
ally with of. 5. Not reaching completion, perfection, 
or a certain standard, degree, power, etc. 6. Not distant 
in time ; near at hand. 7. Not comprehensive ; limited 
in scope or grasp. 8. Abrupt; brief; petulant. 9. 
(Cookery) Breaking or crumbling readily in the mouth ; 
crisp. 10. (Metal.) Brittle. 11. (Stock Exchange) En- 
gaging or engaged to deliver what is not possessed. 12. 
(Phon.) Not prolonged, or relatively less prolonged, in 
utterance. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 22, 30. 

Short suit ( Whist), a suit of three cards, or less than three. 

Short, n. 1. A summary account. 2. pi. The part 
of milled grain next finer than the bran. 3. pi. Short, 
inferior hemp. 4. pi. Breeches ; shortclothes. [Slang] 
5. (Phonetics) A short sound, syllable, or vowel. 

In short, in few words ; in brief ; briefly. — The long and 
the short, the whole ; a brief summing up. 

Short, adv. In a short manner ; briefly ; limitedly ; 
abruptly ; quickly. 

To sell short (Stock Exchange), to sell, for future de- 
livery, what the party selling does not own. 

Short'age (-aj ; 48), n. Amount or extent of defi- 
ciency, as determined by some requirement or standard. 

Short'-breathed' (-brgtht/), a. 1. Having short 
breath, or quick respiration. 2. Having short life. 

Short'com ing (-kum'Ing), n. Act of failing, or com- 
ing fchort ; as in product, performance of duty, etc. 

Short'en (sbo*rt/'n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Short- 
ened (-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shortening.] To make or 
become short or shorter. — Short'en-er (-er), n. 




Short'en-ing (sh6rt"n-Tng),n. (Cookery) That which 
renders pastry short or friable, as butter, lard, etc. 

Short'hana 7 (-hand'), n. A compendious and rapid 
method of writing ; stenography ; phonography. 

Short'horn (-hSrn'), n. One of a breed of large, 
heavy, domestic cattle having short horns. 

Short'-lived' (-Hvd'), a. Not living or lasting long. 

Short'ly, adv. In a short time or manner. 

Shortness, n. Quality or state of being short. 

Short'sight' ed (-sit/6d), a. 1. Myopic. 2. Fig. : Un- 
able or neglecting to look into or plan for the future. — 
Short'sight ed-ly, adv. — Short'sight ed-ness, n. 

Short'stop' (-stSry), n. (Baseball) The player sta- 
tioned in the field between the second and third bases. 

Short'-waist ed (-wast'Sd), a. Having a short waist. 

Short'-wind ed (-wind'gd), a. Affected with short- 
ness of breath ; having quick, difficult respiration. 

Short'-wit'ted (-wit/te'd), a. Lacking in wit or wisdom. 

Shot (shSt), imp. &p. p. of Shoot. 

Shot, a. Woven so as to appear variegated or figured. 

Shot, n. [AS. scot, sceot, fr. sceotan to shoot. See 
Shoot.] A share or proportion ; a reckoning ; a scot. 

Shot, n. ; pi. Shot or Shots (shSts). [OE. shot, schot t 
AS. gesceot a missile. See Shoot.] 1. Act of shooting ; 
discharge of a firearm or other weapon which throws a 
missile. 2. A missile weapon ; specif., whatever is dis- 
charged as a projectile from firearms or cannon ; specif. , 
one of the small globular masses of lead, of various sizes, 
used chiefly for killing small game. 3. The flight of a 
missile. 4. A marksman ; one who practices shooting. 

Shot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Shotting.] To load with shot, as a gun. [shoat. I 

Shote (shot), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A young hog ; a | 

Shot'gun' (-gun'), n. A light, smooth-bored gun, 
designed for firing small shot, and killing small game. 

Shot'-proof (-proof), a. Impenetrable by shot. 

Shot'ten (-t'n), a. [Prop. p. p. of Shoot.] 1. Having 
ejected the spawn. 2. Forced out of its socket ; dislocated. 

Should (shSod), imp. of Shall. [AS. scolde, sceolde. 
See Shall.] An auxiliary verb used to express a condi- 
tion or contingency, or a supposition of a fact ; also, to 
express moral obligation (see Shall). See also Ought. 

Shoul'der (shol'der), n. [AS. sculdor ; akin to O. 
schulter.~] 1. The joint, or the region of the joint, by 
which the fore limb is connected with the body or with 
the shoulder girdle. 2. Hence, the upper part of the 
back, — on which a person most easily carries a load. 
3. Fig. : That which supports or sustains. 4. That 
which resembles a human shoulder, as a protuberance or 
projection. 5. The upper joint of the fore leg and adja- 
cent parts of an animal, dressed for market. 

Shoulder belt, a belt that passes across the shoulder. — 
Shoulder blade (Anal.), the flat bone of the shoulder ; the 
scapula. [See Illust. of Skeleton.] — Shoulder girdle 
(Anat.), the bony or cartilaginous pieces of the vertebrate 
skeleton to which the fore limbs are articulated, — in 
man the scapulae and clavicles. — Shoulder knot, an orna- 
mental knot for the shoulder ; a kind of military epaulet 




a Shoulder Strap of Lieutenant General in the U. S. Army. 
6 Shoulder Strap of Vice Admiral in the TJ. S. Navy. 

or braided ornament. — Shoulder strap, a strap worn on or 
over the shoulder ; esp. (Mil. & Naval), a 
narrow strap worn on the shoulder by a 
commissioned officer, indicating his rank. 

Shoul'der (shol'der), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Shouldered (-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Shouldering.] 1. To push or thrust with 
the shoulder; to jostle. 2. To take upon 
the shoulder or shoulders ; hence, to as- 
sume the burden or responsibility of. 

Right shoulder armB (Mil.), a position in 
the Manual of Arms in which the piece is 
held as shown in the Illustration. 

Shout (shout), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Shouted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shouting.] [OE. 
shouten, of unknown origin.] To utter a 
sudden, loud outcry, as in joy, triumph, or 
exultation, or to attract attention. 

Shout, v. t. 1. To utter with a shout. 
2. To treat with shouts or clamor. 

Shout, n. A shouting ; a loud burst of 
voice or voices ; vehement outcry. 

Shout'er (-er), n. One who shouts. Right Shoulder 

Shove (shuv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arms. 




a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; &, £, I, 5, fi, y, abort ; senate, fcvent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SHOVE 



753 



SHROUD 



Shoved (shvivd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoving.] [AS. scofian, 
fr. scu/an ; akin to G. schieben.] 1. To drive along by di- 
rect and continuous application of force ; to push ; esp., to 
force to move along the surface of another body by push- 
ing. 2. To push in a careless or rude manner ; to jostle. 

Shove (shuv), v. i. To press or push, or press forward ; 
to move by pushing or jostling. 

Shove, n. A shoving ; forcible push. 

Syn. — See Thrust. 

Shov'el (shuV'l), n. [AS. scofl, sceofl ; akin to G. 
schaufel, and to E. shove.'] A common implement con- 
sisting of a broad scoop, or blade, with a handle. 

Shov'el, v. t, [imp. & p. p. Shoveled (-'Id) or 
Shovelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoveling or Shovelling.] 
1. To take up and throw with a shovel. 2. To gather up 
as with a shovel. 

Shov'el-er (-or), n. 1. One that shovels. 2. {Zool.) 
A river duck having a large, broad-tipped bill. 

ShOV'el-HOSe' (-noz'), n. {Zool.) (a) Any one of va- 
rious species of sharks. (6) A ganoid fish of the Stur- 
geon family of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. 

Show (sho), v. t. [imp. Showed (shod) ; p. p. Shown 
(shon) or Showed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Showing.] [Sometimes 
written shew.'] [OE. schowen, shewen, schewen, shawen, 
AS. sceawian, to look, see, view ; akin to G. schauen, L. 
cavere to be on one's guard, Gr. /coeu> to perceive, Skr. 
kavi wise.] 1. To exhibit or present to view ; to place in 
sight ; to display. 2. To exhibit to the mental view ; to 
tell ; to reveal. 3. Specif., to make known the way to ; 
hence, to direct ; to conduct. 4. To make apparent or 
clear ; to prove ; to explain ; also, to manifest ; to evince. 
5. To bestow ; to confer. 

Show, v. i. To exhibit or manifest one's self or it- 
self ; to Appear ; to look ; to seem. 

Show, n. 1. A showing, or bringing to view ; exposure 
to sight ; exhibition. 2. That which is shown, or brought 
to view ; spectacle ; exhibition. 3. Proud or ostentatious 
display ; parade ; pomp. 4. Semblance ; appearance. 5. 
False semblance ; pretense. 

Show bill, a broad sheet containing an advertisement in 
large letters. 

Showlnead' (-bred'), «. {Jewish Antiq.) The bread 
which the priest of the week placed before the Lord on 
the golden table in the sanctuary. 

ShOW'er (sho'er), n. One who shows or exhibits. 

ShOW'er (shou'er), n. [OE. shour, schour, AS. seur ; 
akin to G. schauer; origin uncertain.] 1. A brief fall of 
rain or hail, or, rarely, of snow. 2. That which resem- 
bles a shower in falling or being scattered copiously. 

ShOW'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Showered (-erd) ; p. pr. 
<fc vb. n. Showering.] 1. To water with a shower ; to 
wet copiously with rain. 2. To bestow liberally; to 
scatter in abundance. [or showers. I 

ShOW'er, v. i. To rain or fall in, or as if in, a shower! 

Sh0W'er-y {-$), a. 1. Raining in showers ; abound- 
ing with showers. 2. Of or pertaining to a shower. 

ShOW'i-ly (sho'i-ly), adv. In a showy manner. 

ShOW'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being showy. 

Showing, n. 1. Appearance ; display ; exhibition. 
2. Presentation of facts ; statement. 

Show'man (-man), n. One who runs a show. 

Shown (shon), p. p. of Show. 

Show'y (sho'y), a. [Compar. Showd3r (-T-er) ; superl. 
Showiest.] Making a show; presenting a marked ap- 
pearance ; ostentatious. 

Syn. — Splendid ; gay ; gaudy ; gorgeous ; fine ; mag- 
nificent; grand; stately; sumptuous; pompous. 

Shrank (shrank), imp. of Shrink. 

Shrap'nel (shrap'nSl), a. Designating a shell contain- 
ing bullets, invented by Gen. H. Shrapnel of the British 
army. — n. A shrapnel shell, or shrapnel shells. 

Shred (shrSd), n. [AS. screade; akin to G. schrot and 
to E. shroud.] 1. A long, narrow piece cut or torn off ; 
strip. 2. In general, fragment ; piece ; particle. 

Shred, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Shred or Shredded (shred'- 
d5d) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shredding.] To cut or tear into 
small pieces, particularly narrow and long pieces. 

Shrew (shru), a. [OE. shrewe, schrewe.] Wicked ; 
malicious. [Obs.] 

Shrew, n. [See Shrew, a.] 
1. A brawling, turbulent, 
vexatious person ; — now re- 
stricted in use to females ; a 
scold. 2. [AS. scredwa;— 4- 
so called because supposed to 
be venomous.] {Zool.) A kind Broad-nosed Shrew (Sorex 
of small insect-eating animal platyrhinus). 

resembling a mouse in form and color. 




Shrew (shrji), v. t. To beshrew ; to curse. [Obs.] 

Shrewd (shrud), a. [Compar. Shrewder (-er); superl. 
Shrewdest.] [Orig. p. p. of Shrew, v. t.] 1. Inclined 
to curse or scold ; malicious ; evil ; vicious. 2. Artful ; 
wily ; cunning. 3. Able or clever in practical affairs ; sharp 
in business. — Shrewdly, adv. — Shrewd'ness, n. 

Syn. — Keen ; critical ; subtle ; arch ; astute ; sagacious ; 
discerning ; acute ; penetrating. — One who is shrewd is 
keen to detect errors, to penetrate disguises, to foresee 
and guard against the selfishness of others. Shrewd is a 
word of less dignity than sagacious, which latter implies 
a comprehensive as well as penetrating mind. 

Shrewish (shru/ish), a. Having the qualities of a 
shrew ; having a scolding disposition ; froward ; peevish. 
— Shrewlsh-ly, adv. — Shrewishness, n. 

Shrew'mouse' (-mous'), n. {Zool.) A shrew. 

Shriek (shrek), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Shrieked (shrekt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Shrinking.] [OE. schriken; orig. same 
word as E. screech.] To utter a loud, sharp, shrill sound 
or cry ; to scream, as in fright, horror, or anguish. 

Shriek, v . L To utter sharply and shrilly. 

Shriek, n. A sharp, shrill outcry ; a shrill, wild cry 
such as is caused by terror, pain, or the like. 

Shrlek'er (-er), n. One who utters a shriek. 

Shriev'al-ty (shrev'al-tjf), n. [Contr. from Sheriff- 
alty.] Office or jurisdiction of a sheriff. 

Shrift (shrift), n. [AS. scrifl, fr. scrifan to shrive. 
See Shrive.] 1. Act of shriving. 2. Confession made 
to a priest, and consequent absolution. 

Shrike (shrik), n. [Akin to E. shriek.] {Zool.) Any 
one of numerous species of oscinine birds, having a strong 
hooked bill, toothed at the tip. Some species kill mice, 
small birds, etc., and impale them on thorns, for which 
reason they are called also butcher birds. 

Shrill (shril), a. [Compar. Shriller (-er) ; superl. 
Shrillest.] [OE. shril, schril ; akin to G. schrill.] 
1. Acute ; sharp ; piercing ; — said of a sound. 2. Hav- 
ing or emitting a sharp, piercing tone or sound. 

Shrill, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Shrilled (shrild) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Shrilling.] To utter a shrill sound ; to sound 
with a shrill tone ; to become shrill. [shrill. I 

Shrill, v.t. To utter in a shrill tone ; to cause to be| 

Shrill'ness, n. Quality or state of being shrill. 

Shrilly, adv. In a shrill manner. 

Shrilly, a. Somewhat shrill. [Poetio] 

Shrimp (shrimp), n. [OE. shrimp ; — probably so 
named from its shriveled appearance, cf . 
AS. scrimman to dry up, wither. ^ 
{Zool.) {a) Any one of numerous species 
of macrurous crustaceans, having a 
der body and long legs. Many of 
are used as food. (6) In a loose sense, 
any small crustacean. 2. Fig., a little 
wrinkled man ; a dwarf ; — in contempt. 

Shrine (shrin), n. [AS. serin, fr. L 
scrinium case, box.] 1. A case, box, or 
receptacle, esp. one in which are depos- 
ited sacred relics. 2. Any sacred or hal- 
lowed place, as an altar or tomb. 

Shrink (shrink), v. i. [imp. Shrank 
(shrank) or Shrunk (shrunk) ; p. p. Common Shrimp 
Shrunk or {R., except as^>. a.) Shrunken (Crangon vulga- 
(shrunk/'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrinking.] ™»). 
[AS. scrincan ; akin to OD. schrincken.] 1. To wrinkle, 
bend, or curl ; to shrivel ; hence, to contract into a less 
extent or compass ; to become compacted. 2. To with- 
draw or retire, as from danger; to recoil, as in fear, 
horror, or distress. 3. To depreciate in value. [Colloq.] 

Shrink, v. t. To cause to contract or shrink. 

Shrink, n. Act of shrinking. 

Shrinkage (-aj ; 48), n. 1. Act of shrinking. 2. 
Bulk, dimension, or value, lost in shrinking. 

Shrink'er (-er), n. One who shrinks. 

Shrive (shriv), v. t. [imp. Shrived (shrivd) or 
Shrove (shrov) ; p. p. Shriven (shriV'n) or Shrived ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Shriving.] [AS. scrifan to shrive, to im- 
pose penance.] 1. To hear or receive the confession of ; 
to administer confession and absolution to. 2. To con- 
fess, and receive absolution ; — used reflexively. 

Shrive, v. i. To receive confessions and give absolution. 

Shriv'el (shriV'l), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Shriveled 
(-'Id) or Shrivelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriveling or 
Shrivelling.] [Prob. akin to shrink.] To draw, or be 
drawn, into wrinkles ; to shrink in corrugations. 

Shriv'en (shriV'n), p. p. of Shrive. 

Shroud (shroud), n. [AS. scrud clothing ; akin to E. 
shred.] 1. That which clothes, covers, conceals, or pro- 
tects ; a garment. 2. Esp., the dress for the dead. 3. 




fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
48 



N 



shroud 



754 



SIDE 



That which covers or shelters like a shroud. 4. pi. (Xaut.) 
g ,i> si.ns to support the masts. 

Shroud (ihrood),*. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrouded; p. 

pr. & vb. ii. Shrouding.] 1. To cover with a shroud, 
esp. for the grave. 2. To cover as if with a shroud ; to 
hide ; to veil. 

Shroud'laid (-ISd ), a. Composed of four strands laid 
right-handed around a oenter. See Cordage. 
Shrove vsl'ioV), imp. of Shrive. 
Shrove Sunday. Quinquagesima Sunday. — Shrove Tues- 

Pd»y, the Tuesday following Quinquagesiina Sunday, and 
preceding tlie first day of Lent, or Ash Wednesday ; — so 
'. because it was lormerly a day of confession. 
Shrovetide (-tid'), ». [From shrive, v. (OE. imp. 
shro/, AS. scraf) + tide.] The days immediately preced- 
ing Ash Wednesday ; esp., the period between the evening 
before Shrove Sunday and the evening of Shrove Tuesday. 
Shrow (^shro), n. A shrew. [Obs.] 

Q Shrub ^shrub), 7i. [Ar. shirb, shurb, beverage, fr. 

shariba to drink.] A liquor composed of vegetable acid 
(esp. lemon juice) and sugar, with spirits to preserve it. 
Shrub, n. [OE. schrob, AS. scrob, scrobb.] (Bot.) A 
woody plant of less size than a tree, and usually with 
several stems from the same root. 
Shrub'ber-y (-ber-y), n. 1. A collection of shrubs. 

2. A place where shrubs are planted. 

Shrub'by (-by), a. [Compar. Shrubbier (-bT-er) ; 
superl. Shrubbiest.] 1. Full of shrubs. 2. Of the na- 
ture of a shrub ; like a shrub. — Shrub'bi-ness. n. 

Shrug (shrug), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrugged (shrugd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Shrugging (-ging).] [Prob. akin to 
shriiik, p. p. shrunk.] To draw up or contract (the 
shoulders), esp. to express dislike, dread, doubt, etc. 

Shrug, v. i. To raise or draw up the shoulders, as in 
expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like. 
Q Shrug, n. Act of shrugging. 

Shrunk'en (shrunken), p. p. & a. from Shrink. 

Shuck (shuk), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A shell, 
husk, or pod ; esp., the outer covering of nuts. 2. The 
shell of an oyster or clam. \U. S.] 

Shuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shucked (shiikt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Shucking.] To deprive of the shucks or husks. 

Shud'der (shud'der), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shuddered 
(-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shuddering.] [OE. shoderen, 
schuderen; akin to G. schaudern.] To tremble or shake 
with fear, horror, etc. ; to shiver with cold ; to quake. 

Shud'der, n. Act of shuddering, as with fear. 

Shuffle (shuf'f'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shuffled 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shuffling (-fling).] [Orig. same 
word as Scuffle.] 1. To shove one way and the other ; 
to push from one to another. 2. To mix by pushing or 
shoving ; to confuse ; esp., to change in relative position. 

3. To remove or introduce by artificial confusion. 
Shuffle, v. i. 1. To change the relative position of 

cards in a pack. 2. To change one's position ; to shift 
ground ; to prevaricate. 3. To use arts or expedients ; 
to make shift. 4. To move in a slovenly, dragging way. 

Syn. — To equivocate ; quibble ; cavil ; shift ; juggle. 

Shuffle, n. 1. A shuffling. 2. Trick ; artifice ; evasion. 

Shuffler (shuffler), n. One who shuffles. 

Shu'mac (shu'mSkj, 7i. (Bol.) Sumac. 

Shun (shun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunned (shund) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Shunning.] [AS. scunian, sceonian ; origin 
uncertain.] To avoid ; to keep clear of ; to escape from ; 
to eschew. 

Shunt (shunt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Shunting.] [Prov. E., to move from, to put off, 
fr. OE. shunten,schunten,schounten. Cf. Shun.] 1. To 
turn off to one side, esp. upon a side track ; to switch off ; 
to shift. 2. (Elec.) To provide with a shunt. 

Shunt, n. 1. Act of shunting. 2. {Elec.) A con- 
ducting circuit forming a parallel or derived circuit 
through which a portion of the main current may pass. 

Shut (shut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shut ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Shutting.] [OE. shutten, shellen, schitten, AS. scyttan 
to shut or lock up, to fasten with a bolt shot across, fr. 
AS. scc6tan to shoot.] 1. To close so as to hinder ingress 
or egress. 2. To forbid entrance into ; to prohibit ; to 
bar. 3. To preclude ; to exclude ; to bar out. 4. To fold 
together ; to close by bringing the parts together. 

Shut, v. i. To close itself ; to become closed. 

Shut, n. 1. Closed or fastened. 2. Rid ; clear ; free. 

[Dialectical'] 3. (Phon. ) (a) Formed by complete closure 

of the mouth passage, and with the nose passage remain- 

cloaed; stopped, (b) Cut off sharply and abruptly 

by a following consonant in the same syllable. 

Shut, n. 1. Act or time of shutting ; close. 2. The 
line or place where two pieces of welded metal join. 




Shute (shut), n. Same as Chute, or Shoot. 

Shut' tor (shQt'ter), n. 1. One that shuts or closes. 

2. A movable cover or screen for a window ; a blind. 
Shut'tle (-t'l), n. [OE. schitel, scytyl, sc/ietyl, fr. AS. 

seedtan to shoot. See Shoot.] 1. An instrument used 
in weaving for passing or shooting the thread of the woof 
from side to side. 2. The sliding thread holder in a sew- 
ing machine, which carries the lower thread. 

Shut' tie-cock' (-k5k'), n. A cork stuck with feathers, 
which is to be struck by a battledoor in play ; 
also, the play itself. 

Shy (shi), a. [Compar. Shter (-er) or 
Shyer; super!. Shiest or Shyest.] [OE. 
schey, skey, sceouh, AS. scedh ; akin to G. 
scheu.] 1. Easily frightened ; timid. 2. 
Reserved ; coy ; disinclined to familiar ap- 
proach. 3. Cautious ; wary ; suspicious. 

Shy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shied (shid) ; One form of 
p. pr. & vb. n. Shying.] To start suddenly Shuttlecock, 
aside through fright or suspicion ; said esp. of horses. 

Shy, v. t. To throw sidewise with a jerk ; to fling. 

Shy, n. 1. A sudden start aside. 2. A side throw. 

Shyly, adv. In a shy or timid manner. 

Shy'ness. n. Quality or state of being shy. 

Syn. — See Bashfulness. 

Shy'ster (shi'ster), n. [Origin uncertain.] Atrickish 
knave ; one who carries on any business, esp. legal busi- 
ness, in a mean and dishonest way. [Slang, U. S.] 

Si (se). [It.] (Mus.) A syllable applied, in solmiza- 
tion, to the note B ; more recently, to the seventh tone 
of any major diatonic scale. 

Sib (sib), n. [AS. sibb alliance, gesib a relative. See 
Gossd?.] A blood relation. [Obs.~\ 

Sib, a. Related by blood. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. &Scot.~\ 

Sib'i-lance (sTbl-lans), ) n. Quality or state of being 

Sib'i-lan-cy (-km-sy), ) sibilant ; sibilation. 

Sib'i-lant (-lant), a. [L. sibilans, -antis, p. pr. of sibi- 
lare to hiss.] Making a hissing sound ; uttered with a 
hissing sound ; hissing. — n . A sibilant letter. 

Sib i-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Utterance with a hissing 
sound ; also, the sound itself ; a hiss. 

Sib'yl (sil/il), n. [L. Sibylla, Gr. <ripvk\a.} 1. (Class. 
Antiq.) A woman supposed to be endowed with a spirit 
of prophecy. 2. A female fortune teller ; a prophetess. 

Sib'yl-line (sib'Il-lin), a. Pert, to, or like, the sibyls 
or their productions ; uttered or composed by sibyls. 

Sibylline books {Rom. Antiq.), books of prophecies con- 
cerning the fate of the Roman empire, said to have been 
bought by Tarquin the Proud from a sibyl. 

|| Sic (sik), adv. [L.] Thus ; — sometimes inserted 
in a quotation [sic], to call attention to the fact that it 
is literally reproduced. [number six at dice. I 

Sice (siz or sis), n. [F. six, fr. L. sex six.] The| 

Sick (sik), a. [Compar. Sicker (-er) ; superl. Sick- 
est.] [OE. sek, sik, ill, AS. seoc ; akin to G. siech.] 1. 
Affected with disease of any kind ; not in health. 2. Af- 
fected with, or attended by, nausea ; inclined to vomit. 

3. Having a strong dislike ; disgusted ; surfeited ; — with 
of. 4. Corrupted ; imperfect ; impaired ; weakened. 

Syn. —Diseased ; ill ; disordered ; distempered ; indis- 
posed ; weak ; ailing ; feeble ; morbid. See Illness. 

Sick'en (sik r n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Sickened ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sickening.] To make or become sick. 

Sick'ish. a. 1. Somewhat sick or diseased. 2. Some- 
what sickening. — Sick'ish-ly . adv. — Sick'ish-ness. n. 

Sic'kle (sTk'k'l), n. [OE. sikel, AS. sicol ; akin to, 
or perh. fr., L. secula, fr. secare to cut. 
See Saw.] 1. A reaping instrument 
having a steel blade curved into the form of 
hook, with a serrated edge. 2. (Astron.) A group 
of stars in the constellation Leo. 

Sicklied (slk'lTd), a. Made sickly. 

Sick'ly (-ly), a. [Compar. Sicklier (-lT-er) ; 
superl. Sickluest.] 1. Somewhat sick ; disposed 
to illness ; attended with disease. 2. Produ- 
cing, or tending to, disease. 3. Appearing as Sickle (1). 
if sick ; weak ; languid ; pale. 4. Tending to produce 
nausea ; sickening. — Sickliness (siklT-nes), n. 

Syn. — Diseased ; ailing ; infirm ; weakly ; unhealthy ; 
healthless ; feeble ; faint. 

Sick'ly, adv. In a sick manner or condition ; ill. 

Sick'ness, n. Quality or state of being sick. 

Syn. — Dlness; disease; malady. See Illness. 

Side (sid), n. [AS. side ; akin to G. seite.] 1. The 
margin, edge, verge, or border of a surface ; esp., one of 
the longer edges of anything ; a bounding line of a geo- 
metrical figure. 2. One of the surfaces which define or 
limit a solid, esp. one of the longer surfaces ; a part con- 
necting the extremities of the top and bottom. 3. Any 




a, e, I, o, vl, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SIDE 



755 



SIGNAL 



auter portion of a thing considered apart from, and yet 
in relation to, the rest ; also, any part or position viewed 
as opposite to, or contrasted with, another. 4. (a) One 
of the halves of the body, of an animal or man, on either 
side of the mesial plane ; or that which pertains to such 
a half. (6) The right or left part of the wall or trunk of 
the body. 5. A slope or declivity, as of a hill. 6. The 
position of a person or party regarded as opposed to an- 
other person or party ; a body of advocates or partisans ; 
a party ; hence, a doctrine or view opposed to another. 
7- A line of descent traced through one parent. 8- Fig. : 
Aspect or part regarded as contrasted with some other. 

To choose sides, to select those who shall compete, as in 
a game. — To take' sides, to attach one's self to, or give as- 
sistance to, one of two opposing sides or parties. 

Side (sld), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a side, or the 
sides ; being on the side, or toward the side ; lateral. 
2. Hence, indirect ; oblique ; collateral ; incidental. 

Side, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sided ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sid- 
ing.] To embrace the opinions of one party, or engage 
in its interest ; to take sides. 

Side r board / (-bord 7 ), n. A piece of dining-room fur- 
niture for keeping or displaying articles of table service. 

Sid'ed (sid'ed), a. Having (such or so many) sides ; 

used in comp. 

Sideling (-ling), adv. [OE. sideling, fr. side side.] 
Sidelong ; on the side ; laterally ; also, obliquely ; askew. 

Sideling, a. Inclining to one side ; sloping ; inclined. 

Sidelong 7 (-long'; 115), adv. [See Sideling, adv.] 

1. Laterally ; obliquely ; in the direction of the side. 

2. On the side. 

Sidelong 7 , a. Lateral ; oblique. 

Sid'er-al (sid'er-al), a. [L. sideralis. See Sidereal.] 

1. Relating to the stars. 2. (Astrol.) Baleful. 
Si-de're-al (st-de're-al), a. [L. sidereus, fr. sidus, 

sideris, constellation, star.] 1. Pert, to the stars ; starry ; 
astral. 2. (Astron.) Measured by the apparent motion of 
the stars ; designated, marked out, or accompanied, by a 
return to the same position in respect to the stars. 

Sid'er-ite (sld'er-it), n. [L. sideritis loadstone, Gr. 
o-iStjpittj?, o-tSijptTi?, of iron, fr. crt5rjpo?iron.] (Min.) (a) 
Carbonate of iron, an important ore of a light yellowish 
brown color. (b) A meteorite consisting solely of me- 
tallic iron, (c) An indigo-blue variety of quartz, (d) 
Formerly, magnetic iron ore, or loadstone. 

Sid'er-o-graphlc (-o-grai'ik), ) a. Of or pert, to sid- 

Sid er-o-graph'ic-al (-T-kal), ) erography. 

Sid er-Og'ra-phy (-og'ra-fy), n. [Gr. o-i'S^po? iron -f 
-graphy.] Art or practice of steel engraving. 

Sid'er-o-lite (sTd'er-6-lit), n. [Gr. o-t'Srjpo? iron -f- 
•lite.~\ A kind of meteorite. 

Sid'er-0-SCOpe (-skop), n. [Gr. o-io^pos iron-f- -scope.] 
A delicate magnetic instrument for detecting small quan- 
tities of iron in any substance. [by women. I 

Side'sad die (sid'sad 7 d'l), n. The kind of saddle used | 

Sides'man (sidz'man), n. 1. A partisan. 2. An as- 
sistant to the churchwarden ; a questman. 

Side'walk 7 (-wak 7 ), n. AJwalk for foot passengers at 
the ?!de of a street or road ; a foot pavement. [U. S.] 

£ leeways 7 (-waz 7 ), adv. Toward the side ; side wise. 

Side'— Wheel 7 (-whel 7 ), a. Having a paddle wheel on 
each side ; — said of steam vessels. [laterally. I 

Side 7 wise 7 (-wlz 7 ), adv. On or toward one side ; | 

Siding (siding), n. 1. Attaching one's self to a party. 

2. A side track, as of a railroad ; a turnout. 3. (Carp.) 
The covering of the outside wall of a frame house. 

Si'dle (sl'd'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sidled (-d'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sidling.] To go or move sidewise. 

Siege (sej), n. [OF. siege a seat, a siege ; ultimately 
fr. L. sedere to sit.] 1. A seat; esp., a throne; also, 
rank ; station. [Obs.] 2. The sitting of an army around 
or before a fortified place to compel its surrender. 3. 
Hence, a continued attempt to gain possession. 

Si'e-nite (si'e-nit), n. (Min.) See Syenite. 

Si-en'na (sT-en'na), n. [It. terra di Siena, fr. Siena 
in Italy.] Clay colored red or brown by oxides of iron 
or manganese, — used as a pigment. When raw it is 
yellowish brown ; it becomes reddish when burnt. 

II Si-er'ra (se-er'ra), n. [Sp., prop., a saw, fr. L. serra 
a saw.] A ridge of mountains and craggy rocks, with a 
serrated or irregular outline. 

II Si-esla (se-es'ta), n. [Sp., prob. fr. 
L. sedere, sessum, to sit.] A short sleep 
after dinner ; midday nap. 

Sieve (siv), n. [AS. sife.] A kind of 
vessel, usually shallow, with a bottom 
having perforations or meshes for sep- 
arating fine particles from coarse ones. 




One form of 
Sieve. 



Silt (sift), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sifted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Sifting.] [AS. siftan, fr. .sj/e sieve.] 1. To separate or 
part with, or as if with, a sieve. 2. To examine minutely ; 
to scrutinize. — Slft'er, n. 

Sigh (si), v. /. [imp. & p. p. Sighed (sid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Sighing.] [OE. sighen, si^en.] 1. To make a deep 
audible respiration, esp. as the result or involuntary ex- 
pression of fatigue, exhaustion, grief, etc. 2. Hence, to 
lament ; to grieve. 3. To make a sound like sighing. 

Sigh, v. t. 1. To exhale (the breath) in sighs. 2. To 
lament or mourn over. 3. To utter in or with sighs. 

Sigh, n. Act of sighing ; fig., a lament. 

Sigh'er (si'er), n. One who sighs. 

Sight (sit), n. [AS. siht, gesi/tl, gesihS, gesiehS, 
gesyhS ; akin to G. sicht, gesickt ; fr. root of E. see.] 1. 
Act of seeing ; view. 2. Power of seeing ; faculty of 
vision. 3. State of admitting unobstructed vision ; visi- 
bility ; space through which the power of vision extends. 
4. A spectacle ; something worth seeing. 5. The instru- 
ment of seeing ; the eye. 6. Inspection ; examination. 
7. Mental view ; opinion ; judgment. 8. A small aper- 
ture or notch through which to look to settle or ascertain 
the direction of objects, or to guide in aiming ; also, the 
piece containing the aperture or notch. 9. A great num- 
ber, quantity, or sum. [Now colloquial] 

At sight, as soon as seen, or presented to sight. — To 
take sight, to take aim. 

Syn. — Vision ; show ; representation ; exhibition. 

Sight (sit), v. I. & i. [imp. & p. p. Sighted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sighting.] 1. To get sight of ; to see. 2. To 
look at through a sight. 3. To apply sights to ; to ad- 
just the sights of ; also, to aim by means of a sight. 

Sightless, a. Wanting sight ; blind. 

Sightly (sit'ly), a. 1. Pleasing to the sight ; comely. 
2. Open to sight ; conspicuous. — Sightli-ness, n. 

Sight'-see ing (-se 7 Tng), a. Engaged in, or given to, 
seeing sights ; eager for novelties or curiosities. 

Sigll (sij'il), n. [L. sigillum.] A seal. 

Sig'il-la'ted (-la 7 ted), a. [L. sigillatus adorned with 
little images.] Decorated by means of stamps ; — said 
of pottery. 

Slg'moid (sig'moid), ) a. [Gr. o-<.y|oioei6% ; o-ty/u.* 

Sig-moid'al (-moid'al), J letter S + etSos likeness.] 
Curved in two directions, like S, or the Greek s (sigma). 

Sign (sin), n. [F. signe, L. signum.] That by which 
anything is made known or represented ; that which fur- 
nishes evidence ; a mark ; a token ; an indication ; a 
proof. Specif. : (a) A remarkable event, considered by 
the ancients as indicating the will of a deity, (b) Some- 
thing serving to indicate the existence, or preserve the 
memory, of a thing ; a token ; a memorial, (c) Any 
symbol or emblem which prefigures, typifies, or repre- 
sents, an idea ; a type, (d) A word or a character re- 
garded as the outward manifestation of thought, (e) A 
motion, an action, or a gesture by which a thought is 
expressed, or a command or a wish made known. (/) 
Hence, one of the gestures of pantomime, or of a lan- 
guage of signs, (g) A military emblem carried on a 
banner or a standard, (h) A lettered board, or other 
conspicuous notice, as on or before a building, used to 
advertise something, (i) (Astron.) The twelfth part of 
the ecliptic or zodiac, (j) (Alg.) A character indicating 
the relation of quantities, or an operation performed 
upon them, (k) (3fus.) Any character, as a flat, sharp, 
dot, etc. (I) (Theol.) That which, being external, stands 
for, or signifies, something internal or spiritual. 

Sign manual, (a) (Eng. Law) The royal signature su- 
perscribed at the top of bills of grants and letters patent. 
lb) The signature of one's name in one's own handwriting. 

Syn. — Note ; symptom ; signal ; symbol ; omen ; prog- 
nostic ; presage ; manifestation. See Emblem. 

Sign, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Signed (sind) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Signing.] 1. To represent by a sign ; to signify. 2. 
To mark with a sign. 3. To affix a signature to. 4. To 
assign or convey by writing one's name ; — with away. 

Sign, v. i. 1. To make a sign or signals. 2. To write 
one's name, esp. in token of assent or obligation. 

Sig'nal (sig'nal), n. [F., fr. LL. signale, fr. L. signum. 
See Sign, n.] 1. A sign for giving notice or conveying 
information ; also, a sign agreed upon as the occasion of 
concerted action. 2. A token ; an indication. 

Sig'nal, a. 1. Noticeable ; distinguished from what 
is ordinary. 2. Of or pert, to signals, or signaling. 

Syn. —'Eminent ; remarkable ; memorable ; extraor- 
dinary ; notable ; conspicuous. 

Sig'nal, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Signaled (-nold) or 
Signalled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Signaling or Signalling.] 
1. To communicate by signals. 2. To notify by a signal 
or signals ; to make a signal. 



fera, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SIGNALIZE 



'56 



SILVER 



Sig nal-ize t,sTg'u<:l-iz), r. I. limp. & p. p. Signal- 
iXEiM-ud) ; p. pr. A ■*. «■ Signalizing (-i'zlng).] 1. 
To make signal or eminent ; to distinguish. 2. To indi- 
cate by • signal. 3. To signal to. 

Sig'nal-ly. Ml*. In ■ signal maimer; eminently. 

Sig'na-to-ry ^sig'ua-to-ry), a. Signing; joining or 
sharing in a signature. 

Sig'na-to-ry, n. A signer. 

Sig'na-ture (,-tur; 135). n. [F., fr. L. signare, sig- 
tiatum, to mark.] 1. A sign, stamp, or mark impressed, 
M by ■ mL 2. Esp., the name of any person written 
with his own hand ; an autograph. 3. (Are*.) The desig- 
nation of the key (when not C major or A minor) by 
means of one or more sharps or flats at the beginning of 
the staff. 4. (Print.) A letter or figure placed on each of 
the sheets of a book or pamphlet as a guide in arranging 
and folding them ; also, a printed sheet so marked. 

SigB'er (.siu'er), n. One who signs his name. 

Sig'net (slg'ne't), n. [OF. signet, dim. of signe. See 
Sign, tj.] A seal ; esp., in England, the seal used by the 
sovereign in sealing certain private letters and grants. 

Sig-niil-cance (sig-nTFT-kans), ) n. 1. Quality or 

Sig-nif'i-can-cy (-nifl-kan-sy), J state of being sig- 
nificant. 2. That which is signified ; meaning ; import. 
3. Importance ; moment ; weight ; consequence. 

Sig-nif'1-cant (-kant), a. [L. significant, -antis, p. 
pr. of significare. See Signify.] 1. Fitted or designed 
to signify or make known something; having a mean- 
ing ; expressive or suggestive. 2. Deserving to be con- 
sidered ; important. — Sig-nill-cant-ly, adv. 

Slg ni-fi-ca'tien (sTg'nT-fl-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of 
signifying. 2. That which is signified. 

Sig-niil-ca-ttve (sig-nTf'i-ka-tiv), a. 1. Betokening 
or representing by an external sign. 2. Having signi- 
fication ; significant. [that signifies. I 

Sig'ni-fi-ca tor (sTg'nT-fT -kilter or sTg-nif'i-), n. One | 

Sig'ni-ty (sig'ni-li), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Signifying.] [F. signifier, L. 
significare; signu?a sign + -ficare. See -fy.] 1. To 
show by a sign ; to express by any conventional token ; 
to announce ; to make known. 2. To mean ; to denote. 

Syn. — To express ; manifest ; declare ; utter ; inti- 
mate ; betoken ; denote ; imply ; mean. 

Sign'ior (sen'yer), n. Sir; Mr. ; — the English f orm 
and pronunciation for Italian Signor and Spanish Senor. 

I Si-gnor' (se-nyor'), il Si-gnO^e (se-nyo'ra), n. [It. 
See Seignior. ] Sir ; Mr. ; — a title of address or respect 
among the Italians. Before a noun the form is Signor. 

Ii Si-gnO'ra (se-nyo'ra), n. [It.] Madam ; Mrs. 

I Si gno-ri/na (se/nyo-re'na), rc. [It.] Miss. 

Slgn'post/ (sin'posf), n. A post on which a sign 
hangs, or on which public notices are placed. 

Silage (si'laj), n. & v. Short for Ensilage. 

Silence (si'lens), n. 1. State or act of being silent. 

Syn. — Taciturnity ; secrecy ; calmness ; oblivion. 

Silence, inter j. Keep silence ; be silent ; — elliptical. 

Silence, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Silenced (si'lenst) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Silencing (-len-sing).] 1. To compel to si- 
lence ; to still ; to hush. 2. To put to rest ; to quiet. 

Silent (-lent),' a. [L. silens, -entis, p. pr. of silere to 
be silent.] 1. Free from sound or noise ; absolutely still 
or quiet. 2. Not speaking ; not talkative. 3. Keeping 
at rest ; inactive ; calm. 4. (Pron.) Not pronounced ; 
having no sound. — Silent-ly, adv. — Silent-ness, n. 

Silent partner, a partner who takes no part in the con- 
duct of the partnership business ; also, a partner who is 
not known to the public to be a partner. 

Syn. — Dumb ; speechless. See Mute, and Taciturn. 

Si-le'si-a (sT-le'shf-a or -sha), n. 1. A kind of linen 
cloth, orig. from Silesia. 2. Kind of twilled cotton fabric. 

Silex (silSks), n. [L., a pebble.] (Min.) Native 
silica, constituting quartz, and most sands and sandstones. 

Sil'hou-ette' (sTl'do-gt' or sTl'66-ef), n. [F. ;— so 
called from Etienne de Silhouette, a 
French minister of finance in 1759, whose 
diversion it was to make such portraits.] 
A profile portrait in black, such as a 
shadow appears to be. 

Sill-ca (sTlT-ka), n. [NL. , f r. L. silex, 
sUicis, a flint.] (Chem.) Silicon dioxide. 
It constitutes ordinary quartz and opal. 

81-lTceons (sT-irsh'us), a. Of or pert, 
to silica ; containing silica, or partaking 
of its nature. Silhouette. 

8i-liclc (sT-ltslk), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, de- 
rived from, or resembling, silica or silicon. 

8i-licl-fy C-T-fi), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Sllictfied (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Silicifying (-fling).] [L. silex, silicis, 



ana sanastones. 
i, n. [F. ; — so 

f 




a flint -f -ft/.] (Chem.) To convert into, or to impreg- 
nate with, silica, or with the compounds of silicon. 

Si-li'clous (sT-lTsh'us), a. See Siliceous. 

Sill-Cle (slll-k'l), n. [L. silicula, dim. of siliqua a 
pod.] (Bot.) A seed vessel resembling a silique, but 
about as broad as it is long. 

Sill-CO- (-ko-). (Chem.) A combining form denoting 
the presence of silicon or its compounds. 

Sil'i-COn (*sTll-k5n), n. [See Silica.] (Chem.) A 
nonmetallic element analogous to carbon. It is ob- 
tained free only artificially, usually as a dark brown, 
amorphous powder, or as a dark crystalline substance 
with a metallic luster. Its oxide is common quartz. 

Sill-qua (sTl'I-kwa), n. ; pi. Siliqua (-kwe). [L. 
See Silique.] 1. (Bot.) Same as Silique. 2. A carat ; 
— a term used by jewelers, and refiners of gold. 

Silique (sil'Tk or sT-lek'), n. [L. siliqua a pod, a 
very small weight.] (Bot.) An elongated seed 
vessel, with two valves having a seed-bearing 
organ between and opening by sutures. 

Sill-quose/ (sTl'T-kwos'), j. a. (Bot.) Bear- 

Sill-quous (sTll-kwiis), J ing siliques ; 
resembling a silique. 

Silk (silk), n. [AS. seolc, seoloc; prob. 
through Slavic from an Oriental source.] 1. 
The fine, soft thread produced by the silk- 
worms in forming their cocoons. 2. Hence, 
thread spun, or cloth woven, from this mate- 
rial. 3. That which resembles silk. 

Silk'en (silk"n), a. 1. Of or pert, to silk ; 
made of or like silk. 2. Fig. : Soft ; delicate ; 
smooth. 3. Dressed in silk. [being silky. 

Silkl-ness (-T-nSs), n. Quality or state of | 

Silk' weed' (-wed'), n. See Milkweed. 

Silk'WOrnV (-wfirm'), n. (Zool.) The 
larva of any one of numerous species of bombycid moths, 
which spins a large 
amount of strong silk in 
constructing the cocoon. 

Silk'y (-y), a. [Com- 
par. Silkier (-T-er) ; su- 
perl. Silkiest.] 1. Of 
or pertaining to silk ; 
made of, or resembling, 
silk ; silken ; silklike. 2. 
Hence, soft and smooth. 

Sill(sil),tt. [AS. syl, 
syll; akin to G. schu-elle, 
Goth, gasuljan to found.] The basis or foundation of 
a thing ; esp. , a horizontal supporting piece ; as, the 
threshold of a door, lowest piece in a window frame, etc. 

Silla-bUb (sTl'la-biib), n. [Etym. uncert.] A mixture 
of wine or cider with milk, forming a curd ; also, sweet- 
ened cream, flavored with wine and beaten to a stiff froth. 

Silly (-ly), a. {Compar. Sillier (-li_-er) ; superl. Sil- 
liest.] [OE. seely, sely, AS. sselig, gesselig, happy, good, 
fr. ssel, set, good, happy, ssel good fortune ; akin to G-. 
selig.~\ 1. Happy ; fortunate ; innocent ; inoffensive ; 
weak ; rustic ; humble. [06s.] 2. Weak in intellect ; 
foolish. 3. Proceeding from or characterized by weak- 
ness or folly of mind. — Silli-ly, adv. — Silli-riess. n. 

Syn.— Brainless ; witless ; shallow ; unwise. See Simple. 

SilO (silo), n. [F.] A pit or vat for preserving 
green fodder for winter use. 

Silt (silt), n. [OE. silte gravel, fr. silen to drain.] 
Mud or fine earth deposited from water. 

Silt, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Silted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Silt- 
ing.] To choke or obstruct with silt or mud. — v. i. To 
percolate. 

Silt'y (-y), a. Full of silt ; resembling silt. 

Si-lu'ri-an (st-lu'rT-an), a. [From L. Silures.~\ (Geol.) 
Of or pertaining to the country of the ancient Silures (a 
part of England and Wales) ; —applied to the earliest of 
the Paleozoic eras, and also to the strata of the era. 

Sil'va (sTl'va), n. ; pi. E. -vas (-vaz), L. -vae (-ve). 
[L., forest.] (Bot.) (a) The forest trees of a region, col- 
lectively. (6) A description or history of them. 

Sil'van (-van), a. [L. silva, sylva, wood, grove.] Of 
or pert, to woods ; composed of woods or groves ; woody. 

Sil'ver (-ver), n. [AS. seolfor, siolfur, siolufr, silofr, 
sylofr; akin to G. silber.'j 1. (Chem.) A soft, white, 
metallic element, sonorous, ductile, very malleable, and 
capable of a high polish. 2. Coin made of silver ; silver 
money. 3. The color of silver. 4. Anything like silver. 

Sil'ver. a. 1. Of or pertaining to silver ; made of sil- 
ver. 2. Resembling silver in any quality. 

Silver age (Bom. Lit.), the latter part (A. D. 14-180) of 
the classical period of Latinity, — of inferior purity. 




Silkworm (Bombyx mori). 
a Larva ; b Pupa ; c Adult Fe- 
male ; d Adult Male. 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SILVER 



757 



SINFULNESS 



Sil'ver (stl'ver), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Silvered (-verd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Silvering.] To cover with silver ; to 
make silvery. 

Sil'vern (-vera), a. Made of silver. [Archaic] 

Sil'ver-smith' (-ver-smith'), n. A worker in silver. 

Sil/ver-ware' (-waV), n. Articles made of silver. 

Sll'vor-y (-f), a. 1. Resembling, or having the luster 
of, silver ; grayish white and lustrous. 2. Besprinkled 
or covered with silver. 3. Having the clear, musical 
tone of silver. [culture. I 

Sil'vi-CUl'ture (sil'vT-kul'tfir ; 135), n. See Sylvi-| 

Si-mar' (sT-niar'), n. [F. simarre. See Chimere.] A 
woman's long gown ; also, a light covering ; a scarf. 

Sim'i-an (slni'i-an), a. [L. simia an ape.] (Zo'ol.) 
Of or pert, to the family Simiadse, which, in its widest 
sense, includes all the Old World apes and monkeys ; 
also, apelike. — n. Any Old World monkey or ape. 

Slm'i-lar (-ler), a. [F. similaire, fr. L. similis.'] 1. 
Exactly corresponding ; resembling in all respects ; pre- 
cisely like. 2. Nearly corresponding ; somewhat like. — 
Sim'i-lar-ly, adv. [similar. I 

Sim/i-lar'i-ty (-lar'T-ty), n. Quality or state of being | 

Sim'i-le (sTrn'T-le), n. [L. , f r. similis similar. ] (Rhet. ) 
A word or phrase by which one thing is likened to an- 
other ; similitude ; poetical or imaginative comparison. 

Si-mil'i-tude (sT-mil'i-tud), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being similar; resemblance; likeness; similarity. 2. 
Likening, or that which likens, one thing to another ; 
simile. 3. That which is similar ; semblance ; copy. 

Sim'i-ous (sim'T-us), a. [L. simia an ape.] (Zo'ol.) 
Of or pertaining to the simians ; monkeylike. 

Sim'i-tar (sTm'i-ter), n. See Sctmiter. 

Sim'mer (sTm'mer), v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Simmered 
(-merd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Simmering.] [Prov. E. also 
simper.] To boil gently ; to begin to boil. J!ony. I 

Sl-mo'ni-ac (sT-mo'nT-ak), n. One who practices sim- 1 

Sim o-ni'a-cal (sTm'o-ni'a-kal), a. Of or pertaining 
to simony ; guilty of simony ; consisting of simony. 

Sim'O-ny (-nf), n. [Deriv. of Simon Magus, who 
wished to buy the power to confer the Holy Spirit.] The 
crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment. 

Si-moom' (sT-m6om'), ) n. [Ar. samum, fr. samma 

Si-moon' (si-n»6on'), ] to poison.] An occasional 
hot, dry, dust-laden wind of Arabia, Syria, etc. 

Sim'per (sim'per), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Simpered 
(-perd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Simpering.] [Origin uncertain.] 
To smile in a silly, affected, or conceited way. 

Sim'per, ». A conceited or affected, silly smile ; smirk. 

Sim'per-er (-er), n. One who simpers. 

Sim'ple (-p'l), a. [Compar. Simpler (-pier) ; superl. 
Simplest.] [F., fr. L. simplus, or simplex, gen. simpli- 
cis.] 1. Single ; not complex ; not infolded or entan- 
gled; uncombined; not blended with something else. 
Hence, in a variety of applications : (a) Plain ; unadorned. 
(6) Mere ; not other than ; being only, (c) Not having 
or affected by artifice, stratagem, or duplicity ; sincere. 
(d ) Artless in manner ; unaffected ; natural, (e) Direct ; 
clear; not enigmatical. (/) Having only moderate in- 
tellectual powers ; not wise or sagacious ; credulous ; 
foolish, (g) Not luxurious ; without much variety ; plain. 
(h) Humble ; lowly ; undistinguished, (i) (Bot.) Without 
subdivisions ; entire, (j) (Chem.) Not capable of being 
decomposed by any known means ; elementary. 

Syn. — Simple ; silly. — One who is simple is sincere, 
unaffected, and inexperienced in duplicity, — hence, lia- 
ble to be duped. A silly person is one who is ignorant or 
weak and also self-confident ; hence, one who shows in 
speech and act a lack of good sense. Simplicity is in- 
compatible with duplicity, artfulness, or vanity, while 
silliness is consistent with all three. 

Sim'ple, n. 1. Something not mixed or compounded. 
2. {Med.) A medicinal, plant ; — because each vegetable 
was supposed to possess a particular virtue. 

Sim'ple-ness, n. Quality or state of being simple. 

Sim'ple-ton (sim'p'1-tun), n. A person of weak in- 
tellect ; a silly person. [being simple. I 

Slm-plic'i-ty (sim-plTsT-ty), n. Quality or state of | 

Syn. — Artlessness ; plainness ; clearness ; silliness. 

Sim pli-fi-ca'tion (sTm'pli-fi-ka'shiin), ». Act of 
simplifying. 

Slm'pli-fy (sim'plT-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simpli- 
fied (-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Simplifying (-fi'Tng).] To 
make simple ; to make less complex, or less difficult of 
apprehension ; to show an easier or shorter process for 
doing or making. [dicinal plants. I 

Sim'plist (-plist), n. One skilled in simples, or me-| 

Sim'ply (-pty), adv. In a simple manner or state. 

Syn. — Alone ; merely ; solely ; barely ; plainly ; with- 
out art or subtlety ; weakly ; foolishly. 



Sim'U-la'crum (sTm'fi-la'krQin), n. ; pi. -cra (-kra). 
[L.] Semblance ; mock appearance ;— usually derogatory. 

Slm'u-lar (sim'S-ler), n. One who simulates or pre- 
tends to be what he is not ; a pretender. [Obs.] 

Sim'U-late (-lat), a. [L. sirnulatus, p. p. of simulare 
to simulate ; akin to simul at the same time, similis 
like.] Feigned ; pretended. 

Sim'u-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simulated (-la 7 - 
tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Simulating.] To assume the mere 
appearance of, falsely ; to counterfeit ; to feign. 

Sim'U-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of simulating. 

Si mul-ta'ne-ous (si'mul-ta'ne-us), a. [LL. simultim 
at the same time, f r. L. simul. See Simulate. ] Existing, 
happening, or done, at the same time. — Si'mul-ta'ne- 
ous-ly, adv. — Si mul-ta'ne-ous-ness, n. 

Sin (sin), n. [AS. synn, syn ; akin to G. siinde, L. 
sons, sontis, guilty.] 1. Transgression of the law of God ; 
moral deficiency ; iniquity. 2. Loosely, any offense or 
misdemeanor. 3. A sin offering ; sacrifice for sin. 

Deadly, or Mortal, sina (R. C. Ch.), willful and deliberate 
trangressions, which take away divine grace. The seven 
deadly sins are pride, covetousness, lust, wrath, gluttony, 
envy, and sloth. 

Syn. — Iniquity ; wickedness ; wrong. See Crime. 

Sin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sinned (sind) ; p.pr. &vb. n. 
Sinning.] 1. To depart voluntarily from the path of 
duty prescribed by God to man ; to violate any known 
rule of duty. 2. To violate human rights, law, or pro- 
priety ; to commit an offense. 

Si-na'ic (st-na'ik), ) a. Of or pert, to Mount Si- 

Si na-it'ic (sI'na-It'Tk), j nai ; made at Mount Sinai. 

Sin'a-pism (sin'a-pTz'm), n. [L. sinapismus, deriv. 
of Gr. (TLvanL^eiv to apply a mustard blister, fr. aivam 
mustard.] (Med.) A mustard plaster or poultice. 

Since (sins), adv. [For sins, contr. fr. OE. sithens, 
sithenes, (see -s, adv.) fr. OE. sithen, also silhe, sin, AS. 
siSSan, sySSan, afterward, since ; fr. siS after -J- Son 
instrumental of the demonstrative and article.] 1. From 
a definite past time until now. 2. In the time past, count- 
ing backward from the present ; ago. [after. I 

Since, prep. From the time of; subsequently to;| 

Since, conj. Seeing that ; because ; considering. 

Syn. — For ; as ; inasmuch as. See Because. 

Sin-cere' (sin-ser'), a. [Compar. Sincerer (-er) ; 
superl. Sincerest.] [L. sincerus.] 1. Pure ; unmixed ; 
unadulterated. 2. Being in reality what it appears to be ; 
not falsely assumed. 3. Honest ; free from hypocrisy or 
dissimulation. — Sin-cere'ly, adv. — Sin-cere'ness, n. 

Syn. — Honest; unfeigned; unvarnished; real; true; 
unaffected ; inartificial ; frank ; upright. See Hearty. 

Sin-cer'i-ty (-ser'i-ty), n. Quality or state of being 
sincere ; honesty of mind ; freedom from simulation. 

Sincn (sinch), n. See Cinch. [ Western IT. S.] 

Sinch, v . t. To gird with a sinch, or saddle girth ; to 
tighten the sinch of (a saddle). [Western U. S.] 

Sin'ci-put (sin'sT-put), n. [L., half a head ; semi half 
+ caput head.] (Anat.) The front of the head. 

Sine (sin), n. [LL. sinus a sine, L. sinus bosom, used 
in translating the Ar. jaib, properly, 
bosom, but probably read by mistake 
(the consonants being the same) for 
an original jiba sine, from Skr. jiva 
bowstring, chord of an arc, sine.] 
(Trig.) (a) The length of a perpendic- 
ular drawn from one extremity of an 
arc of a circle to the diameter drawn 
through the other extremity, (b) The Sine . ad Sine of 
perpendicular itself. the Arc ab and of 

Si'ne-CUre (sl'ne-kur), n. [L. sine the Angle acd; db 
without -\-cura care, LL., a cure.] 1. versed Sine. 
An ecclesiastical benefice without the cure of souls. 2. 
Any position involving little or no responsibility or labor. 

Si'ne-CU-rist (-ku-rTst), n. One who has a sinecure. 

Sin'ew (sin'u), n. [AS. sinu, seonu; akin to G. 
sehne.~] 1. (Anat.) A tendon or tendinous tissue. 2. 
Fig. : That which supplies strength or power. 

Sin'ew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sinewed (-fid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Sinewing.] To knit together, or make strong 
with, or as if with, sinews. 

Sin'ewed (-ud), a. 1. Furnished with sinews. 2. 
Fig. : Equipped ; strengthened. 

Sin'ew-i-nesB (-u-T-ngs), n. Quality of being sinewy. 

Sin'ew-less, a. Having no sinews ; hence, vigorless. 

Sin'ew-y (-f), a. 1. Pert, to, consisting of, or like, 
a sinew or sinews. 2. Well braced with, or as if with, 
sinews ; nervous ; vigorous ; strong ; firm ; tough. 

Sin'ful (sin'ful), a. Tainted with, or full of, sin ; 
wicked ; iniquitous ; criminal ; unholy. — Sin'ful-ly, 
adv. — Sin'f ul-ness. n. 




fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SING 



'58 



SIRE 



-ixg (.sung) or Sang (sang) ; 
P r ' * _" "• Singing.] [AS. singan ; 



• 



1. To utter sounds with musical in- 

-,ir melodious modulations of voice. 2. To utter 

i lodious sounds, as birds do. 3. To make a 

email, shrill sound. 4. To celebrate something in poetry. 

Sing, t ■. t. 1. To utter in musical inflections or modu- 

2. To celebrate in song, or in poetry. 3. To iu- 

nueuce or lull by singing. 4. To accompany with singing. 

Singe (sYnj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singed (sinjd) ; p. 
pr. & rb. n. Singeing (.slnj'Tng").] [AS. sengan in besen- 
... looMlfle to sing, fr. AS. singan to sing, in allu- 
sion to the hissing often produced when a substance is 
singed.] 1. To burn slightly or superficially. 2. To 
treat or prepare by a process 6f slight burning. 

Singe, h. A burning of the surface ; a slight burn. 

Sin'ger (.sln'jer), n. One that singes. [fession. I 

Sing'er (slugger), n. One who sings, esp. as a pro- 1 

Singing (slngTng), a. & n. from Sing, v. 

Singing book, a book of music for singing ; a book of 
tunes. — Singing master, a man who teaches vocal music. 

Sin'gle ^Tu'g'l), a. [L. singulus, dim. fr. root in 
simpler. See Simple.] 1. One only, as distinguished 
from more than one ; consisting of one alone ; individual ; 
separate. 2. Alone ; having no companion ; hence, un- 
married. 3. Not double, twisted together, or combined 
with others. 4. Performed by one person, or one on 
each side. 5. Uncompounded ; unmixed. 6. Artless ; 
honest ; sincere. 

Sin'gle. v. /. [imp. & p. p. Singled (-g'ld) ; p. pr. 
& rb. 72. Singling (-glTng).] To select, as an individual 
person or thing, from among a number. 

Sin'gle, 9. i. To take the irregular gait called single- 
foot ; — said of a horse. 

Sin'gle, "• 1. A unit; one. 2. {Lawn Tennis) A 
game with but one player on each side ; — usually in pi. 

Sin'gle-breast ed (-brest'gd), a. Lapping over the 
breast only far enough to permit of buttoning, and having 
buttons on one edge only ; — said of a coat, vest, etc. 

Sin'gle— foot' (-foot'), n. An irregular pace of a horse, 
distinguished by the posterior legs moving in the order of 
a fast walk, and the anterior legs in that of a slow trot. 

Sin'gle-hand'ed (-hand'ed), a. Having but one hand, 
or one workman ; also, alone ; unassisted. 

Sin'gle-heart'ed (-hart'ed), a. Having an honest 
heart ; free from duplicity. — Sin'gle-heart'ed-ly , adv. 

Sin'gle-ness, n. Quality or state of being single. 

Sin'gle-Stick' (-stik'), n. In England and Scotland, 
a cudgel used in fencing or fighting. [ Wktppletree. I 

Sin'gle-tree' (-tre 7 ), n. [Cf. Swingletbee.] Same as| 

Sin'gly (sTn'gly), adv. 1. Individually ; particularly ; 
severally. 2. Only ; by one's self ; alone. 3. Without 
partnei-s, companions, or associates. 

Sing'song' (-song' ; 115), n. 1. Bad singing or poetry. 
2i A drawling or monotonous tone. 

Sin'gu-lar (sTn'gfi-ler), a. [F. singulier, fr. L. singu- 
larius, singularis, fr. singulus single.] 1. {Logic) Exist- 
ing by itself ; single. 2. {Law) Each ; individual. 3. 
{Gram.) Denoting one person or thing. 4. Standing by 
itself ; out of the ordinary course ; also, existing in a very 
high degree. 5. Departing from general usage or expec- 
tations ; — often implying disapproval or censure. 6. Be- 
ing alone ; unique. 

Syn. — Unexampled ; unprecedented; eminent; ex- 
traordinary ; remarkable ; uncommon ; rare ; unusual ; 
peculiar ; strange ; odd ; eccentric ; fantastic,. 

Sin'gu-lar, n. ( Gram. ) The singular number ; a word 
in the singular number. 

Sin'gU-lar'1-ty (-15rT-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being singular ; a distinguishing character or quality ; 
peculiarity. 2. Anything singular, rare, or curious. 

Sin'gn-lar-ly, adv. In a singular manner, or to a 
singular or uncommon degree. 

Sin'is-ter (sTn'Ts-ter, or formerly in poetry, sT-nis'- 
ter), a. [L. sinister.'] 1. On the left hand, or the side 
of the left hand ; left. [See Must, of Escutcheon.] 2. 
Unlucky; inauspicious; disastrous; injurious; evil. 3. 
Perverse ; dishonest ; corrupt. 4. indicative of lurking 
evil or harm. 

Sin'is-tral (sTnTs-tral), a. Of or pertaining to the left ; 
liu-lining to the left ; sinistrous ; — opposed to deatrdl. 

Sin'is-tror'sal (sTn'Ts-trQr'sal), ) a. [L. sinistrorsus, 

Sin'ls-trorse 7 fsTn'Ts-tr6rs / ), ) sinistroversus, 

turned toward the left side ; sinister left + vertere, vor- 
Ure, versum, vorsum, to turn.] Rising or turning spi- 
rally from right to left (of the spectator). Cf. Dextrorse. 
Sin'ls-trous C-trus), a. [See Sinister.] 1. Being on 
the left side ; inclined to the left. 2. Wrong ; perverse. 



Sink (sink), v. i. [imp. Sunk (sunk), (or Sank 
(sSnk)); p.p. Sunk {obs. Sunken, — now~used as adj.); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sinking.] [AS. sincan; akin to 6. 
sinken.~\ 1. To fall by, or as if by, the force of gravity ; 
to descend lower and lower. 2. To enter deeply ; to 
penetrate; to fall or retire below the surface. 3. Hence, 
to enter so as to make an abiding impression. 4. To be 
overwhelmed or depressed ; to fail in strength ; to de- 
cline. 6. To decrease in volume, as a river. 

Syn. — To subside ; drop ; droop ; lower ; decay ; lessen. 

Sink, v. t. 1. To cause to sink ; to immerse or sub- 
merge in a fluid. 2. Fig. : To depress ; to degrade ; 
hence, to destroy, as if by drowning. 3. To make (a de- 
pression), as by digging or cutting. 4. To bring low; 
to reduce in quantity. 5. To keep out of sight ; to sup- 
press ; to ignore. 6. To reduce or extinguish by payment. 

Sink. n. 1. A drain to carry off filthy water. 2. A 
shallow box or vessel connected with a drain, and used 
for receiving filthy water, etc., as in a kitchen. 3. A 
hole or low place where waters sink and are lost. [ U. S.] 

Sink'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, sinks; 
specifically, a weight attached to a thing to sink it. 

Sin'less (sln'les), a. Free from sin. — Sinless-ly, 
adv. — Sin'less-ness, n . [repenting. I 

Sin'ner (-ner), n. One who has sinned, esp. without! 

Sin'O-logue (sTn'o-log), n. [L. Sinae, an Oriental peo- 
ple mentioned by Ptolemy, or Ar. Sin China or the Chi- 
nese -f- Gr. Aoyo? discourse.] A student of Chinese ; one 
versed in the Chinese language, literature, and history. 

Sin'O-ple (sin'o-p'l), n. [L. sinopis a kind of ocher 
found in the town of Sinope.~\ {Min.) Ferruginous 
quartz, of a blood-red or brownish red color. 

Sin'ter (sln'ter), n. [G. Cf. Cinder.] {Min.) Dross, 
or scale, as of iron when hammered. Also used in desig- 
nating various minerals. 

Sin'u-ate (sln'fi-at), a. [L. sinuatus, p. p. 
of sinuare to wind, bend, fr. sinus a bend.] 
Having the margin alternately curved inward 
and outward. 

Sin'U-ate (-at), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sinu- 
ated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stnuattng.] 
To bend or curve in and out ; to be sinuous. 

Sin u-a'tlon (-a'shun), n. A winding or 
bending in and out. 

Sin'U-OS'i-ty (-os'T-ty), n. 1. Quality or 
state of being sinuous. 2. A bend, or a se- 
ries of bends and turns ; a wave line ; a curve. 

Sin'u-ous (sin'u-us), a. Bending in and 
out ; having a serpentine or undulating form ; 
wavy. — Sin'U-OUS-ly, adv. 

Si'nus (si'nus), n. ; pi. L. Sinus, E. Sinuses (-ez). 
[L., curve, bosom of a garment, bay.] 1. A hollow; 
bend. 2. A bay of the sea; recess in the shore. 3. {Biol.) 
A cavity ; elongated cavity with only a small opening. 

Sip (sip), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Sd?ped (sipt) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. SrpprNG.] [OE. sippen ; akin toE. sup.] 1. To 
drink in small quantities ; esp. , to take in with the lips in 
small quantities. 2. To draw into the mouth ; to suck 
up. 3. To taste the liquor of ; to drink out of. [Poetic] 

Sip, n. 1. The taking of a liquid with the lips. 2. A 
small draught taken with the lips ; a slight taste. 

Si'phon (si'fon), n. [F. siphon, L. sipho, -onis, fr. Gr. 
trujW a siphon, tube.] 1. A device, con- 
sisting of a pipe or tube bent so as to form 
two branches or legs of unequal length, 
by which a liquid can be transferred to 
a lower level over an intermediate eleva- 
tion, by the action of the pressure of the 
atmosphere. 2. {Zo'dl.) Any of various 
tubular organs of animals for drawing in 
or ejecting fluids. [See Ulust. of Gas- 
tropoda.] 3. A bottle with a bent tube 
attached, used for holding and dispensing 
aerated water. 

Si'phun cle (sl'fun/k'l), n. [L. siphunculus, dim. of 
sipho tube.] {Zool.) The tube which runs through the 
partitions of chambered cephalopod shells. 

Sip'per (sTp'per), n. One who sips. 

Sip'pet (-pSt), n. [See Sip, Sop.] A small sop. 

Sir (ser), n. [F. sire, contr. fr. L. senior an elder, 
compar. of senex, senis, an aged person.] 1. A title pre- 
fixed to the Christian name of a knight or a baronet. 
2. An English rendering of the Latin Dominus, the 
academical title of a bachelor of arts. 3. A respectful 
title, used in addressing a man, esp. an elder or supe- 
rior, without being prefixed to his name. 

Sire (sir), n. [F. sire, orig., an older person. See 
Sir.] 1. A title of respect, now used only in addressing 





i Siphon, 
through which 
■water is flow- 
ing from the 
Dish 6. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, £, I, 5, ix, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, 



all, finaL 



SIRE 



759 



SIZE 



a sovereign. 2. A father ; the head of a family. 3. A 
creator ; a maker ; an author. 4. The male parent of a 
beast ; — applied especially to stallions. 

Sire (sir), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sired (sird) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Siring.] To beget ; — used of beasts, esp. stallions. 

II Si-re'don (st-re'dSn), n. [NL., fr. Gr. <retpriSu>i> siren.] 
(Zool.) The larval form of any salamander while still 
having external gills ; as the axolotl. 

Si'ren (si'ren), n. [L., fr. Gr. o-etp^j/.] 1. (Class. 
Myth.) One of certain sea nymphs said to frequent an is- 
land near the coast of Italy, and lure mariners to destruc- 
tion with their sweet singing. 2. An enticing, danger- 
ous woman. 3. Something insidious or deceptive. 4. 
(Zool.) Any long, slender amphibian of the genus Siren 
or family Sirenidse, destitute of hind legs and pelvis, and 
having permanent external gills as well as lungs. 5. 
(Acoustics) A kind of instrument for producing musical 
tones and for ascertaining the rapidity of sound vibra- 
tions of any given note. An adaptation of the instru- 
ment is used for sounding an alarm to vessels in a fog. 

Sl-rene'tsi-ren' or si'ren), n. pp. sirene.~] See Siren, 5. 

Si-re'ni-an (st-re'nT-au), n. Any species of an order 
(Sirenia) of aquatic, herbivorous mammals, including 
the manatee, dugong, etc. 

Sir'i-US (sTr'T-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. 2eipios, prop., 
scorching.] (Astron.) The Dog Star. 

Sirloin' (ser'loin'), n. [A corruption of surloin, fr. 
F. surlonge ; sur upon + longe loin.] A loin of beef, or 
a part of a loin. [See Illust. of Beep.] 

Sir 'name 7 (-nam'), n. See Surname. 

Si-roc'CO (sl-r5k'k6), n. ; pi. -cos (-koz). [It. sirocco, 
Ar. shoruq, fr. sharq the east, fr. sharaqa to rise as the 
sun.] An oppressive, relaxing wind from the Libyan 
deserts, chiefly felt in Italy, Malta, and Sicily. 

Sir'rah (sir'ra), n. [Prob. fr. Icel. sira, fr. F. sire. 
•See Sir.] A term of address implying inferiority and 
used in anger, contempt, reproach, or disrespect. 

Sir'up (sir'up), Syr'up, n. [F. sirop, fr. Ar. sharab 
a drink, wine, coffee, sirup. Cf. Sherbet.] 1. A viscid 
liquid made from the juice of fruits, herbs, etc., boiled 
with sugar. 2. A viscid, saccharine solution of superior 
quality ; esp., a saturated solution of sugar and water. 

Sir'up-y (-u-p^), Syr'up-y, a. Like sirup, or par- 
taking of its qualities. 

Sis (sis), n. A colloquial abbreviation of Sister. 

Si-sal' grass' (sT-saP gras'). ) The prepared fiber of 

Si-sal' hemp 7 (hSmp/). ) the American aloe, 

used for cordage ; — so called from Sisal, in Yucatan. 

Sis'kin (sis^kin), n. [Dan. sisgen ; of Slav, origin.] 
{Zool.) (a) A small green and yellow European finch. 
(b) The American pinefinch. 

Sis'mo-graph (sis'mo-graf ), n. See Seismograph. 

Sis-mom'e-ter (sTs-in5m'e-ter), n. See Seismometer. 

Siss (sis), v. i. [Of imitative origin.] To make a 
hissing sound. [Colloq. U. S. ; Local, Eng.~\ 

Siss, n. A' hissing noise. [Colloq. IT. S.~\ 

Sls'ter (sis'ter), n. [OE. sister, fr. Icel. systir ; also 
suster, fr. AS. sweoster, swuster; akin to G. schwester, 
L. soror, Skr. svasr.] 1. A female who has the same 
parents as another person ; one (more definitely called a 
half sister) who has the same father or mother only as 
another person. 2. A woman closely allied to, or asso- 
ciated with, another person, as in faith, social relations, 
etc. 3. One of the same kind or condition. 

Sis'ter-hood (-hood), n. 1. State or relation of be- 
ing a sister ; office or duty of a sister. 2. A society of 
women united in one faith or order. 

Sis'ter-in-laW (-Tn-la/), n. ; pi. Sisters-in-law. The 
sister of one's husband or wife ; also, the wife of one's 
brother; sometimes, the wife of one's husband's or 
wife's brother. 

Sis'ter-ly, a. Like, or becoming to, a sister. 

II Sis'trum (sis'trQm), n. [L., fr. Gr. erei- 
orpoi/, fr. o-eieii/ to shake.] (Mus.) A kind of 
ancient instrument made to rattle by shaking. 
It was peculiarly Egyptian, and used espe- 
cially in the worship of Isis. 

Sit (sit), v. i. [imp. Sat (s5t) (Sate (sat, 
rarely sat), archaic) ; p. p. Sat (Sitten (sif - 
t'n), obs.) ;p. pr. & vb. n. Sitting.] [AS. sit- 
tan ; akin to G. sitzen, L. sedere, Gr. e£e0ai, 
Skr. sad.~\ 1. To rest upon the haunches. 2. 
To perch, as birds. 3. To remain in a state of 
repose ; to rest ; to abide. 4. To lie, rest, or 
bear ; to press or weigh. 5. To be adjusted ; 
to fit. 6. To cover and warm eggs for hatching; to 
brood ; to incubate. 7. To have position, as at the point 
blown from ; to have direction. 8. To occupy a place or 




Sistrum. 




seat as a member of an official body. 9. To hold a ses- 
sion ; to be in session for official business. 

Sit (sit), v. t. 1. To sit upon. 2. To cause to be 
seated ; to furnish a seat to ; — used reflexively. 

Site (sit), n. [L. situs, fr. sinere, situm, to let, p. p. 
situs placed, lying.] 1. Place where anything is fixed ; 
situation ; local position. 2. A place fitted or chosen for 
any permanent use or occupation. [sits or incubates. I 

Sifter (sifter), n. 1. One who sits. 2. A bird that| 

Sifting, ii. 1. State, act, or posture of one that sits. 
2. A certain or allotted place for a person to sit in, as in 
a church. 3. Time during which one sits. 4. The formal 
meeting or session of any body of persons. 

Sit'U-ate (slt'u-at ; 135), ) a. [LL. situatus, fr. silu- 

Sif u a ted (-a't6d), j are to place, fr. L. situs 

site.] 1. Having a site or situation ; being in a relative 
position ; permanently fixed. 2. Placed ; residing. 

Sit' U-a'tion (-a/shun), n. 1. Manner in which an ob- 
ject is placed ; location ; position, esp. as related to some- 
thing else, or as regards conditions and circumstances ; 
hence, state or relation at a given moment. 2. Perma- 
nent position or employment ; place ; office. 

Syn. — Site ; station ; post ; case ; plight. See State. 

SitZ' bath' (sits' bath'). [G. sitzbad.'] A tub in which 
one bathes in a sitting posture ; also, a bath so taken. 

II Si'va (se'va), n. [Skr. Civa, prop., kind, gracious.] 
(Hindoo Myth. ) One of the triad 
of Hindoo gods. He is the 
avenger or destroyer, and in 
modern worship symbolizes the 
reproductive power of nature. 

Six (siks), a. [AS. six, seox, 
siex; akin to G. sechs, L. sex, 
Gr. e£, Skr. shash.~\ One more 
than five ; twice three. 

Six, n. 1. The number greater 
by a unit than five ; six units. 2. 
A symbol for six units, as 6. 

Six'fold' (-fold'), a. Six times 
as much or as many. 

Six'pence (-pens), n. An 
English silver coin of the value 
of six pennies ; half a shilling. 

Six'teen' (-ten'), a. Six and S iva (from Eschenburg). 
ten ; fifteen and one. 

Six'teen', n. 1. The number greater by a unit than 
fifteen ; sixteen units or objects. 2. A symbol for sixteen 
units. [Sextodecimo. I 

Six-teen'mo (siks-ten'mo), n.; pi. -mos (-moz). See| 

Sixteenth' (siks'tenth'), a. 1. Sixth after the tenth ; 
next after the fifteenth. 2. Constituting or being one 
of sixteen equal parts into which anything is divided. 

Six'teenth', n. 1. The quotient of 
a unit divided by sixteen ; a sixteenth 
part. 2. (Mus.) An interval com- 
prising two octaves and a second. 

^ S1 f & ( s * ks1 L h )' * }. Firsfc * f . ter Sixteenth Notes. 

the fifth. 2. Constituting or bemg 

one of six equal parts into which anything is divided. 

Sixth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by six ; a 
sixth part or object. 2. (Mus. ) The interval embracing 
six diatonic degrees of the scale. 

Sixthly, adv. In the sixth place. 

Six'ti-eth (sTks'tT-gth), a. 1. Next in order after the 
fifty-ninth. 2. Constituting or being one of sixty equal 
parts into which anything is divided. 

Six'ti-eth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by sixty ; 
a sixtieth part or object. [more ; threescore. I 

Six'ty (-t^), a. Six times ten; fifty-nine and one| 

Six'ty, n. 1. The sum of six times ten ; sixty units 
or objects. 2. A symbol representing sixty units, as 60. 

Si'zar (sl'zer), n. A student in the university of 
Cambridge (Eng.), or Dublin, who, having passed a cer- 
tain examination, is exempted from college fees and 
charges ; — probably so called from being formerly em- 
ployed in distributing the size, or provisions, at table. 

Size (slz), n. [Olt. sisa glue used by painters, deriv. 
of L. assidere to sit down; ad -f- sidere to sit down.] 
1. A thin, weak glue. 2. Any viscous substance. 

Size, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sized (slzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Sizing.] To cover with size ; to prepare with size. 

Size, n. [Abbrev. from Assize.] 1. (Univ. of Cam- 
bridge, Eng.) An extra allowance of food and drink from 
the buttery. 2. Extent of superficies or volume ; bulk ; 
magnitude. 3. Figurative bulk; condition as to rank, 
ability, character, etc. 4. A conventional relative meas- 
ure of dimension, as for shoes, gloves, etc. 

Syn. — Dimension ; bigness ; largeness ; greatness. 



Pfpgj 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SIZE 



'60 



SKIM 




Smooth, or Barn-door, 
Skate {Rata levis). 



jft j^ (siz'Kr. t. 1. To fix the standard of. [/?.] 2. To 
adjust or arrange to a certain size, or according to size. 
{Jij^er (,siz r er), u. An instrument for sizing objects. 
Slslng. f). [Sec 2d and 4th Size.] 1. Act of one who 
siies. 2- A weak glue used in various trades ; size. 
Sls'y J.siz'vl. ''• Sizelike; viscous; glutinous. 
Sls'lle (slz'z'l), v. i. limp. & p. p. Sizzled (-z'ld) ; 
a rb. rv Sizzling (,-zlTng).] [See Siss.] To make 
a hissing sound ; to shrivel with a hiss. [Pror. or Colloq.} 
Sizzle, h. A hissiug sound. [Prov. or Colloq.] 
Skains'mate (skanz'inatf), n. [Origin uncertain.] 
A messmate; a companion. v -, , — , _^ 

\Obs.~] [See 5th Scald. I VQ> <^fz3>? 

Skald (skSld or skald), n. | /J"^. — OTT^J V 
Skate (skat), n. [D. l__ _ ^Z ^> 

schaats.] A metallic runner 

with a frame shaped to fit One form of Skate, 

to the sole of a shoe, — used for moving rapidly on ice. 
Skate, r. »• [imp. & V- P- Skated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Skating.] To move on skates. 

Skate, ?i. [Icel. skata.~\ (Zool.) 
Any one of numerous species of 
large, flat, elasmo- 
branch fishes, to 
which the large, 
broad pectoral fins 
give a somewhat 
r h ombic form. 
[See Illust. of Sea 
purse.] 

Skat'er,». One 
who skates. 

Skean (akeu), n. [Ir. sgian.~\ A knife or short dag- 
ger, esp. that in use among the Highlanders of Scotland. 

Ske-dad'dle (ske- 
dSd'd'l), v. i. limp. 
& p. p. Skedaddled 
(-d'ld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Skedaddling 
(-dllng).] [Etym. un- d- 
certain.] To flee, as if 
in a panic ; to run 

away. \Slang, V. S.] f V H, - " 

Skeg (skeg), n. 
[Origin uncertain.] 
1. Asort of wild plum. 
[06*.] 2. pi. A kind 
of oats. 3. (Naul.) 
The after part of the 
keel of a vessel. 

Skein (skan), n. 
[OF. escaigne ; prob. 
of Celtic origin.] l.A 
quantity of yarn, 
thread, etc., put up 
together, after it is 
taken from the reel. 
Skel'e-ton (skgl'e- 
tun),7i. [NL.,fr.Gr. 
oxeAeToV, deriv. of 
aKeWeiv to dry up.] 
1. (Anat.) (a) The 
bony and cartilagi- 
nous framework 
which supports the 
soft parts of a verte- 
brate animal. (6) The 
more or less firm or 
hardened framework 
of an invertebrate 
animal. 2. Hence, 
fig. : (a) A very thin 
or lean person, (b) 
The framework of 
anything. (c) The 
heads and outline of 
a literary production. 
Skel'ter (skgl'ter), 
v. i. [Cf. Helter- 
skelter.] To run ; 
to hurry; to scurry; 
— with away or off. 
' CoUoq.] 

Skeleton of a Man. a Parietal Bone ; 6 Frontal Bone ; c Orbit ; 
d Temporal Bone ; e Lower Jaw; / Clavicle ; g Cervical Ver- 
tfbrae : h Shoulder Blade ; t Humerus ; j Lumbar Vertebrae ; 
H Ilium ; rn Ulna ; n Radius ; o Carpus ; p Metacarpus ; q 
Phalanges ; r Femur ; s Patella ; t Tibia ; w Fibula ; v Tarsus ; 
v> Metatarsus ; x Phalanges. 




Skep'tiC (skgp'tYk), n. [Gr. oxctttikos thoughtful, 
reflective, fr. trKeirTcadai. to look about, to view, con- 
sider.] 1. One undecided as to what is true; an in- 
quirer after facts or reasons. 2. (Metaph.) A doubter 
as to whether any fact or truth can be certainly known ; 
a universal doubter. 3. (Theol.) A person who disbe- 
lieves the divine origin of the Christian religion. 
Syn. — Infidel ; unbeliever ; doubter. — See Infidel. 
Skep'tiC (skep'tTk), ) a. Of or pert, to a skeptic or 
Skep'tic-al (-tT-kal), ) skepticism ; characterized by 
skepticism.— Skep'tic-al-ly , adv.— Skep'tic-al-ness, n. 
Skep'ti-Cism (-tl-slz'm), n. 1. An undecided, in- 
quiring state of mind ; doubt ; uncertainty. 2. {Metaph.) 
The doctrine that no fact or principle can be certainly 
known ; universal doubt. 3. (Theol.) A doubting of the 
truth of revelation, of the divine origin of the Christian 
religion, or of the being, perfections, or truth of God. 

Sketch (skech), n. [D. schets, fr. It. schizzo a sketch, 
a splash ; cf. It. schizzare to splash, to sketch.] A first 
rough or incomplete draught or plan of any design. 

Syn. — Outline ; delineation. — An outline gives only 
the bounding lines of some scene or picture. A sketch 
fills up the outline in part, giving an imperfect idea by 
broad touches. A delineation goes further, going so much 
into detail as to furnish a clear conception of the whole. 

Sketch, v. t. limp. & p. p. Sketched (skecht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Sketching.] 1. To draw the outline or 
chief features of ; to make a rough draught of. 2. To 
plan or describe by giving the principal points or ideas. 
Syn. — To delineate ; design ; draught ; depict. 
Sketch, v. i. To make sketches. 
Sketch/book', n. A book of sketches or for sketches. 
Sketch/er (-er), n. One who sketches. 
Sketch'y (-y), a. Containing only an outline or rough 
form ; being in the manner of a sketch ; incomplete. 

Skew (sku), adv. [Cf. D. scheef, G. schief, also, E. 
shy, a. & v. i.] Awry ; obliquely ; askew. 

Skew, a. Turned or twisted to one side ; situated 
obliquely ; skewed ; — chiefly used in technical phrases. 

Skew back, a part, as a course 
of masonry, an iron plate, etc., 
having an inclined face to re- 
ceive the thrust or pressure of 
another inclined part, as a seg- 
mental arch. 

Skew (sku), n. (Arch.) A 
stone at the foot of the slope 
of a gable, the offset of a buttress, or the like, cut with 
a sloping surface and with a check to receive the cop- 
ing stones and retain them in place. 

Skew, v. i. limp. & p. p. Skewed (skud) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Skewing.] 1. To walk obliquely ; to go sidling ; 
to lie or move obliquely. 2. To look obliquely ; to 
squint ; hence, to look slightingly or suspiciously. 

Skew, v. t. 1. To form in an oblique way ; to cause 
to take an oblique position. 2. To hurl obliquely. 

Skew'er (sku'er), n. [Prob. of ScaHd. origin.] A 
pin of wood or metal for fastening meat to a spit, or for 
keeping it in form while roasting. 

Skew'er, v. t. To fasten with skewers. 
Skid (skid), n. [Icel. skid a billet of wood.] 1. A 
shoe or clog to retard the wheel of a wagon ; hence, a 
hook and chain for the same purpose. 2. A piece of tim- 
ber for a support, or to receive pressure. Specif. : pi. 
(a) (Naut.) Fenders for a vessel's side. (6) A pair of rails 
or timbers on which to support, slide, or roll something. 
Skied (skid), imp. &p. p. of Sky, v. t. 
Skiff (skif), n. [F. esquif, fr. OHG. skif, G. schiff.'] 
A small, light boat. 

Skill (skil), n. [Icel. skil a distinction, discernment.] 
1. Discrimination ; reason ; cause. I0bs.~\ 2. Knowl- 
edge. lObsoles.'] 3. Familiar knowledge of any art or 
science, united with readiness and dexterity in its appli- 
cation ; ability to perceive and perform. 

Syn. — Dexterity ; adroitness ; expertness ; art ; apti- 
tude.— Skill implies more intelligence than dexterity, 
which refers esp. to habitual ease of mechanical execu- 
tion. Adroitness implies special readiness in devising 
means to meet difficulties, or avoid danger. 

Skilled (skild), a. Having familiar knowledge united 
with readiness and dexterity in its application. 

Skillet (skillgt), n. [OF. escuellette, deriv. of L. 
scutella, dim. of scuta dish.] A small metal vessel with 
a handle, for culinary uses, as for stewing meat. 

Skill'ful (skil'ful), a. Possessed of, or displaying, 
skill. — Skill'ful-ly. adv. — SkLU'ful-ness. n. 

Syn. —Expert ; skilled ; dexterous ; adept ; masterly ; 
adroit ; clever ; cunning. ,. 

Skim (skTm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skimmed (skimd) ; 
p.pr. &vb. n. Skimming.] [See Scum.] 1. To clear (a 




a b Skew Backs. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, it, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



SKIM 



761 



SLACKEN 




Common Skink (Scincus officinalis). 
1. One who skins. 2. 



liquid) from scum or anything on the surface by passing a 
utensil along and just beneath the surface. 2. To re- 
move (anything) from the surface of a liquid in that way. 
3. To pass near, or glide swiftly along, the surface of. 4. 
Fig. : To read or examine superficially and rapidly. 

Skim (skim), v. i. To pass lightly ; to glide along near 
the surface. 

Skim, a. Contraction of Skimming, and Skimmed. 

Skim coat, the final or finishing coat of plaster. — Skim 
milk, milk from which the cream has been taken. 

Skim/mer (-mer), n. One that skims. 

Skim'ming (-mlng), n. 1. Act of one who skims. 2. 
That which is skimmed from a liquid ; — chiefly in pi. 

Skimp (skimp), v. t. limp. &p. p. Skimped (skTmt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Skimping.] [Cf. Skinch, Scamp, v. I.] 
To slight ; to do carelessly ; also, to scant ; to scrimp. 

Skin (skin), n. [Icel. skinn ; akin to AS. scinn, G. 
schinden to skin.] 1. {Anat.) The external membranous 
integument of an animal. 2. The hide of an animal, 
separated from the body. 3. A vessel made of skin. 4. 
The exterior coat of fruits and plants. 

Skin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skinned (skind) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Skinning.] 1. To strip off the skin of ; to flay ; to 
peel. 2. To cover with skin, or as with skin. 3. To 
strip of property ; to cheat. [Slang] 

Skin, v. i. To become covered with skin. 

Skinch (skinch), v. t. & i. [Cf. Scant.] To give 
scant measure ; to pinch so as to save. [Prov. or Colloq.] 

tkin'- deep 7 (skin'dep'), a. Superficial; slight. 
kin'fl.int / (-flint'), n. A miser ; a niggard. 

Skink (skink), n. [L. scincus, Gr. cr/ay/cos.] {Zool.) 
Any one of 
numerous spe- 
cies of regu ^ 

larly scaled, """ 
harmless liz- 
ards, common 
in warm countries 

Skin'ner (skin'ner), 
dealer in skins. 

Skin'ny (-ny), a. Consisting, or chiefly consisting, of 
skin ; wanting flesh. — Skin'ni-ness, n. 

Skip (skip), n. [Icel. skeppa measure, bushel.] A 
basket or bucket. [Obs., except in technical uses.] 

Skip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skipped (skipt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Skipping.] [OE. skippen, of uncertain origin.] 

1. To leap lightly ; to move in leaps and bounds. 2. 
Fig. : To pass over or overlook anything as if by leaping. 

Skip, v. t. 1. To leap lightly over. 2. To pass over 
or by without notiGe ; to omit ; to miss. 3. To cause to 
have a skipping motion. [Colloq.] 

Skip, n. Act of one who skips ; a light leap or bound. 

Skip' jack/ (-j5k'), n. 2. {Zool. ) An elater ; a snap bug, 
or snapping beetle. 2. {Zool.) Any one of numerous 
species of fishes ; as the bluefish, the bonito, etc. 

Skip'per (-per), n. 1. One who, or that which, skips. 

2. A young, thoughtless person. 3. The cheese maggot. 
Skip'per, n. [D. schipper. See Shipper ; Shd?.] 

{Naut.) The master of a fishing or small trading vessel ; 
hence, the master, or captain, of any vessel. 

Skirling (skerl'Tng), n. [From same source as E. 
shrill.] A shrill cry or sound. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 

Skir'mish (sker'mish), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skir- 
mished (-misht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Skirmishing.] [OF. 
escremir, eskermir, to fence, fight ; of German origin.] 
To fight slightly or in small parties ; to engage in a skir- 
mish or skirmishes. 

Skir'mish, n. 1. A slight fight in war ; combat between 
small, detached bodies of troops. 2. A slight contest. 

Skir'mish-er (-er), n. One who skirmishes. 

Skir'ret (skir'ret), n. [Corrupted fr. sugar -f wort.] 
{Bot.) An Asiatic umbelliferous plant (Sium sisarum) 
cultivated in Europe for its sweet, edible roots. 

Skir'rhus (skir'rus), n. (3fed.) See Scirrhus. 

Skirt (skert), n. [OE. skyrt; of Scand. origin.] 1. 
The lower and loose part of a coat, dress, etc. 2. Bor- 
der ; edge ; extreme part of anything. 3. Petticoat. 

Skirt, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Skirted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Sktrttng.] 1. To cover with a skirt ; to surround. 
2. To border ; to edge ; to be on or at the border. 

Skit (skit), v. t. [Prov. E. skit to slide, as adj., hasty ; 
akin to E. shoot, v. t.] To cast reflections on ; to as- 
perse. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 

Skit, n. A reflection , a jeer or gibe ; a squib. 

Skit'tish(-tish),a. [See Skit, v.t.] 1. Easily fright- 
ened ; timorous ; shy. 2. Wanton ; freakish ; fickle. — 
Skit'tish-ly, adv. — Skit'tish-ness, n. 

Sklt'tles (-t'lz), n. pi. [Of Scand. origin ; akin to E. 




Skunk {Mephitis mephitica). 



shoot.] A game resembling ninepins, played by throw- 
ing wooden disks at the pins. 

Skive (skiv), v. t. [Cf. Icel. ski/a slice.] To pare or 
shave off the rough or thick parts of (hides or leather). 

Ski'ver (ski'ver), n. 1. An inferior quality of leather, 
made of split sheepskin. 2. The cutting tool or machine 
used in skiving. [jager gull. I 

Sku'a (sku'a), n. [Icel. skufr, skumr.] {Zool.) Any | 
Skulk (skulk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skulked (skulkt); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Skulking.] [Of Scand. origin.] To bide, 
or lurk sneakingly or furtively. 
Skulk (skulk), Skulk'er (-er), n. One that skulks. 
Skull (skill), n. [Akin to Scot, skull a bowl, E. scale.] 
1. {Anat.) The skeleton of the head of a vertebrate ani- 
mal. 2. The head or brain. 3. A sort of oar. See Scull. 
Skull'cap/ (-kap), n. 1. A cap which fits the head 
closely. 2. {Bot.) A plant (genus Scutellaria) whose in- 
verted flower resembles a helmet with raised visor. 
Skunk (skunk), n. [Contr. fr. Abenaki (American 
Indian) segaukn.] {Zool.) Any one of 
several species of American carnivores 
having two glands near the anus, se- 
creting an extremely fetid liquid, which 
is ejected at pleasure. 

Skunk cabbage, an American swamp 
herb somewhat resembling a cabbage, 
and having a disagreeable odor. 

Skunk, v. t. To defeat in a humil- 
iating way ; as in cards by making all 
the points ; in checkers, 
by preventing the get- 
ting a king. 

Skunk' weed' (-wed'), 
71. {Bot. ) Skunk cabbage. 
Skur'ry (skiir'ry), ft. 
& v. See Scurry. 

Sky (ski), n. [Oil. skie 
a cloud, Icel. sky.] 1. 
The apparent arch, or vault, of heaven ; heavens ; firma- 
ment; — sometimes in pi. 2. Weather; the climate. 

Sky, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Skted (skid) or Skyed ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Skying (ski'ing).] To hang (a picture) near 
the top of a wall. [Cant] 
Sky'ey (ski'y), a. Like or being in the sky ; ethereal. 
Skylark' (-lark'), n. {Zool.) A lark that mounts 
and sings as it flies, esp. the common species of Europe. 
[See lllust. of Lark.] 

Sky larking, n. Act of running about the rigging of a 
vessel in sport ; hence, frolicking ; carousing. [Colloq.] 
Skylight' (-Kf ), n. A window placed in a roof, ceil- 
ing, or deck. 

Sky'rock'et (-rok'et), n. A rocket that ascends high 
and burns as it flies ; a species of fireworks. 

Sky'sail (ski'sal ; by seamen ski's'l), n. {Naut.) The 
sail set next above the royal. 

Slab (slab), n. [OE. slabbe; origin uncertain.] 1. 
A thin piece of anything, esp. of stone, having plane sur- 
faces. 2. An outside piece sawed from a log or timber. 
Slab'ber (slot/ber or slab'-), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Slab- 
bered (-herd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Slabbering.] [OE. sla- 
beren; akin to G. schlabbern.] To slobber from the 
mouth, like a child or an idiot ; to drivel ; to drool. 

Slab'ber, v. t. 1. To wet and foul with spittle, or as 
if with spittle. 2. To spill liquid upon ; to slobber. 
Slab'ber, n. Spittle ; saliva ; slaver. 
Slab'ber-er (-er), n. One who slabbers. 
Slab'-sid'ed (slaVsid'ed), a. Having flat sides ; 
hence, tall, or long and lank. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Slack (slak), n. [Cf. Slag.] Small coal ; coal dust. 
Slack, a. [Compar. Slacker (-er) ; superl. Slackest.] 
[AS. sleac] 1. Lax ; not hard drawn ; loose. 2. Weak ; 
not holding fast. 3. Not using due diligence or care ; 
not earnest or eager ; remiss. 4. Having little activity ; 
being slow or dull ; moderate"; easy. 

Slack water, the time when the tide runs slowly, or the 
water is at rest. 
Syn. — Relaxed ; backward ; abated ; inactive ; tardy. 
Slack, adv. Slackly. 
Slack, n. The slack part of anything. 
Slack (slak), ) v. i. [imp. &p. p. Slacked (slSkt), 
Slack'en (-'n), j Slackened (-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Slacking, Slackening.] 1. To be or become slack or 
more slack. 2. To lose cohesion or solidity by a chem- 
ical combination with water ; to slake. 
Syn. — To abate ; mitigate ; languish ; fail ; flag ; slow. 
Slack, \ v. t. 1. To render slack or more slack. 
Slack'en, ) 2. To neglect. [Obs.] 3. To deprive of 
cohesion by combining chemically with water ; to slake. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SLACKLY 



762 



SLED 



Slackly (,slak'ly\ ■*». In « stock manner. 

Slack'ness, n. ' The quality or state of being slack. 

Slag t,sli£l. n. [Sw. slagg, or LG. slacke ; origin un- 
certain.] 1. The dross, or recrement, of I metal ; also, 
l! cinders. 2. The scoria of a volcano. 

Slake (aUk), t>. t. limp. & p. p. Slaked (slakt) ; p. 

\ making.] [OB. si a ken to render slack, AS. 

»ck. See Slack, ol] 1. To allay; 

to quench ; to extinguish. 2. To mix with water, so that 

chemical combination shall take place ; to slack. 

Slake, f. i. 1. To go out ; to become extinct. 2. To 
abate : to slacken. 3. To become mixed with water, so 
that chemical combination takes place. 

Slam (bVm), v. t. [imp. St p. p. Slammed (slamd) ; 
[ vb. n. Slamming.] [Of Scaud. origin.] 1. To 
shut with force and a loud noise. 2. To put in or on 
some place with force and loud noise. 

Slam, !'. i. To come or swing against something, or 
to shut, with sudden force and noise. 

Slam, n. 1. Act of one that slams. 2. The shock 
and noise produced in slamming. 

Slan'der (slan'der), n. [Through OF. fr. L. scanda- 
lum, Gr. <ricdi>&a\ov, lit., a snare, stumbling block.] 1. A 
false tale or report maliciously uttered, tending to in- 
jure the reputation of another ; the malicious utterance 
of defamatory reports. 2. Disgrace ; reproach ; dis- 
honor ; opprobrium. 

Slan'der, r. t. [imp. &p. p. Slandered (-derd) ; p. 
pr. A vb. n. Slandering.] 1. To defame ; to injure by 
maliciously uttering a false report ; to calumniate. 2. 
To bring discredit or shame upon by one's acts. 

Syn. — To vilify ; malign ; scandalize. See Asperse. 

Slan'der-er (-er), n. One who slanders ; a defamer. 

Slan'der-ous (-us), a. 1. Given or disposed to slan- 
der : uttering slander. 2. Embodying or containing 
slander ; calumnious. — Slan'der-OUS-ly , adv. — Slan'- 
der- ous-ness. ». 

Slang (slang), n. [Said to be of Gypsy origin ; but 
prob. fr. Scand., and akin to E. sling.'] Low, vulgar, un- 
authorized language ; a popular but unauthorized mode 
of expression ; also, the jargon of a class or calling. 

Slang'y (-y), a. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, 
slang ; disposed to use slang. — Slangl-ness, n. 

Slant (slant), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Slanted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Slanting.] [OE. slenten to slope, slide.] 
To turn or incline from a right line or a level ; to lie or 
place obliquely ; to slope. 

Slant, n. 1. A slanting direction or plane ; a slope. 
2. An oblique reflection or gibe ; a sarcastic remark. 

Slant, a. Inclined from a horizontal or perpendicu- 
lar ; sloping ; oblique. 

Slant'wise 7 (-wiz'), ) adv. In an inclined direction ; 

Slantly, ) obliquely; slopingly. 

Slap (slap), n. [OE. slappe ; prob. imitative.] A 
blow, esp. one given with the open hand, or with some- 
thing broad. 

Slap, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Slapped (slapt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Slapping.] To strike with the open hand, or with 
something broad. 

Slap, adv. With a sudden and violent blow ; hence, 
quickly ; instantly ; directly. [Colloq.] 

Slap'dash' (-dash'), adv. [Colloq.] 1. In a bold, 
careless manner. 2. All at once ; slap. [cal, U. S.]\ 

Slap / jack / (-jSkQ, n. A flapjack ; griddlecake. [Lo- \ 

Slap'per (slSr/per), n - One that slaps. 

Slash (sl2sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slashed (slSsht) ; 
/'• pr. & vb. n. Slashing.] [OE. slaschen, of uncertain 
origin.] 1. To cut by striking violently and at random ; 
to cut in long slits. 2. To lash ; to whip violently. 

Slash, v. i. To strike violently and at random, esp. 
with an edged instrument. 

Slash, n. 1. A long cut ; a cut or slit, esp. one made 
at random. 2. pi. Swampy or wet lands overgrown 
with bushes. [Local, U. S.] 

Slat (sla"t), n. [Cf. Slot a bar.] A thin, narrow strip 
or bar of wood or metal. 

Slat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slatted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Slatting.] [OE. slatten ; origin uncertain.] To slap ; to 
strike ; to beat ; to throw down violently. [Colloq.] 

Slatch (slSch), n. [See Slack.] (Naut.) (a) The 
period of a transitory breeze, (b) An interval of fair 
weather, (c) The loose, or slack part of a rope ; slack. 

Slate (slat), n. [OE. slat, sclat, OF. esclat a shiver, 
fr. esdater to shiver, to chip, fr. OHG. sleizen to slip ; 
akin to E. slit.] 1. (Min.) An argillaceous rock which 
readily splits into thin plates ; argillite. 2. Any rock or 
atone having a slaty structure. 3. A prepared piece of 
auch stone, as for roofing. 4. An artificial material made 



to resemble slate. 6. (Politics) A list of candidates, or 
a programme for future action. [Cant, U. S.] 

Slate pencil, a pencil of slate, or of eoapstone, used for 
writing on a slate. 

Slate (slat), v. t. [imp.&p. p. Slated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Slating.] 1. To cover with slate. 2. To register 
among a list of candidates. [Polit. Cant] 

Slat'er (slather), n. One who slates buildings. 

Slating, n. 1. Act of covering with slate or slates; 
also, a covering of slate. 2. Slates, collectively. 

Slatt (slSt), n. A veneer stone used in masonry. 

Slat'ter (slaVter), v. i. [E. slat to dash about.] 
To be careless or awkward, esp. with regard to dress. 

Slat'tern (-tern), n. A woman who is negligent of 
her dress or house ; one who is not neat and nice. 

Slat'tern-ly, a. Like a slattern ; negligent ; dirty. — 
adv. In a slatternly manner. — Slat'tern-li-ness. n. 

Slat/y(slat'y), a. Resembling slate; having the na- 
ture, appearance, or properties, of slate. 

Slaughter (sla'ter), n. [OE. slautir, Icel. slatr slain 
flesh, modified by OE. slaught, slaht, slaughter, fr. AS. 
sleaht blow; both skin to E. slay.] A killing. Specif. : 
(a) Extensive, violent, bloody, or wanton destruction of 
lif e ; carnage. (6) A butchering of animals for the market. 

Syn.— Carnage ; massacre ; butchery ; murder ; havoc. 

Slaughter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slaughtered (-terd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Slaughtering.] 1. To visit with great 
destruction of life ; to kill. 2. To butcher, as beasts. — 
Slaugh'ter-er (-er), n. [are slaughtered. I 

Slaugh'ter-house (-hous'), n. A house where beasts | 

Slaugh'ter-OUS (-us), a. Destructive ; murderous. 

Slav (slav or slaV), n. [A word originally meaning, 
intelligible, and used to contrast the people so called 
with foreigners who spoke languages unintelligible to 
the Slavs.] (Ethnol.) One of a race of people including 
the Russians, Bulgarians, Roumanians, Servo - Croats, 
Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Wends or Sorbs, Slovaks, etc. 

Slave (slav or slav), n. See Slav. 

Slave (slav), n. [From same source as E. Slav , the 
Slavs being anciently often enslaved by the Germans.] 
1. A person held in bondage ; one wholly subject to the 
will of another. 2. One who has lost the power of resist- 
ance. 3. A drudge ; one who labors like a slave. 

Syn. — Bond servant ; bondman ; captive ; henchman ; 
vassal ; dependent ; drudge. See Serf. 

Slave, v. i. To drudge ; to toil ; to labor as a slave. 

Slave-holder (-hold'er), n. One who holds slaves. 

Slav'er (-er), n. 1. A vessel engaged in the slave 
trade ; a slave ship. 2. A slave merchant or trader. 

Slav'er (slav-er), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Slavered 
(-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Slavering.] [See Slabber.] 1. 
To suffer spittle, etc., to run from the mouth. 2. To 
smear or be besmeared with saliva. 

Slav'er, n. Saliva driveling from the mouth. 

Slav'er-er (-er), n. A driveler ; an idiot. 

Slav'er-y (slav'er-^), n. State of a slave ; state of 
entire subjection, as of one person to the will of another. 

Slavic (slaVik or slav'Tk), a. Slavonic. 

Slavish (slav'ish), a. Of or pertaining to slaves ; 
befitting a slave ; servile ; excessively laborious. — Slav'- 
ish-ly, adv. — Slavlsh-ness, n. 

Slav-OC'ra-cy (slav-ok'ra-sy), n. [Slave + -cracy.] 
The persons or interest formerly politically representing, 
or working for, slavery. [U. S.] 

Sla-vo'ni-an (sla-vo'nT-an), ) a. 1. Of or pert. toSla- 

Sla-von'ic (sla-von'Tk), ) vonia, or its inhabit- 
ants. 2. Of or pert, to the Slavs, or their language. 

Slaw (sla), n. [D. sla, contr. fr. salade, OD. salaet, 
salad. See Salad.] Sliced cabbage served as a salad, 
cooked or uncooked. 

Slay (sla), v. t. [imp. Slew (slu) ; p. p. Slain (slan) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Slating.] [OE. slan, slsen, sleen, slee, 
AS. slean to strike, beat, slay ; akin to G. schlagcn. Cf. 
Slaughter.] To put to death with a weapon, or by vio- 
lence ; hence, to kill ; to put an end to ; to destroy. 

Syn. — To kill ; murder ; slaughter ; butcher. 

Slay r er (-er), n. One who slays ; a murderer. 

Sla'zy (sla'zy), a. See Sleazy. 

Sleave (slev), n. [Etym. uncert.] (a) Knotted or en- 
tangled silk or thread. (5) Silk not yet twisted ; floss. 

Sleave, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleaved (slevd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sleavtng.] To separate, as threads ; to sley. 

Sleaved (slevd), a. Raw ; not spun or wrought. 

Slea'zy (sle'zjf), a. [Etym. uncertain.] Wanting firm- 
ness of texture or substance ; flimsy. — Slea'zi-ness. n. 

Sled (slSd), n. [Akin to slide, v.] 1. A vehicle on 
runners, for conveying loads over the snow or ice. 2. A 
small vehicle with runners, for sliding on snow or ice. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; aenSte, gvent, idea, &bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



SLED 



763 



SLIGHT 



Sled (slSd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sledded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Sledding.] To convey or transport on a sled. 

Sledge (slSj), n. [Pern, for Sled.] 1. A strong ve- 
hicle with low runners or low wheels, or one consisting 
of plank slightly turned up at one end ; a sled. 2. A hur- 
dle on which, formerly, traitors were carried to execu- 
tion. [Eng.] 3. A sleigh. [Eng.] 4. The game at cards 
called also old sledge, and all fours. 

Sledge, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Sledged (slSjd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Sledging.] To travel or convey in or on 
a sledge or sledges. 

Sledge, n. [AS. slecge, f r. slean to strike. See Slay, 
v. t.] A large hammer, usually wielded with both hands. 
Sleek (slek), a. [Compar. Sleeker; superl. Sleek- 
est.] [OE. slik; akin to OE. silken to glide, G. schlei- 
chen, and E. slink.'] Having an even, smooth surface ; 
smooth ; hence, glossy.— Sleekly, adv.— Sleek'ness, n. 

Sleek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleeked (slekt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Sleeking.] To make sleek, or even and smooth. 

Sleek'y (-y), a. Of a sleek appearance. 

Sleep (slip), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Slept (slept) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sleeping.] [AS. slsepan ; akin to G. schlafen, E. 
lapse.'] 1. To rest by a suspension of the voluntary exer- 
cise of the powers of the body and mind, and an apathy 
of the organs of sense ; to slumber. 2. Fig. : (a) To be 
careless, inattentive, or unconcerned ; not to be vigilant. 
(6) To be dead, (c) To be in repose ; to be unemployed, 
unused, or unagitated ; to rest ; to lie dormant. 

Sleep, n. Act or state of one who sleeps. 

Syn. — Slumber ; repose ; rest ; nap ; doze ; drowse. 

Sleep'er (-er), n. 1. One who sleeps ; a slumberer ; 
hence, a drone, or lazy person. 2. {Zodl.) {a) An ani- 
mal that hibernates, as the bear. (6) A large fresh-water 
gobioid fish {Eleotris dormatrix). (c) A nurse shark. 

Sleep'er, n. [Cf . Norw. sleip sleeper (timber), as adj., 
smooth.] 1. One of the pieces of timber, stone, or iron, 
usually on or near the ground, for the support of a super- 
structure, to keep something in place, etc. ; a stringpiece. 
2. {Naut.) One of the knees connecting the transoms to 
the after timbers on the ship's quarter. 

Sleep'ful (-ful), a. Very sleepy. 

Sleep'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. In a sleepy manner ; drowsily. 

Sleep'1-ness, n. Quality or state of being sleepy. 

Sleeping, a. & n. from Sleep. 

Sleeping car, a railway car or carriage with berths for 
sleeping. —Sleeping partner (Com.), a partner who takes 
no active part in the business ; a dormant partner. 

Sleep'ish (slep'ish), a. Sleepy ; drowsy. 

Sleepless, a. Having no sleep ; wakeful ; restless. 
— Sleepless-ly, adv.— Sleeplessness, n. 

Sleep'wak'er (-wak'er), n. One in a mesmeric sleep. 

Sleep'walk'er (-wak'er), n. A somnambulist. 

Sleep'y (-y), a. [Compar. Sleepier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Sleepd3ST.] 1. Drowsy; inclined to, or overcome by, 
sleep. 2. Tending to induce sleep ; soporiferous ; som- 
niferous ; hence, sluggish ; dull. 

Sleeps-head' (-he'd'), n. 1. A sleepy person. 2. 
{Zodl.) A species of duck, also called ruddy duck. 

Sleet (slet), n. {Gun.) The part of a mortar extend- 
ing from the chamber to the trunnions. 

Sleet, n. [OE. sleet; akin to G. schlosse ; of uncer- 
tain origin.] Hail or snow, mingled with rain, usually 
falling, or driven by the wind, in fine particles. 

Sleet, v. i. To snow or hail with a mixture of rain. 

Sleet'y (-f), a. Of, pert, to, or marked by, sleet. 

Sleeve (slev), n. See Sleave, untwisted thread. 

Sleeve, n. [AS. slefe, slyfe ; akin to slefan to clothe ; 
origin uncertain.] 1. The part of a garment covering 
the arm. 2. {Mach.) A tubular part to cover, sustain, 
or steady another part, or to connect parts. 

To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh privately or unperceived, 
esp. while seeming serious ; perh. orig. by hiding the face 
in the wide sleeves 
formerly worn. 

Sleeve, v. t. To 
furnish with sleeves. 

Sleeveless, a. 1. 
Having no sleeves. 
2. Wanting a pre- 
text ; unreasonable ; 
useless. [Obs.~\ 

Sleld (slad), v. t. 
To sley. 

Sleigh (sla), n. 
[Cf.D.&LG.iede, oieisn - 

slee, Icel. sleSi. See Sled.] A vehicle moved on runners, 
and used for transporting persons or goods on snow or ice. 

Sleigh'lng, n. 1. Act of riding in a sleigh. 2. State 
of the snow or ice which admits of running sleighs. 




Sleight (slit), ». [OE. sleighle, sleihte, sleithe, Icel. 
slusgS (for slago) slyness, cunning, fr. slmgr sly, cunning. 
See Sly.] 1. Cunning; craft. [Obs.] 2. An artful 
trick ; sly artifice ; a feat so dexterous that the manner of 
performance escapes observation. 3. Dexterous prac- 
tice ; dexterity. 

Sleight of hand, legerdemain ; prestidigitation. 

Slen'der (sleVder), a. [Compar. Slenderer (-er) ; 
superl. Slenderest.] [OD. slinder thin, slender ; origin 
uncertain.] 1. Small or narrow in proportion to the 
length or height ; not thick ; slim. 2. Weak ; feeble ; 
not strong ; slight. 3. Moderate ; trivial ; inconsidera- 
ble ; slight ; small ; meager. 4. Spare ; abstemious ; 
frugal. 5. (Phon.) Uttered with a thin tone; as the 
vowels e and I — Slen'der-ly , adv. — Slen'der-ness, n. 

Slept (slept), imp. & p. p. of Sleep. 

Sleuth (sluth), n. [Icel. sloS.] An animal's track 
as followed by the scent ; slot. [Scot.] 

Sleuth'hound' (-hound'), n. {Zodl.) A hound that 
tracks animals by the scent ; specif., a bloodhound. 

Slew (slu), imp. of Slay. 

Slew, v. t. See Slue^ 

Sley (sla), n. [AS. slse, fr. slean. See Slay, v. t.] 1. 
A weaver's reed. 2. A guideway in a knitting machine. 

Sley, v. t. To separate or part the threads of, and 
arrange them in a reed ; — a term used by weavers. 

Slice (slis), n. [OF. esclice, fr. esclicier, esclichier, 
to break to pieces ; of German origin. See Slit, v. t.] 
1. A thin, broad piece cut off. 2. That which is thin 
and broad like a slice. Specif. : (a) A broad, thin piece 
of plaster. (6) A salver or tray. [Obs.] (c) A knife 
with a broad blade for taking up fish ; also, a spatula for 
spreading anything, (d) A plate of iron with a handle, 
forming a kind of chisel, or a spadelike implement. [Cant] 
(e) (Shipbuilding) A wedge used to lift the cradle and 
the ship clear of the building blocks. (/) (Printing) A 
removable sliding bottom to a galley. 

Slice, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Sliced (slist) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Slicing (sli'sing).] 1. To cut into thin pieces, or to cut 
off a thin, broad piece from. 2. To cut into parts. 

Sli'cer (sli'ser), n. One who, or that which, slices. 

Slick (slik), a. [See Sleek.] Sleek ; smooth. 

Slick, v. t. To make sleek or smooth. 

Slick, n. {Joinery) A wide paring chisel. 

Slick'er (-.er), n. That which makes smooth or sleek. 

Slid (slid), imp. &p. p. of Slide. 

Slid'den (-d'n), p. p. of Slide. 

Slide (slid), v. i. [imp. Slid (slid) ; p. p. Slidden 
(slid'd-'n), slid ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sliding (slld'Ing).] 
[AS. slidan; akin to AS. slidor slippery, E. sled.] 1. 
To move along the surface of any body by slipping, or 
without walking or rolling ; to slip ; to glide. 2. To 
pass inadvertently. 3. To move gently onward without 
friction or hindrance ; to pass unobservedly ; to slip. 4. 
To slip ; to fall. 5. {Mus.) To pass from one note to 
another with no perceptible cessation of sound. 

Slide, v. t. To cause to slide. 

Slide, n. 1. Act of sliding ; specif., the descent of a 
mass of earth, rock, or snow down a hill or mountain- 
side. 2. Smooth, even passage or progress. 3. That on 
which anything moves by sliding. 4. That which oper- 
ates by sliding. 5. The plate or slip of glass on which is 
the picture or object to be shown by means of a magic 
lantern, a microscope, etc. 6. (Mus.) A grace of two or 
more small notes moving by conjoint degrees, and lead- 
ing to a principal note. 7. (Phonetics) A sound which 
passes imperceptibly into another sound. 

Slid'er, n. One who, or that which, slides. 

Slight (slit), v. t. [Cf. D. slechten to demolish.] 1. 
To demolish. [Obs.] 2. To throw heedlessly. [Obs.] 

Slight, a. [Compar. Slighter (-er) ; superl. Slight- 
est.] [OE. slty, sleght, prob. fr. OD. slicht, slecht, sim- 
ple, plain, D. slecht; origin uncertain.] 1. Not decidedly 
marked ; not forcible ; inconsiderable ; unimportant ; 
insignificant ; not severe ; weak ; gentle ; — applied in a 
great variety of circumstances. 2. Not stout or heavy ; 
slender. 3. Foolish ; silly ; weak in intellect. 

Slight, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Slighted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Slighting.] To disregard, as of little value and un- 
worthy of notice ; to make light of. 

Syn. — To neglect ; disregard ; disdain ; scorn. — To 
slight is stronger than to neglect. We may neglect a duty 
or person from inconsiderateness or preoccupation. To 
slight is always a positive and intentional act, resulting 
from feelings of dislike or contempt. 

Slight, n. Act of slighting ; manifestation of a mod- 
erate degree of contempt ; neglect ; indignity. 

Syn. — Disregard; inattention; disparagement. 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, Urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SLIGHTER 



764 



SLOP 



R 



Slight'er (aBltr), »'• One who slights. 

Slight lng-ly. adv. In a slighting manner. 

Slightly. b3». In a slight manner. 

Sllght'ness, *. Quality or state of being slight. 

Sli'ly (di'ij)i a&m. See Slyly. 

Slim v.^nm\ <J. [Com par. Slimmer (-nier) ; super!. 
Slimmest.] [Formerly, bad, worthless, slight, awry, 
Im ; akin to G. schlunm; of uncertain origin.] 
1. Worthless ; bad. [Frov. Eng. X' Scot.] 2. Weak ; 
slicht ; unsubstantial ; poor. 3. Of small diameter or 
thickness in proportion to the height or length ; slender. 

Slime (slim), ». [AS. slim ; akin to G. schleim.] 1. 
Son. moist, adhesive earth or clay ; viscous mud. 2. Any 
moist, soft, adhesive substance. 3. (Script.) Bitumen. 

Slime i,sllm), v. t. To smear with slime. 

Slim'i-ly (slim'T-ly), adv. In a slimy manner. 

Slim'i-ness. n. Quality or state of being slimy. 

Slim'ly (slTm'ly), adv. In a slim manner ; slenderly. 

Slim'ness. ". Quality or state of being slim. 

Slim'sy (-?.?). a. Flimsy; frail. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Slim'y (.sllni'y), a. [Compar. Slimier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Slimiest.] Of, pert, to, or like slime ; viscous ; glutinous ; 
also, covered or daubed with slime ; yielding slime. 

Sli'ness (sli'nSs), n. See Slyness. 

Sling (sling), 72. [OE. slinge; akin to D. slinger.] 
1. An instrument for throwing stones or other missiles, 
consisting of a short strap with two strings fastened to 
its ends, or with a string fastened to one end and a light 
stick to the other. 2. Act of hurling, as with a sling ; 
throw ; stroke. 3. A contrivance for suspending any- 
thing ; as : (o) A kind of hanging bandage supporting 
the arm or hand from the neck, (b) A loop of rope, or 
a rope or chain with hooks, for suspending a barrel, bale, 
etc. (c) (Xaut.) A band of rope or iron for 
securing a yard to a mast ; — chiefly in pi. 

Sling dog, one of a pair of iron hooks used as 
part of a sling. 

Sling, v. t. [imp. Slung (siting), Archaic 
Slang (slang) ; p. p. Slung ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Slinging.] 1. To throw with a sling ; hence, 
to throw ; to hurl ; to cast. 2. To suspend 
or support with a sling. 

Sling, n. [Cf. G. schlingen to swallow.] 
A drink composed of spirit (usually gin) and 
water sweetened. 

Sling'er (-er), n. One who slings, or uses a sling. 

Slink (slink), v. i. [imp. Slunk (slunk), Archaic 
Slank (slank) ; p. p. Slunk ; p. pr. & vb. n. Slinking.] 
[AS. slincan; probably akin to E. sleek.'] 1. To creep 
away meanly ; to steal away ; to sneak. 2. To miscar- 
ry ; — said of female beasts. [beasts. I 

Slink, v. t. To cast prematurely ; — said of female | 

Slink, n. The young of a beast brought forth prema- 
turely ; esp., a calf brought forth before its time. 

Slip (slip), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slipped (slipt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Slipping.] [OE. slippen ; akin to D. slippen, 
and fr. OE. slipen, AS. sllpan (in comp.), akin to G. 
schleifen to slide. Cf. Slope, n.] 1. To move along the 
surface of a thing without bounding, rolling, or stepping ; 
to slide ; to glide. 2. To slide ; to lose one's footing or 
one's hold. 3. To move or fly (out of place) ; to shoot. 
4. To depart, withdraw, enter, appear, intrude, or escape 
as if by sliding ; to go or come in a quiet, furtive man- 
ner. 5. To err ; to fall into error or fault. 

Slip, v. t. 1. To cause to slip ; to slide ; to convey 
gently or secretly. 2. To lose by negligence. 3. To cut 
slips from ; to make a slip or slips of. 4. To let loose 
in pursuit of game. 5. To give birth to prematurely. 

Slip, n. 1. Act of slipping. 2. An unintentional 
error or fault. 3. A twig separated from the main stock ; 
a cutting ; a scion ; hence, a descendant. 4. A slender 
piece ; a strip. 5. A leash or string by which a dog is 
held ; — so made as to slip, or become loose, by relaxa- 
tion of the hand. 6. An escape; a secret desertion. 
7. (Print.) A portion of a piece of work struck off by 
itself ; a proof from a column of type when set up and 
in the galley. 8. Any covering easily slipped on. Spe- 
cif. : (a) A loose garment worn by a woman, (b) A 
child's pinafore, (c) An outside covering or case ; as, a 
pillow slip. 9. Counterfeit money, being brass covered 
with silver. [Obs.~\ 10. Potters' clay in a very liquid 
state, used for decoration and also as a cement. 11. An 
inclined plane on which a vessel is built or repaired. 
12. An opening or space for vessels between wharves or 
in a dock. [U. S.~\ 13. A narrow passage between 
buildings. [Eng.] 14. (Zool.) A fish, the sole. 

Slip'knoV (slTp'nSf ), n. A knot which slips along 
the rope or line around which it is made. 




Slip'page (slTp'paj ; 48), n. A slipping ; also, amount 
of slipping. 

Slip'per (-per), n. 1. One that slips. 2. A kind of 
light shoe which may be slipped on with ease. 3. A kind 
of child's apron. 4. A kind of brake or shoe for a wagon 
wheel. 6. (Mach.) A piece, usually a plate, applied to a 
sliding piece, to receive wear and afford a means of adjust- 
ment. 

Slipper flower (Bot.). slipperwort. — Slipper limpet, or 
Slipper shell (Zodl.), a boat shell. 

Slip'per, a. Slippery. [Obs.] 

Slip'pered (-perd), a. Wearing slippers. 

Slip'per-i-ly (-per-T-ly), adv. In a slippery manner. 

Slip'per i-ness, n. Quality of being slippery. 

Slip'per-wort' (-wfirt'), n. (Bot.) See Calceolaria. 

Slip'per-y (-y), a. [See Slipper, a.] 1. Allowing or 
causing anything to slip or move smoothly, rapidly, and 
easily upon the surface ; smooth ; glib. 2. Not afford- 
ing firm ground for confidence. 3. Not easily held ; 
liable or apt to slip away. 4. Liable to slip ; not stand- 
ing firm. 5. Unstable; changeable; mutable; uncer- 
tain ; inconstant ; fickle. 6. Wanton ; unchaste ; loose 
in morals. 

Slippery elm (Bot.), an American tree (Ulmus fulva) 
with a mucilaginous and slightly aromatic inner bark. 

Slip'py (-py), a. Slippery. — Slip'pi-ness, n. 

Sllp'shOd' (-shod'), a. Wearing shoes or slippers 
down at the heel ; hence, careless in dress, style, etc. ; 
slovenly. [course. I 

Slip'slop' (-slop'), n. Poor or flat liquor ; weak dis- 1 

Slish (slTsh), n. A colloquial corruption of Slash. 

Slit (slit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slit or Slitted (slIV- 
ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Slitting.] [OE. slitten, fr. sliten, 
AS. slitan to tear ; akin to D. slijten to wear out, G. 
schleissen to slit, split. Cf. Slate, »., Slice.] 1. To cut 
lengthwise; to cut into long pieces or strips. 2. To 
cut or make a long fissure in or upon. 3. To cut ; to 
sever. [Obs.] 

Slit, n. A long cut ; a narrow opening. 

Slit'ter (-ter), n. One who, or that which, slits. 

Sliv'er (sliv'er or sli'ver), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sliv- 
ered (-erd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Slivering.] [OE. sliven to 
split, AS. slifan.] To divide into long, thin pieces, or 
very small pieces ; to cut or rend lengthwise ; to slit. 

Sliv'er, n. 1. A long piece cut or rent off ; splinter. 
2. A slender untwisted roll of fiber produced in carding. 

Sloak'an (slok'an), n. (Bot.) A species of seaweed. 

Sloam (slom), n. Layer of earth between coal seams. 

Sloat (slot), n. [See Slot a bar.] A narrow piece of 
timber which holds together large pieces ; a slat. 

Slob'ber (slob'ber), n. & v. See Slabber. 

Slob'ber-er (-er), n. One who slabbers. 

Slob'ber-y (-y), a. Wet ; sloppy, as land. 

SlOCk (slok), ) v. t. To quench ; to allay ; to slake. 

Slock'en (-'n), j See Slake. [O&s. or Scot.] 

Slock'ing, a. & n. from Slock. 

Slocking stone, a rich piece of ore displayed in order to 
tempt persons to embark in a mining enterprise. 

Sloe (slo), n. [OE. slo, AS. sla ; akin to G. sehlehe.] 
(Bot.) A small, bitter, wild European plum, the fruit of 
the blackthorn ; also, the tree itself. 

Slo'gan (slo'gan), n. [Gael, sluagh-ghairm, i. e., an 
army cry.] The war cry, or gathering word, of a High- 
land clan in Scotland. 

SlOg'gy (slog'gy), a. Sluggish. [Obs.] 

Sloke (slok), n. (Bot.) See Sloakan. [Slough, 2. 1 

Sloo (sloo), or Slue (slu), n. A slough. See lst| 

Sloop (sloop), n. [D. sloep, of uncertain origin. Cf. 
Shallop.] (Naut.) A vessel having 
one mast and a fore-and-aft rig, con- 
sisting of a boom-and-gaff mainsail, 
jibs, staysail, and gaff topsail. The 
typical sloop has a fixed bowsprit, 
topmast, and standing rigging, while 
those of a cutter may be readily 
shifted. The sloop usually has a cen- 
terboard, and depends for stability 
upon breadth of beam. See Cutter. 

Sloop of war, formerly, a vessel of 
war rigged either as a ship, brig, or 
schooner, and mounting from ten to 
thirty-two guns ; now, any war ves- 
sel larger than a gunboat, and carry- Sloop, 
ing guns on one deck only. 

Slop (slop), n. [OE. sloppe a pool ; akin to AS. sloppe, 
slyppe, droppings of a cow.] 1. Water or other liquid 
carelessly spilled or thrown about ; puddle. 2. pi. Dirty 
water; water in which anything has been washed or 
rinsed. 3. Weak drink or liquid food ; — usually in pi. 




5, e, 1, 5, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u., y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SLOP 



765 



SLUICE 



Slop (sl5p), v. t. & t. [imp. & p. p. Slopped (slBpt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Slopping.] 1. To cause to overflow, or 
to overflow, as a liquid, by the motion of the vessel con- 
taining it ; to spill. 2. To spill liquid upon. 

Slop, n. [AS. slop a frock or over-garment, f r. slupan 
to slip, to slide. Cf. Slip, v. i.] 1. Any outer garment 
of linen or cotton. [Obs.] 2. A loose lower garment ; 
loose breeches ; — chiefly in pi. 3. pi. Ready-made 
clothes ; also, among seamen, clothing, bedding, etc. 

Slope (slop), n. [From OE. slipen. See Slip, v. i.] 1. 
An oblique direction ; a line or direction inclining from 
a horizontal. 2. Any sloping ground. 

K3P" A slope \ considered as descending, is a declivity ; 
considered as ascending, an acclivity. 

Slope, a. Sloping. 

Slope, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Sloped (slopt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sloping.] To form with a slope ; to direct, or 
be directed, obliquely ; to incline ; to slant. 

Slop'ing, a. Inclining or inclined from a horizontal 
or other right line ; slanting. — Slop / ing-ly, adv. 

Slop'py (slop'pjr), a. [Compar. Sloppieb (-pT-er); 
supcrl. Sloppuest.] [From Slop.] Wet, so as to spatter 
easily ; muddy ; plashy. — Slop'pi-ness, n. [clothes. I 

Slop'shop 7 (-shop')) n. A shop for ready-made | 

Slop'work/ (-wfirk), n. Cheap ready-made clothing ; 
hence, hasty, slovenly work of any kind. 

Slop'y (slop'^), a. Sloping ; inclined. 

Slosh (slosh), Slosh' y (-y). See Slush, Slushy. 

Slot (slot), n. [LG. & D. slot a lock, fr. a verb mean- 
ing, to close, to shut, D. sluiten ; akin to G. schliessen. 
Cf. Sluice.] 1. A broad, flat, wooden bar ; a slat or 
sloat. 2. A narrow depression or aperture, esp. one for 
the reception of a piece fitting or sliding in it. 

Slot, n. [Cf. Icel. sloS, and E. sleuth.} The track of 
a deer ; hence, a track of any kind. 

Sloth (slSth [115] or sloth), n. [OE. sloulhe, sleuthe, 
AS. slsewS, fr. slaw slow. See Slow.^L 1. Slowness ; 
tardiness. 2. Disinclination to action ; sluggishness ; 
laziness; idleness; indolence. 3. (Zool.) (a) Any one 
of several species of ar- 
boreal edentates consti- 
tuting the family Brady- 
podidse, inhabiting South 
and Central America and 
Mexico. (b) Any one of 
various large extinct ter- 
restrial edentates, such 
as Megatherium. 

Sloth bear (Zool.), a 
black or brown long- 
haired bear (Melursus ur- 
sinus, or labiatus), native 
of India and Ceylon. 

Sloth'ful (-ful), a. Ad- 
dicted to sloth ; inactive, 
fulness, n. 

Slot'hound (slotTiound'), n. A sleuthhound. 

SlOt'ted (slot'te"d), a. Having a slot. 

SlOt'ting (-ting), n. Act or process of making slots. 

Slouch (slouch), n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A droop- 
ing attitude; a limp, ungainly appearance or gait. 2. 
An awkward, heavy, clownish fellow. [Colloq.~\ 

Slouch, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Slouched (sloucht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Slouching.] 1. To droop or hang down. 
2. To walk in a lazy, clumsy manner. 

Slouch, v. t. To depress or cause to hang down. 

Slouch'y (-y), a. Slouching. [Colloq.] 
^ Slough (slou), n. [OE. slogh, slough, AS. sloh a hol- 
low.] 1. A place of deep jmud or mire ; a hole full of 
mire. 2. [Pronounced sloo.] A wet place ; swale ; 
side channel or inlet from a river. [Local or Prov.~\ 

SlOUgh (sluf), n. [OE. slugh, slouh; cf. MHO. sluch 
serpent's skin, G. schlauch a skin.] 1. The skin, com- 
monly the cast-off skin, of a serpent or of some similar 
animal. 2. The dead mass separating from a foul sore. 

SlOUgh, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Sloughed (sluft) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sloughing.] To come or cast off in the 
form of a slough. 

Slough'y (slou'^), a. Full of sloughs ; miry. 

Slough'y (sluf'jf), a. Resembling, or of the nature 
of, a slough, or that which is cast off. 

SlOV'en (sluv'en or sluV'n), n. [D. slof slovenly ; 
akin to LG. sluf."] A man or boy habitually negligent of 
neatness and order ; — correlative to slut . 

Sl0V'en-ly (-1^), a. Having the habits, or charac- 
teristics, of a sloven ; disorderly. — Slov'en-li-ness. n. 

SlOV'en-ly, adv. In a slovenly manner. 

SlOV'en-ry (-r^), n. Slovenliness. [Obs.~\ 




Two-toed Sloth (Cholopus Hoff- 
manni). 

-Sloth'ful-ly, adv. - Sloth'- 



Slow (slo), a. [Compar. Sloweb (-er) ; superl. Slow- 
est.] [AS. slaw; akin to D. sleeuw, slee, sour, OHG. 
sleo blunt. Cf. Sloth.] 1. Moving a short space in a 
relatively long time ; not swift or quick in motion ; mod- 
erate ; deliberate. 2. Not happening in a short time ; 
not progressing rapidly ; gradual ; late. 3. Not ready ; 
not prompt or quick to act ; dilatory. 4. Not hasty or 
precipitate ; acting with deliberation. 6. Indicating a 
time earlier than the true time. 6. Heavy in wit ; not 
alert, prompt, or spirited. [Colloq.] 

Syn. — Dilatory ; lingering ; tardy ; sluggish ; dull ; in- 
active. — Slow denotes either a want of rapid motion or 
inertness of intellect. Dilatory implies proneness to defer, 
a habit of delaying the doing of what we know must be 
done. Tardy implies the habit of being behindhand. 

Slow, adv. Slowly. 

Slow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slowed (slod) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Slowing.] To render slow ; to retard ; to delay. 

Slow, v. i. To go slower ; —often with up. 

Slowly, adv. In a slow manner. 

Slow'ness, n. Quality or state of being slow. 

Slows (sloz), n. {Med.) Milk sickness. 

Slow'worm/ (slSAvfinn'), n. [AS. slawyrm ; first 
part probably akin to slean to strike, the reptile being 
supposed to be poisonous. See Slay, v. t. ; Wobm.] 
{Zool.) The blind worm. 

Slub (slub), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A roll of wool 
slightly twisted ; a rove. 

Slub, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Slubbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Slubbing.] To draw out (wool) and twist slightly. 

Slubber (-ber), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slubbebed 
(-berd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Slubbeeing.] [Etym. uncert.] 
1. To do lazily or imperfectly. 2. To daub ; to botch. 

Slub'ber, n. A slubbing machine. 

Sludge (sluj), n. [Cf. Slush.] 1. Mud ; mire ; soft 
mud ; slime ; slush. 2. A mass of small floating pieces 
of ice, or of saturated snow. 

Sludg'er (sluj'er), n. A kind of bucket. 

Sludg'y_(-y), a. Miry ; slushy. 

Slue (slu), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Slued (slud) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Sluing (slu'Tng).] [Prov. E. slew to turn 
round, Scot., to lean.] 1. (Naid.) To turn about a fixed 
point, usually the center or axis, as a spar or piece of 
timber ; to turn. 2. In general, to turn about ; to 
twist ; to slip and turn. 

Slue, n. A wet place. See Slough, 2. [Local] 

Slug (slug), n. [OE. slugge slothful, sluggen to be 
slothful.] 1. A drone ; a slow, lazy fellow ; sluggard. 2. 
{Zool.) (a) A terrestrial, pulmonate mollusk having the 
shell either small and concealed in the mantle, or want- 
ing. The slugs are closely allied to the land snails. 




Slug (2, a) (Limax afjrestis). Nat. size. 
(b) Any smooth, soft larva of a sawfly or moth which 
creeps like a mollusk. 3. [Perh. different word.] An 
irregularly shaped piece of metal, used as a missile for a 
gun. 4. (Print.) A thick strip of metal used in spacing 
out pages, to separate display lines, etc. 

Slug caterpillar. Same as Slugwoem. 

Slug, r. i. & t. To be idle ; to make sluggish. [06s.] 

Slug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slugged (slugd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Slugging (-ging).] To load with a slug. 

Slug, v. i. To be changed in shape in passing through 
the bore of the barrel ; — said of a bullet. 

Slug'gard (-gerd), n. [Slug + -are/.] A person ha- 
bitually lazy, idle, and inactive ; a drone. 

Slug'gard-y (-y), n. Habitual laziness ; sloth. 

Slug'gish (-glsh), a. 1. Habitually idle and lazy ; 
slothful. 2. Slow ; having little motion. 3. Having no 
power to move ; inert. 4. Dull ; stupid ; tame. — Slug'- 
gish-ly, adv. — Slug'glsh-ness. n. 

Syn.— Indolent ; dronish ; drowsy; inactive. See Inebt. 

Slug'gy (-g#), a. Sluggish. 
[Obs.~\ [Half -roasted ore. I 

Slugs (slugz), n. pi. (Mining) \ 

Slug'worm' (slug'wfirrn'), n. 
(Zool.) Any caterpillar resembling 
a slug, as those of certain moths. 

Sluice (slus), n. [OF. esclusc, 
deriv. of L. excludere, exclusum, 
to shut out. See Exclude.] 1. 
An artificial passage for water, 
fitted with a valve or gate for 
regulating the flow ; also, a water 




Sluice Gate. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, firn, food, foot, out. oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SLUICE 



766 



SMEAR 



g»U> or flood pate. 2. Hence, an opening or channel 
through which anything Hows. 3. The stream flowing 

throu g h. 

Sluice (.slfis), r. /. limp. & p. p. Sluiced (slust) ; 
[ .'... Si.vioiNG ^slu'stng).] 1. To emit by flood 
B. j 2. To wet copiously, as by opening a sluice. 
3 l'o wish in water running through a sluice. 

Slui'cy t^slu'sy). a. Falling copiously, as from a sluice. 

Slum (.slum),";;. [Of. Slump, ».] Afoul street of a 
city. asp. one with a poor, dirty, degraded, and often vi- 
cious population ; any low neighborhood ; — usually in pi. 

SlunVber (slum'ber). v. i. [imp. &p. p. Slumbered 
(-bird) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Slumbering.] [AS. slumerian, 
fr. sluma slumber; akin to G. schlummern.'] 1. To 
Bleep; eep., to sleep lightly; to doze. 2. To be in a 
st.uc of negligence, sloth, or inactivity. 

Slum'ber. R. Sleep; esp., light sleep ; repose. 

SlumTier-er (-er), v. One who slumbers; a sleeper. 

SlumTier-OUS (-us), a. 1. Inviting slumber ; sopo- 
riferous. 2. Reposing in shunber ; sleepy ; drowsy. 

Slum'brous (-briis), a. Slumberous. 

Slum'ming. vb. n. Visiting slums. 

Slump (.slump), n. [Cf. D. slomp heap, Dan. slump 
quantity, E. slump, v. t.] The mass ; the lump. [Scot.] 

Slump, r. t. To lump ; to throw into a mass. 

Slump, n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. A bog. [Prov.~\ 2. 
A dull noise, as of something falling into a bog. [Prov.] 
3. A sudden fall in the prices of stocks, etc. [Cant] 

Slump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slumped (slumt; 215); 
p. pr. & rb. n. Slumping.] To fall or sink suddenly 
through or in, as when walking on thawing ice, a bog, etc. 

Slung (slung), imp. &p. p. of Sling. 

Slung shot, a metal ball of small size, with a string at- 
tached, used as a weapon. 

Slunk (slunk), imp. &p. p. of Slink. 

Slur (slQr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slurred (slftrd) ; p. 
' pr. & vb. n. Slurring (-ring).] [Cf. OE. sloor mud, 
clay.] 1. To soil ; to sully ; to contaminate ; to disgrace. 
2. To disguise ; to conceal ; to pass over lightly. 3. To 
cheat ; to trick. [72.] 4. (flfus.) To sing or perform in 
a smooth, gliding style. 5. {Print.) To blur ; to mackle. 

Slur, n. 1. A mark or stain ; hence, slight reproach 
or disgrace ; stigma ; reproachful intimation ; innuendo. 
2. A trick; an imp ositi on. [J2.] 3. {Mus.) A mark, 
thus l" v — ^ or x"" ""v], connecting notes on differ- 
ent degrees that are to be sung to the same syllable, or 
made in one continued breath on a wind instrument, or 
with one stroke with a bow ; a sign of legato. 

Slush (slush), n. [Cf. Sw. slaska to paddle in water, 
slash wet, filth.] 1. Soft mud. 2. A mixture of snow 
or ice and water ; sludge. 3. A greasy mixture, for lu- 
brication. 4. Refuse grease and fat collected in cooking. 
5. (Mach.) A mixture of white lead and lime, for cover- 
ing the bright parts of machines. 

Slush (slush), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slushed (slusht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Slushing.] To smear or cover with slush. 

Slush'y (-y), a. Abounding in, or full of, slush. 

Slut (slut), n. [OE. slutte; origin uncertain.] 1. An 
untidy woman ; a slattern. 2. A female dog ; a bitch. 

Slut'ter-y (slut'ter-jr), n. Sluttishness. 

Slut'tish (-tish), a. Like a slut ; untidy ; indecently 
negligent of cleanliness ; disorderly ; slatternly. — Slut'- 
tlsh-ly, adv. — Slut'tish-ness, n. 

Sly (sli), a. [Compar. Slter (-er) or Slyer ; superl. 
Sliest or Slyest.] [OE. sli, slegh, sleih, Icel. slsegr, for 
shfjjr ; akin to G. schlau. Cf. Sleight.] 1. Dexterous 
in performing an action, so as to escape notice ; nimble ; 
skillful ; cautious ; shrewd ; knowing ; — in a good sense. 
2. Artfully cunning; secretly mischievous; wily. 3. 
Done with, or marked by, artful and dexterous secrecy ; 
subtle. — Slyly, adv. — Sly'ness. n. 

Sly goose (Zool.), the common sheldrake. 

Syn. — Cunning ; crafty ; subtile ; wily. See Cunning. 

SlyTlOOtS' (-bobts'), n. A sly, cunning, or waggish 
person. 

Slype (slip), n. [Cf. D. sluipen to sneak.] {Arch.) 
A narrow passage between two buildings. [Eng.~\ 

Smack (smak), n. [D. smak; akin to G. schmacke.] 
A small vessel, commonly rigged as a sloop, used chiefly 
in the coasting and fishing trade. 

Smack, n. [OE. smach, smak, AS. smsec taste, savor ; 
akin to G. %eschmack.~\ 1. Taste or flavor, esp. a slight 
taste or flavor ; savor. 2. A bit ; taste. 3. A loud kiss ; 
buss. 4. A sharp noise, as of the lips when suddenly sep- 
arated, or of a whip. 5. A quick, smart blow ; slap. 

Smack, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Smacked (smakt) ; p. pr. 
&- Pb. n. Smacking.] 1. To have a smack; to have a 
particular taste. 2. To have or exhibit indications of 



the presence of any character or quality. 3. To kiss 
with a sharp noise ; to buss. 4. To make a noise by the- 
separation of the lips or jaws after tasting anything. 

Smack (sniXk), v. t. 1. To kiss with a sharp noise ; 
to buss. 2. To open, as the lips, with a noise like that 
made in kissing, or after tasting. 3. To make a sharp 
noise with by striking ; to crack. 

Smacking, n. A sharp, quick noise ; a smack. 

Small (smal), a. [Compar. Smaller (-er) ; superl. 
Smallest.] [AS. smsel; akin to G. schmal narrow.] 1. 
Having little size, compared with other things of the same 
kind ; little in quantity or degree ; diminutive ; not great ; 
not much ; inconsiderable. 2. Being of slight conse- 
quence ; feeble in influence or importance ; trivial ; insig- 
nificant. 3. Evincing little worth or ability; sometimes, 
in reproach, paltry ; mean. 4. Not prolonged in dura- 
tion ; short. 5. Weak ; slender ; gentle ; not loud. 

Small arms, muskets, rifles, pistols, etc. , in distinction 
from cannon.— Small beer, weak beer.— Small stuff (Naut.), 
spun yarn, marline, and the smallest kinds of rope. — 
Small talk, trifling conversation ; chitchat. 

Small, n. 1. The small or slender part of a thing. 
2. pi. Smallclothes. [Colloq.] 

Small'age (-aj ; 48), n. [Small + F. ache smallage, 
fr. L. apium parsley.] (Bot.) A poisonous umbelliferous 
plant of Europe and Asia, which by cultivation becomes 
celery. 

Smallclothes' (-cloths'), n. pi. Breeches. 

Small'ness, n. Quality or state of being small. 

Small'pox' (-p5ks/), n. [Small -j- pox, pocks.] {Med.) 
A contagious, constitutional, febrile disease characterized 
by a peculiar pustular eruption ; variola. 

Smalt (smalt), n. [It. smalto,JAj. smallum; of Teu- 
tonic origin.' Cf. Smelt, v. t.~\ A deep blue vitreous 
substance made of cobalt, potash, and calcined quartz. 

Smalt 'ine (-in), 1 n. {Min.) A tin white or gray min- 

Smalt'ite (-it), J eral of metallic luster. It is an 
arsenide of cobalt, nickel, and iron. 

Sma-rag'dine (sma-rag'din), a. [L. smaragdinus, 
Gr. o-fjLapaySwos, fr. o-juapaySos emerald.] Of or pertain- 
ing to emerald ; resembling emerald. 

Sma-rag'dite (-dit), n. {Min.) A kind of amphibole 
having an emerald-green color. 

Smart (smart), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smarted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Smarting.] [OE. smerten,AB. smeortan; akin 
to G. schmerzen.] I. To feel a lively, pungent local pain ; 
— said of some part of the body as the seat of irritation. 
2. To feel a pungent pain of mind ; to feel sharp grief ; 
to feel the sting of evil. 

Smart, n. 1. Quick, pungent, lively pain ; a prick- 
ing local pain. 2. Severe pain of mind ; pungent grief. 

Smart (smart), a. [Compar. Smarter (-er) ; superl. 
Smartest.] 1. Causing a smart ; pungent ; pricking. 
2. Keen ; severe ; poignant. 3. Vigorous ; sharp. 4. 
Shrewd and active ; sharp ; clever. [Colloq.] 5. Effi- 
cient ; vigorous. 6. Marked by acuteness or shrewd- 
ness ; quick in suggestion or reply ; tart ; witty. 7. Preten- 
tious ; showy ; spruce. 8. Brisk ; fresh. — Smart'ly, 
adv. — Smart'ness, n. 

Smart money, (a) Money paid to buy off from some un- 
pleasant engagement or some painful situation, (b) (Mil.) 
Money allowed to soldiers or sailors, in the British service, 
for wounds and injuries received, (c) (Law) Vindictive 
or exemplary damages. 

Syn. —Acute ; quick ; lively ; brisk ; clever ; dashy ; 
showy. — Smart is frequently used in the U. S. of a person 
who is intelligent, vigorous, and active, coinciding nearly 
with the English use of clever. The nearest approach to 
this in England is in such expressions as, he was smart 
(pungent or witty) in his reply, etc. ; but smart, when ap- 
plied to persons, more commonly refers to dress. 

Smart'weeO 7 (-wed'), n. (Bot.) An acrid species of 
Polygonum. 

Smash (sm&sh), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Smashed 
(smSsht) ;p.pr.& vb. n. Smashing.] [Etym. uncertain.] 
To break in pieces by violence; to dash to pieces; to crush. 

Smash, n. A breaking to pieces ; wreck. 

Smash'er, n. One who, or that which, smashes. 

Smatch (sniSch), n. & v. Smack ; taste. [Obs.] 

Smat'ter (smSt'ter), v. i. [OE. smateren to make a 
noise; origin uncertain.] 1. To talk superficially or 
ignorantly ; to babble ; to chatter. 2. To have a super- 
ficial knowledge of anything; to smack. 

Smat'ter, v. t. 1. To talk superficially about. 2. To 
gain a slight taste or superficial knowledge of. 

Smat'ter, n. Superficial knowledge ; a smattering. 

Smat'ter-er (-er), n. One who has only a slight, su- 
perficial knowledge ; a sciolist. 

Smat'ter-ing, n. A superficial knowledge ; sciolism. 

Smear (smer), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Smeared (smerd) ; 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, e, i, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, a»k, all, final. 



SMEAR 



767 



SMOTE 



p.pr. & vb. n. Smearing.] [OE. smercn, smerien, AS. 
smierwan, smyrwan, fr. srneoru fat, grease ; akin to G. 
schmieren.] 1. To overspread with anything unctuous, 
viscous, or adhesive ; to daub. 2. To soil ; to pollute. 

Smear (siner), n. 1. A fat or oily substance ; oint- 
ment. 2. A spot made by, or as if by, an unctuous or 
adhesive substance ; blot or blotch ; daub ; stain. 

Smear'y (smer'J), a. Tending to smear ; viscous. 

Smec'tlte (smgk'tit), n. [From Gr. o-jutj/ctis a kind of 
fuller's earth.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of alumina, of 
a greenish color, sometimes appearing almost gelatinous. 

Smeir (smer), n. A salt glaze on pottery. 

Smell (smgl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smelled (smSld), 
Smelt (smelt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Smelling.] [OE. smellen, 
smillen, smullen ; cf. E. smolder.'] 1. To perceive by the 
olfactory nerves, or organs of smell ; to have a sensation 
of (anything), excited through the nasal organs ; to scent. 
2. To perceive, as if by the sense of smell ; to scent out. 

Smell, v. i. 1. To affect the olfactory nerves ; to 
have an odor or scent. 2. To smack particularly of any 
quality ; to savor. 3. To exercise the sense of smell. 
4. To exercise sagacity. 

Smell, n. (Physiol.) 1. The sense or faculty by 
which one smells anything. 2. The quality of anything, 
or emanation therefrom, which affects the olfactory 
organs ; odor ; scent ; fragrance ; perfume. 

Smell'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, smells. 

Smell'-feast' (-f est/), n. A parasite ; a sponger. 

Smelling, n. 1. Act of one who smells. 2. Sense 
of smell. 

Smelt (smelt), imp. &p. p. of Smell. 

Smelt, n. [AS. smelt, smylt.] 1. (Zo'ol.) Any one 
of numerous species of small silvery fishes, which, like 
salmon, ascend rivers to spawn. They are esteemed as 
food. 2. Fig. : A gull ; simpleton. [Obs.~] 

Smelt, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Smelted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Smelting.] [Of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. smalt.] 
(Metal.) To melt or fuse, as ore, in order to separate and 
refine the metal ; hence, to refine ; to flux or scorify. 

Smelt 'er, ». One who, or that which, smelts. 

Smelt'er-y (-f), n. A house or place for smelting. 

Smerk (smerk), n. & v. See Smirk. 

Smerk, Smerk'y, a. Smart ; smirk. [Obs.] 

Smew (sum), n. (a) A small, white-crested European 
merganser, (ft) The hooded merganser. [U.S.'] 

Smick'er (sinTk'er), v. i. [Akin to Sw. smiekra to 
flatter.] To look amorously or wantonly ; to smirk. 

Smick'er, a. Amorous; gay; spruce. [Obs.] 

Smift (smift), n. A fuse. 

Smi'lax '(smi'lSks), n. [L., bindweed, Gr. o>uAa£.] 
(Bot.) (a) A genus of climbing plants, usually with a 
prickly woody stem. (b) A delicate trailing plant 
(Myrsiphyllum asparagoides) much used for decoration. 

Smile (smil), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smiled (smild) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Smiling.] [OE. smilen ; akin to L. 
mirari to wonder at, Skr. smi to smile.] 1. To express 
amusement, pleasure, moderate joy, or love and kind- 
ness, by the features of the face. 2. To express slight 
contempt by a somewhat similar look, also implying sar- 
casm, pity, etc. ; to sneer. 3. To look gay and joyous. 
4. To be propitious ; to favor ; to countenance. 

Smile, v . t. To express or make by a smile. 

Smile, n. 1. Act of smiling ; the peculiar expression 
of the face of one who smiles. 2. Favor ; countenance ; 
propitiousness. 3. Gay or joyous appearance. 

Smil'er (smll'er), n. One who smiles. 

Smil'ing-ly, adv. In a smiling manner. 

Smin-thu'rid (smin-thu'rid), n. [Gr. <t/j.lvOo? a mouse 
-f- ovpa tail.] {Zo'ol.) Any one of numerous small spe- 
cies of springtails, — usually found on flowers. 

Smirch (smerch), v. t. [From root of Smear.] To 
soil by smearing ; to smutch ; to begrime ; to sully. 

Smirch (smerch), n. A smutch ; a dirty stain. 

Smirk (smerk), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Smirked (smerkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Smirking.] [AS. smercian, smearcian. 
See Smile, v. i.] To smile in an affected or conceited 
manner ; to smile with affected complaisance ; to simper. 

Smirk, n. A forced or affected smile ; a simper. 

Smirk, a. Smart ; spruce ; affected ; simpering. 

Smirk'ing-ly, adv. With smirking ; with a smirk. 

Smit (smi t), rare imp. & p. p. of Smite. 

Smite (smit), v. t. [imp. Smote (smot), rarely Smit 
(smit) ; p. p. Smitten (smTt't'n), rarely Smit, or Smote ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Smiting (smit'ing).] [AS. smitan to 
smite, to pollute ; akin to G. schmeissen.] 1. To strike ; 
to inflict a blow upon, esp. with the hand. 2. To cause 
to strike ; to drive with force. 3. To destroy the life of 
by beating, or with a weapon ; to slay ; to kill. 4. To 



put to rout in battle. 5. To blast ; to destroy. 6. To 
afflict ; to chasten ; to punish. 7. To strike or affect 
with passion, as love or fear. 

Smite (smit), v. i. To strike ; to collide ; to beat. 

Smite, n. The act of smiting ; a blow. 

Smit'er (smifer), n. One who smites. 

Smith (smith), n. [AS. smiS ; akin to G. schmied.] 
One who forges with the hammer ; a worker in metals. 

Smith'er (smitu'er), n. Light, fine rain ; also (pi.), 
fragments ; atoms. [Prov. Eng.] 

Smithereens' (-enz'), n. pi. Fragments. [Colloq.] 

Smith'er-y (smith'er-y), n. 1. The workshop of a 
smith ; a smithy or stithy. 2. Work done by a smith. 

Smith'y (-f), n. [AS. smiSSe.] The workshop of a 
smith, esp. a blacksmith ; smithery ; stithy. 

Smitt (smit), n. Fine clay or ocher made up into 
balls, used for marking sheep. [Eng.] 

Smit'ten (smlt't'n), ». p. of Smite. 

Smock (smok), n. [AS. smocc, fr. root of smugan to 
creep, akin to G. schmiegen to cling to, press close. Cf. 
Smug, Smuggle.] 1. A woman's under-garment ; shift ; 
chemise. 2. A blouse ; a smock frock. 

Smock mill, a windmill of which only the cap turns round. 

Smock, v. t. To clothe in a smock or smock frock. 

Smock' frock' (f r5k'). A coarse frock, or shirt, worn 
over the other dress. 

Smoke (smok), n. [AS. smoca, fr. smedcan to smoke ; 
akin to G. schmauch.] 1. The visible exhalation, vapor, 
or substance that escapes from a burning body. 2. That 
which resembles smoke ; vapor ; mist. 3. Anything un- 
substantial, as idle talk. 4. Act of smoking. [Colloq.] 

Smoke tree {Bot.), a shrub {Rhus Cotinus) which produces 
tangles of feathery pedicels looking like wreaths of smoke. 

Syn. — Fume ; reek ; vapor. 

Smoke, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smoked (smokt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Smoking.] 1. To emit smoke; to reek. 2. 
Hence, to burn ; to be kindled ; to rage. 3. To raise a 
dust or smoke by rapid motion. 4. To draw into the 
mouth the smoke of tobacco burning in a pipe or in the 
form of a cigar, cigarette, etc. 5. To suffer severely. 

Smoke, v. t. 1. To apply smoke to; to disinfect, 
to cure, etc., by smoke; to fill with smoke; hence, to 
fill with incense. 2. To smell out; to detect. 3. To 
inhale and puff out the smoke of, as tobacco. 4. To 
move or impel by subjecting to the action or annoyance 
of smoke. 

Smoke'jack' (-jak'), n. A contrivance for turning a 
spit by means of a fly or wheel moved by the current of 
ascending air in a chimney. 

Smok'er, n. 1. One who or that which smokes. 2. 
A smoking car or compartment. [U.S.] 

Smok'y (-y), a. [Compar. Smokier (-i-er) ; superl. 
Smokiest.] 1. Emitting "smoke, esp. profusely or offen- 
sively ; fumid. 2. Of the appearance or nature of smoke. 
3. Filled with, or as if with, smoke ; thick. 4. Subject 
to be filled with smoke, as from chimneys. 5. Tarnished 
or noisome with smoke. — Smok'i-ly, adv. — Smok'l- 
ness, n. 

Smol'der ) (smol'der), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Smoldered 

Smoul'der j (-derd) or Smouldered ; p.pr. &vb. n. 
Smoldering or Smouldering.] [OE. smolderen. Cf. 
Smell.] 1. To burn and smoke without flame ; to waste 
away by a slow and suppressed combustion. 2. To be 
in a state of smothered activity. 

Smol'der-ing-ness ) (smol'der-ing-nes), n. State 

Smoul'der-ing-ness } of smoldering. [color. I 

Smolt (smolt), n. A young salmon when of a silvery | 

Smooch (smooch or smouch), v. t. See Smutch. 

Smooth (smooth), a. [Compar. Smoother (-er) ; 
superl. Smoothest.] [AS. smetSe, smozSe ; of uncertain 
origin.] 1. Having an even surface ; having no rough- 
ness perceptible to the touch. 2. Evenly spread ; gently 
flowing ; not ruffled. 3. Flowing or uttered without 
check, obstruction, or hesitation ; not harsh ; even ; 
fluent. 4. Bland ; soothing ; flattering. 

Syn. — Plain; level; flat; polished; glossy; sleek; 
soft ; mild ; voluble ; adulatory ; deceptive. 

Smooth, n. 1. A smoothing. 2. That which is smooth. 

Smooth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smoothed (smoothd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Smoothing.] To make smooth. Specif.: 
(a) To make easy, (b) To make flowing, (c) To gloze. 

Smooth'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, smooths. 

Smooth'ly, adv. In a smooth manner. 

Smooth'ness, ». Quality or state of being smooth. 

II Smor-zan'dO (sm6r-tsan'do), ( a. [It.] (Mus.) 

II Smor-za'tO (sm6r-tsa't6), J Growing gradually 
fainter and softer ; dying away. 

Smote (smot), imp. (and rare p. p.) of Smite. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then. thin. 



N 



SMOTHER 



768 



SNATH 



'er (8niStii r er\ v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smothered 
hering.] [OE. smortherm ; 
akin to AS. lioiiail j 1. To destroy the life of by suffo- 
catiou : to deprive of the air necessary for life ; to suffo- 
cate. 2. To affect as by suffocation ; to stifle. 3. Hence, 
to repress : to cover from public view ; to suppress. 

Smoth'er. i . i. To be suffocated or stilled. 

Smoth'er. n. Stifling smoke ; thick dust. 

Smoth'er -y ^_-J-\ a. Tending to smother ; Stirling. 

Smouch (.smooch or smouch), v. & n. See Smutch. 

Smoul'der t^smol'der), v. i. See Smoldek. 

Smudge (.srnuj), n. [Cf. E. smutch, or smoke.] 1. A 
suffocating smoke. 2. A smoking mass used to keep off 
insects. [U.S.] 3. A smutch ; smear. 

Smudge, t . /• limp. & p. p. Smudged (smujd) ; p. pr. 
S: vb. n. Smudging.] To stifle or affect with a smudge. 

Smudg'i-ness. n. Quality of being smudged. 

Smug (.sniiig), a. [Of Scand. or Low German origin. 
Cf. Smock.] Studiously neat or nice ; spruce ; prim. 

Smug, v. t. To make smug, or spruce. [06s.] 

Smug'gle (-g'l), v. t. & i. \_imp. & p. p. Smuggled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Smuggling (-gling).] [Of Low 
German or Scand. origin. Cf. Smock.] 1. To import or 
export secretly, contrary to the law, or without paying 
duty. 2. Fig. : To convey or introduce clandestinely. 

Smug'gler. n. 1. One who smuggles. 2. A Teasel 
employed in smuggling. 

Smut (smut), n. [Akin to G. schmutz.] 1. Foul mat- 
ter, like soot or coal dust ; also, a spot or soil made by 
such matter. 2. (Bot.) An affection of cereal grains 
caused by parasitic fuDgi, and finally producing a pow- 
dery sooty mass. 3. Obscene language ; obscenity. 

Smut (smut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smutted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Smutting.] 1. To affect, stain, or taint with smut. 
2. To clear of smut. 

Smut, r. i. 1. To gather smut ; to become smutted. 
2. To give off smut ; to crock. 

Smutch (smuch), n. A stain ; dirty spot ; smouch. 

Smutch, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Smutched (smucht) ; p.pr. 
& ib. 72. Smutching.] To blacken with smoke, soot, etc. 

Smut'ty (smut't^), a. [Compar. Smuttier (-tT-er) ; 
superl. Smuttiest.] Affected or tainted with smut. — 
Smut'ti-ly (-ti-ly), adv. — Smut'ti-ness, n. 

Snack (snak:), n. [See Snatch, v. t.] A share ; a 
part ; — obs., except in the colloquial phrase, to go s?iacks, 
i. e., to share. 

Snac'Ot (snSk'ot), n. [Origin uncertain.] A species 
of pipefish. 

Snai'fle (snSf'f'l), n. [D. snavel snout ; akin to G. 
schnabel, and to E. snap, v.] A kind of bridle bit, with 
a joint in the part to be placed in the mouth, but no curb. 

Snai'fle. v. t. [imp. &p. p. Snaffled (-fid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Snaffling (-fling).] To put a snaffle in the 
mouth of ; to subject to the snaffle ; to bridle. 

Snag (snag), n. [Of Celtic origin.] 1. A stump of a 
branch that has been lopped off ; a sharp or rough branch ; 
knot ; protuberance. 2. A projecting tooth ; contempt- 
uously, a broken or decayed tooth. 3. A tree or a branch, 
fixed in the bottom of a navigable water, and projecting 
up so as to be dangerous to navigation. [U. S.] 4. 
[Zool.) A secondary branch of an antler. 

Snag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snagged (snSgd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Snagging.] To injure or destroy by a snag. [U. S.] 

Snag'ged (-gSd), a. Full of snags ; snaggy. 

Snag'gy (-g^), a. Full of snags. 

Snail (snal), n. [AS. snsegel, sneyl, snsegl ; akin to 
G. schnecke.] 1. {Zool.) (a) 
Any one of numerous species 
of terrestrial, air-breathing gas- 
tropods belonging to the genus 
Helix and many allied genera 
of the family Helicidae ; a land 
snail, (b) Any gastropod hav- 
ing a general resemblance to the true snails, either fresh- 
water or marine. 2. Hence, a drone ; a slow-moving per- 
son or thing. 3. (Bot.) The pod of a snail clover. 

'Snails (snalz). God's nails, or His nails, i. e., those 
with which Christ was nailed to the cross ; — an obs. oath. 

Snake -(snak), n. [AS. snaca ; akin to LG. snake, 
schnake.] Any species of reptile of the order Ophidia ; 
an ophidian ; a serpent, whether harmless or venomous. 
See Ophidia, and Serpent. Snakes are abundant in all 
warm countries, and most of them are harmless to man. 

Snake, v. I. [imp. &p. p. Snaked (snakt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Snaking.] 1. To drag or draw, as a snake from a 
hole. [Colloq. U. S.] 2. (Xaut.) To wind round spi- 
rally, as a large rope with a smaller, or with cord. 
SnakeTjlrd' (-herd'), n. (Zool.) 1. Any one of four 




Snail (1, a) Ofacrocyclis 
concava). 




American Snakebird 
(Anhinga anhinga). 



species of aquatic birds of the genus Anhinga or Plotus. 
2. The wryneck. [snake-bird, 1. 1 

Snake'neck (snak'ngk'), n. (Zool.) The 
Snake 'root (-roof), n. (Bot.) Any one 
of several different plants, mostly reputed, 
now or formerly, to be remedies for 
snake bites. 
Snake'stone (suak'ston'), n. 
A kind of whetstone. 2. (Paleon.) 
An ammonite ; — from its form. 
Snake' s'-tongue 7 (snaks'- 
tung'), n. Adder's-tongue. 

Snake'weed 7 (snak'wed), 
n. (Bot.) (a) A kind of knot- 
weed, (b) A kind of suakeroot. 
Snak'y (-y), a. 1. Of or per- 
taining to a snake or snakes ; 
resembling a snake ; serpentine ; winding. 2. Sly ; cun- 
ning ; insinuating. 3. Covered with serpents. 

Snap (snSp), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Snapped (snapt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Snapping.] [LG. or D. snappen to snap 
up; akin to G. schnappen.'] 1. To break at once; to 
break short, as substances that are brittle. 2. To strike 
with a sharp sound. 3. To seize suddenly or catch eagerly, 
esp. with the teeth. 4. To catch up with, or speak with, 
harsh, angry words ; to treat or act snappishly. 5. To 
crack ; to cause to make a sharp noise. 

Snap, n. 1. A snapping. 2. A sharp, abrupt sound. 
3. Something snapped up ; hence, bite ; morsel. 4. A 
sudden severe interval ; — applied to the weather. 5. A 
small catch or fastening as of a bracelet. 6. A thin, 
crisp cake, usually flavored with ginger. 

Snap'drag on (-drag'un), n. 1. (Bot.) Any plant of 
the genus Antirrhinum, esp. the cultivated A. majus, 
whose showy flowers are fancifully likened to the face 
of a dragon. 2. A play in which raisins are snatched 
from a vessel containing burning brandy, and eaten ; 
also, that which is so eaten. 

Snap'per (-per), n. One that snaps ; specif. : (Zool.) 
(a) A large sparoid food fish abundant on the southern 
coasts of the United States, (b) A snapping turtle. 

Snap'ping (snSp'ping), a. & n. from Snap, v. 

Snapping turtle (Zool.), a large and voracious fresh- 
water turtle of the United States;— so called from its 
habit of seizing its prey with a quick snap of its jaws. 

Snap'pish (-pish), a. 1. Apt to snap. 2. Sharp in 
reply ; apt to speak angrily ; testy ; tart. — Snap'pish- 
ly, adv. — Snap'pish-ness. n. [Impatiens. I 

Snap'weed' (-wed'), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus| 

Snar (snar), v. i. [Akmto s?iore.~\ To snarl. [Obs.] 

Snare (snSr), n. [AS. snear a cord ; akin to G. schnur.] 
1. A contrivance, esp. a noose of cord, by which an animal 
may be entangled and caught ; trap ; gin. 2. Hence, any- 
thing by which one is entangled and brought into trouble. 
3. The string stretched across the lower head of a small 
drum to increase its resonance. 

Snare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snared (snSrd); p. pr. 
& vb. n. Snaring.] To catch with a snare ; to entangle ; 
to bring into unexpected evil, perplexity, or danger. 

Snar'er (-er), n. One who lays snares, or entraps. 

Snarl (snarl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snarled (snarld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Snarling.] [Etym. uncertain.] To form 
raised work upon by the use of a snarling iron. 

Snarl, v. t. 1. To entangle ; to complicate. 2. To 
embarrass ; to insnare. 

Snarl, n. A knot or tangle, as of hair, thread, etc., 
difficult to disentangle ; hence, embarrassing difficulty. 

Snarl, v. i. [From Snar.] 1. To growl, as an angry 
dog ; to gnarl. 2. To speak crossly, or in surly terms. 

Snarl, n. Act of snarling ; a growl. 

Snarl'er. n. One who snarls. 

Snarling, a. & n. from Snarl, v. 

Snarling iron, a tool used in making raised work in thin 
metal, — one end being held in a vise, and the shank being 
struck with a hammer. 

Snatch (sna"ch), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Snatched 
(snacht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Snatching.] [OE. snacchen, 
snecchen; akin to D. snakken to gasp, long (for). Cf. 
Snack, n.~\ 1. To take or seize hastily, abruptly, or with- 
out permission or ceremony. 2. To seize and transport. 

Syn. — To twitch ; pluck ; grab ; catch ; grasp ; gripe. 

Snatch, v. i. To make a quick grab. 

Snatch, n. 1. A hasty seizing : grab ; attempt to seize 
suddenly. 2. A short period of vigorous action. 3. A 
small piece, fragment, or quantity ; scrap. 

Snatch'er (-er), n. One who snatches. 

Snath (snSth), n. [Cf. AS. sntSan to cut. to mow, 
snied a bite, snip.] The handle of a scythe ; 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, J, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6 bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SNEAD 



769 



SNOWFLAKE 



Snead (sned), n. A snath. 

Sneak (snek), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneaked (snekt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sneaking.] [OE. sniken, AS. snican.] 

1. To creep or steal (away or about) privately. 2. To 
act in a stealthy and cowardly manner ; to behave with 
meanness and servility. — Sneak'er (-er), n. 

Sneak, n. A mean, sneaking fellow. 

Sneak'ing, a. Marked by cowardly concealment ; 
deficient in openness and courage ; underhand ; mean ; 
crouching. — Sneak'ing-ly, adv. — Sneak'ing ness, n. 

Sneak'y (snek'^), a. Like a sneak ; sneaking. 

Sneap (snep), v . t. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To check ; 
to chide. [06s.] 2. To nip ; to blight. [06s.] 

Sneap, n. A reprimand ; a rebuke. [06s.] 

Sneath (sneth), Sneathe (sneth), n. A snath. 

Sneb (sngb), v. t. To reprimand ; to sneap. [06s.] 

Sneck (snek), v. t. [See Snatch.] To keep shut by 
a latch ; to latch, as a door. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 

Sneer (sner), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneered (snerd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sneering.] [Dan. snserre to snarl or grin 
(like a dog). See Snore, v. *.] 1. To show contempt by 
turning up the nose, or by a particular facial expression. 

2. To insinuate contempt by a covert expression. 
Syn. — To scoff ; gibe ; jeer. — To sneer implies to ex- 
press contempt covertly. To jeer is stronger, and denotes 
severe sarcasm. To scoff is stronger still, implying inso- 
lent mockery and derision. 

Sneer, v. t. 1. To utter with a grimace or contempt- 
uous expression. 2. To affect or move by sneers. 

Sneer, n. 1. Act of sneering. 2. A look of con- 
tempt ; an indirect expression of contempt. 

Sneer'er (-er), n. One who sneers. 

Sneer'ing-ly, adv. In a sneering manner. 

Sneeze (snez), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneezed (snezd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sneezing.] [OE. snesen; of uncertain 
origin.] To emit air, chiefly through the nose, audibly 
and violently, by a kind of involuntary convulsion, occa- 
sioned by irritation of the inner membrane of the nose. 

Sneeze, n. Act of sneezing. 

Snell (snel), a. [AS. snell.] Active ; brisk ; nimble ; 
sharp. [Archaic or Prov.'] 

Snell, n. A short line, as of horsehair or gut, by which 
a fishhook is attached to a longer line. 

Snib (snib), v. & n. [OE. snibben.~\ Sneap. [Obs.~\ 

Snick (snlk), n. [Cf. Icel. snikka to nick.] 1. A 
nick or snip. 2. (Cricket) A tip of the ball. 

Snick, v. t. 1. To cut slightly ; to strike, or strike 
off, as by cutting. 2. (Cricket) To hit (a ball) lightly. 

Snick'er (smk'er), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snickered 
(-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Snickering.] [Etym. uncertain.] 
1. To laugh slyly, or in one's sleeve. 2- To laugh with au- 
dible catches, as in attempting to suppress loud laughter. 

Snick'er, n. A half suppressed, broken laugh. 

Sniff (snif), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snipped (snift) or 
Sntft ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sniffing.] [OE. sneven; akin to 



snuff.! To draw air audibly up the nose ; to snuff 
Iniff 



2. To 



Sniff, v. t. 1. To inhale through the nose, 
perceive as by sniffing ; to scent ; to smell. 

Sniff, n. The act of sniffing ; perception by sniffing. 

Sniffle (snif'f'l), v. i. To snuffle. [Prov. Eng.~\ 

Snift (snift), v. i. [From Sniff.] 1. To snort. [06s.] 
2. To sniff ; to snuff ; to smell. 

Sniffing, a. & n. from Snift. 

Snifting valve, a small escape valve for air. 

Snig'ger (snig'ger), v. i. & n. See Snicker. 

Snig'gle (-g'l), v. i. [Prov. E. snig an eel.] To fish 
for eels by thrusting the baited hook into their holes. 

Snip (snip), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snipped (snTpt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Snipping.] [D. snippen ; akin to G. schnip- 
pen.] To cut off the tip or neb of ; to clip off at once, 
as with scissors ; to nip ; to snatch away. 

Snip, n. A single cut, as with scissors ; clip ; bit. 

Snipe (snip), n. [OE. snipe; akin to G. schnepfe.] 
1. (Zool.) Any one of 
numerous species of 
limicoline game birds 
of the family Scolopaci- 
dse. [See Illust. of Jack- 
snipe.] 2. A fool ; a block- 
head. [R.] 

Snipe'fish' (-fish'), n. 
(Zool.) (a) The bellows 
fish, (6) A long, slender 
species of deep-sea fish, 
with a slender beak. 

Snip'per (smp'per), n. 
One who snips. 

Snip'pet (snip'pet), n. A small piece. 




American, or Wilson's, Snipe 
( Gallinago delicatd). 

Snlp / pet-y, a. 



Snlv'el (snTv"l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sniveled (-'Id) 
or Snivelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sniveling or Snivelling.] 
[Freq. fr. OE. sneven. See Sniff.] 1. To run at the nose. 
2. To make a snuffling noise ; to whimper with snuffling. 

Snlv'el, n. Mucus from the nose ; snot. 

Sniv'el-er (-er), n. One who snivels. 

Snob (snfib), n. [Icel. snapr a dolt, impostor, charla- 
tan. Cf. Snub.] 1. A vulgar person who affects gentil- 
ity or social or moral superiority ; a person vulgarly pre- 
tentious ; vulgar upstart. 2. A scab workman ; a rat. 

Snob'ber-y (-ber-f), n. Quality of being snobbish. 

Snob'bish (-blsh), a. Of or pert, to a snob ; befitting 
a snob. — Snob'bish-ly , adv. — Snob'bish ness, n. 

Snood (snood), n. [AS. snod. Cf. Snare.] 1. A 
fillet binding a maiden's hair. 2. A snell ; a leader. 

Snook (snook), v.i. [Etym. uncert.] To lurk. [06s.] 

Snook, n. [D. snoek.~\ (Zool.) (a) A large percU- 
like marine food fish. (6) The garfish. 

Snooze (snooz), n. [Scot, snooze to sleep; cf. Dan. 
& Sw. snus snuff.] A short sleep ; a nap. [Colloq.] 

Snooze, v._i. To doze ; to drowse. [Colloq.] 

Snoro (snor), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Snored (snord) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Snoring.] [OE. snoren, fr. AS. snora a snor- 
ing ; akin to G. schnarchen to snore, and E. snar.~\ To 
breathe with a rough, hoarse, nasal voice in sleep. 

Snore, n. A harsh nasal noise made in sleep. 

Snor'er, n. One who snores. 

Snort (snSrt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snorted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Snorting.] [OE. snorten; akin to E. snore] 1. 
To force the air with violence through the nose, so as to 
make a noise, as do spirited horses. 2. To snore. [R.] 

Snort, v . t. To expel or utter with a snort. 

Snort, n. Act of, or sound produced in, snorting. 

Snorf er (-er), n. One who snorts. 

Snot (sn5t), n. [AS. snot; akin to E. snout.] Mucus 
secreted in, or discharged from, the nose. [Low] 

Snofter, n. [Etym. uncertain.] (Naut.) A certain 
rope going over a yardarm in a vessel of war ; also, a 
short line in a small boat. 

Snout (snout), n. [OE. snoute ; origin uncertain.] 1. 
The long, projecting nose of a beast, as of swine. 2. The 
nose of a man ; — in contempt. 3. The nozzle of a pipe, 
hose, etc. 4. (Zool.) An anterior prolongation of the 
head, as of a gastropod or of weevils and allied beetles. 

Snout, v. t. To furnish with a nozzle or point. 

Snow (sno), n. [LG-. snaue, or D. snaauw.] (Naut.) 
A square-rigged vessel, differing from a brig only in hav- 
ing a trysail mast close abaft the mainmast. 

Snow, n. [AS. sndw ; akin to G. schnee, L. nix, nivis, 
Gr. ace. vfya.] 1. Watery par- 
ticles congealed into white or 
transparent crystals or flakes 
in the air, and falling to the 
earth. 2. Fig. : Something white 
like snow, as the white color (ar- 
gent) in heraldry ; something 
which falls in, or as if in, flakes. 

Snow bunting. (Zool.) See 
Snowbird (a). — Snow cock (Zo- 
ol.), the snow pheasant. — Snow 
flower (Bot.), the fringe tree. — 
Snow leopard (Zool.), the ounce. 
— Snow pheasant (Zool.), any one 
of several species of large, handsome gallinaceous birds, 
native of the lofty mountains of Asia. — Snow plant (Bot.), 
a fleshy parasitic herb growing in the coniferous forests 
of California. 

Snow, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Snowing.] To fall in or as snow ; — chiefly imperson- 
ally, [as if with, snow. I 

Snow, v. I. To scatter like snow ; to cover with, or | 

Snow'balf (-baF), n. 1. A ball of snow, or anything 
resembling such a'mass. 2. (Bot.) The Guelder-rose. 

Snow'balf, v. t. To pelt with snowballs ; to throw 
snowballs at. 

Snow'ber'ry (-bSr'ry), n. (Bot.) Any one of several 
shrubs bearing white berries. 

Snow'bird (-berd), n. (Zool.) (a) An arctic finch 
common, in winter, in Europe and the U. S. (6) Any 
finch of the genus Junco which appears in winter time. 

Snow'-Dlind / (-blind'), a. Affected with blindness 
by the brilliancy of snow. — Snow'-blind ness, n. 

Snow'driff (-drift'), n. A bank of drifted snow. 

Snow'drop' (-dr5p0, n- (Bot.) A bulbous plant bear- 
ing white flowers, which often appear while the snow is 
on the ground. 

Snow'flake' (-flak'), n. 1. A flake, or small filmy 
mass, of snow. 2. (Bot.) Any one of several bulbous 
plants of the genus Leucoium, resembling the snowdrop. 




Snow Crystals. 



f Srn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
*49 



N 



SNOWSHOE 



770 



SOCIALISTIC 



Snowshoe. 



Snow'shoe i^sno'shoo ), ». A slight frame of wood 
three or lour feet long; with thongs stretched across it, for 
use la walking on soft snow. 

Snow'y ^-y\ a. 1. White 
like snow. 2. Abounding with 
snow . 3. Pig. : Pure ; spotless. 

Snub (snub), v. t. {imp. & 
Smobbbd (snttbdV; />. pr. 
& ib. n. Snubbing.] [Prob. of Teutonic origin, and akin 
I '.] 1. To clip or break off the end of ; to nip. 
2. To check or rebuke, with a tart, sarcastic remark. 3. 
To slight designedly. 

To snub a cable or rope (Naut.), to check it suddenly in 
r mining out. 

Snub, n. 1. A knot ; a snag. [06s.] 2. A check 
or rebuke ; an intended slight. 

Snub nose, a short or flat nose. — Snub post, or Snubbing 
post (So ut.), a post on a dock or shore, around which a 
rope is thrown to check the motion of a vessel. 

Snuff (snuf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snuffed (snuft) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Snuffing.] [OE. snuffen. See Snuff 
to sniff.] To crop the snuff of, as a caudle. 

Snuff (snuf), n. The charred part of a candle wick, 
whether burning or not. 

Snuff (snuf), v. t. [Akin to G. schnupfen a cold in the 
head, schnuppen to snuff (air), also, to snuff (a candle).] 
1. To draw in, or to inhale, forcibly through the nose ; to 
sniff. 2. To perceive by the nose ; to scent ; to smell. 

Snuff, r. i. 1. To inhale air through the nose vio- 
leutly or noisily. 2. To turn up the nose and inhale air, 
as an expression of contempt ; hence, to take offense. 

Snuff, n. 1. A snuffing ; a sniff . 2. Pulverized tobacco, 
etc., prepared to be taken into the nose ; also, the amount 
taken at once. 3. Resentment or contempt. [06s.] 

To take it in snuff, to be angry. — Up to snuff, not likely 
to be imposed upon ; knowing. [Slang] 

Snuffer (snuffer), n. 1. One who snuffs. 2. pi. An 
instrument for snuffing a candle. 

Snuffle (-f'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snuffled (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Snuffling.] [Freq. of Snuff.] To speak 
through the nose ; to breathe through the nose when it 
is obstructed, so as to make a broken sound. ■ 

Snuf 'fie. n. 1. Act of snuffling; a sound made in 
snuffling. 2. An affected nasal twang ; hence, cant. 

Snuf 'f ler , n. One who snuffles ; one who uses cant. 

Snuffy (-y), a. 1. Soiled with snuff. 2. Sulky; 
angry. [06s. or Archaic] 

Snug (snug), a. [Compar. Sntjggeb (-ger) ; superl. 
Snuggest (-ggst).] [Prov. E. snug tight, handsome ; cf. 
Icel. sn'oggr smooth.] 1. Close and warm. 2- Close ; 
concealed. 3. Compact, convenient, and comfortable. 

Snug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snugged (snugd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Snugging (-gxng).] To lie snug ; to snuggle. 

Snug, v. t. To smooth by rubbing, as a rope. 

Snug'gle (-g'l), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Snuggled (-g'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Snuggling (-glTng).] [Freq. of Snug.] 
To move one way and the other so as to get a close place ; 
to lie close for comfort ; to cuddle ; to nestle. 

Snugly, adv. In a snug manner ; closely ; safely. 

Snug'ness, n. The quality or state of being snug. 

Sny (sni), n. Upward bend ; sheer of a vessel. 

So (so), adv. [OE. so, sa, swa, AS. swa; akin to G. 
so. Cf. Such.] 1. In that manner or degree ; as indi- 
cated (in any way), or as implied, or as supposed to be 
known. 2. In like manner or degree ; in the same way ; 
thus ; for like reason ; with equal reason ; — used correl- 
atively, following as. 3. In such manner ; to such de- 
gree ; — used correlatively with as or that following. 
4. Very ; in a high degree ; that is, in a degree not 
easily expressed. 5. In the same manner ; in this or 
that condition or way ; under these circumstances ; — 
with reflex reference to something just asserted or im- 
plied; used also with the verb to be, as a predicate. 
6. Therefore ; for this reason ; on these terms ; — used 
both as an adverb and a conjunction. 7. It is well ; so 
be it ; — used to express assent. 8. Well ; the fact be- 
ing as stated ; — used as an expletive. 9. Is it thus ? 
truly? [Colloq.] 10. About the number, time, or 
quantity specified ; thereabouts ; more or less. 

So far forth, as far ; to such a degree. — So forth, further 
in the same or similar manner. See And so forth, under 
And. — So so, moderately or tolerably well ; passably. 

So, conj. Provided that ; on condition that ; if. 

Soak (sok), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Soaked (sokt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Soaking.] [AS. socian, fr. sucan, sugan, to 
suck. See Suck.] 1. To cause or suffer to lie in a fluid 
till the substance has imbibed what it can contain ; to 
macerate ; to steep. 2. To drench ; to wet thoroughly. 
3. To draw in by the pores, or through small passages. 



Soak (sok), v. i. 1. To lie steeping in a liquid ; to be- 
come saturated. 2. To penetrate by pores or interstices. 

Soak'age (-&J ; 4S), n. Act of soaking ; also, the 
quantity that enters or issues by soaking. 

Soak'er (-er), n. One that soaks. 

Soap (sop), n. [OE. sope, AS. sape ; akin to G. seife.] 
A compound of fats or oils and alkalies soluble in water, 
and used as a cleansing agent. 

Soft soap, soap of a slimy, jellylike consistency, made 
from potash or the lye from wood ashes. 

Soap (sop), v. t. To rub or wash over with soap. 

Soap'i-ness (-T-nes), n. Quality or state of being soapy. 

Soap'stone' (-st5n'), n. See Steatite, and Talc. 

Soap'worf (-wGrt'), n. (Bot.) A common plant 
(Saponaria officinalis) of the Pink family, whose bruised 
leaves make a lather with water. 

Soap'y, a. Resembling, or smeared with, soap. 

Soar (sor), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Soared (sord) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Soaring.] [F. s'essorer to soar, essorer to dry 
(by exposing to the air), fr. L. ex out + aura air.] 1. To 
fly aloft, as a bird ; to mount upward on, or as if on, 
wings. 2. To rise in thought, spirits, or imagination. 

Soar, n. Act of soaring ; upward flight. 

Soar, a. See Sore, reddish brown. 

II So-a've (so-ii'va), a. [It.] (Mus.) Sweet. 

Sob (sob), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sobbed (sobd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sobbing.] [OE. sobben; akin to AS. se6fian, 
sidfian, to complain, bewail.] To sigh with a sudden 
heaving of the breast, or with a kind of convulsive motion. 

Sob, n. A sobbing ; convulsive sigh ; sorrowful cry. 

So'ber (so'ber), a. [Compar. Soberer (-er) ; superl. 
Soberest.] [F. sobre, fr. L. sobrius.] 1. Temperate in 
the use of spirituous liquors ; habitually temperate. 2. 
Not intoxicated or excited by spirituous liquors. 3. Not 
mad ; not visionary or heated with passion ; dispassion- 
ate ; self-controlled ; self-possessed. 4. Not proceeding 
from, or attended with, passion; calm. 5. Serious or 
subdued in demeanor or appearance ; solemn ; sedate. — 
SoTfter-ly, adv. — So'ber ness, n. 

Syn. — Abstinent ; abstemious ; moderate ; regular ; 
steady ; quiet ; cool ; collected ; staid ; somber. See Grave. 

So'ber, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Sobered (so'berd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sobering.] To make or become sober. 

So'ber-minded (-mind'ed), a. Having a disposition 
or temper habitually sober. — So'ber- mind' ed-ness, n. 

Sob'o-les (s5b'o-lez), n. [L.] (Bot.) (a) An under- 
ground shoot, forming new plants at intervals. (6) A 
sucker. [sober. I 

So-bri'e-ty (so-bri'e-ty), n. Quality or state of being| 

II So'bri'quet' (so'bre'ka'), n. [F. sobriquet, fr. OF. 
soubriquet a chuck under the chin, an affront, a nick- 
name.] An assumed name ; a nickname. 

Soc (sok), n. [AS. soc, prop., right of investigating; 
akin to E. sake, seek.] 1. (0. Eng. Law) (a) The lord's 
power or privilege of holding a court. (6) Liberty or 
privilege of tenants excused from customary burdens. 
2. An exclusive privilege formerly belonging to millers 
of grinding all the grain used within the manor or 
township in which the mill stood. [Eng.] 

Soc'age(-aj ; 48), n. (O. Eng. Law) A tenure of lands 
and tenements by a certain or determinate service, — dis- 
tinct from chivalry or knight's service. 

So'cia-ble (so'sha-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. sociabilis, fr. 
sociare to associate, f r. socius companion. See Social.] 1. 
Capable of uniting ; associable. [R.] 2. Inclined to, or 
adapted for, society ; fond of companions. 3. Ready to 
converse ; inclined to talk with others. 4. Suited for, or 
characterized by, much conversation. — Socia-bll'i-ty 
(-bTl'i-ty), So'cia-ble-ness, n. — So'cia-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Social ; companionable ; friendly ; familiar ; 
communicative ; accessible. 

So'cia-ble, n. A gathering for social purposes. [U. S.] 

So'cial (so'shal), a. [L. socialis, fr. socius a compan- 
ion ; akin to E. sue to follow.] 1. Of or pert, to society ; 
relating to men living in society, or the public as a body. 
2. Ready or disposed to mix in friendly converse. 3. 
Consisting in union or mutual intercourse. 4. (Bot.) Nat- 
urally growing in groups or masses. 5. (Zo'dl.) (a) Liv- 
ing in communities of males, females, and neuters, as do 
ants and bees, (b) Forming compound groups or colo- 
nies by budding from basal processes or stolons. 

Social science, sociology. 

Syn. — Sociable ; familiar; convivial; festive. 

So'cial-ism (-Tz'm), n. A theory or system of social 
reform which contemplates a reconstruction of society, 
with a more just and equitable distribution of property 
and labor. Often loosely, any lawless, revolutionary so- 
cial scheme. — So'cial-is'tic (-is'tik), a. 

So'cial-iSt, n. One who advocates socialism. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, £ vent, tdea, 6 bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SOCIALITY 



771 



SOL 



So / ci-al'i-ty (so'shl-Sll-ty), n. Socialness. 

So'cial-ize (so'sh'/l-Iz), v. t. 1. To render social. 2. 
To subject to, or regulate by, socialism. 

So/clal-ly, adv. In a social manner ; sociably. 

So'cial-ness, n. Quality or state of being social. 

So-cie-ta'ri-an (so-sI'e-ta'n-«n), a. Social. 

So-ci'e-ty (so-si'e-ty), n. [L. societas, fr. socius com- 
panion. See Social.] 1. Companionship ; fellowship ; 
eompany. 2. Connection ; participation ; partnership. 
[i2.] 3. A number of persons associated for any tempo- 
rary or permanent object ; association ; partnership. 
4. The persons, collectively, who live in any region 
or at an period, or who are united together by a com- 
mon bond. Specif., the more cultivated portion of any 
community in its social relations and influences. 

Society of Jesus. See Jesuit. 

So-cin'i-an (so-stn'T-an), a. Of, or pertaining or ad- 
hering to, Socinus, or Socinianism. — So-cin'i-an, n. 

So-cin'i-an-ism(-Tz'm), n. (Eccl. Hist.)The doctrines 
of Faustus Socinus, an Italian theologian of the 16th cen- 
tury, who denied the Trinity, Christ's deity, the Devil's 
personality, man's native and total depravity, the vica- 
rious atonement, and the eternity of future punishment. 

So ci-0-lOg'ic (so'shT-o-loj'ik), ) a. Of or pert, to so- 

So ci-o-log'ic-al (-Y-kal), J ciology. — Soci-o- 

log'ic-al-ly, adv . — So'ci-ol'o-gist (-5l'6-jlst), n. 

SVci-ol'O-gy (-ol'o-jy), n. [L. socius companion -f- 
-logy.'] The philosophy of the constitution, phenomena, 
and development of human society ; social science. 

Sock (s5k), n. [AS. soce, fr. L. soccus a kind of low- 
heeled, light shoe.] 1. The shoe worn by actors of 
comedy in ancient Greece and Rome, — used as a symbol 
of comedy. Cf. Buskin. 2. A stocking with a short leg. 

Sock'et (sok'et), n. [Dim. through OF. fr. L. soccus. 
See Sock.] 1. An opening into which anything is fitted ; 
a hollow place to receive and hold something. 2. Specif. , 
the hole for a candle in the candlestick. 

Steele (so'k'l or s5k"l), n. [F., fr. L. socculus, dim. 
of soccus. See Sock.] (Arch.) (a) A plain block or 
plinth forming a low pedestal ; any base. See Plinth. 
(b) A plain face or plinth at the lower part of a wall. 

Soc'man (sok'man), n. (0. Eng. Law) One who 
holds lands or tenements by socage. 

So-crat'ic (s6-krSt'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to Soc- 

So-crat'ic-al (-I-kal), j rates, the Grecian sage 
and teacher (b. c. 469-399), or to his manner of teaching 
and philosophizing, i. e., by a series of questions leading 
to the desired result. — So-crat/ic-al-ly, adv. 

Sod (sSd), ra. [Akin to E. seethe. So named from its 
sodden state in wet weather. ] Surface soil which is filled 
with the roots of grass ; turf ; sward. 

Sod, v. t. limp. &p. p. Sodded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sod- 
ding.] To cover with sod ; to turf. 

So'da (so'da), n. [It., soda, in Olt., ashes used in 
making glass, fr. L. solida, fern, of solidus solid ; solida 
having probably been a name of glasswort. See Solid.] 
(Chem.) (a) Sodium oxide or hydroxide. (b) Popularly, 
sodium carbonate or bicarbonate. 

Soda water, originally, a beverage consisting of a weak 
solution of sodium bicarbonate, with some acid to cause 
effervescence ; now, commonly, a beverage consisting of 
water highly charged with carbon dioxide (carbonic acid). 

So-dal'i-ty (s6-d51'T-tJ-), n. [L. sodalitas, fr. sodalis 
a comrade.] A fellowship or fraternity ; brotherhood. 

Sod'den (sod'd'n), a. [p. p. of Seethe.] Boiled ; 
seethed ; also, soaked ; heavy with moisture ; saturated. 

Sod'dy (-dy), a. Consisting of, or covered with, sod. 

Sod'er (-er), n. & v. t. See Soldeb. 

So'dic (so'dik), a. Of or pertaining to sodium. 

So'di-um (-dT-um), n. [NL., fr. E. soda.] (Chem.) A 
soft, waxy, white metal of the alkali group, in nature al- 
ways combined, as in common salt. It is so readily oxi- 
dized that it combines violently with water. Symbol 
Na (Natrium). Atomic weight 23. Specific gravity 0.97. 

Sodium bicarbonate, a white crystalline substance, 
HNaC0 3 , with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of so- 
dium carbonate, — used in cooking ; saleratus. — Sodium 
carbonate, a white crystalline substance, Na,CO 3 .10H 2 O, 
having a cooling alkaline taste, found in the ashes of ma'ny 
plants and produced from common salt. It is used in 
making soap, glass, paper, etc. Called also sal soda, 
washing soda, or soda. 

Sod'om-ite (s8d'um-it), n. 1. An inhabitant of Sodom. 
2. One guilty of sodomy. 

Sod'om-y (sSd'Qm-^), n. Unnatural carnal copulation. 

So-OV'er (so-Sv'er). A word compounded of so and 
ever, used in composition with icho, what, where, when, 
hotv, etc. , and indicating any out of all possible or sup- 
posable persons, things, places, times, ways, etc. 



So'fa (so'fa), n. [Ar. soffah, fr. saffa to arrange.] A 
long seat, usually with cushioned bottom, back, and ends. 

Soi'fit (sBf'fft), n. [It. soffitla, sofiitto, dariv. of L. 
sujffigere to fasten beneath.] (Arch.) The under side of 
the subordinate parts and members of buildings, such as 
staircases, entablatures, archways, cornices, etc. 

So'fi (so'fi), n., So'flsm,?(. Same as Sufi, Sufism. 

Soft (s5ft ; 115), a. [Compar. Softek (-er) ; superl. 
Softest.] [AS. softe, prop. adv. of sefle, adj. ; akin to 
G. sanft; of uncertain origin.] 1. Easily yielding to 
pressure ; easily impressed, molded, or cut ; yielding ; 
also, malleable. 2. Not rough, rugged, or harsh to the 
touch ; smooth ; delicate. 3. Hence, agreeable to the 
sense of feeling, taste, smell, sight, or sound ; not offen- 
sive to the sight ; not glaring ; not harsh or rough in 
sound ; gentle to the ear ; flowing. 4. Easily yielding ; 
susceptible to influence ; flexible ; impressible ; gentle. 
5. Expressing gentleness, tenderness, or the like ; mild ; 
conciliatory ; courteous ;• kind. 6. Effeminate ; not 
courageous or manly ; weak. 7. Gentle in action or 
motion; easy. 8. Somewhat weak in intellect. [Colloq.~\ 
9. Quiet; peaceful; tranquil. 10. Not tinged with 
mineral salts; adapted to decompose soap. 11. (Pho- 
netics) (a) Applied to a palatal, a sibilant, or a dental 
consonant (as g in gem, c in cent, etc.); — opposed to 
hard, (b) Applied to sonant consonants, as considered 
to involve less force in utterance than the surds ; as, 6, 
d, g, z, v, etc., in contrast withp, t, k, s,f, etc. 

Soft, adv. Softly ; gently ; quietly. 

Soft, inter j. Be quiet ; hold ; stop ; not so fast. 

Sof'ta (soi'ta), n. [Corruption of Per. sokhtah a 
zealot.] Any one attached to a Mohammedan mosque, 
esp. a student of the higher branches of theology. 

Soften (s5f'n ; 115), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Sof- 
tened (-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Softening.] To make or 
become soft or more soft. — Sof'ten-er, n. 

Syn. — To mollify ; palliate ; compose ; mitigate ; as- 
suage; calm; enervate. 

Soft'-heart ed (-hart'ed), a. Tender-hearted; sus- 
ceptible of pity. — Soft'-heart ed-ness, n. 

Soft' ly, adv. In a soft manner. [ing soft. I 

Soft/ness (sSft'nes ; 115), n. Quality or state of be-| 

Sog'gy (sog'gy-), a. [Compar. Soggdzr (-gi-er) ; su- 
perl. Soggiest.] [Cf. Icel. s'dggr damp, wet, or E. 
soak.'} Filled with water ; soft with moisture; sodden; 
soaked ; wet. — Sog'gi-ness, n. 

So-ho' (so-ho'), inter j. Ho ; — a word used in calling 
from a distant place ; a sportsman's halloo. 

Soi -di sant' (swa'de'zaN'), a. [F.] Calling him- 
self ; self-styled ; pretended ; would-be. 

Soil (soil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sodled (soild) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Soiling.] [OF. saoler, saouler, to satiate, L. 
satullare, deriv. of satur sated. See Satdze.] To feed, 
as cattle, with cut, green fodder in the barn or an in- 
closure ; hence, to purge by feeding on green fodder. 

Soil, n. [F. sol, fr. L. solum bottom, soil ; prob. in- 
fluenced in form by soil a miry place. Cf. 2d Sole.] 
1. The upper stratum of the earth ; the mold, or earth 
adapted to support and nourish plants. 2. Land; coun- 
try. 3. Dung ; compost ; manure. 

Soil, v. t. To enrich with soil or muck ; to manure. 

Soil, n. [OF. soil, souil, fr. soillier. See 5th Son,.] A 
marshy place to which a hunted boar resorts for refuge ; 
hence, a wet place sought for by other game, as deer. 

Soil, v. t. & i. [OF. soillier, deriv. of L. suciila little 
pig, dim. of stcs swine. See Sow, ».] 1. To make or be- 
come dirty on the surface. 2. To stain or mar ; to sully. 

Syn. — To foul ; dirty ; begrime ; bemire ; bespatter ; 
besmear ; daub ; bedaub ; stain ; tarnish ; defile ; pollute. 

Soil, n. That which soils ; spot ; stain. 

Soil'ure (-ur), n. Stain ; pollution. 

II Soi'r6e' (swa'ra'), n. [F., fr. soir evening.] An 
evening party ; — distinguished from levee, and matinee. 

So'Ja (so'ja or so'ya), n. (Bot.) An Asiatic legumi- 
nous herb, the beans of which are used in making soy. 

So'journ (so'jfirn or so-jfirn'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Sojourned (-jfirnd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sojourning.] [OF. 
sojorner, sejorner, fr. L. sub under, about -f- diurnus of 
the day. See Journal.] To dwell for a time ; to live as 
a temporary resident or as a stranger ; to tarry. 

So'journ, n. A place of temporary residence. 

So'journ-er (-er), n. One who sojourns. 

So'journ-ment (-ment), n. Temporary residence. 

|| Sol (sol), n. [L.] 1. The sun. 2. (Alchem.) 
Gold ; — so called from its brilliancy, color, and value. 

Sol (sol), n. [It.] (Mus.) A syllable applied in sol- 
mization to the note G, or to the fifth tone of any dia- 
tonic scale. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, 



N 



SOL 



77<2 



SOLICITOUS 



Sol (»31\ n. [See Sou.] 1. A sou. 2. A silver and 
gold coin of Tern. The silver sol is worth about 68 cents. 
Sola L, fern, of w&«.] See Solus. 

Sol'ace (sol'iis; 18), >'■ [OF. «>/as, soulaz, L. «rfa- 

«mw, solatium, fr. solari to comfort, console.] Comfort 
in grief ; alleviation of grief or anxiety ; also, that 
which relieves in distress. 
Syii. — Cheer; consolation; alleviation; relief. 
Sol'aco. f. /. [imp. A p. p. Solaced (-list; 48); p. 
pr. & rb. n. Solacing (-a-slng).] 1. To cheer in grief 
or under calamity ; to relieve in affliction ; to console. 
P 2. To allay ; to assuage ; to soothe. 

Sy ii. — To comfort ; assuage ; allay. See Comfort. 

Sol a-na'ceous (sSl'a-na'shOs or sola-na'shus), a. 

(Bot.) Of or pert, to plants of the natural order Solana- 

l which the nightshade (Solatium) is the type. 

Solan gOOSO 7 (solan gobs'), or Soland (soland), n. 

[Icel. (SiflLj (Zool.) The common gannet. 

!! So-la'no (so-la'no), n. [Sp., deriv. of sol sun.] A 

Qhot, oppressive wind of the Mediterranean. 
So-la'num (so-la'num), n. [L.] (Bot.) Nightshade. 
Solar (soler), a. [L. Solaris, fr. sol sun ; akin to 
AS. sol.] 1. Of pert, to, or proceeding from, the sun. 
2. (Astrol.) Born under the predominant influence of the 
sun. [065.] 3. Measured by the progress or revolution 
of the sun. 

II So-la'ri-um (so-la'rT-um), n. ; pi. Solaria (-a). [L.] 
D 1- An apartment freely exposed to the sun, esp. one for 

■* convalescents in a hospital. 

So'lar-ize (soler-Iz), v. t. (Photog.) To injure by 
too long exposure to the light in the camera ; to burn. 
Sold (sold), imp. &p. p. of Sell. 
Sol'dan (s<51'dan), n. A sultan. [Obs.~\ 
Sol'der (socl'er or sol'der), n. [Formerly soder ; 
through OF., fr. L. solidare to make solid.] A metal or 

S metallic alloy used when melted for uniting adjacent 

metallic surfaces ; a metallic cement. 

Sol'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soldered (-erd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Soldering.] To unite with solder. 

Sol'der-er (-er). n. One who solders. 

Sol'dier (sol'jer ; 106), n. [Through OF. fr. L. soli- 
dus a piece of money (hence applied to the pay of a sol- 
dier), fr. solidus solid. See Solid, and cf. Sold, n.] 
1. One engaged in military service ; esp. , a private in 
military service, as distinguished from an officer. 3. A 
brave warrior ; a man of military 
experience and skill; — by way of 
emphasis or distinction. 4. (Zool.) 
One of the asexual forms of white 
ants, or termites, in which the head 
and jaws are very large and strong. 
The soldiers serve to defend the 
nest. See Termite. 

Soldier beetle (Zool.), an Ameri- 
can carabid beetle whose larva feeds 
upon other insects. — Soldier bug 
(Zool.), a kind of insect which sucks 
the blood of other msects^- Soldier Soldier Beetle . a Larva . 

S?Thf ndd^crS * ^^ ^ Both enlar ^ 

Sol'dier, v. i. 1. To serve as a soldier. 2. To make 
a pretense only of working. \_Colloq.~] 

Sol'dier-ly , a. Like or becoming a real soldier ; brave ; 
martial ; heroic ; honorable. 

Sol'dier-y (-y), n. 1. A body of soldiers ; soldiers, 
collectively ; the military. 2. Military service. [Obs.~] 

II Sol'do (sol'do), n. ; pi. Soldi (sol'de). [It.] A small 
Italian coin worth a sou or a cent. 

Sole (sol), n. [F. sole, L. solea; — from its shape. 
See 2d Sole.] (Zool). (a) Any one of several species 
of flatfishes, esp. the com- 
mon European species 
(Solea. vulgaris), (b) Any 
one of several American 
flounders resembling the ^ mv - i 
true sole. f^^^^ 16 

mgriS? "^ {ZOm ^ ^ Common European Sole. 

Sole (sol), n. [AS., fr. L. solea (or rather assumed L. 
sola), akin to solum ground, sole of the foot. Cf. SorL 
earth, Sole the fish.] 1. The bottom of the foot ; 
rarely, the foot itself. 2. The bottom or bottom piece 
of a shoe or boot. 3. The bottom or lower part of any- 
thing, or that on which anything rests in standing. 

Sole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soled (sold) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Soling.] To furnish with a sole. 

Sole, a. [L. solus. Cf. Solo, Sullen.] 1. Being or 
acting without another ; single ; individual ; only ; soli- 
tary. 2. (Taw) Single; unmarried; as, a f erne sole. 





Sol'e-cism (soTe-sTz'm), n. [F. solecistne, L. soloe- 
cismus. Gr. o-oAoikio>l6s, deriv. of o-6Aoi#cos speaking in- 
correctly, alluding to the corruption of the Attic dialect 
among the Athenian colonists of 26aoi, in Cilicia.] 1. 
An impropriety in the combination of words or parts of 
a sentence ; esp., deviation from the idiom of a language 
or from the rules of syntax ; — distinguished from bar- 
barism. 2. Any unfitness, absurdity, or impropriety. 

Sol'e-clst (-sist), n. One who commits a solecism. 

Sol e-cls'tic (-sis'tlk), a. Solecistical. 

Sol e-cis'tic-al (-tT-kal), a. Pertaining to, or involv- 
ing, a solecism ; incorrect. — Sol'e-Cis'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Solely (soll£), adv. Singly ; alone ; only. 

Sol'emn (sol'6m), a. [OF. solempne, L. solemnis, 
sollemnis; sollus all, entire -f- annus a year; prop., that 
takes place every year ; — used esp. of religious solem- 
nities.] 1. Marked with religious rites and pomps ; 
enjoined by, or connected with, religion ; sacred. 2. 
Pertaining to a festival ; festal. [Obs.] 3. Stately; 
ceremonious ; grand. [Archaic] 4. Fitted to awaken 
or express serious reflections. 5. Affectedly grave or 
serious. 6. (Law) Made in legal form. 

Syn. — Grave ; formal ; ritual ; ceremonial : sober ; 
serious ; reverential ; devotional ; devout. See Grave. 

So-lem'ni-ty (so-lSm'nT-ty), n. 1. A rite or ceremony 
performed with religious reverence. 2. A ceremony 
adapted to impress with awe. 3. Solemn state or feel- 
ing, or the quality producing such a feeling ; seriousness ; 
grave earnestness ; formal dignity ; gravity. 4. Hence, 
affected gravity or seriousness. 5. (Law) A proceeding 
according to due form ; due formality. [emnizing. | 

Sol em-ni-za'tion (sol'em-nT-za'shun), n. Act of sol- 1 

Sol'em-nlze (sol'Sm-niz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solem- 
nized (-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Solemnizing.] 1. To per- 
form with solemn or ritual ceremonies, or according to 
legal forms. 2. To dignify or honor by ceremonies ; to 
celebrate. 3. To make grave, serious, and reverential. 

Sol'em-ni zer (-ni'zer), n. One who solemnizes. 

Sol'emn-ly (s51'em-ly), adv. In a solemn manner. 

Sol'emn-ness, n. State or quality of being solemn. 

Sole'ness (sol'nes), n. State of being sole, or single. 

So-le'no-don (so-le'no-don), n. [Gr. ataXfiv channel + 
6Sovs, 656vto?, tooth.] (Zool.) Either of two species of 
singular "West Indian insectivores, allied to the tenrec. 

So-le'no-glyph (-glif), a. [Gr. awK-qv channel + 
y\v<$>ei.v to engrave.] (Zool.) Having tubular erectile 
fangs ; — said of serpents. 

Solen-old (so'len-oid). n. [Gr. o-wAtjv channel + 
-oid.~] (Elec.) An 
electro-dynamic spi- 
ral, so made as to I 
have the effect of a 
series of equal and Solenoid, 

parallel circular currents. When traversed by a current 
the solenoid exhibits magnetic qualities. 

Sol'-fa' (sol'fa'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Sol-faed (-fad') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sol-faing.] [It. sol/a the gamut, from 
the syllables sol, fa.~\ To sing the notes of the gamut. 

Sol' -fa', n. The gamut, or musical scale. 

I! Solfa-ta'ra (soFfa-ta'ra), n. [It., from solfo sul- 
phur.] A volcanic vent which yields only sulphur vapors, 
steam, and the like. 

I 1 Sol-feg'glo (sol-fad'jo), n. [It., fr. sol/a the gamut.] 
(Mus.) The system of arranging the scale by the names 
do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by which singing is taught. 

Sol'fe-ri'no (sol'fa-re'no), n. A brilliant pink color 
with a purplish tinge, — obtained from an aniline dye. 

II Soli (sole), n.,pl. of Solo. 

So-lic'it (so-lTs'Tt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solicited ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Soliciting.] [F. solliciter, L. sollicitare, 
-atum, fr. sollicitus wholly (i. e., violently) moved ; sol- 
lus whole + citus, p. p. of ciere to move, excite.] 1. To 
ask or request from with earnestness ; to make petition 
to. 2. To endeavor to obtain ; to seek ; to plead for. 3. 
To excite to action ; to appeal to. 4. To plead. [Obs.~\ 

Syn. — To crave ; beg ; importune. See Beseech. 

So-lic i-ta'tion (-T-ta'shiin), n. Act of soliciting. 

So-lic'it-or (so-lTs'Tt-er), n. 1. One who solicits. 2. 
(Law) (a) An attorney or advocate ; formerly, in Eng- 
lish practice, the professional designation of a person ad- 
mitted to practice in a court of chancery or equity. (6) 
The law officer of a municipality or government. 

So-lic'it-or-gen'er-al (-jen'er-al), n. The second law 
officer in the government of Great Britain ; also, a simi- 
lar officer under the United States government ; also, the 
chief law officer of some of the States. 

So-lic'it-OUS (-us), a. [L. sollicitus, solicitus.~\ Dis- 
posed to solicit ; eager to obtain something desirable, or 



mmmrn^ 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, e\ T, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, $vent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SOLICITOUSLY 



773 



SOMBRENESS 



to avoid evil ; concerned ; anxious ; careful. — So-liclt- 
ons-ly (so-lYs'It-us-iy), adv. — So licit ous-ness, n. 

So-lic'it-ress (-re's), n. A woman who solicits. 

So-licl-tude (-T-tud), «. [F. sollicitude, or L. solliei- 
ludo.~\ State of being solicitous ; uneasiness of mind oc- 
casioned by fear of evil or desire of good ; anxiety. 

Syn. — Carefulness ; concern ; anxiety. See Care. 

Sol/id (solid), a. [L. solidus, probably akin to sollus 
whole, entire.] 1. Having the constituent parts so 
compact, or so firmly adhering, as to resist the impres- 
sion or penetration of other bodies. 2. Not hollow ; 
full of matter ; not spongy or porous ; dense ; hence, 
sometimes, heavy. 3. Having all the geometrical di- 
mensions ; cubic. 4. Firm ; compact ; strong ; stable. 
6. Worthy of credit, trust, or esteem ; substantial ; 
strong. 6. (Metaph.) Impenetrable; resisting or ex- 
cluding all other particles of matter ; — applied to the 
supposed ultimate particles of matter. 7. United ; 
unanimous. [Polit. Cant, U. S.] 

Syn. — Hard ; sound ; real ; valid ; true ; weighty ; 
grave. — Hard denotes a more impenetrable nature or 
a firmer adherence of the component parts of a body 
than solid. Hard is opposed to soft : and solid is opposed 
to fluid, liquid, open, porous, or hollow. 

Solid, n. 1. A substance held in a fixed form by co- 
hesion of its particles ; a substance not fluid. 2. (Geom.) 
A magnitude having length, breadth, and thickness. 

II Sol l-da'go (soll-da'go), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of 
yellow-flowered, composite, perennial herbs ; golden-rod. 

Sol'i-dare (sol'i-dSr), n. [LL. solidus. Cf. Sou.] A 
small piece of money. [06s.] 

Soll-dar'i-ty (-dar!-ty), n. An entire consolidation 
of interests and responsibilities ; community. 

Sol'i-da-ry (sol'i-da-ry), a. Having solidarity. 

So-lidl-fl-ca'tion (so-lidl-f l-ka'shiin), n. Act of so- 
lidifying, or state of being solidified. 

So-lid'i-fy (so-lTd'T-fi), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. So- 
lidihed (-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Solidifying (-fi'Tng).] 
[Solid + -fy.l To make or become solid or compact. 

So-lld'i-ty (sS-Hd'T-ty), n. 1. State or quality of 
being solid. 2. (Geom.) Solid contents of a body; vol- 
ume ; amount of inclosed space. 

Sol'id-ly (sol'id-ty), adv. In a solid manner. 

Sol'id-ness, n. State or quality of being solid. 

Sol id-un'gn-lar (-un'gu-ler), a. [L. solidus solid -f- 
ungula a hoof.] (Zool.) Solipedous. [ifed. I 

Sol id-un'gu-late (-lat), n. (Zool.) Same as Sol-| 

Sol id-un'gu-lous (-lus), a. (Zool.) Solipedous. 

Sol i-fidl-an (sol'i-fTd'i-an), n. [L. solus alone + 
fides faith.] (Eccl.) One who maintains that justifica- 
tion is by faith alone, without works. 

So-lil'0-quize (so-lil'6-kwlz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Soliloquized (-kwizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Soliloquizing.] 
To utter a soliloquy ; to talk to one's self. 

So-lil'o-qny (-kw^), n. [L. soliloquium; solus alone 
-f- loqui to speak.] 1. Act of talking to one's self ; 
monologue. 2. A written composition reciting what it 
is supposed a person says to himself. 

Sol'i-ped (sol'i-ped), n. [Prob. fr. L. solidipes solid- 
footed, whole-hoofed.] (Zool.) A mammal having a 
single hoof on each foot, as the horses and asses. 

So-lip'e-dOUS (so-lip , e-dus), a. Having single hoofs. 

So-lip'sism (s6-lip'siz'm), n. [L. solus alone -f- ipse 
self.] 1. (Ethics) Egotism. 2. (Metaph.) Egoism. 

SoM-talre' (soll-tar'), n. [F. See Solitary.] 1. 
A person who lives in solitude ; a hermit. 2. A single 
gem, especially a diamond, in a setting. 3. A game, 
esp. of cards, which one person can play alone. 4. (Zool.) 
Any species of a genus of American thrushlike birds 
noted for their sweet songs and retiring habits. 

Sol'i-ta-ry (sbl'I-ta-ry), a. [L. solitarius, fr. solus 
alone.] 1. Being by one's self; being without associ- 
ates ; single ; alone ; lonely. 2. Performed, passed, or 
endured alone. 3. Not much visited or frequented ; re- 
tired ; lonely. 4. Hence, desolate ; deserted ; dismal. 
5. Single; individual; sole. 6. (Bot.) Not associated 
with others of the same kind. 7. (Zool.) Not living in 
communities. — Solitarily, adv. — Solitariness, n. 

Sol'i-ta-ry, n. One who lives alone ; hermit ; recluse. 

Sol'i-tude (-tud), n. [F., fr. L. solitudo, fr. solus 
alone.] 1. State of being alone, or withdrawn from soci- 
ety ; lonely life. 2. Remoteness from society ; destitu- 
tion of company ; seclusion. 3. Solitary or lonely place. 

Syn.— Loneliness; solitariness; loneness ; retired- 
ness ; recluseness. — Retirement is a withdrawal from gen- 
eral society, implying a previous presence in its scenes. 
Solitude simply implies that a person is alone ; seclusion, 
that he is shut out from others, usually by his own choice ; 
loneliness, that he is pained and oppressed by being alone. 



Sollar (sBller), n. (Mining) A platform in a shaft. 

Sol-ler-et' (s51-ler-gt'), n. [Dim. fr. OF. soler shoe.] 
A flexible steel shoe (or a plate of such a shoe) worn with 
mediaeval armor. 

Sol mi-za'tion (sol'ml-za'shun), n. [F. solmisation, 
f r. solmiser to sol-fa ; — so called from the musical notes 
sol, mi.] (Mus.) Act or art of sol-faing. 

Solo (solo), n. ; pi. E. Solos (-loz), It. Soli (-le). 
[It., fr. L. solus alone.] (Mus.) A tune, air, strain, or a 
whole piece, played or sung by a single person. 

Solo-ist, ft. (Mus. ) One who sings or plays a solo. 

Sol'o-mon's seal' (s51'o-m5nz sel'). (Bot.) Any one 
of a genus (Polygonatum) of liliaceous plants having thick 
rootstocks [see Illust. of Rootstock] and white or green- 
ish nodding flowers. False Solomon'' s seal (of the genus 
Smilacina) has flowers in racemes or panicles. 

Sol'stice (s51'stTs), n. [L. solstilium ; sol the sun -f- 
sistere to cause to stand.] 1. A standing still of the sun. 
[Obs.] 2. (Astron.) (a) The point in the ecliptic at 
which the sun is farthest from the equator, north or south, 
namely, the first point of Cancer and the first point of 
Capricorn, which are respectively the summer solstice and 
the winter solstice in northern latitudes ; — so called be- 
cause the sun then apparently stands still in its northward 
or southward motion, (b) The time of the sun's passing 
the solstices, about June 21 and December 21. 

Sol-Sti'tial (sol-stTsh'al), a. Of or pertaining to a 
solstice; esp. (with reference to the northern hemi- 
sphere), happening at the summer solstice. 

SoFu-bill-ty (sol'u-bii'T-ty), n. 1. Quality or condi- 
tion of being soluble. 2. (Bot.) Tendency to separate by 
spurious articulations. 

Sol'U-ble (sol'u-b'l), a. [L. solubilis, fr. solvere, so- 
lutum, to loosen, to dissolve. See Solve.] 1. Susceptible 
of being dissolved in a fluid ; capable of solution. 2. Sus- 
ceptible of being solved; solvable. — Sol'u-ble-ness n. 

II Solus (solus), masc. a., Sola (sola), fern. a. [L.] 
Alone ; — chiefly used in stage directions, and the like. 

So-lute / (s6-lut'), «• [L. solutus, p. p.] 1. Loose ; 
relaxed. [Obs.~\ 2. (Bot.) Not adhering ; loose. 

So-lu'tion (s6-lu'shun), w. [OF. solucion, fr. L. solu- 
tio, fr. solvere, solutum, to loosen, dissolve. See Solve.] 
1. The separation of the parts of any body ; disruption ; 
breach. 2. The disentanglement of any intricate problem 
or difficult question ; explanation ; clearing up ; — used 
especially in mathematics. 3. State of being dissolved 
or disintegrated ; resolution ; disintegration. 4. (Chem. 
Phys.) Act or process by which a body (whether solid, 
liquid, or gaseous) is absorbed into a liquid, and, remain- 
ing or becoming fluid, is diffused throughout the solvent ; 
also, the resulting product. 5. Release ; discharge ; — 
now used only in legal phraseology. 6. (Med.) (a) Ter- 
mination of a disease ; resolution, (b) Crisis. [tive. I 

Sol'U-tive (sol'u-tlv), a. Tending to dissolve ; laxa-| 

Solv'a-ble (solv'a-b'l), a. Susceptible of being solved, 
resolved, or explained ; admitting of solution. — Solv-a- 
bill-ty (-bii'l-ty), Solv'a-ble-ness, n. 

Solve (solv), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Solved (solvd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ft. Solving.] [L. solvere, solutum; prefix so-, ex- 
pressing separation -f- luere to loosen.] To explain ; to 
resolve ; to unfold ; to clear up ; to work out to a result 
or conclusion. [solvent. I 

Sol'ven-cy (sol'ven-sy), n. Quality or state of being I 

Sol'vent (solvent), a. [L. solvens, p. pr. See Solve.] 
1. Having the power of dissolving ; dissolving. 2. Able 
or sufficient to pay all just debts, esp. as they come due 
in the ordinary course of business. 

Sol'vent, ft. A substance (usually liquid) suitable 
for, or employed in, solution, or in dissolving something. 

Solv'er (sSlv'er), n. One who, or that which, solves. 

Solv'i-ble (-i-b'l), a. See Solvable. 

So-maj' (so-maj'), Sa-maJ' (sa-m'aj'), ft. A society ; 
a congregation ; a worshiping assembly. [India] 

So-mat'lC (so-mSt'ik), a. [Gr. o-o/uaTuco?, fr. aufia 
the body.] Of or pertaining to the body ; corporeal. 

So-matlc-al (-T-kal), a. Somatic. 

So-mat'ics (-iks), n. Somatology. 

So'ma-tiSt (so'ma-tist), «. A materialist. 

So'ma-tOl'0-gy (so'ma-tSl'o-j^), n. [Gr. erw/u.a, craS/xa- 
tos, body + -logy.] 1. Science of the general properties 
of material substances. 2. Science of anatomy. 

SomTier ) (som'ber), a. [F. sombre, prob. deriv. of 

Soml>re ) L. stib under + umbra shade.] Dull ; 
dusky ; somewhat dark ; gloomy ; hence, melancholy ; 
sad ; grave ; depressing. — Soml>er-ly, or SonVbre-ly, 
adv. — Soml>er-ness, or Somljre-ness, n. 

Som'ber, ) v. t. To make somber or dark ; to make 

Som'bre. ) shady ; to give a somber effect to. 



f e"m, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SOMBRERO 



774 



SOP 



Som-bro'nusoni-bra'ro'), »■ [Sp.] A kind of broad- 
h.it. worn in Spain and in Spanish America. 

Soni'brous (,som'bi-us\ a. Gloomy ; somber. 

-some i-som"). A combining form or suffix from Gr. 
-on. <Tu>^aTOs-1 the I 

-some (-*am), [AS. -stun : akin to G. -MA, and E. 
An adjective suffix having primarily the sense of 
ad indicating a considerable degree or quan- 
tity of the quality or thing denoted in the first part of the 
coin pound : as iii msttlaMNM, gladsome, winsome, etc. 

Some (sum), a. [OE. som, sum, AS. sum; akin to 
E. some.] 1. Consisting of a greater or less portion or 
sum ; — used to express an indefinite quantity or number. 
Used also pronominally. 2. A certain; one; — indica- 
ting ■ person, thing, event, etc., as not known or desig- 
nated individually or more specifically. 3. Not much ; a 
little ; moderate." 4. About ; near; — now used commonly 
with numerals. 5. Certain ; those of one part or portion; 
— in distinction from other or others. 6. A part ; a por- 
tion : — used pronominally, and sometimes with of. 

C^'The illiterate in the United States and Scotland 
often use some as an adverb. 

(Sp* Formerly used also of single persons or things : 
this one . . . that one ; one . . . another. 

SomeHaod-y (suni'bod-y), n. 1. A person unknown 
or uncertain ; a person indeterminate. 2. A person of 
consideration or importance. 

Some'hOW' (-hou'), adv. In one way or another ; in 
some way not yet known or designated. 

Som'er-sault (-er-salt), ) n. "[Corrupt, fr. F. soubre- 

Som'er-set (-er-set), ) saut jump, OF. soubresault, 
L. supra over + saltus leap, fr. salire to leap.] A leap 
in which one turns heels over head and lights on the feet. 

Some'thlng (-thing), n. 1. Anything unknown, un- 
determined, or not specifically designated. 2. A part; 
a portion ; an indefinite quantity or degree ; a little. 

Some'thlng, adv. In some degree ; somewhat. 

Some'time' (-tint'), adv. 1. At a past time indefi- 
nitely referred to ; once ; formerly. 2. At a time 
undefined ; sometimes. 3. At some time hereafter. 

Some'time'. a. Having been formerly ; late ; whilom. 

Some'times' (-tiinz'), adv. [See -s, adv.] 1. For- 
merly. [Obs.] 2. At times ; at intervals ; occasionally. 

Some'what' (-hwof), n. 1. More or less; something. 
2. A person or thing of importance. 

Some'what', adv. In some degree or measure. 

Some'where' (-hwSr'), adv. In some place unknown 
or not specified ; in one place or another. 

So'mite (so'mit), n. [Gr. cui/mol body.] (Anat. & 
Zool. ) One of the actual or ideal serial segments of an 
animal, esp. an articulate or vertebrate. 

Som'mer-set (sum'mer-set), n. See Somebsauxt. 

Som-nam'bu-lar (som-nam'bu-ler), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to somnambulism ; somnambulistic. 

Som-nam bu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. [L. somnus sleep 
-\- arabulatio a walking about.] Act of walking in sleep. 

Som-nam'bu-lic (-nam'bu'-lTk), a. Somnambulistic. 

Som-nam'bu-lism (-bu-liz'm), n. A state of sleep in 
which some of the senses and voluntary powers are par- 
tially active, esp. in which one walks in his sleep. 

Som-nam'bu-list (-list), n. One subject to somnam- 
bulism. 

Som'ni-al (som'nT-al), a. [L. somnialis.~\ Of or per- 
taining to sleep or dreams. 

Som-nii/er-ous (-nifer-us), a. [L. somnifer ; somnus 
sleep -\-ferre to bring.] Causing sleep ; soporific. 

Som-nii'ic (-Tk), a. [L. somnificus ; somnus sleep -f- 
facere to make.] Causing sleep ; somniferous. 

Som-nil'o-quence (-nil'6-kwens), n. The act of talk- 
ing in one's sleep ; somniloquism ; somniloquy. 

Som-nil'o-quism (-kwiz'm), n. Somniloquence. 

Som-nil'O-quiSt (-kwist), n. One who talks in his 
sleep. 

Som-nil/o-quous (-kwus), a. [L. somnus sleep + 
loqui to speak.] Apt to talk in sleep. 

Som-nil'o-quy (-kwy), n. Somniloquence. 

Som'no-lence (som'no-lens), ) n. Quality or state 

Som'no-len-cy (-len-sj), J of being somnolent ; 
sleepiness ; drowsiness. 

Som'no-lent (-l^nt), a. [F., fr. L. somnolentus, fr. 
somnus sleep ; akin to Gr. {Jn-i/os, AS. swefn sleep.] 
Sleepy ; drowsy ; inclined to sleep ; slumbrous. — Som'- 
no-lent-ly, adv. 

Son (sun), n. [OE. sone, sune, AS. sunu; akin to G. 
sohn, and Gr. vios son.] 1. A male child ; the male issue, 
or offspring, of a parent. 2. A male descendant, however 
distant ; hence, in the plural, descendants in general. 3. 
Any young male person spoken of as a child ; an adopted 



male child. 4. A native or inhabitant of some (specified) 
place. 5. The produce of anything. 6. (Commonly with 
the definite article) Jesus Christ. 

So'nance (so'nans), n. 1. A sound ; a tune. [Obs.] 
2. Quality or state of being sonant. 

So'nant (so'nant), a. [L. sonans, -a7itis, p. pr. of 
sonare to sound. See Sound a noise.] 1. Of or pertain- 
ing to sound ; sounding. 2. (Phonetics) Uttered with 
tone or proper vocal sound, as distinguished from mere 
breath sound ; vocal ; the opposite of nonvocal, or surd ; 

— said of the vowels, semivowels, liquids, and nasals, and 
esp. of p, d, g hard, v, etc., as compared with their 
cognates p, t, ft,/, etc. — n. A sonant letter. 

So-na'ta (so-na'ta), re. [It.] (Mus.) An extended 
composition for one or two instruments, usually of three 
or four movements, the opening one being quick. 

Song (s5ng ; 115), re. [AS. song, sang, fr. singan to 
sing; akin to G. sang. See Sing.] 1. That which is 
sung or uttered with musical modulations. 2. A lyrical 
poem adapted to vocal music ; ballad. 3. More generally, 
any poetical strain ; poem. 4. Poetical composition ; 
poetry ; verse. 5. An object of derision. 6. A trifle. 

Syn. — Sonnet ; ballad ; canticle ; carol ; canzonet ; 
ditty ; hymn ; descant ; lay ; strain ; poesy ; verse. 

Song'ster (-ster), n. A singer, esp. one that sings 
well ; — particularly applied to birds. 

Songstress (-stres), n. A female singer. 

So-nif'er-OUS (so-nTf'er-iis), a. [L. sonus sound -(- 
-ferous.~\ Sounding ; producing sound ; conveying sound. 

Son' -In -law' (sun'in-la/), n. ; pi. Sons-in-law 
(sunz'-). The husband of one's daughter. 

Son'net (soh'net), n. [F., fr. It. sonetto, fr. suono a 
sound, song, fr. L. sonus sound. See Sound noise.] 1. 
A short poem, — usually amatory. [Obs.] 2. A poem of 
fourteen lines, — two stanzas, the octave, of four verses 
each, and two stanzas, the sestet, of three verses each, the 
rhymes being adjusted by a particular rule. 

Son net-eer' (-er'), n. A composer of sonnets, or 
small poems ; a small poet ; — usually in contempt. 

Son'net-ize (-iz), v. i. To compose sonnets. 

Son'O-ril'ic (son'o-rTfik), a. [L. sonor, -oris, a 
sound -\-facere to make.] Producing sound. 

So-nor r i-ty (s6-nSr'T-ty), n. Sonorousness. 

So-no'rous (so-no'riis), a. [L. sonorus, fr. sonor, -oris, 
a sound, akin to sonus a sound . See Sound noise. ] 1. Giv- 
ing sound when struck ; resonant. 2. Giving a clear or 
loud sound ; vibrant. 3. Characterized by sound ; vocal ; 
sonant. 4. Impressive in sound ; high-sounding. — So- 
no'rous-ly, adv. — So-no'rous-ness, n. 

Son'ship (suu'shTp), n. State of being a son, or of 
bearing the relation of a son ; filiation. 

Son'ties (son'tiz), n. Probably for " saintes " saints, 
or for sanctities; — u&ed as an oath. [0&5.] 

Soo-chong' (soo-shong'), h. Same as Souchong. 

Soon (soon), adv. [AS. sona.~\ 1. In a short time ; 
shortly after any time specified or supposed. 2. Without 
the usual delay ; quickly ; early. 3. Readily ; willingly ; 

— with would, or some word expressing will. 
Soo-shong' (soo-shong'), n. See Souchong. 

Soot (sd6t or soot), n. [AS. sot.'] A black substance 
formed by combustion, or disengaged in combustion. 

Soot, v. t. To cover or dress with soot. 

Soot'er-kin (-er-kin), n. [Cf. Prov. G. suttern to boil 
gently.] A kind of false birth fabled to be produced by 
Dutch women from sitting over their stoves. 

Sooth (sooth), a. ; also adv. {Compar. Soother (-er) ; 
superl. Soothest.] [AS. so&, for sand ; akin to Skr. sat, 
sant, real, ultimately fr. root meaning, to be ; also akin 
toGr. eredstrue. Cf. Soothe.] 1. True ; faithful. [Obs. 
or Scot.] 2. Pleasing; delightful. [i2.] 

Sooth, n. 1. Truth; reality. [_Archaic] 2. Augury. 
[Obs.] 3. Blandishment. [Obs.] 

Soothe (sooth), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Soothed (soothd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Soothing.] [Originally, to assent to as 
sooth or true.] 1. To assent to ; to humor by compliance ; 
to please with blandishments ; to flatter. 2. To assuage ; 
to mollify ; to calm ; to comfort. — Sooth'er, n. 

Syn. — To soften ; allay ; compose ; tranquilize; pacify. 

Sooth/fast' (sooth'fastO, a. True ; genuine ; also, 
truthful; faithful. [Archaic] [ner.j 

Sooth'ing-ly (sobth'Tng-ly), adv. In a soothing man- 1 

Sooth's ay' (sooth'sa 7 ), v. i. [Prop., to say sooth or 
truth.] To foretell ; to predict ; to prophesy. 

Sooth'say'er (-sa'er), n. One who soothsays. 

Soot'y ( s56t'^ or sobt'f ),a. [ Compar. SooirEE (-T-er ) ; 
superl. Sootiest.] 1. Of, pert, to, or resembling, soot ; 
soiled by soot; fuliginous; dusky; dark.— Sootl-neSS, n. 

Sop (sop), n. [OE. sop, soppe ; akin to AS. supan to 



a, e, I, o, a, long ;&,£,!, 5, «, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



SOP 



775 



SORT 



8ip, G. suppe soup. See Sup, v. t.~} 1. Anything 
steeped, or dipped and softened, in any liquid, espe- 
cially in broth or liquid food, and intended to be eaten. 
2. Anything given to pacify ; — so called from the sop 
given to Cerberus, as related in mythology. 

Sop (sop), v. t. To steep or dip in any liquid. 

Soph (sol), n. Colloq. abbreviation of Sophistee, and 
Sophomore. 

Soph'Ism (sSf'Tz'ni), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
<r6(f>L<rfj.a, fr. ao(f>i£eiv to make wise, fr. o-o^ds wise.] The 
doctrine or mode of reasoning practiced by a sophist ; 
hence, any fallacy designed to deceive. 

Soph'ist, n. 1. One of a class of men who taught 
eloquence, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece ; 
esp. , one of those who resorted to fallacious but plausi- 
ble reasoning to puzzle inquirers after truth. 2. Hence, 
a captious or fallacious reasoner. 

Soph'ist-er (-er), n. 1. Sophist. 2. (Eng. Univ.) A 
studeut advanced beyond the first year of his residence. 

(H3P* The course consists of three years and one term, 
during which the students have the titles of freshmen, 
junior sophisters, senior sophisters, and questionists. In 
some American colleges, the junior and senior classes are 
still called, junior sophisters and senior sophisters. 

So-phis'tic (so-fis'tik), ) a. Of, pert, to, or embodying, 

So-phis'tic-al (-tT-kal), J sophistry ; fallaciously sub- 
tile. — So-phis'tic-al-ly, adv. — So-phis'tlc-al-ness, n. 

So-phis'ti-cate (-tT-kat), v. t. limp. & p. p. Sophis- 
ticated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sophisticating.] To render 
worthless by admixture ; to adulterate ; to pervert. 

Syn. — To adulterate ; debase ; corrupt ; vitiate. 

So-phis'ti-cate (so-f is'ti-kat), ) a. Adulterated ; not 

So-phis'ti-ca'ted (-ka/ted), ) pure ; not genuine. 

So-phis ti-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of sophisticating. 

So-phis'ti ca'tor (-ka/ter), n. One who sophisticates. 

Soph'ist-ry (sof'ist-ry), n. Practice of a sophist; 
fallacious reasoning ; reasoning sound in appearance only. 

Soph'O-more (sof'6-mor), n. [Prob. fr. soph or soph- 
ister -\- Gr. jua>p6s foolish.] One belonging to the second 
of the four classes in an American college. 

Soph o-mor'ic (sof'6-mor'ik), I a. Of or pertaining 

Soph'0-mor'ic-al (-T-kal), j to a sophomore ; 
hence, pretentious ; inflated in style or manner. \U. S.~\ 

Sop o-rifer-OUS (sop'6-rif'er-us), a. [L.- soporifer ; 
sopor a heavy sleep + ferre to bring.] Soporific. — Sop- 
o-rif'er-ous-ly, adv. — Sop'o-rif'er-ous-ness, n. 

Sop'O-rif'ic (-Tk), a. [L. sopor heavy sleep -(- facere 
to make.] Causing sleep ; tending to cause sleep ; sop- 
oriferous. — n. Anything inducing sleep ; a narcotic. 

Syn. — Somniferous; narcotic; opiate; anodyne. 

Sop'o-rose' (sop'6-rosO, 

Sop'o-rous (sop'o-rSs), 

Sop'per (-per), n. One who sops. 

Sop'py (-py), a. Very wet or sloppy. [over. I 

II So'pra (so'pra), adv. [It.] (Mus.) Above ; before ; | 

So-pra'no (s6-pra'n6), n. ; pi. E. Sopranos (-noz), It. 
Soprani (-ne). [It., fr. soprano highest, fr. sopra above, 
L. supra.~\ (Mus.) (a) The treble; the highest vocal 
register. (b) A singer with a treble voice. 

So'ra (so'ra), n. (Zool.) A North American rail (Por- 
zana Carolina) common in the 
Eastern United States. 

King sora, the Florida gallinule. 

Sorb (s6rb), n. [L. sorbus, 
the tree, sorbum,, the fruit.] 
(Bot.) (a) The wild service 
tree of Europe ; also, the 
rowan tree, (b) The fruit 
of these trees. 

Sor be-fa'cient (sor'be- 
fa'shent), a. [L. sorbere to 
absorb -f- faciens making. ] 
{Med.) Producing absorp- 
tion. 

Sor'bet (sSr'bet), n. Sherbet. 

Sor'bon-ist (s6r'bon-Tst), n. [F. sorboniste.'] A doc- 
tor of the Sorbonne, or theological college, in the Uni- 
versity of Paris, founded by Robert de Sorbon, A. d. 
1252. It was suppressed in the Revolution of 1789. 

Sor'cer-er (-ser-er), n. [See Sorcery.] A conjurer ; 
an enchanter ; a magician. 

Sor'cer-ess, n. A. female sorcerer. 

Sor'cer-OUS (-us), a. Of or pertaining to sorcery. 

Sor'cer-y (-$), n. [Through F. & LL. fr. L. sors, 
sortis, a lot, decision Dy lot, fate.] Divination or con- 
jury by the assistance, or supposed assistance, of evil 
spirits ; magic ; necromancy ; witchcraft ; enchantment. 

Sor'det (-det), n. [See Sordine.] (Mus.) A sordine. 

Sor/did (-did), a. [L. sordidus, fr. sordere to be filthy 



a. Causing sleep ; sleepy. 




Sora, or Carolina Rail. 



or dirty.] 1. Foul; dirty. [Obs.~\ 2. Vile; base; 
grosf}. 3. Meanly avaricious ; covetous ; niggardly. — 
Sor'dld-ly (sSr'dTd-ty), adv. — Sor'did-ness, n. 

Sor'dine (sSr'dln or -den), n. [It. sordina, sordino, 
f r. sordo dull-sounding. ] (Mus. ) A contrivance to deaden 
or soften the tone of an instrument ; a damper. 

Sore (sor), a. [F. saure, sore, sor. See Sorrel, a.] 
Reddish brown ; sorrel. [i£.] 

Sore falcon. See Sore, n., 1. 

Sore, n. 1. A young hawk or falcon in the first 
year. 2. A young buck in the fourth year. 

Sore, a. [Compar. Sorer (-er) ; superl. Sorest.] 
[AS. sar ; akin to G. sehr very. Cf. Sorry.] 1. Ten- 
der to the touch ; inflamed ; painful. 2. Fig. : Sensitive ; 
tender ; easily pained, grieved, or vexed. 3. Severe ; 
afflictive ; distressing. 4. Criminal ; evil. [06*.] 

Sore (sor), n. 1. A place where the skin and flesh 
are ruptured or bruised, so as to be tender or painful ; 
a painful or diseased place, such as an ulcer or a boil. 
2. Fig.: Grief; affliction; trouble; difficulty. 

Cold sore. (Med.) See under Cold, n. 

Sore, adv. 1. In a sore manner ; with pain ; griev- 
ously. 2. Greatly ; violently ; deeply. 

Sore'hon (sor'hSn), n. [Corrupted from Sojourn.] 
Formerly, in Ireland, a kind of servile tenure. 

Sor'el (sor'gl), n. [A diminutive. See Sore reddish 
brown.] 1. (Zool.) A young buck in the third year. 2. 
A yellowish or reddish brown color ; sorrel. 

Sore'ly (sor'ly), adv. In a sore manner ; grievously. 

II So-re'ma (so-re'ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. o-wpos a heap.] 
(Bot.) A heap of carpels belonging to one flower. 

Sore'ness (sor'nes), n. Quality or state of being sore. 

Sor'ghum (soVgum), n. [NL. ; prob. of Chinese 
origin.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of grasses, properly includ- 
ing only two species, the Arabian millet, or Johnson 
grass, and Indian millet, (b) A variety of Indian millet 
grown for its saccharine juice ; the Chinese sugar cane. 

II So'ri (so'rl), n., pi. of Sorus. 

So'ri-cine (so'rT-sin), a. [From L. sorex a shrew.] 
(Zool.) Of, pertaining to, or like, a shrew or the shrews. 

So-ri'tes (so-rl'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. o-wpei-nj? (sc. 
o-vAAoyio-p.6s), prop., heaped-up (syllogism).] (Logic) An 
abridged form of stating a series of syllogisms in propo- 
sitions the predicate of each one of which except the 
next to the last forms the subject of each one that fol- 
lows, and the last, or conclusion, unites the subject of 
the first proposition with the predicate of the last pre- 
ceding proposition. — So-rit'ic-al (so-rit'I-kal), a. 

So-ror'i-cide (so-ror'T-sid), n. [L. sororicida, sorori- 
cidium ; soror sister -f- caedere to kill.] Murder of one's 
sister ; also, one who kills one's own sister. 

So-ro'sis (so-ro'sis), n. [From L. soror sister.] 
A woman's club ; an association of women. [ U. S.~\ 

II So-ro'sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. o-wpds a heap.] (Bot.) A 
fleshy fruit formed by the consolidation of many flowers 
with their receptacles, ovaries, etc. 

Sor'rel (sor'rel), a. [F. saur, saure, OF. sor, sore, 
prob. of Teutonic origin. Cf. Sorel.] Of a yellowish or 
reddish brown color. — n. A yellowish or reddish brown. 

Sor'rel, n. [F. surelle, fr. sur sour, fr. OHG. sur. 
See Sour.] (Bot.) One of various plants having a sour 
juice, esp. a plant of the genus Rumex. 

Sorrel tree (Bot.), a small ericaceous tree (Oxydendrum- 
arboreum) whose leaves have a sour taste. 

Sor'ri-ly (sor'rT-ly), adv. In a sorry manner ; poorly. 

Sor'ri-ness, n. Quality or state of being sorry. 

Sor'row (sor'ro), n. [OE. sorwe, sorewe, AS. sorg y 
sorh ; akin to G- sorge; of unknown origin.] The un- 
easiness or pain of mind which is produced by the loss 
of any good, real or supposed, or by disappointment in 
the expectation of good ; grief ; regret ; sadness. 

Syn. — Grief ; unhappiness ; regret ; sadness ; heavi- 
ness ; mourning ; affliction. See Affliction, and Grief. 

Sor'row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sorrowed (-rod) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sorrowing.] To feel sorrow ; to feel mournful ; 
to grieve ; to be sad. 

Sor'row-ful (-ro-ful), a. 1. Full of sorrow ; exhibit- 
ing sorrow ; sad ; dejected. 2. Producing sorrow. — 
Sor'row-ful-ly, adv. — Sor'row -fulness, n. 

Syn. — Mournful ; dismal ; disconsolate ; distressed ; 
dreary ; grievous ; lamentable ; doleful ; distressing. 

Sor'ry (-rj), a. \_Compar. Sorrd3R (-ri-er) ; superl. 
Sorrdbst.] [OE. sory, sary, AS. sarig, fr. sar, n., sore. 
See Sore, n. & a. The original sense was, painful ; hence, 
miserable, sad.] 1. Grieved for the loss of some good ; 
pained for some evil ; feeling regret. 2. Melancholy ; 
dismal ; gloomy ; mournful. 3. Poor ; mean ; worthless. 

Sort (sSrt), n. [F. sort, L. sors, sortis. See Sort 
kind.] Chance ; lot ; destiny. [06s.] 



< 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SORT 



776 



SOUR 







\ 



Sort (sSrt), ?2. [F. sorts, fr. L. «>r.s, sortis, a lot, part.] 
1. A kind or species ; any number or collection of individ- 
ual persons or things characterized by the same or like 
qualities ; a class or order. 2. Manner ; form of being 
or acting. 3. Condition above the vulgar ; rank. [Obs.] 
4. A chance group ; a company ; a troop. [Obs.] 5. 
pi. {Print.) Letters, figures, points, marks, spaces, or 
quadrats, belonging to a case, separately considered. 

Oat of sorts (Print.), with some letters or sorts of type 
deficient or exhausted in the case or font ; hence, collo- 
quially, out of order ; ill. 

Syn. —Kind ; species ; rank ; condition. — Sort, unlike 
kind, did not originally imply necessarily the idea of 
affinity, but only mere assemblage. The two words are 
now used to a great extent interchangeably, though sort 
is sometimes somewhat disparaging. 

Sort, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Sorted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sort- 
ing.] 1. To separate, and place in distinct classes or 
divisions, as things having different qualities. 2. To re- 
duce to order from a confused state. 3. To conjoin ; to 
class. 4. To choose ; to select. 5. To conform. [R.] 

Sort, v. i. 1. To join or associate with others, esp. 
with others of the same kind or species ; to agree. 2. 
To suit ; to conform ; to be in accord ; to harmonize. 

Sort'ance (-ans), n. Suitableness. [Obs.] 

Sort'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, sorts. 

Sor/tie (sfir'te), ». [F., fr. sortir to go out, to issue.] 
{Mil.) The sudden issuing of a body of troops from a be- 
sieged place to attack or harass the besiegers ; a sally. 

Sor'ti-lege (-ti-lej), n. [From L. sors, sortis, a lot 
-f- legere to select.] The act of drawing lots ; divination 
by drawing lots. — Sor ti-le'gious (-le'jus), a. 

II So'rus (so'rus), n. ; pi. Sori (-rx). [NL., fr. Gr. 
aiopos a heap.] (Bot.) One of the fruit dots, or small 
clusters of sporangia, on the back of the fronds of ferns. 

So'-SO' (so'so'), a. [So -f so.] Neither very good 
nor very bad ; middling ; passable ; tolerable ; indifferent. 

Soss (sos; 115), v. i. [Cf. Souse to plunge.] To 
drop into a chair or seat ; to sit lazily. [Obs.] 

II Sos te-nu'to (sos'ta-nob'to), a. [It.] (Mus.) Sus- 
tained, either to the utmost of the nominal value of the 
time, or so as to be somewhat prolonged or protracted. 

Sot (sot), n. [F., fr. LL. soltus ; of unknown origin.] 
1. A stupid, person ; a dolt. [Obs.] 2. A person stu- 
pefied by excessive drinking ; an habitual drunkard. 

Sot, v. t. To stupefy; to delude ; to besot. [Obs.] 

So-tad'ic (so-tad'ik), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, 
the lascivious compositions of the Greek poet Sotades. 

So-t^li-ol'O-gy (so-te'ri-ol'o-jy), n. [Gr. croiTvpia 
safety (crcorrjp savior) -f- -logy.'] 1. A discourse on hy- 
giene. 2. (Theol.) The doctrine of salvation by Christ. 

So'thi-ac (so'thT-a'k), I a. Of or pertaining to Sothis, 

Soth/ic (soth'ik), j the Egyptian name for the 
Dog Star ; canicular. 

Sot'tish (sot'tish), a. Like a sot ; doltish ; very fool- 
ish. — Sot'tish-ly, adv. — Sot'tish ness, n. 

Syn. —Dull; stupid; senseless; doltish; infatuate. 

II Sot to VO / ce (softo vo'cha). [It.] (3fus.) With a 
restrained voice or moderate force ; in an undertone. 

Sou (soo), n. ; pi. Sous (sooz or soo). [F. sou, OF. sol, 
from L. solidus a coin. See Soldier.] An old French 
copper coin, equivalent in value to, and now displaced 
by, the five-centime piece (^ of a franc), which is popu- 
larly called a sou. 

Sou'brette 7 (soo'bref), n. [F.] A female servant ; 
specif., as a term of the theater, an intriguing lady's 
maid ; a meddlesome young woman. 

Sou'bri'quet' (sod'bre'ka'), n. See Sobriquet. 

Souce (sous), n^&v. See Souse. 

Sou-chong' (s6o-sh5ng'), n. [Chin, seou chong little 
plant or sort.] A kind of black tea of a fine quality. 

Souffle (soo'f'l), n. [F.] (Med.) A murmuring or 
blowing sound. 

Souffle" (sdo'fla), n. [F., fr. souffle, p. p. of souffler 
to puff.] (Cookery) A side dish served hot from the oven 
at dinner, made of beaten eggs, milk, and flour, etc. 

Sough (suf), n. [Cf. Icel. sugr (in comp.) a rushing 
sound, or OE. swough, swogh, a sound, AS. swogan to 
sound. Cf. Surf, Swoon, v. i.] 1. A whistling or sigh- 
ing sound, as of the wind through pines ; a hollow mur- 
mur or roaring. 2. Hence, a vague rumor. [Scot.'] 

Sough, v. i. To whistle or sigh, as the wind. 

Sought (sat), imp. & p. p. of Seek. 

Soul (sol), n. [AS. sawel, sawl ; akin to G. seele; ori- 
gin uncertain.] 1. The spiritual, rational, and immortal 
part in man, — either (a) the so-called animal soul, that 
is, the seat of life, exclusive of the voluntary and rational 
powers ; — in distinction from the higher nature, or spirit, 
of man ; or (b) the moral and emotional part of man's 



nature ; — in distinction from intellect ; or (c) the intellect 
only ; the understanding ; — in distinction from feeling. 
In a more general sense, " an animating, separable, sur- 
viving entity, the vehicle of individual personal exist- 
ence." 2. The seat of real life or vitality ; the animating 
or essential part. 3. The leader ; inspirer ; moving spirit. 
4. Courage ; spirit ; fervor ; affection, or any other noble 
manifestation of the heart or moral nature. 5. A human 
being ; person. 6. A pure or disembodied spirit. 

Syn. — Spirit ; life ; courage ; fire ; ardor. 

Souled (sold), a. Furnished with (such) a soul. 

SouTless (sol'les), a. Being without soul. 

Sound (sound), n. [AS. sund a swimming, akin to E. 
swim.] The air bladder of a fish. 

Sound, a. [Compar. Sounder (-er) ; superl. Sound- 
est.] [OE. sound, AS. sund; akin to D. gezond, G. 
gesund.] 1. Whole; unbroken; unharmed; free from 
flaw, defect, or decay ; perfect in kind. 2. Healthy ; not 
diseased ; — said of body or mind. 3. Firm ; strong ; 
solid ; safe. 4. Free from error ; correct ; true ; ortho- 
dox ; — said of persons. 5. Founded in truth or right ; 
supported by justice; not fallacious. 6. Heavy; laid 
on with force. 7. Undisturbed ; deep ; profound. 8. 
Founded in law ; legal ; valid ; not defective. 

Sound, adv. Soundly. 

Sound, n. [AS. sund a narrow sea or strait ; akin to 
G. sund.] (Geog.) A narrow passage of water, or a strait 
between the mainland and an island ; also, a strait con- 
necting two seas, or a sea or lake with the ocean. ' 

Sound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Sounding.] [F. sonder; perh. akin to E. sound strait.] 

1. To measure the depth of, esp. with a line and plum- 
met ; to fathom. 2. To seek to ascertain the thoughts, 
motives, or purposes of (a person) ; to examine ; to try ; 
to test. 3. (Med.) To explore or examine with a sound. 

Sound, v. i. To sound the depth of water. 

Sound, n. [F. sonde.] (Med.) An instrument or 
probe by which cavities of the body are explored. 

Sound, n. [OE. soun, OF. son, sun, fr. L. sonus ; 
akin to Skr. svana sound. Cf. Person, Sonnet.] 1. A 
sensation or perception of the mind received through the 
ear, and produced by the impulse or vibration of the air 
or other medium with which the ear is in contact ; noise ; 
report. 2. The impulse or vibration which would occa- 
sion sound to a percipient if present with unimpaired 
organs. 3. Noise without sigmfication ; empty noise. 

Sound, v. i. 1. To make a sound or noise ; to give 
voice. 2. To be conveyed by sound ; to be spread abroad 
by sound. 3. To have a certain import, when heard. 

To sound ia or Into, to tend to ; to partake of the nature 
of. [Obs., except in legal phraseology.] 

Sound, v. t. 1. To cause to make a, noise ; to play on. 

2. To cause to exist as a sound ; to utter. 3. To give a 
signal for by a certain sound. 4. To celebrate or honor 
by sounds ; to publish or proclaim. 5. To examine the 
condition of (anything) by causing it to emit sounds and 
noting their character. 6. To denote. [Obs.] 

Sound'age (-aj ; 48), n. Dues for soundings. 

Sound'-board' (-bord / ), n. A sounding-board. 

Sound'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, sounds. 

Sounding, a. Emitting sound ; hence, sonorous. 

Sound'ing, n. 1. Act of one that sounds. 2. (Naut.) 
[From Sound to fathom.] (a) Measurement by sounding ; 
also, the depth so ascertained, (b) Any place in the 
ocean, or other water, where a sounding line will reach 
the bottom ; — usually in pi. (c) That which is brought 
up by the sounding lead when it has touched bottom. 

Sound'ing-board' (-bord'), n. 1. (Mus.) A thin 
board which propagates the sound in a piano, violin, etc. 
2. A board or structure placed behind or over a pulpit 
or rostrum to give distinctness to a speaker's voice. 

Soundly, adv. In a sound manner. 

Sound'ness. n . Quality or state of being sound. 

Soup (sobp), n. [F. soupe, OF. sope, supe, soupe, 
perh. orig., apiece of bread. See Sop.] A liquid food 
usually made by boiling meat or vegetables, or both, in 
water, — commonly seasoned or flavored ; strong broth. 

II Soupe -mai'gre (soorVma'gr'), n. [F.] (Cookery) 
Soup made chiefly from vegetables or fish. 

Sour (sour), a. [Compar. Sourer (-er) ; superl. Sour- 
est.] [AS. sur; akin to G. sauer.] 1. Having an acid 
or sharp, biting taste, like vinegar ; tart. 2. Changed so 
as to be acid, rancid, or musty. 3. Disagreeable ; unpleas- 
ant ; hence, cross ; morose. 4. Cold and unproductive. 

Sour dock (Bot. ), sorrel. — Sour gum. (Bot. ) See Tupelo. 

Syn. — Acetose ; harsh; acrimonious; crabbed. 

Sour, n. Anything sour or acid. 

Sour, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Soured (sourd) ; p. pr. & 



a, e, I, o, vi, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, «., y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SOURCE 



777 



SPADILLE 




vb. n. Souring.] 1. To cause to become, or to become, 
sour; specif., to make or become unhappy, uneasy, or 
less agreeable, harsh or unkindly. 2. To macerate, and 
render fit for plaster or mortar. 

Source (sors), n. [Through OF. sors, p. p. of sordre, 
surdre, sourdre, to spring up, fr. L. surgere to lift. See 
Suege.] 1. A rising ; ascent. [Obs.~\ 2. The rising from 
the ground, or beginning, of a stream of water or the 
like ; spring ; fountain. 3. The person or place from 
which anything originally proceeds. 

Syn. — See Origin. 

Sour'crout' (sour'krout'), n. See Sauerkraut. 

Sour'krout' (-krouf), n. Same as Sauerkraut. 

Sour'ly, adv. In a sour manner ; with sourness. 

Sour'ness, n. Quality or state of being sour. 

Sour'sop' (-s5p'), n. (Bot.) The acidulous fruit of a 
small tree of the West Indies. [rel tree. I 

Sour'wood' (-wdbd' ), n. (Bot. ) The sor- 1 

Souse (sous), n. [OF. sausse. See 
Sauce.] 1. Pickle made with salt. 2. 
Something kept or steeped in pickle ; esp., 
the pickled ears, feet, etc., of swine. 3. 
Act of sousing ; a plunging into water. 

Souse, v. I. [imp. & p. p. Soused 
(soust); p. pr. & vb. n. Sousing.] 1. To 
steep in pickle ; to pickle. 2. To plunge 
into water or any liquid ; to drench. c r , ult °f 

Souse, v. i. [Prob. fr. OF. sors, p. p. of B0Urh °P- 
sordre to rise, and first used of an upward swoop ; but 
confused with preceding word. See Source.] To swoop 
or plunge, as a bird upon its prey ; to fall suddenly. 

Souse, v . t. To pounce upon, [i?.] 

Souse, n. Act of sousing, or swooping. 

Ii Soutane' (sob'tan'), n. [F., deriv. of L. subtus 
•beneath.] A kind of ecclesiastical garment ; a cassock. 

Sou'ter (sob'ter), n. [AS. sutere.] A cobbler. [Ota.] 

South (south ; by sailors sou), n. [AS. su&, for sunS ; 
akin to G. siid, and prob. to E. sun, meaning, the side to- 
ward the sun.] 1. That one of the four cardinal points 
directly opposite to the north. 2. Any place relatively 
situated to the south. 

South, a. Lying toward the south ; situated at the 
south, or in a relatively southern direction ; proceeding 
toward, or coming from, the south. 

South, adv. 1. Southward. 2. From the south. 

South, »•. i. [imp. & p. p. Southed (southd); p. pr. 
& vb. n. Southing.] 1. To turn or move toward the 
south. 2. (Astron.) To come to the meridian. 

South'down' (south'doun'), a. Of or pertaining to 
the South Downs, a range of pasture hills in England. 

Southeast' (south'esf ; by sailors sou'-), n. The 
point of the compass equally distant from the south and 
the east ; the part or region situated in the direction of 
this point of the compass. Also used adjectively. 

South east'er, n. A gale or storm from the southeast. 

Southeast'er-ly, a. Of or pertaining to the south- 
east ; going toward, or coming from, the southeast. 

South east'er-ly, adv. Toward the southeast. 

South east'ern (-_ern), a. Southeasterly. [south. I 

South'er (south'er), n. A gale or storm from the| 

South'er-ly (suth'er-ly), a. Pertaining to the south ; 
southern. — South'er-li hess. n. 

South'em (surh/ern), a. Of or pertaining to the 
south ; situated in, or proceeding from, the south ; sit- 
uated or proceeding toward the south. 

South'ern-er (-er), n. An inhabitant or native of the 
south, esp. of the Southern States of North America. 

South'ern-ly (siith'ern-ly), a. Somewhat southern. 
— adv. Southward. — South'ern-li-ness (-lT-ngs), n. 

South'ern-wood' (-wdbd'), n. (Bot.) A shrubby 
species of wormwood, sometimes used in making beer. 

South'ing (southing), n. 1. Tendency or progress 
southward. 2. Time at which a heavenly body passes the 
meridian. 3. (Astron.) Distance of any heavenly body 
south of the equator. 4. (Surv. & Navigation) Distance 
southward measured on a meridian. 

South'ron (suth'rQn), n. An inhabitant of the south. 

South'ward (south'werd ; colloq. suth'erd), ) adv. 

Southwards (south'werdz ; colloq. suth'erdz), j To- 
ward the south, or toward a point nearer the south than 
the east or west point. — South'ward-ly , adv. 

South'ward, a. Lying or proceeding toward the 
south, —n. The southern regions or countries. 

South'west' (south'west' ; colloq. sou'-), n. The point 
of the compass equally distant from the south and the 
west ; the part or region situated in the direction of this 
jpoint of the compass. Also used adjectively. 

South west'er (-er), n. 1. A storm or strong wind 



from the southwest. 2. A waterproof hat with a flap at 
the back, — worn in stormy weather. 

South west'er-ly (south'wesfer-1^, colloq. sou'-), a. 
Southwestern. [west. I 

South west'ern (-em), a. Of or pert, to the south- 1 

Sou've-nir' (soo / ve-ner / or soov'ner), n. [F., fr. sou- 
venir to remember.] A remembrancer ; a memento. 

Sov'er-eign (suv^r-in or sov'-), a. [OF. soverain, 
suzerain, LL. superanus, fr. L. superus higher, fr. super 
above.] 1. Supreme or highest in power; superior to 
all others ; paramount ; chief. 2. Independent of, and 
unlimited by, any other ; possessing, or entitled to, orig- 
inal authority or jurisdiction. 3. Princely; royal. 4. 
Efficacious in the highest degree ; controlling. 

Sov'er-eign, n. 1. A person, body, or state in which 
independent and supreme authority is vested. 2. A gold 
coin of Great Britain, bearing an effigy of the head of the 
sovereign, — valued at one pound sterling, or about $1.86. 

Syn. — King ; prince ; monarch ; potentate ; emperor. 

Sov'er-eign-ly, adv. In a sovereign manner. 

Sov'er-eign-ty (-ty), ». Quality or state of being sov- 
ereign ; dominion ; supremacy ; also, a sovereign state. 

Sov'ran (-ran), a. Sovereign. 

Sow (sou), n. [AS. sugu ; akin to G. sau, L. sus, Gr. 
<n5s.] 1. (Zool.) The female of the hog kind. 2. (Metal.) 
A channel conducting the molten metal to the pig. 

Sow bread (Bot.), any plant of the genus Cyclamen.— 
Sow bug, or Sowbug (Zool.), any one of numerous isopods 
which feed chiefly on decaying vegetable substances. 

Sow (so), v. t. [imp. Sowed (sod) ; p. p. Sown (son) 
or Sowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sowing.] [AS. sawan; akin 
to G. sden, L. serere. Cf. Seed.] 1. To scatter, as seed, 
upon the earth ; to plant by strewing. Fig. : To spread 
abroad ; to propagate. 2- To scatter seed upon, in, or 
over. Fig. : To scatter over ; to besprinkle. 

SOW, r. i. To sow seed ; — lit. or fig. 

Sow'ens (sou'enz or so'euz), n. pi. An article of food, 
used in Scotland, made from the husk of the oat. 

Sow'er (so'er), n. One who, or that which, sows. 

Sowl ) (soul), v. t. To pull by the ears ; to drag 

Sowle I about. [Obs.] 

Sown (sou), p. p. of Sow. 

Soy (soi), n. [Chinese shoyii.] 1. A Chinese and Jap- 
anese liquid sauce for fish, etc., made from boiled beans 
(esp. soja beans) by long fermentation and then long 
digestion in salt and water. 2. (Bot.) The soja. 

Spa (spa), n. A spring of mineral water ; — so called 
from a place of this name in Belgium. 

Space (spas), n. [F. espace, fr. L. spatium space.] 
1. Extension, independent of anything which it may con- 
tain. 2. Place, having more or less extension ; room. 3. 
Quantity of extension ; an interval between any two or 
more objects. 4. Quantity of time ; interval between 
two points of time ; duration ; time. 5. Path ; course. 
[Obs.~\ 6. (Print.) (a) A small piece of metal cast lower 
than a face type, (b) The distance or interval between 
words or letters in the lines, or between lines. 7. (Mus.) 
One of the open places between the lines of the staff. 

Space, v. i. To walk ; to rove ; to roam. [Obs.~\ 

Space, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spaced (spast) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Spacing (spa'sing).] To arrange or adjust the 
spaces in or between. 

Spa'clous (spa'shus), n. [L. spatiosus.~\ 1. Vast in 
extent. 2. Inclosing an extended space ; having large 
or ample room ; capacious ; roomy. — Spa'ci0US-ly, 
adv. — Spa'cious-ness, n. 

II Spa das sin' (spa'da'saN'), n. [F.] A bravo. 

Spade (spad), n. [Cf. Spay, ?*.] 1. A hart or stag 
three years old. 2. A castrated man or beast. 

Spade, ii. [AS. spsedu, spada ; akin to G. spaten, L. 
spatha spatula, broad two-edged sword, spathe, Gr. ana/h). 
Cf. Spathe.] 1. A kind of implement for digging or cut- 
ting the ground. 2. [Sp.espada, lit., a sword,fr. L. spatha; 
— so called because these cards among the Spanish bear 
the figure of a sword.] One of that suit of cards each 
of which bears one or more figures resembling a spade. 

Spade, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Spaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Spading.] To dig, or cut off, with a spade. 

Spade'flsh' (-fish'), n. (Zool.) A species of market 
fish common on the southern coasts of the U. S. 

Spad'er (spad'er), n. One who, or that which, spades. 

Spa-di'ceous (spa-dish'fis), a. [L. spadix, Arts, a 
date-brown color. See Spadix.] 1. Of a bright clear 
brown or chestnut color. 2. (Bot.) Bearing flowers on 
a spadix ; of the nature of a spadix. 

Spa'di-cose' (spa'dT-kos'), a. (Bot.) Spadiceous. 

Spa-dille' (spa-diP), n. [F.] (Card Playing) The 
ace of spades in omber and quadrille. 



f Srn, recent, Orb, rude, full, Urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SPADIX 



778 



SPAROID 



; pi. L. Spadices (spa-di'sez), E. 
). [L., a palm branch broken off, 



SpA'diX ^spa'dTks), n. 



H 



with us fruit, Ur. cnra&i$.] (£c;M A tieshy spike of 
. usually Inclosed In a leaf called ■ spothe, [See 

Of jACK-m-THB-PTJlMT.] 

Spa'do (-dft), «• [L., fr. Gr. o-rraoW.] 1. Same as 
1st BrADB, '-'• 2. (Laic) Aii impotent person. 

Spa-droon' *,sp:i-droou'), 7i. [See Spade. J A sword; 
especially, a broadsword. 

II Spa-ghet'ti ^pa-ggt'te"), n. [It.] A variety of 
macaroni made in t nlies of small diameter. 

Spa-gyr'ic (spA-jYrTk), ) a. [LL. spagyricus, fr. Gr. 

Spa-gyrlC-al (-T-kal), J orrrav to separate -+- ayeC- 
peiv to assemble.] Chemical; alchemical. [06*.] 

Spag'y-rist (sp5j'T-rist), n. A chemist. [06*.] 

Spake (spak), archaic imp. of Speak. 

Spall (spal), n. [See Spell a splinter.] A chip or 
fragment ; esp., a feather-edged chip of stone. 

Spal'peen (spal'pen), n. [Ir. spailpin. ] A scamp ; — 
an Irish term for a good-for-nothing fellow. \_Colloq.~\ 

Spalt (spalt), v. t. & i. [Cf. OE. spalden.~] To split 
off ; to cleave off. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.] 

Span (spSu), archaic imp. &p.p. of Spin. 

Span, n. [AS. spann; akin to G. spanne.] 1. The 
space from the end of the thumb to the end of the little 
finger when extended ; nine inches ; eighth of a fathom. 
2. Hence, a small space or a brief time. 3. The extent 
of an arch between its abutments, or of a beam, truss, 
roof, etc., between its supports. 4. (Naut.) A rope hav- 
ing its ends made fast so that a purchase can be hooked 
to the bight ; also, a rope made fast in the center so that 
both ends can be used. 5. [Cf. D. span, G. gespann.] 
A pair of horses or other animals driven together. 

Span, ». t. limp. & p. p. Spanned (spand) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Spanning.] 1. To measure by the span of the 
hand. 2. To reach from side to side of. 3. To fetter. 

Span'cel (span'sel), n. A rope for fettering or hob- 
bling an animal. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.] 

Span'dogs (span'dogz'), n. pi. A pair of grappling 
dogs for hoisting logs and timber. 

Span'drel (-drel), n. [From 
Span.] (Arch.) The irregular tri- 
angular space between the curve 
of an arch and the inclosing 
right angle ; or the space between 
the outer moldings of two contig- s s »P andrels - 

uous arches and a horizontal line above them, or another 
arch above and inclosing them. 

Spang (spang), n. [AS. spange a clasp ; akin to G. 
spange.~\ A spangle or shining ornament. [06s.] 

Span'gle (span'gl), n. [Dim. of AS. spange. See 
Spang a spangle.] 1. A small shining plate or boss, esp. 
one of metal. 2. Fig. : Any little thing that is brilliant. 

Span'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spangled (-g'ld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Spangling (-gling).] To set or sprinkle 
with, or as if with, spangles. 

Span'gle, v. i. To show brilliant spots or points ; to 
glitter. 

Span'gler (-gler), n. One that spangles. [Spain. 1 

Spaniard (span'yerd), n. A native or inhabitant of] 

Spaniel (-yel), n. [OF. 
Espana Spain, fr. L. Hispa~ 
nia.~\ 1. (Zool.) One of a 
breed of small dogs having 
long and thick hair and 
large drooping ears. The 
field spaniels, or those used 
in hunting, are remarkable 
for their activity and intel- 
ligence. See Clumber, and 
Blenheim Spaniel. 2. A 
cringing, fawning person. 

Spanish (-Tsh), a. Of or pert, to Spain or Spaniards. 

Spanish bayonet (Bot.), a liliaceous plant ( Yucca aloi- 
fofia) with rigid spine-tipped leaves ; also, any one of 
other similar plants of the Southwestern U. S. and Mexico. 
— Spanish daggers (Bot.), the Spanish bayonet. — Spanish 
elm {Bot.), a large West Indian tree furnishing hard and 
useful timber. — Spanish flag (Zool.), the California rock- 
fish. It is conspicuously colored with bands of red and 
white. — Spanish fly (Zool.), a brilliant green beetle, com- 
mon in the south of Europe, used for raising blisters. — 
Spanish grass (Hot.), esparto. — Spanish moss (Bot.), til- 
landsia. — 8panish potato (Bot.), the sweet potato. 

Spanish, n. The language of Spain. 

Spank (KpSnk), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Spanked (spSnkt) ; 
p. pr. & j b. n. Spanking.] [Of unknown origin.] To 
strike with the open hand ; to slap. 

Spank, n. A blow with the open hand ; a slap. 



espagneul, Sp. espanol, fr. 

vSL 

Sussex Spaniel. 



Spank (spSnk), v. i. To move quickly. 

Spank'er (-er), n. 1. One that spanks, or is used for 
spanking. 2. (Naut.) The after sail of a ship or bark, be- 
ing a fore-and-aft sail with a boom and gaff. [See Illust. 
of Sail.] 3. One who moves with loug, quick strides. 
[Colloq.] 4. Something very large ; whopper. [Colloq.] 

Spanking, a. 1. Moving with a quick, lively pace ; 
dashing. 2. Large ; considerable. [Colloq.] 

Span'ner (span'ner), n. 1. One that spans. 2. An 
iron instrument used to turn a nut or bolt ; wrench. 

Span'-new' (-nu 7 ), a. [Icel. spdnnyr, prop., new as a 
chip just split. See Spoon.] Quite new ; brand-new. 

Span' worm 7 (-wfirm'), n. (Zool.) The larva of any 
geometrid moth, as the cankerworm. 

Spar (spar), n. [AS. spser in spxrstan chalkstone ; 
akin to G. sparkaXk. plaster.] (Min.) An old name for a 
nonmetallic mineral, usually cleavable and lustrous. 

Spar, n. [OE. sparre ; akin to G. sparren; of uncer- 
tain origin.] 1. (Naut.) A general term for any round 
piece of timber, esp. one used as a mast, yard, boom, or 
gaff. 2. (Arch.) Formerly, a piece of timber. 

Spar, v. t. To supply or equip with a spar or spars. 

Spar, v . i. [imp. & p. p. Sparred (spard) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Sparring.] [Of uncertain origin.] 1. To strike 
with the feet or spurs, as cocks do. 2. To contend or 
combat with the fists ; to box. 

Spar, n. 1. A contest at sparring or boxing. 2. A 
movement of offense or defense in boxing. 

Spar'a-ble (sp$r'a-b'l), n. [Corrupted from sparrow 
bill.'] A kind of small nail used by shoemakers. 

Spar'age (-aj ; 48), Spar'a-gus (-a-gfis), Spar'ar 
grass' (-gras'), n. Obs. or corrupt forms of Asparagus. 

Spare (spSr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spared (spSrd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sparing.] [AS. spartan, fr. spser spare, 
sparing, saving ; akin to G. sparen. Cf . Spare, a.] \, 
To use frugally or stintingly ; to save. 2. To keep to 
one's self ; to forbear to impart or give. 3. To preserve 
from danger or punishment ; to forbear to punish, injure, 
or harm. 4. To save or gain; to reserve. 5. To do 
without ; to dispense with ; to give up ; to part with. 

Spare, v. i. 1. To be frugal ; to stint. 2. To refrain 
from inflicting harm ; to forbear. 3. To refrain. [Obs.] 

Spare, a. [Compar. Sparer (-er) ; superl. Sparest ; — 
not used in all senses.] [AS. spser sparing.] 1. Scanty ; 
not abundant or plentiful. 2. Sparing ; frugal ; parsimo- 
nious ; chary. 3. Being over and above what is necessary ; 
not wanted, or not used ; superfluous. 4. Held in reserve, 
to be used in an emergency. 5. Lean ; wanting flesh ; mea- 
ger ; thin ; gaunt. — Sparely, adv. — Spare'ness, n. 

Spare, n. 1. Act of sparing. [Obs.] 2. That which 
has not been used. 3. (Tenpins) The right of bowling 
again at a full set of pins, after having knocked all the 
pins down in less than three bowls. 

Spar'er (sparer), n. One who spares. 

Spare'rib' (-rib'), n. [Spare, a. -j- rib.] A piece of 
pork, consisting of ribs with little flesh on them. 

Sparge (sparj), v. t. [L. spargere.] To sprinkle. 

Spar'ger (sparjer), n. A sprinkler. 

Sparing (spSr'ing), a. Spare ; saving ; frugal ; mer- 
ciful. — Spar'ing-ly, adv. — Spar'ing-ness, n. 

Spark (spark), n. [AS. spearca ; akin to D. spark, 
sperk.] 1. A small particle of fire or ignited substance 
emitted by a body in combustion. 2. A small, shining 
body, or transient light ; a sparkle. 3. That which, like 
a spark, may be kindled into a flame, or into action ; a 
feeble germ ; an elementary principle. 

Spark, v. i. To sparkle. [Obs.] 

Spark, n. [Icel. spark lively, sprightly.] 1. A brisk, 
showy, gay man. 2. A lover; gallant ; beau. 

Spark, v. i. To play the spark, beau, or lover. 

Spark'er (spark'er), n. A spark arrester. 

Spar'kle (sp'ar'k'l), n. A little spark ; a scintillation. 

Sparlile, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sparkled (-k'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sparkling (-kling).] 1. To emit sparks; to 
shine or glisten as if throwing off sparks ; to scintillate. 
2. To emit little bubbles, as certain liquors ; to effervesce. 

Syn. — To shine ; radiate ; coruscate ; glitter ; twinkle. 

Sparlde, v. t. To emit in sparks. 

Spar'kler, n. One who, or that which, sparkles. 

Sparkling (spark'ltng), a. Emitting sparks ; glitter- 
ing. — Sparkling-ly, adv. — Sparkling-ne- : n. 

Syn. — Brilliant ; shining. See Shining. 

Sparling (sparling), n. [Akin to G. spierling.] (Zo- 
ol.) (a) The European smelt, (b) A young salmon. 
[Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 

Spa'roid (spa'roid), a. [L. sparus the gilthead + -oid.\ 
(Zool.) Of or pert, to the Sparidse, a family of spmous- 
finned fishes which includes the scup and sea bream. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, a, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SPARROW 



779 



SPECIAL 



Spar'row (spaVro"), n. [OE. sparwe, AS. spearwa; 
akin to G. sperling ; — orig., prob., the quiverer or ttut- 
terer, and akin to E. spurn.'] (Zo'dl.) Any one 
of many species of small singing birds 
of the family Fringillidx, having con- 
ical bills, and feeding chiefly on 
seeds. Also, any one of several 
other birds of similar form or 
habits. 

Sparrow hawk (Zo'dl.), 
any one of several small 
species of hawks of the 
Old and New Worlds. 




English Sparrow (Passer 
(lomesticits). 

(Bot.) A kind of ever- 



Spar'r o w-grass' 
(-gras'), n. A corruption 
of Asparagus. 

Spar'row-wort' (-wtirt'), n. 
green shrub (Erica passerina). 

Sparse (spars), a. [Compar. Sparser (-er) ; superl. 
Sparsest.] [L. sparsus, p. p. of spargere to strew, scat- 
ter.] Thinly scattered ; set or planted here and there. 

— Sparsely , adv. — Sparse'ness, n. [teredly. I 
II Spar'sim (spar'sim), adv. [L.] Sparsely; scat-| 
Spar'tan (spar'tan), a. Of or pert, to Sparta, esp. to 

ancient Sparta ; hence, hardy ; undaunted. 

Sparth (sparth), n. An Anglo-Saxon battle-ax or hal- 
berd. [06*.] 

Spasm (spSz'm), n. [Or. o-7rao>id?, fr. tnrdeiv, crnav, 
to draw, to cause convulsion.] 1. (Med.) An involun- 
tary and unnatural contraction in a muscle. 2. A sud- 
den, violent, and temporary effort or emotion. 

Spas-mod'ic (spaz-mod'Tk), a. 1. (Med.) Of or pert, 
to spasm, or characterized by spasms. 2. Soon relaxed 
or exhausted; convulsive, —n. A medicine for spasm. 

Spasmodic croup (Med.), an affection of childhood pro- 
duced by spasmodic contraction of the vocal cords. 

Spas-mod'ic-al (-l-kal), a. Same as Spasmodic, a. 

— Spas-mod'ic-al ly (-T-kal-iy), adv. 

Spas'tic (spas'tik), a. [Gr. anao-Tuco?, fr. o-rrav to 
draw.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to spasm; spasmodic; 
esp., tetanic. — Spas-tic'i-ty (spas-tis'T-ty), n. 

Spat (spat), imp. of Spit. [Obs. or R.] 

Spat, n. [Fr. root of Spit ; hence, lit., that which is 
ejected.] A young oyster or other bivalve, just before or 
after it first becomes adherent ; such young, collectively. 

Spat, v. i. & t. To emit spawn ; to emit, as spawn. 

Spat, n. [Cf. Pat.] 1. A. light blow with something 
flat. [U. S. & Prov. Eng.] 2. A petty quarrel. [U. S.] 

Spat, v. t. To strike with a light blow. [U. S.] 

Spa-tan'gOid (spa-tan'goid), a. [Gr. o-n-aTayyrjs sea 
urchin + -oid.] (Zo'dl.) Of or pert, to an order of irreg- 
ular sea urchins, usually having a heart-shaped shell. 

Spatch/cock (spach'kok'), n. See Spitchcock. 

Spate (spat), n. [Of Celtic origin.] Flood ; overflow. 

Spa-tha'ceous (spa-tha/shiis), a. (Bot.) Having a 
spathe ; resembling a spathe ; spathal. 

Spa'thal (spa'thrtl), a. (Bot.) Spathaceous. 

Spathe (spath), n. [L. spatha. See Spade.] (Bot.) 
(a) An involucre formed of one leaf inclosing a spadix, 
as in aroid plants and palms. See Spadix. (b) The sev- 
eral-leaved involucre of the iris and other similar plants. 

Spathic (spath'Ik), ) a. [F. & G. spath spar.] Like 

Spath/ose' (-os'), ) spar ; foliated or lamellar. 

Spath'ose 7 , a. [See Spathe.] (Bot.) Spathaceous. 

Spath'OUS (-us), a. (Bot.) Spathaceous. 

Spath'u-late (-u-lat), a. Spatulate. 

Spa'tial (spa'shol), a. Of or pertaining to space. 

Spa'tial-ly (spa'shal-ly), adv. As regards space. 

Spat'ter (spaVter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spattered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Spattering.] [From root of 
Spit.] 1. To sprinkle with a liquid or with any wet sub- 
stance, as water, mud, etc. 2. To distribute by sprin- 
kling. 3. Fig. : To injure by aspersion ; to defame. 

Spat'ter-dash es (-dash'ez), n. pi. Coverings for the 
legs, to protect them from water and mud. ^T\ 

Spat'ter-dock' (-dok'), n. The common yel- / \ l/fj 
low waterlily. U W* 

Spat'tle (spat't'l), n. A spatula. [ \ , r 

Spat'u-la (spat'u-la ; 135), n. [L. spatula, \ \ \J /i; 
spathula, dim. of spatha. See Spade.] A ««J 
knife-shaped implement, flat, thin, and some- 
what flexible. 

Spat'll-late (-lat) , a. Shaped like a spatula. 

SpaVin (spav'Tn), n. [OE. spaveyne, OF. 
esparvain; akin to OF._espervier a sparrow Spatulate 
hawk, fr. OHG. sparwari (G. sperber), fr. Leaf. 
OHG. sparo sparrow, because this disease makes the horse 
raise the leg like a sparrowhawk or sparrow. See Spar- 



row. ] (Far. ) A disease of horses characterized by a bony 
swelling developed on the hock, as the result of inflam- 
mation ; also, the swelling itself. 

Bog spavin, a soft swelling produced by distension of 
the capsular ligament of the hock. 

Spav'ined (spSv'Tnd), a. Affected with spavin. 

Spawl (spal), n. A splinter or fragment. See SpaiA. 

Spawl, n. " Scattered or ejected spittle. 

Spawn (span), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spawned (spand) ; 
p. pr. & vb.'n. Spawning.] [OE. spanen, OF. espan- 
dre, L. expander e to spread out. See Expand.] 1. To 
produce or deposit (eggs), as fishes or frogs do. 2. To 
bring forth ; to generate ; — used in contempt. 

Spawn, v . i. 1. To deposit eggs, as fish or frogs do. 
2. To issue, as offspring ; — used contemptuously. 

Spawn, n. 1. The ova, or eggs, of fishes, oysters, 
and other aquatic animals. 2. Any product or off- 
spring ; — used contemptuously. 3. (Hort.) The buds 
or branches produced from underground stems. 4. 
(Bot.) The white fibrous matter forming the matrix 
from which fungi are produced ; the mycelium of fungi. 

Spawn'er (-er), n. A spawn producer. 

Spay (spa), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spayed (spad) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Spaying.] [Etym. uncertain.] To extirpate 
the ovaries of ; to castrate (a female animal). 

Speak (spek), v. i. [imp. Spoke (spok) (Spake (spak), 
Archaic) ; p. p. Spoken (spo'k'n) (Spoke, Obs. or Colloq.) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Speaking.] [AS. specan, sprecan; akin 
to G. sprechen.~\ 1. To utter words or articulate sounds, 
as human beings ; to express thoughts by words. 2. To 
express opinions ; to say ; to talk. 3. To utter a speech, 
discourse, or harangue. 4. To make mention; to tell. 
5. To give sound ; to sound. 6. To express sentiments, 
ideas, or intelligence as if by utterance. 

Syn.— To converse ; discourse ; articulate ; pronounce. 

Speak, v. t. 1. To utter with the mouth ; to pro- 
nounce. 2. To utter in words ; to say ; to tell ; to de- 
clare. 3. To express in any way ; to proclaim ; to pub- 
lish ; to make known ; to exhibit. 4. To talk or converse 
in. 5. To address ; to accost ; to speak to. 

To speak a ship (Naut.), to hail and speak to her com- 
mander. 

Speak'er (-er), n. One who speaks. Specif. : (a) 
One who utters or pronounces a discourse, (b) One who 
is the mouthpiece of others ; esp. , one who presides over, 
or speaks for, a deliberative assembly ; a chairman. 

Speak'er-ship, n. Office of speaker. 

Spear (sper), n. [AS. spere ; akin to G. speer, L. 
spams.] 1. A long, pointed weapon, used in war and 
hunting, by thrusting or 
throwing ; a lance. 2. 
A spearman. 3. A barbed 
instrument for stabbing 
fish and other animals. 
4. A shoot, as of grass ; 
spire. 5. The feather of 
a horse. 

Spear, v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Speared (sperd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Spearing.] 
To pierce or kill with a 
spear. Heads of various forms of Spears. 

Spear'er (-er), n. One who uses a spear. 

Spear'fish/ (-fish'), n. (Zo'dl.) (a) A large, powerful 
fish related to the swordfish. (b) A species of sucker. 

Spear'mint' (-mint 7 ), n. [So named from the shape 
of its inflorescence.] (Bot.) A species of mint growing 
in moist soil. It yields an aromatic oil. 

Spear'WOrt / (-wflrtO, n. (Bot.) Any one of several 
species of crowfoot with spear-shaped leaves. 

Spear'y (-y), a. Having the form of a spear. 

Spe'cial (spesh'ffl), a. [L. specialis, fr. species a par- 
ticular kind or quality. See Specdss.] 1. Of or pert, to 
a species ; constituting a species or sort. 2. Particular ; 
peculiar ; different from others ; uncommon. 3. Designed 
for a particular purpose, occasion, or person. 4. Limited 
in range ; confined to a definite field of action, investiga- 
tion, etc. 5. Chief in excellence. [Obs.] 

Special partner, a limited partner ; a partner with a lim- 
ited or restricted responsibility,— unknown at common 
law. — Special property (Law), a qualified or limited own- 
ership during possession, as of a bailee in the things 
bailed. — Special verdict (Law), a finding of the facts of 
the case, leaving to the court the application of the law. 

Syn. — Peculiar ; appropriate ; specific ; distinctive ; 
particular ; exceptional ; singular. See Peculiar. 

Spe'cial, n. 1. A particular. [Obs.] 2. One ap- 
pointed for a special service or occasion. 

In special, specially ; in particular. 




fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SPECIALISM 



780 



SPEECH 



Specialism (dpXah'al-Yi*m), m. Devotion to a branch 
of know ledge, art , or science. [specialty, l 

Spe'cial-ist (-1st), n. Ooa who devotes himself to a| 

Spe ci-al'i-ty (apSah l-Sl'l-ty). »■ 1< A particular or 
peculiar ease; a particularity. 2. (Law) See Special- 
ty. J. 3. The peculiar mark or characteristic of a person 
or thing : a special object of attention ; specialty. 

Spe cial-i-za'tion (8p8ah / al-l-a* , 8httn) 1 n. Act of 
specializing, or state of being specialized. 

Spe'cial-ize {-\z). ». t. & i. 1. To mention or speak 
specially : to particularize. 2. To apply to a specific use. 

Spe'cial-ly. <'</*'• 1- In a special manner ; particu- 
larly : especially. 2. For a particular purpose. 

Spe'cial-ty (-ty). ft. 1. Particularity. 2. (Law) A 
A contract or obligation under seal. 3. That for which 
a person is distinguished, or to which he gives special at- 
tention ; a speciality. 

Spe'ci-e (spe'shl-e), abl. of L. species sort, kind, — 
in specie, in sort, in kind, in (its own) form. 

Spe'cie (spe'shT), n. [Formed as a singular from 
species, in sense 5.] Coin ; hard money. 

Spe'cieS (spe'shez), n. sing. & pi. [L., a sight, ap- 
pearance, species. See Spice, «.] 1. Visible or sensible 
presentation ; appearance. 2. (Logic) A conception 
subordinated to another conception (a genus), from which 
it differs in comprehending more attributes, but fewer 
individuals. 3. In science, a more or less permanent 
group of existing things or beings, associated according 
to attributes, or properties scientifically determined; 
specif. (Bot. & Zo'ol.), an ideal group of individuals be- 
lieved to be descended from common ancestors, agreeing 
in essential characteristics, and capable of indefinitely 
continued fertile reproduction through the sexes. 4. 
Sort ; kind ; variety. 5. Coin ; specie. [065.] 

Spe-cif'ic (spe-siflk), a. [F. specifique, or NL. spe- 
cificus ; L. species sort, kind -+- facere to make.] 1. Of 
or pert, to a species ; constituting a species. 2. Specify- 
ing; definite; precise. 3. (Med.) Producing, or char- 
acterized by, a peculiar effect upon the body or a part of 
it ; curing disease by a peculiar adaptation. 

Specific gravity. (Physics) See under Gravity. — Specific 
heat (Physics), the number of units of heat required to 
raise one degree the temperature of a unit mass of a given 
substance at a given temperature. — Specific performance 
(Laic), the performance of a contract or agreement as de- 
creed by a court of equity. 

Spe-cif'ic, n. Anything peculiarly adapted to a given 
purpose ; (Med.) a specific remedy. See Specific, a., 3. 

Spe-cif 'ic-al (-T-koi), a. Specific. — Spe-cif'ic-al-ly 
(-T-koi-iy), oc/r. — Spe-cif 'ic-al-ness, n. 

Spec'i-fi-ca'tion (spes'I-fT-ka'shun), n. 1. A specify- 
ing. 2. A written statement containing a minute de- 
scription or enumeration of particulars; also, a single 
thing specified. [of being specific. I 

Spe-cif 'ic-ness (spe-sTftk-nes), n. Quality or state | 

Spec'i-fy (spes'i-fi), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Specified 
(-fid); p.pr. & vb. n. Specifying (-fi'Tng).] [Through 
F. fr. LL. specificare. See Species ; -FY.] To mention 
or name, as a particular thing ; to designate particularly. 

Spec'i-men (spgs'i-inen), n. [L., fr. specere to look. 
See Spy.] A portion of anything, or one of a number of 
things, intended to exhibit the kind and quality of the 
whole, or of what is not exhibited ; a sample. 

Syn. — Sample ; model; pattern. — A specimen is one 
example of a class of things, and may or may not differ 
from the others of the same class. A sample is a part of 
the thing itself, designed to show the quality of the whole. 

Spe / ci-OS'i-ty (spe'shl-os'T-ty), n. 1. Speciousness. 
2- That which is specious. 

Spe'cious (spe'shus), a. [L. speciosus, fr. species 
appearance. See Species.] 1. Presenting a pleasing 
appearance ; showy. 2. Apparently right ; superficially 
fair, just, or correct ; appearing well at first view ; 
plausible. — Spe'cious-ly, adv. — Spe'cious-ness, ft. 

Syn. — Colorable; feasible. See Plausible. 

Speck (spgk), n. [Cf. Icel. spik blubber, AS. spic, D. 
spek, G. speck.] The blubber of whales or other marine 
mammals ; also, the fat of the hippopotamus. 

Speck, n. [AS. specca."] 1. A small discolored place 
in or on anything, or a small place of a color different 
from that of the main substance ; a spot ; a stain ; a 
blemish. 2. A very small thing ; a particle ; a mite. 

Speck, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Specked (spgkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Specking.] To make specks upon or in ; to spot ; 
to speckle. [speck or spot. I 

SpeCkle (spgk'k'l), n. [Dim. of Speck.] A little | 

Spec'kle, v. I. [imp. & p. p. Speckled (-k'ld) ; p. pr. 
& xb. n. Speckling (-kling).] To mark with speckles or 
■mall spots ; to variegate with spots. 



Spec'ta-Cle (spgk'ta-k'l), «. [F., fr. L. spectaculum, 
fr. spectare to look at, v. intern fr. specere. See Spy.] 

1. Something exhibited to view, usually, as extraordi- 
nary, or as unusual and worthy of special notice ; a show. 

2. A spy-glass ; a looking-glass. [Obs.] 3. pi. An op- 
tical instrument worn to assist sight. 

Syn. — Sight; exhibition; pageant; gazingstock. 

Spec'ta-cled (-k'ld), a. 1. Furnished with, or wear- 
ing, spectacles. 2. (Zo'ol.) Having the eyes surrounded 
by spectacle-like color markings, or patches of naked skin. 

Spec tac'u-lar (spgk-ta"k'u-ler),a. Of or pert, to a spec- 
tacle or spectacles ; of the nature of a spectacle or show. 

Spec-ta'tor (spek-ta'ter), ft. One who beholds. 

Syn. — Looker-on; beholder; observer; witness. 

Spec-ta'tress (-tie's), ) n. [L. speclalrix.] A female 

Spec-ta'trix (-trlks), J beholder or looker-on. 

Spec'ter ) (spSk'ter), «. [F. spectre, fr. L. spectrum 

Spec'tre ) image, specter, ir. specere to look. See Spy.] 

1. Something preternaturally visible ; apparition ; ghost ; 
phantom. 2. (Zo'ol.) (a) The tarsius. (b) A stick insect. 

Spec'tral (spek'tral), a. 1. Of or pert, to a specter. 2. 
(Opt.) Of or pert, to the spectrum. — Spec'tral-ly, adv. 

Spectral lemur. (Zo'ol.) See Tarsius. 

Spec'tre (spek'ter), n. See Specter. 

Spec-trol'O-gy (spSk-trol'6-jy), ft. [Spectrum -f -lo- 
gy.] (Chem. Phys.) The science of spectrum analysis. 

Spec-trom'e-ter (-troin'e-ter), n. [Spectrum + -me- 
ter.'] (Physics) A spectroscope fitted for measurements 
of the luminous spectra observed with it. 

Spec'tro-scope (spek'tro-skop), n. [Spectrum -f- 
-scope.] (Physics) An optical instrument for forming 
and examining spectra, so as to determine, from the 
spectral lines, the composition of substances. 

Spec'tro-SCOf/ic (-skop'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Spec / tro-SCOp / ic-al (-T-kal), | to a spectroscope, or 
spectroscopy. — Spectro-SCOp'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Spec-tros'CO-py (spek-tros'k6-py), ft. The use of the 
spectroscope, or investigations made with it. 

Spec'trum (spek'trum), n. ; pi. Spectra (-tra). [L. 
See Specter.] 1. A specter. [Obs.] 2. (Opt.) (a) The 
several colored and other rays of which light is composed, 
separated by the refraction of a prism or other means. 
See Illust. of Refraction, (b) A luminous appearance 
seen after exposure of the eye to intense light. 

Spectrum analysis, chemical analysis effected by com- 
parison of the different relative positions and qualities 
of the fixed lines of spectra produced by flames in which 
different substances are burned or evaporated. 

Spec'U-lar (spek'u-ler), a. [L. specularis. See Spec- 
ulum.] 1. Of, pert, to, or like, a speculum. 2. Assist- 
ing the vision. [Obs.] 

Specular iron (Min.), hematite. 

Spec'u-late (-lat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Speculated 
(-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. ft. Speculating.] [L. speculari, 
p. p. -atus, to spy out, fr. specula a lookout, fr. specere. 
See Spy.] 1. To view, as from a watchtower. 2. To con- 
sider by turning a subject in the mind, and viewing it in 
its different aspects and relations ; to meditate ; to theo- 
rize. 3. (Com.) To purchase or sell with the expectation 
of profiting by a contingent advance or fall in price. 

Spec u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act of speculating. 

2. Any business venture involving unusual risks, with a 
chance for large profits. 3. A conclusion reached by 
speculating ; mere theory ; view ; notion ; conjecture. 

Spec'U-la-tive (-tiv), a. 1. Of or pert, to speculation ; 
given to speculation. 2. Involving, or formed by, specula- 
tion.— Spec'u-la-tive-ly,atfr.— Spec'u-la-tive-ness, ft. 

Syn. — Contemplative ; ideal ; theoretical. 

Spec'U-la'tor (-la'ter), ft. One who speculates. 

Spec'U-la-tO-ry (spek'u-la-to-ry), a. [L. specidatorius 
belonging to spies.] 1. Intended or adapted for viewing 
or espying. 2. Exercising speculation ; speculative. 

Spec'u-lum (-lum), n. ; pi. L. Specula (-la), E. Spec- 
ulums (-lumz). [L.,fr. specere to look. See Spy.] 1. A 
mirror, or looking-glass ; esp., a metal mirror. 2. A re- 
flector of polished metal, esp. one used in reflecting tele- 
scopes. 3. (Surg.) An instrument for dilating and illumi- 
nating certain passages of the body. 4. (Zo'ol.) A bright 
and lustrous patch of color on the wings of some birds. 

Sped (sped), imp. & p. p. of Speed. 

Speech (spech), n. [OE. speche, AS. spsec, sprsec, fr. 
specan, sprecan, to speak ; akin to G. sprache. See 
Speak.] 1. Faculty of speaking, or uttering articulate 
sounds or words ; faculty of expressing thoughts by words 
or articulate sounds. 2. Act of speaking ; that which is 
spoken ; language ; conversation. 3. A particular lan- 
guage ; tongue ; dialect. 4. Talk ; common saying. 5. 
A formal discourse in public ; oration ; harangue. 

Syn. — See Oration, and Language. 



S, e, I, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 6, it, y, short ; senate, event, Idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



SPEECHIFIER 



781 



SPHAGNOUS 



Speech'i H er (spech'T-fi'er), n. One who speechifies. 

Speech'1-fy (-11), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Speechified 
(-fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Speechifying.] [Speech, -+- -J'y.] 
To make a speech ; to harangue. [Derisive or humorous'] 

Speech/less, a. 1. Destitute of the faculty of speech. 
2. Not speaking for a time ; dumb ; mute ; silent. — 
Speech'less-ly. adv. — Speechlessness, n. 

Speed (sped), n. [AS. sped, fr. spowan to succeed ; 
akin to Skr. spha to increase.] 1. Prosperity in an 
undertaking ; success. 2. One that promotes success. 
[Obs.] 3. Act or state of moving swiftly; swiftness; 
rapidity ; motion with respect to its swiftness ; dispatch. 

God speed, good speed ; prosperity. See Godspeed. 

Syn. — Velocity ; celerity; quickness; dispatch; ex- 
pedition ; hurry ; acceleration. See Haste. 

Speed (sped), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sped (spSd), 
Speeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Speeding.] 1. Togo. [Obs.] 
2. To experience in going ; to have any condition, good or 
ill ; to fare. 3. To fare well ; to have success ; to pros- 
per. 4. To hasten ; to move with celerity ; to hurry. 

Speed, v. t. 1. To cause to be successful, or to prosper ; 
to aid ; to favor. 2. To cause to make haste ; to dispatch 
with celerity ; to hurry ; to accelerate. 3. To hasten 
to a conclusion ; to expedite. 4. To hurry to destruc- 
tion ; to ruin. 5. To wish success or good fortune to. 

Speed'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, speeds. 

Speed'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. In a speedy manner. 

Speed 1-ness, n. The quality or state of being speedy. 

Speed'well (-wel), n. (Bot.) Any species of Veronica, 
mostly low herbs with pale blue corollas, which quickly 
fall off. 

Speed'y (-y), a. [Compar. Speedier (-T-er) ; super!. 
Speediest.] Not dilatory or slow ; quick ; swift ; nimble ; 
hasty : rapid in motion or performance. 

Speis koHbalt (spis'ko'bolt), n. [G.] Smaltite. 

Speiss (spis), n. [Cf. G. speise food, mixed metal for 
bells, etc.] (Metal.) A regulus consisting essentially of 
nickel, obtained as a residue in fusing cobalt and nickel 
ores with silica and sodium carbonate to make smalt. 

Spel'ding (spel'dTng), n. A haddock or other small 
fish split open and dried in the sun. [Scot.] 

Spel'i-cans (spel'I-kornz), n. pi. See Spilikin. 

Spelk (spelk), n. [AS. spelc a little rod.] A small 
stick used in thatching ; a splinter. [Prov. Eng.] 

Spell (spel), n. [AS. speld a spill to light a candle 
with ; akin to D. speld pin.] A spelk, or spliuter. [Obs.] 

Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spelled (speld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Spelling.] [AS. spelian to supply another's place.] 
To supply the place of for a time ; to take the turn of at 
work ; to relieve. 

Spell, n. 1. The relief of one person by another in 
any work ; also, a turn at work carried on by one person 
or gang relieving another. 2. The time during which one 
person or gang works until relieved ; hence, any relatively 
short period of time. 

Spell (spel), n. [AS. spell a tale ; akin to Goth, spill. 
Cf. Gospel ; Spell to tell.] 1. A story ; tale. [Obs.] 
2. A stanza, verse, or phrase supposed to be endowed 
with magical power ; an incantation ; hence, any charm. 

Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spelled (speld) or Spelt 
(spelt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Spelling.] [AS. spellian, fr. 
spell a tale ; akin to MHG. spellen to relate, Goth, spil- 
lon. See Spell a tale. In senses 4 and 5 spell is perh. 
orig. a different word, and from or influenced by spell 
a splinter, from the use of a piece of wood to point to 
the letters in schools.] 1. To tell ; to teach. [Obs.] 
2. To put under the influence of a spell ; to bewitch ; to 
charm. 3. To constitute ; to measure. [Obs.] 4. To 
tell or name in their proper order the letters of, as a 
word ; to write or print in order the letters of, esp. the 
proper letters. 5. To discover by characters or marks. 

Spell, v. i. 1. To form words with letters. 2. To 
study by noting characters. [Obs.] 

Spell'er (-er), n. 1. One who spells. 2. A spelling 
book. [U.S.] 

Spell'ing. a. & n. from Spell, v. 

Spelling book, a book for teaching children to spell. 

Spelt (spelt), imp. & p. p. of Spell. Spelled. 

Spelt, n. [AS. spelt, fr. L. spelta.] (Bot.) A species 
of grain cultivated for food in Germany and Switzerland. 

Spel'ter (spel'ter), n. [Cf. LG. spialter, G. & D. spy 
auter. Cf. Pewter.] (Metal. ) Zinc ; — esp. so called in 
commerce and the arts. 

Spence (spens), n. [OF. despense, deriv. of L. dis- 
pendere, dispensum. See Spend.] A place where pro- 
visions are kept ; buttery ; larder ; pantry. 

Spen'cer (speu'ser), n. [From the third Earl Spen- 
cer.] A short jacket worn by men and by women. 



Spen'cer (spen'ser), n. (Naut.) A fore-and-aft sail, 
abalt tbe foremast or the mainmast, hoisted upon a small 
supplementary mast and set with a gaff and no boom ; a 
trysail carried at the foremast or mainmast; — named 
after its inventor, Knight Spencer, of England [1802]. 

Spend (spgnd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spent (spSut) ; 
p. }>r. ft vb. n. Spending.] [AS. spendan (in comp.), 
fr. L. expendere or dispendere to weigh out, to expend, 
dispense. See Pendant.] 1. To weigh or layout; to 
dispose of ; to part with. 2. To bestow ; to employ. 

3. To consume ; to waste ; to squander ; to exhaust. 

4. To pass, as time ; to suffer to pass away. 5. To ex- 
haust of force or strength ; to waste ; to wear away. 

Spend, v. i. 1. To expend money or any other tiling ; 
to consume, waste, or part with, anything. 2. To be 
consumed or lost ; to be dissipated or wasted. 

Spend' er (-er), n. One who spends. 

Spend'thriit (-thrift'), n. One who spends profusely 
or improvideutly ; a prodigal. 

Spent (spgnt), a. 1. Exhausted ; forceless. 2. (Zo'61.) 
Exhausted of spawn or sperm ; — said esp. of fishes. 

Sperm (sperm), n. [F. sperme, L. sperma, Gr. otrep- 
fia, -ai-os, from a-neipeiv to sow. Cf. SPORE.] (Physiol.) 
The male fecundating fluid ; semen. 

Sperm, n. A contraction of Spermaceti. 

Sperm oil, a fatty oil obtained from the sperm whale. — 
Sperm whale. (Zool.i See in the Vocabulary. 

Sper ma-ce'ti (sper'ma-se'tT), n. [L. sperma sperm 
-f- cetus, gen. ceti, whale, Gr. k»jto?.] A white, waxy 
substance obtained from the head of the sperm whale. 

Sper'ma-phore (sper'uia-for), n. [Gr. enre'p/iAa sperm 
-j- $e'peii/ to bear.] (Bot.) That part of the ovary from 
which the ovules arise ; the placenta. 

Sper'ma-ry (-ry), n. (Anat.) A sperm gland ; testicle. 

Sper-mat'ic (sper-mat'Tk), a. (Physiol.) Of or per- 
taining to sperm or semen. 

Sper-mat'ic-al (-i-kol), a. Spermatic. 

Sper'ma-tO- (sper'ma-to-), Sper'mo- (-mo-). Com- 
bining forms fr. Gr. crn-ep^ia, -aros, seed, sperm, or semen. 

Sper ma-tog'e-nous (speVuia-toj'e-nus), a. [Sper- 
mato- -\- -genous.] (Physiol.) Sperm-producing. 

Sper'ma-toid (sper'ima-toid), a. [Spermalo- -f- -oid.] 
(Physiol.) Spermlike ; resembling sperm, or semen. 

Sper ma-toph'o-rous (-tof'o-rus), a. [Spermalo- -f- 
Gr. 0e'peti/ to bear.] (Physiol.) Producing seed, or sperm ; 
seminiferous. 

n Sper ma-tO-ZO'id (-to-zo'Td), n. [Spermatozoon -f Gr. 
etfio? form.] (Biol.) The male germ cell in animals and 
plants, — the essential element in fertilization. 

II Sper'ma-tO-ZO'Sn (-on), n. ; pi. Spermatozoa (-a). 
[NL., fr. Gr. a-ireptxa, -o.tos, sperm + i^° v an animal.] 
(Biol.) Same as Spermatozoid. 

Sper'mic (sper'mik), a. Of or pertaining to semen. 

\\ Sper-mid'i-um (sper-mid'i-um), n. ; pi. Spermidia 
(-a). [NL., fr. Gr. o-7re'pjua seed.] (Bot.) Anacheuium. 

Sper'mo-phile (sper'mo-fil), n. [Gr. cnrepua seed -+- 
0t'Ao? loving.] (Zo'61.) Any ground squirrel of the genus 
Spermophilus ; gopher. [See Illust. of Gopher.] 

Sperm' Whale 7 (sperm' hwal')- (Zo'61.) A whale 
(Physeter macrocephalus), which has in its head, above 
the skull, a large cavity rilled with oil and spermaceti. 




Sperm Whale. 

Spew (spu), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Spewed (spud) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Spewing.] [OE. speicen, speowen. AS. 
splwan; akin to G. speien, L. spuere to spit, Gr. n-rveiv. 
Cf. Spit.] 1. To eject from the stomach ; to vomit. 2. 
To cast forth with abhorrence or disgust ; to eject. 

Spew, n. That which is vomited ; vomit. 

Spew'er (-er), n. One who spews. 

Spew'y (-f), a. Wet : soggy ; inclined to spew. 

Sphac'e-late (sfas'e-lat), v. i. [From Gr. ertpaKeAo? 
gangrene, slough.] (Med.) To decay or become gangre- 
nous : to mortify. [tion. I 

Sphac e-la'tion(sfas e-la'shun), ». (Med.) Mortifica-| 

Sphag'nous (sfag'nus), a. Pertaining to moss of the 
genus Sphagnum, or bog moss. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SPHALERITE 



782 



SPIKENARD 



Sphal'er-ite (aflMir-lt), «• [Gr. o-<f>aAep6? slippery, 
uncertain.] (Min.) Zinc sulphide. See Blende (a). 

Spliene (sfin), •'<'• \fr> Gr. <rtf>rjv wedge.] {Min.) A 
silicate of titanium and calcium, usually in thin crystals. 

Sphe'no- (sffnft-). A combining form indicating con- 
v relation to, the sphenoid bone. 

Sphe'no-gram (sfSfai-grlhn), ». [Gr. <7<j>t?i> wedge -f- 
-ara in.] A cuneiform, or arrow-headed, character. 
' Sphe-nog'ra-phy (si'e-nog'ra-ty). n. [Gr. a^v wedge 
-f- -aniphi//] The art of writing in, or deciphering, cunei- 
form characters. 

Sphe'noid (sfe'noid), a. [Gr. cr4>T)i>oei&r)s ; ct^jji/ a 
wedge + '"'^os form.] 1. Wedge-shaped. 2. {Anat.) 
Of, pertaining to. or designating, a bone in front of the 
occipital in the base of the skull of the higher vertebrates. 

Sphe noid^al (sfe-noid'«l), a. Sphenoid. 

Sphere (sfer), n. [OE. spere, OF. espere, L. sphaera, 
fr. Gr. o-cfxxtpa.] 1. (Geom.) A body or space contained 
under a single surface which in every part is equally dis- 
tant from a point within called its center. 2. Hence, 
any globe or globular body, esp. a celestial one, as the 
son or a planet. 3. {Astron.) (a) The apparent surface 
of the heavens, — assumed to be spherical, (b) In ancient 
astronomy, one of the concentric and eccentric, revolv- 
ing, spherical, transparent shells in which the heavenly 
bodies were supposed to be set. 4. Circuit or range of 
action, knowledge, or influence ; compass ; province. 5. 
Rank ; order ; social position. 6. Orbit ; socket. • [B.] 

Syn.— Globe ; orb ; circle. See Globe. 

Sphere (sfer), v. t. 1. To place in a sphere. 2. To 
form into roundness ; fig., to perfect. 

Spher'ic-al (sfer'i-kal), ) a. 1. Having the form of a 

Spher'ic (sfer'ik), j sphere ; globular ; orbic- 

ular. 2. Of or pertaining to a sphere. 3. Of or per- 
taining to the heavenly orbs, or spheres. — Spher'ic-al- 
ly , adv. — Spher'ic-al-ness, n. [being spherical. I 

Sphe-ric'i-ty (sfe-rls'i-ty), n. Quality or state of | 

Spherics (sfer'iks), n. {Math.) The science of the 
properties and relations of the circles, figures, and other 
magnitudes of a sphere, produced by planes intersecting it. 

Sphe'roid (sfe'roid), n. [L. sphaeroides spherical, 
Gr. o-<f>aipoeiS>7s : afyaipa. sphere -f- eifios form.] A body 
or figure nearly spherical ; esp., a solid generated by the 
revolution of an ellipse about one of its axes. 

Sphe-roid'al (sf e-roid'erl), 1 a. Having the form of a 

Sphe-roid'ic (sfe-roid'Tk), [ spheroid. — Sphe - 

Sphe-roid'ic-al (-T-kal), ) roid'al-ly, adv. 

Sphe'roi-dic'i-ty (sfe'roi-dis'T-ty), ) n. Quality of be- 

Sphe-roid'i-ty (sfe-roid'i-ty), J ing spheroidal. 

Sphe'ro-mere (sfe'ro-mer), n. [Sphere -j- -mere.] 
{Zobl.) Any one of the several symmetrical segments 
composing the body of a radiate animal. 

Sphe-rom'e-ter (sfe-rom'e-ter), n. [Sphere -\- -meter.] 
An instrument for measuring spherical curvatures. 

Spher'ule (sfer'ul or -ul), n. A little sphere or spher- 
ical body. — Spher'U-late (sfer'u-lat), a. 

Spher'u-lite (sfer'u-ht or sfe'ru-), n. (Min.) A mi- 
nute crystalline body observed in some vitreous volcanic 
rocks. — Spher'U-lit'ic (-lit'Ik), a. 

Spher'y (sfer'y), a. Spherical. 

Sphinc'ter (sfink'ter), n. [NL., fr. a-fay-yew to bind 
tight.] {Anat.) A muscle which surrounds, and by its 
contraction tends to close, a natural opening. 

Sphin'gid (sfTn'jid), ». {Zobl.) A sphinx. 

Sphinx (sfinks), n. [L., fr. Gr. o-<2>iy£ ; origin uncer- 
tain.] 1. (a) In Egyptian 
art, an image having a human 
head, or the head of a ram or 
of a hawk, upon the wingless 
body of a lion, {b) In Greek 
art and mythology, a she-mon- 
ster, usually represented as 
having the winged body of a 
lion, and the face and breast 
of a young woman. The Grecian Sphinx, 

sphinx of Thebes in Bceotia is said to have propounded a 
riddle and killed those who were unable to guess it. 2. 
Hence : A person of enigmatic al char acter and purposes. 
3. {Zo'ol. ) Any one of numerous species of large moths. 

Sphra-gls'tics (sfra-jis'tiks), n. [Deriv. of Gr. <r0pa- 
yts seal.] The science of seals, or engraved stamps, their 
history, age, distinctions, etc. 

Sphyg'mic (sfTg'mik), a. [Gr. <rcj>vyp.6s the pulse.] 
{Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the pulse. 

Sphyg'mo-graph C-m6-graf), n. [Gr. o-<J>i7p.6s pulse 
-i--fjroph.] {Physiol.) An instrument which when ap- 
plied over an artery indicates graphically the character 
of the pulse. — Sphyg'mo-graph'ic (-grSfTk), a. 




Spi'cate (spi'kat), ) a. [Deriv. of L. spica spike, 
Spi'ca-ted (-ka-t6d), ) ear.] {Bot.) Having the form 
of a spike, or ear ; arranged in a spike or spikes. 

I! Spic-ca'to (spek-ka'to), a. [It.] {3Ius.) Detached ; 

— indicating that every note is to be made distinct. 
Spice (spis), n. [OE. spice, spece, OF. espice, espece, 

fr. L. species a species, show, LL. spices, drugs, etc., of 
the same sort, fr. L. specere to look. See Spy.] 1. Spe- 
cies ; kind. [Obs.] 2. A vegetable product of many 
kinds, fragrant or aromatic and pungent. 3. Fig., that 
which enriches or alters the quality of a thing, as spice 
alters the taste of food ; a relish ; hence, a small quantity. 

Spice, r. /. [imp. & p. p. Spiced (spist) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Spicing (spi'sing).] To season, or make fragrant, 
with spice, or as with spice ; to flavor. 

Spice'DUSh' (jbush'), n. {Bot.) Spicewood. 

Spi/cer (spi'ser), n. 1. One who seasons with spice. 
2. One who deals in spice. [itory of spices. I 

Spi'cer-y (-y ), n. 1. Spices, in general. 2.. A repos- 1 

Spice'wood' (spis'wood'), n. {Bot.) An American 
shrub {IAndera Be?izoin), the bark of which is spicy. 

Spi'ci-f orm (spi'sT-fOrm), a. [L. spica a spike, ear -}- 
-form.] {Bot.) Spike-shaped. 

Spi'ci-ly, adv. In a spicy manner. 

Spi'ci-ness. n. Quality or state of being spicy. 

Spick (spik), n. A spike or nail. [Prov. Eng.] 

Spick and span, quite new. See Span-new. 

Spick'nel (-nel), n. [Contr. fr. spike nail large nail.] 
{Bot. ) A European umbelliferous herb {Meum Athaman- 
ticurn) having finely divided leaves, — whence its name. 

Spi-cose' (spt-kos'), ) a. [L. spica spike, ear.] {Bot.) 

Spi'COUS (spi'kiis), ) Having spikes, or ears. 

Spic'U-lar (splk'u-ler), a. [L. spicidum a dart.] Re- 
sembling a dart ; having sharp points. [spicules. | 

Spic'u-late_(-lat), a. Covered with, or divided into, | 

Spic'ule (-ul), n. [L. spiculum a little point, a dart.] 
1. A minute, slender granule, or point. 2. {Bot.) {a) 
A spikelet. (6) A fleshy, pointed appendage. 3. {Zobl.) 
Any small calcareous or siliceous body found in the tis- 
sues of various invertebrates, as sponges. 

Spi'cy (spi'sy), a. [Compar. Spicier (-sT-er) ; superl. 
Spiceest.] [From Spice.] 1. Of or pertaining to spice ; 
producing or containing spice or spices ; fragrant ; aro- 
matic. 2. Fig. : Piquant ; pungent ; racy. 

Syn. — Aromatic ; fragrant ; smart. See Racy. 

Spi'der (spl'der), n. [OE. spipre, fr. AS. spinnan to 
spin ; — so named from its spinning its web. See Spin.] 
1. {Zobl.) {a) Any one of numerous species of arachnids 
comprising the order Araneina. They spin threads of 
silk to form cocoons, or nests, or traps for the insects 
upon which they prey, {b) Any one of various other 
arachnids resembling the true spiders, esp. certain mites, 
as the red spider. 2. A kind of frying pan, orig. having 
long legs, and used over coals on the hearth. 3. A trevet 
to support pans or pots over a fire. 4. {Mach. ) A skele- 
ton, or frame, having radiating arms or members. 

Spider crab {Zobl.), any one of numerous species of 
crabs having ten long legs. 

Spi'der-wort' (-wfiW), n. {Bot.) A plant {Tradescantia 
Virginica) with slender leaves and ephemeral flowers. 

Spied (spid), imp. &p. p. of Spy. 

Spie'gel i'ron (spe'gel Furn). [G. spiegel mirror + E. 
iron.] {Metal.) A fusible, white cast iron containing a 
large amount of carbon and some manganese. 

Spig'nel (spig'nel), n. {Bot.) Same as Spicknel. 

Spig'net (-net), n. Corrupted from Spikenard. 

Spig'ot (-ut), n. [From spick, for spike.] A peg to 
stop the vent in a cask ; also, the plug of a faucet. 

Spike (spik), n. [Akin to LG. spiker, spieker, a large 
nail, D. spijker, Icel. spik; of uncertain origin.] 1. A 
sort of very large nail. 2. Anything resembling such a 
nail in shape. 3. An ear of corn or grain. 4. {Bot.) A 
kind of flower cluster in which sessile flowers 
are arranged on an unbranched, elongated axis. 

Spike, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spiked (splkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Spiking.] 1. To fasten or fix 
with spikes, or long, large nails. 2. To set or 
furnish with a spike or spikes. 3. To stop the 
vent of (a gun or cannon) with a spike or nail. 

Spike, n. [Cf. G. spieke, L. spica an ear of 
grain. See Spikenard.] {Bot.) Spike lavender, 

— a species of lavender yielding a coarse oil (oil 
of spike). 

Spike'let (-ISt), n. {Bot.) A small spike ; 
esp., one of the ultimate parts of the inflores- gDike 4 
cence of grasses. ' 

Spike'nard (splk'nard; collog. spik'nerd), n. [For 
spiked nard.] 1. {Bot.) Either of two aromatic plants, 



a, S, I, a, u, long ; a, g, I, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, $vent, tdea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SPIKY 



783 



SPIRE 



— Nardostachys Jalamansi, the spikenard of the an- 
cients ; and Aralia racemosa of the U. S. 2. A fragrant 
essential oil. [or spikes. I 

Spik'y (spik'^), a. Like a spike ; also, having a spike | 

Spile (spil), n. [Cf. G. speil, D. spijl.] 1. A small 
plug or wooden pin to stop a vent. 2. A small spout in- 
serted in a tree to conduct sap. 3. A large stake ; pile. 

Spile, v. t. To supply with a spile or a spigot. 

Spil'i-kin (spill-kin), w. [OD. spelleken a small pin.] 
One of a number of small pieces or pegs, for playing a 
game, or for counting the score. 

Spill (spil), h. [Cf. 1st Spell.] 1. A splinter. {Obs.~] 

2. A slender piece. Specif.: («)Aplug; spile. {b) A 
metallic rod or pin. {c) A roll of paper, or slip of wood, 
used to light a lamp, etc. 

Spill, r. t. To inlay, as with bits of wood. \_Obs.~\ 

Spill (spil), v. t. \_imp. & p. p. Spilled (splld), or 
Spilt (spilt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Spilling.] [OE. spillen, 
AS. spillan, spildan, to destroy ; akin to D. spillen to 
squander.] 1. To destroy; to kill. [Obs.~\ 2. To 
mar ; to deface ; hence, to misuse ; to waste. [Obs.~\ 
3. To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel (by accident or 
mishap) ; to lose, or suffer to be scattered. 4. To cause 
to flow out and be lost ; to shed, as in battle. 5. {Xaut.) 
To relieve a sail from the pressure of the wind. 

Spill, v. i. 1. To be destroyed or wasted. [Obs.~\ 2. 
To be shed ; to run over or out, esp. by accident. 

Spill'er, ft. 1. One who, or that which, spills. 2. A 
kind of fishing line with many hooks ; a boulter. 

Spil'let fishing (spil'let fTsh'Ing). ) Fishing with a 

Spil'liard fish ing (spil'yerd). J spiller. 

Spilt (spilt), imp. &p. p. of Spill. Spilled. 

Spilth (spilth), ft. Anything spilt. 

Spin (spin), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Spun (spun) {Archaic 
imp. Span (span)); p. pr. & vb. n. Spinning.] [AS. 
spinnan ; akin to D. & G. spinnen. Cf. Spider.] 1. 
To draw out, and twist into threads ; to produce by draw- 
ing out and twisting a fibrous material. 2. To draw out 
tediously ; to extend to a great length. 3. To protract ; 
to spend by delays. 4. To turn rapidly ; to whirl ; to 
twirl. 5. To form (a web, cocoon, etc.) from threads pro- 
duced by the extrusion of a viscid liquid, which hardens 
in the air ; — as the spider, silkworm, etc. 6. (Mech.) To 
shape, as sheet metal, into a hollow form, by pressing 
against it with a smooth tool while the metal revolves, 
as in a lathe. 

Spin, v. i. 1. To practice or work at spinning anything. 
2. To whirl ; to revolve. 3. To issue in a small stream 
or jet. 4. To move swiftly, esp. on wheels. lColloq.~\ 

Spin, n. The act of spinning. 

Spi-na'ceous (spT-na'shus), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, 
or resembling, the plant spinach, or the Spinach family. 

Spin'ach ) (spin'aj ; 48), ft. [OF. espinache, espi- 

Spin'age 1 noche,iv.Av.isfanaj,aspanakh.~] {Bot.) 
A pot herb {Spinacia oleracea) of the Goosefoot family. 

Igi^ Various other pot herbs are locally called spinach. 

Spi'nal (spi'nal), a. Of or pertaining to a spine or 
spines, specif, the backbone, or vertebral column. 

Spinal column, the backbone, or connected series of ver- 
tebrae which forms the axis of the vertebrate skeleton. — 
Spinal cord, the great nervous cord extending from the 
Drain along the dorsal side of the spinal column. 

Spi'nate (-nit), a. Bearing a spine ; spiniform. 

Spin'dle (spln'd'l), ft. [AS. spinl, fr. spinnan to spin.] 

1. The slender rod in spinning wheels by which the thread 
is twisted, and on which, when twisted, it is wound. 

2. A slender rod or pin on which anything turns ; axis ; 
shaft ; arbor. 3. The fusee of a watch. 4. A long and 
slender stalk. 5. A yarn measure containing, in cotton 
yarn, 15,120 yards ; in linen yarn, 14,400 yards. 

Spindle tree {Bot.), any shrub or tree of the genus Euo- 
Tiymus. The wood of E. Europseus was used for spindles. 

Spin'dle, v . i. To shoot or grow into a long, slender 
stalk or body. 

Spin'dle-iegs (-legz'), n. A spindleshanks. 

Spln'dle-Shanks' (-shanks'), n. A person with slen- 
der shanks, or legs ; — used humorously or in contempt. 

Spin'dle-Shaped' (-shapf), a. Having the shape of 
a spindle ; esp. , tapering to both ends, like a spindle with 
yarn on it ; fusiform. 

Spin'dle- worm 7 (-wflrm'), n. {Zobl.) The larva of a 
moth which feeds in the stalks of corn (maize). 

Spine (spin), n. [L. spina ; akin to spica point. Cf. 
Spike.] 1. A rigid and sharp process or appendage of a 
plant or animal ; thorn. 2. {Anat.) The spinal column ; 

— so called from the projecting processes upon the verte- 
brae. 3. Anything resembling the backbone ; ridge. 

Splned (spind), a. Furnished with spines ; spiny. 




Spinel' (spT-nSl' or spi'nSl), Spi-nelle' (spI-nSl'), n. 
[Origin uncertain.] (Min.) A mineral consisting essen- 
tially of aluminium and magnesium, the red variety of 
which is the gem spinel ruby. [inkle. I 

Spin'el (sphVSl), n. Bleached yarn used in making! 
Spi-nes'cent (spi-nSs'sent), a. [L. tptneseent.] {Bot.) 
Becoming hard and thorny ; armed with spines. 

Spln'et (spin'et or spI-nSt'), n. [Through F. fr. L. 

spina a thorn ; — from its quills. ] {Mitt. ) A disused keyed 

instrument of music resembling a harpsichord, sounded 

with leather or quill plectrums. [tailed swifts. I 

Spine'tail (spin'tal'). n. Any one of several spine- 1 

Spine'-tailed' (spin'tald'), a. {Zobl.) Having the 
tail quills ending in sharp, naked tips. 

Spi-nii'er-OUS (spl-mfer-us), a. [L. spini/rr ; spina 
thorn 4- ferre to produce.^ Producing spines ; spiny. 

Spi-nig'er-OUS (spt-nlj'er-us), a. [L. spiniger ; spina 
spine + gerere to bear.] Bearing spines ; spiny. 

Spin'i-ness (spin'T-ngs). n. Quality of being spiny. 

Spink (spink), ft. {Zobl.) The chaffinch. 

Spin'na-ker (spTn'na-kei ), w. {yaut.) A large trian- 
gular sail set on a boom, — used before the wind. 

Spin'ner (-ner), n. One who, or that which, spins. 

Spin'ner-et (-et), n. {Zobl.) One of the jointed organs 
by which spiders spin their webs. [spinneret. I 

Spin'ner-Ule (-ul), n. {Zobl.) A spinning tube in a | 

Spin'ney (-ny), ft.; pi. Spinneys (-niz). A spinny. 

Spin'ning (spin'nTng), a. St n. from Spin. 

Spinning jenny (Mach.), a machine for spinning by means 
of many spindles revolving simultaneously. — Spinning 
wheel, a machine for spinning 
yarn or thread , in which a wheel 
drives a single spindle. 

Spin'ny (-ny), n. [OF. es- 
pinaye, fr. L. spinetum a 
thicket of thorns. See Spine.] 
A small thicket or grove with 
undergrowth ; clump of trees. 

Spi-nose' (spi-nos' or spi'- 
nos'), a. [L. spinosus, fr. 
spina thorn.] Full of spines; 
armed with thorns; thorny.— c«i.«™„wi, M i 

Spi-nos'i-ty (spt-nos'T-ty), n. Spmmng WheeL 

Spi'nous (spi'nus), a. Spinose ; also, spinelike. 

Spi-no'zism (spT-no'zTz'm or spi'no-), ft. The form of 
Pantheism taught by Benedict Spinoza, that there is but 
one substance, or infinite essence (God), in the universe. 

Spin'Ster (spTn'ster), n. ISpin 4- -ster.} 1. A woman 
who spins. 2. A man who spins. [Ofo.] 3. {Law) An 
unmarried or single woman ; — used in legal proceedings 
as an addition to the surname. 

Spin'stress (-stres), ft. A woman who spins. 

Spin'stry (-stry), n. Business of spinning. I0bs.~\ 

Spin'Ule (spm'fil or spin'-), n. [L. spinula.~\ A mi- 
nute spine. — Spin'u-lose' (-los), Spin'u-lous (-lus), a. 

Spin'y (spln'jf), a. 1. Full of spines; thorny. 2. 
Spine-shaped. 3. Full of difficulties or annoyances. 

Spin'y, ft. A spinny. 

Spir'a-cle (sptr'a-k'l or spi'ra-k'l), n. [L. spiracu- 
lum, fr. spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] 1. {Anat.) 
The nostril, or one of the nostrils, of whales, porpoises, 
and allied animals. 2. Any small aperture or vent for 
air or other fluid 

Spi-r&'a (spt-re'a), n. [L., fr. Gr. cnreipaia, fr. <nreipa 
coil. ] {Bot. ) A genus of shrubs or perennial herbs includ- 
ing the meadowsweet and the hardback. 

Spi'ral (spi'ral), a. [See Splre a winding 
line.] 1. Winding or circling round a cen- 
ter or pole and gradually receding from it. 
2. "Winding in rising or advancing coils 
round a cylinder or imaginary axis ; wind- 
ing like the thread of a screw ; helical. 3. 
Of, pert, to, or like, a spiral. 

Spi'ral (spi'ral), ft. 1. {Geom.) A plane curve, not 
reentrant, described by a point, called the generatrix, 
moving along a straight line according to a mathematical 
law, while the line is revolving about a fixed point called 
the pole. Cf. Helix. 2. Anything spiral in form. 

Spi-ral'i-ty (spt-rSl'T-ty), n. Quality of being spiral. 

Spi'ral-ly (spl'ral-lj-), adv. In a spiral manner. 

Spi'rant (-rant), n. [L. spirans, -ant is, p. pr. of spirare 
to breathe. See Spirit.] {Phon.) Any one of various 
sounds or letters. See G-uideto Pronunciation, §§107-208. 

Spi-ran'thy (spt-ran'thy), ft. [Gr. crnelpa a coil 4- 
ai/0o? flower.] {Bot.) Twisted growth of a flower. 

Spire (spir), n. [AS. spir blade of grass, young shoot ; 
akin to G. spier.] 1. A slender stalk or blade in vegeta- 
tion. 2. A tapering body that shoots up or out to a point 




fern, recent, 6Tb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SPIRE 



784 



SPLAY 



R 




In a conical or pyramidal form ; specif. (Arch.), the taper- 
ing part of a tower or of a steeple, or the 
steeple itself. 3. Top ; summit. 

Spire (apir), <•• i. limp. & p. p. Spierd 
p. pr. & vb. n. Spiring.] To shoot 
forth or up iu. or as if iu, a spire. 

Spire. ')• [L. spira coil, twist ; akin to 
Or. <rwefpa.] 1. A spiral ; whorl ; twist. 2. 
Die part of ■ spiral generated in 
one revolution of the straight line. 

Spi'ri-cle ^pi'ri-k'l), ft. (£ot.) One of 
certain minute eoiled threads in the coating 
Of some seeds. 

Spir'it (splrft), ft. [OF. esjiirit, esperii, 
L. spiritus. fr. spirare to breathe, to blow. 
Cf. SrRiTK.l 1. Breath ; hence, sometimes, 
life itself. [06*.] 2. A rough breath- 
bg : an aspirate. [06*.] 3. Life, or liv- 
ing substance, considered independently 
of corporeal existence. 4. The intelligent, immaterial, 
and immortal part of man ; the soul. 5. Specif., a dis- 
embodied soul. 6. Any supernatural being ; specter ; 
ghost : also, sometimes, sprite ; fairy. 7. Energy, vivac- 
ity, ardor, enthusiasm, courage, etc. 8. One who 
evinces great activity or peculiar characteristics of mind 
or temper. 9. Temper or disposition of mind ; intellec- 
tual or moral state ; — often in the pi. 10. Intent ; 
real meaning ; — opposed to letter ; also, characteristic 
quality. 11. Tenuous or vapory substance, possessed of 
active qualities. 12. Any liquid produced by distilla- 
tion ; esp., alcohol, the spirits, or spirit, of wine (it hav- 
ing been first distilled from wine) ; — often in pi. 13. 
pi. Rum, whisky, brandy, gin, and other distilled liq- 
uors having much alcohol, in distinction from wine and 
malt liquors. 14. (Med.) A solution in alcohol of a vola- 
tile principle. Cf. Tincture. 15. (Alchemy) Any one 
of the four substances, sulphur, sal ammoniac, quick- 
silver, or arsenic (or orpiment). 

Animal spirits, (a) (Physiol.) The fluid supposed to cir- 
culate through the nerves, and formerly regarded as the 
agent of sensation and motion. (6) Physical health and 
energy ; frolicsomeness ; sportiveness. — Holy Spirit, or 
The Spirit (Theol.), the Spirit of God, or the third person 
of the Trinity ; the Holy Ghost. — Spirits, or Spirit, of 
turpentine (Chem.), camphine. 

Spir'it (spTr'It), v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Spirited ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Spiriting.] 1. To animate with vigor ; to ex- 
cite ; to encourage. 2. To convey secretly or myste- 
riously as if by the agency of a spirit ; to kidnap. 

Spir'it-ed, a. 1. Possessed by a spirit. [06*.] 2. 
Animated ; full of life or vigor ; lively. — Spir'it-ed-ly, 
adv. — Spir 'it-ed-ness. n. 

Syn.— Vivacious ; ardent ; active ; bold : courageous. 

Spir'it-ful (-ful), a. Full of spirit ; spirited. 

Spir'it-ism (-Tz'm), n. Spiritualism. 

Spir'it-ist, n. A spiritualist. 

Spir'it-less. a. Destitute of spirit ; lifeless ; dejected ; 
depressed ; vigorless ; wanting courage. — Spiritless- 
ly, adv. — Spir'it-less-ness, n. 

II Spi/ri-tO'SO (spe 7 re-to'so), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) 
Spirited ; spiritedly ; in an animated, lively manner. 

Spir'it-OUS (spir'Tt-iis), a. 1. Like spirit ; refined ; 
pure. \_R.~] 2. Ardent; active, [It.] 

Spir'it-U-al (-u-crl; 135), a. Of, pert, to, or consist- 
ing of, a spirit, or spirits. Specif. : (a) Not material ; 
incorporeal. (6) Mental ; intellectual, (c) Of or per- 
taining to the moral feelings or states of the soul, (d) 
Of or pertaining to the Holy Spirit, or the soul as in- 
fluenced by it ; holy ; divine ; heavenly-minded ; — op- 
posed to carnal, (e) Not lay or temporal ; sacred ; 
ecclesiastical. 

Spir'it-u-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being spiritual. 2. (Philos.) The doctrine that all which 
exists is spirit, or soul. 3. A belief that departed spirits 
hold intercourse with mortals by means of physical phe- 
nomena, commonly through a person of special suscepti- 
bility, called a medium ; spiritism. 

Spir'it-U-al-ist (-1st), n. 1. One who professes a re- 
gard for spiritual things only. 2. A believer or upholder 
of the doctrine of spiritualism ; one who attempts to hold 
spiritualistic intercourse.— Spir'it-U-al-is'tic (-Ts'tTk),'a. 

Spir it-u-al'i-ty (-Sll-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being spiritual. 2. That which belongs to the church, 
or to a person as an ecclesiastic, or to religion. 

Spir'it-U-al-i-za'tion (-al-T-za'shfin), n. Act of spir- 
itualizing, or state of being spiritualized. 

Spir'it-u-al-ize i-iz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Spiritualized 
f-izfl,) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Spiritualizing.] To make spiritual ; 
to give a spiritual character, tendency, or meaning to. 



In a spiritual 



Spir'it u-al-ly (spTrTt-u-al-ly), adv. 
manner ; with respect to mind or spirit. 

Spir'it-U-al-ness, n. Quality of being spiritual. 

Spir'it-u-al-ty (-ty), n. An ecclesiastical body. 

Spir 'it-U-OUS (-us), a. 1. Having the quality of spirit ; 
tenuous in substance, and having active properties ; ethe- 
real ; immaterial ; pure. 2. Containing, or of the nature 
of, alcoholic (esp. distilled) spirit ; alcoholic ; ardent. 
3. Lively; gay. [06*.] — Spir'it-u-ous-ness. n. 

Spirk'et-ing (sperk'6t-Tng), n. (Xaut.) The planking 
from the waterways up to the port sills. 

Spi-rom'e-ter (spi-rom'e-ter), n. [L. spirare to 
breathe -f- -meter.'] An instrument for measuring the 
capacity of the lungs. [eter. I 

Spi-rom'e-try (-tr^), n. Measurement with a spirom- 1 

Spirt (spert). v. & n. Same as Spurt. 

Spir'y (spir'y), a. Pertaining to, or having the form 
of, aspire, (a) Having a spiral form ; wreathed ; curled - 
(6) Tall, slender, and tapering ; abounding in spires. 

Spis'sa-ted (spTs'sa-tgd), a. Inspissated ; thickened. 

Spis'si-tude (-sT-tud), n. Quality of being spissated. 

Spit (spit), n. [OE. spite, AS. spitu ; akin to G. 
spiess, and spitz pointed.] 1. A slender, pointed rod, 
usually of iron, for holding meat while roasting. 2. A 
small point of land running into the sea. 

Spit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Spitting.] To thrust a spit through ; hence, to thrust 
through or impale. 

Spit, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Spit (Spat, archaic) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Spitting.] [AS. spittan ; akin to G. 
spiitzen.] 1. To eject from the mouth, as saliva; to 
eject saliva. 2. To eject ; to throw out ; to belch. 

Spit, n. The secretion formed by the glands of the 
mouth ; spittle ; saliva ; sputum. 

Spit'al (spTt'crl), n. A hospital. [06*.] 

Spitch'COCk' (spTch'kok'), v. t. [1st spit + cock.] 
To split (as an eel) lengthwise, and broil or fry. 

Spite (spit), n. [Abbrev. fr. Despite.] 1. Ill-will or 
hatred ; grudge ; rancor. 2. Vexation ; chagrin, [i?.] 

In spite of, or Spite of, in opposition to all efforts of ; in 
defiance or contempt of ; notwithstanding. 

Syn. — Pique ; malice ; malevolence ; grudge ; despite. 
— Malice has more reference to the evil disposition, and 
spite to the delight in manifestation of it in bitter, cut- 
ting language, or in low, irritating actions. See Pique. 

Spite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Spiting.] 1. To hate. [06*.] 2. To treat maliciously ; 
to injure or thwart. 3. To offend. [R.~\ 

Spite'ful (spit'ful), a. Filled with, or showing, spite ; 
having a desire to vex, annoy, or injure ; malignant ; ma- 
licious. — Spite'ful-ly, adv. — Spite'ful-ness. n. 

Spit'fire' (spit'flr'), n. A violent, irascible, or pas- 
sionate person. [Colloq.] 

Spiffed, p. p. of Spit, to eject, to spit. [06*.] 

Spit'ter (-ter), n. One who spits saliva. 

Spit'ter, n. 1. One who puts meat on a spit. 2. A- 
young deer whose antlers begin to shoot or become sharp. 

Spit 'tie, n. [From 3d Spit.] Spit ; saliva. 

Spit-toon' (spit-toon'), n. A spitbox ; a cuspidor. 

Spitz' dog' (spits' dog'). [G. spitz, spitzhund.] 
(Zool.) A breed of dogs having erect 
ears and long silky hair, usually white. 

Splanch'nic (splank'nik), a. [Gr. 
<nr\a.yxvov an en- 
trail.] (Anat.) Of or 
pert, to the viscera. 

Splash (splash), v. 
t. [imp. & p. p. 
Splashed (splasht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Splash- 
ing.] [Akin to Plash.] 
1. To strike and dash 
about, as water. 2. 
To spatter ; to wet. 

Splash, v. i. To Spitz Dog. 

strike and dash about water, mud, etc. 

Splash, n. 1. Water, or water and dirt, thrown upon 
anything ; also, spot ; daub. 2. Noise of splashing. 

Splash'er (-er), n. 1. One that which, splashes. 2. 
A guard over a wheel, as of a carriage. [muddy. I 

Splash'y (-y), a. Full of dirty water ; wet and| 

Splat'ter (splat'ter), v. i. & t. To spatter ; to splash. 

Splay (spla), v. t. [Abbrev. of Display.] 1. To dis- 
play. [06*.] 2. To dislocate. 3. To turn on one side ; 
to slope or slant. [hence, flat ; ungainly. I 

Splay, a. Displayed ; spread out ; turned outward ; | 

Splay, n. (Arch.) A slope or bevel, esp. of the side* 
of a doorway or window. 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, ahort ; eenate, Svent, idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



SPLAYFOOT 



785 



SPONGIOLE 




Splay'fOOt 7 (spla'foof), n. A foot that is abnormally 
flattened and spread out. 

Splayfoot , ) a. Having a splayfoot 

Splay'foot ed, J or splayfeet. 

Splay 'mouth (-month'), n. A wide 
mouth ; a mouth stretched in derision. 

Spleen (splen), n. [L. splen, Gr. ottAtji/ 
the milt or spleen, affection of the spleeu.] 
1. (Anat.) A peculiar, glandlike but duct- v-"v 
less organ found near the stomach or intes- Splayfoot of 
tine of most vertebrates : the milt. Its ex- Dog- 
act function is not known. 2. Anger ; latent spite ; ill 
humor; malice.. 3. A fit ; freak; whim. [Obs. or R.~\ 
4. Melancholy ; hypochondriacal affections. 

Spleen'ish. a. "Spleeny; affected with spleen; fret- 
ful. — Spleen'ish-ly. adv. — Spleen'ish-ness 

Spleen'wort (-wftrt ), n. (Bot.) Any fern of the 
genus Asplenium, — anciently used to cure disorders of 
the spleen. 

Spleen'y (-y), a. 1. Irritable ; peevish ; fretful. 2. 
Affected with nervous complaints ; melancholy. 

Splen'dent (splen'dent). a. [L. splendens, -ends, p. 
pr. of splendere to shine.] 1. Shining; beaming with 
light ; lustrous. 2. Very conspicuous ; illustrious. 

Splen'did (-did), a. [L. splendidus.] 1. Possessing 
or displaying splendor ; shining. 2. Showy ; magnifi- 
cent .; sumptuous ; pompous. 3. Illustrious ; brilliant ; 
f amous. — Splen 'did- ly, adv. — Splen 'did-ness. n. 

Splen-dif'er-OUS (splen-dTfer-iis), a. Splendor -bear- 
ing ; splendid. [Obs., except as used humorously.] 

Splen'dor (splen'der), n. [L.] 1. Great brightness : 
brilliancy ; luster. 2. Magnificence : pomp ; parade. 3. 
Brilliancy ; glory. 

Syn. — Gorgeousness: display: showiness ; grandeur. 

Splen'drous (-drQs), Splen'dor-ous (-der-us), a. 
Splendid. 

Splen'e-tic (splen'e-tik or sple-net'ik), a. [L. sple- 
neticus.] Affected with spleen ; morose. — n. A person 
affected with spleen. 

Syn. —Morose; gloomy: sullen; peevish; fretful. 

Sple-net'ic-al (sple-net'T-kal), a. Splenetic. 

Splen'ic (splen'ik), a. Of or pert, to the spleen. 

Splen'i-tive (splen'i-tiv), a. Splenetic. 

Sple'noid (sple'noid), a. [Gr. ottAtjv spleen -f- -oid.] 
(Anat.) Resembling the spleen : speeulike. 

Sple-not'O-my (-nbt'6-iny), n. [Gr. cnr Arji> spleen — 
-tomy.~\ (Med.) A cutting of the spleen. 

Splent (splent), n. A splint. 

Splent coal, an inferior kind of Scotch cannel coal. 

Splice (splls), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Spliced (splist) ; 
p. pr. & ib. n. Splicing (spli'sing).] 
[D. sjilitsen, splitten ; akin to E. 
split; — from the dividing the ends 
into separate strands.] 1. To unite, 
as two ropes, or parts of a rope, by in- 
terweaving the strands. 2. To unite 
by lapping the two ends together, or 
by joining with an overlapping piece. 

Splice, n. A junction or joining 
made by splicing. 

Spline (splln), n. A rectangular 
piece fitting slots or grooves like key 
seats in a hub and a shaft. 

Splint (splint), n. [Akin to D. splinter, G. splinter. 
and E. split.'] 1. A piece split off ; a splinter. 2. 
(Surg.) A thin piece of wood, or other substance, used to 
keep in place, or protect, an injured part, esp. a broken 
bone when set. 3. (Anat.) A splint bone. 

Splint bone (Anat.X, one of the rudimentary, splintlike 
bones on either side of the cannon bone in the linibs of 
the horse and allied animals. — Splint coal, splent coal. 

Splint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Splinted ; p. pr. & rb. n. 
SPLKTDfG.] 1. To splinter. 2. To fasten with splints. , 

Splin'ter (splin'ter), v. i. [Cf. D. splinteren. See I 
Splint:.] 1. To rend or split into splints ; to shiver. 
2. To fasten or confine with splinters, or splints. 

Splin'ter, n. A thin piece split or rent off lengthwise. 

Splin r ter-y (-y), a. Consisting of, or like, splinters. 

Split (split), e. /. & i. [imp. & p. p. Split (Splitted. 
R.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Splitting.] [Prob. of Scand. or Low 
German origin.] 1. To divide or part lengthwise ; to 
Tive ; to cleave. 2. To burst by violence ; to rend ; to tear 
asunder. 3. To divide or break up into parts or divisions. 
4. To burst with laughter. [Colloq.] 

Split, m- 1. A crack. Tent, or longitudinal fissure. 2. 
The act of splitting. 3. A piece that is split off. 

Split/ter (-ter), n. One who. or that which, splits. 

Splotch (sploch), n. [Cf. Splash.] A spot ; a stain. 



[imp. & p. p. Spluttered 
" [Cf. Sputter.] 




Splut'ter (splut'ter), 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Spluttering. ] 
To speak hastily and confusedly ; to sputter. [Colloq.] 

Splut'ter, n. A sputtering ; confused noise in speak- 
ing. [Colloq.] 

Spod'o man cy (sp5d'o-mSn'sy), n. [Gr. ottooos ashea 
MV.] Divination by means of ashes. 

Spoil (spoil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spodled (spoild) or 
Spi.ilt (spout) : p. pr. S: ib. n. Spoiling.] [F. sj/olier, 
OF. espoillier, fr. L. spoliare, fr. spolium spoil.] 1. To 
plunder ; to strip by violence ; to pillage ; to rob. 2. To 
seize by violence ; to plunder. 3. To cause to decay and 
perish ; to corrupt ; to mar. 4. To render useless by 
injury ; to ruin ; to destroy. 

Spoil, r. i. 1. To practice plunder or robbery ; to 
pillage ; to plunder. 2. To be corrupted ; to decay. 

Spoil, n. 1. That which is taken from another by 
violence ; esp., plunder taken from an enemy; pillage; 
booty. 2. pi. Public offices and their emoluments re- 
garded as belonging to a successful party or faction, to 
bestow for its own advantage. 3. That which is gained 
by strength or effort. 4. Act or practice of plundering ; 
robberj". 5. Corruption. [Archaic] 

SpoU'er (-er), n. One who spoils. 

Spoils 'man (spoilz'man), n. One who serves a cause 
or a party for a share of the spoils ; one who demands or 
sanctions a distribution of spoils by a successful party. 

Spoke (spok '. imp. of Speak. 

Spoke, n. [AS. tpaea; akin to G. speiche.] 1. The 
radius or ray of a wheel ; one of the small bars inserted 
in the hub, or nave, and supporting the rim or felly. 2. 
A rung, or round, of a ladder. 3. A contrivance for fas- 
tening the wheel of a vehicle, in going down a hill. 

Spoke. V. t. To furnish with spokes, as a wheel. 

Spo'ken (spoTt'n), a. [P. p. of Speak.] 1. Uttered; 
oral. 2. Having a (certain) manner or style of speech. 

Spoke'shave (spok'shav ),n. A kind of drawing knife 
for dressing the spokes of wheels, and other curved work. 

Spokes'man (spoks'man), n. [Speak, spoke — man.] 
One who speaks for another. 

Spo'li-ate (spolT-at), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Spo- 
liated : p. pr. & vb. 7i. Spoliating.] [L. spoliare. p. p. 
-atus. See Spotl.] To plunder : to pillage ; to rob. 

Spo li-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. A plundering ; robbery. 

2. Robbery in war ; esp., authorized plundering of neu- 
trals at sea. 3. (Laic) Injury done to a document. 

Spoli-a-tive (-a-tlv), a. ' Serving to take away or 
rob: esp. (Med.), serving to diminish sensibly the 
amount of blood in the body. 

Spo'li-a'tor (-a'ter). n. One who spoliates ; a spoiler. 

Spon-da'ic (spon-da'ik), ) a. Of , pert, to, or consisting 

Spon-da'ic-al (-T-kal), ) of, a spondee or spondees. 

Spon'dee (spon'de). n. [L. spondeus. Gr. <nrov&elo<; 
(sc. ttovs), f r. ottovStj a libation ; — so called because at 
libations slow, solemn melodies were used, chiefly in 
spondaic meter.] (Pros.) A poetic foot of two long" syl- 
lables, as in the Latin word leges. 

Spon'dyl ) (spon'dil), n. [Gr. <rr6vSv\os, <r<f>6v- 

Spon'dyle ) 6uAo?.] (Anat.) A vertebra. 

Sponge (spunj), n. [OF. esponge. L. spongia, Gr. 
cnroyyui, oTroyyos. Cf. Fcngcs.] 1. (Zo'61.) Any one of 
numerous species of Spongise or Porifera, a grand divi- 
sion of the animal kingdom in which the soft sarcode of 
the body is usually supported by a skeleton consisting of 
horny fibers, or of siliceous or calcareous spicules. 2. 
The elastic, fibrous skeleton of many species of horny 
Spongise. used for many purposes. 3. Fig. : One who 
lives upon others ; parasite : sponger. 4. Any spongelike 
substance ; specif. . dough after it is converted into a light, 
spongy mass by the yeast or leaven, and before it is 
kneaded. 6. (Gun.) A mop for cleaning the bore of a 
cannon. 

Sponge tree (Bot.^. a tropical leguminous tree (Acacia 
Famesiana<, with deliciously fragrant flowers. 

Sponge, v. t. [itnp. & p.p. Sponged (spunjd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sponging (spun'jing).] 1. To cleanse or wipe 
with a sponge. 2. To wipe away with a sponge ; to efface. 

3. To deprive (of something) by mean arts. 4. To get 
by playing the parasite. 

Sponge, f . i. 1. To suck in or imbibe, as a sponge. 2. 
To live or get advantage by mean arts, intrusion, or hang- 
ing on ; to play the parasite. 3. To become spongy. 

Spongelet (-let), n. A spongiole. 

Spon'geous (spun'jus). a. Resembling a sponge. 

Spon'ger (-jer), n. 1. One who sponges. 2. One em- 
ployed in gathering sponges. [being spongy. I 

Spon'gi-ness (spun'jt-nes), 72. Quality or state bf| 

Spon'gi-ole ( spun'ji-ol ), n. [L. spongiola small 



fern, recent, drb. rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



50 



N 



SPONGIOSE 



786 



SPOUT 



toots.] (Bot.) A supposed spongelike expansion of the 

i rootlet for absorbing water. 

Spon gl ose t,spun'jT-os ), { a. Somewhat spongy ; 

Spon'gi-ous (spttl/il-as), I spougelike. 

Spon'gy (spun'jyl, a. 1. Soft, and full of cavities. 
2. Wet ; soaked and soft, like sponge. 3. Imbibing 
fluids, or absorbent, like a sponge. 

Sponk (apttnk), m. See Spunk. 

Spon'sal (spon'aal), a. [L. sponsalis, fr. sponsus be- 
trothal, fr. spondere, sponsion, to betroth. See Spouse.] 
Relating to marriage, or to a spouse ; spousal. 

Spon'sion (-shun), n. Act of becoming surety for an- 
other. — Spon'sion-al (-«1), a. 

Spon'sor (-ser), n. [L.] 1. A surety. 2. One who 
at the baptism of an infant professes Christianity in its 
name, and guarantees its religious education ; a goo. fat her 
or godmother. — Spon-so'ri-al (spon-so'rT-al). a. 

Spon ta-nel-ty (spoVta-ne'T-ty), n. 1. Quality or 
state of beiug spontaneous. 2. {Biol.) (a) The tendency 
of animal and vegetable organisms to undergo change. 
(b) Tendency to activity of muscular tissue. 

Spon-ta'ne-OUS (spon-ta'ne-us), a. [L. spontaneus, 
fr. sponte of free will.] 1. Proceeding from natural feel- 
ing, temperament, or disposition, or from a native prone- 
ness or tendency, without constraint or external force. 
2- Proceeding from, or acting by, internal impulse, en- 
ergy, or natural law. without external force. 3. Produced 
without being planted, or without human labor. — Spon- 
ta'ne-ous-ly, adi . — Spon-ta'ne-ous-ness. n. 

Spontaneous combustion, combustion produced in a sub- 
stance by the evolution of heat through the chemical ac- 
tion of its own elements. — Spontaneous generation. (Biol.) 
See under Generation. 

Syn.— Voluntary : uncompelled ; willing. — What is 
voluntary is the result of a volition, or act of choice; it 
therefore implies some degree of consideration, and may 
be the result of mere reason without excited feeling. 
What is spontaneous springs wholly from feeling, or a 
sudden impulse which admits of no reflection. 

Spon-toon' (spon-tobn'), n. [F. sponton.] (J\Til.) A 
kind of half-pike formerly borne by inferior officers of 
the British infantry. 

Spook (spook), n. [D. spool- ; akin to G. spuk.~\ A 
spirit : a ghost ; a specter ; a hobgoblin. 

Spool (spool), ??. [OD. spoele, D. spoel ; akin to G. 
spule.~\ A hollow piece of wood with a ridge at each end, 
used to wind thread or yarn upon. 

Spool, v. t. {imp. &p. p. Spooled (spobld) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Spooling.] To wind on a spool or spools. 

Spool 'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, spools. 

Spoom (spoom), r. i. [Prob. fr. Spume foam.] (Xaut.) 
To be driven steadily and swiftly, as by the wind ; to scud. 

Spoon (spoon), v. i. To spoom. 

Spoon, n. [AS. spon, a chip; akin to G. span, Icel. 
spann. Cf. Span-new.] 1. An implement consisting of 
a small bowl with a handle, used esp. in preparing or eat- 
ing food. 2. Anything spoon-shaped, esp. a kind of bright 
metallic lure used in trolling. 

Spoon oar, an oar with a spoonlike blade. See Oae. 

Spoon, v. i. To make a show of affection. [Colloq.] 

SpoonTHlT (-bil'). n. (Zool.) (a) Any one of several 
species of wading birds, 
having a long spoonlike 
bill, (b) The shoveler. (c) 
An American broad-billed 
duck, (d) The paddlefish, 

Spoon'drift (-drift), n. 
[See Spoom.] Spray or snow 
driven upon the surface of the 
sea in a gale or tempest. 

Spoon'ey (-y), a. Weak- 
mi n d e d : demonstratively 
fond. [Colloq.] 

Spoon'ful (-ful). n. ; pi. 
Spoonfuls (-fulz). The quan- 
tity which a spoon contains ; 
hence, a small quantity. 

Spoon'-meat' (-met') 
Food taken with a spoon. 

Spoon'wort' C-wuW), n. (Bot.) Scurvy grass. 

Spoon'y '-?). a. & n. Same as Spooney. 

Spoor (spoor), n. [D. spoor ; fr. root of E. spur."] The 
track or trail of any wild animal. 

SpO-rad'ic (<-po-r5d'Tk), a. [Gr. avopaStKog scattered, 
fr. (T-opa?, -d&os, scattered, fr. aneLpeiv to sow seed.] 
Occurring singly, seatteringly. or apart from others of 
the same kind ; separate ; single. [al-ly. adv. \ 

Spo-rad'ic-al f-T-k«i). a. Sporadic. — Spo-rad'ic- 1 
Spo-ran'gl-um (-ran'jl-um), n. ; pi. -gia (-a). [XL., 




European Spoonbill (Platalea 
"• lucorodia). 



fr. Gr. o-rrdpos seed -+- ayyelov a receptacle.] (Bot.) A 
spore case in the cryptogamous plants, as in ferns, etc. 

Spore (spor), n. [Gr. orrdpos a sowing, seed, from 
o-n-eipen/ to sow. Cf. Sperm.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the 
minute grains, of various kinds, in flowerless plants, anal- 
ogous to seeds, as serving to reproduce the species, (b) 
An embryo sac in the ovules of flowering plants. 2. (Biol. ) 

(a) A minute round or ovoid body, formed in certain 
organisms, by germination giving rise to a new organism. 

(b) One of the parts formed by fission in certain Protozoa. 
Spo-rif'er-ous (spo-rlfer-iis), a. [Spore + -ferous.} 

(Biol.) Bearing or producing spores. 

Spo / rO-carp (spo'ro-karp), n. [Spore -f- Gr. Kapwoi 
fruit.] (Bot.) (a) A conceptacle containing spores or 
sporangia, (b) A sporangium. 

Spo'ro-phore (spo'ro-for), n. [Spore + Gr. <£e'peii> to 
bear.] (Bot.) (a) A placenta, (b) The nonsexual sporif- 
erous form of certain cryptogamous plants, as of ferns. 

Sport (sport), n. [Abbr. of Disport.] 1. That which 
diverts, and makes mirth. 2. Contemptuous mirth. 3. 
That with which one plays, or which is driven about in 
play ; toy. 4. Diversion of the field, as hunting, racing, 
etc. 5. (Biol.) An abnormal variety or growth. 

Syn. — Play ; game ; diversion ; pastime ; amusement ; 
frolic ; mirth ; mock ; mockery ; jeer. 

Sport, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sported ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Sporting.] 1. To make sport ; to play ; to frolic ; to 
trifle. 2. To practice the diversions of the field or the 
turf. 3. (Biol.) To assume an abnormal character. 

Sport, v. t. 1. To divert ; to make merry ; — with the 
reciprocal pronoun. 2. To represent by any kind of play. 
3. To exhibit, or bring out, in public. [Colloq.~\ 

To sport one's oak. See under Oak, n. 

Sport'er (-er), n. One who sports ; a sportsman. 

Sport'ful (-ful), a. Full of sport ; merry : wanton. 

Sport'ive (-Tv), a. Tending to, engaged in, or pro- 
vocative of, sport ; gay ; frolicsome ; playful ; merry. — 
Sportively, adv. — Sport 'ive-ness, n. 

Sports'man (sports'man), n. One who pursues the 
sports of the field or turf. [skill in field sports. I 

Sports'man-ship. n. The practice of sportsmen :| 

Spor'tule (sp&r'tul), n. [L.] A gift ; an alms. [Obs.] 

Spor u-la'tion (spor'u-la'shun), n. (Biol.) Act or 
process of forming spores ; spore formation. 

Spor'ule (spor'ul), n. (Biol.) A small spore ; a spore. 

Spot (spot), n. [Prob. fr. root of E. spit.'] 1. A mark 
on a substance, made by foreign matter. 2. A stain on 
character or reputation ; blemish. 3. A small part of a 
different color from the ground upon which it is. 4. A 
small extent of space ; a place. 5. (Zool.) (a) % A sciaenoid 
food fish of the Atlantic coast of the U. S., marked with 
two black spots ; the old wife, (b) The southern redfish. 

On, or Upon, the spot.without changing place ; at once. 

Syn. — Stain ; flaw ; speck ; blot : disgrace ; reproach ; 
fault ; blemish : place ; site ; locality. 

Spot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Spotting.] 1. To make visible marks upon with some 
foreign matter. 2. To mark or note for recognition or 
detection. [Cant] 3. To stain ; to blemish ; to taint. 

Spotless, a. Without a spot ; esp., free from impur- 
ity or reproach : pure ; untainted ; unblemished ; inno- 
cent. — Spotlessly, adv. — Spot'less-ness. n. 

Syn. — Blameless; unspotted; pure; immaculate. 

SpOt'ted, a. Marked with spots. 

Spot'ter (-ter). n. One who spots. 

Spot'ty (-ty), a. Full of spots ; marked with spots or 
blemishes. — Spot'ti-ness (-tT-nes), n. 

Spous'al (spouz'ol), a. [See Espousal, and Spouse.] 
Of or pertaining to a spouse or marriage ; nuptial. 

Spous'al, n. Marriage : nuptials ; — usually in pi. 

Spouse (spouz), n. [OF. espous, espos, fern, espouse, 
fr. L. sponsus, sponsa, prop. p. p. of spondere, sponsum, 
to promise solemnly, to engage one's self.] A man or 
woman engaged or joined in wedlock ; a married person. 

Spouse, v. I. To wed ; to espouse. [065.] 

Spouseless, a. Destitute of a spouse ; unmarried. 

Spout i' spout), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spouted ; p. pr. & 
vb. v. Spouting.] [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. To throw out 
forcibly, as liquids through an orifice ; to eject in a jet. 
2. To utter magniloquentlv ; to speak, esp. pompously. 

Spout, v. >. 1. To issue violently, as a liquid through 
a narrow orifice. 2. To eject water or liquid in a jet. 3. 
To utter a speech, especially in a pompous manner. 

Spout, n. 1. That through which anything spouts; 
a discharging lip, pipe, or orifice. 2. A discharge or jet 
of water or other liquid : also, a waterspout. 

To put. shove, or pop. up the spout, to pawn or pledge at 
a pawnbroker's : — in allusion to the spout up which the 
i pawnbroker sent the ticketed articles. [Cant] 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, f, short ; senate, $vent, tdea, 6bey, unite, cAre, arm, ask, all, finaL 



SPOUTER 



787 



SPRUCE 



Spout'er (spout'er), n. Oue that spouts. 

Sprag (sprag), n. [See 1st Spkay.] A billet of wood. 

Sprag, v. t. To hold in check, or prop, with a sprag. 

Sprain (spran), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprained (sprand) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Spraining.] [OF. espreindre to press, 
to force out, fr. L. exprimere. See Express, v. t.] To 
weaken, as a joint or muscle, by sudden and excessive 
exertion, as by wrenching ; to overstrain. 

Sprain, n. The act or result of spraining. 

Sprang (sprang), imp. of Spring. 

Sprat (sprSt), n. [OE. sprot, sprotte, D. sprot ; akin 
to G. sprotte."] (Zool.) Any one of various small her- 
ring ; particularly, a European species (Clupea sprattus) 
closely allied to the common herring and the pilchard. 

Sprawl (spral), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprawled 
(sprald) ; p. pr.' & vb. n. Sprawling.] [OE. spraulen; 
origin uncertain.] 1. To lie with the limbs stretched out 
ungracefully. 2. To spread irregularly, as vines or trees. 
3. To move the limbs about awkwardly when lying down. 

Spray (spra), n. [Cf. Dan. sprag. See Sprig.] 1. 
A small shoot or branch ; a twig. 2. A collective body 
of small branches. 

Spray, n. [Prob. fr. a D. or LG. form akin to E. 
spread.] 1. Water or other liquid flying in small drops 
or particles. 2. {Med.) (a) A jet of fine vapor. (b) An 
instrument for making such a jet. [spray upon. I 

Spray, v. t. 1. To form into spray. 2. To throw | 

Spread (sprgd), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Spread ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Spreading.] [OE. spreden, AS. sprsedan ; akin 
to G. spreiten.] 1. To extend in length and breadth, or 
in breadth only. 2. To extend so as to cover a wide or 
wider space. 3. To divulge ; to publish ; to cause to be 
extensively known. 4. To propagate ; to cause to affect 
great numbers. 5. To diffuse, as emanations or effluvia ; 
to emit. 6. To strew ; to scatter over a surface. 7. To 
prepare by extending or distributing something over ; to 
set and furnish, as a table, with provisions. 

Syn. — To open ; unfurl ; disperse ; distribute ; scatter ; 
circulate ; disseminate ; dispense. 

Spread, v. i. 1. To extend in length and breadth, or in 
breadth only. 2. To be extended or stretched, as by 
drawing or beating. 3. To be made known more exten- 
sively. 4. To be propagated from one to another. 

Spread, n. 1. Extent ; compass ; expansion. 2. A 
cloth used to cover a table or a bed. 3- A table, as 
spread or furnished with a meal ; hence, a feast. [Colloq.~\ 

Spread'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, spreads. 

Spree (spre), n. [Cf. Ir. spre a spark.] A merry frolic ; 
esp., a drinking frolic ; carousal. [Colloq.] 

Sprig (sprig), n. [AS. spree; akin to Icel. sprek a 
stick. Cf. 1st Spray.] 1. A small shoot or twig ; spray. 

2. A youth ; lad ; — humorous or slightly disparaging. 
Sprig, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Sprigged (sprTgd) ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. Sprigging (-ging).] To mark or adorn with the 
representation of small branches. [branches. I 

Sprig'gy (sprTg'gy), a. Full of sprigs or small | 

Spright (sprit), n. [See Sprite.] 1. Mind ; soul. 
[Obs.~\ 2. A supernatural being ; spirit ; shade; ghost. 

Spright, v. t. To haunt, as a spright. [Obs.] 

Spright 'fill (-ful), a. [Obs.~\ Full of spirit ; sprightly. 
— Sprlght'ful-ly, adv. — Spright'ful-ness, n. 

Spright'less, a. Destitute of life ; dull ; sluggish. 

Sprightly (-ly), a. [Compar. Sprightlier (-li-er) ; 
superl. Sprightliest.] Sprightlike, or spiritlike ; lively ; 
brisk ; animated ; vivacious ; vigorous ; airy ; gay. — 
Spright'li-ness (-lT-nes), n. 

Spring (spring), v. i. [imp. Sprang (sprang) or 
Sprung (sprung) ; p. p. Sprung ; p. pr. & vb. n. Spring- 
ing.] [AS. springhn; akin to D. & G. springen. Cf. 
Sprinkle.] 1. To leap ; to bound ; to jump. 2. To issue 
with speed ; to move suddenly and quickly ; to shoot. 

3. To start or rise suddenly, as from a covert. 4. To fly 
back, as with elastic force ; to start. 5. To bend from a 
straight direction or plane surface ; to warp. 6. To shoot 
up, out, or forth ; to come to the light ; to emerge. 7. To 
issue or proceed, as from a parent ; to result, as from a 
cause, motive, reason, or principle. 

Spring, v. t. 1. To cause to spring. 2. To effect, bring 
into action, or place or put, by springing, or by a quick 
action. 3. To pass over by leaping. 

Spring, n. 1. A leap ; bound ; jump. 2. A flying back ; 
resilience. 3. Elastic power or force. 4. An elastic body 
of any kind, used for various mechanical purposes. 5. 
Any source of supply ; esp., the source of a stream ; nat- 
ural fountain. 6. That by which action, or motion, is pro- 
duced or propagated ; cause ; origin ; motive. 7. Race ; 
offspring ; shoot. [Obs.] 8. The season of the year when 
plants begin to vegetate and grow, — in the middle lati- 



tudes north of the equator, the months of March, April, 
and May. Also used figuratively. 9. (Naut.) An oblique 
crack or fissure in a mast or yard. 

Springtide, the unusually high tide which happens at, or 
soon after, the new and the full moon. 

II Springbok' (spring'bSk'), I n. [D. springbok ; 

Springbuck' (spring'biik'), ) springen to leap -f- 
bok a buck.] (Zool.) A South African gazelle having the 
habit of springing suddenly into the air. [snare ; a gin. I 

Springe (sprTnj), ». [From Spring, v. i.] A springl 

Spring'er (spiing'er), n. 1. One that springs; specif., 
one who rouses game. 2. (Arch.) (a) The impost of an 
arch, from which the arch springs, (b) The bottom 
stone of an arch, (c) The rib of a groined vault. 

Spring'halt' (-halt/), n. (Far.) See Stringhalt. 

Spring'head' (-hgd), n. A fountain or source. 

Spring'i-ness (-T-ngs), n. Quality of being springy. 

Spring'tail' (-taT), n. (Zool.) Any one of many wing- 
less insects (order Thysanura) with elastic caudal stylets. 

Spring'tide' (-tid'), n. Time of spring ; springtime. 

Spring'y (-y), a. [Compar. Springier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Springiest.] 1. Resembling, having the qualities of, or 
pertaining to, a spring ; elastic. 2. Abounding with 
springs or fountains ; wet ; spongy. 

Sprin'kle (sprTn'k'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprinkled 
(-k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sprinkling (-kling).] [A freq. 
fr. AS. sprengan, prop., to make to spring. See Spring, 
v. i.] 1. To scatter in small drops or particles. 2. To 
scatter or disperse something over in small particles ; to 
besprinkle. 3. To baptize by the application of a small 
quantity of water ; hence, to purify. 

Sprin'kle. v. i. 1. To scatter a liquid, or any fine 
substance, in particles. 2. To rain moderately, or with 
scattered drops. 3. To fly in small particles. 

Sprin'kle, n. A small quantity scattered ; a sprinkling. 

Sprin'kler, n. One who, or that which, sprinkles. 

Sprin'kling (-kling), n. 1. Act of one that sprinkles. 

2. A small quantity falling or scattered about in particles. 

3. Hence, a moderate number or quantity distributed. 
Sprint (sprint), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprinted ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. Sprinting.] [Cf. Sprunt.] To run very rap- 
idly ; to run at full speed. 

Sprint, n. Act of sprinting ; a short run at full speed. 

Sprint'er (-er), n. One who sprints. 

Sprit (sprit), v. i. [AS. spryttan. See Sprout.] To 
sprout ; to bud. 

Sprit, n. A shoot ; a sprout. 

Sprit, n. [OE. spret, AS. spreot ; akin to E. sprout.] 
(Naut.) A small boom, pole, or spar, crossing a sail diag- 
onally from the mast to the upper aftmost corner. 

Sprite (sprit), n. [OE. sprit, F. esprit, fr. L. spiritus. 
See Spirit.] A spirit ; shade ; elf. See Spright. 

Sprite'ful (-ful), a., Sprite'ly, a., etc. See Spright- 
ful, Sprightly, etc. 

Sprit'sail (sprTt'sal; among seamen sprTt's'l), n. 
(Naut.) (a) A sail extended by a sprit, (b) A sail for- 
merly hung under the bowsprit, from the spritsail yard. 

Sprock'et Wheel' (sprok'et hwel'). [Etyni. of 
sprocket is uncertain.] (Mach.) Same as Chain wheel, 
under Chain. 

Sprout (sprout), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprouted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sprouting.] [OE. sprouten, spruten ; akin to 
AS. spreotan, G. spriessen. Cf. Sprit, v. i.] To shoot, 
as the seed of a plant ; to germinate ; to bud ; hence, to 
grow like shoots of plants. 

Sprout, v. t. 1. To cause to 
sprout. 2. To deprive of sprouts. 

Sprout, n. The shoot of a plant. 

Brussels sprouts (Bot.), young 
coleworts. 

Spruce (sprus), n. [OE. Spruce 
or Pruse, Prussia; — because first 
known as native of Prussia, or 
because its sprouts were used for 
making spruce beer.] 1. (Bot.) 
Any coniferous tree of the genus 
Picea, as the Norway spruce 
(P. excelsa), and the white and 
black spruces of America. Also, 
its wood or timber. 2. Prussian 
leather. [Obs.] 

Hemlock spruce (Bot.). a grace- 
ful, coniferous, timber tree 
(Tsnoa Canadensis) of North 
America. It furnishes tan bark. 
— Spruce beer. [G. sprossenbier ; 
sprosse sprout (akin to E. sprout, 
n.) + bier beer.] A kind of beer 
flavored with spruce. 




Norway Spruce (Picea 
excelsa). 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SPRUCE 



788 



SQUALL 



Spruce (sprus 1 ). ,i. [Compar. SrRUCER (spru'ser); Stt- 

).J [lYrh. fr. spruce a tine sort of 

leather from Prussia (OB. Spruce).] Neat, without ele- 

hbm or dignity. — Spruce'ly. adv. — Spruce'ness. ». 

mil l'riui ; dapper ; smart. See Finical. 

Spruce, i • '. ft '• [imp. & p. p. Spruced (sprust) ; 
A ;.'. u. Sprvcing (.spru/slug).] To dress with 
; neatness. 

Sprue (.sprul. »• [Etyui. uncertain.] (Foimding) (a) 
The hole in a mold through which melted metal is poured. 
B metal cast in this hole ; hence, dross. 

Sprung (spriing). imp. & p. p. of Spring. 

Spry (spri), <;. [Compar. Sprier or SPRYER(-er) ; su- 
per!. Spriest or Spryest.] [Etym. uncertain.] Nimble ; 
active. [['. 5. & Local Eng.~\ 

Spud (.spiid). n. [Cf. Dan. spt/d a spear.] A sharp, 
narrow spade, or spadelike implement, variously used. 

Spue (.spuV. r. t. & i. See Spew. 

Spuke (spuk), n. See Spook. 

Spume (spurn), n. [L. sputna."] Frothy matter 
raised on liquids, as by boiling or agitation ; foam ; scum. 

Spume, v. i. To froth ; to foam. 

Spu-mes'cence (spu-nies'sens), n. Frothiness. 

Spu-mes'cent (-s^nt), a. [L. spumescens, p. pr. of 
spumescere to foam.] Resembling froth or foam; foaming. 

Spum'ous (spum'us), ) a. [L. spumosus.~\ Consist- 

Spum'y (spum'y), j ing of, or covered with, 
spume or froth ; frothy ; foamy. — Spum'i-ness, n. 

Spun (spun), imp. & p. p. of Spin. 

Spun hay, hay twisted into ropes for convenient car- 
riage. —Spun silk, short-fibered, broken, or waste silk 
carded and spun. 

Spunk (spunk), n. [Gael, spong, or Ir. sponc, tinder, 
sponge. Cf. Punk.] 1. Wood that readily takes fire ; 
touchwood ; also, tinder made from fungi ; punk. 2. An 
inflammable temper; spirit; mettle; pluck. [Colloq.] 

Spunk'y (-y), a. Full of spunk ; spirited. [Colloq.~\ 

Spur (spfir), n. [AS. spura, spora ; akin to G. spom, 
and AS. spor trace. Cf. Spoor, 
Sfurn.] 1. An implement secured 
to the heel of a horseman, to urge 
the horse by its pressure. Spurs 
were the badge of knighthood. 2. 
That which goads to action ; an in- 
citement. 3. Something that pro- 
jects ; a part or appendage that 
juts out. Specif. : 4- (Zool.) Any 
stiff, sharp spine ; esp., the spine on a cock's leg. 5. A 
mountain that shoots out laterally from another moun- 
tain. 6. (Carp.) A brace ; strut. 7. (Arch.) A projec- 
tion from the round base of a column. 8. (Bot.) (a) Any 
projecting appendage of a flower looking like a cock's spur. 
(b) Rye or other grain diseased with ergot. 

Spur gear (Mach.), a cogwheel having 
teeth which project radially and stand 
parallel to the axis ; a spur wheel. 

Spur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spurred 
(spQrd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Spurring.] 
1. To prick with spurs. 2. To urge 
or encourage to action, or more vig- 
orous pursuit of an object ; to incite ; 
to stimulate ; to impel ; to drive. 

Spur, v. i. To use the spurs ; to 
travel hurriedly ; to hasten ; hence, to 
press forward in any pursuit. Spur Gear. 

Spur'galP (-gaF), n. A place galled by the spur. 

Spur'galF, v. t. To gall or wound with the spur. 

Spurge (spfirj), n. [OF. espurge, fr. espurgier to 
purge, L. expurgate. See Expurgate.] (Bot. ) Any plant 
of the genus Euphorbia. 

Spu'ri-ous (spu'rt-iis), a. [L. spurius."] 1. Not 
proceeding from the true source, or from the source pre- 
tended ; not genuine ; counterfeit. 2. Not legitimate ; 
bastard. — Spu'ri-ous-ly, adv. — Spu'ri-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — False; adulterate; supposititious; fictitious. 

Spurn (spurn), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Spurned (spQrnd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Spurning.] [AS. spurnan to kick ; 
akin to spura spur, L. spernere to despise. Cf. Spur.] 1. 
To drive back or away, as with the foot ; to kick. 2. To 
reject with disdain or scorn ; to treat with contempt. 

Spurn, v. i. 1. To kick or toss up the heels. 2. To 
manifest disdain in rejecting anything ; to make con- 
temptuous opposition or resistance. 

Spurn, n. 1. A kick ; a blow with the foot. 2. Dis- 
dainful rejection ; contemptuous treatment. 

Spurn'er (-er), n. One who spurns. 

Spurred (spfird), a. 1. Wearing, or furnished with, a 
spur or spurs ; having shoots like spurs. 2. Affected 
with spur, or ergot. 




Spurs. 




Spur'rer (spfir'rer), n. One who spurs or goads on. 

Spur'ri-er (spGr'rl-er), n. A spur maker. 

Spur'-roy'al (spfir'roi'al), 7i. A gold coin, first made 
in the reign of Edward IV., having a star on the re- 
verse resembling the rowel of a spur. In the reigns of 
Elizabeth and of James I., its value was fifteen shillings. 

Spur'ry (spGr'ry), n. [D. or OF. spurrie.] (Bot.) 
An annual European herb (Spergula arvensis) with 
whorled, filiform leaves. 

Spurt (spfirt), v. i. Sz t. [imp. & p. p. Spurted ; p.pr. 
&: vb. n. Spurting.] [Var. of Sprit.] To gush or issue, 
or throw out, suddenly or violently from a confined place 
in a stream or jet ; to spirt ; to force out suddenly or vio- 
lently. 

Spurt, n. A sudden or violent ejection or gushing of 
a liquid from a tube, orifice, or other confined place ; jet. 

Spurt (spfirt), n. [Cf. Icel. sprettr spurt, spring.] A 
sudden and energetic effort, as in an emergency. 

Spurt, v. i. To make a sudden and violent exertion. 

Spu-ta'tion (spu-ta'shfin), n. [L. spulare to spit.] 
Act of spitting ; expectoration. 

Sput'ter (sput'ter), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Sputtered 
(-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Sputtering.] [From root of 
spout or spit to eject from the mouth.] 1. To spit, or to 
emit saliva from the mouth in small, scattered portions, 
as in rapid speaking ; to spit out by quick, successive ef- 
forts. 2. To speak or utter hastily and indistinctly. 3. 
To throw out anything, as little jets of steam, with a noise 
like that made by one sputtering. — Sput'ter-er (-er), n. 

Sput'ter, n. Moist matter thrown out in small parti- 
cles ; also, confused and hasty speech. [tie ; saliva. | 

II Spu'tum (spu'tum), n. ; pi. Sputa (-ta). [L.] Spit- j 

Spy (spi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spied (spid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Spying.] [OE. spien, espien, OF. espier. OHG. 
spelion; akin to L. specere to see. Cf. Espy, v. t.~\ 1. 
To gain sight of ; to discover at a distance or in conceal- 
ment ; to espy. 2. To discover by close search or exam- 
ination. 3. To explore ; to view and examine secretly. 

Spy, v. i. To search narrowly ; to scrutinize. 

Spy, n. 1. One who keeps a constant watch of the 
conduct of others. 2. (Mil.) A person sent secretly 
within the enemy's lines or territory to get information 
regarding his works, strength, movements, or designs. 

Syn. — See Scout. 

Spy'glass' (-glas'), n. A small telescope for viewing 
distant terrestrial objects. 

Squab (skwob), a. [Cf. dial. Sw. sqvabb a soft and 
fat body, Icel. kvap jelly.] 1. Fat ; thick ; plump ; bulky. 

2. Unfledged ; unfeathered. 

Squab, n. 1. (Zo'ol. ) A nestling of a pigeon or other 
similar bird. 2. A person of a squat, or short, fat figure. 

3. A thickly stuffed cushion. 

Squab, adv. [Cf. dial. Sw. sqvapp, an imitative word, 
and E. squab fat.'] With a heavy fall ; plump. [Colloq.~\ 

Squab'ble (skwob'b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squabbled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Squabeling (-bling).] [Cf. dial. 
Sw. skvabbel a dispute.] 1. To contend for superiority in 
an unseemly manner. 2. To debate peevishly. 

Syn. — To dispute ; wrangle ; quarrel ; struggle. 

Squab'ble, v. t. (Print.) To disarrange so that read- 
justment is necessary ; — said of type that has been set up. 

Squab'ble, n. A scuffle ; a wrangle ; a brawl. 

Squab'bler (-bier), n. One who squabbles ; a brawler. 

Squab'by (-by), a. Short and thick ; squat. 

Squad (skwSd), n. [F. escouade, fr. Sp. escuadra, or 
It. squadra ; L. ex + quadra a square. See Square.] 
1. (Mil.) A small party of men assembled for drill, in- 
spection, or other purposes. 2. Hence, any small party. 

Squad, n. Sloppy mud. [Prov. Eng.~\ 

Squad'ron (skwbd'run), n. [F. escadron, older esquad- 
ron. See Squad.] 1. Primarily, a square ; hence, a square 
body of troops, [i?.] 2. (Mil.) A body of cavalry com- 
prising two companies or troops, and averaging from 120 
to 200 men. 3. (Naut.) A detachment of vessels under 
the command of the senior officer. 

Squal'id (skwol'id), a. [L. squalidus, fr. squalere 
to be filthy.] Dirty through neglect ; foul ; filthy ; very 
dirty. — Squal'id-ly , adv. — Squal'id-ness, n. 

Squa-lid'i-ty (skwa-lid'T-ty), n. Quality or state of 
being squalid ; foulness ; filthiness. 

Squall (skwal), n. [Cf. Sw. sqval a rush of water, 
sqvalregn a violent shower, sqvala to gush.] A sudden and 
violent gust of wind, often attended with rain or snow. 

White aquaU, an unexpected squall not marked in its ap- 
proach by the clouds. 

Squall, v. i. [imp. &p.p. Squalled (skwald) ; p. pr. 
& v b. n. Squalling.] [Icel. skvala. Cf. Squeal.] To cry 
out ; to scream or cry violently, as a child in distress. 



a, e, I, o, n, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, Onite, care, arm, ask, all, final 



SQUALL 



789 



SQUID 




Square, L. 



Squall (skwal), n. A loud scream ; a harsh cry. 

Squall'er (-e'r), n. One who squalls. [gusty. I 

Squall'y (-£), a. Abounding in squalls; violently | 

Squa'loid (skwa'loid), a. [NL. Squalus, a genus of 
sharks + -oid.'] (Zool.) Like or pert, to the sharks. 

Squalor (skwa'IGr), n. [L., fr. squalere to be foul or 
filthy.] Squalidness ; foulness; filthiness; squalidity. 

II Squa'ma (skwa'nia), n. ; pi. Sqcasle (-me). [L., a 
scale.] (Med.) A scale cast off from the skin. 

Squa-ma'ceous (skwa-ma'shus), a. Squamose. 

Squa'mate (skwa'mat), Squa'ma-ted (-ma-te"d), a. 
Squamose. [ered with little scales. I 

Squa-mellate (skwa-mgl'lat), a. Furnished or cov-| 

Squam'i-pen (skwaWT-pgn or skwa'mi-), n. [L. 
squama scale -\- penna fin.] {Zool.) Any one of a group 
of fishes having the dorsal and anal fins partially covered 
with scales. They are mostly showy tropical fishes. 

Squamose' (skwa-mos' or skwa'mos'), ) a. [L. squa- 

Squa'mous (skwa'inQs), [ mosus, fr, 

squama a scale.] Covered with, or consist- 
ing of, scales ; resembling a scale ; scaly. 

Squam'u late (skwain'u-lat), ) a. Hav- 

Squam'u-lose' (-los'), j ing lit- 

tle scales ; squamellate. 

Squan'der (skwon'der), v. t. & i. [imp. 
&p. p. Squandered (-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Squandering.] [Etym. uncertain.] 1. 
To scatter. \_Obs.~\ 2. To spend lavishly. 
or profusely ; to spend or use prodigally 
or wastefully. 

Syn. — To waste ; scatter ; dissipate. 

Squan'der, n. The act of squander- Squamose Spruce 
ing; waste. Cone. 

Squan'der-er (-er), n. One who squanders. 

Square (skwSr), n. [OF. esquarre, deriv. of L. ex -f- 
quadrus a square, fr. quattuor four. See 
Four, and cf. Squad.] 1. (Geom.) A paral- 
lelogram having four equal sides and four 
right angles. 2. Hence, anything which is 
square, or nearly so. 3. An area of four 
sides, generally with houses on each side ; 
sometimes, a solid block of houses ; also, an 
open place or area for public use, as at the 
intersection of streets. 4. (Mech. & Joinery) An instru- 
ment having at least one right angle and two or more 
straight edges, used to lay out or test square work. 5. 
(Math.) The product of a number or quantity multiplied 
by itself. 6. Exact proportion ; regularity. [Obs.] 7. 
The relation of harmony, or exact agreement ; equality ; 
level. 8. A quarrel, [if?.] 9. The front of a woman's 
dress over the bosom. [Obs.~\ 

On the square, or Upon the square, in an open, fair man- 
ner ; honestly, or upon honor. [Obs. or Colloq.] 

Square (skwSr), a. 1. (Geom.) Having four equal 
sides and four right angles. 2. Forming a right angle ; 
also, having right lines ; true to a square. 3. Having a 
shape broad for the height, with angular rather than 
curving outlines. 4. Exactly suitable ; true ; just. 5. 
Rendering equal justice ; exact ; fair ; honest. 6. Even ; 
leaving no balance. 7. Leaving nothing; hearty. 8. 
(Naut.) At right angles with the mast or the keel, and 
parallel to the horizon. 

Square knot, a knot tied as shown under Knot. — 
Square measure, the measure of a superficies or surface 
which depends on the length and breadth taken conjoint- 
ly. — Square number. See Square, n., 5. — Square root of 
a number or quantity (Math.), that number or quantity 
which, multiplied by itself, produces the given number 
or quantity. — Square sail (Naut.), a four-sided sail ex- 
tended upon a yard suspended by the middle. [See Illust. 
of Sail.] — Three-square, Five-square, etc., having three, 
five, etc., equal sides. 

Square, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squared (skwa*rd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Squaring.] 1. To make square ; to shape, 
place, adjust, alter, or regulate so as to be square. 2. To 
compare with, or reduce to, any given measure or stand- 
ard. 3. (Math.) To multiply by itself. 

To square the circle (Math.), to determine the exact con- 
tents of a circle in square measure, — impossible to be 
done. 

Square, v. i. 1. To be square ; to accord or agree ex- 
actly; to suit; to fit. 2. To take an attitude of offense ; 
to quarrel. [Obs.~\ 3. To take a boxing attitude. 
Squarely (-ly), adv. In a square manner. 
Squareness, n. Quality or state of being square. 
Squar'er, n. One who squares. 
Square'-rigged' (skwaVrigd'), a- (Xaut.) Rigged 
with square sails ; as a ship or a brig. See Sadl. 

Squar-rose' (skwor-ros' or skwor'ros'), a. [L. squa 



Ragged, or full of loose 




Squarrose Leaves. 



rosus (perhaps) scurfy, scabby.] 
scales or projecting parts; 
rough. 

Squar'rous (skwaVrfis or 
skw5r'-), a. Squarrose. 

Squar'ru lose 7 (-ru-16V), a. 
Slightly squarrose. 

Squash (skw5sh),n. [Mass. 
Indian asq, pi- asquash, raw 
green, applied to fruit and vegetables used when green, 
or without cooking.] (Hot.) A plant and its fruit of the 
genus Cucurbila, or gourd kind. 

Squash, v. I. & i. [imp. & p. p. Squashed (skw5sht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Squashing.] [OE. squachen, OF. 
esquachier ; origin uncertain.] To beat or press, or to 
be pressed, into pulp or a flat mass ; to crush. 

Squash, n. 1. Something soft and easily crushed ; 
esp., an unripe pod of pease. 2. A sudden fall or 6hock 
of a heavy, soft body. 
Squash'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, squashes. 
Squash'y (-y), a. Easily squashed ; soft. 
Squat (skw5t), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squatted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Squatting.] [OE. squatten to crush, OF. esquater, 
esquatir ; origin uncertain.] 1. To sit down upon the 
hams or heels. 2. To stoop, or lie close, so as to hide ; 
to crouch or cower. 3. To settle on land without title ; 
also, to settle on common or public lands. 

Squat, a. 1. Squatting ; crouching. 2. Short and 
thick, like the figure of an animal squatting. 
Squat, n. The posture of one that squats. 
Squat'ter (-ter), n. One who squats. 
Squat'ty (-ty), a. Squat ; dumpy. 
Squaw (skwa), n. [Massachusetts Indian squa, esh- 
qua; Narragansett squaws. .] A female ; a woman. 
Old squaw. (Zool.) See under Old. 
Squawk (skwak), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squawked 
(skwakt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Squawking.] [See Squeak.] 
To utter a shrill, abrupt scream ; to squeak harshly. 

Squawk, n. 1. Act of squawking; a harsh squeak. 
2. (Zool.) The American night heron. 
Squawl (skwal), v. i. See Squall. 
Squeak (skwek), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squeaked 
(skwekt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Squeaking.] [Prob. imitative ; 
cf. Sw. sqvdka to croak.] To make a sharp, shrill cry or 
noise, usually of short duration ; to creak. 
Squeak, n. A sharp, shrill, disagreeable cry or sound. 
Squeak'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, squeaks. 
Squeal (skwel), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squealed 
(skweld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Squealing.] [Of Scand. origin. 
Cf. Squall.] To cry with a long, sharp, shrill sound, as 
certain animals, indicating want, displeasure, or pain. 
Squeal, n. A shrill, sharp, somewhat prolonged cry. 
SqueaFer (-er), n. One who, or that which, squeals. 
Squeam'ish (skwem'ish), a. [OE. squaimous, sivey- 
mous, prob. fr. OE. sweem, swem, dizziness. Cf. Swim 
to be dizzy.] Having a stomach that is easily turned or 
nauseated ; hence, nice to excess in taste ; easily dis- 
gusted. — Squeam'ish-ly, adv. — Squeam'ish-ness, n. 
Syn. — Dainty ; scrupulous. See Fastidious. 
Squea'sy (skwe'zy), a. Queasy ; squeamish. [Obs. or 
Colloq.~\ 
Squee'gee (skwe^je), n. Same ?z Squilgee. 
Squeeze (skwez), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squeezed 
(skwezd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Squeezing.] [OE. queisen, 
AS. cwesan, cicysan, cicisan ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
To press between two bodies ; to press together closely ; 
to compress. 2. To oppress with hardships or burdens ; 
to crush. 3. To force, or cause to pass, by compression. 
Syn. —To compress ; hug; pinch; gripe; crowd. 
Squeeze, v. i. To press ; to urge one's way, or to 
pass, by pressing ; to crowd. 

Squeeze, n. 1. Act of squeezing ; compression. 2. A 
facsimile impression taken in some soft substance. 
Squeez'er. n. One who, or that which, squeezes. 
Squelch (skwelch), v. t. [Cf. Prov. E. quelch a blow, 
and quell to kill.] To crush ; to put down. [Colloq.'] 

Sque-teague' (skwe-teg'), n. [From the North Amer- 
ican Indian name.] (Zool.) A silvery, iridescent, Amer- 
ican sciaenoid food fish, abundant on the Atlantic coast. 
Squib (skwTb), n. [OE. squippen, swippen, to move 
swiftly, Icel. svipa to swoop, dart, whip ; akin to E. 
swift, a.] 1. A hollow cylinder of paper, filled with 
powder or combustible matter, to be thrown into the 
air while burning, so as to burst there with a crack. 
2. (Mining) A kind of slow match or safety fuse. 3. A 
sarcastic speech ; a petty lampoon ; a brief, witty essay. 
Squid (skwid), n. [Cf. Squirt.] 1. (Zool.) Anyone 
of numerous species of ten-armed cephalopods. Some 



r-rose r (skw5r-roV or skwor'ros'), a. [L. squar- of numerous species of ten-armed cephalopods 
f grn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, f dot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SQUIER 



790 



STAG 




species are used for fish bait. 2. A fishhook with a piece 

nothing bright fastened on its 
shank to imitate ■ squid. 

Squier (ekwir), ». [See Square, 
«.l A square. [0©*.] 

Squil'gee fakwIFjl), n. For- 
merly. ■ small swab tor drying ;i 

leek ; now. a kind of Boraper 
with a rubber or leather edge. 
Squill (akwH), «. [F. satritte, L. 

squilla, scilla, Gr. oxi'AAa.] 1. (.Bo/.) 
A European bulbous, liliaceous plant 
Of arrid. expectorant, and emetic 
properties ; a sea onion. 2. (Zoo/.) 
(a) A squilla. (6) A mantis. 

Squilla (skwTl'la), n. ; pi. E. 
Squill as (,-laz), L. Squills (-le). 
[L.. a sea onion, also, a shrimp. See 
Squill.] (Zoo/.) Any oue of numer- 
ous stoinapod crustaceans which 
make burrows on the seashore. 

Squin'ance (skwTn'ans), ) n. [F. 

Squin'an-cy (-an-sf), ( es- 
quinancie, OF. squinance, esqui- 
nanee. See Quinsy.] 1. (Med. ) The _ 
quinsy. [06s.] 2. (Bot.) A European 6 
herb (Asperula cynanchia) with 
linear, whorled leaves, formerly 
thought to cure the quinsy. northern squid. 

Squinch(skw!nch),7i. [Corrupted fr. Sconce.] (Arch.) 
A small supporting arch across the corner of a room. 

Squint (skwTnt), a. [Cf. D. schuinte a slope, schuin, 
sch it insche sloping. Cf. Askant.] 1. Looking obliquely. 
Specif. (Med.), not having the optic axes coincident ; — 
said of the eyes. 2. Looking askance, or with suspicion. 

Squint, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Squinted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Squlnting.] 1. To see or look obliquely, asquint, or 
furtively. 2. (Med.) To have squint eyes ; to be cross- 
eyed. 3. To run obliquely. 

Squint, v. t. To cause to be squint ; to turn obliquely. 

Squint, n. 1. Act or habit of squinting. 2. (Med.) 
Strabismus. 3. (Arch.) An opening made in the walls 
of a cruciform church to enable those in the transepts to 
see the altar. 

Squint'er (-er), n. One who squints. 

Squint'-eyC (-1'), n. An eye that squints. 

Squint'-eyed' (-id'), a. 1. Having eyes that squint ; 
cross-eyed. 2. Looking asquint or askance ; malignant. 

Squin'y (skwTn'y), v. i. To squint. [06s.] 

Squire (skwir), n. [See Square, n.] A square. [06s.] 

Squire, ft. Aphetic form of Esquire. 

Squire, v. t. To attend as a squire. 

Squirely, a. & adv. Becoming a squire ; like a squire. 

Squirm (skwerm), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squirmed 
(skwermd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Squirming.] [Cf. Swarm to 
climb.] To twist about briskly ; to wriggle : to writhe. 

Squir'rel (skwer'rSl or skwir'-), n. [OF. esquirel, 
LL. squirelus, scuriolus, dim. of L. sciurus, 
Gr. vKvovpos ; <r»aa shade -f- ox/pa. tail.] 
(Zo'dl.) Any one of numerous species 
small rodents, most of which 
have bushy tails, large erect 
ears, and strong hind legs. 
They are commonly arboreal. 
See Chickaree, Chipmunk, and 
Flying squirrel, under Flying. 
The so-called Australian squir- 
rels are marsupials. See Pe- 
taurist, and Phalanger. 

Squirrel cup (Bot.), the cup- 
shaped blossom of the low pe- 
rennial herb, Heyativa triloba. 
— Squirrel grass (Bot.), a pestiferous grass related to barley. 

Squirt (skwert), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Squirted ; 
p. pr. & vb. ra. Squtrting.] [Origin uncertain.] To 
drive, eject, or issue in, a stream out of a narrow pipe or 
orifice ; to spirt a stream from a narrow orifice. 

Squirting cucumber (Bot.), a plant of the genus Ecballium. 

Squirt, n. 1. An instrument out of which a liquid is 
squirted. 2. A small, quick stream ; a jet. 

Squirt'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, squirts. 

Squitch' grass' (skwi ch' graV). (Bot. ) Quitch grass. 

Stab (st5b), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stabbed (stabd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Stabbing.] [Cf. OD. staven to fix, fr. stave, 
staff, a staff ; akin to E. staff; also Gael. s/o6 to stab, as 
n., a stake.] 1. To pierce with a pointed weapon; to 
kill by the thrust of a pointed instrument. 2. To injure 
aecretly or by malicious falsehood or slander. 




Fox Squirrel 
{Sciurus cuiereus). 



Stab (stab), v. i. 1. To wound or thrust with a pointed 
weapon. 2- To wound the feelings. 

Stab, 7i . 1. A thrust or wound with a pointed weap- 
on. 2. An injury inflicted covertly or suddenly. 

II Sta'bat Ma'ter (sta'bSt ma't'er). [L., the mother 
was standing (at the foot of the cross).] A celebrated 
Latin hymn, beginning with these words. 

Stab'ber (st&b'ber), n. One who, or that which, stabs. 

Sta-bil'i-tate (sta-bll'i-tat), v. t. [LL. stabilitare, 
p. p. -atu&.~\ To make stable. [06s.] 

Sta-bil'i-ty (sta-bTl'I-ty),?*. [L. stabilitas. See Sta- 
ble, a.~\ State or quality of being stable. 

Sta'ble (sta'b'l), a. [OF. es/a6/e, fr. L. stabilis, fr. 
stare to stand. See Stand, v. ».] 1. Firmly estab- 
lished ; having strength to stand without being moved or 
overthrown ; not easily disturbed or shaken ; fixed. 2. 
Steady in purpose or character ; constant ; firm in resolu- 
tion ; not fickle ; resolute ; unwavering. 3. Durable ; not 
readily subject to overthrow or change of position or form. 

Syn.— Steady; abiding; strong; durable; firm. 

Sta'ble, ft. [OF. estable, fr. L. stabulum, fr. stare to 
stand.] A house, shed, building, or compartment, for a 
beast or beasts to lodge and feed in. 

Sta'ble, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Stabled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Stabling.] To put, keep, or lodge in a stable. 

Sta'ble-ness, n. Quality or state of being stable. 

Sta'bler (-bier), n. A stable keeper. 

Stalling (-bling), n. 1. The keeping of horses or 
cattle in a stable. 2- A building, shed, or room for 
horses or cattle. 

Stab'lish (stab'lish), v. t. To establish. [06s.] 

Sta'bly (sta'bly), adv. In a stable manner ; firmly. 

II Stac-ca'tO (stak-ka'to), a. [It] (Mus.) Distinct ; 
— a direction to perform a passage in a short, distinct, 
and pointed manner. It is often indicated by heavy ac- 
cents over or under the notes, or by dots (less emphatic). 

Stack (stSk), n. [Icel. stakkr.'] 1. A large pile as of 
hay, grain, straw, etc. 2. A number of flues embodied 
in one structure, rising above the roof. Hence: Any single 
insulated and prominent structure, or upright pipe, af- 
fording a conduit for smoke. 

Stack of arms (Mil.), a number of muskets or rifles set 
up together, with the bayonets crossing one another, 
forming a sort of conical, self-supporting pile. 

Stack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stacked (stakt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Stacking.] To lay in a stack ; to make into a 
conical or other pile. 

Stac'te (stak'te), n. [L.] A sweet spice used by the 
ancient Jews in the preparation of incense. 

Stad'dle (stad'd'l), n. [AS. staSol, stacSul, a founda- 
tion ; akin to E. stand.'] 1. Anything serving for a sup- 
port ; a prop. 2. The frame of a stack of hay or grain. 
[Eng.] 3. A row of dried or drying hay, etc. [Eng.] 
4. A small tree of any kind, esp. a forest tree. 

Stade (stad), n. [Cf. F. stade.] A stadium. 

II Sta'di-um (sta'di-um), n. ; pi. Stadia (-a). [L., 
a stadium (in sense 1), from Gr. araSiov.] 1. A Greek 
measure of length, equal to 606 feet, 9 inches, English. 2. 
An instrument for measuring the distance of an object of 
known dimensions, by observing the angle it subtends. 

Stadt'hold er (stat'hold'er), n. [D. stadhouder ; stad 
a city, a town + houder a holder.] Formerly, the chief 
magistrate of the United Provinces of Holland ; also, the 
governor or lieutenant governor of a province. 

Sta-fette' (sta-fef), n. An estafet. [i?.] 

Staff (staf). n. ; pi. Staves (stavz or stavz) or Staffs 
(stafs) in senses 1-4, Staffs in senses 5, 6. [AS. stsef a 
staff ; akin to G. s/o6, Skr. sthdpay to cause to stand. 
See Stand, Star.] 1. A long piece of wood ; a stick ; a 
pole, — used for many purposes ; as : (a) For support or 
defense by a person walking ; hence, a support ; a prop. 
(6) For an ensign of authority or a badge of office. 2. 
A series of verses so disposed that, when it is concluded, 
the same order begins again ; a stanza ; a stave. 3. 
(Mus.) The five lines and the spaces on which music is 
written; — formerly called stave. 4. (Mech.) An arbor, 
as of a wheel or a pinion of a watch. 5. [From Staff a 
badge of office.] (Mil.) An establishment of officers in 
various departments attached to an army, to a section of 
an army, or to the commander of an army. 6. Hence : 
A body of assistants serving to execute or carry into ef- 
fect the plans of a superintendent or manager. 

Staff tree (Bot.), the common bittersweet (Celastrus 
scandens). 

Stag (stag), n. [Icel. sleggr the male of several ani- 
mals ; or a doubtful AS. stagga.~\ 1. (Zo67.) (a) The 
adult male of the red deer. [See Illust. of Deer.] (6) The 
male of certain other species of large deer. 2. A cas- 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



STAG BEETLE 



791 



STALK 




tratedbull. 3. {Stock Exchange) An outside, irregular 
dealer in stocks. 

Stag beetle (ZooL), any one of nu- 
merous species of lainellicorn bee- 
tles having large and branched, or 
forked, mandibles. 

Stage (staj), n. [OF. estage, fr. 
L. stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. 
A floor or story of a house. [06s.] \ 
2. An elevated platform on which 
an orator may speak, a play be per- 
formed, or the like. 3. A scaffold ; 
a staging. 4. A platform, often float- Stag Beetle (luca/iiu 
ing, serving as a kind of wharf. 5- 
The floor for scenic performances ; hence, the theater ; 
hence, also, the dramatic profession ; the drama, as acted 
or exhibited. 6. A place where anything is set or done to 
be viewed or exhibited ; the scene of any noted action or 
career. 7. A place of rest on a regularly traveled road ; 
a place appointed for a relay of horses. 8. The distance 
between two places of rest on a road. 9. A degree of 
progress, or of advancement in any pursuit, process, or 
act of development. 10. A large vehicle running from 
station to station for the accommodation of the public. 

Stage, v. t. To exhibit upon a stage ; to display. 

Stage'coach' (-koch'), ». A stage (in sense 10). 

Stage'play' (-pla 7 ), n. A dramatic or theatrical en- 
tertainment. — Stage'play-er (-er), n. 

Sta'ger (sta'jer), n. 1. A player, [R.~] 2. One 
who has long acted on the stage of life ; a person of ex- 
perience. 3. A stage horse. [Colloq.] 

Stage'-struck (staj'strfik'), a. Fascinated by the 
stage ; seized by a passionate desire to become an actor. 

Stag'ger (stag'ger), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Staggered 
(-gerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Staggering.] [OE. stakeren, Icel. 
stakra to push, to stagger, fr. slaka.] 1. To move un- 
steadily, or to one side and the other, as if about to fall, 
in standing or walking ; to reel or totter. 2. To cease 
to stand firm ; to begin to give way. 3. To begin to doubt 
and waver in purpose ; to hesitate ; to falter. 

Stag'ger, v. t. 1. To cause to stagger. 2. To arrange 
in a sinuous line, as bolts. 

Stag'ger, n. 1. The act of staggering. 2. pi. (Far.) 
A disease of horses and other animals, attended by reel- 
ing, unsteady gait, or sudden falling. 

Stag'ger-ing-ly, adv. In a staggering manner. 

Sta'ging (sta'jing), n. 1. A structure of posts and 
boards for supporting workmen, etc. 2. The business 
of running, or the act of journeying in, stagecoaches. 

Stag'nan-cy (stag'nan-sy), n. State of being stagnant. 

Stag'nant (-nant), a. [L. stagnans, p. pr. See 
Stagnate.] 1. That stagnates ; not flowing ; motion- 
less ; hence, impure or foul from want of motion. 2. 
Not active or brisk ; dull. — Stag'nant-ly , adv. 

Stag'nate (stag'nat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stagnated 
(-na-ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Stagnating.] [L. stagnare, p. p. 
-atus, fr. stagnum a piece of standing water. Cf . Stanch, 
v. t.~\ 1. To cease to flow ; to be motionless ; to become 
stagnant. 2. To cease to be brisk or active. 

Stag-na'tion (-na/shun), n. Act, process, or state of 
becoming or being stagnant. 

Stahl'ism (stal'Iz'm), n. The theory (taught by 
Stahl, a German chemist of the 17th century) that every 
vital action is a function or operation of the soul. 

Staid (stad), imp. & p. p. of Stay. 

Staid, a. [From Stay to stop.] Sober ; steady ; 
sedate ; not wild, volatile, flighty, or fanciful. — Staid'- 
ly, adv. — Staid'ness, n. 

Stain (stan), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stained (stand) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Staining.] [Abbrev. fr. Distain.] 1. To 
discolor with foreign matter. 2. To color, as wood, glass, 
etc., by processes affecting the material itself. 3. To 
spot with guilt or infamy ; to soil ; to tarnish ; to sully. 4. 
To cause to seem inferior or soiled by comparison. [R.~\ 

Syn. — To paint; dye; blot; sully; disgrace; taint.— 
To paint a thing is to spread a coat of coloring matter over 
it; to stain or dye a thing is to impart color to its sub- 
stance. T i stain is said chiefly of solids, as wood, glass, 
paper ; tu dye, of fibrous substances, textile fabrics, etc. ; 
the one, commonly, a simple process, as applying a wash 
which penetrates into the substance stained ; the other 
more complex, as fixing colors by mordants. 

Stain, v. i. To give or receive a stain. 

Stain, n. 1. A discoloration by foreign matter ; a 
color made by staining. 2. A natural spot of a color dif- 
ferent from the ground. 3. Taint of guilt ; tarnish ; re- 
proach. 4. Cause of reproach ; shame. 5. A tinge. [Obs.~\ 

Syn. — Blot ; spot ; taint ; pollution ; blemish ; tar- 
nish ; color ; disgrace ; infamy ; shame. 



Staln'er (staVer), n. One who stains. 

Stain'less. a. Free from stain ; spotless ; faultless. 

Stair (stSr), n. [OE. ttetr, tteyer, AS. st5eg?r, from 
stigan to ascend, rise. See Sty to ascend.] 1. One step 
of a series for ascending or descending to a different 
level. 2. A series of steps, as for pawing from one story 
of a house to another ; — now commonly used in tin- ///. 

Pair of stairs, a set or flight of stairs,— pair, in this 
phrase, having its old meaning of a set. 

Stalr'case' (staVkaV), n. A flight of stairs with their 
supporting framework, casing, balusters, etc. 

Stair'way' (-wa'), n. A flight of steps ; a staircase. 

Stake (stak), n. [AS. staca, fr. root of E. stick.] 1. 
A piece of wood pointed at one end so as to be easily 
driven into the ground. 2- A stick inserted upright in 
a loop, or mortise, as at the side or end of a cart. 3. The 
piece of timber to which a martyr was affixed to be burned; 
hence, martyrdom by fire. 4. That which is laid down 
or hazarded as a wager ; pledge. 

At stake, in danger ; hazarded ; pledged. 

Stake, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Staked (stakd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. 7i. Staking.] 1. To fasten, support, or defend with 
stakes. 2. To mark out by stakes. 3. To hazard upon 
an uncertainty or contingency ; to wager ; to pledge. 

Stake'-driVer (-driv'er), n. (ZooL) The common 
American bittern ; — from the 
sound of one of its notes. 

Stak-tom'e-ter (stak-t5ni'e- 
ter), n. [Gr. crra/cros falling by 
drops + -meter.] A drop meas- 
urer ; a kind of pipette. 

Sta-laCtic (sta-15k'tTk), ) 

Sta-lac'tic-al (-tl-kal), f a ' 
(Geol.) Stalactitic. 

Sta-lac'tite (-tit), n. ; pi. Sta- 
lactites (-tits). [Gr. crTaAa/cTos 
dropping, fr. o-raAa^etv to drop.] 
{Geol.) A pendent cone or cylin- 
der of calcium carbonate pro- 
duced by deposition from drip- 
ping water charged with calcium 
carbonate. Hence, any similar 
mineral formation. 

Stal'ac-tit'ic (stSl'Sk-tTt'Tk), 
Stalac-tit'ic-al (-1-kal), a. 
(Geol.) Of, pert, to, or having the 
form of, a stalactite ; stalactic. 

Sta-lag'mite (sta-lag'mit), n. 
which drops, a drop, fr. a-raXd^eiv to 
drop.] {Geol.) A deposit more or 
less resembling an inverted stalactite, 
formed by calcareous water dropping 
on the floors of caverns ; hence, any 
other similar mineral deposit. 

Stal ag-mit'ic (stal/ag-mit'Tk), 
Stal'ag-mific-al (-uiTt'i-kal), a. 
Having the form or structure of sta- 
lagmites. 

Stale (stal), n. [AS. steel, stel; 
akin to G. stiel.] A stock or handle. 

Stale, a. [Akin to stale, v. i.] 
1. Vapid or tasteless, as from age. 2. 
Not new ; not freshly made. 3. Hav- 
ing lost the life or graces of youth ; 
decayed. 4. Worn out by use or fa- 
miliarity ; having lost its novelty and 
power of pleasing ; trite ; common. 

Stale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staled 
(staid); p. pr. & vb. n. Staling.] To 
make vapid or tasteless ; to destroy 
the life, beauty, or use of ; to wear out. 

Stale, v. i- [Akin to stale, a., stall stable.] To urinate ; 
to discharge urine ; — said esp. of horses and cattle. 

Stale,". 1. That which is stale. [Obs.~\ 2. A pros- 
titute. [Obs.] 3. Urine, esp. that of beasts. 

Stale, n. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. Something set, or 
offered to view, as a lure ; decoy. [Obs.] 2. (Chess) A 
stalemate. [Obs.] 3. A laughingstock ; dupe. [Obs.] 

Stalely, adv. In a stale manner. 

Stale'mate' (-mat / ), n. (Chess) The position of the 
king when he can not move without being placed in 
check, and there is no other piece which can be moved. 

Stale'ness, n. Quality or state of being stale. 

Stalk (stak), n. [OE. stalke, fr. AS. stael, stel. See 1st 
Stale.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The stem or main axis of a plant. 
(b) A petiole, pedicel, or peduncle. 2- That which re- 
sembles the stalk of a plant, as the stem of a quill, the 
stem or peduncle of certain barnacles and crinoids, etc. 




Stalactites. 
[Gr. crrdkayfjia. that 




Stalagmites. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



STALK 



792 



STANDARD 



SUlk (attk), ♦'• '"• ["»!>• A ;'• P- Stalked (stakt); 
Stalking.] [AS. Stmlcan, stealcian, to 
| ; prob. akin to 1st stalk.] 1. To walk slowly 
and ceououely; to walk in a stealthy, noiseless manner. 
2. To walk behind something, lor the purpose of ap- 
proaching game unseen. 3. To walk with high and 
proud ■ [or by stealth. I 

Stalk, r. t. To approach under cover of a screen, | 

Stalk, n. A high, proud, stately step or walk. 

Stalked fstftkt), <(. Having a stalk or stem. 

Stalk'er (,st'ak'er), n. One who stalks. 

Stalk'ing-horse ^stak'tng-hGiV), ><• 1. A horse, or 
a figure resembling a horse, behiud which a hunter con- 
ceals himself from the game. 2. Fig. : Mask ; pretense. 

Stalky (,-v\ a. Hard as a stalk ; resembling a stalk. 

Stall (stal). n. [AS. steall, stall; akin to G. stall; 
Orig., a standing place ; akin also to G. stelle place, Gr. 
(TTtAAtii/ to place, and E. stand.] 1. A stand ; station ; 
fixed spot ; hence, the stand or place where a horse or an 
ox is kept and fed. 2. A stable ; place for cattle. 3. A 
small apartment, shed, or stand where merchandise is 
exposed for sale. 4. A seat in the choir of a church, for 
an officiating clergyman. 5. In the theater, a seat with 
arms or otherwise partly inclosed. 6. {Mining) The 
space left by excavation between pillars. 

Stall, v. ?. & i. [imp. & p. p. Stalled (staid) \p.pr. 
& rb. n. Stalling.] 1. To put or keep in a stall or stable. 
2. To install. [Obs.] 3. To plunge into mire or snow so 
as not to be able to go ahead. 4. To keep close. [Obs.] 

Stall'-feed' (-fed'), v. t. To feed and fatten in a stall 
or on dry fodder. 

Stallion (stal'yfin), n. [OF. estalon, fr. OHG. stal a 
stable. See Stall, n.] A male horse not castrated. 

Stal'wart (stol'wert or stal'-), a. [OE. stalworth, 
AS. staelivyrS serviceable, prob. orig., good at stealing, 
or worth stealing, and hence, estimable in other respects.] 
Brave ; bold ; strong ; redoubted ; daring ; vehement. — 
Stal'wart-ly, adv. — Stal'wart-ness, n. 

Stal'wortn (-werth), a. Stalwart. [Obsoles.] 

Sta'men (sta'men), n. [L. stamen warp, thread, akin 
to Gr. (T-rri^uiv warp, fr. iaravai to stand, akin to E. 
stand.] 1. (pi. Stamina (stam'I-na).) A thread ; esp., 
a warp thread. 2. (pi. Stamens (-menz), rarely Stamina.) 
(Bot. ) The male organ of flowers, consisting of the anther 
and filament. [See Illust. of Flower.] 

Stam'i-na (stam'T-na), n. pi. 1. The firm part of a 
body, which supports it or gives it strength and solidity. 
2. Whatever constitutes the principal strength or sup- 
port of anything ; backbone ; vigor. [stamina. I 

Stam'i-nal (-nal), a. Of or pert, to stamens or| 

Stam'i-nate (-nat), a. (Bot.) (a) Furnished with, or 
producing, stamens, (b) Having stamens, but no pistils. 

Sta-min'e-al (sta-mm'e-«l), ) a. 1. Consisting of 

Sta-min'e-OUS (-rum'e-us), { stamina, or threads. 
2. (Bot.) Of, pert, to, or possessing, stamens. 

Stam'mer (stam'mer), v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Stam- 
mered (-merd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stammering.] [OE. 
stameren, fr. AS. stamur, stamer, stammering ; akin to 
G. stammeln.] To hesitate or falter in speaking ; to speak, 
utter, or pronounce with stops and difficulty ; to stutter. 

Stam'mer, n. Defective utterance, or involuntary 
interruption of utterance ; a stutter. 

Stam'mer-er (-er), n. One who stammers. 

Stamp (stamp), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Stamped (stamt ; 
215) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stamping.] [Akin to D. slampen, 
G. stampfen, and E. step.] 1. To strike, beat, or press 
forcibly with the bottom of the foot. 2. To bring down 
(the foot) forcibly on the ground or floor. 3. To crush ; 
to pulverize ; specif. (Metal.), to crush by the blow of a 
heavy stamp. 4. To impress with some figure ; to shape, 
form, or indent by a sudden blow or pressure ; to mint. 
5. Fig. : To impress, as on the mind ; to imprint ; to fix 
deeply. 6. To put a stamp on, as for postage. 

Stamp, v. i. 1. To strike ; to beat ; to crush. 2. To 
strike the foot forcibly downward. 

Stamp, n. 1. Act of stamping. 2. That which 
stamps ; any instrument for making impressions on other 
bodies, or for shaping or cutting out materials by stamp- 
ing, as a die. 3. The mark or thing made by stamping ; 
an impression. 4. An official mark, or a stamped or 
printed device issued by the government, required by law 
to be put upon certain things as evidence that the govern- 
ment flues are paid. 5. A character or reputation, good 
or bad, fixed on anything as if by an imprinted mark. 6. 
Make ; cast ; form ; character. 7. A kind of heavy power 
hammer, or pestle, for pounding or beating. 8. pi. Money, 
esp. paper money. [Slang, U.S.'] 

Stamp act, an act of the British Parliament [1765] im- 



posing a duty on all paper, vellum, and parchment used 
in the American colonies, and declaring all writings on 
unstamped materials to be null and void. 

Stampede' (stam-ped'), n. [Sp. estampida ; of Ger- 
man origin. Cf. Stamp, v. t.] A wild, headlong scam- 
per, or running away, of a number of animals, usually 
caused by fright ; hence, any sudden flight or dispersion. 

Stampede', v. i. To run, or cause to run, away in a 
panic ; — said of droves of cattle, horses, etc. Also fig. 

Stamp'er (stamper), n. One that stamps. 

Stanch (stanch), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Stanched 
(stancht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stanching.] [OF. estanchier, 
fr. L. stagnate. See Stagnate.] To stop flowing, as 
blood ; to check ; also, to stop the flowing of blood 
from ; to cease to flow. 

Stanch, n. A kind of flood gate. 

Stanch, a. [Compar. Stancher (-er) ; superl. 
Stanchest.] [From Stanch, v. t. , and hence lit. signify- 
ing, stopped or stayed.] 1. Strong and tight ; sound \ 
firm. 2. Firm in principle ; constant and zealous ; loyal ;. 
hearty ; steadfast. — Stanch'ly, adv. — Stanch'ness, n. 

Stanch, v. t. To prop ; to make stanch, or strong. 

Stanch' er, n. One who, or that which, stanches. 

Stan'chion (stSn'shun), n. [Through F. from L. 
slans, p. pr. of stare to stand. See Stand.] A prop or 
support ; a timber stake or post for a support or stay. 

Stand (stand), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stood (stdod) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Standing.] [AS. standan; akin to D. 
staan, G. stehen, L. stare, Gr. o-njvai, Skr. stha. Cf. 
Stanchion.] 1. To be at rest or fixed in an erect position ; 
as : (a) To be supported erect or nearly erect on the feet. 
(b) To continue upright in a certain locality, as a tree fixed 
by the roots. 2. To occupy or hold a place ; to be situ- 
ated or located ; to have its position. 3. To cease from 
progress ; to stop ; to pause ; to halt. 4. To remain with- 
out ruin or injury ; to endure ; to last ; hence, to find en- 
durance, strength, or resources. 5. To maintain one's 
ground ; to be safe. 6. To maintain an invincible atti- 
tude ; to be fixed, steady, or firm. 7. To be in some 
particular state ; to have being ; to be ; to consist. S. 
To be consistent ; to agree ; to accord. 9. (Naut.) To 
hold a course at sea. 10. To offer one's self, or to be 
offered, as a candidate. 11. To measure in height when 
erect on the feet. 12. (Law) (a) To be or remain as it 
is ; to continue in force, (b) To appear in court. 

Stand by (Naut.), a preparatory order, equivalent to Be 
ready. — To standby, to maintain ; to defend ; to support. 
— To stand for. (a) To side with ; to support ; to maintain. 
(b) To be a substitute for : to represent. — To stand in, to 
cost. — To stand in hand, to conduce to one's interest ; to 
be serviceable or advantageous. — To stand out, to persist 
in opposition or resistance. — To stand to. (a) To ply ; to 
urge ; to persevere in using. (5) To remain fixed in a 
purpose or opinion, (c) To abide by ; to adhere to. (d) 
To be consistent with ; to agree with. — To stand up for, to 
justify ; to support. — To stand upon, {a) To concern ; to 
interest, (b) To value ; to esteem, (c) To attach much 
importance to. (d) To attack ; to assault. [A Hebraism] 

Stand, v. t. 1. To endure ; to sustain ; to bear. 2. 
To resist, without yielding or receding ; to withstand. 3. 
To abide by ; to submit to. 4. To cause to stand. 

To stand fire, to receive the fire of arms from an enemy 
without giving way. — To stand one's ground, to keep the 
station one has taken ; to maintain one's position. 

Stand, n. 1. Act of standing. 2. A place or post 
where one stands, or has his position, as for observation, 
testifying, hiring of carriages, etc. 3. A raised platform 
or station for spectators. 4. A small table ; also, some- 
thing on or in which anything may be laid, hung, or set. 
5. Rank ; post ; station ; standing. 6. A young tree, 
esp. one reserved uncut ; also, a standard (in sense 5). 

Stand of ammunition, the projectile, cartridge, and sabot 
connected together. — To be at a stand, to be stationary ; 
hence, to be perplexed ; to be embarrassed. 

Syn. — Stop ; halt ; rest ; interruption ; obstruction ; 
perplexity ; difficulty ; embarrassment ; hesitation. 

Stand'ard (-erd), n. [OF. estendart, prob. fr. L. ex- 
tender e to spread out, extend, but influenced by E. stand.] 
1. A flag ; colors ; a banner ; especially, a national, or 
other ensign. 2. That which is established by authority 
as a rule for the measure of quantity, 
extent, value, or quality. 3. That which 
is established as a rule or model ; crite- 
rion ; test. 4. (Coinage) The propor- 
tion of weights of fine metal and alloy 
established by authority. 5- (Hort.) A 
tree supported by its own stem, and not 
dwarfed by grafting on the stock of a 
smaller species nor trained upon a wall 
or trellis. 6. (Bot.) The upper petal or 
banner of a papilionaceous corolla. 7. 




a Standard, 6. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



STANDARD 



793 



STARLING 




Stanhope. 



tin.] Of or 



(Mech. & Carp.) An upright support, as of a scaffold; 
any upright in framing. 8. (Shipbuilding) An inverted 
knee timber placed upon the deck instead of beneath it. 
9. The sheth of a plow. 10. A large drinking cup. 

Stand'ard (stSnd'erd), a. Being, affording, or ac- 
cording with, a standard ; hence, having a recognized 
and permanent value. 

Stand'ard-ize (-iz), v. t. To reduce to a standard. 

Stand'er (-er), n. One who stands. 

Stand'ing, a. 1. Remaining erect ; remaining in 
place. 2. Not flowing ; stagnant. 3. Not transitory ; 
lasting. 4. Established by law, custom, or the like ; set- 
tled ; continually existing ; permanent ; not temporary. 

Stand'ing, n. 1. A stopping, or coming to a stand ; 
state of being erect upon the feet ; stand. 2. Maintenance 
of position ; duration ; continuance. 3. Place to stand 
in ; station ; stand. 4. Condition in society ; relative 
position ; reputation ; rank. 

Stand'ish, n. [Stand + dish.] A stand, or case, for 
pen and ink. 

Stand'pipe 7 (-pip'), n. A large vertical pipe, open at 
the top, into which water is forced up to a required level. 

Standpoint 7 (-point'), n. [Cf. G. standpunkt.] A 
fixed point or station ; a basis or fundamental principle ; 
a position from which objects or principles are viewed. 

Stand'Still 7 (stTl 7 ), n. A stop ; a state of rest. 

Stang (stang), archaic imp. of Sting. 

Stang, n. [Of Scand. or Dutch origin ; fr. root of E. 
sting.] A pole ; shaft ; rod. 

Stan'hope (stan'hop; colloq. 
stSn'up), n. A light two- 
wheeled, or sometimes four- 
wheeled, carriage, without a 
top ; — from Lord Stanhope. 

Stan'iel (stSn'yel), n. (Zo- 
ol. ) See Stannel. 

Stank (stSnk), imp. of Stink. Stunk. 

Stan'na-ry (stan'na-ry), a. [L. stannu 
pert, to tin mines, or tin works. 

Stan'na-ry , n. A tin mine ; tin works. 

Stan'nel (-nel), n. [AS. stangella, stangilla ; prop., 
stone yeller, i. e., a bird that yells from the rocks.] 
(Zo'dl.) The kestrel. 

Stan'nic (-nik), a. [L. stannum tin.] (Chem.) Of 
or pertaining to tin ; derived from or containing tin. 

Stan-nif'er-OUS (stan-nifer-us), a. [L. stannum tin 
-f- -ferous.] Containing or affording tin. 

Stan'nous (-nils), a. Pertaining to, or containing, tin. 

II Stan'num (-niim), n. [L.] (Chem.) Tin. 

Stan'za (stan'za), n. [It. stanza, i. e., a stop, fr. L. 
stans, p. pr. of stare to stand.] 1. A number of lines or 
verses forming one of a number of like divisions of a song 
or poem ; a combination or arrangement of lines usually 
recurring, whether like or unlike in measure. 2. (Arch.) 
An apartment or division in a building. 

Sta-pe'di-al (sta-pe'di-al), a. [LL. stapes stirrup.] 
(Anat.) Of or pertaining to the stapes. 

II Sta-pe'li-a (-lT-a), n. [After a Dutch physician.] 
(Bot.) A genus of leafless African plants of the Milk- 
weed family, bearing blossoms having a fetid odor. 

II Sta'pes (sta'pez), n. [LL., a stirrup.] (Anat.) 
The stirrup bone of the ear. [See Ulust. of Ear.] 

Sta'ple (sta'p'l), n. [AS. stapul, stapol, stapel, a ster, 
a prop, table, fr. stapan to step ; akin to G. stapel, aiid 
E. step.] 1. A settled mart ; an emporium. 

ffi^"" In England, formerly, certain goods could be ex- 
ported only after having been rated at the king's staple 
in certain ports or towns, and charged with the duty pay- 
able. Customs were levied chiefly on wool, skins, and 
leather ; and these were originally the staple commodities. 
2. Hence : Place of supply ; source. 3. A principal 
commodity of a market or a country. 4. The principal 
constituent ; chief item. 5. Unmanufactured material ; 
raw material. 6. The fiber of wool, cotton, flax, etc. 7. 
A loop of metal, with two points, to be driven into wood. 

Sta'ple, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a market or staple. 
[E.] 2. Established in commerce ; settled. 3. Regu- 
larly produced or made as a principal commodity. 

Sta'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stapled (-p'ld) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Stapling.] To sort according to its staple. 

Sta'pler (-pier), n. 1. A dealer in staple goods. 2. 
One who assorts wool or cotton according to its staple. 

Star (star), n. [OE. sterre, AS. steorra ; akin to G. 
stern, L. stella, Gr. a<m?p, atrrpov, Skr. star.] 1. One of 
the innumerable luminous bodies seen in the heavens. 

$W Stars are distinguished as planets and fixed stars. 



2. The polestar. 3. (Astrol.) A planet supposed to in- 
fluence one'B destiny; (usually pi.) a configuration of 
the planets, supposed to influence fortune. 4. That 
which resembles the figure of, or has radiating points 
like, a star, as an ornament worn on the breast to indi- 
cate rank or honor. 5. Specif., a radiated mark vari- 
ously used in writing or printing ; an asterisk [thus, *]. 
6. A person of brilliant and attractive qualities, espe- 
cially on public occasions, as an orator, actor, or singer. 
Star flower. (Bot.) (a) Star-of-Bethlehem. tbi See Stab- 
wort (b). — Star-of-Bethlehem (Bot.), a liliaceous plant 
(Ornithogalum umbellatum) with a white starlike flower. 
Star (star), v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Starred (stard) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Starring.] To set or adorn with stars, or 
bright, radiating bodies ; to bespangle. 

Star, v . i. To be bright, or attract attention, as a star ; 
to be brilliant or prominent ; to play the part of a star. 

Star'board/ (-bord' or -berd), n. [OE. sterbord, AS. 
stedrbord, i. e., steer board.] (Naut.) That side of a 
vessel which is on the right hand of a person who stands 
on board facing the bow ; — opposed to larboard, or port. 
Star'board 7 , a. (Naut.) Pertaining to the starboard ; 
being or lying on the right side. 

Starch (starch), a. [AS. stearc stark, strong, rough. 
See Stark.] Stiff ; precise ; rigid. [J?. J 

Starch, n. [From Starch, a.] 1. (Chem.) A widely 
diffused vegetable substance extracted as a white, glis- 
tening, granular or powdery substance. It is used as a 
food, in the production of grape sugar, as stiffening, etc. 
2. Fig. : A stiff, formal manner ; formality. 

Starch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Starched (starcht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Starching.] To stiffen with starch. 

Star'-cham'ber (star'cham'ber), n. [So called from 
being held in a room at the Exchequer where certain 
Jewish contracts called starrs (Heb. shetar, pron. slitar) 
were kept ; or from stars decorating the ceiling.] (Eng. 
Hist.) An ancient high court with a jurisdiction mainly 
criminal, which sat without a jury. It was abolished by 
the Long Parliament in 1641. 

Starch'er (-er), n. One who starches. 
Starch/ly, adv. In a starched or starch manner. 
Starch'ness, n. Quality or state of being starched 
or starch. 
Starch'y (-$), a. Of or resembling starch ; stiff. 
Stare (star), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stared (st&rd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Staring.] [AS. starian ; akin to G. starren.] 
1. To look with fixed eyes wide open ; to fasten an 
earnest and prolonged gaze on some object. 2. To be 
conspicuous. 3. To stand out; to bristle. [Obs.] 
Syn. — See Gaze. 

Stare, v. t. To look earnestly at ; to gaze at. 
Stare, n. A staring ; a fixed look with eyes wide open. 
Star'er (star'er), n. One who stares. 
Star'finch 7 (star'fmch'), n. The European redstart. 
Star'fish 7 (-fish'), n. (a) Any one of numerous spe- 
cies of echinoderms, in which 
the body is star -shaped and 
usually has five rays, (b) Any 
one of the Ophiuroidea. 

Star'gaz 7 er (-gaz'er), ». 
One who gazes at the stars ; an 
astrologer; sometimes, in de- 
rision, an as- 
tronomer. 

Star'gaz'- 
lng, n. 1. Con- 
templation of 
the stars as 
connected with 
astrology or 
astronomy. 2. Hence, 
a b s e n t-mindedness ; 
abstraction. 

Star'ing-ly (stSr'- 
Tng-ly), adv. With a 
staring look. 

Stark (stark), a. [Compar. Starker (-er) ; super!. 
Starkest.] [AS. stearc ; akin to G. stark, Goth, g&siadrk- 
nan to dry up. Cf. Starch.] 1. Stiff ; rigid. 2. Strong ; 
powerful. 3. Complete ; absolute ; entire. [06s.] 4. 
Mere ; sheer ; gross ; downright. — Starkly, adv. — 
Stark'ness. n. 
Stark, adv. Wholly ; entirely ; absolutely ; quite. 
Star'light' (star'lif), n. The light of the stars. 
Star'light 7 , a. Lighted by, or only by, the stars. 
Star'ling (-ling), n. [OE. sterlyng, dim. of OE. stare, 
AS. stser ; akin to AS. steam, G. star, L. sturnus.] 1. 
(Zo'dl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of passerine 




Common American 
Starfish (Asterias vulgaris) 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



STARLIT 



'94 



STATISTICS 




European Starling (Sturnus 
vulgaris). 



birds. The European starling builds about houses, etc 

...tornia fish. 2. A structure of 
piles driven round a pier of a bridge. 

Starlit (atfetYt ), a. Lighted 
bv the stars. 
"Star'ost (etaVBst), 
ti. [FoL] A noble- 
man who possessed a 
castle and domain for 
life. [Poland] 

Starred (staid), a. 

1. Adorned with stars ; 
bespangled. 2. Influ- 
enced in fortune by the 
stars. [06s.] 

Star'ry (star'ry), a. 1. Abounding with stars ; adorned 
with stars. 2. Of, or proceeding from, the stars ; stel- 
lar. 3. Like, or shining like, a star. — Star'ri-ness. n. 

Start (start), v. i. limp. & p. p. Started ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Starting.] [OE. sterten ; akin to G. sturzen to 
fall.] 1. To leap. [065.] 2. To move suddenly, as with 
a spring, from any sudden feeling or impulse. 3. To set 
out : to begin. 4. To become somewhat displaced or 
loosened ; to give. 

Start, v. t. 1. To cause to move suddenly ; to startle ; 
to alarm ; to rouse. 2. To bring into being or into view. 

3. To cause to move or act ; to set going or running. 4. 
To displace or loosen. 5. [Perh. from D. storten.] 
{Xaut.) To pour out ; to tap and begin drawing from. 

Start, n. 1. Act of starting ; a quick movement or 
act caused by any sudden feeling, emotion, or impulse. 

2. The act of setting out or beginning ; outset. 

Start, n. [AS. steort tail; akin to G. sterz.] A tail, 
or anything projecting like a tail, as a plow handle. 

Start'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, starts. 

Startlng-ly, adv. By sudden fits ; spasmodically. 

Star 'tie (star't'l), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Startled (-t'ld) ; 
p.pr..&vb.n. Startling (-tling).] [Freq. of Start.] To 
move suddenly, or be excited, on feeling alarm ; to start. 

Star'tle (star't'l), v. t. To excite by sudden alarm, 
surprise, or apprehension ; to surprise. 

Syn. — To start ; shock ; fright ; frighten ; alarm. 

Star'tle, n. A sudden motion or shock caused by an 
unexpected alarm, surprise, or apprehension of danger. 

Star'tling-ly (-tling-ly), adv. In a startling manner. 

Start'-up' (start'ury), n. 1. An upstart. [06s.] 2. 
A kind of high rustic shoe. [06s.] 

Star-va'tion (star-va'shun), n. Act of starving, or 
state of being starved. 

Starve (starv). v. i. [imp. & p. p. Starved (starvd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Starving.] [OE. sterven to die, AS. steor- 
fan; akin to G. sterben.] 1. To perish. [06s., except 
as below.] 2. To perish with hunger ; to suffer extreme 
hunger or want. 3. To perish or die with cold. [Eng.~\ 

Starve, v. t. 1. To destroy with cold. [Eng.] 2. 
To kill with hunger. 3. To distress or subdue by famine. 

4. To destroy or weaken by want of any kind. 
Starveling (-ling), n. [Starve + -ling.] One who, 

or that which, pines from lack of food, or nutriment. 

Starveling, a. Hungry ; lean ; pining with want. 

Star'WOrt' (star'wfirt'), n. {Bot.) (a) Any plant of 
the genus Aster. See Aster, (6) Any one of a genus 
(Stettaria) of small plants, having star-shaped flowers. 

Sta'sis (sta'sis or staVTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. o-racri? a 
standing still.] {Physiol.) A slackening or arrest of the 
blood current in the vessels, not due to heart failure. 

State (stat), n. [OF. estal, fr. L. status a standing, 
position, fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] 
1. The circumstances or condition of a being or thing at 
any given time. 2. Rank; condition; quality. 3. Con- 
dition of prosperity or grandeur ; wealthy or prosperous 
circumstances; social importance. 4. Appearance of 
grandeur or dignity ; pomp. 5- A canopied chair of 
state. [Obs.] 6. Estate. [Obs.] 7. Any body of men 
united by profession, or constituting a community of a 
particular character. 8. The governing body in a coun- 
try ; the bodies that constitute the legislature of a coun- 
try. 9. A body politic ; the whole body of people who 
are united under one government ; a nation. 10. In the 
U. S., one of the commonwealths, or bodies politic, the 
people of which make up the body of the nation, and 
which retain all powers not delegated to the federal 
government by the national constitution. 

8tate rights, or States' rights, the rights of the several 
independent States, as distinguished from the rights of 
the Federal government. [U. S.] — State's evidence, evi- 
dence for the government or the people. [ U. S.] 

Syn.— Situation; condition. — State is the generic term, 



and denotes in general the mode in which a tiling stands 
or exists. The situation of a thing is its state in reference 
to external objects and influences ; its condition is its in- 
ternal state, or what it is in itself considered. 

State (stat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Stating.] 1. To set ; to establish. [P.] 2. To 
express the particulars of j to represent fully in words; 
to narrate ; to recite ; to detail. 

Stat'ed (stat'gd), a. 1. Settled; established; fixed. 
2. Recurring at regular times ; not occasional. 

Stat'ed-ly, adv. At stated times ; regularly. 

State'hood (-hd6d), n. Condition of being a State. 

State'house' (-hous'), n. The building in which a 
State legislature holds its sessions ; a State capitol. [ U. S.] 

Stately, a. [Com par. Statelier (-lT-er) ; superl. 
Stateliest.] Evincing state or dignity ; august; grand. 
— Stateli-ly (lily), adv. — Stateli-ness, n. 

Syn. — Lofty ; dignified ; majestic ; magnificent. 

Stately, adv. Majestically ; loftily. 

State'ment (-ment), n. 1. A stating, reciting, or pre- 
senting. 2. That which is stated ; narrative ; recital. 

Stat'er (stat'er), n. One who states. 

I! Sta'ter (sta'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. o-Tarrjp.] {Gr. Antiq.) 
The principal gold com of ancient Greece. The stater best 
known at Athens was worth about £1 2s., or $5.35. 

State'room (stat'room'), rt. 1. A magnificent room 
in a palace or great house. 2. An apartment for lodging 
in a vessel ; also, a similar apartment in a sleeping car. 

States'-gen'er-al (stats'jen'er-al), n. 1. In France, 
before the Revolution, the assembly of the three orders of 
the kingdom, — the clergy, nobility, and commonalty. 2. 
In the Netherlands, the legislative body of two chambers. 

States'man (-man), n. 1. A man versed in the art 
of government; esp., one eminent for political abilities. 
2. One occupied with, and influential in directing, the 
affairs of government. — States'man-ly , a. 

States'man-Ship, n. The qualifications, duties, or 
employments of a statesman. 

Static (stat'ik), ).a. [Gr. vtoltikos causing to stand, 

Statical (-T-kal), ) fr. lardvat to cause to stand.] 

1. Resting ; acting by mere weight without motion. 

2. Pert, to bodies in equilibrium. — Statlc-al-ly, adv. 
Statical electricity. See Electricity. 

Statics (-iks), n. That branch of mechanics which 
treats of the equilibrium of forces, or relates to bodies 
as held at rest by the forces acting on them. 

Social statics, the study of the conditions which concern 
the existence and permanence of the social state. 

Sta'tion (sta'shGn), n. [F., fr. L. statio, fr. stare, 
statum, to stand. See Stand.] 1. Act of standing ; 
also, posture. [P.] 2. The spot or place where any- 
thing stands or remains, esp. where a person or thing 
habitually stands, or is appointed to remain for a time. 
Specif. : {a) A regular stopping place in a stage road, a 
railroad, etc. (6) The headquarters of the police force 
of any precinct, (c) The place at which an instrument 
is planted, or observations are made, as in surveying, 
(d) {Biol.) A habitat. 3. Post assigned ; office; sphere 
of duty or occupation. 4. State ; rank ; condition of 
life; social status. 5. {Eccl.) {a) The fast of the fourth 
and sixth days of the week, Wednesday and Friday, in 
memory of the council which condemned Christ, and of 
his passion. (6) One of the places where ecclesiastical 
processions pause to perform stated acts of devotion. 

Syn. — Depot. — In the U. S., station and depot are both 
applied to a stopping place on a railway for passengers 
and freight, but station is the more appropriate name. 

Sta'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stationed (-shund) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Stationing.] To place ; to set ; to appoint 
or assign to the occupation of a post, place, or office. 

Sta'tion-a-ry (-a-ry), a. [L. stationarius. Cf. Sta- 
tioner.] 1. Not moving, or not appearing to move; 
stable ; fixed. 2. Not improving or getting worse ; not 
growing wiser, greater, better, more excellent, or the 
contrary. — Sta'tion-a-ri-ness. n. 

Stationary engine, (a) A fixed steam engine, (b) A fac- 
tory engine, in distinction from a blowing, pumping, or 
other kind of engine which is also permanently placed. 

Sta'tion-er (-er), n. 1. A bookseller or publisher ; — 
from his stand, or station. [Obs.] 2. One who sells 
paper, pens, quills, inkstands, pencils, blank books, etc. 

Sta'tlon-er-y {-er-J), n. Articles usually sold by sta- 
tioners, [statistician. I 

Sta'tist (-tist), n. 1. A statesman. [06s.] 2. A| 

Sta-tis'tic (sta-tis'tik), \ a. Of or pert, to statistics. 

Sta-tis'tic-al (-tt-koi), f — Sta-tis'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Stat is-ti'cian (stSt'Ts-tlsh'an), n. One versed in sta- 
tistics ; one who collects and classifies facts for statistics. 

Sta-tis'tlcs (sta-tis'ttks), n. [See State, n.] 1. 



a, e, I, o, il, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; Ben&te, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



STATUARY 



795 



STEAMBOAT 



{Grammatically sing.) The science having to do with the 
collection and classification of facts respecting the con- 
dition of the people in a state. 2. pi. Classified facts re- 
specting the condition of the people in a state, esp. those 
which can be stated in numbers, or in a tabular form. 

Stat'U-a-ry (stSt'd-a-r^), n. [L. staluarius, of stat- 
ues.] 1. One who practices the art of making statues. 
2. Art of carving statues. 3. A collection of statues ; 
statues, collectively. 

Stat'ue (stSt'u ; 135), n. [F., fr. L. statua, fr. stare, 
slat urn, to stand. See Stand.] 1. A likeness of a living 
being sculptured or modeled in a solid substance ; image. 

Stat'ued (stSt'ud), a. Adorned with statues. 

Stat u-esque' (-u-Ssk'), a. Partaking of, or exempli- 
fying, the characteristics of a statue. 

Stat u-ette' (-St'), n. [F.] A small statue. 

Stat'ure (stSt'ur ; 135), n. [Through F. fr. L. slatura, 
orig., upright posture; hence, height of the body, from 
stare, station, to stand.] The natural height of an ani- 
mal body, esp. of the human body. 

II Sta'tUS (sta'tus), n. [L.] State ; condition ; posi- 
tion of affairs. 

II Sta'tus in' quo' (In' kwo'), || Sta'tus quo'. [L., 
state in which.] The state in which anything is or was 
at a specified time. 

Stat'u-ta-ble (stat'u-ta-b'l ; 135), a. Made or intro- 
duced by, or in conformity to, statute. 

Stat'Ute (-ut), n. [F. statut, LL. statutum, fr. L. 
statutus, p. p. of statuere to set, ordain, fr. status position, 
fr. stare. See Stand.] 1. An act of the legislature of a 
state or country, declaring, commanding, or prohibiting 
something ; a positive law. 2. An act of a corporation 
or of its founder, intended as a permanent rule or law. 

Statute of limitations (Law), a statute assigning a certain 
time after which rights can not be enforced by action. 

Syn. — Act ; regulation ; edict ; decree. 

Stat'U-tO-ry (st£t'u-to-ry ; 135), a. Enacted by stat- 
ute ; depending on statute for its authority. 

Staunch (stanch), a., Staunchly, adv., Staunch' 
ness, n., etc. See Stanch, Stanchly, etc. 

Stave (stav), n. [From Staff, and corresponding to 
the pi. staves.'] 1. One of the strips of wood or iron 
forming a cask, a pail, etc. 2. A bar or rung of a rack, 
a ladder, etc. 3. A metrical portion ; a staff. 

Stave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staved (stavd) or Stove 
(stov) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Staving.] 1. To break in a 
stave or the staves of ; to break a hole in ; to burst. 2. 
To push, as with a staff. 3. To delay by force or craft ; 
to drive away. 4. To be lost by breaking the cask. 5. 
To furnish with staves or rundles. 6. To render imper- 
vious or solid by driving with a calking iron. 

Stave, v. i. To be broken in by violence. 

Staves (stavz or stavz), n. ; pi. of Staff. Also 
(stavz), pi. of Stave. 

Stay (sta), n. [AS. stceg, akin to G. stag.] (Naut.) 
A strong rope to support a mast, being extended down 
from the masthead either forward {fore-and-aft stays) 
or sidewise (backstays). [See Illust. of Shd?.] 

In stays, or Hove in stays (Naut.), in the act or situation 
of staying, or going about in tacking. — To miss stays 
(Naut.), to fail in the attempt to go about. 

Stay (sta), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stayed (stad) or 
Staid (stad) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Staying.] [OF. estayer, 
fr. eslai a prop, prob. fr. OD. stade, staeye, a prop, akin 
to E. stead.] 1. To stop from motion or falling ; to 
prop ; to fix firmly ; to hold up ; to support. 2. To 
support from sinking ; to sustain. 3. To hold from pro- 
ceeding ; to withhold ; to restrain ; to stop ; to hold. 
4. To hold back ; to hinder ; to delay. 5. To delay ox- 
wait for. 6. To cause the activity, longing, or violence 
of to cease ; to check. 7. (Engin.) To fasten or secure 
with stays. 8. (Naut.) To tack, as a vessel, so that the 
other side of the vessel shall be presented to the wind. 

Stay, v. i. 1. To continue in a place ; to abide fixed 
for a space of time ; to stop ; to stand still ; to remain. 
2. To continue in a state. 3. To dwell ; to tarry ; to 
linger ; also, to wait ; to forbear to act. 4. To rest ; to 
depend ; to rely. 5. To cease to be active or operative. 

6. To hold out in a race or other contest. [Colloq.] 

7. (Naut.) To change tack, as a ship. 

Stay, n. 1. That which serves as a prop ; a support. 
2. pi. A corset stiffened with whalebone or other ma- 
terial. 3. Continuance in a place ; abode for a space of 
time ; sojourn. 4. Continuance in a state. 5. Cessa- 
tion of motion or progression ; stand ; stop ; check. 6. 
Restraint ; moderation. [Obs.] 7. (Engin. ) Strictly, a 
part in tension to hold parts together, or stiffen them. 

Stayed (stad), a. See Staid. 



Stay'er (sta'er), n. One that stays or serves as a stay. 

Stay'sail' (sta'sal' ; among sailors, sta's'l), n. (Naut.) 
Any sail extended on a stay. [See Illust. of Sail.] 

Stead (stSd), n. [OE. stede place, AS. stede ; akin to 
G. statt, and E. stand.] 1. Place, or spot, in general. 
[Obs., except in composition.] 2. Place or room which 
another had, has, or might have. 3. A bedstead. \_R.] 

In stead of, in place of. See Instead. — To stand in itead, 
or To do stead, to be of use or great advantage. 

Stead, v. t. 1. To help. 2. To fill the place of. \_Obs.] 

Stead'fast (-fast), a. 1. Fast in place ; firmly fixed ; 
established ; firm. 2. Not fickle or wavering ; constant ; 
resolute. — Stead'fast ly. adi . — Stead'fast-ness, n. 

Stead'ing (stgd'Ing), n. The barns, stables, cattle 
yards, etc., of a farm. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 

Stead'y (-y), a. {Compar. Steadier (-T-er) ; mperl. 
Steadiest.] [See Stead, n.] 1. Firm in standing or 
position ; not tottering or shaking ; fixed; firm. 2. Con- 
stant in feeling, purpose, or pursuit ; not fickle or waver- 
ing ; resolute. 3. Regular ; constant ; uniform. — Stead'- 
My (-T-ty), adv. — Stead'i-ness, n. 

Syn. — Undeviating ; invariable; unremitted; stable. 

Stead'y, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Steadied (-Id) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Steadying.] To make or become steady; 
to hold or keep from shaking, reeling, or falling ; to make 
or keep firm ; to support. 

Steak (stak), n. [OE. steike, Icel. steik ; akin to E. 
stick, the steak being broiled on a spit.] A slice of meat, 
esp. beef for broiling. 

Steal (stel), n. See Stale a handle. [Archaic or 
Prov. Eng.] 

Steal (stel), v. t. [imp. Stole (stol) ; p. p. Stolen 
(sto'l'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stealing.] [OE. stelen, AS. 
stelan ; akin to G. stehlen.] 1. To take, and carry away, 
feloniously ; to take without right and with intent to 
keep wrongfully. 2. To withdraw or convey clandes- 
tinely (reflexive) ; hence, to creep furtively, or to insinu- 
ate. 3. To gain covertly or by insinuating arts. 4. To 
get or win gradually and by imperceptible degrees. 5. To 
accomplish in a concealed or unobserved manner. 

To steal a march, to march in a covert way ; to gain an 
advantage unobserved. 

Syn. — To filch ; pilfer ; purloin ; thieve. 

Steal (stel), v. i. 1. To practice, or be guilty of, theft. 
2. To pass privily ; to slip in, along, or away, unperceived. 

Steal'er (-er), n. One who steals ; a thief. 

Stealth (stelth), n. 1. Act of stealing, or thing stolen. 
[Obs.] 2. The bringing to pass anything in a secret or 
concealed manner ; a secret or clandestine procedure. 

Stealth'y (-y), a. [Compar. Stealthter (-i-er) ; su- 
perl. Stealthiest.] Done by stealth ; accomplished 
clandestinely ; unperceived ; secret ; furtive ; sly. — 
Stealth'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. — Stealth'i-ness, n. 

Steam (stem), n. [OE. stem, steem, vapor, flame, AS. 
steam vapor, smoke, odor ; origin uncertain.] 1. The elas- 
tic, aeriform fluid into which water is converted when 
heated to the boiling point ; water in the state of vapor. 
2. The mist formed by condensed vapor ; visible vapor ; 

— so called in popular usage. 3. Any exhalation. 

Dry steam, steam which does not contain water held in 
suspension mechanically ; — sometimes applied to super- 
heated steam. — Steam boiler, a boiler for producing steam. 

— Steam car, a car driven by steam power, or drawn by a 
locomotive. — Steam carriage, a carriage upon wheels 
moved on common roads by steam. — Steam fitter, a fitter 
of steam pipes. — Steam gauge, an instrument for indica- 
ting the pressure of the steam in a boil- 
er. — Steam packet, a packet or vessel 
propelled by steam, and running peri- 
odically between certain ports. — Steam 
propeller. See Propeller. — Steam tug, 
a steam vessel used in towing or pro- 
pelling ships. — Steam vessel, a vessel 
propelled by steam ; a steamboat or 
steamship ; a steamer. — Steam whistle, 

an apparatus through 
which steam is rapidly 
discharged, producing a 
loud whistle. 

Steam (stem), v. i. 
[imj>. & p. p. Steamed 
(stemd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Steaming.] 1. To emit steam or vapor. 
2. To rise in vapor ; to issue, or pass off, 
as vapor., 3. To move or travel by the 
agency of steam. 4. To generate steam. 

Steam, v. t. To expose to the action of 
steam. 

SteamTioat' (-bot'), n. A boat or ves- 
Steam Whistle *** propelled by steam power, esp. a river 
in section, or coasting craft. 





Steam Gauge, 
partly in section. 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



STEAM ENGINE 



796 



STENCIL 



R 




Steam' en'gine (.stem' gn'jlu). An engine moved by 

Steam'er (,-er), 
■el pro- 
pelled by steam. 2. 
A tire engine the 

pomps of which are 
worked by steam. 
3. A road locomo- 
tive for OSS on com- 
mon roads, as in 
agricultural opera- 
tions. 4. A vessel Horizontal Steam Engine, 
in which articles are subjected to the action of steam. 

St earn 'ship (-ship'), n. A ship or seagoing vessel 
propelled by the power of steam ; a steamer. 

Steam'yVS' 1 ' "• Consisting of, or like, steam ; full 
of steam : vaporous; misty. — Steaml-ness, n. 

Stean (steu\ n. & v. See Steen. 

Ste-ar'ic (ste-ar'Tk), a. {Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining 
to, or obtained from, stearin or tallow ; resembling tallow. 

Ste'a-rin (ste'a-rin), n. [Gr. ore'op suet.] {Physiol. 
Chem.) A constituent of animal fats and also of some 
vegetable fats, esp. characterized by its solidity. 

Ste'a-tite (-tit), n. [Gr. aTeap, ore'cero?, fat, tallow.] 
{Min.) A massive variety of talc, of a grayish green or 
brown color, and with a greasy feel ; soapstone. 

Ste a-to'ma (-to'ma), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. ore'ap, 
-aros, suet.] {Med.) A cyst containing matter like suet. 

Ste a-top'y-gOUS (-topl-gus), a. [Gr. arreap fat + 
Trvyrj buttocks.] Having fat buttocks. 

Sted(sted), 7?., Sted'fast (fast), a., Sted'fast-ly, 
adv., etc. See Stead, Steadfast, etc. 

Steed (sted), n. [AS. steda, fr. stod a stud. See 1st 
Stud.] A horse ; esp., a spirited horse for state or war. 

Steel (stel), n. [AS. stel, slyl; akin to G. stahl.] 1. 
{Metal. ) A variety of iron with less carbon than cast iron 
and more than wrought iron. 2. An instrument or im- 
plement of steel ; as : {a) A weapon, as a sword, dagger, 
etc. {b) An instrument for sharpening knives. 3. Fig. : 
Anything characterized by sternness or rigor. 

Steel, v. t. limp. &p.p. Steeled (steld) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Steeling.] 1. To overlay, point, or edge with steel. 
2. To make like steel ; to make hard or strong ; hence, 
to make insensible or obdurate. 3. {Elec.) To cover 
with a layer of iron by electrolysis. — Steel'er (-er), n. 

Steel'y (-y), a. 1. Made or consisting of steel. 2. 
Like steel, as in color or hardness. — Steel'i-ness, n. 

Steel'yard (stel'yard ; colloq. stil'yerd), n. [So named 
from a place in London 
called the Steelyard.] A 
form of balance in which 
the body to be weighed 
is suspended from the 
shorter arm of a lever; 
— also used in plural form 
steelyards. \Q/ Steelyard. 

Steen (sten), n. [AS. 
stsena. See Stone.] 1. A vessel of clay or stone. 2. A 
lining wall of brick, stone, or cement. 

Steen, v. t. To line with brick, stone, or cement. 

II Steen'bok/ (-bok^, n. {Zool.) Same as Steinbock. 

Steep (step), v. t. & i. limp. &p. p. Steeped (stept) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Steeping.] [OE. stepen, prob. fr. Icel. steypa 
to stoop, pour out.] To soak in a liquid ; to macerate ; 
to extract the essence of by soaking. Often used fig. 

Steep, n. Something steeped, or used in steeping ; a 
fertilizing liquid used to hasten the germination of seeds. 

Steep, a. ICompar. Steepee (-er) ; superl. Steepest.] 
[AS. steap. Cf. Stoop, v. i.] Ascending or descending 
rapidly with respect to a horizontal line or a level ; pre- 
cipitous, [cent ; precipice. I 

Steep, n. A precipitous place, hill, mountain, or as-| 

Steep'en (step''n), v. i. To become steep or steeper. 

Steepler, n. A thing in which things are steeped. 

Stee'ple (ste'p'l), n. [AS. stepr.l, stypd ; akin to E. 
tteep, a.] {Arch.) A spire; also, the tower and spire 
taken together ; the whole of a structure if the roof is of 
spire form. See Spire. 

Steeple chase, a race across country between horsemen, 
to -some distant object, as a church steeple ; hence, a race 
over a course obstructed by hedges, walls, etc. 

Stee'pled (ste'p'ld), a. Furnished with, or having the 
form of, a steeple ; adorned with steeples. 

Steeply Cstep'ly^, ad>\ In a steep manner. 

Steep'ness. n. Quality or state of being steep. 

Steep'y (-£), a. Steep ; precipitous. IPoelic] 

Steer f.ster;, n. [AS. sleor ; akin to G. slier a bull, L. 



I 



taurus, Gr. ravpos, Skr. sthura strong, stout. Cf. Tau- 
rine, «.] A young male of the ox kind ; esp., a common 
ox ; a castrated taurine male from two to four years old. 

Steer (ster), v. t. limp. & p. p. Steered (sterd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. 11. Steering.] [AS. stieran, styran, stedran ; 
akin to G. steuer, AS. stedr rudder, helm.] To direct the 
course of, esp. a vessel in the water ; to guide ; to govern. 

Steer, V. i. 1. To direct a vessel in its course ; to di- 
rect one's course. 2. To be directed in a course. 3. To 
conduct one's self ; to take or pursue a course of action. 

Steer, n. [AS. steor, slior.] Rudder; helm. [Obs.] 

Steer, n. [AS. sleora.] A helmsman. lObs.] 

Steer'age (ster'aj ; 48), n. 1. Act or practice of steer- 
ing, guiding, or directing. 2. (Naut.) {a) The degree 
or manner in which a ship is affected by the helm. (6) 
The space in the after part of a vessel under the cabin ; 
hence, any part of a vessel having the poorest accommoda- 
tions and occupied by passengers paying the lowest fare. 

Steer'er (-er), n. One who steers. [man. I 

Steers'man (sterz'man), n. One who steers ; a helms- 1 

Steeve (stev), v. i. limp. & p. p. Steeved (stevd) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Steeving.] [Etym. uncertain.] {Ship- 
building) To make an angle with the horizon or with the 
line of a vessel's keel ; — said of the bowsprit, etc. 

Steeve, n. {Naut.) {a) Angle of a bowsprit with the 
horizon, {b) A spar, with a block at one end, used in 
stowing cargoes. 

Steg ; a-nog'ra-phy (steg'a-nSg'ra-fy), n. [Gr. areya- 
vos covered + -graphy. ] The art of writing in cipher. 

Steg a-nop'0-dOUS (-nop'6-dus), a. [Gr. crreyavonovs, 
-;ro5o?, web-footed.] {Zool.) Having all four toes webbed 
together ; — said of a division of swimming birds. 

SteinT)OCk / (stin'bokO, n. [G. stein stone + bock buck, 
D. bok.~] {Zool.) {a) The European ibex, (ft) A small 
South African antelope w 7 hich frequents rocky districts. 

II Stela (stela), n. ; pi. -L.E (-le). [L., fr. Gr. err^Aij.] 
{Gr. Anliq.) A pillar used as a monument, milestone, etc. 

Stell (stel), v. I. [AS. stellan.~] To fix firmly. lObs.] 

Stellar (steller), \ a. [L. stellaris, fr. stella a star. 

Stella-ry (-la-ry), ) See Star.] 1. Of or pertain- 
ing to stars ; astral. 2. Full of stars ; starry. 

Stellate (stgl'lat), 1 a. [Deriv. of L. stella star.] 

Stella-ted (-la-ted), ) Resembling a star ; having 
radiating parts like the emblem of a star. [starfish. I 

Steller-id (-ler-Id), n. [L. stella star.] {Zool.) A| 

Stel-lif/er-OUS (-lTi'er-iis), a. [L. stellifer ; stella star 
-\-ferre to bear.] Having, or abounding with, stars. 

Stelli-form (stel'li-f6rm), a. [L. stella star -f -form.] 
Like a star ; star-shaped ; radiated. 

Stellion (stel'yiin), n. [L. stellio, fr. stella a star.] 
{Zool.) A lizard, common among ruins about the Eastern 
Mediterranean, marked with stellate spots. 

Stellu-lar (-lii-ler), a. [From L. sfellula little star.] 
1. Stellate ; radiated. 2. Marked with starlike spots. 

StellU-late (-lat), a. Minutely stellate. 

Stem (stem), n. [AS. sternn, slefn, stsefn ; akin to 
G. stamm stem.] 1. The principal body of a tree, shrub, 
or plant, of any kind. 2. A little branch which connects 
a fruit, flower, or leaf with a main branch ; a peduncle, 
pedicel, or petiole. 3. The stock of a family. 4. A 
branch of a family. 5. {Naut.) A curved piece of timber 
to which the two sides of a ship are united at the fore 
end. Hence, the forward part of a vessel ; the bow. 6. 
Anything resembling a stem or stalk. 7. {Mus.) The 
short perpendicular line added to the body of a note. 8. 
{Gram.) That part of an inflected word which remains 
unchanged (except by euphonic variations) throughout 
a given inflection ; theme ; base. 

Stem, v. t. To remove the stem or stems from. 

Stem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stemmed (stemd) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Stemming.] [Either from stem, n., or akin to 
stammer ; cf. G. slemmen to press against.] To oppose 
or cut with, or as with, the stem of a vessel ; to resist, or 
make progress against ; to stop or check, as a current. 

Stem'mer (-mer), n. One that stems. 

Stera'son (-sun), n. [See Stem, n., and Keelson.] 
{Shipbuilding) A piece of curved timber bolted to the 
stem, keelson, and apron in a ship's frame near the bow. 

Stem'-wind ing (-winding), a. Wound by mecha- 
nism connected with the stem. 

Stench (stgnch), n. [AS. stenc, fr. stincan. See 
Stink, v. t.~] 1. Smell. I0bs.~] 2. HI smell ; offensive 
odor ; stink. 

Sten'cil (sten'sil), n. 
[Prob. fr. OF. estincelle 
spangle, spark, L. scintil- 
la.'] A thin plate of metal, 
leather, or other material, used in painting, marking, etc. 



STENCIL 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



STENCIL 



797 



STERN 



Sten'cil (stSn'sTl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stenciled 
'(-slid), or Stencilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stenciling or 
Stencilling."] To mark, paint, or color in figures with 
a stencil or stencils. [shorthand. I 

Sten'O-graph (-o-graf), n. Anything written in] 
Ste-nog'ra-pher (ste-n5g'ra-fer), n. One who is 
skilled in stenography ; a writer of shorthand. 

Stenographic (stSn'o-grSf'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Sten'O-graph'ic-al (-T-kal), J to stenography. 

Ste-nog'ra-phlst (ste-n5g'ra-fTst), n. A stenographer. 

Ste-nog'ra-phy (-fy)» »• [Gr. <tt6vo<: narrow, close 
-f- -graphy.~\ The art of writing in shorthand, by using 
abbreviations Qr characters for whole words ; shorthand. 

Stent (stent), v. t. & ?'. [See Stint.] To keep within 
limits; to restrain ; to stint ; to cease. 

Stent, n. Limit; bound; allotted portion ; a stint. 

Sten'tor (stenlor), n. A herald, in the Iliad, who had 
a very loud voice. [stentor ; very loud. I 

Sten-tO'rI-an (sten-to'rT-«n), a. Of or pert, to a| 

Step (step), v . i. [imp. &p. p. Stepped (stSpt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Stepping.] [AS. stveppan ; akin to D. stappen 
to step, G. stufe a step to step on. ] 1. To move the foot 
in walking ; to advance or recede by raising and moving 
one of the feet to another resting place, or by moving 
both feet in succession. 2. To walk ; to go on foot ; esp., 
to walk a little distance. 3. To walk slowly, gravely, or 
resolutely. 4. Fig. : To go in imagination. 

Step, v. t. 1. To set, as the foot. 2. (Naut.) To fix 
the foot of (a mast) in its step. 

To step off, to measure by steps; hence, to divide by 
successive measurements. 

Step, n. 1. An advance or movement made by one 
removal of the foot ; pace. 2. A rest for the foot in as- 
cending or descending. - 3. The space passed over by one 
movement of the foot in walking or running. Used also 
figuratively of any kind of progress. 4. A small space 
or distance. 5. A print of the foot ; footstep ; footprint; 
track. 6. Gait ; manner of walking. 7. Proceeding ; 
measure ; action ; an act. 8. pi. Walk ; passage. 9. pi. 
A portable framework of stairs. 10. One of a series of 
offsets, or parts, resembling the steps of stairs. 11. 
'(Naut.) In general, a framing intended to receive an 
upright shaft ; specif., a block of wood, or a solid plat- 
form upon the keelson, supporting the heel of the mast. 
12. (Mach.) A bearing for the lower extremity of a 
spindle or a vertical shaft. 13. (Mus.) The interval 
•between two contiguous degrees of the scale ; a tone. 

Step-. [AS. steop-; akin to G. stief-, and to AS. 
astepan, asteopan, to bereave.] A prefix used before 
father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter, child, etc., 
to indicate that the person thus spoken of is not a blood 
relative, but is a relative by the marriage of a parent. 

Step'broth er (-bruth'er), n. A son of one's stepfather 
or stepmother by a former marriage. 

Step'child' (-child), n. 1. A bereaved child. [Obs.] 
2. A son or daughter of one's wife or husband by a for- 
mer marriage. 

Step'daugh'ter (-da/ter), n. A daughter of one's 
•wife or husband by a former marriage. 

Step'fa'ther (-father), n. The husband of one's 
mother by a subsequent marriage. 

Step'lad der (step'lad'der), n. A portable set of steps. 

Step'moth er (-muth'er), n. The wife of one's father 
by a subsequent marriage. 

Step'par'ent (-pSrtent), n. Stepfather or stepmother. 

Steppe (step), n. [Russ. stepe.~\ One of the vast, gen- 
erally elevated plains in southeastern Europe and in Asia. 

Stepped (stept), a. Provided with a step or steps. 

Step'per (step'per), n. One who, or that which, steps. 

Step'ping-stone (-ping-ston'), n. 1. A stone to raise 
the feet above the surface of water or mud in walking. 
2. Fig. : A means of progress or advancement. 

Step'sister (-sis'ter), n. A daughter of one's step- 
father or stepmother by a former marriage. 

Step 'son (-sun'), n. A son of one's husband or wife 
by a former marriage. 

-Ster (-ster). [OE. & AS. -estre, -istre.~\ A suffix de- 
noting the agent (orig. a woman), esp. one who does 
something with skill or as an occupation, or habitually ; 
as in spinster (orig., a woman who spins), songster. 

Sterco-ra'ceous (ster'ko-ra'shQs), a. [L. stercus, 
-oris, dung.] Of or pert, to dung ; containing dung. 

Ster-CU'li-a'ceous (ster-ku'lT-a/shus), a. [From L. 
stercus dung.] (Bot. ) Of or pert, to an order of exogenous 
plants, containing the cacao. One species is fetid. 

Stere (ster or star), n. [F. stere, fr. Gr. o-repeos 
solid.] In the metric system, a cubic meter, or kilo- 
liter, equal to 35.3 cubic feet. 



Stereography, 
o Tetrahedron ; 

b Hexahedron 
or Cube. 



Ste / re-0- (ste're"-*- or st6r'e-ft-). [Gr. orepeos solid.] 
A combining form meaning solid, hard, firm, 

Ste're-o-bate (ste're-o-b£t or steVe-), n. [Stereo- + 
/3<xtt;s that covers, akin to /3ao-i<> base.] {Arch.) The 
lower part or basement of a building or pedestal. 

Ste're-O-gram (-gram), n. [Stereo- + -gram.] A 
diagram or picture giving the impression of relief or 
solidity ; also, a stereograph. 

Ste're-o-graph (-graf), n. [Stereo- -f -graph.] Any 
picture, or pair of pictures, prepared for exhibition in 
the stereoscope. 

Ste re-o-graph'ic (-grSf'Tk), ) a. Made or done ac- 

Ste re-o-graphlc-al (-T-kr/1), ( cording to the rules 
of stereography. — Ste re-o-graphlc-al-ly, adv. 

Ste're-Og'ra-phy (ste''re-5g'ia-f$> or steVe-), n. [Ste- 
reo- -f- -graphy.] Art of delineating the 
forms of solid bodies on a plane ; a branch 
of solid geometry which shows the con- 
struction of all regularly defined solids. 

Ste re-om'e-try (-Sm'e-trS'), n. [Ste- 
reo- + -metry.] Art of measuring cu- 
bical contents. 

Ste re-op'ti-con (-op'tT-k5n), n. [NL. 
See Stereo- ; Optic] An instrument, essentially a magic 
lantern, by which a picture may be thrown upon a screen 
so as to seem to stand out in relief ; also, a pair of magic 
lanterns for producing dissolving views. 

Ste're-O-scope (ste're-6-skop or steVe-), n. [Stereo- 
-f- -scope.] An optical instrument for giving to pictures 
the appearance of solid forms, as seen in nature. 

Ste re-0-SCOplc (-skop'Tk), i a. Of, or pert, or adapted 

Ste re-o-scop'ic-al (-r-kal), f to, the stereoscope. 

SteTe-OS'CO-py (ste're-os'ko-py or ster'e-), n. Art or 
science of using or constructing the stereoscope. 

Ste're-Ot'O-my (-ot'6-my), n. [Strreo- + -tomy.] 
Science of cutting solids into certain figures or sections. 

Ste're-O-type (ste're-6-tip or ster'e-), n. [Stereo- + 
-type.] 1. A plate forming a facsimile of a page of type 
or of an engraving, used in printing books, etc. 2. Art 
or process of making such plates, or printing from them. 

Ste're-O-type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stereotyped 
(-tipt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stereotyping (-taping).] 1. To 
make the stereotype plates of. 2. Fig. : To make firm 
or permanent ; to fix. 

Ste're-O-ty'per (-tl'per), n. One who stereotypes; 
one who works on stereotype plates. 

Ste're-O-typ'ic (-tip'ik), a. Of or pertaining to ste- 
reotypy, or stereotype plates. 

StCre-O-ty-pog'ra-phy (-t t-pog'ra-fy), n. [Stereo- -f 
typography.] Act or art of printing from stereotypes. 

Ste're-O-ty'py (-o-tl'py), n. Art or process of making 
stereotype plates. 

Ster'ile (ster'il), a. [F. sterile, L. sterilis, akin to Gr. 
o-repeos solid, o-reipo? barren.] 1. Producing little or no 
crop ; barren ; unfruitful ; not fertile. 2. (Biol.) (a) In- 
capable of, or unfitted for, reproduction ; not able to 
germinate or bear fruit ; unfruitful, (b) Free from all 
reproductive spores or germs. 3. Fig. : Barren of ideas 
or sentiment. — Ste-ril'i-ty (ste-rtl'T-ty), n. 

Ster il-i-za'tion (ster'Tl-i-za'shun), n. (Biol.) Actor 
process of sterilizing ; state of being sterile. 

Sterll-ize (ster'Il-Iz), v. t. (imp. & p. p. Sterilized 
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sterilizing.] To make sterile. 

Sterlet (ster'let), n. [Russ. sterliade.] (Zo'61.) A 
small sturgeon found in the Caspian Sea and its rivers. 

Sterling (-ling), n. (Engin.) Same as Starling. 2. 

Sterling, n. [OE. sterlynge, starling, for easterling, 
LL. esterlingus, prob. fr. Easterling, once the popular 
name of German traders in England, whose money was 
of the purest quality; cf. MHG. sterlinc a certain coin.] 
Any English coin of standard value ; coined money. 

Sterling (ster'ling), <7. 1. Of or pertainiug to the 
standard British money of account, or the British coinage. 
2. Genuine ; pure ; of excellent quality ; of full value. 

Stern (stern), a. [Compar. Sterner (-er) ; superl. 
Sternest.] [AS. styrne.] Having a certain hardness or 
severity of nature, manner, or aspect ; hard ; severe ; 
rigid ; austere ; hence, serious ; resolute ; harsh. 

Syn. — Gloomy; sullen; forbidding; strict ; rigorous ; 
unkind ; hard-hearted ; unfeeling ; cruel ; pitiless. 

Stern, n. [Akin to Steer, v. t.] 1. The tiller of a 



vessel ; also, the rudder. 



Fig. : The post of 



[Obs.] 
management or direction. 3. (Naut.) The after or rear 
end of a vessel. 4. The hinder part of anything. 5. The 
tail of an animal ; — now used only of the tail of a dog. 

Stern, a. Of or pertaining to the stern ; being astern. 

Stern boaxd (Naut.), a going or falling astern ; a loss of 
way in making a tack. — Stern chase, or Stern chaser 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, •urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



STERNAGE 



98 



STIFLE 



* i M— placed In ■ ship's stem, for firing astern. 

— Stern thectf w v c)f</.\ that part of au open boat which is 
between the stern ami the aftmost seat of the rowers. 

Stern'age (.stem'Sj'), ti. Stem. [J?.] 

Ster'nal (.ster'n^l 1 ), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to 
the sternum ; in the region of the sternum. 

Sternly isteru'ly"), adr. In a stem manner. 

Stern'ness, ft. Quality or state of being stern. 

Stem'post (stern'post''), n. (Xaut.) The straight 
beam or bar which supports the rudder, and receives the 
alter ends of the planks or plates of the vessel. 

Stern'son (stSrn'ean), n. (Xaut.) The end of a ship's 
keelson, to which the sternpost is bolted. 

Sternum (stSrtium), n. : pi. L. Sterna (-na), E. 
Stek>tms (-numi). [NL., fr. Gr. arepvov chest.] 1. 
{Anat.) A plate of cartilage, or a series of bony or carti- 
laginous plates or segments, in the median line of the 
pectoral skeleton of most vertebrates above fishes ; the 
breastbone. [See III list, of Thorax.] 2. (Zool.) The 
ventral part of a somite of an arthropod. 

Ster nu ta'tion (ster'nu-ta'shun), n. [L. sternutatio, 
deriv. of sternuere to sneeze.] A sneezing. [sneeze. I 

Ster-nu'ta-tive (ster-nu'ta-tTv), a. Provoking to | 

Ster-nu'ta-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Sternutative, — n. A 
sternutatory substance or medicine. 

Stern'way (stern'wa'), n. {Xaut.) The movement 
of a ship backward, or with her stern foremost. 

Ster-tO'ri-OUS (ster-to'rT-us), a. Stertorous, [E.] 

Ster'tO-rous (ster'to-rus), a. [L. stertere to snore.] 
Characterized by a deep snoring which accompanies in- 
spiration in some diseases, esp. apoplexy ; hence, hoarsely 
breathing : snoring. 

Stet (stet), L., subj. 3d pers. sing, of stare to stand, 
remain. {Print.) Let it stand; — used by proofreaders 
to signify that something once erased, or marked for 
.omission, is to remain. 

Ste-thom'e-ter (ste-th5m'e-ter), n. [Gr. o-rij0os chest 
■j- -meter.] {Physiol.) An apparatus for measuring the 
external movements of the chest wall during respiration. 

Steth'o-SCOpe (steth'o-skop), n. [Gr. ottj0os breast 
-\- -scope.] {Med.) 

An instrument used ^e ^-^& 

in auscultation for / 
examining the organs 
of the chest. 

Steth o-scop'ic 

(-skop'Tk), Steth'O- A form of Stethoscope, a Tube to 
SCOp'ic-al (-T-kal), a. be applied to Chest ; b b Ear Tubes. 
Of or pert, to a stethoscope ; obtained by means of a 
stethoscope. [as a cargo in a ship's hold. 1 

Steve (stev), v. t. [See Stevedore.] To pack or stow, | 

Ste / ve-dore / (ste've-dor'), n. [Sp. estivador packer, fr. 
estivur to pack, L. stipare to press.] One whose occupa- 
tion is to load vessels in port, or stow a cargo in a hold. 

Ste'ven (ste'v'n), n. [AS. stefn, stemn ; akin to G. 
slimme.] Voice; speech; language. [Obs. or Scot/] 

Stew (stu), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Stewed (stud) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Stewing.] [OE. sluwen, OF. estuver, fr. 
estate a heated bathroom; prob. akin to E. stove.] To 
boil slowly, or with a simmering or moderate heat ; to 
seethe. 

Stew, n. 1. A place where hot baths are furnished ; 
a hothouse. [Obs.] 2. A brothel; — usually in the pi. 
3. A prostitute. [Obs.] 4. A dish prepared by stewing. 

Stew'ard (stu'erd), «. [AS. siiweard, stigiceard, lit., 
a sty ward ; stigu sty + iveard warden, guardian, — his 
first duty having been probably to attend to the domestic 
animals.] 1. A man employed to manage domestic con- 
cerns, supervise other servants, collect the rents or in- 
come, keep accounts, etc. 2. A person employed, as in a 
hotel or a club, to provide for the table, superintend the 
culinary affairs, etc. 3. A fiscal agent of certain bodies. 

Stew'ard-ess, ». A female steward, esp. one employed 
in passenger vessels to wait upon female passengers. 

Stew'ard-ship, n. Office of a steward. 

Stew'pan' (-paV), n. A pan used for stewing. 

Sthenic (stheVikj,". [Gr. o-0eVos strength.] {Med.) 
Strong ; active ; — said esp. of morbid states marked by 
strength and activity of the muscular and nervous systems. 

Sti'an (sti'an), n. A sty on the eye. See 4th Sty. 

Stib'i-al CstTb'T-,7]), a. [See Stibium.] Like, or having 
the qualities of, antimony ; antimonial. 

Stibl-a'ted fstTbl-a'tSd), ". {Med. Chem.) Combined 
or impregnated with antimony {stibium). 

Stib'ic f-Tk), a. (Chem.) Antirnonic. 
Stibium (-T-fim), n. [L.. fr. Gr. <mj8i.] {Chem.) 
Antimony ; — technically so called. 

Stic-ca'do (stlk-ka'do-), n. [Cf. It. steccato a pali- 





sade.] (Mus.) A musical instrument consisting of small 
bars of wood resting on the edges of a kind of open box. 

Stich (sttk), n. [Gr. o-ri'xos a row, line ; akin to <rret- 
xew to go, march, E. sty, v. i.] 1. A verse, of whatever 
measure or number of feet. 2. A line in the Scriptures ; 
specif., one of the rhythmic lines in the poetical passages 
of the Old Testament. 3. A row, line, or rank of trees. 

Stick (stlk), n. [AS. sticca ; akin to stician to stab, 
G. stecken a stick. See Stick, v. t.] 1. A small shoot, 
or branch, separated from a tree or shrub ; also, any stem 
or branch of a tree, of any size, cut for fuel or timber. 

2. Any long and relatively slender piece of wood. 3. Any- 
thing shaped like a stick. 4. {Print. ) A composing stick. 
5. A thrust with a pointed instrument ; stab. 

Stick insect {ZooD, any one of numerous wingless or- 
thopterous insects closely resembling a 
stick in form and color. 

Stick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuck 
(stfik) {Obs. Sticked (sttkt) ) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Sticking.] [AS. stician ; akin 
to G. stechen, and to Gr. crrifeu> to 
prick, Skr. tij to be sharp.] 1. To pen- 
etrate with a pointed instrument ; to 
pierce ; to stab ; hence, to kill by pier- 
cing. 2. To cause to penetrate or pierce. 

3. To fasten, attach, or cause to remain, 
by thrusting in ; hence, also, to adorn 
or deck with things fastened on as if by 
piercing. 4. To set ; to fix in. 5. To 
set with something pointed. 6. To fix 
on a pointed instrument ; to impale. 

7. To attach by causing to adhere to 
the surface ; also, to attach in any way. 

8. {Print.) To compose ; to set in a 
composing stick. [Cant] 9. To bring to 
a stand ; to pose ; to puzzle. [Colloq.] 

Stick, v. i. 1. To adhere. 2. To 
remain where placed ; to be fixed ; 
to cling ; to abide ; to cleave. 3. To American Stick Insect 
be prevented from going farther ; (Diaplieroinerafemo- 
to stop by reason of some obstacle ; rata ), on a Twig, 
to be stayed. 4. To be embarrassed or puzzled ; to hesi- 
tate ; to scruple ; — often with at. 5. To cause difficulties, 
scruples, or hesitation. 

To stick by, to adhere closely to ; to be firm in support- 
ing. — To stick out. (a) To project ; to be prominent, (b) 
To persevere in a purpose. [Colloq.] — To stick to, to be 
persevering in holding to. 

Stickler (stik'er.), n. One that sticks. 

Stick'i-ness (-i-nes), n. Quality of being sticky. 

Stic'kle (stTk'k'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stickled 
(-k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stickling (-kling).] [Prob. fr. 
OE. stightlen to arrange, govern, freq. of slihten, AS. stih- 
taji.] 1. To separate combatants by intervening. [Obs.] 
2. To contend, contest, or altercate, esp. pertinaciously 
on insufficient grounds. 3. To play fast and loose ; to trim. 

Stic'kle-back' (-bak'), 
[OE. & Prov. E. stickle 
prickle, sting (AS. sticel) 
E. back.] {Zool.) Any one of 
numerous species of small 
fishes having the back armed 
with two or more sharp spines. 

Stic'kler (-kler), n. One who stickles. Specif. : {a) 
A second ; umpire. [Obs.] {b) 'One who pertinaciously 
contends for some trifle. 

Stick'y (-y), a. [Compar. Stickier (-i-er) ; superl. 
Stickiest.] Having the quality of sticking to a surface ; 
adhesive; gluey ; viscous ; viscid; glutinous; tenacious. 

Stiff (stif), a. [Compar. Stiffer (-er) ; superl. Stiff- 
est.] [OE. stif, AS. stif; akin to G. steif.] 1. Not easily 
bent ; not flexible or pliant. 2. Not liquid or fluid ; thick 
and tenacious. 3. Unyielding or violent in motion or 
force. 4. Not easily subdued ; stubborn. 5. Not natural 
and easy ; formal ; starched. 6. Harsh ; severe ; hard to 
bear. [Obs. or Colloq.] 7. {Xaut.) Bearing a press of 
canvas without careening much. 

Syn. — Rigid; inflexible; strong; inspissated; obsti- 
nate ; pertinacious ; constrained ; affected ; rigorous. 

Stiffen (stif'n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Stiffened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stiffening.] To make or be- 
come stiff or stiffer. — Stiff'en-er (-er), n. 

Stiffly (stifly), adv. In a stiff manner. [stmate. 

Stiff-necked' (-nekt'), a. Stubborn; inflexibly ob-| 

Stiffness, n. Quality or state of being stiff. 

Sti'fle (sti'f'l), n. [From Stiff.] (Far.) The joint 
next above the hock, and near the flank, in the hind leg 
of the horse and allied animals, — corresponding to the 
knee in man. [See Illust. of Horse.] 



Stickleback ( Gasterosteiu 
aculeatus). i 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



STIFLE 



799 



STINT 



Sti'fle (sti'f'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stifled (-fid) ; p.. 
pr. & vb. n. Stifling (-fling).] [Freq. of OE. stif stiff.] 
1. To stop the breath of ; to choke ; to suffocate. 2. 
To stop ; to extinguish ; to deaden ; to quench. 3. To 
suppress the manifestation or report of ; to smother ; to 
repress. 

Sti'fle, v. i. To be stifled ; to be smothered or choked. 

Sti'fler (-fler), n. One who, or that which, stifles. 

Stig'ma (stig'ma), n. ; pi. E. Stigmas (-maz), L. 
Stigmata (-ma-ta). [L., a mark, a brand, fr. Gr. ari- 
Y/aa, -<xto?, the mark of a pointed instrument, a mark, fr. 
<TTi£eiv to prick. See Stick, v. t.~] 1. A brand. 2. Any 
mark of infamy pr disgrace ; stain or reproach. 3. {Bot. ) 
That part of a pistil which has no epidermis, and is fitted 
to receive the pollen. [See Ulusts. of Stamen and 
Flower.] 4. {Anat.) A small spot, mark, scar, or a mi- 
nute hole. 5. {Pathol.) A red speck upon the skin, pro- 
duced either by the extravasation of blood, as in the 
bloody sweat characteristic of certain varieties of re- 
ligious ecstasy, or by capillary congestion, as in the case 
of drunkards. 6. {Zool.) A minute opening in the 
breathing apparatus of various animals. [See Illust. of 
Scorpion.] 7. pi. (R. C. Ch.) Marks believed to have 
been supernaturally impressed upon the body in imitation 
of the wounds of Christ. See def. 5, above. 

II Stig'ma-ta (stig'ma-ta), n. ; pi. of Stigma. 

Stig-mat'ic (stig-mat'Tk), n. A person marked or de- 
formed by nature. 

Stig-mat'ic (stig-mat'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to, 

Stig-mat'ic-al (-T-kal), ) or marked with, a stig- 
ma or stigmata. — Stig-mat'iC-al-ly, adv. [tizing. j 

Stig ma-ti-za'tion (stig'ma-tT-za'shun), n. A stigma- j 

Stig'ma-tize (-tiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stigmatized 
(-tizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stigmatizing (-tiding).] To 
mark with a stigma ; specif. : (a) To brand, (b) To set 
a mark of disgrace, reproach, or infamy on. 

Sti'lar (sti'ler), a. Of or pert, to the stile of a dial. 

Stil'bite (stil'bit), n. [Gr. ortA/Sew to glitter, shine.] 
(Mm.) See Desmine. 

Stile (stil), n. The pin of a dial. See Style. 

Stile, ft. [AS. stigel step, ladder, fr. stigan to ascend. 
See Sty, v. «'.] 1. A step or steps for passing over a fence 
or wall. 2. {Arch.) One of the upright pieces in a frame ; 
a primary member of a frame. 

Sti-let'tO (sti-let'to), ft. ; pi. -tos (-toz). [It., dim. of 
stilo dagger, fr. L. stilus. See Style.] 1. A dagger 
with a rounded and pointed blade. 2. A pointed in- 
strument for making eyelet holes in embroidery. 

Sti-let'tO, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Stilettoed (-tod) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. Stilettoing (-to-Ing).] To stab or 
kill with a stiletto. 

Still (stil), a. [Compar. Stiller (-er) ; superl. 
Stillest.] [AS. stille ; akin to G. still, and 
to E. stall; from the idea of coming to a halt.] 
1. Motionless ; at rest ; quiet. 2. Uttering no sound ; 
silent. 3. Undisturbed by noise or agitation ; quiet ; calm. 
4. Comparatively quiet or silent ; low. 5. Constant ; con- 
tinual. [06s.] 6. Not effervescing ; not sparkling. 

Still life (Fine Arts), inanimate objects. 

Syn. — Noiseless ; serene ; inert ; stagnant. 

Still, ft. Freedom from noise ; calm ; silence. [Poetic] 

Still, adv. 1. To this time; until and during the 
time now present or referred to ; yet. 2. Constantly ; 
uniformly ; ever. 3. In an increasing or additional de- 
gree ; even more. 4. In spite of what has occurred ; 
nevertheless ; — sometimes used as a conjunction. See 
Synonym of But. 5. After that ; after what is stated. 

Still, v. t. & ?'. [imp. &p. p. Stilled (stild) ; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. Stilling.] To cause to become, or to become, still. 

Syn. — To quiet.; calm; allay; lull; pacify; appease; 
subdue ; suppress ; silence ; stop ; check ; restrain. 

Still (stil), n. [See Still to distill.] 1. A vessel, 
boiler, or copper used in the distillation of liquids; 
sometimes, the whole apparatus used in vaporization and 
condensation. 2. A distillery. 

Still, v. t. & i. Abbreviated fr. Distdll. 
Stil la-ti'tious (stil'la-tTsh'Qs), a. [L. stillaticius, 
deriv. of stilla drop.] Falling in drops ; drawn by a still. 

m Stil'la-tO-ry (stil'la-to-ry), ft. [From Stell, for dis- 
till.] 1. An alembic ; a still, [i?.] 2. A laboratory. 
Still'birth' (stil'berth'), n. The birth of a dead fetus. 
Still'born' (-b&rn'), a. Dead at the birth. 
Still'-burn' (-bfirn'), v. t. To burn in distillation. 
Still'er (-er), n. One who stills, or quiets. 
Still'-hunt' (-hunt'), n. A cautious or covert hunt- 
ing for game; stalking ; hence (Collog.), the quiet pur- 
suit of any object. — Still'-hunt er (-er), n. — Still'— 
hunt'ing, n. \U. S.] 



Stiletto, 1. 




Stilll-form (stTl'lT-fQrm), a. [L. stilla a drop -f- 
•form.~] Having the form of a drop. 

StiTUon (-yun),«. [Etym. uncert.] A stand, as for 
casks or vats in a brewery, or for pottery while drying. 

Still'ness (-nSs), n. Quality or state of being still. 

Still'room' (-room'), n. 1. A room for distilling. 
2. An apartment in a house where liquors, preserves, 
and the like, are kept. [Eng.~] 

Still'y (stll'y), a. Still ; quiet ; calm. 

Stil'ly (sttl'ly), adv. Quietly ; silently ; softly. 

Stilt (stilt), ft. [Akin to D. stelt, G. stelze.] 1. A 
pole, or piece of wood, constructed to raise the foot above 
the ground in walking. 2. (Zool.) Any one of numerous 
species of limicoline birds in which the legs are remarka- 
bly long and slender. 

Stilt plover (Zool.), the stilt. 

Stilt (stilt), v. I. [imp. & 

p. p. Stilted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

Stilting.] To raise on stilts, 

or as if on stilts. 

Stilt'ed, a. Elevated as if 
on stilts ; hence, pompous ' T 
bombastic. 

Stilted arch (Arch.), an arch 
separated from the impost by 
vertical members. . 

Stim'u lant (stlm'u-lant), a, 
[L. stimulans, p. pr.] Serving 
European Stilt (Himanto- to stimulate. — ft. That which 
pus in, lanoptei-us). stimulates, provokes, or excites. 

Stim'u-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stimulated 
(-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stimulating.] [L. stimulare, 
p. p. -atus, fr. stimulus a goad.] 1. To excite, rouse, or 
animate to action or more vigorous exertion by some 
pungent motive or by persuasion. 2. {Physiol.) To ex- 
cite ; to irritate ; esp., to excite the activity of (a nerve 
or an irritable muscle), as by electricity. 

Syn. — To animate ; incite ; encourage ; impel ; urge ? 
instigate ; irritate ; exasperate ; incense. 

Stim'U-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of stimulating, or 
state of being stimulated. 

Stim'u-la-tive (-la-tiv), or. Having the quality of 
stimulating. — ft. That which stimulates. 

Stim'u-la tor (-la'ter), n. One who stimulates. 

Stim'u-lus (-lus), ft. ; pi. Stimuli (-11). [L. ; akin to L. 
instigare. See Instigate.] 1. A goad ; hence, something 
that rouses the mind or spirits ; incentive. 2. That which 
excites or produces a temporary increase of vital action, 
either in the whole organism or in any of its parts. 

Sting (sting), ft. [AS. sting a sting.] 1. {Zool.) Any 
sharp organ of offense and defense, esp. when connected 
with a poison gland. 2. {Bot.) A sharp-pointed hollow 
hair seated on a gland which secretes an acrid fluid, as in 
nettles. 3. Anything that gives, or goads on by, acute 
pain, bodily or mental. 4. Act of stinging ; thrust of a 
sting into the flesh ; a wound inflicted by stinging. 5. 
The point of an epigram or other sarcastic saying. 

Sting ray. (Zool.) See under 6th Ray. 

Sting, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stung (stung) (Archaic 
Stang (stang)) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stinging.] [AS. sting- 
an.~] 1. To pierce or wound with a sting. 2. To pain 
acutely, or goad on by inflicting pain. 

Sting'a-ree' (sting' a-re'), n. {Zool.) Any sting ray. 

Sting'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, stings. 

Sting'ing (stlng'Tng), a. That stings ; biting. 

Stin'gy (stin'jy), a. [Compar. Stingeer (-ji-er) ; su- 
perl. Stingdsst.] [Etym. uncertain.] Extremely close and 
covetous ; meanly avaricious ; niggardly : miserly ; penu- 
rious. — Stin'gi-ly (stTn'jT-ly), adv. — Stin'gi-ness, n. 

Sting'y (sting'y), a. Stinging ; able to sting. 

Stink (stink), v. i. & t. [imp. Stunk (stunk), Stank 
(stank), p. pr. & vb. n. Stinking.] [AS. stincan to have 
a smell ; akin to G. stinken to stink.] To emit, or cause 
to emit, a strong, offensive smell ; to send out, or affect 
with, a stench or disgusting odor. [stench. I 

Stink, ft. A strong, offensive smell ; disgusting odor ; | 

Stink'ard (-3rd), n. 1. A mean, stinking, paltry fel- 
low. 2. (Zool.) The teledu of the East Indies. 

Stink'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, stinks. 

Stink'weed' (-wed'), ». {Bot.) Stramonium. See 
Jamestown weed, and Datura. 

Stint (stint), ft. {Zool.) {a) Any of several small 
sandpipers, as the sanderling and dunlin, {b) A phalarope. 

Stint, v. 1. & i. [imp. & p. p. Stinted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Stinting.] [OE. stinten, stenten, stunten, to cause to 
cease, to cease, AS. sfyntan (in comp.) to make blunt, to 
dull, fr. stunt dull, stupid.] 1. To restrain within certain 
limits; to bound; to confine; to limit; to restrict. 2> 






fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



STINT 



800 



STOCK 



[Archaic] 3. To assign a certain {i.e., a limited) 
. to stent. 4. To get with foal, as a mare. 

Stint (stint), n. 1. Limit ; bound ; restraint ; extent. 
2. Quantity or task assigned ; proportion allotted. 

Stint 'er\-er\ ;j. One who, or that which, stints. 

Stipe (stip), «• [L- Stipes a stock, post, branch.] {Bot.) 
A stalk or stem, as of a frond, a pistil, a tree, etc. 

Sti'pel (sti'pSl), n. (Bot.) The stipule of a leaflet. 

Sti-pel'late (Bfct-pfiWtt), o. (Bot.) Having stipels. 

Sti'pend (.sti'p^nd), n. [L. stipendium ; stips, gen. 
t — pendere to pay out.] Settled pay or com- 
pensation for services, as by the day or month. 

Sti-pen'di-a-ry (at t-peVdT-tt-ry), a. Receiving wages, 
or salary ; performing services for a stated price or com- 
pensation. — »• One who receives a stipend. 

Sti-pen'di-ate (-fit), v. t. [L. stipendiari, p. p. -atus, 
to receive pay.] To provide with a stipend, or salary. 

Stip'ple (stfp'p'l), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Stippled (-p'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Stippling.] [D. stippelen to dot, fir. 
stippcl. dim. of stip spot.] 1. To engrave by means of 
dots. 2. To paint, as in water colors, by small, short 
touches which produce even or softly graded tints. 

Stip'ple (stTp'p'l), \n. A mode of engraving or paint- 

Stip'pling (-pling), | ing by using dots or points. 

Stip'tic (-tik), a. & n. (Med.) See Styptic. 
Stip'U-la (-u-la), n. ; pi. E. Stipdlas (-laz), L. Stif- 
ul.e (-le). [L., a stalk, stem.] {Bot.) A stipule. 

Stip u-la'ceous (-la'shus), ) a. {Bot.) Of or pertain- 

Stip'U-lar (stlp'fi-ler), I ing to stipules ; resem- 
bling stipules ; furnished with stipules. 

Stip'u-late (-lat), a. {Bot.) Furnished with stipules. 

Stip'U-late (-lat), v. i. limp. & p. p. Stipulated 
(dated); p. pr. & vb. n. Stipulating.] [L. stipulari, 
p. p. -atus, fr. OL. stipulus firm, fast.] To make an 
agreement or covenant to do or forbear anything; to 
bargain ; to contract. 

Stip u-la'tion (stTp'u-la'shun), n. 1. Act of stipu- 
lating. 2. That which is stipulated, or agreed upon. 

Syn. — Agreement ; contract. See Covenant. 

Stip/U-la'tion, n. [See Stipule.] {Bot.) The situa- 
tion, arrangement, and structure of the stipules. 

Stip'U-la'tor (stlp'u-la'ter), n. One who stipulates. 

Stip'ule (-ul), n. [L. stipula a stalk.] {Bot.) An 
appendage at the base of petioles or leaves, 
usually somewhat resembling a small leaf in 
texture and appearance. 

Stip'Uled (-uld), a. {Bot. ) Furnished with 
stipules, or leafy appendages. 

Stir (ster), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stirred 
(sterd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stirring.] [OE. 
stiren, sturen, AS. styrian.~\ 1. To change , v 
the place of in any manner ; to move. 2. To 
disturb the relative position of the particles 
of, as of a liquid ; to agitate. 3. To bring into 
debate ; to agitate ; to moot. 4. To incite to 
action ; to arouse ; to instigate ; to prompt. s p 

Syn. — To awaken ; rouse ; stimulate ; provoke. 

Stir, v. i. 1. To move ; to change position. 2. To be 
in motion ; to be active. 3. To be taking place ; to be 
on foot. 4. To rise in the morning. [Colloq.] 

Stir, n. 1. Act or result of stirring ; agitation ; tumult ; 
bustle. 2. Public disturbance or commotion; tumul- 
tuous disorder. 3. Agitation of thoughts. 

! Stirps (sterps), n. ; pi. Stirpes (ster'pez). [L.] 
1. {Law) Stock; race; family. 2. {Bot.) A race, or a 
permanent variety. 

Stir'rer (-rer), n. One that stirs or stirs something. 

Stir'ring (-ring), a. Moving ; active ; exciting. 

Stir'rup (ster'riip or stir-), n. [OE. stirop, AS. stig- 
rap ; stlgo.n to ascend -f- rap a rope. See Sty, v. i., 
and Rope.] 1. A kind of ring for receiving the foot of 
a rider, and attached by a strap to the saddle. 2. ( Carp. 
& Maeh.) Any piece resembling in shape the stirrup of 
a saddle. 3. (Naut.) A rope secured to a yard, with a 
thimble in its lower end for supporting a footrope. 

Stitch (stTch), n. [OE. stiche, AS. stice a pricking, 
akin to slician to prick. See Stick, v. i.~\ 1. A single 
pass of a needle in sewing ; the loop or turn of the thread 
thus made. 2. A single turn of the thread round a 
needle in knitting ; a link, or loop, of yarn. 3. [Perhaps 
of different origin: cf. OE. slicche, stecche, stucche, a 
piece, AS. slyece. Cf. Stock.] Space gone over in a 
single pass of the needle ; any space passed over ; distance. 
4. A local sharp pain ; an acute pain. 6. A contortion 
or twist. [06*.] 6. A furrow. 

Stitch, v. l. [imp. & p. p. Stitched (sticht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ». Stitching.] 1. To form stitches in ; to sew to- 
gether or unite with stitches ; specifically, to sew in such 




a manner as to show on the surface a continuous line of 
stitches. 2. (.4 gric.) To form laud into ridges, [work. I 

Stitch (stTch), v. i. To practice stitching, or needle- 1 

Stitch/er (-er), n. One who stitches ; a seamstress. 

Stitch'er-y {-$), n. Needlework ; — in contempt. 

Stlth (stTth), n. [Icel. steSi; akin to staSr place. 
See Stead.] An anvil ; stithy. [06s. or Prov. E7ig.~\ 

Stith'y (stithy or stith'y), n. 1. An anvil. 2. A 
smith's shop ; smithy ; smithery ; forge. 

Stive (stiv), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Sttved (stivd) ; 
jo. pr. & vb. n. Stiving.] [Prob. fr. F. estiver to com- 
press, stow, L. stipare.~\ To stuff ; to crowd ; hence, to 
make hot and close ; to stifle. 

Sti'ver (sti'ver), n. [D. stuiver.~\ A Dutch coin, and 
money of account, worth two cents. [to choke. I 

Stoak (stok), v. t. [Cf. G. stocken.'] {Naut.) To stop ; | 

Stoat (stot), n. [OE. stot stoat, horse, bullock ; origin 
uncertain.] {Zool.) The ermine in its summer pelage, 
when it is reddish brown, with a black tip to the tail. 

Stoc-cade' (stok-kad'), n. & v. See Stockade. 

Stoc-ca'do (-ka'do), n. [Through F. or It. fr. G. 
stock a stick.] A stab ; a thrust with a rapier. 

Stock (stok), n. [AS. stocc trunk, stick; akin to G. 
stock.] 1. The stem, or main body, of a tree or plant ; 
trunk. 2. The stem or branch in which a graft is inserted. 

3. Block of wood ; something fixed and solid ; pillar ; post. 

4. Hence, a person as dull and lifeless as a stock, or 
post. 5. The principal supporting part ; the part in which 
others are inserted, or to which they are attached. 
Specif. : (a) The wood to which the barrel, lock, etc., of 
a musket, or like firearm, ai-e secured. (6) The contriv- 
ance for holding bits in boring, {c) The block or frame 
forming the body of a plane, (d) {Naut.) The crosspiece 
on the shank of an anchor, (e) The support of the block 
in which an anvil is fixed, or of the anvil itself. (/) A 
holder for the dies for cutting screws, {g) The part of a 
tally formerly struck in the exchequer, which was de- 
livered to the person who had lent the king money on 
account, as the evidence of indebtedness. See Counter- 
foil. \_Eng.~] 6. The original progenitor ; also, the race 
or line of a family ; lineage ; family. 7. Money or 
capital employed in business; fund; in the U. S., the 
capital of a bank or other company, in the form of trans- 
ferable shares ; money funded in government securities, 
called also the public funds ; in the^>?., property consist- 
ing of shares in joint-stock companies, or in the obliga- 
tions of a government for its funded debt. In Great 
Britain the latter only are called stocks, and the former 
shares. 8. {Bookkeeping) Same as Stock account, below. 
9. Supply provided ; store ; accumulation ; especially, a 
merchant's or manufacturer's store of goods. 10. {Agric.) 
Domestic animals or beasts, collectively ; — called also 
live stock. 11. ( Card Playing) The cards not distributed. 
[06s.] 12. A stoccado. [06s.] 13. A covering for the 
leg, or leg and foot. [06s.] 14. A kind of stiff cravat 
for the neck. 15. pi- A frame in which crimi- 
nals were formerly confined by the feet, or by the 
feet and hands, for 
punishment. 16. pi. 
{Shipbuilding) The 
frame or timbers on 
which a ship rests 
while building. 17. 
{Bot.) Any crucifer- 
ous plant of the 
genus Matthiola; 
as, common stock, 
or gillyflower. 18. 
{Geol.) An irregular 
metalliferous mass 
filling a large cavity 
in a rock formation 




Stocks, 15. 



19. {Cookery) A liquid or jelly 
made by cooking meat, vegetables, etc., — used in making 
soup, gravy, etc. 

Stock account (Bookkeeping), the ledger account which 
shows the original capital, or stock, and the additions 
and withdrawals. — Stock exchange, (a) The building or 
place where stocks are bought and sold. (6) An association 
or body of stockbrokers who meet and transact business 
by certain recognized forms, regulations, and usages. 

Syn. — Supplv; accumulation; hoard; provision. 

Stock, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Stocked (stSkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Stocking.] 1. To lay up ; to store. 2. To provide 
with material requisites ; to store ; to fill ; to supply. 
3. To put in the stocks. [R.~\ 

To stock cards (Card Playing), to arrange cards in a cer- 
tain manner for cheating purposes. [Cant] 

Stock, a. Used for constant service or application, as 
if constituting part of a stock or supply ; standing. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, $vent, idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



STOCKADE 



801 



STOOL PIGEON 




Stockade' (st5k-ad'), n. [F. estacade; of G. origin 
akin to E. stake, st ick. ] 1. {Mil. ) 
A line of stout posts or timbers 
set in the earth for a barrier or 
defense. 2. An inclosure, or pen, 
made with posts and stakes. 

Stockade', v. t. {imp. & p. 
p. Stockaded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Stockading.] To surround or 
protect with a stockade. 

StockT>ro / ker (-bro'ker), n. 
A broker who deals in stocks. oiocKaae. 

Stock'dove' (-duV), n. (Zo'ol.) A common European 
wild pigeon ; also, any one of several other related species. 

Stock'er (-er), n. One who makes or fits stocks. 

Stock'fish/ (-fish'), n. Salted and dried fish ; also, 
codfish dried without being salted. 

Stock'hold'er (stok'hold'er), n. One who is a holder 
or proprietor of government or commercial stocks. 

Stock'i-net' (st5k'T-net'), n. An elastic textile fabric 
imitating knitting. 

Stocking (stok'Tng), n. [From Stock, in sense 13.] 
A close-fitting covering for the foot and leg, usually knit 
or woven. 

StOCk'ish, a. Like a stock ; stupid ; blockish. 

Stock'job'ber (-job'ber), n. One who speculates in 
stocks ; one who buys and sells stocks. 

Stock'job bing (-bTng), n. Act or art of dealing in 
stocks ; the buying and selling of stocks. 

Stock'-Still' (-stTK), «• Still as a stock, or fixed post. 

Stock'y (-f), a. Short and thick, like a stock or block ; 
thick rather than tall or corpulent. 

Stodg'y (stoj'y), a. Wet. \_Prov. Eng.] 

StO'ic (sto'Tk), n. [L. stoicus, Gr. o-riouco?, deriv. of 
(TTod porch, esp., a porch in Athens where Zeno and his 
successors taught.] 1. A disciple of the philosopher 
Zeno ; one of a Greek sect which held that men should 
be free from passion, unmoved by joy or grief, and should 
submit without complaint to unavoidable necessity, by 
which all things are governed. 2. Hence, a person not 
easily excited ; an apathetic person. 

StO'ic (sto'Tk), ) a. 1. Of, pert, to, or resembling, 

StO'ic-al (-T-kal), ) the Stoics or their doctrines. 2. 
Not affected by passion ; manifesting indifference to pleas- 
ure or pain. — Sto'ic-al-ly , adv. — Sto'ic-al-ness, n. 

Stoi'chi-ol'O-gy (stoi'ki-ol'6-jy), n. [Gr. arotx^ov a 
first element + -logy.'] 1. That part of physiology which 
treats of the elements, or principles, composing animal 
tissues. 2. The discussion of first principles. 

Stoi'Chi-om'e-try (-om'e-try), n. [Gr. oroixetoi/ ele- 
ment -)- -metry.~\ The calculation of the numerical rela- 
tions of chemical elements and their compounds. 

Sto'i-cism (stoT-siz'm), n. The opinions, maxims, or 
practice of the Stoics, or of a Stoic. 

Stoke (stok), v. t. [D. stoken, fr. stok a stick.] 1. 
To stick; to thrust. [Obs.] 2. To poke, as a fire; 
hence, to tend, as the fire of a furnace, etc. [etc. I 

Stoke, v. i. To tend the fires of furnaces, steamers, | 

Stoke'hole (-hoi'), n. The mouth to a furnace grate ; 
also, the space where the stokers stand. 

Stok'er (stok'er), n. One who tends a furnace and 
supplies it with fuel, esp. on a locomotive or a steamer. 

Stole (stol), imp. of Steal. 

Stole,". [L. stolo, -onis.] (Bot. ) A stolon. 

Stole, n. [AS., fr. L. stola, Gr. o-toAtj a stole, garment, 
outfit, fr. o-TeWew to equip.] 1. A long, loose garment 
reaching to the feet. 2. (Eccl.) A narrow, pendent band 
of silk or stuff worn on the left shoulder by deacons, and 
across both shoulders by bishops and priests. 

Stol'en (stol"n), p. p. of Steal. 

Stol'id (stol'Td), a. [L. stolidus.] Hopelessly insen- 
sible or stupid ; dull ; impassive ; stupid ; foolish. — 
Stol'id-ly, adv. — Stol'id-ness, n. 

StO-lId'i-ty (sto-lid'i-ty), n. Quality of being stolid. 

Stolon (sto'lon), n. [L. stolo, -onis.] (Bot.) A trail- 
ing branch disposed to take root at the end or joints. 

II Sto'ma (sto'ma), n. ; pi. Stomata (stom'a-ta). [NL. , 
fr. Gr. oTojua, -aros, a mouth.] {Nat. Hist.) A minute 
aperture, as between the cells in a serous membrane, or 
in the surface of a leaf (a breathing pore). 

Stom'ach (stum'ak), n. [F. estomac, L. stomachns, 
fr. Gr. o-To/Lia^os stomach, throat, fr. crrofMa mouth.] 1. 
(Anat.) An enlargement, or series of enlargements, in the 
anterior part of the alimentary canal, in which food is 
digested ; any cavity in which digestion takes place in an 
animal. 2. Appetite ; hence, inclination ; desire. 3. An- 
ger ; resentment ; stubbornness ; also, arrogance. [Obs.] 

Stom'ach, v. t. limp. & p. p. Stomached (-akt) ; p. 



pr. & vb. n. Stomaching.] 1. To resent ; to be vexed 
at. 2. To bear without repugnance ; to brook. [Colloq.] 

Stom'ach-al (stum'ak-ul), a. & n. Stomachic. 

Stom'ach-er (stiim'ak-er), n. 1. One who stomachs. 
2. (stum'a-cher or -ak-er) An ornamental covering for 
the breast, worn originally both by men and women. 

Sto-mach'lc (stft-mSk'Tk), I a. 1. Of or pertaining 

StO-mach'ic-al (-I-kal), j to the stomach. 2. 
Helping or exciting the action of the stomach ; cordial. 

Sto-mach'lc, n. (Med.) A medicine that strengthens 
the stomach and excites its action. [haughty. I 

Stom'ach-y (stum'ak-^), a. Obstinate; sullen ;| 

StO'ma-pod (sto'ma-p5d or st5m'a-), n. [See Stoma ; 
-pod.] (Zo'ol.) Any one of an order of Crustacea includ- 
ing the squillas. The maxillipeds are leglike, the claws 
comblike, and the abdomen large and elongated. 

StO-mat'lc (st6-m5t'Ik), a. (Bot.) Of or pert, to a 
stoma ; of the nature of a stoma. [Stomapod. I 

Stom'a-tO-pod (st5m'a-to-p5d), n. (Zo'ol.) Same as| 

Stom'a-tous (-tiis), a. Having a stoma. 

Stomp (st5mp), f. i. [See Stamp.] To stamp with 
the foot. \_Colloq.~\ 

Stone (ston ; 110), n. [AS. start ; akin to D. steen, G. 
stein, Gr. a-noi/.] 1. Concreted earthy or mineral mat- 
ter ; also, any particular mass of such matter. 

UEIP* In popular language, very large masses of stone 
are called rocks; small masses are called stones; and the 
finer kinds, gravel, or sand, or grains of sand. 
2. A precious stone ; a gem. 3. Something made of 
stone. Specif. : (a) The glass of a mirror. \_Obs.'] (b) 
A monument to the dead, (c) (Print.) A stone-top table 
on which to arrange the pages before printing. 4. (Med. ) 
Calculus. 5. A testicle. 6. (Bot.) The hard endocarp 
of drupes. 7. A weight which legally is fourteen pounds, 
but in practice varies with the article weighed. [Eng.~\ 

iJSip* The stone of butchers' meat or fish is reckoned at 
8 lbs. ; of cheese, 16 lbs. ; of hemp, 32 lbs. ; of glass, 5 lbs. 
8. Fig. : Hardness and insensibility ; torpidness. 

Stone-break {Bot.), saxifrage. — Stone fly (Zo'ol.), any one 
of many species of insects having aquatic larvae. — Stone 
fruit (Bot.), any fruit with a stony endocarp ; a drupe, as a 
peach. — Stone oil, rock oil ; petroleum. — Stone roller ( Zo- 
ol.\ an American fresh-water fish of the Sucker family. — 
To leave no stone unturned, to do everything possible. 

Stone (ston), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoned (stond) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Stoning.] 1. To pelt, beat, or kill with 
stones. 2. To make like stone ; to harden. 3. To free 
from stones ; also, to remove the seeds of. 4. To wall 
or face with stones. 

Stone'chat (-chat'), 
n. [So called from the 
similarity of its alarm 
note to the clicking to- 
gether of two pebbles.] 
(Zo'ol.) (a) A small, ac- 
tive, and very common 
European singing bird. 
(b) The wheatear. (c) 
The blue titmouse. 

Stone'crop' (-krop' ), 
n. (Bot. ) Any low suc- 
culent plant of the 
genus Sedum, esp. S. acre, common on rocks in Europe. 

Stone'cut ter (-kut'ter), n. One whose occupation is 
to cut stone ; also, a machine for dressing stone. 

Ston'er (ston'er), n. One who stones. 

Stone'-Still' (-stTF), a. As still as a stone. 

Stone'Ware' (-war'), n. A species of coarse potter's 
ware, glazed and baked. [stones. I 

Stone'WOrk' (-wfirk'), n. Work or wall consisting of | 

Ston'y (ston'y), a. [Compar. Stonier (-T-er) ; svperl. 
Stondest.] 1. Of or pert, to stone ; consisting of, abound- 
ing in, or like, stone or stones. 2. Converting into stone ; 
petrifying. 3. Inflexible; cruel; pitiless; obdurate. — 
Ston'i-ly (ston'My), adv. — Ston'1-ness, n. 

Stood (stood), imp. &p. p. of Stand. 

Stook (stcxSk), n. [Scot.; origin uncertain.] A bundle 
of sheaves set up in the field ; a shock ; in Eng. , 12 sheaves. 

Stook, v. t. To set up in stooks. 

Stool (stool), n. [L. stolo.] (Hort.) A plant from 
which layers are propagated. [as grain. I 

Stool, v. i. (Agric.) To shoot out suckers ; to tiller, | 

Stool (stool), n. [AS. stol a seat ; akin to G. stuhl ; fr. 
root of E. stand.] 1. A single seat without a back, or a 
small bench or rest for the feet or knees. 2. A seat used 
in evacuating the bowels ; hence, an evacuation. 3. A 
stool pigeon, or decoy bird. [U. S.] 4. A bishop's see. 

Stool pigeon, a pigeon used as a decoy to draw others 
within a net ; hence, a person used as a decoy for others. 




European Stonochat (Prathicola 
rubicola). 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, 
51 



N 



STOOP 



802 



STOVE 



Stoop ',*tiH'p\N. [D. stoep.] (Arcfi.)Orisc., a covered 

porch vi » boon door. Afterward, a flight of 

th platform and parapota, leading to an entrance 

door : henoe, any porch, platform, or entrance stairway 
at a house door. [;' 

Stoop. bL staup : akin to AS. steap, 

-sel of liquor : a tiagon. 

Stoop. ( . /. l'"'/'- • P- P- Stooped (stoopt) ; p. pr. & 
vping.] [OE. stoupcn : akin to AS. stupian.] 1. 
To bend the body downward and forward ; to bend or lean 
forward. 2. To yield: to bend, as by compulsion. 3. To 
descend from rank or dignity: to condescend. 4. To swoop 
as a hawk : to pounce. 5. To sink when on the wing. 

Syn. — To lean ; submit ; descend ; cower ; shrink. 

Stoop. . . I To cause to stoop. 

Stoop, m. Act of stooping. 

Stoop'er (-er), ». One who stoops. 

Stoor (stoor), Stor (stor). a. [AS. stor.] Strong ; 
hardy : audacious. [Obs. or Scot.] 

Stop vstop). v. t. [imp. &p.p. Stopped (stopt): p.pr. 
Stopping.] [AS. stoppian (in comp.) ; akin to 
G. stop/en : prob. deriv. fr. L. stuppa the coarse part of 
flax.] 1. To close, as an aperture, by filling or by obstruct- 
ing. 2. To obstruct : to render impassable. 3. To arrest 
the progress of ; to impede. 4. To hinder from acting 
or moving : to restrain : to repress. 5- (Mus.) To regu- 
late the sounds of by shortening the vibrating part, as 
by pressing down with the finger. 6- To punctuate. 

Syn. — To suppress; discontinue: delay; interrupt. 

Stop. r. i. 1. To cease to go on; to halt : hence, to 
stay: to tarry. 2. To cease any motion, or course of action. 

Stop. n. 1. A stopping, or state of being stopped ; Hin- 
drance of progress or of action. 2. Tbat which stops ; 
obstacle ; contrivance for checking motion or obstructing 
a passage; obstruction. 3. (Mus.) Any contrivance by 
which the sounds of a musical instrument are regulated. 
4. A mark of punctuation. 5. (Zool. ) The depression con- 
spicuous in the face of the bulldog, pug, and some other 
breeds. 6. (Phonetics) A consonant formed by the partial 
6r complete stopping of the passage of breath or voice. 

Syn. — Cessation: check; impediment; interruption. 

Stop'COCk (-kok), n. A bib, faucet, or short pipe, 
fitted with a turning stopper or plug for permitting or 
restraining the flow of a fluid ; also, the plug or stopper. 

Stope (stop), n. [Cf. Step.] (Mm ing) One of a series 
of horizontal workings resembling a flight of steps. 

Stop'page (stop'paj ; 48), n. Act of stopping, or arrest- 
ing progress or action ; also, state of being stopped. 

Stop'per (-per), n. 1. One that stops, closes, shuts. 
or hinders. 2. (Xaut.) A short rope having a knot at 
the end, with a lanyard under the knot, — used to secure 
something. 3. (Bot.) Any one of several trees of the 
genus Eugenia, found in Florida and the "West Indies. 

Stop'per, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Stoppered (-perd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Stoppering.] To close or secure with a stopper. 

Stop'ple (-pT). n. [Cf. G. stop f el. See Stop.] That 
which stops or closes the mouth of a vessel ; a stopper. 

Stop'ple. v. t. To close with a stopple. 

Stor'age (stor'aj : 48), n. 1. Act of storing for safe- 
keeping. 2. Space for the safe-keeping of goods ; also, 
the price charged. 

StO'rax (sto'rSks). n. [L. storax, styrax, Gr. orupa$.] 
(a) Any one of several complex resins obtained from 
plants of the Styrax family, (b) An aromatic, honeylike 
substance obtained from the American sweet gum tree. 

Store (stor), n. [OF. estor, fr. estorer to store. See 
Store, r. t.~\ 1. That which is accumulated, or massed 
together ; a source of supplies ; hence, an abundance ; a 
large amount. 2. A place of deposit for goods ; ware- 
house ; magazine. 3. Any place where goods are sold ; 
shop. [171 8. & British Colonies'] 4. pi. Articles, esp. 
of food, accumulated for some specific object ; supplies. 

In store, in a state of accumulation ; in keeping ; hence, 
in a state of readiness. — To set store by, to value greatly. 

Syn. — Fund; supply: plenty; provision. — The Eng- 
lish call the place where goods are sold (however large or 
splendid) a shop, and use the word store only in the sense 
of a warehouse, or place where goods are stored. In the 
U. S. store is applied to all places, except the smallest, 
where goods are sold. 

Store, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Stored (stord) ; p. pr. & 
rh. n. Storing.] [OF. estorer to construct, restore, 
(•tore, LL. staurare, for L. insfaurare to restore ; in -f- 
staurare (in comp.). Cf. Story a floor.] 1. To collect 
as a reserved supply ; to accumulate ; to lay away. 2. To 
fctock or furnish against a future time. 3. To deposit in 
■rehouse, etc., for preservation. 

Storehouse Cstor'hous'). n. A building for keeping 
goods, esp. provisions ; magazine ; repository ; warehouse. 




Sto'rey (sto'ry). n. See Story. 

Storied (-rid), <;. [From Story.] 1. Told in a story. 

2. Having a history : interesting from the stories which 
pertain to it. 3. Having (such or so nianv) stories. 

Stork (st6rk).?i. [AS.^ore.-akiutoG.s/orcA.] {Zool.) 
Any one of several species of large 
wading birds of the family Cicon idse. 

Stork's bill (Bot.), any species of 
Pelargonium ; — so called in allusion 
to the beaklike prolongation of the 
receptacle of its flower. See Pelar- 
gonium. 

Storm (st6rm). n. [AS. storm; 
akin to G. Sturm.] 1. A violent 
disturbance of the atmosphere, at- 
tended by rain, snow, hail, or thun- 
der and lightning ; hence, often, a 
heavy fall of rain, snow, or hail. 2. 
A violent agitation of human society ; 
a civil, political, or domestic com- 
motion : tumult. 3. An outburst European White Stork 
of tumultuous force ; violence. 4. (Ciconia alba). 

(Mil.) A violent assault on a fortified place. 

Syn. — Tempest : agitation. — Storm is violent agita- 
tion, a commotion of the elements bv wind, etc., not 
necessarily implying the fall of anything from the clouds, 
A tempest is a sudden and violent storm, such as those 
common on the coast of Italy, and is usually attended 
by a heavy rain, with lightning and thunder. 

Storm, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Stormed (st6rmd"i ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Storming.] (Mil.) To assault; to attack, aud 
attempt to take, by scaling walls, forcing gates, etc. 

Storm,?.?'. 1. To raise a tempest. 2. To blow with 
violence ; also, to rain, hail, or snow, usually with vio- 
lence : — impersonal. 3. To rage : to fume. 

Storm'-beat (-bet'), a. Beaten, injured, or impaired 
by storms. 

Storm'y (-y). a. [Compar. Stormter (-T-er) ; superl. 
Stormiest.] 1. Characterized by, or proceeding from, 
a storm ; agitated with furious winds ; boisterous : tem- 
pestuous. 2. Proceeding from violent agitation or fury. 

3. Violent ; passionate ; rough. — Storm'i-ly (-T-ly), 
adv. — Storm'i-ness. 

Stor'thing (stSr'ting). n. [Xorw. storting: stor 
great -f- ting court.] The Parliament of Norway. 

StO'ry (sto'iy), n. [OF. estore. esioree, erected, p. p. 
of estorer. See Store, v. t.] A set of rooms on the same 
floor or level ; a floor, or the space between two floors. 

StO'ry,?;. [OF. estoire, fr. L. historia. See History.] 
1. A narration or recital of that which has occurred : a 
history. 2. The relation of an incident or minor event ; 
short narrative ; tale ; esp. , a fictitious tale less elaborate 
than a novel; short romance. 3. A lie : fib. [Colloq.] 

StO'ry. ?'. t. [imp. & p. p. Storied (-rid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Storying.] To tell in historical relation ; to make 
the subject of a story : to narrate or describe. 

StO'ry-tell er (-tel'ei). n. One who tells stories. 

Stound (stound), n. [AS. stand; akin to G. stunde.] 
Hour; time; also, moment. [Obs.] 

Stoup (stoop), n. [See Stoop a ves- 
sel.] 1. A flagon. [Scot.] 2.(Eccl.)A 
basin at the entrance of Roman Catholic 
churches for containing the holy water. 

StOUr (stour or stoor), n. [OF. es- 
tov.r, estor.] A battle or tumult ; dis- 
turbance ; passion. [Obs.] 

Stour. a. See Stoor, a. [Obs.] 

Stout (stout), a. [Compar. Stouter 
(-er) ; superl. Stoutest.] [D. stout bold 
(or OF. estout bold, proud, of Teutonic Stoup. 2. 

origin) ; akin to AS. stolt. G. stolz.] 1. Strong : lusty ; 
vigorous : robust : hence, firm ; resolute : bold. 2. Proud ; 
arrogant. [Archaic] 3. Tough ; materially strong. 4. 
Large ; bulky ; corpulent. — StOUtly, adv. — StOUt'- 
ness, n. 

Syti. — Corpulent: portly. — Corpulent has reference 
simply to an excess of flesh. Portly implies a kind of 
stoutness or corpulence which gives a dignified or impos- 
ing appearance. Stout, by early writers (as in the English 
Bible i, was used chieflv in the sense of strong or bold; 
later it was used for thickset or bulky ; and more recently, 
esp. in England, the word has become still more nearly 
synonymous with corpulent. In America, stout is still in 
common use in the original sense of strong. 

StOUt, n. A strong malt liquor ; strong porter. 

Stove (stov), imp. of Stave. 

Stove, n. [D. stoof a foot stove, orig., a heated room ; 
akin to G. stube room, AS. sto/e. Cf. Stew.] 1. A 
house or room artificially warmed or heated : — obs. 
except in the senses of a hothouse, and a drying room. 




a, e, I, o, fl, long ; &, 6, 1, 6, €1, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, ftbey, Unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



STOVER 



STRAP 



2. An apparatus in which fire is made or kept for warm- 
ing a room or a house, or for culinary or other purposes. 
StO'ver (sto'ver), n. [OF. estoveir, estovoir, provi- 
sions.] Fodder for cattle, esp. straw or coarse hay. 

StOW (sto), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Stowed (stod) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Stowing.] [OE. stouten, fr. stowe a place, AS. 
stow.'] 1. To place or arrange in a compact mass ; to put 
in its proper place ; to pack. 2. To put away in some 
place. 3. To pack things in ; to fill by packing closely. 
StOW'age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. A stowing. 2. Room for 
stowing things. 3. State of being stowed, or put away. 
4. Things stowed or packed. 6. Money paid for stowing 
goods. 

StOW'a-way (-4-w5 / ), n. One who conceals himself 
on a vessel or a railway train, to obtain a free passage. 

Stra-bis'mus (stra-bTz'mus or -bis'miis), n. [NL., 
fr. Gr. o-Tpa/3to-/u6s, fr. <TTpa/3t£eii/ to squint.] (Med.) An 
affection of one or both eyes, in which the optic axes can 
not be directed to the same object ; squinting ; cross-eye. 
Strad'dle (strad'd'l), v. i. limp. & p. p. Straddled 
(-d'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Straddling.] [Freq. fr. root of 
Stride.] To sit, stand, or walk with the legs far apart. 
Strad'dle, V. t. To stand or sit astride of. 
Strad'dle, n. 1. A straddling. 2. Position, or dis- 
tance between the feet, of one who straddles. 3. An 
option giving the double privilege of buying or selling at 
a certain price, within a certain time. [Brokers' 1 Cant] 
Strag'gle (strag'g'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Straggled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Straggling (-gling).] [Freq. 
of OE. straken to roam, to stroke. See Stroke, v. t.] 
1. To wander from the direct or proper course or way ; 
to rove. 2. To wander at large ; to roam ; to ramble ; to 
stray. 3. To grow or stretch beyond proper limits ; to 
spread widely apart. 4. To be dispersed or scattered. 
Strag'gle, n. The act of straggling, [R.] 
Strag'gler (-gler), n. One that straggles. 
Straight (strat), a. A variant of Strait, a. [Obs. or B.] 
Straight, a. [Compar. Straighter (-er) ; superl. 
Straightest.] [OE. street, prop. p. p. of strecchen to 
stretch. See Stretch.] 1. Passing from one point to 
another by the nearest course ; direct ; not deviating or 
crooked. 2. (Card Playing) Composed of cards which 
constitute a regular sequence, as the ace, king, queen, 
jack, and ten-spot. 3. Conforming to justice and recti- 
tude ; upright. 4. Making no exceptions or deviations 
from the principles or lines of a political party. 
A straight face, one showing no merriment or emotion. 
Straight, adv. In a straight manner ; directly ; rightly ; 
forthwith ; immediately. 

Straight/en (-'n), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Straightened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Straightening.] 1. To make or 
become straight ; to reduce to a straight form. 2. To 
make right or correct ; to reduce to order. 

Straighfen, v.t. A variant of Straiten. [Obs. oriZ.] 
Straight'en-er (-er), n. One that straightens. 
Straight for 'ward (-foVwerd), a. Proceeding in a 
straight course or manner ; not deviating ; honest ; frank. 
— adv. In a straightforward manner. — Straight/ for'- 
ward-ly, adv. — Straight for' ward-ness, n. 
Straight 'ly, adv. In a straight manner. 
Straight'ness, n. Quality or state of being straight. 
Straight'way (-wa'), adv. Immediately ; at once. 
Strain (strau), n. [See Strene.] 1. Race ; stock ; 
generation. 2. Hereditary quality or disposition. 3. 
Rank ; a sort. 

Strain, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Strained (strand) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Straining.] [OF. estraindre, estreindre, fr. 
I/, stringere to draw tight.] 1. To draw with force ; to 
stretch. 2. To exert to the utmost. 3. To stretch or 
do violence to, in the matter of intent or meaning. 4. 
To injure by drawing, stretching, or the exertion of 
force ; to harm by overtaxing or overexerting ; to sprain. 

5. To make uneasy or unnatural ; to force ; to constrain. 

6. To filter. 

Strain, v. i. 1. To make violent efforts. 2. To per- 
colate ; to be filtered. 

Strain, n. 1. A straining, or state of being strained. 
Specif. : A violent effort ; hurtful exertion or tension ; 
also, the hurt or injury resulting ; a sprain. 2. (Mus.) 
A portion of music divided off by a double bar ; a com- 
plete musical period or sentence. 3. Any sustained note 
or movement ; a song ; a distinct portion of an ode or 
other poem ; also, the pervading note, burden, or idea, 
of a song, poem, oration, book, etc. ; theme ; motive. 

Strain'er (stran'er), n. One that strains. 

Strait (strat), a. [Compar. Straiter (-er) ; superl. 
Straitest.] [OE. straight, streyt, streit, OF. estreit, 
estroit, fr. L. strictus, p. p. See Strict.] 1. Narrow ; not 



broad. 2. Tight ; closely fitting. 3. Close ; intimate. 
[Obs.] 4. Strict; rigorous. 5. Difficult; distressful; 
straitened. 6. Parsimonious. [Obs.] 
Strait (strat), n. 1. A strait, or narrow, pass or passage. 

2. Specif.: (Geog.) A (comparatively) narrow passageway 
connecting two large bodies of water ; — often in the pi. 

3. Fig. : Distress ; difficulty ; poverty. 

Strait'en (strSf'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Straitened 
(-'ud) ; p. pr. &vb. n. Straitening.] 1. To make .-.trait ; 
hence, to contract ; to confine. 2. To make ten.«>e, or 
tight. 3. To restrict ; to distress or embarrass in respect 
of means or conditions of life. 

Strait'-jacket (-jSk'gt), n. A dress for restraining 
maniacs or the violently delirious. It has long closed 
sleeves, which may be tied behind the back. 

Strait'-laced' (-last'), «• 1. Bound with stays. 2. 
Unbending or strict in manners or morals. 

Strait'ly. adv. In a strait manner ; narrowly ; strictly. 

Strait'ness, n. Quality or state of being strait. 

Strait'-waist'coat (-wast'kot; colloq. -wgs'kut), n. 
Same as Strait-jacket. 

Strake(strak), n. [See Streak.] 1. A streak. [Obs.] 
2. An iron band (made up of pieces) by which the fellies 
of a wheel are secured to each other. 3. {.Shipbuilding) 
One breadth of planks or plates on the bottom or sides 
of a vessel, reaching from the stem to the stern ; a streak. 

Stra-min'e-ous (stra-mln'e-us), a. [L. stramineus, 
fr. stramen straw.] Of or like straw ; strawy ; chaffy. 

Stra-mo'ni um (-nio'nT-iim), n. [NL.] (Hot.) A 
poisonous plant (Datura Stramonium). See Datura, and 
Jamestown weed. 

Stram'O-ny (stram'6-ny), n. (Bot.) Stramonium. 

Strand (strand), n. [Prob. fr. D. streeu a skein.] 
One of the twists, or strings, of which a rope is composed. 

Strand, v. t. To break a strand of (a rope). 

Strand, n. [AS. strand; akin to G. strand.] The 
shore, esp. the beach of a sea, ocean, or large lake. 

Strand, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Stranded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Stranding.] To drive or drift on a strand; 
hence, to run aground. 

Strange (stranj), a. [Compar. Stranger (stran'- 
jer) ; superl. Strangest (-jest).] [OF. estrange, fr. L. 
extraneus that is without, foreign, fr. extra on the out- 
side.] 1. Belonging to another country ; foreign. 2. 
Of or pert, to others ; not pert, to one's self ; not domes- 
tic. 3. Not before known, heard, or seen ; new. 4. 
Not according to the common way; novel; unusual. 
5. Reserved ; distant in deportment. 6. Not familiar ; 
unaccustomed ; inexperienced. — Strangely, adv. — 
Strange 'n ess. n. 

Syn. — Outlandish; wonderful; astonishing; marvel- 
ous ; odd ; uncommon ; irregular ; queer ; eccentric. 

Stran'ger (stran'jer), n. 1. One who is strange. Spe- 
cif. : (a) One whose home is in a distant or foreign country; 
esp., a foreigner, (b) One unknown or unacquainted. 

2. One not of the family or household ; guest ; visitor. 

3. (Law) One not privy to an act, contract, or title. 
Stran'gle (stran/g'l), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Stran- 
gled (-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Strangling (-gling).] [OF. 
estrangler, L. strangulare, Gr. o-TpayyaXav, fr. trrpayyaArj 
a halter.] 1. To choke to death by compression of the 
throat. 2. To stifle, choke, or suffocate in any way. 3. 
To suppress; to stifle. — Stran'gler (-gler), n. 

Stran'gles (stran'g'lz), n. A disease in horses and 
swine characterized by swelling of the lymphatic glands, 
especially in the upper part of the throat. 

Stran'gu-late (-gu-lat), a. (Bot.) Strangulated. 

Stran'gU-la'ted (-la'tgd), a. 1. (Med.) Having the 
circulation stopped by compression. 2. (Bot.) Con- 
tracted at irregular intervals, as if tied with a ligature. 

Stran'gu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of strangling, or 
state of being: strangled or strangulated. 

Stran-gU'ri-OUS (strSn-gu'rT-us), a. (Med.) Of or 
pertaining to strangury ; suffering from strangury. 

Stran'gU-ry (stran'gu-rj?), n. [L. stranguria, Gr. 
(rrpayyovpCa.; o-rpay^ drop + ovpelv to urinate.] 1. 
(Med.) A painful discharge of urine, drop by drop. 
2. (Bot.) A disease in a plant caused by compression by 
a ligature. 

Strap (strSp), n. [OE. strope, AS. stropp, L. strop- 
pus, struppus.] 1. A long, narrow, pliable strip, as of 
leather or cloth, used for various purposes. 2. A strip 
of leather or wood prepared for sharpening a razor ; a 
strop. 3. A strip or narrow piece for clasping and hold- 
ing together timbers or the parts of a machine. 

Strap, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Strapped (strSpt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Strapping.] 1. To beat with a strap. 2. To 
fasten or bind with a strap. 3. To sharpen on a strap. 



fSrn, recent, Orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



STRAPPADO 



804 



STRETCHER 



Strap-pa'do (strSp-pa'dM, n. , pi. Strappadoes (-doz). 
[It. .-, lit., a pull.] A military punishment 

which consisted in drawing up an offender and letting 
him fall to the length of the rope. [pado. I 

Strap-pa'do. r. t. To punish or torture by the strap- 1 

Strap'per t^strap'per), n. 1. One who uses a strap. 
2. A person or thing of uncommon size. [Colloq.] 

Strapping (-ping), a. Tall ; lusty j large. [Colloq.] 

Strass (rtris), n. [From its inventor.] (Chem.) A 
brilliant class used in manufacturing paste gems. 

Stra'ta (strati), ??.. pi- of Stratum. 

Strat'a-gem (strSfi^jSm), n. [Deriv. of Gr. a-Tpan?- 
■yijfia, fr. <rTpa.TT)yelv to be leader of an army, fr. <TTpa.Tt\y6<; 
a general.] An artifice or trick in war for deceiving the 
enemy; hence, in general, artifice; deceptive device. 

Strat e-get'ic (-Vjet'Tk) | strategic. 

Strat e-get'ic-al (-i-k«i), | B 

Strat e-getlCS (-e-jet'Tks), n. Strategy. 

Stra-te'gic (stra-te'jTk or -tej'Tk), ( a. Of or per- 

Stra-te'glc-al (-te'jT-k«l or -tgj'I-kfll), | tainiug to 
strategy ; effected by artifice. — Stra-te'gic-al-ly, adv. 

Stra-te'gicS'(stra-te'jTks or -tgj'Iks), n. Strategy. 

Strat'e-gist (strat'e-jTst), ??. One skilled in strategy. 

Strat'e-gy (strat'e-jj-), n. 1. Science of military com- 
mand, or the science of directing great military move- 
ments : generalship. 2. The use of stratagem or artifice. 

Strath (strath), n. [Gael. srath.] A river valley. [Scot.'] 

Strat i-fi-ca'tion (strat'T-f I-ka'shun), n. Act or proc- 
ess of stratifying ; state of being stratified. 

Strat'i-fonn (-f6rm), a. Having the form of strata. 

Strat'i-fy (-fl), v. t. & /. [imp. & p. p. Stratified 
(-lid) : p. pr. & vb. n. Stratifying (-fi'ing).] [Stratum 
-f- -fy.] To form, deposit, or lay, in strata, or layers, as 
substances in the earth. 

Stra-tOg'ra-phy (stra-tog'ra-fy), n. [Gr. crrparos an 
army -j- -graphy.~\ A description of an army, or of what 
belongs to an army. 

Stra'tum (stratum), ??. ; pi. E. -tums (-tumz), L. -ta 
(-ta). [L., fr. sternere, stratum, to spread. See Strew.] 

1. (Geol.) A bed of earth or rock of one kind, formed by 
natural causes, usually in layers. Also used figuratively. 

2. A bed or layer artificially made ; a course. 

Straw (stra), n. [AS. streaw, fr. root of E. strew; 
akin to G. str'oh.] 1. A stalk of certain species of grain, 
pulse, etc. 2. The gathered stalks of certain species of 
grain, etc. 3. Anything proverbially worthless. 

Man of straw, an effigy stuffed with straw ; hence, a 
fictitious or irresponsible person. — Straw bail, worthless 
bail. [Colloq. U. S.] — Straw bid, a bid by an irresponsible 
party. [Colloq. U. S.] — Straw color, the delicate yellow 
color of dry straw. 

StrawT)er-ry (-ber-ry), n. [AS. stredicberige ; streaw 
straw — berie berry ; perhaps from the resemblance of 
the runners to straws.] {Bot.) A fragrant, edible berry 
of many varieties. Also, the plant bearing the fruit. 

Strawberry bush (Bot.), an American shrub (Euonymus 
Americana] having crimson pods and scarlet arils. — 
Strawberry finch iZo'ol.), the amadavat. — Strawberry ge- 
ranium i Bot.), a kind of saxifrage (Saxifraga sarmentosa) 
producing long runners. — Strawberry tree. (Bot.) See 
Arbutus. 

Straw'y (-y), a. Of, pert, to, or like, straw. 

Stray (stra)', v. i. [imp. & p. p. Strayed (strad) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Straying.] [OF. estraier, estraer, to 
stray, or as adj., stray, deriv. of L. strata (sc. via) a paved 
road. See Street.] 1. To wander, as from a direct 
course ; to go out of the way. 2. To wander from com- 
pany, or from the proper limits. 3. Fig. : To wander 
from the path of duty or rectitude. 

Syn. — To deviate ; err ; swerve ; rove ; roam ; wander. 

Stray, a. Having gone astray ; strayed ; w r andering. 

Stray, n. 1. Any domestic animal wandering at large, 
or lost ; estray. Used also Fig. 2. A straying. [P.] 

Stray'er (stra'er), n. One who strays ; a wanderer. 

Streak (strek), n. [OE. streke ; akin to E. strike.] 
1. A line or long mark of a different color from the 
ground : stripe ; vein. 2. (Shipbuilding) A strake. 

Streak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Streaked (strekt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. .Streaking.] To form streaks or stripes in or 
on : to stripe. [gated with stripes. I 

Streaked (strekt or strek'gd), a. Marked or varie- 1 

Streak'y (strek')-), a. Marked or variegated with 
streaks: striped. 

Stream (strem), 7?. [AS. stream; akin to G. strom, 
Gr. pwi? a flowing. Skr. sru.] 1. A current of water or 
other fluid ; a liquid flowing continuously in a line or 
course ; specif. , any course of running water. 2. A beam 
or ray of light. 3. Anything issuing or moving with 
continued succession of parts. 4. A continued current 



or course. 5. Current ; drift ; tendency ; series of tend- 
ing or moving causes. 

Syn. — Current ; flow ; rush ; tide ; course. — Stream 
and current are often properly interchangeable ; but 
stream is the broader word, denoting a prevailing onward 
course, in which there may be reflex currents, running for 
a while in a contrary direction. 

Stream (strem), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Streamed 
(stremd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Streaming.] 1. To flow in a 
stream ; to flow or issue freely or in a current, as a fluid or 
anything likened to fluids. 2. To pour out, or emit, a 
stream or streams. 3. To issue in a stream of light ; to ra- 
diate. 4. To extend ; to stretch out with a wavy motion. 

Stream, v. t. To send forth in a current or stream ; 
to cause to flow ; to pour. 

Stream'er (-er), n. 1. An ensign, flag, or pennant ; 
specif., a long, ribbonlike flag. 2. An auroral stream of 
light shooting upward from the horizon. 

Streamlet (-ISt), n. A small stream; rivulet ; rill. 

Stream'y (-y), a. 1. Abounding with streams, or 
with running water. 2. Like, or issuing in, a stream. 

Street (stret), n. [AS. street, fr. L. strata (sc. via) a 
paved way, prop. fern. p. p. of sternere, stratum, to 
spread ; akin to E. streiv.~\ Orig., a paved way or road ; 
a public highway ; now commonly, a thoroughfare bor- 
dered by dwellings or business houses ; hence, the thor- 
oughfare and the bordering houses, shops, etc. 

The street (Brokers' 1 Cant), that thoroughfare of a city 
where the leading bankers and brokers do business ; also, 
fig., those who do business there. 

Syn. — See Way. 

Strene (stren^ n. [OE. stren, slreen, streon, AS. 
gestrienan, gestrynan, gestreonan, to beget, to obtain, 
gesireon gain, wealth.] Race; strain. [Obs."] 

Strength (strength), n. [AS. strengcSu, fr. strong- 
strong. See Strong.] 1. Quality or state of being 
strong ; capacity for exertion or endurance ; force ; vigor ; 
power. 2. The quality of bodies by which they endure 
the application of force without breaking or yielding. 
3. Pow r er of resisting attacks. 4. Effective power in an 
institution or enactment ; security ; validity ; legal or 
moral force. 5. One regarded as embodying or afford- 
ing force, strength, or firmness. 6. Force as measured ; 
amount, numbers, or power of any body. 7. Vigor of 
style ; force of expression ; — said of literary work. 8. 
Intensity ; — said of light or color. 9. Intensity or degree 
of the distinguishing and essential element ; virtue. 

Syn. — Robustness ; toughness ; hardness ; stoutness ; 
lustiness ; puissance ; spirit ; authority. See Force. 

Strengthen (-'n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Strength- 
ened (-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Strengthening.] 1. To 
make or become strong or stronger ; to add strength to ; 
to invigorate. 2. To animate ; to fix in resolution. 

Syn. — To confirm ; establish ; fortify ; encourage. 

Strength'en-er (-'n-er), n. One that strengthens. 

Stren'U-OUS (stren'u-us), a. [L. strenuus.~\ Eagerly 
pressing or urgent ; zealous ; ardent ; earnest ; bold ; in- 
trepid.— Stren'u-ous-ly, adv. — Stren'u-ous-ness, n. 

Strep'SO-rhine (strep'so-rm), a. [Gr. o-rpe'i^ts a turn- 
ing -f p«, pivos, the nose.] (Zo'dl.) Having twisted nos- 
trils ; — said of the lemurs. — n. A lemur. 

Stress (stres), n. [Abbrev. fr. distress ; or cf. OF. 
estrecier to press, deriv. of L. strictus. See Distress.] 1. 
Distress. [Obs.~\ 2. Pressure; strain; — chiefly of im- 
material things, except in mechanics ; hence, urgency ; 
importance ; weight ; significance. 3. (Mech. & Physics) 
Force exerted in any direction or manner between con- 
tiguous bodies, or parts of bodies. 4. (Pron.) Force of 
utterance expended upon words or syllables. 

Stress, v. t. To subject to stress. 

Stretch (strech), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stretched 
(strecht) ; p. pr. &vb. n. Stretching.] [OE. strecchen, 
AS. streccan; akin to G. strecken.~\ 1. To reach out ; to 
extend ; to put forth. 2. To draw out to the full length ; 
to make tense, or too tense ; to strain. 3. To extend in 
breadth ; to spread ; to expand. 4. To draw or pull out 
to greater length. 5. To exaggerate ; to extend too far. 

Stretch, v. i. 1. To be stretched ; to spread ; to reach. 
2. To extend or spread one's self, or one's limbs. 3. To 
bear extension without breaking. 4. To strain the truth ; 
to exaggerate. [Obs. or Colloq.'] 5. (JVaut.) To sail by 
the wind under press of canvas. 

Stretch, n. 1. Act of stretching, or state of being 
stretched ; reach ; effort ; struggle ; strain. 2. A con- 
tinuous line or surface ; a continuous space of time. 3. 
The extent to which anything may be stretched. 4. 
(Naut.) The reach or extent of a vessel's progress on 
one tack; a tack or board. 5. Course; direction. 

Stretch'er (-er), n. 1. One that stretches. 2. {Ma~ 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, $vent, tdea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



STREW 



805 



STRIPE 



sonry) A brick or stone laid with its longer dimension in 
the line of direction of the wall. 3. (Arch.) A piece of 
timber used in building. 4. (Naut.) A narrow crosswise 
brace for the feet of a rower. 5. A litter, or frame, for 
carrying injured or helpless persons. 

Strew (stru or stro), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stkewed 
(stiud or strod) ; p. p. Strewn (struu or stron) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Strewing.] [AS. strewian, streouinn ; akin to 
6. streuen, L. sternere, stratum, Git arpmvvvvai, <rropvv- 
vcu, Skr. str. Cf. Stratum, Street.] 1. To scatter; to 
cast or throw loosely apart ; — used of solids separated or 
separable into parts or particles. 2. To scatter something 
over or upon-; to cover, or lie upon, by having been scat- 
tered. 3. To spread abroad ; to disseminate. 

Strewn (strun or stron), p. p. of Strew. 

Stri'a (stri'a), n.; pi. Stride (-e). [L.] A minute 
groove, or channel; a threadlike line ; a narrow band. 

Stri'ate (stri'at), ) a. [L. striatus, p. p. of striare 

Stri'a-ted (-a-ted), \ to channel, fr. stria a channel.] 
Marked with striae, or fine grooves, or lines, as of color. 

Stri-a'tion (stri-a'shim), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being striated. 2. A stria. 

Strick (strik), n. A bunch of hackled flax. 

Strick'en (-'n), p. p. & a. from Strike. 1. Struck ; 
smitten. 2. Far gone ; advanced. 3. Whole ; — said of 
the hour as marked by the striking of a clock. [Scot.] 

Stric'kle (-k'l), n. [See Strike.] 1. An instrument 
to strike grain to a level with the measure ; a strike. 
2. An instrument for whetting scythes ; a rifle. 

Strictler (-kler), n. See Strickle. 

Strict (strikt), a. [Compar. Stricter (-er) ; superl. 
Strictest.] [L. strictus, p. p. of stringere to draw tight. 
See Strain.] 1. Strained ; drawn close ; tight ; tense. 
2. Exact ; precise; rigorously nice. 3. Governed or gov- 
erning by exact rules ; observing exact rules ; rigorous. 
4. Rigidly interpreted ; exactly limited ; restricted. 5. 
{Bot. ) Upright ; straight and narrow ; — said of plants or 
their flower clusters. — Strict'ly, adv. — Strict' ness, n. 

Syn. — Exact ; accurate ; nice ; close ; severe. — Strict, 
applied to a person, denotes that he conforms in his mo- 
tives and acts to a principle or code by which he is bound ; 
severe is strict with an implication often, but not always, 
of harshness. Strict is opposed to lax ; severe, to gentle. 

Stric'tion (strik'shun), n. Constriction. 

Stric'ture (strik'tur ; 135), n. 1. Strictness. [O&s.] 
2. A touch of adverse criticism ; censure. 3. (Med.) A 
localized morbid contraction of any passage of the body. 

Stride (strid), v. i. [imp. Strode (strod) (Obs. Strid 
(strid)) ; p. p. Stridden (strid'd'n) (Obs. Strid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Striding.] [AS. stridan to stride, to strive ; 
akin to G. streiten.] 1. To walk with long steps, esp. in 
a measured or pompous manner. 2. To straddle. 

Stride, v. t. 1. To pass over at a step. 2. To straddle. 

Stride, n. Act of striding ; a long step. 

Stri'dent (stri'dent), a. [L. stridens, -entis, p. pr. of 
stridere to make a grating or creaking noise.] Char- 
acterized by harshness ; grating ; shrill. [noise, j 

il Stri'dor (-d6r), ». [L.] A harsh, shrill, or creaking ' 

Strid'u-late (strid'u-lat ; 135), v. i. [See Stridulous.] 
To make a shrill, creaking noise, as crickets. 

Strid u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of stridulating, or 
the noise made by stridulating. 

Strid'U-la-tO-ry (strid'u-la-to-ry), a. Stridulous; 
used in stridulating. 

Strid'u-lous (-liis), a. [L. stridulus. See Strident.] 
Making a shrill, creaking sound. 

Strife (strif), n. [OF. estrif. See Strive.] 1. Act 
of striving. [Archaic] 2. Exertion or contention for 
superiority, either intellectual or physical. 3. Alterca- 
tion ; violent contention. 4. Occasion of contest. [Obs.] 

Syn. — Contest ; struggle ; quarrel. See Contention. 

Strig'il (strij'il), n. [L. strigilis, from stringere to 
scrape.] (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) An instrument of metal, 
ivory, etc., used for scraping the skin at the bath. 

Stri-gose' (stri-gos' or stri'gos'), a. [See Strigdl.] 
(Bot.) Set with stiff, straight bristles ; hispid. 

Strike (strik), v. t. [imp. Struck (striik) ; p. p. 
Struck, or, less commonly, Stricken (strik"n), (Obs.) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Striking.] [OE. striken to strike, proceed, 
AS. strican to go; akin to G. streichen, L. stringere to 
touch lightly, to graze, striga furrow. ] 1. To touch or hit 
with some force ; to smite ; to give a blow to. 2. To give, 
as a blow ; to impel, as with a blow. 3. To stamp or im- 
press with a stroke ; to coin. 4. To thrust ; to cause to 
pass, enter, or penetrate. 5. To afflict by, or as if by, 
striking ; to smite. 6. To cause to sound by one or more 
beats ; to indicate or notify by audible strokes. 7. To 
lower ; to let or take down ; to remove. 8. To make a 



sudden impression upon, as by a blow ; to affect with 
some strong emotion. 9- To affect in some particular 
manner by a sudden Impression or impulse. 10- To 
cause or produce by a stroke, or suddenly as if by a stroke. 
11. To cause to ignite, as a match. 12. To make and 
ratify, as a bargain. 13. To level off even with an edge 
or surface by scraping with a straight instrument. 14. 
To hit upon, or light upon, suddenly. 15. To lade into 
a cooler, as a liquor. 

To strike hands with. Un To shake hands with. <bi To 
make a compact with. — To strike off. ('/) To erase from 
an account ; to deduct, (b) I Print.) To impress ; to print, 
(c) To separate by a blow or any sudden action. — To strike 
out. (a) To produce by collision, lb) To blot out ; to erase. 
(c) To form by a quick effort ; to devise. — To strike up. 
(a) To cause to sound ; to begin to beat, lb) To begin to 
sing or play. —To strike work, to quit work. 

Strike (strik), v. i. 1. To move ; to advance ; to pro- 
ceed. 2. To deliver a quick blow or thrust ; to give blows. 
3. To hit ; to dash ; to clash. 4. To sound by percussion, 
witn, or as if with, blows. 5. To make a move or attack ; 
to aim a blow. 6. To touch. 7. To run aground ; to strand. 
8. To pass with a quick or strong effect ; to dart ; to 
penetrate. 9. To break forth ; to begin suddenly. 10. 
To lower a flag, or colors, in token of respect or surrender. 
11. To quit work as a means of coercing the employers. 

Strike, n. 1. A striking. 2. An instrument with a 
straight edge for leveling a measure of grain, salt, etc. 
3. Fullness of measure; hence, excellence. 4. (Geol.) 
The horizontal direction of the outcrop of tilted rocks. 

Strik'er (strik'er), n. One that strikes. 

Striking, a. Affecting with strong emotions; sur- 
prising ; forcible ; impressive ; very noticeable. 

String (string), n. [AS. streng ; akin to G. Strang."] 
1. A slender cord, line, or strip of anything. 2. A cord 
on which a number of objects are strung or filed ; hence, a 
line or series of things. 3. The cord of a musical instru- 
ment ; hence ( pi.), the stringed instruments of an orches- 
tra. 4. (Shipbuilding) An inside range of ceiling planks, 
bolted to the sheer outside strake. 5. (Bot.) The tough 
fibrous substance which unites the valves of the pericarp 
of leguminous plants, and which is readily pulled off. 

String, v. t. [imp. Strung (strung) ; p. p. Strung 
(R. Stringed (stringd) ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stringing.] 1. 
To furnish with strings. 2. To put in tune the strings 
of. 3. To put on a string ; to file. 4. To make tense ; 
to strengthen. 5. To deprive of strings. 

String'board (-bord'), n. Same as Stringpdzce. 

String'COUrse / (-kors'), n. (Arch.) A horizontal band 
in a building, forming a part of the design. 

Stringed (stringd), a. 1. Having strings. 2. Pro- 
duced by strings. [of being stringent. | 

Strin'gen-cy (strin'jen-sy), n. The quality or state | 

Strin'gent (-jent), a. [L. stringens, -entis, p. pr. of 
stringere to draw tight. See Strain.] Binding strongly ; 
making strict requirements ; restrictive ; rigid ; severe. — 
Strin'gent-ly, adv. — Strin'gent-ness, n. 

String'er (string'er), n. 1. One who strings. 2. (Rail- 
road) A longitudinal sleeper. 3. (Shipbuilding) A streak 
of planking round the inside of a vessel on the under side 
of the beams. 4. (Carp.) A long horizontal timber to 
connect uprights, to support a floor, etc. 

String'halt' (-halt'), n. (Far.) An habitual sudden 
twitching of the hinder leg of a horse, or a convulsive 
contraction of the muscles that raise the hock. 

String'piece 7 (-pes'), n. (Arch.) A long piece of tim- 
ber, forcning a margin of any piece of construction. 

String'y (-y), a. 1. Consisting of strings ; fibrous y 
filamentous. 2. Capable of being drawn into a string ; 
ropy; viscid; gluey. — String'i-ness . ». 

Strip (strip), v. t. [imp.&p. p. Strd?ped (stript) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Stripping.] [OE. st ripen, strepen. AS. 
strypan, in bestrypan to plunder; akin to G. streifrn.] 
1. To deprive ; to bereave ; to make destitute ; to plun- 
der ; esp., to deprive of a covering; to skin; to peel; 
hence, to remove by pulling or tearing. 2. To divest of 
clothing; to uncover. 3. (Naut.) To dismantle. 4. To 
milk dry, esp. with a sliding pressure. 5. To outstrip. 
[Obs.] 6. To pull or tear off ; to remove ; to wrest away. 
7. (mach.) (a) To tear off (the thread) from a bolt or 
nut. (b) To tear off the thread from (a bolt or nut). 

Strip, v. i. 1. To take off, or be divested of, clothes 
or covering. 2. (Mach.) To fail in the thread. 

Strip, n. A narrow piece, or one comparatively long. 

Stripe (strip), n. [OD. strijpe a stripe, streak ; akin 
to G. streif.] 1. A line, or long, narrow piece or part 
of a different color, appearance, structure, or material 
from the adjacent ground. 2. ( Weaving) A pattern pro- 
duced by arranging the threads so as to present linear 



I 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



STRIPE 



806 



STRYCHNINE 




variations in color or appearance. 3. A stroke or blow 
:h t whip, rod. scourge, etc., such as usually 
Um\ M .1 mark. 4. A streak made by such a blow ; a wale. 
Distinguishing mark ; sort. [Colloq. U. S.~\ 

Stripe (Strip), ». t. [imp. & j>. p. Striped (stript) ; 
p. pr. S: vb. n. Striping.] To make stripes upon; to 
form with contrasting lines ; to variegate with stripes. 

Striped (stript or strip'Sd), a. Having stripes of dif- 
ferent colors ; streaked. 

Stripping (, stripping), n. [Dim. of Strip.] A youth 
just passing from boyhood to manhood; a lad. 

Strip'per (-per), n. One who, or that which, strips. 

Strive (strrr), v. >. [in>p. Strove (strov); p. p. 
Striven i v stiTv r n , > (, Strove, Rare; Strived, Obs.); p. 
pr. A' vb. R • Striving.] [OF. estriver ; akin to G. streben. 
Cf. Strife.] 1. To make efforts ; to endeavor earnestly ; 
to labor hard. 2. To struggle in opposition. 3. To vie ; 
to compete. 

Syn. — To contend ; vie ; struggle ; endeavor ; aim. 

Striv'er (striv'er), n. One who strives. 

Strobile (stroVIl or stro'bil), n. [L. strobilus a pine 
cone, Gr. crrpd/SiAo?.] 1. (Bot.) A multiple fruit in the 
form of a cone or head, as that of the 
hop or pine, esp. the latter and its related 
species; a cone. 2. {Biol.) An individual 
asexually producing sexual individuals. 
3. (Zo'ol.) A form of the larva of jelly- 
fishes and related animals. 

Strob'o-scope (str5t/6-skop), n. [Gr. 
arpoBoi a whirling -)- -scope.'] 
1. An instrument for observ- 
ing a periodic or varying mo- 
tion by means of interrupted 
light. 2. An optical toy similar 
to the phenakistoscope. 

Strode, imp. of Stride. Strobiles of Zamia {Bot.). 

Stroke (strok), ». [OE. strok, slrak. See Strike, v. t.~\ 
1. Act of striking ; blow ; hit ; knock ; specif. : (a) A 
hostile blow or attack. (b) A gentle or caressing touch 
or movement, (c) The striking of the clock. 2. A re- 
sult or effect accomplished by, or as if by, striking ; as : 
(a) A mark or dash in writing or printing ; the touch of 
a pen, pencil, or brush, (b) A sudden attack of disease ; 
esp., a fatal attack ; any affliction or calamity, (c) 
Power; influence. [Obs.] 3. A single entire beat or 
movement, esp. one of a series through or against a resist- 
ing medium ; also, the rate of succession of the move- 
ments. 4. The oar nearest the stern of a boat, by which 
the other oars are guided ; also, the strokesman. 5. A 
powerful or sudden effort, or that which is accomplished 
by such an effort. 

Stroke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stroked (strokt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Stroking.] 1. To strike. [Obs.] 2. To rub 
gently, esp. in one direction ; specif., to caress. 3. To 
smooth by rubbing. 4. To row the stroke oar of. 

Strok'er (-er), n. One that strokes. 

Strokes'man (stroks'man), n. (Bowing) The man 
who rows the stroke oar in a boat. 

Stroll (strol), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Strolled (strold) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Strolling.] [Origin uncertain.] To 
wander on foot ; to ramble idly or leisurely ; to rove. 

Syn. — To rove ; roam ; range ; stray. 

Stroll, n. A wandering or roving on foot ; a ramble. 

Stroll'er (-er), n. One who strolls ; a vagrant. 

Stro-mat'ic (stro-mat'Ik), a. [Gr. crTpoj/uaTei?, pi., 
miscellaneous writings.] Miscellaneous ; composed of 
different kinds. 

StrO / ma-tOl , 0-gy (stro'ma-tol'o-j^), n. [Gr. crrpuiixa, 
orpci/aaTos, a bed + -logy-] (Geol.) The history of the 
formation of stratified rocks. 

Stromb (strom), n. [Gr. o-rpoy.^.'] (Zool.) Any 
one of a genus of marine gastropods including the conchs. 

Strong (strong ; 115), a. [Corn-par. Stronger (stron'- 
gerj ; superl. Strongest (-gest).] [AS. Strang, strong; 
akin to G. sireng strict. Cf. Strength.] 1. Having 
active physical power, or great physical power to act ; 
vigorous. 2. Having passive physical power ; having 
ability to bear or endure. 3. Able to sustain attacks ; 
not easily subdued or taken. 4. Having great military 
or naval force. 5. Having great wealth, means, or re- 
sources. 6. Reaching a certain degree or limit in re- 
spect to htrength or numbers. 7. Moving with rapidity 
or force ; violent ; forcible. 8. Adapted to make a deep 
or effectual impression on the mind or imagination ; forci- 
ble ; cogent. 9. Ardent ; vehement ; zealous ; earnest. 
10. Having virtues of great efficacy ; having a particular 
quality in a great degree. 11. Containing a large propor- 
tion of alcohol ; intoxicant. 12. Affecting any sense pow- 



erfully. 13. Solid; nourishing. 14. Well established ; 
firm ; not easily overthrown or altered. 15. Having great 
force, vigor, power, or the like, as any faculty of the mind. 

16. Capable of vigorous or effective action ; powerful. 

17. (Stock Exchange) Tending to higher prices ; rising. 

18. (Gram.) Pert, to, or designating, a verb which forms 
its preterit (imperfect) by a variation in the root vowel, 
and the past participle (usually) by the addition of -en 
(with or without a change of the root vowel). 

Syn. — Powerful ; muscular ; cogent. See Robust. 

Strong'hold' (-hold'), n. A fastness ; a fort or for- 
tress ; a fortified place ; a place of security. 

Strong'ly, adv. In a strong manner. 

Strong '-mind' ed (-mind'Sd), a. Having a vigorous 
mind ; esp., having or affecting masculine qualities of 
mind ; — said of women. — Strong -mind'ed-ness, n. 

Stron'ti a (str5n'shi-a), n. (Min.) A white earth 
consisting of strontium oxide (first found in Strontian, 
Scotland), resembling baryta. 

Stron'ti-um (-um), n. [NL. See Strontia.] (Chem.) 
A yellowish metal of the calcium group, always occur- 
ring in combination in nature. Symbol Sr. Atomic 
weight 87.3. 

Strop (str5p), n. [See Strap.] 1. A strap ; specif., 
a strap for sharpening. 2. (Naut.) A piece of rope spliced 
into a circular wreath, and put round a block to hang it. 

Strop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stropped (str5pt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Stropping.] To draw over a strop with a view 
to sharpen. 

Stro'phe (stro'fe), n. [NL., fr. Gr. o-rpo^, fr. errpe- 
<peiv to twist, to turn.] In Greek choruses and dances, 
the turning of the chorus from the right to the left of 
the orchestra ; hence, the strain sung at that time. 

Stroud (stroud), n. A kind of coarse blanket or gar- 
ment used by the North American Indians. 

Strove (strov), imp. of Strive. 

Strow (stro), v. t. [imp. Strowed (strod) ; p. p. 
Strown (stron) or Strowed.] Same as Strew. 

Strown (stron), p. p. of Strow. 

Struck (struk), imp. &p. p. of Strike. 

Struck'en (-'n), obs. p. p. of Strike. [structure, f 

Struc'tur-al (struk'tfir-al ; 135), a. Of or pert, to | 

Struc'ture (struk'tur; 135), n. [L. structura, fr. 
sincere, structum, to arrange, construct.] 1. Act of 
building. [B.] 2. Manner of building ; form ; make ; 
construction. 3. Arrangement of parts, or of constituent 
particles. 4. That which is built ; building ; edifice. 

Structured (-turd ; 135), a. (Biol. ) Having a definite 
organic structure ; showing differentiation of parts. 

Strug'gle (strug'g'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Struggled 
(-g'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Struggling (-gling).] [OE. 
strogelen; of uncertain origin.] 1. To strive, or to make 
efforts, with a twisting, or with contortions of the body. 
2. To use great efforts ; to contend forcibly. 3. To 
labor in any kind of difficulty or distress ; to be in agony. 

Strug'gle, n. Act of struggling ; violent effort ; 
great labor ; a laboring with pain or distress. 

Syn. — Endeavor ; effort ; contest ; labor ; difficulty. 

Strug'gler (-gler), n. One who struggles. 

Strull (strul), n. A bar so placed as to resist weight. 

Strum (striim), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Strummed 
(strumd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Strumming.] [Prob. imita- 
tive. Cf. Thrum.] To play on, or as if on, an instru- 
ment of music in an unskillful or noisy way ; to thrum. 

II Stru'ma (stru'ma), n. [L., a scrofulous tumor.] 

1. (Med.) Scrofula. 2. (Bot.) A cushionlike swelling. 
Stru-mat'ic (stru-m5t'Tk), a. Scrofulous ; strumous. 
Stru-mose' (strii-mos' or stru/mos'), a. 1. (Med.) 

Strumous. 2. (Bot.) Having a struma. 

Stru'mous (stru/nms), a. (Med.) Scrofulous ; having 
struma. — Stru'mous-ness. n. 

Strum/pet (strum'pgt), n. [Cf. L. stvprare to de- 
bauch, slvprum debauchery.] Prostitute ; harlot. 

Strung (strung), imp. &p. p. of String. 

Strut (strut), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Strutted (-ted) ; 
p.pr. &vb. n. Strutting.] [OE. struten, strouten, to 
swell ; akin to G. strotzen to be swelled.] 1. To swell. 
[R.~\ 2. To walk with a lofty, proud gait, and erect 
head ; to walk with affected dignity. 

Strut, n. 1. A strutting ; a pompous step or walk. 

2. [Cf. LG. strutt rigid.] Any piece or part employed 
in a structure to resist thrust or lengthwise pressure, as 
in holding things apart. [See Ulust. of Roof.] 

Strut, v. t. To hold apart. 
Strut'ter (strfit'ter), n. One who struts. 
Strych'ni-a (strik'nT-a), n. (Chem.) Strychnine. 
Strych'nine (-nin or -nen), n. [L. slrychnos kind of 
nightshade, Gr. arpvxvos.] (Chem.) A very poisonous 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



STUB 



807 



STUN 



alkaloid, having a very bitter acrid taste, and employed 
in medicine as a neurotic stimulant. 

Stub (stQb), n. [AS. stub, styb ; akin to D. stobbe."] 

1. The stump of a tree, esp. of a small tree or shrub. 

2. The short part of anything after the larger part has 
been removed. 3. A pen with a short, blunt nib. 

Stub, v. I. [imp. &p.p. Stubbed (stfibd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Stubbing.] 1. To grub up by the roots ; to extir- 
pate. 2. To remove stubs from. 3. To strike, as the 
toes, against a stub, stone, or the like. [U. S.] 

Stub'bed (-bgd), a. 1. Stubby. 2. Not nice or deli- 
cate ; hardy ; rugged. — Stub'bed-ness, n. 

Stub'bi-ness(-bi-n8s), n. State of being stubby. 

Stub'ble (Uub'b'l), n. [OE. stobil, stoble, through 
OF. & LL. fr. L. stipula stubble, stalk.] The stumps of 
wheat, rye, barley, oats, or buckwheat, left in the ground. 

Stub'born (-bern), a. [OE. stoburn, stiborn, prob. 
fr. AS. styb stub. See Stub.] Firm as a stub or stump ; 
stiff ; unbending ; unyielding ; persistent ; hence, unrea- 
sonably obstinate ; not yielding to reason or persuasion ; 
refractory. — Stub'born-ly, adv. — Stub'born ness, n. 

Syn. — Obstinate ; inflexible ; obdurate ; headstrong ; 
harsh ; firm ; intractable ; contumacious ; heady. — Obsti- 
nate is used of either active or passive persistence in one's 
views or conduct, in spite of the wishes of others. Stub- 
bom denotes an extreme degree of passive obstinacy. 

StUb'by (stuVby^, a. 1. Abounding with stubs. 2. 
Short and thick ; short and strong. 

StUC'CO (stiik'ko), n. ; pi. -coes (-koz), -cos. [It., fr. 
OHG. stucchi a crust, piece, G. stuck piece.] 1. Plaster 
used as a coating for walls, esp. a fine kind for internal 
decorations and fine work. 2. Work made of stucco. 

StUC'CO, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Stuccoed (-kod) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Stuccoing (-ko-Tng).] To overlay or decorate 
with stucco, or fine plaster. 

Stuck (stuk), imp. &p. p. of Stick. 

Stud (stud), n. [OE. stod, stood, AS. stod; akin to 
G. state a mare, and to E. stand. ~] A collection of breed- 
ing horses and mares, or the place where they are kept ; 
also, a number of horses kept for racing, riding, etc. 

Stud (stud), n. [AS. studu post.] 1. Stem; trunk. 
[Obs.] 2. {Arch.) An upright scantling, esp. one of the 
small ones in framing for lath and plaster partitions, and 
for furring. 3. A kind of large-headed nail, chiefly orna- 
mental ; boss. 4. A kind of ornamental shirt button. 5. 
(Mach.) A short projecting rod or pin. 6. An iron brace 
across the shorter diameter of the links of a chain cable. 

Stud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Studded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Studding.] 1. To adorn with shining studs, or knobs. 
2. To set with detached ornaments or prominent objects ; 
to set thickly, as with studs. 

Stud'ding (-ding), n. Material for studs, or joists ; 
studs, or joists, collectively. 

Stud 'ding sail 7 (sal' ; among seamen, stun's'l). (Naut.) 
A light sail set at the side of a principal or square sail of 
a vessel in free winds. [See Illust. of Sail.] 

StU'dent (stu'dent), n. [L. studens, -entis, p. pr. of 
studere. See Study, n.~\ A person engaged in study ; one 
devoted to learning ; pupil ; scholar. [for breeding. I 

Stud'-horse' (stud'hSrs'), n. A stallion, esp. one| 

Stud'ied (stiid'Td), a. 1. Closely examined; made 
the subject of study ; well considered. 2. Well versed 
in any branch of learning ; learned. 3. Planned ; de- 
signed. 4. Intent ; inclined. [Obs.] — Stud'ied-ly, adv. 

Stud'i-er (-T-er), n. A student. 

Stu'di-0 (stu'di-o), n.; pi. Studios (-oz). [It. studio, 
prop., study.] The working room of an artist. 

Stu'di-OUS (-us), a. 1. Given to study. 2. Earnest 
in endeavors ; aiming sedulously ; diligent. 3. Planned 
with study ; studied, 4. Favorable to study, or for con- 
templation. — Stu'di-ous ly, adv.— Stu'di-ous-ness , n. 

Syn. — Contemplative; attentive; observant. 

Stud'y (stud'y), n. [L. studium ; akin to studere to 
study.] 1. A setting of the thoughts upon a subject ; 
application of mind to books, arts, or science, or to any 
subject, for the purpose of acquiring knowledge. 2. 
Absorbed or thoughtful attention ; meditation ; contem- 
plation. 3. Any particular branch of learning that is 
studied ; any object of attentive consideration. 4. A 
building or apartment devoted to study or to literary 
work. 5. {Fine Arts) A representation or rendering 
made for one's own information, instruction, or assist- 
ance. 6. (Mus.) A piece for special practice. 

Stud'y, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Studebd (-id) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Studying (-i-Tng).] 1. To fix the mind closely upon 
a subject ; to muse ; to ponder. 2. To apply the mind to 
books or learning. 3. To endeavor diligently. 

Stud'y, v. t. 1. To apply the mind to. 2. To consider 



attentively. 3. To form or arrange by previous thought. 
4. To make an object of study ; to devote one's thoughts to. 

II Stu'fa (stoo'fa), n. [It. stufa a stove. See Stove.] 
A jet of steam issuiug from a fissure in the earth. 

Stuff (stGf ), n. [OF. estoffe ; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
Material to be worked up in any process of manufacture. 
2. Fundamental material ; elemental part ; essence. 3. 
Woven material ; fabric of any kind ; specif., any one of 
various fabrics of wool or worsted. 4. Furniture ; goods ; 
things, collectively; esp., refuse or worthless- matter; 
trash ; hence, foolish or irrational language ; nonsense. 

Stuff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuffed (stQft) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Stuffing.] 1. To fill by crowding something into ; 
to load to excess. 2. To thrust or crowd ; to press ; to 
pack. 3. To fill by being pressed or packed into. 4. 
(Cookery) To fill with a seasoning composition. 6. To 
obstruct, as any of the organs. 6. To fill the skin of, 
in order to preserve. 7. To form or fashion by packing. 

8. To crowd with ideas or notions ; to cram the mind of. 

9. To put fraudulent votes into (a ballot box). [U. S.] 
Stuff, v. i. To feed gluttonously ; to cram. 
Stuff'er (st&f'er), n. One that stuffs. 
Stuffing, n. That with which anything is stuffed. 
Stuffing box, a device for rendering impervious a joint 

where a cylindrical body slides or turns in a hole. 

Stuffy (-50, a. 1. Stout ; resolute. [Scot.] 2. An- 
gry and obstinate; sulky. [U. S.] 3. Ill- ventilated ; 
close. [Colloq.] — Stuff i-ness, n. 

Stull (stul), n. [Etym. uncert.] A framework of 
timber and boards to support rubbish ; also, a framework 
to protect miners from falling stones. [Prov. Eng.~\ 

Stul'ti-fi-ca'tion (stul'tT-fT-ka'shun), n. The act of 
stultifying, or the state of being stultified. 

Stul'ti-fi'er (stul'ti-fi'er), n. One who stultifies. 

Stul'ti-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Stultified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Stultifying (-fi'ing).] [L. stultus fool- 
ish -\- -fy-] 1. To make foolish ; to make a fool of. 2. 
(Laiv) To allege or prove to be of unsound mind, so that 
the performance of some act may be avoided. 

Stul-til'o-quence (stul-til'6-kwens), n. [L. stultus 
foolish + loquenlia a talking.] Silly talk. 

Stum (stum), n. [D. stom, properly, dumb.] 1. Unfer- 
mented grape juice or wine ; must. 2. Wine made to 
ferment anew by the admixture of must. 

Stum, v. t. To ferment anew by mixing with must. 

Stum'ble (stum'b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stumbled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stumbling (-bllug).] [OE. stum- 
blen, stomblen; freq. of a word akin to E. stammer.'] 1. 
To trip in walking, running, etc. 2. To walk in an un- 
steady or clumsy manner. 3. To fall into a crime or an 
error ; to err. 4. To fall or light by chance. 

Stum'ble, v. t. To cause to stumble or fall. 

Stum'ble, n. Act of stumbling ; trip ; fall ; error. 

Stum'bler (-bier), n. One who stumbles. 

Stum'bling-blOCk' (-bling-blok'), ) n. Any cause of 

Stum'bling-Stone' (-bling-ston'), j stumbling, per- 
plexity, or error. 

Stump (stump), n. [OE. stumpe, stompe ; akin to G. 
stump/. ] 1. The part of a tree or plant remaining in the 
earth after the stem or trunk is cut or broken off ; stub. 

2. The part of a limb or other body remaining after a 
part is amputated or destroyed ; hence, stubby projec- 
tion ; stub. 3. (Cricket) One of the three pointed rods 
stuck in the ground to form a wicket. 4. A short, thick, 
pointed roll of leather or paper, or any similar implement, 
used for shading crayon or pencil drawings by rubbing. 

To go on the stump, or To take the stump, to make ad- 
dresses for electioneering purposes, — a stump being used 
for a platform in newly-settled districts. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Stump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stumped (stumt ; 215) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Stumping.] 1. To cut off a part of ; to 
reduce to a stump. 2. To stub, as the toes. [Colloq.'] 

3. To challenge ; also, to nonplus. [Colloq.'] 4. To travel 
over, delivering electioneering speeches. 5. (Cricket) (a) 
To put out of play by knocking off the bail, or knocking 
down the stumps, (b) To bowl down the stumps of. 

Stump, v. i. To walk clumsily, as if on stumps. 

Stump'age (-aj ; 4S), n. Timber in standing trees ; 
also, a tax on the amount of timber cut. [Local, U. S.~] 

Stump'er (-er), n. One that stumps. 

Stump'y (-y), a. 1. Full of stumps. 2. Short and 
thick ; stubby. — Stump'i-ness, n. 

Stun (stun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stunned (stQnd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Stunning.] [OE. stonien, stoicnie?i ; either 
fr. AS. stunian to resound, or fr. same source as E. aston- 
ish.] 1. To make senseless or dizzy by violence ; to make 
senseless by a blow on the head. 2. To overcome ; esp., 
to overpower one's sense of hearing. 3. To astonish. 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



STUN 



808 



SUB- 



5*v 



Stun (48b), n. Condition of being stunned. 

Stung (stung), imp. & p. p. of Sting. 

Stunk (star p. of Stink. 

Stunner (stun'uer), r». One that stuns. 

Stun'sail ^-s"H. n. A contraction of Studding sail. 

Stunt ^stuntl. v, t. limp. & p. p. Stunted; p. pr.& 
- .tnting.] [See Stint.] To hinder or prevent 
the growth of ; to stint.; to dwarf. 

Stunt (stunt), n. A check in growth ; also, that which 
has been checked in growth ; a stunted animal or thing. 

Stupe (.stiip), ?;. [L. stupa, or better stitppa, tow. 
Of. Sror. 9. /•] {Med.) Cloth or flax dipped in warm 
water or medicaments and applied to a hurt or sore. 

StU pe-fa'cient (stu pe-fa'sheut), a. [L. stupefaciens, 

p. pr. of stupefaeere to stupefy ; stupere to be stupefied 

to make.] Producing stupefaction ; stupefactive. 

Stu pe-fac'tion (-fak'shun), n. Act of stupefying, or 
state of being stupefied. 

Stu pe-f ac'tive (-tlr), a. & n. Same as Stupefacdsnt. 

StU'pe-fi er t,-fier), n. One that stupefies. 

Stu'pe-fy (-fi). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stupefied (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Stupefying.] [F. stupefier, fr. L. stupere 
to be stupefied + -ficare. See -fy.] To make stupid ; to 
blunt the mental faculties of ; to deprive of sensibility. 

Stu-pen'dous (stu-pen'dus), a. [L. stupendus, fr. 
stupere to be astonished at.] Astonishing ; wonderful ; 
amazing ; esp., astonishing in magnitude or elevation. — 
Stu-pen'dous-ly L fltft'. — Stu-pen'dous-ness, n. 

Stu'pe-ous (stu'pe-Qs), a. Stupose. 

Stu'pid (stu'pid), a. [L. stupidus, fr. stupere to be 
stupefied.] 1. Very dull ; wanting in understanding ; — 
of persons. 2. Resulting from, or evincing, stupidity ; 
— of things. — Stu'pid-ly, adv. — Stu'pid hess. n. 

Syn. — Simple ; insensible ; sluggish ; senseless ; dolt- 
ish ; sottish ; dull ; heavy. 

Stu-pid'i-ty (stu-pid'T-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being stupid ; insensibility. 2. Astonishment, [i?.] 

StU'pl-fy (stu'pT-fi), v.t. See Stupefy. 

Stu'por (stu'por), n. [L., fr. stupere to be stupefied.] 

1. Great diminution or suspension of sensibility; lethargy. 

2. Intellectual insensibility ; moral stupidity. 
Stu-pose' (stu-pos'), a. [See Stupe.] Composed of, 

or having, tufted or matted filaments like tow. 

Stu'prate (stu'prat), v. t. [From L. stupratus, p. p. 
of stuprare to ravish.] To ravish ; to debauch, [i?.] 

Stur'dy (stur'dj), a. [Compar. Sturdier (-di-er) ; 
superl. Sturdiest.] [OE. sturdi inconsiderate, OF. es- 
tourdi stunned, giddy, p. p. of estourdir to stun ; origin 
uncertain.] 1. Foolishly obstinate or resolute ; stubborn ; 
unrelenting. 2. Resolute, in a good sense ; of firm, un- 
yielding quality. 3. Characterized by physical strength 
or force ; strong ; lusty. 4. Stiff ; stout. — StUT'di-ly, 
adv. — Stur'di-ness. n. 

Syn. — Hardy ; stout ; strong ; firm ; robust ; stiff. 

Stur'geon (stfir'jun), n. [F. esturgeon, LL. sturio, 
sturgio, OHG. sturjo, G. stor ; akin to AS. styria, styriga.'] 
(Zo'dl. ) Any one of numerous species of large cartilagi- 
nous, ganoid fishes. Caviare is prepared from the roe, 
and isinglass from the air bladder. 




Sturgeon (Acipenser sturio). 

Stur'tion (stGr'shun), n. A corruption of Nasturtion. 

Stut'ter (stut'ter), v. t.&i. [imp. & p. p. Stuttered 
(-terd) ; p. pr.&vb. n. Stuttering.] [Freq. of stut, OE. 
stoten; prob. of D. or LG. origin.] To hesitate or 
stumble in uttering words ; to speak with spasmodic 
repetitions or pauses ; to stammer. — Stut'ter-er (-er), n. 

Stut'ter, n. Act of stuttering ; a stammer. 

Sty (sti), n. [AS. stigu, fr. stlgnn to rise ; orig., prob., 
a place into which animals went up. See Sty, v. ?*.] 1. 
A pen for swine. 2. A place of bestial debauchery. 

Sty, v. t. To shut up in, or as if in, a sty. 

Sty, v. i. [OE. stien, sti$en, AS. stlgan to rise ; akin 
to G. steigen, L. vestigium footstep, Gr. areixeivto walk, 
to eo, Skr. stigh to mount.] To soar ; to mount. [Obs.~\ 

Sty, n. [For older styan, slyanye, AS. stlgend (sc. 
thge eye), prop., rising, or swelling (eye). See Sty, r. t'.] 
(M'-rf. ) An inflamed swelling on the edge of the evelid. 

Styg'i-an (stTjT-<ni), a. [L. Stygius, fr. Styx, Stygis.~\ 
Of or pert, to the river Styx ; hence, hellish ; infernal. 

Sty'la-gal-malC (sti'la-gSl-maTk), a. [Gr. o-rvAos a 
column — aya^a an image.] (Arch.) Serving as columns. 

8tyiar fstiler), a. See Sttlar. 

Style (stil), n. [OE. stile, F. style, OF. also stile, L. 



stilus a style (in sense 1), manner of writing. The spell- 
ing with y is due to a supposed connection with Gr. 
cttvAoj pillar.] 1. An instrument used by the ancieuts 
in writing on tablets covered with wax. 2. Anything re- 
sembling the ancient style in shape or use. Specif. : (a) 
A pen ; an author's pen. (fc) A graving tool, (c) A blunt- 
pointed surgical instrument. («/) (Zool.) A bristlelike 
process, (e) [Perh. fr. Gr. a-riXos pillar.] The pin, or 
gnomon, of a dial. (/) [Prob. fr. Gr. crruAo? a pillar.] 
\Bot.) The elongated part of a pistil between the ovary 
and the stigma. [See Illust. of Flower.] 3. Mode of 
expressing thought in language, esp. such as is artistic ; 
choice or arrangement of words ; rhetorical expression. 
4. Mode of presentation, esp. in music or any of the fine 
arts. 5. Conformity to a recognized or conventional 
standard ; manner deemed elegant and appropriate, esp. 
in social demeanor ; fashion. 6. Mode or phrase by which 
anything is formally designated ; title ; official designa- 
tion. 7. (Chron.) A mode of reckoning time, with regard 
to the Julian and Gregorian calendars. 

figF* Style is Old or Neu: The Old Style follows the 
calendar as established by Julius Caesar, in which every 
fourth year consists of 366 days, and the other years of 
365 days. This is about 11 minutes in a year too much. 
Pope Gregory XIII. reformed the calendar by retrench- 
ing 10 days in October, 1582, in order to bring the vernal 
equinox on the same day as at the time of the Council of 
Nice, a. d. 325. This reformation was adopted by act of 
the British Parliament in 1751, by which act 11 days in 
September, 1752, were retrenched, and the third day was 
reckoned the fourteenth. In this mode of reckoning 
(which is called New Style) every year divisible by 4, un- 
less it is divisible by 10U without being divisible by 400, 
has 366 days, and any other year 365 days. 

Syn. — Phraseology ; manner ; title. See Diction. 

Style, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Styled (stud) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Styling.] To entitle ; to term, name, or call. 

Syn. — To denominate ; designate ; characterize. 

Stylet (sti'let), n. [F.] 1. A small poniard ; sti- 
letto. 2. {Surg.) A probe. 3. (Zool.) Any small bristle- 
like organ. 

Sty'li-form (-lt-fSrm), a. [Style + -form.] Having 
the form of, or resembling, a style, pin, or pen ; styloid. 

Styl'ish (stil'Tsh), a. Having style or artistic qual- 
ity ; given to, or fond of, the display of style ; modish. 

— Styl'ish-ly, adv. — Styl'ish-ness, n. 

Styl'ist, n. One who is a master or a model of style, 
esp. in writing or speaking ; a critic of style. 

Stylo- (stilo-). A combining form indicating connec- 
tion with the styloid process of the temporal bone. 

Sty'lO-bate (sti'lo-bat), n. [Gr. crrvAo/Sanjs : otvAos 
a pillar -f /3ar7?9 one that treads.] (Arch.) The con- 
tinuous flat band, coping, or pavement supporting a row 
of columns. [See Illust. of Sub-base.] 

Sty'lo-graph (sti'lo-graf), n. A stylographic pen. 

Sty'lO-graph'ic (-graf'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to stylog- 
raphy. 2. Pertaining to, or used in, a stylographic pen. 

Stylographic pen, a pen with a conical point like that of 
a style, combined with a reservoir for supplying ink. 

Sty-log'ra-phy (stt-log'ra-fy), n. [Style -f -graphy.~\ 
A mode of tracing lines by means of a style. 

Styloid (stiloid), a. [Style -f -oid.] 1. Styliform. 
2. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a slender 
process from the lower side of the temporal bone of man. 

Styp'tic {stip'tik), a [l. stypticus, Gr. (ttvtttlkos, 
fr. o-rv^eiv to contract.] Contracting ; restraining hem- 
orrhage ; astringent. — n. (Med.) A styptic medicine. 

Styp'tic-al (-tl-kal), a. Styptic ; astringent. [tic.l 

Styp-tic'i-ty (stTp-tTsT-ty), n. Quality of being styp- 1 

Sty'rax (sti'rSks), n. [L. styraz, storax, Gr. o-rvpa£.] 
1. (Bot. ) A genus of shrubs and trees, abounding in res- 
inous and aromatic substances. 2. Same as Storax. 

I! Styx (stiks), 7i. [L., fr. Gr. 2tv£.] (Class. Myth.) 
The principal river of the lower world, which had to be 
crossed in passing to the regions of the dead. 

Su'a-ble (su'a-b'l), a. (Law) Capable of being sued ; 
subject to an action at law. 

Su'ant (su'ant), a. [Cf. Sue.] Spread evenly ; even. 

— Su'ant-ly, adv. [Local, U. S., & Prov. Eng.~\ 
Sua'sion (swa'zhun), n. [L. suasio, fr. suadere, sua- 

sum, to persuade ; akin to suavis sweet.] Persuasion. 

Sua'sive (swa'slv), a. Having power to persuade; 
persuasive ; suasory. — Sua'sive-ly . adv. 

Sua'so-ry (-so-ry), a. Tending to persuade ; suasive. 

Suave (swav or swav), a. [L. suavis. See Sweet.] 
Sweet ; pleasant : gracious ; bland. — Suavely, adv. 

SuaVi-ty (swSv'T-ty), n. Quality of being sweet ; 
pleasing to the mind ; agreeableness ; softness ; pleasant- 
ness ; gentleness ; urbanity. t / 

Sub- (sub-). [L. sub under, below ; akin to Gr. wo, 



», 5, 1, u, u, long ; a, 6, 1, «, fi, y, short ; senate, fcvent, tdea, dbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, flnaL 



SUBALPINE 



809 



SUBKINGDOM 




Skr. upa to, on, under, over. Cf. Hypo-, Super-.] 1. A 
common prefix signifying under, below, and hence often, 
in an inferior position or degree, in an imperj'ect, pur- 
Hal, or moderate state or degree, in a degree less than 
normal. Sub- in words from Latin compounds is regularly 
sue-, suf-, sug-, and sup- before c, f, g, and p respect- 
ively ; sum- before m, and sur- before r occur in a lew 
instances. See also Sua-. 2. (Chern.) A prefix denoting 
that the ingredient (of a compound) signified by the term 
to which it is prefixed, is present in only a small pro- 
portion, or less than the normal amount. Prefixed to the 
name of a salt it is equivalent to basic. [Obsoles.~] 

Sub al'pine (siib-Sl'pTn or -pin), a. [L. subalpinus.'] 
(Bot. & Zo'ol.) Inhabiting the high slopes and summits 
of mountains, but considerably below the snow line. 

Sub-al'tern (-al'tern), a. [F. suballeme, LL. subal- 
temus, fr. L. sub under + alter the one, the other of 
two.] Ranked or ranged below ; subordinate; inferior. 

Sub-al'tern, n. A person in a subordinate position ; 
specif., a commissioned military officer below a captain. 

Subal-ter'nate (sub'al-ter'nat), a. 1. Succeeding 
by turns ; successive. 2. Subordinate ; subaltern. 

Sub'a-quat'ic (sub'a-kwSt'Tk), ) a. 1. Being, or 

Sub-a'que-ous (sub-a'kwe-us), ) adapted for use, 
under water ; submarine. 2. (Geol.) Formed in or under 
water. 

Sub'au-di'tion (suVa-dish'tin), n. [L. subauditio, fr. 
subaudire to supply an ellipsis; sub under -f- audire 
to hear.] Act of understanding, or supplying, something 
not expressed ; that which is so understood or supplied. 

Sub'-base' (sub'bas'), n. (Arch.) The lowest mem- 
ber of a base when divided horizontally, 
or of a baseboard, pedestal, or the like. 

Sub'-bass', n. (Mus.) The deepest 
pedal stop, or the lowest tones of an 
organ ; the fundamental or ground bass. 

Sub-car/bon-if'er-ous (sub-kar'bon- 
lfer-iis), a. (Geol.) Of, pertaining to, 
or designating, the lowest division of the 
Carboniferous formations underlying the 
proper coal measures. 

Sub com-mit'tee (surykSm-mTt'te), 
n. A subordinate committee. 

Sub-con'tra-ry (sub-k5n'tra-ry or 
-trt-rf), a. 1. Contrary in an inferior 
degree. 2. (Logic) Denoting the rela- 
tion of opposition between the particular 
affirmative andparticular negative. Both 
of these may be true ; but only one of 
them can be false. 

Sub'cu-ta'ne-ous (sub'ku-ta'ne-us), 
a. Situated under the skin ; hypodermic. 

Sub-dea'con (-de'k'n), n. (B. C. Ch.) 
One of an order next inferior to the order of deacons ; 
also, a member of a minor order in the Greek Church. 

Sub'dean' (sub'den'), n. [Pref. sub- -f- dean.] An 
under dean ; the deputy or substitute of a dean. 

Sub'de-liv'a-tive (-de-rlv'a-tTv), n. A word derived 
from a derivative, and not directly from the root. 

Sub-di'al (sub-di'al), a. [L. subdialis.~\ Of or per- 
taining to the open air. 

Sub di-ti'tious (sub'dT-tlsk'us), a. [L. subdititius, fr. 
subdere to substitute.] Secretly substituted. [22.] 

Sutydi-vide' (-vid'), v. t. & i. To divide into more 
parts ; to part into smaller divisions ; to divide up. 

Sub di-vi'sion (-dT-vTzh'un), n. 1. Act of subdivid- 
ing. 2. A part made by subdividing. 

Sub-dom'i-nant (sub-doinl-nant), n. (Mus.) The 
fourth tone above, or fifth below, the tonic ; — so called 
as being under the dominant. 

Sub-du'al (-du'al), n. Act of subduing. 

Sub-duce' (-dus')„ ) v. t. [L. subducere, subductum ; 

Sub-duct' (-diikt'), J sub under + ducere to lead.] 1. 
To withdraw ; to take away. 2. To subtract ; to deduct. 

Sub-duc'tion (-duk'shun), n. Act of subducting. 

Sub-due' (-du'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Subdued (-dud') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Subduing.] [OE. soduen, OF. sosduire 
to seduce, L. subtus below (fr. sub under) -f- ducere to 
lead.] 1. To bring under ; to conquer, and bring into 
permanent subjection, by force or superior power. 2. To 
overpower so as to disable from further resistance. 3. 
To destroy the force, strength, or vigor of ; to overcome. 
4. To render submissive ; to tame. 5. To overcome, as 
by persuasion or other mild means. 6. To reduce to 
tenderness ; to melt ; to soften. 7. To make mellow ; to 
break, as land. 8. To reduce the intensity or degree of ; 
to tone down ; to soften. — Sub-du'er, n. 

Syn.— To conquer ; surmount ; vanquish. See Conqueb. 



Sub-base. 

A Part of one 
of several Col- 
umns upon a 
Stylobate c ,• a 
Base ; b Sub- 
base. 

B Section of 
Baseboard ; a 
Sub -base ; 6 
Wall ; c Floor. 



Su-be're-OUS (su-be're-us), a. [L. subereus of the 
cork tree, fr. saber cork tree.] Of or pertaining to cork ; 
of the nature of cork ; Buberose. 

Su-ber'ic (su-beVIk), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to 
cork; specifically, designating an acid obtained from 
cork and certain fatty oils. [a corky texture. I 

Su'ber-ose' (-6V),Su'ber-0U8(-us), a. (#c^.) Having | 

Sub-fam'My (sub-iaui'I-]y), n. (Biol.) One of the 
subdivisions, of more importance than a genus, into 
which certain families are divided. 

Sub ge'nus (sub-je'nus), 7i.; pi. Subgenera (-jSn'e- 
ra). (Biol.) A subdivision of a genus. 

Sub-gla'cial (-gla'shal), a. Pertaining or belonging 
to the under side of a glacier ; being beneath a glacier. 

Sub'glo-bose' (sul/glo-boV), a. Not quite globose. 

Sub-in feu-da'tion (-Tu'f u-da'shun), n. (Law) (a) The 
granting of lauds by inferior lords to their dependents, 
to be held by feudal tenure, (b) Subordinate tenancy. 

Sub i-ta'ne-ous (suiyl-ta'ue-us), a. [L. subUaneus. 
Sudden ; hasty. [Obs.~\ [Quickly ; rapidly. 

I! Su'bi-tO (sob'be-tS or su'bl-to), adv. [It.] (Mus.), 

Sub-ja'cent (sub-ja'sent), a. [L. subjacens, p. pr. of 
subjacere to lie under ; sub under -\-jacere to lie.] Lying 
under, below, or in a lower situation. 

Sub'Ject (sub'jekt), a. [Through OF. fr. L. subjectua 
lying under, subjected, p. p. of subjicere, subicere, to 
throw or bring under ; sub under -\- jacere to throw. See 
2d Jet.] 1. Placed or situated under or below. [Obs.] 
2. Placed under the power of another ; specif. (Inter- 
national Law), owing allegiance. 3. Exposed ; liable ; 
disposed. 4. Obedient; submissive. 

Syn. — Subordinate ; inferior ; obnoxious. See Liable. 

Sub'Ject, n. 1. That which is placed under the 
authority, dominion, control, or influence of something 
else. 2. Specif. : One under the authority of a ruler ; 
one who owes allegiance. 3. That which is subjected, 
or submitted to, any physical operation or process ; specif. 
(Anat. ), a dead body for dissection. 4. That which is 
brought under thought or examination ; person or mat- 
ter treated of. 5. (Logic & Gram.) That of which any- 
thing is affirmed or predicated. 6. That in which any 
quality, attribute, or relation inheres, or to which any of 
these appertain ; substance ; substratum. 7. Hence, 
that substance or being which is conscious of its own 
operations ; the mind ; the thinking agent or principal ; 
the ego. 8. (Mus.) The principal theme, or leading 
thought or phrase, of a composition. 

Sub-Ject' (sub-jekf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Subjecting.] 1. To bring under control, 
power, or dominion ; to subordinate ; to subdue. 2. To 
expose ; to make liable. 3. To submit ; to make account- 
able. 4. To make subservient. 5. To cause to undergo. 

Sub-jec'tion (-jek'shun), n. A subjecting, or state of 
being subject ; state of obedience or submissiveness. 

Sub-Jec'tive (-tlv), a. 1. Of or pert, to a subject. 
2. Esp., pert, to, or derived from, one's own conscious- 
ness, in distinction from external observation ; relating 
to one's own mind in distinction from the outward or ma- 
terial. — Sub-iec'tlve-ly, adv. — Sub-Jec'tive-ness, n. 

Syn. — See Objective. 

Sub'Jec-tiv'i-ty (sutyjek-tTv'I-ty), n. Quality or state 
of being subjective. 

Sub'Ject-mat ter (-jekt-m2t'ter), n. The matter or 
thought presented for consideration in some statement 
or discussion. 

Sub-join' (sub-join'), v. t. To add after something 
else has been said or written ; to annex ; to append. 

Sub'ju-gate (sub'ju-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subju- 
gated (-ga/ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Subjugating.] [L. 
subjugare, p. p. -atus ; sub under + jugum a yoke.] To 
subdue, and bring under the yoke of power or dominion ; 
to compel to submit to the absolute control of another. 

Syn. — To conquer ; subdue ; overcome. See Conqueb. 

Sub'ju-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Act of subjugating, or 
state of being subjugated. 

Sub'ju-ga'tor (-ga'ter), n. A conqueror. 

Sub-junc'tion (sub-junk'skfin), n. [See Subjunc- 
tive.] Act of subjoining, or state of being subjoined. 

Sub-junc'tive (-tTv), a. [L. subjunctivus, fr. subjun- 
gere, subjunctum, to subjoin. See Sub-; Join.] Sub- 
joined or added to something before said or written. — n. 
(Gram.) The subjunctive mood ; also, a verb in that mood. 

Subjunctive mood (Gram.), that form of a verb which 
expresses the action or state not aa a fact, but as a con- 
tingency, hypothesis, or condition. It is usually sub- 
joined, or added as subordinate, to another verb. 

Sub-king'dom (-king'dQm), n. One of the several pri- 
mary divisions of either the animal or vegetable kingdom. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



Sl/HLAPSARIAN 



810 



SUBSEQUENCY 



Kfcv 



Sub lap-sa'rl-an t,sub l-ip-sa'ri-.rn), n. & a. [Pref. 
(Eccl. JJist.) Same as Infralapsarian. 

Sub'late (.suiyiat), ». /. [Fr. L. sublatus. used as p. p. 
t to lake away.] To take away ; to remove. 

Sub-la'tion (sub-la'shun), n. Act of sublating. 

Sub-let' (atib-UP). t '. t. To underlet ; to lease, as when 
■ leasoi leases to another person. [sublimed. I 

Sub lim'a-ble fattb-Iim'i-b'l), a. Capable of being | 

Sub li-mate (suVH-mat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subli- 
mated t^-ma t?d) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sublimating.] [L. 
sublimate, p. p. -attts, to raise, fr. sublimit high. See 
Sublime, a.] 1. To convert directly from a solid into a 
vapor by heat and then condense to the solid form by 
cold. 2. To refine and exalt ; to elevate. 

Sub 'li-mate (-mat), n. (Chem.) A product obtained 
by sublimation ; hence, also, a purified product so ob- 
tained, [densed. I 

Sub 'li-mate. a. Vaporized by heat, and then con-| 

Sub li-ma'tion (-ina'shun), n. 1. A subliming ; state 
of being sublimed. 2. Product obtained by subliming. 

Subli-ma-tO-ry, n. A vessel used for sublimation. 

Sub-lime' (sub-liin'), a. [Compar. Sublimes (-er) ; 
superl. Sublimest.] [L. sublimis; sub under -f- a word 
of uncertain origin.] 1. Lifted up ; high in place. 2. Dis- 
tinguished by lofty or noble traits ; eminent. 3. Awaken- 
ing or expressing an exalted emotion, as of awe, adora- 
tion, heroic resolve, etc. 4. Elevated by joy ; elate. 
[Poetic] 5. Lofty of mien ; haughty. [Poetic] 

Syn. — Exalted ; lofty ; noble ; majestic. See Grand. 

Sub-lime', n. That which is sublime. 

Sub-lime', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublimed (-limd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Subliming.] 1. To raise on high. [Ar- 
chaic] 2. (Chem.) To sublimate ; hence, also, to purify. 
3. To exalt ; to improve. 4. To dignify ; to ennoble. 

Sub-lime', v. i. (Chem.) To pass off in vapor, with 
immediate condensation ; specif. , to evaporate or vola- 
tilize from the solid state without apparent melting. 

Sub-limely (-lhn'ly), adv. In a sublime manner. 

Sub-lime'ness, n. Quality or state of being sublime. 

Sub-lim'i-ty (sub-lim'i-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being sublime. 2. That which is sublime. 

Syn.— Grandeur; magnificence. — The emotion kin- 
dled in the mind by the qualities of sublimity and gran- 
deur is in either case one of mingled astonishment and 
awe. The quality of grandeur springs from what is simply 
vast in space, power, etc. ; sublimity springs from what is 
exalted far above the ordinary incidents of humanity. An 
immense plain is grand. The heavens are not only grand 
but sublime, exciting more exalted emotions than are sug- 
gested by mere immensity. 

Sub-lin'e-a'tion (-lTn'e-a'shun), n. A mark of a line 
or lines under a word in a sentence, or under another line. 

Sub-li'tion (sub-Hsh'un), n. [L. sublinere, sublitum, 
to smear.] (Paint.)_ Act of laying the ground. 

Sub-lu'nar (siib-lu'ner), ) a. Situated beneath 

Sublu-na-ry (sublu-na-ry), J the moon ; hence, of 
or pertaining to this world ; terrestrial ; earthly. 

Sub ma-rlne' (sfiVma-ren'), a. Being, acting, or 
growing, under water in the sea ; adapted to use under 
water in the sea. 

Sub-me'di-ant (sub-me'di-ant), n. (Mus.) The sixth 
tone of the scale, or third below the keynote. 

Sub-merge' (-merj'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Sub- 
merged (-merjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Submerging (-mer'- 
jing).] [L. submergere, -mersum ; sub under -f- mergere 
to plunge. See Merge.] 1. To put under water or other 
fluid ; to plunge. 2. To cover or overflow with water ; 
to flood ; to drown ; to merge ; hence, to be completely 
included. 

Sub-mer'gence (-mer'jens), n. Act of submerging, 
or state of being submerged ; submersion. 

Submerse' (-mers'), a. (Bot.) Submersed, [water. I 

Submersed' (-mersf), a. Being or growing under I 

Sub-mer'sion (-mer'shun), n. Act of submerging, or 
state of being submerged. 

Sub-miss' (-mis'), a. [L. submissus, p. p.] 1. Sub- 
missive. [Archaic] 2. Gentle; subdued. [R.] 

Sub-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. 1. Act of submitting ; 
specif., obedience; compliance. 2. State of being sub- 
missive ; meekness ; resignation. 

Sub-mis'sive (-mTs'sTv), a. 1. Inclined or ready to 
submit. 2. Expressive of submission, or readiness to sub- 
mit. — Sub-mis'sive-ly, adv. — Sub-mis'sive-ness, n. 

Syn. — Obedient ; compliant; yielding; obsequious; 
subservient; humble; modest; passive. 

Sub-mit' (sQb-mltf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Submitted 
(-tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Submitting.] [L. submit/ere, 
•missus, p. p. ; sub under -f miltere to send. See Missile.] 
1. To lower. [Obs.] 2. To put or place under. 3. To 



yield, resign, or surrender to power, will, or authority. 
4. To leave or commit to the discretion or judgment of 
another or others ; to refer. 

Sub-mit' (sub-mif), v. i, 1. To yield one's person to 
the power of another ; to surrender. 2. To yield one's 
opinion to the opinion or authority of another ; to acqui- 
esce. 3. To be submissive ; to yield without murmuring 

Sub-mit'ter (-ter), n. One who submits. 

Sub-mul'ti-ple (-mol'ti-p'l), n. (Math.) A number 
or quantity which is an aliquot part of another. 

Sub-nas'cent (-nSs'sent), a. [L. subnascens, p. pr. 
of subnasci to grow under.] Growing underneath. [R I 

Sub-or'der (-or'der), n. (Nat. Hist.) A division of an 
order ; a group of genera of a little lower rank than an 
order and of greater importance than a tribe or family. 

Sub-or'di-na-cy (-di-na-s^), n. Quality or state of 
being subordinate. 

Sub-or'di-na-ry (-na-ry), n. (Her.) One of several 
heraldic bearings less common than an ordinary. 

Sub-or'di-nate (-nat), a. [Pref. sub- + L. ordinatus 
arranged. See Ordain.] 1. Placed in a lower order r 
class, or rank ; holding an inferior position. 2. Inferior 
in order, nature, dignity, power, importance, or the like. 
— Sub-or'di-nate-ly, adv. — Sub-or'di nate-ness, n. 

Sub-or'di-nate, n. One who is subordinate. 

Sub-or'di-nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subordi- 
nated (-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Subordinating.] 1. To 
place in a lower order or class ; to make or consider as of 
less value or importance. 2. To subject or subdue. 

Sub-or'di-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 1. Act of subordi- 
nating. 2. Quality or state of being subordinate. 3. 
Place of inferior rank. 

Sub-orn' (sub-6rn'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suborned 
(-6"rnd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Suborning. [F. suborner, L. 
subornare; sub under, secretly-)- ornare to provide.] 1. 
(Law) To procure or cause to take a false oath amount- 
ing to perjury. 2. To procure privately, or by collusion. 

Sub or-na'tion (sub'Sr-na'shun), n. 1. (Law) Act of 
suborning. 2. The sin or offense of procuring one to do 
a criminal or bad action, as by bribes or persuasion. 

Sub-orn'er (sub-6rn'er), n. One who suborns. 

Sub-poe'na (sub-pe'na), n. [NL., fr. L. sub under -f- 
poena punishment. See Pain.] (Law) A writ com- 
manding the attendance in court of the person on whom 
it is served, as a witness, etc., under a penalty. 

Sub-poe'na, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subpoenaed (-nad) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Subpoenaing.] (Law) To serve with a 
writ of subpoena ; to command attendance in court by a 
legal writ, under a penalty in case of disobedience. 

Sub-polar (-po'ler), a. Situated below the poles. 

Sub-rep'tion (sub-rep'shun), n. [L. subreptio, fr. sub- 
ripere, subreptum, to take away secretly. See Surrep- 
titious.] Act of obtaining a favor by surprise or deceit. 

Sub'ro-gate (sub'ro-gat), v. t. [L. subrogatus, p. p. 
See Surrogate.] To put in the place of another. 

Sub ro-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. A subrogating ; specif. 
(Law), the substitution of one person in the place of 
another as a creditor, the new creditor succeeding to the 
rights of the former. 

Sub'salt/ (siib'sahV), n. (Chem.) A basic salt. 

Sub-SCribe' (sub-skrib'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sub- 
scribed (-skribd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Subscribing.] [L. 
subscribere, -sci-iptum ; sub under -f- scribere to write. 
See Scribe.] 1. To write underneath ; to sign (one's 
name) to a document. 2. To assent to, or bind one's 
self to, by writing one's name beneath. 3. To attest by 
writing one's name beneath. 4. To promise to give, by 
writing one's name with the amount. 5. To sign away. 
[06s.] 6. To publish. [Obs.] 

Sub-scribe', v. i. 1. To sign one's name to a letter 
or other document ; specif., to sign a paper as a token of 
(a) giving assent ; hence, to assent ; to agree ; (b) prom- 
ising to pay a certain sum, or to pay for something, as a 
periodical or book. 

Sub-scrib'er (-er), n. One who subscribes. 

Sub'scrlpt (sub'skrlpt), a. [L. subscriptus, p. p. 
See Subscribe.] "Written below ; (Math.) designating cer- 
tain distinguishing marks, figures, or letters written be- 
low, and usually to the right of, other letters. 

Sub'scrlpt, n. Anything written below. 

Sub-scrip'tion (sub-skrip / shun), n. 1. Act of sub- 
scribing. 2. That which is subscribed. Specif. : (a) The 
signature attached to a paper, (b) Consent or attestation 
by underwriting the name ; assent, (c) Sum subscribed. 
3. Submission. [Obs.] 4. (Pharm.) That part of a pre- 
scription which contains the direction to the apothecary. 

Sub'se-quence (sub ' se - kwens), Sub'se-quen-cy 
(-kwen-sy), ?i. Act or state of following. 



5, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, aak, all, finoL 



SUBSEQUENT 



811 



SUBTILIZATION 



Sub'se-quent (sub'se-kwent), a. [L. subsequens, sub- 
sequentis, p. pr. of subsequi to follow. See Sub to fol- 
low.] Following in time or place ; coming or being after 
something ; succeeding. — Sub'se-quent-ly, ado. 

Sub-serve' (sub-serv'), v. I. & i. [L. subservire ; sub 
under -j- servire to serve.] To serve in subordination 
or instruinentally ; to help forward ; to promote. 

Sub-serv'i-ence (-t-ens), )n. Quality or state of 

Sub-serv'i-en-CV (-T-en-sy), J being subservient. 

Sub-serv'1-ent (-ent), a. [L. subserviens, p. pr. See 
Subserve.] Fitted or disposed to subserve ; useful in an 
inferior capacity ; serving or ready to promote some end ; 
hence, servile ; truckling. — Subserviently, adv. 

Sub-Side 7 (sub-sid'), v. i. limp. & p. p. Subsided ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Subsiding.] [L. subsidere ; sub under, 
below -\-sidere to sit down, to settle ; akin to E. sit.] 1. 
To sink or fall to the bottom ; to settle, as lees. 2. To 
tend downward ; to become lower ; to descend ; to sink. 
3. To fall into a state of quiet ; to cease to rage ; to be 
calmed ; to settle down ; to become tranquil ; to abate. 

Sub-sid'ence (-sid'ens), ) n. [L. subsidens, p. pr.] 

Sub-sid'en-cy (-en-sy), ) Act or process of subsid- 
ing ; state of having subsided. 

Sub-sid'i-a-ry (-sTd'T-a-ry), a. [L. subsidiarius. See 
Subsidy.] 1. Furnishing aid ; assisting ; auxiliary ; 
helping ; tributary. 2. Of or pert, to a subsidy ; of the 
nature of a subsidy. — Sub-sid'i a-ri-ly , adv. 

Sub-Sid'i-a-ry, n. One that contributes aid ; assistant. 

Sub'si-dize (sub'si-dlz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subsi- 
dized (-dizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Subsidizing (-di'zing).] 
[From Subsidy.] To furnish with a subsidy; to pur- 
chase the assistance of by the payment of a subsidy ; to 
aid or promote with public money. 

Sub'si-dy (sub'si-dy), n. [L. subsidium troops sta- 
tioned in reserve, reserve, support, fr. subsidere to sit 
down, lie in wait. See Subside.] 1. Support ; aid ; esp., 
extraordinary aid in money rendered to the sovereign or 
to a friendly power; specif., money voluntarily paid by 
one sovereign or nation to another to purchase the other's 
cooperation or neutrality in war. 3. A grant from the 
government, from a municipal corporation, or the like, to 
assist a private enterprise deemed advantageous to the 
public ; subvention. 

Sub-Sist' (sub-sisf), v. i. limp. & p. p. Subsisted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Subsisting.] [L. subsistereto stand still, 
stay,'remain alive ; sub under + sistere to stand, fr. stare 
to stand. See Stand.] 1. To be ; to have existence ; 
to inhere. 2. To continue ; to remain in a certain state. 
3. To be supported ; to live. [to maintain. I 

Subsist', v. t. To support with provisions ; to feed ; | 

Sub-sist'ence (-ens), n. 1. Real being ; existence ; 
inherence. 2. Means of support ; provisions, or that 
which procures provisions ; livelihood. 

Sub-sist'en-cy (-en-sy), n. Subsistence. 

Sub-sis t'ent (-ent), a. Having real being ; existent ; 
inherent. 

Sub'soil' (sub'soiF), n. The bed, or stratum, of earth 
which lies immediately beneath the surface soil. 

Sub-spe'cies (-spe'shez) , n. A group less distinct than 
species usually are, but based on characters more impor- 
tant than those characterizing ordinary varieties. 

Sub'Stance (sul/stans), n. [F., fr. L. substantia, fr. 
substare to be under or present, to stand firm ; sub under 
-f- stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. That which underlies 
all outward manifestations ; substratum ; that in which 
properties inhere ; that constituting anything what it 
is ; nature ; real or existing essence. 2. The chief ele- 
ment in any existence ; characteristic and essential part ; 
essential import ; purport. 3. Body ; matter ; material 
of which a thing is made ; hence, substantiality. 4. Ma- 
terial possessions ; estate ; property ; resources. 

Sub'Stant (-stant), a. Substantial ; firm. [i2.] 

Sub-Stan'tial (sub-stan'shal), a. 1. Of or pert, to sub- 
stance ; actually existing ; being the essential part. 2. 
Not imaginary ; not illusive ; real ; solid ; true. 3. Corpo- 
real ; material. 4. Having good substance ; strong ; stout ; 
solid. 5. Possessed of wealth ; moderately wealthy. — 
Sub-stan'tial-ly, adv. — Sub-stan'tial-ness, n. 

Sub-Stan'ti-al'i-ty (sub-stan'shT-al'T-ty), n. Quality 
or state of being substantial ; materiality ; reality. 

Sub-stan'tials (-shalz), n. pi. Essential parts. 

Sub-stan'ti-ate (-shT-at), v. t. limp. & p. p. Sub- 
stantiated (-a 7 ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Substantiating.] 
1. To make to exist ; to make real. 2. To establish the 
existence or truth of ; to prove ; to verify. 

Sub-Stan ti-a'tion (-shT-a'shun), n. A substantiating. 

Sub'Stan-ti'val (suVstan-ti'val), a. Of, pert, to, or 
of the nature of, a substantive.— Sub'Stan-ti'val-ly, adv. 



Sub'stan-tive (suu'st«u-tlv), a. 1. Betokening or ex- 
pressing existence. 2. Enduring ; solid ; substantial. 3. 
Pert, to, or constituting, the essential part or principles. 

Substantive color, one which dyes without a mordant. 

Sub'Stan-tive, n. {Gram,.) A noun ; the part of speech 
designating a thiug material or immaterial. 

Sub'stan-tive-ly, ado. 1. In a substantive manner ; 
essentially. 2. (Gram.) Asa substantive. 

Sub'stan-tive-ness, n^ Quality of being substantive. 

Sub'sti-tute (siib'sti-tut), n. [L. substitute, p. p. of 
substiluere to substitute ; sub -\- statuere to place.] One 
that is substituted or put in the place of another. 

Sub'stl-tUte, v. t. limp. &p. p. Substituted (-tu'tSd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Substituting (-tu'tlngj.] To put in the 
place of another person or thing ; to exchange. 

Sub'sti-tU'ted (-tu'ted), a. 1. Exchanged. 2. (Chem.) 
Having some of its parts replaced. 

Sub sti-tu'tion (-tu'shiki), n. 1. Act of substituting, 
or state of being substituted, for another. 2. (Theol.) 
The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously. 

Sub sti-tu'tion-al (-al), a. Of or pert, to substitution. 
— Sub sti-tu'tion-al ly, adv. [substitution. I 

Sub'Sti-tU'tive (-t?v), a. Tending to or permitting! 

Sub-Stract' (sub-strSkf), v. t. [F. soustraire ; L. 
subtus below + trahere to draw.] To subtract. lObs.] 

Sub-stract'or (-strSk'ter), n. 1. One who subtracts. 
2. A detractor; slanderer. I0bs.~\ 

Sub'Strate (sub'strat), a. Having very slight furrows. 

Sub-Stra'tum (sub-stra'tQm), n. ; pi. -ta (-ta). [L. 
substernere, p. p. -stratus, to strew under ; sub -)- sternere 
to strew.] 1. That which is laid or spread under ; under- 
lying stratum; specif. (Agric), subsoil. 2. (Metaph.) 
Permanent subject or cause of phenomena ; substance. 

Sub-Struc'tion (-strfik'shun), n. [L. substructio, fr. 
substruere, -structum, to build under ; sub + struere to 
build.] Underbuilding; under structure ; foundation. 

Sub-struc'ture (-tur ; 135), n. Substruction. 

Sub'style' (sub'stlP), n. (Dialing) A right line on 
which the style, or gnomon, of a dial is erected. 

Sub-SUl'tO-ry (sub-sul'to-ry), a. [L. subsilire, sub- 
sultum, to spring up ; sub under + satire to leap.] 
Bounding ; leaping ; moving by sudden starts. [i2.] 

Sub-sume' (-sum'), v. t. ISub- -f- L. sumere to take.] 
To place (a cognition) under another as belonging to it ; 
to include under another thing. [which is subsumed. I 

Sub-sump'tion (-sump'shiin), n. A subsuming,or that | 

Sub-tan'gent (-tan'jent), n. (Geom.) The part of the 
axis contained between the ordi- 
nate and tangent drawn to the 
same point in a curve. 

Sub-ten'ant (-ten'ant), n. 
(Law) An undertenant. 

Sub-tend' (sub-tend'), v. t. " 
limp. & p. p. Subtended ; p. pr. ad Axis of Curve ; ct Tan- 
& vb. n. Subtending.] [L. sub- S ent ; dt Subtangent. 
tendere; sub under + tender e to stretch, extend. See 
Tend.] To extend under, or be opposite to. 

Sub-tense' (sub-tens'), n. [L. subiendere, subtentum. 
See Subtend, Tense, a.] (Geom.) A line subtending, or 
stretching across ; a chord. 

Sub-ter'flu-ent (sub-ter'flfi-ent), ) a. [L. subterflu- 

Sub-ter'flu-OUS (sub-ter'flu-us), ( ens, p. pr. of sub- 
terfluere to flow beneath.] _Running beneath. [i2.] 

Sub'ter-fuge (sub'ter-fuj), n. [F., deriv. of L. sub- 
terfugere to flee secretly ; subter under -f- fug 'ere to flee. 
See Fugitive.] That to which one resorts for escape or 
concealment; shift; evasion; trick. 

Sub / ter-ra'ne-an (-ra'ne-an), ) a. [L. subterraneus ; 

Sub'ter-ra'ne-OUS (-us), ) sub under + terra 
earth.] Being or lying under the surface of the earth ; 
situated within the earth, or under ground. — Sub ter- 
ra'ne-ous-ly, adv. 

Sub'tile (sub'tll or sfit"l), a. [L. subtilis. See Sub- 
tle.] 1. Thin; not dense or gross; rare. 2. Deli- 
cately constituted or constructed ; nice ; fine ; delicate ; 
tenuous. 3. Acute ; piercing. 4. Characterized by 
nicety of discrimination ; delicate ; refined. 5. Sly ; 
cunning; crafty. [In senses 4 and 5 now commonly 
written subtle.] — Sub'tile-ly, adv. — Sub'tile-ness. n. 

Syn. — Acute.— In acute the image is that of a needle's 
point ; in subtile that of a thread spun out to fineness. 
The acute intellect pierces to its aim ; the subtile (or sub- 
tle) intellect winds its way through obstacles. 

Sub'til-ism (sub'tT 1-Tz'm or sut"l-i z'm), n . Subtlety. 

Sub-til'i-ty (sub-til'T-ty), n. Subtilty. [J?.l 

SuVtil-l-za'tion (sub'tTl-T-za'shun or sut/'l-), n. 1. 
Act of making subtile. 2. (Old Chem.) The operation 
of vaporizing. 3. Refinement ; subtlety. 




fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SUBTILIZE 



812 



SUCCOTASH 



Sub'til-ize (attbtIl-& or siU''l-i/.), v. t. & <■ [imp. & 

ft>. Bosnunu) (-ad); p. pr. <£ vl>. >i. Subtilizing 
1. to make thin or tine ; to make lass gross 
2. To refine : to discriminate nicely. 

Sllb'til-ty k-tyl, n. [For subtil it!/.] 1- Quality of be- 

tng subtile ; thinness; fineness. 2. Refinement ; extreme 

koutenees. 3. Cunning ; skill. [(>&*-.] 4. Slyness in 

artifice ; cunning design ; trick. [In senses 2, 3, 

ami 4 more commonly written subtlety.] 

Sub'tle (sWl), a. [Conipar. Subtler (-ler) ; superl. 
Subtlest (-lest).] [OE. sotil, subtil, OF. soutil, later 
sabtil, L. subtilis: prob. oris., woven fine, and fr. sub 
under -|- Ma tk web.] 1. Sly in design ; artful ; cunning ; 
subtile ; crafty , cunningly devised ; — of persons or 
things. 2. Characterized by refinement and niceness in 
drawing distinctions ; nicely discriminating ; sharp to dis- 
cern ; also, requiring nice discrimination or discernment ; 
difficult of apprehension ; refined ; tenuous ; insinuating. 

Syn. — Artful ; crafty ; cunning ; shrewd ; sly ; wily. — 
'Subtle is the most comprehensive of these epithets and 
implies the finest intellectual quality. 

Sub'tle-ness. n. Quality or state of being subtle. 

Sub'tle-ty (-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of being sub- 
tle, or sly; cunning; craftiness; artfulness. 2. Nice 
discernment ; nicety of discrimination. 3. Something 
that is sly, crafty, or delusive. 

Sub'tly, adv. In a subtle manner. 

Sub-ton'ic (sub-t5n'Tk), a. (Phonetics) Pertaining to, 
or designating, a speech element consisting of impure 
tone, or vocal sound, dimmed and otherwise modified. 
See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 155, 199-202. 

Sub-ton'ic, n. 1. (Phonetics) A subtonic sound. 2. 
(Mus.) The seventh tone of the scale, next below the tonic. 

Sub-tract' (siib-trakt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sub- 
tracted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtracting.] [L. subtrahere, 
p. p. -tractus; sub -J- trahere to draw.] To withdraw, or 
take away, as a part from the whole ; to deduct. 

Sub-tract 'er (-er), n. One who subtracts. 

Sub-trac'tion (-trsCk'shun), n. 1. Act or operation of 
subtracting. 2. (Math. ) The taking of a lesser number or 
quantity from a greater of the same kind or denomination. 

Sub-trac'tive (-tTv), a. 1. Tending, or able, to sub- 
tract. 2. (Math.) Having the negative, or minus, sign. 

Sub'tra-hend/ (siib'tra-hend'), n. [L. subtrahendus, 
p. fut. pass, of subtrahere.] (Math.) The sum or number 
to be subtracted, or taken from another. 

Sub-treas'ur-er (sub-trSzh'ur-er), n. The public offi- 
cer who has charge of a subtreasury. [U. S.] 

Sub-treas'ur-y (sub-trSzh'ur-y), n. A subordinate 
treasury, or place of deposit. [U. S.] 

Sub'tribe' (siib'trib'), n. (Biol.) A division of a 
tribe ; a group of genera of a little lower rank than a tribe. 

Sub-tri'ple (-trip , 'l), a. (3fath.) Containing a third. 

Sub-tripli-cate (-trtp'lT-kat), a. (Math.) Expressed 
by the cube root ; — said especially of ratios. 

Sub-trop'ic-al (-tr5p'T-kal), a. Nearly tropical. 

Sub-trude' (-trud'), v. t. [Pref. sub- + L. trudere to 
thrust.] To place under ; to insert, [R.] 

Sub-typ'iC-al (-tlp'i-kal), a. (Zodl.) Deviating some- 
what from the type of a species, genus, or other group. 

SuTm-late (su'bu-lat), ) a. [Deriv. of L. subula awl.] 

Su'bu-la'ted (-la'ted), ) Very narrow, and tapering 
gradually to a fine point from a rather broad base. 

Sub'urb (sub'firb), n. [L. suburbium; sub under, 
near -f- urbs city.] 1. A region immediately adjacent to 
a city or town ; pi. , the region on the confines of any city 
or large town. 2. Hence, confines ; outer part. 

Sub-UT'ban (-fir'ban), a. Of or pertaining to suburbs. 
— n. One who dwells in the suburbs. 

Sub-ur bi-ca'ri-an (-ka'rT-an), ) a. [LL. suburbica- 

Sub-UT'bi-ca-ry (-ka-r^), J rius.] Designating 

the six dioceses in the suburbs of Rome subject to the 
pope as bishop. 

Sub'va-ri'e-ty (sub/va-rl'e-ty), n. A subordinate va- 
riety, or a division of a variety. 

Sub-vene' (sub-ven'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subvened 
(-vend') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Subvening.] [Pref. sub- + L. 
venire to come.] To come under, as a support or stay ; 
to happen. 

Sub-ven'tion (-vSn'shun), n. [F., deriv. of L. sub- 
venire to assist. See Souvenir.] 1. A coming under. 2. A 
relieving ; support ; aid. 3. A government aid or bounty. 

Sub-ver'sion (-ver'shun), n. A subverting ; state of 

being subverted ; overthrow ; utter ruin ; destruction. 

Sub-ver'sive (-si v), a. Tending to subvert. 

Sub-vert' (-vert'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subverted ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. Subverting.] [L. subvertere, subversum ; 

tub under -f- verlere to turn. See Verse.] 1. To over- 



turn from the foundation ; to ruin utterly. 2. To per- 
\ tit , as the mind, and turn it from the truth. 

Syn. — To overturn ; overthrow ; destroy ; invert ; re- 
verse ; extinguish ; corrupt ; confound. 

Sub-ver'te-bral (sub-ver'te-br«l), «, (Anat.) Situated 
beneath, or on the ventral side of, the vertebral column. 

Sub-vert'er (-verfer), n. One that subverts. 

Sub-vert'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. That may be subverted. 

Sub-vo'cal (-vo'kal), a. & n. Same as Subtonic. 

Sub'way' (sut/wa 7 ), n. An underground way ; esp., 
a passage under a street, for water mains, gas mains, etc. 

Sub-work'er (siib-wfirk'er), ji. A subordinate worker. 

Suc'cade (suk'kad), n. [L. succus, sucus, juice.] A 
sweetmeat. 

Sue ce da'ne-ous (-se-da'ne-us), a. [L. succedaneus. 
See Succeed.] Pert, to, or being, a succedaneum. 

Sue ce-da'ne-um (-um), n. ; pi. -nea (-a). [NL.] 
That which replaces something else ; a substitute. 

Suc-ceed' (sQk-sed'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Succeeded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Succeeding.] [L. succedere, -cessum ; sub 
under -j- cedere to go, follow. See Cede.] 1. To follow 
in oider; hence, to take the place of. 2. To inherit. 
[Obs.] 3. To be subsequent or consequent to ; to follow. 

Suc-ceed', v. i. 1. To come in the place of another ; 
to come next in order ; hence, to follow in the possession 
of anything. 2. Specif. : To ascend the throne after the 
removal or death of the occupant. 3. To descend, as an 
estate ; to devolve. 4. To obtain or accomplish the ob- 
ject desired ; to have a prosperous issue. 

Syn. — To follow ; pursue. See Follow. 

Suc-ceed'er (-er), n. A successor. 

Suc'cen-tor (suk'sen-ter), n. [LL., deriv. of sub un- 
der, after + canere to sing.] (Eccl.) An underchanter. 

Success' (siik-ses'), n. [L. successus. See Succeed.] 
1. Succession. [Obs.] 2. That which comes after ; hence, 
issue or result, good or bad; outcome. 3. Favorable 
termination of anything attempted ; prosperous issue. 4. 
That which is successful. [Colloq.] 

Suc-ceSS'ful (-ful), a. Resulting in success ; assuring, 
or promotive of, success ; accomplishing what was pro- 
posed. — Suc-cess'ful-ly, adv. — Suc-cess'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Happy ; prosperous ; lucky. See Fortunate. 

Suc-ces'sion (-sesh'iin), n. 1. A succeeding, or fol- 
lowing after ; a series of things following in order of time 
or place ; sequence. 2. A series of persons or things ac- 
cording to some established rule of precedence. 3. An 
order or series of descendants ; lineage ; descent. 4. A 
succeeding, or the power or right of succeeding, to the 
station, rank, or title of a predecessor. 5. The right to 
enter upon the possession of the property of an ancestor, 
or other person preceding in an established order. 

Suc-ces'sion-al (-al), a. Of or pert, to a succession or 
a regular order ; consecutive. — Suc-ces'sion-al-ly, adv. 

Suc-ces'sion-ist, n. (Eccl.) One who insists that 
apostolic succession alone is valid. 

Suc-ces'sive (-ses'slv), a. 1. Following in order or 
in uninterrupted course ; consecutive. 2. Hereditary. 
[Obs.] — Suc-ces'sive-ly, adv.— Suc-ces'sive-ness, n. 

Suc-ces'sor (-ser), n. One who succeeds or follows; 
one who takes the place and part of another. 

Succinct' (suk-sinkt'), a. [L. succinctus, p. p. of 
succingere to gird below or from below, to tuck up ; sub 
-\- cingere to gird. Cf . Cincture.] 1. Girded or tucked 
up ; bound ; drawn tightly together. 2. Compressed 
into a narrow compass ; brief ; concise. — Suc-Clnct'ly , 
adv. — Suc-cinct'ness, n. 

Syn. — Short ; summary ; compendious ; laconic ; terse. 

Suc-cin'ic (siik-sTn'ik), a. [L. succinum amber.] 
(Chem.) Of or pert, to amber; specif., designating an 
acid found in a number of plants, but first obtained from 
amber. 

Suc-Cise / (suk-sis'), a. [L. succisus, p. p. of succidere 
to cut away below.] (Bot.) Appearing as if a part were 
cut off at the extremity. 

Suc'cor (suk'ker), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succored 
(-kerd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Succoring.] [OE. socouren, 
through F. f r. L. succurrere, -cursum ; sub under + cur- 
rere to run. See Current.] To run to support ; hence, 
to help or relieve in difficulty, want, or distress. 

Syn. — To aid ; assist ; relieve ; deliver ; help ; comfort. 

Suc'cor, n. [OE. socours, sucurs, through F. fr. LL. 
succursus.] 1. Aid ; help ; assistance, esp. in difficulty, 
want, or distress. 2. That which brings relief. 

Suc'cor-er (-er), n. One who affords succor ; a helper. 

Suc'CO-ry (suk'ko-ry), n. Corrupted from Chicory. 

Suc'CO-tash (-tSsh), n. [Narragansett Indian m'sick- 
quatash corn boiled whole.] Green maize and beans 
boiled together. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, C, I, 5, \L, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, ftbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SUCCUBA 



813 



SUFFICIENT 



[| Sue'CU-ba (suVku-ba), n. ; pi. Succure (-be). [NL., 
fr. L. suecubare to lie under ; sub under 4- cubare to lie 
down.] A female demon or fiend. See Succtjbus. 

Suc'cu-bous (-bus), a. {Bot.) Having the upper part 
of each leaf covered by the base of the next higher one. 

HSuc'CU-bUS (-bus), n.; pi. Succubi (-bi). [NL.] 
1. A demon; esp., a lascivious spirit supposed to have 
sexual intercourse with human beings by night ; a suc- 
cuba. 2. {Med.) The nightmare. 

Suc'CU-lence (-lens), \ n. Quality or state of being 

Suc'CU-len-cy (-len-sy), J succulent. 

Suc'CU-lent (-lent), a. [L. succulentus, fr. succus, 
8UCUS, juice.] Fullof juice; juicy.— Suc'CU-lent-ly, adv. 

Suc-CUmb' (suk-kum' or -kumb'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Succumbed (-kunid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Succumbing.] [L. 
succumbere ; sub under 4- cumbere (in comp.), akin to 
cubare to lie down.] To yield; to submit; to give up 
unresistingly. 

Suc-cur'sal (-kfir'sfll), a. [See Succor.] Serving to 
aid or help ; tributary. [i?.] 

Suc-CUS'sion (suk-kush'iin), n. [L. succussio, fr. 
succutere, succussum, to toss up ; sub under -4- quatere to 
shake.] Act of shaking; esp. {Med.), a shaking of the 
body to ascertain if there be a liquid in the thorax. 

Such (such), a. [OE. such, sick, seek, silc, su-ich, 
switch, sivulch, swile, siculc, AS. Steele, swile, swylc ; 
akin to G. solch ; orig. meaning, so shaped. See So, and 
Like, c] 1. Of that kind ; of the like kind ; like ; re- 
sembling ; similar ; — followed by that or as introducing 
the word or proposition which defines the similarity, or 
the standard of comparison. 2. Having the particular 
quality or character specified. 3. The same that ; — with 
as. 4. Certain ; — representing the object as already par- 
ticularized. 

^W Such is also used pronominally ; and emphatically, 
without the correlative. 

Such and such, or Such or such, certain ; some ; — repre- 
senting the object indefinitely, as already particularized. 

Sack (suk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sucked (sukt) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Sucking.] [AS. sucan, sugan; akin to G. sau- 
gen, L. sugere. Cf. Suction.] 1. To draw, as a liquid, 
by the action of the mouth and tongue ; to draw, or apply 
force to, by exhausting the air. 2. To draw liquid from 
by the action of the mouth ; specif. , to draw milk from 
with the mouth. 3. To draw in, or imbibe, by any proc- 
ess which resembles sucking ; to inhale ; to absorb. 4. 
To draw or drain. 5. To draw in ; to swallow up. 

Suck, v. i. 1. To draw, or attempt to draw, some- 
thing by suction. 2. To draw milk from the breast or 
udder. 3. To draw in ; to imbibe ; to partake. 

Suck, n. 1. A sucking. 2. That which is drawn by 
sucking, as milk from the breast. 

Suck'an-hock (-«n-hok), n. See Seawan. 

Suck'a-tash (-a-tash), n. See Succotash. 

Suck'er (-er), n. 1. One that sucks ; esp., one of the 
adhesive organs of certain animals. 2. The bucket of a 
pump; also, the valve of a pump bucket. 3. {Bot.) A 
shoot from the roots or lower part of the stem of a plant. 
4. {Zool.) {a) Any one /f^ of numerous species of 




White 
(Catostomus teres) 

North American fresh-water cyprinoid fishes of the fam- 
ily Catostomidse ; — so called because the lips are protru- 
sile. (6) The remora. (c) The lumpfish. {d) The hag. 
See Hag, n., 4. (e) A California food fish closely allied 
to the kingfish {a). 5. A parasite ; a sponger. 6. One 
easily gulled. [Slang, U. S.~\ 7. A native of Illinois ; — 
used as a nickname. [U. S.~\ 

Suck'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suckered (-erd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Suckebing.] To strip off the suckers or shoots from. 

Suck'er, v. i. To form suckers. 

Suck'et (-et), n. [Cf. Succade.] A sweetmeat. 

Suclsle (suk'k'l), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Suckled 
(-k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Suckling (-kiing).] [Freq. of 
Suck.] To give suck to ; to nurse at the breast. 

Suc'kler (suk'kler), n. {Zool.) A mammal. 

Suckling (-lmg), n. [OE. sokeling. See Suck, v. l.~\ 
A young child or animal nursed at the breast. 

Su'crate (su'krat), n. {Chem.) A compound of su- 
crose (or of some related carbohydrate) with some base. 

Su'crose 7 (su'kroV), n. [F. sucre sugar. See Sugar.] 
{Chem.) A common variety of sugar found in the juices 



of many plants. By extension, any one of the class of 
isomeric substances of which this is the type. 

Suc'tion (suk'shun), n. [L. sugere, suctum, to suck. 
See Suck.] A sucking, or drawing by exhausting the air. 

Sue to'ri-al (auk-toM-wl), «. 1. Adapted for sucking ; 
living by sucking. 2. Capable of adhering by suction. 

Su'da-ry (su'da-r^), n. [L. sudarium, fr. sudare to 
sweat.] A napkin or handkerchief. [iJ.j 

Su'da-tO-ry (-to-r£), a. pL. sudatorius.] Sweating; 
perspiring. — n. A bagnio ; sweating bath ; vapor bath. 

Sud'den (sud'dSu), a. [OF. soda in, sudain, L. subi- 
taneus, fr. subitus sudden, p. p. of subire to steal upon ; 
sub under -f- ire to go. See Issue.] 1. Happening with 
no notice or with very brief notice ; coming unexpect- 
edly. 2. Hastily prepared or employed ; quick; rapid. 3. 
Rash. [Obs.] — Sud'den-ly, adv. — Sud'den ness. n. 

Syn. — Unexpected ; unusual; abrupt; unlooked-for. 

Sud'den, n. An unexpected occurrence ; a surprise. 

All of a sudden. On a sudden, Of a sudden, sooner than was 
expected ; without the usual preparation ; suddenly. 

Su'dor-al (sii'der-«l), a. [L. sudor sweat.] Of or 
pertaining to sweat ; caused by sweat. 

Su dor-if'er-OUS (-Tf'er-us), a. [L. sudor sweat -f- 
-ferous.~\ {Physiol.) Producing, or secreting, sweat. 

Su'dor-if'ic (-ifTk), a. [L. sudor sweat -+- facere to 
make.] Causing sweat, —n. A sudorific medicine. 

Su dor-ip'a-rous (-Tp'a-rus), a. [L. sudor sweat -4- 
parere to produce.] {Physiol.) Same as Sudoriferous. 

Suds (siidz), n. pi. [Akin to sodden, seethe.'] Water 
impregnated with soap, esp. when frothy. 

Sue (su), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sued (sud) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Suing (suing).] [OE. suen, seu-en, siicen, OF. store 
(pres. ind. 3d sing, il siut, suit, he follows), LL. sequere, 
for L. sequi, secutus ; akin to Gr. eVeo-tfai, Skr. sac to 
accompany. Cf. Suit.] 1. To follow up ; to chase ; to 
endeavor to win ; hence, to woo. 2. {Laic) {a) To seek 
justice or right from, by legal process ; to prosecute judi- 
cially, {b) To carry (an action) to its proper termina- 
tion. 3. {Falconry) To clean, as the beak. 4. {Xaut.) 
To leave high and dry on shore. 

To sue out {Law), to apply.f or and obtain. 

Sue, v. i. 1. To seek by request ; to make applica- 
tion; to petition; to entreat; to plead. 2. {Law) To 
prosecute; to bring suit. 3. To woo. 4. {Naut.) To be 
left high and dry on the shore. 

Su'ent (su'ent), a. Same as Suant. — Su'ent-ly . adv. 

Su'er (su'er), n. One who sues ; a suitor. 

Su'et (su'et), n. [Dim. fr. OF. seu, suif, L. sebum. 
Cf. Soap.] The fat and fatty tissues of an animal, esp. 
that about the kidneys and loins in beef and mutton. 

Su'et-y {-$), a. Consisting of, or resembling, suet. 

Suf- (suf-). A form of the prefix Sub-. 

Suffer (suffer), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Suffered (-ferd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Suffering.] [Through F. from L. suf- 
ferre; sub under -j~ ferre to bear, akin to E. bear.] 1. 
To feel, or endure, with pain, annoyance, etc. ; to sub- 
mit to with distress or grief ; to undergo. 2. To endure 
without sinking ; to bear. 3. To undergo ; to be affected 
by ; to experience. 4. To allow ; not to forbid or hinder. 

Syn. — To support ; sustain ; tolerate. See Permit. 

Suffer, v. i. 1. To undergo pain of body or mind. 2. 
To undergo punishment. 3. To be injured, or damaged. 

Suf fer-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Able to suffer. [Obs.~\ 2. 
That may be suffered, tolerated, or permitted ; allowable ; 
tolerable. — Suf fer-a-ble-ness. n. — Suf fer-a-bly, adv. 

Suf fer-ance (-ans), ». 1. State of suffering ; endur- 
ance. 2. Pain endured ; suffering. 3. Damage ; in- 
jury. [Obs.~\ 4. Submission under difficult or oppressive 
circumstances. 5. Negative consent by not forbidding 
or hindering ; toleration ; allowance. 

Syn. — Endurance ; pain : misery ; distress ; incon- 
venience ; patience ; moderation : toleration ; permission. 

Suf fer-er (-er), n. One who suffers. 

Suffer-ing, n. The bearing of pain, inconvenience, 
or loss ; pain endured : distress, loss, or injury incurred. 

Suf-fice' (siif-fiz'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sufficed 
(-fizdO ; P- pr- & vb. n. Sufficing (-fi'zing).] [OE. suf- 
fisen, OF. soufire, L. sufficere to avail for, to suffice ; sub 
under -j- facere to make. See Fact.] To be enough, or 
sufficient ; to be adequate. [or demands of. I 

Suffice', v. t. To satisfy; to be equal to the wants | 

Suf-fi'cience (-fish'ens), «. Sufficiency. [Obs.~\ 

Suf-fi'cien-cy (-en-sy), n. 1. Quality or state of be- 
ing sufficient ; adequacy ; ability ; capacity. 2. Adequate 
means : competence. 3. Ample stock or fund. 

Suf-fi'cient (-ent), a. [L. sufficiens,-entis.~\ 1. Equal 
to the end proposed ; adequate to wants : enough. 2. Pos- 
sessing adequate talents, power, or ability ; qualified. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SUFFICIENTLY 



814 



SULKS 



R 



3. Capable of meeting obligations ; responsible. 4. Self- 
safflSt. [A\] - Suf ff cient-ly (sfl*«sh'«nMy), adv. 
BjB.— Competent ; full ; satisfactory ; ample. 
Suffix (suf'fiks), n. [L. sujfixus, p. p. of suffigere 
to fasten on, to affix : sub under -j- jtoore to fix.] 1. A 
letter, letters, syllable, or syllables added to the end of a 
word or a root ;*a postfix. 2. (Math.) A subscript mark, 
number, or letter. 

Suffix' (.suf-flks'), ;•. t. limp. & p. p. Suffixed 
(^-fikst'l : p. pr. & vb. n. Suffixing.] To add or annex 
to the end. 
Suf-fix'ion (,-fTk'shun), 7i. Act of suffixing. 
Sui-flate' (-flat'), V. i. [L. sujflare, p. p. -atus ; sub 
uuder -f- flare to blow.] To blow up ; to inflate ; to in- 
spire, [i?.] - Suf-fla'tion (-fla'shiin), n. lR.-\ 

Suffocate (suf'fo-kat), a. [L. suffocatus, p. p. of 
sufi'ocare to cboke ; sub under -{-fauces throat.] Suffo- 
cated : choked. 

Suf fo-cate (-kat), v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Suffo- 
cated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Suffocating.] 1. To 
kill or die by stoppage of respiration ; to choke ; to sti- 
fle ; to smother. 2. To destroy ; to extinguish. 

Suf fo-ca'tion (-ka'shiin), n. A suffocating ; state of 

being suffocated ; death caused by smothering or choking. 

Suf fo-ca-tive (suf fo-ka-tiv), a. Tending to suffocate. 

Suf-fos'sion (suf-fosh'un), ft. [L. suffossio, deriv. of 

sub under -\-fodere to dig.] A digging under. [i2.] 

Sui 'fra-gan (suf fra-gan), a. [L. suffragans, p. pr. of 
suffragaj-i to support with one's vote, to be favorable. 
See Suffrage.] Assisting; assistant. 

Suffragan, n. 1. An assistant. 2. (Eccl.) A bishop, 
as subject to his metropolitan ; an assistant bishop. 

Suffrage (suf fraj ; 48), n. [F., fr. L. suffragium.'] 
1. A vote given in deciding a controverted question, or 
in the choice of a man for an office or trust ; assent ; 
vote ; also, the right to vote. 2. Testimony ; attesta- 
tion. 3. (Eccl.) (a) A short petition, as after the creed 
in matins and evensong, (b) A prayer in general. 

Suf fra-gist (suf fra-jTst), n. One who possesses or 
advocates the political right of suffrage. 

Suf fru-tes'cent (suf fru-tes'sent), a. [Pref. suf- -j- 
frutescent.~] (Bot.) Slightiy woody at the base. 

Sui-fru'ti-cose' (suf-fru'tT-kos'), a. [Pref. suf- -f 
fruticose.'] (Bot.) "Woody in the lower part of the stem, 
but with the yearly branches herbaceous. 

Sui-fu'mi-gate (-fu'mT-gat), v. t. [L. suffumigare, 
p. p. -atus. See Sub-, and Fumigate.] To fumigate the 
parts of. — Suf-fu mi ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. 

Suf-fuse' (-fuz'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Suffused 
(-fuzd') ; p. pr. & vb. ft. Suffusing.] [L. suffundere, 
p. p. -fusus ; sub under + fundere to pour. See Fuse 
to melt.] To overspread, as with a fluid or tincture. 

Suf-f u'sion (-fu'zhun), ft. 1. A suffusing ; state of 

being suffused. 2. That with which a thing is suffused. 

Su'fi (soo'fe), ft. [From the name of a dynasty of 

Persian kings.] A title or surname of the king of Persia. 

Su'fi, ft. [Ar. & Per. sufi wise, pious, devout.] One 

of a certain order of religious men in Persia. 

Su'fism (soo'flz'm), ft. A refined mysticism among 
certain ascetic classes of Mohammedans. 

Sug'ar (shoeg'er), ft. [OE. sugre, F. Sucre, fr. Ar. 
sukkur, assukkar, fr. Skr. carkara sugar, gravel.] 1. A 
sweet substance obtained by crystallizing the evaporated 
juice of certain plants. Ordinary sugar is essentially su- 
crose. All sugars are hydrates of carbon. 2. By exten- 
sion, anything resembling sugar in taste or appearance. 
3. Compliment or flattery used to disguise or render 
acceptable something obnoxious. IColloq.'] 

Grape sugar, a variety of sugar (dextrose or glucose) 
found in ripe grapes, and 
also gotten from many other 
sources. — Sugar berry (Bot.), 
the hackberry. — Sugar 
candy, candy made from su- 
gar. — Sugar cane (Bot.), a 
tall perennial grass with 
thick, short-jointed stems, 
cultivated as the chief 
source of sugar. — Sugar 
loaf, (a) A loaf or mass of 
refined sugar, usually in 
the form of a truncated 
cone. (6) A hat shaped like a 
sugar loaf. — Sugar maple 
( Hot. ), the rock maple (Acer 
saecharinum). — Sugar pine 
(Bot.), an immense conifer- 
ous tree, native of Califor- T 
nia and Oregon, yielding a L PP er Part of a Su S ar Cane - 
resinous exudation which has a sweetish taste. 




Sug'ar (shSog'er), v. t. limp. & p. p. Sugared (-erd) : 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sugaring.] 1. To impregnate, season, 
cover, or sprinkle with sugar ; to mix sugar with. 2. 
To disguise by flattery or soft words ; to sweeten. 

Sug'ar-plunf (-plum'), n. A kind of candy or sweet- 
meat made up in small balls or disks. 

Sug'ar-y (-y), a. 1. Resembling or containing sugar ; 
sweet. 2. Fond of sugar or sweets. — Sug'ar-i-ness. n. 
Suggest' (sug-jgsf or sud-jest'), v. t. limp. & p. p. 
Suggested ; p. pr. & vb. n. Suggesting.] [L. suggerere, 
p. p. -gestus, lit. , to put under ; sub under -f gerere to 
carry. See Jest.] 1. To introduce or present indirectly 
to the thoughts. 2. To propose with diffidence or 
modesty ; to intimate. 3. To tempt. [Ois.] 
Syn. — To hint ; allude to ; refer to ; insinuate. 
Sug-gesf, v. i. To make suggestions. 
Suggest' er (-er), n. One who suggests. 
Sug-ges'tion (-jes'chun; 106), ft. 1. A suggesting. 
2. That which is suggested ; hint ; diffident or guarded 
proposal or mention. 3. Accusation. v Obs.} 4. (Psychol. 
& Metaph. ) Act or power of originating or recalling ideas 
or relations, distinguished as original and relative. 

Syn. — Hint ; allusion ; intimation ; insinuation. — A 
hi7it is the briefest or most indirect mode of calling one's 
attention to a subject. A suggestion is a putting of some- 
thing before the mind for consideration, an indirect or 
guarded mode of presenting an idea, esp. argument or 
advice. 

Sug-gest'ive (-jest'Tv), a. Containing a suggestion. — 
Sug-gesf ive-ly, adv. — Sug-gest'ive-ness, n. 

Su'i-cidal (su'i-si'dal), a. Partaking of, or of the 
nature of, the crime of suicide. — Su'i-cfdal-ly, adv. 

Su'i-cide (su'i-sid), n. [L. sui of one's self (akin to 
suus one's own) -|- caedere to kill.] 1. Act of taking 
one's own life voluntarily and intentionally ; self-murder ; 
specif. (Law), the felonious killing of one's self. 2. One 
guilty of self-murder. Also used figuratively. 

Su'il-llne (-Tl-lin or -lin), a. [L.swshog.] (^oo^.)Of 
or pertaining to a hog or the Hog family (Suidse). 

Suit (sut), ft. [F. suite, OF. siule, sieute, fr. suivre 
to follow, OF. sivre. See Sue.] 1. A following ; pursuit. 
I0bs.~\ 2. A suing; process by which one endeavors to 
gain an end or object ; pursuit ; endeavor. 3. Solicita- 
tion of a woman in marriage ; courtship. 4. (Law) An 
action or process for the recovery of a right or claim ; 
prosecution of right before any tribunal. 5. A retinue ; 
a company of attendants or followers ; a suite. 6. The 
individual objects, collectively considered, which consti- 
tute a series, as of rooms, compositions, etc. ; a suite. 7- 
A number of things used together, and generally neces- 
sary to be united in order to answer their purpose ; a 
number of things ordinarily classed or used together ; 
set. 8. (Playing Cards) One of the four sets of cards 
which constitute a pack. 

Suit, v. t. limp. & p. p. Suited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Suiting.] 1. To fit ; to adapt ; to make proper. 2. To 
accord with ; to become ; to befit. 3. To clothe. lObs.'] 
4. To please ; to make content. 

Suit, v. i. To agree ; to accord ; to be fitting. 

Syn. — To comport ; tally ; correspond ; match ; answer. 

Suit' a-ble (sut'a-b'l), a. Capable of suiting ; fitting ; 
accordant; proper; becoming; adapted. — Suifa-bil'i- 
ty (-bil'i-ty), Suit'a-ble-ness, n. — Suif ably, adv. 

Syn. — Proper ; competent ; correspondent ; compati- 
ble ; consonant ; congruous ; consistent. 

Suite (swet), n. [F. See Suit, ft.] 1. A retinue; 
company of attendants ; suit. 2. A connected series of 
objects ; a number of things used or classed together ; 
set ; suit. 3. (Mus.) One of the old musical forms, con- 
sisting of a string or series of pieces all in the same key. 

Suit'or (sufer),ft. 1. One who sues ; petitioner ; ap- 
plicant. 2. Esp., a wooer ; lover. 3. (a) (Law) One who 
brings a suit, (b) (O. Eng. Law) One who attends court 
as plaintiff, defendant, witness, juror, etc. 

Sul'cate (sul'kat), I a. [L. sulcatus, p. p. of sulcare 

Suf ca-ted (-ka-ted), J to furrow, fr. sulcus furrow.] 
Scored with deep and regular furrows ; furrowed. 

Sul-ca'tion (sul-ka'shun), ft. A channel or furrow. 

II Suf cus (-kiis), ft. ; pi. Sulci (-si). [L., a furrow.] 
A furrow ; groove ; fissure. 

Sulk, v. i. [See Sulkeness.] To be sulky. 

Sulk'er (sfilk'er), w. One who sulks. 

Sulk'i-ly (-T-l^), adv. In a sulky manner. 

Sulk'i-ness, n. [For sulkenness, fr. AS. solcen sloth- 
ful, remiss, in asolcen, besolcen, properly p. p. of seal- 
can in 2,sealcan to be weak or slothful.] Quality or state 
of being sulky ; sullenness ; moroseness. 

Sulks (siilks), ft. pi. State of being sulky ; a sulky 
mood or humor. 



a, 5, 1, o, vi, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SULKY 



815 



SUN 




Road, or Skeleton, Sulky. 



Sulk'y (sulk'y), a. [Compar. Sulkier (-T-er) ; supcrl. 
Sulkiest.] [See Sulkiness.] Moodily silent ; sullen ; 
sour ; obstinate ; morose ; splenetic. 

Syn. — See Sullen. 

Sulk'y, n. [From Sulky, a. ;— so called from the 
owner's desire of riding alone.] 
A light two-wheeled carriage 
for a single person. 

1$S3F* Sulky plow ; sulky har- 
row ; sulky rake, etc., is one 
which has a seat for a driver. 

Soilage (sfil'ltj; 48), n.[Cf. 
Suillage, Sulliage.] 1. Sew- 
age. [06^.] 2: That which sullies or denies. [Obs.~\ 
3. (Founding) The scoria on molten metal. 4. (Hy- 
draul. Engin.) Silt ; mud deposited by water. 

Sul'len (-km), a. [OE. solein, solain, through F. fr. 
L. solus alone. See Sole, a.] 1. Lonely ; solitary. [06s.] 
2. Gloomy ; dismal. 3. Mischievous ; malignant. 4. 
Gloomily angry and silent ; cross ; sour ; morose ; sulky. 
6. Obstinate ; intractable. 6. Heavy ; sluggish. — Sul'- 
len-ly, adv. — Sul'len-ness, n. 

Syn. — Ill-natured ; peevish ; fretful ; ill-humored ; 
petulant ; malign. — Both sullen and sulky show them- 
selves in the demeanor. Sullenness seems to be an habit- 
ual sulkiness, and sulkiness a temporary sullenness. 

Sul'ly (-ly), v. t. & i. limp. &p. p. Sullied (-lid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sullying (-li-Tng).] [OE. sulien, AS. 
sylian, fr. sol mire ; akin to G. suhle mire.] To soil ; to 
dirty ; to spot ; to tarnish ; to stain ; to darken. 

Sul'ly, n. Soil ; tarnish ; stain. 

Sul'phate (sul'f at ; 48), n. [L. sulphur, sulfur, brim- 
stone, sulphur.] (Chem.) A salt of sulphuric acid. 

Sul'phide (sul'f Td or -fid), n. ( Chem. ) A binary com- 
pound of sulphur, or one so regarded. 

Sul'phite (sul'f It), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphurous acid. 

Sul'phur (sul'f Gr), n. \1>. , better sulfur. ] 1. ( Chem. ) 
A nonmetallic element of a lemon-yellow color, burning 
with a blue flamo and a peculiar suffocating odor. Sym- 
bol S. Atomic weight 32. 2. (Zool.) Any one of numer- 
ous species of yellow or orange butterflies. 

Sul'phu-rate (sul'fu-rat), a. Sulphureous. 

Sul phu-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. A sulphurizing, or 
state of being sulphurized. 

Sul'phur-DOt'tom ( sul'f iir-bot'tiini), n. (Zool.) A 
very large whalebone whale having a yellowish belly. 

Sul-phu're-OUS (siil-fu're-us), a. Consisting or hav- 
ing the qualities of sulphur ; impregnated with sulphur. 
— Sul-phu're-ous-ly, adv. — Sul-phu're-ous-ness, n. 

Sul'phu-ret (sul'f u-ret), n. (Chem.) A sulphide. 

Sul'phu-ret'ed, a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated 
with sulphur ; sulphurized. 

Sul-phu'ric (sul-f u'rTk), a. Of, pert, to, or containing, 
sulphur, esp. in a higher valence as contrasted with the 
sulphurous compounds. 

Sulphuric acid, a heavy, strongly corrosive, oily liquid 
produced by the combined action of sulphur dioxide, 
oxygen (from the air), steam, and nitric fumes. 

Sul'phur-ize (-fiir-iz), v. t. (Chem.) To combine or 
impregnate with sulphur or any of its compounds. 

Sul'phur-OUS (-us), a. Of, pert, to, or containing, 
sulphur, esp. in a lower valence as contrasted with the 
sulphuric compounds. 

Sul'phur-y (-y), a. Resembling, or partaking of the 
nature of, sulphur ; having the qualities of sulphur. 

Sul'tan (sul'tan ; Ar. sul-tan'), n. [F., fr. Ar. sultan 
sultan, dominion.] A ruler, or sovereign, of a Moham- 
medan state ; specifically, the ruler of the Turks ; the 
Padishah, or Grand Seignior ; — officially so called. 

Sultan flower. (Bot.) See Sweet sultan, under Sweet. 

Sul-ta'na (sul-ta'na or -ta'na), n. [It.] 1. The wife 
of a sultan ; a sultaness. 2. pi. A kind of seedless raisin. 

Sul'tan-ate (sul'tan-at), n. The dominion of a sultan. 

Sul'tan-ess (-es), n. A sultana. 

Sul'try (-try), a. [Compar. Sultrier (-tri-er) ; su- 
perl. Sultriest.] [From Sweltry.] 1. Very hot, burn- 
ing, and oppressive. 2. Very hot and moist, or hot, 
close, stagnant, and oppressive. — Sul'tri-ly (-trT-ly), 
adv. — Sul'tri-ness, n. 

Stun (sum), n. [Through F. fr. L. summa, fr. summus 
highest, a superl. fr. sub under.] 1. Aggregate of two 
or more numbers, magnitudes, quantities, or particulars. 

ASF* Sum is commonly applied to an aggregate of num- 
bers, and number to an aggregate of persons or things. 
2. A quantity of money or currency ; any amount, in- 
definitely. 3. The principal points or thoughts viewed 
together ; amount ; substance ; compendium ; gist. 4. 
Full amount; height; completion. 5. (Arith.) A prob- 
lem to be solved, or an example to be wrought out. 



Sum (sum), v. t. limp. & p. p. Summed (sQmd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Summing.] 1. To bring or collect together into 
one whole ; to cast up. 2. To bring or collect into a 
small compass. 3. (Falconry) To have (the feathers) 
full grown ; to furnish with full-grown plumage. 

Syn. — To comprise ; condense ; comprehend ; compute. 

Su'mac | (su'mSk or sho/mak). n. [F. sumac, for- 

Su'mach I merly sumach, fr. Ar. .sumntaq.'] (Bot.) 
Any plant of the genus Rhus, shrubs or small trees with 
clusters of small flowers. Some species are used in tan- 
ning, some in dyeing, and some in medicine. 

Sum'ma-rize (-rlz), v. I. To comprise in a summary. 

Sum'ma-ry (sum'ina-ry), a. [See Sum.] 1. Formed 
into a sum ; summed up ; reduced into a narrow compass, 
or into few words. 2. Hence, rapidly performed ; quickly 
executed. — Sum'ma-ri-ly (-ma-ri-ly), adv. 

Syn. — Short ; brief ; concise ; compendious ; succinct. 

Sum'ma-ry, n. A general or comprehensive state- 
ment ; an abridged account ; an abstract or abridgment 
containing the substance of a fuller account. 

Sum-ma'tion (sum-ma'shun), n. Act of summing, or 
forming a sum, or total amount ; also, an aggregate. 

Sum'mer (sum'mer), n. One who sums up an account. 

Sum'mer, n. [F. sommier a rafter. See Sumpteb.] 
(Arch.) A large stone or beam placed horizontally on col- 
umns, piers, posts, or the like, serving for various uses. 

Sum'mer, n. [AS. sumor, sinner; akin to G. som- 
mer, Skr. sama year.] The season of the year in which 
the sun shines most directly upon any region ; north of the 
equator, popularly, the months of June, July, and August. 

Indian summer, in North America, a period of warm 
weather late in autumn. — Saint Martin's summer. See 
under Saint. 

Sum'mer, v. i. limp. & p. p. Summered (-merd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Summering.] To pass the summer. 

Sum'mer, v. t. To keep or carry through the summer. 

Sum'mer-hOUSe' (-hous'), n. A rustic house or apart- 
ment in a garden or park, for a pleasure resort in summer. 

Sum'mer-sault (-salt), ) n. See Somersault, Somer- 

Sum'mer-set (-s5t)V [ set. 

Sum'mer-tree' (-tre'), n. ISummer a beam -4- tree.! 
(Arch.) A summer. See 2d Summer. [summer, j 

Sum'mer-y (-y ), a. Of or pertaining to summer ; like | 

Sum'mit (surn'mTt), n. [F. sommet, dim. of OF. som, 
sum, top, fr. L. summum, fr. summus highest.] 1. Top ; 
highest point. 2. Highest degree; utmost elevation; acme. 

Sum'mon (-mun), v. t. limp. & p. p. Summoned 
(-mund) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Summoning.] [OE. somonen, 
OF. sumundre, deriv. of L. summonereto hint ; sub under 
-f- monere to warn. See Monition.] 1. To call or cite ; 
to notify to come or appear. 2. To warn or command to 
appear, as in court. 3. (Mil.) To call upon to surrender. 

Syn. — To convene ; convoke ; invite ; bid. See Call. 

Sum'mon-er (-er), n. One who summons. 

Sum'mons (-niunz), n. ; pi. Summonses (-ez). [OE. 
somouns, OF. sumunse, semonse, fr. p. p. setnons. See 
Summon, v.~\ 1. A summoning ; command of a superior, 
to appear at a place named, or to attend to some duty. 
2. (Law) A warning or citation to appear in court at a 
day specified. 3. (Mil.) A demand to surrender. 

Sum'mons, v. t. To summon. 

Sump (sump), n. [Cf. G. sumpf a sump in a mine.] 
1. Puddle. IProv. Eng.~\ 2. The reservoir for water in 
amine. 3. A pond of water for salt works. 4. (Metal.) 
A clay-lined pit for receiving metal on its first fusion. 

Sump'ter (sump'ter), n. [OF. sommetier ; akin to OF. 
& F. sommier a pack horse, a rafter, L. sagmarius. fr. 
sagma pack saddle, in LL., load, Gr. crd-y/xa pack saddle, 
fr. o-a-rreu/ to pack.] 1. The driver of a pack horse. 
I0bs.~] 2. A pack. I0bs.~\ 3. A pack animal, esp. a horse. 

Sump'tU-a-ry (sump'tu-a-ry ; 135), a. [L. sumptu- 
arius, fr. sumptus expense, cost, fr. sumere, sumplum, 
to take, use ; sub under + emere to take.] Relating to 
expense ; regulating expense or expenditure. 

Sumptuary laws or regulations, laws intended to restrain 
or limit the expenditure of citizens in apparel, food, etc. 

Sump'tu-OUS (-us ; 135), a. [L. sumptuosus, fr. sump- 
tus expense, cost.] Involving large outlay or expense ; 
costly ; expensive ; hence, luxurious ; splendid ; magnifi- 
cent. — Sump'tu-ous-ly, adv. — Sump'tu-ous-ness. n. 

Sun (sun), n. (Bot.) See Sunn. 

Sun (sun), n. [OE. sunne, sonne, AS. sunne ; akin to 
G. sonne.] 1. The luminous orb, the light of which con- 
stitutes day, and its absence night, and round which the 
earth and planets revolve. 2. Any heavenly body which is 
the center of a system of orbs. 3. The sunshine. 4. That 
which resembles the sun, as in splendor or importance. 

Sun bittern (Zool.), a singular and beautiful South 
American bird related both to the rails and herons. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SUN 



816 



SUPERFETATION 



C 




Sundew (Drosera). 
duced. 



Son (sun\ f. /. [imp. A p. p. Sunned (sund) ; p. pr. 
sinning.] To expose to the sim ; to warm or 
dry in the sun. 

Sunbeam t,$iin'bem ). n. A beam or ray of the sun. 

Songbird (-oSrd'), »■ (Zool.) (a) Any one of many 
species of small brilliantly colored songbirds of Africa, 
Asia, the East Indies, and Australia, (6) The sun bittern. 

Sun'bon net (-bBvaSt), ?>. A bonnet projecting be- 
yond the face, and commonly having a cape, — worn 
as a protection against the sun. [sun ; to tan. I 

SunTmrn (-burn'), v. t. To burn or discolor by the| 

Sun 'burn . n. The burning or discoloration produced 
on the skin by the heat of the sun ; tan. 

Sun'day ("d« ; 48), n. [AS. sunnandseg ; — so called 
because tins day was anciently dedicated to the sun, or to 
its worship. See Sun, and Day.] The first day of the 
week ; the Christian Sabbath ; the Lord's Day. 

Syn. — See Sabbath. 

Sun'der (-dSr), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Sundered 
(-derd) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Sundering.] [AS. sundrian (in 
&sundrian), fr. sundor asimder ; akin to G. sonder sepa- 
rate, sondern but.] To disunite in almost any manner ; 
to part ; to separate ; to divide ; to sever. 

Sun'der. n . Separation into parts ; division ; severance. 

Sun 'dew' (-du'), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus 
Drosera, low bog plants whose 
leaves secrete a viscid fluid that 
glitters like dewdrops and at- 
tracts and detains insects. 

Sun'di'al (-dl'al), n. An in- 
strument to show the time of day 
by means of the shadow of a gno- 
mon, or style, on a plate. 

Sun'dog' (-dog'), n. (Meteor- 
ol. ) A luminous spot occasionally 
seen a few degrees from the sun. 

Sun'down' (-doun'), n. 1. 
The setting of the sun ; sunset. 
2. A kind of broad-brimmed sun 
hat worn by women. 

Sun'dries(-drTz),72.£>7. Many 
different or small things ; sundry 
things. 

Sun'dry (-dry), a. [AS. syn- 
drig, fr. sundor asunder. See Sunder, v. t."] Several ; 
divers ; more than one or two ; various. — Sun'dri-ly 
(-drT-ly), adv. 

Sun 'fish' (sun'fish'), n. (Zool.) (a) A very large 
oceanic plectognath fish having a broad body and a trun- 
cated tail, (b) Any one of numerous species of perchlike 
North American fresh-water fishes, (c) The opah. (d) 
The basking, or liver, shark, (e) Any large jellyfish. 

Sun'flOW'er (-flou'er.), n. Any plant of the genus 
LTelianthus ; — so called probably from the form and 
color of its flower, which is a large disk with yellow rays. 

Sung (sung), imp. &p. p. of SrNG. 

Sun'glass' (sun'glas'), n. A convex lens for produ- 
cing heat by focusing the sun's rays. 

Sunk (sunk), imp. &p. p. of Sink. 

Sunk'en (sunk"n), a. Lying at the bottom of a body 
of water ; sunk. 

Sunless (sun'les), a. Destitute of the sun or its rays. 

Sunlight' (-lit'), n. The light of the sun. 

Sun'Iike' (-Ilk'), a. Like or resembling the sun. 

Sun'lit' (-lit'), a. Lighted by the sun. 

Sunn (sun), n. [Hind, san, fr. Skr. cana.~\ {Bot.) 
An East Indian leguminous plant, or its fiber. 

Sun'ny (sun'ny), a. [Compar. Sunnier (-m-er) ; su- 
perl. Sunniest.] 1. Of or pert, to the sun ; proceeding 
from, or like, the sun ; hence, shining ; bright ; brilliant ; 
radiant. 2. Exposed to the rays of the sun. 3. Cheer- 
ful ; genial. — Sun'ni-ness (-nT-nes), n. 

Sun'rise 7 (-rlz'), ) n. 1. The rising, or time of rising, 

Sun'ris'ing, ) of the sun above the horizon in 
the morning. 2. Hence, the east. 

Sun'set' (-set 7 ), 1 n. 1. The descent, or time of de- 

Sun'set ting. ) scent, of the sun below the hori- 
zon ; evening. 2. Hence, the west. 

Sun'shade' (-shad'), n. Anything used as a protec- 
tion from the sun's rays ; specif., a small parasol. 

Sun'shine 7 (-shin'), n. 1. Light or direct rays of the 
sun, the place where they fall, or the warmth and light 
which they give. 2. Anything warming and cheering. 

Sun'shin y (-f), a. 1. Bright with the sunlight ; 
clear, warm, or pleasant. 2. Bright like the sun ; re- 
splendent. 3. Beaming with pood spirits ; cheerful. 

Sun'stone 7 (-ston'j, ?>. (Min.) Aventurine feldspar. 

Sun'stroke 7 C-strok';, n. (Med.) Any affection pro- 



duced by the action of the sun on the body; esp., a 
sudden prostration, with symptoms resembling those of 
apoplexy, occasioned by excessive heat. 

Sun'-struck' (sun'str&k'), a. (Med.) Overcome by, 
or affected with, sunstroke. 

Sun'up' (-up 7 ), n. Sunrise. [Local, U. £.] 

Sup (sup), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Supped (sQpt) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Supping.] [AS. supan ; akin to G. sou/en.] To 
take into the mouth with the lips, as a liquid ; to take 
or drink a little at a time ; to sip. 

Sup, n. A small mouthful, as of liquor or broth ; a 
little taken with the lips ; a sip. [to take supper. I 

Sup, v. i. [See Supper.] To eat the evening meal ; | 

Sup, v. t. To treat with supper. [Obs.] 

Su-pawn' (sii-pan'), n. [Amer. Indian.] Boiled In- 
dian meal ; hasty pudding ; mush. [Local, U. S.~\ 

Su'per- (su'per-). [L. super over, above ; akin to Gr. 
vrrep, L. szib under, and E. over.~\ 1. A prefix signifying 
above, over, beyond, and hence often denoting in a su- 
perior position, in excess, over and above, in addition, 
exceedingly ; as in s?/j9erimpose, s?/persede, supernatural, 
superabundance. 2. (Chem.) A prefix formerly much 
used to denote that the ingredient to the name of which 
it was prefixed was present in a large, or unusually large, 
proportion as compared with the other ingredients. It has 
been superseded by per-, bi-, di-, acid, etc., which retain 
the old meanings of super-, but with sharper definition. 

Su'per-a-ble (su'per-a-b'l), a. [L. superabilis, from 
superare to go over, to surmount, fr. super above, over.] 
Capable of being overcome or conquered ; surmountable. 

Su per-a-bound' (-a-bound'), v. i. To be very abun- 
dant or exuberant ; to be more than sufficient. 

Su per-a-bun'dant (-a-bun'dant), a. Abounding to 
excess ; being more than is sufficient. — Su'per-a-bun'- 
dance (-a-bun'dans), n. — Su'per-a-bun'dant-ly, adv. 

Su per-add' (-ad'), v. t. To add over and above ; to 
annex. 

Su per-ad-di'tion (-ad-dish'un), n. Act of superadd- 
ing, or that which is superadded. 

Su per-an'nu-ate (-3n'u-at), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Super- 
annuated (-a'ted) ; p. pr. & to. n. Superannuating.] 
[Super- -|- L. annus year.] 1. To impair or disqualify 
on account of age or infirmity. 2. To retire on a pension. 

Su per-an nu-a'tion (-an'u-a'shun), n. Act of super- 
annuating ; state of being superannuated. 

Su-perb' (su-perb'), a. [F. superbe, L. superbus, fr. 
super over. See Super-.] 1. Grand ; magnificent ; au- 
gust ; stately. 2. Rich ; elegant. 3. Showy ; excellent ; 
grand. — Su-perb'ly, adv. — Su-perb'ness. n. 

Su'per-car'gO (su'per-kar'go), n. An officer or per- 
son in a merchant ship, whose duty is to manage the 
sales, and superintend the commercial concerns, of the 
voyage. 

Su'per-ciTi-a-ry (-sTl'T-a-ry or -sTl'ya-ry), a. [L. su- 
percilium eyebrow.] 1. Of or pert, to the eyebrows. 
2. (Zo'ol.) Having a streak of color above the eyes. 

Su'per-cil'i-OUS (-T-Qs or -yus), a. [L. superciliosus, 
fr. supercilium eyebrow, pride ; super over + cilium 
eyelid.] Lofty with pride ; haughty; dictatorial; over- 
bearing ; arrogant. — Su'per-cil'i-OUS-ly, adv. — Su'- 
per-cil'i-ous-ness. n. 

Su'per-dom'i-nant (-dom'T-nant), n. {Mus.) The 
sixth tone of the scale ; that next above the dominant. 

Su'per-em'i-nent (-nent), a. Eminent in a superior 
degree ; surpassing others in excellence. — Su'per-em'- 
i-nence (-em'T-neus), or Su per-em'i-nen-cy (-nen-sy), 
n. — Su'per-em'i-nent-ly, adv. 

Su'per-er'o-gate (-er'6-gat), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Super- 
erogated (-ga'ted) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Supererogating.] 
[L. supererogare, p. p. -atus, to spend or pay out over and 
above ; super above -J- erogare to pay out money from 
the public treasury after asking the consent of the peo- 
ple.] To do more than duty requires. [erogating. I 

Su'per-er'o-ga'tion (-er'o-ga'shun), n. A super- 1 

Su' per- e-rog'a-tive (-e-r og'a-tT v) , a . Supererogat ory. 

Su'per-e-rog'a-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Performed to an ex- 
tent not enjoined, or not required, by duty or necessity. 

Su'per-ez-alt' (-egz-alf), v. t. To exalt to a superior 
degree ; to exalt above others. 

Su'per-ex'cel-lent (-ek'sel-l<?nt), a. Excellent in an 
uncommon degree ; very excellent. — Su'per-ex'cel- 
lence (-lens), n. 

Su'per-fec'un-da'tion (-fSk'un-da'shun), n. (Phys- 
iol. ) Fertilization of two ova, at the same menstruation, 
by two different acts of coition. 

Su'per-fe-cun'di-ty (-fe-kun'dT-t^), n. Superabun- 
dant fecundity, or multiplication of the species. 

Su'per-fe-ta'tion (-fe-ta'shun), n. [L. superfetare to 



a, e, I, o, C, long ; a, e, I, 5, &, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SUPERFICIAL 



817 



SUPERSENSUAL 



exhibit superfetation ; super over -f- fetare to bring 
forth.] {Physiol.) The formation of a fetus as the result 
of an impregnation occurring after another impregna- 
tion but before the birth of the offspring produced by it. 
Su'per-fi/cial (su'per-fTsh'al), a. [L. superficialis.~\ 

1. Of, or pert, to, or lying on, the superficies, or surface ; 
shallow ; not deep. 2. Reaching or comprehending only 
what is obvious or apparent ; not deep or profound ; shal- 
low. — Su'per-fi'cial-ly, adv. — Su'per-fi'cial-ness, ». 

Su'per-fl'ci-al'i-ty (-fTsh'T-51'T-ty), n. Quality or 
state of being superficial ; also, that which is superficial. 

Stl'per-fi'Cies (-f Tsh'ez or -fish'T-ez), n. [L. , fr. super 
above, over -{-fades figure, shape. See Surface.] 1. Sur- 
face ; exterior part, superficial area, or face of a thing. 

2. {Civil Law) {a) Everything on the surface of a piece 
of ground, or of a building, so closely connected by art 
or nature as to constitute a part of it. {b) A species of 
lease of a piece of ground resembling the long building 
leases granted by landholders in England. 

Su'per-flne (su'per-fin), a. 1. Very or most fine ; 
of surpassing fineness. 2. Excessively fine ; too nice. 

Su'per-f lu'l-ty (su'per-flu'i-ty), n. 1. State or quality 
of being superfluous; excess. 2. A greater quantity 
than is wanted or needed ; superabundance. 

Syn. — Superabundance ; excess ; redundancy. 

Su-per'flu-OUS (su-peVflu-us), a. [L. superfluus over- 
flowing; super over, above -\-fluere to flow.] More than 
is wanted or is sufficient. — Su-per/flu-ous-ly , adv. — 
Su-per'flu-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. — Unnecessary ; useless ; exuberant ; excessive ; 
redundant ; needless. 

Su'per-heat' (suVper-hef), v. t. 1. To heat too much ; 
to overheat. 2. {Steam Engine) To heat (steam) apart 
from contact with water, until it resembles a perfect gas. 

Su'per-heat'er (-er), n. {Steam Engine) An appa- 
ratus for superheating_steam. [is human. I 

Su'per-hu'man (-hu'nian), a. Above or beyond what | 

Su'per-im-pose' (-Tui-poz'), v. t. To lay or impose on 
something else. — Su per-im po-si'tion (-Ym'po-zish'- 
un), n. [tation. I 

Su'per-iWpreg-na'tion (-preg-na'shun), n. Superf e- 1 

Su'per-in-cum'bent (-Tn-kiim'bent), a. Lying or rest- 
ing on something else. — Su'per-in-cum'bence (-bens), 
or Su'per in-cum'bei^cy (-ben-sy), n. 

Su'per-in-duce' (-dus'), v. t. To induce or bring, as 
an addition to something. 

Su'per-in-dUC'tion (-diik'shun), n. Act of superin- 
ducing, or the state of being superinduced. 

Su'per-ln-tend' (-in-tSnd'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Super- 
intended ; p. pr. & vb. n. Superintending.] [L. super- 
intended. See Super-; Intend.] To have or exercise 
the charge and oversight of; to take care of with au- 
thority ; to supervise ; to oversee. 

Syn. —Supervise.— Superintend and supervise in gen- 
eral use are synonymous. As sometimes used, supervise 
implies the more general, and superintend, the more par- 
ticular and constant, inspection or direction. 

Su'per-in-tend'ence (-ens), )n. A superintend- 

Su'per-in-tend'en-cy (-en-sy), j ing ; care and over- 
sight for the purpose of direction ; supervision. 

Syn. — Inspection ; direction ; control ; guidance. 

Su'per-in-tend'ent (-ent), a. Overseeing ; superintend- 
ing. — • n. One who has the oversight and charge of some- 
thing with the power of direction ; supervisor ; overseer. 

Syn. — Inspector ; manager ; director ; curator. 

Su-pe'xl-or (su-pe'ri-er), a. [L., compar. of superus 
being above, fr. super above, over.] 1. More elevated 
in place or position ; higher ; upper. 2. Higher in rank, 
office, or position. 3. Surpassing others in the great- 
ness, goodness, or value of any quality ; greater in quan- 
tity or degree. 4. Beyond the power or influence of. 
5. More comprehensive, as a term in classification. 6. 
{Bot.) {a) Designating parts of the flower when, al- 
though normally below the ovary, they adhere to it, and 
so appear to originate from its upper part ; also, designa- 
ting an ovary when the other floral organs are plainly 
below it in position, and free from it. (6) Belonging to 
the part of an axillary flower which is toward the main 
stem^ posterior, (c) Pointing toward the apex of the 
fruit ; — said of the radicle. 

Su-pe'ri-or, n. 1. One superior to another. 2. {Eccl.) 
The head of a monastery, convent, abbey, or the like. — 
Su-pe'ri-OT-ly, adv. [ing superior. I 

Su-pe'ri-or'1-ty (-Sr'T-ty), n. Quality or state of be-| 

Syn. — Preeminence ; excellence ; predominancy; prev- 
alence ; ascendency ; odds ; advantage. 

Su'per-ja'cent (su'per-ja'sent), a. [L. superjacens, 
p. pr. of super jacere ; super above -f jacere to lie.] Sit- 
uated immediately above. 



Su-perla-tive (sfi-perla-tTv), a. [L. superlativus, fr- 
auperiatua excesuTe, uwed as p. p. of superferre, but 
from ;i different root. See Tolerate.] 1. Most emi- 
nent; surpassing all other; supreme. 2. {Gram.) Ex- 
pressing the highest or lowest degree of the quality, 
manner, etc., denoted by an adjective or an adverb. — 
Su-per'la-tive-ly, adv. — Su per'la tive ness, n. 

Su-per'la-tlve, n. 1. That which li highest or most 
eminent; the utmost degree. 2. {Oram.) The superla- 
tive degree of adjectives and adverbs ; also, a form or 
word expressing the superlative degree. 

Su'per-lu'nar (-lu'ner), ) a. Being above the moon; 

Su per-lu'na-ry (-na-ry), J not belonging to this 
world. [world. I 

Su per-mun'dane (-mQn'dan), a. Being above the| 

Su-per'nal (su-peViwl), «. [L. tupernut, fr. ■■mjter. 
See Super-.] 1. Being in a higher place or region. 2. Of 
or pert, to things above ; celestial ; heavenly. 

Su'per-na'tant (su/per-na'tont), a. [L. supernatans, 
p. pr. of supernatare to swim above ; super above + na- 
tare to swim.] Swimming above ; floating on the surface. 

Su per-nat'u-ral (-naVu-rnl ; 135), a. Being beyond, 
or exceeding, the powers or laws of nature ; miraculous. 
- Su'per-nat'u-ral-ly,^'. - Su'per-nat'u-ral-ness.n. 

Syn. — Preternatural. — Preternatural signihV 
natures and supernatural, above or beyond nature. What 
is very greatly aside from the ordinary course of things is 
preternatural ; what is above or beyond the established 
laws of the universe is supernatural. The dark day 
which terrified all Europe nearly a century ago was pre- 
ternatural; the resurrection of the dead is supernatural. 

Su per-nat'u-ral-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. The quality or 
state of being supernatural. 2. {Theol.) The doctrine of 
a divine and supernatural agency in the production of 
the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and 
in the grace which renews and sanctifies men. 

Su'per-nat'U-ral-ist, n. One who holds to the prin- 
ciples of supernaturalism. 

Su'per-nu'mer-a-ry (-nu'mer-a-ry), a. 1. Exceeding 
the number stated or prescribed. 2. Exceeding a neces- 
sary, usual, or required number or quantity. 

Su'per-nu'mer-a-ry, n. A person or thing beyond 
the number stated, or the usual or necessary number ; 
especially, a person employed to fill the place of another 
only in case of need. 

Su per-or'di-na'tion (-oVdT-na'shQn), n. The ordina- 
tion of a person to fill a station already occupied. 

Su per-phos'phate (-fos'fat), n. {Com. Chem.) An 
acid phosphate. 

Su/per-pose' (-poz'), v. t. 1. To lay upon, as one 
kind of rock on another. 2. {Geom.) To lay (a figure) 
upon another so as to coincide with it. 

Su'per-po-si'tion (-po-zish'un), n. Act of super- 
posing, or the state of being superposed. 

Su'per-roy'al (-roi'al), a. Larger than royal ; — said 
of a particular size of printing and writing paper. 

Su'per-sa'cral (-sa'kral), a. {Anal.) Situated over, 
or on the dorsal side of, the sacrum. 

Su/per-sa'li-ent (-lT-ent), a. [Pref. super- + L. sali- 
ens, p. pr. of satire to leap.] Leaping upon. \_Obs.~\ 

Su'per-salt' (-sah7)> n. {Chem.) An acid salt. 

Su per-sat'u-rate (-sat'ii-rat ; 135), v. t. To add to 
beyond saturation. 

Su'per-scribe' (-skrlb'), v. t. [L. super scribere, su- 
perscriptum. See Super-, and Scribe.] To write or en- 
grave on the top or surface ; to write a name, address, 
or the like, on the outside or cover of. 

Su'per-SCript (-skript), n. Superscription. [Obs.~\ 

S^per-serip'tion (-skrip'shun), n. 1. A superscrib- 
ing, or that which is superscribed ; as an address on a 
letter. 2. {Pharm.) That part of a prescription con- 
taining the Latin word recipe (take) or the sign $. 

Su / per-sede / (-se"d'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superseded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Superseding.] [L. supersedere, -session, 
to sit above, be superior to, forbear, omit, set aside ; 
super above + seder e to sit. See Sit.] To come, or be 
placed, in the room of ; to replace ; to set aside and take 
or fill the place of ; hence, to make void or unnecessary. 

II Su'per-se'de-as (-se'de-Xs), n. [L., suspend, stay. 
See Supersede.] {Law) A writ of command to suspend 
the powers of an officer in certain cases, or to stay pro- 
ceedings under another writ. [supersession. I 

Su-per-se'dure (-se'dur; 135), n. A superseding;! 

Su'per-sen'si-ble (-sgn'sT-b'l), a. Beyond the reach 
of the senses ; above the natural powers of perception. 

Su'per-sen'si-tive (-tiv), a. Excessively sensitive ; 
morbidly sensitive. — Su per-sen'si-tive-ness. n. 

Su'per-sen'su-al (-shu-ol), a. Supersensible. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
*52 



N 



SUPERSENSUOUS 



818 



SUPPORT 



1. Super- 



Su per sen'su-ous (an per-s?n'shu-us) 

sensible. 2. Excessively sensuous. 

Su per-ses'sion (,-sfsh'un), ;;. Act of superseding, or 
■lata of being superseded ; superseding. 

Su per-SOlar (,-so'ler). a. Above the sun. 

Su per-Sti'tion (au per-sttsh'un), u. [F., fr. L. su- 
, orig.. a standing still over or by a thing; hence, 
amazement, dread, esp. of the supernatural, fr. superstore 
to stand over. See Super- ; Stand.] 1. An excessive 
reverence for, or fear of, the unknown or mysterious. 2. 
An ignorant or irrational worship of the Supreme Deity ; 
excessive exactness or rigor in religious opinions or prac- 
tice; also, the worship of a false god; false religion. 
3. A rite or practice arising from such worship. 4. Be- 
lief in the direct agency of superior powers in certain 
extraordinary events, or in magic, omens, etc. 

Syn. —Fanaticism. — Superstition implies misguided 
or unenlightened religious feeling or belief; fanaticism 
emphasizes the idea of a blind and unreasoning enthusi 
asm and rigor in the practice of any religious belief. 

Su per-sti'tious (-us), a. Of or pert, to superstition 
arising from, or showing, superstition ; full of idle reli 
gious fancies and scruples ; believing in magic, omens, etc 
— Su'per-stl'tious-ly, adv.— Su'per-sti'tious-ness, n 

Su per-Stra'tum (-stra'tum), n. A stratum, or layer 
above another. 

Su'per-stTUCt' (-strukf), v. t. [L. superstructus, p. p 
of superstruere to build upon ; super over -J- struere to 
build.] To build over or upon something else. 

Su per-struc'tion (-struk'shun), n. A superstructing, 
or that which is superstructed ; superstructure. 

Su'per-Struc'ture (-tur ; 135), n. Any material struc- 
ture or edifice built on something else ; that which is 
raised on a foundation or basis; esp. (Arch.), all of a 
building above the basement. Also used figuratively. 

Su'per-SUb-Stan'tial (-sub-stan'shal), a. More than 
substantial ; spiritual. [above the keynote. I 

Su'per-ton'ic (-ton'Tk), n. (3fus.) The note next| 

Su'per-vene' (-ven'), v. i. {imp. &p. p. Supervened 
(-vend') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Supervening.] [L. supervenire, 
-ventum , to come over, to come upon ; super -\- venire to 
come. See Super- ; Come.] To come as something ad- 
ditional or extraneous ; to happen upon or after some- 
thing else ; to take place ; to happen. 

Su'per-ven'ient (-ven'yent), a. That supervenes. 

Su'per-ven'tion (-ven'shun), n. Act of supervening. 

Su'per-vis'al (-viz'al), n. Supervision. 

Su'per-vise' (-viz'), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Supervised 
(-vizd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Supervising.] [Pref. super- -f- 
L. visere to look at attentively, survey, intens. fr. videre, 
visum, to see.] 1. To oversee for direction ; to superin- 
tend ; to inspect with authority. 2. To peruse. [065.] 

Syn. — See Superintend. 

Su'per-vi'sion (-vizh'un), n. Act of overseeing ; in- 
spection ; superintendence ; oversight. 

Su'per-vis'or (-viz'er), n. 1. One who supervises ; 
superintendent. 2. A spectator. [06s.] [sion. I 

Su'per-Vi'SO-ry (-vi'zojry), a. Of or pert, to supervi- 1 

Su'per-VO-lute' (-vo-luf), a. [L. supervolvere, p. p. 
-volutus, to roll over; super over + volvere to roll.] 
(Bot.) Plaited and convolute in the bud. 

Supi-na'tion (su'pT-na'shun), n. [L. supinare, -atum, 
to bend or lay backward, f r. supinus supine. See Supine.] 
(Physiol.) (a) Act of turning the hand palm upward ; 
also, the position of the hand with the palm upward, (b) 
Act or state of lying with the face upward. 

Su-pine' (su-pin'), a. [L. supinus, akin to sub under, 
super above.] 1. Lying on the back, or with the face 
upward. 2. Leaning backward, or inclining with expo- 
sure to the sun ; sloping ; inclined. 3. Negligent ; heed- 
less ; listless. — Supinely , adv. — Su-pine'ness, n. 

Syn. — Thoughtless ; inattentive ; careless ; drowsy. 

Su'pine (su'pin), n. [L. supinum (sc. verbum), fr. 
supinus bent or thrown backward, perh. so called because 
it rests or falls back, as it were, on the verb.] (Lai. 
Oram.) A verbal noun ; or (according to C. F. Becker), 
a case of the infinitive mood ending in -um and -u. 

Sup'per (sup'per), n. [OF. super, soper ; orig. an in- 
finitive, to sup, take a meal. See Soup.] A meal taken 
at the close of the day ; the evening meal. 

Sup'per, v. i. To take supper ; to sup. 

Sup-plant' (-plant'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplanted ; 
]>■ pr. & vb. n. Supplanting.] [F. supplanter, L. sup- 
plantare to trip up one's heels, to throw down ; sub 
under -\-planta sole of the foot.] 1. To trip up. \_Obs.~\ 
2. To remove or displace by stratagem ; to displace and 
take the place of ; to supersede. 3. To overthrow or 
undermine, in order to get a substitute for. 



Sup plan-ta'tion (sup'plan-ta'shiin), n. A supplanting. 

Sup-plant'er (siip-plant'er), n. One who supplants. 

Sup'ple (sup'p'l), a. [¥. souple, fr. L. supplez sup- 
pliant, perh. orig., bending the knees.] 1. Pliant; flex- 
ible ; easily bent. 2. Yielding ; compliant ; not obsti- 
nate ; submissive to guidance. 3. Bending to the humor 
of others ; flattering ; obsequious. — Sup'ple-ly, adv, 
Syn. — Pliant; flexible; bending; fawning; soft. 

Sup'ple. v. /. & i. [imp. & p. p. Suppled (-p'ld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Suppling.] To make or become supple. 

Sup'ple-ment (-ple-ment), n. [F. supplement, L. sup- 
plementum, fr. supplere. See Supply, v. t.~\ 1. A sup- 
ply. [065.] 2. That whichtfills up, completes, or makes 
an addition ; specif., a part added to, or issued as a con- 
tinuation of, a book or paper. 3. (Trig.) The number of 
degrees which, if added to a specified arc, make it 180°. 

Syn. — Appendix. —An appendix is that which is ap- 
pended to something, but is not essential to its complete- 
ness; a supplement is that which supplements, or serves 
to complete or make perfect, that to which it is added. 

Sup'ple-ment (-mgnt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supple- 
mented ; p. pr. & vb. n. Supplementing.] To fill up or 
supply by additions ; to add something to. 

Sup'ple-men'tal (-mgn'tal), ) a. Added as a supple- 

Sup ple-men'ta-ry (-ta-ry), j ment ; additional. 

Snp'ple-ness (-p'l-nes), n. Quality of being supple. 

Sup'ple-tive (-ple-tTv), ) a. Supplying deficiencies ; 

Sup'ple-tO-ry (-to-ry), J supplementary. 

Sup-pli'al (sup-pli'al), n. Act of supplying ; supply. 

Sup-pli'ance (-ans), n. That which supplies a want. 

Sup'pli-ance (sup'plT-ans), n. [See Suppliant.] Sup- 
plication ; entreaty. 

Sup'pli-ant (-ant), a. [F., p. pr. of supplier to entreat, 
L. supplicare. See Supplicate.] Asking earnestly and 
submissively ; manifesting entreaty ; supplicating. — 
Sup'pli-ant-ly, adv. — Sup'pli-ant-ness, n. 

Syn. — Entreating; beseeching; begging; imploring. 

Snp'pli-ant, n. One who supplicates. 

Sup'pli-cant (-kant), a. [L. supplicans, p. pr. See 
Supplicate.] Entreating ; asking submissively. 

Sup'pli-cate (-kit), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Suppli- 
cated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Supplicating.] [L. 
supplicare, p. p. -atus ; of uncertain origin.] 1. To en- 
treat for ; to seek by earnest prayer ; to ask or petition 
earnestly and humbly ; to sue. 2. To address in prayer. 

Syn. — To beseech; entreat; beg; petition; implore; 
importune ; solicit ; crave. 

Sup'pll-ca ting-ly, adv. In a supplicating manner. 

Sup pli-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of supplica- 
ting. 2. A humble petition ; an earnest request. 

Syn.— Entreaty; petition; solicitation; craving. 

Sup'pli-ca'tor (-ter), n. A supplicant. [tion.l 

Sup/pli-ca-tO-ry (-ka-to-ry), a. Containing supplica- 1 

Sup-pli'er (sup-pli'er), n. One who supplies. 

Sup-ply' (-pli'), v. I. [imp. &p. p. Supplied (-plid') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Supplying (-pli'Tng).] [For older supploy, 
F. supplier, OF. also supployer, deriv. of L. supplere, 
suppletum ; sub under -)- plere to fill, akin to E. plenty.'] 
1. To fill up, or keep full ; to furnish with what is 
wanted ; to afford, or furnish with, a sufficiency. 2. To 
serve instead of ; also, to serve as substitute for another 
in. 3. To bring or furnish ; to provide. 

Syn. —To administer ; minister; contribute ; yield. 

Sup-ply', n. 1. A supplying ; supplial. 2. That which 
supplies a want ; sufficiency of things for use or want ; 
specif., the food, clothes, etc., which meet the daily ne- 
cessities of a body of people ; — chiefly in the pi. 

Sup-port' (-port/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supported ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Supporting.] [F. supporter, L. suppor- 
tare to carry on, to convey, in LL., to sup- 
port, sustain ; sub under -f- portare to carry. 
See Port demeanor.] 1. To bear by being 
under ; to keep from falling ; to sustain, 
in a literal or physical sense. 2. To endure 
without being overcome, exhausted, or 
changed in character ; to sustain. 3. To 
keep from fainting or sinking. 4. To assume 
and carry successfully, as the part of an 
actor ; to represent. 5. To furnish with the 
means of sustenance or livelihood. 6. To ' 
carry on ; to enable to continue ; to main- 
tain. 7. To verify ; to make good ; to sub- 
stantiate ; to sustain. 8. To vindicate ; to 
defend successfully. 9. To uphold by aid 
or countenance ; to back up. 10. To at- 
tend as an honorary assistant. 

Support arms (Mil.), a command to hold _ 
the piece vertically as shown in the Illust. c„ T , n /v r t Ami. 

Syn. - To countenance ; help ; second : s 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; 



Svent, Idea, obey, tinite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



SUPPORT 



819 



SURFEIT 



succor ; encourage ; favor ; nurture ; nourish ; cherish ; 
shield ; defend ; protect ; stay ; assist. 

Sup-port' (sup-port'), n. [F.] 1. Act, state, or opera- 
tion of supporting, upholding, or sustaining. 2. That 
which supports anything. 

Syn. — Stay ; prop ; maintenance ; subsistence ; assist- 
ance ; favor ; countenance ; encouragement ; patronage ; 
aid : help ; succor ; nutriment ; sustenance ; food. 

Sup-port'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being supported. 
— Sup-port'a ble-ness, n. — Sup-port'a-bly, adv. 

Sup-port'er (-er), n. One that supports. 

Sup-pos'a-ble (-poz'a-b'l), a. That may be supposed. 

Sup-pos'al (-al), n. The act of supposing ; also, that 
which is supposed ; supposition ; opinion. 

Sup-pose' (-poz'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Supposed (-pozd'); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Supposing.] [F. supposer ; sub- under 
-f- poser to place ; — corresponding in meaning to L. sup- 
ponere, -positum, to put under, to substitute, falsify. 
See Sub- ; Pose, Position.] 1. To regard as if true with a 
view to some consequence or relation which such a reality 
would involve ; to imagine or admit to exist, for the sake 
of argument, etc. ; to assume to be true. 2. To imagine ; 
to believe ; to receive as true. 3. To require to exist or 
be true ; to imply by the laws of thought or of nature. 

Syn. — To conclude ; judge ; regard ; conjecture. 

Sup-pose', v. i. To make supposition. 

Sup-pose', n. Supposition. [06s.] 

Sup-pos'er (sup-poz'er), n. One who supposes. 

Sup'po-Si'tion (sup'po-zTsh'iin), n. [F., fr. L. suppo- 
sitio a placing under, substitution, fr. supponere. See Sup- 
pose.] A supposing, or that which is supposed; hypothesis. 

Sup'po-si'tion-al (-al), a. Hypothetical ; conjectural. 

Sup-pos'1-ti'tious (sup-poz'i-tish'us), a. [L. sup- 
positious. See Supposition.] 1. Fraudulently sub- 
stituted for something else ; not genuine ; spurious. 
2. Suppositional. [R.] — Sup-pOS'i-ti'tious-ly, adv. — 
Sup-pos i-ti'tious-ness, n. 

Sup-pos'i-tive (-poz'i-tiv), a. Including or implying 
supposition. — Sup-pos'i-tive-ly, adv. 

Sup-pos'i-tO-ry (-to-ry), n. [L. supposilorius that is 
placed underneath.] {Med.) A pill or bolus for intro- 
duction into the rectum. 

Sup-press' (-pres'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suppressed 
(-presf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Suppressing.] [L. supprimere, 
p. p. -pressus ; sub under -f- premere to press.] 1. To 
overpower and crush ; to put down. 2. To keep in ; to 
restrain from utterance or vent. 3. To keep undisclosed. 
4. To arrest the discharges or secretion of. 5. To omit, 
as a letter from a word, or one of a number of figures. 

Syn. — To repress ; restrain ; subdue ; overthrow ; 
quell ; overwhelm ; conceal ; stifle ; stop ; smother. 

Sup-pres'sion (-presh'un), n. Act of suppressing, or 
state of being suppressed. 

Syn. — Overthrow ; destruction ; concealment ; repres- 
sion ; detention ; retention ; obstruction. 

Sup-press'ive (-pres'Tv), a. Tending to suppress. 

Sup-press'or (-er), n. One who suppresses. 

Sup'pu-rant (sup'pu-rant), n. {Med.) A suppurative. 

Sup'pu-rate (-rat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Suppurated 
(-ra'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Suppurating.] [L. suppurate, 
p. p. -atus ; sub under -\- pus, puris, matter. See Pus.] 
To generate or cause to generate pus. 

Sup pu-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. Act or process of sup- 
purating ; also, the matter produced by the process ; pus. 

Sup'pu-ra-tive (sup'pu-ra-tiv), a. Tending to sup- 
purate ; promoting suppuration. 

Su'pra (su'pra), adv. [L. ; akin to super. See Su- 
per-.] Over; above; before; also, beyond; besides; — 
much used as a prefix, mostly to indicate position above 
or over that which is denoted by the word to which it is 
prefixed ; as, supra-axillary, situated above the axil. 

Su pra-lap-sa'ri an (-lap-sa'rT-an), n. [Supra- + 
lapse.] {Eccl. Hist.) One of that class of Calvinists 
who believed that God decreed that man should fall in 
order to furnish the opportunity for the preconceived 
redemption. 

Su'pra-mun'dane (-mun'dan), a. Being or situated 
above the world or above our system ; celestial. 

Su-prem'a-cy (su-prem'a-sy), n. State of being su- 
preme ; highest or supreme authority or power. 

Su-preme' (su-prem'), a. [L. supremus, superlative 
of superus upper, fr. super above. See Super- ; cf. Sum.] 
1. Highest in authority ; holding the highest place in 
authority, government, or power. 2. Highest ; greatest ; 
most excellent or most extreme ; utmost ; greatest pos- 
sible (sometimes in a bad sense). 3. {Bot.) Situated at 
the highest part or point. — Su-premely, adv. 

Sur- (sfir-). [F. sur, prep, contr. fr. L. super, supra. 
See Super-.] A prefix signifying over, above, beyond, upon. 



Su'rah (soo'ra), n. A soft twilled silk fabric much 
used for women's dresses; — called also surah .sill:. 

Su'ral (su'ral), a. [L. sura the calf of the leg.] 
{A not. ) Of or pertaining to the calf of the leg. 

Sur'ance (shnr'ans). n. Assurance. [Obs.l 

Sur'base' (sGr'baV), n. [Pref. sur- -f base.'] 1. 
{Arch.) A cornice, or series of moldings, on the top of 
the base of a pedestal, etc. [See Illust. of Column.] 
2. A board or group of moldings running round a room 
on a level with the tops of the chair backs. 

Sur'based' (-bast/), a. {Arch.) {a) Having a sur- 
base. {b) [F. surbaisse.] Having the vertical height 
from springing line to crown less than the half span ; — 
said of an arch. 

Sur-bate' (sGr-baf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surbated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Surbating.] [F. solbatu, p. p., bruised 
(said of a horse's foot) ; sole sole + battu battered.] 
To make sore or bruise, as the feet by travel. [Obs.] 

Sur-bed' (-bgd'), v. t. [Pref. sur- + bed.] To set 
edgewise, as a stone ; that is, to set in a position differ- 
ent from that which it had in the quarry. 

Surcease' (-ses'), n. [F. sursis, from sur sis, p. p. of 
surseoir to suspend, in OF., to forbear, L. supersedere. 
See Supersede.] Cessation ; stop ; end. 

Surcease', v. t. & i. To cease ; to end. 

Surcharge' (-charj'), v. t. [F. surcharges See 
Sur- ; Charge.] 1. To overload ; to overburden. 2. 
{Law) {a) To overstock ; esp., to put more cattle into, 
as a common, than one has a right to, or more than the 
herbage will sustain. (6) {Equity) To show an omission in 
(an account) for which credit ought to have been given. 

Surcharge', n. [F.] 1. Act of surcharging. 2. 
That with which anything is surcharged ; an overcharge. 

Sur-char'ger (-char'jer), n. One who surcharges. 

Sur'cin'gle (sGr'sin/g'l), n. [OE. sursengle. See 
Sur-, and Cingle.] 1. A belt or girth which passes over 
a saddle, or over anything laid on a horse's back, to bind 
it fast. 2. {Eccl.) The girdle of a cassock. 

Sur'COat' (sfir'kotf ; 110), n. [OF. surcotq. See Sur-; 
Coat.] 1. A coat worn over the other garments ; esp., 
the flowing, outer garment of knights. 2. The outer gar- 
ment of either sex at different epochs of the Middle Ages. 

Sur'CU-lOSe' (sGr'kulos'), a. [L. surcidus a little 
shoot.] {Bot.) Producing suckers, or sucker-like shoots. 

Surd (sfird), a. [L. surdus deaf (whence the mean- 
ing, deaf to reason, irrational.] 1. Deaf. [Obs.] 2. 
Unheard. [Obs.] 3. {Math.) Involving surds ; not 
capable of being expressed in rational numbers ; radical ; 
irrational. 4. {Phonetics) Uttered, as an element of 
speech, without tone, or proper vocal sound ; as, /, p, s, 
etc. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 1G9, 179, 180. 

Surd, n. A surd quantity or sound. 

Sure (shur), a. [Compar. Surer (-er) ; si/perl. Sur- 
est.] [OE. sur, OF. se'ur, L. secants ; se aside, without 
-f- cura care. See Secure.] 1. Certainly knowing and 
believing ; confident beyond doubt. 2. Certain to find 
or retain. 3. Certain not to fail or disappoint expecta- 
tion. 4. Betrothed. [065.] 5. Free from danger ; 
safe ; secure. — Surely, adv. — Sure'ness, n. 

Syn.— Unfailing ; infallible ; firm ; permanent; steady ; 
stable ; strong ; indisputable ; confident ; positive. 

Sure, adv. In a sure manner ; surely. [fall. I 

Sure'-fOOt'ed (-foot'gd), a. Not liable to stumble or| 

Sure'ti-Shlp (shur'tT-ship), n. Suretyship. 

Sure'ty (-ty), n" 1. State of being sure ; certainty ; 
security. 2. That which makes sure ; ground of confi- 
dence. 3. Security against loss or damage ; security for 
due performance. 4. {Law) One who engages to answer 
for the performance of some act or obligation by another ; 
bondsman ; bail. 5. Hence, substitute ; hostage. 

Sure'ty-ship, n. State of being surety; obligation 
to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another. 

Surf (sfirf), n. [Formerly spelled sujf'e, and prob. 
same word as sough.] The swell of the sea which breaks 
upon the shore, esp. upon a sloping beach. 

Sur'face' (sGr'fas' ; 48), n. [F. See Sur-, and Face.] 
1. The exterior part of anything that has length and 
breadth ; superficies ; outside. 2. Hence, outward or 
external appearance. 3. {Geom.) A magnitude that has 
length and breadth without thickness ; superficies. 4. 
{Fort.) That part of the side which is terminated by the 
flank prolonged, and the angle of the nearest bastion. 

Sur'face, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surfaced (-fast) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Surfacing (-fa-sTng).] To give a surface to; 
esp. , to cause to have a smooth or plain surface. 

Surf/boat' (sfirf'botO, ??. {JVaui.) A boat built with 
a pronounced sheer for use in heavy surf. 

Sur'feit (sfir'fit), n. [OF. surf ait, sorfait, excess, 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, f<>bt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SURFEIT 



820 



SURVEYING 



R 



Kts 



arrogance, crime, fr. surfaire, sorfaire, to augment, ex- 

fairt to make, do, L./acere.] 1. 

a eating and drinking. 2. Fullness and oppres- 

thfl system, occasioned often by excessive eating 

and drinking". 3. Disgust caused by excess ; satiety. 

Surfeit (flftrflt), 9. t. & >. [imp. & p. p. Surfeited ; 
• . . \- rft. «. Surfeiting.] 1. To overfeed, and produce 
satiety, sickness, or uneasiness. 2. To rill or indulge to 
:uid disgust ; to cloy. — Sur'f elt-er (-er), n. 

Suff'y (sfirf'y), a. Consisting of, or abounding in, 
eurf. 

Surge (sfirj), n. [L. surpere, surrectuyn, to raise, to 
rise : sub under + rcgere to direct. See Regent ; cf. 
Source.] 1. A fountain. [Oft*.] 2. A large wave or 
billow ; a great, rolling swell of water, produced gener- 
ally by a bigb wind. 3. The heaving motion of, or pro- 
duced by, a great wave. 

Surge, v. i- 1- To swell ; to rise high and roll. 2. 
(Sunt.) To slip along a windlass. 

Surge, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Surged (sfirjd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Surging (sfir'jing).] [Cf. F. surgirto cast anchor.] 
(NenU.) To let go or slacken suddenly, as a rope ; also, 
to slacken the rope about (a capstan). 

Sur'geon (-jun). n. [OF. surgien, contr. fr. chirur- 
gien. See Chtrurgeon.] 1. One who practices surgery 
as a profession. 2. (Zool.) Any one of numerous chseto- 
dont fishes having one or two lancelike spines on each 
Bide of the base of the tail. [of a surgeon. I 

Sur'geon-cy (sfir'jun-sy), w. Office or employment] 

Sur'ger-y (-jer-y), n. 1. Art of healing by manual 
operation ; that branch of medical science which treats 
of manual operations for the healing of diseases or inju- 
ries of the body ; that branch of medical science which 
has for its object the cure of local injuries or diseases, as 
wounds, tumors, etc. , whether by manual operation or by 
medicines and constitutional treatment. 2. A surgeon's 
operating room or laboratory. [Sur'gi-cal-ly, adv. I 

Sur'gi-cal (-ji-kal), a. Of or pert, to surgery. — | 

Sur'gy (-W ), a. Rising in surges ; resembling surges. 

Surloin (-loin'), n. [F. surlonge ; sur upon -f- longe 
loin.] See Sirloin, the more usual orthography. 

Surly (sfir/ly), a. [Compar. SuRLrER (-lT-er) ; su- 
per!. Surliest.] [Prob. fr. sir, and orig. meaning, sii-- 
like, i. e., proud.] 1. Arrogant. [O&s.] 2. Gloomily 
morose ; ill-natured, abrupt, and rude ; severe ; sour ; 
crabbed ; rough ; sullen ; gloomy. 3. Rough ; dark ; 
tempestuous. — Surli-ly (-IT-ly), adv. — Surliness, n. 

Sur-mis'al (sfir-mlz'al), n. Surmise. 

Surmise' (-mlz'), n. [OF. surmise accusation, fr. sur- 
mettre, p. p. surmis, to impose, accuse ; sur (see Sur) + 
mettre to put, set, L. mittere to send.] 1. A thought, 
imagination, or conjecture, based upon feeble or scanty 
evidence ; suspicion ; guess. 2. Thought. [Obs.~] 

Syn. — Conjecture ; supposition ; suspicion ; doubt. 

Sur-mlse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surmised (-mizd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Surmising.] To imagine without certain 
knowledge ; to suppose, conjecture, or suspect ; to guess. 

Sur-mis'er (-mis'er), n. One who surmises. 

Sur-mount' (sfir-mount'), v. t. [OF. surmonter, sor- 
monter; sur over -\-monter to mount.] 1. To mount or 
rise above ; to overtop. 2. To conquer ; to overcome. 
3. To surpass ; to exceed. [surmounted. I 

Sur-mount/a-ble (sur-mount'a-b'l), a. That may be | 

Sur-mcunt'ed, a. (Arch.) Having its vertical height 
greater than half the span ; — said of an arch. 

Sur-mount'er (-er), n. One that surmounts. 

Sur-mul'let (-mul'let), n. [F. surmulet ; saur, satire, 
red + mulet mullet.] (Zool. ) Any one of various species 
of mullets, esp. the European species. 

Sur'name' (sfir'nam'), n. [A substitution for OE. 
sournoun, fr. F. svrnom. See Sur-, Noun, and Name.] 
1. A name or appllation which is added to the baptismal 
or Christian name, and becomes a family name. 2. An 
appellation added to the original name ; agnomen. 

Sur-name' (sGr-nam' or sftr'nam'), v. t. To give a 
surname to. 

Surpass' (stir-pas'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surpassed 
(-past'); p. pr. & vb. n. Surpassing.] [F. surpasser ; 
sur over -f- passer to pass.] To go beyond in anything 
good or bad. 

Syn. — To exceed; excel; outdo; outstrip. 

Sur-pass'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be surpassed. 

Surpassing, a. Eminently excellent ; exceeding oth- 
er- — Surpassingly, adv. — Sur-passlng-ness, v. 

Sur'pllce (sQr'plis), n. [F. surplis, OF. surpeliz, LL. 
svp'rppjiicium ; super over 4- pellicium, pelliceum, a 
robe of fur. See Pelisse.] (Eccl.) An outer, white gar- 
ment sometimes worn by the clergy of certain churches. 



Sur'pliced (sfir'plTst), a. Weaving a surplice. 

Sur'plus (-plus), n. [F., fr. sur over + plus more.] 
That which remains when use or need is satisfied, or 
when a certain limit is reached ; excess ; overplus. 

Sur / plus-age(-aj),?i. 1. Surplus; excess ; overplus. 

2. (Law) In pleading, unnecessary or irrelevant matter. 
Sur-pris'al (sfir-prlz'al), n. Act of surprising, or 

state of being surprised ; surprise. 

Surprise' (stir-priz'), n. [F. surprise, fr. surprendre, 
sii rpris ; sur over -}- prendre to take, L. prehendere. See 
Prehensile.] 1. Act of coming upon, or taking, una- 
wares or unexpectedly. 2. State of being surprised, or 
taken unawares ; a suddenly excited feeling of wonder. 

3. Anything that causes such a state or emotion. 
Syn. — Astonishment ; amazement. 

Sur-prise', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surprised (-prizd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Surprising.] 1. To come or fall upon sud- 
denly and unexpectedly ; to take unawares. 2. To strike 
with wonder, astonishment, or confusion, by something 
sudden, unexpected, or remarkable. 3. To bring or lead 
by some sudden act or occurrence. — Sur-pris'er (-er), n. 

Surprising, a. Exciting surprise ; extraordinary. — 
Surprisingly, adv. — Sur-pris'ing-ness, n. 

Sur're-butler (sQr're-but'ter), n. (Law) The reply 
of a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter. 

Surle-Join' (-re-join'), v. i. [Pref. sur- -f rejoin.] 
(Law) To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. 

Sur re-join'der (-der), n. (Law) The answer of a 
plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. 

Sur-ren'der (sur-rSn'der), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sub- 
rendered (-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Surrendering.] [OF. 
surrendre to deliver ; sur over -f- rendre to render. See 
Render.] 1. To give or deliver up possession of upon 
compulsion or demand. 2. To give up possession of ; to 
yield ; to resign. 3. To yield to any influence, emotion, 
passion, or power ; — reflexive. 

Sur-ren'der, v. i. To give up wholly ; to yield. 

Sur-ren'der, n. Act of surrendering ; specif. (Law), 
the yielding of a particular estate to him who has an im- 
mediate estate in remainder or reversion. 

Sur-rep'tion (-rSp'shun) , n. A getting surreptitiously. 

Sur rep-ti'tious (sur'rep-tish'us), a. [L. surreplitius, 
fr. surripere to withdraw privily ; sub- under + rapere to 
snatch.] Done or made stealthily, or without due author- 
ity ; clandestine ; stealthy. — Sur'rep-ti'tiOUS-ly, adv. 

Sur'rey (sur'rT ) , n . A four-wheeled pleasure carriage, 
(commonly two-seated) somewhat like a phaeton. 

Sur'ro-gate (siir'ro-gat), oi. [L. surrogatus, p. p. of 
surrogare to substitute ; sub under + rogare to ask. 
See Rogation.] 1. A deputy ; substitute. 2. The 
deputy of an ecclesiastical judge. [Eng.~] 3. In some 
States of the U. S. , an officer who presides over the pro- 
bate of wills and testaments and the settlement of estates. 

Surround' (stir-round'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sur- 
rounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Surrounding.] [OF. suronder 
to overflow, LL. superundare ; f r. L. super over -f- undare 
to rise in waves, fr. unda wave. The English sense is 
due to the influence of E. round.'] To inclose on all sides ; 
to lie or be on all sides of ; to hem in. 

Syn. — To encompass; encircle; environ; invest. 

Sur-round'ing, a. Inclosing ; encircling. 

Sur-round'ing. n. 1. An encompassing. 2. pi. The 
things which surround or environ ; environment. 

Sur-tOUt' (sfir-toof ; F. sur'tob'), n. [F., fr. trover 
+ tout all.] A man's overcoat, esp. when long, and fit- 
ting closely like a body coat. 

Sur -veil 'lance (sflr-val'yans or -va'lans), n. [F., fr. 
surveiller to watch over ; sur over + veiller to watch, 
L. vigilare.~\ Oversight ; watch ; inspection ; supervision. 

Sur-veillant (-val'yant or -valant), a. Overseeing ; 
watchful. — n. An overseer ; spy; supervisor. 

Sur-vey' (sfir-va'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surveyed 
(-vad'); p. pr. & vb. n. Surveying.] [OF. surveoir ; 
sur -f- veoir to see, L. videre.] 1. To inspect, or take a 
view of ; to overlook. 2. To view with a scrutinizing 
eye ; to examine ; to view with reference to condition, 
situation, value, etc. 3. To determine the form, extent, 
position, etc., of, by means of linear and angular measure- 
ments. 4. To examine, as a manor, with reference to the 
boundaries, tenure of tenants, rent, etc. [Eng.~\ 

Sur'vey (sfir'va or sfir-va'), n. 1. A surveying; an 
examination, esp. with reference to condition, quantity, 
or quality. 2. Specif., the operation of finding the con- 
tour, dimensions, position, etc., of a part of the earth's 
surface, or a line through it ; also, a measured plan and 
description of such a part or line. 

Syn. — Review ; retrospect ; examination ; prospect. 

Sur-vey'ing, n. That branch of applied mathematics 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, it, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, ftbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SURVEYOR 



821 



SWAB 



which teaches the art of determining the area, shape, 
contour, etc., of any portion of the earth's surface, with 
an accurate delineation of the whole on paper. 

Sur-vey'or (sur-va'er), n. One who surveys ; super- 
intendent; overseer; inspector. 

Sur-vey'or-Ship, n. Office of a surveyor. 

Sur-viv'al (-viv'al), n. 1. Act or state of surviving ; 
a living or continuing longer than another person, thing, 
or event. 2. (Archseol. & Ethnol.) Any habit, usage, or 
belief, remaining after the conditions which brought it 
into existence have passed away. 

Sur-vive' (sur-viv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Survived 
(vivd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Surviving.] [F. survivre, L. 
supervivere; super over -f- vivere to live.] To live be- 
yond the life or existence of ; to endure longer than ; to 
outlive ; to outlast. [ist. I 

Sur-vive', v. i. To remain alive ; to continue to ex- [ 

Sur-viv'er (-er), n. One who survives ; a survivor. 

Sur-Viv'or (-er), n. One who survives. 

Sur-viV'or-ship, n. 1. State of being a survivor. 2. 
(Laiv) The right of one who has a joint interest in an 
estate to take the whole estate upon the other's death. 

Sus-. [L. , for subs-, f r. sub under ; sometimes through 
OF. fr. L. subtus below, fr. sub.] A prefix equiv. to sub-. 

Sus-cep'ti-ble (sus-sgp'tT-b'l), a. [F., from L. susci- 
pere, susceptum, to take up, undertake, admit ; pref. sus- 
(see Sub-) -)- capere to take.] 1. Capable of admitting 
anything additional, or any change, affection, or influ- 
ence. 2. Capable of impression, or emotional excite- 
ment ; having nice sensibility ; impressible ; tender ; sen- 
sitive. — Sus-cep'ti-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-t^), Sus-cep'ti-ble- 
ness, n. — Sus-cep'ti-bly, adv. 

Sus-cep'tion (-shun), n. Act of taking ; reception. 

Sus-cep'tive (-ttv), a. Susceptible. 

Sus'cep-tiv'i-ty (sus'sep-tiv'T-ty), n. Susceptibility. 

Sus-cip'i-ent (sus-sipT-ent), a. Receiving. [R.] 

Sus'ci-tate (sus'si-tat), v. t. [L. suscitare, p. p. -atus ; 
pref. sus- (see Sub-) -(- citare to rouse.] To rouse ; to 
excite. [O&s.] 

Suspect' (sus-pgkt'), a. [L. suspectus, p. p. of sus- 
picere to look up, admire, to view askance ; sub under 
+ specere to look. See Spy.] 1. Suspicious. [06s.] 
2. Suspected. [Obs.] 

Sus-pect', n. 1. Suspicion. [Obs.] 2. An object of 
suspicion ; — now only of persons suspected of crime. 

Sus-pect', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ScrsPECTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Suspecting.] 1. To imagine to exist, often upon 
weak evidence or no evidence. 2. To imagine to be 
guilty, upon slight evidence, or without proof. 3. To 
hold to be uncertain ; to doubt. 

Syn. — To mistrust ; distrust ; surmise ; doubt. 

Sus-pect', v. i. To imagine guilt ; to be suspicious. 

Sus-pect'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be suspected. 

Sus-pect'er (-er), n. One who suspects. 

Sus-pecf fill (-ful), a. Apt to suspect or mistrust ; 
full of suspicion ; suspicious. — Sus-pect'ful-ness, n. 

Sus-pend' (-pend'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suspended ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Suspending.] [F. suspendre, or OF. sous- 
pendre (where the prefix is L. subtus below, from sub 
under), L. suspendere, suspensum ; pref. sus- (see Sus-) 
-\-pendere to hang.] 1. To attach to something above ; 
to hang. 2. To make to depend. [Archaic'] 3. To 
cause to cease for a time ; to make temporarily inopera- 
tive or inactive ; to interrupt ; to stay. 4. To hold in 
abeyance, or in an undecided state. 5. To debar, or 
cause to withdraw, temporarily from a privilege, function 
of office, etc. 6. (Chem.) To support in a liquid, as a 
powder, by stirring, to facilitate chemical action. 

Syn.— To delay; intermit; hinder; debar. 

Suspend', v. i. To cease from operation or activity ; 
esp., to stop payment, or be unable to meet obligations 
or engagements. 

Sus-pend'er (-er), n. One that suspends ; esp., one 
of a pair of straps for holding up the trousers. 

Suspense' (sus-pens'), a. [F. suspens, L. suspensus, 
p. p. of suspendere. See Suspend.] Suspended. [06s.] 

Suspense',??. 1. State of being suspended ; specif., 
state of uncertainty and expectation, with anxiety or 
apprehension ; indetermination ; indecision. 2. Cessa- 
tion for a time ; stop ; pause. 

Sus-pen'sion (-pen'shun), n. 1. A suspending ; state 
of being suspended. 2. Esp., temporary delay, interrup- 
tion, or cessation ; as of labor, judgment, payment, etc. 

Syn. — Delay ; interruption ; intermission ; stop. 

Sus-pen'sive (-siv), a. Tending to suspend, or to 
keep in suspense ; causing interruption or delay. 

Sus-pen'sor (-ser), n. That which suspends, or holds 
up anything. 



Sus pen'SO-ry (sus-pen'so-rj?), a. 1. Suspended. 2. 
Fitted or serving to suspend ; suspending. [a« a truss. I 

Sus-pen'so-ry, n. That which suspends, or holds up, | 

Sus-pl'clon (sus-pTsh'Gn), n. [OE. suspecioun, OF. 
souspecon, L. suspectio a looking up to, an esteeming 
highly, suspicion, fr. suspicere to look up, to esteem, to 
mistrust. The modern form suspicion is in imitation of 
L. suspicio mistrust. See Suspect.] 1. A suspecting ; 
imagination or apprehension of the existence of some- 
thing (esp. wrong or harm) without proof, or upon very 
slight evidence. 2. Slight degree ; hint. [Colloq.] 

Syn.— Jealousy ; distrust ; mistrust ; diffidence ; doubt. 

Sus-pi'cious (-plsh'us), a. 1. Inclined to suspect. 

2. Indicating suspicion or mistrust. 3. Liable to sus- 
picion ; adapted to raise suspicion ; questionable. — Sus- 
pi'cious-ly, adv. — Sus-pl'cious-ness, n. 

Syn.— Distrustful; mistrustful; doubtful. See Jealous. 

Sus-pir'al (-pir'al), n. [From Suspire.] A breathing 
hole ; a vent or ventiduct. 

Sus'pi-ra'tion (sus'pT-ra'shiin), n. Act of suspiring. 

Sus-pire' (sus-pir'), v. i. [L. suspirare; sub under 
-+- spirare to breathe.] To fetch a deep breath ; to sigh. 

Sus-tain' (-tan'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sustained 
(-tand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sustaining.] [OF. sustenir 
(pref. sus-, prop. fr. L. subtus below), L. sustinere; pref. 
sus- (see Sus-) + tenere to hold.] 1. To keep from fall- 
ing; to support. 2. Hence, to keep from sinking, be- 
coming despondent, etc. ; to aid, comfort, or relieve. 

3. To maintain ; to keep alive ; to nourish. 4. To en- 
dure without failing or yielding ; hence, to bear ; to un- 
dergo. 5. To hold or adjudge to be valid or according to 
law ; to sanction or allow, as being legal. 6. To prove ; 
to establish by evidence ; to corroborate or confirm. 

Syn. — To uphold; subsist; assist; relieve; suffer. 

Sus-taln'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being sustained. 

Sustained' (-tand'), a. Held up to a certain pitch* 
degree, or level ; uniform ; as, sustained passion. 

Sus-tain'er (-tan'er), n. One that sustains. 

Sus-tain'ment (-ment), n. Act of sustaining. 

Sus'te-nance (sus'te-nans), n. 1. A sustaining ; sup- 
port ; maintenance. 2. That which supports life ; food. 

Sus ten-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. [L. sustentatio, fr. 
sustentare to support, v. intens. fr. sustinere to sustain.] 
A sustaining ; state of being sustained ; preservation from 
falling, failing, or deterioration ; support ; sustenance. 

Sus'ten-ta-tive (sus'ten-ta-tiv), a. Adapted to sus- 
tain, strengthen, or corroborate. 

Su sur-ra'tion (su'sur-ra'shun), n. [L. susurratio, 
f r. susurrare to whisper.] A whispering ; soft murmur. 

II Su-sur'rus (sii-sur'rus), n. [L.] Whisper ; murmur. 

Sut'ler (sut'ler), n. [D. zoetelaar, OD. soetelaar, fr. 
soetelen to undertake low offices.] A person who follows 
an army, and sells provisions, liquors, etc., to the troops. 

[| Su'tra (soo'tra), n. [Skr. sutra thread, string of 
rules, aphorism, fr. siv to sew.] 1. Precept ; aphorism. 
2. pi. A body of Hindoo aphoristical literature between 
the Vedic and the later Sanskrit literature. 

Sut-tee' (sut-te'), n. [Skr. satl a faithful wife, fern, 
of sant real, true, p. pr. of as to be.] [India] 1. A 
Hindoo woman who immolates herself, or is immolated, 
on the funeral pile of her husband. 2. Such immolation. 

Sut-tee'ism (-Tz'm), n. The practice of immolation 
of widows in Hindostan. 

Sut'tle (sut't'l), n. {Com.) The weight when tare has 
been deducted, but not tret. [or seam. I 

Su'tur-al (su'tur-al ; 135), a. Of or pert, to a suture, | 

Su'ture (su'tur ; 135), n. [L. sutura, fr. suere, sultim, 
to stitch. See Sew.] 1. A sewing or stitching ; also, the 
hue along which two things or parts are sewed together, 
or are united in, or as if in, a seam. 2. The stitch by 
which parts are sewed together. 3. Any seamlike line, 
depression, or rib, as between parts grown together, be- 
tween the segments of a crustacean, etc. 

Su'tured (su'tfird ; 135), a. Having a suture or su- 
tures ; knit or united together. 

Su'ze-rain (su'ze-rah), n. [F. , f r. sus above, L. susum, 
sursum (sub under -f- version, p. p. of veriere to turn), 
after analogy of souverain, E. sovereign.] A superior lord 
to whom fealty is due ; lord paramount. [suzerain. I 

Su'ze-rain-ty (-ty), n. Dominion or authority of a| 

Swab (swob), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swabbed (swobd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Swabbing.] [See Swabber, n.] To clean 
or dry with a mop or swab. 

Swab, n. 1. A kind of mop for cleaning floors, etc. 
2. A bit of sponge, cloth, or the like, fastened to a han- 
dle, for cleansing or medicating deep-seated parts, as the 
throat. 3. A sponge, or other suitable substance, at- 
tached to a handle, for cleaning the bore of a firearm. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SWABBER 



822 



SWAY 



Swab1)er fswBb'bSr), n. [D. twabbw : cf. D. :wabbe- 

i swab. ] 1. One who swabs a floor 

or deck. 2. [Naut.) Formerly, an inferior British naval 

officer, charged with seeing; that the ship was kept clean. 

Swad (swtfd), "• [Prob. fr. AS. sweSfian to bind.] 
"'.•<;.] 1. A cod or pod. 2. A clown. 

Swad'dle (swod'd'l). n. [AS. siceSil, fr. sice&ian to 
swathe.] Anything used to swaddle with, as a cloth. 

Swad'dle. r. t. [imp. S:p. p. Swaddled (-d'ld) ; p.pr. 
& tb. ». Swaddling (.-dllng).] To bind as with a baud- 
age ; to bind or wrap tightly with clothes ; to swathe. 

Swad'dling (-dung), a. & n. from Swaddle, v. 

Swaddling band, Swaddling cloth, or Swaddling clout, a band 
or cloth wrapped rouud au iufaut, esp. oue new born. 

Swag (swag), V, i. [imp. & p. p. Swagged (swagd) ; p. 
P>\ & vb. n. Swagging.] [Akin to Sway.] 1. To hang 
or move with a swaying motion. [Prov-Eng.] 2. To sag. 

Swag. n. 1. A swaying. 2. Stolen booty. [Slang] 

Swage (swaj), v. t. &l i. Abbrev. of Assoage. [Obs.] 

Swage, n . A tool used by metal-workers for shaping 
their work, by holding it upon the work, or the work 
upon the swage, and striking with a sledge. 

Swage, V. t. To shape or fashion by means of a swage. 

Swag'ger (swag'ger), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swag- 
gebed (-gerd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Swaggering.] [Freq. of 
Swag.] 1. To walk with a swaying motion; hence, to 
walk and act in a pompous, consequential manner. 2. 
To boast or brag noisily ; to bluster ; to bully. 

Swag'ger, n. Act or manner of a swaggerer. 

Swag'ger-er (-er), n. One who swaggers. 

Swag'gy (-gy), a. Inclined to swag ; sagging. 

Swain (swan), n. [Icel. sveinn a boy, servant; akin 
to AS. swan.] 1. A servant. [Obs.] 2. A rustic; esp., 
a country gallant or lover ; — chiefly in poetry. 

Swain'ish, a. Pert, to, or like, a swain ; rustic. 

Swale (swal), n. [Cf. Icel. svalr cool, svala to cool.] 
A valley or low place ; a tract of low, and usually wet, 
land; moor; fen. [Prov. Eng. & Local, IT. S.] 

Swale, v. i. & t. See Sweal. 

Swallow (swollS), n. [AS. 
swaleice, sicealwc; akin to G. 
sehwalbe.] 1. (Zo'dl.) (a) Any 
one of numerous species of 
long-winged, passerine birds of 
the family Hirundinidse, esp. 
one of those with the tail 
deeply forked, (b) Any one 
of numerous species of swifts 
which resemble the true swal- 
lows in form and habits, as the 
common American chimney 
swallow, or swift. 2. (Naut.) 
The aperture in a block through 
which the rope reeves. 

SwallOW, v. t. [imp. &p. p. European Swallow (a) and 
Swallowed (-16"d) ; p. pr. & vb. Nest iChelidon rustica). 
n. Swallowing.] [AS. swelgan; akin toG. schwelgen to 
feast.] 1. To take into the stomach through the gullet. 

2. To receive into an abyss or gulf. 3. To receive or 
embrace without examination, suspicion, or scruple. 4. 
To absorb ; to take up ; to consume. 5. To retract ; to 
recant. 6. To receive without resentment or retaliation. 

Syn. — To imbibe ; ingulf ; engross. See Absorb. 
Swallow, v. i. To perform the act of swallowing. 
Swallow, n. 1. A swallowing. 2. Gullet ; throat. 

3. Taste ; liking. [Colloq.] 4. Amount swallowed at once. 
SwaFl0W-er (-er), n. One who swallows. 
Swallow-tail' (-taF), w. 1. {Carp.) A kind of tenon 

used in making joints; dovetail. 2. (Bot.) A species of 
willow. 3. (Fort.) A form of outwork with converging 
sides. 4. A swallow-tailed coat„ 5. (Zo'dl.) Any one 
of numerous species of butterflies, 
having each hind wing prolonged in 
the form of a long lobe. 

Swallow-tailed' (tald'), a. 1. 
Having a tail like that of a swallow ; 
like a swallow's tail in form ; hence, 
having narrow and tapering skirts. 
2. (Carp.) Dovetailed. 

Swal'low-wort'(-wtirt'),n. (Bot.) 
(a) See Celandine, (b) A poisonous 
plant of the Milkweed family. 

Swam (sw5m), imp. of Swim. 

Swamp (swSmp), n. [Etym. un- 
certain.] Wet, spongy land ; soft, low ground saturated 
with water, but not usually covered with it. 

Swamp cabbage (Bot.), skunk cabbage. — Swamp ore 
(Mm.), limonite. — Swamp robin (Zo'dl.), the chewink. 





Swallowtail Butter- 
fly, right half. 




Swamp (sw5mp), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Swamped 
(swoint ; 215) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Swamping.] 1. To plunge 
sink, or stick, into, or as if into, a swamp. 2. (Naut.) 
To fill with water ; to capsize or sink by whelming with 
water ; to founder. 3. Fig. : To plunge into inextrica- 
ble difficulties and perils ; to overwhelm. 

Swamp'y (-y), a. Consisting of swamp ; 
like a swamp. 

Swan (sw5n), n. [AS. sivan ; akin to G. 
schwan.] 1. (Zo'dl.) Any one of numer- 
ous species of large aquatic birds having a 
long neck, and 
noted for their 
graceful move- 
ments when 
swimminj 
Most of the 
northern spe- 
cies are white. 

2. Swans, col- 
lectively. 

(-neT-?) 1 '" 61 "! Trumpeter Swan (Olor buccinator). 
place where swans are bred. 

Swan's'-down' (swonz'doun'), or Swans'down', n. 
1. The down of the swan. 2. A fine, soft, thick cloth of 
wool mixed with silk or cotton. 

Swan'skin' (swBn'skin'), n. 1. The skin of a swan 
with the down on. 2. A species of thick, soft flannel. 

Swap (sw5p), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swapped (swopt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Swapping.] [OE. swappen to strike ; cf. 
E. to strike a bargain.] 1. To strike. [Prov. Eng.] 2. 
To exchange in barter. 

Swap, v. i. 1. To fall ; to rush. 2. To flap, as wings. 

Swap, n. 1. A stroke. [Prov. Eng.~\ 2. An ex- 
change. [Collog.'] 

Sward (sward), 7i. [AS. sweard skin, covering ; akin 
to G. schwarte'.'] 1. Skin. [Prov. Eng.] 2. The grassy 
surface of land ; turf . 

Sward, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Swarded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Swarding.] To cover, or be covered, with sward. 

Sware (swtr), archaic imp. of Swear. 

Swarm (swarm), v. i. & t. [Cf . Swerve.] To climb by 
alternate embraces of arms and legs ; to shin. [Colloq.] 

Swarm, n. [AS. swearm; akin to G. schwarm.] 1. 
A large number or mass of small animals or insects, esp. 
when in motion. 2. Specif. , a great number of honeybees 
which emigrate from a hive at once, under the lead of a 
queen ; a like body of bees settled permanently in a hive. 

3. Hence, any great number or multitude ; crowd ; throng. 
Swarm, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Swarmed (swarmd) ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. Swarming.] 1. To collect, throng, or fly 
in a swarm. 2. To be crowded ; to be thronged or filled. 

Swart (swart), a. [AS. sweart black; akin to G. 
schwarz.] Moderately black ; swarthy ; tawny ; dark. 

Swarth (swarth), a. Swart ; swarthy. 

Swarth, n. " [See Sward.] Sward ; short grass. 

Swarth, n. See Swath. 

Swarth'ness, n. Swarthiness. [i2.] 

Swarth'y (-y), a. [Compar. Swarthier (-T-er) ; su- 
perl. Swarthiest.] [See Swart, a.] Being of a dark 
hue or dusky complexion ; tawny ; swart. — Swarth'i- 
ly (-T-l^), adv. — Swarth'i-ness, n. 

Swart'ish j(swart'ish), a. Somewhat swart, or tawny. 

Swart'ness, n. Quality or state of being swart. 

Swash (swosh), n. [Etym. uncertain.] (Arch.) An 
oval figure with moldings oblique to the axis of the work. 

Swash, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Swashed (swosht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Swashing.] [Prob. imitative.] 1. To dash or 
flow noisily ; to splash. 2. To bluster ; to vapor or brag. 

Swash, n. 1. Impulse of water flowing violently ; a 
dashing or splashing of water. 2. A narrow channel of 
water lying within a sand bank, or between a sand bank 
and the^shore, or a bar over which the sea washes. 3. 
Bluster." [Obs.] 4. A swaggering fellow. [docio. I 

Swash'buc'kler (-buk'kler), n. A bully or bragga-| 

Swash'er (-er), n. A braggart ; a blusterer. 

Swath (swath), n. [AS. swaSu a track, trace ; akin 
to G. schwad'.] 1. A line of grass or grain cut and 
thrown together by the scythe. 2. The sweep of a 
scythe, or the breadth from which grass or grain is cut 
by a scythe or machine. 3. A band or fillet ; a swathe. 

Swathe (swath), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swathed 
(swathd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Swathing.] [AS. sweSian.] 
To bind with a swathe, band, bandage, or rollers. 

Swathe, n. A bandage ; a band ; a swath. 

Sway (swa), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swayed (swad) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Swaying.] [OE. sweyen, Icel. sveigja ; akin 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, e" vent, idea, 5 bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



SWAY 



823 



SWELTER 



to E. swing.] 1. To move or wield with the hand. 2. 
To influence or direct by power and authority, by per- 
suasion, or by moral force. 3. To incline or swing to 
one side, or to and fro, — lit. or fig. 4. (Naut.) To hoist. 

Syn. — To bias ; rule ; govern ; direct ; guide ; influ- 
ence ; swing ; move ; wave ; wield. 

Sway (swa), v. i. 1. To be drawn to one side by 
weight or influence. 2. To move or swing to and fro. 
3. To have weight or influence. 4. To rule ; to govern. 

Sway, n. 1. A swaying ; swing ; sweep. 2. Influence, 
weight, or authority that sways. 3. Preponderance ; 
turn or inclination. 4. Rule ; dominion ; control. 

Syn. — Rule ; dominion ; power ; empire ; control ; 
influence ; direction ; preponderance ; ascendency. 

Sway'-backed' (-bSkt/), a. Having the back hollow 
or sagged ; — said of horses and other animals. 

Swayed (swad), a. Sway-backed. 

Sweal (swel), v. i. limp. & p. p. Swealed (sweld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Swealing.] [OE. swelen to burn, AS. 
swelan ; akin to G. schwelen.~\ To melt and run down, 
as the tallow of a candle ; to waste away without feed- 
ing the flame. 

Sweal, v. t. To singe ; to scorch; to swale. 

Swear (swtr), v. i. limp. Swore (swor), formerly 
Sware (swa*r) ; p. p. Sworn (sworn) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Swearing.] [AS. swerian; akin to G. schwdren. Cf. 
Answer.] 1. To affirm or utter a solemn declaration, 
with an appeal to God for its truth ; also, to affirm sol- 
emnly by some sacred object. 2. (Law) To give evi- 
dence under oath. 3. To use the name of God or sacred 
things profanely ; to curse. 

Swear, v. t. 1. To utter or affirm with a solemn ap- 
peal to God for the truth of the declaration ; to make 
under oath. 2. (Law) To put to an oath ; to administer 
an oath to. 3. To declare or charge upon oath. 4. To 
appeal to by an oath. 

Swear'er (-er), n. One who swears. 

Sweat (swet), v. i. limp. &p. p. Sweat or Sweated 
(Obs. Swat (swot)) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sweating.] [AS. 
swsetan, fr. swat, n., sweat ; akin to G. schweiss, L. sudor, 
iGr. tfios, iSpws, Skr. sveda sweat.] 1. To excrete sen- 
sible moisture from the pores of the skin ; to perspire. 
2. To perspire in toil ; to drudge. 3. To emit moisture, 
as green plants in a heap. 

Sweat, v. t. 1. To cause to excrete moisture from 
the skin. 2. To emit from the pores ; to exude. 3. To 
unite by heating, after the application of solder. 4. To 
get something advantageous, as money, property, or la- 
bor, from (any one) by exaction or oppression. [Colloq.'] 

To sweat coin, to remove part of a piece of coin, as by 
shaking it with others in a bag. 

Sweat, n. 1. (Physiol.) The colorless, acid fluid ex- 
creted from the skin. 2. Act or state of one who sweats ; 
hence, labor ; drudgery. 3. Any exuding moisture. 

Sweat'er (-er), n. One that sweats ; specif. : (a) A 
sudorific, (b) A kind of woolen jacket or jersey. 

Sweat'y (-y), a. ICompar. Sweatier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Sweatiest.] 1. Moist with sweat. 2. Consisting, or of the 
nature, of sweat. 3. Causing sweat ; hence, laborious ; 
toilsome. — Sweat'i-ly (-i-ly), adv. — Sweat'1-ness, n. 

Swe den-bor'gi-an (swe'den-bQr'ji-an), n. One who 
holds the doctrines of the New Jerusalem church, as 
Jtaught by Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher 
and religious writer (a. d. 1688-1772). 

Swee'ny (swe'ny), n. (Far.) Atrophy of the muscles 
in horses, esp. of the shoulder muscles. 

Sweep (swep), v. t. limp. & p. p. Swept (swept) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Sweeping.] [OE. swepen ; akin to AS. 
swapan. See Swoop, v. i.] 1. To brush, or rub over, 
with a broom for the purpose of cleaning. Used also 
figuratively. 2. To drive or carry along or off with, or 
as if with, a broom or a brush. 3. To brush against or 
over ; to rub lightly along. 4. To carry with a long, 
swinging, or dragging motion ; hence, to carry in a 
stately or proud fashion. 5. To strike with a long stroke. 
6. (Naut.) To draw something over. 7. To traverse 
with the eye or with an instrument of observation. 

Sweep, v. i. 1. To clean anything with a broom, 
brush, etc. 2. To brush swiftly over the surface of any- 
thing ; to pass swiftly ; to move in a stately manner. 3. 
To pass over anything comprehensively. 

Sweep, n. 1. Act of sweeping. 2. Compass or range 
of a stroke, or of any motion or moving body. 3. Violent 
and general destruction. 4. Direction and extent of 
any motion not rectilinear. 6. Direction or departure, 
as of a curve, away from a rectilinear line. 6. A sweeper; 
specif., a chimney sweeper. 7. (Naut.) A large oar. 8. 
A long pole moving on a fulcrum fixed to a tall post, and 



used to raise and lower a bucket in a well. 9. (Card 
Playing) In cassino, a pairing of all the cards on the 
board, and so removing them all ; in whist, the winning 
of all the tricks in a hand ; a slam. 10. pi. Sweepings. 

Sweep'er (swep'er), n. One that sweeps. 

Sweepings (-Tugz), n. pi. Things collected by sweep- 
ing, [or prizes. 

Sweep'stake' (-stak'), n. A winning of all the stakes | 

Sweep'stakes' (-staks'), n. 1. A sweepstake. 2. 
sing, or pi. The whole money or other things staked at a 
horse race. 3. A race for all the stakes or prizes. 

Sweep / V (-$'), a. Moving with a sweeping motion. 

Sweet (swet), a. ICompar. Sweeter (-er) ; tuperi. 
Sweetest.] [AS. swet'' J akin to G. tiiu, L. sitavis, Gr. 
ijSvs, Skr. svadu sweet.] 1. Having an agreeable taste or 
flavor such as that of sugar ; saccharine. 2. Pleasing to 
the smell ; fragrant. 3. Pleasing to the ear ; soft ; melo- 
dious. 4. Pleasing to the eye ; beautiful ; mild ; fair ; soft. 
5. Fresh ; not salt or brackish. 6. Not changed from a 
sound or wholesome state. Specif. : (a) Not sour. (6) 
Not stale; not putrescent or putrid; not rancid. 7. 
Pleasing to the mind ; mild ; amiable ; winning. 

Sweet clover (Bot.), melilot. — Sweet fern (Hot.), a small 
North American shrub having aromatic fernlike leaves. — 
Sweet flag. (Bot.) See Calamus, 2. — Sweet gum (Hot.), a 
species of liquidambar. — Sweet oil, olive oil. — Sweet po- 
tato. (Bot.) See under Potato. — Sweet rush (Bot.), sweet 
flag. —Sweet sultan (Bot.), an annual composite plant 
(Centaurea vwschata); also, the yellow-flowered ft odo- 
rata. — Sweet William (Bot.), a species of pink (Dianthus 
barbatus) of many varieties. 

Syn. — Sugary ; saccharine ; dulcet ; luscious. 

Sweet (swet), n. 1. That which is sweet, lit. or fig. 

2. Darling ; — a term of endearment. 
Sweefbread 7 (-brSd'), n. 1. The thymus gland or 

the pancreas, — used for food. 2. (Anal.) The pancreas. 

Sweefbri/er (-bri'er), n. (Bot.) A kind of rose with 
minutely glandular and fragrant foliage. 

Sweet'en (swef'n), v. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Sweet- 
ened (-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sweetening.] 1. To make 
or become sweet ; as to the taste, the sight, or the mind. 2. 
To make pure and salubrious by destroying noxious mat- 
ter. 3. To make warm and fertile. — Sweet'en-er, n. 

Sweefheart' (-hart'), n. A lover or mistress. 

Sweet'ing, n. 1. A sweet apple. 2. Darling ; — a 
word of endearment. 

Sweet'ish (swet/Ish), a. Somewhat sweet. 

Sweetly, adv. In a sweet manner. 

Sweet'meat' (-met/), n. Fruit (peaches, pears, nuts, 
etc. ) preserved with sugar, — usually in the pi. 

Sweet'ness, n._ Quality or state of being sweet. 

Sweet'root' (-root 7 ), n. (Bot.) Licorice. 

Sweet'-sop' (-sop 7 ), n. (Bot.) A kind of custard apple. 

Sweefwood' (-wdod'), n. (Bot.) 
(a) The true laurel, (b) The timber of 
Oreodaphne Leucoxylon, a tree of Ja- 
maica, also that of several related trees. 

Swell (swel), v. i. limp. Swelled 
(sweld) ; p. p. Swelled or Swollen 
(swol''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Swelling.] 
[AS. swellan; akin to G. schwellen.'_ 
1. To grow larger by increase or expan- 
sion within. 2. To increase in size or 
extent by addition ; to expand. 3. To rrU it of Sweet-sop. 
become or be protuberant ; to bulge ; 
to belly. 4. To be puffed up with conceit, pride, anger, 
etc. ; hence, to act pompously, arrogantly, etc. ; to strut. 

5. To be turgid, bombastic, or extravagant. 6. To be 
elated ; to rise arrogantly. 7. To become larger in amount. 

Swell, v. t. 1. To cause to swell in size, extent, 
amount, or volume. 2. To raise in arrogance ; to puff up. 

3. (Mus.) To augment gradually in loudness. 

Swell, n. 1. A swelling. 2. Gradual increase ; as 
in bulk, height, intensity, volume (of sound), or (rhetori- 
cal) force and power. 3. A protuberance ; rounded ele- 
vation. 4. A wave or billow ; the roll of the sea after a 
storm. 5. A showy, dashing person ; dandy. ISlang] 

6. (Mus.) A gradual increase and decrease of the volume 

of sound ; — generally _- ______ 

indicated thus : ~" ===== — — 

Swell'ing, n. 1. Act of that which swells. 2. Pro- 
tuberance ; prominence, esp. (Med.) an unnatural one. 

Swelt (swglt), v. i. [AS. sweltan to die.] To die ; to 
swoon. [06s.] 

Swel'ter (swel'ter), v. i. limp. & p. p. Sweltered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sweltering.] 1. To be over- 
come and faint with heat ; to be ready to perish with 
heat. 2. To welter ; to soak. [ude. [i?.] I 

Swel'ter, v. t. 1. To oppress with heat. 2. To ex- 1 




fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing:, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SWEPT 



824 



SWORD 



Swept (swtot), imp. & j>. p. of Sweep. 
Swerve (■wlrr), v. ;'. A t. {imp. A p. p. Swerved 
. A rb. n. Swerving.] [AS. sweor/aii to 
wipe Off, to tile, to polish; akin to D. twerven.] 1. To 

stray. iObs.} 2. To deviate or wander, or to turn, 
from anv given line, or from a ride of duty. 3. To climb 
or move upward by winding or turning. 

Swift (awfft), a. [Compar. Swifter (-er) ; superl. 
Swiftest.] [AS. swift ; akin to swapan to sweep, swipu 
a whip. See Swoop", V. /.] 1. Moving or acting with 
celerity or velocity ; fleet ; rapid ; quick ; speedy ; 
prompt. 2. Of short duration. 

s»y n. —Quick; fleet; speedy; rapid; expeditious. 

Swift, n. 1. The current of a stream. [JR.] 2. 
(Zo'ol.) Any one of numerous species of small, 
long-winged, insectivorous birds of the family 
Miervpoaidto. In form and habits the swifts 
resemble swallows, but they belong to a widely 
different group allied to the humming birds, 
and are not singing birds. 3. (Zo'ol.) Any 
one of several lizards. 4. (Zo'61.) 
The ghost moth. 5. [Cf. Swivel.] 
A reel for yarn, thread, etc. ; — 
used chiefly in the pi. 

Swift'er (swift'er), n. 
[Cf. Swivel.] (Xaut.) (a) 
A rope used to retain the 
bars of the capstan in 
their sockets while men are 
turning it. (b) A rope used to encircle a boat longitudi- 
nally, to strengthen and defend her sides, (c) The for- 
ward shroud of a lower mast. 

Swift'er, V. t. (Naut.) To tighten, as slack standing 
rigging, by bringing the opposite shrouds nearer. 

Swift'let (-let), n. Any one of numerous species of 
small Asiatic swifts, of the genus Collocalia. 

Swiftly, adv. In a swift manner. 

Swif t'ness, n. Quality or state of being swift. 

Swig (swig), v. t. [Cf. D. zwelgen to swallow, E. 
swallow, v. t.] To drink in long draughts. [Colloq.] 




American Chimney Swift 
(Clisetura x>elagica). 



Swig, n. A long draught. [Colloq.] 
Swill (swil), i'. /. & i. limp. & p. p. Si 
p. pr. & vb. n. Swilling.] [AS. swilian.] 1. To wash ; 



to drench. [Obs.] 2. To swallow or drink greedily or 
Bwinishly. 3. To fill with drink. — S Will'er , n. 

Swill, n. 1. The wash, or mixture, given to swine. 

2. Large or excessive draughts of liquor. 

Swim (swim), v. i. [imp. Swam (swSm) or Swum 
(swum) ; p. p. Swum ; p. pr. & vb. n. Swimming.] [AS. 
swimman ; akin to G. schwimmen.~\ 1. To be supported 
by water or other fluid ; to float. 2. To move progress- 
ively in water by means of strokes, as with the hands 
and feet, or with fins. 3. To be overflowed or drenched. 
4. Fig. : To be as if borne or floating in a fluid. 

Swim, v . t. 1. To pass or move over or on by swim- 
ming. 2. To cause or compel to swim ; to make to float. 

3. To immerse in water that the lighter parts may float. 
Swim, n. 1. Act of swimming; a gliding motion, 

like that of one swimming. 2. The sound, or air blad- 
der, of a fish. 3. A part of a stream frequented by fish. 

Swim, v. i. [OE. swime dizziness, vertigo, AS. swlma : 
akin to G. schwindel dizziness. Cf. Swindler.] To be 
dizzy ; to have an unsteady or reeling sensation. 

Swim'mer (swlm'mer), n. One who swims. 

Swim'ming-ly, adv. In an easy, gliding manner, as 
if swimming ; smoothly ; successfully ; prosperously. 

Swin'dle (swinM'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swindled 
(-d'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Swindling (-dling).] [See Swin- 
dler.] To cheat and defraud grossly, or deliberately. 

Swin'dle, n. The act or process of swindling ; a cheat. 

Swin'dler (-dler), n. [G. schwindler, fr. schwindeln 
to be dizzy, to cheat, deriv. of schwinden to vanish. Cf . 
4th Swim.] One who swindles. 

Syn. — Sharper ; rogue ; cheat. — A swindler is one who 
obtains money or goods under false pretenses. A sharper 
is one who cheats by sharp practice, as in playing at cards 
or staking what he can not pay. 

Swine (swin), n. sing. & pi. [AS. swin ; akin to G. 
schwein; orig. a dim. corresponding to E. sow.~\ (Zo'ol.) 
Any animal of the hog kind, esp. one of the domesticated 
species. The male is specifically called boar, the female, 
sow, and the young, pig. 

SwineT>read / (-brSd'), n. (Bot.) The truffle. 

Swinelierd' (-herd), n. A keeper of swine. 

Swine / -pox / (-p5ks'), n. (Med.) Water pox. 

Swing (swing), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Swung 
(swung) ; archaic imp. Swang (swSng) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
IWDBBM.] [AS. swingan to scourge, to flutter ; akin to 



G. schwingen to swingle.] 1. To move to and fro, as a 
suspended body ; to wave ; to vibrate ; to oscillate. 2. 
To sway or move from one side or direction to another ; 
hence, to brandish ; to whirl. 3. To use a swing. 4. To 
be hanged. [Colloq.'] 

Syn. — See Rock. 

Swing (swing), n. 1. A swinging; vibration; oscil- 
lation ; swaying motion ; sway. 2. A line, cord, or other 
thing suspended and hanging loose, upon which anything 
may swing. 3. Influence or power of a swaying body. 
4. Free course ; tendency. 

Swinge (swinj), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Swinged (swiujd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Swingeing.] [Causative of Swing.] To 
beat soundly ; to whip ; to chastise ; to thrash. 

Swinge'ing, a. Huge ; very large. [Colloq.] 

Swin'gel (swin'g'l), n. [AS. swingele whip. See 
Swing.] The swinging part of a flail ; the swiple. 

Swing'er (swing'er), n. One who swings or whirls. 

Swing'er (swm'jer), n. 1. One who swinges. 2. 
Anything very large or striking. [Colloq.] 

Swin'gle (swin'g'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swingled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. ?i. Swingling (-gling).] [See Swin- 
gel.] To clean by beating with a swingle, or scutch. 

Swin'gle, n. A wooden instrument like a large knife, 
used for beating and cleaning flax. 

Swin'gle-bar' (-bar')* n. A swingletree. 

Swin'gle-tree' (-tre 7 ), n. [So named in allusion to 
its swinging.] A whippletree. 

Swing'tiee' (swing'tre 7 ), ». A 6wingletree. 

Swinish (swin'Tsh), a. Befitting or like swine ; hog- 
gish ; beastly. — Swin'ish-ly, adv. — Swin'ish-ness, n. 

Swipe (swip), n. [Cf. Sweep.] 1. A sweep. 2. A 
strong blow given with a sweeping motion. 

Swipe, v. t. To strike forcibly with a sweeping motion. 

Swi'ple (swTp"l), n. [See Swipe.] A swingle. 

Swirl (swerl), v. t. & i. [Akin to Swarm, «.] To 
whirl, or cause to whirl, as in an eddy. 

Swirl, n. A whirling motion ; an eddy ; a whirl. 

Swish (swish), v. t. [Of imitative origin.] To flourish 
swiftly so as to produce a noise. [whirling object. I 

Swish, n. A quick flourish ; — the sound made by a| 

Swiss (swis), n. sing. &pl. [F. Suisse, of G. origin.] 
A native or inhabitant of Switzerland ; people of Switzer- 
land, —a. Of or pert, to Switzerland, or the Swiss. 

Switch (swich), n. [Cf. Swink, Swing.] 1. A small, 
flexible twig or rod. 2. (Railways) A movable part of 
a track for transferring cars from one track to another. 

3. A separate tress of hair worn on the head by women. 

4. (Elec.) A mechanical device for shifting an electric 
current to another circuit. 

Switch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Switched (swicht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Switching.] 1. To strike with a switch ; 
to whip. 2. To swing or whisk. 3. To turn, shunt, or 
shift, by a switch. 

Switch'man (-man), n. One who tends a switch. 

SwitZ'er (swlts'er), n. A Swiss. 

Swlv'el (sw!v''l), n. [AS. swifan to revolve ; akin to 
E. swoop.] 1. (Mech.) Apiece 
attached to another piece by 
a pin so as to permit rotation. 
2. {Mil.) A small piece of ord- Swivel in Chain . 

nance turning on a swivel. 

Swlv'el, v. i. To swing or turn, as on a pin or pivot. 

Swob (swob), n. & v. See Swab. 

Swoll'en (swol"n), p. p. of Swell. 

Swoln (swoln), p. p. Contraction of Swollen. 

Swoon (swoon), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swooned 
(swoond) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Swooning.] [OE. swounen, 
fr. swowen, fr. swo^en to sigh deeply, to droop, AS. swogan 
to sigh. Cf . Sough.] To sink into a fainting fit ; to faint. 

Swoon, n. _A fainting fit ; syncope. 

Swoop (swoop), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swooped (swoopt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Swooping.] [OE. swopen, usually, to 
sweep, AS. swapan to sweep, to rush ; akin to G. sckwei- 
fen to rove ; also to AS. swifan to move quickly. Cf. 
Sweep, Swift.] 1. To fall on and seize ; to catch while 
on the wing. 2. To catch up with a sweep. 

Swoop, v. i. To descend with closed wings from a 
height upon prey, as a hawk ; to stoop. 

Swoop, n. A falling on and seizing ; a swooping. 

Swop (sw5p), v. & n. Same as Swap. 

Sword (sord), n. [AS. sweord ; akin to G. schwert.] 
1. An offensive weapon of diverse forms, but always hav- 
ing a long (and usually a sharp-pointed) blade with a cut- 
ting edge or edges. 2. Hence, emblematically, judicial 
vengeance or punishment ; authority and power, esp. mili- 
tary power. 3. Destruction by the sword, or in battle. 

Sword graaB, gladen. — Sword lily (Bot.), gladiolus. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, £, i, 5, u, y , short ; senate, 3 vent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



SWORDED 



825 



SYMMETRICAL 



Sword'ed (sord'ed), a. Girded with a sword. 

Sword'er (-er), n. A swordsman ; soldier ; also, a 
cutthroat. [Obs.] 

Sword'fish' (-fish'), n. (Zool.) (a) A very large 
oceanic fish, the only "^^ representative of the 




family Xiphiidse. It is highly valued as a food fish, (6) 
The gar pike, (c) A peculiar, long, thin, marine fish of 
the southern coasts of the U. S. 

Sword'man (-man), n. A swordsman. 

Sword'play' (-pla 7 ), n. Fencing ; a sword fight. 

Swords'man (sordz'man), n. 1. A soldier ; a fight- 
ing man. 2. One skilled in the use of the sword. 

Swore (swor), imp. of Swear. 

Sworn (sworn), p. p. of Sweae. 

Swound (swound), v. & n. Swoon. [Archaic] 

'S wounds (swoundz), interj. Zounds. [Archaic] 

Swum (swQm), imp. & p. p. of Swim. 

Swung (swung), imp. & p. p. of Swing. 

Syb'a-rite (sTb'a-rit), n. lL. Sybarita, Gr. 2u/3aptnj?, 
fr. 2u/3opts, a city in Italy noted for its voluptuousness.] 
A person devoted to luxury and pleasure ; a voluptuary. 

Syb'a-rit'tc (-rTt'Tk), ) a. Pert, to or like the Syba- 

Syb'a-rit'ic-al (-T-kal), J rites ; luxurious ; wanton. 

Syc'a-mlne (sTk'a-niln), n. (Bot.) The sycamore (a). 

Syc'a-more (-mor), n. [L. sycomorus, also sycaminus, 
Gr. crvKOfjiopos the fig mulberry ; origin uncertain.] 
{Bot.) (a) A 
large tree al- 
lied to the com- 
mon fig, found 
in Egypt and 
Syria. (b) The 
button wood. 
(c) A large Eu- 
ropean species 
of maple. 

Sy-cee' (sT- 
se' or si-se'), n. 
Silver in shoe- 
shaped ingots 
(commonly 
weighing about 
onepoundtroy) 
used as curren- 
cy. [China] 
llSy-co'ni-um 

(si - ko'ni - iim), Sycamore (a) (Ficus Sycomorus). 

!i Sy-co'nus (si-ko'nus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. o-vkov the fig.] 
(Bot.) A collective fleshy fruit in which the ovaries are 
hidden within a hollow receptacle, as in the fig. 

Syc'O-phan-cy (sTk'o-fan-s^), n. Character or char- 
acteristic of a sycophant; hence, mean or obsequious 
flattery; servility. 

Syc'O-phant (-fant), n. [L. sycophanta, Gr. <tvko- 
<f>avn}s a false accuser, lit., a fig shower; ovkov fig + 
<f>alveiv to show ; why so called is uncertain.] 1. A tale- 
bearer. [Obs.] 2. A base parasite ; a mean or servile 
flatterer ; esp., a flatterer of princes and great men. 

Syc'O-phan'tic (-fan'tTk), ) a. Of or pert, to a syc- 

Syc'O-phan'tlc-al (-tl-kal), j ophant ; characterized 
by sycophancy ; meanly or obsequiously flattering. 

Sy'e-nite (si'e-nit), n. (Min.) Orig., a granular crystal- 
line rock composed of quartz, hornblende, and feldspar, 
quarried at Syene, in Upper Egypt ; later (as used by 
some), a rock consisting of hornblende and orthoclase. 

Sy'e-nit'Ic (-nTt'Tk), a. Relating to, or like, syenite. 

Syl'la-ba-ry (sTlla-ba-ry), n. A table of syllables; 
esp. , a table of indivisible syllabic symbols. 

Syl-lab'ic (sil-lab'Ik), \ a. Of, pertaining to, or con- 

Syl-lab'lc-al (-T-kal), J sisting of, a syllable or syl- 
lables. — Syl-lab'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Syl-lab'i-cate (-T-kat), v. t. To syllabify. 

Syl-lab'1-ca'tion (sTl-l£b'T-ka'shun or sTl'la-bT-), ) 

Syl-lab'1-fl-ca'tlon (sTl-lab'T-f T-ka'shiin), j "• 

A forming or dividing into svllables. See Guide to Pron., 
§ 275. 

Syl-lab'i-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syllabified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Syllabifying (-fFTng).] [L. syl- 
laba syllable + -fy.] To form or divide into syllables. 

Syl'la-ble (sri'ia-b'l), n. [OF. sillabe, L. syllaba, Gr. 
ovkXaPrj that which is held together, a syllable, deriv. of 




<tvv with -j- ka\i.$a.vzi.v to take.] 1. An elementary sound, 
or a combination of elementary sounds, uttered together, 
or with a single effort or impulse of the voice, and con- 
stituting a word or a part of a word. See Guide to Pro- 
nunciation, § '275. 2. In writing and printing, a part of 
a word separated from the rest, and capable of pronun- 
ciation by a single impulse of the voice. 3. A bit of a 
sentence or discourse ; a particle. 
Syl'la bub (all'la-bub), n. Same as SiLLABbB. 

Syl'la-bUS (-bus), n. ; pi. E. SYLLAB08E8 (-Sz), L. 

Syllabi (-bi). [L. ; of same origin as E. syllable.] A 
compendium of anything ; an abstract. 

II Syl-lep'sls (sTl-lgp'sTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. o-uAAtji^i? a 
taking together. See Syllable, n.] 1. (Rhet.) A figure 
by which a word is at once used both literally and meta- 
phorically. 2. (Gram.) The agreement of a verb or ad- 
jective with one, rather than another, of two nouns, with 
either of which it might agree in gender, number, etc. 

Syl-lep'tic (sil-lgp'tlk), ) a. Of or pertaining to syl- 

Syl-lep'tic-al (-tT-kal), j lepsis. 

Syl-lid'i-an (sTl-UdT-cm), n. [From NL. Syllis, the 
typical genus.] (Zool.) Any one of numerous species of 
marine annelids, of which many are phosphorescent. 

Syl'lo-gism (sTl'16-jTz'm), n. [OF. silogime, sillo- 
gisme, L. syllogismus, Gr. <ruAAoyio>i6s, lit., a reckoning 
all together, deriv. of o-uv with -f- Aoyi'feo-0ai to reckon, 
to conclude.] (Logic) The regular logical form of every 
argument, consisting of three propositions, the first two 
being called the premises, and the last, the conclusion. 

Syl lo-gis'tic (-jTs'tik), ) a. Of or pert, to a syllo- 

SyMo-gis'tic-al (-tT-kal), J gism ; embodied in a syl- 
logism or syllogisms. — Syrio-gls'tic-al-ly , adv. 

Syl'lO-gize (-jiz), v. i. To reason by syllogisms. 

Sylph (sTlf), n. [F. sylphe, m., fr. Gr. o-i'A^tj a kind 
of grub, beetle^ or moth.] 1. An imaginary being inhabit- 
ing the air ; fairy. 2. Fig. : A slender, graceful woman. 

Sylph'id (sTlf'Id), n. A little sylph ; a young sylph. 

II Syl'va (sTl'va), n. (Bot.) Same as Silva. 

Syl'van (-van), a. [See Silvan, a.] 1. Of or per- 
taining to a sylva or forest ; hence, rural ; rustic. 2. 
Abounding in forests or in trees ; woody. 

Syl'van, n. A fabled deity of the wood ; a satyr ; a 
faun ; sometimes, a rustic. 

Syl'van ite (sil' van-it), n. [First found in Transyl- 
vania.] (3Iin.) A telluride of gold and silver, often oc- 
curring in crystals resembling written characters. 

Syl'vlc (sTl'vIk), a. (Chem.) Of or pert, to Pinus 
sylveslris, and other species of pine, or their products. 

Syl-vic'O-line (sTl-vTk'o-Hn), a. [L. sylva forest + 
colere to inhabit.] (Zool.) Of or pert, to the warblers. 

Syl'vi-CUl'ture (sTl'vI-kul/tur ; 135), n. [Sylva -f- 
cullure.] The cultivation of forest trees ; forestry. 

Sym- (sTm-). See Syn-. 

Sy-mar' (si-mar'), Sy-marr , 5 n. A variant of Simae. 

Sym'bol (sTm'bbi), n. [L. symbolum, Gr. av^okov a 
sign by which one infers a thing, fr. <rv/u./3aAAeii/ to put 
together, to compare ; <rvv with -j- fidWeiv to throw.] 1. 
A visible sign of an idea ; anything which suggests an 
idea or thing, as by resemblance or by convention. 2. 
Any character used to represent a quantity, an operation, 
a relation, or an abbreviation ; as in mathematics and 
chemistry. 3. (Theol.) A creed. 

Syn. — Emblem ; figure ; type. See Emblem. 

Sym-bol'ic (sTm-bol'Ik), n. (Theol.) Symbolics. 

Sym-bOl'ic (-bol'Tk) , la. Of, pert, to, or of the nature 

Sym-bol'ic-al (-T-kal), ) of, a symbol ; representa- 
tive. — Sym-bol'ic-al-ly, adv. — Syrn-boHc-al-ness. n. 

Sym-bol'ics (-Tks), n. The study of symbols; esp. 
(Theol.), historic theology as treating of creeds and con- 
fessions of faith. 

Sym'bol-ism (slni'bol-Tz'm), n. 1. Act of symbol- 
izing, or state of being symbolized. 2. A system, or 
systematic use, of symbols. 3. (Theol.) Symbolics. 

SynVbOl-l-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. Act of symbolizing. 

SyrnHbol-ize (sTin'bol-iz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sym- 
bolized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Symbolizing (-i'zTng).] 
1. To have a resemblance of qualities or properties ; to 
correspond. 2. To use symbols; to represent ideas 
symbolically. 

Sym'bol-ize, v. t. 1. To make to agree in properties 
or qualities. 2. To make a symbol of ; to treat as sym- 
bolic. 3. To represent by a symbol or symbols. 

Sym-bOl'O-gy (sTm-bBl'o-jy), n. [Symbol + -logy.] 
Art of expressing by symbols. 

Sym-met'rlc (sTm-me't'rTk), a. Symmetrical. 

Sym-met'ric-al (-rT-kal), a. 1. Involving or exhib- 
iting symmetry; proportional in its parts. 2. (Math.) 
(a) Commensurable, (b) Having corresponding parts or 



fern, recent, Orb, riide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SYMMETRICALLY 



826 



SYNDICATE 



H* 



relations. — Sym - met ' ric - al-ly tsliu-uiet'ri -knl-ly ), 
adv. — Sym-met'ric-al-ness, ». [uietry.l 

Sym'me-trize ^sim'me-trizl, v. t. To reduce to sym-| 

Sym'me-try ^-rr\-"i, n. [L. symmetric^ Gr. avpLfierpia ; 
<n •»• with 4- M«rpo>' » measure.] 1. A due proportion of 
the several parts of a body to each other ; the union and 
conformity of the members of a work to the whole. 2. 
Similarity of structure; regularity in form and 
arrangement ; orderly and similar distribution of parts, 
such that an animal or plant may be divided into parts 
Which are structurally symmetrical. 

Sym pa-thet'ic (sim'pa-thSt-ik), a. 1. Inclined to, 
caused by. or expressive of, sympathy. 2. (Physiol.) 
[a ) Produced by sympathy, (b) Of, pert, to, or produced 
by, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. 

Sympathetic system (An at.), a system of nerves and nerve 
ganglions connected with the alimentary canal, the vas- 
cular system, and the glandular organs of most verte- 
brates, and controlling more or less their actions. 

Sym pa-thet'ic-al (,-T-kffl), a. Sympathetic. 

Sym' pa-thet'ic-al-ly , adv. In a sympathetic manner. 

Sym'pa-thize (-thiz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sympa- 
thized (-thizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sympathizing (-thi 7 - 
zTng).] To have sympathy ; to feel in common. 

Sym'pa-thy (-thy), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. 
(jv^-rraOeia ; avv with -J- jraflos suffering, fr. 7rd(rx«n / ) 
vaBelv, to suffer.] 1. Feeling corresponding to that 
which another feels ; fellow-feeling ; esp. , grief or sor- 
row caused by the troubles or sufferings of another ; 
pity ; compassion. 2. Agreement of affections or incli- 
nations, or a conformity of natural temperament, which 
causes persons to be pleased, or in accord, with one an- 
other. 3. (Physiol.) (a) The reciprocal influence exer- 
cised by the various organs or parts of the body on one 
another, (b) The influence by which one person pro- 
duces in another a condition like that of himself, as in 
yawning. 4. Similarity of function, use, office, or the like. 

Syn. — Pity ; compassion ; commiseration ; tenderness ; 
condolence. — Sympathy is literally a fellow-feeling with 
others, but is now more commonly applied to a fellow- 
feeling with others under affliction, and then coincides 
very nearly with commiseration. See Pity. 

Sym-pet'al-OUS (sim-pet'al-us), a. [Pref. sym- -\- 
petal.~\ (Bot.) Having the petals united; gamopetalous. 

Sym-phon'ic (sTm-fon'Ik), a. 1. Sympkonious. 2. 
(Mus.) Pert, to, or having the form of, a symphony. 

Sym-pho / ni-OUS (-fo'ni-us), a. 1. Agreeing in sound ; 
accordant ; harmonious. 2. (3Ius.) Symphonic. 

Sym'pho-ny (sTin'fo-ny), n. [Through F. and L. fr. 
Gr. a-ufix^oivCa ; avv with -f- 4>wvf) a sound, the voice.] 1. 
An agreeable consonance or harmony of sounds. 2. An 
obsolete kind of stringed instrument. 3. (Mus.) (a) 
Formerly, any composition for an orchestra ; now, an 
elaborate composition for a full orchestra, consisting usu- 
ally of three or four contrasted yet inwardly related move- 
ments ; also, a large orchestral work in freer form, (b) An 
instrumental passage occurring in a vocal composition. 

II Sym'phy-sis (sTm'fT-sTs), n. ; pi. Symphyses (-sez). 
[NL., fr. Gr. ovix-fyvais, deriv. of avv with -f- <f>veiv to 
grow.] (Anat.) (a) An articulation formed by interven- 
ing cartilage, (b) The union or coalescence of bones; 
also, the place of union or coalescence. 

Sympi-e-som'e-ter (sTm'pT-e-zom'e-ter), n. [Gr. 
avixnieais compression -f- -meter.'] A sensitive kind of 
liquid barometer, in which the liquid in the lower portion 
of the instrument compresses a gas in the upper part. 

Sym-po r Si-ac (sTm-po'zT-ak), a. Of or pert, to sym- 
posia, or compotations and merrymaking. — n. A con- 
ference or conversation, as of philosophers at a banquet. 

Sym-po'si-arch (-ark), n. [Gr. avp.noaCo.pxos. See 
-arch.] (Gr. Antiq.) The master of a feast. 

Sym-po'si-um (-urn), n. ; pi. -sia (-a). [L., fr. Gr. 
avii.TToai.ov drinking party ; avv with -f- noais a drinking.] 

1. A drinking together ; merry feast. 2. Collection of 
short essays by different authors on one topic. 

Symp'tom (simp'tum), n. [F. symptome, Gr. avp.- 
TTTojjxa casualty, symptom, fr. ovp-ttltttciv to fall together ; 
avv with -f- TTiTrreiv to fall.] 1. (Med.) Any affection 
which accompanies disease ; a perceptible change in the 
body or its functions which indicates disease, or the kind 
or phases of disease. 2. That which indicates the ex- 
istence of something else. 

Syn.— Mark; note; sign; token; indication. 

Symp/tom-at'ic (-at'Tk), \ a. 1. Of or pert, to 

Symp'tom-at'ic-al (-T-k«l), j symptoms ; indicative. 

2. Aocordingto symptoms. — Symp/tom-at'ic-al-ly , adv. 
Syn- f sin-). [Gr. avv with.] A prefix meaning with, 

along with, together, at the same time. Syn- becomes 
*ym^ before p, b, and m, and syl- before I. 




Syn-»r'e-sis } (sTn-Sr'e-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. avvae 
Syn-er r e-sis j peats a drawing together, deriv. of avv 
with -{-alpelv to take.] (Gram.) The union in one sylla- 
ble of two vowels ordinarily separated. [synagogue. I 
Syn a-gog'ic-al (sin'a-goyi-kal), a. Of or pert, to a| 
Syn'a-gogue (sTn'a-g5g), n. [F. , f r. L. synagoga, Gr. 
ayvayuyr), lit., a bringing together, deriv. of avv with -f- 
ayeiv to lead.] 1. An assembly of Jews met for worship. 
2. A Jewish place of worship. 3. A council among the 
Jews first appointed after the return from the Babylonish 
captivity ; — called also, erroneously, Sanhedrin. 4. A 
congregation in the early Christian church. 

I Syn'a-le'pha (-le'fa), n. [L. synaloepha, Gr. avva- 
\oupr}, from ovva\ei<f>etv to melt together ; avv -f- a\ei- 
0etv to besmear.] (Gram.) A suppression of a vowel or 
diphthong before another at the end of a word. 

Syn al-lag-mat'ic (sTn'al-lag-rnSt'Tk), a. [Gr. avvak- 
Aayju.aTi/c6s, deriv. of avv with -f- aWdaaeiv to change.] 
(Law) Imposing reciprocal obligations upon the parties. 

II Syn a-lce'pha (sTn'a-le'fa), n. Same as Synalepha. 
II Syn ar-thro'di-a (-ar-thro'dT-a), n. [NL.] (Anat.) 

Synarthrosis. — Syn'ar-thro'di-al (-a\), a. 

II Syn ar-thro'sis (-sis), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL. ; Gr. 
avvapOpaais union by joints; avv-\-ap8pov joint.] (Anat.) 
Immovable articulation by close union, as in sutures. 

Syn-ax'is (sin-aks'Ts), n. [L., fr. Gr. avva^ts, fr. 
avvayeiv to bring together.] A congregation ; also, for- 
merly, the Lord's Supper. 

Syn'carp (sin'karp), n. [See Syncarpous.] (Bot.) 
An aggregate fruit with the ovaries in a solid mass, and 
a slender receptacle ; also, a similar multiple fruit. 

Syn-car'pous (sTn-kar'pus), a. [Syn- -j- -carpous.~\ 
(Bot.) Composed of several carpels consoli- 
dated into one ovary. [nous. I 

Syn'chro-nal (sln'kro-nal), a. Synchro- 1 

Syn-chron'iC-al (sin-kron'i-kal), a. Syn- 
chronous. 

Syn'chro-nism (sin'kro-nTz'in), n. [De- 
riv. of Gr. avyxpovos synchronous.] 1. Con- 
currence of events in time ; simultaneousness. 
2. The chronological tabulation of historical 
events and personages. 

Syn'chro-nize (sin'kro-niz), v. i. limp. & 
p. p. Synchronized (-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Synchroni- 
zing (-ni'zing).] To agree in time ; to be simultaneous. 

Syn'chro-nize, v. t. 1. To assign to the same date or 
period of time. 2. To cause to agree in time. 

Syn'chro-nous (-nils), a. [Gr. ovyxpovos ; avv with 
-f- XP° vo * time.] Happening at the same time ; simulta- 
neous. — Syn'chro-nous-ly, adv. 

Syn-Cli'nal (sin-kll'nal or sin'klT-nal), a. [Gr. avy- 
nkCveiv to incline together ; avv with -j- KkLvetv to incline.] 
Inclined downward from opposite directions so as to 
meet in a common point or line ; pertaining to, or char- 
acterized by, such inclination. [cope. I 

Syn'CO-pal (sTn'ko-pal), a. Of or pertaining to syn-| 

Syn'co-pate (-pat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syncopated 
(-pa/ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Syncopating.] [LL. syncopare, 
p. p. -alus. See Syncope.] 1. (Gram.) To contract, as 
a word, by taking one or more letters or syllables from 
the middle. 2. (Mus.) To commence, as a tone, or an 
unaccented part of a measure, and continue it into the 
following accented part. [of syncopating ; syncope. I 

Syn'co-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. Act, process, or result, | 

Syn'CO-pe (sTn'ko-pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. ovyKorrrj a cut- 
ting short, a syncope, deriv. of avv with -f KOTrretv to 
cut.] 1. Act or process of syncopating ; syncopation. 2. 
(Med.) A fainting, or swooning. 3. A cessation. [i2.] 

Syn'cre-tism (sin'kre-tiz'm), n. [Gr. ovyKpT)Tt.aix6s, 
fr. avyKpr)TL^eLv, lit., to mix together.] Attempted union 
of principles or parties irreconcilably at variance. 

Syn-dac'tyl-OUS (sTn-dak'til-us), a. [Pref. syn- + 
Gr. &£/cttAos finger, toe.] (Zool.) Having the toes firmly 
united together for some distance, and without an inter- 
mediate web ; gressorial. 

II Syn'des-mo'sis (sin'des-mo'sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). 
[NL., fr. Gr. avvSeanos a bond ; avv together + Secr/uos a 
bond.] (Anat.) An articulation formed by means of liga- 
ments. 

Syn-det'iC (sTn-det'Tk), \ a. [Gr. avvSeTiicos, deriv. 

Syn-det'ic-al (-Y-kal), J of avv with + Selv to bind.] 
Connecting ; conjunctive. — Syn-det'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Syn'dic (sin'dTk), n. [L. syndicus, Gr. ovvSikos help- 
ing in a court of justice, advocate ; avv with -j- 8Lkt) jus- 
tice.] 1. A kind of government officer. 2. (Law) An 
agent for the transaction of business. 

Syn'di-cate (sin'dT-kat), n. 1. Office or jurisdiction 
of a syndic ; a body of syndics. 2. An association of per- 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 6, ft, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



SYNDROME 



827 



SYSTOLIC 



sons officially authorized to undertake some duty or to 
negotiate some business ; also, an association of persons 
who combine to carry out, on their own account, a finan- 
cial or industrial project. 

II Syn'dro-me (sTn'dro-ine), n. [NL., fr. Gr. avvSpour), 
lit., a running together.] Concurrence. [i2.] 

Syne (sm), adv. [See Since.] Since; ago. [Obs. or 
Scot.'] 

Syn-ec'dO-che (sTn-Sk'do-ke), n. [L., fr. Gr. avven- 
Soxrj, deriv. of avv with -}- eic8exea6cu to receive. ] {lihel. ) 
A figure or trope by which a part of a thing is put for the 
whole, or the whole for a part, etc. 

Syn'ec-doch'ic-al {sin/gk-dok'i-kal), a. Expressed 
by or implying synecdoche. — Syn'ec-doch'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Syn-e'dral (-e'dral), a. [Gr. avveSpos sitting with.] 
{Bot.) Growing on the angles of a stem. 

Syn-er'e-sis (sin-er'e-sTs), n. Same as Synthesis. 

Syn'er-get'ic (sin-er-jgt'ik), a. [Gr. crwepyqi-iKO?, 
deriv. of avv -f- epyov work.] Working together. 

Syn'er-gism (sln'er-jTz'm), n. (Theol.) The doctrine 
that in the regeneration of a human soul there is a coop- 
eration of God and man. 

Syn'er-gy (-jy), n. Combined action; esp. {Med.), 
the combined healthy action of every organ of a system. 

Syn/ge-ne'sian (sin'je-ne'zhan or -shan), ) a. See 

Syn'ge-ne'sious (-zhfis or -shus), J Stn-, and 

Genesis.] {Bot.) Having the stamens united by the an- 
thers ; designating plants having the stamens so united. 

Syn-gen'e-sls (sin-jgn'e-sis), n. [Pref. syn- + gene- 
sis.] (Biol.) A theory of generation which supposes each 
germ to contain the germs of all after generations. 

II Syn i-ze'sis (sin'T-ze'sis), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. avv 
with -j- i£eiv to sit.] {Gram.) A contraction of two syl- 
lables into one. 

Syn'od (sin'iid), n. [L. synodus, Gr. avvoSog a meet- 
ing ; avv with + ofios away.] 1. {Eccl. Hist.) An ec- 
clesiastical council or meeting to consult on church mat- 
ters. 2. A civil assembly or council ; a legislative body. 
3. {Astron.) Conjunction. 

Syn-od'ic (sTn-od'Tk), ) a. 1. {Eccl.) Of or pertain- 

Syn-od'ic-al (-T-kal), J ing to a synod ; transacted 
in, or authorized by, a synod. 2. {Astron.) Pertaining 
to conjunction, especially to the period between two suc- 
cessive conjunctions. — Syn-Od'ic-al-ly , adv. 

Syn -ce'cious (sTn-e'shus), a. \_Syn- -j- Gr. oikos house.] 
{Bot.) Having stamens and pistil in the same head. 

Syn'O-nym (sTn'6-nTni), n. [See Synonymous.] One 
of two or more words which in one or more of their sig- 
nifications are nearly alike, and therefore may be, to a 
greater or less extent, used interchangeably. 

Syn'O-nym'ic (-nTni'Ik), ) a. Of or pert, to syno- 

Syn'O-nym'ic-al (-T-kal), j nyms ; synonymous. 

Syn-on'y-mous (-mils), a. [Gr. avvu>wfj.os ; avv 
with -f- ovo/xa, 6wfj.a, name.] Having the character of a 
synonym ; expressing the same, or nearly the same, idea. 
— Syn-on'y-mous-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Identical ; interchangeable. — Few, if any, of 
the words in our language are identical in use and mean- 
ing, so that the one can in all cases be substituted for the 
other. Synonymous words are those which in all or a 
part of their significations approach so near to each other 
that they can to a certain extent be used interchangeably. 

Syn-on'y-my (-m^), n. 1. Quality of being synony- 
mous ; use of synonyms. 2. A system of synonyms. 

Syn-op'sis (sln-op'sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., fr. 
Gr. avvo\j/is ; avv with -j- 6i/as a sight.] A general view, 
or a collection of heads or parts so arranged as to exhibit 
a general view, of the whole. 

Syn. — Abridgment : compendium ; epitome ; abstract ; 
summary ; syllabus ; conspectus. 

Syn-op'tic (sTn-op'tTk), ( a. Affording a general view 

Syn-op / tic-al (-tT-kal), j of the whole, or of the 
principal parts of a thing. — Syn-op'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Syn-op'tic, n. One of the first three Gospels of the 
New Testament ; — so called because they give a general 
history of our Lord's life and ministry. 

II Syn-os te-o'sis (-os'te-o'sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). 
[NL. ; Gr. avv with -j- bareov bone.] {Anat.) Union by 
means of bone ; the closing up and obliteration of sutures. 

Syn-O'vi-a (sm-o'vl-a), n. [NL. ; perhaps fr. Gr. 
avv with + L. ovum egg.] {Anat.) A transparent, vis- 
cid, lubricating fluid secreted by certain membranes. — 
Syn-O'vi-al (sin-o'vT-al), a. 

II Syn'O-vi'tis (sin'o-vi'tis), n. [NL. See Synovia ; 
-itis.] {Med.) Inflammation of a synovial membrane. 

Syn-tac'tic (-tSk'tik), » a. Of or pertaining to syn- 

Syn-tac'tic-al (-tT-kal), J tax ; according to the 
rules of syntax. — Syn-tac'tic-al-ly, adv. 

Syn'tax (sTn'taks), n. [L. syntaxis, Gr. avvra^, de- 



riv. of avv with + rdaatLv to arrange.] Construction of 
sentences; due arrangement of words in sentences in 
their necessary relations, according to established usage. 

Syn'the-sis (sln'the-sTs), n. ; vl. -ses (-sez). [L., fr. 
Gr. avvdeais, deriv. of avv with -f- rttfeWi to place.] 1. 
Composition, or the putting of two or more things to- 
gether. 2. {Ckem.) Art or process of making a com- 
pound by combining iugredients. 3. {Logic) The com- 
bination of separate elements of thought into a whole. 

Syn-thet'ic (slu-the't'ik), | a. 1. Of or pert, to syn- 

Syn-thet'lc-al (-i-k«lj, ( thesis ; consisting in, or 
made by, synthesis. 2. {Zool.) Comprising within itself 
structural or other characters usually found only in two 
or more diverse groups. — Syn-thet'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Synthetic, or Synthetical, language, an inflectional lan- 
guage, or one characterized by grammatical endings. 

Sy'pher-ing (sI'fer-Tng), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 
{Carp.) The lapping of chamfered edges of planks to 
make a smooth surface, as for a bulkhead. 

Syph'i-lis (slf'i-lls), n. [NL., fr. Syphilus, a shep- 
herd in Fracastoro's poem, " Syphilus, sive Morbus Gal- 
licus; " Gr. aiig hog + ^u'Aos loving.] {Med.) An infec- 
tious venereal disease. — Syph'i-lit'ic (-lit/ Ik), a. 

Sy'phon (si'f5n), n. A siphon. 

Sy'ren (si'ren), n. A siren. [its language. I 

Syr'i-ac (sTr'i-Sk), a. Of or pertaining to Syria, or| 

Sy-rin'ga (sT-rin'ga), n. [NL., fr. Gr. avpiy£ a shep- 
herd's pipe.] {Bot.) {a) The lilac. (6) Any plant of a 
genus {Philadelphia) of plants bearing showy white 
flowers in panicled cymes. Its stems were formerly used 
as pipestems. 

Syr'inge (sir'Tnj), n. [F. seringue, fr. Gr. oiipiyZ a 
tube.] A small instrument with a nozzle, for throwing 
a stream of liquid, for injecting fluids into, or drawing 
fluids out of, animal bodies, cleansing wounds, etc. 

Syr'inge, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Syringed (-injd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Syringing (-In-jing).] To inject, or to wash 
and clean by means of a syringe. [the syrinx. I 

Sy-rin'ge-al (sT-rin'je-al), a. {Anal.) Of or pert, to) 

Syr'in-gOt'O-my (sir'Tn-got'o-my), n. [Gr. ovptyf 
tube + -tomy.~\ (Surg.) Cutting for anal fistula. 

Syr'inx (sir'Tnks), n. ; pi. Syringes (-Tn-jez). [NL., 
from Gr. aipiy£ a pipe.] 1. {Mus.) A wind instrument 
made of reeds tied together. 2. {Anat.) The lower 
larynx in birds [syrphus flies. I 

Syr'phi-an (ser'fT-an), a. {Zool.) Of or pert, to the| 

Syr'phus fly' (ser'fus fll'). [NL. Syrphus, the ge- 
nus, fr. Gr. (rup^os a kind of insect.] {Zool.) Any one 
of numerous species of flies of the genus Syrphus and al- 
lied genera, which feed upon plant lice. 

Syrt (sert), n. [L. syrtis a sand bank, Gr. crupn?.] A 
quicksand ; a bog. [Sirupy. I 

Syr'up (sir'up), n., Syr'up-y (-y), a. Same as Sirup, | 

Sys-tal'tic (sis-tal'tik), a. [Gr. owtoAtiko?, fr. 
caxTTe'AAeiv. See Systole.] {Physiol.) Capable of, or 
taking place by, alternate contraction and dilatation. 

Sys'tem (sis'tem), n. [L. systema, Gr. avarqixa, deriv. 
of avv with -f- iardvat. to place.] 1. An assemblage of 
objects arranged in regular subordination, or after some 
distinct method, usually logical or scientific ; a complete 
exhibition of essential principles or facts, arranged in a 
rational dependence or connection. 2. Hence, the whole 
scheme of created things regarded as forming one com- 
plete plan or whole ; the universe. 3. Regular method 
or order ; plan. 4. {Mus.) The collection of staves which 
form a full score. 5. {Biol.) An assemblage of parts or 
organs essential to the performance of some particular 
function or functions which as a rule are of greater com- 
plexity than those performed by a single organ. 

Sys'tem-at'ic (-at'Tk), ) Of or pert, to system or a 

Sys'tem-at'ic-al (-I-kal), ) system ; consisting in, 
or following, system or a system ; proceeding according to 
a system. — Sys tem-at'ic-al-ly. adv. [to, a system. I 

Sys'tem-a-tist (-a-tist), ». One who forms, or adheres | 

Sys'tem-a-tize (sTs'tem-a-tiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Systematized (-tizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Systematizing 
(-tl'zlng).] To reduce to a system ; to methodize. 

Sys'tem-a-ti'zer (-tPzer), n. One who systematizes. 

Sys-tem'ic (sis-tem'Tk), a. 1. Of or relating to a 
system. 2. {Anat. & Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the 
general system, or the body as a whole. 

Sys'tem-ize (sis'tgm-iz), v. t. To systematize. 

Sys'tem-i'zer (-I'zer), n. A systematizes 

Sys'tO-le (sis'to-le), n. [NL., fr. Gr. owtoAij, deriv. 
of avv with -f - areWeiv to place.] 1. {Gram.) The 
shortening of a long syllable. 2. {Physiol.) The con- 
traction of the heart and arteries by which the blood is 
kept in circulation. — Sys-tOl'iC (sis-tolTk), a. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



SY STYLE 



828 



TACAMAHACA 



Sys'tyle (alstQ), O. [Gr. ov<rrvAos, deriv. of <n«>with 

-f oruAos a column.] {Arch.) Having a space equal to 

/ ^ two diameters between two columns;— said of a por- 

Q or building. — ». A systyle temple or other edifice. 

Sya'y-gy (slz'I-jjf), n. [L, syzygia a joining, Gr. 



av£vyia ; ow with -(- fevywJvai to join, <Jvy6i> yoke.] 1. 
(Astron.) The point of an orbit, as of the moon or a 
planet, at which it is in conjunction or opposition; — 
usually in the^jJ. 2. (Gr. & L. Pros.) The coupling to- 
gether of different metrical feet. 



origin uncer- 




T (te\ the twentieth letter of the English alphabet, is 
a uonvocal consonant. With the letter h it forms the 
digraph th, which has two distinct sounds, as in thin, 
rton See Guide to ^Pronunciation, §§ 262-264, and also 
§§ 153, 156, 169, 172, 176, 178-1S0. It is etymologicaUy 
most nearly related to d, s, th; as in fag, tfuke; (wo, 
</ual, L. tfuo ; resin, L. resiua, Gr. prjTt'vrj, tent ; tense, a., 
tenuous, thin ; nos/ril, thrill. SeeD, S. 

T cart, a kind of two-seated pleasure wagon. — T square, 
a rider having a crosspiece at one end, for making par- 
allel hues ; — so called from its shape. — To a T, exactly, 
perfectly ; as, to suit to a T. [Colloq.] 

Tab (tSb), n. [Etyin. uncertain.] A loose append- 
age ; as the flap of a shoe fastened with a buckle, the 
tag of a lacer, etc. 

Tab'ard (tab'erd), n. [OF. tabard 
tain.] A sort of tunic formerly worn 
for protection from the weather, — 
when worn over the armor, common- 
ly emblazoned with the arms of the 
wearer ; hence, a herald's garment. 

TaVard-er, n. 1. One wearing a 
tabard. 2. A scholar on the foundation 
of Queen's College, Oxford, Eng. 

Tab'a-ret (-a-ret), n. [Cf. Tabby.] 
A stout silk having satin stripes, — 
used for furniture. 

Tab'a-sheer'vtaVa-sher'),?*. [Per. 
iabashir.'] A silicious concretion in 
the joints of the bamboo. It is valued 
in the East Indies as a medicine. 

TabO)i-net (taVM-net), n. [Cf. Tabby.] 
like poplin, with a watered surface. 

TabT>y (-by), n. [F. tabis, fr. Ar. 'attabl, prop., the 
name of a quarter of Bagdad where it was made.] 1. A 
kind of watered silk, like taffeta, but thicker and stronger. 
2. A mixture of mortar with shells, gravel, or stones, 
forming artificial stone. 3. A brindled cat ; hence, any 
cat. 4. An old maid or gossip. [Colloq.'] 

Tab'by (taT/by), a. 1. Having a wavy or watered 
appearance. 2. Brindled ; diversified in color. 

Tab'by, v. t. limp. &p. p. Tabbied (-bid); p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tabbying (-bi-Tng).] To water or calender. 

Tab'e-fac'tion^ (-e-fak'shiin), n. A tabefying. 

Tab'e-fy (tab'e-fi), v. t. [L. tabere to waste away + 
-/?/.] To cause to waste away, [P.J 

"Ta'ber (ta'ber), v. i. Same as Tabob. 

Tab'er-na-Cle (taVer-na-k'l), n. [F., fr. L. taberna- 
culum, dim. of taberna hut. See Tavern.] 1. A frail 
or temporary habitation ; esp., a tent. 2. {Jewish An- 
tiq.'] A portable structure used by the Jews in the exo- 
dus as a place of worship. 3. Hence, the Jewish temple ; 
sometimes, any place for worship. 4. Fig. : The human 
body as the temporary abode of the soul. 5. Any cell 
or receptacle for the housing, keeping, or depositing of 
something, esp. a holy or precious thing. 

Tab'er-na-cle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tabernacled 
(-k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tabernacling (-kling).] To 
dwell or reside for a time ; to be temporarily housed. 

Tab er-nac'u-lar (-n£k'u-ler), a. 1. Of or pert, to a 
tabernacle, esp. the Jewish tabernacle. 2. Latticed. 

li Ta'bes (ta'bez), n. [L.] {Med.) Progressive ema- 
ciation with hectic fever. — Ta-bet'ic (ta-bSt'Tk), a. 

Tab'id (tSb'id), a. {Med.) Affected by tabes; ta- 
betic. — Tab'id-ly, adv. — Tab'id-ness, n. 

TaVi-net (taoT-net), n. Tabbinet. 

Tabla-ture (-la-tur; 135), n. [See Table.] 1. 
(Paint.) A painting on a wall or ceiling ; hence, any pic- 
ture. 2. (Mus.) An ancient musical notation by letters 
aud other signs. 3. {Anat.) Division into plates. 

TaO)le (talj'l), n. [F., fr. L. tabula a board, tablet, 
a painting.] 1. A smooth, flat surface; a thin, flat, 
smooth piece of anything ; a slab. 2. A thin, flat piece 
of anything on which something is inscribed or painted ; 
a tablet ; pi. a memorandum book. 3. Hence, in a great 
variety of applications : A condensed statement which 
may be comprehended by the eye in a single view ; a 



methodical or systematic synopsis ; the presentation of 
many items or particulars in one group ; scheme ; sched- 
ule ; synopsis. 4. An article of furniture variously used, 
as in eating, writing, etc. 5. Hence, food placed on a 
table to be eaten ; fare. 6. The company assembled 
round a table. 7. {Games) {a) The board on the oppo- 
site sides of which backgammon and draughts are played. 
(6) One of the divisions of a backgammon board, (e) pi. 
The game of backgammon or of draughts. [06s.] 8. 
(Jewelry) The upper flat surface of a diamond or other 
precious stone, the sides of which are cut in angles. 

To lay on the table, in parliamentary usage, to lay, as a 
report, motion, etc., on the table of the presiding offi- 
cer,— that is, to postpone the consideration of, by a 
vote. — To turn the tables, to change the condition or for- 
tune of contending parties ; — a metaphorical expression 
taken from the vicissitudes of fortune in gaming. 

TaT>le (ta'b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tabled (ta'b'ld ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tabling (-bling).] 1. To form into a 
table or catalogue ; to tabulate. 2. (Carp.) To scarf. 3. 
To put or place on a table. 4. In parliamentary usage, 
to lay on the table. 5. To enter upon the docket. 

II Ta'bleau' (ta'blo'; E. tablo'), n. ; pi. Tableaux 
(ta/blo'; E. tSb'loz'). [F., dim. fr. L. tabula painting.] 

1. A vivid representation ; picture. 2. A representation 
of some scene by persons silently posturing. 

Ta^le-book' (ta'b'l-bdok'), n. A tablet ; a notebook. 
Ta'ble-clOtb/ (-kloth' ; 115), n. A cloth for covering 

II Ta'ble d'hote' (ta^bl' dof) ; pi.- Tables d'hote (ta'- 
bl'). [F., lit., table of the landlord.] A common table 
for guests at a hotel ; an ordinary. [plateau. I 

TaTlle-land' (ta'bl'-land'), n. Elevated flat land ; | 

Ta'ble-spoon' (ta'b'l-spoon'),^. A spoon of the largest 
size commonly used at the table. 

Ta'ble-spoon'ful (ta'b'l-spobn'ful), n. ; pi. Table- 
spoonfuls (-fulz). As much as a tablespoon will hold, — 
usually reckoned as one half of a fluid ounce. 

Tablet (tablet), n. [F. tablette.] 1. A small table. 

2. A flat piece of anything made for 6ome special pur- 
pose, as to write or engrave on. 3. pi. A kind of pocket 
memorandum book. 4. (Pharm.) A solid kind of elec- 
tuary or confection, usually in little flat squares. 

Ta'ble-ware' (ta'b'l-wtrO, »• Ware for table use. 

Ta-bOO' (ta-bo5 / ), 7i. A total prohibition of intercourse 
with, use of, or approach to, a given person or thing 
under pain of death, — originally, a religious interdict 
common in the islands of Polynesia. 

Ta-bOO', v. t. [imp. &p. p. Tabooed (ta-bood').] To 
forbid, or to forbid the use of ; to interdict. 

Ta'bor (ta'ber), n. [OF., fr. Ar. & Per. tambur a 
kind of lute, or guitar, or Per. tabir a drum. Cf. Tam- 
bour.] (Mus. ) A small drum to accompany a pipe or fife. 

Ta'bor, v. i. 1. To play on a tabor, or little drum. 

2. To strike lightly and frequently. 

TaTaor-er (-er), n. One who plays on the tabor. 

Tab'O-ret (taVo-ret), n. (Mus.) A small tabor. 

Tab'O-rine(-ren),?*. [OF. tabourin.] {Mus.) A tabor. 

Ta'bour (ta'ber), n. & v. See Tabob. 

Tab'OU-ret (tat/oo-ret), n. [F., dim. of OF. tabor 
drum.] 1. Same as Taboret. 2. A cushioned and stuffed 
seat without arms or back ; — so called from its shape. 

3. A kind embroidery frame. 
Tab'ret (tat/ret), n. A taboret. 
Ta-bu' (ta-boo'), n. & v. See Taboo. 

Tab'U-lar (taT/u-ler), a. [L. tabularis, fr. tabula. 
See Table.] Having the form of, or pert, to, a table. 

Tab'U-lar-ize (taVu-ler-Iz), v. t. To tabulate. 

Tab'u-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tabulated 
(-la'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tabulating.] 1. To form into 
a table or synopsis. 2. To shape with a flat surface. 

TaCa-ma-bac' (t5k'a-ma-hSk/), ) n. 1. A bitter, bal- 

Tac a-ma-ha'ca (-ha'ka), ) samic resin ob- 

tained from species of Elaphrium and Calophyllum; 
also, the resinous exudation of the balsam poplar. 2. 
(Bot.) Any tree yielding tacamahac resin ; esp., the bal- 
sam poplar (Populus balsamifera). 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, fi, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, 



TACHE 



829 



TAKE 



Tache (tSch), n. [See Tack a kind of nail.] A thing 
for catching or holding ; catch ; loop ; button. [06s.] 

Ta-chom'e-ter (ta-k5m'e-ter), n. [Gr. raxos speed 
(fr. Ta^vs quick) + -meter.'] An instrument for measur- 
ing velocity ; as of running water. 

Ta-Chyg'ra-phy (ta-klg'ra-ty), n. [Gr. raxv's quick 
-f- -graphy.] The art of rapid writing ; stenography. 

Tac'it (tas'it), a. [L. tacitus, p. p. of tacere to be si- 
lent.] Done or made in silence ; implied, but not ex- 
pressed ; silent. — Tac'it-ly, adv. 

Tac'i-turn (taVI-tfirn), a. Habitually silent ; not given 
to converse ; not apt to talk. — Tac'i-turn-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Silent ; reserved. — Silent refers to the particu- 
lar act ; taciturn to the habit. The loquacious man is at 
times silent ; one who is taciturn may at times talk freely. 

Tac'i-tur'ni-ty (-tfir'ni-ty), n. Habitual silence, or 
reserve in speaking. 

Tack (t5k), n. [From a form of F. tache. See Techy.] 

I. A stain. [Obs.] 2. Peculiar flavor or taint. [Colloq.] 
Tack, n. [OE. tak, takke, fastening ; akin to G. zacke 

twig, spike.] 1. A small, sharp-pointed nail, usually hav- 
ing a broad head. 2. That which is attached ; appendix. 
3. {Naut.) (a) A rope to hold in place the foremost 
lower corners of the courses when the vessel is close- 
hauled ; also, a rope used to pull the lower corner of a 
studding sail to the boom, (b) The part of a sail to which 
the tack is usually fastened, (c) The direction of a vessel 
in regard to the trim of her sails ; hence, the run of a 
vessel on one tack ; also, a change of direction. 
Tack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tacked (takt) ; p. pr. & vb. 

II. Tacking.] 1. To fasten, attach, or secure, esp. in a 
slight or hasty manner. 2. In parliamentary usage, to 
add (a supplement) to a bill. 3. {Naut. ) To turn (a ves- 
sel) when sailing against the wind, so that the wind will 
blow against the other side. [to be tacked. I 

Tack, v. i. {Naut.) To tack a vessel ; (of the vessel)! 

Tack'ing, n. {Law) A union of securities given at 
different times, all of which must be redeemed before an 
intermediate purchaser can interpose his claim. 

Tac/kle (tak'k'l ; sometimes improperly ta'k'l), n. 
[OE. takel, akin to D. lakel.] 1. Apparatus for raising 
or lowering heavy weights, consisting of a rope and pulley 
blocks. 2. Any instruments of action ; gear ; formerly, 
specif., weapons. 3. {Naut.) The rigging and apparatus 
of a ship ; also, any purchase using more than one block. 

Tac'kle, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Tackled (-k'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Tackling.] 1. To supply with tackle. 2. To 
fasten or attach, as if with a tackle ; to harness. [Colloq.] 
3. To lay hold of ; to grapple. 

Tac'kling, n. {Naut. ) 1. Furniture of the masts and 
yards of a vessel. 2. Instruments of action. 3. The 
gear by which a horse draws a carriage ; harness. 

Tack'y (tgk'^), a. [Cf. Techy, Tack a spot.] Sticky ; 
adhesive ; raw ; — said of paint, varnish, etc. [U. S.] 

Tact (tSkt), n. [L. tactus touch, fr. tangere, factum. 
See Tangent.] 1. Sense of touch; feeling. 2. {Mus.) 
The stroke in beating time. 3. Sensitive mental touch ; 
nice perception or discernment ; ready power of apprecia- 
ting and doing what is required by circumstances. 

Tac-ti'cian (tXk-tish'an), n. One versed in tactics ; 
hence, a skillful maneuverer ; an adroit manager. 

Tac'ticS (tak'tiks), n. [Gr. TctKTi/ca, pi., and tcwctikt? 
(sc. Te'xiTj, sing.), fr. TaKTiKos fit for arranging, fr. ra.<r- 
<tzlv to arrange.] 1. Science and art of disposing mili- 
tary and naval forces for battle, and performing military 
and naval evolutions. 2. Any system of procedure. 

Tac'tile (-til), a. [L. taclilis. See Tact.] Of or pert, 
to the organs or sense of touch ; perceiving, or perceptible, 
by the touch ; tangible. — Tac-til'i-ty (tak-til'i-ty), n. 

Tac'tlon (-shiin), n. [L. tactic] A touching ; touch. 

Tac'tu-al (-tfi-al; 135), a. {Physiol.) Of or pert, to 
the sense, or the organs, of touch ; derived from touch. 

Tad'pole' (tSd'pol'), n. [OE. tadde, E. toad -{-poll ; 
i. e., a toad that is all head.] {Zool.) The young aquatic 
larva of any amphibian. 
*-J z 




Tadpole of Frog. 1 Egg; 2-6 Tadpole in Successive Stages 
of Development. 

II Tse'di-um (te'di-um), n. [L.] See Tedium. 

II Tae'ni-a (te'nT-a), n. ; pi. Tamm (-e). [L., a ribbon, 
a tapeworm.] {Zool.) A genus of intestinal worms which 
includes the common tapeworms of man. 



TaB'ni-oid (te'nY-oid), a. [ Taenia -f -oid.] 1. Ribbon- 
like, or ribbon-shaped. 2. {Zo'dl.) Like or pert, to Taenia. 

TaTfer-el (taf'fer-gl), n. {Naut.) See Taffrail. 

Taf'fe-ta (-fe-ta), 1 n. [Through F. and It. f r. Per. 

Taf'fe-ty (-ty), J taftah, deriv. of la/tan to twist.] 
A flue, silk stuff, usually watered. 

Taff'raU (tSfral), n. [D. Infereel a panel, picture, fr. 
tafel table, fr. L. tabula.'] {Naut.) The flat upper part 
of a ship's stern, sometimes ornamented with carved 
work ; the rail around a ship's stern. 

Taf'fy (tSf'fjf), n. [Prob. E. taffy toffy.] A kind of 
candy made of molasses or brown sugar. 

Taf'i-a (t8f'I-a), n. [Malay tafia a spirit distilled 
from molasses.] A variety of rum. [ West Indies'] 

Tag (t8g), n. [Prob. akin to tack a nail.] 1. Any 
slight, loosely hanging appendage ; specif., a direction 
card, or label. 2. A metal binding point at the end of a 
lace. 3. The end, or catchword, of an actor's speech ; cue. 

Tag, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Tagged (tSgd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tagging (-ging).] 1. To fit with, or as if with, a 
tag. 2. To attach. 3. To follow closely ; esp., to touch 
in the game of tag. [touches another. I 

Tag, n. A child's play in which one runs after and| 

II Tagl'ia (tal'ya), n. [It.] {Mech.) A peculiar com- 
bination of pulleys. 

Tagl-io'ni (tal-yo'nT), n. A kind of overcoat ; — said 
to be so named after a family of professional dancers. 

Tag'lock' (tSg'lSk'), n. An entangled lock. 

Tag'-rag' (-rag'), n. & a. [See Tag an end, and Rag.] 
The lowest class of people ; the rabble. 

Tall (tal), n. [F. taille a cutting. See Entail, 
Tally.] {Law) Limitation ; abridgment ; as, an estate 
in tail, that is, one limited to certain heirs. 

Tail, n. [AS. tsegel, txgl ; akin to G. zagel.] 1. {Zo- 
ol.) The terminal, and usually flexible, posterior append- 
age of an animal. 2. Any long, flexible terminal append- 
age ; whatever resembles, in shape or position, the tail 
of an animal, as a catkin. 3. Hence, the back, last, 
lower, or inferior part of anything. 4. A train of attend- 
ants ; a retinue. 5. The side of a coin opposite to that 
which bears the head, effigy, or date ; the reverse. 

Tail, v. i. 1. {Arch.) To hold by the end. 2. {Naut.) 
To swing with the stern in a certain direction. 

Tail'age (-aj ; 48), n. {0. Eng. Law) See Tallage. 

Tail'-bay' (-ba'), n. 1. {Arch.) A joist which rests 
one end on the wall and the other on a girder ; also, the 
space between a wall and the nearest girder of a floor. 
2. The part of a canal lock below the lower gates. 

Tailor (ta'ler), n. [OF. tailleor, fr. taillier to cut, 
fr. L. talea a rod, a cutting, layer for planting.] One 
whose occupation is to cut out and make men's garments, 
or women's outer garments. 

Tai/lor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tailored (-lerd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Tailoring.] To follow the business of a tailor. 

Tail'piece' (tal'peV), n. 1. A piece at the end ; ap- 
pendage. 2. {Arch.) One of the timbers which tail into 
a header, in floor framing. 3. A piece, as of ebony, at- 
tached to the lower end of a violin or similar instrument, 
to which the strings are fastened. [the wheel. I 

TaiFrace 7 (-raV), n. The part of a mill race below} 

Tain (tan), n. [OE. tein, teyne; origin uncertain.] 
Thin tin plate ; also, tin foil for mirrors. 

Taint (tant), n. [See Attaint.] An ineffectual or 
unskillful thrust with a lance. [Obs.] 

Taint, v. t. 1. To injure, as a lance ; also, to break, 
as a lance, but usually in an unskillful manner. [Obs.] 
2. To hit, in tilting. [Obs.] 

Taint, v. t. [From F. teint, p. p. of teindre to tinge, 
fr. L. tingere, tinctum. See Tinge.] 1. To imbue or 
impregnate with something extraneous, esp. with some- 
thing odious, noxious, or poisonous ; hence, to corrupt ; 
to infect ; to poison. 2. Fig. ; To stain ; to sully. 

Syn. — To contaminate ; defile ; pollute ; vitiate. 

Taint, v. i. To be or become tainted. 

Taint, n. 1. Tincture ; tinge. [Obs.] 2. Infection ; 
corruption. 3. A blemish on reputation ; stain ; spot. 

Tain'ture (tan'tur ; 135), n. Taint ; stain. [B.] 

Take (tak), v. t. [imp. Took (t66k) ; p. p. Taken 
(tak"n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Taking.] [Icel. taka ; akin to 
Goth, tekan to touch ; origin uncertain.] 1. In an active 
sense : To lay hold of ; to seize with the hands, or other- 
wise ; to grasp ; to get into one's hold or possession. 
Hence, specif. : (a) To obtain possession of by force or 
artifice ; to capture ; to seize ; also, to come upon ; to 
fasten on ; to attack ; to seize. (6) To gain the interest 
or affection of ; to captivate ; to charm, (c) To make 
selection of ; to choose ; also, to turn to ; to have recourse 
to. {d) To employ ; to use ; hence, to demand ; to re- 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TAKE 



830 



TALLY 



R 



quire, (f ) To form a likeness of ; to copy ; to delineate. 
MBUM; to adopt: to acquire, as shape; to in- 
dulge or aomt in ; to enjoy or experience, as rest, re- 
venge, delight, or shame ; to form and adopt, as a resolu- 
tion; — used in general senses, limited by a following 
complement, in many idiomatic phrases. (<?) To carry ; 
to conveyor conduct. (h) To remove ; to withdraw ; to 
deduct. " 2. In a somewhat passive sense, to receive ; to 
bear : to endure; to acknowledge; to accept. Specif. : 
(a) To accept, as something offered; to receive; to ad- 
mit, (b) To partake of; to swallow, (c) Not to refuse 
or balk at ; to undertake readily ; to clear, (d) To sub- 
mit to ; to tolerate ; to endure, (e) To admit, as some- 
thing presented to the mind ; to receive in thought ; to 
understand : to interpret ; to consider ; to suppose. 
(/) To receive and accept ; to bear ; to submit to ; to 
enter into agreement with ; — used in general senses. 

To take aim, to aim. — To take air, to be divulged or made 
public. — To take arms, to commence war or hostilities. — 
To take breath, to stop to breathe or rest. — To take care, 
to exercise care ; to be solicitous. — To take down, in a fig. 
use. to abase or humble. —To take heart, to gain confi- 
dence or courage. — To take in, in a fig. use, to cheat ; to 
circumvent; to gull; to deceive. [Colloq.] — To take in 
hand, to undertake ; to take the management of. — To take 
in vain, to employ or utter as in an oath. — To take off, in 
a fig. use, to copy ; to reproduce ; also, to imitate ; to 
mimic ; to personate. — To take part with, to unite with ; 
to join with. — To take place, to happen ; to come to pass. 

— To take the field (Mil.), to encamp ; to commence a cam- 
paign. — To take to heart, to feel ; to be much affected by. 

— To take to task, to reprove ; to censure. — To take up, in 
a secondary use, to buy or borrow ; also, to pay and re- 
ceive. — To take upon one's self, (a) To assume ; to under- 
take. (6) To appropriate to one's self ; to allow to be im- 
puted to, or indicted upon, one's self. 

Take (tak), v. i. 1. To take hold ; to fix upon a thing ; 
to have the natural or intended effect, 2. To please ; to 
gain reception. 3. To move or direct the course ; to be- 
take one's self ; to go. 4. To admit of being pictured. 

To take after, to copy ; to imitate ; to resemble. — To 
take on, to be violently demonstrative, as of grief or pain. 

— To take to, to be fond of ; to become attached to. — To 
take up with, to be contented with ; to put up with. 

Take, n. That which is taken ; esp., a haul or catch 
of fish. 

Tak'en (tak''n), p. p. of Take. [cature. I 

Take'-off' (-of ; 115), n. An imitation ; esp., a cari-| 

Tak'er (-er), n. One who takes. 

Tak'ing, a. 1. Apt to take ; alluring. 2. Infectious ; 
contagious. — Tak'ing-ly, adv. — Tak'ing-ness, n. 

Tak'ing, n. 1. Act of taking or seizing. 2. Agita- 
tion ; excitement. 3. Malign influence ; infection. [06s.] 

TainbO-type (t£l'b6-tip or tal'-), n. A calotype. 

Tale (talk), n. [F. talc, fr.* Ar. tulq.'] (Mm.) A soft, 
hydrous silicate of magnesia. Soapstone is a variety. 

Tal-COSe' (tal-kos' or talk'Ss'), Talc/ous (talk'us), a. 
(Min.) Of or pertaining to talc ; resembling talc. 

Tale (tal). n. [AS. talu number, speech, narrative; 
akin to G. sahl number. Cf. Tell.] 1. That which is 
told in an oral recital ; hence, any narrative. 2. A num- 
ber counted off or reckoned ; a reckoning by count ; enu- 
meration. 

Syn. — Anecdote ; story ; fable ; incident ; memoir ; 
relation; account; legend; rehearsal; narrative. 

Tale r bear / er (-baVer), n. An officious teller of tales. 

Tale r bear / ing, n. Officious or malicious telbng of 
tales. 

Tal'ent (tSl'ent), n. [F., fr. L. talentum a talent (in 
sense 1), Gr. rakavrov a balance, a weight, talent ; akin to 
tXtivoj. to bear, L. toller e to lift.] 1. Among the ancient 
Greeks, a weight and a denomination of money equal 
to GO mines. The Attic talent was equal, as a weight, to 
about 57 lbs. avoirdupois, and, as money (silver), to 
£243 15s. sterling, or about $1,180. 2. Among the He- 
brews, a weight and denomination of money. For silver 
it was equivalent to 3,000 shekels, and was equal, as a 
weight, to about 93J lbs. avoirdupois, and, as money, 
from £340 to £396 sterling, or about Sl,645 to Sl,916, 
according to various estimates. For gold it was equal to 
10,000 gold shekels. 3. Intellectual ability, natural or 
acquired ; a special gift, particularly in business, art, 
or the like ; — a use of the word probably originating in 
the Scripture parable of the talents (Matt. xxv. 14-30). 

Syn.— Ability ; faculty ; gift ; endowment. See Genius. 

Tal'ent-ed, a. Furnished with talents or skill. 
.B5P* This word has been strongly objected to by Cole- 
ridge and some other critics, but, as it would seem, upon 
not very good grounds, being, as a formative, just as ana- 
logical and lf-gitimate as gifted, bigoted, moneyed, landed, 
oiit'J. honeyed^ etc., all participial adjectives derived 
directly from nouns and not from verbs. 



II Tales (ta'lez), n. [L., pi. of talis such.] (Laic) 
(a) pi. Persons added to a jury, commonly from the by- 
standers, to make up a deficiency in the jurors regularly 
summoned, being like, or stick as, the latter. (6) syn- 
tactically sing. The writ summoning such persons. 

Tales'mah (talz'nwn), n. {Law) One of the tales 
added to a jury deficient in number. 

II Tal'i-pes (tXl'I-pez), n. fNL., fr. L. talus ankle 4- 
pes foot.] (Surg.) The deformity called clubfoot. 

Tal'i-pot (tai'i-pot), n. [Hind, talpat the leaf of the 
tree.] (Bot.) A large and beautiful tropical palm tree 
(Corypha umbracul'ifera), bearing 
a crown of gigantic, somewhat fan- 
shaped leaves which are used as um- 



brellas, and for making fans, etc. 
Tails man (ta'l'iz-man 01 




Talipot. 



tal'Is-man), n. ; pi. Talismans 
(-monz). [Sp., fr. Ar. tilism, til- 
sam, a magical image, fr. Gr. tc- 
Aeoyia tax, LGr., an incantation, 
fr. TeAeu> to complete, to pay 
taxes, to initiate, esp. in the mys- 
teries, fr. re'Ao? completion.] 1. 
A magical figure cut or engraved 
under certain superstitious ob- 
servances of the configuration of 
the heavens, to which wonderful 
effects are ascribed. 2. Hence, 
something that produces extraor- 
dinary effects, esp. in averting or 
repelling evil ; amulet ; charm. 

Tal is-man'ic (-mSn'Tk), Tal'- 
is-man'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Of, pert, 
to, or being, a talisman. 

Talk (tak), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Talked (takt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Talking.] [Origin uncertain.] 1. To utter 
words ; esp. , to converse familiarly ; to speak, as in fa- 
miliar discourse, when two or more persons interchange 
thoughts. 2. To confer ; to reason ; to consult. 3. To 
prate ; to speak impertinently. [Colloq.'] 

Talk, v. t. 1. To speak freely ; to use for conversing 
or communicating. 2. 'To deliver in talking; to speak 
about ; to utter. 3. To spend in talking. 4. To cause 
to be or become by talking. 

Talk, n. 1. A talking ; esp., familiar converse ; mutual 
discourse. 2. Report ; rumor. 3. Subject of discourse. 

Syn. — Conversation ; colloquy; discourse; chat; dia- 
logue ; conference ; communication. See Conversation. 

Talk'a-tive (-a-tiv), a. Given to much talking. — 
Talk'a -tive-ly, adv. — Talk'a-tive-ness, n. 

Syn. — Garrulous ; loquacious. See Garrulous. 

Talk'er (-er), n. 1. One who talks ; esp., a ready con- 
versationalist. 2. A loquacious person ; also, a braggart. 

Tall (tal), a. [Compar. Taller (-er) ; superl. Tall- 
est.] [OE. tal seemly, elegant, docile (?) ; of uncertain 
origin. ] 1. High in stature ; long and comparatively 
slender. 2. Brave; bold. [Obs.] 3. Fine; splendid; 
also, extravagant. [Obs. or Slang] 

Syn. — High ; lofty. — High implies elevation simply ; 
tall is a generic term, and is applied to anything elevated ; 
lofty refers esp. to the expanse above us, and implies an 
imposing height. Tall is now applied only to physical 
objects ; high and lofty have a moral meaning, lofty being 
more usually coupled with the grand or admirable. 

Tallage (tal'laj ; 48), ) n. [F. taillage. See Tally.] 

Talli-age (tal'lT-aj), j (0. Eng. Law) A public rate 
or tax paid by barons, knights, and inferior tenants. 

Tall'ness (tal'nes), n. Quality or state of being tall. 

Tal'low (tal'16), n. [OE. taluh, lalvgh; akin to G. 
talg.~\ 1. The suet or fat of animals of the sheep and 
ox kinds. 2. Hence, other similar fat, as that of some 
other animals, and that obtained from certain plants. 

Tallow chandler, one who makes or sells tallow candles. 

Tal'low, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Tallowed (-lod) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Tallowing.] 1. To grease or smear with tal- 
low. 2. To fatten. 

TallOW-ish, a. Having the qualities of tallow. 

TallOW-y (-y), a. Of the nature of or like tallow. 

Tal'ly (tal'ly), n. [F. faille cut, tally, fr. lailler to 
cut. See Tailor.] 1. Originally, a piece, or one of two 
corresponding pieces, of wood on which notches or scores 
were cut, as the marks of number ; later, one of two 
books, sheets of paper, etc. , on which corresponding ac- 
counts were kept. 2. Hence, any account or score kept 
by notches or marks. 3. One thing made to suit an- 
other ; a match ; a mate. 4. A notch, mark, or score made 
on or in a tally. 5. A tally shop. See Tally shop, below. 

Tally shop, a shop at which goods are sold on account, 
the account being kept in corresponding books. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, A, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



TALLY 



831 



TANGUE 



Tally (tal'ty), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Tallied (-lid) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Tallying.] 1. To score with correspond- 
ent notches ; hence, to make to correspond ; to fit. 2. 
(Naut. ) To check off, as parcels of freight. 

Tally, v. i. 1. To be fitted ; to suit ; to correspond. 
2. To make a tally ; to score. 

Tally-ho' (-ho'), interj. & n. 1. The huntsman's 
cry to incite or urge on his hounds. 2. A tallyho coach. 

Tallyho coach, a kind of large pleasure coach. 

Tal'ly-man (-mXn), n. 1. One who keeps the tally, 
or marks the sticks. 2. One who keeps a tally shop. 

Tal'ma (tSl'ma), n. [Prob. so called from Talma, a 
French actor.] A kind of large cape formerly worn. 

Tal'mud (taYmiid), n. [Chald. talmud doctrine, fr. 
lamad to learn.] The body of the Jewish civil and 
canonical law not comprised in the Pentateuch. 

Tal-mud'ic (t51-mud'Tk), ) a. Of or pert, to the Tal- 

Tal-mud'ic-al (-T-kal), J mud. [mud. I 

Tal'mud-ist (tal'mud-Tst), n. One versed in the Tal- 1 

Tal mud-is'tic (-is'tik), a. Talmudic. 

Tal'on (tal'un), 7i. [F., heel, spur, LL. talo, fr. L. 
talus the ankle, heel.] 1. The claw of a predacious bird 
or animal. 2. {Arch.) An ogee molding. 

Ta-look' | (fa-look'), n. [Ar. tabling.] A large es- 

Ta-luk' J tate; esp., one constituting a revenue 
district or dependency under a native proprietor. [India'] 

HTa'lUS (ta'liis), n. ; pi. Tali (-11). [L.] {Anal.) 
The astragalus. 

Ta'lUS, n. [F.] 1. {Fori.) Aslope; the inclination 
of the face of a work. 2. {Geol.) A sloping heap of 
fragments of rock at the foot of a precipice. 

Tam'a-ble (tam'a-b'l), a. Capable of being tamed or 
subdued. — Tam'a-ble-ness, n. 

Ta-man'dU (ta-man'du), n. [Sp., from the native 
name.] {Zo'ol.) A small ant-eater of South America. 

Ta ma-noir' (ta'ma-nwar'), n. {Zo'ol. ) The ant-bear. 

Tam'a-rack (tam'a-rak), n. {Bot.) {a) The hackma- 
tack, or American larch ; also, the larch of Oregon and 
British Columbia {Larix occidentalis). (6) The black 
pine of Alaska, California, etc. 

Tam'a-rind (tain'a-rind), n. [Deriv. of Ar. tamar- 
kindl, lit., Indian date; tamar date -f- Hind India.] 
{Bot.) 1. A leguminous tree cultivated in tropical coun- 
tries for its shade and its fruit. 2. One of the preserved 
seed pods of the tamarind, which contain an acid pulp. 

Tam'a-risk (-risk), n. [L. tamariscus, also tamarix, 
Skr. tamala, tamalaka, a tree with a very dark bark.] 
{Bot.) Any shrub or tree of the genus Tamarix, the 
species of which have minute scalelike leaves. 

Tam'DOUr (tam'bdor), n. [F. See Tabor.] 1. {Mus.) 
A tambourine. 2. A small tambourinelike frame for 
stretching and holding cloth to be embroidered ; also, 
the embroidery done upon such a frame. 3. {Arch.) 
Same as Drum, n., 2 (c). 4. {Fort.) A work usually in 
the form of a redan, to inclose a space before a door or 
staircase, or at the gorge of a larger work. 

Tam'bour-ine' (tXm'boor-en'), n. [F. tambouring A 
small drum, esp. a shallow 
drum with only one skin, 
played on with the hand, and 
having bells at the sides. 

Tame (tarn), a. [Corn- 
par. Tamer (-er) ; superl. 
Tamest.] [AS. tarn ; akin to 
G. zahm, L. domare to tame, 
Gr. Sauav, Skr. dam.] 1. Re- 
duced from native wildness Tambourine. 
and shyness; accustomed to man; domesticated. 2. 
Crushed ; subdued. 3. Deficient in spirit or animation ; 
dull; flat; insipid. — Tamely, adv. — Tame'ness, n. 

Syn. — Mild ; meek ; spiritless. See Gentle. 

Tame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tamed (tamd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Taming.] 1. To reduce from a wild to a domestic 
state ; to make gentle and familiar ; to domesticate. 2. 
To subdue ; to conquer ; to repress. — Tam'er (tam'er), n. 

Tam'ine (tam'Tn), Tam'i-ny (-T-ny), ti. Tammy. 

Tam'is (-is), to. [F., a kind of sieve.] 1. A sieve or 
strainer made of tammy cloth. 2. The cloth itself. 

Tam'my (-my), n. 1. A kind of woolen, or woolen 
and cotton, cloth, often highly glazed, — used for cur- 
tains, sieves, strainers, etc. 2. A sieve ; a tamis. 

Tamp (tamp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tamped (tamt ; 
215) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tamping.] [See Tampion.] 1. In 
blasting, to plug up (a hole containing a charge). 2. To 
pack by frequent gentle strokes. 

Tamp'er (tamp'er), to. One who tamps ; also, an in- 
strument used in tamping. 

Tam'per (tam'per), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tampered 





Tam-tam. 



(-perd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tampering.] [A corruption of 
temper.] 1. To meddle ; to be busy ; to try little exper- 
iments. 2. To deal unfairly ; to practice secretly. 

Tam'pi-on (tXni'pT-un), to. [F. tampon ; of D. or G. 
origin. See Tap a pipe or plug, and cf. Tamp.] 1. A 
wooden stopper, or plug, as for a cannon when not in use. 

2. {Mus.) A plug for the upper end of an organ pipe. 
Tam'pon (-pon), n. [F.] {Surg.) A plug used to 

arrest hemorrhage, or for applying medicine. 

Tam'poon (tXm'pobn), n. Stopper of a barrel ; bung. 

Tam'-tam' (tXm'tam'), n. [Hind. ; of imitative ori- 
gin.] {Mus.) (a) A kind of drum used 
in the East Indies and other Oriental 
countries. (6) A gong. 

Tan (tan), n. [Chin.] A picul. 

Tan, n. [F. ; of uncertain origin.] 

1. The bark of the oak, and some other 
trees, used for tanning hides. 2. A 
yellowish-brown color, like that of tan. | 

3. A brown color imparted to the skin 
by exposure. 

Tan, a. Of the color of tan ; yellowish-brown. 

Tan, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Tanned (t5nd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tanning.] 1. To convert or change, as the skin of 
an animal, into leather, as by steeping in an infusion of tan. 

2. To make or become brown, as by exposure to sunlight. 
Tan'a-ger (tan'a-jer), n. [Prob. fr. Brazilian tan- 
gar a.] {Zo'ol.) Any one of numerous allied species of 
bright-colored singing birds. The scarlet tanager and 
the summer redbird are common species of the U. S. 

Tan'dem (tan'dgm), adv. & a. [h. tandem at length 
(of time only).] One after another ; — said especially of 
horses harnessed and driven one before another. 

Tan'dem, n. A team of horses harnessed tandem. 

Tang (tang), n. [Of Scand. origin.] {Bot.) A coarse 
blackish seaweed {Fucus nodosus). 

Tang, n. [Probably fr. OD. tanger sharp, tart, lit., 
pinching ; akin to E. tongs.] 1. A strong or offensive taste ; 
esp., a taste of something extraneous. 2. Fig. : A sharp, 
specific flavor or tinge. 3* [Prob. of Scand. origin.] A pro- 
jecting part of an object by means of which it is secured 
to a handle, or to some other part ; a tonguelike projection. 

Tang, to. [Of imitative origin; but confused with 
tang taste.] A sharp, twanging sound ; twang. 

Tang, v. t. & i. To ring or sound loudly ; to ring. 

Tan'gen-cy (tSn'jen-sy), n. Quality of being tangent. 

Tan'gent (-jent), n. [L. tangens, -entis, p. pr. of tan- 
gere to touch ; akin to Gr. reraytov having seized.] 
{Geom.) A tangent line, curve, or surface ; specif., that 
portion of the straight line tangent to £ 
a curve that is between the point of 
tangency and a given line. 

Tan'gent, a. Touching ; touching 
at a single point; specif. {Geom.) Tangent ° of the 
meeting a curve or surface at a point ^ rc n * an( j f t h e 
and having at that point the same Angle aco. 
direction as the curve or surface. 

Tan-gen'tial (tan-jen'shal), a. {Geom.) Of or per- 
taining to a tangent ; acting in the direction of a tangent. 

Tan'ger-ine' (tan'jer-en'), 7i. [Etym. uncertain.] 
{Bot.) A kind of orange, much like the mandarin, but 
of deeper color and higher flavor. 

Tan'gi-ble (tan'jT-b'l), a. [L. tangibilis, fr. tangere 
to touch.] 1. Perceptible to the touch ; tactile ; pal- 
pable. 2. Capable of being readily apprehended by the 
mind ; evident. — Tan'gi-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-t^), Tan'gi- 
ble-ness, n. — Tan'gi-bly , adv. 

Tan'gle (tan'g'l), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Tangled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tangling (-gllng).] [Freq. fr. 
^71^ seaweed; hence, to twist like seaweed.] 1. To 
unite or knit together confusedly ; to interweave or inter- 
lock, as threads in a snarl ; to entangle; to ravel. 2. To 
involve ; to insnare ; to entrap. 

Tan'gle, n. 1. [Cf. Icel. pongull. See Tang sea- 
weed.] {Bot.) Any large blackish seaweed, esp. the 
Laminaria saccharina. See Kelp. 2. [From Tangle, 
v.] A knot of threads, or other things, united confusedly, 
or so interwoven as not to be easily 
disengaged ; a snarl. Used also fig- 
uratively. 

Tan'gly (-gly), «• 1. Entangled. 
2. Covered with tangle, or seaweed. 

Tan'gram (tSn'grXm), n. [Cf. 
Trangram. ] A Chinese puzzle made 
by cutting a square of thin material 
into seven pieces, as shown in the 
Illustration. [tenrec. I 

Tangue (tSng), n. {Zo'ol.) The| 



^[^ 




Tansram. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TANIST 



832 



TARE 



Tan'ist (tSnTTst), n. [Ir. tanaistc second, the heir 
apparent.] In Ireland) a lord or proprietor elected under 
the system of tenistry. 

Tain'ist-ry {.-tf)% «• In Ireland, a tenure of family 
laniis by which the proprietor had only a life estate, to 
Which ha was admitted by election. 

Tank ^tiink), n. A small Indian dry measure, aver- 
aging 340 grains in weight ; also, a Bombay weight of 72 
trains, for pearls. 

Tank. n. [Pg. tongue, L. stagnum a pool; or perh. 
of East Indian origin.] A large basin or cistern. 

Tank'ard (.tank'erd), n. [OF. tanquart ; origin un- 
certain.] A large drinking vessel, esp. one with a cover. 

Tan'ling (tXulTng), n. One tanned by the sun. [R.] 

Tan'ner. n. One whose occupation is to tan hides. 

Tan'ner-y (-y), n. 1. A place where the work of tan- 
ning is carried on. 2. Art or process of tanning, [B.] 

Tan'nlc (tSu'nlk) , a. Of or pertaining to tan ; derived 
from, or resembling, tan ; as, tannic acid. 

Tan'nin (tau'nTn), n. (Chem.) Tannic acid. 

Tan'sy (tSn'zy), n. [OE. tansaye, F. tanaisie ; origin 
uncertain.] (Bot.) Any plant of the composite genus 
Tanacetum, esp. T. rulgare, which has finely divided, 
aromatic leaves, and a very bitter taste. 

Tan-tal'ic (tan-tal'Ik), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining 
to tantalum ; derived from, or containing, tantalum. 

Tan'ta-lism (tan'ta-lTz'm), n. [See Tantalus.] A 
punishment like that of Tantalus ; a tantalizing. 

Tan'ta-lite (-lit), n. (Mm.) A heavy mineral of an 
iron-black color, containing iron and tantalum. 

Tan ta-li-za'tion (-lT-za^shun), n. Act of tantalizing, 
or state of being tantalized. 

Tan'ta-lize (tan'ta-liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tanta- 
lized (-hzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tantalizing (-ll'zlng).] 
[From Tantalus.] To tease or torment with a prospect 
of good that can not be realized ; to continually disappoint 
hopes apparently well founded. — Tan'ta-li'zer (-li'zer),^. 

Syn. — To tease ; vex ; irritate ; provoke. — To disap- 
point refers rather to a single instance of defeated expec- 
tation ; tantalize to the continual frustrating of hopes or 
expectations apparently attainable, which causes the bit- 
terest disappointment. 

Tan'ta-lnm (-lum), n. [NL. So named on account 
of the difficulty encountered in isolating it.] (Chem.) A 
rare nonmetallic element isolated as a dark powder. 

Tan'ta-lUS (-lus), n. [L., fr. Gr. Tai/raAos.] (Gh: 
Myth.) A Phrygian king who, in the lower world, was con- 
demned to stand up to his chin in water which receded 
whenever he attempted to drink, with overhanging 
branches laden with choice fruit, which always receded 
from his grasp. 

Tan'ta-mount/ (-mount'), a. [F. tant so much (L. 
tantus) + E. amount.] Equivalent in value or effect. 

Tan-tiv'y (tan-tlv'y or t2n'tT-vy), adv. [Said to be 
from the note of a hunting horn.] Swiftly ; speedily ; 
rapidly ; — a fox-hunting term. 

Tan-tiv'y, n. A violent gallop ; an impetuous rush. 

Tan'trum (tan'trum), n. A whim, or burst of ill- 
humor ; an affected air. [Colloq.] 

Tan'yard' (-yard'), n. A tannery. 

Tap (tap), v. t. & i. [imp. &p.p. Tapped (tapt) \p. pr. 
& vb. n. Tapping.] [F. taper to strike ; of Teutonic ori- 
gin.] 1. To strike with a slight or gentle blow ; to rap 
lightly ; to pat. 2. To put a new sole or heel on. 

Tap, n. 1. A gentle or slight blow ; a light rap ; a pat. 
2. A piece of leather fastened upon the bottom of a boot 
or shoe in repairing or renewing the sole or heel. 3. pi. 
(Mil.) A signal, by drum or trumpet, for extinguishing 
all lights in soldiers' quarters and retiring to bed. 

Tap, n. [AS. tseppa ; akin to G. zap/en.] 1. A hole 
or pipe through which liquor is drawn. 2. A plug or 
spile for stopping a hole, as in a cask. 3. Liquor drawn 
through a tap ; hence, kind or quality of liquor. [ Colloq. ] 
4. Taproom; bar. [Colloq.'] 5. (Mech.) A male screw 
grooved longitudinally to be used to cut internal screws. 

Tap, v. t. 1. To pierce so as to let out a fluid. 2. 
Hence, to draw from in any analogous way. 3. To draw, 
or cause to flow, by piercing. 4 (Mech.) To form an 
internal screw in by means of a tool called a tap. 

Tape (tap), n. [AS. tseppe a fillet. Cf. Td?pet.] 1. 
A narrow woven fabric used for strings, etc. 2. A tape- 
line ; also, a metallic ribbon marked for use as a tapeline. 

Tape'line 7 (-lhY), n. A painted tape, marked with 
linear dimensions, — used for measuring. 

Ta'per (ta'per), n. [AS. tapur, tapor, taper; cf. Ir. 
tapar, W. tarapr.] 1. A small wax candle; a small 
lighted wax candle ; hence, a small light. 2. A tapering 
form ; gradual diminution of thickness in a long object. 




Indian Tapir (Tapirus Indicus). 



To 



Ta'per (ta'per), o. [Supposed to be from Taper, n., in 
allusion to its form.] Regularly narrowed toward the 
point or end ; conical ; pyramidical. — Ta'per-ness, n. 

Ta'per, V. i. & t. [imp. &p.p. Tapered (ta'perd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tapering.] To become, or cause to be- 
come, gradually smaller toward one end. 

Tap'es-try (tap'gs-tr^), n. [F. tapvsserie, deriv. of 
tapis a carpet, carpeting, LL. tapecms, fr. L. tapele car- 
pet, tapestry, Gr. Ta7nj?, ranCs.] A kind of fabric for 
hangings, etc., with handworked or woven designs, usu- 
ally of worsted, and more or less pictorial. 

Tapestry carpet, a kind of carpet somewhat like Brussels. 

Tap'es-try, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Tapestried (-trld).] 
To adorn with tapestry, or as if with tapestry. 

Tape'worm' (tap'wdrm'), n. (Zool.) Any one of 
numerous species of flat, cestode worms of Taenia and 
allied genera, found in the intestines of man and of brutes. 
The larvae live in the flesh of animals. [retailed, j 

TapllOUSe' (tap'hous'), n. A house where liquors are | 

Tap'i-0'ca (tap / T-o'ka), n. [Braz. tipioka.] A coarsely 
granular food made by heating the moistened starch 
obtained from the roots of the cassava. 

Ta'pir (ta'per), n. [Braz. tapy'ra.] (Zool.) Any one of 
several species 
of large, odd- 
toed ungulates. 
Ta'pis(ta'pis 
or t a - p e '), n. 
[F. See Tapes- 
try.] Tapes- 
try ; formerly, 
the cover of a 
council table. 

On the tapis, 
on the table ; 
under consid- 
eration. 

Tap'ish (tap'Tsh), v. i. [F. se tapir to squat.] 
crouch ; to squat ; hence, to hide. [Prov. Eng.~\ 

Tap'pen (-pen), n. An indigestible mass, found in the 
intestines of bears and other animals during hibernation. 

Tap'pet (-pet), n. (Mach.) A lever or projection 
moved by or moving some other piece. [tailed. I 

Tap'roonV (-room'), n. A room where liquors are re- 1 

Tap'root' (-roof), n. (Bot.) A root which pierces the 
earth downward to a considerable depth without dividing. 

Tap'ster (-ster), n. [See Tap a plug, and -ster.] One 
whose business is to tap, or draw, ale or other liquor. 

Tar (tar), n. [For Tarpaulin.] A sailor. [Colloq.] 

Tar, n. [OE. larre, AS. teru, teoru ; akin to G. teer, 
and to E. tree.] A thick, black, viscous liquid obtained 
by the distillation of wood, coal, etc. 

Tar, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Tarred (tard) ; p.pr. &vb. n. 
Tarring.] To smear with tar, or as if with tar. 

Ta-ran'tU-la (ta-ran'tu-la), n. ; pi. E. Tarantulas 
(-laz), L. Tarantu- 
la (-le). [NL.,fr. 
It. tarantola, fr. L. 
Tarentum, now Ta- 
ranto, in the south 
of Italy.] (Zool.) 
Any one of several 
species of large spi- 
ders,.popularly sup- 
posed to be very 
venomous. 

^ar-bOOSh' (tar- 
boosh'), n. [At. 
tarbush.] A red 
cap worn by Turks 

and people of other European Tarantula ( T. apulue). 
Eastern nations. H * ' 

llTar'di-gra'da^ar'di-gra'da),/!.^. [NL.] (Zool.) 
A tribe of edentates comprising the sloths. 

Tar'di-grade (-grad), a. [L. tardigradus ; tardus 
slow -f- gradi to step.] 1. Moving or stepping slowly ; 
slow-paced. 2. (Zool.) Of or pert, to the Tardigrada. 

Tar'di-grade, n. (Zool.) One of the Tardigrada. 

Tar'dy (-d^), a. [Compar. Tarddsr (-dT-er) ; superl. 
Tardiest.] [F. tardif, deriv. of L. tardus slow.] 1. 
Moving slowly ; slow ; not swift. 2. Not being in sea- 
son ; late. — - Tar'di-ly (-dt-l^), adv. — Tar'di ness. n. 

Syn. — Slow; dilatory ; tedious; reluctant. See Slow. 

Tare (tSr), obs. imp. of Tear. Tore. 

Tare, n. [Origin uncertain.] 1. A weed that grows 
among wheat and other grain, — said to be the darnel. 
2. (Bot.) Any one of several climbing or diffuse legu- 
minous herbs of the genus Vicia. 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, ii, y» short ; senate, gvent, tdea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



TARE 



833 



TASTE 



Tare (tar), n. [F. tare, fr. Ar. tarah thrown away, fr. 
taraha to reject.] {Com.) Deficiency in the weight or 
quantity of goods by reason of the weight of the cask, 
bag, or whatever contains the commodity, and is weighed 
with it ; hence, the corresponding allowance or abate- 
ment made by the seller to the buyer. 

Tare, V. t. limp. & p. p. Tared (t£rd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Taring.] To ascertain or mark the tare of (goods). 

Tared (tfird), a. {Chem.) Weighed ; determined ; 
reduced to equal or standard weight. 

Targe (tiirj), w. [F. Cf. Target.] A shield. [06*.] 

Tar'get (tar'gSt), n. [OF. targettc, dim. of targe; of 
Teutonic origin.] 1. A kind of small shield or buckler. 
2. A butt or mark to shoot at. 3. (Railroad) A con- 
spicuous disk for use as a signal. [shield. I 

Tar'get-eer' (-er'), n. One armed with a target or| 

Tar'gum (tar'gum), n. ; pi. Targums (-gumz), Heb. 
Targtjmim (tar'gob-inem'). [Chald. targum interpreta- 
tion.] A translation or paraphrase of some portion of 
the Old Testament Scriptures into Chaldee or Aramaic. 

Tariff (tar'tf), n. [F. tarif, fr. Ar. tcfrif informa- 
tion, explanation, definition, from a\afa to know, to in- 
form, explain.] 1. A system of duties imposed by the 
government of a country upon goods imported or ex- 
ported. 2. The duty, or rate of duty, so imposed. 3. 
Any schedule or system of rates, charges, etc. 

Tar'iif, v. t. To make a list of duties on, as goods. 

Tar'la-tan (tarla-tan), n. A kind of transparent 
muslin. [lake or pool. I 

Tarn (tarn'), n. [OE. ierne, Icel. tj'6rn.~] A mountain | 

Tar'nish (tar'nish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tarnished 
(-nisht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tarnishing.] [F. ternir, fr. 
OHG. tarnen to darken, hide ; akin to AS. dernan to 
hide, AS. derne. See -ish.] To soil, or change the ap- 
pearance of, esp. by an alteration induced by the air ; to 
dull or destroy the luster of. Used also figuratively. 

Syn. — To sully ; stain ; dim. 

Tar'nish, v. i. To lose luster ; to become tarnished. 

Tar'nish, n. Quality or state of being tarnished ; 
stain ; soil ; blemish. 

Ta'ro (ta'ro or ta'ro), n. [From the Polynesian name.] 
{Bot. ) Any one of several aroid plants ; also, their large 
fleshy rootstalks, used as vegetables in tropical countries. 

Tar-pau'lin (tar-pa/lin), n. ITar -{-palling a cover- 
ing, pall to cover.] 1. A piece of canvas covered with 
tar or a waterproof composition, used as a covering. 
2. A hat made of, or covered with, painted or tarred 
cloth. 3. Hence, sailor ; seaman ; tar. 

Tar'pum (tar'piim), or Tar'pon (tar'pon), n. (Zool.) 
A very large marine fish of the Southern United States 
and the West Indies, having large silvery scales. 

Tar'ra-gon (tar'ra-gon), n. [Sp. taragona, Ar. tar- 
khun.~\ {Bot.) A species of Artemisia (A. dracunculus). 

Tarre (tar), v. t. [OE. tarien to irritate, AS. tergan 
to pull.] To set on ; to incite. [065.] 

Tar'ri-ance (tar'rT-ans), n. A tarrying. lArchaic] 

Tar'ry (tar'ry), a. Consisting of tar ; like tar. 

Tar'ry (tar'ry), v. i. limp. & p. p. Tarried (-rid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tarrying.] [OE. tarien to irritate (see 
Tarre) ; but with a change of sense probably due to con- 
fusion with OE. targen to delay, through F. fr. L. tardare 
to make slow.] 1. To stay behind ; to wait. 2. To de- 
lay ; to put off going or coming. 3. To stay ; to abide. 

Syn. — To abide ; continue ; lodge ; await ; loiter. 

Tar'ry, v. t. 1. To delay. [06s.] 2. To await. 

Tar'ry, n. Stay ; stop ; delay. [tarsus. I 

Tar'sal (tar'serl), a. {Anat.) Of or pertaining to the) 

II Tar'si-us (-si-us), or Tar'si-er (-er), n. [See Tar- 
sus.] {Zool.) Any one of a genus of nocturnal lemurine 
mammals having very long proximal tarsal bones. 

Tar'so- (tar'so-). A combining form used in anatomy 
to indicate connection with, or relation to, the tarsus. 

Tar'sus (tar'sus), n. ; pi. Tarsi (-si). [NL., fr. Gr. 
rapcrds the flat of the foot, the edge of the eyelid.] 1. 
{Anat.) (a) The ankle; the bones or cartilages of the 
foot between the metatarsus and the leg, — consisting in 
man of seven short bones. [See Illusts. of Skeleton, 
and of BntD.] (6) A plate of dense connective tissue or 
cartilage in the eyelid of man and many animals. 2. 
{Zool.) The foot of an insect or crustacean. [See Illust. 
of Insect.] 

Tart (tart), a. [AS. teart. Cf. Tear, v. t.~\ 1. Sharp 
to the taste ; acid ; sour. 2. Fig. : Sharp ; keen ; severe. 

Tart, n. [F. tarte; origin uncertain.] A species of 
pastry, containing jelly or conserve. 

Tar'tan (tar'ton), n. [F. tirelaine linsey-woolsey ; 
origin uncertain.] Woolen cloth with small checks, 
much worn in Scotland ; hence, any similar cloth. 




Tar'tan (tar'tan), n. [F. tartaric, or Sp., Pg., or It. 

t(irt(iii(i.\ {Naut.) A 
COMting veHsel, used in the; 
Miilitcrranean, having one 
mast carrying a lateen sail, 
and a bowsprit with stay- 
sail or jib. 
Tar'tar (-ter), n. [F. 

tart re ; origin uncert.] 1. 
{C he ni.) A reddish crust or 
sediment in wine casks, — es- 
sentially crude cream of tar- 
tar. 2. A concretion which 
often incrusts the teeth. 

Tartar emetic ( Med. I'hcm . ), 
a double tartrate of potas- 
sium and basic antimony, 
used as a sudorific and emetic. lartan. 

Tar'tar (-tar), n. 1. [Per. Tatar, of Tartar origin.] 
A native or inhabitant of Tartary in Asia. 2. A person 
of a keen, irritable temper. 

To catch a tartar, to lay hold of, or encounter, a person 
who proves too strong for the assailant. [ Colloq.) 

Tar'tar, n. Tartarus. 

Tar-ta're-an (tar-ta're-r/n), ) a. Of or pertaining to 

Tar-ta're OUS (-ta're-us), ) Tartarus ; hellish. 

Tar-ta're-OUS, a. 1. Consisting or of the nature of 
tartar. 2. {Bot.) Rough and crumbling on the surface. 

Tar-ta'ri-an (-ri-an), ) a. Of or pertaining to Tar- 

Tar-tar'ic (-taVIk), j tary in Asia, or the Tartars. 

Tartarian lamb {Bot.), a barometz. 

Tar-tar'ic (tar-tSr'tk), a. {Chem.) Of, pert, to, or 
derived from, tartar ; as, tartaric acid, which is widely 
diffused throughout the vegetable kingdom. 

Tar'tar-ize (tar'ter-iz), v. t. {Chem.) To impregnate 
with, or subject to the action of, tartar. 

Tar'ta-rus (tar'ta-rus), n. [L., from Gr. Taprapo?.] 
{Class. Myth.) The regions below Hades, described by 
writers later than the Iliad as the place of punishment 
for the spirits of the wicked. Among the later poets, 
also, Hades, or the Lower World in general. 

Tartly, adv. In a tart manner ; with acidity. 

Tart'ness, n. Quality or state of being tart. 

Syn. — See Acrimony. 

Tar'trate (-trat), n. {Chem.) A salt of tartaric acid. 

Tar-tulfe' ) (tar-tuf ), n. [F. tartufe.'] A hypoerit- 

Tar-tufe' j ical devotee ; — from a hypocritical 
priest who is the hero in a comedy by Moliere. 

Task (task), n. [OF. tasque, deriv. of L. taxare to 
rate. See Tax.] 1. Labor or study imposed by another. 
2. Business ; employment ; undertaking ; labor. 

To take to task, to reprove ; to reprimand. 

Syn. — Work ; toil ; drudgery ; lesson ; stint. 

Task, V. t. limp. & p. p. Tasked (taskt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. 72. Tasking.] 1. To impose a task upon. 2. To 
oppress with excessive burdens. 3. To tax, as with a fault. 

Task'er (-er), n. One who imposes or performs a task. 

Task'masler (-mas'ter), n. One who imposes a task ; 
one whose duty it is to assign tasks : an overseer. 

Tasse (tas), n. [OF. tassette.~] A piece of armor for 
the thighs, forming an appendage to the 
ancient corselet. 

Tas'sel (tas's'l), n. [OF., a clasp, fr. L. 
taxillus a little die, dim. of talus a kind 
of longish die, a knuckle bone.] 1. A pen- 
dent ornament, attached to the corners 
of cushions, to curtains, etc., ending in 
loose threads or cords. 2. The flower or 
head of some plants, esp. when pendent. 3. 
{Arch.) A board laid upon a wall as a sort 
of plate for the floor timbers. 

Tas'sel, v. i. limp. & p. p. Tas- 
seled (-s'ld) or Tasselled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tasseling or Tasselling.] To 
put forth a tassel or flower. a Tasses : b Rrcn.-t- 

Tas'sel, r. t. To adorn with tassels, plate ; cTwUm ; d 

Tas'set (-set), n. [See Tasse.] A Tunic of Mail, 
defense of one or more pendent iron plates for the front 
of the thigh. 

Tast'a-ble (tast'a-b'l) , a. That may be tasted ; savory. 

Taste (tast), v. t. limp. & p. p. Tasted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tasting.] [OF. taster, deriv. of L. taxare to touch 
sharply, to estimate. See Tax, r. /.] 1. To try by the 
touch. [06.9.] 2. To try by the touch of the tongue ; 
to perceive the relish or flavor of (anything) by taking a 
small quantity into the mouth. Also used fig. 3. To 
eat a little of. 4. To become acquainted with by actual 
trial ; to essay ; to experience ; to undergo. 5. To par- 
take of ; to participate in ; — usually implying pleasure. 




fSra, recent, drb, ri|de, full, ttm, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
53 



N 



TASTE 



834 



TEA 







Taste (tasO. V. t. 1. To try food with the mouth ; to 
eat or drink a little only ; to try the flavor. 2. To have 
; to exeite a particular sensation, by which the 
specific flavor or quality is distinguished ; to have a par- 
ticular quality or character. 3. To have perception, ex- 
perience, or enjoyment ; to partake. 

Taste, n. 1. The act of tasting: gustation. 2. A 
particular sensation excited by the application of a sub- 
stance to the tongue; flavor. 3. (Physiol.) The sense 
by which the taste, savor, or flavor of bodies is ascertained 
by contact with the organs of taste (principally situated 
oil the surface of the tongue). 4. Intellectual relish. 

5. The power of perceiving and relishing excellence in 
human performances ; critical judgment ; discernment. 

6. Manner, with respect to what is pleasing or excellent ; 
style. 7. Essay ; trial. 8. A small portion given as a 
specimen : bit. 9. A kind of narrow and thin silk ribbon. 

Syn. — Savor ; relish ; flavor ; gofit ; sensibility ; judg- 
ment. — Some consider taste as a mere sensibility, and 
others as a simple exercise of judgment ; but a union of 
both is requisite to the existence of anything which de- 
serves the name. A sense of the beautiful is just as neces- 
sary to esthetic judgments, as a sense of right and wrong 
to the formation of just conclusions on moral subjects. 
But this "sense of the beautiful " has its laws, seated 
in the nature of man ; and it is in the development of 
these laws that we find the true " standard of taste." 

Taste'ful (tast'ful), a. 1. Having a high relish ; sa- 
vory. 2. Having "or exhibiting good taste ; tasty. — 
Taste'ful-ly, ad v. — Taste'ful-ness, n. 

Tasteless, a. Having no taste. — Taste'less-ly . adv. 
— Taste'less-ness, n. [in tasting. I 

Tast'er (-er), n. 1. One who tastes. 2. Thing used 

Tast'y (tast'y), a. [Comp. Tastier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Tastiest.] Having or exhibiting good taste. — Tast'i- 
ly (-My), adv. 

Ta-tou' (ta-too'), n. [Cf. Tatouay.] (Zool.) The 
giant armadillo of tropical South America. 

Tat'OU-ay (tat'oo-a), n. [Of Brazilian origin.] (Zool.) 
An armadillo, native of tropical South America, having a 
long head, and a round and tapered tail. 

Tat'ter (tat'ter), n. [Icel. tbtur, tbttur.] A rag, or a 
part torn and hanging ; — chiefly used in the pi. 

Tat'ter, v. t. [p. p. Tattered (-terd).] To rend or 
tear into rags ; — used chiefly in the past participle. 

Tat ter-de-mallon (tat'ter-de-mal'yiin), n. \Tatter 
+ OF. desmaillier to tear : cf. OF. maillon swaddling 
clothes.] A ragged fellow ; a ragamuffin. 

Tat'ting (tat'ting), n. A kind of lace made from com- 
mon sewing thread, with a peculiar stitch. 

Tat'tle (-t'l), v. i. limp. & p. p. Tattled (-t'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tattling (-tling).] [Akin to OE. tateren, 
LG. iateln, D. tateren to stammer.] 1. To prate; to talk 
idly. 2. To tell tales ; to betray secrets. 

Tat'tle, n. Idle talk or chat ; trifling talk ; prate. 

Tat'tler (-tier), n. 1. One who tattles. 2. (Zool.) Any 
one of several species of large, long-legged sandpipers. 

Tat-tOO / (tat-tob'), n. [D. taptoe ; tap a tap -f toe to 
shut (i. e., the taprooms shut from the soldiers).] (Mil.) 
A sound, as of drumbeat, giving notice to soldiers to re- 
treat, or to repair to their quarters. 

The Devil' b tattoo, a drumming with the fingers or feet. 

Tat-tOO', v. t. limp. &p.p. Tattooed (-tood') ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Tattooing.] [Of Polynesian origin.] To color 
indelibly, as the flesh, by pricking in coloring matter. 

Tat-tOO', n. An indelible mark or figure made by 
puncturing the skin and introducing some pigment. 

Taught (tat), a. See Taut. 

Taught, imp. &p.p. of Teach. 

Taunt (tant), a. [Cf. OF. tant so great, much, L. 
tantus of such size, so great.] (Naut.) Very high or tall. 

Taunt (tant), v. t. limp. &p. p. Taunted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Taunting.] [Earlier, to tease ; prob. fr. OF. 
tanter to tempt, to try, for tenter. See Tempt.] To re- 
proach with severe or insulting words ; to revile ; to flout. 

Syn. — To ridicule ; mock ; jeer. See Deride. 

Taunt, n. Upbraiding language; bitter or sarcastic 
reproach ; insulting invective. 

Taunt'er (-er), n. One who taunts. ladv. I 

Taunting, a. & n. from Taunt, v. — Taunt'ing-ly, | 

Tau'ri-dor' (ta'n-dorO, n. See Toreador. 

Tau'ri-form (-f6rm), a. [L. tauriformis ; taurus bull 
+ -form.] Having the form of a bull. 

Tau'rine (ta/rin), a. [L. taurinus, fr. taurus a bull.] 
(Zool.) Of or pert, to the genus Taurus, or cattle. 

Tau-rom'a-Chy (ta-rom'a-k?), n. [Gr. ra.vpoii.axla; 
ravpo? bull + M d X i? fight.] Bullfighting. 

Tau'rus (ta'rus), n. [L., akin to Gr. ravpos, and 
E. steer.] (Astron.) (a) The Bull ; the second sign of the 



zodiac, — marked thus [ y ] in almanacs, (b) A zodiacal 
constellation, containing the Pleiades and the Hyades. 

Taut (tat), a . [Dan. txt ; akin to E. tight.'] 1. Tight : 
stretched, as a rope or chain. 2. Snug ; close ; secure ' 

Tau-tOg' (ta-t5g'), n. [The pi. of taut, the American 
Indian name.] (Zool.) An edible fish of the Atlantic 
coast of the U. S., related to the cunner. 

TautO-log'ic (ta'tS-15j'Tk), a. Tautological. 

Tau'tO-lOg'ic-al (-T-k«l), a. Involving tautology; 
haviug the same signification. [tology. I 

Tau-tol'O-gist (ta-t51'6-jist), n. One who uses tau- 

Tau-tol'o-gize (-jiz), v. i. To repeat the same thing 
in different words. 

Tau-tOl'O-gOUS (-gus), a. [Gr. TavroAoyos ; ravro, for 
to avro the same + Ae'yeii/ to speak.] Tautological. [J?.] 

Tau-tOl'0-gy (-]$), n. (Rhet.) Needless repetition of 
the same idea in different words. 

Syn. — Repetition. — Repetition is not necessarily tau- 
tology, since frequent repetitions may be warranted either 
by necessity or convenience. 

Tau-tom'er-ism (ta-t5m'er-Tz'm), n. [Gr. ravro, for 
to avro, the same + M«;p°s part.] (Chem.) State, quality, 
or relation of metameric substances, or their respective 
derivatives, which are more or less interchangeable. 

TaU-tOph'O-ny (ta-tof'6-ny), n. [Gr. Tavro^uvCa ; 
ravro the same -j- #a>i/7? voice.] Repetition of the same 
sound. — Tau'tO-phon'ic-al (ta/to-f on'T-kal), a. 

Tav'ern (taVern), n. [F. taverne, fr. L. taberna hut, 
tavern. Cf. Tabernacle.] An inn; hotel; esp., in mod- 
ern times, a public house licensed to sell liquor at retail. 

Taw (ta), v. t. limp. &p. p. Tawed (tad) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tawing.] [AS. tatcian to prepare. Cf. Tow coarse 
part of flax.] 1. To prepare, as hemp, by beating ; to 
tew ; hence, to beat. lObs.] 2. To soften and bleach, 
as sheepskin, kid, etc., by treating with alum, salt, etc. 

Taw, n. [Cf. AS. taw instrument.] A large marble 
to be played with ; also, a game at marbles. 

Taw'dry (-dry), a. ICompar. Tawdrd2r (-drl-er) ; 
superl. Tawdriest.] [Said to be corrupted from Saint 
Audrey, or Auldrey, i. e., Saint Ethelreda, referring to 
the fair of St. Audrey where laces and gay toys were sold.] 
1. Bought at the festival of St. Audrey. lObs.] 2. 
Very fine and showy, without taste or elegance ; cheap and 
gaudy. — Taw'dri-ly (-drl-iy), ad v. — Taw'dri-ness, n. 

Taw'er (ta/er), n. One who taws. 

Taw'ny (ta'n^), a. ICompar. Tawnier (-ni-er) ; su- 
perl. Tawntest.] [F. tanne, p. p. of tanner to tan. See 
Tan.] Of a dull yellowish brown color, like things 
tanned, or persons who are sunburnt. — Taw'nl-ness, n. 

Taws (taz), n. [See Taw to beat.] A leather lash, or 
other instrument of punishment, used by a schoolmaster. 

Tax (tSks), n. [F. taxe, fr. laxer to tax, L. tazare to 
touch sharply, to feel, censure, value, fr. tangere, tactum, 
to touch. See Tangent.] 1. A charge, esp. a pecuniary 
burden imposed by authority. Specif. : (a) A charge 
or burden laid upon persons or property for the support 
of a government ; esp. , the sum laid upon specific things. 
(b) A sum imposed or levied upon the members of a 
society to defray its expenses. 2. A task exacted from a 
subject. 3. A disagreeable or burdensome duty or charge. 
4. Charge; censure. lObs.] 5. A task. lObs.] 

Syn. —Impost; tribute; contribution; duty; toll; 
rate ; assessment ; exaction ; custom ; demand. 

Tax, v. t. limp. & p. p. Taxed (takst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Taxing.] 1. To impose a tax or taxes upon. 2. (Law) 
To assess, fix, or determine judicially, the amount of. 3. 
To charge ; to accuse ; also, to censure. 

Tax'a-ble (tSks'a-b'l), a. That may be taxed or as- 
sessed. — Tax'a-ble-ness, n. — Tax'a-bly, adv. 

Tax-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of taxing. 2. Tax; 
sum imposed. IR.] 3. Charge ; accusation. lObs.] 

Tax'er (-er), n. One who taxes. 

Tax'i-COrn (-T-k6rn), n. [L. taxus a yew + cornu a 
horn.] (Zool.) Any one of a family of beetles (Taxi- 
comes) whose antennae are largest at the tip. 

Tax i-der'mic (-deVmik), a. Of or pertaining to 
taxidermy. [in taxidermy. I 

Tax'i-der'mist (taksT-deVmist), n. A person skilled | 

Tax'i-der'my (-my), n. [Gr. rdijis arrangement + 
Sepfxa.] Art of preparing, preserving, and mounting the 
skins of animals so as to represent their natural form. 

Tax-ol'O-gy (taks-ol'o-jy), n. [Gr. -ra£ts arrangement 
4- -logy.] (Biol.) Same as Taxonomy. 

Tax-on'O-my (-on'o-m^), n. [Gr. Ta|t? arrangement 
-f- vo/Lto? law.] The science of the classification of ani- 
mals and plants. 

T' cart' (te' kart/). See under T. 

Tea (te), n. [Chin, tsha, Prov. Chin, te.] 1. The 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, €, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



TEABERRY 



835 



TEDIOUSNESS 




;a pla 

Chin, 



prepared leaves of a shrub, or small tree (Thea, or Ca- 
mellia, Chinensis), native of China ; also, the prepared 
leaves of some other plants used as a substitute. 2. A 
decoction or infusion of tea leaves in boiling water. 3. 
Any infusion or decoction, esp. of leaves of plants. 4. 
The evening meal, at which tea is usually served ; supper. 
Tea plant (Bot.), any plant the leaves of which are used 
in making a beverage by infusion; 
specif., Thea Chinensis. 

Tea'ber'ry (te'beVrjr), n. (Bot.) 
The checkerberry. 

Teach (tech), v. t. [imp. &p.p. 
Taught (tat) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Teach- 
ing.] [OE. techen, AS. tiecean, to 
show, teach, akin to tacn token. See 
Token.] 1. To impart knowledge 
of ; to impart, as knowledge before 
unknown, or rules for practice ; to 
inculcate as true or important ; to 
exhibit impressively. 2. To guide in 
learning ; to direct the studies of ; to 
instruct ; to inform. 3. To accus- 
tom ; to show ; to admonish. 

Syn. — To instruct ; inculcate ; 
tell; guide; counsel; admonish. 

Teach (tech), v. i. To give in- 
struction ; to impart knowledge. 

Teach'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may 
be taught ; apt to learn ; docile. — Teach'a-ble-ness, n. 
Teach'er (tech'er), n. One who teaches; an in- 
structor ; a tutor ; a preacher. [drink tea. I 
Tea'cup' (te'kup/)> n. A small cup from which to | 
Teague (teg), n. [Cf. W. taeog, taeawg, taiawg, adj., 
rustic, n., a vassal, peasant, clown, Ir. thuatach boorish.] 
An Irishman ; — a term used in contempt. 

Teak (tek), n. [Malayalam tekku.~\ (Bot.) A tree of 

the East Indies ( Tectona grandu) which furnishes very 

strong and durable timber ; also, the timber of the tree. 

Tea'ket'tle (te'kgt't'l), n. A kettle in which water 

is boiled for making tea, coffee, etc. 

Teal (tel), n. [OE. tele ; akin to E. till to cultivate, 

and prob. formerly meaning, a brood or 

flock.] (Zo'61.) Any one of several species 

of small fresh-water ducks. 

Team (tern), n. 
[AS. tedm offspring ; 
akin to G. zaum bri- 
dle, zeugen to beget, 
and to E. tow to drag, 
tug to draw. Cf . Teem 
to bear.] 1. A group 
of young animals, esp. 
of youn e ducks ; brood; 
litter. 2. Hence, a 
number of animals 
moving together. 3. 
Two or more horses, oxen, or other beasts, harnessed to- 
gether for drawing. 4. A number of persons associated 
together in any undertaking ; gang. 
Team'ster (-ster), n. One who drives a team. 
Tea'pot' (te'pof), n. A vessel with a spout, in which 
tea is made. 

Tea'poy (-poi), n. [Hind, tipai; Hind, tin three + 
Per. pae foot.] An ornamental stand, usually with three 
legs, having caddies for holding tea. 

Tear (ter), n. [AS. tear; akin to G. z'dhre, L. lacrima, 
lacruma, Gr. Sdicpv, 8a.Kpvp.a.~\ 1. (Physiol.) A drop of 
the limpid, saline fluid secreted by the lachrymal glands. 
2. A transparent drop of fluid matter ; also, a solid, 
transparent, tear-shaped drop, as of a resin. 

Tear (t£r), v. t. [imp. Tore (tor), Obs. Tare (tar) ; p. 
p. Torn (torn) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tearing.] [AS. teran ; 
akin to G. zerren to tear, zehren to consume, Gr. Sepeiv 
to flay, Skr. dar to burst.] 1. To separate by violence ; 
to pull apart by force ; to rend ; to lacerate. 2. Hence, to 
divide by violent measures ; to disrupt ; to rend. 3. To 
rend away ; to remove by force ; to sunder. 4. To pull 
with violence. 

Tear, v. i. 1. To divide or separate on being pulled ; 

to be rent. 2. To move and act with turbulent violence ; 

hence, to rage ; to rave. [torn ; rent ; fissure. I 

Tear, n. Act or result of tearing; state of being! 

Tear'er (taVer), n. One who tears. 

Tear'ful (ter'ful), a. Abounding with tears ; weeping. 

Tear'less, a. 'Shedding no tears; free from tears. 

Tease (tez), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Teased (tezd) ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. Teasing.] [AS. tsesan to pluck, tease ; akin to 

OD. teesen.'] 1. To comb or card, as wool. 2. To 




Green-winged Teal (Anas Caroli- 
nensis). 




scratch, as cloth, to raise a nap ; to teasel. 3. (Anat.) 
To tear or separate into minute shreds, as with needles 
or similar instruments. 4. To annoy with importunity 
or impertinence ; to harass or irritate by petty requests, 
or by jests and raillery ; to plague. 

Syn. — To irritate ; torment; mortify; tantalize; cha- 
grin. — Tease, in its secondary sense, implies a prolonged 
annoyance in respect to little things ; vex is a stronger 
word than lease, implying disturbance or anger created 
by minor provocations, losses, disappointments, etc. 
Tease (tez), n. One who teases or plagues. [Colloq.] 
Tea'sel (te'z'l), n. [AS. tSsel, txsl. See Tease.] 1. 
(Bot.) A plant of the genus Dipsacus, of 
which one species (D. fullonum) bears a 
large flower head covered with stiff, prickly, 
hooked bracts, which when dried is used for 
teasing cloth. 2. A bur of this plant. 3. 
Any contrivance intended as a substitute 
for teasels in dressing cloth. 

Tea'sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Teaseled 
(-z'ld) or Teaselled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tea- 
seling or Teaselling.] To subject to the 
action of teasels. [vexes. ' 

Teas'er (tez'er), n. One who teases or| 
Tea'sle (te'z'l), n. & v. t. See Teasel. 
Tea'spoon' (te'spoon'), n. A small spoon 
used in stirring and sipping tea, coffee, etc. 

Tea'spoon'ful (-ful), n. ; pi. -fuls (-fulz). 
As much as a teaspoon will hold, — usually 
reckoned at a fluid dram. 

Teat (tet), n. [AS. tit, titt ; akin to G. 
zitze.~\ 1. The protuberance through which 
milk is drawn from the udder or breast of 
a mammal ; nipple ; mammilla ; dug ; tit. 2. (Mach.) A 
small protuberance resembling the teat of an animal. 
Tea'zel (te'z'l), n. & v. t. See Teasel. 
Tea'zer (te'zer), n. [Corrupted fr. F. User to feed a 
fire.] The fireman of a furnace, as in glass works. 
Tea'zle (te'z'l), n. & v. t. See Teasel. 
Tech'i-ly (tSch'T-ly), adv. In a techy manner. 
Tech'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being techy. 
Tech'nic (tek'nTk), a. Technical. — n. Method of 
performance in any art ; technical skill ; artistic execu- 
tion ; technique. 

Tech'nic-al (-ni-kcrl), a. [Gr. TexeiKo?, fr. rexvr) an 
art.] Of or pertaining to the useful or mechanic arts, 
or to any science, business, or the like ; specially appro- 
priate to any art, science, or business. — Tech'nlc-al-ly, 
adv. — Tech'nic-al-ness, n. 

Tech'ni-cal'i-ty _(tek'nT-kal'T-ty), n. 1. Quality or 
state of being technical. 2. That which is technical. 

Tech'nics (tek'niks), n. The doctrine of arts in gen- 
eral ; such branches of learning as respect the arts. 
Technique' (tek'nek'), n. [F.] Same as Technic, n. 
Tech'no-log'ic (-no-loj'Tk), ) a. Technological. Of 
Tech'no-log'ic-al (-Y-kal), ) or pert, to technology. 
Tech-nol'O-giSt (tek-nol'o-jtst), n. One skilled in 
technology. 

Tech-nol'o-gy (-jy), n. [Gr. Te'xvrj an art -f -logy."] 
Industrial science ; the science or systematic knowledge 
of the industrial arts, esp. of the more important manu- 
factures, as spinning, weaving, metallurgy, etc. 

Tech'y (tecli'^), a. [From OE. tecche, tache, a habit, 
bad habit, vice, OF. tache, teche, blemish, habit, vice ; 
prob. akin to E. tack a nail.] Peevish ; fretful ; irritable. 
Tec'tl-bran'chi-ate (tek/tT-bran'kT-at), a. [L. tectus 
(p. p. of tegere to cover) -j-E. branchiate.] (Zool.) Hav- 
ing the gills covered by the mantle ; pert, or designating 
an order, or suborder, of gastropod mollusks usually hav- 
ing the gills protected by a fold of the mantle. 

Tec-ton'iC (-ton'Tk), a. [L. tectonicus, Gr. tcktovikos, 
f r. reKTOiv a builder. ] Of or pertaining to building or con- 
struction ; architectural. 

Ted (tSd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tedded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Tedding.] [Prob. fr. Icel. teSja to spread manure, fr. 
taS manure.] To spread, or turn from the swath, and 
scatter, to dry, as new-mown grass ; — chiefly in the p. p. 
Ted'der, n. [OE. See Tether.] Same as Tether. 
II Te' De'um (te' de'um). 1. An ancient Christian 
hymn, so called from the first words, " Te Deum landa- 
m«.s"-We praise thee, O God. It is sung especially 
upon occasions of thanksgiving. 2. A religious service in 
which the singing of this hymn forms a principal part. 

Te'di-OUS (te'dl-us or ted'yus), a. [L. taediosus, fr. 
taedium. See Tedhtm.] Involving tedium ; tiresome 
from continuance, prolixity, slowness, or the like ; weari- 
some. — Te'di-ous-ly, adv. — Te'di-ous-ness, n. 
I Syn. — Wearisome ; fatiguing; irksome. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TEDIUM 



836 



TELL 



Te'dl-um (te'dt-ttm), n. [L. taedium, fr. taedet it 
mirintl 1 Quality or state of being tedious. 
-^ Tee (»), «• [Of. Ieel. O'a to show, mark.] (a) The 

(J mark aimed at in curling and in quoits, (b) The nodule 

nth from which the ball is struck in golf. [_Scot.~\ 
Tee. «. A short piece of pipe having a lateral outlet ; 
— so called because it resembles the letter T hi shape. 

Tee' i ron (te' i urn). An iron with a cross section 
shaped like the letter T\ 
Teel (lit), ;;. Sesame. 

Teem {.tem). v. i. S: t. [imp. & p. p. Teemed (temd) ; 

P .'•-. A- rb. n. Teeming.] [OE. temen, AS. teman, 

t Oman. fr. team. See Team.] 1. To bring forth young, 

D animal ; to produce fruit, as a plant ; to bear ; to 

be i>regnant ; to conceive ; to multiply. 2. To be full ; 

to be stocked to overflowing ; to be prolific ; to abound. 

Teem'er (-er), n. One who teems, or brings forth. 

Teen (ten), n. [AS. tedna wrong, fr. teon to accuse; 

akin to E. token.] Grief ; sorrow ; pain. [Archaic] 

Q Teens (tetiz), n. pi. [See Ten.] The years of one's 

age having the termination -teen, — thirteen to nineteen. 
' Tee'ter (te'ter), v. i. & i. [imp. & p. p. Teetered 
(-terd) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Teetering.] [Prov. E. titter to 
tremble, to seesaw.] To seesaw ; to titter. [U. S.] 
Teeth (teth), n.,pl. of Tooth. 

Teeth (teth), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Teethed (tethd) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Teething.] To breed or grow teeth. 

RTeeth'ing (teth'ing), n. The first growing of teeth, 
and their issue through the gums ; dentition. 
Tee-to'tal (te-to'tal), a. Entire ; total. [Colloq.~] 
Tee-tO'tal-er (-er), n. One pledged to teetotalism. 
Tee-tO'tal-ism (-iz'ni), n. The principle or practice 
of entire abstinence, esp. from intoxicating drinks. 
Tee-tO / tal-ly, adv. Entirely; totally. [Colloq.] 
Tee-tO'tnm (-turn), n. [For T-totum.] A child's toy, 

S somewhat like a four-sided top, used in games of chance. 

On one side it had a letter T, for L. totum all. 

Teg-men'tal (teg-men'tal), a. [L. tegmen covering, 
fr. tegere to cover.] (Biol.) Of or pert, to a tegument. 

Teg'U-lar (teg'u-ler), a. [LL. tegularis, from L. tegula 
a tile.] Of or pertaining to a tile ; arranged like tiles. 

Teg'u-ment (-ment), n. [L. tegumentum, from tegere 
to cover.] A cover or covering ; an integument ; esp., 

Tthe skin of a living body ; hide. 
Teg'U-men'ta-ry (-mSn'ta-rJ), a. Of or pert, to a 
tegument ; consisting of teguments. [titter. I 

Te-hee' (te-he'), n. & inter j. A tittering laugh ; a| 

Te-hee 7 , v. i. To titter ; to laugh derisively. 

Teil (tel), n. [OF. teil, L. tilia.] (Bot.) Lime tree. 

TeOa-ry (tela-ry or tel'a-ry), a. [LL. telaris, fr. L. 
tela web.] Of or pert, to a web ; spinning webs ; retiary. 

Tel'e-gram (tel'e-gram), n. [Gr. rrj\e far -J- -gram.] 
A message sent by telegraph ; a telegraphic dispatch. 

Tel'e-graph (tel'e-graf ), n. [Gr. TrjAe far, far off + 
-graph.] An apparatus, or a process, for communicating 
intelligence rapidly between distant points, esp. by means 
of preconcerted visible or audible signals. 

Tel'e-graph (tel'e-graf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tele- 
graphed (-graft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Telegraphing (-grac- 
ing).] To convey or announce by telegraph. 

Te-leg'ra-pher (te-legTa-f er or tel'e-grafer), n. One 
who sends telegraphic messages ; a telegraphic operator. 

Tel'e-graph'ic (tSFe-grSfik), a. Of or pertaining to 
the telegraph ; made or communicated by a telegraph. 

Tel'e-graph'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Telegraphic. — Tel'e- 
graph'ic-al-ly, adv. [telegrapher.] 

Te-leg'ra-phiSt (te-lgg'ra-fist or tel'e-graf'ist), n. A] 

Te-leg'ra-phy (-leg'ra-f^), n. Science or art of con- 
structing, or of communicating by means of, telegraphs. 

Te-lem'e-ter (te-lem'e-ter), n. [Gr. rrjke far + -me- 
ter.] An instrument used for measuring the distance of 
an object from an observer, as by observing its apparent 
diameter, its real diameter being known. 

Te / le-Ol / 0-gy (te'le-ol'o-jy" or tel'e-), n. [Gr. re'Ao?, re- 
Aeo?, end, issue -{--logy.] The doctrine of final causes; spe- 
cif. (Biol.), the doctrine of design ; the doctrine of adapta- 
tion to purpose. — Te'le-0-log'ic-al (-o-loj'T-kol), a. 

Tele-OSt (te1e-5st or tgl'e-), n. [Gr. re'Aeos complete 
-f bareov bone.] (Zo'ol.) One of the Teleostei. 

Te / le-OB'te-an (-os'te-an), a. (Zo'ol.) Of or pert, to 
the Teleostei. 

! Te'le-OS'te-1 (-1), n. pi. [NL.] (Zool.) A subclass 
of fishes including all the ordinary bony fishes as distin- 
guished from the ganoids. 

Te-lep'a-thy (te-lgr/a-th^), n. [Gr. r^Ae far off + 
■n-aaxeiv, 7raBelv, to suffer.] The sympathetic affection of 
one mind by another at a distance without communication 
through the ordinary channels of sensation. 



Tel'e-phone (tgl'e-fon), n. [Gr. ■rijAe far off -f farf 
sound.] (Physics) An instrument for repro- 
ducing sounds, esp. articulate speech, at a 
distance. 

Description of Illustration. 

Telephone: a Diaphragm of soft iron ; b Bobbin 
of Insulated Copper Wire surrounding the end of 
a Steel Magnet.;',- d d Longitudinal Holes in the 
Case through which the ends of the Coil 6 pass to 
the Binding Screws e and thence into the Cord. 
This form is generally used as a Receiver, but may 
be used as a Transmitter. 

Tel'e-phone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tele- 
phoned (-fond) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Telephoning 
(-fon'Tng).] To convey or announce by tele- 
phone. 

Tel'e-phon'ic (-fonTk), a. 1. Conveying 
sound to a great distance. 2. Of, pert, to, 
or done by, the telephone. — Tel'e-phon'ic- Telephone. 
al-ly (-T-kal-ly), adv. 

Te-leph'O-ny (te-lefo-n^), n. Art or process of re- 
producing sounds at a distance, as with the telephone. 

Tel'e-SCOpe (tel'e-skop), n. [Gr. -rrjAeo-Kon-os viewing 
afar ; r>jAe far -f- 
o-kottos a watch- 
er. See -scope.] 
An optical in- 
strument used 
in viewing dis- 
tant objects, as 
the heavenly 





Tel'e-scope 

(tel'e-skop), v.i. 
&t. [imp.&p. 
p. Telescoped 
(-skopt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Tele- 
scoping (-sko'- 
ping).] To slide 
or force one 
within another, 
after the man- 
ner of the sec- 
tions of a small 
telescope. 
[Recent] 

Tel'e-scop'ic 
(-skop'Tk), 
Tel'e-scop'ic- 
al (-T-kal), a. 
1. Of or per- 
taining to a tel- 
e s c o p e ; per- 
formed by a 
telescope. 2. 
Seen or discov- 
erable only by 
a telescope. 3. 
Able to discern 
objects at a 
distance ; far- 
seeing ; f ar- 
rea c h i n g. 4. 
Consisting of 
parts which 
fit or slide one 
within another 
like the tube 
of a small tele- 
scope. 

Te-les'tlch 

(te-lSs'tYk or The Telescope of the Lick Observatory, Mt. 
tel'e-stTkl n Hamilton, California. Length of Tube, 57 
TGr re'Aoc end feet ' Diameter of Object Glass, 36 inches. 
+ o-Tt'xo? line, verse.] A poem in which the final letters 
of the lines, taken consecutively, make a name. 

Tel'ic (tgl'ik), a. [Gr. tcAiko?, fr. tc'Ao? end.] 
(Gram.) Denoting the final end or purpose. 

Tell (tel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Told (told) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Telling.] [AS. lellan, fr. talu tale, number, 
speech ; akin to G. z'dhlen to count. See Tale.] 1. To 
mention one by one ; to recount ; to reckon ; to number ; 
to count. 2. To recite in detail; to narrate. 3. To 
make known ; to divulge. 4. To give instruction to ; to 
teach ; to inform. 5. To order ; to request ; to com- 
mand. 6. To ascertain by observing ; to find out. 

Syn. — To enumerate ; communicate ; impart : reveal ; 
disclose ; acquaint ; report ; repeat ; rehearse ; discover. 



a, e, k, o, u, long ; a, £, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, Idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



TELL 



837 



TENACIOUS 



Tell (tSl), v. i. 1. To give an account ; to make re- 
port. 2. To take effect ; to produce a marked effect. 

Tell'er (tgl'er), n. 1. One who tells. 2. An officer 
of the English Exchequer formerly appointed to receive 
and pay out moneys. 3. An officer of a bank who receives 
money, and pays money out on checks. 4. One appointed 
to count votes in a legislative body, public meeting, etc. 

Tell'tale' (tSl'tal'), a. Telling tales ; babbling. 

Tell'tale', n. 1. An officious informer ; talebearer. 

2. (Mach. ) A machine or contrivance for indicating or 
recording something. 3. (Zo'dl.) The tattler. 

Tel-lU'ri-an (tgl-lu'rT-an), a. [L. tellus, -uris, earth.] 
Of or pert, to the earth. — n. A dweller on the earth. 

Tel-lu'ric (-rik), a. [L. tellus, -uris, the earth.] 1. 
Of, pert, to, or proceeding from, the earth. 2. (Chem.) 
Of, pert, to, or containing, tellurium, esp. in its higher 

Tel-lU'ri-um (tgl-lu'ri-um), n. [NL., fr. L. tellus, 
-uris, the earth.] (Chem.) A rare nonmetallic element, 
analogous to sulphur and selenium. 

TellU-rous (tgl'lu-riis), a. (Chem.) Of, pert, to, or 
containing, tellurium, esp. in its lower valence. See -ous. 

Tel'O-type (tel'o-tlp), n. [Gr. -rrjAe afar -f- -type.} An 
electric telegraph which prints the messages in letters. 

Tel'pher (tgl'fer), n. [Gr. rfj\e far off + 4>epetu to 
bear.] (Elec.) A contrivance for the conveyance of vehi- 
cles or loads by means of electricity. 

Tem'er-a'ri-OUS (tgin'er-a'rT-us), a. [L. temerarius.'] 
Unreasonably adventurous ; rash ; headstrong ; audacious. 

Te-mer'1-ty (te-mgr'i-ty), n. [L. temerltas, fr. temere 
by chance, rashly.] Unreasonable contempt of danger ; 
extreme venturesomeness ; rashness. 

Syn. — Rashness ; precipitancy ; heedlessness. — Te- 
merity and rashness are closely allied in sense, but have a 
slight difference in their use and application, temerity de- 
noting rather an unreasonable contempt of danger ; raslv- 
ness a rushing into danger from thoughtlessness or ex- 
cited feeling. Temerity is often the more dignified word. 

Tem'per (tem'per), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tempered 
(-perd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tempering.] [Deriv. of L. tem- 
perare, akin to lempus time.] 1. To mingle in due pro- 
portion ; to modify, as by adding something ; hence, to 
soften ; to mollify ; to assuage. 2. To fit together ; to 
adjust. 3. (Metal.) To bring to a proper hardness. 4. 
To govern. [A Latinism & 06s.] 5. (Mus.) To adjust, 
as the mathematical scale to the scale in actual use. 

Syn. — To qualify ; accommodate ; soothe ; calm. 

Tem'per, n. 1. Due mixture of different qualities ; 
just combination. 2. Constitution of body ; tempera- 
ment ; in old writers, the relative proportion of the four 
humors. 3. Disposition or constitution of the mind, esp. 
as respects the passions and affections. 4. Calmness of 
mind ; moderation. 5. Undue heat of mind ; passion ; 
irritation ; proneness to anger. [Colloq.'] 6. State of a 
metal or other substance, esp. as to hardness, produced 
by heating or cooling. 7. Medium. [R.~] 

Syn. — Frame ; humor ; mood. See Disposition. 

II Tem'pe-ra (tam'pa-ra), n. [It.] (Paint.) Distem- 
per ; — applied esp. to early Italian painting. 

Tem'per-a-ment (tem'per-a-ment), n. 1. Internal 
constitution. 2. Due mixture of qualities ; adjustment of 
conditions. [06s.] 3. Act or means of tempering or 
modifying; adjustment. 4. Temperature. [06s.] 5. 
(Mus.) A system of compromises in the tuning of organs, 
pianofortes, etc., whereby the actual practicable scale of 
twelve tones to the octave is obtained. 6. (Physiol.) 
The peculiar physical and mental character of an indi- 
vidual, formerly erroneously supposed to be due espe- 
cially to individual variation in the humors. 

Tem'per-ance (-ans), n. 1. Habitual moderation in 
the indulgence of the appetites and passions; specif., 
moderation, and sometimes abstinence, in respect to 
using intoxicating liquors. 2. Patience ; calmness. [R.~\ 

3. Temperature. [06s.] 

Tem'per-ate (-at), a. [L. temperatus, p. p. See Tem- 
per, v. t.~\ 1. Moderate ; not excessive ; characterized by 
temperance. 2. Not passionate ; not violent ; cool ; calm. 
— Tem'per-ate-ly (-St-ly), adv. — Tem'per-ate-ness, n. 

Syn. — Abstemious ; sober : calm ; cool ; sedate. 

Tem'per-a-ture (-a-tur ; 135), n. 1. Constitution ; 
state ; degree of any quality. 2. Moderation. [06s.] 3. 
(Physics) Condition with respect to heat or cold ; degree 
of heat or cold. 4. Mixture. [06s.] 

Tem'pest (tem'pest), n. [OF. tempeste, deriv. of L. 
tempestas a season, weather, storm, akin to tempus time.] 
1. An extensive and violent current of wind, commonly 
with rain, hail, or snow ; a furious storm. 2. Fig.: Any 
violent tumult. 3. A fashionable assembly. [Archaic'] 

Syn. — Storm ; agitation ; perturbation. See Storm. 



Tern pes'tu-ous (tSm-peVtu-us ; 136), a. Of or pert, 
to a tempest ; a tempest ; turbulent ; violent ; stormy. — 
Tem-pes'tu-ous-ly, "d< . — Tern pes'tu ous-ness. n. 

Tem'plar (t&n'pler), n. [OB. templere, LL. te mala- 
rias. See Temple a church.] 1. One of a religious and 
military order first established at Jerusalem, in the early 
part of the 12th century, for the protection of pilgrim* 
and of the Holy Sepulcher. They occupied an apartment 
near the Temple. 2. A student of law having apartments 
in the Temple at Loudon. [Eng.] 3. One of a certain 
order or degree among the Freemasons. Also, one of an 
order among temperance men, styled Gfood TtmjAars. 

Tem'plate (-plat), u. Same as Templet. 

Tem'ple (tgin'p'l), «• [Cf. Templet.] A contrivance 
in a loom for stretching the web transversely. 

Tem'ple, n. [OF., fr. L. temporal temput; origin un- 
certain.] (Anat.) The space back of the eye and fore- 
head, above the zygomatic arch and in f rout of the ear. 

Tem'ple, n. [AS. tempel, fr. L. tetnplum a npaee 
marked out, temple.] 1. A place or edifice dedicated to 
the worship of a deity. 2. (Jewish Antiq.) The edifice 
built at Jerusalem for the worship of Jehovah. 3. Hence, 
among Christians, an edifice for public worship ; church. 
4. Any place in which the divine presence specially dwells. 

Inner Temple, and Middle Temple, two buildings occupied 
by two inns of court in London, on the site of an edifice of 
the Knights Templars, called the Temjjle. 

Tem'plet (-plSt), n. [LL. templatua vaulted, fr. L. 
templum a small timber.] 1. A gauge or pattern, com- 
monly a thin plate or board, for a guide. 2. (Arch.) A 
short piece or block under a beam, to distribute pressure. 

II Tem'po (-po), n. [It., fr. L. tempus. See Tense, «.] 
(Mus.) The rate or degree of movement in time. 

Tem'po-ral (-ral), a. [L. temporalis, fr. tempora the 
temples.] (Anat.) Of or pert, to the temple or temples. 

Tem'po-ral, a. [L. temporalis, fr. lempus, -ports, 
time. Cf. Thing.] 1. Of or pert, to time, that is, to the 
present life, or this world ; secular. 2. Civil or political. 

Syn. — Transient ; fleeting ; transitory. 

Tem'po-ral, n. Anything temporal ; a temporality. 

Tem'po-ral'i-ty (-ral'i-ty), n. 1. State or quality of 
being temporary. 2. The laity. [06s.] 3. That which 
pertains to temporal welfare; esp., the revenue of an 
ecclesiastic proceeding from lands, tenements, or lay fees, 
tithes, etc. ; — chiefly in pi. 

Tem'po-ral-ty (tem'po-rfll-tjf), n. 1. The laity. [06s.] 
2. A secular possession ; a temporality. 

Tem'po-ra-ry (-ra-ry), a. [L. temporarius, fr. tem- 
pus, temporis, time.] Lasting for a time only ; existing 
or continuing for a limited time ; not permanent. — 
Tem'po-ra-ri-ly, adv. — Tem'po-ra-ri-ness, n. 

Tem po-ri-za'tion (-rT-za'shun),w. Act of temporizing. 

Tem'po-rlze (tem'po-riz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tem- 
porized (-nzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Temporizing.] [See 2d 
Temporal.] To comply with the time or occasion ; to hu- 
mor, or yield to, the current of opinion or circumstances. 

Tem'po-ro- (tgm'po-ro-). A combining form used to 
indicate connection with the temple, or temporal bone. 

Tempt (tgmt ; 215), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tempted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tempting.] [OF. tempter, tenter, fr. L. 
tentare, temptare, to handle, to try, to test, freq. fr. ten- 
der e, tentum, and lensum, to stretch. See Thin, and cf. 
Tend.] 1. To put to trial ; to prove ; to test ; to try. 
2. To lead, or endeavor to lead, into evil. 3. To en- 
deavor to persuade ; to induce ; to incite. 4. To endeavor 
to accomplish or reach ; to attempt. 

Syn. — To entice ; allure ; attract ; decoy ; seduce. 

Tempt'a-ble (tgmt'a-b'l; 215), a. That may be tempted. 

Temp-ta'tion (tgmp-ta'shun), n. 1. A tempting ; state 
of being tempted ; seduction. 2. That which tempts ; 
inducement ; allurement. [Satan. I 

Tempt'er (tgmfer ; 215), n. One who tempts ; esp., | 

Tempt'ress (-rgs), n. A woman who entices. 

Tem'U-lent (tSm'u-lent), a. [L. temulentus.] Intoxi- 
cated. [R.~] 

Ten (ten), a. [AS. ten, tyn, iene ; akin to G. zehn, L. 
decern, Gr. Se'/ca, Skr. dacan.~\ One more than nine. 

Ten (ten), n. 1. Number greater by one than nine ; 
ten units or objects. 2. Symbol for ten units, as 10 or X. 

Ten'a-ble (tgn'a-b'l), a. [F. tenable, fr. tenir to hold, 
L. tenere. See Thin.] Capable of being held, main- 
tained, or defended, as against an assailant or objector. 
— Ten'a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ty^, Ten'a-ble-ness, n. 

Te-na'ciOUS (te-na'shQs), a. [L. tenax, -acis, fr. te- 
nere to hold. See Tenable.] 1. Holding fast, or in- 
clined to hold fast ; apt to retain ; retentive. 2. Having 
parts apt to adhere to each other ; cohesive ; tough. 3. 
Apt to adhere to another substance ; glutinous ; viscous ; 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, firm, food, fo'bt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TENACIOUSLY 



838 



TENSION 



etiokinc ; adhesive. 4. Niggardly ; elosefisted ; miserly. 
5. Holding stoutly to one's opinion or purpose; obsti- 

0. stubborn. — Te-na'cions-ly (te-na'shus-ly), adv. 
— Te-na'cious-ness. ... [tenacious. I 

Te-nac'i-ty ^to-nas'T-t}"). »■ Quality or state of being! 
Te-naille 7 (te-uaT), »'■ [F., tongs.] {Fort.) A kind 
of outwork in the main ditch. [See Illusf. of Ravelin.] 
Ten'an-cy (te"n'<m-sy), n. [See Tenant.] {Law) A 
holding, or a mode of holding, an estate ; tenure ; the 
temporary possession of what belongs to another. 
_ Ten'ant (-<mt), n. [F., p. pr. of tenir to bold. See 

p Tlnablk.] 1. {Law) One who holds or possesses real 

estate by any kind of right ; also, one who has the occu- 
pation or temporary possession of lands or tenements the 
title of which is in another. 2. A dweller; an occupant. 
Ten'ant, r. /. [imp. & p. p. Tenanted ; p. pr. & rb. 
n. Tenanting.] To hold, occupy, or possess as a tenant. 
Ten'ant-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Fit to be rented ; in a con- 

Qditiou suitable for a tenant. — Ten'ant -a-ble-ness, n. 
Ten'ant-less. a. Having no tenant ; unoccupied. 
Ten'ant-ry (-ry), n. The body of tenants. 
Ten'ant saw' (sa'). See Tenon saw, under Tenon. 
Tench (t6nch), 7!. [OF. tenche, L. tinea.] {Zool.) A 
European fresh-water fish allied to the carp. 

Tend (tend), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tended ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tending.] [Aphetic for Attend.] 1. To accompa- 
ny as an assistant or protector ; to care for the wants of : 
D to watch; to guard. 2. To attend to; to note carefully. 

Tend, v. i. To wait ; to serve ; to attend. 
Tend, v. i- [F. tendre, L. tendere, tensum and ten- 
turn, to stretch, tend; akin to Gr. reCveiv to stretch, 
Skr. tan.] 1. To move in a certain direction. 2. To 
be directed, as to any end ; to aim ; to exert activity or 
influence ; to serve as a means ; to contribute. 

Tend'ance (tend'ans), n. 1. Act of attending ; at- 
O tendance. [Archaic] 2. Attendants. [Obs.~\ 

v Tend'en-cy (-en-sy), n. Direction or course toward 

any place, object, or result ; influence to cause a result. 
Syn. — Proneness ; drift ; aim ; disposition. 
Tend'er (-er), n. 1. One who tends. 2. {Naut.) A 
vessel employed to attend other vessels, to supply them 
with provisions, etc. 3. A car attached to a locomotive, 
for carrying fuel and water. 

TTen'der (ten'der), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tendered 
(-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tendering.] [F. tendre to 
stretch, reach, L. tendere. See Tend to move.] 1. 
{Law) To offer in payment or satisfaction of a demand, 
in order to save a penalty or forfeiture. 2. To offer in 
words ; to present for acceptance. 

Ten'der, n. 1. {Law) An offer of something, as 
money or services, to fulfill an obligation, in order to 
save a penalty or forfeiture. 2. Any offer or proposal 
made for acceptance. 3. The thing offered ; esp., money. 

Ten'der, a. [Compar. Tenderer (-er) ; superl. Ten- 
derest.] [F. tendre, L. iener.] 1. Easily impressed, 
broken, bruised, or injured ; not firm or hard ; delicate. 
2. Sensible to impression and pain. 3. Physically weak ; 
not hardy. 4. Susceptible of the softer passions, as 
love, compassion, kindness ; easily excited to pity, for- 
giveness, or favor. 5. Exciting kind concern. 6. Care- 
ful to save inviolate, or not to injure. 7. Unwilling to 
cause pain ; gentle ; mild. 8. Adapted to excite feeling 
or sympathy ; expressive of the softer passions ; pathetic. 
9. Apt to pain or grieve. 

Syn. — Effeminate ; soft ; sensitive ; compassionate ; 
kind ; humane ; merciful ; pitiful ; delicate ; dear. 

Ten'der, v. t. To have a care of; to be tender 
toward ; hence, to esteem ; to value. [Obs.~\ 

Ten'der-IOOf (-f66t'), n. One not inured to the hard- 
ship and rudeness of pioneer life. [Slang, Western U. S.~\ 

Ten'der-heart'ed (-hartfed), a. Susceptible of im- 
pressions or influence ; affectionate ; pitying ; sensitive. 

Ten'der-loln' (-loinO, n. A strip of tender flesh on 
either side in the hind quarter of beef or pork. 

Ten'der-ly, adv. In a tender manner. 

Ten'der-ness, n. Quality or state of being tender. 

Ten'dl-nous (tgn'dT-nus), a. 1. Pert, to a tendon ; 
of the nature of a tendon. 2. Full of tendons ; sinewy. 

Ten'don (ten'diin), n. [¥., fr. L. tendere to stretch. 
See Tend to move.] {Anat.) A tough insensible cord, 
bundle, or band of fibrous connective tissue uniting a 
muscle with some other part ; a sinew. 

Ten'drac (-dr5k), n. [See Tenrec] {Zool.) Any 
one of several species of small insectivores resembling 
the hedgehog in habits. 

Ten'dril (-drll), n. [Shortened fr. OF. tendrillon, fr. 
F. tf-.ndre tender ; hence, prop., tender branch of a plant, 
bee Tender, a.] {Bot.) A slender, leafless portion of a 




Tendrils. A Coiling 
Tendril of Grape- 
vine ; B Ends of 
Tendril of Virginia 
Creeper, showing 
Disks by which 
they cling. 



plant by which it becomes attached to a supporting 
body. 

II Ten'e-braB (tSn'e-bre), n. [L., pi., 
darkness.] (JR. C. Ch.) The matins and 
lauds for the last three days of Holy Week. 

Ten/e-brif'ic (-brTf'Ik), a. [L. tenebrae 
darkness -\-facere to make.] Rendering 
dark or gloomy ; tenebrous ; gloomy. 

Te-ne'bri-ous (te-ne'brl-us), a. Ten- 
ebrous. 

Ten'e-brose' ( ten ' e - bros ' ) , a. 
Gloomy; tenebrous. 

Ten'e-brous (tSn'e-brus), a. [L. 
tenebrosus, fr. tenebrae darkness.] 
Dark ; gloomy ; dusky ; tenebrious. 

Ten'e-ment (-ment), n. [OF., 
holding, fief, LL. tenementum, fr. L. 
tenere to hold. See Tenant.] 1. {Feud. Law) That 
which is held of another by service, or feudal tenure ; fief ; 
fee. 2. {Common Law) Any species of permanent prop- 
erty that may be held, so as to create a tenancy, as lands, 
houses, rents, commons, etc. 3. A dwelling house ; also, 
an apartment, or suite of rooms, used by one family ; 
often, a house erected to be rented. 4. Fig. : Dwelling ; 
abode ; habitation. 

Ten e-men'tal (-men'tal), a. Of or pertaining to a 
tenement ; capable of being held by tenants. 

Ten'et r(ten'et), n. [L., he holds, fr. tenere to hold. 
See Tenable.] Any opinion, principle, dogma, belief, 
or doctrine, which a person holds or maintains as true. 

Syn. — See Dogma. 

II Te'ni-a (te'nl-a), n. [NL.] See TiENiA. 

Te'ni-oid (-oid), a. See Tentod. 

Ten'nis (ten'nis), n. [OE. tennes, tenets, tenyse; ori- 
gin uncertain.] A play in which a ball is driven to and 
fro by striking it with a racket or with the open hand. 

Court tennis, the old game of tennis as played within 
walled courts. — Lawn tennis, a variety of the game of 



See Ten- 




a One form of 
Tenon. 



tennis played in the open air 

Ten'on (ten'un), n. [F., fr. tenir to hold 
able.] {Carp. & Join.) A projecting 
member made to insert into a mortise, 
to secure together the parts of a frame. 

Tenon saw, a thin-bladed saw, usually 
stiffened by a steel or brass back, for cut- 
ting tenons. 

Ten'on, v.t. To cut or fit for insertion 
into a mortise. 

Ten'or (-er) , n. [L. , fr. tenere to hold. 
See Tenable.] 1. State of keeping a continuous course ; 
constant mode ; general tendency ; course ; career. 2. 
The general drift or course of thought ; purport ; intent ; 
meaning ; understanding. 3. Stamp ; character ; nature. 
4. {Law) A literal copy of a writing. 5. [F. tenor, L. 
tenor, prop., a holding; — because the tenor voice took 
and held the principal part or air. ] {Mus. ){a) The higher 
of the two kinds of voices usually belonging to adult 
males ; hence, the part adapted to this voice, and origi- 
nally the air, to which the other parts were auxiliary. 
(6) The one who sings this part. 

Te-not'0-my (te-not'6-my), n. [Gr. rei/wv tendon + 
-tomy.] {Surg.) The division of a tendon. 

Ten'pen-ny (ten'pen-mf), a. Denoting a size of nails. 
See 1st Penny. 

Ten'pins' (ten'pinzO, n. A game resembling nine- 
pins, but played with ten pins. [U. S.] 

Ten'rec (-rSk), n. [From native name.] {Zool.) A 
small insectivore, native of Madagascar. 

Tense (tens), n. [OF. tens, prop., time, L. tempus. 
See 2d Temporal.] {Gram.) Any form or modification 
given to a verb by inflection or by adding auxiliary words 
to indicate the time of the action or event signified. 

Tense, a. [L. tensus, p. p. See Tend to move.] 
Stretched tightly ; strained to stiffness ; rigid ; not lax. 
— Tense'ly, adv. — Tense'ness, n. 

Ten'si-ble (ten'sT-b'l), a. [See Tense, c] Tensile. 

Ten'silO (-sll), a. [See Tense, a.] 1. Of or pert, to 
extension. 2. Capable of extension ; ductile ; tensible. 

Ten-sil'i-ty (ten-si l'T-ty), n. Quality of being tensile. 

Ten'sion (ten'shun), n. [L. tensio, fr. tendere, ten- 
sum, to stretch. See Tense, a.] 1. A stretching or 
straining ; state of being stretched or strained. 2. Ex- 
treme strain of mind or excitement of feeling ; intense 
effort. 3. Degree of stretching to which a wire, cord, 
timber, or the like, is strained by pulling lengthwise ; 
strain. 4. {Mech.) The force by which a part of any 
system in equilibrium or in motion is pulled. 5. A de- 
vice for restraining the delivery of the thread in a sewing 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; i, 6, 1, 5, fi, y, short ; sen&te, Svent, idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



TENSITY 



839 



TERMINAL 



machine. 6. (Physics) Expansive or elastic force; elas- 
ticity. 7. (Elec.) Quality or force by which an electric 
charge tends to discharge itself, or pass from a body of 
greater to one of less electrical potential. [tense. I 

Ten'si-ty (tgn'sT-ty), n. Quality or state of being | 

Ten'sor (-s5r), n. [NL.] (Anat.) A muscle that 
stretches a part, or renders it tense. 

Tent (tSnt), n. [Sp. tinto, fr. L. tinclus, p. p. of 
tingere to dye/] A kind of wine of a deep red color. 

Tent, v. t. [OF. tenter. See Tempt.] To probe, search, 
or keep open with a tent. Used also figuratively. 

Tent, n. (Surg.) (a) A conical or cylindrical piece of 
an absorbent, as a roll of lint, used to keep open a canal, 
a wound, etc. {b) A probe for searching a wound. 

Tent (tSnt), n. [P. tente, LL. tenta, fr. L. tendere. 
See Tend to move.] A pavilion or portable lodge of 
skins, canvas, etc., stretched and sustained by poles. 

Tent, v . i. [imp. & p. p. Tented ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Tenting.] To lodge as in a tent ; to tabernacle. 

Ten'ta-Cle (ten'ta-k'l), n. [Fr. L. tentare to handle, 
feel. See Tempt.] (Zool.) An elongated process or 
organ of sense, prehension, or motion, proceeding from 
the head or cephalic region of invertebrate animals. 

Ten'ta-Cled (-k'ld), a. (Zool.) Having tentacles. 

Ten-tac'U-lar (tgn-tak'fi-ler), a. Of or pertaining to 
a tentacle or tentacles. 

II Ten-tac'u-lum (-lum), n. ; pi. -la (-la). [NL.] 1. 
(Zool.) A tentacle. 2. (Anat.) One of the stiff hairs on 
the face of many animals, supposed to be tactile organs. 

Ten-ta'tion (tgn-ta'shun), n. [L. tentatio. See Temp- 
tation.] 1. Trial; temptation. [065.] 2. (Mech.) A 
mode of adjusting or operating by repeated trials. 

Ten'ta-tive (ten'ta-tTv), a. [L. tentare to try. See 
Tempt.] Of or pertaining to a trial or trials ; essaying ; 
experimental. — Ten'ta-tive-ly, adv. 

Tent'ed (tgnt'gd), a. Covered with tents. 

Ten/ter (tgn'ter), n. 1. One who tends machines in 
a factory. 2. (Mack.) A kind of governor. 

Ten'ter, n. [OF. tenture a stretching, fr. L. tendere, 
tentum, to stretch. See Tend to move.] A machine or 
frame for stretching cloth so that it may dry square. 

Tenter-hook, a sharp, hooked nail used for fastening 
cloth on a tenter. — To be on the tenters, or on the tenter- 
hooks, to be on the stretch ; to be in distress or suspense. 

Ten'ter, v. t. To hang or stretch on, or as on, tenters. 

Tenth (tenth), a. [From Ten.] 1. Next in order 
after the ninth. 2. Constituting or being one of ten 
equal parts into which anything is divided. 

Tenth, n. 1. A tenth .thing or part. 2. A tenth part 
of annual increase or income ; tithe. 3. (Mus.) The inter- 
val between any tone and the tone represented on the 
tenth degree of the staff above ; the octave of the third. 

Tenth'ly, adv. In the tenth place. 

Ten-tig'i-nous (tgn-tij'i-nus), a. [L. tentigo, -inis, 
tension, fr. tendere to stretch.] [Obs.J 1. Stretched; 
strained. [Obs.~] 2. Lustful. [06s.] 

Ten'U-ate (ten'u-at), v. t. [L. tenuatus, p. p. See 
Attenuate.] To make thin ; to attenuate. [R.l 

~ 1. Q 



[L. tenuitas.~\ 
Poverty. [Obs.~\ 



uality 
3. Re- 



[L. tenuis thin. See Thin.] 
minute. 2. Rare ; subtile ; 



Te-nu'i-ty (te-nu'i-t^), n 
or state of being tenuous. 1 
finement; delicacy. 

Ten'U-OUS (ten'fi-us), a. 
1. Thin ; slender ; small ; 
not dense ; — said of fluids. 

Ten'ure (-fir), n. [F. tenure, OF. teneure, fr. F. tenir 
to hold. See Tenable.] 1. Act or right of holding, as 
property, esp. real estate. 2. (Eng. Law) The manner 
of holding lands and tenements of a superior. 3. The 
consideration given by the occupant of land to his lord 
or superior for its use. 4. Manner of holding, in general. 

Te'O-cal'li (te'o-kal'lT), n. ; pi. -lis (-ITz). [Mex., 
lit., God's house.] An aboriginal temple of Mexico, 
Yucatan, etc. 

Te'0-Sin'te (-sin'te), n. (Bot.) A large fodder grass 
closely related to maize. [tent. I 

Tep-ee' (tep-e' or te'pe), n. An Indian wigwam or| 

Tep'e-fac'tion (tep'e-fak'shun), n. Act of tepefying. 

Tep'e-fy (tep'e-fi), v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Tepepded 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tepefying (-fi'Tng).] [L. tepere 
to be tepid -f- -fy.~\ To make or become tepid. 

Tep'id (tep'Td), a. [L. tepidus, fr. tepere to be warm ; 
akin to Skr. tap to be warm.] Moderately warm ; luke- 
warm. — Tep'id-ness, n. [warmness. I 

Te-pld'i-ty (te-pTd'T-ty), n. Moderate warmth ; luke- 1 

Te'por (te'por), n. [L.] Gentle heat ; tepidness. 

Ter- (ter-). A combining form from L. t'r signifying 
three times, thrice. See Tri-, 2. 

Ter'a-phim (tSr'a-fim), or Ter'aphs (-afs), n. pi. 



to rub.] Round and slightly tapering ; columnar. 
r'gal (ter'gal), a. [L. tergum back.] (Anal. 



[Heb. teraphlm.'] Images connected with the corrupt 
magical rites used by some Israelites. 

Ter'a-pln (tSr'a-pTn), n. (Zool.) See Terrapin. 

Ter'a-tOl'0-gy (-t51'6-jy), n. [Gr. Tepas, -aros, mon- 
ster -j- -logy.'] 1. That branch of biology which treats of 
monstrosities and abnormalities. 2. Bombast. [Obs.] 

Ter'hi-um (ter'bT-um), n. [NL., fr. Ytterby, in Swe- 
den.] A rare metal, supposed to exist in ytterbium earths. 

Terce (ters), n. See Tierce. 

Ter'cel (ter'sgl), n. See Tiercel. 

Ter'cet (ter'sgt), n. [F., fr. It. terzetto, dim. of terzo 
third, L. lertius. See Tierce.] (Mus. & Poetry) A trip- 
let, [turpentine. I 

Ter'e-ben'thene (tgr'e-bgn'then), n. (Chem.) Oil of j 

Te-reb'ic (te-rgb'Ik or tSr-e'bik), a. (t'ttem.) Per- 
taining to, or obtained from, terebenthene. 

Ter'e-binth (tgr'e-binth), n. [L. terebinthus. See 
Turpentine.] (Bot.) The turpentine tree. 

Ter'e-bin'thic (-bTn'tluk), ) a. (Chem.) Of, pert, to, 

Ter'e-bin'thine (-thin), | or like, turpentine. 

Ter'e-brant (-brant), a. [L. terebrans, -antis, p. pr.] 
(Zool. ) Boring, or adapted for boring ; as the sawflies. 

Ter'e-brate (-brat), v. t. [L. terebrare, p. p. -ahu i 
deriv. of ter ere to rub.] To perforate ; to bore. [P.] 

Te-re'do (te-re'do or ter-e'do), n. ; pi. E. Teredos 
(-doz). [L., a kind of worm.] (Zool.) A genus of worm- 
like bivalve mollusks which bore into submerged wood. 

Te-rete' (-ret/), a. [L. teres, -elis, rounded off, fr. 
ter ere to rub/ 

Ter'^ 
Zool.) Of or pertaining to the back, or tergum ; dorsal. 

Ter-gem'i-nous (ter-jgm'T-nus), a. [L. tergeminus ; 
ter thrice -\-geminus twin.] Threefold ; thrice-paired. 

Ter'gi-ver-sate (ter'jT-ver-sat), v. i. [L. tergiversari, 
p. p. -atus, to turn one's back, to shift ; tergum back -)- 
versare, freq. of vertere to turn.] To shift ; to practice 
evasion; to use subterfuges; to shuffle. [P.] 

Ter'gi-ver-sa'tion (-sa'shun), n. 1. A tergiversating ; 
shift ; subterfuge ; evasion. 2. Fickleness ; inconstancy. 

Ter'gi-ver-sa'tor (-sa'ter), n. One who tergiversates. 

||Ter'gum(ter'gum),n. ;^.TERGA(-ga). [L.] (Zool.) 
The back of an animal. 

Te'rin (te'rin), n. [F. tarin, Prov. F. tairin, terin.~\ 
(Zool.) The European siskin. 

Term (term), n. [F. terme, L. termen, -inis, termi- 
nus, a boundary, limit, end ; akin to Gr. rep/ia, rep/otwi/.] 
1. That which limits anything ; limit ; extremity ; bound ; 
boundar}'. 2. The time for which anything lasts, as a 
contract, an estate, sittings of a court, etc. ; any limited 
time. 3. In universities, schools, etc., a regular fixed 
continuous period of instruction. 4. (Geom.) A point, 
line, or superficies, that limits. 5. (Logic) The subject 
or the predicate of a proposition ; one of the three com- 
ponent parts of a syllogism. 6. A word or expression ; 
specif., one with a precisely limited meaning in certain 
relations and uses. 7. (Arch.) A quadrangular pillar, 
topped with the figure of a head. See Terminus, n., 2 
and 3. 8. (-4Jtf.) A member of a compound quantity. 9. 
pi. (Med.) The menses. 10. pi. (Law) Propositions, 
promises, or stipulations which make up an agreement 
or statement ; conditions. 11. (Naut.) A piece of carved 
work under either end of the taffrail. 

To bring to terms, to compel to agree, assent, or submit. 
— To make terms, to come to terms ; to agree. 

Syn. — Word ; expression. — Term and word are loosely- 
used interchangeably ; but strictly word- is generic, de- 
noting a spoken sign of any idea, or its written equivalent : 
and term, which strictly denotes one of the two essential 
members of a proposition in logic, signifies a word of spe- 
cific meaning, applicable to a definite class of objects. 

Term, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Termed (tennd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Terming.] To apply a term to ; to name ; to call. 

Ter'ma-gan-cy (ter'ma-gan-sy), n. Quality or state 
of being termagant. 

Ter'ina-gant (-gant), n. [OE. Trivigani, Termagant, 
Termagant (in sense 1), OF. Tervagan.] 1. A supposed 
Mohammedan deity or false god, represented in the an- 
cient moralities, farces, etc., as extremely vociferous and 
tumultuous. [Obs.~\ 2. A boisterous, brawling, turbu- 
lent person ; — now of women only. 

Ter'ma-gant, a. Tumultuous ; turbulent ; boisterous ; 
furious ; quarrelsome ; scolding. — Ter'ma-gant-ly, adv. 

Term'er (term'er), n. (Law) One who has an estate 
for a term of years or for life. 

Ter'mi-na-ble (ter'mT-na-b'l), a. That may be termi- 
nated or bounded ; limitable. — Ter'mi-na-ble-ness. n. 

Ter'ml-nal (-n«l), a. [L. terminalis.'] Of or pert, 
to. or forming, the end or extremity. 

Terminal statue. See Terminus, n.,2 and 3. 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TERMINAL 



840 



TERROR 



Ter'ml-nal (tSrtnY-nol), n. That which terminates 
or ends ; termination ; extremity. 

Ter xnl-na'li-a^-ua'li-a), h.j>/. [L.] {Fom.Antiq.) 
.1 celebrated annually by the Romans on Feb- 
in honor oi Terminus, the pod of boundaries. 
Ter'mi-nate (tSrtnl-nSfc), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Termi- 
nated t-na t£d) ; ;>. pr. & rl>. n. Terminating.] [L. ter- 
;>. p. -atus. See Term.] 1. To set a term or 
limit to ; to form the extreme point or side of ; to bound ; 
to limit. 2. To put an end to; to make to cease. 3. 
Hence, to complete ; to perfect. 

Ter'mi-nate. r. i. To be limited in space or time ; to 
stop ; to end ; to cease. 

Ter mi-na'tion (-ua'shun), n. 1. A terminating. 2. 
That which ends ; limit in space or time ; bound ; end. 

3. End ; conclusion : result. 4. Word ; term. [Obs.] 
5. [Gram.) The ending of a word ; final syllable or let- 
ter ; the part added to a stem in inflection. [tion. I 

Ter mi-na'tion-al (-al), a. Of or pert, to a termina-| 

Ter'mi-na-tive (ter'niT-na-tiv), a. Tending or serv- 
ing to terminate ; determining ; definitive. 

Ter'mi-ner (-nn-ner), n. [F. terminer to limit.] 
{Law) A determining. See Oyer. 

Ter'mi-nist (-nist), n. (Theol.) One who maintains 
that God has limited the time of probation. 

Ter mi-nol'O-gy (-nol'o-jy), n. [L. terminus term + 
-logy.] 1. The doctrine of terms. 2. The terms used 
in any business, art, science, etc. ; nomenclature. 

Ter'mi-nus (ter'nn-nus), n. ; pi. Termini (-ni). [L. 
See Term.] 1. Lit., a boundary; limit. 2. {Myth.) 
The Roman divinity who presided over boundaries. 3. 
Hence, any post or stone marking a boundary ; term. 

4. Either end of a railroad line ; also, the station house, 
or the town or city, at that place. 

Ter'mite (-mit), n. [F., fr. L. termes, termitis, wood 
worm.] {Zo'dl.) Any one of numerous species of pseudo- 
neuropterous insects, including the white ants, so called. 

Tern (tern), n. [Dan. terne, lasrne.] {Zo'dl.) Any 
one of numerous species of 
long -winged aquatic birds, 
allied to the 
gulls. 

Tern (tern), 
c. [L. pi. ^^^^ 'M*" m _! 

terni three ^^ Jfi^s>k » 8 

each ; akin to 
ties three.] 
Threefold; 
t r jpi e Tern (Sterna hirundo). 

Tern schooner (Naut.), a three-masted schooner. 

Tern, n. [F. terne.] That wliich consists of, or per- 
tains to, three things or numbers together; esp., a lot- 
tery prize won on a combination of three numbers. 

Ter'na-ry (ter'na-ry), a. [L. temarius, fr. terni. See 
Tern, a.] 1. Proceeding by threes ; consisting of three. 
2. {Chem.) Containing, or consisting of, three different 
elements, atoms, groups, or radicals. 

Ter'na-ry, n. A ternion ; the number three ; triad. 

Ter'nate (-nat), a. Having the parts arranged by 
threes. 

Terne'plate' (tern'plat'), n. [See Tern, a. ; Plate.] 
Thin iron sheets coated with an alloy of lead and tin. 

Ter'ni-on (ter'nT-un), n. [L. ternio, fr. terni three 
each.] The number three ; a ternary. 

Terp-sich'O-re (terp-sTk'6-re), n. [L., fr. Gr. Tepi/u- 
Xopr) ; repots enjoyment -f \opos dancing.] {Gr. Myth.) 
The Muse of the choral song and the dance, esp. the lat- 
ter. — Terp / sIch-0-re / an (terrysik-6-re'an), a. 

I Ter'ra (ter'ra), n. [It, & L.] The earth ; earth. 

Terra alba [L., white earth] (Com.), a white earthv sub- 
stance used to adulterate foods. —Terra cotta. [It., fr. 
terra earth -i- cotta, fern, of cotto cooked, L. coetus, p. p. 
See Cook, n.] Baked clay ; a kind of hard pottery used 
for statues, architectural decorations, etc. — Terra firma 
[L.J, firm or solid earth, as opposed to water. —Terra Ja- 
ponica. [NL.] Same as Gambier (a). It was formerly 
supposed to be a kind of earth from Japan. 

Ter'race (tSr'ras; 48), n. [F. terrasse, fr. L. terra 
earth, prob. for tersa, orig. meaning, dry land, and akin 
to E. torrid.'] 1. A raised level space, shelf, or plat- 
form of earth, supported on one or more sides by a wall, 
a bank of turf, etc. 2. A balcony, esp. a large and un- 
covered one. 3. A flat roof to a house. 4. A street, or 
a row of houses, orig. one on a bank or the side of a hill. 

5. (Geol.) A level plain, usually with a steep front, bor- 
dering a river, a lake, or sometimes the sea. 

Ter'race, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Terraced (-rast) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Terracing (-ra-sing).] To form into a ter- 
race or terraces ; to furnish with a terrace or terraces. 





Ter'rane (tgr'ran), n. [F. terrain, fr. L. terra earth.] 
(Geol. ) A group of rocks having a common age or origin ; 

— nearly equivalent to formation. 

Ter'ra-pin (-ra-pln), ». [Prob. of Am. Ind. oriein.1 
(Zobl.) Any of 
many species of 
tortoises living in 
fresh or brackish 
waters. 

Terra 'que-ous 
(ter-ra'kwe-us), a. 
[L. terra earth -f- 
E. aqueous.'] Con- 
sisting of land and Diamond-Back, or Salt-Marsh, Terrapin 
water. (Malaclemmys palustris). 

Ter'ras (tgr'ras), n. {Min.) Trass. 

Ter-reen' (ter-ren'), n. See Tureen. 

Ter-rene', o. [L. terrains, fr. terra the earth.] 1. 
Of or pert, to the earth ; earthy. 2. Earthly ; terrestrial. 

Ter-rene', n. [L. terrenum ground.] 1. The earth. 
IPoelic] 2. {Surv.) The surface of the ground. 

Terre'plein' (tSr'planO, n. [F., fr. L. terra earth -f 
planus plain.] {Fo?i.) The platform, or horizontal sur- 
face of a rampart, for the cannon. See Casemate. 

Ter-res'tri-al (tSr-res'tri-al), a. [L. terrestris, from 
terra the earth.] 1. Of or pert, to, or existing on, the 
earth ; earthly. 2. Representing, or consisting of, the 
earth. 3. Of or pert, to the world, or the present state ; 
sublunary ; earthly ; mundane. 4. Consisting of land, in 
distinction from water ; belonging to, or inhabiting, the 
land or ground, in distinction from trees, water, etc. 5. 
Adapted for observation of objects on land and on the 
earth. — Ter-res'tri-al-ly, adv. — Ter-res'tri-al ness, n. 

Ter'ret (ter'ret), 7i. One of the rings on the top of 
the saddle of a harness, through which the reins pass. 

Ter'ri-ble (tgr'rT-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. terribilis, fr. ter- 
rere to frighten. See Terror.] 1. Adapted or likely 
to excite terror, awe, or dread ; dreadful ; formidable ; 
frightful. 2. Excessive ; extreme ; severe. [Colloq.] 

— Ter'ri-ble-ness, n. — Ter'ri-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Terrific; fearful; horrible; shocking; awful. 
Ter'ri-er (-er), n. 1. [F. terrier, chien terrier, fr. terre 
earth, L. terra.] {Zo'dl.) One 
of a breed of small dogs, which 
includes several distinct, and 
very different, sub-breeds ; as the 
Skye terrier, the black-and-tan 
terrier, the fox terrier, etc. 2. 
[F. terrier, papier terrier, LL. 
terrarius liber, i. e. , a book per- 
taining to land.] {Law) {a) For- 
merly, a collection of acknowl- 
edgments of the vassals or tenants of a lordship, {b) Now, 
a book or roll in which the lands of private persons or cor- 
porations are described by their site, boundaries, area, etc. 
Ter-rif'ic (ter-rlf'ik), a. [L. terrificus ; lerrere to 
frighten -\- facer e to make. See Terror ; Fact.] Caus- 
ing terror ; adapted to excite great fear or dread ; ter- 
rible, [al-ly, adv. I 
Ter-rif 'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Terrific. [R.] — Ter-rif'ic- 1 
Ter'ri-fy (ter'n-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Terrified 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Terrifying (-fi'Tng).] [L. terrere 
to frighten + -fy. See -fy.] 1. To make terrible. 
\_Obs.] 2. To alarm or shock with fear ; to frighten. 

Ter-rig'e-nous (ter-rij'e-nus), a. [L. terrigenus.] 
Born of the earth ; produced by the earth. 

Ter / ri-tO / ri-al (ter / rT-to'ri-Gl), a. [L. territorialis.] 
1. Of or pert, to territory or land. 2. Limited to a cer- 
tain district. 3. Of or pert, to all or any of the Terri- 
tories of the U. S., or to any district similarly organized. 
Ter'ri-tO'ri-al-ize (-iz), v. t. 1. To enlarge by exten- 
sion of territory. 2. To reduce to a territory. 

Ter'ri-tO-ry (-ry), n. [L. territorium, fr. terra the 
earth. See Terrace.] 1. A large extent or tract of 
land ; region ; country ; district. 2. The extent of land 
belonging to, or ruled by, a government ; often, a tract of 
land lying at a distance from the parent country or from 
the seat of government. 3. In the U. S., a portion of 
the country not included within the limits of any State, 
but organized with a separate legislature, under a gov- 
ernor and other officers appointed by the President and 
Senate of the United States. In Canada, a similarly or- 
ganized district not yet formed into a Province. 

Ter'ror (tgr'rer), n. [L. ; akin to terrere to frighten, 
Gr. rpelv to flee away, dread, Skr. t?-as to tremble.] Ex- 
treme fear ; fear that agitates body and mind ; violent 
dread ; frierht ; also, the cause of such fear. 
Syn. — Consternation ; dread ; dismay. See Alarm. 




English Terrier. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



TERRORISM 



841 



TESTOON 



Ter'ror-ism (tgr'rer-Iz'm), n. A terrorizing ; state 
of being terrorized. 

Ter'ror-ist, n. One who terrorizes ; specif., an agent 
or partisan of the revolutionary tribunal during the 
Reign of Terror in France. 

Ter'ror-ize (-Iz), v. t. To impress with terror ; to 
coerce by intimidation. [partly silk, fabric. I 

Ter'ry (tgr'ry), n. A kind of heavy corded silk, or| 

Terse (ters), a. [Compar. Terser (-er) ; superl. 
Tersest.] [Liter sus, p. p. of tergere to rub off.] 1. Pol- 
ished. [06s.] 2. Elegantly concise ; free of superfluous 
words ; polished. — Tersely, adv. — Terse'ness, n, 

Syn. — Neat ; concise ; compact. — Terse is "free from 
excrescences," and hence, compact, with smoothness, 
grace, or elegance. It differs from concise in not imply- 
ing, perhaps, quite as much condensation, but chiefly m 
the additional idea of " grace or elegance.'' 

Ter'tlal (ter'shal), a. & n. [From L. tertius third.] 
(Zo'dl.) Same as Tertiary. 

Ter'tian (-shorn), a. [L. tertianus, from tertius the 
third. (Med.) Occurring every third day. 

Ter'tian, n. 1. {Med.) A disease, esp. a fever, which 
returns every third day, reckoning inclusively. 2. A 
former wine measure of 84 wine gallons. 

Ter'ti-a-ry (ter'shT-a-ry or -sha-r^), a. [L. tertiarius 
containing a third part, fr. tertius third.] 1. Being of 
the third formation, order, or rank ; third. 2. (Chem.) 
Possessing some quality in the third degree ; having been 
subjected to the substitution of three atoms or radicals. 

3. (Geol.) Later than, or subsequent to, the Secondary. 

4. (Zo'dl.) Growing on the innermost joint of a bird's 
wing, being in the third row ; — said of quills. 

Ter'ti-a-ry, n. 1. (R. C. Ch.) A member of the 
Third Order in any monastic system. 2. (Geol.) The 
Tertiary era, period, or formation. 3. (Zo'dl.) A ter- 
tiary feather. [See Illust. of Bird.] 

Ter'ti-ate (-shT-at), v. t. [L. tertiare, p. p. -atus, fr. 
tertius third.] 1. To do for the third time. [06s.] 2. 
(Gun.) To examine, as the thickness of the metal at the 
muzzle of a gun ; or, in general, to examine the thick- 
ness of, as ordnance, in order to ascertain its strength. 

Tes'sel-lar (tgs'sgl-ler), a. [L. tessella a little cube, 
dim. of tessera die.] Formed of tesserae, as a mosaic. 

Tes'sel-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tessellated 
(-la/ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tessellating.] [L. tessella- 
tus tessellated. See Tessellar.] To form into squares 
or checkers ; to lay with checkered work. 

Tes'sel-late (-lat), a. Tessellated. 

Tes'sel-la ted (-la'ted), a. Formed of, or marked 
with, little squares, as mosaic work ; checkered. 

Tes sel-la'tion (-la'shim), n. Act of tessellating ; 
also, tessellated work or markings. 

II Tes'se-ra (tes'se-ra), n. ; pi. -vae. (-re). [L., square 
piece, die.] A small piece of marble, glass, earthenware, 
or the like, having a square, or nearly square, face, used 
for mosaic ; also, a similar piece of ivory, bone, wood, 
etc., used for various purposes. [serae. 1 

Tes'se-ral (-ral), a. Of, pert, to, or containing, tes- [ 

Test (tgst), n. [OF. test test, or cupel, potsherd, fr. 
L. testum an earthen vessel ; akin to testa burned clay, 
potsherd.] 1. (Metal.) A cupel or cupelling hearth for 
trying and refining precious metals. 2. Examination 
by the cupel ; hence, any critical examination or decisive 
trial. 3. Means of trial ; standard for proof of genu- 
ineness ; touchstone ; also, standard of judgment. 4. 
Judgment ; distinction ; discrimination. 5. (Chem.) A 
reaction or reagent used to recognize or distinguish any 
particular substance or constituent. 

Test tube. (Chem.) (a) A simple tube of thin glass, 
closed at one end, for heating solutions and performing 
ordinary reactions, (6) A graduated tube. 

Syn. — Criterion ; experience ; proof ; experiment ; 
trial. — Trial is a wider term than test ; a test is a search- 
ing and decisive trial. 

Test, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tested ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Testing.] 1. (Metal.) To refine, as gold or silver, in a 
test, or cupel. 2. To put to the proof ; to prove the 
truth, genuineness, or quality of by experiment, or by 
some principle or standard ; to try. 3. (Chem.) To ex- 
amine or try, as by the use of some reagent. 

Test (tgst), \ n. ; pi. E. Tests (tests), L. Testje 

II Tes'ta (tes'ta), f (tes'te). [L. testa potsherd, shell.] 
1. (Zo'dl.) The external hard covering of many inverte- 
brates. 2. (Bot.) Outer integument of a seed. 

Test'a-ble (test'a-b'l), a. [See Testament.] 1. Ca- 
pable of being tested or proved. 2. (Law) Capable of 
being devised, or given by will. 

II Tes-ta'ce-a (tgs-ta'she-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. L. tesla- 
ceum a shelled animal.] (Zo'dl.) Invertebrate animals 



covered with shells, esp. mollusks ; shellfish ; — distin- 
guished from the Crustacea. 

Tes-ta'ceous (tgs-ta'shus), a. [L. iestaceus, fr. testa 
a shell.] 1. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, a shell, or 
shells; having a hard shell. 2. Having a dull red brick 
color or a brownish yellow color. 3. (Zo'dl.) Specif., 
designating, or pertaining to, the Testacea. 

Tes'ta-cy (t6s'ta-sy),?(. [See Testate.] (Law) The 
state or circumstance of being testate. 

Tes'ta-ment (-rnent), n. [F., fr. L. testamentum, fr. 
testdvi to be a witness, to make one's last will, akin to 
testis a witness.] 1. (Law) A solemn, authentic instru- 
ment in writing, by which a person declares his will aa 
to the disposal of his property after his death ; a will. 2. 
One of the two distinct revelations of God's purposes to- 
ward man ; a covenant ; also, one of the two general divi- 
sions of the canonical books of the sacred Scriptures. 

Tes ta-men'tal (-mgn'tal), «. Testamentary. 

Tes'ta-men'ta-ry (-ta-rjf ), a. Of, pert, to, or done by, 
a will, or testament ; appointed by a testament. 

Tes'tate (tgs'tat), a. [L. testatus, p. p. See Testa- 
ment.] (Law) Having made and left a valid will. 

Tes-ta'tor (tgs-ta'ter), n. [L.] (Law) A man who 
makes and leaves a will, or testament, at death. 

Tes-ta'trix (-triks), n. [L.] (Law) A woman who 
makes and leaves a will at death. 

Tes'te (tgs'te), n. [So called fr. L. teste, abl. of testis 
a witness, because this was formerly the initial word in 
the clause.] (Law) (a) A witness, (b) The witnessing 
or concluding clause of a writ or other precept. 

Tes-ted' (tgs-ted'), a. (Law) Having the teste, or wit- 
nessing clause, duly attached ; — said of a writ, deed, etc. 

Tes'ter (tgs'ter), n. [OF. testiere, fr. teste the head, 
fr. L. testa earthen pot, skull.] 1. A headpiece; helmet. 
[O65.] 2. A canopy, as over a pulpit. 

Tes'ter, n. [For testern, teston, fr. F. teslon, fr. OF. 
teste head, the head of the king being impressed upon 
the coin.] An old French silver coin, originally worth 
about 18 pence, later only ninepence, and later sixpence, 
sterling. Hence, in modern English slang, a sixpence. 

Tes'tern (-tern), n. A sixpence ; a tester. [06s.] 

Tes'tern, v. t. To present with a tester. [06s.] 

II Tes'tes (tgs'tez), n., pi. of Teste, or of Testis. 

Tes'ti-cle (tgs'tT-k'l), n. [L. testicidus, dim. of testis 
a testicle.] (Anat.) One of the essential male genital 
glands which secrete the semen. 

Tes-tlc'U-late (tgs-tik'u-lat), a. (Bot.) (a) Ovate 
and solid. (6) Having two ovate tubers, as orchids. 

Tes'ti-fi-ca'tion (tes'tT-fT-ka'shun), n. A testifying. 

Tes'tl-fl'er (-fi'er), n. One who testifies. 

Tes'tl-fy (-fi), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Testified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Testifying (-fi'Tng).] [OF. testifier, L. 
testificari; testis witness + -ficare. See -fy.] 1. To 
make a solemn declaration ; to give testimony ; to bear 
witness. 2. (Law) To declare solemnly under oath or 
affirmation, for the purpose of establishing, or making 
proof of, some fact to a court ; to give evidence. 

Tes'ti-fy, v. t. To bear witness to ; to support the 
truth of by testimony ; to affirm or declare solemnly. 

Tes'ti-ly, adv. In a testy manner. 

Tes'ti-mo'ni-aUtes'tT-mo'nT-al)^. [L. testimonialis.'] 
Relating to, or containing, testimony. 

Tes'ti-mo'ni-al (-mo'nT-«l), n. 1. A writing or cer- 
tificate which bears testimony in favor of the character 
or value of some one or something. 2. Something pre- 
sented as a token of respect, or of obligation. 

Tes'ti-mo-ny (tes'tT-mo-ny), n. [L. testimonium, fr. 
testis witness.] 1. A solemn declaration or affirmation of 
one who testifies. 2. Affirmation ; declaration ; open at- 
testation. 3. Witness ; evidence ; proof. 4. (Jeu-ish An- 
tiq.) The two tables of the law ; hence, the Scriptures. 

Syn. — Proof ; affirmation : confirmation. — Proof is 
used more frequently (though not exclusively^ of facts 
and things which occur in the ordinary concerns of life ; 
evidence is a word of more dignity, and is more generally 
applied to that which is moral or intellectual ; tr.Hiwony 
is what is stated by a witness on oath or affirmation. 
When used figuratively or in a wider sense, the word tes- 
timony has still a reference to some living agent as its au- 
thor, as when we speak of the testimony of conscience. 
Testimony refers rather to the thing declared, evidence 
to its value or effect. 

Tes'ti-mo-ny, v. t. To witness ; to attest. [06s.] 

Tes'ti-ness (-tl-nes), n. Quality or state of being 
testy. [A testicle. I 

II Tes'tis (tgs'tTs), n. ;_pZ. Testes (-tez). [L.] (Anat.)\ 

Tes'ton (tgs'tun), ??. A tester ; a sixpence. [06s.] 

Tes-toon' (tgs-t6on'), n. [It. testone.'] An Italian 
silver coin. That of Rome is worth about thirty cents. 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, amg, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TESTUDINAL 



842 



TEXT-HAND 



Tes-tu'di-nal (t?s-tu'dl-nal), a. [See Testudo.] 
Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a tortoise. 

Tes-tU'di-nate (-til'di-nat), ^ a. [L. testudinatus, fr. 

Tes-tu'dl-na ted (-ai te\l\ t testudo, -inis, a tor- 
toiae, arch, vault.] Resembling B tortoise shell in ap- 
pearance or structure : roofed ; arched ; vaulted. 

Tes tu-din'e-ous (teVtft-dtn'S-us), a. [L. testudi- 
neus.] Resembling the shell of a tortoise. 

Tes-tu'do (tBe-tu'dt), n. ; pi. Testudines (-dl-nez). 
[L.. fr. testa shell of shellfish, or of testaceous animals.] 
1. (Zool.) A genus of tortoises now restricted to certain 
terrestrial species. 2. {Rom. A7itiq.) A cover or screen 
which a body of troops formed with their overlapping 
shields or targets. 3. (Mus.) A species of lyre ; — in al- 
lusion to Mercury's lyre, fabled to have been made of a 
tortoise shell. 

Tes'ty (tSs'ty), a. [Compar. Testier (-ti-er) ; super!. 
Testiest.] [OF. testu headstrong, fr. teste head. See 
1st Test.] Fretful; peevish; petulant; easily irritated. 

Te-tan'ic (te-tan'Tk), a. (Physiol.) Of, pert, to, or pro- 
ducing, tetanus ; of the character of tetanus. [nus in. I 

Tet'a-nize (tgt'a-niz), v. t. (Physiol.) To cause teta- 1 

I Tet'a-nus (tgt'a-niis), n. [L., fr. Gr. reravos, fr. 
reravos stretched, reiveiv to stretch.] 1. (Med.) A pain- 
ful and usually fatal disease, resulting generally from a 
wound, and having as its principal symptom persistent 
spasm of the voluntary muscles. When the muscles of 
the lower jaw are affected, it is called locked-jaw, or lock- 
jaw. 2. (Physiol.) That condition of a muscle in which 
it is in a state of continued vibratory contraction. 

Tetch'i-ness (tech'i-ngs), n. See Techiness. 
Tetch'y (tech'y), a. See Techy. 

II Tete (tat), n. [F., the head.] A kind of wig. 

I 1 Tete'-a-tete/ (tat'a-taf ), n. [F., head to head.] 

1. Private conversation ; familiar conference of two per- 
sons. ^2. A short sofa to accommodate two persons. 

I 1 Tete'-a-tete 7 , adv. Face to face ; familiarly. 

|i Tete / -de-pont' (tat'de-ptiN'), n. ; pi. Tetes-de- 
pont (tat 7 -). [F., head of a bridge.] (Mil.) A work 
thrown up at the end of a bridge nearest the enemy. 

Teth'er (teth'er), n. [Formerly tedder, OE. tedir ; 
akin to LG. tider.] A long rope or chain by which an 
animal is fastened, as to a stake. 

Teth'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tethered (-erd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Tethering.] To confine, as an animal, with a 
long rope or chain, as for feeding within certain limits. 

Tet'ra- (tgt'ra-). [Gr. rerpa-, fr. recro-apes, rerrapes, 
four. See Four.] 1. A combining form signifying four. 

2. (Chem.) A combining form denoting four propor- 
tional or combining parts of the substance denoted by 
the term to which it is prefixed. 

Tet'ra-Chord (tet'ra-k6rd), n. [Deriv. of Gr. rerpd- 
XopSos four-stringed. See Tetra- ; Chord.] (Anc. Mus.) 
A scale series of four sounds, of which the extremes 
constituted a fourth. 

Tet'rad (-raa),7i. [L. tetras, -adis, Gr. rerpds, -dSo?.] 
1. The number four ; four things ; a quaternion. 2. 
(Chem.) A tetravalent or quadrivalent atom or radical. 

Tet'ra-gon (tgt'ra-gon), n. [L. tetragonum, Gr. re- 
rpdywvov ; rerpa- tetra--)- ywvia angle.] (Geom.) Any 
plane figure having four sides and angles ; quadrangle. 

Te-trag'0-nal (te-trag'6-nal), a. Of or pertaining to 
a tetragon ; having four angles or sides. 

Tet fa-he'dral (tgfra-he'dral), a. Of or pert, to a 
tetrahedron ; having, or composed of, four sides. 

Tefra-he'dron (-dron), n. [Tetra- + Gr. eSpa seat, 
base.] (Geom.) A solid figure in- 
closed or bounded by four triangles. 

Te-tral'o-gy (te-trSl'S-tf), n. [Gr. 

rerpaXoyCa ; rerpa- tetra- -f- Aoyos 
speech.] (Gr. Drama) A group or 
series of four dramatic pieces (three 
tragedies, and one satyric, or comic, 
piece) represented consecutively. 

Te-tram'er-OUS ( -tram'er-us ), a. Tetrahedron. 
[Tetra- -)- Gr. nepos part.] (Bot.) Having the parts ar- 
ranged in sets of four. 

Te-tram'e-ter (-e-ter), n. [L. tetrametrus, G. rerpa- 
p.erpov ; rerpa- tetra- -j- p.erpov a measure.] (Gr. & Latin 
Pros.) A verse or line consisting of four measures, — that 
is, in iambic, trochaic, and anapestic verse, of eight feet ; 
in other kinds of verse, of four feet. 

Te-tra'O-nid (te-tra'6-md), n. [L. tetrao grouse, Gr. 
rerpdxov.] (Zool.) A bird of the tribe of which the genus 
Tetrao is the type, as the grouse, partridge, quail, etc. 

Tet ra-pet'al-ous (tgt'ra-pgf al-Qs) , a. [ Tetra- + pet- 
^•] (Bot.) Containing four distinct petals. 

Te-traph'yl-lous (te-trSf'Tl-lus or tgt/ra-fTllus), a. 




[ Tetra- -f Gr. fyvkkov a leaf.] (Bot.) Having, or consist- 
ing of, four distinct leaves. 

Tet'ra-pod (tgfra-p5d), n. [Gr. Terpdwovs fourfooted ; 
reVpa- (see Tetra-) -f- jtovs, noSos, foot.] (Zool.) An 
insect with but four perfect legs. 

Te-trap'O-dy (te-trap'o-d?), n. [Gr. TeTpan-oSta.] A 
set of four feet ; a measure or distance of four feet. 

Te-trap'ter-OUS (-ter-Qs), n. [Gr. Terpdwrepos ; rerpa- 
(see Tetra-) -f- nrepov wing.] (Zool. ) Having four wings. 

Tet'rap-tOte (tgt'rXp-tot or te-trap'tot), n. [L. tetra- 
ptotum, Gr. TeTpdirrwros.] (Gram.) A noun that has 
four cases only. 

Te'trarch (te'trark), n. [L. tetrarches, Gr. Terpdpxr??, 
TeVpap^o? ; rirpa- (see Tetra-) -)- dp^o? a ruler, apxew to 
lead, rule. See Arch, a.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman 
governor of the fourth part of a province; hence, any 
subordinate prince ; also, a petty king. [tetrarchy. I 

Te-trarch'ate (te-trark'at), n. (Rom. Antiq.) A| 

Te-trarch'ic-al (-I-kal), a. Of or pertaining to a te- 
trarch or a tetrarchy. 

Tet'rarch-y (tgt'rark-^), n. (Rom. Antiq.) The of- 
fice, jurisdiction, or district of a Roman tetrarch. 

Tet ra-sep'al-ous (tgt/ra-sgp'al-iis), a. [Tetra- + se- 
pal.] (Bot.) Having four sepals. 

Tet ra-sper'mous (-sper'miis), a. [Tetra- -j- Gr. <rnep- 
p\a a seed.] (Bot.) Having four seeds (to each flower). 

Te-tras'tich (te-traVtlk or tet'ra-stik), n. [L. tetra- 
stichon, Gr. rerpao-nx 01 ' i rerpa- tetra- -f- arixos verse.] 
A stanza, epigram, or poem of four verses or lines. 

Tet'ra-Style (tgt'ra-stil), a. [L. tetrastylon, Gr. re- 
rpda-rvXos with four pillars in front ; rerpa- tetra- -f- 
cttvAos a column.] (Arch.) Having four columns in front ; 
as a temple or colonnade. — n. A tetrastyle building. 

Tet'ra-syl'la-ble (-sll'la-b'l), n. [Tetra- + syllable.'] 
A word of four syllables ; quadrisyllable. — Tet'ra-syl- 
lab'ic (sll-lab'Ik), Terra-syl-lab'ic-al (-I-kal), a. 

Tet/ra-tom'iC (-t5m'ik), a. [Tetra- + atomic] 
(Chem.) (a) Consisting of four atoms ; having four atoms 
in the molecule, (b) Having a valence of four. 

Te-trav'a-lence (te-trav'a-lens),n. [Tetra- -j- valence.] 
(Chem.) Quality of being tetravalent ; quadrivalence. 

Te-trav'a-lent (-lent), a. (Chem.) Having a valence 
of four ; tetratomic ; quadrivalent. 

Tet'ter (tgt'ter), n. [OE. teter, AS. teter, tetr ; akin 
to G. zitter.] (Med.) A vesicular skin disease ; herpes. 

Tet'ter, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Tettered (-terd) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Tettering.] To affect with tetter. 

Tet'ter-wort' (-wfirf), n. (Bot.) A plant used for the 
tetter, — in England celandine, in America bloodroot. 

Teu'ton (tu'ton), n. ; pi. E. Teutons (-t5nz), L. Teu- 
tones (-to-nez). [L. Teutones, Teutoni, the name of a 
Germanic people, prob. akin to E. Dutch.] 1. One of 
an ancient German tribe ; later, any member of the 
Germanic race in Europe, in distinction from a Celt or 
one of a Latin race. 2. A member of the Teutonic branch 
of the Indo-European, or Aryan, family. 

Teu-ton'ic (tu-ton'Ik), a. Of or pert, to the Teutons 
or Teutonic languages, or the peoples speaking them. 

Teutonic languages, a group of languages forming a di- 
vision of the Indo-European, or Aryan, family, and 
embracing the High German, Low German, Gothic, and 
Scandinavian dialects and languages. 

Teu-ton'ic (tu-ton'Tk), n. The language of the ancient 
Germans ; the Teutonic languages, collectively. 

Tew (tu), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Tewed (tud) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tewing.] [OE. tewen, tawen. See Taw, v.] 1. 
To prepare by beating or working ; to taw. 2. To beat ; 
also, to pull about ; to vex. [Obs. or Prov.] 

Tew'el (tu'gl), n. [OF. tuiel, tuel ; of Teutonic origin.] 
1. A pipe, funnel, or chimney. 2. Tuyere of a furnace. 

Tex'as (tgks'as), n. A structure on the hurricane 
deck of a steamer, containing the pilot house, officers' 
cabins, etc. [Western U. S.] 

Text (tgkst), n. [F. texte, L. textus, texture, context, 
fr. texere, textum, to weave, compose.] 1. A discourse 
or composition on which a note or commentary is writ- 
ten ; the original words of an author. 2. A verse or 
passage of Scripture, esp. one chosen as the subject of a 
sermon, or in proof of a doctrine. 3. Hence, anything 
chosen as the subject of an argument, discussion, etc. ; 
topic ; theme. 4. A style of writing in large characters ; 
text-hand ; also, a kind of type used in printing. 

Text letter, a large or capital letter. 

Text'-DOOk' (-b66k'), n. 1. A book spaced widely 
to give room for notes. 2. A volume on which a teacher 
lectures or comments ; hence, any manual of instruction. 

Text'-hand' (-hSndO, n. Large handwriting ; — from 
the practice of writing the text of a book in a large hand. 



a, 8, 1, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, fi., y, short ; BeniSte, $vent, Idea, «Jbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



TEXTILE 



843 



THEARCHY 



Tex'tile (tSks'tTl), a. [L. lexlilis, fr. texere to weave. 
See Text.] Pertaining to weaving or to woven fabrics ; 
woven, or capable of being woven ; formed by weaving. — 
n. That which is, or may be, woven ; woven fabric. 

Tex-tO'rl-al (tSks-to'rT-al), a. [L. textorius, fr. U'xtor 
a weaver, fr. texere to weave.] Of or pert, to weaving. 

Tex'tu al (tgks'tu-wl ; 135), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or con- 
tained in, the text. 2. Serving for, or depending on, 
texts. — Tex'tu-al-ly, adv. 

Tex'tU-a-ry (-a-ry), a. 1. Contained in the text ; tex- 
tual. 2. Serving as a text ; authoritative. 

Tex'tU-a-ry, n. 1. One well versed in the Scriptures. 
2. One who adheres strictly or rigidly to the text. 

Tex'tur-al (-tur-al), a. Of or pertaining to texture. 

Tex'ture (-tur ; 135), n. [l,.textura,iv. texere, lextum, 
to weave. See Text.] 1. Act or art of weaving. \_R.~\ 
2. That which is woven ; woven fabric ; web. 3. Disposi- 
tion or connection of interwoven threads, filaments, or 
the like. 4. Disposition of the several parts of any body 
in connection with each other, or manner in which the 
parts are united ; structure. 5. {Biol.) A tissue. 

II Thai a-men-ceph'a-lon (thaTa-nien-sefa-lSn), n. 
[NL. See Thalamus ; Encephalon.] (Anat.) The seg- 
ment of the brain next in front of the midbrain. 

II Thal'a-mus (thal'a-infis), n. ; pi. Thalami (-mi). 
[L. thalamus chamber, Gr. 0aA.<x/u.os.] 1. {Anat.) A mass 
of nervous matter on either side of the third ventricle of 
the brain. 2. {Bot.) {a) Same as Thallus. (6) The re- 
ceptacle of a flower. See Flowek. 

Tha-las'si-an (tha-laVsi-an), n. [From Gr. flaAaercra 
the sea.] {Zool.) Any sea tortoise. 

Tha-las'slc (-sik), a. [Gr. OdKaatra the sea. ] ( Geol. ) 
Of or pertaining to the sea ; as some sedimentary rocks. 

II Tha'ler (ta'ler), n. [G.] A German silver coin worth 
about three shillings sterling, or about 73 cents. 

Tha-li'a (tha-li'a), n. [L., fr. Gr. ©aAeia, orig., luxu- 
riant.] {Class. Myth.) {a) The Muse of comedy. (6) 
One of the three Graces, (c) One of the Nereids. 

Thai 'lie (thSl'lik), a. {Chem.) Of, pert, to, or con- 
taining, thallium, esp. in a higher valence. See -ic. 

Thal'li-um (-lT-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 0<xAAds green 
twig ; — from a characteristic green line in its spectrum.] 
{Chem.) A rare, heavy, soft metal of the aluminium group. 

Thal'lo-gen (-16-jen), n. [Gr. 0aAAds young shoot -f 
-gen.~\ {Bot.) One of a large class or division of the vege- 
table kingdom, including fungi, algae, and lichens, etc., 
which never show a distinction into root, stem, and leaf. 

Thal'loid (-loid), a. [Thallus + -oid.] {Bot.) Re- 
sembling, or consisting of, a thallus. 

Thal'lo-phyte (-16-fit), ». [Gr. 0aAA6? young shoot 
-f- <f>vTov a plant.] {Bot.) Same as Thallogen. 

Thal'lous (-lus), a. {Chem.) Of, pert, to, or contain- 
ing, thallium, esp. in a lower valence. See -ous. 

II Thal'lus (-lus), n. ; pi. Thalli (-11). [NL., fr. Gr. 
0aAAds young shoot.] {Bot.) A solid mass of cellular 
tissue, consisting of one or more layers, usually in the 
form of a flat stratum or expansion. 

Than (than), conj. [AS. Sonne, Sonne, Ssenne ; 
G. dann then, E. the, there, that.~\ A particle expressing 
comparison, used after certain adjectives and adverbs 
which express comparison or diversity, as more, better, 
other, otherwise, etc. It is usually followed by the ob- 
ject compared in the nominative case. Sometimes, how- 
ever, the object compared is placed in the objective case, 
and than is then considered by some as a preposition. 

Than'a-tOid (th5n'a-toid), a. [Gr. fldi/aros death + 
-oid.~\ Deathlike ; resembling death. 

Than a top'sis (-top'sTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. eivaro<: 
death + o4"-s view.] A view of, or meditation on, death. 

Thane (than), n. [AS. pegen, pegn ; akin to G. degen 
hero, soldier.] A dignitary under the Anglo-Saxons and 
Danes in England ; — replaced later by the title baron. 

Thane'ship, n. Dignity or seignioralty of a thane. 

Thank (thank), n. [AS. pane, pone, thanks, favor, 
thought ; akin to G. dank thanks ; orig., a thinking. See 
Think.] An expression of gratitude ; an acknowledg- 
ment of favor or kindness received; obligation, claim, or 
desert, of gratitude ; — now generally in the pi. 

Thank, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Thanked (thSnkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Thanking.] To express gratitude to for a favor ; 
to make acknowledgments to for kindness. 

Thank'ful (-ful), a. 1. Thankworthy. [£.] 2. Im- 
pressed with a sense of kindness received, and ready to 
acknowledge it ; grateful. — Thank'ful-ly, adv. — 
Thank'ful -ness, n. 

Thank'less. a. 1. Not giving or expressing thanks ; 
ungrateful. 2. Not obtaining or deserving thanks. — 
Thank'less-ly , adv. — Thank'less-ness, n. 



Thanks'glv er (thanks'glv'er), n. One who gives 
thanks. 

Thanks'glV lng (thanks'glv'ing or thanksgiving), 
n. 1. A rendering thanks, or expressing gratitude for 
favors or mercies. 2. A public acknowledgment or cele- 
bration of divine goodness ; also, a day set apart for this. 

dgp 3 * In the U. 8. the President usually appoints by 
proclamation the last Thursday in November in each year 
as a day of thanksgiving and praise to God. 

Thank' wor thy (-wftr'thy), a. Deserving thanks. 

That (thSt), pron., a., conj., & adv. [AS. Seet, neu- 
ter nom. & ace. sing, of the article. The nom. masc. se 
and nom. fem. se6 are from another root. AS. Sn-t is 
akin to G. das, Gr. to, Skr. tat. Cf. The.] 1. As a 
demonstrative pronoun {pi. Those), that usually points 
out, or refers to. a person or thing previously mentioned, 
or supposed to be understood. 

§3£T* That, when opposed to this, or used by way of dis- 
tinction, generally refers to what is more remote, and 
this to what is nearer. 

2. As an adjective, that has the same demonstrative force 
as the pronoun, but is followed by a noun. 3. As a 
relative pronoun, that is equivalent to who or which, 
serving to point out a person or thing spoken of, or al- 
luded to, before, and may be either singular or plural. 
.(E^P^If the relative clause simply conveys an addi- 
tional idea, and is not properly explanatory or restrict- 
ive, who or which (rarely that) is employed. 

That, as a relative pronoun, cannot be governed by a 
preposition preceding it, but may be governed by one at 
the end of the sentence which it commences. 

4. As a conjunction, that retains much of its force as a 
demonstrative pronoun. It is used, specifically : {a) 
To introduce a clause employed as the object of the pre- 
ceding verb, or as the subject or predicate nominative of 
a verb, (fc) To introduce a reason or cause, (c) To in- 
troduce a purpose ; — usually followed by may, or might, 
and frequently preceded by so, in order, to the end, etc. 
{d) To introduce a consequence, result, or effect ; — usu- 
ally preceded by so or such, sometimes by that, {e) To 
introduce a clause denoting time; — equivalent to in 
which time, at which time, tvhen. (/) In an elliptical 
sentence, to introduce a dependent sentence expressing a 
wish, or a cause of surprise, indignation, etc. 

ffg^^ That was formerly added to other conjunctions or 
to adverbs to make them emphatic. 

That is sometimes used to connect a clause with a pre- 
ceding conjunction on which it depends. 

5. As adverb: To such a degree; so. [Archaic or in 
illiterate use.] 

All that, everything of that kind ; all that sort. 

Thatch (thach), n. [AS. paec a roof ; akin to G. dach 
roof, L. tegere to cover, Gr. crreyeiv.'] 1. Straw, rushes, 
etc., used for making or covering roofs. 2. {Bot.) A 
name in the West Indies for several kinds of palm. 

Thatch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thatched (thScht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Thatching.] To cover with, or with a roof 
of, straw, reeds, etc. — Thatch'er (-er), n. 

Thau ma-tur'gic (tha/ma-tfir'jik), ) a. Of or pert, to 

Thau'ma-tur'gic-al (-jT-krtl), I thaumaturgy. 

II Thauma-tur'gus (-gus), n. [NL., fc Gr. 9av^a- 
rovpyds wonder-working; 6av/xa wonder -f- epyov work.] 
A miracle worker ; — a title given by the Roman Catho- 
lics to some saints. 

Thau'ma-tur'gy (-tfir'jy), »• A performing of some- 
thing wonderful ; magic ; legerdemain. 

Thaw (tha), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Thawed (thad) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Thawing.] [AS. pauian, pdu-an ; akin 
to G. tauen, thauen.~\ 1. To melt, dissolve, or become 
fluid ; to soften ; — said of that which is frozen. 2. To 
become or make so warm as to melt ice and snow. 3. 
Fig. : To grow or make gentle or genial. 

Thaw, n. Act, process, or state of thawing. 

The (tiie, when emphatic or alone; the, obscure be- 
fore a vowel; the, obscure before a consonant; 37), defi- 
nite article. [AS. Se, a later form for earlier nom. sing. 
masc. se, formed under the influence of the oblique cases. 
See That, pron.] A word placed before nouns to limit 
or individualize their meaning. 

dglp" The was originally a demonstrative pronoun, be- 
ing a weakened form of that. The is used (a) before ad- 
jectives and participles, to convert them into abstract 
nouns; (b) regularly before many proper names, as of 
rivers, oceans, ships, etc. ; (c) after a proper name, with 
an epithet or ordinal number ; {d) to individualize a par- 
ticular kind or species. 

The, adv. [AS. Se, Sy, instrumental case of se, sed, 
Sset, def . art. See That, The.] By that ; by how much ; 
by so much ; on that account ; — with comparatives. 

The'ar-Chy (the'ar-ky), n. [Gr. 0e6s god + -arehy.] 
Government by God ; divine sovereignty ; theocracy. 






fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



THEATER 



844 



THEORY 



The'a-ter } (the'a-tert. n, [F. theatre, L. (heatrii7)i, 

The'a-tre t Qt. Oiarpov. a. GtaaBai to see, view.] 
1. An edifice in which dramatic performances or specta- 
cles arc exhibited, — anciently uncovered except the 
2. Any room adapted to the exhibition of per- 
formances before an assembly. 3. That which resem- 
bles a theater in form, use, etc. ; a place rising by steps 
or gradations. 4. Sphere of operation. [06s.] 5. A 
place or region where Rest events are enacted. 

The-at'rlc (the-Xt'rTk), a. Theatrical. 

The-at'ric-al (-rT-kal), a. Of or pert, to a theater ; 
resembling the manner of dramatic performers ; histri- 
onic : hence, artificial. — The-at'ltC-al-ly, adv. 

The-at'ric-als (-rT-kalz), n. pi. Dramatic perform- 
ances: esp., those produced by amateurs. 

The-ba'ic (the-ba'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to Thebes 
in Egypt ; specif., designating a valuable version of the 
Bible preserved by the Copts. 

The 'ban (the'ban), a. Of or pertaining to Thebes. — 
is. A native or inhabitant of Thebes ; also, a wise man. 

Theban year, the Egyptian year of 365 days and 6 hours. 

I! The'ca (the'ka), ?i. ; pi. Thec*: (-se). [L., fr. Gr. 
Br)Ki\ case, fr. riQevai to put.] A sheath ; case ; any one of 
numerous caselike parts or organs of animals and plants. 

Thee (the), pron. [AS. Se, ace. & dat. of &u thou. 
See Thou.] The objective case of thou. See Thou. 

Z3T" Thee is poetically used for thyself. 

Theft (thSft), n. [AS. piefSe, pyfSe, pedfSe. See 
Thief.] 1: (Lata) Act of stealing; specif., the feloni- 
ous taking and removing of personal property, with an 
intent to deprive the rightful owner of the same ; larceny. 
2. The thing stolen, [R.] 

Thegn (than), n. Thane. 

The'i-form (the'T-fSrm), a. [NL. thea tea, the tea 
plant + -form.) Having the form of tea. 

Their (thaT), pron. & a. [OE. lhair, fr. Icel. peirra, 
peira, of them. See That.] The possessive case of the 
personal pronoun they. 

§3t~ The possessive takes the form theirs (th&rz) when 
the noun to which it refers is implied or understood. 

The'ism (the'Is'm), n. [From Gr. 0e6s God.] Belief, 
doctrine, or acknowledgment of the existence of a God. 

The'ist (-Tst), n. One who believes in the existence 
of a God, esp. a personal God. 

The-is'tic (the-Ts'tTk), ) a. Of or pert, to theism, or 

The-is'tic-al (-tT-kal), ) a theist. 

Them (them), pron. [AS. dsem, dat. pi. of the article. 
See They.] The objective case of They. 

G^ 53 Then is poetically used for themselves. 

The-mat'ic (the-inatTk), a. Of or pert, to a theme. 

Theme (them), n. [OF. teme, L. thema, Gr. 0e>a, fr. 
TifleVai to set, place.] 1. A subject or topic on which a 
person writes or speaks ; text. 2. Discourse on a certain 
subject. 3. A composition or essay required of a pupil. 
4. {Gram.) A noun or verb, not modified by inflections ; 
also, the stem of a word. 5. Means. [06s.] 6. (il/ws.) 
The leading subject of a composition or a movement. 

The'mis (thg'mTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. ©e>is, fr. Oep.^ 
law.] (Gr. Myth.) The goddess of law and order. 

Them-selves' (them-selvz'), pron. The plural of 
Himself, Herself, Itself. 

Then (then), adv. [Orig. same word as Than.] 1. 
At that (specified) time. 2. Soon afterward ; immedi- 
ately ; next ; afterward. 3. At another time ; later ; again. 

Till then, until that time ; until the time mentioned. 

CW Then is often used elliptically as an adjective, in 
the sense of then existing. 

Then, conj. 1. Than. \_Obs.~\ 2. In that case ; in con- 
sequence ; as a consequence ; therefore ; for this reason. 

Syn. — Therefore. — Then and therefore are both used in 
reasoning ; butlhereforetaikesfthe lead, while thenisrather 
subordinate or incidental, rather assuming the point. 

The'nar (the'nar), n. (Anat.) (a) The palm of the 
hand, (6) The ball of the thumb. Sometimes, the cor- 
responding part of the foot. 

Thence (thSns), adv. [OE. thenne, lhanne, and (with 
adv. suff. -s) thrimes, lhannes, AS. Sanon, Sanan, Sonan.] 

1. From that place. 

^W Although pleonastic, from is often used before 
thence by good writers. 

2. From that time ; thenceforth ; thereafter. 3. For that 
reason ; therefore. 4. Not there : elsewhere. [Poetic] 

Thenceforth' (thens'forth' or thens'forth'), adv. 
From that time ; thereafter ; — sometimes preceded by 
from (a redundancy sanctioned by custom). 

Thence / for'ward' (-f6r'werd), adv. Thenceforth. 

The'o-bro'ma (the'o-bro'ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 0eos 
god + PpC>fjLa food.] (Bot.) A genus of small trees in- 
cluding the cacao. 




One form of Theodolite. 
Of or pert, to theology. 



The-OC'ra-Cy (the-oVra-s£), n. [Gr. 0eo«paTia ; 0*6? 
God -+- Kparelv to be strong.] 1. Government of a state 
by the immediate direction of God ; hence, the exercise 
of political authority by priests as representing the Deity. 
2. A state thus governed. 

The-OC'ra-sy (the-ok/ra-s^), n. [Gr. OeoKpaaCa union 
of the soul with God ; 0e6? God -f- *pao-is a mixing.] 1. 
A mixture of the worship of different gods. 2. (Philos.) 
An intimate union of the soul with God in contemplation. 

The'o-crat (the'6-krSt), n. One who lives under a 
theocratic form of government. 

The'O-crat'iC (-krSt'Tk), ) a. Of, pert, to, or of the 

The'o-crat'ic-al (-T-kol), ) nature of, a theocracy. 

The-Od'i-cy (the-5d'i-sy), n. [Gr. 0eo<? God -f SCktj 
justice.] 1. A vindication of the justice of God in or- 
daining or permitting natural and moral evil. 2. That 
department of philosophy which treats of God, and the 
immortality of the soul. 

The-Od'0-lite (the-5d'6-llt), n. [Prob. a corruption 
of the alidade.'] An instrument used, 
esp. in trigonometrical surveying, for 
the accurate measurement 
of horizontal, and also usu- 
ally of vertical, angles. 

The-og'o-ny (-og'6-ny), 
n. [L. theogonia, Gr. fleoyo- 
via ; 0eo? god + root of 
yCyveaOcu to be born.] The 
genealogy of the (heathen) 
gods ; also, a poem about 
such genealogies. 

The'0-lo'gl-an (the'S-lo'- 
jT-an), n. A person versed 
in theology ; a divine. 

The'o-log'ic (-l<5j'ik), a. 
Theological. 

The o-log'lc-al ( -T-kal), a. 
— The'o-log'ic-al-ly, adv. 

The'o-log'ics (-Tks), n. Theology. 

The-ol'o-gist (the-ol'6-jist), n. A theologian. 

The-ol'O-glze (-jiz), v. t. & i. To render theological ; 
to apply to divinity ; to reduce to, or frame, a system of 
theology ; to speculate on theological subjects. 

The'O-lOgue (the'o-15g), n. 1. A theologian. 2. A 
student in a theological seminary. [Colloq. U. S.] 
■ The-Ol'O-gy (the-ol'o-j^), n. [L. theologia, Gr. 0eo- 
\oyia ; 6e6s God + Aoyos discourse.] The science of God 
or of religion ; the science which treats of the existence, 
character, and attributes of God, his laws, etc. 

Syn. — See Religion. 

The-Om'a-Chy (-om'a-ky), n. [Gr. Oeofiaxia ; 0eds god 
+ M*X 7 7 battle.] A fighting against or among the gods. 

The-op'a-thy (the-op'a-thy), n. [Gr. 0eds God -f 
iraax eiv i "■i^'i'i to suffer, feel.] Capacity for religious 
affections or worship. [theophany. I 

The'O-phan'ic (the'o-fan'Tk), a. Of or pert, to a| 

The-oph'a-ny (the-of'a-ny), n. [Gr. fleo^ai/eia ; 0eo? 
God + 4>aCveaOat. to appear.] A manifestation of God 
to man by actual appearance, usually as an incarnation. 

The'op-neus'tic (the'op-nus'tTk), a. [Gr. Qe6irvev<no<; ; 
0e6s God + nvelv to blow.] Given by the inspiration of 
the Spirit of God. 

The-or'bo (the-6rnjo), n. [F. theorbe, teorbe, It. 
liorba.] (Mus.) A two-necked instrument like a large lute. 

The'O-rem (the'o-rem), n. [L. theorema, Gr. 6eu>pr)fxa, 
lit., a sight, fr. Oeupetv to look at, flecopoj a spectator. 
See Theory.] 1. That which is considered and estab- 
lished as a principle ; hence, sometimes, a rule. 2. 
(Math.) A statement of a principle to be demonstrated. 

The/O-re-mat'iC (-re-m£t'Tk), ) a. Of, pert, to, or con- 

The'o-re-mat'ic-al (-T-kal), ) tained in, theorems. 

The'O-rem'ic (-rSm'Tk), a. Theorematic. 

The'o-ret'lc (-ret'Tk), ) a. [Gr. flecopT/TiKos.] Pert. 

The'O-ret'ic-al (-I-kal), ) to theory ; depending on, 
or confined to, theory ; speculative ; not practical. — 
The'o-ret'ic-al-ly, adv. 

The'O-ret'ics (-Tks), n. Speculative part of a science. 

The'O-ric (the'6-rTk), n. Speculation ; theory. [06s.] 

The'O-rist (the'o-rTst), n. One who theorizes. 

The'o-rlze (the'6-rlz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Theorized 
(-rlzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Theorizing.] To form a theory 
or theories ; to speculate. — The'O-rl'zer (-ri'zer), n. 

The'O-ry (-r^), n. [F. theorie, L. theoria, Gr. 6ewpia 
a beholding, spectacle, contemplation, speculation, fr. 
Qetopos a spectator, OeaaBai, to see, view. See Theater.] 

1. A doctrine, or scheme of things, which terminates in 
speculation or contemplation ; hypothesis ; speculation. 

2. An exposition of the general or abstract principles of 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, it, y, short ; oenftte, Svent, Idea, &bey, Unite, cftre, arm, ask, all, final. 



THEOSOPHIC 



845 



THEURGIST 



any science. 3. The science, as distinguished from the 
art. 4. The philosophical explanation of phenomena. 

Syn. — Hypothesis ; speculation. — A theory, In the 
narrow sense, is a scheme of the relations subsisting be- 
tween the parts of a systematic whole ; an hypothesis is a 
tentative conjecture respecting a cause of phenomena. 

The o-soph'ic (the'o-sSf'Tk), I a. Of or pert, to the- 

The'o-soph'ic-al (-T-kol), j osophy. [osophy. I 

The-OS'0-phism (the-5s'6-fiz'm), n. Belief in the-| 

The-OS'0-phist (-fist), n. One addicted to theosophy. 

The-OS'0-phy (-fy), n. [Gr. Oeoo-wpla knowledge of 
things divine, fr. 8e6<ro<f>o<; wise in the things of God ; 
6e6s God -f- <ro<f>6<; wise.] Any system of philosophy or 
mysticism which proposes to attain intercourse with God 
and superior spirits, and consequent superhuman knowl- 
edge, by physical processes ; also, a direct, as distinguished 
from a revealed, knowledge of God ; esp., a direct insight 
into the processes of the divine mind. 

Ther'a-peu'tlc (theVa-pu'tik), I a. [F. therapeutique, 

Ther'a-peu'tic-al (-tT-k«i), ) Gr. BepawevTiKos, fr. 
QepanevTrjs attendant, Oepanev^tv to serve, treat medi- 
cally, 8epa\j/ attendant.] (3Ied.) Of or pert, to the heal- 
ing art ; remedial ; curative. 

Ther'a-peu'tics (-tiks), n. Medical science treating 
of the discovery and application of remedies for diseases. 

Thefa-peu'tist (-tist), n. One versed in therapeutics. 

There (thtr), adv. [AS. Sser; akin to G. da, Skr. 
tarhi then, and E. that.'] 1. In or at that place. 

GgF* In distinction from here, there usually signifies a 
place farther off. 

2. In that matter, relation, etc. ; at that (distinct) point, 
stage, etc. 3. To or into that place ; thither. 

§3p* There is sometimes used exclamatorily to call at- 
tention to something ; there is also often used as an ex- 
pletive, and in this use when it introduces a sentence or 
clause, the verb precedes its subject. 

Syn. — See Thitheb. 

There'a-bOUt' (thaVa-bout'), ) adv. 1. Near that 

There'a-bouts (-bouts'), I place. 2. Near that 
number, degree, etc. ; nearly. 3. Concerning that. \_R.~] 

Thereafter (th^r-after), adv. 1. After that. 2. 
According to that ; accordingly. 3. Of that sort. [Obs.] 

There-at' (tntr-af), adv. 1. At that place; there. 
2. At that occurrence or event ; on that account. 

There-by' (-bi'), adv. 1. By that ; by that means ; 
in consequence of that. 2. Annexed to that. 

There-for' (-f&V), adv. [There + for. Cf. There- 
fore.] For that, or this ; for it. 

Therefore (thaVfor or ther'for), conj. & adv. [OE. 
therfore. See There, and Fore, adv., cf. Therefor.] 1. 
For that or this reason, referring to something previously 
stated ; for that. 2. Consequently ; by consequence. 

Syn.— See Then. 

There-from' (tha"r-from'), adv. From this or that. 

There-ill' (-in'), adv. In that or this place, time, or 
thing ; in that particular or respect. 

There'in-tO' (thaVln-too'), adv. Into that or this. 

Thereof (tntr-of or -ov'), adv. Of that or this. 

There-on' (thtr-on'), adv. On that or this. 

There-out' (-out'), adv. Out of that or this. 

There-tO' (-too'), adv. To that or this. 

There'tO-fore' (thaVtoo-for'), adv. Up to that time ; 
before then ; — correlative with heretofore. 

There-un'der (tfi3r-un'der), adv. Under that or this. 

There'un-to' (thaVun-tod'), adv. Unto that or this. 

There'up-on' (-up-on'), adv. 1. Upon that or this ; 
thereon. 2. On account, or in consequence, of that ; 
therefore. 3. Immediately ; at once. [this. I 

There-With' (-with' or -with'), adv. 1. With that or I 

There'with-al' (thaVwTth-al'), adv. 1. Moreover. 
[Obs.] 2. Therewith ; at the same time. 

The'ri-ac (the'ri-Sk), ) n. [L. theriaca antidote, 

II The-ri'a-ca (the-rl'a-ka), j Gr. eriptaKrj. See Trea- 
cle.] 1. (Old Med.) A composition esteemed as an an- 
tidote for poison ; esp. , a certain compound reduced by 
honey to an electuary. 2. Treacle; molasses. — The'- 
rl-ac (the'ri-ak), The-ri'a-cal (the-rl'a-kal), a. 

II Tner'mae (ther'me), n. pi. [L.] Warm or hot water. 

Ther'mal (-mal), a. [L. thermae hot springs, fr. Gr. 
Bepfxai, pi. of 6ep/j.ri heat, fr. 0epix6<; hot, warm, 6epetv to 
warm.] Of or pert, to heat ; warm ; hot. 

Ther'mic (ther'unk), a. Of or pert, to heat ; thermal. 

II Ther'mi'dor' (taVme'dSr' ; E. ther'mi-d6r), n. [F., 
fr. Gr. Oepfxos hot.] See the Note under Vendemiaire. 

Ther'mo- (ther'mo-). A combining form from Gr. 
Oepur) heat, 6epii.6<; hot, warm ; as in thermodynamic. 

Ther'mo-cau'ter-y (-ka'ter-y), n. [Thermo- -f- cau- 
tery.] (Stirg.) Cautery by the application of heat. 

Ther'mo-Chem'iS-try (-keni'Ts-try), n. [Thermo- + 



.10 



chemistry.] Chemical science which investigates the va- 
rious relations existing between chemical action and heat. 

Ther'mo-cur'rent (ther'mo-kur'rent), n. [Thermo- 
-f current.] (Physics) A current, as of electricity, de- 
veloped, or set in motion, by the action of heat. 

Ther'mo-dy-nam'lc (-dt-nSin'Ik), a. [Thermo- -f- 
dynamic.] (Physics) Relating to, or caused or operated 
by, the mechanical action or relations of heat. 

Ther mo-e-lec'tric (-MSk'trlk), a. (Physics) Per- 
taining to thermoelectricity. 

Thermo-e'lec-tric'i-ty (-e'lSk-trlsT-ty), n. [Ther- 
mo- -f- electricity.] (Physics) Electricity developed by 
the action of heat. 

Ther-mog'e-nous (ther-mSj'e-nus), a. [Thermo- •+- 
-genous.] (Physiol.) Producing heat. 

Ther - mom ' e - ter (ther-m5m'S- 
ter), n. [Thermo- -\- -meter.] 
(Physics) An instrument for meas- 
uring temperature, founded on the 
principle that changes of tempera- 
ture in bodies are accompanied by 
proportional changes in their vol- 
umes or dimensions. 

To reduce degrees Fahrenheit to 
degrees Centigrade, subtract 32 and 
multiply by % ; to reduce degrees 
Centigrade to degrees Fahrenheit, 
multiply by § and add 32°. 

Ther'mo-met'ric (theVm6-met'- 
rik), Ther'mo-met'ric-al (-r!-k«i), 
a. 1. Of or pert, to a thermome- 
ter. 2. Made, or ascertained, by a 
thermometer. 

Ther - mom' e- try (ther-m5m'e- 

try), ?i. The estimation of temper- 
ature by a thermometric apparatus. 

Ther'mo-mul'ti-pli'er (theVmo- 
mul'ti-pll'er), n. [Thermo- -f 
multiplier.] Same as Thermopile. 

Ther'mo-pile (ther'mo-pll), n. 
[Thermo- + pile a heap.] (Physics) 
An electrical instrument composed 
of alternate layers of metals, used to 
determine extremely slight differ- 
ences and degrees of heat. 

Ther'mo-scope (-skop), n. 
[Thermo- -f- -scope.] (Physics) 
An instrument f orindicating changes 
of temperature without indicating 
the degree of heat. 

Ther'mo-Stat (ther'mo-stSt), n. 
[Thermo- + Gr. Itrravat. to make to 
stand.] (Physics) A self-acting ap- 
paratus for regulating temperature 
by the unequal expansion of bodies. 

Ther-mot'ic ( ther-mot'Ik ), 1 

Ther-mot'ic-al (l-kffi), \ 

[Gr. flepjuoTTjs heat, fr. 0ep/x6s hot.] 
Of, pert, to, or produced by, heat. 

Ther-mot'ics (-Iks), n. The sci- 
ence of heat. 

II The-sau'lllS (the-sa'rus), n. ; 
pi. -ri (-rl). [L. See Treasure.] 
A treasury; a repository ;- of ten C Z£%T showing 
applied to a comprehensive work, the Centigrade 
like a dictionary. 

These (tbez), pron. [OE. pes, 
pses, variant of pas, pi. of pes, thes, 
this. See This.] The plural of This. 

The'sis (the'sis), n. ; pi. Theses (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. 
0eVi5, fr. TifleVcu to place, set. See Do.] 1. A position 
or proposition which a person advances and offers to 
maintain, or actually maintains, by argument. 2. Hence, 
an essay or dissertation upon a specific or definite theme ; 
esp. , an essay presented by a candidate for a diploma or 
degree. 3. (Logic) An affirmation, in distinction from a 
supposition ov hypothesis. 4. (Mus.) The accented part 
of the measure, expressed by the downward beat ; — oppo- 
site of arsis. 5. (Pros.) (a) The depression of the voice 
in pronouncing the syllables of a word, (b) The part of 
the foot upon which such a depression falls. 

Thes'pi-an (theVpT-an), a. [Fr. L. Thespis, Gr. 0e- 
<nri?, founder of the Greek drama.] Of or pert, to Thes- 
pis, and hence, to the drama ; dramatic. — n. An actor. 

The-ur'glc (the-uVjik), ) a. Of or pertaining to the- 

The-ur'glc-al (-jT-kal), ) urgy ; magical. 

The'ur-gist (the'Qr-jIst), n. One who pretends to, or 
practices, theurgy. 



20£ 



30 



Fahrenheit. and 
Reaumur Scales, 
and their relative 
gradation. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



THEURGY 



846 



THIRTEEN 



R 



TheTir-gy (tWttr-jy), n. [L. theurgia, Gr. Oeovpyia, 

yit doing the works of God; 0e6s God + epyov 

A divine work ; miracle ; hence, magic, esp. that 

claimed to beja r od uo e d by supernatural means ; sorcery. 

Thew (thtt), ;;. [Chiefly in the pi. Thews (tlvuz).] 

[OB. tkt -•; ((he manner, habit.] 1. Manner ; 

habit ; behavior : disposition ; specif.,/)/., virtues. [Obs.] 

2. Muscle or strength ; brawn : sinew. 

Thew'y (thu'y). <f. Muscular; sinewy; strong. 

They i,tha"i. prim. pi. ;poss. Theirs ; obj. Them. [Icel. 
pcir they. prop. nom. pi. masc. of sa, su,pat, a demon- 
strative pronoun, akin to E. that.'] The plural of he, she, 
or i7. The y is never used adjectively. 

CL-t?^ They is used indefinitely, as our ancestors used 
■MM, and as the French use on ; as, they say. 

Thick (thTk), a. [Compar. Thicker (-er) ; superl. 
Thickest.] [AS. piece; akin to G. dick.'] 1. Measuring 
in the third dimension other than length and breadth, or 
in general dimension other than length ; — said of a solid 
body. 2. Having great or more than usual depth or extent 
from one surface to its opposite ; not thin or slender. 

3. Dense; not thin; inspissated. 4. Not transparent or 
clear ; hence, turbid, muddy, or misty. 5. Abundant, 
close, or crowded in space ; closely set ; frequently re- 
curring. 6. Not having due distinction of syllables ; indis- 
tinct. 7. Deep; profound, [i?.] 8. Dull ; not quick. 
9. Intimate; very f rieudly ; familiar. [Colloq.] 

Syn. — Dense ; close ; compact ; solid ; gross ; coarse. 

Thick, n. 1. The thickest part, or the time when 
anything is thickest. 2. A thicket. [Obs.] 

Thick, adv. 1. Frequently ; fast ; quick. 2. Closely. 
3. To a great depth, or to a greater depth than usual. 

Thick'en (-'n), v. t. & i. {imp. & p. p. Thickened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Thickening.] To make or become 
thick. [mass to make it thicker. I 

Thick'en-ing. n. Something put into a liquid or| 

Thick'et (-et), n. [AS. .piccet. See Thick, a.] A 
wood or a collection of trees, shrubs, etc., closely set. 

Thick'-head ed. a. Having a thick skull ; stupid. 

Thick'ish. a. Somewhat thick. 

Thick'-knee 7 (-ne'), »■ (Zo'dl.) A stone curlew. 

Thickly, adv. In a thick manner ; deeply ; closely. 

Thick'ness. h. Quality or state of being thick. 

Thick'set' (-set'), a- 1. Close planted. 2. Having a 
short, thick body ; stout. 

Thick'set . n. 1. A close or thick hedge. 2. A stout, 
twilled cotton cloth ; a fustian corduroy, or velveteen. 

Thick'-skinned (-skTnd'), a. Having a thick skin ; 
hence, not sensitive ; dull ; obtuse. 

Thick'skull' (-skuF), n. A dullard, or dull person. 

Thief (thef ), n. ; pi. Thteves (thevz). [AS. peof; akin 
to G. dieb.] 1. One who steals ; one who commits theft 
or larceny. 2. A waster in the snuff of a candle. 

Thieve (thev), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Thieved 
fthevd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Thieving.] To practice theft ; 
to steal. 

Thiev'er-y (-er-y), n. 1. Practice of stealing ; theft ; 
thievishness. 2. That which is stolen. [Obs.] 

Thievish, a. 1. Given to stealing ; addicted to theft. 
2. Like a thief ; acting by stealth ; sly ; secret. 3. Of 
the nature of, or accomplished by, theft ; dishonest. — 
Thievishly, adv. — Thievlsh-ness, n. 

Thigh (thi), n. [OE. thi, peh, AS. peoh.] (Anat.) 
The proximal segment of the hind limb between the knee 
and the trunk. 

Thill (thil), n. [AS. pille plank, thill ; akin to E. 
deal plank.] One of the two long pieces of wood between 
which a horse is hitched to a vehicle ; shaft. 

ThimTlle (thim'b'l), n. [OE. thimbil, AS.pymel, fr. 
puma thumb. See Thumb.] 1. A kind of cap or cover 
for the end of the finger, for use in sewing. 2. (Mech.) 
Any thimble-shaped appendage or fixture. 3. (Naut.) A 
grooved ring of metal, made to fit within an eye splice, etc. 

Thim'ble-ber'ry (-beVry), n. (Bot.) A kind of black 
raspberry, common in America. 

Thim r ble-rig / (-rig')i n. A sleight-of-hand trick 
played with three small cups, and a small ball or little pea. 

Thim Trie-rig', V. t. To swindle by a thimblerig ; to 
cheat ; to trick. 

Thim r ble-rig / ger l-ger), n. One who cheats by thim- 
blerigging, or tricks of legerdemain. 

Thin (thin), a. \_Compar. Thinner (-ner) ; superl. 
Thinnest.] [AS. pynne ; akin to G. dunn, L. tenuis, Gr. 
7avajo<; stretched, Skr. tanu thin, and E. tend.] 1. Hav- 
ing little thickness or extent from one surface to its oppo- 
site. 2. Rare; not dense or thick ; — applied to fluids or 
soft mixtures. 3. Not close ; not crowded ; not in a 
close or compact state ; hence, not abundant. 4. Not 



full or well grown. 5. Not stout ; slim ; slender ; lean ; 
gaunt. 6. Wanting in body or volume ; small ; feeble ; 
not full. 7. Slender ; flimsy ; wanting sufficiency ; super- 
ficial ; inadequate. [tered state. I 
Thin (thin), adv. Not thickly or closely ; in a scat- 
Thin, r. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Thinned (thlnd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Thinning.] To make or become thin. ' 

Thine (thin), pron. & a. [OE. thin, AS. Sin, orig. 
gen. of 8u, 96, thou. See Thou.] A form of the pos- 
sessive case of the pronoun thou , ndw superseded in com- 
mon discourse by your, but still used in solemn discourse, 
in poetry, and by the Friends, or Quakers. 

Thing (thing), n. [AS.ping a tiling, cause, assembly, 
judicial assembly ; akin to G. ding a thing.] 1. What- 
ever exists, or is conceived to exist, as a separate entity ; 
any separable or distinguishable object of thought. 2. 
An inanimate object, in distinction from a living being ; 
any lifeless material. 3. A transaction or occurrence ; 
event ; deed. 4. A portion or part ; something. 5. A 
diminutive or slighted object; any object viewed as 
merely existing ; — often in pity or contempt. 6. pi. 
Clothes ; furniture ; appurtenances; luggage. [Colloq.] 

(jgg^ Thing was used in a very general sense in Old 
English, and is still heard colloquially where some more 
definite term would be used in careful composition. 
7. {Laic) Property. 8. \_Pronounced ting.] In Scan- 
dinavian countries, a legislative or judicial assembly. 

Think (think), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Thought (that) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Thinking.] [OE. thinken, prop.",' to 
seem, fr. AS. pyncean (cf. Methinks), but confounded 
with OE. thenken to think, fr. AS. pencean (imp. pohte) ; 
akin to G. denken, diinken.] 1. To seem or appear ; — 
chiefly in methinketh or methinks, and methought. 2. To 
employ any of the intellectual powers except that of 
simple perception through the senses ; to exercise the 
higher intellectual faculties. 3. Specif. : (a) To remem- 
ber, (b) To reflect upon any subject ; to muse ; to 
meditate ; to ponder ; to consider ; to deliberate, (c) 
To form an opinion by reasoning ; to judge ; to con- 
clude ; to believe, (d ) To purpose ; to intend ; to de- 
sign ; to mean, (e) To presume ; to venture. 

Syn. — To cogitate ; contemplate. See Expect ; Guess. 

Think, v. t. 1. To conceive; to imagine. 2. To 
plot. [Obs.] 3. To believe ; to consider ; to esteem. 

Think'a-ble (thTnk'a-b'l), a. That can be thought. 

Think'er (-er), n. One who thinks. 

Thinking, a. & n. from Think. — Think'ing-ly , adv. 

Thinly (thinly), adv. In a thin manner. 

Thin'ner (-ner), n. One who thins, or makes thinner. 

Thin'ness, n. Quality or state of being thin. 

Thin '-Skinned' (thin'skind'), a. Having a thin 
skin ; hence, sensitive ; irritable. 

Thi'O- (thl'6-). [Gr. Belov sulphur.] (Chem.) A com- 
bining form denoting the presence of sulphur. 

Thi-onlC (thi-onlk), a. [Gr. Belov sulphur.] (Chem.) 
Of, pert, to, or containing, sulphur. 

Third (therd), a. [OE. thridde, AS. pridda, fr. pri, 
pred, three ; akin to G. dritte, L. tertius, Gr. rpiros, Skr. 
trtiya.] 1. Next after the second; coming after two 
others ; — the ordinal of three. 2. Constituting or being 
one of three equal parts into which anything is divided. 

Third estate, (a) In England, the commons, or the com- 
monalty, who are represented in Parliament by the House 
of Commons. (6) In France, the tiers 6tat. 

Third, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by three ; 
a third part. 2. The sixtieth part of a second of time. 
3. (3Tus.) The mediant. 4. pi. (Law) The third part 
of the estate of a deceased husband, in which, by some 
laws, the widow has a life estate. 

Thirdly, adv. In the third place. 

Thirst (therst), n. [AS. purst, pyrst ; akin to G. 
durst, L. torrere to parch, Gr. reposo-Bai to become dry, 
Skr. trsh to thirst.] 1. A sensation of dryness in the 
throat associated with a craving for liquids ; also, the 
condition producing this sensation. 2. Fig. : A want 
and eager desire after anything ; a craving or longing. 

Thirst, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Thirsted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Thirsting.] To feel thirst ; to crave drink ; to long. 

Thirst'er (thersfer), n. One who thirsts. 

Thirst'y (therst'y), a. [Compar. Thirstier (-T-er) ; 
superl. Thtrsttest.] 1. Feeling thirst; craving drink; 
having eager desire. 2. Deficient in moisture ; dry ; 
parched. — Thirstl-ly (-T-ly), adv. — Thirstl-ness, n. 

Thir'teen 7 (ther'ten'), a. [AS. preotene, preolyne. 
See Three ; Ten.] One more than twelve ; ten and three. 

Thir'teen', n. 1. The number greater by one than 
twelve ; thirteen units or objects. 2. A symbol repre- 
senting thirteen units, as 13, or xiii. 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, 8 vent, idea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



V 



THIRTEENTH 



847 



THOUSANDTH 




Thirteenth' (ther'tenth'), a. 1. Next in order after 
the twelfth ; — the ordinal of thirteen. 2. Being one of 
thirteen equal parts into which anything is divided. 

Thirteenth', n. The quotient of a unit divided by 
thirteen ; a thirteenth part. 

Thir'ti-eth (-tl-Sth), a. 1. Next in order after the 
twenty-ninth; — the ordinal of thirty. 2. Being one of 
thirty equal parts into which anything is divided. 

Thir'ti-eth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by 
thirty ; a thirtieth part. 

Thir'ty (-t^), a. [AS. pritig, priltig.] Being three 
times ten ; consisting of one more than twenty-nine. 

Thir'ty (ther't^), n. 1. Thirty units or objects. 
2. A symbol expressing thirty units, as 30, or xxx. 

This (this), pron. & a. ; pi. These (thez). [OE. this, 
thes, pes, AS. Ses, masc, cSeos, fern. 6 is, neut. ; akin to 
G. dieser ; orig. f r. definite article -f- a particle -se, -si. See 
The.] 1. As a demonstrative pronoun, this denotes some- 
thing that is present or near in place or time, or something 
just mentioned, or that is just about to be mentioned. 
2. As an adjective, this has the same demonstrative force 
as the pronoun, but is followed by a noun. 

This'tle (thTs"l), n. [AS. pistel; akin to G. distel.-\ 
(Bot. ) Any one of numerous prickly composite plants, esp. 
those of the genera Cnicus, Carduus, and Onopordon. 

Thistle bird (Zoo!.), the American goldfinch (Spinus 
tristis) ; — from its feeding on the seeds of thistles. [See 
Elust. under Goldfinch.] — Thistle funnel, a funnel hav- 
ing a bulging body and flaring mouth. 

This'tly (-ly), a. 1. Overgrown with this- 
tles. 2. Like a thistle ; sharp ; prickling. 

Thith'er (thith'er), adv. [AS. Sider; akin 
to E. that.} 1. To that place ; — opposed to 
hither. 2. To that point, end, or result. 

Syn. — There. — Thither properly denotes 
motion toward a place ; there denotes rest in 
a place ; but thither has now become obsolete, 
archaic, or poetical, and there is now used in 
both senses. 

Thith'er, a. 1. Being on the farther side from the one 
speaking ; farther ; — correlative of hither. 2. Of time : 
On the thither side of, older than ; of more years than. 

Thith'er-Ward (-werd), adv. Toward that place. 

Thole (thol), n. [AS. pol.] 1. A pin set in the gun- 
wale of a boat to serve as a fulcrum for the oar. 2. The 
pin, or handle, of a scythe snath. 

Thole pin. Same as Thole. 

Thole, v. t. [AS. polian ; akin to E. tolerate."] To 
bear ; to endure. [Obs. or Scot.] 

Thong (thong; 115), n. [AS. pwang.] A strap of 
leather, esp. one used for fastening anything. 

Tho'oid (tho'oid), a. [Gr. 0<os, 0w6s, jackal -f- -oid.] 
(Zool.) Of or pert, to a group of carnivores, including 
wolves and dogs. 

Tho-rac'ic (tho-rSs'Tk), a. (Anal.) Of or pertaining 
to the thorax, or chest. 

Tho'ral (tho'ral), a. [L. torus a couch, bed.] Of or 
pertaining to a bed. [R.] 

Tho'rax (tho'rSks), n. 
[L., fr. Gr. 0wpa£.] 1. 
(Anat.) The part of the 
trunk between the neck 
and the abdomen ; the 
chest. 2. {Zool.) The mid- 
dle region of the body of 
an insect, and also of a 
crustacean, arachnid, or 
other articulate animal. 3. 
(Antiq. ) A breastplate, cui- 
rass, or corselet. 

Tho'ri-um (tho'ri-um), 
n. [NL., fr. Thor, the Skeleton 
Scandinavian god, fr. Icel. 
fiors.] (Chem.) A rare 
metal isolated as an infusi- 
ble, gray, metallic powder. 

Thorn (thSrn), n. [AS. 
porn; akin to G. dorn.] 1. A hard and sharp-pointed 
projection from a woody stem ; spine. 2. (Bot.) Any 
shrub or small tree which bears thorns ; esp., any species 
of Crataegus. 3. Fig. : Anything troublesome ; trouble ; 
care. 4. The Anglo-Saxon letter p, capital form p, — 
used for both of the sounds of English th. 

Thom'back' (-bXk')t n. (Zool.) (a) A European skate 
having thornlike spines on its back. (6) The large Euro- 
pean spider crab. 

Thorn'y (-y), a. [Compar. Thornier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Thorniest.] 1. Full of, or rough with, thorns ; spiny. 
2. Like a thorn ; hence, troublesome ; harassing, 




of Thorax of Man. 
First Dorsal Vertebra ; 
6 Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra; 
c Clavicle ; d Scapula ; e Ster- 
num, or Breastbone ; / Sternal 
Cartilages : g Sternal Ribs ; h i 
Asternal Ribs ; i Floating Ribs. 



Thor'OUgh (thur'o), prep. See Through. [Obs.] 
Thor'OUgh, «. 1. Passing through. [Obs.] 2. Pass- 
ing through or to the end ; hence, complete ; perfect. 
Thor'OUgh, adv. 1. Thoroughly. [Obs. or Colloo.] 

2. Through. [Obs.] 

Thor'OUgh bass' (has'). (Mtu.) The representation 
of chords by figures placed under the bass ; figured bass ; 
sometimes, harmony. 

Thor'ough-brace' (-bras'), n. A leather strap sup- 
porting the body of a carriage, and attached to springs, 
or serving as a spring. 

Thor'OUgh bred (-breM'), a. Bred from the best blood 
through a long line ; pure-blooded ; — Baid of live stock, 
as horses. Hence, mettlesome ; courageous ; of elegant 
form, or the like. — n. A thoroughbred animal. 

Thor'ough fare' (-faV), n. [AS. purhfaru.] 1. A 
passage through ; a public road ; hence, a frequented 
street. 2. A passing. [J?.] 

Thor'ough-go'ing (-go'lng), a. 1. Going through, 
or to the end or bottom ; very thorough ; complete. 2. 
Going all lengths ; extreme ; thoroughpaced. 

Thor'ough-ly, adv. In a thorough manner, [ough. I 

Thor'ough-ness, n. Quality or state of being thor-| 

Thor'OUgh-paced' (-past'), a. Perfect in what is un- 
dertaken ; complete ; going all lengths. 

Thor'OUgh-pln' (-pin), n. (Far.) An inflammatory 
disease of the hock (sometimes of the knee) of a horse. 

Thor'OUgh- wort' (-wurf), n. Same as Boneset. 

Thorp ) (thSrp), n. [AS. porp ; akin to G. dor/.] A 

Thorpe J small village ; hamlet ; — now chiefly in comp. 

Those (tboz), pron. The plural of 
That. 

II Thoth (thSth ; 115), n. 1. (Myth.) 
The god of eloquence and letters among 
the ancient Egyptians. 2. (Zool.) The 
Egyptian sacred baboon. | 

Thou (thou), pron. [Sing. : nom. 
Thou ; poss. Thy (thl) or Thine (thin) ; 
obj. Thee (the). PI. : nom. You (yoo) ; 
poss. Your (yoor) or Yours (yoorz) ; 
obj. You.] [AS. c5u, cSu ; akin to G. du, 
L. tu, Gr. a~u, Skr. tvam.] The second 
personal pronoun, in the singular num- 
ber, denoting the person addressed ; thy- 
self ; the pronoun used in addressing 
persons in the solemn or poetical style. 

SglP" Thou is now sometimes used by 
the Friends, or Quakers, though most of 
them corruptly say thee. 

ThOU, v. t. To address as thou, esp. 
insolently or in contempt. 

Though (tho), conj. [AS. Seah, tSaeh, Seh ; akin to G. 
dock but; origin uncertain.] Granting, admitting, or 
supposing that ; notwithstanding that ; if. 

As though, as if. 

Though, adv. However ; nevertheless ; notwithstand- 
ing ; although ; — used in familiar language. 

Thought (that), imp. & p. p. of Think. 

Thought, n. [AS. poht, gepoht, fr. pencean to think. 
See Think.] 1. A thinking; exercise of the mind in any 
of its higher forms ; reflection ; cogitation. 2. Medita- 
tion ; serious consideration. 3. That which is thought ; 
idea ; mental conception. 4. Solicitude ; anxious care ; 
concern. 5. A small degree or quantity. [Colloq.] 

Syn. — Imagination ; "fancy ; conceit ; notion ; suppo- 
sition; consideration; contemplation; deliberation. 

ThOUght'ful (that'ful), a. 1. Full of thought : em- 
ployed in meditation ; contemplative. 2. Attentive ; 
careful ; exercising the judgment ; having the mind 
directed to an object. 3. Anxious ; solicitous ; con- 
cerned. — Thought'ful-ly, adv.— Thought'ful-ness. n. 

Syn. — Considerate ; deliberate ; wary ; circumspect : 
reflective ; discreet. — He who is habitually thoughtful 
rarely neglects his duty or his true interest ; he who is con- 
sideratepsMses to reflect and guard himself against error. 

Thoughtless, a. 1. Lacking thought ; careless ; in- 
considerate ; rash. 2. Giddy ; gay. [Z?.] 3. Deficient 
in reasoning power ; stupid ; dull. — Thought'less-ly. 
adv. — Thought'less-ness, n. 

Thou'sand (thou'zflnd), «. [AS. pusend ; akin to G. 
tausend.] 1. The number of ten hundred ; a collection 
or sum consisting of ten times one hundred units or 
objects. 2. Hence, indefinitely, a great number. 

DglP' The word thousand often takes a plural form. 

3. A symbol representing one thousand units. 
Thou'sand, a. 1. Consisting of ten hundred ; being 

ten times one hundred. 2. Hence, consisting of a great 
number indefinitely. 
Thousandth (-zandth), a. 1. Next in order after 




Thoth (from a 

Bronze in British 

Museum). 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



THOUSANDTH 



848 



THROMBUS 



nine hundred and ninety-nine ; — the ordinal of thou- 
.: Constituting,', or being one, of a thousand 
equal parts into which anything is divided. 3. Being 
one of, or the last one of, a great number ; very small ; 
— oaad h\ perboHoftlly. 

Thousandth (.thou'zundth), n. The quotient of a 
unit divided by a thousaud. 

Thow'el (thoVl). \ n. [See Thole.] (Xaiit.) (a) A 

Thowl (.thol), I thole pin. (l>) A rowlock. 

Thral'dom (thral'dum), n. [Icel. pr&ldomr. See 
Thkall. and -dom.] "State of a thrall ; slavery : bondage. 

Thrall (.thrall, h. [Icel. prxll.] 1. A slave; bond- 
man. 2. Slavery ; bondage ; servitude ; thraldom. 

Thrall, v. t. To enslave. [Obs. or Poetic'] 

Thrall 'dom (thral'dum\ n. Thraldom. 

Thrash (.thrash).' or Thresh (thrgsh), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Thrashed (thrSsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Thrashing.] 
[AS. perscan, prescan ; akin to G. dreschen.] 1. To 
beat out grain from, as straw or husks ; to beat the straw 
or husk of (grain) with a flail ; to beat off, as the kernels 
of grain. 2. To beat soundly ; to drub. 

Thrash, or Thresh, v. L 1. To practice, or work at, 
thrashing grain or the like. 2. Hence, to labor ; to toil ; 
also, to move violently. 

Thrash'er, or Thresh'er, n. One that thrashes ; 
specif. : (Zo'dl.) (a) A large and voracious shark (Alopias 
tulpes) remarkable for thrashing its prey with its tail. 




Thrasher Shark. 

(b) The brown thrush, or a bird of other allied species. 

Thrashing (thrashing), a. & n. from Thrash, v. 

Thra-son'ic-al (thra-son'i-kal), a. [From Thraso a 
braggart soldier in Terence's " Eunuch."] Of or pert, to 
Thraso ; like Thraso ; bragging ; boastful ; vainglorious. 

Thread (thred), ». [AS. prstd ; akin to G. drahi, 
and E. throw.] 1. A very small twisted cord of a fibrous 
substance, esp. a compound one of two or more single 
yarns. 2. A filament ; fine line. 3. The prominent part 
of the spiral of a screw or nut. 4. Fig. : Something 
continued in a long course or tenor. 

Thread and thrum, the good and bad together. [Obs.] 

Thread, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Threaded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Threading.] 1. To pass a thread through the eye of. 

2. To pass or pierce through like a thread; to find a 
narrow or difficult way through ; also, to effect or make, 
as one's way, through or between obstacles ; to thrid. 

3. To form a thread, or spiral rib, on or in. 
Thread'bare' (-bSrO. a. 1. "Worn to the thread; 

having the nap worn off. 2. Fig. : Worn out ; trite. 

Thread'y (-y), a. 1. Like thread or filaments ; slen- 
der. 2. Containing, or consisting of, thread. 

Threat (thret), n. [AS. preat ; akin to G. verdries- 
sen, L. trudere to push.] The declaration of an evil, 
loss, or pain to come or intended to be inflicted ; men- 
ace ; threatening ; denunciation. 

Threat, v. t. & i. To threaten. [Obs. or Poetic] 

Threat'en (thref'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Threat- 
ened (-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Threatening.] 1. To utter 
threats against ; to menace ; to attempt to alarm with a 
declaration of coming evil ; to warn. 2. To indicate as 
impending ; to announce the infliction of. 

Syn. — To menace. — Threaten is often a more familiar 
term than menace, the latter being used in formal style. 

Threat'en, v. i. To use threats, or menaces ; also, to 
have a threatening appearance. 

Threat'en-er (-er), n. One who threatens. 

Threat'en-ing, a. & n. from Threaten, v. 

Threat'ful (-ful), a. Full of threats or menace. 

Three (thre), a. [AS. prl, masc, preo, fem. & neut. ; 
akin to G. drei, L. tres, Gr. rpeU, Skr. tri.] One more 
than two ; two and one. 

Three, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than 
two ; three units or objects. 2. A symbol representing 
three units, as 3 or iii. [ners, or angles. I 

Three'-cor nered (-k6r'nerd), a. Having three cor- 1 

Three / -deck / er (-dSk'er), n. (Xaut.) A vessel of 
war carrying guns on three decks. [repeated ; triple. I 

Threefold' (-fold'), a. Consisting of three; thrice! 

Threepence (thrTpVns), n. A small silver coin of 
thr^ times the value of a penny. [Eng.] 

Three'pen-ny (thrTp'en-n?), n. Costing or worth 
three pence ; hence, worth but little ; poor ; mean. 




Three'-ply' (thre'pHO, a. Consisting of three dis- 
tinct webs inwrought together iu weaving ; threefold. 

Three'-SCOre' (-sk6V), a. Thrice twenty; sixty. 

Three'-sid ed (-sid'Sd), a. Having three sides. 

Three'-square (-skw&V), a. Having a cross section 
in the form of an equilateral triangle. 

Threne (threu). n. [L. t/irenus, Gr. 6pijvos.] Threnody. 

Thren'ode (thren'od or thren'od), n. A threnody. 

Thren'O-dy (-6-dy), n. [Gr. epr)i> v 8La ; epijvoi a dirge 
-j- uSrj a song.] A song of lamentation ; dirge ; threne. 

Thresh (thrgsh), c. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Threshed 
(thrSsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Threshing.] Same as Thrash. 

Thresh'er (-er), n. Same as Thrasher. 

Threshold (-old), n. [AS. prescwald, fr. prescan. 
See Thrash.] 1. The plank, stone, or piece of timber, 
which lies under a door, esp. of a dwelling house, church, 
temple, etc. ; doorsill ; hence, entrance ; gate ; door. 2. 
Fig. : Place of entering or beginning ; entrance ; outset. 

Threw (thrp), imp. of Throw. 

Thrice (thris), adv. [OE. thries ; thrie thrice (AS. 
priga,priiva)-\--s, adv. suffix.] 1. Three times. 2. In 
a threefold manner or degree ; repeatedly ; very. 

Thrid (thrid), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thridded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Thrldding.] [Var. of Thread.] Same as Thread, 2. 

Thrid./?. Thread ; continuous line. [Archaic] 

Thrift (thrift), n. [Icel. pri/t. See Thrive.] 1. A 
thriving state ; good husbandry ; economy in the manage- 
ment of property ; frugality. 2. Success in the acquisi- 
tion of property ; gain ; profit ; prosperity. 3. Vigorous 
growth. 4. (Bot.) One of several species of plants of the 
genera Statice and Armeria. 

Thriftless, a. Without thrift. 

Thrift'y (-y),fl. [Compar. Thrift- 
rER(-I-er); superl. Thrifttest.] 1. 
Given to, or characterized by, thrift ; 
sparing ; frugal. 2. Thriving by in- 
dustry and frugality ; prosperous. 3. 
Growing vigorously ; thriving. 4. Se- 
cured by thrift. [R.] 5. Well appear- 
ing ; becoming. [Obs.] — Thrift 'My 
(-T-ly), adv. — Thrift'i-ness, n. 

Syn.— Economical; saving: careful. 

Thrill (thrll), n. See Trill. 

Thrill, n. [AS. pyrel an aperture. 
See Thrlll, v. t.~] A breathing place 
or hole ; a nostril, as of a bird. 

Thrill, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Thrilled (thrild) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Thrilling.] [OE. thrillen, pirlen, purlen, 
to pierce ; all prob. fr. AS. pyrlian, pyrelian, fr. pyrel, a., 
pierced ; n., a hole, iv.purh through.] 1. To pierce; to 
bore. [Obs.] 2. Hence, to affect as if by something 
that pierces or pricks ; to feel, or cause to feel, a shiver- 
ing, throbbing, tingling, or exquisite sensation ; to pierce ; 
to penetrate. 3. To hurl. [Obs.] [thrilled. I 

Thrill, n. 1. A drill. 2. A sensation as of being | 

Thrill'ing, a. Causing a thrill ; deeply moving. 

Thrive (thriv), v. i. [imp. Throve (throv) or Thrived 
(thrivd) ; p. p. Thrived or Thriven (thriven) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Thriving.] [Icel. prif ask ; prob. orig., to grasp.] 
1. To prosper or have success, esp. by industry, economy, 
and good management of property ; to increase in goods 
and estate. 2. To increase in bulk or stature ; to grow 
vigorously ; to flourish. — Thriv'er (thriv'er), n. 

Thriv'ing-ly, adv. In a thriving manner. 

Thro' (throo). A contraction of Throcgh. 

Throat (throt), n. [AS. prote, protu ; akin to G. 
drossel. Cf. Throttle.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The part of 
the neck in front of, or ventral to, the vertebral column. 
(6) Hence, the passage through it to the stomach and 
lungs ; pharynx ; sometimes the fauces only. 2. A con- 
tracted portion of a vessel or passage way. 3. (Xaut.) 
(a) The upper fore corner of a boom-and-gaff sail, or of a 
staysail. (6) That end of a gaff next the mast. 4. (Bot.) 
The orifice of a tubular organ or part. 

Throb (throb), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Throbbed (throbd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Throbbing.] [OE. probben ; origin un- 
cert.] To beat, or pulsate, with more than usual force 
or rapidity ; to palpitate ; — said of the heart, pulse, etc. 

Throb, n. A beat, or strong pulsation, as of the heart 
and arteries ; a violent beating ; a palpitation. 

Throe (thro), n. [OE. prowe, prawe, AS. prea op- 
pression, suffering.] 1. Extreme pain ; violent pang, 
esp. of childbirth ; anguish ; agony. 2. A frow. 

Throe, v. i. & t. To be or put in agony ; to agonize. 

I! Throm-bO'sis (thr5m-bo'sis), n. [NX,.] (Med.) 
The obstruction of a blood vessel by a thrombus. 

II ThronVbns (thrSm'bus), n. ; pi. Thrombi (-bi). 
[NX., fr. Gr. 0p6«x/3os lump.] (Med.) A clot of blood 



Common Thrift 
{Armeria vulgaris). 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short , senate, gvent, idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



THRONE 



849 



THUMBSCREW 



formed in the passage of a vessel and remaining at the 
site of coagulation. 

Throne (thron), n. [P. trone, L. thronus, Gr. 0poVo?.] 

1. A chair of state, commonly a royal seat. 2. Hence, 
sovereign power and dignity ; also, one who occupies a 
throne ; an exalted personage. 3. A high order of an- 
gels in the celestial hierarchy. 

Throne, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Throned (thrond) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Throning.] To place or be on, or as if on, 
a throne ; to enthrone ; to exalt. 

Throng (throng; 115), n. [AS. geprang, fr. pringan 
to crowd ; akin to G. dringen."] 1. A multitude of per- 
sons or of living beings pressing or pressed into a close 
body or assemblage ; crowd. 2. A great multitude. 

Syn. — Multitude ; crowd. — Any great number of per- 
sons form a multitude; a throng is a large number of 
persons gathered or moving together in a body ; a crowd 
is composed of a large or small number of persons who 
press together so as to be in immediate or inconvenient 
contact. But these distinctions are not carefully observed. 

Throng, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Thronged (throngd ; 115) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Thronging.] To crowd or press together ; 
to press together in a close body, as a multitude of per- 
sons ; to gather or move in multitudes. 

Throng, v. t. 1. To crowd, or press, as persons ; to 
oppress or annoy with a crowd of living beings. 2. To 
crowd into ; to fill closely by crowding. 

Thros'tle (thros''l), n. [AS. prostle, prosle ; akin to 
G. drossel, L. turdus. Cf. Thrush the bird.] 1. {Zool.) 
The song thrush. 2. A machine for drawing and spin- 
ning wool, cotton, etc., from the rove. 

Throt'tle (throt't'l), n. [Dim. of Throat.] 1. The 
windpipe, or trachea. 2. {Steam Engine) Throttle valve. 

Throttle valve {Steam Engine), a valve for regulating 
the supply of steam to the steam chest. 

Throt'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Throttled (-t'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Throttling (-tling).] 1. To compress 
the throat of ; to choke ; to strangle. 2. To interrupt 
by, or as if by, choking. [R.~\ 3. To shut off, or reduce, 
the flow of, as steam. 

Throt'tle, v. i. To choke ; to suffocate ; to breathe hard. 

Throt'tler (-tier), n. One that throttles. 

Through (throb), prep. [OE. thurgh, purh, puruh, 
poruh, AS. purh; akin to G. durch. Cf. Thorough.] 1. 
From end to end, or side to side, of ; from one limit of to 
the opposite ; into and out of at another point. 2. Be- 
tween the sides or walls of ; within. 3. By means of ; by 
the agency of. 4. Over the whole surface or extent of. 5. 
Among or in the midst of ; — denoting passage. 6. From 
the beginning to the end of ; to the end or conclusion of. 

Through, adv. 1. From one end or side to the other. 

2. From beginning to end. 3. To the end ; to a conclu- 
sion ; to the ultimate purpose. 

Through, a. Going or extending through or to the end. 

Through-OUt' (throo-ouf), prep. Quite through ; 
from one end to the other of ; also, in every part of. 

Through-OUt', adv. In every part. 

Throve (throv), imp. of Thrive._ 

Throw (thro), n. [AS. prdh, prdg.~\ Time ; while. 

Throw, v. t. [imp. Threw (thru) ; p. p. Thrown 
(thron) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Throwing.] [AS. prawan to 
twist, to whirl ; akin to G. drehen, L. terebra auger, Gr. 
repelu to bore.] 1. To fling, cast, or hurl with a certain 
whirling motion of the arm. 2. To fling or cast in any 
manner ; to propel ; to send. 3. To drive by violence. 
4. {Mil.) To cause to take a strategic position. 5. To 
overturn ; to prostrate in wrestling. 6. To cast, as dice ; 
to venture at dice. 7. To put (on) hastily ; to spread care- 
lessly. 8. To strip (off), as clothing; to put off. 9. 
{Pottery) To form or shape roughly on a potter's wheel. 
10. To give forcible utterance to ; to cast ; to vent. 11. 
To bring forth ; to bear. 12. To twist together, as two 
or more filaments, so as to form one thread. 

To throw away, (a) To lose by neglect or folly ; to spend 
or bestow in vain. (6) To reject. — To throw back, (a) To 
retort ; to cast back, as a reply, {b) To reject ; to refuse, 
(e) To reflect, as light. — To throw by, to lay aside ; to dis- 
card. — To throw down, to subvert ; to overthrow ; to de- 
stroy. —To throw in. (a) To inject, as a fluid. (b) To put 
in ; to contribute, (c) To add without enumeration or val- 
uation, as something extra to clinch a bargain. — To throw 
off. (a) To expel; to free one's self from, (b) To reject; 
to discard ; to abandon, (c) To make a start in a hunt or 
race. [Eng.] — To throw on, to cast on ; to load. — To throw 
one's self down, to lie down negligently or suddenly. —To 
throw one's self on or upon, (a) To fall upon, (6) To resign 
one's self to the favor, clemency, or sustaining power of 
(another) ; to repose upon. — To throw out. (a) To cast 
out ; to reject or discard. (6) To utter ; to speak, (c) To 
distance ; to leave behind, {d) To cause to project, (e) 
To give forth ; to emit. (/) To put out ; to confuse. — 



To throw over, to abandon the cause of ; to desert. — To 
throw up. (a) To resign ; to give up. (b) To vomit, (c) To 
construct hastily. 

Throw (thro), r. i. To perform the act of throwing 
or casting anything ; to cast ; specif., to cast dice. 

Throw, n. 1. A throwing ; a Hinging or hurling ; cast. 

2. The distance which a missile is, or may be, thrown. 3. 
A cast of dice. 4. An effort ; violent sally. [06f.] 5. 
{Much.) The extreme movement of a sliding or vibrating 
reciprocating piece ; travel ; stroke. Also, the length of 
the radius of a crank, or the eccentricity of an eccentric. 
6. {Pottery) A potter's wheel or table. 7. {Mining) 
Amount of vertical displacement produced by a fault. 

Throw'er (thro'er), n. One who throws. 

Throw'ster (thro'ster), n. One who throws silk. 

Thrum (thrum), n. [OE. thrum, throm ; akin to G. 
trumm lump, end, L. terminus limit. Cf. Term.] 1. 
One of the ends of weavers' threads ; hence, any soft, 
short thread or tuft resembling these. 2. Any coarse 
yarn. 3. {Bot. ) A threadlike part of a flower ; a stamen. 
4. {Naut.) A mat made of canvas and tufts of yarn. 

Thrum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thrummed (thrumd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Thrumming.] To furnish with thrums ; to 
insert tufts in ; to fringe. 

Thrum, v. i. [Cf . Icel. pruma to rattle, and E. drum.'] 
1. To play rudely or monotonously on a stringed instru- 
ment ; to strum. 2. Hence, to drum monotonously. 

Thrum, v. t. To thrum on. 

Thrum'my (-my), a. Like thrums; made of, fur- 
nished with, or characterized by, thrums. 

Thrush (thrush), n. [OE. prusche, AS. prysce ; akin 
to E. throstle.] {Zool.) 1. Any one of 
numerous species of singing birds belong- 
ing to Turdus and allied genera, 
are noted for the sweetness of 
their songs. [See Illusts. of 
Fieldfare and Ousel.] 2. Any 
one of numerous species 
of singing birds more or 
less resembling the true 
thrushes ; as, the 
brown thrush. 

Thrush, n. [Origin 
uncertain ; cf. E. 
thirst.] 1. {Med.) An 
affection of the 
mouth, fauces, etc., Wood Thrush (Turdus mustelimts). 
characterized by minute ulcers called aphthse. 2. {Far.) 
A suppurative affection of the feet in certain animals. 

Thrust (thrust), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thrust ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Thrusting.] [OE. prusten, pristen, presten, Icel. 
prysta.] 1. To push or drive with force ; to force or 
impel ; to shove. 2. To stab ; to pierce ; — usually with 
through. 

Thrust, v. i. 1. To make a push ; to make an attack 
with a pointed weapon. 2. To enter by pushing. 3. To 
push forward ; to press on ; to intrude. 

Thrust, n. 1. A push or driving, esp. with an ob- 
ject moved endwise ; stab. 2. An attack ; assault. 

3. {Mech.) The force or pressure of one part of a con- 
struction against other parts. 

Syn. — Push ; shove. — Push and shove usually imply 
the application of force by a body already in contact with 
the body to be impelled. Thrust, often, but not always, 
implies the impulse or application of force by a body which 
is in motion before it reaches the body to be impelled. 

Thrust'er (-er), n. One who thrusts or stabs. 

Thud (thud), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A dull sound 
without resonance, like that made by a blow with a soft 
substance ; also, the stroke or blow producing such sound. 

Thug (thug), n. [Hind, thug.] One of an association 
of robbers and murderers in India, who practiced murder 
by stealthy approaches, and from religious motives. 

Thug'ger-y (thug'ger-y), ) n. The practice of mur- 

Thug'gism (-giz'm), J der by the Thugs. 

II Thu'le (thu'le), n. [L. Thule, Thyle, Gr. ©owArj, 
©uAtj.] The name given by ancient geographers to the 
northernmost part of the habitable world. 

Thumb (thum), n. [OE. thombe, thoumbe, pume, AS. 
puma; akin to G. datimen.'] The short, thick first digit 
of the human hand ; the pollex. 

Thumb, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Thumbed (thumd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Thumbing (thnm'Tng).] 1. To handle 
awkwardly. 2. To play with the thumbs, or with the 
thumbs and fingers. 3. To soil or wear with the thumb 
or the fingers ; also, to cover with the thumb. 

Thumb'screw' (thum'skru/), n. A screw having a 
flat-sided or knurled head, so that it may be turned by 
the thumb and forefinger. 







fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
*54 



N 



THUMMIM 



850 



TICKLER 



Thum'mlm (thtbntalm), ». />/. [Heb., pi. of thorn 
perfection.] A mysterious part or decoration of the 
breastplate of the Jewish high priest. 

Thump (thttnip), n. [Prob. imitative.] 1. The sound 
made by the sudden fall or blow of a heavy body. 2. A 
blow or kuock ; a heavy fall. 

Thump, I : t. A i. limp. & p. p. Thumped (thumt ; 
215) ; p. pr. & ib. n. Thumping.] To strike or beat with 
something thick or heavy, or BO as to cause a dull sound. 

Thump'er v-^ 1 ")- "• ^ ue th** thumps. 

Thun'der (thun'der), n. [AS. punor; akin to G. 
d(>nner, L. tonare to thunder, Gr. toVos a straining, Skr. 
tan to stretch.] 1. The sound which follows a flash of 
lightning. 2. A thunderbolt. [06s.] 3. Any loud 
noise. 4. An alarming or startling threat or denunciation. 

Thun'der, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Thundered (-derd) ; p. 
pr. Sz rb. n. Thundering.] 1. To produce thunder ; to 
sound, rattle, or roar, as a discharge of atmospheric 
electricity ; — often used impersonally. 2. To utter vio- 
lent denunciations. [utter vehemently. I 

Thun'der, v. t. To emit with noise and terror ; to | 

Thun'der-bolt/ (-bolt'), n. 1. A bolt of lightning. 2. 
Something like lightning in suddenness and effectiveness. 
3. Vehement threatening or censure ; esp., ecclesiastical 
denunciation ; fulmination. 4. (Paleon.) A belemnite. 

Thun'der-clap' (-klap'), n. A sharp burst of thunder. 

Thun'der-er (-er), n. One who thunders ; — used esp. 
as an epithet of Jupiter. 

Thun'der-head' (-hed'), n. A rounded mass of cloud, 
with shining white edges ; a cumulus. 

Thun'der-ous (-us), a. 1. Producing thunder. [12.] 
2. Making a noise like thunder ; loud and deep. 

Thun'der-show'er (-shou'er), re. A shower accom- 
panied with lightning and thunder. 

Thun'der-StonC (-ston'), n. 1. A thunderbolt,— 
once believed to be a stone. 2. (Paleon.) A belemnite. 

Thun'der-stornV (-stSrm'), re. A storm accompanied 
with lightning and thunder. 

Thun'der-Strike' (-strik'), v. t. 1. To strike, blast, 
or injure by, or as if by, lightning, [jR.] 2. To astonish, 
or strike dumb, as with something terrible ; — rarely 
used except in the past participle thunderstruck. 

Thun'der-WOrnV (-wfirm'), n. (Zool.) A small, foot- 
less, burrowing lizard of Florida. It leaves its burrow 
after a thundershower. 

Thun'drous (-drus), a. Thunderous ; sonorous. 

Thu'ri-ble (thu'rT-b'l), re. [L. thuribulum, fr. thus, 
thuris, frankincense, fr. Gr. 6vo$ sacrifice, fr. 6veiv to 
sacrifice.] {R. C. Ch-) A censer for burning incense. 

Thu-ru'er-OUS (thu-rif'er-us), a. [L. thurifer, turi- 
fer; thus frankincense -\-ferre to bear.] Producing or 
Searing frankincense. 

Thu'ri-fi-ca'tion (thu'ri-fT-ka'shun), re. [L. thus in- 
cense + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Act of 
fuming with incense, or the act of burning incense. 

ThUTS'day (thfirz'da ; 48), n. [0~E>.pursdei, porsday, 
fr. Scand. name Thor, the god of thunder (akin to E. 
thunder) -\- E. day.~\ The fifth day of the week, following 
"Wednesday and preceding Friday. 

Thus (thus), adv. [AS. Sus ; akin to E. that.} 1. In 
this or that manner ; on this wise. 2. To this degree or 
extent ; so far ; so. 

Thwack (thwSk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thwacked 
(thwSkt) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Thwacking.] [Of. OE. thak- 
ken to stroke, AS. paccian, E. whack.} To strike with 
something flat or heavy ; to bang ; to beat ; to thump. 

Thwack, re. Act of thwacking ; thump. 

Thwart (thwart), a. [Icel. pvert, neut. of pverr 
across.] 1. Situated or placed across something else ; 
transverse ; oblique. 2. Fig. : Perverse. [06s.] 

Thwart, prep. Across ; athwart. 

Thwart, re. (Naut.) A seat in an open boat reaching 
from one side to the other, or athwart the boat. 

Thwart, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Thwarted ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Thwarting.] 1. To move or go across ; to cross. 
[06s. or P.} 2. To cross, as a purpose ; to oppose ; to 
run counter to ; to clash ; hence, to frustrate or defeat. 

Thy (tin), pron. The (shortened and) more common 
form of thine, possessive case of thou; — used always 
attributively, and chiefly in solemn style, and in poetry. 
T/n'ne is used in the predicate. 

Thy'lne WOOd' (thl'Tn wd6d'). [Gr. £v\ov Ovivov, 
fr. 0utVos, adj., pert, to 6via an African tree with sweet- 
srnelling wood.] (Bot.) The fragrant and beautiful wood 
of a North African tree of the Cedar family. 

Thyme (tim), re. [L. thymum, Gr. 0v/j.ov, 6v/jlo<;.} 
(Bot.) Any one of a genus (Thymus) of labiate plants, 
one species of which is used as a seasoning in food. 




Tiara, 2. 



Thy'mic (ti'inlk), a. (Med. Chem.) Pertaining to, 
or derived from, thyme. [the thymus gland. I 

Thym'ic (thim'Tk), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to | 

II Thymus (thi'mus), a. [NL., fr. Gr. 0u/u.os.] (Anat.) 
Of, pert, to, or designating, a ductless gland in or near 
the throat, which in mammals is the neck sweetbread. 

Thym'y (tim'y), a. Abounding with thyme ; fragrant. 

Thy'ro- (tlri'rS-). A combining form used to indicate 
connection with the thyroid body or the thyroid cartilage; 
as, thyrohyoid., of or pert, to the thyroid cartilage and 
the hyoid arch. 

Thy'roid (thl'roid), a. [Gr. Ovpeoeifi^s shield-shaped ; 
flupeos shield -f- elSos form.] 1. Shaped like an oblong 
shield; shield-shaped. 2. (Anat.) Of, pert, to, or desig- 
nating, a certain cartilage of the larynx (see Larynx), a 
certain ductless, glandlike body, or a certain artery of 
the throat. 

Thyrse (thers), n. A thyrsus. 

Thyr'soid (ther'soid), \ a. [Gr. evpo-peiSifc ; Bvp- 

Thyr-soid'al (ther-soid'al), ) cos thyrsus -f- e ' 5 °f 
shape.] Resembling a thyrsus. 

II Thyr'sus (theVsus), n.; pi. -si (-si). [L., fr. Gr. 
flvpcros.] 1. An ivy-twined staff, pictured as an attribute 
of Bacchus, the satyrs, etc. 2. (Bot.) A dense panicle. 

Thy-self (thi-self'), pron. An emphasized form of 
the personal pronoun of the second person ; — used as a 
subject commonly with thou. 

Ti'ar (tfer), n. [See Tiara.] A tiara. {Poetic} 

Ti-a'ra (ti-a'ra), n. [L., fr. Gr. ridpa, napas ; of 
Persian origin.] 1. A form of headdress of the ancient 
Persians. 2. The pope's triple crown. 

Ti-a'raed (-rad), a. Adorned with, 
or wearing, a tiara. 

II Tib'i-a (tib'i-a), n. ; pi. Tible (-e). 
[L.] 1. (Anat.) The inner of the two 
bones of the leg or hind limb below the 
knee. [See Illusts. of Skeleton and 
Bird.] 2. (Zool.) The fourth joint of 
the leg of an insect. See Insect. 

Tib'i-al (-al), a. 1. Of or pert, to a ' 
tibia. 2. Of or pert, to a pipe or flute. 

Tic (tik), n. [F.] (Med.) An habit- 
ual convulsive motion of certainmuscles.^ 

Tic douloureux (tik doo-loo-roo'' ; F. -re'). [F. , painful 
twitching.] (Med.) Neuralgia in the face. 

Tice (tis), n. (Cricket) A ball bowled to strike the 
ground about a bat's length in front of the wicket. 

Tick (tik), n. [Abbrev. from Ticket.] Credit ; trust. 

Tick, v. i. To go on or give tick ; to trust. 

Tick, n. [OE. tike, teke; akin to G. zecke.} (Zool.) 
Anyone of numerous species of large, bloodsucking mites. 

Tick bean, a small bean used for fodder. — Tick trefoil 
(Bot.), any one of many plants of the leguminous genus 
Desmodium, which have jointed pods with hooked hairs. 

Tick, n. [LL. techa, teca, L. theca case, Gr. Otjkji, fr. 
Ti0eV<xi to put.] 1. The cover, or case, of a bed, mat- 
tress, etc., which contains the filling. 2. Ticking. 

Tick, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ticked (tikt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Ticking.] [Prob. imitative.] 1. To make a small 
or repeating noise by beating or otherwise ; to beat. 2. 
To strike gently ; to pat. 

Tick, re. 1. A quick, audible beat, as of a clock. 2. 
Any small mark to note or call attention to something. 

Death tick. {Zool.) See Deathwatch. 

Tick, v. t. To check off with a tick ; to score. 

Tick'en (-en), n. See Ticking. [J2.] 

Tick r er (-er), n. One that ticks. 

Tick'et (-et), n. [F, etiquette, fr. OF. estiquette, or 
etiquet, estiquet ; akin to E. stick.} A small piece of pa- 
per, cardboard, etc., serving as a notice, certificate, or 
token. Specif . : (a) A tradesman's bill or account. [06s.] 

flgp^ Hence the phrase on ticket, on account ; whence, 
by abbreviation, came the phrase on tick. 
(6) A certificate or token of some right, as of admission 
to a theater, passage in a conveyance, share in a lottery, 
etc. (c) A label to show the character or price of goods. 
(d) (Politics) A list of candidates to be voted for. \_U. S.} 

Tick'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ticketed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Ticketing.] 1. To distinguish or mark by a ticket. 2. 
To furnish with a ticket or tickets. [U. S.} 

Tick'ing (tik'Tng), n. [From 4th Tick.] A strong, 
closely woven fabric of which bed ticks are made. 

TicTde (tik'k'l), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Tickled (-k'ld); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tickling (-kling).] [Origin uncert.] 1. 
To touch lightly, producing a peculiar thrilling sensation ; 
to titillate. 2. To please ; to gratify ; to make joyous. 

Tic'kle, v. i. To feel or excite a sensation of titillation. 

TicTde, a. Ticklish. [06s.] 

Tic'kler (-kler), n. 1. One that tickles. 2. Some- 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, g, I, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, ftbey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



TICKLISH 



851 



TIKE 







;';" 






thing puzzling or difficult. 3. A memorandum of notes 
and debts. [Com. Cant, U. S.] 

Tic'klish (tTk'kllsh), a. 1. Sensible to slight touches ; 
easily tickled. 2. Liable to totter and fall at the slight- 
est touch ; unfixed ; unstable. 3. Difficult ; nice ; critical. 
— Tic'klish-ly, adv. — Tic'klish-ness, n. 

Tick'tack' (-taV), n. [See Tick to beat.] 1. A noise 
like that made by a clock. 2. A kind of backgammon. 

Tid'al (tid'al), a. Of, pertaining to, or caused by, tides ; 
having tides ; flowing and ebbing. 

Tid'bit' (tid'bit'), n. [Etym. of tid- is uncertain.] A 
delicate or tender piece of food ; a delicious morsel. 

Tide (tld), n. ■ [AS. tid time ; akin to G. zeit.] 1. 
Time ; season. [Obsoles.] 2. The alternate rising and 
falling of the 
waters of the 
ocean, and of 
bays, rivers, etc., 
connected there- 
with, occasioned 
by the attraction 
of the sun and 
moon. 3. A , . ^^ 
stream ; current ; %) SEP 
flood. 4. Tend- '•^M^., 
ency or direction "•••. // v c(V' 
of influences or 
events ; current ; 
course. 

Tide, v. t. To 
drive or carry 
with the tide. Kf^ P i>y 

Tide v i TAS 

tidan t'o happen! S P rin S Tides and Neap Tides. 

See Tide, «.] 1. To betide ; to happen. [Obs.] 2. To 
pour a tide or flood. 3. (Naut.) To go by drifting with 
the tide and anchoring when it becomes adverse. 

Tides'man (tldz'man), n. A tide waiter. 

Tide'wait'er (tid'wat'er), n. A customhouse officer 
who watches the landing of goods to secure the duties. 

Tide'way' (-wa 7 ), n. Channel in which the tide sets. 

Ti'di-ly (tiMT-ly), adv. In a tidy manner. 

Ti'di-ness, n. Quality or state of being tidy. 

Ti'ding (tiding), n. Tidings. [Obs.] 

Ti'dings (ti'dingz), n. pi., and rarely sing. [OE. 
tidinge, tipinge, tidinde, from or influenced by Icel. 
tiSindi ; akin to E. betide, tide.} Account of what has 
taken place, and was not before known ; news. 

Syn. — Advice ; information ; intelligence. — The term 
news denotes recent intelligence from any quarter ; the 
term tidings denotes intelligence expected from a par- 
ticular quarter, showing what has there betided. 

Ti'dy (-dy), a. [Compar. Tidier (-dT-er) ; superl. Tidi- 
est.] [From Tide time.] 1. Timely; seasonable. [Obs.] 
2. Arranged in good order ; orderly ; appropriate ; neat. 

Ti'dy, n. A cover, as of tatting, drawn work, etc., 
for the back of a chair, a sofa, etc. 

Ti'dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tidied (ti'did); p.pr. & 
vb. n. Tidying.] To put in proper order ; to make neat. 

Tie (ti), n. ; pi. Tdss (tiz). [AS. tege, tyge, tige, fr. 
tigan, tiegan, tygan, to tie, fr. teag, teah a rope. See 
Tug.] 1. A knot ; a fastening. 2. A bond ; an obliga- 
tion, moral or legal. 3. A knot of hair, as at the back of a 
wig. 4. An equality in numbers, as of votes, scores, etc. ; 
equality in any contest, as a race. 5. {Arch. & Engin.) 
Any part for holding bodies or parts together by tension. 
6. (Mus.) A line, usually straight, 
drawn across the stems of notes, or a 
curved line over or under the notes, 
signifying that they are to be closely 
united in the performance, or that 
two notes of the same pitch are to be sounded as one ; 
bind ; ligature. 7. pi. Low shoes fastened with lacings. 

Tie, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Tied (tid) (Obs. Tight (tit)) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tying (ti'Tng).] 1. To fasten with a 
band or cord and knot ; to bind. 2. To form, as a knot, 
by interlacing or complicating ; also, to interlace, or form 
a knot in. 3. To unite firmly ; to fasten ; to hold. 4. 
To hold or constrain by authority or moral influence ; to 
oblige ; to confine. 5. (Mus.) To unite by a tie. 6. To 
make an equal score with, in a contest ; to be even with. 

Tie, v. i. To make a tie ; to make an equal score. 

TieTieam 7 (ti^bem'), n. (Arch.) A beam acting as a 
tie. [See lllust. of Roof.] 

Ti'er (ti'er), n. One that ties. 

Ti'er, n. [See Tire headdress.] A pinafore. 

Tier (ter), n. [Origin uncert.] A row or rank ; esp., 
one of two or more rows placed one above another. 



Tierce (ters), n. [F., a third, fr. tiers, tierce, third, 
fr. L. tertius third ; akin to ties three.] 1. A cask hold- 
ing forty-two wine gallons ; also, a liquid measure of 42 
wine, or 35 imperial, gallons. 2. A cask between a bar- 
rel and a hogshead in size, in which salt provisions, rite, 
etc., are packed for shipment. 3. (Mus.) The third tone 
of the scale. 4. A sequence of three playing cards of 
the same suit. Tierce of ace, king, queen, is called 
tierce-major. 5. (R. C. Ch.) The third hour of the day, 
or nine a. m. ; also, the service appointed for that hour. 

Tier'cel (ter'sgl), \ n. [F. tiercelet, deriv. of L. ter- 

Tiercelet (ters'lgt), J tius third ; — why so called be- 
ing uncertain.] (Falconry) A male falcon, esp. a peregrine 
falcon ; also, the male of the goshawk. [Tierce, 4.1 

Tierce'-ma Jor (ters'ma 7 jSr), n. ( Card Pin y 

Tler'cet(ter'.sGt),//. [F.terctf. See Tercet.] (Pros.) 
A triplet ; three lines, or three lines rhyming together. 

I! Tiers' 6'tat' (tySr' zu'ta'; E. terz' a-ta'). [F.] 
The bhird estate, or commonalty, in France, answering to 
the commons in Great Britain. 

Tiff (ttf), n. [Orig., a sniff; origin uncertain.] 1. 
Liquor ; esp., a small draught of liquor. 2. A fit of anger 
or peevishness ; a slight altercation ; a tift. See Tift. 

Tiff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tiffed (tift) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Tiffing.] To be in a pet. [to bedeck. [Obs.'] I 

Tiff, v. t. [OF. tiffer, lifer.} To deck out ; to dress ; | 

Tif'fa-ny (tif'fa-ny), n. [OE. tiffenay. See Tiff to 
dress.] A species of gauze, or very thin silk. 

Tiffin (-fin), n. [Prop., tiffing quaffing.] A lunch, 
or slight repast, between breakfast and dinner. 

Tift (tift), n. [See Tiff, n.] A fit of pettishness, or 
slight anger ; a tiff. 

Tig (tig), n. 1. The game of tag. 2. A capacious, 
flat-bottomed drinking cup, generally four-handled. 

Ti'ger (ti'ger), n. [F. ligre, L. tigris, Gr. riypi?; 
probably of Persian origin.] 1. (Zo'61.) A very large 
and powerful carnivore (Felis tigris) native of Southern 
Asia and the East Indies. Its back, sides, and tail are 
striped with black and rufous yellow ; the throat and 
belly are nearly white. When full grown, it equals or 
exceeds the lion in size and strength. Called also royal 
tiger, and Bengal tiger. 




Bengal Tiger ( Tigris regalis). 
2. Fig. : A ferocious, bloodthirsty person. 3. A servant 
in livery, who rides with his master or mistress. 4. A 
kind of growl or screech, after cheering. [Colloq. U. 5.] 

American tiger. (Zo'61.) (a) The puma, (b) The jaguar. 
— Mexican tiger (Zo'61.), the jaguar. — Tiger flower (Bot. >, an 
iridaceous plant of the genus Tigridia (as T. conchijiora, 
T. grandiflora, etc.), having showy, spotted or streaked 
flowers. — Tiger lily (Bot.), Lilium tigrinum, a species of 
lily the sepals of which are blotched with black. 

Ti'ger-eye' (tl'ger-i'), n. (Min.) A yellow, siliceous 
stone of a chatoyant luster, obtained in South Africa. 

Ti'ger-foot'ed, a. Hastening to devour ; furious. 

Tight (tit), a. [Compar. Tighter (-er) ; superl. Tight- 
est.] [OE. tight, thiht; probably of Scand. origin. Cf. 
Taut.] 1. Firmly held together ; compact. 2. Close, 
so as not to admit the passage of a fluid ; not leak}'. 3. 
Fitting close, or too close, as to the body. 4. Not ragged ; 
neat ; tidy. 5. Close ; stingy. [Colloq.] 6. Not slack or 
loose ; taut. 7. Handy. [Obs.] 8- Tipsy. [Slang] 9. 
(Com.) Pressing ; stringent ; not easy ; — said of money or 
the money market. — Tight'ly, adr. — Tight 'ness. n. 

Tight'en (tit"n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Tightened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tightening.] To become or make 
tight or tighter. — Tight'en-er (-er), n. 

Tights (tits), n. pi. Close-fitting garments, esp. for 
the lower part of the body and the legs. 

Ti'gress (tl'grSs), n. (Zo'61.) A female tiger. 

Ti'grine (tl'grin or -grin), a. [L. tigi-inus, fr. tigris 
a tiger.] Of or pertaining to a tiger ; like a tiger. 

Ti'grish (tl'grish), a. Resembling a tiger. 

Tike (tik), n. (Zo'61.) A tick. [Obs.] See 3d Tick. 

Tike, n. [Icel. tik a bitch.] 1. A dog ; cur. 2. A 
boorish person ; lout. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, fo v ot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TILBURY 



852 



TIME-HONORED 



TilTm-ry (tU'Wr-y'l, «. [Prob. from Tilburyfort, in 
A kind of gig without a top. 
Til'de (tO'dt), n. [Sp.. fr. L. titulus a superscrip- 
tion, sign. See Title, h.] The accentual mark placed 
.nid sometimes /, in Spanish words [thus, /7, /], 
indicating that the sound of the following vowel is to be 
preceded bv that of consonantal y. 

Tile (tH), ». i. [See 2d Tiler.] To protect from the 
intrusion of the uninitiated. 

Tile. »■ [AS. tigrf, tigol, fr. L. tegula, fr. iegere to 
cover. See Thatch.] 1.* A plate, or thin piece, of baked 
clay, used for rooting, floors, drains, mantel works, etc. 

2. (Arch.) ((/) A small slab of marble or other material 
used for flooring. (b) A plate of metal used for roofing. 

3. {Metal.) A small, flat piece of dried earth or earthen- 
ware, used to cover vessels in which metals are fused. 4. 
A hollow. 5. A stiff hat. [Colloq.~\ 

Tile. v. t. limp. & p. p. Tiled (tild) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Tilinc] To cover with, or as if with, tiles. 

Tile'fish' (-fish'), n. (Zodl.) A large, edible, deep- 
water food fish marked with large, yellow spots. 

Til'er (tfl'er), n. A man whose occupation is to lay tiles. 

Til'er, n. [Of uncertain origin.] A doorkeeper or 
attendant at a lodge of Freemasons. 

Til'er-y (-y), n. [From 2d Tile.] A place where 
tiles are made or burned ; a tile kiln. 

Til i-a'ceous (til'I-a'shiis), a. [L. tilia linden tree.] 
(Bot.) Of, pert, to, or resembling, a natural order of 
plants (Tiliaceae) of which the linden (Tilia) is the type. 

Til'ing (tiling), 7i. 1. A surface covered with tiles, 
or composed of tiles. 2. Tiles, collectively. 

Till (til), n. [Prop., a drawer, fr. OE. tillen to draw. 
See 4th Tiller.] A drawer. Specif. : (a) A drawer in 
a chest. (b) A money drawer in a shop or store. 

Till, n. 1. (Geo!.) A deposit of clay, sand, and 
gravel, without lamination, formed in a glacier valley by 
the waters from the melting glaciers ; sometimes, alluvium 
of an upper river terrace, appearing as if formed in the 
same manner. 2. A kind of coarse, obdurate land. 

Till, prep. [OE. til, Icel. til ; akin to G. ziel end, 
limit, object, and E. till to cultivate.] To ; unto ; up 
to ; as far as ; until ; — now used only in respect to time. 

Till, conj. As far as ; up to the place or degree that ; 
esp. , up to the time that ; until. 

Till, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Tilled (tild) ; p. pr. & rb. n. 
Tilling.] [AS. tilian, teolian, to aim, strive for, till ; akin 
to G. zielen to aim.] To plow and prepare for seed, and 
to sow, dress, raise crops from, etc. ; to cultivate. 

Till, r. i. To cultivate land. [arable. I 

Till'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may, or is fit to, be tilled ; \ 

Till'age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. Act, practice, or art of till- 
ing land for seed. 2. A place tilled ; cultivated land. 

Syn. — Culture ; husbandry ; farming ; agriculture. 

II Til-land'si-a (tTl-land'sI-a), n. [NL. ; after Prof. 
Tillands, of Finland.] (Bot.) A genus of epiphytic plants 
of the Southern U. S. and tropical America. Tillandsia 
usneoides has a very slender, pendulous, branching stem. 

Till'er (til'er), n. One who tills ; a husbandman. 

Till'er, n. [AS. telgor a small branch. Cf. Till, ».] 
(Bot. ) A shoot or growth of a plant, springing from the 
root or bottom of the original stalk ; a sucker. 

Till'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tillered (-erd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Tillering.] To put forth new shoots from the 
root, or round the bottom of the original stalk. 

Till'er, n. [From OE. tillen, tullen, to pull, prob. fr. 
AS. Ujllan in iortyllan to lead astray.] 1. (Naut.) A lever 
fitted to the rudder head and used for turning the rudder. 

2. The stalk, or handle, of a crossbow ; also, sometimes, 
the bow itself. [Obs.~\ 3. A small drawer ; till. 

TiHey (tllly), n., or Tilley seed' (sed')- (Bot.) 
The seeds of a small tree (Croton Parana) common in 
the Malay Archipelago. These seeds furnish croton oil. 

Til'ly-val'ly (tllly-vSl'ly), inter j., adv., or a. A 
word formerly used to express contempt, impatience, etc. 

Tilt (tilt), n. [AS. teld, geteld ; akin to G. zell.) A 
covering overhead ; esp., a tent, wagon, or boat. 

Tilt roof (Arch.), a round-headed roof, like the canopy of 
a wagon. 

Tilt. r. t. [imp. & p. p. Tilted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TrLTiXG.] To cover with a tilt, or awning. 

Tilt, v. t. [OE. tillen, lulten, to totter, AS. tealt un- 
stable ; akin to lealtrian to totter, G. zelt an amble. Cf. 
Totter.] 1. To incline ; to tip ; to raise one end of for 
discharging liquor. 2. To point or thrust, as a lance. 

3. To point or thrust a weapon at. [Obs.~\ 4. To ham- 
mer or forge with a tilt hammer. 

Tilt, ' . i. 1. To run or ride, and thrust with a lance ; 
to joust ; also, fig., to engage in any combat or move- 



ment resembling that of horsemen tilting with lances. 

2. To lean ; to fall partly over ; to tip. 

Tilt (tilt), ». 1. A thrust, as with a lance. 2. A 
mock combat on horseback with lances ; a tournament. 

3. See Tilt hammek, in the Vocabulary. 4. Inclination. 
Tilt'er (-er), n. 1. One who tilts, or jousts ; hence, 

one who fights. 2. One who operates a tilt hammer. 

Tilth (tilth), n. [AS. HW. See Till, r.] 1. State of 
being tilled ; culture. 2. Tilled ground. [7?.] 

Tilt' hammer (tilt' hSin'mer). A tilted hammer ; 
a heavy hammer, used 
in iron works, which is 
lifted or tilted by pro- 
jections on a revolving ©_ 
shaft ; a trip hammer. „ ^ 



Til' tree^ (til' 
(Bot.) See Teil. 



tre 7 ). 




Plm'fl line (HWa Tilt Hammer, a Helve ; b Pivot of 

lim a-iine (tim'a- Helve c Hamnicr Head . d An _ 

lin), a. (Zool.) Of Or vil [/ Shaft carrying Collar t with 
pertaining to the genus Cams for lifting the Hammer 
Timalus or family Ti- Hea d ; o Prop to hold up the 
malidse. which includes Hammer when not ln use - 
the babblers, or babbling thrushes, and bulbuls. 

Tim'bal (tlm'bol), n. A kettledrum. See Tymbal. 

Tim'ber (tim'ber), n. [F. timbre. See Timbre.] 
(Her.) The crest on a coat of arms. 

Tim'ber, n. [AS. timbor, timber, wood, building; 
akin to G. simmer room, L. domus a house, Gr. oo/aos 
house, Sefxeiv to build, Skr. dama house. Cf. Dome.] 
1. That sort of wood proper for buildings or for utensils, 
furniture, carriages, ships, etc. ; — usually said of felled 
trees, but sometimes of those standing. 2. The body, 
stem, or trunk of a tree. 3. Fig. : Material for any 
structure. 4. A single piece or squared stick of wood ; 
collectively, the larger pieces of wood forming the frame- 
work of a structure. 5. Woods or forest. [Western U. £'.] 
6. (Shipbuilding) A rib. One timber is composed of 
several pieces united. 7- [Perh. a different word.] 
(Com.) A certain quantity of fur skins, packed between 
boards, — in some cases 40 skins, in others 120. 

Tim'ber, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Timbered (-herd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Ttmbeking.] To furnish with timber ; — chiefly 
used in the past participle. 

Tim'ber-ing, n. Act of furnishing with timber ; 
also, timbers, collectively ; timberwork ; timber. 

TimTier-WOrk' (-wfirk'), n. Work made of timbers. 

Tim'bre (tim'ber), n. See 2d Timbeb, 7. 

Tim'bre, n. [F. , a bell to be struck with a hammer, 
sound, tone, stamp, crest, in OF., a timbrel. See Tim- 
brel.] 1. (Her.) The crest on a coat of arms. 2. 
(Mus.) Quality of tone distinguishing voices or instru- 
ments ; tone color ; clang tint. 

Timbrel (-brgl), n. [Dim. of OE. timbre, OF. tim- 
bre; prob. fr. L. tympanum. See Tympanttm.] (Mus.) 
A kind of drum, tabor, or tabret. 

Tim'breled ) (-breld), a. Sung to the sound of the 

TimOirelled ) timbrel. 

Time (tim), n. [AS. tima, akin to tid time. See 
Tdde, n."\ 1. Simple duration. 2. A particular point, 
period, or part of duration ; age ; period ; era ; — often 
in the pi. 3. The duration of one's life ; the hours and 
days which a person has at his disposal. 4. A proper 
time ; season ; opportunity. 5. Hour of travail, delivery, 
or parturition. 6. Performance or occurrence of an ac- 
tion or event, considered with reference to repetition ; 
addition of a number to itself ; repetition. 7. The 
present life ; definite, as contrasted with infinite, dura- 
tion. 8. (Gram.) Tense. 9. (Mus.) The measured du- 
ration of sounds ; tempo ; rate of movement. 

Absolute time, time irrespective of local standards or 
epochs. — Apparent time, the time of day reckoned by the 
sun. — Astronomical time, mean solar time reckoned by 
counting the hours continuously up to twenty-four from 
one noon to the next. — At times, at distinct intervals of 
duration; now and then. — Mean time, time as measured 
by an equable motion, as a perfect clock. — Sidereal time, 
time measured by the stars. — Time enough, in season ; 
early enough. — To move, run, or go, against time, to move, 
run, or go a given distance without a competitor, in the 
quickest possible time ; or, to accomplish the greatest 
distance which can be passed over in a given time. 

Time, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Timed (timd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Timing.] 1. To appoint the time for ; to bring, begin, or 
perform at the proper time. 2. To regulate as to time. 

3. To ascertain or record the time, duration, or rate of. 

4. To measure, as in music or harmony. 

Time, v. i. To keep or beat time ; to proceed in time. 
Time'-hon'ored (-on'erd), a. Venerable, and worthy 
of honor, by reason of antiquity. 



a, e, I, 5, u, long ; a, e, I, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final 



TIMEKEEPER 



853 



TIPSTAFF 



Time'keep'er (tiin'kep'er), n. One that keeps, marks, 
or regulates the time ; specif., a clock, watch, etc. 

Time'ly (-ly), a - [Compar. Timelier (-lT-er) ; super!. 
Timeliest.] Being or occurring in good time ; suffi- 
ciently early ; seasonable. — Time'li-ness (-U-n8s), it. 

Timely, adv. Early ; soon ; in good season. 

Ti-men'o-guy (tt-uiSn'6-gi), 71. (Naut.) A rope car- 
ried taut between or over obstacles likely to engage or 
ioul the running rigging in working a ship. 

Time'piece' (tim'pes'2, n. Timekeeper ; chronometer. 

Time'pleas'er (-pleVer), n. A timeserver. [watch. I 

Tim'er (-er), n. A timekeeper ; esp., a kind of stop| 

Time'sav'ing (tim'saVTng), a. Saving time. 

Time'serVer (-serv'er), n. A timeserving person. 

Time'serv'ing, a. Obsequiously complying with the 
spirit of the times, or the humors of those in power. — 
n. An obsequious compliance with the spirit of the 
times, or the humors of those in power. 

Syn. — Temporizing. — Both temporizing and time- 
serving are applied to the conduct of one who adapts 
himself servilely to circumstances, timeserving implying 
an actual conforming to, and acting upon, the prevailing 
opinion or the wishes of those in power to promote self- 
advancement, and temporizing implying a shrinking 
from a course of action prompted by a sense of duty, 
but likely to be followed by unpleasant results. 

Time'-ta'ble (-ta'b'l), n. A tabular statement or 
a diagram showing the time at, within, or during which, 
several things are to take place. 

Tim'id (tim'id), a. [L. limidus, fr. timere to fear.] 
Wanting courage to meet danger ; easily frightened ; 
not bold ; fearful. — Tim'id-ly, adv. — Tlm'id-ness, n. 

Syn. — Fearful ; timorous ; afraid ; cowardly ; pusil- 
lanimous ; faint-hearted ; shrinking ; shy ; retiring. 

Ti-mid'i-ty (ti-inidT-ty), n. Quality or state of being 
timid ; timorousness ; timidness. 

Tim'ist (tim'Tst), n. 1. (Mus.) A performer who 
keeps good time. 2. A timeserver. [O65.] 

Tim'or-OUS (tiin'er-us), a. [LL. timorosus, fr. L. 
timor fear ; akin to E. timid.'} 1. Fearful of danger ; 
timid ; deficient in courage. 2. Indicating, or caused 
by, fear. — Tim'or-ous-ly, adv. — Tim'or-ous ness. n. 

Tim'o-thy (tTm'o-thy), n., or Tim'o-thy grass 
{gras'). [From Timothy Hanson, who carried the seed 
from New England to Maryland about 1720.] (Bot.) A 
kind of fodder grass with long cylindrical spikes. 

U Tim'pa-no (tern'pa-no ; E. tim'pa-no), n. ; pi. Tim- 
pani (-ne). [It.] (3Ius.) See Tympano. 

Tim'-whis'key (tim'hwis'ky), n. See Whiskey. 

Tin (tin), n. [AS. tin ; akin to G. zinn.~\ 1. (Chem.) 
A soft white metal, malleable at ordinary temperatures, 
but brittle when heated. Symbol Sn (Slannum). 2. Tin 
plate. 3. Money. \_Canf] 

Block tin, tin partly refined and cast into blocks. 

Tin (tin), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinned (tind) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Tinning.] To cover with tin or tinned iron, or 
to overlay with tin foil. 

Tin'a-mou (tin'a-moo), n. [From native name.] 
(Zo'i',1.) Any one of several species of South American 
birds resembling grouse, but allied to the ostriches. 

Tin'cal (tin'kal),7i. [Ar., Per. & Hind, tinkar, fr. 
Skr. tankana.] (Chem.) Crude native borax, formerly 
imported from Tibet. 

Tinct (tinkt), a. [L. tincius, p. p.] Tinged. [Archaic] 

Tinct, n. Color ; tinge ; tint. [Archaic'] 

Tinct, v. t. To color ; to tint. [Archaic] 

Tinc-tO'ri-al (tink-to'rT-al), a. [L. tinctorius, from 
tinctor a dyer, tingere, tinctum, to dye. See Tinge.] Of 
or relating to color or colors ; imparting a color. 

Tinc'ture (tink'tur ; 135), n. [L. tinctura a dyeing, 
fr. lingere, tinctum. See Tinge.] 1. A tinge of color ; 
tint. 2. (Her. ) One of the metals, colors, or furs used 
in armory. 3. The finer and more volatile parts of a 
substance, separated by a solvent. 4. (Med.) A solu- 
tion (commonly colored) of medicinal substance in alco- 
hol. 5. A slight taste superadded to any substance. 
6. A slight quality added to anything ; tinge. 

Tinc'ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinctured (-turd; 
135) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tincturing.] To impart or add a 
tincture to ; to tinge. 

Tin'dal (tin'dal), n. [From native name.] 1. A 
petty officer among lascars ; a boatswain's mate ; a cock- 
swain. [India] 2. An attendant on an army. [India] 

Tin'der (-der), 71. [AS. iynder, tyndre ; akin to G. 
zunder.] Something very inflammable used for kindling 
fire from a spark, as scorched linen. 

Tine (tin), n. [AS. tind.] A tooth, spike, or prong. 

II Tin'e-a (tTn'e-a), n. [L., a worm, a moth.] (Med.) 
Any one of various skin diseases ; esp., ringworm. 



Ting (tTng), n. [An imitative word.] A sharp sound, 
as of a bell ; a tinkling. 

Tinge (tluj), p. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinged (tlnjd); 
p.pr. &vb.n. TiNGEiNo(tluj'ing).] [L. tingere, tinctum, 
to dye, stain, wet ; akin to Or. riyyetv. Cf. Taint, Tint.] 
To imbue or impregnate with something different or for- 
eign ; to affect in some degree with the qualities of 
another substance ; esp., to color slightly ; to stain. 

Syn.— To color ; dye; stain; tint. 

Tinge, 11. A degree (usually slight) of some color, 
taste, or something foreign, infused into, or added to, 
something ; tincture ; color ; dye ; hue ; shade ; taste. 

Tln'ger (-jer), n. One who, or that which, tinges. 

Tin'gid (tin'jTd), a. (Zool.) Of, pert, to, or designa- 
ting, a genus (Tingis) of small sap-sucking insects. 

Tin'gle (tTn'g'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tingled (-g'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tingling (-gLTug).] [Freq. of Ting.] 

1. To feel a kind of thrilling sensation, as in hearing a 
shrill sound. 2. To have or cause a sharp, thrilling sen- 
sation, or a pricking or stinging sensation. [tinkle. I 

Tink (tink), v. i. [OE. tinken ; — imitative.] To| 

Tink'er (-er), 71. [In allusion to the noise made by 
the tinker.] 1. A mender of metal ware. 2. One skilled 
in petty mechanical work. 

Tink'er, v. t. To mend or solder, as metal wares ; 
hence, more generally, to mend. — r. i. To busy one's 
self in tinkering things. 

Tin'kle (tTn'k'l), v. i. [imp.&p. p. Tinkled (-k'ld); 
p.pr. & vb. n. Tinkling (-kling).] [Freq. of Tink.] 1. 
To make, or give forth, small, quick, sharp sounds, as a 
piece of metal does when struck ; to clink. 2. To hear, 
or resound with, a small, sharp sound. 

Tin'kle, v. t. To cause to tinkle ; to clink. 

Tin'kle, n. A tinkling noise ; a small, sharp, quick 
sound. [a dealer in tinware. I 

Tin'man (tin'man), n. A manufacturer of tin vessels ; | 

Tinned (tind), a. Covered, or plated, with tin. 

Tin'ner (tin'ner), n. 1. One who works in a tin mine. 

2. One who makes, or works in, tinware ; a tinman. 
Tin'ny (-ny), a. Pert, to, abounding with, or like, tin. 
Tin'sel (tin'sSl), n. [F. etmcelle a spark, OF. estin- 

celle, L. scintilla. Cf. Scintillate, Stencil.] 1. A shin- 
ing material used for ornamental purposes ; as, a gauze- 
like cloth with gold or silver woven into it. 2. Something 
shining and gaudy ; something superficially showy. 

Tin'sel, v . t. [imp. & p. p. Tinseled (-sgld) or Tin- 
selled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tinseling or Tinselling.] To 
adorn with tinsel ; to deck out cheaply but showily. 

Tin'Stone' (-ston'), n. (Min.) Cassiterite. 

Tint (tint), 71. [For older tinct, fr. L. tinctus, p. p. 
See Tinge.] A slight coloring. Specif. : (a) A color con- 
sidered with reference to other very similar colors, (b) 
(Engraving) A shaded effect produced by fine close lines. 

Tint, v. t. To give a slight coloring to ; to tinge. 

Tin'tin-nab'u-lar (tin'tin-nab'u-ler), ) a. [L. tintin- 

Tin'tin-nab'u-la-ry (-nSb'u-la-ry), ( nabulwn a 
little bell, fr. tintinnare to ring, to jingle, tinnire to jin- 
gle.] Having or making the sound of a bell ; tinkling. 

Tin'tin-nab'U-la'tion (la'shun), n. A tinkling. 

Tin'tin-nab'U-loUS (-nab'u-lus), a. Tintinnabular. 

Tin'type 7 (-tip 7 )) n. Same as Ferrotype. 

Ti'ny (tl'ny), a. [Compar. Tixeer (-nT-er) ; snperl. 
Tiniest.] [Prob. fr. obs. tine, teen, trouble.] Very small ; 
little. 

Tip (tip), 71. [Akin to D. tipp, G. sip/el.] 1. A point 
or extremity ; end. 2. An end piece or part. 3. (Hat 
Manuf.) The lining on the inside of a hat crown. 

Tip, v . t. [imp. &p. p. Tipped (tlpt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Tipping.] To form a point upon ; to cover the tip of. 

Tip, v. t. & i. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To strike 
slightly: to tap. 2. To give a present to; to fee. 
[Colloq.] 3. To incline to one side ; to tilt. 

Tip, n. 1. A light touch or blow ; a tap. 2. A gift ; 
a fee. [Colloq.] 3. A hint, or information imparted 
secretly. [Sporting Cant] 

Tip'pet (-pet), 7i. [AS. tirppet, prob. fr. L. tapete 
tapestry. Cf. Tapestry.] A cape, or scarflike garment 
for the neck, or the neck and shoulders, as of fur. 

Tip'ple (tip'p'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tippled (-p'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. 71. Tippling.] [From, or akin to, 1st Tn?.] 
To drink spirituous or strong liquors habitually; esp., 
to drink frequently, but not to complete drunkenness. 

Tip'ple, v. t. 1. To drink, as liquors, frequently or 
in excess. 2. To put up in bundles so as to dry, as hay. 

Tip'pler (-pier), 71. One who tipples. 

Tip'si-ly (-sT-1^), adv. In a tipsy manner. 

Tip'sl-ness. n. State or quality of being tipsy. 

Tip'Staff' (-staf '), 71. ; pi. Tipstaves (-stavz 7 or -stavz'). 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, o, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



N 



TIPSY 



854 



TOAD 



* 






iff tipped with metal. 2. An officer who bears a 
staff tipped with metal : a constable. 

Tip'sy (tTpW)! 0. [Akiu to Tipple.] 1. Being under 
the influence of strong drink ; rendered weak or foolish 
bv liquor, but not completely drunk ; fuddled ; intoxi- 
cated. 2. Staggering, as if from intoxication ; reeling. 

Tlp'toe (,-to \ ft. The end, or tip, of the toe. 

Tiptoe'. 9. i. To step or walk on tiptoe. 

Tip'top', a. Very excellent ; perfect. [Colloq. - ] 

Tirade' (,tl-rad'\ n. [F., fr. It. tirata, fr. tirare to 
draw ; akiu to E. tear to rend.] A long declamatory strain 
of censure or abuse ; a censorious and bitter harangue. 

TiraUleur'a" ral'yer'orte-'ra'yer'), ?i. [F.] [MO.) 
Formerly, a member of an independent body of marksmen 
in the French army : now, any skirmisher. 

Tire ijir). n. A" tier, row. or rank. [06s.] See Tier. 

Tire,". [Aphetic for Attire.] 1. Attire. [Archaic] 
2. A headdress. 3. A pinafore ; a tier. 4. Furniture ; 
equipment. [06s.] 5. [Prob. so called as being a cover- 
ing for the wheel.] An outside hoop or band, as of metal, 
on the circumference of the wheel of a vehicle. 

Tire, v. t. To adorn ; to attire ; to dress. [Obs.] 

Tire, r- i [F. Hrer to pull ; akin to E. tear to rend.] 
To seize, pull, aud tear prey, as a hawk does. [Obs.] 

Tire, v. i- & t. [imp. & p. p. Tired (tird) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Tiring.] [AS. teorian ; origin uncertain.] To be- 
come or make weary ; to be fatigued ; to have the strength 
fail : to have, or cause to have, the patience exhausted. 

Syn. — To jade ; weary ; exhaust ; harass. 

Tired'ness (tird'nes), n. State of being tired, or weary. 

Tire'some (tir'sum), a. Fitted or tending to tire ; ex- 
hausting ; wearisome ; fatiguing ; tedious. — Tire'some- 
ly, ad v. — Tlre'some-ness, n. 

Tire , -WOm / an (tir'wdoni'an), n. [See Tire attire.] 
1. A lady's maid. 2. A dresser in a theater. 

Tir'ing-room' (-room 7 ), n. [For attiring room."} The 
room or place where players dress for the stage. 

Ti-ro'ni-an (ti-ro'ni-an), a. Of or pertaining to Tiro, 
(the amanuensis of Cicero), or to a system of shorthand 
said to have been invented by him. 

Ti-sane / (te-zan'), n. [F.] {Med.) See Ptisan. 

Tis'ic (tizlk), Tis'ic-al (-i-kal), a. For Phthisic, 
Phthisical. 

Tis'ic, n. Consumption; phthisis. 

Tis'ick-y (-Tk-y), a. Consumptive ; phthisical. 

Tis'sue (tish'u), n. [F. tissu, fr. tissu, p. p. of tisser, 
tistre, L. texere. See Text.] 1. A woven fabric. 2. A 
silk gauze, U6ed for veils, etc. ; specif., cloth interwoven 
with gold or silver threads. 3. (Biol.) One of the ele- 
mentary materials or fibers, having a uniform structure 
and a specialized function, of an ordinary animal or plant ; 
also, in a wider sense, any of all the materials, differing 
in structure and function, making up an organ. 4. Fig. : 
Web ; texture ; complicated fabrication ; connected series. 

Tissue paper, very thin, gauzelike paper. 

Tis'sue, v. t. To form tissue of ; to interweave. 

Tit (tit), n. 1. A small horse. 2. A woman ; — con- 
temptuous. 3. A morsel ; bit. 4. [Prob. orig., something 
small.] (Zo'ol.) (a) Any one of numerous small singing 
birds ; titmouse, (b) The European meadow pipit. 

Ti-tan'ic (tt-tan'ik), a. Of or relating to the Titans, 
or fabled giants of ancient mythology ; hence, enormous. 

Ti-tan'ic (ti-tan'ik), a. {Chem.) Of, pert, to, or con- 
taining, titanium, esp. in its higher valence. See -ic. 

Ti-ta'ni-um (ti-ta'ni-um), n. [XL., fr. L. Titani or 
Titanes, Gr. Tirii/e?, the sons of the earth.] (Chem.) 
An element isolated as an infusible, iron-gray powder, 
having a metallic luster. 

Tifbit' (tlt'bit'), n. Same as Tidbit. 

Tith'a-ble (tith'a-b'l), a. Subject to be tithed. 

Tithe (tith), 72. [AS. teoSa the tenth ; akin to E. ten.] 

1. A tenth; a tenth part; specif ., the tenth part of the 
increase from land and stock, devoted to religious uses. 

2. Hence, a small part or proportion. 

Tithe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tithed (tithd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tithing.] To levy a tithe on ; to pay tithes on. 

Tith'ing, n. 1. Act of levying or taking tithes ; that 
which is taken as tithe ; a tithe. 2. (0. Eng. Law) A 
company of ten neighboring householders who were 
sureties for the good behavior of each other. 

Tith'ing-man (-m£n), n. 1. (0. Eng. Law) The chief 
man of a tithing. 2. (Law) An under constable. 3. A 
parish officer elected to preserve order in the church. 

Tith'y-mal (tTth'T-nK/l), n. [L. tithymalus a kind of 
plant. Gr. tu8vij.o\o<;.~\ (Bot.) Spurge. 

Tit'il-late (tTt'Tl-lat), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Titil- 
lated Ma'tSd) : p. pr. & vb. n. Titillating.] [L. titil- 
1'ire. p. p. -atus.~\ To tickle. 




Tit'il-la'tion (tit Tl-la'shun), n. 1. A tickling ; state 
of being tickled. 2. A tickling or a pleasurable sensation 

Tit'lark' (-lark'), n. [Tit, 4 + far*.] (Zobl.) Any 
one of numerous small singing birds resembling the true 
larks ; esp., the European meadow pipit. 

Ti'tle (tl't'l), n. [OF. title, L. titulus an inscription, 
label, title, sign, token.] 1. An inscription, esp. that at 
the beginning of a book containing the subject of the 
work, the author's and publisher's names, the date, etc. 
2. A section or division of a subject. 3. An appellation 
of dignity, distinction, or preeminence given to persons. 
4. Name ; appellation ; designation. 5. (Law) (a) That 
which constitutes the foundation of ownership of prop- 
erty, (b) The instrument which is evidence of a right. 

Syn. — See Epithet, and Name. 

Ti'tle, v. t. To name ; to entitle. [is its title. I 

Ti'tle-page' (-paj'), n. The page of a book on which | 

Tit'mouse' (tit'mous'), «. ; pi. Titmice (-mis'). [OE. 
titemose, itmase ; tit small, or a small bird + AS. mase a 
kind of small bird, not akin to E. mouse.] 
(Zo'ol. ) Any one of numerous species of 
small insectivorous singing birds. 

Ti'trate (ti'trat), v. t. [F. titrer, fr. 
Hire standard, title.] (Chem.) To ana- 
lyze, or determine the strength of, by 
means of standard solutions. 

Tit'ter (tTt'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
Tittered (-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tit- 
tering.] [Prob. imitative.] To laugh 
with restraint, or slyly ; to giggle. 

Tit'ter, n. A restrained laugh. Bl u e Titmouse 

Tit'tle (tlt't'l), n. [Apparently a dim. ^ Farus «*n***> 
of Trr small.] A particle ; a minute part ; jot ; iota. 

Tit'tle-tat'tle (-tat't'1), n. [Reduplicated fr. Tattle.] 
1. Idle, trifling talk; empty prattle. 2. A gossip, [i?.] 

Tit'u-lar (tit'u-ler ; 135), a. [F. titulaire, fr. L. titu- 
lus. See Title.] Existing in title or name only ; nom- 
inal ; having the title to an office or dignity without dis- 
charging its appropriate duties. — Tit'U-lar-ly, adv. 

Tit'U-la-ry (-la-r^), n. A person invested with a title, 
in virtue of which he holds an office or benefice, whether 
he performs the duties of it or not. [title. I 

Tit'U-la-ry, a. 1. Titular. 2. Of or pertaining to a | 

Tme'sis (me'sis or t'me'sis), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. 
re/j-veiv to cut.] (Gram.) The separation of the parts of 
a compound word by one or more intervening words. 

To- (too- or td6- ; see To, prep.). [AS. to- asunder ; 
akin to G. zer-.~\ An obsolete intensive prefix used in 
the formation of compound verbs. 

To (too, emphatic or alone; too, obscure or unem- 
phatic), prep. [AS. to ; akin to D. toe, G. zu, Gr. -Se, as 
in oixaSe homeward. Cf. Too.] 1. Primarily indicating 
approach and arrival, motion made in the direction of a 
place or thing and attaining it, access ; and also, motion 
or tendency without arrival ; movement toward ; — op- 
posed to from. 2. Hence, indicating motion, course, or 
tendency toward anything, as a time, a state, an aim. 3. 
In a very general way, and with innumerable varieties 
of application, to connects transitive verbs with their re- 
moter or indirect object, and adjectives, nouns, and 
neuter or passive verbs with a following noun which 
limits their action. 4. As sign of the infinitive, to had 
originally the use last defined, governing the infinitive 
as a verbal noun ; but it has come to be the almost con- 
stant prefix to the infinitive, even in situations where it 
has no prepositional meaning, as where the infinitive is 
direct object or subject. 5. In many connections to is 
used elliptically. Thus, it may imply : (a) Extent ; 
limit ; degree of inclusion, (b) Effect ; end ; conse- 
quence, (c) Apposition ; antithesis ; opposition, (d ) 
Accord; adaptation, (e) Comparison. (/) Addition; 
union, (g) Accompaniment, (h) Character; condition 
of being ; purpose. [In this sense archaic] 

J^^To in to-day, to-night, and to-morrow has the sense 
or force of for or on. 

To and fro, forward and 
back. In this phrase, 
to is adverbial. — To the 
face, in front of ; not be- 
hind ; hence, in the pres- 
ence of. — To wit, to 
know ; namely. 

G^" To, without an 
object expressed, is used 
adverbially. 

Toad (tod), n. [AS. 
tadie, tadige ; origin un- 
known.] (Zo'ol.) Any 
one of numerous species American Toad (Bufo lenttgnnosus). 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, «, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Sbey, tLnite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



TOADEATER 



855 



TOLL 




of insectivorous batrachians generally terrestrial in their 
habits except during the breeding season, and mostly 
having a rough, warty skin in which are glands that 
secrete an acrid fluid. 

Toad'eat er (tod'et'er), n. [Said to allude to an old 
alleged practice among mountebanks' boys of eating 
toads (popularly held to be poisonous), iu order to pre- 
tend to be cured.] A fawning, obsequious parasite ; a 
mean sycophant ; toady. 

Toad'flsh (-fish'), n. (Zool.) (a) Any one of a genus 
of marine fishes having a large, thick head and a wide 
mouth. (b) The angler, (c) A swellfish. 

Toad'Stone 7 (-ston'), n. 1. (Min.) The igneous 
rocks of Derbyshire, England, — locally so called. 2. Bu- 
fonite, formerly worn as a jewel. 

Toad'StOOl/ (-stool'), n. (Bo(.)A name given to many 
umbrella - shaped fungi, 
mostly of the genus Agari- 
cus. 

Toad'y (-y), n. [Short- 
ened from Toadeater.] A 
mean flatterer ; a toadeater. 

Toad'y (tod'y), v. t. 
limp. &p. p. Toadied (-id) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Toadying.] 
To fawn upon meanly. 

Toast (tost), v. I. [imp. 
&p. p. Toasted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Toasting.] [OF. 
foster, fr. L. torrere, tostum, 
to roast. See Torrid.] 1. *«««». 

To dry and brown by the heat of a fire. 2. To warm 
thoroughly. 3. To name when a health is proposed to 
be drunk ; to drink to the health, or in honor, of. 

Toast, n. 1. Bread dried and browned before a fire, 
usually in slices. 2. A lady in honor of whom persons 
are invited to drink ; — toasts were formerly put into the 
liquor, as a delicacy. 3. Hence, any person, esp. a per- 
son of distinction, in honor of whom a health is drunk ; 
hence, also, anything so commemorated ; a sentiment. 

Toast'er (-er), n. 1. One who toasts. 2. A utensil 
for toasting. 

Toast'mas'ter (-master), n. A person who presides 
at a public dinner or banquet, and announces the toasts. 

To bac'co (to-bSk'ko), n. [Sp. tabaco ; of Am. Indian 
origin.] 1. (Bot.) An American narcotic plant of the 
Nightshade family, much used for smoking and chewing, 
and as snuff. 2. The prepared leaves of the plant. 

To-bac'CO-nist (-nlst), n. 1. A dealer in tobacco ; also, 
a manufacturer of tobacco. 2. A smoker of tobacco. [Obs.~\ 

To'bine (to'bin), n. [See Tabby.] A stout twilled silk. 

To-DOg'gan (to-bog'gan), n. [Am. Indian odabagan a 
sled.] A kind of coasting sledge made of pliable board. 

To-COl'0-gy (to-kol'6-jy), n. [Gr. tokos a birth -f- 
-logy."] Science of obstetrics, or midwifery. 

Toc'sin (tok'sin), ». [F., fr. OF. toquier to touch 
(= F. toucher) -\- seint (for sein) a bell, deriv. of L. signum 
sign. See Touch ; Sign.] An alarm bell, or the ringing 
of a bell for the purpose of alarm. 

Tod (tSd), n. [Akin to D. todde a rag, G. zotte shag, 
rag.] 1. A bush ; a bushy clump. [)?.] 2. An old 
weight for wool, usually 28 pounds. 3. A fox. 

To-day' (tdo-da'), adv. On this day ; on the present 
day. — n. The present day. 

Tod'dle (tod'd'l), v. i. [Akin to Tottle.] To walk 
with short, tottering steps, as a child. 

Tod'dle, n. A toddling walk. 

Tod'dler, n. One who toddles ; esp., a young child. 

Tod'dy (-dy), n. [From Hind, tari, fr. tar the palmyra 
palm, Skr. tala.~\ 1. A juice drawn from various palms 
in the East Indies, or a spirituous liquor prepared from 
it. 2. A mixture of spirit and hot water sweetened. 

To-do' (tob-dob'), n. Bustle; stir; ado. \_Colloq.~\ 

To'dy (to'dy), ra. [Cf. NL. todus, F. todier, G. tod- 
vogel.~\ (Zool.) Any one of several species of small in- 
sectivorous West Indian birds allied to the kingfishers. 

Toe (to), n. [AS. ta; akin to G. zehe.~\ 1. (Anat.) 
One of the terminal members, or digits, of the foot of a 
man or an animal. 2. (Zool. ) The fore part of the hoof 
or foot of an animal. 3. Anything, or any part, corre- 
sponding to the toe of the foot. 

Toe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toed (tod) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Toeing.] To touch with the toes ; to come up to. 

Toe, v. i. To hold or carry the toes (in a certain way). 

To-fore' (tdb-for'), prep. & adv. Before. [065.] 

Toft (toft ; 115), n. [OE., knoll.] 1. A knoll; hill. 
[Obs.] 2. A grove; also, a plain. \_Prov. Eng.~\ 
3. (0. Eng. Law) The site of a burnt or decayed house. 




II To'ga (to'ga), n. ; pi. E. Togas (-gaz), L. Too* (-je). 
[L.] (Rom. Antiq.) The loose outer garment, of a tuugle 
piece of cloth, worn by the ancient Romans. 

To'ged (tS'gSd), a. Drehhiul in u to^a. [06.?.] 
To-geth'er (tob-ggth'er), adv. [AS. lugmdere, to- 
gaden. See To, 01*00./ Gather.] 1. In company or 
association as to place or time. 2. In or into union ; into 
junction. 3. In concert ; with mutual cooperation. 

Tog'ger-y(t5g'ger-y),?t. [Cf.TooA.] Clothes. [Col- 
loq.-\ 

Tog'gle (-g'l), n. [Cf. Tog.] 1. (Xaut.) A wooden 
pin tapering toward both ends with a groove around its 
middle ; a kind of frog. 2. 
(Mack.) Two rods or plates 
with a connecting toggle joint. 
Toggle iron, a harpoon with a 
pivoted crosspiece near the Head of Toggle Iron, 
point. — Toggle Joint, a kind of elbow or knee joint of two 
bars, for exerting great endwise pressure. 

Toil (toil), n. [F. toilen, pi., toils, nets, fr. 
toile cloth, spider web, fr. L. tela any woven 
stuff, fr. lexere to weave.] A net or snare 
spread for taking prey. 

Toil, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toiled (toild) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Toiling.] [OE. toilen to pull 
about, to toil; of uncertain origin.] To exert 
strength with pain and fatigue of body or mind ; 
to labor ; to work. [pressive labor. I 

Toil, n. Labor with pain and fatigue ; op- J 
Syn.— Labor; drudgery ; work; exertion ; oc- 
cupation ; employment ; task ; travail. — Labor 
implies strenuous, but not necessarily excessive, exertion; 
toil implies a painful and exhausting severity of labor ; 
drudgery implies mean and degrading work, or, at least, 
work which wearies or disgusts from its minuteness or 
dull uniformity. 
Toil'er (-er), n. One who toils, or labors painfully. 
Toilet (toi'lgt), 7i. [F. toilette, dim. of toile cloth. 
See Toil a net.] 1. A covering spread over a table in a 
chamber or a dressing room. 2. A dressing table. 3. 
Act or mode of dressing, or that which is arranged in 
dressing ; attire ; dress. 

Toil'some (toil'sum), a. Laborious ; wearisome. — 
Toil'some-ly, adv. — Toil'some-ness, n. 

To-kay' (to-ka'), n. (Bot.) A rich wine made from a 
species of whitish grapes raised about Tokay, Hungary. 

To'ken (to'k'n), n. [AS. tacen ; akin to G. zeichen, 
n., zeihen, v., L. dicere to say, Gr. SeiKvvvai to show, Skr. 
die. Cf. Teach.] 1. Something intended or supposed 
to represent or indicate another thing or an event ; sign ; 
symbol. 2. A memorial of friendship ; memento ; 
souvenir. 3. A piece of metal intended for currency, 
and issued by a private party. Also, a coin issued by 
government, esp. when worth less than its nominal value. 
4. (Print.) Ten and a half quires, or, commonly, 250 
sheets, of paper printed on both sides; sometimes 250 
sheets printed on one side, or 125 printed on both sides. 
Told (told), imp. & p. p. of Tell. 
Tole (tol), v. t. [OE. toilen to draw, to entice ; origin 
uncertain. Cf. Toll to ring.] To allure by a bait. 

Tol'er-a-ble (tol'er-a-b'l), a. [L. tolerabilis. See 
Tolerate.] 1. Capable of being tolerated ; supportable. 
2. Moderately good or agreeable ; not contemptible ; 
passable. — Tol'er-a-ble-ness, n. — Tol'er-a-bly, adv. 

Tol'er-ance (-ons), n. Act, power, or capacity of 
tolerating or enduring ; quality of being toleraut ; endur- 
ance ; toleration. 

Tol'er-ant (-ant), a. [L. tolerans, p. pr.] Inclined 
to tolerate ; favoring toleration ; forbearing ; indulgent. 
Tol'er-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. S: p. p. Tolerated (-a'- 
ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Tolerating.] [L. tolerarr, p. p. 
-atus, fr. same root as tollere to lift up, tuli, used as per- 
fect of ferre to bear, lotus (for tlatus), used as p. p. of 
ferre to bear, and E. thole. ~] To suffer to be, or to be 
done, without prohibition or hindrance ; to allow or per- 
mit by not preventing ; not to restrain ; to put up with. 
Syn. — See Permit. 

Tol'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of tolerating. 2. 
Specif., the allowance of religious opinions and modes of 
worship differing from those of the established church or 
belief in a state. 3. Hence, freedom from bigotry and 
severity in judging, esp. in religious matters. 

Toll (tol), v. t. [L. tollere. See Tolerate.] (0. 
E?ig. Law) To take away ; to vacate ; to annul. 

Toll, v. t. & i. limp. S: p. p. Tolled (told) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Tolling.] [See Tole.] 1. To allure ; to tole. 
2. [Prob. same word as toll to draw, and at first meaning, 
to ring in order to draw people to church.] To sound 
or ring, as a bell, with strokes slowly and uniformly 



f6rn, recent, ftrb, rijde, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, bo, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TOLL 



856 



TONSURE 







JSS 



repeated. 3. To strike, or to Indicate by striking, as the 
hour. 4. To Okll, summon, or notify, by tolling or ringing. 

Toll ^tcH. n. The sound or stroke of a tolling bell. 

Toll. n. [AS. Ml ; akin to G. zoll and also to E. tale ; 
— orig.', what is counted out in payment.] 1. A tax paid 
for a liberty or privilege, as for passing over a highway. 
2- A portion of grain taken by a miller as pay for grinding. 

S\ ii. — Tax ; custom ; duty ; impost. 

Toll, r. i. 1. To pay toll. [J?.] 2. To take toll. [iJ.] 

TolFbOOth' (,-boothO) n. 1. A place where goods are 
weighed to ascertain the duties or toll. [06s.] 2. A 
burgh jail ; hence, any prison. [Scot.} [tolls a bell. I 

Toll'er (t6T6r), n. 1. A toll gatherer. 2. One who I 

Toll'gate (tol'gStf), 7i. A gate where toll is taken. 

ToU'nouse 7 (-hous'), n. A house occupied by a re- 
ceiver of tolls. 

To-lu' (to-lob' or to^u), n. A fragrant balsam said to 
have been first brought from Santiago de Tolu, in New 
Granada. 

Tol'u-ene (t51'u-en), n. {Tolu + benzene.] A hydro- 
carbon of the aromatic series obtained by distillation from 
tolu balsam, coal tar, etc. 

To-lu'i-dine (to-lu'T-dTn or -den), n. (Chem.) Any 
one of three metameric derivatives of toluene, analogous 
to aniline. 

Tom'a-hawk (tom'a-hak), n. [Of American A 
Indian origin.] A kind ^^^ ^ ^^i ^Si 

of war hatchet used by Tw»WnfifiBHta«siMi^s^^H_JJ 
the American Indians. Byk 

Tom'a-hawk, v. t. To cut, Tomahawk. Jmm 
Btrike, or kill, with a tomahawk. ^m»j§ 

Tom'al'ley (-Sl'ly), n. The liver of the lobster. 

To-ma'tO (to-ma'to or to-nia'to), n. ; pi. -toes (-toz). 
[Sp. or Pg. tomate, of Am. Indian origin.] (Bot. ) The edi- 
ble fruit of a plant of the Nightshade family ; also, the plant. 

Tomb (toom), n. [F. tombe, LL. tumba, f r. Gr. tu/u.j3os a 
grave.] 1. A pit in which to bury a dead person ; grave ; 
sepulcher. 2. A house or vault for receiving the dead. 
3. A monument to a dead person, inclosing the body. 

Tomb, v. t. To place in a tomb ; to bury. 

Tom'bac (tom'ba'k), n. [Pg. tambaca, tambaque, fr. 
Malay tambdga copper.] {Metal.) A very malleable and 
ductile alloy of copper and zinc, resembling brass, — 
about 84 per cent copper. 

Tom'boy' (-boi'), n. {Tom (for Thomas, L. Thomas, 
Gr. 0a>/u.a?) -f- boy.]_ A romping girl ; hoiden. {Colloq.] 

Tomb'Stone 7 (toom'ston'), n. A stone erected over a 
grave, to preserve the memory of the deceased. 

Tom'cat' .(tom'kaf/), n. {Tom (see Tomboy) -f- eat.~\ 
A male cat, esp. when full grown or of large size. 

Tom'cod' (-kod'), n. {Tom (see Tomboy) -f- cod.] 
(Zool.) (a) A small edible American fish of the Codfish 
family. (b) The kingfish. (c) The wall-eyed pike. 

Tome (torn), n. [F., fr. L. tomus, fr. Gr. to/x.o?, lit., a 
piece cut off, akin to re/uveij/ to cut.] A volume, esp. a 
ponderous one, forming part of a work ; a book. 

To'men-tose' (to'mln-tos'), a. [L. tomentum a stuff- 
ing of wool, hair, or feathers.] {Bot. & Zool.) Covered 
with matted woolly hairs. 

To-men'tOUS (to-men'tus), a. Tomentose. 

Tom'fool' (tom'fool'), n. {Tom (see Tomboy) -\-fool.] 
A great fool ; a trifler. 

Tom f ool'er-y (tom'fobl'er-y), n. Folly ; trifling. 

Tom'my (tom'my), n. 1. Bread, — generally a penny 
roll. {Slang, Eng.] 2. A truck, or barter. {Slang, Eng.~] 

To-mor'row (too-mor'ro), adv. [Prep, to -f morrow.] 
On the day after the present day ; on the morrow. — n. 
The day after the present ; the morrow. 

Tom'pi-on (t5m'pf-un), n. Same as Tampion. 

Tom'pon (-pun), n. [F. tampon. See Tampion.] An 
inking pad used in lithographic printing. 

Tom'rig' (-rTg'), n. {Tom (see Tomboy) -f- fig.] A 
rude, wild, wanton girl ; hoiden ; tomboy. 

Tom'-tom' (-torn'), n. See Tam-tam. 

-tomy. Combining form from root of Gr. refivecv to 
cut, used esp. in surgery to denote a cutting or dissection ; 
as in anatomy, laryngoforat/. [vogue. I 

II Ton (tSN), n. [F. See Tone.] Prevailing fashion ; | 

Ton (tfin), n. [Cf. Tunny.] {Zool.) The common 
tunny, or horse mackerel. 

Ton (tiin), n. [AS. tunne a tun, tub, a large vessel ; 
akin to G. & F. tonne a ton, tun, LL. tunna a tun.] 
(Com.) A measure of weight or quantity. Specif. : 
(a) Twenty hundredweight, — in England, 2,240 pounds ; 
in the U. S., commonly 2,000 pounds (the 'short ton), 
that of 2,240 being called the long ton. (b) {Naut. & 
Com.) Forty cubic feet of space, — used as a measure 
of carrying capacity, (c) (Naut. & Com.) Any one of 



certain weights or quantities of merchandise fixed by 
usage with reference to transportation as freight. 

GL-4^ Ton and tun have the same etymology, and were 
formerly used interchangeably ; but now ton generally 
designates the weight, and tun the cask. 

To-nal'i-ty (to-nSl'I-ty), n. (3Ius.) The principle of 
key in music ; the character which a composition has by 
virtue of the key in which it is written. 

Tone (ton), n. [F. ton, L. tonus a sound, tone, fr. Gr. 
tovos a straining, raising of the voice, pitch, in pi., keys 
differing in pitch ; akin to reivew to stretch.] 1. Sound, 
or the character or quality of a sound, or a sound con- 
sidered as of this or that character. 2. (Rhet.) Accent 
or inflection or modulation of the voice. 3. A whining 
style of speaking ; a kind of mournful or artificial strain 
of voice. 4. (Mus.) (a) The larger kind of interval 
between contiguous sounds in the diatonic scale, the 
smaller being called a semitone, (b) A mode ; a tune ; a 
plain chant. 6. (Med. & Physiol.) That state of a body, 
or of any of its organs or parts, in which the animal 
functions are healthy. 6. Fig. : Healthy and vigorous 
condition of the intellectual or moral faculties ; hence, 
state of mind ; temper ; mood. 7. Tenor ; character ; 
spirit; drift. 8. The relative general or prevailing 
character or style, as of morals, manners, or sentiment. 
9. The general effect of a picture produced by the com- 
bination of light and shade and color (in paintings). 

Tone, v. t. {imp. &p. p. Toned (tond) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Toning.] 1. To utter with an affected tone. 2. To 
give tone, or a particular tone, to ; specif., to tune. 

Tongs (tongz; 115), n. pi. [AS. tange; akin to G. 
zange, Gr. Sdnveiv to bite, Skr. dame, dag."] An instru- 
ment, with two long shafts, jointed together at or near 
one end, or united by an elastic bow, used for handling 
things, esp. hot coals or metals. 

Tongue (tung), n. [AS. tunge ; akin to G. zunge, L. 
lingua.] 1. (Anat.) An organ in the mouth of most 
vertebrates, in man and other mammals serving as the 
chief organ of taste. 2. The power of articulate utter- 
ance; speech. 3. Discourse; fluency of speech or ex- 
pression. 4. Eulogy. {Obs.] 5. A language. 6. Speech; 
words or declarations merely. 7. A people having a dis- 
tinct language. 8. (Zool.) (a) The odontophore of a 
mollusk. (b) The proboscis of a moth or a butterfly. 9. 
(Zool.) Any small sole. 10. Anything likened to an 
animal's tongue ; as, the tongue of a buckle. 

Syn. — Language ; speech ; expression. See Language. 

Tongue, v. t. & i. {imp. &p. p. Tongued (tungd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Tonguing.] 1. To speak ; to utter ; to talk. 
2. To chide. 3. (Mus.) To modulate with the tongue, 
as notes. 4. To join by means of a tongue and groove. 

Tongued (tungd), a. Having a tongue. 

Tongue'less (tung'lgs), a. 1. Having no tongue. 
2. Hence, speechless ; mute. 3. Unnamed. {Obs.~\ 

Tongue'-tied' (-tid'), a. 1. Incapable of distinct 
articulation ; having an impediment in the speech. 2. 
Unable to speak freely, from whatever cause. 

Ton'ic (tonlk), a. [See Tone.] 1. Of or relating to 
tones or sounds. 2. Pertaining to tension; increasing 
tension; hence, increasing strength. 3. (Med.) In- 
creasing strength, or the tone of the animal system. 

Ton'ic, n. 1. (Mus.) The key tone. 2. (Med.) A 
tonic medicine. 

Tonic sol-fa (Mus.), a letter system of notation, based on 
key relationship, and hence called " tonic." 

To-nic'i-ty (to-nis'i-ty), 7i. (Physiol.) State of healthy 
tension of muscle fibers while at rest. 

To-night' (td6-nlt'), adv. 1. On this present or 
coming night. 2. On the last night past. {Obs.~\ 

To-night', n. The present or the coming night. 

Ton'ka bean' (ton'ka ben'). [Cf. F. tonka.'] (Bot.) 
The fragrant seed of a leguminous tree of Guiana. 

Ton'nage (tun'naj ; 48), n. [From 3d Ton.] 1. Weight 
of goods carried in a boat or a ship. 2. The burden of a 
vessel, or vessels, reckoned in tons. 3. A duty, toll, or 
impost estimated per ton, as on vessels or goods. 4. The 
whole amount of shipping estimated by tons. 

Ton'sil (ton'sil), n. [L. tonsillse, pi.] (Anal.) One 
of the two glandular organs at the sides of the throat. 

Ton'sile (-sil), a. [L. tonsilis, fr. tondere, tonsum, 
to shear, clip.] Capable of being clipped. 

Ton-SO'ri-al (t5n-so'rT-al), a. [L. tonsorius. See Ton- 
sure.] Of or pert, to a barber, or tonsure. 

Ton'sure (ton'shur), n. [F., fr. L. ionsura a shearing, 
fr. tondere, tonsum, to shear, shave.] 1. Act of clipping 
the hair, or of shaving the crown of the head ; also, state 
of being shorn. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The shaven crown which 
priests wear as a mark of their order and of their rank. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, 8vent, tdea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



TONTINE 



857 



TOQl.'K 



Ton-tine' (t8n-ten'), n. [F., fr. It. tontina ; — from 
its inventor, Tonti, an Italian.] An annuity, or a loan 
raised on life annuities, with the benefit of survivorship. 

To'ny (to'ny), n. [Abbrev. fr. Ant/tony.] A sim- 
pleton. 

Too (too), adv. [Same word as To, prep.] 1. Over ; 
more than enough, — noting excess. 2. Likewise; also, 
in addition ; besides. 

Took (took), imp. of Take. 

Tool (tool), n. [AS. tul ; akin to Goth, tanjan to do.] 

1. An instrument used in the manual arts, to facilitate 
mechanical operations ; any instrument used by a work- 
man ; implement ; also, a cutting or shaping part of a ma- 
chine that dresses work, or the machine itself. 2. Hence, 
any instrument of use or service. 3. A person used as an 
instrument by another person ; — implying reproach. 

Tool, v. I. 1. To shape, form, or finish with a tool. 

2. To drive, as a coach. [Slang] 

Toot (toot), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tooted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Tooting.] [Prob. imitative.] To blow or sound a horn; 
to make a similar noise with the mouth, the noise being 
modified at the beginning and the end as if by pronoun- 
cing the letter t ; also, to give forth such a sound, as a 
horn when blown. — Toot'er (-er), n. 

Toot, v. t. To toot upon or with ; to cause to toot. 

Tooth (tooth), n.; pi. Teeth (teth). [AS. toS ; akin 
to D. ta?id, G. zakn, L. dens, dentis, Gr. oSovs, 686Vtos, 
Skr. danla.] 1. (Anat.) One of the hard, bony ap- 
pendages borne, 
usually on the 



usually ui± tun .,,. a rt\ 

jaws, in the fcx fm \M\ 

mouth of most U}\ YfJ tVf 

vertebrates, and (y% (t% i "***| 

which usually ^^ *** VAif 

seizing d d d 

iting food. ^^ , ,. , 

si W 




usually 
aid in seizing 
and eating food. 
2. Fig 
palate 
projecti 
semb 

tooth of an ani 
mal in shape, po- Permanent Teeth of the Right Side of the 
sition, or office. Upper and Under Jaw of Man. a a In- 

ip. '--*. hi th« cisors ; 6 Canines ; c c Bicuspids ; d d d Mo- 
teSh, to Taunt lars ; e Cr0 ™ : / Neck ' ° Fan « or Root 
or insult one with. — Tooth and nail, as if by biting and 
scratching ; by all possible means. — Tooth edge, the sensa- 
tion excited in the teeth by grating sounds, the touch of 
acids, etc.— Tooth powder, a powder for cleaning the teeth. 

Tooth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toothed (tootht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Toothing.] 1. To furnish with teeth. 2. To 
indent ; to jag. 

Tooth'ache (-ak'), n. Pain in a tooth or in the teeth. 

Toothed (tootht), a. Having teeth; furnished with 
teeth ; dentate. 

Toothless, a. Having no teeth. 

Tooth'let (-let), n. A little tooth, or like projection. 

Tooth/pick' (-pik'), n. A pointed instrument for 
clearing the teeth of substances lodged between them. 

Tooth'some (-sum), a. Palatable ; savory. 

Top (top), n. [Origin uncertain.] A child's toy, com- 
monly pear-shaped, made to spin on its point. 

Top (top), n. [AS. top ; akin to G. zopf tuft of hair, 
pigtail, top of a tree.] 1. The highest part of anything ; 
the upper end, edge, or extremity ; the upper side or 
surface ; summit ; apex ; vertex ; cover ; lid. 2. Acme ; 
summit. 3. Highest rank ; most honorable position. 4. 
The most prominent one ; chief. 5. The crown of the 
head, or the hair upon it ; the head, 
form surrounding the head of the 
lower mast. 

Top, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Topped 
(topt); p. pr. & vb. n. Topping.] 
1. To rise aloft ; to tower. 2. To 
predominate. 3. To excel ; to rise 
above others. 

Top, v. t. 1. To cover on the 
top; to tip; to cap. 2. To rise 
above ; to surpass ; to outdo. 3. 
To rise to, or go over, the top of. 
4. To take off the top of ; to crop. 

To top off, to complete by putting 
on, or finishing, the top of ; hence, 
to complete ; to finish ; to adorn. 

To'parch (to'park), n. [L. to- 
parcha, Gr. roTrapx^ ; tottos place 
+ apxet-v to rule.] The ruler or 
chief man in a country ; the gov- 
ernor of a toparchy. 



(Naut.) A plat- 




Top (Xaut.). 



To'parch-y (to'park-f), n. A small or petty state. 

To'paz (to'paz), n. [Through F. & L. fr. Gr. TwreUfa, 
Ton-d^cof , a kind of precious stone.] (Min.) A mineral, 
valued as a gem, occurring generally in yello. 
pellucid rhombic prisms. It is a double fluoride of sili- 
con and ■tamtam, 

Top'-bootS' (tSp'boots'), 7i. pi. High booth, having 
generally a band of light-coiond leather around the top. 

Top'-ClOth' (klOth), n. (Xaut.) A | 
used to cover the hammocks lashed to the top in action. 

Top'-dress' (-dreV), v. t. To dress the surface of 
with manure. 

Tope (top;, n. [Prob. fr. Skr. stupa.] A moundlike 
Buddhist aepulcher, or memorial monument. 

Tope, n. [Tamil tdppU.] A chimp of trees. 

Tope, n. (Zool.) A species of small shark or 

Tope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toped (topt; ; j,. p, 
Toping.] [F. toper to cover a stake in playing at dice, 
to accept an offer, tope agreed!; — origin uncertain.] 
To drink hard ; to drink spirituous liquors to excess. 

To'per (to'per), n. One who topes ; a drunkard. 

Top'gal'lant (tcVgSl'lant ; among seamen to-gXl'- 
krnt), a. (Xaut.) Situated above the topmast and below 
the royal mast, —the third above the deck. See Ship. 

Toph (t5f), ?i. [L. tophus, to/us, tufa.] (Jftel) A 
kind of sandstone. 

To-pha'ceous (to-fa'shus), a. [L. iophactus, to/a' 
ceiis.] Gritty ; sandy ; rough ; stony. 

Top'-ham'per (t5p'ham'per), n. (Xaut A The upper 
rigging, spars, etc., of a ship. [at the top. I 

Top 7 -heav'y (-heVy), a. Disproportionate! v heavy | 

To'phet (to'JSt), n. [Heb. tdphet, lit., a place to be 
spit upon, fr. tuph to spit out.] A place east or south- 
east of Jerusalem, in the valley of Hinnom, — at first (ap- 
parently) a part of the royal garden, but afterwards de- 
filed by the sacrifices of Baal and the fires of Moloch, and 
later the receptacle for the filth of the city ; hence, in sym- 
bol, the place where are wailing and gnashing of teeth. 

Top'i-a-ry (top'T-a-rjf), a. [L. topiarius, deriv. of Gr. 
tojtos place.] Of or pertaining to ornamental gardening ; 
produced by pruning. 

Topple (top'Ik), n. [F. topiques. pi., L. topica, the 
title of a work of Aristotle, Gr. roniKd, fr. tottikos, con- 
cerning tottoi, or commonplaces (of argument), fr. tottos 
place.] 1. (Rhet. & Logic) (a) One of the various gen- 
eral forms of argument employed in probable, as distin- 
guished from demonstrative, reasoning ; also, a sort of ar- 
gument applicable to a great variety of cases. (b) pi. 
A. treatise on forms of argument. 2. The subject of any 
distinct portion of a discourse, or argument, or literary 
composition ; also, the principal matter treated of ; sub- 
ject ; point ; head. 

Top'ic, a. Topical. 

Top'ic-al (-i-kal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a place ; 
limited ; local, or designed for local application. 2. 
(Rhet. & Logic) Pertaining to, or consisting of, or accord- 
ing to, topics. 3. Resembling a topic, or general maxim ; 
henGe, merely probable. — Top'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Top'knof (-not'), n. A crest of feathers, as of a 
bird ; also, an ornamental knot worn on the head. 

Top'mast (-mast), n. (Xaut.) The second mast, or 
that next above the lower mast. See Ship. 

Top'most' (-most'), a. Highest ; uppermost. 

To-pog'ra-pher (to-p5g'ra-fer), n. One skilled in to- 
pography. 

Top'O-graph'ic (t5p'6-graf'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining 

Top'O-graph'ic-al (-T-k«l), ( to topography ; de- 

scriptive of a place. — Top 7 o-graph'ic-al-ly, adv. 

To-pog'ra-phy (to-pog'ra-fy). n. [Gr. ron-oypcu^ia ; 
totto; place -(- ypdefrew to write.] The description of a 
particular place, town, or tract of land ; esp., an exact 
and scientific delineation and description. 

Top'ping (tSp'ping), a. 1. Rising above ; surpass- 
ing. 2. Assuming superiority ; proud. 3. Fine. [5/fl;»<7] 

Top'ple C-p'l),t>. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Toppled (-p'ldl ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Toppling (-pliug).] [From 2d Top.] To 
fall or throw forward ; to pitch or tumble down. 

Top'saiP (-sal' ; -s'l, among seamen), n. (Xaut.) In 
a square-rigged vessel, the sail next above the lowermost 
sail on a mast. In a fore-and-aft rigged vessel, the sail 
set upon and above the gaff. See Sail. [face soil. I 

Top'soiP (t5p'soil'), n. The upper layer of soil ; sur-| 

Top'sy-tur'vy (t5p'.sy-tQr'vy~), adv. '[Earlier topside- 
turvey, topay-iervy; origin uncertain.] In an inverted 
posture ; upside down. 

Toqne (tok), n. [F. toque ; of Celtic origin.] A kind 
of cap worn in the 16th century, and copied in modern 
fashions. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin . 



N 



TOQUET 



858 



TOTEM 



To-quet' (to-ka'\ />. A toque. 

Torch (tftrch), ••• [F. torch* a torch, rag, wisp; prob. 
a deriv. of L. torquere to twist, because twisted like a 
rope. Of. Torture.] A light of some combustible sub- 
stance ; ■ large candle or flambeau. 

Torch1>ear er (-bftr er), n. One who carries a torch. 

Torch 'light' (.-lit 1. n. The light of a torch or torches. 

Tor'chon lace 7 (tSr'shon las'). [F. torchon a kind of 
coarse napkin.] A simple thread lace worked upon a 
pillow : also, a similar lace made by machinery. 

Tore (tor), imp. of Tear. 

Tore, n. {Arch.) Same as Torus. 

Tore-a-dor' (to-'ra-a-dor'), it. [Sp., fr. torear to fight 
bulls, fr. L. taurus a bull.] A bullfighter. 

To-reu'tic (.to-ru'tik), a. [Gr. TopevTixoj, fr. r6pevfj.a 
embossed work.] Of, pertaining to, or desiguating, work 
done in relief, as in sculpture. 

Tor'ment (tSr'mSnt), n. [OF., fr. L. tormentum mis- 
sile engine, rack, torture, fr. torquere to twist, hurl. See 
Torture.] Extreme pain ; utmost misery ; anguish ; 
torture ; also, the cause of such pain or misery. 

Torment' (tSr-menf). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tormented ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tormenting.] 1. To put to extreme pain 
or anguish ; to rack ; to torture ; to pain ; to distress ; to 
afflict. 2. To tease ; to vex. [Colloq.'] 

Tor-ment'er ) (-er), n. One who, or that which, tor- 

Tor-ment'or J ments. 

Tor-ment'ress (-res), n. A woman who torments. 

Torn (torn), p. p. of Tear. 

Tor-na'do (t6r-na'do), n. ; pi. Tornadoes (-doz). 
[Through Sp. or Pg. tornar, fr. L. tornare to turn. See 
Turn.] A violent whirling wind; specif. (Meteorol.), a 
tempest distinguished by a rapid whirling and slow pro- 
gressive motion. 

To-rose' (to-ros'), a. [L. torosus brawny. See Torus.] 
Cylindrical with alternate swellings and contractions 

Tor-pe'do (t6r-pe'do), n. ; pi. Torpedoes (-doz). [L, 
torpedo, -inis, fr. torpere to be 
stiff or torpid. See Torpid.] 1. 
(Zo'ol.) Any one of numerous 
species of elasmobranch fishes, 
having the power of giving elec- 
trical shocks. 2. Any one of 
various kinds of shells, car- 
tridges, or the like, to be ex- 
ploded by concussion or pressure. 
Specif. : (a) An engine or ma- 
chine for destroying ships, (b) (Railroad) A kind of 
detonating cartridge or shell. 3. A kind of firework. 

Tor-pes'cent (-pes'sent), a. [L. torpescens, p. pr., de- 
riv. of torpere. See Torpid.] Becoming torpid or numb. 

Tor'pid (tSr'pid), a. [L. torpidus, fr. torpere to be 
numb or torpid ; origin uncertain.] 1. Having lost mo- 
tion, or the power of exertion and feeling ; numb ; be- 
numbed. 2. Dull ; stupid ; sluggish ; inactive. — Tor-pid'- 
i-ty (tSr-pid'T-ty), Tor'pid-ness, n. — Tor'pid-ly, adv. 

Tor'por (-por), n. [L.] Quality or state of being torpid. 

Tor'por-if'ic (tSr'por-Tf'ik), a. [L. torpor torpor -f- 
facere to make.] Tending to produce torpor. 

Tor'quate (tSr'kwat), a. [L. torquatus.~\ (Zo'ol.) 
Collared ; having a distinct colored ring around the neck. 

Torque (t6rk), n. [L. torques a twisted neck chain, 
fr. torquere to twist.] 1. A collar or neck chain, usually 
twisted. 2. [L. torquere to twist.] (Mech.) That which 
tends to produce torsion ; a couple of forces. 3. (Phys. 
Science) A turning or twisting. 

Tor're-fac'tion (tor're-fak'shun), n. Act or process 
of torrefying, or state of being torrefied. 

Tor're-fy (tor're-fl), v. t. limp. & p. p. Torrefted 
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Torrefying (-fi'ing),] [L. torrere 
to parch + -fy.~\ 1. To dry by a fire ; to parch. 2. 
(Metal.) To subject to scorching heat ; to roast. 

Tor'rent (-rent), n. [F., fr. L. torrens, -entis, fr. tor- 
rens burning, boiling, p. pr. of torrere to burn. See 
Torrid.] A violent stream, as of water, lava, or the 
like. Also used figuratively. 

Torricellian (tSr'rT-sellT-an), a. Pertaining to 
Torricelli, an Italian, who, in 1643, discovered that the 
rise of a liquid in the barometer, or other similar tube, is 
due to atmospheric pressure. 

Tor'rid (tor'rTd), a. [L. torridus, fr. torrere to parch, 
burn ; akin to E. thirst.] 1. Parched ; dried with heat. 
2. Violently hot ; burning ; parching. — Tor'rid-ness, n. 
. Torrid zone ( Geog. ), the broad belt of the earth between 
the tropics, over which the heat is always great. 

Torse (t6rs), n. [OF., deriv. of L. torquere. See 
Torture.] 1. (Her.) A wreath. 2. [F. tors, torse, 
twisted.] (Georn.) A developable surface. 



Torpedoes (-doz). [L. 

European Torpedo, or 
Crampfish {Torpedo 
vulgaris). 



Tor'sion (t8r'shun), it. [F., deriv. of L. torquere, tor. 
turn , to twist. Cf . Torture.] 1. A turning or twisting • 
state of being twisted. 2. (Mech. ) The force with which 
anything twisted tends to return to a state of rest 

Tor'so (t6r'so-), n. ; pi. E. Torsos (-soz), It. Torsi (-se) 
[It. torso.] The trunk of the human body ; the trunk of 
a statue, mutilated of head and limbs. 

Tort (t6rt), n. [F., deriv. of L. torquere to twist. Cf. 
Torture.] 1. Mischief ; injury. [Obs.] 2. (Law) Any 
civil wrong or injury ; a wrongful act (not involving a 
breach of contract) for which an action will lie 
Tort, a. Stretched tight ; taut, [R.] 
Tor'tile (tQr'tTl), a. [L. tortilis, fr. torquere, torlum, 
to twist.] Twisted ; wreathed ; coiled. 

Tor'tious (-shus), a. Pertaining to, involving, or in the 
nature of, a tort. — Tor'tious-ly, adv. [wreathed. I 

Tor'tive (-tiv), a. [L. toHus, p. p.] Twisted;! 
Tor'tOise (t6r'tTs or -tus), n. [OE. tortuce, fr. OF. 
tortis crooked, fr. L. tortus twisted, crooked, p. p. of 
torquere. So called in allusion to its crooked feet. Cf. 
Torture.] 1. (Zo'ol.) Any one of numerous species of 
reptiles of the order Testudinata, esp. the land and fresh- 
water species (the marine species being generally called 
turtles). [See Hlust. of Terrapin.] 2. (Rom. Antiq.) 
Same as Testudo, 2. 

Tor'tri-Cid (t6r'tri-sid), a. [From L. torquere, tortum, 
to twist.] Of, pert, to, or designating, any one of 
numerous species of small moths, the larva of which 
usually roll up the leaves of plants on which they live. 

Tor'tu-ous (t6r'tu-us ; 135), a. [L. torluosus, fr. tor- 
tus a twisting. See Torture.] 1. Bent in different 
directions ; wreathed ; twisted ; winding. 2. Fig. : De- 
viating from rectitude ; indirect ; erroneous ; deceitful. 
— Tor'tu-ous-ly, adv. — Tor'tu-ous-ness, n. 

Tor'ture (tSr'tur ; 135), n. [F., fr. L. tortura, fr. tor- 
quere, tortum, to twist, rack, torture.] 1. Extreme pain ; 
anguish of body or mind ; pang ; agony ; torment ; esp., 
agonizing pain inflicted either as punishment for a crime, 
or to extort a confession. 2. Act or process of torturing. 
Tor'ture, v. t. limp. &p. p. Tortured (-turd ; 135); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Torturing.] To put to torture ; to inflict 
torture upon ; to harass ; to vex ; to rack. 
Tor'tur-er (-er), n. One who tortures ; a tormenter. 
II To'rus (to'rus), n. ; pi. Tori (-ri). [L., a round 
swelling.] 1. (Arch.) A large, semicircular molding in 
profile, used in the bases of columns. 2. (Bot.) The part 
of the flower on which the carpels stand. [See lllust. of 
Ovary.] 

To'ry (to'if), n. [Properly used of the Irish bog- 
trotters, who robbed and plundered during the English 
civil wars, professing to be in sympathy with the royal 
cause ; hence, transferred to those who sought to maintain 
the extreme prerogatives of the crown; prob. fr. Ir. 
toiridhe, tor, a pursuer.] 1. (Eng. Politics) A member 
of the conservative party, as opposed to the liberal party, 
formerly called the Whig party. 2. (Amer. Hist.) One 
who, in the time of the Revolution, favored submitting 
to the claims of Great Britain. 
To'ry-ism (-Tz'm), n. The principles of the Tories. 
TOSS (tos ; 115), v. t. limp. & p. p. Tossed (tost) ; 
(less properly Tost) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tossing.] [W. to- 
siaw, tosio, to toss, snatch, tos a quick jerk, a toss, a 
snatch.] 1. To throw with the hand ; to throw upward. 
2. To lift or throw up suddenly or violently. 3. To 
cause to rise and fall. Also used figuratively. 

TOSS, v. i. 1. To roll and tumble ; to be in violent 
commotion ; to fling. 2. To be tossed, as a ship on the sea. 
To toBB for, to throw dice or a coin for. — To toss up, to 
throw up a coin and wager on what side it will fall. 
TOSS, n. A tossing ; upward jerk, as of the head. 
Toss'pot' (-pot'), n. A toper ; a drunkard. 
Tost (t5st; 115), imp. &p. p. of Toss. 
II Tos'tO (tSs'to), a. [It.] (Mus.) Quick; rapid. 
Tot (tot), n. [Etym. uncertain.] Anything small ; — 
used esp. as a term of endearment for a little child. 

To'tal (tend), a. [F., fr. LL. totalis, fr. L. totus all, 
whole.] Whole; not divided; entire; full; complete; 
absolute. See Whole. 
To'tal, n. The whole ; the whole sum or amount. 
To-tal'i-ty (to-tal'i-t^), n. 1. Quality or state of be- 
ing total. 2. Whole sum ; whole quantity or amount ; 
entirety. 
To'tal-ly, adv. In a total manner ; wholly ; entirely. 
Tote (tot), v. t. limp. & p. p. Toted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Toting.] [Said to be of African origin.] To carry or 
bear. IColloq., Southern U. 5.] 

To'tem (to'tSm), n. [Massachusetts Indian wutohti- 
moin that to which a person or place belongs.] A rude 



a, e, 1, 5, a, long ; a, 6, 1, 8, ii, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, Idea, 6 bey, unite, care, arm, ask, gll, final. 



TOTEMISM 



859 



TOWERED 




Toucan (Ramphastos toco, 
or picatus). 



likeness, as of a bird or beast, used by the North Ameri- 
can Indians as a symbol, as of a family or a clam 

To'tem-ism (to'tgin-Iz'ni), n. 1. The system of dis- 
tinguishing families, clans, etc., in a tribe by the totem. 

2. The worship of any real or imaginary object ; nature 
worship. 

Tot'ter (tSt'ter), v. i. limp. & p. p. Tottered (-terd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tottering.] [Prob. for older tolter ; cf. 
AS. tealtrian. Cf. Tilt to incline.] 1. To shake so as 
to threaten a fall ; to vacillate ; to be unsteady ; to stag- 
ger. 2. To shake ; to reel ; to waver. 

Tot'tle (tSt't'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tottled (-t'ld) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tottling (-tling).] [See Totter.] To 
walk in a wavering, unsteady manner. [Colloq.] 

Tou'can (too'kan), ii. [F., fr. Pg. tucano; from Bra- 
zilian name.] (Zo'ul.) Any one 
of numerous species of fruit- 
eating birds of tropical America 
having a very large, but 
and thin, beak. 

Touch (tuch), v. t. 
[imp. &p. p. Touched 
(tucht) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Touching.] [F. 
toucher, OF. touchier, 
tuchier ; of Teutonic 
origin, and akin to 
E. tug.'] 1. To come 
in contact with; to 
extend the hand, 
foot, or the like, so 
as to reach or rest 
on. 2. To perceive 
by the sense of feel- 
ing. 3. To come to ; 
to reach; to attain 
to. 4. To prove, as 
with a touchstone. [Obs.~\ 5. To relate to ; to concern. 
6. To deal with ; to treat of. 7. To meddle with. 8. To 
affect the senses or the sensibility of ; to move. 9. To 
mark or delineate with touches. 10. To have effect 
upon ; specif. , to affect slightly. 11. To strike ; to play 
on. 12. To perform, as a tune ; to play. 13. To harm, 
afflict, or distress. 14. To affect with insanity, esp. in 
a slight degree. 15. (Geom.) To be tangent to. 

To touch up, to repair ; to improve, as by touches. 

Touch, v. i. 1. To be in contact. 2. To make im- 
pression. [i2.] 3. To discourse or comment, esp. 
slightly or casually. 

Touch, n. 1. Act of touching, or state of being 
touched ; contact. 2. (Physiol.) The sense by which 
pressure or traction exerted on the skin is recognized. 

3. Act or power of exciting emotion. 4. An emotion or 
affection. 5. A stroke ; hence, animadversion ; cen- 
sure ; reproof. 6. A single stroke on a drawing or a 
picture ; hence, feature ; lineament ; trait. 7. Act of 
the hand on a musical instrument; hence, pi., musical 
notes. 8. A little ; a dash. 9. A hint ; suggestion ; 
slight notice. 10. Touchstone. [Obs.~\ 11. Hence, 
decisive standard or test ; proof ; tried quality. 12. 
(Mus. ) The response or mode of action of the keys of an 
instrument to the fingers ; also, the manner of touching 
the keys of an instrument in playing. 13. (Football) The 
part of the field beyond the line of flags on either side. 

Touch'a-ble (tuch'a-b'l), a. Capable of being touched. 

Touch'back 7 (-baV), n. (Football) Act of touching 
the football down behind one's own goal line when it re- 
ceived its last impulse from an opponent. 

Touch'down' (-doun'), n. (Football) Act of touching 
the football down behind the opponents' goal, or (safety 
touchdown) behind one's own goal when the ball received 
its last impulse from one on his own side. 

Touch'hole 7 (-hoi'), n. The vent of a firearm. 

Touch'Hy (-T-ly), ddv. In a touchy manner. 

Touch'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being touchy. 

Touch'ing, a. Affecting ; moving ; pathetic. 

Touching, prep. Concerning ; with respect to. 

Touch'-me-not' (-rne-ndV), n. (Bot.) (a) SeelaiPA- 
tiens. (b) Squirting cucumber. 

Touch'stone' (-ston'), n. 1. {Min.) Basanite, — 
used to test gold and silver by the streak left upon the 
stone when rubbed by the metal. 2. Fig. : Any test, 
criterion, or standard. 

Touch'WOOd' (tuch'wood'), n. [Probably for tach- 
wood; OE. tache tinder (of uncertain origin) -f- E. wood.] 
Decayed wood, or dried fungi used as tinder. 

Touch/y (-y), «• [For techy, tetchy.] Peevish ; irri- 
table ; irascible ; techy ; apt to take fire. [Colloq.] 



Tough (t8f), a. [Compar. Tougher (-Sr) ; superl. 
TOUGHBST.] [AS. toll ; akin to G. z'dhe, also to AS. 
near to.] 1. Flexible without being brittle. 2. Hot 
easily broken ; able to endure hardship ; firm 
3. Not easily separated; viscous; tenacious. 4 Hard 
to bend or impress ; stubborn. 6. Severe ; violent. 
[ Collo q. ] — Tough'ness, ». 

Tough'en (tul"n), v. i. A t. [imp. &p.p. Toughened ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Toughening.] To grow or mak> 

Tou-pee 7 (too-pe'), I n. [F. toupet, dim. of OF. top a 

Tou-pet' (too-j.a'), J tuft ; akin to E. top.] 1. A little 
tuft ; a curl or artificial lock of hair. 2. A small wig. 

TOUT (toor), n. [F. See Turn, v. t.] A going round ; 
circuit ; hence, journey in a circuit ; prolonged journey. 

Syn. — Journey ; excursion. See Journey. 

Tour, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toured (toord) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Touring.] To make a tour. [as Ti i 

Tou-ra'CO (tou-ra'ko or too-ra'ko), n. (Zo'ol.) Same| 

Tour'ist (tobr'Tst), n. One who makes a tour or tours. 

Tour'ma line (tobr'ma-lln), n. [¥., fr. totmumal, a 
name of this stone in Ceylon.] (Min.) A mineral occur- 
ring usually in three-sided or six-sided black prisms. 

Tour'na-ment (toor'na-inent or tQr'-), n. [OF. tor- 
neiement, lornoiement, lit., a wheeling round. See Tour- 
ney.] 1. A mock fight in which a number of combat- 
ants engage ; hence, fig., a real battle. 2. Any contest 
of skill between many contestants. 

Tour'ney (toor'ny or tGr'ny), n. [OF. tornei, tornoi, 
fr. torneier, tournoier, to tilt, to tourney. See Turn, 
v. t.] A tournament. 

Tour'ney, v. i. To perform in tournaments ; to tilt. 

Tour'ni-quet (-nl-kSt), n. [F.] (Surg.) A bandage 
tightened by a screw or other means, — used to check 
hemorrhage. 

II Tour-nure' (tobr-nur'), n. [F.] 1. Turn ; con- 
tour ; figure. 2. Any device used by women to expand 
the skirt of the dress ; bustle. 

Touse, Touze (touz), v. t. & i. [OE. tosen. See 
Tease.] To pull, haul, or worry. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 

Tous'el (touz"l), ) v.t. [Freq. of Touse.] To disorder; 

Tou'sle (tou'z'l), } to tumble ; to touse. [Colloq.] 

Tout (toot), v. i. 1. To act as a tout. [Cant, Eng.] 
2. To seek for customers. [Prov. Eng.] 

Tout, n. One who secretly watches race horses in 
training for information to use in betting. [Cant, Eng.] 

Tout, v. i. [See Toot.] To toot a horn. 

II Tout'-en'sem'ble (t6o / taN / saN'bl'), n. [F.] All 
together ; hence, the general effect of a work as a whole. 

Tout/er (toot/er), n. One who seeks customers, as 
for an inn, a public conveyance, or the like. [Colloq.] 

Tow (to), n. [AS. low ; cf. E. taw, v. t.] The coarse 
and broken part of flax or hemp. 

Tow, v. t. [imp. & pi p. Towed (tod) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Towing.] [OE. toiven, to$en; akin to AS. tedn to draw. 
See Tug.] To draw or pull through the water by means 
of a rope. 

Tow, n. 1. A rope by which anything is towed. 
2. Act of towing, or state of being towed. 3. That 
which is towed. [for towing. I 

Tow'age (to'aj ; 4S), n. Act of towing, or price paid | 

To'ward (to'erd), \prep. [AS. toweard impending, 

To'wards (to'erdz), j imminent, toward, toweardes 
towards. See To ; -ward, -wards.] 1. In the direc- 
tion of ; to. 2. With respect or reference to ; regard- 
ing ; concerning. 3. Tending to ; in the direction of ; 
in behalf of. 4. Near ; about. 

To'ward, 1 adv. Near ; at hand ; in state of prepa- 

To'wards, ) ration. 

To'ward (to'werd), a. 1. Approaching. 2. Ready 
to do or learn; not froward; docile; tractable. 3. 
Ready to act ; forward ; valiant. — To'ward-ness. n. 

To'ward-ly, a. Same as Toward, a., 2. — To'ward- 
li-ness (-lT-nes), n. 

To'wards (to'erdz), prep. & adv. See Toward. 

Tow'boat' (to'bot'), "• 1- A vessel constructed for 
being towed. 2. A steamer for towing other vessels. 

Tow'el (tou'el), n. [F. touaille, LL. toacula ; of Teu- 
tonic origin.] A cloth used for wiping, esp. one for dry- 
ing anything wet. 

Tow'er (tou'er), ??. [OF. tour, tor, tur, L. turris; 
akin to Gr. rv'ppcs, Tvpcrts. Cf. Turret.] 1. (Arch.) A. 
structure, or mass of building, standing alone or ap- 
pended to a larger edifice, and usually higher than its 
own diameter. 2. Citadel ; fortress ; hence, a defense. 

Tow'er (tou'er), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Towered (-erd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Towering.] To rise and overtop other 
objects ; to be lofty or very high ; hence, to soar. 

Tow'ered (-erd), a. Adorned or defended by towers. 






fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TOWERING 



860 



TRADE 







^ 



Tow'er-ing (tou'er-Tng), a. That towers ; hence, ex- 
treme ; NirpMSing. 

Tow'-head i,to'liSd'\ n. A person having whitish 
hair. [CWtoff.1 [vessels. I 

Tow'line (to'lin'), u. (Xatit.) A line used to tow| 

Town (toon), »• [AS. tuu inclosure, fence, village, 
town; akin to D. Mm a garden, G. Maun hedge, fence. 
Cf. l'owx, adr. & prep., Dune.] 1. An inclosure 
surrounding the homestead of the lord of the manor ; 
also, the whole manorial domain. [t>6s.] 2. Any col- 
lection of houses which has a regular market, but is not 
a city or the see of a bishop. [Eng.] 3. Any collection 
of houses larger than a village, and not incorporated as 
a city ; also, loosely, any large closely populated place. 
4. The body of residents of a town. 5. A township. 
[ r. 8. ] 6. The court end of London ; — commonly with 
the. 7. The metropolis or its inhabitants. 

Syn. — Village ; hamlet. See Village. 

Town clerk, an officer who keeps the records of a town. 

Town'-cri / er (-kri er), n. The public crier of a town. 

Town'hall/ (toun'haV), I n. A public hall or build- 
To wnliouse' (-hou's'), j ing devoted to the public 
uses of a town. 

Townsfolk' (tounz'fok'), n. The people of a town 
or city. esp. in distinction from country people. 

Town'ship (toun'shTp), n. 1. The district or terri- 
tory of a town, — in Canada and in many of the States 
of the U. S., a subdivision of a county. 2. In surveys of 
the public land of the U. S., a division of territory six 
miles square, containing 36 sections. 

Towns'man (tounz'inan), ». An inhabitant of a 
town ; one of the same town with another. 

Towns'peo'ple (-pe'p'l), n. Townsfolk. [sels. I 

ToWrope 7 (to'rop 7 ), n. A rope used in towing ves-| 

Tow'ser (tou'zer), n. [See Touse to pull about. ] A 
familiar name for a dog. [tow. I 

Tow'y (to'y), a. Composed of, like, or containing, | 

Toxic (toks'Tk), ) a. [L. toxicum poison, orig. for 

Tox'ic-al (-i-kal), ) arrows, Gr. to£ik6V (sc. <£app.a- 
Kor), fr. Tot-ov arrow.] Of or pert, to poison ; poisonous. 

Tox'i-cant (-T-kant), n. A poisonous agent or drug. 

Toxl-CO-log'ic-al (-ko-loj'T-kal), a. Of or pertaining 
to toxicology. [cology. I 

Tox'i-COl'O-gist (-k51'6-jist), n. One versed in toxi- 1 

Toxl-COl'O-gy (-jy), n. [Gr. to£ikoV poison -f- -logy. 
See Toxic] The science which treats of poisons. 

Toy (toi), n. [D. tuig tools, stuff, trash, speeltuig 
playthings ; akin to G. zeug stuff, materials ; ultimately 
fr. root of E. tug, v. t.] 1. A plaything for children ; 
bawble. 2. Thing for amusement, but valueless ; trifle. 
3. Wild fancy ; odd conceit ; idle sport ; folly. 4. 
Amorous dalliance ; play ; sport. 6. [Prob. same word.] 
A kind of overhanging headdress worn by old women of 
the lower classes. [Scot.] 

Toy, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Toted (toid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Toying.] To dally amorously; to trifle ; to play. 

Toy'er (toi'er), n. One who toys ; trifler. 

Toy'man (toi'man), n. One who deals in toys. 

Toy'shop' (-shop'), n. A shop where toys are sold. 

Tra'be-a'tion (tra'be-a'shun), n. [L. trabs, trabis, a 
beam, a timber.] (Arch.) Same as Entablature. 

Trace (tras), n. [F. traits, pi. of trait. See Trait.] 
One of two straps, chains, or ropes of a harness, attached 
to a vehicle or thing to be drawn ; a tug. 

Trace, n. [F. trace. See Trace, v. <.] 1. Mark left by 
anything passing ; track ; course ; footprint. 2. A remain- 
ing mark, impression, or visible appearance of anything 
no longer existing or present ; remains ; token ; vestige. 
3. (Chem. & Min.) A very small quantity, esp. so small 
that the amount is not quantitatively determined in an 
analysis. 4. (Descriptive Geom. & Persp.) The inter- 
section of a plane of projection, or an original plane, with 
a coordinate plane. 5. (Fort.) The ground plan of a 
work or works. 

Syn. — Vestige; mark ; token. See Vestige. 

Trace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Traced (trast) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tracing (tra'sing).] [OF. trader, fr. L. tractus, 
p. p. of trahere to draw. Cf. Tract, Treat.] 1. To 
draw or delineate with marks ; esp., to copy, as a draw- 
ing, by following the lines and marking them on a super- 
imposed sheet. 2. To follow by some mark left by a 
person or thing which has preceded ; to follow by foot- 
steps, tracks, or tokens. 3. Hence, to follow the track 
of. 4. To copy ; to imitate. 5. To walk over ; to traverse. 

Trace'a-Qle (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being traced. 

Tra'cer (tra'ser), n. One who, or that which, traces. 

Tra'cer-y (-$), n. (Arch.) Ornamental work with 
ramified lines. Esp. : (a) The decorative head of a 



Gothic window. [See Tllust. of Foliation.] (6) A simi- 
lar decoration in some styles of vaulting. 

Tra'che-a (tra'ke-a ; L. tra-ke'a), n. ; pi. Tracheje 
(-e). [NL., fr. L. trachia, Gr. Tpaveia (sc. aprqpi'a wind- 
pipe), fr. rpaxus rough.] 1. (Anat!) The windpipe. [See 
Tllust. of Lung.] 2. (Zool.) One of the respiratory tubes 
of insects and arachnids. 3. (Bol.) One of the large cells 
in woody tissue connected longitudinally. 

Tra'che-O-cele (tra'ke-o-sel), n. [Gr. rpaxela wind- 
pipe -j- kjJAtj tumor.] (Med.) (a) Goiter, (b) A tumor 
containing air and communicating with the trachea. 

Tra'che-os'co-py (-os'ko-p^), n. [Trachea -f- -scopy.] 
(Med.) Examination of the trachea with a mirror. 

Tra'Che-Ot'O-my (-St'o-my^), n. [Trachea + -tomy.~] 
(Surg.) A cutting open the windpipe. 

Tra'chyte (tra'klt or trSk'it), n. [Gr. Tpa^v's rough.] 
(Geol.) A kind of (usually) grayish igneous rock. 

Tra'cing (tra'sing), n. 1. Act of one who traces; 
also, the copy made. 2. A regular path or track ; course. 

Track (trSk), n. [OF. trac trace of animals ; of Teu- 
tonic origin.] 1. A mark left by something that has 
passed along; specif., footprint; trace; vestige. 2. A 
road ; beaten path ; race course. 3. Course ; way. 4. 
(Eailroad) The permanent way ; the rails. 

Track, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tracked (trSkt) : p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tracking.] 1. To follow or pursue by the tracks 
or traces; to trail. 2. (Naut.) To draw along continu- 
ously ; to tow. 

Tfack'age (-aj ; 48), n. Act of tracking, or towing. 

Track'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, tracks. 

Trackless, a. Having no track ; untrodden. 

Tract (trSkt), n. [Abbrev. fr. Tractate.] A written 
discourse or dissertation, esp. a short one on practical 
religion. 

Tract, n. [L. tractus a trace, tract of land, from tra- 
here, tractum, to draw. Senses 4 and 5 are perh. due to 
confusion with track. Cf. Trace, v.~\ 1. Something 
drawn out or extended ; expanse. 2. An indefinite area 
of land or water ; region. 3. Features ; lineaments. 
[Obs.~\ 4. Footprint. [Obs.l 5. Track ; trace. [Obs.] 
6. Treatment; exposition. [Obs.] 7. Continued dura- 
tion ; length ; extent. 8. (B. C. Ch. ) Certain verses of 
Scripture sung before Easter at Mass, instead of the Alle- 
luia ; — so called because sung tractim, or continuously. 

Tract'a-ble (trakt'a-b'l), a. [L. tractabilis, fr. tractare 
to draw violently, to treat. See Treat, v. t.~] Capable 
of being easily led, taught, or managed ; docile ; manage- 
able ; governable. — Tract'a-biTi-ty (trSkt'a-bil'i-tj'), 
Tract'a-ble-ness, n. — Tract'a-bly, adv. 

Trac-ta'ri-an (tr2k-ta'rT-an), n. (Ch. of England) 
One of the writers of the Oxford tracts, called " Tracts 
for the Times" (1833-1841), which supported in general 
the principles held now by the High Church party. 

Trac-ta'ri-an (trak-ta'rT-an), a. Of or pert, to the 
Tractarians, or their principles. — Trac-ta'ri-an-ism, n. 

Tract'ate (trSkt'at), n. [L. tractatus a touching, 
handling, treatise.] Treatise ; tract ; essay. 

Tract'ile (-11), a. [L. trahere, tractum , to draw.] Ca- 
pable of being drawn out in length ; ductile. [tile. I 

Trac-til'i-ty (trSk-til'i-ty), n. Quality of being trac- 1 

Trac'tion (tr&k'shiin), n. [L. trahere, tractum, to 
draw.] 1. A drawing; state of being drawn. 2. Attrac- 
tion. [R-~\ 3. Adhesive friction, as of a wheel on a rail. 

Tractive (trSkt'Tv), a. Serving to draw ; pulling. 

Tract 'or (-er), n. That which draws, or is used for 
drawing. 

Tract'O-ry (tr&kt'o-ry), n. [L. tractorius of drawing, 
fr. trahere, tractum, to draw.] (Geom.) A tractrix. 

Tract'rix (trSkt'riks), n. [NL.] (Geom.) A curve 
such that the part of the tangent between the point of 
tangency and a given straight line is constant ; — so called 
from the way it was conceived to be described. 

Trade (trad), n. [Formerly, a path, OE. tred foot- 
mark. See Tread.] 1. A track ; trail; path; also, 
passage ; travel ; resort. [Obs.~] 2. Course ; custom ; 
occupation. [Obs.~\ 3. Business of any kind; affair; 
dealing. [Qbs.~\ 4. Specif. : Act or business of exchan- 
ging commodities by barter or purchase ; commerce ; 
traffic ; barter. 5. The business, esp. mechanical, which 
a person has learned, and which he engages in ; occupa- 
tion. 6. A company of men engaged in the same occu- 
pation. 7. pi- The trade winds. 

Syn. — Profession; occupation; office; calling; avo- 
cation ; employment ; commerce ; dealing ; traffic. 

Trade wind, a wind in the torrid zOne which blows from 
the same quarter throughout the year ; — so called be- 
cause of its usefulness to navigators, and hence to trade. 

Trade, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Traded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, A, f, short ; senate, 5 vent, tdea, dbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



TRADE 



861 



TRAMMEL 



Trading.] To buy and sell or exchange property in a 
Bingle instance or as a business ; to traffic ; to bargain. 

Trade (trad), v. I. To sell or exchange ; to barter. 

Trade'-mark' (-mark'), n. A distinguishing mark or 
device affixed by a merchant or manufacturer to his 
goods, the exclusive right of using which he has by law. 

Trad'er (-er), n. One engaged in trade ; merchant ; 
trafficker. [a trade. I 

Trades'man (tradz'num), n. One who trades or plies | 

Trades' un ion (un'yQu), or Trade' un ion. An or- 
ganized combination of workmen for protecting their 
rights and interests respecting wages, hours of labor, etc. 

Tra-di'tlon (tra-dTsh'un), n. [L. trad itio, fr. trader e 
to give up. See Traitor.] 1. Act of delivering to an- 
other ; delivery. 2. The unwritten or oral delivery of 
information, opinions, doctrines, practices, rites, and 
customs, from ancestors to posterity ; hence, that which 
is so transmitted orally from father to son, or from an- 
cestor to posterity ; opinion, custom, or practice long 
accredited or observed. 3. {Theol.) An unwritten code 
of doctrine or discipline ; as the law represented to have 
been given by God to Moses on Sinai. 

Tra-di'tion-al (-a\), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or com- 
municated by, tradition ; derived from tradition. 2. Ob- 
servant of tradition, [i?.] — Tra-di'tion-al-ly, adv. 

Tra-di'tion-a-ry (-a-ry), a. Traditional. 

Tra-di'tion-er (-er), ) n. One who adheres to tradi- 

Tra-di'tion-ist, I tion. 

Trad'i-tive (trad^T-tiv), a. Traditional. [R.~\ 

Tra-duce' (tra-dus'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Traduced 
(-dust') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Traducing (-du'sTng).] [L. tra- 
ducere, traductum, to lead across, exhibit as a spectacle, 
disgrace, derive ; trans across, over -j- ducere to lead. See 
Duke.] 1. To transmit; to hand down; also, to trans- 
late. [Obs.~\ 2. To seduce. [Obs.] 3. To display ; to 
expose. [Obs.~] 4. To expose to contempt or shame ; 
to calumniate : to vilify ; to defame ; to slander. 

Syn. — To disparage ; detract ; depreciate ; decry. 

Tra-du'cer (-du'ser), n. One who traduces; calum- 
niator. 

Tra-duc'tlon (-duk'shun), n. 1. Transmission, as from 
parent to child. [Obs.~\ 2. Translation. [06s.] 3. 
Transportation. [E.~\ 4. Transition, [i?.] 

Traffic (traf'fTk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trafficked 
(-fikt) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Trafficking (-f!k-Tng).] [F. trafi- 
quer ; of uncertain origin.] To exchange goods and 
commodities for other goods or money ; to buy or sell 
goods ; to barter ; to trade ; to bargain. 

Traffic, v. t. To exchange in traffic. 

Traffic, n. 1. Commerce, either by barter or by buy- 
ing and selling ; trade. 2. Commodities of the market. 
[iZ.] 3. The carrying business done upon a railway, 
steamboat line, etc. [chant. I 

Traf fick-er (-er), n. One who traffics ; trader ; mer- 1 

Trag'a-canth. (trSg'a-kanth), n. [L. tragacanthum, 
deriv. of Gr. Tpa.yaKa.v0a the tragacanth plant ; rpdyos 
goat -f- aicavQa thorn.] A kind of gum used as a substi- 
tute for gum arabic in medicine and the arts. 

Tra-ge'di-an (tra-je'dT-an), n. 1. A writer of tragedy. 
2. An actor or player in tragedy. 

!! Tragedienne' (tra/zha'dyen' ; E. tra-je'dT-en'), n. 
[F.] A woman who plays in tragedy. 

Trag'e-dy (traj'e-dy), n. [OF. tragedie, L. tragoedia, 
Gr. rpaytoSCa, fr. Tpaycooos a tragic poet and singer ; rpayo? 
goat -\- iei'Seiv to sing ; alluding to a goat being sacrificed, 
or a goat as a prize, or goatskin clothing. See Ode.] 1. 
An elevated dramatic poem, describing a signal action hav- 
ing a fatal issue. 2. A fatal and mournful event ; any 
event in which human lives are lost by human violence. 

Trag'ic (traj'Ik), 1 a. Of, pertaining to, or of the 

Trag'ic-al (-T-kol), I nature of, tragedy ; fatal. — 
Trag'ic-al-ly, adv. — Trag'ic-al-ness, n. 

Syn. — Mournful; terrible; calamitous; sorrowful. 

Trag'i-COm'e-dy (traj'T-kom'e-dy), n. A composition 
of the nature both of tragedy and comedy. — Trag'I- 

com'ic (-kom'Tk), Trag'i-com'ic-al (-!-k«i), a. 

Trag'O-pan (trag'o-p5n), n. [L. tragopan a fabulous 
Ethiopian bird, Gr.' rpayoTrav.] (Zool.) Any one of sev- 
eral species of brilliantly colored Asiatic pheasants. 

II Tra'gUS (tra'gils), n. [NL., fr. Gr. rpayos a part 
of the inner ear.] (Anat.) The prominence in front of 
the external opening of the ear. See Ear. 

Trail (tral), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trailed (trald) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Trailing.] [OF. trailler to trail a deer, F. 
trailler to trail a fishing line ; prob. fr. a deriv. of L. 
trahere to draw.] 1. To hunt by the track ; to track. 
2. To draw or drag, as along the ground. 3. {Mil.) To 
carry, as a firearm, with the breech near the ground 



and the upper part inclined forward, the piece being 
held by the right hand near the middle. 4 
down, as grass, by walking through it ; to lay Hat. 

Trail (tral), v. i. 1. To be drawn out in length ; to 
follow alter. 2. To grow to great length, as a running 
or climbing vine. 

Trail, n. 1. A track left by man or beast ; scent left 
by the animal pursued. 2. A track through a wilder- 
ness. 3. Anything drawn out to a length. 4. Anything 
drawn behind in long undulations; a train. 5 The 
entrails of a fowl, esp. of game ; sometimes, the entrails 
of sheep. 6. (Mil.) That part of the stock of a gun 
carriage which rests on the ground when the piece is 
unlimbered. 

Train (tran), v. t. [imp. & ],. }l . Tuainei. 
p. pr. ft vb. a. Training.] [OK. trahitu 
trahinare, trainare, fr. L. trahere to draw.] 1. J 
along ; to trail ; to drag. 2. To entice ; to allure. [Obs.] 
3. To teach and form by practice ; to edit' 
exercise; to discipline. 4. To break, tame, and accus- 
tom to draw, as oxen. 5. (Hort.) To lead, direct, or 
form (a plant) to a given place or shape. 

To train a gun (Mil. & Nttttt.), to point it at some object 
either forward of or else abaft the beam. 

Train, V. i. 1. To undergo military drill. 2. To 
prepare by exercise, diet, etc., for any physical contest. 

Train, n. 1. That which draws along ; esp., entice- 
ment. [065.] 2. Hence, a lure for a hawk ; also, 
trap ; snare. 3. That which is drawn along in the rear 
of, or after, something ; the hinder part or rear ; as the 
trailing part of a gown, the trail of a gun carriage, tail of 
a bird, etc. 4. A number of followers or attendants; 
retinue ; suite. 5. A succession of connected things ; 
series. 6. Regular method ; process ; course ; order. 7. 
A line of gunpowder laid to lead fire to a charge, mine, etc. 
8. A connected line of cars or carriages on a railroad. 

Syn.— Cars. —The word train is universally used in 
England in this sense ; in the United States, the phrase 
the cars has been much used instead of the train ; but is 
obviously less appropriate, and is growing less common. 

Train'a-ble (tran'a-b'l), a. Capable of being trained. 

Train'band (-bSndO, n. A company of militia. [Eng.] 

Train'bear'er (-baVer), n. One who holds up a train, 
as of a robe. 

Train'er (-er), n. 1. One who trains ; an instructor. 2. 
A militiaman called out for exercise or discipline. [ U. 8. ] 

Train' Oil' (oil'). [D. or LG. traan + E. oil.] Oil 
procured from the blubber or fat of whales, by boiling. 

Traipse (traps), V. i. [Etym. uncertain.] To walk or 
run about in a slatternly or careless manner. [Colloq.] 

Trait (trat), n. [F., fr. L. tractus, fr. trahere to draw. 
Cf. Trace.] 1. Stroke; touch. 2. Distinguishing or 
marked feature ; peculiarity. 

(Igjp* Formerly pronounced tra. as in French. 

Tral'tor (tra'ter), n. [OF. traitor. L. tradi/or, fr. tra- 
dere, traditum, to deliver up, to betray ; tran* over -f- 
dare to give.] 1. One who violates his allegiance and 
betrays his country ; one guilty of treason. 2. One who 
betrays any confidence or trust ; a betrayer. 

Trai'tor-OUS (-us), a. 1. Guilty of treason ; treacher- 
ous ; perfidious ; faithless. 2. Consisting in, partaking 
of, or implying, treason. — Trai'tor-OUS-ly, odv. — 
Trai'tor-OUS-ness, n. [is a traitor. I 

Trai'tress (-trgs).Ti. [F. trattresse.] A woman who | 

Tra-Ject' (tra-jekf), v. t. [imp. ft />. p. Trajected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Trajecting.] [L. trajicere, p. p. -jectu*, 
to throw across ; trans across + jacere to throw. See 
Jet a shooting forth.] To cast through or across. [R.~\ 

Tra-jec'tion (tra-jgk'shiin). ?). 1. Act of trajecting; 
also, emission. 2. Transposition, [i?.] 

Tra-Ject'O-ry (-j5k'to-ry), n. The curve which a body 
describes in space, as a stone when thrown. 

TraTa-ti'tion (traTa-tlsh'un), n. [See Tralatitious.] 
A change, as in the use of words ; a metaphor. 

Tral'a-ti'tious (-us), a. [L. tralatilius, translatitius, 
iralaficius,translaticii's. See Translation.] 1. Handed 
down ; transmitted. 2. Metaphorical ; figurative. 

Tram (trSml, n. [Prov. E. tram coal wagon, shaft of 
a cart, beam ; prob. of Scand. origin.] 1. A four-wheeled 
truck running on rails, esp. in a mine. 2. One of the rails 
of a tramway. 3. A car on a horse railroad. [Eng.~\ 

Tram, n. [Sp. trama weft, or F. frame.] A silk 
thread used esp. for the weft of the best velvets and silks. 

Tram'mel (-mSl), n. [F. tramail, tremail, a net, LL. 
tremacalnm, tremacle, a kind of fish net; L. (res three 
-f- macula mesh.] 1. A kind of net for catching birds, 
fishes, etc. 2. A net for a woman's hair. 3. A kind of 
shackle for making a horse amble. 4. Fig. : "Whatever 






fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oiL, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TRAMMEL 



862 



TRANSFER 




impedes activity or progress. 5. An iron hook of various 

forms and rims for hanging vessels over a fire. 6. (Jf< ch. ) 

. instrument for drawing 

A beam compass. 

Tram'mel ijrfiin'inell, v. t. 
limp. S: p. p. Trammeled 
(-meld) or Trammelled ; p. pr. 
vmmelino. or Tram- 
melling.] 1. To entangle, as 

in .» net ; to catch, [P.] 2. To Trammel (Mech.) (a), 
confine : to hamper ; to shackle. 

Tram'meled (-meld), a. Having white marks on the 
fore and hind foot of one side ; — said of a horse. 

Tram'mel-er (-ingl-er), n. 1. One who uses a tram- 
mel net. 2. One that trammels or restrains. 

Tra-mon'tane (tra-nion'tau or trSm'on-tan), a. [OF 
tramontain. It. tramontano, L. transmontanus ; trans 
across -f- MM*, montis, mountain.] Lying or being be- 
yond the mountains ; hence, foreign ; barbarous. 

Tramp (tramp), r. t. [imp. &p.p. Tramped (trSmt ; 
213) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tramping.] [OE. trampen ; akin 
to G. trampeln ; also to G. treppe steps. Cf. Trip, v. ?'.] 

1. To tread upon forcibly and repeatedly ; to trample. 

2. To travel or wander through. [Colloq.] 
Tramp, V. i. To travel ; to wander ; to stroll. 
Tramp, n. 1. A foot journey or excursion. 2. A 

foot traveler ; a tramper ; hence, a vagrant ; vagabond. 

3. The sound of persons stepping, as in marching. 
Tramp'er (-e"r), n. One who tramps : a tramp. 
Tram'ple (trani'p'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trampled 

(-p'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Trampling (-pling).] [Freq. of 
Tramp.] 1. To tread under foot ; to tread down. 2. 
Fig. : To treat with contempt and insult. 

Tram'ple, V. i. 1. To tread with force and rapidity ; 
to stamp. 2. To tread in contempt ; — with on or upon. 

Tram'ple, n. Act or sound of one who tramples. 

Tram'pler (-pier), n. One who tramples. 

Tram'road' (trSm'rod'), n. [Tram coal wagon -j- 
road.] A road for transit of trams or wagons on tracks. 

Tram'way' (-wa 7 ), n. 1. Same as Tramroad. 2. A 
street railway on which cars are drawn by horses. 

Trance (trans), n. [F. transe fright, in OF. also, 
trance, fr. transir to chill, benumb, OF. also, to die, L. 
transire to pass over, pass away, cease ; trans across -f 
ire to go. See Issue.] 1. A state in which the soul seems 
to have passed out of the body into another state, or to 
be rapt into visions ; ecstasy. 2. {Med.) A state of total 
suspension of the power of voluntary movement, with 
abolition of all evidences of mental activity and the 
reduction to a minimum of all the vital functions, the 
pulsation of the heart and the breathing, although still 
present, being almost or altogether imperceptible. 

Trance, v. t. 1. To entrance. 2. To pass over ; to 
traverse. [Poetic] 

Tran'ect(tran'ekt), n. [Cf. Traject.] Ferry. [Obs.] 

Tran'gram (-gram), n. [OE. trangrain a strange 
thing, trangame a toy. Cf. Tangram.] Something in- 
tricately contrived ; a puzzle. {Cant & Obs.~\ 

Tran'quil (trSr/kwTl), a. [L. tranquillus ; prob. fr. 
trans over -}- a word akin to E. quiet. ,] Quiet ; calm ; 
undisturbed ; peaceful ; not agitated. 

Tran'quil-ize ) (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tranqutl- 

Tran'quil-lize ) ized (-Izd) or Tranquillized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Tranquilizlng (-Fzing) or Tranquillizing.] 
To render tranquil ; to allay when agitated ; to compose ; 
to make calm and peaceful. — Tran'quil-i'zer, Tran'- 
quil-li'zer (-i'zer), n. 

Syn. — To quiet ; still ; soothe ; appease ; pacify. 

Tran-quilli-ty (trSn-kwil'lT-tj?), n. Quality or state 
of being tranquil. [ner ; calmly. I 

Tran'qnil-ly (trSr/kwil-l^), adv. In a tranquil man- 1 

Tran'quil-ness, n. Quality or state of being tranquil. 

Trans- (tr5ns-). [L. trans across, over.] A prefix, 
signifying over, beyond, through, through and through, 
on the other side, as in transalpine, beyond the Alps; 
transform, to form through and through, that is, anew. 

Trans-act' (-Xkf), v. t. [L. transactus, p. p. of 
transigere. See Transaction.] To carry through; to 
do ; to perform ; to manage. 

Trans-ac'tion (-Sk'shun), n. [L. transactio, fr. transi- 
gere, -actum, to drive through, accomplish, transact ; 
trans across, over -f- agere to drive. See Act ; Agent.] 
1. The doing of any business ; management of any affair ; 
performance. 2. Thing done ; affair. 

Syn. — Proceeding ; action ; process. — A transaction 
is something already done and completed ; a proceeding 
is either something now going on, or, if ended, still con- 
templated as regards its progress or successive sfcages. 



Trans-act'or (trans-Skfer), n. One who transacts 
any business. 

Trans-al'plne (-Xl'pTn or -pin), a. [L. trayisalpinus. 
See Trans- ; Alpine.] Being on the farther side of the 
Alps in regard to Rome ; of or pert, to the region or the 
people beyond the Alps ; — opposed to cisalpine. 

Trans at-lan'tic (-St-lan'tTk), a. [Pref. trans- + 
Atlantic] 1. Lying or being beyond the Atlantic 
Ocean. 2. Crossing the Atlantic Ocean. 

Transcend' (trau-sgnd'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Tran- 
scended ; p. pr. & vb: n. Transcending.] [L. transe 71- 
dere, transcensu?n ; trayis over -j- scandere to climb.] 
1. To rise above ; to surmount. 2. To pass over ; to go 
beyond; to exceed. 3. To surpass; to excel; to exceed. 

Tran-scend'ence (-ens), \ n. Quality or state of 

Tran-scend'en-cy (-en-sy), ) being transcendent. 

Tran-scend'ent (-<?nt), a. 1. Very excellent ; supe- 
rior or supreme in excellence ; surpassing others ; su- 
pereminent. 2. {Kantian Philos.) Transcending, or 
reaching beyond, the limits of human knowledge. 

Trail scen-den'tal (tran'sen-dgn'tal), a. 1. Super- 
eminent ; surpassing others. 2. {Philos.) In the Kan- 
tian system, of or pert, to that which can be determined 
a priori in regard to the fundamental principles of human 
knowledge. What is transcendental, therefore, transcends 
empiricism ; but it does not transcend all human knowl- 
edge, or become transcendent. 3. Vaguely and ambi- 
tiously extravagant in speculation, imagery, or diction. 

Syn. — Transcendental ; empirical. — Empirical refers 
to knowledge gained by the experience of actual phenom- 
ena, without reference to the principles or laws by which 
they are to be explained. Transcendental has reference 
to those beliefs or principles not derived from experience, 
and yet absolutely necessary to make experience possible 
or useful. Such, in the better sense of the term, is the 
transcendental philosophy, or transcendentalism . Each 
of these words is also used in a bad sense, empirical imply- 
ing that one-sided view of knowledge which neglects or 
loses sight of the principles referred to above, and trusts to 
experience alone ; transcendental, the opposite extreme, 
which, in its depreciation of experience, loses sight of the 
relations which facts and phenomena sustain to principles, 
and hence is applied to a vague, obscure, fantastic, or 
extravagant kind of philosophy, or use of language. 

Tran scen-den'tal-ism (-Tz'm), n. Quality or char- 
acter of being transcendental ; philosophy, thought, or 
imagination which is transcendental. 

Tran scen-den'tal-ist. n. One who believes in tran- 
scendentalism, [scendental manner. ] 

Tran'scen-den'tal-ly (-den'tal-ly), adv. In a tran- \ 

Tran-scend'ent-ly (trgn-send'ent-ly), adv. In a tran- 
scendent manner. 

Tran-scend'ent-ness, n. Same as Transcendence. 

Trans-con ti-nen'tal ( trans - kSn ' tT - nen ' tal), a. 
[Trans- -f- continental.] Reaching or going across a 
continent. 

Tran-scribe' (tran-skrib'), v. t. [L. transcribers 
-scriptum ; trans across + scribere to write. See Scribe.] 
To write over again, or in the same words ; to copy. 

Tran-scrib'er (-er), n. One who transcribes ; copyist. 

Tran'script (trSn'skrTpt), n. 1. That which has 
been transcribed; a written copy. 2. A copy of any 
kind ; an imitation. 

Tran-scrip'tion (tran-skrip'shun), n. 1. Act or 
process of transcribing. 2. Transcript; copy. 3. {3Tus.) 
An arrangement or adaptation of a composition for an 
instrument or voice other than that for which it was 
originally written. 

Tran'sept (trSn'sgpt), n. [Pref. trans- -f- L. septum 
inclosure.] {Arch.) The transversal part of a church, 
which crosses at right angles to the greatest length, 
between the nave and choir. In the basilicas, this had 
often no projection at its two ends ; in Gothic churches 
these project greatly, and should be called the arms of 
the transept. It is common, however, to 6peak of the 
arms themselves as the transepts. 

Trans-fer' (tr5ns-fer'), r. t. [imp. &p.p. Transferred 
(-f erd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Transferring.] [L. transferre ; 
trans across, over -{• ferre to bear. See Bear to carry.] 
1. To convey from one place or person to another ; to 
transport, remove, or cause to pass, to another place or 
person. 2. To make over the possession or control of, or 
the title to ; to pass ; to convey, as a right or title, from 
one person to another, as by gift, sale, etc. 3. To remove 
from one substance or surface to another. 
Syn. — To sell; give; alienate; estrange; sequester. 
Trans'fer (trSns'fer), n. 1. A transferring; state of 
being transferred. 2. That which is transferred, as a draw- 
ing or writing printed off from one surface to another, 
a soldier removed from one body of troops to another. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



TRANSFERABILITY 



863 



TRANSMISSION 



Trans-fer'a-ble (trSus-fer'a-b'l or -fSr'a-b'l), a. 1. 
Capable of being conveyed from one place or person to 
another. 2. Negotiable, as a note, or check, that may be 
conveyed from one person to another by indorsement or 
other writing. — Trans-fer'a-bil'1-ty (-bTl'I-t$>), n. 

Trans'fer-ee' (trans'fer-e'), n. Person to whom a 
transfer is made. 

Trans'fer-ence (trans'fer-ens), n. Act of transferring. 

Trans fer'rence (trSns-fer'rens or -fgr'rens), n. See 
Transference. 

Trans-fer'rer (-fer'rer), n. One who makes a transfer. 

Trans-ier'ri-ble (-f er'rT-b'l or -fgr'rT-b'l), a. That may 
be transferred ; transferable. [to transform. [A'.] I 

Trans-fig'u-rate (-f Tg'u-rat), v. t. To transfigure ; | 

Trans-fig u-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. 1. A change of 
form or appearance; esp., the supernatural change in 
the appearance of our Savior on the mount. 2. (Eccl.) 
A feast held August 6th to commemorate this. 

Trans-fig'ure (-flg'ur ; 135), v. t. [F. transfigurer, 
L. transfigurare, -alum. See Trans- ; Figure, v. t.] 1. 
To change the outward form or appearance of ; to meta- 
morphose ; to transform. 2. Esp., to change to something 
exalted ; to idealize. 

Trans-fix' (-f Iks'), v. t. [L. transfigere, p. p. -fizus. 
See Trans- ; Fix.] To pierce through, as with a pointed 
weapon ; to impale. [of being transfixed. | 

Transfixion (-fik'shun), n. A transfixing; state | 

Trans-form' (-f6rm'), v. t. [L. transformare, -atum ; 
trans over -\-formare to form. See Form, v. t.] 1. To 
change the form of ; to change in shape or appearance ; 
to metamorphose. 2. To change into another substance ; 
to transmute. 3. To change in nature, disposition, heart, 
character, or the like ; to convert. 

Trans for-ma'tion (trans/for-rna'shun), n. A trans- 
forming ; state of being transformed ; metamorphosis. 

Trans-form'ism (trans-fQrm'Tz'm), n. (Biol.) The 
doctrine that living beings have originated by the modifi- 
cation of other previously existing forms of living matter. 

Trans-fuse' (-fuz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transfused 
(-fuzd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Transfusing.] [L. transfun- 
dere, p. p. -fusus. See Trans- ; Fund.] 1. To transfer by 
pouring. 2. To cause to pass from one to another ; to 
cause to be instilled or imbibed. [transfused. I 

Trans-fu'si-ble Gfu'zT-b'l), a. Capable of being | 

Trans-fu'sion (-fu'zhun), n. 1. A transfusing. 2. 
( Med.) A transferring or introducing a fluid, as the blood 
of another animal, into an animal's vascular system. 

Trans-gress' (-gres'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trans- 
gressed (-grgsf) ; p. pr. Sr, vb. n. Transgressing.] [See 
Transgression.] 1. To pass beyond ; to surpass, [is!.] 
2. Hence, to overpass, as any rule prescribed as the limit 
of duty ; to break or violate, as a law, civil or moral. 

Trans-gress', v. i. To offend against the law ; to sin. 

Trans-gres'slon (-grgsh'un), n. [L. transgressio a 
going across, transgression, fr. transgredi, -gressus, to 
step across, go over ; trans over -f- gradi to step. See 
Grade.] Act of transgressing ; violation of a law or 
known principle of rectitude ; breach of command ; 
fault ; offense ; crime ; sin. 

Syn. — Infringement ; misdemeanor; misdeed; affront. 

Trans-gress'ive (-gres'i v), a. Inclined to transgress. 

Trans-gress'or (-er), n. One who transgresses. 

Tranship' (-ship'), v. t. Same as Transship. 

Tran-ship'ment (-ment), n. Same as Transshipment. 

Tran'sience (trSn'shens), \ n. Quality of being tran- 

Tran'sien-cy (-shen-sy), j sient ; transientness. 

Tran'sient (tran'shent), a. [L. transiens, -entis, p. 
pr. of iransire, transitum, to go or pass over. See 
Trance.] 1. Passing before the sight or perception, and 
then disappearing ; hence, of short duration ; not per- 
manent ; not [lasting or durable ; not stationary ; pass- 
ing ; fleeting ; brief ; transitory. 2. Hasty ; momentary ; 
imperfect ; brief. 3. Staying for a short time ; not reg- 
ular or permanent. [Colloq. IT. S.] — Tran'sient-ly, 
adv. — Tran'sient-ness, n. 

Syn. — Transitory ; fleeting. — Transient represents a 
thing as brief at the best ; transitory, as liable at any 
moment to pass away. Fleeting goes further, and repre- 
sents it as in the act of taking its flight. 

Tran'sient, n. A transient person or thing. 

Tran-sil'i-ence (tran-sTl'I-ens ; 106), ) n. [L. tran- 

Tran-sil'i-en-cy (tran-sil'T-en-s^), J siliens, p. pr. 
of transilire to leap across; trans across -f- salire to 
leap.] A leap from one thing to another, [B.] 

Transmit (trans'Tt), n. [L. transitus, fr. transire to 
go over. See Transient.] 1. Act of passing ; passage 
through or over. 2. Act or process of causing to pass ; 
conveyance. 3. A line or route of passage or convey- 




Surveyor's Transit. 



ance. 4. (Astron.) The passage of a heavenly body over 
or across a given line or place, as over the meridian of a 
place, or across the disk of a larger body. 6. An instru- 
ment like a theodolite, used by 
surveyors and engineers. 

Transit instrument. (Astron.) 
(a) A telescope mounted at 
right angles to a horizontal axis, 

— used in connection with a 
clock for observing the time of 
transit of a heavenly body over 
the meridian of a place. (i>> 
(8urv.) A surveyor's transit. 

Tran-si'tion (tran-slzh'un, 
-sTsh'un, or -zlsh'On), n. Pas- 
sage from one place, state, sub- 
ject, or form to another; change. 

Tran-si'tlon-al (al), a. Of 
or pert, to transition ; involving 
or denoting transition. 

Tran'si-tive (tran'sT-tTv), a. 
[L. transitivus.il 1. Having the 
power of making a transit, or 
passage. [R.] 2. Effected by transference of significa- 
tion. 3. {Gram.) Passing over to an object ; expressing 
an action which requires an object to complete the sense. 

— Tran'si-tive-ly, adv. — Tran'si-tive-ness, n. 
Tran'si-tO-ry (tr&n'sT-to-ry), a. Continuing only for 

a short time ; not enduring ; fleeting ; evanescent. — 
Tran'si-to-ri-ly, adv. — Tran'si-to-ri-ness, n. 

Syn. — Transient ; short-lived; brief. See Transient. 

Trans-late' (-laf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Translated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Translating.] [F. translater, deriv. of 
L. translatus, used as p. p. of transjerre to transfer. 
See Trans- ; Tolerate.] 1. To carry from one place 
to another; to transfer. [Archaic - ] 2. To change to 
another condition, position, place, or office ; to transfer ; 
hence, to remove as by death. 3. To remove to heaven 
without a natural death. 4. To express the sense of in 
the words of another language ; to interpret ; to render ; 
hence, to explain or state in other words. 5. To change 
into another form ; to transform. 

Trans-late', v. i. To make a translation. 

Trans-la'tlon (-la'shim), n. 1. A translating ; also, 
state of being translated. 2. That which is obtained by 
translating something ; a version. 3. (Kinematics) Mo- 
tion in which all the points of the moving body have at 
any instant the same velocity and direction of motion ; — 
opposed to rotation. 

Syn.— Removal; transfer; interpretation; association. 

Trans-lat'or (-er), n. 1. One who translates. 2. 
(Teleg.) A repeating instrument. [Eng.~\ 

Trans-lit'er-ate (-lifer-at), v. t. [See Trans- ; Lit- 
eral.] To represent in characters of another alphabet. 

Translo-ca'tion (trans'lo-ka'shiin), n. [Pref. trans- 
-f- location.] Transfer from one place to another. 

Trans-lu'cence (-lu'sens), ) n. Quality or state of 

Trans-lu'cen-cy (-sen-s^), | being translucent. 

Trans-lu'cent (trans-lu'sent), a. [L. translucens, 
-entis, p. pr. of translucere to shine through. See Trans-; 
Lucid.] 1. Transmitting rays of light without permitting 
objects to be distinctly seen ; partially transparent. 2. 
Transparent ; clear. [Poetic] — Trans-lu'cent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Transparent. — A thing is translucent when it 
merely admits the passage of light, without enabling us to 
distinguish color and outline through it ; it is transparent 
when we can clearly discern objects through it. 

Trans'ma-rine' (-ma-ren'), a. [L. transmarimis ; 
trans beyond + marinus marine.] Being beyond the sea. 

Trans'me-ate (trSns'me-at), V. t. [L. transmeare, 
p. p. -atus.] To pass ovej or beyond. [Obs.] 

Trans-mew' (trSns-mu'), v. t. & i. [F. trayismuer, L. 
transmutare.] To transmute ; to transform. [Archaic] 

Trans'mi-grant (trSns'mT-grant), a. Transmigra- 
ting ; passing from one place or state to another. 

Trans'ml-grate (-grat), v. i. [L. transm igrare, -atum. 
See Trans- ; Migrate.] 1. To pass from one country or 
jurisdiction to another for the purpose of residence, as 
men or families ; to migrate. 2. To pass from one body 
or condition into another. 

Trans'mi-gra'tion (-gra'shim), n. A transmigrating. 

Trans'mi-gra'tor (trans'mT-gra'ter), n. One who 
transmigrates. [being transmitted, j 

Trans-mis'si-ble (trSns-mis'sT-b'l), a. Capable of | 

Trans mis'sion (-niTsh'un), n. 1. A transmitting; 
state of being transmitted. 2. (Lav) The transmitting 
by an heir or legatee to his successor or successors of any 
property or right to which he is entitled, even if he should 
die without enjoying or exercising it. 



< 



I 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TRANSMISSIVE 



864 



TRAP 




aaa Transoms. 



Trans-mls'sive ^trans-nus'sTv), a. Capable of being 
transmitted ; derived, or handed down, from one to 
another. 

Trans-mit' (-mW), ' '• '■ [**P« * P- P- Transmitted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Transmitting.] [L. trtntsm it/ere, -mis- 
gum : trans across -f- mitten to send. See Missile.] 1. 
To cause to pass over or through ; to communicate by 
sending ; to send from one to another ; to pass on or 
down, as by inheritance. 2. To suffer to pass through. 

Trans-mit'tal (,-tcl), »■ Transmission. 

Trans-mit'ter (-ter). w. One that transmits ; specif., 
that portion of a telegraphic or telephonic instrument by 
means Of which a message is sent. 

Trans-mog'ri-fy (-m5g'rT-fl), v. t. [A humorous 
coinage.] To change in shape ; to transform. [Colloq.] 

Trans-mut'a-ble (-mut'a-b'l), a. [See Transmute.] 
Capable of being transmuted; transformable. — Trans- 
itu ta-biTi-ty (-bll'T-ty), Trans-mut'a-ble-ness. n. 
— Trans-mut'a-bly, adv. 

Trans mu-ta'tion (trans'mu-ta'shun), n. 1. A trans- 
muting; state of being transmuted. 2. (Biol.) Change 
cf one species into another. 

Transmutation of metals (Alchem.), conversion of base 
metals into gold or silver. 

Trans-mute' (trans-miit'), v. I. [imp. &p. p. Trans- 
muted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Transmuting.] [L. Ironsmutare, 
-atom ; trans across + mutare to change. See Mutable.] 
To change from one nature, form, or substance, into 
another ; to transform. 

Trans-mut'er (-mut'er), n. One who transmutes. 

Tran'som (tran'sum), n. [Prob. fr. L. transtrum 
crossbeam, transom, fr. trans across.] 1. (Arch.) A 
horizontal crossbar in a window, over a door, or between 
a door and a window above it. Cf. Mullion. 2. (Naut.) 
One of the principal transverse timbers 
of the stern. 3. (Gun.) The piece of 
wood or iron connecting the cheeks of ^ 
some gun carriages. 4. (Surv.) The 
vane of a cross-staff. 

Transom window. (Arch.) (a) A window 
divided by transoms, (b) A window over 
a door, with a transom between. 

Trans 'pa-dane (trans'pa-dan'), a. [L. transpadanus ; 
trans across -f- Padus the Po.] Lying or being on the 
further side of the river Po with reference to Rome. 

Trans-par'ence (-paT'ens), n. Transparency. 

Trans-par'en-cy (-en-sy), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being transparent ; transparence. 2. That which is 
transparent ; esp., a picture on thin cloth, glass, etc. 

Trans-par'ent (-ent), a. [F., fr. LL. transparens, 
-eniis, p. pr. of transparere to be transparent ; L. trans 
through -\-parere to appear.] 1. Transmitting rays of light 
so that bodies can be distinctly seen through ; diaphanous. 
2. Admitting the passage of light ; open ; porous. — 
Trans-par'ent-ly, adv. — Trans-par'ent-ness, n. 

Syn. — Clear; pellucid; lucid. See Translucent. 

Tran-spic'u-ous (tran-spik'u-ils), a. [L. transpicere 
to see through.] Transparent, [jR.] 

Trans-pierce' (trans-pers'), v. t. [Pref. trans- + 
pierce.'] To pierce or pass through ; to penetrate. 

Tran'spi-ra'tion (tran'spT-ra'shiin), n. A transpiring. 

Tran-spire' (tran-spir'), v. i. & t. [imp. &p.p. Tran- 
spired (-splrd') ; p.pr. & vb. n. Transpiring.] [F. tran- 
spirer ; L. trans through + spirare to breathe.] 1. 
(Physiol.) To pass off in the form of vapor or insensible 
perspiration ; to exhale or secrete, as through the skin. 

2. (Bol.) To evaporate or exhale from living cells. 3. 
(Physics) To pass through pores or fine tubes ; — said of 
gases. 4. To escape from secrecy ; to become public. 
5. To happen or come to pass ; to occur ; — a use cen- 
sured by critics in both the U. S. and England. 

Trans-place' (trans-plas'), v. t. [Pref. trans- -f place.] 
To remove to another place. [R.] 

Trans-plant' (-plant'), v. t. [F. transplanter, L. 
transplanlare ; trans across -f- plantar e to plant.] 1. To 
remove, and plant in another place. 2. To remove, and 
settle or establish for residence in another place. 

Trans'plan-ta'tion (trans/plan-ta'shun), n. A trans- 
planting ; state of being transplanted. [plants. I 

Trans-plant'er (trans-planfer), n. One that trans- 1 

Trans-port' (trans-port'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trans- 
ported ; p. pr. & vb. n. Transporting.] [F. transporter, 
L. traruportare ; trans across -f- portare to carry. See 
Port bearing.] 1. To carry or bear from one place to 
another ; to remove ; to convey. 2. To carry, or cause 
to be carried, into banishment, as a criminal ; to banish. 

3. To carry away with vehement emotion, as joy, sorrow, 
anger, etc. ; to ravish with pleasure or ecstasy. 



Trans'port (trXns'port), n. 1. A transporting ; trans- 
portation ; conveyance. 2. A vessel used for transport- 
ing, esp. soldiers, provisions, or convicts. 3. Vehement 
emotion ; ecstasy ; rapture. 4. A transported convict. 

Trans-port'a-ble (trSns-port'a-b'l), a. Capable of, or 
subject or liable to, transportation. 

Trans por ta'tion (trans'por-ta'shun), n. 1. A trans- 
porting ; state of being transported ; carriage ; convey- 
ance. " 2. Ecstasy. [R.] [ported or entranced. I 

Trans-port'ed-ly, adv. In the manner of one trans- 1 

Trans-port'er (-er), n. One who transports. 

Trans-port 'ing, a. That transports ; fig., ravishing. 

Trans-pos'al (-poz'al), n. Act of transposing, or state 
of being transposed ; transposition. 

Trans-pose' (-poz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transposed 
(-pozd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Transposing.] [F. iransposer ; 
pref. trans- (L. trans across) -j- poser to put. See Posb 
to place.] 1. To change the place or order of ; to sub- 
stitute one for the other of ; to exchange in position. 
2. To change; to transform. [R.~\ 3. (Alg.) To bring, 
as any term of an equation, from one side over to the 
other, without destroying the equation. 4. (Mus.) To 
change the key of. — Trans-pos'er (-poz'er), n. 

Trans po-si/tion (trans/po-zish'iin), n. [F. transpo- 
sition, fr. L. transponere, -positum, transfer. See Trans- ; 
Position.] A transposing ; state of being transposed. 

Trans po-si'tion-al (-al), a. Of or pert, to transposi- 
tion ; involving transposition. [To transform. I 

Trans-shape' (trans-shap'), v. I. [Trans- -j- shape.]] 

Trans-ship' (-ship'), v. t. [Pref. trans- + ship.] To 
transfer from one ship or conveyance to another. 

Trans-ship'ment (-rnent), n. Act of transshipping. 

Tran sub-stan'ti-ate (traVsub-stan'shT-at ; 106), v. t. 
[LL. transubslaniiare, p. p. -atus. See Trans- ; Sub- 
stance.] 1. To change into another substance. [R.] 2. 
(R. C. Theol.) To change, as the sacramental elements, 
bread and wine, into the flesh and blood of Christ. 

Tran'suh-stan'ti-a'tion (-stan'shi-a'shun), n. 1. A 
change into another substance. 2. (R. C. Theol.) The 
doctrine that the bread and wine in the Mass is converted 
into the body and blood of Christ. 

Tran su -da'tion (-sfi-da'shun), n. 1. Act or process 
of transuding. 2. (Physics) Same as Exosmose. 

Tran-SUde' (tran-sud'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tran- 
suded ; pr. & vb. n. Transuding.] [Pref. trans- + L. 
sudare to sweat.] To pass, as perspirable matter does, 
through the pores or interstices of textures. 

Tran-sume' (-sum'), v. t. [L. transumere; trans 4- 
sumere to take.] To change. [R.] [som. I 

Trans'sum mer (trans'sum'mer), n. (Naut.) A tran- 1 

Trans-vec'tion (trans-vgk'shun), n. [L. transvectio, 
fr. transvehere to carry over.] Act of carrying over. [R.] 

Trans-ver'sal (-ver'sal), a. Running or lying across ; 
transverse. — n. ( Geom. ) A straight line which traverses 
or intersects any system of other lines. 

Trans-verse' (-vers'), a. [L. transversus, p. p. of 
transverlere to direct across ; trans across -f- vertere to 
turn. See Verse.] Lying or being across, or in a cross- 
wise direction ; athwart. — Trans- verse'ly, adv. 

Transverse axis (of an ellipse or hyperbola) (Geom.), that 
which passes through the foci. 

Trans-verse', v. t. To overturn ; to change. [R-] 

Trans'verse (trans'vers or trSns-vers'), n. Anything 
transverse or athwart. 

Trans'VO-la'tion (trans'vo-la'shun), n. [L. transvo- 
lare to fly over.] A flying beyond or across. 

Trap (trap), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trapped (trSpt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Trapping.] [Akin to OE. trappe trappings, 
and pt. . to E. drab kind of cloth.] To dress with orna- 
ments ; to adorn ; — said esp. of horses. [R-] 

Trap, n. [Sw. trapp ; akin to trappa stairs, G. treppe ; 
— alluding to the frequent occurrence of tabular masses, 
rising like steps.] (Geol.) An old term rather loosely 
used to designate various dark-colored, heavy, igneous 
rocks, including esp. basalt, dolerite, amygdaloid, etc. 

Trap, n. [AS. treppe ; akin to OD. trappe ; prob. fr. 
root of E. tramp, as that which is trod upon.] 1. A con- 
trivance that shuts suddenly, as with a spring, for taking 
game or other animals. 2. Fig.: Any device by which 
one may be caught unawares ; snare ; ambush ; strata- 
gem. 3. A pivoted instrument somewhat like a shoe, 
used to throw a ball in an old game called trapball; also, 
the game itself. Also, a machine for throwing glass balls, 
clay pigeons, etc., to be shot at. 4. A bend or chamber, 
as in a drain, arranged to prevent passage of air or gas, 
but to permit the flow of liquids. 6. A place in a water 
pipe, pump, etc., where air accumulates. 6. A wagon, 
or other vehicle. [Colloq.] 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, g, I, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, fcvent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



TRAP 



865 



TREACLE 



to in- 



cf. 




Trap (trap), v. I. To catch in a trap or traps 
snare ; to entrap. 2. To provide with a trap. 

Tra-pan' (tra-pXn'), n. [OF. trappan. See Trap 
Teepan snare.] A snare ; stratagem ; trepan. 

Tra-pan', v. t. {imp. & p. p. Trapanned (-p8nd') ; 
p. pr. & vb. ?i. Tkapannino.] To insuare ; to catch by 
stratagem ; to entrap. — Tra-pan'ner (-ner), n. 

Trap'ball' (trap'bal'), 7i. See 3d Trap, 3. 

Trap'door (trap'dor'), n. 1. (Arch.) A lifting or slid- 
ing door covering an opening in a roof or floor. 2. (Min- 
ing) A door in a level to regulate the ventilating current. 

Trapdoor spider (Zool.), any one of several large spiders 
which make a nest in the earth furnished with a hinged lid. 

Trape (trap), v. i. [See Tramp.] To traipse. [Obs. 
or Colloq.] [or Colloq.~\\ 

Trapes (traps), ra. [See Trape.] A slattern. [Obs. | 

Trapes, v. i. See Traipse. [Colloq.] 

Tra-peze' (tra-pez'), «. 1. (Geom.) A trapezium. 2. 
A swinging horizontal bar, suspended at each end by a 
rope, — used by gymnasts. 

Tra-pe'zi-um (tra-pe'zT-um), n.; pi. E. -znras (-uniz), 
L. -zia (-a). [NL., fr. Gr. Tpa7re£ioi>, prop., a little table, 
dim. of rpanre^a table ; rerpa- (see Tetra-) -f ne£a foot, 
akin to 7rous foot. See Foot.] 1. (Geom.) A plane fig- 
ure bounded by four right lines, of which no two are par- 
allel. 2. (Anat.) A bone of the 
carpus at the base of the first meta- 
carpal, or thumb. 

Trap'e-zoid (trap'e-zoid), n. [Gr. 
Tpa7re£bei8)7s trapezoid-shaped ; rpa- 
Tre£a table -\- etoos shape.] 1. (Geom.) 
A plane four-sided figure, having two 
sides parallel to each other. 2. -trapezium. 

(Anat.) A bone of the carpus at the base of the second 
metacarpal, or index finger. [zoidal. ! 

Trap'e-ZOid, a. Of the form of a trapezoid; trape- 1 

Trap e-ZOid'al (-zoid'al), a. Trapezoid. 

Trap'hole' (trap'hol'), n. (Mil.) See Trou-de-loup. 

Trap'pe-an (trap'pe-an or trap-pe'an), a. [See Trap 
rock.] (Min.) Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, trap. 

Trap'per (-per), n. [From Trap to insnare.] One 
who traps animals, esp. for their fur and as a business. 

Trap'pingS (-pingz), n. pi. 1. That which serves to 
trap or adorn ; ornaments ; dress ; superficial decorations. 
2. Specif., ornaments to be put on horses. 

Trap'piSt (-pist), n. [F. trappiste.] (R. C. Ch.) One 
of an extremely austere order of monks established in 
1660 at the monastery of La Trappe in Normandy. 

Trap'pous (trap'pus), a. [From Trap rock.] (Min. ) 
Of or pertaining to trap ; resembling trap ; trappy. 

Trap'py (-py), a. (Min.) Same as Trappous. 

Traps (traps), n. pi. [See 1st Trap.] Small or porta- 
ble articles for dress, furniture, etc. ; goods. [Colloq.] 

Trash (trash), n. [Cf. Icel. tros leaves, twigs, etc., 
picked up for fuel, trassi sloven, Sw. trasa rag.] 1. That 
which is worthless or useless ; rubbish; refuse. 2- Esp., 
loppings and leaves of trees, bruised sugar cane, etc. 3. 
A worthless person. [R.] 4. A collar or leash for a dog. 

Trash, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Trashed (trSsht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Trashing.] 1. To free from trash, or worth- 
less matter ; hence, to lop ; to crop. 2. To treat as 
trash ; hence, to spurn or crush. [Obs.~\ 

Trash'y (-y), a. [Compar. Trashier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Trashiest.] Like trash ; containing much trash ; worth- 
less; useless.— Trash'i-ly(-T-lJ), adv.— Trash'i-ness, n. 

Trass (tras), n. [D. tras or G. trass, prob. fr. It. 
terrazzo, E. terrace.] (Geol.) A volcanic tufa of decom- 
posed trachytic cinders, — sometimes used as a cement. 
Hence, a coarse sort of hydraulic plaster or mortar. 

Trau-mat'ic (tra-mSt'Ik), a. [L. traumaticus, Gr. 
Tpav/u.aTiKo?, from rpavfj.a, rpav/xaTog, wound.] (Med.) 
Of or pertaining to wounds ; applied to, or suited for the 
cure of, wounds ; vulnerary. — n. A traumatic medicine. 

Trau'ma-tism (tra'ma-tiz'm), n. (Med.) A wound 
or injury directly produced by external causes. 

Trav'ail (trSv'al; 48), n. [F. travail; prob. fr. LL. 
trepalium place or instrument of torture.] 1. Labor with 
pain ; severe toil or exertion. 2. Parturition ; labor. 

Trav'ail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Travailed (-aid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Travailing.] 1. To labor with pain ; to toil. 
[Archaic] 2. To be in childbirth ; to be in labor. 

Trave (trav), n. [Through French, fr. L. trabs, tra- 
bis, abeam.] 1. (Arch.) A crossbeam ; a lay of joists. 
2. A frame to confine a horse or ox while shoeing. 

Trav'el (trav'el), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Traveled (-eld) 
or Travelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Traveling or Travelling.] 
[Prop, same word as Travail.] 1. To travail. [Obsoles.] 
2. To go or pass on foot, or by riding or in any manner ; 



specif., to go to a distant place, or to many places; to jour- 
ney. 3. To pass ; to go ; to move ; — of inanimate objects. 

Trav'el (tr5v'61), v. t. Si i. To journey ; to t 

Trav'el, n. 1. Act or extent of traveling, or journey- 
ing from place to place ; journey. 2. pi. An account of 
occurrences and observations during a journey. 3. La- 
bor ; travail. [06*.] [enced by traveling. I 

Traveled (-Sid), a. Having made journeys ; experi-| 

TraVel-er (-Sl-er), n. 1. One who travels or has 
traveled. 2. A commercial Rgent who travels for busi- 
ness purposes. 3. (Much.) Any one of various sliding or 
rolling mechanical devices ; as a sliding travtflin^ < not. 

TraVers-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being 1 1 

Trav'erse (traVers), «. [OF. trovers, L.tnn 
p. p. of transvertere to turn across. See Tra>. 
Lying across ; being in a direction across something <-l-<-. 

Trav'erse (traVers; formerly often tra-vers'), adv. 
Athwart ; across ; crosswise. 

Trav'erse, n. 1. Anything that traverses, or crosses. 
Specif. : (a) Something that thwarts or obstructs. (6) 
A barrier, sliding door, curtain, etc. (c) (Arch.) A cross 
gallery or loft of communication, (d) (Fort.) A work 
thrown up to intercept an enfilade, or reverse fire, (e) 
(Law) A formal denial of some matter of fact alleged by 
the opposite party. (/) (Xaul.) The zigzag course or 
courses made by a ship in passing from one place to an- 
other, (g) (Geom.) A cross line, (h) (Surv.) A line sur- 
veyed across a plot of ground, (i) (Gun.) The turning 
of a gun so as to make it point in any desired direction. 
2. A trick ; subterfuge. [Obs.] 

Trav'erse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Traversed (-erst) ; 
p.pr. &vb. n. Traversing.] 1. To lay in a cross di- 
rection ; to cross. 2. To cross by way of opposition ; to 
bring to naught ; to thwart ; to obstruct. 3. To wander 
over ; to cross in traveling. 4. To pass over and view ; 
to survey carefully. 5. (Gun.) To turn to the one side 
or the other in aiming. 6. (Carp.) To plane across the 
grain of the wood. 7. (Law) To deny formally. 

Trav'erse, V. i. 1. To use the posture or motions of 
opposition or counteraction. 2. To turn, as on a pivot ; 
to move round ; to swivel. 3. To tread or move with the 
body skewed crosswise, as a horse. 

Trav'ers-er (-er), n. One that traverses. 

TraVer-tine (-er-tin), n. [F. travertin, through It. fr. 
L. lapis Tiburtinus, fr. Tibur, now Tivoli.] (Min. ) A con- 
cretionary form of calcium carbonate, formed by deposit. 

Trav'es-ty (-es-ty), a. [F. travesti, p. p. of traieatir 
to disguise, to travesty, It. travestire, fr. L. trans across 
-)- vestire to dress. See Vest.] Disguised, a3 a book, so 
as to be ridiculous ; travestied. [R.] [of a work. I 

Trav'es-ty, n. A burlesque translation or imitation | 

Trav'es-ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tra vested (-tTd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Travestying.] To translate, imitate, or 
represent, so as to render ridiculous or ludicrous. 

Trawl (tral), v. i. [OF. trauler, troller, to drag 
about ; prob. of Teutonic origin. Cf. Troll, v. (.] To 
take fish, or other marine animals, with a trawl. 

Trawl, n. 1. A fishing line, having many short lines 
bearing hooks attached to it ; a boulter. [U. S. & Canada] 

2. A large bag net attached to a beam with iron frames 
at its ends, and dragged at the bottom of the sea. 

Trawl'DOat' (-bof), n. A boat used in trawling. 

Trawl'er (-er), n. 1. One that trawls. 2. A trawlboat. 

Trawl'net'' (-net'), n. Same as Trawl, n., 2. 

Tray (tra), n. [OE. treye, AS. treg. Cf. Trough.] 1. 
A small trough or wooden vessel, for domestic uses. 2. A 
flat vessel on which to carry dishes, etc. ; waiter ; salver. 

3. A shallow, usually open, box, as in a chest or trunk. 
Tray'-trip' (tra'trip'), n. [From Trey a three.] An 

old game played with dice. [065.] 

Treach'er-OUS (trech'er-us), a. Like a traitor ; in- 
volving treachery ; violating faith pledged ; betraying a 
trust ; traitorous ; perfidious ; faithless. — Treach'er- 
ons-ly, adv. — Treach'er-ous-ness, ». 

Syn. — Faithless ; false; insidious; plotting. 

Treach'er-y (-y), n. [OF. trecherie, tricherie. fr. 
trichier, trechier, to trick ; prob. akin to E. trick.] Viola- 
tion of allegiance or of faith and confidence ; treasonable 
or perfidious conduct ; perfidy ; treason. 

Trea'cle (tre'k'l), n. [OE. & OF. triacle antidote, 
L. theriaca antidote against venom, Gr. drjpia^, fr. 0rjp«x- 
kos of venomous beasts, fr. QypLov beast, dim. of 0r}p beast.] 
1. (Old Med.) A remedy against poison. 2. A sovereign 
remedy. [Obs.] 3. Molasses; sometimes, specif., mo- 
lasses which drains from the sugar-refining molds. 

GglP' In England treacle is the common name. 

4. A saccharine fluid, consisting of the inspissated juices 
or decoctions of certain vegetables, as of birch. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sine, ink, then, thin. 
*55 



N 



TREAD 



866 



TREMOLITE 



A mill worked by persons 




Treadmill. 



Tread (tr?d\ r. •'. [imp. Trod (tr5d) ; p. p. Trodden 
(-d'n\ Tbod : p. pr. & >b. n. Treading.] [AS. tredan : 
akin to Q. tret en.] 1. To 'set the foot ; to step. 2. To 
walk or go ; esp., to walk with a stately or cautious step. 

3. To copulate ; said of birds, esp. the males. 

Tread. V. t. 1. To step or walk on. 2. To beat or 
press with the feet. 3. To go through or accomplish by 
walking, dancing, etc. 4. To crush under the foot ; to 
trample in contempt or hatred ; to subdue. 

Tread. »• 1- Act of treading; a step or stepping; 
pressure with the foot ; footstep. 2. Manner or style 
of stepping ; action ; gait. 3. Way ; track ; path, [i?.] 

4. {Arch.) The upper horizontal part of a step. 5. 
(Fort.) The top of the banquette. 6. (Mach.) The part 
of a wheel that bears upon the road or rail ; also, the 
part of a rail borne upon. 7. Chalaza of a bird's egg. 

Tread r board / (-bordO) »• (Arch.) See Tread, n., 4. 

Tread'er (-er), ?;. One who treads. 

Trea'dle (trgd"l), n. [OE. tredyl a step, AS. tredel.'] 

1. The part of a foot lathe, or other machine, which is 
pressed or moved by the foot. 2. Chalaza of a bird's egg. 

Tread'mill (tred'mlF), n. 
treading upon steps on the 
periphery of a wide wheel, 
— used chiefly as a means 
of prison discipline. Also, 
a mill worked by horses, 
dogs, etc., treading on an 
endless belt. 

Trea'son (tre'z'n), n. 
[OF. t ration, L. traditio a 
giving up, fr. tradere. See 
Traitor.] 1. Offense of 
one who attempts to overthrow the government of the 
state to which he owes allegiance, or who betrays the state 
into the hands of a foreign power ; disloyalty ; treachery. 

{3T~ In England, to imagine or compass the death of 
the king, or of the queen consort, or of the heir apparent 
to the crown, is high treason, as are many other offenses 
created by statute. In the U. S. , treason is confined to 
the actual levying of war against the U. S., or to an adher- 
ing to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 

2. Loosely, the betrayal of any trust ; treachery ; perfidy. 
Trea'son-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Pertaining to, or consist- 
ing of, treason ; involving the crime of treason. — Trea'- 
son-a-ble-ness, n. — Trea'son-a-bly, adv. 

Syn. — Treacherous ; traitorous ; perfidious ; insidious. 

Trea'son-OUS (-us), a. Treasonable. 

Treas'ure (trgzh'ur ; 135), n. [F. tresor, L. thesaurus, 
Gr. Ori&avpos ; prob. fr. root of -riQevai to put, place.] 1. 
Wealth accumulated ; esp. , stock or store of money in 
reserve. 2. Great quantity for future use ; abundance ; 
plenty. 3. That which is very much valued. 

Treas'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Treasured (-urd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Treasuring.] To collect and deposit, as 
valuables, for future use ; to lay up ; to hoard. 

Treas'UT-er (-er), n. One having the care of a treasure 
or treasury ; one who takes charge of collected funds. 

Treas'ure-trove 7 (-tr6V), n. [Treasure + OF. trove, 
p. p. of trover to find. See Trover.] (Common Law) 
Any money, bullion, etc., found in the earth, or other- 
wise hidden, the owner of which is not known. 

Treas'UT-y (-ur-^), n. 1. A place or building in which 
stores of wealth, esp. public funds, are deposited ; hence, 
also, the place of deposit and disbursement of such funds. 
2. The department of a government in charge of the 
finances. 3. A repository of abundance ; storehouse. 

Treat (tret), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Treated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Treating.] [OF. traitier, fr. L. tractare to draw 
violently, to handle, v. intens. fr. trahere, tractum, to 
draw. See Trace, v. t.~\ 1. To handle ; to manage ; to use ; 
to bear one's self toward. 2. To handle in a particular 
manner, in writing or speaking. 3. To entertain with food 
or drink, esp. the latter, as a compliment or expression 
of regard. 4. To negotiate ; to settle. [06s.] 5. (Med.) 
To care for medicinally or surgically. 6. To subject to 
some action ; to apply something to. 

Treat, v. i. 1. To discourse ; to handle a subject in 
writing or speaking ; to make discussion ; — usually with 
of. 2. To negotiate ; to come to terms. 3. To entertain 
gratuitously, esp. with food or drink, as a compliment. 

Treat, n. 1. A parley. [Obs.~] 2. A gratuitous en- 
tertainment given as an expression of regard. 3. That 
which affords entertainment ; gratification ; satisfaction. 

Treat'er (-er). n. One who treats. 

Trea'tlse (tre'tts), n. [OF. treitti, traitis, well made. 
See Treat.] 1. A writ discussing or explaining a partic- 
ular subject ; tract. 2. Story ; discourse. [R.~\ 



"Tree toad (Zool.), any one 



Treat 'ment (tret'ment), n. Act or manner of treat- 
ing ; management; manipulation; handling; usage. 

Trea'ty (tre't?), n. [F. traite, LL. tractatus. See 
Treat.] 1. Act of treating for the adjustment of differ- 
ences ; negotiation. 2. An agreement so made ; specif., 
a solemnly ratified agreement between two or more na- 
tions or sovereigns. 3. A proposal of an agreement. 
[Obs.~\ 4. A treatise. [Obs.~\ 

TrCble (trSb"l), a. [OF. treble threefold, L. triplus. 
See Triple.] 1. Threefold ; triple. 2. (Mus.) (a) Acute ; 
sharp, (b) Playing or singing the treble. 

Tre'ble, n. [Said to have been so called as being an 
added third part.] (Mus.) The highest of the four prin- 
cipal parts in music ; the part usually sung by boys or 
women ; soprano ; sometimes called first treble, to distin- 
guish it from second treble, or alto. 

Tre'ble, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Trebled (-'Id) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Trebling.] 1. To make or become threefold. 2. 
To utter in a treble key ; to whine. [Obs.~\ 

Trembly (trgb'ly), adv. In a treble manner ; triply. 

Treb'U-chet (trgb'u-shgt), ) n. [OF. trebuchet, trebu- 

Tre'buck-et (tre'buk-gt), J Met, engine of war for 
hurling stones, fr. trebuchier, trebuquier, to stumble.] 
1. A cucking stool. 2. A military engine (a form of 
lever) used in the Middle Ages for throwing stones, etc. 

Tre-dille' (tre-dTF), n. A game at cards for three. 

Tree (tre), n. [AS. treo, treow ; akin to Gr. Spvs tree, 
oak, Sopv beam, Skr. dru tree, daru wood.] 1. (Bot.) Any 
perennial woody plant of considerable size (usually over 
20 feet high) and growing with a single trunk. 2. Some- 
thing like, or likened to, a tree, consisting of a stem and 
branches. 3. A piece of timber, or something commonly 
made of timber ; — used in composition. 4. A cross or 
gallows. 5. Wood ; timber. [Obs.J 

Tree tiger (ZobL), a leopard, 
of numerous species of am- 
phibians related to the com- 
mon frogs and toads, but 
having the tips of the toes 
expanded into suckers by 
which they cling to trees. 

Tree, v. t. [imp. &p. p. 
Treed (tred) ; p. pr. & vb. . 
n. Treeing.] 1. To drive 
to or up a tree. 2. To place 
upon a tree ; to fit with, or 
stretch upon, a tree. 

Tree'nail' (tre'nal 7 ; com- 
monly trun'ngl), n. (Ship- 
building) A wood pin for fastening the planks of a vessel. 

Tre'foil (tre'foil), n. [L. tres three + E. foil leaf.] 
1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Trifolium, which in- 
cludes the white clover, red clover, etc. ; less properly, 
also, black medic. 2. (Arch.) An ornamental foliation 
consisting of three divisions, or foils. [See Illust. of Fodl.] 
3. (Her.) A charge representing the clover leaf. 

Treil'lage (trgllaj ; 48), n. [F. See Trellis.] Lat- 
ticework for supporting vines, etc. ; espalier ; trellis. 

Trel'lis (trgllTs), n. [F. treillis, fr. treille vine arbor, 
fr. L. triclia bower, arbor.] A structure or frame of 
crossbarred work, or latticework, variously used. 

Trellised (-list), a. Having a trellis or trellises. 

II Tre-man'dO (tra-man'do), a. [It.] (3fus.) Trem- 
bling ; — used as a direction to a performer. 

Trem'a-tode (trgm'a-tod), n. (Zool.) One of the 
Trematodea. Also used adjectively. 

II Trem'a-tO'de-a (trgm'a-toMe-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. 
Gr. Tpij/aardjSTjs having holes, from Tpijfia, rpij/aaro?, a 
hole.] (Zool.) An extensive order of parasitic worms, 
found in the internal cavities of animals of all classes. 

Trem'a-toid (trgm'a-toid), a. [From Gr. Tprj/xa hole 
+ etfios form.] (Zool.) Of or pert, to the Trematodea. 

Trem'ble (trgm'b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trembled 
(-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Trembling (-bling).] [F. trem- 
bler, fr. L. tremulus trembling, fr. tremere to tremble ; 
akin to Gr. rpe'/xew.] 1. To shake involuntarily; to 
quake ; to quiver ; to shiver ; to shudder ; — said of a per- 
son or animal. 2. To totter ; to shake ; — said of a thing. 
3. To quaver or shake, as sound ; to be tremulous. 

Trem'ble, n. An involuntary shaking or quivering. 

Trembler (-bier), n. One who trembles. 

Tre-men'dous (tre-mgn'dus), a. [L. tremendus fear- 
ful, fr. tremere to tremble. See Tremble.] Fitted to 
excite fear or terror ; astonishing or terrifying by mag- 
nitude, force, or violence ; terrible ; dreadful. — Tre- 
men'dous-ly. adv. — Tre-men'dous-ness. n. 

Syn. — Frightful ; terrific ; horrible ; awful. 

Trem'O-lite (trgm'o-lit), n. [From Tremola, a valley 
in the Alps.] (Mm.) A white variety of amphibole. 




American Tree Toad (Hyla 
versicolor). 



a, e, I, o, vL, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, fi, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, 6bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



TREMOLO 



867 



TRIANGULAR 



II Tre'mo-lO (tra'mfi-lo), n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) Rapid 
reiteration of tones to produce a tremulous effect. (b) 
A contrivance in an organ producing a tremulous effect. 

Tre'mor (tre'm5r or trgm'5r), n. [L. , f r. tremere. See 
Tremble.] A trembling ; a shivering ; a quivering. 

Trem'U-lOUS (trgm'u-lus), a. [L. tremulus, fr. Ire- 
mere. See Tremble.] 1. Shaking ; shivering ; quivering. 
2. Affected with fear ; trembling. — Trem'U-l0US-ly, 
adv. — Trem'u lous-ness, n. [Treenail. I 

Tre'nail' (tre'nal' ; commonly trun'n'l), n. Same as | 

Trench (trSnch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trenched 
(trSncht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Trenching.] [OF. trenchier 
to cut; of uncertain origin.] 1. To cut; to make or 
shape by cutting. 2. (Fort.) To fortify by cutting a 
ditch, and raising a rampart or breastwork with the earth 
thrown out of the ditch; to intrench. 3. To cut fur- 
rows or ditches in. [aim or tend. [E.] I 

Trench, v. i. 1. To encroach; to intrench. 2. To| 

Trench, n. 1. A long, narrow cut in the earth ; ditch ; 
excavation made in trenching. 2. An alley. [06s.] 

Trench'ant (-ant), a. [OF.] 1. Fitted to trench or 
cut ; cutting ; sharp. 2. Fig. : Keen ; biting ; severe. 

Trench'er (-er), n. [OF. trencheoir, fr. trenchier to 
cut.] 1. One who trenches. 2. A large wooden plate 
or platter, as for table use. 3. The table ; hence, the 
pleasures of the table ; food. 

Trench'er-man (-man), n. 1. A feeder ; gorman- 
dizer. 2. A cook. [Obs.] 3. A table companion. 

Trench/more (-mor), n. A kind of lively boisterous 
dance, or its music. 

Trench'-ploW ) (-plou'), v. t. To plow with deep 

Trench'-plough' j furrows. 

Trend (trend), v. i. & t. limp. & p. p. Trended ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Trending.] [OE. trenden to turn about ; 
akin to E. trendle, trundle.'] To have, or cause to have, 
a particular direction ; to run ; to stretch ; to tend. 

Trend, n. Inclination in a particular direction ; tend- 
ency ; general direction. 

Tren'dle (trgn'd'l), n. [See Trundle.] A wheel or 
spindle. [Obs.] 

Tren'tal (trgn'tal), n. [LL. trentale, fr. L. triginta 
thirty; akin to tres three.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) An office 
and mass for the dead on the thirtieth day after death 
or burial. 2. Hence, dirge ; elegy. 

Tre-pan' (tre-pan'), n. [F. trepan, LL. trepanum, fr. 
Gr. rpviravov a borer, auger, trepan, fr. rpvnav to bore, 
rpvira a hole.] (Surg.) A crown-saw or cylindrical saw 
for perforating the skull. 

Tre-pan', v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Trepanned 
(-p5nd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Trepanning.] (Surg.) To per- 
forate (the skull) with a trepan, so as to relieve the brain 
from pressure or irritation; to perform an operation 
with the trepan. [Deceiver ; cheat. | 

Tre-pan', n. [See Trapan.] 1. Snare ; trapan. 2. 1 

Tre-pan', v. t. To insnare ; to trap ; to trapan. 

Tre-pang' (tre-pang'), n. [Malay irlpang.] (Zool.) 
Any one of several species of large holothurians, some of 
which are dried and extensively used as food in China. 

Trephine' (tre-fin' or -fen'), n. [A dim. of 1st Tre- 
pan.] (Surg.) An improved form of the trepan. 

Tre-phine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trephined (-find' or 
-fend') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Trephining.] To perforate with 
a trephine ; to trepan. 

Trep'id (trgp'id), a. [L. trepidus.~\ Trembling. 

Trep'i-da'tion (-T-da'shun), n. [F. tripidalion, L. 
irepidatio, fr. trepidare to hurry with alarm, to tremble, 
from trepidus agitated, alarmed.] 1. An involutary 
trembling, as from terror or fear ; quaking ; quivering. 
2. Hence, state of terror or alarm ; fear; fright. 

Syn. — Tremor ; agitation ; disturbance ; confusion. 

Tres'pass (trgs'pas), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Trespassed 
(-past) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Trespassing.] [OF. trespasser 
to go across or over, transgress; pref. tres- (L. trans 
across) -f- passer to pass. See Pass, v. i.] 1. To pass 
over ; hence, to go. [Obs.~\ 2. (Law) To commit a tres- 
pass. 3. To go too far ; to intrude or encroach. 4. To 
do any act that injures or annoys another ; hence, in a 
moral sense, to transgress voluntarily any divine law or 
command ; to violate any known rule of duty ; to sin. 

Tres'pass, n. 1. Act of trespassing. 2. (Laiv) (a) 
An unlawful act committed with force and violence on the 
person, property, or relative rights of another, (b) An 
action for injuries accompanied with force. 

Syn. — Offense ; breach ; infringement ; transgression ; 
sin ; misdemeanor ; misdeed. 

Tres'pass-er (-er), n. One who commits a trespass. 

Tress (trgs), n. [OF. trece, LL. tricia, fr. Gr. Tpi'xa 
threefold, — because a braid is usually formed by inter- 



lacing three pieces ; akin to rpelt three.] A braid, knot, 
or curl, of hair ; ringlet. 

Tres'sel (trgs'sel), n. A trestle. 

Tres'sure (trgsh'ur), n. [F. tresser to twist.] (Her.) 
A border similar to the orle, but only half as broad. 

Tres'tle (trgs"l), n. [OF. treatel, tresteau; prob. fr. 
L. trunstillum little crossbeam, dim. of transtrum cro*h- 
beam. Cf. Transom.] 1. A movable frame or support 
for anything, as scaffolding, consisting of three or four 
legs secured to a top piece ; also, a kind of framework 
of strong posts or piles, and crossbeams, as for support- 
ing a bridge. 2. The frame of a table. 

Trestle board, a board (commonly resting on trestles) 
used by architects, draughtsmen, etc. 

Tres'tle-tree' (-tre'), n. (Naut.) One of the two 
strong horizontal timbers supporting the crosstrees and 
the frame of the top ; — generally in pi. 

Tres'tle-work' (-wfirk'), n. A viaduct, pier, scaffold, 
or the like, resting on trestles connected together. 




Trestlework Viaduct or Bridge. 

Tret (tret), n. [F. traite a drawing, trading, fr. OF. 
traire to draw, L. trahere. See Trait.] (Com.) An al- 
lowance to purchasers, for waste or refuse matter, of 
four pounds on every 10-1 pounds of suttle weight. 

Trev'et (trev'et), n. A trivet. 

Trey (tra), n. [OF. treis three, L. tres. See Three.] 
Three, at cards, dice, or dominoes ; a card, die, or domino 
of three spots or pips. 

Tri- (tri-). [Gr. rpt- or L. tri-, sometimes through 
French; akin to E. three.'] 1. A prefix meaning three, 
thrice, threefold. 2. (Chem.) A prefix denoting three 
proportional or combining parts, or the third degree of 
that to the name of which it is prefixed. 

Tri'a-ble (tri'a-b'l), a. [From Try.] Fit or liable to 
be subjected to trial. — Tri'a-ble-ness, n. 

Tri'ad (-ad), n. [L. trias, -adis, Gr. rptas, -e£So?, fr. 
rpet?, rpia, three. See Three.] 1. A union of three : 
three objects treated as one ; ternary ; trinity. 2. (Mus.) 
(a) A chord of three notes, (b) The common chord, 
consisting of a tone with its third and fifth. 3. (Chem.) 
An element or radical whose valence is three. 

Tri'al (tri'al), n. [From Try.] 1. Act of trying or 
testing. Specif. : (a) Effort or exertion of strength to 
ascertain what can be done or effected, (b) A testing by 
experience ; proof ; test, (c) Examination by a test ; ex- 
periment. 2. State of being tried or tempted. 3. That 
which tries or afflicts ; that which harasses ; that which 
tempts to evil. 4. (Law) The formal examination of the 
matter in issue in a cause before a competent tribunal. 

Syn. — Attempt ; endeavor ; essay. See Test, Attempt. 

Tri-an'dri-an (trt-an'drT-an), | a. (Bot.) Of, pertain- 

Tri-an'drous (trl-an'drus), j ing to, or designa- 
ting, the Triandria, a class of plants having flowers with 
three distinct, equal stamens. 

Tri'an'gle (trl'an/g'l), n. [L. triangulum, fr. tri- 
angidus triangular. See Tri-; Angle.] 1. (Geom.) A 
figure bounded by three lines, and containing three angles. 

(Sgir* A triangle is either plane, spherical, or curvilinear, 
according as its sides are straight lines, or arcs of great 
circles of a sphere, or any curved lines whatever. A plane 
or spherical triangle is designated as scalene, isosceles, or 
equilateral, according as it has no two sides equal, two 
sides equal, or all sides equal ; and also as right-angled, or 
oblique-angled, according as it has one right angle or 
none; and an oblique-angled triangle is either acute- 
angled, ox obtuse-angled, according as all the angles are 
acute, or one of them obtuse. 

2. Any one of various triangular instruments or objects ; 
as : (a) (Mus.) An instrument, usually made of a rod of 
steel, bent into the form of a triangle, and sounded by 
being struck with a metallic rod. (b) A draughtsman's 
square in the form of a right-angled triangle. 

Tri'an'gled (-g'ld), a. Having three angles ; triangular. 

Tri-an'gu-lar (trt-Sn'gu-ler), a. Having three angles ; 
having the form of a triangle. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TRIANGULATE 



sw 



TRIDENT 



Tri-an'gu-late (trt-ajs'gft-Kt), ». t. {imp. & p. p. Tri- 
anc.ii.aiki> ; p. pr. & rb. n. Triangulating.] 1. To di- 
vide into t dangles, as in surveying. 2. To make triangular. 

Tri-an gu-ia'tion (-UE'ahun), n. {Sum.) A triangu- 
lating ; also, the series or network of triangles into which 
the face of a region is divided in a trigonometrical survey. 

Tri'ar-Chy (.tri'iir-ky), n. [Gr. rpiapxi'a. See Tri-; 
-archy.] Government by three persons. 

Tri'as (tri'os), n. [L., triad. See Triad.] (Geol.) 
The formation between the Permian and Lias, consisting 
of three series of strata. — Tri-as'sic (tri-Ss'sik), «. 

Trl-at'ic (tri-Xt'Tk), a. (Naut.) Designating a certain 
rop< seemed to the heads of the foremast and mainmast. 

Tri'a-tom'ic (tri'a-tSm'Tk), a. [Pref. tri- -\- atomic.'] 
(Chan.) (a) Having three atoms ; — said of elements or 
radicals, (b) Having a valence of three ; trivalent ; specif., 
having three hydroxyl groups, whether acid or basic. 

TriVal (triVal), a. Of or pert, to a tribe or tribes. 

Tribe (tarib), n. [L. tribus, orig., a third part of the 
Roman people ; of uncertain origin.] 1. A family, race, 
or series of generations, descending from the same pro- 
genitor, and kept distinct. 2. (Biol.) A number of spe- 
cies or genera having certain structural characteristics in 
common ; specif. , a group intermediate between order 
and genus. 3. A nation or united body of savages or rude 
people. 4. A division, class, or distinct portion of a peo- 
ple. 5. (Stock Breeding) A family descended through 
the female line from some particular female progenitor. 

Trib'let (trib'let), ) n. [F. triboulet.~\ 1. A tapering 

Trib'O-let (-6-let), ) mandrel used in making rings, 
nuts, etc. 2. A steel cylinder round which metal is 
drawn in forming tubes. 

Tri-bom'e-ter (tr t-bom'e-ter), n. [Gr. -rplfizw to rub -f- 
-meter. ~\ An instrument for measuring friction. 

Tri'brach (tri'brak), n. [L. tribrachys, Gr. rpi/Spaxvs 
of three short syllables ; rpi- tri--j- /Spa^u? short.] (Gr. 
& L. Pros. ) A poetic foot of three short syllables. 

Trib'U-la'tion (trib'fi-la'shun), n. [F., fr. L. tribu- 
latio, fr. tribulare to press, afflict, fr. tribulum a thrash- 
ing sledge ; akin to E. trite.'] That which occasions dis- 
tress, trouble, or vexation ; severe affliction. 

Tri-DU'nal (tri-bu'nal), n. [L. tribunal, fr. tribunus. 
See Tribune.] 1. The seat of a judge. 2. Hence, a 
court or forum. 

Trib'u-nate (tr Tt/fi-nat), n. State or office of a tribune. 

Trib'une (trib'un), n. [L. tribunus, prop., chief of a 
tribe, fr. tribus tribe.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An officer 
chosen by the people, to protect them from oppression by 
the patricians. 2. Anciently, a bench or elevated place, 
from which speeches were delivered ; in France, a kind of 
pulpit in the hall of the legislative assembly, from which 
members speak ; any place occupied by a public orator. 

Trib'une-shiP; n. Office or power of a tribune. 

Trib'U-ni'tial (trir/fi-nish'al), a. Of or pertaining to 
tribunes ; befitting a tribune. 

Trib'u-ta-ry (trTb'fi-ta-ry), a. [F. tributaire, L. tri- 
bularius. See Tribute.] 1. Paying tribute to another ; 
hence, subject ; subordinate ; inferior. 2. Paid in trib- 
ute. 3. Yielding supplies of any kind ; contributing. 

Trib'U-ta-ry, n. 1. One that pays tribute. 2. A 
stream flowing into a larger stream or into a lake. 

Trib'ute (-ut), n. [L. tributum, fr. tribuere, tributum, 
to grant, pay, allot, assign, orig., to a tribe, fr. tribus 
tribe.] 1. An annual or stated sum of money or other 
valuable thing, paid by one ruler or nation to another, 
either as an acknowledgment of submission, or as the 
price of peace and protection, or in pursuance of a treaty. 
2. A personal contribution in token of services rendered, 
or as due or deserved. 

Trice (tris), v. t. [OE. trisen ; of Scand. or Low Ger- 
man origin.] 1. To pull; to haul. [Obs.] 2. (Naut.) 
To haul and tie up by means of a rope. 

Trice, n. [Sp. tris noise of breaking glass, an instant, 
en un tris in an instant.] A very short time ; instant ; 
moment ; — now only in the phrase in a trice. 

Tri-cen'ni-al (tr t-sen'nT-al), a. [L. tricennium thirty 
years; triginta thirty -f- annus year.] Of or pert, to 
thirty years ; occurring once every thirty years. 

I! Tri-chi'na (trT-ki'na), n. ; pi. Trichinae (-ne). [NL. , 
fr. Gr. rpixivo? hairy, fr. 6pi£, Tpix°?> hair.] (Zo'dl.) A 
small, slender nematoid worm which, in the larval state, 
is parasitic, often in immense numbers, in the voluntary 
muscles of man, the hog, and many other animals. 

Trich'i-no'sis (trik'T-no'sis), n. [NL.] (Med.) 
The disease produced by the presence of trichinae. 

Trich'i-noUB (trikt-nus or trf-kl'niis), a. Of, per- 
taining to, or affected with, trichinae or trichinosis. 

Tri-chlo'ride (tri-klo'rid or -rid), n. [Pref. tri- + 



chloride.] (Che in.) A chloride having three atoms of 
chlorine in the molecule. 

Trich'ome (trtk'oin), n. [Gr. Tpt^wfia growth of 
hair.] (Bot.) A hair, or any modification of a hair. 

Tri chop'ter-ous (tri-k5p'ter-us), a. [Gr. 6pC£, rpi X 6f, 
a hair -j- nrepov wing.] (Zo'dl.) Pert, to, or designating, 
a suborder of neuropterous insects having the wings cov- 
ered with minute hairs. 

Tri'chord (tri'kSrd), n. [Gr. rpi'xopSos three stringed.] 
(3fus.) An instrument having three strings. 

Tri-chot'o-mous (trl-k5t'6-nius), a. [See Trichot- 
omy.] Divided into three parts ; three-forked. 

Tri-chOt'0-my (-nij), n. [Gr. rpi'xa threefold + 
-tomy.] Division into three parts. 

Tri-chro'ic (trt-kro'ik), a. Exhibiting trichroism. 

Tri'chro-ism (tri'kro-iz'rn), n. [Pref. tri- -f Gr. xP^s 
color.] (Min.) Quality possessed by some crystals of 
presenting different colors in three different directions. 

Tri'chro-mat'ic (tri'kro-mat'Tk), a. [Tri- + chro- 
matic] (Zo'dl.) Having three distinct color varieties. 

Trick (trik), n. [D. trek pull, drawing, trick, trekken 
to draw.] 1. An artifice or stratagem ; cunning contriv- 
ance ; sly procedure, usually with a dishonest intent. 2. 
A sly, dexterous, or ingenious procedure fitted to puzzle 
or amuse. 3. Mischievous or annoying behavior ; prank. 
4. A particular habit or manner ; peculiarity ; trait. 5. A 
knot or plait of hair. lObs.] 6. (Card Playing) The 
whole number of cards played in one round. 7. (Naut.) 
A turn ; specif. , the spell of a sailor at the helm, — 
usually two hours. 8- Toy ; trifle. [06s.] 

Syn .—Stratagem ; wile ; fraud ; cheat ; juggle ; finesse ; 
sleight ; deception ; imposture ; delusion ; imposition. 

Trick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tricked (trikt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tricking.] 1. To deceive by cunning or artifice ; 
to impose on ; to defraud ; to cheat. 2. To dress ; to dec- 
orate ; to set off ; to adorn fantastically. 3. To draw in 
outline ; to delineate without color. — Trick'er (-er), n. 

Trick'er-y (-y), n. Art of dressing up ; artifice ; strat- 
agem ; fraud ; imposture. 

Trick'i-ness (-T-nes), n. Quality of being tricky. 

Trick'ish, a. Given to tricks ; artful ; cheating ; 
knavish. — Trick'ish-ly, adv. — Trick'ish-ness, n. 

Tric'kle (trik'k'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trickled 
(-k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Trickling (-kllng).] [OE. trik- 
len, prob. fr. striken to flow, AS. strican. See Strike, 
v . I.] To flow in a small, gentle stream ; to run in drops. 

Trick'ster (-ster), n. Tricker ; deceiver ; cheat. 

Trick'sy (-sy), a. [From Trick.] Exhibiting art- 
fulness ; trickish. [resembling backgammon. I 

Trick'track' (-trSk'), n. [F. trictrac] An old game| 

Trick'y (-J0, a. Given to tricks ; trickish ; knavish. 

Tri-COC'COUS (trl-kok'kus), a. [Gr. tpikokkos with 
three berries.] (Bot.) Having three roundish carpels. 

Tri'COVor (tri'kul'er), n. [F. tricolore, drapeau tri- 
colore a tricolored flag, fr. tricolore three-colored ; tri- 
(see Tri-) + L. color color.] 1. The national French 
banner, of three colors, blue, white, and red, adopted at 
the first revolution. 2. Hence, any three-colored flag. 

Tri'cororecl (-kuPerd), a. Having three colors. 

Tri-cor'po-ral (trt-k6r'po-ral), \ a. [L. tricorpor; tri- 

Tri-cor'po-rate (-k6r'po-rat), I -f cor.pus body.] 
(Her.) Figured with three bodies joined to one head. 

II Tri' COt' (tre'ko'), n. [F.] A fabric of woolen, silk, 
or cotton, knitted, or woven to resemble knitted work. 

Tri'cro-tism (trl'kro-tlz'm), n. [Tri- + Gr. Kporelu 
to beat.] (Physiol.) That state of the arterial 
pulse in which there is a triple beat. — Tri-crot'- \ If 6 
iC (tri-kr5t'ik), a. 1LILJ 

Tri-CUS'pid (trf-kus'pid), a. [L. tricuspid, fc 
-idis; tri- tri- -J- cuspis point.] 1. Having three 
cusps, or points. 2. (Anal.) Of, pert, to, or 
designating, a valve of the heart, consisting of 
three triangular, membranous flaps, [cuspid. I 

Tri-CUS'pid-ate (-at), a. Three-pointed; tri-| 

Tri'cy-Cle (trl'sl-k'l), n. [Pref. tri- + -cycle 
as in bicycle.] A three-wheeled velocipede. 

Tri-dac'tyl )(trt-dSk'tTl), a. [Gr. rpiU- 

Tri-dac'tyle ) ktuKos ; rpi (see Tri-) -f Sd- 
ktuaos digit.] (Biol.) Having three fingers or 
toes, or composed of three movable parts at- 
tached to a common base. 

Tri-dac'tyl-OUS (-us), a. (Biol.) Tridactyl. 

Tri'dent (tri'dent), n. [L. tridens, -entis ; 
tri- (see Tri-) + dens tooth. See Tooth.] A 
kind of scepter, spear, or weapon with three 
prongs, esp. the common attribute of Neptune. 

Tri'dent, a. [L. tridens.] Having three Trident, 
teeth or prongs ; tridentate. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, 0., y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, dbey, Unite, care, arm, aak, all, final. 



TRIDENTATE 



869 



TRIM 



Tri-den'tate (trt-dgn'tat), ) a. Having three teeth or 

Tri-den'ta-ted (-ta-t5d), ) prongs. 

Tri-den'tine (trf-d6n'tTn), a. [From L. Tridentum 
Trent.] Of or pertaining to Trent, or the general church 
council held in that city. ' 

Tri'ding (tri'ding), n. See 1st Riding. 

Tried (trid), imp. & p. p. of Try ; also adj. Proved ; 
tested ; faithful ; trustworthy. 

Tri-e'dral (trt-e'dral), a. See Trihedral. 

Tri-en'nl-al (trt-Sn'm-al), a. [L. triennium space of 
three years ; tri- (see Tri-) -j- annus year.] 1. Continu- 
ing three years. 2. Happening or appearing once in every 
three years, —n. Something which takes place or ap- 
pears once in three .years. — Tri-en'ni-al-ly, adv. 

Tri'er (-er), n. One who or that which tries. 

Tri'er-arch (trl'er-ark), n. [Gr. rptrjpapxoi ; Tptijpijs 
trireme + «Px°s chief.] {Gr. Antiq.) (a) The com- 
mander of a trireme, (b) At Athens, one who had to fit 
out a trireme for the public service. [before sowing. [ 

Tri'fal'lOW (tri'fSl'16), v. t. To plow the third time! 

Tri-fa'ri-OUS (tri-fa'rT-us), a. [L. trifarius threefold.] 
{Bot.) Facing three ways ; being in three vertical ranks. 

Tri'fid (tri'f id), a. [L. trifidus ; tri- (see Tri-) -f root 
oifindere to split.] Cleft to the middle, or slightly be- 
yond the middle, into three parts ; three-cleft. 

Tri'fle (tri'f'l), n. [OF. trufle mockery, raillery, tri- 
fle, prob. same word as F. truffe truffle, meaning any 
worthless object. See Truffle.] 1. A thing of very 
little value or importance ; a paltry, or trivial, affair. 
2. A dish of sweetmeats, fruits, wine, etc., with syllabub. 

Tri'fle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trifled (-fid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Trifling (-fling).] To act or talk without seri- 
ousness, weight, or dignity ; to act or talk with levity ; 
to indulge in light or trivial amusements. 

To trifle with, to play the fool with ; to mock. 

Tri'fle, v. t. 1. To treat as a trifle. [06s.] 2. To 
waste. 

Tri'fler (-fler), n. One who trifles. 

Tri'fling (-fling), a. Of small value or importance ; 
trivial ; paltry. — Tri'fling-ly, adv. — Tri'f ling-ness, n. 

Tri-flO'ral (trl-flo'ral), ) a. [Pref. tri- + L. flos,flo- 

Tri-flo'rous (-rus), ) ris, flower.] {Bot.) Three- 
flowered ; having or bearing three flowers. 

Tri-fo'li-ate (-folT-at), ) a. [Pref. tri- -f foliate.'] 

Tri-foli-a'ted (-a'ted), J {Bot.) Having three leaves 
or leaflets, as clover. [See Ulust. of Shamrock.] 

II Tri-fO'ri-um (trl-fo'rT-iini), n. [LL., fr. L. tri- tri- 
-\-foris a door.] {Arch.) The gallery or open space be- 
tween the vaulting and roof of the aisles of a church. 

Tri'f onn (tri'fSrm), a. [L. triformis ; tri- (see Tri-) 
-f forma form.] Having a triple form or character. 

Tri-flir'cate (-ffir'kat), )a. [L. trifurcus; tri- tri- 

Tri-fur'ca-ted (-ka-ted), J + furca fork.] Having 
three branches or forks ; trichotomous. 

Trig (trig), a. [Formerly written trick, akin to trick 
to dress.] Full ; also, trim ; neat. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.~\ 

Trig, v. t. [See Trigger.] To stop, as a wheel, by 
placing something under it ; to scotch ; to skid. [Eng.] 

Trig, n. A block used to stop or check a wheel or 
barrel ; scotch ; skid. [Eng.] 

Trig'a-mOUS (trig'a-miis), a. [Pref. tri- -f Gr. ydnos 
marriage.] {Bot.) Having three sorts of flowers in the 
same head, — male, female, and hermaphrodite, or perfect. 

Trig'a-my (-my), n. [L. trigamia, Gr. rpiyap-la.] A 
marrying, or state of being married, thrice ; also, offense 
of simultaneously having three husbands or wives. 

Tri-gas'tlic (tri-gSs'trik), a. [Pref. tri- + Gr. ya- 
<mjp belly.] {Anat.) Three bellied ; — said of a muscle. 

Tri-gem'i-nal (-jem'T-nal), a. [See Trigeminous.] 
{Anat.) Of, pert, to, or designating, the fifth pair of cra- 
nial nerves, each of which divides into three main 
branches distributed to the orbits, jaws, and mouth. 

Tri-gem'i-nous (-nus), a. [L. trigeminus born three 
together ; tri- (see Tri-) -f- geminus twin.] Being one 
of three born at the same birth ; also, threefold. 

Trig'ger (trig'ger), n. [For tricker, fr. D. trekker, fr. 
trekken to pull. See Trick, n.] 1. A catch to hold the 
wheel of a carriage on a declivity. 2. {Mech.) A piece, 
as a lever, connected with a catch or detent as a means 
of releasing it ; esp. {Firearms), the part of a lock moved 
by the finger to discharge the piece. 

Tri-gin'tal (trt-jin'tal), n. [LL. trigintale, fr. L. 
triginta thirty. See Trental.] {R. C. Ch.) A trental. 

Tri'glyph (tri'glif), n. [L. triglyphus, Gr. rply\v<f>o<; ; 
Tpt- (see Tri-) + yAv'<j>eii> to carve.] {Arch.) An orna- 
ment in a Doric frieze, consisting of a rectangular tablet 
divided nearly to the top into three parts or spaces. [See 
Blust. of Entablature.] 



Tri-glyph'ic (trt-RlTfTk), ) a. 1. Consisting of, or 

Tri-glyph'ic-al (-I-k«l), i pertaining to, triglyphs. 
2. Containing three sets of characters or sculptures. 

Tri'gon (tri'g5n), n. [L. tfiOOnum, dr. rplyuivov ; 
Tpi- tri- 4-ywj/t'a angle.] 1. A triangle. 2. {A strut.) {a) 
A division eoiiM.stiiiL,' <»t tluie sigiiH. (b) See Tim, 1. 

Trig'o nal (trTg'S-n«n, a. Triangular. 

Trig'o-no-met'ric (-no-me't'rik), | a. Of, pert, to, or 

Trig o-no-met'ric al (-rT-k«l), \ don* by tli.^ rules 
of, trigonometry. — Trig'o-no-met'ric-al-ly, udr. 

Trig'O-nom'e-try (-n5in't-try), n. [Gr. rpLywov a 
triangle + -metry.] 1. That branch of matbematici 
treating of the relations of the sides and angles ot trian- 
gles, and of the general relations of the trigonometrical 
functions of arcs or angles. 2. A treatise on thi- 

Trig'o-nous (trTg'd-nus), a. Same as Trigonal. 

Tri'gram (tri'KrXin), 1 ft. [Pref. tri- -{--g ram, -gra ph.] 

Tri'graph (tri'grif), 1 Three letters united in pro- 
nunciation so as to have but one sound, or to form but 
one syllable, as -ieu in adieu. 

Tri-be'dral (trt-he'dral), a. [See Truiedron.] {Geom.) 
Having three sides or faces. 

Tri-he'dron (-dr5n), n. [Pref. tri- -i Gr. Z8pa a seat, 
base.] {Geom.) A figure having three sides. 

Tri-hO'ral (trt-ho'r^l), a. [Pref. tri- -j- horal.] Oc- 
curring once in every three hours. 

TriJ'u-gate (trij'u-gat or tri'ju-), a. [See Trijugous.] 
{Bot.) In three pairs. 

Trij'U-gOUS (-gus), a. [L. trijugus threefold ; tri- -f- 
jugum a yoke.] {Bot.) Same as Trijugate. 

Tri-lat'er-al (trt-lSt'er-al), a. [L. trilaterus ; tri- -f 
latus, lateris, side.] {Geom.) Having three sides. 

Tri-lit'er-al (-lifer-al), a. [Pref. tri- + literal.] 
Consisting of three letters. 

Tri'lith (trilTth), n. Same as Trilithon. 

Tril'i-thon (tril'I-thon), n. [NL., fr. Gr. rptAtflo? of 
three stones ; rpi- (see Tri-) + Ai'flo? stone.] {Arc/utol.) 
A monument consisting of three stones. 

Trill (tril), v . i. [OE. trillen to roll, turn round ; of 
Scand. origin.] To flow in a small stream, or in drops 
rapidly succeeding each other ; to trickle. 

Trill, v. t. & i. [imp. Sep. p. Trilled (trTld) : p. pr. 
& vb. n. Trilling.] [It. trillare ; prob. imitative.] To 
play, sing, or sound in tremulous vibrations ; to utter 
with, or as if with, a trill ; to quaver. 

Trill, n. 1. A sound made by one that trills ; esp., a 
consonantal sound made with a rapid succession of par- 
tial or entire intermissions. 2. Act of trilling. 3. {Mus.) 
A shake or quaver produced by the rapid alternation of 
two contiguous tones of the scale. 

Tripling (tripling), n. [Cf . G. drilling.] 1. A trip- 
let. 2. {Crystallog.) A triple compound crystal 

Tril'lion (trfl'yun), n. [F. trillion, 
formed from pref. tri- in imitation of 
million million.] In the French notation 
(used also in the United States) the number 
1,000,000,000,000 ; in the English notation, 
the number 1,000,000,000,000,000,000. 

Tri-loTiate (trt-lo'bat or trllo-), a. „ _ . . T . 
[Pref. lri- + lobate.] Having three lobes. J-" 1013 " 16 Leat - 

Tri'lobed (tri'lobd), a. [Pref. tri- + lobe.] Same as 
Trilobate. 

Tri'lo-bite (trl'lo-blt), n. [See Trilobate.] {Paleon.) 
Any one of numerous species of ex- 
tinct arthropods ; — so named from the 
three lobes usually seen on each seg- 
ment. — Tri'lo-bit'ic (-bTt'Tk), a. 

Tri-loc'u-lar (tri - lok ' u - ler), a. 
[Pref. tri- -j- locular.] Having three 
cells or cavities. 

Tril'o-gy (tril'o-jy), n. [Gr. rpiAo- 
yia ; rpi- tri- -J- Aoyos discourse.] A 
series of three dramas which form one 
historical and poetical picture. 

Trim (trim), V. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Trimmed (trimd); p. pr. & vb. n. 
Trimming.] [AS. trymian, trymman, 
to dispose, make strong, fr. trxim 
firm, strong; origin uncertain.] 1. 
To make trim ; to make right, neat, or pleasing ; to adjust. 
2. To dress ; to decorate ; to adorn ; to invest ; to em- 
bellish. 3. To make ready or right by cutting or short- 
ening; to clip or lop; to curtail. 4. {Carp.) To dress, 
as timber; to make smooth. 5. {Xaut.) (a) To adjust to 
a proper balance, as a ship, by disposing the weight of per- 
sons or goods. (6) To arrange in due order for Batting. 

Trim, v. i. To balance ; to fluctuate between parties, 
so as to appear to favor each. 





Trilobite (Dalma- 
nittf). u Eye. 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TRIM 



870 



TRIPTYCH 



R 



(trim), n. 1. Dress ; gear ; ornament. 2. Order ; 
disposition ; condition. 3. State of a ship or her cargo, 
ballast, masts, etc.. by which she is well prepared for 
sailing. 4. (Arch.) The lighter woodwork in the interior 
Of ■ building; esp.. that used around openings. 

Trim. «. [Compar. Trimmer (-mer) ; superl. Trim- 
mest.] Fitly adjusted ; being in good order ; made ready 
for service or use : firm : compact ; snug ; neat ; fair. 

Tri'mer-OUS (trl'nier-us), a. [See Tri- and -mere.] 
{Bot.) Having the parts in threes. 

Tri-mes'ter (tri-meVter), ft. [L. trimestris of three 
months ; tri- (see Tri-) + mensis month.] A period of 
three months. — Tri-mes'tri-al (-tri-al), a. 

Trim'6-ter (trlm'e-ter). a. [L. trbnetrus, Gr. rpipe- 
rpos ; rpi- (see Tri-) + nerpov meter.] {Pros.) Consisting 
of three poetical measures. — ft. A poetical division of 
verse, consisting of three measures. 

Tri-met'ric-al (trt-mSt'rT-kal), a. Same as Trimeter. 

Trim'ly (trlm'K"). adv. In a trim manner; nicely. 

Trim'mer (-mer), ;;. 1. One who or that which trims. 
2. {Arch.) A beam into which are framed the ends of 
headers in floor framing. 

Trim'ming. ft. 1. Act of one who trims. 2. That 
which serves to trim ; ornament ; esp., necessary or orna- 
mental appendages, as of a garment ; sometimes, the 
concomitants of a dish ; a relish ; — usually in pi. 

Trim'ness. n. Quality or state of being trim. 

Tri-mor'phlc (tri-rn6r'fTk), ) a. [Gr. Tpipop<£os three- 

Tri-mor'phous (-mSr'fus), j formed ; rpi- + (loptprj 
form.] Of, pert, to, or characterized by, trimorphism. 

Tri-mor'pbism (-uiSr'fiz'in), n. 1. {Crystallog.) 
Property of crystallizing in three forms fundamentally 
distinct. 2. {Biol.) The coexistence among individuals 
of the same species of three distinct forms, not con- 
nected, as a rule, by intermediate gradations. 

Tri'nal (tri'nal), a. [L. trinus triple, trini three each, 
fr. tret, tria, three. See Three.] Threefold. 

Trin'dle (trTn'd'l), v. t. & n. See Trundle. 

Trine (trln), a. [See Trinal.] Threefold ; triple. 

Trine, n. 1. {Astrol.) The aspect of planets 120 de- 
grees apart ; trigon. 2. Triad ; trinity, [R.] [stead. I 

Trin'gle (trln'g'l), n. [F.] A curtain rod for a bed- 1 

Trin'i-ta'ri-an (trin'T-ta'rl-an), a. Of or pertaining 
to the Trinity, Trinitarianism, or Trinitarians. 

Trin'i-ta'ri-an, ?i. One who believes in the doctrine 
of the Trinity. [Trinity. 

Trini-ta'ri-an'ism (-Tz'm), n. The doctrine of the] 

Trin'i-ty (trln'T-ty), n. [F. trinite, L. trinitas, fr. 
trini three each. See Trinal.] 1. {Christian Theol.) 
The union of three persons (Father, Son, and Holy 
Ghost) in one Godhead, so that all the three are one God 
as to substance, but three persons as to individuality. 
2. Any union of three in one ; a triad. 

Trinket (trin'kgt), n. [F. trinquet foremast, also, a 
certain sail, trinquette triangular sail; prob. fr. L. tri- 
quetrus triangular.] {Naut.) The highest sail of a ship. 

T rin'ket. n. [OE. trenket a sort of knife, hence, prob- 
ably, a toy knife worn as an ornament ; prob. f r. same 
source as E. trench.] 1. A knife ; ^ cutting tool. 2. A 
small ornament, as a jewel, ring, etc. 3. A thing of little 
value ; trifle ; toy. 

Trin'ket-ry (-ry), n. Ornaments of dress ; trinkets, 
collectively. 

Tri-nod'al (trt-nod'al), a. [L. trinodis ; tri- tri- -j- 
nodus knot.] Having three knots or nodes. 

Tri no'mi-al (-no'mT-al), n. [Pref. tri- + -nomial as 
in binomial.'] {Math.) A quantity consisting of three 
terms, connected by the sign + or — or both. — a. Con- 
sisting of three terms ; of or pertaining to trinomials. 

Tri-nom'i-nal (-nSmT-nal), n. & a. [Pref. tri- + L. 
nomen, nominis, name.] {Math.) Trinomial. 

Tri/O (tri'6 or tre'6), n. [It., fr. L. tres, tria, three.] 
1. Three, collectively ; a set of three. 2. {3Ius.) {a) A 
composition for three parts or instruments. (6) The sec- 
ondary, or episodical, movement of a minuet or scherzo, 
or of a march, or of various dance forms. [Triplet. I 

Tri'ole (tre'ol), n. [See Triolet.] {Mus.) Same as| 

Trip (trip), r. i. [imp. & p. p. Tripped (tript) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Tripping.] [OE. trippen; akin to D. trippen, 
and E. tramp.] 1. To move with light, quick steps ; to 
walk or move lightly or nimbly ; to skip. 2. To make a 
brief journey or pleasure excursion. 3. To take a quick 
step, as when in danger of losing one's balance ; hence, 
to make a false step ; to catch the foot ; to stumble. 4. 
Fig. : To be guilty of a misstep or slip, as in manners 
or morals ; to err ; to mistake ; to fail. 

Trip, v. t. 1. To cause to stumble, or take a false 
step ; to cause to lose the footing by striking the feet 



from under ; to cause to fall. 2. Fig. : To overthrow 
by depriving of support ; to cause to fail. 3. To catch ; 
to convict, [R.] 4. {Xaut.) {a) To raise (an anchor) 
from the bottom, by its cable or buoy rope. (6) To pull 
(a yard) into a perpendicular position for lowering it. 
5. (Much.) To release, let fall, or set free, as a weight or 
compressed spring, as by removing a latch or detent. 

Trip (trip), n. 1. A quick, light step ; a lively move- 
ment of the feet ; skip. 2. A brief or rapid journey ; 
excursion ; jaunt. 3. A false step ; stumble ; misstep ; 
loss of footing or balance. Fig. : Error ; failure ; mis- 
take. 4. A stroke or catch which causes one to lose 
footing. 5. {Naut.) A single board, or tack, beating to 
windward. 6. {Zo'dl. ) A flock of widgeons. 

Tri/part/ed (trl'part/gd), a. [Pref. tri- -f parted.] 
Parted into three pieces ; having three parts. [parts. I 

Tri-part'i-ble (tr t-part'T-b'n, a. Divisible into three ! 

Trip'ar-tite (trlp'ar-tit or trt-par'-), a. [L. tripartitus. 
See Tri- ; Partite.] 1. Divided into, or having, three 
parts or copies. 2. Made between three parties. 

Trip ar-ti'tion (-tlsh'un), n. A division by threes, or 
into three parts. 

Tripe (trip), n. [F. tripe; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
The large stomach of ruminating animals, when prepared 
for food. 2. The entrails ; hence, humorously or in con- 
tempt, the belly ; — generally in pi. 

Trip'e-dal (trip'e-dal), a. [L. tripedalis; tri- (see 
Tri-) + pes, 2>edis, a foot.] Having three feet. 

I! Tripe'-de-roche' (trep'de-rosh'), n . [f.] {Bot.) 
Same as Rock tripe, under Rock. 

Trip'el (trir/el), n. (Min.) Same as Tripoli. 

Tri-per'son-al (trt-per'sun-al), a. [Pref. tri- + pre- 
sonal.] Consisting of three persons. 

Tri-pet'al-OUS (-pet'al-us), a. [Pref. tri- -j- petalous.] 
{Bot. ) Having three petals, or flower leaves. 

Trip' ham mer (trip' hani'mer). A tilt hammer. 

Tri'phane (tri'f an), n. [Gr. rpi^avrjs appearing three- 
fold ; rpt- -f- QaiveaOcu to appear.] {Min.) Spodumene. 

Triph'thong (trlf'thong or trip'-; 115), n. [Pref. 
tri- + -phthong, as in diphthong.] {Orthoepy) A combi- 
nation of three vowel sounds in a single syllable, forming 
a simple or compound sound ; also, a trigraph. 

Triph-thon'gal (-th5n'gal ; 115), a. Of, pertaining 
to, or being, a triphthong. 

Triph'yl-lOUS (trtfil-lus or trl-fil'-), a. [Gr. rplfyvX- 
Aos ; rpi- tri- -\- ^vXXov a leaf.] {Bot.) Three-leaved. 

Tri'ple (trlp^l), a. [L. triplus ; tri- (see Tri-) + -plus, 
as in duplus double. See Double, and cf. Treble.] 1. 
Consisting of three united ; multiplied by three ; three- 
fold. 2. Three times repeated; treble. 3. Third. [Obs.] 

Tri'ple, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Tripled (-'Id) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tripling (-ling).] To make threefold ; to treble. 

Trip'let (trlp'let) , n . 1. A collection of three of a kind ; 
three united. 2. {Poetry) Three verses rhyming together. 

3. {Mus.) Three notes sung or played in the time of two. 

4. pi. Three offspring born at one birth. 
Trip'li-cate (-li-kat), a. [L. triplicatus, p. p. See 

Tri- ; Plicate.] Made thrice as much ; threefold. 

Trip'li-cate (trip / lT-kat), n. A third thing corre- 
sponding to two others of the same kind. 

Trip'li-ca'tlon (-ka'shun), n. Act of tripling, or mak- 
ing threefold, or adding three together. 

Tri-plic'i-ty (tri-plTs'i-tjr), n. Quality dr state of 
being triple, or threefold ; trebleness. 

Tri'pod (trl'pod), n. [L. tripus, -odis, Gr. rpiirovs ; 
rpi- (see Tri-) -f irovs, 7ro5ds, foot. Cf. Trivet.] 1. Any 
utensil or vessel supported on three feet. 2. A three- 
legged frame for supporting a compass, telescope, etc. 

Trip'O-dy (trip'6-dy), n. [Pref. tri- -\- -pody, as in 
dipody.] {Pros.) Three metrical feet taken together. 

Trip'O-li (-11), n. {Min.) A siliceous substance, orig. 
brought from Tripoli, used to polish stones and metals. 

Tri'pos (tri'pSs), n. [Gr. rptn-ovs a tripod. See Tri- 
pod.] 1. A tripod. [Obs.] 2. A university examination 
of questionists, for honors ; also, a printed hst of the 
successful candidates. [Cambridge University, Eng.] 

Cap* The word tripos is said to refer to the three-legged 
stool formerly used at these examinations. 

Trip'per (trip'per), n. 1. One who trips. 2. An ex- 
cursionist. 

Trip'ping. n. Act of one that trips. 

Trip'ping-ly, adv. In a tripping manner ; nimbly. 

Trip'tOte (-tot), n. [Gr. tpiVtwto? with three cases ; 
rpi- (see Tri-) + tttwtoj falling.] {Gram.) A noun hav- 
ing three cases only. 

Trip'tych (-tik), n. [Gr . rpCirrv^ consisting of three 
layers or plates ; rpt- + 7rrv£, tttvx°Si fold, layer.] Any- 
thing in three parts or leaves ; as a writing tablet. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, €, I, 5, A, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



TRIQUETROUS 



871 



TROLL 



Tri que'trous (trt-kwe'trus), a. [L. triquetrus.] 
Three-sided ; having three salient angles or edges ; tri- 
gonal. 

Tri'reme (tri'rem), n. [L. triremis; tri- (see Tri-) -f 
remus oar.] (Class. Antiq.) An ancient galley or vessel 
with three banks, or tiers, of oars. 

Trisect' (trt-sgkf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trisected; 
p. pr. &vb.n. Trisecting.] [See Tri- ; Bisect.] 1. To 
cut or divide into three parts. 2. (Geom.) To divide into 
three equal parts, as an angle. 

Tri-sec'tion (-sSk'shun), n. Act of trisecting. 

Trist (trist), n. [See Tryst.] 1. Trust. [06s.] 2. 
A post, or station, in hunting. [06s.] 3. A tryst. [06s.] 

Trist, a. [F.1riste,lj.trislis.] Sad ; gloomy. [06s.] 

Tris'tich-OUS (trTs'ttk-us), a. [Gr. rpio-Tixos in three 
rows.] (Bot.) Arranged in three vertical rows. 

Tri-SUl'cate (trt-siil'kat), a. [Tri- -j- sulcatc.'] Hav- 
ing three furrows or forks ; having three grooves or sulci. 

Tris yl-lab'ic (trfs'sTMSblk), ) a. [L. trisyllabus, 

TriS'yl-lab'ic-al (-lSb't-kal), J Gr. rp ten) AAa/3os. 
See Tri- ; Syllable.] Of, pert, to, or consisting of, three 
syllables. 

Tri-syl'la-ble (tris-sll'la-b'l or trTs'sil'-), n. [Pref. 
tri- + syllable.] A word of three syllables only. 

Trite (trlt), a. [L. triius, p. p. of terere to rub, to 
wear out ; prob. akin to E. throiv.] Worn out ; com- 
mon ; used until novelty and interest are lost ; hack- 
neyed ; stale. — Trite'ly, adv. — Trite'ness. n. 

Tri-ter'nate (tri-ter'nat), a. [Pref. tri- -f ternale.] 
(Bot.) Three times ternate ; — applied to a leaf whose 
petiole separates into three branches, each of which di- 
vides into three parts which each bear three leaflets. 

Tri'the-ism (tri'the-Tz'm), n. [Tri- + Gr. 0e6s God.] 
The doctrine that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are 
three distinct Gods. — Tri the-is'tic-al (-ti-kal), Tri/- 
the-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. 

Tri'the-lst, n. A believer in tritheism. 

Tri'thing (tri'thlng), n. See 1st Riding. 

II Tri'ton (tri'ton), n. [L., fr. Gr. Tpiiw.] 1. (Gr. 
Myth.) A fabled sea demigod, repre- 
sented with a trumpet made of a shell. 
2. (Zool.) (a) Any one of many species 
of marine gastropods belonging to Tri- 
te h and allied genera. (6) (Zool.) Any 
one of numerous aquatic salamanders. 
[See JXlust. under Salamander.] 

Trit'u-ra-ble (trTt'u-ra-b'l ; 135), a. 
Capable of being triturated. 

Trit'u-rate (-rat; 135), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. Triturated (-ra'ted) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Triturating.] [L. triturare, p. p. 
-atits, to thrash (grain), fr. terere, tri- 
tum, to rub. See Trite.] 1. To rub, 
grind, bruise, or thrash. 2. To rub or 
grind to a very fine powder. 

Trit'U-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. Act of 
triturating. 

Tri'umph (trl'umf), n. [L. triumphus, OL. trium- 
pus.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A magnificent and imposing 
ceremonial in honor of a general victorious over a foreign 
enemy. 2. Hence, any triumphal procession ; pageant. 
[06s.] g 3. A state of joy or exultation for success. 4. 
Success causing exultation ; victory ; conquest. 5. A 
trump card ; also, an old game at cards. [06s.] 

Tri'umph, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Triumphed (-umft) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Triumphing.] 1. To celebrate victory 
with pomp ; to rejoice over success ; to exhibit exulta- 
tion. 2. To be victorious or successful ; to prevail. 3. 
To be prosperous ; to flourish. [used in a triumph. I 

Tri-um'phal (tri-uni'fal), a. Of or pert, to triumph ; | 
Tri-um'phant (-fant), a. [L. triumphans, p. pr.] 1. 
Rejoicing for victory ; triumphing ; exultant. 2. Cele- 
brating victory ; expressive of joy for success. 3. Graced 
with conquest ; victorious. — Tri-um'phant-ly , adv. 

Church triumphant, the church in heaven, her warfare 
with evil being over. 

Tri'umph-er (trl'umf-er), n. One who triumphs. 

II Tri-um'vir (tri-uni'ver), n. ; pi. L. -vtri (-vT-ri), E. 
-virs (-verz). [L., fr. tres, gen. trium, three -f- vir a 
man.] (Rom. Antiq.) One of three men united in public 
office or authority. 

^W In later times the triumvirs of Rome were three 
men who jointly exercised sovereign power. 

Tri-um'vi-rate (-vi-rat), n. 1. Government by trium- 
virs ; or the term of such a government. 2. A coalition 
of three in authority, esp. the Roman triumvirs. 

Tri'une (tri'un), a. [Pref. tri- -f L. unus one.] Be- 
ing three in one ; — noting the unity of the Godhead. 




Triton (Triton va- 
riegatum). 



Tri-U'ni-ty (trt-u'nr-tjf), n. Quality or state of being 
triune. [lent.? 

Triv'a-lence (trTv'a-lenB), 7*. Quality of being triva-| 

Triv'a-lent (-lent), a. [Pref. tri- -f L. valens, p. pr. 
See Valence.] (Chem.) oaring a valence of three. 

TriVet (trtv'et), n. [Prob. through F. fr. L. tripe*, 
-e<tis, three-footed ; tri- tri- -\-pei, pedis, foot.] A three- 
legged stool, table, or other support; esp., a stand to 
hold a vessel near the fire ; tripod. 

Triv'i-al (trlv'I-ul), a. [L. triviulis, lit., belonging 
to the crossroads or public streets; hence, common, lr. 
trivium crossroad ; tri- (see Tin-) -f- via way. B 
age.] 1. Common. [06.v.] 2. Ordinary; common- 
place ; trifling ; vulgar. 3. Of little worth or Importance ; 
inconsiderable ; trifling ; petty ; paltry. 4. Of or part, to 
the trivium. — Triv'i-al-ly, "adv. — Triv'i al ness, n. 

Trivial name (iVa/. Hist.), the specific name. 

Triv'i-al'i-ty (-ai'l-tj), n. 1. Quality or state of be- 
ing trivial ; trivialness. 2. That which is trivial ; trifle. 

HTriv'i-um (-um), n. [LL.] The three "liberal" 
arts, grammar, logic, and rhetoric ; — being a triple way, 
as it were, to eloquence. 

Tri'week'ly (tri'weVlJ), a. [Pref. tri- -f- weekly.] 
Occurring or appearing three times a week. — adv. Three 
times a week. — n. A triweekly publication. 

Tro'car (tro'kiir), «. [F. trocart ; trois three (L. tres) 
-f- carre the side of a sword blade ; — from its triangular 
point.] (Surg.) A stylet, usually with a triangular 
point, for exploring tissues, etc. 

Tro-cha'ic (tro-ka'Ik), a. (Pros.) Of, pert, to, or con- 
sisting of, trochees, — n. A trochaic verse or measure. 

Tro-cha'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Same as Trochaic 

Tro'chal (tro'kal), a. [From Gr. rpo^o? a wheel.] 
(Zool.) Resembling a wheel. 

II Tro-Chan'ter (tro-k5n'ter), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Tpo\av- 
rrjp.~\ (Anat.) Either of two processes near the head of 
the femur. 

Tro / che (tro'ke), n. [Gr. Tpc-xds a wheel, prop., a 
runner, fr. rpe'xeti' to run.] (Pharm.) A medicinal tab- 
let or lozenge ; strictly, one of circular form. 

Tro'chee (tro'ke), n. [L. trochaeus, Gr. Tpo\alot (sc. 
ttov?), from rpoxaios running, from rpexeiv to run.] 
(Pros.) A foot of two syllables, the first long or accented 
and the second short or unaccented. 

Tro-Chil'ics (tro-kll'Tks), n. [Gr. rpox^Ca sheaf of a 
pulley, fr. rpe'xeii/ to run.] Science of rotary motion. 

II Troch'i-lus (trok'i-lus), n. ; pi. Trochili (-li). [See 
Trochilics.] (Arch.) An annular molding whose section 
is concave, like the edge of a pulley. 

Tro'ching (tro'klng), n. [OF. troche cluster, group.] 
(Zool.) One of the small branches of a stag's antler. 

II Trochae-a (trok'le-a), n. [L., sheaf containing a 
pulley, Gr. rpox^a. See Trochilics.] 1. (Mach.) A 
pulley. [06s.] 2. (Anat.) A pulley, or a structure re- 
sembling a pulley ; as the lower end of the humerus. 

Trochle-ar (-er), a. (Anat.) Shaped like, or resem- 
bling, a pulley ; connected with a trocldea. 

Troch'le-a-ry (-a-ry), a. (Anat.) Trochlear. 

Tro'choid (tro'koid), a. 1. (Anal.) Admitting of rota- 
tion on an axis. 2. (Zool.) Top-shaped, as certain shells. 

Tro-Choid'al (tro-koid'al), a. 1. (Geom.) Of, pert, 
to, or like, a trochoid. 2. (Anat. & Zool.) Trochoid. 

Trod (tr5d), imp. &p. p. of Tread. 

Trod'den (-d'n), p. p. of Tread. 

Trode (trod), archaic imp. of Tread. 

TroglO-dyte (trSg'lo-dlt), ?;. [Gr. TpwyAoSvTTjs one 
who creeps into holes ; Tpu>y\r) hole + Svetv to enter.] 
1. (Ethnol.) A cave-dwelling savage. 2. (Zool.) (a) An 
anthropoid ape, as the chimpanzee. (6) The wren. 

Trog'lo-dyt'ic (trSg/lo-dit'ik), | a. Of or pert, to a 

Trog'lo-dyt'ic-al (-T-kal), J troglodyte. 

Tro'gon (tro'gSn), n. [NLJ (Zool.) Any one of 
numerous species of a family (Trogonidx) of beautiful 
tropical birds. 

Tro'iC (tro'ik), a. [L. Troicus, Gr. TpwiKo?, fr. Tpti?. 
See Trojan.] Pertaining to Troy ; Trojan. 

Tro'jan (tro'jan), a. [L. Trojanus, fr. Troja, Troia, 
Troy, from Tros, Gr. TpaSs, Tpwoj, Tros, the mythical 
founder of Troy.] Of or pertaining to ancient Troy or 
its inhabitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Trov. 

Troll (trol), n. [Icel. troll. Cf. Droll.] (Scand. 
Myth.) A kind of hobgoblin living in hills, caves, etc. 

Troll flower (Bot.), a European mountain plant ( Trollius 
Europants) bearing handsome globe-shaped flowers. 

Troll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trolled (trold) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Trolling.] [OF. t roller to drag about, to ramble ; 
prob. of Teutonic origin.] 1. To move circularly or 
volubly ; to roll ; to turn. 2. To send about ; to circu- 



l era, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TROLL 



872 



TROW 







late, as a vessel in drinking. 3. To sing the parts of 
in ijuooonnton as of a round, etc. ; also, to sing loudly or 
freely. 4. To angle for with a hook drawn along the 
BOlfaoa of the water ; henee, to allure. 5. To fish in. 

Troll (.troH. r. /. 1. To roll; to run or move about. 
2. To move rapidly : to wag. 3. To take part in trolling 
■ song. 4. To tish with a rod whose line runs on a reel ; 
Bah by drawing the hook through the water. 

Troll, n- 1- Act of moving round; routine; repeti- 
tion. 2. A song the parts of which are sung in succes- 
sion : eatch ; round. 3. A trolley. 

Troll 'er (-er), n. One who trolls. 

Trolley ( (trolly), n. (a) A form of truck which can 

Trolly I be tilted. [Eng.~\ (b) A narrow cart 
pushed by hand or drawn by an animal. [Eng.~\ (c) 
[Mack.) A truck from which the load is suspended in 
some kinds of cranes. (d) {Electric Railway) A truck 
which travels along the fixed conductors, and completes 
the circuit between them and a railway car. 

Trollop (tr51'lup), n. [From Troll to roll.] Stroller 
loiterer ; esp., an idle, untidy woman ; slut. 

Trom'bone (trom'bon ; It. trorn-bo'na), n. [It., aug 
of tromba a trumpet.] 1. 
(Mus.) A powerful brass 
instrument of the trumpet 
kind, in which the middle Troml 

part telescopes into the 
outer parts. 2. (Zool.) The common European bittern. 

Tromp (trSmp), n. [F. trombe, trompe, a water- 
spout.] A form of blowing apparatus, in which air is 
drawn in and forced along by a stream of water. 

Troop (troop), n. [F. troupe, OF. trope, trupe, LL. 
troppus.] 1. A collection of people ; company ; number ; 
multitude. 2. Soldiers, collectively ; army ; — generally 
in the pi. 3. {Mil.) Specif., a body of cavalry, light 
horse, or dragoons, usually about 60 men, commanded 
by a captain, corresponding to the company in infantry. 
Formerly also, a battery. 4. A troupe of stageplayers. 
5. (Mil.) A particular roll of the drum ; a quick march. 

Troop, v . i. [imp. & p. p. Trooped (troopt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Trooping.] 1. To move in numbers ; to come 
or gather in crowds or troops. 2. To march on ; to go 
forward in haste. [a cavalryman, j 

Troop'er (-er), n. A cavalryman ; also, the horse of | 

Troop'ship' (trobp'sbTp'), n. A transport. [Eng.~\ 

Trope (trop), n. [L. tropus, Gr. rpoVoj, fr. rpeneivto 
turn.] (Rhet.) (a) The use of a word or expression in a 
different sense from that which properly belongs to it ; 
a figure of speech. (b) The word or expression so used. 

Trophic (tr5f'ik), a. [Gr. tpo^ikos nursing, deriv. 
of rpefciv to feed.] {Physiol.) Of or pert, to nutrition. 

Tro'phied (tro'fTd), a. Adorned with trophies. 

Tro'phy (tro'fy), n. [F. trophee, L. tropaeum, tro- 
phaeum, Gr. Tpovaiov, strictly, a monument of the 
enemy's defeat, f r. rpo-nrj a turn, esp. , a routing of the 
enemy, fr. rpeneiv to turn.] 1. {Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) A 
sign or memorial, orig. of captured arms, etc., erected 
to commemorate a victory. 2. The representation of 
such a memorial, as on a medal. 3. Anything taken 
from an enemy and preserved as a memorial of victory. 
4. Any evidence or memorial of victory or conquest. 

Tropic (trop'Tk), n. [F. tropique, L. tropicus of or 
belonging to a turn, i. e., of the sun, Gr. Tpo7riKo? of the 
solstice, rpoTriKos (sc. kvkAos) the tropic or solstice, fr. 
rpeVeti/ to turn.] 1. {Astron.) One of the two small cir- 
cles of the celestial sphere, 23° 28' from the equator on 
each side, and which the sun just reaches at its greatest 
declination north {Tropic of Cancer) or south {Tropic of 
Capricorn). 2. {Geog.) (a) One of the two parallels of 
terrestrial latitude corresponding to the celestial tropics. 
{b) pi. The region lying between these parallels of lati- 
tude, or near them on either side. 

Tropic, a. Of or pertaining to the tropics ; tropical. 

Tropic bird (Zool.), any one of three species of oceanic 
birds, found chiefly in tropical seas. They are mostly 
white, and have the two central tail feathers very long. 

Troplc-al (-i-kal), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or characteris- 
tic of, the tropics. 2. [From Trope.] Of the nature of 
a trope ; figurative ; metaphorical. — Troplc-al-ly, adv. 

Trop'o-loglc (trop'o-loj'ik), | a. Characterized by 

Trop'o-loglc-al (-T-kal), j tropes ; tropical. 

Tro-pol'O-gy (tro-p51'6-J5r), n. [Gr. rpoiroXoyia. See 
Trope ; -logy.] A rhetorical mode of speech, including 
tropes. 

Trot CtrSt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trotted ; p'. pr. & vb. 
n. Trotting.] [OF. troter ; prob. akin to E. tread.'] 1. 
To proceed by a certain gait peculiar to quadrupeds ; to 
ride or drive at a trot. 2. Fig. : To run ; to jog ; to hurry. 



Trot (tr5t), v. t. To cause to trot. 
Trot, n. 1. The pace of a quadruped, more rapid 
than a walk, in which one fore foot and the hind foot of 
the opposite side are lifted at the same time. 2. Fig. : A 
jogging pace, as of a person hurrying. 3. One who trots. 
Troth (trSth; 115), n. [Var. of Truth.] 1. Belief; 
faith ; fidelity. 2. Truth ; veracity. 3. Betrothal. 

Trot'ter (troVter), w. 1. One that trots. 2. The 
foot of an animal, esp. of a sheep. [walk. I 

Trot'toir (-tw6r), n. [F.] Footpath ; pavement ; side- 1 

Trou'ba-dour' (trob'ba-dobr'), n. [F., fr. Pr. troba- 
dor, deriv. of L. tropus trope, song. See Trope.] One 
of a school of lyric and amatory poets who flourished 
from the eleventh century to the end of the thirteenth 
century, principally in Provence and in the north of Italy. 

Trou1>le (truV'l), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Troubled (-'Id) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Troubling.] [F. trouble?; OF. trobler, 
trubler, tourbler, deriv. of L. turba tumult,, crowd ; akin 
to Gr. tv'p/3tj.] 1. To put into confused motion ; to agi- 
tate. 2. To deprive of tranquillity or ease ; to disturb ; 
to distress ; to annoy ; to harass. 3. To give occasion 
for labor to ; — used in polite phraseology. 

Syn. — To perplex ; afflict ; grieve ; tease ; vex. 

Trou'ble, n. 1. State of being troubled. 2. That 
which troubles. 

To take the trouble, to be at the pains. 

Syn.— Affliction ; disturbance; perplexity; annoy- 
ance ; molestation ; vexation ; inconvenience ; calamity ; 
misfortune ; adversity ; anxiety ; sorrow ; misery. 

TroulJler (-ler), n. One who troubles. 

Trou'ble-some (trub"l-sum), a. Giving trouble or 
anxiety ; vexatious ; burdensome ; wearisome. — Tr/OU'- 
ble-some-ly, adv. — Trou'ble-some-ness, n. 

Syn. — Uneasy ; perplexing ; harassing ; annoying ; 
disgusting ; irksome ; afflictive ; tiresome ; importunate. 

Trou/blous (-lus), a. Full of, or causing, trouble. 

I^Trou'-de-lOUp' (troo/de-loo'), n. ; pi. Trous-de-loup 
(troo'-). [F. trou hole + d e of + loup wolf.] {Mil.) A 
sloping pit with a pointed stake in the middle. 

Trough (trof ; 115), n. [AS. trog, troh : akin to G. 
trog.~\ 1. A long, hollow vessel, generally for holding a 
liquid, esp. one formed by excavating a log ; a long tray. 
2. Any long and narrow receptacle or depression. 

Trounce (trouns), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trounced 
(trounst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Trouncing (troun'sing).] [F. 
tronce, tronche, stump. See Truncheon.] To punish 
severely ; to whip smartly ; to flog ; to castigate. [Colloq.] 

II Troupe (troop), n. [F. See Troop.] A company 
or troop, esp. of performers in a play or opera. 

Troupl-al (trobp'T-al), n. [F. troupiale.] (Zool.) 
Any one of numerous species of bright-colored American 
birds, including many of the orioles. [trousers. I 

Trou'ser-ing (trou'zer-Tng), n. Material for making | 

Trou'sers (-zerz), n. pi. [OF. trousses breeches worn 
by pages, fr. trousse, trosse, bundle, truss. See Truss.] 
A garment of men and boys extending from the waist to 
the knee or ankle, and covering each leg separately. 

II Trous seau' (tr6b / so r ), n. [F., fr. OF. trossel, dim. 
of trousse bundle.] The collective lighter equipments or 
outfit of a bride, including clothes, jewelry, etc. 

Trout (trout), n. [AS. truht, L. tructa, tructus ; akin to 
Gr. TpcoKT/js a sea fish with 
sharp teeth, fr. rpuyeiv to 
gnaw.] (Zo- 
ol.) (a) Any 
one of nu- 
merous spe- 
cies of fishes 
of the Salm- 
on family, Brook Trout (Salve- 
highly es- linus fontinalis). 
teemed as game fishes and for food. All the species breed 
in fresh water. (6) Any one of several species of marine 
fishes more or less resembling a true trout. 

II Trou'vere' (troo'vaV), ) n. [F. trouveur, trouvere. 

II Trou'veur' (troo'ver'), ) See Troubadour.] One 
of a school of poets who flourished in Northern France 
from the eleventh to the fourteenth century. 

Tro'ver (tro'ver), n. [OF. trover, truver, to find.} 
(Law) (a) The gaining possession of any goods, whether 
by finding or by other means, (b) An action to recover 
damages against one who has found goods, and refuses 
to deliver them to the owner, or against one who has 
wrongfully converted goods of another to his own use. 

Trow (tro), n. A boat with an open well amidships. 

Trow (tro), v. i. & t. [OE. trowen, AS. tredu-an to 
trust, believe, fr. treow trust, tredwe true. See True.] 
To believe ; to trust ; to think or suppose. [Archaic] 




a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



TROWEL 



873 



TRUNDLE 



Trow'el (trou'81), n. [OF. truele, LL. truella, L. 
trullu, dim. of trua a ladle.] 1. A mason's tool for 
spreading mortar, breaking bricks, etc. 2. A gardener's 
tool, somewhat like a scoop. 

Trow'sers (trou'zerz), n. pi. Same as Trousers. 

Troy (troi), n. Troy weight. 

Troy weight, the weight by which gold and silver, jew- 
els, and the like, are weighed. It was so named from 
Troves, in France, where it was first adopted in Europe. 
In this weight the pound is divided into 12 ounces, the 
ounce into 20 pennyweights, and the pennyweight into 
24 grains ; hence, the troy ounce contains 480 grains, and 
the troy pound contains 57M grains. One ounce troy = 
1.09714 ounce avoirdupois. Troy weight when divided, the 
pound into 12 ounces, the ounce into 8 drams, the drain 
into 3 scruples, and the scruple into 20 grains, is called 
apothecaries' 1 weight, used in weighing medicines, etc. 

Troy'ounce' (-ouns'), n. See Troy ounce, under Troy 
weight above. [state of being truant. I 

Tru'an-cy (tru'rm-sy), n. Act of playing truant, or| 

Tru'ant (-ant), n. [F. truand, OF. truant, a vagrant, 
beggar ; of Celtic origin.] One who stays away from 
business or any duty ; esp., one who stays out of school 
without leave ; idler ; loiterer ; shirk. 

Tru'ant, a. Idle, and shirking duty ; shirking. 

Tru'ant, v. i. To idle away time ; to play the truant. 

Truce (trus), n. [OE. trewes, triwes, treoives, pi. of 
trewe a truce, prop., pledge of fidelity, truth, AS. treow 
fidelity, troth. See True.] 1. {Mil.) A suspension of 
arms by agreement of the commanders of opposing 
forces ; an armistice. 2. Hence, intermission of action, 
pain, or contest ; temporary cessation ; short quiet. 

Flag of truce (Mil.), a white flag during the flying of 
which hostilities are suspended. 

Truck (truk), n. [L. trochus an iron hoop, Or. rpo- 
Xos a wheel, fr. Tpeyeiv to run.] 1. A small wheel, as of 
a vehicle ; specif. ( Ord. ), a small strong wheel for a gun 
carriage. 2. A low, wheeled vehicle or barrow for car- 
rying heavy articles. 3. (Railroad Mach.) A swiveling 
carriage, consisting of a frame with one or more pairs of 
wheels, springs, etc., to carry one end of a locomotive or 
a car. 4. {Naut.) (a) A small perforated wooden cap 
at the summit of a flagstaff or a masthead, (b) A small 
piece of wood, usually cylindrical or disk-shaped, used 
for various purposes. 5. A freight car. [Eng.~\ 

Truck, v. t. To transport on a truck or trucks. 

Truck, v. t. &i. [imp. &p. p. Trucked (triikt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Trucking.] [OE. trukken, F. troquer.~\ To ex- 
change ; to give in exchange ; to barter ; to trade ; to deal. 

Truck, n. 1. Exchange of commodities ; barter. 2. 
Commodities appropriate for barter ; small commodities ; 
esp., in the U. S., market vegetables. [Colloq.~\ 

Truck'age (-aj ; 48), n. Exchange of goods ; barter. 

Truck'er (-er), n. One who trucks ; a trafficker. 

Trucking, n. The business of conveying goods on 
trucks. [wheel or caster. I 

Truc'kle(truk'k'l),n. [See Truck a wheel.] A small | 

Truc'kle. v. i. [imp. &p. p. Truckled (-k'ld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Truckling (-kling).] [From truckle in truckle- 
bed, in allusion to the fact that the truckle-bed of the 
pupil was rolled under the bed of the master.] To yield 
or bend obsequiously to the will of another ; to submit. 

Truc'kle, v. t. To roll upon truckles ; to trundle. 

Truclsle-bed 7 (-bed'), »• A low bed on wheels, that 
may be pushed under another bed ; a trundle-bed. 

Trucltler (-kler), n. One who truckles. 

Truck'man (truk'rnan), n. 1. [From 3d Truck.] 
One who barters or trucks. 2. [From 1st Truck.] One 
who drives a truck, or who conveys goods on trucks. 

Tru'CU-lence (tru'ku-lens), ) n. Quality or state of 

Tru'CU-len-cy (-len-sy), j being truculent. 

Tru'CU-lent (-lent), a. [L. truculentus, fr. trax, gen. 
trucis.~\ 1. Fierce; savage; ferocious; barbarous. 2. 
Cruel ; destructive ; ruthless. — Tru'CU-lent-ly, adv. 

Trudge (triij), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trudged (trujd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Trudging.] [Orig. uncertain.] To walk 
or march with labor ; to move wearily. 

True (tru), a. [Compar. Truer (-er) ; superl. Truest.] 
[AS. treowe, fr. treow troth ; akin to G. treu.~\ 1. Con- 
formable to fact or the actual state of things ; correct ; 
not false, erroneous, inaccurate, or the like. 2. Right 
to precision ; conformable to a rule or pattern ; exact ; 
accurate. 3. Steady in adhering to friends, to promises, 
a superior, etc. ; unwavering ; faithful ; loyal ; not false, 
fickle, or perfidious. 4. Actual ; not counterfeit, adulter- 
ated, or pretended ; genuine ; pure ; real. 

A true bill (Law), a bill of indictment returned by the 
grand jury so indorsed. 

True, adv. In accordance with truth ; truly. 




True'-blue' (tru/bliP), a. Of inflexible honesty and 
fidelity ; — a term derived from the true, or ' 
blue, formerly celebrated for its unchanging color. — u. 
A person of Inflexible integrity or fidelity. 

True'-heart ed (•bKrfed), a. Of a faithful heart; 
honest; rinoere; not faithless or dsoeitf uL 

True'love' (trulnV), n. 1. Oiib really beloved. 2. 
{Bot.) The plant Paris. 

Truelove knot, an involved knot that does not readily un- 
tie, — the emblem of interwoven affection OT engagement. 

True'neSS. >i. Quality or state of being true. 

Truffle (tru'f '1 or trQl'f '1), n. LOF. trujlcj of uncer- 
tain origin.] Anyone of 
several kinds of roundish, 
subterranean fungi, usu- 
ally of a blackish color. 

Tru'ism (tru'Tz'm), n. 
An undoubted or self-evi- 
dent truth ; a statement 
plainly true. 

Trull (trill), n. [G. 
trolle,trulle. Cf. Droll.] Truffle. 

1. A drab ; strumpet ; harlot. 2. A girl ; wench. [Obs.~\ 
Tru'ly (tru'ly), adv. In a true manner ; according to 

truth ; in agreement with fact ; in truth ; precisely. 

Trump (trump), n. [F. trumpe ; prob. fr. L. irium- 
phare. See Triumph.] A trumpet, or sound of a trumpet ; 
— chiefly in Scripture and poetry. 

Trump, v. i. To blow a trumpet. [06s.] 

Trump, n. [Corrupt, fr. Triumph.] 1. A winning 
card ; one of a particular suit any card of which takes any 
card of the other suits. 2. A good fellow. [Slang! 

Trump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trumped (trumt ; 215); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Trumping.] To play a trump card when 
one of another suit has been led. 

Trump, v. I. To play a trump card upon. 

Trump, v. t. [F. tromper to deceive, in OF., to blow 
a trumpet, se tromper de to mock. See 1st Trump.] 1. 
To trick. [Obs.~\ 2. To impose unfairly ; to palm off. 

To trump up, to devise ; to fabricate. 

Trump'er-y (trump'er-y), n. 1. Deceit ; fraud. [06.?.] 

2. Something showy but worthless ; falsehood ; deceit ; 
hence, things worn out and of no value ; rubbish. 

Trump'er-y, a. Worthless or deceptive in character. 

Trump'et (-St), n. [F. trompette, dim. of trompe. 
See 1st Trump.] 1. 
(Mus.) A wind in- 
strument of great I 
antiquity, consisting 
of a long metallic 
tube, ending in a 
bell. 2. (Mil.) A Modern Trumpet, with Pistons, 
trumpeter. 3. One who praises, or propagates praise. 
4. Any one of various trumpetlike instruments ; as, an 
ear trumpet, speaking trumpet, etc. 

Trump'et, v. t. [imp. &.p. p. Trumpeted; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Trumpeting.] To publish by, or as if by, sound of 
trumpet ; to noise abroad ; to proclaim. 

Trump'et, v. i. To sound like a trumpet ; to utter a 
trumplike sound. 

Trump'et-er, n. 1. One who trumpets. 2. (Zobl.) 
(a) Any of several South American birds allied to the 
cranes, (b) An American swan with a very loud note. 

Trump'etS (trump'ets), n. pi. (Bot.) A plant (Sar- 
racenia flava) with long, hollow leaves. 

Trun'cate (trun'kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Truncated 
(-ka-tSd); p. pr. & vb. n. Truncating.] [L. truncare, p. p. 
-atns, fr. truncus cut short.] To cut off ; to lop : to maim. 

Trun'cate (-kat), a. Appearing as if cut off at the tip. 

Trun'ca-ted (-ka-te"d), a. Cut off ; cut short ; maimed. 

Truncated cone or pyramid (Geom.), a cone or pyramid 
whose vertex is cut off (usually parallel to the 
base) by a plane. 

Trun-ca'tion (trun-ka'shun or trun-), ?;. 
A truncating ; state of being truncated. 

Trun'cheon (trfin'shttn), n. [OE. tron- 
choun the shaft of a broken spear, broken 
piece, OF. tronchon, troncon, fr. tronce, 
tronche, apiece of wood.] 1. A short stall ; 
club; cudgel; shaft of a spear. 2. A baton, 
or military staff of command. 3. A stout stem, as of a tree, 
with the branches lopped off, to produce rapid growth. 

Trun'cheon, V. t. To beat with a truncheon. 

Trun'dle (triiu'd'l), n. [AS. tryndel a little shield. 
See Trend, v. i.~) 1. A round body ; little wheel. 2. A 
kind of low-wheeled cart ; a truck. 3. A rolling motion. 
4. (Mach.) (a) A lantern wheel. (6) One of the bars of 
a lantern wheel. 




in pvniiuiu 



Truncated 
1'vrumid. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TRUNDLE 



874 



TUBEROSE 



T 



Trnn'dle (trun'd'l), v. t. St i. [imp. & p. p. Trun- 
dled (-did) i P- }»'■ « r0 - »• Trundling (-dlTug).] To 
roll OO little wheels ; to revolve ; to roll along. 

Trun'dle-bed (,-bSd ), n. A truckle-bed ; also, some- 
times, a similar bed without wheels. 

Trunk (trunk), n. [F. tronc, L. truncus, fr. truncus 
maimed, mutilated. Trunk in the sense of proboscis is 
fr. F. trompe (same word as E. trump trumpet), but has 
been eoufused in English with trunk- stem of a tree.] 1. 
The stem, or body, of a tree, apart from its limbs and 
roots ; stock ; stalk. 2. The body of an animal, apart 
from the head and limbs. 3. The main body of anything ; 
as the part of a pilaster between the base and the capital. 
4. (Zo'61.) (a) The proboscis of an elephant, (6) The 
proboscis of an insect, or other animal. 5. A kind of box 
or chest for clothes or other goods. 7. A long, large box, 
pipe.or conductor,of plank or metal plates, variously used. 

Trunk/fish' (trtink'f Tsh'), n. (Zo'61.) Any one of sev- 
eral species of plectoguath fishes having an angular body 
covered with a rigid integument consisting of bony scales. 

Trun'nel (trun'ngl), n. (Shipbuilding) See Treenail. 

Trun'nion (trim'yuu ; 10G), n. [OF. trognon trunk 
of a tree, fr. tron trunk, stem.] 1. (Gun.) A cylindrical 
projection on each side of a piece, serving to support it on 
the cheeks of the carriage. 2. (Steam Engine) A gudgeon 
on each side of an oscillating steam cylinder, to support it. 

Truss (trus), n. [F. trousse, OF. trousse, tourse.~\ 

1. A bundle ; package. 

G^^ A ti-uss of hay in England is 56 lbs. of old and 60 
lbs. of new hay ; a truss of straw is 36 lbs. 

2. A padded jacket worn under armor ; also, a stomacher. 
[06s.] 3. (Surg.) A restraining bandage or apparatus 
used in hernia, etc. 4. (Bot.) A tuft of flowers at the 
top of the main stalk of certain plants. 5. (Naut.) The 
rope or iron used to keep the center of a yard to the 
mast. 6. (Arch. & Engin.) An assemblage of members 
supported at two points, and arranged to transmit pres- 
sure vertically to those points, with the least possible 
strain across the length of any member. 

Truss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trussed (trust) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Trussing.] 1. To bind or pack close ; to make 
into a truss. 2. To seize and hold firmly. [06s.] 3. To 
strengthen or stiffen by braces. 4. To skewer ; to make 
fast. 5. To hang ; — usually with up. [Slang] 

Trust (trust), n. [Icel. traust confidence, security ; 
akin to G. frost, and E. true."] 1. Assured resting of 
the mind on the integrity, veracity, justice, friendship, 
or other sound principle, of another person ; confidence ; 
reliance. 2. Credit given ; esp., delivery of property or 
merchandise in reliance upon future payment. 3. As- 
sured anticipation ; hope ; belief. 4. That which is com- 
mitted or intrusted to one ; something received in confi- 
dence ; charge ; deposit. 5. State or obligation of one 
to whom anything is confided. 6. Ground of reliance ; 
hope. 7. (Law) An estate devised or granted in confi- 
dence that the devisee or grantee shall convey it, or dis- 
pose of the profits, at the will, or for the benefit, of 
another ; an estate held for the use of another. 8. An 
organization formed mainly for the purpose of regulating 
the supply and price of commodities, etc. [Cant] 

Syn. — Confidence ; belief ; faith ; hope ; expectation. 

Trust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trusted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Trusting.] 1. To place confidence or credence in ; to rely 
on ; to confide, or repose faith, in ; to believe ; to credit. 
2. To hope confidently ; to believe ; — usually with a 
phrase or infinitive clause as the object. 3. To show con- 
fidence in a person by intrusting (him) with something. 
4. To commit, as to one's care ; to intrust. 5. To give 
credit to ; to sell to upon credit. 

Trust, v. i. 1. To have trust ; to be credulous ; to 
confide. 2. To be confident ; to hope. 3. To give credit. 

Trus-tee' (triis-te'), n. (Law) (a) A person to whom 
property is legally committed in trust. (6) A garnishee. 

Trus-tee', v. t. 1. To commit to the care of a trustee. 
2. (Law) To garnishee. [U. S.~\ 

Trus-tee'ship, n. Office or duty of a trustee. 

Trust'er (trustier), n. One who trusts, or credits. 

Trust'ful (trust/ ful), a. 1. Full of trust ; trusting. 
2. "Worthy of trust ; faithful ; trusty ; trustworthy. 

Trust'i-ly (-T-ty), adv. In a trusty manner. 

Trust'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being trusty. 

Trust'wor'thy (-wuVth£), a. Worthy of trust or 
confidence ; trusty. — Trust'wor'tbi-ness (-thT-nes), n. 

Trust'y (-f), a. [Compar. Trustier (-T-er) ; si/perl. 
Trustiest. ] 1. Admitting of being safely trusted ; justly 
deserving confidence ; fit to be confided in ; trustworthy ; 
reliable. 2. Hence, not liable to fail ; strong ; firm. 3. 
Involving trust. [R.] 



Truth (truth), n. ; pi. Truths (truths). [AS. tredwS. 
See True.] 1. Quality or state of being true; as: (a) 
Conformity to fact or reality, (b) Conformity to a rule, 
example, model, etc. ; exactness, (c) Fidelity ; steadfast- 
ness, (d) Freedom from falsehood ; veracity. 2. That 
which is true or certain ; a true statement or proposi- 
tion ; real state of things ; fact ; verity ; reality. 

In truth, Of a truth, in reality ; certainly. 

Truth'ful (truth'ful), a. Full of truth; veracious; 
reliable. — Truth'ful-ly, adv. — Truth'ful-ness, n. 

Try (tri), v. t. [i?np. & p. p. Tried (trid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Trying.] [F. trier to pick out, LL. tritare to trit- 
urate, to thresh, to select, L. terere, tritum, to rub. 
See Trite.] 1. To separate out ; to winnow ; to sift. [06s.] 
2. To purify or refine, as metals ; to melt out, and pro- 
cure in a pure state, as oil, lard, etc. 3. To prove by 
experiment ; to examine ; to prove ; to test. 4. To sub- 
ject to severe trial ; to put to the test ; to subject to suf- 
fering or hardship. 5. To experiment with ; to test by 
use. 6. To strain ; to subject to excessive tests. 7. (Law) 
To examine or investigate judicially. 8. To settle ; to 
decide; to determine; specif., to decide by an appeal 
to arms. 9. To experience ; to gain knowledge of by 
experience. 10. To essay ; to attempt ; to endeavor. 

Syn. — To attempt ; strive ; aim. — To try is the gener- 
ic, to attempt is the specific, term. When we try, we are 
usually uncertain as to success ; when we attempt, we 
have some definite object which we seek to accomplish. 
We may be indifferent as to the result of a Mai, but we 
rarely attempt anything without a desire to succeed. 

Try, v. i. To make an effort or an attempt. 

Try, n. 1. A sieve. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. A try- 
ing; attempt; trial. 

Try'ing, a. Adapted to try, or put to severe trial ; 
severe ; afflictive. 

Try'sail (tri'sal ; among sailors, tri's'l), n. (Naut.) 
A fore-and-aft sail, bent to a gaff, and hoisted on a lower 
mast, or on a small mast, close abaft a lower mast, — 
used chiefly as a storm sail. 

Try'-square' (tri'skwaV), n. An instrument used by 
carpenters, joiners, etc., for laying off right angles. 

Tryst (trist ; Scot, trist), n. [Var. of Trust, n.] 1. 
Trust. [Obs.] 2. An appointment to meet ; also, an 
appointed place or time of meeting. [Scot, or Poetic] 

Tryst'ing, n. An appointment ; a tryst. 

Trysting day, an arranged day of meeting. — Trysting 
place, a place designated for a meeting ; rendezvous. 

Tsar (tsar), n. See Czar. 

Tsa-ri'na (tsa-re'na), \n. [Riiss. tsaritsa.] See 

Tsa-rit'sa (tsa-ret'sa), J Czarina. 

Tset'se (tset'se), n. (Zo'61.) A dipterous African fly 
whose bite is poisonous to cattle, but harmless to men. 

T' square 7 (te' skwar'). See under T. 

Tub (tub), n. [OE. tubbe; of D. or LG. origin.] 1. 
A kind of short cask, half barrel, or firkin, usually with 
but one head, — variously used. 2. The amount which 
a tub contains. 3. Any structure shaped like a tub, esp. 
a short, broad boat. 4. A sweating in a tub. [06s.] 

Tub, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. Tubbed (tubd) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Tubbing. ]_ To plant or set in a tub. 

Tub'al (tub'al), a. Of or pertaining to a tube ; spe- 
cif., of or pertaining to one of the Fallopian tubes. 

Tube (tub), n. [L. tubus ; akin to tuba a trumpet.] 
1. A hollow cylinder ; a pipe. 2. A telescope. 3. Any 
hollow passage, duct, etc., like a tube ; as vessels convey- 
ing fluids in animals and plants. 

Tube, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Tubed (tubd) ; p. pr. &vb. 
n. Tubing.] To furnish with a tube. 

TuHber (tu'ber), n. [L., a hump, knob.] 1. (Bot.) A 
fleshy, rounded stem or root, usually containing starchy 
matter, as the potato. 2. (Anat.) A tuberosity ; tubercle. 

Tu'ber-cle (tu'ber-k'l), n. [L. tuberculum, dim. of 
tuber. See Tuber.] A small knoblike prominence or 
excrescence ; (Med . ) a small aggregation of morbid mat- 
ter, esp. that accompanying scrofula and phthisis. 

Tu'ber-cled (-k'ld), a. Having tubercles ; tubercular. 

Tu-ber'cu-lar (tu-ber'ku-ler), a. 1. Having, or af- 
fected with, tubercles. 2. Like a tubercle. 

Tu-ber'cu-late (-ku-lat), ) a. Tubercled ; tubercu- 

Tu-ber'cu-la'ted (-la'ted), ) lar. 

Tu-ber'cu-losC (-kudos'), ) a. Having, or affected 

Tu-ber'CU-lOUS (-ku-lus), J with, tubercles. 

II Tu-ber'CU-lo'sis (-lo'sls), n. [NL.] (Med.) A con- 
stitutional disease producing tubercles in the internal 
organs, esp. in the lungs, where it constitutes the most 
common variety of pulmonary consumption. 

Tube'rose' (tub'roz' or tu'ber-os'), n. [See Tuberous.] 
(Bot.) A plant (Polianthes tuberosa) with a tuberous 
root and a fragrant, white liliaceous flower. 



a., 5, 1, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, dbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, flnaL 



TUBEROSE 



875 



TUN 



Tu'ber-ose' (tu'ber-os'), a. Tuberous. 

Tu ber-os'i-ty (-Gs'T-ty), n. 1. State of being tuber- 
ous. 2. A knoblike promineuce ; protuberance. 

Tu'ber-ous (tu'ber-fis), a. [L. tuberosus.] 1. Cov- 
ered with knobby or wartlike prominences ; knobbed. 
2. {Bot.) Consisting of, or bearing, tubers ; like a tuber. 

Tu-bic'o-lar (-l§r), a. {Zo'61.) Tubicolous. 

Tu-bic'O-lous (tu-bTk'6-lus), a. [Tube -f- L. colere to 
inhabit.] {Zo'61.) Inhabiting a tube, as certain worms. 

Tu'bi-com (tu'bl-korn), n. [L. tubus tube + cornu 
horn.] {Zo'dl.) Any hollow-horned ruminant. 

Tub'ing (tub'Tng), n. 1. Act of making tubes. 2. 
A series of tubes ; tubes, collectively ; a piece of a tube. 

Tu'bU-lar (tu'bu-ler), a. [L. tubulus, dim. of tubus a 
tube.] Having the form of a tube, or pipe; consisting 
of a pipe ; fistular ; containing, or provided with, tubes. 

Tu'bu-late (tu'bu-lat), a. [L. tubulatus.] Tubular. 

Tu'bu-la'ted (-la/ted), a. Made in the form of a 
small tube ; provided with a tube, or elongated opening. 

Tll'bU-la'tion (-la'shun), n. {Chem.) Act of shaping 
a tube ; a providing with a tube ; also, tube ; tubulure. 

Tu'bU-la'ture (-la'tur ; 135), n. {Chem.) A tubulure. 

Tu'bule (tu'bul), n. [L. tubulus, dim. of tubus tube.] 
A small pipe or fistular body ; a little tube. 

Tu'bU-li-form' (-f8rnV), a. Shaped like a tubule. 

TuTJU-lose 7 (tu'bu-loV), \ a. 1. Resembling, or in the 

Tu'bU-loUS (tu'bu-lus), ( form of, a tube. 2. Con- 
taining, or consisting of, small tubes. 

Tu'bU-lure (-lur), n. {Chem.) A short tubular open- 
ing, as at the top of a retort. 

Tuck (tuk), n. [F. estoc ; akin to E. stock.} A long, 
narrow sword; a rapier. [Obs.] 

Tuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tucked (tukt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tucking.] [LG. tukken to tuck up, entice ; akin 
to E. tug.'] 1. To draw up ; to shorten ; to fold under ; 
to press together. 2. To make a tuck or tucks in. 3. 
To put within ; to press into a close place. 

Tuck, n. 1. A horizontal sewed fold ; plait. 2. A 
kind of small net. 3. (Naut.) The part of a vessel where 
the ends of the bottom planks meet under the stern. 5. 
Food ; pasty ; sweetmeats. [Slang] 

Tuck'a-hOO (-a-ho), n. [North American Indian, 
bread.] {Bot.) A curious vegetable production of the 
Southern U. S. , growing under ground like a truffle. 

Tuck'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, tucks. 
2. A narrow piece of linen, or the like, worn over the 
breast by women in the 17th century and later. 

Tuck'er, v. t. To tire ; to weary. [Colloq. IT. S.] 

Tuck'et (-et), n. [It. toccata prelude, fr. toccare to 
touch.] A slight flourish on a trumpet ; fanfare. [Obs.] 

Tue'fall (tu'fal), n. {Arch.) A lean-to. [Eng.] 

Tue'-iTon (-l'urn), n. See Tuyebe. 

Tue / -i / rons,_«. pi. A pair of blacksmith's tongs. 

Tues'day (tuz'da ; 48), n. [AS. Tiwes dseg the day 
of Tiw the god of war ; akin to L. Jupiter, Gr. Zeus.] 
The day following Monday and preceding Wednesday. 

Tu'fa (tu'fa or tob'fa), n. [It. tufo soft, sandy stone, 
L. to/us, tophus.] {3fin.) {a) A soft or porous stone 
formed by depositions from water. (6) A friable vol- 
canic rock formed of consolidated cinders, or scoria. 

Tuff (tuf), n. {Min.) Same as Tufa. 

Tuft (tuft), n. [F. touffe; of German origin. See 
Top summit.] 1. A knot or bunch of small, flexible, or 
soft things. 2. Cluster ; clump. 3. A nobleman, or per- 
son of quality ; — so called from the tuft, or gold tassel, 
on the cap worn by them. [Cant, Eng.] 

Tuft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tufted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Tufting.] To separate into, or adorn with, tufts. 

Tuft'ed (tuft'ed), a. 1. Adorned with a tuft. 2. 
Growing in tufts or clusters ; tufty. 

Tuft'hunfer (-hunt'er), n. A hanger-on to noblemen, 
or persons of quality ; a toady. [Cant, Eng.] 

Tuft'y (tuft'y), a. 1. Abounding with tufts. 2. Grow- 
ing in tufts or clusters. 

Tug (tug), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Tugged (tugd); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Tugging.] [OE. toggen ; akin to G. zucken 
to draw, AS. teon, p. p. togen, to draw, G. Ziehen, L. du- 
<:ere.] To pull or draw with great effort ; to haul along ; 
to drag ; to tow. — Tug'ger (-ger), n. 

Tug, n. 1. A pull with the utmost effort ; a supreme 
effort. 2. {Naut. ) A small, powerful steamboat used to 
tow vessels. 3. A trace, or drawing strap, of a harness. 

Tug'boaf (tug'bot'), n. See Tug, n., 2. 

Tuille (twil), n. In plate armor, a plate suspended 
in front of the thigh. [See Illust. of Tasses.] 

Tu-i'tion (tu-Tsh'un), n. [L. tuiiio protection, guard- 
ing, from tueri, p. p. tuitus, to watcb, protect.] 1. Su- 
perintending care over a young person ; guardianship. 




2. Esp., act, art, or business of teaching ; instruction. 

3. Price paid for instruction. — Tu-i'tlon-aiy (-a-ry), a. 
Tu'lip (tu'ltp), w. [F. tulipt, OF. uk>o tultpun, It. tu- 

lipano, tulipa, fr. Turk. 
tulbe/id, dulbend, lit., a tur- 
ban, Per. dulbund ; — so 
called from the form of the 
flower. SeeTuEBAN.] {Hot.) 
Any plant of a liliaceous 
genus {Tulipa) of which 
many varieties bear beauti- 
ful flowers. 

Tulip tree, (a) The lirio- 
dendrou. (^TheWest Indian 
malvaceous tree Paritium, 
or Hibiscus, tiliaceum. 

Tulle (tul), /(. [F. ; — 
from the town of Tulle, m 
France.] A kind of silk 
lace or light netting. 

Tum'ble (tum'b'l), v. i. Tulip. 

[imp. Sep. p. Tumbled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. A- vb. n. Tumbling 
(-bling).] [OE. tumMen, AS. tumbiaa to turn heels 
over head, to dance violently ; akin to D. ttdmelen to 
fall.] 1. To roll over, or to and froj- to throw one's 
self about. 2. To roll down ; to be precipitated. 3. To 
perform the feats of an acrobat. 

To tumble home {Natit.), to incline inward, as the sides 
of a vessel, above the extreme breadth. 

Tum'ble, V. t. 1. To turn over or about ; to roll or 
move in a rough or unceremonious manner ; to throw 
down ; to precipitate. 2. To disturb ; to rumple. 

Tum'ble, n. Act of tumbling, or rolling over ; fall. 

Tum'bler (-bier), n. 1. One who tumbles ; an acro- 
bat. 2. A movable obstruction in a lock to be adjusted 
by the key. 3. A drinking glass without a foot or stem ; 

— originally it had a pointed or convex base. 4. {Zo'ol.) 
A variety of the domestic pigeon remarkable for its habit 
of tumbling during its flight. 5. {Zo'61.) A breed of dogs 
that tumble when pursuing game. 6. A kind of cart ; a 
tumbril. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 

Tum'brel (-brel), I n. [OF. tomberel, fr. tomber to 

Tum'bril (-bril), ( tumble ; of Teutonic origin.] 
1. A cucking stool. 2. A rough cart. 3. (3///.) A two- 
wheeled cart used to convey tools, cartridges, etc. 

Tu me-fac'tion (tu'me-fak'shun), ?i. Act or process 
of tumefying ; tumor ; swelling. 

Tu'me-fy (tu'me-fi), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Tume- 
fied (-fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Tumefying.] [F. tumifier, 
fr. L. tumere to swell -)- -ficare (in comp.). See Tumid, 
and -fy.] To swell ; to cause to swell, or puff up. 

Tu'mid (-mid), a. [L. tumidus, fr. tumere to swell.] 
1. Swelled, enlarged, or distended. 2. Rising above the 
level ; protuberant. 3. Swelling in sound or sense : pomp- 
ous ; puffy ; inflated ; bombastic ; turgid. — Tu'mid-ly, 
adv. — Tu'mid-ness, n. [ing tumid. I 

Tu-mid'i-ty (tu-nnd'I-ty), n. Quality or state of be- 1 

Tu'mor (tu'mer), n. [L. See Tumid.] 1. {Med.) 
A morbid swelling, prominence, or growth, on any part 
of the body. 2. Affected pomp ; bombast. [P.] 

Tump (tump), n. [W. Pump, twm.] A hillock ; knoll. 

Tu'mu-lar (tu'mu-ler), a. [L. tumulus mound.] Con- 
sisting in a heap ; being in a heap or hillock. 

Tu'mu-lous (liis), a. Fall of mounds; billy. [P.] 

Tu'mult (tu'mult), n. [L. tumultus.] 1. The com- 
motion or agitation of a multitude, usually with uproar 
and confusion of voices ; noisy confusion. 2. Violent 
commotion or agitation, with confusion of sounds. 3. Ir- 
regular or confused motion ; agitation ; high excitement. 

Syn. — Ferment ; disturbance ; turbulence ; disorder ; 
hurly-burly ; bluster ; hubbub ; bustle : brawl ; riot. 

Tu-mul'tU-a-ry (tu-mul'tu-a-ry ; 135), a. [L. tumul- 
tuarius.] 1. Attended by, or producing, a tumult ; dis- 
orderly ; promiscuous ; confused : tumultuous. 2. Rest- 
less ; agitated ; unquiet. — Tu-mul'tU-a-ri-ly, ad*. — 
Tu mul'tu-a-ri-ness. n. 

Tu-mul'tu-OUS (-us), a. 1. Full of, or characterized by, 
tumult ; disorderly ; turbulent. 2. Conducted with dis- 
order ; noisy ; confused ; boisterous ; disorderly. 3. Agi- 
tated, as with passions ; disturbed. 4. Turbulent ; violent. 

— Tu-mul'tu-ous-ly, adv. — Tu-mul'tu ous ness. n. 
Syn.— Irregular : lawless; riotous; seditious. 

II Tu'mu-lus (tu'infi-lus), n. ; pi. -li (-li). [L.] An 
artificial hillock, esp. one raised over a grave ; a barrow. 

Tun(tiin),n. [AS. tunne. See 1st Ton.] 1. A large 
cask. 2. {Brewing) A fermenting vat. 3. A varying 
measure for liquids, as for wine, equal to 252 gallons. 4. 
( Co m.) A ton, or 2,240 pounds. [P.] 5. An indefinite large 
quantity. 6. A drunkard ; — humorously or in contempt. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TUN 



876 



TURK 



R 



Tun (tBa), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Tunned (tQnd) ; p. pr. 
& lixMSi;.] To put into tuns, or casks. 

Tun'a-ble (tun'a-b'l\ o. Capable of being tuned ; 
hence, harmonious ; lnusioal ; tuneful. 

Tun'-disn (tfin r dlsh / ), ». A tunnel. [0&s.] 
Tun'dra (-dri), n. [Russ., from a native name.] A 
rolling, mushy, mossy plain of Northern Siberia. 

Tune (tun), n. [Var. of Tone.] 1. Sound ; note ; tone. 
2. (Jfu*0 (•) A rhythmical, melodious, symmetrical 
series of tones, or two or more such series forming parts 
in harmony : melody ; air. (b) State of giving the proper 
sound or sounds : just intonation ; harmonious accord- 
ance ; pitch. 3. Order ; harmony ; concord ; fit dispo- 
sition, temper, or humor ; right mood. 

Tune. P. t. [imp. St p. p. Tuned (tund) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tuning.] 1. To put into tune ; to harmonize ; to 
correct the tone of. 2. To adapt in style of music ; to 
make harmonious ; to attune. 3. To sing with melody 
or harmony. 4. To put into a proper state or disposition. 

Tune, v. i. To form accordant musical sounds. 

Tune'ful (-ful), a. Harmonious ; melodious ; musical. 

Tuneless, a. Without tune ; inharmonious. 

Tun'er (-er), n. One who tunes ; especially, one whose 
occupation is to tune musical instruments. 

Tung'Sten (tung'sten), ?i. [Sw. tungsten ; tung heavy 
-f- sten stone.] {Chem.) A rare, steel-gray and very hard 
metal. Symbol W {IVolframium). Sp. gr. 18. 

Tung'stic (-srlk), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or 
derived from, tungsten. [ivy. 

Tun'hoof (tuu'hoof)) ». [Cf. Alehoof.] Ground 

Tu'nic (tu'nik), n. [L. tunica.'] 1. {Rom. Antiq.) 
A loose under-garment reaching to or below the knees. 

2. Any one of various stvles of loose-fitting garments. 

3. {JR. C. Ch.) Same as Tunicle. 4. {Anat.) A mem- 
brane, or layer of tissue, esp. when enveloping a part. 5. 
{Bot.) An integument. 6. {Zo'61.) See Mantle, n., 2 (a). 

Tu'ni-ca'ta (-nT-kl'ta), n.pl. [XL.] {Zo'61.) A grand 
division of the animal kingdom, intermediate, in some re- 
spects, between the invertebrates and vertebrates, usu- 
ally having the body covered with a firm tunic, with an 
opening for the entrance, and one for the exit, of water. 

Tu'ni-cate (tu'nT-ktt), ) a. {Bot. & Zo'61.) Covered 

Tu'ni-ca'ted (-ka'tgd), J with, or having, a tunic. 

Tu'ni-Cle (-k'l), w. [L. tunicula.~] 1. A slight natural 
covering; integument. 2. {R. C. Ch.) A short, close- 
fitting vestment worn under the dalmatic. 

Tuning fork (tun'Tng fSrk). A two-pronged steel 
instrument, which, being struck, gives a fixed tone. 

Tun'ker (tirn'ker), n. {Eccl.) Same as Dunker. 

Tun'nage (tun'naj ; 48), n.- See Tonnage. 

Tun'nel (tun'ngl), n. [F. tonnelle a kind of vault, an 
arbor, OF. also tonnel ; dim. of tonne tun ; — from its re- 
semblance to a tun in shape. See Ton.] 1. A vessel 
with a broad mouth at one end, and a pipe or tube at the 
other, for conveying liquids or fluids into casks, bottles, 
etc. ; funnel. 2. Chimney flue ; funnel. 3. An artificial 
underground passage or archway for a canal, railroad, or 
sewer. 4. {Mining) A level passage at right angles to 
the veins to be worked ; — distinguished from the drift. 

Tun'nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tunneled (-neld)" or 
Tunnelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tunneling or Tunnelling.] 
1. To form into, or like, a tunnel. 2. To make a tun- 
nel in, through, or under. 

Tun'ny (tfin'n^), n. [L. thunnus, thynnus, Gr. Ovv- 
vos. Mi/os.] {Zo'61.) Any one of several species of large 
oceanic fishes of the Mackerel family. 

Tu'pe-lo (tu'pe-lo), n. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] 
{Bot.) A North American tree {Xyssa multifiora) of the 
Dogwood family, having acid red berries. 

Tu-ra'COU (tdft-ra'koo), n. {Zo'61.) Any one of several 
species of plantain-eating birds of Africa. 

Tu-ra'nl-an (tu-ra'nT-an), a. [From Tur, one of three 
Persian legendary brothers.] Of, pert, to, or designating, 
an extensive family of languages of low grade (called 
also Altaic, Ural-Altaic, and Scythian), spoken in north- 
ern Europe and Asia and in Central Asia, or the people 
who speak these languages. — n. One of the Turanians. 

Tur1>an (tQr'brtn), n. [OE. turband, turbant, toli- 
bant, F. turban, It. turbante, Turk, tulbend, dulbend, fr. 
Per. dulband. Cf. Tulip.] 1. A kind of headdress 
worn by men in the East consisting of a cap, and a sash, 
scarf, ojr shawl, usually of cotton or linen, wound about 
the cap. 2. A kind of headdress worn by women. 3. 
{Zo'61.) The whole set of whorls of a spiral shell. 

TurT)aned (tfir'br/nd), a. Wearing a turban. 

Turbary (tfir'ba-rj?), n. [LL. turbaria a place for 
digging peat, fr. turba peat.] {Eng. Law) A right of 
digging turf on another man's land. 





Tur'bid (tQr'bld), a. [L. turbidus, fr. turba tumult, 
akin to turbine to disturb. See Trouble.] 1. Having 
the sedinieut disturbed; roiled; muddy; thick: — said 
of liquids of any kind. 2. Disturbed; confused; disor- 
dered. — Tur'bld-ly, adi . — Turtrfd-ness, n. 

Tur-bidl-ty (tGr-bTd'T-ty), n. Turbidness. 

Tur bi-na'ceous (tGr'bl-na'shus), a. [See Turbary.] 
Of or pert, to peat, or turf ; peaty ; turfy. 

TurlJi-nal (tQr'bT-nal), a. [L. turbo, turben, -inis, a 
top.] {Anat.) Rolled in a spiral ; turbinate ; —applied to 
certain nasal plates. — n. A turbinal bone or cartilage. 

Tur'bi-nate (-bl-nat), \ a. [L. turbi- 

TurTri-na'ted (-na'tgd), J natus.~\ 1. 
Whirling like a top. 2. {Biol.) Shaped like 
a top, or inverted cone ; narrow at the base, 
and broad at the apex. 3. {Anat.) Turbinal. 

Tur'bi-na'tion (-na'shun), n . A whirling. 

Tur'blne (tfir'bTn), n. [L. turbo, -inis, 
that which whirls.] A kind of water Turbinate 
wheel usually having a series of curved Capsule, 
floats or buckets, against which the water flows and acts 
by its impulse 
or reaction. 

Tur'bit 
(-bit), n. [Cf. 
Turbot.] {Zo- 
ol.) 1. Turbot. 
2. A short- 
beaked variety 
of the domestic 
pigeon. 

Tur'bith 

(-bith") n r-p -i A One form of Turbine, complete ; B Wheel 
See Turpeth removed from the Case, to show its shape. 

TurT)Ot (-but), n. [F. ; — prob. named from its 
shape, fr. L. turbo top.] {Zo'61.) {a) A species of large 
European flounder, (o) Any of numerous flounders re- 
lated to the true turbots, as the American plaice, the 
halibut, etc. [turbulent. I 

Turl)U-lence (-bu-lens), n. Quality or state of being | 

Tur^DU-len-cy (-len-sy), n. Turbulence. 

Turl)U-lent (-lent), a. [L. turbulentus, fr. turba dis- 
order, tumult. See Turbid.] 1. Roused to, or being in, 
violent commotion ; disturbed ; agitated ; tumultuous. 

2. Disposed to insubordination and disorder ; restless ; 
unquiet ; refractory ; unruly. 3. Producing commotion ; 
disturbing ; exciting. — Tur'bU-lent-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Riotous; seditious; insubordinate; termagant. 

Tur'co-man (tur'ko-man), n. ; pi. Turcomans (-rnenz). 
1. A member of a tribe of Turanians living east of the 
Caspian Sea. 2. A kind of carpet or rug. 

Tu-reen' (tu-ren'), n. [F. terrine, L. terra earth. 
See Terrace.] A large, deep vessel for liquid food. 

Turf (tfirf), n, / pi. Turfs (turfs), Obs. Turves (tfirvz). 
[AS. turf; akin to G. tor/, Skr. darbha tuft of grass.] 
1. The upper stratum of earth and vegetable mold held 
together by the roots of grass and other small plants ; 
sward ; sod. 2. Peat, esp. prepared for fuel. 3. Race 
course ; horse racing ; — preceded by the. 

Turf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Turfed (tfirf t) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Turfing.] To cover with turf or sod. 

Turf'y (-y), a. [Compar. Turfier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Turfiest.] 1. Abounding with turf; made of, or cov- 
ered with, turf. 2. Of the nature or appearance of turf. 

3. Of or pert, to the turf, or horse racing. 
Tur'gent (tfir'jent), a. [L. turgens, -entis, p. pr. of 

turgere to swell.] 1. Rising into a puffy state ; swelling ; 
tumid. 2. Inflated ; bombastic ; turgid ; pompous. 

Tur-gesce' (tfir-jes'), v. i. [L. turgescere, v. incho. 

fr. turgere to swell.] To become turgid, [i?.] 

Tur-ges'cence (-jgs'sens), { n. 1. A swelling ; state 

Tur-ges'cen-cy (-sen-sy), ) of being turgescent. 2. 

Empty magnificence or pompousness; bombast; turgidity. 

Tur-ges'cent (-sent), a. [L. turgescens, -eiitis, p. pr.] 

Becoming turgid or inflated ; swelling ; growing big. 

Tur'gld (tfir'jid), a. [L. turgidus, fr. turgere to 
swell.] 1. Distended beyond the natural state by some 
internal agent or expansive force ; swelled ; swollen ; 
bloated ; inflated ; tumid. 2. Swelling in style or lan- 
guage ; vainly ostentatious ; bombastic ; pompous. — 
Tur'gid-ly, adv. — Tur'gld-ness, n. [ing turgid. I 

Tur-gidl-ty (tfir-jidl-ty ), n. Quality or state of be- 1 
II Tu'ri-0(tu'rT-6), ) n. ; pi. -ones (-o'nez). [L.] {Bot.) 
Tu'ri-on (-on), (A shoot or sprout from the ground. 
Turk(tfirk), n. [Per.] 1. A member of any of nu- 
merous Tartar tribes of Central Asia, etc.; esp., one of the 
dominant race in- Turkey. 2. A native or inhabitant of 
Turkey. 3. A Mohammedan, esp. one living in Turkey. 



a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; a, £, i, 5, iL, y, short ; Benate, Svent, idea, dbey, ftnite, care, arm, ask, all, finoL 



TURKEY 



877 



TURNTABLE 




Common Cock Turkey 
with tnil spread. 



Tur'key (tGr'ky), n. [Because formerly erroneously 
believed to have come orig. from 
Turkey.'] (Zo'dl.) Any large 
American gallinaceous bird be- 
longing to the genus Meleagri.s, 
esp. the North American wild 
turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), 
and the domestic turkey. 

Turk'ish (tQrk'Tsh), a. Of or 
pert, to Turkey or the Turks. 

Tur-kois' (tfir-koiz'or -kez'), 
n. & a. Turquoise. 

Tur'ko man ,(t<lr'ko"-man), 
n. Same as Turcoman. 

Tur'ma-line (tur'ma-Hn), n. 
(Min.) See Tourmaline. 

Tur'mer-ic (-m§r-Tk), n. [F. 
terre-merite, NL. terramerita, 
turmerica.] 1. (Bot.) An East 
Indian plant of the genus Curcuma, of the Ginger family. 
2. The root or rootstock of the Curcuma tonga, — used 
to dye yellow, as a medicine, a condiment, and a chem- 
ical test for acids and alkalis. 

Tur'moil (tfir'nioil ; sometimes tGr-moil'), n. [Of 
uncertain origin.] Harassing labor; trouble; molesta- 
tion by tumult ; disturbance ; worrying confusion. 

Turn (turn), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Turned (tfirnd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Turning.] [OF. toumer, torner, turner, LL. 
tornare, fr. L. tornare to turn in a lathe, fr. tornus lathe, 
Gr. ropvos a turner's chisel.] 1. To cause to move upon, 
or as if upon, a center ; to give circular motion to ; to 
cause to revolve ; to make to face otherwise. 2. To cause 
to present a different side uppermost or outmost ; to 
reverse the position of. 3. To give another direction, 
tendency, or inclination to ; to deflect ; to change in di- 
rection, position, or condition (to some other direction, 
position, or condition). 4. To change from a given use 
or office ; to divert ; to transfer ; to use or employ ; to ap- 
ply ; to devote. 5. To change the form, quality, aspect, 
or effect of ; to alter ; to metamorphose ; to convert ; to 
transform. 6. To form in a lathe. 7. Hence, to shape ; 
to mold ; to adapt. 8. Specif. : (a) To translate ; to con- 
strue, (b) To make acid or sour ; to ferment ; to curdle, 
etc. (c) To sicken ; to nauseate. 

To be turned of, to be advanced beyond. — To turn a cor- 
ner, to go round a corner. — To turn a hostile army, To turn 
the enemy's flank (Mil.), to pass round it, and take a posi- 
tion behind it or upon its side. — To turn a penny, to make a 
small profit by trade, or the like. — To turn in. (a) To fold, 
double, or direct, inwards, (b) To contribute ; to deliver 
up. [Colloq.] — To turn off. (a) To dismiss contemptuously. 
(6) To give over ; to reduce, (c) To divert ; to deflect. 
(d) To accomplish ; to perform, etc. — To turn one's goods 
or money, to exchange in trade ; to gain or increase in 
trade. —To turn out. (a) To drive out; to expel, (b) To 
put to pasture, (c) To produce, as the result of labor, or 
any process of manufacture. (a) To reverse so as to bring 
the inside to the outside, (e) To cause to cease, or to put 
out, by turning a stopcock, valve, or the like. — To turn 
over, (a) To overset ; to overturn, (b) To transfer, (e) 
To read or examine, as a book, while turning the leaves. 
(d) To handle in business. [Colloq.] — To turn tail, to run 
away ; to retreat ignominiously. — To turn the head or brain 
of, to infatuate : to overthrow the reason or judgment of. 
— To turn the scale or balance, to decide or determine some- 
thing doubtful. — To turn the tables, to reverse the chances 
or conditions of success or superiority. 

Turn (tftrn), v. i. 1. To move round ; to have a cir- 
cular motion ; to change position, so as to face differently; 
to whirl. 2. Hence, to revolve as if upon a point of sup- 
port ; to hinge ; to depend. 3. To result or terminate ; 
to' come about ; to eventuate ; to issue. 4. To be de- 
flected ; to be directed otherwise ; to be differently ap- 
plied. 5. To be changed, altered, or transformed ; to be- 
come transmuted ; also, to become by a change or changes ; 
to grow. 6. To undergo the process of turning on a 
lathe. 7. Specif. : (a) To become acid ; to sour. (b) To 
become giddy, (c) To be nauseated, (d) To become in- 
clined in the other direction ; — said of scales. 

To turn in. (a) To bend inward, (b) To enter for lodg- 
ings or entertainment, (c) To go to bed. [Colloq.] — To 
turn on or upon, (a) .To turn against ; to confront sud- 
denly in hostility or anger, (b) To reply to or retort, (e) 
To depend on. — To turn out. (a) To bend or point outward. 
(6) To rise from bed. [Colloq.] (c) To come abroad ; to 
appear, (d) To prove in the result ; to result. — To turn 
to account, profit, or advantage, to be made profitable or 
advantageous ; to become worth the while. —To turn up. 
(a) To bend or point upward, (b) To appear ; to occur. 

Turn (tfirn), n. 1. Act of turning ; revolution. 2. 
Change of direction, course, or tendency ; different order, 
position, or aspect of affairs ; alteration ; vicissitude. 



3. One of the successive portions of a course, or of a 
MrieB of oocurrenoM ; benoe,s winding; brad; meander. 

4. A circuitous walk, or a walk to and lro ; short walk ; 
stroll. 5. Successive 0001*6 J due chance J life 
incidental occasion ; ap pr opriate time. 6. Incidental 

or opportune deed or office ; occasional act oi kind 
malice. 7. Convenience; occasion; pur] 
8. Form ; cast ; shape ; manner ; fashion ; — lit. or fig. ; 
hence, form of expression; mode of signifying. 9. A 
Change of condition ; esp., a sudden or reclining symp- 
tom of illness. [Collo</.] 10. A round oi a rop 
in order to secure it. 11, (Eng. Law) A court < 
held by the sheriff twice a year in every hundred within 
his county. 12. (Mus.) An embellishment or giace 
(marked thus, 

/^W ), C out- 




performed tlius, or tLuj. 

turn is made, with the note above, and the semitone be- 
low. The turn may begin with the lower note, in which 
case the sign is placed thusg, or thus %. 

By turns, (a) One after another ; alternately ; ii 
sion. (b) At intervals. — In turn, in due order oi suc- 
cession. —To a turn, exactly; perfectly ;— alluding to 
cooking on a revolving spit. —To take turns, to alternate ; 
to succeed one another in due order. 

Turn'-buc'kle (tfirn'biik'k'l), ?*., or Turn buckle. 
(Mec/i.) A loop or sleeve 
with a screw thread at 
one end and a swivel at 
the other, - used for 0ne form of T urn-buckle. 

tightening a rod, stay, etc. 

Turn'coat' (-kof), n. One who forsakes his party or 
his principles ; renegade ; apostate. 

Turn'er (tGm'er), n. One who turns. 

II Tur'ner (tobr'ner), n. [G.] A person who practices 
athletic or gymnastic exercises. 

Turn'er-y (tfirn'er-y), n. 1. Art of fashioning solid 
bodies in a lathe. 2. Things or forms made in a lathe. 

Turn'ing (tiirn'Tng), n. 1. Act of one that turns; 
also, a winding ; meander ; corner. 2. pi. The pieces 
detached in turning material. 

Tur'nip (tuVnip), n. [OE. turnep ; prob. fr. turn, or 
F. tour a turn, lathe + OE. nepe turnip, AS. niepe, L. na- 
pus.~\ {Bot.) The root of a cruciferous plant (Braasiea 
campestris, var. Napus) ; also, the plant itself. 

Tur'nix (tfir'niks), n. [NL., fr. L. coturnix a quail.] 
(Zo'dl.) Any one of numerous species of Old World birds 
resembling quails and partridges. 

Turn'key 7 (tfirn'ke 7 ), n. ; pi. Turnkeys (-kez')- A 
person who has charge of the keys of a prison ; warder. 

Turn'-OUt/ (-out'), n. 1. A coming forth or out ; 
esp., a strike. 2. A short side track on a railroad. 3. 
That which is prominently brought forward or exhibited ; 
hence, an equipage. 4. Net quantity of produce yielded. 

Turn'O'ver (-o'ver), n. 1. Act or result of "turning 
over ; an upset. 2. A pie or tart made by turning one 
half of a circular crust over the other. 

Turn'pike' (-pik'), n. [Turn + pile.] 1. A frame 
of two crossing bars turning on a post, to hinder the pas- 
sage of beasts, but admitting a person to pass ; turnstile. 
2. A tollgate. 3. A turnpike road. 

Turnpike road, a road on which turnpikes, or tollgates, 
are established by law, in order to collect tolls. 

Turn'plate' (-plat'), n. A turntable. 

Turn'SOle' (-sol'), n. [F. tournesol, It. fornasole ; tor- 
nare to turn + sole sun, L. sol.] (Bot.) (a) Heliotrope. 
Its flowers are supposed to turn toward the sun. (b) The 
sunflower, (c) A kind of spurge (Euphorbia Helioscopia). 
(d) The euphorbiaceous plant Chrozophora tinctoria. 

Turn'spit 7 (-spit 7 ), n. 1. One who turns a spit ; 
hence, a menial. 2. (Zo'dl.) A breed of small dogs hav- 
ing a long body and short crooked legs. These dogs were 
formerly much used for turning spits for roasting meat. 

Turn'stile' (-stir), n. 1. A revolving frame in a foot- 
path, preventing the passage of horses 
or cattle, but admitting that of persons ; 
a turnpike. 2. A similar arrangement 
for registering the number of persons 
going through a passageway. 

Turn'stonC (-ston'), n. (Zool.) 
Any species of limicoline birds allied to 
the plovers. 

Turn'ta'ble (-ta'b'l), n. A large revolving platform, 
for turning locomotives, etc. 




Turnstile, 1. 



fSrn, recent, drb, riide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, g;o, sing, irik, then, thin. 



N 



TTRXYEREIN 



878 



TWIBIL 



Turn've-rein (.toorn'tY-rin X n. [G. ; lumen to ex- 
union.] An athletic association. 

Tur'pen-tine (.tuVp?n-tm). n. [F. terebenthine, OF. 
also turbcntine. fr. L. terebinthinus of the turpentine 
tree. fr. ttnbinthus turpentine tree, Gr. Ttpe'/3ii>0os, re'p- 
jutrt>o?.] A semifluid or fluid oleoresin, from various 
trees, but primarily the exudation of the terebinth, or 
turpentine, tree (Pis/acia Terebint/ius). 

Oil of turpentine (Chem.), a colorless, oily, aromatic hy- 
drocarbon distilled from crude turpentine. 

Tur'peth (tftr*pSth), n. [NL. turpethum,iv. Per. tir- 
bid a cathartic, turbad a purgative root.] 1. (Bot.) The 
root of Ipomira Turpeihum, formerly used as a purgative. 
2. (Chan A A heavy yellow powder, consisting of a basic 
mercuric sulphate. 

Tur'pi-tude (-pT-tud), n. [L. turpitudo, from turpis 
foul, base.] Inherent baseness or vileness of principle, 
words, or actions ; shameful wickedness ; depravity. 

Tur-quoise' \ (tfir-koiz' or -kez'), n. [F. turquoise ; 

Tur-quois' I — so called because first brought from 
Turkey.'] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of alumina. 
Bright blue turquoise is esteemed as a gem. 

Tur'ret (.tur'ret), n. [OF. tourette, dim. of four tower. 
See Tower.] 1. (Arch.) A little tower, frequently a 
merely ornamental structure at one of the angles of a 
larger structure. 2. (Anc. Mil. ) A lofty movable building, 
used in approaching a fortified place. 3. {Mil.) An ar- 
mored revolving tower within which cannon are mounted. 

Tur'ret-ed, a. 1. Furnished with a turret or turrets ; 
specif. (Zoo/.), having the whorls flattened on the upper 
side and often ornamented by spines or tubercles ; — said 
of certain spiral shells. 2. Formed like a tower. 

Tur-ric'u-late (tur-rik'u-lat), > a. [L. turricula 

Tur-ric'u-la'ted (-rik'u-la'tgd), } turret.] Furnished 
with, or formed like, a small turret or turrets. 

Tur'tle (tGr't'l), n. [AS. turtle,!,, turtur.] 1. (Zool.) 
The turtledove. 2. [Prob. same word, and substituted 
for the Sp. or Pg. name ; cf. Sp. tortuga, Pg. tartaruga, 
also E. tortoise.] (Zool.) Any one of the numerous spe- 
cies of Testudinata, esp. a sea turtle, or chelonian. 

C^p'In the United States the land and fresh-water 
tortoises are also called turtles. 

Tur'tle-dove 7 (tGr't'l-duv'),n. [See Turtle.] (Zool.) 
1. Any one of numerous Old World pigeons belonging to 
Turtur and allied genera. 2. Any one of several pigeons 
mofe-4jr less resembling the true turtledoves. 

Tur'tler (-tier), n. One who catches turtles. [rie. I 

Tur'tle-shell' (-shel'), n. A handsome species of cow- 1 

Tus'can (tus'kan), a. Of or pert, to Tuscany in Italy ; 
specif., designating one of the five orders of architecture. 

Tus'cor (-kor), n. [See Tusk.] A tush of a horse. 

Tush (tush), inter j. An exclamation indicating check, 
rebuke, or contempt. 

Tush, n. [AS. tusc.~\ A long, pointed tooth ; a tusk ; 
— applied esp. to certain teeth of horses. 

Tusk (tusk), n. (Zool.) Same as Torsk. 

Tusk, n. [OE. tusk, same word as tusch. See 2d 
Tush.] 1. (Zool.) One of the elongated incisor or canine 
teeth of the wild boar, elephant, etc. ; hence, any long, 
protruding tooth. 2. (Carp.) A projecting member like a 
tenon, but having several steps, or offsets. 

Tusked (tuskt), a. Furnished with 
tusks. [having large tusks. 

Tusk'er (tusk'er), n. An elephant 

Tusk'y (tusk'y), a. Having tusks. 

Tus'sah silk' (tiis'sa silk'). [Prob. 
fr. Hind, tasar shuttle, Skr. tasara.'] a xusk (Carp-) 
Silk not from the common silkworm. 

Tus-sic'u-lar (tus-sTk'u-ler), a. [L. tussicularis, fr. 
tussicula, dim. of tussis a cough.] Of or pert, to a cough. 

Tus'sle (tiis's'l), v. i. & t. [See Tousle.] To strug- 
gle, as in sport ; to scuffle ; to struggle with. [Colloq.'] 

Tus'sle, n. A struggle ; a scuffle. [Colloq.] 

Tus'sock (tuVsuk), n. [Cf. W. tusw a wisp, tus that 
binds.] A tuft, as of grass, twigs, hair, etc. ; esp., a dense 
tuft or bunch of grass or sedge. 

Tus'sock-y (-f), a. Having the form of tussocks ; 
full of, or covered with, tussocks, or tufts. 

Tus'suck (-suk), n. See Tussock. 

Tut (tut), interj. Be still ; hush ; — an exclamation. 

Tut, n. [Etym. uncertain.] An imperial ensign con- 
sisting of a golden globe with a cross on it. 

Tu'te-lage (tu'te-laj ; 48), n. [L. tutela protection, 
fr. tutua safe, fr. tueri to watch, defend.] 1. A guarding 
or protecting ; guardianship ; protection. 2. State of 
being under a guardian ; care or protection enjoyed. 

Tu'te-lar (tu'te-ler), ) a. Having the guardianship 

Tu'te-la-ry (-la-r^), j of ; guardian ; protecting. 




Tu'te-nag (tu'te-n5g), «. [F. toutenague. See Tutty.1 
(Metal.) (a) Crude zinc. [India] (b) Packfong. 

Tu'tor (tu'ter), n. [L. tutor, fr. tueri to watch, de- 
fend.] One who watches over, or has the care of, 
something. Specif. : (a) A treasurer, (b) (Civ. Law) A 
guardian of an infant, (c) A teacher, (d) (Eng. Uni- 
versities) An officer who instructs students, and is re- 
sponsible for their discipline, (e) (Am. Colleges) An 
instructor of a lower rank than a professor. 

Tu'tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tutored (-terd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Tutoring.] 1. To have the guardianship or care 
of ; to teach. 2. To play the tutor toward. [tutor. I 

Tu'tor-age (-aj ; 48), n. Office or occupation of a| 

Tu'tor-ess (-8s), n. An instructress. 

Tu-tO'ri-al (tu-to'rT-fll), a. Of or pert, to a tutor. 

II Tut'ti (tobt'te), n. pi. [It., fr. L. tot us. pi. tod, all.] 
(Mns.) All ; — a direction for all to perform together. 

Tut'ty (tut'ti'), n. [F. tutie, fr. Per. tTdiya.~] Crude 
zinc oxide, obtained from the flues of smelting furnaces. 

Tu-Whit' (tu-hwif), )n.&interj. Words imitative 

Tu-whoo' (tfi-hwoo'), ) of the notes of the owl. 

II Tu'yere' (twe'yaV), n. [F. ; of Teutonic origin.] 
A nozzle or mouthpiece through which the blast is de- 
livered to a furnace or forge. 

Twad'dle (twod'd'l), v. i. & t. [Cf. Tattle.] To 
talk in a weak and silly manner ; to prate ; to prattle. 

Twad'dle, n. Silly talk ; gabble ; fustian. 

Twad'dler (-dler), n. . One who twaddles. 

Twain (twan), a. & n. [OE. twein, tiveien, tweyne, 
AS. twegen, masc. See Two.] Two ; —nearly obsolete. 

Twang (twang), n. A tang, [i?.] See Tang a taste. 

Twang, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Twanged (twangd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Twanging.] [Imitative.] To sound with 
a quick, harsh noise ; to sound, or cause to sound, like a 
tense string pulled and suddenly let go. 

Twang, n. 1. A harsh, quick sound, like that made 
by a tense string pulled and suddenly let go. 2. An af- 
fected modulation of the voice ; a kind of nasal sound. 

Twat'tle (tw5t't'l), v. i. & n. See Twaddle. 

Tweak (twek), v. t. [Var. of Twitch.] To pinch 
and pull with a sudden jerk and twist ; to twitch. 

Tweak, n. A sharp pinch or jerk ; twitch. 

Tweed (twed), n. [Prob. corrupt, fr. twills. See 
Twill.] A soft woolen fabric for men's wear. 

Twee'dle (twe'd'l), v. t. [Cf. Twiddle.] To handle 
lightly, as in awkward fiddling ; hence, to influence as if 
by fiddling ; to coax ; to allure. 

Tweel (twel), n. & v. See Twill. 

Tweer (twer), n. Same as Tuyere. 

Tweese ) (twez), n. [F. etuis, pi. of etui a sheath.] 

Tweeze ) A surgeon's case of instruments. 

Twee'zers (twe'zerz), n. pi. [See Tweese.] Small 
pinchers used to pluck out hairs, and for other purposes. 

Twelfth (twelfth), a. [For twelft, OE. twelfte, AS. 
twelfta. See Twelve.] . 1. Next in order after the elev- 
enth ; — the ordinal of twelve. 2. Constituting, or being 
one of, twelve equal parts into which anything is divided. 

Twelfth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by 
twelve ; a twelfth part. 2. (Mus. ) An interval com- 
prising an octave and a fifth. 

Twelfth'-day' (-da 7 ), n. See Twelfthttde. 

Twelfth'-night' (-nit'), n. The evening of Epiph- 
any, or the twelfth day after Christmas. 

Twelfth'tide' (-tid'), n. Epiphany. 

Twelve (twelv), a. [AS. ticelf; akin to G. zw'olf ; 
fr. root of E. two.~\ One more than eleven ; a dozen. 

Twelve, n. 1. The number next following eleven ; 
twelve units or objects ; dozen. 2. A symbol represent- 
ing twelve units, as 12, or xii. 

Twelve'mo (-mo), a. & n. See Duodecimo. 

Twelve'month (-munth), n. A year of twelve cal- 
endar months. [about 24 cents. I 

Twelve'pence (-P«ns), n. A shilling sterling, or| 

Twelve'pen-ny (-pen-ny), a. Sold for a shilling; 
worth or costing a shilling. 

T welve'score' (-skor'), n. & a. Twelve times twenty. 

Twen'ti-eth (twgn'tT-eth), a. 1. Next in order after 
the nineteenth. 2. Constituting, or being, one of twenty 
equal parts into which anything is divided. 

Twen'ti-eth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by 
twenty ; a twentieth part. 

Twen'ty (-ty), a. [AS. ticentig, twentig ; lit., two 
tens. See Two ; Ten.] 1. One more than nineteen. 2. 
An indefinite number more or less than twenty. 

Twen'ty, n. 1. The number next following nine- 
teen ; twenty units or objects ; a score. 2. A symbol 
representing twenty units, as 20, or xx. 

Twit>il (twi'bil), n. [AS. twibill ; twi- two + bill, 



a, e, i, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, ftbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



TWICE 



879 



TYLER 



6*7, ax, bill.] 1. A kind of ax. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A tool 
for making mortises. [Obs.] 3. A reaping hook. 

Twice (twis), adv. [OE. twies (see -s, adv. suff.), 
twie, AS. twiges, ttviwa; akin to tivi- (in comp.) two, G. 
zwie-, L. bi-, Gr. 6V, Skr. dri-, and E. two.] 1. Two 
times ; once and again. 2. Doubly ; twofold. 

Twid'dle (twid'd'l), v. t. [Prob. imitative.] To 
touch lightly, or play with ; to tweedle ; to twirl. 

Twid'dle, V. i. To play with anything ; hence, to be 
busy about trifles. 

Twid'dle, n. A slight twist with the fingers. 

Twi'fal'low (twI'fSl'16), v. t. [AS. twi- twice +/«/- 
lou\] To fallow a second time (land once fallowed). 

Twig (twig), v. t. [Gael, tuig, or Ir. tuigim I under- 
stand.] 1. To understand. [Colloq.] 2. To perceive. 

Twig, n. [AS. twig ; akin to G. zweig, and prob. E. 
tivo.~\ A small shoot or branch of a tree or other plant. 

Twig, v. t. To beat with twigs. 

Twig'gy (-gy), a. Of or pertaining to a twig or 
twigs ; like a twig or twigs ; full of twigs. 

Twilight' (twITuV), n. [AS. twi- (see Twice) + 
leoht light, i. e., half light. See Light.] 1. The light 
perceived before the rising, and after the setting, of the 
sun ; crepuscular light. 2. A faint light ; a dubious or 
uncertain medium through which anything is viewed. 

Twi'light', a. 1. Seen or done by twilight. 2. Im- 
perfectly illuminated ; shaded ; obscure. 

Twill (twil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twilled (twild) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Twilling.] [Scotch tweel ; prob. fr. 
LG. twillen to make double ; akin to E. twice."] To weave 
so as to produce the appearance of diagonal lines or ribs. 

Twill, n. 1. An appearance of diagonal lines or ribs 
produced in textile fabrics in weaving. 2. A fabric so 
woven. 3. [Perh. fr. Quill.] A quill, or spool, for yarn. 

Twin (twin), a. [OE., double, AS. getwinne two and 
two, pi., twins; akin to E. twice.] 1. Being one of two 
bor-n at a birth. 2. Being twins ; being one of a pair 
much resembling one another ; standing in the relation 
of a twin to something else. 

Twin, n. 1. One of two produced at a birth, esp. 
by an animal that ordinarily brings forth but one at a 
birth. 2. pi. (Astron.) Gemini. 3. A person or thing 
closely resembling another. 4. (Crystallog.) A crystal 
composed of two or more crystals, or parts of crystals, 
in reversed position with reference to each other. 

Twin, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Twinned (twind) ; p. 
pr. &, vb. n. Twinning.] 1. To bring forth, or cause to 
be, twins. 2. To be born at the same birth. 

Twin'born' (-b6rn'), a. Born at the same birth. 

Twine (twin), n. [AS. ttvin, prop., a twisted or dou- 
ble thread, fr. twi-. See Twice.] 1. A twist ; convolu- 
tion. 2. A thread composed of smaller threads or strands 
twisted together. 3. A twining or winding round. 

Twine, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Twined (twind) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Twining.] 1. To twist together ; to form 
by twisting or winding threads ; to wreathe. 2. To wind 
(one thing) around another. 3. To wind about ; to em- 
brace ; to entwine. 4. To bend ; to turn. [Obs.] 

Twin'er (-er), n. (Bot.) Any plant that twines about 
a support. 

Twinge (twinj), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Twinged 
(twinjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Twingeing.] [OE. tiuengen, 
AS. tivengan; akin to OE. twingen to pain.] 1. To pull 
with a twitch ; to pinch ; to tweak. 2. To affect or tor- 
ment with, or to feel, sharp, sudden pain. 

Twinge, n. 1. A pinch ; tweak ; twitch. 2. A sud- 
den, sharp pain ; a momentary darting pain. 

Twin'ing (twIn'Tng), a. Winding around something ; 
twisting ; embracing ; climbing by winding. 

Twink (twink), v. i. & n. [Obs.] See Twinkle. 

Twin'kle (twin'k'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twinkled 
(-k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Twinkling.] [OE. twinklen, AS. 
twinclian; akin to OE. twinken.] 1. To open and shut 
the eye rapidly ; to blink ; to wink. 2. To shine with a 
broken, quivering light ; to sparkle ; to scintillate. 

Twin'kle (twin'k'l), n. 1. A twinkling ; a wink or 
sparkle of the eye ; a brief gleam, esp. when rapidly re- 
peated. 2. The time of a wink ; twinkling ; instant. 

Twintling (-kling), n. 1. A wink ; twinkle. 2. A 
shining with intermitted light ; scintillation ; sparkling. 
3. The time of a wink ; moment ; instant. 

Twire(twir),t>. i. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. To peep; to 
leer. [Obs.] 2. To twinkle ; to glance ; to gleam. [Obs.] 

Twirl (twerl), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Twirled 
(twerld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Twirling.] [Etym. uncer- 
tain.] To move or turn round rapidly ; to whirl round ; 
to move and turn rapidly with the fingers. [volution. I 

Twirl, n. 1. A twirling or whirling. 2. A twist ; con- 1 



Twist (twist), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twisted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Twisting.] [AS. twist a rope, u made ol two 
(twisted) strands, fr. twi- two; akin to G. zwist. See 
Twice, Two.] 1. To contort ; to writhe ; to crook Bpi- 
rally ; to convolve. 2. Hence, to turn from the true 
form or meaning ; to pervert. 3. To distort, as a solid 
body, by turning one part relatively to mother about an 
axis; to subject to torsion. 4. To wreathe ; to wind. 
5. To wind into; to insinuate; — used rerlexh 
To unite or form by, or as if by, winding separate things 
round each other ; to wreathe. 

Twist, v. i. 1. To be contorted ; to writhe ; to be 
distorted by torsion ; to be united by winding round 
each other ; to be or become twisted. 2. To follow a 
helical or spiral course ; to be in the form of a helix. 

Twist,". 1. A twisting; contortion; flexure; con- 
volution ; bending. 2. The form given in twisting. 3. 
That which is formed by twisting. Specif. : (a) A cord, 
thread, or anything flexible, formed by winding strands or 
separate things round each other. (b) A kind of 
twisted, strong sewing silk, (c) A kind of cotfc 
(d) A roll of twisted dough, baked, (t) A little twibted 
roll of tobacco. (/) ( Wearing) One of the threads of a 
warp, — usually more tightly twisted than the filling. 
(g) (Firearms & Ord.) The spiral course of the rifling of 
a gun barrel or a cannon. 

Twist'er (-er), n. 1. One that twists. 2. (Carp.) 
A girder. 3. (Man.) The inner part of the thigh. 

Twit (twit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twitted ; p. j,r. & 
vb. n. Twitting.] [AS. se.hcitan to reproach, blame ; 
set at -f- witan to blame ; orig., to see, hence, to observe 
what is wrong, akin to L. videre to see. See Wit.] To 
vex by bringing to notice, or reminding of, a fault, defect, 
misfortune, etc. ; to reproach ; to upbraid ; to taunt. 

Twitch (twlch), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Twitched 
(twlcht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Twitching.] [OE. twicchen ; 
akin to AS. angel/icicca a worm for bait, G. zn ickeri.] 
To pull or pluck with a short, quick motion ; to snatch. 

Twitch, n. 1. A twitching ; a pull with a jerk. 2. 
A short, spastic contraction of the fibers or muscles. 

TwitCh'er (-er), n. One that twitches. 

Twitch' grass' (gras'). (Bot.) See Quitch grass. 

Twit'ter (twit'ter), n. One who twits ; upbraider. 

Twit'ter, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Twittered (-terd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Twittering.] [OE. twiteren ; imitative.] 

1. To make, or utter with, a succession of small, tremu- 
lous, intermitted noises. 2. To titter ; to giggle. 3. To 
have a slight trembling of the nerves ; to be agitated. 

Twit'ter, n. 1. A twittering ; a small, tremulous, in- 
termitted noise, as that made by a swallow. 2. A half- 
suppressed laugh ; titter ; giggle. 3. A slight trembling 
or agitation of the nerves. 

'Twixt (twlkst). An abbreviation of Betwixt, used 
in poetry, or in colloquial language. 

Two (too), a. [OE. tico, twa, prop. fern. & neut., twei, 
twein, tweien, prop. masc. (whence E. twain), AS. twa, 
fern. & neut., twegen, masc, tu, neut. ; akin to G. zwei, 
L. duo, Gr. Svo, Skr. dva.] One and one ; twice one. 

One or two, an indefinitely small number. 

Two, n. 1. The number next greater than one ; two 
units or objects. 2. A symbol for two units, as 2 or ii. 

Two'-edged' (-Sjd'), a. Having two edges, or edgea 
on both sides. 

Two'fold' (-fold'), a. Double ; duplicate ; multiplied 
by two. — adv. In a double degree ; doubly. 

Two'-hand'ed (-hSnd'gd), a. 1. Having two hands. 

2. Used with both hands. 

Two'pence (tob'pgus or tup'ens), n. A small coin, 
and money of account, in England, equivalent to two 
pennies. [value of twopence. I 

Two'pen-ny (tob'pgn-ny' or tiip'en-ivjf), a. Of the| 

Two'-ply' (too'pll'), a. 1. Consisting of two thick- 
nesses, as cloth ; double. 2. Woven double, as cloth. 

Two'-Sid'ed (-sld'eM), a. Having two sides only ; 
hence, double-faced ; hypocritical. 

Ty-COOn' (tf-koon'), n. [Chinese tai-ktm great prince.] 
The title by which the shogun, or former commander 
in chief of the Japanese army, was known to foreigners. 

Tye(ti),n. 1. A knot; tie. ' [B.] 2. (Xaut.) A chain or 
rope, one end of which passes through a mast, and is made 
fast to the center of a yard ; the other end is attached to 
a tackle, by which the yard is hoisted or lowered. 

Tye, v. t. See Tee, the proper orthography. 

Ty'er (tl'er), ??. One who ties, or unites, [i?.] 

Ty-foon' (tt-f6on'), n. See Typhoon. 

Ty'ing (ti'ing), p. pr. of Tie. 

Tyke (tik), n. See 2d Tike. 

Ty'ler (tl'ler), n. See 2d Tiler. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



TYMBAL 



880 



TZETZE 







I 



TymT>al (tTm'bal). n. [F. timbale, Sp. timbal.~\ A 
kind of kettledrum. 

Tymp t,tliup), h. [Cf. Tympan.] (Blast Furnace) A 
< ater-oooled iron ousting in the upper part of the 
in which the dam stands. 

Tym'pan (ttm'pan), n. [F., fr. L. tympanum ket- 
tledrum, panel.] 1. A drum. \_Obs.~\ 2. (^rcft.) A 
tympanum. 3. (Print.) A frame covered with parch- 
ment or cloth, on which the blank sheets are put, in 
order to be laid on the form to be impressed. 

Tym-pan'ic (.tlm-pSn'Tk), a. 1. Like a drum or 
drumhead. 2. {A nat.) Of or pert, to the tympanum. 

Tym'pa-no (tlm'pa-no), ;;. : /)/. Tympani (-ne). [It. 
timpano. See Tympanum.] (Mus.) A kettledrum. 

Tym'pa-num (tlm'pa-num), n. ; pi. E. -nums (-nfiniz), 
L. -HA (-ua). [L., kettledrum, a drum in machines, the 
panel of a door, Gr. tv/jutou'ov, TV7rai'0i/, fr. nnrreu' to 
strike, beat.] 1. (Anat.) The ear drum, or middle ear; 
sometimes incorrectly, the tympanic membrane. See Ear. 

2. (Zool.) One of the naked, inflatable air sacs on the 
neck of the prairie chicken aud other species of grouse. 

3. {Arch.) (a) The recessed face of a pediment, (b) 
The space between an arch and a lintel, or a subordinate 
arch, spanning the opening below the arch. 

Tym'pa-ny (-ny), n. [Gr. Tvp.Tra.viw;, fr. Tvp.Tra.vov a 
kettledrum.] 1. (Med.) A flatulent distention of the 
belly. 2. Hence, inflation ; bombast ; turgidness. 

Tyne (tin), n. [See Tine a prong.] (Zool. ) A prong 
or point of an antler. 

-type (-tip). [See Type, n.] A combining form sig- 
nifying impressed form ; stamp; print; type; typical 
form ; representative. 

Type (tip), n. [F., fr. L. typus figure, image, type, 
character, Gr. tvttos mark of a blow, impression, form of 
character, model, fr. root of tv-tttsiv to beat, strike.] 
1. The mark or impression of something ; stamp ; im- 
pressed sign ; emblem. 2. Form or character impressed ; 
style; semblance. 3. A figure, representation, or si- 
militude of something to come ; token ; sign ; symbol. 

4. That which possesses or exemplifies characteristic 
qualities ; representative. Specif, : (a) 
(Biol.) A general form or structure com- 
mon to a number of individuals ; hence, the 
ideal representation or representative of a 
species, genus, or other group. Also, a group 
or division of animals having a certain typ- 
ical structure of body, (b) (Fine Arts) The 
original object, or class of objects, sc«ne, 
face, or conception, which becomes the sub- 
ject of a copy ; esp. , the design on the face 
of a medal or a coin, (c) (Chem.) A simple 
compound, used as a model or pattern to 
which other compounds are conveniently 
regarded as being related, and from which Metal Type, 
they may be actually or theoretically de- a Body . h Face . 
rived. 5. (Typog.) (a) A raised letter, c Shoulder ; d 
figure, accent, or other character, cast in Nick ; e Groove 
metal or cut in wood, used in printing. ma <le iii the 
(b) Such letters or characters, in general P™*ss of finish- 
or collectively. 

^W Besides the ordinary Roman and Italic type, some 
of the most important of the varieties are — 



<*MD €ngti£&. 


2Slact lUtter. 


Old Style. 


French Elzevir. 


Boldface. 


Antique. 


Clarendon. 


Gothic. 


Typewriter. 


--Cre^u'/i/. 



The smallest body in common use is diamond : then fol- 
low in order of size, pearl, agate, nonpareil, minion, bre- 
vier, bourgeois (or two-line diamond), long primer (or 
two-line pearl), small pica (or two-line agate), pica (or 
two-line nonpareil), English (or two-line minion), Colum- 
bian (or two-line brevier), great primer (or two-line bour- 
geois), paragon (or two-line long primer), double small 
pica (or two-line small pica), double pica (or two-line 
pica), double English for two-line English), double great 
primer for two-line great primer), double paragon (or 
two-line paragon), canon for two-line double pica). Above 
tHis, the sizes are called five-line pica, six-line pica, seven- 
line pica, and so on, being made mostly of wood. 
Type. v. I. To represent ; to typify. \_R.~\ 
Tvpe'set'ter (-sSt/ter), n. One who, or that which, 
set*, type ; a compositor ; a machine for setting type. 
Type'set'tlng, n. Act or art of setting type. 



Type Writer (tip'rifer), n. 1. A machine for writ- 
ing by means of type, a type wheel, or the like, operated 
by ■ keyboard. 2. One who uses such an instrument. 

Type' writing, n. Act or art of using a typewriter ; 
also, an impression made with a typewriter. 

Ty-phO'e-an (tt-fo'e-on), a. Of, pert, to, or like, Ty- 
phoeus (tt-fo'us), the hundred-headed giant of Greek 
mythology. 

Gg^* Sometimes incorrectly written and pronounced 
Ty-phce'an (tt-fe'an), or Ty-phe'an. 

Ty'phoid (ti'foid), a. [Typhus + -oid.] (Med.) Of, 
pert, to, or like, typhus ; of a low grade like typhus. 

Typhoid fever, a disease (formerly confounded with 
typhus), characterized by fever, diarrhoea, prostration, 
and muscular debility. 

Typhoon' (tt-fobn'), n. [Pg. lufao, Ar. tufdn a vio- 
lent storm.] A violent whirlwind ; specif., a violent 
whirlwind occurring in the Chinese seas. [typhus. I 

Ty'phous (ti'fus), a. (Med.) Of. pert, to, or like,! 

Ty'phus (-fus), n. [NX., fr. Gr. tv^os cloud, stupor.] 
(Med.) A contagious fever characterized by prostration, 
cerebral disorder, and an eruption of red spots. 

Typ'ic (tip'Tk), a. Typical. 

Typ'ic-al (-T-kol), a. [L. typicus, Gr. tv-i*6s. fr. 
TU7T05 type.] Of the nature of a type ; representing some- 
thing by a form, model, or resemblance ; emblematic, — 
Typ'ic-al-ly, adv. — Typlc-al-ness, n. 

Typ / i-fi-ca'tion (-T-fi-ka'shiin), n. Act of typifying. 

Typ'i-fter (tip'T-fi/er), n. One that typifies. 

Typ'i-fy (-fi). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Typified (-fid) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Typifying.] [Type + -/*/•] To represent 
by an image, form, model, or resemblance. 

Ty'po (tl'po), n. [Abbrev. of Typogeaphee.] A com- 
positor. [Colloq.] 

Ty-pog'ra-pher (tl-pog'ra-fer or tl-), n. A printer. 

Ty'po-graph'ic (tFpo-graf'ik or tip^o-), ) a. Of or 

Ty po-graph'ic-al (-graf'i-k«l), | pertaining 

to typography. — Ty po-graph'ic-al-ly, adv. 

Ty-pog'ra-phy (ti-pog'ra-fy or tT-), n. [Type -f- 
-graj)hy.~\ 1. Act or art of expressing by types, symbols, 
or emblems. \_Obs.'] 2. Art of printing with types ; use 
of types to produce impressions on paper, vellum, etc. 

Ty-pol'0-gy (tl-pol'o-jy or tT-), n. [Type + -logy.] 
1. Discourse or treatise on types. 2. Doctrine of types. 

II Ty-poth'e-ta? (tt-poth'e-te or ti'po-the'te), n. pi. 
[XL., fr. E. type + Gr. nOevai to set.] Printers; — 
used in the name of an association of master printers. 

Ty-ran'nic (tt-ran'n!k), ) a. [L. tyrannicus, Gr. tv- 

Ty-ran'nic-al (-nT-kal), f pavvaios. See Tyrant.] 
Of or pert, to a tyrant ; unjustly severe in government ; 
absolute ; imperious ; despotic ; cruel ; arbitrary. — Ty- 
ran'nic-al-ly, adv. — Ty-ran'nic-al-ness, n. 

Ty-ran'ni-cide (-ni-sld), n. [L. tyrannicidium (1), 
tyrannicida (2) ; tyrannus tyrant -j- caedere to kill.] 
1. Act of killing a tyrant. 2. One who kills a tyrant. 

Tyr/an-nize (t!r'an-mz), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. 
Tyrannized (-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tyrannizing.] To 
act the tyrant ; to exercise, or treat with, arbitrary 
power ; to rule with unjust and oppressive severity. 

Tyr'an-nous (-nus), a. Tyrannical : despotic. 

Tyr'an-ny (-ny), n. [OF. tirannie, Gr. rvpawLa, Tvpav- 
vis, L. tyrannis. See Tyeant.] 1. The government or 
authority of a tyrant ; arbitrary or despotic exercise of 
power. 2. Cruel government or discipline. 3. Severity ; 
rigor ; inclemency. 

Ty'railt (tl'rant), n. [OF. tiran, tirant, L. tyrannus, 
Gr. Tvpavyo?.] 1. An absolute ruler; a sovereign unre- 
strained by law or constitution. 2. Specif., a monarch, 
or other ruler or master, who oppresses his subjects ; des- 
potic ruler; cruel master; oppressor. 3. (Zool.) Any 
one of numerous American clamatorial birds noted for 
their pugnacity, including the kingbird and pewee. 

Tyre (tlr), n. [Tamil tayir.~\ Curdled milk. [India] 

Tyre, n. & v. Attire. See 2d and 3d Tire. [Obs.] 

Tyre, v. i. To prey upon. See 4th TniE. [Obs.] 

Tyr'i-an (tir'T-on), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Tyre or 
its people. 2. Being of the color called Tyrian purple. 

Tyrian purple, or Tyrian dye, a celebrated purple dye 
prepared in ancient Tyre from several mollusks. 

Tyr'i-an, n. A native of Tyre. 

Ty'ro (ti'ro), n. ; pi. Tyros (ti'roz). [L. tiro a newly- 
levied soldier, a beginner.] A beginner in learning ; one 
who is in the rudiments of any branch of study ; a per- 
son imperfectly acquainted with a subject ; a novice. 

Tzar (z'ar), n. The emperor of Russia. See Czar. 

Tza-rl'na (za-re'na), ) n. The empress of Russia. 

Tza-rit'za (za-rit'sa), I See Czarina. 

Tzet'ze (zet'se), n. (Zool.) Same as Tsetse. 



a, e, I, o, O, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, 0., y> short ; senate, gvent, Idea, Obey, finite, care, i 



ask, all, final. 



u 



881 



UMBILICAL CORD 



u. 



U (u), the twenty-first letter of the English alphabet, 
is a cursive form of the letter V, with which it was for- 
merly used interchangeably, both letters being then Died 
both as vowels and consonants. Now, however, lis dmi I 
only as a vowel or semivowel, and V only as a consonant. 
The true primary vowel sound of U, in Anglo-Saxon, m 
the sound which it still retains in most of the languages 
of Europe, that of long oo, as in tool, and short oo, as in 
wood, answering to the French on in tour. Etymologic- 
ally U is most closely related to 0, y (vowel), to, and r ; 
as in tii-o, duet, dyad, twice ; top, t«ft ; sop, sup ; auspice, 
atnary. See V, also O and Y. See Guide to Pronunci- 
ation, §§ 130-144. [tion or location. [P.] 1 

U-bi'e-ty (u-bi'e-ty), n. [From L. ubi where.] Posi- 

U-biq'ui-ta-ry (u-bik'wT-ta-ry), a. Ubiquitous. 

U-biq/ui-tous (-tiis), a. [See Ubiquity.] Being every- 
where at the same time ; omnipresent. 

U-biq'ui-ty (-ty), n. [L. ubique everywhere, fr. ubi 
where.] Existence everywhere, or in all places, at the 
same time ; omnipresence. 

Ud'der (ud'der), n. [AS. uder ; akin to G. enter, L. 
vber, Gr. ovOap, Skr. udhar.] {Anat.) The glandular 
organ in which milk is secreted and stored. 

U-dom/e-ter (u-d5m'e-ter), n. [L. udus wet, moist 
-f- -meter.'] {Meteor.) A rain gauge. [or recoil. I 

Ugh (56), inter -j. An exclamation of disgust, horror, | 

Ug'ly (ug'ly), a. [Compar. Uglier (-lT-er) ; superl. 
Ugliest.] [Icel. uggligr fearful, dreadful ; nggr fear -j- 
-ligr (akin to E. -I//, like).'] 1. Offensive to the sight ; 
loathsome ; unsightly ; repulsive. 2. Ill-natured ; quar- 
relsome. \_Colloq. U. S.] 3. Unpleasant; importing trou- 
ble or loss. [Colloq.] — Ugli-ly, adv. — Ug'li-ness. n. 

Uhlan (u'lan ; G. oo'lan), n. [G., fr. Pol. ulan, hulan, 
fr. Turk, oglan lad.] 1. One of a kind of militia among 
the Tartars. 2. (Mil.) One of a kind of light cavalry. 

U-kase' (u-kas'), n. [F., fr. Russ. ukas 1 ; pref. u- + 
kazate to show, to say.] In Russia, a published procla- 
mation or imperial order, having the force of law. 

U'lan (u'lan), n. See Uhlan. 

Ul'cer (ul'ser), n. [F. ulcere, L. ulcus, gen. ulceris ; 
akin to Gr. eA/cos.] 1. {Med.) A sore discharging puru- 
lent matter, found on a surface, and originating generally 
in a constitutional disorder. It is distinguished from an 
abscess, which has its beginning, at least, in the depth 
of the tissues. 2. Fig. : Anything that festers and cor- 
rupts like an open sore. 

Ul'cer-ate (-at), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Ulcerated 
(-a'ted) ; p. p. & vb. n. Ulcerating.] [L. ulcerare, p. p. 
-atus.] To form into, or affect with" an ulcer. 

UVcer-a'tion (-a'shun), n. {Med.) Process of ulcer- 
ating ; state of being ulcerated ; also, an ulcer. 

Ul'cer-a-tlve (QPser-a-tTv), a. Of or pert, to ulcers. 

Ul'cer-OUS (ul'ser-us), a. [L. ulcerosus.] 1. Having 
the nature or character of an ulcer. 2. Ulcerated. — 
Ul'cer-ous-ly, adv. — Ul'cer-ous-ness, n. 

U-lig'i-nose' (u-lTj'T-noV), ) a. [L. idiginosus, fr. uli- 

U-lig'i-nous (u-lij'T-nus), j go, -ginis, moisture, fr. 
uvere to be moist.] Muddy ; oozy ; slimy. [22.] 

Ul'lage (ul'laj ; 48), n. [OF. eullage, ouillage, the 
filling up of a cask, fr. ouillier, oillier, euillier, to fill a 
wine cask ; properly, to add oil to prevent evaporation, 
fr. oile oil. See Oil.] {Com.) The amount which a 
vessel, as a cask, of liquor lacks of being full. 

Ul-ma'ce0US (ul-ma'shus), a. [L. ulmus an elm.] 
{Bot. ) Of or pertaining to a suborder of urticaceous plants, 
of which the elm is the type. 

il Ul'na (id'na), n. [L., elbow. See Ell.] (A nat.) The 
postaxial bone of the forearm, or brachium, correspond- 
ing to the fibula of the hind limb. — Ul'nar (ul'ner), a. 

Ul'Ster (uPster), n. A long, loose overcoat, orig. 
made of frieze from Ulster, Ireland. 

Ul-te'ri-or (ul-te'rT-er), a. [L., comp. of ultra, ultro, 
beyond, on the other side ; akin to L. olim formerly, Me 
that.] 1. Situated beyond, or on the farther side ; 
thither ; — correlative with hither. 2. Further ; re- 
moter ; more distant ; succeeding. — Ul-te'ri-or-ly, adi-. 

II Ul'ti-ma (uPtT-ma), a. [L. , fem. of ultimus last.] 
Most remote ; furthest ; final ; last. 

Ul'ti-ma, n. [L., fem. of ultimus last.] {Gram. & 
Pros.) The last syllable of a word. 

Ul'ti-mate (-mat), a. [LL. ultimatus last, extreme, 
fr. L. ullimare to end, fr. ultimus farthest, last, superl. 
fr. ultra. See Ulterior.] 1. Farthest ; most remote ; 
extreme ; last ; final. 2. Last in a train of progression 



or consequences; arrived at as the last result; final. 
3. Incapable of further analysis, <li iration ; 

constituent; elemental. — Ul'tl-mate-ly (ul'tl-mut-iy,), 

adv. 

Syn. — Final ; conclusive. See Final. 

Ul'ti-mate (-mat), v. t. & L l. To nmtntnrti 
[7i. ] 2. To oome or bring ii [/(.] 

Ul ti-ma'tion (•mi'ahfin), n. Bute of being ultimate. 

II Ul ti-ma'tum (-turn), n. ; pi. K. -TUM.s (-tttms), L. -ta 
(-ta). [NI,.] A final i)roj»Ohition. 

tion; esp., the final proportion.-, OOnditione, 01 t'-rin>-, 
offered by either party to a diplomatic negotiation. 

HUl'ti-mo(ul'tT-mo). [L. //////,.• the last 

month.] In the month immediately preceding. 

Ul'tra- (ul'tra-). A prefix from the Latin u/trn l>e- 
yond (see Ulterior), signifying beyond, on tfu oti 
being used chiefly with words' <i jdace. 

In othei relations it has the sense of 
ingly, beyond what is common, natural, right, or p roper . 

Ul'tra, a. Going beyond others, or beyond due limit ; 
extreme; fanatical. — //. An extremist ; a radical. 

Ul'tra-ism (ul'tra-Tz'm), n. The principles of those 
who advocate extreme measures, as radical reform, etc. 

Ul'tra-ist, n. A radical ; ultra. [yond the sea. I 

Ul'tra-ma-rlne' (-ma-ren'), a. Situated or being be- 1 

Ul tra-ma-rine', n. [Because lapis lazuli orig. came 
from beyond the sea, — from Asia.] {('hem.) A blue 
pigment formerly obtained by powdering lapis lazuli. 

Ul tra-mon'tane (-m5n'tan), «. [LL. ultram >., 
L. ultra beyond -4- montantu belonging to a mountain. 
See Ultra-; Mountain.] Being beyond the mountains ; 
specif., being beyond the Alps, in respect to the one who 
speaks; now used esp. of religious affairs, and by those 
north of the Alps, to characterize the extreme views favor- 
ing the pope's supremacy maintained by certain Italian 
writers. [in religious doctrine-. 

Ultra-mon'tane, n. One who is ultramontane, esp. | 

Ultra-mon'ta-nism (-ta-nlz'm), n. The principles or 
tenets of the ultramontanes. 

UPtra-mun'dane (-mun'dan), a. [L. uUramtmdanui.'] 
Being beyond the world, or the limits of our system. 

Ul'tra-trop'iC-al (-trop'T-kal), a. [Pref. ultra- -f trop- 
ical.] Situated beyond, or outside of, the tropics ; also, 
excessively tropical ; warmer than the tropics. 

I! Ul'tra Vi'res (vi'rez). [Law L., fr. L. ultra beyond 
-f- vires, pi. of vis strength.] Beyond power ; — a phrase 
used frequently of acts by corporations done in excess of 
their chartered or statutory rights. 

Ul'U-late (ul'u-lat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ululated 
(-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ululating.] [L. ululare, 
p. p. -atus.] To howl, as a dog or a wolf ; to wail. 

Ul U-la'tlon (-la'shun), n. A howling ; a wailing. 

UnPad (um'bel), n. [L. umbella a little shadow, um- 
brella, dim. of umbra shade.] {Bot.) 
A kind of flower cluster in which the 
stalks radiate from a common point, as 
in the carrot. — UrnHbel-lar (-ler), a. 

Um'bel-late (-bel-lat), \a. {Bot.) 

Um'bel-la'ted (-la'tSd), j Bearing I 
umbels ; pert, to or like an umbel. 

UnPhel-let (-15t), n. {Bot.) A small 
or partial umbel. 

Um'bel-lii'er-ous ( -lTfer-us ). a. 
[Umbel if- -ferous.] {Bot.) {a) Pro- 
ducing umbels. (6) Of or pert, to a Tmbel. 
natural order (UmbeUiferm) of plants, 
including the parsley, carrot, parsnip, and fennel. 

UnPhel-lule (uui'bgl-liil), n. {Bot.) An umbellet. 

Um'ber (um'ber), n. [F. ombre ocherous ore of iron, 
irrre d'ombre, It. terra d'ombra, lit., earth of shade, L. 
umbra shade.] 1. {Pairtt.) A brown or reddish pig- 
ment obtained from natural clays colored by oxides of 
iron and manganese. 2. {Zool.)'{a) [F. ombr> . umbre.] 
The grayling {a). (6) [Prob. in allusion to its brown 
color.] An African wading bird allied to the storks. 

Burnt umber (Paint.), a pigment made by burning raw 
umber, which is so made more reddish. 

UnPher-y (-$), a. Of, pert, to, or like, umber. 

Um-bil'ic (um-bTPTk), a. {Anat.) Umbilical. 

Um-bil'ic-al (-T-kan, a. 1. {Anat.) Of or pertaining 
to an umbilicus, or umbilical cord. 2. Central. [P.] 

Umbilical cord. (<7) (A)iat.) The cord which connects 
the fetus with the placenta. (6) (/>'</M The little stem 
by which the seeds are attached to the placenta. 



< 




f§m, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, 



50 



N 



OIBILICATE 



88: 



UN- 



U 





Um-t>il'l-cate (.ihn-bTl'T-kut), | a. 1. Depressed in 

Um-bill-ca ted (,-i-ka te\l), ) the middle, like a 
ta ■ flower or fruit. 2. {Bot.) Supported by a 
stalk .it the central point. 

Um Ml i-ca'tion (,-ka'shun). n. A slight, uavel-like de- 
. or dimpling, of the canter of a rounded body. 
Um bi-li'CUS (fin bi-li'kiisl. n. [L. See Navel.] 
1 :.) The depression, or mark, iu the abdomen, 

where the umbilical cord separated ; navel. 2. {Bot.) 
The hilum. 3. (Zo'ol. ) A depression or opening in the 
center of the base of many spiral shells. 

UmTrie pie (ttrn'o'lpF). A pie of umbles. 
See To eat humble pie, under Humble. 

Um/blesi.uui'b'lz).?*./)/. [See Nombles.] 
The entrails and coarser parts of a deer ; u 
hence, entrails, in general. 

UmTt>0 (um'bS), n. ; pi. L. Umbones . 
(iim-bo'nez), E. Umbos ^uin'boz). [L.] 1. " L mbihcus. 
The boss of a shield. 2. A boss, or rounded elevation, 
or a corresponding depression, as in a disk or membrane. 

UrnHDO-nate (.um'bo-nat), ) a. Having a couical or 

Um^bo-na ted (,-ua ted), J rounded projection or 
protuberance, like a boss. 

Um'bra (lini'bra), n. ; pi. UmbR;£ 
(-bre). [L., a shadow.] 1. {Astron.) 
(a) The conical shadow where the sun's 
light is wholly cut off in an eclipse. See 
Penumbra, (b) The dark portion of a 
sun spot. 2. {Zo'ol.) Any one of sev- 
eral species of marine food fishes. Umbonate Mush- 

Um'brage (-braj j 48), n. [F. om- room - 

brage, L. umbraticus belongingto shade, fr. umbra shade.] 

1. Shade ; shadow ; obscurity ; hence, that which affords 
a shade. 2. The feeling of being over-shadowed ; hence, 
suspicion of injury or wrong ; offense ; resentment. 

Um-bra'geOUS (uin-bra'jiis), a. 1. Shady: shaded. 

2. Suspicious; resentful. [_Obs.~\ — Um-bra'ge0US-ly, 
adv. — Um-bra'geous-ness, a. 

Um'bre (ilni'ber), a. {Zo'ol.) See Umber. 

Um-brel' (Qni-breK), »■ An umbrella. \_Obs. or Colloq.~\ 

Um-brel'la (-la), n. [It. ombrella, fr. ombra a shade, 
L. umbra.'] A shade or screen carried in the hand to shel- 
ter the person from the sun's rays, or from rain or snow. 

Umbrella bird (Zo'ol.), a South American bird {Cephalop- 
terus ornatusi having a 
large, handsome crest of 
soft, glossy blue feathers. 

Um-brette 7 (um-bret'), 
n. [F. ombrette.] {Zo'ol.) 
See Umber, 4. 

Um'laut (6om1out),n. 
[G., fr. um about -+- laid 
sound.] {Philol.) The 
modification of a root 
vowel by the influence of 
a, ?', or u in the succeeding 
syllable. 

Um'pi-rage (um'pT-raj 
or -pir-aj ; 48), n. 1. Office 
or power of an umpire. 2. An umpiring ; arbitrament. 

Um'pire (um'pir), n. [OE. nompere, nounpere, fr. 
OF. nomper uneven ; hence, uneven, i. e., third person ; 
non not + OF. per even. See Non- ; Peer, n.\ 1. A 
person to whose sole decision a controversy or question 
between parties is referred ; esp., one chosen to see that 
the rules of a game are strictly observed. 2. {Law) A 
third person to decide a controversy submitted to arbi- 
trators in case of their disagreement. 

Syn. — Judge ; arbitrator ; referee. See Judge. 

Um'pire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Umpired (-pird) ; p.pr. 
& rb. n. Umpiring.] 1. To decide as umpire ; to arbi- 
trate. 2. To act as umpire in or for. [Colloq.] 

Um'pire, V. i. To act as umpire or arbitrator. 

Um'pire-ship. n. Umpirage ; arbitrament. 

Un-. [AS. un-, on-, the unaccented form of the ac- 
cented prefix and- (cf. Answer) ; akin to G. ent-. See 
Anti-.] An inseparable verbal prefix or particle. It is 
prefixed : (a) To verbs to express the contrary, and not 
the simple negative, of the action of the verb to which it 
is prefixed ; as in wrcbend, undo, wnfold. {b) To nouns 
to form verbs expressing privation of the thing, quality, 
or state expressed by the noun, or separation from it ; as 
in zmchild, wnsex. Un- is sometimes used with an in- 
tensive force merely ; as in wnloose. 

t^^T* The more common compounds of this prefix are 
given in full in their proper order in the Vocabulary. 

Un-. [AS. un- ; akin to G. un-, L. in-, Gr. av-, a-, Skr. 
an-, a-. Cf. A- not, In- not, No, adv.] An inseparable 




Umbrella Bird. 



prefix, or particle, signifying not ; in- ; non-. In- is pre- 
fixed mostly to words of Latin origin, or else to words 
formed by Latin suffixes ; un- is of much wider applica- 
tion, and is attached at will to almost any adjective, or 
participle used adjectively, or adverb, from which it may 
be desired to form a corresponding negative adjective or 
adverb, and is also, but less freely, prefixed to nouns, 
t'n- sometimes has merely an intensive force ; as in un- 
merciless, un remorseless. 

I. I'u- is prefixed to adjectives, or to words used ad- 
jectively. Specifically : — 

{a) To adjectives, to denote the absence of the quality 
designated by the adjective ; as, — 

Unabsolvable, unabsorbable, unaccordant, unadventuroua, 
unaffectionate, unafraid, unallowable, unalterable, unambi- 
tious, un-American, unanxious, unapparent, unappeasable, un- 
appreciable, unapproachable, unartificial. unartistic. unassail- 
able, unattainable, unattentive. unavailable, unbearable, un- 
beautiful, unbelievable, unblamable, unbrotherly, unbusiness- 
like, uncandid, uncanonical, uncareful, uncautious: unceremo- 
nious, unchangeable, unchary, uncheerful, unchivalrous. un- 
christianlike, uncircumspect. uncircumstantial, unclasBical, 
uncleanly, uncogitable, uncollectible, uncommercial, uncom- 
municable, uncommunicative, uncompanionable, uncompas- 
8ionate, uncompellable, uncomplete, uncomplimentary, uncon- 
futable, uncongenial, unconquerable, unconsequential, uncon- 
stant. uncontaminate, uncontestable, uncontradictable, un- 
controllable, uncontrovertible, unconventional, unconvertible, 
uncordial. uneorpulent, uncorrespondent, uncorruptible, un- 
corruptive, uncountable, uncourtly, uncreatable, uncurable, 
uncurrent, undangerous, undaughterly, undecipherable, (inde- 
finable, undemocratic, undemonstrative, undeniable, undesira- 
ble, unde terminate, undevout, undirect, undiscernible, undis- 
coverable, undiscreet. undistinguishable, undivisible, undomes- 
tic, undutiful, unelastic, unemotional, unemphatic, unendura- 
ble, un-English, unenviable, unenvious, unerrable, unescapa- 
ble, unessential, uneventful, unexact. unexceptionable, unex- 
cusable, unexempt, unexhaustible, unexpectant, unexpert, 
unexplainable, unexpressible, unextinct. unfamiliar, unfash- 
ionable, unfatherly, unfathomable, unfeasible, unfeminine, un- 
forgetful, unforgivable, unfraternal, unfree, ungallant. ungen- 
ial, ungenteel, ungentle, ungentlemanhke, ungentlemanly, 
ungrammatical. unhabitable, unharmonious. unhealthful. un- 
healthy, unheedful. unhelpful, unhospitable, unhuman. unhurt, 
unhurtful, unhygienic, unimaginable, unimaginative, unimpor- 
tant, unimpressible, unimpressionable, unindustrious, unin- 
flammable, uninfluential, uninhabitable, uninjurious. unin- 
structive, unintelligent, unintelligible, unintentional, uninter- 
esting, unjustifiable, unkingly, unknowable, unladylike, un- 
lovable, unmaidenly, unmalleable, unmanageable, unmanly, 
unmarketable, unmarriageable, unmeant, unmeet, unmelodi- 
ous, unmentionable, unmindful, unmitigable. unmotherly. un- 
musical, unnavigable, unnegotiable, unobjectionable, unob- 
servable. unobservant, unobtrusive, unofficial, unorthodox, un- 
ostentatious, unpalatable, unpardonable, unpassionate. unpa- 
thetic. unpatriotic, unpeaceable, unpeaceful, unphilanthropic, 
unphilosophic, unphilosophical, unpliable, unpoetic, unpoet- 
ical, unpopular, impracticable, unpractical, unpresentable, 
unpretentious, unpriestly, unprocurable, unproducible. unpro- 
ductive, unprofessional, unprofitable, unprolific, unpronounce- 
able, unpropitious, unproportionable, unprosperous. unprova- 
ble, unpure, unqualifiable. unquenchable, unquiet, unrational, 
unreasonable, unrecoverable, unrelievable, unremorseful. unre- 
munerative, unrepentant, unretentive, unrevengeful, unroman- 
tic, unruly, unsafe, unsalable, unsanitary, unsatisfactory, un- 
satisfiable, unsaturable, unsavory, unscholarly, unscientific, 
unscriptural, unseaworthy, unsectarian, unsecular. unselfish, 
unsentimental, unserviceable, unshapely, unsightly, unsober, 
unsociable, unsocial, unsolicitous, unspeakable, unsportsman- 
like, unstable, unsteady, unsubmissive, unsubstantial, unsuit- 
able, unsupportable, unsure, unsusceptible, unsuspicious, un- 
symmetrical, unsympathetic, unsystematic, unteachable, un- 
tenable, unthankful, unthrifty, untidy, untransferable. untrust- 
worthy, untrusty. untruthful. unveraciouB, unvirtuous, unvo- 
cal, unwarlike, unwatchful, unweary, unwelcome, unwhole- 
some, unwomanly, unworkmanlike, unworldly, and the like. 

(6) To past participles, or to adjectives formed after 
the analogy of past participles, to indicate the absence 
of the condition or state expressed by them ; as, — 

Unabashed, unabated, unabridged, unabsolved, unaccented, 
unaccommodated, unaccompanied, unaccredited, unacknowl- 
edged, unadjusted, unadorned, unadulterated, unaflucted, un- 
aided, unalarmed, unallayed, unaltered, unanointed. unan- 
swered, unappareled, unappeased, unappreciated, unappro- 
priated, unarmed, unarmored, unarticulated, unasked, unas- 
pirated, unassailed. unassisted, unattained, unattempted. un- 
attended, unauthorized, unavenged, unavowed. unbaptized, 
unbeloved, unbiased, unbleached, unbodied, unbolted, un- 
bought, unbounded, unbowed, unbraided. unburned. unbur- 
nished, uncalled, uncanceled, uncarpeted. uncertified, unchal- 
lenged, unchanged, unchecked, unchristened, uncircumcised, 
unclaimed, unclosed, unclouded, uncommitted, uncommuni- 
cated, uncompensated, uncompleted, uncompounded, uncon- 
fined, unconfirmed, uncongealed, unconnected, unconquered, 
unconsecrated, unconstrained, uncontradicted, uncontrolled, 
(incontroverted, unconvinced, uncorroborated, uncrowned, un- 
cultivated, uncut, undamaged, undeceived, undecided, unde- 
fended, undefiled, undefined, undejected, undelegated, undemol- 



a, e. i, o, u, long ; a, 6, I, 5, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



UN- 



883 



UNBELIEVER 



mhed, undepreciated, undeserved, undesigned, undetermined 
undeterred, undevised, undigested, undiluted, undiminished, 
undimmed, undisciplined, undiscouraged, undiscovered, undis- 
guised, undismayed, undisputed, undisturbed, undivided, un- 
divulged, undoubted, undressed, uneducated, unembarrassed, 
unembodied, unemployed, unencumbered, unendangered unen- 
gaged, un -Englished, unenlightened, unexampled, unexcelled, 
unexecuted, unexempted, unexhausted, unexpected, unexperi- 
enced, unexpired, unexplained, unexplored, unfaded, unfath- 
omed, unfed, unfermented, unfettered, unforeseen, unfore- 
warned, unforgiven, unfulfilled, unfurnished, ungored, ungot, 
ungratified, ungrounded, unguarded, unguessed, unguided, un- 
harmed, unheeded, unhelped, unhindered, unhonored, unhung, 
unimagined, unimpaired, unimpassioned, unimpeached. unim- 
proved, uninclosed, unincorporated, uninhabited, uninitiated, 
uninspired, unintended, uninterrupted, uninvited, unknown, 
unlabored, unleavened, unlettered, unloved, unmarried, un- 
masked, unmatched, unmeasured, unmerited, unmingled, un- 
mitigated, unmixed, unmolested, unmoved, unnerved, unnoble, 
unnoticed, unobscured, unobserved, unobstructed, unoccupied] 
unopened, unopposed, unoriginated, unornamented, unpaid, 
unperceived, unperturbed, unpicked, unpolished, unpolluted, 
unpracticed, unpremeditated, unprepared, unproclaimed, un- 
prohibited, unprotected, unproved, unprovoked, unpublished, 
unpunished, unqualified, unquestioned, unransomed, unread, 
unrealized, unreasoned, unrebuked, unrecalled, unreclaimed, 
unrecognized, unreconciled, unrefined, unregistered, unrelated, 
unrelaxed, unrepresented, unrequited, unresented, unresisted, 
unrestrained, unrestricted, unrewarded, unsaid, unsanctified, 
unsanctioned, unsatisfied, unscathed, unset, unsettled, un- 
shared, unsheltered, unshod, unshorn, unskilled, unslacked, 
unslaked, unsolicited, unsought, unspoken, unstinted, un- 
Btrung, unstudied, unsubdued, unsubstantiated, unsuited, 
unsullied, unsupplanted, unsupported, unsuppressed, unsur- 
passed, unsuspected, untainted, untamed, untarnished, un- 
tasked, untasted, untaught, unterrified, untitled, untouched, 
untreasured, untried, untrod, untrodden, untroubled, untu- 
tored, unused, unutilized, unuttered, unvaried, unvarnished, 
unwarranted, unwashed, unwebbed, unwept, unwithered, un- 
withheld, and the like. 

(c) To present participles which come from intransi- 
tive verbs, or are themselves employed as adjectives, to 
mark the absence of the activity, disposition, or condi- 
tion implied by the participle ; as, — 

Unaccommodating, unailing, unappreciating, unaspiring, 
unavailing, unbefitting, unbelieving, unbleaching, unblushing, 
uncalculating, unceasing, unchanging, uncomplaining, un- 
conniving, unconsidering, unconsuming, unconvincing, un- 
deserving, undespairing, undeviating, undiminishing, undis- 
cerning, undiscriminating, undoubting, undying, unedifying, 
unending, unenterprising, unentertaining, unenvying, un- 
fadging, unfading, unfaltering, unfitting, unflagging, unflinch- 
ing, unforgiving, ungrudging, unheeding, unhesitating, unin- 
teresting, unintermitting, unintoxicating, uninviting, unlov- 
ing, unmistrusting, unmoving, unobliging, unobserving, unof- 
fending, unpitying, unpleasing, unprepossessing, unpresuming, 
unquailing, unquestioning, unreasoning, unreflecting, unre- 
pining, unresisting, unresting, unsatisfying, unseeing, un- 
shrinking, unsleeping, unsuspecting, unswerving, unsympa- 
thizing, untiring, unvarying, unwavering, unyielding, and 
the like. 

The above classes of words are unlimited in extent, and 
such compounds may be formed by any writer or speaker 
at will from almost all the adjectives or participles in the 
language, excepting those which have a recognized and 
usual negative correspondent with the prefix in-. No 
attempt will be made, therefore, to define them all in 
this Dictionary ; many will be omitted from its Vocabu- 
lary which are negations of the simple word, and are 
readily explained by prefixing a not to the latter. De- 
rivatives of these words in -ly and -ness will also, for the 
most part, be omitted for the same or similar reasons. 

There will be inserted as separate articles with defini- 
tions, the following : — 

1. Those which have acquired an opposing or contrary, 
instead of a merely negative, meaning ; as, unfriendly, 
ungraceful, unpalatable, unquiet, and the like ; or else 
an intensive sense stronger than not would express ; as, 
unending, unparalleled, undoubted, and the like. 

2. Those which have the value of independent words, 
because the simple words are either not used at all, or are 
rarely, or at least much less frequently, used; as, unavoid- 
able, unconscionable, undeniable, unspeakable, unprece- 
dented, unruly, and the like ; or because they are used in a 
different sense from the usual meaning of the primitive, or 
especially in one of the significations of the latter ; as, 

■unaccountable, unalloyed, unbelieving, unpretending, un- 
reserved, and the like ; or because they are so frequently 
and familiarly used that they are hardly felt to be of neg- 
ative origin ; as, uncertain, uneven, and the like. 

II. Un- is prefixed to nouns to express the absence of, 
or the contrary of, that which the noun signifies ; as, un- 
belief, unhealth, unrest, untruth, and the like. 

Wir* The more common compounds of this last class are 
given in full in their proper order in the Vocabulary. 



Un-aTrie (un-a'b'l,, a. [8m 2d UW-.] Not able ; not 
having sun^aent strength, nutans, nkiti, etc ; Impotent. 

U'na boat' (U'na BoV). (Aout.) A catboa 
called became Una mi the name oi the rim boat of this 

kind taken tu England. [/w/^.J 

Una bridged' (uii'a-brljd'j, a. [See 2d Use-.] Not 
abridged ; full ; complete, 

Un ac-cept'a-ble (-egpfa-bl), a. [Bee 2d Uw-.] Vol 
acceptable ; anpleaaant ; disagreeable , . 

Un ac-com'plished (-kbwpllaht), a. 
Not accomplished ; unfinished ; also, unri 

Un'ac-count'a-ble (-kount/a-b*l), a. 
1. Not accountable ; Irresponsible. 2. Not U 
counted for ; Inexplicable, — Un ac-count'a ble-ness, 
n. — Un ac-count'a bly, adv. 

Unadvised' (-vizd'i, a. [BeeSdUw-.] 1." 
dent; ill advised, 2. Done without due consid< 
wanton; rash. — Un ad vis'ed-ly (-vu/M-ly), 
Un ad- vis 'ed ness, r». 

Unaf-fect'ed (un'Sf-fgkt/ea), a. [See 2d u.\..] 1. 
Not affected or moved ; uninfluenced. 2. Free from af- 
fectation ; simple ; natural ; genuine. — Un af fect'ed- 
ly, adv. — Un'af-fect'ed-ness. n. [unmixed ; pure. , 

Un'al-loyed' (-ai-loid'). «. [2d Un-.] Not alloyed; 

Unam-big'u-ous (unOtm-bYg't-us), a. [See 2d U»-.j 
Not ambiguous ; plain ; clear. 

Un-a'mi-a-ble (iin-a'mT-a-b'1), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
amiable; morose; ill-natured; repulsive. 

Un'a-neled' (un'a-neld'), a. [See 2d L'x-.] Not hav- 
ing received extreme unction. [being unanimous. I 

U na-nim'i-ty (u'na-nTm'T-ty), n. Quality oi 

U-nan'i-mous (ft-nSnT-mfis), u. [L. unanimut, "mi- 
nimis ; units one + animus mind.] 1. Of one mind; 
agreeing in opinion or determination; harmoni 
Formed with or indicating unanimity : agreed upon by 
all. — U-nan'i-mous-ly , adv. — U-nan'i-mous-ness. a. 

Un-an'swer-a-ble (un-an'aer-a-b'l), a. [See 2d r.\-.] 
Not answerable ; irrefutable ; conclusive ; decisive, — 
Un-an'swer-a-ble-ness. n. — Un-an'swer-a-bly. adv. 

Un-apt' (-apt'), a. [See 2d Uh-.I 1. Inapt : dull. 2. 
Unsuitable ; unfit. — Un-apt'ly, adv. — Un-apt'ness. u. 

Un-arm' (-'arm'), v. t. & i. [See 1st Uh-.] To disarm. 

Un-armed' (un-arind'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not armed 
or armored. 

Un as-sum'ing (Qn'a's-sum'Tng), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not assuming ; not forward ; humble : modest ; retiring. 

U-nau' (u-na/), n. [Brazilian.] (Zo'ul.) The two-toed 
sloth of South America. <s>. -*ssi*,:-„ —. 

Un'a-vail'ing (iin'a- 
val'Ing), a. [See 2d 
Un-.] Of no avail; in- 
effectual ; useless ; vain. 

Un a-void'a-ble (fin'- 
a-void'a-b'l), a. [See 
2dUN-.] Not avoidable ; 
that can not be avoided. 
— Un'a-void'a-ble- _r* 
ness, n. — Un'a-void'- 24- 
a-bly, adv. 

Un' aware' (Gn'a- 
w3r'), a. [See2dUN-.] 
Not aware ; not noticing 



mm 



T'naii 
( Cholo),xis tlUlnctijlus). 



thoughtless ; inattentive. 

Una-ware', adv. Unawares. [Poetic] 

Un'a-wares' (-wSrz'), adv. Without design or prepa- 
ration ; suddenly ; without premeditation : unexpectedly. 

Un-bal'anced (un-b51'<mst), a. [See 2d Un-. ] 1 Not 
balanced; not in equipoise or equilibrium. 2. (Com.) 
Not adjusted ; not brought to an equality of debt and 
credit. 3. Fig. : Disordered in sense ; unsteady ; unsound. 

Unballasted (-last-Sd), a. 1. [See 1st Us-.] Freed 
from ballast. 2. [See 2d Un-.] Not steadied with bal- 
last ; unsteady. 

Un-bar' (un-baV), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To remove 
a bar or bars from ; to unbolt ; to open. 

Un be-com'ing (Qn'be-kum'Tng), <?. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not becoming ; unsuitable ; unfit ; indecorous : improper. 

Un begot' (-g5f), ) a. [See 2d Un-.] Not begot ; 

Un'be-gOt'ten (-t'n), I not yet generated ; also, hav- 
ing never been generated ; self-existent ; eternal. 

Un'be-known' (un'be-uon'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Un- 
known. [_Colloq.~\ 

Un be-lief (-lef), r». [See 2d Un-.] 1. The with- 
holding of belief ; doubt ; incredulity ; skepticism. 2. 
Disbelief ; esp., religious disbelief. 

Syn. — See Disbelief. 

Un'be-liev'er (-leVer), n. One who does not believe ; 
doubter ; skeptic ; disbeliever ; esp., one who does not be- 
lieve in orthodox Christianity ; an infidel. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



UNBELIEVING 



884 



UNCOCK 



Un be-liev'ing (fin be-lev'Tng), a. Not believing ; 
incredulous ; doubting ; distrusting • skeptical ; disbe- 

Olieving. 
Un bend' (nn-beud'), v. t. & i. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To 
free from flexure ; to straighten. 2. To remit or relax 
from strain or exertion, physical or mental ; hence, to 
divert with, or indulge in," mirth or amusement. 3. 
it.) (a) To unfasten, as sails, from the spars or 
stays. ylA To east loose or untie. 
Un bend'ing. a. 1. [See 'id Un-.] (a) Not bending ; 

P not yielding to pressure; stiff ; — applied to material 

things. (6) Unyielding in will ; inflexible ; resolute ; 
— applied to persons, (c) Unchangeable; fixed; — ap- 
plied to abstract ideas. 2. [Properly p. pr. of Unbend.] 
Devoted to relaxation or amusement. [A'.] [come. I 

Un be-seem' (-sem'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To misbe-| 
Un be-seem'ing. <7. [See 2d Un-.] Not becoming. 
Un Was (fin-bi'as), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To free from 

Qbias or prejudice. [prejudiced ; impartial. I 

Un-bi'ased (-ost), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not biased ; un- 1 
Un-bid' (fin-bid'), \ a. [See 2d Un-.] Not bidden ; 
Un-bid'den (-d'n), ( not commanded ; not invited. 
Unbind' (un-bind'), ». I. [imp. & p. p. Unbound 
(-bound') ; p. pr. & rb. n. Unbinding.] [See 1st Un-.] To 
remove a band from ; to untie ; to unfasten ; to loose. 
Un-blem'ished (-bleni'iskt), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 

R blemished ; pure ; spotless. 

Un-bless' (fin-bigs'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To deprive 
of blessings ; to make wretched. \_Obs.] 

Un-blessed' ) (fin-blest'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not blest ; 

Un-blest' ) hence, accursed ; wretched. 

Un-bl00d'y (-blfid'y), a. [See 2d Un-.J Not bloody. 

Unbloody sacrifice, (a) A sacrifice in which no victim is 
slain. (b) (R. C. Ch.) The Mass. 
Un-blush'ing (un-blfish'Tng), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 

^ blushing ; shameless. — Un-blush'ing-ly, adv. 

Un-bolt' (fin-bolt'), r. t. [See 1st Un-.] To remove a 
bolt from ; to unfasten ; to unbar ; to open. 

Un-born' (fin-b6rn'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not born; 
not yet brought into life ; being still to appear ; future. 

Un-bor'rowed (fin-b5r'r6d), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
borrowed ; native ; original. 

Un-bos'om (Qn-booz'fim), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To 
disclose freely ; to reveal in confidence ; to confess. 

Un-bot'tomed (un-bot'tfimd), a. 1. [See 1st Un-.] 
Deprived of a bottom. 2. [See 2d Un-.] Bottomless. 

Unbound' (fin-bound'), imp. &p. p. of Unbind. 

Un-bound'ed. a. Having no bound or limit. 

Un-bOW'el (fin-bou'el), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To de- 
prive of entrails ; to disembowel. [to loose. I 

Un-brace' (fin-bras'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To relax ; | 

Un-braid' (fin-brad'), r. t. [See 1st Un-.] To sep- 
arate the strands of ; to undo ; to unravel. 

Un-breathed' (fin-brethd'), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
breathed. *2. Not exercised ; unpracticed. [06s.] 

Un-bred' (un-bred'), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not be- 
gotten. [Obs.] 2. Not taught or trained. 

Un-breech' (fin-brech'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To 
divest or strip of breeches. 2. (Gxin.) To free the breech 
of from its fastenings or coverings. 

Un-bri'dle (Qn-bri'd'l), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To free 
from the bridle ; to set loose. 

Un-bri'dled (-d'ld), a. Loosed from the bridle, or as if 
from the bridle ; hence, unrestrained ; licentious ; violent. 

Un-bro'ken (-bro'k'n), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not bro- 
ken ; continuous ; unsubdued. 

Un-buc'kle (fin-bfik'k'l), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To 
loose the buckles of ; to unfasten. [ish ; to raze. I 

Un-build' (Qn-bTld'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To demol- 1 

Un-bur'den (fin-bQr'd'n), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To 
relieve from a burden. 2. To throw off, as a burden ; 
to unload. 

Un-but'ton (un-bfit't'n), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To 
loose the buttons of ; to unfasten. 

Uncage 7 (Qn-kaj'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To loose, or 
release, from, or as if from, a cage. 

Un-called'-for' (Qn-kald'f6r'), «. [See2dUN-.] Not 
called for ; not required ; gratuitous ; wanton. 

Un-can'ny (fin-k5n'nj'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not canny ; 
unsafe ; strange ; weird ; ghostly. [vest of flesh. I 

Un-car'nate (fin-kar'nat), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To di- 1 

Un case' (fin-kas'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To take 
out of a case; to uncover. 2. To strip ; to flay. [Obs.] 
3. (Mil.) To display, or spread to view, as a flag. 

Uncaused' (Qn-kazd'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Having no 
antecedent cause ; uncreated ; self-existent ; eternal. 

Un-cer'tain (Gn-ser'tTn), a. [See 2d Un-.] .1. Not 
certain ; not having certain knowledge ; not assured in 



twelfth part 
of a pound 
a foot, 



mind ; distrustful. 2. Irresolute ; inconstant ; variable ; 
untrustworthy. 3. Questionable ; equivocal ; indefinite ; 
problematical. 4. Not sure ; liable to fail or err ; falli- 
ble. — Un-cer'taln-ly (un-ser'tln-ly), adv. 

Syn. — See Precarious. 

Un-cer'tain-ty (-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
uncertain. 2. That which is uncertain ; thing unknown. 

Unchain' (fin-chan'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To free 
from chains or slavery ; to let loose. 

Un-chan'cy (fin-chan's^), a. [2d un- -f- Scot, chancy 
fortunate, safe.] 1. Happening at a bad time ; unsea- 
sonable. 2. Ill-fated ; unlucky. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 
3. Dangerous. [Sco/.~] 

Un-charge' (fiu-charj'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To 
free from a charge or load. 2. To acquit. 

Un-char'i-ta-ble (Qn-chaVI-ta-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not charitable ; severe in judging ; harsh ; censorious. 
— Un-char'i-ta-ble-ness, n. — Un-char'i-ta-bly, adv. 

Un-char'i-ty (-ty), »?. Uncharitableness. 

Un-char'nel (Qn-char'ngl), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To 
remove from a charnel house ; to exhume. 

Unchaste' (Qn-chasf), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not chaste ; 
not continent ; lewd. — Un-chas'tl-ty (-chaVtT-ty), n. 

Un-child' (fin-child'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To make 
childless. 2. To make unlike a child. 

Un-chris'tian (Qn-kris'chon), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. 
Not Christian ; infidel. 2. Contrary to Christianity ; not 
like or becoming a Christian. — Un-chlls'tian-ly, adv. 

Un-chris'tian-ly, a. Unchristian. 

Un-Church' (fin-chfirch'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To 
expel or separate from a church ; to excommunicate. 2. 
To deprive of the character and authority of a church. 

Un'clal (fin'shal), a. [L. uncialis amounting to the 
art f 

f or non mlb em us necjeno 

uncia. See Uncial Letters from a Latin Bible. 

Inch a measure.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, a 
certain style of letters used in ancient manuscripts, esp. 
in Greek and Latin manuscripts, —n. An uncial letter. 
Un'cl-form (Qn'sT-fQrm), a. [L. uncits a hook + 
-form.'] Having the shape of a hook ; hooklike. 

Un'ci-nate (-nat), a. [L. uncinatus, fr. uncinus hook, 
fr. uncus hook.] Hooked ; bent 
at the tip in the form of a hook. 
II Un ci-na'tum (fin'sT-na'- 
tfim), n. [NL.] (Anat.) The 
unciform bone. 

Un-cir'cum-cised ( fi n-s e r'- 
kfim-sizd), n. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not circumcised ; hence, not of Stem and Uncinatc Prickles, 
the Israelites. 

Un-cir cum-ci'sion (-sizh'fin), n. 1. Absence of cir- 
cumcision. 2. (Script.) Uncircumcised people ; Gentiles. 
Un-Civ'il (Qn-sTv'il), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Savage ; 
uncivilized. 2. Not civil ; not complaisant ; discour- 
teous ; impolite ; rude ; unpolished. — Un-civ'il-ly, adv. 
Un-civ'i-lized (fin-sivl-lizd), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
civilized ; rude ; barbarous ; savage. 

Unclasp' (fin-klasp'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To loose 
the clasp of ; to open by, or as if by, loosing a clasp. 

Un'cle (Qn'k'l), n. [OF. oncle, uncle, fr. L. avuncu- 
lus a maternal uncle, dim. of avus grandfather.] 1. The 
brother of one's father or mother ; also, the husband of 
one's aunt. 2. A pawnbroker. [Slang] 

Uncle Sam, a humorous appellation given to the United 
States Government. 

Unclean' (fin-klen'), a. [AS. unclsene. See 2d Un- ; 
Clean.] 1. Not clean ; foul ; dirty ; filthy. 2. Ceremo- 
nially impure ; needing ritual cleansing. 3. Morally im- 
pure. — Un-cleanly, adv. — Un-clean'ness, n. 

Unclean animals (Script.), those forbidden the Israelites 
for food. — Unclean spirit (Script.), wicked spirit ; demon. 
Un-Clench' (fin-klench'), v. t. Same as Unclinch. 
Un-cleW (fin-klu'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To unwind, 
unfold, or untie ; hence, to undo ; to ruin. 

Un-Clinch' (Qn-klTnch'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To 
cause to be no longer clinched ; to open. 

Uncloak' (Qn-klok'), v. t. & i. [See 1st Un-.] To de- 
prive of or remove a cloak or cover ; to reveal. 

Un-Close' (fin-kloz'), v. t. & i. [1st Un-.] 1. To open ; 
to separate the parts of. 2. To disclose ; to reveal. 

Un-elOthe' (fin-kloth'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To strip 
of clothes or covering ; to make naked. 

Unclothed' (fin-klothd'), a. 1. [Properly p. p. of 
unclothe.'] Divested or stripped of clothing. 2. [See 2d 
Un-.] Not yet clothed ; naked. 
Un-cock' (Qu-k5k'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To let 




a, e, S, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, a, y, short ; een&te, $vent, Idea, ftbey, finite, c&re, axm, ask r all, finaL 



UNCOIL 



885 



UNDERCLOTHES 



down the cock of, as a firearm. 2. To deprive of its 
cocked shape, as a hat. [open, as a coil of rope. I 

Un-COil' (un-koil'), v. I. [1st Un-.] To unwind or| 

Un-COined' (Qn-koind'), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
coined, or minted. 2. Not fabricated ; natural. 

Un-COlt'(un-kolt'), v. t. [IstUN-.] To unhorse. [/?.] 

Un-come'ly (iin-kum'h/), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
comely. — adv. In an uncomely manner. 

Un com'fort able (Gu-kQm'fert-a-b'l), a. [See 2d 
Un-.] 1. Feeling discomfort ; uneasy. 2. Causing dis- 
comfort ; disagreeable ; unpleasant. — Un-COm'fort-a- 
ble-ness, n. — Un-com'fort-a-bly, adv. 

Un-COm'mon (un-k5m'mun), «. [2dUN-.] Not com- 
mon ; unusual ; infrequent ; rare ; hence, remarkable ; 
strange.— Un-com'mon-ly, adv.— Un-com'mon-ness, ». 

Un-com'pre-hen'sive (-pre-hgn'sTv), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
1. Unable to comprehend. 2. Incomprehensible. [06s.] 

Un-COm'pro-mi'sing (iin-k5m'pr6-ini/zTng), a. [See 
2d Un-.] Not admitting of compromise ; obstinate ; un- 
yielding ; inflexible. — Un-com'pro-mi'sing-ly, adv. 

Un'COn-cem' (un-k5n-sern'), w. [See2dUN-.] Want of 
concern ; absence of anxiety or solicitude ; indifference. 

Un'con-cerned' (-sernd'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not con- 
cerned ; not anxious ; easy ; indifferent. — Un'COn-cern'- 
ed-ly (-sern'ed-ly), adv. — Uncon-cern'ed ness, n. 

Un'con-di'tion-al (-dTsh'iin-al), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
conditional, limited, or conditioned ; absolute ; unre- 
served. — Un'con-di'tion-al-ly, adv. 

Un'con-di'tioned (-dish'und), a. [See 2d Un-.] l. 
Not conditioned ; unconditional. 2. {Metaph.) Not sub- 
ject to conditions or limitations ; infinite ; absolute ; 
hence, inconceivable ; incogitable. 

Un-COn'fi-dence (un-kon'fT-dens), n. [See 2d Un-.] 
Absence of confidence ; uncertainty ; doubt. 

Un / COn-form'a-ble (-fSrm'a-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] 

1. Not conformable ; not agreeable ; not conforming. 2. 
{Geol.) Not ly- 
ing in a paral- 
lel position ; — 
said of strata, 
e s p . when Unconformable Strata. 

there has been a disturbance of the position of the earlier 
strata before the later strata were deposited. 

Un'con-form'i-ty (-T-ty), n. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Want 
of conformity; incongruity; inconsistency. 2. {Geol.) 
Want of parallelism between strata in contact. 

Un-GOn'scion-a-ble (un-kon'shun-a-b'l), a. [See 2d 
Un-.] 1. Not conscionable ; unreasonable; inordinate. 

2. Not according with conscience. [06s.] — Un-con'- 
scion-a-ble ness, n. — Un-con'scion-a-bly, adv. 

Un-con'scious (-shus), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
conscious ; hence, not knowing or regarding ; ignorant. 2. 
Not known by consciousness. 3. Having no experience. 
— Un-con'scious-ly, adv. — Un-con'scious-ness, n. 

Un con-sid'ered (un'kon-sTd'erd), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not considered or attended to ; inconsiderable ; trifling. 

Un-COn'Sti-tu'tion-al (-sti-tu'shun-al), a. [See 2d 
Un-.] Not constitutional ; not according to, or consist- 
ent with, the terms of a constitution of government. 

Un'Con-vert'ed (-vert'ed), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
converted. [the cork from. I 

Un-cork' (un-kSrk'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To draw| 

Un-COU'ple (un-kiip"l), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To 
loose, as dogs, from their couples ; also, to set loose. 

Uncouth' (iin-kobth'), a. [AS. uncuS ; mi- (see Un- 
not) -|- cuts known, p. p. of cunnan to know.] 1. Un- 
known. [06s.] 2. Rare ; exquisite ; elegant. [06s.] 

3. Unfamiliar ; strange ; hence, mysterious ; dreadful ; 
also, odd ; awkward ; boorish. — Un-couth'ly , adv. — 
Un-couth'ness, «. 

Syn. — See Awkward. 

Un-COV'er (un-kuv'er), v. t. & i. [See 1st UN-.] 1. 
To take the cover from ; to divest of, or take off, cover- 
ing. 2. To show openly ; to disclose ; to reveal. 3. To 
divest of, or take off, the hat or cap ; to bare the head of. 

Un-crown' (un-kroun'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To de- 
prive of a crown ; hence, to discrown ; to dethrone. 

Unc'tion (unk'shuu), n. [OF. oncion, onction, fr. L. 
unctio, fr. ungere, unctum, to anoint. See Unguent.] 1. 
Act of anointing, smearing, or rubbing with an unguent, 
oil, or ointment, esp. for medical purposes, or as a symbol 
of consecration. 2. An unguent ; ointment ; hence, any- 
thing soothing. 3. That quality in language, address, or 
the like, which excites emotion ; esp., religious fervor 
and tenderness; sometimes, a simulated, factitious, or 
unnatural fervor ; insincere suavity. 

Extreme unction (R. C. Ch. & Or. Ch.),the sacrament of 
anointing in the last hours, — done for remission of sins. 



by 



Unc'tU-OS'i-ty (iink'tu-5.s'I-ty ; 136), ft. Quality or 
state of being unctuous. 

Unc'tU-OUS (link'tla-us; 186), '/. [F. onrt- ■ 

imctuonu, fr. L. uncfta anointment ..] l. Of 

the nature of an unguent or ointment ; fatty ; oily ; greasy. 
2. Having a smooth, greaay feel. 3. Bland ; nuave ; 
also, tender ; fervid ; ■omi I 

fervid. — Unc'tu-ous -ly, adv. Unc'tu ous ness n. 

Un-CUl'ture(un-kul'tiji-; 135), n. LS.:e 2d I'n-.J Want 
of culture. 

Un-curse' (un-kfirs'), v. t. [See lBt Un-.] To free 
from a curse or an execration. ( book or claw. I 

II Un'CUS (lin/kiis), //. ; pi. -ci (ilii'si). [L.] {Zodl. ) A I 

Un'da-ted (unMu-ted), «. [L. undatus, p. p. of '//<- 
dare to wave, fr. lauja wave.] {Hot.) Kmin^ and falling 
in waves toward the margin, as a leaf ; m 

Un-dat'ed (un-dat'5d), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not dated ; 
having no date ; of unknown age. 

Un-daunt'ed (-dant'ed), a. [2d U.N-.] Not daunted ; 
not subdued or depressed by fear; bold; fearless; intrepid. 

Un'de' (unMe), a. [F. ondL] (//>:,:) Waving or 
wavy ; — applied to ordinaries, or division lines. 

Un-dec'a-gon (-d6k'a-g5n), n. [L. undeoim eleven -f 
Gr. y<oi/ia angle.] {Geom.) A figure having eleven angles 
and eleven sides. 

Un'de-ceive' (un'de-seV), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To 
cause to be no longer deceived ; to free from deception. 

Un'de-cen'na-ry (uu'de-sgn'na-r^), a. [L. undecim 
eleven + -ennary as in decennary.] Undecenuial. 

Un de-cen'ni-al (-nl-«l), a. Occurring or observed 
every eleventh year; belonging to, or continuing, a 
period of eleven years ; undecennary. [ornaments. I 

Un-deck'(un-dSk'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To direst of I 

Un-decked' (un-d6kf), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
decked ; unadorned. 2. Not having a deck. 

Un / de-creed'(un / de--kre'd'),a- 1. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
decreed. 2. [See 1st Un-.] Reversed or uullifie 
decree, as something previously decreed. 

Un-deed'ed (un-ded'Sd), a. [2d Un-.] 1. Not trans- 
ferred by deed. 2. Not famed for great action. [06s.] 

Un'de-ni'a-ble (un'de-nl'a-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. 
Not deniable ; palpably true ; indisputable ; obvious. 2. 
Unobjectionable. [Colloq.'] — Un'de-ni/a-bly, adv. 

Un'der (un'der), prep. [AS. under, prep. & adv. ; 
akin to G. unter, L. infra below, inferior lower, Skr. 
adhas below.] 1. Below or lower, in place or position, 
with the idea of being covered ; lower than ; beneath. 
2. Hence, fig. denoting : (a) Relation to some thing or 
person that is superior, weighs upon, oppresses, bows 
down, governs, directs, influences powerfully, or the like. 
(6) Relation to something that exceeds in rank or degree, 
in number, size, weight, age, or the like ; relation of the 
less to the greater, of inferiority, or of falling short. 

JElr" Hence, it sometimes means at less than, with less 
than, or for less than. 

(c) Relation to something that comprehends or includes, 
that represents or designates, that furnishes a cover, 
pretense, or the like, {d) Hence, relation of being sub- 
ject, of undergoing regard, treatment, or the like. 

Under anna. (Mil.) (a) Drawn up fully armed and 
equipped, (b) Enrolled for military service. — Under fire, 
exposed to an enemy's fire ; taking part in an engage- 
ment. — Under sail. (JVaut.) (a) With anchor up. and un- 
der the influence of sails ; moved by sails ; in motion. < />) 
With sails set, though the anchor is down. —Under sen- 
tence, having had one's sentence pronounced. —Under the 
breath, with low voice : very softly. — Under the lee (NauL), 
to the leeward. — Under way,.o/- Under weigh (Naui.), in a 
condition to make progress ; hence, having started. 

Un'der, adv. In a lower, subject, or subordinate con- 
dition ; in subjection ; — used chiefly in idiomatic phrases. 

Un'der, a. Lower in position, intensity, rank, or de- 
gree ; subject ; subordinate ; — generally in composition. 

Un'der-bear' (-haV), v. t. 1. To support ; to endure. 
[06s.] 2. To guard ; to face. [06s.] 

Un'der-bear'er (-baVer), n. One who supports ; esp., 
at a funeral, one of those who bear the corpse. 

Un'der-bid' (un'der-bTd'), v. t. To bid less than ; to 
offer to contract, sell, or do for a less price than. 

Un'der-board' (un'der-bord'), adv. Uuder the board, 
or table ; hence, unfairly ; underhand. 

Un'der-brusk' (-brlish'), n. Shrubs, small trees, etc., 
in a wood or forest, growing beneath large trees. 

Un der-charge' (-charj'). v. t. 1. To charge below ; 
to charge too little for. 2. To put too small a charge into. 

Un'der charge (iin'der-charj'), n. A charge that is 
less than is usual or suitable. 

Un'der-clothes' (-klothz' or -kloz'), n. jd. Clothes 
worn under others, esp. next the skin. 






i 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, cuair, go, sing, ink, then, tllin, 



N 



UNDERCLOTHING 



886 



UNDERTAKE 



u 



Un'der-cloth ing ^uuMer-kloth'Tng), n. Same as Un- 
derclothes. 

Un der-con-sump'tion i,-k5u-sunip'shiiu), n. (Polit. 
Consumption of less than is produced. 

Un der-crest' t,-kre"st'), «•• /. To support as a crest ; 
[Obs. & Ji.] 

Un'der-croft (un'dSr-krtSftO, n. [Under + Prov. E. 
.It.] {Arch.) Any subterranean room. 

Un'der-cur rent (ttn'der-kttr rent), n. 1. A current 
below the surface of water, sometimes flowing in a direc- 
tion contrary to that on the surface. 2. Hence, a hidden 
tendency of feeling, opinion, or the like, contrary to what 
is publicly shown. 

Un def-do' (-d66 f ), v. i. & t. To do less, or less 
thoroughly, than is requisite or proper. 

Un'der-drain' (an'der-driua'), n. An underground 
drain or trench with openings through which the water 
may percolate from the ground above. 

Un der-drain' (-drau'), v. t. To drain by forming an 
underdrain or underdrains in. [neath ; below. I 

Un der-foot' (-foot'), adv. Under the feet; under- 1 

Un'der-go' (-go'), v. t. 1. To go under. [Obs.] 2. 
To be subjected to ; to pass through ; to endure ; to suffer ; 
to sustain. 3. To be the bearer of ; to possess. [06s.] 
4. To undertake. [Obs.~\ 

Un'der-grad'u-ate (-gr2d'u-at), n. A member of a 
university or a college who has not taken his first degree ; 
a student in any school who has not completed his course. 

Un'der-ground' (un'der-ground), a. & adv. 1. Below 
the surface of the ground. 2. Done or occurring out of 
sight; secret. [Colloq.~\ 

Un'der-gTOWth/ (-groth'), n. That which grows under 
trees ; specif., shrubs or small trees growing among larger 
trees. 

Un'der-hand (-hand'), a. Secret ; clandestine ; hence, 
mean ; unfair ; fraudulent. 

Un'der-hand 7 (-h5nd'), adv. By secret means ; in a 
clandestine manner ; hence, by fraud ; unfairly. 

Un'der-hand ed. a. 1. Underhand ; clandestine. 2. 
Short of hands, or workers. — Un'der-hand'ed-ly, adv. 

Un der-hung' (-hung'), a. 1. (Carp.) Resting on a 
track at the bottom, instead of being suspended ; — said 
of a sliding door. 2. Having the lower jaw projecting. 

Un'der-laid' (-lad'), a. Laid or placed underneath ; 
also, having something laid or lying underneath. 

Under-lay' (-la'), v. t. 1. To lay beneath ; to put 
under. 2. To raise or support by something laid under. 

Un'der-lay' (un'der-la'), n. That which is underlaid, 
as under a body of type to bring it to the proper height. 

Un'der-lease 7 (-leV), n. (Law) A lease granted by a 
tenant or lessee, esp. for a part only of his term. 

Un'der-let' (-let'), v. t. 1. To let below the value. 
2. To let or lease at second hand ; to sublet. 

Un'der-lie' C-H'), V. t. & i. 1. To lie or be below or 
under ; to rest beneath. 2. To be at the basis of ; to 
support. 3. To be subject or amenable to. [P.] 

Un'der-line' (-Un'), v. t. 1. To mark a line below, as 
•words ; to underscore. 2. To influence secretly. [Obs.~\ 

Un'der-ling (un'der-ling), n. [Under -f- -ling.] An 
inferior ; subordinate ; hence, a sorry fellow. 

Un'der-mine' (-min'), v. t. 1. To excavate the earth 
beneath, or the under part of, esp. in order to level or 
overthrow ; to form a mine under ; to sap. 2. Fig. : To 
remove the basis or support of, or to ruin, secretly or 
underhandedly. — Un'der-min'er, n. [or condition, j 

Un'der-mOSt' (-most'), a- Lowest, as in place, rank, I 

Un'dern (un'dern), n. [AS. undern.] The time be- 
tween sunrise and noon ; specif., nine o'clock in the 
morning ; hence, mealtime, because formerly the princi- 
pal meal was eaten at that hour ; also, later, the after- 
noon. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.~\ 

Un'der-neath' (iin'der-neth' or -neth'), adv. [See 
Under ; Beneath.] Beneath ; below ; in a lower place ; 
under, —prep. Under ; beneath ; below. 

Un'der-offi-cer (-of'fT-ser), n. A subordinate officer. 

Un'der-pay' (-pa'), v. t. To pay inadequately. 

Un'der-pin' (-pin'), v. t. To lay stones, masonry, etc., 
under as a support ; to support by a solid foundation. 

Un'der-pin' ning (un'der-pIn'nTng), n. 1. Act of one 
who underpins. 2. (Arch.) (a) The material introduced 
for support beneath a part already constructed, (b) The 
foundation, esp. of a framehouse. [Local, U. S.] 

Un'der-plot' (un'der-plof), n. 1. A series of events 
in a play, subservient to the main story. 2. A clandes- 
tine scheme ; a trick. 

Un der-pro-duc'tion (-pro-duk'shun), n. (Polit. 
Eeon.) The production of less than is demanded, or of 
less than the usual supply. 





Un'der-prop' (un'der-pr5p')» v. i. To prop from be- 1 
neath. [value. | 

Un der-rate' (-rat'), v. t. To rate too low ; to under- 

Un der-run' (-run'), v. t. To run or pass under ; esp. 
(Naut.), to pass along and under, as a cable, for the pur- 
pose of taking it in, or of examining it. [under. I 

Un'der-score' (-skor'), v. t. To draw a mark or line| 

Un der-sell' (-sSl'), V. t. To sell the same articles at a 
lower price than ; to sell cheaper than. [servant. I 

Un'der-serv'ant (un'der-serv'ant), n. An inferior! 

Un der-set' (-s6t'), v. t. To prop or support. 

Un'der-set' (flu'der-set'), n. (Naul.) Undercurrent. 

Un'der-sher iff (-sheVif), 
n. A sheriff's deputy. 

Un'der-shirf (un'der- 
shert'), n. A shirt worn next^ 
the skin, under another shirt. 

Un'der-shoot' (un'der- £ 
shoot'), v. t. To shoot short of 
(a mark). 

Un'der-shot' (un'der- 
shot'), a. 1. (Zool.) Having 
the lower incisor teeth pro- TT , , "fT~ _ _ 
jecting beyond the upper ones, Undershot Jaw of Bulldog. 
as in the bulldog. 2. Moved by water passing beneath ; 
— said of a water wheel. 

Un'der-shrub' (-shruvy), n. 
(Bol.) A low shrub; a woody 
plant of low stature. 

Un'der-side' (-sid'), n. The 
lower or lowest side. 

Un'der-sign' (un'der-sin'), 
v. t. To write one's name at . 
the foot or end of. 

Un'der-sized^un'der-sizd/), Undershot Wheel. 
a. Of a size less than is common. 

Un'der-skirt' (-skert/), n. A petticoat ; the founda- 
tion skirt of a draped dress. 

Un'der-SOld' (un'der-sold'), p. p. of Undersell. 

Un'der-song' (un'der-song'), n. 1. Burden of a song ; 
chorus ; refrain. 2. Accompanying strain ; accompani- 
ment. 

Un'der-Stairs' (-stSrzO, n. The basement or cellar. 

Un der-stand' (un'der-stand'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Understood (-stdod'), and Archaic Understanded \p.pr. 
& vb. n. Understanding.] [AS. tmderstandan, lit., to 
stand under. See Under; Stand.] 1. To have right 
knowledge of ; to comprehend ; to know. 2. To have in- 
formation of ; to learn ; to be informed of ; to hear. 3. 
To recognize or hold as being or signifying ; to suppose 
to mean ; to interpret. 4. To imply tacitly ; to take for 
granted ; to assume. 5. To support. [Jocose & i?.] 

To give one to understand, to cause one to know. — To 
make one's self understood, to make one's meaning clear. 

Un' der-Stand', v. i. 1. To have intelligence. 2. To 
be informed ; to have or receive knowledge. [stood. I 

Un'der-stand'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be under- 1 

Un'der-Stand'ing, n. 1. Act of one who understands 
anythiug ; knowledge ; discernment ; comprehension ; 
interpretation ; explanation. 2. An agreement of opinion 
or feeling ; harmony ; anything mutually understood or 
agreed upon. 3. Power to understand ; intellectual fac- 
ulty ; intelligence ; the power to distinguish truth from 
falsehood, and to adapt means to ends. 4. Specif., the 
discursive faculty ; faculty of knowing by the medium or 
use of general conceptions or relations. 

Syn. — Sense ; intelligence ; perception. See Sense. 

Un'der-Stand'ing-ly, adv. In an understanding way. 

Un'der-State' (-staf), v. t. To state or represent less 
strongly than may be done truthfully. 

Un'der-stood' (-st66d'), imp. & p. p. of Understand. 

Un'der-Strap'per (Qn'der-strSp'per), 7i. A petty fel- 
low ; inferior agent ; underling. 

Un'der-Stra' turn (-stra' turn), n. The layer, or stratum, 
of earth on which the mold, or soil, rests ; subsoil. 

Un'der-Stud'y (-stud'y ), v. t. & i. ( Theater) To study, 
as another actor's part, in order to be his substitute in 
an emergency ; to study another actor's part. [part. I 

Un'der-Stud'y, n. One who understudies another's! 

Un'der-take' (-tak'), v. t. [Under + take.] 1. To 
take upon one's self ; to engage in ; to enter upon ; to 
set about ; to attempt. 2. Specif., to lay one's self under 
obligation to perform or to execute ; to covenant ; to con- 
tract. 3. Hence, to guarantee ; to promise ; to affirm. 
4. To assume, as a character. [Obs.] 5. To engage 
with ; to attack. [Obs.] 6. To take or have the charge 
of. [Obs.] 

Un'der-take', v. i. 1. To take upon one's self, or as- 



a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, fi, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



UNDERTAKER 



887 



UNFATHERED 



sume, any business, duty, or province. 2. To hazard. 
[06j.] 3. To give a promise or guarantee ; to be surety. 
Un / der-tak'er(un'der-tak'er),n. 1. One who under- 
takes anything. 2. Specif., one who takes charge of 
funerals. 

Un der-tak'ing, n. 1. Act of one who undertakes 
anything. 2. That which is undertaken ; any work or 
project entered into ; enterprise. 3. A guarantee. 

Un'der-ten ant (un'der-ten'ant), n. The tenant of a 
tenant ; one to whom an underlease is granted. 

Un'der-tone' (-ton'), n. A low or subdued tone. 

Undertook' (Qn'der-took'), imp. of Undertake. 

Un'der-tow' (un'der-to'), n. (Naut.) The current 
that sets seaward near the bottom when waves are break- 
ing upon the shore. 

Un/der-vaTue (uVder-vSl'u), v. t. To value, rate, or 
estimate too low ; to depreciate. — Un der-valu-a'tion 
(-vXl'u-a'shun), n. 

Un'der-vest' (-vest'), n. An undershirt. 

Un'der-wear' (-waV), n. Underclothes. 

Un'der-went' (un'der-wenf), imp. of Undergo. 

Un'der-WOOd' (un'der-wdbd'), n. An undergrowth of 
trees and bushes ; coppice ; underbrush. 

Un'der-work' (iin'der-wfirk'), v. t. 1. To injure by 
working secretly ; to undermine. 2. To work too little 
upon. 3. To do like work at a less price than. 

Un'der-work', v. i. 1. To work in secret or clandes- 
tinely. 2. To do less work than is proper or suitable. 
3. To do work for less price than current rates. 

Un'der-WOrk / (un'der-wflrk'), n. Inferior or subordi- 
nate work ; petty business. 

Un'der-work'er (-er), n. One who underworks. 

Un'der-world' (-wtirld'), n. 1. The lower or inferior 
world ; the earth. 2. The mythological place of de- 
parted souls; Hades. 3. The antipodes, [i?.] 

Un'der-write' (-rif), v. t. 1. To write under ; to sub- 
scribe. 2. To subscribe in order to become responsible 
for insurance, esp. for marine insurance, on considera- 
tion of receiving a certain premium per cent. 

Un'der-writ'er (un'der-rhVer), n. One who under- 
writes an insurance policy, esp. a marine policy. 

Un'der- wrote', imp. & p. p. of Underwrite. 

Un'der-wrought', imp. & p. p. of Underwork. 

Un'de-Sign'ing (-de-zin'Tng), a. [2d Un-.] Having no 
artful, ulterior, or fraudulent purpose ; sincere ; artless. 

Un-dld' (un-did'), imp. of Undo. 

Un-dine' (un-den' or un'den), n. [G. undine, or F. 
ondin, ondine, fr. L. unda wave, water.] One of a class 
of fabled female water spirits. 

Un-diS'Ci-plined (un-dls'sT-plTnd), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not disciplined ; not duly exercised ; untaught. 

Un-do' (un-dob'), v. t. 1. To reverse, as what has been 
done ; to annul. 2. To loose ; to open ; to take to pieces ; 
to unfasten ; to untie ; to unravel. 3. To bring to poverty ; 
to ruin, as in reputation, morals, etc. — Un-dO'er (-er), n. 

Un-done' (un-dun'), p. p. of Undo. [neglected. I 

Un-done', a. [See 2d Un-.] Not done or performed ; | 

Un-doubt'ed (un-dout'ed), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
doubted ; not called in question ; indubitable. — Un- 
doubt'ed-ly, adv. 

Un-dreamed' (-dremd'), ) a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 

Un-dreamt' (un-dremt'), j dreamed, or dreamed (of). 

Un-dress' (un-dres'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To divest 
of clothes, ornaments, dressing, or covering. 

Un'dress (un'dres), n. 1. A loose, negligent dress; 
ordinary dress, as distinguished from full dress. 2. 
{Mil. & Naval) An authorized habitual dress of officers 
and soldiers, but not full-dress uniform. 

Un-due' (un-du'), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not due; 
not yet owing. 2. Not right ; not lawful. 3. Not 
agreeable to a rule or standard, or to duty ; dispropor- 
tioned ; excessive ; immoderate ; inordinate. 

Un'du-late (un'du-lat), a. [L. undulalus, dim. fr. 
unda wave.] Same as Undulated. 

Un'du-late (-lat), V. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Undulated 
(-la 7 ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Undulating.] To move back- 
ward and forward, or up and down, in undulations or 
waves ; to vibrate ; to wave. 

Un'du-lated (-la'tSd), a. 1. 
Resembling, or in the nature of, 
waves ; having a wavy surface, or 
a surface with wavelike markings ; 
undulatory. 2. (Bot.) Waved ob- 
tusely up and down near the mar- 
gin, as a leaf or corolla ; wavy. 

Un'du-lating, a. Rising and 
falling like waves ; undulatory ; 
rolling; wavy. 




Undulated Shell. 



Un'dU-la'tion (un'du-la'shun), n. 1. An undulating; 
waving motion or vibration. 2. A wavy appl M 
outline. 3. (Mux. ) (a ) A kind ot tremulous tone produced 
on stringed insti tune&ta. (6) The puliation at 

the vibrating together of two tonei not quite in 
—called alao beat. 4. [Phy$ie$) a motion to u 

up and down, or from sidt* to side, in any fluid 01 
medium, propagated coutiiiuou»ly, but with no I 
tion of the pazoolei thrauelvea In tin- direction of the 

propagation Of the wave j ;i wave motion ; a vibration. 

Un'du-la-tive (unMu-lu-tlvj, <i. Undulatory; 
Un'du-la-to-ry (ttn'dft-la-ts-ry), <i. Moving In the 

manner of undulations; remnbling the mo( 

pert, to ■ propagated alternating wavelike mot 

Undulatory theory, or Wave theory (of li^ht; (Op/.), that 
theory which regard* its various phenoni 
undulations in an ethereal medium, propagated from tin- 
radiant with immense, hut measurable, relociti 
producing different unpreauona on the retina a< 
to their amplitude and frequency , th 1 bright- 

ness depending on the former, that of color on th< 

Un'du-lous (-lus), a. Undulatory. [manner. I 

Un-du'ly (uu-du'ly), adv. [2d Un-.] In an undue| 

Un-eamed'(uu-ernd'), a. [See2dL'N-.] Not earned; 
not gained by labor or service. 

Unearned increment (Polit. Econ.), an increase in tho 
value of land due to no labor or expenditure of the owner, 
but to natural causes, such as the increase of population. 

Un-earth' (Qn-erth'), r. t. [imp. & p. p. Unearthed 
(-erthf ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Unearthing.] [1st Un-.J To 
drive or draw from the earth ; fig., to uncover ; to disclose. 

Un-earth'ly, a. [See 2d Un-.] Not terrestrial; su- 
pernatural ; preternatural ; hence, weird ; appalling. 

Un-eas'y (iin-ez'y), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not easy; 
difficult, [i?.] 2. Restless; disturbed by pain, anxiety, 
or the like ; disquieted ; perturbed. 3. Not easy in man- 
ner ; constrained ; stiff ; awkward ; not graceful. 4. 
Occasioning want of ease ; constraining ; disagreeable. 
— Un-eas'i-ly ( -T-ly), adv. — Un-eas'i-ness, n. 

Un-eath' (Qn-eth'), a. [AS. uneadr ; un- not -f- 
eaSe easy.] Not easy ; hard. [06s.] — adv. Not easily ; 
hardly. [ObsA 

Un-e'qual (un-e'kwrtl), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
equal ; not matched ; not of equal size, length, breadth, 
quantity, strength, talents, acquirements, age, station, or 
the like. 2. Ill balanced or matched ; disproportioned ; 
hence, not impartial ; unfair. 3. Not uniform ; irregular ; 
uneven. 4. Not sufficient ; inferior. — Un-e'qual-ly, 
adv. — Un-e'qual-ness, n. 

Un-e'qualed (-kwald), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not equaled ; 
unmatched ; unparalleled ; unrivaled ; surpassing. 

Un'e-quiV'O-cal (un'e-kwiv'6-kal), a. [See 2d Ux-.] 
Not equivocal ; not ambiguous ; clear ; evident ; plain. — 
Un'e-quiv'o-cal-ly, adv. — Une-quiv'o-cal-ness. ». 

Un-err'ing (un-ei'riug or -er'rtng), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Committing no mistake ; incapable of error ; certain. 

Un-e'ven (un-e'v'n), a. [See2dUN-.] 1. Not even ; 
not level ; not uniform ; rough. 2. Not equal ; not of 
equal length. 3. Not divisible by two without a remain- 
der; odd. — Un-e'ven-ly, adv. — Un-e'ven-ness, ». 

Un ex-am'pled (un'Sgz-Sm'p'ld), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Having no example or similar case ; unprecedented. 

Un ex-cep'tion-a-ble (uu'ek-sep'shun-a-b'l), a. [See 
2d Un-.] Not liable to any exception or objection ; un- 
objectionable ; faultless ; excellent. — Un es-cep'tion- 
a-ble-ness. n. — Un'ex-cep'tion-a-bly, adv. 

Un'ex-pect'ed (un'gks-pgkt'ed), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not expected ; coming without warning ; sudden. — Un - 
ex-pect'ed-ly, adv. — Un ex-pect'ed ness. n. 

Un ex-press'ive (-Tv), a. [See2dl"N-.] 1. Not ex- 
pressive ; not having the power of utterance : inexpress- 
ive. 2. Inexpressible ; unutterable. [Obs.~\ 

Un-fail'ing (un-falTng), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not fail- 
ing : inexhaustible ; certain ; sure. 

Un-fair' (un-faY'), v. t. [1st. pref. un- -f fair.'] To 
deprive of fairness or beauty, [i?.] 

Un-fair', a. [AS. unftBger unlovely. See Un- not ; 
Fair, a.~\ Not fair ; not honest ; not impartial ; disin- 
genuous ; using or involving trick or artifice : dishonest ; 
unjust ; unequal. — Un-fair'ly. adv. — Un-fair'ness. ?;. 

Un-falth'ful (-fath'ful), a. [See 2d Us-.] 1. Not 
faithful ; not observant of promises, vows, allegiance, or 
duty ; treacherous ; perfidious. 2. Infidel. [/?.] — Un- 
falth'ful-ly, adv. — Un-faith'ful ness. n. 

Un-fas'ten (un-fas"n), v. t. [See IstUN-.] To loose ; 
to unfix ; to unbind ; to untie. 

Un-fa'thered (un-fa'therd), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. 
Having no father ; fatherless ; hence, born contrary to 
nature. 2. Illegitimate ; bastard. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



UNFATHOMABLE 



888 



UNHEARD-OF 



R 



U 



Dn fathom able {un-i 5th'um-a-b'l). a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not fathomable ; not to be sounded with any ordinary 
line ; rig., not to be understood or explained. 

Un-fa'vor-a-ble (im-ta'ver-a-b'l), n. [See 2d Un-.] 
Hot favorable : not propitious; adverse; discouraging. 
— Un-fa'vor-a-ble-ness. « . — Un-f a'vor-a-bly , adv. 

Un-feel'ing (,un-iel'Iug). a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Des- 
titute of feeling ; void of sensibility ; insensible ; insen- 
sate. 2. Cruel ; hard-hearted. — Un-feel'ing-ly, adv. 

Unfeigned' (un-fand'), a. [See2dUN-.] Not feigned; 
not hypocritical ; real ; sincere ; genuine. 

Un-fel'lowed (-fiQItd), a. [See 2d Un-.] Being 
without a fellow ; unmatched ; unmated. 

Un-fet'ter (uu-fet'ter), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To loose 
from fetters or from restraint ; to unchain. 

Un -fil'ial (uu-f Il'yal), a. [See 2d Un-.] Unsuitable 
to a son or a daughter ; undutrf ul ; not becoming a child. 

Un-fin'ished (-fln'Tsht), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not fin- 
ished ; imperfect ; incomplete ; wanting the last touch. 

Unfit' (un-f 1 t'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To make unsuit- 
able or incompetent : to incapacitate ; to disqualify. 

Un-tit', a. [See 2d Un-.] Not fit ; unsuitable. — 
Un-fit'ly, adv. — Un-fit'ness, n. [dissolve. [i?.]| 

Unfix' (-fiks'), v. t. [IstUN-.] 1. To loosen. 2. To| 

Un-fledged'(un-flejd'),a. [See2dUN-.] Not fledged; 
not feathered ; hence, not fully developed ; immature. 

Un-f Old' (un-f old'), v. t. & i. 1. To open the folds of ; 
to expand ; to spread out. 2. To open, as anything cov- 
ered or close ; to bring out in all the details, or by suc- 
cessive development ; to display ; to disclose ; to reveal ; 
to elucidate ; to explain. 3. To release from a fold or 
pen. — Un-fold'er (-er), 7i. 

Un-fool' (tin-fool'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To restore 
from folly, or from being a fool. \_Obs.] 

Unformed' (un-f6rmd'), a. 1. [See 1st Un-.] De- 
composed, or resolved into parts. 2. [See 2d Un-.] (a) 
Not formed; shapeless. (6) (Biol.) Unorganized. 

Un-for'tU-nate (vin-f6r'tu-nat), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
fortunate ; not prosperous ; unlucky ; attended with 
misfortune ; unhappy. — Un-f or'tU-nate-ly , adv. — Un- 
for'tu-nate-ness. n. 

Un-found'ed (un-found'ed), a. [See 2dUN-.] 1. Not 
founded ; not established. 2. Having no foundation ; 
baseless ; vain ; idle. [quent. j 

Un-fre'quent (-fre'kwent), a. [See 2d Un-.] Infre- 1 

Un fre-quent'ed (irn'fre-kwent'ed), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Rarelv visited ; seldom resorted to by human beings. 

Un-friend'ed (un-frend'ed), a. [See 2d Un-.] Want- 
ing friends ; not befriended. 

Unfriendly (-ly), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not friendly ; 
not kind, benevolent, or favorable ; hostile. — Un-friend'- 
li-ness (-lT-nes), n. 

Unfrock' (un-frok'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To de- 
prive of a frock ; specif. , to deprive of priestly character. 

Un-frult'ful (un-frut'ful), a. [See2dUN-.] Not pro- 
ducing fruit or offspring ; infertile ; barren ; sterile. — 
Un-fruit'ful-ly, adv. — Un-fruit'ful-ness, n. 

Un-furl' (un-fQrl'), v. t. & i. [See 1st Un-.] To loose 
from a furled state ; to unfold ; to expand. 

Un-fur'nlsh (un-fGr'nlsh), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To 
strip of furniture ; to divest ; to strip. 

Un-gainly (un-gan'ty), a. [OE. ungeinliche, adv., fr. 
ungein inconvenient ; un- not -f- Icel. gegn ready, adv., 
opposite.] 1. Not gainly; not expert or dexterous; 
clumsy ; awkward ; uncouth. — Un-gain'li-ness. n. 

Un-gainly, adv. In an ungainly manner. 

Un-gen'er-OUS (un-jen'er-us), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
generous : illiberal ; ignoble ; unkind ; dishonorable. — 
Un-gen'er-ous-ly, adv. [tent, [i?.] I 

Un-gen'i-tured (-T-turd), a. [See 2d Un-.] Impo-| 

Un-gird' (un-gerd'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To loose 
the girdle or band of ; to unbind ; to unload. 

Un-glue' (un-glu'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To separate, 
part, or open, as anything fastened with glue. 

Ungodly (un-god'ly), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
godly ; disobedient to God ; wicked ; impious ; sinful. 2. 
Polluted by sin or wickedness. — Un-godli-ness, n. 
^ Un-gOV'ern-a-ble (un-guVern-a-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not governable ; uncontrollable ; licentious ; unbridled. 

Un-grace'fnl (Bn-gras'ful), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
graceful ; not marked with ease and dignity ; inelegant ; 
awkward ; clumsy. — Un-grace'ful-ly, adv. — Un- 
grace'ful-ness, n. 

Un-gra'cious (un-gra'shus), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. 
Not gracious ; showing no grace or kindness ; unfeeling. 
2. Graceless ; wicked. [O&s.] 3. Not well received ; 
offensive ; unpleasing ; unacceptable ; not favored. — 
Un-gra'cious-ly, adv. — Un-gra'cious-ness, n. 



Un-grate'ful (Qn-grat'ful), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
grateful; not thankful for favors; iugrateful. 2. Un- 
pleasing ; unacceptable ; disagreeable. — Un-grate'ful- 
ly. adv.— Un-grate'ful-ness, n. 

Un'gual (iin/gwal), a. [L. unguis a nail, claw, hoof.] 

1. Of or pert, to, or like, a nail, claw, talon, or hoof. 

2. Having a nail, claw, or hoof attached ; — said of cer- 
tain bones of the feet. 

Un'guent (fin'gwent), n. [L. unguentum , fr. unguere, 
ungere, to anoint. See Ointment.] A lubricant or salve 
for sores, burns, or the like ; ointment, — stiffer than a 
liniment, but softer than a cerate. 

Un-guic'u-lar (un-gwlk'u-ler), a. [L. unguiculus, 
dim. of unguis nail.] Of or pert, to a claw or a nail. 

Un-guic'U-late (un-gwlk'u-lat), n. (Zo'ol.) One of 
an extensive division (Unguiculata) of mammals includ- 
ing those having claws or nails. 

Un-guic'U-late, ) a. Furnished with nails, 

Un-guic'u-la ted (-la'tSd), J or claws, or hooks ; 
clawed ; having an unguis. 

Un'gui-form (un'gwT-f6rm), a. [fr. unguis a nail or 
claw -j- -form.'] Having the form of a claw or claws. 

Un'gui-nous (-nus), a. [L. unguinosus, fr. unguen, 
-inis, fat.] Consisting of, or like, fat or oil ; oily. 

II Un'guis (un'gwls), n. ; pi. Ungues (-gwez). [L., 
nail, claw, or hoof.] 1. The nail, claw, talon, or hoof of 
a ringer, toe, or other appendage. 2. (Bot.) The slen- 
der clawlike base of a petal in some flowers ; a claw. 

llUn'gu-la (Qn'gu-la), n.; pi. Unguis (-le). [L., a 
claw, hoof, dim. fr. unguis.'] 1. A hoof, 
claw, or talon. 2. (Geom.) A section or 
part of a cylinder, cone, or other solid of 
revolution, cut off by a plane oblique to the 
base ; — so called from its resemblance to 
the hoof of a horse. 



3. (Bot.) Same as 
(Anat.) Of or 




[See 1st 

2d Un-.] 
; unholy ; 



Unguis, 2. 

Un'gu-lar (-ler), 
pert, to a hoof, claw, or talon ; ungual. Ungula, 2. 

II Un gu-la'ta (-lata), n. pi. [NL.] (Zo'ol.) An ex- 
tensive group of mammals including all 
those having hoofs. 

Un'gu-late (un'gu-lat), a. [L. ungula- 
tus.] 1. Shaped like a hoof. 2. (Zo'6l.)\ 
Furnished with hoofs. [quadruped. | 

Un'gu-late, n. (Zo'ol.) Any hoofed 

Un'gu-lous (-lus), a. [See Ungula.] 
(Zo'ol. ) Same as Ungulate. 

Un-hair' (On-haV), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 
To deprive of hair, or of hairs. 

Un-hallow (un-hallo), v. t. 
Un-.] To profane ; to desecrate. 

Un-hal'lowed (-16d), a. [See 
Not consecrated ; hence, profane 
impious ; wicked. 

Unhand' (tin-hand'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 
To loose from the hand ; to let go. 

Un-hand'some (un-han'sum), a. [See 
2d Un-.] 1. Not handsome ; ungraceful ; 
not comely or pleasing ; plain ; homely. 2. 
Wanting noble or amiable qualities ; dishon- 
orable ; illiberal ; disingenuous ; mean ; in- 
decorous. 3. Unhandy. [Obs.]— Un-hand'- 
some-ly, adv.— Un-hand'some-ness, n. nnm , , 

Un-hand'y (un-hand'y), a. [See 2d ^^ £ m r d 
Un-.] Clumsy; awkward. — Un-han'di- a Distal End of 
ly (-di-ly), adv. [happy. [Obs.V Tibia ; 6 Tarsal 

Un-hap'pied (-pid) , a. Made to be un- ^ones ; c Meta- 

Un-haS'py (Qn-hap'py), a. [See 2d g? n s e °[ ^Tf 
Un-.] 1. Not happy or fortunate ; unfor- Phalanges, 
tunate ; unlucky. 2. In a degree miserable 
or wretched ; sad ; sorrowful. 3. Marked by infelicity ; 
evil; calamitous. 4. Mischievous; wicked. [Obs.] — 
Un-har/pi-ly (-pT-ly), adv. — Un-hap'pi-ness, n. 

Un-har'ness (un-har'nes), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To 
strip of harness ; to loose from harness or gear. 

Un'health (iin'helth), n. [See 2d Un-.] Unsound- 
ness ; disease. 

Un-health'ful (un-helth'ful), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
healthful; injurious to health ; unsalubrious ; unhealthy. 
— Un-health'ful-ly, adv. — Un-health'ful-ness, n. 

Un-health'y (-y), a. [See2dUN-.] Not healthy ; ill ; 
sickly ; poorly ; unhealthf ul. — Un-liealth'i-ly, adv. — 
Un-health'i-ness, n. 

Un-heard' (un-herd'), a. [2dUN-.] 1. Not heard ; not 
perceived by the ear. 2. Not granted an audience or a 
hearing ; unheeded. 3. Not known to fame ; obscure. 

Un-heard'-Of (un-herd'ov), a. [See 2d Un-.] New; 
unprecedented ; unparalleled. 



-/ 



a, e, I, o, il, long ; a, C, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, £vent, idea, ftbey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



UNHEART 



889 



UNIT 



Un-heart' (fin-hart'), v. i. [See let Un-.] To dis- 
hearten. \_Obs.~] 

Un-hlnge'(fin-hTnj'),v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To take 
from the hinges. 2. To displace ; to minx by violence. 
3. To unsettle. 

Unhitch' (un-hich'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To free 
from being hitched, or as if from being hitched. 

Un-ho'ly (un-ho'ty), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not holy; 
unhallowed ; not consecrated ; hence, profane ; wicked ; 
impious. — Un-ho'li-ly (-lT-ty), adv. — Un-ho'li-ness, n. 

Unhook' (fin-hoW), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To loose 
from a hook ; to undo by loosening the hooks of. 

Unhoped' (un-hopf), ) a. [See 2d Un-.] Not hoped 

Un-hoped'-for (-f6r), ) or expected. 

Unhorse' (fin-h6rs'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To throw 
from a horse ; to dismount ; also, to take a horse from. 

Un-house' (fin-houz'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To drive 
from a house ; to dislodge ; hence, to deprive of shelter. 

Un housed' (On-houzd'), a. [See 2d Un-.] House- 
less ; homeless. [the sacrament. [06s.] I 

Un-hou'seled (-hou'zgld), a. Not having received 

Un-hurt' (fin-hurt'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not hurt ; 
not harmed ; safe and sound. [signifying one, once. I 

U'ni- (u'ni-). [L. unus one. See One.] A prefix | 

U'ni-at (u^ni-St), )n. (Ecel) A member of the 

U'ni-ate (u'ni-at), j Greek Church who nevertheless 
acknowledges the supremacy of the Pope of Rome. 

U'ni-ax'al (u'ni-aks'al), a. [Uni- + axal] Uniaxial. 

U'ni-ax'i-al (-i-al), a. [Uni- + axial] Having but 
one optic axis. 

U-nic'i-ty (u-ms'T-ty), n. [L. unicus single.] State 
of being united ; quality of the unique ; unification. 

U'nl-cel'lU-lar (u'm-sgl'u-ler), a. [TJni- + cellular.'] 
{Biol.) Having, or consisting of, but one cell. 

U'ni-com (u'hi-kr)rn), n. [F. unicorne, L. unicornis 
one-horned ; unus one -f- cornu horn. See 
One ; Horn.] 1. A fabulous animal with 
one horn ; — often represented in her 
aldry as a supporter. 2. A two- 
horned animal (probably the 
urus), so called in the Authorized 
Version of the Scriptures. 

Un'1-de'al (Qn't -de'al), a. [See 
2d Un-.] Not ideal ; real ; un- 
imaginative. 

U-nlf'ic (u-nTf'ik), a. Making 
one or unity ; unifying. 

U'ni-fi-ca'tion (u ' m - f T - ka ' - 
shfin), n. Act of unifying, or state 

° f Itf i g «r f-^ - #? Uni O S - 1 Royal Coa? f of B Arms. 
U'nl-fi'er (u'ni-fi'er), n. One I J 

U'ni-fi'lar (u'nT-fi'ler), a. \Uni- + L. filum thread.] 
Having, or using, only one thread, wire, or fiber. 

U ni-flo'rous (-flo'rus), a. [Uni- + L. flos, floris, a 
flower.] (Bot.) Bearing one flower only. 

U'ni-form (u'ni-f6rm), a. [L. uniformis; unus one 
+ forma form.] 1. Having always the same form, man- 
ner, or degree ; not varying or variable ; being of even 
tenor, action, or effect ; unchanging ; consistent ; equa- 
ble ; homogeneous. 2. Of the same form with others ; 
conforming to one rule or mode ; consonant. 

U'ni-form, n. A distinctive dress of a particular style 
or fashion worn by persons in the same service or order. 

U'ni-form, v. t. To clothe with a uniform. 

U'ni-form'i-ty (u'nT-fSrm'i-ty), n. Quality or state 
of being uniform. [ner. j 

U'ni-form'ly (u'nT-fSrm'ljr), adv. In a uniform man- 1 

U'ni-form ness, n. Quality or state of being uniform. 

U'ni-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unified (-fid) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Unifying (-fl'Tng).] \JJni- -f- -fy-] To cause 
to be one : to make into, or view as, a unit ; to unite. 

U'ni-lat'er-al (-ISt'er-ol), a. [Uni- + lateral.] Be- 
ing on, pert, to, or affecting, but one side ; one-sided. 

Unilateral contract (Law), a contract or engagement re- 
quiring future action only by one party. 

Un im-peach'a-ble (fin'Tm-pech'a-b'l), a. [See 2d 
Un-. ] Not impeachable ; irreproachable ; blameless. 

Un'im-por'tance (Qn'Tm-poVtans), n. [See 2d Un-.] 
Want of importance ; triviality. 

Unin-cum'bered (un'in-kum'berd), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
1. Not incumbered ; (Law) free from any temporary es- 
tate or interest, or from mortgage, or other charge. 

Un-in'ter-est-ed (Gn-Tn'ter-gst-gd), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
1. Not interested ; not having any interest or property at 
stake. 2. Not having the mind or the passions engaged. 

Un-in'ter-rupt'ed (On-Tn'ter-rfipt'gd), a. [See 2d 
Un-.] Not interrupted ; continuous. 

U'ni-o (u'nT-o), n. [NL., fr. L. unio. See Union.] 




(Zo'61.) Any one of numerous species of fresh-water mus- 
sels belonging to Uuio and many allied genera. 

Un'ion (ui/yfin), n. [F., fr. L. unto oneness, union, 
a single large pearl, a kind ol onion, fr. unus one Bee 
One; of. Onion.] 1. Act of uniting or joining two or 
more things into one, or state of being united Of joine.j , 
junction ; coalition ; combination. 2. Agreement and 
conjunction of mind, spirit, will, aflectioiih, or the like ; 
harmony. 3. That which is united, or made one ; confed- 
eration ; league. 4. A textile fabric oompoeed of two or 
more materials woven together. 6- A large, tine pearl. 
\_Obs.] 6. A device emblematic of union, need on a na- 
tional flag or ensign, sometimes (as in the military stand- 
ard of Great Britain) covering the whole field ; sometimes 
(as in the flag of the United States, and the Engliah naval 
and marine Hag) occupying the upper inner corner, the 
rest of the flag being called they///. Al.so, a flag having 
such a device ; esp., the flag of Great Britain. 

GEIT" The union of the United Btttl i cluster 

of white stars, properly, equal in Dumber to that of the 
States, on a blue field. The union of the Brithui 
is the three crosses of St. George, St. Andrew. 
Patrick, in combination, denoting the union of England, 
Scotland, and Ireland, displayed on a blue Held in the 
national banner used on shore, on a red, white, or blue 
field in naval ensigns, and with a white border or fly in 
the merchant service. 

7. (Mach.) A joint or other connection uniting parts of 
machinery, or the like. 

Union down (Xaut.), a signal of distress at sea mad»- by 
reversing the flag, or turning its union downward. — 
Union jack. (Naut.) See Jack, m., 10. 

Syn. — Unity ; connection ; concord ; alliance ; com- 
bination ; confederacy. — Union is a bringing or coming 
together of two or more things so as to make out one, or 
the state of being united into one, without any inter- 
vening thing ; connection is a joining of things together 
by some other intermediate thing. Unity is a state of 
simple oneness, either of essence, as the unity of God, or 
of action, feeling, etc., as unity of design, of affection, 
etc. Thus, we may speak of effecting a union of inter- 
ests which shall result in a unity of labor and interest in 
securing a given object. 

Uryion-ism (un'yun-Tz'm), n. The sentiment, prin- 
ciples, or system, of unionists. 

Un'ion-ist, n. 1. One who advocates union; esp., a 
loyal supporter of a federal union, as that of the U. S. 
2. A member or supporter of a trades union. 

U-nip'a-rous (u-mp'a-rfis), a. [Uni- -j- L. par ere to 
bring forth.] {Zo'ol.) Producing but one egg or young 
at a time. 

U / ni-po'lar(u / nT-po'ler), a. [_Uni--\- polar.] \.(Phy.t- 
ics) Having, or acting by means of, one pole only. 2. 
(Anat.) Having but one pole or process ; — applied to 
certain nerve cells. 

U-nique' (u-nek'), a. [F. unique, fr. L. unicus. fr. 
unus one.] Being without a like or equal ; unmatched ; 
unequaled ; unparalleled ; sole. — U-nlquely, adv. — 
U-nique'ness, n. [ing unique. [i?.]| 

U-niq'ui-ty (u-ni k'wT-t^), n. Quality or state of be- 1 

U'nl-se'ri-al (-se'rT-al), a. \Unir + serial.] Haviug 
only one row or series. 

U ni-se'ri-ate (-se'rT-at), a. \Uni- -f- seriate.] Hav- 
ing one line or series ; uniserial. 

U ni-sex'u-al (-seks'u-al), a. [ Un i- -f- sexual] (Biol ) 
Having one sex only, as plants which have the male and 
female flowers on separate individuals, or animals in 
which the sexes are in separate individuals; dioecious; 
— distinguished from bisexual or hermaphrodite. 

U'nl-SOn (u'nT-sun), ». [LL. unisonus having the 
same sound ; L. unus one + son us a sound. See One ; 
Sound noise.] 1. Harmony ; agreement ; concord ; 
union. 2. (3/us.) Identity in pitch ; coincidence of 
sounds proceeding from an equality in the number of 
vibrations made in a given time by two or more sonorous 
bodies. 3. A single, unvaried tone. [/?.] 

U'nl-SOn, a. 1. Sounding alone. [.Obs. ] 2. (Mus. 
Sounded alike in pitch ; unisonant. [ouant. I 

U-nis'O-nal (u-nTs'o-nal), a. Being in unison ; uuis-| 

U-nis'o-nance (-nana), n. Unison of sounds. 

U-nis'o-nant (-n^nt), a. [J7nv + sonaiit.] Being in 
unison ; sounded alike in pitch. 

U-nis'Ojnous (-nfis), a. Being in unison ; unisonant. 

U'nlt (u'nTt), n. [Abbrev. from Unity.] 1. A single 
thing or person. 2. (A7-ith.) The least whole number; 
one. 3. A gold coin of the reign of James I., of the value 
of 20 shillings. 4. Any determinate amount or quantity 
adopted as a standard of measurement. 6. (Math.) A 
single thing, as a magnitude or number, regarded as an 
undivided whole. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing', ink, then, thin. 



N 



UNITARIAN 



890 



UNLOAD 



u 



U ni-ta'ri-an fu nl-ta'ri-an). «• 1. (Theol.) One who 
denies the doctrine of the Trinity, believing that God 
exists only in one person ; also, one of a denomination of 
Christians holding this belief. 2. One who rejects the 
principle of dualism. 3. A monotheist. [i?.] 

D nl-ta'ri-an *,u ui-ta'ri-<nO, a. Of, pert, to, or desig- 
nating. Unitarians, or their doctrines. [rians. I 

U ni-ta'ri-an-ism (,-iz'in),?i. The doctrines of Unita-| 

D'nit-a-ry ^.u'mt -S-ry), a. 1. Of or pert, to a unit or 
units. 2. Of tlie nature of a unit ; not divided ; united. 

U-nite' (tt-nitf), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. United; p. 
;>;•. & vb. n. Uniting.] [L. unitiis, p. p. of unire to 
unite, fr. hum one. See One.] 1. To put together so 
as to make one ; to join so as to form a whole ; to com- 
bine ; to connect ; to join ; to cause to adhere. 2. 
Heme, to join by a legal or moral bond; to join in inter- 
est, affection, fellowship, etc. ; to cause to agree ; to har- 
monize ; to associate ; to attach. — U-nit'er (-er), n. 

Syn.— To add; join; annex; attach. See Add. 

U-nit'ed, a, Combined ; joined. — U-nit'ed-ly, adv. 

United Brethren. {Eccl.) See Moravian, n. 

U'ni-ty (u'nl-ty), n. [F. unite*, L. unitas, fr. units 
one.] 1. State of being one ; oneness. 2. Concord ; 
conjunction; agreement; uniformity. 3. (Math.) Any 
definite quantity or aggregate taken as one, or for which 
1 is made to stand in calculation ; hence, the number 1. 

4. (Poetry & Rhet.) In dramatic composition, one of the 
principles by which a uniform tenor of story and pro- 
priety of representation are preserved ; conformity in a 
composition to these principles ; in oratory, discourse, 
etc., the due subordination and reference of every part 
to the development of one leading idea. 

C^^In the Greek drama, the unities required were 
those of action, time, and place ; that is, that there should 
be but one main plot, a lapse of not more than 24 hours 
time, and one place of action before the spectators. 

5. (Fine Arts & Mus.) Such a combination of parts as 
constitutes a whole, or a kind of symmetry of style and 
character. 6. (Laic) The peculiar characteristics of an 
estate held by several in joint tenancy. 

At unity, at one. 

Syn. — Junction ; concord ; harmony. See Union. 

U-niv'a-lent (u-niv'a-lent), a. \_Uni- -f- L. valens, -en- 
iis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Ch em.) Having a valence of 
one. — U-niv'a^lence (-lens), n. 

U'ni-valve (u'ni-valv), n. [Uni- -\- valve.} (Zo'dl.) 
A shell consisting of one valve only ; a 
mollusk whose shell is composed of a sin- 
gle piece, as the snails and conchs. 

U'ni-valve (u'm-valv), ) a. (Bot. & 

U'ni-valved(-valvd), J Zool.) Hav- 
ing one valve only. 

U'ni-val'VU-lar (-val'vu-ler), a. Same 
as Univalve, a. 

U'ni-ver'sal (-ver'sal), a. 1. Of or 
pert, to the universe ; extending to, in- 
cluding, or affecting, the whole number, 
quantity, or space ; unlimited ; general ; 
all-reaching. 2. Constituting, or consid- 
ered as, a whole ; total ; entire ; whole. Univalve. 
3. (Mech.) Adapted or adaptable to all or to various 
uses, shapes, sizes, etc. 4. (Logic) Forming the whole 
of a genus ; affirmed or denied of the whole of a subject. 

Universal joint (Mach.), a joint such that the parts joined 
may rotate at an angle 
with one another. 

Syn. — See General. 

U'ni-ver'sal, n. (Log- 
ic) (a) A general abstract 
conception universally 
applicable to each indi- 
vidual or species con- 
tained under it. (6) A 
universal proposition. 

U ni-ver'sal-ism 
(-verVil-Tz'm), n. (The- 
ol.) The doctrine or be- 
lief that all men will be Universal Joints, 
saved, or made happy, in the future state. 

U'ni-ver'sal-ist (-s«rl-ist), n. (Theol.) One who be- 
lieves in Universalism ; one of a denomination of Chris- 
tians holding this faith. 

U'ni-ver-sal'i-ty (-ver-sal'I-tjf), n. Quality or state 
of being universal ; generality. 

U'ni-ver'sal-ly, adv. In a universal manner. 

U'ni-ver'saljiess, «. Quality of being universal. 

U'ni-verse (u'nl-vers), n. [L. universum, fr. univer- 
tus universal ; units one + vertere, versum, to turn, that 
is, turned into one. See One ; Verse.] All created 





things viewed as constituting one system or whole ; the 
whole body of things, or of phenomena ; world ; creation. 

U ni-ver'si-ty (u'ul-ver'sl-ty), n. [L. universitus 
whole, universe, a body corporate or society, corpora- 
tion, fr. utiiversus universal. See Universe.] 1. An as- 
sociation, society, guild, or corporation. [Obs.] 2. An 
institution organized and incorporated for the purpose 
of imparting instruction, examining students, etc., in 
the higher branches of literature, science, art, etc., and 
empowered to confer degrees. A university may exist 
without having any college connected with it. 

U-niv'O-cal (u-nlv'o-kffl), o. [L. univocus. See One; 
Voice.] 1. Having one meaning only. 2. Having uni- 
son of sound, as the octave. 3. Uniform ; certain ; reg- 
ular, [i?.]— U-niv'o-cal-ly, adv. 

U-niv'O-cal, n. A word having but one meaning. 

Unjoin' (fin-join'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To disjoin. 

Un-joint' (-joint'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To disjoint. 

Un-joint'ed, a. [Properly p. p. "of unjoint.] 1. Dis- 
jointed ; unconnected ; hence, incoherent. 2. [See 2d 
Un-.] Having no joint or articulation. 

Un-just' (fin-jusf), a. [See2dUN-.] 1. Acting con- 
trary to the right ; false ; dishonest. 2. Being contrary 
to justice and right ; prompted by a spirit of injustice ; 
wrongful. — Un-just'ly, adv. — Un-Just'ness, n. 

Unkempt' (fin-kenif ; 215), a. [Pref. un- not + 
kempt, p. p. of obs. kemb to comb, fr. AS. cemban, fr. 
camb comb.] 1. Not combed ; disheveled. 2. Fig. : 
Not smoothed ; unpolished ; rough. 

Un-kind' (fin-kind'), a. [See 2d Un- ; Kin kindred.] 
Having no race or kindred ; childless. [Obs. & i?.] 

Un-kind', a. [See2dU T N-.] 1. Not kind ; unnatural. 
[Obs.~\ 2. Wanting in kindness, sympathy, benevolence, 
gratitude, etc. ; cruel ; harsh ; unjust ; ungrateful. — Un- 
kindly, adv. — Un-kind'ness, n. 

Un-kind'ly, a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not kindly; un- 
kind ; ungracious. 2. Unnatural. [Obs.~\ 3. Unfavor- 
able ; annoying. — Un-kind'li-ness, n. 

Un-kiss' (Qn-kTs'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To annul by a 
kiss ; to cancel or annul (something done by a kiss). [05s.] 

Un-knit' (fin-nit'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To undo or 
unravel what is knitted together. 

Unlace' (fin-las'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To loose 
by undoing a lacing. 2. To loose the dress of ; to un- 
dress; hence, to expose; to disgrace. 3. (Naut.) To 
loose, and take off ; to cast off. [to discharge. I 

Un-lade' (fin-lad'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To unload ; | 

Un-lash' (fin-lash'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] (Naut.) To 
loose, as that which is lashed or tied down. 

Un-latch' (fin-lach'), v. i. [See 1st Un-.] To open or 
loose by lifting the latch. 

Un laWful (fin-la'ful), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not law- 
ful; contrary to law. — Un-law'ful-ly, adv. — Un- 
law'ful-ness n. 

Un-lay' (fin-la''), v. t. [1st Un-.] (Naut. ) To untwist. 

Un-learn' (fin-lem'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To lose 
from memory ; to forget ; also, to learn the contrary of. 

Un-learn'ed, a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not learned ; un- 
taught ; ignorant ; illiterate. 2. Not gained by study ; 
not known. 3. Not exhibiting learning. 

Un-less' (fin-les'), conj. [Formerly, onles, onlesse, 
onlesse that, that is, in less, in a less case. See On ; 
Less.] Upon any less condition than (the fact or thing 
stated in what follows) ; if not ; if it be not ; except. 

E^^By the omission of the verb in the dependent 
clause, unless was frequently used prepositionally. 

Un-licked' (fin-Hkt'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not licked 
(into shape) ; hence, not properly formed ; ungainly. 

Unlike 7 (fin-lik'), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not like; 
dissimilar ; diverse. 2. Unlikely. [Obsoles.'] 

Un-like'ly, a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not likely ; improb-. 
able ; not to be reasonably expected. 2. Not furnishing 
hope of success ; likely to fail ; unpromising. 3. Unattract- 
ive ; disagreeable. \_Obs.~] — Unlikeliness (-lT-nes), n. 

Un-like'ly, adv. In an unlike or unlikely manner. 

Un-like'ness. n. Quality or state of being unlike. 

Un-Um'ber (fin-llm'ber), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] (Mil.) 
To detach the limber from. 

Un-lim'it-ed (-Tt-ed), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not lim- 
ited ; boundless. 2. Undefined ; indefinite. 3. Uncon- 
fined ; not restrained ; unrestricted. 

Un-liq'ui-da'ted (-lTk'wI-da'te'd), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not liquidated ; not exactly ascertained ; not settled. 

Un-load' (Qn-lod'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To take 
the load from ; to unburden. 2. Hence, to relieve from 
anything onerous. 3. To discharge or remove, as a load. 
4. To sell in large quantities, as stock; to get rid of. 
[Brokers' Cant, U. S.~] 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



UNLOAD 



891 



UNREGENERATED 



Unload' (Qn-lod'), v. i. To perform the act of un- 
loading anything. 

Un lock' (Qn-lok'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To un- 
fasten, as what is locked. 2. To lay open ; to undo. 

Unloose' (-loos'), v. t. & i. [1st un- (intensive) + 
loose.] To make or become loose ; to loosen ; to set free. 

Un-lOOS'en (-'n), v. t. [1st un- (intensive) -f- loosen.] 
To Joosen ; to unloose. 

Un-love'ly (un-luv'l^), a. [See2dUN-.] Not lovely ; 
not amiable ; disagreeable ; displeasing ; unpleasant. — 
Un-love'li-ness (-lT-nSs), n. 

Un-luck'y (iin-luk'y), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
lucky ; not successful ; unfortunate ; ill-fated ; unhappy ; 

— properly applied to incidents in which failure results 
from chance or fortuity. 2. Bringing bad luck ; ill- 
omened ; inauspicious. 3. Mischievous. [Colloq.l — 
Un-luck'i-ly (-lSkt-ly), adv. — Un-luck'i-ness, n. 

Unmade' (un-mad'), a. 1. [See 2d Un-.] Not yet 
made or formed. 2. [Properly p. p. of unmake.'] De- 
prived of form, character, etc. ; disunited. 

Unmake' (un-mak'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To destroy 
the form and qualities of ; to uncreate. 

Unman' (un-ni&n'), t». t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To de- 
prive of the distinctive qualities of a human being, [i?.] 
2. To emasculate. 3. To deprive of the courage and 
fortitude of a man ; to dishearten. 4. To deprive of men. 

Un-man'ly (Qn-mSn'ly), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
manly ; unsuited to a man ; effeminate ; base ; ungen- 
erous ; cowardly. — Un man'li ness, n. 

Un manned' (un-mand'), a. 1. [Properly p. p. of 
unman.] Deprived of manly qualities ; weak ; effemi- 
nate. 2. [Pref. un- not + man -f- -ed.] (Falconry) 
Not tamed ; not made familiar with man. \_Obs.] 3. 
[Pref. un- not + manned.] Not furnished with men. 

Un-man'ner-ly (-man'ner-ly), a. Not mannerly ; ill- 
bred ; rude. — adv. Uncivilly. — Un-man'ner-li ness, n. 

Un-mask' (un-mask'), v. t. & i. [See 1st Un-.] To 
strip of, or take off, a mask ; to lay open ; to expose. 

Un-mean'ing (-rnen'ing), a. [See 2d Un-.] Having 
no meaning or signification ; senseless ; expressionless. 

Un-mer'chant able (-mer'chant-a-b'l), a. [2d Un-.] 
(Com.) Not merchantable ; not fit for market ; unsalable. 

Un-mer'ci-ful (-sT-ful), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not mer- 
ciful ; indisposed to mercy or grace ; cruel ; inhuman ; 
merciless; unkind. — Un-mer'ci-ful-ly, adv. — Un- 
mer'ci-ful-ness, n. 

Un-mew' (un-mu'), v. t. [1st un- -f- mew to confine.] 
To release from confinement or restraint. 

Un'mls-tak'a-ble (un'mTs-tak'a-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Incapable of being mistaken ; clear ; plain ; obvious. 

Un-moor' (un-moor'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] (Naut.) 
(a) To cause (a vessel moored with two or more anchors) 
to ride with one anchor less, (b) To loose from anchorage. 

Un-moor', v. i. To weigh anchor. 

Un-mor'al (un-mor'al), a. [See 2d Un-.] Having no 
moral quality or relation ; involving no idea of morality ; 

— distinguished from both moral and immoral. 
Un-muf'fle (un-muf'f'l), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To re- 
move a covering or muffling from. 

Un-muz'zle (iin-muz'z'l), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To 
loose from a muzzle ; to remove a muzzle from. 

Un-nat'U-ral (un-nat'u-ral ; 135), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not natural ; contrary to nature ; being without natural 
traits. — Un-nat'u-ral-ly, adv.— Un-nat'u-ral-ness, n. 

Un-nec'es-sa-ry (un-nes'es-sa-ry), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not necessary ; not required under the circumstances ; 
useless ; needless. — Un-nec'es-sa-ri-ly (-rT-ty), adv. — 
Un-nec'es-sa-ri-ness, n. 

Un-neigh'bor-ly (Qn-na'ber-ly), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
neighborly ; reserved ; exclusive.— adv. Not in a neigh- 
borly manner. 

Un-nerve' (un-nerv'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To de- 
prive of nerve, force, or strength ; to enfeeble. 

Un-num'bered (un-num'berd), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
numbered ; innumerable. 

Un-or'gan-ized (un-6r'gan-izd), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
organized ; being without organic structure ; specif. 
(Biol.), not having the different tissues and organs char- 
acteristic of living organisms, nor the power of growth. 

Un-OS'ten-ta'tfous (im-oVten-ta'shus), a. [See 2d 
Un-.] Not ostentatious ; unassuming; modest; plain. 

Un-owed' (un-od'), a. [See 3d Un-.] 1. Not owned ; 
ownerless. [Obs.] 2. Not owed. 

Un-OWned' (un-ond'), a. 1. Not owned or possessed ; 
having no owner. 2. Not acknowledged ; not avowed. 

Un-pack' (iin-pak'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To sep- 
arate and remove, as things packed ; to open and remove 
the contents of. 2. To relieve of a pack or burden. [R.] 



Un-pal'a-ta-ble (fin-pai'a-ta-b'l;, a. [See 2-1 In-, j 
Not palatable ; unsavory; offensive to thel 
Un-par'a-goned (Hn*pir / i-gSnd) 1 ". (.See 2d Un-.] 

Having no paragon ; matchless; peerless. 

Un paralleled (-ul-le'ld), a. [See 2d Un-./ 
no parallel, or equal ; mwcmaled ; rnimflfrphitd 

Un-par'lla-men'ta-ry (to-parhl-meVteVr*), a. [See 

2d Un-.] Not parliamentary ; contrary to the practice 
of parliamentary bodies. ring a path. I 

Un-pathed'(un-puti]d'j, a. [See 2d i 

Un paved' (un-pavd'), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1 Not 
paved. 2. Castrated. [Obs.] 

Un-pay' (tin-pa'), V. t. [See 1st Un-.] To undo, take 
back, or annul, as a payment. 

Un-peeled' (uu-peid'j, a. 1. [1st un- (intensive; -f 
peel.] Pillaged. [06*.] 2. [Sec 2d Un-.] Nol 

Un-peo'ple(-pe'p'l), v. t. [1st Un-.] To depopulate. 

Un-pin' (fin-pin'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To looue from 
pins ; to remove the pins from ; to unfasten. 

Un-pit'ied (fin-pTt'Td), a, [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
pitied. 2. Pitiless. [Obs.] [approving. I 

Un-plau'sive (fin-pla'siv), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 

Un-pleas'ant (fin-pl6z'ant), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
pleasant ; displeasing ; offensive. — Un-pleas'ant ly, 
adv. — Un-pleas'ant-neso, n. 

Un-pol'i-cled (fin-p51'I-sid), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. 
Not having civil polity, or a regular form of government. 
2. Impolitic; imprudent. [00*.] 

Un-pop'u-lar (Qn-pop'u-ler), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
popular ; not having public favor ; disliked by the peo- 
ple. — Un-pop'u-lar'1-ty (-lSr'T-t^), n. 

Un-prec'e-dent-ed (Qn-pres'e-dent-€d), a. [See 2d 
Un-.] Having no precedent or example; novel; new ; 
unexampled. — Un-prec'e-dent-ed-ly, adv. 

Un-preJ'U-diced (Qn-prej'u-dTst), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not prejudiced ; not preoccupied by opinion ; not warped 
or biased by prejudice ; impartial. 

Un'pre-tend'ing (un'pre-tend'Tng), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not pretending ; making no pretense ; not claiming dis- 
tinction ; modest. —U^pre-tend'ing-ly, adv. 

Un-prin'ci-pled (un-prin'cT-p'ld), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Being without principles, esp. right moral principles ; 
also, characterized by absence of principle. 

Un'pro-duc'tive (un'pro-duk'tiv), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not productive ; barren ; sterile ; fruitless ; ineffectual. 

Un-prof'it-a-ble(un-prof'Tt-a-b'l), a. [2dUN-.] Not 
profitable ; profitless ; not bringing in a return ; useless. 

Un-prom'is-ing (un-prom'is-Tng), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not promising ; not affording a favorable prospect ; in- 
auspicious. 

Un-pros'per-OUS (un-pr5s'per-us), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not prosperous ; unsuccessful ; unfortunate. 

Un-qual'I-fied (un-kwol'T-fid), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. 
Not qualified with the requisite talents, abilities, etc. 
2. Not having qualified by taking oath, filing a bond, 
etc. 3. Not restricted ; absolute ; unconditional. 

Un-qual'i-tied (-tid), a. [See 1st Un-.] Deprived of 
the usual faculties, \_0bs.] 

Un-queen' (un-kwen'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To divest 
of the rank or authority of queen. 

Un-ques'tion-a-ble (un-kwes'chun-a-b'l), a. [See 2d 
Un-.] 1. Not questionable. 2. Not inviting questions 
or conversation. \_E.] — Un-ques'tion-a-bly. adv. 

Un-qui'et (un-kwl'et), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not quiet ; 
restless ; uneasy ; agitated ; disturbed. — Un-qui'et-ly, 
adv. — Un-qui'et-ness, n. 

Un-rav'el (un-rav''l), v. t. [1st pref. un- (intensive) 
-f ravel.] 1. To disentangle ; to disengage the threads 
of. 2. Hence, to clear from complication or difficulty ; 
to unfold ; to solve. 3. To separate the connected or 
united parts of ; to throw into disorder ; to confuse. 

Un-read'y (un-rgd'y), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not ready or 
prepared ; not prompt ; slow ; awkward ; clumsy. 

Un-re'al (un-re'«l), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not real ; un- 
substantial ; fanciful ; ideal. 

Un-rea'son (iin-re'z'n), n. [See 2d Un-.] Want of 
reason ; unreasonableness ; absurdity. 

Un-rea'son-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not rea- 
sonable ; irrational ; immoderate ; exorbitant. — Un- 
rea'son-a-ble-ness, n. — Un-rea'son-a-bly, adv. 

Un-rea'soned (-z'nd), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not sup- 
ported by reason ; unreasonable. 

Un're-CUr'lng (un're-kur'Tng), a. Incurable. [Ofts.] 

Un-reeve' (Qn-rev'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] (Naut.) To 
draw or take out, as a rope from a block, thimble, etc. 

Un're-gen'er-ate (fin're-jgn'er-at), \ a. [See 2d Un-.] 

Un're-gen'er-a'ted (-a'tSd), ) Not regener- 

ated ; not renewed in heart ; being at enmity with God. 



fern, recent, orb, riide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



UNRELENTING 



892 



UNTIL 



R 



U 



fe 



Un re-lent'ing (fin 'rc-lent'Iug'), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not relenting ; rigid ; bwd ; stern ; cruel. 

Un re-li'a-bie \-h'a-b"n. a. [See 2d Un-.] Not re- 
liable ; untrustworthy. See Reliable. 

Un re-mit'ting (-mlttlng), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
remitting; ineonnwit; eontiuued ; persevering. 

Unreserve 7 v-zerv'\ u. [See 2d Un-.] Absence of 
reserve ; frankness : freedom of communication. 

Un re-served' (-*3rrd'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not re- 
served ; not kept back : not withheld in part ; unre- 
strained. — Un re-serv'ed-ly (,-zerv'gd-ly), ado. 

Un-rest' ^fin-rest'), n. [See 2d Un-.] Want of rest 
or repose : unquietness ; uneasiness ; disquietude. 

Un re-Straint' (,fin re-strant'), n. [See 2d Un-.] Free- 
dom from restraint ; freedom ; liberty ; license. 

Un-rev'er-end (fin-re v'er-end), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. 
Not reverend. 2. Disrespectful ; irreverent. \_Obs.~] 

Un-rid'dle (fin-rTdM'l). v. t. & i. [See 1st Un-.] To 
read the riddle of ; to solve or explain. 

Un-right'e0US (fin-ri'chfis), a. [AS. unrihtwis. See 
Un- not : Righteous.] 1. Not righteous ; evil ; wicked ; 
sinful. 2. Contrary to law and equity ; unjust. — Un- 
right'eous-ly, adv. — Un-right'eous-ness, n. 

Un-rip' v uu-rTp'), r. t. [1st pref. un- (intensive) -f- 
rip.~\ To rip ; to cut open. 

Unripe' (fin-rip'), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not ripe. 
2. Developing too early ; premature. 

Un-rolT (Qn-rol'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To open, 
as what is rolled or convolved. 2. To display ; to re- 
veal. 3. To remove from a roll or register, as a name. 

Un-ruf'fled (fin-rfif'f'ld), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
ruffled or agitated ; smooth ; calm ; tranquil ; quiet. 

Un-rul'y (fin-rul'y), a. [See2dUN-.] Not submissive 
to rule ; disregarding restraint ; disposed to violate law ; 
turbulent : ungovernable ; refractory. 

Un-sad'dle (Qn-sSd'd'l), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To 
strip of a saddle ; to take the saddle from, as a horse. 
2. To throw from the saddle ; to unhorse. 

Un-sale 7 (Qn-saf), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not safe; in- 
secure ; dangerous ; perilous. — Un-safe'ty (-ty), n. 

Un-sal'a-ble (fin-sal'a-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
salable ; unmerchantable. 

Un-sat'U-ra'ted (fin-s5t'u-ra 7 ted), a. [See 2d Un-.] 

1. Capable of absorbing or dissolving to a greater degree. 

2. (Chem.) Capable of taking up, or of uniting with, 
certain other elements or compounds, without the elimi- 
nation of any side product, as ammonia. 

Un-sav'O-ry (fin-sav'6-ry), a. [2d Un-.] Not savory ; 
disagreeable to the taste ; unpalatable. [to retract. I 

Un-say' (-sa'), r . t. [1st Un-.] To recant or recall ; | 

Un-screw' (fin-skra'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To draw 
the screws from ; to loosen or withdraw by turning. 

Un-scru'pu-lous (Gn-skru'pu-lus), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not scrupulous ; unprincipled. 

Unseal' (fin-sel'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To break or 
remove the seal of ; to open, as what is sealed. 

Un-search'a-ble (Qn-serch'a-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not searchable ; inscrutable ; hidden ; mysterious. 

Un-sea'son-a-ble (Qn-se'z'n-a-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
Not seasonable ; out of the proper season ; ill-timed ; un- 
timely ; too early or too late. — Un-sea'son-a-bly, adv. 

Un-sea'soned (-z'nd), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not sea- 
soned. 2. Untimely ; unseasonable. 

Un-seat' (fin-set'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To remove 
from one's seat ; to deprive of one's seat. 

Un-sea'worth-y (fin-se'wfir-thy), a. [2d Un-.] Not 
seaworthy ; unfit to encounter the perils of a sea voyage. 

Un-seem' ( Qn-sem') , v. i. [ See 1 st Un-. ] Not to seem . 
[06.5.] [fit or becoming. I 

Un-seem'ing, a. [See2dUN-.] Unbeseeming; not | 

Unseemly, a. [See 2d Un-.] Not seemly; unbe- 
coming ; indecent. — adv. In an unseemly manner. 

Un-seen' (Qn-sen'), a. [See2dUN-.] 1. Not seen or 
discovered. 2- Unskilled ; inexperienced. [Obs.~\ 

Un-set'tle (fin-sgt't'l), v. t. & i. [See 1st Un-.] To move 
or loosen from a settled position or state ; to displace ; 
to disorder or be disordered ; to confuse. 

Un-seW (Qn-soO, v - t- [See 1st Un-.] To undo, as 
something sewn ; to rip apart. 

Un-sex' (Qn-sSks'), v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Unsexed (fin- 
sSkst') j p. pr. & vb. n. Unsextng.] [See 1st Un-.] To 
deprive of sex, or of qualities becoming to one's sex. 

Un-shacTcle (Qn-shSk'k'l), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To 
loot* from shackles or bonds ; to unfetter. 

Un-8haped' (fin-shapf ), j a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 

U n-shap'en (5n-shap"n), I shaped ; shapeless ; ugly. 

Un sheathe' (Qn-sheth'), v. t. [See IstUN-.] To de- 
prive of a sheath ; to draw from the sheath or scabbard. 



Unship' (fin-ship'), r. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To take 
out of a ship or vessel. 2. (Naut.) To remove or detach 
from its proper position or connection when in use. 

Un-sight' (fin-sif), a. [See 2d Un-.] Doing or done 
without sight ; not seeing or examining. [Colloq."] 

Unsight unseen, a colloquial phrase, denoting unseeing 
unseen, or unseen repeated. 

Unsightly (Qn-sit'ly), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not sightly ; 
disagreeable to the eye ; ugly ; deformed ; repulsive. 

Un-skill'ful (fiu-skll'ful), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
skillful ; inexperienced ; awkward ; bungling ; clumsy. 
2. Lacking discernment ; injudicious ; ignorant. — Un- 
skill'rol-ly, adv. — Un-skill'ful-ness, n. 

Un-sling' (fin-sling'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] {Naut.) 
To take off the slings of ; to release from the slings. 

Un-SO'cia-ble (Qn-so'sha-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
sociable ; not inclined to society ; averse to companion- 
ship or conversation ; reserved. — Un-SO'cia-bil'i-ty 
(btl'i-ty), Un-so'cia-ble-ness, n.— Un-so'cia-bly, adv. 

Un-sol'der (Gn-sod'er or Qn-sol'der), v. t. [See 1st 
Un-.] To separate what has been soldered ; to sunder. 

Un so-phis'ti-cate (Gn's6-fls'tl-kat), ) a. [See 2d 

Un / SO-phis'ti-ca / ted (-fis'tl-ka'ted), j Un-.] Not 
sophisticated ; pure ; innocent ; genuine. 

Unsound' (fin-sound'), a. [See2dUN-.] Not sound; 
not whole ; not solid ; defective ; infirm ; diseased. — 
Un-sonnd'ly, adv. — Un-sound'ness, n. 

Un-spar'ing (fin-spSr'Ing), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
sparing ; liberal ; profuse. 2. Not merciful or forgiving. 

Un-speak' (Qn-spek'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To re- 
tract ; to recant ; to unsay. 

Un-speak'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not speak- 
able ; inexpressible ; unutterable.— Un-speak'a-bly, adv. 

Un-sphere 7 (Qn-sfer'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To re- 
move, as a planet, from its sphere or orb. 

Un-spot'ted (fin-spot'ted), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
spotted or etained ; unblemished ; immaculate. 

Un-Stead'y (Qn-sted'y), a. [See2dUN-.] Not steady; 
not constant ; mutable ; variable ; changeable ; unrelia- 
ble. — Un-stead'i-ly, adv. — Un-stead'i-ness, n. 

Un-Step' (fin-step'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] {Naut.) To 
remove, as a mast, from its step. 

Un-StOCk' (fin-stok'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To de- 
prive of a stock ; to remove the stock from ; to loose. 
2. To remove from the stocks, as a ship. 

Un-Stop / (fin-stop'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To take 
the stopple or stopper from. 2. To free from any ob- 
struction ; to open. 

Un-Strat'i-fied (Qn-stratl-fld), a. [See 2d Un-.] 
(Geol.) Not stratified; — applied to massive rocks, as 
granite ; also to deposits of loose material, as glacial till. 

Unstring' (fin-string'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To 
deprive of a string or strings ; also, to take from a string. 
2. To loosen the string or strings of. 3. To relax the 
tension of ; to loosen. Used also figuratively. 

Un sub-stan'tial (fin'sub-stSn'shal), a. Lacking in 
matter or substance ; visionary ; chimerical. 

Un suc-cess' (Qn-sfik-ses'), n. [See 2d Un-.] Want 
of success ; failure ; misfortune. 

Un suc-cess'ful (-ful), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not suc- 
cessful ; not fortunate ; meeting with, or resulting in, 
failure ; unlucky ; unhappy. 

Un-suit'a-ble (Qn-sut'a-b'l), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
suitable ; not adapted ; unfit ; improper ; unbecoming. — 
Un-suit'a-bly, adv. 

Un-tan'gle (fin-tan'g'l'), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tangle.] 
To loose from tangles or intricacy ; to disentangle. 

Un-teach' (fin-tech'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To 
cause to forget or disbelieve what has been taught. 2. 
To cause to be forgotten. [out of a tent. [J?.] I 

Un-tent' (fin-tent'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To bring | 

Un-tent'ed, a. [See 2d Un- ; Tent a covering.] Hav- 
ing no tent or tents, as a soldier or a field. 

Un-tent'ed, a. [See 2d Un-; Tent to probe.] Not 
tented ; not dressed. 

Un-think' (fin-think'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To re- 
call or take back, as something thought. 

Un-think'ing, a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not thinking; 
not heedful ; thoughtless ; inconsiderate. 2. Not indi- 
cating thought or reflection ; thoughtless. 

Un-thread' (fin-thred'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To 
draw or take out a thread from. 2. To remove or loose 
the ligaments of. 3. To traverse ; to thrid. 

Un-tie 7 (fin-ti'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To loosen, 
as something interlaced or knotted ; to disengage the 
parts of. 2. To free from fastening or restraint : to 
loose ; to unbind. 3. To resolve ; to unfold ; to clear. 

Un-til' (fin-til'), prep. [OE. until, ontil ; un- (as in 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, 0., y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



UNTIL 



893 



UPHOLD 



unto) -{-til till. See Till, prep.~] 1. To ;— of material 
objects. [Obs.~\ 2. To ; up to ; till ; belore ; — of time. 

Un-til' (uu-tll'), conj. As far as ; to the place or de- 
gree that ; esp., up to the time that ; till. See Till, conj. 

Un-time'ly (un-tiin'ly), a. [See2dUN-.] Not timely ; 
done or happening at an unnatural, unusual, or improper 
time; unseasonable; inopportune. — adv. Out of the 
natural or usual time ; prematurely ; unseasonably. 

Un'tO (fin'too), prep. [OE. unto ; un- (only in unto, 
until, and akin to AS. o$ until) unto -f to to. See To.] 

1. To; — now used only in antiquated, formal, or scrip- 
tural style. 2. Until ; till. [O&s.] 

Un-told' (tin-told'), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not told ; 
not related ; not revealed. 2. Not numbered or counted. 

Un-tO'ward (un-to'werd), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Fro- 
ward ; perverse. 2. Awkward; ungraceful. 3. Incon- 
venient ; troublesome ; vexatious ; unlucky ; unfortunate. 
— Un-to'ward-ly. adv. — Un-to'ward-ness 

Un-to'ward-ly, a. Perverse ; froward ; untoward. 

Un-trad'ed (un-trad'ed), «-. [See2dUN-.] Not traded 
in or with ; hence, inexperienced ; also, not hackneyed ; 
unusual ; not common. [hampered ; free. I 

Un tram'meled (tm-trarn'mgld), a. [2d Un-.] Not| 

Un-trav'eled (Qn-trav'eld), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not 
traveled ; not trodden by passengers. 2. Having never 
visited foreign countries ; not experienced by travel. 

Untrue' (Qn-tru/), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not true ; 
false ; contrary to the fact. 2. Not faithful ; incon- 
stant ; false ; disloyal. 

Un-tru'ly, adv, [See2dUN-.] In an untrue manner ; 
not truly ; falsely ; not according to reality. 

Untruth' (-truth'), n. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Quality of 
being untrue ; falsehood ; want of veracity ; also, treach- 
ery ; disloyalty. 2. That which is untrue ; false asser- 
tion ; falsehood ; lie ; also, act of treachery or disloyalty. 

Syn. — Lie ; falsehood. See Lie. 

Un-twine' (fin-twin'), v. t. & i. [See 1st Un-.] To un- 
twist : to separate, as something twined ; to disentangle. 

Un-twist' (fin-twist'), v. t. & i. [See 1st Un-.] 1. 
To separate and open, as twisted threads ; to turn back ; 
to untwine. 2. To untie ; to disentangle. 

Un-U'SU-al (Qn-u'zhu-al), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
usual ; uncommon ; rare. — Un-U'SU-al-ly, adv. 

Un-Ut'ter-a-ble (fin-ut'ter-a-Vl), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
utterable : inexpressible ; unspeakable. 

Un-vail' (un-val'), v. t. & i. See Unveil. 

Un-val'ued (-val'ud), a. [2d Un-.] Not valued ; not 
appraised ; hence, not considered ; disregarded ; valueless. 

Un-var/nished (Qn-var'nTsht), a. [See2dUN-.] Not 
varnished ; not glozed over ; not artificially adorned, 
embellished, or smoothed over ; plain. 

Un-veil' (un-val'), v. t. & i. [See 1st Un-.] To divest 
of or remove a veil ; to uncover ; to disclose ; to reveal. 

Un-wa'ri-ly (-wa'rT-ly), adv. In an unwary manner. 

Un-wa'ri-ness. n. Quality or state of being unwary. 

Un-warped' (Qn-warpt'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
warped ; hence, not biased ; impartial. 

Un-war'rant-a-ble (fin-wor'rant-a-b'l), a. [See 2d 
Un-.] Not warrantable ; indefensible ; not vindicable ; 
illegal; improper. — Un-war'rant-a-ble-ness. ».— • Un- 
war'rant-a-bly, adv. 

Un-wa'ry (un-wa'ry), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not wary 
or cautious ; unguarded ; precipitate ; heedless ; careless. 

Un-wea'ried (fin-we'rid), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
wearied ; not tired ; hence, persistent ; undefatigable. 

Un- weave' (Qn-wev'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To un- 
fold ; to undo ; to ravel, as what has been woven. 

Un-weigh'ing (Qn-wa'Tng), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
weighing or pondering ; inconsiderate. 

Un-well' (fin-wSl'), a. [See 2d Un-.] 1. Not well ; 
indisposed ; not in good health ; somewhat ill ; ailing. 

2. {Med.) Specif., ill from menstruation; menstruant. 
Un-whole'some (-hol'sfim), a. [2d Un-.] Not whole- 
some ; unfavorable to health or well being ; unsalubri- 
ous ; pernicious ; injurious. — Un-whole'some-ness. n. 

Un-Wield'y (Qn-weld'y ), a. [See 2d Un-. ] Not easily 
wielded or carried ; unmanageable ; bulky ; ponderous. 

Un-Will'ing (fin-wil'ing), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
willing ; loath ; disinclined ; reluctant. — Un- willing- 
ly . adv. — Un-will'ing-ness, ». 

Un-Wind' (fin-wind'), v. 1. & i. [See 1st Un-.] 1. To 
wind off ; to loosen or separate, as what is wound ; to un- 
twist ; to untwine. 2. To disentangle. [Obs.~\ 

Un-Wise' (Qn-uiz'), a. [See 2d Un-.] Not wise ; 
lacking in wisdom ; injudicious ; indiscreet ; foolish. — 
Unwisely, adv. 

Un-Wish' (fin-wish'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To annul 
or destroy by wishing. [06s.] 



Un wit' (fin-wit'), v. t. [See 1st Un-.] To deprive 
of wit. \_Ous.] 

Un-wlt'tlng (Bn-wit'tlng), a. .-.] Not 

knowing ; unconscious ; Ignorant.— Un-wlt'ting ly 

Un-wont'ed (un-wunt'e'dj,'/. 1 • 

wonted ; unaccustomed ; umined j not much- lamiliar i.y 
practice. 2. Uncommon ; unusual : inlrequent ; ran-. — 

Un-wont'ed-ly, adv. Un-wont'ed ness. a. 

Un-world'ly (un-wGrid'h id i v.] Mot 

worldly; spiritual; holy. Un world'li ness ■-! 

Un-wor'thy (tm-wur'thy i, «. [Bee 2d i - 
worthy; wanting merit, value, or fitness ; unde 
worthless; unbecoming;— often with of. Un-WOr'- 

thl-ly (tin-ly), adv. — Un-wor'thi nes 

Un-wrap' (tin-rap';, r. /. [See 1st U*-.] To 
undo, as what is wrapped or folded. 

Un- wreathe 7 (fi n W in '), v. t. [Sec 1st Un-. 
twist, uncoil, or untwine, as anything wreathed. 

Un-wrlt'ten (lin-rlt't'n), a. [fl 1. Not 

written ; oral. 2. Containing no writing ; blank. 

Unwritten law, that part of the law of England and of the 
U. S. not derived from express legislative enactment, or 
at least not from any now extant and in lone u such. 

Un-yield'ing (un-ySld'Tng), o. [See 2d Un-.] Not 
yielding; inflexible; unpliant, stiff: firm; obstinate. 

Un-yoke' (Bn-yok'), v. t. [See 1st Ux-.] 1. i 
or free from a yoke. 2. To part; to disjoin ; todisi 

Up (Qp), adv. [AS. up, upp, Up; akin toG. auf.~\ 1. 
Aloft ; on high ; in a direction contrary to that of gravity ; 
toward or in a higher place ; above ; — opposite i 
2. Hence, specif. : {a) From a lower to a higher posi- 
tion, lit. or fig. ; — used with verbs of motion expn 
implied. (6) In a higher place or position ; in a condition 
of elevation, prominence, advance, proficiency, excite- 
ment, insurrection, or the like ; — used with \ 
rest, situation, condition, etc. (c) To or in a (KM 
equal advance or equality ; not short of, back of. less ad- 
vanced than, away from, or the like ; — usually followed 
by to or with, (d) To or in a state of completion ; com- 
pletely ; wholly ; quite, (e) Aside, so as not to be in use. 

It is all up with him. it is all over with him : he is lost. 
— The time is up, the allotted time is past. — To be up in. to 
be informed about ; to be versed in. — To be up to. (<v i To 
be equal to, or prepared for. [Colloq.] (ft) To be engaged 
in ; to purpose, with the idea of doing ill or mischief. 
[Colloq?] — To blow up. (a) To inflate ; to distend. <L To 
destroy by an explosion from beneath, (c) To explode. 
(d) To reprove angrily ; to scold. [Slang] 

Up, prep. 1. From a lower to a higher place on, upon, 
or along ; at a higher situation upon ; at the top of. 2. 
From the coast towards the interior of, as a country ; 
from the mouth towards the source of. 3. Upon. [Ota] 

Up, n. State of being up ; state of elevation, prosper- 
ity, etc. ; — rare except in tips and downs. [Colloq.] 

Ups and downs, alternate states of elevation and depres- 
sion, or of prosperity and the contrary. [Colloq.] 

Up, a- Inclining up ; tending or going up : upward. 

U'pas (u'pas), n. [Malay puhn-upas ; puhn tree — 
upas poison.] 1. (Bot.) A tree (Antiaris to.riraria). of 
the Breadfruit family, common in Java and the neigh- 
boring islands. 2. A virulent poison used for poisoning 
arrows, of which one kind is derived from the upas tree. 

Up-bear' (Qp-bSr'), r . f. To bear up : to raise aloft ; 
to support in an elevated situation ; to sustain. 

Up-braid' (tip-brad'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Upbraided ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Upbraiding.] [OE. upbreiden ; AS. itjp 
up -j- bregdan to draw, twist, weave, or the kindred IceL 
br°gSa to draw, brandish, braid, deviate from, chance, 
upbraid. See Up; Braid, v. t.~\ 1. To charge with 
something wrong or disgraceful ; to reproach : to cast 
something in the teeth of. 2. To reprove severely ; to 
rebuke ; to chide. — Upbraid 'er (-er), n. 

Syn. — To reproach; blame; censure; condemn. 

Up'cast' (up'kasf or Qp-kast'), a. Cast up : thrown 
or turned upward. [growing up ; development. I 

Up'growtb/ (up'groth'), n. Process or result of | 

Up-heav'al (ttp-heVal), n. An upheaving ; state of 
being upheaved, esp. of a portion of the earth's crust. 

Up-heave' (up-hev'), v. t. To heave or lift up from 
beneath ; to raise. 

Up-held' (up-held'), imp. & p. p. of Uphold. 

Up'her (fir/her), n. (Arc/i.) A long, slender, fir pole 
used for scaffoldings, etc. [F.ng.~\ [hillside. I 

Up-hill' (up-hTl'). adv. Upwards on, or as if on. a| 

UpTliir (fip'hll'), a. 1. Ascending ; going up. 
2. Attended with labor ; difficult. 

Up-hold' (-hold'), v. t. 1. To hold up ; to elevate. 2. 
To keep erect ; to support ; to sustain ; to maintain. 3. 
To aid by approval or encouragement ; to countenance. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fo"bt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



UPHOLDER 



894 



URGE 



u 




Up-hold'er plp-bOWto), n. 1 A broker ; auctioneer ; 
iu. 2. Funov.il undertaker. 3. Upholsterer. 
4. One that upholds ; supporter; sustainer. 

Up-hol'ster (.up-hol'ster). v. t. [See Upholsterer.] 
To furnish (rooms, carriages, furniture, etc.) with haug- 
iverings, cushions, etc 

Up hol'ster-er (-&), «. [A substitution for older up- 
, formerly also written upholster, upholdster. See 
-stek.] One who provides hangings, coverings, cush- 
ions, curtains, and the like : one who upholsters. 

Up-hol'ster-v v-y\ ». Articles or goods supplied by 
upholsterers : the business or work of au upholsterer. 

Upland (dr/land), n. 1. High land ; ground elevated 
above the meadows and intervals on the 
banks of rivers, near the sea, or be- 
tween hills. 2. Rural regions. [065.] 

Upland, <*. 1. Of or 
pert, to uplands : being 
on upland ; high in situa- 
tion. 2. Pert, to the coun- 
try ; rustic : rude. [06s.] 
Upland sandpiper, or Up- 
land plover (Zool.), a large 
American sandpiper (Bar- 
tramia lonaicauda) much 
valued as a' game bird. 

Uplift' (up-llft/), v. t. 
To lift or raise aloft ; to 
raise : to elevate. 

Uplift' (uplift'), n. Upland Sandpiper. 

(Grol.) An upheaval of strata so as to disturb their regu- 
larity and uniformity. [topmost ; uppermost. I 

Up'most (Tip'niost'), a. [Cf. Uppermost.] Highest ; | 

Up-on' (up-ou'), prep. [AS. uppan, uppon ; tipp up 
— on, on, on. See Up ; On.] On ; — used interchangea- 
bly with, and in all the senses of, that word. 

Syn. — On. — Upon conveys a more distinct notion than 
on of something that bears or supports. It is less em- 
ployed than it used to be. 

Up'per (up'per), a. ; comp. of Up. Being further up ; 
higher in place, position, rank, dignity, etc. ; superior. 

The upper hand, the superiority ; the advantage. — Upper 
case, the top one of a pair of compositor's cases, — used to 
hold capitals, small capitals, references, etc. — Upper ten 
thousand, or (abbrev.i Upper ten, the ten thousand, more 
or less, highest in position or wealth ; aristocracy. [ Col- 
loq.} —Upper works (Naut.), all those parts of the hull of 
a vessel that are properly above water. 

Up'per. n . The upper leather for a shoe ; vamp. 

Up'per-most' (up'per-most'), a. [From Up, Upper.] 
Highest in place, rank, power, etc. ; upmost ; supreme. 

Up'pish (-pish), a. [From Up.] Proud; arrogant; 
assuming ; putting on airs of superiority. [Colloq.] 

Up-raise' (up-raz'), v. t. To raise ; to lift up. 

Up-rear' (up-rer'), v. t. To raise ; to erect. 

Up'right' (up'rlf or up'rit'), a. 1. In an erect position 
or posture ; perpendicular ; vertical. 2. Morally erect ; 
having, or conforming to, rectitude ; honest ; just. — Up'- 
rightly (up'ritly), adv. — Up'right ness (-nes), n. 

Up'right', n. Something standing upright, as a piece 
of timber in a building. 

Up-right'eous-ly (up-rl'chiis-ly), adv. [See Right- 
eous.] In an upright or just manner. [06s.] 

Up-rise' (up-riz'), v. i. 1. To rise up ; to get up. 2. 
To have an upward direction or inclination. 

Up'roar' (Gp'ror'), n. [D. oproer ; D. op up + roeren 
to stir ; akin to AS. hreran to stir, G. ruhren. Cf. Rear- 
mouse.] Great tumult ; violent disturbance and noise ; 
noisy confusion ; bustle and clamor. 

Up-roarl-OUS (-i-tis), a. Making, or accompanied by, 
uproar, or noise and tumult. — Up-roarl-OUS-ly. adv. 

Up-root' (up-robf), v. t. To root up ; to tear up by 
the roots, or as if by the roots ; to eradicate ; to extirpate. 

Up-rouse' (up-rouz'), v. t. To rouse up ; to arouse. 

Up-set' ( iip-set'), v. t. & i. 1. To set upright. [06s.] 
2. (a) To thicken and shorten, as a heated piece of iron, 
by hammering on the end. (6) To shorten (a tire) in 
resetting it. 3. To overturn, overthrow, or overset. 
4. To disturb ; to disorder the nerves of. [Colloq.] 

Up'set' (up'set/), a. Set up ; fixed ; — used chiefly or 
only in upset price ; that is, the price fixed upon as the 
minimum for property offered for sale. 

Up'set', n. Act of upsetting ; the state of being upset. 

Up'shot/ (Qp'sh5f ), n. [Up + shot, equivalent to 
$COt share, reckoning.] Final issue; conclusion; the 
HUB and substance ; end ; result ; consummation. 

Up'side' (up'sid'), n. Upper side ; uppermost part. 

Upside down. [Perh. corrupt, fr. OE. up so down, lit., 
up as down.J With the upper part undermost ; hence, in 
confusion ; m complete disorder ; topsy-turvy. 



Upstairs' (up-stSrz'), adv. Up the stairs ; in or to- 
ward an upper story. — (Gp'stSrz'), a. Being above stairs. 

Up-Start' (up-stiirt'), v. i. To start or spring up. 

Up'start' (up'starf), 7i. 1. One who has risen sud- 
denly, as from low life to wealth, power, or honor ; par- 
venu. 2. (Bot.) The meadow saffron. 

Up-ttll' {uy-tiY), prep. To ; against. [06s.] 

Up-turn' (tip-turn'), v. t. To turn up ; to throw up. 

Up-waft' (up-wai't'j, v. t. To waft upward. 

Up'ward (up'werd), ) adv. [AS. upiceardes. See 

Ur/wards (Qp'werdz), J Up: -wards.] 1. In a di- 
rection from lower to higher ; toward a higher place ; to- 
ward the source or origiu. 2. In the upper parts; 
above. 3. Yet more ; indefinitely more ; above ; over. 

Upward of, or Upwards of, more than ; above. 

Up'ward. a. Directed toward a higher place. 

Ur (ur), Ure, n. (Zool.) The urus. 

II U-ra?'mi-a (u-re'iuT-a), n. [NX, fr. Gr. ovpov urine 
-j- alfxa blood.] (Med.) Accumulation in the blood of 
the priuciples.of the urine, producing dangerous disease. 

U-ra'ni-an (-an), a. Of or pert, to the planet Uranus. 

U-ran'ic (u-rau'Ik), a. 1. Pert, to the heavens ; celes- 
tial ; astronomical. 2. (Chem.) Pert, to, or containing, 
uranium, esp. in its higher valence. See -ic. 

U'ra-nite (u'ra-nit), n. (Min.) A general term for 
the uranium phosphates. 

U-ra'ni-um (fi-ra'ni-um), n. [NX., fr. E. Uranus.] 
(Chem.) A rare, heavy, hard metal of the chromium 
group. It was discovered in 1789, and named in honor 
of the discovery of Uranus in 1781. 

U'ra-nog'ra-phy (u'ra-nog'ra-fy), n. [Gr. ovpavoypa- 
<Jua ; oupavos heaven -f- -ypd^eti/ to write.] A description 
or plan of the heavens and the heavenly bodies ; the con- 
struction of celestial maps, globes, etc. ; uranology. 

U'ra-nol'O-gy (-nol'6-jy), n. [Gr. oupavos heaven -f- 
-logy.~\ The study of the heavens ; uranography. 

U'ra-noS'CO-py (u'ra-nos'ko-py), n. [Gr. ovpavo<; -f 
-seopy.~\ Observation of the heavens or heavenly bodies. 

U'fa-nous (u'ra-nus), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or 
containing, uranium, esp. in its lower valence. See -ous. 

U'ra-nus (-nus), n. [L. Uranus, Gr. Ovpavos Uranus, 
ovpavos heaven, skj\] 1. (Gr. Myth.) The father of 
Chrouos (Time) and the Titans. 2. (Astron.) One of the 
primary planets. It is about 1,800,000,000 miles from the 
sun, and about 36,000 miles in diameter. [outang. I 

U-ran'-U-tan' (6b-ran'oo-tan'), n. (Zool.) The orang- 1 

U'rate (u'rat), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A salt of uric acid. 

Ur/ban (fir'ban), a. [L. urbanus, fr. urbs, urbis, city.] 
1. Of or pert, to a city or town. 2. Belonging to, or suit- 
ing, those living in a city ; cultivated ; polite ; urbane. 

Ur-bane' (fir-ban'), a. [See Urban.] Courteous in 
maimers ; polite ; suave ; courteons ; refined ; elegant. 

Ur-ban'i-ty (fir-ban'i-ty),w. 1. Qualityorstate of being 
urbane ; courtesy of manners. 2. Facetiousness. [06s.] 

Ur'ce-O-lar (Qr'se-o-ler), a. Urceolate. 

Ur'ce-O-late (-lat), a. [L. urceolus, dim. 
of urceus a pitcher.] (Xat. Hist.) Shaped 
like a pitcher or urn. 

Ur'ce-ole (fir'se-ol), n. [See Urceolate.] 
(H. C. Ch.) A vessel for water for washing | 
the hands ; also, one to hold wine or water. 

II Ur-ce'0-lus (Gr-se'o-ltis), n. ; pi. -li 
(-11). [L., a little pitcher.] (Bot.) Any 
urn-shaped organ of a plant. 

Ur'chin (fir'chln), n. [OE. urchon, ir- 
chon, a hedgehog, OF. irecon, eric on, heri- 
gon, herichon, deriv. of L. ericius, fr. er 
hodgehog, for her; akin to Gr. xvp-] 1- 
(Zool.) (a) A hedgehog. (6) A sea urchin, 
or roguish child ; — now commonly used of a boy. 

Ur'chon (Qr'chon), n. (Zool.) The hedgehog. 

U're-a (u're-a), n. [NL. See Ublxe.] (Physiol. 
Chem.) A very soluble crystalline body which is the chief 
constituent of the urine in mammals. — U're-al (-al), a. 

II U-re'dO (fi-re'do), n. [L., a blast, burning itch, fr. 
urere to burn.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of minute fungi 
parasitic on many plants. 2. (Med.) Nettle rash. 

-U-ret (-u-r5t). Obs. suffix with same meaning as -rx>E. 

I! U-re'ter (u-re'ter), n. [NX., fr. Gr. ovpyrrip. See 
Urixe. ] (Anat.) The duct which conveys the urine from 
a kidney to the bladder or cloaca. 

II U-re'thra (u-re'thra), n. [X, fr. Gr. ovp7?0pa.] 
(Anat.) The canal by which the urine is conducted from 
the bladder and discharged. — U-re'thral (-throl), a. 

U-ret'ic (u-rgtTk), a. [X ureticus, Gr. ovpT?Ti»cd?.] 
(Med.) Of or pertaining to the urine ; diuretic ; urinary. 

Urge (Qrj), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Urged (firjd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Urging (Qr'jTng).] [L. urgere ; akin to E. 




2. A pert 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, fi, y, ahort ; senate, fcvent, Idea, &bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



URGENCE 



895 USHER 



wreak.] 1. To press; to push ; to drive ; to impel ; to 
force onward. 2. To press the mind or will of ; to ply 
with motives, arguments, persuasion, or Importunity ; to 
incite. 3. To press hard upon ; to follow closely. 4. 
To present or persist in an urgent manner ; to press upon 
attention ; to insist upon. 5. To treat with forcible 
means ; to take severe or violent measures with. 

Syn. — To animate ; instigate ; stimulate ; encourage. 

Ur'gence (fir'jens), n. Urgency. [urgent. I 

Ur'gen-cy (fir'jen-s5')i «• Quality or state of being | 

Ur'gent (-jcnt), a. [L. urgent, p. pr.] Urging ; press- 
ing ; plying with importunity ; calling for immediate 
attention ; instantly important. — Ur'gent-ly, adv. 

Ur'ger (fir'jer), n. One who urges. 

U'ric (u'rTk), a. [Gr. ovpov urine. SeeUKiNE.] (Phy- 
siol. Chem.)_ Of, pert, to, or obtained from, urine. 
_ II U'rim (u'rini), n. [Heb. urTm, pi. of ur flame, fire, 
or light.] A part or decoration of the breastplate of the 
high priest among the ancient Jews, by which Jehovah 
revealed his will on certain occasions. 

U'ri-nal (u'rT-n«l), n. [L. urinal, fr. urina urine.] 

1. A vessel for holding urine. 2. A place or convenience 
for urinating purposes. 

U'ri-na-ry (u'ri-na-ry), a. 1. Of or pert, to the urine. 

2. Resembling, or being of the nature of, urine. 
U'ri-na-ry, n. A urinal. 

U'ri^nate (-nat), v. i. To discharge urine. — U'ri-na'- 
tion (u'rT-na/shun), n. [diuretic. I 

U'ri-na-tive (-na-tiv), a. Provoking the flow of urine ; | 

U'ri-na'tor (-na'ter), a. [L., fr. urinari to dive.] 
One who dives under water, as for pearls ; diver, [i?.] 

U'line (u'rin), n. [F. urine, L. urina; akin to uri- 
nari to dive, Gr. ovpov urine.] (Physiol.) In mammals, 
a fluid excretion from the kidneys ; in birds and reptiles, 
a solid or semisolid excretion. 

U ri-no-gen'i-tal (-no-jen'T-tal), a. (Anat.) Pertain- 
ing to the urinary and genital organs. 

U'ri-nose / (u'ri-nos'), \ a. Of or pert, to urine ; sim- 

U'ri-nous (u'rT-niis), ) ilar to urine. 

Urn (Qrn), n. [L. ««.] 1. A vessel, usually a vase 
furnished with a foot or pedestal, esp. one for preserving 
the ashes of a person cremated. 2. Fig. : Any place of 
burial ; grave. 3. (Bot. ) A spore case ; theca. 4. A 
kind of vessel for steeping tea or coffee. 

Urn, v. t. To inclose in, or as if in, an urn. 

U'ro- (u'ro-). A combining form fr. Gr. ovpov, urine. 

U'ro-. A combining form from Gr. ovpd, tail, caudal 
extremity. 

U'rochs (u'roks), n. (Zo'ol.) See Aurochs. 

I! U'ro-de'la (u'ro-de'la), n. pi. [NL. ; Gr. ovpd tail -f- 
6*t}A.os visible.] (Zo'ol.) An order of amphibians having the 
tail well developed and often long, including the salaman- 
ders, tritons, and allied animals. 




One of the Urodela (Dcsmognathasfuscus). 

U'ro-dele (u'ro-del), n. (Zo'ol.) One of the Urodela. 

U'ro-gen'i-tal (-jen'T-tal), a. [1st uro- -f genital.'] 
(Anat.) Same_as Urinogenttal. 

U'ro-pod (u'ro-pod), 11. [2d uro- + -pod.] (Zo'ol.) 
Any one of the abdominal appendages of a crustacean, 
esp. one of the posterior ones, as in the lobster. 

U'ro-po-et'ic (u'ro-po-et'Tk), a. [1st uro- -j- Gr. iroielv 
to make.] (Physiol.) Producing, or favoring the pro- 
duction of, urine or waste matter from the blood. 

U'ro-pyg'i-al (-pTj'I-al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining 
to the uropygium ; designating a peculiar sebaceous 
gland at the base of the tail feathers in most birds. 

II U'ro-pyg'i-um (-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. oppoiruytov, 
ovpoiruyiov ; oppos end of the os sacrum -f- irvyrj rump.] 
(Anat.) The rump of a bird's body. 

U-ros'CO-py (u-ros'ko-py), n. [1st uro- + -scopy.] 
Diagnosis of diseases by inspection of urine. [rochs. I 

U'rox (u'roks), n. [See Aurochs.] (Zo'ol. ) The au- 1 

Ur'sa (Qr'sa), n. [L. ursa she-bear, also, a constella- 
tion.] (Astron.) Either of the Bears. See Phrases below. 

Ursa Major [L.], the Great Bear, one of the most con- 
spicuous of the northern constellations. It is situated 
near the pole, and contains the stars which form the Dip- 
per, or Charles's Wain, two of which are the Pointers, or 
stars which point toward the North Star. — Ursa Minor 
[L.], the Little Bear, the constellation nearest the north 
pole. It contains the north star, or polestar, which is 
situated in the extremity of the tail. 



Ur'sal (Qr'sal), n. (Zool.) A spedes of fur seal. 
Ur'sl-form (Qr'sT-form), a. [L. ursus, ursa, a bear -f- 
-fortn.] Having the shape of a bi 

Ur'sine (Qr'sin or -sin), a. [1. fr. ursus 

bear.] Of or pert, to a bear ; resembling a bear. 

Ur'su-line (Qr'su-lTn or Jin), n. ( A'. C. CI,. 
an educational order of nuns founded by 8t 
Merioi, at Brescia, in Italy, about the year 15.^7. 
called from its protectress St. Ursula. 

Ur ti-ca'ceous (Gr'tT-ku'shris), a. (Bot.) Of or pen. 
to a natural order (UrHcaeem) of plant*, of which the 
nettle is the type, including also the hup, elm, ami fig. 

Ur ti-ca'ri-a (Qr'tT-ka'rl-a), n. [NL. 
(Med.) Nettle rash, a dianaim characterized by a 1 1 
eruption of itching red pimples and of \\). 

Ur'ti-cate (Qr'tT-kat), v. t. & i. To btiug with, or as 
if with, nettles ; to irritate ; to annoy. 

Urti-ca'tion (-kii'shun), n. (Med.) Act or process of 
whipping orstinging with nettles. 

11 U'rus (u'rus), 11. [L. ; of Teutonic origin.] (Zodl.) 
A very large, powerful, and savage extinct bovin. 
(Boa r.ru.s or primigenitu) anciently abundant in Europe. 

Us (us), pron. [AS. us; akin to G. MM, L. not are, 
us, Gr. r)p.el<; we, Skr. ruts us.] The persons speaking, 
regarded as an object ; ourselves ; — objective case of We. 

Us'a-ble (uz'a-iri), „. Capable of being need. 

Us'age (uz'aj; 48), n. [F., fr. LL. 
Use.] 1. Act of using ; mode of using or treating ; treat- 
ment ; conduct with respect to a person or a thing. 2. 
Manners ; behavior. [Obs.] 3. Long-continued practice ; 
customary mode of procedure ; custom ; habitual use ; 
method. 4. Customary use or employment, as ol a word 
or phrase in a particular sense. 5. Experience. 

Syn. — Custom; use. — A custom is not necessarily a 
usage. Kcustom may belong to many, or to a single indi- 
vidual. A usage properly belongs to the great body of a 
people. Hence, we speak of usage, not of custom, as the 
law of language. Again, a custom is merely that which 
has been often, repeated, so as to have become, in a good 
degree, established. A usage must be both often repeated 
and of long standing. In law, usage and custom are often 
used interchangeably, but custom also has a restricted 
sense. See Custom, ?*., 3. 

Us'ance (iiz'flns), n. [F. See Use. v. t.] 1. Usage. 
[Obs.] 2. Usury. [Obs.] 3. (Com.) The time, fixed 
by usage, when a bill of exchange is payable. 

Use (us), n. [F. us use, usage, L. terns, fr. uti. p. p. 
testis, to use. See L t se, v. t.] 1. Act of employing any- 
thing, or of applying it to one's service ; state of being so 
employed or applied ; application ; employment ; conver- 
sion to some purpose. 2. Occasion or need to employ ; 
necessity. 3. Capability of being used ; usefulness ; util- 
ity. 4. Continued or repeated practice ; usage ; custom ; 
manner; habit. 5. Ordinary experience. [E.] 6. In- 
terest ; usury. [Obs.] 7. [In this sense prob. a corrup- 
tion of OF. oes, fr. L. opus need, business, work. Cf. 
Operate.] (Law) The benefit or profit of lands and 
tenements. 

Resulting use (Law), a use which, being limited by the 
deed, expires or can not vest, and thereupon results or 
returns to him who raised it. 

Use (uz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Used (uzd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Using.] [F. user, LL. usare, fr. L. uti, p. p. usvs, 
to use, OL. oeti, oesus.] 1. To make use of ; to convert 
to one's service ; to employ ; to put to a purpose. 2. To 
behave toward ; to act with regard to ; to treat. 3. 
To practice customarily ; to make a practice of. 4. To 
accustom ; to habituate ; to inure ; — chiefly in the p. p. 

Use, v. i. 1. To be wont or accustomed ; — now dis- 
used in the present tense. 2. To frequent ; to dwell. [Obs.] 

Use'ful (us'ful), a. Full of use, advantage, or profit ; 
serviceable for any end or object ; beneficial ; profitable ; 
advantageous. — Use'ful-ly, adv. — Use'ful-ness. n. 

Syn. — Utility ; value; profit. See Utility. 

Use'less, a. Being of no use ; unserviceable ; pro- 
ducing no good end ; answering no valuable purpose ; 
unprofitable. — Use'less-ly, adv. — Use'less-ness. n. 

Syn. — Fruitless ; ineffectual. — We speak of an at- 
tempt, effort, etc., as being useless when there are in it 
inherent difficulties which forbid the hope of success : as 
fruitless when it fails, not from any such difficulties, but 
from some unexpected hindrance. Ineffectual nearly re- 
sembles fruitless, but implies a less hopeless failure. 

Us'er (liz'er), n. 1. One who uses. 2. (Law) Enjoy- 
ment of property ; use. 

Ush'er (ttaVSr), n. [OF. ussier, nissi-r, huissier, fr. 
L. ostiarius doorkeeper, fr. ostium door, fr. os mouth. 
See Oral.] 1. An officer or servant who has the care of 
the door of a court, hall, chamber, etc. ; hence, one 
whose business it is to introduce strangers, or to walk be~ 



feru, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



USHER 



896 



UXORIOUSNESS 



U 



> 



fore a person of rank, or to escort persons to seats, etc. 
2. An under teacher, or assistant master, in a school. 

Ush'er (ttoh / &), r. t. [imp. S: p. p. Ushered (-erd) ; 
. a :. ft. Ushering.] To introduce or escort, as an 
usher, forerunner, or harbinger ; to forerun. 

Usque baugh (tts'kwe-bsi). n. [Ir. or Gael, uisge 

r.. water of life ; uisge water -{-beat ha life; akin 

to Gr. jtJio? life. See Quick, a., and cf. Whisky.] 1. 

Whisky. 2. A liquor compounded of brandy, or other 

strong spirit, raisins, cinnamon, and other spices. 

Us'tion (us'chun), n. [L. ustio, fr. urere, ustum, to 
burn.] Act of burning ; state of being burned, [B.} 

Us'tu-late (us'tu-lut 1 ). a. [L. usttdatus, p. p. of ustu- 
tare to scorch, urere to burn.] Blackened as if burned. 

U'SU-al (u'zhu-fll). a. [L. usualis, fr. usus use.] Such 
as is in common use; such as ordinarily occurs ; custo- 
mary : ordinary ; habitual ; common. — U'SU-al-ly, adv. 

— Usualness, n. 

U SU-cap'tion (u'zu-kap'shtin), n. [L. usucapere, 
-captum, to acquire by long use; usu (abl. of iisus use) 
-f- cupere to take.] (Soman Lair) Acquisition of prop- 
erty by the process called prescription in common law. 

U'su-frnct (u'zu-frukt), n. [L. usufructus, usus et 
fructus ; usus use -\- fructus fruit.] (Laic) The right of 
using and enjoying the profits of an estate or other thing 
belonging to another, without impairing the substance. 

U'SU-fruC'tU-a-ry (-friik'tu-a-ry), n. {Law) A person 
who has the use of property and reaps the profits of it. 

— a. (Laic) _Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, a usufruct. 
U'SU-rer (u'zhu-rer), n. [F. usurier, LL. usurarius. 

See Usury.] One who lends money and takes usury for it. 

U-SU'ri-OUS (u-zhu/rT-us), a. 1. Practicing usury. 
2. Partaking of usury ; containing or involving usury. 

U-SUrp' (u-zfirp'), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Usurped 
(-zfirpf) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Usurping.] [L. usurpare, 
-atum, to enjoy, get possession of, usurp ; the first part 
of usurpare is akin to usus use (see Use, «.).] To seize, 
and hold in possession, forcibly or wrongfully ; — applied 
to seizure and use of office, functions, powers, rights, etc. 

Syn. — To arrogate ; assume ; appropriate. 

U sur-pa'tion (u'zfir-pa'shun), n. 1. A usurping ; an 
unauthorized, arbitrary assumption and exercise of 
power, esp. as infringing on the rights of others ; spe- 
cif. , illegal seizure of sovereign power. 2. Usage. [Obs.} 

U-surp'er_(u-zGrp'er), n. One who usurps. 

U'SU-ry (u'zhu-ry), n. [F. usure, L. usura use, usury, 
interest, fr. uti, p. p. usus, to use. See Use, v. t.} 1. 
Interest. [Obs. or Archaic'} 2. The practice of taking 
interest. [Obs.} 3. (Law) Interest in excess of a legal 
rate charged to a borrower for the use of money. 

Ut (ut ; in solmization, obt), n. (3fus.) The first note 
in Guido's musical scale, now usually superseded by do. 

U'tas (u'tSs), n. [Through OF. fr. L. octavus eighth.] 

1. ( 0. Eng. Law) The eighth day after any term or feats. 

2. Hence, festivity ; merriment. [Obs.~\ 

U-ten'sil (u-ten'sTl), n. [F. utensile, ustensile, L. 
utensile, fr. utensilis fit for use, fr. uti, p. p. usus, to use. 
See Use, v. t.~\ That which is used ; an instrument ; an 
implement ; esp., an instrument or vessel in domestic use. 

U'ter-ine (u'ter-Tn or -in), a. [L. uterinus born of 
the same mother.] 1. Of or pert, to the uterus. 2. Born 
of the same mother, but by a different father. 

U'te-rus (u'te-rus), n. [L.] 1. (Anat.) The organ 
of a female mammal in which the young are developed ; 
womb. 2. (Zool.) An analogous receptacle, or pouch, 
connected with the oviducts of many invertebrates. 

U-tiM-ta'ri-an (u-tiFT-ta'rT-an), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or 
consisting in, utility ; aiming at utility as distinguished 
from beauty, ornament, etc. ; reproachfully, characterized 
by a regard for utility of a lower kind. 2. Of, pert, to, 
or supporting, utilitarianism. [utilitarianism. I 

U-tiTi-ta'ri-an, n. One who holds the doctrine of | 

U-til'i-ta'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. The doctrine that 
the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be 
the end and aim of all social and political institutions. 
2. The doctrine that virtue is founded in utility, or the 
highest happiness of the universe. 3. The doctrine that 
utility is the sole standard of morality. 

U-til'i-ty (u-tTl'T-tjr), n. [F. utilite, L. utilitas, fr. 
utilis useful, fr. uti to use. See Use.] 1. Quality or 
state of being useful. 2. (Polit. Econ.) Adaptation to 
satisfy the desires or wants of men ; intrinsic value. 3. 
Happiness ; the greatest good, or happiness, of the 
greatest number. 

Syn. — Usefulness ; advantageousness ; benefit ; profit ; 
service. — Usefulness is used chiefly of things in the con- 
crete, while utility is employed more in a general and ab- 
stract sense. Thus, we speak of the utility of an inven- 



tion, and the usefulness of the thiug invented : of the 
utility of an institution, and the usefulness of an individ- 
ual. So beauty and utility (not usefulness) are compared 
Still, the words are often used interchangeably. 

U'til-i za-ble (u'tll-Fza-b'l), a. Capable of being util- 
ized, [state of being utilized. I 

U til-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), n. Act of utilizing; the I 

U'til-ize (u'tTl-iz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Utilized (-izd) ; 
p. pr. & rb. n. Utilizing (-i'zlng).] To make useful ; to 
turn to profitable account or use ; to make use of. 

Ut'most' (ut'most'), a. [AS. utemest, superl. fr. uie 
out. See Out.] 1. Situated at the farthest point or ex- 
tremity ; most distant ; extreme ; last. 2. Being in the 
greatest or highest degree, quantity, number, etc. ; 
greatest. 

Ut'most'. n. The most that can be ; the farthest 
limit ; the greatest power, degree, or effort. 

U-tO'pi-a (u-to'pT-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ov not -f rorro? 
a place.] 1. An imaginary island, represented by Sir 
Thomas More, in a work called Utopia, as enjoying the 
greatest perfection in politics, laws, etc. 2. Hence, any 
place or state of ideal perfection. 

U-tO'pi-an (-an), a. Of or pertaining to Utopia; re- 
sembling Utopia ; hence, ideal : chimerical ; fanciful. 

U-tO'pi-an, n. An inhabitant of Utopia ; hence, one 
who believes in the perfectibility of human society; a 
visionary ; an idealist ; an optimist. 

U-to'pi-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. The ideas, aims, etc., of a 
Utopian ; impracticable schemes for human perfection. 

U'trl-cle (u'tri-k'l), n. [L. utriculus, dim. of uter a 
bag. ] 1. A little sac or vesicle, as the air cell of a seaweed. 
2. (Physiol.) A microscopic cell. 3. (Bot.) A small, thin- 
walled, one-seeded fruit. 4. (Anal.) A utriculus. 

U-tric'u-lar (u-trTk'u-ler), a. 1. Of or pert, to a utri- 
cle, or utriculus ; containing, or furnished with, a utricle 
or utricles ; utriculate. 2. Resembling a utricle or bag. 

U-tric'U-late (u-trik'fi-lat), a. Resembling a bladder ; 
swollen like a bladder ; inflated ; utricular. 

U-tric'u-loid (-loid), a. [L. utriculus a little womb, 
a calycle -f -oid.l Resembling a bladder ; utricular. 

U-tric'u-lus (-lus), n. [L., little womb.] (Anat.) 
A little sac, or bag ; esp., a part of the ear. 

U'tro- (u'tro-). A combining form used in anatomy to 
indicate connection with, or relation to, the uterus. 

Ufter (ut'ter), a. [OE. utter, orig. same word as 
outer. See Out.] 1. Outer. [Obs.} 2. Situated out- 
side ; outer. [Obs.} 3. Complete ; perfect ; total ; entire ; 
absolute. 4. Peremptory; unconditional; unqualified. 

Utter bar (Law), the junior barristers. [Eng.) — Utter 
barrister (Law), one recently admitted as a barrister, who 
is accustomed to plead without, or outside, the bar. 
[Eng.] 

Ut'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Uttered (-terd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Uttering.] [OE. outren, freq. of outen to utter, 
put out, AS. utian to put out, fr. ut out. See Out.] 

1. To put forth or out. [Obs.} 2. To trade ; to vend. 
[Obs.} 3. Hence, to put in circulation, as money ; to 
put off, as currency ; to pass in trade. 4. To express pub- 
licly ; to disclose ; to publish ; to speak ; to pronounce. 

Syn. — To issue ; liberate ; discharge. See Deliver. 

Ut'ter-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being uttered. 

Ut'ter-ance (ut'ter-ans), n. 1. Act of uttering ; esp. : 
(a) Putting in circulation, (b) "Vocal expression ; artic- 
ulation ; speech. 2. Power or style of speaking. 

Ut'ter-er (-er), n. One who utters. 

Ut'ter-ly, adv. In an utter manner ; fully ; totally. 

Ut'ter-most' (-most'), a. Extreme ; utmost ; greatest. 

Ut'ter-most' (ut'ter-most'), n. The utmost ; the high- 
est or greatest degree ; the farthest extent. 

Ut'ter-ness, n. Extremity ; utmost ; uttermost. 

II U'va-UT'si (u'va-fir'si), n. [NL., fr. L. uva grape 
-\- ursus bear.] (Bot.) An evergreen bush (Arclosta- 
phylus uva-ursi), of the Heath family, bearing red ber- 
ries, [sembling a grape. I 

tFve-OUS (u've-us), a. [From L. uva grape.] Re-| 

U'vic (u'vik), a. [L. uva grape.] (Chem.) Pertain- 
ing to, or obtained from, grapes. 

\\ U'VU-la (u'vu-la), n. [NL., dim. of L. uva grape, 
uvula.] (Anat.) The pendent lobe in the middle of the 
posterior border of the soft palate. — U'VU-lar (-ler), a. 

U'VU-lat'O-my (u'vu-lSt'o-my), n. [ Uvula -f- -tomy.} 
(Surg.) The operation of cutting out the uvula. 

Ux-or'l-cide (uks-5rT-sid), n. [L. uxor wife -f- cae- 
dere to kill.] 1. The murder of a wife by her husband. 

2. One who murders his wife. 

Ux-o'ri-ous (Qks-o'rT-us), a. [L. uxorius, fr. uxor a 
wife.] Excessively fond of, or submissive to, a wife; 
dependent on one's own wife. — Ux-O'ri-OUS-ly, adv. — 
Ux-o'ri-ous-ness, n. 



a, e, i, o, ii, long ; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short ; Ben&te, Svent, tdea, obey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



897 



VAINGLORY 



V. 



V (ve). 1. V, the twenty-second letter of the English 
alphabet, is a vocal consonant. V and U are only varie- 
ties of the same character, formerly used indiscrimi- 
nately, U being the cursive form. The letter V is through 
the Latin from a form (V) of the Greek vowel Y (see Y). 
Etymologically v is most nearly related to u, w. /, 6, p ; 
as in vine, wine; avoirdupois, ha&it, hare; sa/e, Bave; 
trover, trouoadour, trope. See Guide to Pronunciation, 
§ 2C5 ; also §§ 155, 1G9, 178-179, etc. 2. As a numeral, 
V stands for live. 

Va'can-cy (va'kan-sy), n. 1. Quality or state of be- 
ing vacant ; emptiness ; hence, freedom from employ- 
ment ; intermission ; leisure ; idleness. 2. That which 
is vacant. Specif. : (a) Empty space ; vacuum, (b) Un- 
occunied space ; chasm ; gap. (c) Unemployed time ; in- 
terval of leisure, (d) A post unfilled ; unoccupied office. 

Va'cant (va'kant), a. [F., fr. L. vacans, -antis, p. pr. 
of vacare to be empty, to have leisure, also vocare ; akin 
to vacuus empty.] 1. Deprived of contents ; not filled ; 
empty. 2. Unengaged with business or care ; unem- 
ployed ; disengaged ; unoccupied ; free. 3. Not filled or 
occupied by an incumbent, possessor, or officer. 4. Empty 
of thought ; thoughtless ; not occupied with study or 
reflection. 5. (Law) Abandoned ; having no heir, pos- 
sessor, claimant, or ocoupier. — Va'cant-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Empty ; void ; devoid ; unemployed ; unincum- 
bered ; uncrowded ; idle. —A thing is empty when there 
is nothing in it. Vacant adds the idea of having been 
previously filled, or intended to be filled or occupied. 

Va'cate (va'kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vacated (-ka- 
ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vacating.] [L. vacare, vacation, 
to be empty. See Vacant.] 1. To make vacant ; to 
leave empty ; to cease filling or occupying. 2. To annul ; 
to make void ; to deprive of force. 3. To defeat. [i2.] 

Va-ca'tion (va-ka'shiln), n. [F., fr. L. vacatio a being 
free from duty, fr. vacare. See Vacate.] 1. A vacating. 
2. A period of intermission, as from regular business ; 
rest; leisure. Hence, specif. : (a) (Law) Intermission 
of judicial proceedings between terms, (b) Intermission 
between terms in an educational institution, (c) The time 
when an office, esp. an ecclesiastical office, is vacant. 

II Vac-ci'na (vak-si'na), n. [NL.] (Med.) Vaccinia. 

Vac/ci-nal (vak'sT-nal), a. (3fed.) Of or pertaining 
to vaccinia or vaccination. 

Vac'cl-nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vaccinated 
(-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vaccinating.] [See Vaccine.] 
To inoculate with the cowpox by means of a virus, called 
vaccine, derived either directly or indirectly from cows ; 
hence, sometimes, to inoculate with any virus as a pre- 
ventive measure. [vaccinating. 

Vac'ci-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act, art, or practice of 

Vac/ci-na'tor (vak'sT-na/ter), n. One that vaccinates. 

Vac/cine (vak'sln or -sin), a. [L. vaccinus, fr. vacca 
cow.] Of or pert, to cows ; derived from, or caused by, 
vaccinia. — n. The virus of vaccinia used in vaccination. 

II Vac-cta'i-a(vgk-sTn'T-a),7i. [NL.] (Med.) Cowpox. 

Vac'ci-nist (vak'sT-mst), n. A vaccinator. 
Vac-cinl-um (vak-sin'T-um), n. [L., the blue- 
berry, or whortleberry.] (Bot.) A genus of ericaceous 
shrubs including the blueberries and true cranberries. 

II Va'cher' (va/sha'), n. [F., fr. vache cow.] A keeper 
of stock or cattle ; herdsman. [Southwestern U. S.~\ 

Vac'il-lant (vas'Tl-lant), a. [L. vacillans, p. pr. of 
vacillare. See Vacillate.] Vacillating ; wavering. 

Vac'il-late (-lat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vacillated 
(-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vacillating.] [L. vacillare, 
vacillatum.] 1. To move one way and the other ; to reel 
or stagger ; to waver. 2. To fluctuate in mind or opin- 
ion ; to be unsteady or inconstant ; to waver. 

Vac il-la'tion (vaVTl-la'shun), n. A vacillating, or 
state of vacillating ; a wavering ; a fluctuating. 

Vac'il-la-tO-ry (vasTl-la-to-ry), a. Inclined to vacil- 
late ; wavering ; irresolute. 

Vac'u-ist (vak'u-ist), n. One who holds that the 
space between the bodies of the universe, or the mole- 
cules and atoms of matter, is an absolute vacuum. 

Va-CU'i-ty (va-ku'i-t^), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
vacuous ; emptiness ; vacancy. 2- A void ; vacuum. 3. 
Inanity; nihility. [R.] [vacuoles. I 

Vac'U-0-la'ted (vSk'u-o-la-'te'd), a. (Biol.) Full of | 

Vac'u-ole (-51), n. [L. vacuus empty.] (Biol.) A small 
cell, or globular space # in the interior of organic cells. 

Vac'U-OUS (vak'u-us), a. [L. vacuus. Cf. Vacant.] 
Empty ; unfilled ; void ; vacant. — Vac'U-OUS-ness, n. 



Vac'U-um (vaVu-fim), n. ; pi. E. -pums (-fimz), L. -ca 
(-a). [L., fr. vaetttti empty.] 1. (I'ln 
entirely devoid of matter (distinctively called 
vacuum) ; hence, more generally, B space artificially ex- 

hausted to a high or the highest degree. 2 

faction, or reduction of pressure below tliui ot thi 
pbere, in a Teasel nearly fnrhanstod ot sir 

Vade (vld), v. i. Obt. variant 

Va'de me'cum (vsVd* me'kum). [L., go with ma.] 
A book or other thing that a person carries with bin ad 
a constant companion ; manual ; handbook. 

II Va'dl-um (vii'dl-um), n. [LL., from I 
bail.] (Law) Pledge; security; bail. 

Vag'a-bond (vag'a-bond), '/. [F., fr. L. vagabundut, 
fr. vagari to stroll about, fr. vagus strolling.] 1 
without a settled habitation; wandering. 2. Floating 
about without any certain direction ; driven to and fro. 
3. Being a vagabond ; strolling and idle or vidoos. 

Vag'a-bond, n. A wanderer from place to place, not 
having, or not abiding in, a fixed dwelling, and usually 
without means of honest livelihood ; vagrant ; tramp ; 
hence, a worthless person ; rascaL 

Vag'a-bond'age (-bond'aj ; 4b), n. State of a vaga- 
bond ; vagrancy. 

Vag'a-bond ism (-Tz'm), n. Vagabondage. 

Va'gal (va'gal), a. [See Vagus.] (A nat.) Of or pert, 
to the vagus, or pneumogastric nerves ; pneumogastric. 

Va-ga'ri-OUS (va-ga'ri-iis), a. Given to, or charac- 
terized by, vagaries ; capricious ; whimsical ; crochety. 

Va-ga'ry (ya-ga'ry)i "• [L- vagari to stroll about. 
See Vague.] 1. A wandering. [Ob*.~] 2. Hence, a 
wandering of the thoughts ; wild or fanciful freak ; whim. 

Va-gi'na (va-ji'ua), n. ; pi. Vagina (-ne). [L 
scabbard, sheath.] (Biol.) A sheath; theca. 
(a) (Anat.) The canal leadingfrom the uterus to the exter- 
nal orifice of the genital canal, or to the cloaca, (b) (Bot.) 
The basal expansion of some leaves, inwrapping the stem. 
— Vag'i-nal (vaj'T-n«l), a. [sheathe ; sheathing. I 

Vag'i-nant (vSjI-nant), a. Serving to invest. or| 

Vag'i-nate (v5j'T-nat), \a. Investedwith.oraswith, 

Vag'i-na'ted (-ua'ted), ) a sheath. [a vagrant. I 

Va'gran-cy (va'gron-sy), n. Quality or state of being | 

Va'grant (va'grant), a. [Prob. fr. OF. u-aucrant, 
icacrant, p. pr. of waucrer, icacrer, valcrer, to wander 
(prob. of Teutonic origin) ; but influenced by F. variant, 
p. pr. of vaguer to stv&Y, L. vagari.'} 1. Moving without 
certain direction ; wandering ; erratic ; unsettled. 2. 
Going from place to place without a settled habitation. 

Va'grant, n. One who strolls from place to place ; 
one who has no settled habitation ; an idle wanderer ; a 
sturdy beggar ; an incorrigible rogue ; a vagabond. 

Vague (vag), a. [Compar. Vaguer (vag'er) ; superl. 
Vaguest.] [F. vague, or L. vagus.'] 1. Vagrant ; vag- 
abond. [Archaic] 2. Unsettled ; undetermined ; in- 
definite ; ambiguous ; lax. 3. Proceeding from no known 
authority; unauthenticated ; uncertain ; flying. — Vague'- 
ly, adv. — Vague'ness, n. 

II Va'gus (va'gus), a. [L., wandering.] (Anat.) Wan- 
dering ; — applied especially to the pneumogastric nerve. 

Vail (val), n. & v. t. Same as Veil. 

Vail, n. [From F. avaler to descend. See Ava- 
lanche.] 1. pi. Avails. [Obs.~\ 2. An unexpected 
gain. [Obs.~\ 3. Money given to servants by visitors; 
gratuity ; — usually in the pi. 

Vail, v. t. [Aphetic form of A vale.] 1. To let fall ; 
to lower. [Obs.] 2. To lower, or take off, in token of 
inferiority, reverence, submission, etc. 

Vail, n. Submission; decline; descent. [06s.] 

Vain (van), a. [Compar. Vainer (-er) ; super!. Vain- 
est.] [F., fr. L. vamcs.] 1. Having no real substance, 
value, or importance ; empty. 2. Destitute of force or 
efficacy ; fruitless ; ineffectual. 3. Proud of petty things, 
or of trifling attainments; having overweening sell-es- 
teem ; conceited ; puffed up. 4. Showy; ostentatious. 

Syn. — Emptv ; worthless ; idle ; unreal ; shadowy ; 
showy ; light ; delusive ; void ; unimportant ; trifling. 

Vain, n. Vanity ; — now used only in in vain. 

In vain, to no purpose ; ineffectually. — To take the name 
of God in vain, to use it with levity or prof aneuesa. 

Vain glo'ri-OUS (vaVglo'rT-hs), a. Feeling or indi- 
cating vainglory; elated by vanity; boastful. — Valn'- 
glo'ri-ous-ly. adv. — Vain glo'ri-ous-ness, n. 

Vain'glo'ry (-ry), n. Excessive vanity over one's 
own performances ; empty pride ; vain show. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fo~ot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, tnin. 

57 



N 



VAINLY 



898 



VAMPER 



U 



Vainly (vanly^. adv. In a vain manner ; in vain. 

Vainness. :>.' Quality or state of being vain. 

Vair (▼to)i "• [F., i r - OF. vair. a.. L. varitis various, 
variegated.] The fur of the squirrel, — represented in 
heraldry by a series of small white and blue shields. 

Val'ance (val'mis). «. [Prob. fr. Valence, in France.] 
Hanging drapery, as for a bed, couch, or window. 

Val'ance. v. t. To furnish with a valence. 

Vale (▼&), »• [F. Mil, L. vallis.] A valley ; dale. 
'( is ehietiy poetic. 

Vale. n. See 2d Vail, 3. 

Val e-dic'tion (vaTe-dlk'shun), n. [L. valedicere, 
-dictum, to say farewell; vale farewell (imperative of 
vaiere to be strong or well) -f- dicere to say. See Val- 
iant : Diction.] A farewell : a bidding farewell. 

Val e-dic-tO'ri-an (vaTe-dTk-to'ri-an), n. One who 
pronounces a valedictory. 

Val e-dic'tO-ry (-dik'to-ry), a. Bidding farewell ; 
suitable or designed for an occasion of leave-taking. 

Val e-dic'tO-ry, n. A valedictory oration or address, 
esp.. in American colleges and seminaries, one spoken at 
commencement by one of the graduating class, usually 
by the leading scholar. 

Valence (valens), n. [Fr. L. valens. -entis, p. pr. of 
ralere.~) {Chem.) The degree of combining power of an 
atom (or radical) as shown by the number of atoms of 
hydrogen (or of other monads, as chlorine, sodium, etc.) 
with which it will combine, or for which it can be sub- 
stituted, or with which it can be compared. 

Va-len'Ci-a (va-len'shT-a), n. [Perh. fr. Valence in 
France.] A kind of fabric for waistcoats, having the 
weft of wool and the warp of silk or cotton. 

Va-len'ci-ennes' lace' (va-len'sl-enz' las'). [F.] A 
rich kind of lace made at Valenciennes, in France, the 
pattern being worked in the net. 

Val'en-cy (val'en-sy or va'len-sy), n. {Chem.) (a) 
See Valence. (6) A unit of combining power. 

Va-len'ti-a (va-len'shT-a), n. See Valencia. 

VaTen-tine (vSl'en-tin), n. 1. A sweetheart chosen 
on St. Valentine's Day. 2. A sentimental or comic mis- 
sive sent on St. Valentine's Day. 

St. Valentine's Day, a day sacred to St. Valentine, — the 
14th of February. 

Va-le / ri-an (va-le'rT-an), n. [LL. Valeriana; origin 
uncertain.] {Bot.) Any species of Valeriana. The root 
of V. officinalis is used as an antispasmodic. 

Greek valerian (Bot.), a plant (Polemonium cserideum) 
with leaves resembling those of the officinal valerian. 

Val'et (val'et or val'a), n. [F., fr. OF. vallef, varlet, 
vaslet. See Varlet.] 1. A male waiting servant ; a gen- 



tleman's body servant. 2. {Man.) A kind of goad or stick. 

" ')[F.],; ' 
vant. or personal attendant. 



I Valet de chambre (vala' de shaN'br') 



a body ser- 



Val'e-tU'di-na'ri-an (val'e-tu'dT-na'rT-an), a. [L. 
valetudinarius, fr. valetudo health, fr. vaiere to be well. 
See Valiant.] Of infirm health ; seeking to recover 
health ; sickly ; weakly ; infirm, — n. A weak or sickly 
person ; one who is seeking to recover health. 

Val'e-tn'di-na'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. State of a vale- 
tudinarian ; infirmity. 

Val'e-tn'di-na-ry (-tu'dT-na-ry), a. Infirm ; sickly ; 
valetudinarian . — n . A valetudinarian. 

Valhalla (val-hal'la), n. [Icel. valholl ; vair the slain 
-f- hbll a royal hall.] {Scand. Myth.) Palace of immor- 
talitv. inhabited by the souls of heroes slain in battle. 

Val'Iant (val'yant), a. [OF., orig. p. pr. of OF. &F. 
valoir to be worth, L. vaiere to be strong. See Wield.] 
1. Strong ; powerful. [065.] 2. Intrepid in danger ; 
courageous ; brave. 3. Performed with valor or bravery ; 
heroic. —Valiantly, adv. — Val'iant-ness. n. 

Valid (vSl'Td), a. [F. valide, L. validus strong, from 
vaiere to be strong.] 1. Strong; efficient. [Obs.~\ 2. 
Having sufficient strength or force ; founded in truth ; 
capable of being justified, defended, or supported ; 
well-grounded ; sound ; good. 3. {Law) Having legal 
strength or force ; executed with the proper formalities. 
— Validly, adv. — Valld-ness, n. 

Syn. — Prevalent ; available; efficacious. 

Val'i-date (-T-dat), v. t. To confirm ; to render valid. 

Va-lid'i-ty (va-ltd'T-ty), n. Quality or state of being 
valid ; strength ; force ; esp., power to convince. 

Va-lise' (va-les'), n. [F. valise ; origin uncertain.] A 
small sack or case, usually of leather, for the clothes, 
toilet articles, etc., of a traveler ; portmanteau. 

Vallar (valler), a. [L. vallaris.~\ Of or pert, to a 
rampart. 

Vallar crown (Rom. Antiq.), a circular gold crown with 
palisades, bestowed as an honor upon a soldier. 

Valla-ry rvSlla-r^), a. Same as Vallar. 




Val-la'tion (vSl-la'shun), ?i. [L. vallatio. fr. vallare 
to surround with a rampart, fr. vallum rampart.] A 
rampart or intrenchment. 

Valley (vXl'iT), n. ; pi. Valleys (-ITz). TOE. vale, 
valeie, OF. valee, valede, IX. vallala, L. vailis, valles.~\ 

1. The space inclosed between ranges of hills or moun- 
tain.-, including frequently broad alluvial plains. 

£3^ Deep and narrow valleys with abrupt sides are 
called gorges, ravines, canGns, gidches, etc. 

2. (Arch.) The place of meeting of two slopes of a roof, 
forming on the plan a reentrant angle ; 
also, the depression between them. 

I! Valium (-lum), n. [L.] {Eoni. 
An/iq.) Rampart ; wall, as in a fortress. 

Val'or (vaTer), n . [OF. valor, valour, 
LL. valor, fr. L. vaiere to be strong, or 
worth. See Valiant.] 1. Worth. [065.] 

2. Strength of mind in regard to danger ; 
high personal bravery ; courage ; prow- alley Roof - 
ess; intrepidity. 3. A man of valor, [i?.] 

Syn. — See Courage, and Heroism. 

Val'or-OUS (-us), a. Possessing or exhibiting valor ; 
brave ; courageous ; valiant. — Val'or-OUS-ly, adv. 

Val'U-a-ble (val'u-a-b'l), a. 1. Having value or 
worth ; possessing useful and esteemed qualities ; pre- 
cious ; costly. 2. Worthy ; estimable ; deserving esteem. 
— Yal'u-a- ble-ness. n. — Val'u-a-bly, adv. 

Valuable consideration (Laic), a consideration having 
actual value, as distinguished from a good consideration, 
as natural love and affection. 

Val'U-a-ble, n. A thing of value, esp. a small but 
precious thing ; — mostly in pi. 

Val U-alion (val'u-a'shun), n. 1. Act of valuing ; 
estimation ; appraisement.. 2. Estimated value or worth. 

Val'U-alOT (val'u-a'ter), n. Valuer ; appraiser. 

Val'ue (val'u), n. [OF., fr. valoir, p. p. valu, to be 
worth, fr. L. vaiere to be strong, to be worth.] 1. The 
property or properties of a thing rendering it useful or de- 
sirable, or the degree of such property or properties; 
worth ; utility ; importance. 2. {Trade & Polit. Econ.) 
Worth estimated by any standard of purchasing power. 

C3P* In political economy, intrinsic value is utility, or 
adaptation to satisfy the wants of men. 

3. Precise signification ; import. 4. Esteem ; regard. 
5. {Mus.) The relative length or duration of a tone or 
note, answering to quantity in prosody. 6. In an artis- 
tical composition, the character of any one part in its 
relation to other parts and to the whole. 7. Valor. [065.] 

Val'ue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Valued (-ud) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Valuing.] 1. To estimate the value, or worth, of ; 
to rate ; to appraise ; to estimate. 2. To rate highly ; 
to have in high esteem ; to appreciate ; to prize. 3. To 
cause to have value. [06s.] 4. To be worth. [065.] 

Syn. — To compute ; esteem ; respect ; regard. 

Val'ue-less, a. Being of no value ; having no worth. 

Val'U-er (-u-er), n. One who values ; an appraiser. 

Valv'ate (valv'at), a. [L. valvatus having folding 
doors.] 1. Resembling, or serving as, a valve or valves ; 
consisting of, or opening by or like, a valve or valves ; 
valvular. 2. (Bot.) Specif., meeting at the edges with- 
out overlapping, as leaves in aestivation. 

Valve (vSlv), n. [L. valva the leaf, fold, or valve of 
a door.] 1. A door ; esp., one of a pair of folding doors, 
or one of the leaves of such a door. 2. A lid, plug, or 
cover, applied to an aperture so that by its movement it 
will open or close the aperture. 3. {Anat.) One or more 
membranous partitions, flaps, or folds, which permit flow 
in one direction but stop or retard it in an opposite direo 
tion. 4. {Bot.) {a) One of the pieces into which a cap- 
sule naturally separates. (6) A small portion of certain 
anthers, which opens like a trapdoor. 5. {Zool.) One of 
the divisions of bivalve or multivalve shells. 

Valved (vSlvd), a. Having a valve or valves ; valvate. 

ValV'u-lar (valv'u-ler), a. 1. Of or pert, to a valve 
or valves. 2. Containing, or opening by, 
valves ; serving as a valve. 

ValV'Ule (-ul), n. A little valve. 

Va-mose' (va-mos'), v. i. & t. [Sp. 
vam os let us go.] To runaway. [Slang~\ 

Vamp (vamp), n. [Corrupt, fr. F. 
avanlpied the forefoot, vamp; avant before 
-\-pied foot, L.^«5. See Advance ; Foot.] 

1. The upper front part of a boot or shoe. 

2. Any piece added to an old thing to give Valvular Cap- 
it a new appearance. EU 

Vamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vamped (vSmt ; 215) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Vamping.] To provide, as a shoe, with new 
upper leather ; hence, to repair with new ; to patch. 

Vamp'er (-er), n. One who vamps. 




a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, il, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



VAMPIRE 



899 



VARIATION 




Vam'pire (vXm'pir), n. [F., fr. Servian vampir.] 1 
A blood-sucking ghost. 2. Fig. : 
One who lives by preying on 
others; extortioner. 3. {Zo'6l.){a) 
Either one of two or more species 
of South American blood-sucking 
bats, having sharp cutting incisors. 
(b) Any one of several harmless 
tropical American bats, which feed jH K Q 

upon insects and fruit. 

Vampire bat (Zool.), a vampire, 
3(a). 

-yam^-tem.CvSm'pTr-xz'm or wSSSSl^On 
-pir-), n. 1. Belief in the existence 
of vampires. 2. The actions or practice of vampires. 

Vam 'plate' (-plat'), n. [F. avant fore -j- E. plate.~\ A 
protecting plate of iron on a tilting-spear handle. 

Van (van), n. [Abbrev. fr. Vanguard.] The front 
of an army ; the first line, division, or leading column of 
an army or fleet. 

Van, v. t. {Mining) To wash or cleanse on a shovel. 

Van, n. [Abbrev. fr. Caravan.] 1. A light wagon for 
transporting goods. [Eng.] 2. A large covered wagon 
for moving furniture, etc. 3. A close baggage car. [Eng.] 

Van, n. [L. vannus a winnowing van. Cf. Fan.] 1. 
A fan or other contrivance, as a sieve, for winnowing 
grain. 2. [OF. vanne, fr. L. vannus.] A wing with 
which the air is beaten. [Archaic'] 

Va-nad'ic (va-nad'Ik), a. {Chem.) Of, pert, to, or 
containing, vanadium, esp. in its higher valence. See -ic. 

Va-na'di-OUS (-na'di-iis), a. {Ckem.) Of, pert, to, or 
containing, vanadium, esp. in its lower valence. See -ous. 

Va-na'di-um (va-na'di-iim), n. [NL., fr. Icel. Vana- 
dis, a surname of the goddess Freya.] {Chem.) A rare 
element of the nitrogen-phosphorus group, intermediate 
between the metals and nonmetals. 

Van'-COU'ri-er ( van'kdo'rT-er), n. See Avant-courier. 

Van'dal (van'dal), n. [L. Vandalus, Vandalius ; of 
Teutonic origin.] 1. {Anc. Hist.) One of the fierce, 
barbarous, Teutonic race that plundered Rome in the 5th 
century. 2. Hence, one who willfully destroys or de- 
faces any work of art or literature. 

Van'dal (van'dal), ) a. Of, pert, to, or resem- 

Van-dal'ic (van-dal'ik), f bling, the Vandals. 

Van'dal-ism (van'dal-Tz'm), n. The spirit or conduct 
of the Vandals ; hostility to the arts and literature. 

Van-dyke' (vSn-dik'), a. Of or pert, to the style of 
Vandyke, the painter ; used or represented by Vandyke. 

Vandyke collar or cape, a broad collar or cape of fine 
linen and lace with a deep pointed or scalloped edge. 

Vane (van), n. [AS. fana a banner, flag ; akin to G. 
fahne, L. pannus.] 1. A contrivance attached to some 
elevated object to show which way the wind blows ; weath- 
ercock. 2. Any flat, extended surface attached to an axis 
and moved in or by water, air, or other fluid. 3. {Zool.) 
The rhachis and web of a feather taken together. 4. One 
of the sights of a compass, quadrant, etc. 

Vang (vang), n. [D. vangen to seize. See Fang.] 
{Naut.) A rope to steady the peak of a gaff. 

Van'guard' (vXn'gard'), n. [For vantguard, avant- 
guard, F. avant-garde. See Avant; Guard.] {Mil.) 
The troops who march in front of an army ; van. 

Va-nll'la (va-nll'la), n. [NL., fr. Sp. vainilla, dim. 
of Sp. vaina pod, L. vagina.'] 1. {Bot.) A genus of 
climbing orchidaceous plants, natives of tropical America. 

2. The long podlike capsules of Vanilla plant [folia and 
V. claviculala, remarkable for their delicate and agree- 
able odor ; also, the oil or extract made from them. 

Van'ish (van'Tsh), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vanished 
(-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vanishing.] [OF. vanir (in 
comp.), fr. L. vanus empty, vain. See -ish.] 1. To pass 
from a visible to an invisible state ; to go out of sight ; to 
disappear ; to fade. 2. To be annihilated or lost ; to 
pass away. 

Van'ish, n. {Phon.) The brief terminal part of a 
vocal element, differing more or less from the main part ; 
as, a as in ale ordinarily ends with a vanish of i as in ill. 

Van'i-ty (-T-t^), n. [F. vanile, L. vanitas, fr. vatius 
empty, vain.] 1. Quality or state of being vain ; empti- 
ness ; unsubstantialness ; falsity. 2. An inflation of 
mind upon slight grounds ; overweening self-conceit ; 
excessive desire for notice or approval ; pride ; conceit. 

3. That which is vain, visionary, or unreal ; fruitless 
desire or effort ; empty pleasure ; idle show. 4. One of 
the characters in the old moralities and puppet shows. 

Syn.— Unrealness; worthlessness. See Egotism ; Pride. 
Van'ner (vSn'ner), n. {Mining) A machine for con- 
centrating ore with a van. 



Van'nlng (van'nTng), n. {Mining) A process by 

which ores ar« washed on ;i siiovcl, m in ;i vau 

Van'qulsh (vSn'kwrsh), v. t. [imp. I 

OI'Ished (-kwlM)it); //. pr. £ vb. ». * .' \ [OE. 

venquieken, venquiuen, / <■„/.,.■, „, V. va4ncre A pr< 
quit, OF. iiuitn. pret. ri/i'jiii, venquis, i r. L. i 

akin to AS. wig war. j 1. To conquer, ov.-i. 

subdue in battle. 2. Eunoe, to defeat in anyooni 

get the better of ; to put down ; to refute. 

Syn. — To surmount ; confute : rilenoe. 

Van'qulsh a ble (-a-b'l ), «. That may be vanquished. 

Van'quish-er (-Sr). «. One that van.; 

Van'qulsh ment fount), a. Act oi vanquishing ; 
state of being vanquished. 

Vant (vant), /•. i. Sec- Vaunt. [Obi.] 

Van'tage (van'tuj kphetie form of OK. 

avantage, fr. F. montage. See A in antaue. j 1 - 
perior situation or opportunity; advantage. [./.'. j 2. 
{Lawn Tennit) The first point after deuce. 

Vantage ground, superior state or place. 

Vap'id (vKpTd), a. [L. vapidw spiritless; vapid; 
akin to vappa vapid wine, vapor vapor.] Having lost 

its life and spirit ; dead; spiritless; insipid; rlat ; dull; 
unanimated. — Vap'id-ly, adv. — Vap'id-ness. n. 
Va-pid'1-ty (va-ptd'T-ty), n. Quality of being vapid. 
Va'por(va'per),//. [OF., fr.L. vapor.] 1.(1 
Any substance in the gaseous state, but which is ordina- 
rily a liquid or solid; sometimes, any gas. 2. Henoe, 
any visible diffused substance floating "in the atmosphere, 
as smoke. 3. Flatulence. [Oh.i.] 4. Something un- 
substantial ; vain imagination ; idle talk. 5. 
ancholy. [Obs.] 

Va'por, v. i. & t. limp. & p. p. Vapored (-pSrd) ; 
p. pr. & vb.n. Vaporing.] 1. To pass or send oh in. or 
as if in, vapor; to steam; to evaporate. 2. To emit 
fumes. \_R.] 3. To talk idly ; to boast or vaunt ; to brag. 
Vap'0-ra-ble (vap'6-ra-b'l), a. Vaporizable. 
Vap'0-rate (-rat), v. i. [L. vapomrp. -atnm.] To 
evaporate. \R.] — Vapo-ra'tion (-ra'shunl. n. 

Vap'O-rif'ic (-rif'Tk), a. [ Vapor -f L. ficare to make. 
See -fy.] Passing, or causing to pass, into vapor. 

Va'por-ing (va'per-Tng), a. Talking idly ; boasting ; 

vaunting. — Va'por-lng-ly, adv. [porous. I 

Va'por-ish, a. Full of, or affected by, vapors; va-| 

Vap'O-ri'za-hle (vap'o-rl'za-b'l or va'per-i'- ; 110), a. 

Capable of being vaporized, or converted into vapor. 

Vap'O-ri-za'tion (v5p'6-rT-za'shun or va'per-T-), n. 
Act or process of vaporizing ; state of being vaporized. 

Vap'G-rlze (v5p'o-riz or va'per-iz), v. t. & ?'. [imjj. & 
p. p. Vaporized (-rizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vaporizing 
(-ri'zing).] To convert into, or pass off in, vapor. 
Vap'O-ri'zer, n. One that vaporizes. 
Va'por-ose 7 (va'per-os'), a. Full of vapor; vaporous. 
Va'por-OUS (-us), a. [L. vaporosus.] 1. Having the 
form or natm-e of vapor. 2. Full of, or producing, va- 
pors ; hence, windy ; flatulent. 4. Unreal ; unsubstan- 
tial; vain; whimsical. — Va'por-ous-ness. >;. 

Va'por-y (-y), a. 1. Full of vapors ; vaporous. 2. 
Hypochondriacal ; splenetic ; peevish. 

II Va-que'ro (va-ka'ro), n. [Sp., cowherd, fr. raca cow, 
L. vacca.] A herder of cattle ; herdsman. [Southwest- 
ern U. S.] 

Va'ri-a-ble (va'rT-a-Vl), a. Capable of varying; 
changeable. 2. Liable to vary ; too susceptible of chancre ; 
mutable; fickle; inconstant. — Va'ri-a-bil'i-ty (-a-b!l'- 
Y-ty), n., Va'ri-a-ble-ness, n. — Va'ri-a-bly, adv. 

Va'ri-a-ble, n. 1. That which is variable. 2. (Math.) 
A quantity which may increase or decrease, or which ad- 
mits of an infinite number of values in the same expres- 
sion. 3. {Xaut.) {a) A shifting wind, {b) pi. Those 
places where a steady wind is not expected. 

Va'ri-ance (-«ns), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
variant ; variation. 2. Difference that produces dispute ; 
disagreement ; dissension ; discord. 3. (Lair) A material 
difference between pleadings or parts of pleadings. 

Va'ri-ant {-ant), a. [L. varians. p. pr. of rariare. See 
Vary.] 1. Varying in form, character, etc. ; variable ; 
different ; diverse. 2. Fickle. [G&*.] — ». Something 
differing in form from another thing, but really the same. 
Va'ri-ate (-at), v. t. & i. [L. variatus, p. p. of rariare. 
See Vary.] To alter ; to make different ; to vary. 

Va'rl-a'tion (-5'shttn), n. 1. Act or result of vary- 
ing ; partial change in form, position, state, or qualities ; 
modification ; alteration ; mutation ; diversity. 2. Extent 
or degree to which a thing varies. 3. (.l/W.) Repetition 
of a theme or melody with fanciful embellishments or 
modifications, but with the essential features the same. 
Syn. — Change ; vicissitude ; variety ; deviation. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, firn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin- 



N 



VARICELLA 



900 



VAULT 



u 



Var i-cel'la (▼& l-seTlaV ft. [XL., dim. of LL. vari- 
Jlpox.] {Med.) Chicken pox. 
Varices (yfcT-aM), n.. pi. of Vakix. 

Var'i-cose (▼fc^f-Wfe ), <'• [L. varicosus, fr. rarix, 
-.', is, a dilated vein.] Irregularly swollen or enlarged; 
Of, pert, to, or affected with, varices or varicosities. 

Var i-cos'i-ty (-kos'I-ty'i, n. 1. Quality or state of 
beinc varicose. 2. A varicose vessel, fiber, or the like. 

Va'ried (▼S'fc'M), <?• Changed ; various ; diversified. 

Va'ri-e-gate (va'rT-e-gaO. v. t. [imp. & p. p. Varie- 
gated (,-ga t8d) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vakiegatixg.] [L. ra- 
il, p. -atus : varius various + agere to make. 
Se.- Various : Agent.] To diversify in external appear- 
ance : to mark with different colors ; to dapple ; to streak. 

Va ri-e-ga'tion (▼• lT-e-ga'shun), n. A variegating ; 
state or result of being variegated ; diversity of colors. 

Va-ri'e-tal (,va-ri'e-tal), a. Of or pertaining to a va- 
riety : characterizing a variety ; constituting a variety. 

Va-ri'e-ty (-tjf), n. 1. Quality or state of being vari- 
ous ; intermixture or succession of different things. 2. 
That which is various. Specif. : (a) A collection of dif- 
ferent things, (b) Something varying or differing from 
others of the same general kind ; sort, (c) (Biol. ) An 
individual, or group of individuals, of a species differing 
from the rest in some one or more of the characteristics 
typical of the species, and capable either of perpetuating 
itself for a period, or of being perpetuated by artificial 
means ; hence, a subdivision, or peculiar form of a species. 
(d i In inorganic nature, one of those forms in which a 
species may occur, which differ in minor characteristics 
of structure, color, purity of composition, etc. 

Syii. — Diversity ; difference ; kind. — A man has a va- 
riety of employments when he does many things which 
are not a mere repetition of the same act ; he has a diver- 
sit y of employments when the several acts performed are 
unlike each other, that is, diverse ; hence, variety does 
not necessarily imply diversity. 

Va-ri'O-la (va-ri'o-la), n. [LL., fr. L. varius various.] 
(Med.) The smallpox. — Va-ri'O-lar (-ler), a. 

Va'ri-O-la'tion (va'rT-6-la'shun), n. (Med.) Inocula- 
tion with smallpox. [small, round specks. I 

Va'ri-O-lit'ic (va'rT-o-lTt'Tk), a. Thickly marked with | 

Va'ri-O-loid (va'rl-o-loid or var'T-), a. [Variola -f- 
-oid.] (Med.) Resembling smallpox ; pertaining to the 
disease called varioloid. — n. The smallpox as modified 
by previous inoculation or vaccination. 

' Va-ri'0-l0US ( va-ri'o-lxis), a. (Med. ) Of or pert, to the 
Bmallpox ; having pits like those of the smallpox. 

Va Ti-o / rum (va'rT-o'runi), a. [L., abbrev. fr. cum 
not is variorum, with notes of various persons.] Contain- 
ing notes by different persons ; — said of publications. 

Va'ri-OUS (va'rl-us), a. [L. varius.'] 1. Different ; 
diverse ; several ; manifold. 2. Changeable ; uncer- 
tain ; inconstant ; variable. 3. Variegated ; diversified ; 
not monotonous. — Va'ri-OUS-ly, adv. 

|! Va'rix (va'rlks), n. ; pi. Varices (var'i-sez). [L.] 
1. (Med.) An uneven, permanent dilatation of a vein or 
other circulatory vessel. 2. (Zool.) One of the ribs 
crossing the whorls of certain univalves. 

Varlet (var'lgt), n. [OF. varlet, vaslel, 
vallet, servant, young man, young noble, 
dim. of vassal. See Vassal.] 1. A serv- 
ant, esp. to a knight. [06s.] 2. Hence, v : 
a low fellow; scoundrel; rascal. 3. In a 
pack of playing cards, the jack. [O&s.] 

Var/let-ry (-ry), n. The rabble ; mob. 

Var'nish (-nish), n. [F. vernis, LL. 
vernicium ; akin to L. vitrum glass.] 1. 
A viscid liquid, consisting of a solution of 
resinous matter, used to lay on work to 
give it a gloss. 2. That which resembles 
varnish ; a glossy appearance. 3. An arti- 
ficial covering to give a fair appearance to 
any act or conduct ; outside show ; gloss. 

Var 'nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Varnished (-nisht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Varnishing.] 1. To cover or spread with 
varnish. 2. To conceal with what eives a fair appear- 
ance ; to gloss over ; to palliate. — Var'nish-er (-er), n. 

Va'ry (va'ry), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Varied (-rid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ri. Varying.] [F. varier. L. variare, fr. 
varius various.] 1. To change the aspect of ; to alter 
in form, looks, substance, position, etc. ; to modify. 2. To 
change to something else ; to exchange ; to alternate. 3. 
To make of different kinds ; to diversify ; to variegate. 

Va'ry, v. i. 1. To change ; to become different ; to be 
modified. 2. To differ ; to be diverse. 3. To deviate ; to 
depart ; to swerve. 4. To disagree ; to be at variance. 

Va'ry , n. Alteration; change. [Obs.] 




v Varices. 



Vas'CU-lar (vSs'ku-ler), a. [L. vasculum a small 
vessel, dim. of vas vessel. See Vase.] 1. (Biol.) (a) 
Consisting of, or containing, vessels as an essential part 
of a structure ; full of vessels, (b) Operating by means 
of vessels, (c) Of or pert, to the vessels of animal or veg- 
etable bodies. 2. (Bot.) Of, pert, to, or designating, the 
plnvnogamous plauts, all of which are vascular. — Vas'- 
CU-lar'i-ty (vaVku-lar'I-ty), n. 

II Vas'cn-lum (-loin), n. ; pi. Vascula (-la). [L., a 
small vessel.] A tin box used in collecting plants. 

Vase (vas or vaz), n. [F., fr. L. vas, vasum.~\ 1. A 
vessel adapted for various useful or ornamental purposes, 
esp. one of antique or elegant pattern used for ornament. 

2. (Arch.) (a) A representation of such a vessel used 
for ornament. [See lllust. of Niche.] (6) The body, or 
naked ground, of the Corinthian and Composite capital. 

C^^" Of the modern English pronunciation of vase, Sir. 
A. J. Ellis (1874) says : " Vase has four pronunciations in 
English : vaz, which I most commonly say, is going out 
of use, vaz 1 hear most frequently, vaz very rarely, and 
I vas I only know from Cull's marking. On the analogy of 
case, however, it should be the regular sound." 

3. (Bot.) The calyx of a plant. 

Vas'e-line (vas'e-lTn or -len), n. [Prob. fr. G. uasser 
water — Gr. eAouov olive oil.] A translucent substance 
obtained as a residue in the purification of crude petro-' 
leum, — used as an unguent and in the arts. 

Vas'O-mo'tor (vas'6-mo'ter), a. [L. vas a vessel -f- 
motor that which moves.] (Physiol.) Causing movement 
in the walls of vessels. 

Vas'sal (vas'sal), 72. [F., fr. LL. vassallus, vassus ; 
of Celtic origin. Cf. Valet, Varlet.] 1. (Feud. Law) 
The grantee of a fief, feud, or fee ; feudatory ; feudal ten- 
ant. 2. A subject ; dependent ; servant ; slave. 

Rear (for Arriere) vassal, the vassal of a vassal. 

Vas'sal, a. Resembling a vassal ; slavish ; servile. 

Vas'sal-age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. State of being vassal. 2. 
A vassal territory. 4. Vassals, collectively. [B.~\ 

Vas'sal-ry (-ry), n. The body of vassals. [R.~\ 

Vast (vast), a. [Compar. Vaster (-er) ; superl. 
Vastest.] [L. vastus waste, immense. See "Waste.] 

1. Waste ; desert. [Obs.] 2. Of great extent ; very spa- 
cious or large ; also, huge in bulk ; immense. 3. Very 
great in numbers, quantity, or amount. 4. Very great 
in force ; mighty. 5. Very great in importance. — Vast'- 
ly, adv. — Vast'ness, n. 

Vast- n. A waste region ; boundless space ; immensity. 
Vas-ta'tion (vas-ta'shun), n. [L. vastatio,iv. vastare 

to lay waste.] A laying waste ; devastation. [Obs.~\ 
Vas-tid'i-ty (vas-tTd'i-ty), n. Vastness. [Obs.] 
Vast'y (-y), a. [From Vast.] Vast ; immense, [i?.] 
Vat (vat), ?i. [Dial, for OE. fat, A&.fset; akin to G. 

fass.] 1. A large vessel, cistern, or tub, for various uses. 

2. A varying measure for liquids ; also, a dry measure. 
Vat'i-can (vat'i-kan), n. [L. Vaticanus, mons, or 

collis, Vaticanus, the Vatican hill, in Rome.] A mag- 
nificent assemblage of buildings at Rome, near the church 
of St. Peter, including the pope's palace ; hence, by ex- 
tension, the papal authority. 

Thunders of the Vatican, the anathemas, or denuncia- 
tions, of the pope. 

Vat'i-cide (-sid), n. [L. vates a prophet + caedere to 
kill.] The murder, or the murderer, of a prophet. 

Va-tici-nal (va-tis'i-nal), a. Prophetic. 

Va-tic'i-nate (-nat), v. i. & t. [L. vaticmar-i. p. p. 
-atus, fr. vaticinus prophetical, fr. vates a prophet.] To 
prophesy ; to foretell ; to utter prophecies. 

Va-tic'i-na / tion(-na'shun), n. Prediction; prophecy. 

Va-tic'i-na'tor (va-tls'T-na'ter), n. A prophet. 

li Vaudeville (vod'vil), n. [F., fr. Vau-de-vire, a 
village in Normandy, where Olivier Basselin, at the end 
of the 14th century, composed such songs.] 1. A kind 
of lively song, frequently satirical, sung to a familiar air 
in couplets with a refrain. 2. A theatrical piece, usually 
a comedy, intermingled with light or satirical songs. 

Vau-doux' (vo-doo'), n. & a. See Voodoo. 

Vault (valt), n. [OF. voute, volte, LL. volta, for volu- 
ta, volvtio, fr. L. volvere, volutum, to roll. See Volu- 
ble.] 1. (Arch.) An arched structure of masonry, form- 
ing a ceiling or canopy. 2. An arched apartment, esp. 
a subterranean one for storage, interment, etc. 3. The 
canopy of heaven ; sky. 4. [F. volte, It. volta, orig., a 
turn. See Etym. above.] A leap or bound. Specif.: (a) 
(Man.) The bound or leap of a horse; curvet, (b) A 
leap by aid of the hands, a pole, springboard, etc. 

Vault, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vaulted; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Vaulting.] 1. To form or cover with a vault ; to 
give the shape of an arch to ; to arch. 2. To leap over, 
esp. by aid of the hands or a pole. 



a, e, X, o, u, long ; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short ; senate, 6 vent, idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



VAULT 



901 



VELOURS 



Vault (valt), v. i. To leap ; to bound ; to jump ; to 
spring. [place. [06*.] I 

Vault'age (-Sj), n. Vaulted work; also, a vaulted | 

Vault'ed, a. 1. Arched ; concave on the underside. 
2. Covered with an arch, or vault. 

Vault'er (-er), n. One who vaults ; a tumbler. 

Vault'y {-f), a. Arched ; concave. [Obi. ] 

Vaunt (rant or vant), v. i. & I. [imp. & p.p. Vaunted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Vaunting.] [F. ranter, LL. vaniiare, fr. 
L. vanus vain. See Vain.] To boast ; to make a vain- 
glorious display ; to talk ostentatiously ; to brag. 

Vaunt, v. I. To boast of ; to make a vain display of. 

Vaunt, n. A vain display of what one is, or has, or 
has done ; ostentation from vanity ; boast ; bras. 
• Vaunt, n. [See Avant.] The first part. [Oft*.] 

Vaunt, v. t. To put forward ; to display. [Obs.] 

Vaunt'-COUfri-er (-koo'n-er), n. Van-courier. [Obs.] 

Vaunt'er (-er), n. One who vaunts ; a boaster. 

Vav'a-SOr (vaVa-sor), n. [OF., fr. LL. vavasaor.l 
(Feud. Law) The vassal or tenant of a baron ; a digni- 
tary or a title of dignity next to a baron. 

Va'ward 7 (va/ward* 1 ), n. [For vanward, equiv. to 
vanguard.] The fore part ; van. [Obs.] 

Veal (vel), n. [OF. veel, L. vitellus, dim. of vitulus a 
.calf ; akin to E. wether. .] A calf's flesh used for food. 

Vec'tor (vek'tor), n. [L., a carrier, fr. vehere, vectum, 
to carry.] {Math.) A directed quantity, as a straight 
line or a force. 

Ve'da (va'da or ve'da), n. [Skr. veda, fr. vid to know.] 
The ancient sacred literature of the Hindoos ; also, one 
of the four collections, called Big- Veda, Yajur-Veda, 
Sama-Veda, and Atharva-Veda , constituting its most 
ancient portions. — Ve-dan'tic (-dan'tik), a. 

Ve-dette' (ve-dgf), n, [F., deriv. of It. veglia watch, 
L. vigilia. See Vigil.] A sentinel, usually on horse- 
back, stationed on the outpost of an army, [or a Veda. I 

Ve'dic (va'dlk or ve'-), a. Of or pert, to the Vedas, | 

Veer (ver), v. i. & t. limp. & p. p. Veered (verdj ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Veering.] [F. virer, LL. virare ; origin 
uncertain.] To change direction ; to turn ; to shift. 

To veer and haul (Naut.), to shift back and forth in direc- 
tion ; — said of the wind, which veers aft or with the sun 
and hauls forward. 

Veer'y (ver'y), n. (Zobl.) A common American thrush. 

Ve'ga (ve'ga), n. (Astron.) [Ar. ivagV, prop., falling.] 
The brightest star in the constellation Lyra. 

Veg'e-ta-ble (vej'e-ta-b'l), a. [F. vegetable growing, 
formerly also, a vegetable, fr. L. vegetabilis enlivening, 
fr. vegetare to enliven, invigorate, vegetus enlivened, vig- 
orous, vegere to arouse, to be lively, akin to E. vigil.'] 1. 
Of or pert, to plants ; having the nature of, or produced 
by, plants. 2. Consisting of, or comprising, plants. 

Vegetable alkali (Chem.), an alkaloid. — Vegetable ivory. 
See Ivory nut, under Ivory. — Vegetable kingdom (Nat. 
Hist.), that primary division of living things which in- 
cludes all plants, these being primarily divided into the 
Pluenogamia (or Phanerogamia) and the Cryptogamia. 

Veg'e-ta-ble (vej'e-ta-b'l), n. 1. (Biol.) A plant. 2. 
A plant used or cultivated for food for man or domestic 
animals ; also, the edible part of such a plant, as pre- 
pared for market or the table. 

ifgg^ Veqetables and fruits are sometimes loosely dis- 
tinguished by the usual need of cooking the former for 
the use of man, while the latter may be eaten raw ; but 
the distinction often fails, as in the case of quinces, bar- 
berries, and other fruits, and lettuce, celery, etc. Toma- 
toes if cooked are vegetables, if eaten raw are fruits. 

Veg'e-tal (-tal), a. [F. vegetal.] 1. Of or pert, to 
vegetables; of the nature of a vegetable ; vegetable. 2. 
(Biol.) Of, pert, to, or designating, the vital phenomena, 
such as digestion, secretion, excretion, circulation, etc., 
common to plants and animals. 

Veg'e-ta'ri-an (-ta'rT-«n), n. One who holds that 
vegetables and fruits are the only proper food for man. 

Veg'e-ta'ri-an, a. Of or pertaining to vegetarianism. 

Veg'e-ta'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. The theory or practice 
of living upon vegetables and fruits. 

Veg'e-tate (v6j'e-tat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vegetated 
(-ta/tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vegetating.] [L. vegetare. p. 
p. -alus, to enliven. See Vegetable.] 1. To grow like 
plants ; to sprout ; to germinate. 2. Fig. : To lead a life 
too low for an animate creature ; to do nothing but eat 
and grow. 3. (Med.) To grow exuberantly ; to produce 
fleshy or warty outgrowths. 

Veg'e-ta'tion (vej'e-ta'shun), n. 1. Act, process, or 
result of vegetating. 2. Vegetables or plants in general. 

Veg'e-ta-tive (vej'e-ta-tTv), a. 1. Growing, as plants ; 
capable of vegetating. 2. Having the power to produce 
growth in plants. 3. (Biol.) Having relation to, or par- 



taking of, simple growth and nutrition. — Veg'e ta tive- 

ly (v8j'e-ta-tlv-iy), «</».- Veg'e-tative-neBS, «. 
Ve'he mence foVht-men*), n. Quality or htute of 

being veiiciii.-iit • Impetuosity ; riolence; fury. 
Ve'he-men-cy (-men-ay), //. Vehemenoo. [A'.] 
Ve'he-ment (-ment), a. [L. vehetnen 1 

with great force ; furious; violent; Impetuous; i 

mighty. 2. Very ardent; very eager 01 

fervent ; passionate. - - Ve'he-ment-ly, ado. 
Syn. — Raging ; anient: hot j ferVid; burning. 
Ve'hi-cle (ve^hl-k'l), n. [L. vchiculum, h. 

carry; akin to B. way, nai/i.] 1. That in 01 I 

any person or tiling is, or may he, cam. 
wagon, car, sleigh, hicycle, etc. ; a i 

esp. upon land. 2. That which is used at the but 
of conveyance or communication. 3. [Pharm, 
Stance in which medicine is taken. 4. [Paint.) Any Ji<juid 
with which a pigment is applied. [ing as, a \."-lii< le. I 

Ve-hic'u-lar (v&-hlk'ft-ltr), a. Of, i*Tt. to, i 

Ve-hic'u-la-ry (-lft-ry), a. Vehicular. 

Veh'mic (ve'mTk or va'-), a. [G. vehm./ehm, fehtne, 
vehmic tribunal, MH<. tie.] Of, pert." t<.. or 

designating, certain secret tribunals which flourished in 
Germany from the end of the 12th century to the middle of 
the 16th, usurping many functions of the government-. 

Veil (val), n. [OF. veile, L. velum a sail, covering, 
curtain, veil.] 1. Something hung up, or spread out, to 
intercept the view, and hide an object ; cover ; curtain ; 
esp., a screen of diaphanous material to hide or protect 
the face. 2. A cover ; mask ; pretense. 

To take the veil (Eccl.), to receive, or be covered with, 
a veil, as a nun, in token of retirement from the world. 

Veil, v. t. \_imp. & p. p. Veiled (vakl); j>. pr. 
& vb. n. Veiling.] 1. To throw a veil over; to cover 
with a veil. 2. Fig. : To invest ; to hide ; to conceal. 

Vein (van), n. [F. veine, L. vena.] 1. (Am 
of the vessels which carry blood, either venous or arterial. 
to the heart. 2. (Bot.) One of the smaller branches of 
the framework of a leaf. 3. (Zool.) One of the ribs or 
neryures of the wings of insects. 4. (Geol. or . 
A narrow mass of rock intersecting other rocks, sod 
filling inclined or vertical fissures not corresponding with 
the stratification ; lode ; dike ; often specif., a vein which 
contains useful minerals or ores. 5. A fissure, cleft, or 
cavity, as in the earth. 6. A streak or wave of different 
color, as in wood or marble. 7. A train of associations, 
thoughts, emotions, etc. ; current ; course. 8. Peculiar 
temper or temperament ; turn of mind ; humor ; strain. 

Vein, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Veined (vand) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Veining.] To form, mark, fill, or cover with veins. 

Veined (vand). a. Full of veins ; streaked. 

Veinlet (van'let), n. A small vein. 

Vein'OUS (-us), a. Marked with veins ; veined ; veiny. 

Vein'y (-y). a- Full of veins; veined. 

Ve'lar (ve'ler), a. [See Velum.] 1. Of or pert, to a 
velum. 2. (Phan.) Guttural. 

Ve'late (ve'lat), a. [L. velatus, p. p. of velare to 
veil. See Veil.] (Bot.) Having a veil ; veiled. 

Vel-le'i-ty (vgl-le'i-ty), 7i. [F. velleite, fr. L. 
will.] Imperfect or incomplete volition. 

Vel'li-cate (-lT-kat), v. t. & i. [imp. X- p. p. Velli- 
cated (-ka'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vellicating.] 
licare, p. p. -atus, fr. vellere to pluck.] To twitch ; to 
move convulsively. Ting. I 

VePli-ca'tion (-ka'slmn), v. A vellicating or twitch- 1 

Vel'lum (vel'liim), n. [OE. velim, F. vtiin, fr. L. pi- 
lulinus of a calf, fr. r it til us a calf.] A fine kind of 
parchment, usually of calfskin rendered clear and white. 

Vel'O-Cim'e-ter (vel'6-sTm'e-ter), n. [L. relax, -ocis, 
rapid -(- -meter.] An apparatus for measuriug speed. 

Ve-loc'i-pede (vfe-lbVI-ped), n. [L. relax, -oris, swift 
+ pes, pedis, a foot.] A light road car- 
riage propelled by the feet of the rider, 
orig. by pushing on the roadway, 
but commonly now hv pedals. 

Ve-loc'i-ty (-T-*y), »• [L. 

VClocittU, fr. relax, -ocis, swift, 
quick.] 1. Quickness of mo- 
tion. 2. (Mecfi.) Rate of mo- 
tion ; relation of motion to time, 
Old Form of Two-wheeled measured by units of space 
Velocipede. passed over in a unit of time. 

Syn. — Celerity ; fleetness : speed: rapidity; swift- 
ness.— Velocity is generally used of the motion of inan- 
imate objects, or of motion resulting from propulsion : c< - 
lerity is more commonly applied to the motions of animals. 
Ve-lours' (ve-16or'), n. [F. See Velure.] One of 
many textile fabrics having a pile like that of velvet. 




fern, recent, drb, rijde, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



VELUM 



902 



VENTIDUCT 



u 



I Velum (velum), n. ; pi. Vela (-la). [L., veil. See 
Veil.] {Biol.) A veil-like organ or part ; esp., a ineni- 
bnnoua partition or covering, as the soft palate. 

Vel'ure (vSMlr), n. [F. velours, OF. velous, fr. L. 
airy. See Velvet.] Velvet. [06a\] 

Ve-lu'ti-nous (ve-lu'ti-niis), «. [See Velvet.] (J5o*.) 
Covered with a fine and dense silky pubescence ; velvety. 

Vel'vet (vel'vet), n. [OE. velouette, velvet, veluet, 
deriv. of L. villus shaggy hair ; akin to E. wool.} 1. A 
silk fabric, having a short, close nap of erect threads. In- 
ferior qualities have a cotton or linen back. 2. The soft, 
deciduous skiu on the antlers of deer during their growth. 

Vel'vet, a. Made of velvet ; soft and delicate ; velvety. 

Vel vet-een' (-en'), n. [See Velvet.] A kind of 
cloth, usually cotton, made in imitation of velvet. 

Vel'vet-y (-y), a. Made of velvet, or like velvet ; 
soft ; smooth ; delicate. 

II Ve'na (ve'na), n. ; pi. Vene (-ne). [L.] A vein. 
Vena cava; pi. Ven.*: cav-E. [L., lit., hollow vein.l 

(Anal.) Any one of the great systemic veins connected 
directly with the heart. 

Ve'nal (ve'nal), a. [L. vena a vein.] Venous. [R.~] 

Ve'nal, a. [L. venalis, fr. venus sale ; akin to Gr. 
Sii'os price, Skr. vasna.] That may be bought, obtained, 
or influenced for money or other valuable consideration ; 
held for sale ; salable ; mercenary. — Ve'nal-ly, adv. 

Syn. — Mercenary ; hireling ; purchasable. — Mercena- 
ry and venal can not be sharply distinguished. Both are 
ordinarily used opprobriously to imply the sale, or readi- 
ness to sell, something which honor and self-respect for- 
bids to be sold, mercenary implying more distinctly than 
venal a sordid love of gam ; thus, a man may be venal, 
either from mercenary motives, or simply from lack of 
principle, without caring for the advantage so gained. 
Hireling does not necessarily imply any lack of principle 
or any wrong motive ; but it usually does imply either 
one of these or else pettiness of consideration. 

Ve-nal'i-tV (ve-ngl'T-ty), n. Quality of being venal. 

Ven'a-ry (ven'a-ry), a. [LL. venarius, fr. L. venari, 
p. p. venatus, to hunt.] Of or pertaining to hunting. 

Ve-nat'ic (ve-nStTk), ) a. [L. venaticus.J Of or pert. 

Ve-nat'ic-al (-T-kal), J to hunting. [i2.] 

Ve-na'tion (-na'shiin), n. [L. vena vein.] Arrangement 
or system of veins, as in a leaf or in an insect's wing. 

Vend (vend), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vended ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Vending.] [F. vendre, L. vender e, from venum 
dare ; venus sale -f- dare to give.] To transfer for a pe- 
cuniary equivalent ; to sell. 

Syn. — Barter ; trade. — J^nd differs from barter. We 
vend for money ; we barter for commodities ; trade is used 
in both senses. Vend is used chiefly of merchandise. 

Vend, n. A vending or selling ; sale. [or sold. I 

Vend-ee^ (-e'), n. One to whom a thing is vended, | 

II Ven'd^'miaire' (vaN'da'mySr'), w. [F., fr. L. vin- 
demia vintage.] The first month of the French repub- 
lican calendar, dating from September 22, 1792. 

ft^T* In this calendar (established in 1793 and abolished 
in 1805) the 22d of September, 1792 (fixed upon as the day 
of the foundation of the republic) was the first day of the 
first year, and the year was divided into twelve months of 
thirty days, with five additional days for festivals, and 
every fourth year six. The names of the months in their 
order were, Vendemiaire, Brum-aire, Frimaire, Nivose, 
Pluviose, Ventose, Germinal, Floreal, Prairial, Messidor, 
Therrnidor (sometimes called Fervidor), and Fructidor. 

Vend'er (vend'er), n. One who vends. 
Ven-det'ta (vgn-det'ta), n. [It.] A blood feud; 
private revenge for the murder of a kinsman. 

Vend'i-ble (vgnd'T-b'l), a. Capable of being vended, 
or sold ; that may be sold ; salable. — Vend'i-bil'i-ty 
(-bTil-ty), Vend'i-ble-ness, n.— Vend'i-bly, adv. 

Ven-di'tion (vgn-dish'un), n. Act of vending ; sale. 

Vend'or (vgnd'or), n. A vender ; a seller. 

Ven-due / (vgn-du'), n. [OF., fr. vendre, p. p. vendu, 
vendue, to sell.] An auction. [Obsoles.~\ 

Ve-neer' (ve-ner'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Veneered 
(-nerd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Veneering.] [G. furnieren, 
fourniren, fr. F. fournir to furnish. See Furnish.] To 
overlay or plate with a thin layer of wood or other ma- 
terial for outer finish or decoration. 

Ve-neer', n. A thin leaf or layer used in veneering. 

Ve-neer'Ing, n. 1. Act or art of one who veneers. 
2. Wood or other material used to veneer with. 

Ven'e-nate (vgn'e-nat), v. t. [L. venenare, p. p. -atus, 
fr. venenuvx poison.] To poison. [R.~] 

Ven'er-a-ble (vgn'er-a-b'l), a. Capable, or worthy, of 
being venerated ; deserving of honor and respect ; — gen- 
erally implying advanced age. — Ven'er-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'- 
*-ty), Ven'er-a-ble-ness, n. — Ven'er-a-bly, adv. 

Q3T' In the Church of England venerable is a title for an 
archdeacon. 



Ven'er-ate (vSn'er-at), v. t. [hup. & p. p. Venerated 
(-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Venerating.] [L. venerari, p. 
p. -atus ; akin to Venus Venus, Skr. van to wish, and E. 
winsome.] To regard with reverential respect ; to honor 
with mingled respect and awe ; to reverence ; to revere. 

Ven'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of venerating, or state 
of being venerated ; respect mingled with awe. 

Syn. —Awe; reverence; respect. See Reverence. 

Ven'er-a'tor (vgn'er-a/ter), n. One who venerates. 

Ve-ne're-al (ve-ne're-al), a. [L. venereus, venerius, 
fr. Venus, Veneris, Venus, the goddess of love.] 1. Of or 
pertaining to venery, or sexual love. 2. (3fed.) (a) Aris- 
ing from sexual intercourse. {b) Adapted to the cure of 
venereal diseases. 3. Exciting sexual desire ; aphrodisiac. 

Ven'er-y(ven'er-^), n. [L. Venus, Veneris, the goddess 
of love.] Sexual love ; sexual intercourse ; coition. 

Ven'er-y, n. [OF. vener to hunt, L. venari. See 
Venison.] Art, act, or practice of hunting. 

Ve ne-sec'tion (ve'ne-sgk'shun), n. [L. vena vein + 
sectio section.] {Med.) Phlebotomy. [Italy. I 

Ve-ne'tian (ve-ne'shan), a. Of or pert, to Venice, in| 

Venetian blind, a blind for windows, doors, etc., made of 
thin slats, either fixed or movable. 

Ve-ne'tian, n. A native or inhabitant of Venice. 

Ven'ew (vgn'u), ) n. [F. venue, fr. venir to come.] A» 

Ven'ey (vgn'jf), J bout, or turn ; thrust ; hit. [Obs.J 

Venge (vgnj), v. t. [F. venger.] To avenge ; to re- 
venge. [Obs.~\ 

Venge'ance (-ans), n. [F., fr. venger to avenge, L. 
vindicare to claim, defend, avenge, fr. vindex claimant, 
defender.] 1. Punishment inflicted in return for an 
injury or an offense ; retribution ; — often in a bad sense. 
2. Harm ; mischief. [Obs.~\ 

Venge'ful (-ful), a. Vindictive ; revengeful. 

Ve'ni-al (ve'ni-al), a. [OF., fr. L. venialis, fr. venia 
forgiveness, favor; akin to venerari to venerate.] 1. 
Capable of being forgiven ; not heinous ; excusable ; 
pardonable. 2. Allowed; permitted. [Obs.~\ — Ve'ni- 
al-ly, adv. — Ve'ni-al-ness, n. [being venial. I 

Ve'ni-al'i-ty (ve'ni-al'I-ty), n. Quality or state of | 

II Ve-ni're fa'ci-as (ve-ni're fa'shT-as), or Ve-ni're. 
[L., cause to come.] {Law) (a) A judicial writ direct- 
ing the sheriff to cause a certain number of qualified per- 
sons to appear in court to serve as jurors. (6) A writ 
directing the party indicted on a penal statute to appear. 

Ven'1-son (ven'i-z'n or ven'z'n), n. [OF. veneison, 
L. venatio hunting, game, fr. venari, p. p. -atus, to hunt.] 
1. Beasts of the chase. [Obs.~\ 2. Formerly, the flesh 
of any of the edible beasts of the chase, also of game 
birds ; now, only flesh of animals of the deer kind. 

Ven'om (ven'um), n. [OF. venim, venin, L. venenum.~\ 
1. Matter fatal or injurious to life ; poison ; esp., the 
poisonous matter secreted by certain animals in a state 
of health. 2. Spite ; malice ; malignity ; evil quality. 

Syn. — Venom ; virus ; bane. See Poison. 

Ven'om, v. t. To infect with venom ; to poison, [i?.] 

Ven'om-OUS (-us), a. 1. Full of venom ; noxious to 
animal life ; poisonous. 2. {Zo'dl. ) Having a poison gland 
or glands. 3. Noxious ; mischievous ; malignant ; spite- 
ful. — Ven'om-ous-ly, adv. — Ven'om-ous-ness, n. 

Ve-nose' (ve-nos'), a. [See Venous.] Having nu- 
merous or conspicuous veins ; veiny. 

Ve'nous (ve'niis), a. [L. venosus, fr. vena a vein.] 

1. {Anat.) Of, pert, to, or contained in, a vein or veins. 

2. Like, pert, to, or designating, the blood contained in 
the veins, which is dark bluish and contains insufficient 
oxygen. 3. Marked with veins ; veined. 

Vent (vent), n. [F. fente slit, cleft, fr. fendre to split, 
L. findere.~] 1. A small aperture ; a hole or passage for 
air or any fluid. 2. Specif. : (a) {Zo'dl.) The anal or 
cloacal opening of certain lower animals, {b) { Gun. ) The 
opening at the breech of a firearm, through which fire is 
communicated to the powder of the charge ; touchhole. 

3. Fig. : Outlet, escape, or passage from confinement or 
privacy ; emission ; escape ; utterance. 

Vent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vented ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Venting.] 1. To let out at a vent ; to give passage, vent, 
or outlet to. 2. To suffer to escape ; to let out ; to utter. 
3. To furnish with a vent ; to make a vent in. 

Vent'ail (vgnt'al), n. [OF. ventaille. See Ventilate.] 
That part of a helmet intended for the admission of air. 

Vent'er (-er), n. One who vents or utters. 

II Ven'ter (vgn'ter), n. [L.] 1. {Anat.) {a) Belly; 
abdomen, {b) Uterus, or womb, (c) A belly, or pro- 
tuberant part ; a broad surface. 

Venfhole' (vgnt'hol'), n. A touchhole ; a vent. 

Ven'ti-duct (vgn'tT-dfikt), n. [L. venlus wind + duc- 
tus conduit.] A passage for wind or air. 



a, e, 1, 5, ix, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, 0., y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, &bey, ftnite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



VENTILATE 



903 



VERGER 



Ven'tl-late (vSn'tT-lat), v. t. limp. &p. p. Ventilated 
(-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ventilating.] [L. verUUare t 
p. p. -atus, to fail, to winnow, fr. ventus wind ; akin to E. 
wind.'] 1. To open and expose to free passage of air ; to 
air. 2. To provide with a vent for air, gas, etc. 3. To 
change or renew with fresh air. 4. To winnow. 5. To 
sift and examine ; to expose to examination and discus- 
sion. 6. To vent ; to utter. [being ventilated. I 

Ven ti-la'tion (-la'shftn), n. A ventilating ; state of | 

Ven'ti-la'tor (-la'ter), n. A contrivance for effecting 
ventilation, esp. by drawing off, or forcing out, foul air. 

Ven-tose' (vgn-tos'), a. [L. venlosus.] Windy. 

II Ven'tose' (vaN'toz'), n. [F.] See Vendemiaire. 

Ven-tOS'i-ty (vgn-t5s'T-t^), n. Quality or state of 
being ventose ; windiness ; hence, vainglory. 

Ven'tral (ven'tral), a. [L. ventralis, fr. venter the 
belly.] 1. (Anat.) Of, pert, to, or situated near, the 
belly, or ventral side, of an animal or of one of its parts ; 
hemal ; abdominal. 2. (Bot.) (a) Of or pert, to that sur- 
face of a carpel, petal, etc., which faces toward the cen- 
ter of a flower. (b) Of or pert, to the lower side or 
surface of a creeping moss or other low flowerless plant. 

Ven'tri-cle (-trT-k'l), n. [L. ventriculus stomach, ven- 
tricle, dim. of venter belly.] 1. (Anat.) A cavity of an 
organ ; specif., the posterior chamber, or one of the two 
posterior chambers, of the heart, which forces out the 
blood. 2. The stomach. [06s.] 3. Fig. : Any hollow place 
where any function may be conceived of as operating. 

Ven'tri-COSe' (vgn'trT-kos'), ) a. [L. venter belly.] 

Ven'tri-COUS (ven'trT-kus), I (Nat. Hist.) Swelling 
out, esp. on one side or unequally ; bellied ; ventricular. 

Ven-tric'U-lar (ven-trlk'u-ler), a. Of or pert, to a 
ventricle ; bellied. 

Ven-tric'li-lOUS (-lus), a. Ventricose. 

Ven-tril'o-quism (ven-tril'6-kwTz'm), n. [See Ven- 
triloquous.] Act, art, or practice of speaking so that 
the voice appears to come from some source other than 
the person speaking. [skilled in, ventriloquism. I 

Ven-tril'O-quist (-kwist), n. One who practices, or is | 

Ven-tril'O-quize (-kwiz), v. i. To practice ventril- 
oquism ; to speak like a ventriloquist. 

Ven-tril'O-quous (-kwus), a. [L. ventriloquus a ven- 
triloquist ; venter belly -f- loqui, p. p. locutus, to speak.] 
Of or pert, to a ventriloquist or ventriloquism. 

Ven-tril'O-quy (-o-kwy), n. Same as Ventriloquism. 

Ven'ture (ven'tuT ; 135), n. [Aphetic for OE. aventure. 
See Adventure.] 1. An undertaking of chance or dan- 
ger ; hazard ; risk ; speculation. 2. An event that is not, 
or can not be, foreseen ; accident ; chance ; contingency. 
3. Thing hazarded ; stake ; risk. 

Ven'ture, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ventured (-turd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Venturing.] 1. To have the courage or 
presumption to do, undertake, or say something ; to dare. 
2. To run a hazard or risk ; to take the chances. 

Ven'ture, v. t. 1. To expose to hazard ; to risk ; to 
hazard. 2. To put or send on a venture or chance. 

Ven'tUT-er (-er), n. One who ventures. 

Ven'ture-some (-sum), a. Inclined to venture ; ven- 
turous ; bold ; daring ; hardy ; adventurous. — Ven'- 
ture-some-ly , adv. — Ven'ture-some-ness, n. 

Ven'tur-ine (-tur-Tn), n. [Cf. Aventurine.] (Japan- 
ning) Gold powder for covering varnished surfaces. 

Ven'tur-OUS (-us), a. Daring ; bold ; fearless ; venture- 
some. — Ven'tur-ous-ly, adv. — Ven'tur-ous-ness, n. 

Ven'ue (ven'u), n. [F., a coming, fr. venir to come, 
L. venire ; — i. e., place whither the jury are summoned.] 
1. (Law) The place or county in which anything is al- 
leged to have happened ; also, the place where an action 
is laid. 2. About; venew. [R.~\ [small vein. I 

Ven'ule (-ul), n. [L. venula, dim. fr. vena vein.] A| 

Ve'nus (ve'nus), n. [L. Venus, -em.] 1. (Class. 
Myth.) The goddess of beauty and 
love. 2. (Astron.) The planet sec- 
ond in order from the sun, between 
Mercury and the Earth. 

Venua's flytrap. (Bot.) Same as Fly- 
trap, 2. 

Ve-nust' (ve-nusf), a. [L. ve- 
nustus,iv. Venus Venus.] Beautiful. 

Ve-ra'ci0US (ve-ra'shus), a. [L. 
verax, -arts, f r. verus true. See Very. ] 
1. Observant of truth ; habitually 
speaking truth ; truthful. 2. Char- 
acterized by truth ; true ; not false. — 
Ve-ra'ciOUS-ly, adv. Venus's Flvtrao 

Ve-rac'i-ty (vt-ras'T-ty), n. Qual- (D J Za mL&&). 
ity or state of being veracious. 

Ve-ran'da (ve-r5n'da), n. [A word of East Indian 




origin.] (Arch.) An open, roofed gallery or portico, ad- 
joining a dwelling hOUM OB 0O* Of inure «ides. 

Ve-ra'trine(ve-ra'trTn),//. [See Vera tkum.] (Chun.) 
A poisonous alkaloid obtained from the root of hellebore 
( Veratrum) and other sources. 

Verb (verb), n. [F. verb', L. Mrbttm. See Wouij. J 

1. A word. [Ob.s.~\ 2. (dram.) A word which ararius 
or predicates something of a person or tiling ; a part of 
speech expressing being, action, or Buffering of action. 

Ver'bal (ver'b«l), «. 1. r xpressed in we 
spoken words ; hence, spoken ; oral ; not written. 2. 
Consisting in, or having to do with, words only ; dealing 
with words rather than with idea 3 II ring word 
answering to word. 4. Verbose. [Obs.] 6. (Gram.) 
Of, pert, to, or derived from, a verb. 

Ver'bal-ism (-Tz'm), n. A verbal expression. 

Verbalist, n. A literal adherent to, or a minute 
critic of, words ; literalist. 

Ver'bal-ize (-Iz), v. t. To convert into a verb. 

Ver'bal-ly, adv. 1. In a verbal manner ; orally. 2. 
Verbatim. [word ; in the same words ; verbally. | 

II Ver-ba'tlm (ver-ba'tlm), adv. [LL.] Word for| 

Ver-be'na (-be'na), n. [L. See Vervain.] (Bot.) 
A genus of herbaceous plants of which several species 
are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. 

Ver'ber-ate (ver'ber-at), v. t. [L. verberare, p. p. 
-alvs.] To beat ; to strike. — Ver'ber-a'tlon (-a'sliiin). n. 

Ver'bl-age (ver'bT-aj ; 48), n. [F., fr. OF. verbe word. 
See Verb.] Use of many words unnecessarily, or with 
little sense ; excess of words ; verbosity ; wordiness. 

Ver-bose' (ver-bos'), a. [L. verbosus.] Abounding 
in words ; using or containing more words than are nec- 
essary ; tedious by a multiplicity of words ; prolix ; 
wordy. — Verbosely, adv. — Ver-bose 'ness, n. 

Ver-bOS'i-ty (-b5s'i-ty), n. Quality of being verbose ; 
prolixity ; wordiness ; verbiage. [verdant. I 

Ver'dan-cy (ver'dan-s\f ), n. Quality or state of being | 

Ver'dant (-dant), a. [F. verdoyant, p. pr. of verdoyer 
to be verdant, OF. verdoier, verdeier, fr. vertf, vert, 
green, fr. L. viridis green, fr. virere to be green.] 1. 
Covered with growing plants or grass ; green ; fresh ; 
flourishing. 2. Unsophisticated ; raw ; green. [Colloq.] 
— Ver'dant-ly, adv. 

Verd' an-tique' (verd' 5n-tek'). [F. vert antique a 
kind of marble ; verd, vert, green + antique ancient.] 
(Min.) (a) A mottled-green serpentine marble, (b) A 
green porphyry called oriental verd antique. 

Ver'der-er (ver'der-er), ) n. [F. verdier, deriv. of 

Ver'der-or (-or), ( L. viridis green.] (Eny. 

Forest Law) An officer in charge of the king's forest. 

Ver'dict (-dikt), n. [OF. verdit, veirdit, IX. ver- 
dictum, veredictum ; L. vere truly (fr. verus true) + 
dictum a saying. See Dictum.] 1. (Law) The answer 
of a jury given to the court concerning any matter of 
fact committed to their examination and determination. 

2. Decision ; judgment ; opinion pronounced. 
Ver'di-gris (-dT-gres), n. [F. vert-de-gris, corrupt. 

fr. LL. viride aeris, fr. L. viridis green + aes, aeris, 
brass.] 1. (Chem.) A green poisonous substance consist- 
ing of basic acetates of copper. 2. The green rust 
formed on copper, — a carbonate of copper. [Colloq.] 

Ver'din-gale (-din-gal), n. See Farthingale. [Obs.'] 

Ver'di-ter (-dT-ter), n [F. vert-de-ferre, lit., green of 
earth.] (Chem.) (a) Verdigris. [06*.] (b) Either of 
two copper-carbonate pigments (one blue and one green). 

Ver'di-ture (ver'dl-tur ; 135), n. The palest green. 

Ver'doy (-doi), a. [F. verdoyer to become green.] 
(Her.) Charged with leaves, fruits, flowers, etc. 

Ver'dure (ver'dur), n. [F., fr. L. viridis green. See 
Verdant.] Green; greenness; freshness of vegetation. 

Ver r dur-OUS (-dur-us), a. Covered with verdure. 

Verge (verj), ?i. [F., fr. L. virga.] 1. A rod or staff , 
carried as an emblem of authority. 2. The stick for- 
merly held by those taking the oath of fealty as tenants. 
[Eng.~\ 3. (Eng. Law) The compass of the court of 
Marshalsea and the Palace court. 4. A border, limit, or 
boundary of a space ; edge ; margin ; brink. 5. A cir- 
cumference ; circle; ring. 6. (Arch.) The shaft of a 
column, or a small ornamental shaft. 7. (Horol.) The 
spindle of a watch balance. 

Verge (verj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Verged (verjd) ; 
p. pr. &vb. n. Verging (ver'jTng).] [L. vergeretobexA, 
turn, incline.] 1. To border upon ; to tend ; to incline ; 
to approach. 2. To tend downward ; to bend ; to slope. 

Verge'board' (verj'bord'). »• {Arch.) The ornament of 
woodwork upon the gable end of a roof, hiding the rafters. 

Ver'ger (ver'jer), n. [F. verger, from verge a rod.] 
One who carries a verge, or emblem of office. 



fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



VERIFIABLE 



904 



VERSUS 



U 



Ver'i-fi a-ble (ySKMI fc-b'l), a. That inay be verified. 
Ver i-fi-ca'tion (,-f i-kii'shun), n. 1. Act of verifying, 

or state of being verified. 2. {Law) Specif., a formal 
continuing phrase used iu concluding a plea. 

Ver'i-fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Verified (-fid) ; 
B pi. /;. Verifying.] [F. verifier, LL. verijicare, 
us true -f -flcurc to make. See Very ; -fy.] 1. 
To prove to be true or correct ; to establish the truth of ; 
to confirm ; to substantiate. 2. To confirm or establish 
by examination or competent evidence ; to authenticate. 
3*. To affirm. [ 06s. ] — Verifier (ver'I -f I'Sr), n . 

Ver'i-ly (veVI-ly), adv. [From Very.] In very truth; 
beyond doubt or question ; in fact ; certainly. 

Ver i-sim'i-lar (ver l-sini'I-ler), a. [L. verisimiUs; 
tents true -f- si in His similar.] Having the appearance of 
truth : probable ; likely. [ing verisimilar. I 

Ver i-si-mil'i-tude (-sT-mll'T-tud), n. Quality of be-| 

Ver'i-ta-ble (ver'T-ta-b'l), a. [F. veritable. See Ver- 
ity.] Agreeable to truth or to fact ; actual ; real ; true ; 
genuine. — Ver'i-ta-bly, adv. 

Ver'i-ty (-ty), »• [F. verite, L. Veritas, fr. verus true. 
See Very.] 1. Quality or state of being true ; conso- 
nance of a statement, proposition, etc., with fact ; truth ; 
reality. 2. That which is true ; a truth ; a reality. 

Ver'juice' (ver'juV), n. [OE. vergeous ; F. verd, vert, 
green -j-jus juice.] 1. The sour juice of crab apples, of 
unripe grapes, apples, etc. ; also, an acid liquor made from 
such juice. 2. Tartness ; sourness, as of disposition. 

Ver'meil (-mil), n. [F., vermilion, fr. LL. vermicu- 
hts, fr. L. vermiculus a little worm, the kermes insect, 
long used for dying red (whence, any red color), fr. ver- 
7?z/5worm.] 1. Vermilion. [Poetic &R.~] 2. Silver gilt 
or gilt bronze. 2. A varnish for use on gilded surfaces. 

I' Ver'mes (ver'niez), n. pi. [NL., fr. L. vermis worm.] 
{Zool.) (a) An artificial division of the animal kingdom, 
including the parasitic worms, or helminths, the nemer- 
teans, annelids, and allied groups, (b) A group compris- 
ing only the helminths and closely allied orders. 

Vermicelli (ver'me-chel'li or -sell!), n. [It., pi. of 
vermicello, lit., a little worm.] Wheat flour made into 
a slender, wormlike form ; — whence the Italian name. 

Ver'mi-cide (ver'mT-sid), n. [L. vermis worm -f- cae- 
dere to kill.] A medicine which kills intestinal worms. 

Ver-mic'u-lar (ver-mTk'u-ler), a. [L. vermiculus lit- 
tle worm, dim. of vermis worm.] Of, pert, to, or like a 
worm ; esp., resembling the motion or track of a worm. 

Ver-mic'u-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vermicu- 
lated (-la'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vermiculating.] [L. 
rermiculatus inlaid so as to resemble the tracks of worms.] 
To form, work, or mark with irregular lines or impres- 
sions resembling the tracks of worms. 

Ver-mic'U-late (-lat). cr. 1. Wormlike in shape ; cov- 
ered with vermicular elevations, lines, or depressions. 2. 
Crawling like a worm ; hence, insinuating. 

Ver-mic'U-la'tion (-la 'shim), n. 1. Act of moving 
like a worm. 2. Act of vermiculating. 3. State of be- 
ing wormeaten . 4. A vermicular marking. 

Ver-mic'u-lite (ver-mTk'u-Ht), n. [See Vermicular.] 
{Min. ) A group of minerals having a micaceous structure. 
The scales, when heated, take wormlike forms. 

Ver-mic'U-lose' (-15V), ) a. Containing, or full of, 

Ver-mic'u-lOUS (-lus), J worms ; resembling worms. 

Ver'mi-form (ver'inT-fSrm), a. [L. vermis worm -f- 
-form.] Resembling a worm ; vermicular. 

Vermiform appendix (Anat.), a slender blind process of 
the caecum in man and some other animals. 

Ver-mil'U-gal (ver-mTf 'u-gal), a. [L. vermis worm + 
fugare to drive away.] {Med.) Tending to prevent, de- 
stroy, or expel, worms or vermin ; anthelmintic. 

Ver'mi-fuge (ver'mT-fuj), n. A medicine or substance 
that expels worms from animal bodies ; an anthelmintic. 

Ver-mil'ion (ver-mTl'yiin), n. [F. vermilion. See 
Vermeil.] 1. {Chem.) A bright red pigment consisting 
of mercuric sulphide. 2. Hence, a lively and brilliant red. 

Ver'mln (ver'mTn), n. sing. & pi. ; used chiefly as 
plural. [F. vermine, fr. L. vermis worm.] 1. An animal, 
in general. [Obs. or Archaic] 2. A noxious or mischie- 
vous animal ; esp. , noxious little animals or insects, col- 
lectively. 3. Hence, in contempt, noxious human beings. 

Ver'ml-nate (-mT-nat), v. i. To breed vermin. 

Ver'mi-na'tlon (-na'shun), n. 1. The generation or 
breeding of vermin. 2. A griping of the bowels. 

Ver'min-OUB (ver'mTn-us), a. 1. Tending to breed 
vermin ; infested by vermin. 2. Caused by vermin. 

Ver-mip'a-rous (ver-mTp'a-rus), a. [L. vermis worm 
-J- pa rere to brin g forth. ] Producing or breeding worms. 

Ver-miv'o-rous (-TnTv'6-rus), a. [L. vermis worm -f- 
VOrare to devour.] {Zool.) Devouring worms. 



10 

1 


b 

L ! '. ' ' ' ' i 


u 


[ \ V Z 3 * 5 \ \_ 



Vermuth (ver'muth), n. [F. vermout.] A liqueur 
made of white wine, absinthe, and various aromatic drugs. 

Ver-nac'U-lar (ver-u5k'u-ler), a. [L. vernaculus born 
in one's house, native, fr. verna a slave born in his mas- 
ter's house, a native.] One's own by birth or nature ; 
native ; — now used chiefly of language. — n. The vernac- 
ular language ; often, the common idioms of a particular 
locality. 

Ver-nac'u-lar-ism (-Tz'm), n. A vernacular idiom. 

Ver'nal (ver'nal), a. [L. vernalis, fr. vermis vernal, 
ver spring ; akin to Gr. eap, Skr. vasanta and E. east.] 
1. Of, pert, to, or appearing in, the spring. 2. Belong- 
ing to youth, the spring of life. 

Ver-na'tlon (ver-na'shun), n. {Bot.) The arrange- 
ment and position of the leaves within the leaf bud. 

Ver'ni-cosC (ver'ni-kos'), a. [See Varnish.] {Bot.) 
Having a brilliantly polished surface, as some leaves. 

Ver'ni-er (-er), n. [So named after the inventor, Pierre 
Vernier.] A short scale 
made to slide along the 
divisions of a graduated 
instrument for indica- 'J 1 
ting parts of divisions. 

Ve-ron'i-ca (ve-ron'- 
i-ka), n. [LL. ; — from 
Veronica, a woman who, E # 

according to a legend, as ^\ X^ 

Christ was carrying the „ ^ „ , * 

cross winpd his faop a Vernier ; 6 Graduated Limb of 
cross, wipea ms face Instrument, 

with a cloth, which re- 
ceived an impression of his countenance.] 1. A represen- 
tation of the face of Christ on the alleged handkerchief 
of Saint Veronica, preserved at Rome ; hence, any similar 
representation. 2. {Bot.) The speedwell. 

Ver'ru-COSe' (ver'ru-kos'), a. [L. verrucosus, fr. ver- 
ruca a wart.] Covered with wartlike elevations ; warty. 

Ver'ru-COUS (-kiis), a. Verrucose. 

Ver'sal (ver'sal), a. Universal. [Obs. or Colloq.] 

Ver'sant (-sant), a. [From L. versans, p. pr. See 
Conversant.] Familiar ; conversant. 

Ver'sant, n. [F.] The slope of a side of a mountain 
chain ; hence, the general slope of a country ; aspect. 

Ver'sa-tile (-sa-til), a. [L. versatilis, fr. versare to 
turn around, v. freq. of vertere. See Verse.] 1. Ca- 
pable of being turned round. 2. Liable to be turned in 
opinion ; changeable ; variable ; inconstant. 3. Turning 
or applied with ease from one thing to another ; many- 
sided. — Ver'sa-tile-ly, adv. — Ver'sa-tile-ness, n. 

Versa-til'i-ty (-til'T-ty), n. Quality of being versatile. 

Verse (vers), n. [OE. vers, AS. fers, L. versus, fr. ver- 
tere, versum, to turn ; akin to E. worth to become.] 1. 
A line consisting of a certain number of metrical feet 
disposed according to metrical rules. 2. Metrical arrange- 
ment and language ; versification ; poetry. 3. A short 
division of any composition. Specif. : {a) A stanza ; 
stave ; — a common but objectionable use. (ft) {Script.) 
One of the short divisions of a chapter, (c) {3fus.) A 
portion of an anthem to be performed by a single voice 
to each part. 4. A piece of poetry. 

Verse, v. t. & i. To tell inverse ; to versify. [Obs.] 

Versed (verst), a. Acquainted or familiar by experi- 
ence, study, practice, etc. ; skilled ; practiced. 

Versed, a. [L. versus turned, p. p. See Verse.] 
{Math.) Turned. See Ulust. of Sine. 

Vers'er (vers'er), n. A versifier. 

Ver'si-cle (ver'sT-k'l), n. [L. versiculus.] A little 
verse ; esp., a short responsive verse or text said or sung 
in public worship by the priest or minister. 

Ver'si-coror (-kul'er), ) a. [L. versicolor ; ver- 

Ver'si-col/ored (-kuVerd), ] sare to change -\- color 
color.] Having various colors ; changeable in color. 

Ver'si-fi-ca'tion (veVsi-fT-ka'shun), n. Act, art, or 
practice, of versifying. 

Ver'si-fy (-fi), v. i. & I. [imp. & p. p. Versified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Versifying (-fFTng).] [F. versifier, L. 
versificare ; versus -f- -ficare to make. See Verse ; -fy.] 
To make verses ; to relate or describe in verse : to compose 
in, or turn into, verse. — Ver'si-fi'er (ver'sT-iFer), n. 

Ver'sion (-shim), n. [F. , f r. L. vertere, versum. See 
Verse.] 1. Conversion ; turning. [Obs.] 2. A trans- 
lating, or rendering, from one language into another ; 
also, that which is translated. 3. An account or descrip- 
tion from a particular point of view. 

Ver'SO (-so), n. [L. versus, p. p.] {Print.) The re- 
verse, or left-hand, page of a book or a folded sheet. 

Verst (verst), n. [Russ. versta.] A Russian measure 
of length containing 3,500 English feet. 

II Ver'SUS (ver'sus), prep. [L., toward. See Verse.] 



a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; a, £, I, 5, tt, y, short ; sen&te, £vent, tdea, ftbey, unite, c&re, am, a*k, a lL final. 



VERT 



905 



VESTIBULE 



Against ; as, John Doe versus Richard Roe ; — chiefly 
used in legal language, and abbreviated to v. or vs. 

Vert (vert), n. [F., greeu, fr. L. viridis. See Ver- 
dant.] 1. {Eng. Forest Law) (a) Everything that bears 
a green leaf, (b) The right or privilege of cutting grow- 
ing wood. 2. {Her.) The color green; — represented by 
parallel lines sloping downward toward the right. 

II Ver'te-bra (ver'te-bra), n. ; pi. -vb.m (-bre). [L. ver- 
tebra, fr. vertere 
to change. See 
Verse.] {Anat.) 
One of the serial 
segments of the 
spinal column. 

Ver'te-bral 
(ver'te-bral), a. 
1. {Anat.) Of or 
pert, to a verte- 
bra, vertebrae, or 
the vertebral col- 
umn ; spinal. 2. 
Vertebrate. 

HVerte-bra'ta 
(-bra'ta), n. pi. 
[NL.] {Zool.) 
One of the grand 
divisions of the A Sixth Dorsal Vertebra seen from above, 
if The same from the right side. C Third 




Vertebra of Max. 



Lumbar Vertebra from above. DThe same 
from the right side, a Centrum ; 6 Pedi- 
cel forming the Side of the Neural Arch ; 
c Lamina forming the Top of the Neural 
Arch ; (/Spinal Foramen ; e Spinous Proc- 
ess ; f Transverse Process ; g Anterior Ar- 
ticular Process ; g' Posterior Articular 
Process; h Capitular Facet ; /Tubercular 
Facet ; h Metapophysis ; I Anapophysis. 



animal kingdom 
comp rising all 
animals having a 
backbone of bony 
or cartilaginous 
vertebrae, and 
Amphioxus. 

Ver'te-brate 

(-brat), n. {Zool.) One of the Vertebrata. 

Ver'te-brate (ver'te-brat), ) a. [L. vertebratus.] 

Ver'te-bra'ted (ver'te-braagd), J 1. {Anat.) Having 
a backbone, or vertebral column. 2. {Bol.) Contracted 
at intervals, so as to resemble the spine in animals. 3. 
{Zool.) {a) Having movable joints resembling vertebrae ; 
— said of the arms of ophiurans. {b) Of or pert, to the 
Vertebrata ; — only in the form vertebrate. 

Ver'tex (ver'teks), n. ; pi. E. Vertexes (-ez), L. Ver- 
tices (-tT-sez). [L., whirl, top, fr. vertere to turn. See 
Verse.] A turning point ; top ; summit ; crown ; apex. 
Specif. : {a) {Anat.) The crown of the head, {b) 
{Astron.) The zenith, {c) {Math.) The point in any 
figure opposite to, and farthest from, the base. 

Ver'ti-cal (-tT-kal), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or situated at, 
the vertex, or highest point ; perpendicularly overhead. 
2. Perpendicular to the plane of the horizon ; upright ; 
plumb. — Ver'ti-cal-ly, adv. — Ver'ti-cal-ness, n. 

Ver'ti-cil (-tT-sTl), n. [L. verticillus, dim. of vertex a 
whirl.] {Bot.) A whorl. See Whorl. 

Ver-tic'il-late (ver-tTs'Tl-lat), ) 

Ver-tic'il-la'ted (-tTs'il-ia'tSd), f a - 
[See Verticil.] {Biol.) Arranged in 
a transverse whorl or whorls like rays 
of a wheel. 

Ver-tiCi-ty (ver-tls'T-ty), n. [See 
Vertex.] Power of turning. [i2.] 

Ver'ti-cle (ver'ti-k'l), n. [L. ver- 
ticula.~\ Axis ; hinge ; turning point. 

Ver-tig'i-nous (ver-tTj'T-nus), a. [L. 
vertigin osus,fr. vertigo whirling around. 
See Vertigo.] 1. Turning round ; whirl- 
ing; rotary; revolving. 2. Affected with 
vertigo; giddy; dizzy.— Ver-tig'i-nOUS- 
ly, adv.— Ver-tig'i-nous-ness, n. 

Ver'ti-gO (ver'tT-go ; L. ver-ti'go), Verticillate Leaves 
n.; pi. E. -goes (-goz), L. -tigines of Indian Cucum- 
(ver-trj'T-nez). [L., fr. vertere to Der- 
turn.] {Med.) Dizziness ; giddiness. [See Virtu. I 

Ver'tU (ver'tu), n. 1. Virtue; power. [Obs.~\ 2.| 

Ver'vain (ver'van), n. [F. verveine, fr. L. verbena, 
pi. verbenae sacred boughs of laurel, olive, or myrtle, a 
class of plants.] {Bot.) Any plant of the genus Verbena. 

II Vorvn (verv), n. [F.] Excitement of imagination 
such as animates a poet, artist, or musician ; rapture. 

Ver'y (ver'y), a. [Compar. Verier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Veriest.] [OF. verai, vrai, deriv. of L. verax, fr. verus 
true ; akin to G. wahr.) True ; real ; actual ; veritable. 

Ver'y, adv. In a high degree ; to no small extent ; 
exceedingly ; excessively ; extremely. 

II Ve-Si'ca (ve-si'ka), n. [L.] A bladder. 

Vesica piacia. [L., fish bladder.] (Eccl. Art) A glory, 
or aureole, of oval shape, or composed of two arcs. 




Ves'i-cal (veVT-k«l), a. [L. vi-sica bladder.] 
Of or pertaining to the bladder. [vesi< a 

Ves'i-cant (-coat), n. [L. vesica blister.] ( Med.) A j 

Ves'1-cate (-kut), v. t. limp, x p. p. Vesicated 
(-ka'ted) ; p. pr. X vb. n. Vesicating.] [See Vesicant.] 
{Med.) To raise little blisters upon ; to blister. 

Ves i-ca'tion (-UPahfin), u. Act of vesicating. 

Ves'i-ca-to-ry (vevr-ku-to-ry), a. {Med.) Husteriiig 
or tending to blister. — //. a blistering application. 

Ves'i-cle (vesT-k'l), n. [L. verictda, dim. ol 
bladder, blister ; akin to Skr. insti.) A bUdderlikfl 
vessel or cavity; a membranous cavftj ; ;i blisterlike 
elevation; cyst; cell. S|».-cii. : (a) (Bot.) An] 
bladderlike body, {b) (Med.) A small roundish eleva- 
tion of the cuticle, containing a clear watery fluid, (c) 
{A mil.) A cavity or sac, esp. one filled with fluid. 

II Ve-sic'U-la (ve-slk'u-la), n. ; pi. -uk (-le). [L., dim. 
of vesica.] {Anat. St Med.) A vesicle. 

Ve-sic'u-lar (-18r), a. 1. Of or pert, to vesicles, esp. 
the air vesicles of the longs. 2. Containing, composed 
of, or covered with, vesicles or vesiclelike structures ; 
bladdery. 3. Having the form or structure of a 

Ve-Sic'U-late (ve-sTk'u-liit), a. Bladdery; vesicular. 

Ve-sic'u-late (-lat), v. t. To form vesicles in, as lava. 

Ve-sic'U-lose' (-los'), ) a. Vesicular ; composed of, or 

Ve-sic'U-lous (-liis), ) covered with, vesicles. 

Ves'per (vgs'per), n. [L., evening, evening star, 
west; akin to Gr. eWepo?, ia-rrepa.'] The evening star ; 
Hesper ; Venus, seen after sunset ; hence, the evening. 

Ves'pers (-perz), n. pi. [OF. vespres, LL. vesperae, 
fr. L. vesper a evening. See Vesper, n.~] {£. C. Ch.) 
{a) One of the little hours of the Breviary, {b) The 
evening song or service. 

Ves'per-tine (-per-tin or -tin), a. [L. vespertinus.] 
1. Of or pert, to the evening. 2. {Bol.) Blossoming in 
the evening. 

Ves'pi-a-ry (-pT-a-ry), n. [L. vespa a wasp.] A 
nest, or habitation, of insects of the wasp kind. 

Ves'sel (-sel), n. [OF. vessel, veissel, vaissel, vaissiel, 
fr. L. vascellum, dim. of vasculum, dim. of vas vessel.] 
1. A hollow or concave utensil for holding anything ; a 
hollow receptacle. 2. Any structure made to float upon 
water for purposes of navigation. 3. Fig. : A person re- 
garded as receiving or containing something. 4. {Anat.) 
Any tube or canal containing the blood or other fluid. 
5. {Bot.) A tube formed from superposed cells ; a duct. 

Vest (vest), 11. [L. vestis garment, vesture ; akin to 
E. wear.'] 1. An article of clothing covering the per- 
son ; an outer garment. 2. Any outer covering ; array ; 
garb. 3. Specif., a waistcoat, or sleeveless body gar- 
ment, for men, worn under the coat. 

Syn. — Vesture ; dress ; robe : vestment ; waistcoat. — 
In England, waistcoat is generally used for the body gar- 
ment worn over the shirt and next to the coat, in the 
U. S. this garment is commonly called a vest, and waist- 
coat is often improperly used for an undergarment. 

Vest, v. t. {imp. &: p. p. Vested ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Vesting.] 1. To clothe with, or as if with, a vestment ; to 
dress ; to robe ; to cover or surround closely. 2. To put 
in possession ; to invest ; to furnish ; to endow. 3. To 
place or give into the possession or discretion of some 
person or authority. 4. To invest ; to put. [i?.] 6. 
{Law) To clothe with possession ; to give a person an 
immediate fixed right of present or future enjoyment. 

Vest, v. i. To come or descend ; to be fixed ; to take 
effect, as a title or right ; — followed by in . 

Ves'tal (ves'trrl), a. Of or pert, to Vesta, the virgin 
goddess of the hearth and its fire ; hence, pure ; chaste. 

Ves'tal, n. 1. {Bom. Antiq.) A virgin consecrated 
to Vesta, and to the service of watching the sacred fire, 
perpetually burning on her altar. 2. A virgin ; also, a nun. 

Vest'ed (vSst'Sd), a. 1. Clothed ; robed. 2. {Law) 
Not in a state of contingency or suspension ; fixed. 

Ves'ti-a-ry (vSs'tt-a-ry). "• [L.t>eaWartiiw. See Ves- 
try.] A robing room ; a vestry. [a vestibule. I 

Ves-tib'U-lar (vgs-tTb'u-ler), a. Of, pert, to, or like, | 

Ves'ti-bule (veVtl-bul), n. [L. vestibttfvm ; of uncer- 
tain origin.] The porch or entrance into a house ; a hall 
or antechamber next the entrance ; lobby. 

Vestibule of the ear. (Anat.) See Ear. — Vestibule train 
(Railroads'*, a train of passenger cars having the space 
between the end doors of adjacent cars inclosed. 

Syn. — Hall; passage. — A vestibule is a small apart- 
ment within the doors of a building. A fiall is the first 
large apartment beyond the vestibule, and. in the U. S., 
is often long and narrow, serving .as n passage to the sev- 
eral apartments. In England, the hall is generally square 
or oblong, and a long, narrow space of entrance is called 
a passage, not a hall, as in America. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, dm, food, foot, out, oil, cuair, go, aiug, ink, then, tliin. 




N 



VESTIGE 



906 



VICE CHANCELLOR 



u 



Vea'tige(v?s'tTj\H. [F.,tr.Ij. vestigium."] The mark 
of the foot left ou the earth ; track ; footstep ; trace ; 
si.cn ; hence. ■ faint mark or visible sign left by some- 
thing which is lost, perished, or gone ; remains. 

Syn. — Trace ; token. — Vestige usually supposes a def- 
inite object Of the past to be left behind ; a trace may be 
a mere indication that something has been or is present. 

Vestment (▼Sstftoeht), n. [OF. restement, restiment, 
fr. L. eestiinentum, fr. vestire to clothe, fr. restis cloth- 
ing. See Vest.] A covering or garment; some part of 
clothing or dress; specif. (Eccl.), any priestly garment. 

Ves'try (ves'trv), n. [F. rest ia ire, L. rcstiarium, fr. 
vestiarius belonging to clothes, fr. vestis garment.] 1. 
A room appendant to a church, in which sacerdotal vest- 
ments, etc. , are sometimes kept, and where meetings for 
worship or parish business are held ; sacristy. 2. (Ch. 
of Eng.) An assembly of persons who manage parochial 
affairs. 3. (Prot. Epis. Ch.) A body chosen annually by 
a parish to manage its temporal concerns. 

Ves'try-man (-man), n. A member of a vestry ; esp. 
{Prot. Epis. Ch.), a member other than a warden. 

Ves'ture (vSstnr; 135), n. [OF., fr. LL. restitura, 
fr. L. rest ire to clothe.] A garment or garments ; robe ; 
clothing ; dress ; apparel ; vestment ; covering ; envelope. 

Ve-SU'vl-an (ve-su'vT-an), a. Of or pertaining to 
Vesuvius, a volcano near Naples. 

Vetch (vech), n. [OE. ficche, feche, for veche, OF. 
veche, vecce, resche, resce, fr. L. vicia.] (Bot.) Any one 
of numerous leguminous plants of different genera. 

Vetchllng (vech'ling), n. [Vetch -f- -ling.] (Bot.) 
Any small leguminous plant of the genus Lathyrus. 

Vetch'y (-y), a. 1. Consisting of vetches or of pea 
straw. 2. Abounding with vetches. 

Vet'er-an (vgt'er-an), a. [L. veteranus, fr. vetus, 
vetei-is, old; akin to Gr. eVos year, Skr. vatsara.~\ Long 
exercised in anything, esp. in military life and the duties 
of a soldier ; long practiced or experienced. — n. One 
long exercised in any service or art, particularly in war. 

Vet'er-i-na'ri-an (vgt'er-T-na'ri-an), n. One skilled 
in diseases of domestic animals ; a veterinary surgeon. 

Vet'er-i-na-ry (vgfer-T-na-ry), a. [L. veterinarius of 
beasts of burden and draught, fr. reterinus."] Of or pert, 
to the art of treating the diseases of domestic animals. 

Ve'to (ve'to), n. ; pi. Vetoes (-toz). [L. veto I forbid.] 
1. An authoritive prohibition ; interdiction. 2. Specif. : 

(a) A power or right of one department of government to 
forbid the carrying out of projects attempted by another 
department ; esp., in a constitutional government, a 
power vested in the chief executive to prevent the enact- 
ment of measures passed by the legislature. (6) The ex- 
ercise of such authority, (c) A document or message 
giving the reasons for its exercise. [U. S.~] 

Ve'to, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vetoed (-tod) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Vetoing.] To prohibit ; also, to refuse assent to, 
as a legislative bill, and thus prevent its enactment. 

II Vet-tU'ra (vet-tob'ra), n. ; pi. Vetture (-ra). [It.] 
An Italian four-wheeled carriage, esp. one let for hire. 

II Vet'tU-rl'no (vgt/too-re'no), n. ; pi. -ni (-ne). [It.] 
1. One who lets or drives a vettura. 2. A vettura. 

Vex (vgks), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vexed (vgkst) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Vexing.] [F. vexer, L. vexare, vexatum, to vex, 
orig., to shake, v. intens. fr. vehere, vectum, to carry.] 

1. To toss back and forth ; to agitate ; to disquiet. 2. 
To make angry or annoyed by little provocations; to 
irritate ; to plague ; to torment ; to harass ; to afflict ; 
to trouble ; to tease. 3. To twist ; to weave. [R.] 

Syn. — See Tease. 

Vex-a'tion (vgks-a'shiin), n. 1. A vexing; state of 
being vexed ; disquiet ; irritation. 2. Cause of trouble 
or disquiet ; affliction. 3. A harassing by process of law. 

Syn. — Chagrin ; agitation ; mortification ; uneasiness ; 
trouble ; grief ; sorrow ; distress. 

Vex-a'tlons (-shus), a. 1. Causing vexation ; agita- 
ting ; annoying. 2. Full of vexation, trouble, or disquiet. 
— Vex-a'tious-ly, adv. — Vex-a'tlous-ness, n. 

Vexed (vgkst), a. 1. Annoyed ; harassed ; troubled. 

2. Much debated or contested ; causing discussion. 
Vex'er (vgks'er), n. One who vexes or troubles. 

vSSJ?ry'"tt %, } a - 0f or pert - to a vexillum - 

Vex'il-la-ry, n. [L. vexillarius.] A standard bearer. 

Vex-il'lum (vgks-Tilum), n. ; pi. -la (-14). [L., a 

flag.] 1. (Rom.Antiq.) (a) Flag; standard, (b) Body 

of troops under one standard. 2. (Eccl.) (a) A banner. 

(b) The sign of the cross. 3. (Bot.) The upper petal of 
a papilionaceous flower. 4. (Zo'ol.) Vane of a feather. 

Vex'ing-ly (vgksTng-l^), adv. In a vexing manner. 
Vi'a (vi'4), prep. [L., abl. of via way.] By the way of. 




Vi'a-ble (vi'a-b'l), a. [F., from vie life, L. vita. See 
Vital.] Capable of living ; specif. (Law), born alive 
and with such form and development of organs as to be 
capable of living. — Vi'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ty), n. 

Vi'a-duct (-dukt), n. [L. via way -f- -duct, as in aque- 
duct.] A structure of con- 
siderable magnitude, usu- 
ally with arches or sup- 
ported ou trestles, for 
carrying a road high above 
the ground or water. 

Vi'al (vi'al), n. [Var. 
of Phial. ] A small bottle , 
usually of glass; a little 
glass vessel with a narrow ^ iaduct of Masonry, 

aperture intended to be closed with a stopper. 

Vi'al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vialed (-aid) or Vialled ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Vialing or Vialling.] To put in a vial. 

Vi-am'e-ter (vi-5m'e-ter), n. [L. via way + -meter.] 
An odometer. 

Vi'and (vi'and), n. [F. viande, LL. vianda, vivanda, 
vivenda, fr. L. vivere to live ; akin to virus living.] An 
article of food ; provisions ; food ; victuals ; — chiefly in pi. 

Vi-at'ic (vt-5t'ik), a. [L. viaticus, fr. via a way. See 
Voyage. ] Of or pertaining to a journey or traveling. 

Vi-at'i-cum (-T-kum), n. [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An 
allowance for traveling expenses made to those sent into 
the provinces. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The communion when 
given to persons in danger of death. [vibrant. I 

Vi'bran-cy (vi'bran-sy), n. Quality or state of being | 

Vibrant (vi'brant), a. [L. vibrans, p. pr. See Vi- 
brate.] Vibrating ; tremulous ; resonant. 

Vi'brate (vi'brat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vibrated 
(-bra-tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vibrating.] [L. vibrare, 
p. p. -atus; akin to Skr. rip to tremble.] 1. To bran- 
dish ; to move to and fro ; to swing. 2. To mark or 
measure by moving to and fro. 3. To set in vibration. 

Vi'brate (vi'brat), v. i. 1. To be in a state of vibra- 
tion ; to swing ; to oscillate ; to quiver. 2. To produce 
an oscillating or quivering effect of sound. 3. To pass 
from one state to another ; to waver ; to fluctuate. 

Vi/bra-tile (vi'bra-til), a. Adapted to, or used in, 
vibratory motion ; capable of vibrating ; vibratory. 

Vi-bra'tion (vt-bra'shun), n. 1. A vibrating ; state 
of being vibrated ; oscillation. 2. (Physics) A limited 
reciprocating motion of a particle of an elastic body or 
medium in alternately opposite directions. 

Vi'bra-tive (vI'bra-tTv), a. Vibrating ; vibratory. 

Vi'bra-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Consisting in, or causing, 
vibration or oscillation ; vibrating. 

Vic'ar (vlk'er), n. [OE. vicar, vicair, fr. L. vicarius. 
See Vicarious.] 1. A deputy. [R.~\ 2. (Eng. Eccl. 
Law) The incumbent of an appropriated benefice. 

Vic'ar-age (vlk'er-aj ; 48), n. Benefice, house, or 
residence, of a vicar. [2. Vicarious. I 

Vi-ca'ri-al (vi-ka'rT-al), a. 1. Of or pert, to a vicar. | 

Vi-ca'ri-ate (-at), a. Having delegated power ; vica- 
rious. — n. Delegated office or power ; vicarship. 

Vi-ca'ri-OUS (-us), a. [L. vicarius, fr. vicis change, 
alternation, turn ; akin to Gr. eiKeti/ to yield, G. uechsel 
change.] 1. Of or pert, to a vicar, substitute, or deputy ; 
deputed ; delegated. 2. Acting or suffering for another. 
3. Performed or suffered in the place of another ; sub- 
stituted. — Vi-ca'ri-OUS-ly, adv. [vicar. I 

Vic'ar-ship (vik'er-ship), n. Office or dignity of a| 

Vice (vis), n. [F., fr. L. vitium.] 1. A defect; 
fault ; error ; blemish ; imperfection. 2- A moral fault 
or failing; esp., immoral conduct or habit; customary 
deviation from a right standard ; immorality ; depravity ; 
wickedness. 3. The buffoon of the old English morali- 
ties, having the name of a vice, or of Vice itself. 

Syn. — Crime ; sin ; iniquity ; fault. See Crime. 

Vice, n. [See Vise.] 1. (Mech.) Same as Vise. 2. 
A gripe or grasp. [06s.] 

Vice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Viced (vist) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Vicing.] To hold or squeeze with, or as if with, a vice. 

II Vi'ce (vi'se), prep. [L., abl. of vicis change, turn. 
See Vicarious.] In the place of ; in the stead of. 

Vice (vis), a. [See Vice, prep.~\ Denoting one who 
may assume the office or duties of a superior ; designa- 
ting an officer or an office second in rank or authority. 

Vice admiral, (a) An officer holding rank next below an 
admiral, (o) A civil officer, in Great Britain, appointed 
by the lords commissioners of the admiralty for exercis- 
ing admiralty jurisdiction within their respective dis- 
tricts. — Vice admiralty, the office of a vice admiral. — Vice 
chancellor, (a) (Law) An officer next in rank to a chan- 
cellor. (6) An officer in a university, chosen to perform 
certain duties, in the absence of the chancellor, (c) (R. 



a ; e, I, o, ix, long ; a, fi, I, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, find 



VICE CONSUL 



907 



VILE 



C. Ch.) The cardinal at the head of the Roman Chan- 
cery. — Vice consul, a subordinate officer authorized to 
exercise consular functions in some particular part of a 
district controlled by a consul. — Vice legate, a legate sub- 
ordinate to, or acting in place of, another legate. — Vice 
presidency, office of vice president. — Vice president, an 
officer next in rank below a president. 

Viced (vist), a. Vicious ; corrupt. [Obs.] 

Vice-ge'ren-cy (vis-je'ren-sj ), n. Office of a vicegerent. 

Vlce-ge'rent (-rent), a. [ Vice, a. + L. gerens, -entis, 
p. pr., carrying, bearing.] Having or exercisiug dele- 
gated power ; acting by substitution. — n. An 'officer 
deputed to exercise another's powers ; lieutenant ; vicar. 

Vic'e-na-ry (vls'e-na-ry ), a. [L. vicenarius, be. vieeni 
twenty each.] Of, pert, to, or consisting of, twenty. 

Vi-cen'ni-al (vt-sSn'nT-«i) ; a. [L. vicermium twenty 
years ; vieeni twenty -\- annus year.] 1. Lasting twenty 
years. 2. Happening once in twenty years. 

Vice'-re'gal (vis're'gal), a. Of or pertaining to a 
viceroy or viceroyalty. 

Vice'roy (vis'roi), n. [F. vice-roi; pref. vice- in place 
of -f- roi king, L. rex.'] The governor of a country or 
province who rules as the king's substitute. 

Vice-roy'al-ty (vis-roi'al-tj), n. Dignity, office, or 
jurisdiction of a viceroy. 

Vice'roy-shlp (vis'roi-shTp), n. Viceroyalty. 

Vic'i-nage (vTs'I-naj ; 48), n. [OF. veisinage, fr. 
veisin neighboring, L. vicinus. See Vicinity.] The 
place or places adjoining or near ; neighborhood ; vicinity. 

Vic'i-nal (-ncrl), a. [L. vicinalis.] Near ; vicine. 

Vic'ine (vTs'In), a. [L. vicinus.] Near ; vicinal. [R.] 

Vi-Cin'i-ty (vi-sTn'T-t^), n. [L. vicinitas, fr. vicinus 
neighboring, near, fr. vicus row of houses, village ; akin 
to Gr. oikos a house, Skr. veca house.] 1. Quality or 
state of being near, or not remote ; nearness ; propin- 
quity ; proximity. 2. That which is near, or not re- 
mote ; adjoining space or country ; neighborhood. 

Syn. — Neighborhood ; vicinage. See Neighborhood. 

Vi'cious (vlsh'us), a. [OF., fr. L. vitiosus, fr. vitium 
vice.] 1. Characterized by vice or defects ; defective ; 
imperfect. 2. Addicted to vice ; corrupt ; wicked. 3. 
Wanting purity ; foul ; noxious. 4. Not correct or pure ; 
corrupt. 5. Not well tamed or broken ; given to bad 
tricks ; unruly ; refractory. 6. Spiteful ; malignant. 
[Colloq.] — Vi'cious-ly, adv. — Vi'cious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Corrupt ; faulty ; wicked ; depraved. 

Vi-cis'si-tude (vT-sis'sT-tud), n. [L. vicissitudo, fr. 
vicis change, turn. See Vicarious.] Change or succes- 
sion ; alternation ; interchange ; revolution ; mutation. 

Vi'count (vi'kount), n. See Viscount. 

Vic'tim (vik'tim), «. [L. victima.] 1. A living being 
sacrificed to some deity, or in a religious rite. 2. A per- 
son or thing destroyed or sacrificed in the pursuit of an 
object, or to gratify a passion. 3. A person or living 
creature destroyed by, or suffering grievous injury. 4. 
Hence, a person duped or cheated. [Colloq.] 

Vic'tim-ize (-Iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Victimized 
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Victimizing (-I'zTng).] To make 
a victim of, esp. by deception ; to dupe ; to cheat. 

Vic'tor (vik'ter), n. [L. fr., vincere, victum. See Van- 
quish.] 1. The winner in a contest ; one who overcomes 
in any struggle, esp. in battle ; vanquisher ; conqueror. 

Vic-tO'ri-a (vTk-to'rT-a), n. [NL.] 1. A kind of low 
four-wheeled pleasure carriage. 

Vic-to'ri-an (-an), a. Of or 
pert, to the reign of Queen 
Victoria of England. 

Vic tor-ine' (vTk/ter-en'), n. 
A woman's fur tippet. 

Vic-to'ri-ous (vTk-to'rr-us), 
a. Of or pert, to victory, or a 
victor ; being a victor ; bringing victoria, 

victory ; conquering ; winning ; triumphant. — Vic-tO'ri- 
ous-ly, adv. — Vic-to'ri-ous-ness, n. 

Vic'tO-ry (vTk'to-ry), n. [OF. victorie, victoire, L. 
victoria.] The defeat of an enemy in battle, or of an 
antagonist in any contest ; conquest ; triumph. 

Vic'tress (-tres), n. A female victor. 

Vict'ual (vTf'l), n. 1. Food ; — now chiefly in the pi. 

Vict'ual (vit"l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Victualed (-'Id) 
or Victualled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Victualing or Victual- 
ling.] To supply with food ; to store with sustenance. 

Vict'ual-er, n. 1. One who lurnishes victuals. 2. An 
innkeeper. 3. A vessel employed to carry provisions. 

Victuals (vTf'lz), n. pi. [OF. vitaille, fr. L. victualia, 
pi. of victual is belonging to nourishment, fr. victus nour- 
ishment, fr. vivere, victum, to live ; akin to vivus living.] 
Food for human beings, esp. when cooked or prepared 
for the table ; provisions ; sustenance ; meat ; viands. 





!l Vi-CU'fia ) (v$-koon'y'a), n. [Sp. vfetffo.] (Zobl.) 
II Vi-CU'gna f A South American mammal, 
allied to the llama but smaller. 

II Vi/de (ri'dt), Impera- 
tive sing, of L. videre % to 
see ; — used to direct at- 
tention ; as, vide supra, 
see above. 

ll Vi-del'i-cet (vi-den- 

sSt), adv. [L., contr. fr. 
videre licet, lit., it is easy 
to see.] To wit ; namely. 
(Abbrev. vie.) 

Vi-dette' (vl-dSf), h.'<*^ ^** 3 

(Mil.) Same as Vedette. Vicufm (Auehi 

Vld'U-al (vld'u-tfl), a. [L. vidualix, fr. vidua widow.] 
Of or pertaining to the state of a widow ; widow • 

Vie (vi), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vied (vid) ; p. f 
n. Vying (vi'Tug).] [Contr. fr. OF. envier u> challenge, 
in gambling, L. invitare to iuvitej 1. To stake a Bum 
upon a hand of cards. [Obs.] 2. To strive for superi- 
ority ; to contend ; to use emulous effort. 

Vie, v. t. 1. To stake. [06*.] 2. To do or produce 
in competition or rivalry ; to bandy. [Obs.] 

Vie.n. Competition; also, challenge ; wager. [Obs.] 

View (vu), n. [OF. veue, fr. veoir to see, p. p. veu, 
fr. L. videre to see. See Vision.] 1. Act of seeing or 
beholding ; sight ; look ; survey ; inspection. 2. Mental 
survey ; intellectual perception or examination. 3- Power 
of seeing, either physically or mentally ; reach or range 
of sight. 4. That which is seen or beheld ; sight ; scene ; 
prospect. 5. Pictorial representation of a scene ; sketch. 
6. Mode of looking at or apprehending anything ; con- 
ception ; opinion ; judgment. 7. That which is kept in 
sight as an object, aim, purpose, or design. 

View, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Viewed (vud) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Vdiwing.] 1. To see; to behold; esp., to look at 
attentively, or for examination ; to survey or examine 
with the natural or mental eye ; to inspect ; to explore ; 
to consider. 

View'er (-er), n. One who views or examines. 

Viewless, a. Not perceivable by the eye ; invisible. 

View'y (vu'y), a. 1. Having peculiar views; fanci- 
ful; visionary. 2. Spectacular. 

Vi-ges'i-mal (vt-jes'T-mol), a. [L. vigesimus twen- 
tieth, fr. viginii twenty.] Twentieth ; divided into, or 
consisting of, twenties or twenty parts. 

Vig'il (vij'il), n. [L. vigilia, fr. vigil watchful.] 1. 
Abstinence from sleep ; a keeping or being awake ; sleep- 
lessness ; wakefulness ; watch. 2. Hence, devotional 
watching; waking for religious exercise. 3. (Eccl.) 
(a) Orig., the watch kept the night before a feast, (b) 
Later, the day and night preceding a feast, (c) A re- 
ligious service performed the evening before a feast. 

Vig'i-lance (-T-lans), n. Quality or state of being 
vigilant. 

Vigilance committee, a volunteer committee of citizens 
for the protection of any interest, esp. one organized for 
the summary suppression and punishment of crime. 

Vig'Mant (-lant), a. [L. vigilans, -ands, p. pr. of 
vigilare to watch, fr. vigil awake.] Attentive to discover 
and avoid danger, or to provide for safety : wakeful ; 
watchful ; circumspect ; wary. — Vig'i-lant-ly, adv. 

Vi-gnette' (vTn-yef or vin'ySt), n. [F. vignette, fr. 
Howe a vine.] 1. (Arch.) A running ornament consist- 
ing of leaves and tendrils. 2. A decorative design, orig- 
inally representing vine branches or tendrils, at the head 
of a chapter or a book, or in a similar position ; hence, 
any small picture in a book ; hence, also, as such pictures 
are often without a definite bounding line, any picture 
which vanishes gradually at the edge. 

Vi-gnette / , v. t. To make, as an engraving or a pho- 
tograph, with a border or edge insensibly fading away. 

Vig'or (vlg'er), n. [OF., fr. L. vigor, fr. vigere to be 
vigorous.] 1. Active strength or force of body or mind ; 
capacity for exertion ; force ; energy. 2. Strength or 
force in nature or action ; potency. 

Vig'or-OUS (vig'er-us), a. 1. Possessing vigor; full 
of strength or active force; strong; lusty; robust. 2. 
Exhibiting strength or active force : strong ; forcible ; 
energetic. —Vig'or-ous-ly. adi . — Vig'or-ous-ness. »• 

Vi'king (vising), n. [Icel. vikingr, fr. ill; bay.] 
One belonging to the pirate crews of Northmen, who plun- 
dered Europe in the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries. 

Vi/la-yet' (ve'la-ySt'), "• [Turk., from Ar. uilat/ah.] 
One of the chief administrative divisions or provinces 
of the Ottoman Empire ; — formerly called eyalet. 

Vile (vil), a. [Comp. Viler (-er) ; super!. VrLEST.] 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fo~ot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, tnin. 



N 



VILELY 



908 



VIOLABLY 



u 



[F. ti7, fr. L. tins."] 1. Low ; base ; worthless ; mean ; 
despicable. 2. Morally base or impure ; depraved bv sin ; 
sinful; wicked; bad. — Vilely (vil'ly), adv. — Vile'- 
ness. .. 

Sjii.- See Base. 

Vil i-fi-ca'tion (vil I-fT-ka'shuu), n. Act of vilifying. 

ViTi-fl er (vlll-fi er), ft. One who vilifies or defames. 

Vil'i-fy (jOn-Ok r. 1. [imp. & p. p. Vilified (-fid) ; 
p. pr. S: vb. ft. Vilifying.] [L. vil is vile -f- -J'y.] 1. To 
debase, [K.] 2. To degrade by report ; to defame ; to 
traduce ; to cahuninate. 3. To treat as vile. [Obs.] 

Vll'i-peild (vll'i-pgnd), v. t. [L. rilipendere ; vilis 
rile — pendere to value.] To value lightly ; to despise. 

Vill {till n. [OF. tribe, vile, a village. See Villa.] 
A small collection of houses ; a village. 

Vil'la (villa), it. [L. villa, LL., also village, dim. of 
L. vicus a village.] A country seat ; a country or sub- 
urban residence of some pretensions to elegance. 

Village (-laj ; 4S), ft. [F., fr. L. villaticus belonging 
to a country house or villa. See Villa.] A small assem- 
blage of houses in the country, less than a town or city. 

Village cart, a kind of open two-wheeled carriage. 

Syn. — Village ; hamlet; town; city. —In England, a 
hamlet denotes a collection of houses, too small to have a 
parish church ; a village has a church, but no market ; 
a town has both a market and a church or churches. 

Villa-ger (-la-jer), n. An inhabitant of a village. 

Village-ry (-laj-ry), n. District of villages. [06s.] 

Villain (-lin), n. [OE. vilein, F. vilain. LL. villa- 
nus, from villa a village, L. villa a farm.] 1. {Feudal 
Law) A feudal tenant of the lowest class ; bondman ; 
servant. 2. A boor. [B.] 3. A vile, wicked person ; 
a deliberate scoundrel ; knave ; rascal ; scamp. 

Villainous (-us), a. 1. Characterized by, or show- 
ing, villainy ; base ; vile ; mean ; depraved ; suited to a 
villain. 2. Sorry; mean; mischievous; — in a familiar 
sense. —Villain-ous-ly, adv. — Villain-ous-ness, n. 

Villain-y (-y), n. 1. Quality or state of being a vil- 
lain, or villainous ; extreme depravity 7 ; atrocious wicked- 
ness. 2. Abusive language ; discourteous speech ; foul 
talk. [Archaic] 3. Act of a villain ; depraved deed ; 
crime. 

Villan-age (-aj ; 48), n. 1. (Feudal Law) State of a 
villain, or serf : servile tenure. 2. Villainy. [Obs.] 

Villan-ous (-us), a., Villan-ous-ly, adv., Villan- 
OUS-ness. ft., Villan-y (-y), n. See Villainous, etc. 

Vil-latlc (vil-lat'Ik), a. [L. villaticus of a villa. 
See Village.] Of or pert, to a farm or a village; rural. 

Villein (vTllin), n. (Feudal Law) See Villain, 1. 

Villen-age (villen-aj), 7*. (Feudal Law) Villanage. 

Villen-OUS (-us), a. Of or pertaining to a villein. 

I Villi (villi), »., pi. of Villus. 

Villi-form (-H-f6rm), a. [Villus + -form.'] Having 
the form or appearance of villi ; like close-set fibers. 

Vil-lose 7 (vil-los'), a. Villous. 

Vil-losl-ty (-los'i-ty), n. 1. Quality of being villous. 
2. (Bot.) A coating of villi. 3. (Anat.) A villus. 

Villous (villus), a. [L. villosus. Cf. Velvet.] 1. 
Abounding in, or covered with, fine hairs; nappy. 2. 
(Bot. & Anat.) Furnished or clothed with villi. 

|i Villus (-lus), n. ; pi. Villi (-11). [L., shaggy hair, 
a tuft of hair.] 1. (Anat.) One of the minute papillary 
processes on certain vascular membranes. 2. (pi.) (Bot.) 
Fine hairs on plants, resembling the pile of velvet. 

Vim (vim), n. [L., accusative of vis strength.] Pow- 
er ; force ; energy ; spirit ; activity ; vigor. [Colloq.] 

Viml-nal (vim'i-nal), a. [L. vimen, viminis, a twig.] 
Of, pert, to, or consisting of, twigs ; producing twigs. 

Vi-min'e-OUS (vT-mTn'e-iis), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
twigs. 2. (Bot.) Producing long, slender twigs or shoots. 

Vi-na'ceous (vi-na'shiis), a. [L. vinaceus. See Vine.] 
1. Belonging to, or like, wine or grapes. 2. Of the color 
of wine, especially of red wine. 

Vin'ai-grette' (vin'a-grSt'), n. [F., fr. vinaigre vine- 
gar.] 1. (Cookery) A sauce of vinegar, oil, and other 
ingredients. 2. A small perforated box for holding aro- 
matic vinegar, or a small bottle for smelling salts. 

Vin'ai-gTOUS (vin'a-grus), a. Vinegary ; sour. 

Vin'cl-ble (vin'si-b'l), a. [L. vincibilis, fr. vincere. 
See Victor.] Capable of being overcome ; conquerable. 
— Vind-bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-t?), Vin'ci-ble-ness, n. 

I Vin'CU-lum (vin'ku-lum), n. ; pi. L. -la (-la), E. 
-LUMs (-lumz). [L., fr. vincire, vinctum, to bind.] 1. A 
bond of union; tie. 2. (Math.) A straight, horizontal 
mark placed over two or more members of a compound 
quantity, which are to be subjected to the same opera- 
tion, as in the expression x- + y 2 — x -\- y. 3. (Anat.) 
A band or bundle of fibers ; fraenum. 



Vin-de'mi-al (vin-de'ini-ol), a. [L. vindemialis. See 
Vintage.] Of or pert, to a vintage. [E.] ■ [cated I 

Vin'di-ca-ble (vin'dT-ka-b'l), o. That may be vindi- 

Vin'di-cate (-kat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vindicated 
(-ka'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vindicating.] [L. vindicare, 
Y>.\>.-a/us. See Vengeance.] 1. To claim, [R.] 2. To 
maintain or defend with success ; to prove to be valid. 
3. To support or maintain as true or correct, against 
denial, censure, or objections. 4. To avenge. [Obs.] 

Syn. — To maintain ; defend ; justify. See Assert. 

Vin di-ca'tion (-ka'slmn), ft. Act of vindicating, or 
state of being vindicated. 

Vin'di-ca-tive (vln'di-ka-tiv), a. 1. Tending to vin- 
dicate ; vindicating. 2. Revengeful ; vindictive. [Obs.] 

Vin'di-ca'tor (-ka'ter), ?i. One who vindicates. 

Vin'di-ca-tO-ry (-ka-to-ry), a. 1. Tending or serving 
to vindicate ; justificatory. 2. Avenging ; punitory. 

Vin-dic'tive (vln-dlk'tTv), a. [For vindicative, con- 
fused with L. vindicta revenge, punishment, fr. vmdicare 
to vindicate.] 1. Disposed to revenge ; prompted or 
characterized by revenge ; revengeful. 2. Punitive. 
[Obs.] — Vin-dic'tive-ly, adv. — Vin-dic'tive-ness, n. 

Vine (vin), n. [F. vigne, L. vinea, a vineyard, vine, 
fr. vineus of wine, vinum wine, grapes. See Wine.] 
(Bot.) (a) An j' woody climbing plant which bears grapes. 
(b) Hence, a climbing or trailing plant; the long, slender 
stem of any such plant ; a creeper. 

Vine fretter (Zool.), a plant louse, esp. the phylloxera, 
that injures the grapevine. — Vine hopper {Zool.), any one 
of several species of leaf hoppers which suck the sap of the 
grapevine. — Vine louse {Zool.), the phylloxera. — Vine of 
Sodom {Bot.), a plant so named in the Bible {Deut. xxxii 
32), now thought to be identical with the apple of Sodom. 

Vine'-Clad' (vln'kl&l/), a. Covered with vines. 

Vine / dress / er (vin'dres'er), n. One who cultivates, 
prunes, or cares for, grapevines ; a laborer in a vineyard. 

Vin'e-gar (vTn'e-ger), n. [F. vinaigre; vin wine (L. 
vinum) -{- aigre sour.] 1. A sour liquid obtained by 
the spontaneous (acetous) fermentation, or by the arti- 
ficial oxidation, of wine, cider, beer, etc. 2. Hence, 
anything sour ; — used also metaphorically. 

Vin'e-gar-ette 7 (-St'), n. See Vinaigrette, n.,2. 

Vin'e-gar-y (vin'e-ger-y), a. Having the nature of 
vinegar ; sour ; unamiable. 

Vin'er-y (vin'er-y), n. 1. A vineyard. [Obs.] 2. A 
structure for rearing and protecting vines ; grapery. 

Vi-nette' (vi-nef). n. A sprig or branch. [Archaic] 

Vine'yard (vin'yerd), n. [For OE. winyard, AS. 
wingeard, lit., wineyard; influenced by E. vine. See 
Wine ; Yard.] An inclosure or yard for grapevines ; a 
plantation of vines producing grapes. 

llVingt 7 et' un' (vSn' ta' un'). [F., twenty and 
one.] A kind of game at cards. 

Vingt'un' (vaN'tuN'), n. Contraction for Vingt et un. 

Vinlc (vTn'ik or vi'nik), a. (Chem.) Of or pertain- 
ing to wine ; as, vinic alcohol. 

Vin'0-lent (vin'o-lent), a. [L. vinolentus, fr. vinum 
wine.] Given to wine; drunken; intemperate. [Obs.] 

Vin-om'e-ter (vin-om'e-ter), n. [L. vinum wine + 
-meter.] An instrument for determining the strength or 
purity of wine by measuring its density. 

II Vin' or'dl'naire' (vSn' Sr/de'nSr'). [F.] A com- 
mon sort of wine ; esp., a kind of cheap claret. 

Vi-nose' (vt-nos'), a. Vinous. 

Vi'nous (vi'nus), a. [L. vinosus, fr. vinum wine.] Of 
or pert, to wine ; having the qualities of wine ; like wine. 

Vint'age (vlntfaj ; 48), n. [Corrupt, fr. OE. vindage, 
vendage, OF. vendenge, fr. L. vindemia ; vinuravrvna, 
grapes + demere to take off; de + emere, orig., to 
take.] 1. The produce of the vine for one season, in 
grapes or in wine. 2. Act or time of gathering the crop 
of grapes, or making the wine for a season. 

Vint'a-ger (-a-jer), n. One who gathers the vintage. 

Vint'ner (-ner), n. [OF. vinetier, fr. L. vinetum vine- 
yard, fr. vinum wine.] One who deals in wine. 

Vin'y (vin'y), a. Of or pertaining to vines; produ- 
cing, or abounding in, vines. 

Vi'Ol (vi'iil), n. [F. viole; of uncertain origin.] 1. 
(Mus.) Formerly, a stringed instrument like the violin, 
but larger, and having (usually) six strings; now. any 
instrument of the violin kind. 2. (Xaut.) A large rope 
sometimes used in weiehing anchor. 

Vi'O-la (vi'o-la or ve-ola), n. [It.] (Mus.) An instru- 
ment in form and use resembling the violin, but larger, 
and a fifth lower in compass. 

II Viola da braccio [It., viol for the arm], the tenor viol, 
or viola, a fifth lower than the violin. 

Vi'O-la-ble (vi'o-la-b'l), a. [L. violabilis.] Capable 
of being violated, broken, or injured. — Vi'O-la-bly, adv. 



a, e, I, o, a, long ; a, S, I, 5, il, y, short ; senate, gvent, Idea, &bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



VIOLACEOUS 



909 



VIRTUOSO 



Vi'O-la'ceous (vFo-la'shus), a. [L. violaceus, fr. viola 
a violet.] 1. Resembling violets in color ; bluish purple. 

2. (Bot.) Of, pert, to, or designating, a natural order of 
plants, of which the violet is the type. 

Wo-late (vi'S-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Violated 
(-la'tgd); p. pr. & vb. n. Violating.] [L. violarc, p, p, 
-atus, fr. vis force. See Violent.] 1. To treat in a vio- 
lent manner ; to abuse. 2. To do violence to, as to any- 
thing sacred ; to profane ; to break forcibly ; to infringe. 

3. To disturb ; to interrupt. 4. To rape ; to ravish. 
Syn. — To injure ; disturb ; interrupt ; transgress ; des- 
ecrate ; deflour ; debauch ; dishonor ; outrage. 

Vi/O-la'tion (-la'shuu), n. Act of violating, or state 
of being violated, [violate. I 

Vi'O-la-tive (vi'o-la-tTv), a. Violating, or tending to| 

Vi'O-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who violates. 

Vi'O-lence (vi'6-lens), n. [F., fr. L. violenlia.~\ 1. 
Quality or state of being violent ; highly excited action, 
whether physical or moral. 2. Injury done to that which 
is entitled to respect, reverence, or observance. 3. Rape. 

Syn. — Vehemence ; fierceness ; impetuosity ; force ; 
violation ; infraction ; infringement ; transgression ; prof- 
anation ; outrage ; assault. 

Vi'O-lent (-lent), a. [F., fr. L. violentus, fr. vis force.] 
1. Moving or acting with physical strength ; urged or 
impelled with force ; excited by strong feeling or passion ; 
forcible ; furious. 2. Acting, characterized, or produced 
by unjust or improper force ; outrageous. 3. Produced 
or effected by force. — Vi'O-lent-ly , adv. 

Syn. — Fierce; vehement; outrageous; boisterous; 
turbulent ; impetuous ; passionate ; severe ; extreme. 

Vi'O-lent, v. i. To be violent. [Obs.~\ 

Vfo-les'cent (-les'sent), a. Tending to a violet color. 

Vi'O-let (vi'6-let), n. [F. violette, dim. of OF. viole a 
violet, L. viola ; akin to Or. ioi/.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant 
of a genus (Viola) of generally low, herbaceous plants, 
many species of which bear blue flowers ; also, any flower 
of such a plant. 2. The color of a blue violet, or that 
part of the spectrum farthest from red. 

Vi'O-let (vi'o-let), a. Dark blue, inclining to red; 
bluish purple. 

Violin' (vi^-lm'), n. [It. vio- 
lino, dim. of viola. See Viol.] (Mus.) 
A kind of four-stringed instrument 
played with a bow ; fiddle. 

Vi'o-lin'ist (-lin'Tst), n. A player 
on the violin. [on the viol. 

Vi'ol-ist (vi'ul-Tst), n. A player 

Vi'o-lon-cel'lisKve/o-lon-sel'lTst), 
ft. A player on the violoncello. 

Vi O-lon-cel'lO (-chello or -sgllo), 
n. [It., dim. of violone bass viol.] 
(Mus.) A bass viol of four strings, or 
a bass violin with long, large strings, 
sounding an octave below the viola. 

||Vi / 0-l0 / ne (ve'o-lo'na), n. [It. vio- 
lone, augment, of viola a viol.] (Mus.) 
The largest kind of viol, tuned an Violin 

octave below the violoncello. 

Vi'per (vi'per), n. [F. vipere, L. vipera, prob. contr. 
fr. vivi- 
pera ; vi- 
vus alive 
-f- parere 
to bring 
forth, be- 
cause be- 
lieved to 
be the 
only ser- 
pent that 
brings 
forth 
living 
young.] Common European Viper (Pclias bents). 

1. (Zo'61.) Any of numerous species and genera of Old 
World venomous snakes. 2. A dangerous, treacherous, 
or malignant person. [vipers. ] 

Vi'per-ine (-in), a. Of, pert, to, or like, a viper or| 
Vi'per-OUS (-us), a. Having the qualities of a viper ; 
malignant; venomous. — Vi'per-OUS-ly, adv. 

Vi-ra'gO (vt-ra'go), n. ; pi. -goes (-goz). [L. virago, 
-inis, fr. vir man. See Virile.] 1. A woman of extraor- 
dinary stature, strength, and courage ; a female warrior. 

2. Hence, a bold, turbulent woman ; termagant ; vixen. 
Vir'e-lay (vir'e-la), n. [F. virelai; virer to turn -f 

lai song, lay.] An ancient French song, wholly in two 
rhymes, and composed in short lines, with a refrain. 









Vir'e-0 (vTr'S-o-), n. [L., a species of bird.] (Zo'61.) 
Any one of numerous species o\ Ajnerloan hinging birds 
belonging to Virto and allied genera. 

Vi-res'cent (vt-reVsentj, a. [L. virexeen:;, p. pr. of > i- 
retcere to grow green, verb Ineho. fr. i trtre to be 
Beginning to be green; slightly greei 

Vir'gate (ver'gut), a. [].. 
virga twig. See Verge a rod.] (Bot.) Having the form 
of a straight rod ; wand-ahaped ; straight and -!• 

Vir-gil'i-an (v8r-jYPY-an), a. lining to 

Virgil, the Roman poet ; resembling the st}le of Virgil. 

Vir'gin (ver'jtn), n. [L. rirgu, -//(('.v.] 1. A 
who has had no carnal knowledge of man ; maid. 2. A 
person of the male sex who has not known sexual in- 
dulgence. [Archaic] 3. (Attron.) See Trmo 

Virgin'B bower i/iot. i, any ol several specie* Oi Ch-matis, 
as c Vitalba of Europe, and C. Virginuma of N. Amerioa. 

Vir'gin, «. 1. Being a virgin ; chaste; of or pert, to 
a virgin; becoming a virgin; maidenly; modi 
Pure; undefiled ; fresh; new. 3. Not yet pregnant. 

Vir'gin, v. i. To act the virgin ; to keep chaste. [06.?.] 

Vir'gin-al (-a\), a. Of or pertaining to a virgin ; be- 
coming a virgin ; maidenly. 

Vir'gin-al, n. [Prob. so called from being used by 
young girls, or virgins.] (Mus.) An obsolete rectangular 
instrument somewhat resembling the spinet. 

Vir'gin-al, V. i. To thrum with the fingers. [Obs.~] 

Vir-gin'i-a (ver-jin'T-a), n. One of the States of the 
United States of America. 

Virginia creeper (Bot.), a common ornamental North 
American woody, climbing vine. 
[U. S.] — Virginia fence. See Worm 
fence, under Fence. —Virginia 
nightingale (Zo'61. ), the cardinal 
bird. — Virginia reel, an old Eng- 
lish contra-dance ; — so called m 
the U. S. 

Vir-gin'i-ty (-t-ty), n. Quality 

or state of being a virgin. 

Vir'gO (ver'go), n. [L. 
virgo a virgin.] (Astron.) (a) 
A sign of the zodiac, marked 
thus [lip] in almanacs. See 
Zodiac, (b) A constellation 
of the zodiac, now occupying Virginia Creeper (Ampt1oj,$is 
chiefly the sign Libra. qiiinqwfoUa). 

Vir'gu-late (-gu-lat), a. Shaped like a little twig. 

Vir'gule (-gul), n. [F., fr. L. virgula, dim. of virga 
rod.] A comma. [R.~\ 

Vir'id (vir'Td), a. [L. viridis green.] . Green. [Obs.~] 

Vir'i-des'cent (vlr'T-deVsent), a. [L. viridescens, 
p. pr. of viridescere to grow green.] Slightly green; 
greenish. — Vir'i-des'cence (-sens), n. 

Vi-rid'i-ty (vi-rTd'T-ty), n. [L. tririditas, fr. viridis 
green.] Greenness ; verdure ; color of grass and foliage. 

Vir'id-ness (vTr'Td-ngs), n. Viridity ; greenness. 

Vi'rile (vl'rll or vir'H), a. [L. virilis, fr. vir a man; 
akin to AS. wer.] Having the nature, properties, or 
qualities, of an adult man ; characteristic of developed 
manhood; hence, masterful; forceful; specif., capable 
of begetting. [being virile. I 

Vi-ril'i-ty (vi-rTl'T-ty or vT-), n. Quality or state of | 

Vir-tU' (vir-too' or ver'too). n. [It. virtu."] A love 
of the fine arts ; a taste for curiosities. 

An article, or piece, of virtu, an object of art or antiq- 
uity ; a curiosity, such as those found in museums. 

Vir'tU-al (ver'tu-fll ; 135), <7. [See Virtue.] 1. Hav- 
ing the power of acting, or of invisible efficacy, without 
the agency of the material or sensible part : potential ; 
energizing. 2. Being in essence or effect, not in fact. — 
Vir'tu-al-ly, adv. [virtual. I 

Vir/tU-al'i-ty (-51'T-tyV n. Quality or state of being | 

Vir'tue(-tu ; 135), ». [F. vertu, L. virtus, fr. vir a man. 
See Virile.] 1. Manly strength or courage. [06*.] 
2. Any active quality or power ; energy ; strength ; 
potency ; efficacy. 3. Excellence ; value ; merit ; mer- 
itoriousness ; worth. 4. Specif., moral excellence; in- 
tegrity of character ; purity of soul. 6. A particular 
moral' excellence. 6. Specif. : chastity; esp., virginity. 
7. pi. One of the orders of the celestial hierarchy. 

In. or By, virtue of, through the force of ; by authority of. 

Vir'tU-OS'i-ty (-tu-Bs'T-ty), n. 1. Quality or 
being a virtuoso. 2. Virtuosos, collectively. 3. An art 
or study affected by virtuosos. 

Vir / tu-o'so(-tu-o'so'), n. : pi. E. -sos (-eba); It. 
[It.] 1. One devoted to virtu ; one skilled in the fine 
arts, in antiquities, etc. ; a collector or ardent admirer of 
curiosities, etc. 2. Hence, one skilled in the technique or 
learning of any art or study ; esp., a brilliant musician. 



fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



VIRTUOUS 



910 



VITIATE 



u 



Vir'tU-OUa (ver'tu-ns; 135), a. [OF. vertuos, vertu- 
ous.iv.L. rirtuosus. See Virtue.] 1. Possessing or ex- 
hibiting virtue. Specif. : (,<() Valorous. [Obs.] (6) 
Erhcacious : potent. [06*.] (c) Having moral excel- 
lence ; characterized by morality ; upright ; righteous ; 
pure. 2. Chaste ; pure ; — applied especially to women. 
— Vir'tu-ous-ly. adv. — Vir'tu-ous-ness, n. 

Vir'U-lence ^vir'fi-lcus), ) n. Quality or state of be- 

Vir'U-len-cy (,-hn-sy), J iug virulent. 

Vir'u-lent i^-hmt), o. [L. vimloitus, fr. vims poison. 
See Virus.] 1. Extremely poisonous or venomous ; very 
actively injurious. 2. Very bitter in enmity ; actuated 
by a desire to injure ; malignant. — Vir'U-lent-ly, adv. 

Vi'niS (vi'rns), n. [L.. poison, stench ; akin to Gr. ids 
poison. Skr. visha.] {Med.) (a) Organic matter that is 
contagious or poisonous. (6) The special contagion by 
which a disease is introduced into the organism. 

II Vis (vis), ?;. [L.] Force ; power. 

Vis inertia. [L.] The resistance of matter. —Vis viva. 
[L.] (Mech.) Living force; the force of a body moving 
against resistance, or doing work, in distinction from vis 
vwrttia, or dead force. 

I Vi'sa (ve'za), 72. See Vise. 

Vi'sa, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Visaed (-zad) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Visaing.] To indorse with the word vise ; to vise\ 

Vis 'age (vTz'aj ; 4S), n. [F., fr. L. visus.. look, fr. 
videre, visum, to see. See Vision.] The face, counte- 
nance, or look of a person or an animal, esp. a person. 

Vis'aged (-ajd), a. Having (such) a visage. 

|| Vis'-a-vis' (ve'za- ve'), adv. [F.] Face to face. 

II ViS'-a-Vis' (ve'za-ve'), n. 1. One face to face with 
another, esp. in dancing. 2. A carriage in which two 
persons sit face to face. Also, a form of sofa arranged for 
two persons to sit face to face, on ^opposite sides. 

I! Vis'ce-ra (vls'se-ra), «., pi. of Visctrs. [viscera.] 
Vis'cer-al (vis'ser-al), a. (Anat.) Of or pert, to the| 
Vis'cer-ate (-at), v. t. To eviscerate ; to disembowel. 
Vis'cid (vis'sid), a. [L. viscidus, fr. viscum mistle- 
toe, birdlime ; akin to Gr. ££6?.] Sticking or adhering, 
and having a ropy or glutinous consistency ; viscous ; glu- 
tinous ; sticky ; tenacious ; clammy. 

Vis-cid'i-ty (vTs-sTd'i-ty), n. Quality or state of be- 
ing viscid ; also, that which is viscid. 

Vis-COS'i-ty (vTs-koVT-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being viscous. 2. {Physics) A quality analogous to that 
of a viscous fluid, supposed to be caused by internal fric- 
tion, esp. in the case of gases. 

Vis'COUnt' (vr"kount'), n. [OF. visconte, LL. vice- 
comes. See Vice, a. ; Count.] 1. (0. Eng. Law) An 
officer who formerly supplied the place of the count, or 
earl ; the sheriff of the county. 2. A nobleman of the 
fourth rank ; also, Ins degree or title. [Eng.] 
Vis'count'ess (-es), n. "Wife of a viscount. [count. I 
Viscounty (-y), n. Quality, rank, or office of a vis- 1 
Vis'COUS (vTs'kus), a. [L. viscosus. See Viscid.] 
Adhesive or sticky, and having a ropy or glutinous con- 
sistency : viscid. —Vis'cous-ness, n. 

EglF* There is no well-defined distinction in meaning 
between viscous and viscid. 

I Vis'CUS (-kus), n. ; pi. Visceea (-se-ra). [L.] 
(Anat.) One of the organs, as the brain, heart, or stom- 
ach, in the great cavities of the body of an animal ; — ■ 
esp. pi., the organs contained in the abdomen. 

Vise (vis), n. [F. vis screw, winding stairs, OF. vis, 
viz, fr. L. vitis a vine.] An in- 
strument consisting of two jaws, 
closing by a screw, lever, cam, 
or the like, for holding work. 

II V1-S6' (ve-za'), n. [F. vise, 
p. p. of viser to put a visa to, f r. 
L. visus seen, p. p. of videre to 
see.] An indorsement made on 
a passport by the proper au- 
thorities of certain European 
countries. 

Vi-se"'. v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Viseed (-zad) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Viseing.] To examine and indorse ; to visa. 

Vis'i-ble (vizT-b'l), a. [L. visibilis, fr. videre, visum, 
to see. See Vision.] 1. Perceivable by the eye ; capable 
of being seen ; perceptible ; in view. 2. Noticeable ; ap- 
parent ; open ; conspicuous. — Vis'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'T-tJ), 
Vis'i-ble-ness, n. — Vis'i-bly, adv. 

Vis'1-goth (vTz'T-g5th), n. [L. Visegothae, pi. Cf. 
West ; Goth.] One of the West Goths. 

Vi'sion (vlzh'un), n. [F., fr. L. visio, fr. videre, 
visum, to see ; akin to Gr. iSeli/ to see, otSa I know, 
and E. wit.] 1. Act of seeing external objects ; actual 




A form of Vise, holding 
a Block. 



sight. 2. (Physiol.) Faculty of seeing ; sight. 3. Thing 
seen ; object of sight. 4. Esp., a supernatural, prophetic, 
or imaginary sight ; apparition ; phantom ; specter. 
5. Hence, a creation of fancy. 

Vi'sion (vTzh'Qn), v. t. To see in a vision ; to dream. 

Vi'sion-al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to a vision. 

Vi'sion-a-ry (-ry), «• 1- Of or pert, to a vision or 
visions ; appropriate to, or favorable for, visions. 2. Af- 
fected by phantoms ; given to reverie. 3. Existing in 
imagination only ; imaginary. 

Syn. — Fanciful ; fantastic ; unreal. See Fanciful. 

Vi'sion-a-ry, n. 1. One who sees visions or phantoms. 
2. One who acts upon fanciful reasons ; an unpractical 
schemer ; one who builds castles in the air ; daydreamer. 

Vis'it (viz'Tt), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Visited ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Visiting.] [F. visiter, L. visitare, fr. visere to 
go to see, to visit, fr. videre, visum, to see.] 1. To go 
or come to see ; to attend ; to call upon. 2. Specif. : 
To go or come to see for inspection, examination, cor- 
rection of abuses, etc. ; to examine ; to inspect. 3. 
(Script.) To come to or upon with reward or retribution. 

Vis'it, v. i. To make a visit or visits. 

Vis'it, n. 1. Act of visiting, or going to see a person 
or thing ; a brief stay, usually longer than a call. 2. A 
going to view or inspect ; visitation. [or inspected. I 

Vis'it-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Liable or subject to be visited | 

Vis'it-ant (-ant), a. [L. visitans, -aniis,-g. pr.] Visiting. 

Vis'it-ant, n. One who visits ; guest ; visitor. 

Vis'it-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. A visiting ; state of being 
visited. 2. Specif. : Act of a superior or superintending 
officer who visits a corporation, college, church, etc., to 
officially examine into the manner in which it is con- 
ducted. 3. (Internal. Law) Act of a naval commander 
who boards a vessel belonging to another nation for the 
purpose of ascertaining her character and object, but 
without claiming or exercising a right of searching the 
vessel. 4. Special dispensation ; communication of divine 
reward or retribution ; esp., retribution ; judgment. 5. 
(Eccl.) A festival, held July 2, in honor of the visit of 
the Virgin Mary to Elisabeth. [itation. I 

Vis'it-a-tO'ri-al (-lt-a-to'rl-al), a. Of or pert, to vis- 1 

Vi-site' (ve-zef), n. [F. See Visit, ».] A light cape 
or short cloak of silk or lace worn by women in summer. 

Vis'it-er (viz'tt-er), 7i. A visitor. [tion. 

Vis'it-or (-er), n. One who visits, or makes a visita- 

Vis'it-O'ri-al (-o'rT-al), a. Same as Visitatorial. 

Visne (ven or ve'ne), n. [OF. visne, deriv. of L. vicinus 
neighboring.] (Law) Neighborhood; venue. 

Vis'no-my (viz'no-my), n. A contr. of Physiognomy. 

Vis'or (viz'er), n. [F. visiere, fr. OF. vis face.] 1. 
A part of a helmet, arranged so as to lift or open, and so 
show the face. 2. A mask used to disfigure or disguise. 
3. The fore piece of a cap protecting the eyes. 

Vis'ored (-erd), a. Wearing a visor ; masked. 

Vis'ta (vis'ta), n. [It., sight, view, fr. vedere, p. p. 
visto, veduto, to see, fr. L. videre, visum.] A view ; esp., 
a view through or between intervening objects, as trees ; 
hence, the intervening trees or other objects. 

Vis'tO (vis'to), 7i. A vista ; a prospect. [R.~\ 

Vis'U-al (vTzh'u-cl), a. [L. visualis, fr. visus sight.] 

1. Of, pert, to, or used in, sight. 2. Visible, [i?.] 
Vi'tal (vi'tal), a. [F., fr. L. vitalis, fr. vita life ; akin 

to vivere to live.] 1. Pert, to life, animal or vegetable. 

2. Contributing or necessary to life. 3. Containing life ; 
living. 4. Being the seat of fife ; being that on which life 
depends; mortal. 5. Very necessary; highly important ; 
essential. 6. Capable of living. [R.~\ 

Vi-tal'i-ty (vt-tSl'i-ty), n. Quality or state of being 
vital ; vital force ; animation. [of vitalizing. I 

Vi'tal-i-za'tion (vi'tal-T-za'shun), n. Act or process | 

Vi'tal-ize (vl'tai-Iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vitalized 
(-Izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vitalizing (-I'zTng).] To endow 
with life, or vitality ; to give life to ; to make alive. 

Vi'tal-ly, adv. In a vital manner. 

Vi'tals (vi'talz), re. pi. Organs that are necessary for 
fife ; the heart, lungs, and brain. Also used figuratively. 

Vit'el-la-ry (vit'el-la-ry), a. (Biol.) Vitelline. 

Vi-tel'line (vT-tel'ltn or vit'gl-), a. [L. vitellus yolk 
of an egg.] (Biol.) Of or pertaining to the yolk of eggs. 

I! Vi-tellUS (vT-tel'lus), 72. [L., yolk of an egg.] 1. 
(Biol. ) The contents or substance of the ovum ; egg yolk. 
2. (Bot.) Perisperm in an early condition. 

Vi'tl-ate (vish'T-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vitiated 
(-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vitiating.] [L. vitiare, p. p. 
-atus, fr. vitium vice. See Vice a fault.] 1. To make vi- 
cious, faulty, or imperfect; to injure the substance or qual- 
ities of. 2. To render invalid ; to make void ; to destroy. 

Syn. —To impair ; contaminate ; spoil ; annul ; void. 



i. e, I, o, ii, long ; &, 6, 1, 8, A, y, short ; senate, Svent, tde*, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



VITIATION 



911 



VOCATIVE 



Vi ti-a'tion (vtsh'T-a'shun), n. Act of vitiating, or 
state of being vitiated. 

Vi-tic'U-lose' (vi-tlk'u-los'), a. [L. viticula, dim. 
of vitis vine.] (Bot.) Having slender, trailing stems. 

Vit'i-CUl'ture (vlt'T-kul'tGr), n. [L. vitis vine -f E. 
culture.'] The cultivation of the vine ; grape growing. 

Viti-CUl'tur-lst, n. One engaged in viticulture. 

Vi'ti-os'i-ty (vTsh/T-oVT-ty), n. Viciousness. 

Vi'tious (vlsh'us), a., Vi'tious-ly, adv., Vi'tious 
ness, n. See Vicious, Viciously, Viciousness. 

Vit're-OUS (vft're-us), a. [L. vitreus, from vitrum 
glass.] Of, pert, to, or like, glass; derived from glass. 
— Vlt're-ous-ness, n, 

Vitreous body • (Anat.), the vitreous humor. — Vitreous 
electricity (ElecX electricity excited by rubbing glass 
with certain substances, as silk ; positive electricity. — 
Vitreous humor. (Anat.) See Eye. 

Vi-tres'cence (vT-tres'sens), n. Quality or state of 
being vitreous or vitrescent. 

Vi-tres'cent (-sent), a. [See Vitreous.] Capable of 
being formed into glass ; tending to become glass. 

Vit'rlc (vit'rik), a. [L. vitrum glass.] Having the 
nature or qualities of glass ; glassy. 

Vit'ri-fac'tion (viVri-fSk'shiin), n. Act, art, or proc- 
ess of vitrifying ; also, the state of being vitrified. 

Vit'ri-fac'ture (-f Sk'tur ; 135), n. [L. vitrum glass -f- 
facere to make.] Manufacture of glass and glassware. 

Vit'ri-fi/a-ble (-fi'a-b'l), a. That may be vitrified. 

Vit'ri-fi-ca'ti01X (-ka'shiin), n. Same as Vitkifaction. 

Vit'ri-form (-fSrni), a. [L. vitrum glass + -form.'] 
Resembling glass ; glasslike. 

Vit'ri-f y (-fi), v . t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Vitrified (-fid) ; 

£. pr. & vb. n. Vitrifying (-fi'Tng).] [F. vitrifier ; 
. vitrum glass -f- -ficare to make.] To turn into glass 
or a glassy substance by heat and fusion. 

Vit'ri-Ol (vTt'rT-iil), n. [F. vitriol, fr. L. vitreolus of 
glass, vitreus vitreous. See Vitreous.] {Chem.) (a) A 
glassy sulphate of any one of certain metals, as copper, 
iron, zinc, cobalt, (o) Sulphuric acid, — first made by 
the distillation of green vitriol. [Colloq.] 

Oil of vitriol, sulphuric acid. 

Vit'ri-O-late (-rT-o-lat), v. t. To convert into, or sub- 
ject to the action of, vitriol. 

Vit'ri-ol'lc (-ol'Ik), a. ( Chem. ) Of or pert, to vitriol ; 
derived from, or resembling, vitriol. [vitriol. I 

Vit'ri-ol-ize (vit'rT-ul-iz), v. t. To convert into a| 

Vit'tatO (-tat), a. [L. vittatus bound with a fillet, vitta 
fillet.] Having stripes of color ; striped longitudinally. 

Vit'U-line (-u-lin), a. [L. vitulinus, fr. vitulus a calf.] 
Of or pertaining to a calf or veal. 

Vi-tU'per-a-ble (vt-tu'per-a-b'l), a. Liable to, or de- 
serving, vituperation, or severe censure. 

Vi-tU'per-ate (vl-tu'per-at), v. t. [L. vituperare, p. p. 
-atus ; vitium a fault -\- par are to prepare. ] To find fault 
with ; to scold ; to overwhelm with wordy abuse ; to cen- 
sure severely or abusively ; to rate. 

Vi-tU'per-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of vituperating ; 
abuse ; severe censure ; blame. 

Vi-tU'per-a-tive (vt-tu'per-a-tiv), a. Uttering, con- 
taining, or characterized by, censure or abuse ; abusive. 

Vl-tu'per-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who vituperates. 

II Vi-va'ce (ve-va'cha), a. &adv. [It.] (3fus.) Brisk ; 
vivacious ; with spirit ; — a direction to a performer. 

Vi-va'ciOUS (vi-va'shus), a. [L. vivaz, -acts, fr. 
vivere to live. See Vivid.] 1. Tenacious of life. [Obs.] 
2. Sprightly in temper or conduct ; lively ; merry. — Vi- 
va'cious-ly, adv. — Vi-va'cious-ness, n. 

Syn. — Animated; sportive; gay; jocund; light-hearted. 

Vi-vac'i-ty (vi-vaVi-ty), n. Quality of being vivacious. 

Syn. — Liveliness ; gayety. See Liveliness. 

II Vi'van/diere' (ve'vaN/dyaT'), n. [F. See Viand.] 
In Continental armies, a woman accompanying a regi- 
ment, who sells provisions and liquor to the soldiers. 

II Vi-va'ri-um (vt-va'ri-um), n. [L., fr. virus living.] 
A place artificially arranged for rearing animals. 

Vl'va-ry (vi'va-ry), n. A vivarium. [orally. I 

II Vi'va VO'ce (vi'va vo'se). [L.] By word of mouth ; | 
II Vive (vev). [F., imperative sing. pres. fr. vivre to 
live, L. vivere.] Long live, — that is, success to ; as, vive 
le roi, long live the king. 

Vi-ver'rine (vi-vSr'rln), a. (Zool.) Of or pertaining 
to the Viverridm, or Civet family. 

Vives (vlvz), n. [OF., fr. Ar. ad-dhlba.] (Far.) A 
disease of brute animals, especially of horses, seated in 
the glands under the ear, where a tumor is formed. 

Viv'id (viv'id), a. [L. vividus, fr. vivere to live ; 
akin to vivus living.] 1. True to the life ; exhibiting 
the appearance of life or freshness ; animated ; spirited ; 



bright; strong; Ifltmtft 2. Ponding brilliant images, 
or painting In lively colon . lively ; iprightly. Vlv'- 
ld-ly (vi v'Td-iy), adv. — Viv'id-ness, n. 

Syn. — Clear; lucid; (striking; lively; quick ; 
Vi-Vii'iC (vt-vll'lk), | a. I PlYIFY.] 

Vi-Vii'iC-al M-k«l), ) Giving liie ; enliveniiu 
ViVl-li-ca'tlOn (vTv'T-fl-ka'hliun), //. A vivifying; 

state oi being vivified ; revival. 

ViVi fi ca-tive (vTv'I-fi-ka-tlv), a. Vivifying, or i 

Viv'lfy (vlv'T-hi. v. t. [imp. <v ,,. p. Vivified 
p, pr. X ill. n. V ivikyi.no (-fling).] 

ficare. See Vivid; -FY.] To endue with liie ; to make 
to be living ; to quicken ; to animate. 

II Vi-vlp'a-ra (vt-vlp'a-ra), n. pi. [XL..] (ZoU.) An 
artificial division of vertebrates including thOM that pro- 
duce their young alive. [ viviparoun. I 

Viv'i-par'i-ty (vlv'l-p5r'T-t5), ?/. Quality of befngl 

Vi-vip'a-rous (vt-vln'a-raa). a. [L. vi* • 
alive -\- parere to bear.] (Biol.) Producing young alive, 
as most mammals, or as plants the offspring of which 
are produced alive, either by bulbe instead ot eat 
by the seeds themselves germinating on the plant. — 
Vi-vip'a-rous-ly, <'d< •. — Vi-vip'a-rous-ness. n, 

Viv'i-sect^vIv'T-sgkt'),*^. Todissectalive. [CoQoq.] 

Viv'i-sec'tion (vlv'I-sgk'shun), n. [L. virus alive -f 
E. section,] The dissection of an animal while alive, for 
physiological investigation. [vivisection. I 

Vivi-sec'tion-ist, n. A practicer or advocate of | 

Viv'i-sec'tor (-sgk'ter), n. A vivisectionist. 

Vix'en (vYks"n), n. [AS. fixen a she-fox. See Fox.] 
1. A female fox. [Obs. or Prov. Eny.] 2. A 
ill-tempered person ; — now used only of women. 

Vix'en-ish, Vix'en-ly, a. Like, or belonging to, a 
vixen. [is; uai 

Viz (viz), adv. [Contr. fr. videlicet.] To wit ; that| 

Viz'ard (vTz'erd), n. [See Visor.] A mask ; visor. 

Viz'ard-ed, a. Wearing a vizard. [R.] 

Viz'ier (viz'yer or vT-zer'), n. [Ar. wetUr, wattor, 
prop., a bearer of burdens, porter, fr. wazara to bear a 
burden.] A councilor of state ; a high executive officer 
in Turkey and other Oriental countries. 

Grand vizier, the chief minister of the Turkish empire. 

Viz'ier-ate (-at), «. Office or authority of a vizier. 

II Vi-zier'-a-zem' (vT-zer'a-zSm'), n. [Ar. azam great. 
See Vizier.] A grand vizier. 

Vi-zir' (vi-zer'), n. See Vizier. 

Viz'or (viz'er), 11. See Visor. 

Vo'ca-ble (vo'ka-b'l), n. [L. vocabulum nnme, fr. vo- 
care to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice, word. See Voice.] A 
word ; term ; name ; specif., a word as composed of cer- 
tain sounds or letters, without regard to its meaning. 

Vo-cab'u-la-ry (vo-kaVu-ht-ry), n. [LL. vocabula- 
rium, vocabularius. See Vocable.] 1. A list or collec- 
tion of words arranged in alphabetical order and ex- 
plained ; any dictionary or lexicon ; word-book. 2- A 
sum or stock of words employed. 

Vo'cal (vo'kal), a. [L. rocalis, fr. vox. rods, voice. 
See Voice.] 1. Of or pert, to the voice or speech ; hav- 
ing a voice. 2. Uttered or modulated by the voice ; oral. 
3. (Phon.) (a) Consisting of, or characterized by. voice. 
or tone produced in the larynx, which may be modified, 
either by resonance, as in the case of the vowels, or by 
obstructive action, as in certain consonants, such as r. /. 
etc., or by both, as in the nasals ?», n, no : sonant : in- 
tonated ; voiced. See Guide to Pronunciation. §§ 199- 
202. (b) Of, pert, to, or having the character of. n vowel. 

Vocal cords. See Larynx, and the note under Voice. 

Vo'cal, n. (Phon.) A vocal sound ; specif., a rowel 

Vo-caWc (vo-kaVTk), a. Of, pertaining to, or consist- 
ing of, vowel sounds. 

Vo'cal-ism (vo'krtl-Tz'm), v. Vocalization. 

Vo'cal-ist, n. A singer, or vocal musician. 

Vo-call-ty (vi-kall-ty), n. Quality of being vocal. 

Vo'cal-i-za'tion (vo v kal-Y-*5'shtin) ) n. Act of vocal- 
izing, or state of being vocalized. 

Vo'cal-ize (vo'kal-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vocalized 
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vocalizing (-I'zTngV] 1. To form 
into voice ; to make vocal or sonant : to give intonation 
or resonance to. 2. To practice singing vowel sounds. 

Vo'cal-ly, adv. In a vocal manner. 

Vo-ca'tion (vj-ka'shon), n. [L. vocatio a bidding, 
invitation, fr. rocare to call. fr. vox. rods, voice.] 1. A 
call; summons; citation: esp., a designation to a par- 
ticular state, business, or profession. 2. Destined or 
appropriate employment ; calling ; occupation ; trade ; 
business; profession. 3. (Theol.) A calling by the will 
of Ood, either to grace, or to special religious work. 
Voc'a-tive (vSk'a-tlv), a. [L. voeatimu, fr. rocare to 



i 



fern, recent, 6rb, rijde, full, fcm, food, foot, out, oil, chair, gro, sing, ink, tlien, thin. 



( 



N 



VOCIFERANT 



912 



VOLT 



u 



call.] Pert, to, or used in, calling; ; specif. (Gram.), des- 
ignating the 0M8 01 form of the noun, pronoun, or ad- 
jective, in which a person or thing is addressed.—?}. 
N The vocative 0*86, Of a form in that case. 
Vo-cif 'er-ant v vo-sTf'er-<mt). a. [L. vociferous, p. pr.] 
Noisy : clamorous. 

Vo-cif'er-ate (-St), v, i. & /. [L. vociferari, p. p. 

-, vocis. voice -j-ferre to bear.] To cry out or 

utter with vehemence ; to exclaim ; to clamor ; to shout. 

Vo-cif er-a'tion (-5'shun), ?(. A vociferating; a vio- 
lent outcry ; vehement utterance. 

Vo-cif 'er-OUS (-us), a. Slaking loud outcry ; clamorous; 
noisy. — Vo-cif 'er-ous-ly. <nh-.— Vo-cif 'er-ous-ness, n. 

Voc'Ule (vtfk'ul), n. [L. vocula, dim. of vox voice.] 
V short or weak utterance. [tilled from rye. I 

Vod'ka (vod'ka), n. [Russ.] A Russian drink dis- 1 

Vogue (vog), /;. [F., a rowing, vogue, fashion, It. 
voga, fr. rogare to row, to sail.] Temporary mode, 
custom, fashion, or practice ; popular reception for the 
time ; — used now generally in the phrase in vogue. 

Voice (vois), n. [OF. vois, voiz, L. vox, vocis ; akin to 
Gr. eVo? word, 6y> voice, Skr. vac to speak, G. BTtv'dknen 
to mention.] 1. Sound uttered by the mouth, esp. by 
human beings in speech or song ; sound thus uttered con- 
sidered as possessing some special quality or character. 

2. (Phon.) Vocal, sonant, or intonated, utterance ; tone. 
Z3T~ Voice, in this sense, is produced by vibration of the 

so-called vocal cords in the larynx (see Illust. of Larynx) 
which break the breath current into a series of purls, or 
pulses. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 146, 155. 

3. The tone or sound emitted by anything. 4. The 
faculty or power of utterance. 5. Language; words; 
speech ; expression ; signification of feeling or opinion. 
6. Opinion or choice expressed ; judgment ; vote. 7. 
Command; precept; — now chiefly scriptural. 8. One 
who speaks ; speaker. 9. (Gram.) A particular mode of 
inflecting or conjugating verbs, or a particular form of a 
verb, by means of which is indicated the relation of the 
subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses. 

Active voice (Gram.), that form of the verb representing 
its subject as the agent or doer of the action. —Middle 
voice (Gram.), that form of the verb representing its 
subject as both the agent and the object of the action. — 
Passive voice. (Gram.) See under Passive, a. 

Voice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Voiced (voist) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Voicing (voi'sing).] 1. To give utterance to; to 
utter ; to publish ; to announce ; to divulge. 2. (Phon.) 
To utter with sonant or vocal tone. 3. To regulate the 
tone of. 4. To vote ; to elect. [Obs.~\ 

Voiceless, a. 1. Having no voice or vote ; silent ; 
mute ; dumb. 2. (Phon.) Not sounded with voice ; surd. 

Void (void), a. [OF. voit, voide, vuii, wide, deriv. 
of L. vocare, old form of vacare to be empty, or a kin- 
dred word.] 1. Containing nothing ; not filled. 2. Hav- 
ing no incumbent ; unoccupied ; — said of offices, etc. 3. 
Being without ; destitute ; free. 4. Not producing any 
effect ; vain. 5. Containing no immaterial quality ; des- 
titute of mind or soul. 6. (Law) Of no legal force or 
effect ; incapable of confirmation or ratification ; null. 

Void space (Physics), a vacuum. 

Syn. — Empty ; vacant ; devoid ; wanting ; ineffectual. 

Void, n. An empty space ; a vacuum. 

Void, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Voided ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Voiding.] 1. To make or leave void. 2. To throw or 
send, or to pass, out ; to evacuate ; to emit. 

Syn. — To empty ; discharge; vacate; annul; nullify. 

Void'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being voided. 

Syn . — Void. — A voidable contract may be ratified 
and confirmed ; to render it null and of no effect, it must 
be avoided; a void contract can not be ratified. 

Vold'ance (-#ns), n. 1. Act of voiding, or state of 
being void. 2. Evasion ; subterfuge. [Obs.~\ 

Void'ed, a. 1. Made void. 2. (Her.) Having the 
inner part cut away, or left vacant, a narrow border 
being left at the sides. — said of a charge. 

Void'er (-er), n. 1. One that voids. 2. A tray or 
basket formerly used to receive or convey that which is 
voided or cleared away. 3. (Her.) One of the ordinaries, 
much like the flanch, but smaller and less rounded. 

Voiding, a. Receiving what is ejected or voided. 

Void'ness, n. Quality or state of being void. 

! Voir dire (vwar der). [OF., to say truth, fr. L. verus 
true -f- dicere to say.] (Law) An oath administered to 
a witness, requiring him to speak the truth in reference 
to matters inquired of to ascertain his competency. 

Voi'ture (voi'tur), n. [F., fr. L. vectura a carrying, 
conreyirig. Cf. Vettuea.] A carriage. 

Volant (vo'Umt), a. [L. volans, -antis, p. pr. of vo- 
lare to fly.] 1. Moving upon, or as if upon, wings ; fly- 



ing ; hence, current. 2. Nimble ; light and quick. 3. 
(Her.) Represented as Hying, or having the wings spread' 

Vol a-piik' (vSl'ii-puk'), »• Literally, world's speech • 
the name of an artificial language invented by Johan 
Martin Schleyer, of Constance, Switzerland, about 1879 

Vo'lar (vo'ler), a. [L. vola palm, sole.] (Anat.) Of 
or pert, to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot. 

Vol'a-tile (v51'a-til), a. [F. volatil, L. volalilis, fr. 
volare to Ay.] 1. Flying. [Obs.] 2. Easily passing into 
the aeriform state ; subject to evaporation. 3. Fig. : 
Light-hearted; easily affected by circumstances; airy; 
lively ; hence, changeable ; fickle. — Vol'a-tile-ness, n. 

Volatility (-til'i-ty), n. Quality of being volatile. 

Syn. — See Levity. 

Vol'a-til-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun), ». Act or process of 
volatilizing ; state of being volatilized. 

Vol'a-til-ize (v51'a-til-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vola- 
tilized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Volatilizing (-I'zTng).] 
To render volatile ; to cause to exhale or evaporate. 

II Vol'-au'-vent' (vS'lo'vaN'), n. [F.] (Cookery) A 
light puff paste, with a raised border, filled, after bak- 
ing, usually with a ragout of fowl, game, or fish. 

Volcanic (vol-kan'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to a volcano 
or volcanoes. 2. Produced by a volcano, or by igneous 
agencies. 3. Changed or affected by the heat of a vol- 
cano. — Vol-can'ic-al-ly (-T-kal-ly), adv. [action. I 

VoPcan-ism (vol'kan-Tz'm), n. Volcanic power or| 

Voi'can-ist, n. 1. One versed in the history and 
phenomena of volcanoes. 2. One who believes in the 
igneous, as opposed to the aqueous, origin of rocks. 

Vol can-i-za'tion (vol'kan-T-za'shun), n. Act of vol- 
canizing, or state of being volcanized. 

Vol'can-ize (volOian-iz), v. t. To subject to, or cause 
to undergo, volcanic heat, and to be affected by its action. 

Vol-ca'no (vol-ka'no), n. ; pi. -noes (-noz). [It. vol- 
cano, vulcano, fr. L. Vulcanus Vulcan, the god of fire.] 
(Geol.) A mountain or hill, usually more or less conical, 
from which lava, cinders, steam, etc., are ejected. 

Vole (vol), 11. [F.] A deal at cards that draws all 
the tricks. [ a vole. I 

Vole, v. i. (Card Playing) To win all the tricks by| 

Vole, n. [Etym. uncertain.] (Zool.) Any one of many 
species of micelike 
rodents, having 
thick head, short 
ears, and short tail. 

Vol'er-y (voi'- 
er-y), n. [Through 
F. fr. L. volare to 
1. A flight of 
[B.J 2. An 
aviary. 

Vo-li'tient (vS-lTsh'ent), a. 
from choice ; willing. 

Vo-li'tion (vS-lish'un), n. [¥., fr. L. volo I will, velle 
to will, be willing.] 1. Act of willing or choosing ; the 
exercise of the will. 2. The result of an act or exercise 
of choosing or willing ; a state of choice. 3. The power 
of willing or determining; will. — Vo-lilion-al (-«1), a. 

Syn. — Will ; choice ; preference ; determination ; pur- 
pose. — Choice is the familiar, and volition the scientific, 
term for the same state of the will ; that is, an " elective 
preference." When we have "made up our minds" (as 
we say) to a thing, i. e., have a settled state of choice 
respecting it, that state is called an immanent volition ; 
when we put forth any particular act of choice, that act 
is called an emanent, or executive, or imperative, volition. 

II Volkslied (f olks'let'), n. ; pi. Volkslieder (-leader). 
[G.] (Mus.) A popular song, or national air. 

Vol'ley (vol'ly), n. ; pi. Volleys (-liz). [F. volee, fr. 
voler to fly, L. volare. See Volatile.] 1. A flight of 
missiles ; the simultaneous discharge of a number of small 
arms. 2. A burst or emission of many things at once. 
3. (a) (Tennis) A return of the ball before it touches the 
ground, (b) (Cricket) A sending of the ball full to the 
top of the wicket. 

Volley, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. Volleyed (-lid) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Volleying.] To discharge with, or as if with, a 
volley. [a volley or volleys. I 

Volley, v. i. To be discharged in a volley ; to make | 

Volt (volt), n. [F. volte. See Vault a leap.] 1. 
(Man.) A circular tread ; a gait by which a horse going 
sideways round a center makes two concentric tracks. 
2. (Fencing) A sudden movement to avoid a thrust. 

Volt, n. [See Voltaic] (Elec.) The standard unit 
of electro-motive force ; the force which produces a cur- 
rent of one ampere in a circuit having a resistance of one 
ohm, being about one tenth less than the electro-motive 
force of a Daniell's sulphate of copper cell. 



fly.] 
birds 



incertain. ] (Zool.) Any one of many 

American Vole, or Meadow Mouse 
(Arvicola riparius). 

[See Volition.] Acti 



5, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



VOLfA 



913 



VOTE 




II Vol'ta (vSl'ta), n. ; pi. Volte (-ta). [It. volla turn, 
time.] (3Tus.) A turning; a time ; — chiefly used in 
phrases signifying that the part is to be repeated one, 
two, or more times. 

Vol-ta'ic (-ta'Tk), a. 1. Of or pert, to Alessandro 
Volta, who first devised apparatus for developing electric 
currents by chemical action ; discovered by Volta. 2. Of 
or pert, to voltaism, or voltaic electricity. 

Voltaic battery, an apparatus variously constructed, con- 
sisting usually of a series of pieces of dissimilar metals 
arranged in pairs, and subjected to the action of a saline 
or acid solution, by which electricity is generated when- 
ever the two poles, or ends of the series, are connected 
by a conductor ; a galvanic battery. — Voltaic electricity, 
electricity developed by chemical action. — Voltaic pile, a 
kind of voltaic battery consisting of alternate disks of dis- 
similar metals, separated by moistened cloth or paper. 

Vol'ta-ism (vol'ta-Tz'm), n. (Physics) Voltaic elec- 
tricity. 

Vol-tam'e-ter (vSl-tam'e-ter), n. [ Voltaic -f- -meter.] 
(Physics) An instrument for measuring 
the voltaic electricity passing through it, 
by its effect in decomposing some chem- 
ical compound acting as an electrolyte. 

HVol'ti (vol'te), imperative. [It.] 
(3fus.) Turn, that is, turn over the leaf. 

II VoMi-geui* (vo-1'te-zher'), n. [F.] 
1. A tumbler ; a leaper or vaulter. 2. 
(3Iil.) One of a picked company of ir- 
regular riflemen. 

Vo-lu'bi-late (v*-lu'bY-lit), ) a. See 

Vol'u-bile (vol'ii-bTl), J Volu- 

ble.] (Bot.) Turning; voluble. 

Vol'U-ble (v51'u-b'l), a. [L. volubilis, 
fr. solvere, volutum, to roll, to turn 

round ; akin to Gr. eiAveiv to infold, 

iMetv to roll, G. welle a wave.] Voltameter, a a Tube" 
1. Easily rolling or turning; apt for collecting the gases: 
to roll ; rotating. 2. Speaking b b Binding Screws ; c c 
with smooth rapidity; nimble in F e ?* rod w- ; d d Con " 
speech ; glib ; - now derogatory. ductms Wlres - 
3. Changeable ; fickle. [06*.] 4. (Bot.) Having the 
power or habit of turning or twining. — Vol'U-bil'i-ty 
(-bTl'T-ty), Vol'u-ble-ness, n. — Vol'u-bly, adv. 

Vol'ume (vol'um), n. [F. , f r. L. volumen roll of writ- 
ing, volume, fr. volvere, volutum, to roll.] 1. A written 
roll. [06s.] 2. Hence, a collection of printed sheets 
bound together; book; tome ; esp., the part of an ex- 
tended work bound up in one cover. 3. Anything rounded 
or swelling like a roll ; convolution ; coil. 4. Dimen- 
sions ; cubic space occupied ; mass ; bulk. 5. (3Ius. ) 
Amount, fullness, or caliber of voice or tone. 

Vol'u-met'ric (vol'u-ineVrTk), a. [See Volume ; 
Meter. ] Of or pertaining to the measurement of volume. 

Volumetric analysis (Chem.), analysis of solutions which 
employs definite volumes of standardized solutions of re- 
agents ; also, the analysis of gases by volume. 

Vo-lu'mi-nous (vo-lu'mT-nus), a. Of or pert, to a vol- 
ume or volumes. Specif. : (a) Consisting of many 
folds, coils, or convolutions. (6) Of great volume, or 
bulk ; large, (c) Consisting of many volumes or books. 
(d) Having written much; copious; diffuse. — Vo-lu'- 
mi -nous-ly, adv. — Vo-lu'mi-nous-ness, n. 

Vol'un-ta-ry (vol'iin-ta-ry), a. [L. voluntarius, fr. 
voluntas will, choice, fr. root oivelle to will, p. pr. volens ; 
akin to E. will.'] 1. Proceeding from the will ; produced 
in or by an act of choice. 2. Unconstrained by the inter- 
ference of another ; spontaneous ; acting of one's self, or 
of itself ; free. 3. Done by design or intention ; inten- 
tional. 4. (Physiol.) Of or pert, to the will ; governed 
by the will. 5. Endowed with the power of willing. 
6. (Law) Specif., free; without consideration; gratui- 
tous. — Vol'un-ta-ri-ly, adv. — Vol'un-ta-ri-ness, n. 

Syn. —See Spontaneous. 

Vol'un-ta-ry, n. 1. A volunteer. IE.] 2. (Mm.) 
A piece played by a musician according to his fancy ; 
specif., an organ solo played at divine service. 

VoFun-teer/ (vol'un-ter'), n. [F. volontaire.] 1. 
One who voluntarily enters into, or offers for, any serv- 
ice. 2. (Mil.) One who enters into service voluntarily ; 
— opposed to conscript ; specif., a voluntary member of 
the militia as distinguished from the standing army. 3. 
(Law) A grantee without valuable consideration. 

Vorun-teer', v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Volunteered 
(-terd') ; p. pr. & t'6. n. Volunteering.] To offer, be- 
stow, or act voluntarily, or without constraint. 

Vo-lup'tU-a-ry (vo-lup'tu-a-ry" ; 135), n. A voluptuous 
person ; one who devotes himself to physical enjoyment. 

Syn. — Sensualist ; epicure. 






Vo-lup'tu-a-ry (vi-Wj/tft-t-ry), a. Voluptuous; luxu- 

riou.s ; pert, to sensuous pi. 

Vo-lup'tu ous (-as), ii. [F. voluptueuXfL. volvptuo- 
tut. fr, voluntas pleasure, volup agreeably, delightfully.] 
1. Full of delight or pleasure, eap. of the aenaea; minis- 
tering to sensuous or eeuauaJ gratification; luxurious; 
sensual. 2. Given to enjoyment! of luxury and pleasure. 
— Vo-lup'tu-ous-ly, adv. Vo-lup'tu ous ness. %. 

Volute' (vo-lut'), "• [P., fr. L. voluta, fr. 
volutum, to roll. See Voluble.] 1. (Arch.) A spiral 
scroll characteristic of the Ionic capital, and al 
Corinthian and Composite capitals. [See 

tal.] 2. (Zool.) A spiral turn, as in certain shells. 

Volute spring, a form of spring extended I 
the direction of the axis ol the coil. 

Vo-lut'ed, a. Having a volute. rw «5e& 

Vo-lu/tion (vo-lu'shfin), n. A spiral «^B 
turn, wreath, or whorl. 

II Vol'VU-lUS (v51 ' vu - IBs), n. [NL.] 
(Med.) (a) The spasmodic contraction of 
the intestines causing colic. (7/) Any in- 
testinal displacement causing obstruction. 

II Vo'mer (vo'mer), n. [L., a plow- 
share.] (Anat.) A bone, or one of a pair Volu! . 
of bones, forming a part of the partition 
between the nostrils in man and other mammals. 

II Vom'l-ca (v5m'T-ka), n. [L., fr. v&mere to vomit.] 
(Med.) (a) An abscess cavity in the lungs. (6) An ab- 
scess in any other organ consisting of parenchyma. 

Vom'it, n. [L. romitus, fr. vomere, vomUum i to 
vomit; akin to Gr. e/xeiv, Skr. vam, Lath, lemti.] 1. 
Matter that is vomited, esp. from the stomach through 
the mouth. 2. (3fed.) An emetic. 

Black vomit. (Med.) See in the Vocabulary. 

Vom'it (-it), v. i. & t. [imp. &p.p. Vomited ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Vomiting.] 1. To throw up ; to eject from the 
stomach through the mouth ; to disgorge ; to puke ; to 
spew out. 2. Hence, to eject from any hollow place ; to 
belch forth ; to emit. 

Vo-mi'tion (vo-mtsh'Hn), n. Act of vomiting. 

Vom'I-tO-ry (voin'i-to-r^), a. Causing vomiting. 

Vom'i-tO-ry, n. 1. An emetic. 2. [L. vomitorium.] 
(Arch.) A principal door of a large ancient building. 

Voo'doo (voo'dob), n. 1. See Voodooism. 2. One 
who practices voodooism ; a negro sorcerer. 

V00'd00-ism (-Tz'm), n. [Prob. fr. F. Vaudois "Wal- 
densian, because the Waldenses were accused of sorcery.] 
A degraded form of superstition and sorcery existing 
among the negroes of Haiti and the Southern U. S. 

Vo-ra'cious (vo-ra'shus), a. [L. vorax, -acis, fr. vo- 
rare to devour ; akin to Gr. /3opa meat, /3i0ptoox<:ii> to 
devour, Skr. gar.] Greedy in eating ; very hungry ; 
eager to devour or swallow ; ravenous ; gluttonous ; rapa- 
cious. — Vo-ra'cious-ly, adv. — Vo-ra'cious-ness, n. 

Vo-rac'i-ty (vo-rSs'T-ty), n. Quality of being voracious. 

Vo-rag'i-nous (v6-rSj'i-niis), a. [L. voragmottu, fr. 
vorago abyss.] Pert, to a gulf ; hence, devouring. [JR.] 

-vorous. [L. vorare to devour.] A combining form 
meaning devouring, feeding upon, consuming. 

Vor'tex (vor'tgks), n. ; pi. E. -texes (-ez). L. -tices 
(-tT-sez). [L. See Vertex.] A mass of fluid having a 
whirling or circular motion, tending to form a vacuum 
in the center, and to draw objects to the center ; the 
form assumed by such a fluid ; whirlpool ; eddy. 

Vor'ti-cal (-tl-k«l), a. Of or pert, to a vortex or vor- 
texes ; resembling a vortex ; whirling. 

Vor'tl-cel (-sel), n. (Zool.) A vorticella. 

Vor'ti-cel'la (-sel'la), n. ; pi. E. -las (-laz), L. -l.e 
(-le). [NL., dim. fr. L. vortex, vorex.] (Zool.) Any of 
numerous species of ciliated Infusoria having a more or 
less bell-shaped body with vibrating cilia around the oral 
disk. [cal ; whirling. I 

Vor'ti-COSe' (vor'tT-kosO, a. [L. vorticosus.] Vorti-| 

Vo'ta-ress (v5'ta-res), n. A woman who is a votary. 

Vo'ta-rist (-nst), n. A votary. 

Vo'ta-ry (-ry), a. [From L. votus, p. p. of vovere to 
vow, to devote. See Vote, Vow.] Consecrated by a vow 
or promise ; consequent on a vow ; devoted ; promised. 

Vo'ta-ry, n. One devoted, consecrated, or engaged 
by a vow or promise ; hence, esp., one devoted to some 
particular service, worship, study, or state of life. 

Vote (vot), n. [L. votum vow, wish. will. See Vow.] 
1. A vow ; prayer. [06.?.] 2. A wish, choice, or opinion, 
of a person or body of persons, expressed in some author- 
ized way ; suffrage. 3. That by means of which will or 
preference is expressed in elections, or in deciding prop- 
ositions ; voice ; ballot ; ticket. 4. Expression of judg- 
ment or will by a majority. 5. Votes, collectively. 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fobt, out, oil, chair, go, siug, ink, then, thin. 

58 



N 



VOTE 



914 



VYINGLY 



U 



Vote (vot\ r. j. [imp. A: p. p. Voted : p. pr. & vb. n. 
Voting.] To give a vote ; to express or signify the inind, 
will, or preference, by some conventional" method. 

Vote,:?. 1. To choose by suffrage ; to elect. 2. To 
enact, establish, grant, determine, declare, etc., by a vote. 

Vot'er ^vot'er), 72. One who votes ; a suffragist. 

Vo'tlve (yo'tlv), a. [L. votivus, fr. votum vow.] 
Given by vow, or in fulfillment of a vow ; consecrated by 
a vow ; devoted. — Vo'tive-ly, adv. — Vo'tive-ness. n. 

Vo'tress (vo'trgs), n. A votaress. 

Voucll (vouch), r. (. [hnp. &p. p. Vouched (voucht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Vouching.] [OF. vochier to call, fr. L. 
vocare. See Vocation.] I. To call. [06s.] 2. To call 
upon to witness ; to obtest. 3. To warrant; to maintain 
by affirmations ; to avouch. 4. To back ; to confirm ; to 
establish. 5. (Laic) To call into court to warrant and 
defend, or to make good a warranty of title, as in the 
common-law action of common recovery for the recov- 
ery of lands. 

Syn. — To declare ; affirm ; attest ; support ; assever- 
ate ; aver ; protest ; assure. 

Vouch, v. i. 1. To bear witness ; to give testimony 
or full attestation. 2. To assert ; to aver ; to declare. 

Vouch, n. Warrant ; attestation, lobs'] 

Vouch-ee' (-e'), n. (Law) One who is vouched. See 
Vouch, v. t., 5. 

Vouch'er (voucher), n. 1. One who vouches. 2. A 
book, paper, or document serving to vouch the truth of 
accounts, or to confirm and establish any fact. 3. (Laic) 
(a) Act of vouching a person to defend a warranted title. 
(6) The person who so vouches another. 

Vouch'or (-5r), n. (Law) Same as Vouchee, 3 (b). 

Vouch-safe' (vouch-saf), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Vouch- 
safed (-saff); p. pr. & vb. n. Vouchsafing.] [Vouch 
+ safe, that is, to vouch for safety.] 1. To condescend 
to grant ; to concede ; to bestow. 2. To receive or ac- 
cept in condescension. [06s.] [descend or stoop. I 

Vouch-safe', v. i. To condescend ; to deign ; to | 

Vouch-saf e'ment (-ment), n. A vouchsafing; that 
which is vouchsafed ; a gift or grant in condescension. 

II Vous'SOir' (vobs'swar'), n. [F. , akin to voute arch. ] 
(Arch.) One of the wedgelike stones forming an arch. 

Vow (vou), n. [OF. vou, veu, vu, fr. L. votum, fr. 
vovere, votum, to vow. Cf. Vote.] 1. A solemn prom- 
ise made to God, or to some deity ; a devotion of one's 
self or one's possessions. 2. Specif., a promise of fidel- 
ity ; a pledge of love or affection. 

Vow, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Vowed (voud) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Vowtng.] 1. To give, consecrate, or dedicate to God, 
or to some deity, by a solemn promise ; to devote ; to 
promise solemnly. 2. To assert solemnly ; to asseverate. 

Vow, v. i. To make a vow, or solemn promise. 

Vow'el (-51), n. [F. voyelle, or an OF. form without 
y, fr. L. vocalis (sc. littera), fr. vocalis sounding. See 
Vocal.] (Phon.) A vocal, or sometimes a whispered, 
sound modified by resonance in the oral passage, the pe- 
culiar resonance giving to each vowel it3 distinctive char- 
acter ; — distinguished from a consonant in that the 
latter, whether made with or without vocality, derives 
its character from some kind of obstructive action by the 
mouth organs. Also, a letter or character which repre- 
sents such a sound. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 
146-149. 

Vow'el, a. Of or pertaining to a vowel ; vocal. 

VoWeled (-eld), a. Furnished with vowels. 

Vow'er (-er), n. One who makes a vow. 

I! Vox (voks), n. [L. See Voice.] A voice. 

Vox hamana (hu-ma'na) [L., human voice] (Mus.), a reed 
stop in an organ, made to imitate the human voice. 

Voy'age (voi'aj ; colloq. valj or voij ; 48), n. [OF. 
veage, viage, veiage, voiage, LL. viaticum, fr. L. viati- 
cum viaticum, f r. viaticus belonging to a journey, fr. via 
way ; akin to E. way.] 1. Formerly, a passage either by 
sea or land ; journey; now usually, a passing by sea or 
water from one place to another ; esp., a passing or jour- 
ney by water to a distant place. 2. Act or practice of 
traveling. [06s.] 3. Course; way. [06s.] 

Voy'age, v. i. & t. [imp. &p. p. Voyaged (-ajd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Voyaging.] To take a voyage, esp. by wa- 
ter : to travel ; to pass over. 

Voy'age-a-ble (-a-Vl), n. Navigable. 

Voy'a-ger (-a-jer), n. One who voyages. 

: Voy'a'geur' (vwa'ya/zher'), n. [F.] A traveler; — 
applied in Canada to one employed by the fur companies 
to transport goods to and from the remote Northwest. 

Voy'ol (voi'Sl), n. (Naut.) (a) See Viol, 2. (b) The 

block through which a messenger passes. [similitude. | 

II Vrai semblance' (vra'saN'blaNs'), n. [F.] Veri- 1 



Vul'can (vul'kfln), n. [L. Vulcanus, Volcanus.] 
(Pom. Myth.) The god of fire and metal working. 

Vul-ca'nl-an (vul-ka'nl-an), a. 1. Of or pert, to Vul- 
can ; made by Vulcan ; hence, of or pertaining to works 
in iron or other metals. 2. (Geol.) Volcanic. 

Vul-can'ic (-k&n'Ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to Vulcan ; 
Vulcanian. 2. Of or pert, to volcanoes ; specif., rela- 
ting to the geological theory of the Vulcanists. 

Vul'can-ism (vul'kan-Tz'm), n. Volcanism. 

Vul'can-ist, n. A plutonist ; a volcanist. 

Vul'can-ite(-It),72. Same as Ebonite, [vulcanizing. I 

Vul'can-i-za'tlon (-Y-za'shun), n. Act or process of [ 

Vul'can-lze (vul'kan-Iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vul- 
canized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Vulcanizing (-I'zTng).] 
[See Vulcan.] To impart to (caoutchouc, gutta-percha, 
India rubber, or the like) greater elasticity, durability, 
or hardness by heating with sulphur under pressure. 

Vulcanized fiber, paper or other fiber chemically treated, 
so as to form a substance resembling ebonite. 

Vul'can-i zer (-i'zer), n. One that vulcanizes. 

Vul'gar (vul'ger), a. [L. vulgaris, fr. vulgus multi- 
tude, the common people.] 1. Of or pert, to the mass, 
or multitude, of people ; common ; general ; ordinary ; 
public ; hence, being in general use ; vernacular. 2. Of 
or pert, to the common people or common life ; plebeian ; 
hence, sometimes, of little or no value. 3. Hence, lack- 
ing cultivation or refinement ; rustic ; boorish ; offensive 
to good taste or refined feelings ; low ; coarse ; base. 

Vulgar fraction. (Arith.) See under Fraction. 

Vul'gar, n. 1. A vulgar person. [06s.] 2. The 
vernacular, or common language. [065.] 

Vul'gar-ism (-Tz'm), n. Quality of being vulgar ; 
grossness ; vulgarity. 2. A vulgar phrase or expression. 

Vul-gar'i-ty (vul-gar'i-ty), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being vulgar. 2. An act marked by such a quality. 

VuTgar-ize (vul'ger-iz), v. t. To make vulgar, or 
common. 

Vul'gar-ly, adv. In a vulgar manner. 

VuTgar-ness. n. Quality or state of being vulgar. 

Vul'gate (-gat), n. [NL. vulgata, fr. L. vulgatus usual, 
common, p. p. of vulgare to make common, fr. vulgus 
multitude.] An ancient Latin version of the Scriptures 
(dating from the close of the 4th century), and the only 
version which the Roman Catholic Church admits to be 
authentic ; — from its common use in the Latin Church. 

Vul'gate (vul'gat), a. Of or pert, to the Vulgate. 

Vul'ner-a-ble (vul'ner-a-b'l), a. [L. vulnerabilis in- 
jurious, fr. vulnerare to wound, vulnus wound ; akin to 
Skr. vrana.] 1. Capable of being wounded ; susceptible 
of wounds or external injuries. 2. Liable to injury ; sub- 
ject to be affected injuriously ; assailable. — Vul ner-a- 
bil'i-ty (-blll-ty), Vul'ner-a-ble-ness, n. 

Vul'ner-a-ry (-a-r^), a. Useful in healing wounds or 
external injuries, —n. (Med.) A vulnerary remedy. 

Vul'ner-ose 7 (-os'), a. Full of wounds ; wounded. 

Vul-nii'ic (vul-mf'ik), } a. [L. vulnificus ; vulnus a 

Vul-nif'iC-al (-T-kal), j wound -\-facere to make.] 
Causing wounds ; inflicting wounds ; wounding. 

Vul'pine (-pin or -pin), a. [L. vulpinus, fr. vulpes 
fox.] Of, pert, to, or like, the fox ; foxy ; crafty. 

Vul'ture (vul'tur ; 135), n. [OE. vultur, L. vultu.'] 
(Zool.) Any one of numer- 
ous species of rapacious, 
carrion - eating birds be- 
longing to Vultur, Cathar- 
tes, Catharista, and other 
allied genera, including the 
condor, turkey buzzard, 
griffin, lammergeir, etc. 
[See Hlusts. of Condoe, 
and LAMMEEGEm.] 

Wj^T* In most of the spe- 
cies the head and neck are 
naked, or nearly so. 

Vul'tUT-ine (-In or -In), 
a. Of, pert, to, or resem- 
bling a vulture, or the ! 
habits of a vulture. 

Vul'tur-lsh, a. Vultur- 
ous. 

Vul'tur-ous (-us), a. 
Like a vulture ; rapacious. 

Vul'va (vul'va), n. [L. 
vulva, volva, fr. volvere to roll.] (Anat.) The external 
parts or opening of the female genital organs. 

Vul'vl-form (-vl-fSrm), a. [L. vulva, volva. a wrap- 
per + -form.] (Bot.) Like a cleft with projecting edges. 

Vy'lng (vilng), a. & n. from VtE. — Vy'ing-ly, adv. 




California Vulture 
(Pseudogryphus Californianus). 



a. e, I, o, fi, long ; &, £, 1, 5, ft, y, abort ; senite, gvent, tdea, 6 bey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final, 



w 



915 



WAILINGLY 



w. 



W (dQb"l u), the twenty-third letter of the English 
alphabet, is usually a consonant ; but sometimes it is a 
vowel, forming the second element of certain diphthongs, 
as in few, how. It takes its written form and its name 
from the repetition of a V, this being the original form 
of the Roman capital letter which we call U. Etymo- 
logically it is most closely related to v and u. See V, and 
U. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 2G6-2G8. 

WabHWe (w5b'b'l), v.'i. [Etym. uncertain.] To move 
staggeringly or unsteadily from side to side ; to vacillate ; 
to move in the manner of a wheel unevenly hung. 

Wab'ble, n. Act or motion of one that wabbles. 

Wab'bly (-bly), a. Inclined to wabble ; wabbling. 

Wack'e (waVe or wSk), ) n. [G. wacke, fr. OHG. 

Wack'y (wSk'y), ) waggo pebble.] (Geol.) 

A soft, dark-colored rock or clay derived from basalt. 

Wad (wod), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin.] 1. A little 
mass, tuft, or bundle, as of hay or tow. 2. Specif. : A 
little mass of some soft or flexible material, used for re- 
taining or keeping close a charge of powder in a gun, or 
for keeping the powder and shot close, or to diminish 
or avoidwindage ; hence, a disk of felt, pasteboard, etc., 
aervinga similar purpose. 3. A soft mass, esp. of a loose, 
fibrous substance, used for various purposes. 

Wad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wadded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Wadding.] 1. To form into a mass, or wad, or into wad- 
ding. 2. To fill, plug, or stuff with a wad or wadding. 

Wad, { n. (Min.) (a) An earthy oxide of manganese, 

Wadd, ) mixed with other minerals. (b) Plumbago. 

Wad'ding (wod'ding), «. [See 1st Wad.] 1. A wad, 
or the material for wads. 2. Any soft stuff of loose tex- 
ture used for stuffing or padding. 

Wad'dle (wod'd'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waddled 
(-d'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Waddling (-dling).] [Freq. of 
Wade. ] To walk with short steps and a swaying motion ; 
to move clumsily and totteringly along ; to toddle ; to 
stumble. — Wad'dler (-dler), n. 

Wade (wad), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Waded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Wading.] [AS. wadan ; akin to G. toaten, L. 
vadere to go, vadum ford.] 1. To walk in a substance 
that yields to the feet. 2. Hence, to move with difficulty 
or labor ; to proceed slowly and with difficulty. 

Wade, v. t. To pass or cross by wading. 

Wade (wad), n. Act of wading. [Colloq.] 

Wad'er (-er), n. 1. One that wades. 2. (Zo'ol.) Any 
long-legged bird that wades in the water in search of 
food ; esp., a limicoline or grallatorial bird. 

Wad'y (wSd'jr), n. [Ar. wadl channel, river.] A 
ravine through which a brook flows ; the channel of a 
water course which is dry except in the rainy season. 

Wa'J er (wa'fer), n. [OF. ivaufre, gaufre ; of Teutonic 
origin ; akin to G. wabe honeycomb.] 1. {Cookery) A thin 
cake of flour and other ingredients. 2. (Eccl.) A thin cake 
or piece of bread used in the Eucharist. 3. An adhesive 
disk used in sealing letters, etc. 

Wa'fer, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Wafered (-ferd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Watering.] To seal or close with a wafer. 

Waffle (wof'f'l), n. [D. wafel. See Wafer.] 1. A 
thin cake baked and then rolled ; a wafer. 2. A soft 
indented cake cooked over the fire in an iron utensil or 
mold made in two parts shutting together. 

Waft (waft), v. t. & i. [imp. &p.p. Wafted or (Obs.) 
Waft ; p. pr. & vb. n. Wafting.] [Prob. originally imp. 
& p. p. of Wave, v. t.~\ 1. To signal by waving; to 
beckon. [Obs.~\ 2. To carry or move in a wavy manner, 
or by the impulse of waves, or on a buoyant medium. 3. 
To float ; to buoy up. [Obs.] 

Waft, n. 1. A wave or current of wind. 2. A signal 
made by waving something. 3. An unpleasant flavor. 
[Obs.'] 4. (Naut.) A knot, or stop, in the middle of a flag. 

Waft'age (-aj ; 48), n. Conveyance on a buoyant me- 
dium, [passage. I 

Waft'er (-er), n. 1. One that wafts. 2. A boat for | 

Waf'ture (waf'tur ; 135), n. Act of waving ; waft. 

Wag (wSg), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wagged (wagd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Wagging.] [OE. waggen ; akin to AS. wag- 
ian to wag, G. beivegen to move, and E. weigh.] To move 
to and fro with quick turns ; to cause to vibrate. 

<S3!r~ Wag implies specifically the motion of the head 
and body used in buffoonery, mirth, derision, sport, etc. 

Wag, v. i. 1. To move or be shaken to and fro ; to 
vibrate. 2. To be in action or motion ; to move ; to get 
along. [Colloq.] 

Wag, n. 1. Act of wagging ; shake. [Colloq.] 2. 



[Perhaps for wag-halter rogue.] A man full of gport and 
humor ; ludicrous fellow ; humorist ; wit ; joker. 

Wage (waj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waged (wajd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Waging (wa'jTng).] [OF. wagier, gagier, 
to pledge, promise, f r. LL. wadium a pledge ; of Teutonic 
origin ; akin to E. wed, G. wette wager.] 1. To pledge ; 
to hazard ; to stake ; to bet ; to wager. 2. To expose 
one's self to; to venture; to hazard. 3. To engage in, as 
a contest, as if by previous gage or pledge ; to carry on. 
4. To hire or let for wages. [Obs.] 5. [0. En 
To give security for ; as, to wage battle. See Wager of 
battle, under Wageb. 

Wage (waj), n. 1. Stake ; prize ; gage. [Obs.] 2. 
That for which one labors ; meed ; reward ; stipulated 
payment for service performed ; salary ; hire ; pay ; com- 
pensation ; — now generally in pi. See Wages. 

Syn. — Stipend ; allowance ; remuneration ; fruit. 

Wa'ger (wa'jer), n. 1. Something deposited, laid, 
or hazarded on the event of some contest, undecided 
question, or casualty ; bet ; stake ; pledge. 2. (Law) A 
contract by which two or more parties agree that some- 
thing shall be paid or delivered to one of them, on the 
happening or not happening of an uncertain event. 

E^* At common law a wager is a legal contract. 
3. That on which bets are laid ; the subject of a bet. 



Wager of battel, or battle (0. Eng. Law), the giving of 
gage, or pledge, for trying a cause by single combat, for- 
merly allowed in military, criminal, and civil causes. 



Wa'ger, v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Wagered (-jerd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Wagering.] To hazard or bet on the issue 
of a contest, undecided question, or casualty ; to lay ; to 
stake ; to bet. — Wa'ger-er (-er), n. 

Wa'ges (wa'jSz), n., plural in termination, but sin- 
gular in signification. [Plural of Wage.] A compensa- 
tion given to a hired person for services ; price paid for 
labor ; recompense ; hire. See Wage, n., 2. 

Wag'ger-y (-ger-f), n. Manner or action of a wag ; 
mischievous merriment ; pleasantry ; jocularity. 

Wag'gish (-glsh), a. 1. Like a wag ; mischievous in 
sport ; roguish in merriment or good humor ; frolicsome. 
2. Done, made, or laid in waggery or for sport ; sportive ; 
humorous. — Wag'gish-ly , adv. — Wag'gish-ness. n. 

Wag'gle (wag'g'l), v. i. & t. [Freq. of Wag.] [imp. 
& p. p. Waggled (-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Waggling. 1 To 
wag, reel, sway, or move from side to side ; to waddle. 

Wag'on (-Qn), n. [D. wagen. See Wain.] 1. Any 
wheeled carriage ; a vehicle on four wheels, usually drawn 
by horses, esp. one for carrying freight or merchandise. 
2. A freight car on a railway. [Eng.] 3. (Astron.) 
The Dipper, or Charles's Wain. 

Wagon ceiling (Arch.), a wagon-headed ceiling. 

Wag'on-age (-aj), n. 1. Money paid for carriage or 
conveyance in a wagon. 2. Wagons, collectively. 

Wag'on-er (-er), n. 1. One who conducts or drives a 
wagon. 2. (Astron.) The constellation Ursa Major. 

Wag'on-ette' (-St'), n. A kind of pleasure wagon, 

Wag'on-head ed (-hgd'- 
5d), a. Having a top, or head, 
shaped like the top of a cov- 
ered wagon, or like an inverted 
U in section, thus, fl • 

Wag'on-wrighr (-rhV), n. 
One who makes wagons. 

Wag'taU'(-talO,n.(^.) 
Any one of numerous Old World singing birds which 
constantly wag their tails up and down. 

Wa-ha'bee (wa-ha'be), n. A follower of Abdel Wahab 
(b. 1691 ; d. 1787), a reformer of Mohammedanism whose 
doctrines prevail esp. among the Bedouins. 

Waif (waf), n. [OF. waif, U ai f' as ad J-> lost ' xm ' 
claimed, LL. wayfium; of Scand. origin. See Waive.] 

1. (Eng. Law) Goods found of which the owner is not 
known ; orig., such goods as a pursued thief threw away. 

2. Hence, anything found, or without an owner. 3. A 
wanderer ; castaway ; stray ; homeless child. 

Wall (wal), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wailed (wald) ; p. pr. 
&vb. n. Wailing.] [OE. wailen, iceileiu probably fr. 
Icel. vsela.] To lament ; to bewail ; to grieve over. 

Wall, v. i. To express sorrow audibly ; to make 
mournful outcry ; to weep. [ing. I 

Wall. n. Loud weeping; violent lamentation ; wail-| 

Wail'er (-er), n. One who wails or laments. 

Wail'ful (-ful), a. Sorrowful ; mournful. 

Wall'lng-ly, adv. In a wailing manner. 




fgrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, frfbt, out, oil, cnair, go, sing, ink, tnen, thin. 



N 



WAIN 



916 



WALLET 



u 



w 



Wain («Eq)i n. [AS. IMB^M : akin to D. & G. wagen, 
ami E. "'!•!/.] 1. A wagon. ' 2. A. chariot [06s.] 

The Wain. " Charles's Wain. 

Wainscot (wSc/akBt), >;. (CD. uaeghe-scfiot clap- 

bo.u-d. fr. OD. waeg, icteg. wall (akin to AS. uah)-\-schot 

covering of boards (akin to E. snoot).] 1. Oaken wood. 

2. (-4;rA.) A wooden lining or boarding of the 

walls of apartments, esp. in panels. 

Wain'scot. v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wainscoted ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Wainscoting.] To line with boards or panel- 
work, or as if with panehvork. 

Wain 'SCOt -ing. n. 1. Act or occupation of covering 
with boards in panel. 2. The material used to wainscot 
a house, or the wainscot as a whole ; panel. 

Wain'wright' (-rit). n. Same as Wagonwright. 

Waist (wist), ?(. [OE. tcast ; orig., growth; akin to 
E. i((i.r to grow.] 1. That part of the human body im- 
mediately below the ribs or thorax. 2. Hence, the middle 
part of other bodies; esp. {Xaut.), that part of a vessel's 
deck, bulwarks, etc., between the quarter-deck and the 
forecastle. 3. A garment, or part of a garment, which 
covers the body from the neck or shoulders to the waist 
line. 4. A girdle for the waist. [O&s.] [waist. I 

Waisfbahd (-bond), n. The band encompassing the] 

Waist'cloth (-kloth j 115), n. 1. A cloth worn about 
the waist or hips. 2. (Xaut.) A covering of canvas or tar- 
paulin for the hammocks, stowed in the waist of a vessel. 

Waist'coat (wast'kot ; colloq. wes'kut), n. {a) The 
sleeveless garment worn by men under the coat ; vest. 
(b) A similar garment occasionally worn by women. 

Syn. — See Vest. 

Waist'er (-er), n. {Xaut.) A seaman, esp. a green or 
broken-down hand, stationed in the waist of a war vessel. 

Wait (wat). v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waited ; p. pr. & vb. 
7i. Waiting.] [OF. waitier, gaitier, to watch, attend, fr. 
OHG. uahta guard, watch, fr. wahhen to watch, be 
awake. See Wake, v. i.] 1. To watch ; to observe. 
[06s.] 2. To stay or rest in expectation ; to stop or re- 
main stationary till the arrival of some person or event ; 
to rest in patience ; to stay ; not to depart. 

To wait on or upon, (a) To attend ; to perform services 
for. ( b I To attend ; to go to see. (c) To follow, as a con- 
sequence ; to await, (d) To attend to ; to perform. 

Wait, v. t. 1. To stay for ; to rest or remain station- 
ary in expectation of ; to await. 2. To attend as a con- 
sequence ; to follow. [06s.] 3. To accompany. [06s.] 

4. To cause to wait ; to defer ; to postpone. [Colloq.] 
Wait, n. 1. Act of waiting ; delay ; halt. 2. Am- 
bush. 3. One who watches. [06s.] 4. pi. Hautboys, 
or oboes, played by town musicians ; — only in pi. [06s. j 

5. pi- Musicians who sing or play at night or in the early 
morning, esp. at Christmas time ; serenaders. 

Wait'er (-er), n. 1. One that waits ; attendant : serv- 
ant in attendance, esp. at table. 2. A vessel or tray on 
which something is carried, as dishes, etc. ; a salver. 

Wait'ing. a. & n. from Wait, v. 

Waiting maid, Waiting woman, a maid or woman who 
waits upon another as a personal servant. 

Wait'ress (-res), n. A female waiter or attendant. 

Waive (wav)> v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waived (wavd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Waiving.] [OF. u-eyver, guesver ; of 
Scand. origin.] 1. To relinquish ; to forbear to insist on 
or claim ; to refuse ; to forego. 2. To throw away ; to 
cast off ; to reject ; to desert. [claim, or privilege. I 

Waiv'er (-er), n. {Lau) Act of waiving some right, | 

Wake (wak), n. [Orig., an open space of water sur- 
rounded by ice, and then, the passage cut through ice 
for a vessel ; probably of Scand. origin.] The track left 
by a vessel in the water : by extension, any track. 

"Wake, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waked (wakt) or Woke 
(wok) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Waking.] [AS. wacan, waeian ; 
akin to G. wacken, Skr. vajay to rouse.] 1. To be or 
to continue awake ; to watch. 2. To hold a night revel. 
3. To awake ; to cease to sleep. 4. To be roused or 
stirred from any dormant or inactive state ; to be active. 

Wake. r. t. 1. To rouse from sleep; to awake. 2. 
To put in motion or action ; to arouse ; to excite. 3. To 
bring to life again ; to reanimate ; to revive. 4. To watch, 
or .sit up with, at night, as a dead body. 

Wake, n. 1. Act of waking, or being awaked; also, 
the state of being awake. [06s. or Poetic'] 2. Act or 
state of forbearing sleep, esp. for solemn or festive pur- 
poses ; vigil. 3. Specif. : (a) {Ch. of Eng.) An annual 
parish festival formerly held in commemoration of the 
dedication of a church. (6) The sitting up of persons 
with a dead body, chiefly among the Irish. 

Wake'ful (-fnl ). «. Not sleeping ; indisposed to sleep ; 
vigilant. — Wake'ful-ly, adv. — Wake'ful-ness, n. 



Wak'en (wak"n), v. /. & t. [imp. & p. p. Wakened 

(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Wakening.] To wake; to rouse 
from sleep or inactivity ; to awake ; to move to action. 

Wak'en-er (wak''u-er), n. One who wakens. 

Wak'er (-er), n. One who wakes. 

Wake'-rob in (-rSb'hi), n. {Bot.) {a) Any plant of 
the genus Arum; esp. , in England, the cuckoopint (.4. 
maculatum). (6) Any one of several species of Trillium ; 
sometimes, also, the Jack-in-the-pulpit. 

Wal-den'ses (w51-d6n'sez), n. pi. [So called from 
Petrus Waldus, or Peter Waldo, a merchant of Lyons, 
who founded this sect about a. d. 1170.] {Eccl. Jfisf.) 
A sect of dissenters from the Roman Catholic Church, 
who profess substantially Protestant principles. 

Wale (wal), n. [AS. u-alu a mark of stripes or blows, 
prob. orig., arod. Cf. Weal a wale.] 1. A streak or mark 
made on the skin by a rod or whip ; a wheal. 2. A streak 
rising above the surface, as of cloth ; hence, texture of 
cloth. 3. {Xaut.) (a) pi. Certain sets or strakes of the out- 
side planking of a vessel ; as, the main u-ales, or those un- 
der the port sills of the gim deck ; channel wales, or those 
along the spar deck, etc. (6) A wale knot, or wall knot. 

Wale knot (Xaut.), a wall knot. See 1st Wall. 

Wale. r. t. To mark with wales, or stripes. 

Wal hal'la (wol-hal'la), n. See Valhalla. 

Wal'ing (wal'ing), n. {Xaut.) Same as Wale, n., 3. 

Walk (wak), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Walked (wakt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Walking.] [OE. walken, prob. "from 
AS. uealcan to roll ; akin to G. walken to full ; but cf. 
also AS. u-eallian to roam, G. wallen.'] 1. To move along 
on foot ; to advance by steps ; to go on at a moderate 
pace ; specif. , of two-legged creatures, to proceed at a 
slower or faster rate, but without running, or entirely 
lifting one foot before the other touches the ground. 2. 
To move or go on the feet for exercise or amusement. 

3. To be stirring ; to be abroad ; to go restlessly about. 

4. To behave ; to pursue a course of life ; to conduct one's 
self. 5. To depart. [06s. or Colloq.'] 

Walk, v. t. 1. To pass through, over, or upon ; to 
traverse; to perambulate. 2. To cause to walk ; to lead, 
drive, or ride with a slow pace. 

To walk the plank, to walk off the plank into the water 
and drown : — alluding to the practice of pirates who 
drown people by compelling them to walk off a plank 
into the sea ; fig., to vacate an office under compulsion. 

Walk, n. 1. Act or manner of walking ; gait ; step. 

2. That in or through which one walks ; place or dis- 
tance walked over or for walking ; way ; road ; hence, 
a place or region in which animals may graze ; range. 

3. A frequented track ; habitual place of action ; sphere. 

4. Conduct ; course of action ; behavior. 
Walk'er (-er), n. One who walks ; a pedestrian. 
Walk'ing, p. pr. & rb. n. fr. Walk, v. 

Walking stick, (a) A stick carried in the hand for support 
or amusement when walking. (6) (Zool.) A stick insect. 

Walk'-O'ver (-5 ver), n. In racing, the going over a 
course by a horse which has no competitor ; hence, col- 
loq., an uncontested or easj T victorv. 

Wall (wal), n., or Wall' knot' (wal' not/). {Xaut.) 
A knot made by unlaying the 
strands of a rope, and tying them 
as shown in the Illustration. 

Wall (wal), n. [AS. weall, 
fr. L. vallum wall, vallus pale, 
palisade ; akin to Gr. tjAos nail.] 
1. A solid and permanent in- 
closing work or structure, as 
around a field, a park, a town, 
etc. ; also, one of the upright in- Wall Knot, a Strands (1, 
closing parts of a building or **&%$$£„$!* 
I a room. 2. A defense ; ram- * 

! part; pi., fortifications, in general; works for defense. 
3. An inclosing part of a receptacle or vessel. 

To drive to the wall, to bring to extremities ; to get the 
advantage of. — To go to the wall, to be hard pressed ; to 
be pushed to extremes. — To take the wall, to take the side 
of a walk next the wall ; hence, to take the precedence. 

— Wall fruit, fruit borne by trees trained against a wall. 

— Wall paper, paper for covering the walls of rooms. 
Wall (wal), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Walled (wald) ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. Walling.] 1. To inclose or close with a 
wall, or as if with a wall. 2. To defend by, or as if by, 
walls ; to fortify. 

Walla-by (wolla-bj), n. [From a native name.] 
{Zool.) Any one of numerous species of kangaroos, of 
Australia and Tasmania, especially the smaller species. 

Wall'er (waVSr), n. One who builds walls. 

Wallet (wol'lgt), n. [OE. walet, prob. same word as 
OE. walel a bag. See Wattle.] 1. A bag or sack for 




a ; e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



WALL-EYE 



917 



WAPP 



carrying about the person, as a bag for carrying the 
necessaries lor a journey ; knapsack ; peddler's pack. 2. 
A pocketbook for keeping money about the person. 3. 
Anything protuberant and swagging. 

Wall'-eyC (wal'i'), n. [See Wall-eyed.] 1. An 
eye with a very light gray or whitish iris ; — usually of 
horses. 2. (Zool.) (a) An American fresh-water fish 
having prominent eyes ; the wall-eyed perch. (b) A 
species of California surf fish, (c) The alewife. 

Wall'-eyed' (wal'id'), a. [Icel. valdeygSr, or vagl- 
eygr; fr. vagi beam -)- eygr having eyes (f r. auga eye). See 
Eye.] Having an eye of a very light gray or whitish color. 

Wall'flow'er (-flou'er), n. 1. (Bot.) A perennial, 
cruciferous plant (Cheiranlhus Cheiri), with bright, 
sweet-scented flowers ; also, any one of other species of 
Cheiranthus, and of the related genus Erysimum. 2. A 
lady who remains a spectator at a ball. [Colloq.] 

Wal'lop (w51'liip), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Walloped 
(wBl'lupt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Walloping.] [Prob. fr. AS. 
weallan to bubble. See Well, v.] To boil continuously. 
[Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] 

Wal'iop, v. t. To beat soundly ; to flog. [Prov. 
Eng., Scot., & Colloq. U. £.] 

Wal'lop, n. 1. A thick piece of fat. 2. A blow. 
{Prov. Eng., Scot., & Colloq. U. S.] 

Wal'low (wol'16), v. i. & l. [imp. & p. p. Wallowed 
(-lod) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Wallowing.] [AS. wealwian ; akin 
to L. volvere. ] 1. To roll about, as in mire ; to tumble and 
roll about; to move heavily in any medium; to flounder. 2. 
To live in filth or gross vice; to disport in a beastly manner. 

Wal'lOW, n. A kind of rolling walk. 

Wal'lOW-er (-er), n. 1. One that wallows. 2. 
(3fach.) A lantern wheel. 

Wall'-sidVed (wal'sid'Sd), a. (Naut.) Having sides 
nearly vertical ; as some vessels. [bucus Ebulus). I 

Wall'WOrt' (-wQrf), n. (Bol.) Dwarf elder (Sam-\ 

Wal'nut (wol'nut), n. [AS. wealhhnutu a Welsh or 
foreign nut, walnut ; wealh foreign, n., Welshman, Celt 
-f- hnulu nut ; akin to G. ivalnuss. See Nut ; cf. Welsh.] 
{Bot. ) {a) The fruit or nut of any species of Juglans ; also, 
the tree, and its timber, (b) Any of several species of 
hickory (Carya) or its fruit. [Local U. S.~\ 

Black walnut, a North American tree (J. nigra) valuable 
for its purplish brown wood. —English, or European, wal- 
nut, a tree (/. regia) native of Asia ; also, its nuts. 

Wal'rus (wol'rus), n. [D. walrus; of Scand. origin ; 
lit., whale horse. See 
Whale ; Horse.] {Zool.) 
A very large marine mam- 
mal of the Seal family, na- 
tive of the Arctic Ocean. 

Wal'ty(wal'ty),a. [Cf. 
Welter.] Liable to roll 
over ; crank, [is!.] 

Waltz (waits), n. [G. 
walzer, fr. walzen to roll ; 
akin to E. welter.] A 
whirling dance performed by two in circular figures ; 
also, a piece of music in triple measure for this dance. 

Waltz, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waltzed (waltst) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Waltzing.] To dance a waltz. — WaltZ'er, n. 

WamTriO (wom'b'l), v. i. [Orig. uncertain.] 1. To 
heave ; to be disturbed by nausea ; — said of the stomach. 
2. To move irregularly to and fro ; to roll. 

Wam'ble, n. Disturbance of the stomach ; nausea. 

Wam'pum (wom'puin), n. [North Am. Indian, fr. 
Mass. wompi, Del. wape, white.] See Seawan. 

Wan (w5n), a. [AS. wann, ivonn, wan, won, dark, 
lurid, livid ; origin uncertain.] Having a pale or sickly 
hue ; languid of look ; pale ; pallid. 

Wan, n. Quality of being wan ; wanness. [R.~\ 

Wan, v. i. To grow wan ; to become sickly in looks. 

Wand (wond), n. [Origin uncertain.] 1. A small 
stick; rod; verge. 2. Specif.: (a) A staff of authority. 
(6) A rod used by conjurers, diviners, magicians, etc. 

Wan'der (won'der), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wandered 
(-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Wandering.] [AS. wandrian; 
akin to G. wandern; fr. AS. windan to turn. See Wind 
to turn.] 1. To ramble here and there ; to range about ; 
to stroll ; to rove. 2. To go away ; to depart ; to stray 
off ; to deviate ; to go astray. 3. To be delirious ; not to 
be under the guidance of reason. — Wan'der-er, n. 

Syn. — To roam ; gad ; straggle ; err ; swerve ; rave. 

Wan'der-ing, a. & n. from Wander, v. 

Wandering albatross (Zool.), the great white albatross. 
— Wandering Jew {Bot.), any one of several creeping spe- 
cies of Tradescantia, commonly cultivated in hanging 
baskets, window boxes, etc. 




Walru6 (Trichecus rosmarus). 
Male. 




Wan'der-OO' (wonMer-oV), n - [Cingalese wanderu a 
monkey. ] (xw.j a large monki I ttimuj) 

native ol Malabar. It Ifl black, or nearly bo. excepting 

its long white or gray beard. 

(jj^T^The name is ■Ometil 
plied also to other allied Ip 

Wane (wan), v. i, limp, x /<. //. 
Waned (wand); p, pr. X > h. n. 
Waning.] [AS. Iranian, wonian, fr. 
iru/i, WOn, deficient, wanting; akin 
to G . wahtU&DD, insanity. ( : 

n.] 1. To be diminished ; todi 

— contrasted with WOX, ami a 
of the illuminated part of the moon. 

2. To decline ; to tail ; to sink. 
Wane, ». 1. The apparent de- 
crease of the Illuminated part of the I 
moon. 2. Decline ; failure ; diminu- 
tion ; decrease. 3. An inequality 
in a board. [Prov. Eng.'] 

Wan'ey (wan'y), «• A sharp or uneven edge on a 
board cut from a log not perfectly ■qoared. 

Wan'hope' (wbn'hoy), n. [AS. wan. «<>„, deficient, 
+ hopa hope. See Wane; HorE.] Want of hope; 
despair; also, delusive hope. [Obs.~] 

Wan'ly (w5n'ly), adv. In a wan, or pale, manner. 

Wan'ness t-nea), n. Quality or state of being wan. 

Wan'nish (-nleh), a. Somewhat wan ; of a pal.- hue. 

Want (want), n. [Orig. an adj., fr. Icel. van/, neuter 
of vanr lacking, deficient. See Wane, r. /.] 1. - 
not having ; absence or scarcity of what is needed or de- 
sired ; deficiency ; lack. 2. Specif., absence or lack of 
necessaries ; destitution ; poverty ; need. 3. That which 
is needed or desired ; a thing the loss of which is felt. 

Syn. —Defect; failure; dearth; indigence. 

Want, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Wanted ; j>. pr. & vb. n. 
Wanting.] 1. To be without ; to be destitute of, or de- 
ficient in ; not to have ; to lack. 2. To have occasion 
for, as useful, proper, or requisite ; to require ; to need. 

3. To feel the need of ; to desire ; to crave. 

Want, v. i. 1. To be absent ; to be deficient ; to fail ; 
to fall short ; to lack. 2. To be needy ; to lack. 

Wa'n't (want). Colloq. contr. of was not. [needy. I 
Wanting, a. Absent ; missing ; also, deficient ; | 
Wan'ton (wSn'tuu), a. [OE. wantoun, contr. fr. 
wantowen ; pref. wan- wanting (see Wane, v. ?'.), -f- 
towen, p. p., AS. logen, p. p. of te6n to draw, to edu- 
cate; hence, prop., ill bred. See Tug, v. t.~\ 1. Un- 
trained ; undisciplined ; unrestrained ; hence, loose ; 
free ; luxuriant ; sportive. 2. Wandering from moral 
rectitude ; perverse ; dissolute. 3. Specif. : Deviating 
from chastity ; lewd ; lustful ; lascivious. 4. Reckless ; 
heedless. — Wan'ton-ly, adv. — Wan'ton-ness. n. 

Wan'ton, n. 1. A roving, frolicsome creature. 2. 
One indulged or pampered ; a pet. 3. A lewd person. 

Wan'ton, v. i. [imp. & p. j>. Wantoned (-tund) ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. Wantoning.] 1. To rove and ramble 

without rule or restraint ; to revel ; to play loosely ; to 

frolic. 2. To sport in lewdness ; to play lasciviously. 

Wan'y (wan'y), v. i. To wane. [Obs.'] 

Wan'y, a. 1. Waning or diminished in some parts ; 

— said esp. of boards or timber tapering or utieven, from 
being sawed off too near the outside of the log. 2. 
Spoiled by wet ; — said of timber. 

Wap'en-take (wap'en-tak). n. [AS. wBpengetSe, 
wacpentac, fr. Icel. vapnatak. lit., a weapon taking or 
weapon touching, hence, an expression of assent. This 
name had its origin in a cus- 
tom of touching lances or 
spears when the chief en- 
tered on his office.] In some 
northern counties of Eng- 
land, a division, or district, 
answering to the 
hundred in other 
counties. 

Wa p'l-tl 
(wap'T-tT), n. 
[Prob. Iroquois 
name.] {Zool.) 
The American 
elk. 

Wapp (wap), 
n. [Origin uncer- 
tain.] (Xcuit.) 
(a) A block or , 
cringle through 
which a rope is Wapiti (CVm« Canadensis). Male. 




f 8rn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, so, sine, ir J k > then, thin. 



N 



WAPPENED 



918 



WARP 



u 



w 



run to give it a fair lead, (b) A rope with wall knots in 
it with which the shrouds are set taut. 

Wap'pened (wSpfphid), a. A word of uncertain 
ipmning used onoe by Shakespeare. 

War\war\ ;i. [AS. utrre : akin to G. wirren to dis- 
turb : cf. OF. verve war, F. guerre, of Teutonic origin.] 

1. A contest between nations or states, carried on by 
force : armed conflict of sovereign powers ; declared and 
open hostilities. 2. {Laic) A condition of belligerency 
to be maintained by physical force. In this sense, levy- 
ing war against the sovereign authority is treason. 3. 
Instruments of war. [Poetic] 4. Forces ; army. [Po- 
etic] 5. The profession of arms ; art of war. 6. State 
or act of opposition or contest ; enmity ; hostility. 

War cry, a cry or sound signal used in war. — War dance, 
a dance among savages preliminary to going to war. — 
War horse, a horse used in war ; esp., a strong, powerful, 
spirited horse for military service ; charger. 

War, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Warred (ward) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Warring.] To make or carry on war ; to be en- 
gaged in hostilities ; to fight. 

War, v. t. 1. To war against. [E.] 2. Towage. [R.] 

WarH)le (warWl), n. [Cf. Worjul.] 1. (Far.) A 
small, hard tumor on the back of horses or cattle. 2. 
(Zo'dl.) See Wormil. 

War'ble. v. t. [imp. &p. p. Warbled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Warbling (-bling).] [OF. werbler ; of Teutonic 
origin.] 1. To sing in a trilling, quavering, or vibratory 
manner ; to trill. 2. To utter musically ; to modulate ; 
to carol. 3. To cause to quaver or vibrate. 

W arable, v. i. 1. To be warbled. 2. To sing with 
trills or variations, esp. with sudden changes from chest 
to head tones ; to yodel. [musical trill ; song. I 

WarTale, n. A quavering modulation of the voice ; | 

War'Dler (-bier), n. 1. One that warbles. 2. (Zo'dl.) 

(a) Any of numerous species of small Old World singing 
birds of the family Sylvidse, many of which are noted 
songsters, (b) Any of numerous species of small, 
often bright colored, American singing birds of the fam- 
ily or subfamily Mniotiltidse, or Sylvicolinse, allied to the 
Old World warblers, but less musical. 

-ward (-werd), -wards (-werdz). [AS. -weard, 
-weardes ; akin to G. -warts, L. vertere to turn, versus 
toward, and E. worth to become. See -s, adv. suff.] 
Suffixes denoting course or direction to ; motion or tend- 
ency toicard. 

Ward (ward), n. [AS. weard, fern., guard, weard, 
masc. , keeper, guard ; akin to G. wart, and E. wary. 
Cf. Guard.] 1. A guarding; watch; guard; guardian- 
ship; formerly, specif., a guarding or watching by day. 
Cf. Watch, n., 1. 2. One that guards; garrison; de- 
fender ; protector ; means of guarding ; defense ; pro- 
tection. 3. State of being under guard or guardianship ; 
confinement under guard ; custody. 4. A guarding or 
defensive motion or position, as in fencing ; guard. 5. 
One that is guarded. Specif. : (a) A minor or infant. 

(b) A district of a town or city, etc. (c) A division of 
a hospital. 6. (a) A guarding ridge in a lock, (b) The 
corresponding notch in the key. 

Ward, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Warding.] [OE. wardien, AS. weardian to keep, pro- 
tect ; akin to G. warten to wait. See Ward, n.] 1. To 
keep in safety ; to watch ; to guard ; formerly, specif. , 
to guard by day. 2. To defend; to protect. 3. To 
fend off ; to repel ; to turn aside. [the defensive. I 

Ward, v. i. To be vigilant ; to keep guard ; to act on | 

Ward'en (ward''n), n. [OF. wardein, gardein, gar- 
dain. See Guardian, Ward, n.] 1. A keeper ; guard- 
ian ; watchman. 2. A head official; (Eccl.) a church- 
warden. 

Ward'en-ry (-r^), 1 n. Office or jurisdiction of a 

Ward'en-ship, J warden. 

Ward'er (-er), n. 1. One who wards ; keeper ; guard. 

2. A truncheon or staff carried by a king or a commander 
in chief, and used in signaling his will. 

Ward'robe' (ward'rdV), n. [OF. warderobe; of 
German origin. See Ward, v. t. ; Robe.] A room or 
apartment for keeping or storing clothes ; a portable 
clothespress. 2. Wearing apparel, in general. 

Ward'room' (-room'), n. 1. (Naut.) A room used as 
a messroom by the commissioned officers of a war vessel. 
2. A room used by the citizens of a ward for political 
meetings, etc. [U. S.] 

-wards (-werdz). See -ward. 

Ward'shlp (ward'shYp), n. 1. Office, duty, or pro- 
tection of a ward or keeper ; guardianship. 2. State of 
being under a guardian. 

Ware CwSr), obs. imp. of Wear. 



Ware (war), v. t. (Naut.) To wear, or veer. See Wear. 

Ware, n. [AS. war.] Seaweed. [Obs. or Prov.] 

Ware. n. [AS. waru; akin to G. waare.] Articles 
of merchandise ; the sum of articles of a particular kind 
or class ; style or class of manufactures ; esp., pi., goods ; 
commodities ; merchandise. 

Ware, a. [AS. wser. See Wart.] Aware ; taking 
notice; hence, wary ; cautious. [Obs.] 

Ware, V. t. To make ware ; to warn. [06s.] 

Ware'house' (wSr'hous'), n. A storehouse for wares. 

Ware'house (-hou*), v. t. To deposit or secure in a 
warehouse, specif., in a government or bonded ware- 
house until duties are paid. 

WareTlOUSe'man (-hous'man), n. 1. One who keeps 
a warehouse. 2. One who keeps a wholesale shop or 
store for Manchester or woolen goods. [Eng.] 

Ware'room 7 (wSr'rooui'), n. A room in which goods 
are stored or exhibited for sale. 

Wares (wtrz), n. pi. See 4th Ware. 

War'fare' (warlSr'), n. [War + OE. fare journey, 
course. See Fare, n.] 1. Military service ; military 
life ; hostilities ; war. 2. Contest ; struggle. 

War'far'er (war'faVer), n. One engaged in warfare. 

Wa'ri-ly (wa'rT-ly), adv. In a wary manner. 

Wa'ri-ness (-nSs), n. Quality or state of being wary. 

War'ish (war'ish), v. t. & i. [OF. warir to protect, 
heal, cure ; of Teutonic origin.] To protect from the 
effects of ; hence, to cure ; to heal. [Obs.] 

Wartlike' (war'lik'), a. 1. Fit for war; disposed for 
war. 2. Belonging or pert, to war ; military ; martial. 

Syn. — Martial ; hostile ; soldierly. 

Warlock (-lok), n. [OE. warloghe a deceiver, the 
Devil, AS. wserloga breaker of pledges ; wser troth -f- loga 
liar. See 3d Lie.] A male witch ; wizard ; sprite ; imp. 

Warm (warm), a. [Compar. Warmer (-er) ; sv.perl. 
Warmest.] [AS. wearm; akin to G. warm.] 1. Hav- 
ing heat in a moderate degree ; not cold. 2. Having a 
sensation of heat, esp. of gentle heat ; glowing. 3. Sub- 
ject to heat ; having prevalence of heat. 4. Fig. : Not 
cool, indifferent, lukewarm, or the like, in spirit or tem- 
per. 5. Violent ; vehement ; furious ; excited ; pas- 
sionate. 6. Well to do; rich. [Colloq.] 7. (Paint.) 
Having a basis or tone of yellow or red ; — said of colors. 

Syn. — Ardent ; zealous ; fervent ; cordial ; hot. 

Warm, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Warmed (warnid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Warming.] To make or become warm. 

Syn. — To interest ; engage ; excite ; enliven. 

Warm, n. A warming. [Colloq.] 

Warm'-blood ed (warni'Mud'ed), a. (Physiol.) Hav- 
ing warm blood ; — applied esp. to those animals which 
have warm blood, or, more accurately, the power of 
maintaining a nearly uniform temperature. 

Warm'-heart'ed (-hart'ed), a. Having strong af- 
fection ; cordial ; sincere ; hearty ; sympathetic. 

Warming, a. & n. from Warm, v. 

Warming pan, a long-handled covered pan into which 
live coals are put, — used for warming beds. 

Warmly, adv. In a warm manner ; ardently. 

Warm'ness, n. Warmth. 

Warmth (warmth), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
warm ; gentle heat. 2. A state of lively and excited in- 
terest ; zeal ; ardor ; fervor ; passion ; enthusiasm. 

Syn. — Fervency ; glow ; earnestness ; cordiality ; ani- 
mation ; eagerness ; excitement ; vehemence. 

Warn (warn), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Warned (warnd) ; 
p. pr. & vb" n. Warning.] [AS. wamian, wearnian ; 
akin to G. warnen to warn.] 1. To make ware or aware ; 
to give previous information to ; to notify ; to admonish ; 
hence, to notify or summon by authority. 2- To caution 
against anything that may prove injurious. 3. To ward 
off. [Obs.] — Warn'er (-er), n. 

Warning, a. Giving previous notice : cautioning. 

Warning, n. 1. Previous notice. 2. Caution against 
danger, or against faults or evil practices ; admonition. 

Warp (warp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warped (warpt) ; 
p. pr. & vb'.'n. Warping.] [Icel. varpa to throw, cast, 
varp casting, fr. verpa to throw ; akin to G. werfen .] 
1. To throw, or throw out; to utter. [Obs.] 2. To 
turn or twist out of shape, esp. by contraction or swell- 
ing of parts. 3. Fig. : To turn aside from the true direc- 
tion ; to cause to bend or incline ; to pervert. 4. (Naut.) 
To tow or move, as a vessel, with a line attached to a fixed 
object. 6. ( Weaving) To arrange (yarns) on a warp beam. 

Warp, v. i. 1. To turn, twist, or be twisted out of 
shape, esp. out of a flat plane. 2. Fig., to turn or incline 
from a straight or proper course ; to deviate ; to swerve. 

Warp. n. [AS. wearp ; akin to G. werft. . See Warp, 
v.] 1. (Weaving) The threads extended lengthwise in 



a, e, I, o, ft, long ; a, «, I, d, tt, y, short ; senate, «vent, Idea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



WARPATH 



919 



WAST 



the loom, and crossed by the woof. 2. {Naul.) A rope 
used in hauling or moving a vessel, usually with one end 
attached to a fixed object. 3. {Agric.) A slimy, alluvial 
deposit left on land by tides, etc. 4. [From Wakp, v.] 
The state of being warped or twisted. 

War'path' (war'path'), n. The route taken by a party 
of Indians going on a warlike expedition. 
Warp'er (warp'er), n. One that warps. 
War'rant (woVrant), n. [OF. warant warrant, de- 
fender, orig. a p. pr. deriv. fr. OHG. weren to grant, 
warrant, G. gewdhren. Cf. Guarantee.] 1. That 
which warrants or authorizes ; a commission instrument, 
or act giving authority, or justifying the doing of any- 
thing. Specif, : (a) {Law) A precept issued by a mag- 
istrate authorizing an officer to make an arrest, a levy, a 
search, or the like. (o) {Mil. & Nav.) An official certi- 
ficate of appointment issued to an officer of lower rank 
than a commissioned officer. 2. That which vouches or 
insures for anything ; guaranty ; security. 3. That which 
attests or proves ; a voucher. 4. Right ; legality. [Obs.~\ 
War'rant, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Warranted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Warranting.] 1. To make secure ; to guarantee 
safety to ; to give authority or power to do, or forbear 
to do, anything. 2. To support by authority or proof ; 
to justify ; to sanction. 3. To assure as if by giving a 
warrant. 4. {Law) To secure or assure by giving a 
warranty ; as a grantee of an estate, the title to property 
sold, the quality or quantity of goods sold, a thing sold 
as being what it appears, or is represented, to be, etc. 

War'rant-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Authorized by commis- 
sion, precept, or right; justifiable; defensible. — War'- 
rant-a-ble-ness, n. — War'rant-a-bly, adv. 

War'ran-tee' (-ran-te'), n. {Law) The person to 
whom a warrant or warranty is made. 

War'rant-er (wSr'rant-er), n. One who warrants; 
one who gives a warrant or warranty. 

War'rant-ise (-Is), n. [OF. warentise, warandise, 
garantise.] Authority; warranty. [Obs.~\ 

War'rant-or (-or), n. {Law) One who warrants. 
War'rant-y (-y), n. 1. {Anc. Law) A covenant real, 
whereby the grantor of an estate of freehold and his heirs 
were bound to warrant and defend the title. This war- 
ranty has been superseded by personal covenants for title. 
2. {Modern Law) An engagement or undertaking, ex- 
press or implied, that a certain fact regarding the sub- 
ject of a contract is, or shall be, as it is expressly or im- 
pliedly declared or promised to be. 3. {Insurance Law) 
A stipulation or engagement by a party insured, that cer- 
tain things relating to the subject of insurance, or affect- 
ing the risk, exist, or shall exist, or have been done, or 
shall be done. 4. Authority ; warrant. [#.] 5. Security. 
Syn. — See Guarantee. 

War'rant-y, v. t. To warrant ; to guarantee. 
War'ren (wor'ren), n. [OF. waresne, warenne, ga- 
rene, fr. warer, garer, to beware, to take care ; of Teu- 
tonic origin.] 1. {Eng. Law) (a) A place privileged by 
prescription, or by grant from the king, for keeping cer- 
tain animals (as hares, partridges, etc.) called beasts and 
fowls of warren, {b) The privilege belonging to the 
owner of a warren of hunting and taking these animals. 
2. A piece of ground for the breeding of rabbits. 3. A 
place for keeping fish in a river. 

War'ren-er (wor'rgn-er), n. The keeper of a warren. 
War'rior (war'yer or wor'rT-er), n. [OF. werreour, 
guerreor. See War.] A man engaged or experienced in 
war, or in the military life ; a soldier ; a champion. 

Wart (wart), n. [AS. wearte ; akin to G. ivarze.] 1. 
{Med.) A small, usually hard, tumor on the skin. 2. Any 
excrescence or protuberance resembling a true wart. 

Wart hog (Zool.), either of two species of large, savage 
African wild hogs of the genus Phacochcerus, having large 
fleshy tubercles behind the tusks and behind the eyes. 

Wart'y {-¥), a. 1. Having warts; overgrown with 
warts. 2. Of the nature of warts. 

Wa'ry (wa'r^), a. [Compar. Warier ; superl. Wa- 
riest.] [AS. wser ; akin to G. gewahr aware, Gr. opav 
to see.] 1. Cautious of danger ; carefully watching and 
guarding against deception, artifices, and dangers ; tim- 
orously or suspiciously prudent ; careful. 2. Character- 
ized by caution ; guarded ; careful. 
Syn. — Circumspect ; watchful. See Cautious. 
Was (wSz). [AS. ivses, 2d pers. wsere, 3d pers. wass, 
pi. wseron, with the inf. wesan to be ; akin to G. wesen, 
n., a being, war was, Skr. vas to dwell. Cf. Were, v.~\ 
The first and third persons singular of the verb be, in the 
indicative mood, preterit (imperfect) tense. 

Wash (wosh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Washed (wosht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Washing.] [AS. tvascan ; akin to G. 



waschen.] 1. To cleanse by ablution, or by dipping or 
rubbing in water ; to apply water or other liquid to for 
tin; purpose of cleansing ; to scrub with, or M it with, 
water, etc. 2. To cover with water or any liquid ; to 
wet ; hence, tu overflow or dash against. 3. '1 
or abrade by the force of water in motion. 4. To remove 
by washing ; to take away by, or m if by, the action of 
water. 6. To tint lightly uud thinly. 6. To oveilay 
with a thin coat of metal. 

Wash (w5sh), v. i. 1. To perform the act of one who 
washes anything. 2- To bear without injury ti) 
tion of beiug washed. [Colloq.} 3. To be w 
worn away by the action of water ; as a road, be 

Wash, ft. 1. Act of washing; ablution ; el 
wetting, or dashing with water ; hence, a quantity, as of 
clothes, washed at once. 2. A piece of ground wahhed, 
or sometimes washed, by the action of a sea, river, etc. ; 
hence, a marsh ; fen. 3. Substances collected and de- 
posited by the action of water. 4. Waste liquid, the 
refuse of food, etc., from a kitchen, often used as food 
for pigs. 6. {DUtilling) (a) The fermented wort 
the spirit isextracted. (b) Ainixtun- <>i mnltiMni water, 
etc., used in the West Indies for distillation. 6. That 
with which the surface of anything is washed. E 
(a) A liquid cosmetic for the complexion, {b) A liquid 
dentifrice, (c) A liquid preparation for the hair, (d) 
A liquid medical preparation for external use ; lotion, 
(e) {Painting) A thin coat of color, esp. water color. (/) 
A thin coat of metal laid on anything for beauty or preser- 
vation. 7. {ffaut.) (fl) The part of an oar which enters 
the water. (6) The backward current or disturbed water 
caused by the action of oars, or of a steamer's screw or 
paddles, etc. 8. The flow, swash, or breaking of a body 
of water, as a wave ; also, the sound of it. 

Wash leather, split sheepskin dressed with oil, in imita- 
tion of chamois ; also, buff leather for soldiers' belts. 

Wash, a. 1. Washy. \_0bs.~\ 2. Washable. [Colloq.] 

Wash'a-ble (wosh'a-b'l), a. Capable of being washed 
without damage to fabric or color. 

Wash'board' (-bord'), n. 1. A ribbed board on which 
clothes are rubbed in washing them. 2. The mopboard, 
or baseboard, round a room. 3. {Naut.) A broad, thin 
plank, fixed along the gunwale of a boat to keep the sea 
from breaking inboard; also, a plank on the sill of a 
lower deck port, for the same purpose. 

Washed (wosht), a. {Zool.) Appearing as overlaid 
with a thin coating of color. 

Wash'er (wSsh'er), n. 1. One 
that washes. 2. A ring as of metal or 
leather, used between parts to relieve 
friction, to secure tightness of joints, 
etc. 3. {Zool.) The common raccoon. Washer, 2. 

Wash'er-woman (-wdoni'an), n. A woman who 
washes clothes, esp. for hire. 

Wash/house' (-hous'), n. An outbuilding for wash- 
ing, esp. one for washing clothes ; laundry. 

Wash'ing, n. 1. Act of one who washes. 2. The 
clothes washed, esp. at one time ; wash. 

Washing bear {Zool.), the raccoon. 

Wash'OUt' (-out'), n. The washing out or away of 
earth, etc., as from a roadbed ; also, the place where" the 
earth has been washed away. [thing is washed. I 

Wash'pot' (-poV), n. A pot or vessel in which any-| 

Wash'stand 7 (-stand'), n. A piece of furniture hold- 
ing the ewer or pitcher, basin,etc..for washing the person. 

Wash'y (wSsh'y), a. 1. Watery; damp; soft. 2. 
Lacking substance or strength ; weak ; thin ; dilute. 

Wasp (w5sp), n. [AS. warns, wtefs ; akin to G. uespe, 
L. vespa.~\ {Zool.) Any one of numerous species of sting- 
ing, hymenopterous insects, esp. any of the species of 
Vespa, which includes the true, or social, wasps. 

Wasp'ish (wSsp'Tsh), a. 1. Resembling a wasp in 
form ; having a slender waist, like a wasp. 2. Quick to 
resent a trifling affront ; snappish : irritable ; irascible ; 
petulant. — Wasp'ish-ly, «</* . — Wasp'ish-ness, «• 

Syn. — Testy : peevish ; captious. 

Was'sail (wBs'sTl), n. [AS. ires hal (or an equiva- 
lent form) be in health. See Was; Whole.] 1. An 
ancient expression of good wishes on a festive occasion. 
esp. in drinking a health. 2. A festive occasion ; drink- 
ing bout ; carouse. 3. The liquor used for a wassail ; 
esp., formerly, a beverage of ale (or wine) flavored with 
spices, sugar, toast, roasted apples, etc. 4. A festive or 
drinking song or glee. [Obs.) [convivial. I 

Was'sail, a. Of or pert, to wassail, or to a wassail ; | 

Was'sail, V. i. To hold or drink a wassail ; to carouse. 

Was'sail-er (-er). n. One who wassails ; a reveler. 

Wast (w5st). The imperfect of the second person 




fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



WASTAGE 



920 



WATER EAGLE 



R 



U 



W 



sing, indicative of the verb be; — now used only in 

solemn or poetical Style. [age, etc. ; waste. I 

Wast'age i wast'Sj j 48), n. Loss by use, decay, leak-| 

Waste (wast), a. [OF, wast, b. L. vastus. Of. Vast.] 

1. Desolate \ devastated : stripped ; bare ; hence, dreary ; 
dismal ; gloomy ; cheerless. 2. Lying unused ; unpro- 
ductive : worthless ; valueless ; refuse ; rejected. 3. Lost 
for want of occupiers or use ; superfluous. 

Waste pipe, a pipe for carrying oil waste matter. 

Waste, V. t. limp. Sl p. p. Wasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Wasii.ng.] [OF. waster, guaster, patter, L. vastare to 
devastate, fr. vastus waste.] 1. To bring to ruin; to 
devastate ; to destroy. 2. To wear away by degrees; to 
impair gradually ; to use up ; to consume ; to spend. 3. 
To spend unnecessarily, carelessly, or uselessly ; to em- 
ploy prodigally ; to lavish vainly. 4. (Law) To damage, 
impair, or injure, as an estate, voluntarily, or by suffering 
the buildings, fences, etc., to go to decay. 

Syn.- To squander ; dissipate; lavish; desolate. 

Waste, V. i. To be diminished ; to lose bulk, strength, 
value, etc., gradually ; to be consumed ; to dwindle. 

Waste. a. 1. Act of wasting ; state of being wasted ; 
a squandering ; devastation ; loss without equivalent 
gain ; gradual loss or decrease, by use, wear, or decay. 

2. That which is waste or desolate ; a desert region ; an 
uuoccupied or unemployed space ; dreary void ; desert ; 
wilderness. 3. That which is wasted ; hence, that which 
is of no value ; worthless remnants ; refuse, as of cotton, 
wool, hemp, etc. 4. (Law) Spoil, destruction, or in- 
jury, done to houses, woods, fences, lands, etc., by a 
tenant for life or for years, to the prejudice of the heir, 
or of him in reversion or remainder. 

Syn. — Prodigality ; diminution ; loss ; dissipation ; 
destruction ; devastation ; havoc ; desolation ; ravage. 

Waste'bas ket (-bas'ket), n . A basket used in offices, 
libraries, etc., as a receptacle for waste paper. 

Waste'ful (-ful), a. 1. Full of waste ; destructive 
to property ; ruinous. 2. Wasting, or tending to waste, 
that which is valuable ; lavish ; prodigal. 3. Desolate. 
[Obs.~\ — Waste'ful-ly, adv. — Wastefulness, n. 

Syn. —Lavish; profuse; prodigal; extravagant. 

Waste'ness. n. 1. Quality or state of being waste. 
2. A desert ; a waste, [i?.] [thrift ; prodigal. I 

Wast'er (-er), n. One that wastes ; squanderer ; spend- 1 

Watch (woeh), n. [AS. wsecce, fr. wacian to wake ; 
akin to G. wacht, icache. See Wake, v. ?'.] 1. Act of 
watching ; forbearance of sleep ; vigil ; close observa- 
tion ; guard ; preservative or preventive vigilance ; for- 
merly, specif., the act of watching or guarding by night. 
2. One who watches, or those who watch ; sentry ; 
guard. 3. Post or office of a watchman ; also, the place 
where watch is kept. 4. The period of the night during 
which a person does duty as a watchman ; hence, a divi- 
sion of the night. 5. A small timepiece, or chronometer, 
to be carried about the person. 6. (A"auf.) An allotted 
portion of time, usually four hours, for standing watch, 
or being on deck ready for duty ; also, that part, usually 
one half, of the officers and crew, who together attend 
to the working of a vessel during this time. 

Watch and watch (Naut.), the regular alternation of the 
watches of a ship's crew. — Watch gun(iVaw<.), a gun some- 
times fired on shipboard at 8 p. m., when the night watch 
begins. —Watch light, a low-burning lamp, used by watch- 
ers at night ; formerly, a candle having a rush wick. 

Watch, v. i. 1. To be or continue awake ; to wake ; to 
keep vigil. 2. To be attentive or vigilant ; to be on the 
lookout ; to keep guard. 3. To be expectant ; to wait ; to 
seek opportunity. 4. To remain awake as nurse or at- 
tendant. 

Watch, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Watched (wocht) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Watching.] 1. To give heed to ; to observe the 
actions or motions of ; to keep in view. 2. To tend ; to 
guard ; to have in keeping. [guard property. I 

Watch'dog' (-d5g'), n. A dog kept to watch and| 

Watch'er (-er), n. One who watches ; specif., one 
who attends upon the sick during the night. 

Watch'es (-ez), n. pi. (Bot.) The leaves of Sarrace- 
nia flora, a species of pitcher plant ; also, the plant itself. 

Watch'ful (-ful), a. Full of watch ; vigilant ; atten- 
tive ; careful to observe closely ; observant ; cautious. — 
Watch'fully , adv. — Watch'f ul-ness. n. 

Syn. — Circumspect ; wakeful ; heedful. 

Watch-house' (-hous^), n. 1. A house in which a 
watch or guard is placed. 2. A police station ; lockup. 

Watch'man (-man), n. 1. One set to watch ; guard; 
sentinel. 2. Specif., one who guards a building, or the 
streets of a city, by night. 

Watch'tOW'er (-tou'er), n. A tower from which a 
sentinel watches for enemies, approach of danger, etc. 



Watch'WOrd' (wSch'wGrd'), n. 1. A word or phrase 
given to sentinels, and to such as have occasion to visit 
or pass the guards, for use as a signal for recognition ; 
countersign ; password. 2. A sentiment or motto, esp. 
one used as a rallying cry or signal for action. 

Wa'ter (wa'ter), n. [AS. waster; akin to G. wasser, 
Gr. iiSup, Skr. uda?i water, ud to wet.] 1. The fluid 
which descends from the clouds in rain, and which forms 
rivers, lakes, seas, etc. 

(SEEP* Pure water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, 
H 2 0. At its maximum density, 39° Fahr. or 4° C, it is 
the standard for specific gravities, one cubic centimeter 
weighing one gram. It freezes at 32° Fahr. or 0° C. and 
boils at 212° Fahr. or 100 C. 

2. A body of water, standing or flowing. 3. Any liquid 
secretion or humor resembling water ; esp., urine. 4. 
(Pharm.) A solution in water of a gaseous or readily 
volatile substance. 5. The limpidity and luster of a 
precious stone, esp. a diamond. 6. A wavy, lustrous pat- 
tern or decoration such as is imparted to linen, silk, 
metals, etc. 7. An addition to the par value of the cap- 
ital of a stock company without a corresponding increase 
in the actual capital invested. [Brokers' 1 Cant] 

Wa'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Watered (-terd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Watering.] 1. To wet or supply with water ; 
to moisten ; to overflow with water ; to irrigate. 2. To 
supply with water for drink. 3. To wet and calender, as 
cloth, so as to impart to it a lustrous appearance in wavy 
lines ; to diversify with wavelike lines. 4. To add water 
to so as to increase the quantity or bulk while reducing 
the strength or quality ; to dilute. 

To water stock, to increase the par value of the capital 
stock of a company without a corresponding increase in 
the actual capital invested. [Brokers' Cant] 

Wa'ter, v. i. 1. To shed, secrete, or fill with, water 
or liquid matter. 2. To get or take in water. 

The mouth waters, a phrase denoting that one has a long- 
ing desire for something, since the sight of tempting food 
often causes an increased flow of saliva. 

Wa'ter hack' (bak'). A back, or cistern, for water ; 
esp. , a small cistern or group of pipes set in the fire box 
of a stove or furnace to heat water. 

Wa'ter bail'iff (bal'if). An officer of the customs, 
whose duty it is to search vessels. \_Eng.~\ 

Wa'ter hath' (bath'). A device or apparatus for hold- 
ing in water the vessel containing anything to be heated. 

Wa'ter-hear'er (-er), n. (Astron.) The constellation 
Aquarius. [beam. I 

Wa'ter beech' (bech'). (Bot.) The American horn-| 

Wa'ter bee'tle (be't'l). '(Zool.) Any of numerous 
6pecies of aquatic beetles which swim with great agility. 

Wa'ter bird' (berd'). (Zool.) Any aquatic bird. 

Wa'ter buck' (biik'). (Zool.) A large, heavy ante- 
lope (Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and 
related species) native of Central 
Africa. 

Wa'ter huf'fa-lo (buf'fa-io). 

(Zool.) The European buffalo. 

Wa'ter bug' (bug'). (Zool.) 
(a) The Croton bug. (b) Any one 
of numerous species of large, ra- 
pacious, aquatic, hemipterous in- 
sects, many of which come out of 
the water and fly about at night. 

Wa'ter cart' (karf). A cart | 
carrying water. 

Wa'ter ce-ment' (se-mguf or 

sSm'ent). Hydraulic cement. 

Wa'ter chin'qua-pln (chln'- 
ka-pln). (Bot.) The American 
lotus, and its edible seeds. 

Wa'ter-clos et (-kloz'gt), n. 
A privy, esp. one made so as to be 
flushed with water. 

Wa'ter COl'or ( k fi 1 ' e r ) . Head of Water Buck (Ko- 
(PairU.) 1. A color ground with bus ellipsiprymnus). 
water and a glutinous medium ; a color the vehicle of 
which is water. 2. A picture painted with such colors. 

Wa'ter course' (kors'). 1. A stream of water. 2. 
A natural or artificial channel for water. 

Wa'ter cress' (kres'). (Bot.) A species of Nasturtium 
(N. officinale) growing usually in clear running water. 

Wa'ter cure' (kur'). 1. (Med.) Hydropathy. 2. A 
hydropathic institution. 

Wa'ter dog' (d5g'). 1. (Zool.) A dog accustomed 
to the water, or trained to retrieve waterfowl. 2. A 
small floating cloud, supposed to indicate rain. 3. A 
sailor, esp. an old sailor. [Colloq.~\ 

Wa'ter ea'gle (e'g'l). (Zool.) The osprey. 




a, e, I, o, H, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, il, y, short ; senate, fivent, Idea, Obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



WATER ELDER 



921 



WAVE 



Wa'ter el'der (wa'ter gl'der). (Bot.) Guelder-rose. 

Wa'ter-er (-er), n. One wlio, or that which, waters. 

Water-fall' (-fal'), n. 1. A fall, or vertical descent, 
of the water of a river or stream; cascade; ; cataract. 
2. {Iliiiidressing) An arrangement of a woman 
hair over a cushion or frame. [tion. 

Wa'ter-flood' (-flud'), >i. A flood of water; inunda- 

Wa'ter-fowl' (-foul'), n. Any bird that frequents, 
or lives about, the water ; an aquatic fowl. 

Wa'ter gage' (gaj'). See Water gauge. 

Wa'ter gauge' (gaj'). 1- A wall or bank to hold 
water back. 2. An instrument for measuring or ascer- 
taining the depth or'quantity of water, as in a boiler. 

Wa'ter gilding (gild'Tng). Act or process of gilding 
metallic surfaces by covering them with a thin coating of ; 
amalgam of gold, and then volatilizing the mercury. 

Wa'ter gru'el (Kru'el). Gruel made with water. 

Wa'ter hem'lock (iiem'lok). (Bot.) (a) A poisonous 
umbelliferous plant (Cicuta virosa) of Europe ; also, any- 
one of several American plants of that genus, (b) A poi- 
sonous plant (CEnanthe crocata) resembling the above. 

Wa'ter ice' (Is'). Water flavored, sweetened, and 
frozen, to be eaten as a confection. [watery. I 

Wa'ter-i-ness (-T-ngs), n. Quality or state of being | 

Wa'ter-ing, a. & n. from Water, v. 

Watering place, (a) A place where water may be ob- 
tained, (o) A place where there are springs of medicinal 
water, or a place by the sea, or by some large body of wa- 
ter, to which people resort for bathing, recreation, etc. 

Wa'ter-ish, a. 1. Resembling water ; thin ; watery. 
2. Somewhat watery ; moist. — Wa'ter-ish-ness. n. 

Wa'ter-laid' (-lad'), a. Having a left-hand twist ; — 
said of cordage. [common sandpiper. I 

Wa'ter la'ver-ock (wa'ter la'ver-Sk). (Zodl.) The| 

Wa'ter-less, a. Destitute of water ; dry. 

Wa'ter lev'el (lev'el). 1. The level formed by the 
surface of still water. 2. A kind of leveling instrument. 

Wa'ter lil'y (Hl'y). (Bot.) A blossom or plant of 
any species of the genus Xymphsea, distinguished for its 
beautiful flowers ; also, any one of various plants of other 
related genera, zsNuphar, Xelumbo, etc. 

Wa'ter line' (lnV). (Naut.) Any one of certain lines 
upon the outside of a vessel, model, or plan, corresponding 
or parallel with the surface of the water when she is 
afloat on an even keel. 

Wa'ter-logged' (-logd'), a. Filled or saturated with 
water so as to be heavy, unmanageable, or loglike ; — said 
of a vessel so rendered unmanageable by the helm. 

Wa'ter-man (-man), n. 1. A man who plies for hire 
on rivers, lakes, or canals, or in harbors, in distinction 
from a seaman. 2. An attendant on cab stands, etc., 
who supplies water to the horses. [Eng.~\ 

Wa'ter-mark' (-mark'), ». 1. A mark indicating the 
height at which water has stood. 2. A letter or device 
wrought into paper during the process of manufacture. 

Wa'ter-mel'on (-mel'iin), n. (Bot.) The very large 
ovoid or roundish fruit of a cucurbitaceous plant (Citrul- 
lus vulgaris) of many varieties ; also, the plant itself. 

Wa'ter mill' (mil'). A mill whose machinery is 
moved by water. 

Wa'ter mo'tor (mo'ter). 1. A water engine. 2. A 
water wheel, esp. a small one driven by water from a 
street main. 

Wa'ter ou'sel (ob^'l), Wa'ter ou'zel. (Zodl.) Any 
one of several species of small insessorial birds, which 
walk on the bottom of streams beneath the water. 

Wa'ter pitch'er (pich'er). 1. A pitcher for water. 
2. (Bot.) One of a family of plants having pitcher-shaped 
leaves, esp. Sarracenia purpurea. 

Wa'ter plant' (plant'). A plant that grows in water. 

Wa'ter-pot' (-pot' ) , n . A vessel for holding or convey- 
ing water, or for sprinkling water on cloth, plants, etc. 

Wa'ter pow'er (pou'er). 1. Power of water em- 
ployed to move machinery, etc. 2. A fall of water which 
may be used to drive machinery. 

Wa'ter priv'i-lege(priv'T-lgj). The privilege of using 
water as a mechanical power. 

Wa'ter-prooi' (-proof), a. Proof against penetration 
or permeation by water ; impervious to water. 

Wa'ter-proof, n. 1. A substance or preparation for 
rendering cloth, leather, etc., impervious to water. 2. 
Cloth made waterproof, or any article, esp. a garment, 
made of such cloth, or of other waterproof material. 

Wa'ter-proof, v. t. To render impervious to water. 

Wa'ter ram' (ram). An hydraulic ram. [flax. I 

Wa'ter-ret' (-reV), v. t. To ret, or rot, in water, as| 

Wa'ter-rot' (-r5f), v. t. To rot by steeping in water ; 
to water-ret. 




Wa'ter sap'phire ( *s/tSr *af'ir or -?r). [Equiv. to P. 
igpMr d'eoti. | 

Wa'ter-shed' (-»iied' j, /<. 1. i • a which 

contributes to the supply of a river or lake. 2. The line 

oi division between two edjaoonl riven or iake» with re- 
spect to the How oi water by aatoral channels into them. 
Wa'ter snake' Unak-j. (Z661.) (a) A common North 
American colubi .,/ which 

Lives chiefly in tin water. i//j Any snake "i ti.. 

Jlmiiiihijisiilii , all of which are aquatic in tlieir habit*. 

Wa'ter-soak' (-»ok j, v. t. To soak in watea 
the interstices of with water. 

Wa'ter souch y 
sisting of small fish stewed and served In s little water. 

Wa'ter span'iel (spln'yej). A curly-haired breed of 
spaniels, naturally fond 
of the water. 

Wa'ter-spout' 

(-spout'), 7i. A re- 
markable meteorolog- 
ical phenomenon, of 
the nature of a tornado 
or whirlwind, usually 
observed over the sea. 

Wa ' ter thrush ' 
(thrush'). (Zoul.)(a) 
A North American Water ' -l ,a,,ltl - 

bird of the Warbler family, (b) The European water 
ousel, (c) The pied wagtail. 

Wa'ter-tight' (-tit'), a. So tight as to retain, or not 
to admit, water ; water-proof ; not leaky, [snakebird. I 

Wa'ter turliey (tGr'ky). (Zo'ol.) Thf. American | 
Wa'ter way' (wa 7 ). Same as Water ootmem 
Wa'ter- weed' (-wed'), n. (Bot.) See Asm ■ 
Wa'ter Wheel' (hwSl'). 1. Any wheel made to rotate 
by the direct action of water. 2. The paddle wheel of a 
steam vessel. 3. A wheel for raising water, as a uoria. 

Wa'ter-work' (-wQrk'), n. 1. (Paint.* Painting ex- 
ecuted in size or distemper, on canvas or walls. 2. An 
hydraulic apparatus, or a system of works or fixtures, by 
which a supply of water is furnished for useful or orna- 
mental purposes, etc. ; — chiefly in the pi. 

Wa'ter-worn' (-worn'), a. Worn, smoothed, or pol- 
ished by the action of water. 

Wa'ter-y {-y), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, 
water. 2. Abounding with water ; wet; hence, tearful. 

3. Resembling water; thin or transparent, as a liquid. 

4. Hence, abounding in thin, tasteless, or insipid fluid ; 
tasteless ; insipid ; vapid ; spiritless. 

Watt (wot), 7i. [So called after James Waft.] (Elee.) 
An electrical unit of power, being the amount conveyed 
by a current of one ampere through a difference of po- 
tential of one volt, or a resistance of one ohm ; the 
amount of work necessary to raise one coulomb to one 
volt. One horse power is very nearly equal to 74t'> watts. 

Wat'tle (wSt't'l), ti. [AS. watel, watul, uatol. hur- 
dle, covering, wattle.] 1. A twig or flexible rod : hence, 
a hurdle of such rods. 2. A rod laid on a roof to support 
the thatch. 3. (Zodl.) (a) A naked, fleshy, and usually 
highly colored, process of the skin hanging from the 
chin or throat of a bird or reptile, (b) Barbel of a fish. 

Wat'tle. '•. /. [imp. St p. p. Wattled (-tld) : p. or, 
& vb. ti. Wattling (-tllng).] 1. To bind with twigs. 

2. To twist or interweave ; to plat. 3. To form by 
interweaving or platting twigs. 

Wat'tled (wot't'ld). a. Furnished with wattles. 

Waul (wal), v. i. [Imitative.] To squall ; to wail. 

Wave (wav), V. t. See Waive. 

Wave, r. i. [imp. & p. p. Waved (wavdt ; p. pr. & 
vb. 7i. Waving.] [AS. wafian to waver, to hesitate, to 
wonder; akin to tr;t fre wavering. Cf. Waver.] 1. To 
play loosely; to move like a wave, one way and the 
other ; to float ; to flutter ; to undulate. 2. To be moved 
to and fro as a signal. 3. To fluctuate ; to waver. [Obs.] 

Wave, V. t. 1. To move one way and the other ; to 
brandish. 2. To give an undulating form or surface to. 

3. To waft. [Obs.~\ 4. To call attention to, or give a 
direction or command to. by a waving motion. 

Wave, n. 1. An advancing ridge or swell on the 
surface of a liquid; undulation. 2. [Phjftiet) A vibra- 
tion propagated from particle to particle through a body 
or elastic medium ; an assemblage of vibrating molecules 
in all phases of a vibration, with no phase repeated ; un- 
dulation. 3. Water; body of water. [Poefie] 4. In- 
equality of surface. 5. A waving or undulating motion. 
6. The undulating line or streak of luster on cloth watered 
or calendered, or on damask steel. 7. Fig. : A swelling 
or excitement of thought, feeling, or energy. 



( 



fgrn, recent, drb, r^ide, full, ftrn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tnen, tnin. 



: 



N 



WAVED 



922 



WEAKLY 



U 



W 



Waved (wavd), a. Having a wavelike form or ap- 
nos. [turbed ; not agitated. I 

Wave'less (.waVlSs), a. Free from waves; uudis-| 

Wave'let V-lSt). n. A little wave ; ripple. 

Wa'ver (wS'ror), r. i. [i»ij>. & p. p. Wavered 
(-verd) ; p. pr. & rb. n. Wavering.] [OE. tcuieren, 
from AS. MM fre wavering, restless. See Wave, v. i.] 
1. To play or move to and fro ; heuce, to totter. 2. To 
be unsettled in opinion ; to fluctuate. — Wa'ver-er, n. 

Syn.— To reel; totter; vacillate; fluctuate. 

Wav'y (-y), a. 1. Rising or swelling in waves ; full 
of waves. 2. Playing to and fro ; undulating. 3. Un- 
dulating on the border or surface ; waved. 

Wawl (wal)) v. i. See Waul. 

Wax (wSks), v. i. limp. Waxed (wSkst) ; p. p. 
Waxed, and Obs. or Poetic Waxen (wSks'n) ; p. pr. & 
rb. n. Waxing.] [AS. iceaxan ; akin to G. wachsen, Gr. 
avgdveiv to increase, Skr. vaksh to grow. Cf. Waist.] 
1. To increase in size ; — opposed to u-ane. 2. To pass 
from one state to another ; to become ; to grow. 

Wax, n. [AS. xceax; akin to G. wachs.] 1. A fatty, 
solid substance, produced by bees. 2. Hence, any sub- 
stance resembling this. Specif. : (a) {Physiol.) Ceru- 
men, or earwax. (b) A composition used for uniting 
surfaces, for excluding air, etc. (c) A composition used 
by shoemakers for rubbing their thread, (d) (Zobl.) A 
substance secreted by several species of scale insects. 
(e) (Bot.) A product secreted by certain plants. (/) 
(Min.) A substance, somewhat resembling wax, found in 
connection with certain deposits of rock salt and coal. 

Wax end. See Waxed end, under Waxed. — Wax palm. 
(Bot.) (a) A species of 
palm (Ceroxylon Andico- 
la) native of the Andes, 
the stem of which is cov- 
ered with a secretion, 
consisting of two thirds 
resin and one third wax. 
(b) A Brazilian tree (Co- 
jjernicia cerifei'a) the 
young leaves of which are 
covered with a useful 
waxy secretion. — Wax 
plant (.Bot.), any one of 
several plants, as : (a) The 
Indian pipe (see under 
Indian), (b) The Hoya 
carnosa,a, climbing plant 
with polished, fleshy 
leaves, (c) Certain spe- 
cies of Begonia with sim- 
ilar foliage. 

Wax (wSks), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Waxed 
(wSkst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Waxing.] To smear, 
rub, or treat, with wax. 

Waxed end, a thread 
pointed with a bristle and 
covered with shoe- 
maker's wax. 

Waxn>er'ry (-bSr'r^), 
n. (Bot.) The wax-covered fruit of the bayberry. 

Wax'bird' (-berd'), n. (Zool.) The waxwing. 

Wax'en (wSks"n), a. 1. Made of wax. 2. Covered 
with wax ; waxed. 3. Resembling wax ; wax}'. 

Wax'i-ness (-T-nes), n. Quality or state of being waxy. 

Wax'wing' (-wing'), n. (Zool.) Any one of several 
epecies of small birds of the genus Ampelis, in which 
some of the secondary quills are usually tipped with 
small horny ornaments resembling red sealing wax. 

Wax'work' (-wdrk'), n. Work made of wax ; esp., a 
wax figure or figures in imitation of real beings. 

Wax'V (-y), a. Resembling wax ; viscid ; adhesive ; 
soft ; hence, yielding ; impressible. [Archaic] I 

Way (wa), adv. Aphetic form of Away. [Obs. or| 

Way, n. [AS. weg ; akin to G. weg, L. via, and AS. 
wegan to move, L. vehere to carry, Skr. vah.~\ 1. That 
by, upon, or along, which one passes or progresses ; op- 
portunity or room to pass ; passage ; road, street, track, 
or path of any kind. 2. Length of space ; distance ; in- 
terval. 3. A moving ; passage ; progression ; journey. 
4. Course or direction of motion or progress. 6- Means 
by which anything is reached, or anything is accom- 
plished ; scheme ; device ; plan. 6. Manner ; method ; 
mode ; fashion ; style. 7. Regular course ; habitual 
method of life or action ; mode of dealing. 8. Determined 
course ; resolved mode of action or conduct. 9. (Naut.) 
(a) Prepress, (b) pi. The timbers on which a ship is 
launched. 10. (Law) Right of way. See below. 

By the way, in passing ; apropos ; aside ; apart from, 




Wax Palm 
(Ceroxylon Andicola). 



though connected with, the main object or subject of dis- 
course. — By way of, for the purpose of ; as being ; in char- 
acter of. —In the way, so as to meet, fall in with, ofcstruct, 
hinder, etc. — Milky way. (Astron.) See Galaxy. 1. — 
On the way, traveling or going ; hence, in progress ; advan- 
cing toward completion. — Right of way (Law), a right of 
private passage over another's ground. — To go one's way, or 
To come one's way, to go or come ; to depart or come along. 

— To make one's way, to advance in life by one's own ef- 
forts. — To make way, to open a passage ; to clear the way. 

— Way station, a station intermediate between principal 
ones on a railroad. —Way train, an accommodation train. 

Syn. — Street ; highway ; road. — Way is any line for 
passage or conveyance ; a highivay is lit. one raised for 
the sake of dryness and convenience in traveling ; a road 
is, strictly, a way for horses and carriages ; a street is, 
etymologically, a paved way, as early made in towns and 
cities ; and hence, distinctively, a road or highway in a 
compact settlement. 

Waybill' (wa'bTF), n. A list of passengers, or of bag- 
gage or goods, carried in a public vehicle on a land route. 

Way'far'er (-er), n. One who travels ; traveler. 

Way'far'ing, a. Traveling; passing; journeying. 

Way'lay' (wa'la'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Waylaid (-lad') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Waylaying.] [Way + lay.} To lie in 
wait for; esp., to watch for the passing of, with a view 
to seize, rob, or slay. — Waylay' er (-er), n. 

Way'mark' (-mark'), n. A mark to guide in traveling. 

-ways (-waz). [Way -\- -s, adv. suff.] A suffix often 
used interchangeably with wise ; as, endicays or endwise. 

Way'side' (wa'sid'), n. The side of the way. 

Way'ward (-werd), a. [OE. weiward, for awei- 
uwd, i. e., turned away. See Away; -ward.] Taking 
one's own way ; disobedient ; froward ; perverse ; willful. 

— Way'ward-ly, adv. — Way'ward-ness, n. 
Way'wode (-wod), n. [Russ. voevoda, or Pol. woie- 

woda ; prop., a leader of an army.] Orig., the title of 
a military commander in various Slavonic countries ; 
afterwards applied to governors of towns or provinces. 

We (we), pron. ; pi. of I. [Poss. Our (our) or Ours 
(ourz) ; obj. Us (us). See I.] [AS. we; akin to G. wir, 
Skr. vayam.] The word with which one in speaking or 
writing denotes a number of which he is one, as the sub- 
ject of an action expressed by a verb. 

Cgg^ We is frequently used to express men in general, 
including the speaker. We is also often used by indi- 
viduals, as authors, editors, etc., in speaking of them- 
selves, in order to avoid the appearance of egotism in the 
too frequent repetition of the pronoun J. The plural 
style is also in use among kings and other sovereigns. 

Weak (wek), a. [Compar. Weaker (-er) ; superl. 
Weakest.] [OE. weik, Icel. veikr ; akin to AS. uac 
weak, soft, pliant, G. weich ; all fr. root of Icel. vikja 
to turn, recede, AS. wican to yield.] 1. Wanting phys- 
ical strength. Specif. : (a) Deficient in strength of 
body ; feeble ; infirm ; sickly ; exhausted, (b) Not able 
to sustain a great weight, pressure, or strain, (c) Easily 
broken or separated into pieces ; not compact, (d ) Not 
stiff ; phant ; frail ; soft, (e) Easily overpowered, sub- 
dued, or overcome. (/) Lacking force of utterance or 
sound; low; faint, (g) Not abundantly or sufficiently 
impregnated with the usual or required ingredients, (h) 
Lacking ability for an appropriate function or office. 
2. Not possessing or manifesting intellectual, logical, 
moral, or political strength, vigor, etc. Specif. : (a) 
Feeble of mind ; lacking vigor ; spiritless. (6) Unwise 
or injudicious ; hence, foolish, (c) Not having full con- 
fidence or conviction ; wavering, (d) Not able to with- 
stand temptation, urgency, persuasion, etc. (e) Wanting 
in power to influence or bind. (/) Not having power to 
convince; not supported by force of reason or truth. 
(g) Wanting in point or vigor of expression, (h) Not 
prevalent or effective ; not potent ; feeble, (i) Lacking 
in the authority, energy, or resources essential to a ruler 
or nation. (A-) (Stock Exchange) Tending towards lower 
prices. 3. (Gram.) Pert, to, or designating, a verb which 
forms its preterit (imperfect) and past participle by adding 
to the present the suffix -ed, -d, or the variant form -t. 

Weak'en (wek"n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Weakened 
(-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Weakening.] To make or be- 
come weak or weaker ; to lessen in strength ; to deprive 
of, or fail in, strength ; to debilitate ; to enfeeble ; to 
enervate. — Weak'en-er (-er), n. 

Weak'fish' (-fish'), n. (Zool.) Any fish of the genus 
Cynoscion ; a squeteague ; — from its tender mouth. 

Weak'-kneed' (-ned'), a. Having weak knees ; hence, 
easily yielding ; wanting resolution. [creature, i 

Weak'llng (-ling), n. [Weak + -ling.'] A weak| 

Weakly, adv. In a weak manner ; feebly. 

Weakly, a. [Compar. Weaklier (-li-er) ; superl. 
Weakliest.] Not strong of constitution ; infirm ; feeble. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, J, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, 6bey, tlnite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



WEAKNESS 



923 



WEB 



Weak'ness (wek'ngs), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
weak. 2. A weak trait or feature ; fault ; dc •; 

Syn. —Feebleness ; debility ; languor j inbecility ; in- 
firmness; infirmity; decrepitude; frailty ; faiutuess. 
Weal (wel), n. & v. See Wale. 

Weal, n. [AS. ivela, weola, wealth, fr. wel well. See 
Well, adv.] 1. A sound, healthy, or prosperous .state ; 
prosperity; welfare. 2. Commonwealth. [Obs.] 

Weald (weld), n. [AS. See Wold.] A wood or 
forest ; a wooded region ; also, an open country. 

Weald clay ( Geol.), the uppermost member of the Weald- 
en strata. 

Weald'en (weld"n), a. [From the fact that this for- 
mation occurs in the wealds of Kent and Sussex.] (Geol. ) 
Of, pert, to, or designating, the lowest division of the 
Cretaceous formation in England and on the Continent, 
which overlies the Oolitic series. 

Weals'man (welz'man), n. A statesman; a politi- 
cian. [R.] 

Wealth (welth), n. [See Weal prosperity.] 1. Weal. 
[Obs.] 2. Large possessions ; a comparative abundance 
of things desired, esp. of worldly estate. 
Syn. — Riches; affluence; opulence; abundance. 
Wealth'y (-f), a. [Compar. Wealthier (-T-er) ; su- 
perl. Wealthiest.] 1. Having wealth ; having large 
possessions, or larger than most men, as of lands, goods, or 
money ; opulent ; affluent ; rich. 2. Hence, ample ; full. 
[R.] - Wealth'i-ly (-Y-ly), adv. - Wealth'i-ness, n. 

Wean (wen), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weaned (wend) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Weaning.] [AS. wenian, wennan, to 
accustom ; akin to G. geiv'6h?ien.] 1. To take finally 
from the breast or udder ; to cause to cease to depend on 
the mother for nourishment. 2. Hence, to detach or 
alienate the affections of, from any object of desire. 
Wean, n. A weanling ; a young child. 
Weanling (-ling), n. [Wean + -ling.'] A child or 
animal newly weaned. 

Weap'on (wep'iin), n. [AS. ivsepen ; akin to G. 
waffe.] 1. An instrument of offensive or defensive 
combat ; something to fight with. 2. Fig. : The means 
or instrument with which one contends against another. 
Weap'OU-less (-un-les), a. Having no weapon. 
Weap'on-ry (-ry), n. Weapons, collectively. [Poetic] 
Wear (wer), n. Same as Weir. 
Wear (wgr), v. t. [Cf. Veer.] (Xaut.) To cause to 
go about by putting the helm up, instead of alee as in 
tacking, so that the vessel's stern is to the wind. 

Wear, v. t. [imp. Wore (wor) ; p. p. Worn (worn) ; 
obs. imp. & p. p. Weared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Wearing.] 
[AS. werian; akin to L. vestire to clothe, Gr. evvvvou, 
Skr. vas. Cf. Vest.] 1. To carry or bear upon the 
person, as an article of clothing, decoration, warfare, 
bondage, etc. ; to have on. 2. To have or exhibit an 
appearance of ; to bear. 3. To use up by carrying upon 
one's self ; to consume by use ; to use up. 4. To impair, 
waste, or diminish, as by continual attrition, scraping, 
or percussion; to consume gradually. 5. To cause or 
make by friction or wasting. 6. To form or shape by, 
or as if by, attrition. 

Wear, v. i. 1. To endure or suffer use ; to last under 
employment, trial, or test ; to bear the consequences of 
use, as waste, consumption, or attrition. 2. To suffer 
injury, loss, or extinction by use or time ; to decay, or be 
spent, gradually. 

Wear, n. 1. A wearing ; state of being worn ; con- 
sumption by use. 2. Thing worn ; style of dress ; fashion. 
Wear'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may, or is fit to, be worn. 
Wear'er (-er), n. One that wears anything. 
Wea'ri-less (we'rY-l§s), a. Incapable of wearying. 
Wea'ri-ly, adv. In a weary manner. 
Wea'ri-ness, n. Quality or state of being weary. 
Wear'lsh (wer'Ysh), a. [Etym. uncertain.] 1. Weak ; 
withered. [Obs.] 2. Insipid ; tasteless. [Obs.] 

Wea'ri-some (we'rY-siim), a. Causing weariness ; 
tiresome ; tedious ; irksome ; fatiguing ; vexatious. — 
Wearisomely, adv. — Wea'ri-some-ness, n. 

Wea'ry (-r^), a. [Compar. Wearier (-ri-er) ; super! . 
Weariest.] [AS. werig.] 1. Having the strength ex- 
hausted by toil or exertion ; tired. 2. Causing weari- 
ness; tiresome. 3. Having one's patience, relish, or 
contentment exhausted ; tired ; sick ; — with of before 
the cause. 
Syn. — Fatigued ; tiresome ; irksome ; wearisome. 
Wea'ry, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Wearied (-rid) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Wearying.] To make or become weary in 
mind or body ; to cause to grow weary or exhausted. 
Syn. — To jade ; tire ; fatigue ; fag ; harass. 
Wea'sand (we'zand), n. [k&.wasend.] The windpipe. 




Least Weo»cl (P 

ivlage. 



Wea'»el Ue'z'l), n. [AS. wesle ; akin to G. wiesel.] 
(Zo'61.) Any of various species of small raiwvui. 

genua Putoriut. 

as the ermine and 

ferret. 

Weath'er 
(weWer),;,. [AS. 
weder; akin t"(;. 
welt,;:] 1. State 
of the air or at- 
mosphere with re- 
spect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, 
clearness or cloudiness, etc. ; meteorological condition n 
the atmosphere. 2. Vicissitude of se 
change. 3. Storm; tempest. 4. A light rain. 

Weather molding, or Weather moulding I .1 
or cornice over a door or a window, to thro 

Weath'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weatherei. 
;;. pr. & vb. n. Weathering.] 1. To expose to the ail . 
to air ; to season by exposure to air. 2. I 
tain the trying effect of ; to bear up igi 
come; to sustain ; to endure; to resist. 3- O 
sail or pass to the windward of. 4. {Falconry) To place 
(a hawk) unhooded in the open air. 

Weath'er, v. i. To endure, change, or wear away, 
by the action of the atmosphere. 

Weath'er, a. (Xaut.) Being toward the wind, or 
windward ; — opposed to lee. 

Weather gauge, (a) (Xaut.) Position of a ship to the 
windward of another. ( b) Position of advantage. — Weath- 
er shore (Xaut.), the shore to the windward of a ship. 

Weath'er-beat'en (-bet/'u), a. Beaten or harassed 
by the weather ; worn by exposure to the weather. 

Weath'er-board' (-bord'), n. 1. (Naut.) (a) The 
windward side of a vessel. (6) A piece of plank placed 
in an opening to keep out water. 2. {Arch.) (a) A board 
extending from the ridge to the eaves along the slope ot 
the gable, and forming a close junction between the shin- 
gling of a roof and the side of the building, (b) A clap- 
board or feather-edged board used in weather-boarding. 

Weath'er-board', v. t. (Arch.) To nail boards upon 
so as to lap one over another, to exclude rain, snow, etc. 

Weath'er-board'ing, n. (Arch.) (a) The series of 
overlapping boards covering a building, (b) Boards 
adapted or intended for such use. [anchor by storms. I 

Weath'er-bound' (-bound'), a. Kept in port or at] 

Weath'er-COCk' (-k5k'), n. 1. A vane; — so called 
because originally often in the figure of a cock. 2. 
Hence, any thing or person that turns easily and fre- 
quently ; a fickle, inconstant person. 

Weath'ered (-erd), a. 1. (Arch.) Made sloping, so 
as to throw off water. 2. (Geol.) Having the suriace 
altered in color, texture, or composition, or the edges 
rounded off, by exposure to the elements. 

Weath'er-glass' (-er-glas'), n. An instrument, as a 
barometer, to indicate the state of the atmosphere, esp. 
changes of atmospheric pressure, and hence of weather. 

Weath'er-proof (-proof), a- Proof against rough 
weather. [changes of weather. I 

Weath'er-Wise' (-wizO, a. Skillful in fore. 

Weave (wev), v. t. [imp. Wove (w5v) ; p. p. Woven 
(wov''n), Wove, rare ; imp. & p. p. Weaved ( wevd i ; ;;. pr. 
& vb. n. Weaving.] [AS. we/an ; akin to G. uebeu. Gr. 
vfyaLveiv, v., v<£os web, Skr. urnavabhi spider, lit., wool 
weaver.] 1. To unite or interlace, as threads of any 
kind, so as to form a texture or fabric. 2. To form by 
interlacing threads or parts ; to compose by patting to- 
gether textile materials ; hence, to form into a compli- 
cated fabrication ; to compose ; to fabricate. 

Weave, v. i. 1. To practice weaving ; to work with 
a loom. 2. To become woven or interwoven. [iug. I 

Weave, n. A particular method or pattern of 

WeaVer (-er), n. 1. One who weaves. 2. (Zo'61.) 
(a) A weaver bird, (b) A whirligig. 

Weaver bird (Zo'61.), any one of numerous species of 
Asiatic. East Indian, and African birds resembling finches 
and sparrows. They construct nests of interlaced grass 
and other materials. See I/lust, of Republican. 

Weav'er-flsh' (-fish), n. [See Weever.] (Zool.) 
See Weever. [wizened. I 

Wea'zen(we'z'n),fl. [See Wizen.] Thin ; withered ;| 

Web (wen), ». [AS. webb; akin to G. gewete, and E. 
weave.] 1. That which is woven, esp. in a loom ; texture : 
textile fabric. 2. A whole piece of linen cloth as woven. 
3. The texture spun by a spider for catching its prey ; 
cobweb. 4. Fig. : Tissue ; texture ; complicated fabri- 
cation. 5. A thin metal sheet, plate, or strip, as of a 
saw or colter. 6. (Med.) A growth of vascular tissue 
spreading faulike over the eye. 7. (A7ial.) The lnemi- 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, po, sing, ink, then, thin. 



i 
< 



N 



AVEB 



924 



WEIRD 



R 



U 



W 



brane uniting the fingers or toes, either at their bases, 
as in num. or for • greater part of their length, as in 
many water birds and amphibians. 8- (Much. & Emjin.) 
A plate or thin portion connecting stiffening ribs or 
flanges, or other parts of an object. 9. (Zool.) The 
I barbs on each side of the shaft of a feather. 

Web (wj5b)i 9, t. [imp. & p. />. Webbed (wSbd) ; p. pr. 
Webbing.] To unite, connect, or surround with 
a web, or as if with a web ; to envelop ; to entangle. 

Webbed (.webd), a. Provided with a web. 

Webbing (weVbXng), ;;. A woven band of cotton or 
tlax. used for reins, girths, bed bottoms, etc. 

We'ber ^va'berl, n. [From Professor Weber, a Ger- 
man electrician.] (Elec.) A coulomb. [06s.] 

Web'eye 7 (weVi ), n. (Med.) See Web, n., 6. 

Web'fOOt (-f6TM ), >/. 1. A foot having the toes con- 
nected by a web. 2. {Zool.) Any web-footed bird. 

Web'-foot ed, a. Having webbed feet ; palmiped. 

Wed I wed), n. [AS. icedd ; akin to G. icette wager, 
L. ias, cadis, bail, radimonium security, Gr. a8\ov prize.] 
A pledge ; pawn. [06.?.] 

Wed, v. t. & i. [imp. Wedded ; p. p. Wedded or 
Wed ; p. pr. & rb. n. Wedding.] [AS. weddian to prom- 
ise, to wed. See Wed, n.] 1. To take, join, or give in 
wedlock ; to marry ; to espouse. 2. Fig. : To unite as if 
by the bond of marriage : to attach firmly or indissolubly. 

Wed'ded (-ded), a. 1. Joined in wedlock ; married. 
2. Of or pertaining to wedlock, or marriage. 

Wed'ding (-ding), n. [AS. weddung.] Nuptial cere- 
mony ; nuptial festivities ; marriage ; nuptials. 

CSF 5 " Certain anniversaries of an unbroken marriage 
have received fanciful, and more or less appropriate, 
names. Thus, the fifth anniversary is called the wooden 
wedding ; the tenth, the tin icedding ; the fifteenth, the 
crystal wedding ; the twentieth, the china icedding ; the 
twenty-fifth, the silver icedding ; the fiftieth, the golden 
wedding ; the sixtieth, the diamond wedding. 

Wedge (wej), n. [AS. icecg ; akin to G 
(wedge-shaped) loaf.] 1. A piece of hard ma- 
terial thick at one end, and tapering to a thin 
edge at the other, used iu splitting wood, rocks, 
etc. It is one of the six mechanical powers. 
2. (Geom.) A solid of five sides, having a rec- 
tangular base, two rectangular or trapezoidal 
sides meeting in an edge, and two triangular 
ends. 3. Anything shaped like a wedge. 

Wedge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wedged (wejd) ; 
vb. n. Wedging.] 1. To cleave or separate with a wedge 
or wedges, or as if with a wedge ; to rive. 2. To force 
or drive as a wedge is driven. 3. To force by crowding 
and pushing as a wedge does. 4. To fix, or make fast, 
like a wedge. 5. To fasten with a wedge or wedges. 

Wedlock (wed'lok), n. [AS. wedlac a pledge, be- 
trothal ; wedd pledge -j- lac gift. See Wed, n.] Mar- 
riage ; matrimony. 

Syn. — See Marriage. 

Wednes'day (wenz'da; 48), n. [AS. Wodnes dseg, 
i. e., Woden's day (a translation of L. dies Mercurii) ; 
fr. Woden the Teutonic god identified with the Roman 
Mercury + dseg day.] The fourth day of the week ; the 
next day after Tuesday. 

Wee (we), n. [OE. we a bit, in a little we, prob. orig. 
meaning, a little way, the word we for wei being later 
taken as synonymous with little. See Way.] A little ; 
a bit. [Obs. or Scot.] 

Wee, a. Very small ; little. [Colloq. & Scot."] 

Weed (wed), n. [AS. wsede, weed.'] 1. A garment ; 
clothing ; esp., an upper or outer garment. 2. A mourn- 
ing garment or badge ; esp. pi., mourning garb. 

Weed, n. [AS. weod, wiod.] 1. Underbrush; low 
shrubs. [Obs. or Archaic'] 2. Any unsightly, useless, 
or injurious plant. 3. Fig. : Anything useless. 

Weed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weeded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Weeding.] 1. To free from noxious plants; to clear of 
weeds. 2. To take away, as noxious plants ; to extir- 
pate. 3. To free from anything hurtful or offensive. 

Weed'er (-er), n. One that weeds. 

Weed'y (-y), a. [Compar. Weedier (-T-er) ; snperl. 
WEEDresT.] 1. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, weeds. 
2. Abounding with weeds. 3. Scraggy ; ungainly ; — 
said of colts or horses, and also of persons. [Colloq.~\ 

Week ("wek), n. [AS. weocu, wicu, wucu; akin to G. 
woche.] A period of seven days, usually that reckoned 
from one Sabbath or Sunday to the next. 

Weekly (wekltf), a. 1. Of or pert, to a week, or 
week days. 2. Coming, happening, or done once a 
week ; hebdomadary. [a week. I 

Weekly, n. A publication issued or appearing once] 

Weekly, adv. Once a week. 



week 



f 

Wedge. 
p. pr. & 




Ween (wen), v. i. [AS. wenan, fr. wen hope, opinion ; 
akin to G. uah7i delusion.] To think; to imagine; to 
fancy. [Obs. or Poetic] 

Weep (wep), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wept (wept) ; p. pr. 
St rb. n. Weeping.] [AS. wepan, fr. nop lamentation.] 

1. Formerly, to express sorrow, grief, or anguish, by 
outcry or other manifest signs; now, to show grief or 
other passions by shedding tears ; to shed tears ; to cry. 

2. To lament ; to complain. 3. To flow or run in drops. 
4. To drip ; to be soaked. 5. To have the branches or 
stems drooping or pendent as if in sorrow ; to droop. 

Weep, v. t. 1. To lament ; to bewail ; to bemoan. 2. 
To shed, or pour forth, as tears ; to shed drop by drop. 

Weep'er (-er), n. 1. One who weeps. 2. A white 
mourning band or border worn on the sleeve. 

Weeping, a. & vb. n. from Weep. 

Weeping sinew (Med.), a ganglion. — Weeping willow 
(Bot.), a species of willow < Salix Babylonica) with slender 
drooping branches. See Willow. 

Wee'ver (we'ver), n. [Probably from F. Vive, OF. 
vivre, a kind of fish, L. vipera viper. Cf. Viper.] (Zool. ) 
Any one of several species of edible marine fishes having 
a broad spinose head, with the eyes looking upward. 

Wee'vil (we'v'l), n. [AS. wifel, until; akin to G. 
wiebel, wibel.] (Zool.) Any one of ^>. o > 
numerous species of snout beetles, "^> *-->-i 

or Rhynchophora, 
many of which are Q 5" $ 9 
very injurious to cul- b 
tivated plants. 

Weft (weft), n. 
[AS. weft, we/la, fr. 
wefan to weave. 
See Weave.] 1. The 
woof of cloth ; the 
thread carried by the 
shuttle inweaving. 2. 
A web ; thing woven. Weevils, a Ampeloglyf.ter sesottris, X 

Weigh (wa) n. ' ' Otiorhynchus sulcatiis, x 2. 
(Xaut.) A corruption of Wat, used only in under weigh. 

Weigh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weighed (wad) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Weighing.] [AS. wegan to bear, move ; akin 
to G. wdgen, wiegen, to weigh, L. veliere to carry, Skr. 
vah.~] 1. To bear up ; to raise ; to lift into the air. 2. 
To examine by the balance ; to ascertain the weight of. 

3. To be equivalent to in weight ; to counterbalance. 4. 
To pay, allot, take, or give by weight. 5. To ponder in 
the mind ; to estimate deliberately and maturely ; to 
balance. 6. To consider as worthy of notice ; to regard. 
[Obs. or Archaic] 

Weigh, v. i. 1. To have weight ; to be heavy. 2. To 
be considered as important. 3. To bear heavily ; to press 
hard. 4. To judge ; to estimate. [JR.] 

Weigh, n. See Wet. 

Weigh'a-ble (wa'a-b'l), a. Capable of being weighed. 

Weigh'er (wa'er), n. One who weighs. 

Weight (wat), n. 1. Quality of being heavy; that 
property of bodies by which they tend toward the center 
of the earth. 2. Quantity of heaviness ; quantity of 
matter as estimated by the balance, or expressed numer- 
ically with reference to some standard unit. 3. Hence, 
pressure ; burden. 4. Importance ; influence ; conse- 
quence ; moment. 5. A scale, or graduated standard, of 
heaviness. 6. A ponderous mass ; something heavy. 7. 
A definite mass, as of iron, lead, or brass, to be used for 
ascertaining the weight of other bodies. 

Syn. — Ponderousness ; gravity ; load ; power ; efficacy. 

Weight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weighted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Weighting.] To load with a weight or weights; to 
load down ; to make heavy ; to attach weights to. 

Weightless, a. Having no weight ; imponderable. 

Weight'y (-y), a. [Compar. Weightier (-T-er) ; su- 
perl. Weightiest.] 1. Having weight ; heavy. 2. 
Adapted to turn the balance in the mind, or to convince ; 
momentous. 3. Rigorous; severe; afflictive. [JR.] — 
Weightily ( wat'I-iy), adv. — Weightl-ness, n. 

Syn. — Heavy ; ponderous : burdensome ; onerous ; 
forcible ; momentous ; efficacious ; impressive ; cogent. 

Weir (wer), Wear, n. [AS. wer ; akin to G. wehr.] 
1. A dam in a river to stop and raise the water, to con- 
duct it to a mill, form a fish pond, etc. 2. A fence of 
stakes, brushwood, etc., set in a stream, tideway, etc., 
for taking fish. 3. A long noteh with a horizontal edge, 
as in the top of a plank, through which water flows, — 
used in measuring the quantity of flowing water. 

Weird (werd), n. [AS. wyrd fate, one of the Fates, 
fr. weorSan to be. See Worth, v. i.] [Obs. or Scot.] 
1. Fate ; destiny ; also, a prediction. 2. A charm. 



e, I, o, u, long ; a, £, J, 5, u, y, short ; sen&te, & vent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, a&k, all, 



WEIRD 



925 



WERT 




L well + ^^ 

ell-doing F^ ^f 

; 5 enjoy- L—^/^v — J 



Weird (werd), a. 1. Of or pert, to fate ; concerned 
with destiny. 2. Of or pert, to witchcraft ; caused by, 
or suggesting, magical influence ; supernatural ; un- 
earthly ; wild. — Weird'ness, n. 

Weird sisters, the Fates. [Scot.] 

^W" Shakespeare uses the term for the three witches 
in Macbeth. 

Wel'a-way (wgl'a-wa), inter j. [OE. welaway, wala- 
way, weilawey ; ivei wo ! + /o lo ! wet wo! See Woe.] 
Alas ! [Obs. or Archaic] 

Welch (wglch), a. See Welsh. [R.] 

Welch'er (-er), n. See Welsher. [R.] 

Welch'man (-man), n. See Welshman. 

Wel'come (wgl'kum), a. [AS. wilcitma a welcome 
guest, i. e., one well come, from wil-, as a prefix, akin to 
willa will -f- cuma comer, fr. cuman to come. See Will, 
n. ; Come.] 1. Received with gladness. 2. Producing 
gladness ; grateful ; pleasing. 3. Free to have or enjoy 
gratuitously.— Wel'come-ly, adv.— Wel'come-ness, n. 

Wel'come, n. 1. Salutation to a newcomer. 2. Kind 
reception of a guest or newcomer. 

Wel'come, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Welcomed (-kfimd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Welcoming.] To salute with kindness, 
as a newcomer ; to receive and entertain hospitably and 
cheerfully. — Wel'com-er (-er), n. 

Weld (weld), n. [OE. welde ; akin to G. wau.] 

1. (Bot.) An herb {Reseda luteola) related to mignonette ; 
dyer's broom. It is used by dyers to give a yellow color. 

2. Coloring matter extracted from this plant. 

Weld, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Welded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Welding.] [Prob. orig. same word as 
Well to spring up.] 1. To press or 
beat into intimate and permanent 
union, as two pieces of iron when 
heated almost to fusion. 2. Fig. : To 
unite closely or intimately. 

Weld, n. State of being welded ; 
joint made by welding. 

Weld'er (-er), n. One who welds. 

Wel'fare' (wel'ftrO, ?i. [Well 
fare to go, to happen.] Well- " 
or well-being in any respect 
ment of health and the common bless- M 
ings of life ; exemption from any evil a ° j} utt Weld^or 
or calamity ; prosperity ; happiness. Jump Wold ; b Scarf 

Welk (wglk), v. i. & t. [OE. Weld; cV Weld. 
welken. See Welkin.] To wither ; to fade ; also, to 
decay ; to wane. [Obs.] 

Welk, ». A pustule. See 2d Whelk. 

Wel'kln (wel'kin), n. [OE. welken, welkne, ivolcne, 
AS. tvolcen, pi. ivolcnu, a cloud ; akin to G. wolke.] The 
visible regions of the air ; vault of heaven ; sky. 

Well (wgl), n. [AS. wella, wylla, fr. weallan.] 1. 
An issue of water from the earth ; spring ; fountain. 
2. A hole sunk into the earth so as to reach a supply of 
water. 3. A shaft made in the earth to obtain oil or 
brine. 4. Fig. : A source of supply ; fountain. 5. Any 
well-like excavation, shaft, or hole. 6. (Xaut.) {a) An 
inclosure in the middle of a vessel's hold, around the 
pumps, from ths bottom to the lower deck. (6) A com- 
partment for fish in the middle of the hold of a fishing 
vessel, perforated to let in water, (c) A depressed space 
in the after part of the deck ; — often called the cockpit. 

Well, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Welled (wgld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Welling.] [AS. wyllan, wellan, fr. weallan; 
akin to G. wallen, welle, wave, AS. wylm.\ To issue or 
pour forth, as water from the earth ; to flow ; to spring. 

Well, adv. \_Compar. and super!, supplied by belter 
and best.] [AS. wel ; akin to G. wohl; orig., according 
to one's will. See Will, v. t.] 1. In a good or proper 
manner ; justly ; rightly. 2. Suitably to one's condition, 
to the occasion, or to a proposed end or use ; abundantly ; 
fully ; adequately ; thoroughly. 3. In such manner as is 
desirable ; satisfactorily ; favorably ; advantageously ; 
conveniently. 4. Considerably ; not a little ; far. 

Well off, in good condition, esp. as to circumstances ; 
thriving ; prosperous. —Well to do, well off ; prosperous. 

Well, a. 1. Good in condition or circumstances ; de- 
sirable, either in a natural or moral sense ; fortunate ; 
advantageous. 2. Sound in body ; healthy. 3. Being 
in favor ; favored ; fortunate. [welaway ! I 

Well'a-day (-a-da), inter j. [For Welaway.] Alas ! | 

Well'-be'tag (-be'Tng), n. State or condition of 
being well ; welfare ; happiness ; prosperity. 

Well'-born' (-b6rn'), a. Born of a good family. 

Well'-bred' (-brgd'), a. Having good breeding; re- 
fined ; polite ; cultivated. [efactor. I 

Well'dO'er (wgl'dob'er), n. One who does well ; ben- 1 



Well'dO'lng (weTdob'Tng), n. A doing well ; right 
performance ol 'Inn.-. 

Well'-fa'VOred (-fa'venl), a. HandBOme ; well- 
formed; beautiful ; pleaetng to the eye. 

Well'head' (-lig'l')- "• i nfi or fountain. 

Well'hole' (-hol'>, w. {Arch.) \ 

a floor, to accoiiiinod. : 

left beyond tin- ends ol the I 

WelP-man'nered (-man'nthd), a. Polite ; well-bred ; 
complaisant ; courteous. [good.1 

Well'-mean'er (-men / e'r), n. One irhose intention in\ 

Well'-mean ing, a. Having ■ good Intention. 

Well'-nigh' (-ni'), adv. Almost ; nearly. 

Well'-read' (-red'), u. oi extensive reading; deeply 
versed ; — often followed by in. 

Well'-spo'ken (-spCk'n), a. [Well -f speak.] 1. 
Speaking well ; speaking with grace or speaking kindly. 
2. Spoken with propriety. 

Well'spring (-.spring'), n. A fountain ; spring ; a 
source of continual supply. 

Well'wish er (wSl'wTsh'er), n. One who wishes an- 
other well ; one who is benevolently or friendlily inclined. 

Welsh (welsh), a. [AS. unli.se, welite, from wealh 
stranger, one not of Saxon origin, a Welshman, a Celt; 
akin to G. u'ulsch or uelsch, OHG. ualhi.se ; fr. name of 
a Celtic tribe. Cf. Walnut.] Of or pert, to Wales, or 
its inhabitants. 

Welsh rabbit. See under Rabbit. 

Welsh, n. 1. The language of Wales, or of thi 
people, a branch of the Celtic family. 2. pi. The natives 
or inhabitants of Wales. 

Welsh'er (-er), n. One who cheats at a horse race ; 
as by betting without intending to pay. [Slang, 

Welt(wglt), n. [OE. write; proh. fr. W. gmUd hem, 
welt, gicaldu to welt or hem.] That which, being 
sewed or otherwise fastened to an edge or border, serves 
to guard, strengthen, or adorn it ; as : (a) A small cord 
covered with cloth and sewed on a seam or border ; an 
edge of cloth folded on itself and sewed down, (b) In 
shoemaking, a narrow strip of leather around a shoe, be- 
tween the upper leather and sole. 

Welt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Welted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Welting.] To furnish with a welt ; to fasten a welt on. 

Wel'ter (wgl'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Weltered 
(,-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Weltebing.] [Freq. of OE. 
walten to roll over, AS. weallan; akin to G. v 
roll.] 1. To roll, as the body of an animal ; to tumble 
about, esp. in anything foul or defiling ; to wallow. 2. 
To rise and fall, as waves ; to tumble over, as billows. 

Wel'ter, n. 1. That in which any person or thing 
welters, or wallows ; filth ; mire ; slough. 2. A rising 
and falling, as of waves. 

Wen (wgn), n. [AS. wenn.] {Med.) An indolent, 
encysted tumor of the skin ; esp., a sebaceous cyst. 

Wench (wgnch), n. [OE. wenche, for wenchel child, 
orig., weak.] 1. A girl ; maiden. 2. A low, vicious 
young woman ; drab ; strumpet. 3. A negress. [U. S.] 

Wench, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wenched (wencht) : p. 
pr. & vb. n. Wenching.] To frequent the company of 
wenches, or lewd women. — Wench'er, n. 

Wend (wend), v. i. [imp. S: p. p. Wended, Obs. 
Went ; p. ]>r. & vb. n. Wending.] [AS. wentkm, caus. of 
vtindan. See Wind to turn.] To go ; to pass ; to betake 
one's self. [to in nd one's wau. I 

Wend. v. t. To direct ; to betake ; — used chiefly in | 

Wen'nish (wgn'nish), I a. [From Wen.] Of the na- 

Wen'ny (-ny), ) ture of a wen ; like I wen. 

Went (went), imp. &p. p. of Wend ; — obs. except as 
used to supply the imperfect of Go. 

Wen'tle-trap' (wgn't'i-trSp / ), n. 
[D. wentfltrap a winding staircase.] 
(Zo'ol.) Any one of numerous species 
of handsome, usually white, marine 
shells of the genus Scalaria. 

Wept (wept), imp. & j'- p. of Weep. 

Were (wSr). [AS. wBre (thou) 
wast, wSron (we, you. they) were, 
ivxre imp. subj. See Was.] The im- 
perfect indicative plural, and imper- 
fect subjunctive singular and plural, 
of the verb be. See Be. 

Were (war), n. [AS. uer ; akin to 
L. rir, Skr. rlra.] A man. [06*.] 

Were'wolf' (-wulfO, »• [AS. uer- 
u-ulf. See Were, h. ; Wolf.] A person transformed into 
a wolf in form and appetite : lyeanthrope. 

Werst (werst), n. See Verst. 

Wert (wert). [From Were, after analogy of wast.] 




Wentletrap (Soalo- 
■ pn I 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, r^jde, full, urn, food, fcTot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



i 
( 

! 



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TVESAND 



926 



WHEEL 



u 



w 



The second person sing., indie, and subjunctive, imper- 
fect tense, of be. Now used only in solemn or poetic style. 

We'sand (wVkand), n. See Weasand. [06s.] 

Wes'ley-an-ism (wBe'lI-on-Ii'm), n. [So named 
after John Wesley.] (Eccl.) The doctrines and church 
polity of the Methodists ; Methodism. 

West t,we"st\ "• [AS. irest, adv. ; akin to G. west, 
mriftffl ] 1. The point, direction, or quarter where the 
sun is seen to set. 2. A country or region relatively sit- 
uated in the direction toward the west. 3. Specif. : (a) 
The Western hemisphere, or the New "World. (b) (U. 
S. Hist. & Geog.) Formerly, that part of the United 
States west of the Alleghany mountains; now, com- 
monly, the whole region west of the Mississippi river. 

West, a. Lying toward the west; situated at the 
west, or in a relatively western direction ; proceeding to- 
ward, or coming from, the west. — adv. Westward. 

West'er-ing ^-er-Yng), a. Passing to the west. 

West'er-ly, a. Of or pert, to the west ; toward, or 
coming from, the west ; western. — adv. Toward the 
west ; westward. 

West'ern (-ern), a. 1. Of or pert, to the west ; situ- 
ated in the west ; being in that quarter where the sun 
sets. 2. Moving toward the west. 

Western Church. See Latin Church, under Latin. 

West'ern-er. n. A native or inhabitant of the west. 

Westing (wgst'Tng), n. (Xaut. & Surv.) Distance 
west along a parallel of latitude ; departure of a course 
which lies to the west of north. 

5SE&ft3&).}<*- Toward newest. 

West'ward, a. Lying toward the west. [west. I 

West'ward, n. Western regions or countries ; the | 

West'ward-ly, adv. In a westward direction. 

Wet (wet), o._ [Compar. Wettek (-ter) ; superl. Wet- 
test.] [AS. wset ; akin to E. water. .] 1. Containing, 
or consisting of, water or other liquid ; moist ; having 
water or other liquid upon the surface. 2. Very damp ; 
rainy. 3. (Chem.) Employing, or done by means of, 
water or liquid. 

Wet nurse, a nurse who suckles a child. 

Syn.— Nasty ; humid ; damp ; moist. See Nasty. 

Wet, n. 1. Water or wetness ; moisture or humidity 
in considerable degree. 2. Rainy weather ; foggy or 
misty weather. 

Wet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wet (rarely Wetted) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Wetting.] To fill or moisten with water or 
other liquid ; to sprinkle ; to dip or soak in a liquid. 

Weth'er (weth'er), n. [AS. weSer ; akin to G. wid- 
der, L. vihdus calf, Skr. vatsa, L. vetus old, Gr. Itos 
year ; — orig. meaning, a yearling.] A castrated ram. 

Wet'ness (wgt'nes), n. Quality or 6tate of being wet. 

Wet'-shod' (-shod')) a. Having the feet, or the shoes 
on the feet, wet. 

Wey (wa), n. [AS. icsege weight. See Weigh.] A 
measure of weight varying widely in amount. [Eng.] 

Whack (hwSk), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Whacked (hwSkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Whacking.] [Cf. Thwack.] To strike 
with a resounding blow ; to beat ; to thrash. [Colloq.] 

Whack, n. A smart resounding blow. [Colloq.] 

Whale (hwal). v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whaled (hwald) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Whaling.] [Cf. Wale.] To lash with 
stripes; to wale. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] 

Whale, n. [AS. hwsel ; akin to G. wal, wal&sch.] 
(Zodl. ) Any aquatic mammal of the order Cetacea, esp. 
any of the large species, some of which become nearly 
one hundred feet long. See Narwhal, Sperm whale. 




Biscay Whale (Balxna Cisarctica). 

Whale'hoat' (hwaTbot/), n. {Naut.) Along, narrow 
boat, sharp at both ends, used by whalemen. 

Whale'DOne' (-bon'), n. A hornlike substance taken 
from the upper jaw of the right whale ; baleen. 

Whale'man (-man), n. A man employed in the whale 

fishery. [whale fishery, j 

Whal'er (-er), n. A vessel or person employed in the | 

WhaTlng, n. The hunting of whales. [whales. I 

Whal'lng, a. Pert, to, or employed in, hunting, 1 

Whap fhwSp), Whop. v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whapped 

'hwSpt) \p.pr. & vb. n. Whappixg.] [Etym. uncertain.] 

To throw one's self quickly, or abruptly ; to turn quickly. 



Whap (hw5p), Whop, v. t. To beat or strike. 

Whap, Whop. n. A blow, or quick, smart 6troke. 

Whap'per (-per), Whop'per, n. Something uncom- 
monly large of its kind ; esp., a bold lie. [Colloq.'] 

Whap'plng (pTng), Whop'ping, a. Very large; 
monstrous ; astonishing. [Colloq.] 

Wharf (hwarf), ?!. ; pi. Wharfs (hwarfs) or Wharves 
(hwarvz). [AS. hiverf, hivearf, returning, change, fr. 
hweorfan to turn ; akin to G. werft, and werben to enlist.] 

1. A structure or platform built on the shore of a har- 
bor, river, canal, etc., usually so that vessels may lie 
close alongside to receive and discharge cargo, passen- 
gers, etc. ; quay ; pier. 

rg^ 5 * The plural of this word is generally written 
wharves in the United States, and u-harfs in England. 

2. [AS. huearf.] Bank ; shore. [Obs.] 

Wharf, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Wharfed (hwarft) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Wharfing.] 1. To guard, secure by, or furnish 
with, a wharf or wharfs. 2. To place upon, or bring to, 
a wharf. 

Wharfage (-aj ; 48), n. 1. Fee paid for the privilege 
of using a wharf. 2. A wharf ; wharfs, collectively. 

Wharf 'in-ger (-Tn-jer), n. [For wharfager.] A man 
who owns, or has the care of, a wharf. 

What (hw5t), pron., a., & adv. [AS. hwset, neuter of 
hwa who', akin to G. was. See Who.] 1. As an inter- 
rogative pronoun, used in asking questions regarding 
either persons or things ; — used adjectively of persons ; 
and either substantively or adjectively of things. 2. As 
an exclamatory word : (a) Used absolutely or inde- 
pendently, (b) Used adjectively, meaning how remark- 
able, or how great, (c) Sometimes prefixed to adjectives 
in an adverbial sense, as nearly equivalent to how. 3. 
As a relative pronoun : (a) Used substantively with 
the antecedent suppressed, equivalent to that which, or 
those who, or those which; — called a compound relative, 
(b) Used adjectively, equivalent to the . . . which; the 
sort or kind of . . . which; rarely, the . . . on, or at y 
which. 4. Whatever; whatsoever; — used indefinitely. 
5. Used adverbially, in part ; partly ; somewhat ; — with 
a following preposition, esp. with, and commonly with 
repetition. [used in poetry. I 

What-e'or' (-ar' or -tr'), pron. Contr. of whatever,^ — | 

What-ev'er (-ev'er), pron. Anything soever which ; 
being this or that ; anything that may be ; all that. 

What'not (hwSt'nSt), n. [From the abbreviated 
clause tvhat not, often used at the close of a list of partic- 
ulars, with the sense of, anything you please ; and hence, 
used substantively in the sense of, a miscellany, a variety.] 
A kind of stand, or piece of furniture, having shelves for 
books, ornaments, etc. ; an 6tagere. 

WhafSO-ev'er (hwSt'so-ev'er) , pron. & a. Whatever. 

Wheal (hwel), n. [AS. hwele putrefaction, hwelian 
to putrefy.] A pustule ; a whelk. 

Wheal, n. [Cf. Wale.] 1. A more or less elongated 
mark raised by, or as if by, a stroke ; weal ; wale. 2. 
{Med.) A flat, burning or itching eminence on the skin, 
such as is produced by a mosquito bite, or in urticaria. 

Wheat (hwet), n. [AS. hivsete ; akin to G. weizen, 
and E. white.] (Bot.) A cereal grass (Triticum vulgare) 
and its grain, which furnishes a white flour for bread. 

Wheat'ear' (-er'), n. (Zodl.) A small European sing- 
ing bird (Sazicola cenanthe). 

Wheat'en (-'n). a. Made of wheat. 

Whee'dle (hwe'd'l), v. t. &i. [imp. &p.p. Wheedled 
(-d'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Wheedling (-dling).] [Cf. G. 
wedeln to wag with the tail, as a dog.] I. To entice by 
soft words ; to cajole ; to flatter ; to coax. 2. To gain, 
or get away, by flattery. 

Wheel (hwel), n. [AS. hwedl, hweogul, hweowol ; 
akin to Gr. kvkAos, Skr. cakra.] 1. A circular frame 
turning about an axis ; a rotating disk. 2. Any instru- 
ment having the form of, or chiefly consisting of, a wheel. 
Specif. : (a) A spinning wheel. (6) An instrument of 
torture formerly used, (c) (Natil.) A circular frame 
having handles on the periphery, used in controlling the 
rudder for the purpose of steering, (d) (Pottery) A hor- 
izontal, revolving, wooden disk used by potters, (e) 
(Poetry) The burden or refrain of a song. 3. A bicycle 
or a tricycle ; a velocipede. 4. A rolling or revolving 
body ; anything of a circular form ; disk ; orb. 5. A 
turn or revolution ; rotation ; compass. 

Wheel animal, or Wheel animalcule (Zodl.), any one of 
many rotifers having a ciliated disk at the anterior end. 
— Wheel carriage, a carriage moving on wheels. — Wheel 
horse, one of the horses nearest the wheels. 

Wheel, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Wheeled (hweld) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Wheeling.] 1. To convey on wheels, or in a 



a, e, I, o, -a, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, H, f, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 5bey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



WHEEL 



927 



WHICH 



wheeled vehicle. 2. To put into a rotatory motion ; to 
cause to gyrate ; to make or perform in a circle. 

Wheel (hwel), v. i. 1. To turn on, or as if on, an 
axis ; to revolve ; to rotate ; to gyrate ; to turn. 2. To 
go round in a circuit ; to fetch a compass. 3. To roll 
forward ; to move by rolling. 

Wheel'barTOW (-bSr'ro), n. A light one-wheeled 
vehicle for conveying small loads, rolled by a single person. 

Wheeled (hweld), a. Having wheels ; — used chiefly 
in composition. 

Wheel'er (hwel'er), n. 1. One who wheels, or turns. 
2. A wheel horse. 3. A worker on sewed muslin, [Eiuj.] 

Wheel'house' (-nous'), n. (Kaut.) A small house on 
or above a vessel's deck, containing the steering wheel. 

Wheel'ing, n. 1. Act of one who wheels, or rides upon 
wheels. 2. Condition of a road or roads, which admits 
of passing on wheels. [tricycle ; cycler ; cyclist. I 

Wheel'man (-man), n. One who rides a bicycle or | 

Wheel'work' (-wOrk'), n. {Mack.) A combination of 
wheels, and their connection, in a machine or mechanism. 

Wheel'wright' (-ritf), n. A man whose occupation is 
to make or repair wheels and wheeled vehicles. 

Wheeze (hwez), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wheezed 
(hwezd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Wheezing.] [AS. hwesan ; akin 
to AS. kwosta cough, G. hasten, Skr. kas.~\ To breathe 
hard, and with an audible piping or whistling sound. 

Wheeze, n. 1. A piping or whistling sound caused 
by difficult respiration. 2. (Phon.) The hoarse sound 
known as the •-* stage whisper." 

Wheez'y (hwez'jf), a. Breathing with a wheeze. 

Whelk (hwglk), n. [AS.iceoloc,iceloc,wiloc] (Zobl.) 
Any one of numerous species of large 
marine gastropods ; esp., Buccinum wn- 
datum, used as food in Europe. 

Whelk, n. [OE. whelke, dim. of 
whele. See 1st Wheal.] 1. A papule ; 
pustule ; acne. 2. A stripe or mark ; 
ridge ; wale. 

Whelm (hwglm), v. t. [_imp. & p. p. 
Whelmed (hwglmd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Whelming.] [OE. whelmen to turn over, 
akin to OE. whelven, AS. whelfan, hwyl- 
fan, in awhylfan, awhelfan, to over- 
whelm; akin to G. ivolben.] To cover 
with water or other fluid ; to cover by, 
or as if by, immersion in something ; to 
overwhelm ; to ingulf. 

Whelp (hwelp), n. [AS. hivelp ; akin to G. welf.] 1. 
One of the young of a dog or a beast of prey ; puppy ; cub. 
2. Child ; youth ; — jocose or contemptuous. 3. (Nant.) 
One of the longitudinal ribs or ridges on the barrel of a 
capstan or windlass ; — usually in pi. [See Ulust. of 
Windlass.] 4. One of the teeth of a sprocket wheel. 

Whelp, v. i. {imp. &p.p. Whelped (hwelpt) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Whelping.] To bring forth young ; — said of 
the female of the dog and some beasts of prey. 

Whelp, v. t. To bring forth, as cubs or young. 

When (hwSn), adv. [AS. hicsenne, hicanne, hwonne; 
akin to G. wann when, ivenn if, and E. icho.] 1. At 
what time ; — used interrogatively. 2. At what time ; 
at, during, or after the time that ; — used relatively. 3. 
While ; whereas ; although ; — used like a conjunction. 
4. Which time ; then ; — used elliptically as a noun. 

When as, When that, at the time that ; when. [Obs.] 

Whence (hwens), adv. [See When; -s, adv. suff.] 

1. From what place ; hence, from what or which source, 
antecedent, premise, etc. ; how ; — used interrogatively. 

2. From what or which place, source, material, cause, 
etc. ; place, source, etc., from which ; — used relatively. 

JSp* From whence, though a pleonasm, is fully author- 
izedby the use of good writers. 

Whence'SO-ev'er (-so-gv'er), adv. & conj. From 
what place soever ; from what cause or source soever. 

When-e'er' (hwgn-ar' or -ar'), adv. & conj. When- 
ever, [time. I 

When-ev'er (hwgn-gv'er), adv. & conj. At whatever | 

When'SO-ev'er (-so-gv'er), adv. & conj. Whenever. 

Where (hwa"r), adv. [AS. hwser ; akin to G. wo, and 
E. who.'] 1. At or in what place ; hence, in what situa- 
tion, position, or circumstances ; — used interrogatively. 
2. At or in which place ; at the place in which ; hence, 
in the case or instance in which ; — used relatively. 3. 
To what or which place ; hence, to what goal, result, or 
issue ; whither ; — used interrogatively and relatively. 

(EdF 5 * Where is often used pronominally, with or with- 
out a preposition, in elliptical sentences for a place in 
which, the place in which, or what place. 

Where away (Xaut.), in what direction or location. 

Syn. — See Whitheb. 




Whelk (Bucci- 
num cyaneum). 



Where'a-bOUt' (hwSr'a-bout'), I adv. 1. About where; 

Where'a bouts' (-a-bouts'), J near what or which 
place ; — used (esp. in the form whereabouts) ln1 
tively and relatively. 2. Concerning which ; about which, 

Where'a bout , In. The place where a pet 

Where'a bouts', / thing u. 

Whereas' (hwfir-Sz'), conj. 1. Considering that ; it be- 
ing the case that ; tinoe ; — used tointrodu 
2. When in fact ; while on the contrary ; I 
in truth that ; although ; — implying opposition to some- 
thing that precedes, or implying a recognition of facts. 

Where-at' (-&V), adv. 1. At Which ; whereupon ; — 
used relatively. 2. At what ; — used interrogatively. 

Whereby' (-bi'), adv. 1. By which;— need rela- 
tively. 2. By what ; how ; — used interrogatively. 

Wher-e'er' (hwSr-ar' or -Sr'), adv. Wherever; — a 
contracted and poetical form. 

Where'fore (hwSr'for), adv. & conj. [ Where -f-/or.] 

1. For which reason; so; — used relatively. 2 I 
what reason ; why ; — used interrogatively. 

Where'fore, It. The reason why. [Colloo.] 

Where-in' (hwSr-Tn'), adv. 1. In which ; — used 
relatively. 2. In what : — used interrogatively. 

Where'ln-tO' (hwSr'Tn-too'), adv. 1. Into which ; — 
used relatively. 2. Into what ; — used interrogatively. 

Where-Of (hwaY-5f' or -5v'), adv. 1. Of which ; of 
whom ; formerly, also, with which ; — used relatively. 

2. Of what ; — used interrogatively. 

Where-on' (-5n'), adv. 1. On which ; — used rela- 
tively. 2. On what ; — used interrogatively. 

Where'SO-C'er' (hwaT'so-ar' or -Sr'), adv. Where- 
soever ; — contracted and poetic form. 

Where'so-ev'er (-Sv'er), adv. In what place Boever ; 
in whatever place ; wherever. 

Where-10' (hwar-tob'), adv. 1. To which ; — used rela- 
tively. 2. To what ; to what end ; — used interrogatively. 

Where'un-tO' (hwaVGn-too'), adv. Same as Whereto. 

Where'up-on' (-Gp-5n'), adv. Upon which ; in con- 
sequence of which ; after which. 

Wher-ev'er (hwSr-Sv'er), adv. At or in whatever 
place ; wheresoever. 

Where-With' (-with' or -with'). °dv. 1. With which ; 
— used relatively. 2. With what ; — used interrogatively. 

Where-With', n. Necessary means or instrument. 

Where'with-al' (hwar'with-al'), adv. & n. Where- 
with. 

Wher'ry (hwgr'iy), n. [Etym. uncertain.] (Xaul.) 
(a) A river passenger barge or lighter ; also, a kind of 
light, half-decked, fishing vessel. [Eng.~\ (6) A narrow, 
light boat, sharp at both ends, for fast rowing or sailing. 

Whet (hwgt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whetted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Whetting.] [AS. hwettan ; akin to G. icelzen, 
AS. hicset vigorous, brave.] 1. To rub on or with some 
substance in order to sharpen ; to sharpen by attrition. 
2. To make sharp, keen, or eager ; to excite ; to stimulate. 

Whet, n. 1. Act of whetting. 2. That which whets 
or sharpens ; esp. , an appetizer. 

Wheth'er (hwgth'er), pron. [AS. hwseSer ; akin to 
G. iveder, conj., neither, L. titer, Gr. (cdrepo?, nortpos, 
Skr. katara, E. who.~\ Which (of two) ; which one ^of 
two) ; — used interrogatively and relatively. [Archate'] 

Wheth'er, conj. In case ; if ; — used to introduce the 
first of two or more alternative clauses, the other or oth- 
ers being connected by or, or by or whether. When the 
second of two alternatives is the simple negative of the 
first it is sometimes only indicated by the particle not or 
no after the correlative, and sometimes it is omitted. 

Whether or no, in either case ; in any case ; as, I will go 
whether or no. —Whether that, whether. 

Whef Stone' (hwgt'ston'), ;?. A piece of stone used 
for whetting, or sharpening, edge tools. 

Whet'ter (-ter), n. One that whets. 

Whew (hwu), n. & interj. A sound like a half-formed 
whistle, expressing astonishment, scorn, or dislike. 

Whey (hwa), d. [AS. hwxg.] The serum, or watery 
part, of milk, separated from the more thick or coagu- 
lable part, esp. in the process of making cheese. 

Whey'ey (-y), a. Containing or like whey ; wheyish. 

Whey '-faced' (-fast'), a. Having a pale or white 
face, as from fright. [wheyey. I 

Whey'lsh (hwalsh), a. Somewhat like whey;| 

Which (hwich), pron. [AS. hwile, hwylc. hicelc, fr. 
root of h wa who -+- lie body ; hence properly, of what 
sort ; akin to G. welch.] 1. Of what sort or kind. [Obs.] 

2. An interrogative pronoun, used both substantively 
and adjectively, and in direct and indirect questions, to 
ask for, or refer to, an individual among several of a class. 

3. A relative pronoun, used esp. in referring to an ante- 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sins, ink, ttien, thin. 



( 

! 



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WHICHEVER 



928 



WHIPPLETREE 



u 



w 




cedent nonn or clause, in all numbers and genders, and 
formerly of persons. 4. A compound relative or indefi- 
nite pronoun, Standing for any one which, whichever, 
that which, those which, the . . . which, etc. 

Which-ev'er (hwieh-ev'er\ ( pron. & a. Wheth- 

Which SO-ev'er Ornish so-ev'cr), I er one or an- 
other: whether one or the other ; which. 

Whid'ah bird (hwW4 herd'). (Zobl.) Any of sev- 
eral linehlike birds of Asia and Africa, 
the male of which in the breeding sea- 
son has verv long tail feathers. 

Whiff (hwl f ), n. [OE. weffe vapor, 
whiff; prob. imitative.] A sudden 
expulsion of air from the mouth ; a 
quick puff or slight gust. 

Whiff, i. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. 
"Whiffed (hwTft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Whiffing.] 1. To throw out or con- 
sume in whiffs ; to puff. 2. To blow 
or convey by a whiff. 

Whif 'he (hwlf'f '1), v. i. & t. limp. 
& p. p. Whiffled (-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. 
72. Whiffling (-fling).] [Freq. of 
Whiff.] 1. To waver, or shake, by or 
as if by gusts of wind ; to shift, turn, 
or veer about. 2. To change from one 
opinion or course to another ; to use 
evasions ; to prevaricate ; to be fickle. 

Whiffle, n. A fife or flute. [Obs.] 

Whif'fler (-fler), n. 1. One who Paradise Whidah 
whiffles, or is fickle-minded ; hence, a Bird ( Viduapara- 
trifler. 2. A fifer. [06s.] 3. Anoffi- dl ' ea ^ Male - 
cer who went before processions to clear the way by 
blowing a horn, or otherwise ; hence, a harbinger. 

Whif'fle-tree' (hwWf'1-treV), n. SameasWHippLETREE. 

Whig (hwig), n. [See Whey.] Acidulated whey, 
used as a coobng beverage. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.~\ 

Whig, n. [Said to be from whiggam, a term used in 
Scotland in driving horses, whiggamore one who drives 
horses (a term applied to some western Scotchmen), con- 
tracted to whig. In 1648, a party of these people marched 
to Edinburgh to oppose the king and the duke of Hamil- 
ton (the Whiggamore raid), and hence the name of Whig 
was given to the party opposed to the court.] 1. (Eng. 
Politics) One of a political party which grew up in Eng- 
land in the seventeenth century, advocating popular 
rights, parliamentary power over the crown, and tolera- 
tion to Dissenters; — so called after 1679. The terms 
Liberal and Radical have now generally superseded Whig. 
2. (Amer. Hist.) (a) A supporter of the American Rev- 
olution ; — opposed to Tory, and Royalist. (b) One of 
a political party in the United States from about 1829 to 
1856, opposed in politics to the Democratic party. 

Whig, a. Of or pertaining to the Whigs. 

Whig'ger-y (-ger-y), n. Principles of the Whigs. 

Whig'gish (-gish), a. Of or pert, to Whigs ; partak- 
ing of, or characterized by, the principles of Whigs. 

Whig'gism (-giz'm), n. The principles of the Whigs. 

While (hwil), n. [AS. hivll ; akin to G. weile.~] Space 
of time, or continued duration ; a time. 

While, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whiled (hwild) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Welling.] To cause to pass away pleasantly or 
without irksomeness or disgust ; to spend or pass. 

While, conj. 1. During the time that ; as long as ; 
whilst ; at the same time that. 2. Hence, under which 
circumstances ; in which case ; though ; whereas. 

Whiles (hwilz), adv. [See -s, adv. suff.] 1. Mean- 
while : meantime. [R-] 2. Sometimes; at times. [Scot.] 

Whiles, conj. During the time that ; while. [Archaic] 

Whi'lom (hwIMum), adv. [AS. hiuilum, prop., dative 
pi. of hwil.~\ At times; once; of old. [Obs. or Poetic] 

Whilst (hwllst), adv. While. [Archaic] 

Whim (hwim), n. [Origin uncertain.] 1. A sudden 
turn or start of the mind ; freak ; fancy ; capricious 
notion ; humor ; caprice. 2. {Mining) A large capstan 
or vertical drum for raising ore or water. 

Syn. — Freak ; caprice. — Freak denotes an impulsive, 
inconsiderate change of mind, as by a child. Whim is 
a mental eccentricity due to peculiar processes or habits 
of thought. Caprice is closely allied in meaning to freak, 
but implies more definitely willfulness or wantonness. 

Whim'brel (hwirn'brSl), n. [Cf. Whimper.] (Zobl.) 
Any one of several species of small curlews. 

Whim'per (-per), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Whimpered 

(-pSrd) : p. pr. & vb. n. Whimpering.] [Cf. Scot, whim- 

■ Im in'-rn.] To cry or utter with a low, whining, 

broken voice ; to whine ; to complain. — Whim'per-er, n. 

Whlm'per, n. A low, whining, broken cry. 



Whim'ple (hwTm'p'l), v. t. See Wimple. 

Whim'ple. v. i. [Cf. Whiffle.] To whiffle ; to veer. 

Whim'sey ) (-z£), n. ; pi. Whimseys (-ztz) or Whim- 

Whim'sy J sies (-zTz). [See Whim.] A whim. 

Whim'si-cal (hw!m'zT-k«l), a. 1. Full of, or char- 
acterized by, whims ; having peculiar notions ; queer ; 
strange ; freakish. 2. Odd or fantastic in appearance. 

— Whim'si-cal-ly . adv. — Whim'si-cal-ness, n. 
Syn. — Capricious; fanciful; fantastic; quaint. 
Whim'si-cal'i-ty (-kaYT-ty), n. Quality or state of 

being whimsical. 
Whim'sy (-zy), n. A whimsey. 
Whin (liwTn), n. [W. chwyn weeds, a single weed.] 

I. (Bot.) (a) Gorse; furze. (6) Woadwaxen. 2. Same 
as Whinstone. [Prov. Eng.] 

Whin'ber-ry (-ber-r£ ), n. (Bot. ) The English bilberry. 

Whin'chat/ (-chSt'), n. [Because it frequents whins.] 
(Zobl.) A small European warbler (Pratincola mbetra). 

Whine (hwin), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Whined 
(hwind) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Whining.] [AS. hwman to 
whistle, to whiz.] To utter a plaintive cry ; to moan 
with a childish noise ; to complain, speak, or utter in a 
plaintive, nasal tone ; hence, to complain, utter, or to 
beg in a mean, unmanly way. — Whin'er (-er), n. 

Whine, n. A plaintive tone ; the nasal, childish tone 
of mean complaint ; mean or affected complaint. 

Whin'ing-ly (-Tng-ly), adv. In a whining manner. 

Whin'neT (hwTn'ner), v. i. To whinny. [Colloq.] 

Whin'ny (-ny), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Whinnied (-nid) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Whinnying.] [From Whine.] To utter 
the ordinary call or cry of a horse ; to neigh. 

Whin'ny, n. The ordinary cry of a horse ; neigh. 

Whin'ny, a. Abounding in whin, gorse, or furze. 

Whin'stone' (-ston'), n. [Whin + stone.] Provin- 
cially, in Eng., basaltic rock; among miners, a dark- 
colored, unstratified rock which resists the pick. 

Whip (hwip), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whipped (hwipt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Whipping.] [OE. whippen to overlay, 
as a cord, with other cords ; origin uncertain.] 1. To 
strike with anything slender and lithe, as a lash ; to lash ; 
to beat. 2. To drive with lashes or strokes of a whip. 
3. To punish with a whip ; to flog ; to beat. 4. To lash, 
as with sarcasm, abuse, or the like ; to apply cutting lan- 
guage to. 5. To thrash ; to beat out, as grain. 6. To 
beat (eggs, cream, etc.) into a froth. 7. To conquer ; to 
beat ; to surpass. [Slang, U. S.] 8. To overlay (a cord, 
rope, etc.) with other cords going round and round it ; to 
overcast, as the edge of a seam ; to wrap. 9. To sew 
lightly ; specif., to gather (a fabric) by loosely overcast- 
ing the rolled edge and drawing up the thread. 10. To 
take or move by a sudden motion ; to jerk ; to snatch. 

II. (Naut.) To hoist by means of a whip. 

Whip, v. i. To move nimbly ; to start or turn sud- 
denly and do something ; to whisk. 

Whip, n. 1. A lash with a handle, a flexible rod, or 
other instrument for driving horses or other animals, or 
for correction. 2. A coachman ; driver of a carriage. 
3. (Mach.) One of the arms or frames of a windmill, 
carrying the sails. 4. (Naut.) (a) A small tackle with a 
single rope, (b) The long pennant. 5. A huntsman who 
whips in the hounds. 6. (Eng. Politics) (a) A person 
(as a member of Parliament) appointed to enforce party 
discipline, (b) A call made upon members of a Parlia- 
mentary party to be in their places at a given time, as 
when a vote is to be taken. [braided cord. I 

Whip'cord 7 (-kSrd'), n. A kind of hard-twisted or| 

Whip'graft' (hwip'graff), v. t. To graft by cutting 
the scion and stock as shown in the Illustra- 
tion. 

Whip'lash' (-ISsh'), n. The lash of a whip, 

— usually of thongs of leather, or of cords, 
braided or twisted. 

Whip'per (hwip'per), n. One who whips. 

Whip'per-in 7 (-in'), ». 1- A huntsman 
who keeps the hounds from wandering, and 
whips them in, if necessary, to the line of 
chase. 2. Hence, one who enforces the dis- 
cipline of a party ; a whip. 

Wliip'per-snap'per (-snap'per), n. A di- 
minutive, insignificant, or presumptuous per- 
son. [Colloq.] 

Whip'ping (-ping), a. & n. from Whip, v. Whipgraf t. 

Whipping post, a post to which offenders are tied, to be 
legally whipped. 

Whip'ple-tree' (-p'l-tre 7 ), n. [See Whip ; cf. Whiffle- 
tree.] 1. The pivoted, or swinging, bar to which the 
traces, or tugs, of a harness are fastened ; whiffletree ; 
singletree. See Singletree. 2. (Bot.) The cornel tree. 




a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u., y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



WHIP-POOR-WILL 



929 



WHITE 




Whip-poor-will. 
(Xaut.) A bar attached to 



Whi]/-poor-Will / (hwTp'pdor-wYl'), n. (Zool.) An 
American bird (Antrostomus vociferus) allied to the night- 
hawk and goatsucker ; 
— in imitation of its 
peculiar notes. 

Whip'saW (hwip'- 
sa/), n. A saw for 
dividing timber length- 
wise, usually set in a 
frame, and worked by 
two persons ; also, a 
fret saw. 

Whip'Staff (-staf), n, 
the tiller, for Convenience in steering. [snapper. 

Whip'ster (-ster), n. [Whip -f- -ster.'] A whipper-| 

Whip'stitch' (-stich'), v. t. (Agric.) To plow in 
ridges, as land. {Eng.~\ 

Whip'stock' (-stok'), n. The rod or handle of a whip. 

Whipt (hwTpt), imp. &p. p. of Whip. Whipped. 

Whir (hvver), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Whirred 
(hwerd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Whirring.] [Perh. imitative.] 
To whirl round with a whizzing noise ; to fly or move 
quickly with a buzzing or whizzing sound ; to whiz. 

Whir, n. A buzzing or whizzing sound produced by 
rapid or whirling motion. 

Whirl (hwerl), v. t. & •*. {imp. & p. p. Whirled 
(hwerld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Whirling.] [OE. tvhirlen; 
prob. of Scand. origin.] 1. To turn round rapidly ; to 
rotate with velocity ; to make to revolve ; to gyrate. 
2. To move or carry quickly with, or as if with, a re- 
volving motion ; to snatch ; to hurry. — Whirl'er, n. 

Whirl, n. 1. Rapid rotation ; quick gyration ; rapid 
or confusing motion. 2. Anything that moves with a 
whirling motion. 3. (Bot. & Zool.) A whorl. 

Whirl'hat' (-bat/), n. Anything moved with a whirl, 
as preparatory for a blow, or to augment the force of it. 

Whlrl'i-gig (-T-gTg), n. [ Whirl + gig.] 1. A child's 
toy, spun or whirled around like a wheel or a top. 2. 
Anything which whirls around. 3. {Zool.) Any one of 
numerous species of beetles which live mostly on the 
surface of water, and whirl about with great celerity. 

Whirlpool' (-pool'), n. An eddy or vortex of water ; 
a place where water whirls round so as to produce a de- 
pression or cavity in the center. [whirligig. I 

Whirl'wig' (-wig/), n. [Cf. Earwig.] {Zool.) A| 

Whirl'wlnd' (-wind'), n. A violent windstorm of 
limited extent, as the tornado, characterized by an in- 
ward spiral motion of the air with an upward current in 
the center, and usually having a rapid progressive mo- 
tion ; a vortex of air ; also, as used by some meteorolo- 
gists, one of the larger rotary storms, such as cyclones. 

Whisk (hwisk), n. [Probably for wish, and of Scand. 
origin. See Wisp.] 1. Act of whisking ; a rapid, sweep- 
ing motion, as of something light ; a sudden motion or 
quick puff. 2. A small bunch of grass, straw, twigs, 
hair, or the like, used for a brush ; hence, a brush or small 
besom. 3. A small culinary instrument for whisking or 
beating eggs, cream, etc. 4. A kind of woman's cape. 

Whisk, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Whisked (hwiskt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Whisking.] 1. To sweep, brush, or 
agitate, with a light, rapid motion. 2. To move with 
a quick, sweeping motion. 

Whisk'er (,-er), n. 1. One that whisks, or moves with 
a quick, sweeping motion. 2. Formerly, the hair of the 
upper lip ; mustache ; — usually in the plural. 3. pi. 
The beard which grows on the sides of the face, or on 
the chin, or on both. 4. A hair of the beard. 5. One 
of the long, projecting hairs at the sides of the mouth of 
a cat, or other animal. 6. pi. {Xaut.) Iron rods extend- 
ing on either side of the bowsprit, to spread, or guy out, 
the stays, etc. [or wearing whiskers. 

Whisk'ered (-erd), a. Formed into whiskers ; having ' 

Whis'key ) (hwis'ky), n. ; pi. Whiskeys (-klz) or 

Whis'ky j Whiskies. [See Whisk, v. t. & n.] 
A light carriage built for rapid motion. 

Whis'ky, \n. [Ir. or Gael, uisge water, in uisge- 

Whis'key, ) beatha whiskey, prop., water of life.] 
An intoxicating liquor distilled from grain, potatoes, etc. 

Whisky Jack (Zool.), the Canada jay. 

Whisp (hwisp), n. See Wisp. 

Whisp, n. {Zool.) A flock of snipe. 

Whis'per (hwTs'per), r. i. {imp. & p. p. Whispered 
(-perd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Whispering.] [AS. hwisprian ; 
akin to G. wispern, wispeln. Cf. Whistle.] 1. To 
speak softly, or under the breath ; to utter words with- 
out sonant breath. 2. To make a low, sibilant sound or 
noise. 3. To speak with suspicion, or timorous caution ; 
to converse in whispers, as in secret plotting. 



Whis'per (hwTs'per), v. t. 1. To utter in a whisper. 
2. To addresa, or ■peak to, in ■ vrhliper. [Archaic] 
Whis'per, n. 1. A low, sott, sibilant voice or utter- 
utterance 'hit employi only broil 

without tone, friction against the a 

and arytenoid cartilages taking the. place of the vibration 

of the vocal cords; •ometimos, In ■ limit 

sound produced by such friction, as distinguish. 

breath round made by Motion sgamsl parte ol the mouth. 

See Voick. n., '_', and Guide to Pronunciai 

154. 2. A cautions or timorous speech. 3. Something 

communicated in secret or by whispering ; suggi 

insinuation. 4. A low, sibilant sound. 

Whis'per-er (-er), n. 1. One vrho trbiapen. 2. A 

tattler; hence, a backbiter. 

Whist (hwlst), («?'/;/'. BeaUent; beatill; hush; si-| 
Whist, n. A certain game at cards; — so called be- 
cause it requires silence and close attention. 

Whist, a. [Properly p. p. of whi.sl, v.] Not BD6tjk> 

ing ; not making a noise ; silent; mute; still; quiet. 

Whls'tle (hwla/'l), v. ?'. [imp. & p. i>. wi 
(-'Id); p. pr. & vb. n. Whistling (-ling).] [A- 
tlian; akin to E. tchisper.~\ 1. To make a kind of mu- 
sical sound by forcing the breath through a small orifice 
formed by contracting the lips; also, to emit a similar 
sound from the mouth or beak, as birds. 2. To make a 
similar shrill sound with a wind or steam instrument ; to 
blow a sharp, shrill tone. 3. To sound shrill, or like a 
pipe ; to make a sharp, shrill sound. 

Whis'tle, v. t. 1. To form, utter, or modulate by 
whistling. 2. To send, signal, or call by a whistle. 

Whls'tle, n. 1. The sound made by one that whistles, 
as by a sportsman in calling his dogs, by a bird, etc. 2. 
Any similar shrill sound, as that made by wind passing 
among trees, or by a steam whistle. 3. An instrument 
producing such sound. 4. The mouth and throat ; — so 
called as being the organs of whistling. [Colloq.~\ 

Whis'tler (-ler), n. One that whistles. 

Whit (hwTt), n. [AS. wihl creature, thing.] The 
smallest part or particle imaginable ; bit ; jot ; iota ; — 
generally in an adverbial phrase in a negative sentence. 

White (hwlt), a. [Compar. Whiter (-er) ; •useri. 
Whitest.] [AS. hwlt ; akin to G. u-eiss, Skr. rveta white, 
rvit to be bright.] 1. Reflecting all the rays of the spec- 
trum combined ; having the color of pure snow ; snowy ; 
— the opposite of black or dark. 2. Destitute of color, 
as in the cheeks ; pale ; pallid. 3. Having the color of 
purity ; unblemished ; innocent ; pure. 4. Gray, as from 
age ; hoary. 5. Characterized by freedom from that 
which disturbs, etc. ; fortunate ; happy ; favorable. 6. 
Regarded with especial favor ; favorite ; darling. 

White ant (Zool.), any one of numerous species of trop- 
ical, social insects of the genus 
Termes, closely resembling true 
ants in their social habits. — White 
caps, the members of a secret or- a) 
ganization in various parts of the 
United States, who attempt to drive 
away or reform obnoxious persons 
by lynch-law methods. They ap- 
pear masked in white. — 
feather, a mark or symbol of 
cowardice. — White friar, a 
Carmelite. — White heat, the 
temperature at which bodies 
become incandescent, and 
emit a white light. — White 
horses (Xaut.), white-topped 
waves ; whitecaps. — White 
lead, (a) A carbonate of lead 
much used in painting, and 
for other purposes ; ceruse. 
(b) [Min.) Native lead car- 
bonate. — White meat, (a) 
Any light-colored flesh, esp. white Ants ( T< >■„».< btctfuaw). 
of poultry, (i) Food made „ Larva; b Workei 
from milk or eggs. —White dier : </ Male: i Female or 
swelling (Me'f.), a chronic Queen after losing her wings | 
swelling of the knee, pro- /Older Quean witl 
duced by a strumous inflam- 
mation of the joint : also, a lingering chronic swelling of 
almost any kind. — White wine, any wine of a clear, trans- 
parent color, bordering on white, as Madeira, sherry, etc. 

White, n. 1. The color of pure snow, —strictly, a 
composition of all the colors. 2. Something white, or 
nearly so. 3. Specif., the center of a mark at which a 
missile is shot, — formerly painted white. 4. A person 
with a white skin. 5. A white pigment. 

White of egg, the viscous pellucid tinid which surrounds 
the yolk in an egg. esp. in the egg of a fowl. 

White, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whited ; ;>. pr. S: vb. n. 
Whiting.] To make white ; to whiten ; to bleach. 




fgrn. recent, drb, rijde, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thiD- 



N 



WHITEBAIT 



930 



WHORESON 



u 



w 



White'bait (hwit'bat'), n. (Zool.) (a) The young of 
several species of herrings, esteemed as a table delicacy. 
nail fish (SaUmx Chinmsis) abundant on the 
: China and Japan, similarly esteemed. 

White'boy (-boi'),». A favorite. [Obs.] 

White'cap t,-ka>'), n. A wave whose crest breaks 
into white foam. 

White'fish (,-fTsh'), n. (Zool.) Any one of several 
species oi Congonus, a genus of food fishes allied to the 
salmons ; also, any one of various other fishes. 

White'-liv ered (-Hv'erd), a. Having a pale look ; 
feeble ; hence, cowardly ; pusillanimous ; dastardly. 

Whit'en (,hwit'*n), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Whitened 
(-'ud) ; ;>. pr. & vb. n. Whitening.] To grow, turn, be- 
come, or make white or whiter ; to white ; to blanch. — 
Whit'en-er (-er), n. 

White'ness (hwIt'uSs), n. Quality of beiug white. 

Whites (hwlts), n. pi. 1. (Med.) Leucorrhcea. 2. 
The finest flour made from white wheat. 3. Cloth or 
garments of a plain white color. 

White'thorn' (-thSrn'), n. (Bot.) The hawthorn. 

Whitewash' (-w5sh'), n. 1. Any wash or liquid 
composition for whitening something. 2. A composition 
of bine and water, or of whiting, size, and water, etc., 
for whitening walls, ceilings, etc. 

White'wash', v. t. 1. To whiten with whitewash; 
2. To make white ; to make fair externally ; to clear 
from imputations or disgrace ; hence, to clear (a bank- 
rupt) from obligation to pay debts. — White' wash er. n. 

White'weed 7 (-wed'), n. (Bot.) The oxeye daisy 
(Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum). 

White'WOOd' (-wdod'), n. The soft and easily-worked 
wood of the tulip tree (Liriodendron ). 

Whith'er (hwTth'er), adv. [AS. hwider ; akin to E. 
where, u-ho.] 1. To what place ; — used interrogatively. 
2. To what or which place; — used relatively. 3. To 
what point, degree, end, conclusion, or design ; where- 
unto ; whereto ; — used in a sense not physical. 

Syn. — Where. — Wh ither properly implies motion to a 
place, and where rest in a place. Whither is now, how- 
ever, to a great extent, obsolete, except in poetry, or in 
grave or formal compositions. 

Whith'er-SO-ev'er (-so-eVer), adv. To whatever place. 

Whit'ing (Inviting), n. [From White.] 1. (Zool.) 
Any one of various fishes ; specif., a common European 
food fish (Melangus vulgaris) of the Codfish family ; also, 
an allied North American fish (3ferlucius vulgaris). 2. 
Chalk prepared in an impalpable powder. 

Whit'ish, a. Somewhat white ; approaching white. 

Whitleath'er (hwit'leWer), n. [White + leather.'] 

1. Leather dressed with alum, salt, etc., remarkable for 
its pliability and toughness. 2. (Anat.) The paxwax. 

Whitlow (-16), n. [Prov. E. whickflaw, for quick- 
flaw, i. e., a flaw or sore at the quick.] 1. (Med.) An 
inflammation of the fingers or toes, generally of the last 
phalanx, terminating usually in suppuration. 2. (Far.) 
An inflammatory disease of the feet. 

Whit'mon day (-mun'da ; 48), n. (Eccl.) The day 
following Whitsunday ; — called also Whitsun Monday. 

Whit'ster (-ster), n. [See White ; -stee.] A whiten- 
er. [Obs.] [Whitsuntide. [ 

Whit 'sun (hwit'sun), a. Of, pert, to, or observed at, | 

Whit'sun-day ( hwTt's'n-da or hwit'sun'da ), n. 
[White -\- Sunday.] (Eccl.) The seventh Sunday, and 
the fiftieth day, after Easter ; a festival of the church 
in commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on 
the day of Pentecost ; Pentecost ; — so called, it is said, 
because formerly the newly baptized appeared at church 
between Easter and Pentecost in white garments. 

Whit'sun-tide 7 (hwit's'n-tid'), n. The week com- 
mencing with Whitsunday, esp. the first three days — 
Whitsunday, Whitsun Monday, and Whitsun Tuesday. 

Whit'ten tree' (hwifn tre'). (Bot.) Either of two 
whitish shrubs (Viburnum Lanlana, and V. Opulus). 

Whit'tle (hwTt't'l),7i. [AS. hwitel,iv.huit white.] (a) 
A coarse, grayish blanket worn by countrywomen, in the 
west of England, (b) Same as Whittle shawl, below. 

Whittle Bhawl, a kind of fine wool shawl, esp. a white one. 

Whit'tle (hwit't'l), n. [OE. thwitel, fr. AS. pwiian 
to cut.] A knife ; esp., a pocket, sheath, or clasp knife. 

Whit'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whittled (-t'ld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Whittling (-tling).] 1. To pare or cut off 
the surface of with a small knife ; to shape in this way. 

2. To sharpen ; esp., to excite with liquor. [Obs.] 
Whit'tle, v. i. To whittle anything. 
Whit'tues'day (-tuz'da), n. (Eccl.) Whitsun Tuesday. 
Whiz OiwTz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whizzed (hwTzd) ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. Whizzing.] [Imitative.] To make a 



Whole Xotes. 



humming or hissing sound, like a ball flying through the 
air ; to fly or move swiftly with a humming noise. 

Whiz (hwTz), n. A hissing and humming sound. 

Who (boo), pron. [Possess. Whose (hobz) ; object. 
Whom (hoom).] [AS. hied, interrog. pron., neut. hinrt ; 
akin to G. wer, neut. was, L. quod, neuter of qui, Gr. 
77orepos whether, Skr. has. Cf. What.] 1. Orig., an 
interrogative pronoun, later, a relative pronoun also ; — 
used always substantively, and either as singular or plu- 
ral. As interrogative pronouns, u-ho and whom ask the 
question : What or which person or persons ? As relative 
pronouns, who and whom are properly used of persons 
(corresponding to which, as applied to things), but are 
sometimes, less properly and now rarely, used of ani- 
mals, plants, etc. 2. One ; any one. [Obs., except in 
the archaic phrase, as u-ho should say.] 

Whoa (hwo), interj. Stop ; stand ; hold ; ho. 

Who-ev'er (hoo-eVer), pron. Whatever person ; any 
person who ; he or she who ; any one who. 

Whole (hoi ; 110), a. [OE. hole, hoi, hool, hal, AS. 
hal well, sound, healthy; akin to G. heil. Cf. Hale, 
Holt.] 1. Containing the total amount, number, parts, 
etc. ; total ; entire. 2. Not defective or imperfect ; un- 
impaired ; integral. 3. Healthy ; sound ; well. 

Whole note (Mus.), the note which rep- 
resents the longest tone in common use ; 
semibreve. 

Syn. — All ; total ; complete ; entire ; 
undivided ; uninjured ; unbroken. — 
Whole refers to a thing as made up of 
parts, none of which are wanting ; total, 
as being taken together or without omitting anything, and 
forming a single totality ; entire, as being an integer, i. e., 
continuous or unbroken, without any reference to parts 
at all ; complete, as being perfected or filled out as the re- 
sult of some progress to some end or object. 

Whole, n. 1. The entire thing ; entire assemblage of 
parts ; totality ; all of a thing, without defect or excep- 
tion ; a thing complete in itself. 2. A regular combina- 
tion of parts ; a system. 

Upon the whole, considering all things; taking every- 
thing into account ; in view of all the circumstances. 

Whole'ness. n. Quality or state of being whole. 

Whole'sale (hol'sal'), n. Sale of goods by the piece 
or large quantity, as distinguished from retail. 

Whole'sale', a. 1. Pert, to, or engaged in, trade by 
the piece or large quantity ; selling to retailers or job- 
bers rather than to consumers. 2. Extensive and indis- 
criminate. 

Whole'some (hol'sum), a. [Compar. Wholesomer 
(-er) ; superl. Wholesomest.] [Whole -f some.] 1. 
Tending to promote health ; favoring health ; salubri- 
ous; salutary. 2. Contributing to the health of the 
mind ; favorable to morals, religion, or prosperity ; con- 
ducive to good ; salutary ; sound. 3. Sound ; healthy. 
[Obs. ] — Whole'some-ly , adv. — Whole'some-ness, n. 

Whol'ly (hol'ly ; 110), adv. 1. In a whole or com- 
plete manner ; entirely ; completely ; perfectly. 2. To 
the exclusion_of other things ; totally ; fully. 

Whom (hoom), pron. [AS. dative hwam, hwsem. 
See Who.] Objective case of Who. [soever. I 

Whom so-ev'er (-s6-eVer), prow. Objective of Who-| 

Whoop (hoop), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whooped (hoopt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Whooping.] [See Hoop, v. i.] 1. To 
utter a whoop, or loud cry, as of eagerness ; to halloo ; to 
utter a war whoop ; to hoot, as an owl. 2. To cough or 
breathe with a sonorous inspiration. [derision. I 

Whoop, v. t. To insult with shouts ; to chase with | 

Whoop, n. 1. A shout of pursuit or of war ; a loud 
cry of eagerness, vengeance, terror, etc. ; halloo ; hoot. 
2. A loud, shrill, prolonged sound or sonorous inspira- 
tion, as in whooping cough. 

WhOOp'er (-er), n. One that whoops. 

Whoop'ing, a. & n. from Whoop, v. i. 

Whooping cough (Med.), a violent, convulsive cough, 
consisting of several expirations, followed by a sonorous 
inspiration, or whoop. 

Whop, v.&n., Whop'per , n . Same as Whap, Whapper . 

Whore (hor), n. [AS. hore.] A woman who has un- 
lawful sexual commerce with men ; prostitute ; harlot. 

Whore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whored (hord) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Whoring.] 1. To have unlawful sexual inter- 
course. 2. (Script.) To worship false and impure gods. 

Whore'dom (hor'dum), n. Act or practice of one 
guilty of whoring. 

Whore'mas'ter (-mas'ter), n. 1. A man who prac- 
tices lewdness ; lecher. 2. A pimp ; procurer. 

Whore'mon'ger (-mun'ger), n. A whoremaster. 

Whore'son (-sun), n. A bastard ; colloq., a low, 
scurvy fellow. [Archaic] 



a, e, I, o, €1, long ; &, 6, 1, ft, O., y, short ; aen&te, Svent, Idea, &bey, Anite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



WHORISH 



931 



WIGGLER 




(Bot.) 




Whorls (1). 



Whor'ish (hor'Tsh), a. Resembling a whore in char- 
acter or conduct ; incontinent ; lewd ; unchaste. 

Whorl (hwfirl or hw6rl), n. [OE. whorvil the whirl 
of a spindle ; akin to AS. kweorfan to turn. 1. {Bot.) A 
circle of two or more leaves, flowers, or other organs, 
about the same part or joint of a stem. 2. 
{Zool.) A volution, or turn, of the spire of a 
univalve shell. 

Whorled (hwfirld or hwSrld), 
a. Furnished with whorls ; ar- 
ranged in the form of a whorl 
or whorls ; verticillate. 

Whorl'er (hwGri'er), n. A 
potter's wheel. 

Whort (hwfirt), n. 
See Whortleberry {a). 

Whor'tle(hwfir't'l),n. {Bot.) 'Whorled' 
The whortleberry, or bilberry. Leaves of 
Whor'tle-ber'ry (hwGr't'l- w °°druff. 
bSr'ry), n. [AS. wyrtil a small shrub (dim. 
Whorl m a ofuwl,-E. wort) + E. berry.] {Bot.) {a) 
Nuclear Whorls * n England, the fruit of Vaccinium Myr- 
of Bda cancel- tillus ; also, the plaut. See Bilberry, 1. 
lata ; b Whorls {b) The fruit of several shrubby plants of 
°, f j he Spire i c th e g enus Gaylussncia ; also, any one of 
jjooy vvnori. these plants Se e Huckleberry. 

Whose (hooz), pron. Possessive case of Who or Which. 

Whose'so-ev'er (-so-ev^er),pro?i. The possessive of 
Whosoever. 

Who'so {hob f so), _pr on. Whosoever. 

WhO'SO-ev'er (hoo'so-eVer), pron. Whatsoever per- 
son ; any person whatever that ; whoever. 

Whur (hwfir), v. i. [Prob. imitative.] 1. To make a 
rough, humming sound, like one who forcibly pronounces 
the letter r / to whir. 2. To snarl or growl, as a dog. 

Whur, n. A humming or whirring sound, like that 
of a body moving through the air with velocity ; a whir. 

Whuit (hwfirt), n. {Bot.) See Whort. 

Why (hwi), adv. [AS. hivl, hwy, instrumental case 
of hwa, hwsel. See Who.] 1. For what cause, reason, 
or purpose ; on what account ; wherefore ; — used inter- 
rogatively. 2. For which ; on account of which ; — used 
relatively. 3. The reason or cause for which ; on what 
account ; — used as a compound relative. 

i^F^ Why is also used as an interjection or an expletive 
in expressing surprise or content at a turn of affairs ; 
used also in calling. Sometimes, also, used as a noun. 

For why, because ; why. [Obs. or Colloq.] 

Whyd'ah bird' (hwTd'a berd'), or Whyd'ah finch 
(finch/). {Zool.) The whidah bird. 

Wich (wlch), n. See 1st Wick. 

Wick (wik), or Wich (wich), n. [AS. wic village, 
fr. L. vicus.] 1. A street ; village ; dwelling ; place of 
work, or exercise of authority ; — obs. except in comp. 
2. {Curling) A narrow port or passage in the rink or 
course, flanked by the stones of previous players. 

Wick (wik), n. [AS. xceoca or ivecca.] A loose twist, 
braid, or other bundle of fibers which draws up the oil 
in lamps, the melted wax in candles, etc. 

Wick'ed (wik'gd), a. [OE. wicked, fr. wicke wicked ; 
prob. orig. same word as E. witch.] 1. Evil in principle 
or practice; deviating from morality; contrary to the 
moral or divine law ; addicted to vice or sin. 2. Cursed ; 
baneful; pernicious. [Obs.] 3. Ludicrously or sport- 
ively mischievous ; roguish. [Colloq.] 

Syn. — Sinful ; criminal ; guilty ; immoral ; unright- 
eous ; unholy ; ungodly ; profane ; vicious ; atrocious ; 
nefarious ; heinous ; abandoned. See Iniquitous. 

Wick'ed-ly, adv. In a wicked manner. 

Wick'ed-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being wicked. 
2. A wicked thing or act ; crime ; sin ; iniquity. 

Wick'er (wik'er), n. [OE. iviker, wikir, osier, prob. 
akin to AS. wlcan to give way.] 1. A small, pliant twig 
or osier ; a withe. 2. Wickerwork ; a piece of wicker- 
work ; esp. , a basket. [or osiers, or wickerwork. I 

Wick'er (wlk'er), a. Made of, or covered with, twigs | 

Wick'ered (-erd), a. Made of, secured by, or covered 
with, wickers or wickerwork. 

Wick'er- work' (-er-wfirk'), n. A texture of osiers, 
twigs, or rods ; articles made of such a texture. 

Wick'et (wik'gt), n. [OF. wiket, guichet; prob. of 
Scand. origin.] 1. A small gate, entrance, or door, esp. 
one forming part of, or placed near, a larger one ; also, 
the door used to close such entrance or aperture. 2. A 
small gate for water to pass through. 3. {Cricket) A 
small framework at which the ball is bowled. 

Wicket door. Wicket gate, a small door or gate ; wicket. 

Wide (wid), a. [Compar. Wider (-er) ; superl. 



Widest.] [AS. wld ; akin to (i. writ.] 1. Having con- 
siderable distance or extent between the hides ; Bpacioun 

across; not narrow; broad. 2. Having a great extent 
every way; nacioos; vast ; extensive. 3. Of large 
scope; comprehensive; liberal; broad. 4. 01 
between the aides or crosswise. 5- I 

distant; far. 6. Far from truth, from propriel 
necessity, or the like. 7 Being on one nde .<i I 

of the mark. 8- I Pr ;t vowel, win 

open and relaxed state of the mouth organs ; — O] 
primary as used by Mr. Bell, and to nan 

Mr. Sweet. Bee Guide to Prommeiatkm^ 
Wide (wid), aiir. 1. To a distance ; Car; «* 

So as to form a large opening. 3. So as to be or strike 
far from, or on one side of, an obj. 

Wide. a. 1. That which is wide ; wide space; width. 
2. That which goes wide, or to one hide, of the mark. 

Wide / -a-wake'(wid / a-wak';,«. Fully awake; heme, 
knowing; keen; alert. — n . A broad'-brirnmed, low- 
crowned felt hat. [or ei 

Widely, adv. In a wide manner ; to a wid. 

Wid'en (wid"n), p. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Widened 
(-'nd) , p. pr. & vb. n. Widening.] To make, he. ...me, 
or grow wide or wider. 

Wlde'ness (wid'nes), n. Quality or state of being wide. 

Wid'geon (wij'un), n. [Prob. fr. OF. form of F. 
vigeon,ving<>on,gingeon; of uncertain origin.] {Zodl.) 
Any one of several species of fresh-water ducks. 

Wid'lah (wid'Tsh), a. Moderately wide. 

Wid'OW (wTd'6"), ra. [AS. ueoiluwf, widuwe ; akin to 
G. witwe, L. vidua, Skr. vidhara.] A woman who has 
lost her husband by death, and has not married a^ain. 

Wid'OW, f. t. [imp. & p. p. Widowed (-6d) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Widowing.] 1. To reduce to the condition of a 
widow ; — rarely except in the p. p. 2. To deprive of 
that which is beloved or highly esteemed ; to desolate ; 
to bereave. 3. To endow with a widow's right. [R.] 
4. To become, or survive as, the widow of. [Obs.] 

Wid'OW bird' (berd'). {Zool.) See Whidah bird. 

Wid'OW-er (-er), n. A man who has lost his wife by 
death, and has not married again. 

Wid'OW-hood (wtd'6-h66d), n. 1. State or time of 
being a widow ; also, rarely, the state of being a widower. 
2. Estate settled on a widow. [Obs.] 

Wid'OW-ly, a. Becoming or like a widow. 

Width (width), n. [From Wide.] Quality of being 
wide ; extent from side to side ; breadth ; wideness. 

Wield (weld), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wielded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Wielding.] [AS. geweldan, gewyldan, from 
wealdan; akin to G. walten, L. valere to be strong. 
Cf. Valiant.] 1. To govern ; to rule ; also, to possess. 
[Obs.] 2. To direct by influence or authority ; to con- 
trol ; to sway. 3. To use with full command or power, 
as a thing not too heavy for the holder ; to nianape ; to 
handle ; hence, to use or employ. — Wield'er | - 

To wield the scepter, to govern with supreme command. 

Wield'y (-y), a. Capable of being wielded, [i?.] 

Wier (wer), n. Same as Weir. 

Wife (wif), n. ; pi. Wives (wivz). [AS. >rlf ; akin to 
G. tveib.] 1. A woman ; adult female ; — obs. except in 
alewife, housewife, etc. 2. The lawful consort of a 
man ; a woman united to a man in wedlock. 

Wife'hOOd (-hood), n. State of being a wife. 

Wifely, a. Becoming or like a wife ; pert, to a wife. 

Wig (wig), n. [Abbrev. fr. Periwig.] 1. An artifi- 
cial covering for the head, either in imitation of the nat- 
ural growth, or in abundant and flowing curls. 2. An 
old seal ; — so called by fishermen. 

Wig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wigged (wlgd) ; p. pr. & 
vb. 72. Wigging (-glng).] To censure or rebuke ; to hold 
up to reprobation ; to scold. [Slang] 

Wig'an (-an), n. A kind of canvaslike cotton fabric ; 
— so called from Wigan, a town in Lancashire. Enc. 

Wigg (w*g), Wig", n. [Etyui. uncertain.] A kind of 
raised seedcake. 

Wigged (wlgd), a. Wearing a wig. 

Wig'ger-y (wig'ger-y\ 7i. 1. A wig or wiga ; 
hair, [i?.] 2. Any cover or screen, [i?.] 

Wig'gle (wTg'g'n. 2\ t. & I [Cf. Wag, 
gle.] To move to and fro with a 
quick, jerkinp motion ; to squirm ; ^i 
to wriggle. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. ' 
U. S.] 

Wig'gle, 72. Act of wiggling; 
a wriggle. [Colloq.] 

Wig'gler (wlg'glgr), n. {Zool.) 
The young, either larva or pupa, 
of the mosquito. 



false 




Winters, a Larva, 
h Pups, of Mosquito. 



fern, recent, drb, rade, full, flrn, food, fobt, out, oil, chair, go, sing;, ink, then. thin. 



N 



WIGHT 



932 



WILLOW-HERB 







u 



w 



X 




Large Wigwam of a 
Chief. 



Wight (wit\ n. [AS. u-iht, icuht, creature, thing ; 
.ikintoG. iru-A/.J 1. A whit : bit. [Obs.~} 2. A super- 
natural being. [Ob$.] 3. A human being; person; — 
now chiefly ironical, burlesque, or humorous. 

Wight. >r. [OE. wight, iri/it. prob. of Scand. origin.] 
Switt ; aijile : strong and active. [Obs. or Poetic] 

Wig'wam (wlg'woin), n. [From Algonquin or Massa- 
chusetts Indian word u\k, " his 
house,*' or "dwelling place," 
with possessive and locative suf- 
fixes.] An Indian cabin or hut, 
usually conical in form, and made 
of a framework of poles covered 
with hides, bark, or mats. 

Wild (wild), a. [C 0)7i par. 
Wilder (-er) ; superl. Wildest.] 
[AS. icilde; akin to G. wild.} 1. 
Living in a state of nature ; in- f 
habiting natural haunts ; not 
tamed or domesticated. 2. Grow- 
ing or produced without culture ; 
native ; not cultivated ; brought forth by unassisted na- 
ture or by animals not domesticated. 3. Desert ; not 
inhabited or cultivated. 4. Savage ; uncivilized ; not 
refined by culture ; ferocious ; rude. 5. Not submitted 
to restraint, training, or regulation ; turbulent ; violent ; 
ungoverned ; licentious ; disorderly ; visionary ; crazy. 
6. Exposed to the wind and sea ; unsheltered. 7. In- 
dicating strong emotion, intense excitement, or bewilder- 
ment. 8. (Naut.) Hard to steer ; — said of a vessel. 

CSP^ Many plants are named by prefixing wild to the 
names of other better known or cultivated plants to which 
they bear a real or fancied resemblance. 

To run wild, to go unrestrained or untamed ; to live or 

frow without culture or training. — Wild boar (Zobl.), the 
uropean wild hog from which the common domesticated 
swine is descended. —Wild cat. (Zobl.) (a) A European 
feline carnivore (Felis eatus) larger and stronger than the 
domestic cat, and having a short tail, (o) The common 
American lynx. —Wild drake (Zobl.), the mallard. —Wild- 
goose chase, the pursuit of something unattainable, or of 
something as unlikely to be caught as the wild goose. 

Wild, n. An uninhabited and uncultivated tract or 
region ; forest ; desert ; wilderness ; waste. 

Wild, adv. Wildly. 

Wild'-cat' (-kaf), a. 1. Unsound ; worthless ; irre- 
sponsible ; — said to have been orig. applied to the notes 
of an insolvent bank upon which there was the figure of 
a panther. 2. (Railroad) Running without control. 

Wilde'beest' (wild'best'), n. [D. wild wild -f beesle 
beast.] (Zobl.) The gnu. [wilder ; to perplex. I 

Wil'der (wil'der), v. t. [Akin to Wild.] To be-| 

Wild'er-ing (wild'er-Tng), n. (Bot.) A plant growing 
in a state of nature, esp. after previous cultivation. 

Wil'der-ment (wil'der-ment), n. Bewilderment. 

Wil'der-ness (wil'der-nes), n. [OE. wildernesse, 
wilderne, prob. fr. AS. wildor wild beast. See Wilder, 
v. t.~] 1. A tract of land, or a region, uncultivated and 
uninhabited by human beings ; a wild ; waste ; desert. 
2. A disorderly or neglected place. 3. Wildness. [Obs.~\ 

Wild'fire' (wild'fTr'), n. 1. A composition of inflam- 
mable materials, hard to quench when kindled. 2. 
(Med.) (a) Formerly, erysipelas, (b) A disease of sheep 
attended with inflammation of the skin. 

Wild'ing, n. (Bot.) A wild or uncultivated plant. 

Wild'ing, a. Not tame or cultivated ; wild. \_Poetic] 

Wild'ly, adv. In a wild manner. 

Wild'ness, n. Quality or state of being wild. 

Wild'WOOd (-wood), n. A wild or unfrequented wood. 

Wile (wil), n. [AS. wil.] Trick or stratagem used 
to insnare or deceive ; sly, insidious artifice ; beguile- 
ment j allurement. 

Wile, v. t. 1. To deceive ; to beguile. [#.] 2. To 
while or while away ; to cause to pass pleasantly. 

Wil'ful (wTi'fui), a., Wil'ful-ly, adv., Wil'ful-ness, 
n. See Willful, Willfully, etc. [manner. I 

Wili-ly (wl'li-lj'), adv. [From Wily.] In a wily| 

Wi'li-ness, n. Quality or state of being wily. 

Will (wil), n. [AS. willa; akin to G. wille. See 
Will, p.] 1. Power or faculty of the soul by which it is 
capable of choosing ; the faculty or power of the mind 
by which we decide to do or not to do. 2. The choice 
made ; a determination or preference which results from 
the act or exercise of this power ; volition. 3. The 
choice or determination of one having authority ; decree ; 
command. 4. Strong wish or inclination ; desire ; 
purpose. 5. That which is strongly wished or desired. 
6. Arbitrary disposal ; power to control, dispose, or de- 
termine. 7. (Lav:) The legal declaration of a person's 



mind as to how he would have his property disposed of 
after his death ; the written instrument declaring this. 

At will (Law), at pleasure ; as, an estate at will is one 
held at the will of both parties. — To have one's will, to 
obtain what is desired; to do what one pleases. — With 
a will, with willingness and zeal ; earnestly ; heartily. 

Will (wil), v. t. & auxiliary, [imp. Would (wd6d). 
Indie, present, I will, thou wilt, he will; we, ye, they 
will.} [OE. willen, imp. wolde ; AS. willan, imp. wolde; 
akin to G. wollen, L. velle to wish, volo I wish. 1. To 
wish ; to desire ; to incline to have- 2. As an auxiliary, 
will is used to denote futurity dependent on the subject 
of the verb. Thus, in the first person, " I will " denotes 
willingness, consent, promise; and when "will" is em- 
phasized, it denotes determination or fixed purpose ; as, 
I will go if you wish ; I will go at all hazards. In the 
second and third persons, the idea of distinct volition, 
wish, or purpose is faint, and simple certainty i6 ex- 
pressed. To emphasize will denotes (according to the 
tone or context) certain futurity or fixed determination. 

JSP* As in shall (which see), the second and third per- 
sons may be virtually converted into the first, either by 
question or indirect statement, so as to receive the mean- 
ing which belongs to will in that person. 

JSP* Would, as the preterit of will, is chiefly employed 
in conditional, subjunctive, or optative senses. Would is 
used for both present and future time, in conditional 
propositions, and would have for past time. Would not, 
as also will not, signifies refusal. 

JSP* In Ireland, Scotland, and the United States, es- 
pecially in the southern and western portions of the 
United States, shall and will, shoidd and would, are often 
misused, as in the following examples : — 

I am able to devote as much time ... to other subjects as I 
will [shall] be under the necessity of doing. Chalmers. 

A countryman, telling us what he had seen, remarked that 
if the conflagration went on, as it was doing, we would [should] 
have . . . the Old Town of Edinburgh to rebuild. H. Miller. 

I feel assured that I will [shall] not have the misfortune to 
find conflicting views held by one so enlightened. J. Y. Mason. 

Will, v. i. To be willing ; to wish ; to desire. 

JSP* This word has been confused with will., v. i., to 
choose, which, unlike this, is of the weak conjugation. 

Will I, nill I, or Will ye, nill ye, or Will he, nill he, whether 

1, you, or he will it or not ; hence, without choice ; com- 
pulsorily ; — sometimes corrupted into willy nilly. 

Will, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Willed (wild) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Willing. Indie, present I will, thou willeth, he 
wills; we, ye, they tvill.] [See Will, n.~\ 1. To form 
a distinct volition of ; to determine by choosing ; to or- 
dain ; to decree. 2. To enjoin or command ; to order. 
[06s. or R.~} 3. To give or direct the disposal of by will 
or testament ; to bequeath ; to devise ; to direct by will. 
Will, v. i. To exercise an act of volition ; to choose ; 
to decide ; to determine ; to decree. 

Will'er (wTl'er), n. One who wills. [ican snipe. I 

WiHet (wil'let), n. (Zobl.) The large North Amer-| 
Will'ful (wil'ful), a. 1. Of set purpose ; self-deter- 
mined ; voluntary. 2. Governed by the will without 
reason ; obstinate ; perverse ; stubborn ; refractory. — 
Will'ful-ly, adv. — Will'ful-ness, n. [machine. I 

Wil'li-er (-li-er), n. One who works at a willyingl 
Will'ing (wil'Tng), a. 1. Free to act ; inclined ; not 
opposed in mind ; consenting ; complying ; ready. 2. 
Received without reluctance ; chosen ; desired. — Will'- 
ing-ly, adv. — Will'ing-ness, n. 

Wil'li-waw ) (wTl'lT-wa), n. (JVaut.) A whirlwind, 
Willy-waw j or whirlwind squall, encountered in 
the Straits of Magellan. [fatuus. I 

Will'-o' -the- wisp' (wTl'6-the-wisp'), n. See Ignis [ 
WillOW (willo), n. 
[OE. wil owe, wilwe, 
AS. wilig, welig.~\ 1. 
(Bot.) Any tree or shrub 
of the genus Saliz, in- 
cluding many species, 
most of which have slen- 
der, pliant branches. 

2. (Textile Manuf.) A 
machine in which cot- 
ton, wool, etc. , is opened 
and cleansed by spikes 
projecting from a re- 
volving drum. 

Willow, v. t. To open 
and cleanse, as cotton, 
by means of a willow. 

Wil'low-er (-er), n. 
See Wellow, n., 2. 

Wil'low-herb' (-erb' or -herb'), n. (Bot.) A peren- 
nial herb of the genus Epilobium, esp. E. spicatum, with 
narrow willowlike leaves and showy rose-purple flowers. 



t<m$ 






Weeping Willow (S. Eabylonica). 



a. e, I, o, fi, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, Sbey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



f 



WILLOWY 



933 



WINDLASS 




Wimple. 
g&winnen, Skr. 



Wil'low-y {yrtVlt-f), a. 1. Abounding with willows 
2. Resembling a willow ; pliant ; flexible ; drooping. 

WU'ly (willy), n. [Of. Willow. 1 {Textile Manuf. 
Same as 1st Willow, 2. [etc., with a willy. 

Wil'ly-ing, n. The process of cleansing wool, cotton, 
Willying machine. Same as 1st Willow, 2. 
WU'ly nil'ly (wIl'lT ull'll). See Will I, nill /, etc., 
under 3d Will. 
Wilt (wilt), 2d new. sing, of Will. 
Wilt, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Wilted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Wilting.] [Var. of Welk.] 1. To begin or cause to 
wither; to droop; to wither. [Pro v. Eng, A: I'. 8. 2 
To languish, or cause to languish. 

Wil'y (wil'y), a. [Compar. Wilier (-T-er) ; sitpni. 
Wiliest.] [From Wile.] Full of wiles, tricks, or .strat- 
agems ; using craft or stratagem ; mischievously artful. 
Syn. — Subtle ; artful ; sly ; crafty. See Cunning. 
Wim'ble (wim'b'l), n. [OE. wimbil. Cf. Gimlet.] 
An instrument for boring holes, turned by a handle. 
Specif. : {a) A gimlet. (6) A stonecutter's brace for bor- 
ing in stone, (c) An auger for boring in earth. 

Wim'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wimbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Wimbling.] To bore or pierce, as with a wimble. 
Wim'brel (-brel), ». {Zodl.) The whimbrel. 
Wim/ple (-p'l), n. [AS. winpel; akin to G. wimpel 
pennant.] 1. A covering, as of linen, 
for the neck and chin, still worn by 
nuns. 2. A flag or streamer. 

Wim'ple, v. I. & i. [imp. &p.p. 
Wimpled (-p'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Wimpling (-pling).] 1. To clothe 
with a wimple ; hence, to hoodwink. 
2. To draw down, as a veil ; to lay 
or lie in folds ; to appear as if laid 
infolds. 3. To ripple; to undulate. 
Win (win), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
Won (wun), Obs. Wan (wan) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. Winning.] [AS. winnan to 
strive, labor, fight, endure ; akin to G 
van to wish, get.] 1. To gain by superiority in competi- 
tion or contest. 2. To allure to kindness ; to bring to 
compliance ; to gain by effort. 3. To gain over to one's 
side or party ; to obtain the favor or support of. 4. To 
come to by toil or effort ; to reach. [Archaic] 
Syn. — To gain ; get ; procure ; earn. See Gain. 
Win, v. i. To gain the victory ; to prevail. 
Wince (wins), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Winced (winst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Wincing (win'sing).] [OE. irincen, 
winchen, OF. guencir, guenchir, guenchier, guencier, 
guinchier, to give way, to turn aside, fr. OHG. wankjan, 
wenken, to give way, to waver, fr. winchan to turn aside, 
to nod ; akin to E. wink.] 1. To shrink, as from a blow ; 
to flinch ; to start back. 2. To kick or flounce when 
unsteady, or impatient of a rider. 
Wince, n. Act of one who winces. 
Wince, n. [See Winch.] {Dyeing & Calico Printing) 
A reel used in dyeing, steeping, or washing cloth. 
Win'cer (win'ser), n. One that winces. 
Winch (winch), v. i. See Wince, v. i. 
Winch, n. A kick, as of a beast, from uneasiness. 
Winch, n. [OE. winche, AS. wince a winch, a reel 
for thread. Cf. Wink.] 1. A 
crank with a handle, for giving 
motion to a machine, a grind- 
stone, etc. 2. An instrument 
with which to turn or strain 
something forcibly. 3. An axle 
or drum, turned by hand or by 
power, for raising weights ; 
windlass. 4. A wince. 

Wind (wind), v. t. [imp. & 
p. p. Wound (wound) (rarely 
Winded) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Wind- 
ing.] [AS. windan; akiu to 
G. winden. Cf. Wend.] 1. 
To turn completely, or repeat- 
edly; esp., to coil about something fixed; to coil; to 
twine ; to twist ; to wreathe. 2. To entwist ; to infold ; 
to encircle. 3. Fig. : To turn or twist aside or about ; 
to vary or alter at pleasure ; to direct. 4. To introduce 
by insinuation ; to insinuate. 5. To cover or surround 
with something coiled about. 

To wind up. (a) To coil into a ball or small compass. 
(6) To bring to a conclusion or settlement, (c) To put in 
a state of renewed or continued motion, as a clock, by 
winding the spring, or that which carries the weight ; 
hence, to prepare for continued movement or action. 
Wind, v. i 1. To turn completely or repeatedly ; to 




A form of Winch, applied 
to a Derrick. 



coil ; to assume a spiral form. 2. To have a circular eoume 
or direction ; to bend ; to meaudei 3 l 
and that ; to double on on 

Wind ( wind), n. A winding or turning ; turn 

Wind (wind ; in poetry 
[AS. wind; akin to <. . 

p. |>r. fr. verb seen in Skr. in to hi 

late, Window.] 1. Air naturally or artificial^ in mo- 
tion with any degree oi velocity; 2 
Breath modulated by the respiratory and 
or by an instrument. 3. Power of reaph 
4. Air or gas generated in the stomach or bowel 
lence. 5. Air impregnated with an odor i 
point of the oompaes, eep. one ol the cardina 
7. -Mere breath or talk ; empty effort ; idle w< 

Between wind and water {Jfaut.). in thai 
part of a ship's side or bottom which in freqw i 
posed by the motion of the ship or water. Hem •■. 
the vulnerable partorpotatofanything. Down the wind. 

in the direction ol, and moving with, the wind. In the 
wind's eye(.W/.), directly toward the point from which 
the wind blows. — To be in the wind, to be a n 
suspicion or surmise. [CoHo</.] - To raiie the wind, to 
procure money. [Col/o</.} — To take, or have, the wind, 
to gain or have the advantage. 

Wind (wind), v. t. [imp. & )>. p. Winked ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Winding.] 1. To expose to the wind ; to winnow. 

2. To perceive or follow by the scent : to soeat I 

3. {a) To drive so as to render scant of wind ; to pot out 
of breath, {b) To rest for a breathing spell ; to breathe. 

Wind (wind), v. t. [From Wind moving air. but eon 
fused in sense and in conjugation with alml to turn. J 
[imp. & p. p. Wound (wound), R. Winded; p 
vb. n. Winding.] To blow ; to sound by blowing ; esp., 
to sound with prolonged and much varied notes, 

Wind'age (wTud'Sj ; 48), n. [From Wind air in mo- 
tion.] 1. {Gun.) The difference between the diameter 
of the bore of a gun and that of the shot fired from it. 

2. The sudden compression of the air caused by a pro- 
jectile in passing close to another body. 

Wind'bound' (-bound/), a. {Xau't.) Prevented from 
sailing, by a contrary wind. 

Wind'-break' (-brak'), n. A clump of trees serving for 
a protection against the force of wind. [Local, 

Wind'-bro'ken (-bro'k'n), a. Having the power of 
breathing impaired by injury of the air cells of the lungs, 
so that while the inspiration is by one effort, the expira- 
tion is by two ; affected with heaves ; — said of a horse. 

Wind'er (wlnd'er), n. [See 1st Wind.] 1. One that 
winds; hence, a creeping or twining plant. 2. An appa- 
ratus for winding silk, cotton, etc., on spools, r. ■• 

3. {Arch.) One in a flight of steps curved in plan so that 
the treads are broader at one end than at the other. 

Windfall' (wTnd'falO, »• 1- Anything blown down 
or off by the wind, as fruit, a tree, etc. 2. An unex- 
pected legacy, or other gain. 

Wind'flow'er (-flou'er), n. {Rot.) The anemone,— 
formerly supposed to open only when the wind blew. 

Wind'gall' (-gal'), n. {F<rr.) A soft tumor i 
vial swelling on the fetlock joint of a horse ; — so called 
from liaving formerly been supposed to contain air. 

Wind'i-ness. n. Quality or state of being wind v. 

Wind'ing (wmd'ing), n . [From Wind to blow.] 
{Xant.) A call by the boatswain's whistle. 

Wind'ing, a. [Fr. Wind to twist.] Twisting from a 
direct line or an even surface ; circuitous. [ander. j 

Wind'ing. ». A turn or turning ; bend ; curve ; me-, 

Winding sheet, a sheet in which a corpse is wound or 
wrapped. 

Wind'lace(wind1as),«. 4 S:i. See Windlass. [Oft*.] 

Windlass (-hrs), n. [Perh. fr. wind to turn — fcaee.] 
A winding and circuitous way ; roundabout course ; shift. 

Wind'lass, n. [OE. windeku, windai, IceL rimli- 




One form of Windlass, n a Carried Mitts ; ft Ikirivl. Drum, or 
Spindle with Whelps ; c <• Brakes for working the Nipping 
Levers, d; >■ Pawl and Ratchet Wheel t/Oog ior catching 
and holding the Cable. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



WINDLASS 



934 



WINTERKILL 



u 



w 




the sides partly cut away. 
(Bot. ) A windflower. 



/(i.v\f, frtmdSs, fr. vinda to wind -J- ass pole.] 1. A machine 
tor nking weights, consisting of a horizontal cylinder or 
roller moving on its axis, and turned by a crank, lever, 
or similar means, so as to wind up a rope or chain at- 
tached to the weight. 2. A similar apparatus for bend- 
ing the bow of an arbalest, or crossbow. [Obs.~] 

Wind'lass (wlnd'hrs), v. t. S: i. To raise with, or 
as with, a windlass : to use a windlass. 

Win'dle (win'd'l), n. [From Wind to turn.] A 
spindle : kind of reel ; winch. 

Windless (wTnd'le's), a. 1. Having no wind ; calm. 
2. Wanting wind ; breathless. 

Wind'mill' (wlnd'mll'), n. 
A mill operated by the power 
of the wind, usually by the ac- 
tion of the wind upon oblique 
vanes or sails which radiate 
from a horizontal shaft. 

Win'dOW(w!n'd6),M. [OE. 
u-indowe, icindoge, Icel. vin- 
dauga prop., wind eye. See 
Wisp, /?. ; Eye.] 1. An open- 
ing in the wall of a building 
for the admission of light and 
air, usually closed by sliding 
glazed casements or sashes. 2. 
(A rch. ) The shutter, casement, 
sash, or other framework, 
that closes a window opening. 

Window seat, a seat arranged 
in the recess of a window. 

Win'dOW, v. t. 1. To fur- 
nish with windows. 2. To 
place at or in a window, [i?.] 

Win'dow-pano 7 (-pan'), n. 
(Arch.) See Pane, n., (3) b. 
[Written also window pane.~\ 

Wind'pipe 7 (wlnd'pip/), n. 
(An at.) The air passage from ~ . -.«—.-.,, 

the larynx to the lungs • One form of Windmill, with 
trachea. See under Lung. 

Wind'-plant' (-plant'), n, 

Wind'roW (win'roO, w. [Wind -{-row.] 1. A row 
or line of hay raked together for the purpose of being 
rolled into cocks or heaps. 2. Sheaves of grain set up in 
a row, one against another. [Eng.] 

Wind'row, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Windrowed (-rod) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Windrowing.] To arrange in windrows. 

Wind'ward (-werd; among sailors -erd), n. The 
point or side from which the wind blows. 

To lay an anchor to the windward, fig., to adopt precau- 
tionary or anticipatory measures. 

Wind'ward, a. Situated or directed toward the point 
from which the wind blows. 

Wind'ward, adv. In a windward direction. 

Wind'y (-y), a. [Compar. Windier (-T-er) ; superl. 
Windiest.] 1. Consisting of wind ; accompanied by, or 
exposed to, wind. 2. Next the wind; windward. 3. 
Tempestuous ; boisterous. 4. Serving to occasion flatu- 
lence ; flatulent ; attended or caused by gas in the intes- 
tines. 5. Fig. : Empty ; airy. 

Wine (win), n. [AS. win, fr. L. vinum ; akin to Gr. 
oti/os, foii/o?.] 1. A liquor or beverage consisting of 
grape juice, esp. when fermented. 2. A similar liquor or 
beverage prepared from any plant juice. 3. Intoxication. 

Wine measure, the measure by which wines and other 
spirits are sold, — smaller than beer measure. 

Wine'bib'ber (-bib'ber), n. One who drinks much 
wine. [drink wine, i 

Wine'glass' (-glas'), n. A small glass from which to \ 

Wing (wing), n. [OE. winge, wenge ; prob. of Scand. 
origin.] 1. One of the two anterior limbs of a bird, 
pterodactyl, or bat, corresponding to the arms of man. 
2. Any similar member or instrument used for flying ; 
as the fanlike appendages of insects, and the large pecto- 
ral fins of flying fishes. 3. Passage by flying; flight. 
4. Motive or instrument of flight. 5. Anything which 
agitates the air as a wing does, or which is put in wing- 
like motion by the action of the air, as a fan or vane. 
6. A small epaulet or shoulder knot. 7. Any appendage 
resembling the wing of a bird or insect in shape or 
appearance; specif. (Bot.), any membranaceous expan- 
sion. 8. One of two corresponding appendages attached 
to the sides of anything ; or, a single appendage so at- 
tached ; a sidepiece. Hence : (a) (Arch.) A side build- 
ing, less than the main edifice. (b) (Fort.) The longer 
side of crownworks, etc., connecting them with the main 
work, (c) (Mil.) The right or left division of an army, 



regiment, etc. (d) (Xaul.) That part of the hold or 
orlop of a vessel which is nearest the sides. In a fleet 
one of the extremities when the ships are drawn up in 
line, or when forming the two sides of a triangle, (e) One 
of the sides of the stage in a theater. 

On the wing, (a) Supported by the wings ; flying, (b) 
On the road ; moving. — Under the wing, or wings, of, un- 
der the care or protection of. — Wing and wing (NavA.), 
with sails hauled out on either side ; — said of a schooner' 
or her sails, when going before the wind with the foresail 
on one side and the mainsail on the other ; also said of a 
square-rigged vessel which has her studding sails set. 

Wing (wing), v . i. limp. & p. p. Winged (wingd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Winging.] 1. To furnish with wings ; to en- 
able to fly, or to move quickly. 2. To supply with wings 
or sidepieces. 3. To transport by flight. 4. To traverse. 
5. To wound or disable a wing of. [Swift. I 

Winged (wingd), a. 1. Furnished with wings. 2. | 

Wing'fisb/ (wTng'fish'), n. (Zool.) A sea robin 
having large, winglike pectoral fins. 

Wingless, a. Having no wings ; unable to fly. 

Winglet (-let), n. 1. A little wing. 2. (Zool.) A 
bastard wing, or alula. 

Wing'y (-y), a. Having wings ; soaring ; rapid. 

Wink (wink), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Winked (winkt) ; 
p. pr.'& vb. n. Winking.] [AS. wincian ; akin to G. 
winhen.'] 1. To nod ; to nap. [Obs.~\ 2. To shut the 
eyes quickly. 3. To close and open the eyelids quickly ; 
to blink. 4. To give a hint by a motion of the eyelids. 5. 
To avoid taking notice, as if by shutting the eyes ; to 
connive at anything. 6. To be dim and flicker. 

Wink, v. t. To cause (the eyes) to wink. [Colloq.'] 

Wink, n. 1. Act of winking ; hence, the time neces- 
sary for such an act ; moment. 2. A hint given by shut- 
ting the eye with a significant cast. [blinder. I 

Wink'er (-er), n. 1. One who winks. 2. A horse's | 

Win'kle(win/k'l),re. [AS. wincle.] (Zool.) (a) Any 




Winkle (Fulgur canaliculata). c Canal, or Tube ; s Siphon ; h 
Head ; p Proboscis ; m Mantle ; /Foot ; o Operculum. 

periwinkle, (b) Any one of various marine spiral gastro- 
pods, esp., in the U. S., either of two species of Fulgur. 
Win'ner (win'ner), n. One that wins. [ing. I 

Win'ning (-nlng), a. Adapted to gain favor ; charm- [ 
Win'ning, n. 1. Act of one who wins. 2. The sum 
or thing won, esp. in gambling. 

Win'now (wTn'n*), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Win- 
nowed (-nod) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Winnowing.] [OE. win- 
dewen, winewen, AS. windwian ; akin to L. ventilare.'] 

1. To separate, and drive off, the chaff from by means 
of wind ; to fan. 2. To sift, as in order to separate false- 
hood from truth ; to separate. 3. To beat with, or as if 
with, wings. [Poetic] — Win'now-er (-er), n. 

Win'roW (-ro'), »• A windrow. 

Win'some (-sum), a. [Compar. Winsomer (-er) ; 
superl. Winsomest.] [AS. wynsum, fr. wynn joy ; akin 
to G. wonne."] 1. Cheerful ; merry ; gay ; light-hearted. 

2. Causing joy or pleasure ; gladsome ; pleasant. — Win'- 
some-ly, adv. — Win'some-ness, n. 

Win'ter (-ter), n. [AS. winter ; akin to G. winter.] 

1. The season of the year when the sun shines most ob- 
liquely upon any region ; the coldest season ; — in the 
northern hemisphere, popularly, the months of Decem- 
ber, January, and February ; astronomically, the period 
from the winter solstice to the end of the vernal equinox. 

2. The period of decay, old age, death, etc. 
Win'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wintered (-terd) ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. Wintering.] To pass the winter. [winter. I 
Win'ter, v. t. To keep, feed, or manage, during the | 
Win'ter-green' (-gren'), n. (Bot.) A plant having 
leaves green through the winter, — in Eng., species of 
Pyrola ; in America, Gaultheria procumbens, a low aro- 
matic plant bearing red berries, [ter. [^.5.]! 
Win'ter-kUT (-kil'), v. t. To kill by the cold of win- 1 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; ft, 6, 1, 5, tt, y, short ; senftte, gvent, tdea, 5bey, finite, care, arm, a«k, all, final. 



WINTERLY 



935 



WITH 



(Zool.) {a) A larva 



Win'ter-ly (win'ter-l£), a. Like winter ; wintry. CK.l 

Wln'ter-y (-y), a. Wintry. J 

Wln'try (-trjf), a. Suitable to winter ; resembling 
winter, or what belongs to winter ; brumal ; hyemal ; 
cold ; stormy. [wine ; vinous. I 

Wln'y (win'y), a. Having the taste or qualities of | 

Wipe (wip), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Wiped (wipt) ; p. pr. 
&, vb. re. Wiping.] [AS. wtpian?] 1. To rub with some- 
thing soft for cleaning ; to clean or dry by rubbing. 2. 
To remove by rubbing ; to rub off ; to obliterate. 3. To 
cheat ; to trick. [Obs.] 

Wipe, re. 1. Act of wiping. 2. A blow ; stroke. 
[Low] 3. A gibe ; jeer. 4. Stain ; brand. [Obs.] 

Wip'er (-er), re. 1. One that wipes. 2. Something 
used for wiping, as a towel or rag. [eddy. [12.] I 

Wir'ble (wer'b'l), v. i. [Cf . Warble.] To whirl ; to | 

Wire (wir), re. [AS. wir.] 1. A thread or slender 
rod of metal. 2. A telegraph wire or cable ; hence, an 
electric telegraph. [Colloq.] 

Wire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wired (wird) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Wiring.] 1. To bind or attach with wires ; to apply wire 
to. 2. To put on a wire. 3. To snare by means of a 
wire. 4. To send (a message) by telegraph. [Colloq.] 

Wire'draW (-dra/), v. t. 1. To form (metal) into wire, 
by drawing it through a hole in a plate of steel. 2. 
Hence, to draw by art or violence. 3. Hence, to draw 
out to great tenuity. — Wire'-draWer (-er), re. 

Wire'-pull'er (-pul'er), n. One who pulls the wires, 
as of a puppet ; hence, schemer ; intriguer. [trigue. | 

Wire'-puiring, re. Conduct oi a wire-puller; in 

Wire' worm 7 (-wfirm'), re 
various species of snap- 
ping beetles ; — from 

their slenderness and ~~**~" Wireworm (a), x 2. 
hard integument. (6) A galleyworm. 

Wir'y (-y), a. 1- Made of wire ; like wire. 2. Capa- 
ble of endurance ; tough ; sinewy. — Wir'i-ness, re. 

Wis (wis), adv. [Aphetic for iwis, ywis ; or fr. Icel. 
viss certain. See Ywis.] Certainly ; really. [Obs.] 

Wis, v. t. [Due to mistaking OE. iwis certain, for I 
wis, and confusing this with wit, v. See Ywis ; Wrr, v.] 
To think ; to suppose ; to imagine ; — chiefly in the first 
person sing, present tense, I wis. [Obs. or Poetic] 

Wis'ard (wiz'erd), re. See Wizard. 

Wis'dom(-dilm), re. [See Wise, a. ; -dom.] 1. Quality 
of being wise ; knowledge, and capacity to make due use 
of it ; discernment and judgment ; discretion. 2. Scien- 
tific or practical truth ; acquired knowledge ; erudition. 

Syn. — Prudence ; knowledge ; sagacity ; skill. — Wis- 
dom has been defined to be " the use of the best means for 
attaining the best ends," and in this sense implies high 
moral as well as mental excellence ; but wisdom is also 
used in the sense of the perception and use of the best 
means for attaining a purpose of whatever character. 
Prudence is more negative, and consists rather in avoid- 
ing danger than in taking decisive measures to accomplish 
an object. Knowledge, a more comprehensive term, sig- 
nifies simple apprehension of facts. 

Wisdom teeth, the last, or back, teeth of the full set in 
man ; — so called because appearing after the person may 
be supposed to have arrived at the age of wisdom. 

Wise (wiz), a. [Compar. Wiser (-er) ; superl. 
Wisest.] [AS. ivis ; akin to G. weise, and E. u-it, v. i.] 
1. Knowing; erudite ; learned. 2. Hence, esp., making 
due use of knowledge ; choosing the best ends to the best 
means ; sagacious. 3. Versed in art or science ; specif. , 
skilled in divination. 4. Hence, wary ; crafty, [it!.] 5. 
Containing or exhibiting wisdom ; judicious ; discreet. 

Wise, n. [AS. wise ; akin to G. weise ; f r. root of E. 
wnY/] Way of being or acting ; manner ; mode ; fashion. 

SEir~* This word is nearly obsolete, except as used in 
such phrases as in any ivise, in no wise, on- this wise, etc., 
and as a suffix in composition. As a suffix it is often in- 
terchangeable with -ways. 

Wise'a-cre (-a-ker), n. [OD. wijssegger or G. weis- 
sager prophet, deriv. of OHG. wizzagbn, fr. wizzago a 
prophet, akin to AS. icltga, fr. root of E. wit.] 1. A wise 
man. [Obs.] 2. A pretender to wisdom ; a would-be- 
wise person ; hence, in contempt, a simpleton ; dunce. 

Wise'ling (-ling), n. One pretendedly wise ; wiseacre. 

Wise'ly, adv. In a wise manner ; with wisdom. 

Wish (wish), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wished (wTsht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Wishing.] [AS. wyscan, fr. ivusc wish ; 
akin to G. wunsch, Skr. vancha wish, tare to like, to wish.] 
1. To have a desire, yearning, or hope ; to long ; to han- 
ker. 2. To be disposed or inclined. 

Wish. v. t. 1. To desire ; to long for ; to hanker 
after. 2. To frame or express desires concerning ; to 
call down in desire ; to invoke ; to imprecate. 

Syn. — See Desire. 



Wish (wTwh), n. 1. I).- ii. ; eager desire ; longing. 
2. Expression of desire ; n-quent ; petition ; hen 
cation or imprecation. 3. A thing deoired ; 
desire. 

WishTsone (-bun'), n. The fori !ront of 

the breahtbone in birds ; furculum ; wihhing b 

Wish'er (-Pr), n. One who wish* 

Wlsh'ful (-ii.il ), a. [Cf. Wurrwuu] 1 Having or 

showing desire, or ardent ileum; ; longing. 2. l>t-Mrable. 

[A\]- Wish'rully, adv. - Wiah'ful ness, n. 
Wishing, <i. A /'. from Warn, v. t. 

Wishing bone. See Wimu 

Wish'ton-Wish (-t5n-wluh), n. [Probably of Amer- 
ican Indian origin.] {Zool.) The prairie dug. 

Wish'y-wash'y (-j^-«5bii5j, «. rBeeWAHL] Thin 

and pale ; weak ; — orig. of liquids. Fig. : Weak-minded. 

Wisp (wisp), n. (• pj / origin uni i 

1. A small bundle, as of straw. 2. A whibk, or bmall 
broom. 3. A Will-o'-the-wisp. 

Wist (wist), archaic imp. St j>. /<■ of Wn, - . 

Wis-ta'ri-a (wls-ta'rl-a), re. [NL. ; 1 r 
tar, an American anatomist.] (Hot.) A genus of climbing 
plants bearing pendulous clusters of pale bluinh ; 

Wist/ful (wfst'ful), a. [For Wishful.] 1. Longing ; 
wishful ; desirous. 2. Full of thought ; eager 1 
tive ; meditative ; musing ; pensive ; contemplative. — 
Wist'ful-ly, adv. — Wist'ful-ness, ». 

Wist'ly(-15-), adv. Attentively. [Obs.] [TDVWaB.1 

Wis'ton-Wish (wTs't5n-wTsh), n. {Zoil.) See \Vi-h-' 

Wit (wYt), v. t. & i. [inf. (To) Wit ; prts. sing. Wot, 
pi. Wite ; imp. Wist(e) ; p. p. Wist ; p. pr. | 
Wit(t)ing.] [OE. witen, pres. ich wot, wat, 1 know < wot ;, 
imp. wiste, AS. wilan ; akin to G. uixsm, L. ii<lere, Gr. 
ISelv, Skr. vid to know. Cf. Vision, Wise, a. & n 
To know; to learn ; — now used only in the infin., to 
wit, esp. in legal language, to call attention to a partic- 
ular thing, or to a more particular specification of what 
has preceded, as equivalent to namely, or that is to ton. 

Wit, re. [AS. witt, wit.] 1. Mind ; intellect ; under- 
standing ; sense. 2. A mental faculty or power ; — chiefly 
in the pi., and in certain phrases. 3. Felicitous associa- 
tion of ideas not usually connected, so as to produce a 
pleasant surprise ; also, the power of readily combining 
ideas in that way. 4. A person of eminent sense or 
knowledge ; a man of genius, fancy, or humor ; oue dis- 
tinguished for bright sayings, for repartee, etc. 

The five wits, the five senses ; also, sometimes, the five 
qualities or faculties, common wit, imagination, fomiatf, 
estimation, and memory. 

Syn. — Ingenuity ; humor ; satire ; sarcasm ; irony ; 
burlesque. — Wit primarily meant mind , and now denotes 
the power of seizing on some thought or occurrence, and, 
by a sudden turn, presenting it under aspects wholly new 
and unexpected — apparently natural and admissible, if 
not perfectly just, and bearing on the subject, or the 
parties concerned, with a laughable keenness and force. 
The pleasure we find in wit arises from the ingenuity of 
the turn, the sudden surprise it brings, and the patneM 
of its application to the case, in the new and ludicrous 
relations thus flashed upon the view. Humor is a quality 
more congenial to the English mind than irit. It consist s 
primarily in taking up the peculiarities of a humorist (or 
eccentric person) and drawing them out, so that we enjoy 
a hearty, good-natured laugh at the unconscious manifes- 
tation of whims and oddities. From this original sense 
the term has been widened to embrace other sources of 
kindly mirth of the same general character. 

Witch (wich), re. [Cf. Wick.] A cone of paper placed 
in a vessel of fat, and used as a taper. [Prov. Eng.] 

Witch, re. [OE. wicche, AS. wicce, fern., wiooa, masc] 
1. One who practices the black art, or magic ; one (.sup- 
posedly) possessing supernatural or magical power by 
compact with an evil spirit, esp. the Devil ; sorcerer ; sor- 
ceress ; — now chiefly or only of women. 2. An ugly old 
woman ; hag. 3. A charming or bewitching person 
(woman or child) ; also, one given to mischief. [Colloq.] 

Witch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Witched ; p. pr. S: vb. n. 
Witching.] To bewitch ; to fascinate : to enchant. 

Witch'craft (-kraff). n. 1. Practices or art of 
witches ; sorcery. 2. Power more than natural. 

Witch'-elm' (-elm'), «• (Bot.) See Wych-elm. 

Witch'er-y (-er-J), n. 1. Sorcery ; witchcraft. 2. 
Fascination ; irresistible influence ; enchantment. 

Witch'-ha'zel (-haVl), «. [See Wych-elm ; Hazel.] 
(Bot.) {a) The wych-elm. (b) An American slirub(/fa;re- 
a>n filis Virgin ica). which blossoms late in autumn. 

Wit'e-na-ge-mote / (wTf*-na-ge-inot'). «• [AS. witena 
gemot ; irita wise man -f- gemot assembly.] The national 
council, or legislature, of England in Anglo-Saxon times. 

With (with), re. See Withe. 



fSm, recent, orb, rude, full, tlra, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, g?o, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



WITH 



936 



WOKE 



u 



w 



With v wTth\ prep. [AS. wiS ; akin to G. wider 
•gainst, wiodtr again, Skr. vi asunder.] With denotes 
01 expresses some situation or relation of nearness, prox- 
saociatioo, connection, etc.; as: (a) Close or 
direct relation oi opposition or hostility; against; — now 
apt in withstand, withhold, etc., and after the 
verbs jight, contend, Struggle, etc (b) Association in 
respect of situation or environment ; among; in the 
company of. i.c) Connection of friendship, support, 
alliance! assistance, countenance, etc. ; on the side of. 
(d) The accompaniment of cause, means, instrument, 
etc. ; — sometimes equivalent to by. {e) Association in 
thought, as for comparison or contrast. (/) Simultane- 
ous happening, or immediate succession or consequence. 
[g) A having as a possession or an appendage. 

%3r' With and bu are closely allied in many uses, so 
that they can not always be sharply distinguished. 

Withal' (-al'), adv. [With + otf.] 1. With this ; 
with that. lObs.'] 2. Likewise; also. [Archaic] 

With-al', prep. With ; — put after its object, at the 
end of the sentence or clause in which it stands. [Obs.] 

With-draw' (wlth-dra'), v. t. [imp. Withdrew 
(-dru') ; p. p. Withdrawn (-drau') ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Withdrawing.] [With against + draw.] 1. To take 
or draw back or away ; to cause to move away or retire. 
2. To take back ; to recall or retract. 

With-draw', v. i. To retire ; to retreat ; to quit a 
company or place ; to go away ; to recede ; to go back. 

With-draw'al (-al), n. A withdrawing. 

With-draw'er (-er), n. One who withdraws. 

With-draw'ing-room' (-Tug-robin'), n. [Cf. Draw- 
ing-room.] A room for retirement from another room, 
as from a dining room ; drawing-room. 

With-draw'ment, R. A withdrawing ; withdrawal. 

Withe (with), n. [OE. See Withy, n.] 1. A flexi- 
ble, slender twig or branch used as a band ; a willow or 
osier twig. 2. A band of twisted twigs. 3. (Naut.) An 
iron attachment on one end of a mast or boom, with a ring 
through which another mast or boom is rigged out. 4. 
(Arch.) A partition between flues in a chimney. 

Withe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Withed (witht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Withing.] To bind or fasten with withes. 

With'er (with'er), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Withered 
(-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Withering.] [OE. widerol ; 
prob. fr. same source as E. weather.] 1. To fade ; to 
lose freshness ; to dry or shrivel up. 2. To lose or want 
animal moisture ; to waste or pine away. 3. To lose 
vigor or power ; to languish. 

With'er, v. t. To cause to wither. 

With'ered (-erd), a. Faded ; dried up ; shriveled. 

With'ers (wTth'erz), n. pi. [Prop., the parts which 
resist the pull in drawing ; fr. OE. wither resistance, AS. 
wiSre, fr. wiSer against ; akin to G. widervlst. See 
With, prep.] The ridge between the shouider bones of 
a horse, at the base of the neck. [See Ulust. of Horse.] 

With'er-wrung' (-er-riing'), a. Injured or hurt in 
the withers, as a horse. 

With-hold' (wTth-hold'), v. t. [imp. Withheld 
(-hgld') ; p. p. Withheld, Obs. or Archaic Withholden 
(-hold''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Withholding.] [With + 
hold. ] 1. To hold back ; to restrain ; to keep from ac- 
tion. 2. To retain ; to keep back ; not to grant. 3. To 
keep; to maintain. [Obs.] — With-hold'er (-er), n. 

With-in' (-In'), prep. [AS. wi&innan ; wi% with + 
innan in, inwardly, fr. in in. See With, prep. ; In, 
prep.] 1. In the inner or interior part of ; inside of. 
2. In the limits or compass of ; not further in length 
than. 3. Hence, inside the limits, reach, or influence 
of ; not beyond, overstepping, exceeding, etc. 

With-in', adv. 1. In the inner part; inwardly; in- 
ternally. 2. In the house ; in doors. 

With-OUt' (-out'), prep. [AS. wicSutan; wiS with -f- 
utan outside, fr. ut out. See With, p rep.; Out.] 1. On 
or at the outside of ; out of. 2. Out of the limits of ; 
out of reach of ; beyond. 3. Not with ; otherwise than 
with ; in absence of, separation from, or destitution of ; 
not with use or employment of ; independently of ; ex- 
clusively of ; with omission of. 

Without day [translation of L. sine die], without the ap- 
pointment of a day to appear or assemble again ; finally. 

With-OUt', conj. Unless ; except ; — introducing a 
clause. 

With-OUt', adv. 1. On or at the outside ; not on the 
inskle j outwardly ; externally. 2. Out of doors. 

With-stand' (-stand'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. With- 
stood f -std&d') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Withstanding.] [With 
-f- Bland.] To stand against ; to oppose ; to resist. 

With'y (wTth'Jf), n. [AS. wlSig a willow, willow 



twig ; akin to G. weide willow, Gr. irta.] 1. (Bot.) The 
osier willow (Sctiix vimi/tcdis). 2. A withe. 

With'y (wlth^), a. Made of withes ; like a withe ; 
flexible and tough ; also, abounding in withes. 

Wit'less (wTt'lgs), «. Destitute of wit or under- 
standing ; wanting thought ; hence, indiscreet. — Wlf- 
less-ly, adv. — Wit'less-ness, n. 

Witling (-ling), n. A person having little wit or un- 
derstanding ; a pretender to wit or smartness. 

Wit'ness (-n5s), n. [AS. witnes, gewitnes, fr. toUan 
to know. See Wit.] 1. Attestation of a fact or an 
event ; testimony. 2. That which furnishes evidence or 
proof. 3. One cognizant ; one having personal knowl- 
edge of anything, esp. one who beholds it. 4. (Laic) (a) 
One who testifies in a cause, or gives evidence before a 
judicial tribunal, (b) One who witnesses an instrument. 

Wit'ness, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Witnessed (-nest) ; p. 
pr. cc vb. n. Witnessing.] 1. To see or know by per- 
sonal presence ; to have direct cognizance of. 2. To 
give testimony to; to testify to; to attest. 3. {Late) 
To see the execution of, as an instrument, and subscribe 
it for the purpose of authenticating it. [to testify. I 

Wit'ness, v. i. To bear testimony ; to give evidence ; | 

Wit'ness-er (-er), n. One who witnesses. 

Wit'ted (-ted), a. Having (such) a wit or under- 
standing ; as, a quick-« -itted man. 

Wit'ti-cism (-tT-siz'm), n. [From Witty.] A witty 
saying ; a sentence affectedly witty ; attempt at wit. 

Wit'ti-ly, adv. In a witty manner. 

Wit'ti-ness. n. Quality of being witty. 

Wit'ting-ly (-ting-ly), adv. [See Wit, v.] Know- 
ingly ; with knowledge ; by design. 

Wit'tol (-tul), n. [Origin uncertain.] 1. (Zobl.) 
The wheatear. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A man who knowingly 
submits to his wife's infidelity ; — so called because the 
cuckoo lays its eggs in the wittol's nest. [Obs.] — Wit'- 
tol-ly (wit'tul-ljr), a. [Obs.] 

Wit'ty (wit'ty), a. [Compar. Wittler (-tT-er) ; su- 
perl. Wittiest.] Possessed of wit; esp., possessing 
wit or humor ; good at repartee ; droll ; facetious. 

Syn. — Acute; smart; sharp; arch; keen; facetious; 
amusing ; humorous ; satirical ; ironical ; taunting. 

Wit'waV )(-wal'),n. [Akin to G.wiltewal.] (Zodl.) 

Wit' wall' j (a) The golden oriole, (b) The greater 
spotted woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.] 

Wive (wiv), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wived (wivd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Wiving.] [AS. wifian. See Wife.] To marry ; 
to take a wife. 

Wive, v . t. 1. To match to a wife ; to provide with 
a wife. 2. To take for a wife ; to marry. 

Wiv'er (wiv'er), ) n. [OF. wivre, guivre, serpent, fr. 

WiVern (-ern), ) L. vipera.] 1. (Her.) A fabu- 
lous two-legged, dragon-headed creature, like a cocka- 
trice. 2. (Zo'ol.) The weever. 

Wives (wivz), n.,pl. of Wife. 

Wiz'ard (wiz'erd), n. [Prob. fr. wise + -ard.] 1. 
A sage. [Obs.] 2. One devoted to the black art ; 
magician; conjurer; sorcerer. [by wizards. I 

Wiz'ard, a. 1. Enchanting ; charming. 2. Haunted | 

Wiz'ard-ry (-ry), n. Character or practices of wiz- 
ards; sorcery; magic. 

Wiz'en (wTz''n), v. i. [AS. wisnian ; akin to G. ver- 
wesen to rot.] To wither. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 

Wiz'en, a. Wizened ; thin ; weazen ; withered. 

Wiz'ened (wiz"nd), a. Dried ; shriveled ; withered ; 
shrunken; weazen. 

Woad (wod), n. [OE. wod, AS. wad; akin to G. 
waid,h.vitrum.] 1. (Bot. ) An herbaceous, cruciferous 
plant (Isatis tinctoria), yielding a blue dyestuff now 
superseded by indigo. 2. The dyestuff itself. 

Wild woad {Bot.), the weld (Reseda luteola). 

Woad'-wax^n (-waWn), n. [Cf. Wood-wax.] 
(Bot.) A leguminous plant (Genista tinctoria) native of 
Europe and Russian Asia, and adventitious in America. 

Woald (wold), n. See Weld. 

WobTDle (wSt/b'l), v. i. See Wabble. 

Woe (wo), n. [OE. wo, tea, woo, AS. wa, interj. ; 
akin to G. weh.] 1. Grief ; sorrow ; misery ; heavy ca- 
lamity. 2. A curse ; a malediction. 

Woe'-be-gone' (wo'be-gSn' ; 115), a. [OE. wo begon. 
See Woe, and Begone, p. p.] Beset or overwhelmed 
with woe ; immersed in grief or sorrow ; woeful. 

Woe'ful ) (-ful), a. 1. Full of woe ; sorrowful ; dis- 

Wo'ful ) tressed with grief or calamity ; afflicted ; 
wretched; unhappy; sad. 2. Bringing calamity, distress, 
or affliction. 3. Paltry ; miserable ; poor. — WoVfttl-ly, 
or Wo'ful-ly, adv. — Woe'ful-ness, or Wo'ful-ness, n. 

Woke (wok), imp. &p. p. of Wake. 



a, €, I, o, u, long ; &, £, I, 5, H, y, short ; senate, $ vent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



WOLD 



937 



wool 




'-'- 



Wold (wold), n. [AS. weald, ivald ; akin to G. wald.] 
1. A wood ; forest. 2. Plain ; low hill ; country with- 
out wood, whether hilly or not. 

Wold, n. See Weld. 

Wolf (wulf), 7i.; pi. Wolves (wulvz). [AS. wulf; 
akin to G. wolf, L. lupus, Gr. Avkos, Skr. vrka.] 1. (Zo- 
61. ) Any one of 
several species 
of wild and sav- 
age carnivor 
belonging 
to the 
genus 
C an is , 
and close- «g 
ly allied ^fe"*^ 
to the ^5 £"^ 
common . 
dog. 2. American Gray Wolf {Cams occidentalu). 

(Zodl.) One of the destructive, and usually hairy, larvae 
of several species of beetles and grain moths. 3. Fig. : 
Anything very ravenous, rapacious, or destructive ; 
specif., want ; starvation. 4. An eating ulcer. [Obs.] 

Wolfish (-Tsh), a. Like, or having the form of, a wolf. 

Wol'fram (wol'fram or wulf'rmn), 1 n. [G., 

Wol'fram-ite (wol'fram-it or wulf'ram-It), j wolf. 
ramit, ivolfram ; wolfwoli -\- rahni cream, soot.] {Min. ) 
Tungstate of iron and manganese. [Tungsten, j 

li Wol-fra'mi-um (wol-fra'mi-um), n. [NL.] (Chem.)\ 

Wolfsbane' (wulfs'ban'), n. (Bot.) Aconite. 

Wolverene' ) (wul'ver-en'), n. [Dim. fr. Wolf.] 1. 

Wol'ver-ine' j (Zodl.) The glutton. 2. A nickname 
for an inhabitant of Michigan. [U. S.] 

Wolves (wulvz), n., pi. of Wolf. 

Wolv'ish (wulv'ish), a. Wolfish. 

Wom'an (woom'an), n. ; pi. Women (wTm'gn). [AS. 
vnfmann, wimmann ; tvlf woman, wife + mann man. 
See Wifh; Man.] 1. An adult female person; some- 
times, any female person. 2. Womankiud. 3. A female 
attendant or servant. 

Wom'an, v. t. 1. To make effeminate or womanish. 
[P.] 2. To furnish with, or unite to, a woman. [72.] 

Wom'an-hood (-hood), n. 1. State, character, or 
qualifies of a woman, or of womankind. 2. Womankind. 

Wom'an-ish (-Tsh), a. Suitable to a woman ; having the 
qualities of a woman ; effeminate ; — usually reproachful. 

Wom'an-kind' (-kind'), n. Women, collectively. 

Wom'an-ly, a. Becoming a woman ; feminine. 

Wom'an-ly, adv. In the manner of a woman. 

Womb (vvoom), n. [AS. tvamb, womb ; akin to G. 
rvamme, wampe.~] 1. The belly. [Obs.] 2. (Anat.) 
The uterus. 3. The place where anything is generated or 
produced ; hence, any receptacle likened to such a place. 

Womb, v. t. To inclose in, or as if in, a womb. [Obs.] 

Wom'bat (wom'bat), n. [From native name.] {Zodl.) 
Any one of three _____ - 

species of Aus- _^«^M£iMtfHflSH_______ JL 

tralian burrow- __S ___ 20 

i n g , nocturnal 

marsupials of the 

genus Phascolo- 

mys. 

W m b ' y 
(woom'y), a. Ca- 
pacious. [Obs.] 

Wom'en (wiin'en), 7i., pi. of Woman. 

Won (wun), imp. & p. p. of Win. 

Won, v. i. [See 1st Wone.] To dwell. [Obs. or Scot.] 

Won'der (wun'der), n. [AS. wundor ; akin to G. 
rounder.] 1. The emotion excited by novelty, or by the 
presentation to the sight or mind of something unusual, 
strange, extraordinary, or not well understood ; surprise. 
2. Cause of wonder ; wonderful thing ; marvel. 

Syn. — Astonishment; amazement ; admiration. — Won- 
der expresses less surprise than astonishment, and much 
less than amazement. It differs from admiration in not 
necessarily implying love, esteem, or approbation. 

Won'der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wondered (-derd) ; p. 
pi: & vb. 71. Wondering.] 1. To be affected with won- 
der ; to marvel. 2. To feel doubt and curiosity ; to 
query in the mind. — Won'der-er (-er), n. 

Won'der-ful (-ful), a. Adapted to excite wonder. — 
Won'der-ful-ly, adv. — Won'der-f ul-ness. n. 

Syn. — Aniazing ; astonishing. See Marvelous. 

Won'der-ment, n. Surprise ; astonishment ; a wonder. 

Won'der-OUS (-us), a. Same as Wondrous. 

Won'drous (-drus), adv. [OE. wonders.'] In a won- 
derful manner or degree ; wonderfully. 




Common Wombat (P/iascolomys ursinus). 



Won'drous (wtth'drlla), '/. Wonderful ; aatonlalilin ; 
strange. - Won'drous ly, //<. Won'drous nesa. 
Won't (wont, ; ofU » in .\'< ir Knff. « lint). A colloquial 

contr. of wall not. Will not. See Will. 

Wont (wuntj, ■:. [For ""><<</, p. p. of WOH, none, to 
dwell, AS. iriniini, ; akin to (.. u oh . or doing 

customarily; accustomed; habit n 

Wont, 11. Custom ; habit ; • 

Wont, v. I. [imp. Won ; p, p. Wont, or Wonted; 

p. j/r. A: Vb. n. Wo.nti.no. j 1 
uated ; to be 1 

Wont, ''. t. To accustom — u.-i-d 1. -nVxively. 

Wont'ed, a. Accustomed; cu 

WOO (woo), r. t. A- i. [imp. A /<. ///'.'• 
]>. pr. A- vb. 11. Wooing.] [AS. u 
crooked, bad ; akin to Skr. vahc to waver. J 1. I 
in love; to court; to make love. 2. To court -■ 
ly ; to invite with Importunity. 

Wood (wood), 11. [AB. niii/'i, u-iodit.] 1. A la 
thick collection of trees; a forest or j;r. 
the pi. 2. The hard substance of trees and the like; 
timber. 3. (Bot.) The fibrous material which ni 
the greater part of the stems and brandies of treeB and 
shrubby plants, and a part of herbaceous stems. 4. Trees 
cut or sawed for the fire or other uses. 

Wood culver (Zodl.). the wood pigeon. —Wood cut. an 
engraving on wood ; also, a print from such an engraving. 

— Wood engraver, un An engraver on wood. " 
Any one of several species of small beetles wh< 

bore beneath the bark of trees, and furrow the sapwood. 

— Wood engraving, (a) The act or art of engraving on 
wood, (b) An engraving on wood ; a wood cut ; also, a 
print from such an engraving. —Wood fretter 1 Z< 

one of numerous species of beetles whose larvie bore in 
the wood, or beneath the bark, of trees. —Wood grouse. 
(Zodl.) (u) The capercailzie, (b) The spruce partridge. 

— Wood hoopoe (Zoo/.), any one of .several species of Old 
World arboreal birds closely allied to the common hoopoe. 

— Wood ibis (Zodl.), any one of several species of large 
wading birds, having the head and neck naked or scantily 
covered with feathers. — Wood lark ( Zodl. |. a small Euro- 
pean lark, so called from its habit of perching on I 
Woodnut (Bot. ), the filbert. — Wood nymph, a nymph inhab- 
iting the woods ; dryad. —Wood pigeon. (Zodl. 

one of numerous species of Old World pigeons belonging 

to Palumbus and allied genera of the family Columbidx. 

(b) The ringdove. — Wood reeve, the steward or o\ > 

a wood. [Eng.) — Wood rush (Bot. ), any plant of the genus 

Luzula, resembling the true rushes.— Wood screw, a metal 

screw for insertion in wood, 

formed with a sharp thread, 

and usually with a slotted 

head. —Wood snipe. (Zodl.) 

(a) The American woodcock. Wood Scre * 

(b) An Asiatic snipe ( Gallinac/o nemoricola).— Wood tapper 
(Zodl.), any woodpecker. — Wood tick ( Zodl. \ any of sev- 
eral species of Ixodes whose young cling to bushes, but 
fasten themselves to any animal which touches them. — 
Wood worm (Zo"l.), a larva that bores in wood. 

Wood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wooded ; p. pr. A vb. n. 
Wooding.] To supply with wood, or get wood for. 

Wood, v. i. To take or get a supply of wood. 

Wood'bind' (-bind'), »■ Woodbine. 

Wbod'bine' (-bin'), «• [AS. wmlut/nid black ivy. See 
Wood; Bind, v. t.~\ (Bot.) (a) Lonicern Pericliiinenitm, 
a species of honeysuckle, (b) The Virginia creeper. 
[Local U. S.] 

Wood'chat' (-chat.'), n. (Zodl.) (a) Any one of sev- 
eral species of Asiatic singing birds closely allied to the 
European robin. (/>) A 
European shrike (Enne- 
octonus rufus). 

Wood'chuck^-chuk'),;*. 
(Zodl.) 1. A common, bur- 
rowing marmot (Arctomys 
7nonax) of North America. 
2. The yaffle. [Prow Enn.] 

species of long-billed, limicoline birds of the genera 
Scolopax and Philohela. mostly noc- 
turnal in their habits. 2. A simple- 
ton. [Obs.] 

Wood' craft' 
(-kraff), "• Skill in 
anything pertaining to 
the woods, esp. in 
shooting and other 
sports. 

Wood'cut' (-knt.'), 
n. Same as Woodcut, European Woodeoak (A rubeola). 
under Wood. 





fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



WOODCUTTER 



938 



WORK 



u 



w 



h 




Ivory-billed Woodpecker 

( Campepkiltus principalis), 

Male. 



Wood'CUt'ter (wdod'kut'ter), n. 1. A person who 
cuts wood. 2. An engraver on wood, [E.] 

Wood'ed. c- Supplied or covered with wood, or trees. 

Wood'en (.wood'n), a. 1. Consisting of, pert, to, or 
like. wood. 2. Clumsy ; awkward ; ungainly ; stiff ; 
spiritless. — Wood'en-ly. adv. — Wood'en-ness. n. 

Wooden spoon, (a) {Cambridge University, Eng.) The 
last junior opthne who takes a university degree, — denot- 
ing one who is only tit to stay at home and stir porridge. 
(A> In some American colleges, the lowest appointee of 
the junior year ; sometimes, one especially popular in his 
class, without reference to scholarship. 

Wood'house (-lions'), ?*. A house or shed in which 
wood is stored, and sheltered from the weather. 

Wood'i-ness (-T-nSs), n. Quality of being woody. 

Woodland (-land or -ISnd'), n. Land covered with 
wood : forest ; land on which trees are suffered to grow. 

Wood'man (-man), n. 1. An officer placed in charge 
of the king's woods. [Eng.] 2. A sportsman ; hunter. 
3. A woodcutter. 4. A dweller in the woods ; bushman. 

Wood'peck'er (-pek'er), n. {Zool.) Any of many 
species of scansorial birds of Picus and 
allied genera of the family Picidx. Their 
tail feathers have pointed, 
rigid tips to aid in climbing. 
They mostly feed upon larvaB 
picked from under the bark of 
trees. [See Ulust. of Flicker.] 

Wood'ruff' (-rttf), I »• 

Wood'roof (-roof), J [AS. 
wudurofe. See Wood, n. ; cf. 
Ruff a plaited collar. ] {Bot. ) 
A little European herb {Asper- 
ula odorata) having a pleasant 
taste. [See Illust. of Whorl.] 

Woods'man (wdodz'uian), 
n. A woodman, esp. one who 
lives in the forest. 

Wood' tick' (wood' tTk'). 
{Zool.) See under Wood. 

Wood'walT (wood'waP), n. 
{Zool.) The yaffle. 

Wood'ward' (-ward'), n. 
{Eng. Forest Law) An officer 
of the forest, whose duty it was to guard the woods. 

Wood'-wash 7 (wood'wosh'), ) n. [AS. wuduweaxe.] 

Wood'-wax' (-wSks'), J (Bot.) Same as Woad- 

Wood'-wax'en (-wSks^'n), ) waxen. 

Wood'work' (-wtirk'), n. Work made of wood ; the 
wooden part of any structure. [under Wood. I 

Wood'WOrm' (-wfirm'), n. {Zool.) See Woodworm,] 

Wood'y (-y), a. 1. Abounding with wood or woods. 
2. Of, or containing, wood or woody fiber ; ligneous. 3. 
Of or pert, to jvoods ; sylvan. [E.] 

Woo'er (woo'er), n. One who wooes. 

Wool (woof), n. [AS. owef, oweb, aweb ; on, an, on 
-4- wef, web, fr. we/an to weave.] 1. The threads crossing 
the warp in a woven fabric ; weft. 2. Texture ; cloth. 

Wool (wdol), n. [AS. wull ; akin to G. wolle, L. vel- 
lus, Skr. urna wool, vr to cover.] 1. The soft and curled, 
or crisped, species of hair which grows on sheep and some 
other animals. 2. Short, thick hair, esp. when crisped 
or curled. 3. {Bot.) A sort of pubescence, or a clothing 
of dense, curling hairs on the surface of certain plants. 

Wool staple, a place where wool was brought to the king's 
staple for sale. [Eng.]— Wool stapler, (a) A dealer in 
wool. (6) One who sorts wool according to its staple. 

Woold (woold), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Woolded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Woolding.] [D. woelen, bewoelen ; akin to G. 
wuhlen.] {Naut.) To wind, or wrap ; esp., to wind a rope 
round, as a mast or yard made of two or more pieces. 

Wool'en (wdol'en), a. 1. Made or consisting of wool. 
2. Of or pert, to wool or woolen cloths. 

Wool'en, n. Cloth made of wool ; woolen goods. 

Wool'fell' (wdol'fel'), n. [Wool + fell a skin.] A 
skin withithe wool on it. 

Wool'gath'er-ing (-gStb/er-Tng), n. Indulgence in 
idle imagination ; a foolish or useless pursuit or design. 

Wool'grow'er (-gro'er), n. One who raises sheep for 
the production of wool. — Wool'grow'ing, n. 

Wool'ly, a. 1. Consisting of, like, or of the nature of, 
wool. 2. Clothed with wool. — Wool'li-ness, n. 

Woolly bear {Zool.), the hairy larva of several species 
of moths. 

Wool'pack' (-pSk'), n. A pack or bag of wool weigh- 
ing two hundred and forty pounds. 

Wool'sack' (-saV), n. A sack or bag of wool ; specif. , 
the seat of the lord chancellor of England in the House 
of Lords, being a large, square, divan-like sack of wool. 



Wool'sey (wo"61'sy), n. [From Wool.] Linsey-woolsey. 

Wool'stock' (-stSk'), n. A heavy wooden hammer 
for milling cloth. 

Wool 'ward (-werd), adv. [Wool -{--ward.] Iu wool ; 
with woolen raiment next the skin. [Obs.] 

Wor'ble (w6r'b'l), n. {Zool.) See Wormil. 

Word (wfird), n. [AS. word; akin to G. wort, L. 
rerbum.] 1. The spoken sign of a conception or an idea ; 
a single component part of human speech or language ; 
term ; vocable. 2. Hence, the character, or combina- 
tion of characters, expressing such a term. 3. pi. Talk ; 
discourse ; speech ; language. 4. Account ; tidings ; 
message ; — only in sing. 5. Signal ; order ; command. 
6. Language considered as pledging the faith or authority 
of the one who utters it ; statement ; affirmation ; dec- 
laration; promise. 7. pi. Verbal contention; dispute. 
8. A brief observation ; a phrase or short sentence. 

By word of mouth, orally ; by actual speaking. — Good 
word, commendation ; favorable account. — In a word, 
briefly ; to sum up. — In word, in declaration ; in profes- 
sion. —The word, or The Word. {Theol.) (a) The gospel 
message ; esp., the Scriptures, as a revelation of God. (6) 
The second person in the Trinity before his manifestation 
in time by the incarnation ; among those who reject a 
Trinity of persons, some one or all of the divine attributes 
personified. — To eat one's words, to retract what has been 
said. — Word for word, verbatim ; exactly. — Word square, 
a series of words arranged so that they can be read ver- 
tically and horizontally with the same result. HEART 

Syn. — See Term. EMBER 

Word, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Worded ; p. pr. A B U S E 
& vb. n. Wording.] 1. To express in words ; m £ 5, LtL 
to phrase. 2. To flatter with words ; to x a * * x 
cajole. [Obs.] Word Square. 

Word'DOOk' (-book'), n. A dictionary ; lexicon. 

Word'ing, n. The act or manner of expressing in 
words ; style of expression ; phrasing. 

Word'y (wftrd'y), a. [Compar. Wordier (-T-er) ; 
superl. Worddsst.] 1. Of or pert, to words. 2. Using 
many words ; verbose. 3. Containing many words ; full 
of words. — Word'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. — Word'i-ness, n. 

Wore (wor), imp. of Wear. 

Wore, imp. of Ware. 

Work (wfirk), n. [AS. weorc, wore ; akin to G. werk, 
Gr. epyov, pepyov, work, pe'fjeu/ to do, opyavov instrument, 
opyia secret rites. Cf. Organ, Orgy.] 1. Exertion of 
strength or faculties ; physical or intellectual effort di- 
rected to an end ; industrial activity ; toil ; employ- 
ment ; sometimes, specif. , physical labor. 2. The matter 
on which one works ; material for working upon ; subject 
of exertion ; business ; duty. 3. That which is produced 
as the result of labor or toil ; product ; performance ; 
fabric ; manufacture ; in a more general sense, act, deed, 
service, effect, result, achievement, feat. 4. Specif. : (a) 
That which is produced by mental labor ; a composition ; 
a book ; as, a work, or the works, of Addison. (6) 
Flowers, figures, or the like, wrought with the needle ; 
embroidery, (c) pi. Structures in civil, military, or naval 
engineering, as docks, bridges, trenches, fortifications, 
etc. ; also, the structures and grounds of a manufacturing 
establishment. {d)pl. The moving parts of a mechanism. 
5. Manner of working ; management ; treatment. 6. 
{Mech.) The causing of motion against a resisting force. 
The amount of work is measured by the product of the 
force into the amount of motion along the direction of 
the force. 7. {Mining) Ore before it is dressed. 8. pi. 
{Script.) Performance of moral duties ; righteous conduct. 

Work (wfirk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Worked (wQrkt), 
or Wrought (rat) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Working.] 1. To 
exert one's self, or put forth effort, for a purpose ; to 
labor ; to be engaged in the performance of a task, a duty, 
or the like. 2. Hence, in a general sense, to operate ; to 
act ; to perform. 3. Hence, fig., to be effective ; to have 
effect or influence ; to conduce. 4. To carry on business ; 
to be employed customarily; to perform the part of a 
laborer ; to labor ; to toil. 5. To be in, or as if in, a state 
of severe exertion; to be tossed or agitated; to move 
heavily ; to strain ; to labor. 6. To make one's way slowly 
and with difficulty ; to move or penetrate laboriously ; 
— with a following preposition, as down, out, into, up, 
through, etc.; as, a scheme works out by degrees ; to work 
into the earth. 7. To ferment, as a liquid. 8. To act 
or operate on the stomach and bowels, as a cathartic. 

Work, v. t. 1. To labor or operate upon ; to prepare 
for use, or to utilize, by labor. 2. To produce or form 
by exertion or toil ; to accomplish ; to effect. 3. To pro- 
duce or accomplish by slow degrees, or as if laboriously. 
4. To prevail upon ; to manage ; to lead. 5. To form 
with a needle and thread or yarn; esp., to embroider. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, Svent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



WORKABLE 



939 



WORSHIPFUL 



6. To set in motion or action ; to direct the action of ; 
to govern ; to manage. 7. To cause to ferment, a.-, Liquor. 
To work a passage (MauL), to pay for a passage by work. 
Work'a-ble (wGrk'a-b'l), a. Capable of, or worth, 
being worked. 
Work'a-day' (-a-da'), «• See Workyday. 
WorkHSag' (-bag'), n. A bag for implements or ma- 
terials for work ; esp., a reticule for needlework, etc. 

Work'bas'ket (-bas'kgt), n. A basket for holding 
materials for needlework, or the like. 

Work'bOX' (-b5ks'), n. A box for holding instruments 
or materials for work. 

Work'day' (-da 7 ), n. & a. A day on which work is 
performed, as distinguished from Sunday, festivals, etc. 
Work'er (-er), ». 1. One that works; laborer. 2. 
(Zo'61.) One of the neuter, or sterile, individuals of the 
BOcial ants, bees, and white ants. 
Work'folk' (-fok'), n. People that labor. 
Work'hOUSe' (-hous'), n. 1. A house where manu- 
facturing is done. 2. A house in which idle and vicious 
persons are confined to labor. 3. A house where pau- 
pers are kept at public expense, and provided with labor. 
Working, a. & n. from Work. 

Working day. (a) Same as Workday, (b) The time fixed 
by law as a day's work. 

Working-day (-da 7 ), a. Pert, to, or characteristic 
of, working days ; everyday ; hence, hard-working. 

Work'ing-man (wGrk'ing-niSn), n. A laboring man ; 
a man who earns his daily support by manual labor. 

Work'man (wGrk'rnan), n. A man employed in labor ; 
worker ; esp., a skillful artificer or laborer. 

Work'man-like' (-Ilk'), a. Becoming a workman, 
esp. a skillful one ; skillful ; well performed. 
Work'man-ly, a. Same as Workmanlike. 
Work'man-ly, adv. In a workmanly manner. 
Work'man-Ship, n. 1. Art or skill of a workman ; 
execution or manner of making anything. 2. That made 
•or produced by work, esp. by manual labor. 

Work'shop' (-sh5p'), n. A shop where any manufac- 
ture or handiwork is carried on. 

Work'ta ble (-ta'b'l), n. A table for holding working 
materials and implements, for needlework, etc. 

Work'wom'an (-woom'an), n. A woman who works ; 
esp., one skilled in needlework. 

Work'y-day' (-j^-da 7 ), n. [See Workday, Working- 
day.] A week day or working day, as distinguished from 
Sunday or a holiday. [Obs. or Colloq.~\ 

World (wGrld), n. [AS. weorold, worold ; akin to 
G. welt ; prop., age of man, lifetime, humanity ; AS. wer 
man + a word akin to E. old.~\ 1. The earth and the sur- 
rounding heavens ; creation ; universe. 2. Any planet 
or heavenly body, esp. when considered as inhabited. 3. 
The earth and its inhabitants, with their concerns ; the 
sum of human affairs ; specif., the concerns of this life 
as distinguished from those of the life to come ; hence, 
secular affairs or interests ; worldly corruption ; the un- 
godly or wicked part of mankind. 4. In a more restrict- 
ed sense, that part of the earth and its concerns known 
to, or contemplated by, any one ; human affairs as seen 
f rom a given point of view ; also, scene of life and action. 
5. The general affairs of life ; public affairs and occupa- 
tions. 6. The sum of the affairs of a single individual. 
7. The inhabitants of the earth ; people in general ; the 
public ; mankind. 8. As an emblem of immensity, a 
great multitude or quantity. 

For all the world, (a) Precisely ; exactly, (b) For any 
consideration. — World's end, the remotest regions. — 
World without end, eternally ; forever. 

Worldling (-ling), n. [World + -ling.] A person 
devoted to this world and its enjoyments. 

Worldly, a. 1. Relating to the world ; human ; com- 
mon. 2. Pert, to this world or life, in contradistinction 
from the life to come ; secular j temporal ; devoted to 
this life and its enjoyments. — Worldli-ness, n. 
Worldly, adv. In a worldly manner. 
Worldly-mind' ed (-mlnd'ed), a. Devoted to worldly 
interests ; mindful of the affairs of the present life. 

Worm (wGrm), n. [AS. ivyrm ; akin to G. inirm, L. 
vermis, Gr. p6;u.os a wood worm.] 1. A creeping or a 
crawling animal of any kind or size. [A 7-chaic'] 2. Any 
small creeping animal, either without feet or with very 
short ones, including a great variety of animals. Specif. : 
(Zool.) («) A helminth ; entozoon. (b) Any annelid, (c) 
An insect larva, (d) pi. Same as Vermes. 3. Something 
that gnaws or afflicts one's mind with remorse. 4. A 
being debased and despised. 5. Auything spiral, ver- 
miculated, or like a worm ; as : (a) The thread of a screw. 
(6) A spiral instrument or screw, (c) (Anat.) The lytta. 




Worm ' . 
n Worm 



(d) The condensing tub.- of a Btill. (#) (M«ch.) A •hort 
revolving «c re w, the threads ol which drive, or art 
by, a wheel b> roaring Into it- taatfa n 
Worm ge*r. ( lit ,„, wheel (ft) Worm gearing. 

— Worm gearing, a worm and mm n 

wheel working together. Worm 

wheel, the cogwheel oj ■ worm gearing. 

Worm (warm;, ,. i. [imp. a 

]>. j>. Uormei. (wftrmd); p. pr. A 

Vb. it. Wouminu.] To work alowly 

and secretly. 
Worm, v. t. l. To affect, retnova, 

drive, draw, etc., by blow and 

means. 2. To clean, or to draws irad 
or cartridge from, with ■ worm. 3. 

To cut the worm, or lytta, from under 
the tongue of. 4. (Naut.) To wind 
spirally, at ■ cable, with ro] i 

or other material. 

Worm'-eaten (wftrm'eV'n), a. 

Eaten away by worms ; gnawed by a worm or by worms. 
Worm'nole' (-hoi'), n. A burrow made In a' worm. 

Wor'mi-an (wdrtni-an), a. {Anat.) i>- 

tain irregular plates of bone often interposed in the 
cranial sutures ; — after Wormius, a Dani 

Wor'mil (-mil), n. [Cf. 1st Wakble.] | 
botdy larva which burrows in or beneath the ,-,kin of ani- 
mals. 2. {Far.) A warble produced by a botfly. 

Wormling (wffrmUng), n. A little worm. 
Worm'seed' (-eeoV), n. {Bot.) Any one of several 

plants, whose seeds act as a vermifuge. 

Wor'mul (wSr'mfil), n. (Zo'ol.) See Wormil. 
Worm'WOOd ( wGrm'wood), A. Lfi akin to 

G. vermuth.! 1. {Bot.) Any of several species of Arte- 
misia, esp. A. Absinthium, having a bitter, ■lightly aro- 
matic taste, formerly used as a tonic and a vorml 
Anything very bitter or grievous ; bitten 

Worm'y (->'), a. [Com par. Wormier (-I-er) : sujvrl. 
Wormiest.] 1. Containing a worm ; abounding with 
worms. 2. Like or pert, to a worm ; earthy ; groveling. 
Worn (worn), p. p. of Wear. 
Wor'ri-er (wur'rl-er), n. One that worries. 
Wor'rl-ment (-ment), ?i. Worry. [Collu<j. V. .S'.] 
Wor'ri-some (-sum), a. Inclined to worry or fret ; 
also, causing worry or annoyance. 

Wor'ry (-ry), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Worried (-rid) ; />. 
pr. & vb. n. Worrying.] [OE. worowen, wirie*, to 
strangle, AS. wyrgan in awyrgan ; akin to G. u 
1. To harass by pursuit and barking ; to attack repeat- 
edly ; also, to tear or mangle with the teeth. 2. To 
harass or beset with importunity, or with care and anxie- 
ty ; to vex ; to annoy ; to torment ; to tease ; to fret ; to 
trouble ; to plague. [anxiety. I 

Wor'ry, v. i. To feel or express undue care and| 
Wor'ry, n. A state of undue solicitude ; a state of 
disturbance from care and anxiety ; anxrety ; fret. 

Worse (wfirs), «., compar. of Bad. [AS. 
utyrsa ; akintoOHG. wirsiro. H'ora? is not akin to &/</.] 
Bad, ill, evil, or corrupt, in a greater degree ; less good ; 
specif., in poorer health ; more sick ; — used both in a 
physical and in a moral sense. 

Worse, n. 1. Loss ; disadvantage ; defeat. 2. That 
which is worse ; something less good. 

Worse, adv. In a worse degree or manner. 
Worse, v. t. To make worse. See Worst, v. 
Wors'en (wGra"n), V. t. & i. 1. To make or become 
worse; to deteriorate. 2. To worse. [/?.] 
Wors'er (wdrs'er), a. Worse, [i?.] 
C3P* This old and redundant form of the comparative 
occurs occasionally in the best authors, although com- 
monly accounted a vulgarism. It has. at le;»<t. to 
ogy of lesxe r to sanction its use. See Lesser. 

Wor'ship (whVahlp), n, [AS. weorc Xw rfps • 

worth-)- -scijie -ship. See Worth, u. ; -ship.] 1 
nity ; worth : also, honor : respect. [Oftf.l 2. B 
title of honor, used in addresses to certain magistrates 
and others of rank or station. 3. Religious reverence and 
homage ; adoration, or acts of reverence, paid to God, or 
a being viewed as God. 4. Obsequious or sui 
respect : adoration. 5. An object of worship. 

Wor'ship. r. t. [imp. A p- p. Worshiped (-ehYpt) 
or Worshipped ; ;). pr. & aft. n. Worshiping or Wor- 
shipping.] 1. To respect ; to honor. [ obsoles. ] 2. To 
pay divine honors to; to do worship to. 3. To honor 
with extravagant love and extreme submission. 

Syn. — To adore; revere: reverence: idolize. 

Wor'ship, V. i- To do acts of worship. 

Wor'ship-er (-er). a. One who worships. 

Wor'ship-ful (-ful), a. Entitled to worship, rever- 



f era, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then. th»" 



N 



WORSHIPFULLY 



940 



WRECK 



u 



w 



ence. or high respect : worthy of honor. — Wor'ship- 
ful-ly (wurshTp-fuWy), adv. — Wor'ship fulness, ft. 

Worst (wtosjh, a..superl. of Bad. [AS. icyrst, wierst, 
See Worse, a.] Bad, evil, or pernicious, in 
the highest degree. See Worse. 

Worst. ft. That which is most bad or evil ; the most 
severe, pernicious, calamitous, or wicked state or degree. 

Worst, r. t. [imp. & p. p. Worsted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Worsting.] To gain advantage over, in contest or com- 
petition : to get the better of ; to defeat ; to discomfit. 

Worst'ed \«ust'?d of wur'stSd), n. [From Worsted, 
now spelled Worstead, a town in Norfolk, Eng. ; for 
Worthstead. See Worth, «.; Stead.] 1. Well-twisted 
yarn spun of long-staple wool combed to lay the fibers 
parallel. 2. Fine and soft woolen yarn, untwisted or 
lightly twisted, used in knitting and embroidery. 

Wort (wfirt), 7). [AS. toyrt herb, root ; akin to G. 
inn:. L. radix, Gr. pi£a a root, pdSi$ branch, and E. root, 
n.] 1. {Bot.) A plant of any kind ; — now chiefly used 
in combination. 2. pi. Cabbages. 

Wort, ft, [AS. icyrte; akin to G. wilrze. See Wort 
herb.] An infusion of malt which is unfermented, or is 
in the act of fermentation. 

Worth (wfirth), v. i. [AS. weorSan; akin to G. wer- 
den, L. rertere to turn, Skr. Vft."] To be ; to become ; to 
betide ; — now used only in the phrases, woe icorth the 
day, woe worth the man, etc. 

Worth, a. [AS. u-eorS, wurS ; akin to G. icert, werth.] 
1. Valuable ; worthy ; also, worth while. [06s.] 2. 
Equal in value to ; furnishing an equivalent for. 3. De- 
serving of ; — chiefly in a good sense. 4. Having wealth 
or estate to the value of. 

Worth, ft. 1. The quality or qualities of a thing 
which renders it valuable or useful ; value ; hence, often, 
value as expressed in a standard, as money. 2. Value in 
moral or personal qualities ; virtue ; merit. 

Syn. — Desert ; merit ; excellence ; price ; rate. 

Worth'less (wftrth'les), a. Destitute of worth ; un- 
deserving ; valueless ; useless ; vile ; mean. — Worth'- 
less-ly, adv. — Worthless ness, ft. 

Wor'thy (wfir'tiiy), a. [Compar. Worthier (-thi-er) ; 
superl. Worthiest.] 1. Having worth or excellence ; 
possessing merit ; excellent. 2. Having suitable, adapted, 
or equivalent qualities or value ; — with of, or . more 
rarely, with a following infinitive ; and usually in a good 
sense. 3. Of high station ; of high social position. 
[Obs.] — Wor'thi-ly, adv. — Wor'thi-ness, n. 

Syn. — Valuable; deserving; estimable; virtuous. 

Wor'thy, ft. A man of eminent worth or value. 

Wor'thy, v. t. To render worthy. [06s.] 

Wot (wot), 065. 1st & 3d pers. sing. pres. of Wit, to 
know. [& 3d Will. I 

Would (w56d), imp., and obs. p. p., of Will. See 2d| 

Would (woold), n. See 2d Weld. 

Would'-be' (wdftd'be 7 ), a. Desiring or pro- 
fessing to be ; vainly pretending to be. 

Woulfe' bot'tle (w661f bot't'l). (Chem.) A 
kind of wash bottle with two or three necks ; — 
so called after the inventor. 

Wound (wound), imp. & p. p. of Wind to 
twist, and Wind to sound by blowing. 

Wound (woond or wound), n. [AS. wund; 
akin to G. wunde, and to AS. & G. wund sore, wounded.] 
1. A hurt or injury caused by violence ; specif., a breach 
of the substance of any creature or living thing ; a cut, 
stab, rent, or the like. 2. Fig. : An injury, hurt, damage, 
detriment, or the like, to feeling, faculty, reputation, etc. 

C3P* Walker condemns the pronunciation woond as a 
"capricious novelty." The use of ou in Old English to 
represent the sound of modern English 00 was borrowed 
from the French, and replaced the older and Anglo-Saxon 
spelling with v. This Old English sound of ou regularly 
changed into the diphthongal sound usually written with 
the same letters ou in modern English (as in ground, 
hound, round, etc.) ; and the pronunciation icoona is cer- 
tainly opposed to this rule. The change of the sound of 
O" took place whether the word was taken from the 
French or not, provided it was old enough in English to 
have suffered this change ; but words taken from the 
French at a later time, or influenced by French, may have 
the French sound. 

Wound, r. t. [imp. &p. p. Wounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Wounding.] To hurt by violence ; to make a wounding ; 
hence, to hurt the feelings of ; to cause injury to. 

Wove (wot), imp. & rare p. p. of Weave. 

Wov'en f-'n), p. p. of Weave. 

Woven paper, or Wove paper, writing paper having an 
even, uniform surface, without watermarks. 

Wrack (r5k), n. A thin, flying cloud ; a rack. 

Wrack, n. [OE. wrak wreck. See Wreck.] 1. Wreck; 



¥ 



Woulfe 
Bottle. 



ruin. [Obs.] 2. Any marine vegetation cast up on the 
shore, esp. plants of the genera Fuciis, Laminaria, and 
Zostera. 3. (Bot.) Coarse seaweed of any kind. 

Wraith (rath), ?». [Prob. orig., a guardian angel, fr. 
Icel. vordr guardian; akin to E. ward.] 1. An appari- 
tion of a person in his exact likeness, seen before death, 
or a little after ; hence, apparition ; specter ; vision. 
[Sort.] 2. Sometimes, a spirit presiding over the waters. 

Wran'gle (rSn'g'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wrangled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrangling (-gling).] [OE. 
wranglen to wrestle. See Wrong, Wring.] 1. To argue ; 
to dispute. [Obs.] 2. To dispute angrily ; to quarrel 
peevishly and noisily ; to brawl ; to altercate. 

Wran'gle (rSn'g'l), n. An angry dispute; a noisy 
quarrel ; squabble ; altercation. 

Syn. — Bickering; brawl; controversy. 

Wran'gler (-gler), n. 1. One who wrangles. 2. 
One of those who stand in the first rank of honors in the 
University of Cambridge, England. 

Wrap (rap), v. t. [A corrupt spelling of Rap.] To 
snatch up ; to transport ; — chiefly used in the p. p. icrapt. 

Wrap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrapped (rapt) or Wrapt ; 
p. pr. & vb. 7i. Wrapping.] [OE. wrappen, probably 
akin to E. warp."] 1. To wind or fold together. 2. To 
cover by winding or folding ; to envelop completely ; to 
involve ; to infold. 3. To conceal by enveloping or in- 
folding ; to hide -, hence, to involve ; to be followed by. 

Wrap, n. A wrapper ; — often used in the plural for 
blankets, furs, shawls, etc. , used in riding or traveling. 

Wrap'per (-per), n. 1. One that wraps. 2. That in 
which anything is wrapped ; envelope ; covering. 3. 
Specif., a kind of loose outer garment. 

Wrasse (ras), n. [W. gwrachen.] (Zool.) Any of 
many marine, spiny-finned fishes of the genus Labrus. 

Wras'tle (ras"l), v. i. [OE. wrastlen. See Wrestle.] 
To wrestle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] 

Wrath (rath), n. [AS. wrse&do, fr. wracS wroth; 
akin to Ieel. reiSi wrath. See Wroth, a.] 1. Violent 
anger ; vehement exasperation ; indignation ; rage ; fury ; 
ire. 2. The effects of anger or indignation ; the just pun- 
ishment of an offense or a crime. 

Syn. — Fury ; ire ; resentment ; passion. See Anger. 

Wrath'ful (-ful), a. 1. Full of wrath ; very angry ; 
greatly incensed ; ireful. 2. Springing from, or express- 
ing, wrath. — Wrath'ful-ly, adv. — Wrath'ful-ness, n. 

Syn.— Furious; raging; indignant; passionate. 

Wrath'y (-$), a. Very angry. [Colloq.'] 

Wreak (rek), v. i. To reck; to care. [Obs.~\ 

Wreak (rek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wreaked (rekt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Wreaking.] [AS. ivrecan; akin to G. 
r'dchen, L. urgere to drive, urge, Gr. elpyeiv to shut in, 
Skr. vrj to turn away.] 1. To revenge; to avenge. 
[Archaic] 2. To execute in vengeance or passion ; to 
inflict ; to hurl or drive. [resentment. [O&s.] | 

Wreak, n. Revenge ; vengeance ; furious passion ; | 

Wreath (reth), n. ; pi. Wreaths (rethz). [AS. wrseS 
a twisted band. See Writhe.] 1. Something twisted, 
intertwined, or Gurled. 2. Garland ; chaplet, esp. one 
given to a victor. 3. (Her.) An appendage (generally 
figured as a twist of silk cords) to the shield, supporting 
the crest. [See Illusl. of Crest.] 

Wreathe (reth), v. t. & i. [imp. Wreathed (rethd) ; 
p.p. Wreathed ; Archaic Wreathen (-'n) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Wreathing.] 1. To turn. [Obs.] 2. To twist; to 
convolve ; to wind one about another ; to entwine. 3. 
To surround with anything twisted or convolved ; to en- 
circle ; to infold. 4. To twine or twist about ; to sur- 
round ; to encircle. 

Wreath'y (reth'y or reth'y), a. Wreathed ; twisted ; 
curled ; spiral ; also, full of wreaths. 

Wreck (rgk), v. t. & n. See 2d and 3d Wreak. 

Wreck, n. [AS. wrsec exile, persecution, misery, fr. 
wrecan to drive out, punish ; akin to Icel. rek a thing 
drifted ashore. See Wreak, v. t.] 1. The destruction 
or injury of a vessel by being cast on shore, or on rocks, 
or by being disabled or sunk by the force of winds or 
waves ; shipwreck. 2. Destruction or injury of any- 
thing, esp. by violence ; ruin. 3. The ruins of a ship 
stranded. 4. The remains of anything ruined or fatally 
injured. 5. (Law) Goods, etc., which, after a ship- 
wreck, are cast upon the land by the sea. 

Wreck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrecked (rgkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Wrecking.] 1. To destroy, disable, or seri- 
ously damage, as a vessel, by driving it against the shore 
or on rocks, by causing it to founder, etc. ; to shipwreck. 
2. To bring wreck, ruin, or disaster upon ; to destroy. 

Wreck, v. i. 1. To suffer wreck or ruin. 2. To work 
upon a wreck, as in saving property, or in plundering. 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, 3vent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



WRECKAGE 



941 



WRONGHEADED 




House Wren (Troglo- 
dyU a aedon). 




Wreckage (rek'aj ; 48), n. 1. A wrecking ; Btate of 
being wrecked.^ 2. Thing wrecked ; remains of a wreck. 

Wreck'er (-er), n. 1. One who causes a wreck, as by 
false lights. 2. One who searches for, or works upon, 
the wrecks of vessels ; as to plunder, or to save life or 
property. 3. A vessel employed by wreckers. 

Wren (rSn), n. [AS. wretma, wrsenna, perhaps akin 
to icriene lascivious.] (Zool.) Any 
of numerous small singing birds 
belonging to Troglodytes and al- 
lied genera of the family Tragi o- 
dytidse; also, any one of numerous 
other similar singing birds. 

Wrench (rSnch), n. [AS. 
urenc deceit, a twisting; akin to 
G. rank intrigue, and E. wring.'] 

1. Deceit; stratagem. [06s.] 

2. A violent twist, or a pull with 
twisting. 3. A sprain ; an injury 
by twisting, as in a joint. 4. 
Means. [06s.] 5. An instru- 
ment for exerting a twisting strain, as in turning bolts, 
nuts, screw taps, etc. 

Monkey wrench, a kind of wrench or spanner with a 
movable 
jaw. 

Wrench, 

v. t. [imp. 

WreSchId Monkey Wrench, 

(rencht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrenching.] 1. To pull with 
a twist ; to wrest, twist, or force by violence. 2. To 
strain ; to sprain ; hence, to distort ; to pervert. 

Wrest (rest), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrested ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Wresting.] [AS. wrasstan; akin to E. writhe.] 
1. To turn; to twist; esp., to twist or extort by vio- 
lence ; to pull or force away by, or as if by, violent 
wringing or twisting. 2. To turn from truth ; to twist 
from its natural or proper use or meaning by violence ; 
to pervert ; to distort. — Wrest'er (-er), n. 

Wrest, n. 1. Act of wresting ; wrench ; violent 
twist ; hence, distortion ; perversion. 2. A key to tune 
a stringed instrument of music. 

Wres'tle (res"l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wrestled (-'Id) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Wrestling (-ling).] [OE. wrestlen, 
wrastlen, AS. wrsestlian, freq. of wrseslan to wrest. See 
Wrest, v. t.] 1. To contend, by grappling with, and 
striving to trip or throw down, an opponent. 2. Hence, 
to struggle ; to strive earnestly ; to contend. 

Wres'tle, v. t. To wrestle with. [a struggle. I 

Wres'tle, n. A bout at wr3stling ; a wrestling match ; | 

Wres'tler (res'ler), n. One who wrestles. 

Wretch (rech), n. [AS. wrecca, wrsecca, exile, wretch, 
f r. wrecan to drive out, punish ; prop. , an exile ; akin to 
AS. wrsec exile. See Wreak, v. t.~] 1. A miserable per- 
son ; one profoundly unhappy. 2. One sunk in vice or 
degradation ; a base, despicable person ; a vile knave. 

B^g^ Wretch is sometimes used by way of slight or iron- 
ical pity or contempt ; sometimes to express tenderness. 

Wretch'ed, a. 1. Very miserable ; sunk in, or ac- 
companied by, deep affliction or distress ; calamitous ; 
woeful ; very afflicting. 2. Worthless ; paltry ; very 
poor or mean ; miserable. 3. Despicable ; wicked. [06s.] 
— Wretch'ed-ly, adv. — Wretch'ed-ness, n. 

Wrig'gle (rTg'g'l), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Wriggled 
(-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Wriggling (-gling).] [Freq. of 
obs. wrig, prob. fr. OE. wrikken to move to and fro ; of 
uncertain origin.] To move to and fro with short, 
writhing motions, like a worm ; to squirm ; to twist un- 
easily or quickly about. — Wrig'gler (rTg'gler), n. 

Wright (rit), n. [AS. ivyrhta. See Work.] One 
engaged in a mechanical business ; artificer ; workman ; 
esp., a worker in wood ; — now chiefly used in compounds. 

Wring (ring), v. t. & i. [imp. &p.p. Wrung (rung), 
Obs. Wringed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Wringing.] [AS. irrin- 
gan ; akin to G. ringen. Cf. Wrangle, Wrong.] 1. To 
twist and compress ; to turn and strain with violence ; 
to writhe ; to squeeze hard. 2. Hence, to pain ; to tor- 
ment ; to torture. 3. To distort ; to pervert ; to wrest. 
4. To extract or obtain by twisting and compressiug ; to 
squeeze (out) ; hence, to extort. 5. To subject to extor- 
tion. 6. (Xaut.) To bend or strain out of position. 

Wring'bOlt' (-bolt'), n. (Shipbuilding) A bolt used 
to bend and secure the planks against the timbers till 
they are fastened by bolts, spikes, or treenails. 

Wring'er (-er), n. 1. One that wrings ; hence, an 
extortioner. 2. A machine for pressing water out of 
anything, esp. from washed clothes. 



Wringing (rTng'Tng), a. & n. from Weino, V. 

Wringing machine, a wrinK' 

Wrin'kle (rfn'k'l), n. [ i a small 

ridge, prominence, or furrow formed in the surf 

b by shrinking, contraction, or fol 
tion ; crease ; slight told. 2 K 



3. [Perh. dim. of A 
Cf. Wrench, n.] A notion or fancy ; a whim. 

Wrin'kle, v. t. A i. [imp. A p. 
p. pr. & vb. n. Wrinkling (-kllngj.] 1 I 



or form into furrows ami ridge* ; to corns. 

to make rough or uneven to any way. 
Wrinlcly (-kly), «. Full of wrinkle* 
Wrist (list), //. [as. wrist; akin t i 

(Altai. ) The joint between the hand and the aim 

2. (Much.) A stud or pin which forms a joiirn.il. 

Wrisfband (rleVbond; eotloq. x\i.'-i. 

at the wrist of the sleeve of a shirt, or other garment. 

Wristlet (-16t), n. An elastic band worn around the 
wrist, as in order to secure the upper part of .. . 

Writ (rtt), archaic imp. A /,. p of White. 

Writ, n. [AS. writ, getoH*. Bee White.] l. That 
which is written; writing; scripture; esp., the Scriptures, 
or the Bible. 2. {Law) A writing under seal 
an epistolary form from the proper authority to some per- 
son thereby commanded to do or forbe;u 

Write (rit), v. t. [imp. Wrote (rot); p. p. Written 
(rifn) ; Archaic imp. & p. p. Wkit (rit) ; p. pt 
n. Writing.] [AS. wrltan; orig., to scratch; akin to 
G. reissfii to rend.] 1. To set down, as legible charac- 
ters ; to form for the conveyance of meaning ; to inscribe 
on any material by a suitable instrument. 2. To a 
for reading, as a deed ; to express in legible or intelligi- 
ble characters ; to inscribe ; hence, specif., to a 
in an epistle. 3. Hence, to compose or produce as an 
author. 4. To impress durably ; to imprint ; to engrave. 
5. To make known by writing ; to record. 

Write, v. i. 1. To form characters, letters, or figures, 
to represent sounds or ideas. 2. To be regularly em- 
ployed or occupied in writing, copying, or accounting. 3. 
To frame ideas, and express them in written words ; to 
compose. 4. To compose or send letters. 

Writ'er (rit'er), n. One who writes, or has written ; 
scribe ; clerk ; author. 

Writhe (nth), v. t. & i. [imp. Writhed (rithd); p. 
p. Writhed, Obs. or Poetic Writhen (ritb/'n) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Writhing.] [AS. wrlSan to twist; akin to E. 
wreathe.'] 1. To twist; to turn ; now, usually, to twist 
or turn so as to cause distortion ; to wring. 2. To wrest ; 
to distort; to pervert. 3. To extort ; to wring, [R.] 

Wri'thle (rith''l), v. t. To wrinkle. [Obs.] 

Writing (rit'Tng), n. 1. Act or art of one who writes ; 
expression of ideas by letters and characters. 2. Any- 
thing written or printed ; as, (a) a legal instrument ; (6) 
a literary production ; pamphlet ; book ; (c) an inscrip- 
tion. 3. Handwriting; chirograph}'. 

Writing master, one who teaches the art of penmanship. 
— Writing paper, paper finished for writing upon with ink, 
usually with a smooth surface, and sized. 

Writlen (r!t"n), p. p. of Write, v. 

Wrong (r5ug), obs. imp. of Wring. Wrung. 

Wrong (r5ng ; 115), a. [AS. wrong, n. ; orig., awry, 
wrung, fr. icringan to wring. See Wring.] 1. 1 
wry. [06s.] 2. Not according to good morals ; not suit- 
able to the highest and best end ; uot morally right ; not 
true ; not legal. 3. Not fit or suitable to an end or ob- 
ject ; not according to rule ; improper ; incorrect. 4. 
Not according to truth ; not right ; mistaken ; errone- 
ous. 5. Designed to be worn or placed inward. 

Syn. — Injurious; unjust ; faulty ; detrimental ; unfit. 

Wrong, adv. In a wrong manner ; not rightly ; amiss ; 
morally ill ; erroneously ; wrongly. 

Wrong, it. That which is not right. Specif. : (a) De- 
viation from right morals or duty, [b) Departure from 
truth or fact ; state of falsity ; error, (e) Whatei 
ates from moral rectitude, usually an act that involves 
evil consequences; any injury to another ; trespass. 

Wrong, v. t. [imp. St p- p- Wronged (rflngd) ; p. pr. 
& rb. n. Wronging.] 1. To treat with injustice ; to de- 
prive of some right, or to withhold some act of justice 
from; to injure. 2. To impute evil to unjustly. 

Wrong'dO er (-dooer\ //. One who does I wrong. 

Wrong'dO ing. n. Evil or wicked behavior or action. 

Wrong'er (-er). n. One who wrongs another. 

Wrong'fnl (-full, a. Full of w rong ; injurious ; unjust ; 
unfair. — Wrong'ful-ly. adv. — Wrong fulness n. 

Wrong'head ed (-hed eVl), a. Wrong in opinion or 
principle ; having a perverse understanding ; perverse. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, fixu, food, foot, out, oil, chair, so, slug, ink, tlien, lliiu. 



N 



WRONGLY 



942 



XYLOPHONE 



Wrongly (rong'ly : 115), adv. In a wrong manner. 

Wrong'ness. •■ Quality or state of being wrong. 

Wrote (rot), imp. A archaic p. p. of Write. 

Wroth trath\ <;. [AS. wraif wroth, crooked, bad; 
akin to E. writhe.'] Full of wrath; angry; incensed; 
much exasperated ; wrathful. 

Wrought (rat 1 ), imp. & p. p. of "Work. 

Wrought, a. Worked ; elaborated : not rough or crude. 

Wrought iron, the purest form of iron commonly known 
in the arts. It is tough, malleable and ductile. 

Wrung (r&ng). imp. & p. p. of Wring. 

Wry (rl), a. [Compar. Wrier (ri'er) ; svperl. Wri- 
est.] [Akin to OE. wrien to twist, AS. wriffian to 
drive.] 1. Turned to one side ; twisted ; distorted. 2. 
Hence, misdirected ; wrested ; perverted. 

Wry face, a distortion of the countenance indicating 
impatience, disgust, or discomfort; a grimace. 

Wry, v. i. & t. To twist ; to turn aside ; to distort. 



Wry'neck' (ri'nSk'), "• (Med.) 1. A twisted or dis- 
torted neck. 2. (Zo'ol.) Anyone of several species of 
Old World birds of the genus Jynx. allied to the wood- 
peckers ; esp., Jynx torquilla, which has a habit of turn- 
ing the neck around in different directions. 

Wry'ness (ri'ngs), n. Quality or state-of being wry. 

WuTfen-ite (wul'fen-It), n. [After F. X. Wvl/en, an 
Austrian mineralogist.] (jtftn.) Native lead molybdate. 

Wych'-elm' (wTch'Slm'), n. [OE. wiche a kind of 
elm, AS. xcice a kind of tree.] {Bot.) A species of elm 
(Ulmus montana) of Northern and Western Europe. 

Wych'-ha'zel (-ha'z'l), n. (Bot.) The wych-elm. 
It has leaves like those of the hazel. 

Wye (wi), n. ; pi. Wyes (wiz). 1. The letter Y. 2. 
A kind of crotch. See Y, n. 

Wynn (win), n. A kind of timber truck, or carriage. 

Wythe (with), n. (Xaut.) Same as Withe, n., 4. 

Wy'vern (wi'vern), n. (Her.) Same as Wiveb. 



R 



U 



w 



X (Sks). X, the twenty-fourth letter of the English 
alphabet, has three sounds ; a compound nonvocal sound 
(that of ks), as in wax; a compound vocal sound (that of 
gz), as in example ; and, at the beginning of a word, a 
simple vocal sound (that of z), as in xant hie. The form 
and value of X are from the Latin X, which is from the 
Greek X, which in some Greek alphabets had the value 
of Is. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 217, 270, 271. 

Xan'thate (zan'that), n. (Chem.) A salt of xanthic 
acid. 

Xan'thic (zan'thTk), a. [Gr. £av06s yellow.] 1. 
Tending toward a yellow color, or to one of those colors, 
green being excepted, in which yellow is a constituent, as 
scarlet, orange, etc. 2. (Chem.) (a) Possessing, impart- 
ing, or producing a yellow color, (b) Of or pert, to 
xanthic acid, or its compounds, (c) Of or pert, to xanthin. 

Xanthic acid (Chem.), a heavy, astringent, colorless oil, 
C 2 H 5 O.CS.SH, manufactured from carbon disulphide ; 
—"named from the yellow color of many of its salts. 

Xan'thin (zan'thTn), n. [Gr. £av0os yellow.] 1. 
(Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline, nitrogenous body closely 
related to uric acid. 2. (Chem.) A yellow coloring matter 
extracted from yellow flowers. \_£av06<>, yellow . I 

Xan'thO- (zan'tho-). A combining form from Gr. | 

Xan tho-car'pous (-kar'pus), a. \_Xantho- + Gr. 
Kapiros fruit.] (Bot.) Having yellow fruit. 

Xan'tho-chro'iC (-kro'Tk), a. [Xantho- -f Gr. x_p°a 
color.] (Ethnol.) Having a yellowish or fair complexion. 

Xari tho-gen'ic (-jen'Tk), a. [See Xantho-; -gen.] 
(Chem.) Producing a yellow color or compound. 

Xan'tho-phyll (-HI), n. [Xantho- -f- Gr. <$>vk\ov 
leaf.] (Bot.) A yellow coloring matter found in yellow 
autumn leaves, and also produced from chlorophyll. 

Xan'tho-pous (-pus), a. [Xantho- + Gr. 7rous, 7to86s, 
foot.] (Bot.) Having a yellow stripe or stem. 

I: Xan tho-rhi'za (-ri'za), n. [NL., fr. Gr. f ai/06? yellow 
+ f>C£a root.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubby, ranunculaceous 
plants of North America, including only the species 
Xanthorhiza apiifolia, which has roots of a deep yellow 
color : yellowroot. The bark is intensely bitter. 

Xan-tho'sis (zan-tho'sis), n. [NL.] (Med.) The 
yellow discoloration often observed in cancerous tumors. 

Xan / tho-sper'mous(zan / th6-sper'mus), a. [Xantho- 
+ Gr. o-7re'p/xa sperm.] (Bot.) Having yellow seeds. 

I! Xan-thOX'y-lum (zSn-thoks'T-lum), «. [NL., from 
Gr. faj/06s yellow -f- £v\ov wood.] (Bot.) A genus of 
prickly shrubs or small trees, the bark and roots of which 
are of a deep yellow color ; prickly ash. 

XeTjec (ze'bek), n. [Sp. jabeque, formerly xabeque, 
or Pg. xabeco ; both fr. Turk. 
sumbeki.~\ (Xaut.) A small 
Mediterranean three-masted 
vessel, with projecting bow 
and stern, and convex decks. 

Xe nog'a-my (ze-nog'a- 
my), n. [Gr. fevo? strange, 
foreign -j- yap.os marriage.] 
(Bot.) Cross fertilization. 

Xen o-gen'e-sis (zen'6- 
jeVe-sis), n. [Gr. £eVos 
strange -f- E. genesis.'} 
{Biol.) (a) Same as Hetero- 
(b) The fancied 
production of an organism of one kind by an organism 
of another. — Xen'O-ge-netlc (-je-nStTk), a. 




Xer'es (zeVSs), n. Sherry. See Sherry. 

Xer'ii (zerlf ), n. A shereef. 

Xer'iff (zerlf), n. [See Shereef.] A gold coin 
formerly current in Egypt and Turkey, of the value of 
about 9s. 6d., or about S230 ; also, in Morocco, a ducat. 

II Xe ro-der'ma (ze'ro-der'ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. £t?po? 
dry + Sepfia skin.] (Med.) (a) Ichthyosis, (b) A skin 
disease characterized by spots of atrophied skin. 

Xe-roph'a-gy (ze-rof'a-jy), n. [L. xerophagict, Gr. 
£npo<t>a.yia ; f>?pos dry -j- <f>ayelv to eat.] Act of living on 
dry food, — a sort of fast among the early Christians. 

II Xe roph-thal'mi-a (ze'rof-thal'mT-a), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
^npo^QaX^ia ; £i)pds dry -f- cx£0aAp:6s the eye.] (Med.) 
An abnormal dryness of the eyeball. 

Xe roph-thal'my (-my), n. (Med.) Xerophthalmia. 

Xiph'i-Oid (zif'I-oid), a. [NL. Xiphius (fr. Gr. £<#os- 
sword) -f- -oid.] (Zo'ol.) Of, pert, to, or like, a cetacean 
of the genus Xiphius or family Xiphiidse, having a long 
pointed beak, and two tusklike teeth in the lower jaw. 
^Xiph'oid (zif'oid), a. [Gr. ^oetS^g ; £i<£ f sword -f- 
et6o? shape.] (Anat.) Like a sword ; ensiform ; specif., 
designating the process at the bottom of the sternum. 

Xiph-oid'i-an (zTf-oidT-an), a. {Anat.) Xiphoid. 

Xi-phoph'yl-lous (zT-fof'Il-lus or zTf^-fil'lQs), a. 
[Gr. gtyos sword -f- ^v'AAov leaf.] (Bot.) Having sword- 
shaped leaves. 

Xy'lene (zilen), n. [Gr. £v\ov wood.] (Chem.) Any 
one of a group of three metameric hydrocarbons of the 
aromatic series, so named because found in crude wood 
spirit. They are colorless, oily, inflammable liquids. 

Xylite (zilit), n, [Gr. £vkov wood.] (Chem.) A 
liquid hj-drocarbon found in crude wood spirits. 

Xylo- (zilo-). A combining form fr. Gr. gvkov wood. 

Xylo-car'pous (-kar'pus), a. [Xylo- + -carports.] 
(Bot.) Bearing fruit which becomes hard or woody. 

Xylograph (zilo-graf), n. [Xylo- -\- -graph.] An 
engraving on wood ; a print made by xylography. 

Xy-log'ra-pher (zi-log'ra-fer), n. One who practices 
xylography. 

Xylo-graph'ic (zi'lo-graflk), ) a. Of or pert, to 

Xylo-graph'ic-al (-i-kal), | xylography. 

Xy-log'ra-phy (zt-log'ra-fy), n. [Xylo- -f -graphy.] 
1. Art of engraving on wood. 2. Art of making prints 
from the natural grain of wood. 3. A method of print- 
ing in colors upon wood. 

Xyloid (ziloid), a. [Xylo- -f- -oid.~\ Like, or having 
the nature of, wood. [Same as Xylene. I 

Xylol (zFlol), n. [Xylo--\-Jj. olemn oil.] (Chem.)] 

Xylon-ite (zilon-It), n. See Zylonite. 

Xy-loph'a-gan (zl-lof 'a-gon), n. [See XYLOPHAGors.] 
(Zo'ol.) (a) Any one of a tribe of beetles, or of dipterous 
flies, whose larvae bore or live in wood, (b) Any species 
of Xylophago, a genus of wood-boring bivalves. 

Xy-loph'a-gOUS (zi-lof'a-gus), a. [Gr. ^vAo^a-yo? eat- 
ing wood ; ivkov wood -j- <j>ayelv to eat.] (Zo'ol.) Eat- 
ing, boring in, or destroying, wood. 

Xylo-phone (zllo-f on), n. [Xylo- + Gr. ^ sound.] 
( Mus. ) An in- 
strument com- j^usbA ~f~$'V'fiirX'> 

mon in Russia, -joZ* ,' 

consisting of 

strips of wood 

or glass gradu- Xvlophone (Mus.). 

ated m length, 

resting on belts of straw, and struck with small hammers. 




a, e, I, o, a, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, 0., y, short ; een&te, gvent, Idea, 6bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, finaL 



XYLOPYROGRAPHY 



943 



YEA 



Xylo-py-rog'ra-phy (zi'18-pt-rog'ra-fy), n. [Xylo- 
-f Gr. nvp, Trvpos, fire + -graphy.] The art or practice 
of burning pictures on wood with a hot iron. 

Xylyl (zi'ITl), n. [Xylo- + -yl.] {Chem.) Any one 
of three metameric radicals which are characteristic re- 
spectively of the three xylenes. 

Xyr i-da'ceous (zTr'I-da'shus), a. [L. xyris a kind 
of iris, Gr. £vpt's, fr. £vpov a razor.] {Bot.) Of or pert. 



to a natural order (.\ udogenous plant*, of 

which .\ 1 1,» with grainy 

leaves ;inU small yellow Bowen in ipikei 

Xyst (zlut), ji. [L. si/*tu.s, Cir. Pvot6s, from (vtiv to 
polish ; - .Arch.) 

A long and Open portico, for athh-tic exercises. 

Xys'ter (lister), n, [NL., fr. (Jr. £«/<mjp a scraper.] 
{Surg.) An instrument for scraping bouc». 



Y (wl). T, the twenty-fifth letter of the English al- 
phabet, at the beginning of a word or syllable, except 
when a prefix (see Y-), is usually a fricative vocal con- 
sonant ; as a prefix, and usually in the middle or at the 
end of a syllable, it is a vowel. It derives its form from 
the Latin Y, which is from the Greek Y, originally the 
same letter as V. Etymologically, it is related to u, i, o, 
and y, g ; as in full, fill, AS. fyllan ; E. crypt, grotto ; 
young, juvenile ; day, AS. dwg. See U, I, and J, G. 
See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 145, 178-9, 272. 

Y (wl), n.; pi. Y's (wiz) or Ys. Something shaped 
like the letter Y ; specif., one of the forked supports of 
the telescope of a leveling instrument, etc. ; a wye. 

Y level (Surv.), an instrument for measuring differ- 
ences of level by means of a telescope resting in Y's. 

Y- (T-), or I-. [OE. y-, i-, AS. ge-, akin to G. ge-.] A 
prefix of obscure meaning used with verbs, adverbs, ad- 
jectives, nouns, and pronouns, but now almost obsolete. 

Yacht (y5t), n. [D. jagt, jacht.] {Xaut.) A light, 
elegant vessel used only for pleasure trips, racing, etc. 

Yacht, v. i. To manage a yacht ; to voyage in a yacht. 

Yacht'er (-er), n. One engaged in sailing a yacht. 

Yachting, n. Sailing for pleasure in a yacht. 

YachtS'man (yots'man), n. One who owns or sails a 
yacht. 

Yaffle (ySf'f '1), n. [Prob. imitative of its call or cry.] 
(Zo'ol.) The European green woodpecker. 

Ya'ger (ya/ger or ya/ger), n. [G. jager hunter, fr. 
jagen to hunt.] {Mil.) In the German army, one be- 
longing to a body of light infantry armed with rifles. 

Yak (yak), n. [Thibetan gyag.~\ {Zo'ol.) A ruminant 
of the Ox kind native of the high plains of Central Asia. 
Some of the domesticated varieties lack the mane and 
the long side hair. 

Yam (yam), n. 
[Pg. in. 
hame.] 
{Bot.) A 
large, es- 
c u 1 e n t, 
farina- 
ceous tu- 
b e r of 
various 
climbing 
plants of 
the genus 
Diosco- (Pocphagu? grunmens), Male. 

rea ; also, any of the species of these plants. 

Yank (yank), n. [Cf. Scot, yank a sudden and severe 
blow.] A jerk or twitch ; a quick pull. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Yank, v. t. To twitch strongly ; to jerk. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Yank, n. Slang abbreviation of Yankee. 

Yan'kee (ySr/ke), n. [Commonly considered to be a 
North American Indian corruption of the word English, 
or F. Anglais. Dr. W. Gordon ("Hist, of the Amer. 
War," ed. 1789, vol. i., pp. 324, 325) says it was a favorite 
cant word in Cambridge, Mass., as early as 1713, meaning 
excellent. Cf. Scot, yankie a sharp, clever, and rather 
bold woman.] A nickname for a native or citizen of 
New England, esp. one descended from old New England 
stock ; by extension, an inhabitant of the Northern 
States as distinguished from a Southerner ; also, some- 
times, as used by foreigners, any inhabitant of the United 
States. [bark ; to yelp. I 

Yap (yap), v. i. [Icel. gjalpa; akin to E. ye!p.~\ To| 

Yap (yap), n. A bark ; yelp. 

Ya'pock (ya'pSk), n. [Origin uncertain.] {Zo'ol.) 
An aquatic opossum {Chironectes variegatus) of Guiana 
and Brazil. 

Yard (yard), n. [AS. gierd, gyrd, a rod, stick, a 
measure, a yard ; akin to G. gerte.] 1. A rod ; stick ; 
branch ; twig. [O&s.] 2. A measure of length, equaling 
three feet, or thirty-six inches, being the standard of Eng- 




lish and American measure. 3. (Xaut.) A long, tapering 

piece of timber, nearly cylindrical 

and extend a square sail. [Bee lUutt. of Sun-. J 

Yard (yard), n. [AS. geard ; akin to G. ijnrten, L. 
hortus garden, Gr. x°P™s an inelosure.] 1. An inclo- 
sure; usually, a small inclosed place in txoai 
around, a house or barn. 2. An mclotnrs within which 
any work or business is carried on. 

Yard'ann't-arm'), n. {.Xatit.) Either half of a square- 
rigged vessel's yard, from the center or mast to the end. 

Yard'stick' (-stlk'), n. A measuring stick a yard long. 

Yard'wand' (-w5nd'), I*. A yardstick. 

Yare (y£r), a. [AS. gearu ; akin to G. gar.] Ready ; 
dexterous; eager; lively. [Obs.] 

Yarn (yarn), n. [AS. gearn ; akin to G. gam.] 1. 
Spun wool ; woolen thread ; also, thread of other ma- 
terial ; material spun and prepared for use in weaving, 
knitting, etc. 2. {Rope Making) One of the threads of 
which the strands of a rope are composed. 3. A story 
told by a sailor for the amusement of his companions ; a 
story or tale. [Colloq.] 

Yar'row (yaVro), n. [AS. gearwe ; akin to G. garbe.] 
{Bot.) An American and European composite plant (AekU- 
lea Millefolium) having a strong, aromatic odor and taste. 

Yat'a-ghan (yaVa-gan), n. [Turk. yatiqkSn.] A kind 
of short saber, common among Mohammedan nations. 

Yaup (yap), v. i. [See Yelp.] To cry out like a child ; 
to yelp. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.] — Yaup'er (-er), n. 

Yaup, n. A cry of distress, rage, or the like. [Scot. 
& Colloq. U. S.] 

Yau'pon (ya/pon), n. {Bot.) A shrub {Ilex Cassine) 
of the Holly family, native from Virginia to Florida. 

Yaw (ya), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Yawed (yad) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Yawing.] [Cf. Yew, v. i.] To rise 'in blisters, 
breaking in white froth, as cane juice in the clarifiers in 
sugar works. 

Ya.W,v.i.&i. [Origin uncertain.] {Xaut.) To steer 
wild, or out of the line of her course ; to deviate from her 
course, as when struck by a heavy sea ; — said of a ship. 

Yaw, n. {Xaut.) A movement of a vessel by which 
she temporarily alters her course. 

Yawl (yal), n. [D.jol. Cf. Jolly-boat.] (Xaut.) 
A small ship's boat, usually rowed by four or six oars. 

Yawl, r. i. [OE. 2aulen,$oulen, gauleu, goulen, Icel. 
gaula to bellow.] To howl, as a dog or cat ; to yell. 

Yawl'-rigged' (-rTgd'), a. {Xaut.) Having two 
masts with fore-and-aft sails, but with the after mast 
very small, and stepped as far aft as possible. 

Yawn (yan), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Yawneii (ygpd) ; />. pr. 
& vb. n. Yawning.] [AS. gdnian ; akin to G. a'dtium, 
L. hiare.] 1. To open the mouth involuntarily through 
drowsiness, dullness, or fatigue ; to gape. 2. To open 
wide ; to gape, as if to give passage to something. 3. To 
open the mouth, or to gape, through surprise or bewilder- 
ment. 4. To be eager; to express desire by yawning. 

Yawn, n. 1. A yawning ; an involuntary act con- 
sisting of a deep and long Inspiration following several suc- 
cessive attempts at inspiration, the mouth, fau> • 
being wide open. 2. A chasm, mouth, or passageway. 

Yawp (yap), v. & n. See Yaup. 

Yaws (yaz), »• [African yaw raspberry.l (JVei.) A 

contagious disease, occurring in several varieties in the 
Antilles and Africa, characterized by tumors often re- 
sembling currants, strawberries, or raspberries. 

Y-cleped' (I-kleW), />• ]>■ [AS. p. of cli- 

pian. cleopian, cliopian, to call. Bee Y-. ' Called; 
named ; — obs., except in archaic or humorous writings. 

Y-clept' (T-kl8pf), /'■ p- See Yoixped. 

Y 6 , Ye (the), an old method of printing the article the 
{AS.pe), the "y" being for the Old English thorn (p). 

Ye (ye), pron. [AS. <i<\ gt.] The plural of the pro- 
noun of the second person in the nominative i 

(J3P* In Old English ye was used only as a nominative. 

Yea (ya or ye), adv. [AS. gt& : akin to G. ja.] 1. 



fgra, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, irik, then, tuin. 



N 



YEA 



944 



YET 



u 



w 



See Yes. 2. More than this ; not only so, 
but : also, sometimes, indeed ; verily. 

Yea (ji or ye), n. An affirmative vote; one who 
votes in the affirmative. 

Yean (y5n)s •« '• ^ '• [<''»/>• &P- P- Yeaned (yeud) ; 
p. pr, & ib. n. Yeaning. J [AS. <ania>i, or yeeanion.] 
To bring forth young, as a goat ; to ean. [eauliug. | 

Yeanling (,-lTug), ;i. [Yean + -Ujuj.] A lamb; kid;. 

Year (yer). n. [AS. gear ; akin to G. J«Ar, Gr. wpa 
season, springtime, hour, <opo? a year.] 1. The time of 
the apparent revolution of the sun through the ecliptic ; 
the period occupied by the earth in making its revolution 
around the sun, called the astronomical year; also, a 
period more or less nearly agreeing with this, adopted by 
various nations as a measure of time, and called the civil 
In common usage, the year consists of 305 days, 
and every fourth year of 366 days. 

C^^ The civil, or legal, year, in England, formerly com- 
menced on the 25th day of March till the year 1752. See 
the note under Style, n. 

2. The time in which any planet completes a revolution 
about the sun. 3. pi. Age, or old age. 

Year of grace, any year of the Christian era. 

Year'DOOkV (yer'bd&k'), n. 1. A book published 
yearly ; esp., an annual statistical report or summary. 2. 
pi. (Eng. Laic) The oldest annual reports of the decisions 
of the courts of England, extending only down to the 
reign of Henry VIII. [second year. I 

Yearling (-ling), n. An animal one year old, or in its | 

Yearling, a. Being a year old. 

Yearly (yer'ly), a. 1. Happening, accruing, or 
coming every year ; annual. 2. Lasting a year. 3. 
Accomplished in a year. [year. I 

Yearly, adv. Annually ; once a year ; from year to| 

Yearn (yern), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Yearned 
(yernd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Yearning.] [Prob. corrupt, fr. 
OE. ermen to grieve, AS. ierman, yrman, fr. earm poor.] 
To pain ; to grieve ; to vex ; to mourn. [Obs.] 

Yearn, v. ?'. [AS. geornian, gyrnan, fr. georn desirous, 
eager ; akin to G. gem gladly, gier greed, begekren to 
desire.] To be filled with longing desire ; to strain with 
emotions of affection or tenderness ; to long ; to be eager. 

Ysast (yest), n. [AS. gist; akin to G. gischt, g'dscht, 
Gr. £eZv to boil, Skr. yas.~] 1. The foam, or froth {top 
yeast), or the sediment {bottom yeast), of beer or other 
liquor in fermentation, containing the yeast plant or its 
spores ; a preparation for raising dough for bread , cake, 
etc. ; barm; ferment. 2. Spume, or foam, of water. 

Yeast plant (Bot.), the microscopic vegetable organism, 
or fungus, of which beer yeast consists. 

Yeast'y (-y), a. Frothy ; foamy ; spumy, like yeast. 

Yelk (yelk), n. Same as Yolk. 

Yell (yel), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Yelled (yeld) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Yelling.] [AS. giellan, gillan, gyllan ; 
akin to G. gellen, AS. galan to sing.] To cry out, shriek, 
or utter with a hideous noise ; to cry or scream as with 
agony or horror. 

Yell, n. A sharp, loud, hideous outcry. 

Yellow (yello), a. [Compar. Yellower (-er) ; superl. 
Yellowest.] [AS. geolu ; akin to G. gelb, L. helvus light 
bay, Gr. x A< "? young verdure, ^topo? greenish yellow, 
Skr. hari tawny, yellowish.] Being of a bright saffron- 
like color ; of the color of gold or brass ; having the hue 
of that part of the rainbow, or of the solar spectrum, 
which is between the orange and the green. 

Yellow bark, calisaya bark. — Yellow dock (Bot.), Rnm-ex 
mspus, a species of dock with curly leaves and a yellow 
root. See the Note under Dock. — Yellow fever {Med.), a 
malignant, contagious, febrile disease of warm climates, 
producing a yellow color of the skin, and a black vomit. 
— Yellow flag, the quarantine flag. — Yellow jack, (a) The 
yellow fever, (b) The quarantine flag. — Yellow jacket 
(Zool.), any one of several species of American social 
wasps having the body partly bright yellow. — Yellow 
puccoon (Bot.), an American ranunculaceous plant (Hy- 
drastis Canadensis) having a yellow tuberous root. 

Yellow, n. A yellow color or pigment. 

Yellow (yBllo), v. t. & i. To make or become yellow. 

Yellow-anVmer (-am'mer), n. (Zool.) See Yellow- 
hammer. 

Yellow-bird' (-berd'), n. (Zool.) (a) The American 
goldfinch, or thistle bird, (b) The common yellow war- 
bler, [in yellow paper. | 

YelloW-COV'ered (-kuv'erd), a. Covered or bound | 

Yellow-covered literature, cheap sensational novels and 
trashy magazines, — formerly usually bound in yellow 
paper. [CoUoq. U, S.) 

Yellow— eyed' (-id'), a. Having yellow eyes. 

Yellow -eyed grass (Bot.), any plant of the genus Xyris. 
See Xyridaceocs. 



Yellow-hammer (ygllo-ham'mer), n. [For yeU 
lou-ammer, where ammer is fr. AS. amore a kind of 
bird; akin to G. ammer.'] (Zool.) (a) A common 
European finch of which the male is largely bright yel- 
low, (b) The flicker. [Local, U. S.] 

Yellow-ish, a. Somewhat yellow. 

Yellow-legs' (-lSgzO> n. {Zo'ol.) Any one of several 
species of l»ug-legged sandpipers of the genus Totanus. 

Yellow-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being yellow. 
2. Jealousy. [Obs.] 

Yellows (-loz),w. 1. (For.) Jaundice. 2. {Bot.) A. 
disease of plants, esp. of peach trees, in which the leaves 
turn yellow. 

Yellow-shanks' (-shanks'), ) n. (Zool.) See Yel- 

Yellow-shins' (-shtnz'), j lowlegs. 

Yellow-throat' (-throtf), n. {Zo'ol.) Any one of 
several species of American ground warblers. 

Yellow- wood' (-wdod'), n. (Bot.) The wood of any 
one of numerous different kinds of trees ; also, any one 
of the trees themselves; as Cladrastis tinctoria and 
prickly ash (Xanthoxylum). 

Yelp (yelp), v. i. [jimp. & p. p. Yelped (y61pt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ft. Yelping.] [AS. gielpan, gilpan, gylpan, to 
boast.] To utter a sharp, quick cry, as a hound ; to bark 
shrilly with eagerness, pain, or fear ; to yaup. 

Yelp, n. A sharp, quick cry ; a bark. 

Yelp'er (-er), n. An animal that yelps. 

II Yen (yen), n. The unit of value and account in 
Japan, equal to 100 sen. There is a gold yen (worth about 
100 cents) and a silver yen (worth about 73 cents). 

Yeo / man (yo'man), 72. [OE. yoman, $eman, ^oman ; 
of uncertain origin.] 1. One of the commonalty of the 
first, or most respectable, class ; freeholder ; man free 
born. 2. A servant; retainer. [Obs.] 3. A yeoman 
of the guard-; also, a member of the yeomanry cavalry. 
[Eng.] 4. {Naul.) An inferior officer charged with the 
stowage, account, and distribution of the stores. 

Yeoman of the guard, one of the bodyguard of the Eng- 
lish sovereign, consisting of one hundred yeomen, armed 
with partisans, and habited in sixteenth-century costume. 

Yeo'man-ly, a. Pertaining to a yeoman ; becoming, 
or suitable to, a yeoman ; yeomanlike. 

Yeo / man-ry (-ry), n. 1. The rank of a yeoman. [Obs.] 
2. The collective body of yeomen, or freeholders. 3. 
The yeomanry cavalry. [Eng.] 

Yeomanry cavalry, certain bodies of volunteer cavalry 
liable to service in Great Britain only. [Eng.] 

I! Yerl>a (yerl>a ; E. yer'ba), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) 1. An 
herb ; a plant. 2. Specif., in California, Micromeria 
Douglasii, a common, sweet-scented labiate plant. 

Yerk (yerk), *\ t. &i. [Origin uncertain.] To throw, 
thrust, or move with a sudden smart movement ; to jerk. 

Yerk, n. A sudden or quick thrust or motion ; a jerk. 

Yes (yes), adv. . [AS. gese, gise; prob. fr. ged yea + 
swd so. See Yea ; So.] Ay ; yea ; — expressing affir- 
mation or consent, and opposed to no. 

Yest (yest), n. Yeast. 

Yes'ter (yes'ter), a. [See Yesterday.] Last ; last 
past ; next before the present ; of or pert, to yesterday. 

Yes'ter-day (-da), n. [AS. geostran dseg, fr. geostran, 
geostra, giestran, gistran, gystran , yesterday (akin to G. 
gestern, L. heri yesterday, Gr. \6es, Skr. hyas) -j- dseg 
day.] 1. The day last past ; the day next before the 
present. 2. Fig. : A recent time ; time not long past. 

Yes'ter-day, adv. On yesterday, or the day last past. 

Yes'ter-eve 7 (yes'ter-ev 7 ), ) n. The 

Yes'ter-e'veri-ing (-e'v'n-Tng or -eVning), i evening 
of yesterday ; the evening last past. 

Yes'ter-morn' (-m6rn'), \ n. The morning of yester- 

Yes'ter-morn'ing, j day. 

Yes'tern (-tern), a. [See Yesterday.] Of or pert, 
to yesterday. [uight last past. I 

Yes'ter-night' (yes'ter-nit 7 ), n. The last night ; the| 

Yes'ter-night', adv. On the last night. 

Yes'ter-noon' (-noon'), n. The noon of yesterday. 

Yes'ter-week' (-wek'), n. The week last past. 

Yest'y (yest'y), a. Yeasty. 

Yet (5 r et), n. (Zo'ol.) Any of several species of large 
gastropods of the genus Yetus, or Cymba ; boat shell. 

Yet, adv. [AS. git, gyt, giet, gieta ; akin to G. jetzo, 
jetzt.] 1. In addition; further; besides; over and 
above; still. 2. At the same time ; by continuance from 
a former state ; still. 3. Up to the present time ; thus 
far ; hitherto ; until now ; up to the present time. 4. 
Before some future time ; before the end ; eventually ; 
in time. 5. Even ; — used emphatically. 

Yet, conj. Nevertheless ; notwithstanding ; however 

Syn. — See However. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, &, i, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, gvent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



YEW 



945 



YULE 




Yew ( Taxus baccata). 
to produce ; to pay. 2. To 
3. To give 



Tew (u), v. i. To yaw. 

Yew, n. [ AS. eow, iw, eoh ; akin to G. eibe. ] 1. {Bot. ) 
An evergreen tree 
{Taxus baccata) of Eu- 
rope, allied to the pines, 
but bearing a berrylike 
fruit. 2. The very elas- 
tic wood of the yew. 3. 
A bow for shooting, 
made of the yew. 

Yew'en (u'en), a. 
Made of yew. 

Yield (yeld), v. t. 
[imp. & p. p. Yielded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Yield- 
ing.] [AS. gieldan, 
gildan, to pay, give, re- 
store, make an offering ; 
akin to G. gel-ten to be 
worth.] 1. To give in 
return for labor expended 
furnish ; to afford ; to render ; to give forth, 
up, as something demanded ; to make over to one who 
has a claim or right ; to resign ; to surrender ; to relin- 
quish. 4. To admit to be true ; to allow. 5. To permit ; 
to grant. 6. To reward; to bless. [Obs.] 

Yield, v. i. 1. To give up the contest ; to submit ; to 
surrender ; to succumb. 2. To comply with ; to assent. 
3. To give way ; to cease opposition. 4. To give place, 
as inferior in rank or excellence. 
Yield, n. Amount yielded ; product. 
Yield'er (-er), n. One who yields. 
Yielding, a. Inclined to give way, or comply ; flexi- 
ble ; compliant ; accommodating. — Yield'ing-ly, adv. 
— Yield'lng-ness, n. 

Syn. — Obsequious ; attentive. — In many cases a man 
may be attentive or yieldinq in a high degree without the 
sacrifice of his dignity implied by the term obsequious. 
Yin (yin), n. A Chinese weight of 2% pounds. 
-yl (-11). [Gr. v\r) wood, material.] {Chem.) A suffix 
used as a characteristic termination of chemical radicals ; 
as in ethyl, hydroxyl, etc. 
Yo'del (yo'del), 1 v. t. & i. {imp. & p. p. Yodeled, 
Yo'dle (yo'd'l), | Yodled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Yodeling, 
Yodling.] [G. jodeln.] To sing in a manner common 
among the Swiss and Tyrolese mountaineers, by suddenly 
changing from the head voice, or falsetto, to the chest 
voice, and the contrary ; to warble. — Yo'dler (-dler), n. 
Yo'del, ) n. A song sung by yodeling, as by the Swiss 
Yo'dle, J mountaineers. 

Yoke (yok), n. [AS. geoc ; akin to G. jock, L. jugum, 
Gr. £vyov, Skr. yuga, and to L. jungere to join.] 1. A 
bar or frame of wood by which two oxen are joined for 
working together. 2. A frame or piece resembling a 
yoke, as in use, position, or shape. Specif. : (a) A frame 
of wood for carrying pails, etc., suspended from the 
shoulders. (6) A frame worn on the neck of an animal 
to prevent passage through a fence, (c) A frame or con- 
vex piece by which a bell is hung, (d) (Naut.) A cross- 
piece upon the head of a boat's rudder, (e) (Mack.) A 
bent crosspiece connecting to other parts. (/) (Arch.) 
A tie securing two timbers together, serving a temporary 
purpose, as to provide against unusual strain. {g) 
{Dressmaking) A band shaped to fit the shoulders or the 
hips, and joined to the upper full edge of the waist or 
the skirt. 3. Fig. : That which connects or binds ; 
chain ; link ; bond of connection. 4. A mark of servi- 
tude ; hence, servitude ; bondage. 5. Two animals 
yoked together ; couple ; pair that work together. 

Yoke, v. i. limp. &p. p. Yoked (yokt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. Yoking.] 1. To put a yoke on ; to join in or with a 
yoke. 2. To couple ; to join with another. 3. To en- 
slave ; to bring into bondage ; to restrain ; to confine. 

Yoke, v. i. To be joined or associated ; to be inti- 
mately connected ; to consort closely ; to mate. 

Yoke'feHow (-fel'16), n. An associate or companion ; 

mate ; esp., a partner in marriage, [bumpkin. \_Eng.~\\ 

Yo'kel (yo'k'l), n. [Origin uncertain.] A country! 

Yoke'mate 7 (yok'maf), n. Same as Yokefellow. 

Yolk (yolk or yok), n. [AS. geoloca, geoleca, fr. geolu 

yellow. See Yellow.] 1. The yellow part of an egg ; 

vitellus. 2. {Zo'dl.) An oily secretion which naturally 

covers the wool of sheep. 

Yon (yon), a. & adv. [AS. geon ; akin to G. jener.~\ 
At a distance, but within view ; yonder. [Poetic) 

Yon'der (yon'der), adv. [OE., fr. yond,^ond,^eond, 
through, beyond, AS. geond. See Yon.] At a distance, 
but within view. 



Yon'der (yon'der), a. Being at a distance within 
view, or conceived of an within view ; that or thOM 
there ; yon. 

Yon'ker (> Bn/Wr), "■ a youakar. [ Obs. or < Mb* ] 

Yore (yor), adv. [A8. ge&ra ; akin to 
ye.nr.'] In time long part ; long tin 

of yore, of old time; loot 

YOU (fi), ]>ron. [/'■ 
(hit. &ol,j. You. J [Af 

ge,ye; akin to G. each.] The pronoun of the 
person, in the nominal i objective, in 

the person or persona addre 

D3T* Though i/oii if properly a plural, iti- in all ordinary 
used also, with a plural verb, in a<Mn 
single person. You and your an sometimes hmmI indefi- 
nitely, like we, they, one, to express person 
YOU IS often used rellexively lor yoi 

Young (yfing), a. [Compar. 
tuperl. \ ■ ng ; akin to < 

L juvmcut, juvm is. Skr. jurara, jtirm,.] 1. Not long 
born; not yet arrived at adolescence, maturity, 
not old; juvenile ; — said of animals. 2. Being in the 
first part, or period, of growth. 3. Having lit': 
rience ; inexperienced; ignorant. [h-ctively. I 

Young, 7i. The offspring of animals, singly 

With young, with child ; pregnant. 

Young'er (yun'ger), 7i. One who is younger ; junior. 

Young'ish (yung'Ysh), a. Somewhat TOtmg. 

Youngling (-ling), n. A young person; a youth; 
also, any animal in its early life. 

Young'ling, a. Young; youthful. 

Youngly, a. Young ; youthful. [Obs.~\ — adv. In 
a young manner or at a young period. [(Jbs.] 

Young'ness, n. Quality or state of being younp. 

Young'ster (-ster), n. A young person. [Coiloq.] 

Youn'ker (yun/ker), n. [D. jonher ; jong young -f- 
heer lord, sir.] A young person. [Obs. or Co'lloq.'] 

Your (ur), pron. & a. [AS. eouer, orig. used as the 
gen. of ge, ge, ye; akin to G. ett-er, and E. you.] The 
form of the possessive case of the personal pronoun you. 

Ug^-The possessive takes the form yours when the 
noun to which it refers is not expressed, but implied. 

Yours (urz), pron. See the Note under Yoor. 

Your-self ' (ur-self), pron. ; pi. Yourselves | 
[Your + self.] An emphasized or reflexive form of the 
pronoun of the second person ; — used as a subject com- 
monly with you ; also, alone in the predicate, either in the 
nominative or objective case. 

Youth (uth), n. ; pi. Youths (uths ; 2G4) or collectively 
Youth. [AS. geoguS, geogotS ; akin to G. jugend.] 1. 
Quality or state of being young; youthf ulness : juvenility. 
2. The part of life between childhood and maturity or 
age ; the whole early part of life, from childhood, or, 
sometimes, from infancy, to manhood. 3. A young per- 
son ; esp., a young man. 4. Young people. 

Youth'ful (uth'ful), a. 1. Not yet mature or aged ; 
young. 2. Of, pert, to, or suitable to, youth, or early 
life. 3. Fresh ; vigorous, as in youth. — Youth'ful-ly 
adv. — Youth'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. — Puerile; juvenile. — Puerile always has a bad 
sense, or at least implies suitableness to a boy only. 
Juvenile is sometimes taken in a bad sense, as when 
speaking of youth in contrast with manhood. Youthful 
is commonly employed in a good sense, or at least by way 
of extenuation. 

Yowl (youl), v. i. & n. See Yawl. 

Yt-ternbi-um (Tt-ter'bT-um), r». [NL., fr. Ytterby, in 
Sweden.] {Chem.) A rare element of the borou group, 
sometimes associated with yttrium. Symbol Yb. 

Yt'tri-a (Tt'trT-a), n. [NL.] {Chan.) The oxide, 

Yo0 3 , or earth, of yttrium. [inc. yttrium. I 

Y"t'tric (Tt'trTk), a. {Chan.) Of, pert. to. or coutain-| 

Yt'tri-ous (Tt'trl-us), a. {Chem.) 
Same as Yttric. 

Yt'tri-um (-um), n. [NL., fr. Yt- 
terby, in Sweden.] {Chem.) A rare 
metal of the boron-aluminium group, 
extracted as a dark gray powder. 
Symbol Y. 

II Yuc'ca (yuk'ka), n, [NL., from 
Yuca, its name in St. Domingo.] 
{Bot.) A genus of American lilia- 
ceous, sometimes arborescent, plants 
having long, pointed, and often rigid, 
leaves at the top of a more or less 
woody stem, and bearing a panicle of 
white blossoms. 

Yule (til), n. [AS. geol ; akin to 
geola December or January. Icel. jol 




Yucca. 



fSrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, <irn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



60 



N 



YULE BLOCK 



946 



ZILLA 



Yule, llir name of a winter month.] Christmas or 
Christuiastide ; the feast of the Nativity of our Savior. 

Yule block, Yule log, or Yule clog, a large log formerly 
placed with much ceremony on the hearth on Christmas 
eve. as the foundation of the fire. 

Yule'tide vul'tid ), n. Christmastime. 



Y-wls' (T-wTs'), adv. [AS. gewis certain ; akin to G. 
gewiss, and E. wit to know.] Certainly; most likely; 
truly ; probably. [Obs. or Archaic'] 

5(J3p i= 'The common form iwis was often written with the 
refix separate and capitalized, as, / wis, I u-isse, etc. 
he prefix was mistaken for the pronoun I. Cf . Wis. 



Z. 



R 



U 



w 



Z (ze; in England commonly, and in America some- 
times, z6d). Z, the twenty-sixth and last letter of the 
English alphabet, is a vocal consonant. It is derived 
through the Latin and Greek from a Semitic source, the 
ultimate origin probably being Egyptian. Etymologic- 
ally, it is most closely related to s, y, &ndj; as in glass, 
Blase : E. woke, Gr. fryov, L. jugum ; E. zealous, jealous. 
See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 273, 274. 

Zaf'fer (zXf'fer), n. [F. zafre, safre.] A crude cobalt 
oxide, or an impure cobalt arseniate, used in painting and 
enameling pottery, to produce a blue color. 

Z am 1>b (zSm'bo), n. ; pi. Zambos (-boz). [See Sambo.] 
The child of a mulatto and a negro, or of an Indian and 
a negro ; colloq. or humorously, negro ; sambo. 

II Za'mi-a (za'inT-a), n. [L. zamia a kind of fir cone, 
fr. Gr. £ofiia, {fluia, hurt, damage.] (Bot.) A genus of 
cycadaceous plants, having the appearance of low palms, 
but with exogenous wood. [See Illust. of Strobile.] 

Zamin-dar' (zam'in-dar'), n. [Hind._ zemindar, 
zanundar, Per. zamindar ; zamln land -f- dar holding.] 
A landowner ; also, a collector of land revenue, — now, 
usually, a kind of feudatory. [India] 

Zari'te cur 'rant (kur'rant). A kind of seedless grape 
or raisin ; — from Zante, one of the Ionian Islands. 

Za'ny (za'ny), n. [It. zanni a buffoon, orig. same as 
Giovanni John,i. e., merry John, L. Ioannes, Gr. 'kdwrjt, 
Heb. Yokhanan, prop., the Lord graciously gave.] A 
merry-andrew ; buffoon. [buffoonery. I 

Za'ny-ism (-Tz'm), n. State or character of a zany ; | 
Zax (zaks), n. A tool for trimming and puncturing 
roofing slates. 

Ze'a (ze'a), n. [L., a kind of grain, fr. Gr. fe'a, <Teid.] 
(Bot.) A genus of large grasses of which the Indian corn 
(Zea Mays) is the only species known. 

Zeal (zel), n. [F. zele, fr. L. zelus, Gr. £r)Aos, prob. 
akin to £elv to boil.] 1. Passionate ardor in the pursuit 
of anything ; ardent and active interest ; eagerness ; en- 
thusiasm ; fervor. 2. A zealot. [Obs.] 

Zeal'Ot (zel'ut), ». [F. zelote, L. zelotes, Gr. ^tjAottjs. 
See Zeal.] One who is zealous; esp., one overzealous, 
or carried away by zeal ; enthusiast ; fanatical partisan. 
Zeal'Ot-ry (-ry), n. The character 
behavior of a zealot ; excess of 
zeal ; fanatical devotion to a cause. 

Zeal'OUS (-us), a. 1. Filled with, or 
characterized by, zeal ; warmly en- 
gaged, or ardent. 
2. Filled with re- 
ligious zeal. [Obs.] 
— Zeal'ous ly, 
adv. — Zea.1'- 
ous-ness, n. 

Ze'bec (ze'- 
bek),«. (Xaut.) 
See Xebec. 

ZeTDra (ze'- 
bra), n. [Pg. ; 

Mountain Zebra (Equus, or Asinus, zebra). P r0 ^- fr - native 

African name.] 
(Zo'61.) Either of two species of South African wild horses 
having the body white or yellowish 
white, and conspic- 
uously marked with 
dark bands. 
ZettU (ze'bu), n. 
[F. zebu; 
of uncertain 
origin.] 
(Zool.) A 
bovine 
mammal 
(Bos Indi- 
cus) exten- 
sively do- 
mes ticated 
in India, China, the East Indies, and East Africa. Its 





Zf-bu, Male and Female. 



characteristics vary in different domestic breeds, which 
range in size from that of the common ox to that of a 
large mastiff. 

Ze'chin (ze^kin), n. See Sequin. 

Zed (zed), n. [F., prob. through It. zeta, fr. L. zeta. 
See Zeta.] The letter Z. 

Zed'O-a-ry (-o-a-ry), n. [F. zedoaire, LL. zedoaria, 
fr. Ar. & Per. zedwar.] (Med.) The fragrant rhizome 
of species of Curcuma, having a bitter, aromatic taste, 
and used in medicine as a stimulant. 

Zem'in-dar' (zeni'in-dar'), n. Same as Zamixdab. 

Zend (zend), n. [See Zend-Avesta.] Properly, the 
translation and exposition in the HuzvSresh, or literary 
Pehlevi, language, of the Avesta, the Zoroastrian sacred 
writings ; commonly, the language of the Avesta. 

II Zend -A-ves'ta (-a-ves'ta), n. [Prop., the Avesta, 
or sacred text, and its zend, or interpretation.] The sa- 
cred writings of the ancient Persian religion, attributed 
to Zoroaster, but chiefly of a later date. 

Ze'nith (ze'nith), n. [OE. senylh, OF. cenilh, Sp. 
zenit, cenit, abbrev. fr. Ar. samt-urras way of the head, 
vertical place ; saint way, path -4- al the -4- ras head.] 
1. That point in the heavens directly overhead ; — op- 
posed to nadir. 2. Fig., the point of culmination; the 
greatest height ; the height of success or prosperity. 

Ze'O-lite (ze'6-llt), n. [Gr. £elv to boil -f -lite.] 
(3Iin.) A term now used to designate any one of a family 
of minerals, hydrous silicates of alumina, with lime, soda, 
potash, or rarely baryta, many of which intumesce before 
the blowpipe. —Ze'O-lit'ic (-lifTc), a. 

Zeph'yr (zef'er), 77. [L. zephyrus, Gr. £ec£vpos, akin 
to £6(£os darkness, west.] The west wind ; poetically, 
any soft, gentle breeze. 

Zephyr yarn or worsted, a fine, soft kind of yarn or 
worsted, used for knitting and embroidery. 

II Zeph'y-rus (-T-rus), n. [L. See Zephtb.] The 
west wind, or zephyr, — usually personified, and made 
the most mild and gentle of all the sylvan deities. 

Ze'ro (ze'ro), n. ; pi. Zeros (-roz) or Zeboes. [F. 
zero, It. zero, fr. Ar. gafrun, cifrun. See Cdpheb.] 1. 
(A?~ith.) A cipher ; nothing ; naught. 2. The point from 
which the graduation of a scale, as of a thermometer, com- 
mences. 3. Fig. : The lowest point ; point of exhaustion. 

Zest (zest), n. [F. zeste, prob. fr. L. schistos split. 
See Schist.] 1. A piece of orange or lemon peel, or the 
aromatic oil which niay be squeezed from it, used to give 
flavor to liquor, etc. 2. Hence, something that gives or 
enhances a pleasant taste, or the taste itself ; appetizer ; 
also, keen enjoyment ; relish ; gusto. 

Zest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Zested ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Zesting.] 1. To cut into thin slips, as the peel of an 
orange, lemon, etc. ; to squeeze, as peel, over the surface 
of anything. 2. To give a relish or flavor to ; to heighten 
the taste or relish of. 

II Ze'ta (ze'ta or za'ta), n. [L., from Gr. ^rjra. Cf. 
Zed.] A Greek letter [£] corresponding to our z. 

Ze-tet'lc (ze-tet'Tk), a. [Gr. £Vitt;ti<c6s, f r - &)t£v to 
seek.] Seeking : proceeding by inquiry. 

Zeug'ma (zug'ma), n. [L., fr. Gr. <Jevy/xa, fr. £ev- 
yvvvat. to join.] (Gram.) A figure by which an adjective 
or verb, which agrees with a nearer word, is, by way of 
supplement, referred also to another more remote. 

Zib'et Hztb'et), n. [See Civet.] (Zobl.) Acarniv- 

Zib'eth ) orous mammal (Yiverra zibetha) of India, 
the East Indies, and Southern China, allied to the civet. 

Zig'zag' (zig'zag'), n. [F., fr. G. zickzack, fr. zacke, 
zacken, tooth.] 1. Something that has short turns or 
angles. 2. (Arch.) A molding running in a zigzag line ; 
a chevron, or series of chevrons. [See Illust. of Chevron, 
3.] 3. (Fort.) See Boyau. 

Zig'zag', a. Having short, sharp turns. 

Zig'zag', v. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Zigzagged (-zSgd'); 
p. pr. & vb. n. Zigzagging.] To form, move, or be 
shaped, with short turns. 

Zil'la (zilla), n. (Bot.) A thorny, cruciferous plant 
(Zilla myugroides) of the deserts of Egypt. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, y, short ; senate, fcvent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



ZINC 



947 



ZOOLOGICALLY 



Zinc (zTnk), n. [G. wink, prob. akin to zinn tin.] 
(Chem.) An easily fuaible, bluish white metal, which is 
malleable, esp. when heated. Symbol Zn. 

Zinc, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Zincked or Zinced (zlnkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Zincking or Zincing.] To coat with zinc ; 
to galvanize. [or like, zinc. | 

Zinc'ic (zlnk'Tk), a. (Chem.) Pert, to, containing,! 

Zinciferous (zl nk-Tf'er-us or zln-slf'-) , a. [Zinc -f- 
-ferous.] Containing or affording zinc. 

Zinc'1-fy (zlnk'T-fl), v. t. [Zinc -f -fy.] (Metal.) 
To coat or impregnate witli zinc. 

Zinc'ite (zTnklt), n. (Min.) Native zinc oxide. 

Zinck'y (-$), a. Pertaining to zinc, or having its 
appearance. [zinc. I 

Zin-C0g'ra-pher(zTn-k5g'ra-fer), n. An engraver on | 

Zin co-graph'ic (z!n/k6-grSf'ik), \a. Of or pertaining 

Zin CO-graph'ic-al (-grat'T-kr/l), f to zincography. 

Zin-cog'ra-phy (zln-k5g'ra-fy),7t. [Zinco- + -graphy.] 
Art or process of engraving or etching on zinc. 

Zinc'OUS (zTnk'us), a. 1. (Chem.) (a) Of, pert, to, 
or containing, zinc ; zincic. (b) Hence, formerly, basic ; 
basylous. 2. (Physics) Electro-positive. 

llZin'ga-ro(zTn'ga-r6),7i.;pf. -Ri(-re). [It.] Agypsy. 

Zin gi-ber-a'ceous (zln'jT-ber-a'shus), a. [L. zingi- 
ber ginger. See Ginger.] (Bot.) Of or pert, to ginger, 
or to a tribe (Zingiberese) of endogenous plants of the 
order Scitami?ieae. 

Zink'y (zTnk'y), a. See Zincky. 

II Zin'ni-a (zin'ni-a), n. [NL. So called after Pro- 
fessor .2" inn, of Gottingen.] (Bot.) Any plant of a genus 
(Zinnia) of Mexican herbs with gay-colored blossoms. 

Zin zi-ber-a'ceous (zin'zi-ber-a'shus), a. (Bot.) Same 
as Zingiberaceocs. 

Zi/on (zi/fin), n. [Heb. tslyon, orig., a hill.] 1. (Jeic- 
ish Antiq.) A hill in Jerusalem, where was the residence 
of David and his successors. 2. Hence, the theocracy, 
or church of God. 3. The heavenly Jerusalem ; heaven. 

Zir'con (zer'kon), n. [F., same word as F. & E. jar- 
gon.'] (Min.) A mineral, consisting of silica and zirconia, 
occurring in tetragonal crystals. Colorless, pale yellow, 
or smoky-brown varieties from Ceylon are called jargon. 

Zir-CO'ni-a (zer-ko'nT-a), n. [NL.] (Chem.) The ox- 
ide of zirconium ; — also written zircona. 

Zir-CO'ni-um (-ko'ni-Qm), 7i. [NL.] (Chem.) A rare 
element intermediate in character between the metals and 
nonmetals. — Zir-con'ic (-kon'ik), a. 

Zith/er (zith'er), n. [G. zither. See Cittern.] (Mus.) 
A stringed instru- 
ment of music 
used in Austria 
and Germany, 
played upon with 
both hands. 

Zit'tern (zxtf- 
tern), n. (Mus.) 
See Cittern. Zither 

Zo'cle (zo'k'l or 
zok"l), n. (Arch.) Same as Socle. 

Zoc'co (zok'ko), \n. [It., fr. L. socculus.] (Arch.) 

Zoc'co-lo (-ko-16), J Same as Socle. 

Zo'di-ac (zo'di-ak), n. [F. zodiaque, fr. L. zodiacus, 
Gr. ^toSiaKos (sc. kukAos), fr. £<o8iov, dim. of £Qov animal ; 
akin to £wds living.] 1. (Astron.) (a) An imaginary belt 





Zodiac, 1 (6). 



in the heavens, 1C 3 or 18° broad, in the middle of which 
is the ecliptic, or sun's path. It OQmpil— 1 tin- tw.-h.- 
constellations, which once constituted, and from which 
were named, the twelve signs of the zodiac, (bj A fig- 
ure representing the signs, symbol-, and I ffmtlllatlfim 
of the zodi;i<-. 2. Girdle; belt. [J 

Zo-dl'a-cal (zfi-di'a-k«l), a. (A.,t ,,,„.) Of or pert, to 
the zodiac ; situated within the zodiac. 

Zodiacal light, a luminous triangular tract of the iky, 
lying near the ecliptic, it* base being on the I 
seen only shortly after twilight, and uhortly be)' 
break. 

Zo'e trope (zo'^-trop), n. [Gr. frrj life + rporrc* 
turning.] An optical toy, in which figure* revolved in- 
side of a cylinder, and viewed through slits in its circum- 
ference, appear like a single moving figure. 

Zo'ic (zc^Ik), a. [Gr. £wi«o«.] (Zool.) Of or per- 
taining to animals, or animal life. 

Zo-il'e-an (xt-IVS-an or zoT-le'an), a. Having the 
characteristic of Zoilus, a bitter, envious, unjust critic, 
who lived about 270 years before Christ. 

Zo'l lism (zo'I-lTz'ni), n. Resemblance to Zoilus in 
style or manner ; carping criticism ; detract Ion. 

II Zoll've-reln' (tsol'fe-rin'), n. [G., fr. zoll duty + 
v ere in union.] Lit., a customs union, esp. any one of 
several formed among certain German st ' 

Zon'al (zon'al), a. [L. zonal is.] Of or pertaining to 
a zone ; having the form of a zone or zones. 

Zo'nar (zo'niir), n. [Mod. Gr. favdpi. girdle.] A 
belt or girdle which the Christians and Jews of the 
Levant were obliged to wear to distinguish them from 
Mohammedans. 

Zon'ate (zon'at), a. (Bot.) Divided by parallel plane*. 

Zone (zon), n. [F., fr. L. zona, Gr. £wn).] 1. A 
girdle. [Poetic] 2. (Geog.) One of the five great di- 




Zones. 
visions of the earth, with respect to latitude and tem- 
perature. 3. (Math.) The portion of the surface of a 
sphere included between two parallel plan<>. 4 
Hist.) An encircling band, stripe, or distinct area of 
growth. 5. Circuit; circumference. [P.] 

Zone, v. t. To girdle ; to encircle. [P.] 

Zoned (zond), a. 1. Wearing a zone, or girdle 2. 
Having zones, or concentric bands. 3. (Bot.) Zonate. 

Zon'nar (zon'nar), n. See Zonar. 

Zo'd- (zo'o-). A combining form from Gr. $Cmv ani- 
mal, as in zobgony, zoology, etc. 

Zo'b-chem'is-try (-kgniTs-try), n. [Zoo- -f chemis- 
try.] Animal chemistry. [production of auinuiK I 

Zo-bg'a-my (zo-5g'a-my), n. (Biol.) The sexual re-| 

Zo-Sg'e-ny (z6-5j'e-ny), ) n. [Zo'o- -f- root of Gr. yi'- 

Zo-bg'O-ny (zo-5g'o-ny), 1 yveotfaitobeboru.] The 
doctrine of the formation of living beings. 

Zo-'dg'ra-pher (zo-5g'ra-fer), n. One who describes 
animals, their forms and habits. 

Zo O-graph'iC (zo'o-graT'Tk), I <7. Of or pert, to the 

Zo b-graph'ic-al (-T-k«l). I description of animals. 

Zo-bg'ra-phlst (zo-og'ra-fTst). 7). A zoographer. 

Zo-bg'ra-phy (-fy), n. [Zoo- + -graphy.] A de- 
scription of animals, their forms and habits. 

Zo'oid (zo'oid), a. [Zoo- -f -oid.] (Biol.) Pertain- 
ing to, or resembling, an animal. 

Zo'oid, n. 1. (Biol.) An organic body or cell having 
locomotion. 2. (Zool.) (a) An animal in one of its infe- 
rior stages of development, as one of the intermediate 
forms in alternate generation, (b) One of the individual 
animals in acomposite group, as of Anthozoa. Hydroidea, 
and Bryozoa ; sometimes, in a restricted sense, one with 
the mouth and digestive organs undeveloped. 

Z0-bl'a-try (zft-51'a-try), ». [Zoo- -f- Gr. Aarpei'a 
worship.] The worship of animals. 

Zo-bl'0-ger (zo-rn'o-jerl, n. A zoologist. 

Zo'b-log'ic-al (zo/o-lSj'I-kal), a. Of or pert, to zool- 
ogy. — Zo'b-log'ic-al-iy, adv. 



fern, recent, drb, rijde, full, firn, fo"od, fo~ot, out, oil, chair, go, aiiiB, ink, tben, thin. 



N 



ZOOLOGIST 



948 



ZYTHUM 



u 



Zo-bVo-gist (7o-!51'o-jist\ 7i. One versed in zoology. 

Zo-bTo-gy Wfr)i "• [Zoo- + -logy.'] 1. That part of 
biology relating to the animal kingdom, including the 
structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, 
and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. 
2- A treatise on this science. 

Zo b-mor'phism (,zo o-mor'fTz'm), n. 1. Transforma- 
tion of men into beasts. [R.] 2. Quality of represent- 
ing or using animal forms. 3. The representation of 
God. or of gods, in the form, or with the attributes, of 
the lower animals. 

Zo r 6n (zo'Sn), n. ; pi. Zoa (-a). [NX., fr. Gr. £<Zov 
an animal.] (Zool.) (a) An animal which is the sble 
product of a single egg. (b) Any of the perfectly devel- 
oped individuals of a compound animal. 

Zo -bn'ic (zo-5n'Tk), a. Of, pertaining to, or derived 
from, animals. 

Zo b-pa-thol'o-gy (zo'o-pa-thol'o-jj-), n. [Zoo- + 
pathology.'] Animal pathology. 

Zo bph'a-gOUS (zo-5f'a-gus), a. [Gr. fwo^ayo? ; £ak>j> 
an animal + Qayelv to eat.] Feeding on animals. 

G^^ This is a more general term than either sarcopha- 
gous or carnivorous. 

Zo-bph'i-list (-i-list), n. [Zoo- + Gr. <f>i\dv to love.] 
A lover of animals. 

Zo'b-phor'ic (zo'o-fSr'Tk), a. [Gr. ^ojo^opos ; £<?ov ani- 
mal -{- <f>tpei.v to bear.] Bearing the figure of an animal. 

Zo'6-phyte (zo'o-fit), n. [F., fr. Gr. £o)64>vtov ; £&ov 
plant.] (Zool.) (a) Any one of numerous species 'of 
invertebrate animals which more or less resemble plants 
in appearance, or mode of growth, as the corals, sea 
anemones, hydroids, sponges, etc. , esp. any one of those 
that form compound branched colonies, (b) Any one of 
the Zoophyta, an old extensive artificial and heteroge- 
neous group of animals. 

Zo b-phyt'ic (zo/o-fTtTk), ) a. {Zool.) Of or pert, to 

Zo o-phyt'lc-al (-T-kal), ] zoophytes. 

Zo-bph'y-tOl'0-gy (zo-of'T-toVo-jy or zo'o-ft-), n. 
[Zoophyte -f- -logy.] The natural history of zoophytes. 

Zo'b-psy-chol'O-gy (zo'o-si-kol'o-jy), n. [Zoo- + 
psychology.] Animal psychology. 

Zo r O-sperm (zo'o-sperm), n. [Zoo--}- sperm.] (Biol.) 
One of the spermatic particles ; a spermatozoid. 

Zo r ti-spore (-spor), n. [Zoo- -f- spore.] (Bot.) A 
spore provided with one or more slender cilia, by the vi- 
bration of which it swims in the water. — Zo b-spor 'ic 
(-sporlk), a. 

Zo-bt'ic (zo-otTk), a. [Gr. £c5ov animal.] Containing 
the remains of organized bodies; — said of rock or soil. 

Zo b-tom'ic-al (zo'o-tom'T-kal), a. Of or pertaining 
to zootomy. 

Zo-bt'0-mlst (zo-ot'o-mist), n. One skilled in zootomy. 

Zo-bt'O-my (-m^), n. [Zoo- + -tomy.] The dissection 
or anatomy of animals. 

Zo'b-troph'ic (zo'6-trof'Tk), a. [Gr. £j>oTpo<f>iKo?. 
See Zoo-, and Trophic.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to 
the nourishment of animals. 

Zor'il (zorTl), n. (Zool.) Same as Zorilla. 

Zo-rilla (zo-rTlHa), n. [Sp., dim. of zorra, zorro, a 
fox.] (Zool.) 1. Either of two species of small African 
carnivores allied to the weasels. 2. Erroneously, the 
American skunk. 

Zo'ro-as'tri-an (zo'ro-aVtrT-an), a. Of or pert, to 
Zoroaster, or Zoroastrianism. — n. A follower of Zo- 
roaster ; one who accepts Zoroastrianism. 



Zo ro-as'tri-an-ism (zo'ro-Ss'trT-an-Tz'm), n. The 
religious system of Zoroaster, the legislator and prophet 
of the ancient Persians, which presupposes a good spirit 
(Ormuzd) and an opposing evil spirit (Ahriman). 

Zo ro-as'trism (-trTz'ni), n. Same as Zoroastrianism. 

II Zos'ter (z5s'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. Cwnjp girdle, 
zoster.] (Med.) Shingles. 

Zouave (zwav or zoo-av'), n. [F., fr. Ar. Zouaoxta a 
tribe of Kabyles living in Algeria.] (Mil.) (a) One of an 
active body of soldiers in the French service wearing the 
Arab dress, and orig. made up of Arabs, (b) Hence, one 
of a body of soldiers who adopt a similar dress and drill. 

ZonndS (zoundz), interj. [For God's wounds.] An 
old oath, and alsoan expression of anger or wonder. 

Zu-chet'tO (tsoo-kat'to or zoo-kgt'to), n. [It. zxic- 
chetto.] (R. C. Ch.) A skullcap covering the tonsure, 
worn under the berretta. The pope's is white ; a cardi- 
nal's red ; a bishop's purple ; a priest's black. 

I! Zu'fo-lo (tsod'fo-lo or zoo'-), n. [It.] (Mus.) A 
little flute or flageolet, esp. that used to teach birds. 

Zurn-boo'ruk (zum-bod'ruk), n. [Turk. & Ar. zam- 
burak; fr. Ar. zambur hornet.] (MS.) A small swivel 
cannon carried on, and fired from, the back of a camel. 

Zyg'a-poph'y-sis (zTg'a-pof'T-s'is), n. ; pi. Zygapophy- 
SEs(-sez). [Gr. ^vyov yoke -{-'E. apophysis.] (Anat.) One 
of the articular processes of a vertebra, of which there 
are usually four. See Vertebra. 

II Zy-go'ma (zi-go'ma), n. [XL., deriv. of Gr. £vvdj/ 
yoke.] (Anat.) (a) The jugal or malar bone, (b) The 
zygomatic process of the temporal bone, (c) The whole 
zygomatic arch. 

Zyg'O-matlc (zig/o-mat'Tk or zl'go-), a. (Anat.) Of, 
pert, to, or in the region of, the zygoma. 

Zygomatic arch, the arch of bone beneath the orbit of 
the eye, formed in most mammals by the union of the 
malar with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. — 
Zygomatic process, a process of the temporal bone helping 
to form the zygomatic arch. 

Zy'lon-ite (zilon-It), n. [Gr. £vAoi>wood.] Celluloid. 

Zyme (zfm), n. [Gr. ^v>tj leaven.] 1. A ferment. 
2. (3fed. ) The morbific principle of a zymotic disease. 

Zym'ic (zlm'Tk or zlmTk), a. (Old Chem.) Pert, to, 
or produced by, fermentation ; — formerly, by confusion, 
used to designate lactic acid. 

Zym'O-gen (-6-jen), n. [Zyme -J- -gen.] (Physiol. 
Chem.) A mother substance, or antecedent, of an enzyme 
or chemical ferment. 

Zym'o-gene (-jen), n. [Zyme + root of Gr. yiyvecrOai 
to be born.] (Biol.) One of a group of globular bacteria 
which produce fermentations. 

Zym O-gen'ic (-jenlk), a. (Biol.) (a) Pertaining to, 
or formed by, a zymogene. (b) Capable of producing a 
definite zymogen or ferment. 

Zy-mol'o-gy (zi-ni51'6-j^), n. [Zyme + -logy.] A 
treatise on the fermentation of liquors, or the doctrine 
of fermentation. 

Zy-mot'ic (zt-mot'Tk), a. [Gr. fu/xwriKos causing to 
ferment, fr. fyiioiv to ferment, ^v/jlti ferment, leaven.] 
1. Of, pert, to, or caused by, fermentation. 2. (Med.) 
Designating, or pertaining to, epidemic, endemic, con- 
tagious, or sporadic affections produced by some morbific 
principle or organism acting on the system like a ferment. 

1) Zy'thum (zi'thiim), n. [L., fr. Gr. £O0os a kind of 
beer, so called by the Egyptians.] A kind of ancient 
malt beverage. 



w 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y , short ; senate, 8 vent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



APPENDIX 



TO 



WEBSTER'S 
COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 



CONTAINING 

PAGE 

I. A PRONOUNCING GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS 

AND PHRASES 95 i 

II. A VOCABULARY OF RHYMES 969 

III. A PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF PROPER NAMES 979 

IV. A VOCABULARY OF ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES . 1025 
V. AN ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., 

IN CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY 1033 

VI. A DICTIONARY OF CLASSICAL AND FOREIGN QUO- 
TATIONS, PHRASES, ETC 1042 

VII. A TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS 1051 
VIII. A TABLE OF ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING 

AND PRINTING 1058 



SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
PUBLISHED BY G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY 



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Copyright, 1898, 
By G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY. 

Entered at Stationers' Hall. 

[All rights reserved.] 



A PRONOUNCING GLOSSARY 

OF 

SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



The Scottish dialects, or Scottish language as they are 
called by some, are forms of the Northumbrian English, 
which up to the 15th century was spoken as well in 
Yorkshire and Northumberland as in the Scottish Low- 
lands. Originally the terms "Scot" and "Scottish*' 
were applied to the Celtic people of Ireland and those 
of western Scotland who came from Ireland, but the 
language of their non-Celtic conquerors became the lite- 
rary language of the land, and is now the language which 
is meant by " Scotch," " Scottish dialects," or " Scottish 
language." Scottish literature practically began in the 
14th century, with the works of John Barbour, a con- 
temporary of Chaucer, and others of his time, — whose 
writings are in fact Northumbrian English. By the end 
of the 15th century the language had under various in- 
fluences, political, racial, etc., developed the general 
form which it retained during its chief literary period, 
and down to the time of the union of the kingdoms of 
England and Scotland in 1607. The use of Scotch as the 
general language of literature of the country ceased 
about the time of the accession of James VI. of Scotland 
to the English throne, although it still continued to be 
the common language of the people. Subsequent to that, 
however, there was a brilliant period of revival in ballad 
and lyric poetry, and still more recently the Scottish 
dialect has been freely used in descriptions of Scottish 
life and character by Scott, Gait, Macdonald, Black, 
Barrie, and others up to the present time. The Scottish 
pronunciation has changed comparatively little from what 
it was two centuries ago when the languages of England 
and of Scotland were but slightly different. 

As the works of some of these authors, especially 
Burns among the poets, and Scott and other more recent 
authors among the prose writers, are extensively read in 
England and America, the want of a general glossary of 
the words and phrases used by them is often felt ; and 
it is to meet this want that this glossary is offered to the 
public, in the belief that it will be deemed a useful and 
appropriate addition to an English dictionary. 

The Scotch is not one dialect, but there are numerous 
dialects differing from each other, not only in pronun- 
ciation, but also in vocabulary, grammar, and spelling. 

The vocabularies of the Scottish dialects vary with the 
different shires, according as they have felt more or less 
the influence of the Gaelic, French, cr Scandinavian lan- 
guages, and these differences are noticeable even among 
the dialects of Lowland Scotch, where the Scandinavian 
influences are less marked. The body of this glossary is 
the dialect of Burns, but some words peculiar to other 
dialects are also given because found in works familiar 
to English readers. 

The orthography of modern Scotch is extremely arbi- 
trary and variable ; and the spelling of a word affords 
no reliable guide to its pronunciation. Of the two prin- 
cipal systems or fashions which prevail, one (seldom 
used except in connection with an archaic diction) em- 
ploys the spelling of the writers of the 15th and 16th 
centuries, regardless of pronunciation. The other, and 
much the commoner of the two, is based upon the stand- 
ard English spelling, and conforms the spelling of Scotch 
words to English where the sounds of the English and 
Scotch are near to each other ; and also where the sounds 
are different, but the English spelling represents to a 
Scotchman more or less accurately the Scotch pronun- 
ciation. Where a word or form is distinctly Northern 
or is wanting in the English, the Scotch orthography is 
followed, as streek for stretch, kirk for church, ee for eye, 
etc. ; but whatever spelling is used, the words when 
spoken by Scotchmen are given their Scotch sounds. 

The result of this is that Lowland Scotch as written 
or printed is largely the same as common literary Eng- 
lish, with some words not found in English and somo 



peculiarities of idiom and grammatical construction, etc. 

Thus Burn* in the poem " A Han '■ ■ Mm fol 

uses in all 115 different words, of which on]] l 

do not occur in Euglish. Much modern Booteh literature 

is therefore quite intelligible to an Kngli-h p. i 

ing it, which would be mostly unintelligible t., Mm U 

spoken with a Scotch dialectic pronunciation. 

Because of this lack of any standard of orthography 
for Scotch words, in works of modern writer* the) .in- 
frequently spelled phonetically to represent the Scotch 
pronunciation to the English ear, as in other dialectic 
story writing ; but these forms have not been recognized 
in this glossary except in a few exceptional instances. 

The difficulty to be overcome in attempting to give an 
English or American reader an idea of the correct pro- 
nunciation of the Scottish dialect is very great. The aim 
pursued has been to indicate, as fully as could be done 
with the English equivalents, the pronunciation (given 
for that purpose) of native-born Scotchmen. 
others the editor is especially indebted to Mr. Robert 
Lilley, M. R. A. S., one of the editors of the Century 
Dictionary, for many suggestions both as to pronuncia- 
tion and subject-matter made on reading the galley 
proofs of the glossary, as well as to Mr. James Kennedy 
and to Mr. James Graham ; and also to the monograph 
of Mr. James A. H. Murray (editor of the " New Eng- 
lish Dictionary ") on " The Dialect of the Southern Coun- 
ties of Scotland " published in the " Transactions of the 
Philological Society," 1870-1 S72. 

The consonant skeleton of the Scotch dialect is practi- 
cally the same as that of the English, the only consonant 
used in the Lowland Scotch and not used in English 
being the guttural sound of ch in nicht, bught, etc., cor- 
responding to the sound of ch in German ic/t, doch. The 
letter r, however, in Scotch is always pronounced as a 
consonant, and is strongly trilled ; and uh and h are 
more strongly aspirated than in English. Some of the 
combinations of consonants in Lowland Scotch are treated 
differently from what they are in English ; thus in ur 
and kn initial the w and k are audibly pronounced ; while 
in final mb, nd, ng, pt, kt, the b, d, g, and / are regularly 
silent. 

The vowel system of the Scottish (as well as the North- 
ern English) dialects, however, is as a whole distiuct 
from the vowel system of ordinary English speech, M 
that there are few, if any, vowel elements in the Booteh 
dialects identical with those of the English system. The 
two have nearly corresponding vowels ; but almost every 
vowel of the Scotcli dialect is recognized to differ either 
in quantity or quality from the corresponding vowel in 
English ; and although each of these differences may be 
slight, yet their combined effect, as exaggerated by the 
peculiar Scotch intonation and syllabic accent, is to give 
to the Scotch dialect or language as a whole ■ marked 
individuality distinct from that of English. 

In respelling the words for pronunciation in this glOB- 
sary the symbols used in the body of the book are em- 
ployed, those being used which indicate most accurately 
the sound of the Scotch word to the English ear. The 
confused and uncertain spelling of Scottish words, and 
the difference of pronunciation in different localities, 
makes it impossible to give any practical system of rules 
for the pronunciation of Scotcli words in the space here 
available. Generally speaking, it may be noted thai — 

1. The letter a is chiefly used with sounds correspond- 
ing to those it has in Euglish arm, cut, and O0&, the pe- 
culiar S of English being foreign to the Scotch dialect. 

2. The letter e before r frequently has the sound of e 
in error, when in English it has the sound of e in her. 

3. The vowel i is regularly pronounced so as to closely 
resemble the English S in words where in Euglish it 
would be pronounced as T. 

951 



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952 A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



4. Iu Scotch the initial element of the long i is regu- 
larly out shorter than in English, and the vowel is rep- 
resented in the respelling by t to indicate the distinction. 

5. Iu many words which in English are pronounced 
with o\ as rod. bog. on. etc.. the Scotch pronunciation 
gives the long o. but cut short ; and in these cases the 
sound is indicated by 6\ 

C. The letter u in many Scotch words has the sound of 
the French u. which is indicated in the respelling by u. 

7. The diphthong ae regularly represents the sound of 
English long a cut short ; and is indicated by a. 

8. The diphthong ei regularly has the value either of 
e Of less often t ; ey is usually equivalent to t. 

!). The diphthong oi is often nearly like English t. 

10. The diphthong oo is sometimes pronounced like 
French en in peur (represented iu this glossary by e) ; 
and sometimes like English oo in ooze. 

11. The diphthong ou is regularly equivalent to Eng- 
lish oo in ooze. 

12. The diphthong ow has both the value of oo in 
English ooze, and also that of ou in English house. 

13. The diphthong ui as in guid,puir, etc., is nearly 
the same as the French u in plume, and is indicated by u. 



14. The letter r is pronounced as a distinct consonant 
in all cases. 

15. The digraphs ch and gh, as in aneuch and aught, 
are harsh gutturals equivalent to the German ch in ich 
and doch, and represented by h in the respelling. 

1G. Final t is dropped after the mutes k and p in such 
words as direct, exact, fact, etc. 

17. The digraph ng in the middle of a word has the 
sound of ng in sing. 

18. The letter / is usually elided after the vowel a, as 
well as before k and m ; but when final or following e or 
i is pronounced. 

19. The letter z in some words, such as capercailzie, 
coilzie, etc., is a corruption of the old Scotch form rep- 
resenting liquid I, thus, — _}. 

20. The terminations -tious, -Hal, and -cial, are still 
pronounced as dissyllables. 

The foregoing will serve to give a general idea of the 
most striking peculiarities of the Scotch pronunciation 
as distinguished from English, but cannot be taken as a 
guide for the pronunciation of all Scotch words, there 
being many exceptions to most of these rules, though not 
here noted. 



A. 



U 



w 



A* (a). All. 

Ahind (a-klnf), Ahint. Be- 
hind. 

Aiblins (S'blYns). Perhaps. 

Aik(Sk). Oak. 

A'" (an). Own. 

Aince (ans), Ainea. Once. 

AinsellsCan'selz'). Ownselves. 

Air (ar), Ear. Early. 

Air (ar), Ayr. Heir. 

Airl penny (arl' pgn'nY) = 
Aele-pe.vxy. 

Airlesjarlz) = Arles. 

Aim (am). Iron ; iron tool. 

Airt (art). To direct ; direc- 
tion : point of the compass. 

Aith(ath). An oath. 

Aits (ats). Oats. 

Aiver (a'ver), Aver. An old 
horse ; a work horse. 

Aizle (a'z'l or i'z'l). A live 
ember. 

Ajee (a-je'). Awry ; on one 
side. 

Akwart (ak'wgrt). Awkward. 

Alake (a-lak'). Alas. 

Alane (a-lan'). Alone. 

Alang (a-lang'). Along. 

Alow (a-louO, Alowe. Afire ; 
in a flame. 

Altoun (al'toon'). Old town. 

Amaist ('a-mSst'). Almost. 

Amang (a-miing'). Among. 

Ambry (am'rY), Aumry, Alm- 
ery. Close cupboard for vict- 
uals, dishes, etc. 

An' (an). And. 

An (an). If. 

Ance fans), Anes. Once. 

Ane (an). One. 

Anent (a-nenf). Over against; 
opposite; concerning; about. 

Anes errand (ans' er'rand). 
Of set purpose ; with a sole 
purpose. — For anes errand. 
For (that) purpose only ; for 
the nonce. 

Aneuch (a-nyot>H'). Enough. 

Anither (a-nYth'Sr). Another. 

Antenup (an't£-nup). Ante- 
nuptial fornication between 
persons who are afterwards 
married to each other. 

Anter (an'tSr). To wander; 
to adventure. 

Archilowe(ar'kY-l(5). A peace- 
offering ; the return which 
one who has been treated in 
an inn sometimes considers 
himself bound in honor to 
make to the company. 

Argle-bargle (ar'g'l-bar'g'l). 
To argue; to dispute. 

Ark ( ark ). Chest ; 6pecif ., 
a large chest for meal. 

Arle-penny (arl'pen'nY). A 
6ilver penny given as earnest 
or hiring money. 

Aries f iirlz). Earnest ; pledge ; 
earnest money. 

Arridge and Carriage (ar'rYj 



ankgr'rYj). Plough and cart 
service. 

Ase (as), Ass (as), Awss (as). 
Ashes. 

Asklent (a-skl5nt'). Asquint ; 
aslant. 

Assoilzie (a-soil'yS), Assoilize. 
Acquit. 

Asteer (a-ster'). Abroad ; stir- 
ring ; in a ferment. 

Athart (a-tharf), Athort. 
Athwart. 

Atweel (at-wel'). I wot well ; 
surely; truly. 

Aucht"(aHt), Aught. To pos- 
sess ; to own ; also, to owe. 
Also, possessed ; owed. — 
Whae's aught it? To whom 
does it belong ? 

Aught (aHt). Possession; prop- 
erty; eight. — In ane'B aught. 
In one's keeping. 

Aughtlins (aHt'lYns). Any- 
thing ; in the least. 

Auld (aid). Old.— Auld lang 
syne. Olden time ; days of 
other years.— Auld shoon. 
Lit., old shoes, but used met- 
aphorically for a discarded 
lover. — Auld - warld. Old- 
fashioned ; antique. — Auld- 
warld stories. Ancient sto- 
ries. 

Auld-farran (ald-far'ran) or 
Auld-farrant (ald-far'rant). 
Sagacious, as one of years ; 
cunning ; prudent. 

Aumous (a'mus). Alms ; gift 
to a beggar. — Aumous dish 
(a'mtts d6sh). A beggar's 
dish for receiving alms ; a 
vessel for collecting money 
for the poor at church. 

Aumry. See Ambry. 

Ava(a-va'). At all. 

Aver (a'ver). Workhorse. 

Awa (a-waO- Away. 

Awe (a). To owe. 

Awee (a-weO. A little while. 

Aweel (a-wel'). Well. 

Awfu' (a'fu). Awful. 

A win (a'Yn). Own : proper. 

Awmous (a'mus). Alms. 

Awmry. See Ambry. 

Awn (an). Owing ; also, the 
beard of barley, oats, etc. 

Awnie (an'Y). Bearded. 

Awsome (a'siim). Awful; ter- 
rible. 

Ax (aks). Ask. 

Ayont (a-y<5nf). Beyond. 



B. 



Ba' (ba or ba). Ball ; handball ; 
football. 

Bab (bab). Bunch; tassel. 

Bak rbak) = Backet. 

Backet (bak'Ct), or Balkey 
(bak'Y). A wooden trough 
lor carrying coals, ashes, 
etc. ; also, one for keeping 



salt in by the fireside. — Ass 
backet. Ash scuttle. 

Backlins (bak'lYns). Coming ; 
coming back; returning. 

Bade = Baide. 

Baff(baf). Blow; bang; heavy 
thump. 

Bag (bag). Built. 

Baggie (bag'gY). The belly; 
also, a large minnow. 

Baghash (bag'h&sh). To abuse 
in speech. [stay. I 

Baide (bad). Endured; did I 

Baignet = Bayganet. 

Baik (bak). Beck ; courtesy ; 
reverence. 

Baikie (bak'Y). Wooden ves- 
sel. 

Bail(bSl), Baile, Bayle. Flame; 
bonfire. 

Baillie (bi'lY), Bilie. Alder- 
man or magistrate. 

Bainie (ban'Y). Having large 
bones ;_ stout. 

Bairn (barn or bSrn). A child. 

Baiss (bas). To baste ; sew 
slightly. 

Baith (bath). Both. 

Baittle (bat't'l). Rich pasture. 
— Baittle grass grund (baf- 
t'l gras grun). Rich close- 
cropped sheep pasture. 

Bake (bak). Biscuit. 

Ballant (ballant). Ballad. 

Ban (ban). To swear or curse; 
reproach; censure; curse. 

Band (band). Bond. 

Bane (ban). Bone. 

Bang (bang). To beat ; to 
strive; to excel; a blow; also, 
a great number; a spring; a 
bound. 

Bannet (ban'net or ban'net). 
Bonnet. 

Bannock (ban'niik). A sort of 
thick, flat cake, baked in the 
embers or on a griddle.— 
Bannock fluke ( ban ' nuk 
flook). Turbot. 

Bangster (bang'ster). A vio- 
lent fellow who carries ev- 
erything before him. 

Bap (bap). Roll of bread. 

Bardie (bard'!). Diminutive 
of bard. 

Bardy (bard'Y). Mischievous; 
impertinent. 

Bareflt (bar'fYt). Barefooted. 

Bargaining (biir'gen-Yn). Dis- 
puting; battling. 

Barken (bark'en). To incrust. 

Barkit (bark'Yt). Tanned ; 
barked. 

Barley (bar 'IT), Barly, or 
Barla (bar'la). A cry among 
boys at their violent games 
for a truce. — Barla fummil 
barley I (bar 'la fum'mc'l 
bar 'II). An exclamation 
asking for a truce, as by one 
who nas fallen down in 
wrestling or play. 

Barley-bree(bar'll-bre / ). Malt 
liquor ; ale or beer. 



Barlihood (bar'lY-h6d). Obsti- 
nacy ; ill nature ; drunken 
fit of passion. 

Barm (barm). Yeast. 

Barmie (barm'Y). Of or like 
barm ; foaming. 

Barns-breaking (barnz' brak'- 
Yn). Idle frolic. 

Barrace (bar'ras). Bounds ; 
hsts for combatants. 

Barrow tram (biir'ro tram). 
Shaft of a wheelbarrow. 

Batch (bach). A crew or gang. 

Batts (bats). Botts ; colic. 

Bauch (baH), Baugh. Insipid; 
tasteless; useless. 

Bauchie bird (baH'Y bgrd). 
The bat. 

Bauchle (baH"l or baH"l), 
Bauchel. An old shoe ; a 
slipper half worn out. 

Baudrons (ba'drunz). A cat. 

Bank (bak). To balk ; to dis- 
appoint ; also, a cross-beam 
in a roof. 

Bank, Bawk (bak). Unculti- 
vated place between ridges 
of land. 

Bauld(bald). jBald; also, bold. 

Bawbee (ba-be'). A half pen- 
ny ; pi. money. — Bawbee 
rows. Half-penny rolls. 

Bawk (bak) = Back. 

Baws'nt (ba's'nt) or Bawson- 
faced (ba's'n-fast). Having 
a white, oblong spot on the 
face. 

Bawty (ba'tY). A dog. 

Baxter (baks'ter), Baixter 
(baks'ter). Baker. 

Bayganet, Baignet (bag'net). 
Bavonet. 

Be, Let be (let be). Let alone; 
not to mention. 

Beal (bel), Biel. Mouth; open- 
ing; also, to suppurate. 

Bean (ben), Bien, Bein. Well 
to do ; comfortable and well 
provided. 

Bear (ber). Barley that has 
more than two rows of grain 
in the ear. 

Beastie (best'Y). Diminutive 
of beast. 

Bedesman (bedz'man). One 
that prays for or to; a poor 
pensioner. 

Bedral (bgd'ral). A beadle; 
also, one who is bedridden. 

Beek(bek). To bask. 

Beet (bet). To add fuel to fire. 

Beta' (b6-fa'). Befall. 

Beflummed (be-flum"d). Pa- 
lavered ; flattered ; cajoled. 

Begoud(be-gud'). Began. 

Begrutten(bf-grut't'n). Show- 
ing the effects of violent 
weeping. 

Begunk (bS-gQnk'), Begoke 
(bf-gok'). Trick. 

Behint(be-hYnt'). Behind. 

Beild (held), Bield. Shelter. 

Bein (ben). Wealthy ; well 
provided. 



h, e, X, o, u, long ; a, g, X, 5, iX, y, short ; senate, $vent, Idea, 5 bey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



Beit (bet). To renew; to help 

to mend. 
Beld(bCld). Bald. 
Belike (bC-Uk'). Perhaps. 
Belive (bC-llV), Belyve. By 

and by; speedily. 
Bell-wavering ( bSl - wa ' vCr- 

Yn). Wandering. 
Ben (ben). Towards the inner 
apartment; the inner apart- 
menta of a bouse. — To bring 
far ben. To treat with great 
respect and hospitality. — To 
be far ben with. To be on 
terms of intimacy or famil- 
iarity with. 
Bend ( bSnd). To drink hard ; 

a pull of liquor. 
Bend-leather ( bendMGth'Sr). 

Thick sole leather. 
Benmost bore (bCn'mCst bOr). 

Innermost hole. 
Benniaon (bSn'nl-sfin). Bless- 
ing. 
Bent(bgnt). A kind of wiry 
grass common in impover- 
ished or neglected fields ; 
metaphorically, the hill; the 
moor. — Ta'en the bent. 
Taken the field; run away. 
Bethankit (b S- 1 h a n k ' Y 1). 

Grace after meat. 
Beuk = BuiK. 

Bicker (bYk'gr). A kind of 
wooden vessel, made by a 
cooper, for holding liquor, 
brose, etc.; a fight with mis- 
siles : a short race. 
Bide (bid). To stay ; to re- 
side ; to endure. — Bide a 
blink. Stay a moment. 
Biding (btd'Yn). Abiding; 

waiting ; residing. 
Bie(be). Shelter. 
Biel (bel). Dwelling place. 
Bield (beld). Shelter. 
Bien (ben). Wealthy ; plenti- 
ful ; pleasant ; comfortably 
situated. 
Big (big). To build. 
Biggin (big'gln). A build- 
ing ; a house. 
Biggit (bYg'gYt). Built. 
Biggon (bYg'giln), Biggonet 
( btg'gun-et). A large linen 
hood or cap, with ear-pieces, 
of the fashion worn by the 
Beguine sisterhood. 
Bike (blk), Byke. A nest of 

wild bees. 
Bill (bul or Ml). A bull. 
Billie (b&KlY or bYl'lY), Billy. 
Brother ; a young fellow ; a 
comrade. 
Bind (bind) (in drinking). As 
much liquor as one can carry 
under his band or girdle.— 
I'm at my bind. I've got my 
full measure. 
Bing (bSng). A heap, as of 

grain, potatoes, etc. 
Bink (benk). Bench ; bank ; 

acclivity ; heap. 
Binn(bgn),Bing(bgng). Heap 

of unthrashea corn. 
Binna (bgn'na). Be not. 
Birk(berk). Birch. 
Birkenahaw (bgrk'en-sha). A 

wood of voung birch trees. 
Birkie (bgrk'Y). A child's 
game at carda ; a lively 
young fellow. [drink. I 

Birle ( bSrlj. To spend in| 
Birling (bgrl'Yn). Drinking ; 
administering liquor ; also, 
making a grumbling noise 
like an old-fashioned spin- 
ning wheel or hand mill in 
motion. — Birling the baw- 
bee. Clubbing for drink. 
Birlyman (bSrPY-man). The 
petty officer of a burgh or 
barony. 
Birn (hern). Burden.— Skin 
and birn. Full account of a 
sheep, by bringing the skin 
with the tar mark, and the 
head with the brand on the 
nose ; the whole of any 
thing. 
Birr (bSr). Noise ; vehe- 
mence ; to stimulate. 
Birring (bgr'rYn). The noise 
of partridges, etc., when they 
spring. 
Birae (bSrs). Bristle or bris- 
tk's : bruise. — To set up 
one's birae. To rouse him 
to his mettle : to put him in 
a towering passion. 



Bit (Mt). Crisis ; nick of 
time ; used also an a dimin- 
utive, as, a bit burn, a 
small rivuk-t ; a bit laaaie, 
a little girl. Also, a small 
space; a spot. — Blithe bit. 
Pleasant ipoti 

Bittle ( bit't'l). A wooden bat 
lor beating clothe*. 

Bittock(blt'tak). A little bit; 
a short distance. 

Bizz (biz). A bustle : to buzz. 

Blacka viced ( bulk 'a- vlst), 
Blackaviaed. Dark-com- 

plexioned. 

Blackit (blak'tt). Blackened. 

BlacknebB(bliik'nel)z). Dem- 
ocrats ; factious, discon- 
tented revilere. 

Blad (blad). A blow or slap, 
cast or throw ; a large pleci 
or portion ; a portfolio ; to 
slap ; to strike ; to abuse. 

Blae (bla). Pale blue, the color 
of the skin when bruised. 

Blaatie (blas'tY). A shriveled 
dwarf ; — a term of con- 
tempt. 

Blasting (blast'Yn). Puffing 
and blowing ; also, boasting. 

Blastit(bliist'Yt). Blasted. 

Blate (blat). Bashful ; sheep- 
ish. 

Blather (bl?tb/Sr). Bladder. 

Blaud(blad). See Blad. 

Blaw (bla). To blow ; to 
boast ; to flatter ; to coax. — 
To blaw in one'a lug. To ca- 
jole or flatter a person. 

Blaw-in-my-lug (bla'Yn-mt- 
lug 7 ). A flatterer ; a parasite. 

Blawart (bla'Srt), Blaewort 
(bla'grt). A plant ; Centuu- 
rea cyanus of Linnams. 

Blawn(blan). Blown. 

Blearin ane's ee (bler'Yn 
anz e). Blinding one with 
flattery. 

Bleerit (bler'Yt). Bleared ; 
sore with rheum ; bedimmed 
with weeping. 

Bleert an' blind (blert an 
blYn). Bleared and blind. 

Bleeze (blez). A blaze ; to 
blaze. 

Bleezing(blez r Yn). 

BleUum (blgl'lum). 
ing fellow. 

Blether (blgth'gr). 
idly ; nonsense ; i 

Bletheration ( blgtii 
shun). Nonsense ; 
language. 

Blethers (blgrh'grz). 
bling ; foolish talk. 

Bleth'rin (blgth'rYn). 

Blini^blgnk). A little while ; 
a glimpse ; a smiling look ; 
to look kindly ; to shine by 
fits. 

Blinker (blgnk'gr). A term of 
contempt. 

Blinkin (blgnk'Yn). Smirking. 

Blitter (blgt'ter). Mire snipe. 

Bloodwite (blud'wTt). Com- 
pensation, or fine for blood- 
shed. 

Blnde(blud). Blood. 

Blue-gown (bloo'goon). One 
of those beggars who got an- 
nually, on the king's birth- 
day, a blue cloak or gown, 
with a badge. 

Bluid(blud). Blood. 

Blume (blum). Bloom. 

Blunker(blunk''er). Bungler; 
one that spoils everything he 
meddles with. 

Bluntie (blttnt'Y). Sniveling. 

Blype (blip). A shred ; a large 
piece. 

Boast (bost). To try to intimi- 
date ; to threaten ; to scold. 

Bob (b<5b). To dance up and 
down. 

Bock (b<*>k). To vomit ; to 
gush intermittently. 

Bodach (hod'an)- An old 
man ; a bugaboo. 

Bode (b5d). What is bidden ; 
offer. 

Bodle (bS'd'l), Boddle. A cop- 
per coin, value the sixth part 
of an Enslish penny, equal 
to two doits, or Scottish pen- 
nies, [goblins. I 

Bogilly (ho'gY-lY). Full of I 

Bogles (bo'g'lz). Goblins; 
bugbears ; scarecrows. 



Blazing. 
Idle talk- 
To talk 
bladder. 
Sr-a'- 
foolish 

Bab- 

Talk- 



Bole (bol), Boal. A locker in 
the wall oi a cottage, lor 
keeping books, etc. i a crypt, 
or -mull press. — Window 
bole. A window with blinds 
oi WOOd, With one small pane 
Of glass in the middle, in- 
stead of a casement ; also, 
an opening la the wall of a 
house, with a wood) 

ter instead of a pane 
Bonnally (bOn'nal-lI), Bon- 

naile (biin'nab. ▲parting 

cup with 11 friend, in 

Ol « l-hing lain a prosperous 

journey. 
Bonnet laird (bOn'nft lard;. 

A .-mall proprietor of land. 
Bonnie (.bon'nl), Bonny, <>r 

Bonle. llandsome ; beauti- 
ful ; also, strong ; worthy ; 
approved. — Bonnie wawlies. 
Toys, trinkets. 

Bonnock. Bee Bahvocc 

Boord (DSrd). A board. 

Boor-tree— BOUB-TBSI. 

Boost ( booot). Behoved ; must 
need.-. 

Boot (but). Buit. A balance 

of value in barter. — Into the 

boot. Given into the boot. 
Bordel(bor'd'l). Brothel. 
Bore(bor). A hole in the wall. 
Borrell-loons (bor'rel-loonz). 

Low rustic rogues. 
Borrowing-days (boY'rG-Yn- 

daz). The three last days of 

March, O. 8. 
" March borrowed frae Aprile, 
Three days, an' they were ill ; 
The flrst o' them was wind and weet. 
The second o' them was enaw an' 

sleet. 
The third o' them was sic a freeze, 
That the birds' legs stack to the 

trees." 

Boss (bas). Hollow. 

Botch (bach). A tumor. 

Bothy (bath/Y). A hut : a 
hovel ; a place where labor- 
ing sen-ants are lodged. 

Bouk (book). Bulk ; compass ; 
bodv : corpse. 

Bouki'ng^book'Yn). Bucking. 

Boul (bool). A bowl. — Boul 
o' a pint stonp. Handle of 
a two-quart pot. 

Bountith (boon'tYth). The 
bounty given in addition to 
stipulated wages. 

Bourd (boord). To jeer; to 
mock ; a scoff. 

Bourocks (boor'uks), Bon- 
rachs. Confused heaps : 
miserable huts ; also, small 
inelosures. 

Bour-tree (burMre"'), or Bn'- 
tree (bu'tr'SO. The shrub 
elder, planted much of old 
in hedges of barnyards, etc. 
— Bour - tree - bush. Elder 
bush. 

Bouse (booz). To drink. 

Bousing ( booz'Yn). Drinking ; 
making merrv with liquor. 

Bow (bou). A boll; a dry 
measure, containing the six- 
teenth part of a chalder, or 
four firlots. 

Bowie (bou'Y). A cask with 
the head taken out ; a tub ; a 
milk pail. 

Bowk = Bora. 

BowkaiKbou'kal). Cabbage. 

Bowrock (bou'ruk). Cluster ; 
heap i clump. 

Bowt(bout). Bended: crooked; 
also, a bolt ; a shaft. 

Bra'- See Br aw. 

Bracken (brak 'en). Fern. 

Brae (bra). A declivity : a 
precipice : the slope of a 
hill : rising ground. 

Braid (brad). Broad. 

Braik (brak). A kind of har- 
row. 

Brainge(branj). To run raeh- 
lv forward. 

Brak (brak). Broke; made 
insolvent. 

Brander (brand'gr). A grid- 
iron. 

Brandered ( brand ' grd ). 

Grilled : broiled. 

Brankie ibrank'Y). Gaudy. 

Brank-new (brank'-nu). A 
phrase equivalent to " IJMOi 
aw/ span new;" quite new. 

Branks (brarjks). A kind of 
wooden curb for hon 



Brany f hruii'l;. Brandy. 
Brash i bra-tu. A auddeu Ul- 
an attack ; auuult. 

Brat Mi'. Lothingi 

u rag | also, a child. 
Brattach (brat'tau). 

ard or Mug ; literally, 
Brattls (brit't'l). A abort 

turv ; rattle. 
Brawi br§). line , huj. 

Brawlys (brs/lls), Brawly 
I bralt), or BrawUe 

well ; bravely ; tiuely ; heart- 
ily. 
Braws (bruz). Bru 

Braxie'ibrttkB'ii.or Braxy. A 
inously 

applied m dilicrent >'. 

also, a sheep which h 

of di 
Breaskitibr.-h'kit)^ Bbukit. 
Breastie (brest'i;. D.m. ;t 

Breastiti bre-t'lt;. Didapring 

up or forwurd. 
Brecham ( brrii'um;. A work 

bone's collar 

Breckan, Brecken < brgk'un). 

Breed ( bred;. To resemble ; to 
take alter. 

Breef <brel>. An invulnerable 
or irresistible spell. 

Breeks | briki i. 
Breekless. Brei 

Breering (brer'iio. < 
through the ground, as 
young grain, i 

Breers, Breres (brirt). The 
first growth oi the grain 
above ground. 

Brent ( brent i. Bmooth : clear. 
— Brent brow 
head. 

Brickie (brQk"l). Brittle ; tick- 
lish. 

Brie(bre). Juice : liquid. 

Brig (bres). A bridge. 

Briskit (brYs'kYt). Breast; 
the bosom. 

Brither ( orYrii'gr). A brother. 

Brochan (broil 'an). Gruel. 

Brochit (broii'Yt), Brocht 
(brOHt). Stitched ; sewed. 

Brocht (broiit). Act of pick- 
ing. 

Brock (brok). A badger. 

Brockit-cow(brr ) k'Yt-kdo / ). A 
white-faced cow. 

Brod (brSd). Goad to drive 
oxen. 

Brog ( brog). A pointed instru- 
ment, such as a shoemaker's 
awl. 

Brogging (brog'gYn). Prick- 
ing with a sharp-pointed in- 
! strument. 

Brogue ( brog). A hum ; a 
trick : bradawl : I i 

Broke (brSk). Kitchen refuse ; 
pi'j>' meat. 

Broken man (brrtk'-n man). 
Outlaw : bankrupt. 

Broo (lire). Broth: juice: 
water ; also, opinion founded 
on bruit or report. 

Broose (broo/.V A race at 
countrv weddinsrs. to see who 
shall first reach the bride- 
groom's house on returning 
lrom church. 

Brose t,bro/). A kind of pot- 
tage made by pouring boil- 
ing water or broth on nieul, 
which is stirred while the 
liquid is poured. — Brose 
time. Brewis time ; supper- 
time. 

Brongh (brun). Brugh A b«ir- 
OUgh : a hazy circle around 
the moon. 

Brown Man o' the Moors 
ibroon man o the nm 

dwarf, or subterranean elf. 
Brownie (hrooii'U. A domes- 
tic goblin ! the " Robin Good- 

fellow *' oi Scotland. 
Browst ( broo-t v Brewing i ai 

much as la brewed at one 

time. 
Bruckle (bruk"l). Brittle ; 

ticklish. 
Brugh ibruHV A burgh. 
Bruick ( bri.ik), Brook. To use ; 

M wear : to cniov. 

Bruilzie (brttl'yi or brftl'/Y). 
Brulzie. Broil ; scurt! 
turban oe. 



fgm, recent, drb, riide, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



954 A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 







R 



U 



w 



Brunstanecbruu'stlln). Brim- 
stone}. 

Brunt i, brunt). Did burn; 
burnt. 

Brust (brust). To burst ; 
burst. 

Bnutam.brftst'«n>. Bursted. 

Buchan-bullen (bnu'im bnl'- 
lerzl. The boiling of the 
bm among the rocks on the 
coast of Buchan. 

Buckie (buk'I). Shell of a 
sea snail, or any spiral shell, 
of whatever size. — Deil's. or 
Deevil's. buckle. A per- 
verse, refractory youngster ; 
a mischievous madcap. 

Buckskin (bftk'skin). An in- 
habitant of Virginia. 

Bufftbuf). To beat. 

Bught i, bunt). A pen for hold- 
ing sheep. 

Bughtin-time (biint'Yn-tim'). 
'lhe time of collecting the 
sheep in the pens to be 
milked. 

Buik. Buke, Beuk (book or 
bvfik). Book. 

Buirdly (burd'lT). Stout- 
made ; strong ; athletic. 

Buist (bust), Boost. The 
brand put upon cattle by 
their owners. 

Buke = Buik. 

Bum (bum). To hum. 

Bumbazed (bum-bazd"). A- 
mazed; confused; stupefied. 

Bumbee (bum-be''). The large 
field bee. 

Bumclock (bum ' klo"k'). A 
humming beetle that flies in 
the summer evenings. 

Bumming (bum'min). Hum- 
ming, as bees. 

Bummle(bum / ''l). To blunder. 

Bummler (bum'lgr). A blun- 
derer. 

Bung-fu' (bung'fu/), or Bung 
(bung). Tipsy ; fuddled. 

Bunker (bunk'Sr). A bench 
or sort of low chest that 
serves for a seat; also, a win- 
dow seat, or seat which also 
serves for a chest, opening 
with a hinged lid. — Sand 
bunker. Sand bank. 

Bardie (ber'dT). Diminutive 
of bird ; maiden ; damsel. 

Bure(bur). Did bear. 

Burn (blrn). Water; a brook ; 
a rivulet. 

Burnewin (bera^i-wln). A 
blacksmith. 

Burnie (bern'Y). Diminutive 
of burn. 

Busk (busk). Dress ; to dress ; 
to prepare. 

Buskie (busk'!). Busky. 

Busking (busk'In). Dressing. 

Buskit (basket). Dressed. 

Busks (busks). Dresses. 

Busle (bus"l). A bustle ; to 
bustle. 

Buss(bii6). Bush ; to deck ; to 
dress. 

Bussle (bus's'l). Bustle. 

But (but). With. 

But (but). The outer apart- 
ment of a house, esp. of one 
consisting of only two apart- 
ments ; towards the outer 
apartment. 

But -an '-ben (but -an -ben). 
The apartments on the op- 
posite sides of the partition 
wall in a house, esp. of one 
consistingof two apartments. 

Buttock mail (but'ttik mSl). 
Fine imposed in lieu of sit- 
ting on the stool of repent- 
ance. 

Buz (buz). Talk; ado; noise. 

By < bi or bT). Past ; beside ; 
over and above. — Down bye. 
Down yonder; not far off. 

By and attour (bl and at-tobr'). 
In the neighborhood ; out- 

Byganes (bl'ganz). What 



gone by and past ; bygones 

" i-s61 v > * 
natic ; distracted. 



By hlmsel (bt him-i 



Lu- 



BykeCbTk). A beehive; swarm; 

multitude. 
By ordlnar (bT' or'dY-nar). 

More than ordinary. 
Byre < bTr;. A cow house. 
Bytime 'Witm',. Odd time ; 

interval of leisure; now and 

then. 



c. 



Ca' (ka). To call; to name; to 
drive. — Ca' -throw. Disturb- 
ance : prevention. —Ca' the 
shuttle. Drive the shuttle. 

Cabir ( ka'bgr). A rafter. 

Cadger (kaj'Cr). A carrier; a 
huckster. 

Cadgy (kaj'I). Lively and 
frisky i wanton. 

Cadie (kad'I) or Caddie. A 
porter or messenger; attend- 
ant of a golf player. 

Caff(kaf). Chaff. 

Caft (kaft), Coft (kOft). 
Bought. 

Caickling (kak'ltn or kfk'- 
lln). Cackling. 

Caillaich (kSKlyaH). Old wo- 
man. 

Caimed (kamd), Kaimed. 
Combed. 

Caird(kard). Tinker. 

Cairn ( karn, also kiirn ). Heap 
of loose stones, piled as a 
memorial of some individual 
or occurrence. 

Calf-ward = Cacf-ward. 

Callan (kal'lan), Callant. 
Young lad ; a fine fellow. 

Caller (kal'ler). Cool; fresh; 
refreshing. — Caller oysters, 
or herringB. Fresh or newly 
caught oysters or herrings. 

Callet (kal'lSt). A trull. 

Cam (kam). Came. 

Camsterie (kam-ste'ri). Cam- 
stery, Camstairie. Froward; 
perverse; unmanageable. 

Cangle (kan'g'l). Quarrel; to 
differ; to wrangle. 

Canie (kan'Y), Cannie. Gen- 
tle; mild ; good; dexterous ; 
neat; pretty. See Canity. 

Cankert (kan'kert). Fretful ; 
ill-natured. 

Canna (kan'na). Cannot. 

Cannilie (kan'nT-lT) or Can- 
nily. Dexterously ; gently. 

Canny (kan'nT), Cannie. Skill- 
ful ; prudent ; lucky ; in a 
superstitious sense, good con- 
ditioned, and safe to deal 
with ; trustworthy. 

Cant (kant). Lively; merry; 
brisk. 

Cantie (kan'ti) or Canty. 
Cheerful ; merry ; lively. 

Cantie (kan't'l). Projecting 
part, as the crown of the 
head ; ridge. 

Cantrip (kan'trlp). Charm; 
spell. 

Canty=CAXTiE. 

Cap (kap). Wooden vessel for 
holding food or liquor. 

Capercailzie (kap'er-kaKyi), 
Capercailye. A species of 
grouse, called also cock of 
the woods. 

Cappernoity (kap'pgr-noi'tl). 
Crabbed; peevish. 

Cappie (kap'pT). Dim. of cap. 

Capstane (kap'stan')- Cope- 
stone ; keystone. 

Capyl (kap^'l), Capul(kap'ul). 
Horse ; in a more limited 
sense, work horse. 

Careering (ka-rer'Tn). Cheer- 
fully. 

Carfuffled (kgr-fuf'f'ld), Cur- 
fufiled. Ruffled ; rumpled. 

Carl (karl) or Carle. A churl; 
a gruff old man. 

Carl-hemp (karK-hemp). The 
male stock of hemp, known 
by its superior strength and 
stature. 

Carlie (karKT). Dim. of Carl. 

Carlin (kin-Kin), Carline, Car- 
ling. A woman, contemptu- 
ously ; an old woman ; the 
feminine of Carl. 

Carritch(kar /, rIch),Carritches 
(kar'rlchs). A catechism. 

Cartes (kSrts). Cards. 

Carvy (kar'vt). Can-away. 

Cast (kast). Got over ; recov- 
ered from. 

Cast (kast). Lot ; fate ; turn ; 
chance ; aim. 

Castock (kuu'tfik). The core 
of a cabbage. 

Cast out (kast oot). To fall 
out ; to quarrel. 

Cast up (kast up). To appear; 
also, to throw in one's teeth ; 
to reproach with. 



Ca't (kat) or Ca'd. Called ; 
driven ; calved. 

Cateran (kat't-ran). A High- 
land or Irish irregular sol- 
dier ; a freebooter, [dron. I 

Caudron (ka/drim). A cal-l 



Cauf(kaf). Calf. 
Cauff (kaf j. Chad 
Caufle (kaf 'f). Dim. of Cauf. 



Cauf-ward (kaf-ward'), Calf- 
ward. A place where calves 
are kept in the field. 

Cauk an' keel (kak an kel). 
Chalk and red clay, for 
marking sheep. 

Cauld(kud). Cold. 

Cauldrife (kad'rTf). Chilly; 
susceptible to cold. 

Caup (kap), Cap (kap). A cup; 
a wooden bowl ; the shell of 
a snail. 

Causey (kas'i), Calsay. A 
raised and paved street. — To 
keep the crown o' the causey. 
To keep the middle or higher 
part of the street, in defiance 
of all to be met. 

Cavie, Cavey (ka'vT). A hen- 
coop ; also, a partan, or com- 
mon sea crab. 

Cawk (kak). _ Chalk; to chalk. 

Certes (ser'tez), Certis. Sure- 
ly; truly. 

Certie, My certie (mi sgr'tl). 
My faith ; in good troth. 

Cesses (ses / 'ez). Taxes. 

Chack (chak). A snack; a 
luncheon. 

Chafts (chat's). Jaws. 

Chalder (cha'der). In dry 
measure, sixteen bolls. 

Chancy (chan'sT). Lucky ; 
safe. 

Chanter (chanfer). A part of 
a bagpipe. 

Chap (chap). A blow; aknock; 
a fellow ; to knock ; al60, a 
shop. 

Chappit (chap'pgt). Struck ; 
pounded; mashed. 

Chaw (cha). Chew. 

Cheap o't (chep 5t). Well de- 
serving of it ; deserving 
worse. 

Cheekit(chek'it). Checked. 

Cheep (chep). A chirp; to 
chirp. 

Cheese-fat (chez'-fat). A 
cheese dish ; a cheese form. 

Chenzie (chen'zT). A chain. 

Chield, Chiel, or Cheel (chel). 
A young fellow. 

Chimla (chim'la"), Chimley, 
(chimll), Chimlie. A chim- 
ney.— Chimla lug (chtm'ia 
lug). The fireside. 

Chimleyneuk ( chTTm ' It - 

nydok'). Chimney corner. 

Cluttering (chet'ter-Tn). Shiv- 
ering ; trembling. 

Choast (Host) = HoAST. 

Chop (ch5p or sh5p). Shop. 

Chow (chou). To chew. — 
Cheek for chow. Side by 
6ide. 

Chowl (choul). Jowl. 

Chuckie (chtik'i). A barn- 
door fowl ; also, a pebble. 

Chuckie - stanes ( chuk ' T - 
stSnz'). Pebblestones, such 
as children play at chuck 
farthing or jackstones with. 

Chuffie (chaff T). Fat-faced. 

Clachan (klaH'an). A 6mall 
village about a church ; a 
hamlet. 

Clack geese (klak'ges), Claick 
geese (klSk). Barnacle geese. 

Clagged (klagd), Claggit 
(klag'git). Clogged. 

Clairshach (klar'shaH), Claix- 
sho (klar'shC). A harp. 

Claise (klaz), Clase, or Claes. 
Clothes. 

Claith (kltth). Cloth. 

Claithing (klath'Tn). Cloth- 
ing. 

Claiths (klaz). Clothes. 

Clamjamfrie (klam , iam' _ frt). 
A mob ; tag-rag and bobtail. 

Clamyhewit(kla-ml-hQ'Tt). A 
stroke. [stroke, i 

Clankie (klank'Y). A sharp | 

Clap (klap). The clapper of a 
mill ; a stroke ; a moment. 

Clapper (klap ' pSr). The 
tongue ; the tongue of a bell. 
— Ringing his clapper. Us- 
ing his tongue freelv. 

ClarkitCklark'Tt). Wrote. 



Clarty (kliirt ' 1), Clorty 
(klort't). Unclean; filthy. 

Clash (klash). An idle tale ; 
the story of the day ; tittle- 
tattle ; scandal ; idle talk. 

Clat (kliit), Claut (klat). To 
rake together ; an instru- 
ment lor raking together 
mire, weeds, etc. 

Clatch (klach). Mud ; mire ; 
to daub or smear with mire 
or slimy substance, as lime. 

Clatter (klat'ter). To tell idle 
stories ; an idle story. 

Clattertraps (klaftSr-traps'). 
Rattletraps ; — a ludicrous 
name for tools and accouter- 
ments. 

Clatty(klat'ti). Nasty; dirty; 
defiled. 

Claught (kkHt). Clutched; 
snatched at ; laid hold of. 

Claut (klat). To clean ; to 
scrape ; to rake ; to claw. 

Clauted (klat'it). Scraped. 

Claver (kla'vgr). Clover. 

Claver (kla'vgr). To talk idle 
nonsense ; to gossip ; idle 
talk ; pi., idle stories ; gossip. 

Claverin (kla'ver-in). Talk- 
ing idly and foolishly. 

Claw (kla). To scratch; to 
scrape. — To claw up their 
mittena. To give them the 
finishing stroke. — To claw 
favor. To curry favor. 

Clean (klen). Handsome. 

Cleck (kl6k). To collect; to 
bring together ; to hatch. 

Cleckin (klek'in). A brood of 
chickens. 

Cleed (kled). To clothe. 

Cleeds (kledz). Clothes. 

Cleek ( klek), Cleick. To hook ; 
to link ; to seize ; to 6natch 
up hastily ; a hook. 

Cleeklt (klek'M). Caught as 
with a hook. — Cleekit in the 
cunzie. Hooked in the loin. 

Cleg(kieg). The gadfly. 

Cleugh (kiooH). Cliff; also, 
a ravine. 

Clink (klink). A smart stroke; 
a jingling sound; metaphori- 
cally, money ; also, to clink. 

Clinket (kllnk'et). Clanked ; 
struck. 

Clipe = Clype. 

Clinkum bell (klTnk'fim b61). 
Who rings the church bell. 

Clipping time (klip'pYn tlm). 
The nick of time. — To come 
in clipping time. To come 
as opportunely as he who 
visits a farmer at sheep-shear- 
ing time, when there is al- 
ways mirth and good cheer. 

Clips (klips). Shears. 

Clishmaclaver (klish'ma-kla'- 
ver). Idle conversation. 

Clock (kKk). To hatch; a bee- 
tle. 

Clockin (klok'In). Clucking ; 
hatching. 

Clodded (klod'Tt). Threw 
clods ; threw with violence. 

Clomb (klom). Climbed. 

Cloot (klet), Cloove (klev). 
Divided hoof ; cloven hoof. 
— Cloot and cloot. Hoof and 
hoof, i.e., every hoof. 

Clootie (klet'i). The devil. 

Clour (kloor). A bump upon 
the head from a blow ; also, 
indentation in a brass or 
pewter vessel ; defacement ; 
inequality of surface pro- 
duced bv a_blow ; to beat. 

Cloured (kloord). Dimpled ; 
dented. [patch. I 

Clouts (kloots). Cloths ; rag ; | 

Cluds (kludz). Clouds. 

Clung (kiting). Empty ; col- 
lapsed ; drawn together. 

Clunk (kliink). The sound of 
liquor in emptying a bottle 
or cask. 

Clute. See Cloot. 

Clype (klip). Telltale ; to tell 
secrets ; to tattle. 

Coalheugh(kolhuH). A place 
where coals are hewed or 
dug. 

Coaxin(ko-ks'in). Wheedling. 

Coble (ko'b'l). A small fishing- 
boat upon a river. 

Cockernonie (kok'er-nftn-T), 
Cockernonny. The gather- 
ing of a young woman's 
hair under tne snood or fillet. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ti, y, short ; sen&te, gvent, Idea, obey, unite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AM) PHRASES. 



Cockyleekie (k5k ' Y-lek' Y), 
Cock-a-leekie. Leek wap, 
in which u cock huB been 
boiled. 

Cock laird (k6k' lard'). A land 
proprietor, who cultivates 
his own estate. 

Cockle-brained(k6Vl-brand'). 
Chuckle-headed ; foolish. 

Cock-padle (k&k'-pad"l). 
Lumpfieh. 

Cod (kod). Pillow ; also, pod. 

Codling (kOd'lTn). An apple 
so called. — Carlisle codlings 
are in great esteem. 

Coft(koft). Bought. 

Cog (k8g). A' wooden dish. 

Coggie (kOg'gY). Dim. of cor/. 

Cogue (kog). A round wooden 
vessel, for holding milk, 
brose, liquor, etc. 

Coila (koil'ya). From Kyle, a 
district of Ayrshire, so called, 
according to tradition, from 
Coil, or Coilus, a Pictish 
monarch. 

Collie (kSKY). A shepherd's 
dog ; a cur. 

Collie-shangie (k61'Y-shang-Y), 
Collie-shangy. A quarrel ; 
disturbance ; tumult ; squab- 
ble, [mand. I 

CommaunCkoTn-man'). Com- 1 

Conter (kOn ' tSr"), Contrair 
(kon-trar'). To thwart ; to 
oppose. 

Contrare (kSn-trar'). Contra- 
ry ; also, opposition. 

Coodlked). The cud. 

Coof (kef). A blockhead ; a 
ninny. 

Cookie (kook'Y). A kind of 
6mall sweet bread for eating 
at tea. 

Cookit (kook'Tt). Appeared 
and disappeared by tits. 

Coost (kest). Did cast. 

Coot (k5t). The ankle or foot. 

Cootie (ket'Y). A wooden 
kitchen dish ; also, a term 
applied to fowls whose legs 
are clad with feathers. 

Corbie (kor'bY). Raven. — 
Corbie messenger. One who 
is long upon his errand, or 
who, like the raven sent from 
the Ark, returns not again. 

Core (kor). Corps ; party ; 
clan. 

Corn't (koTnt). Fed with oats. 

Coronach (kfir'S-nSn). Dirge ; 
a lamentation for the dead. 

Corrie (kCr'rt). In the High- 
lands, a hollow recess in a 
mountain, open only on one 
side. 

Cosh (kOsh). Neat ; snug. 

Cosy (ko'zY), Cozie, Cosie. 
"Warm and comfortable ; 
snug ; social ; chattv. 

Cottar (kot'tBr), Cotter. A 
kind of farm dependent liv- 
ing in a cot house, or cottage. 

Could na (kdod' na). Could 
not. 

Counted (koonfYt). Consid- 
ered. 

Countra (klin'trY or kYn'trS). 
Country. 

Coup (koup). To turn over; 
to barter : to buy horses or 
cattle.— To coup the crans. 
To go to wreck, like a pot on 
the fire, when the crane upon 
which it stood is upset. 

Coupit (koup'Yt). Turned ; 
bought ; traded. 

Cour (koor), Cowr. To cower. 

Courch. See Curch. 

Couthie (kooth'T). Kind ; 
loving. 

Cove(k~bv). Cave. 

Cowe (kou). To terrify ; to 
keep under; to lop ; alright ; 
a branch of furze ; broom. 

Cowp (koup). To barter; to 
tumble over ; a gang. 

Cowpit (koup'Yt). Tumbled. 

Cow'rin(k6o''rYn). Cowering. 

Cowt (kout), Cowte. A colt. 

Cozie (ko'zY). See Cosy. 

Crabbit(krab'bYt). Crabbed; 
fretful. 

Crack (krak). Conversation ; 
to converse ; to boast ; new ; 
showy. 

Crack-hemp (krak'-hgmp'). 
Gallows bird. 

Crackin (krak'Yn). Convers- 



Craemes ( krrtmz i. Creams, 
Krames. Warehouse* where 
goods are crammed or 
packed ; range of booths for 
the tale oi so 

Craft (kru.lt) or Croft (kroi't or 
krGft). A Meld near a hoube 
(in old husbandry ). 

Craig (krag). Rock; crag; 
Deck : throat. 

Craik (krllk). To cry or call 
Incessantly. 

Crambo-clink ( kram ' hfl- 

klYnk') or Crambo-jingle 
( -jYng"l ). Rhymes ; dog- 
gerel verses. 

Cran (kriin). Crane ; an iron 
instrument suspended across 
the lire for supporting :i pot 
or kettle ; also, a Quantity 
equal to the contents of a 
barrel. 

Crank (krank). The noise of 
an ungreased wheel. 

Crankous (krank'us). Fret- 
ful ; captious." 

Cranreuch (kran'r6*on). The 
hoarfrost. 

Crap(krap). A crop ; to crop ; 
the top of anything ; the craw 
of a fowl ; ludicrously, a 
man's stomach. 

Crappit heads (krap'pYt hedz). 
Puddings made in the heads 
of haddocks. 

Craw(kra). A crow of a cock ; 
a rook ; to_crow. 

Creach (kreii), Creagh. A 
highland foray ; a plunder- 
ing incursion. 

Creechie (kresh'Y). Greasy. 

Creefu' (kre'l'u). A basketful. 

Creel (krel). A basket or pan- 
nier. — To be in a creel, or to 
have one's wits in a creel. 
To labor under some tempo- 
rary confusion or stupefac- 
tion of mind. 

Creepy (krep'Y), or Creepie. A 
low wooden stool. — Creepie 
chair. The chair of repent- 
ance. 

Creeshie (kresh'Y). Greasy ; 
tallowy. 

Creish(kresh), Creesh. Grease; 
tallow. 

Creishing (kresh'Yn). Greas- 
ing. 

Crewels (kroo'elz). Scrofula. 

Crock (krSk). An old sheep. 

Croft = Craft. 

Crombie (krum'Y), Crummy. 
A crooked-horned cow. 

Crood (krood) or Croud. To 
coo as a dove. 

Crook (krook). A crook ; spe- 
cif., a curved iron upon 
which pothooks are hung in 
a fireplace. 

Croon (kr5n). A hollow and 
continued moan ; to make a 
noise like the continued roar 
of a bull ; to hum a tune. 

Crooning (krSn'Yn). Hum- 
ming. 

Croony(krSn'Y). Crony ; com- 
rade. 

Crouchie (krooch'Y). Crook- 
backed. 

Croulin(krooKYn). Crawling. 

Croun (kroon). A crown. 

Crouse(kroos). Brisk ; full of 
heart : courntreous-like. 

Crousely (kroos'll). Cheer- 
fullv ; courageously. 

Crowdie(kroudf'T), Crowdy. A 
composition of oatmeal and 
boiled water, sometimes from 
the broth of beef, mutton, 
etc. ; also, meal and milk 
mixed in a cold state. 

Crummie(krrtm'mT), Crummy. 
See Crombie. 

Crummock (krHrn'mttk). A 
cow with crooked horns. 

Crump (krump). Hard and 
brittle ; — spoken of bread. 

Crunt (krunt). A blow on the 
head with a cudgel. 

Cruppin ( krirp/pYn). Crept. 

Cud (knd). Cudgel. 

Cuddie(knd'dY). Ass. 

Cuddle ( kud'd'l). To fondle. 

Cuif (kuf). A blockhead; a 
ninny! 

Cuitikins (kiit'Y-kYnz), Cuti- 
kings. Gaiters. 

Cuittle(kut't'l). Totickle:to 
wheedle. — To cuittle favor. 
To curry favor. 



Cullion (kul'yttn). Puppy i 

low ; poltroon. 

(kuin'mer). Mid- 



Cummock fkurn'mfik). A 

short stuff with a crooked 

head. [money. 

Cunzie (kun'iT). Property i 

Curch (IcBrah). Akerchiei i u 

woman's covering lor the 

head I an inner 1m ■ 

sometimes worn without the 

IUUtl/l. 

Curchie (kPrch'l). A cour- 
tesy. 

Curcuddock < kPr-knd'dnk). 
Fond I tumiiiur ; warm in 
attention. 

Curfuffle (klr-fuffl). Ruf- 
fie; rumple; put in a dls- 
ordered und tumbled 

Curler (kCrl'tr). A player at 
the game of curling. 

Curlie (kerl'Y). Curled ; hav- 
ing hair falling naturally in 

Curliewhurlies tkcrl'Y-hwc'rl'- 
Iz). Fantastical circular or- 
uaments. 

Curling (kffrl'Yn). A game in 
which stones ( , r heavy 
weights are propelled by the 
hand along the surface o'f the 
ice at a mark. 

Curmurring ( kSr-mPr'rYn ). 
Murmuring; grumbling) a 
slight rumbling noise. 

Cum (ke"m). A quantity, an 
indefinite number. 

Curney (kPrn'Y). Round; 
granulated. 

Curpin (kPKpYn). The rump 
of a fowl ; buttocks ; crup- 
per. 

Curple(k5r , p'l). Crupper. 

Currach(k5r , raH). A coracle, 
or small skiff ; a boat of 
wiekerwork covered with 
hides. 

Cushat (kush'at). The dove, 
or wood pigeon. 

Cusser (kOs'se'r), Cuisser, Cur- 
sour. A stallion. 

Custock (kfis'ttik). The stalk 
or stem of a cabbage. 

Cut-lugged (ktUMOgd). Crop- 
eared. 

Cutty (kiit'tY). Short ; also, 
testy; short-tempered; a slut; 
a worthless girl ; a loose wo- 
man ; a spoon ; tobacco pipe- 
cut or broken short. — Cutty- 
spoon. A short horn spoon. 
- Cutty stool. A short-leg- 
ged stool ; a small raised 
seat in old Scottish churches 
where acknowledged offend- 
ers against chastity were for- 
merly seated during three 
Sundays, and publicly re- 
buked by their minister. 



D. 



Dab (dab). Daub (dab). To 
peck as birds do. 

Dabs (dabz). Small bits, or 
specks stuck upon anything. 

Dacker (ditk'Pn. Daiker. To 
search, as lor stolen or smug- 
gled goods ; to toil ; to work 
leisurely : to stroll about. 

Dad (dad). To thrash : to 
strike forcibly ; to bespatter. 

Dae (da). To do. 

Daezit (daz'lt). Stupefied. 

Daffin (d&f'fTn). Merriment ; 
foolish playfulness. 

Daft (diift)." Merry; giddy: 
foolish ; mad. 

Daidlin (dKdIYn), Daidling. 
Loitering i trifling i tip- 
pling ; getting on in I lazy, 
careless way. 

Daigh(d!lii). Dough. 

Daighy (dSHT). Doughy, as 
underbaked bread ; 
spiritless. 

Daiker = Dacker. 

Daikering= Dacker. 

Dail (dal i. A deal of wood. 

Daimen(da'mcn). Rare ; now 
and then. 

Daimenicker (da'nun-e'k'e'r). 
An ear of corn. 
I Dainty (dSn'tl). Pleasant; 
| good-humored ; agreeable. 



Dal* 

Dales idalz). Plaint ; valleys. 
Dalt'dultj. ro.tcr-chlld. 
Dam (da 

cb urn | water. 
Dunmeriihin'iiifr). \ 

. itnk- 

InC on thi' head. 
Danderlng ( dun ' d"r - !n ). 

Dandera 

Dandllly (din'dl-ll 

I by too much 

Indnlgi 
Dang (ding). Struck; tub- 

dued ; knocked over. 
Darg idiirg;, Dargue. A day's 

work. 
DarklimWdtirk'ltnzj. J>arfe-| 
Darn (darn), Den. 

conceal. 
Daud (dad). To Una 

ubus.- ; to beat ; to bung ; a 

lurjre pi 

fulling flat. 
Daurfdur,. To dare. 
Daured idurti. Daurt 
Daurg (darg) or Daurk (dark). 

A day'- lulior. 

Daurna idar'nu i I»ar 

Dautietdu'tf;. Dawtie 

Davoc (dii'vuk;. A diminu- 
tive for David. 

Daw (da)- A drab; a slug- 
gard ; dawn. 

Dawting (dat'Ti 

Dawtit (dut'it) or Dawtet. 
Fondled ; care lead. 

Day ( da i. — The day. To-day. 

Dead thraw (dSd thra). The 
death I 

Dearie (de'rri. Dim. of dear. 

Dearthfu" (dfrth'ftu. D-ar. 

Deas (d5'as), Dais 
Dees (de'es). 'J'at.le : ^nui 
hall table ; a pew in the 
church ; a tu I 
at the doors of cott LC 

Deasil (da'zll). Motion con- 
trary to that of the sun : a 
Highland luperstitii 
torn, implying some preter- 
natural virtue. 

Death-ruckle tdPth- or dath- 
rnk"!). Death rattle 

Deave(dev), Deve. To deafen; 
to stupefy With 

Dee (de). To die. 

Deeing (de'Yn). Dving. 

Deevif's-buckie (delz-bQk'Y). 
Imp ill Satan : limb of the 
devil. 

Deil (del). Devil. - DeU's 
dozen tdelz di/'-n). Thir- 
teen. - Deil gaed o'er Jock 
Wabster edel ^Sd our )f>k 
w&b'stCr). Efvery thing 
went topsy-turvy i tl 
the devil to iiuy. — Deil ma 
care (del ma k!tr). Tl 
nuiv cure ; I don't < 
matter : for all that. - Deil'S 
snuffbox ulelz infif 
The common iniffball. 

Deleerit (de-lB'rlt), Delieret. 
Delirious. 

Deliver (de-ltr'Br). \ 
free in motion ; nimble. 

Deliverly id- -lYv'er-ll». Act- 
ively : alertly. 

Delve (d.'h . Bee 1>? 

Dentytdtn'tl). Daintv : nice. 

Dentfer(den'tT-eri. Daintier; 
more nice and delicate. 

Dern (dern i. Conoeali 

cret : hidden. 

Derned idern'di. Concealed. 

Descrive (d»akre>K> To de- 
scribe. 

Deuk (dvuk o'-dyAik). Duck. 

Deve = 1 H v \ i . 

Devel (dev'b. A verv hard 
blow. 

Diddle (dPd'd'M. To strike ; 
to knock : tc 

Didna(dld'nii). Did not. 

Dight (dBHt). To wipe: to 
cleun irram from chaff : to 
winnow: cleaned from chaff. 

Dike ultk). Dyke. A wall or 

fence of stone or sods. 
Dint den). Dun. 
Ding (deng> To worst : to 

push : to strike ; to tnut : to 

subdue. 
Dink (.detik). Neat : trim : 

tidy : also, contemptuous ; 

scornful of others. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



056 A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



u 



w 



Y 



Dinmont vdln'mftnt or dlm'- 
tit). A wether between one 
ami two years old, or that has 
not J el boon twice shoru. 

Dinna \dtn'nai. Do not. 

Dinnle ^Un'n'lV A thrill ; a 
on : a tremulous mo- 
tion : to tingle. 

Dirdum uler ilftml. Uproar : 
tumult : evil ; chance : pen- 
aiu'f. 

Dirlvdgrli. A slight, tremulous 
stroke or pain ; a (dancing 
stroke ; to thrill ; to tingle. 

Disidt/>. Does. 

Discreet idls-kret'). Discreet ; 
also, civil ; polite. 

Discretion (dls-kre'shim). 
Civility. 

Disjasked i dl s- j as ' ktt ). 
Jaded; deeaved : worn out. 

Disjune (.dg-zhunO, Dejune. 
breakfast. 

Disna uilz'ttiil. Does not. 

Dits idits). Stops up. 

Divtdlv). Do. 

Divot (dtv'flt). Sod for thatch- 
ins: : a turf. 

Dizzen (dlz'z'n), orDiz'n. A 
dozen. 

Doch-an-dorrach (dSH'-an- 
dor'rum. Stirrup cup; 

parting cup. 

Dochter (dCH'ter). Daughter. 

Doddie (dad'df). Cow with- 
out horns. 

Doild (doilt), Doilt. Stupid; 
contused : dazed. 

Doited (dtt'lt). Turned to 
dotage : stupid ; confused. 

Dole (dol). A dole. — Dead 
dole. That which was dealt 
out to the poor at the funer- 
als of the rich. 

Dolt(dolt). Stupefied: crazed. 

Donnert (don'nert), Donnard. 
Grossly stupid ; stunned.— 
Auld donnert. In dotage. 

Doo (doo). A dove. 

Dook ( dodk ), Donk. To duck : 
to immerse under water; to 
bathe. 

Dooket. Doncat (dook ' et ). 
Dovecot : pigeon house. 

Dookit(d6ok"[t). See Doukit. 

Dool (dgl). Sorrow. — To sing 
dool. To Jament ; to mourn. 

Dooms (doomz). Doomed ; 
damned : used intensively, 
as. dooms bad. Very bad. 

Doon(doon). Down. 

Door - stane ( dor ' -stan' ). 
Threshold. 

Doot (doot). Doubt. 

Dorlach. See Douelach. 

Dorty (dor'tY). Saucy ; nice. 

Dosen (doz'en). To settle 
down ; to become numb with 
cold. 

Dottle (do-ft'l). Crazy. 

Donee ( doos ), or Douse. Quiet ; 
sober ; sedate ; wise ; pru- 
dent. 

Dought (dooHt). Was or were 
able : could. 

Doukit (dobk'tt). Ducked. 

Doun (doon). Down. 

Doup (doup). Backside : bot- 
tom : buttocks ; but end. 

Doup-skelper (doup'-skeU- 
per;. One that strikes the 
buttocks ; a spanker. 

Dour (door). Doure. Hard and 
impenetrable in body or 
mind : stout ; durable ; sul- 
len : stubborn. — Dour and 
din. Sullen : sallow. 

Dourlach (door'laH). A bun- 
dle ; a knapsack ; literally, 
a satckel_of arrows. 

Douser (doos'Sr). More pru- 
dent. 

Douzie (dfjo'zt). Unlucky. 

Dover ( do ' vgr ). To doze ; 
to drowse ; to lose conscious- 
ii'--- for a moment, as when 
riding ; a drowsy state ; a 
doze. 

Dow tdou). Am or are able ; 
ean ; to decay. 

Dow (doo;. Dove, a term of 
endearment. 

Dowcote (doo'ko't). Pigeon 
hou*e : dovecot. 

Bowed' doud >. Faded : vapid ; 
decayed ; also, was able. 

Bowf. Dowff (douf). Pithless: 
wanting force ; hollow ; 

Bowie 'dou'l), Dolly (dol'll). 



Won with grief, fatigue, 
etc. : half asleep ; dull ; 
melancholy ; in bad health ; 
m bad tune. 

Downaidou'naV Caunot. 

Down bye (doou bt). Down 
the way. 

Doylt= Doil'd. 

Draff-poke ulnif-pOk). A bag 
for grains, or refuse of malt. 

Draiglet cdrag'l'tv Draggled. 

Drammock t, drum ' muk ), 
Drummock. A mixture, geu- 
erally raw, of meal and wa- 
ter. 

Drant= Draunt. 

Drap (chap). A drop ; to 
drop. 

Drappie (drap'pl). A little 
drop. 

Drapping (drap'pfn). Drop- 
ping. 

Drappit egg (drap'ptt gg')- A 
poached egg. 

Draunt (drant), Drant. A 
drawl ; to drawl. 

Drave (drav). Drove. 

Dree (dre). To suffer; to en- 
dure ; to dread the worst 
that may happen ; also, to 
drain. 

Dreel(drel). To move quicklv ; 
to run in haste ; a swift vio- 
lent motion ; to drill ; drill. 

Dreep (drep). To ooze ; to 
drop ; to drip. 

Dreigh(dreH). Tedious ; long 
about it ; tardv ; slow. 

Dribble (drlb'b'l). Driveling; 
slaver ; to drivel ; to drip 
slowly. 

Dridder (drtd'er), Dreadour. 
Dread ; fear. 

Drift (drgft). A drove. 

Drigie ( d r 6 g ' It ), Dredgie 
(drgj'T), Dirgie (dlr'gT). A 
funeral company ; compota- 
tion. 

Drochlin (droH'lltn), Droghlin. 
Puny : small and feeble. 

Droddum (dro'd'-duni). The 
breech. 

Droghling and coghling 
(droHlm an koH'lIn). 
Wheezing and blowing. 

Dronach (dro'naH). Penalty, 
punishment. 

Drone (dron). Part of a bag- 
pipe. 

Droop (droop). Rumpled ; 
drooping at the crupper. 

Droukit (drdok'It). Wet ; 
drenched. 

Drouth ( drooth ). Thirst ; 
drought. _ 

Drouthy (drooth'!), Droughty. 
Thirsty. 

Drow (drou). Drizzle ; miz- 
zling rain. 

Dracken(druk / 'en). Drunken. 

Dragsters (drfig'sterz). Drug- 
gists. 

Druken (drak'en). Drunken. 

Drumly (drum'lr). Turbid, 
as with mud ; thick ; muddy. 

Drummock = Drammock. 

Drunt (driint). Pet ; 60ur hu- 
mor ; to disgruntle. 

Dry multure (dri moo'tSr). 
Astricted mill dues, paid to 
one mill for grain that is 
srround at another. 

Dub (dub). A small pond of 
rainwater ; puddle. 

Duddie (dud'dr>, Duddy. Rag- 
ged : — said or garments. 

Duds (dQdz). Rags ; tatters ; 
clothes. 

Dnle (dul)= Dool. [ery. I 

Dulse (d'flls), Dulce. Sea eel- 1 

Dune (dun). Done. 

Dung ( dang ). Worsted ; 

pushed : driven. 

Dung - ower ( dang - ou'gr) . 
Knocked over. 

Dunnie-wassal (dun'nf-was'- 
sol). A Highland gentle- 
man, generally the cadet of 
a family of rank, with a title 
derived from the land he oc- 
cupied, though held at the 
will of his chieftain. 

Dunshin (dan'shln), Dunchin. 
Jogging smartly with the el- 
bow. 

Dunt(dBnt). A knock, stroke, 
or blow, that produces a din 
or sound ; a sizable portion of 
anything. 

Durk (dgrk). A dirk. 



Dush(dash). To push or gore, 

as a ram or ox. 
Dwam ( dwiim ), Dwaim 

(dwam),Dwaumidwam). A 

qualm ; a swoon. 
Dwine (dwln), or Dwyne. To 

lade ; to decay ; to waste. 
Dwinin (dwIn v Yn). Pining 

aw av ; declining in health. 
Dyester(dl'stgr). Dyer. 
Dyke(dlk). A stone fence. 
Dyvour (dl'vgr). A bankrupt; 

a debtor who cannot pay ; an 

ill-dressed, idle fellow. 



E. 

Eannaruich (gn'na-rob'iH). 
Strong meat 60up. 

Ear (fir). Earl v. 

Eard(erd). Earth. 

Earded (grd'ed). Put in the 
earth ; interred. 

Earn (era). An eagle. 

Easel (es'el). Eastward. 

Ee (e), E'e. The eve. 

Een (en), E'en. The eves. 

E'enin (eu'in). Evening. 

Eerie (e'rY). Frighted ; dread- 
ing spirits. 

Effeir o' war (gf-fer' war). 
Warlike guise. 

Eident (e'dgnt). Diligent; 
careful ; attentive. 

Eider (e'der). More promi- 
nently. 

Eik(ek), Eke. Addition. 

Eild(eld). Old age. 

Eilding(eld'Yn). Fuel. 

Eithly (eth'lY). Easily. 

Elbuck(SKbak). The elbow. 

Eldin (el'dln). Fuel; coal; 
peat. 

Eldritch (el'drYch). Ghastly ; 
frightful. 

Elshin (el'shYn). An awl. 

Erne (em). Uncle. 

En' (6n). End. 

Enbrugh (em'brfl). Edin- 
burgh. 

Endlong (gndl&'ng). In unin- 
terrupted succession ; even 
on ; at full length. 

Enough (e-ny<36HO. Eneuch. 
Enough. _ 

Enow (g-noo'). Just now. 

Equal-aqual (e'kwal-ii'kwal). 
Alike ; to balance accounts ; 
to make one thing equal to 
another. 

Errand (gr'rand). Errand.— 
For ance errand = Foe anes 
errand. See Anes. 

Especial (es-pgsh'al). Espe- 
cially. 

Estreen (gs-tren'). Yestreen 
(ygs-tren'V Yesterday; more 
properly, last night. 

Ether-stane (gth ' gr - stan'). 
Adderstone. 

Etter-cap (gt'tgr-kiip'), Adder- 
cap (ad'de'r-kapO, Atter- 
COpe(after-k6p / ). A spider; 
a virulent atrabilious person. 

Ettle (St't'l). To aim; to try; 
to attempt ; to intend. 

Evening (e'v'n-Yn). Compar- 
ing. 

Evidents (eVY-dgns). Evi- 
dences. 

Ewest (u'gst). Nearest ; con- 
tiguous. 

Ewking (uk'Yn). Itching. 

Exies (gks'Yz). Hysterics; 
ecstasies. [tion. I 

Exspiry (gks'pY-rY). Expira- 1 

Eydent (I'dent). Diligent; 
mindful. 



P. 



Fa' (fa), Faw. Fall ; lot ; wa- 
terfall ; to befall. 

Fa (fa). Get. — We maunna fa 
that. We must not hope to 
get that. 

Fa'ard (fa'grd). Favored.— 
Dll-fa'ard. Ill-favored. 

Faddom't (fad'damt). Fath- 
omed. 

Fae (fa). A foe. 

Fae (fa), Frae (fra). From. 

Fae (fa). Fade. Whose ; who. 

Faem (fam). Foam. 

Fa'en (fan). Fallen. 

Faiket (fSk'et). Unknown ; 
unemployed ; abated. 



Fail (fal). Turf; sod. — Fall 
dyke. A wall of turf or sod. 

Fair-fa' (far'-fa')- Benedic- 
tion ; good luck to you! 

Fairin (faVYn). A fairing ; a 
present. 

Fairly (far "II). Entirely; 
quite. 

Farther (fa'thgr). Father. 

Faitour (ffl'toor). A rascal ; 
a mean fellow. 

Fallalls(fnl'lalz). Foolish or- 
naments in dre6s. 

Fallow (fallti). Fellow. 

Falset (fa'sCt). Falsehood. 

Fan(fiin). When. 

Fand(fand). Did find ; found. 

Fard (fard or fard). Color. 

Fard (fard), Faurd. See Fa'- 

AED. 

Farl (fail), Farle. Now, the 
fourth part of a large cake, 
orig., of one of corn or bread. 

Farrant (far^rant). Far-see- 
ing ; sagacious. 

Fash, Fasherie (fash 'gr-t), 
Fasherie. Trouble. 

Fashin (fash'tn). Taking or 
giving trouble. 

Fashous (fiish'as). Trouble- 
some. 

Fasht (fiisht). Troubled. 

Fastereen-een (fast ' gr - fn - 
en r ),Fastern*s e'en.Fastern 
e'en. Shrove Tuesday. 

Fat(fiit). What. 

Fatt' rels<fafrelz). Ends of 
ribbons. [dastard, i 

Faugart (fa'gart). A coward; | 

Faugh (faH). Fallow land. 

Faught (faHt). A fight. 

Fauld (fald). A fold ; to fold. 

Faulding (fald'Tn). Folding. 

Faund (fand). Found. 

Faur'd (fard). Favored.— Weel 
faur'd. Well favored; good- 
looking. 

Fause (fas). False. 

Faut (fat). Fault ; default ; 
want. 

Fawsont (fas'n't). Decent; 
seemly. 

Feal (fal) = Fail. 

Feal (fel). Faithful ; loyal ; 
true. 

Fear (fer), Feer. Entire. 

Feared (ferd). Affected with 
fear. 

Fearfu' (feKfu). Fearful ; 
terrible ; frightful. 

Fear't (fert). Frighted. 

Feat (f et). Neat ; spruce. 

Fecht(feHt). To fight ; a fight. 

Fechtin (fgHt'in). Fighting. 

Feck (fgk). Strength and sub- 
stance ; part of a thing. — Best 
feck. Better part. — Maist 
feck. Greatest part. 

Fecket (fek'et). An under 
waistcoat. 

Feckfu' (fek ' fu). Large ; 
brawny ; stout.' 

Feckless (fgk'lgs). Powerless; 
pithless; feeble; deficient in 
some quality. — Feckless 
body. A feeble, inefficient 
person. 

Feckly(fgk'lf). Weakly. 

Fee (te). Wages. 

Feel (fel). Fool ; foolish. 

Feg(fgg). A fig. 

Feide (fed). Feud ; enmity. 

Feiry-farry (fe'rt-fiir'ri), Fe- 
rie-farie, Fiery-fary. Bus- 
tle ; confusion ; tumult. 

FeU (fel). The flesh immedi- 
ately under the skin ; a field 
pretty level, on the side or 
top of a hill ; a rocky hill. 

Fell (ffl). Strong and fiery; 
keen ; biting. — Fell chield. 
Fierv fellow; terrible fellow. 

— Fell airts. Hellish arts. 
Fen (frn). Successful strug- 
gle ; fight. 

Fend (f6nd). To live comfort- 
ably ; defend ; to provide ; 
to make shift in general. 

Fended (fend'ed). Provided ; 
made shift. 

Fending (fgnd'fn). Providing; 
provision. 

Fendy ( f end'! ). Clever in pro- 
viding. 

Ferlie (reVIT) or Ferley. To 
wonder; a wonder; a rarity; 

— a term of contempt. 
Fernitickled(fer'nT-t-k / rt), or 

Ferntickled (fgra'tek-1't). 
Freckled. 



a, e, I, o, H, long ; a, g, I, 5, tt, y, short ; senate, Svent, Idea, 6 bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



Fernyear (fgra'yer). The pre- 
ceding \ ear. 

Fetch ffech). To pull by fits. 

Fetch't (teeht). Pulled inter- 
mittently. 

Fettle Uet'tT). To tie up; 
neat ; tight ; energy ; condi- 
tion. 

Fey = Fie. 

Fey (fa). Predestined ; fatal- 
ity ) also, a foe. 

Fickle (iCk'T). To puzzle ; to 
nonplus. 

Fickly (fCk'lY). Puzzling; 
perplexing ; difficult. 

Fidge(fYj). To fidget. 

Fie (ft), Fey.' Acting unac- 
countably, as persons in 
health and soon to die are 
supposed to do, in some last 
and extraordinary effort i 
under a death spell ; also, a 
sheep. 

Fiel(tel). Soft; smooth. 

Fient(fent). Fiend ; -apetty 
oath. — Fient a haet. Deuce 
a bit._ 

Fier (fer). Sottnd ; healthy ; 
a brother ; a friend. 

Fiery-fary = F ei ry-karrt. 

Fike (like). Fyke. To be rest- 
less or fidgety ; to fidget ; to 
fuss or dally with ; to trou- 
ble ; to perplex. 

Fiking(itk'Yn),Fyking. Fidg- 
eting : fiddle-faddling. 

Files "(l'llz). Defiles; spoils ; 
dirties. 

Findsilly (find-sel'lY). Apt to 
find. [whale. I 

Finner (fYn'nSr). A small! 

Fire-fiaught (fir'flaHt). Flash 
of lightning. 

Firlot (fer'lot). Fourth part 
of a boll, as of meal, or the 
the like. 

Fisle (fYs'sT), FiBsel. To make 
a rustling noise ; to fidget ; 
a bustle. 

Fissenless (fYs'sen-lgs), Fizzen- 
less, Fusionless (fu'zhun- 
lSs). Pithless ; weak. 

Fit(i'Yt). Afoot; a step. 

Fite(fit). White. 

Fittie-lan (flt'tY-lan'). The 
near horse of the hindmost 
pair in the plough. 

Fizz (fYz). To make a hissing 
noise, like fermentation. 

Flae(rht). Flea. 

Flaffan (flaffrm). Flapping. 

Flainen (flan'en). Flannel. 

Flaming (flam^n). Basting. 

Flash (flash). To dash out 
rashly. 

Flaugh'ter (flaH'ter). To cut 
down ; to cut turf. 

Flaughtering (flaH ' ter - Yn ). 
Fluttering; htf ul ; flicker- 

Flaw(fla). A gust ; a blast. 
Flee (fie). A fly; to fly. 
Fleech (flech). To flatter ; to 

wheedle ; to supplicate in a 

flattering manner. 
Fleech'd (flecht). Supplicated. 
Fleechin (flech'Yn), Fleeching. 

Supplicating ; flattering. 
Flees (flez). Flies. 
Fleesh (flesh). A fleece. 
Fleg(fleg). Akick; a random 

blow; frisht; to affright ; to 

ternfv ; to be afraid. 
Fleggit~(fleg'gYt). Frightened; 

terrified. 
Flemet (flgm'et), Flamit 

(flam'tt). Banished ; ex- 
pelled. 
Flemit(flSm y 'Yt). Frightened. 
Flether (flSth'Sr). To decoy 

bv fair words. [tering. I 

Fletherin (fleth'Sr-Yn). Flat- 1 
Flewit (flu'Yt). A sharp blow. 
Fley(fla). To scare; to fright- 

Flicher (flYH'Sr). To flutter, 
as voung nestlings when the 
mother bird approaches. 

Flichtering (flYH'te'r-Yn). A 
fluttering. 

Flight (flSHt). Arrow. 

Flinders (flYn'de'rz). Shreds; 
broken pieces. 

Fling (fleng). To kick; to 
throw out the legs like a 
horse ; to dance. 

Flingin-tree(fl5ng'Yn-tre / ). A 
piece of timber hung by way 
of partition between two 
horses in a stable ; a flail. 



Fllsk (flfisk). To fret at the 
yoke. 

Fluking (flfHk'Yn). Whisking 

UU and down. 
Flisklt(llcsk'lt). Fretted. 

Fliskma-hoys (ticsk'in<i-hiz). 

-Jilt Hills. 

Flit ( Hit). To remove ; to de- 
part. 

Flitter (flct'ter). To vibrate 
like the wings of small birds. 

Flittering (tlct'tOr-in). Flut- 
tering ; vibrating. 

Floryaifi'ri). Vain. 

Flow-moss (rhV-nios'). Wa- 
tery mOBfl ; 111 

Fluff (Hut). Flash. 

Fluff-gibs ( flu r gib*). Squibs. 

Fluffed i' the pan (fluft Y (be 
pan). Burned priming, with- 
out firing the barrel of tke 
gun or pistol. 

Flunes (flunz). Pancakes. 

Flunkie (flitnk'Y). A servant 
in livery ; footman. 

Flyte (rltt), Flite. To scold. 

Flytin(fltt'Yn). Scolding. 

Fodgel(lojM). Squat; plump. 

Folk free and sacless (fflk f re 
an sak'les). A lawful free- 
man. _ 

Foor(foor). Went ; fared. 

Foord(foord). A ford. 

Forbears (for-biirz' or -berz'). 
Forefathers ; ancestor.-. 

For-bye (ff>r-hl'). Past; be- 
yond ; besides ; over and 
above. 

Fore (for). To the fore. Still 
in existence ; not lost, worn 
out or spent, as money, etc. ; 
also, in front. [told. I 

Foretauld (for-tahK). Fore-| 

Forfairn (for -lam')- Dis- 
tressed ; worn out : jaded. 

Forfaulted (for-fat'ed). For- 
feited. 

Forfoucht (for-faiif), For- 
foughten ^lor-faut'Vn). Ex- 
hausted with fighting ; great- 
ly fatigued, from any cause. 

Forgather (fdr-gath'Sr, or 
-gCtb/er). To meet ; to en- 
counter. 

Forgie ( f d r-ge ' ). To forgive . 

Forjesket (idr-jes /, ket). Jaded 
with fatigue. 

Forpet (for'pet). Fourth part 
of a peck. 

Forrit (i'Or'rYt, or fiir'rYt), 
Forret. Forward. 

Forspeak (for-spek'). To af- 
fect with the curse of an evil 
tongue, which brings ill luck 
upon what or whomsoever it 
praises ; to injure by immod- 
erate praise ; to bewitch. 

Fortalice (fort'a-lYs). A keep; 
fortress ; castle. 

Fother (foth'eT). Fodder. 

Fou' (foo), Fou, Fow. Full ; 
drunk ; also, a bushel ; a 
pitchfork. 

Fouats(fo6 / 'ats). House-leeks. 

FoughtenCfaHt'en). Troubled; 
harassed. 

Fouk (fouk). Folk ; people. 

Foumart (foo'mart ), Foulmart. 
Polecat. 

Founder (foon'der). Stumble; 
to kill by a b^y_; to stun . 

Four-nooked (foor / -nook /, Yt). 
Four-cornered. 

Fouth(footh). Plenty; enough, 
or more than enough. 

Foy (IT). Departing feast. 

Fozy(fo r zY). Soft and spongy. 

Frack (friik). Ready ; eager; 
forward. 

Fractious (frak'shus). Peev- 
ish ; fretful ; irritable ; iras- 
cible. 

Frae (fra). From. [die. I 

Fraik(frak). Toflatter: whee-l 

Frammit ( fram ' mYt ). Es- 
tranged. 

Frample (fram'pT). Unruly ; 
forward ; evil-conditioned. 

Freath (frrtth). Froth. 

Freit (fret), Freat. Supersti- 
tious notion or observance. 

Frem (frem), Fremmit (frem'- 
mYt), Fraim (tram), Frem'd 
(frem't). Strange ; not re- 
lated ; acting like a stranger ; 
keeping at a distance. 

Fresh (fresh). A thaw after 
frost ; a freshet. 

Fricht (frPut). Fright. 

Frien' (fren). Friend. 



Friited < frttt'lt,. Put off for 

H tune. 

Fu' (in;. Full. 
Fud dud). The scut or tail of 
tne hare, coney, ate. 

Fufl (iuf;. To "blow intermit- 
tently ; tO pull ; to wlult ; u 
pufl ; u whiff. 

Fufl't(lui't). Did blow; blew. 

Fule(ful). Fool. 

Funk (funk). To strike | to 
reur, ii- a hoiM I t" provoke ; 
to get angry ; to lumi. 

Funk(fuijk),Funck. A foolish 
perplexity. [riment. 

Funnie(iun'nY). Fullofmer-J 

Fur (f*r), Furr. A furrow. 

Fur-ahin < icr'-a-hin' '). The 
bindmosl hor-.- on the right 
hand when plowing, 

Furdersome (fer'der-stim). In- 
dustrious i pushing. 

Furm(fenn). A form] bench. 

Fusionless (fu/h'im 

too/1. ' ILI SB. 

Fyke= Fur*. 

Fyle(ftl). To soil ; to dirty. 

Fyl't (flit). Soiled ; dirtied. 



Gab (gab). The mouth ; to 
-peak volubly or loqua- 
ciously. 

Oabby (Vab'bY). Chatty ; lo- 
quaciou8. 

Gaberlunzie ( gabfr-l q n ' z y ). A 
beggar : a mendicant ; one 

who carries a wallet ; a poor 
guest who cannot pay for his 
entertainment. [iron. | 

Gad (gad). A goad ; a bar of | 

Gadsman(gadz r man). A plow- 
boy ; the boy that rides one 
of "the horses in the plow. 

Gae (ga). To go. — Gaed ( <_'ad ). 
Went. — Gaen (gan) or Gane. 
Gone. — Gaun (g»n). Going. 

Gae-down(ga-doon / '). A drink- 
ing bout. 

Gae wa' (ga wa). Go away ; 
have done ; no more of tliiit. 

Gaet (gat ) or Gate. Way ; man- 
ner ; road. 

Gair (gar). A triangular piece, 
as of unplowed land ; a gore, 
as of cloth. 

Gaired (giird), Gairy (gar'Y). 
Having streaks of colors. 

Gaisling (gas'lYn). A gosling. 

Gait (gat). A goat. 

Gaitt (gSt ). Get (get). What is 
begotten ; a child ; a brat. 

Gane ( gan ). Gone. 

Gang (gang). To go ; to walk. 

Ganging (gang'Yn). Going. 

Gangrel (gang'rt 1 1. A child 
beginning to walk; also, a 
vagrant. 

Gant (gant). Gaunt. To vawn. 

Gar (gar), Garr. To make ; to 
compel. 

Garr'd (giird). Made ; com- 
pelled ; caused. 

Gar't(giirt). Forced to. 

Garten (gar'trn ). A garter. 

Gascromh (gas'krdm). A Ion? 
narrow spade, with a project- 
ing footpiece. used in' the 
Highlands for digging m 
stony ground, where no other 
instrument can be intro- 
duced. 

Gash (gash). Wise; sagacious; 
shrewd ; talkative : also, to 
converse ; also, prattle ; chat- 
ter ; gossip. 

Gashin (gaah'Yn t. Conversing. 

GatedraO. Way: manner. 

Gathering peat (gath'Cr-Tn 
pet). A fiery peat which was 
sent round by the Borderers 
to alarm the country in time 
of danger, as tin ru ni aron 

was by the Highlanders. 

Gathering peat. Gathering 

coal. A piece of peal or coal 
put into the the fire at night, 
with the ashes gathered 
around it. to keep the fire till 
morning. 

Gatty (giit'tY). Gouty: ill- 
natured. 

Gaucy (gf/sY), Gaucie. 
and imposing : stately ; port- 
ly. 

Gaud (gad). The plow shaft. 

Gaud (gad). A prod or goad. 



Ganger (gaj'Cr). An excise- 

lilull. 

Uauut I 

Uaunti.-. Goan- 

tiees. '1 rum*, or 

Irani. . *, lu a 

cilljr are in.. 

.ail; to become 

Gawsie gs/sl I. Plump; jollyj 

Iiortlv 

• mbly. 
Gay gude. I 
Gay weel. 1' 

Gayhemt'li). M 

Gear U dress i 

i ijuipnient : ri< 

m wantonness or >-e.,rii ; to 
■ 
Oedd 
Geizened (glr/'nt), Geissend. 

Shrunken ; « 
Gellock 

• ii crowbar "i • 
Brut. 
Gentles 
Gentrke utility; 

Genty ( iBn'tl 

tly formed. 
Geordie 
Get (g<t). A cnild ; a young 

Gey OAT. 

Ghaisti^'llst). A 

Togive. Giel 
(iave. — Oien . 

Gif(gYf). it. 

Gifan (glf'an). I ; 

Glff-gaff UM'-% . 
tat; mutuul giving and tak- 
ing : mntual ol 

Giftie (glftl). Dim. i 

Giglets (gYg'lets;. Playful 

OmCgel). Gullv. 

GUUe (iTPt). Dim. of gill, a 

hc|iii<t measure. 
Gillie (gtl'l). A mm 

in the Highlands. - Gillie 

white-foot, or Gillie wet-foot. 

A running footman « 

to carry hi- maati 

brooks and watery places in 

traveling. 
Gill-ravaging (L-el-niv'a-jYn). 

Plundering. 
Gilpey. Gilpy (gjflp'1 

half -grown, halt -informed 

boy or girl ; a romping lad ; 

a hoyden. 
Gimmer (gfrn'mer). A ewe 

from one to two years old. 
Gin (gen). Against 
Gin (gin). It : - 
Gingle ( jeng ' '1 ). Gingling 

(jciiiT'llin. Jingle or clink ; 

jingling. 
Gipsey ( jep'st ■. A young girl. 
GirdC'erd). Hoop; t.. strike. 
Girdle <, ^lr'd'l ). An iron plate 

for frying cakes on. 

Girn (u-'erin. To gnn like sn 
ill-natured dog ; to twist the 

features in rage : BgOnV. 

Girnel ( ^-ern r . 1 ), Girnal 
(gern'ol). A meal che-t. 

Girning i ii' rn'in >. Grinning. 

Girr(-'er>. Hoop. 

Girth (gerth), Gird c.rd). A 
hoop. 

Gizzi^'U). A periwig. 

Glaikit (irirtk'lt L Glaik (L-lilk V 
Thoughtless : li^-ht- 
nlle ; inattentive : foolish. 

Glaiks (gltkt 
delusion. — Fling the glaiks 
in folk's een M 
throw dust in peopU 
— To give the glaik 
befool and then leave in the 
lurch; to jilt. 

Glaive (jcliv k A tword. 

Glaizie (glstst). Glittering; 
Bmooth like ■ p 

Glaum (glftm). To snatch at ; 
to grasp at : to grope for; to 

aspire to. 

Glaur (irlar>. Mud t mire, 
Gleck iirleki. Sharp trendy. 

Gled(.'ird). A kite. 
Gledging ^^l^j'Yn). Looking 

slvlv at one. 
Gleed ',;;led>. Flame : n burn- 

i;il; coal : a bright and strong 

tire. 

Gleed (gledi. Gleid. Gleyed. 



fgrn. recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, g^>, eing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



u 



w 



Miniating i also, 
lie : awry. - Gaed a' 
gle«a. Wont all wrong. 
THiilntlC""""^ Squinting. 
- iarp ; keen ; on 

Gleib^-lObt. Glebe. 

. A squint; to squint; 

on one side; asquint. — Agley. 

Otf at a aide : wrong. 
Glib-gabbet (glib '- gab-bet). 

that speaks smoothly and 

readily. 
Gliff i, -'lot ). A glimpse; a short 

also, a fright 
Glint (gMnt). To glance; to 

■i : tO l>00p. 

Glifik u'lisk"). A glimpse. 
Glitty (gllt'tltj. Smooth; 

Gloamin (trlom'Tn), Gloaming. 
rhe twilight. 

Gloom iglem). Frown. 

Glonr (.glour), Glowr. To stare; 
to look ; to glower ; a stare ; 
a look. [stared. | 

Glowred (glourd). Looked ; I 

Glunch (glunch). To frown ; 
to look soiir. [blankly. I 

Goavan (go'van). Staring I 

Gomeril (gum'5r-U). A fool ; 
a blockhead. 

Gossipred (gftsf-prSd), Gossi- 
prie (gils'l-pre). Familiar- 
ity : intimacy : sponsorship. 

Goud(goud). "Gold. 

Goustie (goost ' I), Gousty. 
Waste ; desolate ; ghostly ; 
dreary ; preternatural. 

Gonth (gooth). A drop. 

Gowan (gou'an). The flower 
of the daisv, hawkweed, etc. 

Gowd(goud)'. Gold. 

Gowdeh (goud'en). Golden. 

Gowff (gouf). The game of 
golf : to strike as the bat does 
the ball at golf. 

Gowff' d (gouft). Struck. 

Gowk (gouk). The cuckoo; 
a fool. 

Gowkit (gouk'It). Foolish; 
stupid ; giddv. 

Gowl (goul). * To howl; to 
talk unnecessarily loudly ; to 
scold. 

Gowling (gouKIn). Howling ; 
noisy : scolding. 

Gowpen (goup'en), Gowpin 
(goup'In). As much as both 
hands held together, with the 
palms upward, and con- 
tracted in a circular form, 
can contain. 

Gowpen-fu (goup'en-fu). The 
fill of the gowpen; as much 
ae can be contained in the 
h.3 ii ds held in a concave 
form. 

Graddan(grad'dan). Parched 
corn ; also, meal ground on 
the quern, or hand mill. 

Graff (graf), Greaf. A grave. 

Graining (gran'ln), Graning. 
Groaning. 

Graip (grap). A pronged in- 
strument for cleaning sta- 
blea : a dung fork. 

Graith (grath). Accouter- 
ments ; furniture ; dress ; 
gear ; harness. 

Gramashes (gra - mash ' Cz). 
Gaiters reaching to the knee. 

Gran (gran). Grand ; fine. 

Grane (gran), or Grain. A 
groan ; to groan. 

Grannie (granfil). Grand- 
mother. 

Grape (grap). To grope. 

Grapit ^rUp'It). Groped. 

Grat (grSt). Wept ; shed 
tears : cried. [miliar. I 

Great (gr5t). Intimate; fa-| 

Gree (gre). To agree ; to live 
in utility ; to reconcile par- 
ti'- at variance. — To bear 
the gree. To be decidedly 
▼ictor. 

Gree (gr§). A step ; a degree ; 
superiority; fame; reputa- 
tion. 

Green = Gbiek. 

Greeshoch (griKshftH), Grie- 
soch. Hot embers, — proper- 
ly those of peat- ; peat fire 
piled on the hearth. 

Gree'f-ret,. Agreed. 

Greet ficrSt). To bhed tears; 
to weep. 

Greetin 'gret'Tn;, Greeting. 
Crying i weeping. 



Grew (groo), Grue. To shud- 
der ; to shiver. 

Grice u'rtsl. Sucking pig. 

Griddle (.grld'd'l). See GIR- 
DLE. 

Grien (gren\ Green. To long ; 
said osp. oi a pregnant wo- 
man ; to covet. 

Grieve (grev >. An overseer. 

Grilse (grlls), Gilse (glls). 
Gray; a young salmon; a 
clumsy child. 

Grip (grip). Gripe. 

Grippet (irrup'pit), Grippit 
( g r ft p ' p 1 1 ). Catched ; 



). Catcb.ee 

Grippj 
Vvaricious. — Grippie fo 



izod. 
Grippie (grap'pT), 



grippie. Gripe tor gripe ; 
fair play in wrestling. 

Grippie (grup'p'1). Griping; 
greedy ; avaricious. 

Grit (grit). Great ; intimate ; 
familiar. 

Groat (grot). An old English 
coin worth about 25 cents. — 
To get the whistle of one's 
groat. To play a losing game. 

Grossart (groz'ert), Grosert. 
Gooseberry. 

Grou=GREW. 

Grousome (groo'sum). Loath- 
somely grim, [berry. I 

Grozet (gro'zet). A goose-| 

Grue (groo). Shudder. 

Grumph (grumf). A grunt; to 
grunt. 

Grnmphie (grhmf r I). A sow. 

Grun' (griln), Grund (grund 
or grfin). Ground_; bottom. 

Grunstane (grun'stan). A 
grindstone. 

Gruntle (grfinfl). A snout ; 
the phiz ; a grunting noise. 

Grunzie (grun'zl). Mouth. 

Grnp (grup'). To gripe ; to 
grasp or take hold of firmlv. 

Grushie (grush'I). Thick ; of 
thriving growth. [wept. | 

Grutten(grut'tr-n). Wept: be- 1 

Guddle (gud'd'l). To cut awk- 
wardly ; to catch fish with 
the hands by groping in their 
lurking places. 

Gude(gud). The Supreme Be- 
ing ; good. 

Gudedame (gud'dam'). 
Grandmother. _ 

Gud een (gud en). Good 

evening. 

Gudeman (gud'man')- Hus- 
band, [tels. I 

Gudes (gudz). Goods ; chat- 1 

Gudesire' (gud'stK). Grand- 
father, [ter-in-law. i 

Gudesister (gud'sls'ter). Sis-| 

Gudewife (gu'd'wtf). Wife ; 
landlady. 

Guestened (ges'n't). Been the 
guest of ; lodged as a guest. 

Guffaw (guf-faO, Gaffaw. A 
loud burst of laughter. 

Guid (gud). Good. 

Guided (gid'et). Used ; taken 
care of : treated ; managed. 

Guid e'en (gud en). Good 
evening. 

Guidfather ( grid ' f a ' thSr ), 
Guidmother (gud'moth'er). 
Father-in-law and mother-in- 
law 

Guidman (gud'man') and Guid- 
wife (gud'wtf). The master 
and mistress of the house. — 
Young guidman. A man 
newly married. 

Guid morning (gud morn'ih). 
Good morrow. 

Guisards (guz'erdz), Gysarta 
(guz'C'rts). Disguised per- 
sons ; mummers, who volun- 
teered vocal music for money 
about the time of Christmas 
and New Year's Day- 

Gully (gOl'lI) or Gullie. A 
large knife. 

Gulravage (gul-raVaj). Riot. 

Gumilie (gum'l-ll). Muddy. 

Gumption (trump'shun). Com- 
mon sense ; understanding. 

Gu8e(g6T)s). Goose. 

Gusing-iron (guz'In-T'Sm). 
A laundress's' smoothing 
iron. 

Gusty (gtist'I). Tasteful. 

Gntcher (guch'er). Grand- 
father. 

Gutter-bloods (giit'ter-bludz). 
The rabble ; persons meanly 
born. 



Gy(gl). A rope. 

Gyre carline (glr kiir'lln). 
Gyre carling. A hag ; a 
weird -sister ; an ogress. 

Gyte (gtt). Crazy ; ecstatic ; 
senselessly extravagant ; de- 
lirious. 



H. 



Ha' (ha). Hall ; manor-house. 

Ha' bible (ha bi'b'l). Old or 
New Testament volume of 
the family Bible, in 4to or 
Svo form. 

Haaf(hiif). Seal [Orkney]. 

Haar ( ha'er). A fog ; a chill 
easterly wind. 

Hack (hak). A fodder rack 
in a stable ; a wooden frame, 
variously made and used. 

Hacket (hak'et). See How- 
kit. 

Had (had). To hold. 

Eadden (had'den). Holden. 

Haddin (ha.d'dln). Holding; 
inheritance. 

Haddows (had'dlz), Haddies. 
Haddocks. [erty. I 

Hae (ha). Possession; prop-| 

Hae, Ha'e. To have. 

Haen (nan). Had (the parti- 
ciple). 

Haet (hSt). Thing ; jot ; tit- 
tle. — Fient a haet. A petty 
oath of negation. 

Haff(haf). Flail. 

Haffets" (haf'fgts), Haffits. 
Half-heads ; the sides of the 
head ; the temples. 

Hafflin= Halflin. 

Hafflins = Halflins. 

Hag (hag). A gulf in mosses 
and moors ; a quagmire ; a 
year's cutting of oak. 

Hagg (hag). Brushwood. 

Haggis, Haggies (hag'gls), 
Haggess. The pluck, etc., of 
a cow or sheep, minced with 
suet, onions, etc., boiled in 
its paunch. 

Hail (hal), Hale. Whole.— 
Hail o' my ain. All my own. 
— Hale and feer. Whole and 
entire. _ 

Hain (han). To 6pare ; to 
save ; to be penurious. 

Hairst(harst). Harvest. 

Haith(hath). A petty oath. 

Haivers(ha / 'verz). Nonsense; 
speaking without thought. 

Hal' (ha) or Hald (had). An 
abiding place. rhealthy. I 

Hale (hal). Whole ; tight ;l 

Halflin (haflln), Hafflin. 
Half ; nearly half ; not fully 
grown ; a half-grown person. 

Halflins (haf'llnz), Hafflins. 
Partly. [tody. | 

Halft(haft). Dwelling; cus- 

Halfted(hnft'It). Domiciled. 

Hallan (hal'lan). A partition 
between the door of a cot- 
tage and the fireplace ; also, 
a seat of turf at the outside. 

Hallanshaker (hal'lan-shak'- 
er). A fellow who must 
take his place behind backs 
at the hallan ; a sturdy, beg- 
garly scamp. 

Hallions (hnl'yunz). Eogues ; 
worthless fellows. 

Hallowmas (hallo-mas). Hal- 
low eve, the 31st of October. 

Halse (has), Hause. Throat ; 
neck. 

Halse (hals), Hailsie (hals'I). 
Hail ; salute ; embrace. 

Haly(ha'll). Holy. — Halybe 
his cast. Happy be his fate. 

Hame (ham). Home. 

Hamely (hamuli). Homely; 
affable ; familiar. 

Hammel (ham^mel). Grain 
that has no beard. 

Hamshackle (ham r shak"l). 
To tie the head of a horse or 
cow to one of its fore legs. 

Han' (han)o?-Haun. Hand. 

Handfaat (hand'iast). To be- 
troth by joining hands, in 
order to cohabitation before 
the celebration of marriage. 

Handfaating (hand'fast-In). 
A kind of betrothment or 
conditional marriage, ac- 
cording to which the parties 
lived together for a year and 



a day, at the end of which 
time they were at liberty to 
separate or renew the engage- 
ment for life. 

Handsel (han'sgl), Hansel. 
The first money received for 
goods ; a present on the first 
Monday after New Year's 
day. 

Handwaled ( hand ' waid ). 
Chosen ; picked out with the 
hand. 

Hane (han), Hain. To spare ; 
save ; not to give away. 

Hank (hank). Rope; coil. 

Hantle (hant"l). A great 
many ; a great deal. 

Hap (hap). An outer garment, 
mantle, plaid, etc. ; to wrap ; 
to cover ; also, to hop. 

Happer (hiip'pSr). Hopper of 
a mill. LPing. | 

Happing ( hap'pln ). Hop- 1 

Happit (hiip'plt), Happed. 
Hopped ; • also, covered for 
warmth or security. 

Hapshackle (hap'shak'l). To 
tie the forefeet of a horse to- 
gether. 

Hap, step, an' loup (hap stCp 
anloup). Hop, step, and 
leap. 

Harestane (har'stan'). A me- 
morial stone. 

Harigals (hiir'I-galz). The 
heart, etc., of a sheep ; the 
pluck. 

Harkit (hark'It). Hearkened. 

Harle (harl). To drag, as with 
a rake ; to pull roughly 
along ; to trail along the 
ground. 

Harn (harn). Cloth made of 
coarse linen yarn. 

Hams (hiirnz). Brains.— 

Harnpan. Brain pan. 

Harry (har'rl). To plunder. 

Harrying (har'rl-In). Plun- 
dering. 

Harst (harst). Harvest. 

Hash (hash). A fellow that 
does not know how either to 
dress or to act with proprie- 
ty ; a clumsy sloven. 

Haslock (has'ISk). The finest 
wool. 

Hasna (haz'na). Has not. 

Hassock (has'suk). Anything 
thick, bushy, and ill-ar- 
ranged. 

Hassock (has'sflk), Haslock 
(has'lflk) (from Halselock). 
Throat lock or more bushy 
portion of the fleece of sheep, 
when they were in a more 
natural and less improved 
condition. 

Hast (hast). Harvest. 

Hastit (hast'It). Hastened. 

Hat (hat). — Giving one a hat. 
Taking off the hat in his 
presence. 

Hatted kit (hat'tlt kit) or 
Hattit kit. A bowlful of 
sour cream ; a mixture of 
milk warm from the cow and 
buttermilk. 

Haud(had). To hold. 

Hauding (had'In). Support ; 
dependence. 

Hauf(haf). Half. 

Haughs (hans). Low-lying 
rich lands ; valleys. 

Haulds (hadz). Holds ; habi- 
tations ; places of resort. 

Haurl (harl). To drag ; to 
peel. 

Haurlin (harKln). Peeling; 
dragging roughly. 

Hause (has). Throat. See 
Halse. 

Haver (ha'v5r), Haiver. To 
talk foolishly or without 
method. 

Haveral (ha'ver-al). A half- 
witted person ; half-witted. 

Havermeal (ha'ver-meT). Oat- 
meal. [Idle talk. I 

Havers (hS'vgrz), Haivers.l 

Havins (haVlnz), Havings. 
Good manners ; decorum ; 
good sense. 

Havrel (hiiv'rel), HaivTel. A 
half-witted person. 

Hawkie (hak'I). A cow; 
properly, one with a white 
face. 

Hawkit(hak /, It). White-faced; 
— applied to cattle ; fig., fool- 
ish ; sillv. 



a 5 e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, H, y, short ; senate, event, idea, Sbey, unite, c4re, arm, ask, all, flnaL 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 959 



Healsome (hal'sflm). Health- 
ful ; wholesome. 

HeapitChep'Tt). Heaped. 

Hearse (hgrs). Hoarse. 

Heart - scald, Heart - scaud 
(h6rt '- skad). Heartburn ; 
metaphorically, regret ; re- 
morse. 

Heartsome(hgrt'sBm). Cheer- 
ful. 

Heather (hgtii'gr). Heath.— 
Heathercow. Stalk of heath. 

Heather - Mutters ( hSth ' Sr - 
blut'tSrz). Cock snipes ; — 
from their cry in alternate 
flights and descents in the 
breeding season. [alas. | 

Hech ! (h6H). Oh ! strange 1 1 

Hecht (hgHt). Promised to 
foretell something that is to 
be got or given ; foretold ; of- 
fered. 

Heck(hgk). Hayrack.— Heck 
and manger (hgk an man'- 
jSr). Rack and manger. — 
Living at heck and manger. 
Living in quarters where 
everything is comfortable 
and plentiful. 

Heckle (hgk'"!). A board, in 
which are fixed a number of 
sharp pins, used in dressing 
hemp, flax, etc. ; also, to 
dress flax ; to harass with 
questions. 

Heckled (hgk'l'd). Hackled. 

Heeze (hez). To elevate ; to 
raise ; to hoist. 

Heft (hgft). To lift up; to 
carry aloft ; to heft. 

Hellicat (ha 'If -kit). Half- 
witted. 

Hemple (hgmp'Y). A rogue ; 
one for whom hemp grows ; 
jocularly, a young person. 

Hencavey (hgVka'vI). Hen- 
coop. 

Herd (hSrd). To tend flocks ; 
one who tends cattle or 
sheep. 

Herezeld (hgr'e'-zgld). An ac- 
knowledgment of vassalage. 

Herriet (her'rit). Herried. 

Herrin (hgr'rYn). A herring. 

Herry (hgr'rY). To plunder ; 
most properly, to plunder 
birds' nests. 

Herryment (hgr'rY-ment). 
Plundering ; devastation. 

Hership (hSr'ship). Plunder. 

Herse (tiers). Hoarse. 

Hert(hgrt). Heart. 

Hesp (hgsp). A hank of yarn ; 
a hook or hasp. 

Het(hgt). Hot. 

Heugh (h6"&H). A precipitous 
acclivity ; also, a hollow dell; 
a ravine ; a coalpit. 

Heugh-head(hotiH-hed). Head 
of the cliff ; also, head of the 
glen, between two cliffs. 

Heuk (hyook). Hook; reap- 
ing hook. 

Hich = Hech. 

Hicht (hgHt). A loop; a knot. 

Hickery - pickery (hgk ' er - Y - 
pgk'er-Y). A phrase used in 
children's sports. Its origi- 
nal meaning is lost. 

Hie (hi). To go in haste. 

High-jinks ( hi '-jYnks). Agame 
played in several different 
ways. Most commonly it was 
determined by a throw of 
dice who should for some 
time sustain a fictitious char- 
acter or repeat a certain 
number of loose verses in a 
certain order, under the pen- 
alty of either swallowing an 
additional bumper, or paying 
a small sum toward the reck- 
oning, [halt. | 

Hilch (hSlch). A hobble ; to I 

Hilchin (helch'Yn). Halting. 

Hinderlands (hgn 'er-liinz'), 
Hinderlans. Back parts. 

Hiney (hYn'Y),Hinny. Honey. 
— My hinny. My darling. 

Hing (heug). To hang. 

Hirdie-girdie (hgr'dY-ggr'dY). 
Topsy-turvy; in reckless con- 
fusion. 

Hirdum - dirdum (hgr ' d&m - 
dSr'dum). Confused, noisy 
mirth or revelry. 

Hirple (hgr'p'l). To walk 
lamely or crazily ; to limp ; 
to halt. 

Hirsel (hgr's'l). A herd of 



cattle of any sort ; so many 
cattle as one person can at- 
tend to. 

Hirsel (hgr's'l). To move for- 
ward with a rustling noise 
along a rough surface ; to 
move sidewise in a sitting or 
lying posture, upon the 
ground or otherwise, by 
means of the hands only. 

Hiasel (heVs'l), Hissel = Hie- 

SEL. 

Hissy (hgz'zY). A hussy. 

Histie (hgs'ti). Dry; chapped; 
barren. 

Hizzy (hgz'zf ). A hussy ; a 
young girl. 

Hoast (Host), Host. To cough ; 
to belch up : a cough. 

Hobbleshow (hub'b'I-shooO, 
Hobbilshow. A hubbub ; a 
tumult ; an uproar. 

Hod (hftd), Hode. To hide ; to 
hoard. [crow. | 

Hoddie (hOd'di ). A carrion I 

Hoddin (hSd'dYn). The jolt- 
ing motion of a countryman 
riding on a cart horse ; also, 
humble. 

Hoddingray (hod'd'n-gra'), 
Haddengray (had'd'n-gra'). 
Coarse cloth made from wool 
in its natural state without 
being dyed. [hoarded. ( 

Hoddit (h<5d'dYt). Hid ;| 

Hoddie (ho-d'd'l). To waddle. 

Hoggie (hSg'gi). A two-year 
old sheep. 

Hogscore (hc5g/sko"r). A kind 
of distance line, in curling, 
drawn across the rink or 
course. 

Hog-shouther (h0g-sh6"6rh /- - 
er). A game in which those 
who join jostle each other by 
the shoulders; to jostle with 
the shoulder. 

Holm (horn). Flat ground along 
the side of a river. Used in 
the North (pronounced ham) 
for island. 

Hoo (hoo). Delays stop; a cap. 

Hoodie-craw (hood ' 1 - kra). 
Hooded crow. 

Hoodock (hoo'duk). Miserly ; 
penurious. 

Hool (hul), Huil. A husk ; a 
hull ; a covering ; a slough ; 
a pea or bean hull. 

Hoolie (hool/1), Hool'y. Slow- 
ly ; leisurely. 

Hooly and fairly (hool'Y an 
far'H). Fairly and softly. 

Hoord (hoord). A hoard ; to 
hoard. 

Hoordit (hoord'Yt). Hoarded. 

Hoose(hoos). House. 

Horn (hCrn). A spoon made of 
horn ; drinking cup. 

Hornie (horn'!). The devil, so 
called in allusion to his 
horns. 

Host= Hoast. 

Hostin (Hosfin). Coughing. 

Hotch (hach). Hitch ; also, to 
fidget. 

Hotch'd (haeht). Turned top- 
sy-turvy ; blended ; mixed. 

Houdie (houd'Y). A midwife. 

Houff (houf ), Howff. A haunt ; 
a chief place of resort ; a 
house ; a burial place. 

Houghmagandie ( Iiooh ' ma - 
gan'dY). Fornication. 

Houkit (houk'Yt). Dug out. 

Houlet (hool'gt). An owl. 

Houp (hoop). Hope. 

Houps (hoops). Hops; a mouth- 
ful of drink. 

Housewife' skep ( hoos ' wtf s - 
kgp'), Hussie'skep. House- 
wifery. _ 

Housie (hoos'Y). Diminutive 
of house. 

Houtfie. hout awa! (hooffi 
hoot a-wa'). Pshaw I non- 
sense ! 

Houts touts (hoots toots). Tutl 
tut-tut ! 

Hov'd (hovd). Heaved; 
swelled. [swell. I 

Hove (hov). To heave ; to I 

Howdie (hou'dY). A midwife. 

How (hoo). A coif ; hood ; 
cap. 

Howe (hou). Hollow; a hol- 
low or dell ; also, a hoe. 

Howe-backit (hou'-bak'Yt). 
Sunk in the back ; — said of 
a horse, &c. 



Howff (houf). A place of re- 
sort ; an ale-house. 
Howk(houk). To dig. 
Howkin(houk , Yn). Digging. 
Howklt (houk'Yt). Dugout; 

dug. 

Howm. See Holm. [cite. . 

Hoy (hoi). To urge ; to in-| 

Hoying(hoi , Yn). Hallooing to; 
setting on, as a dog. 

Hoyse (htz ). A pull upwards. 

Hoy't (hoit). Urged. 

Hoyte(hoit). To amble crazily. 

Hughoc (hu'Yk). Diminutive 
of Hugh. 

Humdudgeon (hum-duj'tin). 
Acomi>laint ; needlessnoise ; 
much ado about nothing. 

Humle(hum'l), Humble. With- 
out horns. 

Humlock-know (hum'iik-no'). 
Hemlock knoll. 

Hunder (htin'dCr). Hundred. 

Hurcheon (hSr'chBn). An ur- 
chin ; a hedgehog. 

Hurdies (hSr'dYz - ). The loins ; 
the crupper ; the buttocks. 

Hure (hoor). A whore. 

Hurlbarrow ( hgrl ' bar ' rY ). 
Wheelbarrow. 

Hurley-hackets (hSrlY-hak'- 
6ts). Small troughs or 
sledges, in which people used 
formerly to slide down an 
inclined plane on the side of 
a hill. Hence, a hurly-hacket 
is a slide down a precipice. 

Hurleyhouse (her'lY-hoos). A 
dilapidated, tottering house. 

Hushion (hush'fin). Cushion. 

Hutch (hflch). A poor cottage. 

Huz(huz). Us. 

Hypothic (ht-p5th'Yk), Hypo- 
thec. A kind of annual rent. 

Hyte(hlt). Mad. 



I* (Y). In. [cles. I 

Iceshogels (ls'sho'g'lz). Ici- 1 

Icker (gk'er). An ear of corn. 

Ieroe (e'e-ro). A great-grand- 
child. 

Ilk (glk)o>- Ilka (glk'a). Each; 
every. —Of that ilk. Of the 
same, — used to denote that 
a gentleman's surname and 
the title of his estate are 
identical ; as, Knockwinnock 
of that ilk, that is, Knock- 
winnock of Knockwinnock. 

Ilka-days (glk'a-daz'')- Every 
day ; week days. 

Ill (61). Bad ; difficult ; evil ; 
grieved ; sorrowful. 

Ill-faard (61-fard'), IU-far'd, 
111 - faurd. Evil - favored ; 
ugly ; unbecoming ; mean ; 
disgraceful. 

Ill-set (61-sef). Spiteful ; ill- 
natured. 

Ill-sorted (gl-sort'Yt). Ill-ar- 
ranged ; ill-suited ; ill-man- 
aged. 

Ill-willie (61-wullT). Ill-na- 
tured ; malicious ; niggardly. 

Indentin (Yn-dgnt'Yn). Inden- 
turing. 

Ingans (gng'anz). Onions. 

In-geer (Yn-ger'). To glean 
corn, etc. [genuity. I 

Ingine (gn'jYn). Genius ; in- 1 

Ingle (gng"l). Fire ; fireplace. 
— Ingle-lowe. Fireside light 
or glow. — Ingle-side. Fire- 
side. — Ingle-nook. Corner 
by the fire. 

In-ower and_ out-ower (Yn- 
ou'er an 001-011' er). In- 
ward and outward ; posi- 
tively and violently. 

In-put (Yn'p<56t). Contribu- 
tion. 

Intae (Yn'ta'). Into. 

Ise dz), I'se. I shall or will. 

Itsel (It-sgl'). Itself. 

Ither (Yrb/er). Other; one 
another. 



J. 



Jackman (jak'man). A man 
that wears a short mail jack 
or jacket. 

Jad (jad), or Jaud. A jade : 
also, a familiar term, among 



country folks, for a giddy 
young girl. 

Jagg (jag). A prick, as of a 
pin or thorn. 

Jagger (jag'ggr). Peddler. 

Jaloose (ja-looz'). See JEAL- 
OUS. 

Jaud (jad), Jadd (jad). A 
jade ; a mare. [lets.l 

Jaugs(jagz). Peddler's wal- 1 

Jauk (jak). To dally : to tri- 
fle, [dallying. I 

Jaukin (jak'Yn). Trifling; I 

Jauner ( jan'Sr). Foolish talk . 

Jaup (jap). A splash or jerk 
of water ; to jerk, as agitated 
water. 

Jaw (ja). A wave or da^h of 
water ; petulant loquacity ; 
coarse raillery ; to pour out ; 
to shut ; to jerk, as water. 

Jaw-hole (ja'-hoi j. A sink. 

Jawing (ja/Yn). Undulating; 
rolling water ; also, loqua- 
cious talking. 

Jawp (jap). To throw water 
upon a person ; to bespatter 
with mud or water. 

Jealouse (ja-looz''). To sus- 
pectj to guess. [budge. I 

Jee ( je). 1 o move ; to stir ; to | 

Jeedging (jej'Yn). Judging. 

Jeisticor (ies'tY-koT). A waist- 
coat with sleeves. 

Jibble (jeb'b'l). To spill ; to 
lose by pouring out. 

Jig(jYg). To creak. 

Jillet (jgl'lgt). A jilt ; a giddy 
girl. [water. 1 

Jilt (jglt). A slight dash of I 

Jimp (jgmp or jump). To 
jump'; slender in the waist ; 
handsome. 

Jimply (jgmp'lY), Jimp (jgmp). 
Barely ; scarcely ; hardly. 

Jink (jgnk). A quick elusory 
turn ; a sudden turning a 
corner ; to elude ; to cheat ; 
to trick ; to make a quick 
turn ; to avoid. 

Jinker (jgnk'er). That turns 
quickly ; a gay sprightly 
girl ; a wag. 

Jinketing about (jgnk'et-Yn 
a-boot'). Gadding about. 

Jinkin (jgnk'Yn). Dodging. 

Jirble (jgr'b'l). To spill (a 
liquid) by jolting or shaking 
the vessel containing it. 

Jirk ( jgrk). A jerk. 

Jirkinet (jgrk'Y-ngt). An out- 
er jacket. 

Jirt(iert). A jerk. 

Jocteleg (jSk'te-lgg). A kind 
of clasp-knife. 

Joes (joz2- Sweethearts. 

Jougs (joogz). An iron collar 
formerly used to surround 
the neck of a criminal, and 
fastened to a wall or tree by 
an iron chain. 

Jouk (jook), Jowk. To stoop ; 
to bow the head ; to duck to 
avoid a stroke. 

Jow (jou). To swing and 
make pealing sound ; — said 
of a large bell. 

Jowkery-packery (jook'er-Y- 
piik'er-Y ), Jowkery-pawk- 
ery. Sly juggling talk or 
tricks : trickery. 

Jundy (jun'dY), Jundie. To 
jog ; to jostle with the el- 
bow ; a jog ; a jostle with 
the elbow. 

Justified (jus'tY-fe-d). Made 
the victim of justice; hanged. 



K. 

Kae (ka). A daw. 

Kail (kal). Colewort ; cole- 
wort soup. — Kail through 
the reek. A good rating ; a 
good scolding. 

Kail-blade (kal'-blftd). Cole- 
wort leaf. 

Kail-runt (kal'-rHnt). The 
stem of colewort. 

Kailworm (kaK-wgrm). A 
caterpillar. 

Kail-yard (kal'-yftrd). Cab- 
bage garden ; vegetable gar- 
den. 

Kaim (kSm). A Danish forti- 
fied station ; a low ridge. 

Kain (kan). Farm rent in 
kind. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



960 A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



R 



U 



w 



( klm >. A oor 
comb. 

Kajnester^kam'storV A wool- 

Kane ( kin \ Kain. Cane. Duty 
v a tenant to his land- 
lord in m 
Kavel (kE r rel> A moan fel 

Keb (k¥b> To oast lamb: to 
lose a lamb, as a owo. 

Kebars (.kib'.n-.. i. Rafters. 

Kebback <.kob'bnk\ Kebbock. 
Kebbuck. A cheese. 

Kebbie (keo'M). A cudgel : a 
clnb : a rough walking stick. 

Keb-ewe i.kgV-u'). A ewe 
that has lost hor lamb. 

Keek , kekl. A peep ; to peep. 

Keeking-glass (.kek'Yn-glas'). 
A looking-glass. 

Keekit ^kok'in. Peeped. 

Keel (kel). Ruddle ; red 

chalk : soft stone for mark- 
ing sheep. 

Keelyvine-pen ( kel ' Y - vtn- 
pen 7 ). A pencil of black or 
rod load. [he noisv. i 

Kekle (kKk^'n. To cackle ; to J 

Kelpies (kf 1 ' pYz> Mischiev- 
ous spirits said to haunt 
fords and ferries at night, 
especially in storms. 

Keltie (kel'tt), Kelty. Fine 
of a bumper. — To take kel- 
tie 's mends. Not to drink 
the cup out. in order to be 
fined in a bumper. 

KempingCkemp'ln). Striving 
for victory, as reapers on a 
harvest field, etc. 

Kemple (kgm'p'l). Forty 
wisps or bottles of straw or 
hay, of about eight pounds 
each. 

Ken (k5n). To know. — Kend 
or Ken't. Knew. 

Kennin' (kgn'nYn), Kenning. 
Knowing : also, a small por- 
tion : a little. 

Kenspeckle (kgn'spfk'l). Hav- 
ing so singular an appearance 
as to be easily recognized ; 
fitted to be a gazingstock. 

Kent (kgnt). A cudgel ; a 
rough walking stick ; a shep- 
herd's stick. 

Kep (kgp). To catch. 

Kerne (kern). A freebooter. 

Ket (ket). Matted; hairy; a 
fleece of wool. 

Kiangh (ke / aH /P ). Carking 
anxiety, [fireplace. | 

Kill-logie (kYl-log'Y). Kiln] 

Kilt (kSlt). The philabeg or 
short pleated petticoat of a 
Highlander. — To kilt. To 
tuck up or truss up. 

Kimmer (kgm'mer). Cummer. 
A gossip ; an idle, gossiping 

Kin' (kYn). Kindred. 

Kin' (kin). Kind. 

Kind gallows (kin' gallBs). 

The gallows at Crieff ; — the 

reason why so called being 

uncertain. 
King's hood (kYngz hood). A 

certain part of the entrails of 

a cow. 
Kinrick (ken'rYk). Kingdom. 
Kintra (kgn'tra), Kintray. 

Country. 
Kintra cooser (kSn'trft kooz'- 

gr). Country stallion. 
Kippage (kgp'pai). Violent 

passion ; disorder ; confu- 

Kipper (kgp'pgr). Salmon 
6alted and sun - dried or 
emoke-dried ; salmon in the 
state of spawning ; also, to 
cure salmon by salting and 
drying. 

Kirkrk^rk). Church. 

Kittle fkgft'l). To tickle; 
a l-o. difficult; risky; tick- 
lish. 

Kirn < kgrn ;. The harvest sup- 
per : a churn. 

Kirsenfkgrs'Vn), Kirsten. To 
christen, or baptize. 

Kirstening ( kgrs ' en - Yn ). 
Christening. 

Kirtle ck^rf'l). Gown, man- 
tle, or petticoat. 

Kistckr-.t;. A chest ; a trunk ; 
a coffin. 

Kitchen (ktcb/en). Anything 
eaten with bread, potatoes, 



etc.. such as butter, cheese, 
etc.. to give a relish. —Hun- 
ger is gude kitchen. Hunger 
is good sauce. — Bread to 
bread is nae kitchen. It 
tonus no enjoyment where 
individuals of only one sex 
a s s o o i a t o. — Kitchen fee. 
Drippings. 

KitlinckM'lYnV Avounsrc.it. 

Kittle (kgt'fl). To tickle ; 
ticklish ; also, (of cats) to 
bring forth vouug. 

Kiuttle (kut't'l). To cuddle. 

Kiver (kiv'gr). To cover. 

Knacks (knaks). Trifles for 
ornament ; knickknacks. 

Knaggie (knag'gl). Like 
knags, or points of rocks. 

Knap (knap). To cut short ; 
to clip ; to speak in a brogue ; 
esp., to affect to speak fine 
English without knowing 
how. 

Knappin hammer (knap'pYn 
ham'mSr). A hammer for 
breaking_stones. 

Knave (knav). A servant ; a 
miller's boy. 

Knave bairn (knav barn). A 
male child. 

Knavelled (knS'v'ld), Nav- 
elled (na"'-). Beat violently 
with the fists. 

Knaveship (knav'shgp). Mill 
dues paid to the knaves or 
servants. [stone, f 

Knibloch(knYb r lfik). A small | 

Knowe (knou), Knoll. Rising 
ground ; hillock. 

Knurl (knerl). A dwarf. 

Krames (kramz)= Cremes. 

Kye(ki). Cows. [shire. I 

Kyle (kil). A district in Ayr- 1 

Kylevene. See Keelyvine. 

Kyloes (kiKSz). Small black 
cattle from the island of 
Skye ; Highland cattle. 

Kyte (kit). The belly. 

Kythe (kith). To discover ; to 
show one's self ; to see ; to 
appear. 



L. 

Lack (lak). To depreciate ; 
discommend. [of lad. I 

Laddie (lad'dY). Diminutive I 

Laggen (lag'gen). The angle 
between the side and the bot- 
tom of a wooden dish. 

Laid (lad). Load. 

Laid till her (lad till her). 
Awarded to her by fate ; laid 
to her charge. 

Laigh (laH). Low. — Laigh 
crofts. Low-lying fields of 
inferior quality. 

Lair (laT), Lear. Learning; 
education. 

Laird (lard). Lord of a man- 
p ; squire ; owner of lands. 

Lairing (laT'Yn). Wading in 
snow, mud, or the like. 

Laist (lSst). Last. [tant. I 

Laith (la-th). Loath ; reluc- 1 

Laithfu' (lath'fu). Bashful; 
sheepish. 

Laive (lav), Lave. The rest ; 
what is left ; remainder. 

Lallans (laKems). Scottish 
dialect ; Lowlands. 

Lambie (lam'Y). Diminutive 
of Jamb. 

Lamiter (la"m / 'Y-tSr). A lame 
person ; a cripple. 
immas moon (lam'mas 
mSn). The harvest moon. 

Lammer (larn'mgr), Lamer, 
lumer. Amber. 

Lamp (lamp). To beat ; also, 
to go quickly and with long 
strides. 

Lampet (lam'pgt), Lampit. A 
kind of shellfish. 

Lan' (lan). Land ; estate. 
m' -afore dan'-a-for')- The 
foremost horse in the plow. 

Lan'-ahin (lan'-a-hYn')- The 
hindmost horse in the plow. 

Land (lan or land). Land ; 
country ; in towns, a build- 
ing including different tene- 
ments, usually one above 
another. — Land o' the leal. 
The place of the faithful or 
blessed. 

Landlouper ( lan ' loup ' gr ). 



Runagate ; one who runs his 
country. 
Lane (lan). Lone. — My lane, 
thy lane, etc. Myself alone, 
etc. — By their lane. Them- 
selves alone. 
Lanely (lSn'lY). Lonely. 
Lang (liing). Long. — To think 
lang. lo long ; to weary. — 
Lang kail. Boiled coleworts ; 
coleworts not shorn. 

Langsyne (lang / sin'). Long 
since ; long ago ; old times. 

Lap (lap). Did leap ; leaped. 

Lapper (lap'pgr). To coagu- 
late ; to curdle. 

Lassie (las'sY), Lassock (las'- 
stik), Lassiky (las'sY-kY). 
Little girl. [alone, i 

Lat(lan. Let. — Latbe. Let I 

Latch (lach). Mud ; mire. 

Lathron (lath/rim), Latheron. 
A lazy, idle person ; also, 
lazy. 

Lauch (laH). Laugh. 

Lauch (lau). Law ; custom ; 
usage ; to laugh. 

Lave (lav). The rest ; the re- 
mainder ; the others. 

Laverock (lav'ruk). The lark. 

Lawing (la/Yn\ Lawin. Shot ; 
reckoning ; bill. 

Lawlan (la'lan). Lowland. 

Layne (lan). To conceal ; to 
lie. 

Lea'e (le). To leave. 

Leaguer lady (leg's* 18/dY). 
A soldier's wife ; a cam- 
paigner ; a camp trotter. 

Leal (lei). Loyal ; true ; faith- 
ful. 

Lear (l&r_). To learn ; learn- 
ing ; (le'er) a liar, [ridge. I 

Lea rig (le' rYg). A grassy! 

Led farm (led' farm). A farm 
held along with another, and 
on which the tenant does not 
reside. 

Leddy(lgd'dY). A lady. 

Lee (le). Lie. 

Leech (lech). A physician. 

Leein (le'Yn). Lying. 

Leelane (le'lSn'J, Leefu'lane 
(le'f u-lSn'). All alone ; quite 
solitary. 

Lee-lang(le r -lang / ). Livelong. 

Leesome (le'sum). Pleasant. 
— Leesome lane. Dear self 
alone. [Living. I 

Leevin' (lev'Yn), Leeving. | 

Leeze me (lez' me"). A phrase 
of congratulatory endear- 
ment ; I am happy in thee, 
or proud of thee. 

Leglin (leg'lYn). Milk pail. — 
Leglin girth (leg'lYn gSrth). 
Girth of a milk pail. 

Leister (lSs'ter). A three- 
pronged dart for striking fish. 

Len (len), Lend. To loan. 

Let a be (ISt a be). Let alone. 

Lethering (lgrh'er-Yn). Tan- 
ning the hide ; a thrashing. 

Leugh (Iuh). Laughed. 

Leuk (hit). A look ; to look. 

Leven (iev'en), Levin. Light- 
ning ; the light of the sun. 

Libbet (lSbT>gt> Gelded. 

Licht (lgHt). Light ; merry. 

Lichtly (IgHt'lY). Lightly ; 
merrily. 

Lichtsome(lgHt / 'sum). Merry; 
gladsome. 

Lift(lgft). The sky. 

Lift cattle (left kat't'l). To 
make a prey of cattle. — To 
lift rents. To collect rents. 

Lifters (lgft'erz). Cattle deal- 
ers. 

Lightly (lgHt'iY). Sneering; 
to sneer at ; to slight. 

Like wake (Ilk' wak'), Lyke 
wake. The watching a corpse 
before interment. 

Likit (lik'Yt). Loved; de- 
lighted in. 

Lilt (lGlt). A ballad ; a tune ; 
a carol ; to sing. 

Limmer (lttm'mer). A kept 
mistress ; a strumpet. 

Link (lgnk). To trip along ; 
to do anything smartly and 
quickly. 

Links (lonks). The windings 
of a river ; the rich ground 
lying among the windings of 
a river ; flat, sandy ground on 
the seashore ; a golf course. 

Lin (lgn), Linn. A waterfall ; 
a precipice. 



Lint Qgnt). Flax. — Lint i> 
the bell. Flax in flower. 

Lintwhite (ICnt'hwIt). A lin- 
net. 

Lip (lup). To notch the edge 
of a sword, knife, etc. 

Lippen (lfip'pgn). To expect ; 
to rely upon ; to tru6t to. 

Lipping (lttp'pYn). Making 
notches on the edge of a 
sword or knife. 

Lippit (lfip'ptt). Notched. 

Lippy (lfip'pY), Lippie. The 
fourth part of a peck. 

List (lgst). Agile ; active. 

Lith (lCth). A joint ; a section 
or division of a fruit. 

Lither ngth'Sr). Sleepy; lazy. 

Loan (ion). A lane ; an in- 
closed road ; a place of milk- 
ing. 

Loanindon'Yn), Loaning. The 
green sward on which cows 
are milked. 

Loch (16h). A lake ; a bay or 
arm of the sea. 

Lochan (15n r «n). A small 
lake ; a pond, [a handful, i 

Lock(lok). A small quantity ; I 

Lo'e (loo), Loo. Love ; to love. 

Loof (lef), Luif. The palm of 
the hand. — Outside of the 
loof. Back of the hand. 

Loom (lgm). An implement ; 
a vessel. 

Loon (loon), Loun. A rogue ; 
a rustic boy ; a loose woman. 

Loop (loop). A bend of a river. 

Loopy (loop-"^. Crafty ; de- 
ceitful. _ 

Loosome (loo'sfim). Lovely. 

Loot (let). Did let. 

Looten (let'en). Permitted. 

Looves (levz). Plural of Loof. 

Losh (ISsh). Exclamation of 
wonder, surprise, or admira- 
tion. 

Loun ='Loon. 

Loun (loon), Lound (loond), 
Calm ; low and sheltered ; 
still ; tranquil. 

Lounder (loond'er). A severe, 
stunning blow ; to beat with 
severe strokes. 

Loup (loup). A leap ; a jump ; 
to leap ; to spring ; to run or 
move quickly. — Looping ill 
(loup'Yn til). Leaping evil ; 
a disease among sheep. — 
Louping on stane. A horse- 
block ; the stone by which 
one leaps into the saddle.— 
Loup the dyke. To leap the 
fence ; to break out of or into 
the inclosure ; a scamp ; gid- 
dy ; unsettled. 

Loupit (loup'Yt). Leaped. 

Lout (lout). To stoop; submit. 

Louther (loorh/er). To be in- 
volved in mire or snow ; to 
walk with difficulty. 

Low (lou), Lowe. A flame ; to 
flame. [sheltered, i 

Lowne (loun), Loun. Calm ; | 

Lowp = Loup. 

Lowrie (lou'rY). Abbreviation 
of the proper name Lawrence. 

Lowse (lous). To loose. 

Luckie (lflk'Y). A goody ; a 

Eammer ; an old grandam. — 
uckie dad, Luckie daddie 

(dad'Y). A grandfather. 
Luck penny (lak' pgn'nY). A 

small sum given back to the 

payer by one who receives 

money under a contract or 

bargain. 
Lug (lug). The ear ; a handle. 
Lugget (lug'ggt). Having a 

handle. 
Luggie (lug'gY). A small 

wooden dish with a handle. 
Lum (lam). The chimney. 
Lunch (lfinch). A large piece 

of cheese, flesh, &c. 
Lunt (Hint). A column of 

smoke ; to smoke. 
Luntin (lunt'Yn). Smoking. 
Lyart (li'grt). Of a mixed 

color ; gray ; hoary. 



M. 



Mae (ma). Ma (ma), Moe (mo). 

More. 
Magg (mag). To steal : a half 

penny ; a perquisite in pence 

to servants, etc. 



a, e, I, o, Ci, long ; a, 6, 1, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, $vent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 961 



Magnum. Magnum bonum 
(mag'numbo'num). A dou- 
ble-sized bottle, holding two 
English quarts. 

Mahoun (ma-hoon r ). Satan. 

Mail i mil). Payable rent. 

Mail payer (mal pl'gr). A 
rent payer. 

Mailed (maid). Mixed (with 
the blood). 

Mailen ( mal'Vn), Mailin (m&V- 
In), Mailing. A farm. 

Maining (.inSn'Tn). Bemoan- 

Mains (mftna> The farm at- 
tached to a parsonage house ; 
a demesne. 

Mair(mar). More. 

Maist ( mitst). Most ; almost. 

Maister (mSst'Sr). Master ; 
an overmatch. 

Maisterfu' (mstst'gr-fu')- Im- 
perious ; violent ; o'verbear- 

Maistery (mttsfer-t). Power. 
Maistly omtst'lt). Mostly. 
Major (ma'jer). To look and 
tailc big, or with a military 

Mak (mak). To make. 

Makin(mak'Tn). Making. 

Malison (maKT-siln). Male- 
diction ; curse. 

Maltalent (nial'tal-ent). An 
evil purpose ; an evil incli- 
nation. 

Mammocks (miim'muks). Gob- 
bets. 

Man (man). Man. 

Mane (man). A moan ; to 
moan ; to bemoan. 

Mang (miing). Among. 

Manna (man'na). Must not. 

Manse (mans). A parsonage 
house. 

Manswom (man'sworn). Per- 
jured. 

Manteele(man-teK). A mantle. 

Manty(man'tl). Mantua silk; 
a mantle. 

Marie (marl). Marvel ; -won- 
der ; also, to mottle ; to vari- 
egate. 

Marrow (mar'rH). To match ; 
a mate ; one of a pair. 

Mar's year (marz yer). The 
vear 1715. 

Mart (mart). The fatted cow 
or whatever animal is slaugh- 
tered at Martinmas for win- 
ter provision. 

Masel(ma-seK). Myself. 

Maser (mas'Sr). Maple. 

Mashlin (mash/ltn), Mashlum 
(mash'lQm). Mixed grain ; 
meslin. 

Mask (mask). To mash, as 
salt, etc. ; to infuse ; to be in 
a state of infusion. — Mask- 
in fat (mask'Tn fat). A 
mash tub. — Maskin pat 
(mask'Tn pat). A teapot. 

Maukin (ma/kln), Mawkin. 
A hare. 

Maun (man). Must. 

Maundering (vian'der-Yn). Pa- 
lavering : talking idly or in- 
coherently. 

Maunna (man'na). Must not. 

Maut (mat). Malt. 

Mavis (nia'vls). The thrush. 

Maw (ma). To mow. 

Mawking (rnak'Tn), Manikin. 
A hare. 

Mawn (man). Mowed. 

Maybie (rhgb'l). It may be ; 
perhaps. 

Mazed (mazd>. Amazed. 

Mear (mer), Meere. Mare. 

Mease (mez). To settle ; to ap- 
pease. 

Meg dorts (meg dSrts). Saucy 
Meg : a saucy wench. 

Meikle (me'k'i). Much; great; 
large : big : preeminent. 

MeithB(meths),Meaths. Eggs 
of the blowfly upon meat ; 
maggots._ [marks. | 

Meiths i. meths). Marks ; land- 1 

Melder (mgl'der). As much 
meal as is ground at one time. 

Mell (m51). To be intimate ; 
to meddle ; to mix ; to inter- 
pose ; also, a mallet, as for 
pounding barley in a stone 
trough. 

Meltith (mgl'tgth). Melteth. 
A meal; food. [meal.f 

Melvie(mgl'vT). To soil with | 

Men' (men). To mend. 



Mends (mSnz). Amends ; 
atonement ; revenge. 

Mense(mens). Good manners; 
decorum ; moderation. 

Mensefu' (inens'i'u). Manner- 
ly : modest. 

Menseless(mgnslgs). Ill-bred; 
rude : impudent. 

Menyie(nien'yT). The follow- 
ers of a chieftain ; band ; ret- 
inue ; troops. 

Merle (mSrl). The blackbird. 

Mess (m2s). Mass. 

Messan (mes'san), Messin 
(mes'sln). A little dog; cur. 

Micht(mgnt). Might. 

Michty ( mgii'tt). Mighty. 

Mickle(mek"l). See Meikle. 

Midden (med'den). A dung- 
hill.— Midden hole. A gut- 
ter at the bottom of a dung- 
hill, [not. I 

Mightna (mgHt'nii). Might I 

Mim(mgm). Prim; prudish; 
precise ; affectedly meek. 

Min' (mtn). Mind ; resem- 
blance. 

Mind't (mint). Minded; re- 
solved ; intending. 

Minnie (mgn'nt). Mother ; 
dam. 

Mint (mgnt). To aim ; to at- 
tempt ; to endeavor. 

Mird (mgrd). To meddle ; 
fawn upon. 

Mirk (mgrk). Dark ; obscure. 
-Pit mirk. Pitch dark. 

Mirligoes (merlT-goz). Diz- 
ziness ; megrims in tne head. 

Misca' (mTs-ka'). To abuse ; 
to call names. 

Mischieve (mts-chev'). To do 
a mischief to ; to hurt. 

Misguggled (mts-gfig'gl'd). 
Mangled and disfigured ; 
rumpled and disordered. 

Misken (mls-kgn')- Neglect ; 
overlook. 

Mislear'd (mts-lert"). Ill- 
taught ; ill-bred ; unman- 
nerly. 

Mislippen (mrs-lup-'pen). To 
neglect ; to suspect and dis- 
appoint, [tune. [ 

Misluck (mTs-lSk'). Misfor- 1 

Misrid(mls-rgd / '). Entangled; 
confused. [sorts. [ 

Misset (mts'set). Put out of I 

Mister (mis ' ter). Need. — 
Mister wight. A child of 
necessity : a doubtful char- 
acter. 

Misteuk (mYs-tukO- Mistook. 

Mistryst (rnTs-trist'). To dis- 
appoint by breaking an en- 
gagement; to deceive; to use 

Mither (ingth/Sr). Mother. 

Mittens (mgftenz), Mittans 
(mgftanz). Worsted 

gloves. 

Mixtie maxtie (meks't! 
maks'tl). Confusedly mixed. 

Mizzles (,miz / 'z'lz). Measles. 

Moistify ( mlst'I-fi). To moist- 
en. 

Mony (mSn'T), or Monie. 
Many. 

Mools = Mouls, Muils. 

Moop (moop). To nibble as a 
sheep. 

Moor ill (mur 61), Muir ill. A 
disease among cattle. 

Moorlan (nun-Ian). Of, or be- 
longing to, moors. 

Mootn(muth). Foggy ; misty. 

Morn (morn). — Theinorn. To- 
morrow. 

Mornin' (moTn'tn), Morning. 
Morning dram or draught. 

Morts (moTts). The skins of 
lambs that die of themselves. 

Moss hags (mSs' hagz). Pits 
and sloughs in a mire or bog. 

Mottie (mSt'tY), Motty. Full 
of, or consisting of. motes. 

Mou (moo). Mow. Mouth ; pi. 
Mows (mooz) or Mowes. 
Jests. [blains. I 

Mouls (moolz), Mowls. Chil- ] 

Moudiwarp (moo ' dT - warp), 
Moudiwart, Moudiwort, 

Mouldwarp (moold'warp). 
A mole. 

Mouls or Mools (moolz). Earth; 
mould. 

Mousie (moos'T). Dim. of 
mouse. 

Mousted (or Musted) (moost'- 
it) head. Cropped head of 



hair, powdered with a kind 

of flour called must. 
Mow - MOU. 
Mowse ( mods ). Kindly 

thoughts ; good opinion. 
Moyen (moi'fn). Influence; 

interest ; means. 
Muckle(mfik'l). See Meikle. 
Mudge(mttj). Stir. 
Mugs (mugz), Muggs. The 

rswater sheep. 
Muhme (m(K)in). A nurse. 
Minis u»Dlz), Mools. Moulds; 

cloth or list shoes for gout. 
Muir (mur). A moor. — Muir 

pouts. ' Young grouse. 
Mump (mump). To hint ; to 

aim at. 
Munt (mBnt). To mount. 
Murgeons (mgr'jlnz). Gri- 
maces : _wry mouths. 
Musie(moos'i). Tiim.ofmase. 
Muslin kail (mdbs'ltn kill'). 

Broth composed simply of 

water, shelled barley, and 

greens. 
Mutch (mtich). A woman's 

linen or muslin cap. 
Mutchkin (much'kln). An 

English pint. 
Mysell (mt-sgK), Ma'sell (ma- 

seK). Myself. 



N. 



Na' (na). No ; not ; nor. 
Nae (na). No ; not any. 
Naething (na'thing) 'or Nai- 

thing._ Nothing. 
Naig (nag). A nag ; a horse. 
Nain(nan). Own. 
Nainselljuitn-sgl'). Ownself. 
Nane(nan). None. 
Napery (na'per-t). Table 

linen. 
Nappy (niip'pi). Ale ; tipsy ; 

elevated with drink. 
Nar (nar). Near. 
Nashgab (nash'giib). Imper- 
tinent chatter. 
Natheless (narh'lgs), Nathless. 

Nevertheless. 
Near (ner). Close; narrow; 

niggardly. 
Near -hand (ner'-hand). Near 

at hand ; nearlv ; almost. 
Neb-bill (ngb'-bgl, neb"l). 

Nose : point of anything. 
Nebbit (ueb'blt). "Having a 

beak or nose. 
Neebor (ne'bgr). A neighbor. 
Needna (ned'na). Need not. 
Neeps (neps). Turnips. 
Ne'er-be-lickit (ner'-be-lek'- 

tt). Nothing which could 

be licked up by dog or cat ; 

absolutely nothing. 
Ne'er-do-weel (ner'-du-wel')- 

Scapegjace, never to' thrive. 
Neese (nez). The nose. 
Neeve (nev). The closed hand ; 

the list. 
Neevie-neevie-nick-nack (ne'- 

vl-ne'vl-ntk'-nak). The 

first line to the following 

three, viz.: 

'• Which hand will you tak ? 
Tak the right, tak the wrang, 
I "11 beguile you if I can." 

A lottery rhyme used among 
boys while whirling the two 
closed fists round each other, 
one containing the prize, the 
other emptv. 

Negleckit (n'gg-lek'Yt). Neg- 
lected. 

Neist (n?st). Nighest ; next. 

Neuk (nyuk). Nook : corner. 

Nevelled. ' See Kxevelled. 

Nevoy (ngv r l). Nephew. 

New-ca'd (nu'-kad'). Newly 
driven. 

Nicher (ngH'gr). To neigh; 
to laugh in a loud and ridicu- 
lous manner. 

Nick (ngk). To break. 

Nick-nackets (ngk'-nak-ets). 
Trinkets : gimcracks. 

Nicks (neks). Knocks : blows. 

Nicksticks ( ngk ' stlks ). 

Notched sticks : tallies. 

Niest(nfst). Next. 

Nieve = Neeve. 

Nievefu' (ne'fu). A handful. 

Nifferdifffer). An exchange ; 
to exchange : to barter. 

Niffy - naffy ( nlfl'l - nlf'ft). 



Fastidious ; conceited and 
finical. 

Niger (ne'ggr). Negro. 

Night cowl (ngut' kool). A 
ti iurlit-cap. 

Nine -tailed cat ( ntn Maid kat ). 
A hangman's whip. 

Nit(ngt). A nut. 

No(u<5). Not. 

Nocht (nOnt). Nothing. 

Noited (ntt'it), Knoited (ntf- 
Tt). Rapped ; btruck forci- 
bly against ; as, Noited their 
heads, knocked heads to- 
gether. 

Noo(noo). Now. 

Nor (n3r). Than. 

Norland (nor'lan). North- 
land. 

Notet(not'Yt). Noted. 

Nourice (noo'rTs). A nurse. 

Nout (nout), Nowt, Nowte, 
Nolt (n5lt). Black cattle. 



0" (5). Of. 

Ochils ro'Helz). Mountains in 
Perthshire. 

Ocht (aHt). Ought; also, 
aught ; anything. 

Od! Odd! (Cd). A minced 
oath ; — a corruption of Ood. 

Odd - come - shortly. Chance 
time not far off ; escape. 

Oe (o'S), Oy, Oye. Grand- 
child. 

O'er-word (ou'gr-wgrd'). A 
refrain. 

Off-come (Bf-kSm). An ex- 
cuse ; an escape in the way 
of subterfuge or pretext. 

haith (o hath). O faith ! : — 
an oath. 

Oh-onl OS-Hon'), 0-honari! 
(o-Hon'a-re')- Alas ! woe is 
me ! 

Olite (o'ltt), OUght. Active, 
nimble, ready. 

Onding (i5n'dgng). Fall of 
rain or snow. 

Onfall (Cn'fa). A fall of rain 
or snow ; a falling on ; an 
attack. 

Onstead (Sn'stgd). A farm- 
stead ; the buildings on a 
farm. 

Ony (on'i), Onie. Any. 

00 (6o), On. Wool. 

001 (el). An owl. 
Oor(oor) ; _ Our. 
Oorsels(oor-sglz /r ). Ourselves. 
Oot (oot). Out. 

Open steek (o'pen stek r ). A 
kind of open stitch used in 
sewing. 

Or (or). Ere ; before. 

Ordinar (Crd'nar). Ordinary; 
common ; usual. 

Orra (or'ra). Odd ; not 
matched : what may be 
spared ; unemployed ; petty ; 
paltry. 

Ort (ort). To eject ; throw 
aside ; select. 

Orts (orts). That which is re- 
jected. 

Ostler wife (os'ler wtf). A 
woman that keeps an hos- 
tel ry. 

O't(ot). Of it. 

Ought (aHt). Aught ; any- 
thing. 

Ourie (oo'rt). Shivering; 

drooping. 

Oursel (oor-sfK) ; Oursela 
(-sglz'). Ourself : ourselves. 

Out-by (oot-bT'). Without ; a 
little way out ; at some dis- 
tance : remote ; sequestered. 

Outcast (oofkast). A quarrel. 

Outlers (oot'lgrz). Cattle not 
housed. 

Outshot (oot'shof). A project- 
ing part of a building. 

Outtak (ooftak). Except ; be- 
sides. 

Overly (ou'er-lY). Superficial; 
not deep or thorough ; also, 
excessively ; very. 

Ower (ou'Sr). Over ; above ; 
too : too much. 

Ower-bye (ou'gr-bl). Over 
the way. 

Ower-come (ou'er-kom). Ex- 
cess. 

Owergang (ou'gr-gang). To 
overrun ; to exceed. 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, t.tiin, 
*61 



N 



962 A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



u 



w 



Owerhip ^on'er-hepV A way 
■ blow with the 
hammer over the arm. 
Owerlay (oafr-W), (Verity. 

.it : :l covering. 

Owerloup (pu'Br-lonp). To 

mt the tence : to tres- 

Ml another's property. 

— Start and owerloup. A 

law phrase relating to 

marches. 

Owersman (oafn-tnln). An 
-i r : a superintendent ; 
an umpire. 

Owerta'em.ou'Dr-titn')- Over- 
taken. 

Ower-word(ou'?r-w5rd). The 
burden of a song. 

OwkiookV Meek. 

Owsen foo'a nl. Oxen. 

Oxter (oks'ter), Oxtar. The 
armpit. 

Oye (6'f). Grandson. See 

"OE. 



Pace (pfis), Pasch (pash). 
Easter. 

Pack (pak). Intimate ; famil- 
iar ; twelve stone (of wool). 

Paidle ipa'd'l), Pettle (pgt't'l). 



Paidle (pa'd'l). To tramp, 
as clothes in a tub : to walk 
with short and irregular 
steps, like those of children ; 
to dabble. 

Paik (pJk). To beat ; a blow. 

Painch (panch). Paunch. 

Pairt(part). Part. 

Pairtrick (par'trYk). A par- 
tridge. 

Palmering ( pa ' mgr - In ). 

Walking infirmly. 

Pang (pang). To cram. 

Pantler (pant'ler). Keeper of 
the pantrv. 

Paraffle (piir'a-fT). Ostenta- 
tious display. 

Parle (pari). Speech. 

Paraitch (par'Ych), Parritch. 
Porridge ; oatmeal pudding, 
a well-known Scotch dish. — 
Parritch time. Breakfast- 
time, [parish. | 

Parochine (par'o-shen;. A I 

Partan (par'tan). Tlie com- 
mon sea crab. 

Passemented (piis'se-mgnt'Yt). 
Guarded with lace, fringe, 
etc. 

Pat (pat). Put: a pot. 

Patrick (pa'trYk), Paetrick. 
Partrick (par'trYk), Pertrick 
(pgr'trYk). A partridge. 

Pattle (pat't'l) or Pettle (pgf- 
t'l). A plowstaff. 

Pauchty (paH'tY), Paughty. 
Proud ; haughty. 

Pauk(pak). Wile. 

Pauky (pak'Y), Pawkie. or 
Pawky. Cunning ; sly ; wi- 
ly : shrewd, in a good sense ; 
drolly, but not mischie- 
vously. 

Payt (pit). Paid ; beat. 

Peach =Pech. 

Pearlins (pfrl'Ynz), Pearlings. 
Lace made of silk or thread. 

Pease bogle (pez' bo'g'l). 
Scarecrow. 

Peaseweep <'pez'we'p)._Peese- 
weep. Peeweet (pe'wSt). 
The lapwing. 

Peat ("pet). A pet: favorite; 
also, peat. — Peat haggs 
Slouzhs in places from 
whence peat has been dug. 

Pech (p£H), Pegh. To fetch 
the breath short, as in an 
asthma. 

Pechan (pgn'an). The crop ; 
stomach. [hawker. I 

Pedder Cp''d'd5r). A peddler ; : 

Peeble'pe'b'l,. A pebble. 

Peech=PECii. 

Peel (pel). A pool ; a place of 

_-h, or fortification ; 

esp., a stronghold, the de- 

- of which are of earth 

mixed with timber, strength- 

ened with psliaadea. 

Peel Cpfl), Peelhouse (peV- 
■• Jn the Border coun. 
ties, a small tqaare tower, 
built of (tone and lirne. 



(p6nj). To complain ; 
to whine. 
Peer (per). Poor ; appear : to 
make equal, or of the same 

rank : also, a pear. 

Peerie (.pe'rY). A boy's spin- 
ning top, set in motion by 
the pull of a string, in place 
of being whipped ; curious ; 
suspicious. 

Peety(pf'tY). Pity. 

Pegh = Pech. 

Peghts (.peiits). The Picts. 

Pellack (.pel 'Ink). Pellock 
(pel'lfik). A porpoise ; in 
old Scotch, a bullet. 

Peltrie (pgl'trY). Furrier's 
wares. 

Penny stane (pen'nY stan). A 
stone quoit. 

Penny-wheep (pgn'nY-hwep')- 
Small beer. 

Pensy (pgn'sY), Pensie. Proud 
and conceited ; spruce. 

Pettle (pgt't'l). To cherish; 
to indulge : to treat as a pet ; 
a plow-staff. 

Philabeg (fll'a-beg). The 
Highland kilt. 

Phraise (f raz). Fair speeches ; 
flattery ; to flatter : to cajole. 

Phraisiri (fraz'Yn), Phraising. 
Palavering ; making long or 
fine speeches ; flattery. 

Pibroch (pe'brCH'). A High- 
land war song adapted to the 
bagpipe. 

Pick (pgk). A pick-ax ; also, 
pitch. — Pick mirk. Dark as 
pitch. 

Pickle (pgk''l"). A grain of 
corn : a small quantity ; also, 
to pick : to feed : to pilfer.— 
To pickle in our ain pock- 
neuk. To supply ourselves 
from our own means. 

Pick maw(p6k' ma). A small 
sea gull. 

Pictarnie (pgk-tar'nY). The 
great tern. 

Pig (peg). An earthern pot, 
vessel, or pitcher ; a piece of 
crockery ; a can for a chim- 
ney top. 

Pike (ptk). To pick; to cull; 
to select. 

Pilhiewinks (ptil'lY-wunks). 
Instruments for torturing 
the fingers. See Pnorxwnr- 

KLES. 

Pinchers (pYnch'grz). Pin- 
cers ; iron crows. 

Pine (pin). Pain ; uneasiness. 

Pinging (pgng'Yn). Uttering 
feeble, frequent, and some- 
what peevish complaints. A 
sickly, spoiled child is called 
a pinging thing. 

Pingled (pgng'l'd). Pained ; 
put to difficulty. 

Pinner (pgn'ngr). A cap with 
lappets, formerly worn by 
women of rank. 

Pinnywinkles (pgn'nY-wfin'- 
k'lz). A board with holes, 
into which the fingers are 
thrust, to be pressed upon 
with pegs, as a species of tor- 
ture. 

Pint (pint). Two English 
quarts. — Pint stoup. A two 
quart measure. 

Pioted(pI'ut-Sd),Pyoted. Pie- 
bald. 

Pipestaple (pip'sta'p'l)- A 
tobacco-stopper: also, broken 
tubes of clay tobacco pipes. 

Pirn (pgrn). A bobbin : the 
bobbin of a spinning wheel ; 
the reed or quill bobbin in a 
weaver's shuttle ; the wheel 
of a fishing rod. 

Pit (pSt). To put. 

Pith(pgth). Strength. 

Pithless (pgth'lgs). Wanting 
strength. 

Placad (plak'cd). A public 
proclamation. 

Plack (plak). An old Scotch 
conper coin, equal to the 
third of an English penny. 

Plackless (plak '16s). Penni- 
leee \ without money. 

Plaiden (plad'en). Kind of 
coarse woolen cloth. 

Plainstanes(plan'sta'nz'). The 
pavement. 

PlatieCplu'tY). Dim. of plate. 

Plenishing (plSn'Ysh-Yn). Fur- 
niture. 



Plew ( plool. or Pleugh. A plow. 

Plies tplTz). Folds! 

Pliekie (pigs' kl). Mischie- 
vous trick: nlight: condition. 

Pliver (plev'er). Plover. 

Plot (plot). To scald; to make 
scalding hot. 

Plottie(plot'tT). Mulled wine. 

Plout (plout) = Plot. 

Ploy (ploi). Employment ; a 
harmless frolic ; a merry 
meeting. 

Plnff (pluf). A nuff : a hair- 
dresser's powder puff ; to 
puff. 

Pock (pok), Poke. Pouch ; bag. 

Pock-neuk (pOk'nyuk'), Pock- 
nook. Corner of a bag, as of 
a meal bag. 

Pockmanty (pSk-miin'tY). 
Portmanteau. 

Poind (ptnd). To distrain : to 
seize on cattle, or take the 
goods, as the laws of Scotland 
allow for rent. 

Polonie (po-15'nY), Polonian 
(po-lo'nY-an). A great-coat; 
a Polish surtout ; a dress for 
very young boys, including 
a sort of waistcoat, with loose, 
sloping skirts. 

Pone (pon). A thin turf. 

Poo (poo). _To pull. 

Poorfu' (poor'fu). Powerful. 

Poor - man - of - mutton. The 
broiled remains of a shoulder 
of roast mutton. 

Poortith(poor'tYth). Poverty. 

Pootry(poo'trY),Poutry. Poul- 
try. 

Poot=PorT. 

Poppling (pop'plYn). Bub- 
bling ^ purling; rippling. 

Pose(poz). A deposit ; hoard 
of money. 

Posie (po'zY). A nosegay. 

Potatoe-bogle (p'ta'tY-bd'g'l). 
A scarecrow in a potato- 
field. 

Potter carrier (pot'tgr kar'rY- 
er), Pottinger (pot'tYn-jer). 
An apothecary. 

Pou(poo). To pull. 

Pouch (pooch). A pocket. 

Pouk (pook). To pluck : to 
pull ; a slight, quick pull, or 
sportive snatch. 

Poukit (pook'Yt). Plucked ; 
lean and bony ; shabby ; 
stingv. 

Poupit'(poop'Yt). Pulpit. 

Pouss (poos), Pouse, Poos. A 
push. 

Poussie (poos'sY), Poosie. A 
hare or cat. 

Pout (poot). A poult ; a chick: 
a young child ; a young par- 
tridge or moor fowl or grouse; 
to shoot at young grouse or 
partridges. 

Pou't (poot). Pulled. 

Pouther (poo'ther). Powder. 

Pouthered (poo'ther'd). Pow- 
dered; corned: slightly salted. 

Pouthery (poo'rher-Y). Like 
powder. _ 

Pouting (poot'Yn). Shooting 
at the young poults of par- 
tridges. 

Pow (pou). The poll ; the 
head ; also, a pool. — Pow 
sowdie. Sheep's-head broth ; 
milk and meal boiled to- 
gether ; any mixture of in- 
congruous sorts of food. 

Pownle (pou'nY), Powny. A 
little horse ; a pony. 

Powtering (pou'ter-Yn), Pock- 
ering (pok'er-Yn), Poltering 
(pot'-). Groping among the 
ashes : poking incessantly in 
the fire ; rummaging in the 
dark. 

Powther (poo'thEr), or Pou- 
ther. Powder. 

Pratty (priit'tY). Pretty. 

Preceesely (pre-se"slY). Pre- 
cisely. 

Pree (pre). To taste. 

Preen (pren). A pin. 

Prent (prgnt). Print ; print- 
ing. 

Prestable (prgs'ta-b'l). Paya- 
ble. 

Prick (prek). Spur. 

Prick-my-dainty (prtk'-mt- 
dan'tY). Affected and fini- 
cal. 

Prie (pre). To taste ; to prove 
by tasting. 



Prief(pref). Proof. 

Prig (preg). To cheapen : to 
dispute ; to haggle ; to en- 
treat ; to dicker. 

Primsie (prYm'zY). Demure ; 
precise. 

Propale (pro-pal'). To pub- 
lish : to disclose. 

Propine (pro-pin'). A present; 
a gift ; drink money. 

Propone (prO-pSn'). To lay 
down ; to propose. 

Provos(pr5 / vhs). Provosts. 

Pu' (pu). To pull. 

Public' (pfib'lik). A public 
house ; an inn. 

Puckle (puk'l). A bit ; grain, 
as of salt, meal, &c. 

Puddings (pQd'dYnz). Guts; 
sausages. 

Puddock (pQd'dHk). A frog. 

Puir (pur). Poor. 

Pun (pun). Pond. Pound; 
pounds. 

Pupit (poop'Yt). A pulpit. 

Put on (put On). Clothed : 
dressed. 

Putted (pQt'tYt) a stane. 
Pitched or threw a stone with 
the hand raised over the 
head. — Putting the stone is 
a very old Scottish and north- 
ern gymnastic exercise. 

Pyat (pi 'at). Pyet (pi'et), Pyot 
(pl'iit). A magpie. 

Pyket (ptk'et), Piket. Picked ; 
made bare ; emaciated. 

Pyle (pil), a word used in the 
phrase, a pyle o' caff. A sin- 
gle grain, chaff. 



Q. 



Quaich (kftH), Quaigh, Quegh 
(kgH). A small shallow drink- 
ing cup with two ears for 
handles. 

Quak (kwiik). To quake ; also, 
to quack. 

Quat(kwat). To quit. 

Quean (kwen). A young wo- 
man. The term, like the 
English tcench, is sometimes 
used jocularly, though of- 
tener disrespectfully. 

Queery-madam (kwe'rY-mad'- 
am). A pear, so called. 

Quegh. See Quaich. 

Queish, Quegh. See Quaich. 

Quern (k6rn). A handmill ; 
also, a grain. 

Quey (kwl). A heifer ; a young 
cow. 

Quire (kwir). The choir of a 
church._ 

Quo' (kwo). Quoth. 



R. 

Rack (rak). To heed ; to care. 

Rad (rad). Afraid. 

Rade(rad). Kode. 

Rae (ra). Boe. 

Raff (raf ). A person of worth- 
less character. See Scowff. 

Raible (ra'b'l). To rattle non- 
sense. 

Raibles (ra'b'lz). To speak in 
a disconnected way ; to wan- 
der in speech. 

Rail (ral). A woman's jacket. 

Raip (r3p), Rape. A rope ; a 
rood. 

Rair (rar). To roar ; to re- 
sound : to clamor ; a roar ; 
an outcry. 

Rai86(raz). Rose ; arose. 

Raise or Raize (raz). To mad- 
den : to inflame. 

Ramfeezl'd(ramfez'l'd). Fa- 
tigued ; overspread. 

Rammel (ram'm'l ). Ramel. Ra- 
mie. Small branches ; mixed 
grain. 

Rampallions (ram-pal'yflnz). 
Rude romps. 

Rampauge (ram-paj'), Ram- 
pag. To rage and storm ; to 
prance about with fury. 

Ram-stam (ram'-s tarn'). 
Thoughtless ; forward ; rash. 

Randy " (ran'dY). Riotous ; 
disorderly ; also, a sturdy 
beggar. 

Rant (rant). Jollification. 

Rape (rap). Bope. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 6, ix, y, short ; senate, 6vent, Idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 963 



Raploch (rap'lSn). Properly 
a coarse, undyed, woolen 
cloth, but used as an adjec- 
tive for coarse. 

Rapparis or Rapparees (rap- 
pa-rez')- "Worthless runa- 
gates. 

Rapscallions (rap-skal'yunz). 
Rascals. 

Rarely (rar'lY). Excellently ; 
very well. 

Rase (raz). Rose. 

Rash (rash). A rush. — Rash- 
buss. A bush of rushes. 

Rath (rath). Ready ; quick ; 
early. 

Ratten(rat'ten), Ratton (-tun). 
Rottin (rot'ten), Rotton. A 
rat. 

Raucle (ra/k'l). Rash ; stout ; 
fearless. 

Raught (raHt). Reached. 

Raunletree (ran , 'l-tre / ), Ran- 
dletree, Rantletree. The 
beam from which the crook is 
suspended where there is no 

frate ; also, a tree chosen with 
wo branches, which are cut 
short, and left somewhat in 
the form of the letter Y, set 
close to or built into the 
gable of a cottage, to support 
one end of the rooftree. 

Rave (rav). Tore. 

Ravel (rav'el). To entangle ; 
to confuse ; to speak in a dis- 
connected or confused way. 

Raw (ra). A row. 

Rax (raks). To stretch ; to 
reach. 

Ream(rem). Cream; to cream. 

Reamin (rem'Yn). Brimful; 
frothing. 

Reave (rev). Rove. 

Reaving (rev'Yn) = Reaving. 

Rebute (re-but'). Rebut ; dis- 
comfiture. 

Reck(rSk). To heed. 

Red (rgd), Redd, Rede. To in- 
terfere and separate, as in 
the case of two people fight- 
ing ; to disentangle ; to clear ; 
to put in order ; also, advice; 
counsel ; to counsel ; to ad- 
vise. 

Redder's lick (red'dgrz lgk'). 
See Redding straik. 

Redding (rgd'dYn). Unravel- 
ing ; putting to rights. 

Redding came (rfd'dYn kam). 
A large toothed comb. 

Redding straik ( re d'dYn striSk). 
A stroke received in attempt- 
ing to separate combatants in 
a fray ; a blow in return for 
officious interference. 

Redd up (red up). To put in 
order. 

Rede (rgd) = Red, and Reed. 

Rede (red). Afraid. 

Redshank (red'shiink). A 
Highlander with buskins of 
red deer skin, with the hair 
outwards ; applied also as a 
nickname to a Highlander, 
in derision of his bare 
legs. 

Red-wat-shod (rSd'wat-shfjd'). 
Walking in blood over the 
shoe-tops. [mad. I 

Red-wud (red'-wttd). Stark I 

Ree (re). Half drunk; fud- 
dled. 

Reed (red), Rede. To fear. 

Reef=RiEF. 

Reek (rek), Reik. Smoke. 

Reek (rek), Reik. Course ; ex- 
ploit ; adventure ; frolic. ■ 

Reekie (rek'Y). Smoky. 

Reekin (rek'U), Reikin. 
Smoking. 

Reekit (rek'Yt), Reikit. 
Smoked; smoky. 

Reem (rem). Cream ; froth. 

Reestit (re"st'Yt). Withered; 
ringed ; rested. 

Reeving (rev'Yn), Reiving, 
Reaving. Robbing. 

Reif=RiEF. 

Reik (rek). To reach; to 
stretch ovit the hand. 

Reird(rerd)=R.\iR. 

Reise (rez), Ryse. Twig. 

Reises (rez'ez). Cut brush- 
wood ; shrubs. 

Reist (rSst), Reest. To stop 
obstinately ; to stick fast in 
the middle ; to arrest ; to dry 
by the heat of the sun, or in 
a chimney. 



Reisted (rfst'Yt). Reestit. 
Stopped ; stuck fast ; also, 
roosted ; smoke-dried. 

Reisting (rCstMn), Reesting. 
Restive ; having the habit of 
stopping, as a horse. 

Remead ( re" - med ' ), Remeid. 
Remedy. 

Remuve (rC-mnv'). Remove. 

Requite (re"-k wet'). Requited. 

Rest (rCst). To stand restive. 

RestttKrgst'Yt). Stood restive ; 
stunted ; withered. 

Restricked (rC-strek'tt). Re- 
stricted. 

Rew (ru). To take pity. 

Richt('rGHt). Right. 

Rickle (rgk'T). A shook of 
grain ; a stook ; a loose heap 
of stones, or peats, etc. 

Riding-days ( rid'Yn-daz' ). 
Days of hostile incursions on 
horseback. 

Rlef (ref ), Reif, or Reef. Plen- 
ty ; robbery. — Rief randies. 
Sturdy beggars. 

Rievers (rev'grz). Robbers. 

Rieving (rev'Yn). See Reev- 

Rlff-raff (rgf '-rSf ). The rab- 
ble. 

Rig (rgg). A ridge of land ; 
the back of an animal ; 
course ; path. 

Rig (rgg), Rigg. A wild ad- 
venture ; a dissipated frolic. 

Rigging (rgg'gYn), Riggin. 
Back ; ridge ; roof. 

Rigging - tree (rgg'gYn - tre"')- 
Rooftree. 

Rin (rgn). To run ; to melt. 
— Rinnin. Running. 

Rink (rgnk). A course ; a run- 
ning ; the course of the 
6tones in the game of curl- 
ing. 

Rin-there-out (rgn'thgr-6t>t). 
To run out of doors ; to gad 
about ; a vagabond ; a va- 
grant. 

Rip (rep). A handful of un- 
threshed corn. 

Ripe(rtp). To search; to probe; 
to investigate ; to ransack. 

Ripple (rgp'pT). Weakness 
in the back and knees ; also, 
to separate the seed of (flax) 
from the stalk. — Rippling 
kame (rYp'lYn kam). An in- 
strument for dressing flax. 

Riskit (rgsk'Tt). Made a noise 
like the tearing of roots. 

Rit, Ritt (rgt). To make an in- 
cision in the ground as a line 
of direction in digging ; to 
rip ; to tear ; a slight in- 
cision in the ground ; a 
scratch on a board. 

Rive (riv). A tear ; rent. 

Rizzer'd (rgz'zerd), Rizzar'd. 
Half -sal ted and half -dried, 
as fish. 

Rock (rSk). A distaff. 

Rockin (rSk'Yn). Spinning on 
the rock, or distaff. 

Rokelay (rok'e-la). A short 
cloak. [shred. I 

Roon (roon). Round ; also, a I 

Roopit (roop'Yt). Hoarse. 

Roose (rooz), Ruse. To praise ; 
to commend ; to extol. 

Rooser (rooz'gr), Ruser. A 
boaster. 

Roset (ro'zgt). Rosin. 

Rotten (rSt'ten). A rat. 

Roughies (ruH'Yz). "Withered 
boughs ; a sort of rude 
torches^ also, dried heath. 

Roun' (roon). Round ; in the 
circle ofneighborhood. 

Round (roon), Roun. A whis- 
per. 

Roup (roup). Auction ; also 
(roop), hoarseness. 

Roupit ( robp ' Tt ), Roupet 
(roop'et). Hoarse, as with 
a cold. 

Rouping (roup'Yn). Auction- 
ing. — Rouping wife ( roup' Yn 
wit'). A saleswoman who 
attends roups. 

Roupit (roup'Yt), Rouped. 
Sold by auction. 

Rousted (roost'Yt), Roosted. 
Rusted. 

Routh (rooth). Plcntv. 

Routhie(rooth'Y). Plentiful. 

Routing (root'Yn), Rowting. 

Roaring ; bellowing ; snor- 



Roving(rCv'Yn). Raving; de- 
lirious ; in high spirits. 

Row (rou). To roll ; to wrap ; 
a roll ; a list ; a roll of bread. 

Rowan-tree ( rou' an - tre ' ). 
Mountain ash. 

Rowed (r.oud). Rolled. 

Rowt (rout), Rowte. To roar 
like a bull ; to bellow. 

Row't (rout). Wrapped; 
rolled. 

Rowte = Rowt. 

Rowth ( routh ) or Routh. 
Plenty. 

Royt (rit). Forward ; rude ; 
disorderly. 

Rozet (ro'zgt). Rosin. 

Rubbit (rfib'bYt). Robbed. 

Ruckle (ruk'l). Quantity of 
loose material thrown to- 
gether. 

Rudas ( ru ' das ), Rowds 
(roodz). Masculine ; stub- 
born ; a haggard old woman. 

Rue (ru). or Rew. To repent. 

Rug (rug). To pull; a, jerk; 
a tug ; a dog-cheap bargain. 

Rugging (rttg'gYn). Pulling 
roughly. 

Rullion (rul'ytin). A shoe 
made of untanned leather ; 
a coarse-made, masculine 
woman. 

Rund (rund). Rand (rand). A 
selvage of broadcloth ; list. 

Rung (rung). A cudgel ; a 
rough undressed staff. 

Runkled (runk"lt). Wrin- 
kled. 

Runt(rHnt). The trunk of a 
tree ; stem of colewort or 
cabbage ; an old cow. 

Ruse = Roose. 

Ryke (rlk). Reach ; also, no- 
ble ; rich. 



s. 



Sa (sa), Sae. So. 

Sab (sab). To sob ; also, to 
settle. 

Sack and fork (sak an fork). 
Pit and gallows ; the power 
of drowning and hanging. 

Sack-doudling (sak-dobd'lin). 
Bagpiping. 

Sackless (sik'les), Saikless, 
Sakeless. Innocent. 

Saft (saft). Soft ; softly. 

Sain ( san ), Sane. To bless 
against evil influence ; lit., to 
sign with the sign of the 
cross. 

Sair (sar). Sore ; painful ; 
sorely ; a sore ; very much ; 
to serve ; to fit ; vagrant. 

Sairly (sar'lY), or Sairlie. 
Sorely. 

Sair't(saTt). Served. 

Sairy v>a"r'Y), Sairie. Poor; 
silly. 

Sail (sal). Shall ; also, stole. 

Salvage (sav'aj). Savage. 

Sane= Sain. 

Sang (sang). Song. 

Sap (sap). Liquid taken with 
solid food to moisten it ; a 
sop ; a ninny ; a heavy- 
headed fellow. 

Sapeless (sftp'les). See Sack- 
less. 

Sark (siirk). A shirt. 

Sarkit (sark'Yt). Provided 
with shirts. 

Saucht(saHt). Saught. Peace; 
ease ; tranquillity. 

Saugh ( sa h ). The sallow ; 
broad-leaved willow. 

Saul (sal). Soul ; mettle. 

Saulie (sa'lY). A hired 

mourner. 

Sault (sat) = Saut. 

Saumont ( sa ' mflnt ). A 

Saunt (sant). A saint. 

Saurless (sar'lgs). Insipid ; 
tasteless. 

Saut (sat). Salt. — Saut fat. A 
pickling tub ; a beef stand. 
— Saut fit. Salt dish. 

Saw (sa). To sow. 

Sawin (sa/Yn), Sawing. Sow- 
ing. 

Sawn (san). Sown. 

Sawt (sat). Salt. 

Sax (saks). Six. 

Scaff-raff(skaf'raf'). Riffraff; 
rabble. 



Scaith (skltth). To damage; 
to injure ; mjiirv ; harm. 

ScaithleSB (skhth'les). Un- 
harmed; uninjured. 

Scald (sk^ld), Scauld. To 
:old ; to rate. 

Scant ( skant ;. Scarcity ; 
want. 

Scart (skiirt). To scratch ; to 
scrape; a scratch ; a meager, 
pim.\ -looking person ; a nig- 
gard. 

Scart (sicart), Scarth (skarth). 
A cormorant. 

Scat (skat). Loss; damage; 
tribute ; tax. 

Scaud(skad). To scald. 

Scauding (skad'Yn) Scald- 
ing. 

Scauff-and-raff (skaf'an-raf). 
Rough plenty, without selec- 
tion ; fun and frolic in plen- 
ty : refuse ; rabble. 

Scauld (skald). To scold ; a 
scold. 

Scaup (skap). Scalp ; skull. 

Scaur (skar). Apt to be scared; 
to scare ; to frighten : a pre- 
cipitous bank of earth over- 
hanging a river ; a cliff. 

Scawl (skal). A scold. 

Schelm (shglm), Shelm. A 
rogue ; a rascal. 

Schiile (shul), Shool. Shovel. 

Sclate ( ski at ). To slate ; to 
cover with slates, as a roof. 

Scomfls (skfim'f Ysh), Scomfice. 
To suffocate by bad air; to 
stifle. 

Scone (skonV A kind of bread ; 
a small cake. 

Scotch collops (skCch kOK- 
ltips). Scotched collops ; 
beefsteaks scotched and 
broiled in the frying pan : 
also, steak cut up and stewed 
or cooked in an iron pot. 

Scoup (skoop), Skelp (skglp). 
To move hastily from one 
place to another ; to run ; to 
scamper. 

Scour (skoor). To urge for- 
ward ; to whip ; to flog ; to 
beat. 

Scouth(skouth). Ease: liberty; 
freedom to say or do some- 
thing. 

Scouther (skou ' ther). To 
scorch. 

Scraich (skra-H), Scraigh. To 
scream, as a hen, partridge, 
etc. 

Scranky (skrank'Y). Thin ; 
lean ; lank. 

Scrapit (skrap'tt). Expressed 
scorn ; scraped. 

Scraughing (skp'Tn), 

Scraighing (skrSH'Yn). 
Screamingjioarsely. 

Screed (skred). To tear; a 
rent ; a long strip of cloth 
hastily torn^off; a long ti- 
rade upon any subject, has- 
tilv brought out ; a rash 
frolic ; a poetical effusion in 
writing ; a long list or cata- 
logue, [rent. I 

Screeded (skred'et). Torn;| 

Screigh (skre" h). To shriek. 

Screigh o' morning (skreH 5 
morn'Yn). The farst dawn. 

Scrieve (skrev). To glide 
swiftly along ; to read along 
quickly and continuously ; 
a written narrative. 

Scrievin (skrev'Yn). Glee- 
somelv : swiftly. 

Scrimp (skrgmp). To scant; 
to skimp. 

Scrimpet (skremp'Yt), Scrimp- 
it. Did scant ; scanty. 

Scrimpness ( skrgmp ' nes ). 
Scantiness ; small allowance. 

Scrimpy (skrgmp'Y). Scanty. 

Scroggie (skrog'gY). Covered 
with underwood. 

Scud (skttd). A blow with the 
open hand : a heavy shower. 

Scudlar (skttd'lgr). A scul- 
lion. 

Scufe (skuf). The racket or 
stringed' battledoor used in 
striking the ball at tennis. 

Sculduddery (skf.l-dud'd, -rt). 
Grossness ; obscenity in act 
or word. 

Scull (skul). A shallow basket, 
as for fish or for peat fuel. 

Scunner (skfin'ngr), Sconner. 
To loath ; loathing ; disgust. 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



964 A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



u 



w 



SMlgh («*Ih), Selch. 

S*» mau fhe ma 

_ull. 
Seannachie (aBn'nl-Ht ). A 
and bard who preserved 

■> petted the traditions 
ol the tribes. 

S\iro. 
Seile v sei\ Happiness : salva- 

Seiled^sfiO. Strained through 
or sieve. 

Seip (sep). To ooze. 

Sel ■ ~. I \ Sell. Selt. -A body's 

sel.a badtxsCl). One'sself 

-The sell o' it. Itself. 

Selgh (sCllI). A seal. 

(id sell : sold. 

Semple (sem'p'lY, Of low 
birth : — opposed to yatth. 

Sen' (,sen\ To send. 

Sen'tisCnt). I. he. or she sent, 
or did send : send it. 

Ser'ing(.scr'in), Sairing. Serv- 
ing ; as much as serves the 
turn : enough : as much as is 
served at once at a meal. 

Servin (serv'ln). Servant. 

Set (s«t> Lot ; aho, to fit ; 
to become : to suit. 

Sets ( sets), Sets off (s?ts 5f). 

wav. 

Settlin tset'tltn). Settling. 
— To get a settlin. To be 
frightened into quietness. 

Sey (at). The opening in a 
gown or shift, or other body 
garment, through which the 
arm passes ; a sort of woolen 
cloth.— Back-Bey. A sirloin 
of beef. 

Shabble < shab'bl). A cutlass. 

Shachl't(shaH'l - t). Deformed; 
walked shambhngly ; worn 
out of shape. 

Shaird (shard). A shred ; a 
shard. 

Shairney (shar'nl). Befouled 
with dung. 

Shairn (sham). Cow dung. 

Shand (shand). Worthless ; 
base coin. 

Shangan (shang'an). A stick 
cleit at one end for putting 
the tail of a dog. etc., into, by 
way of mischief, or to fright- 
en him away. 

Shangling(shang / Tin). Sham- 
bling. 

Shank" (shank). To travel on 
foot ; to walk. — Shank your- 
sell awa'. Take to vour 
be off. 

Shanks (shanks). Legs. 

Shanna (shan'na). Snail not. 

Sham (-httrn). Cow dung. 

Shathmont(shath'mant). Six 
inches in length. 

Shauchle (shaH'l), Shaughle. 
To go slipshod ; to walk 
lazilv or shamblingly. 

Shauchling ( shaH ' lTn ), 

Shaughling. Shambling. — 
Shauchling shoon. Shoes 
trodden down on one side by 
bad walking. 

Shaul (shal). Shallow. 

Shaup (sliap). A liusk. 

Shave (shav), Sheeve (shev). 
A -lice of bread, cheese, &c. 

Shaver (sha'vgr). A humor- 
_ r : a barber. 

Shavie (shaWl). To do an ill 
turn ; a trick. 

Shaw(sha). To show ; a small 
w.,ud in a hollow place. 

8haws (shaz). Stems and 
- of potatoes, turnips, 
etc. 

Shealing (shel'Tn). A tempo- 
rary summer milk house ; a 
hut : a shelter. 

Shearing (.^her'Tn), Sheering. 
K' a 

Sheeling hill (shel'Tn hel ;. 
Rising around near a mill, 
where the shelled oats are 
winnowed. 

Sheen Mien). Bright; shining. 

Sheenest (shSn'est). Clearest. 

Sheepshank (shSp'shaQk'). — 
To think one's self nae sheep- 
shank. To be conceited. 

Ehellum (shellum), Skellum. 
A rogne ; a low, worthless 

Sheltie'-he'l'tij. A pony. 
Bhent (slient). Confounded; 
duturbeu ; ashamed. 



Sherramoor ( sh?r'ra-moor \ 
Sheriff-moor, the famous bat- 
tle tought m the Rebellion, 

v. d. in.v 

Sheugh (shaH), Sheuch. A 

ditch : a trench ; a sluice. 

Sheuk^huk). Shook. 

Shiel (sh§l). A shed ; to shell ; 
t'> take out of the husk. 

Shill(shel). Shrill. 

Shilpit (shelp'it). Weak ; 
washy and insipid. 

Shinty' (shin ' tt). Hockey ; 
also, the club or stick used in 
playing the game. 

Shirk (sherk). Clear; thin; 
to pour off liquor. 

Shog (shog). A jog; jolt; a 
push off at one side. 

Shogging (shCg'gln). Shak- 
ing ; jogging. 

Shoo (shoo). To force ; to per- 
suade. 

Shool (shel). A shovel ; to 
shovel. 

Shoon (shen). Shoes. 

Shoother (shObth'gr). Shoul- 
der. 

Shore (shor). To offer ; to 
threaten ; to count. 

Shot (shot). A stroke in play ; 
a move in chess or draughts. 

Shot window (shot' wTn'dl). 
A small window, chiefly 
filled with a board that opens 
and shuts ; a projecting win- 
dow. 

Shouldna (shdod'na), Sudna 
(sud'na). Should not. 

Shoiither (shootk'er). Shoul- 
der. 

Shreigh (shren), Shriegh. To 
. shriek ; a shriek. 

Shule = Shool. 

Shure (shur). Sheared; cut. 

Shute(shiit). To shoot. 

Sibb (seb). Related to by 

blood. 
Sic (sek), Siccan (sek'kan). 

Such. 
Siccar (sek'ker) = Sickeh. 
Sicht(sCut). Sight. 
Sicker (sek'er). Secure ; safe ; 
sure : cautious ; precise in 
speech. 
Siclike (.stk'Hk). Just so. — 
Sic and siclike. A phrase 
commonly used to denote 
strict resemblance. 
Side (sid). Long; hanging 

low ; — said Of garments. 
Sidelins (sid'llnz). Sidelong ; 

slanting. 
Siller (sel'ler). Silver : monev. 

Sillock(sel'luk). A fish; Ga- 
dits carbonarvus. 

Silly (sul'lT). In a weakly 
state of health, whether of 
body or mind. 

Simmer (sgm'mer). Summer. 

Sin (sen). A son ; also, the sun. 

Sin' (sen). Since. 

Sindry(sgn'rl). Sundry: also, 
asunder ; in a state of dis- 
junction. 

Sing (seivj). To singe. 

Single (sgng'l). Small : weak; 
of low grade ; also, seldom. 

Singet (seni'Tt). Singed. 

Sinsyne. Since : since then. 

Sith(seth). Since. 

Skail (skSl). To disperse ; to 
scatter; to spill. 

Skaith. See Scaith. 

Skart (skart). A scratch ; to 
scratch. 

Skeely (skelt), Skeily, Skeel- 
fu' (skCl'lu). Skillful ; cun- 
ning : intelligent. 

Skeen (sken). Aknife^dirk. 

— Skeen dubh (sken' doo). A 
black knife ; hunting knife. 

Skeigh (sken). Mettlesome; 
proud ; shy. 

Skellies (skfellTz). Squints. 

Skelloch (skel'lmi). A shrill 
cry : squall ; wild mustard ; 
wild radish. 

Skellum (skellum). Aworth- 
■ How. 

Skelp (skelp). To strike; to 
slap ; to walk with a smart 
tripping step; a smart stroke : 
blow ; squall ; heavy fall of 
rain. 

Skelpin (skglp'Tn), Skelping. 
Walking : moving rapidly : 
active ; also, slapping with 
the palm of the hand. 

Skelpy-limmer (skclp'i-lgm'- 



mPr). An opprobrious epi- 
thet for a woman. 

Skep (skep). A twisted-straw 
beehive ; a wicker basket. 

Sketchers (skgeh'grz), Skitch- 
ers. Skates. 

Skiegh (sken), or Skeigh. 
Proud ; nice ; coy ; shy ; 
high-mettled. 

Skilly (skel'lt). Skillful ; in- 
telligent ; skillful in curing. 

Skink (skgnk). To pour out ; 
drink ; a drink : also, a shin 
or hough of beef : soup made 
of the hough of beef. 

Skinker (skeyjk'er). A pourer 
out of liquor. 

Skinkle (skenk"l). To spar- 
kle ; to shine. 

Skinklin (skenk'ltn). A small 
portion ; alio, glittering. 

Skirl (skgrl). To shriek ; to 
cry shrilly ; a shrill crv. — A 
skirl in the pan. The noise 
made by a frying pan when 
the butter is put in which 
prepares it for receiving the 
meat ; also, the dish prepared 
in this manner. 

Skirling (skerl'In). Shriek- 
ing ; crying. 

Skirl't (skerlt). Shrieked. 

Skite (skit), Skyte. Dash; 
squirt ; smart blow ; trick. 

Skitt (skgt). Banter ; jeer. 

Skivie (skl'vi). Out of the 
proper direction ; deranged. 

Sklent (sklgnt). Slant; to run 
aslant ; to deviate from truth. 

Sklented (sklgnt'it). Ran, or 
hit. in an oblique direction. 

Skouth (skuth). Vent ; free 
action ; scope. 

Skreigh (skreH). To scream ; 
to screech ; a loud, shrill 
cry. — Skreigh o' day. Peep 
of day. 

Skrimp (skrgmp). To stint, 
as to measure or quantity ; to 
scrimp. 

Skulduddery = Scildiddeky. 

Skyrin (skl'rTn). Gaudy : 
showy ; shining. 

Skyte (skit). To slide rapidly 
off : to skate ; an oblique 
stroke : a worthless fellow. 

Slack (sliik). An opening be- 
tween two hills ; a hollow 
where no water runs. 

Slade (slad). Did slide ; slid ; 
slipped along ; also, valley ; 
den. 

Slae (sla). Sloe. 

Slaister ( sla"s' ter). To work in 
anything soft and moist or 
unctuous ; to plod through 
the mire ; to do anything in 
an awkward and untidy 
way ; — especially applied to 
dabbling in anything moist 
or unctuous. 

Slaister (slSrs'ter). A sloppy 
mass ; pi. slops. 

Slake (siak). To smear : a 
6mall quantity of that with 
which anything is bedaubed. 

Slap (slap). A gate ; a pass ; a 
breach in a fence. 

Slaw (sla). Slow. 

Sleaveless gate (slev'lgs gat'), 
Sleaveless errand (er'rant). 
An idle errand. 

Slee (sle). Sly.— Sleest (sle'- 
est). Slvest. 

Sleekit (slek'It). Sleek ; slv. 

Slid (sled). Slippery; glib: 
smooth. 

Sliddery (sied'dSr-T). Slip- 
perv. 

Slighted (slSHt'It). Disman- 
tled, as a fortress. 

Slim (slim). Worthless ; bad. 

Slink (slerjk). Flesh of an an- 
imal, esp. of a calf, prema- 
turely cast ; a worthless fel- 
low ; a sneaking fellow ; 
cheat. _ 

Sloan (slo'an). A sloven. 

Slocken = Sloke.v. 

Slogan (slo^gan). A war cry 
or gathering word. 

Slokin (s 10 k' In), Sloken 
(slok'en). To quench ; to 
slake. 

Slothound(slofhoond), Sleuth- 
hound (slo"bt-). A blood- 
hound that follows the slot, 
or scent. 

Slough (slooH). A husk; a 
glutton. 



Slue (sloo). To 6lip 6oftly and 
quietly. 

Slump (slump). The noise 
made by anything falling 
into a soft, miry place ; 
marsh ; swamp. 

Slype (slip or slflp). To fall 
over, as a wet furrow from 
the plough ; to strip off, as 
bark. 

Slypet (sllp'et or slup'et). 
Slipped ; fell. 

Sma' (sma). Small. 

Smaik (smak). A silly fellow ; 
a puny fellow ; a paltry 
rogue. 

SmeddunUsmgd'dtim). Dust; 
powder ; mettle ; spirit ; sa- 
gacity ; sense. 

Smeek ( smek ), Smeik. To 
smoke ; smoke ; fumes. 

Smeeked (smek'tt), Smeekit. 
Smoked. 

Smiddy (smgd'dT). A smithy. 

Smit (smgt). To infect ; to 
stain ; a stain. 

Smoor (smoor), Smore, Smure. 
To smother ; to suffocate ; to 
conceal ; also, to smother. 

Smoutie ( smoofl). Smutty ; 
obscene ; ugly. 

Smytrie (smftrt or smgt'ri). 
A numerous collection of 
small individuals. 

Snag (snag), Snaggy (snag'I). 
A branch broken off from 
a tree ; tree having the 
branches roughly cut off. — 
Aiksnag. A stunted, gnarled 
stump of an oak. 

Snap (snap). Smart ; quick ; 
surly. 

Snapper (snap'per). To stum- 
ble. 

Snash (snash). Abuse ; bil- 
lingsgate. 

Snatch (sn»ch). A hasty repast. 

Snaw (sna). Snow; to snow. 
— Snaw broo. Melted snow. 

Snawie ( sna'T ), Snawy. 
Snowv. 

Sneck (sngk). The latch of a 
door. — Sneck drawer. A 
latch Lifter ; a bolt drawer ; 
sly fellow. 

Snecket (sngk'gt). Secured 
bv a latch ; notched. 

Sned (sned). To lop ; to cut 
off : to chisel stone. 

Sneeshing (snesh'ln). Snesh'- 
in. _ Snuff. — Sneeshing mill 
(snesh'In mul). A snuffbox. 

Snell (sngl). Bitter ; biting ; 
sharp ; cold ; severe. 

Snick (sngk) = Sneck. 

Sniggering (sngg'ggr-Tn). Tit- 
tering sneeringly ; giggling. 

Snod (shftd). Nea't. 

Snood (sued). A young wo- 
man's fillet for tying round 
her hair, only worn by maid- 
ens. 

Snool (snel). One whose 
spirit is broken with oppres- 
sive slavery ; to submit 
tamely ; to sneak. 

Snoove"(snev). To go smooth- 
ly and constantly ; to sneak. 

Snbtter ( snot 'ter). Snot ; also. 
the proboscis of a turkey- 
cock ; also, to go loiteringly ; 
to dawdle along. — To snot- 
ter and snivel. To blubber 
and snuffle. 

Snowk (snook). To scent or 
snuff, as a dog, horse, etc. 

Snowkit (snook'It). Scented ; 
snuffed. 

Snuekin (snuk'In). Artful ; 
plausible acting. 

Snuffy (snQf'fl). Sulky ; an- 
grv : vexed. 

Sober (so'ber). Poor ; feeble ; 
weakly. 

Sodger (soj'er), Soger. Sol- 
dier. 

Somedele (suni'del). Some- 
what. 

Somegate (sum'gat). Some- 
how ; somewhere. 

Sonsie (s&n'si), Sonsy. Hav- 
ing sweet, engaging looks ; 
lucky ; jolly ; fat : plump 
and good-natured. 

Soom (soom). To swim. 

Soop (sep). To sweep. 

Soor (ser). Sour. 

Sooth (sSth). Truth ; — a pet- 
ty oath. 

Sorn (sorn). To obtrude one's 



a : e, I; o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, tdea, obey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 965 



self on another for bed and 
board. 

Borners (sSr'ngrz). Sojourn- 
ers ; sturdy beggars ; obtru- 
sive guests, who pleaded 
privilege, and were not easily 
got rid of, at least in the 
Highlands. 

Sorning(sorn'Tn). Spunging, 
and playing the unwelcome 
guest. 

Sort (sort). To assort ; to ar- 
range ; to fit; to accommo- 
date and manage. 

Souck (sook). "Wile f per- 
suade : also, to suck; a suck. 

Sough (soon). The noise of 
wind ; a sigh ; a sound dying 
on the ear; the breathing of 
a person in deep sleep ; the 
chant, or recitative, peculiar 
to the old Presbyterians in 
Scotland ; also, a rumor. 

Soup (soop), Soupe. A spoon- 
ful or mouthful of soup, or 
other liquid, or spoon meat. 

Souple(s6bp"l). The striking 
part of a flail ; the swiple ; 
piece of wood used as a cud- 
gel. 

Souple(sobp"l). Supple ; flex- 
ible ; active ; swift ; also, 
subtle. 

Souter (soo'ter), Soutor, Sow- 
ter. A shoemaker. 

Souther (soutli'er), Sowder. 
Solder. 

Southron (sotrfch'rfln). A 

south-country man ; an Eng- 
lishman. 

Sowena (so'enz). Flummery ; 
blancmange, made of the 
oatmeal which remains in 
the bran after bolting, con- 
verted into a subacid starch. 

Sowp = Soup. 

Sowth (sooth). To try over a 
tune with a low whistle ; to 
whistle in a low tone. 

Sowther (sourh'er). Solder ; 
to solder ; to cement. 

Spae (spa). To prophesy; to 
foretell. 

Spaewife (spa'wtf ). A proph- 
etess. 

Spail vspSl). A chip of wood; 
spell of work. 

Spairge (sparj). To dash; to 
soil, as with mire. 

Spak (spak). Spoke. 

Spang (spang). A bound or 
spring ; to spring with elas- 
tic force ; to span ; a span. 

Sparrygrass (spar'rt-gras). 
Asparagus. 

Spate (spitt). A swell in a 
river ; an inundation ; a 
sweeping torrent, after rain 
or thaw ; a freshet. 

Spaul(spal). A limb. 

Spauld (spad), Spawld. The 
shoulder^ 

Spavie (spa'vi). Spavin. 

Spaviet (spa'vlt). Having the 
spavin. 

Spean ( spin ). To wean. 

Speck and span new (spgk and 
span nu). Quite new. 

Speel (spel). To climb. 

Speer (sper), Speir. To ask. 

Speerings (spe'rlnz). Ask- 
ings ; answers to questions 
asked. ; information. 

Spence (spgns). Spens. Dis- 
pensary ; the place where 
the family sit and eat. 

Spick and span. Matter and 
form. 

Spier = Speer. 

Splatter (splat'ter). To splut- 
ter. 

Spleuchan ( splooH ' an ), 

Spleughan. A tobacco pouch. 

Splore ( splor ). A frolic ; 
noise ; riot. 

Sponk (spunk). A spark of 
fire ; sulphur match. 

Sporran (spor'ran). A large 
leather purse worn in front 
of the kilt. [tle. I 

Sprachle (spraH"l) = SPRAT-l 

Sprack ( sprak ). Spruce ; 
sprightly. 

Spraickle (sprak'T) = Sprat- 
tle. 

Sprattle(sprat't'l). To scram- 
ble ; to sprawl ; to clamber. 

Spreagh (sprfe). Prey; 

booty ; literally, cattle. 

Spreagherie(spraH'gr-Y). Cat- 



tle lifting ; prey driving ; 
also, small spoil : paltry 
bootv of small articles. 

Spreckle(sprek"l). To spot ; 

_ to speckle. 
>e (spreX .. 
nvivial indulgence 
frolic ; lark. 

Spring (spreng). A merry 
tune to which people spring 
and dance ; Scottish reel. 

Sprit (sprOt). A tough rooted 
plant, .something like rushes. 

Sprittie (spm'ti). Full of 
spirits. 

Sprug (spriig). A sparrow. 

Sprush (sprfish). Spruce ; 
trim. 

Spulzie (spul'yT or sptil'zY). 
Spulye. Spoil ; to spoil. 

Spule (spul). Weaver's shut- 
tle. 

Spule-bane(spul'-ban). The 
blade bone. 

Spune(spun). A spoon. 

Spunk (spunk). A match ; ta- 
per ; spark of fire ; small 
fire ; mettle ; wit. 

Spunkie (spHnk'Y). Mettle- 
some ; fiery ; a will-o-the- 
wisp, or ignis fatuus. 

Spurtle(sp5rt / 'l). A stick used 
in making oatmeal pudding 
or porridge. , 

Spur-whang (spgr'-hwang). 
Strap or leather thong for 
fastening a spur. 

Squatter (skwOt'ter). To flut- 
ter in water, as a wild duck, 
etc. 

Squattle (skwSt't'l). To 
sprawl. 

Squeel (skwel). A scream ; a 
screech ; to scream. 

Stacher(staH'er). To stagger. 

Stack (stak). Stuck. 

Staff (staf). A stave. 

Staggie (stag'gY). Dim. of 
staff. 

Staig (stag). A young horse, 
esp. one not yet broken in 
for work or riding ; a stallion. 

Staik (stSk). Steak. 

Stamach (stam'uk). Stomach. 

Stance (stans). Standing 

place : station ; position. 

Stanchel (stanch' '1). Stan- 
chion ; an iron bar for secur- 
ing a window. 

Stane (stSn), Staine. Stone. 

Stang (stang). A sting ; to 
sting ; also, a long pole ; 
branch of a tree. 

Stank (stank). A pool, of 
standing water. 

Stanf (stant). To stand.— 
Stan't. Did stand ; stood. 

Stap (stfip). Stop. 

Stark (stark). Stout ; strong ; 
rigid ; stiff. — Stark staring 
mad (star'Yn mad). Evi- 
dently quite mad. 

Starn(stiirn). Star. 

Startle (stiirt'l). To run, as 
cattle stung bv the gadfly. 

Stauk (stak). To stalk. 

Staumrel(stam'rel). A block- 
head ; half-witted. 

Staw (sta). Did steal ; stole ; 
also, to surfeit ; to put to a 
stand. 

Stead (sted). Steading (sted'- 
Yn). Farmhouse. 

Stech (steii). To cram the 
belly ; to gormandize. 

Stechin (steHln). Cram- 

ming. 

Steek (stek). To shut; to 
stitch : a stitch. 

Steer (ster),Steir. To molest ; 
to meddle with ; to stir. 

Steery (ste'rY). Bustle ; stir ; 
disturbance ; tumult ; quan- 
dary. 

Steeve (stev). Stive. Stiff; 
strong ; durable ; firm ; com- 
pact. 

Steevelv (stev'lY), Stievely. 
Firmly. 

Stall (stel). Covert ; shelter ; 
inclosure for cattle ; still : a 
distillery ; to place ; to set. 

Sten (stgn), Stend. To leap ; 
to spring ; to 6tride ; a leap ; 
a stride. 

Stent (stent). Assessment ; 
taxation ; tax ; tribute ; also, 
a task ; stint. 

Stern (st6rnz), Starn (starnz). 
Star. 



Stay (stt). Steep. — Steyest. 
Steepest. 

Stibble(steb'b'l). Stubble. 

8tibbler (steb'blgr). One that 
gathers or feeds on the leav- 
ings or stubble of a harvested 
field ; a clerical probationer ; 

— applied in ridicule. 
Stibble-rig (stgb'b'1-regO- The 

reaper in harvest who takes 
the lead. 

Stick (•ste'k). To botch ; to 
bungle ; to stab ; a stoppage ; 
obstacle. — Stick an stow 
(stek on stou). Totally ; al- 
together. 

Sticket (st6k' It), Stickit. 
Stuck ; stopped in a COUn e ; 
bungled ; botched. — Stickit 
minister. A clerical student 
or probationer, become un- 
qualified for, or unable to 
continue in, the ministerial 
office. 

Stievely =Steevely. 

Stile (sttl). A crutch; to halt; 
to limp. 

Stilt (stoit). Halt. 

Stimpart (stgm'pgrt). The 
eighth part of a Winchester 
bushel. 

Sting (stgng). Pole used in 
managing cattle. 

Sting and ling (stgng an ISng). 
Wholly ; by force ; — lit., 
pole and rope. 

Stir (stgr). Sir ; also, = Steer. 

Stirk (stSrk). A young steer or 
heifer between one and two 
years old. 

Stock (stok). A plant or root 
of colewort, cabbage, etc. 

Stockin (stok'Yn). Stocking. 

— Throwing the stockin. 
When the bride and bride- 
groom are put into bed, and 
the candle is put out, the 
former throws a stocking at 
random among the company, 
and the person whom it 
strikes is the next that will 
be married. 

Stoit ( sttt ). To totter ; to 
stumble ; to walk stagger- 
ingly. 

Stook (stook). To make up in 
shocks, as grain : a rick or 
shock of grain, consisting of 
twelve sheaves. 

Stoop and roop (stoop an roop). 
Stumpandrump; altogether. 

Stoor ( stoor) = Stour. 

Stoor looking (stoor look'Yn). 
Gruff looking. 

Stoppit (stop'pYt). Stopped. 

Stot(stot). A bullock between 
two and three years old. 

Stoup (stoup), or Stowp. A 
kind of jug or dish with a 
handle. 

Stour (stoor), Stoor. To rise 
in foam or spray, or in clouds, 
as dust or smoke ; to move 
swiftly ; also, sounding hol- 
low; strong and hoarse ; stern ; 
gruff ; large and strong : tall. 

Stour (stoor), Stoure. Dust, 
esp. dust in motion ; vio- 
lence ; skirmish ; battle. 

Stouth (stouth). Theft; 
stealth. 

Stourie (stoor'Y), Stowrie. 
Dusty. 

Stouth and routh (stooth an 
rooth). Plenty. 

Stouthxief (stooth'ref ), Stouth- 
reif. Robberv. 

Stow (st<3o), Stbo. To cut off ; 
to lop ; to crop. 

Stowiags (stoo'Ynz), Stooings. 
Sprouts of colewort or other 
vegetable. 

Stowlins (stou ' lYnz). By 
stealth. 

Stown (stoun). Stolen. 

Stowth= Stouth. 

Stoyte (stoit). Stumble. 

Strack (strak). Did strike ; 
struck. 

Strae (stra). Straw. — Strae 
death. Death upon the bed 
straw : natural death. 

Straik (strak). Did strike ; 
struck ; also, to stroke : a 
stroke. [el. I 

Straike(strftk). Strike ; bush- 1 

Straikit (strftk'Yt). Stroked. 

Stramash (strain ' ash). A 
crash ; tumult. 

Strang (Strang). Strong. 



Strappan (strap'pan). Tall 
and (usually) handsome; 
strapping. 

Strath (strath). A valley 
through which a river runs. 

Straucht (strunt), Straught. 
Straight ; to make straight ; 
to stretch. 

Strauchted ( s t r a H t ' Y 1 ), 
Straughted. Stretched; 
made straight. 

Stravagin(stru-va'gYn). Wan- 
dering without an aim. 

Streak (strek), Streek, Streik, 
Straik. To stretch ; to lay 
out (a corpse). 

Streak (strek). Stretched ; to 
stretch. 

Stress (strgs). Hard pressure ; 
net of distraining. 

Striddle (stred'd'l). To strad- 
dle. 

Stroan (strij'un), Strone. To 
spout ; to stream ; to urinate. 

Strunt (strtint). Sulky fit ; 
spirituous liquor : to walk 
sturdily. — To tak' the 
strunt. To take a pet. 

Studdie (stud'dY). An anvil. 

Stuff (stuf ). Grain or pulse of 
any kind. 

Stumpie (stump'*). A short, 
thickset person. 

Sturdied sheep (stgr'dYt shep). 
A sheep that has the sturdy, 
or giddiness, from water in 
the nead. 

Sturt (stgrt). To trouble ; to 
molest ; to frighten ; to star- 
tle. 

Sucker (sook'er), Succre. Su- 
gar. 

Suckin (suk'Yn). Mill dues. 

Sud(sud). Should. 

Sudderity (sud'den-tY), Sud- 
dainty. Suddenness ; sur- 
prise ; an unexpected occur- 
rence. 

Sugh (sooh). The continued 
rushing noise of wind; sough. 

Suld(sud). Should. 

Sumph (sumf ). A soft fellow. 

Sune (sun). Soon. 

Sune or Syne (sun or sin). 
Sooner or later. 

Sunk (stink), Sonk (sBnk). 
Bunch of sod ; cushion ; pi. 
pad used instead of a sad- 
dle. 

Sunkets (sunk'gts). Provision 
of any sort. 

Sunkie (suyjk'Y). A low stool. 

Surquedy' (sur'ke-dY). Pre- 
sumption ; insolence. 

Sute (sut). Soot. 

Suthron (suth'rQn). South- 
ern : —an' old name for the 
English. 

Swaifd (sward). Sward. 

SwalTd(swald). Swelled. 

Swank (swank). Thin ; slen- 
der : limber ; agile. 

Swankie (swank'!) or Swan- 
ker (-gr). A supple, active 
young fellow or girl. 

Swanking (swiink'in). Sup- 
ple : active. 

Swarf (swarf). Swoon ; to 
swoon. 

Swarfit (swarf'Tt), Swarved. 
Swooned. 

Swartback (swart bak). The 
great black-and-white gull. 

Swarth (swarth). Swoon ; 
faint. 

Swarved (swarv'd). Swerved. 

Swat (swat). Did sweat. 

Swatch (swach). A sample. 

Swats (swats). New ale ; 
wort. 

Swatter (swifter). Squatter 
(skwat'tgr). To splutter ; to 
flourfce ; to move rapidly in 
the water, generally in an 
undulating way. 

Sweal (swel). To run; — said 
of a candle. 

Swear (swer_)=SwEiR. 

Sweaten (swet'pn). Sweating. 

Sweepit (swep'Tt). Swept. 

Sweir (swer), Sweer, Swear. 
Lazy ; indolent ; reluctant ; 
averse. 

Swinge (swtnj). To beat ; to 
whip. 

Swire (swtr). The neck; the 
declination of a mountain or 
hill near the summit. 

Swirl (swgrl). A curve ; eddy- 
ing blast or pool ; knot in 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



966 A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



u 



w 



■wood : whirl : swirl : circu- 
lar motion. 
Swirli* (sw*ri1t> Knaggy ; 

knots. 
Swit: (swCth). Begoue ; be 

oft : quickly. 

Swither (swCthtr). To hesi- 

tate ui choice i an irresolute 

wavering in choice ; doubt; 

:u>n. 

Swoor (swur), Swuir. Swore. 

Sybo isl'liiv An onion that 

"does not forui a bulb at the 

Syke (atk), Sike. A small rill. 
commonly running out of a 

quagmire; a small rill with- 
.1 or gravel. 

Syn^tio. Sin=SvM . 

Synd (,>tn>. To rinse; also. 
aspect ; appearance. 

Syndings(sru'luz). Rinsings: 
slops. 

Syne(stn\ Since : ago : then ; 
after that : in that case. 

Syver (sl'vSr). a gutter.— 
Causeyed syver (kas'fd sil- 
ver). "Stone-paved gutter. 



Tack (tak). An addition; a 
slight hold or fastening ; a 
lease. 

Tackets (tak'gts). Hobnails 
for driving into the heels 
and soles of heavy shoes. 

Tae(ta). To. 

8S~ The correctness of this spelling 
is disputed bv some authors. 

Tae (ta). A toe. — Three-tae'd. 
Having three prongs. 

Tae (ta). — The tae. The one. 
— Tae half. The one half. 

Taed(tad\ Taid. A toad. 

Taen (tarn). One, correlative 
of tither, the other ; also, 
taken. 

Taiken (tak'en),Taikin (tak'- 
1n;. A mark ; a token. 

Taillie (tai'll). A deed of en- 
tail. 

Tairge ( tarj). A target. 

Tait (ttft). A lock of wool, 
etc. : a small quantity. 

Tak (tak). To take. 

Tale ( tal). Account ; estima- 
tion. — Wi* their tale. Ac- 
cording to their own story ; 
as thev pretend ; forsooth. 

Talent (tal'ent). Aptitude ; 
desire ; purpose ; inclina- 
tion. 

Tammie-norie (tam'mY-no'- 
rl). The auk or puffin. 

Tangle (tang"l). The stem of 
the Laminaria digitata, a 
species of edible seaweed ; 
also, a tall, lank person ; any 
Ions, dangling thing. 

Tangs (tSngz). Taings. Tongs. 

Tap (tiip). The top.— Tap of 
tow (tap o tou). The quan- 
tity of tow or hards that is 
put upon the distaff ; fig., a 
verv irrritable person. 

Tape "(tap). To make a little of 
go a great way ; to use spar- 
ingly. 

Tapetless (tap'gt-lgs). Heed- 
less : foolish. 

Tappit hen (tap'pTt hen). A 
tin ale pot wirh a knot) on 
the top resembling a crested 
hen. 

Tarr'd (tard). Marked with 
tar, as sheep. — A' tarr'd wi' 
ae stick. All tarred with one 
stick ; one as bad as the 
other. 

Tarrow (tar'ru). To tarry \ to 
haggle ; to grumble ; to mur- 
mur. 

Tarry -breeka (tar'ri-breks). 
A -ailor. 

Tasker ftask'e'r). A laborer 
who does task work. 

Tasse (tia), or lassie (tas'sY). 
A eup. 

Tassel (tas's'l). A tussle ; 
__'le. 

Tattle (ta/tt;, Tawtie. Po- 
tato. 

Tatty (ta'tY), Tawty, Tattit 
' rt;. Matted ; also, 
and shaggy. 

Tauld'taId),wTald. Told. 

Taupie fta'pf;. a foolish, 



thoughtless young woman ; 
alow, foolish slut. 

Tauted ttut'tn. or Tautie 
(ta/tl)= Tatty. 

Tawie (ta'f). Allowing itself 
peaceably to be handled ; — 
said of a horse, cow. etc 

Tawse (tas), Taws. A leather 
strap with the end slit, used 
lor chastisement. 

Tee (tS). The mark in quoits, 
etc. ; also, the knob of earth 
from which a ball is driven 
in golf. 

Tee'd ball (at golf) (ted bal). 
A ball raised on a knob of 
earth. 

Teind (tend). See Tiexd. 

Tender (ten'dgr). Delicate, as 
to health : weakly ; ailing. 

Ten hours' bite (ten oorz bit). 
A slight feed to the horses 
while in the yoke, in the 
forenoon. 

Tent (tent). A field pulpit; 
attention ; heed ; caution ; 
to t:ike heed. 

Tentie (tent't). Heedful ; cau- 
tious. 

Tentless (tgnflgs). Heedless. 

Teugh ( tun ). Tench. Tough. 

Thack (thak). Thatch. - Un- 
der thack and rape. Under 
thatch and rope ; — in allu- 
sion to the stacks in the barn- 
yard, after they are thatched 
in for the winter ; hence, 
snug and comfortable. 

Thae (tha). These ; those. 

Thairm (tharm). Small gut ; 
catgut ; a fiddlestring. 

Thankit (thank'tt). Thanked. 

That (that). So ; to such a 
degree ; very. — No that far 
off. Not verv far off. 

Theek (thek), Theik. Thatch j 
to thatch. 

Theeking (thek'in). Thatch ; 
thatching-. 

Theekit (tfiek'Tt). Thatched. 

Thegither (the-gSth'er). To- 
gether, [selves. I 

Themsel (them-sgK). Them-| 

Theow and esne. Slaves ; cap- 
tives ; bondsmen ; — an obs. 
phrase. 

Thereout (thar-oof)- Out of 
doors. 

Thick (thgk). Intimate; fa- 
miliar. 

Thieveless (thevles). Cold; 
forbidding; bootless. 

Thig (thgg). To borrow ; to 
beg ; to ask. 

Thiggers (theg'gerz). Man- 
nerly beggars, that ask a 
benevolence, not an alms. 

Thigging (thgg'gln). Going 
round collecting benevo- 
lences ; genteel begging. 

Thir (tier). These. 

Thirl (thSrl). To bore ; to 
pierce ; to thrill. 

Thirlage ( thgrl'aj ). Thral- 
dom ; astriction to a mill. 

Thirled (thgrld). Thrilled ; 
vibrated. 

Thocht (thSHt), Thoucht. 
Though ; although. 

Thocht (thSHt). Thought ; a 
moment ; a very little. 

Thole (thol). To suffer; to 
endure ; to bear. 

Thoom (thoom). A thumb. 

Thought (thaHt). A very lit- 
tle ; somewhat ; a trifle. 

Thowe (thou). A thaw ; to 
thaw. 

Thowless (thoulgs). Slack ; 
lazy ; sluggish. 

Thram(thram). To thrive. 

Thrang (thrang). A throng ; 
crowd : busy. 

Thrapple (thrap'p'l), Throp- 
ple (throp'p'l). The throat ; 
the windpipe. 

Thraw (thra). To sprain ; to 
twist ; to writhe ; to be con- 
trary ; a twist ; a wrench. — 
Heads and thraws. Lying 
side by side, the feet of one 
by the" head of the other. 

Thrawart (thra'grt). Cross- 
drained ; ill-tempered. 

Thrawln (thra'fn), Thrawing. 
Twisting ; thwarting. 

Thrawn (thran). Sprained ; 
twisted ; perverse ; crabbed ; 
contradicted ; contradictory 
spirit. 



Threap (threp). To maintain 
by dint of assertion. 

Threave (threv). 2i sheaves, 
or two Btooks, of grain. 

Threep (threp), Threpe, 
Threap. Accusation ; perti- 
nacious affirmation ; threat ; 
to assert pertinaciously ; to 
quarrel. — An auld threep. 
A superstition obstinately 
persisted in of old. 

Threepit (threp-tt). Persisted 
in averring. 

ThreBh (thresh). A rush. 

Threshin(thresh' , in). Thrash- 
ing. 

Thretteen ( thSr-tSn' ). Thir- 
teen. 

Thrist(threst). Thirst. 

Thristle (tlues"l). A thistle. 

Through (throo). To go on 
with ; to carrj' through ; to 
make out. 

Through stane (throo' stan')- 
A flat gravestone. 

Throuther (throo'ther). Con- 
fused ; frustrated. 

Thrum (thrflm). To tangle ; 
to act whimsically ; to trifle ; 
to pur ; ( pi.) waste threads ; 
a tangled mass; foolish 
whim ; fit of ill humor. — 
Thrum o'er (thrum ou'er). 
To tell over in a tiresome 
manner. 

Thud (thud). To make a loud 
intermittent noise. 

Thumbiekins (thum'T-kYnz). 
Thumb screws for torture. 

Thunner (thun'ngr). Thun- 
der. 

Thysel (thT-seTO. Thyself. 

Ticht (tgHt). Tight ; neat ; to 
make tight or close. 

Tiends (tenz). Tithes. 

Tig (tgg). A twitch; a tap; 
stag ; a pet ; a fit of sullen 
humor ; to twitch ; to give a 
slight stroke to. 

Till(tul). To. 

Tillie-wallie (tulTf-wulTf). 
Fiddle-faddle. 

Till 't (ttilt). To it. 

Time about (tlm a-bdof). Al- 
ternately. 

Timmer (tern'mgr). Timber. 

Tine (tin). To lose. 

Tinkler (tTnk'ler). A tinker. 

Tint (tgnt). Lost. — Tint the 
gate. Lost the way. 

Tip (tgp or tQp). A ram. 

Tippence (tgp'pens). Two- 
pence. 

Tippenny (tep'pen-nf). Ale at 
twopence a quart ; small 
beer. 

Tirl (tgrl). To twirl ; to pluck 
or strip off ; to cause to vi- 
brate; to vibrate: to uncover. 

Tirlie-whirlie (tgrKi-hwgrl'i). 
A whirligig ; an ornament 
consisting of a number of in- 
tervolved lines.— Tirlie-whir- 
lie holes. Intricate holes. 

Tirlin (tgrl'Tn), Tirling. 
Twirling ; uncovering.— Tirl- 
ing at the door pin. Twirl- 
ing the handle of the latch. 

Tirrievies (tgr'rl-vez). Tan- 
trums. 

Tither (teth'er). The other. 

Tittie (tet'tY), Titty. Child's 
name for sister. 

Tittle (tet't'l). To whisper. 

Tittlin (tgt'tlin). Whisper- 
ing. 

Tocher (toH'e'r). A marriage 
portion. 

Tod (ted). A fox. 

Took (took), Touk. To beat ; 
stroke ; blow. _ 

Took o' drum (took C drum). 
Tuck of drum. 

Toolyie (tel'yl), Tnilyie. To 
fight : a fight : quarrel ; broil. 

Toom (tgm). Empty. 

Toon (tooni See Towx. 

Toop (toop). A ram. 

Torsk (t6rsk), Tusk (tusk). A 
short, thick codfish so called. 

Tou (too). Thou. 

Touk=TooK. 

Toun(t<35n). Ahamlet; a farm- 
house. 

Toustie (toost'T). Testv. 

Tout (toot). A pet ; a huff ; a 
fit of ill humor ; a copious 
draught ; also, the blast of a 
horn or trumpet ; to blow a 
horn, etc. ; to pout ; to sulk. 



Toutie(toot'T). Haughty; iras- 
cible. 

Touzled (tooz"ld). Disor- 
dered ; disheveled ; rumpled. 
— Touzled out. Ransacked. 

Tow (tou). Hards: also.arope. 

Towmond ( too ' mund ). A 
twelvemonth. 

Town (toon). A town: any in- 
habited place ; a single dwell- 
ing place ; a farm steading. 

Towzie(tou'zT). Rough ; shag- 
gy- 

Toy (toi) or Toy-mutch (toi'- 
mfich). A plain headdress of 
linen or woolen, covering the 
neck and part of the shoul- 
ders, worn by old women of 
the lower classes. 

Toyte ( toil). To totter like old 
age. 

Trachle(tran"l),Trauchle. To 
drag ; to draggle ; to di- 
shevel. 

Traiking (trak r in). Lounging; 
dangling. 

Trailled (trait). Dragged. 

Trakit (trak'lt). Worn out 
with fatigue. 

Tramper(tramp / er). A scamp; 
a runagate. 

Trance (trans), Transe. A pas- 
sage. 

Trash (trash). To snub ; to 
maltreat ; to jade ; to abuse, 
as a horse. 

Trashtrie (trash'trS). Trash. 

Traycle(tra , k'l). Treacle. 

Treen (tren), Trein. Made of 
tree ; wooden. 

Trew (tru). To believe ; trust. 

Trews (truz). Trowsers. 

Trickie(tr'ek'I). Full of tricks. 

Trig (treg). Spruce ; neat. 

Trimly (trgm'll). Excellentlv. 

Trindle ( trgn ' ' 1 ), Trintle 
(trin't'l). To trundle or roll. 

Trock = TEOKE. 

Trogs (trogz), Troggs. Troth. 

Troke (trok). Exchange ; bar- 
ter ; truck ; familiar inter- 
course ; to exchange. 

Trone(trOn),Tron. A weighing 
machine consisting of two 
horizontal bars crossing each 
other, beaked at the extremi- 
ties, and supported by a 
wooden pillar: — used for 
heavy wares. — Trone-stone. 
A weight equivalent to nine- 
teen and a half pounds. 

Trotcosie(trot / k5'zT). A warm 
covering for the head, neck, 
and breast, when traveling 
in bad weather. 

Trow (trou), Trew (tru). To 
believe ; to think : to guess. 

Trowth (trooth). Truth ; — a 
petty oath. 

Trump (trump). A Jew's-harp. 

Tryst (trlst). Tryste. Appoint- 
ment ; rendezvous ; to make 
an appointment. 

Trysted(trtst /- ft). Appointed; 
met bv agreement. 

Try't (trlt). Tried. 

Tug (tiig). Rawhide, of which 
plough traces were frequent- 
ly made. 

Tnilyie, Tailzie (tul'yi) = 
Toolyie. 

Tumbler (tiimler). A kind of 
cart ; a tumbrel. 

Tup (tup), Tupe. A ram. 

Turnpike or Turnpike stair 
(tern'pik star). A winding 
staircase. 

Tusk= Torsk. 

Twa (twa), Twae (twa). Two. 

Twa-three(twa / '-thre). A few; 
two or three. 

'Twad(twad). It would. 

Twal (twal or twal), Twall. 
Twelve.— Twalpennies. One 
penny sterling, which is 
equivalent to twelve pence, 
ancient Scottish currency. 
— Twalpennie worth. A 
small quantity ; a penny- 
worth. 

Twin (twin). To part. 

Twopenny (tlKpen-ni). Beer 
which cost twopence a Scot- 
tish quart ; small beer. 

Tyke (tlk). A dog. 

Tyne (tin). To lose : to for- 
feit ; to be lost : to perish. 
pnes (tlnz). Antlers of a 
stag ; teeth of a harrow: tines 
of a hay or dung fork. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, fcvent, tdea, 5bey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, flnoL 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 967 



U. 

Ugaome (oo'sfim). Disgust- 

mzied-il'ze). Oil. 

Umquhile (am-hwll''). Whi- 
lom ; sometime ; late ; at 
times , formerly ; former ; 
late ; deceased. 

Unbrized (Bn-brezd'). Un- 
broken. 

Uncanny (fln-kdn'nt). Dan- 
gerous ; imprudent ; sup- 
posed to possess supernatural 
Eowcrs ; severe (applied to a 
low or fall). 

Unce (tins). An ounce. 

Unchancy (un-chim'sT). Un- 
lucky ; dangerous : ill-fated. 

Unco (un'kd"). Uncouth ; 
strange : unknown. It is 
also used intensively ; as Un- 
co little, very little. 

Uncoft (un-kcif)- Unbought. 

Uncos (un'kuz). News ; strik- 
ing news. 

Unfreens (tin /, fre'nz). Un- 
friends ; enemies. 

Unhalsed (un-halsf). Unsa- 
luted. [known. I 

Unkenn'd (Qn-kgnf). Un-I 

Unsicker (an-sSk'er). Un- 
sure ; unsafe ; unsteady. 

Unskaith'd (un-skathf)- Un- 
damaged ; unhurt. 

Unsonsy (un-son r sY). Un- 
lucky ; unfortunate. 

Untenty (un-tent'i). Incau- 
tious ; careless. 

Untill (fin-tuK). Unto. 

Untimeoua (un-ttm'ils). Un- 
timely ; unseasonable. 

Unweeting (fln-wet'in). Un- 
wotting ; unknowingly. 

Up-bye (Gp'bi). A little way 
farther on ; up the way. 

Upcast(Qp'kast). Areproach. 

Uphaud (Op-had'). To up- 
nold ; to maintain ; to sup- 
port. 

Uphauden (ttp-had'en). Sup- 
ported ; laid under obliga- 
tion. 

Upo' (fip-o'). Upon. 

Upsetting (up-sgftYn). As- 
suming ; conceited. 

Upsides with (up-sidz' with). 
Even with ; quits with. 

Uptak (up'takO. Apprehen- 
sion ; conception ; — applied 
to the understanding. 

Upwith (Qp'wSth). Upwards ; 
elated ; a hill. 



V. 



Vae (va) or Voe (vo) (in Ork- 
ney and Shetland). An in- 
let of the sea. 

Vaik (vak). To be or become 
vacant. 

Vaprin (v&p'rfn). Vaporing. 

Vassaill (vas'sal). Vessel.— 
Vassail-buird (-burd). A 
cupboard. 

Vera (vgr'a). Very. 

Virl (verl). A ring round a 
column, etc. ; a ferrule. 

Visnomy (vTz'no-rnT). Visage. 

Vivers (ve'vSrs). Food ; eat- 
ables. 



w. 

Wa' (wa). Wall. 

Waal (wal). Well. 

Waal-head (waK-hgd). Well- 
head ; spring : foundation. 

Wab(wab). Web. 

Wabater ( wab ' stgr ). A 

weaver. 

Wad (wad). Would ; to bet ; 
a bet ; wager : pledge ; host- 
age, [not. I 

Wadna (wud'na). Would I 

Wae (wa). Woe ; sorrowful. 

Waesome (wa'sum). Woful ; 
melancholy. 

Waese (was). A bundle of 
straw, as for thatching ; 
(wez) a bundle of sticks 
used to shelter a doorway 
from the wind. 

Waefu' (va'fu ). Woeful ; 
sorrowful. 



Waesucks (wa'sfiks), waes 
me! (o was me). Alas! O 
the pity. 

Waff ( wiif). Strayed ; vaga- 
bond ; solitary ; paltry ; 
worthless; dissipated; a 
blast ; hasty motion ; act of 
waving ; sudden bodily ail- 
ment. 

Waft (waft). Woof. 

Waif (wat') = Waff. 

Wailfu' (wa'fu). Wailing. 

Wair (war) = Wake. 

Waise = Weise. 

Wakerife (wak'rif), Wauk- 
rife. Wakeful ; given to 
sleeping lightly. 

Wale (wal). Choice ; to 
choose. 

Wal'd (wald). Chose; cho- 
sen. 

Walise (wa-les'). Saddle- 
bags ; a portmanteau ; a va- 
lise. 

Wallie (wSl'li). A valet. 

Wallydraigle (wSl'U-dra'g'l), 
Wallydaggle. The youngest 
bird in a nest ; hence, any 
feeble, ill-grown creature. 

Walth(watli). Plenty ; abun- 
dance ; wealth. 

Walie ( wal " t ). Excellent ; 
large ; ample ; a toy ; gew- 
gaw ; also, an exclamation 
of grief. 

Waly (wSKi) = Walie. 

Wame (wam)._ Womb ; belly. 

Wamefou (wam'fu), Wam'e- 
fn\ A bellvful. 

Wampish (w5mp'Ysh). To 
toss about in a boasting or 
frantic manner ; to bran- 
dish ; to fluctuate. 

Wan (w5n). Particle of nega- 
tion, used with adjectives 
and substantives. 

Wan (wan). Got ; won.— Wan 
o'er. Got over. 

Wanchansie (wBn-chan'sY), 
Wanchancy. Unlucky. 

Wanlon (wSn'yttn). A mis- 
fortune ; vengeance ; the 
devil. 

Wanle(wiin / "1), Wannle. Ac- 
tive ; strong ; healthy. 

Wanreatfu' ( wSn-resff u ). 
Restless. 

Wan-thriven (wBn'-thrgv'en). 
Stunted ; decayed ; in a state 
of decline. 

Wap (wap). A throw ; a 
quick, smart stroke ; to 
throw quickly ; to flap ; a 
row ; a quarrel. 

Wapinschaw ( wap'Yn-sha ). 
An exhibition of arms, ac- 
cording to the rank of the 
individual, made at certain 
seasons in each district. 

Ware (war), Wair. To ex- 
pend ; to lay out. 

Wark (wark). Work. 

Warklume (wark'lum), Wark- 
loom. A tool or implement 
to work with. 

Warl' (wiirl), or Warld. 
World. 

Warring (warl'in). A world- 
ling. 

Warly (warlt). Worldly ; ea- 
ger to amass wealth. 

Warran (war'ran). A war- 
rant ; to warrant. 

Warse (wars). Worse. 

Warst (warst). Worst. 

Warstle (war's'l), Wirstle 
(wgr's'l), Wrastle (wras'l). 
A wrestle ; a struggle ; to 
wrestle ; to strive. 

Warstl'd, or Warsl'd. Wres- 
tled ; struggled. 

Wasna (wQz'na). Was not. 

Wast (wast). West. 

Wastell cake (was'l kak). 
Wassail cake ; an oaten loaf 
baked in the oven, with car- 
raway seeds, &c, in it. 

Wastrie (was'trt), Wastry. 
Waste ; imprudent expense ; 
prodigal. 

Wastrife(was'rtf). Prodigal; 
wasteful. 

Wat(wat). Wet. [know.f 

Wat (wilt), Weet (wet). To| 

Water (wa't'r). Watter. Wa- 
ter ; a running stream ; esp. 
a rather large stream of 
water : a river ; the land 
watered by a stream. —Wa- 
ter broo, Water brose. Brose 



made of meal and water sim- 
ply, without the addition of 
milk and butter, etc. 

Wather (wurh'Pr). Weather. 

Watna ( wiit'nii). I know not. 

Wattle (wat't'l). A twig ; a 
wand. 

Wauble (wft'b'l). To swing ; 

to reel. 

Wauch = Wauoh. 

Wauff(waf). A wave: a flap. 

Wangh (wan), Wanch. Un- 
pleasant to the taste ; nau- 
seous ; unsavory ; bad. 

Waught (want). A hearty 
draught of liquor. 

Wauk(wak), Waulk. To full 
(cloth). 

Wauk (wak). To awake ; to 
watch. 

Wankit (wak'Tt). Thickened, 
as cloth by the fullers. 

Waukrife = Wakrife. 

Wanr (war). Worse ; also, to 
put to the worse ; to get the 
better of. 

Wanr't (wart), Wanred. 
Worsted ; vanquished. 

Waw (wa). Wall ( pi. wawis) ; 
wave (pi. wawys). 

Wawl (wal). To roll the eyes, 
and look wildly ._ 

Wean (wen or wan), Weanie 
(wen^T or wan'i). Little 
one ; child. 

Wear (wer). To wear ; to 
last ; also, to move or con- 
duct cautiously. — Wear 
(wer). Weir. War.— Wear 
the jacket. To wear the 
jacket of the Caledonian 
Hunt, paying a fee for that 
privilege " and for the field 
privileges of the Hunt ; — 
said of a citizen not entitled 
to this by _his rank. 

Wearifn' (wer'l-f u). Painful ; 
distressing. 

Weasand (wTz'and), Weason 
(wYzTm). The windpipe. 

Weathergaws (wgtb/er-gaz 7 ). 
Signs of an approaching 
storm. 

Weaving the stocking (wev'Yn 
the stSk'tn). See Throwing 
the stockiti, under Stocki>". 

Wecht (wgHt), Weght. A 
leather or skin covered win- 
nowing hoop ; a kind of tam- 
bourine. 

Wee (we). Little. —Wee ane. 
Little one ; child. — Wee bit. 
A small matter. — Wee 
things ._ Little ones. 

Weed (wed). Dress. 

Weel (wel), Weil. Well ; weal ; 
prosperity ; advantage. 

Weel a weel (wel a wel). Well, 
well ! 

Ween (wen). To suspect. 

Weet (wet). Rain ; wetness. 

Weft (weft), Waft (waft). 
Woof. 

Weigh-bauks(wa'-baks). The 
beam of a balance for weigh- 
ing. 

Weight (wgHt), Wecht. A 
sieve without holes, for win- 
nowing corn. 

Weil (wel}, Wiel. A small 
whirlpool. 

Weird (werd). Fate ; destiny. 
— The weird is dree'd(dred). 
The ill-fortune is suffered ; 
the destiny is fulfilled. 

Weise (wfz),-Weize. To lead ; 
to guide ; to point out ; to 
show the way ; to direct ; to 
put in the way. 

Welked (wglk'Yt), Wanlkit 
(wak'tt). Fulled, as cloth ; 
callous. 

Well (wel), Wele. Whirlpool. 

Werena (wer'nii). Were not. 

Wern (wgrn). A sear. 

Wersh (wgrsh). Insipid; taste- 
less. 

Wea (wgs). Was. 

We'se (wez). We shall. 

Wha(hwa). Who. 

Whaap (hwap), Whap. The 
curlew. 

Whaizle (hwaz'l). To wheeze. 

Whalpit(hwalp'Tt). Whelped. 

Whample (hwiim ' p'l). A 
stroke ; blow ; slash ; to 
stroke ; to slash. 

Whang (hwang). Leather ; 
leathern string ; a generous 
piece of cheese : bread : to flog. 



Whap (hwap). The curlew. 

Whar (hwar), Whare (hwar), 
Whanr (hwar;. Where. 

Whase(hwaz). Whose. 

What for no? (hwat 15r no"). 
Whv not ■'. 

WhatreckdiwoVrek). Never- 
theless. 

Whaup (hwap). A curlew; 
also, a pod ; capsule. 

Wheen (bwgn), Whin. A par- 
cel ; a number; a quantity. 

Wheep ( hwSp )■ To whistle 
sharply at intervals ; to 
squeak; also, to whip.— 
Penny-wheep. Small beer. 

Whid(nwud). To move nim- 
bly but noiselessly, as a scud- 
ding hare ; to whisk ; a 
whisk ; a scudding away or 
along ; a lie. 

Whig ( hweg). To go quickly ; 
to jog along ; to urge on. 

Whigamore (nwYg'a-mSr). A 
great whig i — formerly ap- 
plied to the Presbyterians. 

Whigging (hweg'gln). Jog- 
ging along ; urging forward. 

Whigmaleeries (hwgg / ma-le /r - 
rYz). Trinkets; knickknacks; 
whims ; fancies ; crotchets. 

Whiles (hwilz). Sometimes. 

Whilk(hwulk). Which. 

Whillied ( hwifd). W needled ; 
cheated by wheedling. 

Whilliewha ( hwQl ' ll -hwa ), 
Whillywhae. A vacillating 
or ambiguous person ; a 
cheat ; wheedling ; cajolery; 
to cheat ; to cozen ; to cajole. 

Whilly (hwul'lY). To whee- 
dle ; to gull ; to cheat with 
specious pretenses, 

Whillying(hwuKll-Yn). Bam- 
boozling ; deceiving with 
specious pretenses. 

Whilly-whas = Whilliewha. 

Whin. See Wheen. 

Whinge (hwCnj). To whine ; 
to fawn like a dog. 

Whinger (hweng-'gr). A sort 
of hanger used as a knife at 
meals, and as a sword in 
broils. 

Whin (hwtin). Furze : gorse. 

Whirligigums ( hwerl'Y-gYg- 
ftmz). Useless ornaments; 
trifling appendages. 

Whirry (hwer'rl). To hurry. 

Whisht(hwYsht). Silence. — To 
hold one'a whisht. To be si- 
lent. 

Whisk (hwusk). To sweep ; 
to lash : to switch. 

Whiskit(hwQsk , lt). Lashed; 
switched. 

Whissle (hwHs's'l). A whis- 
tle : to whistle. 

White-hass (hwlt'has). White- 
hawse. Sausages stuffed with 
oatmeal and suet. 

Whitter (hwufter). A hearty 
draught of liquor- 

Whittie-whattieing (hwQftY- 
hwBt'tl-in). Making foolish 
conjectures ; reasoning to 
little purpose. 

Whittle (hwut't'l). A knife. 

Whittret(hwut'rgt). A weasel; 
— so called from its white 
throat. 

Whommle = Whdmmle. 

Whorn(hwgrn). Horn. 

Whully-wha (hwul'll-hwa') 
= Whilliewha. 

Whummle ( h w u m ' m ' 1 ), 
Whummel. To whelm ; to 
turn over or upside down. 

Whunstane (hwtin'stan). 
Whinstone. 

Whnp ( hwflp). Whip. 

Whyles (hwilz). Whiles ; 
sometimes. 

Wi' (we or wT). With. 

Wicher(wgn'er). Willow (the 
smaller sort). 

Wick (wgk). To strike, as a 
stone, in an oblique direc- 
tion ; — a term in curling. 

Widdie (wtid'di). A rope; 
gallows. 

Widdie (wfid'dT). To wriggle; 
to attain by violent exertion. 

Wiel (wel). A small whirlpool. 

Wifecarl (wlfkarl). A man 
who busies himself about 
household affairs or women's 
work. 

Wine (wtf'Y). Dim. or endear- 
ing term for wife. 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, flxn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



R 



u 






A kind of flour 
The -watery but- 



termilk. 

Wight iwohO. Strong i pow- 
erful ; also, the shrew moose. 

Wile iwtli. To entice ; to Be- 
lect 

Wilie-coat twiil'I-kitt), Wylie- 
coat. An anderrcet ; an un- 
der petticoat. 

Wilk (walk). A kind of shell 
fish : a periwinkle. 

Will ovfth. Will. — What's 

your will. What's your 

ire ': 1. e.. What did you 

Wili-a-wa (,wiil'a-w3). Weal 
■way ! woo is me ! 

Willawins v wul Ma-wunz). 
Woe is me '■ 

Willie-waught (wftl'lI-waHt). 
A hearty drink ; a long 
draught 

Willyard (whl'yard), Will- 
yart (whi'yart). Wild ; 
Btrange : unaccountable ; 
shy ; bewildering. 

Wilsome \,wul'sum). A wild 
boar. 

Wimple (wem'p'l). A wind- 
ing turu ; to meander ; to 
perplex. [dered. I 

Wimpl't (.wgm'p'lt). Mean-j 

Wimplin ovem'plln). Wav- 
ing : meandering. 

Win (win). To winnow; to 
get ; to labor ; to dig ; to ar- 
rive at any particular state 
or degree. — To win by. To 
get past. — To win to. To 
reach. — To win aff. To get 
away ; to escape ; to be ac- 
quitted. 

Win' (won). Wind. —Win's. 
Winds. 

Wincheand ( wSnch 'an ) . 
Wincing. 

Windle fwgn'd'l). To make 
straw into bundles. 

Windlestrae ( wTn , 'l-stra / ). 
Crested dog's-tail grass. 

Windles (wtn'lz). A turning 
frame, upon which yarn is 
put to be wound off. 

Windling (wln'Hn). A bot- 
tle of straw or hay. 

Window-bole ( wln'dr-bol')- 
The part of a cottage win- 
dow that is filled by a wood- 
en blind, which may occa- 
sionally be opened. 

Windy (wln'dl). Boastful. 

Wink (wenk). An instant ; a 
twinkling. 

Winklot ( wlnklut ). A young 
woman. 

Winna (wun'na), Wunna 
(wQn'na). Will not. 



Winnock (wln'nuk). A win- 
dow. 

Wins(wnnsi. Towards. 

Winsey (.wln'si). Woolen. 

Winsome <. win 'strnil. Qainly ; 
lovely ; pretty : of engaging 
appearance, or character^and 
manners. 

Win't (.wtnt). Wound, as a 
bobbin of vain. 

Wintle (wln't'l). A stagger- 
ing motion ; to stagger ; to 
reel ; to roll. 

Winze (wenz). An oath. 

Wise (wlz). To advise. 

Wisp (wisp). To clean ; to 
tie up with straw ; a hand- 
ful of straw. 

Wiss (wis). To wish ; to wot. 

Wist (wist). Wished. 

Wistel (wls"l). To wager. 

Withershins (wlth'er-shlnz'). 
Wrong-ways about ; from 
right to left ; contrary to the 
apparent motion of the sun. 

Withgang (wuth'gang). Tol- 
eration. 

Withgate (wlth'gat). Lib- 
ertv. 

Withoutten ( wlth-oofen ). 
Without. 

Withy - woody ( with ' Y- 

wdbd'I). A rope of twisted 
wands. 

Witter (witter). To inform ; 
to advise ; a mark ; sign. 

Witter (wlt'ter). Barb of a 
fishing spear, or of a fish- 
hook, etc. ; throat. 

Witting (wlt'tln), Weeting 
(wet'ln). Knowing. 

Wizen'd ( wlz'n't ). Hide- 
bound; dried; shrunk. 

Wizzen ( wez'n ), Wizen. 
Weasand ; throat. 

Wod (wGd), Wode. A wood ; 
also, mad ; furious. 

Woid(wtd). To divide. 

Wonner (wfin'ner). A won- 
der ; — a contemptuous ap- 
pellation. 

Wons (wunz). Dwells. 

Woo' (60). Wool. 

Woodie (wfid'1). A withie, or 
rope of twisted wands, in 
which malefactors seem for- 
merly to have been hanged ; 
Wrallows. 
ooer-bab (6Ver-bab). The 
garter knotted below the 
knee with a couple of loops, 
to denote the wearer's inten- 
tion of proposing marriage. 

Wordy (wSrd'I). Worthy. 

Worreting (wgr'ret-In). Con- 
tention ; wrangling. 

Worriecow (wer'rl-kodO, Wir- 
riecow. A hobgoblin ; bug- 
bear ; scarecrow ; devil. 



Worry-carl (wfer'rl-karl'). A 
snarling, ill-natured person. 

Worset (wfr'set). Worsted. 

Wow(wou). An exclamation 
of pleasure or wonder. 

Wowf ( woof ). Wayward ; 
wild ; unreclaimed ; disor- 
dered in intellect. 

Wown (wun). Wont ; cus- 
tom. 

Wowne (wun). Wonted ; ac- 
customed. 

Wrack (wrak). To tease ; to 
vex : also, to wreck ; a wreck. 

Wraith (wrath). A spirit ; 
ghost ; apparition exactly 
like a living person, said to 
forbode the person's ap- 
proaching death. 

Wrang (wrung). Wrong ; to 
wrong. 

Wrat (wrat). W T art. 

Wratch (wrach). To become 
niggardlv ; a wretch. 

Wreeth (wreth). A drifted 
heap of snow. 

Wrek (wrCk). Seaweed ; ref- 
use ; trash. 

Wrig (wreg). A feeble child 
or offspring. 

Wud (wud), Wood. Mad. 

Wuddie. See Woodie. 

Wud-mad (wud'-mad). Dis- 
tracted. 

WuU = Will. 

Wullawins = Willawins. 

Wullcat (wtiK-kat). A wild- 
cat ; a catamount. 

Wumble (wQm'l). Wimble. 

Wun (wun). To win ; to get, 
in all its senses. 

Wunna. See WnrerA. 

Wuss (wQs). To wish. 

Wuzzent (wuz'z'nt). With- 
ered ; dried'. 

Wy (wi). Wye. A person. 

Wyle (wil). To beguile. 

Wylie-coat = WiLiE-coAT. 

Wynd8 (winz) (in a town). 
Turnings - off from the 
streets ; lanes. 

Wyte(wit). Blame ; to blame. 

Wyted (wit'lt). Blamed. 



Yaff (yai ). To bark like a dog 
in a passion ; to yelp ; to 
prate ; to talk pertly. 

Yaffing (yaf 'In). Barking like 
a dog in a passion ; chatter- 
ing. 

Yagger (yag'ger). A hunter ; 
a ranger about the country ; 
a peddler. 

Yaird (yard). A yard ; a 
kitchen garden. 



Yald (yald). Yauld. Supple ; 

active ; athletic. 
Yammer ( yam ' infer ). To com- 
plain peevishly. 
Yammered (yairi'mert). Made 

a loiu' outcry. 
Yankiuk (yank/In). A way 

of talking English ; active ; 

pushing. 
Yaud(yad). A jade ; a mare. 
Yaud, — used in the phrase Far 

yaud. A cry of encourage- 
ment or direction from a 

shepherd to his dog. 
Yauld (yad). Alert ; athletic. 
Yaup (yap), The cry of a bird 

or of a child. 
Yearlings (yer'llnz). Born in 

the same year ; coevals. 
Yearn (ySra). To coagulate ; 

to curdle, as milk. 
Yearning (yern'In). Rennet. 
Yeld (yeld), Yeald. Barren. 
Yell (yCl). Barren ; giving no 

milk. 
Yelloch (yel'liiH). A shrill 

cry ; a yell ; to scream ; to 

shriek. 
Yellow-yeldring (ygl'lfi-ygK- 

drln}, Yellow yoldring (yOK- 

drln), Yellow yorling (y5r r - 

lln). The yellow-hammer. 
Yer (ver). Your. 
Yerk(yerk). To lash ; to jerk. 
Yerkit (yferk'It). Jerked ; 

lashed. 
Yerl (ygrl). An earl. 
Yestreen (yes-tren'). Yester 

even : last night. [will. I 

Ye'se (ySz). You shall ; you J 
Yett (yet). A gate, such as is 

usually at the entrance into 

a farmyard or field. 
Yeuking(uk / 'In). Itching. 
Yeuks (uks). Itches. 
Yeuky (uk'I). Itchy. 
Yeuns (yunz). The refuse of 

grain blown away by the 

farmers. 
Yill(yel). Ale. 
Yin(yln). One. 
Yince (ylns). Once. 
Yird (yerd). Earth. 
Yirr (yer). To snarl, like a 

dog ; to growl. 
Yirth (yerth). The earth. 
Yokin (yok'In), Yoking. The 

ploughing done at one 6pell 

by the horses ; spell ; turn. 
Yonker (yunk^fer). A young 

fellow. 
Yont (vont). Beyond. 
Yook (uk), Yeuk. Itch. 
Yooking (uk'In), Yeuking, 

Yowklng. Itching. 
Yoursel (yer-selO- Yourself. 
Yowe (you). A ewe. 
Yowie (you'I). Dim. of Yowe. 
Yule (yul). Christmas. 



a, e, I, o, u., long ; &, e, 1, 8, ii, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



w 



VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 



§ 1. The two most common forms of rhymes are 
a-hymes of monosyllables or final acccented syllables 
{called single or male rhymes) ; and rhymes of two syl- 
lables the first of which is accented (called double or 
female rhymes), such as faster, pastor, fading, aiding, 
trouble, double, etc. ; but of these two forms much the 
most common is that of single, or male rhymes, which 
alone are given in this vocabulary. 

§ 2. Correspondence in sound and accent the test of a 
rhyme. — Theoretically only those words rhyme each of 
which is a monosyllable, or ends in an accented syllable, 
or in two or more similarly accented syllables, exactly 
corresponding in sound with those of the other words. 
In a strict rhyme there is therefore exact correspond- 
ence in sound and also exact correspondence in accent. 
In practical usage, however, this theoretical standard of 
what constitutes a rhyme is not always observed, but 
more or less freedom is exercised in using as rhymes 
sounds which in careful pronunciation are distinguished 
from each other, or syllables the accent or stress of 
which is unequal. 

§ 3. Correspondence in accent. — Strictly speaking 
single rhymes must consist only of monosyllables or of 
final syllables having a primary accent. There are, 
however, many words which have a primary accent on 
the antepenult, but in pronunciation receive a second- 
ary, or sufficiently strong, accent or stress upon the 
final syllable to make it proper to use that syllable as 
a rhyme to another final syllable which receives a pri- 
mary accent, or to use it as a rhyme to a monosyllable 
of the same sound; thus, accumulate may be used to 
rhyme with date, expedite to rhyme with sight, etc. In 
the case of some very common terminations, such as -al, 
-or, -an, -ant, etc. (see -al, -an, -ant, -or), there is a tend- 
ency in words accented on the antepenult to slight the 
final syllable in ordinary pronunciation so that it does 
not have the vowel quality which is given to it when 
•distinctly pronounced. In these cases the words are 
suitable for single rhymes only when the final syllable 
is distinctly pronounced ; and such use is to be avoided 
where the distinct pronunciation would sound stilted or 
awkward. There are some monosyllabic words, such as 
prepositions, articles, etc., which, although they are sin- 
gle words, are slurred over in speech, and do not receive 
an accent or stress sufficiently strong to make them suit- 
able for use in serious verse, as rhymes with other mon- 
osyllabic words or accented syllables ; and, for the same 
Teason, the like use of an adjective at the end of a line 
with its substantive in the next line is usually objection- 
able. 

§ 4. Correspondence in sound. — No definite line 
can be drawn between vowel sounds which so closely 
lesenible each other as to make it proper to use them 
as rhymes with each other and those which do not. In 
this vocabulary some sounds which are very closely re- 
lated, or are commonly confused with each other, have 
"been treated together under the same vocabulary en- 
trances, as well as those which for the sake of conven- 
ience are represented by different symbols. These 
cases are 5 and a (as in hanch, lanch, band, command, 
rant, ant ; see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 54, 55, and 
61, 64) ; a and 6 (as in war, nor, warm, norm; see Guide 
to Pronunciation, §§ 70 and 113) ; e and fi (as in her, pur, 
smirch, lurch, bird, curd, etc. ; see Guide to Pronuncia- 
tion, §§ 85 and 139) ; oo and u (as in food, rude, fool, 
rule, etc. ; see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 126 and 136) ; 
56 and u (as in foot, put, wool, pull, etc. ; see Guide to 
Pronunciation, §§ 128 and 137). 

Besides these sounds there are a number of others 
which are less closely allied, or less commonly confused, 
but which, nevertheless, more or less nearly constitute 
rhyming sounds, and are not infrequently so used by 



careful writers, such as 6 and o ; u and 6o, u ; a and 5. 
In the most important of these cases references are made 
from the words given under one sound to those given 
under the other in this vocabulary, and to this note. 

§ 5. Words differently pronounced. — Some words 
have more than one pronunciation recognized as being 
in good usage, and the more common of these, when 
they can be used in single rhymes in either or both pro- 
nunciations, are given in the vocabulary in each group 
with which they may rhyme ; thus, appulse is given 
under -ulse, ballet under -ay, aquiline under -in and -ine, 
oblique under -ek and -ik, etc. 

§ 6. Obsolete, archaic, or provincial rhymes. — There 
are many cases in the older poets where words are used 
as rhymes in apparent contradiction to the present rules 
of rhyming and good pronunciation, but generally the 
words so used were formerly so pronounced or accented 
as to constitute proper rhymes, and some of these pro- 
nunciations, now obsolete among educated people, are 
still preserved in local dialects. 

Most English words terminating in -ain, as main, rain, 
gain, etc., are still pronounced with the a sound for the 
ai, and this pronunciation is still recognized as good 
usage in verse and poetry for the word again, which 
is in ordinary speech pronounced only a-gen'. Again 
therefore is given under -ain as well as under -en. 

The diphthong ea was frequently pronounced a, and 
hence the sound of ea was the same as that of ay ; and 
peal, real, steal, etc., were properly used to rhyme with 
male, sale, quail, etc., and tea with obey, as by Pope. 

The diphthong oi was formerly pronounced nearly 
as i, as in join, boil, roil, etc., which were formerly 
properly used to rhyme with fine, mile, while, etc. The 
word roil still preserves its archaic pronunciation in 
the variant form rile, and is provincially only so pro- 
nounced; and the word boil is similarly still provin- 
cially or archaically pronounced bil. 

Final syllables in -y and -ie were formerly accented, 
and were pronounced with an e sound, and so rhymed 
with other final syllables having an e sound, as in the 
following lines from Chaucer : — 

Let see now of your womanly pitee 
He is a kinges brother sone, pardee ; 
And, though he were a povre bacheler, 
Sin he hath served yow so many a year, 
And had for yow so greet adversitee, 
It moste been considered, leveth me. 

In the case of these words there has been a change 
in the accent as well as in the vowel sound, the accent 
having formerly, under the influence of the French, 
been on the final syllable. Subsequently the accent 
shifted from the final syllable, and the final vowel sound 
was changed from that of a e sound to a T or y sound ; 
and the syllable is now pronounced with such an entire 
absence of stress that, in serious verse, even when the 
primary accent is on the antepenult (see Correspondence 
in accent, above), the final syllable is no longer proper 
for use as a single rhyme, except as a distinct archaism. 

Besides these there are many other cases where 
rhymes occur in the older poets which could no longer 
be used as such; as the rhyming of queen, seen, etc., 
with sane, bane ; although many of these are still used 
in dialectic poetry, to represent the peculiarities of dia- 
lects in which obsolete pronunciations survive. 

§ 7. In some words which came into English through 
the French the letter 1 was silent where it is now always 
pronounced, as for example in the word fault, which was 
rhymed by Pope, and properly so in his day, with thought. 

§ 8. Rhymes by cotitraction, elision, etc. — The final 
two syllables of a word are often pronounced like a sin- 
gle syllable with a long vowel sound, by slurring over or 
slighting one of the syllables in the pronunciation, or by 
(969) 



N 



970 



VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 



dropping i consonant or Towel. Thus plyer, mower, 
ate., as ordinarily pronounced, may be 
and to rhyme with lyre, fire, lore, pore, etc. ; and over 
in the poetical form o'er is pronounced so as to rhyme 
with tor*! FOOT, pore, etc. ; and never hi the poetical 
- r rhymes with fare, core, stair, etc. In dia- 
lectic or illiterate pronunciation such contractions and 
elisions are of much more frequent occurrence than in 
ordinary pronunciation, but these are not given in this 
vocabulary. 

£ 9. Vocabulary arrangement. — For the purpose of 
arranging the words in this vocabulary only that part 
of the word or last syllable is considered which corre- 
sponds in sound with that of its rhymes, and for that 
purpose this part of each word is considered and treated 
as a termination or ending. All of these terminations, 



must, therefore, begin with the last sounded vowel or 
diphthong of the word. 

Any particular word with its rhymes can, therefore, 
be readily found in this vocabulary by looking for the 
ending of the word beginning with the last sounded 
vowel or diphthong. In the case of all diphthongs con- 
sider the terminations or endings to begin with the first 
vowel of the diphthong. Thus in the case of be, band, 
made, persuade, brain, aid, fatigue, league, due, blight, 
etc., look in the vocabulary for -e, -and, -ade, -uade, -ain, 
-aid, -igue, -eague, -ue, -ight, etc., respectively, and 
under those entries will be found either the rhyming 
words or references to the headings under which they 
are given. 

The case of words in -re, as for instance massacre, is 
an exception, and these words are given under -er. 



R 



U 



W 



-aa. See -ah. 

-ab. Bab, cab, dab, gab, nab, blab, 
crab, drab, scab, slab, stab, abb. 

-aba. Babe, astrolabe. 

-ac See -ack. 

-ace. Ace, dace, pace, face, lace, 
mace, race, brace, grace, place, space, 
trace, apace, deface, efface, disgrace, 
displace, misplace, replace, embrace, 
grimace, interlace, retrace, populace, 
base, case, chase, abase, debase, 
plaice, etc. Archaic rhymes, peace, 
grease, cease. See Intboductoby 
Remabks, 6. 

-ach. See -atch. 

-ache. See -ake. 

-acht. See -ot. 

-ack. Back, cack, hack, jack, lack, 
pack, quack, tack, sack, rack, black, 
clack, crack, knack, slack, snack, 
stack, track, wrack, alack, attack, 
lac, sac, sacque, plaque, almanac, 
zodiac, demoniac, symposiac. 

-act. Act, fact, pact, tract, attract, 
abstract, extract, compact, contract, 
detract, distract, retract, exact, pro- 
tract, refract, enact, infract, sub- 
tract, transact, cataract, counteract, 
cataphract ; also, the preterits and 
participles of verbs in -ack, as, 
backed, hacked, etc. 

-ad. (ad) Add, bad, dad, gad, 
had, lad, mad, pad, sad, brad, clad, 
glad, plad, shad. 

— (od) Wad. See -od. 

-ade. Cade, fade, made, jade, lade, 
wade, blade, glade, shade, spade, 
trade, abrade, arcade, cascade, cock- 
ade, degrade, charade, crusade, 
evade, dissuade, grenade, invade, pa- 
rade, persuade, pervade, pomade, 
blockade, brigade, brocade, balus- 
trade, barricade, colonnade, enfilade, 
escalade, gasconade, esplanade, cav- 
alcade, lemonade, marmalade, mas- 
querade, renegade, retrograde, rodo- 
montade, serenade, ambuscade, can- 
nonade, palisade, aid, maid, braid, 
afraid, upbraid ; also, the preterits 
and past participles of verbs in -ay, 
-ey, and -eigh, as, played, obeyed, 
weighed, etc. 

-adge. Badge, cadge. 

-afe. Safe, chafe, vouchsafe, waif. 

-Oil. Gaff, chaff, draff, quaff, staff, 
engraff, riffraf, carafe, giraffe, epi- 
taph, cenotaph, paragraph. 

-aft. Aft, daft, haft, raft, waft, 
craft, shaft, abaft, graft, draft, in- 
graft, handicraft, draught ; also, the 
preterits and past participles of verbs 
in -aff, as, quaffed, chaffed, etc. 

-ag. Bag, cag, fag, gag, hag, lag, 
nag, quag, rag, tag, wag, brag, crag, 
drag, flag, knag, shag, slag, sag, 
swag, snag, stag, scrag. 

-age. Age, cage, gage, page, rage, 
sage, wage, stage, swage, assuage, 
engage, disengage, enrage, presage, 
appanage, concubinage, heritage, 



hermitage, parentage, parsonage, 
personage, pasturage, patronage, pil- 
grimage, villanage, equipage. 

-agm. See -am. 

-ague- See -ain. 

-ague. Plague, vague. 

-ah. Ah, bah, hah, shah, sang* 
froid, hurra, octroi. 

-aid. See -ade. 

-aif . See -ape. 

-aight. See -ate. 

-aign. See -ain. 

-ail. Ail, bail, brail, fail, hail, jail, 
mail, nail, pail, quail, rail, sail, tail, 
wail, flail, frail, grail, snail, trail, as- 
sail, avail, detail, bewail, entail, pre- 
vail, retail, countervail, ale, bale, 
dale, gale, hale, male, pale, sale, tale, 
vale, wale, scale, stale, swale, whale, 
impale, exhale, inhale, regale, veil, 
farthingale, nightingale. Archaic 
rhymes, peal, steal, etc. See Intbo- 
ductoey Remakes, 6. 

-aim. See -ame. 

-ain. Cain, blain, brain, chain, 
fain, gain, grain, lain, main, pain, 
rain, vain, wain, drain, plain, slain, 
Spain, stain, swain, train, twain, 
sprain, strain, abstain, amain, attain, 
complain, contain, constrain, detain, 
disdain, distrain, domain, enchain, 
ascertain, entertain, explain, main- 
tain, ordain, pertain, obtain, refrain, 
regain, remain, restrain, retain, sus- 
tain, appertain, bane, cane, dane, 
crane, fane, Jane, lane, mane, plane, 
sane, thane, ta'en, vane, wane, chi- 
cane, germane, humane, inane, in- 
sane, profane, hurricane, etc., deign, 
arraign, campaign, champagne, feign, 
reign, vein, rein, thegn, thane. Ar- 
chaic rhymes, again, lean, mean, 
queen, seen, etc. See Intboductoky 
Remarks, 6. 

-ainst. Against, — this rhymes 
with the preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -ence, -ense, etc. , as, com- 
menced, sensed, etc. 

-aint. Faint, paint, plaint, quaint, 
saint, taint, acquaint, attaint, com- 
plaint, constraint, distraint, re- 
straint, feint. 

-aipse. Traipse, — this rhymes 
with the plurals of nouns, and the 
third persons singular present of 
verbs, in -ape, as, apes, scrapes, 
etc. 

-air. See -abb. 

-aim. Cairn, bairn. 

-aise. See -aze. 

-ait. See -ate. 

-aith. Faith, wraith. 

-aize. See -aze. 

-ake. Bake, cake, hake, lake, 
make, quake, rake, sake, take, wake, 
brake, drake, flake, shake, slake, 
snake, stake, strake, spake, betake, 
forsake, mistake, partake, overtake, 
undertake, bespake, ache, break, 
steak, etc. Archaic rhymes, speak, 



weak, etc. See Intbodtjctoby Re- 
mabks, 6. 

-al. Cabal, canal, animal, admiral, 
cannibal, capital, cardinal, comical, 
conjugal, corporal, criminal, critical, 
festival, funeral, general, hospital, 
interval, liberal, madrigal, literal, 
magical, mineral, mystical, musical, 
natural, original, pastoral, pedestal, 
personal, physical, poetical, political, 
principal, prodigal, prophetical, ra- 
tional, satirical, reciprocal, rhetori- 
cal, several, temporal, tragical, ty- 
rannical, carnival, schismatical, 
whimsical, arsenal. See Intboduc- 
toey Remabks, 3. 

-aid. Bald, scald, emerald ; also, 
the preterits and past participles of 
verbs in -all, -aul, and -awl, as, 
called, mauled, crawled, etc. 

-ale. See -ail. 

-alt Calf, half, behalf, laugh. 
Nearly rhyming with these are doff, 
scoff, etc. See Intboductoby Re- 
mabks, 4, and -off. 

-alk. Balk, chalk, stalk, talk, 
walk, calk, hawk. 

-all. See -awl. 

-aim. Calm, balm, becalm, psalm, 
palm, embalm. 

-alp. Scalp, Alp. 

-alt. (alt) Halt, malt, exalt, salt, 
smalt, vault, assault, default, fault. 
For fault pronounced icith silent 1 see 
Intboductoby Remarks, 7. 

— (alt) Alt, shalt. 

-alve. Calve, halve, salve ; nearly 
rhyming with these is of. See Intbo- 
ductoby Remabks, 4. 

-am, -amb- Am, clam, dam, ham, 
jam, ram, cram, dram, flam, sham, 
slam, swam, anagram, diagram, dia- 
phragm, epigram, telegram, mono- 
gram, damn, lamb, jamb, camb. 

-ame. Blame, came, dame, same, 
flame, fame, frame, game, lame, 
name, tame, shame, inflame, became, 
defame, misname, surname, misbe- 
came, overcame, aim, claim, maim, 
acclaim, declaim, exclaim, proclaim, 
reclaim. Archaic rhymes, dream, 
gleam, etc. See Intboductoby Re- 
mabks, 6. 

-amp. (amp) Camp, champ, 
cramp, damp, ramp, stamp, tramp, 
vamp, lamp, clamp, decamp, encamp, 
revamp, etc. 

— (omp) Swamp. See -omp. 
-an. (an) Ban, can, dan, fan, 

man, pan, ran, tan, van, bran, clan, 
plan, scan, span, than, unman, fore- 
ran, began, divan, japan, rattan, se- 
dan, trepan, alcoran, courtesan, par- 
tisan, ptarmigan, artisan, pelican, 
caravan. See Introductory Re- 
marks, 3. 

— (on) Wan, swan, etc. See -on. 
-ance. Chance, dance, glance, 

lance, trance, prance, hanse, manse, 
entrance, advance, enhance, mis- 



VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 



971 




chance, expanse, romance, finance, 
complaisance, circumstance, counte- 
nance, deliverance, consonance, dis- 
sonance, extravagance, ignorance, in- 
heritance, maintenance, temperance, 
intemperance, exorbitance, ordi- 
nance, sufferance, sustenance, utter- 
ance, arrogance, vigilance. See In- 
troductory Remarks, 3. 

-anch. (Snch and anch) Branch, 
stanch, lanch, blanch, ranch, hanch. 
See Introductory Remarks, 4. 

-and. (and and and) And, band, 
hand, land, rand, sand, brand, bland, 
grand, gland, stand, strand, disband, 
expand, withstand, understand, rep- 
rimand, saraband, contraband, deo- 
dand, command, demand, remand, 
countermand ; also, the preterits and 
participles of verbs in -an. See In- 
troductory Remarks, 3, 4. 

— (5nd) Wand. See -ond. 
-ane. See -ain. 

-ang. Bang, fang, gang, hang, 
pang, tang, twang, sang, slang, 
sprang, rang, stang, clang, parasang, 
harangue, gangue. 

-ange. Change, grange, range, 
strange, estrange, arrange, exchange, 
interchange, mange. 
angue. See -ang. 

-ank. Rank, blank, crank, shank, 
shrank, clank, dank, drank, sank, 
slank, flank, frank, spank, stank, 
tank, lank, plank, prank, thank, 
yank, disrank, mountebank. 

-anse. See -ance. 

-ant. (ant and Snt) Ant, cant, 
plant, rant, scant, complaisant, de- 
cant, descant, displant, implant, re- 
cant, transplant, assonant, adamant, 
ariogant, combatant, consonant, cor- 
morant, protestant, significant, visit- 
ant, covenant, dissonant, disputant, 
elegant, elephant, exorbitant, conver- 
sant, extravagant, ignorant, insignifi- 
cant, inhabitant, militant, petulant, 
resonant, predominant, supplicant, 
sycophant, vigilant, petulant, chant, 
grant, pant, slant, aslant, gallant, 
supplant, enchant. See Introduc- 
tory Remarks, 3, 4. 

— (ant) Want, avaunt, vaunt. 
-ap. Cap, gap, hap, lap, map, nap, 

pap, rap, sap, tap, chap, clap, trap, 
flap, knap, slap, snap, wrap, scrap, 
strap, enwrap, entrap, mishap, etc. 

-ape. Ape, cape, chape, drape, 
grape, nape, rape, scrape, shape, es- 
cape, jape, trape, crape, crepe, tape. 
Archaic rhymes, heap, leap, etc. 
See Introductory Remarks, 6. 

-aph. See : aff. 

-apse. Lapse, elapse, relapse, col- 
lapse ; also, the plurals of nouns, 
and the third persons singular of the 
present tense of verbs, in -ap, as, 
caps, maps, saps, laps, etc. 

-apt. Apt, rapt, adapt ; also, the 
preterits and participles of the verbs 
in -ap, as, tapped, slapped, etc. 
aque Plaque. See -ack. 

-ar. (ar) Bar, car, far, jar, mar, 
par, tar, czar, scar, spar, star, char, 
afar, debar, unbar, guitar, particular, 
perpendicular, secular, angular, regu- 
lar, popular, singular, titular, vine- 
gar, scimetar, calendar, catarrh, ba- 
zaar, are, caviare. See Introductory 
Remarks, 3. 

— (ar) War. See -OR. 
-arb. Barb, garb, 
-arce. See -arse. 

-arch, (arch) Arch, larch, march, 
parch, starch, countermarch. 

-» (ark) See -ark. 

-ard. (ard) Bard, card, guard, 
hard, lard, nard, pard, shard, yard, 
bombard, discard, placard, regard, 
interlard," retard, disregard ; also, the 



preterits and past participles of verbs 
in -ar, as, barred, scarred, etc. 

— (ard) Ward, sward. See -ord. 
-are. (a*r and ar) Bare, care, 

dare, fare, hare, mare, pare, tare, 
rare, ware, blare, flare, glare, scare, 
share, snare, spare, square, stare, 
sware, prepare, aware, beware, com- 
pare, declare, ensnare, air, fair, hair, 
lair, pair, chair, stair, affair, debo- 
nair, despair, impair, repair, bear, 
pear, swear, tear, wear, forbear, for- 
swear, there, where, ere, e'er, ne'er, 
elsewhere, whate'er, howe'er, how- 
soe'er, whene'er, where'er, etc., heir, 
coheir, their. Archaic rhymes, rear, 
dear, hear, etc. See Introductory 
Remarks, 6, 8. 

-ares. Unawares, theirs; also, 
the plurals of nouns and the third 
persons singular of verbs in -are, 
-air, -eir, ear, as, cares, pairs, heirs, 
bears, etc. 

-arf. {&rf and 6ri) Dwarf , wharf , 
corf. Scarf has no rhyme. 

-arge. Barge, charge, large, targe, 
marge, discharge, surcharge, enlarge. 

-ark. Ark, bark, cark, dark, 
clerk, dark, hark, lark, mark, park, 
shark, spark, stark, debark, embark, 
remark, heresiarch, hierarch. 

-art. Snarl, marl, pari, gnarl, carl. 

-arm. (arm) Arm, barm, charm, 
farm, harm, alarm, disarm. 

— (arm) Warm, swarm. See -orm. 
-arn. (am) Barn, darn, tarn, 

yarn. 

— (am) Warn. See -orn. 

-arp. (arp) Carp, harp, sharp, 
counterscarp. 

— (arp) Warp. See -orp. 
-arse. Parse, sparse, farce. 
-arsh. Harsh, marsh. 

-art. (art) Art, cart, chart, dart, 
hart, mart, part, smart, tart, start, 
apart, depart, impart, dispart, coun- 
terpart, heart. 

— (art) Wart, thwart. See -ort. 
-arth. Swarth. See -orth. 
-arve. Carve, starve. 

-as. (oz) Was, — this nearly 
rhymes tvith the plurals of words 
ending in the sound of -ah, as, huz- 
zas, shahs, etc. 

— (az) Has, as. 

— (Xs) Gas. See -ass. 

-ase. (as and az). See -ace and 

-AZE. 

-ash. (ash) Ash, cash, dash, 
clash, crash, flash, gash, gnash, hash, 
lash, mash, plash, rash, sash, thrash, 
slash, trash, abash, calash, calabash. 

— ■ (osh) Wash, quash, swash, 
squash, bosh, galoche. 

-ask. Ask, task, bask, cask, flask, 
mask. 

-asm. Chasm, spasm, cataplasm, 
enthusiasm, protoplasm. 

-asp. Clasp, gasp, grasp, rasp, 
hasp, asp. 

-ass. Ass, brass, class, glass, 
grass, lass, mass, pass, amass, repass, 
surpass, alas, gas, morass, sassafras. 

-ast. Cast, caste, last, blast, mast, 
past, vast, fast, aghast, avast, fore- 
cast, overcast, outcast, repast, con- 
trast ; also, the preterits and partici- 
ples of verbs in -ass, as, classed, 
amassed, etc. 

-aste. Baste, chaste, haste, paste, 
taste, waste, distaste, waist ; also, 
tJie preterits and participles of verbs 
in -ace, as, faced, placed, etc. Ar- 
chaic rhymes, least, yeast. See In- 
troductory Remarks, 6. 

-at. (St) At, bat, cat, hat, fat, vat, 
mat, pat, rat, sat, tat, brat, chat, flat, 
plat, sprat, that, gnat, cravat. 

— (ot) What. See -ot. 

-atch. (ach) Catch, match, hatch, 



latch, patch, scratch, smatch, snatch, 
thatch, dispatch, attach, detach. 
— (och) Watch. See -otch. 
-ate. Bate, date, fate, gate, grate, 
hate, late, mate, pate, plate, prate, 
rate, sate, state, skate, slate, bait, 
plait, strait, wait, await, great, eight, 
weight, straight, abate, belate, col- 
late, create, debate, elate, dilate, es- 
tate, ingrate, innate, rebate, relate, 
sedate, translate, abdicate, abomi- 
nate, abrogate, accelerate, accommo- 
date, accumulate, accurate, adequate, 
affectionate, advocate, adulterate, 
aggravate, agitate, alienate, animate, 
annihilate, antedate, anticipate, anti- 
quate, arbitrate, arrogate, articulate, 
assassinate, calculate, capitulate, cap- 
tivate, celebrate, circulate, coagu- 
late, commemorate, commiserate, 
communicate, compassionate, con- 
federate, congratulate, congregate, 
consecrate, contaminate, cultivate, 
candidate, celebrate, considerate, 
consulate, capacitate, debilitate, ded- 
icate, degenerate, delegate, deliber- 
ate, denominate, depopulate, dislo- 
cate, deprecate, discriminate, dero- 
gate, dissipate, delicate, disconsolate, 
desperate, educate, elevate, emulate, 
estimate, elaborate, equivocate, erad- 
icate, evaporate, exaggerate, exas- 
perate, expostulate, exterminate, ex- 
tricate, facilitate, fortunate, gene- 
rate, gratulate, hesitate, illuminate, 
irritate, imitate, immoderate, impe- 
trate, importunate, imprecate, inno- 
vate, instigate, intimate, intimidate, 
intoxicate, intricate, invalidate, invi- 
olate, magistrate, mediate, mitigate, 
moderate, necessitate, nominate, opi- 
ate, participate, passionate, pene- 
trate, perpetrate, personate, poten- 
tate, precipitate, predestinate, pre- 
dominate, premeditate, prevaricate, 
procrastinate, profligate, prognosti- 
cate, propagate, regenerate, regulate, 
reiterate, reprobate, reverberate, sep- 
arate, sophisticate, stipulate, subju- 
gate, subordinate, suffocate, termi- 
nate, tolerate, temperate, vindicate, 
violate. Archaic rhymes, beat, heat, 
etc. See Introductory Remarks, 3. 
-ath. (Sth) Bath, lath, path, 
hath, wrath, aftermath, rath. 

— (ath) Wrath, swath. 

-a the. Bathe, swathe, lathe, 
scathe. 

-auce. Sauce, hawse. 

-aud. Fraud, laud, applaud, de- 
fraud, broad, abroad, bawd ; also, 
the preterits and past participles of 
verbs in -aw, as, gnawed, sawed, etc. 

-augh. Laugh. See -alf. 

-aught. See -ought, and -aft. 

-aulm. Haulm, shawm. 

-ault. See -alt. 

-aunch. Launch, paunch, haunch, 
staunch. 

-aunt, (ant) Aunt, daunt, flaunt, 
gaunt, haunt, jaunt, taunt, vaunt, 
avaunt. Nearly rhyming with these is 
font. See Introductory Remarks, 4. 

— (ant) Vaunt, avaunt, want. 

-ause. Cause, pause, clause, ap- 
plause, because, yaws, hawse ; also, 
the plurals of nouns, and the third 
persons singular of verbs, in -aw, as, 
laws, draws, etc. 

-aust. Exhaust, holocaust. 

-aut. See -ought. 

-ave. Cave, brave, gave, grave, 
crave, lave, nave, knave, pave, rave, 
save, shave, slave, stave, wave, be- 
have, deprave, engrave, outbrave, 
forgave, misgave, architrave. The 
word have has no rhyme. 

-aw. Caw, craw, daw, law, chaw, 
claw, draw, flaw, gnaw, haw, jaw, 
maw, paw, raw, saw, shaw, straw, 



N 



972 



VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 



R 



U 



W 



taw, thaw, yaw, macaw, bashaw, 
withdraw, papa", foresaw. 

-awd Sea -aid. 

-awk. See -alk. 

-awl- Awl, bawl, brawl, crawl, 

drawl, pawl, scrawl, Bpawl, Bprawl, 
squall, yawl, all. ball, call, fall, call, 
small, "ball, pall. tall, wall, stall, 
squall, install, forestall, thrall, iu- 
thrall. waul. 

-awm. See -aulm. 

-awn. Dawn, brawn, fawn, pawn, 
prawn, spawn, drawn, yawn, lawn, 
withdrawn. 

-ax. Ax, lax, tax, wax, relax, 
flax, parallax; also, the plurals of 
nouns, and the third persons singu- 
lar present tense of verbs, in -ack, as, 
backs. Backs, lacks, packs, etc. 

-ay. Bay. bray, clay, day, dray, 
fay, tray, May. fray, gray, gay, hay, 
jay. lay. may, nay, pay, play, ray, 
say. way, pray, splay, spray, slay, 
spay, stay, stray, sway, affray, allay, 
array, astray, away, belay, betray, 
bewray, decay, defray, delay, disar- 
ray, display, dismay, essay, forelay, 
assay, away, gainsay, inlay, mislay, 
portray, relay, repay, roundelay, 
virelay, waylay, neigh, weigh, in- 
veigh, prey, they, convey, obey, pur- 
vey, survey, disobey, ballet, eh. Ar- 
chaic rhyjnes, tea, sea, see, etc. See 
Introductory Remarks, 6. 

-aze. Craze, daze, blaze, braze, 
gaze, glaze, haze, maze, raze, amaze, 
graze, raise, praise, dispraise, chaise, 
phrase, paraphrase ; also, the ?ioims 
plural, and the third persons singu- 
lar of the present tense of verbs, 
in -ay, -eigh, and -ey, as, days, in- 
veighs, obeys, etc. Archaic rhymes, 
ease, tease. See Introductory Re- 
marks, 6. 

-e. See -ee. 

-ea. (e and, archaic, a) See -ee 
and -ay. 

-eace. (es and, archaic, as) See 
-ease and -ace. 

-each. Beach, breach, bleach, 
each, peach, pleach, reach, preach, 
teach, impeach, beech, leech, speech, 
beseech, retch. 

-ead. (edanded) See -eed and -ed. 

-eaf. (eiandei) See -ief and -ef. 

-eague. League, teague, intrigue, 
fatigue, renege. 

-eak. (ek) Beak, speak, bleak, 
creak, freak, leak, peak, sneak, 
squeak, streak, weak, tweak, wreak, 
bespeak, eke, cheek, Greek, leek, 
creek, meek, reek, seek, sleek, cri- 
tique, bezique, clique, antique, 
oblique, pique, week, shriek. For 
archaic rhymes see -ake. 

— (ak) Break. See -ake. 

-eal. Deal, heal, reveal, meal, 
peal, seal, squeal, steal, teal, veal, 
weal, wheal, zeal, repeal, conceal, 
congeal, anneal, appeal, reveal, eel, 
heel, feel, keel, kneel, peel, reel, 
teel, wheel, genteel. For archaic 
rhymes see -ail. 

-ealm. See -elm. 

-eald. See -ield. 

-ealth. Health, wealth, stealth, 
commonwealth . 

-earn. Bream, cream, fleam, 
gleam, seam, scream, steam, stream, 
team, beam, dream, scheme, theme, 
blaspheme, extreme, supreme, deem, 
teem, beseem, misdeem, esteem, dis- 
esteem, redeem, seem. For archaic 
rhymes see -ame. 

-eampt- See -empt. 

-ean. Bean, ean, clean, dean, hot- 
tine, glean, lean, mean, quean, wean, 
yean, demean, unclean, convene, 
demesne, intervene, mien, machine, 
e'en, been, keen, screen, seen, scene, 



seine, preen, ween, sphene, steen, 
threne, green, sheen, spleen, lieu, 
between, careen, foreseen, serene, 
obscene, terrene, sardine, undine, 
chagreen, nankeen, baleen, scalene, 
canteen, poteen, routine, tontine, ra- 
vine, subvene, cuisine, queen. For 
archaic rhymes see -ain. 

-eant See -ent. 

-eap. (ep and, archaic, ap) See 
-eep and -ape. 

-ear. (er a7id, archaic, a"r) See 
-eek and -ARE. 

-earch. See -urch. 

-eard. (erd) Beard, weird ; also, 
the preterits and past participles of 
verbs in -ear, -ere ; as, feared, re- 
vered. 

— (-erd) See -urd. 
-earl. See -url. 
-earn. See -urn. 
-earse. See -erse. 

-eart. See -art. The word peart 
has no rhyme. 

-earth. See -irth. 

-ease, (es) Cease, lease, release, 
grease, decease, decrease, increase, 
surcease, creese, peace, piece, niece, 
fleece, geese, frontispiece, apiece. 
For archaic rhymes see -ace. 

— (ez) Ease, please, appease, dis- 
ease, displease, tease, seize, breeze, 
freeze, wheeze, sneeze, squeeze, 
cheese, these, frieze ; also, the plurals 
of nouns in -ea ; as, teas, pleas, etc. ; 
and the third person singular, pres- 
ent tense, of verbs in -ee ; as, fees, 
sees, etc. For archaic rhymes see 

-AZE. 

-eash. Leash, flysch. Backsheesh 
nearly rhymes with these words. 

-east East, feast, least, beast, 
yeast, priest ; also, the preterits and 
participles of verbs in -ease, as, 
ceased, increased, etc. For archaic 
rhymes see -aste. 

-eat. (et) Bleat, eat, feat, geat, 
heat, meat, neat, peat, seat, teat, 
treat, wheat, beat, cheat, defeat, es- 
treat, escheat, repeat, entreat, re- 
treat, obsolete, replete, concrete, 
complete, feet, fleet, gleet, greet, 
meet, sheet, sleet, street, sweet, dis- 
creet. For archaic rhymes see -ate. 

— (at) Great. See -ate. 

— (et) Threat. See -et. 

-eath. Breath, death, saith, sheth ; 
also, third person singular forms of 
verbs, when accented on the antepe- 
nult ; as, hindereth, lingereth, etc. 
See Introductory Remarks, 3. 

-eathe. Breathe, sheathe, wreathe, 
bequeath, beneath, underneath, 
seethe. 

-eau. See -ow (o). 

-eave. Cleave, heave, interweave, 
leave, interleave, reave, weave, be- 
reave, inweave, beeve, receive, con- 
ceive, deceive, perceive, eve, grieve, 
thieve, aggrieve, achieve, believe, dis- 
believe, relieve, reprieve, retrieve. 

-eh. Ebb, web, neb, bleb. 

-eck. Beck, fleck, neck, check, 
deck, peck, reck, speck, wreck, 
geek. 

-ect. Sect, abject, affect, correct, 
incorrect, collect, connect, defect, 
deflect, deject, detect, direct, disre- 
spect, disaffect, dissect, effect, elect, 
eject, erect, expect, indirect, infect, 
inject, inspect, neglect, object, pro- 
ject, protect, recollect, reflect, re- 
ject, respect, select, subject, sus- 
pect, architect, circumspect, dialect, 
intellect, intersect; also, the prete- 
rits and past participles of verbs in 
-eck, as, decked, checked, etc. 

-ed. Bed, bled, fed, fled, bred, 
led, red, shed, shred, sped, wed, zed, 
abed, inbred, misled, said, bread, 



-eek. 
-eel. 



-eep. 



dread, dead, head, lead, read, spread, 
stead, thread, tread, Iswhead. 

-ede. See -eed. 

-edge. Edge, dredge, fledge, 
hedge, kedge, ledge, pledge, sedge, 
sledge, wedge, allege, privilege, sac- 
rilege, sortilege. 

-ee. Bee, fee, free, glee, knee, 
see, thee, three, tree, agree, decree, 
degree, disagree, foresee, o'ersee, 
pedigree, jubilee, calipee, lee, be, ge, 
he, me, we, she, sea, pea, plea, rei, 
flea, lea, tea, key, cap-a-pie. Ar- 
chaic rhymes to words ending in an e 
sound are monosyllabic words ending 
in -y, -ye, or -ie, and polysyllables 
accented on the final syllable, or ac- 
cented on the antepenult; as, eye, 
melodie. See Introductory Re- 
marks, G, and -ay. 

-eece. See -ease (es). 

-eech. See -each. 

-eed. Bleed, breed, creed, deed, 
feed, freed, greed, heed, indeed, 
meed, need, reed, speed, seed, steed, 
tweed, weed, proceed, succeed, ex- 
ceed, knead, read, cede, intercede, 
precede, recede, concede, impede, 
supersede, Swede, etc., bead, lead, 
mead, plead. 

■eef • See -ief. 
See -eak. 
See -eal. 
See -eam. 
See -ean. 

Creep, deep, keep, peep, 
seep, sheep, sleep, steep, sweep, 
weep, asleep, cheap, heap, leap, 
neap, reap. For archaic rhymes see 

-APE. 

-eer. Beer, cheer, deer, fleer, 
jeer, leer, meer, peer, seer, sheer, 
sneer, steer, veer, pickeer, domineer, 
cannoneer, compeer, engineer, muti- 
neer, pioneer, privateer, charioteer, 
chanticleer, career, mountaineer, 
here, mere, sphere, adhere, cohere, 
interfere, persevere, revere, austere, 
severe, sincere, hemisphere, ear, 
blear, clear, dear, drear, fear, gear, 
hear, near, sear, shear, smear, spear, 
tear, rear, year, appear, besmear, 
disappear, endear, auctioneer, bier, 
pier, tier, wier. For archaic rhymes 
see -are. 

-eese. See -ease. 

-eet. See -eat (-et). 

-eethe. See -eathe. 

-eeve. See -eave. 

-eeze. See -ease (-ez). 

-et Clef, chef, enfeoff, deaf. 

-eft. Eft, cleft, deft, left, reft, 
theft, weft, bereft. 

-eg. Keg, leg, beg, peg, egg. 

-egm. See -em. 

-egn. See -ain. 

-eh. See -ay. 

-eigh. See -ay. 

-eight- (at and It) See -ate and 

-ITE. 

-eign. See -ain. 

-eil. (al and el) See -ail and 
-eel. 

-ein. See -ain. 

-eint. See -aint. 

-eir. See -are. 

-eird. See -eard (erd). 

-eive. See -eave. 

-eize. See -ease (ez). 

-eke. See -eak. 

-el, ell. Ell, dell, dwell, fell, hell, 
knell, quell, sell, bell, cell, foretell, 
befell, yell, well, tell, swell, spell, 
smell, shell, asphodel, doggerel, dis- 
pel, excel, compel, repel, rebel, im- 
pel, expel, parallel, philomel, senti- 
nel, infidel, citadel. See Introduc- 
tory Remarks, 6. 

-eld. Eld, held, geld, withheld, 
upheld, beheld; also, the preterits 



VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 



973 



and past participles of verbs in -ell, 
as, swelled, felled. 

-ell. Elf, pelf, self, shelf, himself. 

-elk. Elk, whelk, yelk. 

-elm. Elm, helm, realm, whelm, 
overwhelm. 

-elp. Help, kelp, whelp, yelp. 

-elt. Belt, Celt, gelt, melt, felt, 
welt, smelt, pelt, dwelt, dealt. 

-elve. Delve, helve, shelve, 
twelve. 

-elves. Elves, themselves; also, 
the plurals of nouns, and third per- 
sons singular of verbs, in -elf and 
-elve, as, twelves, delves, shelves. 

-em. Gem, hem, stem, them, dia- 
dem, requiem, stratagem, apothegm, 
condemn, contemn, phlegm. 

-erne. See -bah. 

-emn. See -em. 

-empt. Tempt, exempt, attempt, 
contempt, dreamt, preempt. 

-en. Den, hen, fen, glen, ken, 
men, pen, ten, then, wen, when, 
wren, denizen, again. 

-ence. Fence, hence, pence, 
thence, whence, commence, absti- 
nence, circumference, conference, 
confidence, consequence, continence, 
benevolence, concupiscence, differ- 
ence, diffidence, diligence, eloquence, 
eminence, evidence, excellence, im- 
penitence, impertinence, impotence, 
impudence, improvidence, inconti- 
nence, indifference, indigence, indo- 
lence, inference, intelligence, inno- 
cence, magnificence, munificence, 
negligence, omnipotence, penitence, 
preference, providence, reference, 
residence, reverence, vehemence, vio- 
lence, cense, dense, sense, condense, 
defense, dispense, expense, immense, 
incense, intense, offense, prepense, 
pretense, propense, suspense, frank- 
incense, recompense. See Introduc- 
tory Remarks, 3. 

-ench. Bench, blench, drench, 
retrench, quench, clench, stench, 
tench, trench, wench, wrench, in- 
trench. 

-end- Bend, mend, blend, end, 
fend, lend, rend, send, spend, tend, 
vend, wend, amend, attend, ascend, 
commend, contend, defend, depend, 
descend, distend, expend, extend, 
forefend, impend, misspend, offend, 
portend, pretend, suspend, transcend, 
unbend, apprehend, comprehend, 
condescend, discommend, minuend, 
recommend, reprehend, dividend, 
reverend, friend, befriend ; also, the 
preterits and participles of verbs in 
-en, as, penned, kenned, etc. 

-ends. Amends, — this rhymes 
with the plurals of nouns, aiid third 
persons singidar present tense of 
verbs, in -end, as, ends, friends, 
mends, etc. 

-ene. See -ean. 

-engfe. Venge, avenge, revenge. 

-ength. Length, strength. " 

-ense. (Sns) See -ence. 

— (enz) Cleanse, — this rhymes 
with the plurals of nouns, and the 
third persons singular present tense 
of verbs, in -en, as, hens, fens, pens, 
kens, etc. 

-ent. Bent, blent, cent, lent, rent, 
pent, scent, sent, spent, tent, vent, 
went, meant, absent, ascent, assent, 
attent, augment, cement, content, 
consent, descent, dissent, event, ex- 
tent, foment, frequent, indent, in- 
tent, invent, lament, misspent, o'er- 
spent, present, prevent, relent, re- 
pent, resent, ostent, ferment, out- 
went, underwent, discontent, unbent, 
circumvent, represent, abstinent, ac- 
cident, accomplishment, admonish- 
ment, acknowledgment, aliment, 



arbitrament, argument, banishment, 
battlement, blandishment, astonish- 
ment, armipotent, bellipotent, benev- 
olent, chastisement, competent, com- 
pliment, complement, confident, con- 
tinent, corpulent, detriment, differ- 
ent, diffident, diligent, disparage- 
ment, document, element, eloquent, 
eminent, equivalent, establishment, 
evident, excellent, excrement, exi- 
gent, experiment, firmament, fraudu- 
lent, government, embellishment, 
imminent, impenitent, impertinent, 
implement, impotent, imprisonment, 
improvident, impudent, incident, in- 
competent, incontinent, indifferent, 
indigent, innocent, insolent, instru- 
ment, irreverent, languishment, liga- 
ment, lineament, magnificent, man- 
agement, medicament, malcontent, 
monument, negligent, nourishment, 
nutriment, Occident, omnipotent, 
opulent, orient, ornament, parlia- 
ment, penitent, permanent, perti- 
nent, president, precedent, prevalent, 
provident, punishment, ravishment, 
regiment, resident, redolent, rudi- 
ment, sacrament, sediment, senti- 
ment, settlement, subsequent, sup- 
plement, intelligent, tenement, tem- 
perament, testament, tournament, 
turbulent, vehement, violent, viru- 
lent, reverent. See Introductory 
Remarks, 3. 

-entS. Accoutrements, — this 
rhymes with the plurals of nouns, 
and the third persons singular present 
tense of verbs, in -ent, as, scents, as- 
sents, etc. 

-ep. Step, nep, rep. 

-ept. Crept, sept, slept, swept, 
wept, kept, accept, adept, except, 
inept, intercept, stepped. 

-er, -err. (er and (ir) Aver, de- 
fer, infer, deter, inter, refer, trans- 
fer, confer, prefer, administer, wag- 
oner, islander, arbiter, character, vil- 
lager, cottager, dowager, forager, 
pillager, voyager, massacre, gar- 
dener, slanderer, flatterer, idolater, 
provender, theater, amphitheater, 
foreigner, lavender, messenger, pas- 
senger, sorcerer, interpreter, officer, 
mariner, conqueror, harbinger, min- 
ister, register, canister, chorister, 
sophister, presbyter, nourisher, phi- 
losopher, astrologer, loiterer, pris- 
oner, astronomer, sepulcher, thun- 
derer, traveler, murderer, usurer, err, 
her, sir, fir, stir, shirr, whirr, blur, 
cur, bur, fur, slur, spur, concur, de- 
mur, incur, recur, purr, myrrh. See 
Introductory Remarks, 3. 

-erb. (erb and Qrb) Herb, verb, 
superb, acerb, curb, perturb, disturb. 

-erch. See -urch. 

-erce. See -erse. 

-erd. See -urd. 

-ere. See -eer. 

-erf. See -urf. 

-erge. (erj and firj) Merge, 
verge, absterge, deterge, diverge, 
converge, emerge, immerge, dirge, 
urge, purge, surge, scourge, spurge, 
demiurge. 

-ergue- (erg and firg) Exergue, 
burgh, iceberg. 

-erm. See -irm. 

-em. See -urn. 

-erp. See -rap. 

-erse. (ers«??(/u"rs) Verse, herse, 
terse, absterse, adverse, averse, con- 
verse, disperse, immerse, perverse, 
reverse, transverse, traverse, asperse, 
intersperse, universe, amerce, coerce, 
curse, purse, nurse, accurse, dis- 
burse, imburse, reimburse, rehearse, 
hearse, worse. 

-ert. (ert and, firt) Pert, wert, 
advert, alert, assert, avert, concert, 



convert, controvert, desert, divert, 
exert, expert, inert, insert, invert, 
pervert, revert, subvert, disconcert, 
malapert, blurt, curt, hurt, spurt, 
wort, dirt, shirt, flirt, squirt. 

-erth. See -irth. 

-erve. (erv and Qrv) Serve, 
nerve, swerve, preserve, deserve, 
conserve, observe, reserve, disserve, 
subserve, curve. 

-es, -esce. See -ess. 

-ese. See -ease (ez). 

-esh. Flesh, fresh, refresh, thresh, 
afresh, mesh. 

-esk, -esque. Desk, grotesque, 
burlesque, arabesque, picturesque, 
moresque. 

-ess. Bless, dress, cess, chess, 
guess, less, mess, press, stress, ac- 
cess, address, assess, compress, con- 
fess, caress, depress, digress, dispos- 
sess, distress, excess, express, im- 
press, oppress, possess, profess, pro- 
gress, recess, repress, redress, suc- 
cess, transgress, acquiesce, noblesse, 
adulteress, bashfulness, bitterness, 
cheerfulness, comfortless, comeli- 
ness, craftiness, dizziness, drowsi- 
ness, eagerness, easiness, embassa- 
dress, emptiness, fatherless, filthi- 
ness, foolishness, forgetfulness, for- 
wardness, frowarduess, fruitfulness, 
fulsomeness, giddiness, greediness, 
gentleness, governess, happiness, 
haughtiness, heaviness, idleness, 
heinousness, hoariness, hollowness, 
holiness, lasciviousness, lawfulness, 
laziness, littleness, liveliness, lofti- 
ness, lioness, lowliness, manliness, 
masterless, mightiness, motherless, 
motionless, nakedness, neediness, 
noisomeness, numberless, patroness, 
peevishness, perfidiousness, pitiless, 
poetess, prophetess, ransomless, 
readiness, righteousness, shepherd- 
ess, sorceress, sordidness, spiritless, 
sprightliness, stubbornness, stur- 
diness, surliness, steadiness, tender- 
ness, thoughtfulness, ugliness, un- 
easiness, unhappiness, votaress, use- 
fulness, wakefulness, wantonness, 
weaponless, wariness, willingness, 
willfulness, weariness, wickedness, 
wilderness, wretchedness, drunken- 
ness, childishness, etc. See Intro- 
ductory Remarks, 3. 

-esse. See -ess. 

-est. Best, blest, chest, crest, 
guest, jest, lest, nest, pest, quest, 
rest, test, vest, west, wrest, arrest, 
attest, behest, bequest, contest, de- 
test, digest, divest, invest, infest, 
molest, obtest, protest, request, sug- 
gest, unrest, alkahest, interest, man- 
ifest, breast, abreast ; also, the prete- 
rits and the past participles of verbs 
in -ess, as, dressed, expressed, etc. 

-et. Bet, jet, fret, get, let, met, 
net, set, tret, wet, whet, yet, debt, 
abet, beget, beset, cadet, curvet, 
duet, forget, piquet, paraquet, re- 
gret, alphabet, amulet, anchoret, 
cabinet, epithet, parapet, rivulet, 
violet, coronet, annulet, croquette, 
sweat, threat, rosette, paroquet, 
stockinet, wagonette, epaulette, sil- 
houette. 

-etch. Etch, fetch, ketch, stretch, 
wretch, sketch, vetch, fletch, retch. 

-ete. See -eat (et). 

-eth. See -eath. 

-ette. See -et. 

-euce. See -use (us). 

-eud. See -ude (ud). 

-eum. See -oom. 

-eur. Amateur, connoisseur. 

-euth. Sleuth, youth. 

-eve. See -eave. 

-ew. Blew, clew, dew, flew, few, 
new, knew, hew, Jew, mew, pew, 



N 



074 



VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 



u 



w 



view. slew. spew. stew, yew, anew, 
askew, bedew, renew, review, em- 
uiew. interview, you. blue. clue, due, 
cue. glue. hue. sue, ensue, endue, 
imbue, pursue, subdue, adieu, pur- 
lieu, perdue, residue, avenue, reve- 
nue, retinue. See Introductory 
Remarks. 4. ami -oo (68 and ft). 

-ewd. See -TOM tud). 

-ewn. See -DBS. 

-ewt. See -ITE. 

-ex. Sex. vex. annex, convex, 
complex, perplex, circumflex ; also, 
the plurals of nouns, and the third 
persons singular of verbs, in -eck, as, 
checks, decks, wrecks, etc. 

-ext. Next, text, pretext ; also, 
the preterits and past participles of 
verbs in -ex, (*.-. vexed, perplexed. 

-ey. (.3 and e) See -ay and -ee. 

-ib. Bib, crib, squib, drib, fib, 
glib, nib. rib. 

-ibe. Bribe, gibe, tribe, scribe, as- 
cribe, imbibe, describe, superscribe, 
prescribe, proscribe, subscribe, tran- 
scribe, inscribe. 

-ic. See -ick. 

-ice. Ice. dice, lice, mice, nice, 
price, rice, spice, slice, tbrice, trice, 
twice, advice, entice, vice, device, 
cockatrice, rise, paradise, vise, con- 
cise, precise, sacrifice. Archaic 
rhymes, choice, voice, etc. See In- 
troductory Remarks, 6. 

-ich. See -itch. 

-ick. Brick, sick, chick, click, 
kick, lick, nick, pick, quick, rick, 
stick, thick, tick, trick, wick, arith- 
metic, choleric, catholic, heretic, 
rhetoric, lunatic, politic, etc. See 
Introductory Remarks, 3. 

-ict. Strict, addict, afflict, con- 
vict, inflict, predict, contradict ; also, 
the preterits and past participles of 
verbs in -ick, as, licked, kicked, etc. 

-id. Bid, chid, did, hid, kid, lid, 
mid. quid, slid, squid, skid, amid, rid, 
thrid, bestrid. pyramid, forbid. 

-ide. Bide, chide, hide, glide, 
pride, ride, slide, side, stride, tide, 
wide, bride, abide, guide, suicide, 
regicide, homicide, parricide, matri- 
cide, fratricide, aside, astride, beside, 
bestride, betide, coincide, collide, 
confide, decide, deride, divide, elide, 
preside, provide, reside, subside, 
misguide, subdivide, pied ; also, the 
preterits and past participles of verbs 
in -ie and -y, as, died, replied, etc., 
and the participle sighed. Archaic 
rhymes, void, ride, etc. See Intro- 
ductory Remarks, 6. 

-ides. Ides, besides; also, the 
plurals of nouns, and the third per- 
sons singular of verbs, in -ide, as, 
tides, rides, etc. 

-idge. Bridge, midge, ridge, 
abridge. 

-idst. Midst, amidst; also, the 
second person singular of the present 
tense of verbs in -id, as, thou did'st, 
bidd'st, etc. 

-ie or -y. I, by, "buy, cry, die, 
dry, eye, fly, fry, fie, hie, lie, pie, 
ply, pry, rye, shy, sly, spry, sky, 
sty. tie, try, vie, why, ally, apply, 
awry, belie, comply, decry, defy, de- 
scry, deny, imply, July, espy, outvie, 
outfly, rely, reply, supply, untie, am- 
plify, beautify, certify, crucify, de- 
ify, dignify, edify, falsify, fortify, 
gratify, glorify, indemnify, justify, 
magnify, modify, mollify, mortify, 
pacify, petrify, purify, putrefy, qual- 
ify, ratify, rectify, sanctify, satisfy, 
scarify, signify, specify, stupefy, ter- 
rify, testify, verify, vilify, vitrify, 
vivify, prophesy, high, nigh, sigh, 
thigh. For archaic rhymes with 
words ending in -ie, -y, -ye, etc., see 



-ee. See also Introductory Re- 
marks. (3. 

-iece. See -ease (es). 

-led. See -ide. 

-ief. Grief, chief, fief, lief, thief, 
brief : belief, relief, bas-relief, reef, 
beef, leaf, sheaf, {archaic) deaf. 

-lege. Liege, siege, assiege, be- 
mege, renege. 

-ield. Field, yield, shield, weald, 
wield, afield ; also, preterits and past 
participles of verbs in -eal, as, healed, 
sealed, etc. 

-ien. See -ean. 

-lend. (end) Fiend, spleeued ; 
also, the preterits and past partici- 
ples of verbs in -ean, as, weaned, 
gleaned, etc. 

— (end) Friend. See -end. 
-ier. See -eer. 

-ierce. Fierce, pierce, tierce. 

-iest. See -east. 

-ieu. See -ew. 

-ieve. See -eave. 

-lew. See -ew. 

-ieze. See -ease (ez). 

-if. See -d?f. 

-ile. Rife, fife, knife, wife, strife, 
life. 

-iff. If, cliff, skiff, stiff, whiff, 
griffe, hieroglyph. 

-ift. Gift, clift, drift, shift, lift, 
rift. sift, shrift, swift, thrift, adrift ; 
also, the preterits and past partici- 
ples of verbs in -iff, as, whiffed, etc. 

-ig. Big, dig, fig, gig, grig, jig, 
pig, prig, rig, sprig, twig, swig, whig, 
wig, periwig, whirligig. 

-igh See -ie. 

-ight. See -ite. 

-ign. See -ine. 

-igue. See -eague. 

-ike. Dike, like, pike, spike, 
strike, alike, dislike, fyke, vaudyke, 
tyke, oblique. 

-il. See -ill. 

-ilch. Filch, milch. 

-lid. (Ild) Child, mild, wild, 
isled, aisled ; also, the preterits and 
past participles of verbs of one sylla- 
ble in -ile, or of more than one syl- 
lable, provided the accent be on the 
last, as, piled, reviled, etc. Archaic 
rhymes, boiled, roiled, foiled, etc. See 
Introductory Remarks, 6. 

— (ild) Gild, guild, build, re- 
build, self-willed, regild, engild ; 
also, the preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -ill, as, filled, willed, etc. 

-ile. Bile, file, guile, mile, pile, 
smile, stile, tile, vile, while, awhile, 
wile, compile, revile, defile, erewhile, 
reconcile, beguile, isle, chyle, style, 
compile, resile, phial, aisle, rile, 
spile. Archaic rhymes, oil, boil, etc. 
See Introductory Remarks, 6. 

-ilk. Milk, silk, bilk. 

-ill and -il. Bill, brill, chill, dill, 
fill, frill, drill, gill, grill, hill, ill, Mil, 
mill, nill, pill, quill, rill, shrill, sill, 
skill, spill, squill, still, swill, thill, 
thrill, till, trill, will, distill, fulfill, 
instill, quadrille, spadille, dishabille ; 
also, codicil, daffodil, and words end- 
ing in -ile, with the accent on the an- 
tepenult, as, volatile, etc. See Intro- 
ductory Remarks, 3. 

-Ut. Gilt, jilt, built, quilt, guilt, 
hilt, kilt, lilt, milt, silt, spilt, stilt, 
tilt. 

-11th. Filth, tilth, spilth. 

-im. Brim, dim, glim, grim, him, 
rim, skim, slim, swim, trim, whim, 
prim, cherubim, seraphim, interim, 
limb, hymn, limn, paradigm. 

-imb. See -im and -ime. 

-lme. Chime, chyme, time, grime, 
clime, crime, prime, mime, slime, 
lime, sublime, pantomime, climb, 
rhyme, thyme, begrime. 



-imes. Betimes, sometimes ; also, 
the plurals of nouns, and the third 
persons singular present of verbs, in 
-ime, as, chimes, rhymes, etc. 

-iinn. See -im. 

-Imp. Gimp, imp, crimp, pimp, 
limp, gimp, shrimp, tyntp. 

-iinpse. Glimpse, — this rhymes 
with the plurals of nouns, and the 
third persons singidar present of 
verbs, in -imp, as, imps, limps, etc. 

-in. Bin, brin, been, chin, din, 
fin, gin, grin, in, kin, pin, shin, sin, 
spin, skin, thin, tin, twin, whin, win, 
wynu, within, chagrin, akin, begin, 
inn, turmaline, baldachin, discipline, 
masculine, feminine, libertine, hero- 
ine, violin, underpin, beguiue, aqui- 
line. See Introductory Remarks. 3. 

-inc. See -ink. 

-ince. Mince, chinse, prince, 
since, quince, rinse, wince, convince, 
evince. 

-inch. Clinch, cinch, chinch, 
finch, flinch, winch, pinch, inch, 
lynch, skinch. 

-inct. Tinct, instinct, distinct, 
extinct, precinct, succinct ; also, the 
preterits and past participles of 
verbs in -ink, as, linked, pinked, etc. 

-ind. (ind) Bind, find, mind, 
blind, hind, kind, grind, rind, wind, 
behind, unkind, remind ; also, the 
preterits and past participles of verbs 
in -ine, as, refined. Archaic rhymes, 
joined, purloined, etc. See Intro- 
ductory Remarks, 6. 

— (Tnd) Rescind, wind ; also, the 
preterits and past participles of verbs 
in -in, as, tinned, pinned. 

-ine. (in) Dine, brine, mine, 
chine, fine, line, nine, pine, shine. 
shrine, sine, swine, kine, thine, tine, 
trine, twine, vine, wine, whine, com- 
bine, confine, decline, define, incline, 
inshrine, intwine, opine, calcine, car- 
bine, recline, refine, repine, super- 
fine, interline, countermine, under- 
mine, supine, concubine, porcupine, 
divine, sign, assign, consign, design, 
anodyne, aquiline. Archaic rhymes, 
join, loin, etc. See Introductory Re- 
marks. 6. 

— (in) See -in. 

-ing. Bring, sing, cling, fling, 
king, ling, ring, sling, spring, sting, 
string, swing, wing, wring, thing ; 
also, present participles in -ing. with 
the accent on the antepenult, as, re- 
covering, altering, etc. See Intro- 
ductory Remarks, 3. 

-Inge. Cringe, fringe, hinge, 
singe, springe, swinge, tinge, twinge, 
infringe. 

-Ink. Ink, think, wink, drink, 
blink, brink, chink, clink, link, pink, 
shrink, sink, skink, slink, stink, be- 
think, forethink, zinc, cinque. 

-inse. See -ince. 

-int. Dint, mint, hint, flint, lint, 
print, splint, sprint, squint, 
asquint, imprint. Pint has 
archaic rhymes, joint, oint, etc. 
Introductory Remarks, 6. 

-inth. Plinth, hyacinth, laby- 
rinth. 

-ins. Minx, sphinx, lynx, me- 
thinks ; also, the plurals of nouns, 
and the third persons singular of the 
present tense of verbs, in -ink; as, 
winks, thinks, etc. 

-ip. Chip, lip, hip, clip, dip, drip, 
flip, grip, nip, quip, sip, rip, scrip, 
ship, skip, slip, snip, strip, tip, trip, 
whip, equip, eldership, fellowship, 
workmanship, rivalship, and all 
words in -ship, with the accent on the 
antepenultimate. See Introductory 
Remarks, 3. 

-ipe. Gripe, pipe, ripe, snipe, 



tint, 
only 



VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 



975 



tripe, stripe, wipe, type, archetype, 
prototype. 

-ipse. Eclipse, apocalypse; also, 
the plurals of nouns, and the third 
persons singular present tense of 
verbs, in -ip, as, lips, strips, etc. 

-ique. See -eak and -ike. 

-ir. See -ek. 

-irch. See -urch. 

-ird. See -urd. 

-Ire. Fire, dire, hire, ire, lyre, 
mire, quire, sire, spire, squire, wire, 
tire, attire, acquire, admire, aspire, 
conspire, desire, inquire, entire, ex- 
pire, inspire, require, respire, retire, 
transpire, squier, choir, gyre, friar, 
liar, brier; also, nouns formed from 
verbs ending in -ie or -y, as, crier, 
dyer, and the comparative of adjec- 
tives of the same sounding termi- 
nations, as, nigher, shyer, etc. See 
Introductory Remarks, 8. 

-irge. See -erge. 

-irk. See -urk. 

-lrl. See -url. 

-irm. (erm and firm) Firm, 
squirm, affirm, confirm, infirm, germ, 
term, worm. 

-Irp. (erp and firp) Chirp, ex- 
tirp, usurp, discerp. 

-irr. See -er. 

-irst- See -urst. 

-irt. See -ert. 

-irth. (erth and firth) Birth, 
girth, mirth, firth, earth, dearth, 
worth, berth. 

-is. Is, his, whiz. 

-isc. See -isk. 

-lse. (is and Iz) See -ice and 

-IZE. 

-ish. Dish, wish, fish, pish, swish. 

-isk. Brisk, frisk, disk, disc, risk, 
whisk, basilisk, obelisk, tamarisk, 
odalisque. 

-ism. Chrism, solecism, abysm, 
schism, prism, anachronism, syllo- 
gism, criticism, witticism, organism, 
heroism, egotism, egoism, cataclysm, 
mysticism, Methodism, etc. See In- 
troductory Remarks, 3. 

-isp. Crisp, wisp, lisp. 

-iss. Bliss, miss, hiss, kiss, this, 
amiss, submiss, dismiss, remiss, 
abyss, cuish. 

-ist. Fist, grist, hist, list, mist, 
twist, whist, wist, wrist, assist, con- 
sist, desist, exist, insist, persist, re- 
sist, subsist, alchemist, anatomist, 
antagonist, annalist, cabalist, biga- 
mist, economist, evangelist, eucha- 
rist, exorcist, fatalist, fabulist, her- 
balist, humorist, journalist, moralist, 
loyalist, royalist, novelist, oculist, 
organist, satirist, amethyst, etc. ; 
also, the preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -iss, as, missed, hissed, 
etc. See Introductory Remarks, 3. 

-it. Bit, chit, cit, hit, fit, grit, flit, 
kit, knit, lit, nit, pit, quit, sit, slit, 
smit, sprit, spit, split, tit, twit, wit, 
whit, writ, admit, acquit, befit, com- 
mit, emit, omit, outwit, permit, re- 
mit, submit, transmit, refit, benefit, 
intermit, pretermit, perquisite. 

-itch. Ditch, pitch, fitch, bitch, 
flitch, hitch, itch, stitch, switch, 
twitch, witch, bewitch, which, rich, 
niche. 

-ite. -ight. Bite, cite, kite, mite, 
quite, rite, site, smite, spite, trite, 
white, write, contrite, anthracite, 
chrysolite, disunite, despite, ignite, 
indite, invite, excite, incite, polite, re- 
quite, recite, unite, reunite, aconite, 
recondite, appetite, hermaphrodite, 
parasite, satellite, expedite, blight, 
benight, bright, fight, flight, fright, 
height, hight (was called), light, 
knight, night, might, plight, right, 
tight, sleight, slight, sight, spxight, 



wight, wright, affright, alight, aright, 
foresight, delight, despite, unsight, 
upright, benight, bedight, oversight, 
proselyte, expedite. 

-ith. Pith, smith, frith, withe. 
The preposition with has no rhyme. 

-ithe. Blithe, tithe, writhe, lithe, 
scythe. 

-ive. (iv) Five, dive, live, alive, 
hive, drive, rive, shive, shrive, strive, 
thrive, wive, arrive, connive, con- 
trive, deprive, derive, revive, sur- 
vive, gyve. 

— (Tv) Give, live, sieve, forgive, 
outlive, fugitive, laxative, narrative, 
prerogative, primitive, sensitive, 
affirmative, alternative, contempla- 
tive, demonstrative, diminutive, dis- 
tributive, donative, inquisitive, leni- 
tive, negative, perspective, positive, 
preparative, provocative, purgative, 
restorative, etc. See Introductory 
Remarks, 3. 

-ix. Fix, six, mix, affix, commix, 
executrix, infix, prefix, prolix, trans- 
fix, intermix, crucifix, pyx, sardonyx, 
etc. ; also, the plurals of nouns, and 
the third persons of verbs, in -ick, as, 
wicks, licks, etc. 

-ixt. Betwixt, — this rhymes ivith 
the preterits and participles of verbs 
in -ix, as, fixed, mixed, etc. 

-iz. See -is. 

-ize. Prize, wise, rise, size, as- 
size, guise, demise, disguise, baptize, 
advise, apprise, arise, authorize, can- 
onize, catechise, dogmatize, chastise, 
civilize, colonize, comprise, criticise, 
despise, devise, emprise, enterprise, 
epitomize, equalize, excise, exercise, 
idolize, immortalize, patronize, mor- 
alize, otherwise, stigmatize, premise, 
recognize, revise, signalize, solem- 
nize, supervise, surprise, surmise, 
sympathize, temporize, tyrannize, 
etc. , suffice, sacrifice ; also, the plu- 
rals of nouns, and the third persons 
singular present tense of verbs, end- 
ing in -ie or -y, as, pies, lies, etc. 
Archaic rhymes, noise, boys, etc. 
See Introductory Remarks, 3, 6. 

-0. (5 and ob) See -ow and -oo. 

-oach. Broach, brooch, coach, 
poach, roach, abroach, approach, en- 
croach, reproach, loach. 

-oad. (ad and od) See -aud and 

-ODE. 

-oaf. Oaf, loaf. 

-oak. See -oke. 

-oal. See -ole. 

-oam. See -ome. 

-oan. See -one. 

-oap. See -ope. 

-oar. See -ore. 

-oard. See -ord (ord). 

-oast. See -ost (ost). 

-oat. See -ote. 

-oath. See -oth (oth). 

-oax. Hoax, coax ; also, the plu- 
rals of nouns, and the third persons 
singular present of verbs, in -oke, 
-oak, etc. ; as, oaks, soaks, smokes. 

-Ob. Cob, fob, bob, hob, job, lob, 
mob, knob, sob, rob, throb, swab, 
squab. 

-Obe. Globe, lobe, probe, robe, 
disrobe, conglobe. 

-OCk. Block, lock, cock, clock, 
crock, dock, frock, flock, hock, hol- 
lyhock, knock, mock, pock, rock, 
shock, smock, stock, sock, unlock. 

-OCt. Concoct, decoct ; also, the 
preterits and past participles of verbs 
in -ock, as, blocked, locked, etc. 

-Od. Cod, clod, God, hod, pod, 
rod, sod, trod, nod, plod, shod, tod, 
demigod, odd, quad, wad. 

-Ode. Bode, ode, code, mode, 
node, rode, abode, corrode, explode, 
forebode, commode, incommode, epi- 



sode, road, toad, goad, load, woad ; 
also, the preterits and past participle* 
of verbs in -ow, as, owed, showed. 

-odge Dodge, lodge, podge. 

-06. (o and do) See -ow and -oo. 

-oes. Does, buzz. 

-Off. Off, doff, scoff, cough, 
trough. See -alf. 

-Oft. Oft, croft, loft, soft, toft, 
aloft ; also, the preterits and past 
participles of verbs in -off, as, scoffed. 

-Og. Hog, bog, cog, dog, clog, 
fog, frog, grog, log, jog, agog, prog, 
pollywog, dialogue, epilogue, syna- 
gogue, catalogue, pedagogue. 

-Oge. Doge, gamboge. 

-Ogue. Brogue, rogue, vogue, 
prorogue, disembogue. 

-Oh. See -ow (o). 

-oice. Choice, voice, rejoice. For 
archaic rhymes see -ice. 

-Old. Void, avoid, devoid, aste- 
roid, alkaloid ; also, the preterits and 
past participles of verbs in -oy, as, 
buoyed, cloyed, etc. For archaic 
rhymes see -ide. 

-Oif. Coif has no rhyme. 

-Oign. See -oin. 

-Oil. Oil, boil, broil, coil, foil, 
moil, roil, soil, spoil, toil, despoil, 
embroil, recoil, turmoil, disembroil. 
For archaic rhymes see -ile. 

-OiQ. Coin, coign, join, subjoin, 
groin, loin, quoin, adjoin, benzoin, 
conjoin, disjoin, enjoin, purloin, re- 
join. See Introductory Remarks, 
6, and -ine. 

-oint. Oint, joint, point, conjoint, 
disjoint, anoint, appoint, disappoint, 
counterpoint, aroynt. 

-oir. Devoir, reservoir. 

-Oire. See -ire. 

-oise. Poise, noise, counterpoise, 
equipoise, avoirdupois ; also, the plu- 
rals of nouns, and the third persons 
singular present tense of verbs, in 
-oy, as, boys, cloys, etc. For archaic 
rhymes see -ize. 

-Oist. Hoist, moist, foist, joist ; 
also, the preterits and past partici- 
ples of verbs in -oice, as, rejoiced. 

-Oit. Quoit, dacoit, doit, droit, ex- 
ploit, adroit. 

-Oke. Broke, choke, coke, joke, 
poke, smoke, spoke, stroke, yoke, 
artichoke, bespoke, convoke, invoke, 
provoke, revoke, awoke, cloak, oak, 
soak, baroque. 

-Ol. (51) Loll, doll, extol, capi- 
tol, protocol, alcohol, vitriol, sol. 

— (ol) See -ole. 

-Old. Old, bold, cold, fold, gold, 
hold, mold, mould, scold, sold, told, 
wold, behold, enfold, unfold, uphold, 
withhold, foretold, manifold, mari- 
gold ; also, the preterits and past 
participles of verbs in -oil, -ole, -oal, 
etc. ; as, rolled, cajoled, foaled, etc. 

-Ole. Bole, dole, jole, hole, mole, 
pole, sole, stole, whole, cajole, con- 
dole, parole, pistole, coal, foal, goal, 
patrol, bowl, droll, knoll, poll, roll, 
scroll, stroll, .toll, troll, control, en- 
roll, soul. 

-olen. Stolen, swollen, or swoln. 

-oil. (51 and 51) See -ol and 

-OLE. 

-Olt. Bolt, colt, jolt, holt, dolt, 
molt, moult, revolt, thunderbolt. 

-Olve. Solve, absolve, resolve, 
convolve, involve, devolve, dissolve, 
evolve, revolve. 

-om. (5m) From, Tom. 

— (obm) Whom. See -oom. 
-omb. (obm, om, and Qui) See 

-oom, -ome, and -um. 

-ome. Chrome, dome, home, tome, 
foam, loam, roam, comb. 

-omp. Romp, pomp, stomp, 
tromp, swamp. 



N 



976 



VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 



u 



w 



ompt- Prompt, — this rhymes 
trUhthf preterit and past participle 

Mlip. 

-on. (.on^ Don, on, con, upon, 
yon. :uion. shone, paraxon, phenome- 
non, cone, undergone, Amazon, ju- 
pon. swan, wan, cinnamon, compari- 
son, caparison, garrison, skeleton, 
Introductory Remarks. 3. 

— (9n) Son, ton. etc. See -u.n. 
-once. (8ns) Sconce, ensconce, 

response, nonce. 

— (8ns) Once. See -unce. 
-onch. Couch, honk. 

-ond Pond, bond, fond, yond, 
wand, beyond, abscond, correspond, 
despond, respond, diamond, vaga- 
bond ; also, the preterits and past 
participles of verbs in -on, as, donned, 
conned, etc. 

-one. (.on) Prone, bone, cone, 
crone, drone, hone, throne, alone, 
shone, stone, tone, lone, zone, atone, 
depone, enthrone, intone, dethrone, 
postpone, grown, flown, disown, 
thrown, sown, own, loan, shown, 
overthrown, groan, blown, moan, 
known. 

— urn) Done. See -rx. 

— (on) Gone. See -ox. 

-ong. (ong) Gong, long, prong, 
song, thong, strong, throng, wrong, 
along, belong, prolong. 

— (ling) Among. See -ung. 
-ongne. See -xm&. 

-onk. See -uxk. -oxch. 

-onse. See -once (ons). 

-ont. (ont) Font. — this nearly 
rhymes with aunt, daunt, etc. See 
-aunt (ant), and Introductory Re- 
marks. 4. 

— (Qnt) Front. See -uxt. 

-00. (oo and u) Coo, too, woo, 
bamboo, taboo, shampoo, cockatoo, 
tattoo, shoe, two. who, etc., do, ado, 
undo, through, chew, eschew, brew. 
drew, grew, shrew, threw, crew, 
withdrew, screw, strew, rue, true, 
accrue, imbrue, ormolu. See -ew, 
and Introductory Remarks, 4. 

-OOCh. Cartouch. smooch. 

-OOd (obd and ud). Brood, mood, 
food, rood, rude, crude, prude, in- 
trude, obtrude, protrude, extrude : 
also, the preterits and past partici- 
ples of verbs in -oo, as, cooed, wooed ; 
also, the preterits and past partici- 
ples of many verbs in -ue and -ew, 
as, brewed, strewed, etc. See -ude, 
and Introductory Remarks, 4. 

— (6"od) Wood, good, hood, stood, 
withstood, could, would, should, un- 
derstood, brotherhood, livelihood, 
likelihood, neighborhood, widow- 
hood, etc. See Introductory Re- 
marks, 3. 

-OOf. Hoof, proof, roof, woof, 
aloof, disproof, reproof, behoof. 

-00k. (ook) Book, brook, cook, 
crook, hook, look, nook, rook, shook, 
took, mistook, undertook, forsook, 
betook. 

— (ook) Snook, spopk, chibouque, 
caoutchouc. See -uke, and Introduc- 
tory Remarks, 4. 

-00l. fool and ul) Cool, drool, 
fool, pool, school, spool, stool, tool, 
befool, rule, overrule. See -ule, and 
Introductory Remarks, 4. 

oom. (oom and um) Boom, 
gloom, groom, loom, room, spoom, 
bloom, broom, doom, tomb, entomb, 
whom. womb, grume. See-UME, and 
Introductory Remarks, 4. 

-oon. (don and un) Boon, loon, 
toon, noon, spoon, swoon, ba- 
raccoon, barracoon, cocoon, 
rigadoon, dragoon, typhoon, panta- 
loon, balloon, galloon, afternoon, 
harpoon, picaroon, monsoon, bas- 



soon, platoon, pontoon, cartoon, fes- 
toon, buffoon, lampoon, poltroon, 
prune, rune. See -une, and Intro- 
ductory Remarks, 4. 

-OOp. (oop and up) Loop, poop, 
scoop, sloop, stoop, swoop, troop, 
droop, whoop, coop, hoop, soup, 
group, croup, drupe. See -upe, and 
Introductory Remarks, 4. 

-OOr. (bbr and ur) Boor, poor, 
moor, tour, amour, paramour, con- 
tour, assure, insure. See -ure, and 
Introductory Remarks. 4. 

— (or) Door. See -ore. 

-oose. (bbs and us) Goose, loose, 
moose, caboose, noose, spruce, truce, 
ruse, abstruse. See -use (us), and 
Introductory Remarks, 4. 
1 — (obz) See -ooze. 
1 -OOt. (obt and ut) Root, boot, 
1 coot, hoot, moot, shoot, toot, soot, 
knout, brute, parachute, fruit, re- 
cruit, chute. See -ute, and Intro- 
ductory Remarks, 4. 

— (oot and ut) Foot. soot. put. 
-00th. (both) Booth, smooth, 

i smoothe. soothe. 

j — (both and uth) Tooth, sooth, 
! forsooth, uncouth, truth, ruth. See 
i -euth, and Introductory Remarks, 
4. 
-OOVe. See -ovE (oov). 
-ooze. Ooze, whose, choose, booze, 
lose, noose, snooze ; also, the plurals 
of nouns, and the third persons sin- 
gular present tense of many verbs, 
ending in -oo, -ue (u), etc., as, coos, 
' rues, etc. See -use (uz), and Intro- 
ductory Remarks, 4. 

-op. Chop, hop. drop, crop, fop, 

lop, mop, top, prop, flop, shop, slop, 

sop. stop, strop, swop, underprop, 

Ethiop. 

i -ope. Hope, cope, mope, grope, 

pope, rope, scope, slope, tope, trope, 

: aslope, elope, interlope, telescope, 

! heliotrope, horoscope, antelope, ope, 

soap. 

-opt. Adopt rhymes with the pret- 
erits and past participles of verbs in 
-op, as, hopped, lopped, etc. 

-Or. (8r and ar) Or, for, nor, 
| abhor, lessor, obligor, legator, bailor, 
etc.. war, bucentaur ; also, words 
I ending in -or ; as, creditor, counselor, 
i confessor, competitor, emperor, an- 
cestor, conspirator, successor, con- 
queror, governor, when pronounced 
so as to give the last syllable the 6r 
sound. See Introductory Remarks, 
3,4. 

— (or) Bore, boar, etc. See -ore, 
| and Introductory Remarks, 4. 

■ -orb- Orb, sorb, absorb. 

-orce. See -orse (ors). 

-orch. Scorch, torch ; nearly rhym- 
ing u-ith these is porch. See Intro- 
ductory Remarks, 4. 

-ord- (6rd and ard) Cord, chord, 
lord, record, accord, abhorred, harp- 
sichord, ward, sward, award, re- 
ward. 

— (ord) Hoard, board, aboard, 
ford, afford, sword, gourd ; also, the 
preterits and past participles of verbs 
in -ore, as, bored, etc. See Intro- 
ductory Remarks, 4. 

-ore. Bore, core, corps, gore, 
lore, more, ore, pore, score, shore, 
snore, sore, store, swore, tore, wore, 
yore, adore, afore, ashore, before, 
deplore, explore, ignore, implore, re- 
store, forbore, forswore, heretofore, 
hellebore, sycamore, boar, gore, oar, 
roar, soar, four, door, floor, corridor, 
o*er. See -or, and Introductory 
Remarks. 4. 

-orf. Corf. See -arf. 

-orge. Gorge, disgorge, regorge. 
Nearly rhyming with these is forge. 



-OTk. Ore, cork, fork, stork,, 
torque. Nearly rhyming with these 
is pork. 

-orld World rhymes with the 
prctt rits and past participles of verbs 
in -url, as, hurled, curled, etc'. 

-orm. (6rm and arm) Form, 
storm, conform, deforui, inform, per- 
form, reform, misinform, uniform, 
cruciform, multiform, chloroform* 
transform, norm, warm, swarm. 

— (firm) Worm. See -irm. 
-orn. (Srn and am) Born, corn, 

morn, horn, lorn, scorn, thorn, adorn, 
forlorn, suborn, unicorn, capricorn, 
warn, forewarn. 

— (brn) Shorn, torn, worn, 
sworn, bourn, bourne, forsworn, 
overborne, borne, forborne, mourn, 
etc. See Introductory Remarks, 4. 

-orp. Thorp, warp. 

-orse. (Srs) Corse, gorse, horse„ 
morse, endorse, remorse, unhorse, 
torse, dextrorse. 

— (ors) Corse, coarse, course, 
hoarse, recourse, intercourse, source, 
resource, force, divorce, enforce, 
perforce. See Introductory Re- 
marks, 4, 

-orst. See -urst, 

-ort. (Srt and art) Short, ort r 
bort, sort, exhort, consort, distort, 
extort, resort, retort, snort, swart, 
thwart, wart, amort, assort. 

— (ort) Fort, port, sport, com- 
port, disport, export, import, sup- 
port, transport, report, court. See 
Introductory Rejiarks, 4. 

-orth. Forth, fourth ; these nearly 
rhyme with swarth, north. 

-ose. (os) Close, dose, jocose, 
morose, verbose, operose, frondose,. 
globose, gross, engross, 

— (oz) Close, dose, hose, pose, 
chose, nose, prose, those, rose, com- 
pose, depose, disclose, dispose, dis- 
compose, expose, impose, inclose, in- 
terpose, oppose, propose, recompose, 
repose, suppose, transpose, arose, 
presuppose, foreclose, etc., doze, 
froze, gloze ; also, the plurals of 
nouns, and third persons singular in- 
dicative of verbs, in -ow, -oe, -o, etc., 
as, rows, glows, foes, goes, etc. 

-OSh. See -ash (osh). 

-OSk, -osque. Bosk, mosque, ki- 
osk. 

-OSS. Boss, loss, cross, dross,, 
fosse, gloss, moss, toss, across, em- 
boss, soss, albatross. 

-OSt. (ost) Cost, frost, lost, ac- 
cost, pentecost ; also, the preterits 
and past participles of verbs in -oss, 
as, mossed, embossed, etc. 

— (ost) Ghost, host, post, com- 
post, most, coast, boast, toast. 

-0t. Clot, cot, blot, dot, got, hot, 
jot, lot, knot, not, plot, pot, scot, 
shot, slot, sot, spot, apricot, trot, 
tot, rot, grot, wot, begot, forgot, al- 
lot, besot, complot, counterplot, 
polyglot, what, squat, yacht. 

-Otch. Botch, blotch, crotch, 
notch, scotch, splotch, watch. 

-Ote. Dote, cote, note. vote, mote, 
quote, rote, tote, wrote, shoat. stoat, 
smote, azote, denote, promote, re- 
mote, devote, anecdote, antidote, 
boat, coat, bloat, doat, float, gloat, 
goat, oat, sloat, overfloat, afloat, 
throat, moat. 

-Oth. (oth) Broth, cloth, froth, 
Goth, moth, troth, betroth. 

— (oth) Both, loth, sloth, oath, 
growth. 

— (ath) Wroth, swath. 

-on." (ou) Thou. See -ow (ou). 

— (u) You. See -ew. 
-oubt. See -our (out). 

-OUCh. (ouch) Ouch, couch. 



VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 



977 



•pouch, vouch, slouch, avouch, crouch, 
smouch, scaramouch. 

— (uch) Touch. See -utch. 

— (6och) Cartouch. See -ooch. 
-ouche. Douche, ruche, rouche, 

"barouche, debouch. 

-OUd. Shroud, cloud, proud, loud, 
aloud, overshroud, crowd ; also, the 
preterits and past participles of verbs 
an -ow, as, bowed, vowed, etc. 

-OUgh. (af ? ou and o, and fif) 
See -off, -ow^ and -uft. 

-ought. Bought, thought, ought, 
brought, forethought, fought, ghaut, 
ghat, nought, sought, wrought, be- 
sought, bethought, methought, taut, 
aught, naught, caught, taught, be- 
■straught, distraught. 

-OUl. (oul and ol) See -owl and 

-OLE. 

-OUld. See -old and -ood (d6d). 

-oult. See -olt. 

-OUn. See -own (oun). 

-ounce- Bounce, flounce, frounce, 
Tenounce, jounce, pounce, ounce, 
trounce, announce, denounce, pro- 
nounce. 

-ound. (ound) Bound, found, 
tmound, ground, hound, pound, 
round, sound, wound, abound, 
aground, around, astound, confound, 
compound, expound, profound, re- 
bound, redound, resound, propound, 
surround ; also, the preterits and past 
participles of the verbs in -own (oun), 
as, frowned, renowned, etc. 

— (oond) Wound, — this rhymes 
with preterits and past participles of 
verbs in -oon and -une (un) ; as, 
swooned, pruned, etc., and nearly 
with those of verbs in -une (un) ; as, 
tuned, communed, etc. See Intro- 
ductory Remarks, 4. 

-OUUg. See -ung. 

-ount- Count, mount, fount, 
amount, dismount, recount, remount, 
surmount, account, discount, mis- 
count, paramount, tantamount. 

-oup. See -oop. 

-ouque. See -ook (ook). 

-our. Hour, flour, sour, our, 
Bcour, deflour, devour, bower, cower, 
flower, lower, power, shower, tower, 
etc. See Introductory Remarks, 
.8. 

-ourge. See -erge. 

-OUrn. See -orn (orn) and -urn. 

-ourne. See -orn (orn). 

-OUTS, (ourz) Ours, — this rhymes 
with the plurals of nouns, and the 
•third persons present of verbs, in -our 
and -ower, as, hours, scours, deflours, 
bowers, showers, etc. See Introduc- 
tory Remarks, 8. 

— (oorz) Yours, — this rhymes 
with plurals of nouns, and third per- 
sons present of verbs, in -ure, as, 
cures, endures, etc., and nearly 
rhymes with plurals of words in -oor, 
-our (dor), etc. ; as, boors, moors, 
tours, etc. See Introductory Re- 
marks, 4. 

-ourse. See -orse (ors). 

-OUIt. See -ort (ort). 

-ourth. See -orth. 

-ous. See -vs. 

-ouse. (ous) Douse, house, to., 
louse, grouse, mouse, n., chouse, 
aouse. 

— (ouz) House, v., mouse, v., 
Touse, spouse, carouse, souse, es- 
pouse, blowse, browse ; also, the plu- 
rals of nouns, and the third persons 
present tense of verbs, in -ow, av, 
brows, allows, etc. 

-OUSt. Joust. See -ust. 

-OUt. (out) Bout, lout, flout, 

stout, out, clout, pout, gout, grout, 

knout, rout, scout, shout, snout, 

spout, sprout, trout, about., devout, 

62 



without, throughout, doubt, redoubt, 
misdoubt, drought. 

— (dot) Knout. See -oot (oot). 
-outh. (outh) Mouth, n., south, 

a., drouth. 

— (outh) Mouth, v., — the verb 
south is by some rhymed with this. 

— (uth) See -euth. 

-0V6. (ov) Wove, inwove, inter- 
wove, cove, Jove, alcove, clove, 
grove, mauve, shrove, hove, rove, 
stove, strove, throve, drove. 

— (oov) Move, behoove, behove, 
approve, disprove, disapprove, im- 
prove, groove, prove, reprove. 

— (Qv) Dove, glove, love, shove, 
above. 

-OW. (ou) Now, bow, how, mow, 
cow, brow, plow, row, scow, sow, 
swough, vow, prow, avow, allow, dis- 
allow, endow, bough, slough, thou, 
kotow. 

(o) Blow, stow, crow, bow, flow, 
glow, grow, know, low, mow, row, 
show, sow, strow, stow, slow, snow, 
tow, throw, trow, below, bestow, 
foreknow, outgrow, overgrow, over- 
flow, overthrow, reflow, foreshow, 
go, no, toe, foe, owe, wo, oh, so, 
lo, though, hoe, ho, ago, forego, un- 
dergo, dough, roe, sloe, beau, sew, 
strew. 

-owd. See -oud. 

-OWl. Cowl, growl, owl, fowl, 
howl, prowl, scowl, foul. 

-own. (oun) Brown, town, clown, 
crown, down, drown, frown, gown, 
adown, renown, embrown, noun. 

— (on) See -one. 

-OWSC See -ouse. 

-OWth. Growth. See -oth (oth). 

-OX. Ox, box, fox, equinox, ortho- 
dox, heterodox ; also, the plurals of 
nouns, and the third j>ersons present 
of verbs, in -ock, as, locks, stocks, 
etc. 

-oy. Boy, buoy, coy, employ, 
cloy, joy, toy, troy, alloy, annoy, 
convoy, decoy, deploy, destroy, en- 
joy, employ, savoy, corduroy. 

-oynt. Aroynt. See -oint. 

-OZC See -ose (oz). 

-uard. See -ard. 

-UD. Cub, club, dub, chub, drub, 
grub, rub, slub, snub, scrub, shrub, 
stub, tub, syllabub, Beelzebub. 

-UDO. Cube, tube. 

-U06. See -use (us). 

-UCh. See -utch. 

-uck. Buck, cluck, luck, muck, 
puck, pluck, ruck, shuck, suck, 
struck, tuck, truck, duck, amuck. 

-UCt. Duct, conduct, deduct, in- 
duct, construct, eruct, instruct, ob- 
struct, aqueduct ; also, the preterits 
and past participles of verbs in -uck, 
as, ducked, sucked, etc. 

-ud. Bud, scud, stud, mud, cud, 
blood, flood, rud, spud, thud. 

-ude. (ud) Allude, conclude, de- 
lude, denude, elude, exclude, exude, 
include, preclude, prelude, seclude, 
altitude, fortitude, gratitude, inter- 
lude, latitude, longitude, magnitude, 
multitude, quietude, solicitude, soli- 
tude, vicissitude, aptitude, habitude, 
ingratitude, inaptitude, lassitude, 
plenitude, promptitude, servitude, 
similitude, etc., lewd, feud ; also, the 
preterits and past participles of many 
verbs in -ew and -ue, as, stewed, 
viewed, subdued, etc. See -ood. 

— (ud) Rude, crude, etc. See 
-ood. " 

-udge. Budge, judge, drudge, 
grudge, trudge, adjudge, sludge, 
smudge, fudge, prejudge. 

-ue. (u and u) See -ew and -oo. 

-Uff. Buff, cuff, bluff, huff, gruff, 
luff, muff, puff, scruff, scuff, snuff, 



stuff, ruff, rebuff, counterbuff, rough, 
chough, clough, sough, tough, 
enough, slough. 

-Ult. Tuft, — this rhymes with 
the preterits and past participles of 
verbs in -uff, as, cuffed, stuffed, etc. 

-Ug. Lug, bug, dug, drug, hug, 
jug, plug, rug, slug, smug, snug, 
mug, shrug, pug, tug. 
uhl. See -ule. 

-ulce. See -use (us). 

-ulde. See -ide. 

-Uild. See -ild (Tld). 

-Uint. See -int (Tut). 

-uise. See -ise (ize). 

-uke. Duke, puke, rebuke, fluke. 
See -ook (ook). 

-111. (ill) Cull, dull, gull, hull, 
lull, mull, null, trull, scull, skull, 
annul, disannul, Mogul. 

— (ul and 561) Wool, bull, pull, 
full, bountiful, fanciful, sorrowful, 
dutiful, merciful, wonderful, wor- 
shipful, etc. See Introductory Re- 
marks, 4. 

-Ulch. Mulch, gulch. 

-Ule. (ul) Mule, pule, yule, ridi- 
cule, reticule, buhl. See -ool. 

-ulge. Bulge, indulge, divulge, 
promulge. 

-Ulk. Bulk, hulk, skulk, pulque. 

-ull. See -ul. 

-Ulp. Pulp, gulp. 

-ulse. Pulse, repulse, appulse, im- 
pulse, expulse, convulse. 

-Ult. Result, adult, exult, con- 
sult, occult, insult, penult, catapult, 
difficult. 

-um. Chum, drum, glum, grum, 
gum, hum, mum, rum, scum, plum, 
stum, sum, swum, thrum, opium, 
premium, odium, medium, bomb, 
crumb, thumb, dumb, succumb, 
come, become, overcome, burthen- 
some, cumbersome, frolicsome, hu- 
morsome, quarrelsome, troublesome, 
martyrdom, Christendom. 

-lime, (um) Fume, glume, plume, 
spume, assume, consume, exhume, 
legume, assume, costume, illume, 
perfume, resume, presume, deplume. 
See -oom. 

— (inn) Grume, rheum. See -oom. 
-ump. Bump, chump, clump, 

dump, pump, jump, lump, plump, 
rump, slump, stump, trump, thump, 
tump. 

-un. Bun, dun, gun, nun, pun, 
run, sun, shun, tun, stun, spun, be- 
gun, son, won, ton, done, one, none, 
undone. 

-unce. Dunce, once. 

-unch. Bunch, crunch, punch, 
hunch, lunch, munch. 

-unct. Defunct, disjunct. 

-und Fund, obtund, refund, ro- 
tund, moribund, rubicund ; also, the 
preterits and past participles of verbs 
in -un, as, shunned, etc. 

-une. (un) June, tune, untune, 
jejune, attune, commune, opportune, 
importune, triune, hewn, dune, pica- 
yune, impugn, oppugn. See -oon. 

-ung. Bung, clung, dung, flung, 
hung, rung, strung, sung, sprung, 
slung, stung, swung, unsung, wrung, 
young, tongue, among. 

-unge. Plunge, expunge, sponge. 

-unk. Drunk, chunk, bunk, junk, 
hunk, skunk, sunk, shrunk, stunk, 
spunk, punk, trunk, slunk, monk. 

-unt Brunt, blunt, hunt, runt, 
grunt, shunt, stunt, lunt, front, wont. 

-up. Cup, sup, up, pup, scup. 

-upe. Jupe, stupe. See -oop. 

-upt. Abrupt, corrupt, interrupt ; 
also, the past participles of verbs in 
-up, as, supped, etc. 

-ur. See -er. 

-UTb. See -erb. 



N 



978 



VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 



-arch- Church, lurch, birch, 
perch, search, smirch. 

-urd. Curd, surd, absurd, bird, 

gird, third, word, heard, herd, 

sherd : also, the preterits a?id past 

< sqf verbs in -ur, as, spurred. 

-ore. Uir) Cure, pure, dure, 
mure, lure, your, abjure, allure, de- 
mure, conjure, endure, guipure, co- 
lure, manure, enure, immature, im- 
mure, mature, obscure, procure, se- 
cure, adjure, calenture, coverture, 
epicure, investiture, forfeiture, fur- 
niture, miniature, nouriture, over- 
ture, portraiture, immature, prema- 
ture, primogeniture, sinecure, tem- 
perature. See -oor (oor). 

— (ur) Brisure, brochure, tour- 
nure. 

-urf. Turf, scurf, surf, kerf, serf. 

-urge. See -erge. 

-urk- Lurk, Turk, work, burke, 
dirk. kirk, clerk, quirk, mirk, perk, 
smirk, yerk, irk, jerk. 

-url. (Qrl and erl) Churl, curl, 
furl, hurl, knurl, purl, uncurl, unfurl, 
girl, twirl, whirl, swirl, pearl, burl, 
kerl, earl. 

-urn. (firn and era) Burn, churn, 
spurn, turn, urn, return, overturn, 
sojourn, adjourn, fern, kern, stern, 
discern, concern, learn, earn, yearn, 
quern, eterne, hern, 
urnt- Burnt, learnt. 

-urp. See -rap. 

-urr. See -er. 

-urse. See -erse. 

-urst- (first and erst) 
curst, durst, accurst, erst, 
worst, first, versed. 

-urt. See -ert. 

-urve. See -erve. 

-US. Us, bus, thus, buss 



Burst, 
thirst, 



fuss, 



muss, truss, incubus, overplus, sar- 
cophagus, syllabus, amorous, boister- 
ous, clamorous, credulous, danger- 
ous, degenerous, generous, emulous, 
fabulous, frivolous, hazardous, idola- 
trous, infamous, miraculous, mis- 
chievous, mountainous, mutinous, 
necessitous, numerous, ominous, per- 
ilous, poisonous, populous, prosper- 
ous, ridiculous, riotous, ruinous, 
scandalous, scrupulous, sedulous, 
traitorous, treacherous, tyrannous, 
venomous, vigorous, villainous, ad- 
venturous, adulterous, ambiguous, 
blasphemous, dolorous, fortuitous, 
sonorous, gluttonous, gratuitous, in- 
credulous, lecherous, libidinous, 
magnanimous, obstreperous, odorif- 
erous, ponderous, ravenous, rigorous, 
slanderous, solicitous, timorous, val- 
orous, unanimous, calamitous, dis- 
cuss, percuss, blunderbuss. See In- 
troductory Remarks, 3. 

-use. (us) Use, abuse, profuse, 
diffuse, occluse, disuse, excuse, mis- 
use, obtuse, recluse, juice, sluice, 
deuce, puce, luce, conduce, deduce, 
educe, induce, introduce, produce, 
seduce, traduce, reduce. See -oose. 

— (gs) Ruse. See -oose. 

— (uz) Muse, use, fuse, news, 
abuse, amuse, contuse, diffuse, ex- 
cuse, infuse, misuse, refuse, suffuse, 
transfuse, accuse ; also, the plurals 
of nouns, and the third persons sin- 
gular of verbs, in -ew and -ue, as, 
dews, imbues, etc. See -ooze. 

-USh. (fish) Blush, brush, crush, 
gush, flush, plush, rush, hush, lush, 
slush, thrush, tush. 

— (ush) Bush, push. 

-usk. Busk, cusk, tusk, dusk, 
husk, musk, rusk. 



-USt. Bust, crust, dost, dust, 
gust, joust, just, must, lust, rust, 
thrust, trust, adjust, adust, august, 
disgust, distrust, intrust, mistrust, 
robust, unjust ; also, the preterits 
and past participles of verbs in -uss, 
as, trussed, discussed, etc. 

-Ut. (ut) But, butt, cut, hut, 
gut, glut, jut, nut, shut, strut, en- 
glut, rut, scut, slut, smut, abut. 

— (ut) See -oot (dot). 

-Utch. Clutch, hutch, crutch, 
Dutch, much, such, touch, smutch. 

-Ute. (ut) Jute, lute, flute, mute, 
scute, acute, astute, commute, com- 
pute, confute, dispute, dilute, de- 
pute, impute, minute, pollute, refute, 
repute, salute, transmute, volute, ab- 
solute, attribute, constitute, desti- 
tute, dissolute, execute, institute, ir- 
resolute, persecute, prosecute, pros- 
titute, resolute, substitute. See -oot 
(obt and ut). 

-Uth. See -ooth (both and uth). 

-UX. Flux, crux ; also, the plurals 
of nouns, and the third persons pres- 
ent tense of verbs, in -uck, as, ducks, 
trucks, etc. 

-UZZ. Buzz, does. 

-y. See -ie. 

-ymn. Hymn. See -im. 

-ymph. Nymph, lymph. 

-yne. Anodyne. See -lne (in). 

-ynx. See -inx. 

-ype. See -rPE. 

-yph. See -iff. 

-ypse. See -ipse. 

-yre. See -ire. 

-yrrh. See -er. 

-ysm. See -ism. 

-yst. See -ist. 

-yve. See -ive (Iv). 

-yx. See -rx. 



U 



w 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 



BIBLICAL, CLASSICAL, MYTHOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, AND 
GEOGRAPHICAL PROPER NAMES. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS VOCABULARY. 

B. Biblical History and Geography. 

C. Classical History, Geography, and Mythology. 
E. Egyptian History, Geography, and Mythology. 
H. Hindoo History, Geography, and Mythology. 
M. Modern History and Geography. 

N. Norse History, Geography, and Mythology (including Old German). 



Note. — Foreign sounds are represented by the English sounds most nearly equivalent. 



Aa, a. M. 

Aachen, ii'kgn, M. 

Aalar, a'a-lar, B. 

Aalborg, al'borg, 31. 

Aar, iir, or Aran, a'ren, M. 

Aargau, ar'sou. 31. 

Aaron, ar'un, B. 

Aaronites, ar'tin-Tts, B. 

Aath,_at, = Ath, 31. 

Aba, a'ba, C. 

Abacuc, ab'a-ktik, B. 

Abaddon, a-bad'dOn, B. 

Abadias, ab'a-dl'as, B. 

Aba?, a' be, C. 

Abagtha, a-bag'tha, B. 

Abailard, a'btt'lar'', = Abe- 
la KD, M. 

Abakan, a-M-kan', M. 

Abakansk, a-bii-kansk / ', 31. 

Abalns, ab'a-ltis, C. 

Abana, ab'a-na, B. 

Abancay, a-ban-ki',_J/. 

Abancourt, a'bSx'koor', 31. 

Abano, a-ba'nu, 31. 

Abantes, a-ban'tez, C. 

Abantia, a-b&n'shT-a, C. 

Abantiadea, ab'an-ti'a-dez, C. 

Abantias, a-ban'shT-ns, C. 

Abantis. a-ban'tTs,_C 

Abarbarea, ab'ar-ba're-a, C. 

Abarim. ab'a-rYm, B. 

Abaris, ab'a-rts, C. 

Abaron, ab'a-ron, B. 

Abas, a'bas, C 

Abasa, ab'a-sa, C. 

Abascia or Abassia, 

a-bash/T-a, 31. 

Abasitis, ab'a-sT/tYs, C. 

Abassus, a-bas'sus, C. 

Abati or Abatti, a-ba'te, 3f. 

Abates, ab'a-t5s, C. 

Abba, ab'ba, B. 

Abbasides, ab-bas'sY-dez, M. 

Abbatucci, ab'ba-toofche, 31. 

Abbeville, France, ab'veK; S. 
C, ab'be-vTl, 31. 

Abda, ab'da, B. 

Abdalla, ab-dal'la, or Abdul- 
lah, ab-dul'la, M. 

Abdalonimus or Abdalonymus, 
ab'da-lSn'Y-miis, C. 

Abdeel, ab'dC-gl, B. 

Abd-el-Kader, iibd-el-ka'dgr ; 
ivritten also Abdul-Kadir, 31. 

Abdelmalik, abd-el-mii'lTk, 31. 

Abdera, ab-de'ra, C. 

Abderites, ab'dg-ri/tez, C, and 
Abderita, ab'df-ri'ta, C. 

Abderus, ab-de'rGs, C. 

Abdi, ab'dl, B. 

Abdias, ab-di'rts, B. 

Abdiel, ab'dY-gl, B. 

Abdolonymus, 

ab'dS-lon'Y-mus, C*. 

Abdon, ab'dBn, B. 

Abdul Mejid or Abdoul Medjid, 
abd'fJol-me-jed', 31. 



Abeatae, ab'f-a'tf, C. 
Abednego, a-bed'nS-gC, B. 
Abel, a'bel, B. 
Abelard, ab'5-lard, 31. 
Abelbethmaachah, 

a'tael-beth-ma'a-ka, B. 
Abella, fr-beila, C. 
Abelmaim. a / bcl-ma / 'Ym, B. 
Abelmeholah, ^'bel-me-ho'la, 

B. 
Abelmizraim, a'bel-miz'ra'-Ym, 

B. 
Abelshittim, a'bel-shYt'tYm, 

B. 
Abencerage, a-ben'thra'-ra' r ha', 

Abenheim, a'beti-him, 31. 
Aberbrothock, ab'er-brSth/fik, 

31. 
Abercromby or Abercrombie, 

ab'er-krftm-bY, M. 
Aberdeen. ab-gr-den'. M. 
Abergavenny, ab'er-ga'nY, 31. 
Aberistwith, ab'Cr-rst' with, 3L 
Abernethy, ab'er-ng-thY ; Scot. 

ab-gr-ngth'Y. M. 
Abez. a'bgz, B. 
Abi, a'bl, B. 
Abia or Abiah, a-bl'a, B. 
Abialbon, a'bY-al'bBn, B. 
Abiasaph, a-bi'a-saf, B. 
Abiathar, a-bi'a-th6r, B. 
Abib, a'bYb, B. 
Abida or Abidah, a-bl/da, B. 
Abidan, ab'Y-dan, B. 
Abiel, a-bi'el,/?. 
Abiezer, a'_bY-e'zgr, B. 
Abiezrite, a'bY-gz'rtt, B. 
Abigail, ab'T-gSl, B. 
Abihail, ab'Y-ha'Yl, B. 
Abihu. a-bl'ho, B. 
Abihud, a-bi'hud, B. 
Abii, a'bY-I, C. 
Abijah, a-bl'ja, B. 
Abijam, a-bi'iam, B. 
Abfia, ab'Y-la, C. 
Abilene, ab't-le'nS, B. S? C. ; 

ab't-lSn, 31. 
Abimael, a-bYm'S-gl, B. 
Abimelech, a-bTm^f-lgk, B. 
Abinadab, a-bYn'a-dab, B. 
Abiner, ab'Y-ngr, B. 
Abinger, ab'Yn-jer, M. 
Abinoam, a-btn'6-am, B. 
Abiram, a-bl'ram, B. 
Abiron, a-WrOn, B. 
Abisares, a-bYs'a-rez, C. 
Abisei, ab'Y-se'I, B. 
Abishag, ab'T-sha?, B. 
Abishai, a-bTsh'sM, B. 
Abishalom, a-bYsh'a-ISm, B. 
Abishua, a-bYsh'fl-a, B. 
Abishur, ab'Y-shgr, B. 
Abisum, &bt-ettm, B. 
Abital. ab'T-tai, B. 
Abitub, ab'T-tfib, B. 
Abiud, a-bl'fid, B. 
Ablancourt, iib'lSx'koor', 31. 
Abner, ab'ner, B. 
Abnoba, ab'nti-ba, C. 



Abo, a'bo : Sic. Abo, o'boo, 3f. 
Abobrica, ab'o-brl'ka, C. 
Aboecritus, a-bCk'rt-ttis, C. 
Abolani, ab'n-la^m, C. 
Abomey, Jh'u-mu', 3f. 
Aboniteichos, a-b5n / T-ti'k5s, 

C. 
Aboo-Bekr = Abu-Bekr, 31. 
Abookeer, Aboukir, or Abukir, 

a'b.Jo'ker', 31. 
Aborras, a-b3r'ras, C. 
Abou-Bekr = Abt-Bkkr, 31. 
Abradates.ab'ra-du't^z, C. 
Abraham, a'bra-ham, B. 
Abram. a'brfmi, B. 
Abranches, ii-bran'shes, 31. 
Abrantes, a-bran'tgs, 31. 
Abrocomas, a-brSk'O-mas, C. 
Abrodiaetus, ab'ru-dt-e'tus, C. 
Abrolhos, a-brol'yos, 31. 
Abron, a'brOn, C. 
Abronychus,_a-br5n'Y-kQs, C. 
Abrota, a-bro'ta, or ab'rC-ta, 

C 
Abrotonum, a-brBt'C-niim, C. 
Abrupolis, a-bru'pG-lYs, C. 
Abruzzo, a-broot'sO, 31. 
Absalom, ab'sa-lOm; -Ion, -18n, 

B. 
Absecom, ab-se'kum, 31. 
Absyrtides, ab-ser'tl-dez, C. 
Absyrtus, ab-ser'tiis, C. 
Abu-Bekr, or Abou-Bekr, 

a'boo-bgk^r, 31. 
Abubus, a-bri"bus, B. 
Abul-Feda, ii'bool-fgd'a, M., or 

Aboulfeda. 
AbuUtes. ab/fi-li'tez, C. 
Abydus, a-bi'dus, C. 
Abyla, ab'Y-la, C. 
Abyssini, ab'Ts-si/n!, C. 
Abyssinia, ab'Ys-sYn'Y-a, M. 
Acacallis, ak'a-kaKlts, C. 
Acacesius, ak'a-se'shY-iis, C. 
Acacius, a-ka'sht-fls, C. 
Academia, ak'a-de'mY-a, C. 
Academus, ak'a-de'mas, C. 
Acalandrus, ak'a-ian'drus, C. 
Acamas, ak'a-mas, C. 
Acampsis, a-kamp'sYs, C. 
Acantha.a-kan'tha ; Acanthus, 

a-kan'thfis, C. _ 
Acapulco, a-ka-pool r k6, 31. 
Acarnania, ak'ar-na'nY-a, C. 
Acastus, a-kas r tQs, C. 
Acatan, ak'a-tan, B. 
Accad. ak'kad, B. 
Accaron, ak'ka"-rSn, B. 
Accho, ak'kfi, B. 
Accia, ak'sliY-a, C. 
Accius, ak'shY-fls, C. 
Accomac, ak'ko-mak, 31. 
Accos, ak'kBs, B. 
Accoz. ak'kSz, B. 
Accum, ak'kum or ak'kdom, 

31. 
Ace. a'sf C. 

Aceldama, u-sgl 'da-ma. B. 
Aceratus. a-sgr'a-tus, C. 
Acerrae, a-sgr'r?, C. 



Acesia, a-se'shY-a,^. 
Acesines. as'F-si'nez, C. 
Acesta, a-ses'ta, C. 
Acestes, a-ses'tez. C 
Achaea, a-ke'a ; Achaei. a-ke'i, 

C. 
Achaemenes, a-kgrn't-nez, C. 
Achaemenides, ak'C-mgu'i-dez, 

C. 
Achaeus. a-ke'Hs, C. 
Achaia, a-ka'ya, B. $> C. 
Achaicus. a-ka'l-kus, B. 
Achan, a'kan, B. 
Achar, a'kar, B. 
Achard, a'shrir', 31. 
Acharnae, a-kiir'ne, C. 
Achates, a-ka'tez, C. 
Achaz, a'kaz, B. 
Achbor, ak'b6r, B. 
Acheen or Atcheen, at-chen', 

31. 
Acheloides. ak'f-lo'Y-dez, C. 
Achelous, ak'e-lo'us, C. Sf M. 
Acheron, ak /, f-r5n, C. 
Acherontia. ak'e-rBn'shY-a, C. 
Acherusia. ak'^-ru^zhY-a, C. 
Achiacharus. a'kY-ak'a-rtis, 3r. 
Achias, a-kl'as, B. 
Achillas, a-kYKlas ; Achilles, 

a-kYKlez, C. 
Achillea, ak'Yl-le'a, C. 
Achilleis, ak'Yl-le'Ys, C. 
Achilleum, ak'Tl-le'Qm, C. 
Achilleus, a-kYl'lg-Qs or a-kYl'- 

lus, C. 
Achilli, a-keKie, or a-kYl'le\ M. 
Achim, altYm, B. 
Achior, a'kY-Sr, B. 
Achish, a'kYsh, B. 
Achito, a-ke'to. 31. 
Achitob, ak'Y-t6b. B. 
Achivi, a-ki'vl, C. _ 
Achladaeus, ak'la-de'Hs, C. 
Achmet. iik'mPt, 3f. = Ahmed. 
Achmetha. ak'mf-tha, B. 
Achmim, or Akhmym. _ 

iik-mem', .V. 
Achmouneyn = Oshmoo.neyn', 

Achor, a'kor, B. 
Achsa. ak'sa. B. 
Achsah, ak'sa. B. 
Achshaph. ak'shaf, B. 
Achzib, ak'zYb, B. 
Acichorius, as'T-ko'rY-tis, C. 
Acidalia, as'Y-da'lY-a, C. 
Acilia, a-sYKY-a, C. 
Acilius, a-sYl'Y-ne, C. 
Acipha. as'Y-f;i, B. 
Acis, a r sYs. ( '. 
Acitho, as'T-thn. /;. 
Ackermann, ak'Pr-man. 3/. 
Acmonides. ak-^mnn't-dez, C. 
Accetes. tt-se'tSz, ('. 
Acontius, a-kfiii'shY-Qs, C. 
Acoris. ak'o-rYs. C. 
Acorus. ak'o-rris, C. 
Acqui, ii'kwr, J/. 
Acquia. a-kwl'd, if. 
Acra, a'kra, C. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, e, i, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 

fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tnen, thin. 

B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; 31, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



ACRA 



980 



AJALON 



R 



U 



w 



Acrm o- Accra, Bk'ra. K 
Acraga*. 

Acratus. A-kra'tfts. C. 
kCr, JT. 

Acriates. i krt-i 
Acridophagi, &k rt-d8f 4-JI, C. 
Acriaioneus, a-krls 1-0-ne'Qs, 

Acrisioniades. 

u-krls '1-n-ni'd-Jo/, C. 
Acrisius. u-krYs'l-fos. ( ". 
Acritas. d-krl'tas. ( '. 
Acroathon. ak riVa'thOn, or 

1-thBn, C. 
Acroceraunium. 

ak rC-sf-ra/ni-uni, ('. 
Acrocorinthus. 

_ ak/rO-kO-rtn'thtts, ('. 
Acron. a'krBn. ('. 
Acropolis, a-krfSp'o-lls, G 
Acrotatus. a-krSt'a-tfis. C. 
Acrothoon. ilk rC-tho'Ou, C. 
Actaea. ak-te'd, ( . 
Actseon. ak-to'Bn ; Actseus, 

ak-te'us, C. 
Actia, ak'shl-a. ('. 
Actisanes. ak'tY-sa'nez, C. 
Actium. ak'sht-fim ; Actios, 

ak'shl-fis, C. 
Actorides. ak-tSr'T-dez, C. 
Actoris, ak'to-rts, C. 
Acua. a-kii'a, B. 
Acnb. a'knb, B. 
Aculeo. a-ku'lf-o, C. 
Acufia, a-koon'ya, 3'. 
Acunha. a-kdon'ya, M. 
Acuphis. a-ku'fts, C. 
Acusilaus. a-ku'sl-la'us, C. 
Adada, ad'a-da, C. 
Adadah. ad_'a-da, B. 
Adaeus^a-de'tis, C. 
Adah, a'da, B. 
Adaiah. ad'a-I'a, B 
Adair, a-dar', 31. 
Adalbert. ad'al-bert, 31. 
Adalia, ad'a-li'a, B. ; a-da'lS-a, 

M. 
Adam, fid'am, B. 
Adamah, Sd'a-ma, B~ 
Adamantaea, ad'a-man-te'a, C. 
Adamas. ad'a-mSs, C. 
Adamastus, ad'a-mBs'tils, C. 
Adami, ad'a-ml, B. 
Adana. ad'a-na, C. ; a-da'n'a, 

M. 
Adanson, a'dON'soN'', 31. 
Adar. a'dar, B. 
Adasa. ad'a-sd. B. 
Adbeel, ad'bP-61, B. 
Addan, ad'dan, B. 
Addar, ad'dar, B. 
Addi, ad'dt, B. 
Addo. ad'di>, B. 
Addon. ad'dSn, B. 
Addua, ad'dO-a, C. 
Addus, ad'dfls, B. 
Adel. it-del'; Africa, a-daK, 31. 
Adelaide, Sd'f-lad, 31. 
Adelard, Sd'el-ard, or Athel- 

ard, ath'el-ard, 31. 
Adelung, a'de-lotrag, 31. 
Aden, a'd'n ; Arab, a/d'n, 31. 
Adherbal, Bd-h5r'bal, C. 
Adiatorix, a'dt-BfO-rlks, C. 
Adida. Bd'T-da, B. 
Adienua, Bd'1-e'nus, C. 
Adiel, S'dT-51, B. 
Adige, ad'T-j? ; It. a'df-ia\ 31. 
Adimantus, ad'T-man'ttfs, C. 
Adin, a'dTn, B. 
Adina, Bd'T-na, B. 
Adino, ad'I-nO or a-dl'nS, B. 
Adinus. ad't-nus, B. 
Adirondack, Bd'T-rQn'dak, 31. 
Adithaim, ad'I-tha'tm, B. 
Adlai, ad'lS or ad'15-I, B. 
Adlerberg. ad1er-b6rg, 31. 
Admah, ad'ma, B. 
Admatha, ad'ma-tha, B. 
Admete, ad-me'te, C. 
Admeto, ad-me'tO, C. 
Admetua, ad-me'ttts, C. 
Adnah or Adna, Bd'na, B. 
Adona. ad'i%na, B. 
Adonia, d-do'nT-a, C. 
Adonias, ad'fi-nl'as, B. 
Adonibezek, a-dOn'T-be'zgk, B. 
Adonican, a-dCn'T-kan, B. 
Adonijah, ad'fi-ni'ja, B. 
Adonikam, a-dBn'T-kBm, B. 
Adoniram, Bd'fi-nT'ram, B. 
Adonia. a-do'niv. C. 
Adonizedek, a-dOn'T-ze'dek, 

Adora. a-dS'ra, h. 
Adoraim, Bd'Ti-ra'Tm, B. 
Adoram, a-dfi'r&m, B. 
Adour. U'drx^r', M. 
Adowah, a'dfVwa, M. 



Adrain, a-driin', M. 
Adramiti. :i / dra-ine / 't8, M. 
Adrammelech or Adrumelech. 

u-dram'r-lCk, B. 
Adramj'tteuin. ad'ra-iim-te'- 

ftm, or -tium, -nilt-tr&in, or 

-mlt'tl-um, li. \ c. 
Adrana, ad'ra-na. or 

a-dra'na, ('. 
Adrastia, adi-as-ti'a, C. 
Adrastii Campi, ftd'ras-ti'i 

kttm'pl, c. 
Adrastus, a-dras'tttB, C. 
Adrets, Des. dit'za'dra', M. 
■ Adria, a'drl-a, B., a'drfe-a, M. 
Adrianople. ad'rt-an-o'p'l, M. 
Adrianopolis. 

Ji'drT-an-Sp'C-lTs, C. 
1 Adrianus, a'drl-a'nus, C. 
Adriatic, ad'rf-at'Yk, 31. 
Adriaticum, a'drl-at't-kfim, 

i Adriel. a'drt-51, B. 
Adrimetnm, ad'rT-me'tam, C. 
Aduatici. ad'ft-afl-si, or -atu- 

ci. -at'n-sT, c. 

Aduel, a-du'Cl, B. 
Adula, a-dti'la, C. 
Adullam, a-duKiam, B. 
Adullamite. a-di'iKlam-Tt, B. 
Adulis, a-da'lts, C. 
Adummim, a-dum'mTfm, B. 
Adyrmachidae, ad'tr-mak't-dt, 

C. 
Xa., e'a, C. 
.iSEacea, e'a-se'a. C. 
^Eacides. f-as'T-dez, C. 
^acus, e'a-kus, C. 
JExa,. e-e'a, C. 
^anteum, e'an-te'ttm, C. 
^antides, «?-an'tT-dez, C. 

JEde'sia, e-de'zhT-a, C. 
Aedias, a'f-dl'as, B. 
^diles, f-dl'lez, C. 
^Edilus. 5d'T-lQs, C. 
Aedon, iJ-e'dSn, C. 
Aedonis. a'f-do'nTs, C. 
.Sdui. Sd/il-i. C. 
JEeia.. e-e'ta ; _^eta3, C-e'tos ; 

or .ffetes. C-e'tez, C. 
^etias, e-e'sht-as, C. 
JEgxx, e-je'6, C. 
^gaeon, £-je'0n, C. 
^gaeum, P-ie'iim, C. 
^gseus. f-je'fls, C. 
^galeos, ?-ga^lt-8s, C. 
.ffigaleum, f-ffa'le-flm, C. 
^Egates. f-ga'tez, C. 
^gean Sea, S-je'an se, 3f. 
^geleon, e-ga'li?-8n, C. 
.ffgeria, E-je'it-a, C. 
iEgesta.e-jgs'ta, C. 
.ffgeus, e'jf-Qs, C. 
^Egiale. t-ji'a-le, C. 
.ffigialea, e'iT-a-le'a, C. 
^gialeus, e'ji-a'le-iis, C. 
^gialus, e-jl'a-liis, C. 
.ffigilia, an island, gyt-li'a, a 

deme in Attica, e-jll'l-a, C. 
JEgina. f-jT r na, C. 
iEgineta, gj'T-ne'ta. C. 
.ffiginetes, ^j'^-ne'tez, C. 
^giochus, C-ji'6-kfls, C. 
^gipan, gi'I-pan, C. 
,Sgira L e-jT'ra, C. 
^gis, e'ils, C. 
-Egisthus, t-jls'thfis, C. 
^gium, e r iT-um, C. 
^Egles, eg'lez, C. 
^gletes, gg-le'tez, C. 
^gobolus, f-gob'o-ltis, C. 
.ffigon, e r gQn, C. 
^gos Potamos, e'gOs pSt'a- 

ni5s, or iEgos Potami. 

pSt'a-ml, C. 
iEgus, e'gfis, C. 
iSgusa, e-gu'si, C. 
■^gJTPtii, f-jTp'sM-I, C. 
^gyptium, e-itp'sht-Qm, C. 
Aigyptus, f-jTp'tQs, C. 
^Ba, e'lT-a, C. 
^lianus, e'lt-a'ntis, C. 
^Slius, e'lt-tis, C. 
Aello, 9-eKl<5, C. 
■Slums, f-lu'rue, C. 
Emilia, P-mTl'T-a, C. 
Smilius, t-mtl'T-fiB, C. 
Smilianus, gm'Tl-l-a'nQs, C. 
£mon, CmOn ; or iEmns, 

e'mfis, C. 
Smonia, C-mo'nT-a, C. 
iSmonides, i^-mQn'I-dez, C. 
/Enaria, f-na'rt-4, C. 
Snea, T-ne'd, C. 
Sneadae, t-ne'a-de, C. 
Sneades, P-ne'a-dez, C. 
Sneaa. of Corinth, e'nf-as, B. ; 

of Troy, P-ne'as, C. 
iEneifl, 6-ne'Ib, C. 



Sneaidemus, f-ngs't-de'mus, 

iEnetua, f-ne'tfie, C. 
.Sinia, e'nt-a, C. 
/Enobarbua, e'ni5-bar'bu8, C. 
Anon, e'nOn, B. 
Solia, WJlT-a, C. 
Soliae. f-o'li-f. C. 
Solidea, t-01'T-d^z, C. 
SoUb, S'6-lIs ; Solus, e'C-lus, 

C. 
Sora, t-o'ra, C. 
SpytuB. ej)'t-ttis, C. 
Squi. e'kwl, C. 
Squicoli, f-kwTk'o-H, C. 
Squimelium. S'kwY-rae'lT-iim, 

C. 
Srbe. a'ro or a'r5, 3T. 
Aerope, it-Pr'o-pt, C. 
Sropus, mountain, Cr'6-pus, C. 
AeropuB, it-er'o-pus, C. 
Ssacus. os'a-kfls, ('. 
Ssagea. u-sa'it-a, C. 
Sschines. Cs'kT-nez, C. 
Sschrion. es'krT-0n, C. 
Sschylus. C-s'kT-ltis, C. 
Ssculapius, Cs'kfi-la'pt-Qs, C. 
Ssir. e'sgr, i\'. 
Ssopus, f-so'pQs, C. ; Ssop, 

e's3p, 31. 
iEthalia, O-tha'lT-a or 

tth'si-li'a, or -lea, -le'a, C. 
Ethiopia, e'thT-o'pT-a, C. 
Sthiops, e'thT-5ps, C. 
Sthra, e'thra, C. 
Sthusa, f-thu'sa, C. 
Aetion, it-e'tt-8n, C. 
Stolia, Mo'lt-a, C. 
Stolus. t-to'lus, C. 
Afghanistan,af-gan / Ts-tan / ', 31. 
Afioom. a-ie-oom_^, 31. 
Afragola, ii-fra-go'lii, 31. 
Afranius, a-i'ra'nY-tis, C. 
Africa, at'rt-ka, C. &; 31. 
Africanus. af'rT-ka'nfis, C. 
Africum, af'rT-kum, C. 
Agaba, ag'a-ba, B. 
Agabus, ag'a-ljus, B. 
Agag, a'gfe, B. 
Agagite, a'gas-it,^?. _ 
Agamedes, ag^a-me'dez, C. 
Agamemnon, ag / a-mCm / 'n5n, C. 
imnonides. 

ag / a-mein-n5n r t-dez, C. 
AgamuB, ag'a-mus, C. 
Aganippe, ag'a-ntp'pg, <S. 
Agape, ag'a-pe, C. 
Agapenor, ag'a-pe'nOr, C. 
Agar, a'giir, B. 
Agarenes, ag'a-renz, B. 
Agareni, ag'a-re'ni, C. 
Agarista, ag'a-rts'ta, C. 
Agasicles. a-gas"I-klez, C. 
Agassiz, ag'a-sS, or a-gas'stz, 

?'. a'giis'se', 31. 
Agasus, ag'a-stts, C. 
Agatha, ag'a-tha, C. (,- 31. 
AgatharchideB, 

ag'a-thar'kt-dez, C. 
Agathias. ag'a-thl'aB, C. 
Agatho. ag'a-thO, C. 
Agathoclea, ag'a-th.S-kle'a, C. 
Agathocles, a-gath'C-klez, C. 
Agathon, ag r a-th5n, C. 
AgathyrBi,_ag / a-ther'sI, C. 
Agave, a-ga'Ve', C. 
Agde,<agd, 31. 
Agdestis, ag-dSs'tls, C. 
Agee, aj'e-i, B. 
Agelastus, afe-ias'tus, C. 
Agelaus, a.i'e-la'us, C. 
Agen, a'zh'S.v', 31. 
Agendicum,_a-jCn / 'dt-ktim, C. 
Agenor, a-je'nSr, C. 
Agesander, aj't-san^dSr, C. 
AgeBias, a-je r st-«s L C 
Ageailaus, a-jes'l-la'tis, C. 
Agesipolis, aj'f-stp'C-Hs, C. 
Agesistrata, aj't-sts'tra-ta, C. 
Aggenus, ag-je'nQB, C. 
Aggeus, ag-je'fi8, B. 
Agidae, a.i'T-du, C. 
Agincouft, a'zhaN'koor', 31. 
Agis, a'jTs, C. 

Aglaia, ag-la'T-a or ag-la'ya, C. 
Aglaonice, ag'la-tHnl'se, C. 
Aglauros, ag^la'rOs, C. 
Aglaus, ag-la'us or ag'lil-iiB, 

Agnodice, ag-nBd'T-sS, C. 
Agnone, an-yo'na, 31. 
Agnonia, ag'nS-ni'a, C. 
Agnonides, ag-nSn'T-dez, C. 
Agoniua, a-go'nt-tis, C. 
Agora, ag'5-ra, C. 
Agoracritua, ag'O-rak'rt-tus, 

Agorania, ag'S-ra'nts, C. 
Agoranomi, ag'o-ran'O-ml, C. 
Ag08ta, a-gos A ta, 31. 



Agra, a'grii, C. ; ii'gra, 31. 
Agragas. ag'ra-gas, C. 
Agraulia. a-gra^lt-a, C. 
Agraulos, a-gra'lOs, C. 
Agrianes, a / giT-a , nez, C. 
Agricola, a-grTk'o-];i, C. 
Agrigentum, ag'rl-jen'tHm, C. 
Agrionia, ag'rt-o'nt-a, C. 
Agrippa, airlp'pi, />'. $• C. 
Agrippina. ag'rTp-pi'na, C. 
Agrius. a'grt-tte, 0. 
Agrolas, ag'rS-lBs, C. 
Agron, a'grBn, C. 
Agrotera, a-grOt'f-ni, C. 
Agua Nueva, a'gwa nwa'va, 

Aguas Calientea, 

ii'gwiis ka'lf-gn'tgB, 31. 
Aguesseau, d', dS'gft'so'', 31. 
Aguilar. a-g6-lar', 31. 
Agulhas, a-gool'yBfi, 31. 
Agur, a'g5r. B. 
Agyieus. a-jl'yt-fis, C. 
Agylla. a-jll'la, C. 
Agyrium. a-jTr'I-um, C. 
Ahab, a'hab, B. 
Ahala. a-ha'ia, C. 
Aharah, a-har'a, B. 
Aharhel, a-liar'h61, B. 
Ahaaai, a-has'S-I, B. 
Ahasbai, a-h8z'b3-I, B. 
Aha8ueru8. a-has'e-e'rQs, B. 
Ahava, a-ha'va, B. 
Ahavah, a-ha'va, B. 
Ahaz, a'haz. B. 
Ahazai, a-haz'ft-i, B. 
Ahaziah. a'ha-zi'a, B. 
Ahban. ii'ban, B. 
Ahenobarbus. 

a-hen'd-biir'biis, C. 
Aher. 5'her, B. 
Ahi, a'hl, B. 
Ahiah, a-hi'a, B. 
Ahiam. a-hl'Sm, B. 
Ahian, a-hl'an, B. 
Ahiezer, a'ht-e'zer, B. 
Abihud, a-hi'hud, B. 
Ahijah, a-hi'ja, B. 
AMkam, a-hi'kam, B. 
Ahilud, a-hi'lud, B. 
Ahimaaz, a-hTm'a-az, B> 
Ahiman, a-hi'man. B. 
Ahimelech, a-liTm'8-lCk, B. 
Ahimoth. a-hi'mOth, B. 
Ahinadab, a-hTn'd -dab, B. 
Ahinoam. a-liIn'o-Bm, B. 
Ahio, a-hi'C, B. 
Ahira, a-hi'ra, B. 
Ahiram, a-hT'r8m, B. 
Aniramites. a-hl'ram-Itz, B. 
Ahisamach, a-hle'd-mak, B. 
Ahishahar, a-hTsh'a-har, B. 
Ahishar, d-hT'shar, B. 
Ahithophel, a-hTth'S-fel, B. 
Ahitub, a-hl'Wb, B. 
Ahlab, a'lab, B. 
Ahlai, a'lS-T, B. 
Anmed, a'mSd, or Achmet, 

ak'mgt, 31. 
Ahmedabad, a / m5d-a-bad /r , 31. 
Ahmednuggur, a'mgd-ntig'ggr, 

31. 
Ahoah, a-ho'a, B. 
Ahohite, a-ho'hlt, B. 
Aholah, a-ho'la, B. 
AJaoliab. a-ho'll-ab, B. 
Aholibah, a-hori-ba, B. 
Alrolibamah, a'ho-lTb'a-ma, B. 
Ahriman, a-rt-man', or 

a'rl-man, Persian. 
Ahumai, a-hu^mS-i, B. 
Ahuzam, a-hu'zam, B. 
Ahuzzath, a-huz^zath, B. 
Ai, a'l, B. 

Aiat. a-l'a. or Ajah, a'ja, B. 
Aiath, 9-i'ath, B. 
Aidin, t-deri', 31. 
Aidoneus, a't-do-'nt-us or 

a'Y-do'nfls or a-Yd'C-nfts, C. 
Aiguillon, d', dS'ge'yoN'. 31. 
Ayah, a-i'ia or a'ja, B. 
Aijaleth, a*ja-ieth or aj'a-lgth, 

Ayalo^a'ja-lSn, B. 

Aiken, a'ken, 31. 

Ailly, d', dal'ye' - or da'ye', 31. 

Ain, a'Tn. B. ; Bn, 31. 

Ainsworth, anz'wurth, 31. 

Aintab, in-tab', 31. 

Airus. a--i'ra8, B. 

Aisne. an. 31. 

Aius Locutius, 

a'yQ6 10-ku'Bb.Y-tis, C. 
Aix, aks, 31. 
Aix-la-Chapelle, aks'la-shii'- 

pCK, G. Achen. a'ken, 31. 
Ajaccio or Ajazzo, a-yat'ch.8, 

3f. 
Ajah. a'ja, B. 
Ajalon, aj'a-15n, B. 



a, e, I, o, G, long ; a, 6, I, 6, ii, y, short ; senate, event, tdea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; JV, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



AJAX 



981 



AMORGES 



Alax, a'jttks, C. 
Akan, a'kan, B. 
Akbar, ak'biir, Hind. fik'bgr, 

31. 
Akenside, a'ken-sYd, .)/. 
Akerblad, ii'ker-blad, 31. 
Akerman, a'kCr-man, M. 
Akhissar, iik'hYs-siir', 31. 
Akhraym, or Achmim. 

iik-rnem', 31. 
Akkub, ak'kab, />'. 
Akrabattine, ak'ra-bat-tl'ne, 

B. 
Akrabbim, d-krab'bYm, B. 
Akshohr, Akchehr, or Ak- 

scheher, ak-sb.gr' or ak-sha'- 

8r, M. 
Akulas, a-koo'las, M. 
Alabama, ai'a-ba'ma, 31. 
Alachua, 4-lach'u-a, M. 
Aladdin, u-lad'dtn. Arab. Ala- 

ed-Din,_a-la / ed-den'', 31. 
Alaea, d-le'd, C. 
Alaei, d-le'_I, C. 
Alaeea, a-le'sa. C. 
Alais, ii-la', 21. 
Alala, ai'd-ld, C. 
Alalcomena, aFal-kOm'6-n?, 



al'a-ma'nl, or Ala- 
-mau'nl, C. 
Alameth, ai'd-mgth, B. 
Alammelech, d-iam'rae'-lgk, B. 
Alamo, a-' la-m6, 31. 
Alamo3, a'la-mos, 31. 
Alamoth, al'a-mBth, B. 

Alan, al'rtn, 31. 

Aland, ii'land, Sw. O'land, 31. 
Alani, d-la'ni, C. 
Alapaha, a-ian'd-ha, 31. 
Alard, a'lart', 31. " 
Alaricua, aKa-ri-'kas, C; Ala- 

ric, al'a-rik, 21. 
Alashehr, ii'la-shgr', 31. 
Alastor, a-las'tBr, C. 
Alastores, a-lfis'to-rez, C. 
Alava, al'a-va, 31. 
Alazon, ai'd-zOn, or d-la'zSn, 

C. 
Alba, iil'ba, 31. 
Albacete, al-ba-tha'ta\ M. 
Albacini, iil-ba-che'nt, 31. 
Albani, al-ba'ni, C. 
Albania, ai-ba'nY-a, C. If 31. 
Albano, al-ba'no, M. 
Albans, St., sSnt al'banz, 21. 
Albanus, ai-ba'ntis, C. 
Albany, al'ba-nY. M. 
Alben3es, al-ben'sez, C. 
Albermarle, al'be-marl, 21. 
Alberoni, al'bS-ro'nS, if. 
Albertucci, al-bgr-toot/ch$, 21. 
Albia, ai'bY-a, C. 
Albici, ai-bi'si or ai'bY-si, C. 
Albigaunum, al'bY-ga'nam, C. 
Albini, al-bi'nl, C. 
Albion, aKbl-On, C. 
Albius, ai'bY-us, C. 
Alboin, ai'boin, M. 
Alboni, ul-bo'nt, 21. 
Albula, ai'bft-la, C. 
Albunea, al-brx'nC-a, C. 
Albuquerque, iil-boo-kgr'kU; or 

ai'boo-kerk, 21. 
Alby, or Albi, al'be', 21. 
Alcaeus, ai-se'Qs, C. 
Alcala, al-lva-la', M. 
Alcala de Henares, al-ka-la r 

da S-na'^s, M. 
Alcamo, al'ka-mS, 21. 
Alcander, ai-kan^der, C. 
Alcauiz, iil-kau-yeth/, 21. 
Alcantara, al-kan'tii-ra. 31. 
Alcathoe, ai-kath'S-e, C. 
Alcathous, ftl-kath'o-Qs, C 
Alee, al'si, C. 
Alcedo, al-aa'de. 21. 
Alcenor, ai-se'nQr, C. 
Alceste, ai-sSs'tt?, or Alcestis, 

-tYs, C. 
Alciati. al-chli'tc. M. 
Alcibiades, ai'sY-bi'd-dez, C*. 
Alcidamas, ai-sTd'a-mas, C. 
Alcidamea, aFsYd-d-me'a, C. 
Alcidamus, ai / st-da , mQs, C. 
Alcides, ai-sl'dez, C. 
Alcimachus, ai-sYm'd-kas : Al- 

cimede, -S-df ; Alcimedon, 

-§-d3n; Alcimenes, -f-nez, C. 
Alcimus, ai'sT-mus, B. !f C. 
Alcidice, ai-sTd'I-s$, C. 
Alcinous, ai-sTn'u-Qs, C. 
Alciphron. al'st-frSn, C. 
Alcippe, ai-stp'pt, C. 
Alcithoe, ai-stth'fi-?, C. 
Alcmaeon, aik-me / '5n, C. 
Alcmena, aik-me r na, C. 
Alcoy, Sl-ko'f, 2L 
Alculn, ai'kwYn, M. 
Alcyone, ai-si'S-nS, C. 



Alcyoneus, ttl'BT-O'nS-uB or 

-S'llOs. ('. 
Aldegrever, aKdogra'vgr, or 

Aldegraef, al'de-grfif, 21. 
Alderney, al'dCr-nl, 21. 
Aldini, al-de'nf, 21. 
Aldrich, al'drtch or al'drlj, 2f. 
Aldrovandi, al-drO-viin'dP, or 

Aldrovandus, 

ai-drC-van'dQe, 21. 
Aldus, aKdfis ; It. Aldo, iiKdo, 

2f. 
Alea, a'lf-a, C. 
Alecto. a-iek'tfi; -tor, -t5r, C. 
Alectryon, a-lCk'trl-On, C. 
Aleius Campus. 

iT-le'yus kam'pQs, C. 
Alema, IKc-ma, C. 
Aleman, al'inoN', or a'le-mSN', 

21. 
Alemanni, ai'f-man'nl, or Ale- 

mani, ai'C-nia'ni, C. 
Alembert, ii'lON'bar', 21. 
Alemeth, ai'6-mgth, or 

a-le'mgth, B. 
Alencon, ii'lON'sux", 21. 
Alentejo, a-lgN-ta'zhC, M. 
Aleppo, a-lCp'pS, ,1/. 
Aleria, a-W-re'a, 21. 
Alesa, d-le'sd, C. 
Alesia, a-le'shY-a, C. 
Alessandria, al-es-san'drE-a, M. 
Alethes, a-le r thez, C. 
Aleuadas, ai'u-a'di?, C. 
Aleutian, a-lu'sht-an, or Aleu- 

tan.j'i-lu'tan, 21. 
Alex, a'leks, €'■ 
Alexamenus, aKgks-am'e-nas, 

a 

Alexander, a^ggz-an^dgr, B., 

a, s- m. 

Alexandra, ai'ggz-an'dra, B., 

a, * 21. 

Alexandria, a ivoman, 81'ggz- 
au'drT-a, C. : a city, modern 
pron. ai'egz-an'drT-a, classi- 
cal pron. ai/egz-an-drl / a, B., 

a, it 21. 

Alexandrina, arggz-an-drl'na, 
C. 

Alexandropolis, 

a-lfeks'an-drSp'S-lYs, C. 

Alexanor, al'gks-a'nSr, C. 

Alexas, a-leks'«s, C. 

Alexicacus, aKeks-tk'a-kBs, C. 

Alexinus, al'eks-i'nus, C. 

Alexion. a-lgks'I-8n, C. 

Alexippus, ai'gks-Tp'pus, C. 

Alexis, a-leks'ts. C. & 21. 

Alexo, a-lSks'6, C. 

Alexon, a-lgks'Qn, C. 

Alfenus, ai-fe'nas, C. 

Alfieri, al-fe'ft-rt, 21. 

Alford. al'fSrd, 2f. 

Algarotti, al-ga-rot'tf, 21. 

Algarve, al-gar'v4, or Algar- 
bia, ai-garfbt-a, 21. 

Algeria, ai-je'rT-a. 21. 

Algeziras, ai-jt-ze'rasj 

Sp. al-hS-the'riis, 21. 

Algidum, ai^gt-dam, C. 

Algiers, ai-jerz', 21. 

Algoa, ai-go'a, 21. 

Alhama, a-la'ma, 3f. 

Ali, a'te, 21. 

Aliacmon. a'lT-ak'mQn, C. 

Aliab, a-ll'a, B. 

Alian, a-lT'an, C. 

Aliartus, a'lI-ar'tBs, C. 

Alicant, ai-T-kant', or Ali- 
cante, a/lS-kan'ta, 21. 

Alienus, a / ll-e , niis, C. 

Alifa2, a-li'ff, C. 

Alighieri. a'le-ge-a'rt, 21. 

AUi, a'lM, C. 

Alilasi, ai'Me'I, C. 

Alimentus. Bl'I-mgn'tCs, C. 

AUph*. a-lT'lf. C. 

Aliphera, ai'T-fe'ra. C. 

Alirrothius, arir-ro'thY-fis, C. 

Alison, aKl-san, 21. 

Alkmaar, alk-miir'', 31. 

Allahabad, al'la-hii-bad', 21. 

Alle. aKle, M. 

Allegany, Alleghany, or Alle- 
gheny. aKlt-ga'nl, M. 

Allen, aKen, or Alleyn, 21. 

Allia, ai'lY-a, C. 

Allier, SIM*, M. 

AUma, al'mii, .1/. 

Alloa. aKlG-a, M. 

Allobroges. ai-lSb'riS-jez, C. 

Allom, ariSm, B. 

Allon. ai'15n. B. 

Allon-bachuth. 

ai'lBn-bak'uth, B. 

Allori. al-lo'rr 1 , 2t. 

Allotriges, ai-15t'rt-jez, C. 

Allston, al'stttn, 31. 

Allucius, ai-lu'sht-as, C. 



Almack. ai'mak, 31. 
Almaden, al-ma-dc-u', M. 
Al-Mansur, al-iniiu-soor , 1 or 

Al-Mansour. .'/. 
Almeida, al-iiia't-dii, 21. 
Almeria. al-ina-re'd, 21. 
Almodad, ai-mO'dad, B. 
Almon. ai'mSii. B. 
Almon-diblathaim, 

ai'mOn-dlb'la-tha'Tm, B. 
Almunecar, iil-muon-y!t-kar / ', 

31. 
Alnathan, ai'na-than, B. 
Alnwick or Alnewick, an'nTk, 

.1/. 
Aloa. a-ln'a, ('. 
AloeuB, a-lo'C-as or a-15'yus, 

C. 
Aloidae, ai'ci-I'de, C. 
Aloides, ai'0-I'dez, C. 
Alope, ai'G-pe. C. 
Alopece, u-15p r 6-3?, C. 
Alos, a'15s, C. 
Aloth, a'lOth, B. 
Alp-Arslan, alp / ar-slan , ) 31. 
Alpenus, ai-pe'nBs, C". 
Alpha, ai'fu, B. If C. 
Alphajus, ai-fe'fis, B. 
Alphea, ai-fe'a, €'. 
Alphenor, ai-fe'nOr; -nus, -ntts, 

c. 

Alphesiboea, ai'fe-sY-be'a, C. 
Alpheus, ai-fe'as, B. Sf C. 
Alphius, ai'fY-fis, C. 
Alpinus, ai-pi'nfis, C. 
Alsace, al'sas', 31. 
Alsium, ai'shY-am, C. 
Alsop, aKsQp, 31. 
Alston, "aKstfin, M. 
Alstrdm'er, aKstro-mgr, 31. 
Altai, al-tl' ( 21. 
Altamaha, al / ta-ma-ha / ', 31. 
Altamura, al-ta-moo'ra, M. 
Altaneus, ai'ta-ne'tis, B. 
Altaschith, ai-tBs'kYth, B. 
Altdorfer, alt'dorf-er, 31. 
Altena, al'ta-na, 21. 
Altenburg, aKtgn-bot)rg, 3f. 
Althaea, ai-the'a, C. 
Althasmenes, ai-them'^-nez, C. 
Altinum, ai-ti'nfim, C. 
Alton, aKtBn, 31. 
Altona, al'to-nii, or ai-tS'na, 

31. 
Altoona, ai-too^na, 31. 
Altzey or Alzey, alt'st. 31. 
Aluntium, a-ian r shY-am, C. 
Alush, a'lush, B. 
Alvah, aKva, B. 
Alvan, ai'van, B. 
Alvarado, al--\ii-ra / 'd8, 31. 
Alvarez, Py. aKva-res ; 

Sp. aKva-rgth, 31. 
Alyattes. alY-at"tez, C 
Alyba. ai'Y-ba, C. 
Alycaea, ai'Y-se'a, C. 
Alynomus. a-ltnTi-mtts. C. 
Alypetus. aVt-pe'tiis, C. 
Alypus, a-li'pas, C. 
Alyssus, a-lYs'sBs, C. 
Alyxothoe. ai'Yks-Cth'C-f, C. 
Alyzea, ai'Y-ze'a, C. 
Amad, a'mad, B. 
Amadatha, a-mSd'a-tha, B. 
Amadathus, a-mad'a-thas, B. 
Amadeo, a-ma-da'S, 31. 
Amadeus, am-a-de'as, 31. 
Amadi, a-ma'dY, 31. 
Amadochus, a-mad'6-kQs, C. 
Amager. ii'ma-ger, M. 
Amal, a'mai, B. 
Amalaric, Bm-aKa-rYk, M. 
Amalek. am'a-lek, B. 
Amalekite, am r a-lgk-It, B. 
Amalfi. a-maKff , 31. 
Amalric, a-mai'rYk, or 

S-mal r rSk, 31. 
Amalthaja. am'ai-the'ji, C. 
Amaltheum, ara'ai-the-'am, C. 
a'mSm, B. 
['man, n. 
Amana.am / 'a-na or a-ma'na,£. 
Amantia. i-man'shY-d, C. 
Amantini. am'an-tl'nl, or 

Amanteni, -te'ni, C. 
Amanus, d-mS'iiris, C. 
Amaracus, a-mar'a-kas, C. 
Amardi, a-m:ir / 'dT. C. 
Amari, a-nia're. 21. 
Amariah, am / d-ri / 'd. B. 
Amaryllis. am'a-rfl'lYs, C. 
Amarynceus, ani'd-rYn'sS-Qs, 

or -rtn'sfis, C. 
Amaryncides. am'd-rYn-sI'dez, 

C. 
AmarynthuB, am'd-rYn'thfis, 

Amas, a'mas. C. 

Amasa, am'd-sa or d-ma'sa, B. 

Amasai, a-mas'S-T, B. 



Amasea, am'a-te'a, or . 

-bl'a, /,'. 

. d-ma6h , a-I, B. 
, ain'a-sl'4, B. 
ii-ina , BY8, C. 
Amastris, d-mab'trYs, C. 
AmastruB, d-mas'trtli, C. 
Amata. d-ma'td, C. 
Amatheis, ain'd-the'YB, B. 
Amathis, ani'd-thYs, B. 
Amathus, am'd-thas, C. 
Amato, ii-tna /, tn, M. 
Amaxitis, u-iiiakb'Y-tYB, C. 
Amazenea, am'd-ze'nez, C. 
Amaziah. am'a-zY'a, B. 
Amazon, d-ma'zOn, C. ; 

arn'a-zOn, M. 
Amazones, d-maz'fi-nez, C. 
Amazonia, ani'd-zO^nY-d, C. Sr 

31. 
AmazoniuB, am / d-zo / 'nY-as, C. 
Ambarri, ain-har'rl, C 
Ambarvales Hostiae, 

am'bar-va'lez hOs'tY-I, C. 
Ambarvalia, am'bar-va'lY-d, 

V. 
Ambenus, am'be-nBs, C. 
Amberg, am-'bgrg, G. am'bgrg, 

Amberger, am'bgrg-gr, 31. 
Ambiatinus, am^bY-d-tl'naB, 

C. 
AmbigatuB, am'bY-ga'tae, C. 
Ambiorix, am-bl'o-rYks, C. 
Amblada, am'bld-dd, or 

am-bla'dd, C. 
Amboise, BN^bwaz', 3£. 
Amboy, ain-boi', 31. 
Amboyna, am-boi / 'na, M. 
Ambracia, am-bra'zhY-a, C. 
Ambriz, am-brez', 31. 
Ambrizette, am'brY-zet', M. 
Ambrones, am-bro , nez, C. 
Ambrosia, am-bro'zhY-d, C. 
Ambrosius, am-bro'zhY-as, C. 
AmbryssuB, am-brYs'sas, C. 
Ambubajae, am / bfi-ba /, je, C. 
Amedatha, a-mgcKd-tha, B. 
Ameilhon, a / ma / iox / ', 31. 
Amele8, am-T-lez, C. 
Amelot de la Houssaye, am'lo' 

de la oo'sif, 31. 
Amenanus, am'f-na'nBs, C. 
Amenophis, am't-no'fYs, C. 
Ameria, d-me r rY-a, C. 
America, d-mgr'J-kd, 21. 
Amerigo, a-ma-re'gC, or 

a-nigr'S-go', 21. 
Amersfort, or Amersfoort, 

a'mSrs-fBrt, 21. 
Amestratus, a-mSs'tra-tafl, C. 
Amestris. d-rngs'trYs, C. 
Amhara. Sm-ha'r4, 21. 
Amherst, am 'gist. 21. 
Ami, a'nn. B. 

Amida. a-mi'dd or am'Y-da, C. 
Amiens, am'Y-Snz : 

F. i'me^as', M. 
Amilcar, a-mYKkiir, C. 
Amilos. ami-IBs, C. 
Aminadab. d-mYu'd-dab, B. 
Amiot. or Amyot. a'mY-o', 2f. 
Amisia, d-mYsn'Y-d. and . 

us, a-mYah/Y-Hs, C. 
Amisum. a-niYs'am, or, 

4-mYs'OS, C. 
Amisus. am'Y-sfis, C. 
Amite, a-met', 21. 
Amiternum, am'Y-ter'nam, C. 
Amittai, d-mlt'tM, 11. 
Amizabad, a-mYz'a-bad, B. 
Amlwch, am'look, 21. 
Ammah, am'ma, B._ 
Ammianus. arn'mY-a^nas, C. 
Ammidioi, am-mYd'Y-oi, B. 
Ammiel, am'mT-gl, B. 
Ammihud. ani-mi'hBd, B. 
Amminadab, am-mYn'a-dab, 

B. 
Amminadib. am-niYn'4-dtb,^. 
Ammishaddai, 

am'mY-shad'S-t, B. 
Ammizabad, am-mYz'd-bad,^. 
Ammon. am'mSn. B. $> C. 
Ammonite, am'mSn-It. B. 
Ammonitess, am'mBn-Tt-Ss, B. 
Ammonius, am-m5 / 'nY-as, C. 
Ammonoosuck, 

arn'mfi-noo'suk, 21. 
AmnajUB. am-ne'tts, C. 
Amnias, am'nY-<is, C. 
Amnisus. am-ni'sBs, C. 
Amnon^am'n^n, B. 
Amon. a'mon, R. 
Amometus. am'0-me'tas, C. 
Amoo or Amou. a-moo', 31. 
Amoor or Amour, a-moor', M. 
Amor, a'mtSr, ('. _ 
Amoraeus, arn'O-re^Qs, C. 
Amorges, a-mSr'jez, C. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, lood, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, ciassical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; X, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



AHOBGOS 



982 



APHACE 



u 



w 



4-IU5 r - 
AmoriU a?n'r~rli, B. 

Amosk*ag. am &*-k8jj', -V. 
Amoy. a-moi', 31. 

I0S, B. 

Ampelos. am'p.'- 
Ampelusia. am pMu'shl-a. C 
Amp«r*. v">n pir*, 31. 
Ampezxo. im-pi I 

Amphiaraus. am n-a-ra'Cis. C. 
Amphiclea. am n-kk'a. ( . 
Amphicrates. am-flk'ra-tez, C. 
Amphietyon. ani-flk'tl-on. C. 
Amphictvones. 

Mt-tt'o-nSa, C. 
Amphidromia. am fl-dro'niY-a, 

G 
Amphigenia. Bm'fY-ie'nY-a, C 
Amphilochus. am-flKu-kus. C. 
Amphilytus. ain-firi-tfis. C. 
AmphimachUB, Bm-flm'a-kus, 

Amphimedon. Bm-fYm'f-dSn, 

Amphinomus. am-fYn'5-mus, 

Amphion. Sin-ft'On. C. 
Amphipoles. ain-fYp'O-lez, C. 
Amphipolis, am-fYp'o-lYs, B. (f 

( . 
Amphipyros. fim-fYp / 'Y-r3s, C. 
Amphiro. am-fi'rC, C. 
Amphisbaena. am'fYs-be'na, C. 
Amphissa. am-iYs'sa. C. 
Amphistides, Bm'tls-ti'dez, 

Amphistratus. Bm-fYe'tra-tus. 

C. 
Amphitheatrum. 

am'H-thS-a'trttm, C. 
Amphitrite. am'fY-trf't?. C. 
Amphitryon. Bm-fYt'rY-on, C. 
Amphitryoniades. 

am-fYt / rY-f-ni / 'a-dez, C. 
Amphoterus. am-fSfe-riis, C. 
Amphrysus. fini-frl'sus. C. 
Amplias. am'plY-OB, B. 
Ampudia. am-poo'de-a, 31. 
Amram. Brn'ram, B. 
Amramites. am'rBm-its, B. 
Amrapbel. firn'ra-ffil, B. 
Amritsir. am-rTfstr, or TJm- 

ritsir. um-rYr'sYr, 31. 
Amsterdam, fini-ster-dam', 31. 
Amu. Amur, = Asioo. 
Amulius. a-mflll-us. C. 
Amurath or Amurat._ 

a-moo-rat', 31. 
Amycla. a-mT'kla, C. 
Amyclae. a-mfklf, or 

am'T-kle", C. 
Amyclaa. fc-ml'Uas, C. 
Amycus. am'Y-kGs. C. 
Amydon. am't-dSn. C. 
Amymone. 5ni/!-mo'ne, C. 
Amyntas. a-mln'tas, C. 
Amyntianus. 

a-mYn'shY-a / 'nu8, C. 
Amyntor. a-mYn'tSr, C. 
Amyot = Amiot. 31. 
Amyricus Campus. 

am'T-rl'kQs kam'piis, C. 
Amystis, a-mYs'tYs. C. 
Amythaon. Bm'Y-tha'8n, C. 
Amytis. Bm^Y-tYs, C. 
Amzi. fim'zi, B. 
Anab. a'nBb. B. 
Anabasis, a-nfib'a-sYs, C. 
Anacaea. fin'a-se'a. C. 
Anaces. Bn'a-sez, or Anactes. 

a-nfik'tez, C. 
Anacharsis, Sn'a-kar'sTs, C. 
Anacium. aii'd-si'tim, or Ana- 

ceum. Bn'a-se'um, C. 
Anacreon, prop. a-na'kr£-8n, 

hut in Eng. usage a-nBk'rf-Sn, 

Anactorum. a-nfik'to-rum, C. 
Anadeer. a-na-der', 31. 
Anadyomene, Bn'a-dl-Sm/S-ne, 

Anael. 2n'a-?l, B. 
Anagnia, a-nBg'nY-a, C. 
Anab. a'na. B. 
Anaharath. an'a-ha'Yath, B. 
Anabuac. a-na-wak', M. 
Anaiab. an'a-T'a, B. 
Anaitis. an'a-l'tYe, C. 
Anak. a'nSk.jB. 
Anakimw, fin'a-kYmz, B. 
Anam, a-nSra', or Aiitiam, 

in-nam', M. 
Anamim. 5n'a-mTm, B. 
Anammelech, a-nirn'mS-lfk, 

A nan. 5'nfin. B. 
Anani. a-na'nl, B. 
Ananiab. Sn'a-nl'a ; AbitiIm 
an'a-nl'os, B. 



Ananiel. A-nSnM-t-1, B. 
Anaphe. an'u-U-, ('. 
Anapblystus. an a-flts'tus, 

( . 
AnapiB. a-na'pl>. C. 
Anapius. a-na'pl-ds. C. 
Anapus. a-na'pu>. C 
Anas. a'na-. ( . 
Anath. K'nith, B. 
Anathoth, an'a-th6th,£. 
Anatole. a-uafr.-le. C. 
Anatolia, an'a-to'll-a. SI. 
Anaurus. i-nafriiB, C 
Anausis. a-na'sls, C. 
An ax. S'n&c, C. 
Anaxagoras, an'aks-ag'C-ras, 

C. 
Anaxander. Sn'aks-an'der, C. 
Anaxandrides. 

an'ax-an'drT-dez, C. 
Anaxarchus. an aks-aKktSs, C. 
Anaxarete. an'aks-ar'e-tt, C. 
Anaxenor. an aks-e'nBr, C. 
Anaxias, a-naks r l-«s. C. 
Anaxibia. an / aks-lb'I-a, C. 
Anaxicrates. an'aks-tk'ra-tez, 

C. 
Anaxidamus. a-naks'I-da'mus, 



Andujar or Anduhar^ 

an-doo'liar, M. 
Anegada. K-nfr-ga'da, M. 

Anelontis, au'C-lOu'tls, C. 
Anem, K'nCm, B. 
Anemo, anT-mO. C. 
Anemolia. aiiT-iiio-lT'a, C. 
Anemosa. an'S-mO'ei, C. 
Anemotis. fin'f-mo'tTs. C. 
Anen. 5'nC-n, B. 
Aner. a'ner. B. 
Anerestes. an't-res'tez. C. 
Anethothite. an't-thCth'it, B. 
Anetothite, au't-toth'It. B. 
Anetor. a-ne'tOr, C. 
Angelina, an'jt-li'na, 31. 
Angelion. an-ie r lT-5n, C. 
Angelo. an'ja-lij, 31. 
Angelucci. an-ia-loot r cht, 31. 
Angelus. an'jf-lQs. C. 
Angermannland . 

amr'er-man-land', 31. 
Angers, an'jgrs. formerly An- 
giers. F. O.v'zhl', 31. 
' Angites. au-ii'tez, C. 
Angitia. an-jlsh'1-a. C. 
Angitula. an-jlt'tl-la. C. 
AngleseyorAnglesea, Bn'g'l-sS, 



us. a-naks'Wa'us, C. 
Anaxilides. an'aks-lKl-dez, C 



31. 



a-naks'I-mfin'der, C. 
Anaximenes, an'fiks-lm'e-nez, 

C. 
Anaxipolis, an / Sks-tp'S-lYs. C. 
Anaxippus, an'aks-lp'pus, C. 
Anaxis. a-naks'ls, C. 
Ancaeus. an-se'iis, C. 
Ancalites. an-kai'T-tez, or 

an'ka-ll'tez. C. 
Anchemolus. Sn-kern'O-lus, C. 
Anchesmus. fin-kes'mtis, C. 
Ancbiala, an-ki r a-la, or -le, 

-le. C. 
Anchialus. an-ki'a-lils. C. 
Anchimolus. an-kYm'6-lus, C. 
Anchises. an-kl'sez. C. 
Anchisia. Sn-klsb't-a, C. 
Anchoae. fin'ku-e', C. 
Ancboe. an'kS-f, C. 
AncburuB. Sn-ku'rQs, C. 
Ancile, an-sT'le, C. 
Ancillon, Cx'sf'yCx', 31. 
Ancona, an-ko'na. C t[ 31. 
Ancyras. an-si'rf. C. 
Andabatae. an-dab'a-te, C. 
Andalusia, an'da-lu'shl-a; Sp. 

an-da-loo-the / 'a, 31. 
Andaman, ao'da-man', 31. 
Andania. an-da'nt-a, C. 
Andegavi, an'dS-ga'vi or an- 

deg'a-vi. or -decavi, -dek / 'a- 

VI, C. 
Andera. an-de'ra. C. 
Anderitum. an-df r'l-tfim, C. 
Andes, an'dez, 31. _ _ 
Andikumu. an'dT-koo'moo, 31. 
Andocides. Sn-dCfl-dez, C. 
Andorra. an-dCr''ra. 31. 
Andover. an'dC-vgr, 31. 
Andral. SN'draK. 31. 
Andre\ an'drft or an'drt, M. 
Andreas, an'drf-as, C. 
Andreus. an 'dr£-us or an'drus, 

C 
Andrew, an'droo, B. 
Andria. an'drT-a, C. 
Andriaca. an-dri^a-ka, C. 
Andricus, an-drf'kiis, or 

an'drT-ku6, C. 
Andrieux. Ox'drT-e', 31. 
Andriscus. an-drTs'kus, C. 
Andro. an'dro. M. 
Androbius. an'dro'bY-iSs, C. 
Androclea. au'drC-kle^a, C. 
AndrocleB, an'drO-klez, C. 
Androclides, an / dro-kli / 'dez, 

C. 
Androclua. an'drC-klfis, C. 
Androdamas. an-drSd'a-mas, 



Androdus. an-droMtis, C. 
Androgens, an-dro'jf-fls, C. 
Androgyne, an-drBj'I-n?, C. 
Andromache. an-dr'8m / a-k£, C. 
Andromacbus, 

an-dr8m r a-ktts, C. 
Andromeda. an-drfim'S-da, C. 
Andronicus. an'drO-nl'kus, B. 

v c. 

Androphagi. an-dr8f'a-jl, C. 
AndropompuB. 

an / dr&-p8m / 'pQs, C. 
Andros. 3n'dr5-. 31. 
Androscoggin, an'dr8s-k8g'Yn, 

Androsthenes. 

an-dr8s'thP-nez, C. 
Androtion, an-dro'tY-«n, C. 



Anglia. Bn'glY-a, C. 
Angola, Bri-go'la, 31. 
Angora, an-go'ra. 31. 
Angostura. an-gCs-too'ra, 31. 
Angouleme. 8x / g66'lam / ', M. 
Angra. iin'gra. 31. 
Anguilla. an-gwYKla, or An- 

guila. an-geHa. M. 
Anguitia. an-gwYsh'Y-a, C. 
Angus, an'gfls. 31. 
Anhalt.an'halt, 31. 
Aniam. a'nt-ani, B. 
Anicetus. an'Y-se'tQs, C. 
Anicia. a-nYsh'Y-a, C. 
Anicius. a-nYsh'Y-u6. C. 
Anigroa. a-nl r gr8i. C. 
Anim, a'nYm, B. 
Anitorgis. an'r-tSr^Ys, C. 
Anius, a'Dl-Qs. C. 
Anjou. eN-'zhoo'. 31. 
Ankober, an-ko'b5r, 31. 
Ankori. Bn-ko'rf , 31. 
Anna, an'na, B., C, Sf M. 
Annaas. Bn'na-as, B. 
Annaberg. iin'na-bgrg. 31. 
Annagh. Sn-na'. 31. 
Annalis. Bn-na'lYs. C. 
Annapolis. fin-nap'6-lYs, 31. 
Ann Arundel, an a-run'del, 

31. 
Annas, an'nos, B. 
Annecy. an-se', 31. 
Annesley. Bnz'lY. 31. 
Annianus. an'nY-a'nus, C. 
Annibal. an'nY-bol. C. 
Anniceris. Bn-nYs't-rYs. C. 
Annuus. aa-nu'us or an'nu-Qs, 

B. 
AnoB, a'nSs. B. 
Anquetil-Duperron. 

8xk / ttl'-du-par / r6x', 31. 
Anspach. ans'pak. 31. 
Anstruther. Bn'stvoo-ther or 

Bn'ster. 31. 
Antaeus. Bn-te'tis. C. 
Antagoras. Bn-tBg'O-ras, C. 
Antalcidas. Bn-tBL'sY-das, C. 
Antandros. Bnt-Bn^drSs, C. 
Antea. Bn-te^a, C. 
AnteiUB. Bn-te'vus. C. 
Antemnae. Bn-ttm / 'n5, C. 
Antenor. Bn-te^nSn C. 
Antequera. an-tS-ka'ra, if. 
Anteros. Bn A tt-r8s. C 
Anterus, Bn'tf-riis, C. 
Anthaeus. an-the'us, C. 
Anthea. an-the'a. C. 
Anthea8. Bn'th^-ns. C. 
Anthedon, Bn-the'dCn, C- 
Anthela, Bn-the'la, C. 
Anthelia. Bn'the-li'a. C. 
Anthemis. Bn'the-mYs, C. 
Antbemus. Bn'thf-mus, C. 
Anthene, Bn-the'nt, C. 
Anthermus. Bn-tber'nius. C. 
Anthesphoria. an-thSs-fo'rY-a, 

Anthesteria, an'th?&-te'rY-a, 

C. 
Antheus, Bn'thf-us, C. 
Anthia. an-thi , a, C. 
Anthinae, Bn'thY-n?, C. 
Anthium, Bn'thY-Qm, C. 
Anthropomorphitae, 

Bn-thrSp/O-mSr-fl'tf, C. 
Anthropophagi. 

an'thrfi-pBf a-jl, C. 
Anthylla. Bn-thYl'la. C. 
Antia. Bn-ti'a, C. 
AntibeB. 5>'teb'. 31. 
Antichrist, Bn'tT-krtst, B. 



Anticinolis. Bn'tYs-Y-uo'lYs, C. 
Anticlea. Bn'tT-kle'a. C. 
Anticlides. an'tY-klT'dez, C. 
Anticosti. an / tY-k8s y 'tI 1 31. 
Anticragus, Bn-tlk-'ra-guf, C. 
Anticrates. Bn-tlk'ni-tez, C. 
Anticyra. Bn-tYs'1-rB, ('. 
Antidorus, Bn'tY-do'rus, C. 
Antietam. Bn-te'tcm, 31. 
Antigenes. an-tYj'C-nez, C. 
Antigenides. fin'H-jgii'Y-dez, 

".--das. -dia, ( . 
Antigone. an-tYg'u-ne, C. 
Antigonia. an'tl-gr-nT'a. C. 
AntigonuB. Bn-tYg'C-nut. C. 
Antigua, iin-te'ga. 31. 
AntilibanuB, an'll-lYb'a-nuB, B. 

y <:. 

Antilles. an-tYKlez or Bx'tel', 

jr. 

Antilochus. Bn-tYKC-kfis. C. 
AntimachuB. Bn-tlm'a-kas. ('. 
Antimenes, an-tYm'e-nez, C. 
Antinoe. an-tYn'ij-e, C. 
Antinoea. Bn'tT-n^-e'a. C. 
Antinopli8. Bn'tY-nSp'O-lYs, C. 
Antinous. Bn-tYn'O-fis, C. 
Antioch. Bn'tl-Ok. B. J," 31. 
Antiochia, Bn'tT-r.-kl'a. B. 
Antiochians. Bn'tY-o'kY-anz, 

B. 
Antiochi8, Bn-tl'o-kYf. B. 
Antiochus. Bn-tl'u-kus, B. 
Antiope, Bn-ti'0-pe, C. 
Antioquia. iin'tf-C-ke'a. 31. 
Antiparos. Bn-tYp'a-rSs, C. 
Antipas. Bn'tY-pae, B. 
Antipater. Bn-tYp'a-t?r. B. !f C. 
Antipatria. an-«-pa'trY-a or 

Bn'tl-pa-tn'a. C. 
Antipatris, an-tYp'a-trYs, B- % 

Antiphanea, Bn-tYf'a-nez, C. 
Antiphas. Bn'tY-fas, C. 
Antiphates. Bn-tYf a-tez, C. 
AntipbUus. Bn-tYf'Y-lQs. C. 
Antiphon. Bn'tY-fBn, C. 
Antiphonus, Bn-tYfO-nuB, C- 
Antiphus. Bn'tY-ffis, C. 
Antipodes, Bn-tYp'o-dez, C. Sr 

Antipolis. Bn-tYp'o-lYs, C. 

Antirrbium. Bn-tYr'rY-um, C. 

Antisana. an-tE-sa'Da, M. 

Antissa. Bn-tYs'sa, C. 

AntiBtbenes. Bn-tTs'tht-nez, C. 

Antium. Bn'shY-um, C. 

Antonelli. an-tA-nSKlt. 31. 

Antonia, Bn-to'nY-a. B. Sf C. 

Antonina. Bn'tS-nl'na, Anto- 
ninus. -nQs, C. 

AntoniopoliB. 

Bn-tc/nY-Cp'iS-lYs, C. 

Antoniopolitae. 

an'tu-nl'ij-pji-li'te, C. 

Antonius. Bn-to'nY-us, C. 

Antorides. Bn-tCr'Y-dez, C. 

Antothjjah. Bn / to-thT / 'ja, B. 

Antothite. Bn't8th-Tt, B. 

Antwerp. Bnt'wgrp : D. Ant- 
werpen. anfvgrp-en, 31. 

Anub. a'nQb, B. 

Anubis_. a-nu/bYs. E. 

Anus. a'nQs, B. 

Anvers. Bx'var', 31. 

Anwari. an'-wa-rt. 31. 

Anxanum. Bnks-a'num, C. 

Anxur. finks 'er, C. 

Anytus. Bn'Y-tns, C. 

Anzin. Sx'zax', 31. 

Aobrica. 3-8b , rY-ka, or -rigs, 
-rY-ga, C. 

Aoede. 3-e'de, C. 

Aon. 5 'On, C. 

Aones. a^o-nez, C. 

Aonia. a-o'nY-a. C. 

Aonides. 8-8n'Y-dez, C. 

Aoris, a'o-rYs. C. 

AornoB, iJ-8r'n0s, or -nuB, -nus, 
C. 

Aorsi, a-8r'bl. C. 

Aorus. a-o^rus. C. 

Aosphorus. S-8i'fi5-ru8, C. 

Aosta. a-8s'ta. 31. 

Aoub, S-o'tis. C. 

Apache, a-pa'chS, 31. 

ApaesuB. a-pe'Bus, C. 

Apama, a-pa'ma or Bp'i-ma, 
or -me, -mt; C. 

Apame. a-pa'm?, _B. 

Apamea. Bp / a-me'a, or -mia, 
-mi 'a, C. 

Apaturia. Bp'a-tu'rY-a, C. 

Apella. a-pel'la, C. 

ApeUes. a-p.:l']ez, B. 8r C. 

Apennines. Bp'Sn-nYnz, M. 

Apenninus. ap / Sn-nI'ntiB I C. 

Aper. a'p5r, C. 

ApeBas. Bp'f-eos, C. 

Aphace. if a-sf, C. 



a, e, I, o, u., long; a, 6, I, 6, H, y, abort; senate, e^ent, tdea, 6bey, finite, care, arm, ask, aU t 
B, BibUcal ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; X, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



APHAREUS 



983 



ARSAMOSATA 



Aphareua, a-fa'rC-Os or 

Ifa-rus, C. 
Apharsachites, a-tar'sak-ltz ; 
Apharsathchites, 

u-iiir'sath-kltz, B. 
Aphar8ites, a-fiir'slts, B. 
Aphas, S'fas, ( '. 
Aphek, S'fSk, B. 
Aphekah, a-ie'ka, B. 
Apherema, a-fSr'e-ma, B. 
Apherra, a-fCr'ra. B. 
Aphetae, af'&-te, C. 
Aphiah, a-fl'a, B. 
Aphik, a'fYk, B. 
Aphra, afra, B. 
Aphrah, af'ra, B. 
Aphrices, af-rl'sez, C. 
Aphrodisia, ai'ro-dYzh/Y-d, C. 
Aphrodisias, af'rCi-dYzh/Y-as, 

AphrodlBium, afrS-dYzh/Y-am, 

('. 
Aphrodite, af rft-dl'te, or -ta, 

-ta, C. 
Aphsea, af'sez, B. 
Aphytis, d-fl'tla or af 'Y-tYs, C. 
Apia, a'pY-d, C. 
Apicata, ap'Y-kii'td, C. 
Apicius, d-pYsh'l-fis, C. 
A.pidanus, d-pYd'a-nBs, C. 
Apina. ap'Y-nd.or -nae, -nS, C. 
Apiole, a-pi'S-le, C. 
Apion, a'pY-on, C. 
Apia, a'pYs, C. &r E. 
ApollinareB, a-pol'lY-na'rez, C. 
ApollinariB, a-p51 / lt-na , 'rts, 

C. 
Apollo, a-pM'to, C. 
Apollocretes, ap'OHSk're-tez, 

Apo'llodorus, a-pBl'lS-dB'rBB, C. 
Apollonia.ap'Bl-lO'nY-a, B_. SfC. 
Apollonides, ap'Bl-lSn'Y-dez, C. 
Apollonius, ap'Sl-lo'nY-Bs. C. 
ApollophaneB, ap'OUSfa-nez, 

B. 
Apollos, d-p5K18s, B. 
Apollyon, a-pol'iY-Sn or 

d-pSKyfin, B. 
Aponiana, a-po / nT-5 , 'na, C. 
Apotheosis, ap'S-thS-o'sts, C. 
Appaim, ap'pd-Ym, B. 



)'pa-im 
Appalachee, ap'pa-lach'e, 31. 
Appalachian " 



lp'pd-18 
ap-pa-: 



la'chl-an, 



Appalachicola, 

ap/pa-iach'T-kS'la, 31. 
Appendini, ap-pgn-de'ne", 31. 
Appenzell, ap-pent-sel', 31. 
Apphia, af'tt-d, B. 
Apphus, afftts, B. 
Appiades, ap-pI'd-dSz, C. 
Appianus, ap'pY-a'nBs, C. 
Appia Via, ap'pY-a vl'd, C. 
Appii Forum, ap'pY-I fO'rBm, 

B. if C. 
Appias, ap'pY-fis, C. 
Appomattox, ap'pC-maftBka, 

Appula, ap'pfl-la, C. 
Appuleius, ap'pn-le'yus, C. 
Apries, S'prY-ez, C. 
Aprilia, a-prl'lYs, C. 
Aptera, ap'te"-ra, C. 
Apuleia, ap'u-le^ya, C. 
Apuleiua, ap'fi-le'yBs, C. 
Apulia, d-pu'iY-a ; Apulum, 

-Lttm, C. 
Apure, a-poo'rjf, 31. 
Apurimac, a-poo-rt-mak / ', M. 
Aquarius, a-kwa'rf-us, C. 
Aquila, Jfe'wl-la, B. if C. ; 

a/kwg-ld, 31. 
Aquileia, ak'wY-le/yd, C. 
Aquilius, ak'wY-le'vtts, C. 
Aquilo, ak'wY-16, C. 
Aquilonia, ak'wY-lo'nY-d, C. 
Aquinas, a-kwl'nas, C. 
Aquinum, d-kwl'nfim, C. 
Aquitaine, ak'we-tan'', 31. 
Aquitania, ak'wY-ta'nY-a, C. 
At, ar, B. 
Ara, a'rd, B. 
Arab, a'rab, a city, B. : ftr'ttb, 

a native of Arabia, 31. 
Arabah, ar'a-ba, B. if M. 
Arabatthane, 

ar'a-bath-tha'nS, B. 
Arabattine, ar^a-bat-tl'ne, B. 
Arabea, ar'a-bez, C. 
Arabia, d-ra'bY-a, B„ C, If M. 
Arabian, a-ra'bl-an, B. 
Arabicua, d-rab't-kfis, C. 
Aracan, a'ra-kan', M. 
Arachne, a-rak'nC, C. 
Arachnea, ar'ak-ne'a, C. 
Arachosia, ar'a-ko'sht-a, C. 
Arachotae, ar'd-ke'te, or -ti, 

-ti, C. 
AracynthuB, ar / a-stn r thtis, C. 



Arad, a'rad, B. ; 8r'5d', M. 

Aradua, ar'il-dfis, B. Sf C. 

Arse, S'rC, C. 

Arago.ar'a-sfi ; F. ar'a'gS'', M. 

Aragon, ar'a-gOn, 

,S//. ii-ra-gOn', M. 

Araguay, ii-rii-gwl'', M. 

Arah, a'ra, B. 

Aral, Kr'al, M. 

Aram, S^rftm, B. !f M . 

Aramiteas, a'rara-It-8s, B. 

Ar amnaharaim, 

a'ranj-na'ha-ra'tm, B. 

Aramzobah, a / ram-zo , ba, B. 

Aran, a'rau, B. 

Aranjuez, a-riiu-hwCth', M. 

Arapahoe = Akrai'ahob, 

ar-rap'a-h6, M. 

Ararat, ar'a-rat, B. * M. 

Ararath, ar'a-rath, B. 

Aras, ar'as, Araxes, a-raks'ez, 

M. 
Arathes, a-ra'thez, B. 
Aratus, a-ia'tOs, C. 
Araunah, a-rii'iid, B. 
Araure, a-rou'ra!, M. 
Araxes, a-raks'ez, C. S( M. 
Arba, ar'bii, B. 
Arbace8, ar'ba-sez, C. 
Arbah, sir'ba, B. 
Arbathite, iir'bath-it, B. 
Arbattia, ar-bat'tls, B. 
Arbe, ar'ba", M. 
Arbela, Palestine, ar-be r la, B. ; 
Sicily, Arbela, iir'be-la, or 
Arbele, ar'be-16, C. 
Arbelua, ar-be'lfis, C. 
Arbite, ar'bit, B. 
Arbogast, ar'bo'gasf, M. 
Arbonai, ar-bo^nft-I, B. 
Arborio, ar-bo^rS-S, M. 
Arbroath, iir'brSth, M. 
Arbuckle, ar'bfik'l, 31. 
Arbuthnot, ar'bttth-nBt ; Scot., 

ar-bQth'uut, M. 
Arcades, ar'ka-dez, C. 
Arcadia, ar-ka'dl-a, C. 4- M. 
Arcadius, ar-ka'dt-Qs, C. 
Arcanum, ar-ka^nQm, C. 
Arceophon, ar-se'6-f8n, C 
Arcesilaus, ar-sSs't-la'tts, C. 
ArchagathUB, ar-kag'a-thiis, 

Archangel, ark-an^jgl, M. 
Archelaus, ar'kS-la'us, B. tt C. 
Archemachus, ar-k^m'a-kus, 

C. 
Archemorua, ar-kSm'S-rtis, C. 
Archenholz, ar'ken-hSlts, JI. 
Archeptolemus, 

ar'kSp-tSKe-mHs, C. 
Archestratus, ar-kSs'tra-tfis, 

C. 
Archevites, ar'k8-vlts, B. 
Archi, ar'kt, B. 
Archias, ar^kt-as, C. 
Archidamas, ar-kld'a-mas, C. 
Archidamia, a^kt-da-mfa, C. 
Archidamus, ar'kt-da'mfis, C. 
Archidemus, ar'kT-de'mQa, C. 
Archigallus, ar'kl-gai'lus, C. 
Archigenes, ar-ktj'e-nez, C. 
Archilochus, ar-klKS-kfis, C. 
Archimedes, ai^kT-me'dez, C. 
Archinus, ar-kl'ntts, C. 
Archipelagus, ar'kT-pgl'a-gOB, 

Archippe, ar-kTp'pe, C. 
Archippus, ar-ktp^pus, B. fr C. 
Archite, iir'kit, B. 
Architia, iir-ki'tts, C. 
Archontes, ar-kSn'tez, C. 
Archytas, ar-kftas, C. 
Arcitenens, ar-sTfe-nSnz, C. 
Areola, ar-ko'la ; Arcole, -1ft, 

M. 
Arcon, d', dar'sCN', M. 
Arcot, ar-kSt', M. 
Arctinus, iirk-tl'nfis, C. 
Arctophylax, ark-t8ft-iaks, 

Arctorua, ark-to'rus, C. 
Arcturua, ark-tu'rtis, B. 
Ard, ard, B. 
ArdalUB, ar'da-lus, C. 
Ardath, ar'dath, B. 
Ardea, ar'df-a, C. 
Ardeche, aKdash', M. 
Arden or Ardennes, ar / d5n / ', M. 
Ardiaei. ai^dT-e'i, C. 
Ardites, ard'its, Bi 
Ardon, ar'dSn, B. 
Ardone, ar'dS-ne', C. 
Arduenna, ar'du-gn'nd, C. 
Area, a-re'a, C. 
Arelatum, aKS-La'tum, C. 
AreU, a-re r lt, B. 
Arelites. a-re'Hts, B. 
Aremorica^ aKS-mBr'T-ka, C. 
Arenae, a-re'nS; Arene. -n6, C. 



Arensberg, a'rfns-bCrg ; ArnB- 

berg, ani!s / 'bur^, M. 
Areopagitae, ii-iu / r<-pa-jl , te, C. 
Areopagus, a'rC-Op'i-gas, B. if 

Areopolia, a'rC-Cp'J'l-li 
Arequipa, ii-rft-ke'pa, M. 
Area, a'rez, Ji. if v. 
Areathanaa, ar / f!h-tha , na8, C. 
Areator, a-rC.^'t8r, C. 
Areatorides, a^CK-ter'T-dez, C. 
Areta, ar'C-ta, C. 
Aretaeua, ar'C-te'as, C. 
Aretaphila, ar'f-tafMi, C. 
Aretaa, ar'f-tas, Ji. «,• C. 
Arete, 4-rB't€ or ar'6-tS, C. 
Aretes, ar'6-tez, C. 
Arethusa, ar'f-tliu'sd, C. 
Aretin, ii-re-teii', ,)/. 
Areus, a-re'as, B. ; a'rS-Bs or 

-rus, C. 
Arezzo, ii-rPt^sfi, M. 
Argaeus. ar-je'tlB, C. 
Arganthonius, 

ai^gan-tho'nt-fim, C. 
Argea, iir-je'a, C. 
Argennum, ar-jgn'nam. C. 
Argenaola, de, 

d!t ar-hCn-KS'la, M. 
Argenaon, d\ dar / zh8N / aSN / ', 

Argentan, ar / zh8N / t8N / ', M. 
Argenteuil, ar / zh8N / t51' r , 31. 
Argentiera, ar-jgn'tt-a'ra, 31. 
Argentine, repvblic, ar'jen-tln, 

Argia, ar-jl'a, C. 
ArgiluB. af'jT-lBs, C. 
Arginus, ar-jI'nBs, C. 
Arginusae, ar'jT-nQ'sS, C. 
Argiphontes, a^jt-ffin'tez, C. 
Argippaei, ar / jtp-pe , I, C. 
Argiva, ar-ji'va, C. 
Argivi, ar-jl'vl, C. 
Argo, ar r gi5, C. 
Argob, ar'gSb, B. 
Argolicua, ar-soVT-kus, C. 
Argolia, ar'gO-llta, C. 
Argonautae, a^gS-na'tfi, C. 
Argoon, ar-goon / ', 31. 
Argoatoli, ar-g8s't6-lS, M. 
Argous, ar-gS'fis, C. 
Argura, ar-gu''- or ar'gu-ra, C. 
Argus, ar^gBs, C. 
Argyle or Argyll, ar-gll', 31. 
Argynnus, ar-jTn'nus, C. 
Argyra, ar'jl-ra, C. 
Argyre, ar'jl-rS, C. 
Argyripa, ar-jTr'T-pd, C. 
Argyro- Castro, 

ai^gt-rfi-kas'trS, 31. 
Aria, a'rl-a, and d-rl'd, C. 
Ariadne, a / rY-ad / 'ne, C. 
Ariaeus, ar'Y-e'Qs, C. _ 
Ariamnes, ai- / Y-am / 'nez, C. 
Ariantas, ar't-an'tas, C. 
Ariarathes, a^rt-d-ra'thez, B. 

sc a 

Aricia, a-rtsh'Y-a, C. 
Aricina, ar'Y-syna, C. 
Aridaeus, ar'Y-de'Os, C. 
Aridai, a-rYd'S-i, B. 
Aridatha, a-rYd'd-tha, B. 
Ariege, a'rS-azh'', M. 
Arieh, a-rT'e, B. 
Ariel, a'rY-el, B. 
Ariga, d-re r gd, M. 
Arigasum, ar'Y-ie'Qm, C. 
Arignote, ar / Yg'-no / 't6, C. 
Aril, a-rl'I or a'rY-I, C. 
Arimaspi, ar'Y-mas'pl, C. 
Arimathea or -thaea, 

d^Y-md-the'd, B. 
Arimazes, aKY-ma'zez, C. 
Ariminum, a-rYm / 'Y-num, C. 
Arimphaei, ar'Ym-fe'I, C. 
Ariobarzanes, d-n'O-bar-za''- 

Dez or a'rY-S-bar'zd-nez, C. 
Arioch, a'rY-Sk. B. 
Ariomardus, a'rY-O-mar'das, 

C. 
Arion, d-rl'Sn, C. 
Ariosto, ar'Y-Ss'tO or a-rS-Ss'tft, 

31. 
Ariovistua, a^Y-Ci-vYs'tas, C. 
AriB, a'rYs, C. 
Arisai, a-rYs'3-I, B. 
Arisba. d-rYz'bd, C. 
Aristaenetus, ar / Ys-tgn / '8-tas, 

C. 
Aristaeum, a^Ys-te'timi -us, -fis, 

C. 
Aristagoras, ar'Ys-tag'S-ras, C. 
Aristander, ar^Ys-tan^dgr, C. 
Ariatarche, ar'Ys-tar'kg, C. 
Ariatarchus, ar'Ys-tar'ktis, B. 
Aristeaa, a-rYs'tP-as, C. 
Ariaterae, d-rYs'tS-re, C. 
AristeuB, d-rYs'tS-Bs or 

d-rYs'tas, C. 



Aristhenes, d-rYs'thf-nez, C. 
Ari8tideB, tt^Ys-tT'dt/ 
Aristillus. a^lh-tll'IuK, C. 
AriatippuB, ar'Yh-tYp'pflB, C. 
Ariatiua, a-rfh'tl-Qfc, C. 
Ariato, 4-rYfl'tl 
AriatobulUB, ar'Yt-tii-bO'ias, B. 

A- (J. 
Aristoclea. a-rYh'tO-klez, C. 
AriBtocUdeB, d-rYs'tfj-kll'dez, 

c. 
Aristocrates, ar'Ys-tOk'rd-tez, 

AristodemuB, d-rYs'W-de'rnBa, 

c. 
Aristogenes, ar'YK-tSj'f-nez, C. 
Ariatogiton, &r / lB-t&>jI'tSn, C. 
AriBtomache, ar'Ys-trjin'd-kC, 

or -achus, -a-kdh, C. 
Ariatomedea, d-rYs'tC-me'dez, 

C. 
Ariatomedon, ai^Ys-tOm't-dOn, 

C. 
Ariatomenes, a^Ys-tOm't-nez, 

C. 
Ariaton, a-rYs'tBn, C. 
Aristonautae, a-rYb'tS-nft'tS, 

('. 
Ariatonicus, a-rYs / tu-nI / 'kfis, C. 
Ariatonidee, ar / Ys-tOn , Y-dez, C. 
AriBtonus, a-rYs'tfi-nas, C. 
Aristonymus, ar'Ys-tOn'Y-maa, 

Ariatophanea, a^Ys-tOfd-nez, 

Aristophon, d-rYs'tS-fSn, C. 

Aristoteles, aKYs-tBt'e-lez, C. 

AriatoxenuB, ar'Ys-tBks'S-nfis, 
C. 

AristUB, d-rYs'tfis, C. 

Ariu8 A a river, d-rl'fis, or Ari- 
as, a'rY-as, C. 

Arius, the heretic, a-rY'fis or 

a'rY-Qs, C. 

Arizona, ar-Y-z5 r na, 31. 

Arkansas, ar'kan-sa', 31. 

Arkecko or Arkiko. ar-ke'kcS 
M. 

Arkite, ark'lt, B. 

Arklow, ark'ld, 31. 

Arlberg, arKbgrg ; G. arKbgrg, 

Aries, arl, 31. 

Arlincourt, ar'iaK'koor', 31. 
Arlington, ar'lYng-tan, 31. 
Armageddon, ar / ma-ggd / 'd5n, 

B. 
Armagh, ar-ma', 31. 
Armagnac, ar / man / yak / ', 31. 
Armene, ar'mP-nS, C. 
Armenia, ar-me / 'nY-a, B., C, Sf 

31. 
Armentieres, aVmS.v'tY-ar', 

31. 
Armenus. ar^mC-nas, C. 
Armilustrium, 

ar'mY-ias'trY-Bm, C. 
Arminiu8, ar-mYn'Y-Bs, C. if M. 
Armoni, ar-mo'nl, B. 
Armoricae, ar-mBr'Y-sS, C. 
Arna, ih-'na, B. 
Arnan. ar^ndn, B. 
Arnaud, ar'no'', 31. 
Arnauld, ar'no', 31. 
Arnault, ar'no', 31. 
Arndt, arnt, 31. 
Arnhem, arn'hgm, or Arn- 

heim, arn'him, Jf. 
Arno. ar'nS, M. 
Arnobius, ar-no , bY-B8, C. 
Arnon. ar'nOn, B. 
Arnould, ar'noo', 31. 
ArnBberg, arns'bgrg, M. 
Arnstadt, iirn'stat, 31. 
Arod. a'rOd, B. 
Arodi, ar'6-di. B. 
Arodites, a'r8d-its, B. 
Aroer, ar'S-gr, B. 
Aroerite, ar'S-gr-It, B. 
Arom, a'rSm, B. 
Aromata. d-rSni'd-td, C. 
Aroostook, a-roos'tf^k, M. 
Arouet, a'TOo'S', = Voltaiee, 

If. 
Arpad, ar'pad, B. 
Arphad, ar'fUd. B. 
Arphaxad, ar-faks^ad, B. 
Arpino, iir-pe'nfi, 31. 
Arpinum, ar-pY'nfim, C. 
Arrapahoe, ar-rap'd-hS, M. 
Arraa, ar'riis ; F. ar'ras', 31. 
ArrhabaeuB. aKra-be'Bs, C. 
ArrianuB, aKrY-a'nBs, C. 
Arriaza, ar-rY-a'tha, 31. 
Arroe = J EROE, 31. 
Araaces, ar'sft-sez, B. : 

ar'sft-sez or ar-s5'sez, C. 
Arsacidae, ar-sas'Y-dC, C. 
Arsamosata, ar / sd-m8-sa , td, or 

ar / sd-iii5s'a-ta, C 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



ARSANIAS 



984 



AUTURA 



,ir*J'nY-<i$. C 
Arsareth. iir'su-rCth. B. 
Arsia. ir 

Arsinoe. ir-rtn'W, (". 
Artabanus. ar ta-ba'nus. C. 

arU-ba-za'nez, 



U 



w 



ArUbazus. :ir O-bt'sas, C 
Artabri. :ir'ta-brT. ('. 
Artabrit*. ir ta-brl'tf, ('. 
Artace. :u't:i-<f, < '. 
Artacene. ar tu-»e'n?. C. 
Artacoana. ar ta-k/wS'iia. C. 
Artagera*. iirta-je'ras, ('. 
Artanus. iir-ta'nhs. ( . 
Artaphernes. ar tu-fgr'iiez, C. 
Artavasdes. ar tn-vas"^?/, C. 
Artaxa. iir-taks'a, or -taxias. 

-Uks'l-as, C 
Artaxata, ar-t&ks'a-ta. C. 
Artaxerxes, ar'taks-erks'Sz, 

/>'. V C. 

Artayctes. aVta-Yk'tez, C. 
Artemidoras, ar / t£m-Y-d5''rus, 

C. 
Artemas, ar'tf-mas, B. 
Artemis. ar'tf-mU. C. 
Artemisia. ar'te-niTsh'T-a, C. 
Artemisium. ar / t5-inYsh /, Y-um, 

C 
Artemita. ar'te-mT'ta, C. 
Artemon, ar'tf-mOn, C. 
Arteveld, ar'tit-velt, or Arte- 

velde, ar't9-vel-de, 21. 
Artigas, ar-te'gas. 21. 
Artois. ar'twa', 31. 
Artorius. ar-to'rl-fis, C. 
Aruboth, ar'O-bSth, B. 
Arumah. a-ru'ma, B. 
Arundel, .Eho"-. ar'tm-del; U.S., 

a-run'del, 31. 
Aruns, a'riinz, C. 
Aruntius, a-rOn'shY-tts, C. 
Aruwimi, a'roowe'inS, M. 
Arvad, iir'vad, B. 
Arvadite, ar'vad-it. B. 
Arvales, ar-va'lez, C. 
Arverni, ar-ver'nT, C. 
Aryandes, 5'rT-an'dez, C. 
Aryptaeus, ar'Yp-te'us, C. 
Arza, ar'za, B. 
Asa. a'sa, B. 
Asadias. as'a-dl'as, B. 
Asael. as'SKl, B. 
Asahel, a'sa-hfl, B. 
Asaiah, as'a-T'a, B. 
Asana. as'a-na. B. 
Asander. a-?au r der, C. 
Asaph, a'saf, B. ; as'af, M. 
Asarael, a-sar'5-61, B. 
Asareel, a-sSr'e-61, B. 
Asarelah, as'a-re'la, B. 
Asbazareth. as-baz'a-rgth, B. 
Asbystae, as-bis'te. C. 
Ascalaphus, as-kaL'a-ftts, C. 
Ascalon. as'ka-lOn, B. Sf C, 

dbo Ascalo, as'ka-lo, C. 
Ascania, as-ka'nl-a ; -nius, 

-nY-tte, C. 
Aflchaffenburg, a-shaf fen- 

bfrjr, G. a-shaf 'fen-bfibrg 7 , 31. 
Ascham. as'kam, 21. 
ABChersleben, asb/ers-la'ben, 

M. 
Asclepiea, as-kle'pl-e'a, or 

-piia. -pT-i'ya, C, 
Asclepiades, as'kie-pl'a-dez, 

ABclepiodorus. 

as-kle'pY-S-do'rtts, C. 
Asclepius. as-kle'pT-ris, C. 
Ascletario. aVkie-tS'rM, C. 
Ascoli. a^kO-lf. 21. 
Asconius, a^-ko'nT-fis, C. 
Ascough = Askew, 21. 
Asculum, a-'ku-lfim, C. 
Ascutney. a>--kfit'nY, 21. 
Asdrubal, as'dru-bal, C. 
Aseas. a-se'tfs, li. 
Asebebia. a-sCr/E-bT'a, B. 
Asebia, a^-bi'a, B. 
Asellio, a-sCl'lYA C. 
Asenath. as'f-nath, B. 
Aser. S'b8t. B. 
Aserer. a-se'rgr, B. 
Asgard, a-'fiird, X. 
Ashan. a'hhan, B. 
Ashantee, a-shan'tS, or 

ash-an-te', 21. 
Ashbea. a.-h-be'a, B. 
Ashbel. ftah^ML H. 
Aahbelitea, ahh'b^l-Tts. B. 
Ashburnham, afab-'bgrn-am, 

Ashburton, ash'b5r-tfin, M. 
Aahchenaz, &>.h'kt-n&z, B. 
Aahdod. S'h'dM, H. 
Ashdodites, SsbTdM-Tta, B. 
Aahdoth. B*h r d5th, B. 
Aahdotbites, ahh'dOtli-Its, B. 



Asbdothpisgah. 

i» > h dath-ptz'gd, B. 
Asher. asli'or. li. 
Asherites. a^i'P-rlts, B. 
Asbima. a^h"I-lna. B. 
Asbkelon, as'kr-lOu. JS. 
Ashkenaz, ash'kC-naz, B. 
Asbnah, ash'ua, /.. 
Ashpenaz, ash'pt-uaz, ,5. 
Asbriel. tteli'rl-ei, B. 
Ashtabula, ash'ta-bQ'la, M. 
Ashtaroth, ash'ta-rSth, B. 
Ashtemoh, Bah't6-mft, B. 
Ashterathite, ash'te-rath-It, 

/;. 
Ashteroth Karnaim. 

ash'te-rOth kar'na-tm, B. 
Ashtoreth, ash't«-r«th, B. 
Ashuelot. ash'wMOt, Jl. 
Ashur. ftsh'er, B. 
Ashurites, ash'fi-rTts, B. 
Ashvath. ash'vath, B. 
Asia, a'^hl-a, B., C, &>■ M. 
Asiaticus, a'shT-afl-kuB, C. 
Asibiaa, as'Y-bl'as, B. 
ABiel, a'el-el, B. 
Asinaria. as'Y-na^rY-a, C. 
Asinarius, as'Y-na'rY-ils, C. 
Asine. as't-n? or a-sT'nS, C. 
Asinius, a-sln't-fis, C. 
Asipha_, as't-fa, B. 
Aaius. a'shY-Qs, C. 
Askelon, as'ke-Wn, B. 
Askew or Ascough. as'ku, 31. 
Asmadai (Milton), as'ma-di, 

Asmaveth, as'ma-veth, B. 
AsmodeuB, az'mo-de'us, B. 
Asmoneans (Josephus), 

as / mf)-ne , 'anz, B. 
Asnah, as'na, B. 
Asnappar, as-nap-'par, Bj 
Asochis (Josephus), a-so'kYs, 

B. 
Asom, a'sSm, B. 
Asopia. a-so'pY-a, C. 
Asopiades, as'8-pi'a-dez, C. 
Asopis, a-&o'pYs, C. 
Asopus, a-so'pfis, C. 
Aspamithres, as-pam , Y-threz, 

Asparagium, as'pa-ra'jY-um, 

Aspasia. as-pa^zhY-a, C. 
AspasiuB. as-pa'zhY-Qs, C. 
Aspastes, as-pas'tez, C. 
Aspatha, Bs / pA4h&. B. 
Aspathines, as'pa-thi'nez or 

Ss-path'T-nez, C. 
Aspendus. as-pen'dfls, C. 
Asphaltites. as'fal-tl'tez, C. 
Asphar. as'far, B. 
Aspharasus, as-far r a-stis, B. 
Aspinwall, aa'pYn-wal, M. 
A8porenu8, as'po-re'nus, C. 
Asriel. fe'rY-el, B. 
Asrielites. as'rY-el-its, B. 
Aesabias. aVsa-Wcs, B. 
Assalimoth, as-sal't-mSth, B. 
Assam. Ss-sam', M. 
Assanias. as'sa-ni'os, B. 
AB6aremoth, as'sa-re'mOth, B. 
AsBaye, as-sf, M. 
Assheton, asli'tfin, Ji. 
Asshur. ash'Sr. B. 
Asshurim, as-shn'rYm, B. 
Assideans, as / sY-de'«nz, B. 
ABBinniboin.as-sYn /, nY-boin / ,if. 
Assir. as'scr, B. 
Assisi, Ss-se'sS, M. 
Absob. as'sOs, P.. 
Assouan, or Assuan, 

^s'soo-an', 21. 
AssueruB. as'su-e'rut*, B. 
Assumption, as-^ump'shfin, in 

Sp. Asuncion, a-soon-the'-on', 

M. 
Asswan, as-wan' = Assouan, 

M. 
Assyria. as-sYr"Y-a, B. Sr C. 
Assyrian. as-sYr'Y-on, B. 
Astacus, as'ta-ktis, C 
Astageni. as'ta-je'ni, C. 
Astapa, as'ta-p'a, C. 
Astapus, as'ta-pus, C. 
A8taroth. as'ta-rSth, B. 
Astarte, as-tiir'te, C. 
Astath, as'tath, P.. 
Asteria. as-ti-^rY-a, C. 
Asterion. aMe'rY-On, C. 
Asteris, as'tf-rYs, C. 
Asterius. as-te'rY-fiB, C. 
Asterodia. as'tf-ro'dY-a, C. 
Asterope, at-tCT'C-pS. or Aste- 

ropea, as / t?-r6-pe / 'a, C. 
AstC iis'te\ M. 
Astorga, as-tfir'gi, M. 
Astoria. ftb-to'rT-a. M. 
Astrabad, Us / tra-bad / ', 21. 
Astraea, ab-tre / 'a, C. 



Astrakhan, a6-tra-kan r , M. 
Astura. as'tn-ra, C. 
Astures. as-tQ^rez, C. 
Asturias, as-too're-iis, M. 
Astyage. as-tl'd-jC, C. 
Astyages, as-tl'a-jez, B. S,- C. 
Astyalus. as-tl'ii-lus, C. 
Astyanax, as'tl'a-n&ks, C. 
Astycratea, ae-tl-kra-te'a, or 

-tia. -tl'a, C. 
Astydamas as-tYd'i-mas, C. 
Astydamia, as'tl-da-ml'a, C. 
ABtylua, as'tY-lus or 

as-tl'lfiB, C. 
Astymedusa, as'tY-me-du'sa, 

Astynome, as-tYn'i!5-me\ C. 
Astynous, as-tYn'C-us, C. 
Astyoche, as-tl'0-kf, or Asty- 

ochia, as'tY-C-ki'tt, C. 
Astypalaea, as'tY-pa-le'a, C. 
ABtyphilus, as-tYf'Y-lus, C. 
Astyron, as'tY-rSn, C. 
Asumption, as-sump'shun, M. 
Asuppim, a-sQp-'pYm, B. 
Asychis, as'Y-kYs, C. 
Asyncritus, a-sYn'krY-tus, C. 
Atabulus, a-tab'u-lfis, C. 
Atabyris, a-tab'Y-rYs, C. 
Atacama, a-ta-ka'ma, M. 
Atad, a'tad, B. 
Atahualpa, a-ta-hwaKpa, M. 
Atalanta, at'a-ian'ta, C. 
Atarah, at'a-ra, B. 
Atarantes, at/a-ran'tez, C. 
Atarbecbis, at'ar-be'kYs, C. 
Atargatis, a-tar'ga-tYs. B. if C. 
Atarnea, a-tar^nf-a or 

at'ar-ne'a, C. 
Ataroth. at'a-r5th, B. 
Atarothadar, at'a-r5th-a A dar, 

B. 
Atarothaddar, 

at'a-rOth-ad'dar, B. 
Atax, 5'tax, C. 
Atchafalaya, ach'ttf-a-ll'a, 21. 
Ate. a'tf, C. 
Atella, a-t5Kla, C. 
Ater. a'ter, B. 
Aterezias, fit / er-e"-zi /, as, B. 
Ath or Aath. at, 21. 
Athach. a'thak, B. 
Athaiah. fith'a-T'd, B. 
AthaUah. ath'a-li'a,^. _ 
Athamanes, ath'a-ma'nez, C. 
Athamas, atb/a-m«s, C. 
Athanasius, ath'a-na'zhY-fis.C. 
Athanatus, a-thaD'a-tus, C. 
Athabasca, ath'a-bas'ka, M. 
Atharias, atVa-rl'tzs, B. 
Athelstan, ath'el-stan, 21. 
Athena, a-the'na ; Athenae, 

-ne\ C. 
Athenaea. ath'f-ne'a, C. 
Athenaeum, ath'e-ne'um, C. 
Athenaeus. ath't-ne'iis, C. 
Athenagoras, ath'e-nag'o-ras, 

Athene, a-the'ne, C. 
Athenians, a-the r nY-onz. B. 
Athenio, a-the'nY-o, or -nion, 

-nT-5n, C. 
Athenobius. ath'e-no'bY-Qs, B. 
Athenodorus, a-th6n / 0-do / 'rus, 

a 

Athens, ath'gnz, B., C, Sf M. 
Athesis. StlT'e-sYs, C. 
Athlai. ath'li, B. 
Athlone, ath-ion', 31. 
Athol, ath'ul, M. 
Athor, ath'Sr, E. 
Athos, a'thOs, C. 
Athous, a-tho'us, C. 
Athy. a-thi', 21. 
Athymbra, a-thYm^bra, C. 
Atia, a'shT-a, C. 
Atilia, a-tYl'T-a, C. 
Atilla, a-tYKla, C. 
Atina, a-te^na, 21. 
Atinia. a-tYn'Y-a, C. 
Atipha. at'Y-fa, B. 
Atlantes. at-ian'tez, C. 
Atlantiades. afian-tl'a-dez.C. 
Atlantides, at-ian"tY-dez, C. 
Atlas, at'las. C. If M. 
Atli. afie, X 
Atossa, a-tSs'sa^ C. 
Atraces, afra-sez, C. 
Atramyttium, 

at'ra-mYBh'Y-um, C. 
Atrax. a'trax, C. 
Atrebates, _ at'rg-ba'tez or 

a-trgb , a-tez, C. 
Atreus, a'trt-us or a'trus, C. 
Atri. a'tr?, 3f. 
Atridae, a-trl'd?, C. 
Atrides. a-tri'dez. C. 
AtropoB, at'rfi-p5s, C. 
Atroth. at'rOth, B. 
Attai, at'ti, B. 



Attalia. at'ta-ll'a, B. if C, also 

Attalea, -le'a, C. 
Attalua, at r ta-lus, B. !f C. 
Atteiua, at-te'yus, C. 
Attharates, ath-thar'a-tez, B. 
Attica, at'tY-ka, C. 
Atticus. at'tY-kus, C. 
Attila, at'tY-la, C. 
Attilius, at-tYKY-Qs, C. 
Attock, at-tOk', 31. 
Aturus, at'u-rQs, C. 
Aube, 51). 21. 
Aubenas, Ob'na', 31. 
Auber, O'bar', 31. 
Aubigne", 6'bfu'ya'', 31. 
Aubrey, a'brY, 31. 
Auburn, a'bSrn, 31. 
Aubusson, 6 / bus / s6.N / ', M- 
Auch, osh, 31. 
Auchinlech, af'flgk, 3f. 
Auchmuty. a'mu-tl, M. 
Aude, od, 31. 
Audebert, Sd'bar', 31. 
Audenarde, 5'den-ard', 31. 
Audera, a-de'ra, C. 
Audhumbla, ou-rhoom'bla, X. 
Audouin, C'doo'aN', 21. 
Audran, C'drON', 21. 
Audubon, a/dfi-b5n, 31. 
Auerbach, ou'gr-bak, 31. 
Aufeia. a-fe'ya. C. 
Aufenberg, ouf 'en-bgrg, M. 
Aufidena, a'fY-de'na, C. 
Aufidiua, a-iYd'1-Gs, C. 
Aufidus, a'^fY-dus, C. 
Auga, a/ga, C. 
Augeae, a-ie r e, C. 
Augeas. a'je'-as, C. 
Augereau, ozh'ro" or C'zhe-rS',. 

21. 
Augia, a'iY-a, B. 
Augias, &.-]l'a& ; Augeas, -je'- 

as, C. 
Augilae, a'jY-lg, C. 
Augsburg, ougz^btforg, 31. 
Augures, a/gtl-rez, C. 
Augusta, a-gus'ta, C. Br 21. 
Augustales. a'gus-ta'lez, or 

-talia, -ta'lY-a, C. 
Augusti, ou-goos'te, 21. 
Augustin, F. o / gu» / tax / ' ; S}>. 

ou-goos-ten', 21. 
Augustine, St., s6nt a/gus-t8n, 

Augustinus, ^'gfis-ti^nQs, C. ; 

Augustin, Augustine, a-gus / '- 

tln, or Austin, as'tln, 21. 
Augustodunum, 

a-gus / t6-du' , num, C~ 
Augustulus, a-gus r tu-lus, C. 
Augustus, a-gits'ius, B. if C. 
Auka, a'ka. E. 
Auletes. a-le'tez, C. 
Aulis, a'lYs, C. 
Anion, a'15n, C. 
Aulus. a'lus.C. 
Auranus, a-ra'ntis, B. 
Aurelia, a-re'lY-a, C. 
Aurelianiis, a-re'll-a^ntts, C. 
Aurelius, a-r'e'lY-fts, C. 
Auriga, a-rl'ga, C. 
Aurillac. O're'yak' or 

O'rei'yak', 31.. 
Auro, a'rti, 21. 
Aurora, a-ro^ra. C. 
Aurunci. a-run'si, C. 
Aurungabad, fi-run'ga-bad or 

S-rung'a-bad. 21. 
Aurungzebe, o-rung-zab' or 

a'rung-zeb". 21. 
Ausci, as'si, C. 
Auser. a'ser, C. 
Auson. a'sSn, C. 
Ausonia, a-so'nY-a, C. 
Ausonius, a-so'nY-us, C. 
Auspices. as'pY-sez, C. 
Austerlitz, as'HSr-Uts; O. 

ous'ter-lSts, 3f.. 
Australasia, as'trol-a'shY-a, M. 
Australia, as-tra'lY-a, 31. 
Austri. ou'btrf , X 
Austria, as'trY-a ; G. Oester- 

reich, 6st'gr-rtk, 21. 
Autauga, a-ta'ga, 31. 
Auteus. a-te'tih, B. 
Autochthones, a-tQk'thS-nez,, 

a 

Autocrates, a-t5k'r_a-tez, C. 
Autololes. a-tOl'u-lez, C. 
Autolycus, a-tGl'T-kfis, C. 
Automate, a-tOm'a-t?, C. 
Automedon, n-tBrn't-dBn, C. 
Automedusa, a'to-mt-dji'sa, C. 
Automenes. s-tCm'f-nez, C. 
Automoli, a-t8m'&-n, C. 
Autonoe. a-tQn / 'o-t, C. 
Autonoma, a-tCm^C-miL C 
AutonouB, a-trin'o-tis, C. 
Autun, G'tfiV, 31. 
Autura, a-tu'ra, C. 



ts. I. o, u, long: a, 6, I, 5, u, y, short; senate, event, idea, Sbey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, BibUcal ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



AUVERGNE 



985 



BASILID^E 



Auvergne, o'vgm' or C'varn', 
II. 

Auvlgny, O'vSn'ye', M. 

Auxerre, o'sar', 31. 

Auxesia, aks-e'shT-a, C. 

Auxonne, <5 / sCn /r . M. 

Ava, a'va, B. ; a'va, 31. 

Avacha, a-va'cha, 31. 

Avallon, ii'val'loN' 31. 

Avaran, av'a-ran, R. 

Avaricum, av'a-rl'kum or 
a-var'T-kBm, C. 

Avaron, av'a-rOn, R. 

Avatar, ay-a-tar', //. 

Aveiro, a-va'g-ru, 31. 

Avella, a-vgl'la, C; a-vgl'la, 
31. 

Avellino. a-vg]-le'n<5, 31. 

Avenches, a / v8Nsh / ". 31. 

Aventinus, av'dn-tl'nfis, C. 

Avellaneda, a-vCl'ya-na'da, 31. 

Aven. a'vgn. R. 

Avenzoar, a/wn-zCar, or Ar., 
Ibn Zohr, tb*n zor, M. 

Averna, a-vgr'na, ( '. 

Averno, a-ver'n6, 31. 

Avernua, a-vgr'nfis, C. 

Averroes, a-vfr'ru-gs, M. 

Aversa, a-vgr'sa, 31. 

Aveanes, a/van', 31. 

Aveyceba, av'ft-se'ba, 31. 

Aveyron, a / v9 / r<5N / ', M. 

Avezzano, a-vgt-sa'nS, M. 

Avicenna, av-Y-sgn^na, or Ar., 
Ibn Sina, Wn se'na, 31. 

Avienus, a'vl-e'ntis, C. 

Avignon, a/veri'voN', M. 

AvUa, a'vg-la.M/. 

Avim. a^vlm, R. 

Avims, a'vlraz, R. 

Avites, a'vtts, R. 

Avith, a'vtth, R. 

Avitua, a-vT'tfis, C. 
Avlona, iiv-lo'na, 3f. 
Avon, a'viin, 31. 
Avoyelles, av / oi-glz r , M. 
Avranches, a / vr5Nsh / ', M. 
Awamba, a-wiini'ba, 31. 
Axenus, aks'g-ntis, C. 
Axinus, aks-i'nus, C. 
Axiochos, aks-T'o-kus. C. 
Axion, aks-T'Bn or aks't-Bn, C. 
Axiothea, aks'T-6'the-a, C. 
Axius, ak'sht-us, C. 
Axona, aks'o-na, C. 
Axoom, Axonm, or Axum, 

ak-soom / ', 3f. 
Ayala, a-ya/la, 31. 
Ayamonte, i / a-m5n / 't£, 3i. 
Ayasoolook, fa-soo-look'. 31. 
Ayeshah, a'e-sha,o;-i r '--sha, 31. 
Aylesbury, Slz'ber-I, 31. 
Ayr, ar. 31. 
Ayrshire, ar'sher, 31. 
Ayscough, as'kO, 31. 
Ayton, Aytoun, a'tfin, IT. 
Azael, az'S-^l,/?. 
Azaelus, az'a-e'liis, R. 
Azah, a'za, R. 
Azal, a'zal, B. 
Azaliah, az'a-lT'a, R. 
Azan, a'zan, C. 
Azaniah, 5.7/a-nVk, R. 
Azaphion, a-za't'T-On, R. 
Azara.az'a-ra, R.: a-tha^ra, 31. 
Azarael, a-zar'S-gl or a-za'ra"- 
gl, also Azareel, a-zar'g-gl or 
a-za'rg-51, R. 
Izariah, az'a-ri'a, R. 
Azarias. az / a-ri , as, R. 
Azaz, a'z&z, B. 
Azazel, a-za'zgl, R. 
Azaziah, az'a-zi'a, R. 
Azbazareth, az-baz'a-rgth, £. 
Azbuk, az'buk, R. 
Azeglio, ad-zal'yo', 31. 
Azekah, a-ze'ka, R. 
Azel, a^zgl. B. 
Azem, a'zgm, R. 
Azephurith, az'g-fu'rtth, R. 
Azerbaijan, a-zer-bi-yan', 31. 
Azetas, a-ze'ttts, B. 
Azgad, az'aftd, R. 
Azia, a-zT'a, R. 
Aziei, a-zi'f-i, R. 
Aziel, a'zY-gl, B. 
Aziris, a-zI'rYs, C. 
Aziza, a-zl'za, R. 
Azmaveth, az'ma-vgth, R. 
Azmon, az'mOn, B. 
Aznothtabor, az'nOth-ta'bor, 

R. 
Azof or Azov, a-zQV, 31. 
Azor, a'zOr, B. 
Azores, a-zorz', 31. 
Azotus, a-zo'tQs, R. Sf C. 
Azriel, az'rir-gl, R. 
Azrikam, az^rY-kam, R. 
Azubah. a-zoo'ba, R. 
Azur, a'zfir, R. 



Azuran, az'ft-ran, B. 
Azzah, az'zii, B. 
Azzan, az'zan, R. 
Azzo, afsfs, 31. 
Azzur, az'zgr, R. 



B. 



Baader, bii'dgr, M. 
Baal, bS'«I, li. 
Baalah, ba'a-Ia, R. 
Baalath, ba'al-ath, B. 
Baalath-beer, ba'cd-ath-be'gr, 

B. 
Baalbec, bal'bi-k'', 31. 
Baal-berith, ba'al-be'rlth, R. 
Baale, ba'a-16, R. 
Baal-gad, ba'cd-gad, R. 
Baal-namon, ba'al-ha'mSn, R. 
Baal-hanan, ba'dl-ha'nan, R. 
Baal-hazor, ba'al-ha^zSr, Jl. 
Baal-hermon, ba'al-her'mOn, 

/;. 
Baali, ba'cd-I, R. 
Baalim, ba'al-tm, R. 
Baalis, ba'al-Ys, B. 
Baal-meon, ba'al-me'Sn, R. 
Baal-peor, ba'al-pe / '5r, R. 
Baal-perazim, 

ba'al-pgr'a-zlm, R. 
Baal-shalisha, 

ba'al-shaKr-sha, R. 
Baal-tamar, ba'al-ta'mar, R. 
Baalzebnb, ba / «l-ze , biib, R. 
Baal-zephon, ba'al-ze'fQn, B. 
Baanah o^Baana, ba'a-na, R. 
Baanias,_ba / a-ni' , as, R. 
Baara. ba'a-ra, R. 
Baaseiah, ba'a-se'ya, R. 
Baashah or Baasha, ba'a-sha, 

R. 
Baasiah. ba'a-si'a, R. 
Baba, Ali. a'lg ba'ba, 31. 
Babel, bg'bPl, R. 
Bab-el-Mandeb, 

bab^l-man^dgb, 31. 
Babi, ba'bl, R. 
Babilus, bab'T-lfls, C. 
Babylon, bab'I-lQn, R. If 31. 
Babylonia, bab't-lo'nt-a, C. 
Babylonians, babt-lo'nl-anz, 

Babylonii, babt-lo'nt-T, C. 
Babylonish, bab't-lo'nlsh, R. 
Babyrsa, ba-ber^sa, C. 
Baca, ba'ka, B. 
Bacchanal, bak'ka-nai, C. 
Bacchanalia, bak / ka-na / 'lt-a, 

C. 
Bacchantes, bak-kan'tez, C. 
Baccheis, bak-ke'ts, C. 
Bacchius, bak-ki'us.C. 
Bacchiadae. bak-kT'a-dg, C. 
Bacchides, bak'kT-dez, R. 
Bacchium. bak-kl'um, C. 
Bacchius, bak-ki'Qs, C. 
Bacchurus, bak-ku'rus, R. 
Bacchus, bak'ktis, C. 
Bacchylides, bak-kTKT-dez, C. 
Bacciochi, bat-cho'kg, 31. 
Bacelus, ba-se^lQs, C. 
Bacenor, ba-se'nQr, R. 
Bach, bak, 31. 
Bacharach, bak'a-rak, 3L 
Bache. bach, 3f. 
Bachrites. bak'nts, R. 
Bacis, ba'sts, C. 
Bactra, bak'tra, C. 
Bactriana, bak'trl-a'na ; -ni, 

-ni; -num, -nQm, C. 
Bacuntius, ba-kun 'sht-iis, C. 
Bacuri. ba-ku'rl, C. 
Badaios, bad-a-hos r , So. M. 
Badajoz, bad-a-hos / ', 31. 
Badakhshan, ba-diik-shan'', 31. 
Baden, ba'den. 31. 
Badenweiler, bii'rl^n-vT'ler, 3f. 
Baduhennae, bad'n-hen'nt, or 

Baduennae, Lucus, 

bad'fi-en'ne lu'kus, C. 
Baetica, bet'T-ka, c. 
Baeza or Baega, bii-a'tha, 31. 
Bagamoyo, biis-n-mo'vu, 31. 
Bagbinne, bas-btn'ne", 31. 
Bagdad, bag-dad' or bag'dad, 

Bagehot.bai'ttt, 3f. 
Baggesen, b'asj'e-sgn, 31. 
Baglione, bal-yo'iia, 31. 
Baglivi, bal-ve r vf, M. 
Bac;narea, biin-ya-ra'a, 31. 
BagnereB-de-Bigorre,_ 

biin'yer'dr-be'gtir', 31. 
Bagnoli, baii-vo'lS, M. 
Bagnols. ban'yoK, 31. 
Bago. ba'ffo, R. 
Bagoas, ba-gn'os. R if C. 
Bagoi, bag'O-I, R. 



Bagrada, bag'ra-da, C. 

Bagradaa, bag'ra-d«s, C. 

Bagration, ba-^ra'sIiQn or 

bii'Kra'tC'fiN', 31. 

Bahadur, ba-ha'door, ,)/. 

Bahamas. ba-ha r maz, 3T. 

Baharumite, ba-lia'rum-It, R. 

Bahia, ba-e'U, M. 

Bahobo, ba-ho'bo, 31. 

Bahrein Island, bii-ran' I'land, 
31. 

Bahr-el-Abiad, bar-gl-ii'bl-ad'', 
31. 

Bahr-el-Azrek, biir-ei-iiz r rgk, 
31. 

Bahumus, ba-hQ r miiB, R. 

Bahunga, ba-hun'ga, 31. 

Bahurim, ba-lia'rlm, R. 

Baiae, bS'yg, C. 

Baikal, bi'kiil', 31. 

Bailen, bii-t--lcn / ', M. 

Baillie, ba'lf, 31. 

Bailly. ba'lf ; F. bii'ye', M. 

Bain, bax, 31. 

Baireuth. bl'roit, 31. 

Baja, Italy ami Moldavia, ba'- 
ya ; Hungary, bCyO', 31. 

Bajazet, baj'a-zC-t, 31. 

Baiith. ba'jlth, R. 

Bakbakkar, bak-bak'kar, R. 

Bakbuk, bak'buk, R. 

Bakbukiah, bak'buk-I'a, R. 

Balaam, ba'lam or ba'lS-am, 
/;. 

Bala, ba'la, C. 

Balac, ba'iak, R. 

Baladan, baKa-dan, R. 

Balaghaut or Balaghat. 

bai'a-gat', 31. 

Balah, ba'la, R. 

Balak, ba'iak, R. 

Balaklava, bai'a-kla'vii, M. 

Balamo, bai'a-mt), R. 

Balanea or -naea, bai'a-ne'a, C. 

Balasamus, lia-las^a-mus, C- 
Balaton, bSl'MSn, or Bala- 

tony, bii'la'ton'y', 31. 
Balbec, bai'bgk or bai-bek', 

31. 
Balbilius, bai-bYKlus, C. 
Balbinus, bai-bi r nus, C. 
Balboa, bal-bo'a, 31. 
Baldacchini. biil-dak-ke^ng, 31. 
Baldini, bal-de'nf, 31. 
Baldr, biil'der, X 
Balducci, bal-doofchf, 31. 
Baldung, biiKdoong, 31. 
Bale, bal, = Basel. 
Baleares, ba'le-a'rez, M. 
Balearic, bal / 6-ar'tk 1 31. 
Bal^chou, bii'lt-shoo', 31. 
Baletus, ba-le'tus, C. 
Balfour, baKf er ; 

Scot, bai'foor. 31. 
Balfurosh, bai-fur-osh r = 

Baefukush, 31. 
Balguy, baKst, 3L 
Bali, b5KT, X. : ba'lS, 31. 
Baliente, bS-lo-gn'ti, 31. 
Balize. ba-lez', 31. 

Lan. biil-kan r , 31. 
Balkh. balk, 31. 
Ballina, bal'lr-na", 31. 
Ballinasloe, bai'lT-na-slo', 3f. 
Ballou. bai-loo', 3r. 
Ballston Spa, baKstQn spa or 

spri, .1/. 
Ballyshannon. 

banr-shari'iitm, 31. 
Balmoral. bai-m5r / 'al. 31. 
Balnuus, bai-nu r us, C. 
Balthasar. bai-tlm'sar, R. 
Baltic. b-.l'tTk. 31. 
Baltimore, bfil'tY-mor, 31. 
Baluba. ba-loo'lia, 31. 
Balzac, baKzak'', 31. 
Bamah. ba'ma, C. 
Bamberg, baiir'berg: 

(?. bam'bgrg, 31. 
Bambuk, bam-hdok', 31. 
Bamoth. ba'mOth, /;. 
Bamoth-baal, ba / mQth-ba , al, 

/:. 
Ban, ban. 71. 
Banaias. ban'sWas, R. 
Banca, l)arjk , a, 31. 
Banif. hamf. .V. 
Bangala. biin-trii'la. 31. 
Bangalore. ban / ga-lor / ', 31. 
Bangasso. ban-jriis'so, 3f. 
Bangkok or Bankok, ban'kSk'', 

Bango, ban'<ru, 31. 

Bangor. Eng. ban'ggr; XT. S. 

ban '-or. 3f. ~ 
Bangweolo. ban'gwf-o'lij, 31. 
Bani. bg'nl, /.'. 
Banid. ba'nTd. B. 
Banjoia. biin-zo'ya. 31. 
Bannaia, bau-na'ya, R. 



Bannockburn, ban / n8k-bgrn r , 

Bannus, bftn'nfii, /-'. 
Bantam, ban'tain, .1/. 
Bantia, ban'hhl-a, C. 
Banuaa, b&n'tLaa. /;. 
Banza, biin'za, 31. 
Bapaume, ha'porn', 31. 
Barabbas, ba-rab'bas, B. 
Barachel, bar'a-kf^l, /;. 
Barachia, bar'a-kl'a, R. 
Barachias, bar'a-kl'as, B. 
Baracoa, bii-ra-ko'a, 31. 
Barak, ba'rak, /;. 
Barambo, l<a-riim r bfi, 31. 
Barante, bit'i-SNt', M. 
Barataria, ba-rii-ta /, rf-ii, 31. 
Barathrum, bar'a-thrtim, C. 
Baratier, ba'ra'tT-a' or 

bii'ra'tya'', 31. 
Barbadoes, bar-ba'doz," 31. 
Barbari, bar'ba-rl, C. 
Barbaria, bar-ba'rT-a, C. 
Barbarossa, biir-ba-ros'sa, M. 
Barbary, bar'ba-rT, 31. 
Barbauld, bar'bald, 31. 
Barberini, bar'bS-re'ng, 3f. 
Barbeyrac, biir / b.t / rak / ', 31. 
Barbier, bar' bC-a / ' or barb / ya / ', 

Barbosthenes, bar-bSs'thg-nez, 

a 

Barbour, bar'bgr, 31. 

Barbuda, biir-boo'da, 31. 

Barcaei, biir-se'T, C. 

Barce. bar'su, ('. 

Barcelona, bar-sg-lo'na or 

bar-tha-16'na, M~. 

Bardyllis, biir-dlKlIs, C. 

Bareges, ba'razh', .1/. 

Bareilly or Bareli, ba-ra'lg, 31. 

Barere de Vieuzac, ba'rir' de 
vt-u'zak'', 31. 

Baret'ti, ba-rgt'tt, 3f. 

Barfurush, biir-foo-roosh'', 31. 

Bargagli, bar-giiKvt, 31. 

Bargusii, bar-gu'si-I, C. 

Barham, bar'am, 31. 

Barhumite, bar-hu'mit, B. 

Bari. ba'rg, 31. 

Bariah, ba-rlj'a, b. 

Baring, E. bar'>r n j : 

G.^ba'rTng, 31. 

Baringa, bii-rTn'^a, 3f. 

Barisses. ba-rTs'sez, C 

Barium, ba'rt-flm. C. 

Bar-jesus, biir / ie , zus, R. 

Bar-jona, biir / io , na, R. 

Barkos. biir'kO^. B. 
Bar-le-Duc, bar'le-duk', 31. 
Barmecide, bar'nit-sld, 31. 
Barnabas, bar'na-bas. R. 
Barnaul, bar-nouK, 3f. 
Barnave. bar-niiv / '. 31. 
Barnegat. bar'nf-frat'. 31. 
Barneveldt. bar'n^-vglt', 31. 
Baroach. bii-rocli', 31 
Baroccio. ba-rQfch", 31. 
Baroda. bii-ro'da, R. 
Barodis, bii-ro'dls, 31. 
Barras, bii'rn/, 31. 
Barre. bar'rf . 31. 
Barrot. ba'ro'. 3f. 
Barsabas. bar'sa-bBs, R. 
Bartacus. ba'-'ta-kfls, R. 
Bartb. bftrt, 3L 
Barth'lemy, biir'tai'me'. 3f. 
Barthes or Barthez. biir'tgs', 

3L 
Bartholin, bar'tfi-lYn, or Bar- 

tholinus, bar-to-le'noos, 31. 
Bartholomew, bar-th6Ko-mtl, 

B. 
Bartimaeus or Bartimeus. 

bar'tl-me'Bs, R. 
Bartoli. blir'tri-lf. .1/. 
Bartolini. biir-tci-le'nP, 31. 
Bartolozzi. bar-t6-10t'sr. 3f. 
Bartsch, von, fon biirtsh, 31. 
Baruch. ba'ruk, R. 
Barumbu, ba-rwm'bob, 31. 
Barzanes, bar-za'nez, C. 
Barzelai, bar-zgl'a-I or 

biii-'ze-ia, R. 
Barzillai, bar-zYKIa--T, B. 
Basaloth. bas'a-15th, R. 
Bascama. bas'ka-ma, />*. 
Basel, ba'zel. F. Bale or Basle, 

bal, 31. 
Bashan. ba'shBn. B. 
Bashan-havoth-jair, 

ba'shan-ha'vOth-ia'gr, R. 

Bashemath. !>ash'?-math, B. 

Basilea. bSs'T-le'a, or Basilia. 

bas'T-lT'd. name of the cilti of 

Basel, of' a goddess, and of an 

island, C. 

Basilia, ba-sfl'T-a, = Basel, 

C. 
BasiUdse, basa-li'dg, C. 



fSrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fcJot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, BibUcal ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979 ] 



N 



BASILIDES 



986 



BEZOUT 



Basllides. has'MT'dez, C. 



U 



w 



'.i-mils, C. 
Basil) s. v C 

Baslith. ba.-'lUh. B. 
Basilius. Ms l-H'Qs, a river: 
:-U'us = 

SIL, C. 
Basilus. bls'Mua, C. 
Basmath. bts'm&th, 7?. 
Basnage de Beauval, ba'niizh' 

a, bo v:ii". jr. 

Basoko. ba->o'ki\ 21. 

Basque, bisk, .V. 

Basrah, biis'rii = Bassoka. 

Bassa. bas'sa. B. 

Bassano. bfa-si'nfi. If. 

Bassarides. ba*-sfcr'l-dez. C. 

Bassompierre. b&G bSm pl-ar', 

.1/. 
Bassonge. bas-son'ga. 21. 
Bassora. ba>'so-rii. 21. 
Bastai. bSs'tt-1 or b&s'ta, 21. 
Bastarns. bas-tir'ne", C. 
Basternse. bas-ter'ne, C. 
Bastia. b*s-te v a, Jf. 
Basundi. ba-soon'd?, Jf. 
Basuto. ba-su'to, Jf. 
Batavi. ba-ta'vt. C 
Batavia. ba-ta'vl-a, C. tf 21. 
Bateke. ba-ta'k> . St. 
Bathori, ba'tiVr?. Jf. 
Bathos. ba'thSs. C. 
Bath-rabbim.bath / rab , bTm, J B. 
Bathsheba, bath-she'ba or 

bath'shg-ba, B. 
Bath-shua. bath'shu'a, B. 
Bathurst. bath'grst. 21. 
Bathyllus. ba-thtt'lus, C. 
Bath-zacharias, 

bath'zak-a-ri'as, B. 
Baton, ba'tSn, C. 
Baton Kouge, bat'tin roozh, 21. 
Batoom or Batoum, ba-toom', 

21. 
Batrachomyomachia. 

bat'ra-ko'mT-o-ma'kT-a, C. 
Battaglia or Battaglia. 

bat-tal'ya, 21. 
Batteux. bii'tu', 31. 
Batthyani or Bathyani. 

bat-ya-'ng, 21. 
Battiades, bat-ti'a-dez, C. 
Baubo, ba'bC, C. 
Baucis, ba/sYs, C. 
Bauer, boii'gr, 21. 
Bauhin, bfl^lx', M. 
Baume, bom, 21. 
Baumgarten, bourn 'gar-ten, 31. 
Baumgartner, boum'ggrt-ner, 

Baur. bour, 2f. 
Bautzen. bont'sen, 3f. 
Bavai. baVa-T or ba'va, B. 
Bavaria, ba-va'rT-a. 21. 
Bayansi, bt-'dn'ze. Jf. 
Bayard, ba'erd or bl'Srd, F. 

ba'var'. Jf. ' 
Bayazid. bi'a-zed', 31. 
Bayer, M'gr, 3f. 
Bayeux. ba'yg'. Jf. 
Bayonne,ba-ySn'; F., ba'yfin', 

Bayou, bi'ob, Jf. 
Bayreuth = Bairecth, 21. 
Bazlith. bSz'lTth, B. 
Bazluth. baz'lBth, B. 
Bealiah, be'a-li'a, B. 
Bealoth, be'a-lSth, B. 
Bean, be'an, B. 
Bearn. ba'iir'. 21. 
Beatoun. be'titn, 31. 
Beatrice, be'a-tres ; 

_ Tt. ba-a-tre'cha, Jf. 
Beatrix, be'a-trfks, 31. 
Beattie. be'tY : Scot., ba'tT, 31. 
Beauchamp, be'cbanv. 

F.. bO'shSx', Jf. 
Beauclerc. bo'klgrk, 31. 
Beaucoup, bo-koop', 31. 
Beaufort. E.. bo'fert or 

bu'fPrt ; F.. biVfor', 31. 
Beauharnais. bfi'ar'na', 31. 
Beaumarchais, bn'mar'sha', 21. 
Beaumaris, bfi-ma'rTs, 21. 
Beaumont, bfi'mSnt : 

F., bS'mCif', Jf. 
Beaune. bon. 3f. 
Beauregard. U. 8., bo'rg-gard ; 

/•'.. boVgftK, 3f. 
Beausobre, bf/zfibr'. 31. 
Beauvais. MKtB', 31. 
Bebai, bfb'J-T, H. 
Bebryces, bgb'rr--ez, or 

bg-brf'sez, C. 
Bebrycia. br-brfKh'Y-a. C. 
Beccafomi. Wk-ka-foo'mS, Jf. 
Beccaria. bgk-kii-re'a, Jf. 
Becclei, Mk'k'lz, M. 
Becher, be'k^r, B. 



Bechorath. br-ko'rfith, B. 

Beck, lu-^k, .V. 

Bectileth. bCk'tl-lMh, B. 

Bedad, bB'dad, B. 

Bedaiah. br- da-I'va, B. 

Bedan. bc'ilftn. fi. 

Beddoes. b&d'Oz, 21. 

Bede. bed, .V. 

Bedeiah. br-afa, B. 

Bedell, U.S., b*-deVj Eng., 
be M. lor br-doK. .1/. 

Bedmar. bSd-msx , ) Jf. 

Bedouin or Beduin. bed'do-Tn, 
or Bedoween. bSd'ft-wSn, Jf, 

Beeliada. M < L-I'a-da, A'. 

Beel-sarus. bC-01'sa-rfis. B. 

Beel-tethmus, be'Ol-tPth'iniis, 
B. 

Beelzebub, bf-Cl'zo-bub, B. 

Beer, bS'Sr, B- 

Beera. or Beerah^ bt-e'ra, B. 

Beer-elim, be'er-e'llin, /;. 

Beeri, bi'rl or be'f-ri, P>. 

Beer-lahai-roi. be'er-la-ha'roi, 
B. 

Beeroth, bf-e'roth or 

_ be'f-r5th, B. 

Beerothites, by-e'roth-its, B. 

Beer-sheba, be'er-she'ba or 

be-er'shf-ba, B. 

Beesh-terah. be-esh'te-ra, B. 

Beethoven, ba r ti5-ven, 21. 

Behemoth. be'he-mOth, B. 

Beham, ba'am, 21. 

Behn. beu^ 21. 

Behnes. banz. Jf. 

Behring= Bering. 

Behring Strait = • Bering 
Strait. 

Beira. ba'e-ra, Jf. 

Beirut = Beyroot, 21. 

Beith, beth, 21. 

Beja, ba'zhii, 21. 

Beiapoor. be'ja-poor', 31. 

Bekah. be'ka, B. 

Bel. bel, B. 

Bela or Belah, be'la, B. 

Belaites, be'la-its, B. 

Beled el Jereed. 

be'lgd-gl-jgr-ed', 31. 

Belem, ba-le.v', = Para, 31. 

Belemus. bgl'e'-mus, B. 

Belephantes. bgl'e-ian'tez, C. 

Belesys, beK£-sTs, C. 

Belfast, U. S., beKfast ; Ire- 
land. bCl-fast', 31. 

Belfort, beFfor', 21. 

Belgse, bfl'je-. C. 

Belgica. beKiT-ka, C. 






Belgium, beKjI-Qm, 31. 
Belgrade, bel'grad', 31. 
Belial, be'll-al. B. 
Belides, be-ll r dez, C. sing. 

Onale descendant of Belus). 
Belidor^bS'lf-dor', 31. 
Belis, be'lts (female descendant 

of Belus), pi. Belides, 

beKI-dez, C. 
Belisana. beTT-sa'na, C. 
Belisarius. beVl-sa'rX-us, C. 
Belknap, be Knap, 31. 
Bellamy. bgl r la-mT, 31. 
Bellarmin, bel-lar'niln ;_ It., 

Bellarmino, bel-lar - me'nij, 

3f. 
Belief ontaine. b!?l-f5n'tan, 31. 
BeUe Isle or Bellisle, bSKll, 

Jf. 
Bellenden. bellen-den, 31. 
Bellerophon, bel-ler'6-f5n, C. 
Bellerus. bPKie-rfis. C. 
Bellini, brl-le r nt, 21. 
Bellona, bel-lo'na, C. 
BeUonarii. bei'lo-na'rf-I, C. 
BeUot. bgl'lo. 31. 
BeUovaci, bel-18v'a-sl, C. 
Belmaim. bel'mSt-Tm, B. 
Belmen. bel'mSn, B. 
Belon. be'lSn, C. ; VUiV, 31. 
Beloochistan, bel-oo'cht-stan', 

31. 
Belphegor. bPl'f^-gSr, C. 
Belsham. bSl^shom, Jf. 
Belshazzar. bel-shaz'zar, B. 
Belteshazzar, bel'tS-shaz'zar, 

B. 
Belus. be'ltis, C. 
Belvidere. bfl've-der', M. 
Belvoir, be'vgr, 21. 
Belzoni, bgl-zo'ne, 21. 
Bembe, bgm'bft, 21. 
Ben, b5n, Ti. 
Benacus, bf-na^ttls. C. 
Benaiah, be-na'ya, B. 
Ben-ammi, b?n-am r ml, B. 
Benares, bPn-a're-s, Jf. 
Benbow, ben'bfi, 31. 
Bencoolen, bgn-kob'lSn, M. 
Ben-eberak. bgn'e-be'rak, B. 
Benedetti, ba-na-dgftS, M. 



Bene-jaakan, bgn'f-ja'a-kau, 

Beneventum, bgn'C-vCn'tuin, 

V. 
Bengal, ben-gal'. Jf. 
Bengel, bgngM or ben'gel, 31. 
Benger. ben'gCr. .1/. 
Benguela, bin-ga'la. Jf, 
Ben-hadad, ben-ba'dad, B. 
Ben-hail, ben-ha'Tl, B. 
Ben-hanan. ben-ha'nan, B. 
Benin, ben-en', Jf, 
Beninu, bgn'T-ntl, 11. 
Beniowski or Benyowski, 

beh-yOv'skS, Jf. 
Benjamin, beu'ja-inln, B. Sf 31. 
Ben-Lomond, ben-lo'mund, 31. 
Ben-Nevis, ben-nev'ts, 31. 
Bennui, bgn'nO-i, B. 
Beno, be'nO, B. 
Benoni. bgn-o'ni, B. 
Benowm. be-noiun r . 31. 
Benserade, bo.Ns'riid', 31. 
Bensheim, bens'htm, 31. 
Bentham, ben 'tain or 

bgn'tham, 31. 
Bentheim, bgnt'htm, Jf. 
Bentivoglio, ben-te-vol'yS, 31. 
Benvenuti, bgn-va-noo'tg, 21. 
Benzoeth. bgn-zo'6th, B. 
Beon, be'6n, B. 
Beor, be'or, B. 
Bera, be'ra, B. 
Berachah, bgr'a-ka. B. 
Berachiah. bgr'a-kl'a, B. 
Berah. be'ra, B. 
Beraiah, ber-a-I'a, B. 
Beranger, ba'ros'zha', Jf. 
Berar, ba-rar', Jf, 
Berat, bgr-iit', 31. 
Berea, be'rf-a (Gr. BZr&a) in 

1 31acc. ix. 4 ; elsewhere bS- 

re'a(Gr. BSroia). B. 
Berechiah, beKf-ki'a, B. 
Berecyntia, bgr'e-stn'sM-a, C. 
Bered, be'rgd, 31. 
Berengario, ba-rgn-ga'rt-o" (= 

L. Berengarius, bgr'gn-ga'- 

rl-Qs, Eng. Berenger, bgr'- 

en-jer), Jf. 
Berenice, bgr-f-nl'sg, C. 
Beresford, bgr'es-ferd, C. 
Beresina, ber-g-ze'na, Jf. 
Berezoff , bgr'f-z5f , or Berezov, 

bgr'a-zSv, 31. 
Bergamo, bgr'ga-mC, 31. 
Bergen, berg'en or bgrg'en, 31. 
Bergen-op-zoom , 

bgr'gen-6p-zom, 21. 
Bergerac, bgr'zhe-rak', M. 
Berghaus, bgrg'haus, 21. 
Bergues. bgrg, 21. 
Beri, be'ri, B. 
Beriah, bf-rl'a, B. 
Beriites, be-rl'Its, B. 
Bering Strait, be'rlng strat or 

ba'rlng strat, M. 
Berites, be'rits, B. 
Berith. be'rlth, B. 
Berkeley, berk'lS or bark16, 

Jf. 
Berkenhout, bgr'ken-hout, 21. 
Berkshire, b€rk'- or bark'sher, 

21. 
Berlichingen, bgr'Hk-ing-en, 

Berlin, bgr'ltn; G.bgr-len', 21. 
Berlioz. ber'lT-oz', 31. 
Bermudas, bgr-mu'doz, 21. 
Bern. Berne, bgrn or bgrn, 21. 
Bernadotte, ber-na-d5t', 21. 
Bernard, ber'nerd, 

F. bgi^nar', 21. 
Bernice, hgr-nl'se", B. 
Bernier. bgr'nT-a^, Jf. 
Bernouilli. ber-nool'yg, 31. 
Berodach-baladan, 

bt-ro'dak-bal'a-dan, B. 
Beroe. bgrT^e, C 
Bercea. bf-re'a, B. &• C. 
Beronice, bgr'O-nl'sS, C. 
Berosus. bg-ro'sus, C. 
Beroth. be'rOth, B. 
Berothah, bg-ro'tha ; Berothai, 

bf-ro'tha. B. 
Berothite. bg-ro'thlt, B. 
Berretho, bgr'rg-th5, B. 
Berrhoea. bgr-re'a, C. 
Berryer. bgr'g-a', 31. 
Berthier. bgr'tg-a', 31. 
BerthoUet, bPr'bVla', 31. 
Bertie, ber-te', 31. 
Berwick. Eng., bgr'rTk ; U. S., 

bgr'wTk. M. 
Berwickshire. bgr'rlk-sh5r, 31. 
Berytus. bgr'T-tds, C. 
BerzeUuB. bgr-ze'lY-tis. M. 
BerzeluB, bgr-ze'lQs, B. 
Besai, be'sa, R. 
BeBancon, b'zSN'sSN', Jf. 



BeschereUe, bgsh'rgl', Jf. 
Besippo, beVstp'pjS, ('. 
Besodeia, bisO-de'yii, B. 
Besor, bO'^Or, 11. 
Bessarabia, bes'sa-ra'bT-a, 21. 
Bessemer, bgs'g-ingr, 21. 
Bessieres. ba'sf-ar', 21. 
Betah, be'ta, 11. 
Betane. brt'a-nP, B. 
Beten, be 'ten, 11. 
Bethabara, betli-ab'u-ra, B. k 

31. 
Betham, beth'am, 21. 
Beth-anath, bPth-5'nath, B. 
Beth-anoth, beth-a'n5th, B. 
Bethany, beth'a-nt. B. 
Beth-arabah. beth-ar'a-ba, B. 
Beth-aram. bgth-a'ram, B. 
Beth-arbel, bgth-ar'bel, B. 
Beth-aven, bgth-a'vgn, B. 
Beth-azmaveth. 

betli-az'ma-vgth, B. 
Beth-baal-meon, 

bgth-ba'ol-me'Sn, B. 
Beth-barah. beth'ba'ia, B. 
Beth-basi. bgth-ba'sT, B. 
Beth-birei. bgth-btr'g-i, B. 
Beth-car, bgth'kar, B. 
Beth-dagon. bgth-da'gon, B. 
Beth-diblathaim, 

bgth-dtb'la-tha'Tm, B. 
Beth-eden, bgth-e'dgn, B. 
Bethel or Beth-el, beth'el, B. (( 

31. 
BetheUte. bgth'el-Tt. B. 
Beth-emek. bgth-e'mgk, B. 
Bether. be'thgr, B. 
Bethesda. bg-thez'da, B. 
Beth-ezel, bgth-e'zgl, B. 
Beth-gader, beth-ga'der, B. 
Beth-gamul, beth-ga'mul, B. 
Beth-haccerem. 

bgth-hak'sg-rgm, B. 
Beth-haran, bgth-ha'ran, B. 
Beth-hoglah, bgth-h8g'la, B. 
Beth-horon, beth-ho'r8n, B. Sr 

21. 
Beth - jeshimoth. bgth-jgsh't- 

mOth : -jesimoth,-jgs'l-m8th, 

Beth-lebaoth, beth-lgb'a-8th, 

B. 
Bethlehem, bgth'lg-hgm or 

bith-le'hem ; Bethlehemite, 

-hem-it, B. 
Beth-lomon. beth-lo'm8_n, B. 
Beth-maachah. bgth-ma'a-ka, 

B. 
Beth-marcaboth, 

bgth-mar'ka-b8th, B. 
Beth-meon. bgth-me'8n, B. 
Beth-nimrah. bgth-n^tm'ra, B. 
Beth-oron. beth-o'r8n, B. 
Beth-palet, bgth-pa'lgt,£. 
Beth-pazzez, bgth-paz'zez, B. 
Beth-peor, bgth-pe'6r, B. 
Bethphage, bgth'fa-jg, B. 
Beth-phelet, bSth-phe'lSt, B. 
Beth-rapha, bgth-ra'fa. B. 
Beth-rehob. bgth-re'h8b, B. ' 
Bethsaida, bgth-sa^l-da. B. 
Beth-samos. bgth-sa'm8s, B. 
Bethsan, bgth'san, B. 
Bethshan. bgth'shan, B. 
Beth-shean, bgth-she'on, B. 
Beth-shemesh, beth-she'mgsh, 

B. 
Beth-shemite, bgth-she'mit, 

B. 
Beth-shittah. bgth-shtt'ta, B. 
Beth-sura, bgth-su'ra. B. 
Beth-tappuah, bgth-tap'ptl-a, 

B. 
Bethuel. bg-thu'gl, B. 
Bethul. be'thfll, B. 
Bethulia, bgth'fi-H'a or 

bg-tha'll-a, B. 
Bethune. bg-thun', 21. 
Beth-zur, bgth'zer, B. 
Betolius, bt-to'lT-Qs, B. 
Betonim. bet'6-ntm, B. 
Bettini, bet-te'ne. Jf. 
Beulah, bu'|a or bg-u'la, B. 
Beveland, ba've-lant, 21. 
Beveren, bgv'gr-«n. 21. 
Bewdley. btid'll, 21. 
Bewick. bu'Ik, Jf 
Bexar, ba-har', 21. 
Betomasthem, bgt ' o - mtts'- 

thgm, B. : Betomestham, 

bgt'o-mgs'th&m, B. 
Beyra= Beira. _ 

Beyroot or Bairout, ba'root, Jf. 
Beza. bej'za, 21. 
Bezai. be'za, B. 
Bezaleel. bg-zai'g-€l, B. 
Bezek, be'zgk, B. 
Bezer. be'zgr, B. 
Bezeth. be'zeth, B. 
Bezout, be-zoo', M. 



a, e, I, o, O, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, H, f, short ; senate, event, Idea, ftbey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
£, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern : .#, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



BHATGAON 



987 



BROOKLYN 



Bhatgong or Bhatgaon. 

biit'gii'on. 
Bhavani, b'ba-va'nt, 11. 
Bhooj, bbooj, .'/. 
Bhopaul, bo'pal, M. 
Bhurtpoor, blunt' poor', 21. 
Bialystok, bC-al'I.s-t5k = Bi- 

ELOSTOK, M. 

Bianchi, bf-an'k? , 21. 
Bianchini, bfc-an-ke'nS, 21. 
Bianor, bt-a'nor, C. 
Biarritz, be'&r'retB', 21. 
Biard, b'yiir, M. 
Biatas, bt'it-trcs. B. 
Bibaculus. bT-bak'tl-ias, C. 
Biblis, bt'blTs, C. 
Bibracte, M-brSk'tez, C. 
BibuluB, blb'n-lus, C. 
Bicetre, M'sit'r, 21. 
Bichat. be'sba', 21. 
Bichri, Mk'rl, B. 
Bicorniger, bl-k5r'nt-jgr, C. 
Bicornis, bl-kor'nts, V. 
Bidassoa, be'das-so'ii, 21. 
Bidkar, Md'kSr, B. 
Biela, be'la, 21. 
Bielefeld, be'le-fglt', 21. 
Bielostok, bf-al'o-st5k, 21. 
Bienor, bt-e'nOr, C. 
Bifomis, bt-fQr'nts, C. 
Bifrons, bt'frOnz, C. 
Bifrdst, bTf rgst, 21. 
Bigtha, btg'tha, B. 
Bigthan, btg'than, B. 
Bigthana, Mg'tha-na, B. 
Bigvai, bYg'vit-t, B. 
Bilari, bt-ka're\ 21. 
Bilbao, bll-ba'd, 2L 
BUbilis, MKbY-lts, C. 
Bildad, bTl'dad, B. 
Bilderdijk or Bilderdyk, 

btl'dgr-dtk, 21. 
Bileam, btKe-am, B. 
Bilgah, bYl'ga, B. 
Bilgai, btKga-i, B. 
Bilha or Bilhah, btt'ha, B. 
Bilhan, btl'han, B. 
Billaud-Varennes, 

be v yo'-va / rgn', 21. 
Billaut, bS'yo', 21. 
BiUerica, bYl'rg-ka, 21. 
Billiton, bYKlY-tSn, 2f. 
Bilshan, bYl'shan, B. 
Bimater^bY-ma'ter, C. 
Bimba, bem'ba, 21. 
Bimbal, bYm'hSl, B. 
Binea, bYn'S-a, B. 
Bingen, brng'en, 2f. 
Binghamton, bYng'am-tiin, 21. 
Bingium, bYn'jY-Qm, C. 
Binnui, bYn-nu'I or bYn'nu-t, 

B. 
Bio-bio, be'o-be'C, 21. 
Bion, bt'Qn, C. 
Biot, bY-o' or b'yo, 2[. 
Birket-el-Keroon or -Keroun, 

bSr-kat'-Sl-ka-roon', 2L 
Birmingham, ber'mtng-am, 2f. 
Biraha, ber'sha, B. 
Birzavith, ber'za-vYth, B. 
Bisalta, bY-sSKtt, C. 
Bisaltis, bt-saKtls, C. 
Bisanthe, bt-san'thS, C. 
Biscay. bls'kS, 2L 
Bishlam, bTsh'iam, B. 
Bismarck, bYz'mark, 2L 
Bisaagoa, bYs-sa/gos, M. 
Biatineau, bYs'tY-no', 21. 
Biatonia, bYs'td-nYs, C. 
Bitbiah, bY-thT'a, B. 
Bithron, btth'rBn, B. 
Bithus, bt'thus, C. 
Bithyni, bY-tht'nt, C. 
Bithynia, bt-tMn'Y-a, B. tf C. 
Biton, bt'tBn, C. 
Bituitua, bYt'n-I'tHs, C. 
Biturigea, bY-tu'rY-jez, C. 
Bizjothjah, bYz-j5th'ja, B. 
Biztha. bYz'tha, B. 
Bizya, bTzh'Y-a, C. 
Bizzari, bSt-sa're", 2f. 
Blanc, Mont. mdx blSx, or 

Mount Blanc, mount blank, 

21. 
Blanduaia, blan-du'shl-T, C. 
Blankenburg, blan'ken-b<56rg, 

Blaatua, bias'tQs, B. 
Bledsoe, bled 'so, 21. 
Bleiberg, blt'bgrg, 21. 
Blemmyes, blgm'mY-ez, C. 
Blenheim, blen'Ym, G. Blind- 

heim, blYnt'htm, 21. 
Bligh, bit, 21. 
Blizard, bltz'grd, 21. 
Bloch, blSk, 21. 
Bloemaert, bloo'mart, 21. 
Bloemen, bloo'men, 21. 
Bloia, blwa, 21. 
Blomfield, blum'feld, 21. 



Blondel, blo.v'dfl', 21. 

Blount, blunt, M. 

Bliicher, blob'kOr ; G. blu'kCr, 

Blucium, bla'sY-num, C. 
Elumenbach, bloo'nu n-biik,J/. 
Boadicea, bn-ad'Y-se'a, C. 
Boag, b8g, M. 
Boagrius, bA-S'grY-fis, C. 
Boanerges, bo'a-nCr'jez, B. 
Boaz, bo'&z, /-'. 
Bobadilla, bo-ba-del'va, 21. 
Bober, bd'br-r, M. 
Bocage, br/kii/b', 21. 
Boccaccio, bok-kiit 'cho ; F. 

Boccace, bok'kiis', .1/. 
Boccalini, bBk-k&-lS'n&, 21. 
Boccanera, bok-kii-na'rii, 21. 
Boccas, bBk'kos, B. 
Boccherini, bok-kil-ro'nr, 21. 
Bocchoria, bok'kr,-rts, C. 
Bochart, bt/sbar', 21. 
Bocheru, bQk'C-ru, B. 
Bochim, bo'ktm, B. 
Bockh, bek, 21. 
Bode, bo'de, 21. 
Boden See, bo'den za', 21. 
Bodin, bt/dax', 21. 
Bodiontici, bo'dT-Sn'tt-st, C. 
Bodo, bo 'do, 21. 
Boduni, bd-du'nt, C. 
Boeckhout, bSbk'hout, 21. 
Boedromia, bo'e-dro'mT-a, C. 
Boeotia, bi?-o'shT-a, C. 
Boerhaave, bor'hiiv, 

D. boor-ha'vg, 21. 
Boethia, bo'e-tlu'a, C. 
Boethius, bO-e'tht-Qs, C. 
Boethus, bo-e'thfls, C. 
Bogdanovitch, 

bog-dii-no'vTcb., 21. 
Boglio, bol'yd, 21. 
Bogota, bO-go-tii', M. 
Bohan, bo'han, B. 
Bohemia, bS-he'mY-a, 21. 
Bohemond, bo'he-mOnd, 21. 
Bohme, be'me, or Bbhm, bem, 

21. 
Boieldieu, bO'ygFdt-u', 21. 
Boii, bo'T-t, C. 
Boileau, boi'16 ; F. bwa'lo', 

21. 
Boise, boi'za; F. bwii'za', 21. 
Bois le Due, bwa' le duk', 21. 
Boi8-Robert, bwa'-nVbar', 21. 
Boiaaieu, bwiis'st-u', 21. 
Boiaay, bwa'se', 21. 
Bojardo or Boiardo, bi5-yar'd6, 

Bokaka, b5-ka'ka, 21. 
Bokhara, b5k-a'ra, or Bucha- 

ria, bfi-ka'rl-a, 21. 
Bokumbi, bo-koom'bf, 21. 
Bola, bo'la, C. 
Bolbec, boTbgk', 2f. 
Bolbitinum, bSFbY-tt'num, C. 
Boleyn, botil'tn, 21. 
Bolingbroke, bSl'tng - brcJ6k, 
formerly bobl'tng-brrJok, 21. 
Bolisaus, bo-lts'sfis, C. 
Bolivar, b51-Y-viir' ; 

5p. bS-le'var, 21. 
Bolivia, bS-Hv't-a ; 

Sp. bo-le've-a, 21. 
Bolobo, bo'ld-bo, 21. 
Bologna, bd-lon'ya, M. 
Boloko, bo'lo-ko, 21. 
Bolaena, bSl-sa'na, It. 
Bolsover, bou'zer, 21. 
Bolzano,_b51-za'no, 21. 
Boma, bo'imi, M. 
Bomar3und, bo'niar-sfibnd', 21. 
Bombay, b5m-ba', 21. 
Bomienaea, bo-mT-gn'sez, C. 
Bomilcar, bo-mll'kiir, C. 
Bominica, bSm'T-nt'se", C. 
Bomokandi, bo'mo-kan'de, 21. 
Bonaire, bS'nSr', 21. 
Bonalya, bO-nal'ya, 21. 
Bonaparte, bo'na-piirt ; 

It. bS-na-par'tit, 21. 
Bonaventura, 

bo'na-vgn-too'ra, 21. 
Bonaventure, bQn'a-vgn'tur', 

21. 
Bonavista, b8n-a-vTs'ta, 21. 
Bondeh, bon'dg, 21. 

b<5-ngs', 21. 

lij'na', 2l. 
Bonfadio, bdn-fii'dS-O, M. 
Bonge, bon'gg, 21. 
Bonghi, bQn'ge, 21. 
Bonheur, bS'ndr', M. 
Bonifaccio, bS-nS-fii'chS, M. 
Bonita, b5-ne'ta, M. 
Bonnard, bQn'nar', 21. 
Bonnet, bo'na', 21. 
Bonomi, bo-no'me, 21. 
Bononcini, bS-n5n-che r n8, 21. 
Bononia, bO-no'nt-a, C. 



Bonpland, bdn'plBN', 21. 
Bonzo, bOn'zO, 21. 
Boodes, bfl-CdSz, C. 
Boom, t)om 2 .(/. 
Boosura, iK/o-.^n'ra, C. 
Bootan, boo-tan', 21. 
Bootes, bd-o'tez, C. 
Booz, bo'Cz, J:. 
Bopaul or Bhopal, bo-pal', 21. 
Bor, b6r, \. 
Borcette, b5r'sC-t', .)/. 
Bordeaux, bor'do', 21. 
Boreas. bo're-«_s, C. 
Bordone. b6r-d5'nft, 21. 
Boreasmi. bo'jf-as'mi, C. 
Boreasmus, bB y r$-tts'mflfl, C. 
Borghese, DBr-gS'zft, 21. 
Borghild, borg'blld, X. 
Borghini, bSr-gg'nC, 21. 
Borgia, boj'ja, 21. 
Borgne, born, 21. 
Bon, bo'rf 1 , ST. 
Borith, bo'rYth, B. 
Borlase, bdr'las, 21. 
Borneo, bor'nf-o, 21. 
Bornoo, bQr-noo'.J/. 
Borodino, bor-d-de'nfi, 21. 
Borromeo, bOr-ro-ma'o, 21. 
Borromini, bor-rd-me'nP, 21. 
Borysthenes, bC-rls'thg-nez, 

C. 
Boacath, bSs'kath, B. 
Boscawen, btts'ka-wen, 21. 
Boscovich, bOs'kd-vtk, 21. 
Boshuanas, bOsh'u-an'az, 21. 
Bosna-Serai, b5s-nii-sgr-t', = 

Serajevo, 21. 
Bosnia, boz'nt-a, 21. 
Bosor, bo'sor, B. 
Bosora, b5s'o-ra, B. 
Bosporus, b5s'pd-rus, C. if 21. 
Boaquet, bSs'ka', 21. 
Boarah, bSz^ra, B. Sf 21. 
Boaau, bo'soo, 21. 
Bossuet, bSs'su'a' or bSs'swa', 

21. 
B08sut, bos'su', 21. 
Boswell, b5z'wel, 21. 
Botetourt, bot'S-tOrt, 21. 
Bothnia, both'nT-a. 21. 
Bothwell, bOtti'wgl, 21. 
Bottari, bOt-ta'rg, 21. 
Bottiais, bot'tt-e^Is, C. 
Bottiger, bet'tS-ger, 21. 
Botzaris = Bozz aris. 
Botzen, bQt'sen, 21. 
Bouchardon, boo'shar'drjN'', 

21. 
Bouches-du-Rhone, 

boosh'-du-ron', 21. 
Boucher, E. bou'chg'r ; 

F. brx/sha', 21. 
Boudinot, boo'df-nSt, 21. 
Bouflers. boo'flar'', 21. ■ 
Bougainville, boo'gax'veK, 21. 
Bouguer, boo'ga', 21. 
Bouillet, bob'ya', 21. 
Bouillon, boo'yoN' or 

bool'yoN', 21. 
Boulainvilliers. 

boo'laN'vg'ya', 21. 
Boulanger, boo'liN'zha', 21. 
Boulogne, boo'lSn' ; 

F. boo'lon'', 21. 
Bouraka, boo-ra'ka, 21. 
Bourbon, boor'bfln ; 

F. boor'biliN'', 21. 
Bourbonnes lea Bains. 

boor'bon' lit bax', 21. 
Bourbon Vendee, 

boor'bdN' vOx'da', 21. 
Bourcicault, boor-s? - ko', or 

Boucicault, boo-sf-ko', 21. 
Bourdalouejooor'da'loo', 21. 
Bourdon,_boor / d(5x / ', 21. 
Bourg, boor, 21. 
Bourgeois, boor'zhwa'', M. 
Bourges, boorzh, 21. 
Bourgoing, boor'gwa.v', 21. 
Bourignon, boo'rSn'yox', 21. 
Bourne, born, 21. _ 
Bournonville, boor'noN'vel', 

21. 
Bourrienne,_boo / re"-gn', 21. 
Bouaquet, boos^ka', 21. 
Bouterwek, boo'tgr-vgk, 21. _ 
Bouvier, boo-ver'; F. boo've-a', 

21. 
Bovianum, bo'vt-a'nfim, C. 
Bovilla, bo-vll'la ; -la, -IS, C. 
Bowditch, bou'dich, 21. 
Bowdoin, bo 'den, 21. 
Bowles, bolz, 21. 
Bowring, bou'rtng, 21. 
Boydell, boi'dgl, M. 
Boyer, bwii'ya', 21. 
Bozcath, bOz'kath, B. 
Bozez, bo'zgz, B. 
Bozrah. b5z'ra, B. 
Bozzaris or Botzaris, bOt'sa- 



I rTs ; popularly called bCz- 
zar'I>, M. 
Bozzolo. ti&ffMti, 21. 
Brabant, bra'biiit, or 

brii-bant', 21. 
Braccio. brat'ehd, .)/. 
Brachmana, brak-maj'n^ C. 
Brachmanes, br&k-mS'nSz, C. 
Bradwardin. brid'war-den, E. 
Braga. bri'ga, .)/. 



Braganga, braVgan'ia, M. 

Bragi, IjrU'gi, a. 

Brahe, bra or brii; Bun. bra'e, 

M. 
Brahm, brim, //. 
Brahma, brii'mii, //. 
Brahma, bra'nia, .)/. 
Brahmapootra. 

brii'mu-noo'tra, 21. 
Bramah. bra'mu, M. 
Bramante d' Urbino, 

bra-man'ttt dofjr-be'nd, .)/. 
Branchida, brttn'kT-dP, C. 
Brandenburg, bran'd*-n-berg, 

<;. ; briin'd'Ti-boorg, 21. 
Brandt, brant, 21. 
Brannodunum, 

bran'no-du'nfim, C. 
Brantomev brox'tom', .)/. 
Brasidas, bras'T-dms, C. 
Brasidea, bras'T-de'a, C. 
Brasidia, bras'Y-dfa, C. 
Braunsberg, brouns'bgrg, 21. 
Brauro, bra'rd ; -ron, -r8n, C. 
Brazil, bra-zll'; Fa. bra-zel r , 

21. 
Brazoria, bra-zo'rT-a, M. 
Brazos, bra'zOs, 21. 
Brazza, brat'sii, 21. 
Brazzaville, braz'zii-vel', 21. 
Breadalbane, bred-ai'bSn, 21. 
Breathitt, brCth'Tt, .)/. 
Brechin, brck'In, 21. 
Brecon, brek'fin, 21. 
Breda, brS-dii'. 21. 
Bredow, bra'dft, 21. 
Bregentz, bra'gSnts, M. 
BreidabUck, brl'da-bllk, N. 
Breisach, brfzak, 21. 
Bremen, brem'en, or bra'men, 

21. 
Bremer, bre'mer, 21. 
Bremerhaven, bra / mgr-hii / 'fen, 

21. 
Brescia, bresh'e'-a, 21. 
Breslau, bres'lou, 21. 
Bretagne, bre'tan', 21. 
Breton, brft'Qn, 21. 
Bretschneider, brgt'shnt-der, 

21. 
Breuni. bru'nt, C. 
Briangon. brt^oN'soK', 21. 
Briareus, brt-a'rg-us or 

bn'S-rus, C. 
Bridlington, bu,r'ltng-tuii, 21. 
Brieg, breg, 21. 
Brienne, brfCn', 21. 
Brienz, bre'<=ns, 21. 
Bries, bres, 21. 
Brieux, brS'u', 21. 
Brigantes, brt-gan'tez, C. 
Brigantinus, brlg'an-ti'nfis, 

('. 
BrighthelmBton, brt'tfin, = 

Brighton. .1/. 
Brighton, bn'tun. 21. 
Brindisi, brfu_-de's?. 21. 
Brioude, brC'ood', 21. 
Brisach = Breisach. 
Brisaus, brt-se'Qs, C. 
Briseis, brt-se'ts, C. 
Brisson, brS'soTr'", 21. 
Brissot, bre'so', .1/. 
Britain, brtt'n, 21. 
Britanni. brt-tan'nt, C. 
Britannia, brt-tan'nl-a, C. 
Britannicus, brt-tan'nt-kfis, 

C. 
Britomartia, brTt'o-niiir'tts, C. 
Britonea, brtt'o-nez, or 

brT-t5'nez, C. 
Brittany, brtt'ta-nt. 21. 
Brixellum, brtks-el'lum, C. 
Brixham, brlx'uni, 21. 
Brixia. brtk'sht-a, C. 
BrockhauB, brOk'hous, M. 
Brodie, bro'dt, M. 
Broeck, br6"6k, 21. 
Broglie, bro'y', 21. 
Bromberg, brOm'bgrg, M. 
Brome, brom, 21. 
BromiUB, br5'mT-fis, C. 
Bromley, brttm'll, 21. 
Bromwich, brfim'ti, 21. 
Brondolo, br8n'd6-li5, M. 
Brongniart, brdx'yar', M. 
Brono, bro'nd, X. 
Bronte, brSn't?, 21. 
Brookline, brir&k'ltn, 21. 
Brooklyn, brot)k'ltn, M. 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fobt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



BROTIER 



988 



CANTABRI 



u 



w 



Blotter. brP ty.f. .1/. 
Brough. bmf, Jr. 
Brougham. Imv'um. 31- 
Broughton. brou'tun. 31. 
Broossais. brfib t-a'. 31. 
Brown-Sequard. 

brauo -si kiir'. JC 

Bruchsal. brook 'sal. 31. 
Bniefc. bnik. .1/. 
Brucker. brook Tr, if 
Bructeri. bruk'tC-rl. C. 
Bruevs d'Aigalliers. 

bra a' dt rt'lyS'i Jf. 
Bruges, broo'igz or bruzh, .)/. 
Briihl. bnil. .)/. 
Brumoy. brfo mwa', .)/. 
Brunck. broimk. .1/. 
Brundusium, brun-dQ'zhY-iim, 

Brunei, bra nil'', .1/. 
Brunelleschi, broo-nfl-lfs'ke', 

31. 
Brunet. bru'nu''. if 
Briinn. brttn; Q. brijn, Jf. 
Brunswick. brOns'wtk, G. ; 

Braunschweig, broun'shvlg, 

.1/. 
Brussels, brus'selz ; F. Bru- 

xelles, bra'st-l', Jf. 
Brutii. bru'sht-l, or Bruttii, 

brut'tY-T, C. 
Brutus, brii'ttts, C. 
Bruyn. broin.J/1 
Bryges. bri'jez, C 
Brynbild. brin'hYld. X 
Brzesc, bzhCsts, or Brzesc Li- 

tewski, bzhgsts le-tSv'skf, 

M. 
Bubas8us. bu-bSs'sfis, J/1 
Bubastis. bfl-bas'tYs, C. Sf E. 
Bucephalus, bu-sefa-lus, J/1 
Bucephala. bu-sgfa-la, J/. 
Buch. book. M. 
Buchan. buk'an. 31. 
Buchanan, bfik-an'on. J/. 
Bucharest, bu'ka-rest'", J/. 
Bucharia, bft-ka'rY-a, Jf. 
Buckingham, buk'lng-am, 21. 
Bucolica, bu-kol'Y-ka, 31. 
Buda, bu'da ; _ 

Hungarian boo-dS', Jf. 
Buddha, bdt>d'da, 11. 
Budukhshan, biid-uk-shan / ', or 

Badakhshan, ba-dak-shan'', 

31. 
Budweis. bood'vts, 31. 
Buena Vista, bu'na vYs'ra, 31. 
Buen Ayre. bwgn 1'rti, 3L 
Buenos Ayres. bo'uus a'rYz ; 

Sp. bwa'nos I'rPs, Jf. 
Buffon. buf'un; F. boof'fox', 

31. 
Bug. Bog. or Boug, boog, J£ 
Buhabo, bfi-hii'bo, 31. 
Buhle, boo'Ie, 31. 
3uilth. bllth. 31. 
Bukangai. bfi-kan'gi, 31. 
Bukki. bnk'ki. /;. 
Bukkia, bnk-ki'a, B. 
Bui. bPl.jB. 

Bulgaria. bool-L'a'rY-a, -V. 
Bulgarin, bool-ga'rlu, 31. 
Bulls, bQ'lYs. C. 
Buller. bool'er, .1/. 
Bulliard. bdol'var', 31. 
Bullinger, botjl'Ing-Sr, JT. 
Bulow, bu'ln, 31. 
Bulwer, b'6"oKwer, 31. 
Bumba. boorn^ba. 31. 
Bumbembe, boom-bem'be, 31. 
Bunah, bu'iia, Ii. 
Buncombe, burjk'um, .1/. 
Bundelcund.brin / dC-l-kund r ,J/. 
Bunga. boon'ga, .1/. 
Bunni, bun'in, li. 
Bunsen, bo~on'sen, 21. 
Bunus. bii'nus, ('. 
Bunzlau. botmtslou, 31. 
Buonaparte, boo-o / na-par''t3, 

= Boicapabte. 
Buonarotti. boo-o v na-r5t''te, 31. 
Buphagus, bfi'fa-gfU 
BuDrasium. bn-pra'sY-tlm, C. 
Bura. bu'ra. C. 
Buraicus. bti-ra'T-kiis, C. 
Burckhardt. burk'hart, G.; 

bdtok'hlrt, 31. 
Burdett-Couts, bgr-dgt'-koots, 

Burdwan. burd'wan, J/1 
Burg, berg; O. bdorg, Jf. 
Burger. buKger. M. 
Burghley. Burleigh, bgrlY, 31. 
Burgk. t.oork. 31. 
Burgos. bdeKgfts. 3T. 
Burgoyne, ber-goin', 31. 
Burgundy. ber'gttn-dT, M. 
Burlamaqui, l-nr'lii'Tiia'ke', 31. 
Burleigh - Jii i-f; ii i.f.v. 
Burlington, bCr'Ung-tfin, 21. 



Burnouf, bur'noof', 31. _ 
Burrampoor. bur-ram-poor', 31. 
Burrampooter, btti-'rtmi-poo''- 

li'r Bn UI11AFOOTBA. 
Burscheid. boor'slilt, 31. 
Bury, bor'rl. .1/. 
Busching, busb'tng, 1/. 
Bushire. bflB-shex', if. 
Busiris. bu-sl'rls, C. $■ E. 
Bussange. bdta-aaii'ge, 31. 
Bussera. b(K>s-s5'rii, 21. 
Bussy d'Amboise, 

bus'se' dSN'bwaz'", 3f. 
Bustamente, boos - tti-m6n'tli, 

.1/. 
Butes, bu'tez, ('. 
Buthrotum, bfl-thrS'tflm, C. 
Buthrotus, bu-thro'tus, C. 
Butoa. bu'to-a, C. 
Butorides, bfi-tCr'T-dez, C. 
Butos. bu'tOs, C. 
Buttermere,_biU / 't5r-mSr, 21. 
Buusama, boo'oo-sii'ma, M. 
Buz, bttz, B. 
Buzi. bu-^zt. B. 
Buzite, bfiz'tt, B. 
Buzyges, bu'zi-jez or 

btt-zl'jez, C. 
Byblis, bl'blts, C. 
Bynkershoek, bln'ker-shd&k, 

31. 
Byssatis, Ms-sa'tts, C. 
Bysshe, btsh, M. 
Byzacium, bT-za'sht-Qm, C. 
Byzantium, bl-zan'shl-flm, C. 

Sr 21. 
Byzas, bi'zas, C. 



Caanthus, kft-air'thus, C. 
Cabalaca, ka-baKka, C. 
Caballero, ka-bal-ya / 'r5, 31. 
Caballinus. kab'ttl-li'iius, C. 
Cabanis, ka / ba / nes'', J/. 
Cabarrus, ka-bai-'riis, 31. 
Cabbon, kab'bon, B. 
Cabell, kab^Pl, 31. 
Cabet, ka'ba'', J/1 
Cabinda, ka-bTn'da, C. 
Cabira, ka-bi'ra ; -ri, -rf, C. 
Cabiria, ka-btr'T-a, 31. 
Cabot, kab'fit \ It. Caboto, 

ka-bo'to, 31. 
Cabrera, ka-bra'ra, 31. 
Cabul, ka'bfil. B. 
Cabul, Cabool. or KabuL 

ka-btiK or ka-booK, 3f. 
Cabyle, kab'I-ie or ka-bl'lS, 

Caca. ka'ka : Cacus, -kus, C. 
Caccia, kat'cM, 31. 
Caceres, ka'thS-res, 31. 
Cachao, ka-sha'C, 31. 
Cachias. ka-^hCiis. .1/. 
Cachoeira. ka / *ho-a / '£-ra, 21. 
Caddis, kad'dls. B. 
Cades, ka'dgs, B. 
Cades-barne. ka'des-bar'n^, B. 
Cadesh, ka'desh, B. 
Cadiz. ka'dYz; Sp. kii'deth, 21. 
Cadmea, kad-me'a, C. 
Cadmeis, kad-me'ls, C. 
Cadmiel, kad'mT-gl, B. 
Cadogan, ka-do r gan, 31. 
Cadoudal, ka'doo'diiK, 21. 
Caduceus. ka-du'shf-Qs, C. 
Cadurci. ka-der'si, C. 
Caecias, se'shl-rts, C. 
Cadwallader, kad-wol'a-der, 

3L 
Caecilia, sP-sTKT-a, C. 
Caecilius. sf-siKT-us L C. 
Caecilianus, st-sTl'T-a'nCis, C. 
Caecilus, ses'T-ltis, C. 
Caecina. sf-sl'ua, C. 
Caecinus, st-sfniis, C. 
Caecubum, sfk'fi-btim, C. 
Caecubus, sek'O-bfis, C. 
Caeculus, sSk'tl-lus, C. 
Caedmon. kad'rnQn, 31. 
Caelia.^e'11-a; CaeUus, -Qs, C. 
Caen, kOx, 3f. 
Caena. fe'na. C. 
CaeneuB. se'nf-iisor-nus, C. 
Caenides, st-nVdez, C. 
Caenina. sf-ni'iia, C. 
Caenis, .^e'nT*. C. 
Caenopolis. st-nSp'O-lls, C. 
Caere. Be'rt, (,'. 
Caermarthen, kcr-miir'thCn, 

31. 
Caernarvon, kgr-nblr'vrin, 21. 
Caesar, se'zor, 1). $c C. 
Caesarea, si'.s'il-re'a, li. if C. 
Caesario. Kf-a'rl-O, C. 
Caesarodunum. 

seB'a-rft-da'num, C. 



Caesaromagus. sf s'a-rOm'a-gus, 

Caesius, sCsht-Qs, C. 
Caeyx, se'lks, ('. 
Cagliari, kiil'vii-rf, 31. 
Cagliostro, kal-vos'tro-, J/1 
Cagnoli. kan-yo'lft, 31. 
Cahawba. ka-ha'bii, 21. 
Cahir or Caher, kii'liCr or klr, 

31. 
Cahokia, ka-hS'kt-a, 31. 
Cahoos or Cahoes, ka-h5z', 21. 
Cahors, kiVor', 31. 
Caiaphas, ka'va-fas, B. 
Caicos, ki'kos", .)/. 
Caicus. ka-I'kiis, C. 
Caidareta, kt-dii-ra'tii, J/1 
Caieta, ka'i-e'ta, C. 
Caillet.ka'.va', 21. 
Cain, kan, B. 
Cainan, kit-i'nan, B. 
Cairngorm, karn-gSrm', Jf. 
Cairns, karns, 31. _ 
Cairo, U. S., kar'6 ; Egypt, 

kT'ro.J/. 
Caius. ka'yfis, C. ; kez, M. 
Calaber, k&Ka-ber, C. 
Calabria, ka-la'brt-a, C; ka- 

la'brt-a. or ka-la'brl-ii, 21. 
Calah, ka^a, B. 
Calahorra, ka-la-or'ra, J/1 
Calais. kaKft-Is, C. ; kal'Is, F. ; 

ka'la', 31. 
Calamis, kaKa-mYs, C. 
Calamos, kaKa-m5s, C. 
Calamolalus, kal'a-mSKa-liis, 

B. 
Calamy. kaKa-mY, M. 
Calanus, kal'a-ntis, C- 
Calatayud. kii-la-ta-vood / ', 2f. 
Calates, kaKa-tez, C. 
Calatrava, ka-la-tra / 'va, 21. 
Calaurea, kai'a-re'a, C. 
Calauria, kal / a-ri / 'a or 

kal-a'rY-a, C. 
Calcasieu, kaKka-shoo, 21. 
Calcol, kaKkSl, B. 
Calcutta, kal-kufta, J/1 
Caldas da Rainha, kaKdas da 

ra-eu'vii, 31. 
Caldea. fcai-de'a, B. 
Caldeans, kai-de^onz, B. 
Caldees. kSKdez, B. 
Calder, kaKder, 21. 
Calderon, kal-da-ron', 21. 
Cale, ka'lf, C. 
Caleb, ka'lgb, B. 
Caleb-ephratah, 

ka'leb-gf^ra-ta, B. 
Caledones, ka-lgd'o-nez, C. 
Caledonia. kai't-do'nY-a, C. 
Calentum, ka-len'tum, C. 
Calenus^ka-le'iius, C. 
Cales, ka'lez, €'■ 
Caleti, kaK$-ti,_C. 
Calhoun. kai-hoon / \ 2f. 
Calicut, kai'I-kut, J/. 
Calidasa, ka-lt-da'sa, 31. 
Calidius, ka-lYd'Y-us, C. 
California. kai-Y-for'nY-a, 21. 
Calignon, kii'lfn'voN", J/1 
CaUgula. ka-lYg'Q-la, C. 
Calitas, k&l'Y-tns, B. 
Calkoen_ van Beek, kalKkoon 

viin bak. 31. 
Callaici, kai-la'Y-si, C. 
Callao, kal-la'o or kiil-ya^o, 31. 
Callcott, kal'kut. J/. 
Callet, ka'W, 31. 
Callias, kal'lY-ns, C. 
Callicerus, kal'H-se'rus, C. 
Callichorum.kai-lTk / o-rum, C. 
Callicles, kaKlY-klez, C. 
Callicolona, kai'lY-ko-lo'na, C. 
Callicrates. kai-lYk'ra-tez, C. 
CallicratidaB.kaFlY-krat'Y-das, 

a 

Callidius. kai-lYd'Y-us, C. 
Calligenes, kal-lYj r e-nez, C. 
Callimachus, kai-lYm'a-kQs, C. 
Callimedes, kai'lY-me'dez, C. 
Callimedon. kai-lYnr'e-dOn, C. 
Callinus, kai-lT'nus, C. 
Calliope. kal-lT'o-pt. C. 
Calliopea, kai'lY-o-pe-'a. C. 
Callipatira, kai'lY-pa-tfra, C. 
Calliphon, kaKlY-f5n, C 
CaUipolis, kai-lYp'o-lYs, C. 
Callirrhoe. kai-lYr'o-f, C. 
Calliste. kai-lYs't*. C. 
CalUstia, kai'lYs-tl'a, C. 
Callisthenes, kai-lYs'thS-nez, 

B. 
CaUisto. kai-lYs't<5, C. 
Callistonichus, 

kai'lYs-tS-ni'kns, C. 
Callistratus, kai-lYs'trff-tQs, C. 
Callixena. kai-lYks'S-na, C. 
Calmet, kal'mEt ; F. kal'ma', 

31. 



Calne. kan, 31. 
Calneh, kaKne, B. 
Calno, kal'nS, B. 
Calor. kS'lBr, ('. 
Calphi, kai'il, />'. 
Calpurnius, kai-pgr'nY-fis, C. 
Caltagirone. kal-tii-if-rS'nH, Jf. 
Calusidius, kai'fi-sYd'Y-us, C. 
Calvados, kiil-vii-dCs , ) M. 
Calvary, kSl'va-rY, B. 
Calvert, kai'vgrt, J/. 
Calycadnus, kai'Y-kad'niis, C. 
Calyce, kai'Y-sf, V. 
Calydna, ka-lYd'na, C. 
Calydon, kaKY-d8n, C. 
Calydonius, kai'Y-do'nY-Qs, C. 
Calymne, ka-lYm'nC, C. 
Calynda, ka-lYn'da, C. 
Calypso, ka-lYp'so, C. 
Camalodunum, 

kam / a-16-dQ / 'nflm, C. 
Camanche, ka-man r cli9, J/. 
Camarina, kam / a-rl , n4, C. 
Camarine, kam'a-rfnf, C. 
Cambace"res, k5N / ba / sft / r?s , > M* 
Cambaules, kam-ba^lez, C. 
Cambay, kam-ba','i)/. 
Cambodia, kam-bo'dY-a, M. 
Cambrai or Cambray, 

kSN'bra', J/1 
Cambria, kam'brY-a, 31. 
Cambridge, kam'brYj, 31. 
Cambronne, kON'brun', J/1 
Cambunii, kam-bu'iiY-I, C. 
Cambyses, kam-bl'sez, C. Sf E~ 
Camera, kam'S-ra. C. 
Camerinom, kam'f-rt'nQm, C. 
Camerinus, kani'S-ri-'nus, C. 
Cameron, kam'f-rfin, Jf. 
Camilla, ka-mYKla, C. 
Camillae , ka-m YK16 ; -lus , -lfis, C. 
Caminha, ka-men'ya, 21. 
Camira, ka-mi'ra, C. 
Camiro, ka-mi'rO, C. 
Camirus, ka-mi'rfis, C. 
Camoenae, ka-me'nS, C. 
Camoens, ka-mo'Enz or kam'- 

6-6nz, Pg. ka-mo / 'gKs, 21. 
Camon, ka'mBn, B. 
Camorondo, kam'o-rOn'dft, 21. 
Campagna, kam-pan'va, Jf. 
Campan, k8x'p5x r , 31. 
Campania, kam-pa'nY-a, C. 
Campaspe, kam-pas'pf, C. 
Campbell, kam'el or kam'bel, 

31. 
Campeachy. kam-pe'chf ; 31ex- 

ico, Campeche, kam-pa'chS, 

Campobasso, kam-po-bas'sD, 

Camuccini, kii-mo6t- che'ne, 

Jf. 
Camus, ka/mus', Jf. 
Camusat, ka'mu'za', Jf. 
Cana, ka'na, B. §■ C. 
Canaan, ka'nun or ka r n4-an, 

B. 
Canaanite, ka'nan-it or ka'- 

na-an-it ; -itess, -It-es, B. 
Canada, kan'a-da, At. 
Canajoharie, kan-a-jo-har / 'rY, 

Canandaigua, kan-an-da'gwa, 

Cananore, kan'a-nor, Jf. 
Canara, kan'a-ra.Jf. 
Canaries, ka-na'rez, Jf. 
Canarii. ka-na'rY-i, C. 
Canasauga, kau'd-s^'ga, Jf. 
Canastota, kan / as-to , ta, Jf. 
Canaveral, ka-nfiv'er-Hl. 31. 
Cancellieri, kan-ch6i-16-a , r? > . 

Jf. 
Candace, kan'da-sf , B. If C. 
Candahar or Kandahar, 

kan'da-har', M.. 
Candaules, kan-da 'lez, C. 
Candavia. kan-da'vY-a, C. 
Candia, kan'dY-a, Jf. 
Canens, ka'ngnz, C. 
Canephori. ka-nCf'o-ri, C. 
Caniculares, ka-nYk / u-la'rez l 

C. 
Canidia, ka-nYd'Y-a, C. 
Canidius. ka-nYd'Y-Cs, C. 
Canineiates, ka-nYn'S-fa'tez, 

a 

Caninius, ka-nYn^Y-us, C. 
Canisteo.Jcan'Ys-te'ii, Jf. 
Canius. ka'nY-us, C. 
Canneh. kan'ne, B. 
Cannes, kan, 31. _ 
Cannouchee, kan-noo'chf . Jf. 
Canonica. ka-no'nt-kii, Jr. 
Canopicum, ka-iiBp'Y-kfim, C- 
Canopus, ka-no r pus, C. 
Canova. ka-no r va, Jr. 
Canrobert. kOx'ro'bar''. Jf. 
Cantabri, kan'ta-brT, C. 



a, e, I 



o, ii, long; a, 6, I, 5, u, y, short; senate, event, idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



CANTABRIA 



989 



CHABRLS 



Cantabria, kan-ta'brY-a, C. 
Cantal, WSN'tal', 31. 
Cantemir, kaii'te-mSr, 31. 
Canterbury, kan'tCr-bCr-Y, 31. 
Cantharus, kan'tha-rus. C. 
Cantium, kiin'shY-um, V. 
Canton, C7mia,kan-t0n / '; U.S., 

kan'tun, M. 
Canuleia, k&n'fi-le'ya, C. 
Canuleius, kan'fl-le'ycis, C. 
Canusium. kii-nu'sM-Om, C. 
Canute, ka-nQf, 31. 
Capaneus, kap-a ' ne" - Qs, or 

kap'a-inis, •( '■_ 
Cape Breton, kap brgftin, M. 
Capeflgue, kap / flg', M. 
Cape Girardeau, 

kap jf-riir-do', 31. 
Cape Haitien or Haytien, kap 

ha'tf-gii, M. 
Capel, k&p'el, 3f. 
Capella, ka-pel'la, C. 
Capena, ka-pe'mi; -ni, -nl, C. 
Cape Palmas, kap pal'mas, 31. 
Capernaum, ka-per'na'-fim, B. 
Capet, ka'pgt; F. ka'pa', 31. 
Capetua, kap'f-tfis, C. 
Cape Verde, kSpvBrd, 31. 
Caphareus, ka-i'a'rus, C. 
Capharsalama, 

kai'ar-saKa-ma, B. 
Caphenatha, ka-fgn'a-tha, B. 
Caphira, kali'ia, B. 
Caphthorim, kai'tho-rYm, B. 
Caphtor, kaf 'tor, B. 
Caphtorim, kaf to-rYm, B. 
Capitanata, ka-pS-ta-na'ta, 31. 
Capito, kap'Y-td, C. 
Capitolinus, kap / T-to-lI , ntis, C. 
Capitolium, kap-Y-to'lY-ttm, C. 
Capo d'Istria, ka'po dYs'trS-a, 

M. 
Cappadocia, kap-pa-do'shY-a, 

B. * a 
Cappadox, kap'pa-dSx, C. 
Capraria, ka-pra'rY-a, C. 
Capreae, ka'prf-f, C. 
Capri, ka'prf, 31. 
Capricornus, kip^Y-kBr'ntis, 

V. 
Caprotina, kap'ro-ti^niis, C. 
Capua, kap'fl-a, C. ; ka'poo-a, 

Jr. 

Capya, ka'pTs,_C. 

Oaqueta, ka-ka'ta, = Japura, 

31. 
Carabasion, kar'a-ba'sY-Bn, B. 
Caracalla, kSr'a-kalla, C. 
Caracas, ka-Ta'kas, M. 
Caracates, kar'a-ka'tez, C. 
Caracci or Carracci.ka-rafchf, 

31. 
Caractacua, ka-rak'ta-ktis, C. 
Caradoc, ka-ra'dSk, M. 
Caraglio, ka-rSKyS. 31. 
Caralia, kar'a-lYs, C. 
Caraman, ka-ra-man / ', 31. 
Caramania, kar'a-ma'nY-a, 31. 
Carambis, ka-ram' r bts, C. 
Caranus, kar'a-nus, C. 
Carausius, kar-a'shY-Qs, C. 
Caravaggio, ka-ra-vad'jo, 31. 
Carcas, kar'kas, B. 
Carcassonne, kar'kas'sun', 31. 
Carchamis, kax'ka-mYs, B. 
Carchemish, kar'ke-mYsh, B. 
Carchedon, kar-ke'dBn, C. 
Carcinus, kar'sY-ntts, C. 
Cardan, kiir-'dan, 31. 
Cardenas, kar-da'nas, M. 
Cardia, kiir'dY-a, C. 
Cardiff or Caerdiff, kar'dtf, 

31. 
Cardigan, kar'dY-gan, 31. 
Cardona, kar-dc'na, 31. 
CarducM, kar-du'kl, C. 
Careah, ka-re'a, B. 
Careme, Jta/ram', 31. 
Cares, ka'rez, C. 
Carew, ka-roo / ', 31. 
Cariaco, kii-rS-a/ko", 31. 
Carta, ka'rY-a, B. fr C. 
Caribbean Sea, kar'tb-be'an 

Be', 31. 
Caribbees, kar'Yb-bez, M. 
Carilla, ka-rtl'la, C. 
Carinae, ka-rl'nS, C. 
Carinus, ka-rt'nus, C. 
Carintbla, ka_-rYn'thY-a, M. 
Carl^n, kar-lan r , 31. 
Carlisle, kar-HK, 31. 
Carlsbad or Karlsbad, 

karls'bat, 3i. 
Carlscrona, kavls-kroo'na, M. 
Carlsruhe or Karlaruhe,_ 

karls'roo-e, 31. 
Carlyle, kar-HK, M. 
Carmagnola, kar-man-yCla, 

31. 
Carmania, kar-ma r nY-a, C. 



Carmanians, kar-ma'nf-anz, 

/;. 
Carme, kiir'mt, B. 
Carmel, kiir'mel, B. 
Carmelite, kiir'nigl-It, B. 
Carmelitess, kar'niCMt-Ss, B. 
Carmelus, kar-mS'ltta, C. 
Carmenta, kar-niCn , 'tu, <". 
Carmentis, ka-mfin'tlB, (.'. _ 
Carmentales, kar'men-ta , iez ; 

Carmentalis, -lis, C. 
Carmi, kar'ml, B. 
Carmites, kiir'nnts, B. 
Carmichael, kiir - nn / 'kel or 

kiir'mt-kel, 31. 
Carnaim, kar'nft-tm, C. 
Carnatic, kar-naflk, 31. 
Carnea, kar r n6-a, C. 
Carneades, kiir-ne'a-dez, C. 
Carneia, kiir-ne'ya, Carnia, 

kiir-ni'a.o;- Carnea, kar-ne'a, 

C. 
Carniola, kiir-nT-o'la; 6'.Krain, 

krln, 3f. 
Carnion, kiir'nT-Sn, B. 
Carnot, kiir / no' r L jl/ L 
Carnutes, kiir-nu'tez, C. 
Carolina, kar / u-li / 'na, 31. 
Carolus.kar'o-liis, C; Charles, 

31. 
Carondelet, ka-rSn'de-lS, 31. 
Carpaccio, kar-pafcb.8, 31. 
Carpathian, kar-pa r thT-an, 31. 
Carpathus, kar'pa-thQs, C. 
Carpentaria, kaKpSn-ta'rt-a, 

31. 
Carpentier, kar'nOx'W-a', 31. 
Carpentras, kar ? p5N / tras , ) 31. 
Carphasalama, 

kar'fa-saKa-ma, B. 
Carpophora, kar-p5fo"-r&, C. 
Carpus, kar'pus, B. 
Carradori, kar-rii-do''rS, 31. 
Carrara, kar-va""™, 31. 
Carrick-on-Suir, 

kar'rlk-Sn-shur', 31. 
Carrickfergus^ar'rlk-fgr'gtis, 

Carrucci, kar-roofchf. 31. 
Carseoli, kar-se'o-ll, C. ' 
Carshena, kar-she^na, B. 
Cartagena or Carthagena. kar- 

ta-je'na; Sp. kar-ta-ha'na, 

31. 
Cartago, kar-t^^gS, 31. 
Carteia, kar-te'ya, C. 
Carteret, kar'ter-gt, 31. 
Carthaea, kar-the'a, C. 
Carthage, kiir'tMj, 31. 
Carthaginienses, 

kar-tha-itn'T-Sn'sez, C. 
Carthago, kar-tha'gfi, C. 
Carus, ka-'rOs, C. 
Carvajal, kar-va-haK, 31. 
Carvilius, kar-vtKt-tis, C. 
Carya, ka'rT-asCaryae.-rt-S, C. 
Caryatse, kar'T-a'te, C. 
Caryatides, kar't-aft-dez, C. 
Carystus, ka-rts'ttis, C. 
Casale, ka-sa'ie, C. ; ka-sa'ia, 

31. 
Casal Maggiore, 

ka-siil' mad-jo''ra', 31. 
Casanova, ka-sa-no'vii, 31. 
Casaubon, ka-sa'bfm, 31. 
Cascellius, k5s-sgl'lT-tts, C. 
CaBerta, ka-sar'ta, 31. 
Cashmere or Kashmir, 

kash-mer', 31. 
Casilinum, kas'I-li'nQm, C. 
Casimir, kas't-m$r, 31. 
Casini, ka-se'n?, 31. 
Casiphia,_ka-sYf r T-a, B. 
Casius, ka'shT-fls, C. 
Casleu, kas'10, B. 
Casluhim, kas'lfi-hYm, B. 
Casphon, kas'fSn, B. 
Casphor, kas'i'6r, B. 
Caspian, kas'pt-an, 31. 
Caspii, kas'pt-I, C. 
Caspis, kas'pts, B. 
Caspium, kas'pT-um, C. 
Cassander, kfis-sau'der, C. 
Csasandria, kas-san'drY-a, C. 
CaBsandra, kas-san'dra, C. 
Cassel or Kassel, kas'sel, M: 
Cassia, kas'sha, C. 
Cassine, kiis-se'nit, 3r. 
Cassini, kas-se'nC, 31. 
Cassiodorus, kash't-5-do'rus, 

C. 
Cassiope, kas-sT'O-p?, or Cas- 

siopea, kash'T-o-pe'a, C. 
Casslciuiari, kii-sf-k?-a'rP, 3F. 
CasBiterides, kas'sT-tgr't-dez, 

C. 
CassiUB, kash'T-iis, C. 
Cassivelaunus, 

kas'sY-vf-la'nus, C. 
Castabala, kas-tab'a-l'a, C. 



Castaglione, kaR-tiil-yO'ntt, 31. 
Castagno, kas-tiin'vo, 31. 
Castalia, ka«-ta'lT-a, C. 
Castalius Fons, kas-ta'lY-fis 

tr.nz', C. 
Caatanos, kas-tan'yos, 31. 
Castelnau, kas'tel'nO', M. 
Castelnaudary, 

kati'tgl'no'dii're', 31. 
Castelvetrano, 

kas-ttl'vt-tra'nO, 31. 
Ca8tiglione, ka.^-tfl-vo'nil. M. 
Caatile, kas-tBl' ; Sp. Castilla, 

kas-tel'ya, M. 
Castine, kfis-ten', 31. 
Castlebar, kas /, 'l-l)ar, 31. 
Castlereagh, kas''l-ra''. 31. 
Castor, kas'ttir, B. &c C. 
Castr^n, kas-tran', 31. 
Castres. kaet'r, 31. 
Castrogiovannl, 

kas'tro-jfi-van'nS, 31. 
Castruccio, kiis-tioot'chiS, 31. 
Castulo, kftB'td-lC, C. 
Catabamba, kii-ta-bam'bii, 31. 
Catabeni, kat'a-be'nl, C. 
Catacecaumene. 

kat'a-sC-ka'me-nS, C. 
Catadupa, kat'a-diKpa, C. 
Catahoula, kat' a-lioo'lii, 31. 
Catalani, ka-ta-la'nt, 31. 
Catalonia, kat'a-lo^nT-a ; Sp. 

Cataluna, ka-ta-loon^ya, 31. 
Catana, kat'a-na, C. 
Catania, kii-ta'nf-ii, 31. 
Catanzaro, ka-tiin-za'ri'!, 31. _ 
Catarrhactes, kafar-rak'tez, 

C. 
Catawba, ka-ta/ha, 31. 
Cateau-Cambresis. 

ka/to'TcfiN'bra'ze'', 31. 
Cathsea, ka-the'a, C. 
Cathua, ka-thu'a, B. 
Catilina, kat'Y-lI'na, C. ; Cati- 
line, kat'Y-lin, 31. 
Catillua. ka-tYKlus, or CatUus, 

kat'T-lus, C. 
Catius, ka'shY-us, C. 
Cato, ka'to, C. 
Catorce, ka-tor'sft, 31. 
Cattaraugus, kat'ta-ra'gus, 31. 
Cattaro, kiit/ta-ro, 31. 
Cattegat or Kattegat, 

k&fte-gat', 31. 
Catullus. ka-tuKlus, C. 
Catulus, kat'fl-ltis, C. 
Caturiges, kat'tt-ri^jez, C. 
Caubul. ka-bool'', 31. 
Caucasus, ka/ka-afis, C. Sf 31. 
Cauchy, kS'she^, 31. 
Caucones, ka-ko'nez, C. 
Caudium, ka'dY-fim, C. 
Caulaincourt, ko'laN'kdor', 31. 
Caulonia, ka-lo'nY-a, C. 
Caunus, ka'ntis, C. 
Cauros, ka r r8s ; -rus, -rus, C. 
Causse, kos, 31. 
Cava, ka/va, 31. 
Cavaignac, ka/van'yak', 31. 
Cavalieri, ka-va-lS-a'rS, M. 
Cavan, F., ka'vSN' ; 

lr., kav'an, 31. 
Cavares, kav'a-rez, C. 
Cavendish, kav'en-dYsh, or 

Candish, kan'dYsh, 31. 
Cavery or Cauvery, ka'ver-Y, 

Cavour, ka-voor^Jf. 
Cawnpur, kan / poor-', 31. 
Caxamarca, ka-hii-niiir'ka, 31. 
Caxiaa or Cachias, ka-she'as, 

31. 
Cayenne, kft-ygn' or kl-gn', 31. 
Cayea, ka, 31. 
Caylus, kS-lus', 31. 
Cayater, kit-Ys'ter, C. 
Cayatrus, kit-Ys'trtts, C. 
Cayuga, ka-yoo'sa, 31. 
CazaleB, ka'zales', M. 
Cazenovia, kaz / e-no , vY-a, M. 
Cea, se'a, C. 
Cean-Bermudez, 

tha-an'bgr-moo'dgth, 31. 
Ceara, sS-a-rii / ', 31. 
Ceba, se'ba ; Cebes. se'bez, C. 
Cebrenia,_s§-bre''nY-a, C. 
CebruB, se'brQs, C. 
Cecchi, chek'kg, 31. 
CecU, sYs'Yl or sgs'Yl, 31. 
Cecilius, st-sYl'Y-iis, C. 
Cecina. sS-si'na, C 
Cecropia, se-kro'pY-A, C. 
Cecropidae, se-kr5p r Y-dS, C. 
Cecropia, sgk'rO-pYs, C. 
Cecrops. se'krSps^ C. 
Cedreatia, se'drC-a'tYs, C. 
Cedron, se'drOn. B. 
Cefalu, chgf-a-loo', M. 
Cei, se'i, C. 
Ceilan, se'lan, B. 



Celadon, sfl'ii-dfin, 
Celadua, sd'a-dOa, C. 
Celaenae, *t-le'i!?j ; -no, -nC, C. 
Celebes, aCl'S-bSz, 31. 
Celeia, -C-l.-'ya. ( . 
Celenna, hC-len'na, 6'. 
Celer, ce'lgr, ( '. 
Celeres, sgKf-rez, C. 
Celetrum_, .-.'I'r-trrmi, C. 
Celeus, iC'IC-tta, <:. 
CeUewZeUe. t.scKl/, 31. 
Cellini, choi-le'iif-, M 
Celosyria, m'IT>->Yi '1-4. B. 
Celtiberi, M-I'ti-I.r'ri, C. 
Celtici, aH'tl-rt. C. 
Celtoacythae, i-Cl-tSs'sY-the", C. 
Cema, ft'mi.J '. 
Cenaeum, sC-ne'uin, ('. 
Cenchrea, aSn^krt-a, I;. 
Cenchreae, sCn'krF-C, C. 
Cenchreia, sGn-kre'ls, C. 
Cenchreua, Kgii-kreTis, C. 
Cenchriua, sgn-krY'ilK, C. 
Cenci, chfin'chC, 31. 
CendebeuB, BCn'dC-Wue, B. 
Cenimagni, B6n / I-mag /, nI, C. 
Cenina, irt-iii'iia, (._ 
Cenis, sOn'Is or sr-ne'. 31. 
Censores, sCn-so'rez, C. 
Cenaorinus, BSn'sb-rl^nfie, C. 
Centauri. ggn-ta'rt, C. 
Centlivre, bent-le'ver or 

s.'nt-lYv'Pr, 31. 
Centrones, aSn-trO'nez, C. 
Centumviri, ^Cn-tuni'vi-rl, C. 
Centuria, agn-ta'rl-a, < . 
Centuripa. a?n-tu'rt-p4, C 
Centurtpae, sfn-tQ^rl-p?, C. 
Ceoa, se'Os, C. 
Cephalae. aef'a-15, C. 
Cephalaedis. sgf'a-le'dYa. C. 
Cephalaedium, sei'd-le'dY-um, 

C. 
Cephalaa, sgf'a-laa ; -le, -If, C. 
Cephallen, BS-fal'lgn, C. 
Cephallenia. agf'al-lB'nl-a, C. 
Cephalo, Bgfa-ia ; -Ion, -Ion, C. 
Cephalonia, sgf'a-lo'nY-a, C. (f 

Jl. ; It. chPi-a-lo'nf-ii, 31. 
Cephalua, sgf'a-ltts, C. 
Cephas, se'fas, B._ 
Cephenes, sef'P-nez, C. 
Cepheus, se'ff-us or se'fus, C. 
Cephiaia, sf-flsh'Y-a, C 
Cephisodorua, se-fYs / i5-do / 'rus, 

V. 
Cephiaodotus, sgf'Y-sOd'ij-tiis, 

C. 
Cephisua, sf-fT'sus, C. 
Cephi88us, sg-fYs'siis, C. 
Ceram, sC-ram'' ; Pg. sgr-rouN / ', 

.1/. 
Ceramicus, ser / a-mi''kfis, C. 
Ceramus, ser'a-miis, C. 
Ceraa. se'ras, B. 
Ceraau8, sgr r a-sus, C. 
Ceratus, sgr'a-tQs, C. 
Ceraunia, sS-ra^nY-a ; -nii, -nY- 

I : -nua, -nils, C. 
CerbaluB, aSr'ba-ltlB, C. 
Cerberua, sgr'bf-rus, C. 
Cercasaurum,ser / ka-sa r rum or 

ser-kas'a-rum, C. 
Cerceis, ser-se r Ys, C. 
Cercina, ser-si'na ; Cercinna, 

ser-sYn'na, C. 
Cercopes, ser-ko'pez, C. 
Cercyon, ser'sY-5n, C. 
Cercyra, sgr-sT r ja, C. 
Carealia, se'rS-a'lY-a, C. 
Ceres, se'rez, C. 
Cerigo, cher'f-gO, 31. 
Cerilli, s£-rYl'lI, C. 
Cerinthus, sf-rYn'thtts, C. 
Cerretani, sgr / r?-ta'ni, C. 
Cervantes Saavedra, 

ser-vfin'tgz sa-vgd'ra, 31. 
Cervera, thSr-va'ra, 31. 
Cervia, chgr'vY-a, 31. 
Cesar, se'zgr, B. 
Cesarea, sgs'a-re'a ; C. Philip- 
pi. fY-lYp'pt, B. 
Cesart, cha'zii-rf , 31. 
Cesarotti, chfi-sa-rBftS, M. 
Cesena, chft-sa'na, 31. 
Cesi, cha'sf , M. 
Cestrinus, ses-trl^nus, C. 
Cetab, se'tab, B. 
Cetema, sf-ta'rna, 31. 
Cethegus, sY-the'gtis, C. 
Cetius,_se'shY-us, C. 
Ceto, se'tiS, C. 
Ceus, se'tis, C. 

Ceuta, su'ta; Sp. tha'oo-ta, M. 
Cevennes, Bft'ven', 31. 
Ceylon. sC-lSn' or sY-lon', 31. 
Ceyx, se'Yks, C 
Chabert, shii'bgr', 31. 
Chabriaa, ka'brY-os, C. 
Chabris, ka'brYs, B. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical; (7, classical ; E, Egyptian ; U, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



CHAD 



990 



CITIUM 



Chad. Tchad, or Tschad. chad, 

Chadiaa. WdT-os, B. 
Ch«re*«. Wr*-«s, B. | 

Chjeremon. ki-iC-'infui. ('. 
Cha?r»pi»on. kCrV-li\ii. i'. 
Charred 

r'a. C. 



U 



w 



Chagres. ehi'griSe, .V. 

Chalaeum. ku-lc-'uin. C. 
Chalc«a. Chalcea. kaUe'a. C. 
Ch*lc«don. ka!->?Mftn, C. 
Chalcedonia. kal sf-ilo'iiY-a, C 
Chalcidene. kal si-de'nf. ( . 
Chalcidenses. kal .-1-dfn'sez, 

Chalcidice. kal-sYd^-sf. C. 
Chalciaeus. kal sl-e'Os, ('. 
Chalcol. kftl'kM. B. 
Chaldaea. k-U-de'a. C. ; Chal- 

dea. kal-de'a, /.. 
Chaldaei. k*l-de1, C. 
Chaldees. kai'dez. B. 
Chaleur. shii-ler'. Jf. 
Chalmers. clial'mCrz ; Scot., 

ch 'nan, M. 
Chalons, sha 16k', Jf. 
Chalons-sur-Marne. 

shii lOx'sur-miirn, Jf. 
Chalons-sur-Saone. 

sha'liix'sur-son, Jf. 
Chalybes. kal'T-bez. C. 
Chalvbon. k&ll-bSn, C. 
Chal'ybonitis, kal'I-bu-ni'tls. 

Chalybs. ka'lYbz, C. 
Chamavi. ka-ma'vi, C. 
Chambaud. sliSx'bo'. Jf. 
Chambertin. shux'bi-r'tax''. Jf. 
Chamtery. BhdH'bft're', Jf. 
Chambord. shfe'Dor', Jf. 
Chambray or Chambrai, 

BhSH'bra', Jf. 
Chamier. ?hii'niT-a', Jf. 
Chamisso. aha/inTtetS, Jf. 
Chamouni. sha / m6o'iie', Jf. 
Champagne. sham-pan' : F. 

-hr.N'pan'. Jf 
Champlain. sham-plan', Jf 
Champollion. ^ham-pSl'lf-Qn 

or shrix'pol'vox'', Jf. 
Chamuhongo. "cha-moo-hon'go, 

Chanaan, ka'nan or ka'na'-an, 

Chanaanite, ka'nan-It, or 

ka'na'-an-Tt, B. 
Chandeleur. shan-de-loor', Jf. 
Chandernagore. 

*han / deivnii-gor / '. Jf 
Changarnier, sh5x / gar / nY-a', 

Jf. 
Channuneus. kSn'RO-ne'tis, B. 
Chantilly. Bhan-ttllS, F. ; 

shn.v'tei'yf ' or ■4&y&, Jf. 
Chantrey. chan'trT. Jf. 
Chany or Tchany, cha'ne, Jf. 
Chaon. kaTm. C. 
Chaones. ka'0-nez, C. 
Chaonia. ka-o'nY-a, C. 
Chaos. ka'Qs, C. 
Chapala, cha-pa'la, Jf. 
Chappe. shap. Jf 
Chappelow, chSp'el-o, Jf. 
Chaptal. shap'taK, Jf. 
Chapultepec, cha-pool'ta-pek', 

Charaathalar, kaVa-ath/a-liir, 

B. 
Characa. kar'a-ka, B. 
Charadra, kSr'a-dra, C. 
Charashim, kar'a-shYm, B. 
Charasim. kar'a-sTm, B. 
Charax. ka'raks. C. 
Charaxus. ka-raks'us, C. 
Charcaa. char'kas. Jf. 
Charchemish, kar'kS-mtsh, B. 
Charcus. kar'kfis, B. 
Chardon. -har'don, Jf. 
Charea. ka'rf-a. H. 
Charente. fha'rfivt'. Jf. 
Charente Inferieur, sha'rSxt' 

5.\'f5'rKr', Jf. 
Chares, ka'rez. C. 
Charicles. kar'T-klez, C. 
Charidamua, karT-da'mfig, C. 
Charilaus, kar'T-la'tis, C. 
Charillus. ki-ri,' 
Charimenes. ka-rlrn'f-nez, C. 
Charisia. ka-rf-h'r-a. c. 
Charisius. ka-rTsh'T-Os, C. 
Charites. kar r f-t<lz. ( . 
Chariton, karT-ton. C. ; 

char'r-tQn, Jf. 
Charlemagne, shar'k-man ; F., 

BharKri; 
Charlevoix, :-har / k-vwa' r or 

■■>.'. Jf. 
Charmadas, kar'ma-d"'. or 

kar-ma'd'/?, C. 



Charmidei. kiir'mT-dez. C. 
Charmione. kai-iul'o-uf, C. 
Charmis. kiir'mTs, B. 
Charon. kS'rSa, ( . 
Charondas. kA-rOn'das, C. 
Charoneum. klr'ft-nS'iiin, or 

Charonium. kir r-nl'uin. C. 
Charops. ka'rfsps, or Charo- 

pes. k&r'e-pez. ('. 
Charpentier, shar'pSx'tT-a', 

Charran. kar'ran. />. 
Chartier. shiiKtl-a', .1/. 
Chartres. shart'r, .1/. 
Charybdis. ku-rtb'dTs, C. 
Chaseba. kas'f-ba, B. 
Chasles. shal. Jf. 
Chassel. shisrsSl', Jf. 
Chastel or Chatel. Bha'tel', Jf. 
Chastelain. shat lax'. Jf. 
Chastelet. sliat'la', Jf 
Chateaubriand. sha / to / brt / 0x' r , 

.1/. 
Chateaubriant, sha / t6 / brt / 5x / ', 

Jf. 
Chateaudun. sha / to / dux r , Jf. 
Chateaugay. shat'o-ga'', Jf. 
Chateau-Gonthier, 

sha / to / gOx / tT-a / ', Jf. 
Chateauroux. sha'tu / roo , < Jf. 
Chatellerault. slia'teKro'', Jf. 
Chatham, chafom. Jf. 
Chattahooche, chafta-hoo'che, 

Jf. 
Chattanooga, chat'ta-noo'ga, 

Chattooga, chat-too / 'ga, Jf: 
Chaubi, ka'bi.C 
Chauci, ka'si or kS-u'si, C. 
Chaudet. sht/da', Jf 
Chaudiere, sho'dl-ar', Jf. 
Chaulnes. shon, Jf. 
Chaumont. France. shC/mox' ; 

.\". 1'.. shn-mo', Jf. 
Chauncey, chiin'sT, or 

chan'sT, Jf. 
Chautauqua, sha-taliwa, Jf. 
Chauvin. shn'vax^, Jf. 
Chaworth. cha^wtirth, Jf. 
Chazy. shSz-e', Jf 
Chebar. ke'bar, B. 
Chebucto, she-buk'to, Jf. 
Chedorlaomer, 

kf d'Sr-la'o-mer, B. 
Chelal. ke'lai. B. 
Chelcias. kel'sY-as, B. 
Chelidoniae. kel'T-do'nt-e, C. 
Chellians, kel'lT-anz, B. 
Chelluh. kel'lii, B. 
Chellus. ke l'lus, B. 
Chelmsford, chemz'furd, Jf. 
Chelod. ke'lod, B. 
Chelone. kf-lo'ne, C. 
Chelonitis, kel'o-ni'tts. C. 
Chelonophagi, kel'O-nSfa-jt, 

Cheltenham, chtlt'num, Jf. 
Chelub. ke'lQb, B. 
Chelubai. ke-lu'ba", B. 
Chemarims. kgm'a-rlmz, B. 
Chemnitz, kem'nlts, Jf. 
Chemosh, ke'mSsh, B. 
Chemung, shf-mung', Jf. 
Chenaanah, kf-na'a-na, B. 
Chenango, sh^-nan , g6, Jf. 
Chenam, kgn^a-nl, B. 
Chenaniah, ken'a-m'a, B. 
Chenier, sh_a / nT-a' r , Jf. 
Cheopes, ke'fi-pez, C. 
Cheops, ke'Ops, C, E., if M. 
Chephar-haamonai. 

ke / iar-ha-am , o"-na, B. 
Chephirah. kf-fi'ra, B. 
Chepstow, chgp'stS, Jf. 
Cher, shar, Jf. 
Cheran. ke'rgn, B. 
Cheraw. cht-ra/, Jf. 
Cherbourg, shSr^grg or_ 

shcVboor', Jf. 
Chereas. kgr'f-ffs. B. 
Cherethims, kfr'S-thTrnz, B. 
Cherethites. ker't-thlts, B. 
Cherith, ke'rTth, B. 
Chernigov or Tchernigov, 

ch("r-nE-g5v', Jf. 
Cherokee, chgr'o-ke', Jf. 
Cherronesus, kg^rC-ne'sfis, C. 
Cherseas, ker'sf-^/s, C. 
Chersidamas, k^r-sld'a-mas. 

r. 
Cherso. keT'eC. Jf. 
Chersonesus. ker'sfi-ne'sus, C. 
Cherub, ke'rfib. B. 
Cherubini. ka-rf^be'ne, Jf. 
Cherusci, kf-rus'sl, C. 
Chesalon. k.'s'a-ir.n. /;. 
Chesapeake, chi'p'a-pek, Jf. 
Chesed. ke'^.'d. B. 
Cheselden. cheaM-dcn, Jf. 
Chesil. ke'sll. B. 



Chesulloth. kf-sftl'18th, B. 

Chesuncook. chP-stm'kdbk, Jf. 

Cbethiim. kC-thl'lm. B. 

Chetimaches Lake. 

chot'l-mach'pz lak, J/. 

Chettiim, kct'n-im, B. 

Chevalier, she-va'16-a', Jf. 

Cheverus. shev'e-rfls ; 

F. she-vruB', Jf. 

Cheviot, chlv't-ut. -)/. 
; Chevreul. ahe-vr5l', Jf 
I Cheyenne. slit'Sn', .)/. 
; Cheyne, chan or chin, Jf. 
1 Chezib. ke'zYb, B. 

Chiapas, chf-ii'pa. Jf. 

Chiari. kt-a'rf, .V. 

Chiavari. kf-ii'va-rf, Jf. 

Chiavenna. kf-a-vCn'na, Jf. 

Chicago, siif-ku'go, Jf. 

Chichester, clii'ch'es-ter, Jf. 

Chickahominy. 

chik'a-hSm'T-nT. Jf. 

Chickamauga, chlk'a-ma'gii, 

Chickapee. chTk'a-pe, Jf. 
Chickasaw. chTk'a-sa, Jf. 
Chicopee, chlk'6-pe,' 'Jf. 
Chicot. Bhe'kS, Jf 
Chidon. ki'dSn. B. 
Chieti. kt-a'tf. Jf. 
Chihuahua. chE-wa'wa, Jf. 
Childebert, chTKdc-bert ; F. 

shei'de-bar'. Jf. 
Childeric. chTKder-Tk ; F. Chil- 

deric. shrFdit'rek'. Jf. 
Chileab. kTKe-5b, B. 
Chili, chll'l : Sp. Chile, che'la", 

Jf. 
Chilion. kT-li'Sn, B. 
ChiUus. kTKT-Qs. C. 
Chillicothe. chTl-lr-kSth'f . Jf. 
Chilion, Bhe'ySK' or shTKlQn, 

Chilmad. kTKmad, B. 
Chilo. ki'lo, C. 
Chiloe. kMo-a', Jf 
Chilperic. chlKper-Yk; F. Chil- 

ptric. sheKpu'rek', Jf 
Chimaera, kt-me'ra, C. 
Chimarus. klm'a-rQs, C. 
Chimborazo. chTm / b<5-ra , zC ; 

.Sp. chem-b5-ra /_ th6, Jf. 
Chimera, klm't-ra. C. 
Chimerium, kT-me'rl-um, C. 
Chimham, ktm-'ham, B. 
China, chi'na. Jf. 
Chinchilla, chtn-cheKva. Jf. 
Chinko. chen'ko, Jf. 
Chinnereth, kln'ne-reth, B. 
Chinneroth, kTn^ne-rOth, B. 
Chinte. chen'ta", Jf. 
Chios. ki'5s, B.. C, b Jf. 
Chippenham, chTp^nfim, Jf. 
Chippewa, chlp'pt-wa. Jf 
Chippeway, chTp'pt-wS. Jf. 
Chiquitos. che-ke'tus, Jf. 
Chiriqui, chf're'ke', Jf. 
Chirodamas, ki-rSd'a-mas, C. 
Chiron, ki'rSn, C. 
Chiselhurst. chTz'el-herst, Jf. 
Chisholm, chTz'tim, Jf. 
Chisleu, kls'lft, B. 
Chislon, kts'15n, B. 
Chisloth-tabor, 

kls / 18th-ta / 'b6r, B. 
Chiswick, chTz'Ik, Jf. 
Chitone. kt-to'ne, C. 
Chittagong, chTfta-g5ng, Jf. 
Chittim. klt'tTm, B. 
Chiun, ki'un, B. 
Chloe. klo'f, B. if C. 
Chlopicki. klC-pYt'ske-.Jf. 
Chloris, klo'rYs, C. 
Chlorua, kio'rQs, C. 
Choaspes, kS-as'pez, C. 
Choba, ko'ba, B. 
Chobai. kOb'S-T, B. 
Choctaw, chOk'ta, Jf. 
Chcerades. kSr'a-dez, C. 
Chcerilus, kgr'Y-IQs, C. 
Choiseul, shwa^zeK, Jf. 
Choisy, shwa'ze'', Jf. 
Cholmondely. chum , lY, Jf. 
Choloe. kOKo-f, C. 
Cholula. ko-k»o'la. Jf. 
Chorashan. kC-ra r shan, B. 
Chorasmii, ko-raz'mY-i, C. 
Chorazin. ku-ra'zYn, B. 
Chorcebu8, kft-re'bQs. C. 
ChoBameus. kfiR'a-me'tis, B. 
Chowan, chft-wan', Jf. 
Chozeba. kS-zS'ba, B. 
Chremes. kre'mfz, C. 
Christ, krlst, B. 
Christiana, krYs'tY-an'a, Jf. 
Christiania. krlB'te-a'nf-a. Jf. 
Christiansand. 

krYs'tP-cnB-and', Jf. 
Christianstad. krYs'tt-«n-stad r , 

Jf. 



Christine, krPMcn': Sw. Chrla- 

tina. kri^tf'na, Jf. 
Christophe. krts'tfii', Jf. 
Christophorua, krYs-tOfo-rHs, 

Chromia. krS'mY-a or 

krii-ml'a, C. 
ChronoB, kro'nOs or kr5n r 5s, 

Chrudim. kroo'dYm, Jf, 
Chrysa, kri'sa, C. 
Chrysaor. krt-sa'5r, C. 
Chrysaoreus, krlb'a-o'rt-tis. C. 
Chrysas. krl'saa, ('. 
Chryseis, kxt-se'TB, C. 
Chryses. krl'sez. C. 
Chrysippus. krt->Yp'pfls, C. 
Chrysoceras, krt-bQs'f-ros, C. 
ChrysogeneB, krt-sCj't-nez, C. 
Chrysogonus. ki-t-sog't-nfis, C. 
Chrysopolis, krt-fbp'O-lYs.C. 
Chrysorrhoas. krt-bSr'ro-as, C. 
Chrysostomus. kri-sos't'-rnus, 
C. : Chrysostom, krls'Ss-ttiin, 

Chrysothemis, kH-sOth'S-mYs, 
C. 

Chthonia, ktho'nY-a. C. 

Chuapa. choo-a'pa, Jf. 

Chub, kOb, B. 

Chudleigh. chQd'lY, Jf 

Chumbul. chum'bul, Jf. 

Chun, kun, /;. 

Chuprah. chflp'ra, Jf 

Chuquisaca. choo-kt-^ii'ka. Jf. 

Chur, India, chobr ; Switzer- 
land, koor. or Coire. kwar. Jf. 

Chushanrishathaim, 

ku'shan-rYsh'a-tha'Ym, B. 

Chusi, ku'si, B. 

Chuza. ku'za. B. 

Ciampelli. chS-am-pel'ie, Jf. 

Ciampi, chf-am'pe. Jf. 

Ciara, ^e-ii'ia. Jf. 

Ciarpi. chf-ar'pe, Jf. 

Cibal32, sYb'a-ie, C. 

Cibyra, sYb'Y-ra, C. 

Cicero. sYs'f-ro, C. 

Cicones, sYs'o-nez, C. 

Cianfuegos. st-en-fwa'g^s, Jf. 

Cignaroli, ch&n-ya-ro'le, Jf. 

Cigoli, chfgo-ie. -J/. 

Cilicia. sY-lYsh'Y-a, B. if C. 

Cilix. si'lYks, C. 

Cimabue. che-ma-boo'S. Jf. 

Cimarosa. chg-ma-ro'sa, Jf. 

Cimarron, se-ma-ron', Jf. 

Cimbricus, sYm'brY-kfis, C 

CiminUB, sYm^Y-ntis, C. 

Cimmeri. sYm-me'rl, C. 

Cimmerii. sYm-me'rT-t, C. 

Cimmerium, sYm-me'rY-um, C. 

Cimmeris, slrn'mf-rYs, C. 

Cimolus. sYm'C-ias, C. 

Cimon, si'mCn, C. 

Cinaloa, sYn-a-lo'a, Jf. 

Cinara, sYn'a-ra, C. 

Cincia, sYn'shY-a, C. 

Cincinnati. sYn'sYn-na'tf, Jf. 

Cincinnatus, sYn'sYn-na'tfls, C. 

Cincius, sYn'shY-iis, C. 

Cineas, sYn'f-as, C. 

Cinesias, sY-ne'shY-as, C. 

Cinethon. sYn'f-thBn, C. 

Cingetorix, sYn-jtt r C-rYks, C. 

Cingulum, sYn'gd-lum, C. 

Cinnereth. sYn'nf-r?th, B. 

Cinneroth. sYn'nf-rSth, B. 
Cinq Mars, saxk' mars', Jf. 
Cinque Ports. sYnk ports. Jf. 
Cintra. sYn'tra or sen'tra, Jf. 
Cinxia, sYnk'shY-a, C. 
Cinyphus, sYn'Y-ius, C. 
Cinyps. si'nYps, C. 
Cinyras, sYn'Y-ras, C. 
Cipriani, chf-prt-a'nft, Jf 
Cirama, sYr'a-ma, B. 
Circaeum, ser-se'Qm, C. 
Circars, ser'karz, Jr. 
Circassia. sCr-kash'Y-a, Jf. 
Circenees Ludi, 

ser-een'sez lu'di, C. 
Circe. BBr'sS, C. 
Circeii, sfr-se'vt, C. 
Circiu8, ser'shY-tts, C. 
Cirencester, sYs'S-ter or 

sYs'Ys-t5r, Jf. 
Ciris. si'rYs, C. 
Cis, sYs, B. 
Cisai. si'sS, B. 
Cisalpina, sYs'ai-pT'na, C. 
Ci88eiB, sYs-se'Ys, C. 
Cisseus. sYs-se r us or sYs'sus, C. 
Cithaeron, sY-the'ron, C. 
Citharista, sYth'a-rYs'ta, C. 
Citheron, sYth-jf-rOn, C. 
CitheruB, sY-the'rus, C. 
Citiei. Blah/Y-el, C. 
Citims. sYfYmz, B. 
Citium. sYsh'Y-tim, C. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, €, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; JV, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



CITTADELLA 



991 



COURIER DE MERE 



Cittadella. chYt-ta-dgl'la, 31. 
Ciudad Real, 

thC-oB-dad' rH-aK.J/. 
Ciudad Rodrigo, the-oo-dad' 

rOd-re'go", 31. 
Cius, si'fis, C. 
Civiliu, sT-vi'lYs, C. 
Civita Vecchia, 

che'vg-ta vCk'kg-a, 31. 
Clacmannan, klak-m&n'nan, 

Cladeus, kla'dC-ils, C. 
Clamency i kliim / se'', M. 
Clanis, kla^nt?, C. 
Clanius, kla'nY-fls, C. 
Claros, kld'rOs, C. 
Clams, kla'ras. C. 
Clastidium, klas-tYd'Y-Qm, C. 
Clauda, kla'da, B. St C. 
Claude, kliid ; F. klod, 31. 
Claudia, kla'dY-a, li. 
Claudiae Aquae, kla'dY-g S'kwS, 

Claudianus, kla'dY-a'nfis, C. ; 
Claudian, kla'dY-an, 31. 

Claudiopolis, khi/dT-Qp'o-lYs, 
C. 

Claudius, kla'dY-us, C. 

Clausel, UFz61', M. 

Claverhouse, klav'gr-us or 
klav'grsi, 31. 

Claviger, klav'Y-jgr_, C. 

Clavigero, kla-vg-ha'ro, 31. 

Clavijo, kla-ve'ho, .1/. 

Clazomenae, kla"-z5m^g-nS, C. 

Cleanthes, klg-an'thez, C. 

Clearchus, klg-ar'kiis, C. 

Cleea, klg-e'a, or Cleia, klg-T'a, 
C. 

Clemens, kle'mgnz, C; Clem- 
ent, klgm / 'ent, 21. 

Clement, klgm'ent, B. if 21. 

Cleobis, kle'<5-bYs, C. 

Cleobulina, klg-Sb'n-U'nS, C. 

Cleobulus, klS-Sb'fl-ltis, C. 

Cleoetas, klf-e'tas, C. 

Cleomachus, klg-fim'a-kfis, C. 

Cleombrotus, klg-5m'bro-tiis, 
C. 

Cleomedes, kle'o-me'dez, C. 

Cleomelus, kle'd-melus, C. 

Cleomenes, klg-5m'g-nez, C. 

Cleon, kle'On, C. 

Cleonae, Cleqne, klg-o'ng, C. 

Cleonica. kle'o-nl'ka, C 

Cleonymus, klg-Sn'Y-mQs, C. 

Cleopas, kle'o-pas, B. 

Cleopater, klf-Sp'a-ter, C. 

Cleopatra, kle'$-pa/tra, classi- 
cal pron. klg-Sp'a-tra, C. 

Cleopatri3, klg-Qp'd-trYs, C. 

Cleophanes, klg-Sf'd-nez, C. 

Cleophantus, kle'S-fan'tus, C. 

Cleophas, kle'6-fas, B. 

Cleoptolemus, 

kle / Qp-t5K$-mtis, C. 

Cleopus, kle'6-pfls, C. 

Cleostratus, klg-8s / 'tra--t!ls, C. 

Clepsydra, klgp'sY-dra, C. 

Clerfayt, klgr'fa', 21. 

Clermont, F, kler'nioW'; U. S., 
klSr-m5nt', M. 

Clermont Ferrand, klSr'nioN' 
fgr'rOx', 31. 

Clermont-Tonnerre, 

klSr / m6N , -t8n / n5r / ', 31. 

Cleves, klevz ; G. Kleve, 

kla'fe, 31. 

Climax, kli'maks, C. 

Clinias, klYn'Y-as, C. 

Clinus, kll'nus, C. 

Clio, kli'S, C. 

Clisthenes, klYs'thg-nez, C. 

Clitae, kll'tS, C. 

Clitarchus, klY-tar'kfis, C. 

Clitheroe, klYth'gr-S, 31. 

Clitomachus, klY-tSm'a-kQs, 
C. 

Clitor, kli'tor, C. 

Clitumnus, klY-tii mentis, C. 

Clitus, kll'tQs, C. 

Cloaca, kl6-a'ka, C. 

Cloacina, klo'd-si'na, C. 

Clodia, klo'dY-a, C. 

Clodius, klo'dY-us, C. 

Cloe, klo'e, B. 

Cloelia, kle'lY-a. C. 

Clogher, klS'hgr, 31. 

Cloghnakilty, kloh/na-kYl'tY, 
or Clonakilty, klS'na-kYKtY, 

Clonmell, kl5n-mgl r , 31. 
Clootz or Cloots, klots, 3L 
Clopas, klo'prts, B. 
Clotaire, kl.Vtar', 31. 
Clotho, klo'tho, C. 
Clotilda, kte-tYKda, or Clotilde, 

klo-teld', 2f. 
Clough, klitf, 3f. 
Clovis, kWvYs, M. 



Clowes, klouz, M. 
Cluacina, kin'a-sT'na, C. 
Cluentius, kld-gn'shY-Qs, C. 
Clupea, klo'ijf-a, ('. 
Clusini, kin-sl'nT, C. 
Clusium, klu'shY-ttm, C. 
Clusius, kla'shY-fis, C. 
Clymeneides, klYin / e-ne /r Y-dez, 

C'. 
Clymenus, klYm't-nfis, C. 
Clymene, klYm'e-nC, C 
Clytemnestra, klYt / gm-ngs , tra, 

Clytie, klTsh'P, C. 
Clytius, klYsh/T-Os, C. 
Cnagia, na'it-a, ('._ 
Cnemides, nf-mi'dez, C. 
Cnemus, ne'infis, C. 
Cneus, ne'Bs, C. 
Cnidus, ni'diis, B. % C. 
Cnosus, no'stis, C. 
Coahoma, ko-a-hS'ma, 31. 
Coastrae,kij-as' r tr6, C. 
Coatrae, ko-a'trf, C. 
Coblenz or Koblenz, ko'blgnts, 

31. 
Cobu, ko-boo', 31. 
Coburg, ko'berg; G. ko'botirg, 

Cocalus, k5k'a-_lus, C. 
Cocceius, kok-se'yus, C. 
Cochabamba, ko-cha-bam'bii, 

31. 
Cochin, ko'chen', state of 31a- 

dras, India; ki5 / shax / ' , French 

engraver, 31. 
Cochin Chiaa, kS'chYn chi'tia, 

31. 
Cochituate, ko-chYfft-ot, 31. 
Cochran, kOk'ran, 31. 
Cochrane, kSk'rnn, 31. 
Cockburn, ko'bgrn, 31. 
Codes, ko'klez, C. 
Coclites. k5k'lY-tez, C. 
Cocytus, ko-si'ttts, C. 
Codani, k3-da > [ni, C. 
Codanus, ko-da'nQs, C. 
Codazzi, kO-dat'sS, 31. 
Codogno, ko-don'TiS, 31. 
Codomannus, k5d / 0-man' r nQs, 

C. 
Codorus, ko-do'rHs, 31. 
Codropolia, kfi-drojp'O-lYs, C. 
Codrus, ko'drtis, C. 
CoecUius, sg-sYKY-Qs, C. 
Coecoa, sgk r o-a, Q. 
Coeeis, sg-e'Ys, C. 
Coehoorn. koo'horn, 31. 
Coele, se'lS, C. 
Coelesyria, sgl'g-sYr'Y-a ; Coelo- 

syria, sgl^-sYr'Y-a, B. tf C. 
CoeUa, se'lY-a ; -lius, -lY-fis, C. 
Coelosyria=CcELESYRiA, C. 
Coslus, se'ltis, C. 
Coeur de Lion, ker-de-lY'ttn, F.; 

kgr' de lS'tar'. 31. 
Coevorden. koo'vor-den, 31. 
Coeymans, kwe'manz, 31. 
Cognac, kon'rak', 31. 
Cohahuila, kO-a-we'la, M. 
Cohoes, ko-hoz', M. 
Cohors, ko'hSrs, 31. 
Coimbatoor, ko-Ym-ba-toor', 

31. 
Coimbra, kS-em'bra, 3f. _ 
Coire, kwar ; G. Chur, koor, M. 
Coia, ko r ya, 31. _ 
CoKe, kot)k or kok, 31. 
Cola, ko'ld, B. 
Colbert, kSKbar', 3f. 
Colburn, kol'bgrn, M. 
Colby, koKbY, 31. 
Colcheis, kSl-ke'Ys, C. 
Colchester, kol'ches-tgr, M. 
Colden, koL^den, 31. 
Colenda, ku-lgn'da, C. 
Colenso, ko-len'sO, 31. 
Colerain, Coleraine, k&l-ran', 

31. 
Coleridge, koKrYj, 31. 
Colhozeh, k51-ho'ze, B. 
Coligny or Coligni, kC'lgn'ye' 

or ko-len'yf, 31. 
Colima. ko-le'ma, Jf. 
Colin, k6'l&N', 31. 
Coliu8, ko'lY-tts, B. 
Collatia, k81-la'shY-a, C. 
CoUatinus, kOKia-ti'nHs, C. 
Collin, kSKlay', 31. 
Collina. k51-li'na, C. 
Collot d'Herbois, 

kSTlo' dgr'bwa', 31. 
Colman, koKmnn, 31. 
Colne, koln, 31 L 
Colnebrook, kon'brdfik, 31. 
Cologne, kO-lon' ; G. Koln, 

kgln, 31. 
Colombia, ko-18m , b£-a, 31. 
Colombo, ko-lSm'bo : or Co- 

lumbo, kC-lQm'bO, if. 



Colon, kfi-IOn', 31. 

Colonae, kfi-lS'nC ; -ne, -n6, C. 

Colonia, kr.-15'nY-a, C. 

Colonos, kC-15'nOs, C. 

Colonsa, kCl r 0n-8a, or Colon- 
say, -sft, 31. 

Colophon, k8KC-f8n, C. 

Colorado, k51-ft-ra'd?!, M. 

Colossae, ko-lOs'st, C. 

Colosse, k(i-16s'sg, B. 

Colossians, k5-10sh , Y-anz, B. 

Colossus, ku-lOs'sfis, C. 

Colquhoun, kC-hoon', 31. 

Colquitt, kSKkwYt, M. 

Colton, kol'tttn, 31. 

Colubraria, kOl'fi-bra'rY-a, C. 

Columba, ko-ltim r ba, C. 

Columbia, kfi-liitn /, bY-a, 31. 

ColumeUaJtSl'd-mgl'la, C. 

Columnoe Herculis, 

kS-lttm , ne ligr'kfi-lYs, C. 

Coluthus, ko-lu'thus, C. 

Comagene, k5m / a-je / 'nS, C. 

Comana, Kft-mS'na, C. 

Comanche, kO-man''chg, 31. 

Comayagua, kfi-mt-a'jrwa, 31. 

Combahe,_kOm / ba-he / , 31. 

Combe, kooni orjtom, 31. 

Comines, kd'men', or Corn- 
mines, kQm'men', 31. 

Comitia, ko-mYsh / 'Y-a, C. 

Commodus, kSm'mO-dfis, C. 

Comonfort, ko'mCn-fort', 31. 

Comorin, kom'8-rYn, 3L 

Comorn or Komorn, ko'mOrn, 
31. 

Comoro, kOm'S-ro, 31. 

Compiegne, koN'pf'an'', 31. 

Compitalia, kBm'pY-ta'lY-a, C. 

Comstock, ktim'stOk, 31. 

Comum, ko'mtim, C. 

Comus, ko'mtis, C. 

Conaniah, kSn'o-nl'd, B. 

Concani, kOn'ka-m. C. 

Concepcion,kQn-sep / 'shttn ; Sp. 
kSn-thep-tht-on', 31. 

Conchas, k8n , chas, 31. 

Concord, kOnk'erd, 31. 

Concordia, k0n-k6r'dY-a, C. If 
31. 

Condate, kSn-da'te, C. 

Conde 1 , kOn^dit or koN'da', 31. 

Condillac, koN'dg'yak', 31. _ 

Condochates, kSn'do-ka'tez, 

a 

Condorcet, kSN'dSr'sa", 31. 

Condrusi, kQn-dru r si, C. 

Conecuh, kC-ne'ka, 31. 

Conemaugh, kSn'g-ma, 31. 

Conestoga, kOn/es-to'ga, 31. 

Conesus, kO-ne'stis, 31. 

Confucius, kSn-fu'shY-Qs ; Chi- 
nese Kong-Fu-Tse, k5ng-foo- 
tsa', 31. 

Congaree, kBn/ga-re'', 31. 



Congleton, kSn'g'l-tiin, M. 
Congo, kSn'gS, 31. 
Congreve, kon'grev, 31. 



Comaci, ko-nl'a-si, C. 
Coniah, ko-ni r a, B. 
Conimbrica, kSn'Ym-brl'ka, C. 
Connaught, kSn'nat, 31. 
Connecticut, kCn-ngt'Y-kfit, 31. 
Connidas, kon'nY-das, C. 
Conon, ko'iiBn, C. 
Cononiah, kOn'o-nl'a, B. 
Consentes, k5n-sgn r tez, C. 
Consentia, kSn-sgn'shY-a, C. 
Constance, kBn'stans ; G. Con- 

stanz, kSn'stants, 31. 
Constant de Rebecque, k5N'- 

stSN' de re-bgk', 31. 
Constantia, woman, kSn-stan'- 

shY-a ; city, kBn'stan-tl'a, C. 
Constantina, kSn'ston-ti'Da, 

C. ; kSn'stan-te^na, 31. 
Constantinople, kQn-stan'tY- 

no'pl, 31. ; Constantinopolis, 

kOn-stan'tY-nSp'o-lts, C. 
Constantinus, k5n / ston-tT /, nQs, 

C. 
Constantius, kon-stan'shY-Qs, 

C. 
Contarini, kon-ta-re'ng, 31. 
Contreras, ktin-tra'riis, 31. 
Conybeare, kfln'Y-bar, 31. 
Cooch Bahar, kooch 7 b$-har', 

31. 
Coomassie, koo-mas'sY, 31. 
Coos, ko'Ss, B. tf C. ; count tt of 

X. H. kO-Ss' ; count)/ of Ore. 

koos, 31. 
Copse, ko'pe, C. 
Copais, ko^ptt-Ys or kS-pa/Ys.C. 
Copenhagen, kC-pen-ha'gen, 

Copernicus, k$-pgr'nY-kQs, 31. 
Copia, ko'pY-a, C. 
Copiapo. ko'iif-a-po', 31. 
I Coquerel, kOk'rel, 31. 



Coquimbo, ko-kem'bC, M. 

Cora, ko'ra, ( '. 

Coracesium, kSr'd-se'Bht-Qm, 

< . 
CoralU, kfi-ral'll, C. 
Corax, kO'raks, ( '. 
Corbe, kor'bC, li. 
Corbeau, kur'bC, 31. 
Corbeil. kfir'bal', 31. 
Corbulo, kor'bfl-16, C. 
Corcyra, kfir-^Y'ra or kor'sY-rd, 

<:; kBMl'ra, J/. = Cokfu. 
Corday, kftr'du', 31. 
Cordilleras, k8r-dJKlgr-a6 ; Sp. 

k6r-del-ya / 'ras, .)/. 
Cordoba or -va, kor'du-ba or 

■vi, M. 
Corduba, kor'dfl-ba, C. 
Cordyla, k0r-dl"ld, C. 
Core, ko'rf, C. 
Corea or Korea, ko-re'a, 31. 
Cores. ko'rf-C, C. 
Cornnium, kOr-fln'T-Qm, C. 
Corfu, kOr-foo', M.,= COBOTBA. 
Corinna. ku-rYn'na, ('. 
Corinnus, kS-rYn'nBs, C. 
Corinth, kOr'Ynth. li. V 31. 
Corinthians, ko-rYn'thY-ons,/?. 
Corinthus, ko-rTn'thfls, B. tf C. 
CoriolanuB, ko'rY-o-la'nns, C. 
Corioli, kd-tfU-n. C. 
CorioUa, k^rY-Cl'la, C. 
Corneille, k3r-nal'; F. kSr'nal' 

or kor'nay''', 31. 
Cornelia, kSr-ng'lY-a, C. 
Cornelius. kQr-ne'll-tts, B. tf C. 
Corniculum, kOr-nYk'ti-ltim, 

C. 
Cornificius, kCr'nY-fYsh-'Y-fis, 

a 

Corniger. kQr'nY-jer, C. 
Cornwallis, kfirn-wollYs, 31. 
Coroebus, ko-re^bus. C. 
Coromandel. k8i y o-man / 'del, M. 
Corona, kS-rS'na, C. 
Coronea, kt/ro-ne'a, C. 
Coronia, ku'ru-ni'd, C. 
Coronis. ko-ro'nYs, C. 
Corpus Christi. 

k&r'p«s krYs'ti, 31. 
Correggio, kCr-rgd'jij, 31. 
Correze, kOr'raz', 31. 
Corrientes, kOr-rg-gn'tez. 31. 
Corsea, kSr-se'a, or Corsia, 

-sl'a, C. 
Corsica, k6r'sY-ka or k5r'-, C. 

Sf 31. ; F. Corse, kors, 21. 
Corte, k6r'tS, 31. 
Cortez, kSr'tgz ; Sp. Cort^B, 

k5r-tas', 31. 
Cortona, k5r-to'na, C. & 31. 
Cortoreal, kor'tS-ra-aK, 31. 
Corunna, kii-rtin'na ; Sp. Co- 

runa, kO-roon'Tti. 31. 
Corvinus, kSr-vl^ntts, C. 
Corvate or Coryat, kBr'Y-fit, 

Corybantes, kBr'Y-bfin'tez, C. 
Corybas, kSr'Y-bas, C. 
Corycus, k5r'Y-kfis or 

kS-rl'kfis, C. 
Corydon, kOr'Y-dBn. C. 
Corymbifer, kO-rYm / 'bY-fgr, C. 
Corynetes. koVY-ne'tez, C. 
Coryphasium, 

kSr'Y-fa'shY-Qm, C. 
CorythuB, kSr'Y-thQs, C. 
Cos. k5s, B. 
Cosa, ko'sa, C. 
Cosas, ko'sg, C. . 

Cosam, ko'sani, C. 
Cosanum, kS-sa'ndm, C. 
Cosenza, kS-sgu'dza, 31. 
Cosne. kon. 31. 
CosBUtii, kCs-sa'sht-i. C. 
Costa Rica, k&s'tii re'ka, M. 
Cosyra. ko-sT'ra, C. 
C3te d'Or, kot' dOr', 31. 
Cotes, ko'tez, C. 
Cotes du Nord, kot' du nor', 

31. 
Cothon. ko'thBn. C. 
Cotignola. ko-ten-vola, 31. 
Cotiso, kOt'Y-sC, C. 
Cotopaxi, ko'tu-paks'i? : 

Sp. kfi-to-pii'h?, 31. 
Cottbus or Kottbus, kOt'boos, 

31. 
Cottes. kSt'tez, C. 
Cottiaa, k»t'tt-e, C. 
Cottin, ku-tax'. 31. 
Cotyaion. ko'tY-it-T'On ; -ium, 

-I'ttm ; -eum, -e'ttm, C. 
Cotylius. ko-tYKY-us, C. 
Cotys, ko'tYs, C. 
Cotytto, kO-tYt'to. C. 
Coulomb, kd&aeir^ 31. 
Coupe\ koVpS', 31. 
Courier de Mere\ koc'rY-a' de 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, fribt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; iV, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



COURLAXD 



992 



DELEB 



u 



w 



rfi', jr. 
CourtoU. kOr :■ 

Cousin. k>v .'->n^. 31. 
Coustou. kis>> MBr, M. 
Coutances. k^> ti<N$'. Jf. 
Coutha. k^'thii. B. 
Couthon. k>^> t".\'. Jf 
Contts. See BCRDBTT-OOCTTS. 
Coventry, kfiv'tn-trl. if. 
Covilhao. kf-v?l-youx'. Jf 
Covington, kuv'fng-tftn, Jf. 
Cowes. koax. .1/. 
Cowley, ktwrtt, f ar merh i pron. 
written Cooley. 

k,H»'11. Jf 

Cowper. kou'pgr or koo'pgr, 

Covsevox. kwaz'vfiks', M. 
Co'z. k>v. B. 
Cozbi. kf>7'M. B. 
Cracow, kra'ko ; Polish Kra- 
kow, kx&'ktiof, Jf. 
Cradock. kjad'uk. Jf. 
Cragus. kra'gils. C. 
Cranaus. kran'S-us. C. 
Cranon. kra'nbn, C. 
Crashaw. krash'a. Jf. 
Crataemenes. kra-tgm'C-nez, C. 
Crater, kra'tgr, C. 
Cratems. krat'e-rtts, C. 
Crates, kra'tez, B. If C. 
Crathis. kra'thTs. C. 
Cratidas. krat'T-das, C. 
Cratinus. kra-tT'niis, C. 
Cratippus. kra-ttp'pQs, C. 
Cratisthenes. kra-tls'the-nez, 

Cratylus. krat'WCs. C. 
Crayer. kri'yer, or F. kra'ya', 

Crebillon. kra'be'yftx', Jf. 
Cre"cy. krts's? ; F. kra'se', Jf. 
Crefeld. kra'felt. JL 
Crema. kra'ma. Jf. 
Cremera. krem'e-ra. C. 
Cremmyon, kr£rn'mT-Cn, C. 
Cremnitz or Kremnitz, 

krgm'nTts, Jf 
Cremona, krt-mo'na ; 

It. krft-mo'na, C. &r 31. 
Cremutius. kre-niu'shl-us, C. 
Creon. k re 'fin. C. 
Creophilus. kre-Sf 'MSs C. 
Cresphontes. krgs-ffin'tez, C. 
Cresus. kre'sus, C. 
Creta, kre'ta. C. 
Crete, kret, B. &- Jf ; kre'te, C. 
Cretea. kre'te-a, C. 
Cretes. krets_. B., kre'tez, C. 
Cretheifi. kre'the"-Ts or 

kre-the'rs, C. 
Cretiana. kre'shcraz, £. 
Creusa. kre-u'sa, C. 
Creuse. krez, Jf. 
Creusia. kru'sTs, C. 
Creuzer. krbit^ser, Jf. 
Crevecceur, krav'ker', Jf 
Crichton. kn'tun. K. 
Crimea. krT-me'a ; Russ. Krim, 

Jf 
Crimiaus. krT-mi'sGs, C. 
CriBpinUB. krYs-pi'ntis, C. 
Crispus. krls'ptis, B. 
Critheis. krt-the'Ts, C. 
Critias. krlsh'T-as, C. 
Crito. kn'to.C 
Critobulus. krTt'S-bulfis, C. 
Critolaufi. krTt'O-la'fis, C. 
Criumetopon. 

kri'n-me'-to'pon, C. 
Crius. kri'tis, C. 
Croatia, krf.-a'sht-a, Jf. 
Crobyzi. krf->-bi'zT, C. 
Crocodilopolia. 

krfik'o-dT-lfip'ili-lIs, C. 
Crocua. kro'ktis, C. 
CroBBttB. kre't-ut, C. 
Cromarty, kr&m'gr-tf, 31. 
Crommyon. krOm'ml-Cn, C. 
Cromwell. krOm'wSl, 31. 
Cronia. kro r nT-a. C. 
Cronstadt. kron'stat, 31. 
Cropbi, kro'ft, C. 
Crotona. krr>t<5'na, C 
Crotoniatae, krfyt^-nr-a'te, C. 
Cmikahank, krook'rhank, 31. 
Cmatumeri. kra.vta'mC-rl, C. 
CniBtumeria. krtis / tfl-me , rT-a ; 

Crustumerium. -rl-Qm. C. 
Crustumini. krOs'ttt-ml'm, C. 
Caaba. ch&b'S, M. 
Csokonai. chJ5'kC-na-€, 31. 
Csongrad, ch<*n-graa / ', M. 
Ctemene. tern^e-aS, C. 
Ctenxu. tr-'rirt^. C. 
CteEiae. tZ'tT-a*, C. 
Ctegibitu, t^fb'1-tig. C. 
Ctesicles, t.'i'r-klez, C. 



Ctesidemus, Ket-de'mtta, C. 

Ctesilaus. tCs r-U'Gs, ('. 
Ctesiphon. Hst-fBn. ('. 
Cte8ippu8. t^-sTp'pfis, C 
Ctimene. tlm'e-ne, ('. 
Cuba, kii'ba : >'/-. koo'bii. 31. 
Cuenca. Irwen'kft. 31. 
Cujas. kn'/hiW, Jr. 
Cularo. kn'hi-n*. ('. 
Culiacan. koo-lf-a-kiin'. Jf. 
Culloden. kul-lo'd- n. 31. 
Culm. k(K)lm. .1/. 
Culpeper or Culpepper. 

kfil'jup-er, Jf. 
Cuma. kQ'ma, C. : koo'inii, 31. ; 

Cnms. kiVnir. C. 
Cumana. k^vmu-iia'. 31. 
Cumania. kfi-nia'nT-a, Jf. 
Cunard. kfi-niircK. .)/. 
Cunha. koon'ya, Jf. 
Cupido. kn-pf'dii, C. ; Cupid, 

ku'pld, J/. 
Curagoa, kiTra-so', .1/. 
Curaray, kiHvrii-rT', Jf 
Cures, kn'rez. C. 
Curetes. kfl-re'tez, C. 
CuretiB. kfi-re'tTs, C. 
Curia, ku'rt-a. C. 
Curiatii. ku'rir-a'sht-i, C. 
Curio. ku'rt-<5, C. 
Curiosolitae. kfi-rl'o-so-ll'te, C. 
Curium, ku'rt-um. C. 
Curius. ku'rT-us, ('. 
Currituck. ktir'rT-tuk, 31. 
Curtia, ker'shT-a, C". 
Curtius, -shl-us, C. 
Curulis, kfi-ru'lts. C. 
Curzola, koor-dzo'la. 31. 
Cush. kush. B. 
Cushan, kfl'shSn. B. 
Cushanrishathaim. 

ku'shan-rlsh'a-tha'tm, B. 
CubW. ku'shi. B. 
Cussai. kus-se't. C. 
Cubub. ku'sQs, C. 
Cuth. kQth, B. 

Cuthah. ku'tha or kQth'ra, B. 
Cutilia. kft-tll'I-a ; -iae, -I-e, C. 
Cuttack. kut-tak', Jf. 
Cuvier, ku'vi-d: : F. ku'vf-a'', 

31. 
Cuyaba. koo-ya'ba'. 31. 
Cuyahoga. kT'a-ho'ga. Jf 
Cuyp or Kuyp. koip, 31. 
Cuzco. koos'ko. Jf 
Cwmdu. koom'df, 31. 
Cyamon. si'd-mSn, B. 
Cyane, sl'a-ne. C. 
Cyaneae, sf-a'ne-e. C. 
Cyaneus, st-a'ne-tis,_C. 
Cyaxare8. st-aks'a-rez, C. 
Cybale, slb'a-le", C. 
Cybebe, st-be'bf, C. 
Cybele, stb'e-lf ; -la, -la, C. 
Cybira. stb'T-ra, C. 
Cybotus. st-bo'tfls, C. 
CychreuB, slk'rt-fis or si'krus, 

CycladeB, sYk'la-dez, C. «r 31. 
Cyclopes, st-klo^pez, C. 
Cydias. sTd't-as, C. 
Cydimache, st-dlm'a-ke, C. 
Cydippe, st-dlp'p?, C. 
Cydonea, sTd / o-ne / a, C. 
Cydones, st-do'nez, C. 
Cydonia, st-do'nt-a, C. 
Cydrara, sWra-ra or si-dra , ra, 

Cyllene. sTl-le'nf. C. 
Cylleneus, slKle-ne'us, C. 
Cyma. si'ma, C. 
Cymae. sl'mS, C. 
CynaegiruB, sln'e-ji 'rus, C. 
Cynara, sln'a-ra, C. 
CynaretUB, sJn'a-re'tQB, C. 
Cyneas, st-ne^os, C. 
Cynetes, st-ne'tez, C. 
Cynici, sln'T-si, C. 
Cynisca. st-nls'ka, C. 
Cyno, si 'nO, C. 
Cynocephalae. BYn'6-sgf'a-le ; 

Cynocephali, -li, C. 
Cynophontis, sln'C-fSn'tls, C. 
Cynosarges, stn / 6-sar , jez, C. 
Cynossema. sTn^s-se'ma, C. 
Cynosura, sln'o-s-u'ra, C. 
Cynthia, stn'thT-a, C. 
Cynthiu8, etn'thl-us, C. 
Cyparissa, stp / a-rlB / Ba : -BUB, 

-s&s ; -Bia, -rlsh'T-a. C. 
Cyprians. Blp'rT-anz, B. 
CyprianuB, stp / rl-a , nas, C. 
Cyprinum, stp'rl-nfim, C. 
Cyprus. sT'prus, B.. C, £ 31. 
Cypselides, sTp-sgl'T-dez, C. 
Cypselus, Btp'se-lfiB. C. 
Cyrama, 8tr r a-m4, B. 
CyTenaica, sTKe-na'T-ka, C. 
Cyrenaici, sJfr / e-nS / 'T-8l, C. 
Cyrene, Bt-re'ne, B. «r C. 



CyreniuB. st-re'nY-iis. B. 
Cyreschata. ^t-^^ : s'ka-ta, C. 
CyTiadea. si-rl'a-dez, C. 
Cyrillus. st-rll'lfls, C. 
Cyrrheatica. slr-res'tl-ka, C. 
Cyrrhesticua. str-r?s'tt-kus, C. 
CyrsiluB, s5r'sT-lfls, C. 
Cyrus. Bl'rtts, B. v C. 
Cyta. sl'ta, C. 
Cytaeis. Bl-te'Is. C. 
Cythera. st-the'ra, C. ^ 31. 
Cytheraea. sTth'f-re'a ; -rea, C. 
CytheriB. st-the^rTs. C. 
Cytheron. st-the'r5n. ('. 
Cytinium, st-tTn'T-flm, C. 
Cytorus, sT-tO'rOs, C. 
Cyzicum. sTz'T-ktim, C. 
Czartoryski, char-tG-rYs'kf , 31. 
Czaslau, chas'lou. Jf 
Czernigow. chgr'nf-gof, Jf. 
Czernowitz. chtr'nu-vlts, 31. 
Czerny. tagKne^ Jf 
Czirknicz or Zirknitz. 

tsSrk'nTts, 31. 



D. 



Daae, da'?. C. 
Dabareh. dab'a-re, B. 
Dabbasheth. dab'ba-shgth, B. 
Daberath L dab'£-rath, B. 
Dabria, da'brT-a, B. 
Dacca, dak'ka, Jf 
Dacia, da'shT-a, C. 
Dacier. da'st'S'. 31. 
Dacobi. di-ko'bi. B. 
Dactyli. dak'tWT, C. 
Da Cunha. da koon'ra, Jf. 
Daddeus. dad-de'us. B. 
Daedalus, dgd'a-lCs, C. 
Daedala. ded'a-la, C. 
Daemocrates. dC-mBk'ra-tez, C. 
Daemon. de'mSn, C. 
Daghestan. da'ges-tan', Jf. 
Dagobert, dag'o-bert ; 

F. da/gt/bar', Jf. 
Dagon. da r g5n, B. 
Daguerre. da'ggr', Jf. 
Dahae. da'he", C. 
Dahl. diil, Jf. 
Dahlgren, daKgrgn, Jf. 
Dahlingen. darlng-eu, Jf. 
Dahomey .da-ho'ma', Jf. 
Daisan, da'^an, B. 
Dakota, da-ko'ta, Jf. 
Dalaiah. dai'a-i'a, B. 
Dalgarno, dai-gar'nO, 31. 
Dalhousie, dai-hoo' r zTr, 31. 
Dalilah. da-li'la. B. 
Dalkeith, dai-keth', Jf. 
Dalles, dalz, Jf. 
Dalmagetus, dai'ma-je'tfis, C. 
Dalmanutha, dai'ma-nu'tha, 

B. 
Dalmatas, dai'ma-tS, C. 
Dalmatia, dai-ma r sht-a, B., C, 

8r Jf 
DalmaticuB, dai-mat'T-kue, C. 
Dalphon. dai'lOn, B. 
Dalrymple, dSKrtm-p'l, Jf. 
Dalton, dal'tun. Jf. 
Dalzell. da-?K, Jf. 
Damaris, dam^a-rTs, B. 
Damariscotta. 

dam'a-rTs-kCt'ta. 31. 
Damascena. dam'as-se'na; -ne, 

-n6 : -nus, -nfis, C. 
Damascenes, dam-a-senz', B. 
DamasciUB, da-mas'sI-Qs, C. 
DamascuB, da-mas'kiis, B., C, 

(f 31. 
DamasippuB, dam / a-stp , pus, 

Damasus, dam'a-sfis, C. 
Damba. dam'ba, Jf. 
Damiens, da'mY-^nz ; 

F. da'm^Sx', Jf. 
Damietta. dam'T-gt'ta, Jf. 
Damnii, dam'nY-T, C. 
Damocles, dam'ti-klez, C. 
Damocreon, da-mo'krf-Cn, C. 
Damocritus, da-raQk r rI-tus, C. 
Damon, da'mfin, C. 
DamonicuB, darn'o-nl'Tctie, C. 
DamoBtratus, da-mfis'tra-ttiB, 

C. 
Dampier, dam'pSr, Jf. 
Dan, dan, B. 
Dana, da'na, C. &■ Jf. 
Danae, dan'a-e, C. 
Danai. dan'a-I, C. 
Danaidae, da-na_'I-de\ C. 
Danaides. da-na-T'dez, C. 
Danaus, dan'a-fiB. C. 
Dancourt. dCx / kdor / ', Jf. 
Dandolo. dan'dO-lO, Jf. 
Danemora. da-nS-mC'ra, Jf. 
Danican, da'nS'kOx', Jf. 



Daniel, dan'T-cl or dan'yel, & 

Danites, dBn'lt^ B. 
Danjaan. dan-ja'an, B. 
Dannah. daii'iia, B. 
Dannecker. dan'iu -kor, .V. 
Dannemora, dfin'nt-niO'ra, Jf. 
Dantan. dOx'tO.v', Jf. 
Dante, dSn'tf ; It. dan'ta", onn. 

Durante, dfio-Tin'tft. 31. 
Danton, dan'tOn or dOx'tu.v', 

Dantzic, dant'sTk : G. Danzig, 
d&nt'Bte, 31. ^^ 

Danube, dan'fib ; G. Donau, 
do'nou, 31. 

Danubius, da-nD'hY-Hs, C. 

Daphne. dafnC, B. %■ C. 

Daphnephoria, daf'ne-fS'rt-a, 

Dara, da'ra, B. 
Daraba. dar r a-ba, C. 
Darantasia, dar'an-ta'shT-a, 

Dare or D'Arc, dark, Jf. 
Darda. diir'da, B. 
Dardanelles, dar'da-nelz', Jf 
Dardanides. dar-dan'l-dez, C. 
Dardanie, dar'da-nls, C. 
Dardanus. diir'da-ntis, C. 
Dares, da'rez, C. ; dar'es, Jf. 
Dareu8. da-re'fls, C. 
Darfoor. dar-foor', Jf 
DaricuB. da-ri'kfip, C. 
Darien, Georgia, V. £., da'r?- 
gn ; the Isthmus of , da-re-en', 

Darius, da-rl^us, B., C, S? 31. 
Darkon. dar'kOn. /;. 
Darmstadt, darm'stat. Jf 
Dartmouth, dart'mQth. Jf 
Darwar, dar'war, Jf. 
Datames. dat r a-mez, C. 
Dataphernes. dat'a-fer'nez, C. 
Dathan. da'than, B. 
Dathemah or Dathema. 

dath'5-ma, B. 
DatiB, da'tTs, C. 
Datos. da'tOs, C. 
Daton.da'tQn. C. 
Daub, doup, Jf. 
Daubenton, do'bO.v'tCx', Jf. 
Daubeny, dob'nl or da'be-nt, 

D'Aubigne", do'bEn'ya', Jf. 
Daubigny. do'ben'ye', Jf. 
DauUs. da'lls, C. 
Daun, doiin, 31. 
Daunia, da'nT-a, C. 
Daunus. da'nus, C. 
Dauphine\ do'ie-'na', Jf. 
Davenant, dav'en-omt, Jf 
Davenport, dav'r n-purt. Jf. 
David, da'vid : F., da'ved'; G. 

da'vlt, B. v Jf 
Daviess, da'vTs. .if. 
Davout or Davouat, di'voo', 

31. 
Davila, da'vS-la, Jf. 
Debir, de'bgr, B. 
Debora. Deborah, dgb'0-ra or 

df-bo'ra, B. & Jf. 
Deborus. dgb'C-riis, C. 
Debreczin, dS-brgt'Btn, Jf. 
DecapoliB, df-kap'u-lts, B. §■ C. 
Decatur, de-ka'ter. Jf. 
Deccan. dgk'kan, Jf. 
Decebalus, dg-sgb'a-lfis, C. 
Decelea, dgs'g-le'a, C. 
Decetia, dS-se r shI-a, C. 
Decimus, dgs'Y-mus, C. 
Decius, de'sht -fls, C. 
Decurio, dS-ku'rl-S, C. 
Dedan, de'dan, B. 
Dedanim, dgd'a-nTm, B. 
De Foe or Defoe, de-io', Jf 
Dehavites, d6-ha'vtts, B. 
Deianira, dt-l'a-nViii, C. 
Deicoon. de-lk'O-Sn. C. 
Deidamia, de-Td'a-mi'a, B. 
Deioces. dM'u-sez, C. 
DeiochuB, dE-I'o-kas, C. 
DeioneuB. de / I-6 / 'ne-Qs or 

de-I'C-nfis, C. 
Deiotarus, de't-St'a-rfis, C. 
Deiphobe, df-Yf <5-b6, C. 
Deiphobua. dMfS-bfis, C. 
Deianira, dgj'a-nl'ra, C. 
Dekar, de'kar, B. 
Delacroix, de-la'krwa'', Jf. 
Delagoa, dgFa-go'a, 31. 
Delaiah, dgl'a-I'a, B. 
Delambre, de-18xbr', Jf. 
Delano, del'a-nC, Jf. 
Delaroche, de-la'rCsh', Jf 
Delatour, de-la'toor', Jf. 
Delaunay. de-lft'na', Jf. 
Delaval, de-la' vaK, Jf. 
Delaware, dgl'a-war, Jf. 
Deleb, da'lgb, Jf. 



a, e, I, o, vi, long ; a, 6, i, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, ©vent, tdea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
£, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



DELFT 



993 



DURER 



Delft, dMft, 31. 
Delgada, dCl-gii'da, 31. 
Delhi, if. $7, dCl'hl; India, 

dePie, J/: 

Delia, de'lY-a. C. 
Delilah, df-li'la, B. 
Delisle, de-lSl' or de-Hl', 31. 
Delium, de'lY-um ; -ub, -tts, C. 
Delminium, d&l-mYn'Y-tim, C". 
Delolme, d<-lohn', 31. 
Delorme, de-lBrm'. .'/. 
Deloa, de'los C. 
Delphicola, IBl-fYk'C-ia. C. 
DelphicuB, (IPKtT-kus, C. 
Delphinium, del-fYn'Y-um, C. 
Delus, de'lus, B. 
Delvino, dSl'vY-nfl, M. 
Demades, dPm'a-dcz, C 
Demarata, dSm'a-rS'ta. C. 
Demaratus, dPm'a-ra'tiis, C. 
Demarete, de-mar'e-t6, C. 
Demas, dS'maa, /.'. 
Dembea, dem'bu-a or 

d_em-be'a, 31. 
Dembinski, dem-ben'sk£, 31. 
Demerara, dSm'Gr-a'ra, 31. 
Demeter, dfr-me'tSr, C. 
Demetrius, d?-ine'trY-us ; De- 

metrias, -trY-as, B. 8f C, 
Demidof, dem'Y-dBf, or Demi- 

dov, dem'f-dfiv', 31. 
Democedes, diWO-se'dez, C. 
Demochares, dt'-mfik'a-rez, C. 
Democles, d<5m'o-klez, C. 
Democrates, dfr-mBk'ra-tSz, C. 
Democritus, de'-mBk'rY-tus, C. 
Demodice, dS-mSd'Y-se", C 
Demodoce, d$-ro8d'8-8$, C. 
Demoivre, dc-mwiivr', 31. 
Demophon, dSm'S-fBn, B. If C 
Demophoon, dS-mBf/B-Bn, C. 
Demopolis, dfr-mBp'8-lYs, C._ 
Demosthenes, de-ni5s'th£-nez, 

C. 
Demostratus, df-mBs'trS-tus, C. 
Denbigh, dOn'bY, 31. 
Dender. dc'n'der, 31. 
Denderah, den'der-ii, M. 
Dendermonde, 

den-der-mon'de, 31. 
Denham, dSii^am, M. 
Denina, dS-ne'na, M._ 
Denis or Denys, de-ne', M. 
Denmark, den'mark, M. 
Dennis, St., sent dCn'Ys or 

den'e ; F., Saint DeniB, saN 7 

de-ne', M. 
Denon. dc-nSn', M. 
Dentatus, den-ta'ttis, C. 
Denver, dBn'ver, M. 
Deodatus, de-3d'a-tiis, C 
Deois, dO-o'Ys, C. 
Deparcieux, da / par / sY-u /r , 31. 
Depeyster, d?-pis'ter, 31. 
Deptford, det'ferd, 31. 
Derbe, der'bY, B. 
Derbend, der-bend', 31. 
Derby, der'bY or diir'bY, 31. 
Derceto, dSr'sC-tft, C. 
Dercetis, der's?-tYs, C. 
Dercylides, der-sYl'Y-dez, C. 
Derham, der'am, M. 
Derne, der'ne, 31. 
Derr, der', M. 
Dertona, der-to'na, C. 
De Ruyter, dS ri't5r or 

dS roi'ter, 31. 
Deruyter, de--rl'ter, 31. 
Derzhavin, dCr-zhii'vYn, 31. 
Desaguadero, des'a-gwa-da'ro, 

31. 
Desaguliers, dS/za'gu'lY-a', 31. 
Desaix de Veygoux or Desayx, 

de-sa'de-vit'ijoo', M. 
Descartes, dS'kart', 31. 
Deschamps, dS'shSN', M. 
Deseret, dos^er-ft, 31. 
Desha, de-sha'. 3f. _ 
Deshoulieres, d$ / zoo / lY-ar', 3f. 
Des Moines, de moin', M. 
Desmoulins, dft / m6B / Iaisr', 31. 
De Soto, de sB'tB, 31. 
Desprez, dft'pra', 31. 
Dessaix, dft'sa', M. 
Dessalines, difsii'len', 31. 
Dessau, des'sa-fi, B. ; des'sa ; 

G. des'sou, M. 
D'Estaing, des' tax', M. 
De Thou, de too', M. 
Detmold, defmold ; 

O. drt'molt, Jf. 

Detroit, df-troit', M. 
Dettingen, dSt'ttng-en, M. 
Deucalion, du-ka'lY-Qn, C. 
Deuel, df-u' PI, B. 
Deuteronomy, du'ter-Bn'O-mJs 

B. 
Deutz, doits, J/. 
Deux-ponts, de'pSN'; G. Zwei- 

brucken, tsvi-bruk / 'en, M. 



Deventer, da'ven-ffr, IS. 
Devereux, dev'Cr-oo, M. 
De Vit, da' vPt', .)/. 
Devizes, dC-vI'zSz, M. 
Devona, dev'fi-nd, C. 
Devonshire, dfiv'ttn-shCr, 31. 
Devrient, dit'vrC'ON', 31. 
Dewas, du'was', 31. 
D'Ewes, dfiz, M. 
De Wette, de vfit'te, M. _ 
Dexamene, doks-am't-ne, C. 
Dhawalaghiri, dii-wOl'a-ge'rC, 

M. 
Dia, dT'a, ('. 
Diagoras, (H-ag'fi-ras, C. 
DiaRs, dt-a'hs, C. 
Diamastagosis, 

(lt-a-mas'ta-tro'sYs, C. 
Diana, dt-ftn'a or dt-a'na, B.; 

dt-a'iui, C. 
Dianium, dt-5'nY-utn, C. 
Diaphanes, dt-af'a-nSz, C. 
Diarbekr, df-ar'bfkr, 31. 
Diasia, dt-a'shY-a, V. 
Diblaim, dtb'la-tra, B. 
Diblath, dtb'l&tli, ll. 
Diblathaim, dYb'la-tha'tm, B. 
Dibon, (ll'ljon, /;. 
Dibri, dlb'rt, B. 
Dibue, de'boo-a", M. 
Dicaea, dt-se'a, C. 
Dictamnum, dtk-tam r ntim, C. 
Dictator, dik-ta'tOr, C. 
Dictynna, dYk-ttn'na, C. 
Didero, dr'dro', M. 
Diderot, dS'dro', M. 
Didius, dYd'I-as, C. 
Dido, dl'&b, C. 
Didot, dt'do', M. 
Didymus, duKY-mus, B. &r C. 
Diebitch or Diebitsch, de'bYch, 

M. 
Dieffenbach, def 'fen-biik, 31. 
Diego, de-a'go, M. 
Diele, dO-a'lu. 31. 
Diemen. de'men, M. 
Diepholz, dep'holts, M. 
Dieppe, de'Sp', M. 
Diespiter, dY-Ps'pY-ter, C. 
Diest, dest, M. 
Dietrich, de'trYk, 31. 
Diez, dets, 31. 
Digentia, dt-gen'shY-a, C. 
Digne, den'y', 31. 
Dii, di'T, C. 
Dijon, de'zhoN'", 31. 
Diklah, dYk'la, B. 
Dilean, dYKe-rm, B. 
Dillingen, dYKlYng-cn, 31. 
Dimalus, dY-ma'lus, C. 
Dimnah, dYm'na, B. 
Dimon, di'mSn, B. 
Dimonah, dt-mo r na, B. 
Dinah, di'na, B. 
Dinaites, di'na-Tts, B. 
Dinan, dt'ntix', 31. 
Dinant, df / n5N /r or de-nSnt'', 

31. 
Dinapoor or Dinapur, 

df-na-poor', 31. 
Dinarchus, dY-nar'kus, C. 
Dindymus, dYn'dY-miis, C 
Dinhabah, dYn'ha-ba or 

dYn-ha^ba, B. 
Dinocrates, dY-nBk'ra-tez, C. 
Dinolochus, dY-nBKo-klis, C. 
Dinomache, dY-n5m /, ii-ke, C. 
Dinomachus, dY-nQra'a-kiis, C. 
Dinomenes, dY-nSm'^-nSz, C. 
Dinon, dT'n5n, C. 
Dinosthenes, dY-nSs'thi^-nez, 

('. 
Dinostratus, dY-n8s'tra--t«s, C. 
Dinwiddie, dYn-wld'Y, 31. 
Dioclea, a woman, di'jj-kle'a ; 

a city, dt-o'klS-a, C. 
Diodes, di'u-klez, C. 
Diocletianus, 

di'o-kle'shY-a'nus, C. 
Diodati, d6-S-da'tS, 31. 
Diodorus, dl'o-do'rus, C. 
Diodotus, dt-Sd'o-ttls, C. 
Diogenes, dt-5j'?-nez, C. 
Diomede, dt'o-me'de, C. 
Diomedes, dl^-me'dez, C. 
Diomedon. dT-Sru'e-dfin, C. 
Dion, di'Bn, C. 
Dionsea, di'S-ne^a, C. 
Dione, dl-S'n6, C. 
Dionysiades, di^-nY-si^a-dez, 

Dionysipolis, di'o-nY-sYp-'ij-lYs, 

Dionysius, dY / 8-nYsh'Y-ns ; -ias, 
-Y-r»s ; -ia, -Y-:i, B. & C. 

Dionysus, di'o-ni'sus, C. 

Diophanes, dt-Bfa-nez, C. 

Diophantus, dl'o-fan'tus, C. 

Dioscorides, drOs-kBr'Y-dez, 
C. 



DioscorinthiuB, 

dT'BK-kft-rYn'thY-fis, C. 
Dioscuri, dT'os-ku'rT, (.'. 
Diospolis, dl-fiB'iir.-lrs, ('. 
Diotrephes, dt-fit'rf-fez, B. If 

i : 
DipoliB, dYp'o-lYs, C. 
Dirae, dl'rP, C. 
Dirce. .IPr'sC, C. 
Discordia, dYK-kor'dY-d, C. 
Dishan, dY'hhttn, /;. 
Dishon, dT'ehBn, /;. 
Disraeli or D'lsraeli. dYz-ra'lY 

<,/chz-.v'li\ 31. 
Dithyrambus, dYth'Y-rttm'bOs, 

V. 
Divitiacus, dYv'Y-tl'A-kus, C. 
Divodurum, dTv'o-dQ /, rQm, C. 
Dizahab, dYz'a-httb, /;. 
Djuma, zhoVma, 31. 
Dnieper, ne^pCr ; 

Rum. dnyPp'Sr, 31. 
Dniester, iies'ter ; 

RU8S. dnyps'ter, 31. 
Doab or Dooab, ddo-ab', 31. 
Dobrowski, dB-brBv'skC, 31. 
Docimus, (lfis'T-iiifis, C. 
Doclea, do'klP-a, C. 
Docus, do'kfls, B. 
Dodai, d8d'ft-I, B. 
Dodanim, dBcKa-nYm, B. 
Dodavah, d8d'a-va, /.'. 
Dcderlein, de'der-lin, 31. 
Dodo, dB'dO, B. 
Dodoens, dd-doons', 31. 
Dodona, dC-do'ni ; -ne, -nS, C 
Dodonis, do-do'nYs, C. 
Dodonaeus, do'do-nS'Qs, C. 
Doeg, do'eg, /;. 
Dofrafield.do'fra-fY-uld', 31. 
Dolabella, dOl'a-bCKla, C. 
Dole, ddi, 31. 
Dolgelly, dBl-ggth^, 31. 
Dolgorouki or Dolgoruki, 

(lol / go-roo / 'k$, 31. 
Doliche, dol'Y-ki?, C. 
Dolomieu, do / lo / inY-ii / ', 31. 
Dolon, do'lBn, C z 
Dolopes, d5t r o-pez, C. 
Domat, dt/ma'', 31. 
Domenichino, do-mii-no-ke / 'no, 

31. 
Domiducus. d5m / Y-du /, kus, C. 
Domingo, dft-mYn'gd, 31. 
Domimca, d8m-S-ne''ka : F. 

Dominique, dB'mft'nek', 31. 
Dominici, dB-mS-ne'ehS, 31. 
Domitia, dfi-mYsh/Y-a, C._ 
Domitianus, do-mlsh / Y-a''nus, 

a 

Donaghadee, dBn'i-ha-de', 31. 
Donar, do'nar, = Thor, Jv. 
Donatus, dO-na'tfis, C. 
Doncaster, don'kas-ter, 31. 
Donegal, dBn'f-gal', 31. 
Dongola, dBn'gS-ta, 31. 
Dongu, dBn'gfi, 31. 
Donizetti, dSn-f-zrftS or 

do-nYd-zeVtS, 31. 
Donovan, dBn'B-van, 31. 
Donusa, do-nu'sa, C. 
Doorga, duor'ga, = Kali, H. 
Dophkah, dBf'ka, B. 
Dor, d6r, B. 
Dora, do'ia, B. 
Dorcas, dBr'kas, B. 
Dorchester, dor'ches-ter, 31. 
Dordogne, dor-don', 31. 
Dordrecht, dord'rckt, 31. 
Dores, do'rez, C. 
Doricu8, d_5r'Y-kiis, C. 
Dorion, do'rY-5n, C. 
Doris, do'rYs, C. 
Doriscus, do-rYs'kHs, C 
Dornoch, dSr'nftk, 31. 
Dorosma, dB-rBsh'mB, 31. 
Dorothea, do-ro'th*-a, C. : 

dBr'ii-the'a, 31. 
Dorpat, d6r ' pat, or Dbrpt, 

derpt. 31. 
Dorsetshire. dOr'set-shBr, 31. 
Dort, dort. or Dordrecht. 

aort'rckt, 31. 
Dorus. do'riis, B. _ 
Dorylaum, dBr'Y-le'Hm, C. 
Dorymenes, do-rYm'f-nez, B. &■ 

Dositheus. do-sYth'f-«s, B. If C. 
Doson. dB'sBn, C. 
Dothaim. do'thS-Ym, B. 
Dothan, do 'than, B. 
Douai or Douay, doo'S', 31. 
Doubs, doo, 31. 
Douce, doos. M. 
Doughty, dou'tY or do'tY, 31. 
Douglas, dfig'las, 31. 
Douro, dtlo'ro : Sp. Duero, 

doo-a'rO, 31. 
Douw, douv or don, 31. 
Dover, do'ver, 31. 



Dovrefleld. dB'vre-fY-Pld', M. 
Dowlatabad, dou'la-ta-ljud', 

31. 
Downpatrlck, doun-pttt'rYk, 

Draco. dra'kA, C. 
Draguignan, dra'gfn'yoW, 31. 
Drapana. drap'u-na, < '. 
Drave, drav ; G. Drau, drou, 

Drenthe, diCn'te, 31. 
Drepana, drCp'a-na, C. 

Drepanum, drCp'a-nfim, C. 
Dreux, drS, 31. 

Drin. dren,w Drino.dre'ni*. 31. 
Drogheda, drB'he-di, .)/. 
Drohobicz. dro'hn-hicli, 31. 
Droitwich. droit'Ych. .)/. 
Dromore, dro'inor, .)/. 
Drontheim, drfint'Ym ; Xora:. 

Trondjem, trBnd'yem, 31. 
Drouyn de l'Huys or de Lhuys, 

druo'a.N/ de lu'e', 31. 
Droz, dro, .1/. 
Druentia, dni-un'shl-a, <". 
Druidas, dru'I-dS, C. 
Druides, dnVT^dez, C. 
Druses, droo'sez, 31. 
DruBilla, dru-BYlOa, B. If C. 
Dryades, dil'a-dc/., ( '. 
Drymaea, drt-mo'ji. ('. 
Dryopes, dn'o-pez, C. 
Duanesburg, du-anz'bErg, 31. 
Dubis. dtt'DYs, C. 
Dublin, dub'lYn, 31. 
Dubno. doob'no, 31. 
Dubois, doo-boib' or du'bwa', 

31. 
Dubris. du'brYs. C. 
Dubuque. dcKi-lmk'. 31. 
Ducange, doo-kanj' ; 

F. du'kOxzh', 31. 
Duchatel, dii'shii'tPK, 31. 
Duchesne, du'shan', 31. 
Duclos. du'k'lo', 31. 
Dudevant, doo / de-vSx y ' or 

dud'vBH', M. 
Duero, doo-a'ril = Douro, 31. 
Dufrenoy. du'frft'nwa', 31. 
Dufresnoy, du / frft / nwa', 31. 
Duhamel, du'ii'mCK, 31. 
Du GuescUn; du ga'kUtN', 31. 
Dui. doo'e, 31. 
Duillia, du-YKir-a, C. 
Duillius, drt-YKlY-us, C. 
Duisburg, doo'Ys-bfHirg, 31. 
Duiveland. doi've-lfint, 31. 
Dulce, dooKsS or -thft, 31. 
Dulcigno. dool-cben'yo, 31. 
Dulichium, dfi-lYk'Y-tim, C. 
Dulwich, duKYj, 31. 
Dumah, du'nia, B. 
Dumas, du'ma', 31. 
Dumbarton, dfim-bar'ttln, 31. 
Dumblane, dfini-blan'', 31. 
Dumesnil, du'ina^ne', .1/. 
Dumfries, dtim-fres', 31. 
Dumnorix, diim^nti-rYks, C. 
Dumont, du'mSx', .)/. 
Dumoulin, du'moo^iax', 31. 
Dumouriez, du'moo'rY-a', 31. 
Dunbar, dim -bar', .1/. 
Duncan, dHnk'an. 31. 
Dundalk, dun-dak', 31. 
Dundas, dun-das', 31. 
Dundee, dun-de', 31. 
Dunedin, dun-5d'Yn, 31. 
Dunfermline, diin-fCr'lYn, 31. 
Dungannon, dun-gan'niin. 31. 
Dungarvon, dun-gar'vun, 31. 
Dungeness, dun-je-nps', 31. 
Dunglison. dun'glY-sun, 31. 
Dunkeld, dfin-M', 31. 
Dunkirk, dun'kerk ; F. Dun- 

kerque. d Q n kv rk ' 1 31. 
Dunsinane. dfin'sYn-an', 31. 
Dunwich, dun'Ycb, 31. 
Duperre\ du'pft'ra ', 31. 
Duperron, du'pit'roN', 31. 
Dupin, du'pax'. 3f. 
Duplessis. fhi'plJ'se', 31. 
Duplin. du'plYn»ir 
Duponceau, doo-pBn'sS ; F. 

du'pox'so', 31. 
Dupont, du'pBx', 31. 
Du Pont, du pBnt'i F. du' pux', 

Dupre", du'pra', 31. 
Dupuis. Dupuy, du/pwe'. 3L 
Dupuytren. du'pwe'trBil', if. 
Duquesne, clii'kan', 31. 
Dura, du'ra, B. 
Durance, du'rfixs', 31. 
Durand. dn-rand' ; F. du'rBir', 

M. 
Durango, doo-ran'gB, 3L 
Durante, doo-ran'ta, 31. 
Durazzo. dcTIvrat'so, or Dura*, 

dn'itt', .V. 
Diir'er, du'r?r, 31. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 
63 



N 



DURHAM 



994 



ERECHTHEUS 



U 



w 



Parhxm. diir'am, .V. 
Purius. dB'rl 
DurUch. d.vr'lak. Jf. 
Durocortorum. 

an rO-k»r't<J-rttm, C. 
Dusseldorf. d^s'a 1-dOrf , Jr. 
Dut*ns. du tr>N'. Jf. 
Duumviri. dri-rmi'vY-rl. C 
Duval. ddo-vOl' or du'viil'. Jf. 
Duvernoy. du vftr nwii'. 31. 
Duyckinck. dl'kfnk, .1/. 
Duyveland L doi'v<-lant, 31. 
Dwina. dwfi'ni, Jf. 
Dvck or DHk. dlk'. 31. 
Dyle or Dyl. dll. 31. 
Dvras. dT'ras, ('. 
Dzialcwrice.dzf-a-ltVshet'sa.J/. 



E. 

Eachard. geh'erd. Jf. 
Eadmer <v Edmer, ed'mgr, 31. 
Eanes. e'a-nez, B. 
Eanus. e-a'iius. ( '. 
Earlom. Prl'nm, Jf. 
Earn. Loch, 15k Srn, 31. 
Ebal.e'hal. B. 
Ebed. e'bfd. B. 
Ebedmelech. e bgd-me'lSk, B. 
Ebeling. a'b«l-lng. Jf. 
Ebenezer or Eben-ezer. 

gb Cn-e'zer, B.Sf31. 
Eber. e'ber. B. 
Eberhard, eD'Sr-hard or 

S'ber-hiLrt, 31. 
Eberle. eb'er-lf. 31. 
Ebiasaph, t-bl'a-saf, B. 
Ebora, gb'o-ra. C. ; Cb'CWa, 31. 
Eboracum. Ob'o-ra'knm, C. 
Ebro. t-'bro ; S_p. a'br<5, 31. 
Ebronah, f-bro'na, B. 
'Ebudae. ?-bu'die,_C. 
Eburones, gb'O-ro'nez, C. 
Ebusus, Cb'n-stis or e-bu/-, C. 
Ecanus, C-ka'niis, B. 
Ecbatana. ek-bat'a-na, £. Sf C. 
Eccles. Ok'flz, 31. 
Ecclesiastes, Ck-kle'zT-as'tez, 

B. 
Ecclesiasticus, 

C-k-kle'zT-as'tt-ktis, B. 
Echelles. Lee. la'asS'shel', 31. 
Echemenez, ?-kgm /- £-nez, C. 
Echemon, f-ke'mOn, C. 
Echemus, fk'e-mOs, C. 
Echeneus. ok'f-ne'us, C. 
Echidna, t-ktd'na, C. 
Echinades, t-kln'a-dez, C. 
Echinae. e-ki'nt, C. 
Echinussa, gk'Y-nus'sa, C. 
Echion. £-ki'5n, C. 
Echionides. gk'l-Sn'Y-dez, C. 
Echo. fkO, C. 
Ecija, a'thP-ha, M. 
Eckhard, gk'iirt, 31. 
Eckmuhl, Pk'mul, 31. 
Ecuador, ek-wa-'d6r", 31. 
Ed, 6d. B. 
Edar. e'dar, B. 
Edda. Cd'da. N. 
Eddias. gd-dT'os, B. 
Eden.e'den, B.Sf 31. 
Eder, e'dgr, B. 
Edes, e'dez, B. 
Edessa, C-dCs'sa, or Edesa, 

e-de'sa, C. 
Edeta, f-de'ta. C. 
Edetani. Bd'Ma'nl, C 
Edfoo, Edfu. gd'foo', 31. 
Edina, t-di'na, 31. 
Edina. f-dl'na, 31. 
Edinburgh, Edinboro', Edin- 

borough. ('d'rn-bttr-rO, M. 
Edisto, t'd'Ys-tS, M. 
Edna, gd'na, B. 
Edom, e'dSm, B. 
Edon, 5'dBn, C. 
Edones, f-do'nez, C. 
Edoni, P-do'nl, C. 
Edonis. f-do'nYs or gd'S-nYs, C. 
Edomite. e'd5m-It, B. 
Edrei, c'd'rM. /,'. 
Eeckhout, ak'hout, 31. 
Egeria, <^-ie'rT-a, C. 
Egerton, Gj'5r-tun, 31. 
Egesinus, 'i't-gl'ntis, C. 
Egeta, r-it/ta, C. 
Eginhard, gg'In-hard — Eix- 

IIAI'.I). 

Eglah, gglA, B. 
Eglaim. C?')&-im, B. 
Eglon.^'^n, J:. 
EgTipo, r-x'rUpt,, 31. 

Ehrenbere, a'r^n-bgrg, M. 
EhrenbreFtBtein, 

a'ren-brlfstln, 31. 



Ehud. 5'hfld, K. 
Eichendorf. T'ktn-drtrf, 3F. 
Eiehstadt or Aichstadt, Ik'stf t, 

V. 
Eilenburg. I'lsn-bdore, if. 
Eimbeck, tni'bok. 31. 
Eimeo. I'nif-o, .1/. 
Einhard. ln'hiirt, 31. 
Eion. T'On, C. 
Eisenach, T's< n-lik, 31. 
Eisenstadt, T'zcn-stiit, 31. 
Eisleben. is'ia-b.n, 31. 
Ejibo, Nie'brs. .)/. 
Eker. o'kCr, />'. 
Ekrebel, Pk'rf-b?l, B. 
Ekron. ek'rBn, B. 
Ekronites, ok'r5u-Tts, B. 
Ela, e'la. B. 
Eladah. fl'a-da, B. 
Elaea. 0-le'a, C. 
Elagabalus. ri'f-gab'a-lus, C. 
Elah, o'U.B. 
Elam. e'lam. B. 
Elamites. e'lam-its, B. 
Elaphebolia. gl'd-fe-bo'll-a, C. 
Elasah. Pl'a-sa, B. 
Elatea. f'la-te'a, C. 
Elath, e'lfith, B. 
Elaver, fl'a-ver, C. 
Elbe, fib ; G. fl'be, 31. 
Elberfeld. 51'ber-ft-lt', 31. 
Elbeuf, .Mbef'. 31. 
El-bethel, 61'bPth'cl, B. 
Elbrooz or Elbruz, el-brooz', 

Jf. 
Elche, gl'chS, Jf, 
Elcia. el'shl-a. B. 
Eldaah, gl'dtt-a or 61-da'a, B. 
Eldad, ei'dad, B. 
Elea, e-le'a, C. 
Elead. e'lf-ad. B. 
Elealeh, e'lf-a'lS, B. 
Eleasa. e-le'a-sa, B. 
Eleasah. e-le'a-sa, B. 
Eleazar, e'le-a'zer, B. 
Eleazurus, e'le-it-zQ'rus, B. 
Electra, t-lfk'tra, C. 
Electrides, S-l?k'trt-dez, C. 
Electryon, f-lek'trt-Cn, C. 
Elegia. tl'e-ji'a, C. 
Elei, t-le'I, C. 

Eleleus, e-le'lf-iis or 51'Mus, C. 
El-elohe Israel. 

eK-e-lo'liS Tz'rS-el, B. 
Eleph, e'lgf, B. 
Elephanta. Pl'e-fan'ta, 31. 
Elephantine, Cl'e-fan'tl-nS or 

.-f't-lan-tl'ne, C. 
Elephantis, 51'6-fan'tYs, C. 
Elephantophagi, 

el'e-fan-tSf'a-jI, C. 
Elephas. eKe-fas, C. 
Eleusa. cl'f-u'sa, C. 
Eleusinia, cl'fl-sYn'T-a, C. 
Eleusinus, gl'n-sT'ntis, C. 
Eleusis, e-lu'sYs, C. 
Eleutherae, e-lu'ther-S, C. 
Eleutheria, eFfl-the'rt-a, C. 
Eleutheris, e-lu'the-rts, C. 
Eleutherus, $-lu r the-rus, B. 
Eleutho, e-lu'tho, C. 
Eleuzai, S-lu'za--!, B. 
Elgin, Scot., ei'gYn ; 

U. 5.,51'jYn,il/. 
Elhanan, el-lia'nan, B. 
Eli, e'li, B. 
Eliab. S-lT'ab, B. 
EUada or EUadah, 5-11 'a-da, B. 
EUadas, e-li'a-das, B. 
Eliadun, e-li'a-dtin, B. 
Eliah, t-ll'a, B. 
Eliahba. e-li'a-ba, B. 
Eliakim. f-ll'a-kTm, B. 
Eiali. C-li'a-li, B. 
Eliam, Ml'Sm, B. 
Eliaonias, g-H'a-5-TiT'as, B. 
Elias, P-li'as. B. ; e'lt-as, C. 
Eliasaph. 8-H'a-saf, B. 
Eliashib, Wi'a-shtb, B. 
EUasib, P-lT'a-sYb, B. 
EUaBia, f-lT'a-sYs, B. 
Eliatha or Eliathah, 

C-lI'a-tha, B. 
Elicaon, el'Y-ka'On, B. Sf C. 
Elicius, e-lYsh'Y-tis, C. 
Elidad. C-11'dad, B. 
Eliel, e'lY-ei, B. 
Elienai, e'lY-e'n3-Y, B. 
EUezer, t-ir-e'z5r, B. 
Elihaba, e-lTha-ba, B. 
Elihoenai, 6KY-h!5-e'na-T, B. 
Elihoreph, 61'Y-ho'rgf, B. 
Elihu, t'-ll'htl, B. 
Elijah, f-ll'ia, B. 
Elika. ei'Y-ka or C-lT'ka, B. 
Elim, r'lYm, B. 
Elimelech. f-lYm'S-lPk, B. 
Elioenai, 51'Y-rt-e'na-I, B. 
Elionaa, e'lY-fl'nas, B. 
Eliphal, 6KY-fal, B. 



Eliphalat, MYf d-lat, B. 
Eliphaleh, 6-lYf'a-ie, B. 
Eliphalet, MYf'a-lBt, B. 
EUphaz. cl'l-faz or MY'faz, B. 
Elipheleh, f-lYf'f-lt, B. 
Eliphelet. 6-lIf'ft.lfit, B. 
Elis, e'lls, C. 
Elisabeth, f-ltz'a-bfth, B. 
Elisaeu8 and Eliseus, CFY-se'us, 

B. 
Elisha and Elishah, P-ll'sha, B. 
Elishama and Elishamah, 

e-lYsh'a-ma, B. 
Elishaphat, f-llsh'a-i&t, B. 
Elisheba, e-lYf-h'S-ba, B. 
Elishua, 21'Y-shu'a, B. 
ElisimuB, f-lYs'Y-mtts, B. 
Elissa. P-lYs'sa, C. 
Eliu, f-ll'fi, B. 
EUud, o-li'M, B. 
Elizaphan, C-lYz'a-fan, B. 
Elizeus, gKY-ze'fis, B. 
Elizur, C-lI'zgr, B. 
Elkanah, 61'ka-na, B. 
Elkoshite, gl'kQsh-It, B. 
Ella, cl'la, 31. 
Ellasar, gl'ia-sar, B. 
Ellesmere, glz'mfr, 31. 
Ellopia. gl-lo'pY-a, C. 
Elmes. glmz, 31. 
Elmira, gl-ml'ra, 31. 
Elmodam, gl-mo r dam, B. 
Elnaam, el'nit-am, B. 
Elnathan. eKna-than, B. 
Elohim, fl'u-hYm, B. 
Eloi, e-lo'L.B. 
Elon. e'15n, B. 
Elon-beth-hanan, 

e / 10n-bgth / '-ha / nan, B. 
Elonites,_e , 15n-its, B. 
Elora, t-lo'ra, 31. 
Eloth, e'lOth, B. 
Elpaal, gl'pa-al, B. 
Elpalet, gKpa-lgt, B. 
El-paran, gFpa'ran, B. 
El Paso, eipa'so, 31. 
Elpinice, gPpY-m'se', C. 
Elphinstone, 6KfYn-stfln, M. 
Elsheimer. els'hi-mgr. 31. 
Elsinore, tl'sY-nor', 31. 
Eltekeh, gl'tS-ke, B. 
Eltekon, eKtg-kSn, B. 
Eltham, elt'am, 31. 
Eltolad, el-to'lad or gl-tti-lad", 

B. 
Elul, e'lul, B. 
ElU8a, Gaul, gKn-sa ; Palestine, 

e-lu'sa, C. 
Eluzai, e-lu'zit-I, B. 
Elymais, el'Y-ma'Ys, B. Sf C. 
Elymas, £VV-mas,_B. 
Elymeans, gl'Y-me'anz, B. 
Elysium, e-lYzh'Y-am, C. 
Elzabad, gl'za-bad, B. 
Elzaphan, gl'za-fan, B. 
Elzevir, gKze-vgr ; I). Elzevier 

or Elsevier, el-ze-ver', 31. 
Emanuel, e-man / 'fl-gl, B. Sf 31. 
Emden or Embden, gm'den, 31. 
Embrun, CN'brfiif', 31. 
Emerita, 6-mer'Y-ta, C. 
Emesa, em'S-sa, C. 
Emims, e'mYmz, B. 
Emmanuel, gm-man'fl-el, B. 
Emmaus, em-mi'us, B. 
Emmenes, gm'mg-nez, C. 
Emmer. ern'mer, B. 
Emmerich, gm'mgr-Yk, M. 
Emmor, gin'mer, B. 
Empedocles, em-pgd'C-klez, C. 
Empedon, em''pf-d5n, C. 
Emporia, gm-po'rY-a, C. 
Emporiae, gm-po'rY-6, C. 
Ems, gms, 31. 

Enaesimus, 5-ngs'Y-mfis, C. 
Enam^'nam, B. 
Enan. e'nan, B. 
Enasibus, g-nas'Y-bfis, B. 
Enceladus, gn-sgKa-dus, C. 
Encke, gnfe'e, 31. 
Endera, gn'de-ra, C. 
Enderum, gn-de'rflm, C. 
Endor, gn'dor or gn'dgr, B. 
Endymion. Cn-dYm'Y-Sn, C. 
Eneas, e'nf-as, B. 
En-eglaim, gn'gg'lS-Ym or 

gn'gg-la'Ym, B. 
Enemessar, gn'S-mes'sar, B. 
Enenius, f-ne r nY-Qs, B. 
Eneti. gn'g-tl, C. 
Engaddi, gn-gad'dl, B. 
Engadine, gn'ga-den', M. 
En-gannim, gn'gan'nYm, B. 
En-gedi, en-ge'dl, B. 
Engel. gng'el, 31. 
Enghien, S-N'gS-BN'', 31. 
England, Yn'gland, 31. 
En-haddah, gn'had'da, B. 
En-hakkore, gn_'hak'k6-r6, B. 
En-hazor, gn'ha'zSr. B. 



Enipeus, C-nYp'6-Qs or 

P-uI'pfls, C. 
Enkhuisen, 6nk'hoi's< n, 31. 
En-miahpat, Bn'mYsh'pat, B. 
Enniscorthy, un / uYs-kor''thY, 

Enniskillen, Sn'nYs-kYl'lcn, 31. 
Ennius, Bn'nl-tts, C. 
Enoch, e'nflk, B. Sf 31. 
Enon, e'nfin, B. 
Enope, Pn'0-pt, C. 
Enos, e'nfis, B. 
Enosh, e'nSsh, B. 
En-rimmon. Cn'rYm'mBn, B. 
En-rogel, gn'rS'ggl, B. 
En-shemesh, gn'.she'mgsh, B. 
En-tappuah, gn'tap-pu'a, B. 
EnteUa, gn-tgl'la, C. 
Entellus. gn-tgl'lfis, C. 
Entre Rios, gn'trft re'i5s, 31. 
Enyo, 6-nT/ft, C. 
Eon de Beaumont, d', da'df' 

de bS'moK'', 31. 
Eos, e'Os, C. 
Eous, ?-o'Qs, C. 
Epaenetus. e-pSn'e-tQs, C. 
Epaminondas, 

e-pam'Y-nOn'das, C. 
Epaphras. gp'a-fros. B. 
Epaphroditus, e-pafrO-dl'tus, 

B. Sf C. 
Epenetus. ?-pgn'e-tus, B. 
Eperies, a'pa'rS'gs', 31. 
Epernay, a'per'na', 31. 
Epes, eps, 31. 
Epeus, f-pe'as, C. 
Ephah, e'fa, B. 
Ephai, e'ta, B. 
Epher, e'fgr, B. 
Ephes-dammim, 

e'fgs-dfim'mYm, B. 
Ephesian, e-ic'zhan, B. 
Ephesus, ef'f-siis, B. &. C. 
Ephetae. gf'5-te, C. 
Ephialtes. gf'Y-ttl'tez, C. 
Ephlal. gf'lal, B. 
Ephori, gf'S-rt, C. 
Ephorus. ef 6-ras, C. 
Ephphatha. gf'fa-tha, B. 
Ephraim. e'f ri-Ym. B. 
Ephraimite, e'fra-Ym-it, B. 
Ephrain, e'fra-Yn, B. 
Ephratah, gf 'ra-ta, B. 
Ephrath, gf rath, B. 
Ephrathite, gf 'rath-It, B. 
Ephron, e'frQn, B. 
Ephyra, gp'Y-ra. C. 
Epicharmus, gf'Y-kar'mas, C. 
Epicrates, e-pYk'ra-tez, C. 
Epicrene, ep'Y-kre'ne, C. 
Epictetus. ep-Yk-te'tus, C. 
Epicureans, ep'Y-kft-re'anz or 

gp'Y-ku'rS-anz, B. 
Epicurei, gp'Y-ka-re'1, C. 
Epicurus, gp'Y-ku'rHs, C. 
Epidamnus, gp'Y-dam'nus, C. 
Epidaphne, gp'Y-daf 'nS, C. 
Epidauria, gp'Y-da'rY-a, C. 
Epidaurus, gp / Y-da'rfis, C. 
Epidotae, ep/Y-do'te, C. 
Epidromus, e-pYd'rp-mQs, C. 
Epigenes, S-pYj'g-nez, C. 
Epigoni, g-pYg'O-nl, C. 
Epimachus. e-pYm'a-kus, C. 
Epimedes, ep'Y-me'dez, C. 
Epimenes. e-pYm^e-nez, C. 
EpimenedeB, gp'Y-mgn'S-dez, 

Epimetheus, gp'Y-me'thus, C. 
Epinal, a'pS'naK, 31. 
Epinay. d', da'pS'na^, 31. 
Epiphanea, gp'Y-fa-ne'a, C. 
Epiphanes, e-pYfa-nez, B. flr 

Epipolae, S-pYp'S-ie, C. 
Epirus, t-pi'rOs, C. 
Eponymus, e-p5n'Y-mfis, C. 
Epope, e-po'pg, C. 
Eporedorix, gp'ti-rgd'S-rYks, C. 
Equatorville, ^-kwa'tdr-vYF.if. 
Equiria, g-kwYr'Y-a, C. 
Equites, gk'wY-tez, C. 
Er, er, B. 
Eran, e'ran, B. 
Eranites, e'ran-Its, B. 
Erasistratus, gr-a-sYs'tra-tfis, 

C. 
Erasmus, S-raz'mtis, M. 
Erastus, S-ras'ttis, B. 
Erato, gr'a-to, C. 
Eratosthenes, gr'a-tSs'thg-nez, 

C. 
Eratostratua, gr'a-tOs'tra-tfls, 

C. 
Erbach, gr'biik, 31. 
Ercilla y_ Zuniga, gr-theKya 6 

zoon-ye'ga. 31. 
Erebus, gr^-bQs, C. Sf 31. 
Erech. e'rgk, B. 
Erechtheus, e-rgk'thtls, C. 



i, 5, vi, long ; &, 6, I, 6, il, y, short ; senate, event, Idea, JSbey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



ERECHTHID^ 



995 



FILIPPI 



Erechthidae, eVSk-thl'de-, C. 

Ereglee, fr'c-gie, M. 

Eresus, Cr'6-sfis, or Eresaus, 

t-rgs'sBs, C. 
Eretria, g-re'trY-a, C. 
Eretum, f-re'tQm, C. 
Erfurt, gr'fot>rt, 31. 
Eri, e'rl, B. 
Eriboea, gr'Y-be'a, C. 
Eric, gr'ik or e'rYk, N. & M. 
Erichtho, g-rtk'thfi, C. 
Erichthonius, gr'Yk-tho'nY-fis, 

C. 
Ericsson, gr'Yk-sfin, 31. 
Ericusa, Cr'Y-ku'sa, C. 
Eridanus, g-rYd'a-nus, C. 
Erie, S'rY, 31. 
Erigone, g-rYg'G-ng, C. 
Erigoneius, g-rYg'<5-ne'yBs, C. 
Erigonus, man, g-rYg'O-niis ; 

river. gr'Y-go'nus, C. 
Erimede, g^Y-me'df, C. 
Erin, e'rYn, = Ireland, 31. 
Erineos, C-rYn'g-Ss, C. 
Erinna, g-rYn'na, C. 
Erinnys, g-rYn'nYs, C. 
Erinys, g-rl'nYs, C. 
Eriphyle, gr'Y-fT'lg, C. 
Eris, e'rYs, C. 
Erisichthon, gr'Y-sYk'thSn, 

C. 
Erites, e'rtts, B. 
Erivan, gr-Y-viin', 31. 
Erlangen, gr'liing-en, 31. 
Erlau, gr'lou, 31. 
Erne, era, 31. 
Eros, e'rSs, C. 
Eroatratua, g-rBs'tra-tiis, C. 
Ersch, grsh, 31. 
Erskine, er'skYn, 31. 
Erycina, gr'Y-sI'na, C. 
Erymanthus, gr'Y-man'thfis, 

a 

Erythea, gr'Y-the'd, or Erithia, 

gr'Y-thl'a, C. 
Erythrae, gr'Y-thre, C. 
Erythroa, g-rYth'ros, C. 
Eryx. e'rYks, C. 
Eryximachus, gr'Yks-Ynr'a-kfis, 

C 
Erz-6ebirge, grts'ge-ber'ge, 31. 
Erzroom, erz-room', 31. 
Esaias, g-za'yas, B. 
Esar-haddon, e'sar-liad'dSn, 

B. 
Esau, e'sa, B. 
Esay, e's'S, B._ 
Escurial, gs-koo-rg-al', 31. 
Esdraelom, gs'dra-e'lSm, B. 
Esdraelon, gs'dra-e'lQn, B. 
Esdras, es'dras or gz'dras, B. 
Esdrelom, gs-dre'lom, B. 
Esdrelon, gs-dre'15n, B. 
Esebon, gs'g-bQn, B. 
Esebrias, g-se'brY-as, B. 
EBek, e'sgk, B. 
Esh-baal, gsh/ba'al, B. 
Eshban, gsh'ban, B. 
Eshcol, gsh'kSl, B. 
Eshean, e'shg-cm, B. 
Eshek. e'shgk, B. 
Eshkalonites, 6sb/ka-15n-Its, 

B. 
Eshtaol, gsh'ta-81, B. 
Eshtaulites, gsh/ta-Ql-Ita or 

Ssh/ta-lits, B. 
Eshtemoh, gsh'tg-mS, B. 
Eshtemora, gsh'tS-mo^ra or 

gsh-tgm'C-ra, B. 
Eshton, gsh/tBn, B. 
Eski Baba, gs'kY ba'ba, 31. 
Eski Sagra. gs'kY sa'gra, 31. 
EBli, gs'ft, B. 
Esneh, gs / ng, 31. 
Esopis, g-so'pYs, C. 
Eflora, g-so'ra, B. 
Espartaro, gs-par-ta/rS, 31. 
EapinasBe, de 1', or Lespinaase, 

de, de lgs'pg'nas', 31. 
Espremesnil, d'. 

d9/pra' / ma' / nel / ', 31. 
Eapronceda, gs-prOn-tha'da, 31. 
Esquilinua, gs'kwY-li'nfia, C. 
EBquilliae, Ss-kwYl'lY-e, C. 
Eaquimalt, gs'kg-malt, 31. 
Esril, gs'rYl, B. 
Earom, gs'rBm, B. 
Eaaeni, gs-se'nl, C. 
Eaaequibo, gs'sa-ke'bS, M. 
Eataing, gs'taN', or d'Estaing, 

dgs't&N', 31. 
Eatampea, d', dft'tCNp', M. 
Este, gs'ta, 31. 
Esterhazy or Eszterhazy, 

gs'tgr-ha/zS, 31. 
Eathaol, gst'hft-51, B. 
Eather, ga'tgr, B. 
Eathonia, gs-tho'nY-a, C. Sf 31. 
Eetiseotia, gs'tY-g-o'tYs, C. 
Efltienne, a-'tY-gn', 31. 



Estremadura, 

gs-trlt-ma-doo'ra, 31. 
Esula, gs'fl-la, C. 
Etam, e't&m, B. 
Etampea, it / tO.\p / ', 31. 
Eteocles, g-te'fi-klez, C. 
Eteoclus, f-tc'rt-kliis, C. 
Eteoneua, e'tf-o'ur-rtB or 

e'te-O'ntis, C. 
Eteaiae, f-te'zhl-r, C. 
Etham, e'tliam, B. 
Ethan, g'tlian, B. & 31. 
Ethanim, gth'a-nTm, B. 
Ethbaal. oth'btt-r,l, B. 
Ethelbald, gthM-lmld, 31. 
Ethelbert, gth'rl-bert. M. 
Ethelred. gth'el-rSd, .)/. 
Ethelwolf. Bth'cl-wdftlf, 31. 
Ether, e'thOr, B. 
Ethiopia, e'thT-o^pt-a, B. 
Ethiopian, e / thl-o / 'pt-an, B. 
Ethma, cth/ma, B. 
Ethnan, gth'nan, B. 
Ethni, gth'ni, B. 
Etienne, Saint, saxt a / t6-gn / ', 

31. 
Etna or .£tna, gfna, 31. 
Etowah, St'O-wA, 31 
Etruria, f-tru'rT-a, 31. If C. 
Etrusci, f-trus'si, C. 
Eu, e, 31. 

Euagetua, u'a-je'tus, C. 
Euagoraa, ti-ag'<5-ras, C. 
Euboea, rt-be'a, C. 
Euboicus. ti-bo'Y-kus, C. 
Eubulides, fl-bu'lT-dez, C. 
Eubulus, fi-bu'lus, B. & C. 
Euclides, tl-kli'dez, C. 
Eucrates, u'kra-tez, C. 
Eucratides, fl-kraft-dez, C. 
Eudaemon, fl-de'mgn, C. 
Eudamidaa, fi-dani'I-das, C. 
Eudamua, u'da-mus or 

fi-da'mus, C. 
Eudemu8, O-de'mus, C. 
Eudicus, u'dl-ktts, C. 
Eudocia, fl-do r shT-a, C. 
Eudocimus, fl-dOs't-mtis, C. 
Eudora, fl-do'i-a, C. 
Eudoxia, fi-dSks'T-a, C. 
EudoxuB, ti-dOks'tts, C. 
Euenor, O-e^nSr, C. 
Euenus, u-e'nus, C. 
Energetae, ti-er'ie'-te', C. 
Euergetes, fl-er'jG-tez, B. 
Eufaula, fl-fala, M. 
Euganei, u-ga'nS-I, C. 
EugeniuB, u-je'nt-us, C. 
Euhemerns, 0-hgm / 'e'-rQs, C. 
Euler, yoo'lgr_; G. oi'ler, 31. 
Eumaens, u-me'Qs, C. 
Eumelua, u-me'lus, C. 
Eumenes, u'mS-nez, B. & C. 
Eumenia, tt-me^nt-a, C. 
Eumenidea, fi-mgn'T-dez, C. 
Eumolpidae, u-mBl'pt-de', C. 
Eumolpua, a-niSKpHs, C. 
Eunapius, ti-na'pt-fis, C. 
Eunatan, u'na-tan, B. 
Eunice, n-ni'sS or u'nTts, B.; 

u-ni'se, C. 
Eunicns, u-ni^kus, C. 
Eunomia, fl-no , 'mY-a, C. 
Eunones, tt-no'nez, C. 
Eunous, u'nS-Hs, C. 
Eunuchus, fi-nu^kus, C. 
Euodias. u-o'dT-ns, B. 
EuonymuB, u-Qn'T-miis, C. 
Eupator, u'pa-t5r, B. & C. 
Eupatoria, u'pa-to'rY-a, C. If 

Eupen, oi'pen, 31. 
Euphaes, u'fa-ez, C. 
Eupheme, a-ie'me - , C. 
Euphiletns, u'fTr-le'tus, C. 
Euphorbue, u-for'bas, C. 
Euphorion, u-fo'rt-Bn, C. 
Euphranor. ft-fra'nSr, C. 
Euphrates, ti-fra'tez, B., C, tr 

31, Turkish Frat, frat, 31. 
Euphron, u'frQn, C. 
Euphroayne, u-frBs'T-nS, C. 
Eupolemus, n-p8K§-mus, B. Sf 

Eupolia, u'pS-lTs, C. 
Euprepe8, u'prg-pez, C. 
Eure, yoor, M. 
Euripides, (l-rtp't-dez, C. 
Euripus, n-rT , pas, C. 
Euroclydon, u-rBk'lt-dSn, B. (f 

Europa. O-ro'pa, C. 
Europaeus, u'rC-pe'fis, C. 
Europas, n-ro'pas, C. 
Europus, n-ro'pus, C. 
Europe, u'rup, M. 
Eurotas, u-ro'tas, C. 
Earns, Q'rQs, C. 
Euryale, n-rt'a-le", C. 
Enryalus, n-rl'a-liis, C. 



Eurybates, O-rtb'a-tiz, C. 
Eurybiades, n-rv-bl'a-dcz, C. 
Eurybotua, ll-rtb'O-tns, C. 
Euryclea, U'rY-kk-'u, C, 
Euryclia, n'rt-klKa, C. 
Eurycoon, u-rTk'ft-On, C. 
Eurycrates, ti-rTk'ra-tez, C. 
Eurydamas, fl-rld'a-mas, C. 
Eurydemus, a'rt-de'mas, C. 
Eurydice, fl-rTd't-sC, C. 
EaryelUB, a'rt-e'lde, C. 
EurymachUB, ft-rTin'a-kris, C. 
Eurymede, wife of Olaucus, 

O-rTm'P-df ; daughter of 

(Eneus, u'rY-me'de", C. 
Enrymedon, u-rTm / 'f-dOn, C. 
Eurymenae, u-rtm'P-nt, C. 
Eurymenes, n-rlm'f-nez, C. 
Eurynomus, n-rtn'O-mfls, C. 
Euryathenea, O-rts'tliS-nez, C. 
Eurystheus, u-rts'thg-Qs or 

fl-rls'thus, C. 
Eurytion, fl-rtsh't-On, C. 
EurytuB, Q'rl-tus, ('. 
Eusebea, u'sg-bez, C. 
Eusebia, a woman, n-se'bt-a ; 

a city, a / 8e"-bl / a, C. 
Eusebius, Ci-se /, bT-us, C. 
EuatathiuB, ti-sta'thl-us, V. 
Eusthenes, us'thC-nez, C. 
Euterpe, (i-ter'pg, C. 
Euthycrates. fi-thtk-'ra-tez, C. 
Euthymenes, n-thtru'e-nez, C. 
Euthymus, n-thi'mfls, C. 
Eutiches, ti-ti'kez, C. 
Eutropius, fl-tro'pY-us, C. 
Eutychua, u'tt-kus, B. & C. 
Euxenidaa, fig-zgn'Y-das, C. 
Euxenon. uks'g-nOn, C. 
Euxine, uks'Yn, 31. 
Euxinus Pontus, uks-I'nQs 

p5n'tfis, C. 
Evadne, g-vad'nS, C. 
Evages, gVa-jez, C. 
Evagoras, f-vag'o-ras, C. 
Evagore, e-vag'fi-rg, C. 
Evander, C-van'dSr, C. 
Evangelus, S-van^jg-lds, C. 
Eve, ev, B. 

Evemerus, t-vgm'g-rfis, C. 
Evenor, g-ve/n6r, C. 
Evenus. <?-ve'ntis, C. 
Evephenus, g-vgi'S-nQs, C. 
Everdingen, ev'er-dTtng-en, 31. 
Evesham, evz'iim or 

evz'hOm, 31. 
Evi, e'vi, B. 
Evil-merodach, 

e'vTl-me-ro'dak, B. 
Evora, gv'o-ra, 31. 
Evreux, gVre', M. 
Ewart, u'ert, 31. 
Ewing, u'Tng, 31. 
Exuma. ggz-u'ma, M. 
Eyck, Ik, 31. 
Eylau, T'lou, 31. 
Eyre, Sr, 31. 
Ezar. e'zar, B. 
Ezbai, gz'bM, B. 
Ezbon. ez'bSn, B. 
Ezechias, gz'g-ki'as, 5. 
Ezecias, gz'g-sl'as, B. 
EzekiaB, gz'g-kl'as, B. 
Ezekiel, g-ze'M-el, B. 
Ezel, e'zel, B. 
Ezem,_e / 'zem, B. 
Ezer, e'zer, B. 
Ezerias, gz'e-ri'as, B. 
Ezias, g-zi'as, B. 
Ezion-gaber, e'zt-5n-ga'bgr, 

B. 
Ezion-geber, e'zY-on-ge'ber,!?. 
Eznite, gz'nit, B. 
Ezra, gz'ra, B. 
Ezrahite, gz'ra-hlt, B. 
Ezri, gz'rT, B. 

, gz r r5n, B. 



P. 

Fabaria, fd-ba'rY-a, C. 
Fabii, fa'bY-I, C. 
Fabius, fa'bY-Qs, C. 
Fabre, fabr, 31. 
Fabretti, fa-brgt'tS, M. 
Fabriano, ia-brS-a''ni5, M. 
Fabricius, fa-brtsh't-tts. C. 
Fabrizio, fa-bret'sC-?!, 31. 
Fabroni, fa-bro r nS, 31. 
Fabyan or Fabian, fa'bY-an, 31. 
Facciolati, fat-chS-la'tS, or 

Facciolato, -la'tO, 31. 
Faenza, fa-gn'zii, 31. 
Faesulae. fgs'n-lg, C. 
Fafnir, faf'ngr, 3f. 
Fahlun = Falun. 
Fahrenheit, fa'ren-hlt, 31. 
Faioom or Faioum = Fatoum. 



Fairbairn, far'biirn, 31. 
Falaiae, lii'laz', .)/. 
Falckenatein, lalk'ken-gtln', 

M. 
Falconer, fak'ngr or 

t:i'kf n-5r, 31. 
Falconet, fal'k.Vnu'. M. 
Faleria, Ja-lg'rl-.i, C. 
Falerii, fu-lS'rt-I, f. 
Falerina, faKC-rl'iia, C. 
FalernuB, lu-lgr'nOe, C. 
Falieri, )u-lC-a'r6, 31. 
Falisci, ia-lYs'Bl, C. 
Faliacua, la-lY^kfis, C. 
Falkirk, fal'kBrk, 31. 
Falkland, fak'land, 31. 
Falmouth, fttl'inuth, 31. 
FalBter, ial'stCr, .>/. 
Falun, fa'looii, 31. 
Faneuil, fun'rl. M. 
Fannia, fan'ni-u. ('. 
Fannii. ian'nY-I. ' . 
Fanniua, ian'nY-us, C. 
Fano, lii'iio, 31. 
Faraday, Jar'a-dSt, 31. 
Farfarus. iar'ia-rus, C. 
Faria-y-Souza, lii-re'a-e-sS'za, 

Farneae, fiir-nez / ' ; 

It. far-na'sa, 31. 

Faro, fa^ro, 31. 

Faroe, ia'rfl or fa'rg-e, 31. 

Farquhar, i'iir r kwar or fiir'kiir, 
If. 

FarB, fars, or Farsistan. 

far-Bfe-tan , 1 3f. 

Fatima, fii-te'ma or fat/g-ma, 
31. 

Faucher, f<Vsha', 31. 

Fauna, fa'na, C. 

Faunus, fa'nfls, C. 

Faunalia, ia-na'lY-a, C. 

Fauquier, f.i-ker', 31. 

Faust, f oust or fast, 31. 

Faustina, fas-ti'na, C. 

Faustulus, fas'tu-ins, C. 

Fauvera, fd-ve'ra, 31. 

Faventia, fa-vgn'shY-a, C. 

Faversham, fav'er-sham, 31. 

Favorinus, fav / o-rI /, ntts, C. 

Favre, fiivr, 31. 

Fayal. fi-al', 31. 

Fayette, fsn&t', 31. 

Fayetteville^fa'gt-vYl, 31. 

Fayoum, fi-oom'', 31. 

Fecamp, f.t'kQx', 31. 

Feciales, fe'shY-a'lez, C. 

Federici, fit-da-re'ehe. 31. 

Fedor, ledger, = Feodor, 31. 

Feejee = Fiji, fe'jg, 31. 

Feith, fit, 31. 

Feliciana, f.5-lg-che-a'na, 31. 

Feliciano, fit-lg-chg-a'nij, 31. 

Felicitas, fg-lYs'Y-tas, C. 

Felix, fe'IYks, B. Sf C. 

F^nelon, fgn'e-lun : 
F. faTi'lON' or fft / ne-l(5N / ', 31. 

Fenris, fen'rYs. If. 

Feodor, fi-o'dCr, 31. 

Feodosia, fS-5-do'sg-a, 31. 

FeraUa, fg-ra'lY-a, V. 

Ferdusi = Firdcsi. 

Ferentinum, feVgn-tl/nHm, C. 

Ferentum, fg-rgn'tum, C. 

Feretrius, fg-re'trY-us, C. 

Fermanagh, fgr-man'd, 31. 

Fermat, fgr / ma / ', 31. 

Fermoy, fer-moi''. 31. 

Fernandina, fer-nan-de'na, 31. 

Ferney, fer'nY or fer-na', 31. 

Feronia, fg-ro'nY-a, C. 

Ferrara, fgr-ra'rii, .)/. 

Ferreira, fgr-rfi-e'rii, 31. 

Ferro, fgr'ro, 31. 

Ferrol, fer-roK, 31. 

Fescennia, fgs-sgn'nY-a, C. 

Fesch, fgsh, 31. 

Festua. fgs'tils, B. 

Feti, fa'te, 31. 

Feuerbach, ioi'er-biik, 31. 

Feveraham, fgv'gr-sham, 31. 

Fezzan, fgz-ziin r , 31. 

Fibrenus, fl-bre'niis, C. 

Fichte. fYk'tc M. 

Fichtelberg, f Yk'tel-bgrg, 31. 

Fichtelgebirge, 

fYk'tel-ge-ber'ge, 31. 

Ficino, ft-che'no, 31. 

Ficulnea. fY-kul'ng-a, C. 

Fidena, ft-de'na, C 

Fidenae, fl-de'nf, C. 

Fides, fl'dez, C. 

Fieschi, fg-gs'kg, 31. 

Fiesole, fygs'C-ia, or Fesole, 
tgs'u-lt. 31 

Figeac, ffzhak', 31. 

Figueras, fg-ira'ras, 31. 

Fiji. Feejee. fe'jC, 31. 

Filippa, FUippl, etc. = Philip- 
pa, PiiiLii'i'i, etc. 



fSrn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
£, Biblical ; C, classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



FINGAL 



996 



GERGESITES 



R 



U 



w 



Fingal |»K, If. 

Fmist^r*. h nT8-t4K, Si. 
Finland, fln'l.nul. M. 
Fiorillo. fl-fr-rCl'lff, Jf. 
Firdausi. ffr-dou'rt, -dusl, f?r- 

ddft's* 
Finnin. ifr'niln, Jf. 
Fiscellus. P.s-sM'lus. ft. 
Fischer. fish 'Or. Jf. 
Fisme. rem, Jf. 
Fitzroy. fus-roi'. If. 
Fiume. re-db'mfc, Jf. 
Flaminia. ri:i-niln'l-;i. ft 
Flaminius. rl:i-mlii'l-us, ft 
Flanders. flan'den, .)/. 
Flandin. ttt.x dta', Jf. 
Flavia. rlu'vi-a. C 
Flavius. nii'vl-fis. ft. 
Flavina. na-vi'na. ft 
Flavinia. ria-vin'Wi. ft. 
Flavona. fta-vCna, ft 
Flechier. 11:1 shl-a'. If. 
Flensburg. riVns'bObrg, Jf. 
Fleury. riO'iv'. .if. 
Flora, flo'ni. ( '. 
Floralia. flr.-ra'lWi. ft 
Florence. MOr'rns : It. Firenze. 

if-rc-nt's-t. Jf. 
Florentia. fift-ren'shY-a, ft 
Flores. rio'rCs, .If. 
Florez, rto'roth. If. 
Floriana. fio'ri-a'na, C. 
Florida. tjor'Y-da. Jf. 
Florus. tlo'rus. ft 
Flotow, flS'tC, Jf 
Fliigel or Fluegel. flu 'gel, Jf. 
Flushing, flashing,' Jr. 
Foggia. iBd'ja, Jf. 
Foglia. ffil'ya, If. 
Fohr. iOr, or Fbhrde, fGr'de, 31. 
Foix. fwa, Jf. 
Folard. fu'lar', Jf. 
Foligno. fS-len'yS, M. 
Fonblanque. ion-blank', Jf 
Fondi. tftn'de", Jf. 
Fonseca. lSn-sa'ka, Jf 
Fontaine. ion-tan', Jf. 
Fontainebleau, i'Ox'ttin'blC, 

Jf. 
Fontanelle. fcWta-neT, Jf. 
Fontanes. Kin'tan'; Jf. 
Fonteius, flJn-te'yfis, ft 
Fontenay. fSrrt'na', -1/. 
Fontenelle. ioxt'nCK, Jf 
Fontenoi, lon-re-noi' ; 

F. ffixt'nwa', Jf. 
Forbes. Eng., f6rbz ; Scot., 

for'bez. Jf. 
Forbin. foVbtor', Jf. 
Forcellini, for-chel-le'n5, Jf. 
Fordyce, for-dls', Jf. 
Forli. iOr-le', Jf. 
Formentera. fSr-rnPn-ta'ra, 31. 
Formis. for'mY-e, ft 
Formosa, fSr-mo'sa, 31. 
Forshey, for'shY, 31. 
Forster or Foerster, fSr'stSr, 

Jf. 
Forsyth. fdr-slth', Jf. 
Fortescue, for'tPs-ku, Jf. 
Fortoul, foVtflol', Jf. 
Fortuna. fOr-tu'na, ft. 
Fortunatus, foVtO-na'tus, B. 

& ft 
Foruli, f6Vn-lT, C. 
Forum, fo'rum, ft. 
Fosbroke, fHs'brfi&k, 31. 
Foscari. ioVka're", 31. 
F03Chini. ifis-ke'ni-, Jf. 
Foscolo. Rfe'kft-10, Jf. 
Fossano, fSs-sa'nft, 31. 
Fossati, fbs-sa'tS, Jf. 
Fothergill, fbWSr-gYl, 3T. 
Fothenngay, foWer-Yn-ga', Jf. 
Foucault, ioT/ko', Jf 
Fouche, foo'sha', Jf. 
Foucher, foc/sha', Jf. 
Fougeres, for/zhar', Jf. 
FouliB. fou'lYs; Scot, foulz, 31. 
Foulques. look, 31. 
Fouqu<*. foVkS', Jf. 
Fourche la Fave, foorsh la 

lav'. Jf. 
Fourier, f<So , rt-€r ; F. fcx/rS-a', 

31. 
Founder. fd&T / nW, Jf. 
Fowey, fo'f. Jf 
Foyers or Fyers. fl'Srz, Jf. 
Fracastoro. fra-kae-tCrtt, 31. 
France, frftni i /•'. frBHe, Jf. 
Francesca. fran-cMsIca, Jf. 
Franche Comte. 

frH\*h tint'or, 31. 
Francia, fran's&a; Sp.&kaf- 

t. fran'cha, Jf. 
Francois. frBii'm 
Franconia, fran-kfi'nr-a, 3f. 
Frankenstein, frank'en-stln, 

Frankenthal, frank''-n-tal, Jf 



Frankfort. frarjk'fFrt : 

( ■ . Frankfurt, t 'rank'fflhrt, 31. 
Franz, trains. .1/. 
Franzenbad. nrfots'an-bat, .V. 
Frascati. rriis-ka'tC, 31. 
Fraunhofer. fronn'n0-f8r ( Jf. 
FrausUdt. frou'stat, Jf 
Fregella. nr-iM'la. ft 
Freiberg, M / b«rg, 31. 
Freiburg, f rl'bBrg or f rl'-bOSrg, 

Freiiigrath. frt'lc-g'riit', Jf. 

Freinsheim. frlns'nlm, Jf 

Freising. Wzlng, or Freising- 
en, frl'stng-en, if. 

Freistadt. fri'stiit. Jf 

Frejus. ira'zluis', Jf. 

Frelinghuysen. 

frelTng-bl'zwi, Jf 

Fremont, fiO-mOnt'; F. Fre- 
mont. frit'moN^, 31. 

Frentani, frCn-ta'nJ, C. 

Freron, inVrON', 31. 

Fresnel, fra'ntl', Jf. 

Freund, iroint, 31. 

Frey, tri, Jf. 

Freytag. fri'tiig, Jf. 

Friedland, iret'lant, Jf. 

Fries, ires, Jf. 

Friesland L irez'Irrnd ; Vries- 
land, fres'lant, Jf. 

Frio, fre'o, Jf. 

Frisch, frtsh, Jf. 

Frische Haff, frtsh'c haf , Jf. 

Frisi. fre'sS, Jf 

Frisii, frTzh'T-I, C. 

Friuli. fiC-oo'le, 31. 

Frobisher. fi5b'Tsh-5r, Jf. 

Frodsham. frSd'sham, Jf. 

Froissart, frois'sart ; 

F. frwa'sar', Jf. 

Frontenac, frOn't«?-nak, or F. 
ii-r.N't,-nak', Jf 

Frontinus,J'r5n-ti'nus, ft 

Froude, frood, Jf. 

Fucinus, fu'sT-nus, C. 

Fuentes, fwgn'tgs, Jf. 

Fuertaventura. 

fw6r'ta-v?n-t6o'ra, Jf. 

Fugalia. fu-ga'lT-a, C. 

Fulda. fd&Kda, Jf 

Fulton, foOl'tun, Jf. 

Fulvia. fnKvY-a, C. 

Fulvius. ffiKvY-us, C. 

Funchal, foon-shal', Jf. 

Fundanus, fun-da'ntis, C. 

Fiinen, fu'nen, Jf. 

Fiinfkirchen. funf kerk'en, Jf. 

Furiae, fu'rr-e ;" Furii, -Y-i, C. 

Furina, fu-ri'na, C. . 

Furius. fa'rt-tts, ft 

Furneaux, fur'no', 31. 

Furnes, turn, Jf. 

Furnius, iClr'nT-vis, C. 

Furruckabad, l'ur / ruk-a-bad'', 
Jf. 

Fiirth, furt, Jf. 

Fuseli, fa'se-H ; GSiviss Fuess- 
li, fus'ie, Jf. 

Fusia,' fu'shY-a, ft 

Fusius, fu'shY-us, ft 

Fyers = Foyers. 31. 

Fyzabad, fl'za-bad' - , Jf. 



G. 

Gabala, gab'a-la_, ft 
Gabalez, gab'a-lez, ft 
Gabatha, Gabbatha, 

gab'ba-tha, B. 
Gabii, Ra'bY-T, ft 
Gabinia, ?a-bYn r Y-a, ft 
Gabinius, ga-bYn/Y-ne, ft 
Gabinus, ga-bi'ntis, ft 
Gabriel. ?a'brY-d, B. 
Gadara, gad'a-ra, B. Sf ft 
Gades, ga'dez, ft 
Gaditanus.gad'Y-ta'nfis, ft 
Gaea, je'a, C. 

Gaertner, Gartner, gorfnSr, Jf. 
Gaeta, ga-a'tii, Jf. 
Gaetuli, jf-tu'Il, ft 
Gaetulia, JS-ta'It-a. ft 
Gagern, sa'gcrn, 31. 
Gagnier, gan'yS', Jf. 
Gaham, jra'hnm, B. 
Gahar. jra'har, B. 
Gail, gal or ga'5, Jf 
Gaillard, &fjm r t Jf 
Gaillon. ya'yoN^, Jf. 
Gainsborough, ganz'bur-rti, Jf. 
Gairloch, Kar'lOk, Jf. 
Gaius, ga'yfls, B. Sf ft 
Gakoko, ga-k8'k8, Jf. 
Galaad, gftl'a-ttd, /!. 
Galal. jra'iai. B. 
Galanthis. t'a-lan'thYs, ft 
Galapagos, j^aKa-pa-'gOs, Jf. 



Galashiels, tral'a-slielz', Jf. 
Galatse. gM'ii-tO, ('. 
Galatea, gU'a-tS'a, ft 
Galatia. gii-la'slil-a, B. S? ft 
Galatians, ga-lS'ehanz, B. 
Galatz, fiii'liits, .)/. 
Galeed. gal'f-fd, B. 
Galen, gfilSn, 31. 
Galena, ga-le'na, Jf. 
Galenus. ga-le'nfls, ft 
GaleriuB, ga-16'rY-Qs, ft 
Galesus, ga-lS'sfis, ('. 
Galgala, gal'ga-la, B. 
Galiani, ga-lC-a'ne, Jf 
Galicia, jid-lYsh'Y-a. .)/. 
Galien, gllY-aN'', .)/. 
Galignani. gii-len-yii'iif, 31. 
Galilaea. uil'T-lCa, C. ; Galilaean 

or Galilean, -le'an, ft 
Galilee, gal'Y-16, 11. 
Galileo, gal'Y-le'o ; 



It. ga-lC-la'C, 31. 
J. gal. Jf. 
Galland, gal'lON', Jf. 



Gall, gal, G?. gal, 



Gallatin, galla-tYn, Jf. 
Gallaudet. gal-la-det', Jf. 
Gallegos. gal-yS'gSs. Jf. 
Gallia, gaPlY-a, ft 
Gallicus, gal'lY-kHs, ft 
Gallienus. slll'lY-e'nus, C. 
Gallim, sral'lTm, B. 
Gallio. gll'lY-8, K. 
GaUipoli. gal-lYp'O-lY, Jf. 
Gallipolis. gal-lYp'6-Ws, ft ,• 

Ohio, gaKlY-po-lYs', 31. 
Gallograecia, gal'lo-gre'shY-a, 

Galloway. gaKlo-wit. Jf. 
Galluzi. gaWobt'se", Jf 
Galluzo, gal-loofsd, Jf. 
Gait, salt, Jf. 
Galvani, gal-va'nt, Jf. 
Galveston, gfiKves-tun, Jf. 
Galway, gaKwa - , Jf. 
Gamael, gam'it-el, B. 
Gamaliel. sra-ma r lY-el, B. 
Gambia. gam'M-a, Jf. 
Gamelia. ga-me'lY-d, ft 
Gammadims, gam^ma-dYmz, 

Gamul, ga'mul, B. 
Ganchu, gan^choo, Jf. 
Gand. g5x, Jf. 
Ganesa, ga-na'sa, H. 
Gangaridas. san-gar / 'Y-d?, ft 
Ganges, gan'jez ; Hind. ~ 

Gango, gan'gfi, Jf. 
Ganymede, gan'Y-me'dS, ft 
Ganymedes, gan'Y-me'dez, ft 
Gap, gap, Jf. 
Gapetch, gii'pes, Jf. 
Gar, gar, B. 

Garamantes, gar'a-man'tez 
C. 



Garcia, Sp. gar-the'a ; 

Pg. giir-se^a, Jf. 
Garcias. gar-the'a?, Jf. 
Garcilaso, gar-thf-la'sS, Jf 
Gard, gar, 31. 
Garda, gar'da, Jf 
Gardanne, gar'dan', 31. 
Gardiner, gard'nSr, Jf. 
Gardon, gar'doN', Jf. 
Gareb, ga'rSb, B. 
Garenganze, ga / ren-gan / 'ze, Jf. 
Garfagnana. gar-fan-ya'na, Jf. 
Garganus. gar-ga^nfls, ft 
Gargaphia, gar-ga / 'iY-a, ft 
Gargarus, gar-ga'rus, ft 
Garibaldi, gar-Y-baKdY or 

ga-rt-baKdf , 31. 
Garigliano, ga-rfl-ya'no, Jf. 
Garizim, gar't-ztm, B. 
Garmite, gar'mtt, B. 
Garofalo, ga-ro'fa-lo, Jf. 
Garonne, ga'rtln', Jf. 
Gartner = Gaertxer. Jf. 
Garumna, ga-runr'na, ft 
Gasconade. gas'koJiad', Jf. 
Gascony, gaw'ko-nY, Jf. 
Gascoygne or Gascoigne, 

gas-koin', Jf. 
Gashmu, gash'mu, B. 
Gasparin, gas'pa-rYn or 

gas / pa / r5N / ', Jf. 
Gaspe, gas'pjt'', Jf. 
Gasse, '.r;i>'sr', Jf 
Gassendi, gas-seu'de, Jf. 
Gataker, gat/a-ker, Jf. 
Gatam. ga'tain, B. 
Gath. gSth, B. 

Gath-hepher, gathlie'fSr, B. 
Gath-rimmon, gath'rYm'mOn, 

B. 
Gatteaux, giit / to / ', Jf. 
Gau, eS or gou, Jf. 
Gaubel, g.VbeK, Jf. 



Gaugamela, gn'ga-me'lA. ft 
Gaulthier, 7'., gr/tC-a' : G. 

goul'tBr, 31. 
Gaulus, ga'lus, ft 
Gaurus, ga'rfls, ft 
Gauss, gous, if. 
Gauthier, Gautier. gS'tP-a', Jf. 
Gavarni, ga / var / n5 ? , 31. 
Gavazzi, ga-viit'sf, .1/. 
Gaveston. gav'ps-ttin, Jf. 
Gay-Lussac, git'liit-'siik', Jf, 
Gaza, ga'za, B. 
Gazara. ga-z5'ra, /). 
Gazathites, gS'zath-Its, B. 
Gazer, ga'zBr, B. 
Gazera. ga-zS'ra, B. 
Gazez, ffa'zez, B. 
Gazites, ga'zlts, B. 
Gazzam, gaz'zam, B. 
Geant, zha'ON', Jf. 
Geba, ge'ba, B. 
Geauga, ie-a'ga, Jf. 
Gebal, ge'bai; B. 
Geber, ge'ber, B. 
Gebim, ge'bYrn, B. 
Ged, frPd, Jf. 
Gedaliah, gCd-a-U'd, B. 
Geddes, gM'des, Jf. 
Geddur. ggd'dSr, B. 
Gedeon, gPd'S-Bn, B. 
Geder. ge'der, B. 
Gederah, gf-de'ra, B. 
Gederathite, ggd'e-rath-It, B. 
Gederite. ggd't-rit, B. 
Gederoth. gS-dg'rSth, B. 
Gederothaim, gPd'e-rOth-a'Ym, 

B. 
Gedor. ge'dor, B. 
Gedrosia. je-dro'shY-a, ft 
Geefs. gafs, Jf. 
Geel. hal, Jf 
Geelong. gS'lSng', Jf. 
Gefle, yev'lit, Jf. 
Gehazi. gS-ha'zI, B. 
Gehenna,_ge-hen r na, B. 
Geiger, ginger, Jf. 
Geijer, vT'ei-, Jf. 
Gela, ie'la, ft 
Gelderland. Ii?Kd5r-lant or 

ggKder-land, 3f. 
Gelders or Guelders, ggl'derz, 

Jf 
Gel e, zhe-la'. Jf. 
Geleloth. geKS-lOth, B. 
Gelia. jc-il r a, ft 
Gell, jtl, Jf. 
Gellert, g.'Klert, Jf. 
GelUus, iel'lY-us, ft 
Gelo, je'lo ; Gelon, je'lOn, ft 
Geloni. je-lo'ni, ft 
Gemalli, ge-maKlT, B. 
Gemariah, ggm-a-rl'a, B. 
Gemini, jem'Y-ni, ft 
Geminius, jS-mYn'Y-us, ft 
Geminus, jgm'Y-niis, ft. ; the as- 
tronomer, jS-ml'niis, Jf. 
Genauni, je-na'nl, ft 
Genesareth, se-ngs'a-reth, B. 
Genese, jgn'e-sf, ft 
Genesee, jgn-f-se', Jf. 
Geneseo, jgn'f-se'G, Jf. 
Genesis, jgn'S-sYs, B. 
Genet, je-net' or zh'na', Jf. 
Genetor, .ign'f-tOr, ft 
Geneva, jf-ne'va or jgn^-va, 

ft ,• jf-ne'va, Jf ,• F. Geneve, 

zhe-nav'; G. Genf, eanf, Jf. 
Gengis, or Jengis, Khan, 

.ign'gYs kan or -kgn, Jf. 
Genii or Jenil, ha-neK, Jf. 
Genius, je'nl-ns, ft 
Genlis. zhQx'le'. Jf. 
Gennesar, gSn-ne'siir, B. 
Gennesaret, gfii-nf s r a-ret, B. 
Genneus, ggn-ne'us, B. 
Genoa, i6n r f.-a, ft «,- Jf . ; It. 

Genova, jPn'fi-va, Jf. 
Genovesi, jft-no-va'zt, Jf. 
Genseric, iPn'ser-Tk, Jf. 
Gensonne. zhQx / so / na r , Jf. 
Gentius, jen'shT-iis, ft 
Genua, .ien'ri-a, ft 
Genubath. gt-nu'bath, B. 
Genusus, jen'u-stJs, ft 
Geoffroy, Eng. jPf'fn ; F. Geof- 

froy or Geoffroi, zhOf / frwa / ', 

31. 
Geon. ge'Sn, B. 
Georgia, j6r'jY-a. Jf. 
Georgica. jt-or'jY-ka, ft 
Gera, ga'ra, Jf. 
Gera, Gerah. ge'ra, B. 
Gerando^ zhe-rSx'do', Jf. 
Gerar, ge'riir, B. 
Gerard, jgr'erd or jr-rard' ; F. 

G'rard, zh^rar', Jf. 
Gerbier, zhfVb?-a', Jf. 
Gerda, gfr'da, N. 
Gergesenes. ggr'gP-senz, B. 
GergeBites, gci-'gC-sits, B. 



a, e, I, o, u, long: 
B, Biblical ; 



3,, 6, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final, 
ft, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



GERGOVIA 



997 



GUR-BAAL 



Gerg«via, jgr-gCvt-a, C. 
Gerizim. ggr'T-zIni, /-'. 
Germania, jCr-ma'nt-a, C. 
Germanicus, jfr-maii'T-kiis, C. 
Germanii. jEr-ma' nT-T, ('. 
Germanus, jOr-mu'ntis, C. 
Germany.jrr'imi-nY, 31. 
Gerona, hS'rft-na, .)/. 
Geronthrae, jB-ron'tbrS, C. 
Gerrhenians, gBr-rB'nl-onz, B. 
Gerry, ger'rf, 31. 
Ger8, zbfr, 31. 
Gershom, gOr'shnm, B. 
Gershon, sC'i-'sl^n, B. 
Gerson, F. zbCVsux' ; 

G. ger'sftn, 31.; gCr'son, B. 
Gervais. zhBr y v5', S. 
Gervaise, zheVvaz', 31. 
Geryon. je'rl-Sn, C. 
Geryones, jf-rT'6-nez, C. 
Gerzites, ger'ztts, B. 
Gesem, ge'sfm, B. 
Gesenius, gu-se'nT-tt.s ; 

G. gft-za'nC-otJs, 31. 
Gesham. ge'sbam, B. 
Geshem, ge'shPin, B. 
Geshur. go'sheY, B. 
Geshuri.>Csh'u-ri, B. 
Geshuritea, ggsh'fi-rits, B. 
Gesner, gCs'ner, .1/. 
Gessler. geVler, M. 
Gessoriacum, jeVso-ri / 'a-kum, 

Geta, je'ta : Gets, je'te', C. 

Gether, ge'ther, B. 

Gethsemane, ggth-sPm'a-ne', B. 

Gettysburg. sct'Tz-bSrg, 31. 

Getulia, jf-tu'lT-a, C. 

Geuel, ge-u r 61, B. 

Gex, zhgks, 31. 

Geysers, gi'sgrz, 31. 

Gezer. ge'ze'r, B. 

Gezrites, gSz'rits, B. 

Ghadamis, ga-da/mls, M. 

Ghauts, gats, M. 

Gheel, gal, 31. 

Ghent, gent ; F. Gand, gSx, 

31. 
Ghiberti. gT-b?r'te, 31. 
Ghirlandajo. ge^-lan-da'yo, 31. 
Ghoolghoola, gool-goola, 31. 
Giah, gi'a, B. 
Gibbar, gtb'bar, B. 
Gibbethon, glb'be-thon, B. 
Gibbon, glb'brtn, 31. 
Gibbs, gtbz, 31. 
Gibea. Gibeah, gTb'g-a, B. 
Gibeath. ^b'e-atb, B. 
Gibeathite, gTb-'f-ath-It, B. 
Gibeon. glb^-fin, B. 
Gibeonite, gTtb'e-un-it, B. 
Giblites, glVlits, B. 
Gibraltar, jl-bral'ter ; 

Sp. he-bral-tar', 31. 
Gibson. gTb'sun, 31. 
Giddalti, gld-dal'ti, B. 
Giddel. gtd'dei. B. 
Gideon. gYd'f-Rn, B. 
Gideoni, gYd'e-o'ni, B. 
Gidom, gi/d5m, B. 
Giessen. ges's?n, 31. 
Gifford, gYfferd and jtf'fSrd, 

31. 
Gigantes. jt-gan'tez, C. 
Gignac, zhen'ysik/, 31. 
Gignoux, zhen'yoo', 31. 
Gihon, gl'hOn, B. 
Gjjon, lie-hon', 31. 
Gijona, he'-ho'na, 31. 
GUa. he'lii, 31. 
Gilbert, glKbgrt, 31. 
Gilboa, gtl-bo'a or gfl'b5-a, B. 

&• M. 
Gilchrist, gtt'krfst, 31. 
Gilead. irlK?-ad, B. &r M, 
Gileadite, gYl'B-ad-it, B. 
Gileai, gtl%S, B. 
Giles, iilz, 31. 
Gillillan, gYl-fYl'l«n, M. 
Gilford, gfl'ferd, 31. 
Gilgal, gYl'g&l, B. 
GUIes. zhel, 31. 
Gillespie, gYl-lPs'pg, 31. 
Gillot, zhe'vo', 31. 
Gillott, gfl'ttt, 31. 
Gillray, glKrS, 31. 
Gilly, zhCye', 31. 
Gilman, gTKman, 31. 
Gilmore, gYl'mor, 31. 
Giloh, gi18. B. 
GUolo. ht-lo'ln, 31. 
Gilonite, gi'lon-it, B. 
Gilpin, gYl'pYn. M. 
Gimzo, gYm'zo, B. 
GinambanBa, jYn'iim - ban'sa, 

31. J 

Ginath, gl'nath, B. 
GinguenS, zhax'gp-na'', 31. 
Ginnetho, gYn'nt-thS, B. 
Ginnethon, gYn'ng-thBn, B. 



Ginungagap, g5-noon'ga-gap : 

Gioberti. JO-bBr'tB, .)/. 
Giocondo. jft-kSn'afl, 31. 
Gioja or Gioia, 18'ya, .)/. 
Giordano, joi-dii'nO, .)/. 
Giorgione. ifir-jo'ua", 31. 
Giotto, iat'to, 31. 
Giovanni. j8-van'n£ l 31. 
Giovio, jo'vt-rt, 31. 
Girard, jl-riird' ; F. zhC'riir'. 

Girardin, zh^riir'dax', 31. 
Giraud. zhCrO'. 31. 

Girgashite, ger'ga-slilt, B. 
Girgasite, ger'ga-BIt, />. 
Girjeh or Djirdjeh, jer'iC, 31. 
Girjenti, y T-jGii'te, 31. 
Girodet Trioson, zhe'rO'da' 

trP'r/zON'. 31. 
Gironde. zhC'rfiNd', 31. 
Gisborne, glz'bern, 31. 
Gispa, gTs'pii, li. 
Gita Nzege, je'ni 'nze'g?, 31. 
Gitschin or Giczin, glch'Tn, 31. 
Gittah-hepher, git'ta-he'fgr, 

Gittaim, gTt'tit-Tm, B. 
Gittite, gW'tlt, B. 
Gittith^glt'tith, B. 
Giulio 



_ iob'le-5 rC-ma'no, 31. 
Gizeh, ge'ze, 31. 
Gizonite, gi'zfi-nite, B. 
Gizrites, glz'rits, B. 
Gjoll or Gjol, gvel, 31. 
Gladiatorii Ludi, 

glad'T-a-to'rl-I la'dl, C. 
Glamorganshire, 

gla-mSr'gan-shgr, M. 
Glaphyra, glal'l-ra, C. 
Glarus, giar"o6s, 31. 
Glasgow, glas'go, 31. 
Glastonbury, glas'Qn-bSr-t, 31. 
Glatz, glats, 31. 
Glauber, gla'ber or glou"b5r, 

Glauchau, glou'kou, 31. 
Glaucopis, gla-ko'pts, C. 
Glaucus. gla'kus, C. 
Gleig, gleg, 31. 
Gleim. irllm. 31. 
Gleiwitz, gll'vlts, 31. 
Glendower, glPn'dou-er, 31. 
Glenelg, gI6n-elg', 31. 
Glogau. slo^gou, 31. 
Gloucester. glOs'ter, 31. 
Glover, gluv'er, 31. 
Gluck, gl'6t>k, -If. 
Gliick, pluk, 31. 
Gliickstadtgluk'stat, 31. 
Gmelin, gma'lln, 31. 
Gmir, gmer, X. 
Gmiind, gmunt, or Gmiinden, 

gmun'den', 31. 
Gmund, gmot>nt, 31. 
Gneisenau, gni'z^-nou, 31. 
Gnidus, ni'dus, B. Sr C. 
Gnossia, nQs'shT-a, C. 
Goath. go'ath, B. 
Gob, g5b, B. 
Gobay, go'bit, 31. 
Gobelin, gQb'e-lTn ; 

F. gSbaaN', 31. 
Godavery, gft-da'ver-f, 31. 
Godolphin, gS-dOKfTn, 31. 
Godunov, Godounov, or Go- 

dunow, go-doo-n5f ', 31. 
Goes. hot>s. 31. 
Goethe = Gothe, 31. 
Gog, g8g,_fi. 
Gojam, go-iam', 31. 
Golan, go'lan, B. 
Golconda, gSl-kSn'da. 31. 
Goldberg, golfb?rg, 31. 
Goldoni. gol-do'n$, 31. 
GoldBchmidt, golt'shmtt, 31. 
Goldsmith, gord'smTth, 31. 
Golgotha, gfiKgo-tha, B. 
GoUath, go-lT'ath, B. 
Golitzin, go-let'sln. M. 
Golnow, gBKnSv, 31. 
Gomara, gS-raa'ra, M 
Gombroon, g5m-broon', 31. 
Gomer, go'raer, B. 
Gomera, gS-ma'ra, 31. 
Gomes, go'mSs, 31. 
Gomez, go'meth, M. 
Gomorrah, Gomorrha. 

gfi-mSr'ra, B. 
Gonaives, g(5 / na-e\"'o/-g3 / nIv / ', 

31. 
Gonatus, giS-na'tos, C. 
Goncalo= Goxzalo. 
Gondar. gOn'diir, 31. 
Gondokoro. g5n'di , 5-k5 / 'r6, M. 
Gondola, gRn'dS-la, M. 
Gonja. gon'ia, 31. 
Gonzaga, gtfn-zii'ga, 31. 
Gonzalez, g0n-za'l6s, 31. 



Gonzalo, gBn-th&nO, 31. 

Goochland,_gix)ch''l'/ud, 31. 
Goomty, gdom'tT, 31. 
Gordianus, gBr'dt-tt'ntt*, C. 
Gordius. eOKdl-OB, C. 
Goree, gvit,', 31. 
Gbrgei or Gbrgey, g5r r gft; G. 

gCr'gl, 31. 
Gorges, gor'iBz, 31. 
Gorgias, g8r'it-ae, B. Sf C. 
Gorgona. gOr'gCi-na, C. 
Gorgones, gSr'gO-nBz, C. 
Gorgonia. gor-gS'nl-a 
GorgoniuB, gOr-go'nT-u.s. ('. 
Gorgonifera, gor / g0-nli , 8-ra, 

Gorgopas. gSr-gS'pos, C. 
Gorgophone. gor-gofo-nB, C. 

Gorgophonus.gOr-^ofo-iiab.C'. 
Gorgopi8. gOr-gS'pto, C. 
Gbrlitz. tfCr'lTts, .)/. 
Gortchakov, Gortchakow. or 

Gortchakoff. gdr^cha-kfif, 31. 
Gortyna, gfir-tT'na, JS. If C. 
Gortyne, gSr-tl'ne, B. if C. 
Gortz, gt-rts, 31 
Goshen, gO'shcn, B. Sr M. 
Gosselin. gBs'lftN', 31. 
Gotha, go'ta, 31. 
Gothe or Goethe, ge"te, 31. 
Gothenburg. g5t'cn-bSrg, 31. 
Gothi, go'thl, C. 
Gothland, gBth'Iand, 31. 
Gotholias, gQth'o-h'as, B. 
Gothoniel, gft-thBn't-el, B. 
Gbttingen, geftlng-cn, 31. 
Gouda, gou'da: D. hou'da, 31. 
Gough, g8f or gof. 31. 
Goujon, go(/z]io-v r , 31. 
Goulard, gcn/lard' or goo'lar'', 

31. 
Gould, goold,_J/. 
Gourgaud, gpor'go'', 31. 
Gournay, goor'na', 31. 
Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, 

gob / vT-6x / -sax / -ser / ', 31. 
Gower, gou'er or gor, 31. 
Goyaz, go-yaz', 31. 
Goyen, gwT'en, 31. 
Gozan, go'zan, B. 
Gozzi, gSt'sS, 31. 
Gozzo, gOt'sO, 31. 
Gozzoli, gSt'sn-ie, 31. 
Graaf. gra_f . 31. 
Graba, gra'ba, B. 
Gracias a Dios, 

gra'se-as a dS-os', 31. 
Graciosa. gra-sB-o'sa, 31. 
Gradivus, gra-di^Tls, C. 
Graecia, gre'shl-a, C. 
Graeme, gram, 31. 
Graets or Grats, grgts, 31. 
Grafenhausen. 

gra'fen-hou'zen, 31. 
Grammontr gram'mox', 31. 
Grampians, g-raui^pl-anz, 31. 
Gran, gran, 31 
Granada, grii-na/da, M. 
Granadilla, gra-na-deKyii, 31. 
Grandpre. grSx'pra', 31. 
Granger, gran'jgr : 

F. srHy'zha.', 31. 
Granicus. gra-nl / ktts, C. 
Grantham, arant'mn, M. 
Granville, U. 5., gran'vtl ; F. 

srr5x / veK, 31. 
Grass e, gras, 31. 
Gratiae, gra_fsht-?, C. 
Gratian. gra'eM-fin, C. 
Gratianus, gra'shT-a'nus, C. 
Gratiot, grHsh'T-ut, 31. 
Gratius. gra'sliI-Qs, C. 
Grattan, graft'n, 31. 
Gratz or Graetz, gr6ts, 31. 
Grau. gron, 31. 
Graubiindten, grou^bunt-en, 

3f. 
Graudentz, grou 'dents, 31. 
Graun, groun, 31. 
Graus, grous, 31. 
Gravelines, grav^len', 31. 
Gravelot, grav'lo'', 31. 
Gravesend, gravz'end, 31. 
Gravina. gra-ve'Tiii. 31 
Graziani, griit-sf-a'ne, 31. 
Greaves, grevz, M. 
Grebenstein, gra'ben-stln, 31. 
Grecia, gre'sht-a, B. Sf C. 
Gredr, srre'der. X. 
Greece, gres. B. &- 31. 
Greenough, gren^o, 31. 
Greenwich, gren'wTcb. or 

grln'tj, 31. 
Gregorius, grf-go'rT-its, C. 
Greuswalde, grlfs'wal-de, 31. 
Grenada, gre-na'da, a W. In- 
dian island {not Granada, in 

Spain), 31. 
Grenoble, gre-no'b'l, 31. 
Gresham, gresh'tim, M. 



Greaset, greVs-a', 31. 
Gr^try. grS'tre', 31. 
Gretach, grC-tch, 31. 
Greve. gra'vt, 31. 
Greville or Grevile, gr.'Vtl, 31 
Griesbach, grBs'bilk, 31. 
Griesheim, grSs'hlm, 31 
Grimaldi. grr-n.UK.lf. 31. 
Grindelwald. grTn'del-vilt 7 , 31. 
Grinnell. grX'nBl', .'/. 
Griqualand. gr^'k^a-Laud, 31. 
Grisi. grB'iB, .)/. 
Griaons, gn* z,-,n', .v. 
Grocyn, grO'sln. .)/. 
Groningen, bro'ning-hen, 31. 
Gronov, grtJ'nOv, 31. 
Groot, grot, 31. 

Gross Glogau. grO* glo'gou. 31. 
Grosswaraein, grOs-war'dtn, 

31. 
Grosvenor. gr6'ven-8r, 31 
Grotius, gm r .shT-ns, 31. 
Groton. grOfn. 31. 
Grouchy. grdo-ehB', 31. 
Griinberg, grnn'bBrg, .)/. 
Gruter, groo'ter, 31. 
Gryneus, Apollo, grT-ne^as ; a 

Centaur, grl'nC-u.- or 

grl'nus, C. 
Guadalajara, gwa-da-lu-liU'ra, 

Guadaloupe, ga'da-ldop', 31. 
Guadalquivir, gwa-dal-kg-ver', 

31. 
Guadalupe, ga-da-loop' ; Sp. 

gwa-da-loo'pa. 31. 
Guadiana, gwii-df-ii'iiii, 31. 
Gualeguay, gwa-Ut-gwa-S', 31. 
Gualeguaychu. 

gwa-lit-gwl-shoo', 31. 
Gualteriua. ga'ai-te'ri-f^, C 
Guanahani. gwa-na-ha''ne, M. 
Guanajuato or Guanaxuato, 

gwa'na-hwa'tC, 31. 
Guancavelica, gwan-ka-v3-le'- 

ka= Hcaxcavelica, 31. 
Guanches, gwiin'chez, 31. 
Guarda. gwar'da, 31 
Guardafui, gwar'da-fwC or 

gar'da-fwS', M. 
Guarini, gwa-re'nf, 31 
Guaso. gwii'zo, 31 
Guastalla, gwas-tal'lii. 31. 
Guatemala, ga-t^-mii'la ; Sp. 

gwa-tft-ma'la, 31. 
Guatemoc, gwa'tS-rnQk, 31 _ 
Guatemozin, gwa-tS-iuOt'sen, 

31. 



gwf-a'ma. 31. 
Guayaquil, gwi'ii-kel'. 31. 
Guaymas. gwl'mas, 31. 
Guayra, gwT'ra, 31. 
Guben, goo'ben, 31. 
Gudin, gu'dax', 31. 
Gudrun. good , r6t)n. X. 
Guelderland. gel'der-land = 

Geldeklaxd. 31. 
Guelders, geKderz = Gelders, 

31. 
Guelph, gw?lf ; It. Guelfo, 

gwgKf8, 31. 
Guercino. gwe'r-che'nO, 31. 
Gu^ret. git'ra', 3f. 
Guericke. ga'rTk-*', 31. 
Gu^rin. ga'rax', 31. 
Guernsey, gern'zl, 31. _ 
Gueroult, ge-roo' or groo. 31. 
Guglielmi. gool-yel'm?, 31. 
Guglielmo. gool-yBl'mfi, 31. 
Guiana or Guyana, ge-a'na. 31. 
Guicciardini. 

gwft-chiir-de , nf, 31. 
Guicowar. gwTk'o-wer. 31 
Guidi. gwe'df . 31. 
Guido Reni, gwe'do ra'ne, M. 
Guienne. gP'en'', 31. 
Guignes, gen. 31. 
Guignon. gBn'yftw', 31 
Guildford.Guiiford.gtt'fe'rd, M. 
Guinea. gTn'P. If. 
Guingamp. gax'gOx'', 31. 
Guiot, g<?'o', 31. 
Guipuzcoa, gf-pooth-'ko-a, M. 
Guiscard, gf s'tiir', 31. 
Guise, gez. 3l._ 

Guizot. gwf'zo'' or g? / zo / ', 31. 
Guierat, gooi-er-af, 31. 
Gulielmus, gu'lT-el'mas, C. 
Gulltoppr, gooKtBpr, N. 
Gumba. guin'ba, 31. 
Gumbinhen, got>ni-bTn''nen, M. 
Gundwana, gQnd-wii'na, 31. 
Guni, gu'nl, B. 
Gunites, ga'nltz, B. 
Gunnar, giiii'iiar, JV. 
Gunst, gofinst. 31. 
Gunther. gun'ter. 31. 
Guntzburg,'gunts / 'bdorg, M. 
Gur, g?r,7i. ' 
Gur-baal, ger'ba'al, B. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, don. 
B, Biblical; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; 3f, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



GURHWAL 



998 



HENIOCHI 



R 



U 



W 



Onrhwal. ?ftrw 
Gustrow. cus'trftv. Jr. 
Out«nberg. £iW*n-berg, 21. 
Guthrie. rtth'rt, >/. 
Guyandott. gt-ttn-d&t', .V. 
Guyon, pl'ttn or gC to', -If. 

>'. .1/. 
GuytonMorveau. 

g? tC'N'niiir vC>', 31. 
Guzerat. gaoa-CHU' .V. 
Oazmu, gAth-min', .1/. 
Gwalior. gwVtt-dr, .V. 
Gwengwere. gwfin-gwa'r-t, J/. 
Gyarus. jl'4-rtts : -ros. -rOs. C. 
Gylippus. ii-lip'pus, G 
Gvmnasium. 

ilm-na'shT-um, C. 
Gvmnosphistse. 

jlm'nSs-fls't?, C. 
Gynaecothoenas. 

jj-ngk'u-the'nas, C. 
Gyula. dvoo'lo. .1/. 
Gzhatsk, gzhatsk. 31. 



H. 

Haahashtari. ha'a-hash'ta-rl, 

B. 
Haamonai. hS-am'S-ntt, B. 
Haarlem, har'lgm, 31. 
Haase. ha'zt. 21. 
Habaia. ha-ba'va, B. 
Habakkuk, hab v ak-ktik or 

ha-bak'ktik, B. 
Habana, La, la ha-va'na = 

Havana. 
Habaziniah. hab'a-zt-nl'a, B. 
Habbacuc. hab'ba-kuk, B. 
Habersham, hab'er-sham, 31. 
Habor. ha'bor, B. 
Habsburg. haps'bfiftrg, 31. 
Hachaliah, hak'a-ll'a, B. 
Hachette. a'shSt', M, 
Hachilah, hak'l-la, B. 
Hachmoni. hak'mu-nl, B. 
Hachmonite. h&k'mO-nlt, B. 
Hadad. ha'dad, B. 
Hadadezer. had'ad-e'zer, B. 
Hadad-rimmon. 

ha'dad-rTrn'mSn, B. 
Hadar. ha'dar. B. _ 
Hadarezer, had'a-re'zer, B. 
Hadashah, hSd'a-fiha or 

ha-da'sha, B- 
Hadassah. ha-dSs'sa, B. 
Hadattah. ha-d&t'ta, B. 
Hades, ha'dez, C. 
Hadid, ha'dTd, B. 
Hadlai. h&d'Ut-T, B. 
Hadleigh. had 'IT. M. 
Hadley. hSd'H, JT. 
Hadoram, ha-do'ram, B. 
Hadrach. ha'drSk, B. 
Hadramaut. hSd-ra-mout'. 31. 
Hadrianus. ha'drl-a'nfis, C. 
Hadriaticum. 

ha'drT-at'T-kum, C. 
Hadrumetnm, had'ru-me'ttim, 

( •. 
Hxmera. hf-me'ra, C. 
Haemonia.he-ino'nl-a, C. 
Haemus. he'miis, C. 
Hafiz. ha'tiz, M. 
Hagab. ha'gab, B. 
Hagaba. hag'a-ba .- -bah. B. 
Hagar. ha 'gar. B. 
Hagarenes. ha'gar-enz', B. 
Hagedorn. ha'ge-dCrn, 31. 
Hagenau, ha'?*-nou, 2f. 
Hagenbach. ha'gen-bak, 31. 
Hagerite, ha'ger-it, B. 
Haggai. hai-'git-i, B. 
Haggerl. hftg'gS-rl, B. 
Haggi. hXg'gl, ' B. 
Haggiah, hag-gl'a, B. 
Haggites. haz'zlts, B. 
Haggith. hSg'etth, B. 
Haghe, hag, M. 
Hagia. ha'gT-a, B. 
Hague, big, M. 
Hagueneau, iig'no' = Hage- 

nac, .)/. 
Hahn. ban. M. 
Hahnemann, ha'ne-man, 31. 
Hai. ha'T. B. 
Hainan. hi-nan', M. 
Hainault. fc'nS', 31. 
Haiti = Hatti. 
Hakkatan. hak'ka-tin, B. 
Hakkoz. hak'kfiz, B. 
Hakluyt. hSk'ldbt. 3T. 
Hakodadi. ha-kr.-da'df, 31. 
Hakupha. ha-kfi'ia, B. 
Halah. i.a'la, B. 
Halak. hl'iak. /;. 
Halberstadt, l.aKWr-fctat', 21. 
Halcyone, h»V*I'6-n6, C. 
, bBl'de-mcm, 31. 



Halesowen. h!tlz-S'. u, 21. 

Halevy. a 1.1 vo'. M. 

Halhul. hal'hnl. />'. 

Hali. ha 'IT. />'. 

Haliacmon. ha Il-ak'mSn, C. 

Haliartus. ha IT-iir'tus, C. 

Halicarnassus. 

hal 1-kiir-nas'sfts. B. i,- C. 
Halifax, hal'1-foks, .)/. 
Halket. hftl'ket or h&k'Crt, 21. 
Hall, hal, 31. 
Halle, hfil'le, 31. 
Halloesh. hai-lo'?sh, B. 
Hallohesh, hai-lfl'hesh, B. 
HalloweU. hfiKo-wCl. M. 
Halmydessus. hai'mT-des'sus, 

Halonesus, hai'ij-ne'sQs, C. 

Halvs. ha'lTs, C. 

Ham. ham, B. 

Hamadan, ha-mii-dan', 21. 

Hamadryades. 

ham'a-drl'a-dez, C. 
Haman, ha'man, B. 
Hamath. ha'math, B. 
Hamathite, ha'math-It, B. 
Hamath-zobah, 

ha'math-zo'ba, B. 
Hamburg, ham' berg ; 

G. ham'b<J6rg, 21. 
Hameln, ha'mgln. 21. 
Hamilcar, ha-mTl'kar. C. 
Hamital. ham'T-tai, B. 
Hamma-lekoth. 

ham'ma-le'kSth, B. 
Hammath. ham'math, B. 
Hammedatha, ham-med'a-tha, 

B. 
Hammelech. ham'mS-lgk, B. 
Hammer Purgstall, ha'mer 

p(5&rg'stal, 21. 
Hammoleketh. 

ham-mSl'S-keth, B. 
Hammon, hSm'mSn, B. 
Hammoth-dor, ham'm0th-d6r, 

B. 
Hamonah. ham'8-na or 

ha-mo'na, B. 
Hamon-gog. ha'm5n-g5g, B. 
Hamor. ha'mfir, B. 
Hamoth, ha'mQth, B. 
Hampshire. hSmp'shSr, 31. 
Hamuel, ha-mu'el, B. 
Hamul. ha'miil, B. 
Hamulites. ha'mUl-Tts, B. 
Hamutal. ha-mu'tSl, B. 
HanameeL ha-n5m'?-61, B. 
Hanan. ha'nan. B. 
Hananeel, ha-nan'e-?l, B. 
Hanani, ha-na'm or han'na-i, 

B. 
Hananiah, han'a-ni'a, B. 
Hanau. ha'nan, 21. 
Handel, han'del ; G. Handel. 

hgn'dS], M. 
Hanes. ha'nez. B. 
Hangchow. hang'chou, 2T. 
Haniel. han'T-61, B. 
Hannah, han'na, B. 
Hannathon, han'na-th5n, B. 
Hannibal. han'nT-bal, C. 
Hanniel. han'nl-el, B. 
Hanoch, ha'nQk, B. 
Hanover. h5n'o-ver ; G. Han- 
nover, han-no'ver, 21. 
Hanun, ha'nun, B. 
Hapharaim. haph'a-ra'Tm, B. 
Haphraim, haf-ra'Im, B. 
Hapsburg, haps'bfirg = Habs- 

bikg._ 
Hara. ha'ra, B. 
Haradah^har'a-da, B. 
Haran. ha'ran, B. 
Hararite, ha'ra-rit, B. 
Harbona, har-bo'na ; -nah. B. 
Harcourt, E. haKkert; 

F. ar'koor'^J/. 
Hardicanute, har'de-ka-nut', 

31. 
Hardinge. har'dtng. Jf. 
Hardouin. ai-'dwax', 31. 
Hareph. ha'ref. B. 
Hareth. ha'rCth. B. 
Harrieur. ar^ner'. M. 
Harhaiah. har'ha-T'a, B. 
Harhas, har'has, B. 
Harhur, har'her, B. 
Harim, ha'rTm, B. 
Hariph, ha'rTf , B. 
Harlem, har'km, 3T. 
Harmodius. har-mo'dT-tis, C. 
Harmonia, har-mo'nT-a. C. 
HarmonicuB. har / mo-nt'kus, C. 
Harnepher, har'n6-f5r, B. 
Harod. ha'r?)d, B. 
Harodite, ha'rM-Tt, B. 
Haroeh. har'r,-e. B. 
Harosheth. ha-ro'>heth, B. 
Haroun-al-Raschid. ha-roon'- 

Ul-rash'Td, or Harun- or Ha- 



roun-er-Rashid. lia-rwn'-Sr- 

ra-t.hed'. .)/. 
Harpagus. har'pa-gtiB, C. 
Harpalyce, har-pai'T-se", C. 
Harpocrates, har-pOk'ra-tez, 

Harpyiae, har-pT'yf , C. 
Harsha. hiir'sha, B. 
Hartlepool. harTl-pool', 31. 
Hartsoeker. harfstxvkgr, M. 
Harndes, ha-rii'dez, C. 
Harum, ha'rfim, B. 
Harumaph, ha-ru'maf, B. 
Haruphite, h&r'Q-nt or 

ha-ru'flt, B. 
Haruspex, ha-rfls'pgk's. C. 
Haruz. ha'riiz, B. 
Harwich. har'rTj, 31. 
Harz or Hartz. harts, 21. 
Hasadiah. has'a-di'a, B. 
Hasdrubal, has'dru-bal, C. 
Hase, hii'ze, 21. 
Hasenuah, has-f-nti'a, B. 
Hashabiah. hash'a-bT'a, B. 
Hashabna, ha-shab'na, B. 
Hashabniah, hash'ab-ni'a, B. 
Hashbadana. hash-bad'a-na, 

B. 
Hashem, ha'shSm, B. 
Hashmona, hash-mo'na, B. 
Hashub, ha'shub. B. 
Hashuba, ha-shu'ba, B. 
Hashum, ha'shum, B. 
Hashupha, ha-shu'fa, B. 
Hasrah, has'ra, B. 
Hasse. has'e, M. 
Hasselt, has'sSlt, 21. 
Hassenaah, has'sf-na'a, B. 
Hasshub, has'shtib, B. 
Hastings, hast'Tngz, M. 
Hasupha. ha-su'fa, B. 
Hatach, ha'tak, B. 
Hathath, ha'thath, B. 
Hatipha, hat'I-fa or ha-tl'fa, 

B. 
Hatita, hat'T-ta, B. 
Hattaavah, hat-ta'a-va, B. 
Hatteras. hat'ter-as, 21. 
Hatticon. hat'tr-k5n, B. 
Hattil, hat'tll, B. 
Hattush. hat'tfish, B. 
Haupt, houpt, 21. 
Hauran, ha'ran, B. 
Hauser. hou'zer, 31. 
HautefeuiUe, ot'fel', 31. 
Haiiy. a'we'. 31. 
Havana, ha-van'a. 31. 
Havelock, hav'e-lQk, 31. 
HaverhUl, ha'ver-Il. 31. 
Havilah. h3v'T-la, B. 
Havoth-jair. ha'vSth-ja'er, B. 
Havre de Grace, hav'er de eras, 

31. 
Hawaii, ha-wi'5. 31. 
Haydn, hadn ; G. hidn, 21. 
Haynau, hi'nou. 31. 
Hayti or Haiti, ha'H ; 

F. a'&te', 31. 
Hazael. h5z'a-el, B. 
Hazaiah. ha-za'ya, B. 
Hazar-addar, ha'zar-ad'dar, 

B. 
Hazar-enan. ha'zar-e'nan, B. 
Hazar-gaddah, ha'ziir-gad'da, 

Hazar-hatticon. 

ha'zar-hat'tl-kCn, B. 
Hazar-maveth, 

ha'zar-ma'vgth, B. 
Hazar-shual, ha'zar-ehu'ai, B. 
Hazar-susah, ha / zar-su'sa, B. 
Hazar-susim, ha'zar-su'sTm, 

B. 
Hazazon-Tamar, 

haz'a-zSn-ta'mar, jB. 
Hazebrouck, az'brook', M. 
Hazelelponi, haz'6-l?l-po'nI, 

B. 
Hazerim. ha-ze'rTm. B. 
Hazeroth, ha-ze'r5th, B. 
Hazezon-tamar. 

haz'e-zfin-ta'mar, B. 
Haziel. ha'zl-fl, B. 
Hazo, ha'zO, B. 
Hazor. ha'zfir. B. 
Hazor Hadattah. 

ha'zor ha-dat'ta, B. 
Hazubah. haz'ti-ba, B. 
Hazzurim, haz'ztl-rTm, B. 
Heanault. S'no', M. 
Hearne. h5m, 31. 
Hebe. he'W, C. 
Heber, he'ber, B. Sc 31. 
Heberden, hfb'5r-den, 31. 
Heberites. he'b5r-Tts, B. 
Hebrew, he'bru, B. 
Hebrewess, he'bru-es, B. 
Hebrides, hgb'rl-dez, 31. 
Hebron, he'brun, B. ft 31. 
Hebronites, he'brfin-its, B. 



Hebrus. he'brtts, C. 
Hecataeus. hCk'a-te'Qs, C. 
Hecate, luk'a-te, C. 
Hecatompolis. 

hek'a-t5m'pO-lTs, C 
Hecatompylos. 

hfk'a-tSm'pMSs, C. 
Hecla. hfk'la. 31. 
Hecuba. hPk'u-ba, C. 
Hedjaz^HEjAZ. 31. 
Heeren, ha'ren, Jf. 
Hegai, hgg'S-l, B. 
Hege. he'gS, B. 
Hegel, ha'gcl, 31. 
Hegemon, h6-je'm5n or 

h6j'C-m8n, C. 
Hegesias. h$-ie'sl-«s, C. 
Hegesibulus, ht-iOs'I-bu'liis, C. 
Hegesippus, hgj'6-sTp'pfis, C. 
Hegesistratus, 

hgj'e-sTs'tra^tus, C. 
Heg68tratus, he-jgs'tra-tas, C. 
Heidelberg, hT'd'1-bgrg, M. 
Heilbronn, hll'bron', 31. 
Heimdal. hlm'dal, N. 
Heine, hT'n<\ 31. 
Heinroth, hln'rSt, M. 
Heinse, hin's«=, 31. 
Heinsius, hln'sg-us, M. 
Heintzelman, hint'sel-man, M. 
Heister. his'ter, 31. 
Hejaz, hgj-az', M. 
Hel, hei_, .V. 
Hela. he' la, N. 
Helah, he'la, B. 
Helam, he'lam, B. 
Helbah, hgl'ba, B. 
Helbon. hel'bSn, B. 
Helchiah. hgl-ki'a, B. 
Helchias. hgl-ki'as, B. 
Heldai. hel'dS-I, B. 
Heleb. he'lgb, B. 
Heled, he'lgd, B. 
Helek. he'lgk, B. 
Helekites. he'lgk-Tts, B. 
Helem. helgm, B. 
Helena. hel'S-na, C. 
Helena. Saint, sant hg-le'na, 31. 
Helenor, hG-le'nor, C. 
Helenus. hel'£-nus, C. 
Heleph. he'lgf, B. 
Helez, he'lgz, B. 
Helg^, hal'ge, N. 
Hell, he'li, B. 
HeUades. he-li'a-dez, C. 
Helias, hf-li'as, B. 
Helice. hel'T-sf, C. 
HeUcon. hgl'I-k5n, C. 
Heliconiades. 

heKT-ko-ni'a-dez, C. 
Heliconis. hgl'T-ko'nTs. C. 
Heligoland, hel'I-go-land, 31. 
Heliodorus, he'lT-o-do'rus, B. 

ft C. 
Heliogabalus. he'lT-S-gab'a-lus 

or he-li'Og-a-ba'lfis, C. 
Helion. he'lT-<5n. C. 
Heliopolis. he'lI-Op'6-lTs, C. 
Helios, he'lT-8s, C. 
Helkai. hgl'kS-i. B. 
Helkath. hel'kath, B. 
Helkath-hazzurim, 

hgl'kath-haz'zti-rTm, B. 
Helkias. hei-kl'«s. B. 
Hellenes, hgl-le'nez, C. 
HeUespont. hel'lgs-p5nt. 31. 
Hellespontus, hgl'lgs-pQn'tus,. 

Heliopes. hellft-pez, C. 
Hellotis. hel-lo'tls. C. 
Helmstadt, helm'stet, 31. 
Helmund. hgl'mund, 21. 
Helon, he'lSn, B. 
Heloms. hf-lo'rus, C. 
Helos. he'lSs, C. 
Helota;, he-lo'tae ; -tes, -tez, C. 
Helsingfors. heKstng-fors'. M. 
Helsingb'er. hgFsTng-e'er. 31. 
Helvellyn. hel-vgl'lTn. 31. 
Helvetia. htl-ve'shT-a, C. ft M. 
Helvetii. hgl-ve'shT-T. C. 
Helvetius, hgl-ve'shl-us ; F. 

gl'vrsg'us'. 31. 
Helvii, hgl>vT-I. C 
Helvoetsluys, hel'v66t - fclois' r 

31. 
Hemam. he'mam, B. 
Heman. he'man, B. 
Hemans, hgm'anz, 31. 
Hemath, he'mBth, B. 
Hemdan, hgm'dan, B. 
Hen, h5n, B. 
Hena. he'na, B. 
Henadad. hgn'a-dad, B. 
Heneti, hgn't-ti, C. 
Hengest, hgn'ggst, M. 
Hengist. hgn'gTst, 31. 
Hengstenberg, hgng'sten-bgrg» 

Heniochi, he-ni'5-kl, C. 



', o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; iV, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



HENKE 



999 



HYLACTOR 



Henke, hPn'ke, Jf. 
Henkel, hclik'ei, Jf. 
Henlopen, Rpn-lo'p6n, Jf. 
Hennequin, 6n / ktt»' 1 Jf. 
Henniker.hLn'nY-kgr, Jf. 
Henoch, he'nSk, B. 
Henriko, hPn-rl'ku, Jf. 
Henriques, Pn-re'kCs, Jf. 
Hepher, he'fgr, B. 
Hepheritea, he'feT-Its, B. 
Hephaestia, a town, h£-fgs'tY-a ; 

a festival, hgf'Ps-ti'a, C 
Hephaestiadea, hgf gs-tl'a-dez, 

Hephaestio, hg-feVtY-o, C. 
Hephaestion, hf-fes'tY-5n, G 
Hephzibah, hff'zY-ba, Ji. 
Heptapyloa, hgp-t&p'Y-lOs, G 
Hera, he'ra, C. 
Heraclea, hgr'a-kle'a, G 
Heracleotes, htf-ra'kie-o'tez, 

C. 
Heracles, hgr'a-klez, C. 
Heracletus, her'a-kle'tus, C. 
Heracleum, hgr / a-kle'tim, C 
Heraclia, hgr'a-kli'a. C. 
Heraclidae, hgr'a-kli'dg, C. 
Heraclides, hgr'a-kli'dez, G 
Heraclitua, hgr'a-kli'tfis, G 
Heraclius, hgr'a-kli'us, G 
Heraea, hg-re'a, C. 
Heraeum, hg-re'um, G 
Herat, her-iit', 31. 
HeYault, a'ro'. Jf. 
Herbelot, d', dgi^blo', Jf. 
Herculaneum,her / ku-la'ne'-um 

or her / ku-la'-ne /, uni, C. 
Hercules, hgr'kfl-lez, B. $r C. 
Herculeum, hgr-ku'lg-Qm, G 
Hercyna, hSr-sI'na, C 
Hercynia. hgr-sYn'Y-a, G 
Herder, her'dgr or hgr'der, 

M. 
Herdonius, hgr-do'nY-Hs, G 
Hereford, hSr'e-ferd, M. 
Herenniua, hg-rgn'nY-us, G 
Heres, he^rez, B. 
Heresh, he'rgsh, B. 
Heriot, her'Y-ut, if. 
Herkimer, her'kY-mgr, Jf. 
Hermaea, her-me'a, G 
Hermaeum, hlr-me'um, G 
flermaniistadt, her'man-stat, 

M. 
Hermaphroditus, 

lier-mafrrt-di'tus, C. 
Hermas, her'mas, B. 
Hermathena, her / ma-the , na, 

C. 
Hermes, her'mez, B. Sf C. 
Hermesianax. 

hermS-si / 'a-naks, C. 
Hermias, hSr-ml'os or 

hSr'ml-as, C. 
Herminius, her-mYn'Y-fls, C. 
Herminus, her-nn'nus, C. 
Hermione, her-mT'o-ne, C. 
Hermiones, her-ml'u-nez or 

her'mY-o'nez, C. 
Hermionicus Sinus, 

her / mY-On / 'Y-kus si/nus, C. 
Hermionis, her-mi'o-nYs, C. 
Hermippus, her-mYp'pus, C. 
Hermocles, hSr'mo-klez, C. 
Hermoclides, her'niu-kll'dez, 

a 

Hermocrates, her-muk'ra-tez, 

C 
Hermocratia, her-mo'kra-ti'a, 

G 
Hermodorus, her / mo-dG / 'rus, 

C. 
Hermogenes, her-moj'e"-nez,.B. 

Hermolaus, her-mS-la'tis, C 
Hermon, her'mo'n, B. 
Hermonites, her'mSn-Tts, B. 
Hermopolis, her-mSp'o-lYs, C. 
Hermotinus, hgr / mo-ti / 'nus, C 
Hermunduri, her / mtin-du y, ri 

or her-mun / 'du-ri, C. 
Hero, he'ro, C. 
Herod, her'ttd, B. 
Herodes, hg-ro'dez, C. 
Herodians, hS-ro'clT-^rtiz, B. 
Herodianus, he-ro / dY-a /r nus, 

G 
Herodias, hf-ro'dY-as, B. 
Herodion, hg-ro'dY-Sn, B. 
Herodotus, hf-rSd'o-tus, C. 
Heroes, hg-ro'ez, G 
Herois, hg-ro'Ys, G 
Heron, he'rfin, C. 
Heroopolis, he / ro-op , 'o'-lYs, G 
Herophila, hS-rtJft-la, G 
HerophilU3, hg-r3f T-lQs, C 
Herostratus, h?-r5s'tra-tus, C. 
Herrera, er-ra'rii. M. 
Herrnhut, hern'h<56t, J/. 
Herschel, her'shel, M. 



Hersfeld, hCrs^fflt, .)/. 
Hersilia, lior-sll'T-a, G 
Hertford. A»./.,hilr , f5rd; U. S., 

hOrt'lOrd, M. 
Heruli, lur'ft-U, C. 
Hervey, hOr'vT or hiir'vT, M. 
Herzegovina, hcrt'66-gti-ve'na, 

Herzog, hCrfsSg, J/". 
Hosed, he'sgd, B. 
Heshbon, hCsh'bOn, B. 
Heshmon, hesh'mBn, B. 
Hesiodus, ht-sT'C-dfls, C 
Hesione, he-sl'ti-nC, C, 
Hesionea, hC-sI'C-nez, C. 
Hespera, hes'pg-ra, C. 
Hesperis, hCs'pC-rts, C. 
Hesperus, hgs'pf-rQs, C. 
Hesperia, hf s-pe'rl-a, C. 
Hesperides, hgs-pgr'I-dez, C. 
Hesperis, hgs'pg-rts, C. 
Hesperus, hgs'pC-rns, C. 
Hesron, hes'rSn, B. 
Hesronites, h.gs'rSn-its, B. 
Hesse, painter, gs ; G. state, 

hes : G. Hessen, hgs'sen, M. 
Hesychius, hg-slk'l-us, C. 
Heth, heth, B. 
Hethlon, hgtli'lSn, B. 
Hetruria, M-tru'rI-a, C. 
Heumann, hoi'man, M. 
Hewes.hu z, Mi 
Heylin, ha'ltn, M. 
Heyne, hl'ne, M. 
Heyse, hi'ze, M. 
Heytesbury.hats'bgr-T, M. 
Heywood, ha'w6"od, M. 
Hezeki, hez'e-ki, B. 
Hezekiah.hez'g-ki'a, B. 
Hezion, he'zI-Sn, B. 
Hezir. he'zer, B. 
Hezrai, hgz'rit-i, B. 
Hezro, hgz'rS, B. 
Hezron, hgz'rSn, B. 
Hezronites, hgz'rSn-Its, B. 
Hibernia, ht-ber r nt-a, C. 
Hiddai, liTd'dM, B. 
Hiddekel, hYd'dS-kgl, B. 
Hiel, hl'gl, B. 
Hiempsal, ht-emp'sal, C. 
Hiera, an island ', hi'6-ra ; aper- 

son, ht-e'ra, C. 
Hierapolis, hi'C-rap'S-lts, B. if 

C. 
Hiereel, ht-gr'$-gl, B. 
Hieremoth, hf-er'e-moth, B. 
Hierichus, ht-er'Tf-kus, C. 
Hierielus, ht-er^-e'ltis, B. 
Hiermas, ht-er^mas, B. 
Hiero, hi'e-r<5, C. 
Hierocles, M-er'o-klez, C._ 
Hieroclides, hi'e-ro-kli'dez, C. 
Hieronica, hr'e'-ro'n'I-ka, C. 
Hieronicae, lu'e-rij-ni'sf, C. 
Hieronymus, hi'^-rQn'I-mtis, B. 

Sf C. 
Hierophon, M-gr r 5-f8n, C. 
Hierosolyma, hl'S-ro-sSl'I-ma, 

Hierusalem, ht'f-ru'sa-lem, B. 
Higgaion, Mg-ga'yBn, B. 
Highlands, m'landz ; Scot. 

he'landz, M. 
Hilaria, lii-la'rt-a ; -rio, -rt-o, C. 
Hilarius, hT-la'rT-us, C. 
;hausen, 

lTlt'b^rg-hou'zen, 31. 
Hildesheim, hTl'dCs-him', M. 
Hilen, hi'lgn, B. 
Hilkiah, htl-kT'a, B. 
Hillah. MK1S, M. 
Hillel, hYKlgl, B. 
HUo, he'lS, M. 
Himalaya, Mm-ala-ya ; often 

nron. htm-a-la'ya. M. 
Himera, htrn't-ra, C. 
Himinbjbrg, hYm'Yn-byerg, JV. 
Himilco. hl-mll'ko, C. 
Hindoo-Koosh, hYn'doo-koosh, 

M. 
Hindostan, Hindustan, 

htn-dfl-stan', M. 
Hinnom. hYn'num. B. 
Hipparchus, hYp-par'ktis, C. 
Hippasus, hYp'pa-sfis, C. 
Hippia. hYp'pY-a, C. 
Hippias, hYp'pY-as, C. 
Hippius, hYp'pY-fis, C. 
Hippobotes. hYp-pSb'C-tez, C. 
Hippocentauri. 

hYp'pfi-sgn-ta'ri, C. 
Hippocleas, hYp-po'klf-as, C. 
Hippocoon, hYp-pSk'o-5n, C. 
Hippocrates, hYp-pfik'ra-tez, C. 
Hippocratia, hYp'po-kra-ti'a, 

r. 
Hippocrene. hYp-po-kre'nf , C. 
Hippodamas, hYp-p8d r a-mas, 

Hippodame. hYp-pOd'a-me, C. 



Hippodamia, hYp'pC-da-ml'd, 

j '. 
Hippodromua, hYp-pOd'rO-mtis, 

C. 
Hippolyte, hTp-pOl'Y-tC, C. 
Hippolytus, liYp-pBl'T-tds, C. 
Hippomachus, lilp-pOin'a-kus, 

Hippomedon, hYp-pOm'C-dOn, 

Hippomenes, hYp-pOm'P-nez,C. 
Hippomolgi, liYp'po-mSl'jI, C. 
Hippona, UYp-po'na, (.'. 
Hipponax, liYp-po'naks, C. 



Hipponoe, hYi)-pOn'C-g, C. 
Hippopodes, hYp-p8p'6-d" 
Hippotas, hYp'pO-tas, C. 



jOp'ft-dez, C. 



Hippotes, hYp'pft-tez, C. 
Hippothoon, nYp-pOth'rS-Sn, 

Hippuris, hYp-pu'rfs, C. 
Hirah, hl'ra, B. 
Hiram, hi'ram, B. 
Hiicanus, hgr-ka'ntis, B. 
Hirpini, hgr-pl'nl, C. 
Hispalis, hYs'pa-lYs, C. 
Hispania, hYs-pa'nY-a, C. 
Hispaniola, hYs'pan-Y-o'la, M. 
Hispanus, hYs-pa'nQs, C. 
Histiaeotis, hYs'tY-g-o'tYs, C. 
Histiaeus, hYs'tY-e'Qs, C. 
Hittite, hYt'tlt, B. 
Hivite, hi'vlt, B. 
Hizkiah, hYz-kl'a, B. 
Hizkijah, hYz-ki'ja, B. 
Hoang-Ho, ho-iing'ho'', M. 
Hoba, ho'ba, B. 
Hobab, ho'bab, B. 
Hobah, ho'ba, _B. 
Hobaiah, hS-ba'ya, B. 
Hoboken, ho'bO-ken or 

hC-bo'ken, M. 
Hoche, h5sh,_Jf. 
Hochheim, hok'him, 21. 
Hod, hOd, B. 
Hodaiah, hOd'a-I'a, B. 
Hodaviah, hQd'a-vi'a, B. 
Hodesh, ho'dgsh, B. 
Hodevah, hC-de'va, B. 
Hodiah, ho-di'a, B. 
Hodijah, ho-di'ja, B. 
Hb'dr, hedr, N. 

Hoefer, G. he'fgr ; F. O'far', J/. 
Hoek or Hoeck, h<3ok, M. 
Hofwyl, hofwYl, or G. Hof- 

weil, hSfvn, M. 
Hogarth, ho'garth, Jf. 
Hogg, h5«- ; Scottish hug, Jf. 
Hoglah, llojr'la, B. 
Hoham, ho'hara, B. 
Hohenlinden, ho-en-lYn , den, M. 
Hohenlohe. ho'en-lu-c, M. 
Hohenzollern, ho / en-tsi5Klern, 

M. 
Holbach, hol'bak, M. 
Holbein, lioKbin. Jf. 
Holinshed or Hollynshed, 

h5l'Ynz-hgd, J/. 
HoUand, hBl'lttnd : 

D. hSl'laut, 3L 
Holmes, homz, Jf. 
Holofernes. hSl'fi-fer'nez, B. 
Holon. ho'lSn, B. 
Holstein. hoKstin, JA. 
Holston, hoKsttin, M. 
Holyhead, h51'Y-hed. JL 
Homam, ho'mam, B. 
Homburg, hQm'bot)rg, 3L 
Home, horn ; Scot, hum, M. 
Homer, ho'mer, 31. 
Homerus, hu-me'rus, C. 
Horns, horns. 31. 
Honan, ho'nim', 31. _ 
Honda. hOn'da : Sp. on'da, 31. 
Honduras, hSn-doo'rns, 31. 
Honfleur, ox'fler', 3T. 
Hong - Kong or Hongkong, 

hong'konsr, 31. 
Honitbn, hSh'Y-tiin, 3£. 
Honolulu^ o'nO-loo'loo, 31. 
Honor. ho'iiSr. C. 
Honorinus, hSn'u-rl'nus, C. 
Honorius. ho-no'rY-ris, C. 
Hooft or Hoofft, hoft,_J/". 
Hoogly or Hooghly, hoog'lY, 31. 
Hophni. httf m, B. 
Hophra, hnfra, B. 
Hor. hor, B. 
Horam. ho'ram, B. 
Horapollo. hSKa-pBllS, C. 
Horatia. ho-ra'shY-a, C. 
Horatius. ho-ra'shY-us, C. 
Horeb. ho'rPb, B. 
Horem. ho'rPm, B. 
Hor-hagiddad. 

hor'-ha-gYd-'dad, B. 
Hori. ho'n. B. 
Horims, ho^rYmz, B. 
Horite. ho'rlt, B. 
Hormah. hor'ina, B. 



Horonaim, hBr'u-na'Ym, B. 

Horonite, hOKO-ntt, li. 

Hortensia, hSr-tOn'bhl-a, C. 

Hortensius, hur-Un'bhl-ue, C. 

Horus, jiiKrtta, G 

Hosa, Hosah, lio'sa, B. 

Hosea, hO-zS'a, li. Sr if. 

Hoshaiah. hBsh'a-I'i, B. 

Hoshama, hosb/a-ma, B. 

Hoshea, )io-sliG'a, li. 

HostUia, Itr.s-tll'l-a, C. 

Hostilius, liOs-trl'Y-tis, G 

Hotham, ho'tham, B. 

Hothan, ho'thau, li. 

Hothir, ho'thPr. /;. 

Hottinger, h5t /, Ynjr-gr, M. 

Houdin, cTo'da.v', It. 

Houdon, oc/d<3.N', M. 

Houghton, ho'tn, 31. 

Hounslow, hounz'10, 3f. 

Housatonic. hoo-sii-tOn'Yk, 3f. 

Houssa, hou'sa, 3f. 

Houston, hus'tQn or hous'tQn, 
31. 

Hoveden, hQv'den or hSv'den, 
31. 

Hovey, hfiv'Y, 3f. 

Howard, hou'grd, M. 

Howe, liou, 31. 

Howell, hou'el, M. 

Howes, houz, 3f. 

Howitt, hou'Yt, 3f. 

Hozier, o'zg-a'.J/. 

Hraesvelgr, hras'vgl'gr ; Ice- 
landic hris'vCl-gr, N. 

Hrimthursar, hrem'toor-siir, iV". 

Hrungnir, hroong'ner, N. 

Huancayo, wan-ki'yo, 31. 

Huanuco, wa^noo-ko, 31. 

Huascar, was'kar, 31. 

Hubert, hoo , bgr ; F. u'bar'', 
31. 

Huber, u'bar', 31. 

Hiibner,' hub'ner, Jf. 

Hue, uk. .1/. 

Hu^, hoo-a', 31. 

Huelva, wel'va, 3f. 

Huerta, wer'tii, 3f. 

Huesca, wes'kii, 3f. 

Hufeland, hoo'fe-lant, If. 

Huger, u-je', 3f. 

Hughes, huz, 31. 

Hukkok, huk'kSk, B. 

Hukok. hu'kSk, B. 

Hul. hul, B. 

Huldah, hul'da, B. 

Humbert, hum'bert; 

F. ux'bar', Jf. 

Humboldt, hiim'bOlt ; 

G. hdom'bolt, Jf. 

Hummel, hdom'cl. Jf 

Humtah, hum^ta, B. 

Hunding, hotm'dYng, X. 

Hungary, hun'ga-rY. Jf. 

Hupham. hu'fam, B. 

Huphamites, hu'fam-its, B. 

Huppah, hiip'pa, B. 

Huppim, hup'pYm, B. 

Hur, her. B. 

Hurai, hu'rS, B. 

Huram, hu'ram. B. 

Hurdwar, hurd-war', 31. 

Huri, hu'ri, B. 

Huron, hu'run, Jf. 

Hushah. hfl'sha, B. 

Hushai. hfl'shft, B. 

Husham. hu'sh&m, B. 

Hushathite. hu'shath-It, B. 

Hushim. hu'shYm, B. 

Huskisson, hiis'kYs-stin. M. 

Hubs or Hub. hfis; G. hoos, if. 

Hutten, hfioften, Jf. 

Huy, hoi, Jf. 

Huyghens, hl'ggnz or 

hoi'genz, Jf. 

Huysum, hoi'sum, Jf. 

Huz. huz, B. 

Huzoth, hu'zSth, B. 

Huzzab, huz'zab, B. 

Hven or Hveen. hvan. Sf. 

Hyacinthia, hi'a-sYn'thY-a, C. 

Hyacinthus, hija-sYn'thus, G 

Hyades. hl'a-dez, G 

Hyampolis. ht-am'po-lYs, C. 

Hyantis, ht-an'tYs, C. 

Hyapura = J apura. 

Hyas. M'«s, G 

Hybla. hl'bla, G 

Hybrida. hYb'rY-da, G 

Hydarnes, ht-diir'nez, C. 

HydaspeB, ht-das'pez, B. &• G 

Hyderabad, hi'dcr-a-bad'. 3f. 

Hyder Ali, hi'der a'lf, Jf. 

Hydra, hl'dra, G v if. 

Hydraotes. hYd'ra-o'tez, C. 

Hydrus. hl'drfia, C. 

Hyempsal, ht-gmp'sal, C._ 

Hygea. ht-je'a : -geia. -je'ya ; 
-gia. -ji'a : -ginus. -ji'nus, G 

Hylactor, ht-lak'tQr, G 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fribt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



HYLAS 



1000 



JAAZIAH 



u 



w 



HyUs. hi '!<<> i Hylax. -laks, C 
Hvle. h 

Hymen, id'nun. C. 
Hynierucus. -neus, hi ui?-ue'us, 

Hvmettas. ht-mCftOa, C 
Hypcpa. ht-pS'pA, C 
Hypanis. blp'4-uls, <_'. 
Hvpata. hip'u-ta. ('. 
Hj-perbolus. hl-pCr'to-ltta, C. 
Hvperborei. Mp Cr-bo'rC-I or 

lit-iHT br-re'T. ('. 
Hyperia. hli> C-rl'a. or -rea, 

'.. c. 
Hyperides. hip r-rl'dez or 

ht-|vr"l-dez, C. 
Hyperion, hip B-rt'On <>/■ 

hl-pS'rf-Sn, C. 
Hypermene?, kt-pCr'mt-nez, 

Hypermnestra. 

hip Orm-nOs'trd, C. 
Hypsicrates, hlp-sik'rii-tez, 

t . 
Hypsipyle. hYp-sYp'1-lS, C. 
Hyrcania. hCr-ka nTt-a, ('. 
Hyrcanum Mare, her-ka'num 

nia'ic. C 
Hyrcanus. her-ka'nus, C. 
Hyrieus, b.Y-ri/0-us or 

hlr'Y-Gs, C. 
Hyrmina, hSr-ml'iia, C. 
Hyrmine. her'nil-nS, C. 
Hyrnetho, her-ne'tho", C. 
Hyrtacus. her'ta-kus, C. 
Hystaspes, hls-tas'pez, C. 
Hythe, hith, 31. 



OS"" For names in Eastern 
Europe and Asia beginning 
with I followed by a vowel, 
see Y ; as, Yakootsk for Ia- 
koutsk. 

la, I'a, C. 

Iacchus, i-ak'kus, C. 
Ialysus. 1-al'Y-sus, G. 
Iambe. f-am'be, C. 
IamblichuB. I-am'blT-kus, C. 
Iamidae, I-ani'I-dS, C. 
Ianthe, i-an'the\ C. 
Ianthea, i'an-the'a, C. 
Iapetus, f-ap'e-tus. C. 
Iapygia. l'a-pYj'Y-a, C. 
Iapyx. I-a'pix, C. 
Iarbaa, t-ar'bas, C. 
Iarchas. t-ar'kus, C. 
Iasides. 1-asl-dSz, C. 
Iasis, I'a-sYs, C. 
Iasius, i-a'sY-IIs, C. 
Iasus. t-a r sus, C. 
Iaxartes, r'aks-artez, C. 
Ibarra, e"-biir'ra, 31. 
Ibera. t-be'rd, C. 
Iberi. I-be'rl, C. 
Iberia. T-be'rY-a, C. 
Iberus. t-be'rus. C. 
Ibhar, Ybliar, B. 
Ibis, Y'bYs, C. 
Ibleam. Tb^lt-am, B. 
Ibneiah. Yb-ne'va, B. 
Ibnijah. Yb-m'ja. B. 
Ibrahim. Yb-ra'hem, 31. 
Ibri. Yb'n. M. 
Ibycus, Yb'Y-ktis. C. 
Ibzan. Yb'zan. 31. 
Icaria. t-ka'rY-a, C. 
Icarius, t-ka r rY-us. C. 
Icaria, Yk'a-rYs ; -rus, -rus, C. 
Iccius, Yk'shY-tis, C. 
Iceland. Island, M. 
Icelos. fe'S-lbs, C. 
Iceni. t-se'nT. C. 
Ichabod, Yk'a-bfid, B. if M. 
Ichnusa. Yk-nu'.sa, C. 
Ichthyophagi, Yk'thY-o'f'a-ji, 

Icilius. T-sYKY-Qs, C. 

Ico, P-ko', 31. 

Iconinm. t-ko'nY-tim, B. (f C. 

Iculisma, Yk'n-lls'ma.C. 

Ida. I'd*, a 

Idaea. Me'a. C. 

Idaho. I'di-hd, M. 

Idala, Ma'la, B. 

Idalia, I-fla'lr-a, C. 

IdaUe, t-di'lM, C. 

IdaUg. fd'&4Y«,G 

Ida*. T'da-. C. 

Idbagh. Yd'bash, B. 

Iddo, Id'dft, B. 

Idea, a town, fd'f-a : daughter 

',' fjriiiriVr-'.i-<ie r &,,C. 

Ideter. I'oVWr, C 
Idex. I'dJSx, C 

IdiatavisuB, l-dYs'ta-vT'sus, or 



IdislaviBUB. I-dYs'li-vI'sus, 

('. 
Idomenx. Idomene, 

t-d8m'e-ne, C. 
Idomeneus. t-doin'r-nu», C. 
Idothea. I-do'tl\0-a, C 
Idi-ia. ld'vi-a. .»/. 
Idubeda. t-da'hr-da. C. 
Iduel. ld'n-ol. /;. 
Idumaea, Idumea. Yd / u-me / 'a, 

/;. 
Idumaeans. Yd'u-mB'onz, B. 
Idume, t-dn'inC, C 
Idumea. Id (Vine 'a, C. 
Idumeans. td'Q-me'ana, B. 
Iesi. jra'se, M. 
Igal. I'gJU, B. 
IgdaUah. lg^da-ll'a, B. 
Igeal, lii't-al, i>'. 
Iglau. iir'lou. M. 
Ignatius. Yg-na'shY-Os, C. 
Igualada. E-gwa-la'da, J/. 
Iguvium, Y-gu'vY-uni, C. 
Ihuru. t--hoo'roo, J/. 
Jim. I'lra, B. 

Ije-abarim, Yi , 6-ab''a-rYni, B. 
Jjon. i'.ion, B. 
Ikelemba, Yk'5-leni'ba, M. 
Ikengo, Yk'en-gG, M. 
Ikkesh, Yk'kesh, B. 
Ikoko. Yk-o'ko, M. 
Ilai, I'la, B. 

lie de France, el' de frSxs'', 31. 
Ilerda. i-ler'da, C. 
Ilergetes, YKer-je'tez or 

I-ler^jS-tez, C. 
Ilfracombe. YKfra-koom, M. 
Ili, e'lr, M. 
Ilia, YKl-a. C. 
Iliacus, Y-h r a-kus, C. 
Iliades, Y-ll/a-dez, C. 
Iliaa, YKY-as, C. 
Ilion, Yl'Y-6n, C. & Jf. 
Uione, Y-ll'o-n6, or Uiona, 

-6-na, C. 
Uioneus, YFY-o'ng-Qs or 

Yl-I'6-nus, C. 
Ilissus, MYs'sHs, C. 
Hithyia, Yl'Y-thi'ya, C. 
Ilium, Yl^Y-um, or Hion, Yl'I-«n, 

Die! el, M. 

Ulimani, Sl-yS-ma / 'ne, M. 

Illinois, Yl-lY-noi' or Yl-lY-noiz', 

M. 
IUiturgis. YllY-tur'jYs, C. 
Ulyria. Yl-lYr'Y-a, C. 8r Jl. 
IUyricum. Yl-lYr'Y-kum, B. Sf C. 
Illyris, YKlY-rYs, C. 
Hunga, Yl-oon'ga, M. 
Hungo. Yl-oon'gC, M. 
Bus. T'lfls, C. 
Ilyris. Y-li r rYs, C. 
Imaus. lm'a-us or t-ma'us, C. 
Imbarus. Ym^ba-rtis, C. _ 
Imbrasides, Ym-bras'Y-dez, C. 
Imbrasus, YnT'lira-sus, C. 
Imbros. Yru'brCs, C. 
Imla. Imlah. Ym'la, B. 
Immah. Ym'ma, B. 
Immanuel. Ym-nian'u-el, B. 
Immer, Ym'mer, B. 
Imna. Ym'na, B. 
Imnah, Ynr'na, B. 
Imola. Im'Wa, C. ; e'mS-la, M. 
Imrah, Ym'ra. B. 
Imri. Ym'ri, B. 
Inachi. Yn'a-ki, C. 
Inachia. t-na'kY-a, C. 
Inachidae, }-nak'Y-de, C. 
Inachus. Yn'ji-kus. C. 
Ina Muana. e'na mwii'na, M. 
Inchbald, Ynch'bald, M. 
Incitatus, Yn'sY-ta'tfis. C. 
Indeman. Yn'dtt-man'', M. 
India. Yn'dY-a, B., C, «r M. 
Indiana. Yn-dY-air'a, M. 
Indianapolis.Yn'dY-an-ap'O-lYs, 

IndicUB, Yn'dY-kfis, C. 

Indies. Yn'dYz, M. 

Indigetes. Jn-dT^f-tez. also 

Yn'dY-je'tez, a people, C. 
Indogehes, Yn-dSi'S-nez, C. 
Indore, Yn-dor', M. 
Indra, Yn'dra, H. 
Indre, axd'r, M. 
Indus 1 Yn'dfis. = Sindh, M. 
Inez, e'ngz or T'ngz, M. 
Ingelow. Yn'jMO, M. 
Ingemann. Yii^'e-man, M. 
Ingenhouaz, Yng'en-hous, M. 
Ingoldstadt. Yng'61-stat, jf. 
Ingres. Svg'r, M. 
Ingulphus,^ Yn-gOKfQs, or In- 

gulfTYn'gtilf, M. 
Inkennan, Ynk-5r-man', M. 
Inkissa. Yn-klfs'sa, M. 
Innspruck. Yns'prdok, M. 
Ino, I'nC, C. 



Inoa, t-nS'a, C. 
Inopus, t-iuTpfls, C. 
Inous, t-nb'u8, C. 
Inpegna. In-pau'ya, M. 

Insubres, Yn'sn-bVez, C. 
Intaphernes, ln'ta-fOr'nez, C. 
Interamna, in tC'r-iUn'iia, C. 
Interlaken or Interlachen, 

tu'tgr-lak'en, 31. 
Inuus. Yn'u-tis. ('. 
Inverness, lu-v'5r-nes', 31. 
lo, I'O, C. 
Iolaia, ro-ht-i'a, C. 
Iolas, I'6-las, c. 
Iolaus, i'0-la'ds, C. 
Iolchos, t-51'kOs, C. 
Iole, I'G-lisIoli, l-o'll, C. 
IoU, t-o'lt, 31. 
Ion, J/Sn, (J. 
Iona, e-o'na, 31. 
lone, Antiach,t-G'ni ; a JS'ereid, 

T'o-nf, C. 
Iones. I-o'nez, C. 
Ionia, t-o'nl-a, C. (f 31. 
lope, T'O-pf, C. 
Ios. I'8s, C. 
Iowa. I'6-wa, 31. 
Iphedeiah, Yft-de^ya, B. 
Iphiclus, Yf'Y-klfis, C. 
Iphicles. Yf r Y-klez, C. 
Iphicrates, Y-fYk'ra-tez, C. 
Iphidamas, Y-fYd'a-mus, C. 
Iphidamia, Yf'Y-da-mi'a, C. 
Iphigenia, YfY-jf-ni'd, C. 
Iphimedon, Y-fYm'f-dQn, C. 
Iphimedusa, Yf'Y-me-du'sa, C. 
Iphinoe. Y-fYn'6-e, C. 
Iphis, I'fYs, C. 
Iphitus, Yf'Y-tiis, C. 
Ipswich, Yps'wYch, M. 
Ir, er, B. 
Ira, I'ra, B. &• C. 
Irad, I'rad, B_. 
Irak Adjemi, e'rak 'iVe-mS, or 

Irak Ajmi, ?-rak r aj'mS, M. 
Iram, l'ram, B. 
Iredell. Ir'dei, 31. 
Ireland, Ir'land, 31. 
Irenaeus, Yr-g-ne'tls, C. 
Irene, i-re'ne, C. 
Irenis, Y-re'nYs, C. 
Ireton, ir'tun, M. 
Iri, T'rl, B. 
Iriarte or Yriarte, e'rE-ar'ta, 

31. 
Irijah, i-ri'ja, B. 
Iris. T'rYs, V. 
Irkootsk. er-koot_sk', M. 
Ir-nahash. er'-na'hasb., B. 
Iron. l'rOn, B. 
Iroquois, Yr-8-kwoi', M. 
Irpeel, er'pe-ei, B. 
Irrawaddy, Yr-ra-w5d'dY, 31. 
Ir-shemesh, er'she'mesh, B. 
Irtish or Irtysh, er'tYsh, 31. 
Iru, I'ru, B. 
Iras. I'fus. C. 
Irvine. er , \In. 31. 
Isaac, i r zak. /?. Sf 31. 
Isabey, S'za'ba', 31. 
Isacus, f-sa'kus, C. 
Isaeus, t-se'fls, C. 
Isaiah, t-za'ya, B. 
Isander. Y-san'der, C. 
Isanghila, Ys'an-ge'la, 31. 
I8angi, f-san'gf, 31. 
Isara, Ys'a-ra, C. 
Isauria. t-sn'rY-a. C. 
Isauricus. t-sa'rY-kus, C. 
Iscah, Ys r ka, B. 
Iscariot, Ys-kar'Y-ut, B. 
Ischia. Ys'kf-a, M. 
Ischl. Ysh'l, 31. 

Ischomachus, Ys-kSm'a-kQs, C. 
Isdael, Ys'da-gl, B. 
Ise. e'sS.jl/". 
Iseke. f-sa'kg, 31. 
Iser or Isar. e'zgr, M. 
Isere. P'zar', 31. 
Iserlohn, e'zer-lon', 3f. 
Ishbah. Ysh'ba, B. 
Ishbak. Ysh'bak. B. 
Ishbi-benob, Ysh / bt-be r n5b, B. 
Ish-bosheth. Ysh-bo'shSth, B. 
Ishi, T'shI, B. 
Ishiah, t-shi'a, B. 
Ishijah, t-shi'ja, B. 
Ishma. Ysh r ma, B. 
Ishmael. Ysh/mft-Pl, B. 
IshmaeUte, Ysh'ma-?l-it, B. 
Ishmaiah, Ysh'ma-i'a, B. 
Ishmeelite, Ysh'mi?-gl-it, B. 
Ishmerai. Ysh'm8-ra, B. 
Ishod, I'ehSd, B. 
Ishpan. Ysh-'pSn, B. 
Iahtob. Ysh'tOb, B. 
Ishuah, Yph'd-a, B. 
iBhuai. Ysh'fi-ft, B. 
Ishui, Ysh'0-I, B. 
Isias, Ysh'Y-as, C. 



Isidora, Ys'Y-de'ra; -rus, -rfis, C. 
Isis, T'sYs, C, E., tt il. 
Iskanderoon, ts-kiiu'de-roon', 

Isla, Bs'la, .1/. 

Islamabad, l8-lam'a-bad, M. 
Islay, ria, «rlsla, i'la, 31. 
Islington, Yz'llng-ttin, 31. 
IsUp. Is'lTp, 31. 
Ismachiah, Yt/iua-kl'a, B. 
Ismael. YsMnft-el, C. 
Ismaiah, Ys'ma-I"a, B. 
Ismail. Ys-ma-el' - , 31. 
Ismara, Ys'ma-ra ; -rus, -rQs, C. 
Ismene. Ys-nie'iit, C. 
Ismenias. Ys-me / 'nl-as, C. 
Ismenides, Ys-mC-n'l-dez, C. 
Ismenus, son of Apollo, Yt.-nie''- 

nfis ; a Chian, Ys'ine-nus, C 
Isocles. Ys'o-klez, C. 
Isocrates. t-s8k'ra-tez, 6'. 
Ispah. Ys'pa, B. 
Ispahan, Ys-pa-hiin', 31. 
Israel. Ys'ra-fl or Yz'ra-Sl, B. 
Israelite, Ys'ra-51-It or 

Yz'rS-ei-n, B. 
Issachar. Ys'sa-kar, B. 
Issedones, Ys-sGd'o-nez, C. 
Isshiah, Ys-shl'a, B. 
Issoire, Ss'swar', 31. 
Issoudun, e v so6 / du.v'. 31. 
Istalcurus, Ys'tal-ku'rQs, B. 
Isthmia, Ysth'mY-a, C. 
Isthmius, Ysth'mY-Qs, C 
Istiaaotis, Ys'tY-e-o'tYs. C. 
Istria, Ys'trY-a, C. &• 31. 
Istropolis, Ys-tr5p^o-lYs, C. 
Isuah, Ys'n-a, B. 
Isui. Is'Q-i, B. 
Itali, Yt'a-ll; -lis, -lYs; -lus, -ltts, 

C. 
Italia, I-ta'lY-a, C. ; 

It. e--ta'le--a, M. 
Italica, Y-taKY-ka, C. 
Italicus, Y-tSKY-kQs, C. 
Italus, Yt'a-lus, C. 
Italy. Yt'a-lY, B. V 31. 
Itapicuru, e-ta-pf-koo-rdo', 31. 
Itasca, Y-tas'ka, 31. 
Itawamba, Yt-a-wSm'ba, M. 
Ithaca. Yth'a-ka, C. &r 31. 
Ithacesise, Yth'a-se'shY-S, C. 
Ithaemenes, Y-thFm /, e-nez, C. 
Ithai, Yth r a-i, B. 
Ithamar, Yth'a-mar, B. 
Ithiel. Yth'Y-el, B. 
Ithmah, Yth'ma, B. 
Ithnan, Yth'nan, B. 
Ithomaea, Yth'o-me'a, C. 
Ithome, i-tho'me, C. 
Ithra, Yth'ra, B. 
Ithran, Yth'ran, B. 
Ithream, Yth'rf-am, B. 
Ithrite, Yth'rit, B. 
Ithurei. Yth'u-re'i, C. 
Itimbiri, e-tYm'b$-rf, 31. 
Itone. Y-to'nS : -nus, -nfi.8, C. 
Itorum. Yt'ft-rQm, C. 
Itri. e'tr£, 31. 

Ittah-kazin. Yt'ta-ka'zYn, B. 
Ittai. YKta-I. B. 
Ituraea or Iturea, Yt'u-re'a, B. 

it C. 
Iturbide. e-toor-be'da, 31. 
Ituri, t-too'rS, 31. 
Itys, T'tYs, C. 
Iuka. t-ii'ka, 31. 
Iulis. I-u'lYs : lulus, I-aliis, C. 
Ivah. i'vd, B. 
Ivan. S-van'j 31. 
Iviga. t-ve^sa, 31. 
Ivrea, f-vra'a, 31. 
Ivry. ev're', 31. 
Ixion. Yks-i^On, C. 
Ixionides. Yks't-6n'Y-dez, G 
Izehar. Yz't-har, B. 
Izeharites, Yz'f-har-Its, B. 
Izhar. Yz r har, B. 
Izharites, Tz'har-Tts, jB. 
Izrahiah, Yz'ra-hl'a, B. 
Izrahite. Yz'ra-hTt, B. 
Izreel, Yz'rMl,^. 
Izri, Yz'ri, B. 



J. 



aaa.aU. ja'a-kan, B. 
Jaakobah. ja-ak'6-ba, B. 
Jaala or Jaalah, ja-a'la, B. 
Jaalam, ja-aiam, B. _ 
Jaanai. ia'd-na or ja-a'na, 1 
Jaare-oregim. jS'a-rS-, or 

ja-Sr'e-Sr'e-gYm, 
Jaasau, ja'a-sa. B. 
Jaasiel. ja-a'sY-Sl, B. 
Jaazaniah, ja-az'a-nl'a, B. 
Jaazer, ja-a^zSr, B. 
Jaaziah, ja'a-zl'a, B. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, Idea, 6bey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; £f, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



JAAZIEL 



1001 



JUGGERNAUT 



Jaaziel, ia-a'zY-61, B. 
Jabal. ja'bai, B. 
Jabbok, jab'bSk, Jl. 
Jabesh, ja'bPsh, B. 
Jabesh-gilead, 

ja'bgsh-gYKS-ad, B. 
Jabez. ia'bEz, B. 
Jabin, ia'Mn, B. 
Jabneel, ittb'nC-gl, B. 
Jabneh, {ab'n8, B. 
Jaca, ha'ka, 31. 
Jachan, ja'kan, B. 
Jachin. ja'kYn, />'. 
Jachinites, ia'kYn-YtB, B. 
Jacmel, zhak'mPK, 31. 
Jacob, ja'kfib, B. 
Jacobi, yii-ko'ht, M. 
Jacobus, ja-ko'bfis, C. 
Jacquard. zhak'kar', 31. 
Jacquemel or Jacmel, 

zhak'mel'', 31. 
Jacubus. ja-ku'bus, C. 
Jada, ja'da, B. 
Jadau, ja-da'a, B. 
Jaddua, jad-du'a, B. 
Jadon, ja'dSn, B. 
Jael, ia'gl, B. 
JaB^M-an', M. 
Jaffa, Jaffa, or yiif'fa, 31. 
Jaffnapatam, jaf'na-pa-tam', 

Jagua or_ Xagua, hii'gwa, M. 

Jahalelel, ja-hal'8-151, B. 
Jahath.ja'hath, B. 
Jahaz, ja'haz, B. 
Jahaza," Jahazah, ja-ha^za, B. 
Jahaziah, ja'ha-zi'a, B. 
Jahaziel, ja-h.a'zY-gl, B. 
Jahdai, ja'dS-I, B. 
Jahdiel, ja/dl-Sl, B. 
Jahdo, ja'dft, B. 
Jahleel, ja'16-Sl, B. 
Jahleelites, ja'lS-51-Tts, B. 
Jahmai, ja/ma-I, B. 
Jahn, van, 31. 
Jahzah, ja/za, B. 
Jahzeel, ja'zS-gl, B. 
Jahzeelites, ja'zS-gl-Its, B. 
Jahzerah, ja/zg-ra, B. 
Jahziel, ja'zT-51, B. 
Jair, ja'gr ; Jairite,ja'Y-rIt, B. 
Jairus, in Esther, la'Y-rus ; in 

New Test., ja-I'rus, B. 
Jakan, ja'kan. B. 
Jakeh, ja'kS, B. 
Jakim, ja^ktm, B. 
Jalafa, ja-la'fa, M, 
Jalapa or Xalapa, ha-la'pa, 31. 
Jalisco or Xaflsco, ha-les /, k6, 

31. 
Jalon, ja'lSn, B. 
Jamaica, ja-ma'ka, 31. 
JambreB, iam-'brSs, B. 
Jambri, iam'bri, B. 
James, jamz, B. 
Jamieson, ja'mY-stin, M. 
Jamin. ja'mYn, B. 
Jaminites, ja'mYn-Tts, B. 
Jamlech, jam'lgk, B. 
Jamnia, jam-ni'a, B. 
Jamnites, iam'nlts, B. 
Janauschek, ya'nou-shgk, 31. 
Janiculum, ja-nYk'fl-lilm, C. 
Janin, zha/naN' - , M. 
Janina, ya-ne'nii, 3f. 
Janna, jan'na^ B. 
Jannes, jan'nez, B. 
Janoah. ja-no^a, B. 
Janohah, ja-no'ha, B. 
Jansen, jan's^n ; D. yan's«n ; 

F. zhSN'sSN' ; L. Jansenius, 

jan-se'nY-fis, M. 
Janum, ja^niim, B. 
Janus, ja'nus, C. 
Japan, ja-pan', 31. 
Japetus, iap'S-ttis, C. 
Japheth, ja'fgth, B. 
JapMa. ia-fT'a, B. 
Japhlet.'jaflgt, B. 
Japhleti, jaf 15-tI or jaf-le'tl, 

Japho, ja r f5, B. 

Japura, zha-poo-ra'', M. 

Jaquemel, zhak'mCK, M. 

Jarah, ja'ra, B. 

Jareb, ja'rgb, B. 

Jaxed, ja'rPd, B. 

Jaresiah, jar'S-sI'd, B. 

Jarha, jar'ha, B. 

Jarib, ja'rtb, B. 

Jarimoth, jar'Y-mBth, B. 

Jarmuth, jar'muth, B. 

Jarnac, zhar'nak', 31. 

Jaroah, ia-ro^a, B. 

Jaroslaw or Yaroslav, etc., 

ya'rO-slav', 31. 
Jasael, ja'sa-gl or jas'S-Sl, B. 
Jashen, ja'shen, B. 



Jasher. jB'ahlr, B. 
Jashobeam, ja-Bho'hf-am, /;. 
Jashub. ia'shnl) or jash'fib, B. 
Jashubi-lehem, 

jash'fl-bt-lE'hCm, B. 
Jashubites, jttsh'fl-blts, B. 
Jasiel, ja'st-gl, li. 
Jasmin, zhas'inaN'', or (I'rov.) 

Jansmin, 31. 
Jason, ja'etin, B. If C. 
JaBBy, ya'sC, 3f. 
Jasubus, ja-sQ'buH, B. 
Ja8zber^ny, yiis'ba-ran'y', M. 
Jatal, ja'tai. B. 
Jathniel, iatli'nt-61, B. 
Jattir, jat'ter, B. 
Jauer, you'Sr.lC 
Jauru, zhon-roo', 31. 
Java, ja'va or ja'vd, 3L 
Javan, ja'van, B. 
Jayadeva, ji'a-da'va, 31. 
Jazar, ja'zar; Jazer, ja'zgr, B. 
Jaziel, ja^zt-gl, B. 
Jaziz. ja/zTCz, B. 
Jeanne d'Arc, zhan'dark', M. 
Jean Paul, zhON' pouK or jen 

pal', = Riciitek, 31. 
Jearim, je'd-rTm, B. 
Jeaterai, ifi-at'e-rS, B. 
Jeberechiah, je-bg^e-kfa, B. 
Jebus, jCbus, B. 
Jebusi. jt-bu'si, B. 
Jebusite, jS-bu'sit, B. 
Jecamiah, jek'a-mi'a, B. 
Jecboliah, jgk'0-li'a, B. 
Jechonias^gk'o-nl'as, B. 
Jecoliah, jek / o-lI / 'a, B. 
Jeconiah, jgk / C-ni / 'a, B. 
Jeconias, ]Sk^S-nI''as, B. 
Jedaiah. jg-da r ya, B. 
Jedburgh, jgd'DQr-ti, 31. 
Jeddo or Yeddo, jgd'dS or 

ygd'dO, M. 
Jedeiah, i$-de'ya, B. 
Jedeus, je-de'tis, B. 
Jediael, jS-dfa-gl, B. 
Jedidah, jgd'Y-da, B. 
Jedidiah, jgd'I-dl'a, B. 
Jediel, iecL'TC-Sl, B. 
Jeduthun, igd'u-thiin, B. 
Jeeli, jg-e'JI; Jeelus, -liis, B. 
Jeezer, j6-e r ze_r, B. _ 
Jeezerites, jS-e'zer-its, B. 
Jegar-sahadutha, 

ie / gar-sa / ha-du / 'tha, B. 
Jehalee'l, i6-ha'ie-gl, B. 
Jehaleleel, ie'ha-le'lS-gl, B. 
Jehalelel, jS-haKS-lgl, B. 
Jehaziel, je'ha-zi'gl, B. 
Jehdeiah, j6-de'ya, B. 



Jehezekel, ie-hgz'e-kgl, B 

iS-hl' 
Jehiel,'jS-M'Si;.B. 



Jehiah, ie-nl'a, B. 



JebieU, jS-M'S-lI, B. 
Jehizkiah, je'htz-ki'a, B. 
Jehoadah, je-ho'a-da, B. 
Jeboaddan, je'lio-ad^dan, B. 
Jehoahaz, je-ho'a-haz, B. 
Jehoash, jg-ho'ash, B. 
Jehohana'n, ie / ho-ha / 'nan or 

ie-ho'ha-nan, B. 
Jehoiachin, jS-hoi'a-kltn, B. 
Jehoiakim, je-hoi^a-ktm, B. 
Jehoiada, je-hoi r a-da, B. 
Jehoiarib, jg-hoi^a-rtb, B. 
Jebol, ya'h.51 or zha r h81, 31. 
Jehonadab, j§-h8n'a-dab, B. 
Jehonathan, j|-h8n r a-than, B. 
Jehoram, jg-ho / 'rara, B. 
Jehoshabeath, 

je'hS-shab'e-ath, B. 
Jehoshaphat, jf-hSsh'a-fat, B. 
Jehosheba, jg-h5sh/£-ba, B. 
Jehoshua or -uah, je-hBsb/fi-a, 

B. 
Jehovah, jg-ho'va, B. 
Jehovah-iireh, jg-ho / 'va-jI r rS, 

B. 
Jehovah-nissi,iS-ho / 'va-nl8 / 'sI, 

B. 
Jehovah-shalom, 

ie-h6'va-sha / '15m, B. 
Jehovah-Bhammah, 

je-ho'va-sharn'ma, B. 
Jehovah-tsidkenu, 

j6-ho / 'va-std'nk$-nn, B. 
Jehozabad, ^-hSz'a-bad, B. 
Jehozadak, jf-hOz^a-dak, B. 
Jehu, ie'hu, B. 
Jehudi, jS-hu'di, B. 
Jehudrjah, je'hn-dl' ja, B. 
Jehush, ie / hush, B. 
Jeiel, jM'61, B. 
Jekabzeel, jf-kab^zf-gl, B. 
Jekameam, iCk'a-me'am, B. 
Jekamiah, igk / a-ml / 'a, B. 
Jekuthiel, jg-ku'tM-gl, B. 
Jellachich, ygl'a-chlch, 31. 
Jemima, jG-mi'ma or 

jgrn't-ma, B. 



Jemnaan, jgm'mll-an, B. 
Jemuel, jr-itiu'gl, B. 
Jena, jSn'a ; O, ya'na, 31. 
Jephthae, jc'l'thil-C, B. 
Jephthah, J6f tha, /:. 
Jephunne, Jephunneh, 

je-iun'nS, B. 
Jerah, je'ra. /;. 
Jerahmeel, jP-rii'mC-gl, B. 
Jerahmeelite, jC-rii'mC-gl-Itz, 

Jerechus, jgr'C-kfis, B. 
Jered, je'rgd, /;. 
Jeremai, jgr'C-niit, B. 
Jeremiah, jCr'C-inT'a, B. 
Jeremias, jgr / f-nil'«s, B. 
Jeremoth, jgr'C-tnSth, B. 
Jeremy, jgr^f-mT, /!. 
Jerez = Xkkes, ha-rCtii / ', M. 
Jeriah, jc-rl'a, Jl. 
Jeribai, jur't-bft, B. 
Jericho, jur'T-kC, B. Sf M. 
Jeriel, je'rT-Cl, B. 
Jerijah, jt-ri'ia, B. 
Jerimoth, jer^T-rnSth, B. 
Jerioth, je'rl-StluA'. 
Jeroboam, jgr'u-bo'am, B. 
Jeroham, jgr'C-ham, B. 
Jersey, jgr'zY, 31. 
Jerubbaal, \t-rX\\i'X>%-a\, B. 
Jerubbeshe'th, jc-rab /, b6-shgth, 

Jerubesheth, jS-rub'S-shgth, 

B. 
Jeruel, jgr'u-el.i?. 
Jerusalem, it-roo'sa-lgm^^. 
Jerusha, Jerushah, jg-roo'sha, 

B. 
Jesaiah, je-sa'ya, B. 
Jeshaiah, jg-sha'ya, B. 
Jeshanah, jgsh'a-na, B. 
Jesharelah, jg-shar't-la, B. 
Jeahebeab, ie-shgb'S-ab, B. 
Jesher, je'sher, B. 
Jeshimon, igsh'T-mSn, B. 
Jeshishai, iC-shlsh'S-I^ B. 
Jeshohaiah, igsh'S-ha-'ya or 

jgsh'o-ha-t'a, B. 
Jeshua, Jeshuah, j'sh'ti-a, B. 
Jeshurun, .igsh'u-run, B. 
Jesi = Iesi. 
Jesiah, iS-si'a, B. 
Jesimiel, je-stm'I-gl, B. 
Jesse, jgs'sS, B. 
Jesso = Yezo. 
Jessue, ngs'sti-S, B. 
Jesu. je'su, B. 
Jesui, jgs'fi-i, B. 
Jesuites, jgs'u-its, B. 
Jesurun, les'u-run, B. 
Jesus, je'ztis, B. 
Jether, je'ther, B. 
Jetheth, ie'thgth, B, 
Jethlah, ]6th'la, B. 
Jethro, je'thrS, B. 
Jetur, iE'tfir, B. 
Jeuel, je'u-gl or jQ'61, B. 
Jeush,je'ush, B. 
Jeuz, je'uz, B. 
Jew, ju or joo^ B. Sr M. 
Jeypoor, jl-poor', M. 
Jezaniah, jgz'a-ni'a, B. 
Jezebel, qgz'g-bgl, B. 
Jezelus, je-ze'ltis, B. 
Jezer. je'zer, B. 
Jezerites, je'zer-its, B. 
Jeziah, je-zl'a, B. 
Jeziel. j'e'zT-gl, B. 
Jezliah, jez-li'a, B. 
Jezoar, jez'o-iir, B. 
Jezrahiah, jgz'ra-hi r a, B. 
Jezreel. jez'rf-gl, B. 
Jezreelite, jgz'rS-el-it, B. 
Jezreelitess, jgz're-gl-It-gs, B. 
Jibsam, iYb'sam, B. 
Jiddah or Djidda, ild'da, M. 
Jidlaph, jYd'iaf, B. 
Jijona or Xizona, he-ho^na, M. 
Jimna, Jimnah, jtm^na, B. 
Jimnites, jtm'nits, B. 
Jipe, je'pg, 31. 
Jiphtah. jtfta, B. 
Jiphthahel, jtf'tha-hgl, B. 
Joab, jo'ab, B. 
Joachaz, jo'd-kftz, B. 
Joachim, jo'a-kTra. B. 
Joacim, jo'a-slm. B. 
Joadanus, jo'a-da'nus, B. 
Joah, jo'a. B. 
Joahaz, io'a-haz. B. 
Joakim, jo'd-ktm, B. 
Joanan, jO-a'non, B. 
Joan of Arc, jO-an', or jon', 5v 

ark, 31. 
Joanes, ho-a'ngs, or Juanes, 

hoo-a'ngs, 3f. 
Joanna, jfi-an'na, B. 
Joannan. jS-an r nan, B. 
Joarib, jo > a-rtb, B. 
Joash, jo'ash, B. 



Joatham, jfi'A-tham, B. 
Joazabdus, jo'a-zab'dtiB, B. 
Job, |0b, B. 
Jobab, jCbSb, B. 
Jocasta, jo-kab'tii, C. 
Jochebed, jSk'C-bgd, B. 
Joda, jo'da, B. 
Jo Daviess, j5 da' vis, M. 
Joed, jG'ed. /;. 
Joel, JO'Bl, B. 
Joelah, ift-c'la, J!. 
Joezer, jfi-c'zPr, B. 
Jogbehah, iSg'bS-hA.A 
Jogli, jOK'Ir.'A'. 
Joha, jo'ha, B. 
Johanan, jO-ha'nan, B. 
Johanna, jft-han'na, 31. 
Johannes, jo-httn'nez, B. 
John, j5n, B. ff 31. 
Joiada, joi'a-da, B. 
Joiakim, joi'a-klm, B. 
Joiarib, joi'a-rtb, B. 
Jokdeam, ifik^dC-am, B. 
Jokim, jr/knn, B. 
Jokmeam, iOk'niC-am, B. 
Jokneam, iok'nC-ain, B. 
Jokshan, jOk'shan, B. 
Joktan, jOk'tan, /;. 
Joktheel, jSk'thC-gl, B. 
JoUba, j01'l-ba, 31. 
Joinville, joui'vll ; 

F. zhwax'ver, 31. 
Jolifa, jS-H'fa, 31. 
Jomini^zhiVme'ne', 31. 
Jona, jCna, B. 
Jonada^jOn'a-dab, B. 
Jonah, jo'na, B. 
Jonan, jo'nan, B. 
Jonas, jo'nas, B. 
Jonathan, jSn'a-them, B. 
Jonathas, ^Sn'a-thas, B. 
Jonath-elem-rechoim, 

jo'nath-e'lem-re-ko'tm, B. 
Jonkbping, ygn'che-plng, M. 
Joppa, jfip'pa, B. 
Joppe, jSp'pS, B. 
Jorah, jo'ra, B. 
Jorai, jo^rS-I, B. 
Joram, jo'ram, B. 
Jordan. jSr'dan, B._ 8f 31. 
Jordanes, iSr-da'nez, C. 
Joribas, lOT'I-bas, B. 
Joribus.jSr'T-bQs, B. 
Jorim, jo'rtm, B. 
Jorkoam, jSr'kS-am, B. 
Jornandes, jSr-nan'dez, C. 
Jorullo, hft-rool'y6, M. 
Josabad, jBs'a-bad, B. 
Josaphat, j5s'a-fBt, B. 
JosaphiaB, jSs'a-fi'as, B. 
Jose, jo'sg, B. 
Josedec, Josedech, 

joVS-dgk, B. 
Joseph, jo'zgf, B. 
Josephus, j<5-se'ftis, B. !f C. 
Joses, jo'sgz, B. 
Joshabad^^ j8sh r a-bad, B. 
Joshah. jo'sha, B. 
Joshaphat, jSsh'a-fat, B. 
Jo8haviah. ]8sh / a-vi ,r a, B. 
Josh-bekashah. 

i5sh / -bgk'a-sha, B. 
Joshua, jSsh'u-a, B. 
Josiah, ;j(5-sT'a, B. 
Josias, n8-sl'as. B. 
Josibiah, .i8sT-bT'a, B. 
Josika, vo r shS-k8. 31. 
Josiphiah, jSs'T-fi'a, B. 
Josquin des Pres, 

zhr/kaN' da pra', 31. 
Jotbah, jQt'ba, B. 
Jotbath, iQt'bath, B. 
Jotbathah, jQt'ba-tha, B. 
Jotham, jo'tham, B. 
Jotunheim, jg'toon-him, i\T. 
Joubert, zhoo'bar'', 31. 
Jouffroy, zhoof'frwa'', 31. 
Jourdan,^hoor / d8N / ', 31. 
Jouz, zhoo''. 31. 
Jovianus, jo'vY-S^nus, C. 
Jowett, jo'et, 31. 
Jozabad, j8z'a-b8d, B. 
Jozachar, j8z'a-kar, B. 
Jozadak, jSz'a-dak, B. 
Juan Fernandez, joo'an f?r- 

nan'dez ; Sp. hoo-an' fgp- 

nan'dgth, 31. 
Juarez, hoo-a'rgs or hwa'rSth, 

31. 
Juba, ju'ba, C. 
Jubal, ju'brtl, B. 
Jucal, iu'kai, B. 
Juda, Judah. ja'da, B. 
Judaa, jtl-de'a,.fi. Sr C. 
Judas, ju'dos, B. 
Jude, jud, B. 
Judea, jn-de'a, B. 
Judith, ju'dtth, B. 
Juel, ju*gl, B. 
Juggernaut, jag-gr-naf, M. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; 3f, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979. ] 



N 



JUGURTHA 



1002 



LA GRANGE 



R 



U 



W 



ift-gfr'tha, C. 
Jufuy. 

Julia, jfl'tt-i, B. v C. 
Julius." jnlT-hs, B. i- C. 

Julianus. in i'.-a'nus. C 
Juliers. *hoo L« i'; & JuUch. 

\u'hk. M. 
Julii. uVU-I, C. 
Juliomagus. julWm'u-gas, 

Juliopolis. iQ tX-BpttJlfe, C. 
Julius, iu'li-r. - 
Jullien.'/luvlPa.N^or 

zlu>ol 'vax', J/. 
Jumna, j&m'na, 31. 
Jungfrau, vdinig'frou, J/. 
Jungmann. ydtajf'man, Jf. 
Junia. iQ'uWi. i>. 4- C. 
Juniata, ju nl-at'a, J/. 
Juno. ju'n?. C. 
Junonalia. ju no-nS'lY-a, C. 
Junones. jfl-no'nez. C. 
Junonia. ju-uo'nl-a. C. 
Junonigeha. ju'nu-nTj'S-na, 

( . 
Junot. zlnHv'no', J/. 
Jupiter, iu'pt-tgr. R. y C. 
Jura, ju ra : F. zhtH/ra', C. (f 

Jushab-hesed, jO/shab-he'sgd, 

R. 
Jufisieu. zhu'sl-g', 31. 
Justinianus.jus-nn'I-a'nuB, C. 
Justinus, ius-tl'nus, C. 
Justus, jus'tus, R. 
Jutland, jfit'land, M. 
Juttah. jut'ta, R. 
Juturna. ju-ter'na, C. 
Juvenalis. jQ'veVna'lls. C. 
Juventas. jfl-ven'tas, C. 
Juverna. jh-ver'na, C. 



Kaarta. kar'ta, M. 

Kaas, kiis, 31. 

Kabajendi. ka-ba-jgn'dir, 31. 

Kabambarre, ka-bam-bar'rS. 

31. 
Kabompo. k'a-bom / 'p(i, 31. 
Kabzeel. kab'ze-gl, B. 
Kacungo, k'a-koon'gS, 31. 
Kades. ka'dez, R. 
Kadesh. ka'desh, B. 
Kadesh-barnea, 

ka'dgsh-bar'ne'-a, B 
Kadmiel, kSd'mT-Sl, R. 
Kadmonites.Jtad'mOn-Its, B. 
Kafuro. kii-foo'rS, 31. 
Kafus, ka-foos', 31. 
Kagera, ka-ja'ra, 31. 
Kagunga, ka-goon'ga, M. 
Kairwan, klrwan', 31. 
Kaisareeyeh, kt-zar-e'e. M. 
Kaisarieh. kl-zar-e'a, M. 
Kakessa, ka-kgs/'sa, 31. 
Kakungu, ka-koon'goo, M. 
Kalamazoo, kal / a-ma-zoo / ', M. 
Kalasa, ka-lii'za, 31. 
KalaBsa, ka-las'sa, 31. 
Kalaui, ka-la'wf, M. 
Kalisz. kii'lTsh, M. 
Kail, kal, 31. 
Kalmar, kal'mar, M. 
Kalooga, kii-loo'ga, M. 
Kaluan, ka-loo'an, 31. 
Kalusz. kalobsh, 3I._ 

leva, ka-rna-da'va, H. 
lbo, kii'ma-ram'bi}. 31. 
Kamchatka or Kamtchatka, 

kam-chafka, M. 
Kampfer, kgmp'fgr, M. 
Kanah. ka'na, R. 
Kanawha, ka-na/wa, 31. 
Kandahar, kan-da-har', M. 
Kankakee, kan'ka-ke', 31. 
Kanna, kan'na, M. 
Kansas, k&n'sas, 31. 
Kant, kant or kant, 31. 
Kantemir, kan't^mgr, 3£. 
Kapuka, ka-prx>'ka, M. 
Kara, ka'ra, M. 
Karagwe. kii-rite'wft. 3f. 
Kara-Hissar, ka'ra'-hls-Bar', 

3f. 
Karamanla, ka-ra-ma'nS-a, M. 
Karamzin. ka-ram-zen', M. 
Kara-Su-Bazar. ka'ra'-boo-ba- 

zar'. 3/. 
Kareah. ka-re'a, R. 
Karema, ka-ra'ma, 31. 
Karkaa, kar'kS-a, B. 
Karker, kar'kCr, h. 
Karlsburg, kiirl-'bfBJrfr, M. 
Karnaim, kar'na-rm, B. 
Kartah, kar'ta, S. 
Kartan, kar'tan, B. 
Kazax. 



Kaschau. klah'on ; Hunq. Kas- 

sa. koah'shO, 31. 
Kasembi. ka-si>m'bP, 31. 
Kashan. kii-sliiin', 3f. 
Kashgar, kusli-jrar'', M. 
Kassai, kii-sl'. 31. 
Kastner. kfst'nOr. /)/. 
Katahdln. ku-tii'd'n. .V. 
Katanga, kft-tan'ga, .'/. 
Katende, kii-tan'dC', .)/. 
Kative. ka-te'vo, .V. 
Katona, kot'<*-n5, .)/. 
Katrine, kat'rfin, 31. 
Kattath. kat'tfith, R. 
Kattegat = Cattkcat. 
Kauffmann, kouf'inan, M. 
Kaunitz. kon'ntts. It. 
Kavalli, ka-vlil'lf, .1/. 
Kavanagh. kav / 'ii-na, 31. 
Kavele, ka-va'l?, .1/. 
Kazan, ka-ziiii'', 31. 
Kearney, kiir'nT, 31. 
Keble, ke'b'l, 31. 
Keczkemet, kCch-kgrn-at', 31. 
Kedar, ke'diir. R. 
Kedemah. kf-de'ma, R. 
Kedemoth. kCd't-inOth, B. 
Kedesh, ke'desh, R. 
Kedesh Naphtali. 

ke'desh naf ' ta-ll,£. 
Kehelathah, kg-heKa-tha, B. 
Kehl. kal. M. 
Keighley, ketli'lS, 31. 
Keighly. local form Keithly, 

keth'll, 3L 
Keightly, kit'lf, 31. 
Keilah, kl'la, R. 
Keiser. ki'zer, M. 
Kelaiah, ke-la'a, R. 
Kelat, kgl-at', 31. 
Kelita. kel'I-ta, R. 
Kemuel.ke-mti'el, B. 
Kenan. ke'nan, B. 
Kenath, ke'nath, B. 
Kenaz. ke'naz, R. 
Keneh. ken'e, 31. 
Kenezite, kgn'S-zit, B. 
Kenia, kSn'ya, M. 
Kenite, ken 'it, B. 
Kennebec, ken'e'-bfk'', 31. 
Kennebunk, kgn / e-bunk / ', M. 
Kennizzites, kgn-nTz'zIts, B. 
Kensington, kgn'stng-tiin, M. 
Kentucky, ken-tuk'!, M. 
Keokuk, ke'o-k&k', M. 
Keren-happuch, 

ker'en-hap'puk, B. 
Kerguelen, kerg'S-len, 31. 
Kerguelen-Tremarec, 

ker / ga / 15-v , -tra / ma / rSk / ', M. 
Kerioth, ke'rl-5th, B. 
KermSn, kgr-man', 31. 
Kerner. kgr'ner or ker'ngr, 31. 
Keros, ke'rSs, R. 
Keszthely, kgst-heK, M. 
Ketcho, kgch-^S, 31. 
Keturah, kt-too / 'ra, B. 
Kezia, ke-zl'a, B. 
Keziz. ke'zlz, B. 
Kharkov, kar-k6f;, 31. 
Khartoom, kar-toom r , M. 
Khem, kein, E. 
Kherson, kgr-son', 31. 
Khiva, ke'va, 31. 
Khoozistan, koo-zTs-tan', M. 
Khorassan, k6-ras-san r , M. 
Khuns, kfins, E. 
Khyber, ki'ber, 31. 
Kiakhta, k$-ak'ta, M. 
Kiangsu, kt-ang'soo, M. 
Kiballa, kT-biiKla, 31. 
Kibanga, kt-ban''ffa, 31. 
Kibroth-hattaavah, 

ktb'rSth-hat-ta'a-va, B. 
Kibzaim, kTb-'za-Tm, B. 
Kickapoo, kTk-a-poo / ', M. 
Kidderminster. 

kTd-dgr-mln'stgr, 31. 
Kidron. kld'rOn, B. 
Kiel, kel, M. 
Kiev, kf-gf, M. 
Kikassa, kT-kas'sa, 31. 
Kilima-Njaro, 

kll'e-mUn'ja-ro', M. 
Kilinga, kt-lln'ga, 31. 
Kilkenny, kfl-ktn'T, M. 
Killarney, kll-ar'nt, 31. 
Kilmarnock, kll-mar'ntlk, 31. 
Kimawenzi, ke / ma-wgn r zC, 31. 
Kimpoko. kTm-po'kC, 31. 
Kinah, kl'na, B. 
Kincardine, ktn-kar'dTn, M. 
King - ke - tao or Kingkitao, 

Hng-kMa'a, 31. 
Kinross, kTn / rr>s / ', 3f. 
Kinsale, kTn-saK, 31. 
Kinshassa. kTn-shaK / 'sa, 3f. 
Kioo-Sioo, kP-^xCshe-ob, M. 
Kioto, k5-6'tr,, 31. 
Kiowa, ke'C-wa, M. 



Kipembwe, kt-pgm'bwg, .V. 
Kir, kor. 11. 
Kircher, klrk'gr, 31. 
Kir-haraseth, kPr'-har'a-sgth, 

Kir-hareseth, kCr'-har'e-sgth, 

Kir-haresh, kgr'-ha'rgsh, B. 
Kir-heres, ker-he'rez, B. 
Kiriath. kTr't-ath, B. 
Kiriathaim, kli^I-a-tha'Tm, B. 
Kiriathiarius, 

ktr'I-ath'I-a'rT-Qs, R. 
Kirioth, klr'I-Cth, B. 
Kirjath, ker'jath, B. 
Kirjath-aim, kgr'iath-a'Tiii, R. 
Kirjath-arba, kei^jath-ar'ba, 

Kixjath-arim, kgr / jath-a' - rTtn), 

Kirjath-baal, kg^jath-ba'al, 

Kirjath-huzoth, 

ker'jath-hu'zSth, R. 
Kirjath-jearim, 

ker / .iath-je /, a-rtm, R. 
Kirjath-sannah, 

ker'jath-san'na, B. 
Kirjath-sepher, 

ker'jath-se'fgr, B. 
Kirkcudbright.ker-koo'bre, 31. 
KirkwaU, kerk'wal, 31. 
Kirri, kTr're, 31. 
Kirwan, kgr'wan, 31. 
Kisanga, kT-san'ga, 31. 
Kisfoludy, klsh'iQ-loo'dl, 31. 
Kish, klsh. B. 
Kishi, kTsh'i, R. 
Kishion, kTsh'I-Cn, B. 
Kishon, ki'shSn, B. 
Kison, ki'sSn, B. 
Kissonga, kls-sen'ga, 31. 
Kistna,kTst / 'na,=KEiSHNA,i(/. 
Kitchitchi, ktt-ke'kl, 31. 
Kithlish, klth'llsh, B. 
Kltron. ktfrSn, B. 
Kittatinny, kTt'a-tTn'nl, 31. 
Kittim, klt'tlm, B. 
Kitura, kT-t^'ra, 31. 
Kiushiu, kyoo-shyoo', 31. 
Kizil Irmak, kTz'ei er-mak', 31. 
Klagenfurth, klii'gen-fcJort', 31. 
Klamath, kla'math, 31. 
Klaproth. klap'rOt, 31. 
Klattau, klat'tou, 31. 
Klausenburg, klou-'zen-botirg, 

Kleber, kla'bSr, or Kl^ber, 

klS'bar', 31. 

Klenze, klSnt'se, 31. 

Kneller, ngKer ; G., kngl'er, 
31. 

Knolles, nolz, 31. 

Knowles, nSlz, 31. 

Knut, knoot, = Canute, M. 

Koa, ko'a, B. 

Koango, k0-an'g0, 31. 

Kobbo, ktib'bo, M. 

KobeU, ko'bgl, 3L 

Koenigsberg = Koxigsbeeg. 

Kohath, ko'hBth, B. 

Kohathites, ko r hath-its, B. 

Kohlrausch, koKroush, 31. 

Kolaiah, kOl'S-i-'a or k6-la'ya 
B. 

Kolbe, koKbe, 31. 

Kolin. ko-len', 31. 

Kb'lliker, keKl-ker, 31. 

Kompaka, k5m-pii r ka, 31. 

Kongsberg, kSngs^bgrg, 31. 

Konieh, ko'nf-a, M. 

Kb'niggratz, kg'ntg-rgts, M. 

Kbnigsberg, ke'nlgs-bgrg, 31. 

Kooban, koo-ban', 31. 

Koordistan = Kurdistan, 31. 

Kooril, koor'el, 31. 

Koorsk, koorsk. M. 

Korah, ko'ra, R. 

Korahite, k5'ra-It, R. 

Korathite, ko'rath-It, B. 

Kore, ko're, B. 

Korhite, kor r hit, B. 

Kbrner or Koerner, kgr'ngr, 
31. 

Kosciusko, kBs'sl-fis'kS ; Pol- 
ish Kosciuszko, _ 

kOsh-yoosh'kC, 31. 

Kossuth, kCsh-shdTrt'' or 

kSsh-sooth', 31. 

Kostroma, kQs-tro'ma, 31. 

Kotzebue, kOt'se-bn ; 

G. kOt'se-boo, 31. 

Kovno. k5v r n<5, 31. 

Koz. k&z, B. 

Krasicki, kra-shft'sk!?, 31. 

Krasnoyarak, kras / nC-yarsk / ', 

Kraus. krous, 31. 
Kremnitz, krem'nTts. M. 
Kreutzer, kroit'sgr, M. 



Kreuznach, kroits'nak. M. 
Krishna, krtsh'nd, or Kiatna. 
klst'nu, H. ^ 31. ^ 

Krudener, kru'de-ngr, 31. 
Krummacher,' krdbm'mak-Sr, 

Kuhnbl, ku'ngl, 31. 
Kuilu, kwe'loo, 31. 
Kumbana, koom-ba'na, M. 
Kunda, koon'da, 31. 
Kunduz, koon-dooz', 31. 
Kurdistan or Koordistan, 
_ ., . koor-dls-tan', 31. 

Kunle, koo'rTl, 31. 
Kurland = Colkland, 31. 
Kurma, kgr'ma, H. 
Kurshee, kgr' she, 31. 
Kursk, koorsk, 31. 
Kurtz or Kurz, kotirts, 31. 
Kushaiah, kn-slia'ya, B. 
Kutaja or Kutaya, koo-tl'yn, 

Kutusof or Koutouzof, 

koo-too'zOf, 31. 
Kuvera, koo-va'ra, H. 
Kuyp or Cuyp, koip, M. 



Laadah, la'a-da, B. 
Laadan, la'a-dan, B. 
Laaland, la'land, 31. 
Laban, la'lban, B. 
Labana. lab'a-na, B. 
Labdacides, l&b-das'I-dez, C. 
Labdacus, lab'da-kiis, C. 
Labeo. la'be-S, C. 
Laberius, la-be 'rl-tis, C. 
Labicum, la-bi'kQm, C. 
Labienus, la'bT-e'ntis, C. 
Lablache, la'blash', 31. 
Laborde, la'bord'', 31. 
Lahore, la-bo'ra, if. 
Labouchere, la / bo6 / shar / ', 31. 
Laboulaye, la'boo'la', M. 
La Bourdonnaie, 

la boor / d0n / na', M. 
Labrador, lab'ra-dSr" - , 31. 
LabyrinthUB_, lab'T-rln'thus, CV 
Lacaena, la-se'na, C. 
Laccadives, lak'a-dlvz, 31. 
Lacedaemon, las'e-de'nifjn, C. 
Lacedaemonii, 

las'g-dg-mo'nl-i, C. 
Lacedaemones. 

las'e-dgm'S-nez, C. 
Lacedemonians, 

las'e-dg-mo'nl-anz, B. 
Lacepede, la'sa'pad', M. 
Lachesis. lak'e-sls, C. 
Lachish, la'klsh, B. 
Lachmann, lak'man, 31. 
Lacinium. la-sln't-um, C. 
Lackawanna, iak-a-w-5n'a, 31. 
Lacobriga, lak'o-brl'ga, C. 
Laconia, la-kCnT-a, C. 
Laconica. la-kSn't-ka, C. 
Lacroix, la-krwa', 31. 
La Crosse, la kros', 31. 
Lactantius, lak-tan'sht-us, C. 
Lacunus, la-ku'nus, B. 
Lacydes, las'I-dez or 

la-si'dez, C. 
Ladakhja-dak' Jf. 
Ladan.la'dan, B. 
Lade, la'de, C. 
Lado, la'do, 31. 
Ladocea, lad'o-se'a, C. 
Ladislas, lad'Is-las, or Ladis- 

laus, lad'Is-la'Qs, 31. 
Ladoga. lBd'6-ga, 31. 
Ladon, la'dCn^C. 
LadroneB, la-dronz'; 

£p. la-drfS'ngs, 31. 
Lael. la'el, B. 
Laelaps. leiaps, C. 
LaeUanus. le'iT-a-'nus, C. 
LaeUus, le^T-Qs, C. 
Laennec, la'ngk', 31. 
Laertes, la-eKtez, C 
Laertius, la-er'shT-Qs, C. 
Laestrygones i lgs-trTg / 'o-nez, CV 
Laetoria, lg-to'rT-a, C 
Laevinus, le-vl'nus, C. 
La Fayette or Lafayette. 

Ia'fa'gt' 31. 
Laffitte. laf-flf or lajfet', 31. 
La Fontaine, la fCn-tan' ; F. la 

ftsx'tan', 31. 
La Fourche, la foorsh, 31. 
Lagny, lan'ye', 31. 
Lagoa dos Patos, la-go'a dos 

pa'tos, 31. 
Lago Maggio^ 

la'gO mad-]5'ra, Jr. 
La Grange, la granj', 31. 



i, o, u, long ; &, 6, I, 5, ■&, f, short ; senate, event, tdea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



LA GUAYRA 



1003 



LINKOPING 



La Guayra, la gwl'ra, M. 

Laguna, lii-goo'na, At. 

Lagus, la'gfis, C. 

Lagusa, ld-gu'sa, C. 

Lahad, la'had, B. 

Lahairoi, la-ha'roi, B. 

La Harpe or Laharpe, la-arp', 

La Hire or Lahire, la-er', At. 
Lahmam, la'inam, B. 
Lahmi, la'mY, B. 
Lahn, liln, 31. 
Lahore, lii-hor', J/. 
Lahsa, ld'sii, 3f. _ 
Laiades. lit-i'a-dez, C. 
Laibach. Il'b&k, 31. 
Laing. lang, 31. 
Lais, la'Ys, C. 
Laish, la'Ysh, B. 
Laius, la'yns, C. 
Lakolela, la'k6-la'14, At. 
Lakshmi, laksh'mY, H. 
Lakum, la'kQm, B. 
Lalande. la'lSxd', 31. 
Lally-Tollendal, 

la'le'-tCKlSx'daK, 31. 
Lamachus, lam'a-kus, C. 
La Mancha, la man'cha, 31. 
Lamar, la-mar', 31. 
La Marmora or Lamarmora, 

la-mar'mS-ra, At. 
La Marche, la, miirsh, 31. 
Lamar que, la'mark^ 31. 
Lamartine, la/mar'ten', At. 
Lamballe, lON'baK, At. 
Lambayeque, lam-bt-a'ka", At. 
Lambrani, lam-bra'nl, C. 
Lamech, la'mgk, B. 
Lamego, lii-ma'gS, 31. 
La Mennais or Lamennais, 

la/mft'na'', 31. 
Lamia. la'mY-a, C. 
Lamiae, la'tnY-e", C. 

lermuir, lain'mSr-moor', 



Lamoriciere, la / mS / re" / se"-ar'', 

31. 
Lamothe, lii'mBf, J/. 
Lamouroux, la / mo</roo / ', M. 
Lampedo, lam-pe'dS, C. 
Lampetia, lam'pg-ti'a, C. 
Lampeto, lana'pS-to", C. 
Lampridius .Slius, 

lam-prTd'I-us elY-Qs, C. 
Lamproclea, lam'pro-klez, C. 
Lampsacus, lamp'sa-kus, C. 
Lampsachum, lamp'sa-kftm, C. 
LamuB, la'mus, C. 
Lamyrus, lam'Y-rus, C. 
Lanai, la-na'S, At. 
Lanark, lan'ark, M. 
Lancashire, lank'a-sher, 31. 
Lancaster, lank'as-tgr, At. 
Lancia, lan'shY-a, C. 
Lanciano, lan-ch.a'no", 31. 
Landana, lan-da'na, 3t. 
Landau, lan'dou, 31. 
Landes, 15xd, 31. 
Landskrona, landz-kroo'na, 31. 
Landshut, lants'hoot, 31. 
Lanfranc, lan'frank, 31. 
Langeac, 15x / zhak r , At. 
Langelande or Langland, 

lang'land, 31. 
Langensalza, lang'en-zal'tsa, 

31. 
Langholm, lang'Qm, 31. 
Langobordi, lan'gS-bBr'di, C. 
Langres, lQNgr, 31. 
Languedoc, 15x / ge-d6k / ', At. 
Lannes, Ian or Ian, 31. 
Lantier, 15N'tY-a', At. 
Lanuvium, la-nu'vY-Qm, C. 
Lanzarote, lan-tha-ro'ta", M. 
Laocoon, la"-5k'6-5ii, C. 
Laodamas, ltt-Sd'a-mas, C. 
Laodamia, lS-o'd'a-mT'a, C. 
Laodice, ia-8d'Y-se, C. 
Laodicea, lS-Sd / I-se /, a. B. Sf C. 
Laodiceans, lst-Sd'Y-se'anz, B. 
Laodocus, lit-Sd'o-ktis, C. 
Laomache, lit-Sm'ji-ke", C. 
Laomedes, la'u-me'dez, C. 
Laomedia, la'O-me-di'a, C. 
Laomedon, la'-JSm'S-dSn, C. 
Laomedontiadae. 

Ia--5m / e--d5n-tt'a-de, C. 
Laomenes, l;t-5m'e"-nez, C. 
Laon, la'tiN', At. 
Laonice, la'u-ni'se', C. 
Laonome, la'-Sn'o-me', C. 
Laos, la'os, M. 
La Paz, la path', M. 
Laphria, la'£rT-a, C. 
Laphystium, la-fts'«-Qm, C. 
Lapidfoth, lap't-dSth, B. 
LapithsB, iap'1-the, C. 



Laplace, la'plass', If. 
La Plata, la pla'ta, M. 
La Puebla, la pwgb'la, 



Lara, la'ra, C. 
Laranda, la-ran'da, C. 
Laredo, lii-ra'dO, M. 
Larentia, lA-rgn'shl-a, C. 
Lares, la'rez, C. 
Larina, la-rl'na, C. 
Laris3a, lii-rTs'su, C. If M. 
Larissus, la-rfs'efia or 

lar'Ts-sfis, C. 
Laristan, rar-Ys-tan', M. 
Larius. la'rY-fis, C. 
La Rocheiaquelein or La Roohe- 

jacquelln, lii rdsh / 7.hak / la^f , , 

M. 
Larrey, lar'rff or la-'ra', M. 
Lartius, lar'shY-fis, C. 
La Salle, la sal', M. 
Las Casas, las kii'siis, M. 
Las Cases Jiis kaz', 31. 
Lasea, la-se'a, B. 
Lasha, la'sha, B. 
Lasharon, la-sha'r8n, B. 
Las Palmas, liis piil'miis, M. 
Lassa or H'lassa, h'liis'sa, M. 
Lasthenes, las'the-nez, B. If C. 
Lasus, la'sus, C. _ 
Latacunga, la-ta-koon'gii, M. 
Latakia, la-ta-ke'a, M. 
Lateranus, lat^er-a'nQs, C. 
Laterium^la-te'rY-tim, C. 
Latham, la'thum, M. 
Latialis, la'sht-a'lts, C. 
Latinae, la-ti'nS, C. 
Latini, la-ti'nT, C. 
Latinus, la-ti'nus, C. 
Latium, la'sht-Qm, C. 
Latobrigi, lat'o-bri'ji, C. 
Latomiae, la-to'mY-8, C. 
Latona, la-to'na, C. 
Latopolis, la-tSp'o-lYs, C. 
Latour, la'toor', M. 
Latous, la-to'tts, C. 
Latreille, la-tral'. or la' tra'y', 

M. 
Latrobe, la'trob', M. 
Lauban, lou'ban, M. 
Lauderdale, la'der-d^l, M. 
Laudon or Loudon, lou'dQn, 

M. 
Lauenburg, lou'en-bd6rg, M. 
Launceston, lans'tQn, M. 
Laura, la'ra, C Sf M. 
Laureacum, la-re r a-kfim, C. 
Laurentalia, la'rgn-ta'lt-a, C. 
Laurentes, la-r5n'tez, C. 
Laurentia, la-rSn'sht-a, C. 
Laurentini, la'rSn-tl'nl, C. 
Laurentum, la-r5n'tiim, C 
Lauron, la r r5n, C. 
Laus, la'iis, C. 
Lausanne, lo'zan', M. 
Lausus, la'stis, C. 
Lauterbriinnen, 

lou'ter-brfion'en, M. 
Lavacca, la-vak'ka, M. 
Laval, la'val', M. 
Lavater, la-va'tSr or la'va'tar', 

31. 
Laverna, la-vgr'na, C. 
Lavernium, la-ver'nY-flm, C. 
Lavinia, la-vXn'T-a, C. 
Lavinium, la-vYn'I-fim, or La- 

vinum, la-vl'ntim, C. 
Lavoisier, la'vwa/ze-a', M. 
Lavoro, la-vo'rS, C. 
Lawrencej la'rSns, M. 
Layard, la'ard, 31. 
Laybach, li'bak, 31. 
Lazarus, laz'a-rfis, B. Sf C. 
Leah, le'a, B. 

Leamington, lPm'Yng-tfin, 31. 
Leander, le'-an'der, C. 
Leannoth, le"-an'n5th, B. 
Leavenworth, lev'en-wgrth, 3f. 
Lebadea, leb'a-de'a, C. 
Lebana or Lebanah. 15b'a-na, 

B. 
Lebanon, lSb'a-nSn, B. Sf 31. 
Lebaoth, leb'$-5th, B. 
Lebbaeus, Lebbeus, 16b-be'Qs, 

B. 
Lebedus, lgb'S-dOs, C. 
Lebedos, leb'e-dSs, C. 
Leblanc, le-bl5x r , 3f. 
Leblond, l*-bl5x', 31. 
Leboeuf, le-bef, M. 
Lebonah, lS-bo'na, B. 
Le Brun or Lebrun, le-brfiN', 

M. 
Lecah, le'ka, B. 
Lecce, lSt'chS, 31. 
Lech, 15k, 31. 
Lechaeum, lS-keTim, C. 
Le Clerc or Leclerc, le-klar', 

31. 
Lecomte, le-k6Nt', 31. 
Leconte, le-kSxf, 3L 
Le Creuzot, le kru'zo', 31. 
Lectoure, lgk-toor', M. 
Leda, le'da, C. 



Ledaea, lf-de'a, C. 
Ledru-Rollin, le-drn'-rSHaN', 

M. 
Ledus, le'dBs, C. 
Lefebvre, lr-ft'vr' or le-favr', 

M. 
Legar^, le-gre', 31. 
Legendre, le-zh8Ndr' or 

le-jen'dSr, 31. 
Leger, lft'zha', 31. 
Leghorn, kfr'hOrn or 15g- 
h8rn' ; It. Livorno, lC-vSr'- 

n<5, 31. 
Legnago, lan-ya'gS, 31. 
Legnano, llln-yii'nO, M. 
Legrand, le-CTOK', M. 
Leh. IS, St. 

Lehabim, le'ha-btm, B. 
Lehi, le'hi, B. 
Lehigh, le'hl, 31. 
Leibnitz or Leibniz, Hb'nYte, 

31. 
Leicester, lPs't5r, 31. 
Leigh, le, 3f._ 
Leighton, le'tun or 15'tQn, 

3/. 
Leiningen, li'nYng-cn, M. 
Leinster, lYn'ster or len'stSr, 

31. 
Leipsic, lip'sYk; G. Leipzig, 

Hp'tsYg, 31. 
Leiria or Leyria, ltt-re'a, M. 
Leith, leth, 31. 
Leitmeritz, llt'mgr-Yts, M. 
Leitrim, le'trYm, 31. 
Lekedi, 16-ka'de, 31. 
Leleges, leKS-jez, C. 
Lelex, la'ISks, C. 
Lemaistre, le-matr', M. 
Le Mans, le m5x, 31. 
Lemanus, le-ma'nus, C. 
Lemberg, lSm'bSrg, M. 
Lemoine, le-mwan' or 

le-moin^, M. 
Lemovices, ISm'o-vi'sez or 

lg-mSv'Y-sez, C. 
Lempriere, lSm'prY-gr or 

lem-prer', M. 
Lemuel, lgm'u-51, _B. 
Lemures, lSm'ft-rez, C. 
Lemuria, lg-mu'rY-a, C. 
Lena, le r na,_jJf. 
Lenaeus, lg-ne'tis, C. 
Lenawee, 15n'a-we, 31. 
Lenclos or L'Enclos, ISN'klo', 

31. 
Lenfant or L' Enfant, Wn'iSn', 

31. 
Lenni-Lennape", 

15n^ng-lgn-na'pS, 31. 
Lenoir, le-nor' or le-nwar', 

31. 
Lentini, lgn-te'nS, 31. 
Lentulus, lSn'td-lfis, C. 
Leo, le'S, C._ 

Leocorion, le'ti-ko'rY-Sn, C. 
Leodamas, lg-Sd'-'-mas, C. 
Leominster, U. S., lem'Yn-ster; 

Eng. lgm'ster, 31. 
Leon, le'Sn : Sp. IS-on', M. 
Leoni. 14-o'nS, 31. 
Leonida, lg-Sn'Y-da, C. 
Leonidas, lg-8n'Y-das, C. 
Leonides, le-Sn'Y-dez, C. 
Leontini, le'on-ti'nt, C. 
Leontium, le-Sn'shY-Cm, C. 
Leosthenes, lS-Bs'tM-nez, C. 
Leotychides, le / i5-tYk'Y-dez, C. 
Lepanto, lg-pan'to or 

IS-pan'tS, M. 
Lepida, lgp"Y-da, C. 
Lepidus. lgp'Y-dfls, C. 
Lepontii, lg-p5n'shY-T, C. 
Leptines, lgp'tY-nez, C. 
Lerici. la'rg-chg, 31. 
Lerida, lgr'g-da, 31. 
Lerina^lg-ri'na, C. 
Lero, le'ro, C. 
Leros, le'rCs, C. 
Leroux, le-roo', 31. 
Lerwick, lgr'Yk, M. 
Le Sage or Lesage, le-saizh', 

31. 
Les Andelys, la'zOx'dle', 31. 
Lesbous, les-bo'tts, C. 
Leshem, le'shSm, C. 
Lesina, lgs'e-nii, 31. 
Lespinasse or L'Espinasse, 

Ks'pg'nas'', 31. 
L'Estoile, lit' tw&r, 3f. 
L'Estrange, lgs-tranj', M. 
Lesueur, French painter, 

le-su'gr', 31. 
Le Sueur, French musician, le 

su'gr', 31. 
Lesura, lgs'tt-ra or lC-su'ra, C. 
Lethe, le'thg, C. 
Lettus, lgt'tfls, B. 
Letushim, lg-tu'shYm, B. 
Leuca, lu'ka, C. 



Leucadia, lft-ka'dY-a, C. 

Leucas, 10'kas, C. 

Leuce, lu'sC, C. 

Luci, la'st, C. 

Leuchtenberg, loik'ten-bCrg, 

Leucippe, lft-sYp'pg, C. 
Leucippus, lfi-slp'pes, C. 
Leucon, ln'kCn, C. 
Leucopetra, 10-kCp'g-tr4, C. 
Leucophrys, ln'ko-frls, C. 
Leucos. lQ'kfi.-. C. 
Leucosia, lfi-kO'shY-a, C. 
Leucoayria, lQ'ko-sir'Y-a, C. 
Leucothea, lfl-ko'tht-a, C. 
Leucothoe, lfi-kOth'S-g, C. 
Leuctra, lak'tra, C. 
Leuctrum. luk'trum, C. 
Leucyaaiias. lu'sY-a'nY-aB, M. 
Leummim, lC-um'mYm, B. 
Leutschau, loit'shou, .)/. 
Leuwenhoek, le'wen-hook, M. 
Levant.lt-vant', 31. 
Lever, le'vgr, 31. 
Leverrier, le-vgr'rY-gr or 

le-va'r6-a', M. 
Levi, le'vt, B. 
Levis. le'vYs, B. 
L^visac. la've-ziik', 31. 
Levite, le'vtt, B. 
Leviticus, 15-vYt'Y-kfis, B. 
Lewes, lu'r-, 3f. 
Lewisham, lu'Tsh-am, M. 
Lexovii, leks-o'vY-I, C. 
Leyden or Leiden, ll'den, 31. 
L'Hopital or L'HoBpital. 

lo'pg'tal', M. 
Liba, le'ba, 31. 
Libadia, le-va-de'a, 31. 
Libanius, lY-ba'nY-fls, C. 
Libanus, lYb'a-nQs, B. Sf C. 
Libentina, lYb'gn-ti'nd, C. 
Liber, li'ber, C. 
Libera, lYb'g-ra, C. 
Liberi, le'ba-rg, 31. 
Liberia, lt-be'rY-a, 31. 
Libertas, lY-ber'tas, C. 
Libethra. lt-be'thra, C. 
Libethrides, lt-bgth'rY-dez, C. 
Libici, lYb'Y-sl, C. 
Libitina, lYb'Y-tl'na, C. 
Libnah, lYb'na, B. 
Libni, lYb'nt, 31. 
Libnites, lYb'ntts, M. 
Libon, H'bSn, C. 
Libophoenices, lYb'S-fg-nt'sez, 

C. 
Libourne, lg'boorn', 3f. 
Liburna, lt-ber'na, C. 
Liburnia, lf-bgr'nY-4, C. 
Libya, lYb'Y-a, B. &r C. 
Libyci, lYb'Y-sI, C. 
Libycum Mare, 

lYb'Y-kQm ma'rS, C. 
Libyssa, lf-bYs'sa, C. 
Lichades, lYk'a-dez, C. 
Lichas, li'kas, C. 
Lichfield, lYch'ield, 31. 
Lichtenau, lYk'te-nou, M. 
Lichtenberg, lYk'ten-bgrg. 3f. 
Lichtenfels, lYk'ten-fgls, M. 
Lichtenstein, lYk'ten-stln, M. 
Lichtwehr, lYkt'var, M. 
Licinia, lY-sYn'Y-a, C. 
Licinius, lY-sYn'Y-iiB, C. 
Licinus, lYs^-nfis, C. 
Licona, lg-ko'na, M. 
Liddell, lYd'el, 31. 
Lieber, le'ber, M. 
Liebig, le'bYg, 31. 
Liege, Ig'azh', 31. 
Liegnitz, leg'nYts, 3f. 
Liemba, lg-gm'ba, M. 
Lierre, lg-ar'^3/. 
Ligarius, lY-ga'rY-fis, C. 
Liger, li'jer, C. 
Ligures, lYg'ft-rez, C. 
Liguria, lY-gu'rY-a, C. 
Ligusticum Mare, 

lY-gfis'tY-ktim ma'rS, C. 
Likhi, lY^'hi, C. 
Liki. le'ki. 31. 
Likuala, le'koo-ala, M. 
Lille or Lisle, lei, 31. 
Lilybaeum, lYl'Y-be'Qm, C. 
Lima, 1'eru, le'ma ; 

U. S., H'ma, M. 
Limborch, lYm'bSrk, M. 
Limburg, lYm'bgrg ; F. Un- 
bourg or Limborg, lax'boor', 

Limerick, lYm^gr-Yk, 3t. 
Limoges, lfmozh', M. 
Limousin, lg / moo / zaN / ', 31. 
Linacre, lYn'a-kgr, M. 
Linares, lg-na'rgs, 3f. 
Lincoln, lYnk'fin, M. 
Lingard, lYn'giird, At. 
Lingones. lYn'gi5-nez, C. 
Linkbping, lYn'ch*e-pYng, M. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



LINLITHGOW 



1004 



MADON 



u 



w 



Linlithgow, hn-hth'g?. M. 
Llnne/Jiii-iia" ; L. Linnaeus. 

hn-no'tls. .V. 
Linnell. Un'c!. -V. 
Lintx or Linz. hut>. .V. 
Linus, U'nOs, K.. C, V Jf. 
Lipara. llp':i-ni. C 
Liparus. llp'u-rtis, i • 
Lipari. lip «-r?. J/- 
Liparis. hp'a-rls. C 
Lipenga. lf-pfn'ga, Jf 
Lippe. Up'pc .V. 
Lippincott. llp'Tn-kut. .V. 
Liauentia. lt-kwgn'sht-a, C. 
Liris, ll'rls. ('. 
Lisbon, llz'biin ; Pg. Lisboa. 

Ies-b5'a. .1/. 
Lisle or Lille, lei, Jf. 
Lissa.lls'sa, Jf. 
Liszt, list, Jf. 
Litemum. U-ter'num. C. 
Lithuania, llth'n-a'iiT-a, Jf. 
Litiz. llPTts, JT. 
Lityersas. llt'l-Sr'sas, C. 
Lityerses. llfl-er'sez, C. 
Livadia. llv-ii-de'a. Jf. 
Liverpool. ttv'5r-pool, J/". 
Livia. llv't-a, C. 
LiviuB, Uv'l-iis, C. 
Livonia, lT-vS'nt-a, Jf. 
Livorno. lg-vo"r'n<5, At. 
LIxub. llks'fis, C 
Ljusne. lt-oos'nS, Jf. 
Ltandaff. lfin-daf, Jf. 
Llanelly. lii-neth'lT, J/. 
Llangollen. Iau-g3t)i'15n, Jf . 
Llanidloes, lan'ld-16s, Jf. 
Llano, lii'no, Jf. 
LlanrwBt, lan^roo6t, Jf. 
Llerena, lyS-ra'na, Jf. 
Llorente, lyC-rgn'ta", Jf. 
Lloyd, loid^Jf. 
Lo-ammi, lo'-am'ml, B. 
Loange, loo-an'ga, Jf. 
Loango, loo-Un'g6, Jf. 
Lobbor, 15b'b5r, Jf. 
Lochaber, I5k-ii'ber, if. 
Loch Leven. 15k lfv'en, Jf. 
Loch Lomond, 15k lo'mtuid, 

31. 
Locri, lo'krt, C. 
Locusta, lo-kus'ta, C. 
LocutiuB, lC-ku'shT-tis, C. 
Lod, 15d, B. 

Lo-debar, lo'-de'bar, B. 
Lodeve. lS'dav', 31. 
Lodi, /«., lo'dS ; U. S., lo'dl, 

J/. 
Loffoden, 15f-f<5'den, Jf. 
Loggia, lSd'jii, 31. 
Logroho, 15-gron'v5, At. 
Lohemba, 16-hgm'oa, Jf. 
Lohua. 10-hu'a, Jf. 
Loika, lG-e'ka, Jf. 
Loir, lwar, 31. 
Loire, lwar. 31. 
Loiret, lwa'rSf, Jf. 
Lois, lo'Ts, B. 
Loki, 15'kt, JK 
Lokman, lok'man, Jf. 
Loko, 15'kC. Jf. 
Lokoma, lo-ko'iria, AT. 
Lola Montes, lola mBn'tez, 

Jf. 
Lolli, 1511T, Jf. 
Lollia, 151'lT-a, C. 
Lollianns, 151'lT-a'nfis, C. 
Lollitus, 15KlI-as, C. 
Lomami, lS-ma'tnT, Jf. 
Lombardi, lSm-bar'de", Jf. 
Lombardy, 15m'bar-dY, Jf. 
Lom^nie, 15'mS'ne', Jf. 
Lomond, Loch, 15k' lo'mund, 

31. 
LomonosoS, Lomonosov, 

15m-5-no'65f, Jf. 
Londinium, 15n-dIn'T-fim, C. 
London, lun'dtin, Jf. 
Londonderry, lan'dun-der'T, 

Jf. 
Longhi, lSn'ge, Jf. 
Longimanus, lon-jTm' - a-nttB, C. 
Longinns, 15n-jl'nfis, C 
Longobardi, lSn'go-bar'al, C. 
Longueville, loxg'vSK, 31. 
Longula, 15n'gu-la, C. 
Lona-le-Saulnier, 

lo.v'-le-so'n'ya', Jf. 
Loo-Choo, loo'-choo', Jf. 
Lope de Vega, lo'pa de va'ga, 

Lopez, lo'pgz rrr 15'pgth, Jf. 
Lopori, lS-pa'rt, Jf. 
Lorain, 15-ran', Jf. 
Loreto, 15-ra'tfS, or Loretto, 

uhww, jf. 

Lorient or L' Orient, ICrt-SBT 9 , 

Lorraine, Mr'ran', At. 
Lo-rnhama, lo^-ralia-ma, B. 



Los Angeles, 10s iie'ggl-gs, Jf. 
Lostwithiel. lost-wirh'U. Jf 
Lot. lot. B. : lo, Jf 
Lotan. 10'tan. B. 
Lothaire, ld-thar' or U*-tur' 

.1/. 
Lothasubus, lSth'a-sQ'bQs, B. 
Lothian. lo'thl-<tn, Jf. 
Lotis, lo'tls, or Lotos, 16't5s 

('. 
Lotophagi, 18-t5fa-ji, C. 
Loubl. loVbl, 31. 
Loudon, lou'dfin, Jf. 
Lougen. lou'gt u, Jf. 
Lough, Ittf, Jr. 
Loughborough, ltif ' bQr-<5, Jf. 
Lough Erne, 15k ern r , 31. 
Lough Neagh, 15k na', Jf. 
Loughrea, lSk'ra', Jf. 
Louis. loVTts ; F. loo'e', Jf. 
Louisiade, lS5-6-z$-ad r , Jf. 
Louisiana, loo'f-zt-a'na, Jf. 
Louisville, loo'Ts-vIl or 

loo'I-vtl, Jf 
Louth, loutii, or louth, M. 
Louvain, loo'va>"', Jf. 
Louyerture or L'Ouverture, 

loo'vSr'tur'', Jf. 
Louviers, loo've-S'', Jf. 
Louvois, loo'vwa'', Jf. 
Lowa, 15'wa, Jf. 
Lowe, le'we, Jf. 
LoweU, lo'gl, Jf. 
Lower, lou'er, Jf. 
Lowndes, loundz, Jf. 
Lowth, louth, Jf. 
Loyola, 13-yo'lii, Jf 
Lozere, l^'zar', Jf. 
Lozon, lo'zSn, B. 
Lualalba.Joc/al-aKba, Jf. 
Luama, loo-a'Dia, Jf. 
Luapula, loc/a-poo'la, Jf. 
Luavala, loo-a-va'la, Jf. 
Lubanya, loo-ban'ya, Jf. 
Liibeck, lu'bek, Jf. 
Lubesu, loo-ba'soo, Jf. 
Lubi, loo'bT, Jf. 
Lubilah, loo-be 'ra, Jf. 
Lubim, lti'Mm, B. 
Lubims, lu'Mmz, B. 
Lubin, lu'Mn, Jf. 
Luburi, loo-boo' rt, Jf. 
Luca, lu'ka, C. 
Lucani, lu-ka'nt, C. 
Lucania, lfl-ka'nl-a, C. 
Lucanus, lfl-ka r nus, C. 
Lucaria, lu-ka r rt-a, C. 
Lucas, lQ'kas, B. Sc 31. 
Lucca, look'ka, Jf. 
Lucceius, iak-se r yfis,_C 
Lucena, lu-se'na or loo-tha'na, 

Jf. 
Lucera, loo-cha^ra, Jf. 
Luceres, lu'sS-rez, C. 
Luceria, lfl-se'rT-a, C. 
Lucerne, loo-sern / ', Jf. 
Lucia, lu'sht-a, C. Sf At. 
Lucianus, lu'sht-a'nus, C. 
Lucidus, lu'st-dfis, C. 
Lucifer, lu'st-fSr, B. 8? C. 
Lucilius, lfl-sTKI-us, C. 
Lucilla, lu-sY11a, C. 
Lucina, lu-si^na, C. 
Lucius, lu'shl-us, B. Sf C. 
Lticke, luk'ke, Jf. 
Lucknow, luk'nou 7 , Jf. 
Lucon, Iu'sSk', Jf. 
Lucretia', lu-kre'shY-a, C. if Jf. 
Lucretilis, lu-kr5t'T-lTs, C. 
Lucretius, lu-kre'sM-Qs, C. 
Luctatius, luk-ta'sht-tis, C. 
Luculli Horti, 

lu-kullt hdr'tl, C. 
Lucullus, 10-kul'lus, C. 
Lucumo, lu'ku-mo, C. 
Lucus, lu'ktis, C. 
Lud, lfid, B. 
Ludim, lu'dtm, B. 
Ludwigsburg, lood /, vYgs-bd6rg, 

Ludwigslust, lOod'wtgz-lo^st, 

Luebo, loo-S'bS, Jf. 
Lunfa, loo-fe'fa, Jf. 
Lufula, loo-foo'la, Jf. 
Lugano, loo-ga'nS, Jf. 
Lugdunum, lfig-du'num, C. 
Lugo, loo'go, Jf. 
Luhith.m'htth, B. 
Luini, luo-e'ne, Jf. 
Lukalla, loo-kal'la, Jf. 
Lukaasi, loo-kas'sT, Jf. 
Luke, luk. B. 
Lukenye, loo-ken'yg, Jf. 
Lukuga, lcTo-koo'ga, Jf. 
Lukugu, Ioo-ko6'g6o, Jf. 
Lulea. IdVTWJ, Jf 
LuUy, IfiKt, Jf. 
Lulongo, I'x^ien'gft, Jf. 
Lulu, loo'loo, Jf. 



Lulua, loo'loo-a, Jf. 
Luluaberg, Uuvloo'a-bgrg, Jf. 
Lumbi. loom'bt, Jf. 
Luna, lu'na, C. $■ AT. 
Luncaya, loon-ka'ya, Jf. 
Liineburg, lu'ne-boorg 7 , Jf. 
Lunenburg, lu'nen-bgrg, Jf. 
Luneville, lQ'ne-vtl or 

lu'nft'veK, Jf. 
Lunge, loon'gg, Jf. 
Lupa, lu'pa, C. 
Lupata, ln-pa'ta, Jf. 
Lupercal, 10-pgr'kal, C. 
Lupercalia, la'pSr-kS'lt-a, C. 
Luperci, lu-per'st, C. 
Lupercus, ln-pgr'kas, C. 
Lupia8, lu'pt-as, or Lupia, 

lQ'pI-a, C. 
Lupus, lQ'pus, C. 
Luray, lu-ra', Jf. 
Lurimbi, loo-rtm'bS, Jf. 
Lusatia, lfl-sa'shY-a, Jf. 
Lusibi, loo-se'bt, Jf. 
Lusitania, lu'sT-ta'nt-a, C. 
Lusones, lu-so'n6z, C. 
Lutatius, lu-ta'tts, C. 
Lutete, loo-ta'tg, Jf. 
Lutetia, lu-te'shl-a, C. 
Lutzen, ldot'sen, Jf. 
Luxemburg, laks'gm-b^rg ; F. 

Luxembourg, luks'SN'boor' 

Jf. 
Luxeuil, luks'eK, Jf. 
Luxor, luks'Sr, Jf. 
Luz, luz, B. 
Luzerne,Ja-z5rn / ', Jf. _ 
Luzon, loo-zon' ; Sp. loo-thon', 

Jf. 
Lyaeus, lt-e'iis, C. 
Lycabas, lTk'a-bSs, C. 
Lycabetus.lTk'a-be'tus, C. 
Lycsa, lt-se^a, C. 
Lycaeus. ll-se'fis, C. 
Lycambes, ll-kam / 'bez, C. 
Lycaon, li-ka'5n, C. 
Lycaonia, llk'a-o'nt-a, B. Sf C. 
LycastUB, lt-kas'tus, C. 
Lyce, ll'sC, C. 
Lyceas, lts'S-as, C. 
Lyceum, Lt-se'ttm, C. 
LychnidUB, llk'nY-das, C. 
Lycia, llsh'I-a, B. Sf C. 
Lycidas. lts't-das, C. 
Lycide, Us'I-de - , V. 
Lyciscus, lt-sYs'kfis, C. 
Lycius, lt-si-'fis or lTsh^-tls, C. 
Lycomedes, lTk'S-me'dez, C. 
Lycoming, li-k5m'fng, Jf. 
Lycon, li r k5n, C. 
Lycone, lt-ko'nfc, C. 
Lycophron, ltk'6-fr5n, C. 
Lycopolis, ll-kSp'S-lts, C. 
Lycorea, lTk'6-re'a, C. 
Lycoreus, lt-ko're-us or 

11-ko'rus, C. 
LycoriB, lt-ko^rts, C. 
Lycorius, llk'S-rl'tis, C. 
Lycormas, li-kor'mas, C. 
Lycortas, lt-kSr'tas, C. 
Lyc08ura, llk'&'-su'ra, C. 
Lycurgidea, ltk/ur-jl'dez, C. 
Lycurgus, lt-ker'gus, C. 
Lycus, li'kQs, C. 
Lydda, ttd'da, B. 
Lydia, ltd'I-a, B. Sf C. 
Lydius, ltd'I-fis, C. 
Lydus, li'diis, C. 
Lyford, lYf'erd, Jf. 
Lygdamis, ltg'da-mts, C. 
Lygdamus, lXg'da-miis, C. 
Lygodesma, lrgO-dgs'ina. C. 
Lym-Fiord, lum-fI-ord / ', Jf. 
Lynceus, ltn'sus or lln'sg-tiB, 

Lynn-Regis, ttn-re'jls, Jf. 
Lyonnais or Lyonais, 

lS'Sn'na', Jf. 
Lyons, ll'tinz ; F. Lyon, 

le-'o-N', Jf. 
Lyrcea, ltr-se'a, or Lyrcia, 

llr-st'a, C. 
LyrnessuB, lgr-ngs r sus, or Lyr- 

neBUB, ler-ne'stls, C. 
Lys, les ; Flemish Leye, ll'e, 

Lysagoras, U-sag'S-ras, C. 
Lysander, lt-san'der, C. Sf Jf. 
Lysandra, li-san'dra, C. 
Lysanias, lt-sa'nWis, B. Sf C. 
Lysias, lTsh't-as, B. Sf C. 
Lysicrates, ll-sTk'ra-tez, C. 
Lysimachia, 11-sTm'a-kI'a or 

lTs'T-ma'kr-a, C. 
Lysimachus, li-stm^a-kas, B. Sf 

C. 
Lysimenes, lt-sYm'S-nez, C. 
Lysippe, lt-stp'pf, C. 
Lysippus, lt-srp'pfis, C. 
Lysis, 11'sYs, C. 
Lystra, lTs'tri, B. 



M. 



Maacah, Maachah, mS'a-ka, 

Maachathi, ma-ak'a-thl, B. 
Maachathite, nia-ak'a-thlt, B. 
Maad, miid, Jf. 
Maadai, ma-ad'ft, B. 
Maadiah, ma'a-dl'd, B. 
Maai, ma-a'I, B. 
Maalehacrabbim, ma-ai'6-a- 

kr&b / 'Mjn or ma'a-18-, B. 
Maani, ma'a-ni, B. 
Maarath, ma'a-rath, B. 
Maas, mas. = Mecse, Jf. 
Maaseiah, ma'a-se'va, B. 
Maasiai, ma-as'Y-a, B. 
Maasias, ma'a-sl'as, B. 
Maath, ma'ath, B. 
Maaz. ma'az, B. 
Maaziah, ma / a-zl / 'a, B. 
Mabdai, mab'df-I, B. 
Mabenga, mii-ban'ga, Jf. 
Mabillon, m&b&ypN', At. 
Mably, ma'ble', Jf. 
Mabode, ma-bo r dg, Jf. 
Macae, ma'se, C. 
Macalon, mak r a-15n, B. 
Macao, ma-ka'6 or ma-kou', 

Jf. 
Macareus, ma-ka'rg-Qs or 

mak'a-rus, C. 
Macaria, ma-ka'rl-a, C. 
Macassar, ma-kas r sar, Jf. 
Macaulay, ma-ka^lt, Jf. 
Macbeth, mak-bgth', Jf. 
Maccabaeus, mak / ka-be /, fis, B. 
Maccabees, mak'ka-bez, B. 
Macchiavelli. mak-ke-a-vgK16, 

Jf. 
MacCulloch, ma-kuKii, Jf. 
Macedo, mas'S-do", C. 
Macedones, ma-sgd'O-nez, C. 
Macedonia, mas'8-do'nl-a, B. 

SfC. 
Macedonicus. 

_mBs / 6-d6n' r T-kus, C. 
Macer, ma'sgr, C. 
Macerata. ma-chS-ra'ta, Jf. 
MacGillivray, mak-gtl'll-vra, 

Machanidas, ma-kan'I-das, C. 
Machaon, ma-ka'Sn, C. 
Machbanai, mak^ba-nS, B. 
Machbenah, niak'bS-na, B. 
Machi, ma'kl, B. 
Machias, ma-kl / 'as, Jf. 
Machiavel, mak'T-a-vgl, = 

Macchiavelli, Jf. 
Machir, ma'ker, B. 
Machirites, ma'kgr-Its, B. 
Machmas, mak'mas, B. 
Machnadebai, mak'na-de'bft, 

B. 
Machpelah, mak-pgaa, B. 
MacHvaine, mak-Il-van^Jf. 
Mackay, ma-ki / ' or ma-ka', Jf. 
Mackinac or Mackinaw. 

mak'I-na, Jf. 
Mackintosh, mak'ln-tSsh,' Jf. 
Macklin, mak'lln, Jf. 
Maclaurin, mak-la'rln, Jf. 
MacLean, mak-lan' - , At. 
MacLeod, mak-loud' Jf. 
Maclise, ma-kles', Jf. 
Macomb, ma-koom' or -kSmb', 

Jf. 
Macon, ma^ktin, Jf. 
Macon, ma / k6N' r 2 _ Jf. 
Macoupin, ma-koo'pTn, Jf. 
Macquarie, ma-kwSr't, Jf. 
Macra, ma'kra, C. 
Macready, mak-re'dT, Jf. 
Macrianus, ma / krT-a /, nus, C. 
Macrinns, ma-krl / 'nus, C. 
Macrobii, ma-kro-nbl-i, C. 
Macrobius, ma-kro'bl-fis, C. 
Macrochir, mak'ro-ker, B. 
Macron, ma'krSn, B. 
Macrones, ma-kro /, nez, C. 
Maculla, ma-kfil'la, Jf 
Madagascar, mad'a-gas'kar, 

Madai, rnad'a-I, B. 
Madaura, ma-d_a'ra, C. 
Madeira, ma-de'ra, Jf. 
Madetas, mad'^-tag, C. 
Madi, ma'dt, Jf. 
Madiabun, ma-dl'd-bttn, B. 
Madiah, ma-dl'a. B. 
Madian, ma'dt-an, B. 
Madima, ma-de'ma, Jf. 
Madison, mad'T-sun. Jf. 
Madiville, ma'dt-vll, Jf. 

Imanna, mad-man'na, B. 

Madmen, mad r mgn, B. 
Madmenah, mad-me'na, B. 
Madoc, mad'Ok, Jf. 
Madon, ma'dSn, B. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, I, 6, u, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, finaL 
B t BibUcal ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



MADOX 



1005 



MATSYS 



Madox, mM'QkB, M. 
Madoz, mii-doth', 21. 
Madras, mii-dras', M. 
Madrid, mad'rYd ; 

Sj>. ma-dred', M. 
Madura, ma-doo'ra, M. 
Maeander, mS-an'dgr, C. 
Maecenas, nit-se'nas, C. 
Maedi, mef dl, C. 
Maelar, ma'liir, M. 
Maelius, me'H-us, C. 
Maelstrom, miil'strgm or 

miil'strum, 21. 
Maelus, ma-e'lfis, C 
Maenades, mgn'a-dez, C. 
Maenala, men'a-la, C. 
Maenalus, mgn'a-ltis, C. 
Maeonia, inS-5'nT-a, C. 
Maeonidae, mf-Sn'T-dg, C. 
Maeonides, mf-Oii'l-dez, C. 
Maeonis, me'S-nTs, C. 
Maeotae. mC-o'tg, C. 
Maeotis Palus, mg-o'tYs pa'lfis, 

Maastricht, miis'trYkt, 21. 
Maevius, me'vY-iis, C. 
Mafiei. maf-fa'e. M. 
Magadoxo, ma-ga-do'sho, 21. 
Magadoxa, ma-sii-do'shii, M. 
Magala, ma-gii'la, 21. 
Magbish, raag'btsh, B. 
Magdala, mag'da-la, B., C, If 

Magdalena, m&g-da-le'na, 21. 
Magdalene, mag'da-le'ng, B. 
Magdeburg, mag'de-bdorg', M. 
Magdiel, mag'dt-61, B. 
Maged, ma'ggd, B. 
Magellan, ma-iSl'lctn.jT/". 
Magendie, ma'zhox'de', 21. 
Maggi, mad'ig, 21. 
Maggiore, mad-jo'r5, M. 
Magiddo, ma-gtd'do", B. 
Maginn, ma-gYn', 21. 
Magliabechl, mal-ya-bgk'kg. 



Magn 



entius, niag-ngn'shY- 



Magnesia, mag-ne'zht-d, C. 
Mago, ma^gtS, C. 
Magog. nia'gSg, B. 
Magor-missabib, 

ma'g6r-mYs'sa-bTb, B. 
Magpiash, mag^pt-ash, B. 
Magungo, ma-goon 'go", 21. 
Magus, ma'gQs, C. 
Mahabharata, ma-hii-ba'ra-ta, 

H. 
Mahalah, ina-hala or 

ma'ha-la, B. 
Mahalaleel. ma-ha'la-le'gl or 

ma-hai'a-lel, B. 
Mahalath, ma'ha-iath, B. 
Mahaleel, ma-ha'IS-Sl, B. 
Mahali, ma'ha-H, B. 
Mahanadi, ma/ha-na'dg , 21. 
Mahanaim, ma'ha-na'Im, B. 
Mahaneh-dan, ma'ha-ng-dan, 

B. 
Maharai, ma-har'*-!, B. 
Maharbal, ma-har'bal, C. 
Mahath, ma'hath, B. 
Mahavite, ma'ha-vit, B. 
Mahazioth, ma-ha'zY-o'th, B. 
Maher-shalal-hash-baz, 

ina/her - shai'ai - hash' - baz' 

or -sha'iai-, B. 
Mahlah, ma'H, B. 
Mahli. ma'lt, B. 
Mahlites, mii'llts, B. 
Mahlon, miih'lon, B. 
Mahmud. Mahmoud, 

ma-mood', 21. 
Mahol, ma'hSl, B. 
Mahomet, ma-ho'm'gt, ma'ho"- 

mgt, or ma'hS-mgt = Mo- 
hammed, 21 
Mahon, mii-hon' or ma-on', 21. 
Mahratta, rna-rat'a, 21. 
Mai, ma'?, 21. 
Maia, ma'ya, C. 
Malda, mi 'da, M. 
Maillard, mii'yiir', 21. 
Maimonides, ml-mQn'g-dez, or 

Maimun, mt-moon', 21. 
Mai Muene, mi mwa'nS, M. 
Main or Mayn, man or mln, 

21. 
Maine, man, .1/. 
Maintenon, max'te-nSx', 21. 
Mainwaring, man'ner-Tfng, M. 
Mainz, mints, or Mayence, 

ma'Sxs', or Mentz, mgnts, 

.1/. 
Maistre, matr, 21. 
Majeba, ma-ja'ba, 21. 
Majestas, ma-jSs'tas, C. 
Majorca, ma-j6r'ka, C. Sf 21. 
Makabana, mii'ka-ba'na, 21. 
i. ma-ka'ka, 21. 



Makalumbl.rna'ka-loom'bl, 21. 
Makaz, ma'kaz, B. 
Maked. ma'kPd, B_. 
Makhedah, mak-he'da, B. 
Makheloth, i»ak-he'15th, B. 
Makoko, mii-kS'kfi, 21. 
Makouta, inii-koo'ta, 21. 
Maktesh, mak'tSsh, B. 
Makua, ma-koo'a, 21. 
Makura, ma-koo'rii, 21. 
Malabar, mai-a-biir', .V. 
Malaca or Malacha, ma-la'ka, 

C. 
Malacca, ma-iak'a, 2f. 
Malachi, Malachy, mai'a-kl, 

B. 



Malaga, mai'a-ga or mii'lii-gii, 

Malagrida, mai-a-grl'da, 21. 
Malandi, ma-lan'dl, 2f. 
Malarn or Malar, ma'liir, 21. 
Malay, ma-la^. M. 
Malaya, mA-la'ya, 21. 
Malcham, mai'kam, B. 
Malchiah, mai-kl'a, B. 
Malchiel. mai'kWl, B. 
MalchieUtes, mal'kT-gl-Tts, B. 
Malchijah, mai-ki'ia. B. 
Malchiram, mai-kl'ram, B. 
Malchishua, mal'kt-shu'a, B. 
Malchus, mai'kQs, B. 
Malcolm, mai'kfim, 21. 
Maiden, mal'den, 21. 
Maldive, iriai'div, 21. 
Malebranche, maFbrSxsh', 21. 
Maleleel, ma-le'15-51, B. 
Malesherbes, mal'zarb', 21. 
Maleventum, mai'S-vSn'tum, 

C. 
Malibran, ma'le^brOx', M. 
Malindi, ma-lTn'dt, 21. 
Malines, ma'len', = Mechlin, 

21. 
Maliwandu, ma'll-wan'doo, 

21. 
MaUos, mai'lSs, B. 
Mallothi, mai'IS-thi, B. 
Malluch, mai'luk, B. 
Malmaison, raal'mS'zSN', 2L 
Malmesbury, mamz'b5r-T, 21. 
Malmo, mal'mg, M. _ 
Malmbhus, mal'me-hoos, 21. 
Malo, ma'lS, 21. 
Malone, ma-lon^, 21. 
Malpighi, mal-pe'gf, 21. 
Malplaquet, maFpla'ka', 21. 
Malta, mal'ta, 21. 
Malte-Brun, mal-te-brun', F. 

malt'brux', 21. 
Malthus, mai'thtis, 21. 
Malvern, Eng., ma'vgrn; U. S., 

mai'vern, 2f. 
Malwah. mal'wa, 21. 
Mamaias, ma-ma'yas, B. 
Mamboia, mam-b5'ya, M. 
Mambul, mam'bdol, 21. 
Mamercus, ma-mgr'kiis, C. 
Mamertina, mam'er-ti'na, C. 
Mamertini, m&m'gr-tl'nl, C. 
- - i, ma-mtl't-a, C. 
, ma-mll't-I, C. 
is, ma-mTl'Ht-us, C 
Mammaea, mSm-me'a, C. 
Mammon, mam'miin, B. 
Mamnitanaimus , 

mam-m'ta-na'mfis, B. 
Mamre, mam'rg, B. 
Mamuchus, ma-mu'kiis, B. 
Mamun, ma-moon', 21. 
Mamurius, ma-mu'rl-fls, C. 
Mamurra, ma-mur'ra, C. 
Manaar, ma-nar', 21. 
Manaen, mSn'a-en, B. 
Manahath, man'a-hath, B. 
Manahethites, 

ma-na'hgth-its, B. 
Manasseas, man'as-se'as, B. 
Manasseh, ma-nas'se, B. 
Manasses, ma-nas'sez, B. 
Manassites, ma-nas'slts, B. 
Manbanga, man-ban'ga, 21. 
Mancha, miin'cha, 21. 
Manche, m5xsh, 21. 
Manchester, man'chgs-ter, 21. 
Manchooria or Mantchooria, 

man-choo'rt-a, 21. 
Mancinus, man-sl'nus, C. 
Manco Capac, 

man'ko" ka-pak', 2f. 
Manda, man'da. .V. 
Mandela, man-de'la, C._ 
Mandingos. man-dtn'goz, 21. 
Maneh, ma'ne, B. 
Manetho, man'$-thS, C. 
Manes, ma'nez, C. 
Manfredi, man-fra'df, 2J. 
Manfredonia, miin-fra-do'n?-a, 

21. 
Mangudo, man-goo'do, 2[. 
Manhattan, man-hat'an, 21. 



Manheim or Mannheim, 

man'hlni, 21. 

Manl, ma^iil, Is. 

Mania, ma'nt-ii, C. 

Manilla, ma-ntl'T-a. C. 

Manilius, ma-ntl'T-Qs, C. 

Manilla, ma-iill'la ; S{>. Ma- 
nila. .uii-nS'la, 21. 

Manitowoc, man'C-tC-wfik', .)/. 

Manlia Lex, man'lt-4 U'ks, ('. 

Manlius, man'lt-Qs, B. if C. 

Manoah. ina-no'u, /I. 

Manrique, niiin-re'kjl, .)/. 

Mansuetus, man-swe'tu.-, ' . 

Mansur, man-Koor', 21. 

Mantchooria = Maxciiooria. 

Mantell, man'tel, 21. 

Mantinea, mau'tl-ne'a, C. 

Mantineus, man-ttn'f-us. ('. 

Mantua, man'ta-a, C. V .)/. . 
It. Mantova, man't5-va, 21. 

Minu, ma'noo, or Menu, 

ma'noo, It. 

Manutius, ma-nQ'shT-fls ; It. 
Manuzio, ma-noot'sS-o, M. 

Manyanga, man-yan'ga, 21. 

ManzanUlo, man-tha-ne'yC, 21. 

Manzoni, miin-z5'ne, 21. 

Maoch, ma'5k, B. 

Maon, ma'Qn, /;. 

Maonites, ma'Qn-Its, B, 

Mara, Marah, ma'ra, B. 

Maracaybo, ma-rii-ki'bC, 21. 

Maralah, mar'a-la, B. 

Maranatha, mar'a-nath'a or 
mar'a-na'tha, B. 

Maranhao, ma-ran-ya'Sx, 21. 

Marafion, ma-ran-yon', M. 

Marat, ma'ra', 21. 

Marathon, mar'a-th5n, C. 

Marbella, mar-bgl'ya, 21. 

Marblehead, mar'bl-hgd, 21. 

Marburg, mar'bdorg, 21. 

Marcel, mar'sgl', 21. 

Marcella, mar-sgl'la, C. 

Marcellinus, mar'sgl-h'nQs, C. 

Marcello, mar-chgl'18, 21. 

Marcellus, mar-sgl'lus, C. 

Marches. marsh,_Jf. 

Marchesi, mar-ka'ze\ 21. 

Marcia, mar'sht-a,_(7. 

Marciana, mar'sht-a'na, C. 

Marcianopolis. 

mar'sht-an-Sp'o-lTs, C. 

Marcianus, miir-shT-a'nfis, C. 

Marcilius, mar-sTlT-Qs, C. 

Marcius. mar'sht-iis, C. 

Marcomanni, mar'ko-man'ni, 
C. 

Marcus, mar'kus, B. 

Mardin, miir'den, 21. 

Mardocheus, mar'dS-ke'us, B. 

Mardonius, mar-do'nt-fis, C. 

Margchal, mii'ra'shal', 2f. 

Mareotis, ma'rg-o'Hs, C. 

Maresha, ma-re'sha, B. 

Mareshah, ma-re'sha, B. 

Margaris, mar'ga-rts, C. 

Margarita, mar-ga-re'ta, 21. 

Margaritone, mar-ga-rg-to'na, 

Margiana, mar'jt-a'na, C. 
Margiaue, mar'jT-a'ng, C. 
Margites, mar-ji'tez, C. 
Mana, ma-ri'a, also ma'rt-a, 

C. ; ma-ri'a L jV. 
Maria Lex, ma'rt-a lgks, C. 
Mariamne, ma'rr-am'ng, C. 
Mariana, ma-rS-a'na, M. 
Mariandyni, ma'rt-an-di'nT, 

Marianus, ma'rl-a'nfis, C. 
Marica, ma-ri'ka,_C 
Marienberg, ma-re'en-bgrg, 21. 
Marie Antoinette, 

ma're' an'twa'ngf, 21 
Marienburg, ma-re'en-bot)rg, 

Marienwerder, 

ma-re 'en-ver-der, 2f. 
Marietta. ma'rT-gt'a, 21._ 
Marigliano, ma-rfl-ya'no, 21. 
Marimoth, mar'I-mOth, B. 
Marin, mii-ren', 21. 
Marion, ma'rt-5n. C. ; a place. 

ma'rl-un ; a man, mar'T-Qn, 

21. 
Mariri. ma-re'rg, 21. 
Marisa, mar'T-sa. B. 
Maritima. ma-rTt'T-ma, C. 
Maritza. ma-rlt'sa, 21. 
Marius, ma'rt-tis. C. 
Marivaux. ma'rf'vo', 2f. 
Mark, mark, B. 
Marlborough, mal'biir-ro, 21. 
Marlowe or Marlow. miir'lo, 

2f. 
Marmarica, mar-mar'T-ka, C. 
Marmaridae, inar-ni]ir'T-d?, C. 
Marmarion, miir-ma'rt-8n, C. 



| Marmier, mar'mY-a' If. 
Marmont, miir'infix , M. 
Marmontel, mar'mCN'tgl', M. 
Marmora, mar'mfi-r&, 21. 
Marmoth, mar'niQth, B. 
Marne, iniirn, 21. 
Maro, ma'rfi, C. 

, Marocco, ma-rok'kC, M. 
Marochetti. ma-rC-kgt'te, M. 
Maron, rna'rBn, C. 
Maronea, mar'fi-ne'a, C. 
Maronia. mar'ii-nl'a, C 
Maros, mBrtteh', 21. 
Maroth. ma'rOth, B. 
Marpesia, miir-pe'shl-a, C. 
Marpessa. niar-pgs's4, C. 
MarpeBUs, mar-iie'BQs, C. 
Marquesas, mar-ka'sas or 

mar-kwe'eds, M. 

Marquette, mar-kgf, 21. 

Marrast. mar'rah', 21. 

Marrubium, mar-ru'bt-um, C. 

Marrucini, mar'ry-el'nl, C. 

Marruvium, mar-ru'vt-um, C. 

Marryatt, mar'I-at, 21. 

Mars, marz, B. 

Marsaci, mar-sa'sT, C. 

Marsala, miir-sa'la, 21. 

Marseilles, mar-salz' ; F. Mar- 
seille, mar'sal', 21. 

Marsena, mar'sC-na, B. 

Marsigli, mar-sel'yg, M. 

Marsyas, mar'shT-«s, C. 

Martaban, mar'ta-ban', 21. 

Martel, mar-tel', 21. 

Martha, mar'tha, B. 

Martialis, mar'shJ-a'lTs, C. 

Martigues, mar'teg', 21. 

Martineau, mar'tt-no, 21. 

Martinez, mar-te'ngth or -nSz, 
21. 

Martini, mar-te'n?, 21. 

Martinique, mar-tt-nek', M. 

Martius, mar'sht-us, C. 

Marullus, ma-rQl'lfis, C. 

Maruts, ma'rotrts, H. 

Marwar, raar'war, 21. 

Mary, ma'rY, B.^ 21. 

Maryland, mer'I-land, 21. 

Marylebone, mar'e-bun, M. 

Masaccio, ma-sat'cho, 2l. 

Masafuera, mas-a-fwa'ra, M. 

Masaloth, mas'a-15th, B. 

Masaniello, ma-sa-n$-gl'ld', M. 

Mascarene. mas'ka-ren, M. 

Maschil, mas'kil, B. 

Maseres = Mazeres, 21. 

Masesa, ma-za'za, 21. 

Mash, mash, B. 

Mashal, ma'shai, B. 

Masham. m3sh'am, 21. 

Masias, ma-si'as, B. 

Masigiton, mas'T-jl'tun, C. 

Masimani, ma'zS-mii'nT, M. 

Masinissa, mas'I-nTs'sa, C. 

Maskat, mBs-kat', 21. 

Maskegon, m3s'ke-g5n, 21. 

Maskelyne, mas'ke-lin, 21. 

Masman, m8s'man, B. 

Maspha, mas'fa, B. 

Masrekah, mas'rg-ka, B. 

Massa, mas'sa, B. 

Massachusetts, 

mas'sa-chu'sPts, M. 

Massagetae. mas'sa-je't?, C. 

Massah, nia^'sa, B. 

Massasoit, mas'sa-soit, M. 

Massaua, mas-sou'a, 21. 

Massena, mas-sa'na ;_F. 

ma'sa'na', M. 

Massias, mas-si'as, B. 

Massicus, mas'sT-kiis, C. 

Massilia, mas-stl'TT-a, C. 

Massillon, C. S., mas't-lttn ; F., 
miis'se'yox', 21. 

Massinge'r, mSs'sTn-jgr, 21. 

Massowah or -wa, mas's5-wa, 
21. 

Massy li, mas-si'li, C. 

Mastramela. mas-tram'g-14, C. 

Masulipatam,_ 

ma-soo / lS-pa-tam', M. 

Mat, mat, E. 

Matadi. mii-ta'dT, 21 

Matagorda, mat'a-gor'da. 21. 

Matamoros, mat'a-mo'rris, 21. 

Matanzas, ma-tan'zas, M. 

Matapan. mii-tii-pan', -V. 

Mathanias. mnth/a-nl'as, B. 

Mather, matii'er, 21. 

Mathusala. ma-thu'sa-la, B. 

Matisco. nia-tts^kfi, C. 

Matralia. ma-tra'lT-a, C. 

Matred, ma'trgd, B. 

Matri. ma'trl, B. 

Matrona.mat'riVna, the Marne 
river, ateo ma-tr5'na, C. 

Matronalia. ma'trri-na'11-a, C. 

Matsya. mats'ya, H. 

Matsys. mat' sis'. 21. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
-B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; 2V, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



MATSUMAYE 



1006 



MICHEAS 



U 



W 



Matsumay*. mat-soo-ma'ya, 

I 
Mittan, mat 'tan. S. 
Mattanah. mat'ta-na. B. 
Mattaniah. mat ta-nl'A, B. 
Mattatha. Mattathah. 

mat'ta-tha. B. 
Mattathias. mat ta-thl'aa, B. 
Mattouai. mat t?-na1, B. 
, mat 'than. B. 
b. m^t tha-ni'as, B. 
Matthat. mat'that. B. 
Matthelas. mat-the'las, B. 
Matthew, math'tl. B. 
Matthias. mKi-thl'aa, 7?. 
Matthiaaon. mat'tTs-eBn, 21. 
Mattithiah. mat U-thl'a. B. 
Matucetse, ma-tu'st-tf. C. 
Matumba. mii-toom'ba. 21. 
Matura. ma-tu'ra, (". 
Maturin. mat'voo-rln. 21. 
Matuta. ma-tu'ta, C. 
Mauch Chunk, ruak' chfink', 

M. 
Mauchline. mak'lTn, M. 
Maui, mou'f, 21. 
Maumee. ma-rae', 21. 
Mauna Loa, mou^na lo'a, 21. 
Maunder. man'dgr. .V. _ 
Maupertuis. mo / par / twe', 21. 
Maurepas. mo're-pa', 21. 
Mauri, ma/ri, C. 
Mauricus. ma/rl-kus or 

ma-rT'kus, C. 
Mauritania, ma-rl-ta'nf-a, C. 
Mauritius, ma-rlsb/T-Qs, 21. 
Maurus. ma'fus, C. 
Maurusii, ma-ru'shl-i, C. 
Maury, U.S., rna/rt or miir /, rT ; 

F., mu're', 21. 
Mausoli. ma-soli ; -lus, -lfis, C. 
Maut, mout, E. 
Mavors, nia'vb'rz, C. 
Mavortia. ma-vor'shY-a, C. 
Mavrocordatos. 

mav-ro-ktjr-da'tos, M. 
Mawo. raa'wiS, 21. 
Maxentius. maks-en'sht-iis, C. 
Maximianus. 

maksTm-T-a /, nQs, C. 
Maximinus. maks / t-mi / 'niis, C. 
Maximus, maks'1-mQs, C. 
Mayence, roa-ySss'', = Mainz, 

21. 
Mayenne. mi'eii', 21. 
Mayn, min, 21. _ 
Maynooth, ma'nooth. 21. 
Mayo, U. S., ma'S ; Irel., 

mS-o' ; Jfcxico. mi'o, 21. 
Mayombe, ma-yom'bS, M. 
Mazaca. maz'a-ka, C. _ 
Mazamboni, ma'zam-bo'nY, 21. 
Mazanderan, ma-zan-de-ran', 

21. 
Mazarin, maz-a-ren': 

F. ma'za'rax', 21. 
Mazatlan, ma-sat-lan', 21. 
Mazeres, ma'zar'', 21. 
Mazitias, maz'T-ti-'as, B. 
Mazzaroth, maz'za-rSth, B. 
Mazzini, mat-se'nS or _ 

ma-ze'ne", 21. 
Mbage, 'mba'ga, M. 
Mbaro, 'mba^rC, M. 
Mbili. 'mbe'lt. 21. 
Mbill, 'mbYl, 21. 
Mbima, 'mbe'ma, M. 
Mbina. 'mbe'na. 21. 
M'Binza, me-ben'za, M. 
Mboma, 'mbo'ma, 21. 
Mbomo, 'mbo'mi^ M. 
Mbomu. 'rnbo'moo, 21. 
Mdabura, 'rndii-boo / 'ra, 21. 
Meagher, ma'er or me'gSr, 21. 
Mean. me'i. B. 
Meani. me-a^ni, B. 
Mearah, mC-a'ra, B. 
Meaux. mo, 21. 
Mebunnai. me-bfin'ha', B. 
Mebzar. mfcVzlr, B. 
Mecherathite, mgk'g-rath-it, 

/;. 
Mechlin, mPk'ltn ; F. Malines. 

ma'len', M. 
Mecklenburg, mgk'kn-be'rg ; 

O. rngk'kn-brjorg, 21. 
Medaba, m-d'a-ba, B. 
* " me'dad, B. 
i rni-'dan, B. 
Mede, m^'dt. B. 
Medea, rnf-de'a, C. 
Medeba. mOVP-hk, B. 
Media, me'df-i. ]',. *t C. 
Median, me'dl-an, B. 
Medici, rn'-d'^-chC, 21. 
Medicis, ma-dC-bes'' or mgd'e"- 

Medicus, nu'd'T-kHs, C. 
Medina, yl ra*ia, rnJt-de'na ; U. 
&, me-di'na, M. 



Medina-Sidonia. 

m:1-.U-'na-se-d5'nf-a, .V. 
Mediolanum, me'dt-C-lg'nilm, 

( . 
Mediomatrici, 

mo dt-O-mat'rt-sI, ('. 
Mediterranean, 

mC'd' , [-t< ! r-ra r nf-rtn, 21. 
Meditrina, mfd't-tri'na, C. 
Medoakus. me-do'ii-kiis, C. 
Medon. mB'dBn, ('. 
Meduana. mi'd'fl-a'na, C. 
Meduli, mod'Q-li or mS-dO'lI, 

c. 

Medus. me'dtis, C. 
Medusa, mf-du'sa, C. 
Meeda. mf-e'da, B. 
Meerut, me'rQt, 2[. 
Megabyzus, mgff / a-bI''zQ8, C. 
Megacles. meg'a-klez, C. 
Megaera. mf-ie'ra, C. 
Megale, mGg^a-le, C. 
Megalesia, mCg / a-le' , zhT-a, C. 
Megalia. me-?a'lT-a, C. 
Megalophanes, 

mDg'a-Wfa-nez, C. 
Megalopolis, meg / a-15p'o-lTs, 

Megara, rnC'g / 'a-ra, C. 
Megaris, meg'a-rTs, C. 
Megasthenes, me-gas'thS-nez, 

Megiddo, mS-gTd'do, B. 
Megiddon, mf-gTd'dSn, B. 
Megista, mg-jTs'ta, C. 
Megistias, m^-jTs'tt-as, C. 
Mehemet AU, mii-hgm'et a'lS; 

better Mohammed Ali, 21. 
Mehetabeel, mS-het'a-bel, B. 
Mehetabel, m£-hgt'a-bSl, B. 
Mehida, m?-hl r da, B. 
Mehir, me'her, B. 
Meholah. me-ho'la, B. 
Meholathite, me-h5Kath-it, B. 
Mehujael, me-hu'iS-51, B, 
Mehuman, me-hu'mSn, B. 
Mehunim, me-hu_ /r nTm, B. 
Mehunims, me-hu'ntmz, B. 
Meinam, mS-S-nam', = Me- 

xam. 
Meigs, megz. M. 
Meinecke, mi'ne-ke, M. 
Meiningen, mi^nTng^n, 21. 
Meissen, ml ''sen, 21. 
Mejarkon, me-jar'kBn, B. 
Mejerda, me-jer / 'da, 21. 
Mejinna, me-iln'na, 21. 
Mekinez, Mekines, mgk'T-nSz, 

21. 
Mekonah, mek'S-na, B. 
Mekran. mgk'ran'', 21. 
Mela, me'la, C. 
Melampus, me-lam / 'pus, C. 
Melanchaetes, mel'an-ke /, tez, 

C. 
Melanchseni, mSl'an-ke'ni, C. 
Melanchthon, Jess prop. Me- 

lancthon, me-lank-'thun, 21. 
Melanippe. mel'a-nlp'pe', C. 
Melanippides, 

mSl'a-nTp'pT-dez, C. 
Melanippus, m61'a-nTp / 'ptis, C. 
Melanthius, me-lan'thT-us, C. 
Melanthus, mt-lan'thtis, C. 
Melas, me'las, C. 
Melatiah, mgl'a-tl'a, B. 
Melbourne, mgl'bern, 2L 
Melchi, m51'ki, B. 
Melchia, m61-ki'a, B. 
Melchias. m51-ki'as, B. 
Melchiel, mSKkT-el, B. 
Melchisedec, mEl-ktz / 'g-dek,5. 
Melchishua, mEl-klsh/u-a, B. 
Melchizedek. mSl-ktz'S-dSk, B. 
Melea, me'lS-a, B. 
Meleager, me'lS-a'ier, or 

mg-'le'a-je'r, C. 
Meleagrides, me'16-ag'rT-dez, 

Melech, me'lgk. B. 
Melendez y Valdes, 

ma-Ien'dtth e val'deth, 21. 
Meles, me'lez, C. 
Melesigenus, mSl'S-sti'S-niis, 

Meiete, m5KS-tS, C. 
Meletus, mS-le'ttis, C. 
Melia, me'lT-a, C. 
MeUboea, mel'T-be'a-, C. 
MeUbceus, mgl'I-be'Qs, C. 
Melicerta, mCl'T-sEr'ta, C. 
MeUcertes, mSKt-ser'tez, C. 
Melichu. mgKr-kQ, H. 
Meligunis, mgl'T-jrQ'nTs, C. 
Melissa, me-lrs'sa, C. 
Melissus, mf-Hs'sOs, C. 
Melita, m.'Kr-ta, B. 
Melita or Melito, mfl'T-tS, C. 
Melitene, mei'l-te'nS, C. 
MeUus, me'IT-Qs, C. 



Melos, me'lSs, C. 
Melpomene. mFl-p5m'?-ne", C. 
Melrose. mel-ro7/. 21. 
Melton-Mowbray, 

mei / tQn-mo''br?, 21. 
Melun, nw / lft^• , , 21. 
Memel. ma'mel, 21. 
Memmia. mem'mY-a, C. 
Memmingen, mSni'mtng^n, 21. 
Memmius. mfirn'mT-Qs, B. §■ C. 
Memnonium, mCm-no / 'nt-am, 



Memphitis, mgm-fi'tts, C. 
Memphremagog, 

mem'frS-ma'gSg, 21. 
Memucan. mS-mu r kan, B. 
Mena, me'na, C. 
Menage, ma'nazh', 21. 
Menahem. mgn'a-hSm, B. 
Menai. mgn , i, 21. 
Menalcas. m£-nSKkss, C. 
Menalippe, mgn'a-llp'pg, C. 
Menam, me-nam', 21. 
Menan, me'nan, B. ; mS-nan', 

21. 
Menander, me-n5n / 'der, C. 
Menapii, me-na'pt-I, C. 
Menas, me'nas, C. 
Mendana, men-dan'ya, M. 
Mende, mSxd, 21. 
Mendelssohn, mgn'del-sSn, 21. 
Mendocino, men-do-se / 'nS, 21. 
Mendoza^ men-do / 'tha, 21. 
Mene, me-'nf , B. 
Menecrates, me-ngk , ra-tez, C. 
Menedemus, mgn'e-de'mtis, C. 
Menelaia, mgn'S-la'ja, C. 
Menelaius, men'S-la-'ytis, C. 
Menelaus, mgn^f-la'fls, B. 8,- C. 
Mene Mere, ma'ng ma'rg, 21. 
Menenius^me-ne'nt-tts, C. 
Menes, me'nez, C. 
Menestheus, mS-ngs'thus, B.; 

me-nes'thS-tts or -thus, C. 
Mengo, mgg'gS, 21. 
Menippus, mS-ntp-'pus, C. 
Menius. me'nt-tis, C. 
Menoba, mgn'S-ba, C. 
Menoeceus, mS-ne'sS-Qs or -sus, 

C. 
Menoetes, mS-ne'tez, C. 
Menogenes, m$-n5i''6-nez, C. 
Menon, me'nHn, C. 
Menophilus, mS-noft-ltis, C. 
Menshikof, Menchikof, or Men- 

schikow, mgn'she-kOf, 21. 
Menton, mON'tOx'; It. Men- 
tone, mgn-to'Da", 21. 
Mentz, ments, = Mainz, 21. 
Menu, muu'db, 21. 
Menzaleh, mgn-za'le, 21. 
Menzel. mgnt'sgl, 21. 
Meonenim, mS-Sn'g-nTm, B. 
Meonothai, me-Sn'S-thS, B. 
Mephaath. mgf'S-ath, B. 
Mephibosheth, mg-fTb'6-sheth, 

B. 
Mephitis, mt-ft'tts, C. 
Mequinez or Mekinez, 

mek'T-ngz, 21. 
Merab, me'rab, B. 
Meraiah. mer'a-i / 'a, B. 
Meraioth.me-ra'ySth, B. 
Meran, me'ran, B. 
Merari, mer'a-ri or mg-ra'rl, 

B. 
Merathaim, mgr^a-tha'Tm, B. 
Mercator, nier-ka'tgr, 21. ; -tfir, 

C. 
Mercedes, mer-sa'dgs, M. 
Mercier. mttr'st-a^, 21. 
Mercurius, mer-ku'rl-iis, B. $• 

C. 
Mered, me'rgd, B. 
Meremoth, mgr r e-m5th, B. 
Meres, me'rez, B. 
Mergui or Merghi, mgr-ge', 21. 
Menan, ma r ri?-iin. 21. 
Meribah, mgr'T-ba, B. 
Meribah Kadesh, 

mgr'T-ba ka'dgsh. B. 
Merib-baal, mgr'Ib-ba'al, B. 
Merida, mer'T-da, 21. 
Meriones, me-ri / o-nez, C. 
Merioneth, mgr'I-Sn'eth, 21. 
Mermnadae, merm'na-dc, C. 
Merodach-baladan. 

mt-ro'dak-baKa-dan, B. 
Meroe. mer'6-e, C. if 21. 
Merom, me'rOm, B. 
Meronothite, me-rQn'8-thit, B. 
Merope. mgr^C-pC, C. 
Meropis, mer'C-pts, C. 
Merops, me'rCps. C. 
Meroz. rne'rflz, B. 
Merrimack, mgr'rT-mak, 21. 
Merseburg. mgr'se-botirg', 21. 
Mersey, mer'>.Y, 21. 



Merthyr Tydvil, 

mr-r'thgrHd'vTl, if. 
Merus, me'ras, C. 
Meruth, me'rQth, B. 
Mesapia, mf-sa'pT-a, C. 
Mesech, me'sgk, B. 
Mesene, rne-se'nS, C. 
Mesha. me'sha, B. 
Meshach, me'shak, B. 
Meshech, me'shok, B. 
Meshed, mosh/gd, 21. 
Meshelemiah, m6-shgl'6-ml / 'a, 

B. 
Meshezabeel, mf-shgz'a-bei, B. 
Meshezabel. mf-shgz'a-bgl, B. 
Meshillemith, 

me-shTK16-mtth, B. 
Meshillemoth, 

me-shtl'ie-mSth, B. 
Meshobab, m£-sho'bab, B. 
Me3huUam. mS-shQKiam, B. 
Meshullemeth, 

mf-shttl'ie-mgth, B. 
Mesmer. mgs'mer. 21. 
Mesobaite, rngs'S-ba'Tt, B. 
Mesomedes, mgs'o-me'dez, C. 
Mesopotamia, 

mgs / 6-p0-ta , mt-a, B. Sf C. 
Messala. mgs sa'la, C. 
Messalina, mgs'sa-li / 'na, C. 
Messalinus, mgs'sa-ll'nfis, C. 
Messana, mes-sa^na, C. 
Messapia, mgs-sa'pl-a, C. 
Messene, mes-se'nS, C. 
Messena, mgs-se r na, C. 
Messenia, mes-se'nT-a, C. 
Messiah, mes-si'a, or Messias, 

rngs-si^as, B. 
Messina, mes-se'na, 21. 
Metabus, mgt'a-btis, C. 
Metapontum, rngfa-pon'ttim; 

Metapontus, mBt'a-pSn'tfis, 

Metastasio, ma-ta-sta'zS-O, 21. 
Metaurus, me-ta'rus, C. 
MeteUa, m&-tgK'la, C. 
Metelli, mg-tgKli, C. 
Meterus, me-te'riis, B. 
Methegammah, 

me'thgg-am'ma, B. 
Methoar, m6th / '<5-ar, B. 
Methodius, me-tho'dt-us, C. 
Methone, me-tho'ne, C. 
Methusael, mg-thu'sS-gl, B. 
Methuselah, me-thu'se-la, B. 
Methymna, mg-thtm'na, C. 
Metilia Lex, me-tll'I-a 16x, C. 
Metilii, me-tll'I-I, C. 
Metis, mentis, C. 
Metius, me'shl-us, C. 
Metoecia, me-te'shT-a, C. 
Meton, me'tSn, C. 
Metope, mf-to'pS ; architec- 
ture, mgf8-pS, C. 
Metopus, me-to^pus, C. 
Metrobius, mS-tro / 'bT-us, C. 
Metrocles, mgfrS-klez, C. 
Metrodorus, rngfro-do^rfis, C. 
Metropolis, mS-trSp'o-lts, C. 
Metropolitae, mgt / rC-pS-li / 'tS, 

Metternich, mgfter-ntk, M. 
Metullum, me-tQ11tim, C. 
Metz, mgts, 21. 
Menuim, m6-u'nTm, B. 
Meurthe, mert, 21. 
Meuse, muz ; F mSz, 21. 
Mevania, me-va^nt-a, C. 
Mexico, mgks'r-kS ; 

Sp. ma'he--kS, M. 
Meyer, mi'er, 21. 
Meyerbeer, mi , gr-bar / , 21. 
Meyrick, mgr'Ik, 21. 
Mezahab, mgz'a-hab, B. 
Mezentius, me-zen'shl-us, C. 
Me'zeray, mSz'ra'', 21. 
Mdziere, m^'zl-ar', 21. 
Mezzofanti, mgd-zft-fan'tf, M. 
Mfini, 'mfe'nt._J/. 
Mfumbiro, 'mfoom-be'rO, M. 
Mgongo. 'mgen'gn. 21. 
Miako. mf-a'kS, 2f. 
Miall, mi'al, 21. 
Miami, raf-am'I, 21. 
Miamim. mi'a-mTm, B. 
Mibhar, mtb'har, B. 
Mibsam, mTb'sam, B. 
Mibzar, mTb'zar, B. 
Micah, mVka.,_B. 
Micaiah, mt-ka'ya- B. 
Micha, mi'ka, 6. 
Michael. mi /, kS-g] or ml'kel, B. 
Michaelis, me-ka-a^lls, M. 
Michah. mi'ka. B. 
Michaiah. mt-ka'ya, B. 
MichaUovitch, mS-kl'lS-vTch, 

M. 
Michal, mi'kal, B. 
Michaud, m? :/ sho / ', 21. 
Micheas, mt-ke^as, B. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



MICHELET 



1007 



MUNDUKU 



Michelet, mfsh'la'', M. 
Michigan, inYsh/I-gan, M. 
MichmaB. mTk'nias, B. 
Michmash, mtk'masli, B. 
Mlchmethah, m^k'niC-tha, B. 
Michoacan, mC-kC-a-kaa', 31. 
Michri, mYk'rl, B. 
Michtam, mtk'tam, B. 
Micipsa, mt-stp'sa, C. 
Mickiewicz, inCtsk-ya'vTch, 31. 
Midas, ml'das, C. 
Middin, mYd'dYn, B. 
Midea, mother of Licymnius, 

mYd'tf-a ; mother of Antio- 

chus, mt-de'a', C 
Midgard, mtd'gard, JV. 
Midfan, niYd'Y-an, B. 
Midianite, mYd'Y-<m-It, B. 
Miel, mel, Jf. 
Migdael, mYg'da-51, B. 
Migdal-gad, mYg'dal-gad', B. 
Migdol, niYg'dST, B. 
Mignard, mfn'yar', if. 
Mignet, mSn'vg'. Jf. 
Mignot. m$\Yyo', 31. 
Migron, mtg'rOn, B. 
Mijamin, niYj'a-mYn, B. 
Mikik. nie'ktk, Jf. 
Mikloth, mYk'IBth, B. 
Mikneiah, mYk-ne'a, B. 
Milalai, nul'Sr-lSt, B. 
Milan, U. S., mi'lan ; Italy, 

mYKan or ml-lSn'i It. Mila- 

no, mS-la'no", if. 
Milazzo, me'-liit'so', 31. 
Milcah, mYKka, B. 
Milcom, mYKkBin, B. 
Milesia, mf-le'zhY-a, C. 
Milesii, mY-le^zhY-T, C. 
Milesius, mY-le'zkY-u.s, C. 
Miletis, mt-le'tYs, C. 
Miletum, ml-le'ttim, B. 
Miletus, ml-le'tfis, C- 
MUichus, mtl'Y-k&s, C. 
Millo, niYl'16, B. 
Milne, Scot., mYl ; E., mYln, 

Jf. 
Milnes, mYlz, Jf. 
Milo, ml'lS, U. 
Miloradovitch, 

me-lS-ra/dC-vYch, Jf. 
Miltiades, mYl-tl'a-dez, C. 
Milton, mYKtttn, 31. 
Milvius, mYl'vY-fis, C. 
Milwaukee, mYl-wa/kS, 31. 
Mimalones, mt-maTL'S-nez, C. 
Mimas, mi'mas, C. 
Mimir, me'mer, N. 
Mimnermus, mtm-ngr'nius, C. 
Minas-Geraes, 

me / nas-zhft-ra / 'e's, 31. 
Mincio, mYn'cko, Jf. 
Mincius, mYn'shY-ils, C. 
Mindanao, mYn-dii-na/S, if. 
Minerva, mY-ner'va, C. 
Minho, men'yo", Jf. 
Minianim, mY-ni'a-nYm, B. 
Minie\ mS'iitf-a', Jf. 
Minio, min'M, C. 
Minnaei, mYn-ne-% C. 
Minnesota, mYn-S-so'ta, M. 
Minni, mYn'm, B. 
Minnithu mYn'nYtb., B. 
Mifio, men'yS, 31. 
Mino, me'no, M. 
Minois, mt-no'lts, C. 
Minorca, mY-nor'ka, 31. 
Minos, ml'nSs, C. 
Minotaurus, mtn-o-ta / 'rtis, C. 
Minturnae, mYn-tSr'n?, C. 
Minucia, mt-nu^shY-a, C. 
Minucius, ml-nu'shY-us, B. 
Minyse, mYn'Y-e\ C. 
Minyas, mYn'Y-as, C. 
Minyeides, mYn'Y-e'Y-dez, C. 
Miphka, mYf_'ka, B. 
Miquelon, me'ke-lSx', 31. 
Mirabeau, mYr-a-bo r or 

mS'ra'bo'', 3f. 
Miramichi, mTr'a-mf-she'. .1/. 
Mirandola, mS-ran'dfi-la, 31. 
Mirepoix, mS're-pwa', 31. 
Miriam, mYr'Y-am, B. 
Mirimo, mf-re'mo", 31. 
Mirma, mSr'ma, B. _ 
Mirzapoor, meVza-poor'', 31. 
Misael, mYs'S-gl, B. 
Misenum, nit-se^num, C. 
Misenus, mf-se^nus, C. 
Miagab, mYs-'gab, B. 
Mishael, mtsh/a-51, B. 
Mishal, ml'shal, B. 
Misheal, mi'shC-al, B. 
Mishma, mYsh/ma, B. 
Mishmannah, mYsh-man / 'na, 

B. 
Mishraites, mYsh/ra-Its, B. 
Miskolcz, mtsh-kolts', M. 
Mispar. mYs'par, B. 
Mispereth, mYs , pe"-re'th, B. 



Miarephothmalm, 

inTs're-iOth-ma'Tm, B. 
Missa, mts' sa, 31. 
Missabib, niYs'sa-bYb, B. 
MisBisquoi, mft-Ys/kwol, 31. 
Mississippi, mYs'Ys-Yp'Y, 31. 
Missolonghi, iiils'sn-lfin'gc, 31. 
Missouri, mYs-oo'rY, 31. 
Mitau or Mittau, niG'tou, M. 
Mithcah, mYtli'ka, B. 
Mithnite, niTth'nlt, B. 
Mithradates, niTth'ra-da'tsz, 

('. 
Mithras, mT'thras, C. 
Mithredath, mtth/rC-dath, B. 
Mithridates, niTth'rt-da'tez,^. 

v C. 
Mithr obar zanes , 

mtth'ro-bar-za'nez, C. 
Mittermaier, iiitfer-nil-Gr, 31. 
Mitylene, mtt'T-le'nf , B. ; Mit- 

ylense or Mitylene, C. 
Mizar, ml'zar, 11. 
Mizpah, mTz'iKT, B. 
Mizpar, mTz'par, B. 
Mispeh, mtz , p<^, B. 
Mizraim, niTz-ra'Tm, B. 
Mizzah, mtz'za, B. 
Mkango, 'mkan'gS, 31. 
Mkanjo, 'mkan'yi!!, 31. 
Mkizamba, 'nike-ziim'bA, M. 
Mnasalcas, na-sal'kas, C. 
Mnasicles, nas'T-klez, C. 
Mnasigiton, nas't-ji'tSn, C. 
Mnasippus_, na-stp/piiB, C. 
Mnason, na'sSn, B. Sr C. 
Mnemium, nf-ml'fim, C. 
Mnemon, ne'mBn.C. 
Mnemosyne, ne-inSs'I-nS, C. 
Mnesarchus, ng-sar r ktis, C. 
Mnesilaus, ngs'T-la'tts, C 
Mnesimache, nS-stm'a-kS, C 
Mnestheus, ngs'thus, C. 
Mnevis, ne'vTs, C. S( E. 
Moab, mo'&b, B. 
Moabite, mo_'ab-It, B. 
Moadiah, mo / a-dj / 'a, B. 
Moamia, niij-a-me / 'a, 31. 
Mobanji, mij-ban'jt, 31. 
Mobile, mo-beK, 31. 
Mocha, mo'ka, Arab, mo'ka', 

31. 
Mochmur, mBk'nigr, B. 
Modena, mSd'iSi-na, 31. 
Modestus, mO-dSs'ttts, C 
Modica, mo'dC-ka, 31. 
Mfcdin, moj'dln, B. 
Moenus, me'nus, C. 
Mceragetes, mS-raj'S-tez, C. 
Mceris, me^rTs, C. 
Moero, mO-a'rS, 31. 
Mcesia, me'sht-a, C. 
Moeth, mo'Gth, B. _ 
Mogadore, mOg-a-dor', M. 
Mogul, m5-gHK, 3L 
Mohacs, mo-hach', 31. 
Mohammed,_mij-ham / 'm6d, 31. 
Mohawk, mo'hak, 31. 
Moheelev, or Mohilev L 

_mo-he /, lSv, M. 
Mohegan, mS-he^gan, M. 
Mohler, mS'ler, 31. 
Moine, mwan, 31. 
Moir, moi'er, 31. 
Moissac, mwas'sak', 31. 
Moieka, ma-ja v 'ka, 31. 
Mokundi, mo-koon'dl, M. 
Moldau, mol'dou, 31. 
Moldavia, m51-da / 'vT-a, M. 
Mole - , mo'lS', 31. 
Molech, mo'fek, B. 
Moleschott, mo'le-shSt, 31. 
Molesworth, molz'wurth, 31. 
Molfetta, raSl-fgfta, 31. 
Moli, mo'll, B. 
Molia, mo-H r a, C. 
Molid, mo'lTd, B. 
Moliere, mC / le-ar r , 31. 
Molina, mo-le^nii, 31. 
Molinos, m6-le' , n5s, 31. 
Molise, mo-le'siS, 31. 
Mbller, mcl'er, M. 
Molli, mel'lt, 31. 
Molo, mo'lo, C. 
Moloch, m5 r 15k, B. 
Molois, mSKfi-ts, C. 
Molokai, m8-18-kl', M. 
Molorchus, mo-ldr'kus, C. 
Molossi, mij-lOs'st, C. 
Molossia, liid-lfis'shT-a, C. 
Molossis, mo-lSs'sTs, C. 
Molossus, mS-lOs'stis, C. 
Moluccas, lnu-Iuk'kaz, 31. 
Molumbi, mfi-loom'M, 31. 
Molyneux, mSKT-nooks / , 31. 
Mombas, mHm-bas', 31. 
Mombasa, mSm-ba'sa, 31. 
Mombutu, niSm-boo'too, 31. 
Momdis, mBm'dts, B. 
Momenge, m8-m5n'gft, 31. 



Mompox, m^m'pBh', if. 
Momus, raS'muV C. 
Mona, inO'na, 31. 
Monaco, inOn'ii-kC, M. 
Monadnock, nio-nftd'niik, 31. 
Monaeses, nifs-ne'sez, C. 
Monaghan, mQii'ii-luni, 31. 
Mona Kandi, mo'na kiin'dT, 

M. 
Mona Mangi, mO'na man'gt, 

Monastir, m8n-as-ter', 31. 
Mona Tenda, nio'iiii tfn'dii, 31. 
Moncreiff, infiii-kiel', 31. 
Mondego, m8n-dB'gft, .)/. _ 
Mondonedo, niCu-dOn-ya'dij, 

31. 
Mondongo, mBn-dOn'g^, 31. 
Moneta, liio-ne'ta, V. 
Mongalla, mfiii-giil'la, 31. 
Mongolia, mOn-go'lt-a, 31. 
Momma, mSn'T-ma, C. 
Monnoyer, liio'nwa'ya"', .1/. 
MoncecuB, ino-ne /, k.f'i-, ('. 
Monodus, ni<5u'o-dfls, C. 
Monongahela, 

mG-nSn-ga-he'la, 31. 
Monongalia, m6-n5n-ga , lt-a, 

Monopoli, mO-no'pO-li?, 31. 
Monreale, m8n-ift4lS, 31. 
Monroe, mQn-ro', 31. 
Monrovia, mOn-ro'vI-a, 31. 
Mons, mo.xs, 31. 
Monstrelet, mox'strp-la', 31. 
Montagnana, mSn-tan-ya'na, 

Montague, mSn'ta-gn, 31. 
Montaigne, mgn-tan' ; 

F. nicJN'tan'y', 31. 
Montalban, m8n-tal-ban', 31. 
Montalembert, 

m6N / ta / 15N / bar / ', 31. 
Montana, m5n-ta/'na, 31. 
Montanus, mSn-ta^nQSj^ C. 
Montargis, moN / tar / zhe /r , 31. 
Montauban, mSN'to'bQN", 31. 
Mont Blanc, mox blSN, 31. 
Montbrison, mon / bre / zoN /r , 31. 
Montcalm, mSnt-kam'', 

F. mSN / kalm', 31. 
Mont Cenis, mSx se-ne /r , 31. 
Mont-de-Marson, 

m<jN / -de-mar / sSx / ', 31. 
Montecuccoli, 

mSn-ta-koo'kS-ie, 31. 
Monteith, mBn-teth', 31. 
Mont^limart, mijN / tit / lS / mar / ', 

31. 
Montenegro, m5n / ta-na / 'grS, 

Monterey, m8n-te-ra / ', 31. 
Montespan, ni6x / tes / pQx'', 31. 
Montesquieu, m3n / tPs-ku / '; 

F. mSN / t5s / ke-e', 31. 
Montevideo, mSn-ta / ve / 'dit-o, 

U. 
Montfaucon, mSn'fS'kSN''. 31. 
Montgolfler, m8nt-g81'fl-5r, 

F. mCN'gSl'ft-a', 31. 
Montgomery, mttnt-gum'Sr-T, 

Montholon, mON / t6 / 18N / ', 31. 
Monticello, Italy, mon-tt- 

chBK15 ; U. S., m5n-tt-sgK10, 

31. 
Montjlo, mSn-tS^hS, 31. 
Montilla, mSn-teKyii, 31. 
Montmartre, moN'mar'tr, 31. 
Montmorency, 

moN / m8 / r8N / se r , 31. 
Montpelier, mSnt-pe'lt-er, 31. 
Montpellier, mox'pf Flya', 3J. 
Montpensier, m8x / poN / se-a / ', 

Montreal, mBnf/rS-al', 31. 
Montrose, mun-troz v , 31. 
Montserrat, mOnt / sgr-rat r , 31. 
Montucla, m8ir / tu / kla', 3f. 
Mon Tzombi, ni8ii tsem'bT, 31. 
Monychus, mSn'T-ktis, C 
Mooltan, mool-tan', 3l. 
Moore, mor, 31. 
Moorsnedabad, 

moor / sh5d-a-biid / ', 31. 
Moosias, mo / »j-sT , rts, B. 
Mopoco, mO-po'ko", 31. 
Mopsium, mop'sY-um, C. 
Mopsopia, m8p-85^pY-a, C. 
Mopsuestia, mOp'sfi-Ps'tT-ii, C. 
Moradabad, nio-rad / ii-bad / ', 31. 
Morales, mu-ra/les, 31. 
Morasthite, mo'ras-thlt or 

mSr'as-tlitt, B. 
Moratin, mS-rii-ten , < if. 
Moravia, mfi-ra'vl-a, 31. 
Moray or Murray, m0r / 'iT. 31. 
Morbihan, mor'bf'Qx', 3f. 
Mordecai, mfir'de-kft, B. 
Morea, nio-re'a, 31. 



Moreau, mf/rO', 31. 
Moreh, mO're, 11. 
Morena, Sierra, 

M*-i:r'ra raO-rS'na, M. 
Moresheth-gath, 

moVChh-gth-gath', B. 
Morgentia, infir-jgn'sht-a, C. 
Morghen, mfir'gun, M. 
Moriah, rnt,-rl'a, B. 
Morians, m6'rT-«nz, B. 
Morillo, mO-rOKyo, .)/. 
Morin, ino'ra.s', .)/. 
Morini, niOrT-nl or mft-rl'nl, 

M. 
Morlaix, mfiKla", Jf. 
Morny, rnOr'ne" or m8r / ne r , 

Morocco, m^-rOk'rt, 31. 
Morpheus, mor'phC-Qs or -f tts, 

Morrell, mOr'rel or mSr-reK, 

Mortagne, m8r / tan'y*, M. 

Mortara, rnor-ta'ra, if. 

Morton, mor'tCin, M. 

Mosa, mO'sa, C. 

Mosby, moz'bt, 31. 

Moscheles, in8sli / 'e-l?8, M. 

Moschion, mOs'kMSn, C. 

Moscow, mBstfl ; Russ. Mos- 
kva, rn5sk-\ii r , 31. 

MoseUa, mo-sCl'Ia, C. 

Moselle, mS-zfel', 31. 

Mosera. mo-se'ra, B. 

Moseroth, mo-se'rSth, B. 

Moses, mo'zgz, B. if C. 

Mosheim, mos'hlm, 31. 

Mosollam, mS-eSKlam, B. 

Mosollamon, mu-sOKla-mSn, 
B. 

Mosquera, mQs-ka'ra, 31. 

Mosquito, mfls-ke'tci, 31. 

Mossokonghe. 

m8s / sS-k8n / 'gwS, if. 

MosBumba, mos-soom'ba, M. 

Mosul, mo'sBl, 31. 

Mosychlus, mo-sTk'lfis, C. 

MosynoeBi, mcVI-ne'si, C. 

Mouata. moo-a'ta, 31. 

Moulins, moo'lax'', 31. 

Moulton, moKtun, 31. 

Moultrie, nioo'trT, 31. 

Mounier. moo / nY-a / ', 31. 

Mowatt, mo'at, 31. 

Mower, mou'er, 31. 

Moyamensing, 

moi'a-mgn'sYng, if. 

Moza, mo'za, B. 

Mozah, mCza, B. 

Mozambique, mo-zam-bek', 31. 

Mozart, mC-z art'; G. niofsart, 
31. 

Mpala, 'mpa'la, 31. 

Mpama, 'mpii'ma, 31. 

Mpota, 'mpo'ta, 31. 

Mpuelo, 'mp\va'lu. 31. 

Mpunga. 'mpoon'ga, 31. 

Mpwapwa/mpwa'pwa, M. 

Mruli, 'mroo'lT, 31. 

Msalala, "msa-la'la, if. 

Msuata, 'mswa'ta, 31. 

Mswa, 'mswii, 31. 

Mswar, 'mswar, 31. 

Mtombwe, 'mtgm'bwS, M. 

Mu, mu, E. 

Muafi, nnvii'fT, 31. 

Muata, mwa'ta, 31. 

Mudie, mu'dT ; Scot, raoo'df , 
31. 

Muena Mene, mwa'na ma'ne, 
31. 

Muggi, mug'gt, 31. 

Muggia, niood'ja, if. 

Muguge, mu-gu'ga, 31. 

Mugwardie. iniig-war'dS, 31. 

Muhlenberg, -burg, 

niu'len-berg, 31. 

Miihlhausen, mul-hou / 'zen, 31. 

Miihlheim, muKlmn, 31. 

Muhova. niooho'vii, 31. 

Muiri, niweM, 31. 

Mukolla, moo-kol'la, 31. 

Mukonde, moo-keii'dit, M. 

Mukuri, niookoo'rT, Jf. 

Mulcaster, mfiKkas-tSr, 31. 

Mulciber, mttl'sf-bSr, C. 

Mulde, mdol'de, Jf. 

Mulemba, moo-lPm / 'ba ) M. 

Muller, nuiKler, 31. 

MuUer, mfil'ler, .If. 

Mulready, muKrfd-Y. Jf. 

Mulvius, liinl'v-T-hs, C 

Mumbembe, mttm-bam'bft, Jf. 

Mummius, mttm'iii"i-us. C. 

Munatius, nifl-na'sht-us, C. 

Munchausen, mfin-cha/sen ; 
O. Miinchhausen. 

munk /, ]iou-zen, M. 

Mundu, mooiv^doo,_Jf. _ 

Munduku, moon-doo'koo, 31. 



feru, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
£ t Biblical ; C, classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; 31, Modern ; iV, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



MUNICH 



1008 



NEW CASTLE 



u 



w 



Munich. mu'nlk ; &, Mun- 

chen. mun'shrn, J/. 
Munin. mdt>n'ln, .V. 
Mnnono. mfl6-n©*nB| -V. 

Manor. raivn-\ flth', -V. 
Muiuto: un'stgr ; 

Qertmr: . moon'ster. M. 
Munychi.v mn-nlk'I-a, C. 
Maoa. mdo-B'A, IT. 
Mupplm. mflp'rTfn»i ^>- 
Mur Muhr. mAt, 31. 
Mur*na. lnu-re'iiii. ('■ 
Marat, niii'm' or inn-rat'. 31. 
Muratori. mi>o-ra-tiVr~'. M. _ 
Muravief or Muraviev. moo- 

r.i-vef or moo-i-ii-vf-vi'. M. 
Murcia. nuT'slrt-a. C. V M.; 

,>r'th?-a. .'/. 
Morillo. moo-rel'vf> or 

mn-rtl'18, M. 
Murviedro. moor-vf-a'dro", 31. 
Morzok. moor'zook', 31. 
Musa. mO'rt, ('. 
Masaba, moo-sa'bii, 31. 
Musaeus. infl-sfus, C. 
Musagorae. mu-sair'o-r?, C. 
Muscat. mus-kat'; M. 
Muscatine, mus-ka-ten'. M. 
Muscogee, mus-ko'ge. 31. 
Muscovy, mus'kii-vT, 31. 
Musea. mn-se'&, C. 
Museum, mfl-se'flm, C. 
Mushi. rau'shl, B. 
Mushites. nifl'shits. B. 
Muskingum. mus-kTn'gum, 31. 
Muspelheim, m<56s^pt-l-hlm, N. 
Mussumba, moos-soom'ba, 31. 
Mut, moot, E. 
Muta. mu'ta. C. 
Mutchie, mn'cW, 31. 
Muthlabben, mtith-lab'ben, B. 
Mutia. mu'shY-a, C. 
Mutina, mn-ti'na, C. 
Mutines. mu'tY-nez, C. 
Mutinus, mu-ti'niis, C. 
Mutius. mu'shY-us, C. 
Mutumoa, moo-too-mo'a, M. 
MutunuB, mn-tu'nfls, C. 
Muziano, moot-se'-a'no, M. 
MuzuriB, mu-zu'rTs, C. 
Mwumi, mwoo'mf, 31. 
Mycale, mYk'a-le\ C. 
Mycalessos. mTk'a-lgs'so's, C. 
Mycalessus, mTk'a-lgs'stis, C 
Mycenae, -ne, mt-se'nf, C. 
Mycenis. mt-se'nts, C. 
Mycerinus, mTs'er-T'nHs. C. 
Mycerina. mYs'gr-T'na, C. 
Mycon. mi'kBn, C. 
Myconos. mi'ko-n5s, M. 
Myconus. mTk'o-ntis or 

mt-ko'nus, C. 
Myecphoris, ml-ek'fo-rts, C. 
MyenuB. rnt-e'niis, C. 
Mygale, mlg'a-le', C. 
Mygdonia, mTg-do'nT-a, C. 
Mygdonua, mtg'dS-nQs or 

mYg-do'nfis, C. 
Mylassa. mf-las'sa, C. 
Mylasa. mt-la'sa, C. 
Myle. mi'lf, C. 
Mylitta. mt-lTt'ta, C. 
Myndus. mYn'dfis. B. 
Myonesus, mi'o-ne'sils, C. 
Myonia. mt-o'nT-a, C. 
Myra, mi'ra, B. if C. 
Myrina, mY-ri'na, C. 
Myrinus, m!-ri'nus or 

mYr'T-noa, C. 
Myrmidone. mSr-mYd'o-ne, C. 
Myron, im'rOn, C. 
MyTBilus. mer-sT'lOs, C. 
MyrtiluB, mer'tY-lus. C. _ 
Myrtoum Mare, mgr-to'tim 

ma'rf, C. 
Myrtuntium. mSr-tun'shY-tim, 

Myscellus. mTMgllHs, C. 
Mysia, mTzh'I-a, B. if C. 
Myson, rm'i-fjn. C. 
Mysore, rnt-For', 31. 
Mytens. mi't^-m. 31. 
Mytilene, rnTt'T-le'ne - , C. if 31., 

= Metf.i.tn. M. 
Myus. ml' 

Mzczonow. m-ha-zo'no'v, 31. 
Mzombe, 'rnzom'bS, M. 



N. 

Naam. na'Sm, B. 
Naamah. na'i-ma, B. 
Naaman. na'a-min, B. 
Naamathite, na'a-math-It, B. 
Naamites. na'a-rriltfe, B. 
Naarah, na'a-ra, B. 
Naarai, r.a'a-r9. Ji. 
Kaaran, na'a-ran, B. 



Naaratb. na'u-rSth, B. 
Naas. Dls, M. 
Naasbon. nWtoh'Cn, B. 

Naason. na^ii-sSn. B. 
Naathus. ua'a-tliils, B. 
Nabal. iia'bal. /;. 
Nabarias, nab ;i-rT'as. B. 
Nabarzanes. nab'iir-zg'nez, C. 
Nabatbsea. nab'ii-the'a.C. 
Nabatbeans, nab / a-the , anz, 

j:. 
Nabathites. nab'a-thlts, B. 
Nabis. na'bTs, C. 
Naboth. n a' bOth, B. 
Nabuchodonosor. 

nab / fi-kCi-d5n / 'ij-sor, B. 
Nachon. na'kon, />'. 
Nachor. na'kOr, B. 
Nacogdoches, nak'S-do'chez, 

M. 
Nacolia, nak-6-H'A or 

na-ko'lt-a, C. 
Nacone, nak'o-nS or na-ko'nf , 

a 

Nadab, na'dab. B. 
Nadabatha. na-dab'a-tha, ,5. 
Nadir Shah, nii'dv sha, M. 
Naenia, ne'nl-a, C. 
Naera, n2t-e'ra, C. 
Nasvia, ne'v^t-a, C. 
Naevius, ne'vT-us, C. 
Naga, na'ga, H. 
Nagananda, na-ga-nan'da, H. 
Nagasaki, na-ga-sa'kS, M. 
Nagge, nag'gg, B. 



Nagy Enyed, n5di ?n'y5d A , M. 
Nagy Zsiroly, n5dj kii-rSK, M. 
Nahalal, na'ha-lal, B. 
NahaUel. na-haHT-el. B. 
Nahallal. na-hal']al, B. 
Nahalol, na'ha-151, B. 
Naham, na'ham, B. 
Nahamani, na-ham^a-nT, B. 
Nahanarvali, na-han'ar-va'li, 

C. 
Nahant. na-hanf, M. 
Naharai. na-h&r'ft-I, B. 
Naharaim, na'ha-ra'Im, B. 
Nahari. na'ha-rl, B._ 
Naharvali, na'har-va'li, C. 
Nahash, na'h&sh, B. 
Nahath, na'hath, B. 
Nahbi, na'bi.jB. 
Nahor, na'her, B. 
Nahshon, nii'shOn, B. 
Nahum, na'hum, J3. 
NaiadeB,_na:-l / 'a-dez, C. 
Naias, na'yas, C. 
Naidus, na'T-dfis, B. 
Naln, na'Tn, B. 
Naioth, na'ySth, B. 
Nais, na r Is, C. 
NaiBBUB, na-Ts'stts, C. 
Naiwasha, nt-wii'sha, M. 
Nako, na'kfi, M. 
Namaqua. na-ma'Ttwa, M. 
Namur, na'mur ; F. na'mur', 

21. 
Nana Sahib, na'na sa'hTb, M. 
Nancy, nfin'sT; F. nCrf'se', M. 
Nanea, nS-ne'a, B. 
Nangasaki, nan-ga-sa'kS, M. 
Nankin, nan-ktn'' or n&n'kYn, 

or Nanking, nan-kYng', M. 
Nantes, nants ; F. nSNt, M. 
Nanteuil, nSx'teK or 

nSN'te'y', M. 
Nantuates, nan-tu-a'tez. C. 
Nantucket, nan-tuk'et, 31. 
Nantwich, nanfTch, M. 
Naomi, na-o'ml or na'6-ml, B. 
Napaeae, na-pe'^, C- 
Naphilus, naf'Mus, C. 
Naphish, na'fYsh, B. 
Naphisi. nafl-si, B. 
NaphtaU, naf'ta-W, B. 
Naphthar, naf'thar, B. 
Naphtuhim, naf 'tfi-hTm, B. 
Napier, na'pT-gr, M. 
Naples, na'plz ; It. Napoli, 

na'po-lS, M. 
Napoleon, na-po'lf-Qn, M. 
Narada, na'ra-da, H. 
Narasingha. nar-a-sTn-'ga. H. 
Narayana, na-ra /r j r a-na, H. 
Narbona, nar-bo'na. C. 
NarbonensiB, nar'bO-ngn'eTs, 

C. 
Narbonne, nar-bSn', M. 
N3.rciB8UB, nar-sTs'stis, B. Sf C. 
Narisci. na-rTs'si. C. 
Narnia. niir'nl-a. C. 
Narova, na'rO-va or nii-ro'va, 

Narragansett, nar'a-gfin'sCt, 

Narva, nar'va, M. 
Narvaez. nar-va'fth, Iff. 
Narycia. na-rTsh'T-a, C. 
Nasamon, nas'a-mOn, C. 



Nasamones, nas'A-mS'nez, C. 
Nasbas. n&s'baa, B. 
Naacio, nash'I-6, C. 
Naseby, naz'bl. JI. 
Na«hon, na'sliSn, B. 
Nashua. nasliTi-a. .1/. 
Nasica. na-sl'ka, C. 
Nasidienus. na'sTrd-T-e'nus, C. 
Nasidius. na-sld'Ms, C. 
Nasith, nfi'Btth, B. 
Naso, na^so, C. 
Nasor, na'sSr, B. 
Nassau, n&s'a, M. 
Nastrand, nas'trand, N. 
NaBUs, na'sits, C. 
Natal, na-tiiK. M. 
Natchez. iiach'Pz, M. 
Natchitoches, nak-C-tfish/ or 

iiach-T-tBch'P z, M. 
Nathan, na'than, B. 
Nathanael, na-tlian'st-Cl, B. 
Nathanias, nfith / a-ni''as, B. 
Nathan -melee h, 

na'than-me'lSk, B. 
Naucrates, na'kra-tes, C. 
Naukratia, na'kra-tTs, C. 
Naugatuck, ria-'ga-tuk, M. 
Naulochus, na'lfi-kus, C. 
Naum, na'uni, B. 
NaumachUB, na'ma-kus, C. 
Naumburg, noum / 'b(5&rg, M. 
Nauplia, na r plT-a, C. 
Nauplius, ria r plT-us, C. 
Nausicaa, na-sIk'U-a, C. 
Nausimache, na-sTm'a-k$, C. 
Nausimachus, ria-sTm / 'a-kus, C. 
Nauteles, na'tt-lez, C. 
Nauvoo, na-voo', M. 
Nava, na'va, C. 
Navajoe. nav^a-hS, 31. 
Navarino. na-va-re'nS, 31. 
Navarre, na-var'; Sp. Navar- 

ra, na-var'rii, 31. 
Navarrete. na-va-ra'ta, M. 
Nave, na'vf, B. 
Navius, na'vT-fis, C. 
Naxia, naks'I-a, 31. 
Naxos, naks'Ss, C L Sf 31. 
Nazarene. naz'a-ren, B. 
Nazareth, nSz'a-rSth. B. Sf 31. 
Nazarite, naz'a-rlt, B. 
Ndoruma. 'ndo-roo'ma, 31. 
Ndua, 'ndoo'a, 31. 
Neaera, nS-e'ra, C. 
Neaethus, nf-e'thus, C. 
Neagh, Lough, 18h na', 31. 
Neah, ne'a, B. 
Nealces, nC-aKsez, C. 
Neander, nS-an'der, 31. 
Neanthes. nC-an'thez, C. 
Neapolis. ne-ap'o-lls, B. if C. 
Neapolitan!, ne / a-pCl / T-ta / 'nl, 

Neaxchus, nS-ar'Tcfis, C. 
Neariah, ne'a-ri'a, B. 
Nebaioth. nS-ba'yOth, B. 
Nebajoth, nC-ba'jQtli, B. 
Neballat, nS-baKJat, B. 
Nebat, ne'bat, B. 
Nebo, ne'bo, B. 
Nebraska, ne-brSs'ka, 31. 
Nebrodes, ne-bro'dez, C. 
Nebrophonos, nf-brOf 'o-nBs, C. 
Nebuchadnezzar, 

nCb'u-kad-ngz'zar, B. 
Nebuchadrezzar, 

ngb'u-kad-r£z / 'zar, B. 
Nebushasban, ngb'u-shas'ban, 

B. 
Nebuzar-adan, 

ngb'tt-zar-a'dan, B. 
Necho, ne'kfi, B. 
Neckar, nPk'ar, 31. 
Necker, nek'er ; F. n5k / kar /r , 

M. 
Necodan, nC-ko'dfin, B. 
Necropolis, nt-krOp'o-lYs, C. 
Nectanabi8, nek-tan'a-bls, C. 
Nectanebus, nfk'ta-ne'bfis or 

nek-tan'e-bQs, C. 
Nedabiah, ned'a-bl'a, B. 
Nedjed, ncd'jtd, 31. 
Neemias, ne^e-mVas, B. 
Neer. nar, 31. 
Nef, ngf. E. 

Negapatam, n5g / d-pa-tanr', 31. 
Neginoth, nfg'T-nOth, B. 
Negropont, na'gro"-p8nt, 31. 
Nehelamite, n?-heKa-mit, B. 
Nehemiah, ne'he-mVa, B. 
Nehemias, ne'he-mi'as, B. 
Nehiloth, ne r ht-lQth, B. 
Nehum, ne'hum, B. 
Nehushta, n5-hfish'ta. B. 
Nehushtan, nf-hOsh'tan, B. 
Neiel, nS-I'Sl or ne't-51, B. 
NeUgherry, nel-gfir't, M. 
NeiBse, ni'se, 31. 
Neith, nath, or Neitha, na'tha, 

E. 



Nekeb. ne'k?b, B. 
Nekoda, nf-kd'da, B. 
Neleus, ne'10-iis or ng'lus, C. 
Nemaea. nf--ine , a, or Nemea, 

games, ne'mC-a, C. 
Nemea, town Sf river, ne^mS-a, 

Nemetes, ngm'e'-te'z, C. 
Nemesa, nPm , f-s;i, C. 
Nemesianus, nf-me'sT-a'nus, 

C. 
Nemesis. n^m'S-sTs, C. 
Nemoralia, ngni / ?5-ra / 'lt-a, C. 
Nemossus, nC-niSs'sus, C. 
Nemours, ne-moor / ', 31. 
Nemuel, n^-mu'el, B. 
Nemuelites, n5-mu / '0l-Its, B. 
Nenagh, na'na, 31. 
Neobule, ne'O-bu'lS, C. 
Neocaesarea, ne'O-sCz'a-re'a, C. 
Neocles, ne'8-klez, C. 
Neogenes, ne-0j'£-nez, C. 
Neolaus, ne'C-la^us, C. 
Neomagus. nt-8m / 'a-gtis, C. 
Neomedes. ne'o-me'dez. C. 
Neomenia. ne / 0-me / 'nt-a, C. 
Neon, ne'Sn, C. 
Neontichos, ne'Sn-ti'kCs, C. 
Neoptolemus, ne'Sp-tSl'S-mus, 

Neosho, ne-o'shC, M. 
Nepal, ntt-paK, M. 
Nepaul.nt-paK, M. 
Nepe, ne'pe", C. 
Neph, nef, E. 
Nephalia. n$-fa']t-a, C. 
Nepheg, ne'fgg, B. 
Nephele, ngf'6-ie, C. 
Nephelis. ngfe-lts, C. 
Nephi, ne'li, B. 
Nephis, ne'iTs, B. 
Nephish, ne'ftsh. B. 
Nephishesim, nS-ftsh'g-sTm, 

Nep'hthali, net' tha-ll, B. 
Nephthalim, nef'tha-ltm, B. 
Nephthys, nef'thTs, E. 
Nephtoa, ngf to-a, B. 
Nephusim, ne-fu'slm, B. 
Nepia, nS-pl'd, C. 
Nepoko, nl-po'k6, 3f. 
Nepos, ne'pOs, C. 
Nepotianus, ne'pS-shT-a'niis, 

Nepthali, ngp'tha-li, B. 
Nepthalim. ngp'tha-lTm, B. 
Neptunalia, ngp'tti-na'lt-a, C. 
Neptunus, nep-tu'nus, C. 
Ner, ner. B. 

Nerbuddah, ngr-bud'a, 31. 
Nereides, nC-re'I-dez, C. 
Nereis, n6-re'Is or ne'rS-Ys, 

Neretum, nC-re'ttim, C. 
Nereus. ne'rus, B. ; ne'rS-us or 

ne'rns, C. 
Nergal, ngr'gal, B. 
Nergal-Bharezer, 

ner'gal-sha-re'zgr, B. 
Neri, ne'rl, B. ; na're", 31. 
Neriah. ne-rl r a, B. 
Nerias, nS-ri'as, B. 
Nero, ne'ro, B. Sf C. 
Neronia. ne"-ro'nT-a, C. 
Nervii. ner'vt-I, C. 
Nesis, ne'sts, C. 
Nesselrode, nes'sel-ro'de, 31. 
Nestocles, ngs'to-klez, V. 
Nestoras, nes'to-ras, C. 
Nestorius, ngs-to'rt-Qs, C. 
Nethaneel, ne-than'f-51, B. 
Nethaniah, neth'a-ni'a, B. 
Netherlands, ngth'Sr-landz ; 

I). Nederland, na'der-lant, 31. 
Nethinims. neth'l-ntmz, B. 
Nethou. ne-too', 31. 
Netopha. ne-to'fa, B. 
Netophathi, nt-tof'a-thi. B. 
Netophathite, nt-t8f ' a-thlt, B. 
Netum. ne'ttim, C. 
Neuburg, noi'boTbrg, 31. 
Neuchatel or Neufchatel. 

ng'sha'tei', M. 
Neuilly, ne'ye', 31. 
Neukomm. noi'kom, 31. 
Neumann, noi'man. 31. 
Neumarkt, noi'markt, 31. 
Neurode. noi'ro-de. 31. 
Neu-Euppin. noi-rOop-pen', M. 
Neusatz.noi'siitz, 31. 
Neuse, nus, 31. 
Neusohl. noi^zol, 31. 
Neustadt. noi'stiit, 31. 
Neuwied, noi'vft, M. 
Neva, na'va, 31. 
Nevada. nS-va'da, 31. 
Nevers, ne-var', 31. 
Nevis, ngv'Ts, 31. 
Newark, nu'grk, M. 
New Castle, nti' kas-sl, M. 



, o, u, long ; a, 6, I, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, $11, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



NEWFOUNDLAND 



1009 



OLYNTHUS 



Newfoundland, nu'fund-l&nd', 

Jf. 
New Granada, nu gra-nii'dii, 

Jf. 
New Guinea, na gYn'6, Jf. 
New Hampshire, 

nU hamp'shgr, 31. 
New Jersey, nu jgr'zY, Jf. 
New Leon, nu le'Bn ; Sp. 

Nuevo Leon, nwa'vo lU-on', 

31. 
Newmarket, nu-mar'kgt, Jf. 
New Orleans, nQ 8r'l§-anz, Jf. 
Newton, nu'tun, Jf. 
New Zealand, nu zeland, if. 
Ney, na, J/. 
Nezheen, nezh'Sn, Jf. 
Neziah, n£-zl'a, ZJ. 
Nezib, ne'zYb, 5. 
Nez Perces, nit pgr'sa', Jf. 
N'gami, 'nga'nif . Jf. 
Nghiri, 'nge'rf, .IT. 
Ngombe, 'ngom'be", Jf. 
Nguco, 'ngoo'kS, 31. 
Nguru, 'ngoo'roo, if. 
Ngutunga, 'ngoo-toon'ga, if. 
Niagara, ni-ag'a-ra, Jf7 
Nibhaz, nYb'haz, B. 
Nibehan, nlb'shan, B. 
Nicaea or Nicea, nt-se'a, C. 
Nicaenetus, nt-sen'e-tus, C. 
Nicagoras, nY-kag'S-ras, C. 
Nicander, nY-kan'dgr, C. 
Nicanor, nt-ka'n5r, B. Sr C. 
Nicaragua, ne-ka-ra'gwa, Jf. 
Nicator, nY-ka'tBr, B. 
Nice, nl'sS, C. ; nes, Jf. 
Niceas, nYs'£-as, C. 
Nicephorium, nYs'g-fo'rY-O.m, 

a 

Nicephorius, nts'e-fo'rY-tis, C. 
Nicephorus, nY-sgl'S-rus, C. 
Nicer, nl'ser, C. 
Niceron, nS / sa / r6N / , if. 
Nicetas, nl-se'tas, C. 
Niceteria, nYs'S-te'rY-a, C. 
Nicetes, nt-se'tez, C. 
Nicias, nYsh'Y-as, C. 
Nicippus, nY-sYp'ptts, C. 
Nico, ni'ko\ C. 
Nicobar, nYk'o"-bar, if. 
Nicochares, nY-kBk'a-rez, C. 
Nicocrates, nT-kSk'ra-tezvC. 
Nicocreon, nt-ko'kre-Bn, C. 
Nicodamus, nYk'S-dS'iniis or 

nY-kBd'a-mos, C. 
Nicodemua, nYk'S-de'mus, B. 

y c. 

Nicodorus, nYk'o-do'rQs, C. 
Nicolai, ne-kO-la'S or 

nS-kp-li', if. 
Nicolaitans, nYk'8-la'Y-tanz, 

B. 
Nicolas, nlk'ft-los, B. Sr if. 
Nicolaus, nYk'o-la'us, C. 
Nicolay, n£-ko-la'S, Jf. 
Nicole, nS'koK, Jf. 
Nicomachus, nY-kBm'a-kus, C. 
Nicomedea, nYk'S-mS-de/a, C. 
Nicomedes, nYk'C-me'dez, C. 
Nicomedia, nYk'o-nie'dg-a, C. 
Nicon, nl'kBn, C. 
Nicophanes, nY-kBfa-nez, C. 
Nicophon, nYk'6-fBn, C. 
Nicopolis, nY-kBp'0-lYs, B. (f 

C. ; nC-k8p'5-lTs, Jf. 
Nicosia, nS-kS-se'a, 31. 
Nicostratus, nt-kOs'trS-tfis, C. 
Niebuhr, ne'boor, Jf. 
Nieder Wesel, ne'dSr va'zpl.if. 
Niemcewicz, nygm-tsg'vYcb., Jf. 
Niemen, ne'men ; 

Polish nygm'en, if. 
Niepce, nf-gps'', 31. 
Nieuwport,_nyuv'p5rt, Jf. 
Nievre, ng'avr', Jf. 
Niflheim, nYf'l-hlm, ST. 
Niger, m'jSr, B., C, Sr 31. 
Nigidius, nY-jYd'Y-fis, C. 
Nigritae, nY-grl'te, C*. 



Nijni, nYj'nS, 
Nikok - 



iolaiev, nS-kG-li'gf, if. 
Nikolsburg, ne'kolz-bo'org', Jf. 
Nile, nil, 31. 

Nileus, nYl'S-fis or nl'lus, C. 
Nilgiri, nYl-ge'rY, 31. 
Nilus, ni'liis, C. 
Nimar, nt'tnar', if. 
Nimeguen = Nymytegen, 31. 
Nimes or Nismes, rem, M. 
Nimrah, nlrn'ra, B. 
Nimrim, ntm'rtm, B. 
Nimrod, ntm'rSd, B. 
Nimshl, nlm'shl, B. 
Nindo, nTn'dS, J/. 
Nineve, nYn'S-vS, C. 
Nineveh, Nineve, ntn'S-ve, B. 
Ninevites, n^n r $-vits, B. 



«ingp 
Ninive 



ve, ntn't-vf , C. 



Ninyus, ntn'T-fis, C. 
Niobe, Dl'ft-M 
Niphates, nT-fa'tez, C. 
Niphon, nTf'On', or Nippon, 

iiTp'On', M. 
Nipissing, ntp'ts-stng, M. 
Nireus, ntr'C-us or nl / rus, C. 
Nisa, nt'sd, C. 
Nisaea, nt-se'a, C. 
Nisan, nl'san, B. 
Nishapoor, nlsli'a-poor', M. 
NisibiB, nts't-bts, C. 
Nisroch, nTs'rfik, B. 
Nisus, nl'stts, C. 
Nisyrus, nT-sI'rfis, C. 
Nitetis, nt-te'tts, C. 
Nitiobriges, nTt'I-Sb'rt-jez or 

ntt'T-0-bn'iez, C. 
Nitocris, nT-to'krts, C. 
Nitria, ntt'rt-a, C. 
Nivaria, nt-va'rt-a, C. 
Nizhni-Novgorod, 

nTzh'nC-nOv-go'rSd, 31. 
Nkange, 'nkan'ge, 31.. 
Nkanje, 'nkiiii'ie, 3L 
Nkun, 'nkoo'rT, M. 
Nmalagaria, 'nma'la-ga'rt-a, 

Nmalagarido.'nma'la-ga-re'dO, 

No, n5, B. 

Noadiah, nS'a-di'a, B. 

Noah, no'a, B. 

Noailles, nC'aK or n^'ay", M. 

Noamon, no-a'mSn, B. 

Nob, n6b, B. 

Nobah, no'ba, B. 

Nocera, no-cha'ra, M. 

Noctiluca, nOk'tY-ia'ka, C. 

Nod, n6d, B. 

Nodab, no'dab, B. 

Nodier, nC'dT-S', M. 

Noe, no'S, B. 

Noeba, nS-e'ba, B. 

Noga, no^ga, B. 

Nogah, no'ga, B. 

Nohah, no'ha, B. 

Nola, no'la, C. 

Nollet, no'la', if. _ 

Nomades, nQm'a-dez, B. Sr C. 

Nomentanua, nSm'6n-te / h&s, 

C. 
Nomentum, nS-mSn'ttim, C. 
Nomius, no^mt-Qs, C. 
Non, nQn, B. 
Nonacris, nQn'a-krTs or 

nS-na'krYs, C. 
Nonius, nS'nt-us, C. 
Noodt, not, M. 
Noph, nBf, B. 
Nophah, no r f a, B. 
Norbanus, nSr-ba'ntis, C. 
Nordhausen, nOrt-hou'zen, M. 
Ndrdlingen, nerflYng-en, 31. 
Nordri, nord'rt, iV. 
Norfolk, nor'fiik, 31. 
Noricum, n5r't-kum, C. 
Normandy, nor'man-dt, if. 
Nornen, n6r'nen, N. 
Norridgewock, n8r r rtj-w8k,i/. 
Norrkbping, nor'che-plng, if. 
Nortia, nor'shT-a, C. 
Norway, ror'wa, 31. 
Norwich, Eng., nSr'rYi ; 

U.S., nSr'wtch, if. 
Nossi-Be*, nos'sS-ba', 31. _ 
Nostradamus, nSs'tra-da'mQs; 

F. Notredame, nOtr-dam', if. 
Notium, no-ti'ttin, C. 
Nottingham, n8t r Ttng-am, M. 
Notus, no'tQs, C. 
Novaia, nS-vI'a, M. 
Novalis, ntJ-va'lts, 31. 
Novara, nS-vii'ra, 3f. 
Novaria, nS-va'rT-a, C. 
Nova Scotia, no'va skS'sht-a. 

31. 
Nova Zembla, no'va zgm'bla, 

if. 
Novella, nS-vgl'la, if, 
Noveeium, nD-ve'zhT-fim, C. 
Novgorod, nSv'gS-rSd, 3f. 
NovT, no'v£, 31. 
Noviodunum. nc/vt-S-du^niim, 

C. 
Noviomagum, no ' vt - 8m ' a- 

gttm; -gus, -gtts, C. 
Noyon, nO'yOx', M. 
Nsutua, 'nsoo-too'a, 3F. 
N'Tenke, n'ten'kg, M. 
Nu. nu ; Num, nttm, E. 
Nubia. nu'bM, 31. 
Nuceria, nfl-se r rT-a, C. 
Nueces, nwa'ses, 31. 
Nuevo Leon, nva'vd IS-on', 31. 
Nuithones, nO-lth/CS-nez, C. 
Nukahiva. noo'ka-he'va, 31. 
Nula, noo'la, Jf. 
Num, num, E. 
Noma, nu'ma, C. 



Numana, nn-ma'na, C. 
Numantia, nu-man'shl-a, C. 
Numenia, nu-me'nl-d, /;. y C. 
Numenius, nu-me / 'nT-uB l B. If 

Numerianus, nQ / mgr-t-a , 'nQ8, 

C. 
Numicus, nu-ml'ktis, C. 
Numida, nQ'nil-dii, C. 
Numidae, nQ^mt-dC, C. 
Numidia, nn-mld'T-a, C. 
Numidiu8, nti-mtd'I-Qs, C. 
Numitor, nu'mT-tSr, C. 
NumitoriUB, n u-inT-to / 'rI-us, 

C. 
Nun, nun, 1). 
Nun or Noon, noon, 3f. 
Nundina, nun'dl-na, C. 
Nuremberg, nu'rtin-bgrg ; Q. 

Niirnberg, nurn^bgrg, 31. 
Nursia, nQr'sh't-a, C. 
Nutpe, noofp?, E. 
Nyanga, nC-iin / 'ga or n'yan'ga, 

Nyangwe, ne-an'gwft, M. 
Nyanza, nC-an'za, if. 
Nyassa, ne-as'sa, 31. 
Nycteis, ntk-te'Is, C. 
Nyctelia, n^tk-teMr-a. C. 
Nyctelius, nlk-te'lt-Qs, C. 
Nycteus, nlk'tg-Qs or nTk'tus, 

Nyctimene, nIk-tTm / 'e-ne, C. 



Sylffi 



ing, nu-che" / jpTng, M^ 



Nymphaeum, ntm-fe r am, C. 
Nimfeus, ntm-fe r u8, C. 
Nymphas, ntm-'fas, B. 
NymphidiuB, ntm-£Td'T-us, C. 
Nymwegen, nlm'wa'gen, if. 
Nyon, ne'SN', 31. 
Nysa, nl'sa, C. 
Nysaeus, nt-se'us, C. 
Nyseus, nls'S-Qs, or_ nl'sus, C. 
Nysiades, nl-sl'a-dez, C. 



o. 

Oahu, 8-a'hoo, 31. 

Oajaca, wa-ha^ka, if. 

OarseB,_o-ar'sez, C. 

Oases, o'a-sez, C. 

Oasis, o'a-sts or O-a^sTs, C. 

Oazaca, wa-ha' r ka, M. 

Oazea, 0-aks'ez, (?. 

Oaxus, S-aks^us, C. 

Ob, ob, 31. 

Obadiah, o'ba-dl'a or 

Sb'a-dl'a, B. 
Obal, o'bal, B. 
Obamba, o-bam'ba, if. 
Obdia, Sb-dl'a, B. 
Obed, o'bgd, B. 
Obededom, o'bgd-e'dSm, B. 
Oberlin. o'ber-lln, if. 
Obeth, o'beth, B. 
Obi, o'bS, 31. 
ObU, o'Ml, B. 
Oboth, o'bSth, B. 
Obumbi, O-boom'b?, M. 
O'Callaghan, 5-kaKa-han, if. 
Ocana, 0-kan'ya, 31. 
Oceana, S-sht-a'na, 31. 
Oceania.o'shC-a'nl-a, or Oce- 

anica, o'shS-an't-ka, 3f. 
Oceanides, o'she-anfT-dez, C. 
OceanitideB, 5'she-a-nTft-dez, 

C. 
Oceanus, C-se r a-nus, C. 
Ocelis, ij-se'lts, C. 
Ocelum, Ss'e-liim, C. 
Ocha, o'ka, C. 
Ochakov, Bch'a-kof, 31. 
Ochiel, o'kY-gl, B. 
Ochlokonee, Bk'ltS-ko'nS or 

8k-18k'5-n6, 3t. 
Ochus, o'kos, C. 
Ocidelus, 8s'T-de'ias, B. 
Ocina, o-si'na, B. 
Ocmulgee, Qk-muKge", M. 
Oconee, 6-ko'nf , 31. 
Ocracoke, o'kra-k<5k, 31. 
Ocran, Qk'ran, B. 
Ocriculum, o-krYk'n-lam, C. 
Octavia, Sk-ta'vT-a, C. ■ 
Octavius, ek-ta'vl-us^ C. 
Octavianua. Ok-tayvT-a'nQs, C. 
Octogesa, Qk'to-je'sa, C. 
Ocypete, G-sTp^P-tS, C. 
Ocyroe. o-sYr'S-e, C. 
Oded, o'ded, B. 
Odenatus, Bd'S-na'tQs, C. 
Odense, o'den-se, M. 
Odessa, 0-dfs'sa, M. 
OdeasuB, 0-dgs'sQs, C. 
Odeum, o-de'tim, C. 
Odin, o'dTn. X. 
Odoacer, C-do'a-ser or 

Bd'S-a'sEr, C. 



Odollam, fi-d81'lttm, B. 
Odonarkes, rKl'u-niir'kez, B. 
Odrysae, Bd'rt-rt, < . 
Odyssea, 8d-r«-he'_u. < '. 
Odyaseum, Bd-Is-sS'Qni, C. 
Odysseus, O-dls'sC-ds or 

C-dls'BQB, C. 
OZagrus, n-a'gras, C. 
OZax, e'ttks, C. 
CEbalia, e-lm'll-a, C. 
CEbalus, gb'u-ltis, C. 
OSbares, t-ba'i' 
OZchalia, G-ka'lt-a, C. 
OZcolampadius. 

i k'o-lam-pa'dr-us, M. 
OZcumenius, fk'u-me'nl-fii, C. 
OSdipus, < "d'l-pQs, C. 
Oeland. C'liint, 31. 
Oels, els, 31. 
OZne, e'nC, C. 
OZneia, C-neTs, C. 
OZneon, e'nt-Sn, C. 
OZneus, e'nS-fis or e'nQs, C 
OZnias, e'nY-as, C. 
OZnides, C-nI'dez, C. 
CEnomaus, C-nSm'a-Os or 

gn'ij-ma'tts, C. 
OZnona, C-nS'nf, C. 
CEnonas, t-nO'ntts. C. 
OZnone, e-uo'nS, C. 
GEnopia, C-no'pI-a, C. 
OZnopion, e-no'pI-Bn, C 
OZnotri, 6-no'trI, V. 
OZnotria, C-no'trl-a, C. 
OZnotruB, C-no'trQs, C. 
CEnusa, 5-nu'sa, C. 
OZonus, 8-o'nus, C. 
Oeroe, o"-er'<5-5, C. 
Oesel, g'sel, 31. 
OZta, e'ta, C. 
CEtylus, e-tl'lus, C. 
Offenbach, of'fen-bak, 31. 
Ofterdingen, of 'tgr-dtnK-en.if. 
Og, 8g, B. 

Ogeechee, 0-ge'che, 31. 
Ogilby, o r gl-bt, 31. 
Ogilvie, o'gl-vT, 31. 
Oglethorpe, o'gl-thorp, 3f. 
OgUo, oKy6, 31. 
Ogowe, u-go^wa, 31. 
OgulniuB, 6-guKnT-Qs, C. 
Ogyges, 5j r T-iez, C. 
Ogygia, G-irri-a, C. 
Ogygidae, o-jlj'i-dE, C. 
Ohad, o'had, B. 
Ohel, o'hgl, B. 

8hio, C-M'6, 31. 
hlenschlager, g'len-shUVgSr, 

dhlmuller, Sl'mul-Sr, Jf. 
Oileua, o-f I'S-us 'or 8-T'lus, C. 
Oiae, waz, 31. 
Ojeda, G-ha'dii, 31 
Oiibbeway, C-j'rb''b^-wa, if. 
Okanga, 0-kiin r ga, 31. 
Okechobee, o-kf-cho'b?, 31. 
Okefinokee, S-ke-ft-no r k$, if. 
Okhotsk, o-k5tsk', 31. 
Oktibbeha, 8k-ttb'be-ha, 31. 
Olamus, OKa-mtis, B. 
Olaus, S-la'Qs, or Olaf, 5'laf, 

31. 
Olbia, 8KbT-a, C. 
Olcinium, 81-sTn'T-flm, C. 
Oldenburg, oKden-bot)rg, 31. 
Oldmixon. old'raTks-un, if. 
Oldys, ol'dts or oldz, 31. 
Olearius, S-ia-ii'rf-oos, Jf. 
Olearoa, 5-le/a-r8s, C. 
OlearuB, C-le'a-rtis, C. 
Olen, o'lgn, C. 
Olenos, 81'e-n8s, C. 
Olerus, 8KS-rus, C 
Olenum, 81'S-nQm, C. 
Olenus. BK8-Bfis. C. 
Ol^ron. t/WiOB', 31. 
Olisipo, Sl'I-si'pO or 

6-lTs'Y-pS, C. 
Olisippo, 81'T-stp'po, C. 
Olivares, S-liC-va'res, Jf. 
Olivenza, S-le-vgn'tha, Jf. 
OUvet, Bl'T-vPr. B.; 

o / lt :/ va , or 8KS-v5t, Jf. 
Olivier, G'le'vT-a', Jf. 
OUius, BKlY-tts, C. 
Olmstead. Bni'stid. 31. 
Olmutz, ol'muts. 31 
Olofernes. Bl'n-fer'nez. B. 
Olonetz or Olonets, o-lo-ntts , ) 

31. 
Olophernes, 81'8-fgr'nez, B. 
Olshausen, ols'hou-zen, 31. 
Olympas, C-lYm'pas, B. 
Olympia. o-lYni'pY-a. C. * 31. 
Olympias, i5-lYm'pY-<is, C. 
Olympiodorus. 

B-lTm'pY-a-do'rQs, C. 
OlympiuB, <5-lYin'pY-us, B. Sr C. 
Olympus, ft-lfta'pas, C. 
Olynthus, O-lYn'thtis, C 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
£, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 
64 



N 



OLYPHANT 



1010 



PAEAHIBA 



u 



w 



Olyphant. N'vftint. 3f. 
OmMru, C>tn a-o'tQ8, B. 
Om.vha. o'raa-ha', M. 
Oman, ft-man', if. 
Omu, B'niiir. /•. 
O'Mearv '-nie'ra : 

Mai (VmS'ra, M. 
Omega. Ifms-gA, or 5-me'ga, 

Omole. Bm^Mt, C. 
Omophagia, om <Vfa'jY-a. C. 
Omphale. Bm'fa-l?. C 
Omphalus, 8m'fa-lus, C. 
Omri. ^m / r!, B. 
On. Bo, }!. 
Onam, o'n&m, B. 
Onan. o'nan, />'. 
Onasicrates. iSn'a-sYk'ra-tez.O. 
Onasimedes. fm'a-st-me'dez, C. 
Onasiphoris. Bn'a-sYf 'o-rts, C. 
Onchesmites. iSn / kfs-mJ / 'tez, C. 
OncheBtus, Bn-kt's'tas, C. 
Onega. 5-ne'ga ; Buss. C-na'ga, 

Oneglia, *'-naKya. M. 
Oneida, o-ni'da, 31. 
Onesicritus. Bn'f-sYk'rY-tSs, C. 
Onesima, o-nes'T-ma, C. 
Onesimus. iVnPs'Y-niijs, B. Sr C. 
Onesiphorus, Bn'f-sYfO-rfis, B. 

i ( . 
Oniares. iS-ni'a-rez, B. 
Onias. o-nl'as, B. 
Onium. o-ni'fim, C. 
Onkelos, Bnk'e-lSs, if. 
Ono. o'no, B. 
OnomacrituB, 8n / o"-mak'rY-tiis, 

C. 
Onomarchus, Bn'S-mar'kiis, C. 
Onondaga. 5n-un-da , ga, 31. 
Onosander, Cn'u-saii'der, C. 
Ontario, Bn-ta'rY-o, 31. 
Onuphis, S-nu'fYs, C. 
Onus, o'nfls, B. _ 
Oojein or Oujein, oo-jan r = TJj- 

j.ux,J/. _ 
Oonalaska, oo-na-las'ka, 31. 
Oonao, oo'nS-0, 31. 
Oorfa, oor'f a, M. _ 
Ooroomeyah, oo-roo-me'a, 31. 
Oosterhout, Bs'ter-hout', 31. 
Oozbek. ooz-b^k', M. 
Opalia, o-pa'lY-a, C. 
Opelouaaa, Sp-S-loo'sas, M. 
Ophel, o^fgl, B. 
Ophias, o'fY-as, C. 
OphioneuB, o'fY-o'ne'-us, or 

S-fi / '<j-nu6, C. 
Ophir, o'fSr, B. Sf M. 
Ophis. o'fYs, C. 
Ophiusa, o'fY-u'sa, C. 
Ophni. Sf 'nl, B. 
Ophrah, Sf'ra, B. 
Opica, o-pe'ka, 31. 
Opici. Sp'Y-sT, C. 
Opilius, S-pYKY-fis, C. 
Opima Spolia. 

C-pi'ma spo'lY-a, C. 
Opimius. o-pYra'T-Qs, C. 
Opis, o'pYs, C. 
Opitergini, Sp'Y-tSr-jI'nl, C. 
Opitz, o'pYts, 31. 
Oporto, iS-por'to", 31. 
Oppenheim, Sp'pen-hlm, 31. 
Oppia, 5p'pY-a, C. 
OppianuB, Sp'pt-a'nfis, C. 
Oppius, Op'pY-us, C. 
Optatus, Sp-ta'ttiB. C. 
Optimus, Sp'tY-mus, C. 
Opus. o'pus, C. 
Oquirrh, o'kwgr, 31. 
Oran, <5-ran r , 31. 
Orange, Br'cmj ; F. S'rSjrzh'', 

Orbigny. d', Atir'bGn'ye' , 3f. 
OrbiHuB. Sr-bYKY-«8, C. 
Orbona, Br-bo'na, C. 
Orcades, or'ka-dez, C. Sf 31. 
OrchiU8, Sr'kY-tis, C. 
Orchomenum, Cr-kSm'S-ntim. 

C. 
OrchomenuB, Sr-kBm'g-niiB, C. 
OrdessuB, Sr-dt's'sfls, C. 
OrdeBUB, Or-de'sfis, C. 
Ordovicea, oKdS-vT'sez, C. 
OreadeB, S-re'a-dez, C. 
Qreb. o'r.'b, Ti. 
Orebro, S'ra'-bri'Jo, 31. 
Oregon, Sr't-prSn, 31. 
Orel. 5-rCK, or Orlov, 8r-I5f, 

M. 
Orellana, S-rgl-ya'na, 31. 
Oren. o'ren, B. 
Orenboorg, o'r/;n-bi5<Jrg, 31. 
OreoB. a City, o'rS-Cs ; Bacchus, 

Oregtse. r.- r .','tf, C. 
Orestes. !5-rCr'tez, C. 
Orestemn. SKf'-te'Qm. C. 
Orestidae. Sr^B-tt'dC, C. 



Oret*. BKC-te. C. 
Oretani, Sr'r-ta'nT. C. 
Orenm. o'rt-fim; -ub, -Qe, C. 
Ornla, 6r-ie'lii or Or-iMa', 

31. 
Orga. 6r'ga, C. 
Orgas. 6r > iras, C. 
Orgetorix. tir-jot'i'i-rtks, C. 
Orgia. or'jl-a. C 
OnbasuB, u-rtb'a-siis, C. 
Oricum. Or't-ktim, C. 
Oricus. 5r'l-ktls, C. 
Oriens, o'rt-gnz, C. 
Origenes, u-rlj'f-nez, C. 
Origo, u-rl'gft, C. 
Orihuela, o-rt-wS'la, 31. 
Orinoco, 6-rt-no''ku, M. 
Orion, O-ri'Sn, B. is- C. 
Orithyia, Or'T-thl'ya, C. 
Orizaba, u-ro-tha'ba, 31. 
Orkney. Srk'no, M. 
Orleannais, or'la'an'na'', M. 
Orleans, 6r'le-anz : 

F. BKla'SN', M. 
Ormenus. or'me-nus, C. 
Ormus. Sr'mtts, 31. 
Ormuzd, 6r'mfizd or 6r /r mot>zd, 

Persian. 
Oman, 6r'n8n, B. 
Ornea. Cr'n^-a, C 
Ornithon. Sr-ni'thQn, C. 
Orodes. o-ro'dez, C. 
OroeteB. o-re'tez, C. 
Oromedon, o-r5m' r e-d5n, C. 
Orontes, O-rSn'tez, C. 6>- M. 
Or opus. S-ro'pQs, C. 
OrosiuB, o-ro'sht-us, C. 
Orospeda, o-rQs'pt-da, C. 
Orpah. 6r'pa, B. 
Orpheus, 5r-f e r us or or'fus, C. 
Orsay, d', dor'sa', 31. 
Orsini, Sr-se'ne, 31. 
Orsinoe, Sr-sTn'u-e, C. 
Orsinome, 8r-sTn'o-mS, C. 
Orsippus, Br-sTp^pus, C. 
Orsted, er'sted, 31. 
Ortegal, or-tS-gaK, 31. 
Orthez or Orthes, 6r / ta / ', 31. 
Orthia. 5r-thl'a, C. 
Orthosia8, 6r / th$-sl , as, B. 
Orthrus, Or'thrQe, C. 
Ortygia, 8r-ttj't-a, C. 
Orus, o'rfis, V. 
Orvieto, Sr-ve-a'tS, M. 
Oryx, o'rtks, C. 
Osaces. ci-sa'sez, C. 
Osage, O-saj' ; F. o-zazh r , 31. 
Osaias. fi-za'yas, B. 
OBbaldistone, 8s-bal-dts r tun, 

31. 
Osceola. Ss-S-o'la, 31. 
Oschophoria, Ss'kS-fo'rY-a, C. 
Osea, e-ze'a, B. 
Osee, o'zc, B. 

O'Shaughnessy, ft-sha'ne-st, 31. 
Oshea, o-she'a, B. 
Oshmooneyn, 5sh-moo-nan / ', 31. 
Osiris. (5-sI'rTs, C. &r E. 
Osismii, S-sts'mT-i, C. 
Osnabriick, 8s /r na-bruk', M. 
Osnaburg, Oz'na-berg, 31. 
Ossian, Ssli'an, 31. 
OssoU. 68'68-K, M. 
Ostade, Ss-ta'de, M. 
Ostend, Bst-gnd^, 31. 
Osterwold, os'tfr-valt, M. 
OBtia. 8s'tT-a, C. Sc31. 
Ostiaks. 8s'tr-aks', 31. 
Ostorius, 8s-to'rY-tis, B. 
Ostrogothi, Ss-trBg'O-thl, C. 
Oswegatchie, 5s-we-g:ach / 'T, M. 
Oswego, os-we'go, 31. 
Oswestry, Sz'es-trS, M. 
Otchakof or Oczakow. 

8ch-a-k5f, 31. 
Othni. 8th'ni, B. 
Othniel. 8th'nY-«, B. 
Otho. o'tho, C. &r 31. 
Othonias, Sth'S-nyas, B. 
Othryades, o-thrl / 'a-dez, C. 
Othrys, o'thrYs, C. 
Otranto, fi-tran'tfi, 31. 
Ottajano, St-ta-ya'no, M. 
Ottawa, Bfta-wa, 31. 
Ottoman, 8ft?i-man, 31. 
Otus. o'tfis, C. 
Ouachita or Washita, 

w8sh/Y-ta, 31. 
Ouche. oosh, 31. 
Oude, oud, M. 

Oudenarde, ou-d^-nar'de, 31. 
Oudinot, (x) / d^ / no /, I 31. 
Ougree. oo'gra.', 31. 
Ouray, oo-ra", 31. 
OuBe. ooz, 31. 
Ousely, ooz'lT, 31. 
Overweg, o'vEr-vSg, M. 
OverysBel, fi-ver-Is /, sel, 31. 
Ovid. 8v'rd, C. If 31. 
Ovidius, fi-vld'I-fiB, C. 



Oviedo. u-vf-a'do, if. 
Oviembo. ft-vMm'bC, 31. 
Owego, OkwB'gO, .'/. 
Owyhee. u-wi'JiC, 31. 
Ox, 8ks, B. 

Oxartes, Sks-ar'tez, C. 
Oxenstiern, Sks^en-stern', 31. 
Oxus. Bks'fls, C. \ 31. 
Oxyporus. Bks-tp'o-riis, C. 
Oxyrrhoe, Sks-Yr'rii-t 1 , C. 
Oxyrynchus, 8ks / T-rTn , k«s, C. 
Oyapock or Oyapoc, oi-d-pek', 

Ozanam, u'za'nSN', 31. 
Ozark, o-zark'. 31. 
Ozem, o'zgm, B. 
Ozias, G-zI'as, B. 
Oziel, o'zY-tl, B. 
Ozni. 8z'ni, B. 
Oznites, Bz'nits, B. 
Ozoa, Bz'C-a, C. 
Ozola, Bz'o-la, C. 
Ozolae, Oz'ij-1? ; -U, -U, C. 
Ozora, o-zo'ra, B. 



P. 

Paarai, pa'a-ra", B. 
Pacatianus, pa-ka'sht-a'nfis, 

Pacheco, pa-cha / Tcu, 31. 
Pachuca. pa-choo'ka, 31. 
Pachynum, pa-kl^nam, C. 
Pachynus, pa-ki r nus, C. 
Pacio, pa'chS, 31. ; Pacius, 

pa'sht-us, C. 
Pacorus. pak'6-rQs or 

pa-ko'rQs, C. 
PactoUs, pak-tolts, C. 
Paktolus, pak'tS-lQs, C. 
Pactya, p&k'tT-a, C. 
Pacuvius, pa-ku r vt-iSs, C. 
Padan, pa'dan, B. 
Padan-aram, pa'dan-a^rSm, 

B. 
Padang, pa-dang', 31. 
Padon, pa'dBn, B. 
Padua, pad'tl-a, C. Sr 31. ; 

7^._Padova, pa'do-va, 31. 
Padus, pa'dus, C. 
Padusa^a-du'sa, C. 
Paean, pe'an, C. 
Paon, pe'Bn, C. 
Paeones. pe'C-nez, C. 
Paeonia. pe-o^nt-a, C. 
Paeonides, pS-Sn'Tt-dez, C. 
Paesos, pe'sSs, C. 
Paestum, pes'tfim, C. 
Paetus Caecinna. 

pe'tOs se"-sYn / 'na, C. 
Paez, pa^eth, 31. 
Pagani, pa-ga r n$._iir. 
Paganini, pa-ga-ne'nS, 31. 
Pagasae, pag^_a-se; -sa, -6a, C. 
Pages, pa'zha'', M. 
Paget, pfij'gt, 3f. 
Pagiel, pa'jY-el._.B. 
Pahath-moab,pa /, hath-mo^ab, 

B. 
Pai, pa'i, B. 
Paisiello, pl-zf-ellS, 31. 
Paisley, paz'll, M. 
Paixhans, paks'anz, 31. 
Pakura, pa-koo^ra, 31. 
Palacky, pa-lats^kf, M. 
Palaemon. pa-le r m8n, C. 
Palaeapolis, pa'le-ap'o-lfs, C. 
Palaepaphos, pa-15p r a-f8s, C. 
Palaepharsalus, 

"pa-lgf'ar-sa'ias, C. 
Palsepolis, pa-lSp'S-Us, C. 
Pateste. pa-lSs'tt, C. 
Palsestina, pal-5s-tT'na, C. 
Palasstini, pfil-Ss-tl'ni, C. 
Pal33tyrus, pa-lgt'Y-rus, C. 
Palafox, pal-a-fBks'; 

Sv. p5-la-foh', 31. 
Palal, pa'lal, B. 
Palamedes, pal'a-me'dez, C. 
Palatinus, pal^a-ti'nfls, C. 
Palatium, pa-la'sht-um, C. 
Palawan, paKa-wan', 31. 
Palembang, pal / erh-bang / ', 31. 
Palencia, pa-lPn'thC-a, 3l. 
Palenque, pa-lgn'kS, 31. 
Palermo, pa-lgr'mO ; 

It. pa-lSr'mo, 31. 
Pales, pa'lez, C. 
Palestina, pal / es-tl , na, B. 
Palestine, pal'es-tln, B. Sf 31. 
Palestrina, pii-lgs-tre'na, 31. 
Palgrave, paKgrav, 31. 
Palibrotha, pft-lYb'rS-tha, C. 
Palici, pa-ll'si, C. 
PalUia, pa-lYl'Y-a, C. 
Palinurus, pal / T-Tiu / 'ras, C. 
PaUadium, pal-la'dt-um, C. 
PaUadiua, pal-la'dY-Qs, C. 



Pallamcotta. pal'yam-kBfta, 

Pallanteum, pal'lan-te'Kni, C. 
Pallantias, pal-lan'shY-tis, C. 
Pallatides, pal-lat'Y-dez. ('. 
Pallavicino, pa-la-vc-che'no, 

Pallene. pal-le'nf . C. 
Palliser, pal'Ys-5r, 31. 
Pallu, pal'lfi, B. 
Palluites.paKlfl-lts, B. 
Palma, paFmi, 31. 
Palmaria, pal-ma'rY-a, C. 
Palmas or Las Palmas. 

liis piil'mas, 31. 
Palmblad, piilm'blad, 31. 
Palmer, pa'mcr, 31. 
Palmerston. pam'er-stKn. 31. 
Palmyra, pal-ml'ra, C. Sc 31. 
Palo Alto, pii'lo al'tO, 31. 
Palti, pal'tl, B. 
Paltiel, paKtY-gl, B. 
Paltite, pal'tlt, B. 
Pamisus, pa-ml'sfls or 

pamOr-sSe, C. 
Pamlico, pamlY-ko, 31. 
Pammenes, parn'mP-nez, C. 
Pamphilus, pam'fY-lfis, C. 
Pamphyle, pam-fY'lS, C. 
Pamphylia, pfim-fYKY-a, B. If 

Pamplona, pam-plo'na, 31. 
Pamunkey or Pamunky, 

pa-mflnk''Y I 31. 
Panacea, pan / a-se , 'a, C. 
Panaetius, pa-ne'shY-Qs, C. 
Panama, pan / a-ma / ', it. 
Panathenaea, pan-ath'e-ne'a. 

C. 
Panchaea, pan-ke'a. C. 
Panchaia, pan-ka'ya, C. 
Pandareus, pan-da'rt-us, C. 
Pandarus, pan'da-rQs, C. 
Pandataria, pan'da-ta'rY-a, C. 
Pandemus, pan-de'mtis, C. 
Pandia, pan-di'a, C. 
Pandion, pan-dl^Bn, C. 
Pandora, pan-do'ra, C. 
Pandorus, pan-do'rQs, C. 
Pandosia, pan-do'sht-a, C. 
PandroBos, pan'drC-s8s, C. 
Panegyri8, pa-nej'Y-rYs, C. 
Panemus, a month, pan'e-nilis; 

a man, pa-ne'mus, C. 
Panga, pan r ga, 31. 
Pangaeus. pan-je'fis, C 
Pangani, pan-sa'nY, 31. 
Panhellenes, pan'hel-le'nez, C. 
Panionium, pa'nY-o'nY-flm, C. 
Panizzi, pa-nefsS, 31. 
Pannag, pan'nag, B. 
Pannona, pan'6-na, C. 
Pannonia, pan-no'nY-a, C. 
Panola, pan-ola, 31. 
Panomphaeus, pan'Bm-fe'fis, 

Panope, pan'5-p^ C. 
Panopea. pan'C-pe'a, C. 
Panopeus, pa-no'pe-Qs or 

pfin'S-pus, C. 
Panopolis, pa-nBp'O-lYs, C. 
Panoptes, pa-n8p'tez, C. 
Panormus, pa-ner^mus, C. 
Pantaleon, pan-ta'le-Bn, C. 
Panthea, pan-the'a, C. 
Pantheon, p&n'the-Sn or 

pan-the'Sn, C. 
Panthoides, pan-tho'Y-dez, C. 
Panticapeeum, 

pan'tY-ka-pe'um, C. 
Panticapes, pan-tYk'a-pez, C. 
Paoli, It., pa'O-lg or pouie ; 

U. S., pS-o'ie, 31. 
Paphia, pa'fY-a, or Paphie, -S ; 

Paphii. -I, C. 
Paphlagonia. pai'la-go-'nY-a, C. 
Paphos, pa'fBs, B. Sf C. 
Paphus. pa'phus, C. 
Papias, pa'pY-as, C. 
Papin, pap'Yn; F. pa'pax', 

Papineau, p'a'pe'no', 31. 
Papinianus. pa-pYn'Y-a'ntis, C. 
Papirius, pa-pYr'Y-Qs, C._ 
Papua, pap'oo-a or pa'poo-a, = 

New Guixea, 31. 
Papyrius, pa-pYr'Y-Qs, C. 
Para, pa-ra', 31. 
Parabyston. par / a-bYs / 't8n, C. 
Paracelsus, par'a-seKsfis, 31. 
Paracletus, par'a-kle'tus, C. 
Paraclytus, pa-rfik r lY-tus, C. 
Paradise. par'a-dTs, B. S- 31. 
Paraetacae. pa-rgt'a-??;^ C. 
Paraatonium, par'S-to'iiY-fim, 

Paraguay, pa-ra-gwi' or 

pa'ra-gwa, M. 
Parah. pa'ra, B. 
Parahiba, pa-ra-e'ba, if. 



a, e, I, o, u, long; &, 6, i, 5, ii, y, short; senate, event, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; J7, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



PARAMARIBO 



1011 



PHERON 



Paramaribo, par-a-m&r'T-bS, 

21. 
Paraa, pa'ran, B. 
Parana, pa-rii-na', M. 
Parbar, par'bar, B. 
Pardoe, par'du, 21. 
Pare\ pa'ra". 21. 
Paredesy Arrillaga, 

pii-ra'dr-s g ii-rgl-ya'ga, 21. 
Pareja, pa-ra'hii, M. 
Parentalia, pjlr'Sn-tS'lY-a, C. 
Parima, pa-re'mii, .1/. 
Parina-cota, pa'rg-na-kS'ta, 

M. 
Paris, pa^rYs, C. ; Eng. par'Is ; 

F. pa're', M. 
Parisii, pi-rYsh'Y-T, C. 
Pariom, pa'rY-Bm, C. 
Parma, par'ma, 21. 
Parmashta, par-mash'ta, B. 
Parmenas, par'mg-n«s, B._ tit C. 
Parmenides, par-nign'Y-dez, C. 
Parmenio, par-me'nY-0, C. 
Parmigiano, par-mg- % ja / 'nij, 21. 
Parnach, par'nak, B. 
Parnassus, par-nas'sus, C. 
Parnasus, par-na'sBs, C 7 . 
Parnessus, par-ngs'sBs, C. 
Parnell. piir'nd, 21. 
Paropamisus, par-o-p5m / 'T-«us, 

or Paropamisan (-san) Moun- 
tains, 21. 
Paropamisus, par / 3-pam / 'r-sQs 

or par'S-pa-ml'sHs, C. 
Paropus 1 pa-ro r pQs, C. 
Paros. pa'rSs, C. & 21. 
Parosh, pa'rSsh. _/?. 
Parrhasia, par-ra^sht-a, C. 
Parrhasius, par-ra'shl-Qs, C. 
Parshandatha, 

par-shan'da-tha, B. 
Partheni, par-the'm ; Parthe- 

nia, -nY-a; Parthenias, -nY-as; 

Parthenius, -nY-Bs, C. 
Partbenice, par-then'Y-sg, C. 
Parthenon, par'thS-nSn, C. 
Parthenopaeus, 

par'then-(5-pe / 'Bs, C. 
Parthenope, par-thgn r <5-pg, C. 
Parthia, par'thY-d, C. 
Parthians, par'thT-anz, B. 
Parthiene, par'thY-e'ng, C. 
Parthini, par-thi'nT, C. 
Partblnus, par-thi , nfis, C. 
Paruah, pBr'u-a, B. 
Parvaim, piir-va'Ym or 

par'va'-Ym, B. 
ParyBatis^a-rYs'a-tYs, C. 
Pasach, pa'sak, B. 
Pasargadae, pa-sar'ga-dg, C. 
Pascagoula, pas-ka-goo'la, 21. 
Pascal, pas'kal; F. pas'kal', 21. 
Pasco, pas'kiS, 21. 
Pas-dammim, pas'-dam'mTm, 

B. 
Pas-de-Calais, pa'-de-ka^a', 

M. 
Paseah, pS-se'd, B. 
Paseas, pa'sg-as, C. 
Pasbur, pash'er, B. 
Pasiphae, pd-sYfa-g, C. 
Pasifile, pd-sYf'Y-lg, C. 
Pasiteles, pa-sYfg-lez, C. 
Pasithea, pa-sYth'g-d, C. 
Pasithoe, pd-sYtb/S-g, C. 
Pasitigris, pa-sYt'Y-grYs, C. 
Paskevitcb or Paskewitsch, 

pas-ka / vYch, 21. 
Pasquier, pas^kY-a', M. 
Passaic, pas-sa'Yk, 21. 
Passamaquoddy, 

pas'sa-ma-kwSd'Y, 21. 
Passaro, pas'sa-rO, C. 
Passaron, pas'sa-r5n, C. 
Passau, pas'sou, M. 
Passerat, pas^ra', 21. 
Passeri, pas-sa'rg, 21. 
Passienus, pas'sY-e/nBs, C. 
Passignano, pas-sen-ya'nS, 21. 
Passow, pii'sG, 21. 
Patagonia, pat-a-go'nY-a, M. 
Patala, pat'a-la, C. 
Patale, pat'a-lg, C. 
Patara, pat/a-ra, B. tit C. 
Patavium, pa-ta'vY-Bm, C. 
Paterculus, pa-tgr'ku-lfis, C. 
Paterson, pafer-stin, M. 
Patheus, pd-the'Bs, B. 
Pathros, path'rSs, B. 
Patizites, pat'Y-zi'tez, C. 
Patmos, pat'mSs, B. &,- M. 
Patrae, pa'tre, C. 
Patras, pii-tras', 21. 
Patricius, pa-trYsh'Y-tis, C. 
Patrobas, pfifro-bas, B. 
Patrocles, pat'rfi-klez, C. 
Patroclus, pa-tro'klus, B. 
Patrons, pa-tro'Qs, C. 
Patulcius, pa-tai'shT-Qs, C. 
Pau, pa'u, B. / po, 21. 



Paul, pal, B. tit M. 

Paula, pa'la, C. 

Paulina, pa-tt'na, C; pa-le'na, 

Paulinus, pa-ll'nas, C. 
Paulus, pa/las, B. & C. ; 

pou'lBs, M. 
Pausanias, pa-sa'nY-as, C. 
Pauw, pou, 2f. 
Paventia, pd-vgn'shY-d, C. 
Pavia, pa-ve'a, 21. 
Pavor, pu'vSr, C. 
Pawcatuck, pa'ka-tBk or 

pa-ka-tak', M. 
Pawtucket, pn-tak'Ct, 21. 
Paros, paks'O's, C. it M. 
Paz, La, lapiith, 21. 
Peabody, pe'bOd-Y, 21. 
Pearce, pers or pCrs, 21. 
Pearson, per'sBn or pgr'sBn, 

Pe-Chee-Lee, pe-che-le', 31. 
Pecquet, p3-ka'. 21. 
Pedahel, ped'a-hPl, B. 
Pedahzur, pe-dii / 'zgr or 

pgd'a-zSr, B. 
Pedaiah, pS-da'ya, B. 
Pedasus, pCd'a-sas, C. 
Pedee, pt-de', 21. 
Pedo, pe'dS, C. 
Pedum, pe'dam, C. 
Peebles, pe'blz, 21. 
Pegasis, pgg'a-sYs, C._ 
Pegasides, pC-pras^Y-dez, C. 



Pegasus, pgg'a-sas, C. 
Peipus, pa^e-poos, 21. 
Pegu, pg-goo , 21. 
Pei-Ho, pa-h5 / ', M. 
Pekah, pe'ka, B. 
Pekahiah, pgk'a-hl'a, B. 
Pekin, pS-kYn', or Peking, 

pS-kYng', 21. 
Pekod, pe'kSd, B. 
Pelagius, pg-la^jY-tts, C. 
Pelaiah, pZl'H-Va., B. 
PelaUah, pgl'a-li'a, B. 
Pelasgi, pS-las'ji ; -gia, -jY-a, C. 
Pelasgus, pS-las'gus, C. 
Pelatiah, pgl'a-tt'a, B. 
Peleg, pe^gg, B. 
Pelet, pelgt, B. 
Peleth, pe'leth, B. 
Pelew, p6-lu', 21. 
Peliades, pg-ll'a-dez, C. 
Pelias, pS-li'as, B. ; pelY-as, 

C. 
Pelides, pS-li'dez, C. 
PeUgni, pg-lYg'ni, C 
Pelion, a mountain, pe1Y-3n ; 

son ofPeleiis, pg-lI'On, C. 
Pelissier, pS'lr^sY-a', 21. 
Pellene, pgl-le'n?, C. 
Pellerin, peFrSx', 2f. 
Pellico, pgl1g-k6. 21. 
Pelonite, pe'15n-it, B. 
Pelopea, peYS-pCa, C. 
Pelopia, pel'S-pi'a, C. 
Pelopidae, pg-lSp'Y-dS, C. 
Pelopidas, pS-iap^Y-das, C. 
Peloponnesus, 

pgFS-pfin-ne'sQs, C. 
Pelops, pe'lSps, C. 
Peloras, pS-lo'ras, C. 
Peloria, pti-lo'rY-a, C. 
Pelorus, pS-lo^ras, C. 
Pelusium^pS-lu'shY-am, C. 
Pemba, pam'ba, 21. 
Pembina, pgrn-'bg-na, 21. 
Pembroke, pgra-'brdSk, M. 
Penang, pg-nSng^, 2L 
Penates, pe-na'tez, C. 
Penelope, pg-ngKO-pS, C. 
Peneus, pS-ne'as, C. 
Peniel, pS-nl^gl, B. 
Penninah, pg-nYn r na, B. 
Peninus, pg-nl'nBs, C. 
Pennsylvania, pgn-sYl-va'nY-a, 

Penobscot, pS-n5b'skat, M. 
Penrhyn, pen'rYn, J/. 
Penrith, pen'rYtb. or pe'rYth, 

M. 
Penryn, pgn'rYn', M. 
Pensacola, pgn-sa-kola, If. 
Pentapolis, pgn-tap'5-lYs, B. tit 

C. 
Pentelicus, pgn-tgKY-kBs, C. 
Penthesilea, pen'thg-sY-le'a, C. 
Pentheus, pgn'thg-Bs, or 

pgn'thus, C. 
Penthylus, pgn'thY-ltis, C. 
Penuel, pg-nu'gl, B. 
Penzance, pCn-zans', 21. 
Peor, pe'Sr, B. 
Peoria. pg-o'rY-a, If. 
Peparethos, pgp'a-re'thBs, C. 
Pepin, king, pgp'Yn or pYp'Yn ; 

F. pe-pax' ; Wisconsin, pe'- 

pYn,.V. 
Pepusch, pa'poosh, M. 



PepyB, pPp'Ys or pgps, M. 
Peraea, pg-re'a, C. 
Perazim. per'ii-zYm, I',. 
Percope, pgr-kS'pg, C. 
Percote, p6r-k<5'te, C. 
Perdiccaa, pgr-dYk'kas, C. 
Perdido. per-de'dS, 21. 
Peregrinus, pir'C-grl'nBs, C. 
Pereira, pC-ra'ra ; 

I'ii. pil-ra^g-ra, 21. 
Perenna, pf-reu'nu, V. 
Perennis, pg-rCu'nYs, C. 
Peresh, pe'rCfih, B. 
Perez, pe'rgz, B. 
Perez-uzza, pe'rgz-fiz'za, B. 
Perez-uzzah. pe'rgz-Bz'za, B. 
Perga, pgr'^ii, B. 
Pergama, pgr'ga-ma, C. 
Pergamena, pgr / ga-me , na, C. 
Pergamina, pgr / ga-nn , na, C. 
Pergamis, pgr'ga-mYs, C. 
Pergamos, per'ga-mSs, B. 
Pergamum, pgr'ga-mum, C. 
Pergamus, pgr'ga-mBs, C. 
Pergola, pgr'go-lu, 21. 
Pergoiesi, pej-gO-la'sg, 21. 
Periander, pe'rY-an'der, C. 
Periboea, pgr'Y-be'a, C. 
Perichymenus. 

pCr'Y-kYm'g-nfis, C. 
Periclea, pGr / Y-kle / 'a, C. 
Pericles, per^Y-klez, C. 
Periclides, pei^Y-kli'dez, C. 
PericUtus, pgr^-kli'tus, C. 
Periclytus, pg-rYk^lY-tfis, C. 
Perida, pe-rY'da, B._ 
Periegetes, pg-rl'g-ge'tez, C. 
Pengord, pit'rg'gor'', 21. 
Pgrigueux, pa'rC'gg', 21. 
Perifla, pS-rYKla, C. 
Periling, pg-rYKlBs, C. 
Perimela, pgr'Y-me'la, C. 
Perinthus, pg-rYn'thBs, C. 
Peripatetic!, pgr'Y-pa-tet'Y-sI, 

Perizzite, pgr'Yz-zit, B. 
Permenas, per'mS-nas, B. 
Permessus, pgr-rags'sBs, C. 
Pernambuco, per-nam-boo / 'kti, 

It. 
Perna^ pgr'nou, 21. 
Pero, pe'rS, C. 
Peroe, per'6-S, C. 
Perpenna, per-pSn^na, C. 
Perperena, per'pS-rS'na, C. 
Perpignan, per'pgn'ySx', 21. 
Perquimans, per-kwYm'anz, 

Perrault, pS'ro' - , 21. 
Perrhoebia, pgr-re'bY-a, C. 
Perrot, p&'to' l 21. 
Persseus, per-se'Qs, C. 
Persea,per-se r a; Perseis, -Ys, C. 
Persephone, pgr-sgf'u-nS, C. 
Persepolis, pgr-sep'S-lYs, B. tif 

C. 
Perseus, per'sus, B.; 

per'se-us or per'sus, C. 
Persia, per r shY-a, B_., C, Sf 21. 
Persigny, par / sgn / ye r , M. 
Persis, per'sYs, B. 
Persius, per'shY-us, C. 
Pertaubghur, pgr-tab-gBr / ', 21. 
Pertinax, per^Y-naks, C. 
Peru, pg-roo'; Sp. pa-roo', 21. 
Peruda. pg-ru^da, B. 
Perugia, pa-roo'ia, 21. 
Perusia, pg-ruJ'shY-a, C. 
Peruzzi, pS-roof se", 21. 
Pescenniu8, pgs-sgn'nY-fis, C. 
Peschiera, pgs-kg-a r ra, 21. 
Peshawer, p*-shou , gr, 21. 
Pessimus, pgs'sY-mfis, C. 
Pestalozzi, pgs-ta-lofsg, 21. 
Pesth, pest ; Hung, pgsht, 21. 
Petchora, pgt-clio'ra, 21. 
Petelini, pet'e-ll'ni, C. 
Peteos. pe'te-Ss, C. 
Peter, pe'ter, B. it 21. 
Petersburg, pe'terz-bgrg, 21. 
Peterwardein, pa-ter-var'dln, 

21. 
Pethaliah. pgth'a-ll 'a, B. 
Pethor. pe'th6r. B. 
Pethuel, pg-thu'gl, B. 
PetUia. pg-tYKY-a. C. 
Petilius, pf-tYKY-Qs, C. 
Petion, piftg'i5.N r , 21. 
Petit, pe-te', 21. 
Petitot, pf-te^to'. M. 
Peto8iris, pSt'S-sI'rts, C. 
Petra, pe'tra, C. V 21. 
Petraea. pg-tre'a, C. It 21. 
Petrarch, pe'trark ; It. Petrar- 

ca. pit-triir / 'ka, 21. 
Petreius. pg-tre'yas, C. 
Petrinum, pg-tri'nam, C. 
Petrocorii, pe'trft-ko'rY-I, C. 
Petronia, pg-tro'nt-a, C. 
Petronius, pg-tro'nY-fts, C. 



Petrozavodsk, pft-t r8-za-v5dsk', 

21. 
Peucestes, pn-sgs'tez, C. 
Peucetia, pO-se'shY-a, C. 
Peucini, pfl-61'nl, C. 
Peulthai, pP-QKthft, B. 
Peyton, pa'tfin, 21. 
Pezenas, paz'na, M. 
Pfeffel. pfgf'fel, 21. 
Pfeiffer, E. fl'fgr ; G. pflf'5r, 

21. 
Phaath Moab, fa'ath mS'ftb, 

M. 
Phacareth, ffik'a-rgth, B. 
Phaea, le'a, C. 
Phaeacia. fg-a'6hY-4, C. 
Phaeax, le'aks, C. 
Phaedra, fe'dra, C. 
Phaedron, fe'drCn, C. 
Phaedrus. fe'drBs, C. 
Phaenarete. it-nar'g-t6, C. 
Phaeneas, ie'ng-as, C. 
Phaethon, fa'g-thSn, C. 
Phaetontiades, 

fa'g-tOn-tl'a-dez, C. 
Phaisur, fa'sgr, B. 
Phalacrina, faKa-kri^nd, C. 
Phalanthus, fa-ian'thBs. C. 
Phalara, ta-la'ra or far a-ra ; 

C. 
Phalaris. fai'a-rYs, C. 
PhaldaiuB, lai-da'yfis, B. 
Phaleas, f a-le'as, B. ; fa' 



C. 



fa'lg-as, 



Phalec, f a'lEk, B. 
Phaleg. fa'lgg, B. 
Phalera, fa-le'ra, &. 
Phaleron, fa-le'rah, C. 
Phalerum, fa-le'rBm, C. 
Phalerus, one of the Lapitlise, 

fa-le'rfis; companion of Ja- 
son, fai'g-rus, C. 
Phallica, fai'lY-ka, C. 
PhaUu, fai'10, B. 
Phalore, fa-16'rg, C. 
Phalti, faKtl, B. 
Phaltiel, fai/iY-gl, B. 
Phanaeus, fa-ne'Bs, C. 
Phantasia, fan-ta'zhY-a, C. 
Phantasos, ^n'ta-sOs, C. 
Phanuel, fa-nu'el, B. 
Phaon, fa'On, C. 
Pharacim, far'a-sYm, 21. 
Pharae. fa'rg, C. 
Pharamond, far'a-m6nd ; 

F. fa'ra'mC.V, 21. 
Pharao, far'S-5, C. 
Pharaoh, f a'rS or fa'rS-*, B. St 

E. 
Pharaoh-hophra, fa'rS-hSf 'rd, 

or f a'ra-5-, B. 
Pharaoh-nechoh, fa'rS-ne'kO 

or f a'rS-S-, B. 
Pharathoni, fa^d-tho'iiT, B. 
Phares or Pharez, fa'rez, B. 
Pharira, fa-rt'rd, B. 
Pharia, fa'rYs, C. 
Pharisee, far'Y-sg, B. 
Pharmacusa, far'nia-ku'sd, C. 
Pharnabazus, far'na-ba'zBs, C. 
Pharnace, far-nS'sg, C. 
Pharnaceaor-cia, far-na'shY-a; 

also Pharnacia, far'na-sT/a, 

C. 
Pharnaces, far'nS-sez, C. 
Pharos, fa'ras, C. 
Pharosh. fa'rfish, B. 
Pharpar. far'piir, B. 
Pharsalia, far-sa'lY-a, C. 
Pharsalus, far'sa-lus, C. 
Pharsalos. fiir'sa-lCs, C. 
Pharus. fa'rBs, C. 
Pharusii, fa-ru'shY-I, C. 
Pharzites. f ar'zlts, B. 
Phaseah, ta-se'a or fa'sg-d, B. 
Phaselis, fa-se'lYs_, B. St C. 
Phasiana. fa'shY-a'nd, C. 
Phasias, fa'shY-os, C. 
Phasiron, fas^Y-rOn, B. 
Phasis, fa'sYs, C. 
Phassaron. fas'sd-rSn, B. 
Phebe, fe'bg, B. 
Phegeus, fe'jg-Bs or fe'jQs, C. 
Phemius, fe'mY-Bs, C. 
Pheneus. a mnn. fg-ne'fis ; 

Pheneus or Pheneum, a lake 

and citu, fe'ng-Bs or fe'nS- 

am, C. 
Pheng-Hoo, f?ng-hoo', or Pea- 

cadores, pgs-ka-do'rgs, M. 
Phenice. fg-nT'sg, B. 
Phenicia. ft-nYsh'Y-a, B. 
Pherae, fS'iS, C. 
Pheraeus, fg-re'Bs, C. 
Pherecrates, fg-rek'rd-tez, C. 
Pherenice. fgr'g-ni'sf. C. 
Pherenicus. fer / g-ni'kfis, C. 
Pheresitea. fer'g-slts, B. 
Pheretima. lor't-tl'md, C. 
Pheron, ie'rOn, C. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 






PHEREZITE 



1012 



PONTEFRACT 







u 



w 



tt, B. 

Phi-beieth. it tu'soth. B. 
Pbjbe»«th. llb'C-sgth, B. 
Phichol. rt'kM. B. 
Phidias. ftd'TMw, C. 
Phidippides. fl-dTp'pT-dez, (. 
Phiditia. n-dlsh'l-i, C. 
Phidon. fi'd8n. C. 
Phidyle. fid'Mf. C. 
Phisalea. flsr'a-le'a or 

Phigalel. fY-?a'lM, C. 

Phila. B'U, C. 

Philadelphia. fll'a-dCl-fi'a, C; 

iei'n-4, ic 

Philadelphus. ni'a-dfl'fus, C. 
Phi]*, fi'ir. C. 

Philseni. fl-le'M, C. 
Philalethes. fll'a-le'thez, C. 
Philammon, ft-lain'mon, C. 
Philarches, fT-laKkez. />'. 
Philat*rufl, fTl'a-te'ros, C. 
Philemon, ft-le'm5n, B. Sf C. 
Philetas. fl-le'tas, B. Sf C. ; -te, 

-tf ; -tor, -tSr ; -tUB, -tQs, C. 
Philidor, fTl'S-dSr, M. 
Fhilinus, fl-ll'nfis, C. 
Philip. flKltp, iJ. a- 31. 
Philippei, fll'Ip-pet, C. 
Philippi. ft-llp'pl, B. Sr C. 
Philippians, f I-lTp'pT-anz, B. 
Philippides, fl-llp'pl-dez, C. 
Philippine, flKlp-pTn, M. 
PhilippopoliB, fu'Ip-pSp'S-lte, 

Philippus, fT-lTp'ptts, C. 

Philiscus, fT-lts'kfis, C. 

Philistia, fl-lls'tt-a, B. 

Philistim, f I-lYs'tTin, B. 

Philistine, ft-lls'ttn, B. 

Philistion, fr-lts'tl-Sn, C. 

Philistus, fl-lls'tUB, C. 

Philo, fl'lS, C. 

Philochorua, ft-15k'&-riis, C. 

Philocles, ffl'S-klez, C. 

Philocrates, fT-lgk'ra-tez, C. 

Philoctetes, fll'Qk-te'tez, C. 

Philocyprus, ftl'C-si'prils, C. 

Philodamus, fll'o-da'mus, C. 

Philodemus, fTl / o-de / 'm&s, C. 

Philodice. fl-lBd'T-sS, C. 

Philogenes, fWOj'e-nez, C. 

Philolaus, fTl'o-la'us, C. 

Philologna, fI-lSl'6-gfis, B. Sf C. 

Philomache, fT-lom'a-ke-, C. 

Philomachus, fT-15m'a-kQs, C. 

Philombrotus, fl-lOm'brS-ttis, 
C. 

Philomela. fTl'S-mela, C. 

Philomelus, fll'S-me'ias, C. 

Philometor, fll-S-me'tor or 

fll'S-me'tOr, B. If C. 

Philonides, ft-lSn'I-dez, C. 

Philonoe, fT-lon'S-e, C. 

Philonome, fT-lon'S-m?, C. 

Philopator, IMSp'a^Sr, C. 

Philopoemen, fTl'd-pe'ingn, C. 

Philostratus, fT-loVtra-tiis, C. 

Fhilotas, fl-lo'tas, C. 

Philotheus, fT-lo'the-fis, C. 

Philotimus, fll'S-ti'mas, C. 

Philotis, fl-lo'tYs, C. 

PhiloxenuB, fT-lSks'S-ntts, C. 

Philyra, fTKt-ra, C. 

Philyrides, fT-lTr'T-dez, C. 

Phineas, ftn'S-as, B. 

Phinehas. fln'£-has, B. 

Phinees, fln'S-gs, B. 

Phineus, fin'^-iis or fi'ntls, C. 

Phintia, fln'shT-a, C. 

Phintias, fTn'shl-as, C. 

Phison, 17's5n, B. 

Phlegethon, flfg'S-thSn, C. 

Phlegon. fle'gQn, B. Sr C. 

Phlegra, fle'gra, C 

Phlegyae, fle^M, C. 

Phlegyas, fle'jT-aB, C. 

Phliasii. flt-a'sht-T, C. 

PhlinB, fli'Og, C. 

Phloros, flo'rQs, B. 

Phobetor. fo-be'tSr, C. 

Phobos, fo'bOs, C. 

Phocaa, f^se'a. C. 

Phocais, f5k'a.Ts, C. 

Phocea, fo'sC-t, C. 

Phoceus, ffj'sS-fis or fo'sflB, C. 

Phocion. fo'shT-8n, C. 

PhocU, io'sTs, C. 

Phocus, fo'kQs, C. 

Phocylides, ffi-sri'T-dez, C. 

Phodenses, f^-dCn'Bez, C. 

Phoebe, le'bt, C. 

Phoebidaa, Kb'M«, C. 

Phosbigena, f?-bYj'f-na, C. 

Phoebus. i~-/\, 

Phoenice, ft-nl'nt : , or Phoeni- 
cia. fC-nTshT-a. C. 

PhoenicuB, tr-nVkn*, C. 
Phosnicusa, Kn'r-kQ'ha, C. 
PhoeniBBa, ih-r\WrA, C. 



Phosnir, fe'ntks.C. Sf M. 
Pholoe. i'81'O-S, C. 
Pholna. ffi'lils. C. 
Phormio. for'ml-iS, C. 
PhoroneuB, its-rCnC-Os or 

fO-rO'nQs, C. 
Phoronis, fO-ro'nts, C. 
PhosphoruB, fiis'fS-rfiB, C. 
Photinus. 1'8-tT'nQs, C. 
Photiua, fo'sh}-Qs, C. 
Phraates, fni-a'tez, C. 
Phrah, f ra, E. 
Phrahates, fra-ha'tez, C. 
Phraortes, fra-Sr'tez, C. 
PhrasidotUB, frd-sTd'5-tQs, C. 
Phrasimede, fras'T-me'de, C. 
PhrixuB. irTks'fis, C. 
Phronima, frOn'I-ma, C. 
Phrygia, frtj'T-a. B. Sr C. 
PhrygiuB, frlj'T-Qs, C. 
Phryne, frl'ne, C. 
Phryno, frVnti, C. 
Phrynichus, frTn'I-k&s, C. 
PhryniB, iri'nYs, C. 
Phryno, iri'no, C. 
PhryxuB, frtks'fls, C. 
Phthia. thi'a, C. 
Phthiotis, fthl-o'tts, C. 
Phud, iud, B. 
Phurah, fa'ra, B. 
Phnrim, fu'rtm, B. 
Phnt, fflt, B. 
Phuvah, fti'va, B. 
Phya, fi'a, C. 
Phycus, fi'kfis, C. 



Phygela, fTi'6-la, C. 
PhygeltaB, ft-ggKltts, B. 
Phylace, ffl'a-s£, C. 
Phylacus, M'a-ktis, C. 
Phyle, ii'lS. C. 
PhylUus, flKir-tts, C. 
Phylomachns, fl-Wm'a-kfis, C. 
Physcoa, fis'kS-a, C. 
Physon, fi'sgn, B. 
Piacenza, p^-a-chen'za, M. 
Pialia, pt-a'lt-a, C. 
Piave, pg-a'va, M. 
Piazzi, pS-at'sg, M. 
Pi-beseth, pl'-be'sgth, B. 
Pibeseth, plb'e-sgth, B. 
Picard, pg'kar'', M. 
Picardy, plk'ar-dT, 31. 
Piccini, pSt-che'nt, M. 
Piccolomini, plk-kC-lSm'g-ne, 

M. 
Piceni, pt-se^nl, C. 
Picentia. pT-sf n'shT-a, C. 
Picentini, pts'gn-tl'nl, C. 
Picenum, pl-se'nQm, C. 
Pichegru, pesh'gru, M. 
Pichincha, pS-chen'cM, M. 
Picot, pe'ko', M. 
Pictavi, ptk-ta'vl, C. 
Pictones, plk^tS-nez, C. 
Pictou, p^k-too', M. 
Piedmont, ped'mOnt, M. 
Piera, pi'^-ra. C. 
Pleres, pi'e-rez, C. 
Pierce, pers or pers, M. 
Pieria. pl-e'rt-a or pi / g-ri , a, or 

Pierea, pl'S-re'a, C. 
Pierides, pt-gr'X-dez, C. 
Pieris, pi'e-rts, C. 
Pierti8. pi'S-rtts, C. 
Pierre, pg'ar', M. 
Pierus, pl'e-rtis, C. 
Pietas, pi'e-tas, C. 
Pigalle. pf'gaK, 31. 
Pi-hahiroth, pl'-ha-hi^rSth, B. 
Pilate, pi'lat, B. 
PilatuB, pl-la'tti6, C. ; 

p^-la'toos, 31. 
Pilcomayo, pTl-kG-mi'S, 31. 
Pildash, ptl'dSsh, 31. 
PUeha, ptl'g-ha, 31. 
PUes, pilz, F. pel, M. 
Pileser, pt-le'zgr, B. 
Pillau, pTl'lou. 31. 
Pilneser, pYl-ne'zgr, B. 
Pilpai or Pilpay, pIKpT or 

pTl'pS, 31. 
Piltai, pTl'ta, B. 
Pilumnn8, pT-lum'nQs, C. 
Pimplea, plm-ple'a, C. 
Pinarina, pt-na'rT-tiB, C. 
PinaruB, pln'a-riis, C. 
Pindarus, ptn'da-rfi6, C. 
Pindasns, pTn'da-sQg, C. 
Pinel. pS'ngl', 31. 
Pinelli, p6-ngl'yS, 31. 
Pinerolo, pt-na-ro'18, 31. 
Pinon, pT'nCn, B. 
PintelU, pe-n-tCKlf, 31. 
Pinturicchio, p6n-to6-rek / 'k5-o, 

31. 
Piombo, pf-?5m'bS, 31. 
Piozzi, pc-CfsC or pS-Sz'zt, 31. 
Pira. pi'ra, B. 
Piraeens, pt-re'6-Qs or pt-re'Os, 



PirasUB, pt-re'Ss, C. 
Piram, pl'ram, B. 
Pirane8i, pe-ra-na'sf, 31. 
Pirathon, ptr'a-thOn, B. 
Pirathonite, ptr'a-th5n-It, B. 
Pirene, pt-re'nf, C. 
Pirithoua. pt-rtth'O-Qs, C. 
PirmasenB, per'mii-s6ns, 31. 
Piron, pP'rCx', 31. 
Pisa, pl'sa, C. ; pe'za, M. 
Pisse. pl r s5, C. 
Pisander. pl-san'dgr, C. 
Pisano, p&e&'nt, 31. 
Pisatea, pt-sa'tez, C. 
Pisaurus, pT-sa'ras, C. 
Piscataqua, pTs-kat'a-kwa. 31. 
Piscataquis, pts-kat'a-kwls, 31. 
Piseus, pts'6-Qs or pTs'Os, C. 
Pisgah, plz'ga, B. 
Pisias, pTsh'l-as, G. 
Pisidia, pT-std'T-a, B. Sr C. 
PiBiBtratida. pTsOts-trafl-dS ; 

Pisistratides, -dez, C. 
PisistratUB, pT-sTs'tra-tfis, C. 
Piso, pi'so, C. 
Pison. pi'sQn, 31. 
Pisones, pT-so^nes, C. 
Pispah, pts'pa, B. 
Pistoja, pgs-to'ya, 31. 
Pitea, ptt'S-o", 31. 
Pithagoras, pT-thag'ft-ras, C. 
Pithecusa, pTth'e-ktl'sa, C. 
Pitho, pl'thS, C. 
Pitholeon, pl-tho'lS-on, C. 
Pithon, pi'thBn, B. Sf C. 
Pittheus, pTt'th6-tis or 

ptfthus, C. 
Pittsylvania, pYt-sfl-va'nl-a, 

Pitulani pTt'fl-la'nl, C. 
Pityus, pWMIs, C. 
Pityusae, pTt'I-a'se, C. 
Pi Ute, pi yiit, 31. 
Pizarro, pg-zar^rS ; 

Si?. pS-thar'rS, 31. 
Placentia, pla-sgn'shl-a, C. Sf 

Placidia, pla-std'T-a, C. 

Planasia, pla-na'shl-a, C. 

Plancina, pian-sl'na, C. 

Plantagenet. plan-tai'S-ngt, 31. 

Plantin, plSN'tas', 31. 

Plaquemine, plak'nien'', 31. 

Plasencia, pla-sen'thS-a, 31. 

Plassey, plas'I, 31. 

Plata, pla'tii, 31. 

Plataea, pla-te'a, C. 

Plataea, pla-te'g, C. 

Platea, pla-te / 'a or pla'tS-a, C. 

Plato, pla'tft, C. 

Platof or Platow, pla'tSf , 31. 

Platte, plat, 31. 

Plauen, plou'en, 31. 

Plautia Lex, pla'sht-a lgks, C. 

Plautianus, pla'sht-a-'niis, C. 

Plautius, pla'sht-Qs, C. 

Plautus, pla>tus, C. 

Pleiades, ple'ya-dez, B. Sf C, 

also plS-I^a-dez, C. 

Pleione, plf-I'6-ne, C. 

i, pli'se, M. 



plgm-mTr'Y-iim, 
V. 
Pleumoxii, plfl-mSks'I-I, C. 
Plevna, plev'na, 31. 
Plexippus, plgks-tp'ptis, C. 
Pleyel, pli'gl, or Pleyl, pill, 

Plinius, pltn'T-fis, C. 
Plinlimmon, pltn-lTm'mtin , 31. 
Plistarchus, plTB-tar'ktts, C. 
Plisthenes, plts'thS-nez, C. 
Plistinus, plls-tl'nfis, C. 
Plistoanax, plts-to / 'a-naks, C. 
Plistonax. plTs-to^naks, C. 
Plock or Plotsk, plOtsk, 31. 
Plombieres, plo>' / be-ar /r , 31. 
Plotinopo-lis, plSt't-nSp'S-Ws, 

C. 
Plotlnns, pl<5-ti'niis, C. 
Ploug ploug, 31. 
Plowden, plou'den, 31. 
Plutarchns, plu-tar'kus, C. 
Pluto, plu'tO, C. 
Plntus, plu'tus, C. 
Muvius, plu'vt-tis, C. 
Plymouth, pltrn'Oth, 31. 
Plynteria, pltn-te'rl-a, C. 
Pnebebis, ngb'f-Ms, C. 
Pnigeua, nTj'f-tis or ni'jus, C. 
Pocahontas, pS-ka-hCn'tas, 31. 
Pochereth, pSk'g-rgth, B. 
Pocock, po'kSk, 31. 
Pocomoke, poltS-mSk. 31. 
Podalea, pOd'a-le'a.pr Podalia. 

pOd'a-li^a or pO-da'lt-a, C. 
Podalirius, pSd'a-lTr'T-Qs, C. 
PodarceB. pS-dar'sez, C. 
Podarge. pb-dar'je , C. 
Podiebrad, pC-dya'brad, 31. 



Podolia, p8-do'lT-a, or Podolak. 

pu-dolsk', 31. ^ 

Pceas. pe'as, C*. 
Poecile, pt-sl'ie, C. 
Poeni. pe'nl, C. 
Poenicus^ pon'T-kHs, C. 
Pcson. pe'On ; Pobub, pe'tts, C. 
Poeonia, pe-o'nT-d, C. 
Pogge, pOg'ga, 31. 
Pogon, po'gon, C. 
Poinsette, poin'sgt, M. 
Pois8on, pw&'aftH', M. 
Pointe Coupee, 

pwaxf ko6 / pe , ) 31. 
Poitevin, pwat'vax', 31. 
Poitiers, pwa'tt-a', M. 
Poitou. pwa'tob', M. 
Pola, po'la, C. 
Poland, po 'land ; Polish Pol- 

Bka, poKska', M. 
Polemon, p5Ke-m5n, C. 
PoUas, po'lt-as, C. 
Polignac, pSIfn'yak', M. 
Poliorcetes, po'lt-Or-se'tez, C. 
Polisma, po-ns / 'ma, C. 
Politea, pOl'T-te'a, C. 
PoliteB, pS-li'tez, C. 
Poliziano, pS-iet-sC-a'aO, M. 
Polk, pok, 31. 

Pollentia, pQl-lgn'shT-a, C. 
Pollio. p51'lT-S, C- 
Pollock, pOKQk, M. 
Polotzk, p6-18tsk', M. 
Poltava or Pultowa, pQl-ta'va, 

31. 
PolUBca, po-lfls'ka, C. 
Polyaenus, po'H-e'nfiB, C. 
Polyarchus, poai-ar'kfis, C. 
Polyaretus, polT-a-re'ttis, C. 
Polybius, po-lIb'I-Qs, C. 
Polybotes. pSl't-bo'tez, C. 
Polybus, pCKT-bQs, C. 
Polycarpus, pQl'I-kar'pQs, C. 
Polychares, pS-lYk'a-rez, C. 
Polycles, pOl'T-klez, C. 
Polycletus, pSl'T-kle'tus, C. 
Polycrates, po-llk'ra-tez, C. 
Polydamas, pS-lTd'a-mos, C. 
Polydamna, pol'f-dam'na, C. 
Polydectes. pOl'I-dgk'tez, C. 
Polydora, pOl'r-do'ra, C. 
Polydorus, pSl'I-do'rtis, C. 
Polygnotus, pOl'tg-no'tfls, C. 
Polyhymnia, pQl / l-htm''nI-a, or 

Polymnia. po-llm'nt-a, C. 
Polyidus, p5FI-dus,C. 
Polymachus, po-lTm'a-ktis, C. 
Polymede, pSl'I-me'de, C. 
Polymedes, pSl'I-me'dez, C. 
Polymedon, po-ltm /, e-d8n, C. 
Polynesia, p51-T-ne'shY-a, 31. 
Polymnestor, pSl'Im-ngs'tBr, C. 
Polymnestus, pSl'tm-ngs'taB, 

Polynices, pSl'I-ni'sez, C. 
Polypemon, pCl'I-pe'mSn, C. 
Polyperchon, p61 / I-per / 'kCn, C. 
Polyphemus, pOl'I-fe'mfis.C. 
Polysthenes, pS-lts'th^-nez, C. 
Polystratus, po-lls'tra-ttis, C. 
Polyxo, po-llks'o, C. 
Polyzelus, pSl'I-ze'lfis, C. 
Pombal, pom-bal', M. 
Pomerania, pOm-g-ra'nt-a ; O. 

Pommern, pojn'mem, M. 
Pometia, pS-me'shl-a, C. 
Pometii. pS-me'sht-I, C. 
Pomona, pS-mo^na, C._ 
Pompadour, pCm'pa-door', M. 
Pompeia, p8m-pe^ya, C. 
Pompeius, pSm-pe'vus, C. 
Pompeianus, pSm'pg-ya'nfis, 

Pompeii, pBm-pe'yl, C L ; 

pSm-pa'yS, M. 
Pompeiopolis. 

p5m / pe-l-5p / '6-lTs, C. 
Pompeius, pSm-pe'vuB, C. 
Pompelon, pSm^pe-lSn, C. 
Pompey, pCm'pT, 31. 
Pompilia, p5m-pTl'T-a, C. 
Pompilius, pOm-ptl'I-Qs, C. 
Pomponia, p5m-po^nT-a. C. 
PomponiuB. pOm-po'nl-us, C. 
Pomptina, pBrnp-tl'iia, C. 
Ponape, pO r na-pa', M. 
Ponce de Leon, pon'tha da 

la-on', 31. 
Pondicherry, p5n-dT-sher / 'I \F. 

Pondichery, p^K'd^sha're', 

31. 
Poniatowski, pij-ng-a-tSv'ske, 

31. 
Ponsard, pox'sar', 31. 
Pon8onby, pon'sun-bT, M. 
Ponta Delgada. 

pon'ta del-ga'da, M. 
Pontchartrain, 

pSnt-char-tran', 31. 
Pontefract, p5m'frft, 31. 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, 6, I, S, ii, y, short ; senate, event, tdea, obey, Unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



PONTIA 



1013 



RAPHAIM 



Pontia, pBn'ehY-a, G 
Pontiac, pBn'tY-ak, M. 
Ponticum Mare, pOn'tY-kam 

ma'rf, G 
Ponticus, pOn'tY-kas, G 
Pontina, pon-ti'na, G 
Pontius, p5n'shY-B8, G 
Pontius Pilate, 

pBn'shY-Bs pi Hat, B. 
Pontoppidan, pSn-top'T-dan, 

Pontormo, pCn-tSr'mC, 31. 
Pontotoc, pBn't8-t5k / ', 31. 
Pontremoll, pBn-trgm'o'-lS, 31. 
Pontus, pBn'tBs, B^ 
Foonah or Puna, poo'na, 31. 
Ponz, ponth, 31. 
Popacabac, po'pii-ka'bak, 31. 
Popayan, pfl-pt-an', 31. 
Poperinghe, pBp / Pr / &xg / \ or 
Poperingen, pBp'er-Yng-hgn, 

Popham, pBp'nm, 31. 
Popilius, p6"-pYl'Y-tts, G 
Poplicola, pBp-lYk'0-la, G 
Popocatapetl, 

pu-po/kat-a-pa'tl, 31. 
Poppaea, pBp-pe'a, G 
Populonia, pBp/fi-lo'nY-a, G 
Poratha, por'a-tha, B. 
Porcia, pBr'shY-a, G 
Porcius, pBr'shY-fis, B. $r G 
Porphyres, pBr'fY-rez, G 
Porphyrion, p8r-fYr'Y-Sn, C 
PorphyrogennetuB, 

pOr-fYr'tS-jen-ne'tas, C. 
Porsenna, pBr-sgn'na, or Por- 

sena, pBr'se-na, G 
Portalis, por-ta-les', 31. 
Port au Prince, port' o' praNs', 

Porteus, por'tg-fis, 31. 
Port Mahon, port ma-hon', 31. 
Portobello, por / _t6-b5KlS, M. 
Porto Praya, por'tS pri'a, 31. 
Porto Rico, por'ta rcTko" ; Sp. 

Puerto Rico, pwSr'tS re'kS, 

31. 
Port Said, port sa-ed', 31. 
Portsmouth, ports'mBth, 31. 
Portugal, por'ttl-gal ; Pg. pSr- 

too-gaK, 31. 
Portumnus, p5r-tttm / 'nus, G 
Porus, po'rBs, G 
Posen, po'zen ; Polish Poznan, 

poz'nan, 3f. 
Posidea, po-sYd'g-a, G 
Posideon, pS-sYd'g-Bn, G 
Posidenum, pBs'Y-de'nfim, G 
Posideum, pBs'Y-de'fim, G 
Posidon, pS-sT'dBn, G 
Posidonia, pBs'Y-do^nY-a, G 
Posidonius. pBs'Y-do'nY-iis, G 
Posthumius, pSs-thu'raY-fis, G 
Posthumus, pBs'thft-mQs, G 
Postlethwayt, pBs'sl-thwat, 31. 
Postumius, pBs-tu'mY-fis, G 
Postverta, post-vgr'ta^G 
Potamides, po-tam / 'Y-dez, G 
Potamon, pBfa-mBn, G 
Potamus, pBt'a-mfis, G 
Potemkin, pS-tgm'kYn ; i?i«s. 

pet-yom'kYn, 3f. 
Potenza, po-tgn'za, 31. 
Potidaea, pBt'Y-de'a, G 
Potiphar, pBt'Y-far, B. 
Potipherah, pft-tYf'g-ra, B. 
Potitii, po-tYsb/Y-I, G 
Potniae, pBt'nY-g, G 
Potomac, po-to'mak, Jf. 
Potosi, pu-to'sY ; Sp. pS-tS-se', 

31. 
Pottawatomie, 

pBt-ta-wBt'S-mY, 31. 
Poughkeepsie, po-kYp'sY, 31. 
Poujoulat, poo'zhoo'la'', M. 
Poultney, polfng, 31. 
Poussin, poo'sax', M. 
Powell, pou'el, 31. 
Powhatan, pou'ha-tan', 31. 
Pownall, pou'nal, 31. 
Po-yangi pS'-yang', 3f. 
Pozzo, pot'so", 31. 
Pozzuoli, pBt-soo-o'lg, 3f. 
Pradier, pra'dY-a', 31. 
Pradt, prat or pra, 31. 
Praed, prad, 31. 
Prelius, pre'lY-Bs, G 
Praeneste, prg-ngs'tg, G 
Praetor, pre'tBr, G 
Praga, pr'a^ga, 31. 
Prague, prag ; G. Prag, prag, 

Prairie du Chien, pra'rg doo 

shen', 31. 
Pratinax, prafY-naks, G 
Praxagoras, praks-ag'S-ras, G 
Praxiteles, praks-Yt'g-lez, G 
Preble, prgb"l, 31. 
Prenzlau, prgnts'lou, M. 



Presque Isle, prCsk el, 31. 
Pressburg, prgs'b<J6rg, M. 
Prestonpans, prgB'tanz-panz', 

Prevesa, pra'va-sii, 31. 
Prevost, pr5-vC, or Provost, 

pra'vo', M. 
Priamides, prt-am'Y-dez, G 
Priamus, prl'a-rafis, G 
Priapus, prt-a'pfis, G 
Pribylov, prC-bC-lBv', 31. 
Prichard, prYch'grd, 31. 
Prideaux, prYd'C or prYd'fiks, 

31. 
Priene, prt-e'nS, G 
Priessnitz, pres'nYts, M._ 
Primaticcio, prt-mii-tet'chu, 

31. 
Princeton, prYns'tun, 31. 
Pripets, prYp/ets, 31. 
Prisca, prYs'ka, B. _ 
Priscianus, prYsh/Y-a'nBs, C. 
Priscilla, prYs-sYl'la, B. «,- G 
Privas, prg'viis', 31. 
Privernum, prt-ver'nQm, G 
Probus, prc/bBs, G 
Procas, pro'kas, G 
Prochorus, prBk'B-rfis, B. if 

Prochyta, prBk'Y-ta, G 
Procillus, pro-sYl'lfls, G 
Procles, prSk'lez, G 
Proclides, prS-kli'dez, G 
Proconesus, prok / o-ne /, sfis, G 
Procopius, pro-ko'pY-fis, G 
Procns, pro'krYs, G 
Procrustes, prS-krfis^tez, G 
Proculeius, prSk'fl-le'yQB, G 
Proculus, prSk'fl-lQs, G 
Procyon, pro'shY-on, G 
Prodicus, pr8d'Y-kQs, G 
Prcetides, prgfY-dez, G 
Prometheus,_ prO-me'thg-us or 

pr6-me'thus, G 
Promethia, prSm'g-thi'a, G_ 
Promethides, prSm'S-thi'dez, 

G 
Promethis, prft-meJ'thYs, G 
Promethus, prO-me'thtis, G 
Pronapides, pro-nap'Y-dez, G 
Pronomus, pron'5-mQs, G 
Pronuba. prBn'fl-ba, G 
Prony, prS'ne'', 31. 
Propertius, prS-per'shY-Qs, G 
Propoetides, prCi-pgt'Y-dgz, G 
Propontis, prS-p5n_^tYs, G 
Propylaea, prBp'Y-le'a, G 
Proserpina, prS-sgr'pY-na, G 
Protagoras, prfi-tag'S-ras, G 
Proteas, pro'fg-as, G 
Protesilaus.pro-tSs'Y-la'us, G 
Proteus, pro'te-fis or pro'tus, 

G 
Protogenes, prft-toyg-nez, G 
Proudhon, proo'dSN', 31. 
Provence, pr5 / v5Ns /r , 31. 
Proxemis, prSks'g-mYs, G 
Prudentius, pru-dgn r shY-Qs, G 
Prud'hon, pru'd5N / ', 31. 

Pium.. nm'sfl. fj. 



pru'sa, G 
Prusias, pru'shY-as, C 
Prussia, prush^a or prQsb/Y-a, 

Pruth, pruth ; O. prd&t, M. 
Prutz, prot)ts, 31. 
Prytanes, prYt'a-nez, G 
Prytaneum, prYt'^-ne'ttm, G 
Przemysl, pzhgm /, Ysl, 31. 
Psalmanazar, sal-ma-na / 'zar, 

31. 
Psamathe, sam'a-thg, G 
Psammetichus, sam-mgt'Y-kiis, 

or s5m / mg-ti / 'kiis, G 
Psaphis, sa'fYs, C. 
PseudoluB, su'do-ltts, G 
Pskov, pskov, 31. 
Psophis, so'fYs, G 
Psyche, si'kg, G 
Ptelea, te'lS-a ; Pteleon. telg- 

5n ; Pteleum, te'lg-um, G 
Pterelaus, tgr'S-la'tis, G 
Pteria, te'rY-a, G 
Pterion, te'rY-5n, C._ 
Ptolemaeum, tol^-me'fim, also 

-maeum, -mS-e'tim ; -maeus, 

-me'tis. G 
Ptolemais, t51 / g-ma , Ys, B. Sf C. 
Ptolemee, t5Kg-me, B. 
Ptolemeus, tBl'g-me'us, B. 
Ptous, to'tis, G 
Pua, pu'a, B. 
Puah, pu'a, B. 
Publicia, pflb-lYshOf-a, G 
Publicius, pttb-lYsh'Y-as, G 
Publicola, pfib-lYk'8-la, G 
Publius, pab'lY-Bs, B. If C. 
Pudens, pu'dgnz, B. 
Pudica, pfl-di'ka, G 
Puebla, pwCb'la, 31. 
Pueblo, pwgb'15, 31. 



Puerto Cabello, 

pwlr'to ka-bal'y8, 31. 
Puffendorf, pfiFfn-dOrt ; O. 

Pufendorf, poo'fn-dOrf, M. 
Puget, pu'jet or pu'zha', M. 
Pughe, pQ, M. 
Pugin, pu'jYn ; F. pu'zhttN', 

Puhites, pu'hlts, B. 

Pul, pra, B. 

Pulaski, pn-las'kY^ Polish 

poo-las r kg, M. 
Pulcheria, pQl-ke'rY-a, G 
Pulci, pool'chg, 31. 
Pulszky, pooKskg, 31. 
Pulleyn, pciol'lYii, 31. 
Pulteney, pQlfnY, 31. 
Punicum Bellum, pQ'nY-kQm 

bCKlQm, G 
Punjab, pun-jab', M. 
Puntas Arenas, 

poon'tiis ii-ra'na8, 31. 
Punites, pu'nlts, B. 
Punon. pU'nQn, B. 
Pupienus, pu'pY-e'nfis, G 
Pupius, pu'pY-Bs, G 
Pur, pgr, B. 
Purim, pu'rYm, B. 
Pusey, pu'zY, 31. 
Put, pfit, B. 

Puteoli, pu-te'C-H, B. If C. 
Putiel, pu'tY-gl, B._ 
Puy-de-Dome, pwe'-de-dom', 

Pwliheli, pooth-ha'g, 31. 
Pyanepsia, pi'a-ngp'shY-a, G 
Pygmaei, pYg-me / 'j, G 
Pygmaeon, pYg-me^5n, G 
Pygmalion, pYg-ma'lY-Sn, G 
Pylades, pYl'a-dez, G 
Pylae, pi'Tg, G 
Pylagorae. pMag'C-rS, G 
Pylas, pi las, G 
Pylogenes, pl-lOj'g-nez, G 
Pylora, pt-lo'ra, G 
Pylos, pi'lQs, G 
Pyra, pl'ra, G 
Pyracmon, pt-rak'mSn, G 
Pyramus, pYr'a-mas, G 
Pyrasus, pYr r a-sas, G 
Pyrenaei, pYr-t-ne^I, G 
Pyrenaeus, pYr-e-ne'Bs, G 
Pyrene, pt-re'ng,_G 
Pyrenees, pYr'g-nez, 31. 
Pyretus, a centaur, pt-re'tfis ; 

a river, pYr'g-tBs, G_ 
Pyrgoteles, pYr-gSfg-lez, G 
Pyrmont, pYrJ'mBnt, 31. 
Pyrodes, pt-ro'dez, G 
PyrTheum, pYr-reTim, G 
Pyrrhia, pYr'rY-a, G 
Pyrrhica, pYr'rY-ka, G 
Pyrrhidae, pYr r rY-dS or 

pYr-rl'de-, G 
Pythagoras, pY-thag'S-ras, G 
Pytheas, pYth r $-as, G 
Pytheus, pYtb/S-Bs or pi'thQs, 

G 
Pythia, pYth'Y-a ; -ias, -Y-as ; 

-ion, -Y-5n ; -ium, -Y-um ; -ius, 

-Y-fis, G 
Pytho, pi'thS, G 
Pythocles, pYth'5-klez, G 
Pythogenes, pt-tb.bj /, g-nez, G 
Python, pl'thSn, C. 
Pythonissa, pYth'S-nYs'sa, G 
PythoBtratus, pt-thSB^tra-tas, 

G 
Pytna, pYt'na, G 



Q. 

Quadi, kwa'di, G 
Quadratus, kwSd-ra'tas, G 
Quadriceps, kwOd'rY-sgps, G 
Quadrifrons, kw0d r rY-fr8nz, 

C. 
Quaestores, kwgs-to'rez, G 
Quaglio, kwaKyu, 31. 
Quang-See, kwiing'-se', 31. 
Quartus. kwar'ttts, B. if C. 
Quatre Bras, katr 7 bra r , 31. 
Quebec, kwg-bek / ', 31. 
Quedlinburg, kwgd'lYn-bdorg, 

Queretaro, kft-ra'ta-rS, 31. 
Querquetula, kwgr-kwSt'n-la, 

Quesnay, kS'na', 31. 
Quesnel, ka'neK, 31. 
Quevedo, kS-va'dft, 31. 
Quiberon, kf^rux", 31. 
Quietus, kwt-e'tjis, G 
Quimper, kax'par', 31. 
Quinctilia, kwYnk-tYKY-a, G 
Quinctius, kwYnk'shY-Bs, G 
Quincy, kwYn'sY or kwYn'zY, 



Quindecimviri. 

kwYn'de-eYm'vY-rt, G 
Quinebaug, kwYn-g-byg', M. 
Quinet, ke'na", 31. 
Quinquatria, kwIn-kwa r trY-a, 

Quinquennales. 

kwin'kwCn-na'lez, G 

QuintUia, kwrn-tll'I-a, G 

Quintilianus, 

kwYn-tYFY-a^nfie, G 

Quintilis, kwYn-tTlYs, G 

Quintilius, kwYn-tYl'Y-as, G 

QuintUia, kwYn-tYKla, C. 

Quintilius, kwYn-trl'lus, G 

QuintiUB, kwYn'shY-Bs, G 

Quintus, kwYn'tfis, B. 

Quintus Memmius, kwln'tus 
mSm'mY-fis, B. 
uirinalia, kwYr'Y-na'lY-a, G 
uirinalis, kwYr'Y-na'lYs, G 
uirinus, kwY-rT'nB6, G 
uirites, kwY-ri'tez, G 
uito. ke'tfi, 31. 
uizama, kf-za'nia, M. 
ukuru, koo-koo'roo, 31. 



R. 

Ra, ra, E. 

Raab, riib, 31. 

Raamah, ra'a-ma, B. 

Raamia, ra'a-m!'^, B. 

Raam86B, rS-am'sez, B. 

Rabbah, rab'ba, B. 

Rabbath, rab'bath, B. 

Rabbi, rab'bl, B. 

Rabbith, rab'bYth, B. 

Rabboni, rab-bo'ni, B. 

Rabelais, ra'be-la' or rab^a', 
31. 

Rabirius, ra-bYr'Y-Bs, G 

Rabmag, rab r mfig L ^. 

Rabsaces, rab'sa-sez, B. 

Rabsaris, rab'sa-rYs, B. 

Rabshakeh, rab'eha-ke, B. 

Raca, ra^_ka, B. 

Racha, ra'ka, B. 

Rachab, ra'kab, B. 

Rachal, ra r kal, B. 

Rachel, ra'chgl, B. ; 

F., ra'shgl', M. 

Racine, ra'sen', 31. 

Raddai, rad'dS-I, B. 

Radetzky, ra-det'skS, M. 

Radnor, rad r n5r, 31. 

Raeburn, ra'bgrn, M. 

Raeti, re'tt, G 

Raffaelle, raf-fa-gllS, = Raph- 
ael, 31. 

Ragan, ra'gan, B. 

Rages, ra'jez, B. 

Raglan, ragman, M. 

Raguel, ra-gu'el, B. 

Ragusa, ra-goo'sa, M. 

Rahab, ra'hab, B. 

Raham, ra'ham, B. 

Rahel, ra'hgl, B. 

Raipoor, rrpoor', 31. 

Rajpoot, raj-poof, M. 

Rajpootana, raj-poo-ta'na, M. 

Rakem. ra'kgm, B. 

Rakkath, rak'kath, B. 

Rakkon, rak'kSn, B. 

Raleigh, ra'lY, 31. 

Rahway, ra'wfc, M. 

Ram, ram, B. 

Rama, Raman, ra'rna, B. 

Ramath, ra'math, B. 

Ramathaim, ra'ma-thatm or 
ram / a-tha /r Ym, B. 

Ramathem, ram-'a-thgrn, B. 

Ramathite, ra'math-It, B. 

Ramath-lehi, ra'math-le'hl, B. 

Ramath-mizpeh, 

ra'math-mYz'pe. B. 

Ramayana, ra-ma-ya / 'na, H. 

Rambouillet, r8>" / boo / ya / ', 3f. 

Ramese8, ra-me'sez, B. 

Ramgunga, ram-gang'a, M. 

Ramiah, ra-ml'4, B. 

Ramillies, ra'mg / ye', M. 

Rajniro, ra-me'rfi, 31. 

Ramises, ni-mi'sez, G 

Ramoth, ra'mSth, B. 

Ramoth-gilead, 

ra'raSth-gil'g-ad, B. 

Ramsay, ram'zY, M. 

Ranee". rSx'sa'.^J/. 

Rangoon, ran-goon', M. 

Ranke, rivn^e, 31. 

Ranno. ran'nS, E. 

Raoul-Rochetie, 

roul'-rS'shgf, 31. 

Rapha, ra'fa, B. 

Raphael, ra'fa-gl or ra'fgl, B.j 
ra"fa-gl or r&f'a-el, 31. 

Raphaim, ra-fa'Ym, B. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; iV, Norse. [See p. 979.1 



N 



RAPHON 



1014 



SACCHETTI 



u 



w 



D. ri'fon, B. 
I 
.wuui, rap-ld-an'. it. 
Rapides, rli£*d'..V. 
Rapin. ripMn or rs/pto*, Jf 
Rappahannock. rap-a-hin'Ok, 

RariUn. rirOt-<in, -V. 
Raspail. riis'piil' or riis'pa'y'. 

Rasses. ras'sez, B. 
Rassis. ras'sls. B. 
Rathumus. ra-thn'mus or 

rath'n-mfts. B. 
Batisbon. ratfTs-bilii ; G. Re- 

geiisbnrg. ra'gens-b6T>rg / , 31. 
Eauch. rouk. M. 
Raumer. rou'mgr, M. 
Rauraci. ra/ra->T. C. 
Ravaillac. rii'va yak' - , it. 
Ravenna, ni-von'na, C. Sf if. 
Ravensburg. rii'v«iz-bdorg, J/. 
Ravenscroft, ra'venz-kroft, 31. 
Ravenstein, ra'ven-stm, 31. 
Ravnal. ra'naK, 31. 
Raynouard. r-t'nco'ar'', it. 
Razis, ra'zYs^jB. 
Reading, red'Yng, if. 
ReaJa. re'a-i'a, or Realah, 

re'a-I'a, B. 
Reate. rg-a'tg, C. 
Reaumur, ra'o'mur' or ro'mgr, 

if. 
Reba, re'ba, B. 
Rebecca or Rebekah, rg-bgk'ka, 

B. 
Recamier. rS'ka'mY-a', it. 
Recbab. re'kab, B. 
Rechabites. re'kab-its, B. 
Rechah. re'ka, B. 
Redi. ra'dS, 31. 
Rediculus, rg-dYkfn-Me, C. 
Redones. rSd'6-nez, C. 
Regaf, ra'gaf , 3f. 
Reelaiah, re'gl-a'ya, B. 
Reelius, rg-gl'Y-us, B. 
Reesaias, rg-sa'yas, B. 
Regem, re'ggm.B. 
Regem-melech, re'ggm-melgk, 

Regensburg, ra'genz-bdorg, = 

Ratisbox, if. 
Reggio, rad'jO, it. 
Regflla. rg-jYKla. C. 
RegiUanus. rgyil-la'nus, C. 
Regillus, rg-jYKl&s, C. 
Regin, re'gYn, if. 
Regina, rg-jl'na, C. 
Reginus, rg-ji'ntts, C. 
Regiomontanus, 

re 7 ] Y-o-m8n-ta / mls, if. 
Regnard, rSn'yar', 31. 
Regnault, ran'yo', H. 
Regulu8. rgg'fl-liis, C. 
Rehabiah, Te r h&-bl'k, B. 
Rehob, reliBb, B. 
Rehoboam, re / h5-bo /r am, B. 
Rehoboth, rg-ho'bo"th, B. Sf 

31. 
Rehu. re'Tifl, B. 
Rehum, re 'hum, B. 
Rei, re'i. B. 
Reichardt. rik'art, if. 
Reicbenbach, rlk'en-bak, it. 
Reichenberg, rlk'en-bgrg, it. 
Reigate, ri'get, M. 
Reikiavik, ri'kY-a-vYk, it. 
Reimarus, rl-ma'riSos, if. 
ReimB or Rheims, remz ; F. 

raxs, J/. 
Reimthursen, rim'thur-zen, N. 
Rein, rin, il. 
Reinecke, rl'nS-ke, if. 
Reinbard, rln'hart, At. 
Reinhold. rln'holt, M. 
Rekem, re^kgrn, B. 
Remaliah. rt m'a-ll'a, B. 
Rembrandt, rgm'brant ; 

D. rgm'brant, 31. 
Remetb. re'mgth, B. 
Remi. re'mT, C. 
Remmon, rEm'mon, B. 
Remmonmetboar, 

rgm'mon-mgth'S-ar, B. 
Remphan, rgm'fan, B. 
Remulua, rgm'u-ltis, C. 
Remuria, rg-mu'rY-a, C. 
Remus, re'mfis, C. 
Remusat, ra'mu'za', if. 
Renaix, re-na'.'J/. 
Renan. r^-nSx', 31. 
Rendaburg, r6ndz r b(55rg, M. 
Ren^, re-na', 31. 
Renfrew, rgn'fru, M. 
Kennel, rgn'nel, 31. 
RenneU, rgn'n«l, 31. 
Renonf. re-nObi', M. 
Rensselaer, r(-n'ge-15r, M. 
Rephael, re'fa-gl, B. 
Repbah, re'fa, li. 



Rephaiab. ro'fa-I'n, B. 
Repbaim. rtf'JWm, B. 
Repbaims, rM'it-linz, B. 
Repnidim. rCi'l-dlm, B. 
Rerir. re'rCr, .V. 
Resaca, rtt-s&^kfi, 31. 
Resen, re'sfn. li. 
Resheph, rO'shgf, B. 
Retina. rWi'iui, C. 
Retz, rets, F. rfts, 31. 
Reu. re'u. /.'. 
Reuben, ni^bgn, B. 
Reubenites. ra'Mn-Tta, B. 
Reuchlin. roiklln, 31. 
Reuel. ro-u'M or ru'Cl, B. 
Reumah. ru'ma, B. 
Reus, ra'i'o^. 31. 
Reuss. rois, 31. 
Reutlingen, roifltng-en, M. 
Revel, rlv'cl. 31. 
Revilla. rit-veKya, if. 
Rey, ra. 31. 
Reynaud. rit'no'', 31. 
ReynoldB^rr'nTilz, M. 
Rezeph, re'zgf, B. 
Rezia. r|-zl'a, B. 
Rezin, re'zln, B. 
Rezon, re'zOn, B. 
RhacotiB, ra-ko'tts, C. 
Rhadamanthos. 

rad'a-mSn'thus, C. 
Rhadamas, rad'a-mas, C. 
Rhsesena, res^e-na, C. 
Rhaeti or Raeti, re'tl, C. 
Rhaetia, re/sht-a. C. 
Rbaros, ra'r8s, C. 
Rhea, re'a, C. ; ra, it. 
Rheatown, ra'toun, if. 
Rhedones, rgd'8-nez, C. 
Rhegium, re'il-iim, B. Sf C. 
Rheims = Reims, 3L 
Rheinthal, rln'tal, M. 
Rhemi, re'ml, C. 
Rhene. re'ne", C. 
Rheni, re'ni, C. 
Rhenus, re'ntis, C. 
Rhesa, re^sa, B. 
Rhesus, re'sfis, C. 
Rhianus. rt-a r nfls, C. 
Rhinocolura, rtn'S-kS-lu'ra, 

C. 
Rhine, G. Rhein,Z». Rhyn, rln, 

M. 
Rhio, re'S, 31. 
Rhion, ri'Sn, C. 
Rhiph33i, rt-fe'i, C. 
Rhium, rl'fim, C. 
Rhoda, ro'da, B. 
Rhodanus, r5d r a-nQs, C. 
Rhode, ro'de", C. 
Rhodes, rodz, B. &■ if. 
Rhodii, ro'dl-i, C. 
Rhodocus, rCd'S-ktis, B. 
Rhodogune, red'S-gu'nS, C. 
Rhodope, rSd'C-pS, (7. 
RhodopiB, rft-do'pls, C. 
Rhodus, ro'dfls, B. Sf C. 
Rhoebus, re'btis, C. 
Rhoecus, re'kus, C. 
Rhoeteum. rS-te'um, C. 
Rhoetus, re'ttis, C. 
Rhone, roji, 31. 
Rhosus. ro'sQs.C. 
Rhoxane, rSks-a'ne, C. 
Rhoxolani, r5ks'o-la'ci, C. 
Rhuteni, ru-te'nl, C. 
Rhutheni, ru-the'nT, C. 
Rhjrndacus, rtn'da-kfis, C. 
Rhytium, rtsh'T-fim, C. 
Riazan, rS-a-zan', 3t. 
Ribai, ri'ba, B. 
Riba-Riba, re'ba-re'ba, M. 
Ribault or Ribaut, rg'bo', if. 
Ribera, re-ba^ra, 31. 
Riblah, rtb'la, B. 
Ricardo, rf-kar'dft, 3f. 
Ricasoli, rt-ka'zO-lg, 31. 
Ricci, ret'chS, 31. 
RiccioU, rgt-cho'lg^if. 
Richelieu, re'she-loo' or 

rgsh / le / S / ' ) 31. 
Richter, rTk'tgr, 31. 
Rideau, rS'do', M. 
Riehl, rel, 31. 
Rienzi, rt-Cn'zt, or Rienzo, 

rg-gn'z?), 31. 
Rieti, rg-a'te, 31. 
Riga, rl'ga or re'ga, M. 
Rigaud, rg'go' - , 31. 
Rigi, re r g€, 31. 
Rigodulum, rrg'C-du'lQm, C. 
Rikwa, re'kwa, 31. 
Rimini, re'me-nt, 31. 
Rimmon, rtrn'mOn, B. 
pares, 
rlm / m8n-pa /, rez, B. 
Rincon, rSn-kon', 31. 
Rinnah, rln'na, IS. 
Riobamba, rS-S-bam'ba, M. 
Rio Branco, re'o bran'k6, M. 



Rio de Janeiro, 

re'O da zha-na'f-rrt, 31. 
Rio del Norte, re'S dgl nor'tit, 

Rio Grande, re'8 gran'dS, if. 
Riom, rC'tSN', 31. 
Riphaei, rt-ie'I, C. 
Riphath, rl'fath, B. 
Ripon, rtp'ftn, 31. 
Rissah. rts'sa, /.'. 
Rithmah. rtth'ma, B. 
Rives, revz, M. 
Rives-altes, rev'zalt', if. 
Rivoli, re'vo-lf, Jf. 
Rizpah, rlz'pa, B. 
Rizzio, rfif bI-8 or rTfsg-S, if. 
Roanoke, ro'tt-nok', 31. 
Robespierre, ro r bes-per / or 

r6 / bPs / p6-ar / ', it. 
Robigo, rS-Wgij, C. 
Robigus, ru-bl'gQs, C. 
Roboam, rSb'S-am, B. 
Rochambeau, rf/shOx'bO', 31. 
Rochefort, rosb'for'', if. 
Rochefoucauld, rosh'foo'kO', 

31. 
Rochelle, ru'shel', it. 
Rochester, rQch'es-ter, if. 
Rodanim, rSd'a-ntm, B. 
Rodez, rrt'da', if. 
Roer or Ruhr^ roor, M. 
Roermond, roor-monf, it. 
Rogelinv rO-ge'lTm, B._ 
Roget, ro'zhS or ro'zha', it. 
Rohan, r5 / 5x ,r , M. 
Rohgah, ro'ga, B. 
Roimus, ro'I-mfis, B. 
Rollin, roKltn ; F. rona*', if. 
Roma, ro'ma, C. Sr in It. it. 
Romagna, ro-miin /, ya, if. 
Romagnosi, rS-man-yS'sg, it. 
Romain, rS-man', if. 
Romaine, rS-man', it. 
Romamti-ezer, 

ro-mam'tl-e'zSr, B. 
Romanes, ra-manz', it. 
Romani, rS-ma^nT, C. 
Romanus, r6-ma r nus, C. 
Romanov, rC-ma-nOv' or 

rS-ma'nSv, it. 
Romanzov, rS-man-'zOv, if. 
Rome, rom, B. &r if- 
Romilly, rSm'Tl-T ; 

F. rS'mgFye', if. 
Romula, rSm'tl-la,, C. 
Romulidae, ro-mu'lI-dS, C. 
Romulus, rSm'u-lfis, C. 
Romus, ro'mQs, C. 
Roncevalles, ron-thgs-val r ygs, 

3f. 
Ronge, rSng'e, if. 
Ronsard, rox'sar', if. 
Roon, ron, if. _ 
Roostchook, roos-cbook / ', it. 
RosciUB, rCs'sht-tis, C. 
Rosecrans, ro'ze-krans, if. 
Roselli, ro-zgllg, if. 
Rosellini, ro-sgl-le'nS, M. 
Rosenkrantz, ro ' zen - krants, 

3f. 
Rosenmuller, ro'zen - mu / ler, 

3f. 
Rosetta, re-zgt'ta, it. 
Rosh, rCsh, B. 
Rossano, rQs-sa'nS, if. 
Rossini. rSs-se'ng, if. 
Rostopschin, rOs-tCp-chen'', if. 
Rothenburg, ro'ten-bSbrg, if. 
Rotherham, roth r er-uin, 31. 
Rotherhithe, rStb/gr-hlUi, 31. 
Rothermel, r5th r er-mgl, 3f. 
Rothesay, rSth'sS, it. 
Rothschild, rSs'child ; 

G. rot'shUt, if. 
Rotterdamj-St^er-dam', if. 
Roubaix, roc/ba', 31. 
Roubiliac, roybu'lyak', it. 
Rouen, roo / 5x', 31. 
Rougemont, roozh/mSN'', if. 
Roumania, roo-ma / 'nt-a, 31. 
Roumelia, rw-me'll-a, if. 
Rousseau, i-ck/so', M. 
Rousset, roo'sa'ji/. 
Roussillon, roo / sel / yd'N / ' or 

r6b 7 s6 / y6N / ', it. 
Routh, routh, if. 
Routledge, rtit'lYj, if. 
Roveredo, rC-yiJ-ra'dS, it- 
Rovigno, rG-ven'yti, it. 
Rovigo, ro-ve'gS, if. 
Rowan, place, rO-an'; person, 

ro r an,_if. 
Rowe, ro, if. 
Rowley, rou'lY, if. 
Roxana, rOks-a'na, C, 
Roxburgh, rOks'bfir-re, it. 
Roxbury, rSks'bgr-Y, if. 
Roxolani, rSks'S-la'nl, C. 
Royer-Collard, 

rwii'ya'-kSlar', if. 



Ruanda, roo-an'da, if. 
Rubi. roo'bY, 31. 
Rubico, ru'bT-ko, C. 
Rubicon, ru'bY-kCn, C 
Rubigo, ri.i-bl'gS, C. 
Rubini. roo-be'nc, if. 
Rubrius, ru'brY-tis, C. 
Riickert, riik'kert, M. 
Rude, rud, 'if. 
Rudia, ru'dY-e, C. 
Rudiger,"ru'dYg-gr. if. 
Rudolstadt, roo'dul-stat, it. 
Ruffini, rooi-fe'nt, if. 
Ruffinus, ruf-fi'nQs, C. 
Rufillus, ru-fYl'lfis, C. 
Rufus, ru'ffis, B.. C., Sf it. 
Rugby, rfig'bt, if. 
Riigen, ru'gen, it. 
Rugii, ru y jM, C. 
Ruhamah, ru'ha-ma, B. 
Ruhnken, riion'ken, 31. 
Ruhr, roor, if. 
Ruisdael = Rlysdael, it. 
Rumah, m'ma, B. 
Runnymede, run'Y-mt-d, if. 
Runpoor. run-poor / ', if. 
Rupilius, ru-pYKY-Qs. C 
Russia, rflsh/a, 31. 
RuBtam, roos'trim, it. 
RusticUB, rQs't f-ktts, C. 
Ruteni, ru-te'ni, C. 
Rutgers, rfifgerz, if. 
Ruth, rooth, B. 
Rutherford, rath'gr-fgrd, it. 
Rutherglen, rutt'er-glgn or 

rQg'kn, it. 
RutiliUB, ru-tYl'Y-us, C. 
Rutuli, ru'tll-ll, C. 
Rutupae, fu'tu-pg, C. 
Ruvo di Puglia, 

j-oo^o de pobKya, if. 
Ruvu, roo'voo, if. 
Ruwenga, roo-wgn'ga, if. 
Ruwenzori, roo-wen-zo'rY, it. 
Ruysbroek, rois'brd&k, it. 
Ruysch or Rui8ch, roisk, it. 
Ruysdael or Ruisdael, rois'dal, 

Ruyter, roi'ter, if. 

Ryswick, rlz'wYk ; D. rls'vlk, 

M. 
Rzhev, rzhgv, it. 



sa'a-da^nY, it. 
Saadi=SADi, if. 
Saale, sa^le, 3f. 
Saalfeld, zal'fglt, if. 
Saar, sar ; F. Sarre, ear, if. 
Saarbruck, sar'bruk, if. 
Saardam = Zaasdam, if. 
Saar-Loui8, sar-loo'Ys, 3f. 
Saavedra, sa-ved'ra, 31. 
Saba, sa'ba, C. ; sa'ba, if. 
Sabachthani, sii / bak-tha / 'nl,if. 
Sabai, sa-be'i, C. 
Sabaki, sii-ba'kY, if. 
Sabaoth, sab'S-Sth or 

sa-ba'o'th, B. 
Sabat, sa'bat, B. 
Sabate, sa-ba'te,_C. 
Sabateas, eab'^-te^as, B. 
SabateuB, sab'a-te^iis, B. 
Sabatier, sa'ba'tya'', if. 
Sabatus, sab'a-tQs, B. 
Sabazius, sa-ba'zY-fis, C. 
Sabban, sab'ban, B. 
Sabbatheua, sab'ba-the'UB, B. 
Sabbeus, sab-be r tis, B. 
Sabdi, sab'd^ B. 
SabeanB, sa-be'anz, B. 
SabeUa. sa-bgl'la, C. 
Sabelli, sa-bgl'H, C. 
SabeUus, sa-bel'lus, C. 
Sabi, sa'bl, B. 
Sabie, sa'bY-g, B. 
Sabina, sa-bi^na, C. 
Sabine,_ sa-ben', also sabfn 

and sa'bYn, if. 
Sabini. sa-bi'ni, C. 
Sabinianus, sa-bYn'Y-a'nfis, C. 
SabinuB, sa-bI r nQs, C. 
Sabis, sa'bYs, C. 
Sabota, sab'o-ta, C. 
Sabrata, sab'ra-ta, C. 
Sabrina, Ba-brl^na, C. 
Sabta or Sabtah, sab'ta, B. 
Sabtecha or Sabtechah, 

sab'tg-ka, B. 
Sabura.jab'u-ra, C. 
Sabus, sa'bfis, C. 
Sac, sak, 31. 
Sacadas, sak'a-das, C. 
Sacae, sa'sg, C. 
Sacar, sa'kiir, B. 
Saccatoo, sak'a-too, if. 
Sacchetti, siik-ket r tg, 3f. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; -flf, Modern ; 2?, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



SACHAU 



1015 



SCARPHIA 



Sachau. salcou, Jf. 
Sacher-Masoch. 

siik'gr-ma'si'Sk, Jf. 
Sacheverell, ^a-chCv'Sr-tl, Jf. 
Sachs, zaks, Jf. 
SachBen, sak's<:n,= Saxoxy, 

Jf. 
Sachsenheim, sak'sen-hlm, Jf. 
Sackatoo = Saccatoo, Jf. 
Saco, M'ko, Jf. 

Sacramento, sak-ra-men'tS, Jf. 
Sacrani, sd-kra'nT, C. 
Sacrator.ja-kra'tSr, C. 
Sacy, sa'se', Jf. 
Sadales, sad'WSz, C. 
Sadamias. Bad'a-ml'as, B. 
Sadas, Ba'doa, IS. 
SaddeuB, sSd-de'us, B. 
Sadduc, sad'dfik, B. 
Sadducees, s&d'dfl-sez, B. 
Sadi, si'dS, Jf. 
Sado. B&'ift, Jf. 
Sadoc. sa r d5k, B, 
Sadoleto, Ba-dB-15'tft, Jf. 
Sadowa. sii-do'va, Jf. 
Sadyattes. sa'dT-at'tez, C. 
Saetabis. sCt'd-Ms, C. 
Saga, sa'gd, 1ST. 
Sagadahoc, sag'a-da-hSk', Jf. 
Sagalassus, sag'a-las'sQs, C. 
Sagana, sag'd-na, C. 
Sagaris, sag'a-rls, C. 
Saghalien. sa-ga'len, Jf. 
Saginaw, sag'T-na, Jf. 
Sagitta, sd-gtt'ta. C. 
Saguntus, sd-gfin'Jus, C. 
Saguenay, sag / e-na / ', Jf. 
Saguntum, sa-gfln'tGrn, C. 
Sahadutha, sa'hd-du'thd, B. 
Sahara, sa-ha/ra, Jf. 
Saida. si'dS, Jf. 
Saigon, st-g5n'. Jf. 
Saint Arnaud, sax'tar'no', Jf. 
Saint Augustine. 

sant a/gtis-ten'. Jf. 
Saint Bernard, sant bgr'nard, 

jr. 

Saint Clair, sant klar', Jf. 
Saint Cloud, sant kloud' ; F. 

sax'kloo', 31. 
Saint Cyr, sax 7 ser'.Jf. 
Saint Denis, sax' dne', Jf. 
Saintes. saxt, 31. 
Saint Etienne, saxt' arte-en', 

Saint Evremond. 

sax'ta"'vre-mo"N'', Jf. 
Saint Gall, sax' gal', 31. 
Saint Germain. 

sax' zhgr'max', 31. 
Saint Gothard, sax' go^tar', 31. 
Saint Helena, sent he-le'na, 31. 
Saint Hilaire. sax'tS'lar'', Jf. 
Saintine, s&x'ten', 31. 
Saint John, sant jOn'; .Ensr., 

sTn'jtn, J/. _ 

Saint Just, sax' zhoosf, 31. 
Saint Leger, sYllYn-jer, J/. _ 
Saint Louis, sant loo'Is or sant 

loo'Y. Jf. 
Saint Martin, sax' mar'tax', 

J/. 
Saintonge, sax'toxzh', 31. 
Saint Petersburg. 

sant pe'tgrz-bgrg, 31. 
Saint Pierre, sax' pg-ar', J/. 
Saint Simon, sax' se/mCx'', 31. 
Sais, sa'Ys, C. 
Saiva, sl'va, H. 
Sakhalien, sak-hSKT-Sn, 31. 
Sala, sali 5. 4- C. ; siila, Jf. 
Saladin, sal'a-dtn, 31. 
Salado, sa-la'do, J/. 
Salah, sa'la, 5. 
Salamanca, sal-a-man''ka, 31. 
Salamina, sal'a-mi'nd, C. 
Salamis, saKd-mTs, B., C, if 31. 
Salapia, sd-la'pY-d, C. 
Salapiae. sd-la'pY-e", C. 
Salasadai, sal'd-sad'S-I, B. 
Salassi, sd-las'sl, C. 
Salathiel, sd-la'th.Y-51, B. 
Salcah or Salchah. sal'ka, B. 
Saldanha. siil-diin'ya, Jf. 
Saleius, sa-le'yus, C. 
Salem, sa'lSm, B. if 3£. 
Saleni. sa-le'm, C. 
Salentini, sal'gn-tl'nl, C. 
Salerno, sa-lgr'nC, Jf. 
Salernum, sa-lgr'num, C. 
Sales, sales, Jf. 
Saleyer, sa-li'gr, Jf. 
Salford, sai'feTd. Jf. 
Salganeus, sal-ga'ne-tis or 

sal-ga'nOs, C. 
Salia. sa'lY-a. C. 
Salieri, sa-lf-a'rg , 31. 
Salii. salM, C. 
Salim. sa'ltm, B. 
Salina, sd-le'nd, Jf. 



Salinae, sd-ll'ng, C. 
Salinator, sal'T-na'tSr. C. 
Saline, sd-len', Jf. 
Salisbury, i-hIz'dvM, Jf. 
Saliua, bS'IY-UB, C. 
Sallai, .sttKltt-I, B. 
Saliu. sal'lfl, B. 
Sallum, sal'lttm, B. 
Sallumus, sal-la'mfls, B. 
SaUustius, sdl-las'tl-Qs, C. 
Salm, salm, Jf. 
Salma or Salmah, sal'ma, B. 
Salmacis. Mil'm 
Salmanasar, sal / nian-ii / 'sar, B. 
Salma8ius, sttl-ma'sht-us, Jf. 
Salmon, saKmun, B. 
Salmone, sal-mo'nP, B. ic C. 
Salmoneus, sal-mo'nf-tis nr 

j-al-mo / 'nus, C. 
Salmonia, sal-mo'nis, C. 
Salmydessus, sal'mt-dgs'siis, 

Salo, sa'16, C. 

Salom. sa'lSm, B. 

Salome, sd-lo / 'nie, B. if C. 

Salomon, sal'o-mSn, C. 

Salon, sa r 15n, C. 

Salona, sa-lo'na, C. ; sa-lo'na, 

Jf. 
Salons, sd-lo^nf, C. 
Salonica, sa-lo-ne /r ka, Jf. 
Salonina, sal'o-m / 'nd, C. 
Saloninus, s&Vo-ni'nfis, C 
Salonius, sd-lo'nT-Qs, C. 
Salop, sal'up, = Shbopshire, 

Saltillo, sal-tel'yo\ Jf. 
Saltzburg, salts'bdorg, 31. 
Salu, sa'lfl, B. 
Salum, sa'lum, B. 
Saluzzo, sa-loofsij, Jf. 
Salvador, sal-va-dor', Jf. 
Salvandy, sal'vau'de', Jf. 
Salverte, sal'vgrf, Jf. 
Salviati, sal-vS-a'tS, 31. 
Salvidienus, sal-vtd'I-e / 'nfis, 

a 

Salvius. saKvl-Ss, C. 
Salwin, sal-wtn', 31. 
Salyes, sa'lt-ez, C. 
Salzwedel, salts-va'del, Jf. 
Samael, sam'tt-gl, B. 
Samaias, sa-ma'yas, B. 
Samana, sa'ma'na'', Jf. 
Samarcand, sam'ar-kiind'', Jf. 
Samaria, sd-ma / 'rt-a, B. Sf C. ; 

sam'd-ri'a, C. 
Samarita, sam'a-ri'td, C. 
Samaritan, sd-mar''t-tan, B. 
Samatus, sBra'a-tus, B. 
Sambre. sox'br, Jf. 
Same, sa'me, C. 
Sameius, Bd-me'viis. B. 
Samgar-nebo, sam'gar-ne'bS, 

B. 
Sami, sa^ml, B. 
Samia, sa'mT-a, C. 
Samis, sa'mTs, B. 
Samlah, sam'la, B. 
Sammus, sam r miis, B. 
Samnitaa, sam-nl'te, C. 
Samnites, sam-ni'tes, C. 
Samnium, sani^nl-tim, C. 
Samoa, sa-mo'a, Jf. 
Samogitia, sa'md-jtsh / 'S-a, Jf. 
Samoieds. sam'o^gdz'', Jf. 
Samonium, sd-mo'nt-Qm, C. 
Samos, sa r m5s, B., C, If 31. 
Samosata, sa-mSs'a-ta, C. 
Samoset, sam'S-sgt, Jf. 
Samothrace. sSm'S-thra's?, C. 
Samothracia, sam'jS-thra'shT-a, 

B. it C. 
Samothraki, sa'mS-thra^kf , Jf. 
Sampsames, samp'sa-mez, B. 
Samson, sam'sfin, B. 
Samuel, sam'a-gl, B. 
Samus. sa'mQs, C. 
Sana, sa'na, Jf. 
Sanaa, sa-na', Jf. 
Sanabassar, san'a-bas'siir, B. 
Sanabassarus, 

san'd-bas'sd-riis, B. 
Sanadon, sa'na'dox'', Jf. 
San Antonio, siin an-to'nt-u, 

Jf. 
Sanasib, san'a-stb, B. 
San Augustine, 

san a'stts-ten', Jf. 
SanbaUat, san-ba'llat, B. 
San Bartolome, 

san bar'tS-li5-ma r , Jf. 
San Bias, san bias', Jf. 
San Buenaventura, 

sim bwa'na-vgn-too'ra, Jf. 
Sanches, san'chgth, Jf. 
Sanchoniathon, san'kij-ni'd- 

th5n or san'ko-nt-a'thSn, C. 
Sand, sand or sOxd, Jf. 
Sanda, san'da, Jf. 



Sandaleon, Ban'dd-le'fin. C. 
Sandaliotia. .-an'da-ll-o'ti-, C. 
San Diego, -an dC-S'gO, .)/. 
Sandoval, siiu-do'val, Jf. 
Sandrocottus, bau'drO-kSt'tfis, 

Sandusky, s&n-dfU'kf, Jf. 
Sandwich, sand'wlcli, Jf. 
Sandys. >-an'dis or sandz, Jf. 
San Felipe, siin fa-lC'i):!, Jf. 
San Fernando, san ICr-niiu'dC, 

Jf. 
San Francisco, san frau-sfs'kG, 

J/. 
Sanga, san'ga, Jf. 
Sangamon, san'ga-mOn, Jf. 
Sangarius, san-ga'rl-Qs, C. 
Sangha, hiin'^a, Jf. 
San Joaquin, san ho-li-ken', Jf. 
San Jos6, sau ho-sa', Jf. 
San Juan, san hoo-anj", Jf. 
Sankullu, san-kool'lw, Jf. 
Sankuru. san-koo'roo, Jf. 
San Luis, san lix^es', 31. 
San Marino, san ma-re'no, Jf. 
Sanroicheli, san-mt-ka'lf, Jf. 
Sannazaro. san'na-za'rij^ Jf. 
San Patricio, san pa-tie'sS-o, 

Jf. 
Sanquhar, sank'gr, Jf. 
San Salvador, san sal-va-dor', 

Jf. 
Sansannah, san-san'na, B. 
Sanson, sBx'sOn', 31. 
Sansovino, san-sO-ve'no', Jf. 
Santa Barbara, 

siin'ta bar'ba-ra, Jf. 
Santa Cruz, san'ta kroos, or St. 

Croix, sent kroi'^ Jf. 
Santa F^, san'tii fa', Jf. 
Santa Maria, san'ta ma-re'a, 

Jf. 
Santa Marta, san'ta mar'ta, 

Jf. 
Santa Maura, siin'ta mou'ra, 

Jf. 
Santander, san-tan-dar', Jf. 
Santarem, san-ta-rgx', Jf. 
Santee, san-te r , Jf. 
Santiago, san-te-a r gS, Jf. 
Santillana, san-tel-ya'no", Jf. 
Santones, san'tS-nes, C. 
Santorini, san-tS-re'nS, Jf. 
Santos, siin'tos, Jf. 
Sao, soux, Jf. 

Sao Joao. soux' zhS-oux', Jf. 
Saon. sa'On, C. 
Saone. son, Jf. 
Sapaei, sa-pe'L C. 
Saph, saf , B. 
Saphasi, sd-fe'l, C. 
Saphat, sa'fat, B. 
SaphatiaB,_safd-ti /, as, B. 
Sapheth, sa'feth, B. 
Saphir, sa'fer or saf 'gr, B. 
Sapirene. sap'T-re-'ne, C 
Sapor, sa'pSr, C. 
Sapphira, saf-fl'ra, B. 
Sappho, saffo, C. 
Sara, sa'ra, B. 
Sarabat, sa-ra-baf, Jf. 
Sarabias, sar'a-bl^as, B. 
Saracene, sar'd-se'nS, C. 
Saraceni, sar'd-se / 'ni, C. 
Saragossa, sar-a-gSs'a : Sp. 

Zaragoza, tha-ra-go'tha, Jf. 
Sarah, sa'ra, B. 
Sarai, sa'rS, B. 

Saraia or Saraiah, sir'a-I'd, B. 
Saraias, sd-rd'yas, B. 
Sarajevo, sa-ra-ya /r v&', Jf. 
Saramel, sar'a-mel, B. 
Saranac, sdr'a-nak, Jf. 
Saranges,_sd-ran , jez, C. 
Saraph, sa'raf , B. 
Sarapis. sd-ra'pts, C. 
Sarasvati, sar-as-vat'6, H. 
Saratoga, sar-a-to'gd, Jf. 
Saratov or Saratoff, sa-ra-tOf, 

Jf. 
Saxavufl, sa-ra'vfls or 

sftr'a-viis, Jf. 
Sarawan, sar-d-wan r , Jf. 
Sarchedonus, sar-kgd'O-niis, B. 
Sardanapalus, 

saKdan-a-pa'lQs, C. 
Sardene, sar-de'nS or 

sar'dS-ne', C. 
Sardeon, sar'df-Sn, C. 
Sardeus, sar-de'Qs, B. 
Sardinia. sar-dTn'T-a, C. & Jf. ; 

It. Sardegna, siir-dan y 'ya, Jf. 
Sardis. sar'dts, B. 
Sardites, siir'dits,^?. 
Sardones, sar'do-nez. C. 
Sardonicus, sar-dOn't-kfls, C. 
Sardonyx, sar'do-nlks or 

siir-do'uTks, C. 
Sarea. sa'rf-d, B. _ 
Saree or Sari, sii-re', Jf. 



Sarepta, sd-rgp'ta, B. 
Sargasso, siir-gas''*, Jf. 
Sargon, i-ur'gon, B. 
Sand, OL'tli, B. 
Sarmatae, j-ur'nid-tf, C. 
Sarmatia, ■ftr-mS'thY-A, C. 
Sarmentus, lar-mSn'ttifl, C. 
Sarmiento, hiir-tnC-tn'tO, Jf. 
Sarneus, sar-ne' 
Saron, ba'rCn, B. it C. 
Sarondicus Sinus. 

sd-rSii'dT-kfis Kl'nUs, C. 
Saros, Turk. shii'rOsh ; llwuj. 

ga'rtte, Jf. 
Sarothie, sd-rO'thT-f, B. 
Sarpedon, siir-pe'dOn, C. 
Sarrastes, bdr-ras'tez. C 
Sarsechim, sar-se'klm, B. 
Sarsina, siir'sT-na, C. 
Sarsura, sar-sU'ra, C. 
Sarthe, sart, Jf. 
Saruch, sa'rtik, B. 
Sarun. sa'rtin, Jf. 
Saskatchewan, 

has-kacb/C-wan', Jf. 
Sason. sa'sOn, C. 
Sassari, sas'sa-rC, Jf. 
Satan, sa'tan, B. 
Satanas, sat'a-nas, C. 
Sataspes, sd-tas'pez, C. 
Sathrabuzanes. 

sath'ra-bu-za , nez, B. 
Sati, sat'?, H. 
Satibarzanes, 

sat'r-bar-za , nez, C. 
Saticula, sa-tlk'tl-ld, C. 
Saticulus, sa-ttk'u-las, C. 
Satrapeni, sat'rd-pe'ni, C. 
Satricum, sat'rl-kam, C. 
Satsuma, safsoo-ma, Jf. 
Satura, safn-ra, C. 
Satureius, sat'u-re'yQs, C. 
Saturnalia, sat'gr-na'll-d, C. 
Saturnia, sd-tgr'nT-d. C. 
Saturninus, sat'gr-nl'nfis, C. 
Saturnius, sd-tgr'nt-Qs, C. 
Saturnus, sd-tgr'nus, C. 
Satyri, sat'T-ri, C. 
Satyrus, sat'I-rQs, C. 
Saul, sal, B. 
Saulcy. sfi'se', Jf. 
Sault Sainte Marie, boo sent 

ma r rT, Jf. 
Saumaise, sc'raaz^ Jf. 
Saumarez. so'md-ra'', Jf. 
Saunderson, san^dgr-sttn, Jf. 
Saurin, sa r rtn ; F. so'rax', 

Jf. 
Saussure, s0'sur r . Jf. 
Sauterne or Sauternea, 

si5'tarn , ', Jf. 
Savannah, sa-van'nd. Jf. 
Savaran, sav'd-ran, B. 
Savary, sa'va're", Jf. 
Save, sav ; G. Sau. sou, Jf. 
Savera, sa-ve'rd, B. 
Savias, sa'vt-as, B. 
Savigliano, sa-vel-ya'nft, Jf. 
Savignano, sa-vtn-ya' , nij, Jf. 
Savigny. sa'vfn've'', Jf. 
Savile or Saville, sav'll, Jf. 
Savo, sa'vd", C. 
Savona. sd-vo'nd, C. 
Savonarola, sa-vf>-na-ro'la, Jf. 
Savoy, sd-voi r ; F. Savoie, 

sa'vwa', Jf. 
Savus. sa'vfls, C. 
Saxe-Altenburg, saks - aKten- 

berg; G. Sachsen-Altenburg, 

zak'sen-al'ten-boorg', Jf. 
Saxe-Coburg. saks-ko'bgrg; G. 

Sachsen-Coburg. 

zak'sen-ko'bdorg. Jf. 
Saxe - Meiningen. saks - mi '- 

ntng-en ; G. Sachsen-Mein- 

ingen, zak , sen-mi /, nlng-en, 

Jf 
Saxe -Weimar, saks-wl'mar; 

G. Sachsen-W., zak'sen-vl / '- 

miir, Jf. 
SaxoneB, saks'C-nez, C. 
Saxony. sak'sC-nT, Jf. 
Scaea. se^a, C. 
Scaeva. se'va, C. 
Scaevola. srv'rt-la, C. 
Scaliger. skai'T-jer. Jf. 
Scamander, ska-man^dgr, C. 
Scamandria. ska-man 'drT-a.C 
Scamozzi. ska-mot'se. Jf. 
Scandinavia, skau'dl-na'vT-a, 

a & jf. 

Scaptensula. skap-tgn'su-la.C 
Scaptesula. skajvtes'n-ld, C. 
Scaptia, skap'shl-d, C. 
Scapula, skap'ft-ld, C. 
Scarborough, skar'bru or 

skar'btlr-rft, Jf. 
Scarpanto. skar'pan-t6, Jf. 
Scarperia. skar-pS-re'd, C. 
Scarphia. -kiir-tTd, Jf. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; A T , Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



SCARRON 



1016 



SHEHARIAH 



u 



w 



n', jr. 

.-. c 
■as. a 

Sceteratus. sW BMTttts, C. 
Sc«aiUs 1 sNnrtr i , G 
Sceya. H ' i 
SchW. Bhif, M. 
Schack. shiik. M. 
8ch*dow. >h:i'iU\ M. 
Sehaeffer. ahf'ftr, M. 
Schaffhausen, shiif - hou ' zen, 

jr. 

Schaffle. shgf'fl,-, if. 

Schamyl.^ham'll. Jf. 

Schaumburg-Lippe, 

shouln'lK^^J:-lTp / 'p<•, Jf 

Schedia. skc'di-a. G 

Schedius. ske'dl-fts, G 

Schedone. Bkt-dG'nK, Jf. 

Scheele. shili . 31. 

Scheffer. BhSfCr, .1/. 

Scheldt. skMt : I). Schelde. 
Bk&'ds; F. Escaut, ts'ko', 
M. 

Scheller. shgl'Cr. 31. 

Schelling. ahel'ltng, Jf. 

Schemnitz, shem'iiTts ; Hung. 
Selmecz Banya, shgl-mgts' 
biin'yO, M. 

Schenck, skgnk, Jf. 

Schenectady, skg-nok'ta-dT, Jf. 

Scheria. ske'rY-a, C. 

Scherz. shirts, 31: 

Schiaparelli, skf-a-pa-rgl'lg, M. 

Schidone. skg-du'na', = Sche- 
done. If. 

Schiedam. skg-dam'. M. 

Schiller, shtt'lgr. Jf. 

Schimmelpennink. 

shTrm'mel-pSn'nYnk, M. 

Schinkel, shTnk'el, Jf. " 

Schlegel, shla'gel, Jf. 

Scnleiermacher. 

shli'er-mak'er, Jf. 

Schleswig, shls^'wlg, Jf. 

Schloaser. BhlSs'Sr, 31. 

Schldzer. shlets'gr, Jf 

Schmidt, shmtt, Jf. 

Schneider, shni'der, Jf. 

Schnorr, shnor, Jf. 

Schoeneua, ske'ng-fisor 

ske'nus, C 

Schcenus, ske'nfls, C 

Schoharie, sko-h&r'T, Jf. 

Schdll or Schoell, shel, Jf. 

Schomberg, 6h5m / 'bgrg ; 

G. shCm^bgrg, Jf. 

Schomburgh. sh5m / 'b6"6rk, Jf. 

Schdn or Schoen. shgn, Jf. 

Schdnbein, shen'bin, Jf. 

Schb'nbrunn, shgn'br<}6n, Jf. 

Schdnfeld, shen'fglt, Jf. 

Schoodic, skoo'dtk, Jf. 

Schooley's^tountain, 

skooKIz moun'ttn, Jf. 

Schopenhauer, sb.o'pen-hou'gr, 

Sc'hott, shSt, Jf. 
Schouw, skou, Jf 
Schowen, skou'ven, Jf. 
Schreiber, shri'bgr, 31. 
Schouwen, skou'ven, 31. 
Schrevelius, skrg-vell-iiB, Jf. 
Schroder, shro'dgr, 31. 
Schroon. skroon, 31. 
Schubert, shoo'bgrt, Jf. 
Schultens, skfil'tgns, Jf. 
Schultz, shcfolts, 31. 
Schulze, shdolfse, Jf. 
Schumacher, shoo'ma-kgr, 31. 
Schumann, shoo'man, Jf. 
Schuyler, ski'lgr, 31. 
Schuylkill, skool'ktt, 31. 
Schwarz, shviirts, 31. 
Schwarzburg, shvarts'bdorg, 

Schwarzenburg, 

shvarfsen-bgrg, 31. 
Schwarzwald, shvarts'valt, 31. 
Schweidnitz, shvit'nYts, 31. 
Schweinfurt, fchviii / 'i'<56rt, Jf. 
Schwerin, shva-ren', 31. 
Bchwytz. shvits, Jf. 
Sciathos, si'a-thQe, G 
Scidros, si'drSs, G 
Scigliano. shtl-ya'nS, 31. 
Scifiy, iut. 31. 
8cilurua, fet-lU'rCs, C 
Scina, fehg-na', Jf. 
8cinia, sl'nrs, C 
Scio. :,I'<5, 31. 
Scione, st-o'nS, C 
Scioppiua, shr-^p'pr-QB ; 

G. Schopp, 6hop, Jf. 
Scioto, Bt-O'tf!, 31. 
BcipiacUe, fil-pl'a-dg, C 
Bcipio, srp'M. G 
8cira, s-.Kra, C. 
8ciraa, hV 
8ciron, fcl'rOn, C. 



SciruB. sT'rfis. C. 
Scituate. stt'ft-!tt, 31. 
Sclavonia, skla-vo'nT-a, 31. 
Scolus. sko'lhs, ('. 
Scopas, BkO'pos, C 
Scordisci, skfir-dls'sl, G 
Scordiscae, skiSr-dTts'sf, C. 
Scoresby, *kOrz'l>T, .1/. 
Scotinus, BkO-tl'naa, C 
Scotland. BkBt'land, M. 
Scotussa, skfi-ttis'sa, C. 
Scribe, skrcb. M. 
Scribonia, skri-bo'nt-a, C. 
Scribonianus, 

skrt-bO'nT-a'niis, C. 
Scribonius. skrt-bS'nl-tts, C. 
Scud^ri or Scud^ry, sku'da're', 

jr. 

Scutari, skoo'ta-rf , 31. 
Scylaceum, sll'd-se'tim, C. 
Scylax, si'laks., C. 
Scyllaeum, stl-le'iim, C. 
Scyllias, sIKlt-os, C. 
Scyraa, sl'ras, C. 
Scyrias. sTr't-as, C. 
Scjtos, si'rOs, C 
Scytha, si'tha, C. 
Scythae, sl'tlig, C. 
Scythes, sl'thez, C. 
Scythia, stth't-a, C. 
Scythian, sltb/!-an, B. 
Scythinus, st-thl'nfis, C. 
Scython, si'thOn, C. 
ScythopoUs, sT-tb.Cp'5-lts, C. 
Scythopolitans, 

slth'S-pS-li'tanz, C. 
Seb. sSb, E. 
Seba, se'ba,^. 
Sebago, s£-ba'g5, 31. 
Sebaste, se-bas'tg, C. 
Sebastea, sgb'as-te'a, C. 
Sebastia, sgb'as-tl'a, C. 
Sebastian, se-bas'chan, 31. 
Sebastiani, sa-bas-tg-a'ng, 31. 
Sebastopol = Sevastopol, M. 
Sebat, se'bat, B. 
Sebe, sa'ba", 31. 
Sebeda, sgb'C-da, C. 
Sebennytua, sgb'en-nl'tiis, C. 
Sebetos, se-be't5s, C. 
Sebis, sa'be, 31. 
Secacah, sgk'a-ka, B. 
Secchia, sSk'ke-a, 31. 
Sechenias, sgk'a-nl'as, B. 
Sechu, se'kfl, B._ 
Se-Chuen, sa'-choo'en', M. 
Secunderabad, 

sg-kQn'dgr-'a-bad', 31. 
SecunduB, sg-kfiu'diis, B. 
Sedan, se-d8N / ', 31. 
Sedecias, sed / g-sl / 'as, B. 
Sedetani, sgd'S-ta-'ni, C. 
Sedgwick, sej'wtk, 31. 
Seduni, sg-du^nl, C. 
Sedusii, sg-da'sl-i, C. 
Seeland, se'land; Banish Sjael- 

land, syCKJand, 31. 
Seetapoor, Be'to-poor', M. 
Seevas or Sivas, se'vas 7 ", 31. 
Seewah or Siwah, se'wa, M. 
Segesta, sg-iCs'ta, C. 
Segestes, s£-jes'tez, C. 
Segetia, sS-je'shl-a, C. 
Segida, sg-ji'da, C. 
Segneri, san'yS-rS, M. 
Segni, san'yg, 31. 
Segobriga, Egg'S-bri^ga, C. 
Segodunum, sgg'o-du'nfim, C. 
Segontia, sg-gSn'shTT-a, C. 
Segontiaci, sg-g5n-tT'a-si, C. 
Segorbe, sS-gor'ba, 31. 
Segovia, sg-go'vl-a, C. ; 

Sp. sa-go'vg-a, M. 
Segub, se-'gttb, B. 
Siguier, gg'gt'a', 31. 
Seguntium, sg-gun'shT-tim, C. 
S^gur, sa/gur', 31. 
Segusiani, se'gfl-sf-a'nl, C. If 

Segusio^sS-gu'st-O, C. 
Seine, san, 31. 
Seir, se'gr, B. 
Seirath, se'T-rath, B. 
Seius, se'yfls. C. 
SejanuB, sg-ja'n^us, C. 
Sela or Selah, se'la, B. 
Sela-hammahlekoth, 

se'la-hani'ma-le'kSth, B. 
Seled, selgd, B. 
Selemia, s61 / g-mi /, a, B. 
Selemias, sgl'e-ml'as, B. 
Selemnus, sg-lPm''nus, C. 
Selene, sC-le-'ng, C. 
Seleucia, eg-lu'sht-a, B. : sgl'fl- 
sKa.afao Seleucea, sgFu-Be'a, 

Seleucis, sg-lu'sTs, C. 
Seleucua, hf-lu'kus, B. & C. 
Selgovae, sfKgC-vg, C. 
SehmnuB, sg-nm'naB, C. 



Selinus, sg-ll'iias or sgl'T-niis, 

G 
Sellaaia, Bgl-la'sht-4, C. 
Selleis, sgl-le'ts, C. 
Selletae, sM-le'tf, G 
Selymbria, sC-ltin'brY-a, C. 
Sem, sBm. B. 

Semachiah, sPm'a-kl'a, B. 
Semaiah, s5m'it-I'i, B. 
Semei, sBm'S-T, B. 
Semela, Bgm'g-la, C. 
Semele, sgm'g-le, C. 
Semellius, sf-mol'lTt-fis, B. 
Semigermani, 6Cm / I-j5r-nia /, nI, 

SemiguntUB, sgm'I-gttn'ttis, C. 

Seminoles, sgrn'T-nOlz, M. 

Semiramis, sC-mfr'a-mts, C. 

Semis, se'mYs, B. 

SemUki, sem-le^kt, 31. 

SemnoneB, sem / 'no-nez or_ 

scm-no / 'nez, C. 

Sememes, sg-mo'nez, C. 

Sempach, sCm'pak, 31. 

Sempronia, sem-pro'nT-a, C. 

SemproniuB, sem-pro'nMis, G 

Semurium, sg-mu'rl-flm, G 

Sena, se'na, G 

Senaah, sg-naj'a or sen'a"-a, B. 

Senator, sg-na'tOr, C. 

Senatua, sg-na'tfls, G 

Seneca, sen'g-ka, G If M. 

Senecio, sg-ne'shl-S, G 

Senegal, sgn'e-gaK; 

F. sft'nrgaK, 31. 

Senegambia, sgn-g-gam'bl-a, 
31. 

Seneh, se'ne, B. 

Senia, se r nl-a, G 

Senir, se'ngr, B. 

Sennaar or Sennar, sgn-nar'^/. 

Sennacherib, sen-nak'g-rtb or 
sen / na-ke' r rtb, B. 

Senones, Gaul, sgn'8-nez ; It- 
aly, sg-no^nez, G 

Sentinum, sgn-tl'nfim, G 

Senuah, sg-nu^a, B. 

Seorim, sg-o'rlm, B. 

Sephar, se'far, B. 

Sepharad, sgf'a-rad, B. 

Sepharvaim, sef'ar-va'Tm, B. 

Sepharvites, se'far-vits, B. 

Sephela, sg-fe'la, B. 

Septemviri, ggp-tgni'vl-ri, C. 

Septimius, sSp-ttrn'T-tis, v. 

Septimus, 6gp r tt-mfis, C. 

Sepulveda, sa-pool'va-da, 31. 

Sequana, sgk'wa-na, C. 

Sequani^ 6gk'wa-ni, C. 

Serah, se'ra, B. 

Seraiaih, sgr / S-I / 'a, B. 

Seraing, se-raN r , 31. 

Serajevo = Sarajevo, M. 

Serampore, Egr-am-por', M. 

Serapio, sg-ra^pt-S, C, 

Serapion, sg-ra'pT-Sn, G 

Serapis, sg-rS'pTs, C. & B. 

Serbonis, sgr-bo'nls, G 

Sered, se^rgd, B. 

Serena, sg-re^na, G 

Serenianus, se'rg-nr-a'nfis, G 

Serenus, sg-re'nQs, G 

Seres, se'rez, G 

Sergestus, ser-jgs'tJis, G 

Sergi, sSr'je, 31. 

Sergia, sgr^'t-a, G 

Sergius, sgr'jI-Qs, B. & C. 

Seringapatam, 

sgr-Tn / ga-pa-tam / ', M. 

Seringham, sgr-Yn'gum, M. 

Seriphus, sg-rT r fus, G 

Seron, se'rBn, B. 

SerranuB, ser-ra^nQs, G 

Sertorius, sgr-to^rt-fis, G. 

Serug, se'rfig.JS. 

Servaeus, sgr-ve_^fis, G. 

Servetus, sgr-ve'tHs ; Sp. Ser- 
vedo, sPr-va'dO, M. 

Servia, sgr^vl-a, 31. 

Servianus, sg^vl-a'atts, G 

Servilia, ser-vtKI-a, G 

Servilianus, ser / vTl-T-a , niis, G 

Servilius, ser-vTKY-tts, G 

Serviua^ sgr'vTC-Qs, G 

Sesia. sa'eg-a, M. 

Sesis, se'sls, B. 

SesostriB, sg-sSs'trts, G 

Sesse, sas'sS, 31. 

Sesthel, sgs'thgl, B. 

Sestias, sgs'tt-as, G 

Sestius, sgs'tt-Qs, G 

Sesuvii, Bg-eu'vt-i, C. 

SetabiB, sCt'a-bts, G 

Seth, scth, B. 

Sethon, se'thSn, G 

Sethur, se'thgr, B. 

Betia, Be'shY-a, G 

Settignano, sgt-tgn-ya'nS, M. 

Setubal, sa-too'bal, or Saint 
Ubes, sgnt-Ubz', 31. 



Sevastopol, sgv'as-to'pSl ; 

Russ. Blt-vas-tS'pOl, JT. 
Severa, sg-ve'ra, G 
SeverianuB, ee'vg-rt-a'nQs, G 
Severn, sov'grn, Jf. 
SeveruB, eg-ve'riiB, G 
Sevier, sg-ver', 31. 
Sdvign^, sft-ven'yft or 

Ba'vgn'ya', Jf. 
Seville, sgv'Tl or sg-vltr ; Sp. 

Sevilla, sft-veKya, M. 
Sevo, se'vft, G 
Sevre, savr, 31. 
Seward, soo'grd, 31. 
Sextia, s5ks'tY-a, G 
Sextilia, sgks-tTKT-a, G 
Sextilis. sPks-ti'lTs, G 
SextiliuB, s6ks-tlKl-Os, C. 
Sextius, sSks'tt-fis, G 
Seychelles, stt'shCK, 31. 
Seyffarth, zi'fart, Jf. 
Seymour, se'mgr, Jf. 
Sforza, sforfsa, Jf. 
Shaalabbin, sha'a-lab'bin, B. 
Shaalbim, sha-aKbtm, B. 
Shaalbonite, sha-al'ba-nlfc B. 
Shaaph, sha'af, B. 
Shaaraim, sha'a-ra'tm, B. 
Shaashgaz, sha-ash/gaz, B. 
Shabbethai, shab-bgtVa-I, B. 
Shachia, shak'I-a, B. 
Shaddai, shad'a-i, B. 
Shadrach, sha'drfik, B. 
Shage, sha'gg, B. 
Shahabad, sha^ha-bad', Jf. 
Shaharaim, sha'ha-ra'Im, B. 
Shahazima, sha-haz't-ma, B. 
Shahazimath, sha-haz'I-math, 

B. 
Shah-Jehan, sna'-ie-han', M. 
Shakespeare, Shakspeare, or 

Shakspere, shak'sper, Jf. 
Shalem, sha'lgm, B. 
Shalim, sha'lTm, B. 
ShaUsha, shaKt-sha, B. 
Shallecheth, shaKlg-kgth, B. 
Shallum, shaKWm, B. 
Shallun, shaKltin, B. 
Shalmai, shal'mft-l, B. 
Shalman, shal'man, B. 
Shalmaneser, shal'ma-ne'zgr,, 

B. 
Shama, sha'ma, B. 
Shamariah,_sham / a-rl , a, B. 
Shamed, sha'mgd, B. 
Shamer, sha'mer, B. 
Shamgar, sham /, gar, B. 
Shamhuth, sham'huth, B. 
Shamir, shg'mgr, B. 
Shamma or Shammah, 

sham^ma, B. 
Shammai, sharn'ma-i, B. 
Shammoth, sharn'mOth, B. 
Shammua, -ah L sham-mu'a, B. 
Shamo, sha / mo / ', 31. 
Shamsherai, shara'shg-ra^I, B. 
Shamyl = Schamyl, Jf. 
Shang-Hai, shang-hT', Jf. 
Shapham, sha'iam, B. 
Shaphan, sha'fan, B. 
Shaphat, sha'fat, B. 
Shapher, sha'fSr, B. 
Sharai, shar r a-I, B. 
Sharaim, shar'a-tm, B. 
Sharar, sha'rar, B. 
Sharezer, sha-re'zgr, B. 
Sharon, shar'fin, B. & Jf. 
Sharonite, shar^Qn-It, B. 
Sharuhen, sha-ru'hgn, B. 
Shashai, shajh'a-I, B. 
Shashak, sha'shftk, B. 
Shatt-el-Arab, shat-cl-a-'rab, 

Jf. 
Shaul, sha'fil. B. 
Shaulites, sha'Ql-ItB, B. 
Shaveh, sha've, B. 
Shaveh-Kiriathaim, 

sha / 've-kTr / I-a-tha / 'Im, B. 
Shavsha, sh&v'sha, B. 
Shawangunk, shSn'gum, Jf. 
Sheal, she'fil, B. 
Shealtiel, shg-al'tMl, B. 
Sheariah, she'd-ri-'a, B L 
Shear-jashub, she'ar-ja'shflb, 

B. 
Sheba, Shebah, she'ba, B. 
Shebam, sb.e'bam, B. 
Shebaniah, shgb'a-ni'a, B. 
Shebarim, shgb'a-rtm, B. 
Sheber, she'bgr, B. 
Shebna, shgb'na, B. 
Sheboygan, shg-boi r g8n, Jf. 
Shebuel, shgb'A-gl, B. 
Shecaniah or Shechaniah, 

shgk'a-m'a, B. 
Shechem, she'kPm, B. 
Shechemites, Bhe^kgrn-its, B. 
Shedeur, shgd'g-Hr, B. 
Sheerness, shgr-ngs r , Jf. 
Shehariah, she'ha-rl'a, B. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, event, idea, Sbey, tlnite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979..1 



SHEIL 



1017 



SOPHENE 



Shell, shel, M. 
Shelah, she'la, jB. 
Shelanites, sheian-Its, B. 
Shelemiah, shel'S-ml'd, B. 
Sheleph, she'lgf, B. 
Shelesh, bhe'lush, B. 
Shelomi, shgl'C-ml, B. 
Shelomith, shSl'fs-mtth, B. 
Shelomoth, sh6Ki5-iii5th, B. 
Shelumiel, shC-lQ'ml-Sl, B. 
Shem, shorn, B. 
Shema, she'ma, B. 
Shemaah, shS-ina'a or 

shgna'it-a, B. 
Shemaiah, shgm'a-I'a, B. 
Shemariah, shgm'a-n'a, B. 
Shemeber, shgm'S-bgr, B. 
Shemer, she'mgr, B. 
Shemida or Shemidah, 

shS-ml'da, B. 
Shemidaitea, shS-ml'da-Its, B. 
Sheminith, shgm'T-nTth, B. 
Shemiramoth, shS-mtr'a-mOth, 

B. 
Shemuel, shS-mu'el, B. 
Shen, shCn, B. 

Shenandoah, shen'an-do'a, Jf. 
Shenazar, she-na'zar, jB. 
Shenir, she'ngr, B. 
Shepham, she'fam, B. 
Shephathiah, shPfa-thl'a, B. 
Shephatiah, shSf'a-tl'a, B. 
Shephl, she'fT, B. 
Shepho, she'fo", B. 
Shephuphan, shS-fu'ian, B. 
Sherah, she'ra, B. 
Sherebiah, shgr'S-bl'a, B. 
Sheresh, she'rgsh, B. 
Sherezer, she-re'ze'r, B. 
Sherif-ed-Din, 

she-ref '-M-den', Jf. 
She3hach, she'shak, B. 
Sheshai, she'sha", B. 
Sheshan, she'shan, B. 
Shesh-bazzar, shgsh-baz'zar, 

B. 
Sheth, shSth, B. 
Shethar, she'thar, B. 
Shethar-boznai, 

she / thar-b5z /, n4-I, B. 
Sheva, she'va, B. 
Sheyenne, sht'Sn', Jf. 
Shiawassee, shl'a-was'e, Jf. 
Shibboleth, shlb'b&^lSth, B. 
Shibmah, shtb'ma, B. 
Shicron, shl'kron, B. 
Shiggaion, shtg-2a / 'y8n, B. 
Shigionoth, shlg'T-o'nStti or 

shT-gl'S-nSth, B. 
Shihon, shi^hSn, B. 
Shihor, shi'hSr, B. 
Shihor-libnath, 

shi'hor-ttb'nath, B. 
Shikarpoor, shlk'ar-podr'', Jf. 
Shilhi, Bhlllfl, B. 
Shilhim, shtt'hTm, B. 
Shillem. sMllem, B. 
ShUlemites, shll'lSm-Its, B. 
ShUo, shi'lS, B. 
Shiloah, sht-lo'a, B. 
Shiloh, shi'lo, B. & Jf. 
Shiloni, shTf-15'nI, B. 
Shilonite, shlKO-nit or 

shl-lo'nlt, B. 
Shilshah, sMl'sha. B. 
Shimea or Shimeah, sMm'S-a, 

B. 
Shimeam, shtm'6-am, B. 
Shimeath, shtm'S-ath, B. 
Shimeathites, 

shtrn'S-ath-Its, B. 
Shimei, shTm'S-T, B. 
Shimeon, shtm'S-Sn, B. 
Shimhi, shtm'hi, B. 
Shimi, shl'mi, B. 
Shimites, shTm'its, B. 
Shimma, shTm'raa, B. 
Shimon, shi'mon, B. 
Shimrath, shtrn'rath, B. 
Shimri, shtrn'ri, B. 
Shimrith, shtm'rtth, B. 
Shimrom, shtm'ro'm, B. 
Shimron, shtm / 'r5n, B. 
Shimronites, shtm'rBn-its, B. 
Shimro n -meron , 

shYm / r5n-me / ron, B. 
Shimshai, shlm'sha", B. 
Shinab, shi'nab, B. 
Shinar, shl'nar, B. 
Shion, shi'S-n, B. 
Shiphi, shl'ff, B. 
Shiphmite, shtf 'mlt, B. 
Shiphrah, shtf ra, B. 
Shiphtan. slrff tan, B. 
ShirtS, she^rS, Jf. 
Shiraz, ske'riiz, Jf. 
Shirwa, shgr'wa, Jf. 
Shisha. shi'sha, B. 
Shishak. shl'shak, B. 
Shishkof, shlsh'kSf, Jf. 



Shitral, shYt'ra-T, B. 
Shittim, shtt'tlm, B. 
Shiza, shl'za, U. 
Shoa, sho'a, B. if Jf. 
Shoah, shO'ii, /;. 
Shobab, sho'bab, B. 
Shobach, sho'bak, B. 
Shobai, sho'ba-I, /;. 
Shobal, slio'bal, Ji. 
Shobek, BhO'bCk, B. 
Shobi, sho'bl, B. 
Shocho, sho"'k6\ B. 
Shochoh, sho'kfl, B. 
Shoco, .-lio'ko, Ji. 
Shoham, sho'ham, B. 
Shomer, sho'mer, B. 
Shoomla or Schumla, 

shoono'la, Jf. 
Shooster or Shuster, shoos'tgr, 

Jf. 
Shophach, sho'fak, B. 
Shophan, sho'fan, B. 
Shoshannim, shO-shan'ntm, 

B. 
Shoshannim -eduth, 

sho-shan'nlm-e'duth, B. 
Shoshone, shS-sho'nC^Jf. 
Shrewsbury, U. S. , shrooz ' ber-Y ; 
Eng., shrooz''- or shroz'bgr-I, 
Jf. 
Shropshire, shrSp'sher, or Sa- 
lop, sa'ISp, Jf. 
Shua or Shuah, shu'a, B. 
Shoal, shu'al, B. 
Shabael, shu'ba-gl, B. 
Shuham, shii'ham, B. 
Shuhamites, sha'ham-Its, B. 
Shuhite, shu'hit, B. 
Shulamite, shu'iam-it, B. 
Shumathites, shii'math-It, B. 
Shumla, shoom' r ia, Jf. 
Shunamite, shu'nam-It, B. 
Shunem, shu'nem, B. 
Shuni, shu'nl, B. 
Shunites, shu'mis, B. 
Shupham, sh'ii'fam, B. 
Shuphamites, shu'fam-its, B. 
Shuppim, sh.Qp'pYm, B. 
Shur, shur, B. 
Shushan, shu'shan, B. 
Shushan-eduth, 

shu'shan-e'dfith, B. 
Shuster = Shooster, M. 
Shuthalites, shu'tha-llts, B. 
Shuthelah, shu'thS-la, B. 
Sia, sl'a, B. 
Siaha, si'a-ha, B. 
Siam, st-5m / ' or stam', Jf. 
Siba, si'ba, B. 
Sibbecai or Sibbechai, 

sYb'b5-ka\ B. 
Sibboleth, stb'bS-lgth, B. 
Siberia, st-be'rr-a, M. 
Siberia, slb'S-rls, C. 
Sibmah, sib'' ma, B. 
Sibraim, stb-ra'Tm or 

stb^ra-tm, B. 
Sibylla, st-bll'la, C. 
Sicambri, sl-kam r brt, C. 
Sicambria. sY-kam'brl-a, C. 
Sicani, sT-ka A ni or slk'a-nl, C. 
Sicania, st-ka'nt-a, C. 
Sicanua, sT-ka'nfis, C. 
Sicard, se'kar'', M. 
SiceUdea, sT-sgl'I-dez, C. 
Sicelia, sls'S-lts, C. 
Sichaeua, st-ke'fis, C. 
Sichem, si'kPm, B. 
SiciUa, st-stt'I-a, C. 
Sicily, sls't-lt, Jf. 
Siciniua, st-stn't-ils, C. 
Sicinua, sTs't-ntts, C. 
Sickingen, stk^tng-en, Jf. 
Sicoris, stk'6-rTs, C. 
Sicorus, stk'o-rtis, C. 
Siculi. stk'fl-li, C. 
Siculua, slk'ti-lus, C. 
Sicyon, stsh'IC-o'n, B. & C. 
Sicyonia, stsh'T-o'nT-a, C. 
Siddim, sTd'dtm, B. 
Side, si'd&, B. 
Sidene, si-de'nS, C. 
Sidenu8, st-de-'nus, C. 
Sidero, sY-de'rS, C. 
Sidicinum, std't-sl'nilm, C. 
Sidmouth, sTd'mflth, Jf. 
Sidon, sl'd5n, 5_. & C. 
Sidonea, si-do r iiez or 

sTd'S-nez, C. 
Sidoniana, st-do'nT-anz, B. 
Sidonii, st-do'nT-i, C. 
Sidonia, std'iS-nTs or st-do r nTs, 

C. 
Siebold, ze"b51t, Jf. 
Siedlec, sed'lPts, Jf. 
Siegfried, seg'frfd, Jf. 
Siena, sS-a'na, M. 
Sienna, s^-gn'na, If. 
Sierra, se-gr'ra ; S. Leone, -1?- 
o'nf ; S. Madre, -mii'drit : S. 



Morena, -mfi-ra'na ; S. Ne- 
vada, -rift-va'da, J/. 

Sieyes, ■«•' or s^a'yge', Jf. 

Siga, Bi'ga, C 



Sigaeum, st-je'Qm, C. 
Sigel, se'get, Jf. 
Sigeum, hf-je'uin, C. 



Sigionoth, sr-gl'nOth, B. 
Sigiamund, sIj'T^-muud, Jf. 

gen, slg-ma-rlng'en, 



Sigmaring 



Sigmund, sTg'mflnd, iV. 

Signia, sTg^nl-a, C. 

Signy, sTg'nt, .V. 

Sigourney, sTg'gr-nl, M. 

Siguenza 2 sC-^un'thii, J/. 

Sigurd, se r Koord, JV. 

Sigyni, sl-jl'nl, C. 

Sigynnae, sl-jm'ng, C. 

Sihon, sl'hOn, B. 

Sihor, sl'hSr, /;. 

Si-kiang, se'-kyang', M. 

SUa, sl ? la, ( \ 

Silana, st-la'na, C. 

Silanua, sY-la^nfie, C. 

SUao, s6-la'8, Jf. 

Silarua, stl'a-rtts, C. 

Silaa, sl'las, B. 

Sileni, st-le'nl, C. 

Silenua, st-le'nQs, C. 

Silesia, st-le'sht-a ; G. Schle- 
8ien, shla^zS-en, Jf. 

Silicense, sfFT-sgn'sg, C. 

Siliatria, sMTs'trt-a, Jf. 

Siliua, slKI-us, C. 

Silla, stl'la, C. 

Siloah, st-lo^a or eYl'6-a, B. 

Siloam, st-lo'Sm or sTKi5-am, 
B. 

Siloe, st-lo'S or stK5-e, B. 

Silpia, sTKpr-a^ C. 

Silurea, sMu'rez or stKd-rez, 
C. 

SilvanuB, sYl-va'nus, B. & C. 
SUvestre, sSl'vestr', Jf. 
SUviua, stKvT-Qs, C. 
Simalcue, si'mai-ku'S, B. 
Simanca8, sS-man^kiis, Jf. 
Simbirsk or Simbeersk, 

slm-bersk', Jf. 
Simena, st-me'na, C. 
Simeon, stm r g-5n, B. 
Simeonites, sTm^e-Qn-its, B. 
Simethua, sT-me r thtts, C. 
Simferopol, stm-fgr-o'pSl, Jf. 
Similia, sTm/T-lts, C. 
Simiu, sS-me'oo, Jf. 
Simla, stm-'la, Jf. 
Simmia8, sTm'ml-as, C. 
Simo, srmS, C. 
Simoia, stm / i'5-ts, C. 
Simon, si'mSn. B. & C. 
Simone. st-mo'ne, C. 
Simonides, st-mSn'T-dez, C. 
Simplicius, stm-pllsh't-us, C. 
Simplon, slm'plSn ; 

F. saN'plSW, Jf. 
Simpson, sYmp'sQn, Jf. 
Simri, slm'rl, B. 
Simulua, stm^n-liis, C. 
Simua, si'mtts, C. 
Simyra, stm'T-ra, C. 
Sin, sin, B. 
Sina, si r na, B. 
Sinai, si'nS or sI'nft-T, B. 
Sinde or Scinde, stnd, Jf. 
Sinera, st-ne r ra, C. 
Singapore, stn / ga-p5r / ', Jf. 
Singara, sln'ga-ra. C. 
Singio, stn-ge'O, Jf. 
Sinigaglla, s?-ne-gal r ya, Jf. 
Sinim, sl'nlm, B. 
ginla, slants, C. 
Sinite, stn'lt, B. 
Slnoe, sYn'S-S, C. 
Sinon, sl'nSn, C. 
Sinope, stn-o^pe. C. & M. ; 
Turkish Sinoob, Sinoub, or 
Sinub, sS-noob', M. 
Slnorix, stn'O-rlks, C, 
Sintice, stn-tl'se, C. 
SintU, sTn'shY-I, C. 
Sinueaaa, stn / a-gs / 'sa, C. 
Sion. sl'5n, B. 
Siout, sS-oot', Jf. 
Siope, st-o'pP, C. 
Sioux, soo, Jf. 
Siphmoth, sYf'mSth, B. 
Sipontum, sY-pSn'tiim, C. 
Sippai, sYp'pS. B. 
Sipylua, sYp't-lfis, C. 
Sirach, sl'rak, B. 
Sirah, si'ra. B. 
Sirenea, st-re'nez, C. 
Sirini, sY-rl'nl, C. 
Sirion, str'T-On, B. 
Siris. sI'rTs. C. 
Sirius, str'T-Ks, C. 
Sirmio. sgr'mT-8, C. 
Sirmium, sgr'niT-ttm, C. 



Siaamai, hT-i-ain'8-l, B. 
Siaamnea. Kl-bain'nez, C. 
Siaapo, bio'a-pO, C. 
Siaara, blB'a-ra, C. 
Biacia, filb-Bl'a, C. 
Siaenna, st-sgn'na, C. 
Siaera, .-Ts'C-ra. /;. 
SUigambia, hts'T-gam'btB, C. 
Siamondi, kt-s-iuou'dC, Jf. 
Siatova, bt^-to'vii ; Bulgarian 

Shtab, ihtftb, M. 
Siaygambia, BTb'l-garn'bls, C. 
Siayphua, ale't-ftii, C. 
Sitalcea, bT-tai'-Gz, C. 
Sitheni, st-the'ni, C. 
Sithon, sl'thSn, C. 
Sithonia, st-tho'nr-a, C. 
Sithonil, si-tho'nM, C. 
Sithonia, slth'S-nls, V. 
Sitia, sTsh'T-a, C. 
Sitiua, sIsh'T-Qs, C. 
Sitnah, slfna, /;. 
Sitone8, sTfij-nez, C. 
Siva, bc'vd, //. 
Sivan, sl'van, B. 
Sivas, se-vas', Jf. 
Siwah, se'wa, Jf. 
S'jbberg, bye'bgrg, Jf. 
Sjogren, sye'grgn, Jf. 
Skagg 



M, 



;ger Rack, skag'ggr rak. 



Skaneatelea, skan-f-at'lgs, Jf. 
Skibbereen, skTb'bgr-Sn', Jf. 
Skirnir, bker'ngr, JY. 
Skrymnir, skrlrn'ogr, .V. 
Skrzynecki, skzliC-ngt'sk6, Jf. 
Skye, >ki, It. 
Slavonia, sla-vo'nT-a, M. 
Sleidan, sli'dan, Jf. 
Sleipnir, slep'ner, JV. 
Sleswick, slCs'wtk; G. Schlea- 

wig, shlgs'vTg, Jf. 
SUdeU, sll-dgl', M. 
Sluis or Sluys, slois, Jf. 
Smaragdua.sma-rag'dOB, C. 
Smenus, sme'nBs, C. 
Smilax, sml'iaks, C. 
Smilis, smi'lTs, C. 
Smintheus, smtn'the-Qs, or 

smtn'thus, C. 
Smolensk, smo-lgnsk', Jf. 
Smyrna, pmgr'na, B. & Jf. ; 

Turkish Izmeer. Tz-mer', Jf. 
Snohomish. snii-ho / 'mTsh, Jf. 
Snorre Sturluson. 

sniSr'ra stoorlo^stin, Jf. 
Snowden, sn5'd£in, Jf. 
So, so, B. 
Soane. son, Jf, 
Sobieski, so-b?-cs'kg. Jf. 
Socho or Sochoh, so'kiJ, B. 
Socinus, sS-si'nQs ; It. Sozzini, 

s$t-se'n$, Jf. 
Socoh, so'kO, B. 
Socotra, su-ko'tra or eSk'S-tra, 

Jf. 
Socrates, sBk'ra-tez, C. 
Socratia. s5k'ra-tts, C. 
Sodi, so'di, B. 
Sodom, sBd'om, B. 
Sodoma, sgd'S-ma, B. & C. 
Sodomites, sSd'Sm-Its, B. 
Sodomitish, sOd'Sm-It-Ish, B. 
Soemias, se r mY-«s, C. 
Sofala, s5-fa'la, M. 
Sogdiana, sS^dT-a^na, C. 
Sogdianus, sbg'dT-a'niis, C. 
Soissons, swas'sox', Jf. 
Sokoto, sO-kfi-to', Jr. 
Solander, so'lan-dgr, Jf. 
Soleure, so'lur' ; 

G. Solothufn, sS-lfi-todrn', Jf. 
Solferino, sSl-fa-re'nS, Jf. 
Soliman, s5KT-raan or 

so-ll-man', = Scltmax, Jf. 
SoUnua, srt-li'n«s, C. 
Solis, s8-les', Jf. 
Solomon. sSKS-mfin, B. 
Solon, so'15-n, C. 
Solonium. sii-lo'nf-ttm, C. 
Solyma. sSlT-ma, C. 
Solym^ sSKY-mf, C 
Soma, so'ma, H. 
Somali, sS-ma'lS, Jf. 
Sombwe, somb r w$, Jf. 
Somers. stim / 'grz, Jf. 
Somerset. sum'Sr-set, Jf. 
Somme, s5m, Jf. 
Sdmmering, z5m r mgr-Yng, Jf. 
Sondershausen, 

zon'dgrz-hou'zen, Jf. 
Sonoma, so-no'nni. Jf. 
Sonora. sfi-no'ra, Jf. 
Sontag, zon'tag, Jf. 
Soodan= Soudak. 
Sooloo, swloo', Jf. 
Soora. soo'i-ii. Jf. 
Sopater, sffp/a-tgr. B. & C. 
Sophax. so'faks, C. 
Sophene. sfl-fe'nP, C. 



fgm, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; £, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 






SOPHERETH 



1018 



TAHITI 



R 



U 



W 



Sophereth. sM'Nn N :x />'. ' 

Sophia. - A. ' • •" 

a = Traiditza, trC-ii- 

Sophoelas, iW6-klS«, C 
Sophonias. mM '6-nI'aa, />. 
Sophonisba. sOl 8-dYb'd4, G 
Sophron. eO'fron, C. 
Sophrona. sBfi6-a4, C. 
Sophroma. .-C-iro'nWi. C 
Sophronicus. siWfrou'Y-kus or 

Si rC-nl'kttB, 
SophroniBcua, sol riVuYs , kus, 

Sophronius, siVfrS'nl-fts, ('. 
Sophroeyne. sft-frBst-aS, C. 
Sopolis. B8p>64l8, C. 
Soprony, si'-prou'v', Jf. 
Sora. s5'ra. C. 
Soracte. Sft-rKk'tS, C. 
Soractes. B&rlktSz, C. 
Soranus. sC-rfi'nito, C. 
Sorata. sft-rfi'ta, Jf. 
Sorek. so'rCk. 1>. 
Sorex. so'rt-ks. C. 
Soritia. sS-rYsh'l-j'i. C. 
Sorrento. sor-rt>n / 'to', Jf. 
Sosia. ^o' , sh^-a. C. 
Sosibius. so-sYb'Y-tts. C. 
Sosicrates, so-sYk'ra-tez, C. 
Sosigenes. so-sii'S-nez, C. 
Sosii. so'shY-I. C. 
Sosilus. s&VY-ltts, C. 
Sosipater, so-sYp'a-ter, 5. 
Sosistratns. so-sYs'tra-tOs, C. 
Sositheus. 68-sYth'fc-tts, C. 
Sosius. so'shY-fts. C 
Sospita. eos'pt-ta, C. 
Sosthenes, BOs'the-nez, B. & C. 
Sostratus. s5s'tr_a-tus, B. Sf C. 
Sotades. s5t'a-dez, C. 
Sotai. sS'tfc-I, .B. 
Soter. so'tCr. C. 
Sotera. so-te^ra,_ C. 
Soteres. sS-te'rez, C. 
Soteria. sS-te'rY-a, C. 
Sotheby, sQtfi'e-bY, Jf. 
Sotiates, so'sht-a'tez, C. 
Sotion, so'shY-Sn, C. 
Soudan, Sudan, or Soodan, 

soo-dan', Jf. 
Soule. sol. Jf 
Soule, soVla^. Jf. 
Soulouque, sof/look', Jf. 
Soult. soolt, Jf. 
Sous, so'fis. C. 
Sousa or Souza. soo'za, Jf. 
Southampton, surh-hamp'tiin, 

Southard, sttft'erd, Jf. 
Southern, surb/ern. Jf. 
Southey. south'! or sfith'Y, Jf. 
Southward siith'erk, Jf. 
Souvestre, soo'vPstr', Jf. 
Sowerbi. sou'er-bY, Jf 
Soyer, soi'Sr or swS'ya', Jf. 
Sozomene, sS-zBm'f-ne', C. 
Sozomenus. so-zOm'S-ntis, C. 
Spa. *pa, Jf. 
Spaco. spa'ko", C. 
Spagnoletto, sp'an-yS-leVto", 

Spain, span. B. &■ Jf ; Sp. Es- 

pafia. a\s-pan'va, M. 
Spalato, spa-la'to, Jf. 
Spalding. spaKdYns, Jf. 
Spallanzani. spal-lan-z'a'nS, Jf. 
Spandau, span'don. Jf. 
Spanheim. span'hlm, Jf. 
Sparta, spar'ta, C. S- Jf. 
SpartacuB. spaKta-kfis, C. 
Spartani. spar-ta'Di^C. 
Spartianua. spar'shT-a'ntts, C. 
Sperchius. sp5r-kl'us, C. 
Spermatophagi. 

-pPi-'ma-tSFa-ji, C. 
Speusippus. spu-sYp'pus, C. 
Spev. -pa. Jf. 
8peyer or SpireB, spir, Jf. 
Spezzia. ^pat r t~-a. Jf. 
Sphacteria. sf5k-te'rY-a, C 
Sphinx, sflnks. E. 
Sphodria8. f-fo'drY-as, C. 
Spiegel. spS^gel, Jf. 
8pinola. gpS^nS-ia, M. 
8pinoza. spf-no'za, Jf. 
Spitamenes, Fpl-tam'f-nez, C. 
Spithridates, spTth'rl-da^tez, 

Spitzbergen. spTts-bSrg'en, if. 
Bplugen, Bplu'gen, Jf. 
Spoleto. Bpft-UPt*. Jf. 
Spoletum, spft-lS'tQm, C. 

Sporades, ep^r'a^lez. Q. it Jf. 
BpotUylvania, sp^t-sll-va'nl-a, 

Bprague. 8pra^'. .V. 

8punnna. hpn-rrn^na, C. 

8puriu. 

Bpurtzheim, Rpoorts'hlm, M. 



Squarcione. skwiir-ehO'nS, Jf. 
Squier. skwlr. .17. 
Staal. Btal, M. 
Staal-Holfltein, stiil '-Sl-stan', 

M. 
StaberiuB. sta-be'rt-tls, C. 
Stabiae. BtS'M-8, ( '. 
Stabroek, stii'brcrok. J/. 
Stabulum. stab'tl-ltlni, C. 
Stachys, etu'kls. Jl. 
SUde. stii'd.-, M. 
Stael. stiil or sta'CK, Jf. 
Stagira. sta-jt'ra, C. 
Stagirus. sta-ji'r&s, C. 
Stahl. stal, M. 
Staius. sta'vfis, C. 
Stamboul. st&m-b661', = Con- 

SIAMlXOrLE, Jf. 

Stanhope, stan'tip. Jf. 
Stanislaus. BtSn-ts-15'fis, stan- 

-la'ils or stan-ls-lou', M. 
Stanton, stan'tun, Jl. 
Stapel. sta r p<?l. M. 
Staphylus, staf'Y-lfis, C. 
Stargard, star'giirt. Jf. 
Stasander, sta-sari'der, C. 
Stasahor, s_ta-sa'n5r, C. 
Staseas. sta r st-as, C. 
Stasicrates. sta-sYk'ra-tez, C. 
Stasileos, sta-stl r e-8s, C- 
Staten Island, stfit'en Inland, 

Jl. 
Statilia, sta-tYKT-a. C. 
StatUius, sta-tYKY-Qs, C. 
Statinae, stat'Y-nS, C. 
Statira, sta-tl'ra, C 
Statius, sta'shY-Qs, C. 

Stator. Bta'tBr, C. 

Staudlin, stoid-len r , M. 

Staunton, stan'tun, Jf. 

Stavanger, sta-vap'g5r, 31. 

Stavropol, stav-ro / 'pol, 31. 

Stchedrin. stchgd'ren, 31. 

Steenwyk. stan'wlk, 3f. 

Stein, stin, Jf. 

Stellates. stel-la'tez, C. 

Stellio. steL'lY-0, C. 

Stenocrates, stf-nSk'ra-tez, C. 

Stentoris, sten't6-rYs, C. 

Stephana, stgf a-na, C. 

Stephanus, stef 'a-nus, C. 

Stephanas, stef'a-nas, B, 

Stephani. st5-f'a / 'nS, 3f. 

Stephanieville, stefan-S-vYl', 
Jf. 

Stephanus.stefa-niis, C. 

Stephen, ste'ven, B. 

Sterope, stSr'C-pC^ C. 

Steropes, stgr'o-pez, C. 

StertiniUB. ster-tYn'Y-tis, C. 

Stesagoras. stf-sfig'S-ras, C. 

Stesichoras, stf-sYk'8-ras, C. 

Stesilaus. st6s / Y-la , iiS, C. 

Stesimbrotus, stS-sYm^brS-ttis, 
C. 

Stettin, stSt-ten', 31. 

Steuben, stu'ben or 6tft-b6n', 
Jf. 

Steubenville, stu'bfn-vYl, M. 

Steyer or Steyr. sti'er, M. 

Sthenele, sthen't-le, C. 

Sthenelus. sthSn'S-ltis, C. 

Sthenis, sthe'nYs, C. 

Stheno, sthe^nS, C. 

Stigliano. stel-va'nS, M. 

Stilicho, stYKY-k5. C. 

Stimicon, BtYnr'Y-kSn, C. 

StipheluB. stYf'e-lus. C. 

Stjernhjelm, stvgrn'velm, M. 

Stobaeus. stG-be'Qs, (J. 

Stockholm, stSk'hulm, Jf. 

Stoechades, stek-'a-dez, C. 

Stoici. sto'Y-si, C 

Stonehenge, ston'hgnj, Jf. 

Stonington, ston'Yng-tun, Jf. 

StorrB. storz. 31. 

StoweU, sto'd, Jf. 

Strabo, stra r b?i, C. 

Strahan or Strachan, stran, Jf. 

Stralsund. stral'sdond, Jf. 

Strasburg. straz'bSrg ; 
O. Strassburg, stras'botirg, Jf. 

StratarchuB. stra-tar-'kus, C. 

Stratico, st^ra'te-ko, Jf 

Strato. stra'td. C. 

Stratocles. strat'S-klez, C. 

Stratola, strfit'fi-la, C. 

Stratolas.fstrat'o-las. C. 

Stratonicus, strat'5-nT / 'ku9, C. 

Stratonice, strat'O-nT'sf , C. 

Stratonis Turria, stra-to r nYs 
tOr'rYs, C. 

Strauss, strous, Jf. 

Stromboli. str5m , bi5-l?, Jf. 

StrophadeB, strfSf a-dez, C. 

Strophius. BttCfMiB, C. 

Struen^ee. strw'en-za, Jf. 

Struve. Mroo've, Jf 

StrymodoruB, strYm / i5-do r rfiB, 



Strymon, strT'mBn, C. 
Stubera. sta-be'ra, C. 
Stuhlweissenburg, 

stool-A'T'scn-bo^rg, Jf. 
Sturm, G. stoorm ; E . sturm, 

Jf. 
Stuttgart, sttJofgiirt, Jf. 
Stuyvesant, sti'vos-ant, Jf. 
Stymphalis, stYm-fa'lY^. C. 
Stymphalus, stYm-fa'lus, C. 
Styra, sti'ra, C. 
Styria, stYr'Y-a, Jf. 
Suabia, swa'bY-a, Jf. 
Suada, sfl-a'da, C. 
Suah, su'a, B. 
Suardones, sa'ar-dO^nez or 

swar'do-nez, C. 
Suba. su'ba, B. 
Subai. bu'bS-T, B. 
Sublicius. sfib-lYsh'Y-us, C. 
Submontorium. 

sBb / m5n-to / 'rY-um, C. 
Subura, sfl-bu'ra, C. 
Suburra. sfi-bflr , ra, C. 
Succoth, sfik'kQth, B. 
Succoth-benoth, 

stik'k5th-be'n5th, B. 
Suchathites. su'kath-Its, B. 
Suchet. sii'sha', Jf. 
Sucro, 6u r cr8, C. 
Sud, sfld.^. 
Sudan, soo-dan'', Jf. 
Sudeten-Gebirge. 

soo-da'tcn-ge-ber'ge, Jf. 

Sudias, sii'dY-as, B. 

Sudri^su'drY, JT. 

Sue, su ; F. su, Jf. 

Suessa, sfi-es'sa, C. 

Suessones, 6U-6s's6-nez or 

Bwgs-so'nez, C. 

Suetonius. swf-to'nY-Qs, C. 

Suevi. swe'vi, C. 

SueviuB, swe'vY-tts, C. 

Suez, soo-Sz', Jf. 

Suffenus, suf-fe , nfis, C. 

Suffolk, suf'fik, Jf. 

Suhali, soo-ha'lY, Jf. 

Suidas, su'Y-das, C. 

Suilius, su-YKY-fis, C. 

Suiones, swl'6-nez, C. 

Suir. shoor, Jf. 

Sukkiims, suk-'kY-Ymz, B. 

Suliman, soti-lS-man'', or Sulei- 
man, soo-lS-man', Jf. 

Sully. siil'lY ; F. su'ye', Jf. 

Sulpitia or Sulpicia. 

sul-pYsh'Y-a, C. 

SulpitiuB or Sulpicius, 

sul-pYsb/Y-Qs, C. 

Sumatra, soo-ma'trii. Jf. 

Sumbawa, sum-ba/wa, Jf. 

Sunbury, sfin^bef-Y, Jf. 

Sunda, sttn^da, Jf. 

Sunderland, sttn'der-land, Jf. 

Sunium. su'nY-Qm, C. 

Suovetaurilia, 

su'&'-ve-ta-rYl'Y-a, C. 

Superum Mare, 

su'pE-rum ma'rS, C 

Sur, ser, B. 

Sura, sQ'ra, C. 

Surajah Lowla, 

_ ser-a'ia dou'la, Jf. 

Surat. soo-rat / \ Jf. 

Surena, su-re^na, C. 

Surinam, soo-rY-nam', Jf. 

Surium, su'rY-Cm, C. 

Surius, su'rY-fls, C. 

Surrentum, ser-ren'tfim, C. 

Surtr, ser'ter, X. 

Surus, su^rfls, C. 

Surya, soor'ya, H. _ _ 

Susa, su'sa, B. fy C. ; soo'sa, 
Jf. 

Susana. su'sa-na. C. 

Susan-chites. su'san-ktts, B. 

Susanna. Susannah, sll-zan'na, 
B. 

Susarion, 6fi-sa , rY-Cn, C. 

Susi, su'sl, B. 

Susiana. su'shY-a^na, C. 

Sushiani, sti'ehY-a'ni, C. 

Susquehanna, sus-kwS-han y 'a, 
Jf* 

Sutlej, sQt1?j, Jf JB 

Sutrium, su'trY-fim, C. 

Suvaroff o/Suvarov.soo-va'rSf, 
or Suvoroff, soo-vo r r5f , Jf. 

Suwanee. su-wa /, nf, Jf. 

Svendborg. Bv6nd'b8rg, Jf. 

Swabia = Suabia, Jf. 

Swanevelt, swa'iKr-vglt, Jf. 

Swansea, swon'st, Jf. 

Sweden, swe'd^n, Jf. 

Swedenborg, 6we , d< s n-borg / , Jf . 

Sweynheim, swan'Tiim, Jf. 

Switzerland. swYfz5r-lond, Jf. 

Syagrus, st-a^grfis, C. 
1 Sybaris. sYb'a-rYs. C. 
, Sybarita, stVa-n'ta, C. 



SybaritiB. sYb/d-rl'tYB, C. 
Sybota. sYb'6-ta, C. 
Sybotaa, sYb'&-tas, C. 
Sycene, st-se'ne, B. 
Sychar, sl'kiir, B. 
Sychem, si'kOm, B. 
Sychemite, sI'kGm-It, B. 
Sydenham, sYd'en-am, Jf. 
Syedra, sl't-dra, C. 
Syelus, st-e'lQs, B. 
Syene, st-e'ne, B. S,- C. 
Syennesis. sI-Cn''ne-sYs, C. 
Sylea, sYl'f-_a, C. 
Syleum. sY-le'um. C. 
Syleus, sYKf-fis or sT'lUs, C. 
Syloson, sYKij-spn, C. 
Sylvanus, sYl-va'nQs, C. 
Sylvia, sYl"vY-a, C. 
Sylvius. sYl'vY-fis, C. 
Syma. si 'ma, C. 
Symbolum, slm'bS-lum, C. 
Syme, si'mS, C. 
Symmachus, sYai'ma-kSs, C._ 
Symplegades, sYm-pleg'a-dez, 

Syncellus, sYn-seKlfis, C. 
Synesius, st-ne'shY-Qs, C. 
Synope, sY-no'pe, C. 
Syntiche. sYn'tY-ke, B. 
Syntyche, sYn'tY-kS, C. 
Syphaeum. st-fe^Qm, C. 
Syphax. sl'faks, C. 
Syracosia, sYr'a-ko'shY-a, C. 
Syracusae, sYr / a-ku /, s$, C. 
Syracuse, sYr'a-kus, B. Sf M.; 
It. Siracusa, sS-ra-koo'sa, Jf. 
Syria. sYr'Y-a, B., C, Sf 31. 
Syriac. sYr'Y-ak, B. 
Syria-maachah, 

sYr-'Y-a-ma'a-ka, B. 
Syrian, sYr'Y-em, B. 
Syrinx, sI'rYnks, C. 
Syrion. sYr r Y-«n, B. 
Syrophaenix, sYr'6-fe'nYks, C. 
Syrophenicia, si'rO-f e-nYsh'Y-a, 

B. 
Syrophenician, 

si'rC-f^-nYsh'an, B. 
Syrophoenices, sYr / 5-f6-nI / '6ez f 

Syros. sl'rSs, C. 
Syrtica, ser'tY-ka, C. 
Syrus, 6i r rQ6,C. 
Sythas. si'thas, C. 
Szegedin, sgg-ed-en', 3f. 



T. 

Taanach, ta r a-nfik, B. 
Taanath-shiloh, 

ta'a-nath-shT'lS, B. 
Taautes. ta-a'tez, C. 
Tabaoth, tab'S-Sth, B. 
Tabasco, ta-bas^kft, Jf. 
Tabbaoth. tab'ba-Qth, B. 
Tabbath. tab'bath, B. 
Tabeal. ta'he-al, B. 
Tabeel. ta'bS-el, B. 
Tabellius, ta-bgKlY-tts, B. 
Taberah, tab'S-ra, B. 
Tabitha. tab'Y-tha. B. 
Tabor, ta^bSr, B., C, Sf M. 
Tabora, ta-bo'ra, Jf. 
Tabraca, tab'ra-ka, C. 
Tabreez. ta-brez', Jl. 
Tabrimon. tab r rY-m8n, B. 
Tabriz, ta-brez', Jf. 
Tabuda. ta-bu'da. C. 
Taburnua. ta-bur'nQs, C. 
Tacape, tak r a-pE, C. 
Tacatuah. tak'a-tu'a, C. 
Tacazze, ta-kafs?, Jf. 
Tacfarinas. tak'fa-rY'nas, C. 
Tache\ ta'sha', Jf 
Tachmonite, tak'mOn-It, B. 
Tachompso. ta-kSmp'sS, C. 
Tachos. ta'kBs, C. 
Tacita. tas'Y-ta, C. 
Tacitus, tfis'Y-tQs, C. 
Taconic, ta-kQn r Yk, Jf. 
Tadmor, tad'mSr, B. 
Taenaros, ti-n , a-r5s, C. 
Taenarus, tgn'a-rfls, C. 
Tanlet, tai'-Y-lgt', Jf. 
Taganrog. t_ag-an-r5g', Jf. 
Tages, ta'jez, C. 
Taghkanic = Taconic. Jf. 
Tagliacozzi, tal-ya-kofsf. Jf. 
Tagliamento. tal-ya-mPn'tO, Jf. 
Taglioni. tal-yo'nt. Jf. 
Tagonius. ta-go'nY-us. C 
Tagus, ta'stis, C. y Jf- 
Tahan. ta'han, B. 
Tahanites. ta'hfin-Tts, B. 
Tahapanes. ta-hap'a-nez, B. 
Tahath. ta'hath, B. 
Tahiti, ta-he'tf, = Otaheite, 
Jf. 



a, e, I, 5, u, long ; a, 6, I, 6, H, y, short ; senate, event, tdea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



TAHLEQUAH 



1019 



THEOPHILUS 



Tahlequah, ta'lg-kwa', if. 
Tahoe, ta-ho'. M. 
Tahpanhes, ta'pwn-hez, B. 
Tahpenes. tii'pen-ez, B. 
Tahrea, ta'rC-a, B. 
Tahtim-hodshi, 

ta'tTm-hSd'shl, B. 
Taillandier, ta'vBN'dt-a', 31. 
Tainan, tr'nan', if. 
Taiwan, tt-wBn', = Foemosa, 

Tako, ta'ki 1 ), 3f. 
Talaus, t&l'ft-tts, C. 
Talavera de la Reyna, 

ta-la-va'ra da lii ra'S-na, if. 
Talbot, taKbut, M. 
Taletum.'tal'g-ttim, C. 
Talfourd, tal'i'grd, 31. 
Taliacotius, tai'I-a-kS'shl-Qs, 

TaUaferro, tBKT-vgr or tCKfgr, 

Talitha cumi, tai'f-tha ku'ml, 

Tallahassee, tai-a-has'g, M. 
Tallahatchie, tal-a-hach/g, if. 
Tallapoosa, tai-a-poo'sa, if. 
Talleyrand, taKlt-rand ; 

F. tal'ia'rSN', M. 
Tallien, ta'lg-ax', 31. 
Tallmadge, tttl'mti, if. 
Talmal, tai'mS, B. 
Talmon, tai'mSn, B. 
Talsas, taKsas, B. 
Talthybius, tai-thtb'Mls, C. 
Tamah, ta'ma, B. 
Tamaqua, ta-ma'kwa, M. 
Tamar, ta'mar, B. 
Tamarus, tam'a-rus, C. 
Tamaulipaa, ta-mou-le'pas, if. 
Tambira, tam-be'ra, if. 
Tambov, tam-bSf, if. 
Tamerlane, tam'gr-ian, if. 
Tamesis, tam'g-sTts, C. 
Tammuz, tam'moz, B. 
Tamos, ta'mBs, C. 
Tampico, tam-pe'ko', M. 
Tana, ta/na, 31. 
Tanach, ta'nak, B. 
Tanager, tan'a-jgr or ta-na'jgr, 

Tanagra, tan'a-gra or 

ta-na'gra, C. 
Tanais, tan'S-ts, C. 
Tananarivoo, 

ta-na-na-rS-voo'', 31. 
Tanaquil, tan'jL-kwtl, C. 
Tanetum, ta-ne'tum, C 
Taney, ta/nT, if. 
Tanganyika, tiin'gan-ye'k^if. 
Tangaai, tan-ga'st, if. 
Tangier, tan-ner', M. 
Tanhumeth, tan^hft-rngth, B. 
Tanis, ta'nTts, B. Sf C. 
Tanjore, tan-jor', 3L 
Tanna, tan'na, M. 
Tantalis, tan'ta-lts, C. 
Tantalus, tan'ta-lus, C. 
Tanusius, ta-nu'sht-fis, C. 
Taos, ta/os or tous, if. 
TapaiBs, ta-pa-zhos', 31. 
Taphath, ta'fath, B. 
Taphiae, ta'fl-g, C. 
Taphnes, tSf'nez, B. 
Taphon. ta'i'Bn, B. 
Tappuah. tap'pCl-a, B. 
Taprobane, ta-prBb'a-ng, C. 
Taptee or Tapti, tap'te', if. 
Tar ah. ta'ra, B. 
Taralah, tar'a-la, B. 
Taranto, ta'ran-tB, 31. 
Tarascon, ta-ras'kBn, C. ; 

ta'ras'kSx", 31. 
Taraxippua, tar'aks-Tp'pus, C. 
Tarbeffi, tar-bSKll, C. 
TarbeB, tarb, if. 
Tarchetius, tar-ke'shf-fis, C. 
Tarchondimotus, 

tar / kBn-dTm'S-tiis, C. 
Tarea, ta're-a, B. 
Tarentum, ta-rgn'tttm, C. Sf if. 
Tarentus, ta-rgn'tfis, C. 
Tarichea, Egypt, tar't-ke'a ; 

Palestine L tS-rtk'S-a, C. 
Tarifa, ta-re'fa, M. 
Tarn, tarn. 31. 
Tarpeia, tar-pe^ya, C. 
Tarpeius, tar-pe'yas, C. 
Tarpelites, tar'pgl-Tts, B. 
Tarquinia, tar-kwTn'T-a, C. 
Tarquinius, tar-kwTn'Y-as, C 
Tarquitiua, tar-kwrsh't-fis, C. 
Tarracina, tar'ra-si'na, C. 
Tarraco, tar'ra-k$,_C. 
Tarragona, tar-rii-go'na, M. 
Tarshia, tar'shYs, B. 
Tarshiah, tar'shYsh, B. 
Tarsius, tar'shY-fis, C. 
Tarsus, tar'sus, B. Sf M. 
Tartaglia, tiir-taKya, 31. 



Tartak, tar'tSk, B. 
Tartan, tiir'tan, B. 
Tartarus, tar'tii-ras, C. 
Tarteasus, tar-t<^ , -ii-, C. 
Taschereau, tiish / ro r , if. 
Tasgetius, tas-je'sht-Qs, C. 
Taahkend, taah-kBnd', M. 
Tasmania, taz-ma'uT-a, 31. 
Tasao, tas'so ; It. tas'sO, if. 
Tassoni, tas-so'iif, 31. 
Tatham. tat'mn, M. 
Tatianua, ta'sliT-a'nfis, C. 
Tatiensea, ta'sht-Cn'sez, C. 
Tatius, ta r .sliT-fis, C. 
Tatnai, tttt'nit-I, B. 
Tauchnitz, touk'nlts, M. 
Tauler, tou'lGr, if. 
Taunton, Mass., tan'tCin ; Eng. 

tan'tun, 31. 
Taunus, ta/nfis, C. 
Taurania, ta-ra'nT-a, C*. 
Tauri, ta'ril C. 
Taurica',' ta'rT-ka, C. 
Taurica Chersoneaus, tft'rt-ka 

k5r / s6-ne / 'sfls, C. 
Taurida, ta'rt-da, = Kkim, 31. 
Taurini, ta-rt'ni, C. 
Taurisci, ta-rts'sl, C. 
Taurominium, 

ta^S-mtn-'I-iim, C. 
Taurus, ta/rtis, C. 
TauBig, tou'zTg, 31. 
Taussig, tou'sTg, 31. 
Tavernier, ta / v6r / nT-a / ', if. 
Tavistock, tftv'ls-tuk, if. 
Taxila, taks'I-la, C. 
Taximagulus, 

taks'T-mag'u-lfis, C. 
Taygete, tit-Tj'e-te or 

ta't-je'tS, C. 
Taygetus, tS-Ti'S-tus, or Tayge- 

ta, ta-tj^e-ta, C. 
Tchad = Chad, M. 
Tehama, cha'ma, if. 
Tchany, Tchani, = Chany, M. 
Tchernigov = Chernigov, 31. 
Tchiloango, chll / 6-an' r gu, if. 
Tchuapa, choo-a'pa, if. 
Tchumbiri, tchoom-be'ri, 31. 
Teanum, te-a'nttm.C 
Teams, te-a'riis, C. 
Teate, tS-a'tf, C. 
Teatea, tS-a'tS-a, C. 
Tebah. te'ba, B. 
TebaUah, tgb'a-H'a, B. 
Tebeth, te'bSth, B. 
Teche, tgsh, if. 
Tecmessa, tgk-mgs'sa, C. 
Tectosaga, tgk-tSs'a-j6, C. 
Tectosagea, tgk-tSs-'a-jez, C. 
Tecumseh, te-kfim'se, 31. 
Tegea, te'j£-a, C. 
Tegn^r, tgg-nar'', 3f. 
Tegula, tgg'u-la, C. 
Tegyra, tg-ji^ra, C. 
Tehaphnehes, tS-haf'nS-hez, 

B. 
Teheran, te-hran', M. 
Tehinnah, tS-hln'na, B. 
Tehuacan, ta-wa-kan', 31. 
Tehuantepec, tS-wan-ta-pgk'', 

Teia, te'ya ; Teius, te'ytis, C 
Teignmouth,_tIn / 'muth, 3L 
Tejuco, titz-hoo'kC, IT. 
Tekel, te'kgl, B. 
Tekoa or Tekoah, tg-ko'a, B. 
Tekoite, te-ko'it, B. 
Tela, te'la, C. 
Tel-abib, tgl-a'blb, B. 
Telah, te'la, B. 
Telaim, tgl'S-Tm, B. 
Telamon, tgKa-mQn, C 
Telamoniades, 

tgFa-mS-ni'a-dez, C. 
Telassar, tS-ias r sar, B. 
Telchinius, tgl-ktn't-Qs, C. 
Telea, te'lg-a, C. 
Teleboae, te-lgb'S-e, C. 
Teleboas, tS-lSb'S-as, C. 
Teleboes, tg-lgb'S-ez, C. 
Teleboides, tel'S-bo'T-dez, C. 
Teleclea, tgKS-klez, C. 
Telegonus, tS-lgg/C-nus, C. 
Telem, te'lgm, B. 
Telemachus, tS-lgm'a-kKs, C. 
Tel-haresha, tgK-ha-re'sha, B. 
Tel-haraa, tel-hiir'sa, B. 
Tel-mela or Tel-melah, 

tgl-me'la, B. 
Telemua, tSl'P-mHs, C. 
Telephassa. tgl'^-fSs'sa, C. 
Telephus. teKe-ftts, C. 
Telesia, te-le'shT-a, C. 
Telesicles, tf-lgs'T-klez, C. 
Telesilla. teFe-sTKla, C. 
Telesinicus, tgl'f-sT-nl'ktts, C. 
Telesinus, tgl'f-sl'nus, C. 
Telesippus, tgl'e-stp'pus, C. 
Telethuaa, tSl'S-thu'sa, C. 



TeleutlAB, te-lQ'shT-as, C. 
TeUenae, tgl-le'nG, C. 
Tellez, tt'Kyath, 31. 
TeUias. VSl'Yl-a 
TeUurus, tcl-lQ'rQs, C. 
Telmeasua, tel-rngb'sfia, C. 
TelmiBBUi, tC-l-nil8 / 'BU8, C. 
Teloa, te'lOs, C. 
Telphuaa, tel-fu'iA, C. 
Telugua, toKoo-gooz', if. 
Tema, te'iria, U. 
Teman, te'inSn, /;. 
Temani, tSui'a-nl, B. 
Temanite, te'mau-It, B. 
Temathia, tC-ma'tht-a. C. 
Temenite, teiti't-nit. H. 
Temenites, tCm'C-nKtez, C. 
Temenoa, tr-m'S-iiBs, C. 
Temenus. tgin'S-nus, C. 
Temerinda, tgm / C-rTn''da, C. 
Temes, ti'm-Osh', .»/. 
Temesa, tem't-sa, C '. 
Temese, tCm'S-sS, C. 
Temesvar, tem-Csh-var', M. 
Tenasserim, ton-as'Sr-Trn, if. 
Tenchteri, ti'nk-te'ri, C. 
Tenea, te r nC-a, C. 
Tenedos, U'n'f-dBs, C. it 31. 
Tenerani, ta-na-ra^nS, if. 
Teneriffe, ten-Sr-Tf / ', 31. 
Tenerus, tgn'g-rus, C. 
Tenea, te'nez, C. 
Teneais, tPn'g-sts, C. 
Teneum. tS-ne'tim, C. 
Teniers, tgn'yerz ; F. t&'nl-a' 

or tnu'va', if. 
Tennesaee, tPn-ngs-se', M. 
Tenos, te'nSs, C. 
Tenterden, ten'tgr-den, if. 
Tentyra, tCn-tfra, C. 
Teoa, te'Bs, or Teioa, te'yBs, C. 
Tepic, ta-pek', if. 
Terah, te'ra, B. 
Teraphim, tgr^a-ftm, B. 
Terceira, ter-sa'f-ra, 31. 
Teredon, tgr'g-dBn, C. 
Terentia, t5-rgn/sh.T-a, C. 
TerentianuB, te'rgn-shT-a'nus, 

C. 
Terentius, tS-rgn'sht-iis, C. 
Terentua, tf-rgn r ttis, C. 
Tereeh, te'rgsh, B. 
TereuB, te'rg-Hs or te'rus, C. 
TergeminuB, ter-jOm'T-nus, C. 
Tergeste, ter-jes'tf. C. 
Tergestum, tgr-jgs'tam, C. 
Terias, te r rt-as, C. 
Teridates, tgr^t-da'tez, C. 
Terina, tS-ri'na, C. 
Terioli, tS-rl'S-li, C. 
Termera, ter'mg-ra, C. 
Termerus, ter , mS-rus, C. 
Termeaus, tgr-me'sQs or 

tgr r m8-sQs, C. 
Terminalia, ter / mt-na''lT-a I C. 
Terminalis. ter'mT-na'Us, C. 
Termini, tgr r mg-nS, if. 
Terminus, ter^ral-niis, C. 
Ternate, tgr-naf, 3f. 
Terpander, ter-pan'der, C. 
Terpsichore, tgrp-sYk'o-rS, C. 
Terracina, tg^ra-sl^na, C. ; 

tgr-ra-che'nii, if. 
Terra del Fuego, tgr'ra dgl 

fwa'go, if. 
Terra di Lavoro, tgr'ra de 

la-vo'rS, = Caserta, if. 
Terra di Otranto, tgr'ra de 

S-tran'tS, = Lecce, M. 
Terrasson, ta/ra'soTr'', 3[. 
Terre-Bonne, ter'-bBn', 3r. 
Terre-Haute, ter'e-hot, 3f. 
Tertia. ter'sht-a, C. 
Tertius, tgr'sht-fis, B. Sr C. 
TertulUanus, tgr / tai-lt-a , ntis, 

C. 
Tertullus, tgr-tHKlrts, B. 
Teschen, tgsh/en, 31. 
Tessin, t?s-sen r , M. 
Teta, te'ta, B. 
Tethys, te'thts, C. 
TetrapoUs, tf-trap"i5-lts, C. 
Tetricus, tgt'rT-ktts, C. 
Tetuan, tgt-6o-'an' r , M. 
Teucer, tii'ser, C. 
Teucri, tu'kri, C. 
Teucria, tuHcrT-a, C. 
Teuk-Cham. ta'ook-sham', if. 
TeumessuB, tfl-rags'sus, C. 
Teuta, tu'ta, C. 
Teutoburgium, 

ta'tS-bgr'^T-Bm, C. 
Teutoni, ru'tfi-nl, or TeutoneB. 

tu'tf.-nez, C. 
Teverone, tit-vS-rB^na, 31. 
Teviot, ttv'T-ftt. if. 
Tewfik, tgf'fJk, M. 
Tewkesbury, Tewksbury. 

tuks'bgr-t, 31. 
Texier, tgs'T-a', 31. 



Thabena, tha-be'na, C. 
Thackeray, thak'< : -rT, 31. 
Thaddaeus, thld*d8'u8, B. 
Thaddeua, thad-de'Qs or 

tliad'de-fiB, B. 
Thahash, tha'liatih, B. 
Thais, tha'i>, C. 
Thala, tha 

Thalamae, thai'a-m6, C. 
Thalame, thai'a-mC, C. 
Thalassius, tlia-ia^'Bt-us, C. 
Thaiberg, taKbgrg, M. 
Thales, EhSIBz, C. 
Thalestris, tlia-lCn'trlB, C. 
Thalia, tha'll-a, C. 
Thalpius, thai'pl-tis, C. 
Thamah, tha'ma, B. 
Thamar, tha'mar, B. 
Thame, tain, 31. 
Thames, tcniz, .)/. 
Thamnatha, thain'na-tha, B. 
Thamyraa, thatii'T-r" 
Thamyris, thain'f-rfs, C. 
Thanatos, than'a-tBs, C. 
Thanet, than'St, 31. 
ThapsacuB, thap'sa-kus, C. 
Thara, tha'ra, B. 
Thargelia, thar-je'lt-a, C. 
Tharra, thar'ra, B. 
Tharshiah, thar'shTsh, B. 
Tharaus, thar'sfls, B. 
Thaaiua, tha'sT-fis, C. 
Thasos, tha'sBs, C. 
Thasus, tha'sils, C. 
Thassi, thas'si, B. 
Thaumaci, tlia'ma-si, C. 
Thaumacus, tha'ma-kus, C. 
Thaumantiaa, tha-man'shl-os, 

C. 
ThaumantiB, tha-man'tls, C. 
Thaumaa, tha'mas, C. 
Thea, the r a, C. 
Theagenea, thC-aj'S-nez, C. 
Theagoraa, th6-fic , 6-raa, C. 
Theano, thC-a'no, C. 
Thearidas, thC-ar'X-das, C. 
Thebae, the'bf, C. 
Thebaia, thCb'a-ts or thS-ba'Is, 

C. 
Thebe, the^bg, C. 
Thebes, thebz, if. 
Thebez, the'bez, B. 
Thecoe, thg-ko'g, B. 
Theiss, tis, 31. _ 
Thelasar, thg-la'sar, B. 
Thelersas, tht-ler'sas, B. 
Theman, the^man, B. 
Themis, the'inTs, C. 
Themi8cyra, thg-mYs'sT-ra, C. 
Themison, thgrn't-sBn, C 
Themista, thg-mts'ta, C. 
Themistocles, the-mls'to-klez, 

C. 
Themistogenes, 

thgm'Ys-tBi'g-nez, C. 
Thenard, ta'nar', 31. 
Theobald, the'6-bald or 

tTb'bald, if. 
Theocanus, thg-Bk'a-ntts, B. 
Theocles, the'd-klez, C. 
Theoclus, the'ij-kltis, C. 
TheocUdas, the'6-kll'das, C. 
Theoclymenus, 

the'6-knm'g-nQs, G 
Theoclytus, thg-Bk'lT-tits, C. 
Theocritus, thf-Bk'rt-ttis, C. 
Theodamas, tbe-Bd'a-nias, C. 
Theodamus, the'S-da^rnQs, C. 
Theodatus, thg-Bd'tl-ttis, C. 
Theodectea, the'o-dgk'tez, C. 
Theodemus. theYft-di'mtta, C. 
Theodora, the'o-do'ra, C. 
Theodoretus, the'S-dB-re'tfis, 

C. 
Theodoricus, the'S-do-ri'kus, 

C. 
Theodorus. the / ij-do' , rBs, C. 
Theodo8iopolis, 

the'B-do'sT-Bp'B-lts, C 
Theodosius, the'o-do'sht-us, C. 
Theodota. thf-od'o-ta, C. 
Theodotas, thf-Bd'O-tas, C. 
Theodotes, tho-Bd'o-tez. C. 
Theodotion. the'ri-do'tTt-Bn, C. 
Theodotus, tlie-Bd'B-tas, B. !r 

C. 
Theodulus, the'u-du'lils, C 
Theogenes. thP-Bi'g-nez, C. 
Theognis. thf-Bg'nls. C. 
Theomenes. thg-BrnT-nez, C. 
Theomnestus, thg'Bm-ngs'tQs 

C. 
Theon. the'Bn, C. 
Theonoe, thP-Bn'B-g, C. 
Theope. the'fs-p?. C. 
Theophane, thf-Bf a-ng. C. 
Theophanes, thg-Bf 'a-nez, C. 
Theophania, the'o-fa'nX-4, C. 
Theophilus, thg-Bf'Mtis, B. * 



fern, recent, drb, rude, full, iirn, food, foot, out, oil, cliair, go, sing, ink, tlien, tliin, boN. 
B, Biblical; C, classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; If, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



THEOPHRASTUS 



1020 



TREBIA 







R 



W 



Theophrastui, the Wfras'tus, 

Theophylactua. 

the G-tt-ttkttts, C 

Theopolia. thMr'MV 
Theopompus. the it-p5m'pils, 

Theotimus. the T-tl'mus. C. 
Theoxena. thinks'?-:.:. 
Theoxenia. the Bks-e'nl-a. C 
Theoxenius, the Bks-e'nY-us. 

Theramenes, thf-ram'f-nez, C. 
Theraa. the'rus, B. 
Thericles. thi-r'Y-klez. C. 
Theridamas. thf-rld'a-mas, C. 
Thermeleth. thgr'niMgth. II. 
Thermodon. thPr-mo'dBn. C 
Thermopylae. thi'r-iiiSp'l-le. C. 
Therodamas, thf-rBd'a-uws. C. 
Theron. the'rBn, C. 
Thesander. thC-eta'der, C. 
Thersilochua.ther-sYl'o-kus. C. 
Thersitae. the r-si'te. C. 
Thersites. ther-si/tez, C. 
Thesea. the-se'a, C. 
Theseum. the-se'Hm, C. 
TheseiB. the-se'Ys, C. 
Theseus, the'se-us or the'sus, 

Thesidae. thf-si'df, C. 
Thesides, th?-sl'dez. C. 
Thesiger. this'T-jOr. M. 
Thesimenes. the-sYm'e-nez, C. 
Thesmophora. thgs-niBfO-ra, 

C 
Thesmothetae, thgs-mBth'e-te", 

C. 
Thespea. thgs-pe'a; -pia,-pl/a; 

-piae. thfs'pY-f, C. 
Thespiadae. tn?s-pi / 'a-df , C. 
Thespiades. thgs-pi'a-dez, C. 
Thespius. thes'pt-us, C. 
Thesprotia. thgs-pro/shY-a. C. 
Thesprotus, tngs-pro'tfis, C. 
Thessalia. thgs-salY-a, C. 
Thessaliotis. thgs'sa-lY-o'tYs, C. 
TheBsalonians, 

thes-sa-lo'nt-anz, C. 
Thessalonica. 

thes'sa-lu-nt'ka, B., C, Sf Jf. 
Thessalus. thgs'sa-ltts, C. 
Thessaly, thes'a-lY, or Thes- 
salia. thes-sSIY-a, Jf. 
Thetis, the'tYs, C. 
Theudas, thu'das, B. 
Theuriet, te'rf-a', Jf. 
Thia. thl'a, C. 
Thias. tM'as. C. 
Thiassi. te-as'sf, 3 . _ 
Thibaudeau. tfbC'do', Jf. 
Thibaut or Thibaud, te^bo', Jf. 
Thibet = Tibet. M. 
Thibodeau, t^bO'do', Jf. 
Thielt. telt. M. 
Thierry. te'S-re'. Jf. 
Thiers, tfar', Jf. 
Thimnethah. thYm / 'ne"-tha, B. 
Thiodamas. tht-Bd'a-mas, C. 
Thion. \&ti8', M. 
Thionville. tfos'veK, Jf. 
Thirmida. thgr'mY-da, C. 
Thisbe. thYz'be - , B. 
Thisoa, thYs'O-a. C. 
Thoas, thCas ; Thoe, tho'e", 

C 
Tholuck. toldok, Jf. 
Thorn. tBm. Jf. 
Thomar, t<j-mar', Jf. 
Thomas. tBm'as. B. 
Thomaston. tBm'Ws-tun, Jf. 
Thomoi, thBm'S-T, B. 
Thoon. tho'Bn, C. 
Thor. tkOr, X. 
Thorax, tho'raks, C. 
Thoresby. thorz'bY, Jf. 
Thoria Lex, thfi'rY-a lgks, C. 
Thorild. tBr'Yld, 31. 
Thorn. Prussia. tBrn, Jf. 
Thorwaldsen, tSr'vald-sen, Jf. 
Thoth. thOth, E. 
Thott. tot. Jf. 
Thous. tho , Qs, C. 
Thouvenel, toov'ngl'', Jf 
Thrace, thra^sf , C; thras, Jf. 
Thracea, thra'sez, C. 
Thracia. thra'hhT-a, B. $• C. 
Thracis. thra'sTg, C. 
Thraecida. thre'sr-da, C. 
Thrasea. thrS'st-a ; also, name 

of a ship, -sea, -se'a, or -sia, 

Thraseas, thra-se'as, B. 
Thrasina, thra'shr-Qe, C. 
Thraao, thra'f*, C. 
Thraaybtdus, thras'T-bulfis, C. 
Thraaydaeua. thrfis'l-dS'lis, C. 
Thrasydamna, thraB'I-da'mtiB, 

ThraayUua, thra-Bnifis, C. 



Thrasymachua. 

thra-slm'a-kfls, C. 
Thrasymedes. thras'l-me'dez, 

('. 
Thrasymene8, thra-slni'i-uez, 

('. 
Thrasymenus. thras'T-me'rius, 

C 
Thuaka, thDo-ii'kii, M. 
Thucydides. thfl-sld r l-dez, C. 
Thuisto, thn-ls'to, C. 
Thulden, tiil'diii, Jf 
Thule, thu'10. C. 
Thiimmel, tuin'mcl. 31. 
Thummim. thtlin'mYm, B. 
Thun. ti>on. Jf. 
Thurgau. to6Kgoa, Jf. 
Thurfl. thu'rl-I. C. 
Thuringia. thfl-rln'jT-a : 

G. Thuringen, tu'ring-en, Jf. 
Thurini, thu-rl'm, C. 
Thorium, thu'r T-i"i m, C. 
Thuscia. thus'si-a, C. 
Thya, thl'a, C. 
Thyades. thl'a-dez, C. 
Thyamis, thi'a-mts. C. 
Thyatira. thl / a-tl , ra, B. Sf C. 
Thyene, tht-e'n?, C. 
Thyesta, thl-Ss'ta, C. 
Thyestes. tht-5s'tez, C. 
Thymbria. thTm , brI-a, C. 
Thymele. thtra-'e-le, C. 
Thymochares, tht-rn5k / 'a-rez, 

Thymffites, thlt-me'tez, C. 
Thyrides. thlr'T-dez, C. 
Thyrsagete. ther-sSj'S-te-, C. 
Thyus. thi'iis, C. 
Tibareni. tlb'a-re'ni, C. 
Tiber, timber; It. Tevere, 

ta'vS-ra, Jf. 
Tiberias. ti-be'rY-as, B. Sf C. 
Tiberis. tYb'S-rfs, C. 
Tiberinus, tYb'e-ri'nfls, C. 
Tiberius. tt-be'rY-tis, B. Sf C. 
Tibesis. tt-be'sYs. C. 
Tibet. tY-bet' or tYb'et, Jf. 
Tibhath. tYb'hath, B. 
Tibni. tYb'ni. B. 
Tibullus. tY-buiatis, C. 
Tibur. ti'bSr, C. 
Tichius. tYk'Y-tis, C. 
Ticino. te-che'riS, Jf. 
Ticinus. a river, tY-si'nuB ; a 

man, tYs'Y-nQs, C. 
Ticonderoga, tt-kQn'der-o'ga, 

Ticozzi. te-kQfse, Jf. 
Tidal, tl'dal, B. 
Tidor. te-dor', Jf. 
Tieck. tek, Jf. 
Tiedemann. te'de-man, Jf. 
Tien-Tsin, te-gn'-tsen, Jf. 
Tierra del Fuego, tS-Sr-'ra del 

f wa'go", Jf. 
Tifata, tY-fa'ta, C. 
Tifernum, tY-fer r num, C. 
Tiflis, tYf-les'. M. 
Tigellinus, tYj'el-H'nus, C. 
Tigellius. tY-jeKlY-fis, C. 
Tighe, ti, Jf. 
Tiglath-pileser, 

tYglath-pY-le'zSr, B. 
Tigranes, ti-gra'nez, C. 
Tigranoc'erta. tI / gran / 5-ser / 'ta, 

Tigre", te'grS. Jf. 
Tigres. ti'grez, C. 
Tigris. tl'grYs, B.. C, Sf Jf. 
Tigurini, tYg'ti-rfnl, C. 
Tikvah, tYk'va, B. 
Tikvath, tYk'vath, B. 
Tilataei, tYl'a-te'i, C. 
Tilavemptus, tYra-vgrnp'ttis, 

Tilgath - pilneser , 

tYl / gath-pYl-ne"zer, B. 
Tilghman, tYKman, Jf 
Tillemont. tt've-mijx', 31. 
Tilly. tYKlY ; T. \&y&, Jf. 
Tilon. ti'lQn. B. 
Timaea, tY-me^a, C. 
Timaenetus. tt-men / '6-ttis, C. 
Timaeus. tt-me'Qs, B. Sr_ C. 
Timagenes, tY-ma.i /r t-nez, C. 
Timagoras, tY-mas'o-ras, C. 
Timandra, tY-man^dra, C. 
Timanthes, tY-man'thez, C. 
Timarchus. tY-mar^kAs, C. 
Timasion, tY-ma'sY-Sn, C. 
Timasitheus, tYra'a-sYth'S-Qs, 

r. 
Timavus. tY-ma'vtis, C. 
Timbuktu or Timbuctoo, 

tYm-bd^k'too, Jf. 
Timeas, tYm't-as, C. 
Timesius. tt-me'shY-fis, C. 
Timeus. tt-me'Ks, B. 
Tirana or Timnah, tYm'na, B. 
Timnath, tYrn'nath, B. 



Timnathah, tYm'na-thd, B. 
Timnath-heres, 

tim nath-he'rez, B. 
Timnath -serah. 

tlui'iiath-se'ra, B. 
Timnite. tYin'mt, /»'. 
Timochaxis, tY-niQk'a-rYs, C. 
Timoclea, Hm'fr-klS'i, C. 
Timocles, tYm r 6-klez, C. 
Timocrates. tt-mOk'ra-tez, C. 
Timocreon, tt-ino'krt-On, C. 
Timoleon, tt-mo'ie-Sn, C. 
Timomachus, tY-mSm'a-kQs.C 
Timon. ti'mSn, B. v C. 
Timor Laut, t$-ni5r' r lout, Jf. 
Timotheus. ti-mo'thS-Os, B. Sf 

a 

Timothy, tliii'?-thY, B. 
Timour or Timur, tt-mdor'', Jf 
Timpanogos, tYm'pa-no'gSs, 

Tinnevelly, tYn'ne-veKlY. Jf 
Tintoretto, tYn-to-rgftS, Jf. 
Tioga, tt-o'ga, Jf. 
Tiphsah, tYf 'sa. B. 
Tiphys, tl'fYs, C*. 
Tippecanoe, tYp / pf-kd-nd6 / ', Jf. 
Tipperary. tYp-er-a'rY, Jf. 
Tippoo Sahib, tYp-do' sa'hYb, 

Tiraboschi. tS-ra-bSs'kS, Jf. 
Tiras. ti'ras, B. 
Tirathites. ti'rfith-Its, B. 
Tiree. W-re', M. 
Tiresias, tl-re'shY-as, C. 
Tirhakah. tYr'ha-ka, B. 
Tirhanah. tYr'ha-na, B, 
Tirhee. tYr-he', Jf. 
Tiria, tYr'Y-a. B. 
Tiridates, tYr'Y-da'tez, C. 
Tirlemont. terl / m(J^' , , Jf. 
Tiro, ti'ro, C. 
Tirshatha. ter'shath-a, B. 
Tirynthus. tY-rYn'thfis, C. 
Tirzah, ter'za, B. 
Tisamenus, tY-sam^f-nus, C. 
Tisandrus. tY-san'drfis, C. 
Tischbein, tYsh'bin, Jf. 
Tischendorf, tYsh'en-dSrf, Jf. 
Tishbite, tYsh'blt, B. 
Tishomingo, tYsb/O-mln'gS, 

Jf. 
Tisias, tYsh'Y-as, C 
Tisiphone, tY-sYf'S-nS, C. 
Tisiphonus, tY-sYf'S-nfis. C. 
Tissaphernes, tYs'sa-fer'nez, 

C. 
Tissot, «'so r , Jf. 
Titaea, tl-te'a, C. 
Titan, tl'tan, B. Sf C. 
Titania, ti-ta r nY-a, C. 
Titanes, tf-ta'nez, C. 
Titanides, tt-tan'Y-dez, C. 
Titanus, a giant, also a river, 

tf-ta'niis ; a mountain, 

tYt'a-nus, C. 
Titaresus, tYt'a-re'sus, C. 
Tithenidia, tYth'S-nYd'Y-a, C. 
Tithonus, tY-tho'nue, C. 
Tithraustes, tY-thras'tez, C. 
Titia, tYsh'Y-a, C. " 
Titian, tYsb/an ; It. Tiziano, 

_ tSt-se-a'no. Jf. 
Titiana, tYsh'Y-a'na, C. 
Titianus, tYsh'Y-a'ntis. C. 
Titicaca. tYt-f-ka'ka, Jf 
Tities, tYsh'Y-ez, C. 
Titinius. tt-tYn'Y-us. C. 
Titius, tYsh'Y-iis, C. 
Titormus, ti-tOr'nius, C. 
Titurius. tt-tu'rY-tts, C. 
Titus, ti'tQs, B. Sf V. 
Tityrus, tYt'Y-rtis, C. 
Tityus, tYt'Y-iis, C. 
TivoU, tYv r 6-lY; It. te'vO-le", Jf. 
Tixtla. test 'la, Jf. 
Tiziano = Titiax. 
Tizite, tl'zlt, B. 
Tlalpan, tlal-pan r , Jf. 
Tlascala, tlas-ka'la, Jf 
Tlemcen, tlem-s5n / ', Jf 
Tlepolemus,Jle-p5Ke-mfls, C. 
Tlumacz. tloo-maks'', Jf. 
Tmarus, ma' - rus, C. 
Tmolus. molus, C. 
Toah. to'a, B. 
Tob. tBb. B. 
Tob-adonijah, tBb'-ad'C-nl'ji, 

B. 
Tobago, t$-ba'go\ M. 
Tobiah. tS-bi'a, B. 
Tobias, tr^bi'as, B. 
Tobie. to'bY, B. 
Tobiel, to'bY-Sl, B. 
Tobijah, t6-bi'ia, B. 
Tobit, to'bYt. B. 
Tobol, tS-boK, Jf. 
Tobolsk, tS-bBlsk', Jf. 
Tocat = Tokat, Jf. 
Tochen, to'ken, B. 



Tocqueville, tBk'vYl'i 

F. tok'vel', Jf. 
Todleben. t5t'ln-ben, Jf. 
Togarmah, to-giir'ma, B. 
Togata, to-ga'ta, C. 
Tohu, to'hS, B. 
Toi, to'I, B. 
Tokat, tr.-kat', Jf. 
Tokay. tCi-kg', Jf 
Tokyo, to'kf-6, Jf. 
Tola, to'la, B. 
Tolad. to'lad, B. 
Tolaites. tB'lit-lts. B. 
Tolbanes. tBKba-nez, C. 
Toledo, tB-le'do- ; Sp. tO-la'dB, 

Tolentino, tS-lgn-te'nS, Jf. 
Toletum. tS-le'ttim, C. 
Tolosa. to-lo'sa. C. Sc Jf. 
Tolstoi, tBl-sto-e', Jf. 
Toluca, to-ldo , 'ka, Jf. 
Tolumnius. to-lum'nl-tis, C. 
ToIub, to'lfis, C. 
Tombigbee, tBm-bYg'be, Jf. 
Tommaseo, tBm-m'a-sa'B, Jf. 
Tonawanda, tBn'a-wBn'da, Jf. 
Tonea, to'ne'-a. C. 
Tongatabu, tBn'ga-ta'boo, Jf. 
Tonquin, tBn-ken', 3f. 
Tooggoort, toog'oort'', Jf. 
Toola = TuLA. Jf 
Toorkistan = Turkestan, M. 
Topazus, tC-pa r zus, C. 
Topeka, to-pe'ka, Jf. 
Tophel, to'fgl, B. 
Tophet, to'fgt, B. 
Topheth, to'feth, B. 
Toplitz, tep'lYts, Jf. 
Topsham. tBps'am, Jf. 
Torbay. t6r-ba r , Jf. 
Tordenskiold, tor'den-skS-Sld, 

Jf. 
Toreno, tB-ran'yB, Jf. 
Toretae. tBr'S-tf, C. 
Torgau, tSr'gou, Jf. 
Tornea, tor'ng-S, Jf. 
Toro, to'rB, Jf. 
Toronto, tB-rBn'tS, Jf. 
Torquata, tBr-kwa'ta, C. 
Torquato, tor-kwa'to, Jf. 
Torquatus. tBr-kwa'tus, C. 
Torquemada, tor-kS-ma'da, Jf. 
Torres Vedras, tBr'rSs va'dras, 

31. 
Torricelli. tBr-re-chgKlf, or 

tBr-rY-sgKlI, Jf. 
Tortuga. tdr-too'ga, Jf. 
Torus, to'rus, C. 
Toryne, to-ri'nS, C. 
Tou, to'u, B. 
Toucey. tou'sY, Jf. 
Toul, tool, Jf 
Toula, toola, Jf. 
Toulon, tooTON', Jf. 
Toulouse, too'looz'', Jf. 
Touraine, toc'ran', Jf. 
Tourcoing, toor'kwax'', Jf. 
Tourgee, toor-zha'', Jf. 
Tournay. toor'na', Jf. 
Tournefort, tooi"'ne-for / ', Jf. 
Tourneur, ter'ner, Jf. 
Tours, toor. Jf. 
Toussaint L'Ouverture, 

too'sax' loo / vgr / tur / ', Jf. 
Towcester, tous'ter, Jf. ' 
Townshend, toun'zend, Jf. 
Toxeus, tBks'6-us or tBks'tlB, 

Toxicratae, tBks-Yk'ra-te, C. 
Toyama. tS-ya'm'a', Jf. 
Trachalus, trak'a-liis, C. 
Trachas. tra'kas, C. 
Trachiniae, tra-kYn'Y-e, C. 
Trachonitis. trak'o-ni'tYs, B. 4- 

C. 
Tradescant, trad'es-kant, Jf. 
Trafalgar, traf'al-giir' or 

tra-faKgar, Jf. 
Tragus, tra'gfis, C. 
Trajanopolis, traj'an-Bp'S-lYs, 



Trajanus. tra-ja'n 
Tralee, tra-le', Jf. 



'nfis, C. 



Tranquebar, tran / kwe-bar', 

Transvaal, trans-vaK.Jf 
Transylvania, tran'sYl-va'nY-a, 

Jf 
Trapani, tra-pa'n?, Jf 
Trasimenus, tras'Y-me'nus, C. 
Tras-os-Montes, 

tras-5s-mBn'tgs, Jf. 
Travancore, trav'ttn-kor', Jf. 
Trebatius, trS-ba'shY-Qs, C. 
Trebellianus, trS-bgiaY-a'niiB, 

Trebellienua, trS-bel'lT-e'nufl, 

C. 
TrebelliuB, trt-bgl'll-tts, C. 
Trebia, tre'bY-a, C. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, event, tdea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, aU, final. 
£, BibUcal ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern } N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



TREBIUS 



1021 



VALOIS 



Trebiua, tre'M-Bs, C. 
Trebizond, tn'b't-zSnd', M. 
TreboniuB, trP-bo'nt-Qs, C. 
Trebula, trgb'fl-la, C. 
Tredegar, trgd'e-gar, 3f. 
Tremite, trCm'6-tS, 3f. 
Tremont, trf-mOnt', if. 
Trent, trgrit, 31. 
Trerus, tre'rfis, C. 
Trevelyan, tr£-vgl r yan, if. 
Treveri, trSv'e'-rl, C. 
Treves, trevz, 31. 
Treviglio, trS-veKyS, M. 
Treviri, trgv.'T-rl, C. 
Treviao, trS-ve'sri, 3f. 
Trevor, tre'vSr, 31. 
Triaria, trt-a'rf-a. C. 
Triariua, trt-a'rT-fis, C. 
TribaUi, trt-bal'li, C. 
Triboci, trtb'S-sI, C. 
Tribolo, tre'bfi-lo, M. 
Tribuni, trf-bu'nl, C. 
Tricaases, trT-kas'sez, C. 
Tricaatini, trtk'as-tt'nt, C. 
Trichinopoly, trtcb/Tn-Sp'o'-lT, 

Tricipitinus, trl-srp'T-H'nfis, 

Tricorythus, trt-kSr'T-thBs, C. 
TrlcoupiB, trt-koo'pts, if. 
Tricrena, trl-kre'na, C. 
Tridentum, tri-dSn'tBm, C. 
Triest, trg-gsf, or Trieste, 

trS-Ss'ttt, 3f. 
Trieterica, trl'g-tSr'T-ka, C. 
TrifolinuB, trtf'S-li'nQs, C. 
Trigemina, trt-jgm'l-na, C. 
Trigemini.trt-jgm'Y-nl, C. 
Trikala, tre'ka-la, M. 
Trimurti, trg-m<3or'tS, H. 
Trinacria, trt-na'krf-a, or Trin- 

acris, trln'a-krta, C. 
Trincomali, trtn'ko-ma-le", if. 
Trinidad, trtn'T-dad', M. 
Trinobantes, trfn'S-ban'tez, 

C. 
Triocala, trl-5k'a-l&, C. 
Triopas, tri'S-pas, C. 



Triops, trl'Sps, C. 
Triphylia, trf-ftK 
Tripoli, trtp'8-n, 



ftl'T-a, C. 



Tripolis, trlp'S-lTs, B. if C. ; 

trg-poTIs, M. 
Tripolitza, tre'pS-ltt'sa, M. 
Triptolemus, trtp-tOKS-mQs, C. 
Triquetra, trtk'wg-tra, C. 
Triamegistus, trts / mS-jts / 'tiis, 

Tristan, trfs'tan ; F. tres'teir', 

31. 
Trithen, tre'ten, 31. 
Tritia, trtsh'1-a, C. 
Triton, trl'tBn, C. 
Tritonea, trt-to'nez, C. 
Tritonis, trf-to'nTs, C. 
Tritonua, trt-to'nBs, C. 
Triumviri, trt-ttm'vr-ri, C. 
Triventum, trt-vgn'tBm, C. 
Trivia, trtv'f-a, C. 
Triviaa Antrum, 

trlv'TT-e" Sn'trfim, C. 
Triviae Lacua, trfv't-e la'kas, 

C. 
Trivicum, tri-vl^kum, C. 
Troades, tro'a-dez, C. 
Troas, tro'as, B. if C. 
Trochoia, tr8k^8-Ys, C. 
Trcezene, trS-ze'ng, C. 
Trogilua. tr5j't-lfls, C. 
Troglodytae, trSg-lSd'T-tS or 

trog-lS-dl'te ; Troglodytes, 

-tez, C. 
Trogus Pompeius, 

tro'gBs pSra-pe^yfis, C. 
Trogyllium, trS-jtl'lI-um, B. 
TroUus, tro'MBs, C. 
Trois Rivieres, trwa? rS'vY-ar', 

M. 
Troja, tro'ja, C. 
Trojani. trO-ja^ni, C. 
Trbllweiber, treKvi'ber, N. 
Tronchin, trSN'sh&N', 3f. 
Trondhjem, trQnd'ygm, M. 
Tropbimus, trQf'T-mQs, B. if 

a 

Trophoniua, tro-fo'nY-as, C. 
Trosachs, troVaks, M. 
Trossulum, trSs'sfl-lum, C. 
Trowbridge, tro'brYj, M. 
Troyea, trwa, M. 
Truentini, tn/en-tl'nl, C. 
Truentum, tru-Sn'ttim, C. 
Trujillo or Truxillo, 

troo-hel'yS, C. 
Tryphena, trl-le'na, M. 
Trypherua, trTi/S-rfis, C. 
Try^pbiodorus, trtf't-5-do'rfis, 

Tryphon, trf'fon, B. if C. 
Tryphosa, trl-fo'sa, B. if C. 



Tachirnhausen, 

twhern'hou-zen, M. 
Tacbudi, tshoo'dB, M. 
Tuam, too'am, M. 
Tubal, tu'bal, B. 
Tubal-cain, tQ'brd-kan', B. 
Tubero. tQ'bf-n*). C. 
Tubieni, tu'bT-e'nl, B. 
Tiibingen, tu'btng-en, M. 
Tucson, tft-sBn'^J/. 
Tucuman^toq-koo-man', M. 
Tudela, too-da /, lii, M. 
Tuiaco, tft-ls'kft, C. 
Tuiato, tft-ll'tt, C. 
Tuk-cham, toojc-sham, J/. 
Tula, Toola, too'lii, M. 
Tule, too'lC, M. 
Tulingi, tfl-ltn'il, C. 
Tullia, tOKlT-a, C. 
Tulliua, taKlT-fis, C. 
Tullianum, tHl'lt-a'nfim, C. 
Tulliola, tnl-lT'o-la, C. 
Tulliua, tai'lt-fis, C. 
Tulloch, taKBk, M. 
Tumbuli, toom-boo'lt, M. 
Tunea, tu'nez, C. 
Tungurahua, toon'goo-ra'hwa, 

M. 
TungUBes, tan-gu'sgz, M. 
Tunis, tu^nts, C. if M. 
Tuolumne, twOKam-nS, M. 
Tupelo, tu'pe-lo", M. 
Turdetani, tur'de-ta'nl, C. 
Turenne, tfl-rSn' ; F. tu'rgn', 

31. 
Turg^nev, toor-ge-nygf / ', M. 
Turgot, tui^go^ M. 
Turin, tu'rtn ; It. Torino, 

tS-re'nO, M. 
Turius, tu'rt-Bs, C. 
Turkestan or Turkistan, 

toor'kgs-tan', M. 
Turkey, tSr'kY, M. 
Turnhout,_t5rn , hout, M. 
Turones. tu'rft-nez, C. 
Turpin, ter'pTn, M. 
Turpio, tgr'pt-8, C. 
Turullius, tu-rfil'lt-iSs, C. 
Tuscaloosa, tBs^ka-loo'sa, C. 
Tuscania, tas-ka'nY-a, C. 
Tuscany, tas'ka-nT, M. 
Tuscarawaa, tas / ka-ra /, 'was, 31. 
Tuacarora, tas / ka-ro /, ra, M. 
Tuscola, tas r k5-la, 31. 
Tuaculani, tas-kft-la'nT, C. 
Tusculanum, tas'kfl-la'nam, 

C. 
Tuaculi, tas r kfl-ll, C. 
Tusculum, tas'kft-iam, C. 
Tutia, tu'shf-a, C. 
Tuticum, tu'tt-kam, C. 
Tutilo, t6o r tS-lS, 31. 
Tuxtla, to^ksfla, M. 
Tver or Twer, tv§r, M. 
Tyana, tl'a-na, C. 
Tyanaeus, ti'd-ne^as, C. 
Tyanitis, tra-nl'tfs, C. 
Tybris, ti'brTs, C. 
Tybur, timber, C. 
Tyche, ti'ke, C. 
Tychicus, ttk'Y-kas, B. if C. 
Tychius, ttk'T-fls, C. 
Tyde, tl'dS, C. 
Tydeus. ttd'Ws, C. 
Tydides, ttd'T-dez, C. 
Tyloa, H'lSs, C. 
Tymolua, tt-mo'lBs, C. 
Tympania, tYm'pa-nl'a, C. 
Tymphaei, ttm-fe'I, C. 
Tyndale, tTn'dal.Jf. 
Tyndaride8, ttn-dar't-dez, C. 
Tyndaris, ttn-da'rYs, C. 
Tyndarus, ttn-da'ras, C. 
Tynemouth, tin'math, M. 
Tynnicbus, ttn'nt-kas, C. 
Typhoeus, tt-fo'8-as or 

tt-fo'us, C. 
Typhon, tl'fSn, C. if E. 
Tyr, ter, N. 
Tyra, tl'ra, C. 
Tyrannion, tt-ran'nt-Sn, C. 
Tyrannus, tt-rfin^nas, B. & C. 
TyraB, tl'ros, C. 
Tyre, tir, B. St 3L 
Tyree = TiREE, M. 
Tyres, ti'rez, C. 
Tyridates, ttr't-da'tez, C. 
Tyrii, ttr't-i, C. 
Tirius, tTr'T-us, C. 
Tyrnau, ter'nou, 3f. 
Tyro, tfrO, C. 
Tyrol, tfr'ai, 3f. 
Tyrone, tY-ron', if. 
Tyros, tl'rSs, C. 
Tyrrel, tTr'tl, 31. 
Tyrrheni, ttr-re'nl, C. 
Tyrrhenum, ttr-re'nam, C. 
Tyrrhenua, ttr-re r nas, C. 
Tyrtasus, tgr-te'Bs, C. 
TyruB, tl'ras, B. Sf C. 



Tyrwhitt, tPr'Tt or tgr'wYt, if. 
Tyslas, ttsh'T-«s, C. 
Tzacones, zak'C-nuz, C. 
Tzombi, tsOm'bT, M. 
TzBchirner, tshlr'ngr, M. 



u. 

Uanapu, wa-na-pCo', M. 
Uando, oo-iin'do, M. 
Uargla,_war''gla, M. 
Uarra, oo-iir'ra, M. 
Ubeda, oo-ba'dii, 31. 
Uberti, oo-bgr'te, 31. 
Ubii, u'bt-T, C. 
TJcal, u'kal, B. 
Ucalegon,_ti-kal , e-g»n, C. 
Ucayale, ookt-ii'lit, 31. 
Ucayali, oo-kt-a'IS, 31. 
Uccello, oot-chOKlf(, 31. 
Udine, oo'de-na, 31. 
Udvarhely, ood'viir'hgl', 31. 
Uel, u'gl, B. 
Ufena, u'fgnz, C. 
TJfentina, u'fgn-tl'na, C. 
Uffenbach, <3t>f 'en-bak, M. 
TJgaia, oygii-e'a, 31. 
TJgalla, oo-giil'la, 31. 
Ugarrowa, (x/gar-rou'wa, 31. 
Uggione = Ogoione, M. 
TJgingo,j3o-gYg'gi5, 31. 
J, 



Ugogi, oo-go/jg, 31. 
Ugogo, oo-go^gii, 31. 
TJgolino, oo-gS-le'no", 31. 
Uhaiyama, oo / hI-ya / 'ma, M. 
Uhehe. oo-ha ,r ha, 31. 
Uhland, oo'lant or upland, 31. 
Uiat, wtst, 31. 

TJitenbage, oi'tgn-ha'ge, 31. 
TJjiji, 6o-je'j$, 31. 
Ukala, oo-ka'la, 31. 
TJkasBO, 6o-kas'si5, M. 
Ukerewe, cK/kgr-a'wa", M. 
TJkiah, a-kl'a, 31. 
Ukonongo, oo'kS-nSn'gO, M. 
Ukraine, oo'kran, 31. 
Ukumi, oo-koo'mY, M. 
Ulai, u'ia-Y, B. 
Ulala, o6-la r la, 31. 
Ulam. u'lam, B. 
Uleaborg. oo'lf-ili-borg', 3f. 
Ulnlas oMJlphilas, ai'fY-las, if. 
TJlinde, oo-len^da, 31. 
UUa, ai'la, B. 
Ulloa, ool-yo'a, 31. 
TJllr or Uller, ooKer, 31. 
Ulm, oolm, 31. 
Ulpianus, ai / pY-a , nQs > C. 
Ulrici, otd'ret-sS, M. 
Ulster, uKster, 31. 
Ulubrae, BFtt-brg, C. 
Ulysses, ti-lYs'sez, C. if 3f. 
Umbagog, um'ba-go'g, M. 
Umballah, Bm-barla, if. 
Umbria, ttn/brl-a, C. 
Umbricius, am-brtsh'Y-Bs, C. 
Umbugwe, oom-bag'wa, 31. 
Umea, oo'mg-S, 31. 
Ummah, Brn'ma, B. 
Undecemviri, au'dg-sgrn^vY-ri, 

a 

Unelli, ft-ngFli, C. 
Ungama, fm-ga'ma, 31. 
UngelU,Jin-ggKlY, 31. 
Unger, oong'er, 31. 
Unni, an'ni, B. 
Unterwalden, don'tSr-vaKden, 

31. 
Unxia, ank'shY-a, C. 
Unyampaka, oo'nY-iim-pa'ka, 

Unyamwesi, oynY-am-wa'zY, 

31. 
Upamba, oo-pam'ba, if. 
Upernavik, oo'per-nii'vYk, 31. 
Upham, ap'rtm, 31. 
Upharein, fl-far'stn, B. 
Uphaz, u'faz, B. 
Upis, u^pYs, C. 
Upoto, oo-po'tij, 31. 
Up8al, Bp'sal, or 

Upaala, Bp-sala, 31. 
Ur, er, B. 
Ural, u'riil, 31. 
Uralsk, oo-riilsk / ' ! 31. 
Urambo, oo-ram / Di5, if. 
Urania, fl-ra-'nY-a, C. 
Uranopolis, u'ran-Sp'O-lts, C. 
Uranus, u'ra-nfis, C. 
Urban, er'ban, 31. 
Urbana, Sr-ba'na, C. 
Urbanua, gr-ba'nas, C. 
Urbana, 5r-ban'u. 31. 
Urbane, er'bitn, 31. 
Urbicola, er-blkM-la. C. 
Urbicus.^r'bT-kas, C. 
Urbino, oor-be r n5, 31. 
Urbinum, er-bl'niim, C. 



Urfa, florTa, 31. 
Urguru, Dor-gOo'riTo, 3T. 
Un, Q'rl, B. ; (Ki'rl, M. 
Uriah, fl-rl'ii, li. 
Urlaa, O-rt'as, B. 
Uriel, O'rf-ei, B. 
Urijah, fi-n'ja. li. 
Urim, a'rlni, B. 
Urion, 0-rI'r,n, C. 
Urquhart,£rk / 'hart, if. 
Urua, iio-hm)'^ .)/. 
Uruguay, iw-nw-gwl^ or 

Q'roo-gwa', 3f. 
Urumiah. il&'rtiifj-iiie'a, 31. 
Urundi, oo-nln'dr, 31. 
Ururi, So-rWrt, M. 
Uaagara, oo^Ra-t?a /, ra, 31. 
UBambara,_^K/sam-ba , ni, Jf. 
Usaramo : _<>o / hii-£a / 'i!iu, 31. 
Usegua, oo'sa-goo'a, 31. 
Ushant,_fish' r «nt, .)/. 
Ushas, oo'shiis, H. 
Usongora, oo'sRn-gO'ra, 3f. 
Ussambi, (jbs-sam'bY, 3f. 
Usaumkua, cK)s / gam-koo' , a, M. 
Uasure, (Jfts-soc'ra, 3f. 
Uta, Q'ta, B. 
Utah, a'ta, 31. 
Uthai, u'thJt-T, B. 
Uthi, u'thl, B. 
Utica, a'tt-ka, C. if M. 
Utrecht, u'trPkt, 31. 
Utrera, oo-tra'rii, 31. 
Uttoxeteiv ttks'c-t3r, 31. 
Utungu, oo-tcxjn'goo, M. 
Uvinaa, oo-vtn'si, 31. 
Uwayu, oo-wa r yoo, 3f. 
Uwins, u'tnz, 3f. 
Uxellodunum. 

aks-CKli5-du'nam, C. 
Uxii, Bk'shT-i, C. 
Uzmal, o&sh-maK, M. 
Uz, Bz, B. 

Uzai, a'zft or u'zft-i, B. 
Uzal, u'zal, B. 
Uzea, u^zgs A , 3f. 
Uzya, oo-ze'ja, 3f. 
Uzza or Uzzah, Bz'za, B. 
Uzzen-sherah, Bz'zgn-she'ra, 

B. 
Uzzi, Bz'zi, B. 
Uzziah, az-zi r a, B. 
Uzziel, Bz-zT'el or Bz'zT-gl, B. 
Uzzielitea, Bz-zT'el-its, B. 



Vaagen, va'gen, 3f. 
Vaal, val, 31. 
Vaccaei, vak-se'I, C. 
Vacherot, vash'TO', if. 
Vacovia, va-ko'vl-a, 31. 
Vacuna, va-ku'na, C. 
Vadimonia Lacua, 

vad'I-mo'nts la'kBs, 01 
Vaga, va'ga, C. 
Vagedrusa, va.fS-dru'sa, C. 
Vageni, va-je'nT, C. 
Vahalie, va'ha-lts, C. 
Vahl, val, 31. 
Vaigatz, vl'gats', 31. 
Vaillant, viFySx', Jf. 
Vaishnava, vlsh'na-va, H. 
Vaisyas. vis'j'iis, H. 
Vaiezatha, va-jgz'a-tha, B. 
Valais, v.Vla', 31. 
Valaskjalf. va-las'kyalf, N. 
Valckenaer. vaKke-nar.J/. 
Valdepenas, val-da-pan'yas, 

Valdes, vaKdgs, 31. 
Valdivia, val-de'vg-a, if. 
Valence, va'lOx*'. 31. 
Valencia, va-lCn 'shT-a : Sp. 

va-lan'thg-a, if. 
Valenciennes, va'tON-'sS-gn', 

31. 
Valens, va'lgnz, C. 
Valentia, va-lgn'shT-ii, 31. 
Valentini, val'gn-tl'nl, C. 
Valentinianus, 

val'.-n-ttn'T-a'nfis, C. 
Valentinus, vaKgn-ti'nBs, C. 
Valeria, va-le'rY-a, C. 
Valerianus, va-le'rT-a'nBs, C 
Valerius, va-le'rt-as, C. 
Valerus, vSKf-rBs, C. 
Valetium, va-le'sht-Bm, C. 
Valgius. vaKiT-Bs, C. 
ValT, va'lf . X. 
Valkyria. val-ktr'T-a. X 
VaUadolid. val-va-diVled', 3f. 
Vallandigham, va-lan'dt-gam, 

31. 

vaiie. varr, .v. 

Valliere, val / lfr4r , l 31. 
Valmiki. val'mS-kS, 31. 
Valoia, vul'wa', 31. 



fern, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fdbt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tiien, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M t Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



VALPARAISO 



1022 



WESEL 



U 



w 



Valparaiso. vH; 

Valt*lh. I ■ -W- 

Vanbrugh. 1 I 

Van Buren. van tnVivn. Jr. 
Vancouver, viu-s.o'vir. .1/. 
Vandalia. vin-di'M-*, 
Vandalii. v-vn-aa'U-I. C. 
Van der Heyden. 

via dCr hi den, Jf. 
Van der Meulen. 

via dgr lnu'Un. M. 
Van Diemen. via de'mCn, 31. 
Vandyke, van dlk'. Jf. 
Vangiones, vanjY-o'nez, C. 
VanEah. va-nl'a. /.'. 
Vannes. van, if. 
Vanni, van'ni 1 . Jf. 
Vannius. van'nl-us. C 
Vannucci. van-mot'chf, = 

Pkrdoiko, Jf. 
Van Oost, van ost. Jf. 
Van Rensselaer, viiu rSn'a -lPr. 

M. 
Vansittart. v8n-sYt'art. M. _ 
Vaperan, vap-C'r-o' or vap'ro', 

Varanes, va-ra'nez, C. 
Varchi. var'k?. 31. 
Vardaei, var-de'I, C. 
Varennes. va'rgnz', 31. 
Vargas, var'gas. if. 
Varignon. wrtn'yfiK', If. 
Varius. va'rY-fts. C. 
Varna, var'nii. Jf. 
Varnhagen. G. farn'ha-gen ; 

Pg. var-na-zhen'', if. 
Varuna. va'roo-na, H. 
Varns. va'rus. C. 
Vasarhely. va , shar / hgl / , if. 
Vasari, va-sa're", Jf. 
Vasates. va-sa'tez. C. 
Vasconea, vas'kS-nez or 

v&s-ko'nez, C. 
Vashni, vSsb/ni, B. 
Vashti. vSsh'ti, B. 
Vata. va'ta, H. 
Vaticanus, vat'Y-ka/nus, C. 
Vatienus. va v shY-e / 'nus, C. 
Vattel, vat-teK or vat'tgK, M. 
Vanban. vu'oon'. Jf. 
Vancher. vS'shar'. if. _ 
Vaucluse, vo'kluz', 31. 
Vaud, vo. M. 
Vaudreuil. vo'dreK. if. 
Vaugelas, vozVla', if. 
Vaughan, van or va'an, M. 
Vauquelin, ▼S'klto', Jf. 
Vautier. vo'tY-a', 31. 
Vaux. vjks,_Jf. 
Vayu. va'yoo, H. 
Ve. va, JT. 
Vecchi, vgk'ke", M. 
Vecchio. vfk'kg-<5, 31 
Vectins. vek'shY-fis, C. 
Vectones. vek-to'nez or 

vgk'tS-nez, C. 
Veda, va'da, H. 
Vega, va'ga. Jf". 
Vegetius. vf-ie'shY-Qs, C. 
Veglia. vVl'ya, if. 
Veia. ve'ya. C. 
Veientes, ve'Y-gn'tez, C. 
Veiento. ve'Y-gn'tG, C. 
Veii. ve'vi. C. 
Veit.vlt or fit, Jf. 
Veiovia. vgj'6-vYs, C. 
Velabrum, vE-la'brtim, C. 
Velanius, vg-la'nY-us, C. 
Velasquez, vtC-las'ketb. or -kgs, 

31. 
Velez Malaga, 

va'lgth ma'la-ga, 31. 
Velia. ve'lY-a, C. 
Velina. vS-li'na, C. 
Velino. vS-le'nO, 31. 
Velinus. vg-H'nus, C. 
Veliterna. vgl'Y-tgr'na, C. 
Velitrae, vC-li'tre, C. 
Velleiua Paterculua, 

vgl-le'yGs pa-ter'ku-lus, C. 
Velletri, vgl-la'tr£, 31. 
Velpeau, vc'l'po^, .1/. 
Venafrum, vC-na'frfim, C. 
Venango, vg-nan^g! 1 ), 31. 
Vendue. vQ.s-'da', 31. 
Vendome, vfi.v'dorn', .)/. 
Venedl vCn't-flT. C. 
Veneti. v.'n'f-ti, C. 
Venetia. vP-ne'shr-a, C. V M. 
Veneziano, va-nCt's-C-a-'n'*. 31. 
Venezuela, vfn'e-zwe'la. 31. 
Venice, vi'n'Is ; It. Venezia, 

va-nPd'zf-a, 31. 
Venilia. vC-nTl'r-a, C 
Venloo or Venlo, v^n-lo', .)/. 
Vennones, vdj-no'nrz r, r 

vr-n'rA-nez, C. 
Ventidius. v^n-ttd'T-fiB, C. 
Ventimiglla, vgn-tf-m^Kva, 31. 
Venuleius. vgr] / n-15"vflK, C. 



Venus, vo'nns, C. 
Venusia. vt-nn'sht-a. C. 
Vera Cruz, va'rii kroos. 31. 
Veragri, vC-ra'^rl or vgr'S-grl, 

Verania. vf-ra'nl-a, ('. 
Veranius, vf-ra'nl-ns. C. 
VerceUae, vCr-sOl'ir. C. 
VercelU. vCr-clUKIC, 31. 
Vercingetorix, 

vOr-sTn-jet'S-rtks, C. 
Verde, vfrd, 31. 
Verdun, \vi-du.\-', .1/. 
Vergasilaunua, 

vCT / gas-T-la , nus, C. 
Vergellus. vei-jOl'ltls, C. 
Vergennes, vOr-iCnz''; 

F. vCKzhen', 31. 
Vergilia, vr-r-jlKl-u, ('. 
Vergiliae. vC-r-jtl'I-f, C. 
Verginius. ver-jTn'1-us, C". 



Ver: 



rgniai 



ud or -aux, vgrn'yS-o', 



VergobretuB.ver-gSb're-tus, C. 
Veritas, vcr'Y-tas, C. 
Vermejo, v6r-raa , ho, 31. 
Vermigll, ver-meKyS, M. 
Vermont, ver-monf, M. 
Vernet, vcr'na', 31. 
Vernon, ver'nun, M. 
Veromanduni, 

ver'o-man'du-ni, C. 
Verona, ve-ro'na, C. ; _ 

_vS-ro / 'na, M. 
Verones, ve-ro'nez, C. 
Veronica, ver'i5-ni''ka, C. 
Verplanck, ver-piank', 31. 
Verrius, vgr'rt-us, C. 
Verrocchio, ver-rSk^k^-o, 31. 
Versailles, ver-salz''; F. 

ver'sa'6 or_ ver-sa r Sl, 31. 
Verstegan, ver-ste'gan, 31. 
Verticordia, veVtl-kBr' dT-a, 

C. 
Vertot, vgr'to', 31. 
Vertumnalia, v5r / ttim-na / 'll-a, 

C. 
Vertumnus, ver-tum'nfis, C. 
Verulam, vgr^oo-iam, 31. 
Verulanus, ver'ti-la'nus, C. 
Verus, ve'rfls, C. 
Verviers, ver'vY-a'', M. 
Veseris, vgs'e-rls, C. 
Vesevus, v^-se'vlis, C. 
Vesoul. ve'zooK, 31. 
Vespacianua, 

A'gs-pa'shTf-a'nQs, C. 
Vespucci. vPs-pcTot'chS, M. 
Vestales, vgs-ta'lez, C. 
Vestalia, ^•gs-ta'lT-a, C. 
Vestalis, ves-ta'lts, C. 
VestUiuB, vgs-tTl'I-us, C. 
Vestini, vgs-ti / 'nT, C. 
Vestinus, vgs-ti'nfls, C. 
Vestri, vgs'trS, iV. 
Vesuvius, ve-su'vl-us, C. &r 31. ; 

It. Vesuvio, vtt-soo'vg-S, 31. 
Vesvius, ves'vt-Qs, C. 
Vetera, vgfe-ra, C 
Vettius, v6f«-fi8, C. 
Vettones, vgt-to'nez, C. 
Vettori, vgt-to'rS, 31. 
Vetulonia, vgt'tl-lo'nl-a, C. 
Veturia, vS-ta r rt-a, C. 
Veturius, vg-tu'rWLs, C. 
Vetus, ve'tfis, C. 
Veuillot, ve'yo', 31. 
Vevay or Vevey, ve-va', 31. 
Viadrus, vt-a'arfls or 

vr'a-drtSs, C. 
Viardot. vg'ar'dS', 31. 
Viatka or Wjatka, vg-at'ka, 

M. 
Vibidia, vT-bTd'T-a, C. 
Vibidius, vt-btd'I-tis, C. 
Vibius, vTb'I-us, C. 
Vibo. vi'bS, C. 
Viborg, ve'bjjrg ; Finnish Wn- 

puri, vu-poo'ff, 31. 
VibulliUB'. vr-buKlT-Qs, C. 
VicaPota. vi'kd po'ta, C. 
Vicentia, vT-sgn's)it-a, C. 
Vicenza, vt-chPnfzii, M. 
Vicetia. vt-se'sht-a, C. 
Vich. vek. 31. 
Vicksburg. vlks-'bgrg, 31. 
Vico. ve'kr,, .)/. 
Vicq d'Azyr. vfck da'zer', 31. 
Victoria. vrk-to'rT-a. C. Sc 31. 
Victorius, vrk-to'rl-us, C. if 31. 
Vida. ve'da. 31. 
Vidar. ve'dar, S. 
Vidaurri, ve-dou're", 31. 
Vidocq. vg'dBk', 31. 
Vienna, vf-gn-'na. C; vg-gn'- 

na. 31. ; O. Wien, ven, M. 
Vienne. v6^n', .)/. 
Vigevano, vP-ja r va-nG, M. 
Vignaud, vCn'vo'', 31. 
Vignola, ven'S'S-la, 31. 



Vignoles. vfn'ySK, Jf. 
Vigny. vSn'yB*, -)/. 
Vilers. vO'Iai '..'/. 
Vigo. vB'gC or vl'gS, 31. 
ViB, vo'lr. N. 
Villa, vel'ya or vTl'la, M. 
Villach. vlKliik'. 31. 
Villa del Fuerte, veKya dgl 

fwar'tit, Jf. 
Villafranca. vfl'vii-f riin'ka, Jf. 
Villagran. v61-yk-gr&n', 31. 
Villalobos, vOl-ya-lo'bf.s, Jf. 
Villanova. vt-l-la-no'va, 31. 
Villanueva, vel-yi-nwi'va, Jf. 
VUla Real, vel'va rit-iil', 31. 
Villa Rica, vel'lii re'kii, .)/. 
Villars, vll'urz or vt'var', Jf. 
VUlefranche, vf l'froxsh', 31. 
Villegas, vf 1-ya'gas, Jf. 
Villehardouin, vi!l / ar / doo / 5> T/ ', 

Jf. 
Villemain, verl'mta', 31. 
Villeneuve, vt-1'ngv', 31. 
Villers, vt-'ya', 31. 
Villia Lex, vTKH-a lgks, C. 
Villiers, vTKyers, 31. 
Villius, vtl'lY-iis, C. 
Vilna or Wilna, vtKna, M. 
Viminalis, vTm / I-na'"lTs, C. 
Vinaroz. vg-na-roth', 31. 
Vincennes, vTn-sgnz' ; 

F. vSN'sgn', 31. 
VincentiuB, vTn-sgn'slit-us, C. 
Vinci, Yln'oliC or ven'che, 31. 
Vincius, vTn'sM-fis, C. 
VindeUci, vln-d6l'l-si, C._ 
Vindemiator, vTn-de / mY-a / 't5r, 

C. 
Vindicius, vtn-dTsh , t-Hs, C. 
Vindobona, vltn-dSb'S-na or 

vln'du-bo'na, C. 
Vindonissa, vln'du-nts'sa, C. 
Vinet, vg'na', 31. 
Vingolf, vln'golf , If. 
Vinicius, vT-nTsh'T-us, C. 
Vinius, vTn'I-Qs. C. 
Vipsania, vtp-sa'nT-a, C. 
Vique, Vich, vek or vlk, 31. 
Virbius, vtr'bi-Qs, C. 
Virgilius, ver-jTKl-us, C. 
Virginia, ver-jTn'T-a, C. Sf M. 
Virginius. ver-itn''I-Q6, C. 
Viriathus, vTr'I-a'thfis, C. 
Viriplaca, vlfr'I-pla'ka, C. 
Virodunum, vTr'o-du'nQm, C. 
Vischer, fTsh'er. Jf. 
Visellia, vt-sellY-a, C. 
Visellus, vt-sel'ltts, C. 
Vishnu, vtsh'noo, H. 
Visconti, vgs-kSn'te - , 31. 
Visigothae. vt-sYg'S-thS, C. 
Vistula, vYs'tu-la, C. 8? 31. 
Vitebsk or Witebsk, vE-tebsk', 

31. 
Vitellia. vY-tel A Y-a, C. 
Vitellius, vY-tel'Y-Qs, C. 
Viterbo, ve-ter'bo, 31. 
Vitia, vYsh'Y-a, C. 
Vitoria or Vittoria, ve-to'rg-a, 

31. 
Vitruvius, vY-tru'vY-iis, C. 
Vitula. vYt'ft-la, C. 
Vives, ve'vgs, 31. 
Viviani, ve-vS-a^nS, 31. 
Vizagapatam, 

ve-zii'ga-pa-tam', 31. 
Vladimir, viad r Y-mer or 

vla-de'mSr, 31. 
Voconia Lex, vo-ko'nY-a lgke, 

C. 
Vogel, fo'gel, 31. 
Vogesus, voj r S-sQs or 

v6-je'sfi6, C. 
Vogt, f ogt, 3I._ 
Vog^^, vS'gu'a', 31. 
Voisin, vTa'zaN', 31. 
Volaterra, vSl'a-tgr'ra, C. 
Volga, vol'ga. Jf. 
Volhynia. vol-hYn'Y-a ; Polish 

Wolynsk, vo-lensk / ', 31. 
Volney, vQKnY; F. vul'na', 31. 
Vologda or Wologda, 

vo-lSg'da, 31. 
Vologeses, vt-loi'f-sez, C. 
Volscius. voVshY-tts, C. 
Volsinii, vOl-sYn'Y-i, C. 
Volsung, voKsciong. X. 
Voltaire, vttl'tar', Jf. 
Voltinia. vf51-tYn'Y-a, C. 
Volubilis, vo-lQ'bY-lYs, C. 
Volumna, vo-lum'na. C. 
Volumnia. vo-lfim'nY-a. C. 
Volumnius, vo-lum-'nY-Us, C. 
Volumnu8, vo-ltim / 'nu-. C. 
Volupia, vo-lu r pY-a, C. 
Voluptas, vfi-lup'tjCs, C. 
Volusenu8, vCKnjse'nfis, C. 
Volusianua. vo-lu'sY-a / 'nQB, C. 
Volusius, vrt-lu'sliY-fis, C. 
Volusus, vBl'ft-sus, C. 



Volux, vo'lfiks, C. 
Vomanus, vS-ma'nus, C. 
Vonones, vfl-no'nez, C. 
Vophsi. TBf/Bl. B. 
Vopiscus, vC-pYs'kfis, C. 
Voranus. vu-ra'nus, C. 
Vorarlberg, fOr-iirKbPrg, M. 
Voronezh, vC-itt-nezn', 31. 
Vortigern, vOr'tY-ggrn, M. 
Vosges, vozli. Jf. 
Vobb, 15s, Jf. 

Votienus, vo-shY-e'nus, C. 
Vouet, voo'a', 31. 
Voyer, vwa'ya', M. 
Vnes, vres, 31. 
Vritra, vre'tni, //. 
Vulcanus, vul-ka'nfis, C. 
Vulcatius, vtil-ka'shY-us, C. 
Vulturnum, viil-teVnilm, C. 
Vulturnus, vul-ter'nfis, C. 
Vuna. voo'na, 31. 



w. 

Waagen, v'a'gen, 31. 
Waal or Wahal, val, M. 
Wabash, wa'bash, 31. 
Wachter, vak'tgr, 31. 
Wachter or Waechter, 

vgk'ter, M. 
Wachusett, wa-chu'Egt, M. 
Waday, wa'dl, 31. 
Wadelai, wa-de-li', M. 
Wagram. va'gram, 31. 
Wahl, val, 31. 
Walch, valk, 31. 
Walcheren. vaKkSr-cn, M. 
Waldeck. vaKdek, 31. 
Waldemar, vaKde-mar, II. 
Waldenses, wol-dgn'sez, If. 
Waldo, wOKdo, 31. 
Waldoborough, 

val / do-bur / ru, 31. 
Waldstadter, valt'stgt-gr, if. 
Wales, walz, 31. 
Walewski, va-leVsk? or 

wa-lu'skS, M. 
Walhalla, val-haKla. X. 
Wallachia. v.ol-la'kT-a, 31. 
Wallenstein. vaKle n-stin', M. 
WaUich. val'lYk, 31. 
Wallis, v5KYs, 31. 
Walmesley. womz'lY, II. 
Walsingham, -svOKsYng-am, II. 
Waltham, wSl'tham, 31. 
Walther. viiKtgr. if. 
Wambu, wam'boo, 31. 
Wambutti, wiim-boot'tY, if. 
Wami, vra'mY, 31. 
Wandi. -wan'dY, 31. 
Wandsworth, ■w5nz / 'wilrth, M. 
Warasdin, vii'ras-den', 31. 
Warburton, -n-ar'ber-ttin, 31. 
Wargentin, var'gen-ten / ', if. 
Warham, war'am, 31. 
Warsaw, war'sa; Polish War- 

szawa, var-sha v va, 31. 
Warwick, Eng., wSr'Yk; U. S., 

war'-wYk. 31. 
Washington. wSsh'Yng-tiin, M. 
Washita. wOsh'Y-ta, 31. 
Washoe. wOsh'S, M. 
Watelet, vat'la', 31. 
Wateree, wSt'er-e - ', 31. 
Waterloo, wa' r ter-loo ; 

D. va'ter-lo', If. 
Watervliet. vra'ter-vlet, 31. 
Watteau. vat'tb', M. 
Waugh, wa, 31. 
Weber, web'er ; G. va'bgr ; 

river, ■we'ber, 31. 
Wednesbury, wenz'bgr-Y, if. 
Wednesfield 1 wgnz''fgld, 31. 
Weeninx, "wa^nYnks, 31. 
Weichselburg. vlk'sel-botirg, 

Weigel, vS'gel, 31. 
Weimar, vi'mar. Jf. 
Weinheim, vin^him, M. 
Weishaupt. vis'houpt, if. 
Weiss, wis, Jf. 
Weisse. vi'se, 31. 
Weissenburg, vl'sen-bd&rg, M. 
WeUe. wa'fe, 31. 
Wellesley. weTzlt, 31. 
Wellington, vrgl'lYng-tun, 31. 
Wemyss. wemz, 31. 
Wener, va'ner, or Wenner, 

vSn'nBr, 31. 
Wenzel, vent'sel ; Latin Wen- 

ceslaus, wgn'ses-la'tis. 31. 
Werner, wgr'nSr or vgr'ner, 

Jf 
Wernigerode, ver/ng-ga-ro'de, 

Jf. 
Werra, vgr'ra, 31. 
Werre, wfr'r'. Jf. 
Wesel, va'zrl. 31. 



a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, I, 5, ii, y, Bhort ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N, Norse. [See p. 979.] 



WESER 



1023 



ZOBEBAH 



Weaer, wa'zCr, 31. 
Westmacott, w6st'mu-kfit, M. 
Westmeath. wCst/rafth, 31. 
Westminster, wesfmYn-stSr, 

M. 
Westmoreland, wfst'mo'or- 

l«nd or wOst-mor'land, Jf. 
Westphalia, wCst-fS'lY-a ; Q. 

Westphalen, vpst-fa'lcn, 31. 
Weyden. wi'den, Jf. 
Weymouth, wa'mfith, 31. 
Whalley, hwOKY, M. 
Wharton, hwar'tiin, Jf. 
Whewell, hii'';i, M. 
Whitefield, hwtt'fPld, Jf. 
Whydah. hwYd'a, Jf. 
Wichita, wYch'Y-ta. M. 
Wiclif, Wickliffe, = Wycliffe, 

M. 
Widin, vYd'Yn, 31 
Wiedersheim, ve'ders-hlm, 31. 
Wieland, ve'liint, 31. 
Wieliczka, vf-lYch'ka, Jf. 
Wien, veil, = Vienna, Jf. 
Wiesbaden, ves-ba'den or 

ves'ba-den, 31. 
Wieselgren. ve'zel-gren, Jf. 
Wildenbruch, vYl'den-br<36k, 

Jf. 
Wilkesbarre, wYlks'bar-Y, M. 
Willaert, wul&rt, Jf. 
Willamette, wYl-a'me't, Jf. 
Willoughby, wYK6-bY, Jf. 
Willughby, vYFfi-M, Jf. 
Wilna. wll'na, Jf. 
Winckelmann, vYn'kel-man, 

Jf. 
Windham, wYnd'am, It. 
Windischgratz,vYn / 'dYsh-gTgts, 

Jf 
Windsor. wYn'zgr, 31. 
Winkelried, vYn'kel-ret, Jf. 
Winnebago, wYn'S-ba'gS, 31 
Winnepesaukee or Wmipisio- 

gee, wYn't-pe-sa'Tti?, M. 
Winnipeg, wYn'Y-pSg, 31. 
Wirth, vert, 31. 
Wisbech, wYz'bech, Jf. 
Wisby, Visby, vYs'bu, Jf. 
Wiscasset, wYs-kas'sgt, 31. 
Wisconsin.wYs-ko'n'sYn, Jf. 
Wismar, wes'mar, 31 _ 
Wissembourg, vYs'sSx'boor'', 

Jf. 
Witebsk = Vitebsk, 31. 
Wito, we'tu, Jf. 
Wittenberg, wYt'ten-berg ; 6. 

vYf ten-berg, Jf. 
Wittgenstein, vYfgen-stin, 31. 
Witzleben, vYts'la-ben, Jf. 
Wiveliscombe, wYv / e-lYs , kQm 

or wYls'ktim, Jf. 
Wladimir = Vladimir, Jf. 
Woburn, woo'bern, 31. 
Woden, wo'den, V. 
Wbhler or Woehler, vSler, 

Jf. 
Wohlgemuth, voKgc-motit, Jf. 
Wolcott, wOl'kut or wotiKkut, 

M. 
Wolfenbiittel, vol'fen-bu'tel, 

31. 
Wolff, vftlf , Jf. 
Wolga = Volga, Jf. 
Wolgelaiwotua, 

wOFge-U-wSt'O-a, M. 
Wollaston, w(561'as-tun, Jf. 
Wollstonecraft, 

w(5oKstttn-krfift, 31. 
Wolsey. wotiKzI, 31. 
Wolverhampton, 

w-661 / ver-hamp / 'tQn, 31. 
Woolwich, wotiKYj, 31. 
Worcester, wSos'ter, 3f. 
Wordsworth, werdz'werth, Jf. 
Worms, Terms, Jf. 
Woronicz, vo-ro'ii'Ich, 31. 
Wotton, wQt'tiin, 31. 
Wouverman, wou'vgr-man, 31. 
Wrangel, ran'gel, 31. 
Wraxall, raks'nl, 31. 
Wrexham, reks'am, 3T. 
Wrottesley, rSts'lY. .1/. 
Wualaba, woo'a-la'ba, 31. 
Wiirtemberg, vur'tem-bgrg', 

31. 
Wurtzburg, vurts'boSrg. Jf. 
Wyandot, also Wyandotte. 

wi'an-dQt'', 31. 
Wycherly. wYch'gr-LY. Jf. 
Wycliffe, Wyclif, Wiclif, or 

Wickliffe, wtt/Mf, 31. 
Wycombe, wYk'um, 31. 
Wye, wl, Jf. 
Wylie, wl'lY, 31. 
Wyndham, wYnd'am, 31. 
Wyntoun, wTfn'tfin, Jf. 
Wyoming, wI-o'inYng {not 

wi'o-mYng), Jf. 
Wythe, with {not with), 31. 



X. 

Xagua, ha'j.'wa, 31. 
Xalapa or Jalapa. hii-la'pa, 31. 
Xanthia. zan'tTiY-a, C. 
Xanthias, zan'thY-^s, ('. 
Xanthica, zan'thT-ka, C. 
XanthicuB, zan'thY-kHs, B. i( 

C. 
Xanthippe, zan-tTp'r?, C. 
Xanthippua, zan-tYp'pus, C. 
Xauxa = JAUJA, Jf. 
Xavier, zav r Y-£r; Sp. ha-vt-ar', 

M. 
Xenagoras, zfr-nHg'O-ras, C. 
Xenarchus, ze-niir'kus, C. 
Xenares, zCn'd-rez, C. 
Xenea, ze'nC-a, C. 
Xenetus. zCn r e-tus, C. 
Xenia, ze'nT-a. 31. 
Xeniades^zS-nl'a-dez, C. 
Xenius, ze'nY-us, C. 
Xenoclea, zen'S-kle'a, C. 
Xenocles, zCn'O-klez, C. 
Xenocrates, zC-nSk'ra-tez, C. 
Xenodamus, zS-nSd'a-mfls or 

zgn'ti-da'mHs, C. _ 
Xenodemus, zen / ii-de / 'mas, C. 
Xenodice, zS-nQd'T-sS, C. 
Xenodochus, zf-nSd'S-kus, C. 
Xenodotus, z^-nSd'C-tfls, C. 
Xenophanes, z?-n5f'a-nez, C. 
Xenophon, zgn'S-fQn, C. 
Xenotimus, z^n'S-ti'mSs, C. 
Xeres, hS-rgth', 31. 
Xeres = Jeres, M. 
XeroUbya, zgr'S-lTb'Y-a, C. 
Ximene, zt-me'ne^C. 
Ximenes, zY-me'nez ; 

Sp. he-ma^nes, Jf. 
Xingu or Chingu, shea-goo', 31. 
Xochimilco, ho-kS-meL / 'ko, 31. 
Xulla, zool'la, 31. 
Xychus, zi'kfis, C. 
Xylander, ks^-lan^der, Jf. 
Xylenopolis, ztl-^-nSp'S-lYs, C. 
Xypete, zlp'S-te, C. 
Xystiani, zYs'tY-a^ni, C. 



Y. 

Yakootsk. ya-kootsk', 31. 
Yaku, ya'koo, 31. 
Yalabusha, yal / a-bd6sh , a, Jf. 
Yalafa, yii'la-ia, 31. 
Yalunga, ya-loop/ga, 31. 
Yambua, yam-boo / a, Jf. 
Yambuga, yiim-boo'ga, Jf. 
Yang-tse-Kiang. 

yang'tsS-kY-ang', 31. 
Yanina, ya'ne-na, 31. 
Yarkand, yar'kand', 31. 
Yaroslav, ya-rS-slav', 31. 
Yazoo, ya-zoo', 31. 
Yeddo, ygd'dS, M. 
Yekaterinoslav, 

ytt-ka-ta-re-nS-slav', 31. 
Yelizavetgrad, 

ya-15-sa-v5t-griid / ', 31. 
Yemen, yem^en, 31. 
Yenikale, yen-e-ka'ia, M. 
Yenisei, vf n'e-sa'f, 31. 
Yeovil, yo'vYl, 31 
Yesso or Yezo, ya'zS, 31. 
Yggdrasil, Yg'dra-sYl, If. 
Ymir, e'mer, If. 
Yonge, yung, Jf. 
Yonkers, ySnk'Srz, Jf. 
Yonne, yQn, 31. 
Yosemite. yo-s5m /, Y-tS, Jf. 
Youatt. yoo'at, 31. 
Youghal, yal, 31. 
Youghiogheny, vS-hfi-ga'nY, 31. 
Youmans, yoo'manz, 31. 
Ypres, e'pr, 31. 
Ypsilanti, Yp'sY-lSn'tY, Jf. 
Yriarte or Iriarte, e-re-ar'tit, 

Jf. 
Ysabeau, e'za'bo', Jf. 
Yssel or Tjssel, I'sd, 31.' 
Yucatan, yoo'ka-tan', M. 
Yupanqui, yoo-pan ,r kS, M. 
Yverdun, S > vgr / ditN / ', 31. 
Yvetot, Sv'to'', Jf. 



Zaab. zab. Jf. 
Zaanaim. za'a-na'Ym, B. 
Zaandam,_zan-dam / ', 31. 
Zaavan, za'a-van, B. 
Zaazan, za'a-zan, B. 
Zaazannim. za'a-zan-'nYm, B. 
Zabad. za'b&d, B. 
ZabadaeanB. zab'a-de'anz, B. 



Zabadaias, zab'a-dY/as, 1',. 
Zabadeans. z.lb'u-ck-'anz, C. 
Zabatus. z.ll.'a-t 
Zabbai. /ab'ba, /;. 
Zabbud, zab'bful, B. 
Zabdeus, zab-de'tis, B. 
Zabdiel. zBb'dY-el, B. 
Zabolus, zab'o-ltis, C. 
Zabud, za'bud, li. 
Zabdi, zttb'dl, B. 
Zabulon, zabTi-Wn, B. 
Zacatecaa. zak / a-ta / 'kaB, Jf. 
Zaccai, /.ak'k-t-I, IS. 
Zacchaeus, Zaccheus. 

zak-ke'ds, B. 
Zacchur. z&k'ker, /;. 
Zaccur. zak'kCr, B. 
Zach, tsiik, .1/. 
Zacharia. tsiik-a-re'a, 31. 
Zachariah. zak'a-rt'4 ; 

Zacharias. zak'a-rl'os, B. 
Zachary, zak'a-rY, B. 
Zacher. za'kgr, B. 
ZacynthuB, za-sYn'thfis, C. Sf 

Zadok. za r d5k, B. 

za-gre'tis or za'grus, 



^ 



Zagrus, za'grQs, C. 
Zaham, za'ham, B. 
Zair, za'Sr, B. 
Zaire, za-er'. Jf. 
Zalaph, za'laf , B. 
Zalates, zaKa-tez, C. 
Zaleucus, za-la'ktts, C. 
Zalmon. zaKmOn, C. 
Zalmonah, zai-mo , na, B. 
Zalmunna, zai-mun'na, B. 
Zaluski, za-loos'ke, 31. 
Zama, za'ma, C. 
Zambezi, zam-ba'z?, Jf. 
Zambia, zSm^bYs, B. 
Zambri, zam /- bri, B. 
Zamalxis, za-m5lks , 'Ys, C. 
Zamora, tha-mo / 'ra, M. 
Zamoth, za'mBth, B. 
Zampieri, dzam-pS-a'rC, Jf. 
Z amzummims, 

zam-zGrn'mYmz, B. 
Zanchi, zan'ke, Jf 
Zanesville, zanz'vYl, Jf. 
Zanguebar, zan-'ge-bar, Jf. 
Zanoah, za-no'a, B. 
Zante, zan'te, 31. 
Zanzibar, zan'zY-bar, Jf. 
Zapata, sa-pii'ta, Jf. 
Zaphnath-paaneah. 

zaFnath-pa'a-n^-d, B. 
Zaphon, za'fQn, B. 
Zapp, zap, Jf. 
Zappu._zap r poo, 31. 
Zara, za'ra, B. ; za'ra, Jf. 
Zaraces.zar'a-sez, B. 
Zarah, za'ra, B. 
Zaraias, zSr'a-i'rts, B. 
Zarbienus, zar^Y-e^ntts, C. 
Zarate, zha-ra'tst, 31. 
Zareah, za'rf-a, B. 
Zareathites, za r re-ath-its, B. 
Zared, za'rgd, B. 
Zarephath, zar'e-fath, B. 
Zaretan, zar'£-tan, B. 
Zareth-shahar, 

za'rgth-sha'har, B. 
Zarhites, zar'hits, B. 
Zaria, za'rS-a, 31. 
Zartanah, zar'ta-na, B. 
Zarthan, zar'than, B. 
Zathoe, zath'o-?, B. 
Zathui, za-thu'I, B. 
Zatthu, zat'thfl, B. 
Zattu, zat'tft, B. 
Zavala, tha-va^la, Jf. 
Zavan. za'van, B. 
Zawa Bonga, za'wa bSn'ga, Jf. 
Zaza, za'za, B. 

Zealand, ze'lo id ; Dutch Zee- 
land, za'liiiit, Jf. 
Zebadiah, zPb'a-di'a, B. 
Zebah, ze'ba, B. 
Zebaim, ze-ba'Yrn, B. 
Zebedee, zfb'e-de, B. 
Zebina, zf-bi'na, B. 
Zeboiim, ze-boi'Ym, C. 
Zeboim, zf-bo'Ym, B. 
Zebu. z?-boo', Jf. 
Zebudah, z£-bu'da, B. 
Zebul, ze'bfil, B. 
Zebulonite3, zPb'ii-lSn-its, B. 
Zebulun, zob'rt-irm, B. 
Zebulunite, zf b'ft-lfin-It, B. 
Zebzah. zCb^za, B. 
Zechariah. zek'a-ri'a, B. 
Zedad, ze'dad, B. 
Zedechias, zPd'P-ki'as, B. 
Zedekiah, zed'e-kl'a, B. 
Zeeb, ze'P b or aeb', B. 
Zeilah, zS'lii, Jf. 
Zeitz. taXte, Jf. 
Zela, ze'la, C. 



Zelah, ze'la, B. 
Zelaya, tha-ll'ya, 31. 
Zele, zft'le, .•/. 
Zelek, ze'irk, li. 
Zelle = CELi.i;, M. 
Zelophehad, zf-lS'fC-had, B. 
Zelotes, zC-lo'tez, B. 
Zelotti, za-lot't" 
Zelter, tsfel'ttr, If. 
Zemaraim. zCm'a-ra'Ym, B. 
Zemarite, ztm'a-rlt, B. 
Zemira, zt-ml / 'ra, /;. 
Zenan, ze'nan, /;. 
Zenas, ze'nas, B. 
Zeno. ze'no, C. 
Zend-Avesta, zCnd'-a-vfs'td, 

//. 
Zenobia, zC-no'bY-a, C. 
Zenodorus, zgn'S-dii'ras, C. 
ZenodotUB, zt-nnd'ij-tQs, C. 
Zenogenes. zf-nOj'f-nez, C. 
Zenophanes, ze-nQfa-nez, C. 
ZenothemiB, zt-nSth't-mYs, C. 
Zephaniah, zPf'4-nI'a, B. 
Zephath. ze'fath, B. 
Zephatha, zef'a-thi, B. 
Zephi, ze'IY, B. 
Zepho, ze'fo. I',. 
Zephon, ze'fSn, B. 
Zephonites, zgfC-nlta, B. 
Zephyre. zefTf-rt, C. 
Zephyrium, zS-fYr'Y-Bm, C. 
Zephyrus, zOf 'Y-rus, C. 
Zer, z5r, B. 
Zerah, ze'ra, B. 
Zerahiah, zSr'a-M'd, B. 
Zeraiah, zSr'a-i'a, B. 
ZerbBt, tsgrpst, Jf. 
Zered, ze'red, B. 
Zereda. zSr'S-da, B. 
Zeredathah. zP-rPd'a-tha, B. 
Zererath^zgr'S-rath, B. 
Zeresh, ze'rCsh, B. 
Zeri, ze'ri. B. 
Zeror, ze'r6r, B. 
Zeruah, ze-rii'a, B. 
Zerubbabel, zf-rfib'ba-bel, B. 
Zeruiah. zSi^u-i'd, B. 
Zerynthus. zS-rYn'thfis, C. 
Zetham, ze'tham, B. 
Zethan, ze'than,5. 
Zethar, ze'thar, B. 
Zethes, ze'thez, C. 
Zetus, ze'tfis, C. 
Zeugitana, zu'lY-ta-'na, C. 
Zeuss, tsois, 31. 
Zeuxidamus, zuks'Y-da'mufl, 

Zeuxippe. zflks-Yp'pt, C. 
Zeuxis*. zuks'Ys, C. 
Zeuxo, zuks'6, C. 
Zhitomeer, zhYt-C-mer', Jf. 
Zia, zi'a, B. 
Ziba, zl'ba, B. 
Zibeon, zYb't-8n, B. 
Zibia or Zibiah, zYb'Y-a, B. 
Zichri, zYk'n, B. 
Ziddim. zgd'dYm, B. 
Zidkijah, zYd-ki'ja, B. 
Zidon, zi'dSn, B. 
Zidonians, zY-do'ttY-anz, B. 
Ziegler. tseg'lgr, Jf. 
Zif, zYf . B. 
Ziha. zi^ha. B. 
Ziklag, zYk'iag, B. 
Zilia. zY-li'a or zYl^T-a, C. 
ZiUah, zYKla, B. 
Zilpah. zYKpa. B. 
Zilthai. zYl'thS, B. 
Zimmah. zYm r ma, B. 
Zimmermann, zYm'mer-man ; 

G. tsYm'er-nian, Jf. 
Zimran, zYrn'ran, B. 
Zimri, zYm'rl, B. 
Zin. zYn. B. 
Zina. zl'na, B. 

Zinzendorf. tsYnt'6en-dCrf , Jf. 
Zion, zi'ftn, B. 
Zior. zi'or, B. 
Ziph. zYf. 73. 
Ziphah. zffa, B. 
Ziphims. zYf 'Ymz, B. 
Ziphion, zXfMra, B. 
Ziphites. zYf'Its, B. 
Ziphron, zi'frSn. B. 
Zipoetes. zY-pe'tez, C. 
Zippor. zYp r p6r. B. 
Zipporah, zYp-jw'ra, B. 
Zirknitz, tsYrk'nYts, 31. 
Zithri. zYth'rl, B. 
Zittau, tsYt'tou, B. 
Ziz, zYz. B. 

Ziza or Zizah. zl'z&, B. 
Zlatoosk. zla-toosk', 31. 
Zloczow. zhlo'clibv, Jf. 
Znaim. znini. Jf. 
Zoan. zo'on, B. 
Zoar. zo^iir. B. 
Zoba. Zobah, zo'bi, B. 
Zobebah. zo-be'ba, B. 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, fobt, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin, boN. 
B, Biblical ; C, Classical ; E, Egyptian ; H, Hindoo ; M, Modern ; N y Norse. [See p. 979.] 



N 



ZODIACUS 



1024 



ZYGOPOLIS 



XodlAcui. ■MX'tktts, C 

Z<»t«u. le'tWls or rS'tOs, 

C 
Zohar. .-o'hSr. B. 
Zoheletfl. .-6'hC-lMh, B. 
Zoheth. i5'h6th, B. 
Zoilu*. BOT-ltts, (.'. 
Zoippu». ;Mp'phs, C. 
Zolfiiofer. tsM'6-ko'ffr, Jf. 
Zombe. ■flm'be, Jf. 
Zona. tC'nAi C 
Zonaras. /.^-ua'ras, C. 
Zonco. rtn'gO, Jf. 
Zophah. zo'Ta. .B. 
Zophai. /o'fjt. £. 
Zophar. zo'far, B. 
Zophim, zO'fYm, .B. 



Zopyrion. zft-pYr'Y-on, C. 
Zopyrus. /Jip'1-rfis, C. 
Zorah, zo'rii. B. 
Zorathites, z6'rath-tts, B. 
Zoreah, zo'rC-a. />'. 
Zorilla. th5-rel'y&, M. 
ZoriteB, zo'rlts, B. 
Zoroaster, zd'rS-as'tfr or 

zor'o-as'tgr, C. 
ZoroastreB, zor / i5-as , trez, C. 
Zorobabel. ziVrSb'a-bfl, B. 
Zosimus, zfis'l-mfis, C. 
Zoateria, zos-te'rY-a, C. 
Zouch. zdoch, Jf. 
Zrinyi, zren've", M. 
Zschokke, tskSk'ke, Jf. 
Zuar, zu'ar, B. 



Zuccarelli, dzooVka-rgllS, Jf. 
Zuccaro, dzook-ka^rfs or 

dzook'kii-rS, Jf. 
Zucchi^dzook'kS, M. 
Zug, zoog or 66og, Jf. 
Ziillicb.au, tsul'lS-kou', M. 
Zululand, zoo'loo-l&nd, M. 
Zumalacarreguy or Zumalacar- 
regui, th<5b-ma-la-kar / 'ra'-g£, 

Zumpt, tsdompt, M. 

Zufii, zoon'yY, Jf. 

Zuniga, thoon-ye'ga, Jf. 

Zunz, tsotmts, M. 

Zuph, ztif.fi. 

Zur. z5r, B. 

Zurich, G. tsu'rYk, Jf. 



Znriel, zti'rY-el, B. 
Zuri-shaddai, zQ'rt-shad'dS-l, 

B. 
Zuyder Zee. zoi'dSr za, Jf. 
Zuzims, zu'zYmz, B. 
Zvornik, zvBr'nYk, M. 
Zweibriicken, tsvt-bruk'cn, Jf. 
Zwellendam, zwBl ' ten - dam, 

Jf. 
Zwickau, tsvYk'ou, Jf. 
Zwingli, tsvYng'l? , Jf. 
Zwirner, tsvYrn'gr, Jf. 
Zwolle, zwOKle, Jf. 
Zygena, zYi'S-na, C. 
Zygia, zYj'Y-a, C. 
Zygii, zYj'Y-I, C. 
Zygopolia, zt-gop'C-lts, C. 



U 



w 



A PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF 
COMMON ENGLISH CHKISTIAN NAMES. 

WITH THEIR ORIGIN, SIGNIFICATION, FOREIGN EQUIVALENTS, ETC. 



BE^- The design of the following Vocabulary is, in 
part, to supplement that of the 'Vocabulary of Proper 
Names, which contains only surnames. Besides the 
English Christian Names, and their corresponding Latin 
forms, the principal equivalents in modern foreign lan- 
guages are given in this Vocabulary, as well as those 
nicknames and diminutives which are well established 
or are etymologically important. 



With one or two exceptions only, no notice is taken in 
this Vocabulary of surnames, which are often used as 
Christian names; such, for example, as Addison, Har- 
vey, Jefferson, Sidney, etc. 

The etymologies given are intended only to indicate 
the source from which the name is derived (often 
through some other intermediate language), and do not 
mean that the English word is in the original form. 



Note. The abbreviation i. id. indicates that the Latin form of the name is the same as the English. 



I. NAMES OF MEN. 



A. 

Aar'on (Sr'un). [Heb.] _Lofty ; 
inspired. Arab. Harun (ha'roon'), or 
Haroun ; L. id. 

Ab'di-el (aVdT-el). [Heb.] Ser- 
vant of God. 

ATjel (a'bel). [Heb.] Breath; 
vanity. L. A'bel, A-be'lus. 

A-bi'a-thar (a-bi'a-ther). [Heb.] 
Father of plenty. L. id. 

A-bi'el (a-bi'Sl). [Heb.] Father 
of strength. L. A'bi-el. 

A-bi'Jah (a-bl'ja). [Heb.] To 
whom Jehovah is a father. L. A'bT- 
5m, A'bi-a. 

Ab'ner (aVner). [Heb.] Father 
of light. L. id. 

A'bra-ham (a'bra-ham). [Heb.] 
Father of a multitude. L. A'bra- 
ha'mus ; F. Abraham (S'bra'ON') ; It. 
Abrahamo (a-bra-a'mo) ; Sp. Abra- 
han (S-bra-aN r ) ; Pg. Abrahao (a-bra- 
oun') ; G. Abraham (a'bra-ham') ; 
Arab. Ibrahim ((^bra-hem'). — Dim. 
Abe (ab). 

A'bram (a'bram). [Heb.] Father 
of elevation. L. A-bra'mfis; F. Abram 
(a/br5N') ; It. Abramo (a-bra'mo) ; 
Sp. Abram (a'bram'). — Dim. Abe. 

Ab'sa-lom (aVsa-lom). [Heb.] 
Father of peace. L. id. 

Ad'am (Sd'am). [Heb.] Man ; 
earth man ; red earth. L. A-da'mus ; 
F. Adam (a'doN') ; It. Adamo (a-da'- 
mo) ; Sp. Adan (a-dan') ; Pg. Adao 
(a-douN') ; G. Adam (a'dam). — Dim. 
Ade (ad). 

A'di-el (a'dT-51). [Heb.] Orna- 
ment of God. 

A-dolph' (a-dolf'), 1 [Teuton- 

A-dol'phus(a-dol'fus). } ic] No- 
ble wolf ; i. e., noble hero. L. A-d51'- 
phus ; F. Adolphe (a/d51f) ; It. Adol- 
fo (a-dol'fS), or Udolfo (66-dol'f6) ; 
Sp. Adolfo (a-dol'fo); G. Adolf 
(a'dfclf), Adolph, also Odulf (o'dSolf). 
— Dim. DSl'phus. 



Ad O-ni'ram (ad/o-nI'r5m). [Heb.] 
Lord of height. 

ATbert (al'bert). [Teutonic] No- 
bly bright ; illustrious. L. Al-ber'- 
tus ; F. Albert (al'ber') ; It. & Sp. 
Alberto (al-bgr'to) ; G. Adalbert 
(a'dal-bSrt), Albert (al'bert), Al- 
brecht (alHirekt). — Dim. Al. 

Al'ex-an'der(aVegz-an'der). [Gr.] 
A defender of men. L. id. ; F. Ale- 
xandre (a/lek'soN'dr) ; It. Alessandro 
(a-lgs-san'dro) ; Sp. Alejandro (a-la- 
han'dro) ; G. & D. Alexander (a'lek- 
san'der). — Dim. Al'eck, EllTck, 
San'der, San'djr, Saw'nie. — Fern. 
Alexandra, Alexandrina. 

Al'fred(51'fred). [Teutonic] Elf 
in council ; i.e., good counselor. L. 
Al-freMus, A'lu-re'dus; F. Alfred 
(al'frad') ; It. & Sp. Alfredo (al-fra'- 
At) ; Pg. Alfred (al-frad') ; G. Alfred 
(al'frat). — Dim. Alf. [whiskers. I 

Al'ger-non(al'jer-non). [F.] With | 

Al'mon (al'mon). [Heb.] Hidden. 

A-lon/zo (a-lon'z6) = Alphonso. 

Al-phon'SO(al-fon's6). [Teutonic] 
All ready ; willing. L. Al-ph5n'sus ; 

F. Alphonse (al'foNs') ; It. Alfonso 
(al-fon'so) ; Sp. Ildefonso (el-da- 
fon'so), Alfonso (al-fon's6), Alonso 
(a-lon'so) ; Pg. Affonso (af-fon'so) ; 

G. Alfons (al'fSns). 

Al'vah (51'va), ) [Heb.] Iniqui- 

Al'van (Sl'vXn). ] ty. 

Al'vin (51'vin), ) [OHG.] Be- 

Al'win (Xl'win). ) loved by all. 
F. Aluin (aau/SN') ; It. & Sp. Aluino 
(a-16"6-e'no) : G. Alwin (al'ven). 

Ama-ri'ab. (Sm'a-ri'a). [Heb.] 
Whom Jehovah promised. 

Am/a-sa (am'a-sa or a-ma'sa). 
[Heb.] A burden. [pie. I 

Am'mi(5m'mi). [Heb.] Mypeo-| 

A'mos (a'mus). [Heb.] Strong ; 
courageous ; otherwise, burden. 

An'drew (an'dru). [Gr.] Strong; 
manly. L. An'dre-os ; F. Andre" (on 7 - 
dra'), Andrieu (oN'dre-e') ; It. An- 



drea (an-dra'a) ; Sp. Andres (an-dreV); 
Pg. Andre (an'dra') ; G. & D. An- 
dreas (an'dra-as). — Dim. An'dy\ 

An/tho-ny ) (5n'tS-nT). [L.] Price- 

An'tO-ny ) less; praiseworthy. 
L. An-to'nT-us; F. Antoine (on'- 
twan'); It. & Sp. Antonio (an-to'- 
ne-o) ; Pg. Antonio (aN-to'ne-o) ; G. 
Antonius (an-to'ne-dos), Anton (an'- 
ton). — Dim. To'ny\ — Fern. Antonia. 

Ar'chi-bald (ar'chT-bald). [G.] 
Very bold; otherwise, holy prince. 
L. Ar'-ehT-bXl'dus ; F. Archambault 
(ar'shoN'bo') ; It. Arcibaldo (ar-che- 
bal'do) ; G. Archimbald (ark'em- 
balt). — Dim. Archy (ar'chi). 

A'rl-el (a'rT-el). [Heb.] Lion of 
God ; valiant for God. 

Arls-tar'chus (Sr'Ts-tar'kus). 
[Gr.] Good prince. 

Ar'nold (iir'nuld). [OHG.] Strong 
as an eagle. F. Arnaud (ar'no'), Ar- 
naut ; It. Arnoldo (ar-nol'do) ; Sp. 
Arnaldo (ar-nal'do) ; G. Arnold (ar'- 
nolt). 

Ar'te-mas (ar'te-mas). [Gr.] Gift] 
[of Artemis. | 

Ar'thUT (ar'ther). [Celt.] High; 
noble. L. Ar-tu'rQs ; F. Artur (ar'- 
tur'), Artus (ar'tus') ; It. Arturo (ar- 
too'ro). [sician. I 

A'sa(a'sa). [Heb.] Healer; phy-| 

A'sa-hel (a'sa-hgl). [Heb.] Made 
of God. 

A'saph(a's5f). [Heb.] A collec- 
tor. L. As'a-phus. [of Bel. I 

AshT)el (ash'bel). [Heb.] Fire| 

Ath'el-stan (Sth'el-st5n). [AS.] 
Noble stone. 

Audrey (a^bri). [OHG.] Ruler 
of spirits. F. Aubri (o'bre') ; It. Al- 
berico (al-ba-re'ko) ; G. & D. Albe- 
rich (al'ber-ek). 

Au-gus'tin (a-gus'tin), ) [ L . ] 

Au-gus'tine (a-gfis'tTn), \ Be- 

Aus'tin (as'tin). ) long- 

ing to Augustus. L. Aug'Ss-tl'nus ; 
F. Augustin (o'gus'tSN') ; It. Agos- 



a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, event, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final, 
fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 
*65 1025 



N 



lOl'ti 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



U 



w 



's-te'nM ; Sp. Augustino (ou- 
M; G. Augustiu (ou-gdos- 
teti'V 

HT* In the I'. S. Augustin is often 
pronounced ;»'gus-tTn. or a'gus-ten. 

AugUS'tUS i^.-gus'tus). LL-] Ex- 
alted ; imperial. L. id. ; F. Auguste 
(ft/gasf); G. August (ou'goost).— 
-. Gus'tus. — Ft m. Augusta. 
Au-reli-US (a-re'll-us). [L.] Gold- 
en. L. id. 
Aus'tin (as'tin). See Augustin. 
Az a-ri'ati (5z'a-ri'a). [Heb.] 
Helped of the Lord. 



Baldwin (bald'win). [Teutonic] 
Bold, courageous friend. L. B&l'du- 
i'nus ; F. Baudouin (bo/ddo'SN') ; It. 
Baldovino (bal-do-ve'no), Balduino 
(-dd6-e / no) ; G. Balduin (bal'doo-en). 

Bar'a-cbJ'as (bar'a-ki'as). [Heb.] 
Whom Jehovah has blessed. 

Bar'na-bas (bar'na-bas), \ [Heb.] 

Bar'na-by (bar'na-bT). ) Son 
of exhortation or consolation. F. Bar- 
nabe (bar'na'ba') ; It. Barna (bar'na), 
Barnaba (bar'na-ba) ; Sp. Barnabas 
(bar-na-bas'), Bernabe (ber-na-baO 5 
G. A- D. Barnabas (bar'na-bas). 

Bar'nard. See Bernard. 

Bar-thol'o-mew (bar-thol'6-mu'). 
[Heb.] A warlike son. L. Bar'tho- 
16-mae'us ; F. Bartolom£e (bar-to'- 
lo'ma'), Barthedemi (bar'tal'me') ; 
It. Bartolomeo (bar-to-16-m5'6) ; Sp. 
Bartolome (bar-to-lo-ma') ; Pg. Bar- 
tolomeu (bar-to-lo-ma'56) ; G. Bar- 
tholomaus (bar-to-16-ma'dos), Bar- 
thel (bar'tel). — Dim. Bart, BSt. 

Bar-Zillai (bar-zilla or -la-i). 
[Heb.] Iron of the Lord ; firm. 

Bas'il (ba'sil or bSz'Tl). [Gr.] 
Kingly ; royal. L. Ba-sTl'T-us ; F. 
Basile (ba'zel') ; It., Sp., &Pg. Basilio 
(ba - ze ' le - o) ; G. Basilius (ba-ze'- 
le-66s). 

Ben'e-dict (bgn'e-dTkt), ) [ L . ] 

Ben'net (ben'net). J Blessed. 

L. Ben'e-dic'tus ; F. Benoit (be- 
nwa') ; It. Benedetto (ba-na-det'to), 
Bettino (bet-te'no) ; Sp. Benedicto 
(ba-na-dek'to), Benito (ba-ne'to). — 
Fern. Benedicta. 

Ben'ja-min (ben'ja-mTn). [Heb.] 
Son of the right hand. It. Benia- 
mino (ba-ne-a-me/no). — Dim. Ben, 
Bgn'ny. 

Beri-O'ni (ben-o'ni). [Heb.] Son 
of grief or trouble. 

Ber'nard (ber'nerd), \ [Teutonic] 

Bar'nard (bar'nerd). j Bold as a 
bear. L. Bgr-nar'dus ; F. Bernard 
(bgr'nar'), It. Bernardo (ber-nar'do), 
Sp. Bernardo (bgr-nar'do), Bernal 
(bgr-nal') ; G. Bernhard (bSmOiart). 
— Dim. Bar'ney. [of God. I 

Be-thu'el (be-tlm'el). [Heb.] Man| 

Be-zal'e-el (b£-z51'e-el or bgz'a- 
lel). [Heb.] In the shadow (pro- 
tection) of God. 

Brl'an (bri'an). [Celt.] Strong. 
It. Briano (bre-a'no). [Brown. 1 

Bru'no ( bru ' no ). [Teutonic] | 



c. 

Cad-WalOa-der (kaVl-wSlla-der). 
[W.] Battle arrangf-r. 

Caesar fse'zerj. [L.] Hairy; or 
blue-eyed ; or, born under the Caesa- 
rian operation. L. id. ; F. C6sar (sa'- 
zar'); It. Cesare (ch5'za-ra) ; G. Casar 
(taa'zar). 

Caleb (kalSb). [Heb.] A dog. 



Cal'vin (kXl'vTn). [L.] Bald. L. 
CSl-vi'nus; F. Calvin (kal'vaV), 
Cauvin (ko'vSN'), Chauvin (sho'vSN'). 

Ce'cil (se'sil, sls'll, or sgs'Il). [L.] 
Dim-sighted. [stone. | 

Ce'plias (se'fas). [Aram.] A| 

Charles (charlz). [Teutonic] 
Strong ; manly ; noble-spirited. L. 
Car'S-lus; F. Charles (sharl) ; It. 
Carlo (kar'16) ; Sp. & Pg. Carlos 
(kar'los) ; G. Carl, Karl (karl).— 
Dim. Charlie, or Char'ley\ — Fern. 
Caroline, Charlotte. 

Cnris'tO-pher (kris'tS-fer). [Gr.] 
Bearing Christ. L. ChrTs-t5ph'o-rus ; 
F. Christophe (kres'tof) ; It. Cris- 
toforo (kres-to'fo-ro) ; Sp. Cristoval 
(kres-to-val') ; Pg. Christovao (kres- 
to-vouN') ; G. Christophorus (kres- 
tolo-rdos), Christoph (kres'tof). — 
Dim. Kes'ter, Kit, -Chris. 

Clar'ence (klar'ens). [L.] Illus- 
trious. L. Clarentius (kla-ren'shT-us). 

Clau'di-us (kia/di-iis), ) [L.] 

Claude (klad). j Lame. 

L. Claudius; F. Claude (klod) ; It. & 
Sp. Claudio (klou'de-o) ; G. & D. 
Claudius (klou'de-<56s). 

Clem'ent (klgm'ent). [L.] Mer- 
ciful. L. Cle'mgns ; F. Clement 
(kla'moN') ; It. & Sp". Clemente (kla- 
men'ta) ; G. Clemens (kla'mens). 

Con'rad(kon'rad). [OHG.] Bold 
in counsel ; resolute. L. Con-ra/dus ; 

F. Conrade (koN'rad') ; It. Conrado 
(kon-ra/do), Corrado(kor-ra , do) ; Sp. 
Conrado (kon-ra'do) ; G. Konrad 
(kon'rat). 

Con'Stan-tine (kon'stan-tin). [L.] 
Resolute; firm. L. Con'stSn-ti'nus ; 
It. Costantino (kos-tan-te'no) ; Sp. 
& Pg. Constantino (kon-stan-te'no) ; 

G. Constantin (kon'stan-ten'). 
Cris'pin (kris'pin), ) [L.] Having 
CriS'puS (kris'pus), | curly hair. 
Cris'pi-an (-pi-an). ) L.CrTs-pi'- 

nus, CrTs'piis, CrTs'pi-a'nus ; F. 
Crispin (kreVpai?'), Cr^pin (kra'- 
pSN r ) ; It. Crispino (kres-pe'no), 
Crispo (kres'po) ; Sp. Crispo (kres'- 
po) ; G. Cris'pus (kres'p55s), Crispi- 
nus (kres-pe'n65s). [L. id. I 

Cy r niS (si'riis). [Per.] The sun. | 



Dan (dan). [Heb.] A judge. 

Dan'i-el (dan' 1 -el, dan'yel, or 
dSn'el). [Heb.] Divine judge. — Dim. 
Dan. [server. L. id. I 

Da-ri'US (da-ri'us). [Per.] Pre-| 

Da'vid (da'vid). [Heb.] Be- 
loved. F. David (da'ved') ; It. Da- 
vide (da-ve'da), Davidde (da-ved'da) ; 
G. David (da'vet). — Dim. Da'vy, 
Dave (dav). 

De-me'tri-US ( de-me'trT-us ). 

[Gr.] Belonging to Ceres. L. id. 

Den'is (dents), ) From F. form of 

Den'nis (-nTs), f Diontsius. 

Dex'ter (deks'ter). [L.] The 
right hand ; fortunate. 

Di'O-ny'si-US ( dl ' o - ni sh ' T - us ). 
[Gr.] Belonging to Dionysus, the 
god of wine. L. id. F. Denys (de- 
ne'), or Denis. [chief. 



Don'ald (don'ald). [Celt.] Proud 
Dun'can ( dunk'an ). [ Celt. 



Brown chief. 



E. 



Eb'en(eVgn). [Heb.] A stone. 

Eb^en-e'zer (eb'gn-e'zer). [Heb.] 
The stone of help. 

Ed'gar (ed'ger). [AS.] A jave- 
lin (or protector) of property. L. 



Ed'ga-rtis ; It. Edgaro (5d-ga'r*) ; G. 
Edgar (St'gar). 

Ed'mund (Sd'miind). [AS.] De- 
fender of property. L. Ed-mun'- 
dus; F. Edmond (ad'moN') ; It. 
Edmondo (6d-mon'do) ; Sp. & Pg. 
Edmundo (gd-md6n'do) ; G. Edmund 
(gt'mo6nt) ; D. Edmond (gt'niont). — 
Dim. Ed, Ngd. 

Ed'ward (gd'werd). [AS.] Guar- 
dian of property. L. Ed-var'dus ; F. 
Edouard (a'ddS'ar') ; It. Eduardo 
(a-doo-ar'do), Edoardo (a-do-ar'do), 
Odoardo (o-do-ar'do) ; Sp. Eduardo 
(a-doo-aVdo-) ; G. Eduard (a'd65- 
art). — Dim. Ed, Ed'dy, Ngd, Ngd'- 
dy, Tgd, Tgd'dy. 

Ed'win (gd'win). [AS.] Gainer 
of property. L. Ed-vl'nfis ; It. Edui- 
no (a-doo-e'no) ; G. Edwin (et'vln). 
— Dim. Ed, Ed'dy\ 

Eg'bert (gg'bert). [Teutonic] 
The sword's brightness ; famous with 
the sword. L. Eg-ber'tus ; It. & Pg. 
Egberto (gg-ber't6) ; G. Eckbert 
(ek'bert) ; Egbert (eg'bgrt). 

EFbert (gl'bert) = Albert. L. 
El-ber'tiis. 

El'dred (gl'drgd). [AS.] Terrible. 

E'le-a'zer (e/le-a'zer). [Heb.] To 
whom God is a help. Sp. Eleazaro 
(a-la-a'tha-ro). 

E'li (e'li). [Heb.] A foster son. 

E-li'a-kim (e-ii'a-kTm). [Heb.] 
Whom God sets up. F. Eliacin (a'le'- 
a'sSN'). 

E-ll'as (e-li'as). Same as Elijah. 

E-li'hu (e-li'hu). [Heb.] God 
the Lord. 

E-li'jah (e-li'ja). [Heb.] Jeho- 
vah is my God. L. E-li'as ; F. Elie 
(a'le') ; It. Elia (a-le'a) ; G. & D. 
Elias (a-le'as), Elia (a-le'a). 

E-liph'a-let (S-lif'a-igt). [Heb.] 
God of salvation. 

E-li'sha (e-li'sha). [Heb.] God 
my salvation. L. El'i-se'us ; F. Eli- 
s^e (aae'za') ; It. Eliseo (a-le-za'o). 

E-U'zur (e-U'zer). [Heb.] God 
is my rock. 

Ellis (ellis). Var. of Elisha. 

El'na-than (gl'na-than or gl-na'- 
than). [Heb.] God gave. 

Em-man'u-el ( gm - mSn ' fi - el ). 
[Heb.] God with us. F. Emmanuel 
(a'ma'nu'Sl') ; It. Emmanuele (gm- 
ma-ndS-ala) ; Sp. Manuel (ma-no8- 
51') ; Pg. Manuel (ma-noo-alO, Ma- 
noel (ma-no -51') ; G. Emanuel (a-ma'- 
n66-51). 

Em'e-ry (gm'er-T), ) [AS.] 

Em'me-ry (em'mer-T), I Power- 

Em'O-ry (gm'er-T). ) ful ; rich. 
L. Al'me-ri'cus ; It. Amerigo (a-ma- 
re'go) ; F. Emeri (am're'), Emeric 
(am'rek'). 

E-ne'as (e-ne'as). [Gr.] Praised ; 
commended. L. JE-ne'as ; F. En6e 
(a'na') ; Sp. Eneas (a-na'as). 

E'noch (e'niik). [Heb.] Con- 
secrated. F. Enoch (a 7 n6k'). 

E'nos (e'niis). [Heb.] Man. 

E'phra-im (e'fra-Tm). [Heb.] 
Very fruitful. L. E'phra-i'mus. 

E-ras'mus ( e-raz'mus ). [Gr.] 
Lovely ; worthy to be loved. L. id. 

E'ric(gr'Tkore'rTk). [AS.] Rich; 
brave ; powerful. L. E-ri'cus. 

E'sau (e'sa). [Heb.] Covered 
with hair. P*. Esau (a'za'u'). 

E'than (e'than). [Heb.] Firm- 
ness ; strength. 

Eu'gene (u'jen or u-jen'). [Gr.] 
Well-born ; noble. L. Eu-ge'nT-us ; 
F. Eugene (e'zhSn') ; It. Eugenio 
(S-66-ja'ne-o) ; Sp. Eugenio ^(a-56- 
ha'ne-o) ; G. Eugenius (oi-ga'ne-o6s), 
Eugen (oi-gan'). — Fern. Eugenia. 



S, e, I, o, ii, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, ftbey, finite, c&re, arm, ask, all, final. 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



1027 



Eus'tace (us'tas). [Gr.] Healthy; 
strong ; standing firm. L. Eu-sta'- 
ehT-us, Eu-sta'thT-Qs ; F. Eustache 
(es'taW), Eustathe (es'taf) ; It. Eu- 
etazio (a-d"6-stat'se-o), Eustachio (a- 
do-sta'ke-o) ; Sp. Eustaquio (a-oo-sta'- 
ke-o) ; G. Eustathius (oi-sta'te-oos). 

Ev'an (Sv'an). [W.] Young war- 
rior. 

E-ze'kl-el (e-ze'kT-el or -kll). 
[Heb.] Strength of God. F. Ezg- 
chiel (a'za'she'al') ; Sp. Ezequiel 
(a-tha-ke-al') ; G. & D. Ezechiel 
(t-tsa'kS-£l). — Dim. Zeke (zek). 

Ez'ra (gz'ra). [Heb.] Help. L. 
Es'dras ; F. Esdras (as'dras'). 



F. 

Felix (fe'lTks). [L.] Happy; 
prosperous. L. id. ; F. Fglix (fa / - 
les') ; It. Felice (fa-le'cha) ; Sp. 
Felix (f a-leks') ; Pg. Feliz (fa-lez') ; 
G. Felix (faleks). — Fern. Felicia. 

Fer'di-nand (fer'dT-nand). 
[OHG.] Brave; valiant. F. Ferdi- 
nand (fgr'de'nSN') ; It. Ferdinando 
(fgr-de-nan'do) ; Sp. Hernando (her- 
nan'do), Fernando (fgr-nan'do) ; G. 
Ferdinand (fgr'de-nant). 
Fran'clB (fran'sTs), \ [OHG.] 
Frank (frank). J Free. L. 

Fran-cTs'cus ; F. Francois (froN'- 
swa') ; It. Francesco (fran-chgs'ko), 
Franco (franco) ; Sp. Francisco 
(fran-thes'ko) ; G. Franciscus (fran- 
tsis'k6"6s), Franz (frants). — Fern. 
Frances, Fanny. 
Fred'er-lc (frgd'er-Tk), ) rnvrr i 
Fred'er-ick (frgd'er-Ik). ] Lum*.j 
Abounding in peace ; or, peaceful 
ruler. L. Frgd'er-I'cus, FrTd'er-I'- 
cus ; F. Frgdgric (fra'da-rek') ; It. 
Federigo (fa-da-re'go), Frederico 
(fra-da-re'ko) ; Sp. & Pg. Federico 
(fa-da-re'ko) ; Pg. Frederico (fra-da- 
re'ko) ; G. Friedrich (fre'drek), 
Fritz (frets). — Dim. Fred, Fred'd^. 
— Fern. Frederica. 



G. 

Ga'brl-el (ga'bri-el). [Heb.] Man 
of God. — Dim. Gabe (gab). 

Ga-ma'li-el (ga-ma'lT-gl or -mal'- 
yel). [Heb.] Recompense of God. 

Geoffrey (jgf'frT). [OHG.] L. 
Gaufre'dQs, GSlfri'dus ; F. Geoffroi 
(zho'frwa'). Not connected with 
Godfrey. 

George (j8rj). [Gr.] A land- 
holder; husbandman. L. Georgius 
(j6r'jT-us) ; F. Georges, George 
(zhorzh) ; It.^ Giorgio (jor'jo) ; Sp. 
Jorge (hor'ha) ; Pg. Joijge (zhor'- 
zha) ; G. Georg (ga-org'). — Dim. 
Georgie (jSr'jT), Geordie (jQr'dl). — 
Fern. Georgiana. 

Ger'ald (jgr'ald), ) [OG.] Strong 

Gerhard (jgr'erd). J with the spear. 
L. Ge-riir'dus, Ge-r£l'dus ; F. Gg- 
rard (zha'rar'), Geraud (zha'ro'), Gi- 
raud (zhe'ro'), Girauld (zhe'ro') ; It. 
Gerardo (ja-rar'do), Gherardo (ga- 
rar'do), Giraldo (je-ral'do) ; G. Ger- 
hard (ggr'hart), Gerold (ga'rolt). 

Ger'shom (ger'shum). [Heb.] 
An exile. [destroyer. | 

Gid'e-on (gTd'e-un). [Heb.] A | 

Gil'bert (gTl'bert). [OHG.] Tel- 
low-bright ; famous. L. GTl-ber'tus ; 
F. Guilbert (geFbgr'), Gilbert (zhel'- 
bgr') ; It. Gilberto (jel-bgr'to") ; Sp. 
Gilberto (hel-bgr't$) ; G. Gilbert 
(gel'bgrt), Giselbert (ge'zel-bgrt). — 
Dim. Gil (g!l). 



God'frey (g5d'frT). [OHG.] At 
peace with God. L. GBd'e-frl'dus ; 
F. Godefroi (go-'d'frwii') ; It. Godo- 
fredo (g6-do"-fra'do), Goffredo (gof- 
fra'dS) ; Sp. Godofredo (go-do-fra'- 
do), Gofredo (go-fra'do) ; G. Gott- 
fried (got'fret). [in war. I 

God'win (gSd'wTn). [AS.] Good| 

Greg'o-ry ( grgg ' o - rl ). [G.] 
Watchful. L. Gre-go'rT-Qs ; F. Grg- 
goire (gra'gwiir') ; It., Sp., & Pg. 
Gregorio (gra-go're-o) ; G. Gregorius 
(gra-go're-oos), Gregor (gra-gor'). 

Gus-ta'VUS (giis-ta'vus). [Sw.] 
A warrior ; hero. L. id. ; F. Gus- 
tave (gus'tav') ; It. & Sp. Gustavo 
(g66s-ta'v6) ; G. Gustav (gdos-taf). 

Guy (gi). [OHG.] L. GuI'do" ; F. 
Guy (ge) ; It. Guido (gwe'do) ; Sp. 
Guido (ge'do) ; G. Guido (ge'do). 



H. 

Han'ni-bal (han'nT-bal). [Punic] 
Grace of Baal. L. id. ; F. Hannibal, 
Annibal (an'ne'bal') ; It. Annibale 
(an-ne'ba-la) ; Sp. Anibal (a-ne-bal'). 

Har'old (har'uld). [AS.] A cham- 
pion"; general of an army. F. Harold 
(a'rold') ; It. Aroldo (a-r<i>l'd6). 

Harun or Haroun. See Aaron. 

He / man (he-man). [Heb.] Faith- 
ful. F. Hgman (a'mSN') ; Sp. Eman 
(a-man') ; G. Heman (ha'man). 

Hen'ry (hgn'rT). [OHG.] The 
head or chief of a house. L. Hgn- 
rl'cus, En-ri'cus ; F. Henri (oN're') ; 
It. Enrico (gn-re'ko) ; Sp. Enrique 
(gn-re'ka) ; Pg. Henrique (gN-re'ka) ; 
G. Heinrich (hin'rek) ; D. Hendrik 
(hen'drek).— Dim. HSr'ry, HS1, Hgn. 
— Fern. Henrietta, Harriet. 

Her'bert (her'bert). [AS.] Glory 
of the army. L. Her-ber r tus ; F. 
Herbert (gr'bgr') ; It. Erberto (gr- 
bgr'tS) ; Sp. Heberto (a-bgr'to") ; G. 
Herbert (hgrOjert). 

Her'man (her'man). [Teutonic] 
A warrior. L. Ar-mTnT-us ; It. Er- 
manno (gr-man r no) ; G. Hermann 
(hgr'man). 

Hez e-ki'ah (hgz'e-ki'a). [Heb.] 
Strength of the Lord. F. fizgchias 
(a'za'she-aV) ; It. Ezechia (gd-za- 
ke'a). 

HU'a-ry (bTKa-r^). [L.] Cheerful. 
L. HI-la'rT-us ; F. Hilaire (eafir') ; It. 
Dario (e-la v re-o). — Fern,. Hilaria. 

Hi'ram (hl'ram). [Heb.] Most 
noble. 

Ho'mer (ho'mer). [Gr.] A pledge ; 
security. L. Ho-me'rtis. 

Hor'ace (hor'gs) = Horatio. 

Ho-ra'ti-0 (ho-ra'sht-o or -sho). 
[L.] ^(Uncertain.) L. Horatius (ho- 
ra'shT-us or-shus); F.Horace(o'ras'); 
It. Orazio (6-rat'se-o) ; Sp. Horacio 
(o-ra'the-o). 

Ho-se'a (ho-ze'a). [Heb.] Salva- 
tion. t w bole.| 

How'ell (hou'gl). [W.] Sound ; | 

Hugh(hu), 1 [Teut.] Spirit; 

Hu'go (hu'gi). j soul. L^Hu'- 
go ; F. Hugues (ug) ; It. Ugo (oo'go) ; 
Sp. Hugo (oo'go) ; G. Hugo (hoo'go). 

Humph'rey, ) (hum'frT). [ AS. ] 

Humph'ry, ) Protector of the 
home. L. Hum-phre y dfis or Hum- 
fri'dus ; F. Onfroi (oN'frwa') ; It. Ono- 
fredo (o-no-fra'do), Omfredo (om- 
fra'do) ; G. Humfried (hobm'fret). 



Ich'a-bOd (Tk'a-b5d). [Heb.] The 
glory has departed. 



Ig-na'ti-US (Tg-na'shT-Qs or -shQs). 
[Gr.] Fiery. L. id. ; F. Ignace (en'- 
yaa') ; It. Ignazio (en-yat'se-o) ; Sp. 
Ignacio (Sg-na'the-6 ) ; Pg. Ignacio 
(e^-nii'se-S) ; G. Ignaz (e"g-nats'). 

Im-man'u-el ( Tm - man ' u - 61 ). 
[Heb.] See Emma>juel. 

In'gram (Tn'gram). [Teut.] Raven. 

Fra(i'ra). [HebJ Watchful. 

I'saac (i'zak). [Heb.] Laughter. 
L. I-sa'a-cfis ; F. Isaac (e'za'ak') ; 
It. Isacco (e-zak'kS) ; G. Isaak (e v - 
zak). — Dim. Ik (Ik), Ike (Ik). 

I-sai'ah(t-za'ya). [Heb.] Salva- 
tion of the Lord. L. Isaias (j-za'yas). 

Ifl'ra-el (Ts'ra-gl or Tz'ra-gl). 
[Heb.] A soldier of God. 

I-van' (e-van' or e'van). See John. 



J. 

Ja'bez (ja'bgz). [Heb.] He will 
cause pain. 

Ja'cob (jX'kub). [Heb.] A sup- 
planter. L. Ja-co'biis ; F. Jacob 
(zha'kob') ; It. Giacobbe (ja-kot/ba) ; 
Sp. Jacobo (ha-ko'bo) ; G. Jakob (ya'- 
kop). — Dim. Jake (jak). See James. 

Ja'i-rus (ja'T-rQs). [Heb.] He 
will enlighten. L. id. 

James (jamz). Same as Jacob. F. 
Jacques (zhak) ; It. Jacopo (ya'ko- 
po), Jachimo (ya^ke-mo), Giacomo 
(ja'ko-mo) ; Sp. Jacobo (ha-ko'bo), 
l3iego (de-a'go), Jago (ha'go), Jaime 
(hl'ma) ; Pg. Jayme (zhl'ma), Diogo 
(de-o r go). — Dim. Jgm, Jim, Jgm'- 
my, JTm'my. — Fern. Jaqueline. 

Ja'pheth (ja'fgth ; colloq. ja'fgt). 
[Heb.] Enlargement. 

Ja'red (ja'rgd). [Heb.] Descent. 

Ja'son (ja'siin). [Gr.] A healer. 
L. id. [supple. | 

Ja'van (ja'van). [Heb.] Clay;| 

Jed'e-di'ah (jgd't-dl'a). [Heb.] 
Beloved of the Lord. 

Jeffrey (jgf'frT) =r Geoffrey. 

Jere-mi'ah (jSr't-mi'&) I ) [Heb.] 

Jer'e-mi'as (jgr'e-mi'as), [ E x - 

Jer'e-my (jgr'e-mT). ) alted 
of the Lord. L. Jgr'e-ml'as ; F. Jg- 
rgmie (zha'ra'me') ; It. Geremia (jS- 
ra-me'a). 

Jer'ome (jgr'Qm in England, but 
in America usually je-rom'). [Gr.] 
Holy name. L. HFe-ron'y-miis ; F. 
JgrSme (zha'rom') ; It. Geronimo 
(ja-ro'ne-mo), Girolamo (je-ro'la- 
mo) ; Sp. Jeronimo (ha-ro'ne-mo), 
Jeromo (ha-ro'mo) ; Pg. Jeronimo 
(zha-ro'ne-mo) ; G. Hieronymus (e-a- 
ro'ne-mdSs). 

Jes'se (jgs'se). [Heb.] Wealth. 

Jo'ab (jo'ab). [Heb.] Jehovah is 
his father. 

Job (job). [Heb.] Afflicted ; pre- 
sented. 

Jo'el (jo'gl). [Heb.] The Lord is 
God. 

John (jon). [Heb.] The gracious 
gift of God. L. Jo-h5n'nes or Jo- 
In'nes ; F. Jean (zhSN) ; It. Giovanni 
(jo-van'ne), Gian (jan), Gianni (jan'- 
ne) ; Sp. Juan (hoo-an') ; Pg. Joao 
(zho-ouN') ; G. Johann (yo'lian), Jo- 
hannes (yo-han'ngs), Hans (hans) ; 
D. Jan (yiin) ; Russ. Ivan (e-van'). — 
Dim. JShn'ny, Jack, J5ck. — Fern. 
Joanna, Joan, Jane. 

Jo'nah (jo'na), ) rH . •, . . 

Jo'nas (jo'nas). ) LHeb -J A dove ' 

Jon'a-than (j5n'a-than). [Heb.] 
Gift of Jehovah. 

Jo'seph (jo'sgf). [Heb.] He shall 
add. L. J6-se'phQs ; F. Joseph (zho'- 
zgf) ; It. Giuseppe (jdo-sep'pa) ; Sp. 
Jose" (ho-za'); Pg. Josg, Joze (zho-za'); 



f6rn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



1028 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



R 



U 



w 



G. Joaaph (yo'zZi). — Dim. Joe (jo). 
. Josephine. 

Joshua 0osl>'u-a). [Heb.] God 
of salvation. L. Jos'u-a. — Dim. 
J5sh. 

Jo-si'ah (jS-si'a), ( [Heb.] Given 

Jo-si as (Jo-si'as). J of the Lord. 

Jo'tham (Jo'thani). [Heb.] The 
Lord is upright. 

Ju'dah (Ju'da). [Heb.] Praised. 

Julian (jSV-on or jul'yan). [L.] 
Of, or belonging to, Julius. LL. Ju'- 
lT-a'uiis ; F. Julian izhu'lt'SN'). 

Ju'li-us (jn ' IT - us or jiil ' yus). 
[Gr.] Soft-haired. L. id. ; F. Jules 
(zhul): It. Giulio (j6o'le-6); Sp. Julio 
(.hoT/le-o); G. & D. Julius (yob'le- 
06s).— Dim. Jule (Jul).— Fern. Julia, 
Juliet. 

Jus'tin (jus'tiu). [L.] Just. L. 
JQs-ti'nus ; F. Justin (zhus'tSN') ; It. 
Giustino (j<5bs-te'n6) ; Sp. Justino 
(hd6s-te'n6) ; G. Justin (yobs'ten). 



Ken'neth (ken'ngth). [Gael.] A 
leader ; commander. 



LaT)an (latxm). [Heb.] White. 

Lau'rence,j) (la/rens). [L.] 

LaWrence,) Crowned with 

laurel. L. Laurentius (la-ren'shT-us 

or -shQs) ; F. Laurent (fe'rSN'); It. 

Lorenzo (lo-rgn'tso) ; Sp. Lorenzo (16- 



ren'tho) ; Pg. Laurencho (lou-rgn' 
sho) ; G. Lorenz (lyrents). 



Dim. 



LSr'ry. —Fern. Laura. 

Laz'a-rns (laz'a-rus). [Heb.] 
God will help. 

Le-an'der (le-Sn'der). [Gr.] Lion 
man. F. L^andre (la'oN'dr') ; It. & 
Sp. Leandro (la-an'dro). 

Leb-be'US (leb-be'us ; colloq. leb'- 
be-us). [Heb.] Praise. 

Lem'U-el (lem'u-gl). [Heb.] Cre- 
ated by God. 

Leoh'ard (lgn'erd). [G.] Strong 
or brave as a lion. L. Le'o-nar'dus ; 
F. Leonard (la'o'nar') ; It. Lionardo 
(le-6-naVdo) ; Sp. & Pg. Leonardo 
(la-o-naVdo) ; G. Leonhard (la'on- 
hart). [Lionhke. I 

Le-on'i-das (lt-onl-das). [Gr.]| 

Le'O-pold (le'6-p61d, formerly ]gp'- 
old). £OHG.] Bold for the people. 
F. Leopold (la'6'pold') ; It., Sp., & 
Pg. Leopoldo (la-o-pol'do) ; G. Luit- 
pold (loo'et-polt), Leupold (loi'polt), 
Leopold (la'6-p6lt). 

Le'vi (le'vi). [Heb.] Adhesion. 

LeWis (lobTs). [OHG.] Bold 
warrior. L. Lu-d6-vI'cQs ; F. Louis 
{\ob>V) ; It. Lodovico (lo-do-ve'ko'), 
Luigi (ldb-e'je) ; Sp. Clodoveo (klo- 
do-va'o), Luis (16b-es') ; Pg. Luiz 
(lde-es') ; G. Ludwig (lobt/veg). — 
Dim. Lewie (lobT), Louie (loo'T), 
Lew (loo), Lou. — Fern. Louisa, Lou- 
ise, [haired. I 

Li'nus (H'nus). [Gr.] Flaxen- 1 

Lo'dO-Wtc (15M6-wTk) = Lewis. 

Lo-ren'zo (l6-rgn'z6) = Laurence. 

Lot (lot). [Heb.] Veil ; covering. 

Lou'is (looTs). F. form of Lewis. 

Lu'cas (hTkr/s). See Luke. 

Lu'ci-us (lu'shl-us or lu'shus). 
[L.] Born at daybreak. L. id. ; F. 
Luce (Ins) ; It. Lucio (16cA:h6). — 
Fern. Lucia, Lucy. 

Lu'do-vlc fluM6-vik) = Lewis. 

Luke (Ink). [Gr.] L. Lu'cas ; F. 
Luc Huk ) ; It. Luca (lob'ka) ; Sp. & Pg. 
Lucas Ooo'kaB) ; G. Lukas (lob'kas). 



Luther (lu'ther). [G.] Illustri- 
ous warrior. L. Lu-the'riis; F. Lo- 
thaire (16'taV); It. Lotario (16-ta'- 
re-6); Sp. Clotario (klo-ta're-6) ; G. 
Luther (loiter), Lothar (16-tiir'). 



M. 

Mad'oc (mSd'uk). [W.] Good; 
beneficent. 

Mal'a-chi (mSl'a-ki). [Heb.] Mes- 
senger of the Lord. 

Ma-nas'seh (nia-n5s'se]. [Heb.] 
Forgetfulness. L. Ma-nas'se§ (-sez). 
Mar-cel'lus (mar-sel'lus). [L.] 
Dim. of Marcus. 
Mar'cus (m'aVkus), ) [L.] A ham- 
Mark (mark). ) mer ; oth- 
erwise, a male. L. Mar'cus ; F. Marc 
(mark) ; It. Marco (mar'ko) ; Sp. 
Marcos (mar'kos) ; G. Markus (mar r - 



Mar'tin (mar'tin). [L.] Of Mars; 
warlike. L. Mar-ti'nSs ; F. Martin 
(mar'tSN'), Mertin (nigr'taV) ; It. & 
Sp. Martino (mar-te'no) ; Pg. Mar- 
tinho (mar-ten'yo) ; G. Martin (maV- 
ten). 

Mat'thew (maWu). [Heb.] Gift 
of Jehovah. L. MSt-thse'us ; F. Ma- 
thieu (ma'te'e') ; It. Matteo (mat- 
ta'6) ; Sp. Mateo (ma-ta'6) ; G. Mat- 
thseus (mat-ta'dbs). — Dim. Mat. 

Mat-thi'as (mSt-thi'as). Greek 
form of Matthew. 

Mau'rice (ma'ris). [L.] Moor- 
ish ; dark-colored. L. Mauritius (ma- 
rT'shi-iis or -shus). 

Max i-mil'i-an (mSks'T-mTPT-an). 
[L.] Greatest JSmilianus. L. Max'- 
T-niTFT-a'nus ; F. Maximilien (mak'- 
se/me'le'SN') ; Pg. Maximiliao (ma- 
she - me - le - oun ' ) ; G. Maximilian 
(mak'se-me-le-an'). 

Mi'cah (mi'ka). [Heb.] Who is 
like Jehovah ? 

Mi'cha-el (mi'ka-gl or mi'kgl). 
[Heb.] Who is like God? F. Mi- 
chel (me'shal') ; It. Michele (me-ka r - 
la) ; Sp. & Pg. Miguel (me-gaF) ; G. 
Michael (me^ka-al). — Dim. Mike 
(mfk). 

MUes(mnz). [L] Soldier. 

Morgan (mSr'gan). [W.] A sea- 
man. 

Mo'ses (mo'zgz). [Egypt.] Drawn 
out of the water. L. Moyses (m6 y i- 
sez or mo-i'sez) ; F. Moi'se (mo'ez') ; 
It. Moise (mo-e-za') ; Sp. Moises (mb 7 - 
e-sas') ; G. Moses (mo'zgz). — Dim. 
Mose (moz). 

N. 

Na'a-man (na'a-msn). [Heb.] 

Pleasantness. [solation.j 

Na'hum (na'hum). [Heb.] Con-| 

Na-po'le-on (na-po'le-un). [Gr.] 

Lion of the forest dell. F. Napoleon 

(na'pola'oN') ; It. Napoleone (na-po- 

la-o'na). [gift. I 

Na'than (na'than). [Heb.] Given ;| 

Na-than'a-el (na - th5n ' a - gl), ) 

Na-than'i-el (na-th5n'I-gl). j 

[Heb.] ^Gift of God. F. Nathaniel 

(na'ta/ne'aF). 

Ne'he-mi'ah (ne'he-mi'a) . [Heb. ] 
Comfort of Jehovah. L. Ne'he-mi'as. 
Nich'O-las )( nik ' t - las ). [Gr.] 
Nic'0-las ) Victory of the peo- 
ple. L. NTc-o-la'us ; F. Nicolas (ne'- 
ko'la'), Nicole (ne/kolM ; It. Nicolo 
(ne-ko-150, Nicola (ne-kola) ; Sp. 
Nicolas (ne-ko-las') ; G. Nikolaus (ne'- 
ko-lous). — Dim. Nick. [fort. I 

No'ah (no'a). [Heb.] Rest ; com-| 
No'el (no'el). [L.] Christmas ; 



born on Christmas Day. F. Noel 
(no-'al') ; It. Natale (na-ta'la) ; Sp. & 
Pg. Natal (na-tal'). 



ba-di'ah (o'ba-di'a). [Heb.] Ser- 

vant of the Lord. [God. I 

00)ed (oljgd). [Heb.] Serving 

Oc-ta'Vl-US (5k-ta'vl-us), ) [ L. ] 

Oc-ta VUS (5k-ta'vus). ] The 

eighth born. L. Oc-ta'vT-Qs, Oc-ta- 

vT-a'niis ; F. Octavien (ok'ta've-SN'). 

— Fern. Octavia. 

Ol'i-ver (ol'i-ver). [L.] An olive 
tree. L. OFT-ve'rSs ; F. Olivier (o'le'- 
vT-a r ) ; It. Oliviero (o-le-ve-a'ro), Uli- 
viero (bo-le-ve-a'ro) ; G. & D. Oliver 
(ofle-vgr). [of Roland. I 

Or-lan'dO (Cr-lau'do). It. form | 
Os'car (Ss'ker). [Celt.] Bound- 
ing warrior. L. Os'ca-rfis. 

Os'mond } (oz'mund). [Teutonic] 
Os'mund) Protection of God. 
F. Osmont (oz'moN'). 

OWen (o'gn). [Celt.] Lamb; 

or, young warrior. [of the Lord. I 

O-Zi'as (o-zi'as). [Heb.] Strength! 



Pat'rlck (pSI/rik). [L.] Noble; 
a patrician. L. Patricius (pa-trT'shT- 
Qs or -shus) ; F. Patrice (pa v tres') ; 
It. Patrizio (pa-tret'se-6) ; Sp. Patri- 
cio (pa-tre'the-o) ; Pg. Patricio (pa- 
tre'se-o) ; G. Patrizius (p*a-tret'se- 
68s). — Dim. P5t, PSd'dy. 

Paul (pal), ) [L] Little. 

Paulus (pa'lfis). } L. Paulus ; F. 
Paul (pol) ; It. Paolo (pa'o-lo) ; Sp. 
Pablo (pablo) ; Pg. Paulo (pou16) ; 
G. Paul (poul). — Fern. Paula. 

Peleg (pe r lgg). [Heb.] Division. 

Pe'ter (pester). [Gr.] A rock. 
L. Pe'trus ; F. Pierre (pe'er') ; It. 
Pietro (pe-a'tro) ; Sp. & Pg. Pedro 
(pa'dro) ; G. Peter (pa'ter), Petrus 
(pa'trSbs). — Dim. Pete (pet), Pe'- 
ter-kin. 

Phi-lan'der (fi-15n'der). [Gr.] 
Lover of men. 

Phi-le'mon (ft-le'mon). [Gr.] 
Loving ; friendly. 

Phil'ip (fil'ip). [Gr.] A lover 
of horses. L. PhT-lip'pus; F. Phi- 
lippe (fe'lep'); It. Filippo (fe-lep'- 
po) ; Sp. Felipe (fa-le'pa) ; Pg. Fe- 
lippe (fa-lep'pa) ; G. Philipp (felep). 
— Dim. Phil, Pip.— Fern. Philippa. 

Phin'e-as HfTn'e-as). [Heb.] 

Phin'e-has ) Mouth of brass. 

Pi'US (pi'us). [L.] Pious ; duti- 
ful ; filial. L. id. ; F. Pie (pe) ; It. 
Pio (pe'6). [Much fruit. I 

Pol'y-carp (pol'T-karp). [Gr.]| 



Q. 



Quin'tin (kwTn'ttn). 
fifth. L. QuTn'tus. 



R. 



[L.] The 



Ralph (ralf ; in England often 
raf ) = Rodolphus. L. Ra-dul'phus. 

Raph'a-el (rSf'a-gl). [Heb.] The 
healing of God. F. Raphael (ra'fa'- 
el') ; It. Raffaello (raf-fa-ell6), Raf- 
faele (raf-fa-ala) ; G. Raphael (r'a v - 
fa-al). 

Ray'mond ) (ra'mund). [Teut.] 

Ray'mund J Wise protection. 
F. Raymond (ra/moN') ; It. Raimondo 
(rt-mon'do) ; G. Raimund (ri'mSont). 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; &, 6, 1, 5, ii, y, short ; senate, $vent, tdea, ftbey, nnite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



1029 



3g 

tonic] Strong ruler. L. Reg'T-n51'- 
dus ; F. Regnauld (re-no'), Renaud, 
Regnault; It. Rinaldo (re-ual'do) ; 
Sp. Reynaldos (ra-e-nal'dos) ; G. 
Reinwald(rin'viilt), Reinald (rl'nalt). 

Reu'beil (ru'bgn). [Heb.] Be- 
hold, a son ! 

Reu'el (ru'61). [Heb.] Friend of 
God. 

Reyn'Old (rgn'uld) = Reginald. 

Ricb/ard (rich'erd). [OHG.] 
Strong like a ruler ; powerful. L. 
RT-car'dus ; F. Richard (re'sh'ar') ; 
It. Riccardo (rek-kar'do) ; Sp. & Pg. 
Ricardo (re-kar'do) ; G. Richard 
(rek'art). —Dim. Dick, DTck'en. 

Robert (rob'ert). [OHG.] Bright 
in fame. L. Ro-ber'tus ; F. Robert 
(ro'ber'), Rupert (ru'pgr') ; It. Ro- 
berto (r6-beVtS), Ruberto (rd6-bgr'- 
to), Ruperto (rd"6-pgr't6) ; Sp. Rober- 
to (ro-bSr'to), Ruperto (roti-pgr'to) ; 
Pg. Roberto (r6-bgr'to) ; G. Robert 
(ro'bert), Rupert (roo'pgrt), Rudbert 
(rood'bgrt), Ruprecht (roo'prgkt). — 
Dim. Bob. B5b'b£, D5b, Dob'bTn, 
R5b, R5bln, Pop. 

Rod'er-ic ) (rod'er-Ik). [Teu- 

Rod'er-lckJ tonic] Rich in 
fame. F. Rodrigue (roMregJ) ; It. 
Rodrigo (ro-dre'go); Sp. Rodrigo (ro- 
dre'go), Ruy (roo'e) ; G. Roderich 
(ro'da-rek) ; Russ. Rurik (roolek). 

Rudolph (ro'dolf ), ) 

Ro-dol'phus (rS-dol'ffis).f 
[OHG.] Famous wolf, or hero. L. 
R6-d51'phus ; F. Rodolphe (rS'dolf '), 
Raoul (ra'ool') ; It. Rodolfo (r6-dol'- 
fS), Ridolfo (re-dol'fo); G. Rudolf 
(rooMolf). 

Rog'er (rSj'er). [OHG.] Fa- 
mous with the spear. L. Ro-ge'rfis ; 
F._Roger (ro'zha') ; It. Ruggiero 
(rood-ja'ro), Rogero (ro-ja'ro) ; Sp. 
Rogerio (ro-ha're-o) ; Pg. Rogerio 
(ro-zha're-o) ; G. Rudiger (ru'de- 
ger). — Dim. Hodge (h5j), Hod'gkin 
<h5j'kTn). 

Roland (ro'land). French form 
of Rowland. 

Rowland (roland). [Teutonic] 
Fame of the land. L. R5t-lan'dus, 
RS-lan'dus ; F. Roland (rSloN') ; It. 
Orlando (or-lan'do) ; Sp. Roldan 
<rol-dan') ; Pg. Rolando (ro-laN'do) ; 
Roldao (rol-douN') ; G. Roland (ro'- 
lant). 

Ru'dolph (ru'dSlf), \ Vari- 

Ru-dol'phus (ru-dol'fus). j ants 

Of RODOLPH, RODOLPHUS. 

Rulus (ru'fus). [L.] Red ; red- 
haired. 

Ru'pert (ru'pert) = Robekt. L. 
Ru-per'tus. 



s. 



[Heb.] 



_. _ (sal'mun) 
Shady. 

Sam/son (sam'sfin), > [Heb.] 

Samp'son (samp'sun). J Splendid 
sun ; i. e., great joy and felicity. 

Sam'u-el (sam'u-gl). [Heb.] 
Heard of God ; asked for of God. — 
Dim. Sam, Sam'my. 

Saul (sal). [Heb.] Asked for. 

Sella (se'ba). [Heb.] Eminent. 

Se-bas'tian (se-b5s'chan). [Gr.] 
Venerable; reverend. L. Se-bas'tT- 
a'nus ; F. SSbastien (sa'bas'te-aN') ; 
It. Sebastiano (sa-bas-te-a'no) ; Sp. 
Sebastian (sa-bas-te-an') ; Pg. Sebas- 
tiao (sa-bas-te-ouN'). 



Seth (sSth). [Heb.] Appointed. 

Sha'drach (sha'drSk). [Heb.] 
Rejoicing in the way. 

Sig'is-mund ( sTj 'Is - mfind ). 
[OHG.] Conquering protection. F. 
Sigismond (se'zhes/moN') ; It. Sigis- 
mondo (se-jes-mon'do), Sizmondo 
(ses-inon'do) ; Sp. Sigismundo (se- 
hes-inoon'do) ; G. Sigismund (ze'ges- 
moont), Sigmund (zeg'mo"6nt). 

Silas (alias). [L.] Contr. of 
Sdlvanus. L. id. 

Sil-va'nus (sll-va'nfis). [L.] Liv- 
ing in a wood. L. id. ; F. Silvain 
(sel'vaN'). — Fern. Sylvia. 

Sil-ves'ter (sTl-vgs'ter). [L.] 
Rural ; rustic. L. id. ; F. Silvestre 
(sel'vgs'tr') ; G. Silvester (zel-vgs'- 
ter). — Dim. Vgs'ter, VSst. 

Sim'e-on (sim'e-un), ) [Heb.] 

Si'mon (sl'iniin). /Hearing 
with acceptance. L. id. ; F. Simeon 
(se'ma'oN'), Simon (se'moN') ; It. Si- 
mone (se-mo'na) ; Sp. Simon (se- 
mon') ; G. Simeon (ze'ma-on), Simon 
(ze'mon). — Dim. Sim. 

Sol'o-mon (s51'6-mun). [Heb.] 
Peaceable. F. Salomon (s'alo'inoN') ; 
It. Salomone _(sa-l6-mo'na) ; G. Sa- 
lomo (za'16-mo). — Dim. Sol. 

Ste'phen (ste'ven). [Gr.] A 
crown. L. Stgph'a-nus ; F. Etienne 
(a'te-gnO; It. Stefano (sta'fa-n6) ; 
Sp. Estevan (gs-ta-v'an'), Esteban 
(gs-ta-ban') ; G. Stephan (stalan). 

— Dim. Steve (stev), Ste'vTe. 
Syl'van (sil'van), ) Same 
Syl-va'nus (sil-va'niis). j as Sil- 

VANUS. 

Syl-vesler (sTl-vgs'ter). Same 
as Silvester. 

T. 

Thad'de-US (thSd'de-iis). [Syr.] 
The wise. L. ThSd-dse'us ; It. Tad- 
deo (tad-da'o) ; Sp. Tadeo (ta-da'6) ; 
G. Thaddaus (ta-da'd6s). 

The r O-bald (the'6-bald, formerly 
tib'ald). [Teutonic] "Bold for the 
people. F. Thibaut (te/boO ; It. Te- 
obaldo (ta-o-bal'do) ; G. Dietbold 
(det'bolt). 

The'O-dore (the'6-dor). [Gr.] 
Gift of God. L. The'o-do'rus ; F. 
Thgodore (ta'6-dor') ; It. Teodoro 
(ta-o-do'ro) ; G. Theodor (ta'6-dor) ; 
Russ. & Pol. Feodor (fa'o-dor). — 
Dim. Tgd, Tgd'd^. 

The-Od'O-rlc (the-5d'6-rik). [Teu- 
tonic] Powerful among the people. 
L. The-od'o-ri'cus. 

The-ophl-lus (the-5f 'T-lQs). 
[Gr.] A lover of God. L. id. ; F. 
Theophile (tS'*'f a') ; It. & Sp. Teo- 
filo (ta-ole-l$); G. Theophilus (ta- 
o r fe-156s). 

Thelon (the'ron). [Gr.] A 
hunter. 

Thom'as (tom'as). [Heb.] A 
twin. L. id. ; F. Thomas (to'ina') ; 
It. Tomaso (to-ma'so) ; Sp. Tomas 
(to-mas') ; Pg. Thomas (to-mas'). — 
Dim. T5m, Tom'nrjf. — Fern. Thoma- 
sine. 

Tim'O-thy (tim'S-thT). [Gr.] 
Fearing God. L. Ti-mo'the-us ; F. 
Timothge (te/mo'ta') ; It. Timoteo 
(te-mo'ta-o) ; Sp. Timoteo (te-mo- 
ta'6) ; G. Timotheus (te-mo / ta-d6s). 

— Dim. Tim. 

Ti'tus (tl'tus). [Gr.] {Uncer- 
tain.) L. id. ; F. Tite (tet) ; It., Sp., 
& Pg. Tito (te'to). 



To-bi'ah (t6-bi'a), \ [Heb.] Dis- 
To-bl'as (tfi-bi'as). J tinguished of 

Jehovah. L. T6-bi'as ; F. Tobie (t6'- 

bc'). — Dim. To'bjf. 



u. 

U-lys'SOB (u-lts'sez). [Gr.] A 
hater. 

UrTaan (er'ban). [L.] Of the 
town ; courteous. L. Ur-ba'nus ; F. 
Urbain (ur'bSN') ; It. Urbano (oor- 
ba'no);_G. Urbanus (oor-ba'no^s), 
Urban (obr'ban). 

U-ri'ah (u-ri'a). [Heb.] Light 
of Jehovah. [God. I 

UTi-el (u'ri^l). [Heb.] Light of | 



V. 

Val'en-tine (val'«n-tin). [L.] 
Strong ; healthy ; powerful. L. V51'- 
gn-tl r nus ; F. Valentin (va/lSN'taNO ; 
It. Valentino (va-lgn-te'no). 

Viclor (vik'ter). [L.] A con- 
queror. L. id. ; F. Victor (vek'tor') ; 
G. Victor (vek'tor). — Fern. Victo- 
ria. 

Vin'cent (vin'sent). [L.] Con- 
quering. L. VTn'cgns ; F. Vincent 
(vSn'sSn') ; It. Vincenzio (ven-chgr/- 
ze-6) ; Sp. Vincente (ven-thgn'ta) ; 
G. Vincenz (ven'tsgnts). 

Vivl-an (vivl-an). [L.] Lively. 
F. Vivien (ve've-aN'). 



w. 

Waller (wal'ter). [OHG.] Rul- 
ing the host. L. Gual-te'rus ; F. 
Gauthier, Gautier (gS'tya') ; It. 
Gualtiero (gw'al-te-a'ro) ; G. Walther 
(val'tgr). — Dim. Wat. 

William (wil'yam). [OHG.] 
Resolute helmet, or, helmet of reso- 
lution ; defense. L. GuTFT-gl'mus, 
or GulT-a'mus ; F. Guillaume (ge'- 
yom') ; It. Guglielmo (gool-ye-al / - 
mo) ; Sp. Guillermo (gel-yar'mo) ; 
G. Wilhelm (villiam). — Dim. Will, 
Willy, Bill, BTl1y\ — Fern. Wilhel- 
mina. [peace. I 

Win'fred(wTn'frgd). [AS.] Win-| 

z. 

Zab'di-el(zaVdT-a). [Heb.] Gift 
of God. 

Zac-che'ns (z5k-ke'us ; colloq. 
zSk'ke-Qs). [Heb.] Innocent ; pure. 

Zach'a-ri'ah (z5k'a-ri'a), ) [Heb.] 

Zach r a-ry (zalf'a-ri). J Re- 
membered of Jehovah. — Dim. Zach 
(zSk). 

Za ; dok (za'dok). [Heb.] Just. 

Zeb'a-di'ah (zgb'a-di'a), I [Heb.] 

Zeb'e-dee (zgb'e-de). JGift of 
Jehovah. 

Ze-bl'na (ze-bi'na). [Heb.] 

Bought. 

Zech'a-rl'ah (zgk'a-ri'a). [Heb.] 
Same as Zachariah. 

Zed'e-ki'ah (zgd'e-ki'a). [Heb.] 
Justice of the Lord. 

Ze-U/tes (ze-lo'tez). [Gr.] A 
zealot. 

Ze / nas (ze'nas). [Gr.] Gift of 
Jupiter. 

Zeph'a-ni'ah (zef'a-ni'a). [Heb.] 
Hid of Jehovah. 



fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sins, ink, then, thin. 



N 



1030 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



II. NAMES OF WOMEN. 



U 



w 



Abigail (aVT-gal). [Heb.] My 
father"* joy. — Dim. AWb^. 

A'da (,a'da). Same as Edith. 

Ad 'a-line ( 5d ' a-li u ) . Same as Ade- 
line. 

Ad'e-la (ad'e-la). See Adeline. 

Ad'e-laide (ad'e-lad). See ADE- 
LINE. 

Ad'e-li'na (ad'e-li'na), ) [Teuton- 

Ad'e-line (Sd'e-liu). ) ic] Of 

noble birth ; a princess. F. Adeline 

(a d'len'). Adelaide (a'da/1'a'ed'), 

Adele (H'dal'). —Dim. Ad'dy. 

Ag'a-tha (ag'a-tha). [Gr.] Good; 
kind. F. Agathe (a 7 giit') ; It. Agata 
(a'ga-ta) ; G. Agathe (a-ga'ta). 

Ag'nes (ag'ngs). [Gr.] Chaste ; 
pure. F. Agnes (an'yas') ; It. Agnese 
(an-ya'za) ; Sp. Ines (e-ngs') ; G. Ag- 
nes (ag'nes). [Albert. I 
Al-ber'ta (al-ber'ta). Fem. of| 
Al ex-an'dra (aVggz-an'dra or 
Sl'eks-Xn'dra), Al'ex-an-dll'na (-an- 
dri'na). [Gr.] Fem. of Alexander. 

F. Alexandrine (a'lak/soN'dren') ; It. 
Alessandra (a-lgs-san'dra). 

Alice (51'Ts), ) The same as 

A-lic'i-a (a-lishl-a). j Adeline. 
— Dim. Ally, or Allte, El'sie. 

Al'raa (Sl'ma-L [L.] Nourishing. 

Al-mi'ra (51-mi'ra). [ArJ Prin- 
cess, [healer. I 

Al-the'a (51-the'a). [Gr.] A 

Am'a-bel (Sm'a-bel). [L.] Lov- 
able. L. A-maVT-lTs. 

A-man'da (a - man ' da). [L.] 
Worthy to be loved. — Dim. Man'dy. 

A-meli-a (a-me'lT-a or a-mel'ya). 
[Teutonic] Busy ; energetic. F. 
Am£lie (a/male 7 ) ; It. Amelia ("a-ma'- 
le-a), Amalia (a-m'ale-a). 
_ A'my (a'mT). [L.] Beloved. L. 
5-ma'ta ; F. Aimge (a'ma') ; It. 
Amata (a-ma'ta). 

An-gel'i-ca (an-jgl'T-ka), } [ G r . ] 

An'ge-li'na (an'je-ll'na). ) Love- 
ly ; angelic. F. Angele (oN'zhal'), 
Angeline (oN'zh'len'), Angelique (on'- 
zha'lek'") ; It. Angelica (an'jale-ka), 
Agnola (an'yo-la), Angiola (an'jo-la) ; 

G. Angelica (an-gale-ka), Angelina 
(an-ga-le'n'a). 

Ann (an), ) [Heb.] Grace; — 

An'na (an'na), \ Var. Hannah. 

Anne (5n). ) L. An'na ; F. 
Anne (an), Annette (an'ngf), Nan- 
nette (naVngf), Ninon (ne'noN') ; It. 
Anna (an'na) ; Sp. Ana (a'na) ; G. 
Anna (an'na). —Dim. An'me, N5n'- 
nf, N£n'<jy, Nan, Nina (ne'na). 

An-nette' (an-ngf). See Anna. 

Antoinette' (E. an'toi-ngf; F. 
ON'tw'a'ngf ). French dim. of Anto- 
nia. 

An-tCnl-a (Sn-to'ni-a). [L] In- 
estimable. L. id. ; F. Antonie (on'- 
to'ne') ; It. & Sp. Antonina (an-to- 
ne'na) ; G. Antonie (an-to'ne-a). 

Ar'a-bella (aVa-bgiaa). [L.] A 
fair altar ; otherwise, an Arabian wo- 
man. F. Arabelle ('a'ra'bel') ; It. 
Arabella (a-ra-bgll'a) ; Sp. Arabela 
(a-ra-baOa). — Dim. Bglla, Bgl. 

Au-gns'ta (a-gus'ta). [L.] Fem. 
of Augustus. L. id. ; G. & D. Au- 
gusta (ou-gSos'ta). 

Au-reli-a (a-relT-a or a-rel'ya). 
[L.] Fem. of Aurelius. L.' id. ; F. 
Aurelie (t'rt'le'). 

An-rCra (a-ro'ra). [L.] Morning 
redness ; fresh ; brilliant. L. id. 



Bar'ba-ra (biir'ba-ra). [Gr.] For- 
eign ; strange. L. id. ; F. Barbe 
(barb). — Dim. Bab. 

Be'a-trice (be'a-tres or -trls), Be'- 
a-trix (be'a-triks). [L.] Making 
happy. L. Be-a'trix ; F. Beatrice 
(ba'a'tres'), Beatrix (ba'a/tres') ; It. 
Beatrice (ba-a-tre'cha) ; Sp. Beatriz 
(ba-a-treth') ; G. & D. Beatrix (ba- 
a'treks). 

Be-lln'da(be-lTn'da). (Uncertain.) 

Belle (bgl). [F.] Beautiful. 

Ben'e-dict'a (bgn'e-dTk'ta). [L.] 
Feminine of Benedict. L. id. ; F. 
Benolte (ba'nwaf) ; It. Benedetta 
(ba-na-det't'a) ; Sp. Benita (ba-ne'ta). 

Ber'tha (ber'tha). [Teutonic] 
Bright ; beautiful ; F. Berthe (bgrt) ; 
It. & Sp. Berta (bgr'ta) ; G. & D. 
Bertha (bgr'ta). — Dim. Ber'ty\ 

Bes'Sie (bgs'sT), ) Diminutives of 

Bet'sey (bgt'sT). J Elizabeth. 

Blanch (blanch), ) [Teutonic] 

Blanche (blanch). ) White. F. 
Blanche (bloNsh) ; It. Bianca (be- 
an'ka) ; Sp. & G. Bianca (blan'ka). 

Bridg'et (brij'gt). [Celt.] 
Strength. F. Brigitte (bre'zhef) ; 
It. Brigida (bre'je-d'a) ; Sp. Brigida 
(bre'he-da) ; G. Brigitta (bre-get'ta). 
— Dim. Bid'dy. 



c. 

Ca-mil'la (ka-milla). [L.] At- 
tendant at a sacrifice. L. id. ; F. 
Camille (k'a'mel'). 

Car'O-line (kar'S-lin). Fem. of 
Charles. F. Caroline (ka/ro'len') ; 
It., Sp., & Pg. Carolina (ka-ro-le'na) ; 
G. Caroline (ka-ro-le'nfi). — Dim. 
Car'rTe, CSd'die. 

Cath'a-rl'na(kSth'a-ri'na), ) [Gr.] 

Gath'a-rine (kSth'a-rln), \ F . 

Cath'er-ine (kath'er-in). ) Ca- 
therine (k'a't'-ren') ; It. Caterina (ka- 
ta-re'n'a) ; Sp. Catalina (ka-ta-le'na) ; 
Pg. Catharina (ka-ta-re'na) ; G. Ka- 
tharine (ka-ta-re'na). — Dim. Kate 
(kat), Kit, Kit'ty. 

Ce-cU'i-a (se-sil'i-a), 1 [L] Fem. 

Cec'i-ly (ses'i-li). j of Cecil. 

F. Cewle (sa'sel') ; It. Cecilia (cha- 
chele-a) ; Sp. Cecilia (tha-the'le-a) ; 

G. Cacilia (tsa-tse'le-a). — Dim. Sise- 
ly (sisly), Sis, Cis. 

Cel'es-tine (sgl'gs-tin or se-lgs'- 
tin). [L.] Heavenly. 

Celi-a(se1i-ao?-sel'ya). [L.] F. 
C^lie (sa'le') ; It. Celia (cha'le-'a). 

Ghar'lOtte (shar'15t). Fem. of 
Charles. F. Charlotte (shar'lot') ; 
It. Carlotta (kar-lot't'a) ; Sp. & Pg. 
Carlota (kar-lo'ta) ; G. Charlotte 
(shar-lofta). 

GhlCe (klo'e). [Gr.] A green 
herb; blooming. 

Chris'ti-an'a (kris ' tT - Sn ' a), ) 

Chris-ti'na (kris-te'na). J 

[Gr.] Fem. of Christian. F. Chris- 
tine (kres'ten') ; It. & Sp. Cristina 
(kres-te'na) ; Pg. Cristinha (kres- 
ten'ya) ; G. Christiane (kres-te-a'na), 
Christine (kres-te'na). — Dim. -Chris'- 
sle, Xina (ze'na). 

Clc'e-ly (sis'e-lT) = Cecilia. 

Clar'a (klSr'a). [L.] Bright ; il- 
lustrious. L. id. ; F. Claire (klSr) ; 
It. Chiara (ke-a'ra). — Dim. Clare 
(klSr). 



Glar'i-bel(kl5r'I-bgl). [L.] Bright- 
ly fair. 

Clar'lce (klSr'Ys), ) [L.] De- 

Cla-ris'sa (kla-rls'sa). } riv. of 
Clara. It. & G. Clarissa (kla-res'- 
s'a) ; F. Clarisse (kla'res'). 

Clau'di-a (kla'di-a). [L.] Fem. 
of Claudius. F. Claude (klod) ; It. 
& G. Claudia (klou'de-a). 

Clem'en-ti'na (klgm / gn - te ' na), 
Olem'en-tine (klem'gn-ten or -tin). 
[L.] Fem. of Clement. F. Cle- 
mentine (kla'mgN'ten') ; G. Clemen- 
tine (kla-men-te'na). 

Con'stance (kSn'stans). [L.] Fem. 
of Constant. L. Con'stSns, Constan- 
tia (k5n-stSn'shT-a or -sha) ; F. Con- 
stance (koN'stoNs') ; It. Costanza 
(kos-tan'za) ; Sp. Costenza (kos-tan'- 
tha), Constanza (kon-stan'tha) ; G. 
Constanze (kon-st'an'tsa) ; G. & D. 
Constantia (kon-stan'tse-a). 

Co'ra (ko'ra). [Gr.] Maiden. 

Cor-deli-a (k6r-de'lT-a or -del'ya). 
[L.] Warm-hearted. L. id. ; F. Cor- 
dghe (k^r'daae'). 

Co-rln'na (ko-rin'na). [Deriv. of 
Cora.] Maiden. L. & It. id. ; F. 
Corinne (ko'ren'). 

Gor-neli-a (k5r-ne1T-a or -nel'ya). 
[L.] Fem. of Cornelius. L. id. ; 
F. Cornglie (kor'na'le'). 

Cyn'thl-a (sin'thi-a). [Gr.] Of 
or from Mt. Cynthus. 



Deb'O-rah (dgb'S-ra). [Heb.] A 
bee. G. Debora (da-boVa). 

Dell-a (de'li-a or del'ya). [Gr.] 
Of Delos. 

Di-an'a (dt-an'_a or dt-a'na). [L. ] 
Goddess. L. Dt-a'na ; F. Diane (de'- 
an') ; It. & G. Diana (de-a'n'a). 

Di'nah (di'na). [Heb.] Judged. 

Do'ra (do'ra). Dim. of Dorothea, 
Eudora, Theodora. [zelle. j 

Dor'cas (d&T'kas). [Gr.] Aga-| 

Do-rin'da (do-rin'da). The same 
as Dorothea. 

Dor o-the'a (dor'o-the'a), ) [Gr.] 

Dor'O-thy (dor'6-thT). } Gift 
of God. F. Dorothea (do'ro'ta'), Do- 
rette (do'rgf) ; It. & Sp. Dorotea 
(do-ro-ta'a) ; G. Dorothea (do-ro- 
ta'a). — Dim. Dol, Doll^. 



E. 

E'dith (e'dith). [AS.] Happiness; 
otherwise, rich gift. L. Ed'i-tha. 

Ed'na (gd'na). [Heb.] Pleasure. 

El'e-a-nor (gl'e-a-n8r), ) Light. 

El'i-nor (el'i-nfir). f Var. of 

Helen. It. Eleonora (a-la-o-no'ra) ; 
G. Eleonore (a-la-o-nS'ra) ; F. Ali- 
enor (a'le/a'nor'). — Dim. Ella, El'- 
len, Nell, Nellie, No'ra. 

E-lis'a-beth (e-lTz'a-bgth),) 

E-llz'a-beth (e-liz'a-bgth), \ 

E-li'za (t-U'za). ) 

[Heb.] Worshiper of God ; conse- 
crated to God. F. Elisabeth (a'le'- 
za'bgf), Elise (a'lez') ; It, EUsabetta 
(a-le-za-bgt'ta), Elisa (a-le'z'a) ; G. 
Elisabeth (a-le'z'a-bet), Elise (a-le'za). 
— Dim. Bess, Bgs'sy\ Bgth, Bgt'sey, 
Bgt'ty, El'sie, Liz, Liz'zjr, lAbHyf, 
Li'sa. 

Ella (gl'la), Eiaen (gllgn). See 
Eleanor. 



a, e, I, o, ii, long ; a, 6, 1, d, fi, y, ahort ; aenate, «vent, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



1031 



Em'e-line (gm'e"-lin), ) [ Teuton- 

Em'me-line (-me-lin). J ic] En- 
ergetic ; industrious. 

Em'i-ly (Sm'i-IT) = Emeline. F. 
Emilie (I'mPlP); It., Sp., & Pg. 
Emilia (a-me'le-ii) ; G. Emilie (a-me'- 
le-a). 

Em'ma (gm'ma) = Emeline. F. 
Emma (arn'ma'); It. & Pg. Emma 
(gm'ma) ; G. Emma (gm'ma). — Dim. 
Emm, Em'mTe. 

Es'ther (Ss'ter). [Per.] A star; 
good fortune. F. Esther (as'tar') ; 
It. Ester (gs'tgr), Esterre (gs-tgr'ra) ; 
Sp. Ester (gs-tar') ; G. Esther (as'- 
ter). — Dim. Es'sTe. 

Eth'el (gth'el). [AS.] Noble. 

Eu-do'ra (u-do^ra). [Gr.] Good 
gift ; P. Eudore (e'dor'). 

Eu-ge'ni-a (u-je'nT-a). Fern, of 
Eugene. F. Eugenie (e'zha'ne') ; It. 
Eugenia (a-66-ja'ne-a) ; Sp. Eugenia 
(a-66-ha'ne-a). — Dim. Genie (je'ni). 

Eu-la'li-a (fi-la'lT-a). [Gr.] Fair 
speech. F. Eulalie (eaa'le') ; It. 
Eulalia (a-do^la'le-a). [victory. 

Eu'nlce (u'nis). [Gr.] Happy 

En-phe'mi-a (u-fe'mT-a). [Gr.] 
Of good report. F. Euphemie (e 7 - 
fa'me') ; It. & Sp. Eufemia (a-66-fa'- 
me-a) ; G. Euphemia (oi-fa'me-a). — 
Dim. Ef'fTe. [F. Eve (av). I 

E'va(e'va). [Heb.] Life. L.id.;| 

E-van'ge-llne (e-v5n'je-lln or 
-lin). [Gr.] Bringing glad news. 

Eve (ev). Same as Eva. 

Eve-li'na (gv'e-U'na), Ev'e-line 
(gv'e-lln), EVe-lyn (gv'e-lin). Di- 
minutive of Eva. 

F. 

Faus-ti'na(fas-tl'na). [L.] Lucky. 

F. Faustine (fos'ten'). 

Fe-lic'i-a (fe-lish'i-a or fe-lish'a). 
[L.] Happiness. F. Felicie (fa'le'se') ; 
It. Felicia (fa-le'che-ii). 

Fi-dell-a (ft-de^T-a or ft-del'ya). 
[L.] Faithful. 

Flo'ra (flo^ra). [L.] Flowers. L. 
id. ; F. Flore (nor). 

Flor'ence (flor'ens). [L.] Bloom- 
ing; nourishing. L. Florentia (flo- 
rgn'shi-a or -sha). 

Fran'ces (fran'saz). Fern, of 
Francis. L. FrSn-cis'ca ; F. Fran- 
chise (froN'swaz') : It. Francesca 
(fran-chgs'ka) ; Sp. Francisca (fran- 
thes'ka) ; Pg. Francisca (fran-ses'ka) ; 

G. Franziske (fran-tses'ka). — Dim. 
F£n'ny\ Frank. [of Frederic I 

Fred'er-i'ca (frgd'er-i'ka). Fern. | 

G. 

Geor'gi-an'a (j6r/jT-5n'a), ) Fem. 

Geor-gi'na (jor-je'na). j of 
George. F. Georgine (zhor'zhen'), 
Georgette (zhor'zhgt') ; It. Giorgia 
(jor'ja) ; G. Georgine (ga-or-ge'na). 

Ger'al-dine (jgr'al-dTn). Fem. of 
Gerald. 

Ger'trude (ger'trud). [OHG.] 
Spear maiden. F. Gertrude (zhgr'- 
trud') ; It. Gertrude (jgr-trob'da), 
Geltruda (jgl-trooMa) ; Sp. Gertru- 
dis (hgr-troo'des) ; G. Gertraud (ggr'- 
trout), Gertrud (ggr'tr66t). — Dim. 
Ger'tTe, Tru'dy\ 

Qrl-sel'da (gri-sgl'da). [Teuton- 
ic] Stone heroine. — Dim. Gris'sgl. 



Han'nah (hXn'na). [Heb.] Same 
as Anna. 



Har'ri-et (hXr'rT-gt), ) Fem. of 

Har'ri-ot (hSr'rl-ut). J Henry. 
— Dim. HXfty\ 

Hel'en (hgl'gn), ) [Gr.] Light. 

Hel'e-na (hgl'e-na). ] L. Hgl'e- 
na ; F. Hellene (a'lan') ; It. Elena 
(a'la-na) ; Sp. Helena (a-la'na), Ele- 
na ; G. Helene (ha-la'na). — Dim. 
Ngll, N511y. 

Hen ri-et'ta (hgn'rT-gt'ta). Fem. 
of Henry. F. Henriette (oN're'gf) ; 
It. Enrichetta (gn-re-kgt'ta) ; Sp. 
Enriqueta (gn-re-ka'ta) ; G. Henri- 
ette (hgn-re-et'ta). — Dim. Et'ta, 
Hgt't^, Ngt/tTe. [Same as Esther. I 

Hes'ter (hgs'ter), Hes'therl 

Ho-no'ra (ho-no'ra), \ [ L . ] 

Ho-no'ri-a (ho-no'rT-a). J Hon- 
orable. — Dim. No'rah, No'ra. 

Hor-ten'si-a (h6r - tgn ' shT - a or 
-sha). [L.] A lady gardener. L. 
id. ; F. Hortense (6r't5Ns') ; It. On- 
tensia (6r-ten'se-a) ; G. Hortensia 
(hor-tgn'se-a). [weasel. I 

Hul'dah (hul'da). [Heb.] A| 

I. 

Fda(i'da). [Teutonic] Godlike. 

I'nez (e'ngz or i'nez). Pg. form 
of Agnes. 

I-rene' (1-ren' or i-re'ne). [Gr.] 
Peace. F. Irene (e'ran') ; It. & G. 
Irene (e-ra'na). 

Is'a-bel (Tz'a-bgl), ) S a m e as 

Is a-bella (-bglla). J Elizabeth. 
F. Isabeau (e'za'bo'), Isabelle (-bel') ; 
It. Isabella (e-za-bglla) ; Sp. Isabel 
(e-sa-bel') or Ysabel ; G. & D. Isabelle 
(e-za-bglla). — Dim. Bel, Bel'la. 



Jane (jan). Same as Joan. 

Ja-net' (ja-ngf or jan'gt ; in Eng. 
jan'gt). Dim. of Jane. [Joan. I 

Jean (jen), Jeanne (jen). See) 

Jean-nette' (je-ngtO- Dim. of 
Jean. [dove. I 

Je-mi'ma (je-mi'ma). [Heb.] A| 

Je-ru'sha (je-ru'sha). [Heb.] 
Possessed ; married. 

Joan' (jo-5n' or jon), ) [Heb.] 

Jo-an'na (jo-an'na), [Fern, of 

Jo-han'na (-han'na). ) John. L. 
J6-h5n'na; F. Jeanne (zhan) ; It. 
Giovanna (jo-van'na) ; Sp. Juana 
(hoo-a'na) ; Pg. Jovanna (zho-van'- 
na) ; G. Johanna (yo-han'na). 

Jo'seph-lne (jo'zgf-en). Fem. of 
Joseph. F. Josephine (zho'za'fen') ; 
It. Giuseppina (joo-sgp-pe'na) ; Sp. 
Josefina (ho-sa-fe'na) ; G. Josephine 
(yo-za-f e'na). — Dim. Jo, Jo'zy. 

Joyce (jois). [L.] Sportive. 

Ju'dlth (ju'dith). [Heb.] Praised. 
F. Judith (zhu'det') ; G. Judith (yoo'- 
det). — Dim. Ju'dy. 

Ju'll-a (juli-a or jul'ya). [L.] 
Fem. of Julius. L. id. ; F. Julie 
(zhu'leOj It. Giulia (jobae-a) ; Sp. 
Julia (hoble-a) ; G. Julie (yoo'le-a). 

Jullan'a (ju'li-5n'a). [L.] Fem. 
of Julian. L. id. ; F. Julienne (zhu 7 - 
le'gn'). 

Juli-et (jTilT-et). Dim. of Julia. 

Jus-ti'na (jus-ti'na). [L.] Fem. 
of Justin. L. id. ; F. Justine (zhus'- 
ten') ; It. Giustina (joos-te'na). 



K. 

Kate (kat). Dim. of Catharine. 
Kath'a-rine (kSth'a-rln), ) Same 
Kath'er-ine (kSth'er-in). ) as 
Catharine. 



L. 

Lau'ra (la'ra). [L.] A laurel. F. 
Laure (lor) ; It. & G. Laura (lou'ra). 

Lau-rin'da (la-rtn'da). [L.] De- 
riv. of Laura- [Latium. I 

La-vln'I-a (la-vIn'T-a). [LJ Of | 

Le'na (le'na). Dim. of Helena 
or Magdalene. 

Leo-no'ra (le/o-no^ri). Same as 
Eleanor. It. Leonora (la-S-no^ra) ; 
G. Lenore (la-no'ru). 

Le-tl'ti a (le-tishT-a or le-tTsh'a). 
[L.] Happiness. L. Laetitia (le- 
tlsht-a) ; It. Letizia (la-tet/se-a). 

LU'i-an (lTll-an), i tt T T ilv 

Lilly (Hill). } LL-] Lily- 

Lo-rin'da (16-rIn'da). Var. of 
Laurinda. 

Lou-l'sa (loo-e'za), ) Fem. of 

Louise' (loo-ez'). (Louis. F. 
Louise (166'ez') ; It. Luisa (ld6-e'za) ; 
Sp. Luisa (ldo-e'za) ; Pg. Luiza (166- 
Wz'a.) ; G. Luise (ldo-e'za), Ludovika 
(lob-do-ve'ka). — Dim. Lou, LouTe. 

Lu'ci-a (lu'shi-a). [L.] Itahan 
form of Lucy. 

Lu-Cin'da (lfi-stn'da). [L.] De- 
riv. of Lucy. 

Lu'crece (lu'kres), > 

Lu-cre'tl-a (lu-kre'shT-a or -sha). ) 
[L.] Gain ; otherwise, light. L. Lu- 
cretia (lu-kre'shi-a or -sha) ; It. Lu- 
crezia (156-krat'se-a). 

Lu'cy (lu'sT). Fem. of Lucrus. 
F. Lucie (lu'se') ; It. Lucia (166- 
che'a) ; Sp. Lucia (166'the-a). 

Lyd'i-a (lid'i-a). [Gr.] A native 
of Lydia. 

M. 

Ma'bel (ma'bgl). Contr. fr. Aila.- 

BEL. 

Mad'e-llne (mSd'e-lin). See Mag- 
dalene. 

Mag'da-lene (mSg'da-len, prop. 
mSg'da-le'ne). [Heb.] Belonging 
to Magdala. F. Magdelaine (ma'- 
d'lan'), Madeleine (ma'd'lan'), Made- 
Ion (ruaVd'loN') ; It. Maddalena (mad- 
da-la'na) ; Sp. Magdalena (mag-da- 
la'na), Madelena (ma-da-la'na) ; Pg. 
Magdalena (mag-da-la'na) ; G. Mag- 
dalene (mag-da-la'na). — Dim. Maud, 
Maudlin, Maun. [Marcellus. I 

Mar-ceHa (mar-sglMa). Fem. of I 

Mar'ci-a (mar'shT-a or -sha). [L.] 
Fem. of Marcius. 

Mar'ga-ret (mar'ga-rgt or mar'- 
grgt). [Gr.] A pearl. F. Margue- 
rite (mar'ge-ret') ; It. Margherita 
(mar-ga-re'ta) -; Sp. Margarita (mar- 
ga-re'ta) ; Pg. Margarida (mar-ga- 
reMa) ; G. Margarethe (mar-ga-ra'- 
ta). — Dim. Mar'gTe, Mar'ger-^, 
MSdge, MSg, Mag'gy, Mgg, Mggfy. 

Ma-ri'a (ma-ri'a). See Mary. 

Ma ri-anne' (ma'rT-an'). A com- 
pound of Mary and Anne. F. Mariane, 
Marianne (ma're'an') ; It. Mariauua 
(ma-re-an'na) ; Sp. & Pg. Mariana 
(ma-re-a'na) ; G. Marianne (ma-re- 
an'na). [Mary. I 

Ma'ri-on (ma'rT-5n). Var. of | 

Mar'tna (mar'tha). [Heb.] The 
ruler of the house ; otherwise, sor- 
rowful ; melancholy. F. Marthe 
(mart) ; It. & Sp. Marta (mar'ta) ; 
Pg., G., & D. Martha (mar'ta).— 
Dim. MSt, MSt'ty. 

Ma'ry (ma'r^). [Heb.] Bitter ; 
otherwise, their rebellion, ar star of 
the sea. L. Ma-ri'a ; F. Marie (ma 7 - 
re'), Marion (ma're'oN') ; It., Sp., & 
Pg. Maria (ma-re r a) ; G. Maria (ma- 
re^a), Marie (ma-ret). —Dim. May, 
M5U, M5iay\ 



fgrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin. 



N 



1033 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



u 



w 



Ma-thil'da (ma-tll'da), * rf)Hf , , 

Ma-til'da (ma-til'da). j LOHG.] 

Mighty battle maid ; heroine. F. 

M.nhiide (mK teld') ; It. Matilda 

( luii-tolMal : G. M:\thilde (ma-tel'da)- 

Mir. Mat'tv. Maud, Til'da. 

Maud i, mad). Contr. of Matilda 

( r .\UiiPALENE. 

May (ma). The mouth of Mat, 
or ■ dim. of Maky. 

Me-het'a-bel (m* - h?t ' a - bgl), ) 

Me-hit'a-ble (me-hit'a-b'l). J 
[Heb.] Benefited of God. 

Mel'i-cent unel'T-sgnt). [L.] 
Sweet singer ; otherwise [Teutonic], 
work : strength. 

Me-lls'sa (me-lis'sa). [Gr.] A 
bee. F. Melisse (males'), M61ite 
(ina'let'). 

Mil'dred (mll'drBd). [G.] MUd 
threatener. 

Mil'i-cent(mTl'i-sgnt). See Mkt.t- 

CENT. 

Min'nie (niin'nT). [Cf. G. Minna.] 
Remembrance ; love. Frequently 
used as nickname for Mart. 

Mi-ran'da (mi-ran'da). [L.] Ad- 
mirable. L. id. 

Mir'i-am (inIrT-am). [Heb.] = 
Mart. 

My'ra (ml'ra). [Gr.] She who 
weeps or laments. 



N. 

Nan'cy (nSn'si). . See Anne. 

Nellie (ngl'li). Dim. of Ellen, 
Helen, or Eleanor." 

Na'ra (no'ra), ) Contr. fr. Ho- 

No'rah (no'ra). J nora, Leonora, 
or Eleanor. 

o. 

Oc-ta'vl-a (5k-ta'vT-a). [L.] Fem- 
inine of Octavtt/s. L. id. ; F. Octa- 
vie (ok'ta'veO, Octave (ok'taV) ; It. 
Ottavia (ot-ta've-a) ; Sp. Octavia 
(ok-ta've-a) ; G. Octavia (ok-ta've-a). 
— Dim. Ta'vy, Tave. 

Ol'ive (51tv), ) [L.] An 

O-liv'1-a (o-lTvl-a). J olive. L. 
O-lTvl-a ; It. & G. Olivia (o-le've-a). 

0-phe'li-a (o-feli-a or o-fel'ya). 
[Gr.] Serpent. F. Ophelie (o'fa'le'). 



Paula (pala). [L.] Feminine of 
Paulus, or Paul. L. id. ; It. Paola 
(pa'fi-13); Sp., Pg., & G. Paula 
(poula) ; F. Paule (pol). 

Pau-11'na (pa-li'na), ) [L.] Dim. 

Pau-llne / (pa-len'). I of Paula. 
F. Pauline (po'len') ; It. PaoUna (pa- 
o-le'na). 

Pe-nel'O-pe (pe-ngl'6-pe). [Gr.] 
A weaver. L. id. 

Phe'be (fe'be). Same as Phosbe. 

Phi-lip'pa (fl-llr/pa). Fem. of 
Philip. F. Philippine (fe'lep'pen') ; 
It. Filippa (fe-ler/pa), Filippina (fe- 
!#p-pe'n£) ; Sp. & Pg. Felipa (fa-le'- 
p'a; : G. Philippine (fe-lep-pe'na). 



Phillis (flllls) = Phtllis. 

PhceTie (fe'be). [Gr.] Shining. 
F. Phob^ (fa'ba') ; It. Febe (fa'ba). 

Phyllis (finis). [Gr.] A green 
bough. 

Pol'ly (pSiai). A dim. of Mart. 

Pris-cilla (prls-sll'la). [L.] 
Somewhat old. L. id. 



R. 

Ra'Chel (ra'chgl). [Heb.] A 
ewe. F. Rachel (ra'shel') ; It. Ra- 
chele (ra-ka'la); Sp. Raquel (ra- 
kal') ; Pg. Rachel (ra'kal) ; G. Rahel 
(ra'hal). 

Re-bec'ca (r e --bgk'ka), ) [Heb.] 

Re-bek'ah (re-bgk'a). \ Of en- 
chanting beauty. L. Re-bgc'ca. — 
Dim. Bgck'y. 

Rho'da (roMa). [Gr.] Arose. 

Ro'sa (ro'za). [L.] A rose. It. 
& Pg. Ro'za ; Sp. Rosa (ro'sa). 

Ros'a-bel (r5z'a-bgl), ) [L.] A 

Ros a-bel'la (-bel'la). J fair rose. 

Ro-sa'li-a (r6-za'lT-a), \ Deriv. of 

Ros'a-lie (roz'a-le). j Rosa. 

Ros'a-lind(roz'a-lind). [L.] Beau- 
tiful as a rose. 

Ros'a-mond (roz'a-miind). [Teu- 
tonic] Horse protection, or famous 
protection. F. Rosemonde (ro'- 
z'moNd') ; It. Rosmonda (roz-mon'- 
da); Sp. Rosamunda (ro-sa-moon'- 
da). 

Rox-an'a (roks-Sn'a). [Per.] Dawn 
of day. F. Roxane (rok'san'). — Dim. 
Rox'y. 

Ruth (ruth). [Heb.] Beauty. 



s. 

Sa-bi'na (sa-bi'na). [L.] A Sa- 
bine woman. F. Sabine (sa'ben') ; 
G. Sabina (sa-be'na). 

Sa-lome' (sa-lom', properly sa-lo'- 
me). [Heb.] Peaceful. F. Salome 
(sa'16'ma'). 

Sa'ra (sa'ra), ) [Heb.] A prin- 

Sa'rah (sa'ra). j cess. F. Sara 
(sa'ra') ; It., Sp., & Pg. Sara (sa'ra) ; 
G. Sara (za'ra). — Dim. SSI, SSl'ly\ 

Se-li'na(st-li'na). [Gr.] Parsley; 
otherwise, moon. 

Sib'yl (sibll). [Gr.] A sibyl. L. 
Sibylla (sT-bil'la). 

So-phi'a (so-fi'a). [Gr.] Wisdom. 

F. Sophie (sS'fe'); It. Sofia (sS-fe'a) ; 

G. Sophia (z*-fe'a). — Dim. So'phy. 
So-phTO'ni-a (so-fro'nl-a). [Gr.] 

Of a sound mind. 

Stel'la (stella). [L.] A star. L. 
id. ; F. Estelle (es'tel') ; Sp. EsteUa 
(es-tel'ya). 

Steph'a-na(stef'a-na). [Gr.] Fem. 
of Stephen. F. Stephanie (sta'fa'- 
ne'). 

Su'san (su'zan), ) [Heb.] A 

Susanna (su-zan'na), > lily. F. 

Su-san'nah (-zSn'na). ) Susanne 
(su'zan') ; It. Susanna (s56-zan'na). — 
Dim. Sue, Suke, SuHiy, Su'sie, Su'zy. 

Syl'vl-a (sil'vT-a). [L.] Fem. of 
Stlvanus. 



Tah'i-tha (t5b'I-tha). [Syr.] a 
gazelle. 

The'o-dCra (the'6-do'ra). [Gr.] 
Fem. of Theodore. It. Teodora (ta- 
o-do'ra) ; G. Theodora (ta-o-do'ra). 
— Dim. Do'ra. 

The / o-do'si-a (the'6-do'shi-a or 
-sha). [Gr.] Gift of God. It. Teo- 
dosia (ta-o-do'ze-a) ; G. Theodosia 
(ta-o-do'ze-a). 

The-re'sa (te-re'sa). [Gr.] Car- 
rying ears of grain. F. Thgrese (ta'- 
raz') ; It. Teresa (ta-ra'za) ; Sp. Te- 
resa (ta-ra'sa) ; Pg. Theresa (ta-ra'- 
za) ; G. Therese (ta-ra'za), Theresia 
(ta-ra'ze-a). —Dim. Tgr'r^, Tra'^y. 

Thom'a-sa (t5m'a-sa), ) Fem. of 

Thom'a-sine (sen). j Thomas. 



u. 

Ul-ri'ca (Ql-ri'ka). [Teutonic] 
Rich. F. Ulrique (ul'rek') ; It. Ul- 
rica (561-re'ka) ; G. Ulrike (dol-re'- 
ka). 

U-ra'ni-a(u-ra'nT-a). [Gr.] Heav- 
enly ; one of the Muses. L. id. ; F. 
Uranie (u'ra-ne'). 

Ur'SU-la (er'su-la). [L.] She- 
bear. L. id. ; F. Ursule (ur'sul') ; 
It. Orsola (or'so-la) ; Sp. Ursola (oor'- 
so-la). 



V. 

Va-le'rl-a (va-le'ri-a). [L.] Vic- 
tory. L. id. ; F. Valene (va'la're'). 

Vic-toTi-a (vik-to'rl-a). [L.] 
Victory. L. id. ; F. Victoire (vek'- 
twar') ; It. Vittoria (vet-to're-a) ; G. 
Victoria (vek-to're-a). 

Vi'O-la (vi'S-la). [L.] A violet. 
L. id.; F. Violette (ve'S'lgf) ; It. 
Viola (ve-ola) ; Sp. & Pg. Violante 
(ve-o-lan'ta) ; G. Viola (ve-o'la), Vi- 
de (ve-6 v la). 

Vir-gin'i-a (ver-jm'i-a). [L.] Vir- 
gin ; pure. L. id. ; F. Virginie (ver'- 
zhe'ne') ; It. Virginia (ver-je'ne-a) ; 
G. Virginia (ver-ge'ne-a). 

Viv'i-an (vTv'T-an). [L.] Lively. 
F. Vivienne (ve've-en') ; It. Viviana 
(ve-vS-a'na). 

w. 

Wil hel-mi'na (wil ' hel - me ' na). 
[OHG.] Fem. of Wilhelm, German 
of William. F. GuUlelmine (ge'ygl'- 
men') ; Guillemette (ge'y'-mgf ) ; It. 
Guglielma (gool-ye-gl'ma) ; Sp. Gui- 
Uelmina (gel-ygl-me'na) ; G. Wilhel- 
mine (wel-hgl-me'na). 

Win'i-fred (win'i-frgd). [Teuton- 
ic] A lover of peace. Dim. WTn'- 
nle. 

z. 

Ze-no'bi-a (ze-no'bi-a). [Gr.] 
Having Ufe from Jupiter. L. id. ; 
F. Zenobie (za'no'be'). 

Zoe(zo). [Gr.] Life. 



a. e. I, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short ; senate, S vent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final. 
f grn, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sine, is^> then, thin. 



A CONCISE ACCOUNT 
OF THE CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., 

IN THE GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY. 



Note. — Most of the Roman or Italic deities became sooner or later identified with Greek deities, so that the Roman 
and Greek names became interchanged. The larger part of the myths related of the gods by the later Roman poets 
are derived from the Greek mythology. 



Ab'a-rls (aVa-ris). A Scythian 
priest of Apollo, said to have 
ridden through the air on an arrow. 

Ab-syr'tus (5b-ser'tQs). The younger 
brother of Medea who (according 
to one legend) was cut up and cast 
into the sea by Medea when she 
was pursued by jEetes in her 
flight with Jason in the Argo. 

A-ces'tes (a-seVtez). A king of 
Sicily, who entertained iEneas. 

A-chse'US (a-ke'Qs). Son of Xuthus 
(a descendant of Deucalion), and 
ancestor of the Achaeans. 

A-cha'tes (a-ka'tez). A trusty (L. 
fidus) companion of jEneas. 

Ach'e-ron (Sk'e-ron). The bitter 
river of the infernal regions, over 
which Charon ferried the souls of 
the dead. 

A-Chil'les (a-kil'lez). The son of 
Peleus and Thetis (see Thetis) ; 
hero of Homer's Iliad, and leader 
of the Myrmidons. He slew Hector 
of Troy in battle, and was (accord- 
ing to a later tradition) himself 
slain by Paris by a wound in the 
heel, his only vulnerable part. 

ACi-da'li-a (aVT-da'lT-a). A sur- 
name of Aphrodite (Venus). 

A'ciS (a'sis). A Sicilian shepherd, 
son of Faunus, loved by Galatea, 
and therefore slain by Polyphemus. 

A-cris'i-us (a-kris'i-us). Brother 
of Proetus and ruler of Larissa. 
He was a grandson of Danaus and 
father of Danae. 

Ac-t&'on (Sk-te'iin). A celebrated 
Greek hunter, who, having seen 
Artemis (Diana) bathing, was 
changed into a stag and hunted 
down by his own hounds. Accord- 
ing to another myth he angered the 
goddess by boasting that he ex- 
celled her in hunting. 

Ad-me'tUS (5d-me'tus). The king 
of Pherae, in Thessaly, and one of 
the Argonauts. When sick he was 
told by the oracle that he could 
recover only by some one volun- 
teering to die in his stead, which 
his wife Alcestis did. 

A-do-nai'a (a-d6-ni'ya), or A-do-ni'- 
as (a-do-ni'as). A name of Aphro- 
dite. 

A-do'nls (a-do'nis). A Cyprian 
youth famed for his beauty and 
beloved by Aphrodite (Venus), but 
torn in pieces by a wild boar. The 
gods, to console the goddess, de- 
creed that he might continue to 
live half the year, during spring 
and summer. 

A-dras'ti-a (A-draVtT-a). One of 



the nymphs who tended and nursed 
Zeus on Mount Ida. 

A-dras'tUS (a-dras'tus). A king of 
Argos, father-in-law of Polynices. 
He commanded the forces in the 
war of the Seven against Thebes, 
and alone of the seven returned. 

jSS'a-CUS (e'a-kus). Son of Zeus and 
iEgina, who became after death 
one of the judges in Hades and, in 
later tradition, the gate-keeper of 
Hades. 

2E-e'tes (e-e'tez). Son of Helios 
and Perseis and king of Colchis. 

iE-gae'US (e-ge'us). King of Athens ; 
father of Theseus ; fabled to have 
drowned himself in the JSgean sea. 

iE-ge'ri-a. See Egeeia. 

iE-gls'thus (e-jis'thus). The se- 
ducer of Clytaemnestra, killed by 
Orestes. 

iE'gle (e'gle). 1. One of the Hes- 
perides. 2. The fairest of the 
Naiads. 

■25-gyP'tUS (e-jip'tus). A king of 
Egypt, whose fifty sons, except 
Lynceus, were slain on their wed- 
ding night by their brides, the 
daughters of Danaus. 

2E-ne'as (e-ne'as) . A valiant Trojan 
warrior (son of Aphrodite (Venus) 
and Anchises), distinguished for 
his pious care of his father at the 
capture of Troy. His adventures 
form the subject of Virgil's iEneid. 

2E'0-1US (e'6-liis). The god or ruler 
of the winds, which he let out from 
their prison in the caves of one of 
the Lipara islands ; the son of Hip- 
potas, and ruler of the ^Eolian is- 
lands. 

JEs cu-la'pi-US (gs'ku-la'pT-Qs), or 
As-cle'pi-as (as-kle'pi-as). Son 
of Apollo, and god of medicine. 
For raising the dead he was slain 
by Zeus, and he was afterwards 
worshiped as a god. 

.ffi'thon (e'thSn). One of the horses 
to the chariot of Phoebus, or Pallas, 
or Aurora, etc. 

Ag a-mem'non (Sg'a-mgm'non). 
Brother of Menelaus, and com- 
mander of the Grecian forces 
against Troy. He was murdered 
by his faithless wife Clytaemnestra. 

Ag a-nip'pe (Sg'a-nTp'pe). A nymph 
of a well or spring of the same 
name at the foot of Mount Helicon, 
sacred to the Muses. 

A'jax (a'jSks). 1. A son of Telamon, 
and the strongest and greatest in 
stature of the Greeks in the Trojan 
war. 2. Son of Oileus, and king 
of the Locri. He was the swiftest 



of the Greeks in the Trojan war, 
except Achilles. 

Al-cae'us (Sl-se'us). Son of Perseus 
and Andromeda, and father of Am- 
phitryon. 

Al-ces'tis (Sl-sgs'tTs). Wife of Ad- 
metus, whose life she preserved by 
dying in his stead. She was brought 
back from Hades by Hercules. 

Al-Ci'des (Xl-si'dez). 1. A name of 
Amphitryon, son of Alcaeus. 2. A 
name esp. of Hercules, whose step- 
father was Amphitryon. 

Al-cin'O-US (51-sTn'o-us). The king 
of Phaeacia who entertained Ulysses 
when shipwrecked. 

Alc-me'ne (Slk-me'ne). Wife of 
Amphitryon, and mother of Her- 
cules by Zeus. 

Al-cy'o-ne (51-si'o-ne), or Hal-cy'o- 
ne (hal-). A daughter of JEolus, 
who drowned herself in grief for 
the loss of her husband, and was 
turned into a kingfisher. 

A-lec'tO (a-lgk'tS). A Fury. 

Al ex-an'der (Sl'gx-anMer). A name 
of Paris. 

Al-phe'us (Xl-fe'Qs). See Abethusa. 

Al-thae'a (31-tbe'a). Mother of 
Meleager, and sister of Deianeira. 

Am al-the'a (am'51-the'a). The goat 
that supplied Zeus with milk on 
Mount Ida. 

Am'a-zons (Xm'a-zSnz). Warlike 
women of Asia Minor who often 
engaged in contest with the Grecian 
heroes. 

Am'mon (ani'mon). The Egyptian 
deity whose chief seat of worship 
was Thebes. By the Greeks and 
Romans he was called Zeus, or Ju- 
piter, Ammon. He was sometimes 
represented in the form of a ram. 

Am phi-a-ra'us (Sm'fT-a-ra'us). 
Brother of Adrastus, one of the 
Seven who besieged Thebes. He 
was a seer, and foretold that all 
but Adrastus would perish in the 
expedition. 

Am-phi'on (5m-fT'5n). Son of Zeus 
and Antiope, whose skill in music 
was such that, at the sound of his 
lyre, stones came together and 
formed the walls of Thebes. 

Am phi-tri'te (aWfT-trl'te). Wife 
of Poseidon, and mother of Triton. 

Am-phit'ry-on (Sm-fTt'rT-5n). Son 
of Alcaeus. To win the hand of 
Alcmene he avenged the death of 
her brothers on the Taphians. 

An-CSB'US (5n-se'us). A king of 

the Samians, who, leaving a cup of 

wine untasted to pursue a boar by 

which he was killed, gave rise to 

1033L 



N 



1034 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



u 



w 



the proverb. " There 's many a slip 
'twixt the cup and the lip." 

An-chi'ses t,In-ki'sez). Father of 
JSneas, and, next to Adonis, the 
chief favorite of Aphrodite ^Yeuus) 
among mortals. 

An-drorn ache (£u - dr5m ' a - ke). 
Wife of Hector, distinguished f oi- 
lier domestic virtues. 

An-droni'e-da (,Xu - dr5in ' e - da). 
Daughter of Cassiopeia and the 
Ethiopian king Cepheus. She was 
exposed to a sea monster, but was 
rescued by Perseus, who married 
her. 

An-tae'us (ah-te'us). A son of 
Poseidon ; monarch of Libya. He 
was of gigantic size and strength, 
and invincible so long as he re- 
mained in contact with his mother 
Earth (Gsea). He was slain by Her- 
cules, who held him in his arms. 

An-tig'C-ne (an-tig'o-ne). Daughter 
of GEdipus and Jocasta ; famous for 
filial piety. 

An-ti'O-pe (an-ti'6-pe). Mother of 
Amphiou and Zethus, who was 
tormented by Dirce, the jealous 
wife of her uncle. 

A-nuTris (a-nu'bis). The Egyptian 
god of funeral rites, and the escort 
of souls to the inferior world, con- 
founded by the Greeks with Her- 
mes. He was represented as a 
jackal, a dog, or a man with a 
jackal's head. 

Aph/ro-di'te (Sfro-dl'te). The Greek 
goddess of love and wedlock, who 
(according to one myth) rose from 
the foam of the sea at Cyprus ; — 
identified with Venus. 

A'pis (a'pis). The bull of Memphis, 
worshiped by the Egyptians, and 
(according to some) regarded as 
the incarnation of the god Osiris. 

A-pollo (a-pol'lo). A deity of the 
Greeks and Romans, worshiped as 
the sun-god. He was also god of 
medicine, divination, archery, and 
poetry, and leader of the Muses. 

A-rach'ne (a-rSk'ne). A Lydian 
maiden, who was changed into a 
spider for presuming to challenge 
Athene to a trial of skill in weaving. 

A'res (a'rez). The Greek god of 
bloody war, son of Zeus and Hera, 
delighting in the tumult and hor- 
rors of battle. He was fierce and 
gigantic, but handsome, and was 
beloved by Aphrodite. The Ro- 
mans identified him with Mars. 

Ar'e-thu'sa (aVe-thu'sa). A beau- 
tiful Xereid who changed into a 
fountain on the island of Ortygia 
when pursued by the river god Al- 
pheus, who, in the form of the river 
Alpheus, was fabled to have pur- 
sued her thither under the sea and 
there mingled with her waters. 

Ar'go (ar'go). The ship in which 
the Argonauts sailed. 

Ar'go-nauts (ar'go-nats). Compan- 
ions of Jason, who went to Colchis, 
in the ship Argo, to fetch the golden 
fleece. 

Ar'gus (ar'gus). A mythical person 
with a hundred eyes, set by Hera to 
watch Io. He was killed by Hermes, 
whereupon Hera placed his eyes in 
the tail of a peacock. 

A'ri-ad'ne ( a' r I-Sd'ne ). Daughter of 
Minos, king of Crete, who loved 
Theseus, and gave him a clew of 
thread which guided him out of the 
labyrinth of Crete. She sailed 
away with Theseus, but was aban- 
doned by h'im on the island of Naxos. 

A-rl'on (a-ri'5n). A famous musician 
and lyric poet of Methymna (about 
C25 e. c.)» in Lesbos, fabled to have 



been rescued from drowning by a 
dolphin charmed with his music. 

Ar is taVus (aVis-te'iis). A son of 
Apollo and Cyreue ; the protector 
of flocks and herds, and of vine 
and olive plantations. He taught 
men the management of bees. 

Ar'te-mis (iir'te-niis). The Greek 
virgin goddess of light, daughter 
of Zeus and Leto, who punished 
evil with her keen arrows and with 
deadly sickness, and also protected 
mortals from pestilence and dan- 
ger. The Romans identified her 
with Diana. 

As-cal'a-phus (Ss-kal'a-fus). A son 
of Acheron, who, having revealed 
that Proserpine had eaten part of 
a pomegranate in the kingdom 
of Pluto, was turned into an owl. 

As-ca'ni-US (as-ka'm-us). The son 
of Jineas and Creusa, and founder 
of the city of Alba in Italy. 

As-tar'te (5s-tar'te). The Phoeni- 
cian goddess corresponding to, and 
partly the original of, the Greek 
Aphrodite. She is commonly con- 
sidered as the moon goddess, and 
is variously represented, usually, 
however, as a woman with four 
wings, wearing a pointed cap, and 
holding a dove in her hand. 

As-trae'a (as-tre'a). The goddess of 
justice. She was the last god to 
dwell on earth, but left the earth on 
the termination of the Golden Age. 

As-ty'a-nax (5s-ti'a-nax). Son of 
Hector, of Troy. 

At a-larTta (at'a-lan'ta). In Arca- 
dian myth, a daughter of Zeus and 
Clemene, M r ho became a swift hun- 
tress and took part in the Calydo- 
nian boar hunt, being the first to 
strike the boar. She married Mei- 
lanion. In Boeotian myth, a beau- 
tiful swift-footed maiden who would 
marry only the one who should out- 
run her in a race. See Hippomenes. 

A'te (a'te). The goddess believed to 
incite revenge and to stir up mis- 
chief, and to move men to actions 
leading to ruin. She was a daugh- 
ter of Zeus, who cast her from 
Olympus. 

A-the'ne (a-the'ne). The Greek god- 
dess of wisdom, science, and just 
war, and tutelary deity of Athens. 
The Roman Minerva became iden- 
tified with Athene. 

A'thor (a'thor). An Egyptian god- 
dess, identified by the Greeks with 
Aphrodite. 

Atlas (aVlas). A Titan, who fought 
against Zeus, and was condemned 
to support the world. Later myths 
make Atlas a man who was meta- 
morphosed into a mountain sup- 
porting the vault of heaven. 

At'ro-pds (at'ro-p5s). One of the 
Fates. 

Au'ge-as (a'je-as). Mythical king 
of Elis. Hercules, for the fifth la- 
bor, in one day cleansed his stables 
of the accumulated filth of thirty 
years by turning a river through 
them. 

Au-ro'ra (a-ro'ra). The Latin god- 
dess of morning. She became 
identified with the Greek Eos. 

Bac-chan'tes (b5k-kSn'tez). Priest- 
esses of Bacchus. 

Bac'chus (bSk'kus). A name of 
Dionysus, god of wine. 

Bel-ler'o-phon (bgl-15r'o-f5n), or 
Hip-pon'O-US (hip-pon'6-us). Son 
of Glaucus. Being falsely accused 
by the wife of Proetus, king of the 
Argives, he was sent with a sealed 
letter from Proetus to his father- 



in-law, commanding him to put the 
bearer to death. Bellerophon was 
then sent on three perilous mis- 
sions, one being to slay the Chi- 
niaera, which he did, riding the 
horse Pegasus. A later legend 
makes him perish in an attempt to 
mount to Olympus on the back of 
Pegasus. 

Bel-lo'na (bSl-lo'na). The Roman 
goddess of war, and sister of Mars. 

Be'lus (be'lus). A mythical king 
of Libya, Arabia, etc., son of Posei- 
don, and brother of Agenor. 

Ber e-ni'ce (beVe-ni'se). Sister and 
wife of Ptolemy Euergetes. Her 
beautiful hair, which she had sacri- 
ficed to the gods, was fabled to 
have been transformed into the 
constellation Coma Berenices. 

Bi'frons (bi'fronz). An epithet of 
Janus. 

Bo/na De'a (bo'na de'a). A Roman 
goddess of fruitfulness, worshiped 
only by women. 

Bo're-as (bo're-as). The personifi- 
cation of the north wind. 

Bri-a're-us (brl-a're-Qs), or Bri'a- 
reUS (bri'a-rus). A fabulous giant, 
son of Uranus and Gsea, with a 
hundred hands and fifty heads. 

Bri-se'is (bri-se'is). A beautiful 
slave over whom Achilles and Aga- 
memnon quarreled. 

Bron'tes (bron'tez). A Cyclops who 
forged the thunderbolts of Zeus. 

Bu-si'ris (bu-si'ris). A mythical 
king of Egypt, who sacrificed all 
foreigners that visited Eg}'pt. He 
was slain by Hercules. 

Byb'lis (bit/lis). The daughter of 
Miletus, who wept herself into a 
fountain for love of her brother 
Caunus. 

Ca-bi'ri (ka-bi'ri). Mystic deities 
anciently worshiped in Samothrace, 
Greece, and other countries. 

Ca'cus (ka'kus). A noted giant and 
robber, slain by Hercules for steal- 
ing from him the oxen of Geryon. 

Cad'mus (kXd'mus). Son of the 
Phenician king Agenor ; the myth- 
ical inventor of alphabetic writing, 
and founder of Thebes in Bceotia. 
He there slew a terrible dragon 
and, on the advice of Athene, 
sowed its teeth in the ground. 
From them there sprang up armed 
giants (called Spartse). Cadmus 
threw a stone among them and 
they thereupon fell to fighting till 
only five remained, who were the 
ancestors of the Thebans. 

Cal'chas (kSPkas). A famous sooth- 
sayer of the Greeks before Troy. 

Cal-li'O-pe (kal-H'6-pe). Mother of 
Orpheus, and chief of the Muses, 
— presiding over epic poetry. 

Cal-lis'tO (k£l-lis't6). Daughter of 
Lycaon, attendant of Artemis, be- 
loved by Zeus, who changed her 
into a bear to conceal her from the 
jealous Hera. She was slain by 
Artemis in the chase, and became 
the constellation Arctos. 

Cal y-do'ni-an hunfXkal'T-do'nT-an 
hunt'). A famous hunt, of Grecian 
mythology, to slay a wild boar sent 
by Artemis to ravage the territory 
of OSneus, king of Calydon. Mele- 
ager, Atalanta, Perseus, Jason, and 
many other heroes took part in it. 

Ca-lyp'SO (ka-lir/so). A nymph who 
reigned in the island of Ogygia, 
where she entertained Ulysses. 

Camilla (ka-mTl'la). A swift-footed 
Italian virgin who fought and was 
slain in the war with JEneas. 

Ca-pa'ne-us (ka-pa'ne-us), or Cap'a- 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



1035 



neus (kap'a-nus). One of the seven 
heroes who led an expedition from 
Argos against Thebes. He was slain 
with lightning by Zeus. 
Cas-san'dra (k5s-s5n'dra). A daugh- 
ter of Priam and Hecuba, whose 
prophecies the Trojans disbelieved. 
Cas-ta'lia ( k£s-ta'li-a ). A cele- 
brated fountain at the base of 
Mount Parnassus, sacred to Apollo 
and the Muses. 
Cas'tor (kaVtor). Son of Zeus or 
Tyudareus and Leda, twin brother 
of Pollux ; noted for his skill in 
managing horses. 
Ce'crops (se'krBps). The founder 
and first king of Athens, said to 
have instituted marriage and in- 
structed the Athenians in agricul- 
ture, navigation, religion, etc. In 
the dispute between Poseidon and 
Athene as to the relative usefulness 
of the horse and the olive he was 
fabled to have been judge, and to 
have decided in favor of Athene 
and the olive. 
Cen'taurs (sgn'tarz). A fabulous 
Thessalian race/half man and half 
horse, the offspring of Ixion and a 
phantom. See Ixion. 
Ce'phe-us (se'fe-iis), or Ce'pheus 
(se'fus). A king of Ethiopia, fa- 
ther of Andromeda. 
Cerlje-rus (ser'be-rus). The three- 
headed dog of Pluto, which guarded 
the gate of Hades against any who 
should attempt to go out. 
Ce'res (se'rez). The old Italic god- 
dess of grain, fruits, and agricul- 
ture, sister of Jupiter. She early 
became identified with the Greek 
Derneter, as the mother of Proser- 
pine or Persephone, etc. 
Cha'ron (ka'ron). The son of Erebus 
and Nyx, who ferried the souls of 
the dead over the rivers Acheron 
and Styx to Hades. 
Cha-ryb'dis (ka-rTt/dis). A vora- 
cious daughter of Poseidon, fabled 
to have been hurled by a thunder- 
bolt of Zeus into the sea on the 
coast of Sicily, where she drew in 
the waters of the sea, and spewed 
them out again. 
Chei'ron (ki'ron), or Chi'ron. The 
wise centaur, skilled in medicine, 
music, and other arts, under whose 
care Achilles was brought up. He 
perished by being accidentally 
struck with a poisoned arrow by 
Hercules. 
Chl-maB'ra (kt-me'ra). A fabulous 
monster in Lycia, which vomited 
fire, and was slain by Bellerophon. 
Chry-se'is (krt-se'Ys). A daughter 
of Chryses, a Trojan priest of Apol- 
lo, captured by the Greeks, and 
given to Agamemnon. Apollo sent 
a pestilence upon the Grecian hosts, 
till she was restored to her father. 
Cir'ce (ser'se). A sea-nymph and 
sorceress, who, by means of an 
enchanted cup, turned men into 
animals. Ulysses tarried a year 
with her on his return from Troy. 
Cli'o(kli'o). Muse of history;— rep- 
resented with a half-opened roll. 
Clo a-ci'na (klo/a-si'na). A Roman 
goddess, who presided over the 
sewers ; — sometimes called Venus 
Cloacina. [Fates. I 

Clo'tho (klo'tho). Youngest of the | 
Clyt aem-nes'tra ) (kiTt'Sm-ngs'tra). 
Clytem-nes'tra ) The faithless 
wife of Agamemnon, whom she, 
with her paramour iEgisthus, mur- 
dered on his return from Troy, for 
which they were killed by Orestes. 
Co-cy'tus (ko-si'tus). A river of 
Hades, a tributary of Acheron. 



COB'lus (se'lus). One of the earlier 
Roman deities, the father of Saturn. 

Co'mus (ko'nius). A god of festivals 
and merriment. He was often 
represented as in drunken sleep 
with torch reversed. 

Cor'y-ban'tes (kSr'i-ban'tez). The 
first priests of Cybele, claimed to 
have been the first merely human 
beings on earth. 

Cre'on (kre'5u). A king of Thebes, 
whose daughter, Jocasta, was mar- 
ried by GEdipus. 

Crce'sus (kre'sus). A king of Lydia, 
celebrated for his great riches. 

Cron'OS (kr5n'5s), or Cron/US (-Qs). 
One of the Titans, son of Uranus 
and Gaea, husband of his sister 
Rhea, and father of Zeus, Poseidon, 
Hades, Hestia, and Hera. He was 
the god of harvest, and after the 
death of his father, whom he slew, 
was supreme ruler till superseded 
by Zeus. 

Cu'pid (ku'pTd). The Roman god 
of love, son of Mars and Venus. Cf . 
Eros. 

Cyb'e-le (sit/e-le). The wife of 
Cronos (Saturn), and mother of the 
Olympian gods. Her festival was 
celebrated with wild orgies. She 
is sometimes confounded with Hera. 

Cy'clops (si^lops), sing. &pl. ; Lat. 
pi. Cy-clo'pes (si-klo'pez). Savage 
one-eyed giants 1 -presented in Ho- 
meric myth as "Sicilian shepherds. 
According to later tradition they 
were the assistants of Hephaestus. 
See Polyphemus and Brontes. 

Cyn'thi-a (sTn'thT-a). A surname of 
Artemis or Diana, from Mount Cyn- 
thus, in Delos, where she was born. 

Cyn/thi-us (sin'thi-us). A surname 
of Apollo. 

Cyp a-ris'sus ( sip/a-ris'sus ). A 
youth beloved by Apollo or Silva- 
nus. Having by accident slain a 
favorite stag, he was changed, 
through grief, into a cypress. 

D®d'a-lus (ded'a-lus). A famous 
mythical Athenian artificer, and the 
builder of the Cretan labyrinth. He 
and his son, Icarus, having been 
confined therein,flewaway on wings 
made by Daedalus. See Icarus. 

Da'mon (da'mon). A Pythagorean 
of Syracuse, celebrated for his 
friendship for Pythias, or Phintias. 

Dan'a-e (d5n'a-e). Daughter of 
Acrisius, and mother of Perseus by 
Zeus, who visited her, when shut 
up in a tower by her father, in the 
form of a shower of gold. 

Dan-a'i-des ( d5n-a/i-dez ). The 
fifty mythical daughters of Danaus, 
all of whom, except Hypermnestra, 
slew their husbands, the sons of 
.aSgyptus, on their wedding night. 
They were condemned in Hades to 
forever pour water into sieves. 

Daph/ne (daf'ne). A nymph be- 
loved by Apollo, but who chose 
rather to be changed into a laurel 
than yield to his solicitations. 

Dar'da-nus (dar'da-nus). Son of 
Zeus and Electra, and mythical 
founder of the city of Troy. 

De-i/a-ni'ra (de-i'a-ni'ra), or DeJ'a- 
ni'ra (dej/a-ni'ra). The wife of 
Hercules, who sent to her husband 
a shirt steeped in the poisoned 
blood of the centaur Nessus. Her- 
cules in his agony burnt himself on 
Mount ffita, and Deianira hung her- 
self for grief. See Nessus. 

De-id a-mi'a (de-Yd'a-mi'a). Daugh- 
ter of Lycomedes, and mother of 
Neoptolemus by Achilles: 

Delia (de'll-a), DeOl-US (de^lT-us). 



Namesof Artemis (Diana) and ApoU 
lo, from Delos, their birthplace. 
Del'phl (dgl'ft). A town of Phocis 
at the base of Mount Parnassus, 
where was a celebrated oracle of 
Apollo. 
De-me'ter (de-me^ter). A Greek 
goddess, daughter of Cronos and 
Rhea, and the mother of Per- 
sephone by Zeus. The Roman 
Ceres became identified with her. 
De-iph'O-be (de-Tf'6-be). A daugh- 
ter of Glaucus, to whom Apollo 
gave the gift of prophecy, and who 
dwelt in a grotto or cave near the 
town of Cumae, whence she was 
called the Cuniaean Sibyl. From 
her Tarquin the Proud was fabled 
to have obtained the three sibylline 
books. 

Deu-cali-011 (du-ka'lT-5n). Son of 
Prometheus, preserved, with his 
wife Pyrrha, in a wooden chest from 
a flood which drowned the rest of 
mankind. Landing on Mount Par- 
nassus, they repeopled the country 
by throwing stones behind them, 
which became men and women. 

Dl-an'a (dt-a'na or di-Sn'a). An 
ancient Italic goddess, regarded as 
the virgin moon goddess, the pro- 
tector of virginity, and of women 
in childbirth. She became identi- 
fied with the Greek Artemis. Di- 
ana of Ephesus was the patron 
goddess of Ephesus, and, although 
not fabled to have been a virgin, 
was identified with the Latin Di- 
ana and the Greek Artemis, as the 
goddess of fertility, childbirth, and 
hunting. 

Di'do (di'do) A surname of the 
Phoenician moon goddess, Astarte, 
who was worshiped as the pro- 
tectress of Carthage. Later, the 
name was given to the Tyrian Elis- 
sa, the mythical foundress and 
queen of Carthage, who (as related 
by Virgil) killed herself because 
JEneas slighted her. 

Di'o-med (di'6-mSd), or Di/o-me / des 
(-ine'dez). 1. A reputed son of 
Ares, and mythical king of Thrace, 
whose horses fed on human flesh. 
One of the twelve labors of Her- 
cules was to capture these horses 
and bring them to Mycenae. 2. A 
Grecian hero who helped Ulysses 
carry off the Palladium from Troy. 

Di-O'ne (dt-o'ne). A sea-nymph, who 
was the mother (according to one 
myth) of Aphrodite. 

Di'O-ny'SUS (di'6-ni'siis). The Greek 
god of wine, son of Zeus and Semele. 
Hewas prematurely born bySemele, 
who at her own request (prompted 
by the jealous Hera) was visited by 
Zeus in thunder and lightning, and 
consumed. He was brought up by 
Ino, and spent many years wander- 
ing about the earth, and introduced 
the cultivation of the vine. He 
was also called Bacchus, originally 
a surname. 

Dir'ce (der'se). Wife of Lycus (king 
of Thebes). She was dragged to 
death by a bull to the horns of 
which she was bound by the sons 
of Antiope, whom she persecuted. 

Dis-cor'di-a (dTs-koVdT-a). The god- 
dess of discord, banished from 
heaven for exciting dissensions 
among the gods. 

Dry'adS. See Hamadryads. 

Ecb/O (5k'o). A nymph who fell in 
love with Nareissus, but being 
slighted by him, pined away until 
nothing was left but her voice. 
Another myth makes her a nioun- 



N 



1036 



GREEK AXD ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



u 



w 



tain nymph who was a servant of 
Hera, but was so talkative that she 
hail to be kept at a distance. 
E-ge'ri-a (i-j5nrX-4). A nymph fabled 
to have taught Kama in religion, 
and beefeOWM her love upon him. 

E-lec'tra (*4eVtr»). 1. One of the 

Pleiades, and mother of Dardanus 
by Zeus. 2. A daughter of Agamem- 
non and Clyt;vmnestra, and sister 
of Orestes. 

E-lys'i-um (.e-lTzh'I-um). The bliss- 
ful abode of the souls of good men, 
and of heroes exempt from death. 

En-cela-dus (gn-seTa-dus). One of 
the hundred - armed giants who 
made war upon the gods. Accord- 
ing to one myth, Zeus buried him 
under Mount Etna. 

En-dym'i-on (gn-dTm'T-5n). Abeau- 
tiful youth, whom Selene (the moon) 
kissed as he lay in eternal sleep on 
Mount Latinos, in Caria. 

E'os (e'5s). The Greek goddess of 
the morning, wife of Tithonus, with 
whom she lived at the end of the 
earth on the banks of the Oceanus ; 
— identified with Aurora. 

E-pe'US (e-pe'Gs). Son of Panopeus, 
and fabricator of the wooden horse, 
by means of which Troy was taken. 

Ephl-al'tes (gf'T-Sl'tez). A giant, 
son of Poseidon, who, with his 
brother Otus, waged war upon the 
Olympian gods ; — killed by Apollo. 

Er'a-tO (er'a-to). The Muse of lyric 
and amatory poetry. 

Er'6-bUS (gr'e-bus). 1. An infernal 
deity, son of Chaos, and brother of 
Nyx. 2. A dark and gloomy cavern 
through which the shades pass on 
their way from Earth to Hades. 

E-rin'nys (e-rin'nTs) ; pi. Erinnyes 
(-nT-ez). Either of the Greek god- 
desses who were the avengers of 
wickedness ; — represented with 
snakes and lighted torches. The 
Romans called them Furise or Dirae. 

E'ris (e'rls). The Greek goddess of 
discord, sister of Ares. 

E'ros (e'rSs). The Greek god of love 
and devoted friendship ; — identi- 
fied by the Romans with Cupid. 

Eu-men'i-des (u-men'T-dez). [Lit., 
gracious ones.] A euphemistic 
name of the Furies, whose true 
name of Erinnyes was ill-omened. 

Eu-phros'y-ne ( u-f rosl -ne ) . One of 
the three Graces. 

Eu-ro'pa(u-ro r pa). Daughter of the 
Phenician king Agenor, or of Phoe- 
nix ; mother of Minos, Rhadaman- 
thus, and Sarpedon by Zeus, who, as 
a white bull, carried her into Crete. 

Eu-ry'a-le (u-rl'a-le). 1. Daughter 
of Minos, and mother of Orion. 
2. One of the Gorgons. 

Eu-ry'a-lus (-lus). A Trojan, famed 
for his friendship for Nisus. 

Eu-ryd'i-ce ( u-r Td'T-se). Wife of Or- 
pheus, who, on her death, by the 
charm of his music, persuaded 
Pluto to allow her to return with 
him to the upper world, the condi- 
tion being imposed that he should 
not look back at her until they 
reached the light. Orpheus looked 
around and she was caught back. 

Eu-ryn'O-meCu-rTn'o-me). Daughter 
of Oceanus ; mother of the Graces. 

Eu-rys'the-us (u-rfs'the-us), or Eu- 
rys'theus (-thus). A king of My- 
cenae, for whom Hercules per- 
formed his twelve labors. 

Eu-ter'pe (u-ter'pe). Muse of joy 
and pleasure ; patroness of flute- 
players and music in general. 

Fates (fatz). The three goddesses 
who presided over human destiny ; 



Pare* ; Moerae. They were repre- 
sented as spinning the thread of 
life, Clotho putting the wool on 
the spindle, Lachesis spinning it, 
and Atropos, the eldest, cutting it 
orl when the hour of death comes. 
Sometimes the Fates are given as 
four, including Tyche, or Fortuna, 
but this is an error. 

Fat'u-US (faVu-us). See Faonus. 

Fau'na (fa'na). A Roman goddess, 
fabled to have been the wife of 
Fauuus, or (in other myths) his 
daughter. Her characteristics are 
obscure. A festival was celebrated 
to her in May with mysterious 
ceremonies, music, merry games, 
and wine. 

Fau'nus (fa'nus). A mythical king 
of Latium, worshiped, after death, 
under the name of Fatuus, as a 
prophetic god of agriculture and of 
shepherds, and identified with Pan. 
In the poets, Faunus becomes one 
of many wood deities represented 
with the legs of a goat ; and these 
were identified with the Satyrs. 

Fe-ro'ni-a (fe-ro'nT-a). An Italian 
deity, the patroness of freedmen, 
and (later) the goddess of flowers. 

FlO'ra (flo'ra). The goddess of flow- 
ers and spring. 

For-tU'na (f6r-tu'na). The goddess 
of good luck, usually represented 
holding a rudder in one hand and 
the hornof plenty in the other. 

Fu'ries (fu'riz). See Erinnys. 

Gae'a (je'a), Gal'a (gi'a), or Ge (je). 
A Greek goddess, the daughter of 
Chaos, who of herself begat Uranus. 
He became her husband, and to 
him she bore the Titans. She as- 
sisted Cronos to slay Uranus. 

Gal a-tae'a (gal'a-te'a). A sea- 
nymph, sister of Thetis, passion- 
ately loved by Polyphemus. 

Gan'y-me'de (gan'T-nie'de ; Eng. 
pron. gan'T-med), Lat. Gan'y- 
me'des (-dez). The son of Tros. 
Because he was " the most beautiful 
of mortal men " he was carried off 
by Zeus, or the eagle of Zeus, to be- 
come cup-bearer to the god, in place 
of, or together with, Hebe. 

Ge / ry-on (je'rT-on). A three-headed, 
three-bodied giant, king of the 
island of Erythea, on the coast of 
Spain, whose herd of cattle Her- 
cules carried off to Greece, after he 
had killed Geryon. 

Gi'ants (ji'ants), or Gi-gan'tes (jT- 
gan'tez). Any being in human 
form of great size ; specif., the 
monsters who, in later legends, are 
described as sprung from the blood 
of Uranus when slain, and as having 
legs of serpents or dragons. They 
fought to overthrow Zeus, who 
released the Hecatoncheires and 
Cyclopes to aid him in destroying 
them. They were confused with 
the Titans. 

Glau'CUS (gla/kus). A son of Sisy- 
phus; father of Deiphobe. He 
was torn to pieces by his own 
horses, and his name was ill- 
omened to equestrians, as he was 
believed to go about as an evil 
spirit frightening horses. 

Gor'di-US (gor'dT-us). A peasant 
who, by direction of an oracle, was 
proclaimed king of Phrygia by cer- 
tain messengers who met him riding 
in a wagon. The oracle declared 
that whoever should succeed in un- 
tying the knot (Gordian knot) by 
which the yoke was tied to the 
tongue of the wagon should be mas- 
ter of all Asia. Alexander the 



Great, in 333 b. c, being unable to 
untie it, cut it with his sword. 

Gor'gon (g5r'g5n). A daughter 
(Medusa) of Phorcys and Ceto, hav- 
ing serpents instead of hair. Her 
aspect was so frightful that mortals 
who gazed upon her face were 
turned to stone. She was beheaded 
by Perseus. She had two like sis- 
ters, Euryale and Stheno, also 
sometimes called Gorgons. 

Gra'ces (gra'sSz). The female per- 
sonifications of beauty and grace. 
According to Hesiod they are three 
in number, Euphrosyne, Aglaia, 
and Thalia, the virgin daughters of 
Zeus and Eurynome. 

Gy'ges (jl'jez). 1. An officer of 
Candaules, king of Lydia, who, hav- 
ing unwillingly seen the queen dis- 
robe, was compelled to kill the king 
or be put to death himself. He 
murdered the king and became 
king of Lydia about 716 b. c. Ac- 
cording to a tradition he came into 
possession of the throne by means 
of an enchanted ring with which he 
could make himself invisible. 2. A 
giant with a hundred arms. 

Ha'des (ha'dez). 1. In Greek my- 
thology, a son of Cronos and Rhea. 
He shared the universe with Zeus 
and Poseidon, receiving the empire 
of the lower world, with the sover- 
eignty of the dead. He became 
identified with the Roman Pluto. 
2. The " house of Hades ; " the 
place of departed spirits, compre- 
hending, according to a common 
myth, both Elysium and Tartarus. 

Harh'a-dry ads (ham'a-drl'adz), or 
Dry'ads (dri'aclz). In Greek my- 
thology, the nymphs who inhabited 
groves, ravines, and wooded val- 
leys, coming into existence and 
dying with particular trees. They 
lived in the deep forests, whence 
their name Oreades. 

Har'pies (har'pTz), L. Har-py'i-se 
(har-pi'i-e). In Greek mythology, 
the daughters of Thaumas ; the 
demons of the storm, and hence of 
death. In early art they appear in 
human f omi with wings ; later they 
have the body, legs, and claws of 
a bird with the head, arms, and 
breasts of a woman. 

Har-poc'ra-tes (har-p5k'ra-tez). An 
Egyptian divinity, son of Osiris and 
Isis, worshiped in Greece and Rome 
as the god of silence, but regarded 
by the Egyptians as symbolizing the 
weak winter sun, — represented as 
a child, sitting on a lotus flower, 
with his finger on his mouth. 

HeHoe (he'be). The goddess of youth, 
and cup-bearer to the Olympian 
gods until superseded by Ganymede, 
under which name she was also 
known and worshiped. According 
to one myth she became the wife 
of Hercules, when he was taken to 
Olympus. 

Hec'a-te (hek'a-te). One of the 
Titans, a goddess of the Greeks, 
presiding over roads, doors, and 
gates. She is a powerful goddess, 
all the secret powers of nature be- 
ing at her command, and she con- 
fers riches, power, and honor upon 
men. She is the goddess of mar- 
riage, and can cure madness, and 
presides over rites of magic and ex- 
orcism. She was of ten confounded 
with Artemis and Persephone. 
Some of the myths made her a 
moon goddess, like Selene or Luna. 

Hec a-ton-chei'res (hgk'a-t5n-kl'- 
rez). The three hundred-handed 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



1037 



sons of Uranus and Ga>a. They 
were Cottus, Gyges, and Briareus. 

Hec'tor (hgk'tBr). Sou of Priam and 
Hecuba, and bravest of the Trojans; 
slain by Achilles, who dragged his 
body thrice round the walls of Troy. 

Hec'u ba (hgc'u-ba). The wife of 
Priam. After the fall of Troy she 
became the slave of Ulysses. She 
killed the two children of Poly- 
mestor, and put out his eyes ; aud 
was then turned into a dog, which 
sprang into the sea and perished. 

Hel'e-na (hSl'e-na), Eng. Hel'en. 
Daughter of lyndarua and Leda 
(or, according to other traditions, 
Zeus and Leda), and wife of Mene- 
laus ; the most beautiful woman in 
all Greece. By running away with 
Paris, she occasioned the Trojan 
war. After the fall of Troy she re- 
turned with Menelaus to Greece. 

Hel'e-nus (hgl'e-nus). The son of 
Priam, spared by the Greeks on 
account of his skill in divination. 

Hel'i-con (hgl'T-kSn). A mountain 
of Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and the 
Muses. 

He'li-os (helT-Ss), or He'li-us (he'- 
lY-us). The charioteer of the sun, 
and the god of light, of life, and 
growth in the vegetable world, and 
the originator of the seasons. He 
became identified with Apollo. 

Hel'le (hgl'le). Daughter of Atha- 
mus and Nephele. She fled from 
her stepmother Ino, and was 
drowned in the Dardanelles, thence 
called the Hellespont. 

He pha&s'tUS (ht-fes'tus). The 
Greek god of fire and lightning. 
He was the smith of the gods, and 
one myth located his workshop 
under Mount Etna, where he was 
assisted by the Cyclops. He was 
(according to Homer) son of Zeus 
and Hera, and was identified by 
the Romans with Vulcan. 

He'ra (he'ra). A Greek goddess, 
daughter of Cronos and Rhea. 
She was wife of Zeus, and queen 
of heaven, and was the goddess of 
women, marriage, and childbirth. 

Her'cu-les (her'kfi-lez), or Her'ac- 
les (hSr'Sk-lez). The most famous 
hero of Greek mythology, son of 
Zeus and Alcmene. He was cele- 
brated for his great strength, and 
especially for his twelve labors. 
See Ant^us, Augeas, Deianiba, 
Diomed, Hesione, Hydra, Hylas, 
and Omphale. 

Her'mes (her'mez). Son of Zeus 
and Maia. He was the messenger 
of the gods ; was the god of com- 
merce, lying, stealing, oratory, 
gymnastics, and chance. He is 
represented with the caduceus, 
petasus, and winged feet. 

Her-mi'O-ne (her-mi'6-ne). Daugh- 
ter of Menelaus and Helena ; wife 
first of Neoptolemus, afterwards 
of Of estes, who slew Neoptolemus. 

He'ro (he'ro). A beautiful priestess 
of Aphrodite at Sestos, in Thrace, 
beloved by Leander of Abydos, who 
used to swim over the Hellespont 
to see her. Leander was finally 
drowned and Hero threw herself, 
in despair, into the sea. 

He-sl'O-ne (he-si'o-ne). Daughter 
of Laomedon, king of Troy, rescued 
from a sea monster by Hercules. 

Hes-per'i-des (hgs-pgr'T-dez). The 
nymphs, Aegle, Erytheis, and Hes- 
pere (and later also Arethusa), who 
were set in the garden of the gods 
to watch the golden apples pro- 
duced from those given to Hera on 
her marriage to Zeus. One tradi- 



tion makes them the three daugh 
ters of Atlas and Hesperis. 

Hes'pe-rus (hgs'pe-rus,, or Ves'per 
(ves'per). Son of Iapetus and Asia, 
and brother to Atlas ; changed into 
the evening star. 

Hes'tl-a (hgs'ti-a). The Greek vir- 
gin goddess of sacrificial fire, and 
of the hearth ; firstborn daughter 
of Cronos and Rhea. She was 
zealously worshiped, but had no 
temple dedicated to her alone in 
Greece, the hearth fires being her 
proper sanctuaries. She was iden- 
tified by the Romans with Vesta. 

Hip-pol'y-tUS (hTp-pSl'T-tiis). Son 
of Theseus and the amazon Antiope. 
He was killed at the instigation of 
his stepmother, whose advances he 
had rejected. In a Roman myth 
he is restored to life by JSsculapius, 
at the request of Diana. 

Hip-pom'e-nes (hip-pSin'e-nez). A 
Greek prince, who beat Atalanta 
in a race by throwing golden apples 
before her (which she stooped to 
pick up), and thus obtained her 
as his wife. They were both 
changed into lions. 

Hya-Cin'thUS (hi/a-sTn'thus). A 
beautiful Spartan youth from whose 
blood, when slain, Apollo caused 
the hyacinth to spring, or (accord- 
ing to another myth) marked the 
petals with the letters ai for woe, 
or Ya for 'Ya»«v0os. 

Hy'a-des (hi'a-dez), or Hy'ads 
(-5dz). Nymphs whose parentage, 
names, and number are differently 
stated ; but the number commonly 
given is seven. They were placed 
among the stars, being the seven 
in the head of Taurus, and were 
thought to bode rain when they 
rose with the sun. 

Hy'dra (hi'dra). In Greek mythol- 
ogy, a water serpent with nine (the 
number commonly given) heads, of 
which the middle one was immor- 
tal. It infested Lake Lerna; but 
was slain by Hercules, as one of 
his seven labors. 

Hy-gi-ei'a (hi-ji-i'ya) or Hy-ge'ia 
(-je'ya). Daughter, or according 
to another myth the wife, of JSscu- 
lapius ; goddess of health, — usually 
represented as holding a serpent, 
the symbol of health. 

Hylas (hi'las). A beautiful son of 
Theodamus, passionately loved by 
Hercules, by whom he was kid- 
naped and taken on the Argonautic 
expedition. Hylas was lost on the 
coast of Mysia. 

Hym e nae'iis (hTm'e-ne'fis), orHy'- 
men (hi'men). The Greek god of 
marriage ; son of Apollo and 
Calliope, or, according to others, of 
Dionysus and Aphrodite. 

I-ac'chllS (t-alj/kas). In Greek my- 
thology, chi ef of the gods of the Eleu- 
sinian mysteries; sometimes iden- 
tified with Bacchus or Dionysus. 

I-ap'e-tUS (i-5p'e-tus). A son of Ura- 
nus and Gaea, and father of Atlas, 
Prometheus, Epimetheus, etc. 

ICa-niS (Tk'a-riis). A son of Dseda- 
lus, who, in their flight from Crete, 
flew so high that the sun melted 
the wax with which his wings 
were fastened on. He fell into the 
Icarian, or JSgean, Sea. 

I-dom'e-neus (f-do'ru'e-nus). A king 
of Crete, and the leader of the 
Cretans against Troy. He sacri- 
ficed his son to Poseidon to keep a 
vow made for delivery from peril. 

Fills (i'liis). Son of Tros ; founder 
of Troy, which he named Ilium. 



Fo (i'6). Daughter of Inachus and 
Isuiene, beloved by Zeus, who, 
through fear of Hera, turned h<tr 
into a heifer. She was pursued by 
a gadfly across the sea (Ionian Sea) 
into Egypt, recovered her original 
shape, bore Epaphas, was wor- 
shiped as Isis, and married king 
Telegouus, becoming the ancestress 
of the royal families of Egypt, 
Phoenicia,Crete, Argos, and Thebes. 

Iph i-ge-ni'a (Tfr-ge-ui'a). Daugh- 
ter of Agamemnon and Clytsem- 
nestra. Her father sought to 
sacrifice her to Artemis, whose 
resentment he bad incurred, but 
the goddess put a doe in her place, 
and carried her to the Tauric 
Chersonese, where she became a 
priestess in the temple of Artemis. 

I'rlS (I'ris). Daughter of Thaumaa 
and Electra ; personification of the 
rainbow, and messenger of the gods, 
corresponding, in her relation to 
Hera, to Hermes as the messenger 
of Zeus. 

I'sis (I'sTs). An Egyptian goddess 
worshiped with Osiris, — repre- 
sented as a woman with a throne 
on her head, or with the horns of 
a cow, an animal sacred to her. 
Her emblems are the life sign and 
the lotus, and she had power to 
open the gates of the nether world 
and give the deceased landed pos- 
sessions there. She was identi- 
fied with Demeter and Persephone. 

I'tys (i'tls). The son of Tereus. 
Procne and Philomela killed him 
and served a dish of his flesh to 
his father. 

Ix-i'on (Tks-i'5n). A king of the 
Lapithae, in Thessaly. He was 
entertained by Zeus at the table of 
the gods, and became the father of 
the Centaurs by a phantom which 
he supposed to be Hera, whom he 
attempted to seduce. He was pun- 
ished for his treachery by being 
chained to a four-spoked, fiery 
wheel perpetually revolving. 

Ja'nus (ja'nOs). An ancient Italian 
deity, the god of entrances, begin- 
nings, war, and springs. He is 
commonly represented with two 
bearded faces, looking in opposite 
directions, and making but one 
head. His temple, as god of war, 
at Rome, was closed only in time 
of peace. He was ranked nearly 
equal to Jupiter. 

Ja'son (ja'sQn). A prince of Thes- 
saly, who, with the aid of Medea, 
brought away from Colchis the 
golden fleece, guarded by a sleep- 
less dragon. After his return, he 
slew his usurping uncle Pelias, and 
assumed the throne which was his 
of right. 

Jo-cas'ta(jo-kaVta). WifeofCEdipus. 

Ju'no (jii'no). In Roman mythology, 
daughter of Saturn and Ops, and 
sister and wife of Jupiter, — iden- 
tified at a later time with the Greek 
goddess Hera. She was the queen 
of heaven ; the patroness of women, 
and the goddess of marriage, wed- 
lock, and childbirth ; and the ideal 
of female modesty and prudence. 

Ju'pi-ter (ju'pT-ter), or Di-es'pi- 
ter (df-gs'pT-ter). In Roman my- 
thology, the supreme god of heaven, 
later identified with the Greek 
god Zeus ; son of Saturn, brother 
of Neptune and Pluto, and brother 
and husband of Juno ; god of the 
sky, of hospitality and good faith, 
and, above all, the supreme pro- 
tector and guardian of the state. 



N 



1038 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



u 



w 



Lach'e-Sls (dSk'e-sIs). One of the 
Ftetes. 

La-er'te* (lt-Srtfc), King of the 
Island of Ithaca, and father of 
neoa. 

La'i us (MCT-tts). Father of (Edipus. 

Lamia (,la'uil-a). 1. A daughter 
Of Poseidon who bore to Zeus the 
first Delphic sibyl. 2. A beautiful 
queen of Libya whom Zeus loved, 
and Hera through jealousy changed 
to an ugly witch who went about 
strangliug children. The name 
was also given to various hobgob- 
lins who, vampire-like, sucked the 
blood of young men. 

La-oc'0-on ida-5k'o-5n). A Trojan 
priest, who, having offended Pallas, 
was destroyed by serpents, to- 
gether with his two sons. 

La-om'e-don (l£-om'e-d5n). A king 
of Troy, and father of Priam and 
Hesione ; killed b}- Hercules for 
refusing to give his promised re- 
ward for delivering Hesione. 

Lap'i-th» (lXr/T-the ) . A Thessalian 
people famous for its fabulous 
combats with the Centaurs. To 
this tribe belonged Ixion and his 
son Peirithoiis. 

La'res (la'rez). Roman tutelar dei- 
ties, including those worshiped as 
household deities {Lares familia- 
res), and those whose worship was 
a matter of public concern {Lares 
compitales). 

La-ti'nus (la-tPmis). A king of 
Latium, who gave .dSneas his 
daughter Lavinia in marriage. 

La-to'na (-to'na). Latin name of Leto. 

La- vin'i-a (la-vTn'I-a) . See Latintjs. 

Le-an'der (le-an'der). See Hero. 

Le'da (le'da). Daughter of Thestius, 
and wife of Tyndareus, beloved by 
Zeus, who visited her in the form 
of a swan. To Zeus she bore (ac- 
cording to one myth) Pollux and 
Helena, and to Tyndareus Castor 
and Clytsemnestra. Homer makes 
Castor and Pollux the sons of Tyn- 
dareus, and Helena the daughter of 
Zeus ; other myths reverse this. 

Lem'u-res (l§m'u-rez). Wandering 
evil spirits which the genii of evil 
doers became after their death. 
They afflict men with diseases 
which can be cured only by sacri- 
fices. 

Ler'na (ler'na). The swamp south 
of Argos, where Hercules slew the 
Hydra. 

Le'the (le'the). 1. A daughter of 
Eris, and the personification of f or- 
getfulness. 2. A river of the lower 
world, of which the departed souls 
drank before entering the Elysian 
fields, and at once forgot the past. 

Le'tO (le'to). A Titan who was the 
wife of Zeus before he married 
Hera, and bore to him Apollo and 
Artemis. According to an Homeric 
hymn Leto was the mistress of 
Zeus, and pursued by the jealous 
Hera gave birth to her offspring on 
the floating island of Delos. 

Leu-co'sl-a (lu-ko'sT-a). One of the 
Sirens. 

Li-ge'i-a(lt-je'T-a). One of the Sirens. 

Lu'ci-fer (lu'si-fer). The planet 
Venus as the morning star. By an 
error of commentators the name 
has often been applied to Satan. 

Lu-ci'na (lfi-si'na). The goddess of 
light ; — usually an epithet of Juno 
as the goddess of childbirth. 

Lu'na Ou'na). Roman moon goddess. 

Lu-per'cus (lu-per'kus). A name 
01 Pan. 

Ly-ca'on Ot-ka'on). A king of Ar- 
cadia, who, having set human flesh 



before Zeus at a repast, was de- 
stroyed by lightning, or (another 
myth) turned into a wolf. 
LyCO-me'des (lTk'6-me'dez). A king 
of the island of Scyros, among 
whose daughters Achilles was for a 
time concealed, disguised as a girl, 
to avoid going to the Trojan war. 

Ma-cha'on (ma-ka'on). Son of iEs- 
culapius ; a surgeon of the Greeks 
before Troy. 

Ma'i-a (nia'i-a). Daughter of Atlas, 
and mother of Hermes by Zeus. 

Mars (rnarz). The Roman god of 
war, and, next to Jupiter, the prin- 
cipal national god of the Italic peo- 
ples. He became identified with 
Ares. See Qummus. 

Max'sy-as (niar'si-as). Originally, 
a Phrygian god ; later, made a 
Satyr or Silenus who contested on 
his flute against Apollo on his lyre. 
The Muses decided against Apollo, 
who thereupon flayed Marsyas 
alive. 

Mau-solus (ma-so'lus). A king of 
Caria, and husband of Artemisia 
his sister, who, in 353 b. c, erected 
to his memory a magnificent monu- 
ment, the Mausoleum, which was 
one of the "seven wonders. 1 ' 

Me-de'a (me-de'a). A sorceress, 
daughter of JSetes, king of Colchis. 
Through her witchcraft Jason se- 
cured the golden fleece. She fled 
with Jason, and slew her brother 
Absyrtus to enable them to escape. 
See Abstetus. 

Me-du'sa (nie-du'sa). See Gorgon. 

Me-le'a-ger (me-le'a-jer). Son of 
OSneus (king of Calydon) and Al- 
thaea. His life depended on the 
preservation of an extinguished 
brand, and this his mother burned 
in anger at the death of her broth- 
ers, slain by him. 

Mel-pom'e-ne (mel-pom'e-ne). The 
Muse of tragedy. 

Mem'non (mem'non). A king of 
JEthiopia, son of Tithonus and 
Eos. He went to the aid of the 
Trojans, and was slain by Achilles. 
His name became connected at 
the period of the Roman Empire 
with a seated colossal statue near 
Thebes, which gave forth a sound 
like that of a harp string when the 
beams of the rising sun first fell 
upon it. 

Men e-la'us (nien'e-la'ils). King of 
Sparta and husband of Helen. 

Men'tor (men'tor). A faithful and 
discreet friend left by Ulysses in 
charge of his household, and par- 
ticularly of his son Telemachus. 

Mer'CU-ry (mer'ku-ry'). The Roman 
god of commerce and gain ; he be- 
came identified with Hermes. 

Mi'das (mi'das). A king of Phrygia, 
who entreated Dionysus that every- 
thing he touched might be turned 
to gold, and would have starved 
had not the god taken away the 
power. Apollo changed his ears 
into those of an ass for deciding 
against him in a musical contest 
with Pan. 

Mi'lo (ml'16). A celebrated athlete 
of Crotona in southern Italy (flour- 
ished about 510 b. c). According 
to the fable he attempted to rend a 
partially split tree in the forest, but 
the wood closed on his fingers and 
held him fast while he was de- 
voured by wolves. 

Ml-ner'va (ml-ner'va). The Roman 
goddess of reason, of invention, and 
of the arts and sciences. She be- 
came identified with the Greek 



Athene, and was given warlike 
attributes. 

Mi'nos (uii'nos). A mythical king 
and lawgiver of Crete, son of Zeus 
and Europa, and brother of Rhada- 
manthus and Sarpedon by whom 
Philoctetes was cured. After death 
he was made a judge in Hades. 

Min'o-taur (miu'6-tar). A monster 
with the head of a bull and the 
bod}' of a man, the offspring of 
Pasiphae (wife of Minos) and Posei- 
don's bull. He was kept in the 
Cretan labyrinth, and fed on hu- 
man victims till killed by Theseus. 

Mne-mos'y-ne (ne-niSs'I-ne). Moth- 
er of the Muses; goddessof memory. 

Mce'rae (me're). The Greek name 
of the Fates. 

Mo'mus (nio'mus). The god of 
mockery and censure ; a son of Nox. 

Mor'phe-US (mor'fe-iis), or Mor'- 
pheus (mor'fus). The god of 
dreams ; son of Nyx, or, by another 
legend, of Somnus. 

Mors (morz). A deified personifica- 
tion of death. 

Mu'ses (niu'zez). Nine goddesses 
(originally three) who presided 
over poetry, music, and the liberal 
arts and sciences. They were com- 
monly said to be daughters of Zeus 
and Mnemosyne. Their names were 
Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, 
Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsich- 
ore, Thalia, and Urania. 

Na'iads (na'ySdz). Nymphs of 
fountains, streams, and lakes. 

Nar-cis'sus (nar-sis'siis). A beau- 
tiful mythical Greek youth, who 
was unaffected by love, till to pun- 
ish him for his unfeeling heart 
Nemesis caused him to fall in love 
with the reflection of himself in 
the water. He pined away, and 
when the Naiads came to bury him 
they found only a flower. 

Nem/e-sis (nem'e-sis). The goddess 
of retributive justice. She was 
represented as a beautiful, queenly 
figure, wearing a crown or diadem. 

Ne op-tol'e-mus (ne'op-tol'e-mus), 
or Pyr'rhUS (pir'rus). Son of 
Achilles and Deidamia. He was 
brave, but cruel, and slew Priam at 
the sacred hearth of Zeus. He was 
slain by Orestes, who then married 
Hermione his wife. 

Nep'tune (nep'tfin). The Italic god 
of the sea and of other waters ; son 
of Saturn and Ops, brother of 
Jupiter, and husband of Salacia. 
Neptune early became completely 
identified with the Greek Poseidon. 

Ne're-ids (ne're-Tdz). Nymphs of 
the sea, daughters of Nereus, of 
whom there were many, including 
Amphitrite, Thetis, and Galatea. 

Ne're-us (ne're-us), or Ne'reus 
(ne'rus). A sea god, son of Pontus 
and Gaia, husband of Doris, and 
father of the Nereids. 

Nes'SUS (nes'sus). A centaur slain 
by Hercules with a poisoned arrow 
for offering violence to Deianira. 

Nes'tor (n6s'tor). Son of Neleus 
and Chloris ; king of Pylos. Hav- 
ing outlived three generations, he 
was reverenced among the Greek 
heroes before Troy for his wisdom, 
justice, and knowledge of war. 

Ni'O-toe (ni'o-be). A daughter of 
Tantalus, and wife of Amphion. In 
her pride in her numerous children 
she made a slighting comparison 
between herself and Leto, whose 
two only children, Apollo and Ar- 
temis, then slew all her offspring. 
Zeus changed her into stone. 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



1039 



Nox (n<5x), Greek Nyx (mx). God- 
dess of night, daughter of Chaos, 
wife of Erebus. 

Nym'phae (mm'fe). Maiden divini- 
ties inferior to other gods, includ- 
ing Naiads, Nereids, Hamadryads, 
Hyades, Oreads, etc. They were 
beneficent genii of dwelling-places. 

O'ce-an'i-des (o'se-Sn'T-dez). Sea- 
nymphs, daughters of Oceanus. 

O-ce'a-nus (o-se'a-nus ). 1. The 
swift river encircling all known 
lands and seas. 2. Son of Ouranos 
and Gaia, personifying this river. 
He was father of the Oceanides and 
river gods by Thetis. 

O-dys'seus(o-dyVsus). See Ulysses. 

(Ed'l-pus (gd'T-pus). A king of 
Thebes who solved the riddle of 
the Sphinx ; unwittingly killed his 
father, Laius ; and married his 
mother, Jocasta, on discovering 
which he went mad and put out 
his own eyes. 

Om/pha-le (om'fa-le). A queen of 
Lydia, whom Hercules in obedience 
to a Delphian oracle served as a 
slave. He became enamored of her, 
and to please her wore the dress of 
a woman and spun wool, while she 
wore his invulnerable lion's skin. 

Ops (ops). An ancient Italic goddess 
of plenty and fertility ; the wife 
of Saturnus ; — sometimes identi- 
fied with Cybele. 

O're-ads (o're-adz). Nymphs of the 
mountains who accompanied Arte- 
mis in hunting. 

O-res'tes (6-rgs'tez). Son of Aga- 
memnon and Clytsemnestra, broth- 
ei of Electra and Iphigenia. He 
slew his mother and her paramour 
JEgisthus, and was in consequence 
tormented by the Erinnyes. 

O-ri'on (o-ri'on). A giant hunter 
who was made a constellation. The 
accounts of his parentage and the 
manner of his death vary. One of 
the myths makes him one of the 
lovers of Eos. 

Or'phe-us (or'fe-us), or Or'pheus 
(or'fus). A poet, and musician, 
who with his sweet lyre charmed 
the very rocks and trees to follow 
him ; son of Apollo and Calliope. 
See Eurydice. 

O-si'ris (6-si'rTs). An Egyptian de- 
ity, brother and husband of Isis ; 
the creator, the foe of evil, and the 
god of the Nile. 

Os'sa (os'sa). A lofty mountain of 
Thessaly, which the giants, in their 
war against the Gods, piled upon 
Mount Pelion, to scale Olympus. 

Pac-tolllS (pak-to'lus). A river of 
Lydia long celebrated for its aurif- 
erous sands. Midas was fabled to 
have washed himself in it. 

Pal'a-me'des (pal/a-nie'dez). A king 
of Euboea, and one of the Greeks 
before Troy, where he lost his life 
(according to one myth) through 
the machinations of Ulysses, whose 
feigned madness (feigned to avoid 
going to war) he had discovered. 

Pales (pa'lez). An Italic goddess of 
shepherds and flocks. 

Pal'i-nu'rus (p&VT-nu'rfis). The 
pilot of iEneas, who fell asleep at 
the helm, and tumbled into the sea. 

Pal-la'di-um (p51-la'dY-um). A 
wooden image of Pallas, on the 
possession of which the security of 
Troy was supposed to depend. It 
was stolen from Troy by Ulysses 
and Diomedes. 

Pallas (pSllas). A name of Athene. 

Pan (pan). The Greek god of pas- 



tures, flocks, and forests, represent- 
ed usually with the head (bearded 
and with the horns and ears of a 
goat) and body of a man and the 
legs of a goat. 

Pan-dO'ra (pSn-do'ra). The first 
woman, made of clay by Hephaestus 
at the command of Zeus, to avenge 
the theft of fire by Prometheus. 
Aphrodite endowed her with great 
beauty, Hermes with cunning, and 
each of the gods bestowed on her 
some fatal gift for the punishment 
of men. She became the wife of 
Epimetheus, bringing with her a 
box, which Zeus (according to one 
myth) gave her, containing all kinds 
of blessings ; curiosity tempted 
her to open it, and they all flew 
out, but Hope remained at the 
bottom. 

Par'cae (par'se). The Latin name of 
the Fates. 

Par'is (pXr'Ts). Son of Priam (king 
of Troy) and of Hecuba. He de- 
cided a contest of beauty between 
Hera (Juno), Pallas, and Aphrodite 
(Venus), in favor of the last, who, 
in return, promised him Helen, the 
wife of Meuelaus, and the most 
beautiful of women. By carrying 
her off to Troy, he brought on the 
Trojan war. 

Par-then'O-pe (par-then'o-pe). One 
of the three Sirens. Failing to win 
the love of Ulysses, she cast herself 
into the sea, and was cast up 
drowned on the shore. 

Pa-siph'a-e (pa-slf'a-e). A daugh- 
ter of Helios and Perseis ; wife of 
Minos. For her Daedalus made a 
figure of a cow so lifelike that it 
deceived the herd. 

Pa-tro'cluS (pa-tr o'klus) . One of the 
Greeks before Troy, the friend of 
Achilles, slain in single combat by 
Hector. 

Pax (p5ks). The goddess of peace, 
often represented as holding a 
cornucopia. 

Peg'a-sus (pgg'a-sus). A winged 
steed, belonging to Apollo and the 
Muses. He sprang from the trunk 
of Medusa, when she was slain. 

Pe'lops (pe'lops). A king of Phrygia ; 
son of Tantalus, and brother of 
Niobe. When a child he was served 
up to the gods by his father ; but 
was restored to life, and given an 
ivory shoulder in place of one eaten 
by Demeter. He won his wife 
Hippodameia by a successful horse 
race with her father. 

Pe-na'tes (pe-na'tez). Latin tute- 
lary deities of the household, and 
of the state, including the Lares. 

Pe-nel'O-pe (pe-nel'o-pe). The wife 
of Ulysses, who, being pressed by 
suitors during his absence, made 
them promise to delay until she fin- 
ished a web, of which she unraveled 
at night what she wove by day. 

Pen the-sil'i-a (pen'the--sil'i-a*). A 
beautiful Amazon who fought for 
the Trojans, and was slain by 
Achilles. 

Per'dix (per'dix). A skillful artisan, 
nephew of Daedalus, thrown from a 
tower by his jealous uncle, and 
changed by Athene into a partridge. 

Per-seph'O-ne (per-sef'o-ne). or Pro- 
ser'pi-na (pro-ser'pT-na), or (A71- 
glicizedform)Pros , ev--pine (pr5s'- 
er-pen). The daughter of Demeter 
(Ceres), and wife of Hades (Pluto), 
by whom she was carried off while 
gathering flowers in Nysia. To ap- 
pease Demeter, Zeus decreed that 
she should be permitted to pass a 
part of the time each year upon 



earth and in Olympus ; but since 
she had tasted a pomegranate (the 
symbol of marriage), which Hades 
had given her, in the lower world, 
she was not wholly released. She 
is essentially a personification of 
the changes in the seasons. 
Per'se-us (per'se-fis), or Per'seus 

(per'sus). Son of Zeus and Danae ; 
he slew the Gorgon, and rescued 
Androuuu .-he. 

Pha'e-thon (fa'e-tb5n), or Pha'e- 
ton (-ton). 1. A name or surname 
of Helios. 2. A son of Helios and 
Prote, who obtained permission 
from his father to drive his chariot 
(the sun) for a single day ; but, be- 
ing unable to manage the fiery 
steeds, was slain by Zeus with a 
thunderbolt to prevent the earth 
being set on fire. 

Phe'nix, or Phce'nix (fe'mx). A 
fabulous bird, which, according to 
Herodotus, visited Heliopolis, in 
Egypt, once in every five hundred 
years. It had no mate, but when 
about to die made a nest and burned 
itself to ashes, from which a young 
phenix arose. 

Phil OC-te'tes (fTPok-te'tez). A cele- 
brated archer in the Trojan war. 
Hercules, when dying, gave him 
his unerring bow and poisoned ar- 
rows without which Troy could not 

Phil O-meia (fTl'o-me'la). Daughter 
of Pandion, king of Athens. When 
pursued by Tereus for serving up 
to him Itys, his son, she was 
changed into a nightingale, or, 
according to the Latin poets, a 
swallow. 

Phin'e-us (fm'e-us), or Phi'neus 
(fi'nus). A soothsaying king of 
Thrace, who, having blinded and 
imprisoned his children on a false 
accusation, was himself struck 
blind and tormented bvthe Harpies. 

Phin'ti-as (f Tn'ti-«s). ' See Damon. 

Phleg'e-thon (fleg'e-thon). A river 
of fire in Hades which flowed into 
Acheron. 

Phle'gy-as (fle'jT-crs). A king of the 
Lapithae, who, having burnt the 
temple of Apollo, was placed in 
Hades under a great stone, appar- 
ently about to fall at every moment. 

PliCe'be (fe'be). A surname of Ar- 
temis (Diana), as moon goddess. 

PhceTJUS (fe'bus). An epithet of 
Apollo, as god of the sun. 

Phce'nix. See Phexix. 

Phor'cus (for'kus) or Phor'cys 
(-sis). A sea god, son of Pontus 
and Gaia (according to a post-" 
Homeric myth), and father of the 
Gorgons and of Scylla. 

Pi-er'i-des (pt-Sr'T-dez). 1. A name 
given to the Muses from their birth- 
place Pieria. 2. The daughters of 
Pierius, who were changed into 
magpies for contesting with the 
Muses in singine. 

Pi-rith'o-Us (pt-rlth'4-us). Son of 
Ixion ; husband of Hippodamia, and 
intimate friend of Theseus. 

Ple'ia-des (ple'ya-dez). The seven 
daughters of Atlas and Pleione, 
transformed into the constellation 
of the same name. 

Plu'tO (plu'to). The Roman name, 
derived from the Greek, of Hades, 
god of the lower world ; son of Sat- 
urn and Ops, brother of Jupiter and 
Neptune, and husband of Perseph- 
one. He was called LTAovriot/ by 
the Greeks as being the god of the 
wealth of the earth. 

Plu'tUS (plu'tiis). The personifica- 
tion of wealth, represented as blind 



N 



1040 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



u 



w 



ami lame in his approach, but 

m meed in his departure. 

Pollux (pffllttka), A famous pugi- 

D of Zeus or Tyndarus and 

Loda. and twin brother of Castor. 

Po-lyd'a-mas ^po-lid'a-nias). A fa- 
mous athlete (lived about 400 B. C.) 
who was fabled to have killed un- 
armed a huge lion, stopped a char- 
iot at full gallop, ete. 

Pol'y-dore (p8PI-dSr), or PoPy-do'- 
rus (p81 I-do'iTis). A son of Priam 
and Hecuba, killed by Achilles, or 
for his riches by the Thraeian king 
Polymestor. 

Pol y-hym'ni-a (pSi'T-hTm'uT-a), or 
Po-lym'ni-a (po-lIm'nY-a). Muse 
presiding over sinking and rhetoric. 

Pol y-nei'ces (.p^l I-ni'sez). A son 
of lEdipus, who, being deprived of 
his share of the throne of Thebes 
by his brother Eteocles, instigated 
Adrastus, king of Sicyon, to organ- 
ize the war of the fruitless Seven 
against Thebes. 

Pol'y-phe'mus (pSFi-fe'mus). One 
of the Cyclops whose single eye 
Ulysses burnt out with a firebrand, 
having first made him drunk. 

Po-mo'na (po-mo'na). The Roman 
goddess of fruit trees. 

Po-sei'don (po-si'don). The Greek 
god of the sea, son of Cronos and 
Rhea, and brother of Zeus. He 
was supreme over the sea, raised 
or quelled storms, and was the 
creator of the horse. With his 
trident he shattered rocks, called 
forth or subdued storms, shook the 
earth, etc. The Romans identified 
him with Neptune. 

Pri'am (pri'am). Son of Laomedon ; 
husband of Hecuba ; and father of 
Hector, Paris, &c. He was the 
last king of Troy. 

Pri-a'pug (pri-a'pus). Son of Diony- 
sus and Aphrodite, the protector of 
farmers, shepherds, and fishermen, 
and the god of fertility. 

Proc'ne (pr5k'ne). Daughter of 
Pandion, king of Athens ; wife of 
Tereus ; and sister of Philomela. 
She was changed into a swallow, 
or according to some, a nightingale. 
See Philomela, and Itys. 

Pro-crus'tes (pro-krfis'tez). A sav- 
age highwayman of Attica, who 
placed his captives on a couch, to 
which he fitted them by stretching 
them if too short, or by cutting 
off their legs if too long. He was 
slain by Theseus. 

Pro-me'the-us (pro-me'the-us), or 
Pro-me'theus (-thus). Son of 
Iapetus and Clymene ; cousin, or 
according to some, brother to Epi- 
metheus; brother of Atlas; and 
father of Deucalion. Having stolen 
fire from heaven, he was bound 
fast on Mount Caucasus and tor- 
mented by a vulture, which fed 
daily upon his liver. 

Pro-ser'pi-na, or Pros'er-pine. See 
Persephonte. 

Pro'te-us (pro'te-us), or Pro'teus 
f-tus). Son of Oceanus and Tethys ; 
a sea god who foretold future 
events, and possessed the power of 
transforming himself into various 
shapes. 

Pgy'che (si^ke). A beautiful nymph 
beloved by Eros (Cupid), — the dei- 
fied and personified soul. 

Pygmalion (pTg-malT-on). 1. 
Son of Belus, and king of Tyre, and 
brother of Dido, whose husband, 
Sichar-us, he slew for his money. 
2. Great-grandson of Belus, and 
king of Cyprus, who made a statue 
of which he became so enamored 



that Aphrodite (Venus) on his en- 
treaty gave it life. 

Pyl'a-des (pil'a-dez). Friend of 
Orestes, and husband of Electra. 

Pyr'a-mus (plr'a-mus). A Baby- 
lonian, the lover of Thisbe. On 
account of her supposed death he 
stabbed himself under a mulberry 
tree; and she, finding his corpse, 
put an end to her life on the same 
spot and with the same weapon. 

Pyr'rha (pir'ra). See Deucalion. 

Pyr'rhus (pir'rus). See Neoptol- 
emds. 

Pyth'i-as (plth'T-fls), or Phin'ti-as 
(f In'ti-as). See Damon. 

Py'thon (pi'thSn). A soothsaying 
serpent, or dragon, killed near 
Delphi, by Apollo, who instituted 
there the Pythian games, and was 
hence called Pythius. 

Qui-ri'MlS (kwT-ri'nus). A Roman 
civic deity who became identified 
with Romulus, and with Mars. He 
was the father of Romulus, who was 
also called Quirinus. 

Re'mus (re'miis). The twin brother 
of Romulus, slain by him for leap- 
ing in scorn over the walls of Rome 
when they were building. 

Rhad a-man'thus (rSd'a-nian'thus). 
A just lawgiver of Crete, son of 
Zeus, and brother of Minos. He 
became, after death, one of the 
judges in Hades. 

Rhe'a (re'a). 1. In Roman mythol- 
ogy, the mother, by Mars, of Romu- 
lus and Remus. 2. Daughter of 
Uranus and Gsea, wife of Cronos, 
and mother of Zeus, Poseidon, etc. 
She was often identified with Cyb- 
ele, and sometimes with Ops. 

Rom'U-lus (r5m'u-lus). A son of 
Mars and Rhea Sylvia, a vestal 
virgin, who finally became the 
founder and first king of Rome. 
His uncle threw him as soon as 
born into the Tiber, but he was 
saved and reared by a shepherd. 

Sal-mo'ne-US (sSl-mo'ne-us), or Sal- 
mo'neus (-mis). A king of Elis, 
struck by lightning for imitating 
the thunderbolts of Zeus. 

Sa-ra'piS (sa-ra'pis). See Sebapis. 

Sar-pe'don (sar-pe'd5n). 1. A son 
of Zeus and Europa, brother of 
Minos, and king of Lycia. 2. A 
Lycian prince, a brave ally of the 
Trojans, killed by Patroclus. 

Sat/urn (sXt'urn). An ancient 
Italic god, who at a very early 
date became identified with the 
Greek Cronos, with whom, how- 
ever, he originally had little in 
common. The later myths make 
him son of Coelus and Terra, and 
father of Jupiter. Having been 
banished from the throne of heaven 
by his son, he fled for safety into 
Italy and taught the people agricul- 
ture and the useful arts. The time 
in which he did this is called the 
Golden Age. 

Sa'tyrs (sa'terz). In Greek mythol- 
ogy, a class of beings connected 
with the worship of Dionysus, rep- 
resented as human beings with 
pointed ears, horns on the fore- 
head, and the tail of a horse or 
goat. They became identified with 
the Roman Fauni, and represented 
the luxurious forces in Nature. 

Scyl'la (sYl'la). 1. A sea nymph, 
daughter of Phorcys, changed by 
Circe into a sea-monster, with 
dogs about the haunches, and rep- 
resented as dwelling in a rock cave 



on the Italian coast, opposite Cha- 
rybdis on the coast of Sicily. 2. A 
daughter of Nisus of Megara, be- 
loved by Minos, for love of whom 
she took from her father's head a 
lock on which his life depended. 
She was changed into a lark. 

Sem'e-le (sSm'e-le). Daughter of 
Cadmus, and mother of Dionysus. 

Se-ra'pis (se-ra'pis). A name of 
Osiris as judge of the under world. 

Si-le'miS (st-le'nus). The foster- 
father of Bacchus ; lascivious and 
addicted to drunkenness, but re- 
garded as the god of abstruse mys- 
teries and knowledge. He is rep- 
resented as a full-bearded old man, 
with pointed ears, short horns and 
a flat nose, and often as riding on 
an ass. He became identified with 
the Satyrs, the older of whom were 
called Sileni. 

Sil-va'miS (sTl-va'niis). A Roman 
god of agriculture, the protector of 
herds from wolves, trees from 
lightning, and the defender of 
boundaries, represented with a 
sickle in his right hand and a 
bough in his left. 

Si'rens (si'renz). Three sea nymphs 
represented with the head, the 
arms, and the bust of a young 
woman, and the lower part of the 
body in the form of a bird (or later, 
in the form of a fish), who with 
their sweet voices enticed ashore 
those sailing by, and then killed 
them. According to One legend 
they were the daughters of Achel- 
ous, a river god ; according to an- 
other, they were the daughters of 
Phorcys. 

Sis'y-phus (sTsf-fus). Son of 2Eo- 
lus ; king of Corinth, and a noted 
robber, killed by Theseus. He was 
condemned in Hades to roll to the 
top of a hill a huge stone, which 
always rolled back to the bottom. 

Sol (sol). The sun god of the Romans. 

Som'nus (sSm'nus). The Roman 
god of sleep, a son of Nox. 

Sphinx (sfinks). A fabulous mon- 
ster near Thebes (represented with 
the head, and often the breasts, of 
a woman, the body of a lion or dog, 
and the wings of a bird), which 
put forth riddles to passers by, and 
devoured, or cast from the rock 
where she lived, all who were un- 
able to solve them . GMipus solved 
one, whereupon she destroyed her- 
self. The Sphinx of the Egyptians 
was a beneficent goddess of wisdom 
personifying the fruitful earth. 

Sten'tor (stSn'tor). A Greek herald 
before TrOy, whose voice was said 
to have been as loud as the voices 
of fifty men together. 

Styx (stlks). In Greek mythology, 
a river of the infernal regions, by 
which the gods swore their most 
solemn oaths. 

Syl-va'nus (sTl-va'nus). See Silva- 

NUS. 

Sym-pleg'a-des (sTm-pleg'a-dez). 
Two great cliffs which swung or 
moved together and crushed any- 
thing that went between them. 
Jason rowed the Argo through, 
with only the loss of the rudder, 
by first sending a pigeon through 
and then starting as the cliffs re- 
ceded. 

Ta'lus (talus). A bronze youth 
slain by Philoctetes on the Argo- 
nautic expedition, with an arrow of 
Hercules. 

Tan'ta-lUS (tSnta-lus). A king of 
Phrygia, son of Zeus, and father 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



1041 



of Niobe and Pelops. For reveal- 
ing the secrets of the gods, or (an- 
other myth) .for serving his son as 
food to the gods, he was condemned 
to^tand in Tartarus in water up to 
his chin, and under a tree laden 
with delicious fruits, the water and 
fruit always receding when he tried 
to partake of them. 

Tar'ta-niS (tiir'ta-riis). A sunless 
abyss, far below Hades, described 
among the later poets as the place 
of punishment for the souls of the 
wicked. Sometimes used as a syn- 
onym of Hades. 

Tel'a-mon (tSl'a-m5n). One of the 
Argonauts, son of iEacus, brother 
of Peleus, and father of Ajax and 
Teucer. He was king of Salamis, 
and first scaled the walls, when 
Hercules took the city of Troy in 
the reign of Laomedon. 

Te-lem'a-chus (te-lSm'a-kQs). The 
only son of Ulysses and Penelope. 
He went in search of his father 
after the siege of Troy. 

Tel'lus (tSl'lGs). The Roman god- 
dess personifying the earth, and 
represented as a woman with many 
breasts distended with milk. 

Tem'pe (tSm'pe). A valley of Thes- 
saly through which ran the river 
Peneus, between Ossa and Pelion ; 
described by the poets as the most 
delightful spot on the earth. 

Te're-US (te're-Qs, or te'rus). A 
king of Thrace who married Procne, 
and afterwards her sister Philo- 
mela, pretending that Procne was 
dead. See Itys. 

Ter'mi-nns (ter'mT-nQs). The Ro- 
man god who presided over limits 
and boundaries. 

Terp-sIch'0-re (terp-sYk'6-re). The 
Muse who presided over the choral 
dances and the dramatic chorus. 

Ter'ra (tgr'ra). The Roman goddess 
personifying the earth, and answer- 
ing to the Greek Gaia. 

Te'thys (te'tlns). Wife of Oceanus, 
and mother of the sea nymphs and 
river gods, and of Nereus. 

Tha-U'a (tha-li'a). 1. The Muse of 
joy, and of feasting with song and 
dance ; later, the Muse of comedy. 
2. One of the three Graces. 

The'miS (the'mis). The Titan 
daughter of Uranus and Gaia, and 
goddess of law, order, and abstract 
right ; mother by Zeus of the Horae 
and Mcerse (Fates). 

Ther-si'tes (ther-sT'tez). A ribald 
jester and scoffer in the Greek 
army before Troy, slain by Achilles 
in a fit of anger. 

The'se-us (the'se-fis), or The'seus 
(-sus). One of the most famous 
of the heroes of Greek legend ; 
son of iEgeus (king of Athens) 
and iEthra. He captured the bull 
of Marathon; slew the Minotaur 
with the help of Ariadne, who loved 
him ; fought the Amazons, by one 



of whom he was father of Hippoly- 
tus ; went on the Calydouiau boar- 
hunt ; was one of the Argonauts ; 
cut off the head of Medusa ; de- 
feated the Centaurs, etc. 

The'tis (the'tTs). A sea nymph, 
daughter of Nereus and Doris ; 
beloved by Zeus, he gave her in 
marriage to Peleus because it had 
been prophesied that she would 
bear a son mightier than his father. 
She was the mother of Achilles. 

This'be (thlz'be). See Pyramus. 

Ti-siph'O-ne (ti-sYf'o-ne). One of 
the Erinnyes. 

Ti'tan (tl'tan). 1. The name of 
certain sons of Uranus and Gaea 
(Heaven and Earth), one of whom, 
Cronos, killed Ins father, he in turn 
being deposed by his own son Zeus ; 
the Titans after a terrible war with 
Zeus and his brothers and sisters 
were cast into Tartarus by Zeus 
(Jupiter), with his thunderbolts, 
under guard of the Hecatoncheires. 
Later legends make the Titans the 
sons of a god named Titan. 2. A 
name of Helios, the sun god. 

Ti-tho'nus (tt-tho'nus). Son (or 
brother) of Laomedon, and father 
of Memnon by Eos (Aurora). The 
gods, at her request, endowed him 
with immortality but not with 
eternal youth, and then he be- 
came very withered with age Eos 
turned him into a grasshopper. 

Tit'y-US (tYt'Y-Qs). A huge giant, 
son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Gaea, slain 
for an attempt on the chastity of 
Artemis or Leto, and condemned 
in Tartarus to have a vulture for- 
ever feeding on his liver, which was 
perpetually renewed. 

Trlp-tol'e-mus (trYp-tbT/e-mus). A 
king of Eleusis, who was the in- 
ventor of the plow, and patron of 
agriculture. He became a judge 
in the lower world. 

Tri'ton (trl'ton). Son of Poseidon 
and Amphitrite (or Celaeno), or 
according to some, of Oceanus 
and Tethys ; a sea god who acted 
as the herald of Poseidon, com- 
monly repesented blowing a shell- 
trumpet. 

Tro'I-lus (tro'Y-lus). Son of Priam 
and Hecuba, slain by Achilles. 

Tro-pho'ni-us (tro-fo'nY-fis). The 
legendary builder of Apollo's tem- 
ple at Delphi. He was worshiped 
as a hero after his death. 

Tur'nus (tfir'nfis). A king of the 
Rutuli, in Italy, killed by ..Eneas. 

Tyd'e-us (tYd'e-us), or Ty'deus 
(ti'dus). A king of Calydon, father 
of Diomedes ; celebrated for his 
victory over Eteocles, king of 
Thebes. 

Ty-pho'e-us (tt-fo'e-us), or Ty- 
phosus (tt-fo'us). A famous 
giant, who was struck with light- 
ning by Jupiter, and buried under 
Mount Etna. 



Ty'phon (tl'fon). A son of Typho- 
eus, and father of the winds ; he 
was later confused with Typhoeus. 

U-lys'ses (fi-lls'sez). Son of Laer- 
tes, husband of Penelope, father of 
Telemachus, and king of Ithaca, 
famous for his wanderings on his 
return from the Trojan war. He 
was courageous and full of re- 
sources in difficulties. He was also 
called Odysseus. 

U-ra'ni-a (fi-ra'nT-a). The Muse of 
astronomy, and the celestial forces. 

U'ra-nus (u'ra-nfis). In Greek my- 
thology, the sou of Gaea (Tellus), 
and, by her, father of the Titans, 
Cyclopes, and Hecatoncheires. 
Cronos (Saturn), the youngest of 
the Titans, dethroned him. The 
Latin Coelus was identified with 
him. 

Ve'nug (ve'ntis). Roman goddess of 
love and beauty ; wife of Vulcan, 
mother of Cupid, JSneas, etc. ; later 
identified with Aphrodite. 

Ver-tum'nus (ver-tfim'nGs). A Ro- 
man god of the seasons (particu- 
larly Spring) and of gardens and 
orchards ; the lover of Pomona. 

Ves'ta (vSs'ta). The Roman god- 
dess who presided over the family 
altar and the chief altar of the city, 
tribe, or people ; daughter of Sat- 
urn and sister of Jupiter, Neptune, 
Pluto, Juno, and Ceres ; identi- 
fied with Hestia. Her temple con- 
tained a sacred fire, tended by vir- 
gins, and never permitted to go out. 

Vul'can (vul'kan). Son of Jupiter 
and Juno, or of Juno alone, and 
husband of Venus ; lame from his 
birth, or (in late myths) made so by 
injuries received in being hurled 
down from heaven by Jupiter ; the 
god of fire, and of working in 
metal, and the patron of handi- 
craftsmen. His workshops on earth 
were supposed to be under volca- 
noes, as Mount Etna, where, as- 
sisted by the Cyclops, he forged 
the thunderbolts of Jove. He be- 
came identified with Hephaestus. 

Zeph'y-rus (zgf'Y-rQs). The west 
wind, son of iEolus and Aurora, 
and the ardent lover of Flora. 

Ze'tes (ze'tez). One of the Argo- 
nauts, son of Boreas. He and his 
brother, Calais, drove the Harpies 
from Thrace. 

Ze'thus (ze'thus). Son of Zeus and 
Autiope, and twin-brother of Am- 
phion ; of great prowess and skilled 
in hunting and herding. 

Zeus (zus). The supreme deity of 
the Greeks, husband of Hera, and 
generally regarded as son of Cronos 
and Rhea. He was god of the 
heavens, of snow, rain, thunder, 
lightning, heat, and cold. The Ro- 
mans identified him with Jupiter. 



N 







QUOTATIONS, 

WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, AND COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS, 



THE GREEK, THE LATIN, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES, 

FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN ENGLISH BOOKS, IN PERIODICALS, AND IN CONVERSATION, 

RENDERED INTO ENGLISH. 



Note. — Some very common words and phrases from foreign languages will be found in the Vocabulary, 
abbreviations used here are L. Latin ; F. French ; G. German ; It. Italian ; Sp. Spanish ; Gr. Greek. 



The 



A. 

A bas. [F.] Down ; at the foot ; 

down with. 
Ab extra. [L.]^ From without. 
Q Ab hoc et ab hac. [L.] From this 

and from that ; indiscriminately 

from all sources. 
Ab inconvenienti. [L.] From the 

inconvenience. [cradle. I 

Ab incunabulis. [L.] From the| 
Ab initio. [L.] From the beginning. 
Ab intra. [L.] From within. 
Abnormis sapiens. [L.] Wisewith- 
• out instruction. 

A bon chat, bon rat. [F.] To a good 

cat, a good rat; i. e., Greek meet 

Greek. 
A bon marche. [F.] At a good bar- 

gain ; cheap. 
Ab origine. [L.] From the origin. 
Ab ovo usque ad mala. [L.] From 
^ the egg to the apples (the begin- 

ning and end of a meal). 
Absente reo. [L.] The defendant 

being absent. 
Absit invidia. [L.] Let there be 

no ill will. 
Absque hoc. [L.] Without this. 

VAb uno disce omnes. [L.] From 
one learn all. 
Ab urbe condita. [L.] From the 

founding of the City (of Rome ; 

reckoned as 753 b. a). 
Abusus non tollit usum. [L.] Abuse 

is no argument against proper use. 
A capite ad calcem. [L.] From head 
... to heel ; cap-a-pie. 

VV Accessit. [L.] He came near. 

A chaque saint sa chandelle. [F.] 

To each saint his candle ; to every 

man his due. 
A cheval. [F.] On horseback. 
A compte. [F.] On account. 
A corps perdu. [F.] To the loss of 

the body ; headlong.^ 
X Actum est de republica. [L.] It is 

all over with the commonwealth. 
Ad arbitrium. [L.] At discretion. 
Ad antra. [L.] To the stars, or to 

an exalted state. 
Ad astro, per aspera. [L.] To the 

stars through difficulties. 
A dato. [L.] From date. 
V Ad Calendat Grsecas. [L.] At the 

Greek Calends ; i. e., never, as the 

Greeks had no Calends. 
Ad captandum vulgus. [L.] To 

catch the rabble. 

1042 



Ad eundem (sc. gradum). [L.] To 
the same degree. 

Adfinem. [L.] To the end. 

Ad gustum. [L.] To one's taste. 

Ad hominem. [L.] To the man ; 
i. e. to his interests and passions. 

Adhuc sub judice lis est. [L.] The 
case is still in the hands of the 
judge. 

A die. [L.] From that day on. 

Ad infinitum. [L.] To infinity. 

Ad interim. [L.] In the meanwhile. 

Ad libitum. [L.] At pleasure. 

Ad nauseam. [L.] To disgust. 

Ad patres. [L.] To his fathers; 
dead. [purpose. I 

Ad rem. [L.] To the point ; to the | 

A droile. [F.] To the right. 

Ad unguem. [L.] To the touch of 
the nail ; to a fine finish ; exactly. 

Ad ulrumque paratus. [L.] Pre- 
pared for either event. 

Ad valorem. [L.] According to the 
value. 

Ad vivum. [L.] To the life. 

JEgrescit medendo. [L.] The rem- 
edy is worse than the disease. 

JEgri somnia vana. [L.] A sick 
man's idle dreams. 

JEquam servare mentem. [L.] To 

Jweserve an equable mind. 
quo animo. [L.] With an equa- 
ble mind ; with equanimity. 

JEre perennius. [L.] More endur- 
ing than brass. 

JEtatis suae. [L.] Of his, or her, age. 

Affaire d" 1 amour. [F.] A love af- 
fair, [of honor. I 

Affaire d'honneur. [F.] An affair | 

Affaire du coeur. [F.] An affair of 
the heart. 

A fin de. [F.] To the end that. 

A fortiori. [L.] With stronger rea- 
son. 

A gauche. [F.] To the left. 

Agenda. [L.] Things to be done. 

Age quod agis. [L.] Attend to 
what you do. 

Agnus Dei. [L.] Lamb of God. 

A grands frais. [F.] At great ex- 
pense. 

A haute voix. [F.] Aloud. 

Ahuis clos. [F.] With closed doors. 

A V abandon. [F.] At random. 

.4 la bonne heure. [F.] In good 
time ; timely. 

A Vabri. [F.] Under shelter. 

A la derobee. [F.] By stealth. 

A la Francaise. [F.} After the 
French mode or fashion. 



A la mode. [F.] In fashion. 

A la Tartuffe. [F.] Like Tartuffe ; 
hypocritically. 

Alere fiammam. [L.] To feed the 
flame. 

Alia tentanda via est. [L.] An- 
other way must be tried. 

A Vimproviste. [F.] Unawares; 
on a sudden. 

Aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus. 
[L.] Even the good Homer some- 
times nods (i. e., gets prosy) ; even 
the best sometimes fall short. 

Alls volat propriis. [L.] She flies 
with her own wings; — the motto 
of Oregon. 

Alium quercum excuie. [L.] Shake 
some other oak. 

Allezvousen. [F.] Away with you. 

Allons. [F.] Let us go ; come. 

Alma mater. [L.] Fostering mother. 

Al piu. [It.] At most. 

Alter ego. [L.] Another self. 

Alter idem. [L.] Another precisely 
similar. 

Alter ipse amicus. [L.] A friend 
is a second self. [rels. I 

Amantium irse. [L.l Lovers' quar- 1 

A ma puissance. [F.] To my ut- 
most ; as far as I can. 

A maximis ad minima. [L.] From 
the greatest to the least. 

A mechant chien, court lien. [F.] To 
a vicious dog, a short chain. 

A me de boue. [F.] A soul of mud ; 
a low fellow. 

Amende honorable. [F.] Satisfac- 
tory apology ; reparation. 

A mensa et thoro. [L.] From bed 
and board. 

Amicus curiae. [L.] A friend of 
the court; a disinterested person 
who advises the court ; one who 
applies to the court in favor of an 
infant. 

Amicus humani generis. [L.] A 
friend of the human race. 

Amicus usque ad aras. [L.] A 
friend even to the altar. 

Ami de cour. [F.] A friend of the 
court; hence, an uncertain friend. 

Ami de mouvement. [F.] A friend 

% of progress. 

A moitie. [F.] By halves. 

Amor patriae. [F.] Love of one's 
own country ; patriotism. 

Amour fait beaucoup, mais argent 
fait tout. [F.] Love is potent, 
but money is omnipotent. [ity. I 

Amour propre. [F.] Self-love ; van- J 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



1043 



Ancien regime. [F.] Ancient order 
of things. [the grass. I 

Anguis in herbd,. [L.] A snake in | 

Animis opibusque parati. [L.] Pre- 
pared in mind and resources ; ready 
to give life and property ; — a motto 
of South Carolina. [steal. I 

Animus furandi. [L.] Intent to) 

Anno SBtatis 8U8B. [L.] In the year 
of his (or her) age. [Christ. I 

Anno Christi. [L.] In the year off 

Anno Doniini. [L.] In the year of 
our Lord. [the world. I 

Anno mundi. [L.] In the year of | 

Anno urbis conditae. [L.] In the 
year the city (Rome) was built 
(b. c. 753). [wonders. I 

Annus mirubilis. [L.] The year of | 

Ante bellum. [L.] Before the war. 

Ante lucem. [L.] Before light. 

Ante meridiem. [L.] Before noon. 

Ante tubam trepidat. [L.] He trem- 
bles before the trumpet (sounds). 

Antiqud homovirtuteetfi.de. [L.] A 
man of ancient virtue and fidelity. 

A out ranee. [F.] To the utmost. 

A parte ante. [L.] From the pre- 
ceding part. [stride. I 

Apasdegeant. [F.] "With a giant's | 

Apeindre. [F.] Worth painting. 

Aperte devue. [F.] Out of sight. 

Apeupres. [F.] Neai-ly. 

A pied. [F.] On foot. 

Aplomb. [F.] Perpendicularly. 

A posse ad esse. [L.] From possi- 
bility to reality. 

A posteriori. [L.] From the effect 
to the cause. [war. I 

Apparatus belli. [L.] Supplies of [ 

Appui. [F.] Point of support ; ral- 
lying point. [the effect. I 

A priori. [L.] From the cause to | 

A propos de bottes. [F.] Apropos 
to boots ; without reason. 

A propos de rien. [F.] Apropos to 
nothing. 

Aqua et igne interdictus. [L.] In- 
terdicted from fire and water. 

Aqua vitss. [L.] "Water of life ; 
brandy ; spirit ; alcohol. 

Aquila non capit muscas. [L.] An 
eagle does not catch flies. 

Arbiter elegantiarum. [L.l An um- 
pire in matter of taste. [heaven. I 

Arcana c&lestia. [L.] Secrets of | 

A rcan a imperii. [L. ] State secrets. 

Argent comptant. [F.] Ready money. 

Argumentum ad baculinum. [L.] 
Club law ; appeal to force. 

Argumentum ad crumenam. [L.] 
An argument appealing to the 
purse ; i. e. , to pecuniary interest. 

Argumentum ad hominem. [L.] An 
argument deriving its force from 
the situation of the person to whom 
it is addressed. 

Argumentum ad verecundiam. [L.] 
An argument to modesty. 

Arrectis auribus. [L.] With atten- 
tive ears. [ervation. < 

Arriere pensee. [F.] A mental res- 

Ars est celare arte m. [L.] True art 
is to conceal art. 

Ars longa vita brevis. [L.] Art is 
long and life short. 

Asinus ad lyram. [L.] An ass to a 
lyre ; an absurd union. 

A teneris annis. [L.] From tender 
years. [most.j 

A toute outrance. [F.] To the ut-| 

Aubon droit. [F.] To the just right. 

Au bout de son Latin. [F.] At the 
end of his Latin ; to the extent of 
his knowledge. 

A& contraire. [F.] On the contrary. 

Au courant. [F.] To the present 
time. [pert. I 

Au fait. [F.] Well instructed ; ex- 1 

Au fond. [F.] At the bottom ; in 
the main. 



Au pis alter. [F.] At the worst. 
Au pluisirdevous revoir. [F.] Till 

I have the pleasure of seeing you 

again. 
Au reste. [F.] As for the rest. 
Au revoir. [F.] Adieu until we meet 

again ; auf wiedersehen. 



Audeaapere. [L.l Dare to be wise. 

ufuieder.se/ien. 
again ; au revoir. 



Aiifuiritersehen. [G.] Till we meet 



Aura popularis. [L.] The popular 
breeze. [mean. I 

Aurea mediocritas. [L.] The golden | 

Auri sacra fames. [L.] The ac- 
cursed thirst for gold. 

Auris teneo lupum. [L.] I have a 
wolf by the ears. 

Auruni potabile. [L.] Potable gold. 

Auspicium melioris eevi. [L.] A 
pledge of better times. 

Aussitot dit, aussitot fait. [F.] No 
sooner said than done. 

Autant de fetes, aidant d'avis. [F.] 
Many men, many minds. 

Aut Caesar, aut nullus. [L.] Either 
Caesar, or nobody. 

Autrefois acquit. [F.] Formerly ac- 
quitted, [convicted. I 

Autrefois convict. [F.] Formerly! 

Aut vincere aut mori. [L.] Either 
to conquer or to die. 

Auxarmes. [F.] To arms. 

Auzilium ab alto. [L.] Help from 
on high. 

Avant-coureur. [F.] Forerunner. 

Avant propos. [F.] Preliminary 
matter ; preface. [mission. I 

Avec permission. [F.] With per-| 

A verbis ad verbera. [L.] From 
words to blows. 

A vinculo matrimonii. [L.] From 
the bond of matrimony. [end. I 

Avise la fin. [F.] Consider the| 

A votre sante. [F. ] To your health. 



B. 



Battre la campagne. [F.] To beat 
the bush ; to scour the country. 

Beatse memorise. [L.] Of blessed 
memory. 

Beau monde. [F.] The fashion- 
able world. [men of wit. I 

Beaux esprits. [F.] Gay spirits ;| 

Beaux yeux. [F.] Handsome eyes ; 
that is, attractive looks. [wit. I 

Bel esprit. [F.] A brilliant mind ; a | 

Bellum internecinum. [L.] A war 
of extermination. 

Bellum let hale. [L.] A deadly war. 

Benigno numine. [L.] By the favor 
of Providence. 

Ben trovato. [It.] Well found; a 
happy invention. 

Bete noir. [F.] A black beast ; a 
bugbear. [rum. I 

Bienseance. [F.] Civility; decc~| 

Bienrenue. [F.] Welcome. 
^Billet d' amour. [F.] A love-letter. 

Bis da t qui cito dat. [L.] He gives 
twice who gives promptly. 

Bis peccare in bello non licet. [L.] 
To blunder twice in war is not per- 
mitted. 

Bis vincit, qui se vincit in victorict. 
[L.] He conquers a second time, 
who controls himself in victory. 

Bona fide. [L.] In good faith. 

Bon ami. [F.] Good friend. 

Bon gre, mal gre. [F.] Willing or 
unwilling. [plicity. I 

Bonhomie. [F.] Good-nature ; sim- 1 

Bonis avibus. [L.] With good 
omens. [morning. I 

Bon jour. [F.] Good day; good| 

Bonne bouche. [F.] A delicate 
morsel. [handsome. I 

Bonne et belle. [F.] Good and| 



Bonne foi. [F.] Good faith ; bona 

fides. 
Bon soir. [F.] Good evening. 
Bouleversemerit. [F.] Overturning; 

subversion. [ward. I 

Boutez en avant. [F.l Push for-| 
Brevet d 'invention. [F.] A letter 

patent for an invention. 
Brevi manu. [L.] With a short 

hand ; forthwith. 
Brutum fulmen. [L.] A harmless 

thunderbolt. 
Buonamano. [It.] A small present. 



C. 



Caco'ethes. [L.] An evil habit. 

Caco'ethes loquendi. [L.] A rage for 
speaking. [for scribbling. I 

Caco'ethes scribendi. [L.] An itch | 

Cadit questio. [L.] The question 
falls ; discussion is at an end. 

Caeca invidia est. [L.] Envy is 
blind. [wanting. I 

Csetera desunt. [L.] The rest is| 

Caeteris paribus. [L.] Other things 
being equal. 

Caleche. [F.] A calash. 

Calembour. [F.] A pun. 

Candida pax. [L.] White-robed 
Peace. [sional singer. I 

Cantairice. [It.] A female profes-j 

Capax. [L.] Capable (in law). 

Capitulum. [L.] Head ; section. 

Captatio benevolentise. [L.] A cur- 
rying favor. [less remains. I 

Caput mortuum. [L.l The worth- 1 

Caret initio et fine. [L.] It lacks a 
beginning and an end. 

Carpe diem. [L.] Enjoy the pres- 
ent day. 

Cassis tutissima virtus. [L.] Vir- 
tue is the safest shield. 

Casus belli. [L.] That which in- 
volves or justifies war. 

Casus foederis. [L.] The end of 
the league. 

Catalogue raisonne. [F.] A cata- 
logue of books arranged according 
to their subjects. 

Causa sine qua non. [L.] An in- 
dispensable cause. 

Caveat actor. [L.] Let the doer 
beware. [beware, i 

Caveat emptor. [L. ] Let the buyer | 

Cave canem. [L.] Beware of the 
dog ; — often worked in mosaic at 
the outer entranceof Romanhouses. 

Cedant anna togas. [L.] Let arms 
yield to the gown, i. e., the mili- 
tary authority to the civil. 

Cede Deo. [L.] Submit to Provi- 
dence. 

Ce monde est plein de fous. [F.] 
The world is full of fools. 

Ce n'est que le premier pas quicoule. 
[F.] It is only the first step which 
is difficult. 

Certiorari. [L.] To be certified, — 
a writ calling up the records of an 
inferior court. [certain end. I 

Certum pete finem. [L.] Aimata| 

Cest-a-dire. [F.] That is to say. 

Cestfait de lui. [F.] It is all over 
with him. 

Cest une autre chose. [F.] That is 
a different thing. 

Chacun a son gout. [F.] Every- 
one to his taste. [Fields. I 

Champs £l usees. [F.] Elysian| 

Chanson. [F.] A song. 

Chapeau bas. [F.] Hats off. 

Chapeau bras. [F.] A military 
cocked hat. 

Chapelle ardenie. [F.] Candles set 
round a coffin. 

Chasse cousin. [F.] Bad wine given 
to drive away poor relations. 



N 



1044 



WORDS. PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



u 



w 



.-pagne. [F.] duties 
in Spain, the land of romance ; 
MSfclea in the air. 

Chefde cuisine. [F.] Head cook. 
[F.J A masterpiece. 

Che/tun de fer. [F.] Iron road; 
i. e.. railroad. 

| n ic. [F.] A dear friend ; a 

mis-i [will be. I 

\.sat\i. [It,] What will be, I 

Cheral de butaille. [F.] War-horse; 
chief dependence. 

Chevalier d'industrie. [F.] A 
knight of industry ; one who lives 
by persevering fraud. 

Chionique scandaleuse. [F.] A 
chronicle of vices and crimes. 

Ci git. [F.] Here lies ; hie jacet. 

Circa, or Circiter. [L.] About. 

Circuitus verborum. [L.] A cir- 
cumlocution. 

Cito maturum, cito putrid um. [L.] 
Soon ripe, soon rotten. 

Citoyen. [F.] A citizen ; a burgher. 

Civilitas successit barbarum. [L.] 
Civilization succeeds barbarism ; — 
the motto of Minnesota when a ter- 
ritory. 

Clarior e tenebris. [L.] Brighter 
from obscurity. 

Clarum et venerabile nomen. [L.] 
A renowned and venerable name. 

Classes aisees. [F.] The leisure 
classes. 

Calebs, quid agam f [L.] Being a 
bachelor, what shall I do ? 

Ccelum, non animum, mutant, qui 
trans mare currunt. [L.] They 
change their sky, not their affec- 
tions, who cross the sea. 

Coena Domini. [L.] The Lord's 
Supper. 

Cogito, ergo sum. [L.] I think, 
therefore I exist. 

C 'omit as inter genles. [L.] Polite- 
ness between nations. [be. I 

Commeilfaut. [F.] As it should | 

Commejefus. [F.] As I was. 

Commune bonum. [L.] The com- 
mon good. 

Compagnon de voyage. [F.] Trav- 
eling companion. [mind. I 

Compos mentis. [L.] Of a sound | 

Compte rendu. [F.] Account ren- 
dered ; report. [nestly. I 

Conamore. [It.] With love; ear-| 

Concio ad clerum. [L.] A dis- 
course to the clergy. 

Concordia discors. [L.] Discord- 
ant harmony. 

Concours. [F.] Competition. 

Con dolor e. [It.] With grief. 

Conjunctis viribus. [L.] With 
united powers. 

Conquiescat in pace. [L.] May he 
rest in peace.' [state. I 

Conseil d'etat. [F.] Council of | 

Consensus facit legem. [L.] Con- 
sent makes the law. 

Consilio et animis. [L.] By wis- 
dom and courage. 

Consiantia el virtute. [L.] By con- 
stancy and virtue. 

Contra bonos mores. [L.] Against 
good morals or manners. 

Contretemps. [F.] An awkward 
mishap or accident. 

Conversazione. [It.] A meeting of 
company for conversation. 

Copia verborum. [L.] Copiousness 
of words ; hence, fluency of speech. 

Coram nobis. [L.] Before us. 

Coram nonjudice. [L.] Before one 
who is not the proper judge. 

Cordon sanilaire. [F.] A line of 
troops to prevent the spreading of 
pestilence. 

Corps de garde. [F.] A body of 
men who watch in a guardroom; 
the guardroom itself. 



Corps diplomatique. [F.] A diplo- 
matic body. 

Corpus delicti. [L.] The substance 
or foundation of the offense. 

Corpus juris eiiilis. [L.] The body 
of the Roman or civil law, as con- 
tained in the Justinian code, di- 
gest, etc. 

Corrigenda. [L.] Errors to be 
corrected. 

Cor u/uun, via una. [L.] One heart, 
one way. 

Couleur de rose. [F.] Rose color; 
an aspect of attractiveness. 

Coup de grace. [F.] A stroke of 
mercy ; finishing stroke. 

Coup de main. [F.] A sudden en- 
terprise or effort. [stroke. I 

Coup de maitre. [F.] A master-] 

Coup de pied. [F.] A kick. 

Coup de plume. [F.] A literary 
attack. 

Coup de soleil. [F.] Sunstroke. 

Coup d'essai. [F.] A first attempt. 

Coup d'e" tat. [F.] Stroke of policy ; 
decisive action in public affairs. 

Coup d'ceil. [F.] Glance of the 
eye. 

Courage sans peur. [F.] Courage 
without fear. [it may. I 

Coute quHl coute. [F.] Cost what | 

Craignez honte. [F.] Fear disgrace. 



Let 
Jew, 



Credat Judseus Apella. [L.] 
Apella, the [superstitious] 
believe it. 

Crede quod habes, et habes. [L.] 
Believe that you have it, and you 
have it. [credulous. I 

Credula res amor est. [L. ] Love is | 

Crescit e, et multiplicamini. [L.j 
Grow, or increase, and multiply ; — 
the motto of Maryland. 

Crescit eundo. [L.] It increases by 
going ; — the territorial motto of 
New Mexico. 

Crescit sub pondere virtus. [L.] 
Virtue incre'* - under a burden. 

Crimen falsi. ] Falsehood ; per- 

jury, [treason. I 

Crimen Isessemajestatis. [L.] High| 

Crux criticorum. [L.] The puzzle 
of critics. 

Cucullus non facit monachum. [L.] 
The cowl does not make the monk. 

Cuibono? [L.] For whose benefit? 
colloquially, of what use ? 

Cuisine. [F.] A kitchen ; cookery. 

Cum grano salis. [L.] With a grain 
of salt ; with some allowance. 

Cum privilegio. [L.] With privilege. 

Curiosa felicitas. [L.] A felicitous 
tact. 

Cur rente calamo. [L.] With a run- 
ning, or rapid, pen. 

Custos morum. [L.] The guardian 
of morals. [the rolls. I 

Custos rotulorum. [L.] Keeper of) 



D. 



D' accord. [F.] Agreed ; in tune. 
Da locum melioribus. [L.] Give 

place to your betters. [sign. I 

Dal segno. [It.] Repeat from the | 
Dame d'honneur. [F.] A maid of 

honor. [women. I 

Dames de la halle. [F.] Market! 
Damnant quod non intelligunt. [L.j 

They condemn what they do not 

comprehend. 
Dare pondus fumo. [L.] To give 

weight to smoke, i. e., importance 

to trifles. [received. I 

Data et accepla. [L.] Given out and| 
Data fata secutus. [L.] Following 

revealed destiny. 
Date obolum Belisario. [L.] Give 

a penny to Belisarius. 



Davus sum, non CEdipus. [L.] I 
am Davus, not (Edipus; a simple 
servant, not a conjurer. 

De auctoritate mihi commissa. [L.] 
By the authority given to me. 

De bonis non. [L.] Of [a dece- 
dent's] goods not yet administered. 

De bonne grace. [F.] Gracefully ; 
willingly. 

Decrevi. [L.] I have decreed. 

De die in diem. [L.] From day to 
day. [really. I 

De facto. [L.] In fact ; actually;! 

De gustibus non est disputandum. 
[L.] There is no disputing about 
tastes. 

Dehors. [F.] Without; out of; 
foreign; irrelevant. [God.l 

Dei gratia. [L.] By the grace of | 

Dejeuner a la fourchette. [F.] Break- 
last with a fork ; i. e., a meat break- 
fast, [right. I 

Dejure. [L.] By virtue of law ; by| 

Delenda est Carthago. [L.] Car- 
thage must be destroyed ; i. e. , there 
must be no halfway measures. 

De mal en pis. [F.] From bad to 
worse. 

Demi-jour. [F.] Partial light. 

De mortuis nil nisi bonum. [L.] Say 
nothing but good of the dead. 

De nihilo nihil fit. [L.] From no- 
thing, nothing comes. 

De novo. [L.] Anew. 

Deo date. [L.] Give to God. 

Deoduce. [L.] God being my leader. 

Deo gratias. [L.] Thanks to God. 

Deo juvante. [L.] With God's help. 

Deo volente. [L.] God willing. 

De profundis. [L.] Out of the 
depths. [source. I 

Dernier ressort. [F.] A last re- 1 

Desiderata curiosa. [L.] Things 
to be desired and that are curious. 

Desipere in loco. [L.] To jest at 
the proper time. 

Desoriente. [F.] Having lost one's 
bearings ; confused. [wanting. I 

Desunt csetera. [L.] The rest is | 

De trop. [F.] Too much, or too 
many ; not wanted. 

Detur digniori. [L. ] Let it be given 
to the more worthy. 

Deus ex machina. [L.] A god from 
the machine, i. e. , from a theatrical 
contrivance for making gods appear 
in the air; hence, an unexpected 
and fortunate occurrence. 

Deus vobiscum. [L.] God be with 
you. [ble time. I 

Dextro tempore. [L.] Atafavora-| 

Dies faustus. [L.] Lucky day. 

Dies infaustus. [L.] Unlucky day. 

Dies irse. [L.] Day of wrath. 

Dies non. [L.] A day on which 
court is not held. 

Dieu avec nous. [F.] God with us. 

Dieu defend le droit. [F.] God de- 
fends the right. 

Dieu et mon droit. [F.] God and 
my right. [you. I 

Dieu vous garde. [F.] God protect! 

Dignus vindice nodus. [L.] A dif- 
ficulty worthy of such a protector, 
or deliverer. [grees. I 

Di grado in grado. [It.] By de-| 

Dii penates. [L.] Household gods. 

Diis aliter visum. [L.] To the gods 

it has seemed otherwise. 
Dirigo. [L.] I direct, or guide ; — 

the motto of Maine. 
Disallo. [It.] By leaps. 
Diseur de bon mots. [F.] A sayer 

of good things ; a wit. 
Disjecta membra. [L.] Scattered 
limbs, or remains. [nent. I 

Distingui. [F.] Distinguished ;emi-| 
Distrait. [F.] Absent in thought. 
Docendo discimus. [L.] We learn 
by teaching. 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



1045 



Dolce. [It.] Soft ; — used in music. 

Dolce far niente. [It.] Sweet doing- 
nothiug ; sweet idleness. 

Doli capax. [L.] Capable of crim- 
inal intent. 

Dominus vobiscum. [L.] The Lord 
be with you. [pill. I 

Dorer la pilule. [F.] To gild the| 

Double entente. [F.] Double mean- 
ing ; a play on words ; — often in- 
correctly written Double entendre. 

Douceur. [F.] Sweetness ; a bribe. 

Doux yeux. [F.] Soft glances. 

Dramatis personae. [L.] Characters 
represented in a drama. 

Droit au travail. [F.] The right to 
live by labor. [tions. I 

Droit de gens. [F.] The law of na- 1 

Droit et avant. [F.] Right and 
forward. [loyal. I 

Droit et loyal. [F.] Upright and| 

Ducit amor patriae. [L.] The love 
of country guides. 

Dulce est desipere in loco. [L.] It 
is pleasant to jest opportunely. 

Dulce et decorum est pro putrid, mori. 
[L.] It is sweet and honorable to 
die for one's country. 

Dum spiro, spero. [L.] While I 
breathe, I hope ; — a motto of South 
Carolina. 

Dum vivimus, vivamus. [L.] While 
we live, let us live. 

Durante beneplacito. [L.] During 
good pleasure. 

Durante vita. [L.] During life. 



E. 



Eau de Cologne. [F.] Cologne. 

Eau de vie. [F.] Aqua vitse ; brandy. 

Ecce homo. [L.] Behold the man ; 
— applied specifically to any pic- 
ture representing the Savior given 
up to the people by Pilate, and 
wearing the crown of thorns. 

Ecce signum. [L.] Behold the sign. 

Ecole de droit. [F.] Law school. 

E conlrario. [L.] On the contrary. 

Edition de luxe. [F.] A splendid 
edition. [edition. I 

Editio princeps. [L.] The first | 

Egalite. [F.] Equality. 

Ego et rex mens. [L.] I and my king. 

Eleve. [F. ] A pupil ; a foster child. 

Empressement. [F.] Ardor; zeal. 

Emunclse naris homo. [L.] A man 
of nice perception. 

Eloge. [F.] A funeral oration. 

Eloignement. [F.] Estrangement. 

En ami. [F.] As a friend. 

En attendant. [F.] In the mean- 
time. 

En arriere. [F.] In the rear. 

En avant > [F.] Forward ! 

En badinant. [F.] In jest. 

En cueros, or En cueros vivos. [Sp.] 
Stark naked. 

Ende gut, Alles gut. [G.] All 's well 
that ends well. 

En deshabille. [F.] In undress. 

En Dieu est ma fiance. [F.] In God 
is my trust. [at home. I 

EnfamUle. [F.] With the family ; | 

Enfans perdus. [F.] Lost chil- 
dren ; forlorn hope. 

Enfant gate. [F.] A spoiled child. 

Enfant terrible. [F.] Terrible child ; 
one that annoys by ill-timed re- 
marks. 

Enfant irouvi. [F.] A foundling. 

En fin. [F.] At last ; finally. 

En flute. [F.] With guns on the 
upper deck only. 

En foule. [F.] In a crowd. 

En grande tenue. [F.] In full dress. 

En masse. [F.] In a body. 

En passant. [F.] In passing. 



En plein jour. [F.J In broad day. 

En queue. [F.] Immediately fol- 
lowing ; in line. 

En rapport. [F.] In a condition or 
relation of sympathy. 

En regie. [F.] In order ; according 
to rules. [requital. I 

En revanche. [F.J In return ; in | 

En route. [F.] On the way. 

Ense petit placidam sub libertate 



[F.] 
: pla 
quietem. [L.] Pith the sword 



she seeks quiet peace under liber- 
ty ; — the motto of Massachusetts. 

Ens rationis. [L.] A creature of 
reason ; a reasonable being. 

En suite. [F.] In company. 

En suivant la verite. [F.] In fol- 
lowing the truth. 

En verite. [F.] In truth ; verily. 

Entente cordiale. [F.] An under- 
standing of good will and justice 
towards each other, between the 
chief persons of two states. 

Entourage. [F.] Surroundings. 

Entre deux vins. [F.] Between 
two wines ; i. e., half drunk. 

Entremets. [F.] Side dishes at table. 

Entre nous. [F.] Between our- 
selves; confidentially. 

Eo nomine. [L.] By that name. 

E pluribus unum. [L.] One out of 
many ; one composed of many ; — 
the motto of the United States. 

E re nata. [L.] According to the 
exigency. 

Eripuit ccelo fulmen, sceptrumque 
tyrannis. [L.] He snatched the 
thunderbolt from heaven, and the 
scepter from tyrants ; — said of 
Franklin. [is human. I 

Err are humanum est. [L.] To err | 

Espieglerie. [F.] Sportive tricks. 

Esprit de corps. [F.] The ani- 
mating spirit of a collective body. 

Esprit des lois. [F.] The spirit of 
the laws. 

Esprit fort. [F.] A freethinker. 

Esse quam videri. [L.] To be 
rather than to seem. 

Est modus in rebus. [L.] There is 
a medium in all things. 

Esto perpetua. [L.] Let it be per- 
petual ; — the motto of Idaho. 

Esto quod esse videris. [L.] Be 
what you seem. [thy spirit. I 

Et cum spiritu tuo. [L.] And with | 

Et id genus omne. [L.] And every- 
thing of the sort. [the like. I 

Et sic de similibus. [L.] And so of | 

Et tu, Brute ! [L.] And thou also, 
Brutus ; — implying betrayal by a 
friend. 

Eureka. [Gr. evp-rjiea.] I have found 
it ; — the motto of California. 

E vestigio. [L.] At once; on the 
spot. 

Ewigkeii. [G.l Eternity. [denly.l 

Ex abrupto. [L.] Abruptly ; sud-j 

Ex aequo et bono. [L.] Agreeably 
to what is good and right. 

Ex beneplacito. [L.] At pleasure. 

Ex animo. [L.] Heartily. 

Ex capite. [L.] From the head. 

Ex cathedra. [L.] From the official 
chair (originally of the pope) ; 
hence, with high authority. 

Excelsior. [L.] Higher ; more ele- 
vated ; — the motto of New York. 

Exceptio probat regulam. [L.] The 
exception proves the rule. 

Except is excipiendis. [L.] The ne- 
cessary exceptions being made. 

Excerpta. [L.] Extracts. 

Ex concesso. [L.] From what has 
been conceded. [made it. I 

Excudit. [L.] He fashioned or| 

Ex curia. [L.] Out of court. 

Ex delicto. [L.] From an offense ; 
from a wrong not involving a breach 
of contract. 



Exempla sunt odiosa. [L. ] Exam- 
ples are offensive. [example. I 

Exempli gratia. [L.] By way of | 

Exeunt omnet. [L.] All go out. 

Ex fumo dare luce in. [L.] To bring 
light from smoke ; to make things 
clear. 

Exitus acta probat. [L.] The event 
justifies the deed ; — Washington's 
motto. 

Ex mero motu. [L.] Of his own 
motion or accord. [torn. I 

Ex more. [L.l According to cus-| 

Ex nihilo nihil fit. [L.] From 
nothing, nothing comes. [office. I 

Ex officio. [L.] By virtue of his| 

Ex parte. [L.] On one side only. 

Ex pede Herculem. [L.] We recog- 
nize a Hercules by the foot ; that is, 
we judge of the whole from a part. 

Experimentum crucis. [L.] The 
experiment or test of the crosB. 

Experto crede. [L.] Trust one who 
has tried, or had experience. 

Expose. [F.] An exposition. 

Ex post facto. [L.] After the deed 
is done. [meditation. I 

Ex tempore. [L.] Without pre-| 

Ex uno disce omnes. [L.] From 
one judge of all. 

Ex vi termini. [L.] By the mean- 
ing, or force, of the expression. 



F. 



The 



All 



Faber suae fortunse. [L.] 
architect of his own fortune. 

Fades non omnibus una. [L.] 
do not have the same face. 

Facile princeps. [L.] Evidently 
preeminent ; the admitted chief. 

Facilis est descensus Averni. [L.] 
Easy is the descent to Avernus 
[Hades] ; i. e., it is easy to get into 
difficulty. 

Facit indignatio versus. [L.] In- 
dignation inspires the verses. 

Facon de parler. [F.] Manner of 
speaking. [people. I 

Fsex populi. [L.] Dregs of the| 

Faire bonne mine. [F.] To put on 
a good face. 

Faire Vhomme d'' importance. [F.] 
To assume an air of importance. 

Faire sans dire. [F.] Act and say 
nothing. [duty. I 

Faire son devoir. [F.] To do his| 

Fait accompli. [F.] A thing al- 
ready done. 

Falsi crimen. [L.J Forgery. 

Famaclamosa. [L.] Current scan- 
dal. 

Fama semper vivat. [L.] May his 
fame endure forever. 

Fare,fac. [L.] Say, do. 

Fas est et ab haste doceri. [L.] It is 
right to learn even from an enemy. 

Fasti et nefasti dies. [L.] Lucky 
and unlucky days. [pose. I 

Fata obstant. [L.] The Fates op-| 

Fatti maschii ; parole femine. [It.] 
Lit., deeds are males; words, fe- 
males ; i. e., when deeds are needed 
words will not suffice ; — a motto 
of Maryland. 

Faubourg. [F.] A suburb. 

Fauteuil. [F.] An easy chair. 

Faux pas. [F.] A false step; mistake. 

Fecit. [L.] He made it. 

Femme couverte. [F.] A married 
woman ; a woman having a husband. 

Femme de chambre. [F.] A cham- 
bermaid, [keeper. I 

Femme de charge. [F.] A house- 1- 

Femmegalante. [F.] A prostitute. 

Ferae naturae. [L.] Of a wild na- 
ture. 

Festina lenie. [L.] Hasten slowly. 



N 



1046 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



U 



W 



rnpetre. [F.] A rural fes- 
tival. 

_\ie. [F.] A firing of guns 
in token of joy ; a bonfire. 

Feuilleion. [F.] Bottom part of a 
Freiieh newspaper, separated from 
the rest, and devoted to light liter- 
ature, criticism, etc. [coach. I 

Fiacrt. [F.] A kind of hackney, 

Fiat just it ia, mat cm! urn. [L.] Let 
justice be done though the heavens 
fall. 

Fiat lux. [L.] Let there be light. 

Fidei defensor. [L.] Defender of 
the faith. 

Fidel iter. [L.] Faithfully. 

Fide, non annis. [L.] By faith, 
not arms. 

Fide , sed cui vide. [L.] Trust, but 
see whom. [treachery. I 

Fides Punica. [L.] Punic faith ;| 

Fidus Achates. [L-] Faithful 
Achates; i. e., a true friend. 

Filius nullius. [L.] A son of no- 
body ; — a legal term for a bastard. 

Films terra. [L.] One of low birth. 

Fille de chambre. [F.] A chamber- 
maid, [honor. I 

Fille d'honnetir. [F.] A maid of] 

Fille de joie. [F.l A prostitute. 

Finem respice. [L.] Look to the 
end. 

Finis coronal opus. [L.] The end 
crowns the work. 

Fit fabricando faber. [L.] Prac- 
tice makes a skilled workman. 

Flagrante bello. [L.] During hos- 
tilities. 

Flagrante delicto. [L.] In the com- 
mission of the offense. 

Flux de bouche. [F.] Garrulity. 

Fortes fortuna juvat. [L.] Fortune 
favors the brave. 

Fortiter in re. [L.] Resolute in deed. 

Franco. [It.] Post free. 

Frangas nonflectas. [L.] You may 
break me, but not bend me. 

Froides mains, chaude amour. [F.] 
Cold hands, warm heart. 

Fronti nulla fides. [L.] Put no 
faith in good looks. 

Fruges consumere nati. [L.] Born 
[merely] to consume the fruits of 
the earth. 

Fugit hora. [L.] The hour passes. 

Fuit Ilium. [L.] Ilium has been. 

Fulmen brulum. [L.] A harmless 
thunderbolt. 

Functus officio. [L.] Out of office. 

Furor loquendi. [L.] A rage for 
speaking, [writing. I 

Furor scribendi. [L.] A rage for) 



G. 

Gallice. [L.] In French. 
Garcon. [F.] A boy, or a waiter. 
Garde a cheval. [F.] A mounted 

guard. 
Garde du corps. [F.] A body guard. 
Garde mobile. [F.] A guard liable 

to general service. 
Gardezbien. [F.] Take good care. 
Gardezlafoi. [F.] Keep the faith. 
Gaudeamus igitur. [L.] So let us 

be joyful. [the place. I 

Genius loci. [L.] The genius of | 
Gens d'armes. [F.] Armed police. 
Gens de condition. [F.] People of 

rank (or quality). 
Gem d'eglise. [F.] Churchmen. 
Gens de guerre. [F.] Military men. 
Gens de meme famille. [F.] Birds 

of a feather. 
Gensdepeu. [F.] The lower classes. 
Gens togata. [L.] Civilians. 
Genus irritabile vatum. [L.] The 

irritable race of poets. 



Gibier de potcnce. [F.] A gallows 

bird. 
Gitano. [It.] A gipsy. 
Gloria in excelsis. [L.] Glory to 

God in the highest. [Father. I 

Gloria Patri. [L.] Glory be to the | 
Gloria rirtutis umbra. [L.] Glory 

the shadow of virtue. 
Tvo)8i o-eavTov {Gnothi seauton). [Gr.] 

Know thyself. 
Goutte a goutte. [F.] Drop by drop. 
Gr&ce a Dieu. Thanks be to God. 
Gradus ad Parnassum. [L.] Aid 

in writing Greek or Latin poetry. 
Grande chere et beau feu. [F.] Good 

cheer (living) and a bright fire. 
Grande merci. [F.] Many thanks. 
Grande parure. [F.] Full dress. 
Gratisdictum. [L.] Mere assertion. 
Gravamen. [L.] The ground or es- 
sence of a complaint or action. 
Guerre a mort. [F.] War to the 

death. [uttermost. [ 

Guerre a outrance. [F.] War to the | 



H. 

Hac lege. [L.] With this law. 

Haec olim meminisse juvabit. [L.] 
It will be pleasant to remember 
these things some day. 

Haud longis intervallis. [L.] At 
brief intervals. 

Haud passibus seguis. [L.] Not 
with equal steps. [elty. I 

Haute nouveaute. [F.] Agreatnov-| 

Haul et bon. [F.] Lofty and good. 

Haul gout. [F.] High flavor ; fine 
or elegant taste. 

Helluo librorum. [L.] A devourer 
of books ; a bookworm. 

Hiatus valde deflendus. [L.] A de- 
ficiency much to be regretted. 

Hie et ubique. [L. ] Here and every- 
where. 

Hie finis fandi. [L.] Here was an 
end to the discourse. 

Hicjacet. [L.] Here lies. 

Hinc illse lacrymse. [L.] Hence 
these tears. [tion. | 

Hoc age. [L.] Do this ; pay atten- [ 

Hoc anno. [L.] In this year. 

Hoc loco. [L.] In this place. 

Hoc tempore. [L.] At this time. 

Hoi polloi. [Gr. oi n-oAAoi.] The 
many ; the rabble. 

Hominis est errare. [L.] It is com- 
mon for man to err. 

Homme d'affaires. [F.] A man of 
affairs ; a business man. 

Homme debien. [F.] A good man. 

Homme de cour. [F.] A courtier. 

Homme de lettres. [F.] A man of 
letters ; a literary man. 

Homme (Tepee. [F.] A soldier. 

Homme d'esprit. [F.] A man of 
talent. 

Homme d'etat. [F.] A statesman. 

Homo alieni. [L.] A man under 
the control of another. 

Homo multarum literarum. [L.] A 
man of great learning. 

Homo sum, humani nihil a me alie- 
num puto. [L.] I am a man, and 
deem nothing that relates to man 
foreign to my feelings. 

Honi soit qui mal ypense. [F.] May 
he be shamed who thinks evil of it, 
— the motto of the Order of the 
Garter. [time. 

Hora e sempre. [It.] It is always! 

Hora fugit. [L.] The hour passes. 

Horresco refer ens. [L.] I shudder 
to relate. [dition to fight. I 

Hors de combat. [F.] Out of con- 1 

Hors de la loi. [F.] In the condi- 
tion of an outlaw. 

Hors de saison. [F.] Out of season. 



Hors d'eeuvre. [F.] Out of course. 
Hortus siccus. [L.] A collection of 

dried plants. 
Hostis humani generis. [L.] An 

enemy of the human race. 
Hotel de ville. [F.] Town hall. 
Humanum est errare. [L.] To err 

is human. 



I. 



Ich dien. [G.] I serve. 

Id est. [L.] That is. 

Id genus omne. [L.] All of that sort. 

Ignorantia legis neminem excusat. 

[L.] Ignorance of the law excuses 

no one. 
Ignotum per ignotius. [L.] That 

which is unknown by something 

still more unknown. 
H ri'a ni bouche ni eperon. [F.] He 

has neither speech nor spur ; i. e., 

neither wit nor courage. 
Hnefaut jamais defter unfou. [F.] 

One should never defy a fool. 
Iinopectore. [L.] From the bottom 

of the heart. 
Imperium in imperio. [L.] A gov- 
ernment within a government. 
Imprimatur. [L.] Let it be printed ; 

— a license to print a book, etc. 
Improvvisatore. [It.] An impromptu 

poet. [tu poetess. I 

Improvvisatrice. [It.] Animpromp-| 
In seternum. [L.] Forever. 
In articulo mortis. [L.] At the 

point of death ; in the last struggle. 
In capite. [L.] In chief ; i. e., im- 
mediately from the king. 
In cselo quies. [L.] There is rest 

in heaven. 
In commendam. [L.] In trust. 
Incredulus odi. [L.] Being incred- 
ulous I cannot bear it. 
In curia. [L.] In the court. 
Indeirse. [L.] Hence these resent- 
ments. 
Index expurgatorius. [L.] A list of 

prohibited books. 
Indubiis. [L.] In doubtful matters. 
In equilibria. [L.] In equilibrium. 
In esse. [L.] In being. 
Inest dementia forti. [L.] Clemency 

belongs to the brave. 
In extenso. [L.] At full length. 
In extremis. [L.] At the point of 

death. 
Infinito. [L.] Perpetually. 
In flagrante delicto. [L.] (Taken) 

in the commission of the offense. 
In forma pauperis. [L.] As a poor 

man. 
In foro conscientise. [L.] Before 

the tribunal of conscience. 
Infra dignitatem. [L.] Below one's 

dignity. [forth. I 

In future [L.] In future ; hence- 1 
In hoc signo vinces. [L.] In this 

sign, or under this standard, thou 

shalt conquer. 
In limine. [L.] At the threshold. 
In loco. [L.] In the proper place 

or circumstances ; opportunely. 
In loco parentis. [L.] In the place 

of a parent. 
In medias res. [L.] In the midst 

of things or affairs. 
In medio tutissimus ibis. [L.] You 

will go most safely in the middle. 
In memoriam. [L.] In memory. 
In nomine. [L.] In the name of. 
In nubibus. [L.] In the clouds. 
In omnia paratus. [L.] Prepared 

for everything. 
Inperpetuum. [L.] Forever. 
In petto. [It.] In the breast. 
In posse. [L.] In possible existence. 
Inprsesenti. [L.] At present. 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



1047 



In propria persond. [L.] In person; 
himself or herself. [naked. I 

In pur is natural ibus. [L.] Quite | 

In re. [L.] In the matter of. 

In rem. [L.] Against the thing. 

In rerum natura. [L.] In the na- 
ture of things. [on ages. I 

In ssecula sseculorum. [L.] Forages| 

Insculpsit. [L.] He engraved it. 

In situ. [L.] In its original situation. 

Insouciance. [F.] Carelessness ; in- 
difference. 

Instar omnium. [L.] Like all ; an 
example to others. [state. I 

In statu quo. [L.] In the former | 

In te, Domine, speravi. [L.] In 
thee, Lord, have I put my trust. 

Inter alia. [L.] Among other things. 

Inter arma silent leges. [L.] In 
the midst of arms the laws are 
silent. 

Internes. [L.l Between ourselves. 

Inter pocula. [L.] In his cups. 

In terror em. [L.] As a warning. 

Inter se. [L.] Among themselves. 

Intoto. [L.] In the whole ; entirely. 

In transitu. [L.l On the passage. 

Intra parietes. [L.] Within walls. 

In utramque fortunamparatus. [L.] 
Prepared for either event. 

In utroque fidelis. [L.] Faithful 
in both. 

In vacuo. [L.] In empty space. 

In verba magistri jurare. [L.] To 
swear to, or by, the words of an- 
other ; to adopt opinions on the 
authority of another. 

In vino Veritas. [L.] There is truth 
in wine; i. e., a drunken person 
speaks the truth. 

Invito, Minerva. [L.] Without genius. 

Ipse dixit. [L.] He himself said it. 

Ipsissima verba. [L.] The very words. 

Ipso facto. [L.] In the fact itself . 

Ipso jure. [L.] By the law itself. 

Ira furor brevis est. [L.] Anger is 
brief madness. 

It a lex scripta est. [L.] Thus the 
law is written. 



Jacta est alea. [L.] The die is cast. 
Jamais ar Here. [F.] Never behind. 
Januis clausis. [L.] With closed 

doors. ■ 
Je me fie en Dieu. [F.] I put my 

trust in God. [what. I 

Je ne sais quoi. [F.] I know not | 
Jen'oublierai jamais. [F.] I shall 

never forget. [a pun. I 

Jeu demots. [F. ] A play on words ; | 
Jeu d'esprit. [F.] A witticism. 
Je vis en espoir. [F. ] I live in hope. 
Jubilate Deo. [£.] Rejoice in the 

Lord. [of God. 

Judicium Dei. [L.] The judgment! 
Jupiter lonans. [L.] Jupiter the 

thunderer. 
Jure divino. [L.] By divine law. 
Jus civile. [L.] Civil law. 
Jus divinum. [L.] Divine law. 
Jus et norma loquendi. [L.] The 

law and rule of speech. 
Jus gentium. [L.] Law of nations. 
Juste milieu. [F.] The golden mean. 
Jusfum et tenacem propositi virum. 

[L.] A just man, and one tena- 
cious of his purpose. 



Labor omnia vincit. [L.] Labor 

conquers everything. 
Lade nicht alles in tin Schiff. [G.] 

Do not put all in one ship. 



La fortune passe partoute. [F.] 
Fortune (good or evil) passes 
everywhere. 

Laissez faire. [F.] Let alone. 

Laissez nous f aire. [F.] Let us act 
for ourselves. [pochondria. I 

Lamaladiesansmaladie. [F.] Hy-| 

Langage des halles. [F.] Language 
of the market-places ; billingsgate. 

Lapis philosophorum. [L.] The 
philosopher's stone. [pen. I 

Lapsus calami. [L.] A slip of the | 

Lapsus linguse. [L.] A slip of the 
tongue. [gods. I 

Lares et penates. [L.] Household | 

Latet anguis in herba. [L.] A 
snake lies hid in the grass. 

Laudator temporis acti. [L.] A 
praiser of time past. 

Laus Deo. [L.] Praise to God. 

Laus propria sordet. [L.] Self- 
praise debases. [ble world. I 

Lebeaumonde. [F.] The f ashiona- 1 

Le bon temps viendra. [F.] The 
good time will come. 

Lector benevole. [L.] Kind reader; 
gentle reader. [devil. I 

Le diable boileux. [F.] The lame | 

Legatus a latere. [L.] A papal 
embassador. 

Legerete. [F.] Lightness ; levity. 

Le grand ozuvre. [F.] The great 
work; i. e., finding the philosopher's 
stone. ^ [the mystery. I 

Le mot d'enigme. [F. ] The key to | 

L 'empire des lettres. [F.] The re- 
public of letters. [or rank. I 

Le pas. [F. ] Precedence in place | 

Le roi et Vetat. [L.] King and state. 

Le roi le veut. [L.] The king wills 
it ; — signifying the royal assent to 
a bill. 

Le roi s'avisera. [L.] The king 
will consider or deliberate ; — signi- 
fying the withholding of the royal 
assent to a bill. [faire. | 

Le savoir-faire. [F.] See Savoir- 

Lese majeste. [F.] High treason. 

Les larmes aux yeux. [F.] Tears in 
one's eyes. 

Les plus sage ne le sont pas toujour s. 
[F. ] The wisest are not always so. 

Laetrile du nord. [F.] The star of 
the north ; — motto of Minnesota. 

Lettre de cachet. [F.] A sealed let- 
ter ; a royal warrant. 

Lettre de change. [F.] Bill of ex- 
change, [credit. | 

Lettre de creance. [F.] Letter of] 

Lettre de marque. [F.] A letter of 
marque or of reprisal. 

Lex loci. [L.] The law of the place. 

Lex non scripta. [L.] The unwrit- 
ten, or common, law. 

Lex scripta. [L.] Statute law. 

Lex talionis. [L.] Law of retaliation. 

Lex terrse . [L. ] The law of the land. 

Licentia vatum. [L.] License of 
poets. 

Limae labor et mora. [L.] Labor and 
delay of the file, i. e., finishing off. 

LHnconnu. [F.l The unknown. 

Lis pendens. [L.] A pending or 
continuing action or suit ; notice of 
such an action. [undecided. ! 

Lis sub judice. [L.] A case still) 

Lit de justice. [F.] The king's 
throne in the parliament of Paris. 

Lite pendente. [L.] While the ac- 
tion is pending. 

Litem scripta manet. [L.] The 
written letter remains. 

Loci communes. [L.] Commonplaces. 

Loco citato. [L.] In the place cited. 

Locum tenens. [L.] A deputy or 
substitute ; a proxy. [which. I 

Locus in quo. [L.] The place in | 

Locus penitentise. [L.] Opportu- 
nity for repentance. 

Locus sigilli. [L.] Place of the seal. 



Longo intervallo. [L.] By or with 
long interval. [ rau g emeut - 1 

Lucidus ordo. [L.] A clear ar-| 

Lucusanonlucendo. [L.] A phrase 
expressing a fanciful derivation of 
the word lucus, a dark wood or 
grove, from the verb lucere, to 
shine, a non lucendo, from its not 
being light ; and hence used in ridi- 
cule to characterize anything as 
plainly illogical or absurd. 

Liulere cum sacris. [L.] To trifle 
with sacred things. 

Lusus naturse. [L.] A sport or 
freak of nature. 



M. 



[F.] My dear. [tue.| 
te. [L.l 



Ma chere. 

Made virtute. "[L. ] " Proceed in vir- 1 

Mafoi. [F.] Upon my faith. 

Magnm spes altera Romse. [L.] 
Another hope of great Rome. 

Magna est Veritas, et prevalebit. [L.] 
Truth is mighty, and it will prevail. 

Magnas inter opes inops. [L.] Poor 
in the midst of great wealth. 

Magnum opus. [L.] A great work. 

Maintien le droit. [F.] Maintain 
the right. [country seat. I 

Maison de campagne. [F.] A| 

Maison de sante. [F.] A private 
hospital or asylum ; sanitarium. 

Ma ison de ville. [F. ]_ The town-hall. 

Mccilre d' hotel. [F.] A house- 
steward, [sickness. I 

Maladie du pays. [F.] Home-| 

Malaf.de. [L.] In bad faith. 

Malapropos. [F.] Ill-timed. 

Mai de dents. [F.] Toothache. 

Mai de mer. [F.] Seasickness. 

Mai de tete. [F.] Headache. 

Mai entendre. [F.] Mistake ; mis- 
understanding. 

Malgre nous. [F.] In spite of us. 
\s(malum in se. [L.] Bad or wrong in 
itself. 

Malum prohibitum. [L.] An evil 
prohibited ; evil because prohibited. 

Mania a potu. [L.] Madness from 
drink. 

Manibus pedibusque. [L.] With 
hands and feet. [own hand. | 

Manu propria. [L.] With one's] 

Mare clausum. [L.] A closed sea ; 
i. e., a sea or bay, within the juris- 
diction of a nation, and not a part 
of the high seas. 

Mariage de convenance. [F.] A 
marriage of convenience. 

Materiel. [F.] Materials or instru- 
ments employed. 

Mauvais gout. [F.] Bad taste. 

Mauvais honie. [F.] False modesty. 

3Iaximus in minimis. [L.] Very 
great in the littlest things. 

Me'ya /3i/3/Vtov, fityaKaKOv {mega bibli- 
on, mega kakon). [Gr.] A great 
book is a great evil. 

Me judice. [L.] I being judge. 

Memento mori. [L.] Remember 
death. [moves matter. I 

Mens agitat molem. [L.] Mind| 

Mens sana in corpore sano. [L.] A 
sound mind hi a sound body. 

3Ienssibiconsciarecti. [L.] A mind 
conscious of rectitude. £risk. I 

Meo periculo. [L.] At my own| 

Meo voto. [L.] By my desire. 

Merum sal. [L.] Pure salt ; Attic 
wit. 

Mesalliance. [F.] Improper asso- 
ciation ; marriage with one of lower 
station. [thine. I 

Meum et tuum. [L.] Mine and| 

Mirabile dictu. [L.] Wonderful to 
relate. [see. I 

Mirabile visu. [L.] Wonderful to| 



N 



104$ 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



u 



w 



Mfc* [F.] The putting in 
preparation for the stage. 

Miserable vulgus. [L.j A WTetch- 
ed crew. 

Jflnrii mwurrmr*. disco. [L.] I 
learn to help the wretched. 

Modo ft forma. [L.] Iu manner 
and form. [operation. I 

Mtxlus operandi. [L.] Manner of | 

Mon ami. [F.] My friend. 

Mon cher. [F.] My dear (fellow). 

Montani semper liberi. [L.] Moun- 
taineers are always freemen ; — the 
motto of West Virginia. 

Monumentum s?re perennius. [L.] A 
monument more durablethan brass. 

More majorum. [L.] After the 
manner of our ancestors. 

More suo. [L.] In his own way. 

Mors omnibus co77imunis. [L.] Death 
is common to all. 

Mot de guet. [F.] Watchword. 

Motu propria. [L.] Of his own ac- 
cord, [little. I 

Multum in parvo. [L.] Much in | 

Munus Apolline dignum. [L.] A 
gift worthy of Apollo. 

Mutatis mutandis. [L.] Theneces- 
.sary changes being made. 

Muta'to nomine. [L.] The name 
being changed. 



N. 



Ne cede malis. [L.] Yield not to 
misfortune. 

Ne exeat. [L.] Let him not depart. 

Necessiias non habet legem. [L.] 
Necessity has no law. 

Nee prece nee pretio. [L.] Neither 
by entreaty nor by bribe. 

Nee scire fas est omnia. [L.] It is 
not permitted to know everything. 

Nee. [F.] Born ; as, Madame de 
Stael, nee (that is, whose maiden 
name was) Necker. 

Nefasti dies. [L.] Unlucky days. 

Ne fronti credere. [L.] Trust not 
to appearances. 

Nemine contradicente. [L.] No 
one speaking in opposition. 

Nemine dissentienle. [L.] No one 
dissenting. 

Nemo me impune lacessit. [L.] No 
one wounds me with impunity ; — 
the motto of Scotland. 

Nemo repentefuit turpissimus. [L.] 
No one ever became a villain all at 
once. 

Nemo solus sapit. [L.] No one is 
the only wise one. 

Ne plus ultra. [L.] Nothing further. 

Ne quid nimis. [L.] Not anything 
too much, or too far. 

Nihil quod leligit non ornavit. [L.] 
He touched nothing without embel- 
lishing it. [nothing. I 

Nil admirari. [L.] To wonder at] 

Nil conscire sibi. ~[L.] To be con- 
scious of no fault. [spair. 1 

Nil desperandum. [ T ] Never de- 1 

Nil sine numine. |_—-] Nothing 
without God ; — the motto of Colo- 
rado. 

Nimium ne crede colori. [L.] Trust 
not too much to looks. 

N'importe. [F.] It matters not. 

Nitor in adversum. [L.] I strive 
against opposition. 

Noblesse oblige. [F.] Rank im- 
poses obligation ; much is rightly 
expected of one of high birth or 
Btation. 

Nolens volens. [L.] Whether he 
will or not. [me. I 

Noli me tangere. [L.J Don't touch | 

Nolle prosequi. [Lj To be unwill- 
ing to proceed. 



Norn de guerre. [F.] A war name ; 
a traveling title ; a pseudonym. 

Nom deplume. [F.] A pen name ; 
an assumed title. 

Nomen et omen. [L.] A name omi- 
nous, or significant, of the thing. 

Non assumpsit. [L.] He did not 
undertake ; — defendant's plea to 
assumpsit. 

Non compos mentis. [L.] Not in 
sound mind. [pear. I 

Non constat. [L.] It does not ap- 1 

Nondaturterlium. [L.l There is no 
third (choice). [been found. I 

Non est inventus. [L.] He has not | 

Non est invere sed valere vita. [L.j 
Not merely to live is life, but to 
have good health. [me. I 

Non libel. [L.] It does not please | 

Non liquet. [L.] It is not clear. 

Non mi ricordo. [It.] I do not re- 
member. 

Non obstante. [L.] Notwithstanding. 

Non omnia possumus omnes. [L.] 
We can not, all of us, do all things. 

Non omnis moriar. [L. ] I shall not 
wholly die. [but what. I 

Non quis, sed quid. [L.] Not who, | 

Non quo, sed quomodo. [L.] Not 
by whom, but how. 

Nonsequitur. [L.] It does not fol- 
low ; an unwarranted conclusion. 

Non sibi, sed patriae. [L.] Not for 
himself, but for his oountry. 

Non sum qualis eram. [L.] I am 
not what I was. 

Nosce te ipsum. [L.] Know thyself. 

Noseitur ex sociis. [L.] A man is 
known by his companions. 

Nota bene. [L.] Mark well. 

N'oubliez pas. [F.] Do not forget. 

Nous verrons. [F.] We shall see. 

Novus homo. [L.] A new man. 

Nuance. [F.] Shade; tint. 

Nudum pactum. [L.] A naked con- 
tract ; i. e., one made without any 
consideration, and hence void. 

Nugse canorse. [L.] Melodious tri- 
fles ; mere jingling. 

Nulla dies sine linea. [L.] No day 
without a line ; i. e., no day with- 
out something done. 

Nullius addictus jurare in verba ma- 
gislri. [L.] Not bound to swear 
to the dogmas of any master. 

Nullius filius. [L.] Nobody's son ; 
i. e., a bastard. [never. 1 

Nunc aut nunquam. [L J Now or | 

Nunquamnonparatus. [L.] Never 
unprepared. 



0. 



Obiit. [L.] He [or she] died. 

Obiter dictum. [L.] A thing said 
[by a judge] by the way, or in pass- 
ing, i. e., on a point not material 
to the case. [first beginnings. I 

Obsta principiis. [L.] Resist the | 

CEil de boeuf. [F.] A bull's eye. 

Officina gentium. [L.] The work- 
shop of the nations. 

Ohe! jam satis. [L.] Oh ! now there 
is enough. ' [no rest. I 

Ohne Hast,ohne Rast. [G.] No haste, | 

OjtoAAoi. See Hoi polloi. [omen. I 

Omen faustum. [L.] A favorable! 

Omne bonum desuper. [L.] Every 
good is from above. 

Omne ignolum pro magnifico. [L.] 
Whatever is unknown is thought 
to be magnificent. 

Omnia bona bonis. [L.] To the good 
all things are good. 

Omnia, vineit amor. [L] Love con- 
quers all things. 

Omnia vincit labor. [L.] Labor 
overcomes all things. 



Omnis amans, aniens. [L.] Every 

lover is demented. 
On connait Pamiaubesoiii. [F.] A 

frieud is known in time of need. 
On dit. [F.] They say ; hence, a 

flying rumor. 
Onus probandi. [L.] The burden 

of proving. [while. I 

Operse pretium est. [L.] It is worth | 
Oraesempre. [It.] Now and always. 
Ora pro nobis. [L.] Pray for us. 
Orator fit, poeta nascitur . [L.] The 

orator is made, but the poet is born. 
Orerotundo. [L.] With round, full 

voice. 
Oretenus. [L.] So far as the mouth. 
.' si sic omnia. [L.] O that he had 

always done or spoken thus. 
tempora ! mores I [L.] the 

times ! the manners ! 
Otiosa sedulitas. [L.] Idle indus- 
try ; trifling laboriousness. 
Otium cum dignitale. [L.] Ease with 

dignity ; dignified leisure. 
Oubliette. [F.] Dungeon of a castle. 
Oui dire. [F.] Hearsay. 
Ouvrage de longue halein. [F."j A 
a tedious 
[tisan. I 
Ouvrier. [F.] A workman ; an ar- j 



work for a long breath ; 



P. 



Pacta corevtnta. [L.] The condi- 
tions agreed upon. 

Pallida mors. [L.] Pale death. 

Palmam quimeruitferat. [L.] Let 
him who has won it bear the palm. 

Par ci, par la. [F.J Here and there. 

Parem non fert. [L.] He does not 
endure an equal. [eminence. I 

Par excellence. [F.] By way oft 

Pari passu. [L.] With equal pace. 

Par nobile fralrum. [L.] A noble 
pair of brothers ; two just alike. 

Parole d'honneur. [F.] Word of 
honor. [party. I 

Pars adversa. [L.] The adverse! 

Pars pro toto. [L.] A part for the 
whole. [plice. I 

Particeps criminis. [L.] Anaccom-| 

Particulier. [F.] A private gentle- 
man. 

Parturiunt monies; nascetur ridicu- 
lus mus. [L.] The mountains are 
in labor; a ridiculous mouse will 
be brought forth. 

Parva componeremagnis. [L.] To 
compare small things with great. 

Pas a pas. [F.] Step by step. 

Pate de foie gras. [F.] Goose-liver 
pie. [a family..! 

Paterfamilias. [L] The father of | 

Paternoster. [L.] Our Father ; the 
Lord's prayer. [country. I 

Pater patriae. [L.] Father of hi6 1 

Patres conscripti. [L.] Conscript 
fathers ; the Roman senators. 

Patriis virtutibus. [L.] By ances- 
tral virtue. 

Pax in bello. [L.] Peace in war. 

Peccavi. [L.] I have sinned. 

Pendente lite. [L.] Pending the suit. 

Penetralia. [L.] Inmost parts ; pri- 
vacy; sanctuary. 

Pensee. [F.] Thought. 

Per ambages. [L.] By circuitous 
ways ; indirectly or figuratively. 

Per angusta ad augusta. [L.] 
Through straits to exalted condi- 
tions. 

Per annum. [L.] By the year. 

Perasperaadastra. [L.] Through 
trials to the stars, i. e., glory. 

Per capita. [L.] By the head. 

Per centum. [L.] By the hundred. 

Per contante. [It.] For cash. 

Per contra. [L] Contrariwise. 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



1049 



Per curiam. [L.] By the court. 

Per diem. [L.] By the day. 

Perdu. [F.] Lost. 

Per fas et ne/as. [L.] Through 
right and wrong. 

Per mese. [It.] By the month. 

Per saltum. [L.] By a leap or jump. 

Per se. [L.l By itself considered. 

Per viam. [L.] By the way of. 

Petit coup. [F.] A small mask. 

Petitio principii. [L.] A begging 
of the question. [comb, l 

Petit maitre. [F.] A dandy ; a cox- 1 

Peu-a-peu. [F.] Little by little. 

Pen de chose. [F.] A trifle. 

Piece de resistance. [F.] A solid 
joint. [temporary lodging. I 

Piedaterre. [F.] A resting place ; | 

Pinxit. [L.] He [or she] painted it. 

Pis alter. [F.] The last shift. 

Piit. [It.] More. 

Plenojure. [L.] With full authority. 

Pocoapoco. [It.] Little by little. 

Poeta nascitur, non Jit. [L.] The 
poet is born, not made. 

Point d'appui. [F.] Point of sup- 
port; prop. [lit., fish.] 

Poisson d'avril. [F.] April fool, | 

Pons asinorum. [L.] Asses' bridge ; 
— a phrase applied : (a) To a cer- 
tain problem in geometry, (b) To 
a key to, or translation of, a Latin 
or Greek book. 

Populus vult decipi. [L.] People 
like to be deceived. 

Posse videor. [L.] I seem to be able. 

Possunt quia posse videntur. [L.] 
They can because they think they 
can. 

Postea. [L.] Hereafter ; thereafter. 

Poste rest ante. [F.] To remain un- 
til called for. [clouds, sunshine. I 

Post nubila, Phcebus. [L.] After | 

Post obitum. [L.] After death. 

Potage au gras. [F.] Meat soup. 

Pour acquit. [F.] Paid. [visit. I 

Pour /aire visite. [F.] To pay a | 

Pour passer le temps. [F.] To 
pass away the time. [leave. I 

Pour prendre conge. [F.] To take | 

Prsemonitus, prmmunitus. [L.j 
Forewarned, forearmed. 

Preux chevalier. [F.] A brave knight. 

Prima facie. [L.] On the first 
view. 

Primus inter pares. [L.] Chief 
among equals. 

Principia, non homines. [L.] Prin- 
ciples, not men. 

Principiis obsta. [L.] Resist the 
first beginnings. 

Prior tempore, prior jure. [L.] 
First in time, first by right. 

Pro aris et focis. [L.] For our 
altars and firesides. 

Probatum est. [L.] It is proved. 

Pro bono publico. JX.] For the 
public good. [ment. I 

Proces verbal. [F.] A written state- 1 

Pro confesso. [L.] As if conceded. 

Proctd, Oprocul este, profani ! [L.] 
Far, far hence, O ye profane ! 

Pro et con. [L.] For and against. 

Profanum vulgus. [L.] The unholy 
or uninitiated rabble. [form. I 

Pro forma. [L.] For the sake of | 

Pro hac vice. [L.] For this turn or 
occasion. [bill. I 

Projet dejoi. [F.] A legislative! 

Pro patria. [L.] For our country. 

Pro rata. [L.] In proportion. 

Pro rege, lege, et grege. [L.] For 
the king, the law, and the people. 

Pro re nata. [L.] For a special 
emergency. 

Pro tanto. [L.] For so much. 

Pro tempore. [L.] For the time 
being. 

Punica fides. [L.] Punic faith; 
treachery. 



Q. 



Queer e. [L.] Query ; inquiry. 
Qualis ab incepto. [L.] The same 

as from the beginning. 
Qualis rex, talis grex. [L.] Like 

king, like people. [you please. 



Quantum libet. [L.] As much as| 
it. [L.~ 
he has deserved. 



Quantum merui 



.] As much as 



Quantum mulatus ab Mo ! [L.] 
How changed from what he was ! 

Quantum sufficit. [L.] As much as 
suffices. [will. 

Quantum vis. [L.] As much as you i 

Quelque chose. [F.] A trifle; some- 
thing ; anything. [be done ? I 

Quid faciendum * [L.] What is to | 

Quid nunc ? [L. ] What now ? 

Quid pro quo. [L.] One thing for an- 
other ; an equivalent. [laugh ? I 

Quid rides? [L.] Why do you| 

Quid times? [L.] What do you 
fear ? [teaches, learns. I 

Qui docet, discit. [L.] He who| 

Quien sabe? [Sp.] Who knows ? 

Qui facit per alium, facit per se. 
[L.] He who does a thing by the 
agency of another does it himself. 

Qui n'a sante n'a rien. [F.] He 
who has not health has nothing. 

Qui nimium prdbat, nihil probat. 
[L.] He who proves too much 
proves nothing. 

Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? [L.] 
Who shall guard the guards ? 

Qui transtulit, sustinet. [L.] He 
who transplanted still sustains ; — 
the motto of Connecticut. 

Qui va la ? [F.] Who goes there ? 

Qui vive? [F.] Who goes there? 
— On the qui vive, on the alert. 

Quoad hoc. [L.] To this extent. 

Quo animo ? [L.] With what mind 
or intent ? [may God avert ! I 

Quod avertat Deus ! [L.] Which | 

Quod bene notandum. [L.] Which 
must be especially noticed. 

Quod erat demonstrandum. [L.] 
Which was to be demonstrated. 

Quod erat faciendum. [L.] Which 
was to be done. 

Quod vide. [L.] Which see. 

Quo jure ? [L.J By what right ? 

Quos Deus vult perdere, prius demen- 
tat. [L.] Those whom God wishes 
to destroy, he first makes mad. 

Quot homines, tot sententise. [L.] 
Many men, many minds. 



E. 

Raison d'etat. [F.] A reason of 
state. [being. I 

Raison d'etre. [F.] A reason for| 

Rara avis. [L.] A rare bird. 

Rechauffe. [F.] Warmed over, as 
food : hence, stale ; old ; insipid. 

Redolet lucerna. [L.] It smells of 
the lamp. 

Reductio ad absurdum. [L.] A re- 
ducing a position to an absurdity. 

Regina. [L.] Queen. 

Regnant populi. [L.] The people 
rule ; — the motto of Arkansas. 
[Properly, Regnat poptdus.] 

Re infecta. [L.] The business be- 
ing unfinished. 

Renommee. [F.] Renown; fame. 

Requiescat in pace. [L.] May he 
rest in peace. 

R4S angusta do-mi. [L.] Narrow 
circumstances at home ; poverty. 

Res gestse. [L.] Things done ; trans- 
action; subject matter. [end. I 

Respice finem. [L.] Look to the| 

Respondre en Normand. [F-] To 



answer in Norman French ; to an- 
swer evasively. [wealth. I 

Respublica. [L.] The common- 1 

Res ur gam. [L.] I shall rise again. 

Revenons a nos moutons. [F.] Let 
us return to our sheep ; let us re- 
turn to our subject. 

Ride, si sapis. [L.l Laugh, if you 
are wise. [establishment. I 

Rifacimento. [It.] Renewal; re-| 

Rire entre cuir el chair, or Rire sou* 
cape. [F.] To laugh secretly ; to 
laugh in one's sleeve. [gown.j 

Robe de chambre. [F.] A dressing-! 

Rouleau. [F.] A little roll. 

Ruat caelum. [L.] Let the heaven* 
fall. [own weight. I 

Ruit mole sua. [LJ It falls of its | 

Ruse de guerre. [F.] A stratagem 
of war. [town. I 

Rus in urbe. [L.] The country in| 



S. 

Sal Atticum. [L.] Attic salt ; wit. 

Salle. [F.] A hall. 

Salus populi suprema est lex. [L.] 
The welfare of the people is the 
supreme law ; — motto of Missouri. 

Salve! [L.] Hail! — the motto of 
Idaho when a territory. [safe. I 

Salvo jure. [L.] The right being | 

Salvo pudore. [L.] Without offense 
to modesty. 

Sanctum sanctorum. [L.] Holy of 
holies. [mony. I 

Sans ceremonie. [F.] Without cere- j 

Sans f aeon. [F.] Without trouble. 

Sanspareil. [F.] Without equal. 

Sans peur et sans reproche. [F.] 
Without fear and without reproach. 

Sans souci. [F.] Free from care. 

Sapere aude. [L.] Dare to be wise. 

Sartor resartus. [L.] The tailor 
mended. [word6. 1 

Satis verborum. [L.] Enough of| 

Savoir faire, or Le savoir faire. [F. ] 
The knowing how to do ; ability. 

Savoir vivre. [F.] Good breeding. 

Scandalum magnatum. [L.] Speech 
or writing defaming persons of dig- 
nity, [known. I 

Scire facias. [L.] Cause it to be | 

Scripsit. [L.] He [or she] wrote it. 

Sculpsit. [L.] He [or she] sculp- 
tured it. 

Scuto bonse voluntatis fuse corona- 
nasti nos. [L.] With the shield 
of thy good will thou hast encom- 
passed us ; — a motto of Maryland. 

Secundum ordinem. [L.] In order. 

Sed hate hactenus. [L.] So far. so 
much. [rule. I 

Selon les regies. [F.] According to | 

Seme! et simul. [L.] Once and to- 
gether. 

Sem el pro semper. [L. ] Once for all. 

Semper avarus eget. [L.] The avari- 
cious man is always needy. 

Semper Jidelis. [L.] Always faithful. 

Semper idem ,{L.l Always the same. 

Semper parat us. [L. ] Al w ' 

c fa •■ ru turn '_. .. creo . 

! of the Senate. 

to. [It.] If 
ned. 
In a good 
I In a bad 

Serus tJt s. [L.] Late 

may you return to he 

Sesquipedalia verba. [L.] Words a 
foot and a half long. 

. [L.] So everywhere. 

Sic semper tyrannit. [L.J Ever so 
to tyrants .'—motto of \ irgi" 



N 



liViO 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



u 



w 



::ribus, sit Deus nobis. [L.] 
d w.is with our fathers, so 
may he be with us. 

. mm robis. [L.] Thus do 
ye, but uot for yourselves. 

tier anna. [L.] The 
laws are silent in time of war. 

Sim ilia similibus curantur. [L.] 
Like things are cured by like. 

Simplex rnunditiis. [L.] Of simple 
elegance, [care. I 

Sine curd. [L. ] Without charge or | 

Mm die. [L.] Without a day ap- 
pointed. 

Sine dubio. [L.] Without doubt. 

Sine invidid. [L.] Without envy. 

Sine odio. [L.] Without hatred. 

Sine qua non. [L.] An indispensa- 
ble condition. 

Si parva licet componere magnis. 
[L.] If it is allowable to compare 
small things with great. 

Si quiiris peninsulam amcenam, cir- 
c urn spice. [L.] If thou seekest a 
beautiful peninsula, look about 
you ; — the motto of Michigan. 

Siste, viator. [L.] Stop, traveler. 

Sit tibi terra levis. [L.] May the 
earth lie lightly upon thee. 

Si vis pacem, para bellum. [L.] If 
you wish peace, prepare for war. 

Sola nobilitas virtus. [L.] Virtue, 
the only nobility. [accord. I 

Sponte sua. [L.] Of one's own| 

Stans pede in uno. [L.] Standing 
on one foot. 

Statu quo ante bellum. [L.] In the 
state which was before the war. 

Status quo. [L.] The state in which. 

Stet. [L.] Let it stand. [stress. I 

Sturm und Drang. [G.] Storm and | 

Stylo inverso. [L.] With an inverted 
stylus. 

Sua cuique voluptas. [L.] Every 
man has his own pleasures. 

Suaviter in modo,fortiter in re. [L.] 
Gentle in manners, resolute in deed. 

Sub judice. [L.] Under considera- 
tion. 

Subpoena. [L.] Under a penalty. 

Sub rosa. [L.] Under the rose ; 
privately. [pearance of. I 

Sub specie. [L.] Under the ap-| 

Sub voce. [L.] Under the voice. 

Suggestio falsi. [L.] Suggestion of 
falsehood. 

Sui generis. [L.] Of its own kind. 

Sui juris. [L.] Of one's own right ; 
i. e., not under the power of an- 
other, as are slaves, minors, etc. 

Summum bonum. [L.] The chief 
good. 

SuoMarte. [L.] By his own strength. 

Suppressio veri. [L.] Suppression 
of the truth. [his own. I 

Suum cuique. [L.] Let each have | 



T. 

Tabula rasa. [L.] A smooth or 
blank tablet. [life. I 

Tsedtum vitse. [L.] Weariness of] 

longer e vulnus. [L.] To touch a 
sore spot. 

Tantmieux. [F.] So much the better. 

Tant pis. [F.] So much the worse. 

Tapis. [F.] A carpet; also, the 
cover of a council table ; hence, To 
be on the tapis, to be under con- 
sideration, [ter, like man. I 

Tel mailre, lei valet. [F.] Like mas- 1 

Tempos edaxrerum. [L.] Time the 
dftvourer of all things. 

Tempus fugit. [L.] Time flies. 

T*-'- propositi. [L.] Tenacious of 
irpose. 
I pllius. [L.] A son of the 
tag to .!, e., a human being. 



Terra firma. [L.] Solid earth; a 
safe footing. [country. I 

Terra incognita. [L.] An unknown j 

Tertium quid. [L.] A third some- 
thing ; a nondescript. 

Tienstafoi. [F.] Keep thy faith. 

Tiers-etat. [F.] The third estate ; 
commons or commonalty. 

Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. [L.] 
I fear the Greeks even when bring- 
ing gifts. [by men. I 

Toga virilis. [L.] The toga worn | 

To koXqv {To kalon). [Gr.] The 
beautiful ; the chief good. 

To npenov (To prepon). [Gr.] The 
proper or becoming. 

Totidem verbis. [L.] In just so 
many words. 

Toties quoties. [L.] As often as. 

Totis viribus. [L.] With all his 
might. 

Toto ccelo. [L.] By the whole heavens ; 
diametrically opposite. 

Toujours perdrix. [F.] Always par- 
tridges; i. e., always the same thing. 

Tour de force. [F.] A feat of might 
or skill. 

Tour d' Expression. [F.] An idiom 
or peculiar force of expression. 

Tourner casaque. [F.] To turn 
one's coat. [defrayed. I 

Tous frais faites. [F. ] All expense | 

Tout a-Vheure. [F.] Instantly. 

Tout-a-fait. [F.] Entirely. 

Tout a vous. [F.] Wholly yours. 

Tout au contraire. [F.] On the 
contrary. [same. I 

Tout de meme. [F.] Precisely the | 

Tout de suite. [F.J Immediately. 

Tout ensemble. [F.] The whole 
taken together. 

Tout est pris. [F.] All is taken. 

Tout le monde est sage apres coup. 
[F.] Everybody is wise after the 
event ; hindsight is better than 
foresight. 

Trojafuit. [L.] Troy has been. 

Tu ne cede malis. [L. ] Do not yield 
to evils. 

Tu quoque, Brute. [L.] And thou 
too, Brutus ; — implying betrayal 
by a friend. 

Tuum est. [L.] It is your own. 



U. 

Uberrima fides. [L.] Superabound- 
ing faith. [tioned. I 

Ubi supra. [L.] Where above men- 1 

Ultima ratio regum. [L.] The last 
argument of kings ; i. e., war. 

Ultima Thule. [L.] Utmost limit. 

Ultimus regum. [L.] The last of 
kings. [is allowable. I 

Ultra licitum. [L.] Beyond what | 

Una, voce. [L.] With one voice. 

Unfait accompli. [F.] An accom- 
plished fact. [unanimously. I 

Unoanimo. [L.] With one mind ; | 

Un sot a triple Stage. [F.] An egre- 
gious blockhead. [altars. I 

Usque ad aras. [L.l To the very | 

Usque ad nauseam. [L.] To disgust. 

Usus loquendi. [L.] Usage of speech. 

Ut infra. [L.] As below. 

Uti possidetis. [L.] As you possess ; 
state of present possession. 

Ut pignus amicitise. [L.] As a 
pledge of friendship. 

Ut supra. [L.] As above stated. 



Vade in pace. 
Vade mecum. 



[L.] 
[In- 



constant companion 



Go in peace. 
Go with me ; 



Vse victis. [L.] Woe to the van- 
quished. 
Vale. [L.] Farewell. 
Valet de chambre. [F.] An attend- 
ant ; a footman. [ings. I 
Variselectiones. [L.] Various read- 1 
Variorum notse. [L.] The notes of 

various authors. [oars. I 

Velis et remis. [L.] With sails and | 
Vel prece, vel pretio. [L.] For 

either love or money. 
Veni, vidi, vici. [L.] I came, I 

saw, I conquered. [able winds. I 
Ventis secundis. [L.] With favor- 1 
Verbatim et literatim. [L.] Word 

for word and letter for letter. 
Verbum sat sapienti. [L.] A word 

is enough for a wise man. 
Veritas prsevalebit. [L.] Truth will 

prevail. [out fear. I 

Veritesanspeur. [F.] Truth with- 1 
Vestigia nulla retrorsum. [L.] No 

footsteps backward. 
Vetturo. [It.] A hack. [question. I 
Vexata qusestio. [L.] A disputed! 
Via. [L.] By the way of. 
Via media. [L.] A middle course. 
Via trita, via tuta. [L.] The beaten 

path is the safe path. 
Vice. [L.] In the place of. 
Vice versa. [L.] The terms being 

exchanged. [above. I 

Vide ut supra. [L.] See as stated | 
Vi et armis. [L.] By force and 

arms ; by main force. 
Vincit amor patriae,. [L.] Love of 

country prevails. 
Vincit omnia Veritas. [L.] Truth 

conquers all things. 
Vincit qui se vincit. [L.] He con- 
quers who overcomes himself. 
Vinculum matrimonii. [L.] The 

bond of marriage. 
Vires acquirit eundo. [L.] She 

[Rumor] acquires strength in her 

progress. 
Virtute et fide. [L.] By, or with 

virtue and faith. [office. 

Virtute officii. [L.] By virtue of 
Vis a vis. [F.] Opposite ; facing. 
Vis inertise. [L.] The power of in- 
ertia ; resistance of a body at rest. 
Vis viva. [L.] Living force; the 

force of a moving body. 
Vita brevis, ars longa. [L.] Life is 

short, and art long. [queen. J 

Vivat regina. [L.] Long live the J 
Vivat rex. [L.] Long live the king. 
Viva voce. [L.] By the living voice; 

by oral testimony. [trifling. 

Vive la bagatelle. [F.] Success to | 
Vive la republique. [F.] Long live 

the republic. [king, j 

Vive le roi. [F.] Long live the| 
Vivere sat vincere. [L.] To conquer 

is to live enough. [there are. I 

Voila. [F.] Behold ; there is, or \ 
Voir le dessous des cartes. [F.] To 

see the underside of the cards. 
Volens et potens. [L.] Willing and 

able. 
Volente Deo. [L.] God willing. 
Volo, non valeo. |X-] I am willing, 

but unable. 
Voxpopuli, vox Dei. [L. ] The voice 

of the people is the voice of God. 
Vraisemblance. [F.] Verisimilitude. 
Vulgo. [L.] Commonly. 



The spirit of the 
[L.] He has lost 



Zeitgeist. [G.] 

times. 
Zonam perdidit. 

his purse (belt). 
Zonam solvere. [L.] To loose the 

[virgin] zone or girdle ; — a part of 

the Roman marriage ceremony. 



ABBREVIATIONS 

USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



Note. — The capitalization of abbreviations is frequently a matter of choice, 
alternative forms are given in this list. 



In some important cases the 



A. America; American. 

A., or a. Adjective ; After- 
noon ; Acre ; Answer ; 
Alto ; Accepted (in com- 
merce) ; Are (in the met- 
ric system). 

a., or @. (Ad.) To or at. 

a., or da. (Ana, Gr. avi.) 
Of each the same quan- 
tity (in medicine). 

A. A. Associate of Arts. 

A. A. A. G. Acting As- 
sistant Adjutant General. 

A.A.C. (Anno ante Chris- 
tum.) In the year before 
Christ. 

A. A. G. Assistant Adju- 
tant General. 

A. A. Q. M. Acting As- 
sistant Quartermaster. 

A.A.S. (Academise Amer- 
icanse Socius. ) Fellow of 
the American Academy. 

A. B. (Artium Baccalau- 
reus. ) Bachelor of Arts ; 
Able-bodied (seaman). 

Ab. Abyssinian. 

Abbr., or abbrev. Abbre- 
viated ; Abbreviation. 

A. B. C. F. M. American 
Board of Commissioners 
for Foreign Missions. 

Abd. Abdicated. 

ab. init. (Ab initio.) From 
the beginning. 

AM. Ablative. 

Abp. Archbishop. 

Abr. Abridged ; Abridg- 
ment. 

A. B. S. American Bible 
Society. 

Abs. re. (Absente reo.) The 
defendant being absent. 

A. C. (Ante Christum.) Be- 
fore Christ ; Archchan- 
cellor. 

Ace. Accusative. 

Ace, or Acct. Account. 

A. C. S. American Coloni- 
zation Society. 

Act., or act. Active. 

A.D. (Anno Domini.) In 
the year of our Lord ; 
Archduke. 

Ad., or adv. Adverb. 

A. D. C. Aid-de-camp. 

Ad. capt. (Ad captandum . ) 
For the purpose of catch- 
ing. 

Ad fin. (Adfinem.) At the 
end. 

Ad inf. (Ad infinitum.) 
To infinity. 

Ad. int. (Ad interim.) In 
the interim or meantime. 

Adj., or adj. Adjective. 

Adjt. Adjutant. 

Ad lib. (Ad libitum.) At 
pleasure. 

Adm. Admiral ; Admiralty. 



Admr. Administrator. 

Admx. Administratrix. 

Adv. Advocate ; Adver- 
tisement ; Adverb ; Ad- 
vent. — (Ad valorem.) At, 
or on, the value. — (Ad- 
versus.) Against. 

JE.,jEt.,ov^tat. (^tatis.) 
Of age ; aged. 

A. F. A. Associate of the 
Faculty of Arts; Associ- 
ate of the Faculty of Actu- 
aries. 

A. G. Adjutant General ; 
Accountant General. 

Ag. (Argentum.) Silver. 

Agr., or Agric. Agricul- 
ture; Agricultural. 

Agt. Agent. 

A.H. (Anno Hegirse.) In 
the year of the Hegira 
(622 A. D.) 

Bar* There is a differ- 
ence of 10 days, 21 hours, 
48 minutes, between the 
Christian year and the 
Mussulman year, so that 
33 Christian years near- 
ly equal 34 Mussulman 
years. 

A. H. M. S. American 
Home Missionary Society. 

A. I. American Institute. 

A. I. A. Associate of the 
Institute of Actuaries. 

Al. Aluminium. 

A I. , or Ala. Alabama. 

Alas. Alaska. 

Aid. Alderman. 

Alex. Alexander. 

Alf. Alfred. 

Alg. Algebra. [Alto. I 

Alt. Altitude ; Alternate ; | 

A . M. (Artium Magister. ) 
Master of Arts. — (Ante 
Meridiem.) Before noon. 
— (Anno Mundi. ) In the 
year of the world. — (Ave 
Maria.) Hail Mary. — 
(Annus Mirabilis.) The 
wonderful year (1666). 

Am. Amos ; American. 

Amb. Ambassador. 

Amer. American. 

Ami. Amount. 

An. (Anno.) In the year. 

Angl. Anglican. 

Anon. Anonymous. 

Ans., or ans. Answer. 

A nt. , or Antiq. Antiquities; 
Antonym. 

A.O.F. Ancient Order of 
Foresters. 

A. 0. H. Ancient Order 
of Hibernians. 

Aor., or aor. Aorist. 

A. O. S. S. (Americans 
Orientalis Societatis So- 
cius.) Member of the 
American Oriental So- 
ciety. 

A. 0. U. W. Ancient Or- 
der of United Workmen. 



Ap. April ; Apostle ; Ap- 
pius. 

A. P. Associate Presbyte- 
rian. 

A. P. A. American Pro- 
tective Association. 

Apo. Apogee. 

App. Apostles ; Appendix ; 
Appointed. 

Apr. April. 

A. P. S. Associate of the 
Pharmaceutical Society. 

A. R. A. Associate of the 
Royal Academy (Lon- 
don). 

A. Q.M. Assistant Quarter- 
master. 

A.R. (AnnoRegni.) Year 
of the reign. 

Aram. Aramaic. 

Arch. Architecture. 

Archd. Archdeacon. 

Arith. Arithmetic. 

Ari., or Ariz. Arizona. 

Ark. Arkansas. 

Arm. Armenian. 

Armor. Armorican. 

Arr. Arrived ; Arrivals. 

A. R. R. (Anno Regni 
Regis, or Reginse.) In 
the year of the king's, or 
queen's, reign. 

As. Arsenic ; Arkansas ; 
Astronomy. 

Asst. Assistant. 

A. S.S. U. American Sun- 
day School Union. 

Att., or Atty. Attorney. 

Atty. Gen. Attorney Gen- 
eral. 

Au. (Aunes.) French ells. 

A. TJ. C. (Ab Urbe Con- 
dita . ) From the building 
of the city (i. e., Rome, 
753 B. C, as a period 
from which a reckoning 
is made). 

Aug. August. 

Au., or Aur. (Aurum.) 
Gold. 

Av. Avenue. 

A. V. Authorized Version ; 
Artillery Volunteers. — 
(Annosvixit.) He, or She, 
lived (so many) years. 

Avdp. Avoirdupois. 

Ave. Avenue. 

Avoir. Avoirdupois. 

A. Y. M. Ancient York 
Masonry. 



B. Boron ; Baron ; British. 
B., or b. Bass (in music) ; 

Bay ; Book ; Base ; Born. 
B. A . British America ; 

Bachelor of Arts. 
Ba. Barium. 
Bal. Balance. 
Bank. Banking. 



Bar. Barleycorn; Barrel; 
Barrister. 

Barb. Barbadoes. 

Bart., or Bt. Baronet. 

Bat., or Ball. Batt«ry ; 
Battalion. 

Bbl. Barrel. — bbls. Bar- 
rels. 

B. C. Before Christ; 
British Columbia. 

B. C. L. Bachelor of Civil 
Law. 

B. D. Bachelor of Divin- 
ity. 

Bd. Bond; Bound. 

Bdl. Bundle. 

Bds. (Bound in) boards. 

B. E. Bill of Exchange. 

Be. (Beryllium.) Glucxnum. 

Belg. Belgium ; Belgic. 

Benj. Benjamin. 

B. es L. (Bachelier es Let- 
tres.) Bachelor of Letters. 

B. F., or B. fir. Firkin of 
beer. 

B. I. British India. 

Bi. Bismuth. 

Bib. Bible ; Biblical. 

Biog. Biography. 

Biol. Biology ; Biological. 

Bisc. Biscayan. 

J5A-. Bank ; Book. 

Bkg. Banking. 

B. L. Bachelor of Laws ; 
Bill of Lading. 

Bl. Barrel; Bale. 

B. L. E. Brotherhood of 
Locomotive Engineers. 

Bis. Bales. 

B. 31. (Baccalaureus Me- 
dicinse.) Bachelor of Med- 
icine. 

B. M., or B. Mus. (Bacca- 
laureus Musicx.) Bach- 
elor of Music. 

Bn. Battalion. 

B. O. Branch office ; Buy- 
er's option. 

Bor. Boron ; Borough. 

B. P. BUI of Parcels ; Bills 
payable. 

Bp. Bishop. 

Bque. Barque. 

Br. Brother; Bromine. 

B. Rec. Bills receivable. 

Brig. Brigade : Erigadier. 

Brig. Gen. Brigadier Gen- 
eral. 

Brit. Britain ; British. 

Bro. Brother. — Bros. 
Brothers. 

B. S. Bachelor of Surgery ; 
Bill of sale. 

B. S., or B. Sc. Bachelor 
of Science. 

Bt. Baronet. 

Bus., or Bush. Bushel. 

B.V. (Beata Virgo.) Bless- 
ed Virgin. — (Bene Vale.) 
Farewell. 

B. V. M. Blessed Virgin 
Mary. 

1051 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



u 



w 



\irbou; Chancellor; 
Chancery : Consul. 

C. or C. "Central : Cubic ; 
Chief ; Court. — (Con- 
gins.) A gallon. — (Cen- 
A hundred ; Cent ; 
Centime ; Centigrade ; 
Centimeter. — (Caput.) 
Chapter. 

C. A. Chartered Account- 
ant ; Chief Accountant ; 
Controller of Accounts ; 
Confederate Army. 

Ca. Calcium. — ( Circa. ) 
About. 

Cxt. par. See Cet. par. 

Cal. California ; Calendar. 
— (Calendie.) Calends. 

Cam., or Camb. Cambridge. 

Cant. Canticles. 

Cantab. (Cantabrigiensis.) 
Of Cambridge. 

Cap . Capital. — ( Caput. ) 
Chapter. 

Capt. Captain. 

Car. Carat ; Carpentry. 

Card. Cardinal. 

C. A. S. (Connect icuttensis 
A cadem 6e Socise. )Fellow 
of the Connecticut Acad- 
emy. 

Cash. Cashier. 

Cat. Catalogue ; Catalan. 

Cath. Catholic ; Cathe- 
dral; Catherine; Cathode. 

C. B. Companion of the 
Bath ; Cape Breton. 

Cb. Columbium. 

C. B. S. Confraternity of 
the Blessed Sacrament. 

C. C. Caius College ; Coun- 
ty Commissioner ; County 
Court ; Contra Credit ; 
Crown Clerk ; cubic cen- 
timeter. — (Compte Cou- 
rante.) Account Current. 

CC. [L.] Carissimus ; 
Clarissimus; Circum. 

C. C. C. Corpus Christi 
College ; Christ's Col- 
lege. London. 

C. C. P. Court of Common 
Pleas ; Code of Civil Pro- 
cedure. 

C. Cr. P. Code of Crimi- 
nal Procedure. 

Cd. Cadmium. 

C. D. V. Carte de visite. 

C. E. Civil Engineer. 

Ce. Cerium. 

Cel. Celsius. 

Cent. Centigrade. — (Cen- 
tum.) A hundred. 

Cf., ore/. (Confer.) Com- 
pare. 

C. F. I. Cost, freight, and 
insurance. 

eg. Centigrams. 

C. G. Consul General. 

C. G. H. Cape of Good 
Hope. 

C. G. S. Centimeter- 
gramme-second (applied 
to a system of units) ; 
Commissary General of 
Subsistence. 

C. H. Courthouse ; Cus- 
tomhouse; Captain of the 
Host. 

Ch. Church ; Chapter ; 
CharleB ; Chaldean ; 
Chancellor; Child. 

Choi. Chaldron. 

Chap. Chapter. 

Cfoern. Chemistry. 

Ch. J. Chief Justice. 

Chr. Christopher ; Chris- 
tian; Christ. 



Chron. Chronicles ; Chro- 
nology. 

cir., or circ. (circum, circa.) 
About. 

Cit, Citation ; Citizen. 

Civ. Civil. 

C. J. Chief Justice. 

CI. Chlorine. 

CI., or cl. Clergyman ; 
Clerk ; Clause ; Cloth 
(binding). 

cl. Centiliter. 

CM., or eld. Cleared. 

C. L. S. C. Chautauqua 
Literary and Scientific 
Circle. 

Coll., or Colloq. Collo- 
quial. 

Clk. Clerk. 

C. M. Common Me- 
ter ; Certificated Mas- 
ter ; Corresponding Mem- 
ber. — ( Chiru rgise Magis- 
ter.) Master in Surgery. 

cm. Centimeter. 

cml. Commercial. 

C. 0. Crown Office ; Co- 
lonial Office ; Command- 
ing officer ; Care of. 

Co. Cobalt ; Company ; 
County. 

Coch., or Cochl. (Coch- 
leare.) A spoonful. 

C. 0. D. Cash, or Collect, 
on Delivery. 

Cog. Cognate ; Cognate 
with. 

Col. Colonel ; Colossians ; 
Colorado. 

Col. Corp. Color Corporal. 

Coll. College ; CoUector ; 
Colleague. 

Colo. Colorado. 

Com. Commissioner ; Com- 
mander ; Commodore ; 
Committee ; Commerce ; 
Commentary ; Common. 

Comdt. Commandant. 

Com. off. Commissioned 
officer. 

Comp. Compare ; Compar- 
ative ; Compound. 

Com. Ver. Common Ver- 
sion. 

Con. (Contra.) Against ; 
In opposition. 

Con. Cr. Contra Credit. 

Cong. Congress ; Congres- 
sional ; Congregational. — 
(Congius.) A gallon. 

Conj. Conjunction. 

Conn., Con., or Cl. Con- 
necticut. 

Con. Sect. Conic Sections. 

Const. Constable ; Consti- 
tution. 

Contr. Contracted ; Con- 
traction. 

Cor. Corinthians ; Coro- 
ner; Correspondent ; Cor- 
relative. 

Cor. Mem. Corresponding 
Member. 

Corn. Cornwall ; Cornish. 

Cor. Sec. Corresponding 
Secretary. 

Cos., or cos. Cosine. 

Cosec. , or cosec. Cosecant. 

Coss. (Consults or Consuli- 
bus.) Consuls (of Borne). 

Cot., or cot. Cotangent. 

Colg. Cotgrove. 

C. P. Court of Probate ; 
Common Pleas ; Chief 
Patriarch. 

cp. Compare. 

C. P. S. Congregational 
Publishing Society. — 
(Custos Pn'vali Sigilli.) 
Keeper of the Privy Seal. 



C. P. M. Common Partic- 
ular Meter. 

Cr. Credit ; Creditor ; 
Chromium. 

C.J?. (Carolus Rex.) King 
Charles. — (Civis Bo- 
ynanus.) Roman Citi- 
zen. — (Custos Botulo- 
ru7».) Keeper of the 
Rolls. 

C. B. P. (Calendarium 
Botulorum Patentium.) 
Calendar of the Patent 
Rolls. 

Cres. Crescendo. 

Crim. Con. Criminal Con- 
versation, or Adultery. 

C. S. Court of Sessions; 
Civil Service ; Clerk to 
the Signet. — (Custos Si- 
gilli.) Keeper of the 
Seal. 

Cs. Caesium ; Cases; Consul. 

C.S.A. Confederate States 
of America ; Confederate 
States Army. 

C. S. I. Companion Star 
of India. 

C. S. N. Confederate 
States Navy. 

C.T. Certificated Teacher. 

Ct. Connecticut. 

Ct., or ct. (Centum.) Cent; 
A hundred. — County ; 
Court. 

C.T.A.U. Catholic Total 
Abstinence Union. 

ctl. Cental. 

Cts., or cts. Cents. 

Cu. (Cuprum.) Copper. 

Cum Div. , or cum. d. With 
dividend. 

Cur., or Curt. Current. 

C. V. Common Version. 

C. W. Canada West. 

C. W. 0. Cash with Order. 

Cwt. , or cwt. (Lat. centum, 
ahundred,and E. weight.) 
Hundredweight ; Hun- 
dredweights. 

Cyc., or Cyclo. Cyclo- 
paedia. 



D. 

D. (Deus.) God. — Dom- 
inus ; Dux ; David ; 
Duke ; Duchess ; Dowa- 
ger ; Dutch ; Didymium. 

Z>.,ord. Day; Died; Dol- 
lar ; Dime ; Daughter ; 
Deputy ; Degree ; Dose. 
— (Dendrites, or denarii.) 
A penny, or Pence. 

Da. Davyum. 

D. A. G. Deputy Adju- 
tant General. 

Dak. Dakota. 

Dan. Danish; Daniel. 

Dat. , or dat. Dative. 

dbk. Drawback. 

D. C. District of Columbia; 
District Court ; Deputy 
Consul. — (Da Capo.) 
Again, or From the be- 
ginning. 

D. C. L. Doctor of Civil 
(or Canon) Law. 

D. D. (Divinilatis Doctor. ) 
Doctor of Divinity. 

D. D. D. (Dono dedil, dedi- 
cavit. ) He gave and con- 
secrated as a gift. 

d. d. Days after date. 

D. D. S. Doctor of Dental 
Surgery. 

Dea. Deacon. 

Dec. December; Declina- 
tion ; Declension. 



Def., or def. Definition; 
Defendant. 

Deft., or deft. Defendant. 

Deg., or deg. Degree, De- 
grees. 

dekag. Dekagram. 

dekal. Dekaliter. 

dekam. Dekameter. 

Del. Delaware ; Delegate. 

Del., or del. (Delineavii.) 
He, or She, drew it; — 
prefixed to the draughts- 
man's name. 

Dem. Democrat ; Demo- 
cratic. 

Dep. Deputy ; Depart- 
ment; Deponent. 

Dept. Department; Depo- 
nent. 

Der., or Deriv. Derived ; 
Derivative; Derivation. 

Deut. Deuteronomy. 

D. F. (Fidei defensor.) 
Defender of the faith. — 
Dean of the Faculty. 

Dft., or dft. Defendant; 
Draft. 

D.G. (Dei gratia.) By the 
grace of God. — Dragoon 
Guards. 

dg. Decigram. 

D. H. Deadhead. 

Di. Didymium. 

Dial. Dialectic. 

Diam., or diam. Diameter. 

Diet. Dictionary. 

Dim., or Dimin. Diminu- 
tive; Diminuendo. 

Dis. , or Disct. Discount. 

Disp. Dispensatory. 

Dist. District ; Distant. 

Dist. Atty. District Attor- 
ney. 

Div. Dividend ; Division ; 
Divide ; Divided ; Divisor. 

D. L. Deputy Lieutenant. 

dl. Deciliter. 

D. Lit. Doctor of Litera- 
ture, [fice. I 

D. L. O. Dead Letter Of- 1 

D. M. Doctor of Music. 

dm. Decimeter. 

D. M. D. (Doctor Medi- 
cinse Dentalis.) Doctor 
of Dental Surgery. 

Do., or do. (Ditto.) The 
same. 

Dols., or dols. Dollars. 

D. O. M. (Deo Optimo 
Maximo.) To God, the 
Best, the Greatest. 

Dom. Dominion. 

Dom.Econ. DomesticEcon- 
omy. 

Doz., or doz. Dozen. 

D. P. Doctor of Philoso- 
phy. [Office. I 

D.P. 0. Distributing Post I 

Dr. Debtor; Doctor; Dram. 

D.S. (Dal Segno.) From 
the Sign. — Days' sight. 

D. Sc. Doctor of Science. 

d.s.p. (Decessit sine prole. ) 
Died without issue. 

D. T. Dakota Territory. — 
(Doctor Theologise. ) Doc- 
tor of Divinity. 

D. V. (Deo Volente.) God 
willing. 

D. V. M. Doctor of Veteri- 
nary Medicine. 

d. v. p. (Decessit vita pa- 
tris.) Died during his 
father's life. 

Dut. (Lat. denarius and 
English weight. ) Penny- 
weight. 

dwtf. Daily [and] weekly 
till forbidden. 

Dyn. Dynamics. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 1053 



E. 

E. East ; Earl ; English ; 
Eastern (Postal District, 
London) ; Erbium. 

E., or e. Eagle ; Eagles. 

ea. Each. 

E. & O. E. Errors and 
omissions excepted. 

Eb. Erbium. 

Eben. Ebenezer. 

Ebor. (Eboracum.) York. 

E. C. Eastern Central (Pos- 
tal District, London) ; 
Established Church. 

Eccl. , or Eccles. Ecclesias- 
tes; Ecclesiastical. 

Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. 

Eclec. Eclectic. [Union. I 

E.C.U. English Church I 

Ecua. Ecuador. 

Ed. Editor; Edition. 

Ed., or Edin. Edinburgh. 

E. D. S. English Dialect 
Society. 

Edm. Edmund. 

E. E. Errors excepted ; 
Ells English; Electrical 
Engineer. 

E. E. & M. P. Envoy Ex- 
traordinary and Minister 
Plenipotentiary. 

E. E. D. S. Early English 
Dialect Society. 

E. E. T. S. Early English 
Text Society. 

E. Fl. Flemish ells. 

E. Fr. French ells. 

e.g. (exempli gratia.) For 
example. [India. I 

E. I. East Indies, or East | 

E.I. C.,ovE.I. Co. East 
India Company. 

Elec. Electricity. 

E. Lon. East Longitude. 

Elz. Elzevir. 

E. M. Mining Engineer. 

E. M. F. Electromotive 
Force. 

Emp. Emperor ; Empress. 

Encyc. Encyclopaedia. 

E. X. E. East-northeast. 

Eng. England ; English ; 
Engineers; Engraving. 

Engin. Engineering. 

Ent. , or Entom. Entomol- 
ogy- [traordinary. I 

Env. Ext. Envoy Ex-| 

eod. Every other day. 

Eph. Ephesians ; Ephraim. 

Epis. Episcopal. 

Eq., or eg. Equal; Equiv- 
alent. 

Er. Erbium. 

E. S. Scotch ella. 

Esd. Esdras. 

E. S. E. East-southeast. 

Esp., esp., or espec. Espe- 
cially. 

Esq., or Esqr. Esquire. 

Est. Esther. 

E. T. English Translation. 

et al. (el alibi. ) And else- 
where. — (et alii, or alise.) 
And others. 

Etc. , etc. , or dec. (Et cseteri, 
cseterse, or eastern.) And 
others ; and so forth. 

et seq., or et seqq. (et se- 
quentes, or et sequentia.) 
And the following. 

E. U. Evangelical Union. 

Ex. Example ; Exodus ; 
Exception. [tion. | 

Exc. Excellency ; Excep- 1 

Exch. Exchange ; Ex- 
chequer, [mittee. I 

Ex. Com. Executive Com- 1 

Ex. cp. Without (extra) 
coupon. 



Exd. , or ex div. (ex dividen- 
do.) Without the divi- 
dend. 

Exec, or Exr. Executor. 

Execx. Executrix. 

ex. g.,ex. gr. See e. g. 

Exod., or Exx. Exodus. 

Exon. (Exonia.) Exeter. 

Exr. Executor. 

Ext. Extra ; Extract. 

Exx. Executrix. 

Ez., or Ezr. Ezra. 

Ezek. Ezekiel. 



F. 

F. France; French; Fah- 
renheit ; Fellow ; Friday ; 
Fluorine. 

F., or/. Feminine ; Franc ; 
Florin ; Farthing ; Foot ; 
Folio ; Forte. 

F., or Fahr. Fahrenheit. 

F.A.A. Free of all average. 

F. A. I. A. Fellow of the 
American Institute of 
Architects. 

F. A. M. Free and Ac- 
cepted Masons. 

Far. Farriery ; Farthing. 

F.A.S. Fellow of the So- 
ciety of Arts ; Fellow of 
the Antiquarian Society. 

F. B. S. Fellow of the 
Botanical Society. 

F. C. Free Church (of 
Scotland). 

Fcp., or fcp. Foolscap. 

F.D. (Fidei defensor.) De- 
fender of the faith. 

Fe. (Ferrum.) Iron. 

Feb. February. 

Fee. (Fecit.) He, or She, 
made it. 

Fern., or fern. Feminine. 

ff. Folios ; Following ; 
Fortissimo. 

FF. [L.] (Felicissimus.} 
Most happy. — (Fratres.) 
Brothers ; brethren. 

F. F. V. First families of 
Virginia. 

F. G. S. Fellow of the 
Geographical Society. 

F. H. S. Fellow of the 
Horticultural Society. 

Fid. Def. (Fidei Defensor, 
or Defensatrix. ) Defend- 
er of the faith. 

Fig., or fig. Figure, Fig- 
ures ; Figuratively. 

Fir., or fir. Firkin. 

Fl. , or fl. Florin, Florins ; 
Flourished. 

Fl. Flamen ; Flanders ; 
Flemish. 

Fl., Fla., or Flor. Florida. 

F. L. S. Fellow of the 
Linnaean Society. 

F. M. Field Marshal. 

Fo., or Fol. Folio. 

F. 0. B. Free on board. 

F. P. A. Free of particu- 
lar average. 

Fr. France ; Francis ; 
French.— (G.Frati.) Mrs. 

fr. From ; Franc. 

F. R. A. S. Fellow of the 
Royal Astronomical So- 
ciety. 

F. B. C. P. Fellow of the 
Royal College of Physi- 
cians. 

F. B. C. S. Fellow of the 
Royal College of Sur- 
geons. 

F. B. G. S. Fellow of the 
Royal Geographical Soci- 
ety. 



Fri. Friday. 

F. B. S. Fellow of the 
Royal Society. 

F. B. S. E. Fellow of the 
Royal Society of Edin- 
burgh. 

F. B. S. L. Fellow of the 
Royal Society of Litera- 
ture ; Fellow of the Royal 
Society, London. 

F. 8. A. Fellow of the So- 
ciety of Arts ; Fellow of 
the Society of Antiqua- 
ries. [Israel. I 

F. S. I. Free Sons of | 

F. S. S. Fellow of the 
Statistical Society. 

Ft., or fl. Foot, Feet ; 
Fort ; Fortified. 

Fth. Fathom. 

Fur., or fur. Furlong. 

Fut., orfut. Future. 

F. W. B. Free Will Bap- 
tist. 

F. Z. S. Fellow of the 
Zoological Society. 



G. 

G. Gaius ; Gellius ; Ger- 
man ; Glucinum. 

G. , or g. Guinea, Guineas ; 
Guide ; Genitive ; Gulf ; 
Gram. 

G. A. General Assembly. 

Ga. Georgia ; Gallium. 

Gal. Galatians. 

Gal., or gal. Gallon, Gal- 
lons. 

Galv. Galvanism ; Galvanic. 

G. A. B. Grand Army of 
the Republic. 

G. B. Great Britain. 

G. C. Grand Chapter. 

G. C. B. Grand Cross of 
the Bath. [divisor. I 

g. c. d. Greatest common | 

g. c. m. Greatest common 
measure. 

G. C. M. G. Grand Cross 
of St. Michael and St. 
George. 

G. C. S. I. Grand Com- 
mander of the Star of 
India. [Duchess. I 

G.D. Grand Duke ; Grand I 

Gen. Genesis ; General ; 
Genitive ; Generally ; Ge- 
nus. 

Gent. Gentleman. 

Geo. George. 

Geog. Geography. 

Geol. Geology. 

Geoni. Geometry. 

Ger. Gerund. 

Ger., or Germ. German. 

GL, or gi. Gills. 

G. L. Grand Lodge. 

Gl. Glucinum. 

G. M. Grand Master. 

gm. Gram. 

G. 0. General Order. 

Gov. Governor. 

G. P. (Gloria Patri.) 
Glory to the Father. 

G. P. 0. General Post Of- 
fice. 

G. B. Grand Recorder. — 
(Georgius Bex.) George 
the King. 

Gr. Great; Greek. 

Gr., or gr. Grain, Grains ; 
Grammar ; Great ; Gross. 

gs. Guineas. 

G. S. Grand Secretary ; 
Grand Scribe. 

G. T. Good Templars ; 
Grand Tiler. 

Gtt. (Gutlx.) Drops. 



//. Hydrogen. 

H., or h. High; Height; 
Harbor ; Husband ; Hour, 
Hours. 

ha. Hectare. 

Hah. Halwkkuk. 

JJa;/. Haggai. 

H. B. C. Hudson's Bay 
Company. 

H. B. M. His, or Her, 
Britannic Majesty. 

//.('. House ot Commons; 
Herald's College.' 

H. C. M. His, or Her, 
Catholic Majesty. 

Hdkf. Handkerchief. 

//. E. His Eminence ; His 
Excellency. 

h. e. (Hie est, or hoc est.) 
That is, or This is. 

Heb., or Hebr. Hebrew; 
Hebrews. 

H. E. I. C. Honorable East 
India Company. 

Herp. Herpetology. 

Hf.-bd., or hf.-bd. Half- 
bound. 

H. G. Horse Guards. 

hg. Hektogram. 

Hg. (Hydrargyrum.) Mer- 
cury. 

H. H. His, or Her, High- 
ness ; His Hohness (the 
Pope). 

Hhd., or hhd. Hogshead. 

Hier. (Hierosolyma.) Jeru- 
salem. 

H. I. H. His, or Her, Im- 
perial Highness. 

Hil. Hilary. 

Hind. Hindoo ; Hindostan ; 
Hindostanee. 

Hipp. Hippocrates. 

Hist. History. 

h.j. (Hicjacet.) Here lies. 

H. L. House of Lords. 

hi. Hektoliter. 

H. M. His, or Her, Majesty; 
Hallelujah Meter. 

hm. Hektometer. 

H. 31. P. (Hoc monumen- 
tum posuit.) Erected 
this monument. 

H. M. S. His, or Her, Maj- 
esty's Steamer, Ship, or 
Service. 

Hon. Honorable. 

Hor. Horizon ; Horology. 

Horl. Horticulture. 

Hos. Hosea. 

H. P. Horse power ; Half 
pay ; High Priest. 

H. B. House of Represent- 
atives. 

Hr., or hr. Hour. 

H. B. E. Holy Roman Em- 
pire, or Emperor. 

H. B. H. His, or Her, 
Royal Highuess. 

h. s. (Hie situs.) Here 
lies. 

H. S. S. (Historise Sod- 
etatis Socius.) Fellow 
of the Historical Society. 

hi. Height. 

Hund. Hundred. 

Hyd., or Hydros. Hydro- 
statics. 

Hypoth. Hypothesis ; Hy- 
pothetical. 



7. Iodine ; Island. — (Im- 
perator.) Emperor. — 
Idaho. 

la. Iowa. 



N 



1054 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



u 



w 



lb.. It-id. (Ibidem.) In 
the sanie plate. 

/. C. (learn* Christ us.) 
Jesus Christ. 

Icon. Iconographio. 

/,/. Idaho.— \,IJem.) The 
■ana. [is- 1 

!.<-.. or i. <: {Id est.) That| 

7. //. S. (Janu [or Jesus] 
Horn i nu m Sal tutor.) Je- 
sus the Savior of Men. 

£3^=* This was originally 
written IHS.andintended 
as an abbreviation of 'IH- 
SOYS, the Greek form of 
thewoxd/eros. The Greek 
H {eta | having been mis- 
taken for the Latin H 
(tiitch), and a Latin S sub- 
stituted for the Greek 2. 
the three letters were 
supposed to be the initials 
of three separate words. 

III. Illinois. 

Imp. Imperial. — {Impera- 
tor.) Emperor. 

Imp., or imp. Imperfect; 
Imperative ; Imparted. — 
(Imprim atu r. ) Let it be 
printed. 

In. Indium. 

In., or in. Inch, Inches. 

Inch., or Incho. Incho- 
ative, [known. I 

incog, {incognito.) Un-| 

Ind. Indiana. 

Ind., or ind. Indicative. 

Ind. T., or Ind. Ter. In- 
dian Territory. 

Inf. , or inf. Infinitive ; In- 
fantry. 

In lira. {In limine.) At 
the outset. [place. I 

Inloc. {In loco.) In its | 

In loc. cit. {In loco citato.) 
In the place cited. 

I. N. It. I. {Iesus [or 
Jesus'] Nazarenus, Rex 
ludseorum [or Judseo- 
rwri].) Jesus of Naza- 
reth, King of the Jews. 

Ins., or Insur. Insurance. 

inst. Instant ; Institute. 

Int., or int. Interest. 

Inter j., or int. Interjection. 

in trans, {in transitu.) On 
the passage. 

Inv. Invoice. 

Io. Iowa. 

Ion. Ionic. 

I. 0. O. F. Independent 
Order of Odd Fellows. 

I 0. G. T. Independent 
Order of Good Templars. 

I. 0. R. M. Improved Or- 
der of Red Men. 

I. 0. S. M. Independent 
Order of the Sons of 
Malta. 

1 U. I owe you ; — an ac- 
knowledgment for money. 

i. q. {idem quod.) The same 
as. [land. I 

Ir. Iridium; Irish; Ire-| 

I. R. 0. Internal Revenue 
Office. [Society. I 

I. 8. Inside Sentinel ; Irish | 

Is., or Isa. Isaiah. 

I si., or isl. Island. 

I. T. Indian Territory ; In- 
ner Temple. 

It. , or Itol. Italian ; Italic. 

Ilin. Itinerary. 

I. W. Isle of Wight. 



J. Judge ; Justice ; Julius ; 
Junius; Jupiter. 



J. A. Judge Advocate. 

Jac. Jacob. 

J. A. G. Judge Advocate 
General. 

Jan. January. 

Jas. James. 

J. C. Jesus Christ; Jus- 
tice Clerk ; Julius Caesar; 
Jurisconsult. 

J. C. D. {Juris Civil is 
Doctor.) Doctor of Civil 
Law. 

J. D. {Jurum Doctor.) Doc- 
tor of Laws ; Junior Dea- 
con. 

Jer. Jeremiah. 

J. G. W. Junior Grand 
Warden. 

J. H. S. See /. H. S. 

Jno. John. 

Jo. Joel. 

Jon., or Jona. Jonathan. 

Jos. Joseph. 

Josh. Joshua. [nal. I 

Jour. Journeyman ; Jour- 1 

J. P. Justice of the Peace. 

J.'Prob. Judge of Probate. 

Jr.. jr., or Jun. Junior. 

J. U. D., otJ. V. D. {Juris 
Utriusque Doctor.) Doc- 
tor of Both Laws (i. e., 
the Canon and the Civil 
Law). 

Jud. Judith. 

Judg. Judges. 

Jul. July ; Julius. 

Jul. Per. Julian Period. 

Jun., or Junr. Junior. 

Jus. P. Justice of the 
Peace. 

Just. Justice ; Justinian. 

J. W. Junior Warden. 



K. King, Kings; Knight. 

— {Kalium.) Potassium. 

— {Kalendse.) Calends. 
K. A. Knight of St. An- 
drew (in Russia). 

Kal. Calends. 

Kan.,Kans.,or Kas. Kan- 
sas. 

K.B. Knight of the Bath; 
King's Bench. 

K. C. King's Counsel; 
Knight of the Crescent 
{in Turkey). 

K. C. B. Knight •Com- 
mander of the Bath. 

K. C. S. I. Knight Com- 
mander of the Star of 
India. 

Ken., or Ky. Kentucky. 

K. G. Knight of the Garter. 

K. G. F. Knight of the 
Golden Fleece {in Spain 
or Austria). 

kg. Kilogram. 

K. G. C. Knight of the 
Grand Cross ; Knight of 
the Golden Circle. 

K G. C. B. Knight of the 
Grand Cross of the Bath. 

Ki. , or Kin. Kings. 

Kilo. , or km. Kilometer. 

kl. Kiloliter. 

Kilog. Kilogram. 

K. 31. Knight of Malta. 

km. Kilometer. 

Kni.,ovKt. Knight. 

K P. Knight of Pythias ; 
Knight of St. Patrick. 

kr. Kreutzer. 

Ks. Kansas. 

K. T. Knight Templar; 
Knight of the Thistle. 

Kt. Knight. 

Ky. Kentucky. 



L. 

L. Lady ; Latin ; Lord ; 
Low ; Lithium ; Law. 

L., or /. Lake; Latitude; 
League ; Line ; Link ; 
Liter; Long. — {Libra.) 
A pound {in weight). 

L.,l., or £. A pound ster- 
ling, [ana. I 

La. Lanthanum; Louisi-| 

Lam. Lamentations. 

L.A.S. Lord Advocate of 
Scotland. 

Lai. Latin. 

Lat., or lat. Latitude. 

Lb., lb., or lb. {Libra.) A 
pound (m u-eight). 

L. C. Lower Canada ; Lord 
Chancellor ; Lord Cham- 
berlain. 

I. c. Lower case ; Letter 
of credit. — {loco citato.) 
In the place before cited. 

L. C. B. Lord Chief Baron. 

L. C. J. Lord Chief Jus- 
tice, [multiple. I 

/. c. m. Least common | 

L. D. Lady Day; Light 
Dragoons. 

Ld. Lord. 

Ldp., or Lp. Lordship. 

Lea., or lea. League. 

Leg., or Legis. Legisla- 
ture. 

Lev. Leviticus. 

L. G. Life Guards. 

I. h. Left hand. 

L. H. D. {Literarum Hu- 
manorum Doctor.) Doc- 
tor of Humanities ; — a 
degree conferred by the 
Regents of the Univer- 
sity of the State of New 
York. [urer. I 

L.H.T. LordHighTreas-| 

L. I. Long Island ; Light 
Infantry. 

Li. , or L. Lithium. 

Lib.,OTlib. {Liber.) Book. — 
{Libra.) Pound ; Library. 

Lieut., or Lt. Lieutenant. 

Lin. Lineal ; Linear. 

Linn. Linnaeus ; Linnaean. 

Liq. Liquor. 

Lit., or lit. Liter ; Literally. 

Lit. D., or Lift. D. Doc- 
tor of Literature. 

Lith. Lithuanian. 

Liv., or liv. Livre. 

I. I. {loco laudato.) In 
the place quoted. 

LL. B. {Legum Baccalau- 
reus.) Bachelor of Laws. 
Gg^The initial letter 
of a word is sometimes 
doubled, as in the present 
instance, to signify the 
plural. 

LL. D. {Legum Doctor.) 
Doctor of Laws. See 
LL. B. 

L. L. I. Lord Lieutenant 
of Ireland. 

L. M. Long Meter. 

L. M. D. Long Meter 
Double. 

loc. 'cit. {loco citato.) In 
the place cited. 

Log. Logarithm. 

Lon., Long. Longitude. 

Loq. {Loquitur.) Speaks. 

Lou., or La. Louisiana. 

Lp., or Ldp. Lordship. 

L. P. Lord Provost. 

L. P. M. Long Particular 
Meter. 

L. R. C. P. Licentiate of 
the Royal College of Phy- 
sicians. 



L. R. C. S. Licentiate of 
the Royal College of Sur- 
geons. 

L. S. Left Side ; Linnaean 
Society.— {Locus Sigilli. ) 
Place of the Seal. 

L. S. D., £ s. d., or I. s. d. 
{Libra, Solidi, Denarii.) 
Pounds, Shillings, Pence. 

I. t. Long ton. 

Lt., or Lieut. Lieutenant. 

Ltd. Limited. 

Lv., or Iv. Livres. 



M. 

M. Marquis ; Monday ; Mon- 
sieur.— {3Ieridies. ) Me- 
ridian ; Noon. — {Mille. ) 
Thousand. 

M., orm. Masculine ; Mar- 
ried ; Moon ; Month, 
Months ; Minute, Min- 
utes ; Minim ; Morning ; 
Mile, Miles ; Meter. — 
{Mille.) Thousand ; Mill, 
Mills. — {Misce.) Mix. — 
{Mistura.) Mixture. — 
{Mensura.) Measure; By 
measure. — {Manipulus.) 
Handful. 

M. A. Military Academy ; 
Master of Arts. 

Mac, or Mace. Maccabees. 

Maced. Macedonia. 

Mach. Machinery. 

Mad., or Madm. Madam. 

Mag. Magazine. 

Maj. Major. 

Maj. Gen. Major General. 

Mai. Malachi. 

Man. Manege ; Manual. 

Manuf. Manufacturing. 

Mar. March ; Maritime. 

March. Marchioness. 

3Iarg. Trans. Marginal 
translation. 

Marq. Marquis. 

Mas., Masc. Masculine. 

Mass., or Ms. Massachu- 

Matt. 'Matthew. 

M. B. {Medicinas Bacca- 
laureus.) Bachelor of 
Medicine. — {3Iusicse Bac- 
calaureus.) Bachelor of 
Music. 

M. C. Member of Con- 
gress ; Master of Cere- 
monies ; Master Com- 
mandant. 

Mch. March. 

m. d. Months after date. 

M. D. {Medicinse Doctor. ) 
Doctor of Medicine. 

Md. Maryland. 

Mdlle. Mademoiselle. 

Mdm. Madam. 

M. E. Methodist Episco- 
pal ; Military, Mining, 
or Mechanical Engineer ; 
Most Excellent. 

Me. Maine. 

Med. Medical; Mediaeval. 

Mem. Memorandum. 

M. E. S. Methodist Epis- 
copal South. 

3Iessrs., or 3IM. {3Ies- 
sieurs.) Gentlemen ; Sirs. 
See LL.B. [physical, j 

Met. Metaphysics ; Meta- 1 

3Ieth. Methodist. 

mf. {Mezza forte.) Mod- 
erately loud. 

3Ifg. Manufacturing. 

M.ft. {3Iistura fiat.) Let 
a mixture be made. 

mg. Milligram. 

Mg. Magnesium. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 1055 



War. 

M. H. S. Massachusetts 
Historical Society ; Mem- 
ber of the Historical So- 
ciety. 

Mi. Mississippi ; Mile. 

Mic. Micah. [mas. I 

Mich. Michigan ; Michael- 1 

Mid. Midshipman. 

Mil. Military. [utes. I 

Min. , or min. Minute, Min- 1 

Minn. Minnesota. 

3Tin. Plen. Minister Pleni- 
potentiary. 

Miss. Mississippi. 

ml. Milliliter. 

Mile. Mademoiselle. 

mm. Millimeter. 

MM. Their Majesties. — 
(Messieurs.) Gentlemen. 
See LL. B. 

Mine. Madame. 

Mn. Manganese. 

M. X. A. S. Member of the 
National Academy of Sci- 
ences. [Molybdenum. I 

Mo. Missouri ; Monday ; | 

Mo., or mo. (Moderate.) 
Moderately. — Month. 

Mod. Modern. 

mol. wt. Molecular weight. 

3Ton., or Mond. Monday. 

Mons. Monsieur, or Sir. 

Monsig. Monsignor. 

Mont. Montana. 

Mos., or »i05. Months. 

M. P. Member of Parlia- 
ment ; Member of Police ; 
MunicipalPolice. — (Milia 
passuum.) A thousand 
paces ; — a Roman mile. 

M. P. C. Member of Par- 
liament in Canada. 

M. P. P. Member of the 
Provincial Parliament. 

M. P. S. Member of the 
Philological Society ; 
Member of the Pharma- 
ceutical Society. 

M. E. Master of the Rolls. 

Mr. Master; Mister. 

M.R.A.S. Member of the 
Royal Academy of Sci- 
ences; Member of the 
Royal Asiatic Society. 

M. R. C. S. Member of the 
Royal College of Sur- 
geons. 

M. R. I. Member of the 
Royal Institution. 

M. R.I. A. Member of the 
Royal Irish Academy. 

Mrs. Mistress; Missis. 

MS. Manuscript. 

m. s. Months after sight. 

M. S. Master of Science ; 
Master of Surgery. — (Me- 
morise sacrum.) Sacred 
to the memory. 

Ms. Massachusetts. 

m. s. I. Mean sea level. 

MSS. Manuscripts. See 
LL. B. 

3ft. Mount, or Mountain. 

M. T. C. Marcus Tullius 
Cicero. 

3Tus. B. Bachelor of Music. 

Mas. D., 3fus. Doc, or 
3fus. Doct. Doctor of 
Music, [half the voice. I 

mv. (Mezzavoce.) "With] 

31. W. Most "Worthy. 

M. W. G. 31. Most Wor- 
shipful Grand Master. 

31. W. P. Most Worthy 
Patriarchy. 

myg. Myriagram. 

myl. Myrialiter. 

mym. Myriameter. 

Myth. Mythology. 



N. 

X. Noon ; North ; Neptune ; 
Nitrogen. 

X., or n. Noun ; Note ; 
Name ; New ; Number ; 
Neuter ; Nominative ; 
Nail, Nails. 

X. A. North America; 
North American. 

Na. (Natrium.) Sodium. 

Xa., or na. Nail, Nails. 

N.A.D. National Academy 
of Design. 

Xah. Nahum. 

X. A. S. National Academy 
of Sciences. 

A'ap. Napoleon. 

Xat. Natural; National. 

Xath. Nathaniel. 

Xaut. Nautical. 

Xav. Naval. 

X. B. North British ; North 
Britain ; New Brunswick. 
—(Xota bene.) Note well ; 
Take notice. 

Xb. Niobium. 

X. C. North Carolina ; 
New Church. 

A T . D., or n. d. No date. 

X. Dak., or X. D. North 
Dakota. 

X. E. Northeast ; North- 
ern Eastern (Postal Dis- 
trict, London) ; New Eng- 
land. 

Xeb. Nebraska. 

Xeh. Nehemiah. 

Xem. con. (Xemine con- 
tradicente.) No one con- 
tradicting ; Unanimously. 

Xem. diss. (Xemine dis- 
sentiente.) No one dissent- 
ing. 

Xeth. Netherlands. 

Xeut., or neut. Neuter. 

Xev. Nevada. 

X. F. Newfoundland. 

X. G. New Granada ; North 
German ; Noble Grand ; 
No good. 

Xg. Norwegium. 

XGr. New Greek. 

X. H. New Hampshire. 

Xi. Nickel. 

X. J. New Jersey. 

XL. New Latin. 

X. I., or n. I. (Xon liquet.) 
It appears not ; The case 
is not clear. — (Xon licet.) 
It is not permitted. 

X. Lai. North Latitude. 

X. M. New Mexico. 

X. X. E. North-north- 
east, [west. I 

X. X. W. North-north- 1 

X. O. New Orleans. 

Xo. Norium. [ber. I 

Xo. ,or no. (Xumero.) Num- 1 

Xol. pros. (Xolle prose- 
qui.) To be unwilling to 
prosecute. 

Xom.,ornom. Nominative. 

Xon - com. Noncommis- 
sioned. 

Xon Con., or non con. Non- 
content ; i. e. dissentient 
(House of Lords). 

Xon obst., or non obst. (Xon 
obstante.) Notwithstand- 
ing. 

Xon Pros., or Xon pros. 
(Xon prosequitur.) He 
does not prosecute ; — a 
judgment entered against 
the plaintiff when he does 
not appear to prosecute. 

Xonseq.,oxnonseq. (Xon 
sequitur.) It does not 
follow. 



Xorw. Norway. 

Not., or nos. Numbers. 

Xotts. Nottinghamshire. 

Xov. November. 

X. /'. New Providence ; 
Notary Public ; Nisiprius. 

X. P. D. North Polar Dis- 
tance. 

X. R. North River. 

X. S. Nova Scotia; New 
Style (since 175'2). — (Xo- 
tre Seigneur.) Our Lord. 

X. T. New Testament. 

X. u., or n. u. Name un- 
known. 

Xum.. or Xumb. Numbers. 

Xux vom. Nux vomica. 

X. W. Northwest; North- 
western (Postal District, 
London). [ince. I 

X. W.P. Northwest Prov- 1 

X. W. T. Northwest Ter- 
ritory. 

X. Y. New York. 

X. Z. New Zealand. 



0. Ohio ; Oxygen ; Old. — 

(Octarius.) Pint. 
Ob., or ob. (Obiit.) Died; 

Obiter. 
Obad. Obadiah. 
Obdt. Obedient. 
Obj., or obj. Objective ; 

Objection. [lete. I 

Obs. Observatory ; Obso- 1 
Obt., or Obdt. Obedient. 
Oct. October. 
Off. Official; Officinal. 

0. H. 31. S. On Her 
Majesty's Service. 

Okla. Oklahoma. 

01. (Oleum.) Oil. 

01., or Olym. Olympiad. 

0. M. Old measurement. 

Op. Opposite; Opus ; Opera. 

Opt., or opt. Optics ; Op- 
tative. 

Or. Oregon; Oriental. 

Ord. Ordinance; Ordinary. 

Orig. Originally. 

Ornith. Ornithology; Or- 
nithological. 

O. S. Old Style (before 
1752) ; Ordinary Seaman ; 
Old School ; Old Series. 

Os. Osmium. 

0. T. Old Testament. 

Oxon. (Oxoniensis.) Oxo- 
nian, or of Oxford. 

Oz., or oz. Ounce, or 
ounces. 

(B3P" The z is here used 
to represent the charac- 
ter 5 i anciently an abbre- 
viation for terminations. 



P. Phosphorus. 

P., or p. Page ; Part ; 
Pipe ; Participle ; Penny ; 
Pint. — (Pondere.) By 
weight. — (Pater.) Fa- 
ther. — (piano.) Soft. 

Pa. Pennsylvania. 

pa. Participial adjective. 

Pal. Paleontology ; Pale- 
ontological. [phlet. I 

pam., or pamph. Pam-| 

Pari. Parliament. 

Part., or part. Participle. 

Pass., or pass. Passive. 

Pb. (Plumbum.) Lead. 

P. B. (Philosophise Bac- 
calaureus.) Bachelor of 
Philosophy. 



P. C. Privy Councilor. — 
(I'ntres Con.sciipti.) Con- 
script Fathers. — Past 
Commander. 

/'. C. P. Past Chief Patri- 
arch. 

Pd. Paid; Palladium. 

P. E. Protestant Episcopal; 
Presiding Elder. 

P. E. I. Prince Edward 
Island. 

Perm. Pennsylvania. 

Pent. Pentecost. 

Per an., or per an. (Per 
annum.) By the year. 

Per cent., per cent., Per 
ct., or per ct. (Per cen- 
tum.) By the hundred. 

Perf., or perf. Perfect. 

Perh. Perhaps. 

Per pro. (Per procura- 
tionem.) By procuration ; 
On behalf of. 

Pert. Pertaining. 

Pet. Peter. 

pf. Perfect; Preferred. 

P. G. Past Grand. 

Pg. Portuguese. 

Ph. B. (Philosophise Bac- 
calaureus.) Bachelor of 
Philosophy. 

Ph. D. (Philosophise Doc- 
tor.) Doctor of Philoso- 
phy. 

Phil. Philip ; Philippians ; 
Philosophy ; Philemon. 

Phila. Philadelphia. 

Philem. Philemon. 

Philom. (Philomathes.) 
Lover of learning. 

Phil. Trans. Philosophi- 
cal Transactions. 

Phren. Phrenology ; Phre- 
nological. 

Pinx., pinx., or Pxt., pxt. 
(Pinxit.) He, or She, 
painted it. 

P. J. Police Justice ; Pre- 
siding Justice ; Probate 
Judge. 

Pk.,orpk. Peck. 

Pkg. Package. 

PI., or pi. Plural. 

Plff. Plaintiff. 

Plupf. Pluperfect. 

Plu., Plur., or plu., plur. 
Plural. 

P. 31. Postmaster ; Past 
Master ; Past Midship- 
man. — (Post 3Ieridiem.) 
Afternoon. 

pm. Premium. [eral. I 

P. 3f. G. Postmaster Gen- 1 

P. 0. Post-Office. 

P. 0. D. Post-Office De- 
partment ; Pay on De- 
livery. 

P. 0. 0. Post-Office Order. 

P. of H. Patron of Hus- 
bandry. 

Pop. Population. 

Port. Portuguese. 

Pos., pos., Poss., or poss. 



P. P. Parish Priest. 

p. p. Past Participle. 

PP. (Patres.) Fathers. 

pp. Pages (see LL.B.). 

P. P. C. (Pour prendre 
congS.) To take leave. 

Pph., or pph. Pamphlet. 

p. p. i. Policy proof of in- 
terest. 

p. pr. Present Participle. 

P. Q. Province of Quebec. 

P. R. Prize Ring; Porto 
Rico. — (Populus Roma- 
nics.) Roman People. 

Pr.,pr., or ^. (Per.) By 
the. 



N 



1056 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



u 



w 



Preb. Prebend. 

Pnf. Profix. 

Pre position. 
President. 
or prct. Preterit. 

Prir. Private : Privative. 

P. R. X. (Pro re lutia.) Ac- 
cording to the occasion. 

Prob. Problem. 

Prof. Professor. 

Prom. Promontory. 

Pron., or pron. Pronoun. 

Prot. Protestant. 

Pro tern., or pro tent. (Pro 
tempore.) For the time 
being. [Province. I 

Prov. Proverbs ; Provost ; | 

Prox. (Proximo.) Next. 

pre. Pairs. 

P. S. (Post scriptum.) Post- 
script. — Privy Seal. 

Ps., Psalm, or Psalms. 

Pt. Pint ; Part ; Payment ; 
Platinum ; Point ; Port. 

P. t., or p. t. Post town. 

P. T. 0. Please turn over. 

Pub. Public; Publisher. 

Pub. Doc. Public Docu- 
ments. 

P. v., or p. v. Post village. 

Put., or pwt. Pennyweight. 

Pit. , or pxt. (pinxit.) He, 
or She, painted it. 



Q- 

Q. Quintus ; Quebec. 

Q., or q. Question. — 
(Quadrans.) A farthing. 

Q., or Qu. Query; Question; 
Queen. 

Q. B. Queen's Bench. 

Q. C. Queen's Counsel. 

Q. d., or q. d. (Quasi diced.) 
As if he should say. 

Q. e., or q. e. (Quod est.) 
Which is. 

Q. E. D. (Quod erat de- 
monstrandum.) Which 
was to be demonstrated. 

Ql. Quintal. 

Q.l. (Quantum libet.) As 
much as you please. 

Q. M. Quartermaster. 

Q. M. G. Quartermaster 
General. 

Q. p., or q. pi. (Quantum 
placet.) As much as 
seems good. 

Qr., or qr. Quarter (28 
pounds) ; Quire. — (Quad- 
rans.) Farthing. 

Q. s., or q. s. (Quantum 
sufficit.) A sufficient 
quantity. 

Qt. , or ql. Quart ; Quantity. 

Q". Queen ; Question ; 
Quarter. 

Qu., or Qy. (Quaere.) Query. 

Qv.es. Question. 

Q. »., or q. v. (Quod vide.) 
Which see ; pi. qq. v. — 
( Quantum vis.) As much 
as you will. 

Qy. Query. 



R. (Rex.)King.— (Regina.) 
Queen. — Reaumur ; Re- 
publican ; Rome ; Radi- 
cal ; Rhodium. 

Pi.. , or r. Railway ; Recipe ; 
Rector ; River ; Re- 
sponse ; Rare ; Resides ; 
Rod; Rood; Rupee. 

R. A. Royal Academy, or 
Academician ; Rear Ad- 



miral ; Right Ascension ; 
Royal Artillery ; Royal 
Arch. [ter.l 

R. A . C. Royal Arch Chap- 1 

Rod., or rad. (Radix.) 
Root ; Radical. 

R. A. M. Royal Academy 
of Music. 

Rb. Rubidium. 

r. c. Right center. 

R. C. Roman Catholic. 

R. C. A. Reformed Church 
in America. 

R. D. Royal Dragoons. 

R. E. Royal Engineers ; 
Right Excellent. 

Reaum. Reaumur. 

Rec. or R. Recipe. 

Reed. Received. 

Rec. Sec. Recording Secre- 
tary. 

Red. Receipt ; Rector. 

Ref. Reformed ; Reformer ; 
Reformation ; Reference. 

Ref. Ch. Reformed Church. 

Reg. Register ; Regular. 

Reg. Prof. Regius Prof es- 
sor. 

Regt. Regiment. 

Rep. Representative ; Re- 
public ; Reporter. 

Retd. Returned. 

Rev. Revelation ; Revolu- 
tion ; Review ; Revenue ; 
Reverend ; Revise. 

Rev. Ver. Revised Version. 

Rh. Rhodium. 

R. H. G. Royal Horse 
Guards. 

R. H. S. Royal Historical 
Society ; Royal Horti- 
cultural Society ; Royal 
Humane Society. 

R. I. Rhode Island. 

R. M. Royal Marines. 

rm. Ream. [Steamer. I 

R. M. S. Royal Mail| 

R. N. Royal Navy. 

R. N. R. Royal Navy Re- 
serve. 

ro. Rood. 

Ro., or Robt. Robert. 

Rom. Roman ; Romans. 

Rom. Cath. Roman Cath- 
olic. 

R. P. Reformed Presby- 
terian ; Regius Professor. 

R. P. D. Royal Purple 
Degree. 

Rpt. Report. 

R. R. Railroad. 

R.s. Rupees. 

R. S. Recording Secretary. 

R. S. D. Royal Society of 
Dublin. 

R. S. E. Royal Society of 
Edinburgh. 

R. S. V. P : (Repondez, sHl 
vous plait.) Reply, if you 
please. 

Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. 

Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. 

Ru. Ruthenium ; Runic. 

R. V. Revised Version. 

R. W. Right Worshipful ; 
Right Worthy. 

Rw., or Ry. Railway. 



S. 

S. Sunday ; Sabbath ; Sat- 
urday ; Servius ; Sextus ; 
Signor ; Saint ; Saxon ; 
Sulphur. 

S. , or s. Sign ; South ; Shil- 
ling ; Sun ; Scribe ; Son ; 
Segno ; Solar ; Soprano ; 
Second ; Section. — (Sem- 
is.) Half. 



S. A. South America ; 
South Africa. 

Sab. Sabbath. 

Sam. Samuel. 

Sa7is. Sanskrit. 

S. A.S. (Societas Antigua- 
riorum Socius.) Fellow 
of the Society of Anti- 
quaries. 

Sat. Saturday. 

Sb. (Stibium.) Antimony. 

S. C. South Carolina ; Su- 
preme Court. 

Sc. See Scil. 

Sc, or sculp. (Sculpsit.) 
He, or She, engraved it. 

S. caps, or s. c. Small cap- 
itals. [Dakota. I 

S. Dak., or S. D. South | 

Sch., or Schr. Schooner. 

Scil., or Sc. (Scilicet.) To 
wit ; namely. 

Scr., or scr. Scruple. 

Script. Scripture. 

Sculp., or sculp. (Sculpsit.) 
He, or She, engraved it. 

s. d. Sine die. 

S. E. Southeast ; South- 
eastern (Postal District, 
London). 

Se. Selenium. 

Sec. Secretary. 

Sec. , or sec. Second ; Sec- 
tion; Secant. 

Sec. Leg. Secretary of 
Legation. 

Sect. , or sect. Section. 

sem. (Semble.) It seems. 

Sen. Senate ; Senator ; 
Senior. 

Sep., or Sept. September ; 
Septuagint. 

Seq., or seq. (Sequentes or 
sequentia.) The follow- 
ing. 

Ser. Series. 

Serb. Serbian. 

Serg., or Serf, 
or Serjeant. 

Serv., or Servt. 

s. g. Specific gravity. 

S. G. Solicitor General. 

Sh., or sh. Shilling. 

S. H. S. (Societatis Histo- 
ric Socius.) Fellow of 
the Historical Society. 

Si. Silicium. 

Sin. Sine. 

Sing., or sing. Singular. 

S. J. Society of Jesus. 

S. J. C. Supreme Judicial 
Court. 

Skr. Sanskrit. 

S. L. Solicitor at Law. 

S. Lai. South Latitude. 

Sid., or sld. Sailed. 

S. M. State Militia ; Short 
Meter ; Sergeant Major ; 
Sons of Malta. — (Sa ma- 
jeste.) His, or Her, Maj- 
esty. 

Sm. Samarium. 

sm. c. Small caps. 

S. M. E. (Sancta Mater 
Ecclesia.) Holy Mother 
Church. 

S. M. I. (Sa Majeste Im- 
periale.) His, or Her, 
Imperial Majesty. 

S. M. M. (Sancta Mater 
Maria. ) Holy Mother 
Maiy. 

S. N., or s. n. (Secundum 
Naturum.) According 
to nature. 

Sn. (Slannum.) Tin. 

S. O., or s. o. Seller's op- 
tion. 

Soc. Society. [mon. | 

S. of Sol. Song of Solo- j 



Sergeant, 
Servant. 



S. of T. Sons of Temper- 
ance. 

Sol. Solomon ; Solution. 

Sov. Sovereign. 

s. p. (Sine prole.) With- 
out issue. 

Sp. , or Span. Spanish. 

Sp. gr. Specific gravity. 

S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Pop- 
ulusque Romani.) Senate 
and people of Rome. 

Sq. See Seq. 

Sq., or sq. Square. 

Sq. ft., or sq. ft. Square 
feet. 

Sq. in., or sq. in. Square 
inches. 

Sq. to., or sq. to. Square 
miles. [tium. I 

Sr. Sir ; Senior ; Stron- 1 

SS. ,or ss. (Scilicet. ) Namely. 

— (Semis.) Half. 

S. S. Sunday School ; Saint 
Simplicius ; — the mark on 
the collar of the Chief 
Justice of England. 

S. S. C. Solicitor before 
the Supreme Courts (of 
Scotland). 

SS. D. ( Sanctissimus 
Dominus.) Most Holy 
Lord ; — title of Pope. 

S. S. E. South-southeast. 

S. S. W. South-southwest. 

St. Saint; Street; Strait. 

— (Stet.) Let it stand. 
Stat. Statute ; Statuary. 
S. T. D. (Sacrse Theologian 

Doctor.) Doctor of Divin- 
ity. 

ster., or stg. Sterling. 

S. T. P. (Sacrce Theologise 
Professor.) Professor of 
Theology. 

Subj. , or subj. Subjunctive. 

Subst. Substantive ; Sub- 
stitute. 



Sun., or Sund. Sunday. 

Sup. Superior ; Supple- 
ment. 

Sup. C. Superior Court. 

Supp. Supplement. 

Supt. Superintendent. 

Surg. Surgeon; Surgery. 

S. V. (Sanctitas Vestra.) 
Your Holiness. — (Sancta 
Virgo.) Holy Virgin. 

S. v., or s. v. (Sub voce, 
or Sub verbo.) Under the 
word or title. 

S. W. Southwest; South- 
western (Postal District, 
London) ; Senior War- 
den. 

Syn., or syn. Synonym. 

Syr. Syriac. 



T. 

T. Territory ; Tuesday ; 
Titus ; Tullius ; Testa- 
ment. 

T., or t. Tenor ; Town ; 
Township; Ton.— (Tutti.) 
All together. — (Tem- 
pore. ) In time. — Tome ; 
Transitive. 

Ta. Tantalum. 

Tan., or tan. Tangent. 

Tb. Terbium. 

T. E. Topographical En- 
gineer. 

Te. Tellurium. 

Ten., or Tenn. Tennessee. 

Ter. Territory. 

Tex. Texas. 

Text. Rec. (Textus recep' 
tus.) Received text. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 1057 



Th. Thursday ; Thomas ; 
Thorium. 

Theo. Theodore ; Theo- 
dosia. 

Theoph. Theophilus. 

Theor. Theorem. 

Thess. Thessalonians. 

Tho., or Thos. Thomas. 

Thura. Thursday. 

77. Titanium. 

Tier., or tier. Tierce. 

Tim. Timothy. 

Tit. Titus. 

77. Thallium. 

T. 0. Turn over. 

Tnb. Tobit. 

Tom. Tome, or Volume. 

Topog. Topography ; To- 
pographical. 

(p. Township. 

TV. Translation ; Trans- 
pose ; Treasurer ; Trus- 
tee; Terbium. 

Trans. Transactions; Trans- 
lated ; Translator; Trans- 
lation. 

Tib. (Tribunus.) Tribune. 

T. T. L. To take leave. 

Tu. Thulium. 

Tu., or Tues. Tuesday. 

Typ., or Typo. Typog- 
rapher. 



U. Uranium. 

U. C. Upper Canada. — 
(Urbe Condila.) The city 
(of Rome) being built 
(753 B. C.) 

U. K. United Kingdom. 

U. K. A. Ulster King at 
Arms. 

Ult., or ult. ( Ultimo.) 
Last, or Of the last month. 

um. Unmarried. 

Univ. University. 

U. P. United Presbyte- 
rian. 

U. S. United States. 

U. S. A. United States of 
America; United States 
Army. 

U. S. M. United States 
Mail ; United States Ma- 
rine. 

U. S. M. A. United States 
Military Academy. 



U. S. A'. United States 

Navy. 
U. S.N. A. United States 

Naval Academy. 
U. S. P. United States 

Pharinacopu-iu. 
U. S. R. Usher of the 

Scarlet Rod. 
U. S. X. United States 

Ship or Steamer. 
U. S. V. United States 

Volunteers. 
v. s. w. (G. nnd so u-eiler.) 

And so forth ; etc. 
U. T. Utah Territory. 
Ut. Utah. [directed. I 

i/t diet, {ut dictum.) As| 
Ux. (Uxor.) Wife. 



V. Victoria ; Viscount ; Va- 
nadium. — (Venerabilis.) 
Venerable. 

V., or v. Verb ; Verse ; Voca- 
tive ; Volume ; Volt, or 
Volts. — (Vide.) See. — 
(Versus.) Against. — 
Vector. 

V. a., or v. a. Verb active. 

V. A. Vicar Apostolic. 

Va. Virginia. 

var. Variety. 

var. lect. (varia lectio.) 
Different reading. 

Vat. Vatican. 

vb. n. Verbal noun. 

V. C. Vice Chancellor ; 
Victoria Cross. [Land. I 

V. D. L. Van Diemen's| 

V. D. M. ( Verbi Dei Min- 
ister.) Minister of the 
Word of God. 

Ven. Venerable. 

Veter. Veterinary. 

V. G. Vicar General ; Vice 
Grand. 

V. G., or v. g. ( Verbi 
gratia.) For example. 

v. i. Verb intransitive. 

Vice Pres. Vice President. 

Vid., or vid. (Vide.) See. 

Vis., or Vise. Viscount. 

Vitr. Vitruvius. 

Viz., or viz. (Videlicet.) 
Namely ; To wit. See 
Note under Oz. 

V.n.,orv. n. Verb neuter. 

67 



Vo. (Verso.) Left-hand 
(page). 

Voc., or voc. Vocative. 

Vol., or vol. Volume. 

V, I'. Vice President. 

V. R. (Victoria Regina.) 
Queen Victoria. 

V, r. Verb reflexive. 

V. Rev. Very Reverend. 

T". R. P. (Vestra Rever- 
endissima Paternitus. ) 
Your Very Reverend Pa- 
ternity. 

V. S. Veterinary Surgeon. 

Vs., or vs. {Verms.) 
Against, or In opposition. 

V. t., or t\ t. Verb transi- 
tive. 

Vt. Vermont. 

Vul. Vulgate. 

rr. II. (Varise lectiones.) 
Various readings. 



W. 

W. William ; Wednesday ; 
Welsh ; Western (Postal 
District, London) ; Wil- 
liam. — (Wolframium.) 
Tungsten. 

W., or w. Week ; Warden ; 
Watt, or Watts ; Wife. 

W. A. West Australia; 
West Africa. 

Wash. Washington. 

W. C. Western Central 
( Postal District, Lon- 
don). 

W. C. T. U. Women's 
Christian Temperance 
Union. 

Wed. Wednesday. 

«'/., or w. f. Wrong font. 

W. G. C. Worthy Grand 
Chaplain. [Master. I 

W. G. M. Worthy Grand | 

Whf., or whf. Wharf. 

W. I. West India; West 
Indies. 

Wis. Wisconsin. 

Wk.,OTwk. Week. 

W. Lon. West Longitude. 

W. M. Worshipful Master. 

Wm. William. 

W.N.W. West-northwest. 

Wp. Worship. 

W. R. William (Rex) 
King; West Riding. 



W. 8. Writer to the Signet 
W. 8. W. West-southwest 
Wt., or ut. Weight. 
IK Va. West Virginia. 
Wy., or Wyo. Wyoming. 



X. (Gr. XpicrTo?.) Christ. 
xcp. See ex. ep. 
Xm.,or Xmax. Christmas. 
Xn., or Xtian. Christian. 
Xnty., or Xty. Chris- 
tianity, [pher. I 

Xper., or Xr. Christo-| 

XI. Christ. 



Y. 

Y. Yttrium. 

Y., or y. Yard. 

Y., or Yr. Year. 

Y. B., or Yr. B. Yearbook. 

Yb. Ytterbium. 

Yd., or yd. Yard. 

Ye, or y-. The. 

E^" See Y* in the Dic- 
tionary. 

Ym, or y»i. Them. 

Y. M. C. A. Young Men's 
Christian Association. 

Y. M. C. U. Young Men's 
Christian Union. 

Y n , or y". Then. 

Y. P. 8. C. E. Young 
People's Society of Chris- 
tian Endeavor. 

Yr, or y>\ Their. 

Yr. Your; Year. 

Yrs. Yours; Years. 

F«, or ys. This. 

Yt, or y*. That. 

Y. W. C. A. Young Wom- 
en's Christian Associ- 
ation. 



Z., or Zr. Zirconium. 

Zach. Zachary. 

Zech. Zechariah. 

Zeph . Zephaniah. 

Z. G. Zoological Garden. 

Zn. Zinc. 

Zo'ol. Zoology. 

Zr. Zirconium. 



N 



ARBITRARY SIGNS 

USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



w 



I. ASTRONOMICAL. 


1. SUIT, GREATER PLANETS, ETC 


©. or © 


The Sun. 


Q), D,or « 


The Moon ; Monday. 


• 


New Moon. 


Q . or D 


First Quarter. 


O, or® 


Full Moon. 


C • or c 


Last Quarter. 





Mercury; Wednesday. 


9 


Tenus. 


©, 0, or 6 


The Earth. 


(f 


Mars; Tuesday. 


^ 


Jupiter ; Thursday. 


h 


Saturn; Saturday. 


lft«r§ 


Uranus. 


V 


Neptune. 


# 


Comet. 


*, or* 


Fixed Star. 



Z3T* The asteroids are now desig- 
nated by numbers (indicating the or- 
der of their discovery) inclosed in a 
small circle ; as, ®, Ceres ; ©, Pal- 
las ; (D, Juno ; 0, Vesta ; and the like. 

2. SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC. 



Spring 
Signs. 

Summer 
Signs. 



Autumn 
Signs. 



! 8. 



Winter 
Signs. 



I 

flO. 
I 
AVL 

I 
1.12. 



<P Aries, the Ram. 
y Taurus, the Bull. 
EI Gemini, the Twins. 
ZZ Cancer, the Crab. 
£1 Leo, the Lion. 
IT]) Virgo, the Virgin. 
-a Libra, the Balance 
IT\ Scorpio, the Scor 

pion. 
$ Sagittarius, tht 

Archer. 
1£> Capricornus, thi 

Goat. 
tx Aquarius, the 

terrnan. 
X Pisces, the Fishes 



Wa- 



3. ASPECTS AND NODES. 

(5 Conjunction ; — indicating that 
the bodies have the same longi- 
tude, or right ascension. 

* Sextile ; — noting a difference of ! 
SO 6 in longitude, or right ascension, j 

□ Quadrature; — noting a difference i 
in longitude, or right ascen- ; 
si on. 

A Trine ;— noting a difference of 120° 
in longitude, or right ascension. 

S Opposition; — noting a difference i 
of ISO- in longitude, or right ascen- i 
■ion ', tmQ) 8 ©\ that is, the sun 
is in opposition to the moon. 

Ascending Node ; — called also 
Dragon' t fiend. 

y Descending Node ; — called also | 
Dragon's Tail. 

4. SIGNS OF NOTATION. 

+ North. 
— South, 
a Mean distance. 



j8 Celestial latitude. 

S Declination. 

e Eccentricity. 

A Longitude. 

/a, or 7i. Mean daily motion. 

■ ( Angle of eccentricity. 

*** I Geographical latitude. 
Sun's longitude. 
D Moon's longitude. 

H. BOTANICAL SIGNS. 

O An annual plant. 

O A perennial plant. 

1| A perennial herb. 

A An evergreen plant. 

\l A plant having a woody stem. 

•jj An undershrub. 

|, A shrub. 

5 A large shrub. 

5 A tree. 

$ , or cf A staminate, or male, 
flower ; also, a plant bearing 
such flowers. 

$ A pistillate, or female, flower ; 
a plant bearing such flowers. 

§ A perfect, or hermaphrodite, 
flower; also, a plant bearing 
such flowers. 

5 $ Unisexual, or having the male 
and female flowers separate. 

8 or 6-2 Monoecious. 

? cf or ? : o Dioecious. 

""* A climbing plant. 

) Turning or winding to the left. 

( Turning or winding to the right. 

° Feet. ' Inches. " Lines, or (the 
usual signs with European writ- 
ers) ' Feet. " Inches. '" Lines. 

III. CHEMICAL. 

C2p ==> Every elementary substance 
is represented, in chemical notation, 
by a symbol consisting of the initial 
or abbreviation of its Latin name ; as, 
H for hydrogen, O for oxygen, Ag 
(from Argentum) for silver, and the 
like, each symbol, when used singly, 
always indicating a single atom or 
equivalent of the substance repre- 
sented by it. A compound body is 
represented by the symbols of the 
respective constituents written side 
by side, the number of atoms or 
equivalents of each constituent, when 
more than one, being expressed by 
numbers written after the symbols 
below the line ; as, H 2 0, a compound 
of two equivalents of" hydrogen with 
one of oxygen, forming water. 

In case of secondary compounds, as 
a salt, the original compounds from 
which the secondary compounds are 
supposed to be derived are sometimes 
indicated by separating the symbols 
of the constituent compounds by 
commas or periods ; as, CaO,C0 2 , 
calcium carbonate. 

A number written before the sym- 
bol of an element or of a compound 
designates a corresponding number 
of equivalents of that element or 



compound ; as, 3S0 3 , three equiva- 
lents of sulphuric acid. 



IV. MATHEMATICAL. 

RELATIONS OF QUANTITIES. 

-j- Plus ; and ; more ; — indicating 
addition ; as, a -j- 6 = c ; — used 
also to indicate that figures have 
been omitted from the end of a 
number, or that the latter is ap- 
proximately exact ; as, the square 
root of 2 is 1.4142136 +. 
— Minus ; less ; — indicating subtrac- 
tion ; as, a — b = c ; — used also in 
a similar manner to -f- to indicate 
approximate exactness, 
i, or =p Plus or minus ; — indicating 
that the number or quantity to 
which it is prefixed may have either 
of the signs -(-or — ; as, a -\- b. 
X Multiplied by ; times ; into ; as, 
aXb = ab; 6X4 = 24. 
Egg^ Multiplication is also often in- 
dicated by placing a dot between the 
factors (as, 4.5.6 = 120), or by writ- 
ing the latter, when not numerals, 
one after another without any sign. 
-T-, or : Divided by ; as, a -=- b ; that 
is, a divided by b ; 6-7-3 = 2. 
ES^* Division is also very often in- 
dicated by writing the divisor under 
the dividend, with a line between ; 
as, | ; that is, a divided by b ; § = 2. 

= Is equal to ; equals ; as, (a -f- 6) X 
c = oc-f-oe; 6 + 2 = 8. 

> Is greater than ; as, a^>b ; that 
is, a is greater than b ; 6 > 5. 

< Is less than ; as, a < b ; that is, a 
is less than b ; 3 < 4. 

■Oz Denoting equivalence in area or 
volume (in geometry). 

/ ^ The difference between ; — de- 
noting a difference between two 
quantities without designating the 
greater ; as, a "^ b. \_a oc b. I 

cc Varies as ; is proportional to : as, | 

: Is to ; the ratio of ; ) — used to in- 

: : As ; equals ; j dicate geo- 

metrical proportion ; as, a : b : : c : 
d ; that is, a is to b as c is to d. 

. ■ . Hence ; therefore ; on this account. 

"." Because. [ity-l 

co Indefinitely great : infinite : infin- 1 

Indefinitely small; infinitesimal; 
also, as a numeral, naught ; zero. 

/. Angle ; the angle ; as, / A B C. 

1_ Right angle ; as, |_ ABC; that 
is, the right angle, ABC. 

_L The perpendicular ; perpendicular 
to ; as, draw A B 1 C D. 

|| Parallel ; parallel to ; is parallel 
to : as, A B I! C D. 

O Circle ; circumference ; 360°. 

^ Arc of a circle ; arc. 

A Triangle ; as, A A B C ; that is, 
the triangle ABC. 

□ Square ; as, D A B C D ; that is, 
the square A B C D. 

□ Rectangle ; as, □ A B C D ; that 
is, the r ecta ngle A B C D. 

-/, or +/ Root ; — the radical 

1058 






THE HIGH STANDING OF 

Webster's International Dictionary 

Upon which 

Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 

Is based, is indicated by the following Testimonials. 



Supreme Court of United States. 

Hon. Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice. I regard 
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tions, or more reliable in other respects. 

Hon. Horace Gray, Justice. I always considered 
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matter of definitions. 

Hon. D. J. Brewer, Justice. The International 
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Supreme Court of Canada. 

Sir Oliver Mowat, Minister of Justice. From the 
examination which I have had occasion to make of 
Webster's International Dictionary and its important 
appendices, I have learned something of its thorough- 
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highly merits recognition and reward. 

John Wellington Gwynne, Judge* It is indeed a 
superb work, and it is impossible to appreciate too 
highly the vast learning and labor which have 'been 
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Similar testimonials have been given by other 
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State Supreme Courts. 



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To say that " Webster" was never so good as now, is 
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Rev. J. M. McGuckin, D.D., Rector of University 
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[Over.] 



N 



Additional Testimonials relating to Webster's International Dictionary 
upon which work Webster's Collegiate Dictionary is based* 



c 



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aits. I cannot better 

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and valuable compilation. It responds in practice to the 
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Sir Julian Pauncefote, G. C. B., G. C. M. G., 

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information with the requirements of a dictionary. 

Si7nilar lestitnonials have been given by many other 
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Edmund Clarence Stedman. I take pleasure in 
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ster's International Dictionary thoroughly, have fallen 
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Similar testimonials have been given by nearly all 
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U 



Vv 



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The Constitution, A tlanta. A new and improved 
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The Globe, Toronto. This dictionary is the best 
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Similar expressions have been received by the pub- 
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"Webster's International Dictionary 

Is a complete and thorough revision of the 

well-known Unabridged, the purpose of which has been 
not display nor the provision of material for boastful 
and showy advertisement, but the due, judicious, schol- 
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It excels in the ease with which the eye finds the 
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II. Collegiate. V. High School. 

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(glP'All so-called Webster's Dictionaries not having 



our name on the title-pages are 
either cheap reprints of an obsolete 
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are unauthorized and unreliable 
issues of a smaller book. 

G. & C. MERRIAM CO., 

Springfield, Mass., U.S.A. 



WEBSTER'S 

INTERNATIONAL, 

DICTIONARY, 



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